bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived texture: direct and indirect methods for use in product development
Authors: JACK FRANCES R. , PATERSON ALISTAIR , PIGGOTT JOHN R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryIncreasing consumer interest in texture has made it of primary concern in product development, since manipulating texture can provide product differentiation. Successful development requires both comprehensive understanding of texture as perceived by the consumer, and appropriate measurement methods. Perceived texture results from an array of sensory inputs, arising before and during consumption. Sensory analysis methods provide means to express such percepts, but can be time‐consuming and expensive. There are relationships between physiological parameters measured in individuals during food consumption, and perceived texture. Such measures can provide simple and rapid indices of texture, if validated before use, as routine tools in product development applications.
Effect of ultrafiltration on concentrated apple juice colour and turbidity
Authors: CONSTENLA DIANA T. , LOZANO JORGE E. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryColour and turbidity of conventional bentonite‐gelatin clarified apple juice was compared with 30,000–50,000 and 100,000DA hollow fibre ultrafiltered apple juice, with and without pectinolytic enzyme treatment. Results indicated that objective quality of ultrafiltered apple juice compared favourably with conventionally clarified apple juice over 30 weeks of storage at 37.5°C. However, treatment with pectinolytic enzymes before ultrafiltration increased both the initial colour and the browning rate. No significant differences were found in the values of the transmission haze after storage.
Effect of cooking on nitrate in dehydrated soups
Authors: GARCIA‐MATA MERCEDES , BOSCH‐BOSCH NIEVES , PEREZ‐RODRIGUEZ M. LUISA 
Published: July 2010

SummaryNitrate levels in dry powder soups were measured before and after cooking by a modified cadmium‐Griess method. In 36 different kinds of soups, from three manufacturers, no nitrate was lost on cooking in accordance with the manufacturers’ directions, even when simmered for up to 25 min.
Yield and storage stability of patties from pre‐rigor beef previously dipped in potassium sorbate and ginger solutions
Authors: NEGBENEBOR C. , BALAMI Y. , IGENE J. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYPre‐rigor beef strips dipped for up to 3 min in solutions of 2% ginger, 4% potassium sorbate or both were minced and made into patties. Meat yield before frying did not increase, but after frying the cooked pattie yield did increase with the mixed treatment. Yield increase was greatest with microwave cooking. There were no significant effects on pH, free fatty acids or TBA values, but slightly reduced total aerobic plate counts with the sorbate treatments when patties were stored at 5–7°C.
Effects of sporulation media and strain on thermal resistance of Bacillus cereus spores
Authors: MAZAS MARGARITA , GONZÁLEZ ISAAC , LÓPEZ MERCEDES , GONZÁLEZ JOSEFA , SARMIENTO ROBERTO MARTÍN 
Published: July 2010

SummarySpores of Bacillus cereus strains ATCC 7004, ATCC 4342 and ATCC 9818 were produced in four sporulation media (Nutrient Agar supplemented with 1 ppm Mn2+, Fortified Nutrient Agar, Angelotti Medium and Milk Agar) and their percentages of sporulation and heat resistance parameters obtained in a wide temperature range were compared. In all conditions studied, high rates of sporulation were obtained. Clear differences among D‐values for spores produced in the four media were observed. the medium which yielded the most resistant spores and the magnitude with which the sporulation medium affected D‐values was different for each strain. z‐Values of the three strains were not influenced by the medium used to obtain spores.
