bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between protein and mineral during enamel development in normal and genetically altered mice
Authors: Smith Charles E. , Hu Yuanyuan , Richardson Amelia S. , Bartlett John D. , Hu Jan C‐C. , Simmer James P. 
Published: January 2012

Smith CE, Hu Y, Richardson AS, Bartlett JD, Hu JC‐C, Simmer JP. Relationships between protein and mineral during enamel development in normal and genetically altered mice.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 125–135. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciThe purpose of this study was to quantify and compare the amounts of volatiles (mostly protein) and mineral present in developing incisor enamel in normal mice and in those genetically engineered for absence of intact enamelin, ameloblastin, matrix metalloproteinase 20 (MMP20) or kallikrein‐related peptidase 4 (KLK4). Data indicated that all mice showed peaks in the gross weight of volatiles and a similar weight of mineral at locations on incisors normally associated with early maturation. Thereafter, the content of volatiles on normal incisors declined rapidly by as much as 62%, but not by 100%, over 2 mm, accompanied by increases of ∼threefold in mineral weights. Enamelin heterozygous mice (lower incisors) showed a decrease in volatile content across the maturation stage, yet mineral failed to increase significantly. Mmp20 null mice showed no significant loss of volatiles from maturing enamel, yet the amount of mineral increased. Klk4 null mice showed normal mineral acquisition up to early maturation, but the input of new volatiles in mid to late maturation caused the final mineralization to slow below normal levels. These results suggest that it is not only the amount of protein but also the nature or type of protein or fragments present in the local crystallite environment that affects their volumetric expansion as they mature.
Relationships between dentin and enamel mineral at the dentino–enamel boundary: electron tomography and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy study
Authors: Fang Ping‐An , Lam Raymond S. K. , Beniash Elia 
Published: January 2012

Fang P‐A, Lam RSK, Beniash E. Relationships between dentin and enamel mineral at the dentino–enamel boundary: electron tomography and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy study.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 120–124. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciTo better understand the nature of the relationships between mineral phases at the dentino–enamel boundary (DEB), we performed electron tomography (ET) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) of the apical portions of rat incisors. The ET studies of the DEB at the secretory stage of amelogenesis revealed that nascent enamel crystals are co‐aligned and closely associated with dentin crystallites in the mineralized von Korff fibers, with the distances between dentin and enamel crystals in the nanometer range. We have further studied the relationships between dentin and enamel crystals using HR‐TEM lattice imaging of the DEB. Among dozens of high‐resolution micrographs taken from the DEB we were able to identify only one case of lattice continuity between dentin and enamel crystals, indicating direct epitaxy. In other cases, although there was no direct continuity between the crystalline lattices, power spectra analysis of lattice images revealed a very high level of co‐alignment between dentin and enamel crystals. Hence, we propose here that the high degree of alignment and integration between dentin and enamel mineral can be established either by epitaxy or without direct interactions between crystalline lattices, probably via regulation of mineral formation and organization by integrated organic matrices of dentin and enamel at the DEB.
Rescue of the murine amelogenin null phenotype with two amelogenin transgenes
Authors: Gibson Carolyn W. , Li Yong , Suggs Cynthia , Kuehl Melissa A. , Pugach Megan K. , Kulkarni Ashok B. , Wright John T. 
Published: January 2012

Gibson CW, Li Y, Suggs C, Kuehl MA, Pugach MK, Kulkarni AB, Wright JT. Rescue of the murine amelogenin null phenotype with two amelogenin transgenes.

Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Suppl. 1): 70–74. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciThe amelogenin proteins are required for normal enamel development, and the most abundant amelogenins expressed from alternatively spliced mRNAs are M180 and leucine‐rich amelogenin protein (LRAP). The X‐Chromosomal Amelogenin (Amelx) null [knockout (KO)] mouse has an enamel defect similar to human X‐linked amelogenesis imperfecta. The disorganized enamel layer in KO mice is 10–20% of the thickness of wild‐type (WT) enamel and lacks prismatic structures. When the KO mice were mated with mice that express the transgene M180‐87, (TgM180‐87) partial rescue of the phenotype was observed such that enamel thickness, volume, and density increased. A second transgene was introduced by mating TgM180 KO mice with TgLRAP mice, and male offspring were characterized for genotype and tooth phenotype was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The molar enamel thickness of TgM180‐LRAP KO mice was further increased, and the structure was improved, with a more defined decussation pattern compared with singly rescued mice. We conclude that TgM180 provides significant rescue of the KO phenotype. Although the effectiveness of the LRAP transgene, alone, to rescue is less obvious, the addition of the LRAP transgene to the M180 transgene in KO enamel leads to an added improvement in both amount and structure and thus these transgenes function in a complementary manner. Together, the two most abundant amelogenins lead to the formation of obvious enamel decussation patterns.
Amelogenin–enamelin association in phosphate‐buffered saline
Authors: Yang Xiudong , Fan Daming , Mattew Shibi , Moradian‐Oldak Janet 
Published: January 2012

Yang X, Fan D, Mattew S, Moradian‐Oldak J. Amelogenin–enamelin association in phosphate‐buffered saline.  Eur J Oral Sci 2011; 119 (Supp. 1): 351–356. © 2011 Eur J Oral SciThe structures and interactions among macromolecules in the enamel extracellular matrix play vital roles in regulating hydroxyapatite crystal nucleation, growth, and maturation. We used dynamic light scattering (DLS), circular dichroism (CD), fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the association of amelogenin and the 32‐kDa enamelin, at physiological pH 7.4, in phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS). The self‐assembly behavior of amelogenin (rP148) was altered following addition of the 32‐kDa enamelin. Dynamic light scattering revealed a trend for a decrease in aggregate size in the solution following the addition of enamelin to amelogenin. A blue‐shift and intensity increase of the ellipticity minima of rP148 in the CD spectra upon the addition of the 32‐kDa enamelin, suggest a direct interaction between the two proteins. In the fluorescence spectra, the maximum emission of rP148 was red‐shifted from 335 to 341 nm with a marked intensity increase in the presence of enamelin as a result of complexation of the two proteins. In agreement with DLS data, TEM imaging showed that the 32‐kDa enamelin dispersed the amelogenin aggregates into oligomeric particles and stabilized them. Our study provides novel insights into understanding the possible cooperation between enamelin and amelogenin in macromolecular co‐assembly and in controlling enamel mineral formation.
Root surface treatment using diode laser in delayed tooth replantation: radiographic and histomorphometric analyses in rats
Authors: Carvalho Erica dos Santos , Costa Felipe Toledo Souza , Campos Marcia Sampaio , Anbinder Ana Lia , Neves Ana Christina Claro , Habitante Sandra Márcia , Lage‐Marques José Luiz , Raldi Denise Pontes 
Published: January 2012

Abstract –  Background aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate, by radiographic and histomorphometric analyses, the effects of high‐power diode laser irradiation on the root surfaces of delayed replanted rat teeth.Material and methods:  Maxillary right incisors were extracted from 60 Wistar rats and kept dry for 60 min. Subsequently, the root canals were prepared and filled with calcium hydroxide paste. According to the root surface treatment before the replantation, the teeth were assigned to four groups (n = 15): G1 (negative control) – no root surface treatment; G2 (positive control) – treated with 2% sodium fluoride solution; G3 – irradiated with a high‐power diode laser (810 nm, continuous mode, 1.0 W, 30 s); and G4 – irradiated with a diode laser using the same parameters as those used for G3 but in pulsed mode. The rats were euthanized after 15, 30, and 60 days of replantation. The specimens were digitally radiographed and processed for histomorphometric analysis to determine the average root resorption areas and to evaluate the histological events.Results:  The percentage of root resorption was in the following order: G1 > G2 > G4 > G3. Both histomorphometric and radiographic analyses showed significantly lower means (P < 0.05) of the occurrence of root resorption in the irradiated groups (G3 and G4) when compared to the control groups (G1 and G2). Replacement resorption and ankylosis were observed in histological sections only after 30 and 60 days; however, such events were not observed in G3.Conclusion:  Root surface treatments with high‐powered diode laser irradiation prior to delayed replantation reduced the occurrence of external root resorption compared to no treatment or sodium fluoride treatment at up to 60 days.
Effect of iodine, selenium and cobalt rumen boluses given to dry dairy cows on the immunoglobulin and thyroid hormone status of calves
Authors: ROSE Michael , PEARSON Sam , CRATCHLEY Tom 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThe objective was to determine the effect of rumen boluses containing 6800 mg iodine, 1000 mg selenium and 1000 mg cobalt given to dry dairy cows on the efficiency of colostral immunoglobulin G (IgG) absorption in calves. Thirteen cows received the bolus approximately 58 days before calving. A further 12 cows received no bolus and were used as controls. The cows were housed as one group. Calves were prevented from suckling for the first 24 h of life, and were given three feeds of a fixed quantity of colostrum. At 24 h, the average plasma concentrations of IgG in the calves were 15.5 and 13.4 g/L for the control and bolus groups, respectively; these were not significantly different (P = 0.212). Bolus treatment was associated with higher levels of free and total tri‐iodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) in the dams (all P < 0.001), although it had no effect on thyroid hormone levels in the calves. There were nevertheless positive and negative relationships between the efficiency with which colostral IgG was absorbed at 24 h and, respectively, total T3 at 24 h (P < 0.05) and total T4 at 1 h of age (P < 0.05). The underlying basis for these relationships remains to be established.
Regional and circadian variations of sweating rate and body surface temperature in camels (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: ABDOUN Khalid A. , SAMARA Emad M. , OKAB Aly B. , AL‐HAIDARY Ahmed A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIt was the aim of this study to investigate the regional variations in surface temperature and sweating rate and to visualize body thermal windows responsible for the dissipation of excess body heat in dromedary camels. This study was conducted on five dromedary camels with mean body weight of 450 ± 20.5 kg and 2 years of age. Sweating rate, skin and body surface temperature showed significant (P < 0.001) circadian variation together with the variation in ambient temperature. However, daily mean values of sweating rate, skin and body surface temperature measured on seven regions of the camel body did not significantly differ. The variation in body surface temperature compared to the variation in skin temperature was higher in the hump compared to the axillary and flank regions, indicating the significance of camel's fur in protecting the skin from daily variation in ambient temperature. Infrared thermography revealed that flank and axillary regions had lower thermal gradients at higher ambient temperature (Ta) and higher thermal gradients at lower Ta, which might indicate the working of flank and axillary regions as thermal windows dissipating heat during the night. Sweating rate showed moderate correlation to skin and body surface temperatures, which might indicate their working as potential thermal drivers of sweating in camels.
Current state of US breastfeeding laws
Authors: Nguyen Thu T. , Hawkins Summer Sherburne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study systematically examined state‐level laws protecting breastfeeding, including their current status and historical development, as well as identified gaps across US states and regions. The National Conference of State Legislatures summarised breastfeeding laws for 50 states and DC as of September 2010, which we updated through May 2011. We then searched LexisNexis and Westlaw to find the full text of laws, recording enactment dates and definitions. Laws were coded into five categories: (1) employers are encouraged or required to provide break time and private space for breastfeeding employees; (2) employers are prohibited from discriminating against breastfeeding employees; (3) breastfeeding is permitted in any public or private location; (4) breastfeeding is exempt from public indecency laws; and (5) breastfeeding women are exempt from jury duty. By May 2011, 1 state had enacted zero breastfeeding laws, 10 had one, 22 had two, 12 had three, 5 had four and 1 state had laws across all five categories. While 92% of states allowed mothers to breastfeed in any location and 57% exempted breastfeeding from indecency laws, 37% of states encouraged or required employers to provide break time and accommodations, 24% offered breastfeeding women exemption from jury duty and 16% prohibited employment discrimination. The Northeast had the highest proportion of states with breastfeeding laws and the Midwest had the lowest. Breastfeeding outside the home is protected to varying degrees depending on where women live; this suggests that many women are not covered by comprehensive laws that promote breastfeeding.
A Multi-Institutional Observational Study of Testosterone Levels After Testosterone Pellet (Testopel®) Insertion
Authors: McCullough Andrew R. , Khera Mohit , Goldstein Irwin , Hellstrom Wayne J.G. , Morgentaler Abraham , Levine Laurence A. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Implantable testosterone pellets were approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 1972 for the treatment of testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS). Clinical use of this testosterone delivery modality has been limited until its recent reintroduction (Testopel®, Slate Pharmaceuticals, Durham, NC, USA). Six academic institutions collaborated and combined their databases to more fully characterize serum testosterone levels after the pellet implantations.

