bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of students assigned to technology‐based instruction
Authors: Ross John A. , Sibbald Tim , Bruce Catherine D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPrevious research has examined factors influencing teacher decisions to integrate technology using between‐teacher designs. This study used a within‐teacher design to compare students who were assigned multi‐media learning objects for learning fractions with students taught by the same teachers who were not assigned to the technology. There were two conditions: (1) teachers were asked to limit the number of assigned students to 25% of their class (N = 375 grade 7–10 students) and (2) teachers could assign as many students as they wanted (N = 149 grade 7 students). In the constrained decision setting, students assigned to the technology were more likely than students not assigned to score lower on a fractions achievement test, have dysfunctional attitudes towards mathematics learning, have low self‐efficacy, exert low effort, and be male. In the unconstrained decision setting, 70% of students were assigned the technology and the only statistically significant predictor was prior achievement. Teachers' criteria were congruent with research identifying correlates of mathematics achievement and comfort with technology.
Ultrastructural characterization of apoptotic granulosa cells in caprine ovary
Authors: SHARMA R.K. , BHARDWAJ J.K. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe unique phenomenon of cell proliferation and apoptosis is encountered in the ovarian follicles undergoing early stages of atresia. The aim of this study was to verify the morphological variations in these two physiologically distinct processes operating in antral follicles of caprine ovaries using histological and ultrastructural techniques. Histologically the degenerating granulosa cells were characterized by condensed cytoplasm, and nucleus fragmentation in hazy cytosol. The pyknotic nuclei of degenerating cells stained darkly with haematoxylin and giemsa while the cytoplasm was eosinophilic. Under electron microscopy, apoptosis was marked by asymmetrical shrinkage, vacuolization of cytoplasm, swollen and vacuolated mitochondria, increased irregularity and/or fragmentation of nucleus, chromatin condensation and finally, production of membrane enclosed nuclear fragments containing intracellular material, the apoptotic bodies. The parallel use of these two methods on caprine ovaries has enabled us to analyse the decline in the frequency of granulosa cells during follicular atresia due to apoptosis.
Computation of a tetrahedral mesh for striated muscle deformation simulation
Authors: ZAHER A.R. , WEICHERT F. , BRAMSIEPE N. , LANDES C.A. , AWAD S. , SHAMAA A. , WAGNER M. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryCompeting concepts exist regarding surgery for instance of the cleft lip and palate to date. Morphology‐based simulations at histological scale may one day be used to help the surgeon predict the possible outcome of a variety of approaches. It however can be a challenge to generate volume meshes that are applicable to the mathematical modelling of three‐dimensional spatial modifications. Computation of surface meshes may be considered less delicate. The aim of this study is to design and evaluate a novel algorithm that supports finite element methods. Images of histological serial sections of a striated muscle were segmented. Results of the three‐dimensional reconstruction of multiple layers of the polygonal segmentation data characterized the hull of the muscle. The corresponding surface mesh was then converted into a tetrahedral mesh to generate volume. This was achieved by mapping multiple template types onto neighbouring intersection polygons. Muscle contraction was subsequently simulated by mesh deformation. The technique successfully generated volumes and was able to provide data on contraction directions. The mesh supported a novel approach to simulate representations of contraction. However, several drawbacks were evident. Mathematical modelling of scenarios with more than one striated muscle will require considerable modification of the currently presented approach. Future studies need to then evaluate the applicability of volume meshes to represent arrays of three‐dimensional biological objects. Surface mesh based mathematical modelling of cleft lip and palate surgery and its results are therefore not yet in reach.
Antipsychotic‐induced hyperprolactinaemia in patients with schizophrenia: considerations in relation to bone mineral density
Authors: STUBBS B. 
Published: August 2009

Accessible summary

Schizophrenia affects about 1% of the world's population and such patients are at risk of a variety of physical health conditions, including diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertensions and osteoporosis.
Osteoporosis secondary to antipsychotic medication‐induced hyperprolactinaemia (i.e. raised prolactin levels) has received little attention, when compared with metabolic syndrome for instance.
A recent study established that schizophrenia and prolactin‐raising antipsychotic medication are directly associated with hip fractures. This is important and concerning as osteoporotic fractures are associated with much morbidity and mortality.
