bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De Novo Aneurysm Formation and Growth of Untreated Aneurysms
Authors: Ferns Sandra P. , Sprengers Marieke E.S. , van Rooij Willem Jan J. , van den Berg René , Velthuis Birgitta K. , de Kort Gérard A.P. , Sluzewski Menno , van Zwam Wim H. , Rinkel Gabriël J.E. , Majoie Charles B.L.M. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Rates of development of de novo intracranial aneurysms and of growth of untreated additional aneurysms are largely unknown. We performed MRA in a large patient cohort with coiled aneurysms at 5-year follow-up.

Methods—
In 276 patients with coiled intracranial aneurysms and 5±0.5 years of follow-up MRA (totaling 1332 follow-up patient-years), additional aneurysms were classified as unchanged, grown, de novo, or incomparable with previous imaging. We calculated 5-year cumulative incidence of de novo aneurysm formation and growth of untreated aneurysms. We searched PubMed and EMBASE databases for studies assessing aneurysm development, and growth.

Results—
In 50 of 276 patients (18%), 75 additional aneurysms were present at follow-up MRA. Of these 75, 2 were de novo (both 3 mm), 58 were unchanged, 5 had grown from 1 to 3 mm (7.9% of 63 known additional aneurysms; 95% CI, 1.3%–14.6%), and 10 were incomparable. Five-year cumulative incidence for a de novo aneurysm developing was 0.75%. Four additional aneurysms in 3 patients were treated. Ten previous studies reported annual incidences of growth of additional aneurysms ranging from 1.51% to 22.7%, and 5 studies reported annual incidences of de novo aneurysm formation ranging from 0.3 to 1.8%.

Conclusions—
MRA screening of patients with coiled aneurysms within the first 5 years after treatment has a low rate of de novo aneurysm development and growth of additional aneurysms, and an even lower treatment rate.
Previous Statin Use Is Not Associated With an Increased Prevalence or Degree of Gradient-Echo Lesions in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Day Jason S. , Policeni Bruno A. , Smoker Wendy R.K. , Dobre Mircea C. , Zhang Ying , Leira Enrique C. , Davis Patricia H. , Chen Sherman , Olalde Heena , Adams Harold P. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Microhemorrhages on gradient-echo T2*-weighted MRI sequences are often found in patients with cerebrovascular disease and are related to intracerebral hemorrhage. Because statin therapy is associated with increased risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, we investigated whether statin use was also associated with microhemorrhages in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Methods—
We performed a retrospective analysis on prospectively collected data from a stroke registry containing patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. The primary and secondary outcome variables were the prevalence and degree of microhemorrhages as detected on gradient-echo MRI sequences and categorized as mild (1–2), moderate (3–10), or severe (>10). The location of the microhemorrhages was noted and rated by 2 neuroradiologists. Previous use of statins and other covariates were assessed as potential predictors.

Results—

Three hundred forty-nine patients were admitted from June 2008 to July 2009, and 300 of which were analyzed. Microhemorrhages were detected in 70 subjects (23%); 35 had only lobar lesions, 16 had only deep lesions, and 19 had both lobar and deep lesions. On univariate and multivariate analysis, statin therapy was not associated with the prevalence (OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.36–1.51;
P
=0.40) or degree of microhemorrhages modeled for lesser severity (OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 0.61–8.75;
P
=0.22).

