bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Investigation of Visual Attention to Human Figures in Photographs: Potential Considerations for the Design of Aided AAC Visual Scene Displays
Authors: Wilkinson Krista M. , Light Janice 
Published: August 2011

Purpose
Many individuals with complex communication needs may benefit from visual aided augmentative and alternative communication systems. In visual scene displays (VSDs), language concepts are embedded into a photograph of a naturalistic event. Humans play a central role in communication development and might be important elements in VSDs. However, many VSDs omit human figures. In this study, the authors sought to describe the distribution of visual attention to humans in naturalistic scenes as compared with other elements.

Method
Nineteen college students observed 8 photographs in which a human figure appeared near 1 or more items that might be expected to compete for visual attention (such as a Christmas tree or a table loaded with food). Eye-tracking technology allowed precise recording of participants' gaze. The fixation duration over a 7-s viewing period and latency to view elements in the photograph were measured.

Results
Participants fixated on the human figures more rapidly and for longer than expected based on the size of these figures, regardless of the other elements in the scene.

Conclusions
Human figures attract attention in a photograph even when presented alongside other attractive distracters. Results suggest that humans may be a powerful means to attract visual attention to key elements in VSDs.
The MOC Reflex During Active Listening to Speech
Authors: Garinis Angela C. , Glattke Theodore , Cone Barbara K. 
Published: August 2011

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that active listening to speech would increase medial olivocochlear (MOC) efferent activity for the right vs. the left ear.

Method
Click-evoked otoacoustic emissions (CEOAEs) were evoked by 60-dB p.e. SPL clicks in 13 normally hearing adults in 4 test conditions for each ear: (a) in quiet; (b) with 60-dB SPL contralateral broadband noise; (c) with words embedded (at −3-dB signal-to-noise ratio [SNR]) in 60-dB SPL contralateral noise during which listeners directed attention to the words; and (d) for the same SNR as in the 3rd condition, with words played backwards.

Results
There was greater suppression during active listening compared with passive listening that was apparent in the latency range of 6- to 18-ms poststimulus onset. Ear differences in CEOAE amplitude were observed in all conditions, with right-ear amplitudes larger than those for the left. The absolute difference between CEOAE amplitude in quiet and with contralateral noise, a metric of suppression, was equivalent for right and left ears. When the amplitude differences were normalized, suppression was greater for noise presented to the right and the effect measured for a probe in the left ear.

Conclusion
The findings support the theory that cortical mechanisms involved in listening to speech affect cochlear function through the MOC efferent system.
Site-directed tryptophan fluorescence reveals two essential conformational changes in the Na
+
/H
+
antiporter NhaA
Authors: Kozachkov Lena , Padan Etana 
Published: August 2011

NhaA, a Na
+
/H
+
antiporter critical for pH and Na
+
homeostasis in
Escherichia coli
, as well as other enterobacteria and possibly
Homo sapiens
, was modified for fluorescence spectroscopy by constructing a functional Trp-less NhaA mutant. Purified Trp-less NhaA lacks the Trp fluorescence emission characteristic of the wild type, thereby providing a background for studying structure–function relationships in NhaA by site-directed Trp fluorescence. Two single-Trp variants in the Trp-less background (F136W and F339W) were constructed. The mutants grow on selective media, have antiport activities that are similar to Trp-less NhaA, and exhibit Trp fluorescence with three different reversible responses to Li
+
, Na
+
, and/or pH. With single Trp/F136W, a pH shift from pH 6.0 to 8.5 induces a red shift and dramatically increases fluorescence in a reversible fashion; no effect is observed when either Na
+
or Li
+
is added. In marked contrast, with single Trp/F339W, changes in pH do not alter fluorescence, but addition of either Na
+
or Li
+
drastically quenches fluorescence at alkaline pH. Therefore, a Trp at position 136 specifically monitors a pH-induced conformational change that activates NhaA, whereas a Trp at position 339 senses a ligand-induced conformational change that does not occur until NhaA is activated at alkaline pH.
Rapid Variety Identification of Pure Rough Rice by Fourier‐Transform Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Attaviroj Namaporn , Kasemsumran Sumaporn , Noomhorm Athapol 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTRice variety is considered as an important factor influencing cooking and processing quality because of variations in size, shape, and constitution. Difficulty in management of rough rice with lower varietal purity becomes a significant problem in rice production and can result in the reduction of rice quality. Fourier‐transform near‐infrared (FT‐NIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the variety of rough rice through whole‐grain techniques. Moist rough rice samples (n = 259) comprising five varieties (Khao Dawk Mali 105 [KDML105], Pathum Thani 1, Suphan Buri 60, Chainat 1, and Pitsanulok 2) were gathered from different locations around Thailand and scanned in the NIR region of 9088–4000 cm–1 in reflectance mode. Soft independent modeling of class analogies (SIMCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLSDA) methods were used for identification by utilizing preprocessed spectra. The highest identification accuracy achieved was 74.42% by the SIMCA model and 99.22% by the PLSDA model. The best PLSDA model demonstrated approximately 97% correct identification for KDML105 samples and 100% for the others. This study raises the possibility of applying FT‐NIR spectroscopy as a nondestructive technique for rapidly identifying moist rough rice varieties in routine quality assurance testing.
First Report of Walnut Canker Caused by Fusarium incarnatum from India
Authors: Singh B. , Kalha C. S. , Razdan V. K. , Verma V. S. 
Published: August 2011

