bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Detection of UV‐Induced Damage of the Cornea, Lens and RPE
Authors: SIVAK JG , YOUN HY , MCCANNA DJ , JONES LW 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose UV‐A and UV‐B radiation from sunlight is a major source of ocular oxidative damage. This paper describes in vitro methods that can be used to detect ocular damage from UV radiation.Methods Human corneal epithelial cells, lens epithelial cells, and RPE cells were cultured and Ultraviolet A/Ultraviolet B blocking filters and UVB‐only blocking filters were placed between the cells and a UV light source. Cells were irradiated with UV radiations at various energy levels, with and without filters. Cell viability after exposure was determined using the metabolic dye alamarBlue and by evaluating changes in nuclei, mitochondria, membrane permeability, and cell membranes using the fluorescent dyes Hoechst 33342, rhodamine 123, calcein AM, ethidium homodimer‐1, and annexin V. Images of the cells were taken with a Zeiss 510 confocal laser scanning microscopeResults The alamarBlue assay results of UV‐exposed cells without filters showed energy level‐dependent decreases in cellular viability. However, UV treated cells with 400 nm LP filter protection showed the equivalent viability to untreated cells at all energy levels. Also, UV irradiated cells with 320 nm LP filter showed lower cell viability than the unexposed control cells, yet higher viability than UV‐exposed cells without filters in an energy level‐dependent manner. The confocal microscopy results also showed that UV radiation can cause significant dose‐dependent degradations of nuclei and mitochondria in ocular cells. The annexin V staining also showed an increased number of apoptotic cells after UV irradiation.Conclusion UV‐induced damage can be evaluated to test the effectiveness of UV‐absorbing contact lenses and intraocular lenses with bioassays that measure change in in vitro cells
Frequency of glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: JANKOWSKA‐LECH I , GRABSKA‐ LIBEREK I , TERELAK‐BORYS B , WASYLUK J , PALASIK W , TREDA A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The aim of this study was to estimate the incidence of structural glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) in multiple sclerosis patients.Methods Material of this study consists of 49 subjects suffering from multiple sclerosis. In all patients scanning laser tomography – HRT (Heidelberg Retina Tomograph), spectral optical coherence tomography of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (OCT‐ 3D 1000, Topcon) and clinical stereoexamination was performed in purpose to GON discovering.Results At least in one eye, GON was observed in 16 (32%) multiple sclerosis patients in HRT(according to Mickelberg classification). 9 patients (18%) with glaucomatous structural changes in HRT had borderline or outside normal results of the nerve fiber layer thickness in OCT. Between these, 4 patients (8%) was demonstrated of GON picture in clinical steroexamination.Conclusion Outcomes of this study indicate higher frequency of incidence of structural glaucoma changes in multiple sclerosis patients than in normal population.
The role of suppression in amblyopia
Authors: LI J , THOMPSON B , LAM CS , CHAN LY , MAEHARA G , WOO GC , YU M , HESS RF 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose This study had three main aims; to assess the degree of suppression in patients with strabismic, anisometropic and mixed amblyopia, to establish the relationship between suppression and the degree of amblyopia and to compare the degree of suppression across the clinical sub‐groups within our sample.Methods Using both standard measures of suppression (Bagolini lenses and ND filters, Worth 4 dots) and a new approach involving the measurement of dichoptic motion thresholds under conditions of variable interocular contrast, we quantified the degree of suppression in 43 amblyopic patients with strabismus, anisometropia or a combination of both.Results There was good agreement between the quantitative measures of suppression made using the new dichoptic motion threshold technique and measurements made using standard clinical techniques (Bagolini lenses and ND filters, Worth 4 dots). The degree of suppression was found to directly correlate with the degree of amblyopia within our clinical sample whereby stronger suppression was associated with a greater interocular acuity difference and poorer stereoacuity. Suppression was not related to the type or angle of strabismus when this was present or the previous treatment history.Conclusion These results suggest that suppression may have a primary role in the amblyopia syndrome and therefore have implications for the treatment of amblyopia.
