bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Active management of the third stage of labour: Prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Leduc Dean , Senikas Vyta , Lalonde André B. , Leduc Dean , Ballerman Charlotte , Biringer Anne , Delaney Martina , Duperron Louise , Girard Isabelle , Jones Donna , Lee Lily Shek‐Yun , Shepherd Debra , Wilson Kathleen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo review the clinical aspects of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and provide guidelines to assist clinicians in the prevention and management of PPH. These guidelines are an update from the previous Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) clinical practice guideline on PPH, published in April 2000.EvidenceMedline, PubMed, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ACP Journal Club, and BMJ Clinical Evidence were searched for relevant articles, with concentration on randomized controlled trials (RCTs), systematic reviews, and clinical practice guidelines published between 1995 and 2007. Each article was screened for relevance and the full text acquired if determined to be relevant. Each full‐text article was critically appraised with use of the Jadad Scale and the levels of evidence definitions of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.ValuesThe quality of evidence was rated with use of the criteria described by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care.SponsorThe Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada.
“Fragmented Authoritarianism 2.0”: Political Pluralization in the Chinese Policy Process
Authors: Mertha Andrew 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTraditional analyses of political liberalization in China focus on elections or other facets of democratization. But they cannot account for the fact that although China remains authoritarian, it is nevertheless responsive to the increasingly diverse demands of Chinese society. I argue that the rules of the policy-making process are still captured by the fragmented authoritarianism framework, but that the process has become increasingly pluralized: barriers to entry have been lowered, at least for certain actors (hitherto peripheral officials, non-governmental organizations and the media) identified here as “policy entrepreneurs.” With policy change as the variable of interest, I compare three cases of hydropower policy outcomes. I argue that policy entrepreneurs' ability to frame the issue effectively explains variation in hydropower policy outcomes. I then extend these findings to an unlikely policy area, international trade, specifically, the 2001–06 Sino-EU trade talks over child-resistant lighter safety regulations.
Income Inequality and Distributive Justice: A Comparative Analysis of Mainland China and Hong Kong
Authors: Wu Xiaogang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOver the past decades income inequality has been sharply increasing in both mainland China and Hong Kong, two Chinese societies that have distinct paths of institutional development. While previous studies on income inequality have attempted to document the trend and investigate its causes, this article focuses on people's perceptions of legitimate income inequality and how these perceptions are related to their attitude towards inequality. Analyses of data collected in separate population surveys in China (2005) and Hong Kong (2007) reveal a higher degree of tolerance of income inequality and a higher degree of perceived fairness of income distribution in Hong Kong than in the mainland. In both societies, such normative support for income inequality is positively associated with people's perceptions of opportunities.
The Production of Indigeneity: Contemporary Indigenous Literature in Taiwan and Trans-cultural Inheritance
Authors: Chiu Kuei-fen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study investigates the complicated interplay between indigenous and mainstream discourse in the production of Taiwanese indigeneity. Via the case study of Syaman Rapongan 夏曼藍波安, an indigenous writer in Taiwan known for his ethnographic portrayal of his tribal culture, I examine how the production of indigeneity in Taiwan involves not only inscription of resistance from indigenous people but also strategic exploitations of transnational legacies by different social groups as they struggle over the definition of indigeneity to formulate their own specific agendas. It is the contention of this article that the question of Taiwanese indigeneity is not just about indigenous self-representation, that is, claiming the subject position of the indigenous people and seeking to restore declining, oppressed indigenous cultural heritages. The study shows that we need to go beyond the familiar scheme of binary opposition to deal with the complexity of the question of indigeneity. The article ends with a re-theorization of the relationship between indigenous and new Taiwanese identity discourse in terms of Jacques Derrida's notion of “inheritance.”
The Chinese Economy and “China Economists” as Seen Through the Pages ofThe China Quarterly
Authors: Howe Christopher B. 
Published: December 2009

