bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of CytokinemRNAExpression in the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Horses with Inflammatory Airway Disease and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Mastocytosis or Neutrophilia UsingRESTSoftware Analysis
Authors: Beekman L. , Tohver T. , Léguillette R. 
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesThe pathophysiology of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) is unknown, but in some cases involves the accumulation of mast cells, neutrophils, or both in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). The objective of this study was to characterize cytokine gene expression in theBALFcells of horses withIAD, including a comparison of cytokine gene expression betweenIADhorses with increasedBALFmast cells (IAD‐Mast) or neutrophils (IAD‐Neutro).MethodsThemRNAexpression of IL‐4, IFN‐γ, IL‐17, IL‐8, IL‐1β, IL‐5, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12p35, and eotaxin‐2 was studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) with efficiency correction in BALF samples of 17 horses with IAD (IAD‐total), also subcategorized as 8 IAD‐Mast and 9 IAD‐Neutro, and 10 controls. Glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was used as a reference gene. Relative expression software tool (REST) analysis provided ratios of expression, statistical analysis, and confidence intervals for the results.ResultsCompared with the control group, IL‐5, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, and IL‐10mRNAexpression was upregulated 3.5‐, 3.4‐, 2.8‐, 2.2‐, and 1.9‐fold, respectively, in the IAD‐total group. The IAD‐Neutro group showed increased expression of IL‐17, IL‐8, and IL‐5 (4.7‐, 2.5‐, and 2.9‐fold, respectively) and a decreased expression of IL‐4 (3.4‐fold) compared with the IAD‐Mast group.ConclusionCytokines from the Th2 family plays a key role inIADand a different pathophysiology may be involved in mast cell versus neutrophilBALFaccumulation inIADhorses.
Complex dynamic upper airway collapse: Associations between abnormalities in 99 harness racehorses with one or more dynamic disorders
Authors: STRAND E. , SKJERVE E. 
Published: December 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Many horses demonstrate dynamic collapse of more than one upper respiratory tract (URT) structure during high‐speed treadmill videoendoscopy (HSTV).Objectives:To report the frequency of complex dynamic URT collapse in harness racehorses and determine if an association exists between occurrence of certain disorders.Methods:Retrospective study of 99 Standardbreds and Coldblooded trotters that had one or more dynamic URT disorders identified during HSTV between 1998 and 2006. The horses underwent HSTV using a protocol that included periods of free head carriage and poll flexion until fully fatigued. Dynamic abnormalities were classified as: dynamic laryngeal collapse (DLC) associated with poll flexion; axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds (ADAF); dynamically flaccid epiglottis (FE); caudal palatal instability (PI); intermittent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (iDDSP); pharyngeal collapse (PC); alar fold collapse (AFC) and nasal flutter (NF). Cluster analysis and Fisher's exact test was performed between groups. Significance was set at P<0.05.Results:The overall incidence of complex dynamic URT collapse was 69.7%. Axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds was significantly associated with PI (P<0.0001) and FE (P<0.0001); iDDSP was significantly associated with PI (P = 0.004) only. Dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion was significantly associated with FE (P = 0.002). Cluster analysis confirmed strong associations between the above diagnosis groups and weaker associations between others.Conclusion:Caudal PI seems to result in 2 diagnosis groupings: one that leads to ADAF and the other to iDDSP. Dynamic collapse of the margins of the epiglottis was a common finding in this study strongly associated with DLC, PI and ADAF.Potential clinical relevance:The associations between certain dynamic diagnoses identified in this study seems best explained as due to local anatomic and functional weaknesses that influence other structures through the Bernouilli principle, rather than being due to a generalised neurological disorder.
A Pharmacologic Inhibitor of the Protease Taspase1 Effectively Inhibits Breast and Brain Tumor Growth
Authors: Chen David Y. , Lee Yishan , Van Tine Brian A. , Searleman Adam C. , Westergard Todd D. , Liu Han , Tu Ho-Chou , Takeda Shugaku , Dong Yiyu , Piwnica-Worms David R. , Oh Kyoung J. , Korsmeyer Stanley J. , Hermone Ann , Gussio Richard , Shoemaker Robert H. , Cheng Emily H.-Y. , Hsieh James J.-D. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The threonine endopeptidase Taspase1 has a critical role in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we developed and evaluated small molecule inhibitors of Taspase1 as a new candidate class of therapeutic modalities. Genetic deletion of Taspase1 in the mouse produced no overt deficiencies, suggesting the possibility of a wide therapeutic index for use of Taspase1 inhibitors in cancers. We defined the peptidyl motifs recognized by Taspase1 and conducted a cell-based dual-fluorescent proteolytic screen of the National Cancer Institute diversity library to identify Taspase1 inhibitors (TASPIN). On the basis of secondary and tertiary screens the 4-[(4-arsonophenyl)methyl]phenyl] arsonic acid NSC48300 was determined to be the most specific active compound. Structure–activity relationship studies indicated a crucial role for the arsenic acid moiety in mediating Taspase1 inhibition. Additional fluorescence resonance energy transfer–based kinetic analysis characterized NSC48300 as a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of Taspase1 (Ki = 4.22 μmol/L). In the MMTV-neu mouse model of breast cancer and the U251 xenograft model of brain cancer, NSC48300 produced effective tumor growth inhibition. Our results offer an initial preclinical proof-of-concept to develop TASPINs for cancer therapy. Cancer Res; 72(3); 736–46. ©2011 AACR.
