bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ARCHITECT-BUILDERS IN LONDON AND EDINBURGH, c. 1750–1800, AND THE MARKET FOR EXPERTISE
Authors: NENADIC STANA 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTEighteenth-century architect-builders were a small group, but important for understanding the market strategies of knowledge-based experts in an age of rapid growth in technical information before the creation of modern professions. This article confronts a teleological historiography of emerging professionalization. It is focused on Robert Mylne and several of his contemporaries in Edinburgh and London, including a number of successful London-based Scots who were active as architects, builders, engineers, and surveyors, and self-styled in all these areas when it suited them. It supplies an account of what it took for building experts to establish themselves and flourish in big cities and the ways in which such experts navigated, controlled, and accommodated an environment of unregulated expertise that largely suited contemporary practitioners. Individual, family, and collective market strategies are examined in detail and the final section is a close analysis of the activities of the Architects Club in the 1790s.
RETHINKING THE POLITICS OF WHITE ETHNICITY IN 1970s AMERICA
Authors: MERTON JOE 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTHistorians have tended to characterize the ‘white ethnic’ identity politics of the 1970s in the United States as a significant feature of the conservative counterrevolution, especially the rise of populist racial conservatism and its splintering of the Democratic New Deal coalition. Seeking to provide a broader, more representative portrait of white ethnic mobilization, activism, and institutionalization in government, with particular focus on the work of Rev. Geno Baroni, the National Center for Urban Ethnic Affairs, and the Carter administration's Office of Ethnic Affairs, this article challenges that assumption. It posits that the politics of white ethnicity was a far more complex, diverse phenomenon, of appeal to liberals and conservatives in an era of considerable political flux. This reconsideration also reveals that the 1970s were not conservative in the United States, but a watershed decade of uncertainty, volatility, and experimentation, in which ethnic identities and affiliations were reshaped, political norms upended, and new forms of organization and mobilization trialled out, with great significance for today's ‘post-ethnic’ United States. White ethnic politics was of considerable importance to American political development in the late twentieth century, but not in the way usually thought.
REPUBLICANS OF LETTERS, MEMORY POLITICIANS, GLOBAL COLONIALISTS: HISTORIANS IN RECENT HISTORIES OF HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: HIRSCHI CASPAR 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWriting the history of historiography is a tricky business. There is no unbiased way of doing it, and it can serve different goals that at best complement and at worst contradict each other. The genre can seem both suitable to promote one's own academic agenda and to reflect upon one's own ideological constraints, epistemological presumptions, and social aspirations. This article analyses the motivations and methods of recent authors in the field, and it does so principally by focusing on the roles they attribute to historians past and present. To enable comparisons, the article includes works with a national, European and global framework, on early modern and late modern historiography, by intellectual, cultural and post-colonialist historians. A general conclusion will be that while most publications use the genre to pursue academic interests with epistemic arguments, only few try to exploit its potential for critical self-reflexion. As a consequence, they tend to be of limited credibility and originality when it comes to describing historiography's functions and historians' roles. This article does not treat their lack of critical commitment as an isolated phenomenon in a historiographical sub-field, but as a symptom of a larger problem within academic scholarship today. There are, however, exceptions to the rule, and this article will also try to work out their particular strengths.
Shared meals among young adults are associated with better diet quality and predicted by family meal patterns during adolescence
Authors: Larson Nicole , Fulkerson Jayne , Story Mary , Neumark-Sztainer Dianne 
Published: August 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo describe shared meal patterns and examine associations with dietary intake among young adults.DesignPopulation-based, longitudinal cohort study (Project EAT: Eating and Activity in Teens and Young Adults).SettingParticipants completed surveys and FFQ in high-school classrooms in Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, USA in 1998–1999 (mean age = 15·0 years, ‘adolescence’) and follow-up measures online or by mail in 2008–2009 (mean age = 25·3 years, ‘young adulthood’).SubjectsThere were 2052 participants who responded to the 10-year follow-up survey and reported on frequency of having shared meals.ResultsAmong young adults, the frequency of shared meals during the past week was as follows: never (9·9 %), one or two times (24·7 %), three to six times (39·1 %) and seven or more times (26·3 %). Having more frequent family meals during adolescence predicted a higher frequency of shared meals in young adulthood above and beyond other relevant sociodemographic factors such as household composition and parental status. Compared with young adults who never had family meals during adolescence, those young adults who reported seven or more family meals per week during adolescence had an average of one additional shared meal per week. Having more frequent shared meals in young adulthood was associated with greater intake of fruit among males and females, and with higher intakes of vegetables, milk products and some key nutrients among females.ConclusionsNutrition professionals should encourage families of adolescents to share meals often and establish the tradition of eating together, and work with young adults to ensure that healthy food and beverage choices are offered at mealtimes.
