bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ALIMENTARY CANAL OF ADULT ACALYMMA VITTATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE): MORPHOLOGY AND POTENTIAL ROLE IN SURVIVAL OF ERWINIA TRACHEIPHILA (ENTEROBACTERIACEAE)
Authors: Garcia-Salazar Carlos , Gildow F.E. , Fleischer S.J. , Cox-Foster D. , Lukezic F.L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe describe the morphology of the alimentary canal in adult Acalymma vittata (F.), the vector of Erwinia tracheiphila (Smith) Bergey et al. emend. Hauben et al. (Enterobacteriaceae), the causal agent of bacterial wilt in cucurbits (Cucurbitaceae). The foregut includes a pre-oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, and crop but lacks a well-developed proventriculus. The midgut occupies approximately 65% of the length of the gut, has distinctive ventricular crypts throughout its length, and is lined with a peritrophic membrane, but lacks caeca for harboring symbionts. The hindgut comprises the colon and rectum and four Malpighian tubules. The cuticular intima of both foregut and hindgut bears rows of spines and is thrown into numerous folds. Transmission electron microscopy showed bacteria resembling E. tracheiphila within the hindgut 1 and 30 d after the beetles fed on E. tracheiphila spread between cotyledons of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. (Cucurbitaceae). Our observations suggest that the midgut is not appropriate for long-term retention of E. tracheiphila because of the absence of caeca and the presence of a peritrophic membrane. Temporary and long-term pathogen retention may be associated with rows of spines and numerous folds within the foregut and hindgut.
DESCRIPTIONS OF FLEA LARVAE (SIPHONAPTERA: CERATOPHYLLIDAE:CERATOPHYLLUSSPP.) FOUND IN THE NESTS OF SWALLOWS (AVES: PASSERIFORMES: HIRUNDINIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA, NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: Pilgrim Robert L.C. , Galloway Terry D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDescriptions are provided for larvae of nine species ofCeratophyllusCurtis for which swallows in North America, north of Mexico, are recorded hosts. A detailed description is provided for the larva ofCeratophyllus celsus celsusJordan and for other species only where there are significant differences fromC.c.celsus.Ceratophyllus celsus celsus,Ceratophyllus scopulorumHolland, andCeratophyllus petrochelidoniWagner are characterized by a large number of anal comb (25–42) and anal mound (13–23) setae, but among themselves have not proved separable;Ceratophyllus styx ripariusJordan and Rothschild is remarkable in having two ventral plate setae on all thoracic segments as well as on the eighth and occasionally the ninth abdominal segments;Ceratophyllus idiusJordan and Rothschild andCeratophyllus nigerC. Fox characteristically display stout ventral plate setae on the thoracic segments, as seen inC.c.celsus, but have fewer anal comb and mound setae. We are unable to separate larvae ofC.idiusandC.nigerfrom each other.Ceratophyllus gallinae(Schrank) also has few comb and mound setae, but the ventral plate setae are more slender than evident in other species treated here.Ceratophyllus diffinisJordan andCeratophyllus gareiRothschild, the sole Nearctic representatives of the subgenusEmmareusSmit, are characterized by their short, slender, thoracic ventral plate setae, but have not been separated from each other here. Redescriptions are provided for larvae ofC.gallinaeandC.garei. Descriptions for all other taxa are provided for the first time. A key is provided to the known larvae of species associated with swallows in North America, north of Mexico.
BIOLOGY OF AGAPETA ZOEGANA (LEPIDOPTERA: COCHYLIDAE), PROPAGATED FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF KNAPWEEDS (ASTERACEAE)
Authors: Powell George W. , Wikeem Brian M. , Sturko Allen 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe examined the influence of temperature and release density on the root-boring moth, Agapeta zoegana L., a biological control agent of diffuse knapweed, Centaurea diffusa Lam., and spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam. Moths were released at six densities (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 adult male–female pairs) in each of 2 years (1992 and 1993 cohorts) into outdoor, caged plots containing spotted knapweed. Air temperature, larval establishment and mass, and adult emergence, mass, and body dimensions were measured. Larval production increased linearly with adult release density in both cohorts. Larval survival ranged from 0 to 100% and was not correlated with release density or accumulated degree-days in either year. Date of first emergence occurred earlier as both release density and larvae per plant increased, but only for the 1992 cohort. Declining resources or increased contact among the larvae may induce early pupation. Peak emergence rate increased with release density in both cohorts. First emergence was related more closely to calendar date than accumulated degree-days. In contrast, peak emergence rates were more consistent with degree-day accumulations between cohorts than calendar date. Adult production increased with parental release density in both cohorts. Females were heavier, wider, and longer than males. Optimal A. zoegana production will be achieved with releases of greater than 1.6 male–female adult pairs per spotted knapweed plant.
