bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The inshore fish faunas over soft substrates and reefs on the tropical west coast of Australia differ and change with latitude and bioregion
Authors: Travers M. J. , Potter I. C. , Clarke K. R. , Newman S. J. , Hutchins J. B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim  To test the following hypotheses regarding ichthyofaunal compositions along an extensive tropical coastline. The compositions over soft substrates and reefs: (1) consistently differ markedly; (2) change progressively with latitude and temperature through sequential changes in the abundances of certain species; and (3) vary among bioregions, as those regions differ markedly in their environmental characteristics.Location  Tropical north‐western Australia.Methods  Similarity matrices, derived from percentage contributions of each fish species to catches obtained over soft substrates by trawling and over reefs by trapping at seven regularly spaced sites along 1500 km of coast, were subjected to cluster analysis, non‐metric multidimensional scaling ordination and associated tests.Results  In total, 361 species were obtained by trawling and trapping along the tropical coast of north‐western Australia (NWA). Only 56 species were recorded over both soft substrates and reefs, whereas 229 and 76 species were caught exclusively over soft substrates and reefs, respectively. The Leiognathidae, Carangidae and Terapontidae contributed most individuals (62.2%) to catches over soft substrates, whereas the Lethrinidae and Lutjanidae dominated those over reefs (81.9%). The species compositions in both habitats were related to latitude and water temperature. Ichthyofaunal compositions in the Kimberley region differed markedly from those in the Canning/Pilbara regions further south, which, in turn, each had distinct characters. The vast majority of species found over both habitats also occur in the Pacific Ocean to the north.Main conclusions  The most important fish families over soft substrates and reefs in inshore marine waters of tropical NWA differ markedly. The ichthyofaunal compositions of both habitats undergo similar patterns of progressive change with latitude, due to site‐staggered changes in the relative abundances of key fish species in their respective habitats. Ichthyofaunal composition in both habitats was found to be influenced by water temperature. The latitudinal trends exhibited by species composition are overlaid on a strong bioregional effect, reflecting the influence of the very different environmental conditions in those bioregions, which include marked differences in such factors as tidal regime, turbidity and whether mangroves are nearby. The important contribution of species with a Pacific affinity was presumably facilitated by the polewards‐flowing Indonesian Throughflow, which links the Pacific Ocean with waters bordering the NWA coast.
Catechin–metal interactions as a mechanism for conditional allelopathy by the invasive plant Centaurea maculosa
Authors: Pollock Jarrod L. , Callaway Ragan M. , Thelen Giles C. , Holben William E. 
Published: August 2009

Summary1. Evaluating variation, or ‘conditionality’, in plant interactions is crucial to understanding their ecological importance and predicting where they might be at play. Much is known about conditionality for competition, facilitation and herbivory, but not for allelopathy, which likely contributes to the equivocal nature of reports on this topic. Centaurea maculosa (spotted knapweed) is an invasive species in North America, whose success has been attributed, at least in part, to the allelochemical root exudate (±)‐catechin.2. Understanding the ecological relevance of (±)‐catechin necessitates determining how it interacts with various soil components. We found that some metals caused rapid declines in measurable (±)‐catechin, while calcium impeded its auto‐oxidation, maintaining concentrations higher than for (±)‐catechin alone. Certain (±)‐catechin–metal complexes were more phytotoxic than (±)‐catechin alone, while others showed lower toxicity.3. The variable phytotoxicity of these complexes suggests that (±)‐catechin effects are enhanced, mitigated or otherwise affected by complexation with different metals and perhaps other soil components.4. Synthesis. These findings serve to illustrate that the precise chemical forms, interactions and effects of catechin in the environment are highly variable and that further examination is warranted to increase our understanding of its role in invasion and allelopathy. The conditional effects observed for catechin detection and phytotoxicity likely extend to related allelopathic compounds, other root exudates and potentially other systems involving chemically complex and spatially heterogeneous environments.
