bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les diasporas, dispersion spatiale, expérience sociale
Authors: Bordes-Benayoun Chantal 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le développement des migrations invite à revisiter la notion de diaspora pour construire une approche sociologique de la dispersion et de la mobilité des peuples. Parmi les différents critères de définition des diasporas, la dimension spatiale ne suffit pas pour comprendre tous les méandres de l’expérience sociale et historique que recouvre ce terme et qui lui confère tout son sens. À l’instar de la diaspora juive, qui a valeur paradigmatique, entre les territoires concrets d’installation et les territoires fantasmés, les diasporas développent et créent des modalités originales et variant à l’infini de leur insertion dans le monde. La diaspora est dès lors « dissémination culturelle ». L’homme diasporique, acteur de son histoire, tente de donner sens à son exil, invente et crée sa relation aux autres.
Les sociétés de transfert de fonds entre la Suisse et la République démocratique du Congo
Authors: Bagalwa-Mapatano Jules , Monnier Laurent 
Published: January 2012

Résumé	L’article part de deux récits de vie de deux entrepreneurs congolais-zaïrois établis en Suisse où ils ont créé - en faveur de leur diaspora surtout - deux sociétés de transfert des fonds vers le Congo-Zaïre. Il s’interroge ensuite sur les enjeux, les défis de leur durabilité, mais aussi les fonctions de telles logiques capitalistes pour les réseaux d’acteurs impliqués au regard tant du contexte plus large de la mondialisation économique, que de celui plus restreint du chaos institutionnel congolais.
Le shebeen, révélateur de changements gestionnaires dans la ville post-apartheid
Authors: Sohn Christophe 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Dans une Namibie qui a accédé à l’indépendance en 1990, les modes de penser et de faire la ville restent encore largement empreints des réglementations urbaines héritées de la période d’apartheid. Cependant, l’apparition de pratiques citadines parfois inédites oblige les responsables de la gestion urbaine à innover de manière à réguler les nouveaux rapports sociaux. Dans le dessein de mettre en évidence les logiques sous-jacentes à l’émergence de nouvelles règles gestionnaires, cet article s’intéresse tout particulièrement aux débits de boissons « informels « (shebeens) et à la manière dont les responsables politiques et les gestionnaires tentent de juguler leur prolifération dans la ville. Le recours à cet objet comme révélateur du changement gestionnaire s’avère d’autant plus pertinent qu’il véhicule des enjeux forts et fait resurgir, dans le débat politique namibien, des questions essentielles relatives à l’invention de la ville post-apartheid.
Silent Innovations in Federal Civil Service. Argentina 1989-1999
Authors: Orlansky Dora 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article propose une étude des réformes de la fonction publique en Argentine et leur impact sur l’emploi public. Il examine trois périodes récentes: i) les réformes structurelles de 1989 à 1995; ii) la « deuxième réforme d’État » de 1996 à 1998; et iii) la première convention collective dans le secteur public en 1999. L’une des innovations les plus importantes de cette convention collective a été l’introduction de nouvelles normes de flexibilité du travail et la suppression de l’ancien système d’emploi à vie. Les négociations politiques et collectives ont pu être menées à bien par une nouvelle élite gouvernementale (le bureau du chef de gouvernement) et par les anciens dirigeants des syndicats de fonctionnaires – qui se sont forgé une nouvelle identité.
Les aspects économiques du grand mariage de Ngazidja (Comores)
Authors: Walker Iain 
Published: January 2012

Résumé Le anda de Ngazidja (archipel des Comores) est un phénomène culturel qui établit une forte cohésion sociale à travers une séquence de prestations réunissant tous les membres de la société dans un réseau d’obligations réciproques, à travers le temps. Dans sa manifestation la plus remarquée, communément appelée « grand mariage », le anda est souvent perçu comme un gaspillage ostentatoire et, donc, voué à être restreint, voire supprimé. Une description et une analyse des échanges économiques lors du cycle anda permettent ici de situer ces derniers dans leur contexte social, pour démontrer qu’ils ne sont que les aspects visibles d’un système qui réglemente la vie dans plusieurs domaines. Cette analyse révèle finalement que le anda a aussi des bénéfices réels qui, malgré les apparences, sont autant économiques que sociaux.