This paper reviews the literature on antipsychotic‐induced hyperprolactinaemia and its subsequent effects on bone mineral density.

AbstractSchizophrenia affects about 1% of the world's population. Those with schizophrenia are at elevated risk of a variety of physical health conditions, including diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension and osteoporosis. Osteoporosis secondary to antipsychotic‐induced hyperprolactinaemia (i.e. raised prolactin levels) has received little attention, when compared with reports on metabolic syndrome for instance. A recent study established that schizophrenia and prolactin‐raising antipsychotic medication is directly associated with hip fractures. This is important and concerning as osteoporotic fractures are associated with much morbidity and mortality. This paper reviews the literature on antipsychotic‐induced hyperprolactinaemia and its subsequent effects on bone mineral density.
The halophilic alkalithermophile Natranaerobius thermophilus adapts to multiple environmental extremes using a large repertoire of Na+(K+)/H+ antiporters
Authors: Mesbah Noha M. , Cook Gregory M. , Wiegel Juergen 
Published: August 2009

Summary Natranaerobius thermophilus is an unusual extremophile because it is halophilic, alkaliphilic and thermophilic, growing optimally at 3.5 M Na+, pH55°C 9.5 and 53°C. Mechanisms enabling this tripartite lifestyle are essential for understanding how microorganisms grow under inhospitable conditions, but remain unknown, particularly in extremophiles growing under multiple extremes. We report on the response of N. thermophilus to external pH at high salt and elevated temperature and identify mechanisms responsible for this adaptation. N. thermophilus exhibited cytoplasm acidification, maintaining an unanticipated transmembrane pH gradient of 1 unit over the entire extracellular pH range for growth. N. thermophilus uses two distinct mechanisms for cytoplasm acidification. At extracellular pH values at and below the optimum, N. thermophilus utilizes at least eight electrogenic Na+(K+)/H+ antiporters for cytoplasm acidification. Characterization of these antiporters in antiporter‐deficient Escherichia coli KNabc showed overlapping pH profiles (pH 7.8–10.0) and Na+ concentrations for activity (K0.5 values 1.0–4.4 mM), properties that correlate with intracellular conditions of N. thermophilus. As the extracellular pH increases beyond the optimum, electrogenic antiport activity ceases, and cytoplasm acidification is achieved by energy‐independent physiochemical effects (cytoplasmic buffering) potentially mediated by an acidic proteome. The combination of these strategies allows N. thermophilus to grow over a range of extracellular pH and Na+ concentrations and protect biomolecules under multiple extreme conditions.
Effects of Lipopolysaccharide on the Induction of Mixed Chimerism in Cyclophosphamide‐Induced Tolerance
Authors: Onzuka T. , Tomita Y. , Shimizu I. , Okano S. , Yamada H. , Yoshikai Y. , Tominaga R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCyclophosphamide (CP)‐induced tolerance is a mixed chimerism‐based tolerance and is one of the strategies used to induce transplant tolerance. Toll‐like receptor (TLR) agonists are reportedly able to abrogate the induction of tolerance by activating alloreactive T cells, or by inhibiting Treg cells. However, little is known about the effect of the immune response mediated by TLR on mixed chimerism‐based tolerance protocols. In this study, we evaluated the influence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is best known as an TLR4 agonist, on CP‐induced tolerance. BALB/c (H‐2d) mice received a conditioning regimen consisting of 108 donor DBA/2 (H‐2d) spleen cells (SC) on day 0 and 200 mg/kg CP on day 2. A single dose of 20 μg LPS was injected on day −2, 0, 7, or 35. Our results showed that LPS infusion at any time point resulted in chronic rejection of donor skin grafts and the abrogation of mixed chimerism in 33–60% of recipients. We found a correlation between skin graft acceptance and higher levels of mixed chimerism. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that donor‐reactive T cells were permanently eliminated, regardless of LPS infusion. In conclusion, LPS‐infusion had little influence on the immune response of donor‐reactive T cells, but had a significant effect on the induction and maintenance of mixed chimerism in CP‐induced tolerance.