DIATOMACEOUS EARTH TO CONTROL CRYPTOLESTES FERRUGINEUS (COLEOPTERA: CUCUJIDAE) IN STORED BARLEY IN FARM GRANARIES
Authors: Fields Paul G. , Korunic Zlatko 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGranary trials to determine the efficacy of an enhanced diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation (Protect-It™) at 0.15 kg DE/t grain to control grain-feeding beetles in barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), were conducted at Glenlea, Manitoba. During the test, the grain moisture content ranged from 11 to 13%, and grain temperature ranged from 27 to 2 °C. The bulk density of barley was reduced 10–20 kg/m3 by the addition of diatomaceous earth. Adults of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), were released onto the top surface of the grain of each granary, producing an average density of approximately 4 insects/kg grain. Using Berlese funnels to extract insects from grain samples there was a 95% reduction in adults and an 80% reduction in larvae found in treated grain compared with untreated grain, 1 month after releasing insects into the grain. There was a 95% or greater decrease in the total number of insects caught with probe pitfall traps in the treated barley compared with the untreated barley for all sampling dates. For the confined populations, 200 adult C. ferrugineus or Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) (red flour beetle) were held in screened jars in the grain until the end of October, and there was over a 99% reduction in both insect species, compared with insects held on untreated grain. These results indicate that this diatomaceous earth formulation can control C. ferrugineus in barley in granaries at 0.15 kg DE/t grain.
NYMPHAL DENSITY AND LIFE HISTORIES OF TWO WATER STRIDERS (HEMIPTERA: GERRIDAE)
Authors: Harada Tetsuo , Spence John R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe used laboratory experiments to study the effects of rearing density on nymphal duration, dispersal dimorphism, and reproduction of two wing-dimorphic water strider species, Gerris buenoi Kirkaldy (wing morphs macropterous and micropterous) and Gerris pingreensis Drake and Hottes (mainly apterous and macropterous), that specialize, respectively, in temporary and permanent habitats. First-instar nymphs from field-collected or laboratory-cultured parents were reared with superabundant food at high (2900 or 3100 first-instar individuals/m2) or low (145 or 155 first-instar individuals/m2) starting density under a photoperiod of 19L:5D and at 20 ± 2 °C. Average nymphal period of both species under high density was significantly shorter by 4–5 d than under low density. There were no significant differences in percent survival between densities in either species. In G. pingreensis all new adults were apterous and entered reproductive diapause. In contrast, both wing morphs were expressed in G. buenoi; however, a lower proportion of macropters emerged under high density than under low density. All females of G. buenoi tested were reproductively active, regardless of wing morph. There was no effect of density on preoviposition period for G. buenoi of either wing morph, although preoviposition period was about twice as long in long-winged as in short-winged females. In G. buenoi, nymphal crowding promotes development of nonflying reproductives, which allocate nutritional resources to rapid reproduction rather than dispersal, at least when food conditions are sufficient. In G. pingreensis, nymphs that develop faster under crowding may be less subject to cannibalism and intraguild predation.
REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF LAUXANIA (DIPTERA: LAUXANIIDAE)
Authors: Pérusse Joëlle R. , Wheeler Terry A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe North American species of Lauxania Latreille are revised. The genus contains five Nearctic species: L. albiseta Coquillett, L. glabrifronssp.nov., L. kafaristasp.nov., L. nigrimana Coquillett, and L. shewellisp.nov. All Nearctic species are illustrated and keyed. Consistent genitalic differences between Nearctic and Palaearctic specimens of the species usually identified as Lauxania cylindricornis (Fabricius) justify the recognition of the Nearctic specimens as a distinct species (L. shewelli). The male genitalia of Lauxania represent two types: the apparently plesiomorphic type has a simple rodlike phallapodeme, membranous phallus, and pointed unbranched postgonites; the apomorphic type has the phallapodeme expanded into a sclerotized hood surrounding the base of the phallus, a convoluted sclerotized phallus, and branched postgonites. These two genitalic types also occur in the related genus Calliopum Strand, which provides strong evidence that these genera, as currently recognized, may not be monophyletic relative to one another.