Signes du pouvoir militaire : de l’épée de connétable au bâton de maréchal
Authors: Lagrange François 
Published: January 2012

Les collections du musée de l’Armée et, au-delà, l’hôtel des Invalides comportent un certain nombre d’objets et de représentations caractéristiques du pouvoir militaire dans sa dimension de commandement : parmi les plus prestigieux, on compte l’épée d’un connétable de France et plusieurs bâtons de maréchal de France de différentes époques. Sans prétendre à l’exhaustivité, une rapide mise en perspective de ces pièces – jalonnées dans le temps, de la Renaissance à la fin du xxe siècle – fait apparaître des évolutions significatives dans la manière dont le pouvoir militaire se définit, notamment par rapport au pouvoir politique, et élabore progressivement un langage qui lui est propre.
A Study of Management of Benign Lesions of the Larynx
Authors: Doloi Pankaj Kumar , Khanna Swagata 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTA two-year prospective study was conducted from June 2008 to May 2010. A total of 80 patients with benign laryngeal lesions were included in the study based on symptoms, such as hoarseness of voice, foreign body sensation, vocal fatigue, dyspnea and cough and with positive clinical findings on indirect laryngoscopy. Diagnostic and therapeutic laryngoscopic and microlarygoscopic procedures were employed. Vocal cord polyps were observed to be the commonest type of lesions. Out of the 80 patients in the study group, 40% patients got complete relief with voice rest and vocal rehabilitation; 60% patients required surgery, which included endoscopic/microlarygoscopic endolaryngeal surgery and external approaches. There was no recurrence in cases of vocal polyps and nodules during the period of observation. Endolaryngeal surgery and voice rest offer a cost-effective, useful and safe method for the management of benign laryngeal lesions. With the inclusion of lasers, they can be more precisely operated. As such, the standard treatment of choice in all types of benign tumors of the larynx should consist of a triad of approach by microlaryngeal surgery (either microscopic or endoscopic, with or without use of lasers), voice rest and vocal rehabilitation.
Direct numerical simulation of the turbulent flow in a baffled tank driven by a Rushton turbine
Authors: Gillissen J. J. J. , Van den Akker H. E. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe present a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the turbulent flow in a baffled tank driven by by a Rushton turbine. The DNS is compared to a Large Eddy Simulation (LES), a Reynolds Averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) simulation, Laser Doppler Velocimetry data, and Particle Image Velocimetry data from the literature. By Reynolds averaging the DNS‐data, we validate the turbulent viscosity hypothesis by demonstrating strong alignment between the Reynolds stress and the mean strain rate. Although the turbulent viscosity νT in the DNS is larger than in the RANS simulation, the turbulent viscosity parameter Cμ = νTϵ/k2, is an order of magnitude smaller than the standard 0.09 value of the k‐ϵ model. By filtering the DNS‐data, we show that the Smagorinsky constant CS is uniformly distributed over the tank with CS ≈ 0.1. Consequently, the dynamic Smagorisnky model does not improve the accuracy of the LES. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Optimum design of reverse osmosis systems for hydrogen peroxide ultrapurification
Authors: Abejón Ricardo , Garea Aurora , Irabien Angel 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis work is focused on the optimization of a reverse osmosis network proposed for the ultrapurification of chemicals, from technical grade to semiconductor grades demanded in electronic applications that require the use of high‐purity wet chemicals in the semiconductor manufacturing, as it is the case of hydrogen peroxide that is commonly used in the wafer cleaning and surface conditioning processes. An industrial installation able to produce simultaneously the five different Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International Grades of hydrogen peroxide is represented by a simplified superstructure configuration formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. The network integrates reverse osmosis membrane modules, mixers, and split functions, defined by the equations of mass balances and the Kedem–Katchalsky transport model for the description of the permeate flux and the metal rejection coefficients at each membrane stage. The objective of the design is to maximize the daily profit obtained from the sale of the electronic grades of hydrogen peroxide produced by the ultrapurification system. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Sequence of treatments for adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: George James N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractManagement of adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) has changed dramatically in the past 10 years. New regimens of corticosteroids for first‐line treatment have been introduced and are currently being evaluated in a randomized clinical trial. Many patients may not have durable remissions with initial corticosteroid regimens and may require additional, second‐line, treatment. For these patients, rituximab has been increasingly used, as it has for other autoimmune disorders, and new thrombopoietin (TPO)‐receptor agonists have been developed. Although splenectomy was the first effective and remains the most effective treatment for ITP, inducing durable complete remissions in 66% of patients, rituximab and TPO‐receptor agonists are now additional options for second‐line treatment. For patients who continue to have severe and symptomatic thrombocytopenia following failure of multiple treatments, including splenectomy and rituximab, the TPO‐receptor agonists are effective as third‐line treatment for maintaining safe platelets counts to prevent bleeding symptoms in most patients. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Techno‐economic assessment of the production of bio‐based chemicals from glutamic acid
Authors: Lammens Tijs M. , Gangarapu Satesh , Franssen Maurice C.R. , Scott Elinor L. , Sanders Johan P.M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this review, possible process steps for the production of bio‐based industrial chemicals from glutamic acid are described, including a techno‐economic assessment of all processes. The products under investigation were those that were shown to be synthesized from glutamic acid on lab‐scale, namely N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP), N‐vinylpyrrolidone (NVP), succinonitrile, and acrylonitrile. The goal was not only to assess the economic feasibility at this stage, but mainly to discover where is the most potential for improvements in these processes, in order to direct future research. The techno‐economic assessment leads to the conclusion that the production of NMP and NVP is the most feasible both in terms of technology and economy. Bio‐based acrylonitrile and succinonitrile do not seem very profitable under the current process configurations. Especially the acrylonitrile process shows very high costs in relation to the possible gains. Further optimization is necessary, but a clear direction where the optimization should be aimed could be derived from the assessment, and was provided in the discussion of the processes. The main point to optimize was the reaction of glutamic acid with sodium hypochlorite, a bottleneck in both the acrylonitrile and the succinonitrile process. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Risk of neurological diseases among survivors of electric shocks: A nationwide cohort study, Denmark, 1968–2008
Authors: Grell Kathrine , Meersohn Andrea , Schüz Joachim , Johansen Christoffer 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSeveral studies suggest a link between electric injuries and neurological diseases, where electric shocks may explain elevated risks for neuronal degeneration and, subsequently, neurological diseases. We conducted a retrospective cohort study on the risk of neurological diseases among people in Denmark who had survived an electric accident in 1968–2008. The cohort included 3,133 people and occurrences of neurological diseases were determined by linkage to the nationwide population‐based Danish National Register of Patients. The numbers of cases observed at first hospital contact in the cohort were compared with the respective rates of first hospital contacts for neurological diseases in the general population. We observed significantly increased risks for peripheral nerve diseases (standardized hospitalization ratio (SHR), 1.66; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.22–2.22), for migraine (SHR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.23–2.54), for vertigo (SHR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.22–2.05), and for epilepsy (SHR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.11–1.85). Only small numbers of cases of other neurological diseases were found, making the risk estimates unstable. These findings suggest an association between a single electric shock and increased risks for peripheral nerve diseases, migraines, vertigo, and epilepsy, but confirmation of these observations is needed. Bioelectromagnetics 33:459–465, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dy3+and Mn2+ emission in fluoride‐ and chloride‐based Na3(SO4)X (X = F or Cl) phosphors
Authors: Gedam S. C. , Dhoble S. J. , Moharil S. V. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn the present study, Na3(SO4)X (X = F or Cl) halosulphate phosphors have been synthesized by the solid‐state diffusion method. The phase formation of the compounds Na3(SO4)F and Na3(SO4)Cl were confirmed by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurement. Photoluminescence (PL) excitation spectrum measurement of Na3(SO4)F:Ce3+ and Na3(SO4)Cl:Ce3+ shows this phosphor can be efficiently excited by near‐ultraviolet (UV) light and presents a dominant luminescence band centred at 341 nm for Ce3+, which is responsible for energy transfer to Dy3+and Mn2+ ions. The efficient Ce3+ → Dy3+ energy transfer in Na3(SO4)F and Na3(SO4)Cl under UV wavelength was observed due to 4 F9/2 to 6H15/2 and 6H13/2 level, while Ce3+ → Mn2+ was observed due to 4 T1 state to 6A1. The purpose of the present study is to develop and understanding the photoluminescence properties of Ce3+‐, Dy3+‐ and Mn2+‐doped fluoride and chloride Na3(SO4)X (X = F or Cl) luminescent material, which can be the efficient phosphors in many applications, such as scintillation applications, TL dosimetry and the lamp industry, etc. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of eleutheroside B metabolites derived from an extract of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms by high‐resolution liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and automated data analysis
