bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury
Authors: Maniglio R. 
Published: October 2010

Maniglio R. The role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury.Objective:  To address the best available scientific evidence on the role of child sexual abuse in the etiology of suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury.Method:  Seven databases were searched, supplemented with hand‐search of reference lists from retrieved papers. The author and a psychiatrist independently evaluated the eligibility of all studies identified, abstracted data, and assessed study quality. Disagreements were resolved by consensus.Results:  Four reviews, including about 65 851 subjects from 177 studies, were analyzed. There is evidence that child sexual abuse is a statistically significant, although general and non‐specific, risk factor for suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury. The relationship ranges from small to medium in magnitude and is moderated by sample source and size. Certain biological and psychosocial variables, such as serotonin hypoactivity and genes, family dysfunction, other forms of maltreatment, and some personality traits and psychiatric disorders, may either act independently or interact with child sexual abuse to promote suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury in abuse victims, with child sexual abuse conferring additional risk, either as a ‘distal’ and indirect cause or as a ‘proximal’ and direct cause.Conclusion:  Child sexual abuse should be considered one of the several risk factors for suicide and non‐suicidal self‐injury and included in multifactorial etiological models.
The lactic acid stinging test predicts susceptibility to cumulative irritation caused by two lipophilic irritants*
Authors: Schliemann Sibylle , Antonov Dimitar , Manegold Nicole , Elsner Peter 
Published: October 2010

Background. Skin exposure to lipophilic irritants at workplaces is a risk factor for the development of occupational irritant hand dermatitis. Suitable lipophilic model irritants to be used in repeated irritation studies in volunteers are needed to gain a better understanding of the chemical‐dependent mechanisms of skin irritation. Objectives. To investigate acute and cumulative irritation elicited by two new lipophilic model irritants, octane (CAS No. 111‐65‐9) and cumene (CAS No. 98‐82‐8), in stingers as compared with non‐stingers. Methods. Short‐time occlusive and repetitive occlusive irritation patch tests were performed over 5 days with octane and cumene in two groups of healthy volunteers (n = 15 each) who were classified as stingers and non‐stingers according to a preceding lactic acid stinging test. Acute and cumulative irritation was quantified using clinical assessments and bioengineering methods (laser Doppler flowmetry, transepidermal water loss, capacitance measurements, and skin colour reflectance). Results. Significantly stronger cumulative irritation was observed in stingers than in non‐stingers for both irritants (visual scoring, stratum corneum hydration, and skin colour reflectance). Conclusions. The preliminary results suggest the existence of a distinct sub‐population with increased susceptibility to cumulative irritation induced by lipophilic irritants that can be identified by the lactic acid stinging test.
Low radio-derived star formation rates in z &lt; 0.5 gamma-ray burst host galaxies
Authors: Stanway Elizabeth R. , Davies Luke J. M. , Levan Andrew J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
We present 5.5- and 9.0-GHz observations of five gamma-ray burst host galaxies at z &lt; 0.5, taken using the Australia Telescope Compact Array. We determine tight constraints on the radio continuum flux of four sources (GRB hosts 060218, 060614, 020819 and 990712) and detect a fifth source, the host of GRB 031203, with a flux density Fν(5.50 GHz) = 216 ± 50 μJy. We discuss the star formation rates of all five sources. Our radio-derived star formation rates (and upper limits) are largely consistent with those derived from optical observations, suggesting either that there is little dust-obscured star formation in these sources, or that their starbursts are too young to have established representative radio continuum emission.
EFFECT OF ELECTROLYZED OXIDIZING WATER AND CHLORINATED WATER TREATMENTS ON STRAWBERRY AND BROCCOLI QUALITY
Authors: HUNG YEN‐CON , BAILLY DAMIEN , KIM CHYER , ZHAO YONG , WANG XICHANG 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT Strawberries and broccoli were treated for 5 min with 4C tap water, chlorinated water or electrolyzed oxidizing water (55 and 100 mg/L chlorine, respectively) with or without ultrasonication. Several quality parameters (weight loss, shear force, color, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids and decay) were evaluated to estimate the effect of treatments on consumer acceptability during storage at 4C. Strawberries were examined on the initial day of experiments and at 3, 6, 9 and 13 days of storage, and broccoli on the initial day as well as at 5, 10, 14 and 21 days of storage. On each day of analysis, weight loss, decay and color (L*a*b* values, chroma, hue angle, total color difference) were evaluated. On the last day of storage, texture was measured as force (Newton) needed to shear each sample. For strawberry, samples were also tested for pH, titratable acidity (%) and soluble solids content. No significant differences in quality were detected among strawberries and broccoli subjected to different treatments, and between treated samples and control at any of the sampling times. However, quality of strawberries treated with chlorinated water was significantly affected with respect to weight loss and decay, whereas only decay was significantly affected when broccoli was treated with chlorinated water.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSElectrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water has been demonstrated to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on strawberries and broccoli during a washing treatment. This study found no significant differences in quality among strawberries and broccoli subjected to EO water treatments when compared with the tap water washing treatment or the control (no washing).
Antimicrobial, Antimalarial, and Antileishmanial Activities of Mono‐ and Bis‐quaternary Pyridinium Compounds
Authors: Bharate Sandip B. , Thompson Charles M. 
Published: October 2010

