bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of phase‐pure SnS particles employing dithiocarbamate organotin(IV) complexes as single source precursors in thermal decomposition experiments
Authors: Menezes D. C. , de Lima G. M. , Carvalho F. A. , Coelho M. G. , Porto A. O. , Augusti R. , Ardisson J. D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPreparation of tin(II) sulfide, semiconductor material, has been accomplished by thermal decomposition of easily prepared organotin dithiocarbamate complexes: [Sn{S2CNEt2}2Ph2] (1), [Sn{S2CNEt2}Ph3] (2), [Sn{S2CNEt2}3Ph] (3) and [Sn{S2CN(C4H8)}2Bu2] (4). Phase‐pure tin(II) sulfide has been obtained by pyrolysis of these precursors at 350 °C in N2. Thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray electron probe microanalysis and 119Sn Mössbauer spectroscopy revealed that the complexes decompose in a single and sharp step (1 and 2), or in pseudo‐single stage (3 and 4), to produce SnS. We have also measured the bandgap energies of the residues using electronic spectroscopy in the solid state and the result relates well to that in the literature for SnS, 1.3 eV. A decomposition mechanism was also proposed for each complex based on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric results. The synthetic method used in this work might be useful for the preparation of pure SnS on a large scale. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of additive concentration and gamma radiation on the molecular and color properties of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Nouh S. A. , Bahammam S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe effects of addition of different monomers on the molecular properties of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) have been studied. Three different additive monomers from N‐phenyl maleimide derivatives were added with the same concentration 0.02 gm/1 gm PVC as stabilizers to PVC. These stabilizers are N‐phenyl maleimide, Para‐carboxy N‐phenyl maleimide, and Para‐amide carboxy N‐phenyl maleimide (PA‐NPMI). Their stabilizing efficiencies were evaluated by measuring the intrinsic viscosity of the solution samples. The results reveal that the type of the additive monomer plays a major role in determining the stabilizing potency of these materials. It was found that the PA‐NPMI is the most effective stabilizer that improves the intrinsic viscosity of pure PVC from 1.02 to 1.19. So, the effect of its addition with different concentrations was studied. The results indicate that the sample with 0.015 gm PA‐NPMI/1 gm PVC has higher intrinsic viscosity. Thus, this sample was chosen to be a subject for further study to investigate the effect of gamma irradiation on its molecular and color properties. Samples from the 0.015 gm PA‐NPMI/1 gm PVC were irradiated with gamma doses in the range 5–100 kGy. It is found that the irradiation in the dose range 20–60 kGy enhances the intrinsic viscosity of the samples. In addition, the transmission of these irradiated samples in the wavelength range 200–2500 nm, as well as any color changes, was studied. The color intensity ΔE was greatly increased with increasing the gamma dose, and was accompanied by darkness with a significant increase in the yellow color component. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A novel organophosphorus flame retardant: Synthesis and durable finishing of poly(ethylene terephthalate)/cotton blends
Authors: Li Qiang‐Lin , Wang Xiu‐Li , Wang De‐Yi , Xiong Wei‐Cheng , Zhong Guang‐Hong , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA novel, hydroxy‐functional, organophosphorus flame retardant (FR), 2,2‐dihydroxymethylpropane‐1,3‐diolylbis(hydrogen phenylphosphonate) (DHDBP), was synthesized and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, 31P‐NMR, and elemental analysis. Subsequently, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET)/cotton (T/C; 70/30) blends were treated via pad‐dry‐thermosol finishing with DHDBP, citric acid, and a catalyst. Its flame retardancy, durability effect, and thermal decomposition behaviors were investigated by limited oxygen index, vertical burning test, thermogravimetric analysis, FTIR spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that DHDBP was not only a reactive FR with a high efficiency but also a good char‐forming agent for the T/C blends. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of polystyrene oligomers with several pendent epoxy groups
