bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral health coordinators in long‐term care—a pilot study
Authors: Pronych Gilda J. , Brown Elizabeth J. , Horsch Karen , Mercer Karen 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTThis pilot project tested a curricular and systems approach to improving the oral health care of nursing home residents in three facilities in New Hampshire. An oral health coordinator (OHC) was appointed in each facility to act as a liaison between nursing and dental staff, provide resources for nursing assistants, and ensure staff delivery of residents’ daily oral care. During the study, residents’ oral health status was assessed at four intervals and ongoing training was provided to nursing staff. At the conclusion of the pilot study, an evaluation of the results indicated an improvement in oral hygiene in all facilities. The role of the OHC showed promise when that person was active in holding nursing staff accountable for daily oral care of the residents.
Recognising the necessity for Indo‐Pacific seagrass conservation
Authors: Unsworth Richard K.F. , Cullen Leanne C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSeagrass meadows are declining globally at an unprecedented rate, yet these valuable ecosystem service providers remain marginalized within many conservation agendas. In the Indo‐Pacific, this is principally because marine conservation priorities do not recognize the economic and ecological value of the goods and services that seagrasses provide. Dependency on coastal marine resources in the Indo‐Pacific for daily protein needs is high relative to other regions and has been found in some places to be up to 100%. Habitat loss therefore may have negative consequences for food security in the region. Whether seagrass resources comprise an important contribution to this dependency remains largely untested. Here, we assemble information sources from throughout the Indo‐Pacific region that discuss shallow water fisheries, and examine the role of seagrass meadows in supporting production, both directly, and indirectly through process of habitat connectivity (e.g., nursery function and foraging areas). We find information to support the premise that seagrass meadows are important for fisheries production. They are important fishery areas, and they support the productivity and biodiversity of coral reefs. We argue the value of a different paradigm to the current consensus on marine conservation priorities within the Indo‐Pacific that places seagrass conservation as a priority.
pfmdr1
Amplification and Fixation of
pfcrt
Chloroquine Resistance Alleles in
Plasmodium falciparum
in Venezuela
Authors: Griffing Sean , Syphard Luke , Sridaran Sankar , McCollum Andrea M. , Mixson-Hayden Tonya , Vinayak Sumiti , Villegas Leopoldo , Barnwell John W. , Escalante Ananias A. , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT

Molecular tools are valuable for determining evolutionary history and the prevalence of drug-resistant malaria parasites. These tools have helped to predict decreased sensitivity to antimalarials and fixation of multidrug resistance genotypes in some regions. In order to assess how historical drug policies impacted
Plasmodium falciparum
in Venezuela, we examined molecular changes in genes associated with drug resistance. We examined
pfmdr1
and
pfcrt
in samples from Sifontes, Venezuela, and integrated our findings with earlier work describing
dhfr
and
dhps
in these samples. We characterized
pfmdr1
genotypes and copy number variation,
pfcrt
genotypes, and proximal microsatellites in 93 samples originating from surveillance from 2003 to 2004. Multicopy
pfmdr1
was found in 12% of the samples. Two
pfmdr1
alleles, Y184
F
/N1042
D
/D1246
Y
(37%) and Y184
F
/S1034
C
/N1042
D
/D1246
Y
(63%), were found. These alleles share ancestry, and no evidence of strong selective pressure on mutations was found.
pfcrt
chloroquine resistance alleles are fixed with two alleles:
S
tct
VMN
T
(91%) and
S
agt
VMN
T
(9%). These alleles are associated with strong selection. There was also an association between
pfcrt
,
pfmdr1
,
dhfr
, and
dhps
genotypes/haplotypes. Duplication of
pfmdr1
suggests a potential shift in mefloquine sensitivity in this region, which warrants further study. A bottleneck occurred in
P. falciparum
in Sifontes, Venezuela, and multidrug resistance genotypes are present. This population could be targeted for malaria elimination programs to prevent the possible spread of multidrug-resistant parasites.
Cutaneous Model of Invasive Aspergillosis
Authors: Ben-Ami Ronen , Lewis Russell E. , Leventakos Konstantinos , Latgé Jean-Paul , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT

Cutaneous models have proven useful in studies of the pathogenesis and treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections. Because cutaneous invasive aspergillosis (IA) occurs in the clinical setting, we sought to develop a nonlethal murine cutaneous model of IA. We induced cutaneous IA in cyclophosphamide-treated nude BALB/c mice by subcutaneous injection of
Aspergillus fumigatus
conidia. Skin lesion areas correlated well with tissue fungal burdens, allowing dynamic visual monitoring of cutaneous infections. The cutaneous model accurately reflected alterations in
A. fumigatus
pathogenicity resulting from deletions of recognized virulence genes (
pabaA
,
sidA
, and
pksP
). Moreover, analysis of the roles of conidial and mycelial catalases revealed that the former is required for the initiation of cutaneous aspergillosis, whereas the latter contributes to its propagation. Finally, posaconazole treatment reduced skin lesion areas relative to those of untreated and fluconazole-treated controls. This novel cutaneous model system should be applicable to comparative studies of the pathogenesis, treatment, and tissue specificity of IA.
In Vitro
Fungicidal Activities of Echinocandins against
Candida metapsilosis
,
C. orthopsilosis
, and
C. parapsilosis
Evaluated by Time-Kill Studies
Authors: Cantón Emilia , Espinel-Ingroff Ana , Pemán Javier , del Castillo Lucas 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT

Anidulafungin, micafungin, and caspofungin
in vitro
activities against
Candida metapsilosis
,
C. orthopsilosis
, and
C. parapsilosis
were evaluated by MICs and time-kill methods. All echinocandins showed lower MICs (mean MICs, 0.05 to 0.71 mg/liter) and the highest killing rates (−0.06 to −0.05 CFU/ml/h) for
C. metapsilosis
and
C. orthopsilosis
rather than for
C. parapsilosis
(mean MICs, 0.59 to 1.68 mg/liter). Micafungin and anidulafungin killing rates were greater than those determined for caspofungin. None of the echinocandins had fungicidal activity against
C. parapsilosis
.
PER-6, an Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase from
Aeromonas allosaccharophila
Authors: Girlich Delphine , Poirel Laurent , Nordmann Patrice 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT

An
Aeromonas allosaccharophila
environmental isolate recovered from the Seine River (Paris, France) produced a novel extended-spectrum β-lactamase, PER-6, that shared 92% amino acid identity with the closest ß-lactamase, PER-2. The kinetic properties of PER-6 showed a slightly increased affinity for carbapenems. The
bla
PER-6
gene was chromosomally located and bracketed by non-transposon-related structures.
Inflammatory Monocytes but Not Neutrophils Are Necessary To Control Infection withToxoplasma gondiiin Mice
Authors: Dunay Ildiko R. , Fuchs Anja , Sibley L. David 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have suggested that both inflammatory monocytes and neutrophils are important for controlling acute toxoplasmosis in the mouse model. To test the role of these cell types, we used monoclonal antibody (MAb) RB6-8C5 to deplete both subsets of cells or MAb 1A8 to selectively remove neutrophils. RB6-8C5 MAb-treated mice succumbed to oral infection withToxoplasma gondii, similar to Ccr2−/−mice, which are deficient in monocyte recruitment but have normal neutrophils. In contrast, mice treated with MAb 1A8 controlled parasite replication and survived acute infection. Ccr2−/−mice suffered from acute ileitis and inflammation in the spleen that was associated with a lack of inflammatory monocytes and elevated numbers of neutrophils. RB6-8C5 MAb-treated C57BL/6 mice also suffered from intestinal pathology and splenic damage, although this was less extensive due to the reduced numbers of neutrophils. Neutrophil-depleted infected wild-type mice displayed no pathological changes, compared to untreated infected controls. Collectively, these observations demonstrate the critical role of inflammatory monocytes during the acute infection with the parasiteT. gondiiand reveal that neutrophils are not protective but rather contribute to the pathology.
Molecular Cloning, Biochemical Characterization, and Partial Protective Immunity of the Heme-Binding GlutathioneS-Transferases from the Human HookwormNecator americanus
Authors: Zhan Bin , Perally Samirah , Brophy Peter M. , Xue Jian , Goud Gaddam , Liu Sen , Deumic Vehid , de Oliveira Luciana M. , Bethony Jeffrey , Bottazzi Maria Elena , Jiang Desheng , Gillespie Portia , Xiao Shu-hua , Gupta Richi , Loukas Alex , Ranjit Najju , Lustigman Sara , Oksov Yelena , Hotez Peter 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTHookworm glutathioneS-transferases (GSTs) are critical for parasite blood feeding and survival and represent potential targets for vaccination. Three cDNAs, each encoding a full-length GST protein from the human hookwormNecator americanus(and designatedNa-GST-1,Na-GST-2, andNa-GST-3, respectively) were isolated from cDNA based on their sequence similarity toAc-GST-1, a GST from the dog hookwormAncylostoma caninum. The open reading frames of the threeN. americanusGSTs each contain 206 amino acids with 51% to 69% sequence identity between each other andAc-GST-1. Sequence alignment with GSTs from other organisms shows that the threeNa-GSTs belong to a nematode-specific nu-class GST family. All threeNa-GSTs, when expressed inPichia pastoris, exhibited low lipid peroxidase and glutathione-conjugating enzymatic activities but high heme-binding capacities, and they may be involved in the detoxification and/or transport of heme. In two separate vaccine trials, recombinantNa-GST-1 formulated with Alhydrogel elicited 32 and 39% reductions in adult hookworm burdens (P< 0.05) followingN. americanuslarval challenge relative to the results for a group immunized with Alhydrogel alone. In contrast, no protection was observed in vaccine trials withNa-GST-2 orNa-GST-3. On the basis of these and other preclinical data,Na-GST-1 is under possible consideration for further vaccine development.
Functional Characterization of an Extended Binding Component of the Actin-ADP-Ribosylating C2 Toxin Detected in
Clostridium botulinum
Strain (C) 2300
Authors: Sterthoff Charlott , Lang Alexander E. , Schwan Carsten , Tauch Andreas , Aktories Klaus 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT

Clostridium botulinum
C2 toxin consists of the binding component C2II and the enzyme component C2I, which ADP-ribosylates G-actin of eukaryotic cells. Trypsin-activated C2II (C2IIa) forms heptamers that mediate cell binding and translocation of C2I from acidic endosomes into the cytosol of target cells. By genome sequencing of
C. botulinum
strain (C) 2300, we found that C2II from this strain carries a C-terminal extension of 129 amino acids, unlike its homologous counterparts from strains (C) 203U28, (C) 468, and (D) 1873. This extension shows a high similarity to the C-terminal receptor-binding domain of C2II and is presumably the result of a duplication of this domain. The C2II extension facilitates the binding to cell surface receptors, which leads to an increased intoxication efficiency compared to that of C2II proteins from other
C. botulinum
strains.
The K5 Capsule of
Escherichia coli
Strain Nissle 1917 Is Important in Stimulating Expression of Toll-Like Receptor 5, CD14, MyD88, and TRIF Together with the Induction of Interleukin-8 Expression via the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Epithelial Cells
Authors: Hafez Mohamed , Hayes Kelly , Goldrick Marie , Grencis Richard K. , Roberts Ian S. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT

Escherichia coli
strain Nissle 1917, which has been widely used as a probiotic for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disorders, expresses a K5 capsule, the expression of which is often associated with extraintestinal and urinary tract isolates of
E. coli
. Previously, it had been shown that the expression of a K5 capsule by Nissle 1917 was important in mediating interactions with epithelial cells and the extent of chemokine expression. In this paper, we show that infection with Nissle 1917 induces expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and TLR5 in Caco-2 cells and that maximal induction of TLR5 required the K5 capsule. In addition, purified K5 polysaccharide was capable of inducing expression of TLR5 and mCD14 and potentiated the activity of both TLR4 and TLR5 agonists to increase the proinflammatory response. Infection with Nissle 1917 also increased the expression of the adaptor molecules MyD88 and TRIF, which was K5 capsule dependent. By Western blot analysis, it was possible to show that induction of interleukin-8 by Nissle 1917 was predominantly through the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway and that expression of the K5 capsule was important for activation of the MAP kinase pathway. This paper provides new information on the function of the K5 capsule in mediating interactions between Nissle 1917 and epithelial cells and the mechanisms that underlie the probiotic properties of Nissle 1917.
THE MANY FACES OF THE HETEROTIC VORTEX
Authors: BOLOGNESI S. 
Published: February 2010