Pyridinium‐based oxime compounds have been utilized worldwide as antidotes following exposure to anticholinesterase agents. In the event of combined chemical and biological incident, it is of vital importance to know the ability of antidotes to provide additional protection against biological threats. This paper reports results of in vitro antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities of a series of quaternary pyridinium oximes against a number of lower pathogenicity BSL‐1 and 2 agents. In general, our compound panel had little to no antimicrobial action except for thiophene‐ and benzothiophene‐substituted monoquaternary pyridinium compounds 21 and 24 that showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococus aureus and methicillin‐resistant S. aureus with IC50 values ranging from 12.2 to 17.7 μg/mL. Compounds 21 and 24 also exhibited antileishmanial activity against Leishmania donovani with IC50 values of 19 and 18 μg/mL, respectively. Another monoquaternary pyridinium compound with a bromobutyl side chain 17 showed antimalarial activity against both a chloroquine sensitive and resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum with IC50 values of 3.7 and 4.0 μg/mL, respectively. None of the bisquaternary pyridinium compounds showed antimicrobial or antiprotozoal activity. None of the compounds showed cytotoxic effects toward mammalian kidney fibroblasts. Results of this study indicate that the pyridinium compounds, some of which are already in use as antidotes, do not have significant antimicrobial and antiprotozoal activities and cannot be relied upon for additional protection in the event of combined chemical–biological incident.
Benefits of cocrystallisation in pharmaceutical materials science: an update
Authors: Friščić Tomislav , Jones William 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
We provide a brief overview of recent applications of cocrystals for improving the physico-chemical and materials properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including solubility, humidity and thermal stability, dissolution rates and compressibility for tablet formation.

Key findings
This overview illustrates the pharmaceutical applications of cocrystals, with a selection of recent examples and also attempts to foresee future developments by proposing several directions not yet explored in the area of pharmaceutical cocrystallisation.

Summary
Reliable strategies for the synthesis and design of pharmaceutical cocrystals have now been established, and the potential of cocrystallisation for enhancing the solid-state properties of drugs is well recognised; the field is now moving towards the understanding of cocrystal structure–property relationships, for which systematic structural studies and computational approaches will play a key role.
Chinese prescription Kangen-karyu prevents dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress in mouse model of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Noh Jeong Sook , Park Chan Hum , Kim Hyun Young , Zhao Qi , Yamabe Noriko , Matsumoto Kinzo , Yokozawa Takako 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
We have investigated the effects of Kangen-karyu, a Chinese prescription, on the lipid metabolism and oxidative stress in a type 2 diabetes model.

