bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antianxiety Medications
Authors: Julien Robert M. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractClassically, antianxiety medications (anxiolytics) have all been medicines referred to as sedative‐hypnotic drugs or central nervous system (CNS) depressants. These medicines affect neurons so that the functioning of the brain is depressed, resulting in a behavioral state of calm, relaxation, disinhibition, drowsiness, sleep, and coma as doses of drug increased. These agents were classically ingested to ease anxiety, tension, and agitation and to induce a soporific state. Behaviorally, what was observed was a dose‐related state of increasing intoxication with release from inhibitions, sedation, sleep, unconsciousness, general anesthesia, coma, and eventually death from respiratory and cardiac depression. Increasing cognitive and psychomotor impairments were induced as the dose of any anxiolytics was increased. The classic (and certainly first) of these CNS depressants used to treat anxiety was ethyl alcohol (ethanol). Certainly ethanol as a CNS depressant is not a specific treatment for anxiety, despite hundreds of years of use for this disorder. Neither ethanol nor any other CNS depressant is useful in relieving pain (they do not have specific analgesic actions), nor do they possess antidepressant actions (they actually make depression worse). However, until recently, these CNS depressants were treatments of choice for treating anxiety disorders.
Anticonvulsant Medications
Authors: Gillespie Charles F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Anticonvulsant medications, also known as antiepileptic drugs, are a pharmacologically diverse class of medications so named for their common efficacy in the prevention of seizures. Historically, seizures were referred to as convulsions and known colloquially as “spells” or “fits.” Epilepsy is a general term used to describe the collection of diseases characterized by chronically recurrent seizures of any etiology. Prior to the advent of anticonvulsant medications and modern surgical therapy, patients with epilepsy were subjected to treatments such as bleeding, cupping, trephination, herbal remedies, and exorcism that were ineffective and often harmful.
Antidepressant Medications
Authors: Gillespie Charles F. , Hung Olivia Y. , Burgess Kristen A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The observation that the induction of seizure activity was useful in the treatment of psychiatric illness (Fink, 2001) was initially appreciated in asylum patients treated with convulsion‐inducing chemical agents such as camphor and metrazole and then later with insulin. The subsequent development of electrical methods of seizure induction and technical refinements to its application resulted in modern electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the prototypic brain stimulation treatment and one of the most extensively validated treatments for depression.
Antipsychotic Medications
Authors: Gillespie Charles F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The initial observations of the tranquilizing effects of chlorpromazine on surgical patients were first described in the 1950s by the French surgeon Henri Laborit and the French anesthesiologist Paul Huguenard. At the time, Laborit and Huguenard, in collaboration with the French chemical company Rhone‐Poulenc, were experimenting with pharmaceutical adjuncts to use with standard general anesthesia to reduce the prevalence of postsurgical shock. Struck by the relative calmness of surgical patients treated with chlorpromazine, Laborit and psychiatrist J. Hamon, of Val de Grace Hospital, administered a cocktail of chlorpromazine and barbiturates to a manic patient, resulting in a dramatic reduction of manic behavior. Intrigued by the results obtained by Laborit and Hamon, psychiatrists Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker treated a group of psychiatric inpatients with chlorpromazine alone, and they also observed a similarly impressive reduction in agitated behavior.
Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Connor Daniel F. , Fraleigh Lisa A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Antisocial behavior (ASB) is generally defined as conduct and deportment that interferes with society. The essential characteristic of ASB is a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major societal norms or rules are repeatedly violated, beginning in childhood or adolescence and often continuing into adulthood. These behaviors generally fall into several main groupings: aggressive behaviors that cause harm to or threaten harm to others, nonaggressive property destruction, covert aggressive behaviors of lying, deceitfulness, or theft, and rule or legal violations. Included are antisocial behaviors committed by persons of high standing in society and involving fraud and financial violations in business and industry (so‐called white‐collar crime) (Lewis, 2005). Antisocial behavior is pervasive. It is found in children, adolescents, and adults at all stages of life, with the exception of infancy, and in all cultures around the world. Although males traditionally express more ASB, over the last 30 years rates of antisocial problems in females appear to be rising.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Authors: Black Donald W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a pattern of socially irresponsible, exploitative, and guiltless behavior that begins in early childhood or early adolescence. Typical behaviors include criminality and failure to conform to the law, failure to sustain consistent employment, manipulation of others for personal gain, frequent deception of others, and a lack of empathy for others.
