bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing of Bulk Metallic Glass
Authors: Schroers Jan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBulk metallic glass (BMG) formers are multicomponent alloys that vitrify with remarkable ease during solidification. Technological interest in these materials has been generated by their unique properties, which often surpass those of conventional structural materials. The metastable nature of BMGs, however, has imposed a barrier to broad commercial adoption, particularly where the processing requirements of these alloys conflict with conventional metal processing methods. Research on the crystallization of BMG formers has uncovered novel thermoplastic forming (TPF)‐based processing opportunities. Unique among metal processing methods, TPF utilizes the dramatic softening exhibited by a BMG as it approaches its glass‐transition temperature and decouples the rapid cooling required to form a glass from the forming step. This article reviews crystallization processes in BMG former and summarizes and compares TPF‐based processing methods. Finally, an assessment of scientific and technological advancements required for broader commercial utilization of BMGs will be made.
Synthesis, characterization, electrochemical, catalytic and antimicrobial activity studies of hydrazone Schiff base ruthenium(II) complexes
Authors: Thilagavathi N. , Manimaran A. , Padma Priya N. , Sathya N. , Jayabalakrishnan C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFour tridentate O, N, O donor Schiff base ligands were prepared by the reaction of substituted benzhydrazide and appropriate salicylaldehyde. The complexes of these ligands were synthesized by refluxing the ligands with ruthenium(II) starting complexes of the formula [RuHCl(CO)(EPh3)2B] in benzene, where E = P or As; B = PPh3 or AsPh3 or pyridine. The newly synthesized complexes were characterized by elemental, spectral (FT‐IR, UV and NMR) and electrochemical data. On the basis of the above studies, an octahedral structure has been proposed for all the complexes. The catalytic efficiency of the complexes in aryl–aryl couplings and oxidation of alcohols was examined and their inhibition activity against the growth of the micro‐organisms was also examined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of nanoclay on the morphology and properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)/high‐density polyethylene blends
Authors: Mallick Sumana , Dhibar Anup K. , Khatua B. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of nanoclay on the morphology and properties of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) blends was studied. A scanning electron microscopy study of the PMMA/HDPE (70/30 w/w) blends with nanoclay indicated a reduction in the average domain sizes of the dispersed HDPE phase and, hence, a better extent of mixing compared to that of the blends without any nanoclay. An X‐ray diffraction study and transmission electron microscopy revealed the localization of intercalated nanoclay in the PMMA matrix of the PMMA/HDPE (70/30 w/w) blend. However, the same effect of clay was not observed in the PMMA/HDPE (30/70 w/w) blend when HDPE became the matrix. In the PMMA/HDPE (30/70 w/w) blend, the addition of nanoclay increased the domain size of the dispersed PMMA domains by preferential location of the clays inside the PMMA domains. The addition of polyethylene‐grafted maleic anhydride in both compositions of the PMMA/HDPE blend effectively reduced the domain size of the disperse phases in the blend. However, the presence of clay increased the tensile strength and storage modulus of the PMMA/HDPE blends in both blend compositions. Thus, in the PMMA/HDPE blend, the clay platelets acted as a effective compatibilizer as long as they were dispersed mainly in the matrix phase. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Morphologies and electrical properties of electrospun poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐(R)‐3‐hydroxyvalerate]/ multiwalled carbon nanotubes fibers