DISTRIBUTION OF BEMISIA TABACI (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) BIOTYPES IN ITALY
Authors: Demichelis Stefano , Bosco Domenico , Manino Aulo , Marian Daniele , Caciagli Piero 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEsterase banding patterns in native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, squash silver leaf (SSL) induction, and tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus-Sardinia (TYLCV-Sar) transmission capability were investigated to evaluate variations among populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) from Italy and to relate their distribution to their geographic origin. Adults of the B biotype, adults of the Q-like biotype (which is similar to a Spanish biotype), and adults without esterase bands were found. The B biotype has been found in Italy since 1989. Two populations, including mainly B and Q-like biotypes, showed similar TYLCV-Sar transmission efficiency, independent of esterase banding pattern. Only populations from Liguria and Sardinia, which contained almost exclusively B-biotype individuals, were able to induce SSL. We observed that adults of the B biotype are widespread in greenhouses of northern Italy and Sardinia, whereas those of the Q-like biotype are present only in fields of southern Italy. These results suggest that the B biotype of B. tabaci was introduced into Italy likely while trading ornamental plants, whereas the Q-like biotype is native to the Mediterranean region.
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENTAL PHENOLOGY OF IPS PERTURBATUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) INHABITING WHITE SPRUCE (PINACEAE)
Authors: Robertson Ian C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThree white spruces, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (30–35 cm diameter at breast height), felled in central Alberta, were colonized by Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff) beginning in late May 1999. The mean (±SE) density of breeding galleries on the trees was 217 ± 23/m2 (n = 30). Harem size ranged from one to four females per gallery, with a mean of 2.1 ± 0.6 (n = 90). Tunnel excavation and oviposition occurred primarily during the first 3 weeks after gallery initiation. Individual females laid 48.9 ± 2.5 eggs (n = 30) in galleries that reached 10.0 ± 0.3 cm in length (n = 45). Males assisted their mates by removing frass and woody debris from the tunnels. Males remained in their galleries for at least 1 week, although there was gradual attrition such that < 15% of males remained after 6 weeks. Large males abandoned their galleries sooner than small males. In contrast, females were present in almost half of the oviposition tunnels examined after 6 weeks, and there was no significant relationship between female size and residence time. Mortality from egg to adult was high (98%) during this 1-year study, likely a result of the intense crowding of galleries. Adult offspring were found beneath the bark in mid-July, although the main emergence did not begin until mid-September. Because such late emergence would be too late for these individuals to reproduce before winter, I conclude that I. perturbatus has only one generation per year in central Alberta.
INSECTS AND TEMPERATURE—DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF EXPERIMENTAL CONDITIONS ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Gilbert N. , Raworth D.A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCohorts of Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) were reared at different temperatures on three substrates: plants in growth chambers, plants in field cages, and artificial medium. Pupal weight and larval development times were measured. The data were analyzed to determine the effect of temporal changes in substrate on pupal weight. When cohorts were reared on whole plants, average pupal weight declined with increasing time to pupation. For cohorts on potted plants in growth chambers, the rate of decline decreased as temperature increased from 15 to 27 °C. But, for cohorts on plants in field cages, the rate of decline increased as temperature increased from 16 to 25 °C. We speculate that the former trend resulted from plant deterioration, especially at low temperatures, and the latter from larval competition at high temperatures. When larvae were reared on potted plants to the late II or early III instar and then transferred to artificial medium, deterioration of the medium at temperatures below 20 and above 27 °C caused pupal weight to decline significantly with increasing time to pupation, whereas between 20 and 27 °C, pupal weight was constant or increased with increasing time to pupation. Development times of larvae from cohorts reared on plants in growth chambers showed no consistent differences from those of larvae from cohorts reared on artificial medium, at any temperature (overall averages: 187 and 184 day-degrees above 10 °C, on plants versus medium). Pupal weights are determined by the ratio of growth rate to development rate (Appendix). Therefore, the observed differences in pupal weight reflect differences in growth rates rather than differences in development rates. The results show that, depending on temperature, substrate deterioration may seriously affect laboratory studies of herbivore growth and that there are important interactions between temperature and host-plant growth conditions that may make extrapolation of laboratory estimates of herbivore growth to field conditions tenuous.
FOUR NEW SPECIES OF BDELYRUS (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: SCARABAEINAE) AND A REDESCRIPTION OF BDELYRUS LAGOPUS
Authors: Cook Joyce 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFour new species of the Neotropical scarabaeid genus Bdelyrus Harold are described: Bdelyrus asheisp.nov., Bdelyrus cochabambaesp.nov., Bdelyrus iquitosensissp.nov., and Bdelyrus ecuadoraesp.nov. This brings the total to 27 species of Bdelyrus. Bdelyrus lagopus Harold is redescribed and illustrated. A key to all known species of Bdelyrus is provided. Illustrations, a range map, and a revised phylogenetic tree are included. Inclusion of these new species in the revised phylogenetic analysis did not alter significantly the relationships among the 23 species included in the original analysis.
REDESCRIPTION OF LIPAROCEPHALUS LITORALIS, AND KEY TO THE SPECIES OF LIPAROCEPHALUS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE: ALEOCHARINAE)
Authors: Maruyama Munestoshi , Ahn Kee-Jeong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLiparocephalus litoralis Kirschenblatt is redescribed from specimens recently collected and illustrated. Additional data on its geographical distribution (Kuril Islands, Russia, and Hokkaido, Japan) are added. A modified key is provided to differentiate L. litoralis from the other recognized species of the genus Liparocephalus Mäklin.
SUSCEPTIBILITY AND VULNERABILITY OF THIRD-INSTAR LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSP. KURSTAKI
Authors: Massé Aurélie , van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Dedes John 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA droplet-imbibing assay was used to assess the susceptibility of third-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, to Foray 48B, a commercial formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki containing 12.7 billion international units (IU) per litre. We observed an LD50 of 1.17 IU/larva for third instars, as compared with 3.96 IU/larva for fifth instars. Comparison with previously published data on susceptibility of later instars revealed that third instars were two-to three-fold more susceptible to Foray 48B than fourth and fifth instars and about eightfold more susceptible than sixth instars. Vulnerability of third instars to simulated aerial spray deposits was investigated by using potted balsam firs, Abies balsamea L. Potted trees were infested in the greenhouse when the buds were starting to swell, using a density of about one newly emerged second-instar larva per bud. When 90% of the larvae had reached the third instar and 52% of the buds were breaking (4 d after infesting), infested twigs were harvested and sprayed with undiluted Foray 48B in a spray chamber. Spray droplets on the buds measured between 25 and 125 μm in diameter, with 80% having a diameter of 80 μm or less. A density of 4.2 ± 1.0 droplets per bud resulted in spruce budworm mortality of 83.4 ± 4.0% and a corresponding reduction in larval density of 86.5 ± 3.9% (means ± SD, n = 6) after 5 d at 25 °C. Results of the spray chamber test suggest that third-instar spruce budworms were able to acquire a lethal dose, despite their concealed feeding habits.
NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS PATHOLOGY IN SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE
Authors: Barrett J.W. , Ladd T.R. , Primavera M.J. , Retnakaran A. , Sohi S.S. , Palli S.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractChoristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (CfMNPV) expressing green fluorescent protein was used to study aspects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection in the spruce budworm. The temporal and spatial distribution of fluorescence indicated that the virus infected the midgut, entered the tracheal system, and traveled to the epidermis, fat body, and muscles. In contrast to Autographa californica (Speyer) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infection, hemocytes from infected C. fumiferana did not exhibit fluorescence until after CfMNPV had passed from the midgut into the tracheae. Therefore the role of hemocytes may be limited during CfMNPV infection. Also the fluorescence pattern spread from the tracheolar cells to tracheal epithelial cells throughout the tracheal system. Our results indicate that the temporal and spatial events involved in CfMNPV infection of C. fumiferana larvae are consistent with those observed in other lepidopteran hosts infected with AcMNPV Minor deviations between these two systems may be attributed to differences in virulence, infection rate, and possibly host range of the virus.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CONIFEROPHAGOUS BARK BEETLE PHEROMONES AND CONIFER ISOPRENOIDS: EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE AND SYNTHESIS
Authors: Seybold Steven J. , Bohlmann Jörg , Raffa Kenneth F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this overview we compare the significance and evolutionary history of two interacting biological systems, the conifer-feeding bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and their host conifers (Gymnospermae: Coniferales and Taxales). Isoprenoid natural products play key roles in the aggregation of the bark beetles and in the defence of the conifers. Our approach is to couple the most recent advances in the biochemical and molecular literature on these systems with ecological and behavioral data to compare monoterpenoid pheromone biosynthesis in scolytids with monoterpene biosynthesis in conifers. This synthesis reveals and evaluates the evolutionary redundancy occurring in the biochemical systems of the insect and host. Although host monoterpenes may be utilized directly or as derivatives in aggregation by scolytids, oxygenated monoterpenes that are behaviorally active for scolytids have been rarely identified from their coniferous hosts.De novomonoterpenoid biosynthesis in the Scolytidae, a process that is likely to be rare among metazoans, is substantially different from monoterpene biosynthesis in the conifers. The pathways appear to be shared only at the late-stage reactions that follow the formation of isopentenyl diphosphate. Little is known of the regulation of monoterpene biosynthesis in conifers, but scolytids positively regulate monoterpenoid biosynthesis using a sesquiterpenoid hormone, juvenile hormone, which does not occur in conifers. Little is known of the subcellular site of synthesis of monoterpenoids in scolytids, but conifer monoterpene biosynthesis is compartmentalized in the plastids, which do not occur in scolytid cells. In addition to bark beetles and conifers, the vertebrate model presents one of the few systems in which isoprenoid synthesis has been studied enough to provide a meaningful comparison. Possible unique features of monoterpenoid pheromone biosynthesis in scolytids relative to isoprenoid biosynthesis in vertebrates include the following: (1) a monoterpenoid end product; (2) a hypothetically scolytid-specific prenyl transferase (= geranyl diphosphate synthase) that catalyzes the condensation of two five-carbon (C5) units, but does not catalyze additional condensation reactions with the C5monomelic unit; (3) a scolytid-specific monoterpene (myrcene) synthase; and (4) a scolytid-specific, transcriptional-level sesquiterpenoid isoprenoid regulatory mechanism. Features 2 and 3 may be shared with conifers. This review also updates the 1985 landmark scientific paper by John Borden by listing the references and species of coniferophagous Scolytidae for which aggregation pheromones have been identified since 1985.
TEMPORAL AND VERTICAL DISTRIBUTION OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) CAPTURED IN BARRIER TRAPS AT BAITED AND UNBAITED LODGEPOLE PINES THE YEAR FOLLOWING ATTACK BY THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE
Authors: Safranyik L. , Linton D.A. , Shore T.L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBark beetles were trapped for two summers in a mature stand of lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelmann (Pinaceae), infested by mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, near Princeton, British Columbia. Columns of flight-barrier traps were suspended next to uninfested live trees and from dead brood trees containing new adult beetles. The brood trees had been treated in the previous year with mountain pine beetle pheromone bait alone or in combination with Ips pini Say (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) pheromone bait and subsequently killed by mountain pine beetles. A total of 3376 individuals from 30 species of Scolytidae were captured in the traps. Most of the species for which lodgepole pine is a nonhost or occasional host were captured in low numbers (one or two specimens). The most abundant species (> 30 individuals) were D. ponderosae, I. pini, Hylurgops porosus LeConte, Pityogenes knechteli Swaine, and Trypodendron lineatum Olivier. The treatments affected captures of mountain pine beetles and I. pini but only in the year when trees were either unbaited or baited simultaneously for mountain pine beetle and I. pini. There were significant differences among the five most abundant species in the mean heights and mean Julian dates of capture. In addition to host condition requirements, these differences reflected partitioning of the food and habitat resource and competitive interactions among species. There was no interaction between treatment and trap height, indicating that treatment did not affect the height distribution of flying beetles.