bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deutsche Nominalkomposita und ihre Übersetzungsproblematik ins Arabische
Authors: Mohamed Nasser E. A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThough bilingual dictionaries (German-Arabic) contain a great number of compound words which help decode their meaning, a great number of these words are not listed in these dictionaries. This comes as a result of producing daily new constructions especially in the field of press and media, which causes a great difficulty in defining the meaning of these compound words.German Language Department students at the College of Languages and Translation find a great difficulty in translating compound words into Arabic, because they give literal translation of these words without doing any research for an Arabic equivalent. Since these words are composed of phrases or prepositional phrases, transference process to Arabic requires first to deconstruct these words into a phrase or a suitable prepositional phrase before starting the process of translation. The difficulty lies in the fact that there are no fixed deconstructing rules, which requires accurate knowledge of the characteristics of these words especially the way they are compound and deconstructed.The research attempts at finding a mechanism which students can practice in language classes. Later, in translation classes, this will help them to correctly transfer these words into Arabic
The problem of equivalence in translating legal texts
Authors: Paolucci Sandro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlthough it is a subject of continuous debate and a frequent source of controversy, the concept of equivalence remains a central topic in translation studies. The solution to any translation problem is obviously far beyond the mere linear transposition of a source text into a target language and, particularly when translating legal texts, specialists in comparative law and legal translators continuously strive to find the most equivalent term or concept in the target language. After briefly presenting equivalence issues in general translation, this article examines the problem of equivalence in legal texts. It stresses the relevance of terminological equivalence, including as a translation process that may compete with others within the same text.
Grapefruit juice and licorice increase cortisol availability in patients with Addison's disease
Authors: Methlie Paal , Husebye Eystein E S , Hustad Steinar , Lien Ernst A , Løvås Kristian 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveFailure to mirror the diurnal cortisol profile could contribute to the impaired subjective health status in Addison's disease (AD). Some patients report benefit from the use of various nutritional compounds. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of licorice and grapefruit juice (GFJ) on the absorption and metabolism of cortisone acetate (CA).DesignPatients (n=17) with AD on stable CA replacement therapy were recruited from the outpatient clinic at Haukeland University Hospital, Norway. They were assessed on their ordinary CA medication and following two 3-day periods of co-administration of licorice or GFJ.MethodsTime series of glucocorticoids (GCs) in serum and saliva were obtained, and GCs in 24 h urine samples were determined. The main outcome measure was the area under the curve (AUC) for serum cortisol in the first 2.6 h after orally administered CA.ResultsCompared with the ordinary treatment, the median AUC for serum cortisol increased with licorice (53 783 vs 50 882, P<0.05) and GFJ (60 661 vs 50 882, P<0.05). Median cortisol levels in serum were also elevated 2.6 h after tablet ingestion (licorice 223 vs 186 nmol/l, P<0.05; GFJ 337 vs 186 nmol/l, P<0.01). Licorice increased the median urinary cortisol/cortisone ratio (0.43 vs 0.21, P<0.00001), whereas GFJ increased the (allo-tetrahydrocortisol+tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ratio (0.55 vs 0.43, P<0.05).ConclusionLicorice and in particular GFJ increased cortisol available to tissues in the hours following oral CA administration. Both patients and physicians should be aware of these interactions.
Attrition in Models of Intergenerational Links Using the PSID with Extensions to Health and to Sibling Models
Authors: Fitzgerald John M 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Selective attrition potentially biases estimation of intergenerational links in health and economic status. This paper documents attrition in the PSID through 2007 for a cohort of children, and investigates attrition bias in intergenerational models predicting adult health, education and earnings, including models based on sibling differences. Although attrition affects unconditional means, the weighted PSID generally maintains its representativeness along key dimensions in comparison to the National Health Interview Survey. Using PSID, sibling correlations in outcomes and father-son correlations in earnings are not significantly affected by attrition. Models of intergenerational links with covariates yield more mixed results with females showing few robust impacts of attrition and males showing potential attrition bias for education and earnings outcomes. For adult health outcomes conditional on child background, neither gender shows significant impacts of attrition for the age ranges and models considered here. Sibling models do not produce robustly higher attrition impacts than individual models.
Genetic Examination of SETD7 and SUV39H1/H2 Methyltransferases and the Risk of Diabetes Complications in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Syreeni Anna , El-Osta Assam , Forsblom Carol , Sandholm Niina , Parkkonen Maikki , Tarnow Lise , Parving Hans-Henrik , McKnight Amy J. , Maxwell Alexander P. , Cooper Mark E. , Groop Per-Henrik ,   on behalf of the FinnDiane Study Group
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Hyperglycemia plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of vascular complications, which are the major sources of morbidity and mortality in diabetes. Furthermore, these vascular complications often persist and progress despite improved glucose control, possibly as a result of prior episodes of hyperglycemia. Epigenetic modifications mediated by histone methyltransferases are associated with gene-activating events that promote enhanced expression of key proinflammatory molecules implicated in vascular injury. In this study, we investigated genetic polymorphisms of the SETD7, SUV39H1, and SUV39H2 methyltransferases as predictors of risk for micro- and macrovascular complications in type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In the Finnish Diabetic Nephropathy Study (FinnDiane) cohort, 37 tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 2,991 individuals with type 1 diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and cardiovascular disease. Seven SNPs were genotyped in the replication cohorts from the Steno Diabetes Center and All Ireland/Warren 3/Genetics of Kidneys in Diabetes (GoKinD) U.K. study.