Authors: Lu Fang , Sun Qiang , Bai Yun , Bao Shunru , Li Xuzhao , Yan Guangli , Liu Shumin 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTWe elucidated the structure and metabolite profile of eleutheroside B, a component derived from the extract of Acanthopanax senticosus Harms, after oral administration of the extract in rats. Samples of rat plasma were collected and analyzed by selective high‐resolution liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q‐TOF MS) automated data analysis method. A total of 11 metabolites were detected: four were identified, and three of those four are reported for the first time here. The three new plasma metabolites were identified on the basis of mass fragmentation patterns and literature reports. The major in vivo metabolic processes associated with eleutheroside B in A. senticosus include demethylation, acetylation, oxidation and glucuronidation after deglycosylation. A fairly comprehensive metabolic pathway was proposed for eleutheroside B. Our results provide a meaningful basis for drug discovery, design and clinical applications related to A. senticosus in traditional Chinese medicine. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of nemonoxacin (TG‐873870), a novel nonfluorinated quinolone, in human plasma and urine and its application to a single‐dose pharmacokinetic study in healthy Chinese volunteers
Authors: Guo Beining , Zhang Jing , Yu Jicheng , Wu Xiaojie , Shi Yaoguo , Tsai Cheng‐Yuan 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTNemonoxacin (TG‐873870) is a novel C‐8‐methoxy nonfluorinated quinolone with higher activity than ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin against Gram‐positive pathogens including methicillin‐susceptible or methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae with various resistant phenotypes. A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric (LC‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated to determine the concentration of nemonoxacin in human plasma and urine. Protein precipitation and liquid–liquid extraction were employed for plasma and urine sample preparations, respectively, and extract was then injected into the system. Separation was performed on a C18 reversed‐phase column using acetonitrile–0.1% formic acid as a mobile phase. Both analyte and internal standard (gatifloxacin) were determined using electrospray ionization and the MS data acquisition via the selected reaction monitoring in positive‐ion mode. The lower limit of quantification was 5 ng/mL and the calibration curves were linear in the concentration range of 5–1000 ng/mL. The accuracy, precision, selectivity, linearity, recovery, matrix effect and stability were validated for TG‐873870 in human plasma and urine. The method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study enrolling 12 healthy Chinese volunteers administered nemonoxacin malate capsules. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Buffered Aluminum Chloride as a Highly Efficient Cocatalyst for Olefin Dimerization and Polymerization
Authors: Dötterl Matthias , Alt Helmut G. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA binary cocatalyst system based on simple aluminum chloride and weak Lewis bases such as triphenylbismuth or N‐methylpyrrole has been developed. A donor–acceptor interaction kept aluminum chloride dissolved in toluene or methylene chloride. The systems were investigated by use of 27Al NMR spectroscopy and were used as cocatalysts in nickel‐catalyzed dimerization and polymerization reactions of α‐olefins. Their Lewis acidities correlated to the line width of the 27Al NMR signals and were influenced by the solvent and the type and amount of buffer. For propene dimerization reactions, dimer selectivities of up to 95 % were achieved. Ethene was dimerized to give butenes (up to 92 %), of which 79 % were 1‐butene. With a Brookhart‐type nickel diimine complex, ethene was polymerized with a cocatalyst solely based on aluminum chloride. Up to 38 wt % of the reaction products were polyethylene with a typical molecular weight of 140 kg mol−1. The donor–acceptor interactions of triphenylbismuth and N‐methylpyrrole with aluminum chloride were successfully transferred to Lewis acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquids. Ethene was polymerized with a nickel diimine complex dissolved in buffered chloroaluminate ionic liquids in the absence of alkylaluminum groups.
Chemistry of Cobalt(II) Confined in the Pores of Ordered Silica Monoliths: From the Formation of the Monolith to the CoFe Prussian Blue Analogue Nanocomposite
Authors: Aouadi Merwen , Fornasieri Giulia , Briois Valérie , Durand Pierrick , Bleuzen Anne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRecently we conceived of an original strategy that allows the precipitation of Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) in the ordered pores of silica monoliths to lead to photomagnetic CoFe PBA–silica nanocomposites. To determine the critical parameters and fully control the synthesis of the photoactive CoFe PBA in the pores of the silica matrix, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy was performed at the cobalt K‐edge. This study showed that cobalt cation chemistry is the keystone of the entire process. The local environment and the electronic structure of the cobalt cation undergo several modifications during the formation process: first the incorporation of the cation as an octahedral complex into the ordered block copolymer phase, then the deprotonation by thermohydrolysis to give a fourfold‐coordinated deprotonated lowly condensed species and finally the formation of the 3D coordination network of CoFe PBA in acidic conditions through a rapid reprotonation followed by nucleophilic substitution accompanied by the electronic transfer, thus leading to the photomagnetic CoIII(LS)–FeII(LS) (LS=low spin) pairs.
Efficient Conventional‐ and Inverted‐Type Photovoltaic Cells Using a Planar Alternating Polythiophene Copolymer
Authors: Lee Wonho , Choi Hyosung , Hwang Sungu , Kim Jin Young , Woo Han Young 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA low‐band‐gap alternating copolymer, poly{5,6‐bis(octyloxy)‐4‐(thiophen‐2‐yl)benzo[c]‐1,2,5‐thiadiazole} (PTBT), was synthesized and investigated for photovoltaic applications. PTBT showed a minimized torsion angle in its main backbone owing to the introduction of solubilizing octyloxy groups on the electron‐poor benzothiadiazole unit, thereby resulting in pronounced intermolecular ordering and a deep level of the HOMO (−5.41 eV). By blending PTBT with [6,6]phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC61BM), highly promising performance was achieved with power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 5.9 and 5.3 % for the conventional and inverted devices, respectively, under air mass 1.5 global (AM 1.5G, 100 mW cm−2) illumination. The open‐circuit voltage (VOC≈0.85–0.87 V) is one of the highest values reported thus far for thiophene‐based polymers (e.g., poly(3‐hexylthiophene) VOC≈0.6 V). The inverted device also achieved a remarkable PCE compared to other devices based on low‐band‐gap polymers. Ideal film morphology with bicontinuous percolation pathways was expected from the atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, space‐charge‐limited current (SCLC) mobility, and selected‐area electron‐diffraction (SAED) measurements. This molecular design strategy is useful for achieving simple, processable, and planar donor–acceptor (D–A)‐type low‐band‐gap polymers with a deep HOMO for applications in photovoltaic cells.
Chiral cinchona alkaloid‐derived thiourea catalyst for enantioselective synthesis of novel β‐amino esters by mannich reaction
Authors: Li Weihua , Song Baoan , Bhadury Pinaki S. , Li Liang , Wang Zhenchao , Zhang Xiaoyan , Hu Deyu , Chen Zhuo , Zhang Yuping , Bai Song , Wu Jian , Yang Song 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA cinchona alkaloid‐derived thiourea catalyst has been designed to access new asymmetric β‐amino esters bearing benzothiazole moiety by utilizing a Mannich reaction between an imine and a malonate. A simultaneous activation of the two imine functionalities and malonate by the bifunctional chiral organocatalyst is proposed to account for the good yields (71–91%) and high enantiomeric excess (89.4–98.5%) under mild conditions. Chirality © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.