bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High temperature resistant silane/zirconium‐oxocluster hybrid copolymers containing “free” thiol/ene functionalities in the polymer matrix
Authors: Maggini Simona , Cappelletto Elisa , Maggio Rosa Di 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInorganic–organic hybrid copolymers are promising materials where the size of the inorganic/organic domains, the phase continuity and the interface between the domains play an important role in their behavior. Two types of hybrid copolymers composed of 3‐butynoate‐substituted zirconium‐oxoclusters covalently bonded to a (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane or a vinyltrimethoxysilane matrix are investigated in bulk. Their properties are directly correlated with the degree of condensation of the silanes and the alkyne‐3‐mercaptopropyl or alkyne‐vinyl interface. Both copolymers show storage moduli and glass‐transition temperatures (TgG″) above 130 MPa and 230°C. However, the more impressive results are achieved with the (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane copolymer where a TgG″ of about 300°C holds over six dynamical mechanical spectroscopy analyses. In addition to their excellent thermo‐mechanical proprieties, the copolymers show unreacted 3‐mercaptopropyl or vinyl groups which could be employed either in direct usage of the materials or for post‐functional modifications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Environment‐sensitive carbon nanotube/polymer composite microhydrogels synthesized via a microfluidic reactor
Authors: Hou Chengyi , Ji Leipeng , Zhang Qinghong , Li Yaogang , Wang Hongzhi 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) composite microhydrogels are simply synthesized with controllable size distribution via a microfluidic reactor system. Monomers (N‐isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid) are rapidly copolymerized (about 3 s) with the embedding of nanoscaled inorganic materials (MWCNTs and hectorites) in microfluidic channels. MWCNTs/hectorites act as “molecular heater” and inorganic crosslinkers in this hydrogel system. As a result, microminiaturization, multifunctionalizaion, and modification of traditional polymer hydrogels are realized simultaneously. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is used to confirm polymerization and environment‐sensitive tests are done as well. The resultant microgels exhibit dual near‐infrared and pH response with good reversibility, indicating their potential applications in microreactor fields. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Diffusion measurements of isopentane, 1‐hexene, cyclohexane in polyethylene particles by the intelligent gravimetric analyzer
Authors: Chen Meijuan , Wang Jingdai , Jiang Binbo , Yang Yongrong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe diffusion coefficients of isopentane (i‐C5H12), 1‐hexene (C6H12), cyclohexane (C6H14) in polyethylene particles were measured by a highly sensible microbalance—intelligent gravimetric analyzer, using the desorption method with N2as a bypassing gas. Both the effective diffusion coefficients (Deff) and dilute diffusion coefficients ($D_{{\rm{eff}}}^\sim $) were measured simultaneously. It was found that$D_{{\rm{eff}}}^\sim $was about one magnitude smaller thanDeffand the logarithmic form of$D_{{\rm{eff}}}^\sim $was linear with that ofDeff. In addition, the effects of particle size and distribution, polymer properties (e.g., the crystallinity and melt index), and operating conditions (e.g., temperature and pressure) onDeffwere systematically investigated. The results showed thatDeffincreased linearly with the increase of the square of particle size. The diffusion behaviors of hydrocarbons in polyethylene are of great importance in the polymerization and purging processes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Morphology stabilization of the polypropylene/polystyrene nanoblends prepared by diffusion and polymerization of styrene in isotactic polypropylene pellets during melt mixing by the incorporation of divinylbenzene
Authors: Yao Xue‐Rong , Wang Li , Guo Zhao‐Xia , Yu Jian 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDivinylbenzene (DVB) was used as a comonomer of styrene (St) during the preparation of polypropylene/polystyrene (PP/PS) nanoblends by diffusion and polymerization of St in isotactic PP pellets to make the PS domains crosslinked and further to reduce the coalescence of the PS domains during melt mixing. Different morphologies were obtained after melt mixing with different amounts of the initiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and DVB, which was explained by different morphology evolutions during melt mixing with different crosslinked structures of the PS chains. With relatively high amounts of BPO and DVB, the nanosized PS domains almost kept their shape and size, and only simple aggregates of a few PS particles with an average size of 130 nm were observed after melt mixing of the PP/PS blends. It can be concluded that DVB is useful for morphology stabilization of the PP/PS nanoblends during subsequent melt processing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Enzymatic degradation of polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites: Effect of organic modifiers
