bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic responses of preterm newborns with presumed or documented bacteraemia
Authors: Leviton Alan , O’Shea T Michael , Bednarek Francis J , Allred Elizabeth N , Fichorova Raina N , Dammann Olaf ,   for the ELGAN Study Investigators
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim:  To compare the frequency of elevated concentrations of inflammation‐related proteins in the blood of infants born before the 28th week of gestation who had documented bacteraemia and those who had presumed (antibiotic‐treated but culture‐negative) bacteraemia to those who had neither.Methods:  The subjects of this study are the 868 infants born at 14 institutions for whom information about protein measurements on at least two of the three protocol days (days 1, 7, and 14) was available and who did not have Bell stage 3 necrotizing enterocolitis or isolated bowel perforation, which were strongly associated with bacteraemia in this sample.Results:  Newborns with presumed early (week 1) bacteraemia had elevated concentrations of only a few inflammation‐related proteins, while those who had presumed late (weeks 2–4) bacteraemia did not have any elevations. In contrast, newborns who had documented early bacteraemia had a moderately strong signal, while those who had documented late bacteraemia had a stronger signal with more protein concentrations elevated on two separate occasions a week apart.Conclusions:  Culture‐confirmed early and late bacteraemia are accompanied/followed by systemic inflammatory responses not seen with presumed early and late bacteraemia.
High Turnover Rates in Remnant Populations of the Harlequin FrogAtelopus cruciger(Bufonidae): Low Risk of Extinction?
Authors: Lampo Margarita , Celsa Señaris J. , Rodríguez‐Contreras Argelia , Rojas‐Runjaic Fernando , García Carmen Z. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAtelopusis among the most threatened of all amphibian genera. Most species of harlequin frogs disappeared more than two decades ago and only a few still exist. From ten critically endangeredAtelopusspecies endemic to Venezuela,Atelopus crucigeris the only one that can be located at present. To assess the status of remnant populations ofA. crucigerand to provide the demographic data for designingin situmanagement programs, we estimated: (1) the population size; (2) the apparent survival; and (3) the recruitment rates of one remnant population using mark‐recapture data. The adult population size varied (69–117), and this variation was not related to that of abundance indices based on visual counts at the river margins. Thus, caution is recommended when using visual counts as an index of abundance inAtelopus, because capture rates differ significantly among months and between seasons. Despite the observed variations, this population appears to be stable. Previous reports suggest that species ofAtelopusare long‐lived. For populations of long‐lived species to remain approximately constant, recruitment must be low. Our mark‐recapture study, however, showed that adults tend to remain in the population for approximately 15 mo, but an average of 165 new frogs are recruited every year. Although immigration and emigration are possibilities, the site fidelity and the absence of nearby streams suggests that movement in and out of the study area is less important than births and deaths. Under the proposed hypothesis of a short life expectancy/high recruitment, the risk of extinction must be lower than previously thought.
Analytic and numerical models for the expansion of a compact Hii region
Authors: Raga A. C. , Cantó J. , Rodríguez L. F. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
‘Compact’ Hii regions (embedded in dense molecular clouds) relax to a pressure equilibrium configuration in shorter time-scales than the main-sequence lifetime of the exciting O stars. This result motivates a rederivation of the analytic model for the expansion of an Hii region into a uniform environment. We have modified the classical model so as to include the breaking of the expansion necessary to reach the correct, final pressure equilibrium configuration. We find that this extended model also has a full analytic solution. A comparison of the analytic solution with a (spherically symmetric) numerical simulation is also presented.
MiRNA‐9 and MiRNA‐200a Distinguish Hemangioblastomas from Metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinomas in the CNS
Authors: Venneti Sriram , Boateng LaTasha A. , Friedman Joshua R. , Baldwin Donald A. , Tobias John W. , Judkins Alexander R. , Mourelatos Zissimos , Lal Priti 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCentral nervous system (CNS) tumors in von Hippel–Lindau syndrome (VHL) include hemangioblastomas and metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinomas (Met CCRCC). While these tumors often show similar histologic features, differentiating them is of significant importance as Met CCRCC are higher‐grade tumors with worse prognosis. No single current immunohistochemical marker unequivocally differentiates between these two entities. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding cellular small RNA molecules that play an important role in cancer. We hypothesized that hemangioblastomas and Met CCRCC display distinct miRNA signatures enabling their histologic differentiation. MiRNAs were profiled in 10 cases each of hemangioblastomas, Met CCRCC and primary CCRCC. Ten miRNAs had greater abundance (including miR‐9 (∼10‐fold) and miR‐135a (∼7‐fold)) and 39 miRNAs were lower [including miR‐200a (∼22‐fold) and miR‐200b (∼12‐fold)] in hemangioblastomas compared with Met CCRCC. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR in 20 hemangioblastomas and 13 Met CCRCC showed a 12‐fold increase in miR‐9 and a 15‐fold decrease of miR‐200a in hemangioblastomas compared with Met CCRCC. Finally, in situ hybridization for miR‐9 in 15 hemangioblastomas and 10 Met CCRCC confirmed these results. Our data suggest that miR‐9 and miR‐200a can distinguish between hemangioblastomas and Met CCRCC. Further, these results may also provide insight in understanding the biology of hemangioblastomas.
Treating co‐occurring first‐episode psychosis and borderline personality: a pilot randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gleeson John F. M. , Chanen Andrew , Cotton Sue M. , Pearce Tracey , Newman Belinda , McCutcheon Louise 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim: First‐episode psychosis and borderline personality disorder are severe mental disorders that have their onset in youth. Their co‐occurrence is clinically well recognized, is associated with significant risks and is complex to treat. Yet, there is no published specific intervention for this problem. This study reports a pilot randomized controlled trial comparing combined specialist first‐episode treatment plus specialist early intervention for borderline personality, entitled Helping Young People Early, with specialist first‐episode treatment alone. We aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of adding early intervention for borderline personality.Methods: The study investigated the safety of specialist first‐episode treatment plus specialist early intervention for borderline personality in relation to deterioration in psychosis, aggression, self‐harm and suicidality, and feasibility in relation to the completion of therapy phases. Sixteen patients meeting Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition‐Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR) criteria for first‐episode psychosis and borderline personality (four or more DSM‐IV criteria) were randomized either to specialist first‐episode treatment alone or specialist first‐episode treatment plus specialist early intervention for borderline personality and were followed up at the end of treatment and 6 months later.Results: The results showed that it was feasible to recruit and assess a high risk and complex group of patients who were agreeable to study participation. Specialist first‐episode treatment plus specialist early intervention for borderline personality was an acceptable and safe treatment.Conclusion: A larger‐scale randomized controlled trial of early intervention for borderline personality for young first‐episode psychosis patients with co‐occurring full or subsyndromal borderline personality is warranted.
Adaptation and validation of a bacteria‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for determination of farm‐specificLawsonia intracellularisseroprevalence in central Kentucky Thoroughbreds
Authors: PAGE A. E. , STILLS H. F. , CHANDER Y. , GEBHART C. J. , HOROHOV D. W. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Lawsonia intracellularisis the causative agent of equine proliferative enteropathy (EPE), a disease for which no large‐scale seroprevalence studies have been conducted.Objectives:To validate and use an equine‐specific enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) forL. intracellularisto determine the seroprevalence ofL. intracellularison numerous farms.Methods:An ELISA, in which purified antigen was used, was adapted from previous work in swine. A total of 337 Thoroughbreds from 25 central Kentucky farms were enrolled and monthly serum samples collected from August 2010 to January/February 2011. Samples were screened forL. intracellularis‐specific antibodies using a modified ELISA. Farms were classified into one of 3 groups based on 3 year prior history with EPE.Results:The ELISA intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) was 6.73 and inter‐assay CV was 9.60. An overall seroprevalence of 68% was obtained, with farm‐specific seroprevalances ranging from 14 to 100%. A significant difference was found in the average seroprevalence (P<0.05) on farms with a confirmed recent history of EPE cases. Additionally, both lower average ELISA unit (EU) values (P = 0.079) and maximum EU values (P = 0.056) were detected on farms with no recent EPE history when compared to the other groups. A bimodal exposure distribution toL. intracellulariswas detected in the fall and winter months.Conclusions:Recent history of EPE was associated with higher average seroprevalence indicating increased exposure on farms with prior cases of EPE. Seasonally bimodal exposure was also observed.Potential relevance:The adapted ELISA appears to be useful for determination ofL. intracellularis‐specific antibody levels. The high farm‐specific seroprevalences and bimodal distribution of exposure toL. intracellulariswere unexpected and suggest that farms with a previous history of EPE remain at risk due to heightened exposure levels beyond early winter.
Sperm selection using single layer centrifugation prior to cryopreservation can increase thawed sperm quality in stallions
Authors: HOOGEWIJS M. , MORRELL J. , VAN SOOM A. , GOVAERE J. , JOHANNISSON A. , PIEPERS S. , DE SCHAUWER C. , DE KRUIF A. , DE VLIEGHER S. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: The increasing use of modern reproductive techniques in human medicine has led to a higher demand for isolation of motile sperm. Several of these isolation techniques have been adapted for veterinary use and can be applied for the selection of a superior sperm sample from stallion semen. Until recently a major disadvantage of such isolation techniques was the limitation in sperm volume that could be handled. Androcoll‐E had been shown to be successful for processing large volumes of equine semen but there are few data to substantiate the potential beneficial effect of freezing an Androcoll‐E selected equine sperm sample to obtain higher quality following thawing.Objectives and methods: In this study, the effect of Androcoll‐E treatment of sperm prior to cryopreservation was compared with cushioned centrifugation using ejaculates from 8 different stallions selected because they were known to have semen of differing quality following freezing.Results: Androcoll‐E treatment increased measures of semen quality prior to freezing. However, Androcoll‐E treatment reduced the yield of sperm following centrifugation when compared with the cushion centrifuged control group (50.9 ± 14.2% vs. 97.1 ± 9.0%, respectively). Quality analysis following thawing showed an overall improved sperm quality for Androcoll‐E treated samples and average post thaw progressive motility (PM) was 41.6% compared with 30.5% for the cushion centrifuged group.Conclusions and potential relevance: Androcoll‐E can be used with good results to select a superior sperm population prior to cryopreservation, in order to produce good‐quality frozen thawed semen.
GLI1 Inhibition Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Authors: Joost Simon , Almada Luciana L. , Rohnalter Verena , Holz Philipp S. , Vrabel Anne M. , Fernandez-Barrena Maite G. , McWilliams Robert R. , Krause Michael , Fernandez-Zapico Martin E. , Lauth Matthias 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The Hedgehog (HH) pathway has been identified as an important deregulated signal transduction pathway in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a cancer type characterized by a highly metastatic phenotype. In PDAC, the canonical HH pathway activity is restricted to the stromal compartment while HH signaling in the tumor cells is reduced as a consequence of constitutive KRAS activation. Here, we report that in the tumor compartment of PDAC the HH pathway effector transcription factor GLI1 regulates epithelial differentiation. RNAi-mediated knockdown of GLI1 abolished characteristics of epithelial differentiation, increased cell motility, and synergized with TGFβ to induce an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Notably, EMT conversion in PDAC cells occurred in the absence of induction of SNAIL or SLUG, two canonical inducers of EMT in many other settings. Further mechanistic analysis revealed that GLI1 directly regulated the transcription of E-cadherin, a key determinant of epithelial tissue organization. Collectively, our findings identify GLI1 as an important positive regulator of epithelial differentiation, and they offer an explanation for how decreased levels of GLI1 are likely to contribute to the highly metastatic phenotype of PDAC. Cancer Res; 72(1); 88–99. ©2011 AACR.