Mitotic Checkpoints and Chromosome Instability Are Strong Predictors of Clinical Outcome in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Lagarde Pauline , Pérot Gaëlle , Kauffmann Audrey , Brulard Céline , Dapremont Valérie , Hostein Isabelle , Neuville Agnès , Wozniak Agnieszka , Sciot Raf , Schöffski Patrick , Aurias Alain , Coindre Jean-Michel , Debiec-Rychter Maria , Chibon Frédéric 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose: The importance of KIT and PDGFRA mutations in the oncogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) is well established, but the genetic basis of GIST metastasis is poorly understood. We recently published a 67 gene expression prognostic signature related to genome complexity (CINSARC for Complexity INdex in SARComas) and asked whether it could predict outcome in GISTs.Experimental Design: We carried out genome and expression profiling on 67 primary untreated GISTs.Results: We show and validate here that it can predict metastasis in a new data set of 67 primary untreated GISTs. The gene whose expression was most strongly associated with metastasis was AURKA, but the AURKA locus was not amplified. Instead, we identified deletion of the p16 (CDKN2A) and retinoblastoma (RB1) genes as likely causal events leading to increased AURKA and CINSARC gene expression, to chromosome rearrangement, and ultimately to metastasis. On the basis of these findings, we established a Genomic Index that integrates the number and type of DNA copy number alterations. This index is a strong prognostic factor in GISTs. We show that CINSARC class, AURKA expression, and Genomic Index all outperform the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) grading system in determining the prognosis of patients with GISTs. Interestingly, these signatures can identify poor prognosis patients in the group classified as intermediate-risk by the AFIP classification.Conclusions: We propose that a high Genomic Index determined by comparative genomic hybridization from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded samples could be used to identify AFIP intermediate-risk patients who would benefit from imatinib therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 18(3); 826–38. ©2011 AACR.
The 2-Nitroimidazole EF5 Is a Biomarker for Oxidoreductases That Activate the Bioreductive Prodrug CEN-209 under Hypoxia
Authors: Wang Jingli , Foehrenbacher Annika , Su Jiechuang , Patel Rita , Hay Michael P. , Hicks Kevin O. , Wilson William R. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Benzotriazine-N-oxide bioreductive prodrugs such as tirapazamine and its improved analogue CEN-209 (SN30000) have potential for exploiting hypoxia in tumors. Here, we test the hypothesis that the 2-nitroimidazole EF5, in clinical development for both immunohistochemical and positron emission tomography imaging of hypoxia, can detect not only hypoxia but also the one-electron reductases required for activation of these hypoxia-targeted prodrugs.
Experimental Design: Aerobic and hypoxic covalent binding of [14C]-EF5 was determined in human tumor cell lines, including lines with overexpression of NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR), and reductive metabolism of tirapazamine and CEN-209 by mass spectrometry. DNA damage response was measured by γH2AX formation. Bioreductive metabolism was modulated in HCT116 tumor xenografts by overexpression of CYPOR and breathing of hyperbaric oxygen or 10% oxygen.
Results: Overexpression of CYPOR induced similar 2- to 4-fold increases in EF5 binding and metabolic reduction of tirapazamine and CEN-209 in SiHa and HCT116 cell lines, and similar enhancement of γH2AX formation. EF5 binding and metabolic reduction of the prodrugs were highly correlated in a panel of 14 hypoxic tumor cell lines. In HCT116 xenografts, CYPOR overexpression also significantly increased EF5 binding and CEN-209 reduction, and modification of tumor hypoxia caused similar changes to the bioreductive activation of both agents, resulting in a strong correlation between EF5 binding and CEN209-induced DNA damage (R2 = 0.68, P &lt; 0.0001) at the individual tumor level.
Conclusions: EF5 binding is a promising stratification biomarker for benzotriazine-N-oxide bioreductive prodrugs because of its potential for interrogating reductase activity as well as hypoxia in individual tumors. Clin Cancer Res; 18(6); 1684–95. ©2011 AACR.
Dietary Fat and Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women According to Ethnicity and Hormone Receptor Status: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Park Song-Yi , Kolonel Laurence N. , Henderson Brian E. , Wilkens Lynne R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractDietary fat has been widely studied as a risk factor for breast cancer, with little consistency in results. The Multiethnic Cohort Study (MEC) provides an opportunity to assess this relationship for possible heterogeneity across different racial/ethnic groups, as well as by stratification on several other variables associated with risk. Therefore, we investigated the associations between dietary fat, overall and by type, and breast cancer risk among 85,089 postmenopausal women who entered the MEC by completing a comprehensive dietary questionnaire in 1993 to 1996. During a mean follow-up of 12 years, 3,885 incident invasive breast cancer cases were identified. The multivariate HR [95% confidence interval (CI)] for the highest versus lowest quintile of intake was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.85–1.05) for total fat and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.83–1.04) for saturated fat. Other specific types of dietary fat, including individual fatty acids, were not related to risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. We found no heterogeneity in these null findings across the five ethnic groups. Furthermore, we found no evidence that the association between dietary fat and postmenopausal breast cancer risk differed by estrogen/progesterone receptor status, tumor stage, body mass index, hormone replacement therapy use, follow-up period, family history of breast cancer, and smoking status at baseline. In conclusion, this comprehensive prospective analysis in the MEC does not support a role of adult intake of dietary fat in the etiology of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Prev Res; 5(2); 216–28. ©2011 AACR.
Multimedia Approach to Preoperative Adenotonsillectomy Counseling
Authors: Adams Mary Theresa , Chen Brian , Makowski Renee , Bevans Scott , Boseley Mark 
Published: December 2011

