bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Guide for Instrument Development and Validation
Authors: Benson Jeri , Clark Florence 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
As occupational therapists become increasingly concerned with accountability, the paucity of adequate instrumentation available for documenting therapeutic effectiveness surfaces as a major problem. Therapists will need to construct new or refine existing instruments to satisfy the requirements of third-party payment. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how a new instrument is planned, developed, and validated. A sequential step-by-step process is illustrated with a flowchart and applied in the hypothetical construction of an attitude scale to assess school administrators’ valuing of the role of occupational therapists in the schools. This example is provided to show how general psychometric principles are applied within an occupational therapy context.
The Effect of Choreoathetoid Movements on the Quick Neurological Screening Test
Authors: Ingolia Peg , Cermak Sharon A. , Nelson David 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The effect of choreoathetoid movements and learning disabilities on children’s performances on the Quick Neurological Screening Test was assessed in 43 6-to 8-year-old boys. The subjects were selected based on the presence or absence of choreoathetoid movements and on the presence or absence of learning disabilities. The Quick Neurological Screening Test, a 15-item test designed to identify children with learning problems, was administered. Items from the test were divided into two parts—six items thought to be influenced by the presence of choreoathetoid movements, and nine items not thought to be influenced by such movements.
The results indicated that the learning-disabled boys performed less well than nonlearning-disabled subjects on the six items thought to be affected by choreoathetoid movements. The presence of choreoathetoid movements was not a significant factor. Neither the presence of a learning disability nor the presence of choreoathetoid movements was found to be a significant factor in performance on the remaining nine items.
The Implementation of Occupational Therapy Services in Rural School Systems
Authors: Regan Nancy N. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Factors influencing the integration of occupational therapy services in rural school systems are reviewed in this paper. Differences between urban and rural populations are defined and methods of successfully developing new allied health programs in public schools are discussed. A thorough understanding of the rural educational system and local community is necessary for occupational therapists to provide optimal service delivery.
Preventive Activities and Services for the Well Elderly
Authors: Kirchman Margaret M. , Reichenbach Velma , Giambalvo Barbara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A demonstration project, including interviews conducted before and after a period of occupational therapy intervention, with a group of well elderly citizens attending a nutrition site showed significant, positive improvements in Indexes of Social Resources, Life Satisfaction, and General Affect. The results appeared to validate the provision of a support system through intervention aimed at helping to keep the elderly in the community.
Occupational Role History: A Screening Tool for Psychiatric Occupational Therapy
Authors: Florey Linda L. , Michelman Shirley M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Psychiatric hospitalization has become telescoped, thus focusing on short-term acute care. Since discharge plans are needed on admission, occupational therapists must evaluate the patient quickly and succinctly. A screening tool was developed as a preliminary device to identify critical information in two major areas: patterns of skills and achievement or patterns of dysfunction in past and current occupational role; and the degree of balance or imbalance between leisure activities and those activities associated with occupational role. The screening tool, the Occupational Role History, was used in a pilot study on 20 adult inpatients at the UCLA Neuropsychiatric Institute. The results of the pilot study suggest that this tool is useful in establishing treatment priorities from an occupational therapy perspective.
Mini-Councils: A Solution to Fieldwork Supervision
Authors: Still Jean R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In 1977, the Occupational Therapy faculty at San Jose State University, with support from a Special Improvement Grant, embarked on a 3-year curriculum revision. One issue of particular concern was the need to devise a system for involving the clinical faculty in the revision process regardless of geographic relationship to the university. The system that evolved became known as Mini-Councils, regional groups consisting of students and clinical and academic faculty who participate in fieldwork experience at the University.
Mini-Councils replaced the on-site visit system and shifted the emphasis from supervision of individual students to discussion groups focusing on general educational issues of mutual concern to faculty and students. The Mini-Councils have also strengthened the relationship between academic and clinical educators by providing a practical, efficient means of maintaining contact with students in fieldwork, and by helping integrate academic and clinical education.
Use of Taxonomies to Sequence Clinical Objectives
Authors: Sparling Joyce W. , Mitchell Marlys M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes the use of four educational taxonomies in establishing a task grid for guiding and determining sequential learning opportunities and activities for the developmentally delayed child and for treatment planning for team members working with the child. It describes a three-dimensional grid that includes learners, areas of learning, and levels of learning. To clarify the use of this model, the grid has been applied to feeding intervention with the delayed child. Use of the task grid suggests three factors are needed in intervention with the developmentally delayed child: 1. objectives should be stated for all domains of learning since learning occurs concurrently in different areas; 2. activities should be sequenced not only for the child but also for all those directly involved with the child, since all are involved in the learning process; and 3. analytical behavior should be stimulated in the therapist so that theory-based practice can be realized.