Methods
Male db/db mice were divided into three groups: control (vehicle), Kangen-karyu 100 or 200 mg/kg body weight/day orally administered mice. Age-matched non-diabetic m/m mice were used as a normal group.

Key findings
The administration of Kangen-karyu reduced hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia in db/db type 2 diabetic mice through a decline in the serum levels of glucose and lipids, and an improvement of lipoprotein profiles. The increased oxidative stress in db/db mice was attenuated by the administration of Kangen-karyu through inhibiting the generation of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. The enhanced hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol levels of the db/db mice were significantly reduced by Kangen-karyu administration through down-regulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 and lipogenic enzymes in liver. Furthermore, the expressions of hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein levels were also augmented in db/db mice. However, Kangen-karyu reduced the expressions of these inflammatory proteins by inhibiting NF-κB activation in db/db type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions
This study suggests that Kangen-karyu may improve oxidative stress via the regulation of dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes.
Effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats: possible role of cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein inhibition by lovastatin
Authors: Hong Soon-Pyo , Yang Joon-Seung , Han Jung-Yeon , Ha Sung-Il , Chung Joong-Wha , Koh Young-Youp , Chang Kyong-Sig , Choi Dong-Hyun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the effects of lovastatin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in vitro and then to determine the effects of lovastatin on the pharmacokinetics of diltiazem and its main metabolite, desacetyldiltiazem, in rats.MethodsThe pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem were determined after orally administering diltiazem (12 mg/kg) to rats in the presence and absence of lovastatin (0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg). The effect of lovastatin on P-gp as well as CYP3A4 activity was also evaluated.Key findingsLovastatin inhibited CYP3A4 enzyme activity with a 50% inhibition concentration of 6.06 µM. In addition, lovastatin significantly enhanced the cellular accumulation of rhodamine-123 in MCF-7/ADR cells overexpressing P-gp. Compared with the control (given diltiazem alone), the presence of lovastatin significantly altered the pharmacokinetic parameters of diltiazem. The areas under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration of diltiazem were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05, 1.0 mg/kg) in the presence of lovastatin. Consequently, the absolute bioavailability values of diltiazem in the presence of lovastatin (11.1% at 1.0 mg/kg) were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) than that of the control group (7.6%). The metabolite–parent AUC ratio in the presence of lovastatin (1.0 mg/kg) was significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased compared with the control group.ConclusionsIt might be considered that lovastatin resulted in reducing the first-pass metabolism in the intestine and/or in the liver via inhibition of CYP3A4 and increasing the absorption of diltiazem in the intestine via inhibition of P-gp by lovastatin.
Exploring neurotherapeutic space: how many neurological drugs exist (or could exist)?
Authors: Weaver Donald F , Weaver Colin A 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Since high-throughput screening of compound libraries (virtual or real) against druggable targets is increasingly being used to discover therapies for brain disorders, it is crucial to ascertain if such screening methods adequately explore ‘neurotherapeutic space (i.e. the total number of molecules that are or could be neuroactive)’. We present an approach to providing an estimate of the size of neurotherapeutic space.

Methods
Molecular modelling and statistical calculations were used to determine the number of molecules, which exist or could exist, with the necessary physicochemical and structural properties to be neurologically active drugs.

Key findings
Assuming eight fundamental types of drug–receptor interactions, five different functional groups per type of interaction and five different molecular platforms for each functional group array, we calculated the total number of molecules that could be contained within a 7 Å radius sphere, used to define neuroactive chemical space. This calculation revealed that there are 6 × 1015 molecules that could be neurological drugs.