Identification of novel proteins in isolated polyphosphate vacuoles in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Authors: Yagisawa Fumi , Nishida Keiji , Yoshida Masaki , Ohnuma Mio , Shimada Takashi , Fujiwara Takayuki , Yoshida Yamato , Misumi Osami , Kuroiwa Haruko , Kuroiwa Tsuneyoshi 
Published: August 2009

SummaryPlant vacuoles are organelles bound by a single membrane, and involved in various functions such as intracellular digestion, metabolite storage, and secretion. To understand their evolution and fundamental mechanisms, characterization of vacuoles in primitive plants would be invaluable. Algal cells often contain polyphosphate‐rich compartments, which are thought to be the counterparts of seed plant vacuoles. Here, we developed a method for isolating these vacuoles from Cyanidioschyzon merolae, and identified their proteins by MALDI TOF‐MS. The vacuoles were of unexpectedly high density, and were highly enriched at the boundary between 62 and 80% w/v iodixanol by density‐gradient ultracentrifugation. The vacuole‐containing fraction was subjected to SDS–PAGE, and a total of 46 proteins were identified, including six lytic enzymes, 13 transporters, six proteins for membrane fusion or vesicle trafficking, five non‐lytic enzymes, 13 proteins of unknown function, and three miscellaneous proteins. Fourteen proteins were homologous to known vacuolar or lysosomal proteins from seed plants, yeasts or mammals, suggesting functional and evolutionary relationships between C. merolae vacuoles and these compartments. The vacuolar localization of four novel proteins, namely CMP249C (metallopeptidase), CMJ260C (prenylated Rab receptor), CMS401C (ABC transporter) and CMT369C (o‐methyltransferase), was confirmed by labeling with specific antibodies or transient expression of hemagglutinin‐tagged proteins. The results presented here provide insights into the proteome of C. merolae vacuoles and shed light on their functions, as well as indicating new features.
3D reconstruction and dynamic modeling of root architecture in situ and its application to crop phosphorus research
Authors: Fang Suqin , Yan Xiaolong , Liao Hong 
Published: August 2009

SummaryRoot architecture plays important roles in plant water and nutrient acquisition. However, accurate modeling of the root system that provides a realistic representation of roots in the soil is limited by a lack of appropriate tools for the non‐destructive and precise measurement of the root system architecture in situ. Here we describe a root growth system in which the roots grow in a solid gel matrix that was used to reconstruct 3D root architecture in situ and dynamically simulate its changes under various nutrient conditions with a high degree of precision. A 3D laser scanner combined with a transparent gel‐based growth system was used to capture 3D images of roots. The root system skeleton was extracted using a skeleton extraction method based on the Hough transformation, and mesh modeling using Ball‐B spline was employed. We successfully used this system to reconstruct rice and soybean root architectures and determine their changes under various phosphorus (P) supply conditions. Our results showed that the 3D root architecture parameters that were dynamically calculated based on the skeletonization and simulation of root systems were significantly correlated with the biomass and P content of rice and soybean based on both the simulation system and previous reports. Therefore, this approach provides a novel technique for the study of crop root growth and its adaptive changes to various environmental conditions.
Species diversity of Leishmania (Viannia) parasites circulating in an endemic area for cutaneous leishmaniasis located in the Atlantic rainforest region of northeastern Brazil
Authors: Brito Maria Edileuza F. , Andrade Maria S. , Mendonça Mitzi G. , Silva Cláudio J. , Almeida Ericka L. , Lima Bruna S. , Félix Simone M. , Abath Frederico G. C. , Da Graça Grazielle C. , Porrozzi Renato , Ishikawa Edna A. , Shaw Jeffrey J. , Cupolillo Elisa , Brandão‐Filho Sinval P. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryObjectives  To identify the aetiological agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to investigate the genetic polymorphism of Leishmania (Viannia) parasites circulating in an area with endemic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Atlantic rainforest region of northeastern Brazil.Methods  Leishmania spp. isolates came from three sources: (i) patients diagnosed clinically and parasitologically with CL based on primary lesions, secondary lesions, clinical recidiva, mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and scars; (ii) sentinel hamsters, sylvatic or synanthropic small rodents; and (iii) the sand fly species Lutzomyia whitmani. Isolates were characterised using monoclonal antibodies, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE) and polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer region rDNA locus.Results  Seventy‐seven isolates were obtained and characterised. All isolates were identified as Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis serodeme 1 based on reactivity to monoclonal antibodies. MLEE identified 10 zymodemes circulating in the study region. Most isolates were classified as zymodemes closely related to L. (V.) braziliensis, but five isolates were classified as Leishmania (Viannia) shawi. All but three of the identified zymodemes have so far been observed only in the study region. Enzootic transmission and multiclonal infection were observed.Conclusions  Our results confirm that transmission cycle complexity and the co‐existence of two or more species in the same area can affect the level of genetic polymorphism in a natural Leishmania population. Although it is not possible to make inferences as to the modes of genetic exchange, one can speculate that some of the zymodemes specific to the region are hybrids of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (V.) shawi.