Original article: The effect of freezing at −18 °C and −70 °C with and without ascorbic acid on the stability of antioxidant in extracts of apple and orange fruits
Authors: Polinati Renata Madureira , Faller Ana Luísa Kremer , Fialho Eliane 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe influence of low temperature and storage time on the antioxidant capacity of standard solutions and apple and orange extracts was evaluated. In addition, the effects of ascorbic acid (AA) addition to the fruit extracts in terms of antioxidant capacity, AA content and soluble and hydrolyzable polyphenol contents were also analysed. Polyphenol contents in both apple and orange extracts were stable during storage period, which reflected also in the antioxidant capacity stability. Freezing at −18 °C did not result in different retention rates for polyphenols, AA and antioxidant capacity when compared to freezing at −70 °C. However, vitamin C content in orange juice, without AA addition, slightly increased along the experimental period (10 days). Thus, this study shows that it may not be necessary to measure the antioxidant capacity immediately after the preparation of fruit extracts or antioxidant standard solutions.
Original article: Thermal and light degradation kinetics of anthocyanin extracts from mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.)
Authors: Chisté Renan C. , Lopes Alessandra S. , De Faria Lênio J. G. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe stability and half‐life time of anthocyanin extracts from mangosteen peel were studied under controlled oxygen supply, undergoing the influence of light source (fluorescent, incandescent, infrared and ultraviolet) and storage temperature (5, 28, 40 and 50 °C). The kinetic parameters for anthocyanin degradation, under different illumination conditions fit the first‐order reaction model, and the exposition under fluorescent light resulted in a higher half‐life time (597 h), followed by incandescent (306 h), ultraviolet (177 h) and infrared (100 h). The kinetic behaviour for the storage in different temperatures also fit the first order, and at 5 °C the highest half‐life time (4006 h) was found, followed by 28 °C (370 h), 40 °C (125 h) and 50 °C (93 h). The activation energy was 14.7 Kcal.mol−1, and Q10 values showed that at 5 °C the anthocyanin extracts were more sensitive to storage temperature changes compared to the other tested temperatures.
Genetic differences in the elevational limits of native and introduced Lactuca serriola populations
Authors: Alexander Jake M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim  Differences in phenological timing might explain why populations of the annual Lactuca serriola reach higher elevational limits in a part of its introduced range than in its native range. I investigated (1) whether this difference in elevational limits has a genetic basis, (2) the importance of clinal genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity in phenology as responses to elevation in L. serriola, and whether these responses differ between regions, and (3) whether the realized temperature niche of L. serriola differs between the two regions.Location  Plant material was collected in Canton Valais, Switzerland (native range) and the Wallowa Mountains, Oregon, USA (introduced range). The field experiment was conducted in Canton Grisons, Switzerland.Methods  Plants from 20 populations collected along elevational gradients were grown in eight common gardens established at 200‐m elevational intervals (600–2000 m a.s.l.). The timing of phenological transitions was monitored and analysed with mixed‐effects models to determine differences in (1) elevational limits, and (2) clinal genetic differentiation and phenotypic plasticity as responses to elevation for plants from each region. The limits of the species along five temperature gradients were derived from generalized linear models using published occurrence data to quantify regional differences in the realized temperature niche.Results  The limit of seed set (1400 m a.s.l.) was the same for plants of both regions. However, the limit of flowering, probably a better reflection of elevational limits in this study, was 400 m higher for plants from the introduced region due to their faster development. Native populations showed clines in development time with elevation consistent with expectations. However, these were weaker in introduced populations, the responses of which were rather characterized by phenotypic plasticity. Thus, although introduced populations grow at considerably cooler sites than in the native region, this is unlikely to have resulted from direct selection for tolerance of high‐elevation conditions.Main conclusions  This study supports a genetic basis for differences in the elevational limits of L. serriola populations between two parts of its native and introduced range. Although it is not yet clear whether these differences evolved in the introduced range, these findings highlight the potential of alien species for gaining insights into niche evolution.