To discuss the issues raised by the title of this essay requires us to think of four types of change. These are:1.The changing realities of the economy.2.The possibilities for assessing and analysing these realities.3.The background, training and chosen methodologies of those working in this field.4.The role ofThe China Quarterlyin selecting and encouraging particular types of work.
A Real Peace Tradition? Norway and the Manchurian Crisis, 1931–1934
Authors: MAGELI ELDRID I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article questions Norway's role as peace promoter during the Manchurian crisis in the early 1930s. It appears that Norway's attitude towards Japan was more ambiguous and less consonant with the anti-war, anti-Japanese stand hitherto assumed on the basis of Norway's performance in the League of Nations. Norway's foreign ministry was mainly interested in Norway's practical and security needs, and fairly indifferent to events unfolding in the Far East, unless these affected Norwegian economic and political interests. For Norwegian diplomats and senior officials Japan was a civilised state and an important commercial partner. Favourable disposition towards Japan led the foreign ministry in 1934 to appear to acknowledge the ascendance of Emperor Pu Yi in the puppet state Manchukuo. This created considerable embarrassment in diplomatic and political circles.
Medical Education about the Care of Addicted Incarcerated Persons: A National Survey of Residency Programs
Authors: Kraus Mark L. , Isaacson J. Harry , Kahn Ruth , Mundt Marlon P. , Manwell Linda Baier 
Published: December 2009

In June 1998, there were 1.8 million inmates in correctional facilities for adults; 1.2 million in state and federal prisons and 600,000 in municipal/county jails (668 persons per 100,000 U.S. population). Rates of TB, AIDS, mental illness, and substance abuse are 2–13 times higher in persons living in jails and prisons. This study was designed to assess the level of training offered to residents in seven medical specialties in the care of addicted incarcerated persons. The study design involved two stages. The first entailed a mailed survey to 1,831 residency directors in family medicine, internal medicine, osteopathic medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics and gynecology, psychiatry, and emergency medicine. The second stage was a telephone interview, about substance use disorders, of faculty listed by the residency directors as teaching residents. The mailed survey was completed by 1,205 residency directors (66%). The 769 faculty from those identified programs, who participated in the telephone interview, reported that only 14% of their residency programs offered lectures or conferences on the care of incarcerated persons, yet 44% of the programs had residents caring for incarcerated persons with substance abuse problems, in a clinical setting. Only 22% offered clinical experiences for residents in a correctional facility. We recognize that our survey of correctional health and substance abuse training is limited, but as such, a greater number of respondents to our survey do not teach residents addiction medicine topics pertaining to prevention, evaluation, intervention, and management of the addicted criminal offender/patient in a correctional setting or give adequate clinical exposure to this special population. The data suggests a need to develop and implement educational programs on medical care for this high–risk and expanding population.
Sets with integral distances in finite fields
Authors: Iosevich Alex , Shparlinski Igor , Xiong Maosheng 
Published: December 2009

Given a positive integer

n
n

, a finite field

F

q

\mathbb F_q

of

q
q

elements (

q
q

odd), and a non-degenerate quadratic form

Q
Q

on

F

q
n

\mathbb {F}_q^n

, in this paper we study the largest possible cardinality of subsets

E

⊆

F

q
n

\mathcal {E} \subseteq \mathbb {F}_q^n

with pairwise integral

Q
Q

-distances; that is, for any two vectors

{x}

=
(

x
1

,
…
,

x
n

)
,

{y}

=
(

y
1

,
…
,

y
n

)
∈

E

\textbf {{x}}=(x_1, \ldots ,x_n), \textbf {{y}}=(y_1,\ldots ,y_n) \in \mathcal {E}

, one has
\[

Q
(

{x}

−

{y}

)
=

u
2

Q(\textbf {{x}}-\textbf {{y}})=u^2

\]
for some

u
∈

F

q

u \in \mathbb F_q

.
Small-time compactness and convergence behavior of deterministically and self-normalised Lévy processes
Authors: Maller Ross , Mason David 
Published: December 2009

Consider a Lévy process

X
t

X_t

with quadratic variation process

V
t

=

σ
2

t
+

∑

0
>
s
≤
t

(
Δ

X
s

)
2

V_t=\sigma ^2 t+ \sum _{0>s\le t} (\Delta X_s)^2

,

t
>
0

t>0

, where

Δ

X
t

=

X
t

−

X

t
−

\Delta X_t=X_t-X_{t-}

denotes the jump process of

X
X

. We give stability and compactness results, as

t

↓

0

t\,\downarrow \,0

, for the convergence both of the deterministically normed (and possibly centered) processes

X
t

X_t

and

V
t

V_t

, as well as theorems concerning the “self-normalised” process

X

t

/

V
t

X_{t}/\sqrt {V_t}

. Thus, we consider the stochastic compactness and convergence in distribution of the 2-vector

(
(

X
t

−
a
(
t
)
)

/

b
(
t
)
,

V
t

/

b
(
t
)
)

\left ((X_t-a(t))/b(t), V_t/b(t)\right )

, for deterministic functions

a
(
t
)

a(t)

and

b
(
t
)
>
0

b(t)>0

, as

t

↓

0

t\,\downarrow \,0

, possibly through a subsequence; and the stochastic compactness and convergence in distribution of

X

t

/

V
t

X_{t}/\sqrt {V_t}

, possibly to a nonzero constant (for stability), as

t

↓

0

t\,\downarrow \,0

, again possibly through a subsequence.

As a main application it is shown that

X

t

/

V
t

⟶

D

N
(
0
,
1
)

X_{t}/\sqrt {V_t}\stackrel {\mathrm {D}}{\longrightarrow } N(0,1)

, a standard normal random variable, as

t

↓

0

t\,\downarrow \,0

, if and only if

X
t

/

b
(
t
)

⟶

D

N
(
0
,
1
)

X_t/b(t)\stackrel {\mathrm {D}}{\longrightarrow } N(0,1)

, as

t
↓
0

t\downarrow 0

, for some nonstochastic function

b
(
t
)
>
0

b(t)>0

; thus,

X
t

X_t

is in the domain of attraction of the normal distribution, as

t

↓

0

t\,\downarrow \,0

, with or without centering constants being necessary (these being equivalent).

We cite simple analytic equivalences for the above properties, in terms of the Lévy measure of

X
X

. Functional versions of the convergences are also given.
Antagonistic HLH/bHLH Transcription Factors Mediate Brassinosteroid Regulation of Cell Elongation and Plant Development in Rice andArabidopsis
Authors: Zhang Li-Ying , Bai Ming-Yi , Wu Jinxia , Zhu Jia-Ying , Wang Hao , Zhang Zhiguo , Wang Wenfei , Sun Yu , Zhao Jun , Sun Xuehui , Yang Hongjuan , Xu Yunyuan , Kim Soo-Hwan , Fujioka Shozo , Lin Wen-Hui , Chong Kang , Lu Tiegang , Wang Zhi-Yong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn rice (Oryza sativa), brassinosteroids (BRs) induce cell elongation at the adaxial side of the lamina joint to promote leaf bending. We identified a rice mutant (ili1-D) showing an increased lamina inclination phenotype similar to that caused by BR treatment. The ili1-D mutant overexpresses an HLH protein homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana Paclobutrazol Resistance1 (PRE1) and the human Inhibitor of DNA binding proteins. Overexpression and RNA interference suppression of ILI1 increase and reduce, respectively, rice laminar inclination, confirming a positive role of ILI1 in leaf bending. ILI1 and PRE1 interact with basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) protein IBH1 (ILI1 binding bHLH), whose overexpression causes erect leaf in rice and dwarfism in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of ILI1 or PRE1 increases cell elongation and suppresses dwarf phenotypes caused by overexpression of IBH1 in Arabidopsis. Thus, ILI1 and PRE1 may inactivate inhibitory bHLH transcription factors through heterodimerization. BR increases the RNA levels of ILI1 and PRE1 but represses IBH1 through the transcription factor BZR1. The spatial and temporal expression patterns support roles of ILI1 in laminar joint bending and PRE1/At IBH1 in the transition from growth of young organs to growth arrest. These results demonstrate a conserved mechanism of BR regulation of plant development through a pair of antagonizing HLH/bHLH transcription factors that act downstream of BZR1 in Arabidopsis and rice.
The hypersensitive response induced by the V2 protein of a monopartite begomovirus is countered by the C2 protein
Authors: MUBIN MUHAMMAD , AMIN IMRAN , AMRAO LUQMAN , BRIDDON ROB W. , MANSOOR SHAHID 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYA functional analysis of the V2 protein of two monopartite begomoviruses, Papaya leaf curl virus (PaLCuV) and Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus (CLCuKoV), has been performed. Expression of the V2 gene from a Potato virus X (PVX) vector resulted in severe leaf curling followed by a hypersensitive response (HR) in Nicotiana benthamiana and N. tabacum, demonstrating that the V2 protein is a pathogenicity determinant and a target of host defence responses. Agroinfiltration of a PVX vector expressing the V2 protein resulted in cell death in the infiltrated area. Subsequently, a systemic HR developed that was associated with the long‐distance spread of the virus and led to the death of the plant. V2 amino acid sequences encompassing a conserved putative protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation motif were shown to be essential for the elicitation of cell death. In co‐inoculation experiments, the transient expression of the C2 protein of PaLCuV or Cotton leaf curl Multan virus under the control of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter inhibited the HR induced by V2 in the agroinfiltrated area. These findings demonstrate that the V2 protein of monopartite begomoviruses is a pathogenicity determinant and induces an HR that can be suppressed by the C2 protein. The induction and suppression of HR have been demonstrated previously in bipartite begomoviruses and our results extend this to monopartite begomoviruses.
Potyviral resistance derived from cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris carrying bc‐3 is associated with the homozygotic presence of a mutated eIF4E allele
Authors: NADERPOUR MASOUD , LUND OLE SØGAARD , LARSEN RICHARD , JOHANSEN ELISABETH 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYEukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) play a central role in potyviral infection. Accordingly, mutations in the gene encoding eIF4E have been identified as a source of recessive resistance in several plant species. In common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, four recessive genes, bc‐1, bc‐2, bc‐3 and bc‐u, have been proposed to control resistance to the potyviruses Bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. In order to identify molecular entities for these genes, we cloned and sequenced P. vulgaris homologues of genes encoding the eIF proteins eIF4E, eIF(iso)4E and nCBP. Bean genotypes reported to carry bc‐3 resistance were found specifically to carry non‐silent mutations at codons 53, 65, 76 and 111 in eIF4E. This set of mutations closely resembled a pattern of eIF4E mutations determining potyvirus resistance in other plant species. The segregation of BCMV resistance and eIF4E genotype was subsequently analysed in an F2 population derived from the P. vulgaris all‐susceptible genotype and a genotype carrying bc‐3. F2 plants homozygous for the eIF4E mutant allele were found to display at least the same level of resistance to BCMV as the parental resistant genotype. At 6 weeks after inoculation, all F2 plants found to be BCMV negative by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay were found to be homozygous for the mutant eIF4E allele. In F3 plants homozygous for the mutated allele, virus resistance was subsequently found to be stably maintained. In conclusion, allelic eIF4E appears to be associated with a major component of potyvirus resistance present in bc‐3 genotypes of bean.
Ecological determinants of herd size in the Thornicroft’s giraffe of Zambia
Authors: Bercovitch Fred B. , Berry Philip S.M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEcological factors have a pervasive impact on animal population sizes and the structure of their social systems. In a number of ungulate species, predator pressure exerts a major influence on group size. Given that giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) live in an extremely flexible social system, and that breeding is nonseasonal, they are an ideal species for examining how ecological variables contribute to fluctuations in herd size. We present an analysis of 34 years of data on a population of Thornicroft’s giraffe (G. c. thornicroftiLydekker 1911) that reveal how herd size changes with season and habitat. Sex differences in herd size were apparent, with bulls often travelling as singletons, whereas cows were generally observed with conspecifics. Herds were larger during the wet than dry season, but herd size changed in a parallel fashion across habitats. Giraffe herds were smaller in woodland and thicket areas than in open habitats, regardless of season. We suggest that the regular fluctuations in herd size among giraffe indicate a fission/fusion social system embedded within a larger social community. We conclude that changes in herd size among giraffe reflect a dynamic process regulated by individuals adjusting the number of associates based upon an interaction of foraging, reproductive, social and antipredator strategies.
Trophic level delineation and resource partitioning in a South African afromontane forest bird community using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes
Authors: Symes Craig T. , Woodborne Stephan M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSouthern African forests are naturally fragmented yet hold a disproportionately high number of bird species. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes were measured in feathers from birds captured at Woodbush (n = 27 species), a large afromontane forest in the eastern escarpment of Limpopo province, South Africa. The δ13C signatures of a range of forest plants were measured to categorise the food base. Most plants sampled, including two of five grass species, had δ13C signatures typical of a C3 photosynthetic pathway (−29.5 ± 1.9‰). Three grass species had a C4 signature (−12.0 ± 0.6‰). Most bird species had δ13C values representing a predominantly C3‐based diet (−24.8‰ to −20.7‰). δ15N values were as expected, with higher levels of enrichment associated with a greater proportion of dietary animal matter. The cohesive isotopic niche defining most species (n = 22), where the ranges for δ13C and δ15N were 2.4‰ and 3.4‰, respectively, highlight the difficulties in understanding diets of birds in a predominantly C3‐based ecosystem using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes. However, variation in isotopic values between and within species provides insight into possible niche width and the use of resources by different birds within a forest environment.
Characterization of the porcinetransferringene (TF ) and its association with disease severity following an experimentalActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeinfection
Authors: Daniłowicz E. , Martinez‐Arias R. , Dolf G. , Singh M. , Probst I. , Tümmler B. , Höltig D. , Waldmann K.‐H. , Gerlach G.‐F. , Stanke F. , Leeb T. ,   the FUGATO‐consortium IRAS
Published: December 2009

SummaryTransferrin (TF)‐mediated provision of iron is essential for a productive infection by many bacterial pathogens, and iron‐depletion of TF is a first line defence against bacterial infections. Therefore, thetransferrin(TF) gene can be considered a candidate gene for disease resistance. We obtained the complete DNA sequence of the porcineTFgene, which spans 40 kb and contains 17 exons. We identified polymorphisms on a panel of 10 different pig breeds. Comparative intra‐ and interbreed sequence analysis revealed 62 polymorphisms in theTFgene including one microsatellite. Ten polymorphisms were located in the coding sequence of theTFgene. Four SNPs (c.902A>T, c.980G>A, c.1417A>G, c.1810A>C) were predicted to cause amino acid exchanges (p.Lys301Ile, p.Arg327Lys, p.Lys473Glu, p.Asn604His). We performed association analyses using six selectedTFmarkers and 116 pigs experimentally infected withActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeserotype 7. The analysis showed breed‐specificTFallele frequencies. In German Landrace, we found evidence for a possible association of the severity ofA. pleuropneumoniaeinfection withTFgenotypes.
Myrmecochorous plants use chemical mimicry to cheat seed‐dispersing ants
Authors: Pfeiffer Martin , Huttenlocher Heiko , Ayasse Manfred 
Published: December 2009

Summary 1. Deceptive species are a characteristic trait of insect–plant mutualisms. Deception of pollinators is essential for reproduction in diverse plant species; however, mimicry in seed dispersal is almost unknown. Myrmecochory, the dispersal of diaspores by ants, is a mutualism in which the elaiosome, a lipid‐rich seed appendage, works as an ant reward. This coevolved interaction may be exploited by cheating, non‐rewarding diaspores that mimic elaiosomes. 2. Our study assesses the impact of the morphology and fatty acid composition of diaspores on ant dispersal in rewarding and cheating myrmecochores and non‐myrmecochorous species. Four elaiosome types (defined by Sernander 1906) were included in our research: the ‘Viola odorata type’, with a clearly defined elaiosome, the similar but diplochorous ‘Euphorbia type’ with an additional ballistic dispersal of diaspores, and the ‘Puschkinia’ and ‘Hepatica’ types, which we classify as ‘cheaters’ as they mimic ant rewards by chemical cues. 3. We tested the influence of morphology, chemical composition of diaspores and presence of rewards on removal rates of diaspores, dummies impregnated with seed extracts and pure fatty acids and scent‐standardized diaspores in a population of Formica polyctena ants with 10 European spring ephemerals, mostly Ranunculaceae. The main free fatty acids of diaspores were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometric analysis. 4. Removal rates of diaspores and dummies treated with seed extracts were significantly influenced by their fatty acid composition. Discriminant function analysis confirmed oleic acid as the main trigger substance eliciting seed‐removal behaviour by ants in most species. Oleic acid content and removal rates differed among elaiosome types and were highest in rewarding myrmecochores, lower in cheaters and smallest in non‐myrmecochorous seeds. Removal rates of scent‐standardized diaspores did not differ among mutualists and cheaters suggesting a selective pressure for morphological adaptation and were lowest in non‐myrmecochorous species, thus corroborating an influence of diaspore morphology on ant‐removal patterns. 5. For the first time, we demonstrate chemical mimicry in myrmecochory as a means of seed dispersal. Evolutionary stability of the ant–seed mutualism is maintained by the ability of ants to discriminate between certain types of rewards and to respond with differential diaspore distribution rates.