Prevalence and risk factors of near decompensated heterophoria in a population of university students
Authors: YEKTA AA , GHASEMI MOGHADDAM S , KHABAZKHOOB M , OSTADI MOGHADDAM H , DERAKHSHAN A , HERAVIAN J , AZIMI A , YEKTA R 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and risk factors of near decompensated heterophoria in a population of university students.Methods In a randomized study, 406 students of six schools of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences were selected and classified into symptomatic and non symptomatic groups. Visual acuity (VA), near point of convergence (NPC), Near point of accommodation (NPA), dissociated and associated phoria, suppression, stereopsis, accommodative facility, relative accommodation, accommodative convergence/accommodation ( AC/A ratio and fusional reserves were measured in two groups. The data were analysed by using SPSS software, version 11.5o.Results The prevalence of symptoms and binocular disorders in students were 41.6% and 21.8% respectively . Of the students,9.1% had near decompensated heterophoria (heterophoria with symptoms). The results of this study showed that VA, NPC, NPA, heterophoria, stereopsis, accommodative facility, relative accommodation, AC/A ratio and fusional reserves were different in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects and were worsen in students with decompensated heterophoria (P<0.05).Conclusion The results of this study indicated relatively high prevalence of symptomatic students, binocular dysfunction and decompensated heterophoria in university students. Students with decompensated heterophoria failed in more visual skills which can be risk factors for decompensating the heterophoria.
Association of Alzheimer's disease and age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: TOTH‐KOVACS K , PAMER Z , RIDEG O , KOVACS A , FEKETE S , BIRO Z , KOVACS GL 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The pathomechanisms of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) and Alzheimer dementia (AD) show several similarities. Allelic variations of apolipoprotein E (apoE) are associated with both diseases: apoE4 with increased risk of AD, whereas apoE2 with reduced susceptibility of AD, but increased risk of AMD. The AMD associated complement factor H (CFH) gene has also been shown to influence the risk of AD. We investigated, therefore, the occurrence of AMD in AD patients and compared their lipid profile, apoE and CFH polymorphisms.Methods 96 AMD, 84 AD and 30 control patients were examined (visual acuity, biomicroscopy, fundoscopy). Measurements of triglyceride, total‐ and HDL cholesterol levels, as well as the analysis of apoE and CFH alleles were performed.Results The prevalence of the apoE4 isoform in the AMD, AD and control patients was 6%, 34% and 27%, while that of apoE2 was 14%, 11% and 6%, respectively. The occurrence rate of CFH Y402H CC homozygote mutation was 35%, 19% and 16%, respectively. Triglyceride, total‐ and HDL cholesterol levels were in the reference range. Advanced AMD was found in 13% of the 68 cooperating AD patients, the early and intermediate form was seen in 17%.Conclusion A higher frequency of apoE2 in AMD, and a higher frequency of apoE4 in Alzheimer's patients have been found. The CFH mutation is associated with AMD, but does not differ significantly between Alzheimer's patients and controls. The frequency of early and intermediate AMD in AD patients was lower than expected from the population‐based studies.
Evaluating the effectiveness of therapy with prospidin in patiens with age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: CHUPROV AD , KULIGINA NA 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The current study was to follow the dynamics of the above medication within a year.Methods Prospidium directly effects DNA, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), has an anti‐inflammatory, anti‐modulator, anti‐proliferative effects. This medication blocks messenger RNA and damages the synthesis vascular endothelial growth factor. In Kirov Ophthalmology Hospital, patients with wet form of age related macular degeneration were treated with Prospidium. The dose was 30 mg in peribulbar injections every week. 98 patients, 106 eyes were studied. The course of treatment included 5 injections. The age range was 44‐82 years. The evaluation included: check‐up of visual acuteness, examination of the eye fundus, photography of the eye fundus, fluorescent angiography of the retina, OCT.Results 3 months later, stability of vision was noted in 56.2%. Visual functions improved in 21.6%. Worsening of visual functions was seen in 12.0%. Repeated decrease of visual acuteness after a one time infusion of Prospidium was noted in 56% of cases on an average 68 days. This fact explains the necessity of the next in‐time course of injections.Conclusion Treatment for the wet form of age related macular degeneration with Prospidium is effective.