Conclusions—
Previous statin therapy was not associated with the prevalence or degree of microhemorrhages in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. The association between statins and intracerebral hemorrhage does not appear to be mediated through microhemorrhages.
The Albumin in Acute Stroke (ALIAS) Multicenter Clinical Trial
Authors: Ginsberg Myron D. , Palesch Yuko Y. , Martin Renee H. , Hill Michael D. , Moy Claudia S. , Waldman Bonnie D. , Yeatts Sharon D. , Tamariz Diego , Ryckborst Karla ,   for the ALIAS Investigators
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—Enrollment in the Albumin in Acute Stroke (ALIAS) Trial was suspended in late 2007 due to a safety concern. We present the safety data of that Trial (“Part 1”) and the rationale for the design of Part 2.Methods—ALIAS Part 1 was designed to assess whether 25% albumin (ALB) started within 5 hours of stroke onset would confer neuroprotection in subjects with acute ischemic stroke and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale of ≥6. Exclusion criteria included recent or current congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, or cardiac surgery. The study comprised 2 cohorts: subjects who received thrombolysis and those who did not, each with 1:1 randomization to ALB or placebo. The primary outcome was the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale and modified Rankin Scales at 90 days. The intended sample size was 1800.Results—Four hundred thirty-four subjects were enrolled, and 424 were used in the safety analysis (ALB 207, saline 217). There were 36 deaths within the first 30 days in the ALB group and 21 in the saline group. In contrast, death rates after 30 days were similar by treatment. Large strokes were the predominant cause of early death in both groups. In subjects >83 years of age, 90-day death rates were 2.3-fold higher with ALB than with saline (95% CI, 1.04 to 5.12). Similarly, 90-day deaths in subjects receiving excessive fluids were 2.10-fold greater with ALB than with saline (CI, 1.10 to 3.98).Conclusions—The ALIAS Part 2 Trial, which started in early 2009, was modified as follows to enhance safety: upper age limit of 83 years; requirement for normal baseline serum troponin level; restriction of total intravenous fluids in the first 48 hours to ≤4200 mL; mandatory diuretic at 12 to 24 hours; and detailed site retraining. Because of insufficient nonthrombolysed subjects (22%) in Part 1, the 2-cohort design was eliminated. The Data Safety Monitoring Board has reviewed the safety data of Part 2 3 times and has approved continuation of the trial.
Uric Acid Levels Are Relevant in Patients With Stroke Treated With Thrombolysis
Authors: Amaro Sergio , Urra Xabier , Gómez-Choco Manuel , Obach Víctor , Cervera Álvaro , Vargas Martha , Torres Ferran , Rios Jose , Planas Anna M. , Chamorro Ángel 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Uric acid (UA) is a neuroprotective antioxidant that improves the benefits of alteplase in experimental ischemia. However, it is unknown whether endogenous UA also influences the response to thrombolysis in patients with stroke.

Methods—
A total of 317 consecutive patients treated with thrombolysis were included in a prospective stroke registry. Demographics, laboratory data, neurological course, and infarction volume were prospectively collected. Excellent outcome was defined as achieving a modified Rankin Scale score <2 at 90 days. Binary and ordinal logistic regression models were used to analyze modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days.

Results—

UA levels were significantly higher in patients with an excellent outcome than in patients with a poor outcome (5.82 [1.39] versus 5.42 [1.81],
P
=0.029). In multivariate models, increased UA levels (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.49;
P
=0.025) were associated with an excellent outcome and with an increased risk of shifting to a better category across the modified Rankin Scale (OR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.38;
P
=0.014) independently of the effect of confounders. The levels of UA and the volume of final infarction were inversely correlated (
r
=−0.216,
P
<0.001) and the inverse correlation remained after adjustment for age, sex, and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (t value=−2.54,
P
=0.01). Significantly lower UA levels were found in patients with malignant middle cerebral artery infarction and parenchymal hemorrhage postthrombolysis.

Conclusions—
Increased UA serum levels are associated with better outcome in patients with stroke treated with reperfusion therapies. These results support the assessment of the potential neuroprotective role of the exogenous administration of UA in patients with stroke treated with thrombolysis.
Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Aphasic Stroke
Authors: Weiduschat Nora , Thiel Alexander , Rubi-Fessen Ilona , Hartmann Alexander , Kessler Josef , Merl Patrick , Kracht Lutz , Rommel Thomas , Heiss Wolf Dieter 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Although functional imaging studies suggest that recruitment of contralesional areas hinders optimal functional reorganization in patients with aphasic stroke, only limited evidence is available on the efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation aimed at suppression of contralateral overactivation.

Methods—
In this randomized, controlled, blinded pilot study, the effect of 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over right-hemispheric Broca homolog in subjects with poststroke aphasia in the subacute stage was examined. According to their group allocation, patients received, in addition to conventional speech and language therapy, multiple sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation either over the right-hemispheric inferior frontal gyrus (intervention group) or over the vertex (control group). The primary outcome parameter was the change in laterality indices as quantified by activation positron emission tomography before and after the 2-week intervention period. The clinical efficacy was evaluated with the Aachen Aphasia Test.

