bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Applications in the Production of Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils
Authors: Sivasamy Arumugam , Cheah Kien Yoo , Fornasiero Paolo , Kemausuor Francis , Zinoviev Sergey , Miertus Stanislav 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFat Cats: The production of biodiesel from vegetable oils and animal fats through transesterification and cracking is an emerging sector of the modern chemical industry, which, as many others, relies on the use of catalysis. Recent advances in the application of various homogeneous, heterogeneous, and enzymatic catalytic systems to biofuel production are presented in this Review.magnified imageThe predicted shortage of fossil fuels and related environmental concerns have recently attracted significant attention to scientific and technological issues concerning the conversion of biomass into fuels. First‐generation biodiesel, obtained from vegetable oils and animal fats by transesterification, relies on commercial technology and rich scientific background, though continuous progress in this field offers opportunities for improvement. This Review focuses on new catalytic systems for the transesterification of oils to the corresponding ethyl/methyl esters of fatty acids. It also addresses some innovative/emerging technologies for the production of biodiesel, such as the catalytic hydrocracking of vegetable oils to hydrocarbons. The special role of the catalyst as a key to efficient technology is outlined, together with the other important factors that affect the yield and quality of the product, including feedstock‐related properties and various system conditions.
Thermodynamic Properties of Dusty Plasma on the Basis of the Langevin Dynamics
Authors: Ramazanov T. S. , Dzhumagulova K. N. , Kodanova S.K. , Daniyarov T. T. , Dosbolayev M. K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRadial distribution functions of dusty plasma particles are calculated by the application of the Langevin dynamics to a system of particles interacting through the Yukawa potential. Proposed numerical model is first validated by the comparison of the numerical results with available experimental data. Both numerically determined and experimental radial distribution functions demonstrate a good coincidence, thus, enabling a calculation of the structural properties of dusty plasma for a wide range of parameters. On the basis of the performed calculations, dependencies of internal energy and excess pressure from the coupling and density parameters are presented (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Negative Ions in Helicon Oxygen Discharges
Authors: Sydorenko N. , Grulke O. , Matyash K. , Schneider R. , Ullrich S. , Klinger T. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe negative oxygen ion density is studied experimentally in the high‐density helicon device VINETA by laserinduced photodetachment. The measurements indicate a negative ion density being higher than the electron density in contrast to previous experiments in helicon oxygen discharges. The dependency of the relative negative ion density on the oxygen gas pressure and rf‐power is in good qualitative agreement with observations in low temperature RF inductive and capacitive discharges, but differ quantitatively by one order of magnitude. To understand the basic physics in the helicon discharges, the measurements are compared to a zero dimensional reaction rate model of the electronegative oxygen discharge. The particle densities are calculated via rate equations estimated fromcollisional cross sections assumingMaxwellian electron energy distribution functions. The model shows that the electron temperature is the most sensitive parameter governing the formation of negative oxygen ions. Additionally, the differences to previous experimental measurements in rf discharges can be explained by different electron temperature and plasma losses to the walls (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Analytical Evaluation of the Plasma Dispersion Function Using Binomial Coefficients and Incomplete Gamma Functions
Authors: Mamedov B.A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSeries expansions are obtained for a plasma dispersion function that appears in the description of smallamplitude waves in very hot plasmas. However, the numerical implementation of this function is required in diverse areas of physics and applied mathematics. An explicit representation for the plasma dispersion function is developed in terms of series of binomial coefficients and incomplete gamma functions. The series expansions obtained herein give a more accurate and efficient way to compute values for this integral over the entire permissible range of its parameters. The results of the calculations are compared with literature data as well as those obtained by different approximate method (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new control method of a resonant switched‐capacitor converter and the application for balancing of the split DC voltages in a multilevel inverter
