bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concise methods for the synthesis of chiral polyoxazolines and their application in asymmetric hydrosilylation
Authors: Li Wei Jie , Xu Zun Le , Qiu Sheng Xiang 
Published: March 2010

Seven polyoxazoline ligands were synthesized in high yield in a one-pot reaction by heating polycarboxylic acids or their esters and chiral β-amino alcohols under reflux with concomitant removal of water or the alcohol produced in the reaction. The method is much simpler and more efficient in comparison to those methods reported in the literature.The compounds were used as chiral ligands in the rhodium-catalyzed asymmetric hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones, and the effects of the linkers and the substituents present on the oxazoline rings on the yield and enantioselectivity investigated. Compound 2 was identified as the best ligand of this family for the hydrosilylation of aromatic ketones.
Skin Inflammation Induced by the Synergistic Action of IL-17A, IL-22, Oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α Recapitulates Some Features of Psoriasis
Authors: Guilloteau Karline , Paris Isabelle , Pedretti Nathalie , Boniface Katia , Juchaux Franck , Huguier Vincent , Guillet Gerard , Bernard François-Xavier , Lecron Jean-Claude , Morel Franck 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Keratinocytes play a crucial role in the regulation of skin inflammation, responding to environmental and immune cells stimuli. They produce soluble factors that can act in an autocrine or paracrine manner on immune cells or directly on aggressors. A screening of the activities of 36 cytokines on keratinocyte gene expression identified IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, TNF-α, and IL-1α as potent cytokines in inducing cutaneous inflammation. These five proinflammatory cytokines synergistically increased production of CXCL8 and β-defensin 2 (BD2). In addition, ex vivo studies on human skin explants demonstrated upregulation of BD2, S100A7, and CXCL8 expression in response to the same combination of cytokines. In vivo intradermal injection of these five cytokines in mouse increased CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, S100A9, and BD3 expression, associated with neutrophil infiltration. We confirmed and extended this synergistic effect using quantitative real-time PCR analysis and observed increased expression of nine chemokines and 12 antimicrobial peptides. Production of CXCL, CXCL5, and CXCL8 by keratinocytes stimulated in the presence of this cytokine combination was associated with increased neutrophil chemotactic activity. Similarly, high production of BD2, BD3, and S100A7 was associated with an increased antimicrobial activity. Finally, the transcriptional profile observed in this in vitro model of inflammatory keratinocytes correlated with the one of lesional psoriatic skin. Our results demonstrate the important potentiating activities of IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, TNF-α, and IL-1α on keratinocytes. This is particularly interesting in the context of psoriasis where these cytokines are overexpressed and could synergize to play an important role in upregulation of chemokines and antimicrobial peptides production.
Suppression of Host Innate Immune Response by Burkholderia pseudomallei through the Virulence Factor TssM
Authors: Tan Kai Soo , Chen Yahua , Lim Yaw-Chyn , Tan Gek-Yen Gladys , Liu Yichun , Lim Yan-Ting , MacAry Paul , Gan Yunn-Hwen 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative saprophyte that is the causative agent of melioidosis, a severe infectious disease endemic in Northern Australia and Southeast Asia. This organism has sparked much scientific interest in the West because of its classification as a potential bioterrorism agent by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. However, relatively little is known about its pathogenesis. We demonstrate that B. pseudomallei actively inhibits NF-κB and type I IFN pathway activation, thereby downregulating host inflammatory responses. We found the virulence factor TssM to be responsible for this activity. TssM interferes with the ubiquitination of critical signaling intermediates, including TNFR-associated factor-3, TNFR-associated factor-6, and IκBα. The expression but not secretion of TssM is regulated by the type III secretion system. We demonstrate that TssM is important for B. pseudomallei infection in vivo as inflammation in the tssM mutant-infected mice is more severe and corresponds to a more rapid death compared with wild-type bacteria-infected mice. Abs to TssM can be detected in the sera of melioidosis patients, indicating that TssM is functionally expressed in vivo and thus could contribute to bacterial pathogenesis in human melioidosis.
Expression of Cellular FLIP by B Cells Is Required for Their Participation in an Immune Response
Authors: Coffey Francis , Manser Tim 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
High levels of the Fas-signaling antagonist cellular FLIP (cFLIP) in germinal center (GC) B cells suggests an important role for this factor during this stage of the T cell-dependent B cell immune response. To test this idea, we used mice with B cell-specific deletion of a floxed cFLIP allele. Although deletion of cFLIP did not alter their primary development, participation of cFLIP-deficient B cells in the immune response was severely perturbed. Using previously characterized IgH locus-targeted BCR transgenic mice, we showed that adoptively transferred cFLIP-deficient follicular B cells do not effectively participate in the GC response in wild-type hosts. However, this failure was accompanied by severe defects in the initial activation and proliferation of these B cells in vivo. In addition, immunization of mice with B cell-specific cFLIP deletion resulted in selective recruitment into GCs and Ab-forming cell responses of B cells that had not deleted the floxed cFLIP allele. Together, these findings demonstrate that expression of cFLIP is a prerequisite for participation of B cells in all stages of Ag-driven immune responses.
Teaching Community Pediatrics: A Community Resource Fair for Residents
Authors: Keeley Meg , Pappas Diane 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Pediatric residency programs are required to provide community and child advocacy experiences, but providing such community knowledge within the context of a busy, largely hospital-based training program can be challenging.

