bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3D‐Var data assimilation using a variational autoencoder
Authors: Melinc Boštjan , Zaplotnik Žiga 
Published: April 2024

AbstractData assimilation of atmospheric observations traditionally relies on variational and Kalman filter methods. Here, an alternative neural network data assimilation (NNDA) with variational autoencoder (VAE) is proposed. The three‐dimensional variational (3D‐Var) data assimilation cost function is utilised to determine the analysis that optimally fuses simulated observations and the encoded short‐range persistence forecast (background), accounting for their errors. The minimisation is performed in the reduced‐order latent space discovered by the VAE. The variational problem is autodifferentiable, simplifying the computation of the cost‐function gradient necessary for efficient minimisation. We demonstrate that the background‐error covariance (B) matrix measured and represented in the latent space is quasidiagonal. The background‐error covariances in the grid‐point space are flow‐dependent, evolving seasonally and depending on the current state of the atmosphere. Data assimilation experiments with a single temperature observation in the lower troposphere indicate that theBmatrix describes both tropical and extratropical background‐error covariances simultaneously.
Using social media in disaster management: The perceptions of emergency responders versus the public
Authors: Stolero Nathan , Elkady Sahar , Labaka Leire , Verlin Jan , Branlat Matthieu , Adini Bruria 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper investigates the perceptions of professionals (emergency organizations: authorities and first responders) regarding the usage of social media versus the perceptions of the public regarding their expectations concerning the use of social media in communicating emergencies and disasters. It provides a novel perspective on the alignment between perceptions and expectations in disaster social media usage, delving into the structural constraints and opportunities of current practices. The research incorporates qualitative interviews with emergency professionals, a quantitative survey of the general population, and content analysis of social media interactions across seven countries (Israel, Italy, Spain, France, Sweden, Norway, and Romania), aiming to discern differing viewpoints on social media's role in crises. It underscores the variations and commonalities between authorities/first responders and the public's perspectives, revealing differences in acceptance and concerns regarding social media use among these stakeholders. The analysis identified three primary themes: cognitive needs, integrative needs, and communication flow, each with specific, interconnected subthemes. These insights emphasize the need for a better understanding of these diverse perspectives to enhance disaster communication. The paper suggests that effectively utilizing social media and crowdsourcing technologies can help bridge the gap between emergency services and the public, fostering more disaster‐resilient societies.
Green gross domestic product: A bibliometric analysis
Authors: Karunanithi Kriskkumar , Bui Wency Kher Thinng , Tan Houng Chien 
Published: April 2024

AbstractGreen gross domestic product (GGDP) is a measure of economic performance that takes into account environmental aspects. This paper analyses the bibliographic data of 1321 articles retrieved from the Scopus database to shed some light on the GGDP literature for the past 47 years (1976–2022). Using VOSviewer, a combination of performance analysis (publication trend, top authors, top countries, top journals) and science mapping techniques (co‐citation and co‐occurrence) were employed. The co‐citation analysis reveals three thematic clusters, namely: (1) political and social science dimensions of social and environmental reporting, (2) environmental disclosures, and (3) systematic review of social and environmental accounts. The co‐occurrence analysis indicates a trend towards climate change and corporate governance, with a notable shift in focus from European and Eurasian countries to China. More importantly, this study offers valuable insights into the growing body of literature on GGDP, while emphasising the need for greater geographical representation and collaboration to advance the field.
Tax expenditures and progress to the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Masiya Michael , Hall Stephen , Murray Stuart , Etter‐Phoya Rachel , Hannah Eilish , O'Hare Bernadette 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study reports the impact of governments having additional revenue equivalent to tax expenditures on achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in 97 countries. The study draws data on revenue foregone from the Global Tax Expenditure Database. To analyze the potential of an increase in government revenue equivalent to the revenue foregone, the study uses the Government Revenue and Development Estimations modeling. The study finds that if governments had additional revenue equivalent to tax expenditures: an additional 17 million children would attend school (13.62% currently out of school), an additional 70 million people would use basic water (23% of those without access), 146 million would use basic sanitation (20% of those without access), 181,000 children would survive (13% of children who currently die), and 12,000 mothers would survive (16% of mothers who currently die). Critically, there would be improvements in governance indicators in all regions. Foregone revenue from tax expenditures could increase access to public services for millions, which is the most effective tool for reducing inequality and driving progress toward sustainable development. The massive opportunity costs reported here require all governments to report and justify their annual tax expenditure.