Stimulus type does not affect infant arousal response patterns
Authors: RICHARDSON HEIDI L. , WALKER ADRIAN M. , HORNE ROSEMARY S.C. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryPrevious studies have examined infant arousal responses to various arousal stimuli; however it is unclear whether the patterns of responses to different stimuli are comparable within subjects across early development. The aim of the study was to compare the effects of both respiratory and somatosensory stimulation on arousal processes in the same infants throughout the first 6 months of life. Ten healthy term infants were studied with daytime polysomnography at 2–4 weeks, 2–3 and 5–6 months. Infants were challenged with both hypoxia (15% O2, balanced N2) and a pulsatile air‐jet to the nostrils. Stimulus‐induced sub‐cortical activations (SCA) and cortical arousals (CA) were expressed as percentages of total arousals. Heart rate (HR) changes and electroencephalogram (EEG) desynchronization were also contrasted for the two stimuli. During active sleep (AS), there was no significant effect of stimulus type on proportions of CA at any of the ages studied. During quiet sleep (QS), hypoxia elicited higher CA proportions than the air‐jet at 2–3 and 5–6 months (P < 0.01). Overall, HR responses associated with SCA and CA and the duration of EEG desynchronization during CA were similar for both stimuli. Mild hypoxia and nasal air‐jet stimulation produce qualitatively similar patterns of arousal responses during the first 6 months of life, supporting the concept of a final common neural pathway of cortical activation. Quantitatively, full CA from QS is more likely with hypoxia, in keeping with it being a life‐threatening stimulus. This study supports the nasal air‐jet as an appropriate stimulus for assessing developmental patterns of infant arousal process.
A phylogenetic framework for wing pattern evolution in the mimetic Mocker Swallowtail Papilio dardanus
Authors: CLARK REBECCA , VOGLER ALFRIED P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Batesian mimetic swallowtail butterfly Papilio dardanus exhibits numerous distinct wing colour morphs whose evolutionary origins require large phenotypic shifts. A phylogenetic framework to study the history of these morphs was established by DNA sequencing of representative subspecies from sub‐Saharan Africa and Indian Ocean islands. Two mitochondrial genes and the nuclear internal transcribed spacer marker revealed deeply separated eastern and western African mainland lineages, plus one lineage each on Madagascar and Grande Comore. These markers showed very little polymorphism within lineages. In contrast, markers genetically linked to the mimicry locus H, including the transcription factor invected and two adjacent amplified fragment length polymorphisms‐derived sequences, showed high nucleotide diversity but were not geographically structured. Variation in the unlinked wingless gene showed a similar pattern, rejecting the hypothesis that high level of variation in the H region is due to balancing selection exerted by the phenotypes. The separation from a common ancestor with Papilio phorcas estimated at 2.9 Ma coincides with the origin of a mimicry model, Danaus chrysippus. However, the model reached Africa only at the time of the internal splits of P. dardanus mtDNA groups, here estimated at 0.55–0.94 Ma. The nuclear genome shows less geographic structure and may not track recent population differentiation, suggesting that widespread mimicry morphs have arisen early in the evolution of the P. dardanus lineage, although after the male–female dimorphism which is ancestral. The current wide distribution of P. dardanus and population subdivision evident from mtDNA may have been achieved only with the spread of the models across Africa.
Environmental regulation of floral anthocyanin synthesis in Ipomoea purpurea
Authors: LU YINGQING , DU JIN , TANG JINGYU , WANG FANG , ZHANG JIE , HUANG JINXIA , LIANG WEIFENG , WANG LIANGSHENG 
Published: August 2009

AbstractResponses of metabolites to environmental fluctuations may play large roles in biological adaptation, yet how these responses initiate in the natural environment and the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Synthesis of floral anthocyanins, as typical examples of secondary metabolites, is known to respond to the physical environment and therefore an ideal system for understanding the process of the environmental regulation. Here, by simultaneous monitoring of six natural environmental variables and anthocyanin content of daily opening flowers throughout a natural flowering season (∼50 days) of Ipomoea purpurea, we have identified significant and positive correlations of temperature (3‐days ago) and ultraviolet (UV) light intensity (5‐days ago) with the floral anthocyanin content. We sequenced all known (seven structural and three regulatory) anthocyanin genes in I. purpurea flowers and examined their transcript quantities in the natural environment across eight floral developmental stages (covering 0–96 h before anthesis). The anthocyanin gene expression patterns corroborated with the inferred effects from the time‐series data, and further showed that the positive UV effect became negative on transcript levels about 36 h before anthesis. With falling natural temperature, content of the principal anthocyanin declined, whereas that of an alternative anthocyanin with fewer glucose and caffeic acid moieties increased. Our data suggest that environmental regulation of the anthocyanin pathway may account for more than half of the flux variation in the floral limb, and is influenced mainly by daily average temperature and UV light intensity that modulate anthocyanin transcript levels (most likely via myb1) at floral developmental stages.
The non‐ribosomal assembly and frequent occurrence of the protease inhibitors spumigins in the bloom‐forming cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena
Authors: Fewer David P. , Jokela Jouni , Rouhiainen Leo , Wahlsten Matti , Koskenniemi Kerttu , Stal Lucas J. , Sivonen Kaarina 
Published: August 2009

Summary Nodularia spumigena is a filamentous nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterium that forms toxic blooms in brackish water bodies worldwide. Spumigins are serine protease inhibitors reported from a single strain of N. spumigena isolated from the Baltic Sea. These linear tetrapeptides contain non‐proteinogenic amino acids including a C‐terminal alcohol derivative of arginine. However, very little is known about these compounds despite the ecological importance of N. spumigena. We show that spumigins are assembled by two non‐ribosomal peptide synthetases encoded in a 21 kb biosynthetic gene cluster. The compact non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase features a reductive loading and release mechanism. Our analyses demonstrate that the bulk of spumigins produced by N. spumigena are released as peptide aldehydes in contrast to earlier findings. The main spumigin E variant contains an argininal residue and is a potent trypsin inhibitor. Spumigins were present in all of the N. spumigena strains isolated from the Baltic Sea and comprised up to 1% of the dry weight of the cyanobacterium. Our results demonstrate that bloom‐forming N. spumigena strains produce a cocktail of enzyme inhibitors, which may explain in part the ecological success of this cyanobacterium in brackish water bodies worldwide.
Effects of Salivary Gland Homogenate from Wild‐Caught and Laboratory‐Reared Lutzomyia longipalpis on the Evolution and Immunomodulation of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Infection
Authors: Laurenti M. D. , Da Matta V. L. R. , Pernichelli T. , Secundino N. F. C. , Pinto L. C. , Corbett C. E. P. , Pimenta P. P. F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe investigated the effects of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary glands homogenate of wild‐caught and laboratory‐reared vectors on the lesion evolution and immunomodulation of the infection caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. To compare the effect of both salivary glands homogenate (SGH), C57BL/6 mice were inoculated subcutaneously into the hind footpads or into the ear dermis with 106 promastigotes in the presence or not of SGH from wild‐caught and laboratory‐colonized sand flies. Comparing SGH groups, the lesion size was lower in mice co‐inoculated with wild‐caught SGH, as the parasitism and the infiltration of macrophages at the inoculation site. Wild‐caught SGH also determined lower production of IL‐4 and IL‐10 but higher IL‐12 levels compared with laboratory‐reared SGH. Our findings address a probable bias by using SGH from laboratory‐colonized sand flies instead of wild‐caught vector SGH in studies concerning saliva effects. A possible mild influence of sand fly saliva in natural infections caused by Leishmania is also speculated, as infection is transmitted by wild and not by laboratory‐reared vectors.
Lipoxin A4 Metabolites/Analogues from Two Commercial Sources have No Effects on TNF‐α‐mediated Priming or Activation through the Neutrophil Formyl Peptide Receptors
Authors: Forsman H. , Dahlgren C. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe eicosanoid lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is a potent anti‐inflammatory mediator in many in vivo experimental models, and it has been proposed that the effects of this molecule are mediated through binding to FPR2 (also termed FPRL1 or ALXR), a member of the formyl peptide receptor family. Research has shown that LXA4 inhibits neutrophil function, which has been suggested to be an important mechanism in the anti‐inflammatory activity of this lipoxin. However, experiments demonstrating such an impact of LXA4 have not always been convincing. In this study, we examined the influence of metabolically stable LXA4 analogues on the biological activities induced by a previously characterized FPR2 agonist (WKYMWM) and a commonly used FPR1 agonist (fMLF). We also investigated the analogues regarding their direct effect on TNFα‐mediated neutrophil mobilization of the complement receptor 3 (CR3) and their indirect effect on cytokine‐dependent priming of the cells. The LXA4 analogues we used came from two commercial sources. In our experiments, they did not induce any direct neutrophil response, nor did they affect the increase in the number of CR3 molecules on the neutrophil surface or the primed response. Therefore, we conclude that these LXA4 analogues do not have an impact on TNF‐α induced signalling in neutrophils. We also applied a recently described technique that has proven to be a valuable tool for identifying selective FPR1 and FPR2 agonists and antagonists. We found that the lipoxin analogues did not induce any changes in the neutrophil response, which implies that LXA4 does not act through FPR2 in these cells.
Regions of Differences Encoded Antigens as Targets for Immunodiagnosis of Tuberculosis in Humans
Authors: Parkash O. , Singh B. P. , Pai M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTuberculosis is one of the major global health problems causing nearly 2 million deaths every year. It continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Accurate early diagnosis and proper treatment can control the spread of tuberculosis in the community. Currently used diagnostic tests have certain limitations such as low sensitivity and suboptimal turn‐around times. Hence, introduction of diagnostic methods that are comparatively more sensitive and specific can increase the efficiency of strategies to control tuberculosis. In recent years, there has been a remarkable progress in identifying new and potentially useful antigens for diagnosis of both latent and active tuberculosis. Regions of differences (RD) encoded proteins are among such promising candidate antigens (RD antigens). Some of these antigens are encoded by regions of differences located in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. bovis but are absent in all the Bacillus Calmette Guerin substrains and many of the environmental mycobacteria. Over the past few years, RD antigens, particularly RD‐based diagnostic methods such as improved tuberculin skin testing, interferon‐gamma release assays, and RD1‐based serological assays are being tested and have shown promising results. This article provides an overview of the use of RD antigens in the immunodiagnosis of tuberculosis infection and disease.
Cyclostratigraphic reasoning and orbital time calibration
Authors: Bailey Robin John 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCyclostratigraphy postulates that the stratigraphic record cyclically encodes the periodic orbital forcing of terrestrial insolation, thus providing a time calibration.Regular cyclesare sought using spectral analysis of lithological data series, but there are inherent ambiguities in this method. It may detect more cyclicities than conventional orbital forcing allows, but only those with the closest correspondence to estimated orbital frequencies are used for time calibration.Irregular cyclesare subjectively defined in terms of non‐rhythmic repetitions of facies. The calibrations assume that they record the spatially distorted sedimentary effects of orbitally forced periodicity in insolation. The null hypothesis that such non‐rhythmic repetitions are autogenic, rather than orbitally forced, cannot, however, be rejected. Both types of cyclicity conform to an ‘expected universe’ where orbital forcing is reliably and recognisably encoded in the stratigraphic record. Neither form of cyclicity rules out the presence of hiatuses; thus, even if orbital in origin, neither can provide dependably refined, orbitally scaled, time calibration.
Stem cell‐related therapies for vascular diseases
Authors: Martin‐Rendon E. , Snowden J. A. , Watt S. M. 
Published: August 2009

summary.The therapeutic potential of ‘adult’ or at least non‐embryonic stem cells and their progeny has developed gradually over the past half century as a consequence of the wealth of knowledge derived from stem cell research. Translational research coupled with clinical trials and derived from basic research has led the way to the clinic. This commenced with the use of haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), to treat haematological malignancies, to be followed by the most recent clinical trials to treat a variety of coronary and peripheral artery diseases. Stem cells and their progeny isolated from bone marrow or blood appear to exert an ameliorating effect in certain vascular disorders. Although promising, some of these treatments remain controversial and further research and, where indicated, appropriately powered trials are required to confirm the safety and determine the efficacy of these novel therapies.
Eliciting individual preferences for health care: a case study of perinatal care
Authors: Van Der Pol Marjon , Shiell Alan , Au Flora , Jonhston David , Tough Suzanne 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjective  To demonstrate how a discrete choice experiment (DCE) can be used to elicit individuals’ preferences for health care and how these preferences can be incorporated into a cost–benefit analysis.Methods  A DCE which elicited preferences for three perinatal services: specialist nurse appointments; home visits from a trained lay visitor; and home‐help. Cost was included to obtain a monetary measure of the value that individuals place on the services. In total, 292 women who had previously participated in a randomized trial of alternative forms of pre‐natal care were interviewed.Results  The most preferred service configuration consisted of three nurse appointments and two home visits before birth and 4 h of home‐help per week for the first 4 weeks after birth. On average, women are willing to pay $371 for this package. A package that excluded home‐help was valued at $122 whilst provision of three nurse appointments only was valued at $97. The predicted uptake of the services ranged from 37% to 93% depending on the woman’s experience with the service, whether or not it was her first child and her level of education.Conclusion  The willingness to pay values were much higher than the costs for nurse appointments, suggesting this service produces a net social benefit. The willingness to pay for the package including both the nurse appointments and home visits only just exceeded the costs of the package, suggesting there is a relatively high chance that this package produces a net social loss.
Social support and immunosuppressant therapy adherence among adult renal transplant recipients
Authors: Chisholm‐Burns Marie A. , Spivey Christina A. , Wilks Scott E. 
Published: August 2009

Chisholm‐Burns MA, Spivey CA, Wilks SE. Social support and immunosuppressant therapy adherence among adult renal transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2010: 24: 312–320. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract: Background: The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between social support and immunosuppressant therapy adherence among adult renal transplant recipients.Methods: A cross‐sectional, survey design was employed. Mailed questionnaires were used to collect data from 81 recipients, and included the Immunosuppressant Therapy Adherence Scale©(ITAS©) and Modified Social Support Survey (MSSS‐5). The correlation between ITAS©and MSSS‐5 summary scores was assessed using the correlation coefficient (r). Analyses of the following relationships were conducted using correlation coefficients: (i) ITAS©summary score and individual items of the MSSS‐5; and (ii) MSSS‐5 summary score and individual items of the ITAS©. A hierarchical regression was conducted.Results: The response rate was 74%. The relationship between social support and adherence was significant (r = 0.214, p < 0.05). Two MSSS‐5 items (affectionate support and instrumental support pertaining to household functions) were related to ITAS©summary score (p < 0.05), and one ITAS©item (forgetfulness) was related to the MSSS‐5 summary score (p < 0.05). The regression model (all MSSS‐5 items) accounted for 24% of the variation in ITAS©summary scores.Conclusions: The findings suggest that strategies utilizing social support to address forgetfulness as well as strategies to improve affectionate support and instrumental support related to daily household functions may be useful adherence intervention tools.
Rapid evolution of social learning
Authors: FRANZ M. , NUNN C. L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCulture is widely thought to be beneficial when social learning is less costly than individual learning and thus may explain the enormous ecological success of humans. Rogers (1988. Does biology constrain culture. Am. Anthropol. 90: 819–831) contradicted this common view by showing that the evolution of social learning does not necessarily increase the net benefits of learned behaviours in a variable environment. Using simulation experiments, we re‐analysed extensions of Rogers’ model after relaxing the assumption that genetic evolution is much slower than cultural evolution. Our results show that this assumption is crucial for Rogers’ finding. For many parameter settings, genetic and cultural evolution occur on the same time scale, and feedback effects between genetic and cultural dynamics increase the net benefits. Thus, by avoiding the costs of individual learning, social learning can increase ecological success. Furthermore, we found that rapid evolution can limit the evolution of complex social learning strategies, which have been proposed to be widespread in animals.