Evolution of fluid expulsion and concentrated hydrate zones across the southern Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand: An analysis from depth migrated seismic data
Authors: Plaza‐Faverola Andreia , Klaeschen Dirk , Barnes Philip , Pecher Ingo , Henrys Stuart , Mountjoy Joshu 
Published: August 2012

Identification of methane sources controlling hydrate distribution and concentrations in continental margins remains a major challenge in gas hydrate research. Lack of deep fluid samples and high quality regional scale seismic reflection data may lead to underestimation of the significance of fluid escape from subducting and compacting sediments in the global inventory of methane reaching the hydrate zone, the water column and the atmosphere. The distribution of concentrated hydrate zones in relation to focused fluid flow across the southern Hikurangi subduction margin was investigated using high quality, long offset (10 km streamer), pre‐stack depth migrated multichannel seismic data. Analysis of low P wave velocity zones, bright‐reverse polarity reflections and dim‐amplitude anomalies reveals pathways for gas escape and zones of gas accumulation. The study shows the structural and stratigraphic settings of three main areas of concentrated hydrates: (1) the Opouawe Bank, dominated by focused periodic fluid input along thrust faults sustaining dynamic hydrate concentrations and gas chimneys development; (2) the frontal anticline, with a basal set of proto‐thrusts controlling permeability for fluids from deeply buried and subducted sediments sustaining hydrate concentrations at the crest of the anticline; and (3) the Hikurangi Channel, with buried sand dominated channels hosting significant amounts of gas beneath the base of the hydrate zone. In sand dominated channels gas injection into the hydrate zone favors highly concentrated hydrate accumulations. The evolution of fluid expulsion controlling hydrate formation offshore southern Hikurangi is described in stages during which different methane sources (in situ, buried and thermogenic) have been dominant.
Identification and mapping of dikes with relatively primitive compositions in Thaumasia Planum on Mars: Implications for Tharsis volcanism and the opening of Valles Marineris
Authors: Huang Jun , Edwards Christopher S. , Horgan Briony H. N. , Christensen Philip R. , Kraft Michael D. , Xiao Long 
Published: August 2012

We have identified several exposed dikes in Thaumasia Planum Mars using THEMIS, CTX, HiRISE and CRISM data. These dikes extend from tens to ∼100 kilometers in length with average widths of ∼50 m. They display classic ‘en echelon’ patterns while cross‐cutting preexisting geologic features, including extensive wrinkle ridges. Both the dikes and associated fissure eruption products have very blocky morphologies with ∼38% higher thermal inertia than the surrounding regions. The dikes are all enriched in Mg‐rich olivine relative to surrounding terrain, and a subset also contains elevated high‐calcium pyroxene, both of which indicate relatively primitive magma compositions. We propose that these dikes might have served as feeders for the olivine‐enriched flood basalts in this region, and may be derived from the Tharsis plume. These observations provide further evidence that the opening of Valles Marineris was facilitated by tectonic stresses following paths of preferential weakness along preexisting structures such as fractures and faults like those indicated by these dikes.
Orientation matters: Patch anisotropy controls discharge competence and hydroperiod in a patterned peatland
Authors: Kaplan David A. , Paudel Rajendra , Cohen Matthew J. , Jawitz James W. 
Published: August 2012

Identifying the mechanisms that drive development of self‐organized patterned landscapes is essential for guiding ecosystem management and restoration. In this work, we modeled flow through real and geostatistically simulated landscapes to test the hypothesis that feedbacks between patch anisotropy and hydroperiod may be sufficient to explain development of the flow‐parallel ridge‐slough mosaic of the Everglades (Florida, USA). Results show patch anisotropy to be a strong predictor of hydroperiod, with ecologically significant increases in flooding duration (>40 days/year) in isotropic landscapes compared with areas of the Everglades with the best‐conserved anisotropic patterning. Notably, hydroperiod differences among landscapes were largest in dry years, suggesting that low flow periods may be most influential in landscape pattern development, contrary to alternative models of pattern formation. This study demonstrates the potential for coupled feedbacks between landscape geometry and hydrology to drive anisotropic pattern formation via inundation frequency without requiring velocity‐driven erosion and redistribution of particulates.
Sensitivity of limiting hurricane intensity to ocean warmth
Authors: Elsner J. B. , Trepanier J. C. , Strazzo S. E. , Jagger T. H. 
Published: August 2012

The strongest hurricanes are getting stronger as the oceans heat up especially over the North Atlantic. Sensitivity of hurricane intensity to ocean heating is an important variable for understanding what hurricanes might be like in the future, but reliable estimates are not possible with short time‐series records. Studies using paired values of intensity and sea‐surface temperature (SST) are also limited because most pairs represent hurricanes in an environment less than thermodynamically optimal. Here we overcome these limitations using spatial grids and a model for the limiting hurricane intensity by region and estimate the sensitivity to be 7.9 ± 1.19 m s− K−1 (s.e.) for hurricanes over seas hotter than 25°C across the North Atlantic. Results indicate the potential for stronger hurricanes during the 21st century as oceans continue to warm over this part of the world.
Pulsating aurora beyond the ultra‐low‐frequency range
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Hampton Donald , Ishii Taro , Kozako Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2012

Pulsations, irregularly switching on and off in the brightness with typical durations of an order of 2 to 20 s, are a fundamental characteristic of post‐midnight aurora. Although pulsating aurora is weak compared with those of quiet arcs or breakups, a cutting‐edge sensitive high‐speed camera is now capable of detecting the faint aurora with more than several hundred frames per second. Here we briefly report the fastest‐ever‐observed fluctuation superimposed on a pulsating aurora, which is more than an order of magnitude faster than well‐known 3 ± 1 Hz modulation. The exact generation mechanism remains unknown, and we discuss two different possibilities of the modulation source at the equatorial magnetosphere and at the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupled region.
Early cell changes and TGFβ pathway alterations in the aortopathy associated with bicuspid aortic valve stenosis
Authors: Forte Amalia , Della Corte Alessandro , Grossi Mario , Bancone Ciro , Provenzano Raffaela , Finicelli Mauro , De Feo Marisa , De Santo Luca S. , Nappi Gianantonio , Cotrufo Maurizio , Galderisi Umberto , Cipollaro Marilena 
Published: August 2012

Previous studies on BAV (bicuspid aortic valve)-related aortopathy, whose aetiology is still debated, have focused mainly on severe dilatations. In the present study, we aimed to detect earlier signs of aortopathy. Specimens were collected from the ‘concavity’ (lesser curvature) and the ‘convexity’ (greater curvature) of mildly dilated AAs (ascending aortas; diameter ≤4 cm) with stenotic TAV (tricuspid aortic valve) or BAV and from donor normal aortas. Specimens were submitted to morphometry, immunohistochemistry and differential gene-expression analysis, focusing on SMC (smooth muscle cell) phenotype, remodelling, MF (myofibroblast) differentiation and TGFβ (transforming growth factor β) pathway. Smoothelin and myocardin mRNAs decreased in all the samples from patients, with the exception of those from BAV convexity, where a change in orientation of smoothelin-positive SMCs and an increase of α-SMA (α-smooth muscle actin) mRNA occurred. Dilated aortas from BAV and TAV patients showed both shared and distinct alterations concerning the TGFβ pathway, including an increased TGFβ and TGFβR2 (TGFβ receptor 2) expression in both groups and a decreased TGFβR1 expression in BAV samples only. Despite a decrease of the mRNA coding for the ED-A (extra domain-A) isoform of FN (fibronectin) in the BAV convexity, the onset of the expression of the corresponding protein in the media was observed in dilated aortas, whereas the normal media from donors was negative for this isoform. This discrepancy could be related to modifications in the intima, normally expressing ED-A FN and showing an altered structure in mild aortic dilatations in comparison with donor aorta. Our results suggest that changes in SMC phenotype and, likely, MF differentiation, occur early in the aortopathy associated with valve stenosis. The defective expression of TGFβR1 in BAV might be a constitutive feature, while other changes we reported could be influenced by haemodynamics.
Positive Regulation of psbA Gene Expression by cis-Encoded Antisense RNAs in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Sakurai Isamu , Stazic Damir , Eisenhut Marion , Vuorio Eerika , Steglich Claudia , Hess Wolfgang R. , Aro Eva-Mari 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The D1 protein of photosystem II in the thylakoid membrane of photosynthetic organisms is encoded by psbA genes, which in cyanobacteria occur in the form of a small gene family. Light-dependent up-regulation of psbA gene expression is crucial to ensure the proper replacement of the D1 protein. To gain a high level of gene expression, psbA transcription can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude. Recent transcriptome analyses demonstrated a high number of cis-encoded antisense RNAs (asRNAs) in bacteria, but very little is known about their possible functions. Here, we show the presence of two cis-encoded asRNAs (PsbA2R and PsbA3R) of psbA2 and psbA3 from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. These asRNAs are located in the 5′ untranslated region of psbA2 and psbA3 genes. Their expression becomes up-regulated by light and down-regulated by darkness, similar to their target mRNAs. In the PsbA2R-suppressing strain [PsbA2R(−)], the amount of psbA2 mRNA was only about 50% compared with the control strain. Likewise, we identified a 15% lowered activity of photosystem II and a reduced amount of the D1 protein in PsbA2R(−) compared with the control strain. The function of PsbA2R in the stabilization of psbA2 mRNA was shown from in vitro RNase E assay when the AU box and the ribosome-binding site in the 5′ untranslated region of psbA2 mRNA were both covered by PsbA2R. These results add another layer of complexity to the mechanisms that contribute to psbA gene expression and show PsbA2R as a positively acting factor to achieve a maximum level of D1 synthesis.
A Chimeric Arabinogalactan Protein Promotes Somatic Embryogenesis in Cotton Cell Culture
Authors: Poon Simon , Heath Robyn Louise , Clarke Adrienne Elizabeth 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a family of extracellular plant proteoglycans implicated in many aspects of plant growth and development, including in vitro somatic embryogenesis (SE). We found that specific AGPs were produced by cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) calli undergoing SE and that when these AGPs were isolated and incorporated into tissue culture medium, cotton SE was promoted. When the AGPs were partly or fully deglycosylated, SE-promoting activity was not diminished. Testing of AGPs separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the SE-promoting activity resided in a hydrophobic fraction. We cloned a full-length complementary DNA (cotton PHYTOCYANIN-LIKE ARABINOGALACTAN-PROTEIN1 [GhPLA1]) that encoded the protein backbone of an AGP in the active fraction. It has a chimeric structure comprising an amino-terminal signal sequence, a phytocyanin-like domain, an AGP-like domain, and a hydrophobic carboxyl-terminal domain. Recombinant production of GhPLA1 in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells enabled us to purify and analyze a single glycosylated AGP and to demonstrate that this chimeric AGP promotes cotton SE. Furthermore, the nonglycosylated phytocyanin-like domain from GhPLA1, which was bacterially produced, also promoted SE, indicating that the glycosylated AGP domain was unnecessary for in vitro activity.
Is the subjective perception of lactose intolerance influenced by the psychological profile?