Authors: Zhang Jian , Huang Hui , Guan Yong , Wei Da‐Fu , Hu Fu‐Zeng , Zheng An‐Na , Xiao Hui‐Ning 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLiving polystyryl lithium was synthesized by anionic polymerization under the protection of argon at normal pressure, and styrene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, and n‐butyllithium were used as a monomer, solvent, polar reagent, and initiator, respectively. Then, polystyrene oligomers containing several pendent epoxy groups with well‐defined structures and narrow molecular weight distributions (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight < 1.1) were prepared by the reaction of polystyryl lithium with glycidyl methacrylate. The prepared oligomers were characterized with gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, and the hydrochloric acid/dioxane argentimetric method. The effects of the glycidyl methacrylate dosage, molar mass of polystyrene precursors, copolymerization time, and temperature on the content of side epoxy groups were also investigated. The results confirm that 1,1‐diphenylethylene‐end‐capped polystyryl carbanion could initiate glycidyl methacrylate in toluene in the presence of lithium chloride and a small amount of tetrahydrofuran, and the content of the side epoxy groups could be adjusted. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation and flame retardancy of 2‐EHA/n‐BA acrylic PSA containing single and combined flame retardants
Authors: Park Eun‐Young , Kim Ho‐Gyum , Lim Jeoung‐Cheol , Lee Dong‐Ho , Min Kyung‐Eun 
Published: May 2010

AbstractUV curable acrylic PSAs (pressure‐sensitive adhesives) were modified with organic and inorganic flame retardants to improve flame retardancy of PSAs minimize the sacrifice of adhesion properties. The flame retardancy (UL‐94 test) of acrylic PSAs were enhanced by the addition of 5–30 wt % of an organic flame retardant such as TCEP (Tris(2‐chloroethyl)phosphate), PBPE (pentabromophenyl ether), and TBBPA(3,3′5,5′‐tetrabromobisphenol A). Especially, TBBPA is the best flame retardant for acrylic PSAs when it works alone. However, PSAs compounded with aluminum trihydroxide (Al(OH)3) showed a little reduction in burning time up to 30 wt %. An apparent synergic effect was observed only for an acrylic PSAs with a combination of TCEP and PBPE flame retardants. The addition of flame retardants brought a no significant effect on curing even in high amount. It was surmised that the miscibility between PSAs and flame retardant was closely related with flame retardancy and adhesion properties of acrylic PSAs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Application of hydrophilic finished of synthetic fabrics coated with CMC/acrylic acid cured by electron beam irradiation in the removal of metal cations from aqueous solutions
Authors: Ibrahim Sayeda M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractModified textile fabrics were used to remove Cu+2 and Cr+3 ions from aqueous solutions. For this purpose, modified Nylon‐6, polyester woven and knitted fabrics were prepared by coating the surface with a thin layer of aqueous solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and acrylic acid (AAc) of thickness 25 μm. Radiation crosslinking of the coated layer was carried out by electron beam irradiation with a constant dose of 30 kGy. Morphology of the coated fabrics was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) which indicated the compatibility between the coated layer and fabrics. Properties attributed to the hydrophilicity, especially water uptake and weight loss before and after several washing cycles were followed up. The effect of AAc concentration on the hydrophilic properties of the coated fabrics was studied. A considerable enhancement in water uptake has been attained on increasing AAc content in solution in case of nylon‐6 followed by polyester woven followed by polyester knitted fabrics. The performances of the modified textile fabrics were evaluated for the recovery of Cu+2 and Cr+3 from aqueous solution. The metal ion absorption efficiency of the modified textile fabrics was measured using UV Spectrophotometer analysis and EDX. Parameters affecting the efficiency of these textile fabrics in the removal of metal ions from aqueous solution namely, concentration of AAc and the immersion time were studied. It was found that there was a marked increase in the recovery of metal ions on increasing both immersion time and concentration of AAc. This study evidences that the modified textile fabrics can be used for the purpose of removal of some heavy metals such as Cu and Cr. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fisheries, large‐scale trade, and conservation of seahorses in Malaysia and Thailand
Authors: Perry Allison L. , Lunn Kristin E. , Vincent Amanda C. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
All seahorse species (genus Hippocampus) are listed under CITES Appendix II, requiring that exports of these fishes must be regulated for sustainability. Preliminary trade surveys and anecdotal reports suggested Malaysia and Thailand represented an important source for seahorses used globally in traditional medicine, curios, and aquarium display, but few historic trade or fisheries data are available. Baseline information about pre‐CITES catch and trade is essential for managing seahorse fisheries and trade under CITES, and for understanding present‐day effects of CITES regulation on the seahorse trade.
In 1998–1999, seahorse fisheries and trade in both countries were assessed by interviewing participants at many levels of the trade and corroborating those surveys with official trade documents.
Seahorses were found to be landed primarily as trawl bycatch. Malaysia's catch of 2900 kg year−1 was less than the estimated domestic consumption (5500–6000 kg year−1), whereas Thailand's catch of 6600 kg year−1 apparently far exceeded domestic consumption (∼520 kg year−1).
Both countries imported seahorses from and exported to other Asian nations. Import statistics from Hong Kong SAR and Taiwan recorded maximum annual trade from Malaysia at 1280 kg year−1. Trade surveys indicated that Thailand exported at least 5000 kg annually (similar to the estimation of catch), but national Customs records reported 10 500 kg year−1 in exports, supported by official import records from Hong Kong SAR and Taiwan which indicated that Thailand was the source of up to 11 400 kg year−1.
Fishers and traders in both countries reported decreasing availability of seahorses, raising conservation concerns. These apparent declines, in combination with substantial domestic consumption, point towards the challenges that Malaysia and Thailand face in establishing sustainable levels of exports under CITES. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of type of bait on pelagic longline fishery–loggerhead turtle interactions in the Gulf of Gabes (Tunisia)
Authors: Echwikhi Khaled , Jribi Imed , Bradai Mohamed Nejmeddine , Bouain Abderrahmen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSea turtles may migrate vast distances from their feeding areas to home rookeries where they nest. During these migrations sea turtles are subject to many threats, among which are interactions with pelagic longlines.This gear is used frequently in the summer period in the Gulf of Gabes targeting mainly the sandbar shark (Carcharhinus plumbeus). Hooks are baited with mackerel (Scomber scombrus) or pieces of stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca).Twenty‐one fishing trips (48 sets with a total of 35 950 hooks deployed) were conducted using onboard observers in the south of the Gulf of Gabes during the months of July, August and September in 2007 and 2008. Stingray and mackerel bait were used in 19 and 29 sets, respectively.In total, 29 loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were captured; the majority of them were juvenile and active. Turtles were caught at a statistically greater frequency on sets with hooks baited with mackerel than on sets with hooks baited with pieces of stingray.The type of bait also affected the catch of the target species by increasing the efficiency when pieces of stingrays were used.These results encourage further research into new baits to mitigate turtle catch by longline fisheries without affecting the catch of target species. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biomass removal by dolphins and fisheries in a Mediterranean Sea coastal area: do dolphins have an ecological impact on fisheries?
Authors: Bearzi Giovanni , Agazzi Stefano , Gonzalvo Joan , Bonizzoni Silvia , Costa Marina , Petroselli Annalise 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Dolphins are often claimed to compete with fisheries, including through removal of substantial biomass. To calculate the biomass removed by fisheries and the degree of resource overlap with dolphins in a coastal area of Greece, estimates of dolphin abundance based on photographic capture–recapture were combined with an assessment of fishing effort and catch.
The estimated total biomass consumed annually by local dolphin populations – 15 short‐beaked common dolphins and 42 common bottlenose dolphins – was 15.5 and 89.8 tonnes, respectively. The total biomass removed by the local fishing fleet (307 fishing boats) was 3469.2 tonnes, i.e. about 33 times greater than that removed by dolphins.
Dolphins removed 2.9% of the total biomass, fisheries 97.1%. Nine purse seiners (representing only 3% of the active fishing fleet) were responsible for 31.9% of biomass removal. Similarity of biomass composition between dolphins and fisheries was expressed by a Pianka index of 0.46 for common dolphins and 0.66 for bottlenose dolphins.
Overlap differed according to fishing gear. Common dolphin overlap was higher with purse seiners (0.82), and lower with beach seiners (0.31), bottom trawlers (0.11) and trammel boats (0.06). There was virtually no overlap with longliners (0.02). Bottlenose dolphin overlap was higher with trammel boats (0.89) and bottom trawlers (0.75), and lower with longliners (0.38), purse seiners (0.24) and beach seiners (0.18). There was minimal overlap (0.12) between the two dolphin species.