Long‐term visual acuity in patients with age‐related macular degeneration treated with ranibizumab and persistence of subretinal fluid
Authors: FERNANDEZ‐PEREZ S , TORRON C , RUIZ‐MORENO O , LECINENA J , PEREZ‐INIGO A , DE LA MATA G , HERRERO LATORRE R , PABLO L 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To analyze the visual acuity (VA) in the long term in patients with age‐related macular degeneration (ARMD) treated with ranibizumab with persistent subretinal fluid after induction therapy and / or in the follow‐up.Methods A retrospective study of all patients with ARMD treated with ranibizumab between January 2008 and April 2010 with persistent subretinal fluid for at least one year of follow‐up after the induction therapy with ranibizumab. We reviewed the medical records, optical coherence tomography and fluorescein angiography in all patients included in the study.Results 36 eyes of 34 patients were included in the study of a total of 216 patients analyzed. 19 eyes (52.7%) had persistent and 17 (47.2%) recurrent sub‐retinal fluid during the follow‐up (mean 29.06 ± 9.28 months). The initial mean VA was 0.3 ± 0.2, at 3 months 0.43 ± 0.2 and at the end of the follow‐up 0.41 ± 0.22 (p> 0.05). The appearance of bleeding in the relapse was associated with poorer final VA (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in final VA in the membrane type, lesion size, presence of pigment epithelial detachment or blood before treatment. 18 eyes (50%) remain on treatment with ranibizumab,16 eyes (44%) are observed and 2 patients died. We did not find differences in VA and central macular thickness between both groups.Conclusion The persistence or recurrence of macular subretinal fluid in patients treated with ranibizumab did not significantly lower visual gain obtained after the induction therapy, despite the discontinuation of treatment during the follow‐up.
Association between hypovitaminosis D and age‐related macular degeneration: a case‐control study
Authors: MAUGET‐FAYSSE M , GRAFFE A , ANNWEILER C , BEAUCHET O , MILEA D 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To examine the association of low serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration with age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). Based on a case–control study. 31 patients with AMD (i.e., early, intermediate and advanced AMD) and 34 control patients without AMD were prospectively recruited. Ophthalmological examination, and funduscopic analysis was performed to determine AMD stage and serum 25OHD concentration was measured for each patient.Methods Hypovitaminosis D was defined by serum 25OHD concentration < 50nmol/L. Age, gender and season of blood collection were used as potential confounders.Results Compared to 28 subjects with normal 25OHD status (i.e., ≥50nmol/mL), subjects with hypovitaminosis D (n=37) had more often AMD (P=0.029) all stages confused. Hypovitaminosis D was associated with AMD (unadjusted odds ratio (OR)=3.10 with P=0.031; adjusted OR=3.03 with P=0.041 for full model; adjusted OR=3.10 with P=0.031 for stepwise backward model).Conclusion Hypovitaminosis D may be associated with AMD.
Ranibizumab for the treatment of exudative age‐related macular degeneration associated with retinal pigment epithelial detachment
Authors: ZIYATDINOVA O , SAFIULLINA L 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal ranibizumab in eyes with exudative age‐related macular degeneration associated with retinal pigment epithelial detachment.Methods In this retrospective case series, patients with active exudative age‐related macular degeneration associated with retinal pigment epithelial detachment were treated by repeated injections of intravitreal ranibizumab. The outcome measures were best‐corrected visual acuity and the signs of lesion activity, as evaluated by optical coherence tomography.Results Fifteen eyes of 15 patients were followed‐up for a median of 6 months (range, 3‐12 months). The median number of injections was 3 (range, 1‐6). The best‐corrected visual acuity improved in 8 eyes (53,4%), remained stable in 5 (33,3%), and decreased in 2 (13,3%).Conclusion Intravitreal ranibizumab was effective in improving or stabilizing vision and resulting in a quiescent lesion in the majority of patients with exudative age‐related macular degeneration associated with retinal pigment epithelial detachment. The functional results were apparently better in eyes without foveal involvement by the retinal pigment epithelial detachment..