RESULTS
In a meta-analysis, the minor T allele of the exonic SNP rs17353856 in the SUV39H2 was associated with diabetic retinopathy (genotypic odds ratio 0.75, P = 1.2 × 10−4). The same SNP showed a trend toward an association with diabetic nephropathy as well as cardiovascular disease in the FinnDiane cohort.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings propose that a genetic variation in a gene coding for a histone methyltransferase is protective for a diabetic microvascular complication. The pathophysiological implications of this polymorphism or other genetic variation nearby for the vascular complications of type 1 diabetes remain to be investigated.
Expansion of Th17 Cells and Functional Defects in T Regulatory Cells Are Key Features of the Pancreatic Lymph Nodes in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ferraro Alessandra , Socci Carlo , Stabilini Angela , Valle Andrea , Monti Paolo , Piemonti Lorenzo , Nano Rita , Olek Sven , Maffi Paola , Scavini Marina , Secchi Antonio , Staudacher Carlo , Bonifacio Ezio , Battaglia Manuela 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, are thought to have a Th17-cell bias and/or a T-regulatory cell (Treg) defect. Understanding whether this is a hallmark of patients with type 1 diabetes is a crucial question that is still unsolved, largely due to the difficulties of accessing tissues targeted by the disease.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We phenotypically and functionally characterized Th17 cells and Tregs residing in the pancreatic-draining lymph nodes (PLNs) of 19 patients with type 1 diabetes and 63 nondiabetic donors and those circulating in the peripheral blood of 14 type 1 diabetic patients and 11 healthy subjects.

RESULTS
We found upregulation of Th17 immunity and functional defects in CD4+CD25bright Tregs in the PLNs of type 1 diabetic subjects but not in their peripheral blood. In addition, the proinsulin-specific Treg-mediated control was altered in the PLNs of diabetic patients. The dysfunctional Tregs isolated from diabetic subjects did not contain contaminant effector T cells and were all epigenetically imprinted to be suppressive, as defined by analysis of the Treg-specific demethylated region within the forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) locus.

CONCLUSIONS
These data provide evidence for an unbalanced immune status in the PLNs of type 1 diabetic subjects, and treatments restoring the immune homeostasis in the target organ of these patients represent a potential therapeutic strategy.
Deletion of the G6pc2 Gene Encoding the Islet-Specific Glucose-6-Phosphatase Catalytic Subunit–Related Protein Does Not Affect the Progression or Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in NOD/ShiLtJ Mice
Authors: Oeser James K. , Parekh Vrajesh V. , Wang Yingda , Jegadeesh Naresh K. , Sarkar Suparna A. , Wong Randall , Lee Catherine E. , Pound Lynley D. , Hutton John C. , Van Kaer Luc , O’Brien Richard M. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Islet-specific glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit–related protein (IGRP), now known as G6PC2, is a major target of autoreactive T cells implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in both mice and humans. This study aimed to determine whether suppression of G6p2 gene expression might therefore prevent or delay disease progression.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
G6pc2 −/− mice were generated on the NOD/ShiLtJ genetic background, and glycemia was monitored weekly up to 35 weeks of age to determine the onset and incidence of diabetes. The antigen specificity of CD8+ T cells infiltrating islets from NOD/ShiLtJ G6pc2+/+ and G6pc2−/− mice at 12 weeks was determined in parallel.

RESULTS
The absence of G6pc2 did not affect the time of onset, incidence, or sex bias of type 1 diabetes in NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Insulitis was prominent in both groups, but whereas NOD/ShiLtJ G6pc2+/+ islets contained CD8+ T cells reactive to the G6pc2 NRP peptide, G6pc2 NRP-reactive T cells were absent in NOD/ShiLtJ G6pc2−/− islets.