Authors: Sano Kenichiro , Fujita Hideaki 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper proposes a new voltage‐balancing circuit for the split DC voltages in a diode‐clamped five‐level inverter. The proposed circuit is based on a resonant switched‐capacitor converter (RSCC), which consists of two half‐bridge inverters, a resonant inductor, and a resonant capacitor. A new phase‐shift control of the RSCC is proposed to improve voltage balancing performance. Theoretical analysis reveals the rating of the RSCC and stored energy in the resonant inductor. Experimental results confirm the reduction of the inductor to one‐tenth in volume compared to a conventional voltage‐balancing circuit based on buck‐boost topology. Moreover, the proposed phase‐shift control has demonstrated that it is possible to eliminate the voltage deviation between the DC capacitors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 69–79, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20719
Adaptive finite element method for shape modification in optimization of electric machines
Authors: Yamazaki Katsumi , Ishigami Hiroki 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA method for the modification of finite element meshes based on adaptive meshing for optimization of electric machines is proposed. In the optimization of the machine, the proposed method generates the mesh for the new shape from the previous mesh with minor modification. The locations of the nodes for the new shape are decided by solving a Laplacian equation whose unknowns are the displacements of the nodes. The advantages are illustrated by application to the shape optimization of an IPM motor. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(1): 21–28, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20773
Eddy current analysis of thin metal container in induction heating by line integral equations
Authors: Fujit Hagino , Ishibashi Kazuhisa 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn recent years, induction‐heating cookers have spread rapidly. It is desirable to commercialize flexible and disposable food containers that are suitable for induction heating. In order to develop a good‐quality food container for moderate heating, the eddy currents induced in a thin metal plate must be accurately analyzed. The integral equation method is widely used for solving induction‐heating problems. If the plate thickness approaches zero, the surface integral equations on the upper and lower plate surfaces tend to become the same and the equations become ill‐conditioned. In this paper, we first derive line integral equations from the boundary integral equations under the assumption that the electromagnetic fields in the metal are attenuated more rapidly than those along the metal surface. Next, to test the validity of the line integral equations, we solve for the eddy current induced in a thin metal container in induction heating and obtain the power density imparted to the container and the impedance characteristics of the heating coil. We then compare the computed results with those obtained by the FEM. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 20–27, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20813
Solution of the vehicle routing problem for a cooperative logistics network by using multistage GA
Authors: Onoyama Takashi , Maekawa Takuya , Kubota Sen , Tsuruta Setsuo , Komoda Norihisa 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA GA applied VRP (Vehicle Routing Problem) solving‐method which realizes optimization of a cooperative logistics network is proposed. For this optimization a VRP solving‐method that can obtain a human expert‐level solution, which realizes steady logistics operation, in interactive response time is required. The multistage GA enables one to obtain the accurate solution under both hard and weak time constraints in interactive response time. Moreover, to realize the stable logistics operations, the daily fluctuation of shipping volume is taken into the fitness value of each individual in GA. The experimental result reveals that the proposed method obtains the accurate solution that realizes the stable operation in interactive response time. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 168(2): 28–37, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20855
Sonoelectrochemical Synthesis of Metallic Aluminum Nanoparticles