High biogeographical and evolutionary value of Canary Island pine populations out of the elevational pine belt: the case of a relict coastal population
Authors: López de Heredia Unai , Venturas Martin , López Rosa Ana , Gil Luis 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim  Marginal populations are frequently neglected in static views of vegetation types, particularly when defining conservation reserves. The biogeographical and evolutionary importance of a marginal and endangered population of Pinus canariensis is addressed in this study to ascertain the need for conservation action. Diversity loss between adults and offspring and patterns of seed dispersal and recruitment were examined to provide evidence of recent degradation of marginal P. canariensis pinewoods. The scientific basis for the provision of sound conservation policies was investigated by elucidating the factors responsible for significant population structure.Location  An isolated low‐density pinewood community confined to the Arguineguin ravine, in south Gran Canaria, Canary Islands.Methods  Two cohorts, of centenary trees (those older than 100 years) and young recruits, respectively, were found in a detailed inventory of the pine population in the Arguienguin ravine. Chloroplast and nuclear microsatellites were compared to assess the levels of genetic diversity between adults and recruits. Spatial genetic structure and parentage analysis based on highly polymorphic nuclear and chloroplast microsatellites were examined to test limitations in seed dispersal. The underlying environmental factors that led to a clustering effect in the population were tested using point pattern methodologies.Results  Centenary trees retain high levels of genetic diversity and effective population size, suggesting a wider extension of the pinewood forests in the past. A significant loss of genetic diversity was detected between adults and recruits. Pinus canariensis dispersal distances were among the longest ever reported for anemochorous species, suggesting that environmental factors account for recruit clustering. Cluster models showed that recruits tend to aggregate in dry streambeds, where soil and water accumulation favours establishment.Main conclusions  Boundary populations of P. canariensis are subjected to fragmentation and reduction in effective population size as a result of human impact. Marginal populations were denser in the past and currently require specific conservation efforts. A severe reduction in genetic diversity compromises the future of present populations. Streambeds appear to play a major role in recruit establishment, but data suggest the absence of limitations to seed dispersal.
Community development along a proglacial chronosequence: are above‐ground and below‐ground community structure controlled more by biotic than abiotic factors?
Authors: Carlson Matthew L. , Flagstad Lindsey A. , Gillet François , Mitchell Edward A. D. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. We studied vascular plant and soil‐dwelling testate amoeba communities in deglaciated sites across a range of substrate ages in Kenai Fjords, Alaska, USA to test four hypotheses. (i) Patterns of community assembly are similar for vascular plants and testate amoebae. (ii) Vascular plant and testate amoeba communities are more strongly correlated to abiotic variables than to each other, since these communities are not directly linked trophically. (iii) Plant community structure becomes less associated with abiotic condition in succession relative to testate amoebae, as species replacement is believed to be more common for plants than testate amoebae. (iv) Above‐ and below‐ground communities become more strongly linked over the succession, due a shift from predominantly allogenic to autogenic forces. 2. We assessed relationships among biotic communities and abiotic site variables across the chronosequence using multiple factor analysis, redundancy analysis (RDA) and a moving‐window analysis. 3. The diversity patterns and the communities’ response to site and soil variables differed between groups. The composition of both communities was significantly explained by bedrock type and moisture regime. The vascular plant community, however, was more influenced by distance from the glacier. 4. Testate amoeba and vascular plant community patterns were significantly linked to each other and to location and physical conditions. The moving‐window RDA indicates the variation explained by the physical and chemical environment tended to slightly decrease through the chronosequence for testate amoebae, while a bell‐shape response was evidenced for vascular plants. The variation of the microbial community explained by the plant community was very low in the early stages of the succession and became higher than the variation explained by the environmental variables later in the chronosequence. 5. Synthesis. These results suggest that vascular plants and testate amoebae are as linked or more in ecosystem development than either community is to changes in site condition. Furthermore, the strength of interactions varies along the succession. Thus, ecological links may be more important than macro‐scale abiotic site condition is to community development, even between communities without direct trophic interactions.
Contrasting effects of cattle and wildlife on the vegetation development of a savanna landscape mosaic
Authors: Veblen Kari E. , Young Truman P. 
