bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'épave du caboteur de Culip VI (Catalogne, Espagne)
Authors: Rieth Eric 
Published: February 2011

The Culip VI wreck, lying at less than 10 m. deep in the creek of Culip located close to the Creus cap (Catatonia, Spain) was excavated in 1990 under Javier Nieto generai responsability. The excavation ofthe remains ofthe hull and their study was our responsability.
The Culip VI wreck, of which only 11m of the bottom of the hull is preserved, is dated (ceramics) at the beginning of the XlVh century. This wreck is that of a coaster (restored measurements : 16,35 m long from end to end, 4,11 m wide at the midship frante, 1,94 m of depth of hold; estimated tonnage at around 40 tons) whose structure has the architectural characteristics of Mediterranean skeleton tradition. The analysis of the surmarks and numerals engraved in the wood of the floor-timbers show that these «signs» reveal a controlied modification of the floor-timber moulds by reducing the length of the flat and increasing of the rising of the floor-timbers in relation to the so-called master mould and rising square method.
The most ancient wntten sources on this method ο f design enabling a large part of the frames to be predetermined date back to the XVth century and refer only to the aera of Venice and its arsenal. The wreck ofthe Culip VI coaster, probably of Catalan origin, dated at the beginning of the XIVh century, enables a new historical reading ο f this design method of the bottom of ships in the Mediterranean region.
The morticed frames of XVIth century Atlantic ships and the «madeiras da conta» of Renaissance texts
Authors: Loewen Brad 
Published: February 2011

Une particularité des épaves de provenance ibérique au XVIe s. est la présence d'une série de varangues et de genoux autour du maître-couple qui sont liés par des mortaises à queue d'aronde. Dans le cas du navire de Red Bay, les couples mortaises s'opposent à la plupart des couples dont les membres ne sont pas attachés l'un à l'autre et qui sont ainsi appelés «membres flottants». Les couples mortaises ont souvent été comparés aux membres gabariés figurant sous le nom de « maderos de cuenta » ou « madeiras da conta » dans les manuscrits ibériques de l'époque.
Dans le cadre de l'analyse du navire de Red Bay, la correspondance entre les couples mortaises et les «maderas de cuenta» a été remise en question. Les manuscrits nous fournissent le nombre, la distribution et la forme des membres gabariés avec une variabilité parfois surprenante mais dont la distribution est toujours équilibrée vers l'avant et vers l'arrière du maître-couple. Ce qui est clair, c'est que parmi les six manuscrits principaux, il n'y en a qu'un seul qui mentionne les mortaises en tant que particularité des membres gabariés. Cependant la confrontation de données de Red Bay avec les manuscrits révèle les correspondances entre les couples mortaises et les « maderas de cuenta ».
Les résultats des fouilles archéologiques contredisent pourtant les documents écrits en suggérant une distribution inégale des couples mortaises devant et derrière le maître. Nous avons étudié cinq épaves et constaté que les couples mortaises sont nettement plus nombreux vers l'arrière que vers l'avant. Le fait que les constructeurs aient choisi un couple précis pour ne plus joindre rigidement varangue et genoux pourrait-il indiquer le point de départ d'une modification plus sophistiquée de la forme des couples, tel que le trébuchet, le «cancomo» ou encore l'« astilla muerta » ?
La conception des formes de carène sur les galères de la fin du XVIIe siècle
Authors: Daeffler Michel 
Published: February 2011

Mediterranean shipbuilding is mostly known due to archaeological data a large part of which consist in wrecks of ancient sailing merchant ships. Galleys are practically never encontered in underwater excavations, which oblige us to utilise written records and iconographical data.
No plan of a 17th century galley has been discovered to this day because shipbuilding emerged from a non-graphic culture in which other existing methods enabled the form of the lower part of a hull to be designed. The first galley plans appeared in France around the 1730s on the impulse of shipbuilders such as Reynoir the younger. When the shipbuilder proceeded by trial and error it was on paper and not on the building site. Thanks to the graphic documents, the builder preserved and exploited the experience gained dunng his career and that ofhis predecessors.
