bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hormone therapy protects from diabetes: the Kuopio osteoporosis risk factor and prevention study
Authors: Pentti Kati , Tuppurainen Marjo T , Honkanen Risto , Sandini Lorenzo , Kröger Heikki , Alhava Esko , Saarikoski Seppo 
Published: March 2009

ObjectivesThe purpose of this population-based prospective cohort study was to examine the effect of hormone therapy (HT) on incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM).Design and methodsEight thousand four hundred and eighty-three DM-free post-menopausal women aged 52–62 from the population-based Kuopio osteoporosis risk factor and prevention study were followed for 5 years from 1994–1999. Information about the use of HT and health events was obtained from three repeated questionnaires in 1989, 1994, and 1999. DM morbidity before and during the follow-up was obtained from the Registry of Specially Refunded Drugs of the Finnish Social Insurance Institution. Kaplan–Meyer survival curves and Cox's proportional-hazards models were used to estimate the risk of incident DM in relation to the use of HT.ResultsDuring the follow-up, 40.8% DM-free post-menopausal women had never used HT, 27.3% women were HT past users and 31.9% women had used HT presently during the follow-up. During the follow-up, 162 incident DM cases were recorded. Compared with never users of HT, the adjusted hazard ratio of DM was 0.81 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57–1.16) for only past users, 0.53 (95% CI 0.24–1.15) in part-time (during the follow-up <2.5 years) users and 0.31 (95% CI 0.16–0.60) in continuous (during the follow-up 2.5–5.0 years) users of HT.ConclusionsHT use decreases the incidence of DM in post-menopausal women.
Trimethoprim‐Sulfamethoxazole Exposure Alters Ex Vivo Function of B Lymphocytes Isolated from Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Infected Patients Receiving Zidovudine
Authors: Venugopalan Veena , Thornton Alice C. , Steinke Douglass T. , Rapp Robert P. , Romanelli Frank , Feola David J. 
Published: March 2009