Published: July 2010

Summary 1. Through their effects on plant communities, herbivores can exert strong direct and indirect effects on savanna ecosystems and have the potential to create and maintain savanna landscape heterogeneity. Throughout much of sub‐Saharan Africa, periodic creation and abandonment of livestock corrals leads to landscape mosaics of long‐term ecosystem hotspots that attract both cattle and large ungulate wildlife. 2. The development and maintenance of vegetation in these types of hotspots may be controlled in part by herbivory. Cattle and wildlife may have different, potentially contrasting effects on plant succession and plant–plant interactions. We ask how cattle and wild herbivores affect the maintenance and vegetation development of corral‐derived landscape heterogeneity (0.25–1.0 ha treeless ‘glades’) in Laikipia, Kenya, through their effects on long‐term successional and short‐term plant–plant dynamics. 3. We used the Kenya Long‐term Exclosure Experiment to exclude from glades different combinations of cattle, large ungulate wildlife (i.e. zebras, gazelles and other antelopes), and mega‐herbivore wildlife (i.e. giraffes and elephants). We first assessed long‐term changes in cover of the dominant grass species, Cynodon plectostachyus and Pennisetum stramineum (the early‐ and late‐dominant species, respectively). We then used a neighbour removal experiment to test the effects of different herbivores on competition and facilitation between the two glade grass species. 4. In the long‐term experiment, we found that large ungulate wildlife reinforced landscape heterogeneity over time by helping maintain glades in their early C. plectostachyus‐dominated form. Cattle and mega‐herbivore wildlife, on the other hand, appeared to reduce the positive effects through forage preference for C. plectostachyus. 5. In the neighbour removal experiment, we found that each grass species benefited from facilitation when it was the preferred forage for the dominant grazer. Facilitation of C. plectostachyus by P. stramineum was strongest when cattle co‐occurred with wildlife, whereas facilitation of P. stramineum by C. plectostachyus was strongest when cattle were absent. 6. Synthesis. Our results demonstrate that different combinations of cattle and wildlife have different effects, largely via contrasting forage preferences, on the persistence of landscape heterogeneity in this savanna landscape. More generally, we provide evidence for contrasting effects of cattle and wildlife on short‐term plant interactions (facilitation) and successional processes within the herbaceous plant community.
Undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein is associated with indices of heart failure and mortality in symptomatic aortic stenosis
Authors: Ueland T. , Gullestad L. , Dahl C. P. , Aukrust P. , Aakhus S. , Solberg O. G. , Vermeer C. , Schurgers L. J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract.  Ueland T, Gullestad L, Dahl CP, Aukrust P, Aakhus S, Solberg OG, Vermeer C, Schurgers LJ (Research Institute for Internal Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo; University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; and VitaK & Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM (CV, LS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands) Undercarboxylated matrix Gla protein is associated with indices of heart failure and mortality in symptomatic aortic stenosis. J Intern Med 2010; 268: 483–492.Objective.  Matrix Gla protein (MGP) is a calcification inhibitor and alterations in circulating MGP have been observed in different populations characterized by vascular calcification. We hypothesized that patients with calcific valvular aortic stenosis (AS) would have dysregulated circulating MGP levels.Design and subjects.  We examined plasma levels of nonphosphorylated carboxylated and undercarboxylated MGP (dp‐cMGP and dp‐ucMGP, respectively) in 147 patients with symptomatic severe AS and in matched healthy controls.Main outcome measures.  We further investigated the relationship between MGP levels and aortic pressure gradients and valve area by echocardiography and measures of heart failure. Finally, we assessed the prognostic value of elevated plasma dp‐ucMGP level in relation to all‐cause mortality in patients with AS.Results.  We found markedly enhanced plasma levels of dp‐cMGP and in particular of dp‐ucMGP in patients with symptomatic AS. Although only weak correlations were found with the degree of AS, circulating dp‐ucMGP was associated with cardiac function and long‐term mortality in multivariate analysis.Conclusions.  A dysregulated MGP system may have a role in the development of left ventricular dysfunction in patients with symptomatic AS.