Authors: Chan Kok Ho Kent , Wong Siew Yee , Tiju Wuiwui Chauhari , Li Xu , Kotaki Masaya , He Chao Bin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractElectrospinning process was used to fabricate fine fibers from poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐(R)‐3‐hydroxyvalerate] embedded with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Rotating disc collector was used to provide additional drawing force to stretch and align both the embedded MWCNTs and electrospun fibers themselves. Morphological observation revealed MWCNTs aligned to the fiber axis and protruding from the surface. To understand the electrical properties of the fiber, a single‐composite fiber has been deposited on a substrate, across multiple electrodes. Electrical conductivity of the single‐electrospun fiber with low MWCNT content of 0.2 wt % was calculated to be in a remarkable magnitude of about 2.07 Sm−1. Electrical current flow spanning the fiber length of 1400 μm indicates that the presence of an interconnected network of MWCNTs exists within the fiber. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of functionalized Kraft lignin beads
Authors: Saidane Dorra , Barbe Jean‐Christophe , Birot Marc , Deleuze Hervé 
Published: December 2009

AbstractKraft lignin from black liquor wastes have been converted into epichlorohydrin‐crosslinked beads by inverse suspension polymerization. A careful control of the different parameters allowed the preparation of spherical beads with a relatively narrow diameter size distribution. The obtained beads, without permanent porosity, swell well in hydroalcoholic media. Grafting of the sulfonylhydrazine moiety using a two‐step route was further performed to apply them to carbonyl compounds scavenging. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermal properties of acrylonitrile/itaconic acid polymers in oxidative and nonoxidative atmospheres
Authors: Yu Meijie , Wang Chengguo , Zhao Yaqi , Zhang Min , Wang Weiqiang 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThermal stabilization of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers is an indispensable process in the manufacture of carbon fibers. The effects of acidic comonomers on the thermal properties of PAN have attracted much attention because of their importance in the fibers spinning and heat treatment process. In this study, oxidative and nonoxidative atmospheres are adopted in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test to disclose the key effects of oxygen on the thermal properties of PAN/itaconic acid (IA) polymers. The DSC results under oxidative atmosphere are consistence to the reports by previous researchers: the exothermic curves of copolymers containing 0.6 wt % and 1.0 wt % IA exhibit lower initiation temperature and more broaden shapes than that of PAN homopolymer, indicating that IA facilitates both cyclization and oxidation reactions. However, copolymers containing the same content of IA shows no apparent improving effect on the thermal properties under inert atmosphere, which has not been mentioned in the published literature. TGA indicates that oxygen remarkably increases the thermal stability of AN/IA copolymers structure, and will bring high carbon yield in the eventual carbon fibers. The influential mechanisms of oxidative and nonoxidative atmospheres on thermal stabilization reactions of PAN were discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Prepared for challenges: The importance of a professional and institutional ethical identity
Authors: Anderson Sharon K. , Lujan Linda , Hegeman Diane L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAnderson, Harbour, and Davies (2007) have proposed a framework of professional identity development for community college leaders. We further this discussion by introducing the idea of “institutional ethical identity” and offer suggestions for how leaders and constituents can work together to build a shared ethical identity on the community college campus.
Tuning the Functional Properties of Metal Complexes Containing Polytopic Heteroaromatic Nitrogen Ligands
Authors: Pettinari Claudio , Masciocchi Norberto , Pandolfo Luciano , Pucci Daniela 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe preparation, characterization, and optimization of the functional properties of mono‐ and polynuclear coordination complexes containing heteroaromatic nitrogen ligands are discussed here, taking the advantage of numerous studies performed in our laboratories on exploring a variety of different metal ions and polytopic ligands. We highlight how very minor changes in connectivity, composition, and polarity of the molecular entities employed in the self‐assembly steps may significantly affect the structural, thermal, sorptive, magnetic, and mesomorphic behavior of the resulting materials. Examples from three different classes are included: 1) pyrazolate‐based polynuclear coordination compounds, 2) homoleptic and heteroleptic coordination polymers, and 3) 2,2′‐bipyridine metal‐based liquid crystals.
Diverse interneuron populations have highly specific interconnectivity in the rat piriform cortex
Authors: Gavrilovici Cezar , D'Alfonso Sabrina , Poulter Michael O. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that the patterns of innervation and high interconnectivity of the piriform cortex (PC) provide for strong olfactory hippocampal memory; however, these same attributes may create high seizurogenic tendencies. Thus, understanding this wiring is important from a physiological and pathophysiological perspective. Distinct interneurons expressing differing calcium binding proteins (CBPs), parvalbumin (PV), calbindin (CB), and calretinin (CR), have been shown to exist in PC. However, a comprehensive examination of the distribution and innervation patterns of these neurons has not been done. Thus the purpose of this study was to combine the analysis of the CBP cell localization with analysis of their innervation patterns. Each type was differentially localized in the three layers of the PC. Only CR‐positive neurons were found in layer 1. PV and CB are coexpressed in layers 2–3, most expressing both PV and CB. A morphological estimate of the dendritic extent for each subtype showed that PV and PV/CB cells demonstrated equally wide, horizontal and vertical arborizations, whereas CB cells had wide horizontal and restricted vertical arborizations. CR cells had restricted horizontal and very long vertical arborizations. Postsynaptic morphological targeting was also found to be specific, namely, PV+ and PV/CB+ nerve terminals (NTs) innervate perisomatic regions of principal cells. CR+ NTs innervate only dendrites of principal cells, and CB+ NTs innervate both somata and dendrites of principal cells. These data show highly complex innervation patterns for all of the CBP interneurons of the PC and form a basis for further studies in the plasticity of this region. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1570–1588, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of the marmoset cerebellum in three‐dimensional space: Lobulation, aldolase C compartmentalization and axonal projection
Authors: Fujita Hirofumi , Oh‐Nishi Arata , Obayashi Shigeru , Sugihara Izumi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe cerebellar cortex is organized by transverse foliation and longitudinal compartmentalization. Although the latter, which is recognized through the molecular expression in subsets of Purkinje cells (PCs), is closely related to topographic axonal projection and represents functional divisions, the details have not been fully clarified in mammals other than rodents. Therefore, we examined folial and compartmental organization of the marmoset cerebellum, which resembles the macaque cerebellum, and compared it with that of the rodent cerebellum by aldolase C immunostaining, three‐dimensional reconstruction of the PC layer, and labeling of olivocerebellar and corticonuclear projections. Longitudinal stripes of different aldolase C expression intensities separated the entire cerebellar cortex into multiple compartments. Lobule VIIAb–d was equivalent to rodent lobule VIc in that it contained a transverse gap in the cortical layers and served as the rostrocaudal boundary for compartments and axonal branching. Olivocortical and corticonuclear projection patterns in major compartments indicated that the compartmental organization in the marmoset cerebellum was generally equivalent to that in the rodent cerebellum, although two compartments were missing in the pars intermedia and several compartments that have not been seen in rodents were recognized in the flocculus, nodulus, and the most lateral hemisphere. Reconstruction showed that the paraflocculus and flocculus were formed by a single longitudinal sheet, the axis of which was parallel to the aldolase C compartments, PC dendrites, and olivocerebellar climbing fiber distribution. The results indicate that molecular compartmentalization in the marmoset cerebellum reflected both the common fundamental organization of the mammalian cerebellum and species‐dependent differentiation. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1764–1791, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat shock protein 25 expression and preferential Purkinje cell survival in the lurcher mutant mouse cerebellum
Authors: Duffin C.A. , McFarland R. , Sarna J.R. , Vogel M.W. , Armstrong C.L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe spatial organization of the mouse cerebellum into transverse zones and parasagittal stripes is reflected during the temporal progression of Purkinje cell death in the Lurcher mutant mouse (+/Lc). Neurodegeneration in the +/Lc mutant is apparent by the second postnatal week and is initially seen in all four transverse zones: the anterior (lobules I–V), central (lobules VI, VII), posterior (lobules VIII, dorsal IX), and nodular (ventral lobule IX and lobule X) zone. However, from postnatal day (P)25–P36, Purkinje cell loss proceeds more rapidly in the anterior zone, followed by the posterior and central zones, and is significantly delayed in the nodular zone. Coronal sections through the +/Lc cerebellum reveal that surviving Purkinje cells are restricted to the paraflocculus/flocculus and the nodular zone and could be detected as late as P146 (∼5 months). Within this region, the pattern of preferentially surviving calbindin‐immunoreactive Purkinje cells reflects the expression of the constitutively expressed small heat shock protein HSP25 in the wild‐type cerebellum. Although the role of constitutively expressed HSP25 in the wild‐type cerebellum is not clear, it appears to play a neuroprotective role in the flocculonodular region of the +/Lc mutant cerebellum as the percentage of surviving Purkinje cells that are HSP25‐immunopositive significantly increases over time. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:1892–1907, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and Reactivity of Mono‐ and Dinuclear Derivatives of Niobium and Tantalum Pentahalides with Alkyl Aryl Ethers
Authors: Marchetti Fabio , Pampaloni Guido , Zacchini Stefano 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe niobium and tantalum pentahalides MX5 (X = F, Cl) react with a series of bifunctional alkyl aryl ethers in a 2:1 ratio, resulting in formation of the dinuclear species (MX5)2[μ‐κ2‐(O–O)] [2a–h, 3a–d; O–O = 1,4‐(OMe)2C6H4, 1,4‐(OMe)2‐2,5‐C6H2F2, 1,3‐(OMe)2C6H4, PhO(CH2)2OPh]. The mononuclear complexes MX5(L) [L = κ1‐1,4‐(OMe)2C6H4, X = F, M = Nb, 4a; L = κ2‐1,3‐(OMe)2C6H4, X = Cl, M = Ta, 4c; L = MeOC6H5, X = F, M = Nb, 4d; L = MeOC6H5, X = Cl, M = Nb, 4e] have been prepared by 1:1 molar reactions of MX5 with the appropriate reactant. Alternatively, NbCl5[κ1‐1,4‐(OMe)2C6H4] (4b) has been obtained upon addition of acetone to (NbCl5)2[μ‐κ2‐1,4‐(OMe)2C6H4] (2b). The aryloxide complexes TaBr4[κ1‐OC6H4(4‐OMe)] (5a), NbCl4[κ1‐OC6H3(Me)(4‐OEt)] (5b) and TaX4[κ2‐OC6H4(2‐OMe)] (X = Cl, 7a; X = Br, 7b) form an admixture with equimolar amounts of alkyl halide by addition of dialkoxyarenes to MX5 (X = Cl, Br), as result of room‐temperature C–O bond cleavage. Differently, the ionic species [MF4(κ2‐O–O)2][M2F11] [O–O = 1,2‐(OMe)2C6H4, M = Nb, 6a; O–O = 1,2‐(OMe)2C6H4, M = Ta, 6b; O–O = 1,2,4‐(OMe)3C6H3, M = Nb, 6c] are produced cleanly by treating ortho‐dimethoxyarenes with MF5 in the opportune stoichiometry. All the products described herein were obtained selectively in good to excellent yields and were characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. Moreover, the molecular structure of 2b was elucidated by an X‐ray diffraction study.
Effect of antioxidant‐enriched foods on plasma: Phospholipid molecular species composition
Authors: Pacetti Deborah , Lucci Paolo , Boselli Emanuele , Frega Natale G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe dietary supplementation with antioxidant‐enriched foods was evaluated for the phospholipid (PL) class and molecular species composition of human plasma. Twenty healthy subjects were supplied with α‐tocopherol (13.7 mg/day) and coenzyme Q10 (19.4 mg/day) by enriched milk, a dessert, fruit juice and yogurt for 21 days. Phosphatidylcholine (85.2%) and sphingomyelin (10.9%) were the main PL in all samples. Differences among the contents of PL classes were not found. However, principal component analysis showed differences in the PL molecular species 2 h after the mid‐morning snack. An increase of phosphatidylinositol (PI) containing stearic/arachidonic (on average from 42.5 to 47.0%), stearic/docosahexaenoic (3.2 vs. 4.9%), oleic/arachidonic and palmitic/docosapentaenoic acid (2.4 vs. 3.7%) was observed. The decreasing species of PI were palmitic/linoleic (5.7 vs. 4.3%), palmitic/oleic (8.1 vs. 6.9%) and stearic/linoleic acid (17.4 vs. 13.8%) after the mid‐morning snack. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) species showed an opposite trend with respect to PI: A decrease was registered for stearic/arachidonic (17.0 vs. 15.8%), stearic/docosahexaenoic (7.2 vs. 4.9%), oleic/arachidonic and palmitic/docosapentaenoic acid (5.8 vs. 4.8%); an increase was observed for the PE species containing oleic/linoleic (5.5 vs. 7.5% on average after the mid‐morning snack), stearic/linoleic (19.7 vs. 23.4%) and stearic/oleic acid (11.4 vs. 13.9%).
Synthesis and Screening of C1‐Substituted Tetrahydroisoquinoline Derivatives for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Chakka Sai Kumar , Andersson Pher G. , Maguire Glenn E. M. , Kruger Hendrik G. , Govender Thavendran 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTetrahydroisoquinoline (TIQ) derivatives exhibit good biological activity. However, utilization of TIQ compounds in asymmetric catalysis is limited. This paper presents a series of TIQ derivatives in asymmetric transfer hydrogenation (ATH) reactions. Chiral TIQ amino alcohol ligands were synthesized and screened for the ATH reaction of aromatic ketones. The effect of a cis‐ and trans‐phenyl substitution at the C1 position on the ligand backbone was investigated both experimentally and computationally. The results showed that the trans orientation on the TIQ scaffold yields higher turnover rates with a selectivity of 94 % ee obtained at room temperature with an Ru complex. The cis isomer results in a high turnover rate with no selectivity. The trans isomer gave 99 % ee at lower temperatures. Furthermore, it was observed that substitution at the C3‐α position results in a drop of the enantioselectivity and the reactivity of the catalyst.
Reinterpretation of an archaeological pebble culture from the Middle Mekong River valley, Cambodia
Authors: Demeter Fabrice , Patole‐Edoumba Elise , Duringer Philippe , Bacon Anne‐Marie , Sytha Pheng , Bano Maxim , Laychour Vin , Cheangleng Mao , Sari Vân 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn 1963, E. Saurin and J.‐P. Carbonnel discovered the Sre Sbov site on an alluvial terrace of the Mekong River in central Cambodia. Saurin described a lithic typology dating to the Lower/Middle Pleistocene from this site. Although the original lithic assemblage has been lost, this typology has been used continuously as a reference by Southeast Asian prehistorians. In 2007, a Khmer–French team conducted excavations at Sre Sbov that yielded numerous pebbles and cobbles showing apparently convincing handmade removals, as Saurin had previously described. However, an in‐depth study of this assemblage, combined with a geological survey of the area, led to the conclusion that the stones were, in fact, of natural origin, and that for this reason their typology should be disregarded. Using satellite imagery and geological surveys, we explain how such a misinterpretation may have occurred and define a “buffer zone,” corresponding to the maximal extent of the proto‐Mekong River, where fluvially reworked pebbles and cobbles resembling artifacts may be recovered. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The accumulation of Stone Age lithic artifacts in rock fragment mulches in northern Ethiopia
Authors: Aerts Raf , Finneran Niall , Haile Mitiku , Poesen Jean 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLithic artifacts buried in the soil profile may be transported to the surface during tillage‐induced kinetic sieving, differential erosion, or swell–shrink cycles of clays and become part of a rock fragment mulch. Archaeologically, these manifestations are recognized as surface scatters. Although artifacts at the soil surface are difficult to relate to the local stratigraphic context, surface assemblages may provide information on lithic industries and the archaeological significance of sparsely explored regions. Through in situ investigation of surface material in 60 1 × 1 m2 plots in the Tembien district in the northern Ethiopian highlands, we show that rock fragment mulches can contain a significant number of lithic artifacts and we provide evidence for mid‐Pleistocene occupation of a site. Considering that severe rill and gully erosion may be a threat to the archaeological heritage and that well‐dated African Middle Stone Age sites are rare, we conclude that the region deserves more attention for archaeological research. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First Example of Diterpenoids from 14,15‐Cyclopimarane in the Roots of Linum usitatissimum
Authors: Sun Jian‐Long , Deng An‐Jun , Li Yan , Li Zhi‐Hong , Chen Hui , Qin Hai‐Lin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChemical investigation of the roots of Linum usitatissimum led to the isolation and characterization of a new diterpenoid, named usitatissimin A (1), together with four known compounds. The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic methods, including X‐ray crystallographic diffraction analysis that confirmed the relative configuration of 1. This is the first example of a diterpenoid with a novel 6/6/6/3‐membered ring system of 14,15‐cyclopimarane. In addition, usitatissimin A showed pronounced hepatoprotective activity against D‐galactosamine‐induced toxicity in WB‐F344 rat hepatic epithelial stem‐like cells.
A Novel Construction of 2‐Benzazepine Scaffold Based on TiCl4‐Mediated Tandem Mannich Reaction–Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution
Authors: Li Liangxi , Li Zhiming , Wang Quanrui 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA novel construction of 2‐benzazepine derivatives based on TiCl4‐mediated tandem Mannich reaction of electron‐rich benzyl iminium ions with alkenyl ethers and Friedel–Crafts‐type alkylation is described. The protocol is amenable to provide the tricyclic furo[3,2‐d][2]benzazepine and pyrano[3,2‐d][2]benzazepine derivatives, respectively, with 2,3‐dihydrofuran or 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran as the substrates.