bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Let there be light: zebrafish neurobiology and the optogenetic revolution
Authors: Wyart Claire , Del Bene Filippo 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Optogenetics has revolutionized the toolbox arsenal that neuroscientists now possess to investigate neuronal circuit function in intact and living animals. With a combination of light emitting ‘sensors’ and light activated ‘actuators’, we can monitor and control neuronal activity with minimal perturbation and unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. Zebrafish neuronal circuits represent an ideal system to apply an optogenetic based analysis owing to its transparency, relatively small size and amenability to genetic manipulation. In this review, we describe some of the most recent advances in the development and applications of optogenetic sensors (i.e., genetically encoded calcium indicators and voltage sensors) and actuators (i.e., light activated ion channels and ion pumps). We focus mostly on the tools that have already been successfully applied in zebrafish and on those that show the greatest potential for the future. We also describe crucial technical aspects to implement optogenetics in zebrafish including strategies to drive a high level of transgene expression in defined neuronal populations, and recent optical advances that allow the precise spatiotemporal control of sample illumination.
Impact of different cut-off limits of peak GH after GHRH-arginine stimulatory test, single IGF1 measurement, or their combination in identifying adult patients with GH deficiency
Authors: Bogazzi Fausto , Manetti Luca , Lombardi Martina , Giovannetti Clara , Raffaelli Valentina , Urbani Claudio , Scattina Ilaria , Pepe Pasquale , Iannelli Aldo , Martino Enio , Rossi Giuseppe 
Published: February 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of different peak GH cut-off limits after GHRH-Arg test, IGF1 measurement, or their combination in identifying patients with GH deficit (GHD).Design and patientsTotally, 894 normal subjects (used for determining IGF1 normative limits) and 302 patients with suspected GHD were included. Different peak GH cut-off limits (used by European (depending on body mass index (BMI)) or North American (4.1 μg/l) Endocrine Societies, by HypoCCs (2.5 μg/l), or with 95% specificity (based on BMI), Method 1, 2, 3, or 4 respectively) and IGF1 were considered.MethodsPeak GH after GHRH-Arg and IGF1.ResultsDifferent peak GH cut-off limits recognized different proportions of GHD (range, 24.8–62.9%). Methods 1 and 2 with high sensitivity recognized a higher proportion (95.5 and 92.5% respectively) of GHD among patients with three (T) pituitary hormone deficits (HD), whereas Method 4 (with high specificity) identified 96.7% normal subjects among those without pituitary HD; on the contrary, Method 4 identified only 75% GHD among patients with THD, whereas Method 1 recognized a high proportion (40%) of GHD among subjects without HD. Of the total patients, 82% with THD and 84.5% without HD were recognized as GHD or normal respectively by IGF1. Among the remaining patients with THD and normal IGF1, 75% was recognized as GHD by Method 1; among patients without HD and abnormal IGF1, 87.5% was identified as normal by Method 4. Overall, combination of IGF1 and Method 1 or Method 4 identified 95.5% GHD among patients with THD and 98.1% normal subjects among those without HD.ConclusionsSingle peak GH cut-offs have limits to sharply differentiate GHD from normal subjects; IGF1 may be used for selecting patients to be submitted to the GHRH-Arg test; the peak GH cut-off limits to be used for identifying healthy or diseased patients depend mainly on the clinical context.
Preformed-Particle-Gel Transport Through Open Fractures and Its Effect on Water Flow
Authors: Zhang Hao , Bai Baojun 
Published: February 2011

Summary
This work constructed transparent fracture models to visually track swollen preformed-particle-gel (PPG) propagation through open fractures and water flow through PPG placed in the fractures. During injection, PPG propagated like a piston along a fracture and a gel pack was formed in the fracture. When water broke through the particle-gel pack after PPG placement, several channels were created that discharged water from the outlet while water was being injected. Investigation of factors that influence PPG injectivity and plugging efficiency revealed that PPG injectivity increases with fracture widths and flow rates but decreases with brine concentrations (on which the PPG swelling ratio depends). PPG can reduce the permeability for the fractures with different widths to the same level. Full-factorial experimental design analysis was performed to rank the influence of injection rate, fracture width, and PPG swelling ratio on pressure response, resistance factors, and injectivity.
Unmasking Genes in a Type 1 Diabetes–Resistant Mouse Strain That Enhances Pathogenic CD8 T-Cell Responses
Authors: Driver John P. , Chen Yi-Guang , Zhang Weidong , Asrat Seblewongel , Serreze David V. 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVE
Nominally resistant mouse strains such as C57BL/6 (B6) harbor latent type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes uncovered in outcross to disease-susceptible NOD mice. However, identification of possible recessively acting B6-derived susceptibility genes is limited because very few F2 progeny derived from outcrossing this strain with NOD develop spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Thus, we assessed whether a transgenic T-cell receptor (TCR) disease transfer model allowed the mapping of recessively acting B6 genetic loci that in the proper context contribute to diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
CD8 T-cells transgenically expressing the diabetogenic AI4 TCR were transferred into 91 (NODxB6.H2g7)F1xB6.H2g7 first-backcross (BC1) females. A genome-wide scan was performed for loci affecting clinical diabetes and insulitis severity.