While screening newly introduced cultivars of walnut (Juglans regia) at Bhaderwah (Mini Kashmir), Jammu and Kashmir, India in September 2008, 60% of grafted plants were found to be dying because of a cankerous growth observed on seedling stems. Later, these symptoms extended to lateral branches. In the surveyed nurseries, cvs. SKU 0002 and Opex Dachaubaria were severely affected by the disease. Cankers were also observed in all walnut nurseries in the area with several wild seedlings also being observed to be exhibiting similar cankerous symptoms on stem and branches. Necrotic lesions from cankerous tissues on seedling stems were surface disinfested with 0.4% NaOCl for 1 min and these disinfected cankerous tissues were grown on potato dextrose agar (potato-250 g, dextrose-15 g, agar-15 g, distilled water-1 liter). A Fusarium sp. was isolated consistently from these cankerous tissues, which was purified using single-spore culture. Carnation leaf agar was used for further culture identification (2,3). The fungal colony was floccose, powdery white to rosy in appearance when kept for 7 days at 25 ± 2°C. Macroconidia were straight to slightly curved, four to eight septate and 30 to 35 × 3.5 to 5.7 μm. These are characteristics consistent with Fusarium incarnatum (3). Pathogenicity was confirmed by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 106 conidia/ml) onto bruised branches of 1-year-old walnut plants (cv. Opex Dachaubaria) while sterile distilled water sprays were used for the controls. Inoculated plants were incubated at 20 ± 2°C and 85% relative humidity for 48 h. Fifty days following inoculation, branch dieback followed by canker symptoms developed on inoculated plants. Control plants remained healthy with no symptoms of canker. F. incarnatum (Roberge) Sacc. was repeatedly isolated from inoculated walnut plants, thus satisfying Koch's postulates. Infected plant material has been deposited at Herbarium Crytogamae Indiae Orientalis (ITCC-6874-07), New Delhi. To our knowledge, this is the first report of walnut canker caused by F. incarnatum (Roberge) Sacc. from India. This fungus was previously reported to be affecting walnut in Italy (1) and Argentina (4). References: (1) A. Belisario et al. Informatore Agrario 21:51, 1999. (2) J. C. Gilman. A Manual of Soil Fungi. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, 1959. (3) P. E. Nelson et al. Fusarium Species. An Illustrated Manual for Identification. The Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1983. (4) S. Seta et al. Plant Pathol. 53:248, 2004.
First Report of Tomato chlorosis virus Infecting Tomato in Sudan
Authors: Fiallo-Olivé E. , Hamed A. A. , Moriones E. , Navas-Castillo J. 
Published: August 2011