CONCLUSIONS
These results demonstrate that G6pc2 is an important driver for the selection and expansion of islet-reactive CD8+ T cells infiltrating NOD/ShiLtJ islets. However, autoreactivity to G6pc2 is not essential for the emergence of autoimmune diabetes. The results remain consistent with previous studies indicating that insulin may be the primary autoimmune target, at least in NOD/ShiLtJ mice.
Revision of chamois infection by lung nematodes under ecological conditions of national parks of Slovakia with respect to ongoing global climate changes
Authors: Štefančíková A. , Chovancová B. , Hájek B. , Dudiňák V. , Šnábel V. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The aim of our study was to analyze helminth status and to evaluate ecological conditions for infections of chamois with lung nematodes in national parks of Slovakia during global warming. The autopsies and larvoscopic examination of faeces collected from localities inhabited by Tatra chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica) in Tatra National Park (TANAP) and Low Tatras National Park (NAPANT) revealed the presence of following protostrongylids: Muellerius capillaris, Neostrongylus linearis and the specific chamois species Muellerius tenuispiculatus. Same species of lung nematodes were found in introduced chamois of Alpine origin (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) in the Slovak National Park Veľká Fatra (NAPVF) and the Slovak Paradise National Park (NAPSR), and in the latter park also geohelminth Dictyocaulus viviparus was sporadically determined. The mean prevalence of lung nematodes in individual parks varied from 70.9 to 97.2 %. The mean number of L1 larvae per 1 g of faeces in Tatra chamois from TANAP in Belianske Tatras and in Alpine subspecies from NAPSR corresponded to a high level of infection (120.3 and 110.1, respectively). In other studied biotopes the mean number of L1 larvae (19.4–42.5) revealed the moderate infection. Although no significant differences concerning levels of infection within the monitored years were observed, the level of infection during the summer was significantly lower than that during spring and autumn periods. The variety of snail species as the intermediate hosts of lung nematodes provide suitable conditions for the development of lung nematodes in the all studied Slovak National Parks. Global climatic changes have also likely contributed to an increase of infectivity rate.
Lagochilascaris minor: Specific antibodies are related with resistance to experimental infection in A/J strain of mice
Authors: Prudente M. , Freitas J. , Ribeiro E. , Carvalhaes M. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Lagochilascaris minor is the causative agent of human lagochilascariosis, a disease that affects the neck region causing abscesses with eggs, adult parasites and L3/L4 larvae within purulent exudates. Nowadays, mice are considered intermediary hosts for the parasite. In previous study we observed that A/J mice experimentally infected with Lagochilascaris minor showed higher survival ratios than B10.A mice. Now, we denoted that A/J mice (resistant to experimental infection) produced higher levels of IgM, IgG and IgA against the crude extract (excepted for IgM) and secreted/excreted antigens of the parasite; on the other hand, B10.A mice (susceptible to experimental infection) produced higher levels of IgE in the later period of the experimental infection than A/J infected mice.
Ultrastructure of the cirrus sac of the male strobila of Shipleya inermis (Fuhrmann, 1908) (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)
Authors: Poddubnaya L. , Pospekhova N. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This study was designed to provide information on the ultrastructural traits of the cirrus sac of the male strobila of the dioecious cyclophyllidean tapeworm, Shipleya inermis Fuhrmann, 1908 from the small intestine of long-billed dowitchers, Limnodromus scolopaceus, in Chukotka, Russia. The cirrus sac is characterised by a thick muscular wall (comprising about 20 layers of longitudinal muscles) with the muscle cells being located outside the wall along the peripheral muscle layer and the presence of a thick, fibrillar septum inside the sac along the inner muscle layer of the wall. The epithelium of the intrabursal ducts is syncytial and has sunken perikarya. The ejaculatory duct is characterised by surface luminal microvilli and a large number of the sunken perikarya producing electron-dense secretory granules, which discharge into the duct lumen as an apocrine secretion. The cirrus is armed with two types of sclerotized structures formed by its epithelium, hooks of about 25 μm in length and microthrix-like structures on its luminal surface. The hooks are sigmoid in shape, have a blade circular in transverse section and about 3.5 μm in width, and taper at both extremities. The hook body consists of moderately electron-dense material mixed with a more electron-dense material and an electron-lucent core. The hook roots lie within the cirrus epithelium, where their lateral margins are composed of a thin covering of electrondense material with narrow lateral extensions. The usefulness of the ultrastructural characters of the cirrus sac as indicators of phylogenetic relationships within the Eucestoda is discussed.
The effect of soil compost treatments on potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and Globodera pallida
Authors: Renčo M. , Sasanelli N. , Kováčik P. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A pot experiment on potato was carried out to verify the nematicidal effect of four composts of different origin (C1: 70 % horse manure + 15 % sugar beet pomace + 5 % poultry manure + 10% grape pomace; C2: 100 % pig manure decomposed by juveniles of Musca domestica; C3: 100 % vermicompost from medical plants wastes; C4: 100% vermicompost from cattle manure) on the potato cyst nematodes G. rostochiensis (Ro1) and G. pallida (Pa2 and Pa3). Composts at different rates (1.0, 2.5 and 5.0 % w/w) were mixed with the nematode infested soils. Pots with unamended soils were used as control. Pots (4 l) were arranged in a glasshouse according to a randomized block design with four replications per each treatment. A significant reduction in number of cysts, eggs and juveniles/cyst and eggs and juveniles/g soil was observed in each compost in comparison to unamended soil. The suppressive nematode effect increased according to the compost NH4+ content and compost rate.
eppex: Epochal Phrase Table Extraction for Statistical Machine Translation
Authors: Przywara Česlav , Bojar Ondřej 
Published: September 2011