Highly Efficient N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Precursor from Sterically Hindered Benzimidazolium Salt for Benzoin Condensation
Authors: Banu Shaik Farheen , Indira Meeniga , Sreeshitha Mandapalli , Vasu Govardhana Reddy Peddiahgari 
Published: April 2024

AbstractA diverse array of simple benzoin compounds featuring aryl and heteroaryl substituents were prepared from corresponding aldehydes, achieving moderate to excellent yields. To achieve this, a library of NHC precursors was designed and synthesized from imidazole and benzimidazole. Our custom‐designed NHC precursors (L1–L10) varied in size and structure. Built on imidazolinium and benzimidazolinium salts, these catalysts sported substituents at the N1 and N3 positions ranging from compact groups like butyl or benzyl to the much bulkier anthracenyl group. Treatment with a base transforms these salts into highly effective NHC precursors. After being activated, these NHCs become highly effective catalysts for the benzoin condensation reaction. We tested all the NHC precursors we made and found that L10, the one containing the large and bulky anthracenyl group attached to a benzimidazolium ring, worked the best for making benzoin derivatives.
Precise Regulation in Chain‐Edge Structural Microenvironments of 1D Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalysis
Authors: Yang Hongjie , Wang Jinfeng , Zhao Rui , Hou Linxi 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCovalent organic frameworks (COFs) constitute a promising research topic for photocatalytic reactions, but the rules and conformational relationships of 1D COFs are poorly defined. Herein, the chain edge structure is designed by precise modulation at the atomic level, and the 1D COFs bonded by C, O, and S elements is directionally prepared for oxygen‐tolerant photoinduced electron transfer‐atom transfer radical polymerization (PET‐ATRP) reactions. It is demonstrated that heteroatom‐type chain edge structures (─O─, ─S─) lead to a decrease in intra‐plane conjugation, which restricts the effective transport of photogenerated electrons along the direction of the 1D strip. In contrast, the all‐carbon type chain edge structure (─C─) with higher intra‐plane conjugation not only reduces the energy loss of photoexcited electrons but also enhances the carrier density, which exhibits the optimal photopolymerization performance. This work offers valuable guidance in the exploitation of 1D COFs for high photocatalytic performance. This work offers valuable guidance in the exploitation of 1D COFs for high photocatalytic performance.
Spatiotemporal Release of Singlet Oxygen in Low Molecular Weight Organo‐Gels Upon Thermal or Photochemical External Stimuli
Authors: Sandelin Emil , Schilling Leonard , Saha Ekata , Ruiu Andrea , Neutze Richard , Sundén Henrik , Wallentin Carl‐Johan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe first example of a material capable of spatiotemporal catch and release of singlet oxygen (1O2) in gel phase is presented. Several low molecular weight organogelators based around an oxotriphenylhexanoate (OTHO) core are developed and optimized with regard to; their gelation properties, and ability of releasing 1O2 upon thermal and/or photochemical external stimuli, in both gel phase and solution. Remarkably, reversible phase transitioning between the gel and solution phase are also demonstrated. Taken together two complementary modes of releasing 1O2, one thermally controlled over time, and one rapid release by means of photochemical stimuli is disclosed. These findings represent the first phase reversible system where function and aggregation properties can be controlled independently, and thus pave the way for novel applications in material sciences as well as in life sciences.
