bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outside the Garden of Eden: Rural Values and Healthcare Reform
Authors: Brown Kate H. 
Published: July 2009

It should surprise no one familiar with the problems in rural healthcare that 87% of a randomly selected sample of Nebraskans recently called for either fundamental or complete change of the healthcare system. Rural communities in the United, States have been hard hit by the rising cost of healthcare at a time of economic and demographic decline. Unable to sustain operating costs and personnel needs, rural hospitals and medical, practices have been forced to close their doors at an, alarming rate.Furthermore, rural patients are decreasingly able to afford what services are available to them. Most must purchase insurance privately because they are unlikely to be insured through employment. Therefore, they pay dearly because they are not eligible for corporate rates and because insurance companies use experience instead of community rating to assess risk.
Cultural Aspects of Nondisclosure
Authors: Orona Celia J. , Koenig Barbara A. , Davis Anne J. 
Published: July 2009

A basic assumption in current western medicine is that good healthcare involves informed choices. Indeed, making informed choices is not only viewed as “good practice” but a right to which each individual is entitled, a perspective only recently developed in the medical field.Moreover, in the case of ethical decisions, much of the discussion on the role of the family is cast within the autonomy paradigm of contemporary bioethics; that is, family members provide emotional support but do not make decisions for the competent adult patient. The family Is uniformly viewed as an Important proxy decision maker for incompetent patients; but most bioethicists would eschew any decision-making role for the family of mentally competent adult patients. Underlying the discussion of autonomy is the basic assumption in western medicine that good healthcare Involves choices by Informed individuals.
Love Thy Patient: Justice, Caring, and the Doctor–Patient Relationship
Authors: Rhodes Rosamond 
Published: July 2009

Traditional moral theories of rights and principles have dominated medical ethics discussions for decades. Appeals to utilitarian consequences, as well as the principles of respect for autonomy, beneficence, and justice, have provided the standard vocabulary and filled the literature of the field.Recently on the bioethics scene, however, there has been some discussion of virtue, and, particularly within the nursing ethics literature, appeals are being made to the feminist ethics of care. This intimation of a shift in the wind may have to do with postmodern doubt, or it may be attributable to the claim that virtue theory and the ethics of care (which focus on the character or feelings of the agent, respectively) are more appropriate to private interaction; theories of rights and justice (which focus on the act rather than the agent) are best applied to the political domain of public policy.
Why It Was Hard for Me to Learn Compassion as a Third-Year Medical Student
Authors: Lu Michael Chunchi 
Published: July 2009

Ms. B. was a 70-year-old woman who presented with a chief complaint of “my belly got puffy.” She noted that her waistband got progressively tighter as her abdomen swelled up on the month prior to her admission. Although not painful, the swelling caused considerable discomfort and anorexia.Ms. B. had come to the university hospital by referral from her primary care doctor. She was my first patient on my junior clerkship in internal medicine, a specialty I was particularly interested in going into. It is a rare opportunity for a medical student to pick up a mystery case. Ms. B. had come to us without a diagnosis.
Health Policy Watch: Ethical Obligations in the Body Politic: The Case of Normalization Policy for Marginal Populations
Authors: d'Oronzio Joseph C. 
Published: July 2009

A common tale of moral cacophony and euphemism on the city streets:Each day, an owner of a small business decides, “once and for all,” how to respond to the “homeless person” panhandling for “spare change” as she makes her way to work in the morning. Today, she looks the other way and holds more tightly to her purse. Nearby, a building contractor waits impatiently for the traffic light to change as his van is approached by a small and shabby band of “street people” demanding to clean his windshield. He turns his wipers on to signal them away. Sometimes this works. At the next light, a woman carrying an infant swaddled to her torso offers a tube of three roses for a dollar. The driver smiles pleasantly, but does not stop. The businesswoman, now close to work, buys two tubes of roses and does not wait for the change from the five-dollar bill she earnestly presses into the mother's hand.
Jaqueline Tyrwhitt and transnational discourse on modern urban planning and design, 1941–1951
Authors: SHOSHKES ELLEN 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper illuminates the significant contributions that Jaqueline Tyrwhitt, a British town planner, editor and educator, made to transnational discourse on modern urban planning and design from 1941 to 1951. This is when she formulated her synthesis of utopian planning ideals, grounded in the bio-regionalism of the Scottish visionary Patrick Geddes and informed by European modernism. Her hybrid grew into the Geddessian branch of the planning arm of the post-war modern movement. In addition to uncovering Tyrwhitt's hidden voice, the article also uses the biography of a transnational actor as a vehicle to analyse the emergence of the concept that urbanism encompasses both the global and the local.
The European Paediatric Cardiac Code Long List: structure and function — the first revision
Authors: Franklin Rodney C. G. 
Published: July 2009