Results—

At baseline, no group differences were discovered for age, laterality indices, or mean Aachen Aphasia Test scores. Four patients were lost to follow-up, but none due to side effects of the transcranial magnetic stimulation. Positron emission tomography revealed an activation shift toward the right hemisphere in the control group (
P
=0.0165), which was absent in the intervention group. Furthermore, the latter improved significantly clinically by a mean of 19.8 points in the Aachen Aphasia Test total score (
P
=0.002), whereas the control group did not. There was however no clear linear relationship between the extent of laterality shift and clinical improvement (
r
=0.193,
P
=nonsignificant).

Conclusions—
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation might be an effective, safe, and feasible complementary therapy for poststroke aphasia.
Stroke Survivor Depressive Symptoms Are Associated With Family Caregiver Depression During the First 2 Years Poststroke
Authors: Cameron Jill I. , Cheung Angela M. , Streiner David L. , Coyte Peter C. , Stewart Donna E. 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with stroke are gaining increasing attention in a field in which recovery of physical function has dominated. A small body of research has begun to suggest that stroke survivors' (SSs') behavioral and psychological symptoms contribute to family caregivers' experiences of emotional distress. The objective of this research was to determine the unique contribution of SS behavioral and psychological symptoms on caregiver emotional distress during the first 2 years poststroke.

Method—
A longitudinal cohort study was conducted of individuals who have survived their first stroke and their caregivers. Participants completed standardized measures by telephone interviews at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months poststroke. A subsample completed additional assessments 18 and 24 months poststroke. These longitudinal data were analyzed using mixed effects modeling.

Results—
Three hundred ninety-nine SS/caregiver dyads participated. Overall, caregivers reported more emotional distress when caring for SSs exhibiting more depressive symptoms and more cognitive impairment and when caregivers were younger, female, in poorer physical health, experienced more lifestyle interference, and reported less mastery. SSs' physical disability, stroke severity, and comorbidity were not significant. The set of significant predictors remained consistent when examined in the subsample followed for 2 years (except SS cognitive impairment).

Conclusions—
Interventions aimed at improving caregiver well-being should focus on enhancing clinical management of SSs' depression and better preparing caregivers to manage behavioral and psychological symptoms. In addition, respite programs that encourage caregivers to maintain participation in valued activities may be beneficial.
Skeletal Muscle Hypertrophy and Muscle Myostatin Reduction After Resistive Training in Stroke Survivors
Authors: Ryan Alice S. , Ivey Frederick M. , Prior Steven , Li Guoyan , Hafer-Macko Charlene 
Published: December 2010

Background and Purpose—
Stroke survivors experience disproportionate muscle atrophy and other detrimental tissue composition changes on the paretic side. The purpose was to determine whether myostatin levels are higher in paretic vs nonparetic muscle and the effects of resistive training (RT) on paretic and nonparetic mid-thigh muscle composition and myostatin mRNA expression in stroke survivors.

Methods—
Fifteen stroke survivors (50–76 years) underwent bilateral multi-slice thigh CT scanning from the knee to the hip, bilateral vastus lateralis skeletal muscle tissue biopsies, a total body scan by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and 1-repetition maximum strength test before and after a 12-week, (3 times/week) RT intervention.

Results—

Total body fat mass and fat-free mass did not change. Bilateral leg press and leg extension 1-repetition maximum strength increased 31% to 56% with RT (
P
<0.001). Paretic and nonparetic muscle area of the mid-thigh increased 13% (
P
<0.01) and 9% (
P
<0.05), respectively, after RT. Muscle attenuation of the mid-thigh increased 15% and 8% (both
P
<0.01) in the paretic and nonparetic thigh, respectively, representing reduced intramuscular fat. Muscle volume increased 14% (
P
<0.001) in the paretic thigh and 16% (
P
<0.05) in the nonparetic thigh after RT. Myostatin mRNA expression levels were 40% higher in the paretic than nonparetic muscle (
P
=0.001) at baseline and decreased 49% in the paretic muscle (
P
<0.005) and 27% in the nonparetic muscle (
P
=0.06) after RT.

