bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tensile stress relaxation of wood impregnated with different ACQ formulations at various temperatures
Authors: Yu Lili , Cao Jinzhen , Zhao Guangjie 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The reactions between constituents of alkaline copper quat (ACQ) and of wood were investigated by a tensile stress relaxation approach. Small samples were stressed and impregnated with various ACQ solutions, in which the ratios of monoethanolamine (MEA), ACQ, and didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC) were varied. The other parameters included temperature and concentration of the treating solutions. The stress relaxation curves of wood were recorded during the impregnation period and the effects of impregnation parameters were investigated by an orthogonal experimental design (OED). The effects of water, MEA, and DDAC on stress relaxation of the samples were also observed. The bulking effect of water was tested separately in samples treated with distilled water without stretching. The results showed that the stress relaxes dramatically in the initial period and then changes slightly over a long period, which is readily visible in double logarithmic plots of f (t)/f (0) versus time (t). There are complex interactions between the components of ACQ solutions and wood matrix: (1) in rapid phase I, the splitting of the easily accessible hydrogen bonds (mainly in the amorphous hemicelluloses) are prevalent by interaction with components of ACQ solution; (2) in slow phase II, Cu penetrates deeper in less accessible regions (e.g., in paracrystalline regions of cellulose) and renders possible further relaxation. The results of range and variance analysis reveal that the molar ratio of Cu to MEA and temperature of ACQ solution have significant effects on the rate of reaction during phase I, whereas in phase II only the temperature of ACQ solution has a significant effect. The stress relaxation curves of samples impregnated in water, MEA, and DDAC all showed a quasi one phase stress relaxation rate, which suggests that phase II is mostly related to Cu in ACQ formulations. It is concluded that the formation of complexes with Cu is still the major reaction in wood although there is competition among ACQ constituents for reaction sites.
Detection of wet-pockets on the surface of Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
Authors: Watanabe Ken , Hart Foster , Mansfield Shawn D. , Avramidis Stavros 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Multivariate statistical models capable of rapidly and accurately predicting the surface moisture content in Tsuga heterophylla were developed based on near infrared (NIR) spectra of small specimens precisely conditioned within the hygroscopic range. In an initial research phase, the applicability of NIR as predictor of surface moisture was investigated. The first derivative spectra in the range of 1300–2100 nm yielded the best results. The partial least squares regression (PLS-1) model had coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.98, root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV) of 0.97%, root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.05%, and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) of 7.25. In a subsequent phase, an inline pilot-plant NIR system combined with this PLS-1 model was constructed. The prediction ability of the NIR system was tested with line speeds of 0, 100, 200, and 400 mm s-1 on kiln-dried full-length lamination boards classified as “wets” after conventional kiln drying. In a calibrated range of moisture content (0–25.4%), the NIR system demonstrated R2 values of 0.79 and 0.74, RMSEP values of 3.13 and 3.28, and RPD values of 2.18 and 1.67 at a line speed of 0 and 100 mm s-1, respectively, regardless of the presence of knots and surface roughness. These results demonstrate that the NIR system at a line speed of 0–100 mm s-1 could be used to provide entire surface moisture distribution and to detect local moisture peaks that indicate surface wet-pockets in kiln-dried lumber destined for lamination.
Cellular distribution of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Chamaecyparis obtusa as revealed by Raman microscopy
Authors: Morikawa Yohei , Yoshinaga Arata , Kamitakahara Hiroshi , Wada Munehisa , Takabe Keiji 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Cellular distribution of coniferin in differentiating xylem of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) was analyzed by Raman microscopy. Small blocks were collected from differentiating xylem, frozen, cut on their surface with a sliding microtome, and then freeze-dried. Scanning electron microscopy showed numerous needle-like deposits in the tracheid lumina from the beginning of the S1 layer formation to the S2 layer-forming stage. The Raman spectrum of the deposits in the tracheid lumen was similar to that of coniferin. The presence of coniferin in a water extract from differentiating xylem was confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy and 1H- and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. Differential Raman spectra taken from samples before and after washing with water and dehydration in an ethanol showed that developing secondary walls contained coniferin during the S2 layer-forming stage and also after S3 layer formation. In contrast, coniferin was detected in the cell corner middle lamella during the S2 layer-forming stage, and the differential spectra were different from that of coniferin after S3 layer formation. The differential spectrum in this stage was similar to that of a dehydrogenation polymer of coniferyl alcohol prepared by the “zulauf” method (bulk polymerization). These results suggest that free lignin oligomers of the type bulk polymerizate might exist in the cell corner middle lamella during the S3 layer-forming stage and can be removed from specimens during washing and dehydration. The results can be interpreted in a way that no such oligomer exists in the secondary wall during the same stage owing to endwise addition of monolignols (in analogy to a “zutropf” polymerization).