ObjectiveThe primary objective was to compare retention of knowledge of surgical risks in parents of children having an adenotonsillectomy who received a preoperative handout or watched a video, in addition to standard counseling. A secondary objective was to determine whether time from counseling to day of surgery affects risk retention.Study DesignProspective randomized control study.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsThe study, conducted March 2010 through April 2011, included participants who had children undergoing adenotonsillectomy. The preoperative and postoperative test scores of those undergoing verbal counseling, counseling with handout, or counseling with video were compared.ResultsForty‐five participants were tasked to identify 9 risks of adenotonsillectomy. Preoperatively, participants identified an average of 6.8 (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2‐7.3) in the counseling group, 7.3 (95% CI, 6.4‐8.3) in the counseling and handout group, and 6.6 (95% CI, 5.9‐7.3) in the counseling and video group (P =. 32). Postoperatively, participants identified an average of 5.8 (95% CI, 4.9‐6.7) in the counseling group, 6.5 (95% CI, 5.3‐7.6) in the counseling and handout group, and 5.2 (95% CI, 4.1‐6.3) in the counseling and video group (P =. 19). Time between preoperative counseling and day of surgery was inversely correlated with postoperative score (β −.34, P =. 02).ConclusionParticipants were not able to identify all of the risks associated with adenotonsillectomy. There was no difference in identification of risks associated with adenotonsillectomy among different modalities of counseling. Participants retained more information when there was less time between the preoperative counseling and day of surgery.
Articles on Mass Communications in Magazines of the U. S. A.
Authors: Higbie Charles E. , Baker Dean C. , Brown Donald E. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S. 
Published: December 2011