Conclusions—
Progressive RT stimulates significant muscle hypertrophy and intramuscular fat reductions in disabled stroke survivors. The increased myostatin mRNA in the paretic thigh and reduction with RT imply an important regulatory role for myostatin after stroke.
Waqf Endowments in Daghestani Village Communities: From the 1917 Revolution to the Collectivization
Authors: Bobrovnikov Vladimir 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGiven the lack of reliable first-hand sources, nobody has yet traced the modern history of Islamic charitable endowments in the North Caucasus under early Soviet rule. This article is one of the first attempts to conduct such research in Daghestan. In this republic waqf foundations were legally acknowledged until 23 January 1927, when a decree turned them into national state property that would be divided among their previous holders in cooperatives and kolkhozes. Is it possible to recover the early Soviet history of waqf in the period 1920-1927, when it functioned under the protection of state law, while remaining almost completely exempt from state control and registration? What can be said on competing visions of waqf and its place in the Soviet discourse of mountaineers' survival and modernity? What role did it play in the countryside on the eve of collectivization? To answer these questions the author focuses on village communities which, as he argues, constituted crucial level of post-Revolutionary Islamic endowments. This research introduces a unique waqf register of the 1920s from the village of Dibgashi. It relies on a broad range of Muslim and Soviet sources in the Arabic, Caucasian and Russian languages, including oral histories gathered by the author among contemporary villagers in Mountain Daghestan.
The Bukharan People's Soviet Republic in the Light of Muslim Sources
Authors: Khalid Adeeb 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe short-lived People's Soviet Republic of Bukhara is usually dismissed as a Soviet puppet state that served merely as a prelude to the Sovietization of the former protectorate. Recourse to the thick documentation in the Arabic script (mostly in Uzbek, some in Persian/Tajik) left behind by the republic and now available in the central state archives of Uzbekistan allows a much more complex picture of the republic to emerge. This article presents a preliminary assessment of these Muslim sources to reveal the way the Bukharan government saw its mission and how its members imagined the world. Seen through these documents, the Bukharan republic appears as neither a puppet state, nor as transitional, but as an attempt at creating a modern national state for the Muslim population of Bukhara. Against the odds, it struggled to establish national sovereignty in the political and economic realms, with an independent foreign policy and a national memory. The intellectual moorings (and bureaucratic practices) of the republic owed more to Muslim modernist discourses of the late Ottoman Empire than to the Russian revolution.
What Went Wrong? The Failure of Soviet Policy on sharī'a Courts in Turkestan, 1917-1923
Authors: Sartori Paolo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe state's attitude towards sharī'a in Soviet Turkestan may seem to have been contradictory. There was a first phase, in the years 1919-1923, when attempts were made to harmonize Islamic law with Soviet legislation in order to better integrate sharī'a courts into the system of the Unified People's Courts. The second phase, starting in 1924, was marked by progressive erosion of the powers of the Islamic judiciary, until it was finally disbanded in 1928. These policy changes are usually explained in the light of a transitional period when the Soviet state in Central Asia accepted compromises as a way to consolidate its hold in the region while it waited for a suitable moment to do away with Islamic institutions. Conversely, the thesis of this paper is that the policy of integration of sharī'a courts into the Soviet legal system was abandoned in 1923 when it was perceived that it would ultimately be unsuccessful. The failure of this venture can be explained by looking at the approach the Soviet government adopted: it attempted to oversee the local judicial orders but the regulations issued were so loose in content as to prove practically ineffective. Soviet legislative bodies sought to define the scope of the shar'ī judiciary within the overall framework of state law, without realizing that qādīs had a range of legal instruments that enabled them to avoid applying Soviet legislation. Accordingly, the main goal of this study is to address the failure of the Soviet policy on sharī'a courts from two points of view: a) by reconstructing the administrative history behind the state decrees which made qādī courts official and regulated their scope; b) by showing how one qādī evaded the prohibition against hearing lawsuits on landholding by resolving disputes on the basis of amicable settlements (sulh).
Reading the Church: William Durandus and a New Approach to the History of Ecclesiology
Authors: Holmes Stephen Mark 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn the study of ecclesiology it is often said that the first treatises on the Church were written during the controversies around the bull Unam sanctam (1302) of Pope Boniface VIII. These works and their successors provide a political and institutional ecclesiology determined by the author's attitude to the papal claims. Before the bull, however, a friend of Boniface, William Durandus of Mende, wrote a commentary on the liturgy that summarised a very different ecclesiology which has its roots in the New Testament and the Fathers. The first book of his Rationale divinorum officiorum draws on previous tradition and uses the methods of spiritual exegesis of the Bible to provide a balanced ecclesiology from a 'reading' of the church-building. The wide circulation of the Rationale in late medieval and early modern Western Europe ensured that this traditional ecclesiology was quietly handed on, but modern writers have ignored it. A study of Durandus's interpretation of a church enables us to retrieve this tradition and suggests a new narrative for the history of ecclesiology.
Hobbes's Struggle with Contractual Obligation. On the Status of the Laws of Nature in Hobbes's Work
Authors: Kiesselbach Matthias 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper argues that throughout his intellectual career, Hobbes remains unsatisfied with his own attempts at proving the invariant advisability of contract-keeping. Not only does he see himself forced to abandon his early idea that contractual obligation is a matter of physical laws. He also develops and retains doubts concerning its theoretical successor, the doctrine that the obligatoriness characteristic of contracts is the interest in self-preservation in alliance with instrumental reason – i.e. prudence. In fact, it is during his work on Leviathan that Hobbes notes the doctrine's main shortcoming, namely the limitation of its dialectical potential to cases in which contract-breakers are publicly identifiable. This essay shows Hobbes's doubts about his Leviathan's treatment of contractual obligation by way of a close reading of its central 15 th chapter and an analysis of some revealing shifts between the English Leviathan and the (later) Latin edition. The paper ends by suggesting that Hobbes's awareness of the flaws at the heart of his political philosophy helps account for some striking changes in his latest writings.
The Wolf Motif in the Hobbesian Text
Authors: Voisset-Veysseyre Cécile 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHobbesian anthropology makes use of the wolf motif, a Roman and Republican one, by which Hobbes defines a state of nature as a state of war where men live in diffidence each other and where fear is law; the wolf is there a timid or unsociable animal, not a sanguinary or savage creature. But against ancient philosophers and moral writers – Aristotle, Cicero – who regard man as a rational being and who believe in a right reason, the modern philosopher reuses this motif to set before men eyes that monarchy is the only way to protect citizens from gatherings of wolves in the city; reflections on civil wars conduct him to side with the sovereign power of one. Against upholders of regicide who compare the king to a tyrant, Hobbes inscribes the political motif of the wolf in his text by which beast – 'arrant wolf ' – is distinguishable from animal; he mainly rewrites it on Seneca's text, the Stoic who expounded a desperate vision of humankind. By focusing on a Graeco-Roman heritage, this study shows in three parts that the philosopher of De Cive and Leviathan is not really – not only – the man of a pessimistic view on mankind; it is a portrait of a Renaissance philosopher who never, exactly, wrote that 'man is a wolf to man'.
АНТИЧНАЯ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЛЕГЕНДА О СПАРТАНСКОМ ЦАРЕ ФЕОПОМПЕ (VIII В. ДО Н. Э.), И РУССКАЯ ОБЩЕСТВЕННАЯ МЫСЛЬ XVIII-XIX ВВ. Н. Э
Authors: Гусман Леонид Юрьевич 
Published: December 2010

AbstractВ статье анализируется рецепция в российских антисамодержавных кругах XVIII – XIX вв. античной политической легенды о спартанском царе Феопомпе, отказавшимся во имя политической стабильности от своей неограниченной власти. Автор показывает устойчивую распространенность этого исторического анекдота в русской оппозиционной литературе – от А. Н. Радищева до П. А. Вяземского и Б. Н. Чичерина. В статье обращается особое внимание на необходимость тщательного изучения античных истоков идеологии российского либерализма и радикализма.