Drying Response of Wood-Frame Construction: Laboratory and Modeling
Authors: Maref W. , Lacasse M. A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Recent research in the assessment of hygrothermal response of building enclosures focuses on both laboratory experimentation and modeling in which the results from both processes are compared. Evidently such type of studies can potentially offer useful information regarding the benchmarking of models and related methods to assess hygrothermal performance of wall assemblies. This paper reports on experimental results and the use of an advanced hygrothermal computer model called hygIRC to assess the hygrothermal response of various components in wood-frame wall assemblies when subjected to nominally steady-state environmental conditions. There was interest in obtaining information on the drying rates of wall components, in particular, oriented strand board (OSB), featuring several different types of membrane in contact with OSB given that such results could provide direct evidence of the degree to which membranes may retain moisture and affect moisture migration. On this basis, the drying responses of mid-scale specimens of approximately (0.8×1 m2) and full-scale specimens (2.44×2.44 m2) were assessed in a series of experiments undertaken in a controlled laboratory setting. The results were subsequently used to help benchmark simulation results obtained from hygIRC in which a comparison is made between experimental and simulation results.
Experimental Assessment of Hygrothermal Properties of Wood-Frame Wall Assemblies—Moisture Content Calibration Curve for OSB Using Moisture Pins
Authors: Maref W. , Lacasse M. A. , Booth D. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
As part of a research program to establish the hygrothermal response of wood-frame wall assemblies to varying climate conditions, a series of drying experiments was performed in a programmable environmental chamber used to replicate exterior climatic conditions. In these experiments, bulk moisture content of the assembly was measured using a weighing system, and as well, measurements of local moisture content of oriented strand board (OSB) sheathing were taken with the use of electrical resistance moisture pin pairs. The local moisture content of the OSB was based on the relationship between moisture content and electrical resistance determined from a series of controlled laboratory experiments on OSB specimens of the same type and thickness. This paper reports on the results from experimental tests on seven small-size OSB specimens to establish the correlation between electrical resistance and the moisture content of the OSB. The process required the installation of several moisture pin pairs at different locations on and depths in the OSB. The weights of specimens together with resistance measurements taken across each pair of moisture pins were continuously monitored and results captured on a data acquisition unit. Details are provided in regard to electrical resistance measurements, the data acquisition unit, and method of weighing specimens. The results of the tests provided a simple equation to correlate moisture content of OSB to electrical resistance measurements using moisture pins pairs and as well correlation to moisture measurements using commercially available moisture metre. Given that moisture reading results obtained from commercially available moisture metres typically correlate to a specific wood species, the work completed in these experimental tests can be used to determine moisture contents in OSB from moisture metre readings.
Predicting Fire Behavior of Composite CFT Columns Using Fundamental Section Behavior
Authors: Hong Sangdo , Varma Amit H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the development and verification of a fiber-based analytical approach for predicting the behavior of concrete filled steel tube (CFT) columns subjected to constant axial load and standard fire loading. The approach consists of three parts: (1) Two-dimensional heat transfer analysis, (2) section moment-curvature analysis, and (3) column inelastic buckling analysis using modified Newmark’s method. The analytical approach was verified by using it to predict (1) the thermal and structural behavior of CFT column specimens subjected to standard fire tests by different researchers and (2) the fundamental moment-curvature behavior of CFT beam-column specimens subjected to special (non-standard) fire tests conducted by the authors. The analytical approach predicts the fundamental moment-curvature behavior of CFT beam-column specimens and the standard fire behavior of CFT column specimens with reasonable accuracy. The analytical results also compare favorably with the overall behavior and stress states predicted by three-dimensional finite element analyses conducted earlier by the authors. The fiber-based analytical approach is recommended for modeling and predicting the standard, non-standard, or realistic fire behavior of CFT columns and beam-columns under various loading, heating, and boundary conditions.
Comparisons of Temperature and Heat Flux in Furnaces Controlled by Different Types of Temperature Sensors
Authors: Sultan Mohamed A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper presents and discusses furnace temperature and heat flux measurements in a fire resistance floor furnace controlled by ASTM shielded thermocouple probes, ISO 834 plate thermometers, directional flame thermometers, and bare bead thermocouples. Comparisons of furnace temperature measurements, temperature sensor time constants; incident heat flux and measured versus predicted incident heat flux are presented.
