bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship of Form and Function of Minute Characters of Lepidopterous Larvae, and its Importance in Life-History Studies
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe information to be obtained from thorough life-history studies is an extremely useful tool, perhaps especially so when ecology is being emphasized, as it is to-day, by the life-table and other mathematical approaches to the study of population processes. This information is desired by workers in many fields of entomology – by the biological and chemical control experts, the biomathematicians, the theorists and even the taxonomists. However, much of the knowledge that these workers require, for instance the fine distinctions of behaviour and environment, has been overlooked in most life-history studies, and I strongly suspect that one of the weaknesses of studies of this nature has been the failure to analyse the mode of living of an insect (or, in the case of Lepidoptera, of the immature forms) in relation to the anatomy on one hand and environmental circumstances on the other. To look for these relationships, I believe that one requires (a) the ability and perseverance to perceive detail as minute as that required for a taxonomic study, and (b) a considerable knowledge of the taxonomic detail that is to be obtained from basic morphological studies. Therefore, in this paper, attention is drawn to pertinent structural characters of lepidopterous larvae and their probable connection with the behaviour and microhabitats of the larvae, in the hope that some guidance may be offered to future students of life-histories, at least in Lepidoptera.
Absence of Preimaginal Conditioning in Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Arthur A. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWhen the polyphagous parasite Itoplectis conquisitor (Say) was reared on either of two hosts, Thymelicus lineola (Ochs.) or Galleria mellonella L., it showed no preference for the host from which it had emerged when exposed to equal numbers of the two hosts in the same type of ecological niche. No evidence for the existence of preimaginal conditioning in I. conquisitor was obtained.
Sex Pheromone of the Oriental Fruit Moth Grapholitha molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: George J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe existence of a chemical female sex pheromone in the Oriental fruit moth has been demonstrated; it both attracts and sexually excites adult males. Males without antennae are neither attracted to, nor sexually stimulated by, the pheromone. Thus, the pheromone appears to be essential for reproduction. Active pheromone can be extracted with benzene from the tips of virgin female abdomens and bioassayed with males. The gland believed to produce the pheromone was located and examined histologically. It is now possible to investigate the chemical nature of the pheromone and its possible use in the control of the Oriental fruit moth.
Effects of Dietary Components on Fecundity of the ParasitoidExeristes comstockii(Cress.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Bracken G. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFeeding tests in which various components were omitted individually from a chemically defined diet for adults of the parasitoidExeristes comstockii(Cress.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) showed that amino acids, salts, and vitamins were needed for maximal egg production and maximum numbers of eggs contained in ovaries. Omission of fatty acids, ribonucleic acid and cholesterol had no effect. Only omission of vitamins lowered egg hatch. Tests showed that the ovaries could recover from vitamin starvation.
New Species and Subspecies of Anomiopsyllus Baker From Mexico (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae)
Authors: Holland George P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree new species of Anomiopsyllus Baker, A. martini, A. durangoensis, and A. sinuatus, are described from the State of Durango, and a new subspecies, A. hiemalis mexicanus, from the State of Chihuahua, Mexico. Host-relationships and distribution of the Nearctic genera of Anomiopsyllinae are summarized, and a key to males of the twelve known species and subspecies of Anomiopsyllus is provided.
Survival and Development of the Bronze Poplar Borer Agrilus liragus Barter & Brown (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Barter G. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSurvival of Agrilus liragus B. & B. is highly dependent on host condition. Any weakening factor such as defoliation, mechanical injury, or previous damage by A. liragus increases tree susceptibility to attack and enhances borer survival. The insect itself, through its local weakening effect on the phloem and cambial tissues, controls to some extent its own feeding environment. Although parasitism and predation do take place, the condition of the host tree is considered the prime factor determining the density of the borer population.
The Effect of Physical Factors on the Emergence and Subsequent Behaviour of Adults of the European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.)
Authors: Green G. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdults of the European pine shoot moth emerge for the most part between dawn and 0900 hr. E.S.T. within a temperature range of approximately 11 to 25 °C. Adult emergence follows a field rhythm, emergence behaviour being initiated in pupae that have completed their development by the daily dark:light transition. Pupae held at constant temperature and under continuous light or darkness in the laboratory produced adults at any time of the day or night, whereas adults emerging from pupae held in an altered light cycle showed peak emergence following the dark:light transition. Observations of adult emergence in the field indicate that an average of 71 minutes was taken from the first appearance of the pupa in the exit hole until the wings of the newly emerged moth were expanded, dried, and returned to the normal resting position. Duration of the various phases of emergence behaviour are given, and discussed in relation to physical factors and predators. Following emergence, adults moved about the trees to more secluded and cooler sites once temperatures in exposed sites exceeded about 30 °C. During the hotter parts of the day, these movements commonly took the insects deep within the multiple tops of infested trees. As conditions moderated in the evening, and light intensities became conducive to flight, mating, and oviposition, the moths appeared in more exposed sites on the host trees.