Activity on issues between the federal government and the press continued during the third quarter of 1955. However no single major flare-up resulted although there were several vital questions opened up for debate. The Eisenhower administration continued to issue “dry-up” orders on information in several new areas including firms holding defense equipment orders. At least two congressional committees entered the field of investigation of press v. government relations. Newspaper organizations heard several discussions and disquiet over the situation was evident at a number of conventions although no outright, official action was taken. In the radio and television field great interest in the theoretical merits and drawbacks of “pay” television programs continued. The status of the FCC as a result of the Lamb case also was being watched.
Relationship Between Learning Problems and Attention Deficit in Childhood
Authors: Pondé Milena Pereira , Cruz-Freire Antônio Carlos , Silveira André Almeida 
Published: December 2011

Objective: To assess the impact of attention deficit on learning problems in a sample of schoolchildren in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. Method: All students enrolled in selected elementary schools were included in this study, making a total of 774 children. Each child was assessed by his or her teacher using a standardized scale. The Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Scale–Teacher’s Version ( Benczic, 2000 ) was used to evaluate ADHD symptoms and learning problems. Results: A very strong association was found between attention deficit and learning problems (prevalence ratio [PR] = 31.7; 95% confidence interval = [16.1, 62.3]). Conclusion: Results suggest either that attention deficit leads to learning problems or that attention deficit and learning problems are comorbid conditions, in which case learning problems may also contribute to secondary symptoms in ADHD.
Junior Scholars in Search of Equity for Women and Minorities
Authors: Rush Ramona R. , Oukrop Carol E. , Sarikakis Katharine , Andsager Julie , Wooten Billy , Daufin E-K 
Published: December 2011

This paper reflects upon the 2002 report on the status of women in journalism and mass communications education that updated and expanded the 1972 study by senior authors Rush and Oukrop. Survey data from the 1972 and the 2002 studies are compared in a highlights section. The focus of this monograph is on the demographic group of “junior scholars” from the 2002 database. It argues that the majority of junior scholars perceive discrimination in several aspects of academic life, including the processes of hiring, promotion, and tenure. The major area of discrimination reported is salary, although rewards other than financial are also subject to unequal treatment. Furthermore, junior scholars are still confronted with centuries-old prejudices that define the role of women as caretakers and impose that role upon them, with effects on women's professional development. The working conditions in the academy are finally reflected in the research outcomes and knowledge produced. The 2002 study report demonstrates that 30 years later women still perceive discrimination. Women and minorities have made great strides in the national organization, the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC), but discrimination remains a significant issue in the individual academic units of universities. This monograph argues that the Ratio of Recurrent and Reinforced Residuum (R3) consistently fits data about women in journalism and mass communication both in the academy and in media professions around the world. This paper includes reflections and comments of younger scholars currently at different stages on the academic ladder and makes recommendations for short and long-term actions that new scholars, academic units, and communications organizations should take to help correct inequality.
Black Ink and the New Red Power: Native American Newspapers and Tribal Sovereignty
Authors: Loew Patty , Mella Kelly 
Published: December 2011

