bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rine Point, un cordon de galets et de sable de la baie de Galway (Comté de Clare, Irlande) et formes associées
Authors: Morel V , Pennober G , Guilcher André , Carter R.W.G. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACT
Rine Point is a 2,2 km gravel spit on the south coast of Galway Bay in Co. Clare, western Ireland. The spit is composed of Carboniferous Limestone either derived directly from marine erosion of the Burren Limestone cliffs around Black Head and] or from the shore platforms, or, indirectly, from local glacial deposits (mainly periglacial head). Clasts from these sources have moved east into Galway Bay under a unidirectional regime of decaying Atlantic swell. Initially, the material forms a 2 km fringing ridge made up of gravels, cobbles to boulders, but this passes alongshore into the Rine Point spit. The spit is divided into a series of small (up to 250 m) discrete cells or embayments. These are formed either as the spit tries to attain a local quasi-equilibrium with the incident swell (see Carter et al., 1987) or are associated with irregularities in the frontal rock platform. In several places the spit has been breached and the distal extremity has been beheaded, leaving two residual islands.
A distinct cross-shore zonation is apparent. The rock platform and pebbles show excellent examples of bioerosion features. The beachface is formed of rounded gravels, with shell sand patches in the updrift parts of the cells. The ridge crest and back barrier slope are capped with a thin, stratified shelly sand, containing occasional molluscs. In places, small, high level storm breaches have occurred creating fan-shaped gravel washovers. The spit encloses a small tidal marsh, which drains east into a tidal flat.
The present day sediment input to Rine Point is probably negligible. To the west, sediment suppy to the coast has been impeded by the building of the coast road and the longshore drift reduced after the building of a small harbour near Black Head in the late-nineteenth century. Much of the remaining cliffline is now naturally armoured with boulder deposits. The morphology of Rine Point suggests strongly that it is a mature feature, which may be entering a phase of decay and break-up.
Les structures par âge et leurs transformations dans les quartiers d'Angers
Authors: Pihet Christian , Violier Philippe 
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ
L'examen des variations de la structure par âge dans les quartiers d'Angers met en lumière le rajeunissement des quartiers centraux alors que les espaces péricentraux enregistrent une accentuation du vieillissement et une grande stabilité résidentielle. Les quartiers de grands ensembles sont caractérisés par une faible mobilité de ces structures. Malgré les modifications intervenues entre 1975 et 1990 l'organisation de l'espace urbain se fonde toujours sur une séparation résidentielle des âges qui recoupe partiellement celle des groupes sociaux.
Notes sur la vie insulaire en Estonie
Authors: Cabouret Michel 
Published: February 2011

The archipelago lying off the West coast of Estonia, made of two fairly important islands (Saaremaa/ Ösel in Swedish, and Hiiumaa/ Dago) is, in many ways more comparable to the big Swedish islands of the central Baltic (Öland and Gotland) than to the Danish archipelago lying east of the Jutland peninsula. Like their Swedish counterparts, they are real maritime low bare limestone plateaux (comparable to the French «causses»), covered with poor quality vegetation, mostly shrubs (mainly junipers) or forests (pines) on thin mediocre soils, with difficult climatic conditions owing to violent winds. The physical conditions of the Danish islands are more favourable to agricultural activities.
Whereas throughout history the resources of the Estonian islands have been quite limited, in terms of forestry and agriculture (in spite of active craft industries), their location near the important maritime ways giving access to the gulfs of Finland and of Riga has attracted political and commercial powers, who wanted to assert themselves in the Baltic area: Danes, Germanic orders of knighthood, Swedes, and last but not least Russians, who dominated the local Finno-Ugrian-speaking populations that has settled in those islands at the beginning of the Christian era. If the maritime traffic of the small Estonian islands has never been very important, unlike that of the mainland like Haapsalu and Pärnu/ Pernau, who were for a long time under Hanseatic domination, fishing has always been a major activity, particularly in Hiiumaa, constituting one more source of income for the people living along the coast (in a wide sense) and who practised fishing alongside agriculture in varied proportions.
As in the two big Swedish islands of the Baltic, the limited potential of resources (added to the probable consequences of the harsh conflicts over military and political control of those strategically-situated islands) accounts for the present decrease of the population, also affected by the two world wars and fifty years of Soviet repression.
Unlike the Danish archipelago, the two main Estonian islands are not densely populated, nor do they possess big cities, nor can they boast of highly-developed and intensive economic activities. Kuressaare, the major city of Saaremaa, the main island, is a «museum-city», the equivalent of Visby in Gotland, although it cannot be compared to the big urban structures of the Danish archipelago. As a result, there is much to say about what those islands have been through (like mainland Estonia in many ways), since the arrival of the first Christian missionaries in the Xllth and XIHth centuries. Despite their relatively favourable geographical situation, which was not devoid of danger up to a recent past, they have never thrived, unlike the islands situated east of Jutland, which have always made of Denmark the «keeper of the straits» and possess Copenhagen, among the other rich cities of Northern Europe.
Difficultés et limites de l'insertion en milieu rural : les bénéficiaires du revenu minimum d'insertion en Mayenne
Authors: Séchet R. 
Published: February 2011

