bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bio‐microfluidics: Biomaterials and Biomimetic Designs
Authors: Domachuk Peter , Tsioris Konstantinos , Omenetto Fiorenzo G. , Kaplan David L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBio‐microfluidics applies biomaterials and biologically inspired structural designs (biomimetics) to microfluidic devices. Microfluidics, the techniques for constraining fluids on the micrometer and sub‐micrometer scale, offer applications ranging from lab‐on‐a‐chip to optofluidics. Despite this wealth of applications, the design of typical microfluidic devices imparts relatively simple, laminar behavior on fluids and is realized using materials and techniques from silicon planar fabrication. On the other hand, highly complex microfluidic behavior is commonplace in nature, where fluids with nonlinear rheology flow through chaotic vasculature composed from a range of biopolymers. In this Review, the current state of bio‐microfluidic materials, designs and applications are examined. Biopolymers enable bio‐microfluidic devices with versatile functionalization chemistries, flexibility in fabrication, and biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo. Polymeric materials such as alginate, collagen, chitosan, and silk are being explored as bulk and film materials for bio‐microfluidics. Hydrogels offer options for mechanically functional devices for microfluidic systems such as self‐regulating valves, microlens arrays and drug release systems, vital for integrated bio‐microfluidic devices. These devices including growth factor gradients to study cell responses, blood analysis, biomimetic capillary designs, and blood vessel tissue culture systems, as some recent examples of inroads in the field that should lead the way in a new generation of microfluidic devices for bio‐related needs and applications. Perhaps one of the most intriguing directions for the future will be fully implantable microfluidic devices that will also integrate with existing vasculature and slowly degrade to fully recapitulate native tissue structure and function, yet serve critical interim functions, such as tissue maintenance, drug release, mechanical support, and cell delivery.
Patterning and Templating for Nanoelectronics
Authors: Galatsis Kosmas , Wang Kang L. , Ozkan Mihri , Ozkan Cengiz S. , Huang Yu , Chang Jane P. , Monbouquette Harold G. , Chen Yong , Nealey Paul , Botros Youssry 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe semiconductor industry will soon be launching 32 nm complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology node using 193 nm lithography patterning technology to fabricate microprocessors with more than 2 billion transistors. To ensure the survival of Moore's law, alternative patterning techniques that offer advantages beyond conventional top‐down patterning are aggressively being explored. It is evident that most alternative patterning techniques may not offer compelling advantages to succeed conventional top‐down lithography for silicon integrated circuits, but alternative approaches may well indeed offer functional advantages in realising next‐generation information processing nanoarchitectures such as those based on cellular, bioinsipired, magnetic dot logic, and crossbar schemes. This paper highlights and evaluates some patterning methods from the Center on Functional Engineered Nano Architectonics in Los Angeles and discusses key benchmarking criteria with respect to CMOS scaling.