Objective
To assess the effectiveness of a community resource fair as a tool for increasing residents' knowledge of community-oriented care resources.

Design/Methods
We organized a community resource fair for pediatrics and family medicine residents. Exhibitors (n  =  31) represented a wide range of pediatric resources. An anonymous preassessment and postassessment was administered.

Results
Thirty-two trainees participated in the resource fair. On the basis of the preassessment, 62% (8 of 13) of the pediatrics residents reported that they had little or no knowledge about community resources, while 38% (5 of 13) were neutral; none felt somewhat or very knowledgeable. After the fair, 91% (10 of 11) of residents felt somewhat knowledgeable and 9% (1 of 11) felt very knowledgeable about community resources. Of the resident participants, 92% (12 of 13) found this to be a “worthwhile experience.”

Conclusions
The community resource fair provides an interactive format that brings residents and community organizations face-to-face to discuss what services are offered and how they can work together to coordinate patient care.
Immediate Impact of Participation in the Electronic Residency Application Service on a Fellowship Program
Authors: Mokabberi Rasoul , Mohammadi Afsaneh Haftbaradaran , Kalejta Terri , Boker John , Shirani Jamshid 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Objective
This study sought to evaluate the immediate impact of participation in the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS) on a single cardiology fellowship program.

Method
The study reviewed all applications (n = 1824) made to the Geisinger Medical Center cardiology fellowship program over a 4-year period (2004–2007). The aggregate data for the first 2 years (pre-ERAS, 2004 and 2005) was compared to that of the last 2 years (post-ERAS, 2006 and 2007).

Results
Compared to the pre-ERAS period, the total number of applications in the post-ERAS period increased by 49% (732 versus 1092; p&lt;.05) and the number of complete applications increased by 70% (577 versus 983; p&lt;.05). Other significant differences (p&lt;.05) included a higher percentage of applications from female candidates (81 of 732 [11%] versus 186 of 1092 [17%]), and a greater geographic distance from applicants’ internal medicine residency institutions (420 ± 454 miles versus 585 ± 559 miles]. Comparison of applicants’ age, citizenship status, graduation origin, years since medical school graduation, and United States Medical Licensing Examination scores yielded no significant differences between pre-ERAS and post-ERAS periods.

Conclusion
Participation in ERAS resulted in an immediate increase in the total number of applications, higher proportion of applications with complete data, a higher number and proportion of female applicants, and a wider geographic distribution of applications. This likely reflects ease of application submission through a central electronic service. However, the administrative burden on fellowship programs and the effects of wider geographic distribution of applications on the fellowship-matching process merit further evaluation.
The Effect of Overnight In-House Attending Coverage on Perceptions of Care and Education on a General Medical Service
Authors: Trowbridge Robert L. , Almeder Lisa , Jacquet Marc , Fairfield Kathleen M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
An increased emphasis on patient safety has led to calls for closer supervision of medical trainees. It is unclear what effect an increased degree of faculty presence will have on educational and clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate resident and attending attitudes and preferences regarding overnight attending supervision.