eppex: Epochal Phrase Table Extraction for Statistical Machine Translation
We present a tool that extracts phrase pairs from a word-aligned parallel corpus and filters them on the fly based on a user-defined frequency threshold. The bulk of phrase pairs to be scored is much reduced, making the whole phrase table construction process faster with no significant harm to the ultimate phrase table quality as measured by BLEU. Technically, our tool is an alternative to the extract component of the phrase-extract toolkit bundled with Moses SMT software and covers some of the functionality of sigfilter.
Multi-Task Minimum Error Rate Training for SMT
Authors: Simianer Patrick , Wäschle Katharina , Riezler Stefan 
Published: September 2011

Multi-Task Minimum Error Rate Training for SMT
We present experiments on multi-task learning for discriminative training in statistical machine translation (SMT), extending standard minimum-error-rate training (MERT) by techniques that take advantage of the similarity of related tasks. We apply our techniques to German-to-English translation of patents from 8 tasks according to the International Patent Classification (IPC) system. Our experiments show statistically significant gains over task-specific training by techniques that model commonalities through shared parameters. However, more finegrained combinations of shared parameters with task-specific ones could not be brought to bear on models with a small number of dense features. The software used in the experiments is released as open-source tool.
Multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller for utility electric vehicle
Authors: Gasbaoui Brahim , Abdelkader Chaker , Adellah Laoufi 
Published: September 2011

Multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller for utility electric vehicleCurrently commercialization of electric vehicle (EV) is based to minimize the time of starting and acceleration. To undergo this problem multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller (MIMO-FLC) affect on propelled traction system forming MMS process was proposed. This paper introduces a MIMO-FLC applied on speeds of electric vehicle, the electric drive consists of two directing wheels and two rear propulsion wheels equipped with two light weight induction motors. The EV is powered by two motors of 37 kilowatts each one, delivering a 476 Nm total torque. Its high torque (476Nm) is instantly available to ensure responsive acceleration performance in built-up areas. Acceleration and steering are ensured by an electronic differential system which maintains robust control for all cases of vehicle behavior on the road. It also allows controlling independently every driving wheel to turn at different speeds in any curve. Direct torque control based on space vector modulation (DTC-SVM) is proposed to achieve the tow rear driving wheel control. The MIMO-FLC control technique is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The simulation results have proved that the MIMO-FLC method decreases the transient oscillations and assure efficiency comportment in all type of road constraints, straight, slope, descent and curved road compared to the single input single output fuzzy controller (SISO-FLC).
Hamiltonian model of electromechanical actuator in natural reference frame.: Part I: Topology-based approximation algorithm
Authors: Burlikowski Wojciech 
Published: September 2011

Hamiltonian model of electromechanical actuator in natural reference frame.: Part I: Topology-based approximation algorithmIn the paper a novel mathematical model of electromechanical actuator is presented. It is based on application of Hamiltonian equations in the description of electromechanical energy conversion. It results in employment of flux linkages as state variables in the state space equations. For simplicity only a 3-phase wye connected stator winding without a neutral wire is considered in detail. The procedure can be generalised to any number of phases. Topology-based approach is used in the model implementation. Procedures for evaluation of all quantities (currents, energy/coenergy, electromagnetic torque) present in model equations are described. Eddy currents and hysteresis phenolmenon are neglected in formulation of the model to enable application of state-space description.
A study on permanent magnet topologies for hybrid bearings for medical drives applied in Ventricular Assist Devices
Authors: Pohlmann André , Hameyer Kay 
Published: September 2011

A study on permanent magnet topologies for hybrid bearings for medical drives applied in Ventricular Assist Devices
In industrialized countries cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of death. The last clinical therapy option for some patients, suffering from terminal heart diseases, is donor heart transplantation. As the available number of donor organs is decreasing, many patients die while waiting for a transplant. For this reason Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs), which can mechanically support the human heart to achieve a sufficient perfusion of the body, are under development. For an implantable VAD, design constraints have to be deduced from the physiological conditions in the human body. In case of a VAD drive, these constraints are for example dimensions, electric losses, which might result in an overheating of blood, and a long durability. Therefore a hybrid permanent magnet hydrodynamic bearing is designed in this paper, which works passively and contactless. Based on Finite Element simulations of magnetic fields, various permanent magnet topologies are studied in terms of axial forces and stiffness.