In March 2011, interveinal yellowing and necrosis symptoms on middle and lower leaves were observed in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Castle Rock) plants grown in three adjacent greenhouses of the Agricultural Research Corporation at Wad Medani (Gezira State, Sudan). These symptoms resembled those caused by Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) (4) (genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae). Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) infestation was also observed in these greenhouses. Total RNA was extracted by TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) from symptomatic leaves and analyzed by dot-blot hybridization with digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes to the coat protein (CP) gene of ToCV and to the minor coat protein (CPm) gene of TICV. Positive signal was obtained only with the ToCV probe. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR reactions were performed with two pairs of primers specific for the detection of ToCV, MA380(+) (5′-GTGAGACCCCGATGACAGAT-3′) and MA381(-) (5′-TACAGTTCCTTGCCCTCGTT-3′), specific to the CP gene (ToCV RNA 2) (3), and MA396(+) (5′-TGGTCGAACAGTTTGAGAGC-3′) and MA397(-) (5′-TGAACTCGAATTGGGACAGA-3′), specific to the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene (ToCV RNA 1) (1). DNA fragments of the expected sizes (436 and 763 bp, respectively) were obtained, thus supporting the presence of ToCV in the symptomatic samples. Amplified DNA fragments were cloned in pGEM-T Easy vector (Promega, Madison, WI) and one clone per amplicon was sequenced (Macrogen Inc., Seoul, South Korea). The highest nucleotide sequence identity of the CP gene fragment obtained (GenBank Accession No. JN411685) was 99.2% related with North American ToCV isolates from Florida (DQ234674), Colorado (DQ234675), and Georgia (HQ879842), while the RdRp gene fragment (JN411686) was more closely related (99.0%) to the Spanish AT80/99 isolate (DQ983480). Although yellowing symptoms similar to those reported here have been observed sporadically during the last few years in open-field tomato crops in the state of Gezira, additional studies are needed to determine the prevalence and economic impact of ToCV infections in tomato cultivation in Sudan. To our knowledge, ToCV has been found in continental Africa only in Morocco and South Africa, in the Mediterranean climate areas in the northern and southern edges of the continent, respectively (2). The finding of ToCV infecting tomato in Sudan raises the question of whether this virus is emerging also in other tropical areas of the continent and illustrates the need to monitor whitefly-infested areas within Africa for the presence of ToCV. References: (1) G. Lozano et al. J. Virol. 83:12973, 2009. (2) J. Navas-Castillo et al. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 49:219, 2011. (3) H. P. Trenado et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 118:193, 2007. (4) G. C. Wisler et al. Plant Dis. 82:270, 1998.
Mutations in MYB3R1 and MYB3R4 Cause Pleiotropic Developmental Defects and Preferential Down-Regulation of Multiple G2/M-Specific Genes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Haga Nozomi , Kobayashi Kosuke , Suzuki Takamasa , Maeo Kenichiro , Kubo Minoru , Ohtani Misato , Mitsuda Nobutaka , Demura Taku , Nakamura Kenzo , Jürgens Gerd , Ito Masaki 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
R1R2R3-Myb proteins represent an evolutionarily conserved class of Myb family proteins important for cell cycle regulation and differentiation in eukaryotic cells. In plants, this class of Myb proteins are believed to regulate the transcription of G2/M phase-specific genes by binding to common cis-elements, called mitosis-specific activator (MSA) elements. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), MYB3R1 and MYB3R4 act as transcriptional activators and positively regulate cytokinesis by activating the transcription of KNOLLE, which encodes a cytokinesis-specific syntaxin. Here, we show that the double mutation myb3r1 myb3r4 causes pleiotropic developmental defects, some of which are due to deficiency of KNOLLE whereas other are not, suggesting that multiple target genes are involved. Consistently, microarray analysis of the double mutant revealed altered expression of many genes, among which G2/M-specific genes showed significant overrepresentation of the MSA motif and a strong tendency to be down-regulated by the double mutation. Our results demonstrate, on a genome-wide level, the importance of the MYB3R-MSA pathway for regulating G2/M-specific transcription. In addition, MYB3R1 and MYB3R4 may have diverse roles during plant development by regulating G2/M-specific genes with various functions as well as genes possibly unrelated to the cell cycle.
Elucidation of the Pathway to Astaxanthin in the Flowers of Adonis aestivalis
Authors: Cunningham Francis X. , Gantt Elisabeth 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A few species in the genus Adonis are the only land plants known to produce the valuable red ketocarotenoid astaxanthin in abundance. Here, we ascertain the pathway that leads from the β-rings of β-carotene, a carotenoid ubiquitous in plants, to the 3-hydroxy-4-keto-β-rings of astaxanthin (3,3′-dihydroxy-β,β-carotene-4,4’-dione) in the blood-red flowers of Adonis aestivalis, an ornamental and medicinal plant commonly known as summer pheasant's eye. Two gene products were found to catalyze three distinct reactions, with the first and third reactions of the pathway catalyzed by the same enzyme. The pathway commences with the activation of the number 4 carbon of a β-ring in a reaction catalyzed by a carotenoid β-ring 4-dehydrogenase (CBFD), continues with the further dehydrogenation of this carbon to yield a carbonyl in a reaction catalyzed by a carotenoid 4-hydroxy-β-ring 4-dehydrogenase, and concludes with the addition of an hydroxyl group at the number 3 carbon in a reaction catalyzed by the erstwhile CBFD enzyme. The A. aestivalis pathway is both portable and robust, functioning efficiently in a simple bacterial host. Our elucidation of the pathway to astaxanthin in A. aestivalis provides enabling technology for development of a biological production process and reveals the evolutionary origin of this unusual plant pathway, one unrelated to and distinctly different from those used by bacteria, green algae, and fungi to synthesize astaxanthin.
PhyscomitrellaCyclin-Dependent Kinase A Links Cell Cycle Reactivation to Other Cellular Changes during Reprogramming of Leaf Cells
Authors: Ishikawa Masaki , Murata Takashi , Sato Yoshikatsu , Nishiyama Tomoaki , Hiwatashi Yuji , Imai Akihiro , Kimura Mina , Sugimoto Nagisa , Akita Asaka , Oguri Yasuko , Friedman William E. , Hasebe Mitsuyasu , Kubo Minoru 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDuring regeneration, differentiated plant cells can be reprogrammed to produce stem cells, a process that requires coordination of cell cycle reactivation with acquisition of other cellular characteristics. However, the factors that coordinate the two functions during reprogramming have not been determined. Here, we report a link between cell cycle reactivation and the acquisition of new cell-type characteristics through the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase A (CDKA) during reprogramming in the moss Physcomitrella patens. Excised gametophore leaf cells of P. patens are readily reprogrammed, initiate tip growth, and form chloronema apical cells with stem cell characteristics at their first cell division. We found that leaf cells facing the cut undergo CDK activation along with induction of a D-type cyclin, tip growth, and transcriptional activation of protonema-specific genes. A DNA synthesis inhibitor, aphidicolin, inhibited cell cycle progression but prevented neither tip growth nor protonemal gene expression, indicating that cell cycle progression is not required for acquisition of protonema cell-type characteristics. By contrast, treatment with a CDK inhibitor or induction of dominant-negative CDKA;1 protein inhibited not only cell cycle progression but also tip growth and protonemal gene expression. These findings indicate that cell cycle progression is coordinated with other cellular changes by the concomitant regulation through CDKA;1.
Prospects for biological control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Europe: learning from the past
Authors: GERBER E , SCHAFFNER U , GASSMANN A , HINZ H L , SEIER M , MÜLLER‐SCHÄRER H 
Published: August 2011