Authors: Singh Narendra K. , Purkayastha Biswa Pratim Das , Panigrahi Muktikanta , Gautam Rajeev K. , Banik Rathindra M. , Maiti Pralay 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBiodegradable polylactide (PLA)/layered silicate nanocomposites have been prepared via solution route using two different kinds of organically modified nanoclays. The nanostructure as observed from wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction indicates intercalated hybrids and the extent of intercalation depends on the type of organic modifiers used. Melt‐quenched PLA and its nanocomposites are predominantly amorphous but, after annealing, they are fairly crystalline. The nanohybrids show significant improvement in thermal properties as compared to neat polymer. The nature of interaction between nanoclays and matrix polymer depends on the organic modifiers used, as evident from varying heat of fusion and shifting of Fourier transform infrared peaks. The nanoclays act as nucleating agent, and thereby, control the spherulite dimension of the matrix. The comparison of biodegradation of PLA and its nanocomposites has been studied in enzyme, compost, and buffer solution. Biodegradability of PLA has significantly been enhanced in the presence of nanoclays and the rate varies on organic modifications. The surface morphology, before and after enzymatic degradation, confirms the relative rate of degradation through laser scanning confocal images, scanning electron microscope, and atomic force microscope. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Cropping pattern choice with proximity to ethanol production and animal feeding operations
Authors: Khanal Sami , Anex Robert P. , Gelder Brian K. , Dixon Philip , Caragea Petrutza 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGrowing demand for corn due to the expansion of corn ethanol production has increased concerns that corn demand will be met by growing corn more intensively and shifting cropland from cropping systems with lower environmental impact into continuous corn (CC). Cropping system choice may also be influenced by the advantage of the high nutrient uptake of CC, which allows higher manure application rates and lowers manure management costs. A binary logistic regression model is used to estimate the probability of crop rotation choice as a function of proximity to concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and ethanol plants during 2004/2005 and 2006/2007 in the Des Moines Lobe region of Iowa. The probability of CC is found to be elevated in the vicinity of large hog operations as well as in a larger area around ethanol plants. The probability of CC around hog‐feeding operations decreases rapidly with distance away from the facility, but the large number of hog facilities in the region results in a large cumulative influence. Understanding the multiple motivations for cropping system choices is vital to forming effective agricultural policy. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Mediators of induced pluripotency and their role in cancer cells – current scientific knowledge and future perspectives
Authors: Bernhardt Mathias , Galach Marta , Novak Daniel , Utikal Jochen 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe discovery that overexpression of the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c‐Myc reprograms differentiated cells into “induced pluripotent stem cells” (iPSCs) has extended our understanding of mechanisms required to maintain stem cell pluripotency and to drive differentiation. Subsequently, additional factors have been discovered that are able to induce a pluripotent state. Recently several groups have succeeded in reprogramming cancer cells to iPSC‐like induced pluripotent cancer cells by use of the method established for the generation of iPSCs. This discovery highlighted several striking similarities between pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells, in turn implying that tumorigenesis and reprogramming are partly promoted by overlapping mechanisms. Thus, research on reprogramming might help unravel the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, and vice versa. This review gives an overview of the common features of pluripotent stem cells and cancer cells and summarizes the present state of knowledge in the field of cancer cell reprogramming.
An Examination of the Preventive Process: Comparison of Behaviour and Education Support Team Work with Children's Services
Authors: Sheppard Michael , Clibbens John 
Published: May 2012

Behaviour and Education Support Teams (BESTs) were developed as a significant element of the Every Child Matters programme. Although varying in composition, they were generally designed to provide support for groups of schools in relation to behavioural, emotional and educational issues. They have not been subject, however, to a great deal of published research and their development, furthermore, raised significant issues about prevention and the preventive process, in particular the capacity to reach vulnerable children and families where thresholds for mainstream services were high. This paper, comparing a BEST with a children's services team, examines the nature of work undertaken. It shows the ‘service on offer’ from the two agencies differed markedly, with BESTs undertaking a more child‐focused approach. The implications of the development of additional services for prevention and the preventive process are discussed Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.‘Designed to provide support for groups of schools in relation to behavioural, emotional and educational issues’Key Practitioner Message

Social intervention teams closely related to schools can provide an alternative to conventional children's services
They work with groups different from children's services and at an earlier stage of prevention and hence have added value, particularly where children's services thresholds are high.