Vascular Reacitivty in Glaucoma
Authors: GARHOFER G 
Published: December 2011

AbstractToday, several lines of evidence indicate that beside the classical risk factors such as increased intraocular pressure or family history, decreased ocular perfusion may contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. In particular, a decrease in ocular blood flow may lead to ischemic events, which in turn may trigger ganglion cell loss and subsequent detoriation of visual field. Recent studies have indicated that instabilities of perfusion rather than a continuous decline of ocular perfusion may be an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. In healthy subjects, changes in ocular perfusion pressure are compensated for by an autoregulatory response of the ocular vasculature, in order to keep blood flow constant. This mechanism may be impaired in patients with glaucoma. Indeed several studies indicate that glaucoma patients show reduced vascular reactivity as induced for example by changes in ocular perfusion pressure or by increased metabolic demands. This talk aims to summarize different techniques to test vascular reactivity in humans and the data currently available for patients with glaucoma. In addition, possible pathomechanisms of impaired vascular reactivity will be discussed.
Replacement of Corneal Epithelium
Authors: ILMARINEN T , LAINE J , JUUTI‐UUSITALO K , NUMMINEN J , SUURONEN R , UUSITALO H , SKOTTMAN H 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Ocular surface reconstruction with cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation technique has potential in the treatment of patients with severe ocular surface injuries. Currently, this technique is mainly based on utilization of xenogenic/allogenic components such as murine feeders, serum and amniotic membrane. The use of animal‐derived materials possesses risk of pathogen transmission, immune reactions and graft rejection.Methods The formation of stratified sheets by human oral mucosal epithelial cells under serum‐free culture environment both in the absence and presence of fibroblast‐conditioned culture medium and elevated epidermal growth factor concentration was examined. The integrity of the epithelium was measured by transepithelial electrical resistance. The tissue‐engineered cell sheets were also studied for histology and immunohistochemical markers for epithelial keratins (K), cell proliferation and cell adhesion.Results In all examined culture conditions, the cultivated oral epithelial cells formed a stratified tissue positive for keratins K3/12, K4, and K13. The tissue‐engineered oral epithelia also expressed proliferation and progenitor markers Ki67 and p63 in the basal layer. The cultures presented expression of tight junction proteins ZO‐1 and occludin and high transepithelial electrical resistance values.Conclusion Tight multi‐layered epithelium with proliferative potential can be produced from human oral mucosal epithelial cells under defined culture conditions and without the use of serum.
Development of Binocular Vision and Implications for Clinical Testing
Authors: MCGRAW P 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose It is now clear that newborn infants are not a tabula rasa as once thought. Instead, they are born with the cortical circuitry required to process rudimentary visual information already in place. Early in life, these circuits are shaped by experience‐dependent plasticity and a range of new visual abilities are brought on‐line. Any disruption to normal sensory input can, and often does, result in marked functional impairment of binocular vision. A comprehensive understanding of the neurodynamics of binocular visual development is critical to determining how and why certain functions deviate from the developmental plan and the most appropriate ages at which these problems can be detected.Methods The essential components of binocular vision are simultaneous perception of monocular images, fusion, oculomotor control and stereopsis. Each of these aspects has a distinct developmental trajectory and sensory and motor function must develop in concert to provide the neural basis for normal binocular experience.Results Early in life, infants superimpose dichoptic images rather than alternating perception between eyes. Stereopsis has a sudden onset around 3‐5 months of age and fusion develops at around the same time. Following the onset of stereopsis, disparity thresholds improve rapidly over a period of several weeks while at the same time inter‐ocular differences in acuity decline.Conclusion This talk will summarise research relating to binocular vision in early life, with an emphasis on the methods used to assess visual function and the factors that constrain the development of normal binocular vision. The implications for clinical testing in children will also be discussed.