Gerber E, Schaffner U, Gassmann A, Hinz HL, Seier M & Müller‐Schärer H (2011). Prospects for biological control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia in Europe: learning from the past. Weed Research51, 559–573.SummaryThe recent invasion by Ambrosia artemisiifolia (common ragweed) has, like no other plant, raised the awareness of invasive plants in Europe. The main concerns regarding this plant are that it produces a large amount of highly allergenic pollen that causes high rates of sensitisation among humans, but also A. artemisiifolia is increasingly becoming a major weed in agriculture. Recently, chemical and mechanical control methods have been developed and partially implemented in Europe, but sustainable control strategies to mitigate its spread into areas not yet invaded and to reduce its abundance in badly infested areas are lacking. One management tool, not yet implemented in Europe but successfully applied in Australia, is biological control. Almost all natural enemies that have colonised A. artemisiifolia in Europe are polyphagous and cause little damage, rendering them unsuitable for a system management approach. Two fungal pathogens have been reported to adversely impact A. artemisiifolia in the introduced range, but their biology makes them unsuitable for mass production and application as a mycoherbicide. In the native range of A. artemisiifolia, on the other hand, a number of herbivores and pathogens associated with this plant have a very narrow host range and reduce pollen and seed production, the stage most sensitive for long‐term population management of this winter annual. We discuss and propose a prioritisation of these biological control candidates for a classical or inundative biological control approach against A. artemisiifolia in Europe, capitalising on past experiences from North America, Asia and Australia.
Distribution and Diversity of Phytophthora species in Nursery Irrigation Reservoir Adopting Water Recycling System During Winter Months
Authors: Ghimire Sita R. , Richardson Patricia A. , Kong Ping , Hu Jiahuai , Lea‐Cox John D. , Ross David S. , Moorman Gary W. , Hong Chuanxue 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIrrigation water recycling is an increasingly important practice in agriculture in the context of diminishing water supply and the regulatory requirements in some parts of the world. This practice potentially accumulates and disseminates plant pathogens including Phytophthora species that pose a great threat to agriculture and forest ecosystems. Despite a high economic importance of Phytophthora species, the current understanding of their aquatic ecology is very limited. Therefore, a study was conducted to investigate the distribution and diversity of Phytophthora species in an irrigation reservoir of a commercial nursery in eastern Virginia over two consecutive winters. Multiple baits were deployed in surface water at a run‐off entrance, 20, 40, 60 and 80 m from the entrance and near the pump inlet and at various depths at the 20‐m station. Ten different Phytophthora species were detected in this study that included P. citrophthora, P. gonapodyides, P. hydropathica, P. inundata, P. irrigata, P. megasperma, P. pini, P. polonica, P. syringae and P. tropicalis. Phytophthora recovery declined through the winters from November to March. It also declined with distance from the run‐off entrance. These results suggest that water decontamination during winter irrigation events is required at this nursery and possibly in the nurseries from the southern part of the United States. The placement of the pump inlet away from run‐off entrance may be a viable strategy to reduce the crop health risk.
Perinatal morbidity associated with late preterm deliveries compared with deliveries between 37 and 40 weeks of gestation
Authors: Cheng YW , Kaimal AJ , Bruckner TA , Hallaron DR , Caughey AB 
Published: August 2011