Study Objective. To determine if exposure to trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) causes a defect in peripheral B‐cell function among patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are receiving zidovudine antiretroviral therapy.Design. Prospective, single‐center, single‐group, case‐crossover design with a 4‐week exposure period.Setting. University‐affiliated infectious diseases outpatient clinic.Patients. Fourteen HIV‐infected adult men receiving zidovudine, who had CD4+ cell counts above 350 cells/mm3 and undetectable viral loads.Intervention. Patients were administered a 28‐day course of TMP 160 mg‐SMX 800 mg/day (one double‐strength tablet/day). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained and isolated before and after exposure to TMP‐SMX. Cells were cultured ex vivo with three mitogens of differing immunologic properties: pokeweed mitogen ([PWM] T‐cell‐dependent B‐cell mitogen), Staphylococcus aureus Cowan ([SAC] T‐cell‐independent B‐cell mitogen), and phytohemagglutinin A ([PHA] T‐cell mitogen). Functionality of the B and T lymphocytes was then assessed.Measurements and Main Results. Proliferative capacity, cytokine secretion, and antibody production were measured and compared before and after TMP‐SMX exposure. Reduced proliferative capacities of both PBMC and B cells stimulated with mitogens were observed at the 3‐day culture time point in response to PWM, PHA, and SAC (p=0.029, 0.028, and 0.026, respectively). Proliferative capacity at day 7 of culture was not significantly different for any condition examined. Cytokine production was not altered by combination drug exposure after 10 days of culture when cells were stimulated with either PWM or PHA. Although antibody responses to PWM and PHA were similar, total immunoglobulin G concentration was lower in cells stimulated with SAC in samples obtained after TMP‐SMX regimen completion compared with those obtained before exposure (p=0.005).Conclusion. Although these data were affected by limitations in power and study design, they suggest that peripheral B‐lymphocyte function is altered as a result of TMP‐SMX exposure in HIV‐infected patients concurrently receiving zidovudine. Further study of this effect is warranted.
Stages of Gonadal Development of the Southern Green Stink Bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae): Improved Visualization
Authors: Esquivel J F 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), and other related species have become pests in cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., after successful eradication efforts for the boll weevil. In Central Texas, little is known regarding the ecology of N. viridula. The reproductive status of N. viridula adults can be used to estimate population density and overwintering survival, but previous studies failed to provide clear visualizations for the developmental stages of the reproductive systems. This study was undertaken to provide improved visualizations of the developmental stages of the reproductive systems. Results will be critical in the accurate assessment of population reproductive status, estimation of population densities, and overwintering survival. Additionally, images presented here may be applicable to other stink bug species that infest row and fruit crops.
Comparison of the Use of Active Vision for Depth Perception in Three Grasshopper Families (Orthoptera: Caelifera)
Authors: Kral K 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Movement behavior immediately before a jump in an experimental arena was investigated for 17 species, representing three central European grasshopper families (Caelifera). It was found that pygmy grasshoppers (Tetrigidae) execute quick forward and backward and occasionally sideways rocking movements, whereas acridids (Acrididae) and catantopids (Catantopidae) execute slow side-to-side movements. All movements are executed without locomotion and are limited to the horizontal plane. Six movement variations were observed for each of the three families; these were the same for the acridids and catantopids. Differences in the frequency of the movement variations and in the velocity and amplitude of the movements indicate species-specific adaptations. Because the movements are translatory and are oriented toward contrast boundaries, they can be regarded as peering motions. In acridids and catantopids, it can be assumed that image displacement is used for the determination of the jump distance. Jumps executed by pygmy grasshoppers were less accurate. Possibly the more irregular rocking movements of these ground-dwelling grasshoppers do not permit such accurate distance estimation as the slower side-to-side movements of the other species, but rather they serve to aid in overall perception of obstacles in the environment, for example. Because pygmy grasshoppers are considered to be more primitive than the other two families, their peering-jump behavior may provide indications concerning the evolution of peering movements. In grasshoppers, it seems that quick rocking movements evolved earlier than slow side-to-side peering movements. It seems plausible that the movements developed from locomotory and compensatory movements preceding jump takeoff.
Determination of the State of Stress by Analysis of Drilling-Induced Fractures - Results from the Northern North Sea
Authors: Brudy M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Borehole failures like drilling-induced fractures and breakouts observed inimage logs offer the possibility to derive high quality stress orientations. Image logs from 16 wells in the Northern North Sea are analysed for theoccurrence of borehole failures. While in wells to the west of the Viking Graben very few stress related borehole failures are observed abundantdrilling-induced fractures are detected in all of the image logs in wells to the east of the graben. Also the orientation of SHappears to be slightly different for the western and the eastern part of the investigated area. An SHorientation of approximately NI000E is found in the western part, while the SHorientation is found to be approximately N800E for the wells in the eastern part. Investigating the conditions for fracture initiation in three of the wells allows to constrain the possible magnitude of SH. For all three wells the occurrence of drilling-induced fractures can only be explained if theSHmagnitude is at least slightly greater than the vertical stress, which indicates a strike-slip tectonic regime(Sh&lt;Sv&lt;SH).