Standardized interventions in international health: Procrustes, where are you now?
Authors: Maher Dermot 
Published: August 2009

SummaryTwo opposing views on implementing interventions in international health are represented on the one hand by ‘one size doesn’t fit all’ and on the other by the promotion of standard approaches. Successes in scaling up access to tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment and access to antiretroviral therapy provide examples of the benefits of a standardized approach to disease management. These benefits may be extended to the management of the emerging epidemic of non‐communicable diseases in developing countries. An enthusiastic advocate of standardization, Procrustes (a figure in Greek mythology) went to extreme lengths but his tendencies can be a useful reminder that one size may not fit all, but does fit enough.
Quality of integrated chronic care measured by patient survey: identification, selection and application of most appropriate instruments
Authors: Vrijhoef Hubertus J. M. , Berbee Rieneke , Wagner Edward H. , Steuten Lotte M. G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjective To identify the most appropriate generic instrument to measure experience and/or satisfaction of people receiving integrated chronic care.Background Health care is becoming more user‐centred and, as a result, the experience of users of care and evaluation of their experience and/or satisfaction is taken more seriously. It is unclear to what extent existing instruments are appropriate in measuring the experience and/or satisfaction of people using integrated chronic care.Methods Instruments were identified by means of a systematic literature review. Appropriateness of instruments was analysed on seven criteria. The two most promising instruments were translated into Dutch, if necessary, and administered to a convenience sample of 109 people with a chronic illness. Data derived from respondents were analysed statistically. Focus‐group interviews were conducted to assess the semantic and technical equivalence as well as opinions of people about the applicability and relevance of the translated instruments.Results From 37 instruments identified, the Patients’ Assessment of Care for chronIc Conditions (PACIC) and the short form of the Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire III (PSQ‐18) were selected as most promising instruments. Both instruments produced similar median scores across people with different chronic conditions. The overall PACIC and its subscales and the overall PSQ‐18 were highly internally consistent, but not the PSQ‐18 subscales. Overall, the PACIC demonstrated better psychometric characteristics. PACIC and PSQ‐18 scores were found to be moderately correlated. Whereas more respondents preferred the PSQ‐18, focus‐group participants regarded the PACIC to be more applicable and relevant. The technical and semantic equivalence of both instruments were sufficient.Conclusions Because of its psychometric characteristics, perceived applicability and relevance, the PACIC is the most appropriate instrument to measure the experience of people receiving integrated chronic care.
Développement sous‐cortical d'un ravageur des pins: Pissodes notatus F. (Col., Curculionidae)
Authors: Alauzet C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOn the subcortical development of the pine pest, Pissodes notatus F. (Col., Curculionidae). II. Evidence of a facultative diapauseThe underbark development of P. notatus during winter was regulated by two main factors resulting in its dormancy: on the one hand, a thermic quiescence which stopped the growth of every stage, and, on the other hand, a facultative diapause involving the fourth larval stage. This diapause occurred only on the brood of adults which laid eggs during a decreasing daylength, and when the larvae of which were submitted to low temperatures during a sufficiently long period. Ecological consequences of these characteristics are discussed.ZusammenfassungZur subkortikalen Entwicklung des Kiefernschädlings Pissodes notatus F. (Col., Curculionidae). II. Nachweis einer fakultativen DiapauseDie Entwicklung von P. notatus unter der Rinde während des Winters wurde durch zwei Hauptfaktoren reguliert, die in einer Dormanz resultierten: eine thermische Quieszenz, die das Wachstum in jedem Larvenstadium stoppt sowie eine fakultative Diapause während des vierten Larvenstadiums. Diese Diapause tritt nur bei der Brut solcher Adulten auf, die ihre Eier während abnehmender Tägeslänge ablegten und die daraus schlüpfenden Larven ausreichend lange einer niedrigen Temperatur ausgesetzt waren. öml;kologische Konsequenzen dieser Kriterien werden diskutiert.