Survival in Childhood Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Authors: Barst Robyn J. , McGoon Michael D. , Elliott C. Gregory , Foreman Aimee J. , Miller Dave P. , Ivy D. Dunbar 
Published: November 2011

Background—
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but important cause of morbidity and mortality in children.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed data from 216 patients ≤18 years of age at diagnosis who were enrolled in the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term PAH Disease Management (REVEAL). Median age at diagnosis and enrollment was 7 and 15 years, respectively. The most frequent presenting symptom was dyspnea (idiopathic/familial PAH, 53%; PAH associated with congenital heart disease, 30%). Presyncope/syncope was more frequent in patients with idiopathic PAH/familial PAH (36%) than in those with PAH associated with congenital heart disease (4%). At diagnosis, mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index were 56 mm Hg and 17 Wood units · m
2
, respectively. Five-year survival from diagnosis for the overall cohort was 74±6%, with no significant difference between the idiopathic PAH/familial PAH (n=122, 75±7%) and PAH associated with congenital heart disease (n=77, 71±13%) cohorts (
P
=0.53). Older age at diagnosis was the only variable significantly associated with decreased survival from diagnosis. Variables at enrollment that were significantly associated with decreased survival from enrollment included higher pulmonary vascular resistance index, lower-weight
z
scores, and familial PAH. Additional variables at enrollment, identified in a secondary analysis, that were marginally associated with increased survival from enrollment included acute vasoreactivity (adaptation of conventional pediatric definition;
P
=0.087) and lower brain natriuretic peptide (
P
=0.060). None of the 22 patients who were acute responders treated with high-dose calcium channel blockade as monotherapy or combination therapy died within 5 years of diagnosis.

Conclusion—
Using REVEAL, we identified key predictors of survival in childhood PAH. Refining these prognostic parameters should help clinicians improve outcomes.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00370214.
Comparison of the Durations of Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia on Outcome After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in the Rat
Authors: Ye Sen , Weng Yinlun , Sun Shijie , Chen Wei , Wu Xiaobo , Li Zilong , Weil Max Harry , Tang Wanchun 
Published: November 2011

Background—
Current studies have demonstrated that applying therapeutic hypothermia for 12 to 24 hours after resuscitation from cardiac arrest improves the outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The present study investigated whether a shorter duration of therapeutic hypothermia induced quickly and early after resuscitation would provide an equal improvement in the outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

Methods and Results—
Ventricular fibrillation was induced and untreated for 8 minutes in 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Defibrillation was attempted after 8 minutes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Seven minutes after resuscitation, animals were randomized into 4 groups (n=6 each): normothermic, hypothermic–2 hours, hypothermic–5 hours, and hypothermic–8 hours. Animals in the hypothermic groups received rapid cooling, which was started 7 minutes after restoration of spontaneous circulation and maintained at 33±0.5°C for 2, 5, or 8 hours. Normothermic animals were maintained at 37±0.2°C. All animals were anesthetized and ventilated for 8 hours after resuscitation. Blood temperature was significantly decreased in the hypothermic groups. Postresuscitation myocardial function, neurological deficit scores, and 72-hour survival were significantly better in animals treated with hypothermia regardless of the duration of cooling. However, significantly better postresuscitation tissue microcirculation, myocardial ejection fraction, and neurological deficit scores were observed in the hypothermic–2 hours animals.

Conclusions—
In a rat model of cardiopulmonary resuscitation, a shorter duration of mild hypothermia induced rapidly and early after restoration of spontaneous circulation improved postresuscitation microcirculation, myocardial and cerebral functions, and survival as well as, or better than, prolonged duration of hypothermia after resuscitation.
Formation and Quasi-Periodic Behavior of Outer Spiral Rainbands in a Numerically Simulated Tropical Cyclone*
Authors: Li Qingqing , Wang Yuqing 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The formation and quasi-periodic behavior of outer spiral rainbands in a tropical cyclone simulated in the cloud-resolving tropical cyclone model version 4 (TCM4) are analyzed. The outer spiral rainbands in the simulation are preferably initiated near the 60-km radius, or roughly about 3 times the radius of maximum wind (RMW). After initiation, they generally propagate radially outward with a mean speed of about 5 m s−1. They are reinitiated quasi-periodically with a period between 22 and 26 h in the simulation. The inner spiral rainbands, which form within a radius of about 3 times the RMW, are characterized by the convectively coupled vortex Rossby waves (VRWs), but the formation of outer spiral rainbands (i.e., rainbands formed outside a radius of about 3 times the RMW) is much more complicated. It is shown that outer spiral rainbands are triggered by the inner-rainband remnants immediately outside the rapid filamentation zone and inertial instability in the upper troposphere. The preferred radial location of initiation of outer spiral rainbands is understood as a balance between the suppression of deep convection by rapid filamentation and the favorable dynamical and thermodynamic conditions for initiation of deep convection.
The quasi-periodic occurrence of outer spiral rainbands is found to be associated with the boundary layer recovery from the effect of convective downdrafts and the consumption of convective available potential energy (CAPE) by convection in the previous outer spiral rainbands. Specifically, once convection is initiated and organized in the form of outer spiral rainbands, it will produce strong downdrafts and consume CAPE. These effects weaken convection near its initiation location. As the rainband propagates outward farther, the boundary layer air near the original location of convection initiation takes about 10 h to recover by extracting energy from the underlying ocean. Convection and thus new outer spiral rainbands will be initiated near a radius of about 3 times the RMW. This will be followed by a similar outward propagation and the subsequent boundary layer recovery, leading to a quasi-periodic occurrence of outer spiral rainbands. In response to the quasi-periodic appearance of outer spiral rainbands, the storm intensity experiences a similar quasi-periodic oscillation with its intensity or intensification rate starting to decrease after about 4 h of the initiation of an outer spiral rainband. The results provide an alternative explanation or one of the mechanisms that are responsible for the quasi-periodic (quasi-diurnal) variation in the intensity and in the area of outflow-layer cloud canopy of observed tropical cyclones.
The CCSM4 Land Simulation, 1850–2005: Assessment of Surface Climate and New Capabilities
Authors: Lawrence David M. , Oleson Keith W. , Flanner Mark G. , Fletcher Christopher G. , Lawrence Peter J. , Levis Samuel , Swenson Sean C. , Bonan Gordon B. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
This paper reviews developments for the Community Land Model, version 4 (CLM4), examines the land surface climate simulation of the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) compared to CCSM3, and assesses new earth system features of CLM4 within CCSM4. CLM4 incorporates a broad set of improvements including additions of a carbon–nitrogen (CN) biogeochemical model, an urban canyon model, and transient land cover and land use change, as well as revised soil and snow submodels.
Several aspects of the surface climate simulation are improved in CCSM4. Improvements in the simulation of soil water storage, evapotranspiration, surface albedo, and permafrost that are apparent in offline CLM4 simulations are generally retained in CCSM4. The global land air temperature bias is reduced and the annual cycle is improved in many locations, especially at high latitudes. The global land precipitation bias is larger in CCSM4 because of bigger wet biases in central and southern Africa and Australia.
New earth system capabilities are assessed. The present-day air temperature within urban areas is warmer than surrounding rural areas by 1°–2°C, which is comparable to or greater than the change in climate occurring over the last 130 years. The snow albedo feedback is more realistic and the radiative forcing of snow aerosol deposition is calculated as +0.083 W m−2 for present day. The land carbon flux due to land use, wildfire, and net ecosystem production is a source of carbon to the atmosphere throughout most of the historical simulation. CCSM4 is increasingly suited for studies of the role of land processes in climate and climate change.