Methods
This study was a cross-sectional electronic survey of physicians. Participants were resident and faculty physicians recently on inpatient service rotations after implementation of an overnight attending coverage system.

Results
Of 58 total respondents, most faculty (91%) and resident (92%) physicians reported they were satisfied with the overall quality of care delivered and believed the quality of care delivered overnight improved with an in-house attending system (90% and 85%, respectively). Most resident physicians (82%) believed the educational experience improved with the system of increased attending availability. Nearly all faculty (95%) and resident (97%) physicians preferred the in-house attending system to the traditional system of attendings being available by pager. The implementation of such coverage resulted in increased cost to the hospital for compensating covering hospitalist physicians.

Conclusion
In-house attending coverage was acceptable to both residents and faculty, with perceived improvements in quality and educational experience.
Balancing Knowledge Among Resident Specialties: Lecture-Based Training and the OUCH Card to Treat Children's Pain
Authors: Saroyan John M. , Schechter William S. , Tresgallo Mary Ellen , Pica Adrienne G. , Erlich Matthew D. , Sun Lena , Graham Mark J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundThere are well-established deficiencies in residents' knowledge of acute-pain assessment and treatment in hospitalized children.MethodsAmong residents in 3 specialties (anesthesiology, orthopedics, and pediatrics), we investigated whether a pediatric pain management (PPM) curriculum that offered a lecture combined with a demonstration of how to use the OUCH card would yield higher performance on a subsequent PPM knowledge assessment. The OUCH card was created as a portable reference tool for trainees to provide analgesic dosing information, pain-assessment tools, and treatment of opioid-induced adverse effects. There was an initial convenience sample of 60 residents randomized to Form A or B of the pretest. From this, 39 residents (15 anesthesiology, 13 orthopedic, 11 pediatric) completed a PPM knowledge posttest approximately 4 weeks after the pretest, PPM lecture, and OUCH card instruction.ResultsUsing a repeated measure design, the interaction of resident specialty and pretest to posttest scores was significant (P  =  .01) along with the covariate of residency year (P  =  .026).ConclusionsThese preliminary data based on a convenience sample of residents suggest that PPM training along with use of the OUCH card may help to reduce knowledge differences among residents. Faculty whose clinical practice includes children with acute pain should consider including learning or performance aids like the OUCH card in education and clinical care for its potential benefit in resident learning.
Measuring Progressive Independence With the Resident Supervision Index: Theoretical Approach
Authors: Kashner T. Michael , Byrne John M. , Henley Steven S. , Golden Richard M. , Aron David C. , Cannon Grant W. , Chang Barbara K. , Gilman Stuart C. , Holland Gloria J. , Kaminetzky Catherine P. , Keitz Sheri A. , Muchmore Elaine A. , Kashner Tetyana K. , Wicker Annie B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundGraduate medical education is based on an on-the-job training model in which residents provide clinical care under supervision. The traditional method is to offer residents graduated levels of responsibility that will prepare them for independent practice. However, if progressive independence from supervision exceeds residents' progressive professional development, patient outcomes may be at risk. Leaders in graduate medical education have called for “optimal” supervision, yet few studies have conceptually defined what optimal supervision means and whether optimal care is theoretically compatible with progressive independence, nor have they developed a test for progressive independence.ObjectiveThis research develops theory and analytic models as part of the Resident Supervision Index to quantify the intensity of supervision.MethodsWe introduce an explicit set of assumptions for an ideal patient-centered theory of optimal supervision of resident-provided care. A critical assumption is that informed attending staff will use available resources to optimize patient outcomes first and foremost, with residents gaining clinical competencies by contributing to optimal care. Next, we derive mathematically the consequences of these assumptions as theoretical results.ResultsUnder optimal supervision, (1) patient outcome is expected to be no worse than if residents were not involved, (2) supervisors will avoid undersupervising residents (when patients are at increased risk for poor outcomes) or oversupervising residents (when residents miss clinical opportunities to practice care), (3) optimal patient outcomes will be compatible with progressive independence, (4) progressive development can be inferred from progressive independence whenever residents contribute to patient care, and (5) analytic models that test for progressive independence will emphasize adjusting the association between length of graduate medical education training and supervision for case complexity and clinic workload, but not patient health outcomes.ConclusionAn explicit theoretical framework is critical to measure scientifically progressive independence from supervision using graduate medical education data.
Using the Cross-Cultural Care Survey to Assess Cultural Competency in Graduate Medical Education
Authors: Chun Maria B. J. , Yamada Ann-Marie , Huh John , Hew Cynthia , Tasaka Shari 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Cultural competency is an important part of medical policy and practice, yet the evidence base for the effectiveness of training in this area is weak. One reason is the lack of valid, reliable, and feasible tools to quantify measures of knowledge, skill, and attitudes before and/or after cultural training. Given that cultural competency is a critical aspect of “professionalism” and “interpersonal and communication skills,” such a tool would aid in assessing the impact of such training in residency programs.