Introduction
There is increasing awareness for the state of stress being an important parameter for engineering tasks in reservoir development, and for the geoscientific understanding of fault seal and hydrocarbon migration. While quite sophisticated tools for e.g. prediction of wellbore stability and sand production are available, the knowledge of the present-day in-situ stress field is still often based on scarce and poor quality data.
Formerly, stress orientations were commonly derived from breakout orientations determined from the analysis of four-arm caliper data. As this tool provides only two diameters of the borehole cross section, the accuracy of derived stress orientations is generally low, and special care has to be taken to differ key seats from breakouts. This has in many former analyses lead to a significant scatter in the orientation of SHwhich often was explained by local influence of topography, faults, or salt layers, while it may be due to the immanent weaknesses of the four-arm caliper analysis.
Outcomes of Chronic Insertional Achilles Tendinosis Using FHL Autograft Through Single Incision
Authors: Elias Ilan , Raikin Steven M. , Besser Marcus P. , Nazarian Levon N. 
Published: March 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes and objective isokinetic dynamometry on a cohort of patients with chronic insertional Achilles tendinosis, who underwent surgical reconstruction using an FHL tendon autograft transfer through a single incision. Materials and Methods: Forty patients (16 male and 24 female; mean age, 57 years; age range, 39 to 76 years) with persistent chronic Achilles tendinosis were evaluated after surgical reconstruction at an average of 27 months after surgery. At the time of final followup, ankle strength and active range of motion (AROM) were evaluated using Biodex® isokinetic dynamometry. Additionally, patients were assessed with AOFAS Ankle Hindfoot scores, pain on a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and their self-reported level of satisfaction (Very Good, Good, Fair, Poor). Results: We found no loss of plantarflexion strength or plantarflexion power in the operated ankles; an average of 4-degree loss of AROM was found. The study population scored an average of 96/100 for the total AOFAS-AH score post-repair. The average VAS decreased from 7.5 pre-op to 0.3 post-op. Thirty-eight of 40 patients (95%) were satisfied with their outcome (rated Very Good or Good), two patients rated their outcome as Fair and none as Poor. Conclusion: For individuals with chronic insertional Achilles tendinosis, operative repair using an FHL tendon with the single-incision technique achieved a high percentage of satisfactory results as well as excellent functional and clinical outcomes including significant pain reduction. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Study
Arthroscopic Repair of Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Nuno M. Corte-Real , Moreira Rodrigo M. 
Published: March 2009

Background: The current “gold standard” for treatment of chronic lateral ankle instability is the Broström-Gould procedure. Most authors recommend this type of operation even after an arthroscopic inspection of the joint. We review our results with an arthroscopic method of lateral ankle ligament repair. Materials and Methods: A method of arthroscopic lateral ligament repair with an anchor placed in the fibula is described. We used this technique on 31 consecutive patients (28 were available for followup). Twenty-one patients had work or traffic accidents, four suffered casual falls. and three had sport-related lesions. The patients were evaluated after 24.5 month average followup. Results: The average postoperative AOFAS score was 85.3 (82.3 in the workers-compensation group and 94.4 in the others) and average satisfaction was 3.8 (3.5 to workers-compensation and 4.6 for the others). Complications occurred in nine patients (29%), but only three cases had ongoing problems. We had two recurrences (another sprain without instability on the stress radiograph). Three patients had some wound healing problems and three had injuries of the superficial peroneal nerve, one of which is persistent. One patient developed a deep venous thrombosis postoperatively. Conclusion: With this method, we achieved good clinical results. We had several complications but most of them were minor. It was a simple procedure with less morbidity to most patients. We believe it produced an anatomical repair of the lateral ligament with clinical and functional results similar to other techniques. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Study
Prognostic Value of Four Classifications of Calcaneal Fractures
Authors: Rubino Raffaele , Valderrabano Victor , Martin Sutter Paul , Regazzoni Pietro 
Published: March 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to assist surgeons treating calcaneal fractures in choosing the most predictive fracture classification and clinical outcome tool. Materials and Methods: For 152 patients (189 calcaneal fractures; average followup, 9.9 years), all fractures were classified in accordance with the Essex-Lopresti, OTA, Regazzoni, and Sanders classifications and matched with the following scores: AOFAS score, CNHF, FOA, MFS, Rowe, MFA, SF-36, and VAS. Results: The Essex-Lopresti classification showed no statistically significant relation with any of the clinical scores ( p <0.05). The OTA classification related statistically significant with the MFS ( p = 0.006), AOFAS score ( p = 0.013), FOA ( p = 0.019), Rowe ( p = 0.0027), and MFA score ( p = 0.03). The Regazzoni classification correlated with the AOFAS score ( p = 0.003), MFS ( p = 0.002), Rowe ( p = 0.002), CNHF ( p = 0.0001), FOA ( p = 0.003), MFA score ( p = 0.002), and VAS ( p = 0.005). The Sanders classification corrrelated with the AOFAS score ( p = 0.007), MFS ( p = 0.001), Rowe ( p = 0.001), CNHF ( p = 0.024), FOA ( p = 0.021), MFA score ( p = 0.036), and VAS ( p = 0.014). Conclusion: Compared to radiological based classifications, the CT based classifications, especially the Regazzoni and Sanders classifications, exhibited higher prognostic value compared to ultimate outcome scores. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Diagnosis and treatment of pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome subtypes: imaging, injections, and minimal access surgery
Authors: Filler Aaron G. 
Published: March 2009