Assessment of BV & the more common anomalies of binocular vision
Authors: VAKROU C 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Binocular vision is the co‐ordination and integration of what is received from the two eyes separately into a single binocular percept. Simultaneous macular perception is the most elementary type of binocularity and represents simple sensory fusion. It occurs when the visual cortex processes separate stimuli from the two eyes at the same time and perceives them as a single image. However, true fusion occurs when both two images are fused, and some effort is made to maintain this fusion by adding a motor response. Finally these fused images of the two eyes are blended to produce a stereoscopic effect. Thus stereopsis involves a perceptual synthesis at a higher level.Methods When investigating binocular vision we should aim at assessing the presence or absence of 1) simultaneous perception, 2) fusion with some amplitude and 3) stereopsis.Results Here we examine the mechanisms of these conditions and how they reflect increasing levels of binocularity. Additionally, we will discuss the different clinical tests available to assess these conditions and what is observed when abnormal binocular vision is present.Conclusion Understanding binocular vision and how there are different levels of processing is of great importance. This talk will try to assist on the understanding of the mechanisms of binocular vision and stereopsis so we can be in better position to understand the clinical findings of our patients and what they mean in terms of cortical processing.
The impact of binocular vision disorders on 3D display viewing
Authors: STRANG NC 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Recent advances in display technology have led to 3D display viewing becoming a commonplace activity. This exciting development has a number of implications for the vision science community. From a scientific point of view 3D displays allow us the opportunity to develop new types of tests to examine binocular function, while clinically a number of issues arise relating to visual symptoms and treatment.Methods Here we review the range of methods employed to create a 3D viewing environment and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies from a binocular vision perspective.Results We will summarise the recent research findings relating to the influence of 3D viewing on visual measures such as the AC/A and CA/C ratio and discuss how these changes may induce visual symptoms in certain patient groups. The impact of 3D viewing upon the visual system during the earlier stages of visual development will also be considered.Conclusion Findings suggest that in the mature visual system 3D display technology may induce visual symptoms in patients with normally insignificant binocular anomalies. In the immature binocular vision system, consideration should be given to the possibility of developmental problems arising from prolonged 3D display viewing. However, continued advances in 3D display technology also offer great potential for the assessment and restoration of binocular vision in patients with binocular vision anomalies such as amblyopia and strabismus.
Unilateral mydriasis revealing a neurovascular conflict: a case report
Authors: TRECHOT F , LEGOU F , BRAUN M , ANGIOI K 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To demonstrate a neuro‐vascular conflict between the right posterior communicating artery and oculomotor nerve (CN III) revealed by an isolated unilateral mydriasis.Methods (patient): A right mydriasis without ophtalmoplegia or ptosis was discovered in a 41 years old patient complaining of blurred vision for 6 months. Direct, consensual and accommodation reflexes were absent in the right eye. Slit lamp and fundus examination were strictly normal in both eyes. Cerebral tomography was also normal. After complete ophthalmologic examination (excluding Adie's pupil, with pilocarpine diluted test) and neurological examination, we concluded to a partial CN III palsy reaching the intrinsic component and she underwent an MRI examination including FIESTA weighted images.Results MRI demonstrated the compression of the right CN III by the right posterior communicating cerebral artery, on its superior median part. Imaging criteria of neuro‐vascular conflict were fullfilled: a direct contact, at right angle, at the level of the first millimetres of the nerve and displacing its course. The results of others clinic and paraclinic investigations did not revealed abnormalities, specifically no infectious or inflammatory diseases.Conclusion We recommend performing an MRI in patients with an isolated and persistent mydriasis.