bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in a clonal herb, Cardamine leucantha (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Araki Kiwako S. , Kaneko Shingo , Isagi Yuji , Kudoh Hiroshi 
Published: November 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite markers were developed to analyze the clonal diversity and population genetic structure of a clonal plant, Cardamine leucantha.• Methods and Results: Microsatellite loci were isolated by using compound simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers, resulting in 25 pairs including 14 useful markers. Samples from 33, 20, and 17 ramets in three populations were identified as belonging to 23, 18, and 17 genotypic individuals, respectively.• Conclusions: These SSR markers will be used for identifying genets and evaluating genetic diversity of the clonal plant C. leucantha.
Binding free energies of inhibitors to iron porphyrin complex as a model for Cytochrome P450
Authors: Lee Joo Yun , Kang Nam Sook , Kang Young Kee 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe binding free energies of the inhibitor‐heme model complexes are calculated using the density functional methods and the implicit solvation models in water, where the 16 structurally diverse compounds with a spectrum of IC50 values from 0.05 (clotrimazole) to 1000 (piroxicam) μM are chosen as inhibitors for Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). CYP3A4 is the most predominant constituent of the human hepatic CYP enzymes that play a role in metabolizing structurally diverse xenobiotics. The observed free energy change for each inhibitory binding, ΔG, is obtained from its IC50 value. The total binding free energy (ΔG) of each inhibitor‐heme model complex is calculated by the sum of its relative free energy (ΔG0) in the gas phase and solvation free energy to the water–heme model complex. The UB3LYP/LanL2DZ level of theory provides the correct relative stabilities of the high‐ and low‐spin states for the penta‐ and hexa‐coordinated ferric complexes, respectively. The optimized distances of the inhibitor nitrogen (or water oxygen) and the methyl mercaptide S to the ferric iron of the inhibitor‐heme model complexes at the same level of theory are consistent with the values of the corresponding X‐ray structures, except for the econazole complex. The correlation coefficient r2 values of 0.91 and 0.75 are obtained from the ΔG−ΔG and ΔG0−ΔG plots, respectively, at the UM06/LanL2DZ:CPCM_UB3LYP/LanL2DZ//UB3LYP/LanL2DZ level of theory in water. This indicates that the total binding free energies calculated for the inhibitor‐heme model complexes can be a good descriptor in interpreting the inhibitor binding to CYP3A4 and the relative free energies in the gas phase are mainly responsible for the total binding free energies in water, although the desolvation can be a factor to affect the binding affinity of the inhibitors to CYP3A4. From the theozyme analysis of the X‐ray structures for ketoconazole‐ and metyrapone‐CYP3A4 complexes, the interaction free energy of the neighboring residues with each inhibitor in the active site is calculated to be about −3 kcal mol−1 in water, whose the interaction energy and the desolvation free energy change are about −5 and 2 kcal mol−1, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 219–228, 2012.
Installation of Amine Moieties into a Polycyclic Anodic Product Derived from 2,4‐Dimethylphenol
Authors: Barjau Joaquin , Fleischhauer Jan , Schnakenburg Gregor , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWhen 2,4‐dimethylphenol is anodically treated, a dehydrotetramer with four contiguous stereocentres is readily obtained on a multi‐gram scale. The substitution of a 2,4‐dimethyl‐phenoxy fragment by several amines was demonstrated, and the best results were obtained with primary amines. Optically pure α‐chiral aliphatic amines yield diastereomeric mixtures that can be separated in most cases. The basic amine causes a partial hemiketal‐opening of the bisbenzofuran moiety leading to an equilibrium within an α,β‐unsaturated cyclohexenone. This dynamic behaviour occurs on the time scale of NMR spectroscopy and is also found by X‐ray analysis providing a consistent picture.