RESULTS
A major locus on chromosome 11 in tight linkage with the marker D11Mit48 (logarithm of odds score = 13.2) strongly determined whether BC1 progeny were susceptible to AI4 T-cell–mediated diabetes. Mice homozygous versus heterozygous for B6 markers of this chromosome 11 genetic locus were, respectively, highly susceptible or resistant to AI4-induced insulitis and diabetes. The genetic effect is manifest by host CD4 T-cells. Microarray analyses of mRNA transcript expression identified a limited number of candidate genes.

CONCLUSIONS
The distal region of chromosome 11 in B6 mice harbors a previously unrecognized recessively acting gene(s) that can promote autoreactive diabetogenic CD8 T-cell responses. Future identification of this gene(s) may further aid the screening of heterogeneous humans at future risk for diabetes, and might also provide a target for possible disease interventions.
Reaction of Tomato CV. Roma VF (Solanum Lycopersicum) to Meloidogyne Javanica Treub Infestation in an Ultisol Treated with Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina L.) and Mango (Mangifera Indica L.)
Authors: Ogwulumba Solomon , Ugwuoke Kevin , Ogbuji Rufus 
Published: February 2011

Reaction of Tomato CV. Roma VF (Solanum Lycopersicum) to Meloidogyne Javanica Treub Infestation in an Ultisol Treated with Aqueous Leaf Extracts of Bitter Leaf (Vernonia Amygdalina L.) and Mango (Mangifera Indica L.)
The reaction of tomato cv. Roma vf (Solanum lycopersicum) to Meloidogyne javanica Treub infestation in an ultisol treated with aqueous leaf extracts of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina L.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.) was investigated in the Federal College of Agriculture Ishiagu, Ebonyi State, SE Nigeria. Two pot experiments were performed in 2008 and 2009. The various leaf extracts were used at three concentrations of 150 g/l, 300 g/l, and 450 g/l. The soil of the site was characterised as ultisol. Soil without the extracts served as the control. The experiment was set up in a Completely randomized design with four replications. Data obtained were averaged for the two experiments and subjected to the statistical analysis of variance using Genstat Edition 3 Release 7.2. Obtained data concerned plant height (cm), number of leaves at 50% anthesis, number of fruit and fruit weight (g) at harvest, number of galled roots and gall index at harvest. Results showed that the two leaf extracts had highly significant (p < 0.01) effects on all the data. The extracts showed a high nemato-toxic effect on the nematode by reducing the number of galled roots and gall index as well as increasing the fruit weight at the application of water extracts of bitter leaf and mango leaf at the concentration of 450 g/l. This dose gave the highest fruit weight and could be recommended to farmers.
First Report of Phytophthora Inflata in Polish Rhododendron Nursery
Authors: Orlikowski Leszek , Ptaszek Magdalena , Trzewik Aleksandra , Orlikowska Teresa 
Published: February 2011

First Report of Phytophthora Inflata in Polish Rhododendron Nursery
Phytophthora inflata Caros & Tucker was detected together with P. citricola Sawada from rhododendron cv. University of Helsinki with necrotic spots on leaves. Spots were enlarged on tip parts of the stems. The rhododendron plantswere taken from hardy ornamental stock. Inoculation of the leaf blades of 15 species and cultivars of rhododendron with P. inflata and P. citricola resulted in the development of necroses on all of them. Reaction of tested rhododendron species and cultivars for P. inflata and P. citricola was similar. The pathogen also colonized leaf blades of Goultheria decumbens, Kalmia ostroseptice, Vaccinium corymbiferum and V. vitis-idaea. The quickest spread of necroses was observed on K. ostroseptice and V. corymbiferum. In greenhouse trials P. citricola and P. citrophthora caused dieback of more rhododendron plants than P. inflata.
Evaluation of Different Measures to Control Wilt Causing Pathogens in Chickpea
Authors: Andrabi Muneeb , Vaid Amrish , Razdan Vijay 
Published: February 2011