Authors: Tomba C. , Baldassarri A. , Coletta M. , Cesana B. M. , Basilisco G. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryBackgroundSymptoms of lactose intolerance are often attributed to lactose malabsorption but, as this relationship has not been demonstrated when a small dose of lactose similar to that contained in one cup of milk is ingested by intolerant patients, psychological factors may play a role in altered symptom perception.AimTo assess the hypothesis that the psychological profile influences the symptoms of lactose intolerance.MethodsOne hundred and two consecutive patients underwent a 15 g lactose hydrogen breath test to assess lactose malabsorption. The patients recorded the presence and severity of symptoms of lactose intolerance during the breath test using visual analogue scales. The psychological profile was assessed using a psychological symptom checklist, and health‐related quality of life by means of the short‐form health survey.ResultsLactose malabsorption and intolerance were diagnosed in, respectively, 18% and 29% of the patients. The two conditions were not associated, and the severity of intolerance was even less in the patients with malabsorption. Multivariate logistic analysis showed that a high somatisation t‐score was significantly associated with lactose intolerance (odds ratio 4.184; 1.704–10.309); the effects of the other psychological variables and of lactose malabsorption were not statistically significant. Health‐related quality of life was significantly reduced in the patients with somatisation, but not in those with lactose malabsorption.ConclusionsThe symptoms of lactose intolerance during hydrogen breath testing at a low physiological lactose load, are unrelated to lactose malabsorption, but may reveal a tendency towards somatisation that could impair the quality of life.
The acute effects of physical activity on cigarette cravings: systematic review and meta‐analysis with individual participant data
Authors: Haasova Marcela , Warren Fiona C. , Ussher Michael , Janse Van Rensburg Kate , Faulkner Guy , Cropley Mark , Byron‐Daniel James , Everson‐Hock Emma S. , Oh Hwajung , Taylor Adrian H. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimsTo conduct an updated systematic review and the first meta‐analysis of experimental trials investigating the acute effects of short bouts of physical activity (PA) on strength of desire (SoD) and desire to smoke (DtS) using individual participant data (IPD).MethodsA systematic review of literature and IPD meta‐analyses included trials assessing the acute effects of shorts bouts of PA on SoD and DtS among temporarily abstaining smokers not using pharmaceutical aids for smoking cessation. Authors of eligible studies were contacted and raw IPD were obtained. Two‐stage and one‐stage IPD random‐effects meta‐analyses were conducted. Participants engaging in PA were compared against control participants, using post‐intervention SoD and DtS with baseline adjustments.ResultsA two‐stage IPD meta‐analysis assessing effects of PA on SoD yielded an average standardized mean difference (SMD) between PA and control conditions (across 15 primary studies) of −1.91 [95% confidence interval (CI): −2.59 to −1.22]. A two‐stage IPD meta‐analysis assessing effects of PA on DtS yielded an average SMD between PA and control conditions (across 17 primary studies) of −2.03 (95% CI: −2.60 to −1.46). Additional meta‐analyses, including those using a one‐stage model, those including only parallel arm studies and meta‐analyses comparing only moderate exercise against a control condition, showed significant craving reduction following PA. Despite a high degree of between‐study heterogeneity, effects sizes of all primary studies were in the same direction, with PA showing a greater reduction in cravings compared with controls.ConclusionsThere is strong evidence that physical activity acutely reduces cigarette craving.
Interaction of barley powdery mildew effector candidate CSEP0055 with the defence protein PR17c
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Jing , Pedersen Carsten , Kwaaitaal Mark , Gregersen Per L. , Mørch Sara M. , Hanisch Susanne , Kristensen Astrid , Fuglsang Anja T. , Collinge David B. , Thordal‐Christensen Hans 
Published: August 2012

SummaryA large number of effector candidates have been identified recently in powdery mildew fungi. However, their roles and how they perform their functions remain unresolved. In this study, we made use of host‐induced gene silencing and confirmed that the secreted barley powdery mildew effector candidate, CSEP0055, contributes to the aggressiveness of the fungus. This result suggests that CSEP0055 is involved in the suppression of plant defence. A yeast two‐hybrid screen indicated that CSEP0055 interacts with members of the barley pathogenesis‐related protein families, PR1 and PR17. Interaction with PR17c was confirmed by bimolecular fluorescence complementation analyses. Down‐regulation and over‐expression of PR17c in epidermal cells of barley confirmed that this protein is important for penetration resistance against the powdery mildew fungus. In line with this, PR17c was found to be apoplastic, localizing to the papillae formed in response to this fungus. The CSEP0055 transcript did not start to accumulate until 24 h after inoculation. This suggests that this gene is expressed too late to influence primary penetration events, but rather sustains the fungus at sites of secondary penetration, where PR17c appears to be able to accumulate.