Protonation‐Enhanced Lewis Acidity of Iridium Complexes Containing Noninnocent Amidophenolates
Authors: Ringenberg Mark R. , Rauchfuss Thomas B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe effect of protonation of metal complexes of noninnocent ligands is investigated. The anilidophenolate complexes Cp*IrtBAtBu (1) and Cp*IrtBAFPh (2) were examined [H2tBAtBu = 2‐tert‐butylamino‐4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol, H2tBAFPh = 2‐(2‐trifluoromethyl)amino‐4,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol]. Protonation of 1 with HBF4 gave the anilinophenolate [1H]+. Crystallographic characterization of this complex revealed an elongatated Ir–N bond, but the IrIII center remains pentacoordinate. The anilinophenolate hydride 1H(H) was prepared by treatment of [1H]+ with boron hydride reagents and with formic acid. X‐ray crystallography confirmed the structure and revealed that the hydride and ammonium hydrons occupy sites on opposite sides of the IrONC6 ring. Complex 2 is protonated only by strong acids, and the resulting derivative is unstable in the absence of ligands such as CO and PMe3. Crystallographic characterization of [2(PMe3)]+ revealed that protonation occurs at O not N. The carbonylation of [2H]+ reveals the intermediacy of kinetic adducts, which are proposed to be the anilino tautomer.
Cyclic Phosphonium Bis(fluoroaryl)boranes – Trends in Lewis Acidities and Application in Diels–Alder Catalysis
Authors: Schnurr Anna , Bolte Michael , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram , Wagner Matthias 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe rigid cyclic Lewis acids [(C6F5)B(CH2)(C6F4)P(tBu)2]+ ([1]+), [(C6F5)B(CH2)(C6F3H)P(tBu)2]+ ([2]+), and [(C6H5)B(CH2)(C6F4)P(tBu)2]+ ([3]+), possess Gutmann acceptor numbers of AN = 87.3, 85.7, and 85.7, respectively, which are among the highest for organoboranes. Starting from (1)OTf, adducts [(1)Do][OTf] (Do = OPEt3, pyridine, H2O) have been prepared and fully characterized. In all three cases, X‐ray crystallography revealed significantly shorter B–O/N bond lengths than those in the corresponding adducts (C6F5)3B·Do. Both the free Lewis acid [1][Al(O(tBuF))4] and its triflate adduct (1)OTf have successfully been employed as catalysts for the [4+2] cycloaddition reaction between 2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone and cyclopentadiene. Moreover, we have shown that chiral phosphonium boranes are accessible by replacement of one tBu group in [1]+ by a Me substituent {cf. [4]+ = [(C6F5)B(CH2)(C6F4)P(Me)(tBu)]+}.
Synthesis of Annulated Pyridines by Intramolecular Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Hetero‐Diels–Alder Reaction under Superheated Continuous Flow Conditions
Authors: Martin Rainer E. , Morawitz Falk , Kuratli Christoph , Alker André M. , Alanine Alexander I. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPyrimidine alkynes can be transformed into the corresponding annulated pyridines efficiently in flow. The superheating of organic solvents far beyond their boiling point enables toxic and difficult to workup solvents such as nitrobenzene or chlorobenzene, which are usually employed for these reactions, to be replaced by less harmful ones like toluene. The relative rate of reactivity for a series of structurally close starting materials was investigated and a scalable flow process was developed, providing facile access to a series of novel annulated pyridine building blocks. The effect of thermal volume expansion of solvents under superheated conditions was found to be significant and influenced the residence times considerably. To obtain meaningful and accurate residence times, flow rates need to be corrected for volume expansion. To avoid confusion with residence times, tR, calculated from nominal flow rates, we would propose to use for such corrected residence times the term effective residence time, tR,eff.
Electrochemical Study of Moroxydine and its Voltammetric Determination with a Silver Amalgam Film Electrode
Authors: Skrzypek S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMoroxydine (Mor.) is an antiviral agent of biguanide structure. The paper presents a new silver amalgam film electrode (Hg(Ag)FE) for determination of Mor. in phosphate buffer, pH 6.2 (LOD=4×10−9 mol L−1, LOQ= 1×10−8 mol L−1) and in spiked urine using square wave adsorptive stripping voltammetry. It was found that the compound can act as an electrocatalyst not only at hanging mercury drop electrode but also at the Hg(Ag)FE. The electrode mechanism is connected with the hydrogen evolution reaction catalyzed by moroxydine. Adsorption of moroxydine at the mercury electrode was studied and special arrangements of molecules enabling electron transfer of the protonated form of moroxydine is suggested.