We address the problem of non-Abelian super-QCD, with a Fayet-Iliopoulos term, as seen from the vortex worldsheet perspective. Together with the FI term ξ, also a mass µ for the adjoint superfield Φ enters into the game. This mass allows the interpolation between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] super-QCD. We distinguish, inside the parameter space spanned by ξ and µ, four different corners where some quantitative statements can be made. We focus on two questions: 1) Is the quantum vortex BPS or non-BPS? 2) What is the phase of the internal non-Abelian moduli? We find that the answer to these questions depends upon the choice of the linear term in the superpotential. We then address the problem of multiple non-Abelian vortices, in the presence of the [Formula: see text] deformation. We show that the tension of the "Abelian" vortex is not affected by the heterotic deformation, and in particular it remains BPS-saturated when µ is also switched on.
THE STANDARD "STATIC" SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC ANSATZ WITH PERFECT FLUID SOURCE REVISITED
Authors: SEMİZ İBRAHİM 
Published: February 2010

Considering the standard "static" spherically symmetric ansatz ds2 = −B(r) dt2 + A(r) dr2 + r2 dΩ2 for Einstein's equations with perfect fluid source, we ask how we can interpret solutions where A(r)andB(r) are not positive, as they must be for the static matter source interpretation to be valid. Noting that the requirement of Lorentzian signature implies A(r) B(r) > 0, we find two possible interpretations: (i) The nonzero component of the source four-velocity does not have to be u0. This provides a connection from the above ansatz to the Kantowski–Sachs (KS) space–times. (ii) Regions with negative A(r) and B(r) of "static" solutions in the literature must be interpreted corresponding to the tachyonic source. The combinations of source type and four-velocity direction result in four possible cases. One is the standard case, one is identical to the KS case, and two are tachyonic. The dynamic tachyonic case was anticipated in the literature, but the static tachyonic case seems to be new. We derive Oppenheimer–Volkoff-like equations for each case, and find some simple solutions. We conclude that new "simple" black hole solutions of the above form, supported by a perfect fluid, do not exist.
Visual research, evaluation and assessment in the age of computer graphics
Authors: Westman Hans 
Published: February 2010