A Synthesis of Occupational Behavior and Sensory Integration Concepts in Theory and Practice, Part 2: Clinical Applications
Authors: Lindquist Jerry Ernest , Mack Wendy , Parham L. Diane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This is the second of two papers addressing the occupational behavior and sensory integration approaches to occupational therapy for children. In the previous paper, basic concepts from these two approaches were discussed as presenting different, yet complementary, perspectives. The use of play was identified as central to occupational therapy practice from either perspective. Concepts from both approaches were integrated into a general systems model of play development in infancy and early childhood. This paper discusses play and sensory integration as interdependent developmental phenomena that are a function of interactions between the environment (input) and the child’s internal processing (throughput). When input-throughput interactions do not permit the growth of competence, dysfunction occurs. Consideration of possible input and throughput deficits are suggested for assessment of individual children, and treatment guidelines are drawn from both the sensory integration and occupational behavior literature.
Effectiveness of Recruitment and Information Techniques in Occupational Therapy
Authors: Townsend Kim R. , Mitchell Marlys M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A national survey was conducted to determine how occupational therapists became interested in the field. Results from the study demonstrated that personal contact was the most effective technique for creating an interest in occupational therapy. However, books, magazines, aide and volunteer jobs, guidance counselors, and career days were adjuncts to the recruitment process. This study provides data concerning previous productive means that have been used in recruitment and suggests specific actions for future recruitment.
Future Impact on Occupational Therapy from Current Changes in Higher Education
Authors: Teske Yvonne R. , Spelbring Lyla M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The positive and negative consequences of four dimensions of change affecting higher education are examined to consider some strategies to ensure quality of the preparation and practice of future occupational therapists. Experts from several disciplines view the decades of the 1980s and 1990s as a period of intense political, social, and economic change. Forecasting the effects of change on occupational therapy education and practice could result in strengthening the profession since decisions made now will have a direct bearing on the nature of occupational therapy practice in the future. The four changes discussed are enrollment patterns, student characteristics, fiscal resources, and institutional issues.
Reliability of the Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test with Learning-Disabled Children
Authors: Morrison Delmont , Sublett Jean 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Southern California Postrotary Nystagmus Test (SCPNT) provides an objective assessment of nystagmus. Although depressed nystagmus duration as measured by the SCPNT is considered a major sign of vestibular dysfunction in learning-disabled children, the reliability of the SCPNT with this population has not been established. To study reliability of nystagmus duration in this population, 89 learning-disabled children were evaluated with the SCPNT. The results demonstrated that this sample had significantly depressed scores and more variability in scores than normal children. Intrascorer and test-retest reliabilities, although statistically significant, were lower than those established with normal children. A test-retest study of the reliability of placing a child in a deviant duration range over time significantly reduced reliability estimates. Clinicians using nystagmus duration scores in the evaluation of vestibular dysfunction in learning-disabled children should be sensitive to the variation in this measure in this population.
Assessment and Training of Brain-Damaged Drivers
Authors: Jones Richard , Giddens Helen , Croft Dinah 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper describes a driving assessment and training program that is primarily for patients discharged from the hospital and who may be experiencing residual impairment from some form of brain damage. Assessment is carried out by an occupational therapist and consists of several off-road tests (vision, reaction timing, computerized preview tracking test, general medical psychological appraisal), and an on-road test. More than 300 patients have been seen since the program’s inception in 1977, and trends indicated by their assessment results are: twice as many male as female referrals; a low fail rate among nonbrain-involved patients; diagnosis as a poor predictor of outcome; no significant difference between fail rates of right and left stroke patients; significant difference in average tracking task performance between the Pass, Borderline, and Fail assessment groups. Off-road testing complements, rather than replaces, on-road testing. Thirty-eight of the 300 patients were given special training, and 15 of these were unable to reach an acceptable level. This reflects a difficulty in predicting the outcome of unlicensed patients with severe disabilities.