Aptitude Testing
Authors: Muchinsky Paul M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Aptitude testing has been difficult to understand because this topic has been plagued by definitional ambiguity. This is complicated further because there have been two general types of assessment: achievement testing and ability testing. The distinction between achievement tests and aptitude tests historically has been demarcated by their intended use. Aptitude tests are typically used to predict future performance, such as the likelihood of success in training or on the job. Achievement tests are typically used as summative assessments of the candidate's knowledge after formal learning through education or training. However, the intended use of a test is a highly imprecise criterion to make differentiations among types of tests, as any test score could be used for prospective or retrospective purposes.
Archetypes
Authors: Parks Fayth M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Carl Gustav Jung introduced the concept of
archetype
to the discipline of psychology to represent the contents of the psyche called the
collective unconscious
in his theory of the mind. Jung identified this part of the unconscious to be universal, with contents and modes of behavior that are more or less the same in all individuals. Jung (1969) observed that the personal unconscious consists for the most part of complexes, and the content of the collective unconscious is made up essentially of archetypes. Archetype is one of the most popular concepts in Jung's theory. In his theory, he presented the ego as the organization of the conscious mind. He then offered terms for other areas of the psyche (Latin for “spirit” or “soul”) such as the personal unconscious, which adjoins the ego and contains psychic activities and content incongruous with conscious functions—repressed or disregarded for various reasons, such as stressful thoughts.
Argentina, Psychology in
Authors: Godoy Juan Carlos , Brussino Silvina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Scientific psychology started developing in Argentina soon after Wundt's 1879 establishment of the first laboratory for experimental research in psychology. In 1891, Víctor Mercante (1870–1934) founded the first psychology laboratory in the city of San Juan, Argentina. Horacio Piñero (1869–1919) also created an experimental psychology laboratory at the Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires in 1898, and a psychophysiology laboratory at the University of Buenos Aires in 1901 (Papini, 1976). In 1906, two other research laboratories were created: Félix Krueger, disciple of Wundt, founded a short‐lived center at the Instituto Nacional de Profesorado Secundario (National Institute of Secondary Teaching), and Víctor Mercante set up a laboratory at the Department of Education within the School of Law and Social Sciences, at the University of La Plata (Talak & García, 2004). Scientific research in psychology took its first steps in Argentina almost hand in hand with the psychological scientific activity in the world's most important academic centers in Europe and the United States.
Assessment Psychology
Authors: Weiner Irving B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Assessment psychology is a field of behavioral science concerned with methods of identifying similarities and differences among people in their mental and emotional characteristics, their functioning capacities, and their dispositions to behave in certain ways. To this end, assessment methods are designed to provide information about individuals' intellectual abilities, their personality features, their neuropsychological status, and their attitudes, interests, and attainments. This article reviews the history of assessment psychology, its primary areas of inquiry, its commonly employed measures, and its present position as a field of psychological science and practice.
Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
Authors: Schwartz Stephanie , Ronan George , Albano Anne Marie 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Founded in 1966, the Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) is an interdisciplinary organization comprised of researchers, psychologists, psychiatrists, physicians, social workers, nurses, and other mental health practitioners and students (located nationally and internationally) who adhere to, develop, evaluate, and disseminate behavioral and cognitive approaches to the assessment and treatment of behavioral and mental health problems.
Attachment and Bonding
Authors: Hughes Daniel H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract“Attachment and bonding” is a phrase that one now naturally thinks of in describing the early intimate interactions between parent and infant. “Attachment” is the more scientific term that originally referred to an infant's relationship with his or her parent. As attachment theory and research developed, it became applied to individuals of all ages when describing relationships in which they turn to another for safety and the felt‐sense of safety. “Bonding” or “affectional bonds” is taken to refer to an ongoing relationship with a specific person that is emotionally meaningful and creates a desire to maintain mutual contact. Using the terms in this manner, a mother would not be considered to be “attached” to her infant, because she would not turn to her infant for safety. Seeking safety from the other may or may not be a feature in an “affectional bond,” whereas it is always a central component of an attachment relationship. In the most important book in the attachment field,Handbook of Attachment(Cassidy & Shaver, 1999), “bonding” is not even listed in the subject index.
Attachment Theory
Authors: George Carol 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAttachment theory defines an evolutionary‐based relationship between a child and a parent figure. Attachment is a biologically based behavioral system that evolved in ways that influence and organize human motivational, emotional, and cognitive and memory processes. The relationship is conceived to develop initially in infancy and contribute to development, other relationships, risk, and mental health throughout the life span (Bowlby, 1969/1982, 1973, 1980; Cassidy & Shaver, 2008). Attachment has become a shorthand term that connotes a complex set of interrelated patterns of behavior and thinking directed toward a parent figure that is wiser, protective, and caring.