Authors: Mahendiran Chinnathambi , Ganesan Raman , Gedanken Aharon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we report for the first time on the room‐temperature preparation of metallic aluminum nanoparticles by the pulsed sonoelectrochemical method. The prepared nanoparticles were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. TEM analysis shows that the prepared aluminum nanoparticles range from 10 to 20 nm in size. The XRD pattern confirms the formation of metallic aluminum nanoparticles. The results show that the sonoelectrochemical technique is a promising method for the fabrication of air‐sensitive metallic nanoparticles that have a high, negative reduction potential.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Anion–π, Lone‐Pair–π, π–π and Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions in a CuIIComplex of 2‐Picolinate and Protonated 4,4′‐Bipyridine: Crystal Structure and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Biswas Chaitali , Drew Michael G. B. , Escudero Daniel , Frontera Antonio , Ghosh Ashutosh 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA CuIIcomplex of protonated 4,4′‐bipyridine (Hbyp) and 2‐picolinate (pic), [Cu2(pic)3(Hbyp)(H2O)(ClO4)2], has been synthesised and characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. The structure consists of two copper atoms that have different environments, bridged by a carboxylate group. The equatorial plane is formed by the two bidentate picolinate groups in one CuII, and one picolinate, one monodentate 4,4′‐bipyridyl ligand and a water molecule in the other. Each copper atom is also weakly bonded to a perchlorate anion in an axial position. One of the coordinated perchlorate groups displays anion–π interaction with the coordinated pyridine ring. The noncoordinated carboxylate oxygen is involved in lone‐pair (l.p.)–π interaction with the protonated pyridine ring. In addition there are π–π and H‐bonding interactions in the structure. Bader's theory of “atoms in molecules” (AIM) is used to characterise the anion–π and l.p.–π interactions observed in the solid state. A high‐level ab initio study (RI‐MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ level of theory) has been performed to analyse the anion–π binding affinity of the pyridine ring when it is coordinated to a transition metal and also when the other pyridine ring of the 4,4′‐bipyridine moiety is protonated. Theoretical investigations support the experimental findings of an intricate network of intermolecular interactions, which is characterised in the studied complex, and also indicate that protonation as well as coordination to the transition metal have important roles in influencing the π‐binding properties of the aromatic ring.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Shape‐Switchable Azo‐Macrocycles
Authors: Müri Marcel , Schuermann Klaus C. , De Cola Luisa , Mayor Marcel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis of four shape‐switchable macrocycles comprising different peripheral substituents is described. The macrocycles1–4consist ofm‐terphenyl semicircles interlinked by two azo joints. These macrocycles were assembled from nitro‐functionalizedm‐terphenyl moieties through reductive dimerization. The semicircles were assembled through Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions. The molecular weights of the macrocycles were determined by vapour pressure osmometry, because mass spectrometry failed in the cases of2and3. TheE→Zphotoisomerization reactions were analysed by UV/Vis spectroscopy complemented by1H NMR studies. A very slow thermal back‐reaction indicated considerable stabilization of theZisomer. The reduced efficiency of the thermal back‐reaction probably arises from the reduced degree of freedom due to the mechanical interlinking of the two azo groups. The photostationary state consisted of all‐Z(85 %) and all‐Eisomers (15 %). TheE→Ztransformation induced by irradiation displayed simple exponential kinetics, which indicates pairwise switching of the two azo groups in a macrocycle, at least on the timescale under investigation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Enzymatic Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation of Benzo‐Fused Ketones: Formation of Regiocomplementary Lactones
Authors: Rioz‐Martínez Ana , de Gonzalo Gonzalo , Torres Pazmiño Daniel E. , Fraaije Marco W. , Gotor Vicente 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBaeyer–Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) are enzymes that are known to catalyse the Baeyer–Villiger oxidation of ketones in aqueous media using O2 as oxidant. Herein, we describe the oxidation of a set of diverse benzo‐fused ketones by three different BVMOs in both aqueous and non‐conventional reaction media. Most of the tested ketones, for example, 1‐tetralone and 1‐ and 2‐indanone, were converted by one of the employed biocatalysts. The catalytic efficiency could be improved by performing the oxidation reactions at a relatively high pH and by adding organic cosolvents. One striking observation is that absolute and complementary regioselectivities were obtained when oxidizing a range of 1‐indanones using two different BVMOs. The conversion of 1‐indanone by 4‐hydroxyacetophenone monooxygenase (HAPMO) results in the formation of the expected lactone, 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin. In contrast, by using a phenylacetone monooxygenase mutein (M‐PAMO), conversion of 1‐indanone leads to the formation of only the unexpected lactone, 1‐isochromanone. This illustrates that by the appropriate choice of BVMO as biocatalyst, the effective and regioselective conversion of a wide range of benzo‐fused ketones is feasible. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The more (complex), the better? The influence of epistemic motivation on integrative bargaining in complex negotiation
Authors: van der Schalk Job , Beersma Bianca , van Kleef Gerben A. , De Dreu Carsten K.W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNegotiating about a larger number of issues is often argued to enhance the potential for integrative bargaining. However, the enhanced complexity may also make negotiators more susceptible to bias, making it less likely for them to reach win–win agreements. We argue that epistemic motivation, the motivation to hold accurate perceptions of the world, provides a key to solve this paradox. In a negotiation experiment we manipulated complexity by having participants negotiate about 6 or 18 issues and we manipulated epistemic motivation by making participants process‐accountable or not. Under low complexity, there was no effect of epistemic motivation on created value. Under high complexity, however, negotiators with high epistemic motivation created more value than negotiators with low epistemic motivation. Thus, negotiating about larger numbers of issues was only beneficial for negotiators if they were motivated to think deeply and thoroughly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(toluidine blue) Nanowires and Their Application in Amperometric Biosensors
Authors: Lu Li‐Min , Wang Sui‐Ping , Qu Feng‐Li , Zhang Xiao‐Bing , Huan Shuangyan , Shen Guo‐Li , Yu Ru‐Qin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPoly(toluidine blue) nanowires (PTBNWs) with an average diameter of ca. 200 nm and length of ca. 5 μm were synthesized for the first time using a template‐directed electropolymerization strategy with a nanopore polycarbonate (PC) membrane template. Their morphological characterization was carried out by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). By electrochemical polymerization, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was encapsulated in situ in PTBNWs (denoted as PTBNWs‐HRP) for potential biosensor applications. PTBNWs‐HRP was then modified on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode. In the system obtained, the PTBNWs served as an excellent redox mediator and exhibited high efficiency of electron transfer between the HRP and the GC electrode for the reduction of H2O2. The proposed electrode can be used as an excellent amperometric sensor for H2O2 at −0.1 V with a linear response range covering from 1 μM to 28 mM, a detection limit of 1 μM (based on S/N=3) and a fast response time of less than 8 s.
On‐line capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis of urinary porphyrins
Authors: Li Jinhua , Chan Wan , Cai Zongwei 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA rapid, high‐resolution and high‐efficiency novel method for the simultaneous determination of mesoporphyrin (MP), coproporphyrin (CP) and uroporphyrin (UP) in human urine by capillary electrophoresis coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐MS) was developed. The simple laboratory‐made interface was developed by using a micro‐tee connection and a liquid junction. The porphyrins were well separated by CE with a positive 12 kV voltage in a 20 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 10.5) containing 40% v/v acetonitrile. The sheath liquid was composed of acetonitrile‐water (50:50 v/v) containing 5 mM ammonium acetate and 0.1% v/v formic acid (pH 3.0) with a flow rate of 5 μL/min. The porphyrins were identified with the criteria of migration time and m/z values, and quantified with the measurement of peak area of [M+H]+ ion. Limits of detection for MP, CP and UP were 85 nM, 140 nM and 300 nM, respectively. The correlation coefficients of calibration curves were between 0.9956 and 0.9862. The intra‐day precisions in terms of relative standard deviations (n=12) of the method were 1.1–3.9% for migration times and 2.3–14.1% for peak areas. The porphyrin recoveries of spiked urine samples were between 73% and 96%. The liquid junction interface for CE‐ESI‐MS was demonstrated to be applicable for the potential quantitative analysis of clinical samples.