The methods used in the 17th century by the galley builders, the direct heritage of the medieval period, were very different from those used in the 18th century. The carpenters used «technical formulas », obtained empirically, to define all the dimensions and draw theform ofthe lower part of the hulls.
The builders used moulas and rising squares, kinds of model for the frame, as well as ribbands. The latter are wooden rods fixed longitudinally onto the hull after the central ribs have been placed. They enable the builder to draw the frame of the ends by means of appropriate measurements. The ribs of the central part are drawn with the help of moulds and rising squares taken from the tracing ofthe midship frame. The evolution of the forms of the lower part of the hull is obtained by moving these moulds and rising squares around over each other. The ribs of the hull's aft extremity are made by associating the ribbands and moulds, moving them to give the shape of the frame. The form of the ribs ofthe hull's fore part is solely defìned by a network of ribbands.
Experience and good judgement play a determining role especially for the shaping of the fore and aft parts, the pronounced sharp bottom of the extremities is not conducive to the sole use of moulds.
Structures and vessels for transport in early Swedish iron production.
Authors: Cederlund Carl Olof 
Published: February 2011

Des bateaux à voile construits à clin, naviguant dans les eaux intérieures, ont servi longtemps en Suède au transport de marchandises souvent très lourdes: fer et minerai de fer, pour ne citer que les plus importantes. Ces navires peuvent être comparés et même reliés à certains bateaux à quille américains. Il semble qu'il ait existé un type de navire nordique/suédois et qu'il ait été transféré vers les états de la côte est de l'Amérique. Certaines sources démontrent, en outre, l'existence d'une continuité ethnique due à l'émigration suédoise, ainsi qu'une même utilisation de ce type de navire en Amérique du Nord et en Suède.
Cet article expose les résultats préliminaires et les informations dont nous disposons à ce sujet avec des représentations, notamment, de différents navires suédois présentant les caractéristiques citées précédemment afin qu'ils puissent être comparés avec les bateaux à quille américains.
History and design research on Eastern American mountain boats
Authors: Newell Mark M. 
Published: February 2011

Cet article présente en détail un type précis d'embarcations utilisées pour le transport du coton et du tabac sur le cours supérieur de la rivière Savannah, qui marque la frontière entre la Géorgie et la Caroline du Sud. L'historique de l'utilisation de ces bateaux dans les régions montagneuses de la côte est accompagné de commentaires sur la conception supposée du modèle. Un compte rendu de reconstruction est proposé après étude d'un exemplaire local.
Les recherches qui portent en Caroline du Sud sur ce type de petites embarcations ont permis, depuis 1983, d'identifier ce bateau caractéristique de la zone montagneuse de la côte est, comme l'une des deux embarcations historiquement connues dans la région, et ce, en dépit de l'absence apparente de témoignage archéologique. Ce fait a conduit l'auteur à les choisir de préférence, pour un essai de reconstruction, grandeur nature.
A pre-history of the dry-dock
Authors: Barker Richard 
Published: February 2011

Au sens moderne et large du terme, le «dry-dock», ou cale sèche, fait partie du processus d'exploitation des navires depuis environ cinq cents ans mais les origines du terme plus général « dock » se perdent dans la nuit des temps. Ce mot, cependant, a déjà une existence historique bien avant que l'on puisse savoir ce qu'il recouvre concrètement. Les premières indications concrètes notables dont nous disposons à ce sujet et qui concernent le « dock » de Portsmouth en 1495-97 ne permettent pas encore de reconstituer une description convaincante de sa forme; il s'agissait indubitablement d'un «dry-dock» mais nous ne pouvons même pas être certain qu'il s'agisse bien du premier qui ait existé, ni en quoi il se distinguait des structures antérieures. Il n'existe pas d'indices archéologiques, au sens restrictif du terme, à ce sujet, ni de données historiques pour cette époque reculée.