Application of Advanced Master Curve Approaches to the EURO Fracture Toughness Data Set
Authors: Lucon Enrico , Scibetta Marc 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The so-called EURO data set is the largest set ever assembled, consisting of fracture toughness results obtained in the ductile-to-brittle transition region. It was the outcome of a large project, sponsored by the European Union, which involved ten European laboratories in the second half of the 1990s. Several post-project investigations have identified one of the blocks from which specimens were extracted (block SX9) as macroscopically inhomogeneous and significantly tougher than the remaining blocks. In this paper, the variability of block SX9 has been investigated using the conventional master curve (MC) methodology and some recent MC extensions, namely, the SINTAP (structural integrity assessment procedure) lower tail, the single point estimation, the bi-modal MC, and the multi-modal MC. The basic MC method is intended for macroscopically homogeneous ferritic steels only, and the alternative approaches have been developed for the investigation of inhomogeneous materials. Therefore, these methods can be used to study the behavior of block SX9 within the EURO data set. It has been found that the bi-modal and multi-modal MC approaches are quite effective in detecting the “anomaly” represented by block SX9 but only when analyses are performed on data sets of comparable size.
Importance of Residual Stresses and Surface Roughness regarding Fatigue of Titanium Forgings
Authors: Oberwinkler B. , Riedler M. , Eichlseder W. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a long-term research program aimed at developing qualitative and quantitative design guidelines for the use of mechanical surface treatments designed to improve the fatigue life of structural components. High cycle fatigue tests were performed on planar four-point bending specimens derived from Ti-6Al-4V pancake forgings with a mill-annealed microstructure. The high cycle fatigue behavior of specimens with different surface conditions (as-forged and machined) in both an unpeened and a shot peened state was compared. In order to assess the fatigue failure mechanisms, detailed investigations of the surface layers were carried out. The as-forged surface state exhibits a stress distribution with significant compressive stresses near the surface, resulting in equilibrium tensile stresses in the depth. When the tensile stresses were exposed by machining a bordering surface, a distinct decrease in the fatigue strength was observed. In such cases, a shot peening treatment was shown to improve the fatigue strength. Square edges lead to a decrease in the fatigue strength, which could be aggravated by shot peening.
Prediction of Quench-Hardness within the Whole Volume of Axially Symmetric Workpieces of Any Shape
Authors: Liščić Božidar , Singer Saša , Smoljan Božo 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A quench probe, based on the Temperature Gradient method was used to measure and record cooling curves when quenching real axially symmetric workpieces of any complex shape in liquid quenchants. Calculation of relevant heat transfer coefficients is based on the cooling curve measured just below surface of the cylindrical probe of 50-mm diameter. A two-dimensional computer program, based on the cooling time from 800°C to 500°C (t8/5), and the Jominy hardenability curve of the steel grade in question, is used to predict the hardness distribution within the whole volume of the workpiece, all at once, which is a unique feature of this method.
Group Acceptance Sampling Plans for Pareto Distribution of the Second Kind
Authors: Aslam Muhammad , Mughal Abdur Razzaque , Ahmad Munir , Yab Zafar 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a group acceptance sampling plan (GASP) for truncated life tests when the lifetimes of items follow the Pareto distribution of the second kind. The minimal group size, the operating characteristic value, and the minimal ratio of the true mean life to the specified mean life regarding the proposed GASPs are found, and some of them are tabulated. An example is given for illustration.
Loading Rate Effect on the Master Curve Reference Temperature, T, for the A533 B Material
Authors: Hernández Rogelio , Romero Jesús , Vázquez Salvador , Santillán Manuel , Scibetta Marc 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The National Institute for Nuclear Research in Mexico participated in the international research project “Master Curve Approach to Monitor the Fracture Toughness of Reactor Pressure Vessel in Nuclear Power Plants” coordinated by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), where the loading rate effect on the Master Curve reference temperature, T0, was investigated. The experimental program consisted in quasi-static and dynamic fracture toughness testing of precracked Charpy specimens on the IAEA reference reactor pressure vessel steel Japanese reference quality (JRQ) (A533 Grade B Class 1), which was analyzed with the Master Curve methodology. The tests were carried out in displacement control at two temperatures, −70 and −60°C, and at three load rates, dK/dt=0.1, 1, and 10 MPa√m/s. The determined reference temperatures, T0 (0.1 MPa√m/s)=−73.6±6.4°C, T0 (1 MPa√m/s)=−63.3±5.4°C, and T0 (10 MPa√m/s)=−50.3±5°C, are similar to those obtained by other laboratories [IAEA Second Meeting on Master Curve to Monitor the Fracture Toughness of RPVs in NPPs, November 2006, Dresden, Germany]. The shift in T0 within the quasi-static loading rate interval (0.1–2 MPa√m/s) recommended by ASTM E1921-05 [“Standard Test Method for Determination of Reference Temperature, T0, for Ferritic Steels in the Transistion Range,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 03.01, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.] is 14.4°C and the shift in T0 between decades of dK/dt on logarithmic scale is 11°C. The empirical relation proposed by Wallin [“Effect of Strain Rate on the Fracture Toughness Reference Temperature T0 for Ferritic Steels,” Recent Advances in Fracture, R. K. Mahidhara et al., Eds., The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society, 1997, pp. 171–182] predicts very well the shift in T0 in the quasi-static loading regime (0.1–2 MPa√m/s). This work provides experimental support to limit the quasi-static loading rate interval in ASTM E1921.
Study of Underground Oil-Gas Pipeline Corrosion Pits Estimation Based on MFL Inspection Method
Authors: Jiang Qi 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The paper presents a new approach for detection of oil-gas pipeline corrosion pit defects in which pipeline magnetic flux leakage (MFL) detection system is adopted. To test the new approach, some artificial pits are fabricated on the surface of oil-gas pipes to simulate different pits happening in practice. The interference eliminating method is introduced for compensation of defected MFL field and helping map extraction from the background. Both qualitative and quantitative methods of identifying erosion pit defects are described in the paper.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Interfacial Thermal Resistance Between a (10,10) Carbon Nanotube and SiO2
Authors: Ong Zhun-Yong , Pop Eric 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUnderstanding thermal transport between carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and dielectric substrates is important both for nanoscale thermal management and CNT device applications. We investi-gate thermal transport between a (10,10) CNT and an SiO2 substrate through non-equilibrium classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The thermal boundary conductance (TBC) is computed by setting up a temperature pulse in the CNT and monitoring its relaxation. The TBC is found to scale nearly linearly with temperature between 200�600 K, where a quantum correction is applied to the CNT heat capacity through its phonon density of states. However, the TBC ap-pears most sensitive to the strength the CNT-substrate interaction, which linearly modulates it between 0.05�0.30 WK-1m-1, in the range suggested by recent experimental data.
Boltzmann Transport Equation Simulation of Semiconductor Interfacial Heat Transfer Based on Input from the Atomistic Green�s Function Method
Authors: Huang Zhen , Singh Dhruv , Murthy Jayathi , Fisher Timothy 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Boltzmann transport equation (BTE) had been successfully used to predict phonon transport in semiconductors including silicon and germanium. However, in a composite system, the method requires external inputs to include accurate boundary conditions at internal interfaces. The atomistic Green's function (AGF) method is particularly useful for addressing interfacial heat transfer problems. In this paper, phonon transmission functions derived using the AGF method are incorporated in a non-gray BTE calculation of phonon transport in a relaxation time approximation. A Landauer-type heat flux is computed at the interface using the transmission function and the lattice temperatures on either side of the interface to compute distribution functions. The formulation is applied to a Si/Ge interface and the dependence of the effective thermal conductivity of the composite medium is investigated as a function of domain length.
Intergenerational Mobility of Earnings and Income in Japan
Authors: Ueda Atsuko 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper presents estimates on the intergenerational mobility of economic status in Japan. We estimate the intergenerational elasticity of the earnings and income of offspring with respect to parental income using microdata from the 19932004 rounds of the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers. The estimated intergenerational elasticity using predicted parental income is 0.410.46 for married sons, 0.300.38 for married daughters, and marginally less than 0.30 for single daughters. A downward trend in elasticity is also observed. Quantile regression does not suggest any particular relation between elasticity and quantiles. A nonlinear analysis of the relation between parental log income and log earnings of offspring illustrates an S-shaped relation for married sons and single daughters, and a linear relation for married daughters.
Diet-Induced Obesity Prevents Interstitial Dispersion of Insulin in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Kolka Cathryn M. , Harrison L. Nicole , Lottati Maya , Chiu Jenny D. , Kirkman Erlinda L. , Bergman Richard N. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE
Obesity causes insulin resistance, which has been interpreted as reduced downstream insulin signaling. However, changes in access of insulin to sensitive tissues such as skeletal muscle may also play a role. Insulin injected directly into skeletal muscle diffuses rapidly through the interstitial space to cause glucose uptake. When insulin resistance is induced by exogenous lipid infusion, this interstitial diffusion process is curtailed. Thus, the possibility exists that hyperlipidemia, such as that seen during obesity, may inhibit insulin action to muscle cells and exacerbate insulin resistance. Here we asked whether interstitial insulin diffusion is reduced in physiological obesity induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Dogs were fed a regular diet (lean) or one supplemented with bacon grease for 9–12 weeks (HFD). Basal insulin (0.2 mU · min−1 · kg−1) euglycemic clamps were performed on fat-fed animals (n = 6). During clamps performed under anesthesia, five sequential doses of insulin were injected into the vastus medialis of one hind limb (INJ); the contralateral limb (NINJ) served as a control.

RESULTS
INJ lymph insulin showed an increase above NINJ in lean animals, but no change in HFD-fed animals. Muscle glucose uptake observed in lean animals did not occur in HFD-fed animals.

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin resistance induced by HFD caused a failure of intramuscularly injected insulin to diffuse through the interstitial space and failure to cause glucose uptake, compared with normal animals. High-fat feeding prevents the appearance of injected insulin in the interstitial space, thus reducing binding to skeletal muscle cells and glucose uptake.