Unravelling the Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting of Nanometer‐Thick Carbon Nitride Layer
Authors: Zhi Fengmei , Wu Suqin , Lai Chen , He Mao , Deng Wenjie , Zhang Dexu , Peng Xiaoying , Wu Qizheng , Xia Jiawei , Lu Zhang‐Hui , Wang Mingzhan , Zhang Wei‐Guang , Xu Jingsan , Liu Chong , Peng Guiming 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMatching the thickness of the graphitic carbon nitride (CN) nanolayer with the charge diffusion length is expected to compensate for the poor intrinsic conductivity and charge recombination in CN for photoelectrochemical cells (PEC). Herein, the compact CN nanolayer with tunable thickness is in situ coated on carbon fibers. The compact packing along with good contact with the substrate improves the electron transport and alleviates the charge recombination. The PEC investigation shows CN nanolayer of 93 nm‐thick yields an optimum photocurrent of 116 µA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus RHE, comparable to most micrometer‐thick CN layers, with a low onset potential of 0.2 V in 1 m KOH under 1 sun illumination. This optimum performance suggests the electron diffusion length matches with the thickness of the CN nanolayer. Further deposition of NiFe‐layered double hydroxide enhanced the surface water oxidation kinetics, delivering an improved photocurrent of 210 µA cm−2 with IPCE of 12.8% at 400 nm. The CN nanolayer also shows extended potential in PEC organic synthesis. This work experimentally reveals the PEC behavior of the nanometer‐thick CN layer, providing new insights into CN in the application of energy and environment‐related fields.
Carbon Nanotube Network Induces Porous Deposited MnO2 for High‐Areal Capacity Zn/Mn Batteries
Authors: Liu Yun , Xie Congxin , Li Xianfeng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMn2+/MnO2 aqueous battery is a promising candidate for large‐scale energy storage owing to its feature of low‐cost and abundant crustal reserves. However, the inherent MnO2 shedding issue results in a limited areal capacity and poor cycling life, which prohibits its further commercialization. In this manuscript, it is revealed that the cause of shedding is the cracking of MnO2 layer due to stress. To circumvent this challenge, carbon nanotubes framework is introduced on pristine carbon felt, which provides more deposition sites and induces the formation of a porous deposition layer. Compared to the dense deposition layer on pristine carbon felt, the porous structure can effectively avoid cracking and subsequent shedding issue. Moreover, the porous deposited layer is conducive to proton diffusion and rich in defects, which facilitates the subsequent dissolution reaction. As results, the assembled Zn/Mn battery demonstrates more than 200 cycles with the areal capacity of 15 mAh cm−2 at 40 mA cm−2. Even with a high areal capacity of 40 mAh cm−2, it can still run for more than 60 cycles. This breakthrough paves a way toward practical manganese‐based batteries, bringing us closer to achieve cost‐effective batteries.
Plasma‐Driven Selenization for Electrical Property Enhancement in Janus 2D Materials
Authors: He Shih‐Ming , Zhuang Jia‐Yung , Chen Ciao‐Fen , Liao Ren‐Kuei , Lo Shun‐Tsung , Lin Yen‐Fu , Su Ching‐Yuan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe recent emergence of Janus 2D materials like SnSSe, derived from SnS2, reveals unique electrical and optical features, such as asymmetrical electronic structure, enhanced carrier mobility, and tunable bandgap. Previous theoretical studies have discuss the electronic properties of Janus SnSSe, but experimental evidence is limited. This study presents a two‐step method for synthesizing Janus SnSSe, involving hydrogen plasma treatment and in situ selenization. Optimized conditions (38 W, 1.5 min, 250 °C) are determined using Raman spectroscopy and AFM analysis. XPS confirmed SnSSe's elemental composition, while KPFM reveals a significant reduction in the work function (from 5.26 down to 5.14 eV) for the first time, indicating asymmetrically induced n‐type doping. Finally, field‐effect transistors (FETs) derived from SnSSe exhibited significantly enhanced mobility and on‐current, as well as n‐type doping, compared to SnS2‐based FETs. These findings lay a crucial foundation for developing high‐performance 2D electronic and optoelectronic devices.