Le point crucial réside cependant, en un détail critique et curieusement peu compris que l'on remarque pour la première fois à Portsmouth: la forme de la porte. Des éléments plus récents seront utilisés pour démontrer que les descriptions de la porte de 1496 pouvaient concerner un système beaucoup plus sophistiqué que ne le suggère Oppenheim dans ses publications de 18961. Il est vrai également que, bien plus tard, les «dry-docks » réalisés principalement en bois pouvaient être des structures remarquablement simples pour des navires assez gros et, qu'à partir de ce modèle, on peut concevoir que certains «docks» médiévaux ont pu être structuralement assez élaborés sans trop s'éloigner de la description d'un «hedge».
Les tourbières irlandaises à l'ordre du jour : essai de mise au point
Authors: Reffay Annie 
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉ
Beaucoup d'études récentes concernent les tourbières d'Irlande qu'une exploitation mécanisée menace de disparition. Elles en affinent la classification, en retirent de nouvelles données paléochronologiques fondées sur la téphrochronologie et l'archéologie et inclinent en faveur de l'origine naturelle de ces milieux humides. Elles tendent à considérer l'érosion des tourbières-couverture comme un processus naturel, mais n'écartent pas son accélération sous l'effet d'actions anthropiques. Elles envisagent les délicats problèmes, juridiques, financiers et techniques soulevés par leur conservation.
La Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines de Caen: des perspectives nouvelles pour les géographes
Authors: Herin Robert 
Published: February 2011

The Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines of Caen receive research groups of human, economic, social and juridical sciences from university of Caen and CNRS.
It is a research center with a high scientific level and opens new views for geographers and region of Low Normandy.
Virological Characterization of Patients Failing Darunavir/Ritonavir or Lopinavir/Ritonavir Treatment in the Artemis Study: 96-Week Analysis
Authors: Lathouwers Erkki , De Meyer Sandra , Dierynck Inge , Van de Casteele Tom , Lavreys Ludo , de Béthune Marie-Pierre , Picchio Gaston 
Published: February 2011

Background In the Phase III ARTEMIS Trial, treatment-naive patients received once-daily darunavir/ritonavir (DRV/r) 800/100 mg ( n=343) or lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) 800/200 mg (total daily dose; n=346) plus fixed-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine. The primary outcome measure was non-inferiority of DRV/r versus LPV/r (HIV type-1 [HIV-1] RNA<50 copies/ml). Here, a detailed 96-week resistance analysis is presented. Methods Virological failures (VFs) were defined as patients who had lost (rebounders) or who had never achieved (never suppressed) HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml after week 12. Genotypic and phenotypic determinations were performed on plasma samples with HIV-1 RNA≥50 copies/ml. The end point was defined as the last on-treatment visit with available genotype and/or phenotype. Results The VF rate was significantly lower in DRV/r (12%, n=40) versus LPV/r patients (17%, n=59; P=0.0437). Among DRV/r patients, 24 rebounded and 16 were never suppressed, whereas among LPV/r patients, 33 rebounded and 26 were never suppressed. Transient HIV-1 RNA increases (≥50 copies/ml) occurred in 50% ( n=12) DRV/r and 48% ( n=16) LPV/r rebounders; these viral levels returned to undetectable by end point without any changes to the study regimen. No major (primary) protease inhibitor (PI) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) developed in VFs with an available genotype at baseline and end point, and almost all developing minor PI RAMs were polymorphic. At end point, all VFs with available phenotypes at baseline and end point remained susceptible to all PIs, including study PIs. Conclusions The VF rate was lower with DRV/r than LPV/r. The findings of this resistance analysis confirmed the lack of development of major PI RAMs and the preservation of phenotypic susceptibility to all PIs in patients with VF.