Brief communication: Sexual dimorphism of the juvenile basicranium
Authors: Veroni Adam , Nikitovic Dejana , Schillaci Michael A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to examine the level of sexual dimorphism exhibited in the foramen magnum and occipital condyles of juveniles, and to test the utility of this sexual dimorphism for estimating sex. Using five basicranial measurements taken from 36 juveniles of known sex and age from the Lisbon documented collection (Portugal), we evaluated sexual dimorphism in the juvenile cranial base. Our application of a method previously applied solely to adults indicated that the basicranium is sexually dimorphic in juveniles, with larger foramen magnum and occipital condyle dimensions observed in males. Significant univariate differences between males and females were found for length and breadth of the foramen magnum, and breadth of the left occipital condyle. Using these measurements, multivariate discriminant analysis indicated that sex was correctly assigned 75.8% of time. Obtained accuracy, however, was lower than reported by previous studies of adult samples. We suggest that this discrepancy is a result of population variability rather than age. Am J Phys Anthropol 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of soluble and thermally stable polyamides from diamine containing (quinolin‐8‐yloxy) aniline pendant group
Authors: Ghaemy Mousa , Bazzar Massoom 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA novel diamine monomer having pendant 4‐(quinolin‐8‐yloxy) aniline group was successfully synthesized via aromatic substitution reaction of 8‐quinolinol with p‐fluoronitrobenzene followed by Pd/C catalyzed hydrazine reduction, amidation reaction between 4‐(quinolin‐8‐yloxy) aniline and 3,5‐dinitrobenzoylcholoride followed by Pd/C catalyzed hydrazine reduction. The diamine monomer was fully characterized by using FTIR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and elemental analysis. The diamine monomer was polymerized with various aromatic and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids to obtain the corresponding polyamides. The polyamides had inherent viscosity in the range of 0.30–0.41 dL/g and exhibited excellent solubility in the polar aprotic solvents such as DMAc, NMP, N,N‐dimethylformamide, Pyridine, and DMSO. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the polymers are high (up to 313°C) and the decomposition temperatures (Ti) range between 200 and 370°C, depending on the diacids residue in the polymers backbone. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Qualitative Comparison of the Cranio‐Dental Osteology of the Extant Elephants,Elephas Maximus(Asian Elephant) andLoxodonta africana(African Elephant)
Authors: Todd Nancy E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFew osteological descriptions of the extant elephants and no detailed morphological comparison of the two genera,ElephasandLoxodonta, have been done in recent years. In this study, 786 specimens of extant elephants (crania, mandibles, and molars) were examined for characters unique to each species. Differences between sexes in each species were described, as well as differences between subspecies of each species. Striking differences in morphology were noted between sexes of both elephants and between subspecies, which may complement current genetic studies, the focus of which is to determine division at the subspecies or species level, particularly differences between the savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana africana) and the forest elephant (Loxodonta africana cyclotis). In addition, examination of the two living elephants provides an excellent dataset for identifying phylogenetic characters for use in examining evolutionary relationships within and between fossil lineages of elephantids. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tessellation Analysis of Glomerular Spatial Arrangement in Mice with Heritable Renal Hypoplasia
Authors: Wong Brittany , Farrell Michael L. , Yang Shiming , Freitas Tracey , Lozanoff Scott 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRenal hypoplasia results from an insufficient kidney volume caused, in part, by a deficient number of glomeruli. The purpose of this study was to apply tessellation analysis to determine whether glomerular point patterns differed between adult normal (WT) and mutant (Br) mice with heritable renal hypoplasia and to delineate a spatial distribution accounting for the observed patterns. Kidneys from adult WT and Br mice were collected, processed with routine light histology and representative transverse sections were photographed. Cortical area and perimeter were calculated from traced tissue contours and glomeruli were identified and digitized. Voronoi tessellations were constructed and average parameters for Voronoi polygon number, area, perimeter and edge counts as well as spatial metrics comprising nearest neighbor and centroidal distances were calculated and compared. Point distributions were simulated by randomizing glomerular coordinates from each section and plotting the new points utilizing uniform random, Gaussian random, or isotropic functions. Average nearest neighbor distances were generated for each specimen and ranked with respect to corresponding values generated from 1,000 iterations for each simulated set. Results showed that WT and Br were significantly different for each parameter suggesting that WT kidneys possessed more glomeruli, but these were less clustered compared to Br. Simulations suggested that WT and Br demonstrated similar, but not identical, underlying glomerular spatial distributions. Defective gene expression in Br is important for determining glomerular number and the defective pattern likely results from a heterochronic disturbance consisting of a truncated growth trajectory during embryonic kidney development. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Circumorbital Bones of the Gekkota (Reptilia: Squamata)