They work differently from children's services with a characteristically more individualised child-focus rather than parenting and family-focused modus operandi. Which approach is more beneficial, however, is as yet unclear.
Nine‐month results of the REFORM study
Authors: Bersin Robert M. , Ansel Gary , Rizzo Anthony , Bob Smouse H. , Sinha Shantanu , Sachar Ravish , Dave Rajesh , Weinstock Barry S. , Feldman Robert , Roubin Gary S. 
Published: May 2012

ObjectivesTo evaluate the 9‐month safety and effectiveness outcomes of the Formula™ balloon‐expandable renal stent (Cook Medical, Bloomington, IN) for the treatment of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis (RAS) following suboptimal angioplasty.BackgroundAtherosclerotic RAS can cause hypertension and ischemic nephropathy. When clinically indicated, an interventional approach with renal angioplasty and stent implantation is the preferred method for revascularization of atherosclerotic renal artery stenoses.MethodsThe REFORM study is a prospective, multicenter, single‐arm study of stent implantation following suboptimal PTRA using the Formula stent. One hundred patients with atherosclerotic ostial renal artery lesions =18 mm in length with a >50% residual stenosis following PTA were enrolled. The primary endpoint was 9‐month primary patency.ResultsThe 9‐month primary patency rate was 91.7%. The 9‐month major adverse event rate was 2.2%. Mean systolic blood pressure was significantly decreased at follow‐up (from 150 ± 21 mm Hg at baseline to 141 ± 21 mm Hg at 9 months; P = 0.003). Mean serum creatinine (SCr) level and mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were not significantly different at 9 months. A clinically meaningful improvement in renal function (i.e., =25% increase in eGFR or =0.5 mg/dl decrease in SCr) was observed in 9% of patients at 1 month and 12% of patients at 9 months. A clinically meaningful decline in renal function (i.e., =25% decrease in eGFR or =0.5 mg/dl increase in SCr) was observed in only 3% of patients at 1 month and 7% of patients at 9 months.ConclusionsThe Formula stent was safe and effective in treating atherosclerotic RAS following suboptimal angioplasty. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysis of the MAC protocol in low rate wireless personal area networks with bursty ON–OFF traffic
Authors: Gao Jianliang , Hu Jia , Min Geyong , Xu Li 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYSupported by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, embedded sensor networks have become popular and been widely deployed in recent years. The IEEE 802.15.4 medium access control (MAC) protocol is uniquely designed to meet the desirable requirements of the low end‐to‐end delay, low packet loss, and low power consumption in the low rate wireless personal areas networks (LR‐WPANs). This paper develops an analytical model to quantify the key performance metrics of the MAC protocol in LR‐WPANs with bursty ON–OFF traffic. This study fills the gap in the literature by removing the assumptions of saturated traffic or nonbursty unsaturated traffic conditions, which are unable to capture the characteristics of bursty multimedia traffic in sensor networks. This analytical model can be used to derive the QoS performance metrics in terms of throughput and total delay. The accuracy of the model is verified through NS‐2 (http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/) simulation experiments. This model is adopted to investigate the performance of the MAC protocol in LR‐WPANs under various traffic patterns, different loads, and various numbers of stations. Numerical results show that the traffic patterns and traffic burstiness have a significant impact on the delay performance of LR‐WPANs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Triphasic Metacognitive Formulation of Problem Drinking
Authors: Spada Marcantonio M. , Caselli Gabriele , Wells Adrian 
Published: May 2012