Evaluation of Different Measures to Control Wilt Causing Pathogens in Chickpea
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, F. solani and Rhizoctonia solani were isolated from the wilted chickpea (Cicer arietinum) plants. To manage the wilt complex cultural practices, use of biocontrol agents and fungicides were tried under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Sowing of chickpea at different dates revealed that early sowing (10th Oct.) resulted in maximum disease incidence (32.20%), whereas, late sowing (24th Nov.) the minimum (13.35%). Twenty and 50 cm row to row spacing resulted in maximum (29.17%) and minimum (17.35%) disease incidence respectively. In vitro evaluation of biological control agents revealed the superiority of Trichoderma viride. Trichoderma over Trichoderma virens in controlling the pathogens. Carbendazim at 100, 200, 500 ppm caused maximum per cent inhibition of the pathogens under in vitro conditions. Fungicides applied as seed treatment reduced disease incidence significantly. Seed treatment with carbendazim increased seed germination (71.24%), though it was at par with carbendazim + mancozeb (62.21%) and mancozeb (61.46%). Seed coating with T. viride resulted in minimum disease incidence (9.24%), however, it was at par with T. virens (9.72%). Maximum yield (10.10 q/ha) was recorded with the application of carbendazim, followed by carbendazim + mancozeb (9.77 q/ha) and T. viride (8.10 q/ha).
Micropaleontological response to the changing paleoenvironment across the Sarmatian-Pannonian boundary in the Transylvanian Basin (Miocene, Oarba de Mureş section, Romania)
Authors: Filipescu Sorin , Wanek Franz , Miclea Angela , De Leeuw Arjan , Vasiliev Iuliana 
Published: February 2011

Micropaleontological response to the changing paleoenvironment across the Sarmatian-Pannonian boundary in the Transylvanian Basin (Miocene, Oarba de Mureş section, Romania)
The Sarmatian-Pannonian transition has been investigated in Section A of Oarba de Mureş in the central Transylvanian Basin. Micropaleontological assemblages are diagnostic for different environmental settings and demonstrate a clear zonation, which was used to reconstruct the genetic units. Five stratigraphic sequences were described and subdivided based on the microfossil assemblages. Transgressive intervals were documented by five-chambered and biserial planktonic foraminifera, normal regressions by assemblages with abundant mysid, dasyclads, diatoms, and benthic rotaliid foraminifera, while the forced regressions are characterized by reworking. The Sarmatian-Pannonian boundary (11.3 Ma) is clearly documented by microfossils and is calibrated with radiometric and magnetostratigraphic data. A new interpretation for the interbasinal correlation is proposed by synchronizing the top of the Central Paratethyan Sarmatian with the top of the Eastern Paratethyan Bessarabian.
Finds of ancient dugouts in the USSR and cossack dugouts «oaks»
Authors: Chepelev Vladimir R. 
Published: February 2011

Les pirogues monoxyles ont une grande importance pour l'étude des origines de la construction navale. À ce titre, les découvertes de monoxyles sur le territoire de l'URSS sont particulièrement intéressantes même si beaucoup restent peu documentées. L'emploi du chêne paraît dominant mais pas cependant exclusif notamment dans le nord et l'extrême est de l'URSS. Individuels ou collectifs, ces monoxyles répondaient à un usage pratique précis (chasse, pêche, transport. ..). Ils sont attestés dès le IVe millénaire et certains sont encore en usage de nos purs.
Les pirogues monoxyles cosaques découvertes en Ukraine présentent un intérêt majeur pour l'histoire de la navigation et de la construction des embarcations à « usage domestique ». Les musées ukrainiens présentent des pirogues anciennes (XVI-XVIIIe s.) appelées « chênes » en raison de leur bois de construction. Elles étaient utilisées par les cosaques à des fins pratiques et militaires. L'abondance des forêts feuillues, la relative simplicité de leur assemblage, leur faible coût de fabrication et les particularités de la navigation leur ont permis de perdurer pendant de nombreux siècles. Elles ne sont pas fabriquées d'une seule pièce, mais sont de construction mixte; leur fond est constitué d'un tronc de chêne entier et leurs côtés sont prolongés par des planches en pin. Ces pirogues constituent des vestiges uniques qui mériteraient qu'on leur accorde une plus grande attention.
Moulding methods in Roman period bouts in the North of Europe
Authors: de Weerd Maarten D. 
Published: February 2011