Response in Ips typographus to logging waste odours and synthetic pheromones
Authors: Austarå Ø. , Bakke A. , Midtgaard F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOf two separately performed experiments, the one indicated a primary attraction of Ips typo‐graphus to cut Norway spruce branches with green foliage of winter felled healthy, mature trees.In the other experiment, the presence of foliated spruce branches at drainpipe traps loaded with synthetic pheromones significantly increased the beetle catches.ZusammenfassungLockwirkung von Schlagabraum und syntbetischen Pheromonen auf Ips typograpbusBei zwei unabhängig voneinander durchgeführten Experimenten ergab das erstere, daß abge‐schnittene, benadelte Äste von im Winter gefällten, gesunden Fichten Primäranlockung auf den Buchdrucker, I. typograpbus, ausüben. Im anderen Versuch wurde durch benadelte Fichtenäste in unmittelbarer Nähe von mit synthetischen Pheromonen bestückten Rohrfallen, die Anzahl gefangener Käfer signifikant erhöht.
Distribution de la ponte et évitement du superparasitisme chez l'hyménoptère solitaire Bruchocida vuilleti Cwf. (Hym., Eupelmidae), parasite des stades larvaires de son nôte, Callosobmchus maculatus F. (Col., Bruchidae)
Authors: Terrasse C. , Rojas‐Rousse D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEgg‐laying distribution and superparasitism avoidance by the solitary ectoparasite Bruchocida vuilleti Cwf. (Hym., Eupelmidae) upon stages of its host, Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Col., Bruchidae)The solitary ectoparasite Bruchocida vuilleti may develop at different stages of its host, the bruchid beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, reared on Vigna radiata seeds. Three groups of hosts representing three developmental stages with eight individuals in each were offered daily to three series of female parasitoids during their ten first days of life. The total female fertility and its daily average vary with the development of the host. Egg laying increases with an increase in the age of the host.The egg distribution among the eight hosts is not at random but tends to be more uniform. This trend shows how the female parasites can distinguish already parasitized hosts from unparasitized ones. It leads them to avoid superparasitism, at least partially, regardless of host stage.Applying the superparasitism‐avoidance model published by Griffiths (1977a) the results bear out superparasitism avoidance behaviour by B. vuilleti females. Possible factors occurring in this discrimination are exposed and discussed.ZusammenfassungZur Eiablage‐Verteilung und Vermeidung von Superparasitismus beim solitären Ektoparasiten, Bruchocida vuilleti Cwf. (Hym., Eupelmidae) auf verschiedene Entwicklungsstadien des Wirtes, Callosobruchus maculatus F. (Col., Bruchidae)Der solitäre Ektoparasit B. vuilleti kann sich auf verschiedenen Stadien seines Wirts, dem Samenkäfer C. maculatus, der sich von Vigna‐radiata‐Szmen ernährt, entwickeln. Während ihrer ersten 10 Lebenstage wurden drei Serien von Parasitoiden‐Weibchen täglich 3 Käfer‐Kollektive unterschiedlicher Entwicklungsstadien mit je 8 Individuen angeboten. Die Gesamtfertilität und die durchschnittliche tägliche Eiablage variierte in Abhängigkeit von den Entwicklungsstadien des Wirts. Die Eiablage nahm mit dem Alter des Wirts zu.Die Verteilung der Eier auf die 8 Individuen innerhalb des Wirtskollektivs ist nicht zufällig, sondern auf bestimmte Wirtstiere gerichtet. Es ergibt sich die Tendenz, daß die Parasitoiden‐Weibchen zwischen parasitierten und nicht‐parasitierten Wirten unterscheiden können. Dies führt dazu, daß die Weibchen, unabhängig vom Entwicklungsstadium des Wirts, Superparasitismus, zumindest teilweise, vermeiden.Bei der Anwendung des “Superparasitismus‐Verteilungs‐Modells” von Griffiths (1977a) zeigen die Ergebnisse, daß B.‐vuilleti‐Weibchen Superparasitismus vermeiden. Mögliche Fakto‐ren, die bei dieser Unterscheidung mitwirken, werden diskutiert.