Object
To improve diagnostic accuracy and achieve high levels of treatment success in patients with pudendal nerve entrapment (PNE) syndromes, the author of this study applied advanced technology diagnostics in distinguishing the various syndrome types according to the different entrapment locations and evaluated new minimal access surgical techniques to treat each subtype.

Methods
Two hundred cases were prospectively evaluated using a standardized set of patient-completed functional and symptom assessments, a collection of new physical examination maneuvers, MR neurography, open MR image–guided injections, intraoperative neurophysiology, minimal access surgery, and formal outcome assessment with the Oswestry Disability Index, pain diagrams, and analog pain scales.

Results
Four primary types of PNE syndromes were identified based on the different locations of entrapment: Type I, entrapment at the exit of the greater sciatic notch in concert with piriformis muscle spasm; Type II, entrapment at the level of the ischial spine, sacrotuberous ligament, and lesser sciatic notch entrance; Type III, entrapment in association with obturator internus muscle spasm at the entrance of the Alcock canal; and Type IV, distal entrapment of terminal branches. The application of new, targeted minimal access surgical techniques led to sustained good to excellent outcomes (50–100% improvement in the pain score or functional score) in 87% of patients. Most of these patients obtained most of their improvement within 4 weeks of surgery, although some continued to experience progressive improvements up to 12 months after surgery.