Par leurs caractéristiques démographiques, les bénéficiaires du RMI en Mayenne sont proches des moyennes nationales : jeunesse, forte prépondérance des personnes seules et importance des familles monoparentales, concentration urbaine.
Malgré cela, ce département est un cadre pertinent pour analyser les modalités de l'application du RMI en milieu rural: diversité des bénéficiaires; difficultés particulières de l'insertion malgré une forte mobilisation des acteurs locaux.
Les caractèristiques hydrologiques de trois années consécutives de sécheresse dans le bassin de la Maine
Authors: Larue Jean-Pierre 
Published: February 2011

Trois années consécutives de sécheresse dans le bassin de la Maine permettent d'analyser les impacts hydrologiques variables dans le temps et dans l'espace et ainsi de dégager les principaux types de réponse des cours d'eau :
— Rare en 1989, l'assèchement estival connaît son apogée en 1990 pour se réduire sensiblement en 1991. Il touche les cours d'eau secondaires coulant soit sur les sols argileux du socle, soit dans les bassins-versants sédimentaires qui voient la majeure partie de l'eau alimentant les nappes souterraines capturée par d'autres rivières (ex: Le Rhonne).
— Les régimes très irréguliers, presque calqués sur la courbe des précipitations, affectent les cours d'eau du socle granitique recouvert de sols meubles à faible réserve utile (ex: l'Aron).
— Les cours d'eau traversant des terrains sédimentaires variés et comportant des nappes peu abondantes ou très morcelées donnent des régimes à l'irrégularité très atténuée (ex: l'Aune).
— Enfin des régimes relativement réguliers concernent les rivières du Bassin Parisien qui possèdent des nappes capables de soutenir les étiages (ex: le Narais).
Plus que la morphométrie des bassins-versants, la structure et les sols expliquent l'importance plus ou moins grande des déficits hydrologiques des périodes de sécheresse.
Analyse spatiale du processus d'enfrichement sur l'île d'Ouessant (Finistère)
Authors: Bioret Frédéric , Gourmelon Françoise , Le Berre Iwan 
Published: February 2011

The study of the vegetation dynamic process on the isle of Ouessant, throughout a mapping of the different fallow process stages, integrated within the Geographical Information System Sigouessant leads to a typology of fallows, after replacing each vegetation type within three vegetation series : coastal, mesophilous, hygrophilous.
Spatial analysis of the different vegetation dynamic steps shows that the initial stages spread over 67% of the territory, that the intermediate stages represent 30 % of the space and that final stages only cover 1% of the insular area.
Le transfert du port de pêche de La Rochelle à Chef-de-Baie
Authors: Renard Roger 
Published: February 2011

1993 wurden nur 2 Häfen in Europa völlig neu angelegt : Zeebrugge und La Rochelle.
Der neue Hafen Chef de Baie - La Pallice (10 ha im Tiefwasser) weist folgende Vorteile auf:
— zugänglich zu jeder Zeit, unabhàngig von Ebbe und Flut hochmoderne Fischversteigerung obne Unterbrechung der Kühlkette ein ausgezeichnetes Strassen - und Eisenbahnnetz in direkter Nähe die agrawirschaftliche Zone «AGROCEAN» (12 ha)
Dennoch bleibt der Einsatz aus folgenden Griinden gewagt :
— Verfall des Fischfangs
— starker Ruckgang der Rochelaiser Tonnage seit einigen Jahren Verschuldung der Fisher
— völlige Deregulierung des Markts heutzutage.
Slikkes et Schorres : milieux et aménagement
Authors: Verger Fernand 
Published: February 2011

