bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Huitième Conférence Internationale de la Croix-Rouge a Londres
Authors: Odier E. 
Published: November 2009

Les Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge ont tenu à Londres, du 10 au 15 juin dernier, leur huitième conférence internationale.Sous réserve des rectifications résultant de la publication du compte-rendu officiel de la Conférence, nous pouvons indiquer provisoirement que vingt et un Comités centraux étaient représentés à Londres; en outre, seize Gouvernements avaient envoyé des délégués: l'ordre de Malte et l'ordre de St-Jean de Jérusalem d'Allemagne et d'Angleterre, avaient également répondu à l'invitation du Comité central anglais: enfin le Comité international comptait six de ses membres à la Conférence. Un fait intéressant à noter, c'est que, pour la première fois, les trois sociétés qui en France consacrent leur activité à l'œuvre de la Croix-Rouge, étaient simultanément représentées à la Conférence de Londres. Cette heureuse circonstance est due à la création d'un Comité central de la Croix-Rouge française, qui a établi un lien commun entre la Société française de secours aux blessés militaires, l'Association des Dames françaises, et l'Union des Femmes de France. Chacune de ces associations était représentée à la Conférence de Londres par des délégués au nombre desquels figuraient plusieurs dames, et le Comité central lui-même nous avait envoyé son président en la personne du vénérable marquis de Vogué.
Nouvelle ambulance de campagne de l'armée anglaise
Authors: Dr Ferrière  
Published: November 2009

Nous empruntons à un article du Dr médecin-major Léon, dans le Caducée, les détails suivants sur les dispositions qui ont été prises l'année dernière pour l'organisation des ambulances militaires anglaises:«Chaque ambulance complète du nouveau type peut recevoir, sous des tentes, 150 malades ou blessés et possède un équipage de transport de 10 voitures d'ambulance, 9 fourgons du service général et 3 réservoirs à eau. Son personnel se compose de 192 officiers et hommes du R. A. M. C. et de 60 officiers et hommes non commissionnés de l'Army Service Corps pour les transports.
Relations officielles entre la Croix-Rouge et l'Armée
Authors: Lopez-Leiva F. , Gomez José 
Published: November 2009

Ces rapports sont définis par le décret no 85 du 5 février 1910, sur les relations de la Croix-Rouge avec le corps de santé militaire de l'armée cubaine. En voici la teneur:Article Premier. — La Société nationale cubaine de la Croix-Rouge, établie dans la République de Cuba sous les auspices des conventions internationales de Genève de 1864 et de 1906, est un auxiliaire du corps sanitaire militaire et de la flotte, en temps de guerre, conformément à ce qui est prévu dans son règlement général organique, approuvé par le décret no 406 du 10 mai 1909 et par le Comité international de la Croix-Rouge le 7 septembre de même année; elle est, par suite, un corps volontaire de la réserve des forces armées pour tout ce qui touche au but humanitaire qu'elle poursuit.
Résolutions de la Conférence Internationale de Genève
Authors: Dunant J.-Henry 
Published: November 2009

La Conférence internationale, désireuse de venir en aide aux blessés dans les cas où le service de santé militaire serait insuffisant, adopte les résolutions suivantes:Article premier. — Il existe dans chaque pays un Comité dont le mandat consiste à concourir en temps de guerre, s'il y a lieu, par tous les moyens en son pouvoir, au service de santé des armées.Ce Comité s'organise lui-même de la manière qui lui paraît la plus utile et la plus convenable.
One lump or two?
Authors: Smallbone Kieran 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe investigate methods for modelling metabolism within populations of cells. Typically one represents the interaction of a cloned population of cells with their environment as though it were one large cell. The question is as to whether any dynamics are lost by this assumption, and as to whether it might be more appropriate to instead model each cell individually. We show that it is sufficient to model at an intermediate level of granularity, representing the population as two interacting lumps of tissue.
Changes in the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire After Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Pan Tao , Tyler Richard S. , Ji Haihong , Coelho Claudia , Gehringer Anne K. , Gogel Stephanie A. 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
To determine (a) changes in the Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire (THQ) for patients using cochlear implants, (b) differences between patients who receive total or partial relief, and (c) identifiable characteristics of those who report tinnitus after implantation.

Method
Pre- and postoperatively, 244 adults were administered the THQ when they reported tinnitus.

Results
Of the 153 patients who had tinnitus preoperatively, 94 (61%) patients reported total suppression and 59 (39%) reported a partial reduction. In 91 patients who did not have tinnitus before implantation, 11 (12%) reported tinnitus postimplantation. The THQ score decreased from 41% preimplant to 30% postimplant. The largest reductions involved social handicap and hearing. Patients with a more severe hearing loss might be more likely to experience an exacerbation of their tinnitus. We were not able to clearly identify differences between patients who received total or partial relief and the characteristics of patients who reported tinnitus after implantation. Those who acquired tinnitus had the shortest duration hearing loss (5.6 years) and were the oldest (63 years). The average THQ score of patients getting tinnitus was 29%.

Conclusions
Most tinnitus patients benefit from receiving a cochlear implant.
Screening for Hearing Loss in the Elderly Using Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions, Pure Tones, and a Self-Assessment Tool
Authors: Jupiter Tina 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
To determine whether distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) could be used as a hearing screening tool with elderly individuals living independently, and to compare the utility of different screening protocols: (a) 3 pure-tone screening protocols consisting of 30 dB HL at 1, 2, and 3 kHz; 40 dB HL at 1, 2, and 3 kHz; or 40 dB HL at 1 and 2 kHz; (b) the Hearing Handicap Inventory for the Elderly—Screening version (HHIE–S); (c) pure tones at 40 dB HL at 1 and 2 kHz plus the HHIE–S; and (d) DPOAEs.

Method
A total of 106 elderly individuals age 65–91 years were screened using the above protocols.

Results
Pass/fail results showed that most individuals failed at 30 dB HL, followed by DPOAEs, the 40-dB HL protocols, the HHIE–S alone, and the combined pure-tone/HHIE–S protocol. All screening results were associated except the HHIE–S and 30 dB HL and the HHIE–S and DPOAEs. A McNemar analysis revealed that the differences between the correlated pass/fail results were significant except for the HHIE–S and 40 dB at 1 and 2 kHz.

Conclusion
DPOAEs can be used to screen the elderly, with the advantage that individuals do not have to voluntarily respond to the test.
Modified Head Shake Computerized Dynamic Posturography
Authors: Honaker Julie A. , Converse Connie M. , Shepard Neil T. 
Published: December 2009

PurposeRecent research on head shake posturography has demonstrated a modest increase in sensitivity to identifying peripheral vestibular system asymmetry when horizontal head movements were added to portions of the standard Sensory Organization Test (SOT) battery. However, limitations with respect to the head shake protocol were outlined, and usable data for assessing performance could not be established. The purpose of this study was to test a change in protocol for use of head shake SOT to address the noted limitations.MethodForty participants ranging in age from 20 to 79 years with no history of dizziness completed Conditions 2 and 5 of the SOT portion of computerized dynamic posturography on EquiTest equipment, while maintaining head still as well as 4 horizontal head movement velocity tasks.ResultsSlope of a linear regression fit to 6 performance points was used to characterize each participant. Spearman’s ranked correlation (r) indicated a significant relationship between the slope of the line representing a decline in performance with age (r= −.52,p= .0006).ConclusionsThe head shake modification showed a trend in increasing the separation of normal individuals across age and eliminated the limitations addressed in earlier research. Future research will investigate the head shake modification for identifying vestibular peripheral system asymmetries.
Computational Neural Modeling of Speech Motor Control in Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)
Authors: Terband Hayo , Maassen Ben , Guenther Frank H. , Brumberg Jonathan 
Published: December 2009

PurposeChildhood apraxia of speech (CAS) has been associated with a wide variety of diagnostic descriptions and has been shown to involve different symptoms during successive stages of development. In the present study, the authors attempted to associate the symptoms of CAS in a particular developmental stage with particular information-processing deficits by using computational modeling with the Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model. The hypothesis was that the speech production system in CAS suffers from poor feed-forward control and, consequently, an increased reliance on the feedback control subsystem.MethodIn a series of computer simulations, the authors systematically varied the ratio between feed-forward and feedback control during production attempts in the acquisition of feed-forward motor commands. The simulations were evaluated acoustically on 4 selected key symptoms of CAS.ResultsResults showed that increasing the reliance on feedback control causes increased severity of these 4 symptoms of CAS: deviant coarticulation, speech sound distortion, searching articulation, and increased variability.ConclusionsThe findings support the idea that the key symptoms found in CAS could result from an increased reliance on feedback control due to poor feed-forward commands. Two possible root causes of degraded feed-forward control in CAS are discussed: reduced somatosensory information and increased levels of neural noise.
The Acquisition of Auxiliary Syntax: A Longitudinal Elicitation Study. Part 1: Auxiliary BE
Authors: Theakston Anna L. , Rowland Caroline F. 
Published: December 2009

PurposeThe question of how and when English-speaking children acquire auxiliaries is the subject of extensive debate. Some researchers posit the existence of innately given Universal Grammar principles to guide acquisition, although some aspects of the auxiliary system must be learned from the input. Others suggest that auxiliaries can be learned without Universal Grammar, citing evidence of piecemeal learning in their support. This study represents a unique attempt to trace the development of auxiliary syntax by using a longitudinal elicitation methodology.MethodTwelve English-speaking children participated in 3 tasks designed to elicit auxiliary BE in declaratives and yes/no andwh-questions. They completed each task 6 times in total between the ages of 2;10 (years;months) and 3;6.ResultsThe children’s levels of correct use of 2 forms of BE (is,are) differed according to auxiliary form and sentence structure, and these relations changed over development. An analysis of the children’s errors also revealed complex interactions between these factors.ConclusionThese data are problematic for existing accounts of auxiliary acquisition and highlight the need for researchers working within both generativist and constructivist frameworks to develop more detailed theories of acquisition that directly predict the pattern of acquisition observed.
The Acquisition of Auxiliary Syntax: A Longitudinal Elicitation Study. Part 2: The Modals and Auxiliary DO
Authors: Rowland Caroline F. , Theakston Anna L. 
Published: December 2009

PurposeThe study of auxiliary acquisition is central to work on language development and has attracted theoretical work from both nativist and constructivist approaches. This study is part of a 2-part companion set that represents a unique attempt to trace the development of auxiliary syntax by using a longitudinal elicitation methodology. The aim of the research described in this part is to track the development of modal auxiliaries and auxiliary DO in questions and declaratives to provide a more complete picture of the development of the auxiliary system in English-speaking children.MethodTwelve English-speaking children participated in 2 tasks designed to elicit auxiliaries CAN, WILL, and DOES in declaratives and yes/no questions. They completed each task 6 times in total between the ages of 2;10 (years;months) and 3;6.ResultsThe children’s levels of correct use of the target auxiliaries differed in complex ways according to auxiliary, polarity, and sentence structure, and these relations changed over development. An analysis of the children’s errors also revealed complex interactions between these factors.ConclusionsThese data cannot be explained in full by existing theories of auxiliary acquisition. Researchers working within both generativist and constructivist frameworks need to develop more detailed theories of acquisition that predict the pattern of acquisition observed.
Modeling Developmental Language Difficulties From School Entry Into Adulthood: Literacy, Mental Health, and Employment Outcomes
Authors: Law James , Rush Robert , Schoon Ingrid , Parsons Samantha 
Published: December 2009

Purpose
Understanding the long-term outcomes of developmental language difficulties is key to knowing what significance to attach to them. To date, most prognostic studies have tended to be clinical rather than population-based, which necessarily affects the interpretation. This study sought to address this issue using data from a U.K. birth cohort of 17,196 children, following them from school entry to adulthood, examining literacy, mental health, and employment at 34 years of age. The study compared groups with specific language impairment (SLI), nonspecific language impairment (N-SLI), and typically developing language (TL).

Method
Secondary data analysis of the imputed 5-year and 34-year data was carried using multivariate logistic regressions.

Results
The results show strong associations for demographic and biological risk for both impairment groups. The associations are consistent for the N-SLI group but rather more mixed for the SLI group.

Conclusions
The data indicate that both SLI and N-SLI represent significant risk factors for all the outcomes identified. There is a strong case for the identification of these children and the development of appropriate interventions. The results are discussed in terms of the measures used and the implications for practice.
Mental toughness and athletes' use of psychological strategies
Authors: Crust Lee , Azadi Kayvon 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this study, we assessed the relationship between mental toughness and athletes' use of psychological performance strategies. Sixty‐seven male (mean age 22.6 years, s=5.0) and 40 female (mean age 21.1 years, s=2.8) athletes, who competed at club/university to national standard in a variety of sports, participated in the study. Participants completed the MTQ48 (Clough et al., 2002) to measure mental toughness, and the Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS; Thomas et al., 1999) to measure the use of psychological strategies in practice and competition. Results of Pearson correlations and linear regression analyses revealed that self‐talk, emotional control, and relaxation strategies were significantly and positively (r=0.26 to 0.37, P<0.01) related to mental toughness in both practice and competition. Of the MTQ48 subscales, commitment was found to load most frequently against performance strategies and thus it is possible that the results of this study reflect highly committed performers seeking performance enhancement strategies. Consistent with theoretical predictions, athletes of county standard and above reported significantly higher mental toughness than club/university athletes (t 105=−2.25, P=0.03).
Age dependency of neuromuscular function and dynamic balance control
Authors: Piirainen Jarmo M. , Avela Janne , Sippola Niina , Linnamo Vesa 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to examine whether static and dynamic balance control are related to neuromuscular function and ageing. For this purpose, we constructed a new dynamic balance measurement system that simulates natural falling. Ten young (age 21–31 years) and 20 elderly (age 60–70 years) men participated in the experiment. Maximal isometric torque (MVC) and activation level were measured from the quadriceps and plantar flexor muscles. The H‐reflex, V‐wave, and maximal M‐wave were measured from the soleus muscle. In dynamic balance control, anterior‐posterior centre‐of‐pressure swaying was 74±8.1 mm in the young men and 91.5±19.4 mm in the elderly men (P<0.05), whereas in the static condition there were no significant differences between the two groups. Knee extension MVC (young: 181±42 N·m; elderly: 135±39 N·m; P<0.01), torque after 500 ms (young: 147±36 N·m; elderly: 108±39 N·m; P<0.05), and activation level (young: 96.2±0.8%; elderly: 93.8±2.1%; P<0.01) were higher in the young than the elderly men; no differences were observed in plantar flexion. The amount of re‐stabilization after a sudden disturbance seems to be an age‐related phenomenon, which is seen as a connection between balance control and rapid force production.
Differences between the sexes in knee kinetics during landing from volleyball block jumps
Authors: Hughes Gerwyn , Watkins James , Owen Nick 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aim of the study was to assess frontal and sagittal plane kinetics (normalized ground reaction force and normalized knee moment) in male and female university volleyball players when performing opposed block jump landings. Females displayed a significantly lower normalized knee extension moment at the start of muscle latency than males. The greater normalized knee extension moment at the start of muscle latency in females suggests that, through practice, they may have developed a landing strategy that minimizes the moment acting about the knee in the sagittal plane to reduce the likely strain on the passive support structures. The time histories of the normalized knee moment in the frontal plane were different between males and females. The maximum normalized knee valgus moment was significantly greater in females than males. The significantly different maximum normalized knee valgus moment between males and females indicates a greater likelihood of overloading the muscles of the knee in females during landing, which, in turn, is likely to increase the strain on the passive support structures. The increased likely strain on the passive support structures of the knee in females could contribute to the higher incidence of non‐contact anterior cruciate ligament injury in females compared with males.
Kinematics of side and cross circles on pommel horse
Authors: Fujihara Toshiyuki , Gervais Pierre 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOne of the most fundamental skills on the pommel horse is double leg circles (circles). Circles can be performed on all parts of the pommel horse. It was hypothesized that the different sets of physical constraints of the apparatus require a gymnast to adapt circles technique. The purpose of this study was to quantify how gymnasts modify their technique during circles to accommodate different physical obstacles due to different support surfaces and body orientations. To investigate these adaptations, a comparison of the two most common circles on pommel horse – namely, circles in cross support (cross‐circles) and circles in side support (side‐circles) – was carried out. Seven elite male gymnasts performed three sets of 10 cross‐circles and side‐circles on a pommel horse. Three‐dimensional coordinates were acquired using 12 Qualisys ProReflex motion tracking cameras operating at 120 Hz. Temporal characteristics, the motion of the centre of mass, and the body angles – flexion and lateral flexion – were analysed. We found that cross‐circles took less time to complete a single circle (0.92±0.02 vs. 0.95±0.02 s), had a smaller ratio for the rear support phase (0.15±0.02 vs. 0.18±0.03), a narrower supporting‐hand distance (0.33±0.03 vs. 0.52±0.00 m), greater flexion of the body over the rear support phase (44±12° vs. 27±8°), and less lateral flexion of the body over the single‐hand support phase (entry: 20±5° vs. 35±3°; exit: 26±4° vs. 33±4°) than side‐circles. Our results suggest that gymnasts adapt their technique to the physical constraints imposed by the shape of the pommel horse and the location and orientation of the circles. Cross‐circles were characterized by a high rear support position with a narrower hand‐spacing, which would require excellent shoulder flexibility and strength. Consequently, lack of these traits may explain the need for greater body flexion in cross‐circles than in side‐circles during rear support. Understanding the technical differences will facilitate an effective transfer of the technical similarities among different types of circles.
Determination of forces in alpine skiing and snowboarding: Validation of a mobile data acquisition system
Authors: Stricker Gerhard , Scheiber Peter , Lindenhofer Elke , Müller Erich 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aims of this study were (1) to analyse the influence of temperature on the accuracy of a single 3D‐dynamometer, (2) to establish the accuracy of a force measurement system that utilizes 3D‐dynamometers, and (3) to compare forces measured by pressure insoles and by 3D‐dynamometers. Temperature dependence was assessed on a single dynamometer at three different temperatures (23°C, 0°C, −10°C) in a cooling chamber. The relative measurement error was determined in the laboratory with the system mounted on alpine skis and on a snowboard. The forces measured by pressure insoles and by 3D‐dynamometers were compared in tests on snow. One skier was used in this part of the study. The average measurement error of a single dynamometer increased from 0.2% to 0.9% when the temperature changed from +23°C to −10°C. At low forces (<292 N), the average measurement error was 4.6% and 3.3% for the ski and snowboard system, respectively. At higher forces (>292 N), the average measurement error decreased to 0.3% and 0.4% for the ski and snowboard system, respectively. The average measurement error for 3D torques ranged from 4.0 to 8.3% for the ski, and from 2.4 to 8.5% for the snowboard system. The deviation of the calculated point of force application from its reference was 1.4 mm (medio‐lateral) and 8.8 mm (antero‐posterior) for the ski, and 2.7 mm and 10.4 mm for the snowboard system. In general, forces determined by insoles were on average 21% (outer ski) and 54% (inner ski) lower than forces measured by 3D‐dynamometers. The similarity in force–time characteristics of the insoles compared with the 3D‐dynamometer was high. In conclusion, the temperature had little impact on the measurement accuracy of 3D‐dynamometers. The measurement error of 3D‐dynamometers decreased with an increase in forces. The accuracy of 3D‐dynamometers was similar to that shown in previous studies of measuring systems used in laboratory tests. The 3D‐dynamometers increased the standing height by 36 mm and are heavier than insoles, but they provide 3D force and torque data. In skiing and snowboarding, insole measurements are not accurate enough for most biomechanical analyses (e.g. for inverse dynamic calculations). Applications where insole measurements might still be useful could be descriptive analyses of a skiing or snowboarding technique.