Objectives
The aim of this study is to enhance the feasibility and extend the validity of a tool to assess cultural competency in resident physicians. The work contributes to efforts to evaluate resident preparedness for working with diverse patient populations.

Method
Eighty-four residents (internal medicine, psychiatry, obstetrics-gynecology, and surgery) completed the Cross-Cultural Care Survey (CCCS) to assess their self-reported knowledge, skill, and attitudes regarding the provision of cross-cultural care. The study entailed descriptive analyses, factor analysis, internal consistency, and validity tests using bivariate correlations.

Results
Feasibility of using the CCCS was demonstrated with reduced survey completion time and ease of administration, and the survey reliably measures knowledge, skill, and attitudes for providing cross-cultural care. Resident characteristics and amount of postgraduate training relate differently to the 3 different subscales of the CCCS.

Conclusions
Our study confirmed that the CCCS is a reliable and valid tool to assess baseline attitudes of cultural competency across specialties in residency programs. Implications of the subscale scores for designing training programs are discussed.
Environmental Factors Affecting Growth in Venus mercenaria1
Authors: PRATT DAVID M. , CAMPBELL DONALD A. 
Published: March 2010

The results of a five years’ study of variations in quahog growth rates in Narragansett Bay are summarized. Linear increments are inversely proportional to initial length over the size range 35–70 mm (greatest dimension), whereas volumetric increments in this range are approximately constant. Growth in some parts of the Bay is three times as fast as in others. Most of the year’s growth occurs before mid‐July, and growth rates showed no significant variation from year to year. Annual increments in Narragansett Bay are considerably greater than at Prince Edward Island, and they appear to fall in the same general range as those reported for New Jersey and the south side of Cape Cod.The effects of various environmental factors on growth have been investigated over a three‐year period. Growth was not appreciably influenced by existing differences in current speed, dissolved oxygen content, or salinity of the bottom water. Temperature imposes an upper limit to the potential rate of growth, which is negligible below 10°C and rises with increasing temperature at least to 23°C. Comparisons of growth rates with phytoplankton concentrations suggest that small diatoms, either living or as detritus, are an important source of quahog nutrition in these waters. Growth is retarded in sediments with a high silt‐clay content. This effect is discussed in relation to the concomitant reduction in sediment permeability, the possible accumulation of inhibitory substances, and the necessity for more frequent clearing of the animals’ filtering apparatus.
Observations on Dinoflagellate Blooms1
Authors: POMEROY LAWRENCE R. , TIASKIN HAROLD H. , RAGOTZKIE ROBERT A. 
Published: March 2010