A Carbon Nanotube Layered Electrode for the Construction of the Wired Bilirubin Oxidase Oxygen Cathode
Authors: Song Jiseon , Shin Hyosul , Kang Chan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOxidatively treated carbon nanotubes were coated on a glassy carbon surface to form a CNT‐layer. On the CNT‐layered GC surface, a redox hydrogel film of the copolymer, of polyacryamide and poly(N‐vinylimidazole) complexed with [Os(4,4′‐dichloro‐2,2′‐bipyridine)2Cl]+/2+ wiring bilirubin oxidase was immobilized. A good contact was achieved between the hydrogel film and the hydrophilic CNT‐layer with carboxylated CNTs. The prepared bilirubin oxidase cathode on the CNT‐layer was employed for the electrocatalytic reduction of O2, and enhanced current and stability were observed. Electron transfers from the electrode surface O2 molecules were analyzed. The optimal composition of the enzyme, redox polymer, and cross‐linker in the catalyst and the thickness of the CNT‐layer were determined.
The production of butanol from Jamaica bay macro algae
Authors: Potts Thomas , Du Jianjun , Paul Michelle , May Peter , Beitle Robert , Hestekin Jamie 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study ascertained the technical potential of producing biofuel from a naturally occurring macroalgae. The algae examined grow in Jamaica Bay, New York City, on water containing nitrates, phosphates, and carbon dioxide that comes from the atmosphere. The process consisted of manual and mechanical harvesting, drying, grinding, and subjecting the algal matter to acid hydrolysis to extract carbohydrates to form an algal sugar solution. Fermentation of that solution to butanol was performed with butanol ultimately removed by distillation. An average of 15.2 g/L of reducing sugars was extracted in the hydrolysate showing that macroalgae (Ulva lactuca) have significant usable carbohydrates after hydrolysis. It was found necessary to remove the excess solids from the hydrolysate prior to fermentation, as the productivity fell by 75% if this was not done. With the bacterial strains (Clostridium beijerinckii and C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum) and the algal sugar solutions used, an acetone butanol ethanol (ABE) fermentation was used to make butanol. The butanol concentration in the fermentation broth reached about 4 g/L, which is close to the theoretical value for the sugar concentration obtained, and compares well (when adjusted for sugar concentration in the media) with values reported in the literature for other systems. The recovery of reducing sugars in the media during the pilot study was 0.29 g butanol/g sugar. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2012
Comparative retinal anatomy in four species of elasmobranch
Authors: Schieber Nicole L. , Collin Shaun P. , Hart Nathan S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractUsing both light and transmission electron microscopy, we examined the retinal anatomy of four elasmobranch species with differing ecologies: the bull sharkCarcharhinus leucas, Port Jackson sharkHeterodontus portusjacksoni, epaulette sharkHemiscyllium ocellatumand pink whiprayHimantura fai. Their retinas are typical of other vertebrates, having three nuclear and two synaptic layers, but are characterised by very large horizontal cells, low densities of ganglion cells (many of which are displaced to the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers) and the presence of numerous myelinated axons within the nerve fibre layer.Carcharhinus leucas,H. fai and H. ocellatumhave duplex retinas containing both rods and single cones. The peak ratio of rods to cones is much lower inC. leucas(4:1) andH. fai(3:1) compared toH. ocellatum(19:1), reflecting differences in diel activity patterns. No cones were observed in the retina ofH. portusjacksoni, which is strongly nocturnal. The cones ofH. failack a distinct myoid and their nuclei are located in a discrete layer sclerad to the external limiting membrane (ELM), whereas those ofC. leucasandH. ocellatumhave an obvious myoid, and their nuclei are located vitread to the ELM. No double/twin cones were observed in any species. Incorporating data from other studies, there is a clear correlation between rod outer segment volume and visual ecology in elasmobranchs, with smaller volumes found in partly diurnal pelagic species and larger volumes in benthic nocturnal species. This trend may reflect fundamental differences in visual temporal resolution between active and more sedentary species. J. Morphol., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Description and validation of isometric tetanic muscle force test in rabbits
Authors: Giusti Guilherme , Kremer Thomas , Willems Wouter F. , Friedrich Patricia F. , Bishop Allen T. , Shin Alexander Y. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIsometric tetanic muscle force has been described in a rat model to evaluate motor recovery in a segmental sciatic nerve defect reconstructions. However, to test longer nerve defects, an alternative and larger animal model is necessary. The purpose of this study is to describe and validate a technique for isometric force measurement of the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle in New Zealand rabbits. Muscle preload and electrical stimulation parameters were optimized to obtain the highest tetanic contraction bilaterally in 10 animals. Electrophysiology, muscle weight, peroneal nerve length, and histomorphometry were also analyzed. Only the peroneal nerve length and the ratio of highest muscle force/muscle weight demonstrated the equivalence between the sides. A small variability of TA muscle force and TA muscle weight was observed between the sides suggesting dominance. Optimization of electrical stimulation and preload as well as the use of correct anesthesia were fundamental to acquire the highest muscle force. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012
Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap: An anatomical study of the perforators and local vascular differences
Authors: Erić Mirela , Ravnik Dean , Žic Rado , Dragnić NatašA , Krivokuća Dragan , Lekšan Igor , Hribernik Marija 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine precise localization and external diameter of the lower abdominal wall perforators as well as to investigate some vascularity differences between the same parts of perfusion zones II and III according to Hartrampf perfusion zones. The study was performed on 10 fresh cadavers (20 hemiabdomens) using the gelatin injection technique. All perforators were identified, and their localization and diameter were noted. Measurements were made at the level of the fascia. We noted localization and diameter of arteries on cross‐sectional planes of either part of the flap. The median sum of the external diameter of all arteries in zone I was 17.01 mm. The median sum of the external diameter of all arteries in the medial 1/3 part of zone III was 4.17 mm, and in the medial 1/3 part of zone II, it was 0.96 mm. The median sum of the external diameter of all arteries in the intermediary 1/3 part of zone III was 2.16 mm, whereas in the intermediary 1/3 part of zone II, it was 0.81 mm. Significant differences were recorded between proximal and middle horizontal regions of zones II and III and between medial vertical part of zone III and medial vertical part of zone II. Anastomoses between zones I and II are considerably smaller compared with anastomoses between zones I and III. The best vascularized parts of the lower abdominal wall were perfusion zone I, then the inner 2/3 of zone III and medial 1/3 of zone II. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Functional assessment of donor‐site morbidity after harvest of a fibula chimeric flap with a sheet of soleus muscle for mandibular composite defect reconstruction
Authors: Huang Yu‐chi , Leong Chau‐peng , Pong Ya‐ping , Liu Ting‐yuan , Kuo Yur‐ren 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study aims to compare donor‐site morbidity between the traditional fibula osteocutaneous and chimeric fibula flaps for mandibular reconstruction. Twenty‐three patients with head and neck cancer were recruited. Fifteen patients underwent the traditional fibula osteocutaneous flap. Eight patients received a chimeric fibula osteocutaneous flap with a sheet of soleus muscle. Subjective donor‐site morbidities were evaluated by questionnaire. Objective isokinetic testing and 6‐minute walking test (6MWT) were used to evaluate ankle strength and walking ability. The results revealed no significant difference was found in total average score of the questionnaire between the traditional (2.57) and the chimeric (2.75) groups (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in peak torque/total work of ankle motions and in walking ability at 6MWT between the traditional and chimeric groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, compared with the traditional fibula osteocutaneous flap, the chimeric fibula flap does not increase donor‐site morbidity for reconstructive surgery. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.