Aims
To assess the time-dependent serum testosterone levels after subcutaneous testosterone pellets in clinical practice for the treatment of TDS.

Methods
Data were retrospectively pooled and analyzed from data in six academic institutions. Variables included patient age, total testosterone concentrations before and after implantation, the number of testosterone pellets implanted, and the time from implantation to measurement of serum testosterone concentrations. Three hundred eighty men undergoing 702 insertions were included for analysis using JMP (version 4.0.4; SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).

Main Outcome Measures
Main outcome measures were postimplantation total testosterone levels and investigator-reported adverse events. Testosterone levels as a function of the number of pellets implanted and time from implantation were assessed.

Results
Implantation of six to ≥10 testosterone pellets (450 to ≥750 mg) increased total testosterone into the therapeutic range at 1 month postimplantation and sustained therapeutic levels (&gt;300) for 4–6 months. Higher pellet numbers (10–12 pellets) were associated with higher, more consistent, and longer maintenance of testosterone levels within the therapeutic range. Four extrusions and three hematomas were reported early in our experience; other investigator-reported adverse events were generally mild to moderate in nature and transient in duration. No subjects required analgesics.

Conclusions
Testosterone pellets (Testopel®, Slate Pharmaceuticals) provide sustained levels of testosterone for at least 4 months and up to 6 months in men with TDS. Implantation of ≥8 pellets achieved optimal results with respect to peak mean testosterone level and duration of effect. Testosterone pellets were generally well tolerated.
A retrospective cohort study of metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy, with an exploratory analysis of changing serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels
Authors: NG Say Liang , BURNS William I , SNYDER Raymond D , NEWNHAM Genni M , MCLACHLAN Sue‐Anne , LIEW Danny , DOWLING Anthony J 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAim:  To examine the relationship between changes in serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels and survival during oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).Methods:  A retrospective review of 142 patients with mCRC who were treated with oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapies (mostly FOLFOX 6 or XELOX) by St Vincent's Hospital, from October 1999 until 30 November 2007. Survival analysis was used to determine median overall survival (OS) from commencement of chemotherapy. A CEA response was defined by ≥50% decline compared with baseline, maintained on two consecutive occasions at least 4 weeks apart. The Cox proportional hazard model and a landmark analysis at 3 months were used to evaluate survival differences between CEA responders (rCEA) and non‐responders (non‐rCEA).Results:  The median OS was 14.7 months. Using an intention‐to‐treat analysis, 76 (53.5%) patients achieved a CEA response, while 66 (46.5%) did not. Using the landmark analysis at 3 months, rCEA had a longer survival than non‐rCEA (median 16.0 vs 7.8 months, P < 0.0001). The hazard ratio for patients dying of mCRC in non‐rCEA was 2.2 (P < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, CEA response and better baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) predicted for survival (P < 0.0001 for both), while age, gender and histology grade did not.Conclusion:  The median OS of our patients is similar to published randomized trials. A CEA response of ≥50% at 3 months and good ECOG were independent predictors of OS of patients with mCRC treated with oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapies.
Magnetic jet model for GRBs and the delayed arrival of &gt;100 MeV photons
Authors: Bošnjak Ž. , Kumar P. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACT
Photons of energy larger than 100 MeV from long GRBs arrive a few seconds after &lt;10 MeV photons do. We show that this delay is a natural consequence of a magnetic-dominated relativistic jet. The much slower acceleration of a magnetic jet with radius (compared with a hot baryonic outflow) results in high-energy γ-ray photons to be converted to electron–positron pairs out to a larger radius, whereas lower energy γ-rays of energy less than ∼10 MeV can escape when the jet crosses the Thomson photosphere. The resulting delay for the arrival of high-energy photons is found to be similar to the value observed by the Fermi satellite for a number of GRBs. A prediction of this model is that the delay should increase with photon energy (E) as ∼E0.17 for E &gt; 100 MeV. The delay depends almost linearly on burst redshift, and on the distance from the central compact object where the jet is launched (R0). Therefore, the delay in arrival of &gt;102 MeV photons can be used to estimate burst redshift if the magnetic jet model for γ-ray generation is correct and R0 is roughly the same for long GRBs.
Cross‐Cultural Analysis of Cognitive Attributions of Smoking in Thai and South Korean Adolescents
Authors: Page Randy M. , Park Sunhee , Suwanteerangkul Jiraporn , Park Hyunju , Kemeny Maria , Philips Lynn 
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Understanding the cognitive attributions of smoking has the potential to advance youth smoking prevention efforts; however, research on this subject is limited in Asian countries. We attempted to determine the degree to which cognitive attributions of smoking differ among adolescents in 2 Asian countries, Thailand and South Korea.METHODS: We surveyed 10th‐ to 12th‐grade students in Chiang Mai, Thailand (N = 2516) and Seoul, South Korea (N = 1166). Logistic regression determined association of attributions and current smoking and differences in attributions between Thai and South Korean students.RESULTS: Items with the highest agreement among South Koreans were “helps me to deal with stress” and “helps relax” and among Thai were “feel like I am making my own decisions” and “keeps from being bored.” Significant predictors of current smoking were different between samples. Only 1 cognitive attribution predicted current smoking in both samples (“helps me to deal with stress”).CONCLUSION: The pattern of relevant cognitive attributions of smoking for the 2 samples was distinct, suggesting that cross‐cultural differences merit consideration when designing prevention and cessation programs. Health education should strive to dispel the use of smoking as a coping strategy for dealing with stressful situations and distressful feelings and teach adolescents alternative healthy strategies for dealing with stress.
End‐use analysis of household water by metering: the case study in Korea
Authors: Lee Doo‐Jin , Park No‐Suk , Jeong Woochang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to estimate the real water use for a person per day by analysing water use trend of respective metered data. To investigate the unit amount used and component ratio of residential water usage in households, 146 households nationwide were selected as ‘representative samples’, and each end‐use usage was monitored by actual metering from 2002 to 2006. From the results of analysing the acquired data, it was found that the unit amount used in a household was 165.8 litres per capita day (lpcd). Additionally, the unit amount used consisted of six end‐uses; toilet water was the greatest, at 25% (38.5 lpcd), laundry water represented 20% (30.8 lpcd), kitchen water was 19% (28.4 lpcd), bathtub water was 16% (24.7 lpcd), washbowl water was 10% (15.4 lpcd) and miscellaneous use of water represented 9% (13.5%). Comparing the unit amount used according to housing type, 141 lpcd was shown in the case of single houses, and 155 and 159 lpcd were derived in the cases of multi‐unit houses and apartments, respectively. Moreover, the proportions of the aged (50 and over) among the total number of members in single, multihouse and apartment houses were 68.2, 38.1 and 32.4%, respectively. In addition, comparing the amount used and the component ratio among United Kingdom, United States and Korea, the end‐use amount and component ratio in Korea are similar to those in the United States. The total amount of water use in the United Kingdom was less than that in both Korea and the United States.