Low-Temperature Set as a Measure of State of Vulcanization
Authors: Fielding J. H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In his various patents on vulcanization, Charles Goodyear made several references to the change produced in the low-temperature behavior of rubber. In his earliest patent he stated that vulcanized rubber would not be “injuriously affected by exposure to cold”. The reissues of this patent stated the problem more clearly. “The leading object of my exertions was to render india-rubber capable of resisting the action of heat and cold within the range of atmospheric temperatures…. When compounded with sulfur, by the application of a high degree of artificial heat, I obtained good results, and when compounded with sulfur and the carbonate of lead I obtained the best results.”…. The new product “is water-proof, permanently and highly elastic under all conditions of its use”. Whether Goodyear was referring to the freezing of rubber under tension or under no tension we do not know, but it is probable that he had experienced both effects without distinguishing between them. It is interesting to find now that, one hundred years later, rubber chemists are still looking at this change in low-temperature behavior which he recognized as an effect of vulcanization, and are using the effect as a measure of degree of vulcanization. In recent years the T-50 test has gained considerable popularity as a quantitative measure of the tendency of rubber to freeze under tension. Its popularity is justified, since it can be applied over a broad range of cure and since it measures very precisely a seemingly fundamental property of rubber. It is, however, not the only means of expressing this effect quantitatively. The purpose of the present paper is to demonstrate a simpler method which yields surprisingly precise results, in spite of the fact that none of the usual scientific equipment is used and no measurements other than length measurements are required. Although other papers have approached this subject, none has as yet offered a simple substitute for T-50.
Colloidal Structure of Rubber in Solution. Colloidal Aspects of Vulcanization
Authors: Gehman S. D. , Field J. E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Colloidal changes in solutions of purified rubber due to a vulcanizing system consisting of piperidinium pentamethylenedithiocarbamate, sulfur, and zinc propionate have been followed by means of measurements of the depolarization and intensity of the transversely scattered light and by viscosity measurements. A study was made of the time required for vulcanization of benzene solutions of rubber with the above vulcanizing agents. The temperature coefficient of vulcanization was approximately the same as that for cures of solid stocks. The light scattering results are interpreted as showing that, upon the addition of the vulcanizing agents to the solutions, the colloidal units become larger. The decrease in viscosity is explained as being due to a diminished “interlocking” of the units. In the vulcanization of the solutions, an equilibrium of colloidal processes occurs which results in a constant viscosity for the larger part of the time required for vulcanization, although the light scattering measurements show a continuous change. The magnitude of the light scattering changes indicates that the molecular clusters in the gelled solution are probably not very different from those in the original solution. The viscosity measurements show that the forces between the clusters have been radically strengthened.
Macromolecular Compounds. CCXVI. Determination of the Lattice of Rubber
Authors: Sauter E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In an earlier work a rotating crystal diagram, three different Schiebold-Sauter (rotating goniometer) equatorial diagrams and two different photomicrographs of the same sample of a single crystal were described and shown to be conclusive proof of the single-crystal texture of the sample under examination. If, in their work on the same subject, Meyer and Mark had likewise taken numerous photographs of different kinds, instead of a single photographic film, a comparison of the various photographs would speak for itself. In taking his rotating crystal goniometric photographs, the present author used uniformly thick, frozen small cubes of rubber, the intensities in the reflections of which were the same in all directions. On the contrary, in the photographs of Meyer and Mark, a stretched film of rubber, which reflected considerably less uniformly than did the samples used by the present author, was photographed at rest and therefore without being rotated. Although Meyer and Mark agree to the interference 300, they maintain that this does not explain in any way the appearance of reflection A2.