Authors: Daza Juan Diego , Bauer Aaron Matthew 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe enormous variation of the orbit in lepidosaurs is better conceptualized in terms of composition and configuration. Broadly, the orbit varies from having totally closed rim to being open posteriorly. Two processes are responsible for changes in the components of the circumorbital series, element loss and fusion. The resulting contacts among elements are the main factors determining orbital configuration. Here, we present a revision of the gekkotan circumorbital bones in the general context of the Lepidosauria. From observations of a sample of 105 species of gekkotans prepared using different techniques, we describe the main changes in the orbit and corroborate the presence or absence of some of the ambiguous elements such as the lacrimal and the jugal. The supraorbital bones of squamates are reviewed and some problems of homology are evaluated using recent phylogenenetic hypothesis. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing reported associations of genetic risk factors for oral clefts in a large Irish study population
Authors: Carter Tonia C. , Molloy Anne M. , Pangilinan Faith , Troendle James F. , Kirke Peadar N. , Conley Mary R. , Orr David J. A. , Earley Michael , McKiernan Eamon , Lynn Ena C. , Doyle Anne , Scott John M. , Brody Lawrence C. , Mills James L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Suggestive, but not conclusive, studies implicate many genetic variants in oral cleft etiology. We used a large, ethnically homogenous study population to test whether reported associations between nonsyndromic oral clefts and 12 genes (CLPTM1, CRISPLD2, FGFR2, GABRB3, GLI2, IRF6, PTCH1, RARA, RYK, SATB2, SUMO1, TGFA) could be confirmed.METHODS:Thirty‐one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in exons, splice sites, and conserved non‐coding regions were studied in 509 patients with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP), 383 with cleft palate only (CP), 838 mothers and 719 fathers of patients with oral clefts, and 902 controls from Ireland. Case‐control and family‐based statistical tests were performed using isolated oral clefts for the main analyses.RESULTS:In case‐control comparisons, the minor allele of PTCH1 A562A (rs2066836) was associated with reduced odds of CLP (odds ratios [OR], 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–0.64 for homozygotes), whereas the minor allele of PTCH1 L1315P (rs357564) was associated with increased odds of CLP (OR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.07–1.74 for heterozygotes; and OR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09–2.24 for homozygotes). The minor allele of one SUMO1 SNP, rs3769817 located in intron 2, was associated with increased odds of CP (OR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.06–1.99 for heterozygotes). Transmission disequilibrium was observed for the minor allele of TGFA V159V (rs2166975) which was over‐transmitted to CP cases (p = 0.041).CONCLUSIONS:For 10 of the 12 genes, this is the largest candidate gene study of nonsyndromic oral clefts to date. The findings provide further evidence that PTCH1, SUMO1, and TGFA contribute to nonsyndromic oral clefts. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contrasting Effects of Axial Ligands on Electron‐Transfer Versus Proton‐Coupled Electron‐Transfer Reactions of Nonheme Oxoiron(IV) Complexes
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi , Kotani Hiroaki , Suenobu Tomoyoshi , Hong Seungwoo , Lee Yong‐Min , Nam Wonwoo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effects of axial ligands on electron‐transfer and proton‐coupled electron‐transfer reactions of mononuclear nonheme oxoiron(IV) complexes were investigated by using [FeIV(O)(tmc)(X)]n+ (1‐X) with various axial ligands, in which tmc is 1,4,8,11‐tetramethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane and X is CH3CN (1‐NCCH3), CF3COO− (1‐OOCCF3), or N3− (1‐N3), and ferrocene derivatives as electron donors. As the binding strength of the axial ligands increases, the one‐electron reduction potentials of 1‐X (Ered, V vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) are more negatively shifted by the binding of the more electron‐donating axial ligands in the order of 1‐NCCH3 (0.39) > 1‐OOCCF3 (0.13) > 1‐N3 (−0.05 V). Rate constants of electron transfer from ferrocene derivatives to 1‐X were analyzed in light of the Marcus theory of electron transfer to determine reorganization energies (λ) of electron transfer. The λ values decrease in the order of 1‐NCCH3 (2.37) > 1‐OOCCF3 (2.12) > 1‐N3 (1.97 eV). Thus, the electron‐transfer reduction becomes less favorable thermodynamically but more favorable kinetically with increasing donor ability of the axial ligands. The net effect of the axial ligands is the deceleration of the electron‐transfer rate in the order of 1‐NCCH3 > 1‐OOCCF3 > 1‐N3. In sharp contrast to this, the rates of the proton‐coupled electron‐transfer reactions of 1‐X are markedly accelerated in the presence of an acid in the opposite order: 1‐NCCH3 < 1‐OOCCF3 < 1‐N3. Such contrasting effects of the axial ligands on the electron‐transfer and proton‐coupled electron‐transfer reactions of nonheme oxoiron(IV) complexes are discussed in light of the counterintuitive reactivity patterns observed in the oxo transfer and hydrogen‐atom abstraction reactions by nonheme oxoiron(IV) complexes (Sastri et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2007, 104, 19 181–19 186).
