bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Uniform Microspheres and Microcapsules by Modified Emulsification Process
Authors: Ma Guang‐Hui , Yang Jian , Lv Pi‐Ping , Wang Lian‐Yan , Wei Wei , Tian Rui , Wu Jie , Su Zhi‐Guo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Uniform microspheres and microcapsules have been prepared by developing a direct membrane emulsification technique from O/W, W/O and W/O/W emulsions in previous studies, and have been applied in bio‐separation and drug delivery systems. The diameter can be controlled from several microns to above 100 microns. However, smaller microsphere with submicron size, especially from W/O/W emulsion was difficult to be prepared. In this article, a modified emulsification technique was developed to overcome the problem. That is, a pre‐emulsion (W/O or W/O/W) with broad size distribution of droplets was prepared firstly by homogenization, sonification or mechanical stirring method, then the pre‐emulsion was pressed through the uniform pores of a Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membrane to obtain relatively uniform smaller droplets, finally the droplets were solidified to form uniform microsphere or microcapsule. Uniform chitosan microsphere and poly(lactic‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) microcapsule with submicron size were prepared from W/O and W/O/W emulsions, respectively. Further more, uniform polymer‐magnetite microcapsule was prepared by combining this technique and a new post‐precipitation process of magnetite.
Shear Thinning Behavior of Concentrated Latex Dispersions
Authors: Takamura Koichi , de Ven Theo G. M. van 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Measured viscosity vs. shear rate relationships were analyzed for a wide variety of carboxylated latexes reported in the literature using the theoretical model proposed by one of the authors. The theory contains three main parameters: cm, ko and δ, which are the maximum volume fraction, a particle interaction parameter closely related to the secondary electroviscous effect, and the thickness of the stabilizing surface layer, respectively. It is assumed that sheared dispersions always approach close packing for high volume fractions, i.e. cm = 0.74, and that the shear thinning is entirely due to the energy dissipation associated with hydrodynamic and colloidal particle interactions, which at low shear rates is larger than at high ones (for simple shear flows). The experimental data include those by Laun who measured the viscosity of concentrated latex dispersions over nine order of magnitude of shear rate ranging from 10−3 to 106 s−1, and Chu et al., who prepared several monodisperse latexes and measured the viscosity of individual as well as trimodal blends of these three latexes as a function of shear rate. The viscosity of carboxylated latex is also influenced by surface “hair”, which appears to be closely related to the amount and type of functional monomers, and degree of dissociation of carboxylic acid groups on the latex surface.
Isoangustone A present in hexane/ethanol extract of Glycyrrhiza uralensis induces apoptosis in DU145 human prostate cancer cells via the activation of DR4 and intrinsic apoptosis pathway
Authors: Seon Mi Ra , Lim Soon Sung , Choi Hyun Ju , Park So Young , Cho Han Jin , Kim Jin‐Kyu , Kim Jongdai , Kwon Dae Young , Park Jung Han Yoon 
Published: March 2010

AbstractGlycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) is one of the most frequently prescribed ingredients in Oriental medicine, and licorice extract has been shown to exert anti‐carcinogenic effects. However, its use as a cancer chemopreventive agent is rather limited, due to the fact that its principal component, glycyrrhizin, is known to induce hypertension. This study determined the effects of a hexane/ethanol extract of G. uralensis (HEGU), which contains undetectable amounts of glycyrrhizin, on the apoptosis of androgen‐insensitive DU145 cells. HEGU induced apoptosis and increased the levels of cleaved caspase‐9, caspase‐7, caspase‐3 and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP). HEGU also induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization and cytochrome c release to the cytosol. HEGU increased the levels of Fas, death receptor 4 (DR4), cleaved caspase‐8, Mcl‐1S, and truncated Bid proteins. A caspase‐8 inhibitor suppressed HEGU‐induced apoptosis. An active fraction of HEGU was separated via column chromatography and the structure of the active compound isoangustone A was identified via 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR. Isoangustone A increased apoptotic cells, the cleavage of PARP and caspases, and the levels of DR4 and Mcl‐1S. Transfection with DR4 small interfering RNA attenuated HEGU‐ and isoangustone A‐induced apoptosis. These results demonstrate that the activation of DR4 contributes to HEGU‐ and isoangustone A‐induced apoptosis of DU145 cells.
Blackcurrant proanthocyanidins augment IFN‐γ‐induced suppression of IL‐4 stimulated CCL26 secretion in alveolar epithelial cells
Authors: Hurst Suzanne M. , McGhie Tony K. , Cooney Janine M. , Jensen Dwayne J. , Gould Elaine M. , Lyall Kirsty A. , Hurst Roger D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEpidemiological studies reveal that fruit consumption reduces the prevalence of airway inflammation and childhood asthma. In particular, blackcurrant polyphenolic extracts have been shown to alleviate lung inflammation. Since IL‐4‐stimulated eotaxin‐3 (CCL26) secretion is a major factor in the continuous eosinophil recruitment observed in atopic asthma, our focus was to evaluate the effectiveness of blackcurrant polyphenolic compounds on CCL26 secretion in human alveolar epithelial cells. Our results indicate that a proanthocyanin‐enriched blackcurrant extract (BC‐P), but not anthocyanin‐enriched blackcurrant extract suppressed both IL‐4‐ and IL‐13‐stimulated CCL26 secretion in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore pre‐incubation of cells with BC‐P caused a time‐dependent suppression of IL‐4‐stimulated CCL26 secretion. Moreover, epigallocatechin (EGC), and to a lesser extent epicatechin, metabolites identified in the proanthocyanidin extract, suppressed IL‐4‐stimulated CCL26 secretion. EGC was also effective at reducing the cellular phosphorylated STAT‐6/STAT‐6 ratio. Furthermore, both BC‐P and purified EGC potentiated the ability of IFN‐γ to suppress IL‐4‐stimulated CCL26 secretion. The progression of an allergic immune response is complex, identifying plant compounds that target specific cellular events and complement the body's own immune actions is important for the development of functional foods. Our findings support the potential for blackcurrant polyphenolic compounds to reduce eosinophil recruitment and alleviate eosinophilic‐driven airway inflammation.
Complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of cis and trans isonucleoside derivatives of purine with a tetrahydropyran ring
Authors: Besada Pedro , Costas Tamara , Terán Carmen 
Published: March 2010