Often, I get some of my best ideas in the morning, when it's quiet, closing my eyes and envisioning my thoughts. By the time I've had my coffee and ready to walk out the door, they may not be as apparent, if at all. If I were hardwired to a computer, my thoughts could be reviewed and analyzed, adding an additional dimension to assessing their applicable value.
Though it may not be currently possible to store and retrieve actual thoughts from a hard drive, content that is stored and retrievable is derived through a conscious thought process. Computer graphics applications allow for a visual analysis of the data for use in multiple areas. This issue takes up four.
Existence of Solutions and Algorithm for a System of Variational Inequalities
Authors: Zhao Yali , Xia Zunquan , Pang Liping , Zhang Liwei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe obtain some existence results for a system of variational inequalities (for short, denoted by SVI) by Brouwer fixed point theorem. We also establish the existence and uniqueness theorem using the projection technique for the SVI and suggest an iterative algorithm and analysis convergence of the algorithm.
Demiclosed Principle for Asymptotically Nonexpansive Mappings in CAT(0) Spaces
Authors: Nanjaras B , Panyanak B 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe prove the demiclosed principle for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in CAT(0) spaces. As a consequence, we obtain a "Equation missing"-convergence theorem of the Krasnosel'skii-Mann iteration for asymptotically nonexpansive mappings in this setting. Our results extend and improve many results in the literature.
An Iterative Algorithm for Mixed Equilibrium Problems and Variational Inclusions Approach to Variational Inequalities
Authors: Liou Yeong-Cheng 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe present an iterative algorithm for finding a common element "Equation missing" of the set of solutions of a mixed equilibrium problem and the set of a variational inclusion in a real Hilbert space. Furthermore, we prove that the proposed iterative algorithms strongly converge to "Equation missing" which solves some variational inequality.
Hybrid Steepest-Descent Methods for Solving Variational Inequalities Governed by Boundedly Lipschitzian and Strongly Monotone Operators
Authors: He Songnian , Liang Xiao-Lan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractLet "Equation missing" be a real Hilbert space and let "Equation missing" be a boundedly Lipschitzian and strongly monotone operator. We design three hybrid steepest descent algorithms for solving variational inequality "Equation missing" of finding a point "Equation missing" such that "Equation missing", for all "Equation missing", where "Equation missing" is the set of fixed points of a strict pseudocontraction, or the set of common fixed points of finite strict pseudocontractions. Strong convergence of the algorithms is proved.
Tumor Detection by Imaging Proteolytic Activity
Authors: Darragh Molly R. , Schneider Eric L. , Lou Jianlong , Phojanakong Paul J. , Farady Christopher J. , Marks James D. , Hann Byron C. , Craik Charles S. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The cell surface protease membrane-type serine protease-1 (MT-SP1), also known as matriptase, is often upregulated in epithelial cancers. We hypothesized that dysregulation of MT-SP1 with regard to its cognate inhibitor hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (HAI-1), a situation that increases proteolytic activity, might be exploited for imaging purposes to differentiate malignant from normal tissue. In this study, we show that MT-SP1 is active on cancer cells and that its activity may be targeted in vivo for tumor detection. A proteolytic activity assay with several MT-SP1–positive human cancer cell lines showed that MT-SP1 antibodies that inhibit recombinant enzyme activity in vitro also bind and inhibit the full-length enzyme expressed on cells. In contrast, in the same assay, MT-SP1–negative cancer cell lines were inactive. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the cell surface localization of labeled antibodies bound to MT-SP1–positive cells. To evaluate in vivo targeting capability, 0.7 to 2 nmoles of fluorescently labeled antibodies were administered to mice bearing tumors that were positive or negative for MT-SP1. Antibodies localized to MT-SP1–positive tumors (n = 3), permitting visualization of MT-SP1 activity, whereas MT-SP1–negative tumors (n = 2) were not visualized. Our findings define MT-SP1 activity as a useful biomarker to visualize epithelial cancers using a noninvasive antibody-based method. Cancer Res; 70(4); 1505–12
Polo-like Kinase 1 (Plk1) as a Novel Drug Target in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: Overriding Imatinib Resistance with the Plk1 Inhibitor BI 2536
Authors: Gleixner Karoline V. , Ferenc Veronika , Peter Barbara , Gruze Alexander , Meyer Renata A. , Hadzijusufovic Emir , Cerny-Reiterer Sabine , Mayerhofer Matthias , Pickl Winfried F. , Sillaber Christian , Valent Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In most patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the disease can be kept under control using the BCR/ABL kinase inhibitor imatinib. Nevertheless, resistance or intolerance to imatinib and other BCR/ABL inhibitors may occur during therapy. Therefore, CML research is focusing on novel targets and targeted drugs. Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is a serine/threonine kinase that plays an essential role in mitosis. In this study, we examined the expression of Plk1 in CML cells and its potential role as a therapeutic target. Plk1 was found to be expressed in phosphorylated form in the CML cell line K562 as well as in primary CML cells in all patients tested. Inhibition of BCR/ABL by imatinib or nilotinib (AMN107) led to decreased expression of the Plk1 protein in CML cells, suggesting that BCR/ABL promotes Plk1 generation. Silencing of Plk1 in CML cells by a small interfering RNA approach was followed by cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, the Plk1-targeting drug BI 2536 was found to inhibit proliferation of imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant CML cells, including leukemic cells, carrying the T315 mutation of BCR/ABL with reasonable IC50 values (1–50 nmol/L). The growth-inhibitory effects of BI 2536 on CML cells were found to be associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Moreover, BI 2536 was found to synergize with imatinib and nilotinib in producing growth inhibition in CML cells. In conclusion, Plk1 is expressed in CML cells and may represent a novel, interesting target in imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant CML. Cancer Res; 70(4); 1513–23