This study suggests that ecological interactions between dolphins and fisheries in this coastal area have minor effects on fisheries. Conversely, prey depletion resulting from overfishing can negatively affect dolphins. Fisheries management measures consistent with national and EU legislation are proposed to ensure sustainability and to protect marine biodiversity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increased bone density and resistance to ovariectomy‐induced bone loss in FoxP3‐transgenic mice based on impaired osteoclast differentiation
Authors: Zaiss Mario M. , Sarter Kerstin , Hess Andreas , Engelke Klaus , Böhm Christina , Nimmerjahn Falk , Voll Reinhard , Schett Georg , David Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectiveImmune activation triggers bone loss. Activated T cells are the cellular link between immune activation and bone destruction. The aim of this study was to determine whether immune regulatory mechanisms, such as naturally occurring Treg cells, also extend their protective effects to bone homeostasis in vivo.MethodsBone parameters in FoxP3‐transgenic (Tg) mice were compared with those in their wild‐type (WT) littermate controls. Ovariectomy was performed in FoxP3‐Tg mice as a model of postmenopausal osteoporosis, and the bone parameters were analyzed. The bones of RAG‐1–/– mice were analyzed following the adoptive transfer of isolated CD4+CD25+ T cells. CD4+CD25+ T cells and CD4+ T cells isolated from FoxP3‐Tg mice and WT mice were cocultured with monocytes to determine their ability to suppress osteoclastogenesis in vitro.ResultsFoxP3‐Tg mice developed higher bone mass and were protected from ovariectomy‐induced bone loss. The increase in bone mass was found to be the result of impaired osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in vivo. Bone formation was not affected. Adoptive transfer of CD4+CD25+ T cells into T cell–deficient RAG‐1–/– mice also increased the bone mass, indicating that Treg cells directly affect bone homeostasis without the need to engage other T cell lineages.ConclusionThese data demonstrate that Treg cells can control bone resorption in vivo and can preserve bone mass during physiologic and pathologic bone remodeling.
Keeping the vermin out: Perceived disease threat and ideological orientations as predictors of exclusionary immigration attitudes
Authors: Green Eva G. T. , Krings Franciska , Staerklé Christian , Bangerter Adrian , Clémence Alain , Wagner‐Egger Pascal , Bornand Thierry 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntegrating evolutionary and social representations theories, the current study examines the relationship between perceived disease threat and exclusionary immigration attitudes in the context of a potential avian influenza pandemic. This large‐scale disease provides a realistic context for investigating the link between disease threat and immigration attitudes. The main aim of this cross‐sectional study (N = 412) was to explore mechanisms through which perceived chronic and contextual disease threats operate on immigration attitudes. Structural equation models show that the relationship between chronic disease threat (germ aversion) and exclusionary immigration attitudes (assimilationist immigration criteria, health‐based immigration criteria and desire to reduce the proportion of foreigners) was mediated by ideological and normative beliefs (social dominance orientation, belief in a dangerous world), but not by contextual disease threat (appraisal of avian influenza pandemic threat). Contextual disease threat only predicted support for health‐based immigration criteria. The conditions under which real‐life disease threats influence intergroup attitudes are scrutinized. Convergence and dissimilarity of evolutionary and social representational approaches in accounting for the link between disease threat and immigration attitudes are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coronary artery bifurcation biomechanics and implications for interventional strategies
Authors: Moore James E. , Timmins Lucas H. , LaDisa John F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe treatment of atherosclerotic plaques near and involving coronary bifurcations is especially challenging for interventional procedures. Optimization of these treatment strategies should begin with an understanding of how disease came to be localized to these regions, followed by careful design of the interventional tools and implanted devices. This manuscript reviews the basic biomechanics of coronary bifurcations, stented arteries, and the complex biomechanical challenges associated with bifurcation stenting. Flow patterns in bifurcations are inherently complex, including vortex formation and creation of zones of low and oscillating wall shear stress that coincide with early intimal thickening. Bifurcation geometry (in particular, the angle between the side branches), is of paramount importance in creating these