bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les guerres du siècle
Authors: Duroselle Jean-Baptiste 
Published: July 2010

War in the plural : a classification of twentieth century wars, Jean-Baptiste Duroselle.
Without engaging in the discussion about the « innate » or the « acquired » character of the phenomenon of war, the author proposes an empirical classification for the twentieth century : he identifies six criteria : « white » / « colonial », limited / long, Worldwide / short wars, scope of weapons, law and ethics, origins of conflicts. He concludes that there is no simple explanation, but observes a hiatus between the « early » and the « late » twentieth century and describes the horrendous emergence of the nation-states through wars throughout the century.
L'exubérance de l'état en France de 1914 à 1918
Authors: Bock Fabienne 
Published: July 2010

The exuberance of the state in France from 1914 to 1918, Fabienne Bock.
During the First World War, not only were the institutions of the French republic not shaken — the power of the state grew over many areas of social and economic life. Industrial and agricultural production, foreign trade, the distribution of the labor force and industrial relations were partially managed by a host of semi-official bodies, commissions, committees or offices which proliferated in relative anarchy. Even if in the 1920s France was relieved to go back to non intervention and was proud of a degree of désétatisation, the 1914-1918 war was an ambiguous stage in the growth of the state apparatus in the twentieth century.
L'organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire (CERN)
Authors: Pestre Dominique 
Published: July 2010

The European organisation for nuclear research (CENR). A political and scien-tific success, Dominique Pestre
After 30 years of existence, the CENR (in French CERN) created in 1954, is a scientific as well as a political success. Launched after the Second World War the plan for a major European nuclear physics laboratory was implemented at the same time as the first Community organizations were being set up (ECSC, OEEC, etc.). Its success was due to the role of the « scientific administrators » and European physicists whose Community convictions were stronger than the politic differences among member states, to the impossibility for any European count to carry out such a scientific and financial endeavour alone, and to the quality of the discoveries of the CENR in the physics of nuclear particles.
Les origines du répertoire d'action collective contemporaine en France et en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Tilly Charles 
Published: July 2010

Origins of the contemporary collective-action répertoire in France and Great Britain, Charles Tilly.
Eight examples of various types of conflict from 1682 to 1982 divide into two relatively distinct repertoires of collective action. The first, localized and oriented largely to local powerholders, lasted until the 19th century. The other, more national and autonomous, came to predominate in Great Britain around 1832 and in France around 1848. Compared to the 19th, the 20th century produced few changes in the repertoire ; with respect to organization and action even the « new social movements » occurring since 1968 do not constitute a large innovation. The forms of collective action result from a cumulative historical process.
Le moyen âge entre le futur et l'avenir
Authors: Le Goff Jacques 
Published: July 2010

The Middle Ages between the future and the life to corne, Jacques Le Goff
The high Middle Ages ignored the future and put everything on the life to corne. Rome and St. Augustine had bequeathed the idea of a succession of ages up to the Last Judgement : the life-to-come was imposed by salvation. As of the 12th and 13th centuries, time was mastered, people began to count, growth began, archives became necessary : an earthly linear future became conceivable. The millenarist spurt was not mastered by it, but the age of progress and enlightenment could begin. This medieval wavering can help us understand the 20th century's dramas.
Stakhanov, ce héros normatif
Authors: Vigne Eric 
Published: July 2010

Stakhanov, a normative hero, Eric Vigne
The " new man " imposed by Lenin and Stalin assured the hegemony of the Party over society and that of taylorized standards over production. A miner, Stakhanov, embodied this normative hero as of 1935. The movement bearing his name allowed the intelligentsia of the recognized technicians to serve the Soviet state blindly, against the workers. Against this new conquest of Stalinism there was neither revoit nor return of old repressed practices, for the political police never believed in the " new man " ; it took care of the files of the "old man", right into the camps.
Après Mao, le retour du vieil homme
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire 
Published: July 2010

After Mao, the return of the Old Man, Marie-Claire Bergere.
Since 1976, People's China has been trying to resolve its economic and social crisis through the policy of the four modernizations. Material stimuli, decollectivization of agriculture, rebirth of private enterprise, abandonment of socialist morality : the break with Mao's ideal and the Cultural Revolution seems total. The " old man " is born again, the return of the old traditions favors popular cults, individualism, even infanticide, while the West's cultural objects continue to fascinate. But this renaissance only reflects the failures and contradictions of the age of Mao. Civil society keeps quiet ; there is barely any social criticism ; political opposition is weak. The " old man " has not awakened China.
L'horoscope des populations
Authors: Le Bras Hervé 
Published: July 2010

The population horoscope, Hervé Le Bras
In this brief history of long-term demographic forecasts from the 17th century to the present, prediction seems both useless, for it is inaccurate, and essential, as it reveals the concerns of the time. Petty's economie arithmetic, Pearl's logistic laws, Glass's mathematical sophistication witness the refining of the methods. Yet the Future Population of Europe and the Soviet Union that a proud Princeton team published in 1944 describes the 1970 European horizon with margins of error exceeding 35 %, in spite of the new reliability of statistics. The post-war increase of the birth rate and the magnitude of population movements had not been suspected, because of the American researchers' obsession with the USSR's demographic imperialism : an admission of failure pregnant with lessons.
Deux vieilles France en échauguette
Authors: Garrisson Janine 
Published: July 2010

Two old Frances at watch towers. The wars of religion, Janine Garrisson.
From 1559 to about 1600, two Frances stood face to face. The most obvious break was the religious division and the confrontation between Catholics and Protes tants. But this Franco-French war can be interpreted as the continuation of older conflicts, those that opposed the North and the South, the inhabitants of cities and those of the countryside, the faithful supporters of royal power and the big feudal lords : two different political conceptions and two visions of society. This major conflict, which brought about 40 years of murders and plunder, seems to have been effaced from the collective memory of the French, which has retained only one event : the Saint Barthelemy day massacre. As if the horror of this massacre hid the very foundation of the wars of religion : the existence of several Frances, each refusing to listen to the other.
La guerre scolaire, ancienne ou nouvelle histoire ?
Authors: Mayeur Jean-Marie 
Published: July 2010

Three years fo quarrels over schools (1981-1984). Storms and the lull, Jean-Marie Majeur.
Ever since Jules Ferry, the « school war » has only been one aspect of a wider struggle : that over the secularization of French society, i.e. the religious issue in its broadest sense. But in 1981, though this secularization had been long achieved though the protagonists, public opinion and even the secular militants had changed substantially, the school issue was only the final element of the cleavage in French feelings. As the religious question is no longer politically relevant, « revanchist » secularism looks old-fashioned. This explains the failure of the Savary bill and the (perhaps temporary) return to the 1959 Debré law.
Piétons de Babel et de la cité radieuse. Les jeunes intellectuels des années 1930 et la ville
Authors: Balmand Pascal 
Published: July 2010

Pedestrians of Babel and of the City Radiant. Young intellectuals of the 1930s and the city, Pascal Balmand.
When urban residence became the rule in France in the 1930s, the young intellectual generation started to ask questions. It denounced a civilization crisis, held the city responsible for moral decadence, as the place of a serious threat to the balance and integrity of the human being as well as that of artifice. In total disagreement with the « modern » architectural movement, the young intellectuals of the 1930s were closer to the movement of « culturalist » urbanism, represented in France by Gaston Bardet. But just as some 18th century critics of the city, they also conceived of it as a promise of everything possible. Thus, between those nostalgic for a return to the land and the visionaries of the futurist city, the young personalist generation anticipated, in a way, the debates of the post-industrial age.
Indépendances et dépendances dans le Pacifique insulaire
Authors: De Deckker Paul 
Published: July 2010

Independences and dependences in the Insular Pacific, Paul De Deckker
A handful of islands, a complex population : Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia, which make up the insular Pacific, seem doomed to be scattered. Since 1945 they have been, however, a stake controlled by the superpowers, whether colonial or not. London, Canberra and Wellington have in turns favored independence and dependence. Washington, for strategic reasons, has followed closely the evolution of the Pacific. In this struggle where the global stakes are very clear, has France still a place in 1985 ? The examples of New Caledonia and the Polynesian islands are here analysed in detail.
Beaubourg, an VIII
Authors: Vincent Gérard 
Published: July 2010

Beaubourg, Year VIII, Gérard Vincent
Beyond aesthetic quarrels and unjustified accusations, the historian can, after eight years of the existence of the National Center for Art and Culture at Beaubourg, ask the real question : have the missions assigned to the Center been accomplished ? In other words, has the access of the masses to culture been facilitated ? Have the barriers between the various activities been broken down by the coexistence of a museum and other forms of culture ? Has Beaubourg become not only the cultural brain of France, but also its heart, irrigating the Hexagon with the flow of culture produced by such a pump ? Lastly, how has the surrounding neighborhood been renovated and with what results ?
Peintures en France 1945-1960
Authors: Fouilloux Étienne 
Published: July 2010

Painting in France (1945-1960), Etienne Fouilloux.
The 1950s witness the triumph of abstract art. Until the beginning of the decade, that was not yet clear. And nothing during the pre-war was paving the way for a victory of abstraction. After the Liberation, abstract art had to battle against a two-fold realism : the « new realism » of Communist artists and Bernard Buffet's expressionism. It took several years before abstract art was to impose itself.
Les incorporés de force alsaciens
Authors: Herberich-Marx Geneviève , Raphaël Freddy 
Published: July 2010

The Alsatians drafted by force into the German Army during the Second World War : Denial, convocation and provo cation of memory, Geneviève Herberich-Marx, Freddy Raphaël.
Between 1942 and 1944, after the annexation of the Alsatian and Lorrain departments by the Third Reich, 130 000 men were drafted by force into the Wehrmacht and the Waffen SS. After 1945, the « despite ourselves » experienced great ambivalence, both shameful for having participated against their will in the bloody Nazi adventure and fighting against scorn, claiming nevertheless a specific suffering. Denouncing France which had abandoned them, according to them, they corne up against an obstacle : how can one transmit the memory of an unutterable and unique experience ?
Le temps de l'histoire en question
Authors: Vigne Eric 
Published: July 2010

Questioning time in history, Eric Vigne.
Should time be a philosophical question ? In general, French historians seem to have neglected this essential problem concerning reflection on time. Both because of a positivist tradition which seeks the linearity of the event and of a mistrust of the philosophy of history, they have not wanted to corne to grips with the question of temporality. And yet the very nature of history cornes from this question. K. Pomian's recent book, L'ordre du temps (Gallimard) illustrates the richness of the philosophie thinking on the variation of the notion of time and its importance in understanding the various historical schools.
L'aide américaine à la France après la seconde guerre mondiale
Authors: Bossuat Gérard 
Published: July 2010

American aid to France after the Second World War, Gérard Bossuat.
The Marshall plan aid enabled France to emerge from the post-war crisis on the road to integration and European contruction. But it had consequences on the French choices of economic development by accelerating the modernization of its overseas territories, by basing its trade towards the West at the expense of towards Eastern Europe, and by favoring the political weight of the moderates. It weighed on the balance of payments, and above all, more than making France an « assisted » country, it did not totally succeed in bringing it out of its identity crisis of the 40s.
Les historiens aujourd'hui remarques pour un débat
Authors: Roche Daniel 
Published: July 2010

Historians today. Comments for a debate, Daniel Roche.
The author, professor at the Sorbonne and president of a CNRS committee indicates his alarms about the future of history in France. He points out the weakness of University and CNRS recruitment, the lack of career mobility, the slowdown of research theme turnover, the ambiguities of the state doctorate thesis, whether old or new, and the worsening of working conditions. The loss of creative imagination, publishing and media pressure, and the anxiety of the younger generation complete a subtle but severe picture of historical research and its future.
L'élite intellectuelle, l'avant-garde militante et le peuple algérien
Authors: Pervillé Guy 
Published: July 2010

The intellectual elite, the militant avant-garde and the Algerian people, Guy Pervillé.
Contemporary Algerian history has seen in recent years a great wealth of research on minority cultural, social or political groups. The most recent research even uses the biographical method, long criticized as « elitist ». Is such rehabilitation of the role of the individual and of organizations compatible with the « populist » interpretation which explains the Algerian revolution by « the creative initiative of the popular masses » ? The masses were above all a stake, claimed by the two rival minority forces : a military vanguard and an intellectual elite.
Une fidélité têtue
Authors: Vidal-Naquet Pierre 
Published: July 2010

Stubborn faithfulness. The French resistance to the Algerian war, Pierre Vidal-Naquet.
In this text of history and memory, the author who, along with other French intellectuals, fought against torture and for human rights ail through out the Algerian war, presents an assessment. He analyzes the " betrayal " of left wing political parties and trade unions ; questions the powerlessness of a handful of " resistants " to mobilize public opinion against the war. He then describes the information battle that had to be waged, thanks to the press, before concluding uncomplacently and without regrets : " The fight against the Algerian war was an ambiguous one, but are there many that are not ? "
Trente ans de littérature d'espionnage en France (1950-1980)
Authors: Neveu Erik 
Published: July 2010

Thirty years of spy literature in France (1950-1980), Erik Neveu.
The spy novel, the product of a social-cultural context which it both reflects and influences, is a historical object. Provided three successive strata since 1950 are identified : the classics, political-fiction, and the marginal novel. Although the last category has remained on a superficial level, the first two constitute a soil on which a real idea of the world has sprouted. What are, then, the characteristics which make of them, in a way, the inheritor of the nationalist right studied by René Rémond and Raoul Girardet, and how can we explain the ideological roots of the genre ?
De Sartre à Hobbes. La liberté et la tutelle
Authors: Delannoi Gil 
Published: July 2010

From Sartre to Hobbes. Liberty and guardianship, Gil Delannoi.
Taking the evolution of Jean-Paul Sartre's political and philosophical thought as a guideline, the author discovers in turn individuals drowned in the mass in the 1950s and 1960s and then a simultaneous liberation of individuals and masses in May 1968. He concludes, rereading Hobbes, by examining one of the solid roots of the hedonist individualism which runs across our societies : the tutelary state.
La révolution malade de la Vendée
Authors: Langlois Claude 
Published: July 2010

The Revolution, sick of the Vendée, Claude Langlois.
Carried by the constantly revisited memory — « Vendée, a region of memory » supported by scholarly disputes and debates among schools of thought, simultaneously exorcised and fed by academic research, the Vendée issue is back. Under various aspects, it has become an issue of contemporary history. The two aspects which are debated today — a debate colored by the media — concern as much the final years of our millennium as the twilight of the 18 th century : for both the number of victims and the labeling of the phenomenon - and in the background the polemic on « genocide » — the author shows just how much is due to Zeitgeist.
Hitler dans le III Reich : maître ou serviteur ?
Authors: Burrin Philippe 
Published: July 2010

Hitler in the Third Reich : master or servant ? Martin Broszat and the functionalist interpretation of the Nazi regime, Philippe Burrin.
Was Hitler merely one piece in a System of power bigger than he ? This question is a topic of basic debate between two branches of the German historical school. The functionalist approach sets Hitler in a field of forces and constraints in the background we find the even wider problem of political voluntarism, and the interpretation of the working of the machinery which led to the « final solution ». The author stresses the interest of the debate, and also the limits of the functionalists' analysis. Behind it, the place of Nazism in German memory and history is at stake.
L'histoire culturelle de la France contemporaine : question et questionnement
Authors: Ory Pascal 
Published: July 2010