Permeability of the Sagittiform Sensilla in Ixodid Ticks, and Their Possible Relation to Hygroreception
Authors: Wilkinson P. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aqueous exudation from the sagittiform sensilla ofDermacentor andersoniStiles larvae and nymphs, when placed in xylene and kerosene, indicates that the sensilla are more permeable than the rest of the cuticle to water. Potassium hydroxide also penetrates preferentially at these sites, reacting with haem pigments to form a pink colour inDermacentorandBoophiluslarvae. These observations, together with the complex structure of the sensilla, suggest that the sensilla are hygroreceptors.
ChlamydatusCurtis in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree species ofChlamydatusCurtis described as new are:artemisiae,auratusandknighti.Seventeen other species recognized from North America are:arcuatusKngt.,associants(Uhl.),brevicornisKngt.,fulvipesKngt.,manzanitaeKngt.,monilipesVan D.,montanusKngt.,obliquus(Uhl.),opacus(Zett.),pallidicornisKngt.,pulicarius(Fall.),pullus(Reut.),ruficornisKngt.,schuhiKngt.,suavis(Reut.),uniformis(Uhl.), andwilkinsoni(D. & S.).Chlamydatus opacus(Zett.), is recorded for the first time from North America.Chlamydatus apiatus(Uhl.) andC.fumidus(Uhl.) are transferred toPlagiognathusFieb., new combination. GenusStrophopodaVan D., formerly considered a synonym ofChlamydatusis reinstated to containStrophopoda apricaVan D. Species are keyed and male genitalia are figured.
Digestion of Spruce Budworm Larvae and Pupae in the Olive-backed Thrush, Hylochichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi)
Authors: Mook L. J. , Marshall H. G. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTo use gizzard analysis quantitatively, in the assessment of bird predation on insect populations, information is needed on the time that identifiable remains of the prey can be found in the gizzard and on the rate at which these remains disappear. The digestion rate, measured by the disappearance of mandibles or cremasters, has been studied for larvae and pupae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), when eaten by the olive-backed thrush, Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi).
The Seasonal Size Increase of Bumblebee Workers (Hymenoptera: Bombus)
Authors: Knee W. J. , Medler J. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSix field colonies and four laboratory colonies of bumblebees were used in a marking experiment during the summer of 1964 in Wisconsin to study the seasonal size increase of the workers. Mean sizes of weekly age groups differed significantly. The workers gradually increased in size in healthy colonies. In colonies disrupted by parasitism or transfer from the field to the laboratory, consecutive age groups of workers were- significantly smaller. After a period of adjustment, the colonies transferred from the field to the laboratory resumed the normal pattern of worker size increase.
Some Species of Geomyza From China and Japan (Diptera: Opomyzidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGeomyza nubilipuncta n. sp. and G. envirata n. sp. are described from Japan and China respectively. The wing and terminalia of G. advena Frey, from Japan, are figured. A key to the three species is presented.
Differences in Anatis mali Auct. and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake to Changes in the Quality and Quantity of the Larval Food (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Smith B. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCapacity to adjust to variable resources of food is a useful criterion for assessing the regulatory influence of predators on the population of prey. Anatis mali Auct. was better adapted than Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake to tolerate a shortage of food. When the food supply was increased, survival and adult weight increased in both species – adult weight to a much greater extent in A. mali than in C. maculata, and developmental time decreased in A. mali, but was unchanged in C. maculata. C. maculata was better able to withstand regularly occurring periods of intermittent feeding than a shortage near the end of its development.The conversion ratio of third-instar A. mali larvae and the growth rate of C. maculata larvae were higher when individuals were fed on Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) than on Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). Between the minimum food requirement and the maximum quantity eaten, the conversion ratio of A. mali decreased whereas that of C. maculata remained constant except at the highest quantities of food where the rate of intake increased and the ratio decreased. Relative food intake rate is an accurate criterion for comparing stages and species of predators that are fed on various foods.
Dissimilarity of Heptachlor-resistance in Life-stages of the Turnip Maggot, Hylemya floralis (Fall.) (Diptera: Anthomycidae)
Authors: Stewart W. W. A. , McKinlay K. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLaboratory tests of heptachlor-resistance in larvae and adults from treated and untreated farm populations of Hylemya floralis (Fall.) showed that only larvae were developing resistance. Therefore it is suggested that all life-stages of insect pests should be tested to determine which stage soonest reflects the highest level of resistance. This stage could be used to detect levels of resistance in the field and to permit alteration of control programs, to prevent development of complete resistance and the consequent loss of crop.Third-instar larvae from the farm where all cruciferous crops had been treated with heptachlor annually, from 1952 to 1961, were resistant to 80 times greater concentrations of heptachlor than those from the untreated farm. From 1962 to 1964 the level of resistance remained constant in third-instar larvae from the untreated farm but it decreased fivefold in those from the treated farm. This decreased resistance is attributed to dilution of the population by non-resistant H. floralis from adjoining crops untreated during this period.