The Long ListThe Long List is a comprehensive hierarchical system of coding and classification for the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac disease. The list was first published in 2000, as part of the standard coding system recommended by the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology for use across Europe. It embraces the entirety of the diagnosis and therapy of children with congenital and acquired cardiac disease. The Long List, as a whole, was adopted by the Association in 1998. Its development and expansion has been detailed previously. In essence, it grew from a list of 507 purely diagnostic terms published in 1985, through to a 1,777 item, hierarchical 12 tree structure in the Netherlands by 1988, and then to a single hierarchical structure of over 4,300 items in London by 1994. Although originally aimed at the clinician or surgeon treating cardiac disease first appearing in infancy or childhood, during this time it was enlarged to encompass abnormalities first diagnosed in fetal life, as well as cardiac disease first acquired during adult life. The list published in 2000 was composed of 4,777 items. These were made up of 3,906 individual terms, most of whom were mutually exclusive and unambivalent, given the constraints of clinical ambiguities and differing cultures of practice.
A prospective study to determine the significance of ventricular late potentials in children with mitral valvar prolapse
Authors: Bobkowski Waldemar , Siwińska Aldona , Zachwieja Jacek , Mroziński Bartłomiej , Rzeźnik-Bieniaszewska Alina , Maciejewski Janusz 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe aimed prospectively to determine the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias and ventricular late potentials in children with mitral valvar prolapse, and to assess whether signal-averaged electrocardiography could identify which such children were at high risk of developing ventricular tachycardia. In all, we examined 151 children with mitral valvar prolapse, at an age of 12.2 ± 3.1 years, and 164 healthy subjects aged 12.3 ± 3.7 years. All children underwent 24-hour ambulatory Holter monitoring and echocardiography. The children with mitral valvar prolapse were followed prospectively for a mean of 64 months. There was a significantly higher prevalence of ventricular arrhythmias in those with prolapse than in the controls (p < 0.0001). Runs of ventricular tachycardia were observed in 3 children with mitral valvar prolapse compared with one from the control group. Late potentials were more frequently observed in the children with mitral valvar prolapse than in those who were healthy (p < 0.0001), and also in those with prolapse suffering ventricular arrhythmias compared with those without ventricular arrhythmias (p < 0.02). During follow-up, 24 children with prolapsing mitral valves developed non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, giving a frequency of 3.1/100 subject-years. The sensitivity of late potentials was low, at 52%, for the identification of children with mitral valvar prolapse who developed ventricular tachycardia, although the specificity was high at 90%. This gave a positive predictive value of 50%, and a negative predictive value of 91%. We conclude that prolapse of the mitral valve predisposes to the development of ventricular arrhythmias and late potentials in children. An abnormal signal-averaged electrocardiogram is a specific, but not very sensitive, predictor for the development of ventricular tachycardia in such children.
New roller crimper concepts for mechanical termination of cover crops in conservation agriculture
Authors: Kornecki T.S. , Price A.J. , Raper R.L. , Arriaga F.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRollers crimpers have been used in conservation agriculture to terminate cover crops; however, excessive vibration generated by the original straight-bar roller design has delayed adoption of this technology in the United States. To avoid excessive vibration, producers generally reduce operating speeds that increase the time needed to perform the field operation. The objectives of this research were to identify roller crimper designs that terminated rye cover crops consistently, resulted in soil moisture conservation after use, and minimized vibrations when operated in the field. Six different roller types were developed and tested at 3.2 and 6.4 km h−1in Alabama field experiments during the 2006, 2007 and 2008 growing seasons. All roller types were used alone and one also in combination with glyphosate. Rye mortalities were evaluated 1, 2 and 3 weeks after rolling and compared with the check (non-rolled standing rye). Soil volumetric moisture content (VMC) was measured at the day of rolling, and then at 1, 2 and 3 weeks after rolling. Vibration was measured on the rollers' and tractor's frames during operation. Mortality for rolled rye 2 weeks after rolling was at least 98% compared with 96% for the check in 2006, 93% for rolling compared with 75% for the check in 2007, and 94% for rolling compared with 60% for the check in 2008 (P<0.10). There were no consistent differences in rye mortality across roller types (without glyphosate) and speeds. VMC for soil in non-rolled rye plots was consistently lower than in rolled rye plots, averaging 3% compared with 7% 2 weeks after rolling in 2006, and 4% compared with 8% in 2008. During 2007, VMC was affected by severe drought conditions, and differences between roller treatments were detected but minor. The straight-bar roller generated the highest vibration on the tractor's frame at 6.4 km h−1(0.71 m s−2, RMS), which exceeded International Standards (International Standard Office (ISO)). At 6.4 km h−1, new roller designs generated significantly lower acceleration levels from 0.12 to 0.32 m s−2on the tractor's frame and were below detrimental effects on health ‘health limits’ classified by ISO. Overall, 2 weeks after rolling, all roller designs effectively terminated rye above 90%, which is the recommended termination level of rye to plant a cash crop into residue mat, while protecting soil surface from water loss. New roller designs generate less vibration than the original design and can be used safely at higher operating speeds.
Use of an integrative soil health test for evaluation of soil management impacts
Authors: Idowu O.J. , van Es H.M. , Abawi G.S. , Wolfe D.W. , Schindelbeck R.R. , Moebius-Clune B.N. , Gugino B.K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the response of soil quality indicators to changes in management practices is essential for sustainable land management. Soil quality indicators were measured for 2 years under established experiments with varying management histories and durations at four locations in New York State. The Willsboro (clay loam) and Aurora (silt loam) experiments were established in 1992, comparing no-till (NT) to plow-till (PT) management under corn (Zea maysL.)–soybean (Glycine maxL.) rotation. The Chazy (silt loam) trial was established in 1973 as a factorial experiment comparing NT versus PT and the crop harvesting method (corn silage versus corn grain). The Geneva (silt loam) experiment was established in 2003 with vegetable rotations with and without intervening soil building crops, each under three tillage methods (NT, PT and zone-till (ZT)) and three cover cropping systems (none, rye and vetch). Physical indicators measured were wet aggregate stability (WAS), available water capacity (AWC) and surface hardness (SH) and subsurface hardness (SSH). Soil biological indicators included organic matter (OM), active carbon (AC), potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN) and root disease potential (RDP). Chemical indicators included pH, P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn. Results from the Willsboro and Aurora sites showed significant tillage effects for several indicators including WAS, AWC, OM, AC, pH, P, K, Mg, Fe and Mn. Generally, the NT treatment had better indicator values than the PT treatments. At the Chazy site, WAS, AWC, OM, AC, pH, K and Mg showed significant differences for tillage and/or harvest method, also with NT showing better indicator values compared to PT and corn grain better than corn silage. Aggregate stability was on average 2.5 times higher in NT compared to PT treatments at Willsboro, Aurora and Chazy sites. OM was also 1.2, 1.1 and 1.5 times higher in NT compared to PT treatments at Willsboro, Aurora and Chazy sites, respectively. At the Geneva site WAS, SH, AC, PMN, pH, P, K and Zn showed significant tillage effects. The cover crop effect was only significant for SH and PMN measurements. Indicators that gave consistent performance across locations included WAS, OM and AC, while PMN and RDP were site and management dependent. The composite soil health index (CSHI) significantly differentiated between contrasting management practices. The CSHI for the Willsboro site was 71% for NT and 59% for PT, while at the Aurora site it was 61% for NT and 48% for PT after 15 years of tillage treatments.
Explaining microbial population genomics through phage predation
Authors: Rodriguez-Valera Francisco , Martín-Cuadrado Ana-Belén , Rodriguez-Brito Beltrán , Pasic Lejla , Thingstad T. Frede , Rohwer Forest , Mira Alex 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe remarkable diversity of genes within the pool of prokaryotic genomes belonging to the same species or pan-genome is difficult to reconcile with the widely accepted paradigm which asserts that periodic selection within bacterial populations would regularly purge genomic diversity by clonal replacement. Recent evidence from metagenomics indicates that even within a single sample a large diversity of genomes can be present for a single species. We have found that much of the differential gene content affects regions that are potential phage recognition targets. We therefore propose the operation of Constant-Diversity dynamics in which the diversity of prokaryotic populations is preserved by phage predation. We provide supporting evidence for this model from metagenomics, mathematical analysis and computer simulations. Periodic selection and phage predation dynamics are not mutually exclusive; we compare their predictions to indicate under which ecological circumstances each dynamics could predominate.
An Advanced Clinical Ontology
Authors: Mizoguchi Riichiro , Kozaki Kouji , Kou Hiroko , Imai Ken , Ohe Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article discusses a fundamental issues of medical ontology based on ontological theory. We focus on "anatomical structure of organs" and "abnormal states in the human body". On the basis of the investigation, we distinguish organ-specific types from those independent of any organ to maximize the explicitness of ontology. The next feature of our ontology is to allow on-demand reorganization of is-a hierarchy of diseases instead of one fixed hierarchy to cope with various viewpoints which physician might have. We also take care of the notorious issue related to conflict of is-a and part-of relations.
Ontology Mapping of PATO to YATO for the improvement of interoperability of quality description
Authors: Masuya Hiroshi , Tanaka Nobuhiko , Waki Kazunori , Kushida Tatsuya , Kozaki Kouji , Mizoguchi Riichiro 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo facilitate broad interoperability for phenotype information between different ontological frameworks, we developed a reference ontology, PATO2YATO_Quality, with the careful mapping of terms of PATO which is a quality ontology commonly used for biological phenotype annotation to the latest top-level ontology, YATO, which represents advanced modeling of quality-related concepts. As a result, YATO framework enabled to describe changes of phenotypic qualities along the courses of time in ontologically correct way and sophisticated classification and representation of interrelationships among quality-related concepts to provide fully integration of qualitative values and quantitative values obtained from phenotyping experiments and advanced representation of more detailed quality description. Thus, PATO2YATO_Quality will contribute to advanced integration of phenotypic qualities.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Model to Derive Novel Gene Networks from Gene Ontology Fingerprints
Authors: Qin Tingting , Tsoi Lam , Lawson Andrew , Zheng Jim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to identify gene networks based on the similarity score generated from comparing the gene ontology fingerprints of gene pairs. Genes in this network were assumed to have similar biological functions that can be indicated by their ontology fingerprints. Our results indicate that different pathways show consistent score threshold that allow us to distinguish biological relevant gene—gene connections in the network.
Concurrent, Collaborative *Ontology Building* with Collaborative Protégé (CP)
Authors: Schober Daniel 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCreation of an ontology according to some common plan is best accomplished collaboratively. This is sometimes contradicted by the distribution of the ontology’s developers. An obvious solution therefore is to build collaboration into ontology development tools. Such support necessarily includes both the technical means to perform editing operations upon an ontology, but also support for the communication that makes collaboration such a vital part of much ontology development. To investigate the distributed, collaborative ontology engineering process and the corresponding capabilities of the Collaborative Protege 3 (CP) tool, members of the OntoGenesis network came together and enriched the Ontology of Biomedical Investigations (OBI) with new content. The communications and interactions of the participants with each other, directly or through the tool, were tracked and analyzed. Our initial analysis of the degree to which this new tool fulfills the practical requirements of collaborative ontology engineering suggests the approach is promising. We present some observations and recommendations for CP based upon this experience.
Automated Annotation-Based Bio-Ontology Alignment with Structural Validation
Authors: Joslyn Cliff , Baddeley Bob , Blake Judith , Bult Carol , Dolan Mary , Riensche Rick , Rodland Karin , Sanfilippo Antonio , White Amanda 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe outline the structure of an automated process to both align multiple bio-ontologies in terms of their genomic co-annotations, and then to measure the structural quality of that alignment. We illustrate the method with a genomic analysis of 70 genes implicated in lung disease against the Gene Ontology.
Feasibility and Benefit of Parent Participation in a Program Emphasizing Preschool Child Language Development While Homeless
Authors: O'Neil-Pirozzi Therese M. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
This exploratory study examined the feasibility of homeless parents' participation in an intervention to increase use of facilitating language strategies during interactions with their preschool children while residing in family homeless shelters. This study also examined the intervention’s impact on the parents' use of facilitating language strategies, regardless of parent performance on a single-word receptive vocabulary test.

Method
Using a prospective, pretest/posttest comparison group design, 12 parents were randomly assigned to a 4-session experimental group training emphasizing use of facilitating language utterances with children following vocabulary testing. Four parents were randomly assigned to a control group intervention.

Results
It was feasible for parents to participate in the intervention. Before the intervention, individual experimental group parents with poor test performance demonstrated relatively high use of facilitating language utterances. After the intervention, the experimental group increased use of facilitating language utterances during interactions with their children.

Conclusions
This exploratory study provides initial evidence that it is feasible for parents to participate in, and benefit from, a brief language-based group intervention while residing in family homeless shelters. Further study of language-based interventions for these at-risk families and of the possible impact of parent language functioning on intervention benefit is needed.
Feeding Tube Placement in Patients With Advanced Dementia: The Beliefs and Practice Patterns of Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: Sharp Helen M. , Shega Joseph W. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose
To describe the beliefs and practices of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) about the use of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) among patients with advanced dementia and dysphagia.

Method
A survey was mailed to a geographically stratified random sample of 1,050 medical SLPs.

Results

The response rate was 57%, and 326 surveys met inclusion criteria. Fifty-six percent of SLPs recommended PEG for a patient with advanced dementia and dysphagia. Contrary to the evidence, many respondents believed that PEG improves nutritional status and increases survival. Relatively few SLPs believed that PEG improved patients' functional status or quality of life. Patient factors (e.g., age or prognosis) were more often identified as influences on recommendations for PEG than were extrinsic factors (e.g., cost). Nearly 40% believed that PEG was the standard of care, while 15% believed it should be. Very few SLPs (11%) would want a PEG themselves. Perceived standard of care was significantly related to both geographic region and population density (
p
< .05), but self-reported practices were not.

Conclusions
Discrepancies between SLPs' beliefs, the literature, and self-reported practices were observed. The findings suggest the need to connect the evidence base to clinical practice and to include SLPs in local and national discussions about end-of-life care protocols.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.6170189