Attention Lapses
Authors: Cheyne Allan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAttention lapses are a frequently annoying fact‐of‐life with which we all have firsthand experience. Technically, attention lapses are taken to be failures of sustained attention. The lapses referred to are therefore usually defined as temporary and often brief shifts of conscious attention away from some primary task to unrelated internal information processing. This sort of definition of attention lapse has the advantage of specifying research paradigms as well as relating absentmindedness to the important practical issue of understanding cognitive and action failures during instrumental tasks (Reason & Mycielska, 1984).
Auditory Perception
Authors: Yost William A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The world is a noisy place. Almost all objects vibrate, and those vibrations can produce audible sound. Hearing allows an organism to process information about these sound sources. Hearing assists animals in navigation, seeking prey, avoiding predators, finding a mate, and in communication (e.g., speech and language). Sound can also add an aesthetic quality, as in music. The study of auditory perception seeks to understand the auditory system's ability to process the sound from sound sources. Such processing turns out to be a challenging task. The sound pressure wave that radiates from a vibrating object (e.g., the string of a violin) does not have physical parameters that directly indicate the physical dimensions of the source. Sound is defined by its frequency, amplitude, and temporal dimensions.
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Authors: Bjornsson Andri S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

At the core of avoidant personality disorder (APD) as defined by the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM) is an extreme sensitivity to negative evaluation that, coupled with a view of self as incompetent and inferior to others, leads to pervasive avoidance in a number of social situations (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). People with this disorder may, for example, refrain from trying new activities for fear of failure. They are also likely to be inhibited in relationships, even with family members, for fear of shame and ridicule. This leads to isolation and a lack of close relationships, and often to secondary disorders such as major depressive disorder. This negative cycle is not a function of disinterest in intimate relationships. Rather, the fear of negative evaluation is so intense as to outweigh the deep‐seated longing to interact with others.
B
andura,
A
lbert (1925– )
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Albert Bandura is David Starr Jordan Professor of Social Sciences in Psychology at Stanford University. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of British Columbia in 1949 and his Ph.D. degree from the University of Iowa in 1952. After completing his doctorate, Bandura joined the faculty at Stanford University, where he has remained throughout his career.
Barnum Effect
Authors: Beins Bernard C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Barnum Effect refers to the tendency of people to accept vague, generally positive statements about their personality as unique to them even though feedback is likely to be true of most people. Bertram Forer (1949) first systematically documented this phenomenon by presenting to students a clinical personality inventory followed by statements from horoscopes that purported to describe each student as “You have a great deal of unused capacity which you have not turned to your advantage.” Even though all students received identical feedback, they rated the description as highly relevant to them as individuals. Many students failed to accept a number of the individual feedback statements as highly accurate in describing them, but they still gave high ratings of the overall validity of the feedback.
Base Rates
Authors: Kamphuis Jan H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Base rates refer to the relative frequencies with which certain states or conditions occur in a population. The concept denotes the same as
prevalence
, a term often used by epidemiologists. A base rate is defined for and restricted to a specified population. In other words, a base rate is the
a priori
chance or prior odds that a member of a specified population will have a certain characteristic, assuming that we know nothing else about this person other than that he or she is a member of the population we are examining (Kamphuis & Finn, 2002). For example, the base rate of suicide in the general population is less than 1%, whereas the base rate of suicide for a more restricted population, for example, among patients with borderline personality disorder, may be as high as 10%.
B
eck,
A
aron
T
. (1921– )
Authors: Staff  
Published: January 2010

Abstract

A native of Providence, Rhode Island, Aaron T. Beck has had an interest in psychiatry and psychology as far back as he can remember. At Brown University he was associate editor for the Brown
Daily Herald
and received a number of honors and awards, including Phi Beta Kappa, the Francis Wayland Scholarship, the Bennett Essay Award, and the Gaston Prize for Oratory. After graduating magna cum laude in 1942, he embarked on a career in medicine at Yale Medical School, receiving his M.D. in 1946. He participated in rotating internship, followed by a residency in pathology at Rhode Island Hospital.
Beck Depression Inventory‐
II
Authors: Dozois David J. A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Beck Depression Inventory‐II (BDI‐II) is a 21‐item self‐administered inventory designed to measure the intensity of depressive symptoms in adults and adolescents (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996). Respondents are instructed to indicate which statement best describes how they felt during the past two weeks including today. Items are rated on a 4‐point (0 to 3) scale, with total scores obtained by summing the ratings for all items. Scores ranging between 0 and 13 are indicative of minimal depression; scores that fall between 14 and 19 are considered to reflect a mild level of depression; scores of 20 to 28 are considered moderate; and a score ranging from 29 to 63 is labeled severe. The BDI‐II requires approximately 5–10 minutes to complete and is appropriate for individuals 13 to 80 years of age.
Behavior Modification
Authors: Sarafino Edward P. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Behavior modification is the field of study that focuses on using principles of learning and cognition to understand and change people's behavior (Sarafino, 2001). Although not all experts in this field would include cognitive processes in the definition (see Lee, 1992; Sweet & Loizeaux, 1991; Wolpe, 1993), these processes have been widely adopted and applied by behavior modification professionals since the early 1970s (Dobson, 1988; Kazdin, 1978; Mahoney, 1993; Williams, Watts, MacLeod, & Mathews, 1988).
Behavioral Activation
Authors: Hubley Samuel , Dimidjian Sona 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Behavioral activation (BA) is a structured psychosocial treatment for depression based on the assumption that people with depression develop maladaptive patterns of behavioral responses to life's problems that reduce their ability to experience positive reward in their environments and impair effective problem solving. It is suggested both that such patterns can maintain depression over time and that interrupting such patterns can alleviate depression and reduce subsequent risk for relapse. Thus, BA is aimed at helping depressed clients activate and reengage in their environments in ways that maximize contact with positive reward and facilitate effective problem solving.
Behavioral Modeling
Authors: Dowrick Peter W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMuch human learning takes place sitting and watching or just happening to notice what someone else is doing. Indeed, moresocial learningoccurs from observing others than from engaging in actual social interactions and the subsequent positive or negative outcomes. Observation provides information about what may be learned (alternative behaviors, potential consequences, etc.). Whereas such information may be ignored or misunderstood, observation under the right circumstances can result in rapid changes in learning and performance.
Behavioral Pediatrics
Authors: Phillips Sheridan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Behavioral pediatrics is a multidisciplinary field whose focus is on psychosocial aspects of child and adolescent health. Because the topic is so broad, the field includes knowledge and skills from clinical and developmental psychology, education, environmental design, law, nursing, nutrition, pediatrics, physical education, psychiatry, and social work. Practically, however, most professionals with special expertise in behavioral pediatrics are pediatricians. For example, 79% of the members of the Society for Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics are MDs (most of whom are pediatricians); the non‐MD members are largely PhD psychologists but also include attorneys, educators, nurses, nutritionists, psychiatrists, and social workers (N. Ritchey, personal communication, April 11, 2008). Non‐MDs also contribute disproportionately to the scientific basis for behavioral pediatric practice, as seen in a new textbook (Wolraich et al., 2008) in which 51% of the authors are not physicians (78% of these are psychologists).
Birth Order
Authors: Bogaert Anthony F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Birth order has often been viewed as an important determinant of personality. In the early 1900s, the psychoanalyst Alfred Adler argued that birth order influences parental care directed toward, and the dynamics among, siblings. According to Adler, firstborns receive a favoured position from parents. However, in multiple sibling households, firstborns must also contend with feelings of being “dethroned” as parental attention is diverted towards younger siblings. Middle‐borns, particularly second‐borns, may struggle with the feeling of inferiority as they compete with their older, stronger rivals. Last‐borns may be pampered, spoiled, and may need to deal with constant upward comparisons. As a result, they may seek situations, including careers, where they try to forge a unique identity.
Boredom and Boredom Proneness
Authors: Farmer Richard F. , Sundberg Norman D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Boredom is a state most people experience at one time or another. Many cultures have words that refer to experiences consistent with boredom: “ennui” (French), “Langeweile” (German), “malal” and “dajira” (Arabic), “khaali” (Hindi), “bosan” (Indonesian), “na buwa” (Taiwanese), “taikutsu” (Japanese), “jidooham (Korean), and “wuliau” (Chinese). Whereas terms such as
boring, bored, or boredom
refer to a state or temporary conditions,
boredom proneness
refers to a trait‐like condition or frequently reoccurring experience.
Brain Development
Authors: Immordino‐Yang Mary Helen , Fischer Kurt W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Unlike the predominant conceptions from a few decades back, brain development is currently understood to be an active, dynamic process, involving complex interactions between a person's biological predispositions, physical environment, and social nurturance. Rather than a hardwired, purely genetically programmed system, children's experiences actively organize their brain over time, in accordance with biological principles and constraints (Johnson, 2001). In turn, children's own neuropsychological profiles of strengths and weaknesses shapes the way they perceive and behave in the world. As they grow and develop, physiological and sociocultural processes work together in intricate, nuanced patterns to sculpt their brain's development.