Conclusions
The application of advanced diagnostics to categorize PNE syndrome origins into 4 major subtypes and the subsequent treatment of each subtype with a tailored strategy greatly improved therapeutic outcomes as compared with those reported when only a single treatment paradigm was applied to all patients.
The impact of parametric uncertainty and topographic error in ice-sheet modelling
Authors: Hebeler Felix , Purves Ross S. , Jamieson Stewart S.R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIce-sheet models (ISMs) developed to simulate the behaviour of continental-scale ice sheets under past, present or future climate scenarios are subject to a number of uncertainties from various sources. These sources include the conceptualization of the ISM and the degree of abstraction and parameterizations of processes such as ice dynamics and mass balance. The assumption of spatially or temporally constant parameters (such as degree-day factor, atmospheric lapse rate or geothermal heat flux) is one example. Additionally, uncertainties in ISM input data such as topography or precipitation propagate to the model results. In order to assess and compare the impact of uncertainties from model parameters and climate on the GLIMMER ice-sheet model, a parametric uncertainty analysis (PUA) was conducted. Parameter variation was deduced from a suite of sensitivity tests, and accuracy information was deduced from input data and the literature. Recorded variation of modelled ice extent across the PUA runs was 65% for equilibrium ice sheets. Additionally, the susceptibility of ISM results to modelled uncertainty in input topography was assessed. Resulting variations in modelled ice extent in the range of 0.8–6.6% are comparable to that of ISM parameters such as flow enhancement, basal traction and geothermal heat flux.
Surging, accelerating surface lowering and volume reduction of the Malaspina Glacier system, Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada, from 1972 to 2006
Authors: Muskett Reginald R. , Lingle Craig S. , Sauber Jeanne M. , Post Austin S. , Tangborn Wendell V. , Rabus Bernard T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNear-concurrent surges and multi-decadal surface-elevation changes on the Malaspina Glacier system Alaska, USA, and Yukon, Canada, were investigated using digital elevation models and laser altimetry from airborne and space-borne sensors. Surface-elevation changes on Seward Lobe in two time periods support a hypothesis of moraine folding by a mechanism of sequential surges alternating from southeast to south-southwest. The near-concurrent surges of Agassiz, Lower Seward and Marvine glaciers support a hypothesis of englacial water storage being a critical factor of surging. Acceleration of area-average surface lowering on the piedmont glaciers occurred, from 1.5 ± 0.1 m a−1 between 1972 and 1999 to 2.3 ± 0.3 m a−1 between 1999 and 2002. On the western half of Upper Seward Glacier, above 1600 m, acceleration of surface lowering occurred from 2000 to 2003 relative to that from 1976 to 2000, indicating an effect from the surge of Lower Seward Glacier. From 2003 to 2006, the rate of surface lowering on Upper Seward Glacier has moderated back to the pre-2000 rate, indicating a recovery of surface elevation following the surge. From 1972 to 2002, the Malaspina Glacier system lost 156 ± 19 km3 (ice equivalent) on an area of 3661 km2.
Iterative improvement of the shallow-ice approximation
Authors: Souček Ondřej , Martinec Zdeněk 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe present a new algorithm for a fast iterative improvement of the shallow-ice approximation (SIA) for the modeling of glacier flow. Based on the traditional SIA scaling assumptions, the solution of the Stokes problem is found by an operator-splitting iterative technique. The SIA solution obtained in the first step is successively improved to obtain a higher-order approximation. Each iterative step has computational demands comparable to solving the SIA, which makes the algorithm substantially faster than other higher-order or full-Stokes solvers. The performance of the algorithm is tested on a model example taken from the ISMIP-HOM intercomparison project.
Temporal and spatial changes of Laika Glacier, Canadian Arctic, since 1959, inferred from satellite remote sensing and mass-balance modelling
Authors: Huss Matthias , Stöckli Reto , Kappenberger Giovanni , Blatter Heinz 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe retreat of Laika Glacier (4.4 km2), part of a small ice cap situated on Coburg Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is analyzed using field data, satellite remote sensing and mass-balance modelling. We present a methodology for merging various data types and numerical models and investigate the temporal and spatial changes of a remote glacier during the past five decades. A glacier mass-balance and surface-evolution model is run for the period 1959–2006, forced with in situ weather observations and climate re-analysis data (ERA-40, NARR). The model is calibrated using the ice-volume change observed between 1959 and 1971, and measured seasonal mass balances. Calculated glacier surface elevation is validated against ICESat GLAS altimeter data and ASTER-derived elevation. Landsatderived glacier outlines are used to validate calculated ice extent. The piedmont tongue of Laika Glacier has retreated considerably and is in a state of disintegration. The modelled glacier mass balance between 1959 and 2006 was −0.41 m w.e. a−1, on average. Model results indicate a significant trend towards higher mass-balance gradients. A complete wastage of Laika Glacier by 2100 is predicted by model runs based on climate scenarios.
Variations in snow surface properties at the snowpack-depth, the slope and the basin scale
Authors: Schweizer Jürg , Heilig Achim , Bellaire Sascha , Fierz Charles 
Published: March 2009

AbstractVariations of snow surface and snowpack properties affect avalanche formation. In up to four north-facing slopes above the tree line near Davos, Switzerland, snow surface properties were characterized. Penetration resistance was measured with a snow micro-penetrometer. The sampling scheme was designed to allow a multi-scale approach covering the snowpack depth scale (0.5–5 m), the slope scale (5–100 m) and the basin scale (100–1000 m). Observations and measurements were compared to the data of a nearby automatic weather station (AWS). The AWS data were also used to model snow-cover stratigraphy and its evolution with the numerical snow-cover model SNOWPACK. Comparing the four slopes showed that surface properties observed manually were similar among the three slopes that were sheltered, and often different from the slope that was wind-exposed. However, the penetration resistance of the surface layer was in most cases significantly different among slopes, although most values were <0.1 N, indicating very low hardness. These seemingly contradictory results follow from the different measurement support of the two methods. It is presently unclear which amount of variation at a given scale is relevant for avalanche formation. The geostatistical analysis and an analysis aimed at identifying the causes of variability were not conclusive. No patterns emerged that would allow conclusions regarding the effect on avalanche formation. Finding the causes of variability seems to require high-resolution terrain and weather models that are presently not readily available.