Les barges du type Zwammerdam ont été décrites principalement d'un point de vue métrologique; leur étude porte sur la longueur des bordages et l'insertion progressive de membrures par la division en distances « standardisées ». Cette forme d'insertion caractérise les méthodes de construction «bordé premier».
Ce que révèle cette analyse est extrêmement intéressant: nous pouvons considérer maintenant ce type de coque à fond plat comme le résultat d'une méthode de gabariage, expression que la plupart des chercheurs emploient à propos des navires aux bordés «assemblés à franc-bord».
Dans un premier temps, les charpentiers mettaient en place soit des membrures insérées de façon permanente (bateaux du Bas-Empire de Mainz), soit des madriers extérieurs utilisés provisoirement (chalands à fond plat de Bevaix et d'Yverdon).
Le système d'insertion progressif de membrures permanentes des barges du type Zwammerdam indique (sans observation de véritables marques de gabariage) l'usage de membrures de fond qui servaient de gabarits pour la mise en place des bordés, membrures qui n'étaient pas retirées à un stade ultérieur de la construction de la coque, lors de l'insertion d'autres membrures; sur ces barges, les varangues insérées en premier lieu, venaient consolider les bordés au moment de l'assemblage.
Ce procédé du type Zwammerdam (« bordé premier») a vu le jour à la fin du premier siècle de notre ère, sous l'effet de contraintes économiques. Par la suite, il a évolué et à l'époque médiévale, le système d'assemblage connu sous le nom de «membrure première» a facilité considérablement la construction de navires de plus grande taille, dévolus à d'autres fonctions.
Le remontage des barques gallo-romaines de Pommeroeul (Belgique)
Authors: Terfve Alfred 
Published: February 2011

The discovery of the Pommeroeuls boats during a salvage excavation in 1975 was of greatest importance for Belgian Archeology. From the beginning, the deadline granted to the excavation and the lack of knowledge ofthis type of flat-bottomed craft did not allow for a thorough study, but furthermore, never had such quantifies of waterlogged wood been found and seeing that, it was also a challenge to the restorer to have to treat them for conservation.
The wood was conserved under water, in temporary tanks, from 1975 to 1979; the damage done from one broken tank as resuit shows well the risks involved in this kind ο f solution. It neverless enabled a treatment tank to be made and to conserve the wood by impregnation with polyethylene glycol 4000 between 1979 and 1982. At that stage, in principle, the different pieces, retrieved fragments of dugout parts or plank, should no longer be a problem even if they apparently required a stable climate (T° and R. H.). However, seeing the effort made both in excavation and the treatment, it was logical to think about presenting the boats to the public and therefore to raise them for exhibition in a museum, the construction ofwhich was only completed in 1991. Since that date, two of the three boats are presently being reassembled, and this should be achieved before the end of 1995 for the dugout (10 m x 1 m) and within three or four years for the barge (14 m x 3 m). The different cleaning, sticking and restoring deformations operations were taken advantage of in order to study the building and assembly details that the fragility of the pieces before treatment did not allow. In the same way, the deadline of the work enabled necessary dendrochronological readings to be made at leisure. Unfortunately, the plans on a scale of 1/10 were not enough to check the déformations subsequent to the excavation, even if the possible cracks appearing both before and after the treatment plead in favour of reassembling the whole boat which would block the wooden pieces in a position natural to them. Throughout the reassembling opération, it has been revealed absolutely necessary for a constant dialogue between the restorer and the archeologist in view ofthe numerous choices that the déformation ofthe pièces impose. A discussion in more depth of the final form should take place when reassembled.
Origins of the Mersey flat (Great Britain)
Authors: Stammers Michael 
Published: February 2011

Le « Mersey flat» était un navire de charge vernaculaire d'un type particulier du nord-ouest de l'Angleterre et du nord du pays de Galles. Il était couramment utilisé sur les voies navigables intérieures et comme caboteur aux XVIIIe et XIXe s.
L'historiographie du «flat» est limitée. Selon certains auteurs, il aurait été développé au début du xvuf s; d'autres penchent pour une origine plus ancienne.
Les sources archéologiques semblent indiquer une continuité dans la conception et dans la construction de ce bateau jusqu'en 1772. Dans les archives, l'utilisation du mot «flat» apparaît dès 1736; les archives montrent également qu'avant 1700, il existait un trafic intérieur de marchandises et que le batelage se pratiquait dans l'estuaire de la Mersey. Les sources iconographiques fournissent plusieurs exemples d'embarcations de type «flat» aux XVIe et XVIIe s.
L'hypothèse d'une origine antérieure ne peut être ni confirmée ni infirmée. Deux autres bateaux vernaculaires de la région du nord-ouest, le « nobby » de Morecambe Bay et le chasse-marée de l'île de Man rappellent cependant les dangers que présente l'hypothèse de la continuité. Novateurs en 1880-1890, ils sont considérés de nos jours comme des bateaux traditionnels. La découverte de vestiges archéologiques datables devrait permettre d'en apprendre davantage sur les origines du «flat», d'autant que l'ancien mouillage de Hoyle Lake est riche en possibilités.
The Vistula river wooden craft of the 20th century: their construction and destiny
Authors: Litwin Jerzy 
Published: February 2011

La Vistule (Wis£a) prend sa source dans les monts Beskid de Silésie et coule vers le nord. D'une longueur de 1 047 km, ce n'est pas seulement le plus grand fleuve de Pologne, mais également le plus grand de tout le bassin hydrographique de la mer Baltique, et de nombreux affluents importants s'y jettent. Vers la fin de son parcours, elle se divise en deux bras: le Nogat, qui s'écoule dans la lagune de la Vistule, et la Leniwka, qui se jette dans le golfe de Gdansk. Autrefois, la Leniwka se jetait dans la Baltique près de Gdansk, mais en 1895 un canal a été construit afin de dévier son parcours directement dans la Baltique.
Autrefois et plus particulièrement aux XVI-XVIIe s., la Vistule jouait un rôle majeur dans l'économie de la Pologne. Elle constituait en effet la principale voie pour le transport des marchandises du marché intérieur, ainsi que pour celui des marchandises à l'exportation et à l'importation. Toute une gamme de navires, de radeaux et d'embarcations ont été construits dans ce but. Ce transport intérieur a eu une grande influence sur le développement de la construction navale. Cependant, l'introduction des navires à vapeur au milieu du XIXe s. a entraîné le déclin de la construction traditionnelle.
Les grands bateaux en bois ont définitivement disparu au début du XXe s., et seules les petites embarcations utilisées localement ont survécu. Des détails de conception archaïques se retrouvent encore sur des bateaux de construction récente. La terminologie nautique a également survécu, et peut même être très différente d'une région à une autre.
Cet exposé décrira les technologies appliquées dans les différents chantiers navals et les types d'embarcation construits dans ceux-ci - galar, bat, krypa, et autres - dont l'usage déterminait les formes, les éléments structuraux et les équipements.
La dernière galère
Authors: Basch Lucien 
Published: February 2011

The Naval Museum of Istanbul possesses in its collection a 40 m long oared ship, referred to as the « Sultan's calque» and carrying the name Kadirga. In fact it is not a calque at all, whatever the meaning of this term, but it is a real galley, the only existing one, and Kadirga is not a name, but a Turkish word designating a particular type of galley. It is often dated back to Mehmet IH's reign (1595-1603), but oral tradition dates it further back to Mehmet II Fatih, the conqueror of Constantinople in 1453. certain elements support this tradition, even if the galley has obviously been subjected to several modifications. One hypothesis is that the Kadirga was one of the four «fustes» belonging to the last Byzantine Emperor and which later became his conqueror's trophy.
The aim of this paper is not to exhaust this subject by any means, but on the contrary, to show that such a task can only be achieved by a pluridisciplinary team consisting of, at least, a naval architect (no reliable plan ofthe Kadirga exists: one shows a curved keel, another a straight keel) and a specialist in the following disciplines: comparative galley architecture, Ottoman archives, the history ο f Byzantine and Ottoman art and ergonomy. Considerable sums of money are paradoxically spent each year on certain expensive excavations with chance results or on questionable « reconstructions », whereas the Kadirga, even if only dating back to thè 18th century, would stili remain the oldest ship in the world whose conservation is not due to excavation (and, moreover, is thè last survivor of a line ofships going back at least three thousand years), and which has never been the subject of a thorough study. Should it be scuttled to the bottom ofthe Bosphorus in order to arouse, as a shipwreck, the slightest interest?