Conclusions
Clearly, when it comes to exploring neurochemical space, we are still in our infancy and conventional high-throughput screening provides only a very limited sampling of the neuroactive chemical space that is available to neurotherapeutic compounds.
Anti-inflammatory potential of Phaseolus calcaratus Roxburgh, a oriental medicine, on LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Fang Minghao , Lee Seung-Youp , Park Seung-Moon , Choi Ki-Choon , Lee Young Jae , Cho Hyoung-Kwon , Cho Seong-Wan , Whang Wan Kyunn , Lee Jeong-Chae 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The seed of Phaseolus calcaratus Roxburgh (PHCR) has traditionally been used as a herbal medicine, considered to have anti-inflammatory potential. Here we examined the ability of PHCR seed extract to inhibit inflammatory responses of macrophages to bacterial toxin and the mechanism involved.

Methods
In the present study, we prepared four fractions from an ethanol extract of PHCR seed and investigated their effects on the production of nitric oxide and cytokines, and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells.

Key findings
The fractions inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide production and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in the cells. The ethyl acetate fraction at 100 µg/ml almost completely suppressed NO production, iNOS and COX-2 expression, and TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in cells stimulated with LPS. The fraction also inhibited phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38 in LPS-stimulated cells with the attendant suppression of IκBα nuclear translocation and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation. Furthermore, PHCR seed extracts contained a large number of phenolic compounds having antioxidant potentials against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and hydroxyl radicals. We identified catechin-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside as one of the active compounds responsible for the biological activity of PHCR seed extract.

Conclusions
These results suggest for the first time that ethanol extracts from PHCR seed have anti-inflammatory potential on LPS-stimulated macrophages through the down-regulation of ERK/p38- and NF-κB-mediated signalling pathways.
Physicochemical characterization and drug-release properties of celecoxib hot-melt extruded glass solutions
Authors: Andrews Gavin P , Abu-Diak Osama , Kusmanto Febe , Hornsby Peter , Hui Zhai , Jones David S 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe interest in hot-melt extrusion (HME) as a drug delivery technology for the production of glass solutions is growing rapidly. HME glass solutions have a tendency to recrystallize during storage and also typically have a very dense structure, restricting the ingress of dissolution fluid and retarding drug release. In this study, we have used HME to manufacture glass solutions containing celecoxib (CX) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and have assessed the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as a pore-forming agent to enhance drug release. Differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the formation of glass solutions following extrusion. All extrudates exhibited a single glass transition temperature (Tg), positioned between the Tg values of CX and PVP. The instability of glass solutions is a significant problem during storage. Stabilization may be improved through the appropriate choice of excipient to facilitate drug–polymer interactions. The Gordon–Taylor equation showed that the Tg values of all extrudates expected on ideal mixing were lower than those observed experimentally. This may be indicative of drug–polymer interactions that decrease free volume and elevate the Tg. Molecular interactions between CX and PVP were further confirmed using Fourier transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Storage stability of the extrudates was shown to be dependent on drug loading. Samples containing a higher CX loading were less stable, which we ascribed to decreased Tg and hence increased mobility within the drug–polymer matrix. The solubility of CX was improved through the formulation of extruded glass solutions, but release rate was relatively slow. Exposure of extrudates to scCO2 had no effect on the solid-state properties of CX but did produce a highly porous structure. The drug-release rate from extrudates after scCO2 exposure was significantly higher.
Bioavailability of indomethacin-saccharin cocrystals
Authors: Jung Min-Sook , Kim Jeong-Soo , Kim Min-Soo , Alhalaweh Amjad , Cho Wonkyung , Hwang Sung-Joo , Velaga Sitaram P 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
Pharmaceutical cocrystals are new solid forms with physicochemical properties that appear promising for drug product development. However, the in-vivo bioavailability of cocrystals has rarely been addressed. The cocrystal of indomethacin (IND), a Biopharmaceutical Classification System class II drug, with saccharin (SAC) has been shown to have higher solubility than IND at all pH. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the in-vitro dissolution and in-vivo bioavailability of IND–SAC cocrystals in comparison with IND in a physical mixture and the marketed product Indomee®.

Methods
Scale-up of the cocrystals was undertaken using cooling batch crystallisation without seeding. The chemical and physical purity of the up-scaled material was verified using high-performance liquid chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. The IND–SAC cocrystals and IND plus SAC were mixed with lactose and the formulations were placed into gelatin capsules. In-vitro dissolution studies were then performed using the rotating basket dissolution method. The intrinsic dissolution rate of IND and IND–SAC cocrystals was also determined. Finally, a bioavailability study for the formulations was conducted in beagle dogs. The plasma samples were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography and the pharmacokinetic data were analysed using standard methodologies.

Key findings
The bulk cocrystals (i.e. scaled-up material) were chemically and physically pure. The in-vitro dissolution rate of the cocrystals was higher than that of IND and similar to that of Indomee® at pH 7.4 and pH 1.2. The in-vivo bioavailability of the IND–SAC cocrystals in dogs was significantly higher (ANOVA, P &lt; 0.05) than that of IND but not significantly different from Indomee® (ANOVA, P &gt; 0.05).

Conclusions
The study indicates that the improved aqueous solubility of the cocrystals leads to improved bioavailability of IND. Thus, the cocrystals are a viable alternative solid form that can improve the dissolution rate and bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
Medical leadership: why it’s important, what is required, and how we develop it
Authors: Warren Oliver J , Carnall Ruth 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT
Good medical leadership is vital in delivering high-quality healthcare, and yet medical career progression has traditionally seen leadership lack credence in comparison with technical and academic ability. Individual standards have varied, leading to variations in the quality of medical leadership between different organisations and, on occasions, catastrophic lapses in the standard of care provided to patients. These high-profile events, plus increasing evidence linking clinical leadership to performance of units, has led recently to more focus on leadership development for all doctors, starting earlier and continuing throughout their careers. There is also an increased drive to see doctors take on more significant leadership roles throughout the healthcare system. The achievement of these aims will require doctors to develop strong personal and professional values, a range of non-technical skills that allow them to lead across professional boundaries, and an understanding of the increasingly complex environment in which 21st century healthcare is delivered. Developing these attributes will require dedicated resources and the sophisticated application of a variety of different learning methodologies such as mentoring, coaching, action learning and networking.
Ultrasonography of spontaneous lesions of the genital system of three rams, and their influence on semen quality
Authors: Ahmad N. , England G. C. W. , Noakes D. E. 
Published: October 2010

Three young Suffolk ram lambs had lesions which rendered them reproductively unsound. One had a unilateral scrotal hernia, detected by palpation, and two had sperm granulomas which were detected by trans‐scrotal ultrasonography at 18 to 20 weeks of age, before they could be detected by palpation. Changes in the lesions were monitored ultrasonographically at two‐week intervals with a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. On the day of each examination, semen was collected from the rams with sperm granulomas by using an artificial vagina, and their libido was assessed. Semen could rarely be collected from the third ram. Comparisons were made with similar data obtained from two normal rams. When the rams were 20 to 21 months of age, they were vasectomised on the normal side, so that the influence of the lesions on semen composition and libido could be assessed, and semen was collected and evaluated until they were euthanased at approximately 24 months of age, when the genital system was examined for gross lesions. The sperm granulomas changed in size (one of them increased in size by about 30 times) and echotexture over the 19‐month period of the study, whereas the scrotal hernia, which contained omental fat, remained fairly constant. The libido of the two rams with sperm granulomas was comparable with the two normal controls. The total mean (sem) number of sperm in the ejaculates were 1.11 (0.10) × 109and 2.03 (0.17) × 109sperm/ml in the affected rams and 4.11 × 109sperm/ml in the normal rams over the same period; the differences were significant (P<0.05). After unilateral vasectomy, the ejaculates from these two rams contained small numbers of dead spermatozoa, mostly with degenerate heads. Postmortem examination confirmed the gross lesions identified ultrasonographically.