On the Mechanism of Urea‐Induced Titania Modification
Authors: Mitoraj Dariusz , Kisch Horst 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe mechanism of surface modification of titania by calcination with urea at 400 °C was investigated by substituting urea by its thermal decomposition products. It was found that during the urea‐induced process titania acts as a thermal catalyst for the conversion of intermediate isocyanic acid to cyanamide. Trimerization of the latter produces melamine followed by polycondensation to melem‐ and melon‐based poly(aminotri‐s‐triazine) derivatives. Subsequently, amino groups of the latter finish the process by formation of TiN bonds through condensation with the OH‐terminated titania surface. When the density of these groups is too low, like in substoichiometric titania, no corresponding modification occurs. The mechanistic role of the polytriazine component depends on its concentration. If present in only a small amount, it acts as a molecular photosensitizer. At higher amounts it forms a crystalline semiconducting organic layer, chemically bound to titania. In this case the system represents a unique example of a covalently coupled inorganic–organic semiconductor photocatalyst. Both types of material exhibit the quasi‐Fermi level of electrons slightly anodically shifted relative to that of titania. They are all active in the visible‐light mineralization of formic acid, whereas nitrogen‐modified titania prepared from ammonia is inactive.
Gold‐Catalyzed Transannular [4+3] Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Gung Benjamin W. , Craft Derek T. , Bailey Lauren N. , Kirschbaum Kristin 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMacrocyclic propargyl acetates containing a furan ring were prepared by using a CrCl2‐promoted reaction. In the presence of either a AuI or AuIII catalyst, a tandem 3,3‐rearrangement/transannular [4+3] cycloaddition reaction occurred to give propargyl acetates that are regio‐ and diastereospecific. The regiochemistry of the product is controlled by the position of the acetoxy group in the starting material and the stereochemistry of the reaction depends on the ring size.
Chiral and structural analysis of biomolecules using mass spectrometry and ion mobility‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Enders Jeffrey R. , Mclean John A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis report describes the strategies for gas‐phase chiral and structural characterization of biomolecules using mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility‐MS (IM‐MS) techniques. Because both MS and IM‐MS do not directly provide chiral selectivity, methodologies for adding a chiral selector are discussed in the context of (i) host–guest (H–G) associations, (ii) diastereomeric collision‐induced dissociation (CID) methods, (iii) ion–molecule reactions, and (iv) the kinetic method. MS techniques for the analysis of proteins and protein complexes are briefly described. New advances in performing rapid 2D gas‐phase separations on the basis of IM‐MS are reviewed with a particular emphasis on the different forms of IM instrumentation and how they are used for chiral and/or structural biomolecular studies. This report is not intended to be a comprehensive review of the field, but rather to underscore the contemporary techniques that are commonly or increasingly being used to complement measurements performed by chiroptical methodologies. Chirality 21:E253–E264, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anticancer Therapeutics That Target Selenoenzymes: Synthesis, Characterization, in vitro Cytotoxicity, and Thioredoxin Reductase Inhibition of a Series of Gold(I) Complexes Containing Hydrophilic Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Vergara Elena , Casini Angela , Sorrentino Francesca , Zava Olivier , Cerrada Elena , Rigobello Maria Pia , Bindoli Alberto , Laguna Mariano , Dyson Paul J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGold(I) complexes bearing water‐soluble phosphine ligands, including 1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane (PTA), 3,7‐diacetyl‐1,3,7‐triaza‐5‐phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (DAPTA), and sodium triphenylphosphine trisulfonate (TPPTS), in combination with thionate ligands, were screened for their antiproliferative activities against human ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 either sensitive or resistant to cisplatin. In addition, the compounds were screened for their inhibition of mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxR), enzymes that are overexpressed in many tumor cells and contribute to drug resistance. The gold(I)–phosphine complexes efficiently inhibited cytosolic and mitochondrial TrxRs at concentrations that did not affect the related oxidoreductase glutathione reductase (GR). Additional complementary information on the enzyme metallation process and potential gold binding sites was obtained through the application of a specific biochemical assay using a thiol‐tagging reagent, BIAM (biotin‐conjugated iodoacetamide).
Major histocompatability complex class I expression and glial reaction influence spinal motoneuron synaptic plasticity during the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Freria C.M. , Zanon R.G. , Santos L.M.B. , Oliveira A.L.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRecent studies have shown that major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) expression directly influences the stability of nerve terminals. Also, the acute phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) has shown a significant impact on inputs within the spinal cord. Therefore, the present work investigated the synaptic covering of motoneurons during the induction phase of disease and progressive remissions of EAE. EAE was induced in C57BL/6J mice, which were divided into four groups: normal, peak disease, first remission, and second remission. The animals were killed and their lumbar spinal cords processed for in situ hybridization (IH), immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results indicated an increase in glial reaction during the peak disease. During this period, the TEM analysis showed a reduction in the synaptic covering of the motoneurons, corresponding to a reduction in synaptophysin immunolabeling and an increase in the MHC I expression. The IH analysis reinforced the immunolabeling results, revealing an increased expression of MHC I mRNA by motoneurons and nonneuronal cells during the peak disease and first remission. The results observed in both remission groups indicated a return of the terminals to make contact with the motoneuron surface. The ratio between excitatory and inhibitory inputs increased, indicating the potential for development of an excitotoxic process. In conclusion, the results presented here indicate that MHC I up‐regulation during the course of EAE correlates with the periods of synaptic plasticity induced by the infiltration of autoreactive immune cells and that synaptic plasticity decreases after recurrent peaks of inflammation. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:990–1007, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic plasticity after chemical deafening and electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve in cats
Authors: Ryugo D.K. , Baker C.A. , Montey K.L. , Chang L.Y. , Coco A. , Fallon J.B. , Shepherd R.K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effects of deafness on brain structure and function have been studied using animal models of congenital deafness that include surgical ablation of the organ of Corti, acoustic trauma, ototoxic drugs, and hereditary deafness. This report describes the morphologic plasticity of auditory nerve synapses in response to ototoxic deafening and chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. Normal kittens were deafened by neonatal administration of neomycin that eliminated auditory receptor cells. Some of these cats were raised deaf, whereas others were chronically implanted with cochlear electrodes at 2 months of age and electrically stimulated for up to 12 months. The large endings of the auditory nerve, endbulbs of Held, were studied because they hold a key position in the timing pathway for sound localization, are readily identifiable, and exhibit deafness‐associated abnormalities. Compared with those of normal hearing cats, synapses of ototoxically deafened cats displayed expanded postsynaptic densities, a 35.4% decrease in synaptic vesicle (SV) density, and a reduction in the somatic size of spherical bushy cells (SBCs). In comparison with normal hearing cats, ototoxically deafened cats that received cochlear stimulation had endbulbs that expressed postsynaptic densities (PSDs) that were statistically identical in size, showed a 48.1% reduction in SV density, and whose target SBCs had a 25.5% reduction in soma area. These results demonstrate that electrical stimulation via a cochlear implant in chemically deafened cats preserves PSD size but not other aspects of synapse morphology. This determination further suggests that the effects of ototoxic deafness are not identical to those of hereditary deafness. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1046–1063, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.