The cultural history of contemporary France. Questions and questioning, Pascal Ory.
Although fashionable contemporary cultural history still suffers from conceptual in determinacy « culture » should be defined precisely, and specified vis-à-vis « politics » and « economic ». The author postulates that cultural history is the social history of representations. However, the historian deals more with what is measurable, quantifiable in other words, with forms less than with the very content itself of this representation. No serious cultural history can be conceived without knowledge of the broad outlines of the history of science and communication techniques. The result would be a study of the varieties of logic of experience, presented as relative to each society and conferring meaning to it.
L'american way of life et les missions françaises de productivité
Authors: Kuisel Richard F. 
Published: July 2010

The « American way of life » and French productivity missions, Richard F. Kuisel
During the post-war reconstruction periode, the US played an important role in France in more than one respect. Beyond financial aid, the American social-economic model was a discovery and even an object of fascination for the French. « Productivity missions» — composed of civil servants, economists, labor union and business leaders — were sent across the Atlantic in the early 1950s to analyze the reasons behind American economic achievements, particularly in the field of productivity, which made possible a high standard of living, including for workers. Not without reluctance and reservations, they attempted to import some of the components of the American way of life.
La suppression de l'ORTF en 1974
Authors: Bachmann Sophie 
Published: July 2010

The suppression of the ORTF (Office de Radiodiffusion et Télévision française) in 1974. The « libereting » reform, Sophie Bachmann.
The suppression of the ORTF by the law of 7 August 1974 was practically unnoticed. That reform was nevertheless one of the most decisive steps in the development of French broadcasting. Preceded by social conflicts and by debates on the very principles of relations between the political leadership and the information media, it inverted the traditional missions of public service — first inform, then provide culture, finally entertain. The aim of the reform, a real upheaval compared to the previous situation, was to privilege entertainment.
Les années staliniennes de Tito (1945-1948)
Authors: Pirjevec Joze 
Published: July 2010

Tito's Stalinist years (1945-1948), Jofy Pirjevec.
Sheltered by a « Popular Front », the Yugoslav Communist Party wanted after 1945 to build socialism according to the Stalinist pattern : police terror, democracy under surveillance, five-year plans and Stakhanovism. With the Trieste affair and the changes in the international balance of power up to the beginning the Cold War, Stalin's and Tito's subtle games became graduallly incompatible. In 1947-1948, the Titoist schism was completed, the two adversaries having wrongly assessed one another.
Nouveaux mouvements religieux et conflits de société (1965-1985)
Authors: Champion Françoise 
Published: July 2010

New religious movements and conflicts of society (1965-1685), Françoise Champion
Already well-known for its diversity, the American religious landscape has been enriched since the 1960s by the proliferation of that complex phenomenon, the « new religious movements ». Revelatory of the questioning and the unease of the American society, these movements pose many questions : What needs do they answer ? How much continuity and how much rupture do they represent in relation to American traditions ? To what extent do they challenge the idea of a progressive secularization of individual and collective behavior ? Through a wide survey of sociological research, the author provides elements of response and paths for further reflexion.
Taïwan après le miracle
Authors: Bergère Marie-Claire 
Published: July 2010

Taiwan after the miracle, Marie-Claire Bergère.
The modernization of the Taiwanese economy was achieved in two stages. In the 1950s, growth was based on the development of the domestic market, allowing the economy to take off, even if growth was limited and dependent on American aid. After 1960, a new strategy, more internationally oriented, caused the real « miracle ». The country's enrichment profoundly transformed social structures. The issue of regime change in parallel to economic upheavals. Democratization is taking place slowly and cautiously, keeping to the present regime its particular mark of participative authoritarianism.
Contestation et démocratie dans l'Amérique du 20e siècle
Authors: Granjon Marie-Christine 
Published: July 2010

Contestation and democracy in twentieth century American, Marie-Christine Granjon.
The distance between the American dream and the reality of inequalities or scorn has not stopped feeding contestation in the United States since the 19th century. The article recounts its stages : populist, progressive, socialistic, radical, over a century. A typology shows that this protest is « coopted », that it serves to regulate American democracy, and simultaneously provides a lively counter culture.