Transmission of Clover Phyllody Virus by the Leafhopper, Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say)
Authors: Chiykowski L. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractClover phyllody virus was transmitted from ladino clover to ladino clover by Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say). The preinfective period of the insect following acquisition of the virus was between 21 and 28 days. Nineteen of 25 plants fed on by leafhoppers that had completed their preinfective period became infected.
Studies on Avian Predators of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) With Special Reference to Picidae
Authors: Otvos Imre S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFour species of woodpeckers (family Picidae) are definitely known to be predaceous on the western pine beetle in the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. These are: Dendrocopus villosus, Dendrocopus pubescens, Dendrocopus albolarvatus and Dryocopus pileatus. The red-shafter flicker (Colaptes cafer, Picidae), creepers (Certhiidae), nuthatches (Sittidae), and flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are thought to be predators on the western pine beetle.Predation by woodpeckers reduced the western pine beetle population by (a) actual consumption of 31.8% in two generations studied, and (b) by increasing parasite densities in the order of 3.85 factor. The increase in parasite density was believed to have been caused by bark removal to a near uniform thickness enabling a higher parasitism by those parasites with short ovipositors, such as Cecidostiba and Roptrocerus spp.One adverse effect of woodpecker predation was a reduction or a depression of insect predation. Highly mobile insect predators may have been driven away by woodpecker activity, actually consumed, or both.Bark flakes, chipped or pried off by the woodpeckers during their feeding activity, contained but few insects and it is doubtful that these could survive on the ground and reach the adult stage.
The Symptoms and Histopathology of Poisoning by Maneb inOncopeltus fasciatus(Dallas),
Authors: McMullen R. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractManeb (manganous ethylene bisdithiocarhamate) applied topically toOncopeltus fasciatusnymphs causes death after 7 to 10 days. The gross symptoms of intoxication, histopathology and effect on oxygen consumption are described. Activities such as feeding and walking are slightly reduced after 24 hours and completely inhibited after 3 to 4 days. The tissues most severely affected by the treatment are the secretory cells of the mid-gut epithelium and the cells of the Malpighian tubules. These at first show extreme vacuolization, reduction of the size of cell nuclei and finally cytolysis. Oxygen consumption in vivo is reduced by the treatment.
Parasite Studies in Two Residual Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) Outbreaks in Quebec
Authors: Blais J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractParasite studies were carried out in two residual spruce budworm outbreaks in Quebec. Investigations were conducted during the last three years of the outbreak in the Lower St. Lawrence region and during the last year of the one in the Saguenay region. In the Lower St. Lawrence region decline of the insect population was initiated through aerial application of DDT over a period of three years, while in the Saguenay region the unfavourable condition of the forest stands apparently kept budworm numbers below peak outbreak levels. The incidence of mortality through the action of parasites was very high during the last year of both of these outbreaks and probably contributed to bringing about their collapse. Meteorus trachynotus Vier. has repeatedly been recovered in abundance during the last year of a number of budworm outbreaks and it was amongst the important parasites recovered in both outbreaks under discussion. Other species, however, that were abundant in one or the other of these two outbreaks had not been recovered in numbers before. The parasite complex and the relative abundance of each parasite species during budworm outbreaks is fairly constant at the time of peak host populations, but it is now apparent that they vary considerably at the time of outbreak collapse. Variations in the presence and relative abundance of alternate hosts probably account for this situation.
Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. III. Subgenus Cullumanobombus Vogt
Authors: Hobbs G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe subgenus Cullumanobombus is represented by Bombus rufocinctus in the Nearctic region. In southern Alberta, its distribution is confined to the wooded areas. There, it is adaptable in its nest-selecting habits, and establishes nests mostly in June. It made 11.2 ± 1.4 cells in the first brood. In each cell, one egg was laid in the first brood, 4.2 ± 1.2 eggs in the second and third, and 8.2 ± 3.9 in the fourth and later broods.Queens required about 22 days to rear workers. The second and third broods were usually workers and the fourth and later broods usually males or queens. The workers in a colony varied little in size. The dominant color pattern was B. rufocinctus s. str. This species is a prolific producer of wax.The queens mated in the morning and hibernated in the afternoon, about an inch deep in the soil.Many queens invaded other nests of the same species. The natural enemies were the three species of Psithyrus indigenous to the area, the big-headed fly, Physocephala texana, and ants.
The Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson (Acarina: Tetranychidae), on Apple in Nova Scotia.: I. Influence of Intratree Distribution on the Selection of Sampling Units. II. Differences in Habits and Seasonal Trends in Orchards With Bivoltine and Trivoltine Populations. III. Distribution of Diapause Eggs. IV. Hatching of Diapause Eggs
Authors: Herbert H. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn Nova Scotia one leaf cluster with an adjoining 1 inch of twig taken from the inside of each of 10 apple trees replicated four times is an adequate sample unit to measure the density of the brown mite.The brown mite has one generation with a partial second in some orchards and one with a partial second and partial third in others. The first generation adults in the bivoltine and trivoltine populations lay summer eggs on the leaves and twigs, and diapause eggs on tin twigs. The second generation adults in the bivoltine populations lay only diapause eggs; in the trivoltine populations they lay both summer and diapause eggs. The adults of the third generation lay only diapause eggs.The brown mite is found on both the leaves and woody parts of the tree. In orchards with bivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80% by mid-July, but thereafter gradually decreased to 10% by the end of August. However, in orchards with trivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80 to 90% by mid-July, remained constant until mid-August, and thereafter decreased to approximately 40% by the end of August.The number of diapause eggs laid by adults of each generation in both the bivoltine and trivoltine populations varies widely. The eggs are deposited on the trunk as well as on the branches, with the heaviest deposition in the central area of the tree. The diapause eggs laid by adults of the first generation are the last to hatch and those laid by the third generation are the first to hatch the following spring.The factors responsible for the differences in the number of generations and in the number of diapause eggs laid are unknown.
Rearing Root Maggots, Chiefly Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) for Bioassay
Authors: Read D. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDetails of a method of mass rearing eggs and larvae of the cabbage root maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) for bioassay and of continuous propagation of all stages of the pest are described. The technique was equally suitable for rearing the onion maggot H. antiqua (Meig.), the seed corn maggot H. calicruraliturata (Rond.) and the carrot rust fly, Psila rosa (L.). Under the conditions described, 2000-2500 eggs or first-instar larvae of H. brassicae were obtained from 50-60 female flies in 24 hours, or 1000-1200 mature larvae or pupae were reared from eggs produced by 25 female flies in approximately 20 days.
Effects of Prey Abundance on the Development of the Spider Agelenopsis potteri (Blackwall) (Araneae: Agelenidae)
Authors: Turnbull A. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAgelenopsis potteri (Blackwall) spiders that were reared from egg to adult on live prey (Aedes aegypti L.) supplied at different daily rates varied in the rate that they were able to capture prey, grow, and attain maturity. Mortality varied inversely with feeding rates, but some spiders matured at each feeding rate. All spiders matured in seven stages regardless of the rate of feeding. Both sexes were mature following the sixth moult. The rate of prey capture declined sharply in the adults. Males matured about four days sooner than females. A straight-line relationship exists between the rate at which prey were captured and the dry weights of the adult spiders. A straight-line relationship was also found between the numbers of prey captured per day and the daily development of the spider.
The Trefoil Sawfly, Atomacera debilis Say (Hymenoptera: Argidae), in Ontario
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Trinnell J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe trefoil sawfly, Atomacera debilis Say, is reported for the first time from Canada. The larvae are redescribed to illustrate their unusual morphological characters. The known distribution in North America and biological information on the species are presented.
Additions to the List of Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Agricultural Lands near Belleville, Ontario
Authors: Rivard I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNineteen species of carabid beetles are added to the list of those found in agricultural lands near Belleville in 1959–62, and eight previously determined to genus only are herein identified to species. Notiophilus intermedins Lth. is reported from Ontario for the first time, and a second record is made of Bembidion obtusum Ser., a European species doubtfully established in North America.
The Influence of Soil Moisture and Soil Type on the Oviposition Behaviour
of the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes
(Fabricius)
Authors: Edwards Roy L. , Epp Henry T. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Three different soils – sand, loam and clay – at each of three moisture
levels – saturated, intermediate, and dry – were offered to female
Melanoplus sanguinipes as oviposition sites.
When given a free choice the females preferred moist sand to all other
oviposition sites and avoided soil that was completely dry. When no moist
soil was available, coarse dry soil was preferred to fine dry soil, but the
oviposition rate was reduced. The females would probe and dig at random into
any of the soil offered but would withhold their eggs temporarily if the
subsurface soil was not moist. Soil water pH appeared to have very little
influence on the females' acceptance of an oviposition site as egg pods were
deposited in soils with a range of pH from 3.0 to 11.6. It is suggested that
although the absence of moisture in the soil may affect the distribution of
egg-pods in the microhabitat and may reduce the rate of egg-pod production
slightly, the temperature prevailing during the oviposition period is
perhaps a more important factor in determining the number of egg-pods
deposited.