Factors Affecting Return to Work After Hand Injury
Authors: Bear-Lehman Jane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The study of 61 hand-injured subjects suggested that it is more than surgical and technical excellence that facilitates the return-to-work status among the hand-injured wage earners. Financial need, level of activities of daily living, and participation in occupational therapy were found to be directly related to return-to-work status. Additional findings indicated no difference between the rate of return to work for those whose injuries affected their dominant hand over those who had nondominant hand injures. The amount of medical care needed and whether it was delivered as an outpatient or an inpatient were not associated with the return to work.
The hand-injured subjects’ relevant medical history, participation in occupational therapy, capacity in activities of daily living, desire and ability to return to work, and financial support were quantified through chart audit and interview. Occupational development was measured by using the Moorhead Occupational Work History.
The Effects of Exercise on Finger Extension of CVA Patients
Authors: Trombly Catherine Anne , Quintana Lee A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The choice of activity to improve finger extension of post-CVA patients is based on untested assumptions and hypotheses. In this study, using electromyography of the extrinsic finger muscles and electrogoniometry of wrist and finger joints, the effects of five types of exercise on the finger extension of post-CVA patients were documented.
Results indicated that resisted and rapid exercises recruited high percentages of output of all three muscles. Slow, unresisted extension exercises preferentially recruited the extensor digitorum. No exercise caused significant immediate changes in range of motion (ROM), flexor/extensor balance, time required to open the hand, or level of activity of the extensor digitorum during opening of the hand. Resisted grasp did not limit the patients’ ability to extend the fingers. Variability in percent of motor output among the subjects of this study indicates the need to monitor each patient during therapy.
Technology in the Education of Multiply-Handicapped Children
Authors: Trefler Elaine , Nickey Jeryl , Hobson Douglas A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The number of technical aids now available has allowed severely multiply-handicapped children to better participate in their education. Project TEACH (Technical-Educational Aids for Children with Handicaps), a 3-year early childhood demonstration project of the Federal Office of Education, provided ten children with seating systems, mobility aids, feeding devices, and augmentative communication aids. The children’s performance of academic, motor, daily living, and communication skills as they relate to their educational program is reported as well as the model used to deliver technical services in an educational environment.
Application of Humanistic Learning Theory in an Associate Degree Program for Occupational Therapy Assistants
Authors: Bloss-Brown Suzanne Lins , Schoening Maxine R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A humanistic education model was implemented in a 2-year associate degree curriculum for occupational therapy assistants. The goal of this model was to help students to become responsible and successful with their own lives. This prepares students with higher levels of ability to cope effectively with clients in crises. The curriculum presented here supports the framework of The American Occupational Therapy Association role delineation document (Entry-Level Role Delineation for OTRs and COTAs, approved by the Representative Assembly, AOTA, March 1981).
Toward a Methodology of the Short-Term Effects of Neurodevelopmental Treatment
Authors: DeGangi Georgia A. , Hurley Linda , Linscheid Thomas R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT) is a technique widely used by physical and occupational therapists in the treatment of neuromuscular disorders; however, quantitative evidence supporting its use has yet to be provided. Several studies have attempted to examine the effects of NDT, but because of poor research methodology, conclusions drawn to support the use of NDT are not based on reliable or well-documented evidence. The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable method of measuring short-term, objective changes in children with cerebral palsy and to measure the immediate effects of NDT and play interventions. A single subject design was replicated with four subjects receiving NDT and nonspecific play over a 5-week time period. Pre- and post-test items were designed to reflect qualitative changes in movement, postural tone, and reflex activity, and were videotaped and coded using interval and time-sampling techniques. The results of this study are equivocal; they neither validate nor invalidate NDT. This study provides a methodology for the investigation of the short-term effects of NDT.
Occupational Behavior and Life Satisfaction among Retirees
Authors: Gregory Mark D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Kielhofner’s A Model of Human Occupation was used to guide a study on the effect of occupational behavior (defined as the type, amount, and meaningfulness of one’s activities) on life satisfaction in retirees. Seventy-nine volunteers from a variety of settings for the elderly completed a questionnaire about the amount and types of their activities, the meaningfulness of their activities (i.e., enjoyability, autonomy, and competency), and life satisfaction. The results demonstrated that occupational behavior plays a significant role in affecting life satisfaction among retirees.
Activity Group Counseling for Learning-Disabled Children with Behavior Problems
Authors: McKibbin Elsie , King Judy 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
One of the most difficult problems confronting occupational therapists, teachers, and parents in dealing with latency-age learning-disabled children is handling oppositional behavior. Pre-adolescent boys, in particular, frequently have difficulty working cooperatively in a group, relating to peers, staying with a task, and seeing the consequences of their actions.
This paper provides a rationale for treatment of children in groups and describes the development and early results of an activity group approach to counseling learning-disabled children with behavior problems using Gazda’s developmental model. Group members showed improved ability to relate with siblings and peers; more mature and cooperative behavior; greater independence and impulse control; and increased verbal expression of anger. Parent and teacher feedback on behavior changes was positive.
Tongue Movements in 4- and 5-Year-Old Down’s Syndrome Children During Eating: A Comparison with Normal Children
Authors: Gisel Erika G. , Lange Loren J. , Niman Carol W. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study describes tongue movements of 4- and 5-year-old Down’s syndrome children during eating and then compares the movements to those of age-matched normal children. The study is the second in a long-term project to develop a standardized eating assessment for children.
Tongue movements were monitored in 26 children: 14 were 4 years ± 2 months (8 males, 6 females) and 12 were 5 years ± 2 months (6 males, 6 females). Two different tongue positions were quantified: 1) as food was presented to the child when the food was 5 cm from the lips; and 2) as food was swallowed. The childrens’ ages and gender along with the type of food affected tongue position on food presentation; however, only the childrens’ ages and gender affected tongue position on swallowing. In general, most tongue positions of Down’s syndrome children were characterized by 1) a forward placement of the tongue in the mouth, and 2) the absence of the maturational changes in normal children of the same age.
Occupational Therapy in a Medicare-Approved Home Health Agency
Authors: MacRae Anne 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The clinical and professional considerations of the occupational therapist in a Medicare-approved home health agency are discussed. These considerations include the effect of Medicare regulations on occupational therapy screening, evaluation, treatment, and discharge.
An occupational therapy chart review was conducted to determine the diagnoses of patients, the duration of treatment, and the outcome of interventions. The results show that the majority of patients referred to an occupational therapist have more than one treatable diagnosis. The average duration of treatment is 7.25 visits per patient. The outcome of intervention shows that 79% of patients treated by occupational therapy were able to remain safely at home either independently or with assistance.
Technology and Occupational Therapy in the Rehabilitation of the Bedridden Quadriplegic
Authors: Seplowitz Carol 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In recent years, home health care services have been expanded considerably. These services, combined with current technological advances, allow severely disabled, even bedbound, people to remain at home. This report demonstrates how one individual, although bedridden and quadriplegic, has successfully adapted his home environment. His functional independence has been markedly improved through computers, environmental control units, innovative carpentry, and adaptations by the occupational therapist. His need for attendant care has been reduced and his quality of life significantly enhanced through increased control of his surroundings. This paper suggests innovative and technological solutions to environmental problems at home. These ideas may aid the home health care occupational therapist in treating individuals who are bedbound.
Construct Validation of Occupational Therapy Measures Used in CVA Evaluation: A Beginning
Authors: Van Deusen Fox Julia , Harlowe Diane 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A factor analysis was conducted that involved 33 variables from data on 100 acute cerebral vascular accident patients evaluated by occupational therapists at the St. Marys Hospital Medical Center, Madison, Wisconsin. Variables included the Brunnstrom arm and hand recovery stages, bilateral grasp and pinch measures, bilateral tests of coordination, a number of perceptual tests, and five measures of self-care. From interpretation of the rotated factor patterns, five factors were defined: self-care, left function, recovery stage, perception, and strength. The results provide evidence for the construct validity of the St. Marys CVA battery, although corroborative studies are needed.
Differential Laterality of Hand Function in Right-Handed and Left-Handed Boys
Authors: Mandell Roberta J. , Nelson David L. , Cermak Sharon A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This study was designed to investigate differences in the degree of manual lateralization between right-handed and left-handed normal boys. Sixty-three 5, 7, and 9 year olds were tested on the Minnesota Rate of Manipulation Test (displacing subtest and turning subtest), the Finger Tapping Test, the Purdue Pegboard (placing subtest and assembly subtest), and the Southern California Motor Accuracy Test—Revised. Significant differences between right- and left-handed subjects were obtained on two of the six measures, and a third measure approached significance, with less lateralization among the left handers than among the right handers. Subsequent analyses indicated that differences in lateralization were significant or near-significant in the 5 and 7 year olds. By 9 years of age, right- and left-handed subjects no longer differed in the degree of laterality. Differences in degree of laterality, or the lack of such differences, between young right- and left-handed boys might be a function of the nature of the fine motor task or a function of the child’s previous experience with the task.