bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Statistics of the Sea Surface in Fetch-Limited Conditions
Authors: Romero Leonel , Melville W. Kendall 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn analysis of airborne wave observations collected in the Gulf of Tehuantepec is presented. The data include lidar measurements of the surface displacement as a function of two horizontal dimensions in fetch-limited conditions, with fetches between 20 and 500 km and winds between 10 and 20 m s−1. The spatial data have an advantage over the commonly used single-point time series measurements, allowing direct estimates of the wavelength and wave slope, including spatial information such as the lengths of crests exceeding various thresholds. This study presents an analysis of several statistical wind wave parameters, including the joint probability distribution function (pdf) of wave amplitudes and wavelengths; the pdf of wave heights, wavenumber vectors, and wave slopes; as well as the statistics of the lengths of crests exceeding threshold wave heights and slopes. The empirical findings from the lidar data are compared against analytical theories in the literature, including some that had not been tested previously with field data such as the work by M. S. Longuet-Higgins describing the length of contours surrounding large wave heights per unit surface area. The effect of second-order nonlinearities on the distribution of crest lengths per unit surface area is investigated with analytical approximations and stochastic numerical simulations from computed directional wavenumber spectra. The results show that second-order nonlinearities can increase the crest-length distribution of large waves by a factor of 2 or more.
Pathophysiology of medication overuse headache: Insights and hypotheses from preclinical studies
Authors: Meng Ian D , Dodick David , Ossipov Michael H , Porreca Frank 
Published: March 2011

Introduction: Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a clinical concern in the management of migraine headache. MOH arises from the frequent use of medications used for the treatment of a primary headache. Medications that can cause MOH include opioid analgesics as well as formulations designed for the treatment of migraine, such as triptans, ergot alkaloids, or drug combinations that include caffeine and barbiturates. Literature review: Gathering evidence indicates that migraine patients are more susceptible to development of MOH, and that prolonged use of these medications increases the prognosis for development of chronic migraine, leading to the suggestion that similar underlying mechanisms may drive both migraine headache and MOH. In this review, we examine the link between several mechanisms that have been linked to migraine headache and a potential role in MOH. For example, cortical spreading depression (CSD), associated with migraine development, is increased in frequency with prolonged use of topiramate or paracetamol. Conclusions: Increased CGRP levels in the blood have been linked to migraine and elevated CGRP can be casued by prolonged sumatriptan exposure. Possible mechanisms that may be common to both migraine and MOH include increased endogenous facilitation of pain and/or diminished diminished endogenous pain inhibition. Neuroanatomical pathways mediating these effects are examined.
Cerebrospinal fluid hypocretin-1 levels during the active period of cluster headache
Authors: Cevoli Sabina , Pizza Fabio , Grimaldi Daniela , Nicodemo Marianna , Favoni Valentina , Pierangeli Giulia , Valko Philipp O , Baumann Christian R , Montagna Pasquale , Bassetti Claudio L , Cortelli Pietro 
Published: March 2011

Background: Hypocretins (orexins) are hypothalamic neuropeptides which are involved in a wide range of physiological processes in mammals including central pain processing. Genetic studies in humans evidenced a role for the hypocretinergic system in cluster headache (CH). Patients and methods: We tested cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) hypocretin-1 (orexin-A) levels in 10 CH patients during an active cluster period. CSF hypocretin-1 levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. Results: CSF hypocretin-1 levels were within the normal range (mean 457.3 ± 104.98 pg/ml, range 304–639) in our 10 patients, with a slight reduction in one case (304 pg/ml). There were no associations between CSF hypocretin-1 levels and the clinical features of CH. A trend towards higher hypocretin-1 levels was disclosed in patients with chronic CH compared to episodic CH. Conclusions: CSF hypocretin-1 levels seem not to influence the clinical course of CH, but our results cannot completely exclude a functional involvement of the hypothalamic hypocretinergic system in the pathogenesis of CH.
Alcohol consumption and carotid atherosclerosis in China: the Cardiovascular Risk Survey
Authors: Xie Xiang , Ma Yi-Tong , Yang Yi-Ning , Fu Zhen-Yan , Ma Xiang , Huang Ding , Li Xiao-Mei , Chen Bang-Dang , Liu Fen , Huang Ying , Liu Cheng , Zhang Xue-Lian , Zheng Ying-Ying , Baituola Gulinaer , Wang Bao-Zhu , Du Lei , Gao Xia 
Published: March 2011

Aim: The relationship between alcohol consumption and carotid atherosclerosis has been reported in some epidemiological studies, but the results were conflicting. We investigated the association between alcohol intake and carotid atherosclerosis in the Han, Uygur, and Kazakh populations in Xinjiang in western China. Methods and results: The study population sample comprised 13,037 Chinese people (5277 Han, 4572 Uygur, and 3188 Kazakh) aged ≥35 years who participated in a cardiovascular risk survey between June 2007 and March 2010. Daily consumption of alcohol was determined by the number and frequency of alcoholic beverages consumed. Carotid-artery parameters, including common carotid artery intima–media thickness (CCA–IMT) and carotid plaques were measured using high-resolution B-mode ultrasonography. In the Han and Kazakh populations, CCA–IMT as a function of alcohol consumption was depicted as a J-shaped curve with a nadir for the alcohol-intake category of 20–29.9 g/day; In the Uygur population, a similar curve with a nadir of 30–49.9 g/day was observed. With respect to the prevalence of carotid plaques, we also observed similar curves in the Han and Kazakh populations, but not in the Uygur population. After adjustment for age, sex, blood pressure, body mass index, and smoking status, as well as levels of glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, the J-shaped curves remained. Conclusions: Our results indicated that alcohol consumption was associated with carotid atherosclerosis and that moderate drinking had an inverse association with carotid atherosclerosis. However, the definition of moderate drinking could be different in Han, Uygur, and Kazakh populations.
A Systematic Review of Bone Health in Cyclists
Authors: Nagle Kyle B. , Brooks M. Alison 
Published: March 2011

Context: Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a serious public health problem. Osteoporotic fractures are associated with low bone mass, occurring frequently in the hip and spine. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between BMD and weightbearing exercise but not a similar positive relationship with nonweightbearing exercise. There is concern that cycling, a weight-supported sport, does not benefit bone health. Objective: To systematically review the evidence suggesting that cyclists have impaired bone health at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Data Sources: Articles in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL were identified in December 2009 What is the start date for the search?based on the following terms and combinations: bicycling, bone density, cyclist. Study Selection: Thirteen studies satisfied inclusion criteria: 2 prospective studies (level of evidence 2b) and 11 cross-sectional studies (level of evidence 2c). Data Extraction: Data included sample size, demographics, description of cycling and control criteria, and BMD (g/cm2) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and hip. Results: Two prospective studies showed a decrease in femoral neck, total hip, or lumbar spine BMD in cyclists over the study period. Four cross-sectional studies compared cyclists with sedentary controls, and 3 found cyclists’ lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD similar to that of controls, whereas 1 found cyclists’ BMD to be lower than that of controls. Seven cross-sectional studies compared cyclists with active controls: 2 found no differences in femoral neck and lumbar spine BMD between cyclists and controls; 4 found that cyclists had lower lumbar spine BMD than did active controls, including runners; and 1 reported a trend toward lower lumbar spine BMD in cyclists versus controls. Conclusions: There is concerning but inconsistent, limited-quality disease-oriented evidence—primarily from cross-sectional data—indicating that cyclists may be at risk for low bone mass, particularly at the lumbar spine. Additional longitudinal controlled intervention trials are needed.
Infrapatellar Straps Decrease Patellar Tendon Strain at the Site of the Jumper’s Knee Lesion: A Computational Analysis Based on Radiographic Measurements
Authors: Lavagnino Michael , Arnoczky Steven P. , Dodds Julie , Elvin Niell 
Published: March 2011

Background: The impetus for the use of patellar straps in the treatment of patellar tendinopathy has largely been based on empirical evidence and not on any mechanistic rationale. A computational model suggests that patellar tendinopathy may be a result of high localized tendon strains that occur at smaller patella–patellar tendon angles (PPTAs). Hypothesis: Infrapatellar straps will decrease the mean localized computational strain in the area of the patellar tendon commonly involved in jumper’s knee by increasing the PPTA. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Twenty adult males had lateral weightbearing and nonweightbearing radiographs of their knees taken with and without 1 of 2 infrapatellar straps at 60° of knee flexion. Morphologic measurements of PPTA and patellar tendon length with and without the straps were used as input data into a previously described computational model to calculate average and maximum strain at the common location of the jumper’s knee lesion during a simulated jump landing. Results: The infrapatellar bands decreased the predicted localized strain (average and maximum) in the majority of participants by increasing PPTA and/or decreasing patellar tendon length. When both PPTA and patellar tendon length were altered by the straps, there was a strong and significant correlation with the change in predicted average localized strain with both straps. Conclusion: Infrapatellar straps may limit excessive patella tendon strain at the site of the jumper’s knee lesion by increasing PPTA and decreasing patellar tendon length rather than by correcting some inherent anatomic or functional abnormality in the extensor apparatus. Clinical Relevance: The use of infrapatellar straps may help prevent excessive localized tendon strains at the site of the jumper’s knee lesion during a jump landing.
H-ras and N-ras are dispensable for T-cell development and activation but critical for protective Th1 immunity
Authors: Iborra Salvador , Soto Manuel , Stark-Aroeira Luiz , Castellano Esther , Alarcón Balbino , Alonso Carlos , Santos Eugenio , Fernández-Malavé Edgar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe small guanine nucleotide binding proteins of the Ras family, including in mammals the highly homologous H-ras, N-ras, and K-ras isoforms, are rapidly activated on ligation of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), but whether each isoform plays specific roles in T cells is largely unknown. Here, we show, with the use of mice specifically lacking H-ras or N-ras, that these isoforms are dispensable for thymocyte development and mature T-cell activation. By contrast, CD4+ T cells from Ras-deficient mice exhibited markedly decreased production of the Th1 signature cytokine IFN-γ early after TCR stimulation, concomitantly with impaired induction of the Th1-specific transcription factor T-bet. Accordingly, Ras-deficient mice failed to mount a protective Th1 response in vivo against the intracellular parasite Leishmania major, although they could be rendered resistant to infection if a Th1-biased milieu was provided during parasite challenge. Collectively, our data indicate that the TCR recruits distinct Ras isoforms for signal transduction in developing and mature T cells, thus providing a mechanism for differential signaling from the same surface receptor. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that H-ras and N-ras act as critical controllers of Th1 responses, mostly by transmitting TCR signals for Th1 priming of CD4+ T cells.
Crustacean hematopoiesis and the astakine cytokines
Authors: Lin Xionghui , Söderhäll Irene 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMajor contributions to research in hematopoiesis in invertebrate animals have come from studies in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and the freshwater crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus. These animals lack oxygen-carrying erythrocytes and blood cells of the lymphoid lineage, which participate in adaptive immune defense, thus making them suitable model animals to study the regulation of blood cells of the innate immune system. This review presents an overview of crustacean blood cell formation, the role of these cells in innate immunity, and how their synthesis is regulated by the astakine cytokines. Astakines are among the first invertebrate cytokines shown to be involved in hematopoiesis, and they can stimulate the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic tissue cells. The astakines and their vertebrate homologues, prokineticins, share similar functions in hematopoiesis; thus, studies of astakine-induced hematopoiesis in crustaceans may not only advance our understanding of the regulation of invertebrate hematopoiesis but may also provide new evolutionary perspectives about this process.
Epilepsy in autism: features and correlates
Authors: Bolton Patrick F. , Carcani-Rathwell Iris , Hutton Jane , Goode Sue , Howlin Patricia , Rutter Michael 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundEpilepsy occurs in a significant minority of individuals with autism, but few long-term follow-up studies have been reported, so the prevalence, features (type of seizures, age at onset and severity, etc.) and correlates (IQ history of regression, family history) have only partially been identified.AimsTo undertake a long-term follow-up study of individuals with autism in order to better characterise the features and correlates of epilepsy in individuals with autism.MethodOne hundred and fifty individuals diagnosed with autism in childhood were followed up when they were 21+ years of age. All individuals were screened for a history of possible seizures by parental/informant questionnaire. An epilepsy interview was undertaken and medical notes reviewed for individuals with a history of possible seizures. The features and correlates of epilepsy were examined using survival and regression analysis.ResultsEpilepsy developed in 22% of participants. In the majority, seizures began after 10 years of age. Generalised tonic–clonic seizures predominated (88%). In over a half (19/33), seizures occurred weekly or less frequently and in the majority of individuals (28/31) they were controlled with the prescription of one to two anticonvulsants. Epilepsy was associated with gender (female), intellectual disability and poorer verbal abilities. Although the presence of epilepsy in the probands was not associated with an increased risk of epilepsy in their relatives, it was associated with the presence of the broader autism phenotype in relatives. This indicates that the familial liability to autism was associated with the risk for epilepsy in the proband.ConclusionsEpilepsy is an important medical complication that develops in individuals with autism. Seizures may first begin in adolescence or adulthood. Putative risk factors for epilepsy in autism were identified and these will require further investigation in future studies.
It's Now or Never: Fertility-Related Knowledge, Decision-Making Preferences, and Treatment Intentions in Young Women With Breast Cancer—An Australian Fertility Decision Aid Collaborative Group Study
Authors: Peate Michelle , Meiser Bettina , Friedlander Michael , Zorbas Helen , Rovelli Susan , Sansom-Daly Ursula , Sangster Jennifer , Hadzi-Pavlovic Dusan , Hickey Martha 
Published: March 2011

Purpose For many young women with early breast cancer, fertility is a priority. Interventions to retain fertility options generally need to be accessed before chemotherapy, but many women do not receive information regarding these options in a timely fashion. Knowledge about fertility and decisional conflict has not previously been measured in young patients with breast cancer considering future pregnancies. Methods One hundred eleven young women with early breast cancer who had not yet completed their families were recruited around the time of diagnosis. Knowledge regarding fertility-related information, decisional conflict, and preferences regarding fertility information and decision making was measured. Results From a potential fertility-related knowledge score of 10, the mean was 5.2 (standard deviation = 2.3; range, 0 to 10). Decreased knowledge was associated with increased decisional conflict about pursuing fertility preserving interventions (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.73; P < .001). Thirty-one percent of women reported that they would consider undertaking in vitro fertilization (IVF) as a method to conserve their fertility, whereas 38% were uncertain. Consideration of IVF was not related to whether subjects were in a committed relationship (OR = 1.20; P = .716) or a definite desire for more children (OR = 1.54; P = .513). Conclusion Around diagnosis, many young patients with breast cancer have low levels of knowledge about fertility issues. Further, low knowledge is associated with increased decisional conflict, which is likely to undermine the quality of decision making. These findings suggest that targeted and timely fertility information may reduce decisional conflict and increase informed choice. Neither relationship status nor firm plans regarding future children reliably predict desire to pursue fertility preservation.
Population-Based Patterns and Predictors of Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening Among Older Men in the United States
Authors: Drazer Michael W. , Huo Dezheng , Schonberg Mara A. , Razmaria Aria , Eggener Scott E. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose For patients who elect to have prostate cancer screening, the optimal time to discontinue screening is unknown. Our objective was to describe rates and predictors of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening among older men in the United States. Methods Data were extracted from the population-based 2000 and 2005 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). PSA screening was defined as a PSA test as part of a routine exam within the past year. Demographic, socioeconomic, and functional characteristics were collected, and a validated 5-year estimated life expectancy was calculated. Age-specific rates of PSA screening were determined, and sampling weight-adjusted multivariate regressions were fitted to determine predictors of screening among men age 70 years or older. Results The PSA screening rate was 24.0% in men age 50 to 54 years, and it increased steadily with age until a peak of 45.5% among age 70 to 74 years. Screening rates then gradually declined by age, and 24.6% of men age 85 years or older reported being screened. Among men age 70 years or older, screening rates varied by estimated 5-year life expectancy: rates were 47.3% in men with high life expectancies (≤ 15% probability of 5-year mortality), 39.2% in men with intermediate life expectancies (16% to 48% probability), and 30.7% in men with low life expectancies (> 48% probability; P < .001). In multivariate analysis, estimated life expectancy and age remained independently associated with PSA screening (P < .001 for each). Conclusion Rates of PSA screening in the United States are associated with age and estimated life expectancy, but excessive PSA screening in elderly men with limited life expectancies remains a significant problem. The merits and limitations of PSA should be discussed with all patients considering prostate cancer screening.
Biopsy Misidentification Identified by DNA Profiling in a Large Multicenter Trial
Authors: Marberger Michael , McConnell John D. , Fowler Ivy , Andriole Gerald L. , Bostwick David G. , Somerville Matthew C. , Rittmaster Roger S. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose The Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) prostate cancer risk reduction study randomly assigned 8,231 men to dutasteride or placebo for 4 years. Protocol-mandated biopsies were obtained after 2 and 4 years. After the discovery of three cases of biopsy sample misidentification in the first 2 years, all protocol-mandated biopsy samples were DNA tested to verify biopsy identity. Methods Biopsy and blood DNA profiling was performed retrospectively for the year 2 scheduled biopsies and prospectively for the year 4 scheduled biopsies. Toward the end of year 2, multiple changes were made to improve sample handling and chain of custody. Results Of the 6,458 year 2 and 4,777 year 4 biopsies, 26 biopsies reflecting 13 sample handling errors at year 2 (0.4%) and one biopsy reflecting one sample handling error at year 4 (0.02%) were confirmed to be mismatched to the patient for whom they were originally submitted. Of 6,733 reference blood samples profiled, 31 (0.5%) were found to be mismatched to the patient's verified identity profile. Sample identification errors occurred at local research sites and central laboratories. Conclusion Biopsy misidentification is a potential problem in clinical laboratories and clinical trials. Until now, biopsy misidentification has not been studied in the setting of a large, multinational clinical trial. In the REDUCE study, process improvement initiatives halfway through the trial dramatically reduced biopsy mismatches. The potential for biopsy mismatches in clinical trials and clinical practice is an under-recognized problem that requires rigorous attention to details of chain of custody and consideration of more widespread DNA identity testing.