Operational lessons from 20 years of the Mectizan Donation Program for the control of onchocerciasis
Authors: Thylefors B. , Alleman M. M. , Twum‐Danso N. A. Y. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe donation of ivermectin (Mectizan®, Merck & Co., Inc.) to control onchocerciasis (river blindness) was established in 1987 and has since gradually expanded to provide for >570 million treatments cumulatively over the past 20 years. The Mectizan Donation Program (MDP) operates within a broad partnership in 33 endemic countries in need of mass treatment. Particular operational methods and tools are applied to facilitate ivermectin mass treatment. Drug management has been streamlined, including dosing, tablet size and packaging, and monitoring for adverse events. Much of the experience gained in the development of ivermectin mass treatment can be usefully applied in the recent broader perspective of control of neglected tropical diseases. The most important operational lessons of the MDP include: (i) the need to easily define the target population for treatment using rapid, non‐invasive techniques; (ii) the value of a broad partnership; (iii) the great potential of working through community‐directed treatment; (iv) the need to streamline all drug management aspects and (v) the importance of operations research to tackle new challenges.
Ultrasound and Endocrine Findings that Help to Assess the Risk of Late Embryo/Early Foetal Loss by Non‐Infectious Cause in Dairy Cattle
Authors: López‐Gatius F , García‐Ispierto I 
Published: July 2010

ContentsThis report reviews the clinical applications of routine ultrasound in gestation control programmes for dairy herds. Emphasis is placed on identifying risks of late embryo/early foetal loss of non‐infectious cause by monitoring ovarian structures (as opposed to uterine contents), indicators of pregnancy loss and twin pregnancies. Suggestions are provided to appropriately manage a cow at risk of pregnancy loss during the late embryonic/early foetal period. This review identifies gaps in our current knowledge of the aetiology of pregnancy loss and spontaneous embryo/corpus luteum reduction. Two areas of the implantation–placentation window of gestation in particular need urgent attention: the roles in pregnancy loss of immune–endocrine interactions and the physiological status of the embryo/corpus luteum. The latter issue and consecutively endocrine interactions could be successfully addressed by incorporating Doppler ultrasonography into routine ultrasound procedures.
Nutritional and Metabolic Mechanisms in the Ovary and Their Role in Mediating the Effects of Diet on Folliculogenesis: A Perspective
Authors: Scaramuzzi RJ , Brown HM , Dupont J 
Published: July 2010

ContentsFolliculogenesis in ruminants is a nutritionally sensitive process, and short‐term increases in nutrient flux can stimulate folliculogenesis in sheep and cattle. These short‐term effects are probably mediated directly at the follicular level to modify gonadotrophin‐induced follicle growth and development. The follicle appears to have a number of ‘nutrient sensing’ mechanism that may form the link between nutrient status and folliculogenesis. This review examines the evidence for the presence of pathways that may sense nutrient flux from within the follicle including the insulin signalling pathway, adenosine monophosphate‐activated kinase (AMPK), the hexosamine pathway, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors (PPARs) and leptin. The review then assesses the available evidence concerning their mechanisms in the follicle and speculates on how these ‘nutrient sensing’ pathways are integrated into the FSH signalling pathways to adjust gonadotrophin‐stimulated follicular function. We conclude that there is good evidence to suggest that the follicle does contain more than one functional ‘nutrient sensing’ pathway that have intra‐follicular effects on some FSH‐mediated functions such as the synthesis of oestradiol, in granulosa cells. These pathways include insulin, AMPK, and leptin. There is also a good case for the integration of PPARs in the intra‐follicular sensing of nutrient flux. However, there is little evidence at present to suggest the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway has functional significance in the follicle as a sensor of nutrient flux. Further study will be required to fully understand ‘nutrient sensing’ pathways in the follicle and their cross‐talk with FSH signalling pathways.