Ensemble random forest and deep convolutional neural networks in detecting and classifying the multiple intrusions from near real‐time cloud datasets
Authors: Khan Minhaj , Haroon Mohd. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDue to rapidly growing Internet facilities, intruders can steal and misuse the data saved and stored digitally. In this case, securing digital data is challenging but prominent for various purposes. However, the traditional techniques are insufficient to secure these computer networks and cloud information with a 100% success rate. Recently, machine‐ or deep‐learning‐enabled methods have been used to secure network information, but with some limits. Therefore, the study emphasizes detecting and classifying network intrusion using the proposed ensemble and deep learning models. In this case, we developed the ensemble learning‐enabled random forest algorithm and deep learning‐enabled deep convolutional neural network (CNN) models for securing near real‐time cloud information and designed the intrusion detection system accordingly. The complex and high‐volume CSE‐CICIDS2018 datasets were used to test the developed model in Python programming language implemented with several Python libraries. The outcome of the proposed models indicates that the developed models are promising in securing the cloud information with 97.73% and 99.91% accuracies via ensemble‐random forest and deep CNN models. Thus, the present study models can be applied to other real‐time datasets and computer networks to detect cyber threats effectively.
Transnational Black feminism: L.O.V.E. as a practice of freedom, equity, and justice in English language teaching
Authors: Charles Quanisha 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis article contributes to the TESOL paradigm by highlighting ways in which bodies of Black feminist thought, transnational feminism, and transnational Black feminism endeavors antiracist practices and support students via English language teaching (ELT). The author utilizes the Transnational Black feminist (TBF) framework—intersectionality, scholar activism, solidarity building, and attention to borders and boundaries—to guide the article. The author provides definitions forracial equityandracial justiceand explains what these terms mean in practice when adopting the TBF lens in the English language classroom. The article shows how racial equity and racial justice can be effectively incorporated with a method of L.O.V.E. (Lifting others, Offering support, Valuing others, and Evolving self) that embodies the work of TBF.
A Successful Economy is One that Meets Basic Human Needs
Authors: Joffe Michael 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe multiple problems the world now faces require a new policy approach. The priorities are to achieve better environmental outcomes, and better outcomes for people—especially those facing deprivation and/or precariousness. This book focuses on the human component, and specifically on the contribution that the economy can make. It proposes a criterion of success for the economy, and a monitoring system that corresponds to it. This would act as an objective, an incentive and a criterion of success for policymakers in government at all levels and in wider society. It would also provide specific information to inform public debate and to guide policy decisions.The proposed criterion of success is that the economy should, as far as possible, meet the basic needs of all residents. There is wide agreement on what items qualify as basic needs. Meeting them would minimise distress and promote aspiration and social participation. This aim is widely supported across the political spectrum. It underlies the UN Sustainable Development Goals and other international agreements, and its wide support is backed by survey evidence. This value system is grounded in respect for the dignity of all, which in turn promotes inclusion and social justice, and facilitates agency and aspiration.The monitoring system would comprise the outcomes of the economy that are relevant to people’s basic needs. It would aim to steer the economy towards satisfying them, thereby promoting good health and positive psychological/social functioning. This would represent a shift to pursuing ends, the meeting of human needs, rather than means, the quantity of economic output (GDP). Monitoring these economic outcomes is straightforward, most measures are already available in some form, and they are acceptable and affordable.This book proposes that a list should be agreed of the most important economic outcomes that meet people’s basic needs, and a corresponding monitoring system should be introduced. This would be presented as a dashboard in a standardised format, providing informative material for public debate and a practical agenda for remedial action. In addition, the items would be aggregated to create an Index of Economic Outcomes (the IEO), as an overall score. This would replace GDP as a measure of economic success; GDP would be retained for the purpose of informing economic policy, for which it is well suited. The aggregation principle would be based on the quantitative contribution of each item to health and subjective wellbeing.The overall monitoring system would promote environmental as well as human wellbeing. It would enable the environmental cost of meeting human needs to be calculated—the sustainability ratio, a measure of sustainable development. More generally, I propose a clear structure for monitoring the economic system as a whole, comprising assets of various kinds, output (GDP), outcomes, and impact (health and subjective wellbeing).
Exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity in men is amplified when assessed using a meal test
Authors: Voldstedlund Christian T. , Sjøberg Kim A. , Schlabs Farina L. , Sigvardsen Casper M. , Andersen Nicoline R. , Holst Jens J. , Hartmann Bolette , Wojtaszewski Jørgen F. P. , Kiens Bente , McConell Glenn K. , Richter Erik A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Exercise has a profound effect on insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. The euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC) is the gold standard for assessment of insulin sensitivity but it does not reflect the hyperglycaemia that occurs after eating a meal. In previous EHC investigations, it has been shown that the interstitial glucose concentration in muscle is decreased to a larger extent in previously exercised muscle than in rested muscle. This suggests that previously exercised muscle may increase its glucose uptake more than rested muscle if glucose supply is increased by hyperglycaemia. Therefore, we hypothesised that the exercise-induced increase in muscle insulin sensitivity would appear greater after eating a meal than previously observed with the EHC.

Methods
Ten recreationally active men performed dynamic one-legged knee extensor exercise for 1 h. Following this, both femoral veins and one femoral artery were cannulated. Subsequently, 4 h after exercise, a solid meal followed by two liquid meals were ingested over 1 h and glucose uptake in the two legs was measured for 3 h. Muscle biopsies from both legs were obtained before the meal test and 90 min after the meal test was initiated. Data obtained in previous studies using the EHC (n=106 participants from 13 EHC studies) were used for comparison with the meal-test data obtained in this study.

Results
Plasma glucose and insulin peaked 45 min after initiation of the meal test. Following the meal test, leg glucose uptake and glucose clearance increased twice as much in the exercised leg than in the rested leg; this difference is twice as big as that observed in previous investigations using EHCs. Glucose uptake in the rested leg plateaued after 15 min, alongside elevated muscle glucose 6-phosphate levels, suggestive of compromised muscle glucose metabolism. In contrast, glucose uptake in the exercised leg plateaued 45 min after initiation of the meal test and there were no signs of compromised glucose metabolism. Phosphorylation of the TBC1 domain family member 4 (TBC1D4; p-TBC1D4Ser704) and glycogen synthase activity were greater in the exercised leg compared with the rested leg. Muscle interstitial glucose concentration increased with ingestion of meals, although it was 16% lower in the exercised leg than in the rested leg.

Conclusions/interpretation
Hyperglycaemia after meal ingestion results in larger differences in muscle glucose uptake between rested and exercised muscle than previously observed during EHCs. These findings indicate that the ability of exercise to increase insulin-stimulated muscle glucose uptake is even greater when evaluated with a meal test than has previously been shown with EHCs.

Graphical Abstract
Fabrication of the optical lens on single-crystal germanium surfaces using the laser-assisted diamond turning
Authors: Du Hanheng , Wang Yidan , Li Yuhan , Xing Yintian , Yin Sen , To Suet 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSingle-crystal germanium, as an excellent infrared optical material, has been widely applied in X-ray monochromators, night vision systems, and gamma radiation detectors. However, how to obtain high-quality optical lenses on their surfaces still faces challenges due to their hard and brittle properties. To this end, this paper proposes the in situ laser-assisted diamond turning (ILADT) process, which is the combination of a laser heating technique and a single-point diamond turning process. The in situ laser heating technique is employed to enhance the surface quality of the workpiece material, while the single-point diamond turning process is utilized to fabricate optical lenses. Experimental results showed that optical lenses with high surface quality were successfully machined. The profile error is 0.135 μm, indicating the high machining accuracy. The surface roughness Sa of the aspheric lens is 0.909 nm, indicating the high machining quality achieved by the proposed ILADT process. Therefore, this study provides an effective approach for producing high-quality optical lenses on single-crystal germanium surfaces, which holds great promise for future applications in the manufacturing of optical lenses with exceptional quality.