Application of the Interferometer to the Measurement of Dimensional Changes in Rubber
Authors: Wood Lawrence A. , Bekkedahl Norman , Peters Chauncey G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The interferometer method for the measurement of small dimensional changes is adapted here to measurements on soft rubber. A detailed dsecription is given concerning the preparation of specimens, the apparatus, the procedure and the calculations necessary for the application of this method. Particular emphasis is placed on the measurement of thermal expansivity and the dimensional changes involved in transitions between the different forms of rubber. The lower limit of temperature is set only by the refrigerating liquid, temperatures as low as −185° C. being utilized. The upper limit of temperature is set only by the rubber itself. Results obtained in a study of the expansivity and transitions of “stark” (frozen) rubber are given as an illustration of the application of the method. Other possible applications are the measurement of the swelling of rubber by vapors and the determination of stress-strain relations under compressive loads. The chief limitation of the application of this method to rubber arises from the plastic flow of unvulcanized rubber at elevated temperatures. The method also possesses the inconvenience of requiring continuous observation. Compared with alternative methods of measuring small dimensional changes, the method possesses advantages arising from its high sensitivity, from the small size of the specimens required, from the ease of obtaining temperature equilibrium, from the absence of a confining liquid and from the simplicity of the calculations.
The Heat Conductivity of Rubber
Authors: Frumkin L. S. , Dubinker Yu B. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
1. In rubber technology, the important factor is the heat conductivity of rubber mixtures, which is characterized by the rate of temperature change of the inner layers. 2. The method proposed makes it possible to compare the heat conductivities of rubber mixtures. 3. The heat conductivities of all types of rubber mixtures increase with increase in temperature. 4. Addition of zinc oxide in the usual proportions decreases the heat conductivity of mixtures containing no carbon black; in mixtures containing carbon blacks the addition of zinc oxide increases slightly their heat conductivty. It follows that the addition of zinc oxide for the acceleration of the vulcanization process has an insignificant influence on thermal conductivity. 5. With increasing additions of carbon black up to 25 per cent by weight of the rubber mixtures result the heat conductivity increases; but with further increases in the percentage of carbon blacks the heat conductivity decreases. 6. Rubber mixtures of the same composition but containing different kinds of carbon black show different heat conductivities. The lowest heat conductivity was found in rubber mixtures containing P-33 carbon black, followed in increasing order of heat conductivity by mixtures with Mai˘kop, Gastex, Thermax, Kudinov and Yaroslav carbon blacks. Thus lampblacks have a greater effect on the heat conductivity of rubber mixtures than do gas blacks.
The Creaming of Rubber Latex
Authors: Schweitzer Otto 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Among methods of concentrating rubber latex, the creaming process has, quite independently of the evaporation and centrifuge processes, aroused increasing interest because of its special technical features. The tendency of the rubber particles in latex to cream as a result of the difference in specifie gravity of the rubber and serum is a phenomenon which has been known for a long time. Hancock himself observed that when latex is stored, displacements in the concentration take place and he proposed to utilize this phenomenon in the preparation of very pure rubber particularly free of colored impurities. In 1824 Hancock suggested that rubber latex be diluted with water to one-fourth its concentration and the serum removed after a short period of standing. By repeating this process several times, a particularly pure product was said to result. In 1826 Faraday too described the same process. However, the displacements in concentration which become evident in latices which have stood for a long time without the addition of any creaming agent do not lead to any clearly defined layers. The first important observation on the spontaneous separation of two phases in latex by the addition of definite substances was by Traube. Among the substances described by Traube were colloidal mucilages such as gum tragacanth, soluble extract of Irish moss, etc.
Hevea Latex of Large Particle Size
Authors: McGavack J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to report, primarily, the particle size distribution of modified Hevea latices. In addition, the purpose is to show that the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the rubber particles in a latex thoroughly washed by aqueous ammonia depends on the surface exposed. Until the careful and complete work of Lucas (Ind. Eng. Chem. 30, 146 (1938)), there were no reliable particle size distribution data on a normal latex by which the distribution curves of modified latices could be compared. Now, as a result of his excellent technique for measuring all of the particles, even the very small ones, we are able to discuss clearly surface and volume changes when these smaller sized particles are removed. This work was so conducted as to eliminate particle sizes which could not be photographed with microscopical equipment in visible light. It was eventually carried out in such a way as to remove all water-soluble materials not adsorbed on or dissolved in the latex particles which were to be subsequently analyzed for nitrogen.