Proteomic analysis of the androgen receptor via MS‐compatible purification of biotinylated protein on streptavidin resin
Authors: Austin Ryan J. , Smidansky Heidi M. , Holstein Carly A. , Chang Deborah K. , Epp Angela , Josephson Neil C. , Martin Daniel B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe strength of the streptavidin/biotin interaction poses challenges for the recovery of biotinylated molecules from streptavidin resins. As an alternative to high‐temperature elution in urea‐containing buffers, we show that mono‐biotinylated proteins can be released with relatively gentle heating in the presence of biotin and 2% SDS/Rapigest, avoiding protein carbamylation and minimizing streptavidin dissociation. We demonstrate the utility of this mild elution strategy in two studies of the human androgen receptor (AR). In the first, in which formaldehyde cross‐linked complexes are analyzed in yeast, a mass spectrometry‐based comparison of the AR complex using SILAC reveals an association between the androgen‐activated AR and the Hsp90 chaperonin, while Hsp70 chaperonins associate specifically with the unliganded complex. In the second study, the endogenous AR is quantified in the LNCaP cell line by absolute SILAC and MRM‐MS showing approximately 127 000 AR copies per cell, substantially more than previously measured using radioligand binding.
Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviour of superabsorbent polymers from cassava starch‐graft‐poly(acrylamide)
Authors: Parvathy Prabha C. , Jyothi Alummoottil N. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSuperabsorbent polymers (SAPs) were prepared from cassava starch by graft copolymerization of acrylamide on to starch using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as free radical initiator, followed by alkali saponification. The reaction parameters such as concentration of acrylamide, concentration of CAN, temperature, and duration of polymerization reaction were optimized for maximum water absorbency using a 4‐factor 3‐level Box‐Behnken design. The highest values of percentage grafting and absorbency obtained were 174.8% and 425.2 g/g, respectively. The polymers were characterized by determination of grafting efficiency, N‐content, acrylamide content, FTIR analysis, SEM and XRD analyses. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) showed that the SAP has higher thermal stability. The rate of water absorbency and the swelling behaviour of the SAP under different conditions of pH, and different salts were determined. The de‐swelling pattern of the hydrogels over different time durations was also determined.
Simple and Efficient Synthesis and Surfactant Properties of N‐Alkyl‐3‐Boronopyridinium Acid Triflates
Authors: Savsunenko Oleksandr , Matondo Hubert , Karpichev Yevgen , Poinsot Véréna , Popov Anatolii , Rico‐Lattes Isabelle , Lattes Armand 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we describe a simple and efficient procedure of original N‐alkyl‐3‐boronopyridinium triflates synthesis and report on the surface properties of these surfactants. Key micellar parameters were obtained, the critical micelle concentrations (CMC values) were determined and compared to conventional ionic surfactants as well as the surface activity of these surfactants (pC20 value and the surface tension at the CMC). These new boronic functionalized surfactants exhibit a stunning efficiency in their tendency to self‐assemble and are significantly more surface active that their conventional analogues. This new family of surfactants represents a new direction in both functionality and performance, and may open perspectives in chemical synthesis and applications.
Surface Properties, Thermodynamic Aspects and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Iminium Surfactants
Authors: Aiad Ismail , El‐Sukkary Mohamed M. , El‐Deeb Ali , El‐Awady Moshira Y. , Shaban Samy M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNovel iminium compounds namely p‐benzylidene benzyldodecyl iminium chloride (I), p‐benzylidene benzylhexadecyl iminium chloride (II), p‐benzylidene benzyloctadecyl iminium chloride (III) were prepared and characterized using FTIR, 1H‐NMR and mass spectroscopy. The surface properties such as surface and interfacial tension, and biological activity of these surfactants were investigated. The surface parameters including critical micelle concentration, maximum surface excess, and minimum surface area. Efficiency and effectiveness were calculated, as well as free energies of micellization and adsorption. The prepared cationic surfactants exhibit a better biological activity than the used reference cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide.