bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amitosis requires γ‐tubulin‐mediated microtubule assembly in Tetrahymena thermophila
Authors: Kushida Yasuharu , Nakano Kentaro , Numata Osamu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTo reveal the molecular systems involved in the division of a cell and its contents during cell proliferation is one of the major subjects in cell biology. Although cytoskeletal organization during mitosis has been well studied, consensus on the molecular basis of amitosis has not been achieved. Here we adapted an immunofluorescence method and investigated the cellular localization of γ‐tubulin and microtubules (MTs) in dividing Tetrahymena. Although the macronucleus (Mac) lacks a bipolar spindle, γ‐tubulin and MTs are specifically detected in the dividing Mac and show a marked change in the pattern of localization. First, γ‐tubulin and MTs appear in whole Mac, then, γ‐tubulin gathers at the center of the Mac where the aster‐like structure of MTs forms. On Mac expansion, MTs associated with numerous dots of γ‐tubulin are reorganized into longitudinally arranged bundles, suggesting that the mutual sliding of each filament and polymerization of MTs may induce Mac expansion. Moreover, normal Mac expansion and equal segregation of the Mac are severely disturbed when γ‐tubulin is shut off. We propose that γ‐tubulin‐mediated MT assembly is required in Mac amitosis of Tetrahymena. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct measurement of magnetic field gradient waveforms
Authors: Han Hui , Ouriadov Alexei V. , Fordham Edmund , Balcom Bruce J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAs eddy currents increase with gradient amplitude and faster slew rate, they have become a greater problem with the advent of higher‐performance gradients in modern MRI scanners. Success in eddy current reduction techniques such as active gradient shielding and waveform pre‐emphasis, however, require that the residual eddy currents must be measured with high accuracy for image improvement. Traditional MR based gradient calibration techniques, whether based on an entire FID or a gradient echo, measure the integral of gradient waveforms. We have however previously proposed a different category of methods, which employ pure phase encode FIDs and have proven advantageous in directly measuring the gradient waveforms. In this article, we review the basis of these pure phase encode methods. In keeping with the instructional nature of CMRA, we undertake this review by describing specific experiments and the line of the thought behind the experiments. The pure phase encode approach is sensitive to low amplitude gradients (0.001–1 G/cm), and also permits measurement of high amplitude gradients (10–300 G/cm). The inverse Fourier transform permits ready understanding of these pure phase encode methods. The accuracy of pure phase encode gradient measurement is significantly improved by a multiple FID point acquisition, which permits high temporal resolution of the gradient waveform. The accuracy of gradient measurements is also analyzed and improved through elimination of potential artifacts. As one example of the capability of these methods, waveform measurements were undertaken to reduce the repetition time TR for centric scan SPRITE experiments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 349–360, 2010.
Dynamics of $I = {3 \over 2}$ nuclei in isotropic slow motion, anisotropic and partially ordered phases
Authors: Shekar S. Chandra , Tang Joel A. , Jerschow Alexej 
Published: December 2010

AbstractNMR of quadrupolar nuclei, and, in particular 23Na in soft tissues has attracted renewed interest due to the importance that sodium plays in physiology. The quadrupolar coupling and relaxation dynamics, including the appearance of the dynamic frequency shift are treated in this article. The equations governing irreducible spherical tensor analysis are derived and discussed. Experiments are shown to demonstrate how parameters such as the correlation time, the instantaneous and the residual quadrupolar couplings can be extracted from the data. Such experiments and procedures are particularly useful in the analysis of 23Na NMR data from tissues or cell suspensions. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 36A: 362–387, 2010
A cryptographicallyt‐private auction system
Authors: Hinkelmann Markus , Jakoby Andreas , Moebius Nina , Rompf Tiark , Stechert Peer 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe present a cryptographicallyt‐private protocol for electronic auctions whose low resource demands make it viable for practical use. Our construction is based on Yao's garbled circuits and pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs). Our protocol involves a field of (t+ 1)2parties for the generation of the garbled circuit and permits an arbitrary large number of bidders. The computational requirements are low: Onlyt+ 1 parties of the field have to use the PRNG, the remaining parties execute only primitive computations (XOR, permutations and sharing). The bidders have to stay active for one round of communication, independent of each other. Each bidder has to compute onlyt+ 1 XOR‐operations. We present an implementation and evaluate its performance. The observed running time of our protocol is linear in the size of the auction circuit and the number of bidders and, as expected, grows quadratically in the parametert. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parallels between use of constraint‐induced movement therapy to treat neurological motor disorders and amblyopia training
Authors: Taub Edward 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThere are striking similarities between the visual defect of amblyopia and the motor deficit of the extremities produced by such types of damage to the central nervous system (CNS) as stroke and traumatic brain injury, both after and before maturity. Part of the motor deficit of the extremities following CNS injury can be attributed to a learning phenomenon termed “learned nonuse” or if present from birth, “developmental disregard.” The same mechanism is hypothesized to be involved in the development of amblyopia. Treatments that are efficacious in the remediation of these defects, Constraint‐Induced Movement therapy and amblyopia training, also share a number of strong similarities. In addition, plastic brain changes are produced by CI therapy and are hypothesized to occur during amblyopia training. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 54:274‐292, 2012.
Patterning and plasticity in development of the respiratory lineage
Authors: Domyan Eric T. , Sun Xin 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe mammalian respiratory lineage, consisting of the trachea and lung, originates from the ventral foregut in an early embryo. Reciprocal signaling interactions between the foregut epithelium and its associated mesenchyme guide development of the respiratory endoderm, from a naive sheet of cells to multiple cell types that line a functional organ. This review synthesizes current understanding of the early events in respiratory system development, focusing on three main topics: (1) specification of the respiratory system as a distinct organ of the endoderm, (2) patterning and differentiation of the nascent respiratory epithelium along its proximal–distal axis, and (3) plasticity of the respiratory cells during the process of development. This review also highlights areas in need of further study, including determining how early endoderm cells rapidly switch their responses to the same signaling cues during development, and how the general proximal–distal pattern of the lung is converted to fine‐scale organization of multiple cell types along this axis. Developmental Dynamics 240:477–485, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The harmonization game: Reasons and rules in European biodiversity policy
Authors: Hiedanpää Juha , Bromley Daniel W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSince Finland joined the European Union (EU) in 1995, the European Commission has shown growing impatience with how EU rules with respect to protection of wolves and other large carnivores have been enforced within Finland. In 2005 the Commission referred the matter to the European Court of Justice, which subsequently found Finland deficient in the strict protection of wolves. We investigate the reasons underlying the court case. We identify two problems in the realm of ‘reason giving’. The first problem arises from the lack of a causal model linking decentralized actions on the part of the subjects of administrative rules with the desired outcomes imagined by the centralized entities issuing the new administrative rulings. The second problem arises from the authoritarian tendencies of the EU that fail to understand the context of wolves for rural livelihoods in Finland. Both of these problems give rise to surprising practical effects emerging from the ‘harmonization game’. We introduce the concept of ‘instrumentality’ with respect to the goal of sustainable wolf populations. We also introduce the concept of ‘inverse high‐grading’ of wolves under the umbrella of biodiversity protection. The EU and the people of rural Finland will continue to struggle over wolves until a more coherent policy goal, and a more defensible administrative rule structure, can be formulated. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Domino Reactions of Formylcyclopropane 1,1‐Diesters: Construction of a 6‐5‐5 Tricyclic Pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole
Authors: Li Linxia , Du Ding , Ren Jun , Wang Zhongwen 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCatalyzed by N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), a domino ring‐opening/redox amidation/Knoevenagel condensation of readily available formylcyclopropane 1,1‐diesters with 1H‐indole‐2‐carbaldehydes is reported. This methodology provides a new and direct method for the construction of a 6‐5‐5 tricyclic pyrrolo[1,2‐a]indole skeleton.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Molecular Rods Comprising a Central Core‐Substituted Naphthalenediimide Chromophore for Carbon Nanotube Junctions
Authors: Grunder Sergio , Muñoz Torres David , Marquardt Christoph , Błaszczyk Alfred , Krupke Ralph , Mayor Marcel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of molecular rods 1–5, designed to bridge the gap of a carbon nanotube junction in order to emit light as a characteristic signal of integrated molecules, is reported. The molecular rods consist of a central naphthalenediimide (NDI) core, which itself is substituted with benzylamino and benzylsulfanyl groups, providing distinct absorption and emission properties. The NDI core is embedded in an oligo(phenylene ethynylene) (OPE) system providing the rod‐like structure required to bridge gaps between nanoelectrodes. The number of repeating units of the OPE is varied to adjust the length of the target compounds between 2.3 and 6.6 nm. The OPE parts are terminally functionalized with polyaromatic hydrocarbon groups (naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene or pyrene), which possess affinity with the surface of the carbon nanotubes due to van der Waals interactions. Synthetic protocols based on Sonogashira–Hagihara couplings were developed to build up the OPE backbone. Bifunctional iodophenyl acetylene derivative 33 served as a key building block in a coupling–deprotecting–coupling sequence. The NDI building block was synthesized by an aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction of 2,6‐dichloro‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic acid naphthalenediimide derivative 9 and the corresponding amine and sulfide (i.e., 11, 12), respectively. The convergent synthesis allows modular assembly of the NDI and OPE parts in a final Sonogashira–Hagihara coupling reaction. The target structures were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Further, the optical properties of compounds 3–5 in solution, and on a graphene surface were qualitatively investigated. A Dexter‐type energy transfer from the OPE unit to the NDI unit was observed. The studies of target structures 3–5 revealed that diamino‐functionalized compound 3 is ideally suited for the envisaged single molecule electroluminescence experiments.
Allocation of available transfer capability in planning horizon
Authors: Rajabi‐Ghahnavieh A. , Fotuhi‐Firuzabad M. , Feuillet R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the United States electricity market standard, when several transmission service requests (TSRs) are made for a specific pair of power injection/extraction points, the independent system operator (ISO) must allocate the available transmission capability (ATC) associated with the pair to the requests. An ATC allocation must determine the amount of accepted requests as well as the priority of the accepted requests during emergencies. The requests could have different types (recallable/non‐recallable), tariffs, and time frames and these factors must be properly considered in ATC allocation.This paper proposes a method for optimal ATC allocation in the planning horizon which incorporates the type and tariffs of the requests in a mixed integer linear optimization programming for which the expected net revenue of ATC allocation on a seasonal base has to be maximized. The method also incorporates maintenance and forced outage of power system components as well as the load forecast uncertainty in ATC allocation problem. Once allocation accomplished by solving the optimization problem, the amount of the accepted requests and their priorities to the power system operator during emergencies are determined. The proposed method is applied to the modified IEEE reliability test system (IEEE‐RTS) and its performance is evaluated. A comparison is made between the results obtained by the proposed method and those obtained using existing ATC allocation methods. Two approaches are finally presented and evaluated to apply the proposed method for allocating ATC to the requests with a yearly base. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multistage transmission network expansion planning in competitive electricity market based on bi‐level programming method
Authors: Fan Hong , Cheng Hao‐zhong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA new bi‐level programming model for market‐based transmission network expansion planning is presented in the paper. Open access transmission brings new challenges to transmission network expansion planning. From the transmission corporation's view, the goal of optimal transmission network expansion planning scheme should not only bring the optimal transmission profit in the market, but also ensure high operation security and reliability, meanwhile social welfare is necessary to be accounted for. In this paper, the upper level programming considers transmission profit maximization in long‐term planning, the lower level programming considers the social welfare maximization in short‐term operation. Furthermore,N−1 security constraints are also considered in the model. A hybrid algorithm integrated with niche genetic algorithm (GA) and primal‐dual interior method is adopted to solve the proposed bi‐level programming model of the transmission network expansion planning. The planning methodology has been demonstrated on the 18‐bus system to show the feasibility and validity, moreover, comparison has been made between traditional transmission expansion plan and proposed market‐based transmission expansion plan; it was also applied to the real life system 77‐bus system transmission grid. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach for evaluating market power in reactive power markets
Authors: Asgari Mohammad Hossein , Monsef Hassan , Buygi Majid Oloomi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOne of the main concerns for any power markets is whether individual participants can increase their profit by withholding capacity or bidding away from the marginal cost of providing the products. To address this concern, some tools and techniques for identifying and detecting dominant and must‐run suppliers are required. Market power problems are more intricate in reactive power markets than those in other markets due to the specific properties of this ancillary service. This paper introduces a new structural index which takes into account reactive demand level, transmission network constraints, output limits, and circumstances of other suppliers. The proposed measure (reactive must procurement (RMP)) is a must‐run index‐based method which calculates the minimum reactive power capacity which must be procured by a reactive source (whether in generation or absorption mode) to supply reactive requirements of system. To illustrate the simplicity, practicality, and usefulness of introduced measure, the proposed index is applied to the IEEE 57‐bus test system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchrophasors measurement in a GPS‐IEEE 1588 hybrid system
Authors: Lixia Marco , Locci Nicola , Muscas Carlo , Sulis Sara 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a study on a hybrid architecture considering Global Positioning System (GPS) and Precision Time Protocol (PTP), defined in Standard IEEE 1588, for applications in electric power systems, with reference to one of the most challenging measurement problems, namely the measurement of synchrophasors. The proposed approach refers in particular to situations in which many measurement devices, connected to each other by suitable communication links, are located in a geographically limited subarea of the power system. A laboratory experimental setup has been built to evaluate the performance achievable with this solution. A detailed analysis of the obtained results is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operational strategy for multi‐converter based variable speed wind generator during network fault
Authors: Muyeen S. M. , Tamura J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes novel multiconverter operation and control scheme for variable speed wind energy conversion system to withstand against grid fault. The full or partial rating frequency converters (FCs), in general, are widely used in variable speed wind turbine (VSWT) driven wind generators. Among the variable speed wind generators, permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), which uses a full rating FC for grid interfacing, is drawing much attention nowadays due to its salient features. However, considering the factors such as higher‐reliability, higher efficiency, and lower harmonics, the multiconverter based topology might be preferable instead of using a full rating FC. This paper proposes a coordinated control scheme for multiple parallel‐connected FC units integrated with VSWT driving PMSG to augments the transient performance during a network disturbance. Multimode operation (inverter and rectifier) of the individual FC unit is another salient feature of this study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flame retardancy working mechanism of methyl‐DOPO and MPPP in flexible polyurethane foam
Authors: König A. , Kroke E. 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYThe chemical nature of flexible polyurethane (flex PU) foams, the low density, the high air permeability and the open cell structure cause this material to be highly flammable. The new phosphorus flame‐retardant (FR) methyl‐DOPO (9, 10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐methylphosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide) is known to show an excellent flame retarding behavior in flex PU foam by acting mainly in the gas phase. In this study, the FR working mechanism of methyl‐DOPO and its ring‐opened analogue MPPP (methylphenoxyphenyl‐phosphinate) is investigated by TGA, TG–MS, FMVSS 302 and Cone Calorimeter measurements. Under TG–MS conditions comparable concentrations of low molecular weight species such as HPO, mathrmCH3PO or PO2 are released. These species are able to scavenge the H‐ and OH‐radicals in the radical chain reactions of the flame leading to a significant increase in the CO/CO2 ratio and the smoke density during cone calorimeter experiments. Finally, the flame retardancy of MPPP is determined to be less efficient in flex PU foam because of the higher vapor pressure compared with methyl‐DOPO. Here, the vaporization of methyl‐DOPO occurs in the same temperature region as the depolymerization of the urethane and the bisubstituted urea groups during pyrolysis of the foam leading to an optimal interaction. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficacy and safety of a once‐daily formulation of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in dementia with neuropsychiatric features: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Ihl Ralf , Bachinskaya Natalia , Korczyn Amos D. , Vakhapova Veronika , Tribanek Michael , Hoerr Robert , Napryeyenko Oleksandr 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo test the efficacy and safety of a once‐daily formulation of EGb 761 in the treatment of patients with dementia with neuropsychiatric features.MethodsMulti‐centre trial of 410 outpatients with mild to moderate dementia (Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia or mixed form) scoring between 9 and 23 on the SKT cognitive test battery, at least five on the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) and three or higher in at least one item of the NPI. Patients were randomly allocated to double‐blind treatment with 240 mg of EGb 761 or placebo once daily for 24 weeks. Primary outcomes were the changes from baseline in the SKT total score and the NPI total score. The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Clinical Global Impression of Change (ADCS‐CGIC), Activities of Daily Living International Scale (ADL‐IS), NPI distress score, DEMQOL‐Proxy quality‐of‐life scale and Verbal Fluency Test were secondary outcomes.ResultsAt endpoint, patients treated with EGb 761 (n = 202) improved by −1.4 (95% confidence interval −1.8; −1.0) points on the SKT and by −3.2 (−4.0; −2.3) on the NPI total score, whereas those receiving placebo (n = 202) deteriorated by +0.3 (−0.1; 0.7) on the SKT and did not change on the NPI total score (−0.9; 0.9). Both drug‐placebo comparisons were significant at p < 0.001. EGb 761 was significantly superior to placebo with respect to all secondary outcome measures. Adverse event rates were similar for both treatment groups.ConclusionsEGb 761, 240 mg once‐daily, was found significantly superior to placebo in the treatment of patients with dementia with neuropsychiatric symptoms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.