This research explores the relationship between Native American newspapers and tribal sovereignty. By means of a content analysis of more than a thousand environmental stories in four tribal newspapers in Wisconsin, interviews with Native American journalists, and discussions with Indian focus groups, the study examines the themes and values tribal journalists and their readers attach to sovereignty. The research suggests that Native newspapers are an important source of information about sovereignty for Native Americans. It also finds that cultural values and themes that reinforce sovereignty emerge from Native news reports about the environment. The United States Government has a unique legal relationship with Native American tribal governments as set forth in the Constitution of the United States, treaties, statutes, and court decisions. As executive departments and agencies undertake activities affecting Native American tribal rights or trust resources, such activities should be implemented in a knowledgeable, sensitive manner respectful of tribal sovereignty … to ensure that the Federal Government operates within a government-to-government relationship with federally recognized Native American tribes.
Development, evaluation and application of 3D QSAR Pharmacophore model in the discovery of potential human renin inhibitors
Authors: John Shalini , Thangapandian Sundarapandian , Arooj Mahreen , Hong Jong Chan , Kim Kwang Dong , Lee Keun Woo 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundRenin has become an attractive target in controlling hypertension because of the high specificity towards its only substrate, angiotensinogen. The conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I is the first and rate-limiting step of renin-angiotensin system and thus designing inhibitors to block this step is focused in this study.MethodsLigand-based quantitative pharmacophore modeling methodology was used in identifying the important molecular chemical features present in the set of already known active compounds and the missing features from the set of inactive compounds. A training set containing 18 compounds including active and inactive compounds with a substantial degree of diversity was used in developing the pharmacophore models. A test set containing 93 compounds, Fischer randomization, and leave-one-out methods were used in the validation of the pharmacophore model. Database screening was performed using the best pharmacophore model as a 3D structural query. Molecular docking and density functional theory calculations were used to select the hit compounds with strong molecular interactions and favorable electronic features.ResultsThe best quantitative pharmacophore model selected was made of one hydrophobic, one hydrogen bond donor, and two hydrogen bond acceptor features with high a correlation value of 0.944. Upon validation using an external test set of 93 compounds, Fischer randomization, and leave-one-out methods, this model was used in database screening to identify chemical compounds containing the identified pharmacophoric features. Molecular docking and density functional theory studies have confirmed that the identified hits possess the essential binding characteristics and electronic properties of potent inhibitors.ConclusionA quantitative pharmacophore model of predictive ability was developed with essential molecular features of a potent renin inhibitor. Using this pharmacophore model, two potential inhibitory leads were identified to be used in designing novel and future renin inhibitors as antihypertensive drugs.
Impact of sub-inhibitory antibiotics on fibronectin-mediated host cell adhesion and invasion by Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Rasigade Jean Philippe , Moulay Abdelmalek , Lhoste Yannick , Tristan Anne , Bes Michele , Vandenesch François , Etienne Jerome , Lina Gerard , Laurent Frederic , Dumitrescu Oana 
Published: December 2011

Abstract

Background

Staphylococcus aureus is a well-armed pathogen prevalent in severe infections such as endocarditis and osteomyelitis. Fibronectin-binding proteins A and B, encoded by fnbA/B, are major pathogenesis determinants in these infections through their involvement in S. aureus adhesion to and invasion of host cells. Sub-minimum inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) of antibiotics, frequently occurring in vivo because of impaired drug diffusion at the infection site, can alter S. aureus phenotype. We therefore investigated their impact on S. aureus fibronectin-mediated adhesiveness and invasiveness.

Methods
After in vitro challenge of S. aureus 8325-4 and clinical isolates with sub-MICs of major anti-staphylococcal agents, we explored fnbA/B transcription levels, bacterial adhesiveness to immobilised human fibronectin and human osteoblasts in culture, and bacterial invasion of human osteoblasts.

Results
Oxacillin, moxifloxacin and linezolid led to the development of a hyper-adhesive phenotype in the fibronectin adhesion assay that was consistent with an increase in fnbA/B transcription. Conversely, rifampin treatment decreased fibronectin binding in all strains tested without affecting fnbA/B transcription. Gentamicin and vancomycin had no impact on fibronectin binding or fnbA/B transcription levels. Only oxacillin-treated S. aureus displayed a significantly increased adhesion to cultured osteoblasts, but its invasiveness did not differ from that of untreated controls.

Conclusion
Our findings demonstrate that several antibiotics at sub-MICs modulate fibronectin binding in S. aureus in a drug-specific fashion. However, hyper- and hypo- adhesive phenotypes observed in controlled in vitro conditions were not fully confirmed in whole cell infection assays. The relevance of adhesion modulation during in vivo infections is thus still uncertain and requires further investigations.