Abstract1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts of cis and trans isonucleoside analogues of purine in which the furanose moiety is substituted by a tetrahydropyran ring were completely assigned using one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR experiments that include NOE, DEPT, COSY and HSQC. The significant 1H and 13C NMR signals differentiating between the cis and trans stereoisomers were compared. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hereditary amyloidosis of the Finnish type in a German family: Clinical and electrophysiological presentation
Authors: Lüttmann Rainer J. , Teismann Inga , Husstedt Ingo W. , Ringelstein E. Bernd , Kuhlenbäumer Gregor 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHereditary amyloidosis of the Finnish type (HAF, or familial amyloid polyneuropathy type IV) is an autosomal dominant disease that has been described most commonly in the Finnish population but has also been found in some other countries. Herein we report the first German family whose members suffer from this condition. There are no known Finnish ancestors. We performed clinical and electrophysiological examinations in 22 members of this family. All symptomatic family members suffered from facial palsy, and most of them had peripheral neuropathy. One patient had confirmed corneal lattice dystrophy. Additional symptoms were hypoglossal nerve involvement in 5 patients and oculomotor nerve palsy in 1 patient. The lips of all older patients appeared thickened. The causative G654A mutation in the gelsolin gene was found in all affected family members. Muscle Nerve, 2010
HIV neuropathy in South Africans: Frequency, characteristics, and risk factors
Authors: Maritz Jean , Benatar Michael , Dave Joel A. , Harrison Taylor B. , Badri Motasim , Levitt Naomi S. , Heckmann Jeannine M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe purpose was to estimate the frequency, characteristics, and risk factors of HIV‐associated distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) among South Africans who attend an urban community‐based clinic. In a cross‐sectional study, neuropathy status was determined in 598 HIV‐infected adults using validated tools (Brief Peripheral Neuropathy Screen and a modified version of the Total Neuropathy Score) to categorize subjects as DSP versus no DSP. Symptomatic DSP (SDSP) required the presence of at least two neuropathic signs together with symptoms. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory evaluations were prospectively performed. CD4 counts, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and questionnaires regarding previous tuberculosis (TB) and alcohol exposure were collected retrospectively. Approximately half (49%) of the study population were diagnosed with DSP, and 30% of the study population were diagnosed with SDSP. In multivariate analyses the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) of DSP were independently associated with ART use (OR 1.7, 1.0–2.9), age (per 10 year increment) (OR 1.7, 1.4–2.2), and prior TB (OR 2.0, 1.3–3.0). Pain or paresthesias were reported as moderately severe by 70% of those with SDSP. Stavudine use was significantly associated with DSP. DSP is a clinically significant problem in urban HIV‐infected Africans. Our findings raise the possibility that the incidence of DSP may be reduced with avoidance of stavudine‐containing regimens in older subjects, especially with a history of prior TB infection. Muscle Nerve, 2010
Predicted residue–residue contacts can help the scoring of 3D models
Authors: Tress Michael L. , Valencia Alfonso 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDuring the 7th Critical Assessment of Protein Structure Prediction (CASP7) experiment, it was suggested that the real value of predicted residue–residue contacts might lie in the scoring of 3D model structures. Here, we have carried out a detailed reassessment of the contact predictions made during the recent CASP8 experiment to determine whether predicted contacts might aid in the selection of close‐to‐native structures or be a useful tool for scoring 3D structural models. We used the contacts predicted by the CASP8 residue–residue contact prediction groups to select models for each target domain submitted to the experiment. We found that the information contained in the predicted residue–residue contacts would probably have helped in the selection of 3D models in the free modeling regime and over the harder comparative modeling targets. Indeed, in many cases, the models selected using just the predicted contacts had better GDT‐TS scores than all but the best 3D prediction groups. Despite the well‐known low accuracy of residue–residue contact predictions, it is clear that the predictive power of contacts can be useful in 3D model prediction strategies. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐range rover localization by matching LIDAR scans to orbital elevation maps
Authors: Carle Patrick J.F. , Furgale Paul T. , Barfoot Timothy D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCurrent rover localization techniques such as visual odometry have proven to be very effective on short‐ to medium‐length traverses (e.g., up to a few kilometers). This paper deals with the problem of long‐range rover localization (e.g., 10 km and up) by developing an algorithm named MOGA (Multi‐frame Odometry‐compensated Global Alignment). This algorithm is designed to globally localize a rover by matching features detected from a three‐dimensional (3D) orbital elevation map to features from rover‐based, 3D LIDAR scans. The accuracy and efficiency of MOGA are enhanced with visual odometry and inclinometer/sun‐sensor orientation measurements. The methodology was tested with real data, including 37 LIDAR scans of terrain from a Mars–Moon analog site on Devon Island, Nunavut. When a scan contained a sufficient number of good topographic features, localization produced position errors of no more than 100 m, of which most were less than 50 m and some even as low as a few meters. Results were compared to and shown to outperform VIPER, a competing global localization algorithm that was given the same initial conditions as MOGA. On a 10‐km traverse, MOGA's localization estimates were shown to significantly outperform visual odometry estimates. This paper shows how the developed algorithm can be used to accurately and autonomously localize a rover over long‐range traverses. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiple systems for motor skill learning
Authors: Clark Dav , Ivry Richard B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMotor learning is a ubiquitous feature of human competence. This review focuses on two particular classes of model tasks for studying skill acquisition. The serial reaction time (SRT) task is used to probe how people learn sequences of actions, while adaptation in the context of visuomotor or force field perturbations serves to illustrate how preexisting movements are recalibrated in novel environments. These tasks highlight important issues regarding the representational changes that occur during the course of motor learning. One important theme is that distinct mechanisms vary in their information processing costs during learning and performance. Fast learning processes may require few trials to produce large changes in performance but impose demands on cognitive resources. Slower processes are limited in their ability to integrate complex information but minimally demanding in terms of attention or processing resources. The representations derived from fast systems may be accessible to conscious processing and provide a relatively greater measure of flexibility, while the representations derived from slower systems are more inflexible and automatic in their behavior. In exploring these issues, we focus on how multiple neural systems may interact and compete during the acquisition and consolidation of new behaviors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Motor Skill and Performance
Yeasts associated with nectarines and their potential for biological control of brown rot
Authors: Janisiewicz W. J. , Kurtzman C. P. , Buyer J. S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractResident fruit microflora has been the source of biocontrol agents for the control of postharvest decay of fruits and the active ingredient in commercialized biocontrol products. With the exception of grapes and apples, information on the resident microflora of other fruits is only fragmentary, but greater knowledge in this area can be very helpful in developing biocontrol strategies. We characterized the yeast microflora of nectarines (‘Croce del Sud’) from the early stages of fruit development until harvest. The fruit samples were collected from trees in an unmanaged orchard. The resident fruit microflora was separated from the occasionally deposited microorganisms by discarding initial fruit washings before the final wash, followed by sonication and plating on NYDA medium. The isolated yeasts were identified by BIOLOG and by sequencing the D1/D2 domain of a large subunit of the rRNA gene and, where available, the ITS sequence. BIOLOG identified 19 and the genetic analysis 23 species of yeasts. Although the identification by these two systems was not always the same, the predominant yeasts were Rhodotorula spp., Sporodiobolus spp., Cryptococcus spp., Pichia spp., Candida spp. and yeast‐like Aureobasidium pullulans. Several of the taxa appear to represent new species. The preliminary biocontrol tests against brown rot of nectarine fruit caused by Monilinia fructicola indicates significant decay control potential of some of the identified yeast species, namely Cryptococcus magnus, Cryptococcus sp. nov., Sporidiobolus pararoseus, A. pullulans and Rhodotorula sp. nov. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐Grignard Reagents: Influence of the Coligands L on the Molecular Structures of Phenylcalcium Iodides [(L)nCa(R)I] and Calcium Diiodides [(L)nCaI2]
Authors: Langer Jens , Krieck Sven , Fischer Reinald , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIodide is a very soft and large anion and as such its extreme ability to be polarized leads to a flat energy surface with respect to the variation of the Ca–I distances in [(L)nCaI2] and [(L)nCa(R)I]. The influence of the donor strength and the bulkiness of the neutral coligands L on the Ca–I distances is studied. The base adducts of calcium diiodide can be isolated after the addition of L to CaI2 or from the Schlenk equilibrium after the direct synthesis of calcium powder with aryl iodides. As L the ethers diethyl ether (Et2O), tetrahydrofuran (thf), tetrahydropyran (thp), 1,2‐dimethoxyethane (dme), 18‐crown‐6 (18C6), bis(methoxyethyl)ether (diglyme), and amines tetramethylethylenediamine (tmeda), and hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (hmteta) are studied yielding the adducts [(thp)4Ca(Ph)I] (1a), [(thf)4Ca(Ph)I] (1b), [(dme)2(thf)Ca(Ph)I] (1c), [(18C6)Ca(Ph)I] (1d), and [(tmeda)2Ca(Ph)I] (1e), as well as [(thp)4CaI2] (2a), [(thf)4CaI2] (2b), [(Et2O)4CaI2] (2c), [(diglyme)(thf)2CaI2] (2d), [(diglyme)(dme)CaI2] (2e), [(dme)2(thf)CaI2] (2f), [(18C6)CaI2] (2g), [(tmeda)2CaI2] (2h), and [(hmteta)CaI2] (2i). For comparison reasons, [(thf)4Ca(Ph)Br] (3a), [(thp)4CaBr2] (4a), [(thf)4CaBr2] (4b), and [(dme)2(AcOH)CaBr2] (4c) with AcOH being acetic acid are included as well. The comparison shows that the coordination number of calcium itself only plays an insignificant role whereas bulkiness and donor strength of L represent the key influences.
Formation of Mesopores in USY Zeolites: A Case Revisited
Authors: Lutz Wolfgang , Kurzhals Rolf , Kryukova Galina , Enke Dirk , Weber Manfred , Heidemann Detlef 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSteaming of NH4Y zeolite at 723 K and 873 K is accompanied by the formation of extra‐framework amorphous aluminosilicate and silica gel in addition to earlier observed extra‐framework aluminum species. Their occurrence is directly associated with the formation of mesopores. Bulk (intracrystalline) mesopores occur inside the crystallite nuclei and surface (intercrystalline) mesopores are located nearby the crystallite surface. Corrosion of the zeolite framework results in a loss of crystallinity and, consequently, decreased catalytic activity of the USY catalysts synthesized. Analysis of the reasons of mesopore formation may help to reduce these disadvantages.
Urbanisierung im Fünften Bericht zur Raumordnung in den Niederlanden
Authors: J. van der Burg Arjen 
Published: March 2010

In the draft of the Fifth Policy Document on Spatial Planning (December 2000), the Dutch government formulated the urbanisation task as follows: to contain the forces that lead to a distribution of urban activities, building and infrastructure over an ever increasing area, thus minimising spatial quality, and, at the same time, to make room for the ‘network society’.
The answer to this problem is threefold:

Every country part should meet its own spatial needs; overspill between the four country parts is not encouraged.

Urban networks should, where possible, meet the demand for housing, employment and services.

Existing built-up areas should be optimally used throughout; new expansion areas may only be realised within a previously agreed red contour.
Ein Raum — ein Plan
Authors: Peithmann Ortwin 
Published: March 2010

The following proposals to modernize and simplify the German spatial planning system intend to unify the different levels of spatial planning within a modern information system. The continuous convergence of planning contents by scale make it unnecessary to have redundant plans on different levels. The technical means (GIS and Telecommunication) and the changing demands of customers connected to the internet recommend a new concept to achieve planning information. The convergence demands for standardization of terms and planning categories. This leads to clearness and transparency concerning the goals of planning, it raises the benefit from the expenses of coordination, makes plans more up to date, eases the discussion on planning goals for politicians and it helps the public to achieve and understand the plans.
The proposal ‘one space — one plan’ deals with the function of spatial planning to regulate land use. The duties of spatial development by the planning authorities are not dealt with. The observations mainly focus on the conditions of spatial planning in Lower-Saxony.
Results of isolated posterolateral corner reconstruction
Authors: Camarda Lawrence , Condello Vincenzo , Madonna Vincenzo , Cortese Fabrizio , D’Arienzo Michele , Zorzi Claudio 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Isolated posterolateral corner (PLC) tears are relatively rare events. Various surgical techniques to treat posterolateral knee instability have been described; because surgical results are linked to cruciate reconstructions it has been difficult to date to define whether one surgical procedure has better prognosis than another. The goal of this study is to determine the clinical outcome of PLC reconstruction following fibular-based technique.

Materials and methods
We retrospectively evaluated a case series of patients who received isolated PLC reconstruction between March 2005 and January 2007. Ten patients were surgically treated for isolated injuries and were available for follow-up; average patient age was 27.4 years (range 16–47 years). All patients were treated following the fibular-based technique: double femoral tunnel was performed in six patients, while in the remaining four patients, the reconstruction of the PLC was performed with a single femoral tunnel. Six patients had semitendinosus allograft and four had semitendinosus autograft. All patients had the same evaluation and the same rehabilitation protocol.

Results
Mean follow-up was 27.5 months (range 18–40 months). Mean range of motion (ROM) was 143.5° for flexion (range 135–150°) and 0.5° for extension (range 0–3°). Three patients showed 1+ on varus stress test, while on Dial test another three patients showed 10° reduction of external rotation compared with contralateral knee. The average Lysholm score was 94 points (range 83–100), and the mean International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective result was 88.48 (range 74–96.5). Based on Lysholm score, the results were excellent in eight knees and good in two knees. On IKDC evaluation, two patients were grade A and eight were grade B. No significant difference in clinical results was observed between single and double femoral tunnel.

Conclusion
Fibular-based technique showed good results in terms of clinical outcome, restoring varus and rotation stability of knees in treatment of chronic isolated PLC injury.