Le paysage des slikkes est commandé par leur géomorphologie étroitement dépendante de la granulométrie de leur matériel. Les slikkes entendues selon leur définition la plus restrictive, sont faites de vases très fines où la marée développe des réseaux dendritiques de chenaux. Les étendues intertidales faites de sédiments un peu moins fins, possèdent des réseaux moins hiérarchisés, présentant souvent des formes spécialiséees de flot et de jusant.
Le paysage des schorres dont la pente peut être conforme ou contraire est commandé non seulement par la géomorphologie mais aussi par la végétation. La microfalaise qui limite certains schorres ne témoigne ni d'un mouvement positif ni d'un mouvement négatif de la mer, mais s'explique dans le cadre d'un « cycle de la vase » mis en évidence par André Guilcher : la vase libérée par le recul des microfalaises se sédimente sur la surface des schorres.
L' aménagement de ces milieux autrefois convoités pour être convertis en polders fait une place nouvelle à la conservation de la nature et aux activités de loisirs : obervation des oiseaux, chasse, pêche. La mytiliculture et l'ostréiculture s'y développent sous des formes de plus en plus mécanisées.
Propositions pour la protection des Vais de Loire contre les crues dévastatrices du fleuve
Authors: Archambault Michel 
Published: February 2011

It seems possible to put an end to the desastrous floods of the river Loire downstream from its confluence with the river Allier : new solutions should be implemented to replace the long artificial embankments parallel to the river which have so far proved inefficient in the event of major floods.
They consist in new constructions perpendicular to the river, similar to dams but different of them for they include at the basis a permanent aperture, very low and broad, in the place of water-course. They permit part of the flooding water to flow out steadily, while the water in excess could momentarily be kept in stock until it could flow through in its term. A certain number of such constructions would be necessary to control and delay the sudden rise of the water level.
La nouvelle "dimension subarctique" dans la politique agricole de l'Union européenne. L'exemple du Norrland suédois
Authors: Cabouret Michel 
Published: February 2011

L'adhésion de la Suède (et de la Finlande) à l'Union Européenne implique qu'une zone présentant des caractères géographiques nouveaux parmi les régions de l'Europe des Douze fait désormais partie de la Communauté à Quinze. Or, les régions de cette zone arctique et subarctique sont marquées par des conditions climatiques rigoureuses pour l'exercice normal des activités agricoles, des densités de population très faibles et donc des marchés locaux de production et de consommation réduits, de longues distances à parcourir entre les lieux habités rares et dispersés.
Ces traits géographiques permanents et dominants de la production agricole dans la Suède du Nord au sens large (et en Finlande du Nord) doivent être pris sérieusement en considération par les autorités responsables de l'U.E., la Commission Européenne ayant déjà reconnu que l'originalité de "la dimension arctique et subarctique" dans la politique régionale déjà mise en œuvre par le gouvernement national suédois doit être préservée dans le cadre européen dont elle constitue un aspect entièrement inédit.
Éléments de géographie physique sur la feuille 1/50 000 d'Angoulême. Aspects structuraux et régimes des eaux souterraines
Authors: Moreau Pierre 
Published: February 2011

Landscapes, morphology, underground waters are organized around the site of Angoulême, according to three natural areas, characterized by geology :
- an Oxfordian area ;
- a Portlandian-Kimmeridgian area ;
- a Cretaceous area.
Faulting tectonics come to complicate the relations between these different areas to the East of the town. It expresses itself by three directions of fractures and two clearly distinct phases.
Hydrogeology is varied in the image of lithology, with :
- a karst aquifer developed in the Oxfordian area ;
- aquifers from thin fissures porosity in Kimmeridgian and Portlandian ;
- multilayer aquifers from voids and fissures, aquifers from fissures and channels in the Upper Cretaceous formations.
On-Treatment Monitoring of Liver Fibrosis with Transient Elastography in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients
Authors: Wong Grace Lai-Hung , Wong Vincent Wai-Sun , Choi Paul Cheung-Lung , Chan Anthony Wing-Hung , Chim Angel Mei-Ling , Yiu Karen Ka-Lam , Chu Shirley Hoi-Ting , Chan Francis Ka-Leung , Sung Joseph Jao-Yao , Chan Henry Lik-Yuen 
Published: February 2011

Background The performance of liver stiffness measurement (LSM) to monitor the changes in the severity of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients on antiviral treatment is uncertain. Methods We prospectively studied CHB patients undergoing paired liver biopsy and transient elastography before and at week 48 of antiviral treatment. Based on our previously reported LSM algorithm, advanced liver fibrosis (F3–4) could be excluded or confirmed at >90% confidence. Results A total of 71 CHB patients were studied. The median alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level decreased from 99I U/l to 33I U/l, and the median LSM decreased from 8.8 kPa to 6.6 kPa, respectively, from baseline to week 48. Overall, 17 and 11 patients had regression and progression of histological fibrosis, respectively. Areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves of the LSM algorithm at baseline and week 48 for advanced fibrosis were 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.69– 0.90) and 0.78 (95% CI 0.64–0.92), respectively. The sensitivity of LSM algorithm to exclude advanced fibrosis was 100% at baseline and 75% at week 48. The specif-city of the LSM algorithm to diagnose advanced fibrosis was 84% at baseline and 91% at week 48. Overall, 11/28 (39%) patients with LSM that decreased by >30%, 28/41 (68%) of patients with LSM that changed within 30% and 1/2 (50%) patients with LSM that increased by >30% had decreased, unchanged and increased histological fibrosis stages, respectively. Conclusions LSM could predict advanced fibrosis during antiviral therapy according to the ALT-based algorithm. Decrease in absolute LSM value, which could be related to ALT normalization, was unreliable to indicate regression of liver fibrosis.
CCL20/CCR6 Feedback Exaggerates Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Dependent MUC5AC Mucin Production in Human Airway Epithelial (NCI-H292) Cells
Authors: Kim Suil , Lewis Courtney , Nadel Jay A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMucous hypersecretion is an important feature of obstructive airway diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and cystic fibrosis. Multiple stimuli induce mucin production via activation of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) cascade, but the mechanisms that exaggerate mucin production in obstructive airway diseases remain unknown. In this study, we show that binding of CCL20, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand that is upregulated in the airways of subjects with obstructive airway diseases, to its unique GPCR CCR6 induces MUC5AC mucin production in human airway epithelial (NCI-H292) cells via metalloprotease TNF-α–converting enzyme (TACE)-dependent EGFR activation. We also show that EGFR activation by its potent ligand TGF-α induces reactivation of EGFR via binding of endogenously produced CCL20 to its receptor CCR6 in NCI-H292 cells but not in normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, exaggerating mucin production in the NCI-H292 cells. In NCI-H292 cells, TGF-α stimulation induced two phases of EGFR phosphorylation (EGFR-P). The second EGFR-P was TACE-dependent and was responsible for most of the total mucin induced by TGF-α. Binding of endogenously produced CCL20 to CCR6 increased the second EGFR-P and subsequent mucin production induced by TGF-α. In NHBE cells, TGF-α–induced EGFR activation did not lead to significant CCL20 production or to EGFR rephosphorylation, and less mucin was produced. We conclude that NCI-H292 cells but not NHBE cells produce CCL20 in response to EGFR activation, which leads to a second phase of EGFR-P and subsequent exaggerated mucin production. These findings have potentially important therapeutic implications in obstructive airway diseases.
Chemical Unsaturation of Rubbers Vulcanized with Polynitro Compounds and Benzoyl Peroxide, and Its Possible Bearing on Vulcanization
Authors: Fisher Harry L. , Gray A. E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
STUDIES on the chemical unsaturation of ordinary vulcanized rubber show that vulcanization has caused no change in the unsaturation of the rubber hydrocarbon beyond that which can satisfactorily be accounted for by the chemical combination of sulfur on the basis of one atomic equivalent of sulfur to a C5H8 group. If such is the case with sulfur vulcanization, it becomes very desirable to know whether there is any change in the unsaturation when rubber is vulcanized with substances other than sulfur, namely, polynitro compounds and benzoyl peroxide.
Effects of Ozone on Stretched Rubber
Authors: Haushalter F. H. , Jones Webster N. , Schade J. W. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The similarity of the results obtained under various tensions in sunlight and in an atmosphere containing ozone is striking and may be significant of some progressive change in the structure of the rubber which renders it at a certain point unusually susceptible. The study here outlined is incomplete, but is presented in the hope that it may give other investigators an added method of studying problems connected with the structure or with the oxidation of rubber.
Influence of the Sulfur-Rubber Ratio on the Physical Properties of Hard Rubber
Authors: Pearsall David E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Investigation of the sulfur-rubber ratio indicates that values below 30 produce rubber whose physical strength is too low and whose flexibility and flow under heat arid load are too great for general use. At a sulfur-rubber ratio of 45, the rubber appears to have reached a point where the physical strength is near its maximum value and the deflection is at a minimum. Thus, the compounds having sulfur-rubber ratios between 30 and 45 appear to possess all the properties that are desirable in hard rubber. It is possible to form specifications for hard rubber in which physical tests are used as requirements. Such specifications should be of more value than those which depend upon chemical tests, as they determine the strength of the rubber and the conditions under which it can be best used. Comparable results are obtained in transverse and tensile tests using both the horizontal-pendulum and vertical-floating-beam types of machine; in both cases, however, a more accurate means of measuring the tensile elongation is desirable. In the horizontal machine both cross-heads move so that the speed stated is as somewhat inaccurate; however, the stress-strain diagrams plotted this by machine are advantageous. The tensile strength test appears to give values which can be held within reasonable limits and closely checked. It is believed that when a more accurate means of measuring the tensile elongation is available this result will be of greater value. The transverse deflection is considered more reliable than the transverse strength. In the impact test, better agreement in the results was obtained from the pendulum type machine than from the falling hammer machine. Both the Charpy and Izod methods appear to be suitable. Although there is no agreement between them as to actual values, the curves (Figure 6) show similar trends. The falling hammer test for impact strength is believed to be unsuitable, as is shown by the lack of uniformity in the results. A deformation under heat test, such as Test No. 1, enables one to differentiate between rubbers of varying sulfur-rubber ratios in a comparatively short time. This test appears to be useful as a requirement in specifications on hard rubber. The softening point tests are not considered as important as the heat-deformation tests, because the temperature to which the rubber will be subjected is usually known and it is desired to find the actual deformation that takes place.
Specifications for Rubber Goods and the Value of Performance Tests
Authors: Bierer J. M. , Davis C. C. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Present specifications, including those of the U. S. Government, the railroads and the cities, are fundamentally wrong, and in spite of elaborate physical and chemical requirements not only fail to assure the purchase of satisfactory goods but actually prevent the purchase of serviceable goods in the most economical manner. The paper is an indictment of specifications of this type, and is well justified because of the recent development of performance tests and of improved methods of compounding, which warrant sweeping changes in specifications. In support of the argument that those who purchase rubber goods by specification are neither aiding nor encouraging physical and chemical developments and are not even taking advantage of what is known, recently developed tests for imitating service conditions, such as abrasion tests, flexing machines and the oxygen-aging test and such adjuncts as reclaimed rubber and antioxidants are discussed, with the inclusion of new data. All of these developments are ignored by the writer of specifications, and at present there is general confusion and extravagance in the purchase of goods. In conclusion a plan is suggested for rectifying the extravagance and ignorance now prevailing.
The Preparation of Pure Rubber from Latex by Means of Alkali, and Its Separation into Sol-Rubber and Gel-Rubber
Authors: Pummerer Rudolf , Pahl Hans 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The protein in an ammonia-preserved latex was hydrolyzed with alkali for two days at 50° C. Creaming took place, and the cream was separated, treated twice with alkali, finally washed, dialyzed to remove the remaining alkali, and coagulated with acetic acid. The coagulum was extracted with acetone. The remaining highly purified product, “total rubber,” contains an ether-soluble and an ether-insoluble (or difficultly soluble) portion. It is probably a combination of this sol- and gel-rubber that gives rubber its important physical characteristics. The gel-rubber can slowly be transformed into the sol-rubber by means of certain solvents. The hydrochlorides were prepared and the reactions of the pure rubber hydrocarbon with tetranitromethane were studied. The purified rubber can be vulcanized to a soft and a hard rubber, and the latter was found to have exceptionally good electric insulating power.