Dinoflagellate blooms were observed in Delaware Bay from 1952 to 1954 and in tidal creeks on Sapelo Island, Georgia, during 1955. In all cases the blooms were concentrated at the surface of the water. The organisms were positively phototactic and swam toward the light at 0.3 to 0.8 cm/sec. Because of their tendency to remain at the surface, the dinoflagellates were concentrated by weak convergences.One of the blooms was associated with unusual rainfall but the others occurred during dry weather. The concentrations of phosphorus found in the blooms could be accounted for on the basis of concentration mechanisms without postulating a special nutrient source, such as river flow. However, river flow may contribute other biologically important substances.
Photosynthesis in the Ocean as a Function of Light Intensity1
Authors: RYTHER JOHN H. 
Published: March 2010

Photosynthesis was measured in 14 species of marine plankton algae in relation to light intensites within the entire range to which natural phytoplankton populations may be exposed. A mean curve was constructed showing relative photosynthesis in marine phytoplankton as related to light intensity. From this curve and surface radiation data, relative values for photosynthesis were determined throughout the day at the surface and at depths in the ocean at which the surface intensity is reduced by given amounts. Integration of these values over the entire day gave values for daily relative photosynthesis at each depth considered, and integration of the daily values with depth resulted in a single figure for daily relative photosynthesis beneath a unit of sea surface.An empirically derived relationship was discovered between daily surface radiation and daily relative photosynthesis within the water column. From this relationship the effect of light intensity upon photosynthesis throughout the year at a temperate latitude was demonstrated.A preliminary method is described for estimating absolute daily photosynthesis beneath a square meter of sea surface from measurement of (1) photosynthesis of a sample of the population at light saturation, (2) the extinction coefficient of light in the water, and (3) the daily surface radiation.From an estimate of the ratio of photosynthesis to respiration at light saturation, the daily ratio P:R for the entire population is calculated. It is shown that phytoplankton populations cannot photosynthesize sufficiently to compensate for their own respiration during periods of low solar radiation, as may occur in the winter months at temperate or northern latitudes.
Bioactivity, Production, and Energy Utilization of Lakes
Authors: OHLE WALDEMAR 
Published: March 2010

Unter Verzicht auf die verwirrende Vielzahl von ökologischen und anderen Seetypen können alle Gewässer der Erdoberfläche nach dem Umfang der organischen Produktion in ein System steigenden Trophiegrades eingeordnet werden. Oligo‐, Meso‐, Eu‐, und Poly‐Trophie bezeichnen den ungefähren Grössenbereich der Produktivität.Nicht nur die Primärproduktion, sondern auch alle sekundären Produktionsstufen, einschliesslich der bakteriellen, charakterisieren den Trophiegrad der Gewässer. Daher wird die Bioaktivität des Biosystems, die diesen gesamten Komplex der organischen Umsetzungen umfassen soll, als Grundlage für den produktionsbiologischen Vergleich der Gewässer angesehen. Die Bioaktivität schliesst in sich die Bildung potentieller Energie sowohl die Rückführung derselben in kinetische.Der Umfang der Primärproduktion und die Menge der biogen ausnutzbaren organischen Substanzen allochthoner Herkunft werden mit Hilfe der Kohlendioxyd‐Akkumulation des Hypolimnions bestimmt. Die Primärproduktion ist nicht immer von der mittleren Tiefe der Seebecken abhängig. Produktionstiefe und Produktionsdichte beeinflussen sich gegenseitig entseheidend.Der Kohlenstoffgehalt des rezenten Sedimentes ist aus der Grösse der anaeroben Kohlendioxydbildung ableitbar. In den untersuchten Seen Norddeutschlands ist das Verhältnis der gesamten potentiellen Energie zu ihrem ungenutzt bleibenden Anteil, d.h. der Grad der Ausnutzung potentieller Energie, stets direkt proportional der mittleren Tiefe.Der als organische Substanz je Oberflächeneinheit des Schlammareals abgelagerte Energierest ist proportional der gesamten potentiellen Energie je Volumeneinheit des ganzen Sees.Auf Grund der beschriebenen Gesetzmässigkeiten, die das Leben in Gewässern beherrschen, ist ihre Bioaktivität in Gramm Kohlenstoff je Quadratmeter des Oberflächenareals je Zeiteinheit zu bestimmen aus den Grössen der Primärproduktion und der Energieausnutzung, die sich unmittelbar aus der mittleren Tiefe der Gewässerbeckens ableitet.