Please cite this paper as: Cheng Y, Kaimal A, Bruckner T, Hallaron D, Caughey A. Perinatal morbidity associated with late preterm deliveries compared with deliveries between 37 and 40 weeks of gestation. BJOG 2011;118:1446–1454.Objective  To estimate the risk of short‐term complications in neonates born between 34 and 36 weeks of gestation.Design  This is a retrospective cohort study.Setting  Deliveries in 2005 in the USA.Population  Singleton live births between 34 and 40 weeks of gestation.Methods  Gestational age was subgrouped into 34, 35, 36 and 37–40 completed weeks of gestation. Statistical comparisons were performed using chi‐square test and multivariable logistic regression models, with 37–40 weeks of gestation designated as referent.Main outcome measures  Perinatal morbidities, including 5‐minute Apgar scores, hyaline membrane disease, neonatal sepsis/antibiotics use, and admission to the intensive care unit.Results  In all, 175 112 neonates were born between 34 and 36 weeks in 2005. Compared with neonates born between 37 and 40 weeks, neonates born at 34 weeks had higher odds of 5‐minute Apgar <7 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.51, 95% CI 5.16–5.88), hyaline membrane disease (aOR 10.2, 95% CI 9.44–10.9), mechanical ventilation use >6 hours (aOR 9.78, 95% CI 8.99–10.6) and antibiotic use (aOR 9.00, 95% CI 8.43–9.60). Neonates born at 35 weeks were similarly at risk of morbidity, with higher odds of 5‐minute Apgar <7 (aOR 3.42, 95% CI 3.23–3.63), surfactant use (aOR 3.74, 95% CI 3.21–4.22), ventilation use >6 hours (aOR 5.53, 95% CI 5.11–5.99) and neonatal intensive‐care unit admission (aOR 11.3, 95% CI 11.0–11.7). Neonates born at 36 weeks remain at higher risk of morbidity compared with deliveries at 37–40 weeks of gestation.Conclusions  Although the risk of undesirable neonatal outcomes decreases with increasing gestational age, the risk of neonatal complications in late preterm births remains higher compared with infants delivered at 37–40 weeks of gestation.