proatherogenic conditions. This predilection for disease formation leads to a large number of bifurcation lesions presenting for clinical intervention. Therefore, several strategies have developed for treating these challenging lesions, including both dedicated devices and creative adaptation of single vessel lesion technologies. The biomechanical implications of these strategies are likely important in short and long term clinical outcomes. While the biomechanical environment in a stented coronary bifurcation is extremely challenging to model, computational methods have been deployed recently to better understand these implications. Enhancement of clinical success will be best achieved through the collaborative efforts of clinicians, biomechanicians, and device manufacturers. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sirolimus versus paclitaxel coronary stents in clinical practice
Authors: Millauer Niklas , Jüni Peter , Hofmann Alexandra , Wandel Simon , Bhambhani Anupham , Billinger Michael , Urwyler Niklaus , Wenaweser Peter , Hellige Gerrit , Räber Lorenz , Cook Stéphane , Vogel Rolf , Togni Mario , Seiler Christian , Meier Bernhard , Windecker Stephan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives: We aimed at comparing the long term clinical outcome of SES and PES in routine clinical practice. Background: Although sirolimus‐eluting stents (SES) more effectively reduce neointimal hyperplasia than paclitaxel‐eluting stents (PES), uncertainty prevails whether this difference translates into differences in clinical outcomes outside randomized controlled trials with selected patient populations and protocol‐mandated angiographic follow‐up. Methods: Nine hundred and four consecutive patients who underwent implantation of a drug‐eluting stent between May 2004 and February 2005: 467 patients with 646 lesions received SES, 437 patients with 600 lesions received PES. Clinical follow‐up was obtained at 2 years without intervening routine angiographic follow‐up. The primary endpoint was a composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or target vessel revascularization (TVR). Results: At 2 years, the primary endpoint was less frequent with SES (12.9%) than PES (17.6%, HR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.50–0.98, P = 0.04). The difference in favor of SES was largely driven by a lower rate of target lesion revascularisation (TLR; 4.1% vs. 6.9%, P = 0.05), whereas rates of death (6.4% vs. 7.6%, P = 0.49), MI (1.9% vs. 3.2%, P = 0.21), or definite stent thrombosis (0.6% vs. 1.4%, P = 0.27) were similar for both stent types. The benefit regarding reduced rates of TLR was significant in nondiabetic (3.6% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.04) but not in diabetic patients (5.6% vs. 6.1%, P = 0.80). Conclusions: SES more effectively reduced the need for repeat revascularization procedures than PES when used in routine clinical practice. The beneficial effect is maintained up to 2 years and may be less pronounced in diabetic patients. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A radiofrequency transseptal needle: Initial animal studies
Authors: Crystal Matthew A. , Mirza Mahmood A. , Benson Lee N. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectives: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of a new transseptal needle design with a radiofrequency (RF) tip combined with the ease of use of the needle configuration. Background: RF transseptal puncture to enter the left heart, with a RF wire‐catheter system is a successful technique in patients with complex access using a standard transseptal needle. Methods: The RF transseptal needle (NRG™ Transseptal Needle; Baylis Medical, Montreal, Canada) was designed for RF percutaneous transseptal access to the left heart. Eight pigs underwent transvenous cardiac catheterization with baseline intracardiac electrograms and right atrial pressure waveforms. Transseptal RF puncture was performed followed by left atrial pressure waveform monitoring. Results: An intracardiac electrogram was recorded in each animal while dragging the needle tip from the superior caval vein across the atrial septum and into the inferior caval vein. Contrast staining of the atrial septum was accomplished in all animals, with subsequent RF septal puncture. After 0.1 sec, impedance increased from 300 to 1,200 Ohms with the creation of a vapor layer, and voltage increased steadily to a threshold of 230 volts over the first 0.4 sec. This dielectric breakdown results in tissue vaporization and tissue perforation. The needle's location within the left atrium was confirmed by the pressure waveform and contrast injection. Repeated RF punctures with the NRG™ was compatible with various manufactures transseptal sheaths. Conclusion: RF puncture of the interatrial septum using the NRG™ Transseptal Needle facilitates an alternative effective technique to enter the left atrium. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.