On priority setting in preventive care resources
Authors: Courbage Christophe 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUsing an expected utility approach, we show that within a population that differs with respect to the probability of developing a disease, the allocation of preventive care resources should be prioritized based on the efficiency of prevention and not on whether individuals are at high or low risk of developing the disease. Should the efficiency of prevention be the same within the population, we show that the gravity of the disease, the presence of co‐morbidities and the existence of uncertainty on health status can alternatively be considered so as to prioritize among preventive care resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rare involvement of submandibular gland by oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Chen Tseng‐Cheng , Lo Wu‐Chia , Ko Jenq‐Yuh , Lou Pei‐Jen , Yang Tsung‐Lin , Wang Cheng‐Ping 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe true involvement of the submandibular gland in primary oral cancer seems quite uncommon.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the pathologic records of 342 patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent wide excision of primary oral cancer and simultaneous neck dissection from January 2000 to December 2003.ResultsOf the 383 submandibular glands, only 7 (1.8%) exhibited tumor involvement. Of them, 5 glands were involved by direct extension from the primary tumor. One gland showed local invasion from an adjacent involved lymph node in level I and 1 was from intraglandular lymph node metastasis. All of these 6 tumors with submandibular gland involvement were T4 disease (p = .0003) and the neck nodal status on each was more than N2b (p < .0001).ConclusionThe patients with early‐stage oral squamous cell carcinoma with preoperative N0 neck may be candidates for preservation of the submandibular gland. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Three‐dimensional visualization of skin lymphatic drainage patterns of the head and neck
Authors: Reynolds Hayley M. , Smith Nicolas P. , Uren Roger F. , Thompson John F. , Dunbar P. Rod 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundLymphatic drainage from skin on the head and neck is complex. We sought to provide improved visualization and analysis of the patterns of head and neck skin lymphatic drainage using aggregated lymphoscintigraphy data.MethodsLymphoscintigraphy data from 929 patients with cutaneous melanoma on the head and neck collected at the Sydney Melanoma Unit have been mapped onto a 3‐dimensional computer model of the skin and lymph nodes.ResultsNovel heat maps and interactive software have been created, which show subtle differences in lymphatic drainage patterns when compared with those that are previously reported. Posterior head and neck node fields largely drained posterior regions of the head and neck, whereas anterolateral skin regions were generally drained by the other head and neck node fields.ConclusionsThe heat maps and interactive software tool provide novel visualization of head and neck lymphatic drainage patterns, which has both educational and clinical utility. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Radial forearm‐palmaris longus tenocutaneous free flap; implication in the repair of the moderate‐sized postoncologic soft palate defect
Authors: Roh Tai Suk , Lee Won Jai , Choi Eun Chang , Koh Yoon Woo , Lew Dae Hyun 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground.Moderate resection of the soft palate results in suboptimal outcomes in terms of postoperative velopharyngeal function. We propose the radial forearm tenocutaneous free flap incorporating the palmaris longus tendon for reconstruction of the levator sling in these cases.Methods.Twenty‐six patients underwent reconstruction with this method. Group I defect involved up to one‐fourth of the soft palate. Group II defect involved up to one‐half of the soft palate whether or not including the uvula. Group III defect involved more than three‐fourths of the soft palate. Postoperative function was assessed by means of speech intelligibility, swallowing performance, nasalance score, and nasoendoscopy.Results.Groups I and II showed normal results for speech intelligibility and swallowing function at 44 months. In group III, both parameters proved to be suboptimal.Conclusions.Moderate‐sized soft palatal resection cases (group II) benefited most from this particular method of dynamic reconstruction using the radial forearm tenocutaneous free flap. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Hastatusides A and B: Two New Phenolic Glucosides from Rumex hastatus
Authors: Zhang Lan‐Sheng , Li Zhen , Mei Ren‐Qiang , Liu Guang‐Ming , Long Chun‐Lin , Wang Yue‐Hu , Cheng Yong‐Xian 
Published: April 2009

Abstractmagnified imageTwo new compounds, hastatusides A and B (1 and 2, resp.), together with five known compounds, resveratrol, rumexoside, torachrysone‐8‐yl β‐D‐glucopyranoside, rutin, nepodin, and orientaloside were isolated from the roots of Rumex hastatus. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectroscopy.