bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trafficking and signalling of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone receptors: an automated imaging approach
Authors: Finch AR , Sedgley KR , Armstrong SP , Caunt CJ , McArdle CA 
Published: November 2009

Gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) is a neuropeptide that mediates central control of reproduction by stimulating gonadotrophin secretion from the pituitary. It acts via 7 transmembrane region (7TM) receptors that lack C‐terminal tails, regions that for many 7TM receptors, are necessary for agonist‐induced phosphorylation and arrestin binding as well as arrestin‐dependent desensitization, internalization and signalling. Recent work has revealed that human GnRH receptors (GnRHR) are poorly expressed at the cell surface. This apparently reflects inefficient exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, which is thought to be increased by pharmacological chaperones (non‐peptide GnRHR antagonists that increase cell surface GnRHR expression) or reduced by point mutations that further impair GnRHR trafficking and thereby cause infertility. Here, we review recent work in this field, with emphasis on the use of semi‐automated imaging to interrogate compartmentalization and trafficking of these unique 7TM receptors.This article is part of a themed section on Imaging in Pharmacology. To view the editorial for this themed section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2010.00685.x
α1A/B‐Knockout mice explain the native α1D‐adrenoceptor's role in vasoconstriction and show that its location is independent of the other α1‐subtypes
Authors: Methven L , Simpson PC , McGrath JC 
Published: November 2009

Background and purpose: Theoretically, three α1‐adrenoceptor subtypes can interact at the signalling level to alter vascular contraction or at the molecular level to alter each other's cellular location. The α1A/B‐adrenoceptor knockout mouse (α1A/B‐KO) was used to study the isolated α1D‐adrenoceptor to consider these potential interactions in native tissue.Experimental approach: Pharmacological analysis of carotid and mesenteric arteries employed wire myography and fluorescent ligand binding (α1‐adrenoceptor ligand BODIPY FL‐prazosin, QAPB).Key results: α1A/B‐KO carotid had clear α1D‐adrenoceptor‐induced contractions. In WT carotid α1D‐adrenoceptor dominated but all three α1‐subtypes participated. α1A/B‐KO mesenteric had α1D‐adrenoceptor responses with high sensitivity and small maximum, explaining how α1D‐adrenoceptor could determine agonist sensitivity in WT. In both arteries α1A/B‐KO fluorescence levels were reduced but pharmacologically more consistent with ‘pure’α1D‐adrenoceptors. α1D‐Adrenoceptor binding in α1A/B‐KO was observed on the cell surface and intracellularly and was present in a high proportion of smooth‐muscle cells in both strains, regardless of artery type.Conclusions and implications: ‘Pure’α1D‐adrenoceptor pharmacology in α1A/B‐KO provides a quantitative standard. Functionally, the α1D‐ and α1A‐adrenoceptors produce additive responses and do not significantly compensate for each other. α1D‐Adrenoceptor contributes to sensitivity even in resistance arteries. In α1A/B‐KO, the loss of α1A‐ and α1B‐adrenoceptors is reflected by a general decrease in fluorescence, but similar binding distribution to WT indicates that the α1D‐adrenoceptor location in native smooth‐muscle cells is not influenced by other α1‐adrenoceptors. Equivalent levels of receptors did not correspond to equivalent responses. In conclusion, α1‐subtypes do not interact but provide independent alternative signals for vascular regulation.
Occipital Nerve Blocks: Effect of Symptomatic Medication
Authors: Tobin Joshua A. , Flitman Stephen S. 
Published: November 2009

Objective.— To explore the effect of symptomatic medication overuse (SMO) and headache type on occipital nerve block (ONB) efficacy.Methods.— We conducted a chart review of all of the ONBs performed in our clinic over a 2‐year period.Results.— Of 108 ONBs with follow‐up data, ONB failed in 22% of injections overall. Of the other 78%, the mean decrease in head pain was 83%, and the benefit lasted a mean of 6.6 weeks. Failure rate without SMO was 16% overall, and with SMO was 44% overall (P < .000). In those who did respond, overall magnitude and duration of response did not differ between those with and those without SMO. Without SMO, ONB failure rate was 0% for postconcussive syndrome, 14% for occipital neuralgia, 11% for non‐intractable migraine, and 39% for intractable migraine. With SMO, failure rate increased by 24% (P = .14) in occipital neuralgia, by 36% (P = .08) for all migraine, and by 52% (P = .04) for non‐intractable migraine.Conclusions.— SMO tripled the risk of ONB failure, possibly because medication overuse headache does not respond to ONB. SMO increased ONB failure rate more in migraineurs than in those with occipital neuralgia, possibly because migraineurs are particularly susceptible to medication overuse headache. This effect was much more pronounced in non‐intractable migraineurs than in intractable migraineurs.
Expert Opinion: What Causes Migraine: Which Physician Explanation Do Patients Prefer and Understand?
Authors: Evans Randolph W. , Evans Rochelle E. 
Published: November 2009

Background.— Although “What causes migraine,” is one of the most common questions migraineurs ask their physicians, little is known about what response physicians provide, whether migraineurs believe it is important that they be provided information, or which explanation is most informative.Methods.— Seven migraine specialists were personally contacted and a convenience sample of 23 neurologists were surveyed at a meeting to obtain a range of explanations. Four explanations were selected and edited. One hundred consecutive patients seen in a general neurology practice participated in the study.Results.— The mean response on a 5‐point Likert scale to the statement, “It is important to provide patients an explanation of what causes migraine,” of 15 neurologists surveyed at a meeting was 4.3 (5 = strongly agree). One hundred consecutive patients participated in the study with a mean age of 39.1 years and 87 females. The mean response to the question, “How important is it for a physician to provide you with an explanation of what causes migraine?” was 4.7 on a 5‐point Likert scale (5 = very important). The explanation preferred by most (56) of the subjects was the longest (245 words) with the fewest (4) choosing the briefest (25 words).Conclusions.— This study suggests that neurologists and migraineurs believe that it is very important for a physician to provide them with an explanation of what causes migraine. An explanation that may be most informative may contain information in lay terms about the pathophysiology and the many triggers. The physician can provide explanations verbally, through handouts, or by referral to internet sites. Better patient understanding of what causes migraine may improve treatment adherence and patient satisfaction.
Psychiatric comorbidity and suicidal behavior in epilepsy: A community‐based case–control study
Authors: Stefanello Sabrina , Marín‐Léon Letícia , Fernandes Paula T. , Li Li M. , Botega Neury J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPurpose:  To provide information about psychiatric comorbidity and suicidal behavior in people with epilepsy compared to those without epilepsy from a community sample in Brazil.Methods:  An attempt was made to evaluate all 174 subjects with epilepsy (cases) identified in a previous survey. For every case identified, an individual without epilepsy (control) matched by sex and age was selected in the same neighborhood. A structured interview with validated psychiatric scales was performed. One hundred and fifty‐three cases and 154 controls were enrolled in the study.Results:  People with epilepsy had anxiety more frequently [39.4% vs. 23.8%, odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–3.5; p = 0.006], depression (24.4% vs. 14.7%, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.01–3.5; p = 0.04), and anger (55.6% vs. 39.7%, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–3.1; p = 0.008). They also reported more suicidal thoughts [36.7% vs. 23.8%, OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.1; p = 0.02), plans (18.2% vs. 3.3%, OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.0–4.0; p = 0.04), and attempts (12.1% vs. 5.3%, OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–3.2, p = 0.04) during life than controls.Conclusions:  These findings call attention to psychiatric comorbidity and suicidal behavior associated with epilepsy. Suicide risk assessment, mental evaluation, and treatment may improve quality of life in epilepsy and ultimately prevent suicide.
Profiles of psychosocial outcome after epilepsy surgery: The role of personality
Authors: Wilson Sarah J. , Wrench Joanne M. , McIntosh Anne M. , Bladin Peter F. , Berkovic Samuel F. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPurpose:  We have previously found that the developmental time frame of epilepsy onset influences adult personality traits and subsequent adjustment to intractable seizures. In the same cohort of patients we now investigate the influence of these factors on psychosocial outcome after surgical treatment.Methods:  Fifty‐seven adult patients with focal epilepsy were prospectively assessed before and after surgery. Measures of psychosocial outcome included mood, health‐related quality of life (HRQOL), and psychosocial adjustment, collected longitudinally at 1‐, 3‐, and 12‐months after surgery.Results:  Patients with high neuroticism and low extraversion were predisposed to greater depression after surgery. More than 70% of patients with high neuroticism also reported disrupted family dynamics and difficulties adjusting to seizure freedom. The latter was associated with changes in self‐identity that increased over time. Patients with epilepsy onset before or during the self‐defining period of adolescence reported the greatest perceived self‐change after surgery that had positive effects for HRQOL.Discussion:  Psychosocial outcome after epilepsy surgery appears intrinsically linked to a change in self and a transition from chronically sick to well. The development of personality traits and self‐identity in the context of habitual seizures can impact psychosocial outcome and the extent of self‐change reported after surgery, and paradoxically, can concur more beneficial effects.
Using the Internet to recruit patients for epilepsy trials: Results of a New Zealand pilot study
Authors: Bergin Peter S. , Ip Tony , Sheehan Robert , Frith Richard W. , Sadleir Lynette G. , McGrath Nicole , Ranta Annemarei , Walker Elizabeth B. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPurpose:  We created a database that could be accessed via the Internet by any neurologist or pediatric neurologist in New Zealand. The database was designed to facilitate recruitment of patients for investigator‐driven drug trials.Methods:  We established an epilepsy database, and invited neurologists and pediatric neurologists throughout New Zealand to register patients via the Internet when they were uncertain of the optimal management. Details regarding seizure type and frequency, epilepsy syndrome, etiology, drug history, and investigations were collected. We produced an algorithm to select patients who had failed to respond to a single antiepileptic drug (AED). These patients were randomized immediately via the Internet to receive a different drug. Participants were not reimbursed.Results:  The pilot study recruited patients from mid‐June to December 2007. Sixteen neurologists participated; neurologists were based in eight different cities. One hundred thirty‐seven patients were registered, of whom 113 were considered suitable for drug trials. Thirty‐five patients who had used a single antiepileptic drug AED were enrolled, and 14 of these were successfully randomized online to a different drug. Follow‐up information was entered via the Internet for all 108 patients who were seen again during the following year.Discussion:  We have demonstrated that patients can be recruited for trials and randomized from routine clinics via the Internet. Trials could compare AEDs or look at other aspects of epilepsy management. An international pilot study is planned. Neurologists are invited to enroll patients with epilepsy, who would be suitable for randomized controlled trials, into a Web‐based register.
Topiramate overdose: A case report of a patient with extremely high topiramate serum concentrations and nonconvulsive status epilepticus
Authors: Brandt Christian , Elsner Heike , Füratsch Nora , Hoppe Matthias , Nieder Esther , Rambeck Bernhard , Ebner Alois , May Theodor W. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryWe report the case of a 21‐year‐old man with idiopathic generalized epilepsy who ingested about 8,000 mg of topiramate (TPM) in a suicide attempt. On admission to the hospital he had a nonconvulsive status epilepticus and received 4 mg lorazepam i.v. He recovered rapidly despite an initial TPM concentration of 144.6 μg/ml. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient who survived such a high TPM concentration. The case indicates that nonconvulsive status epilepticus could be a manifestation of TPM intoxication.
Ictal affective symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy are related to gender and age
Authors: Toth Vanda , Fogarasi Andras , Karadi Kazmer , Kovacs Norbert , Ebner Alois , Janszky Jozsef 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPurpose: We systematically analyzed the video‐recorded and patient‐reported, as well as positive and negative ictal affective symptoms (IAS) in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Our aim was to assess (1) frequency, (2) gender effect, (3) lateralizing significance, (4) localizing value, and (5) prognostic significance in epilepsy surgery of IAS in patients with video‐registered seizures.Methods: We reviewed ictal video recordings of 184 patients (99 women, aged 16–63). All patients had surgery for intractable TLE with video‐recorded complex partial seizures (CPS) due to temporal lobe lesions visualized by high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Affective auras (AAs) were categorized into two groups: positive or negative.Results: We registered AAs in 18% of patients: positive in 3%, negative in 15%. We saw ictal affective behavior (IAB) in 22% of patients; 10% had positive, whereas 14% had negative IAB. Two patients had both positive and negative IAB. AAs showed an association with IAB in case of fear expression versus fear auras (p = 0.018). IAB, especially negative IAB, occurred more often in women than in men. Patients with negative IAB were younger than others. We could not demonstrate an association between IAS and the localization, lateralization, or hemispheric dominance. Surgical outcome did not associate with IAS.Discussion: Patient‐reported and video‐recorded negative—but not positive—affective signs are related to each other. Video‐recorded negative AAs occur more often in women and young patients.
Assessment of Precious Metal Flows During Preprocessing of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Authors: Chancerel Perrine , Meskers Christina E.M. , Hagelüken Christian , Rotter Vera Susanne 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe manufacturing of electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) is a major demand sector for precious and special metals with a strong growth potential. Both precious and special metals are contained in complex components with only small concentrations per unit. After the use‐phase, waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEE) is an important source of these “trace elements.” Their recycling requires appropriate processes in order to cope with the hazardous substances contained in WEEE and to recover efficiently the valuable materials. Although state‐of‐the‐art preprocessing facilities are optimized for recovering mass‐relevant materials such as iron and copper, trace elements are often lost. The objective of this article is to show how a substance flow analysis (SFA) on a process level can be used for a holistic approach, covering technical improvement at process scale, optimization of product life cycles, and contributing to knowledge on economy‐wide material cycles. An SFA in a full‐scale preprocessing facility shows that only 11.5 wt.% of the silver and 25.6 wt.% of the gold and of the palladium reach output fractions from which they may potentially be recovered. For copper this percentage is 60. Considering the environmental rucksack of precious metals, an improvement of the recycling chain would significantly contribute to the optimization of the product life cycle impact of EEE and to ensuring the long‐term supply of precious metals.
Categorization of the hemodynamic response to hemodialysis: The importance of baroreflex sensitivity
Authors: CHESTERTON Lindsay J. , SELBY Nicholas M. , BURTON James O. , FIALOVA Jana , CHAN Cian , MCINTYRE Chris W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIntradialytic hypotension (IDH) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The baroreflex arc is under autonomic control and regulates blood pressure. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of impaired baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) to the pathophysiology of IDH. Thirty‐four chronic HD (12 IDH‐prone, 22 IDH‐resistant) patients underwent BRS measurement during HD with relative blood volume monitoring. During analysis, patients were separated into four age‐matched groups according to resting BRS≥4.5 ms/mmHg and hemodynamic stability. Resting BRS was extremely heterogenous (geometric mean BRS 5.78±1.41 [range 1.76–41.41] ms/mmHg). Relative blood volume reduction was well matched in all groups (mean reduction in relative blood volume for all patients −6.74%±0.86%, P>0.05). Thirty‐seven episodes of IDH occurred in the IDH prone, reduced BRS group. Patients with impaired resting BRS and prone to IDH had markedly different responses to HD as compared to the preserved BRS group, but the total peripheral resistance response was significantly lower than in the IDH‐resistant patients (15.9%±2.1% vs. 42.4%±3.0%, respectively, P<0.001). In those patients prone to IDH and with impaired resting BRS, percentage reduction in cardiac output at the end of HD highly correlated with reduction in relative blood volume (r=0.94, P=0.006). Hypotension during dialysis may be an important source of recurrent cardiac injury and early recognition of those patients prone to relative symptomatic and asymptomatic hypotension remains important. Impaired resting BRS and recognition of a suboptimal peripheral pressor response, appear to predict those patients most likely to undergo hemodynamic instability and may assist in the pursuit of this elusive goal.
La Vida Matizada: Time Sense, Everyday Rhythms, and Globalized Ideas of Work
Authors: Syring David 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYThis article explores three instances of the frictions and negotiations that are sparked by specific transnational encounters with global capitalist temporality. Capitalist ideas about the proper ways to organize time and labor have long dominated global practices. Such ideas simultaneously force acceptance of a limited model of the proper relationships between work and everyday life. This article provides ethnographic descriptions of the work rhythms of three men in interconnected contexts—those of an indigenous Saraguro (Ecuador) man, the experience of a migrant Saraguro man who works in industrial agriculture in the United States, and the author's experience as an academic.
Street Life under a Roof
Authors: Margaretten Emily 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYThis article offers a story about community formation right along the sidelines of the streets. It traces the transitory movements of youth in South Africa, their sojourns from the streets to shelters and places of their own making. Blending personal narratives with ethnographic description and analyses, this article illustrates a crossing over of moments in which abandonment and abuse give rise to instances of companionship, care, and cohabitation.
Mothers of Solitude: Childlessness and Intersubjectivity in the Upper Zambezi
Authors: Silva Sónia 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYDrawing on normative cultural forms and interpersonal encounters, I seek to convey the sense of sadness and devastation associated with childlessness in the Upper Zambezi, and to interpret that sense as a pathology of severed intersubjectivity. I also argue that as irremediable as this pathology might seem, elderly childless women may momentarily revert to personhood through compassion, itself experienced as the restoration of intersubjective ties. The conditions of personhood and nonpersonhood, in addition to being structural and processual, are emotional, performative, and intersubjective as well.
Partial Intra‐Aortic Occlusion Improves Perfusion Deficits and Infarct Size Following Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Noor Raza , Wang Chen Xu , Todd Kathryn , Elliott Cameron , Wahr Joyce , Shuaib Ashfaq 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT Reperfusion with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been the goal of therapy for acute ischemic stroke; however, tPA is contraindicated in many patients, has low recanalization rates in major occlusions, and carries a substantial risk of symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage. In the present study, we hypothesized that partial intra‐aortic occlusion of the abdominal aorta would increase salvage of ischemic penumbra and reduce infarct volume after focal embolic stroke in rats. We examined the effects of aortic occlusion on infarct volume, expression and activation of matrix metalloprotease‐9, and hemorrhagic transformation with or without treatment with tPA. We then examined the effects of aortic occlusion on perfusion deficits following embolic occlusion. Results showed that partial aortic occlusion significantly reduces brain infarction volume with or without treatment with tPA after focal ischemia, but does not increase risk for hemorrhagic transformation or matrix metalloprotease‐9 expression and activation. Partial intra‐aortic occlusion also reduces perfusion deficits after focal cerebral ischemia as compared to control. The present study shows that partial intra‐aortic occlusion significantly decreases infarction volume and perfusion deficits following ischemic injury in an embolic model of cerebral ischemia. Moreover, combination treatment with tPA and partial intra‐aortic occlusion further reduces infarction volume without any increase in hemorrhagic transformation.