In this paper, a triphasic metacognitive formulation of problem drinking and its implications for treatment are presented together with a summary of the evidence consistent with this approach. In the triphasic formulation during the pre‐alcohol use phase, alcohol‐related triggers, in the form of cravings, images, memories or thoughts, activate positive metacognitive beliefs about extended thinking, which lead to desire thinking, rumination and worry or their combination. The activation of the latter brings to an escalation of cravings and negative affect, strengthening negative metacognitive beliefs about the need to control thoughts and enhancing the likelihood of alcohol use. In the alcohol use phase, positive metacognitive beliefs about alcohol use and a reduction in metacognitive monitoring contribute to dysregulation in alcohol use. Over the course of time and as the drinking problem escalates in severity, negative metacognitive beliefs about the uncontrollability of alcohol use and alcohol‐related thoughts emerge, contributing to the perseveration of dysregulated alcohol use. In the post‐alcohol use phase following the activation of positive metacognitive beliefs about post‐event rumination, the affective, cognitive and physiological consequences of dysregulated alcohol use become the subject of rumination. This, in turn, leads to a paradoxical increase in negative affect and alcohol‐related thoughts, together with the strengthening of negative metacognitive beliefs about such thoughts. Intermittent attempts to suppress alcohol‐related thoughts increase the likelihood of returning to use alcohol as a means of achieving self‐regulation. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

A metacognitive formulation of problem drinking that may aid assessment, conceptualization and treatment across the problem drinking spectrum.
The impact of acute illness on HbA1c determination of undiagnosed diabetes
Authors: Thakker Urvi , Ellman Tovah , Magleby Reed , Graff Kirsten , Kelson James , Silverman Robert A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo improve diabetes screening efforts, the American Diabetes Association now recommends haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as a diagnostic test, increasing access to patients found in acute care environments. However, the influence of acute illness and care on HbA1c levels has not been well studied. To address this, we evaluated for intra‐patient differences in HbA1c assessed in the emergency department (ED) and after recovery from the acute illness.MethodsAdult patients with no known history of diabetes were tested for HbA1c during an ED and scheduled follow‐up visit. HbA1c differences between the two visits were compared using limits of agreement with 95% confidence intervals. The frequency of individuals who changed diagnostic categories (using ≥6.5% to classify newly diagnosed diabetes) from ED to follow‐up was determined.ResultsA total of 589 patients were included with a mean age of 50 years, and 57/589 (9.7%) had an ED HbA1c ≥ 6.5% with the average follow‐up visit 45 days after the ED visit. The mean ED HbA1c was 5.67% (±0.86), and the follow‐up HbA1c was 5.65% (±0.89), (difference −0.0129%, 95% limits of agreement −0.740, 0.714). The ED and follow‐up HbA1c was highly correlated (r² = 0.829). Although on follow‐up almost all patients were classified in the same diagnostic category as in the ED, 17 patients had an HbA1c ≥ 6.5% in the ED and an HbA1c < 6.5%. On follow‐up most patients (14/17) still fell in an abnormal range (6.0–6.5%).ConclusionThe HbA1c value is not substantially affected by acute illness and is feasible as a screening assay for diabetes in the acute care setting such as an ED. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vanadium Analogues of Nonfunctionalized and Amino‐Functionalized MOFs with MIL‐101 Topology – Synthesis, Characterization, and Gas Sorption Properties (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 15/2012)
Authors: Biswas Shyam , Couck Sarah , Grzywa Maciej , Denayer Joeri F. M. , Volkmer Dirk , Van Der Voort Pascal 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe cover picture shows a ball‐and‐stick model of the larger cage of the vanadium‐based metal–organic framework (MOF) having the MIL‐101 topology (MIL: Materials of the Institute Lavoisier; V: yellowish green octahedra, C: yellow, O: red). Similar to its chromium analogue, the structure is built up of trimeric [Va ball‐and‐stick model of the larger cage of the vanadium‐based metal?organic framework (MOF) having the MIL‐101 topology (MIL: Materials of the Institute Lavoisier; V: yellowish green octahedra, C: yellow, O: red). Similar to its chromium analogue, the structure is built up of trimeric [V3(μ3‐O)Cl(DMF)2]6+ (DMF: N,N′‐dimethylformamide) units that are interconnected by 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate (BDC2–) linkers to form supertetrahedra (ST). The ST are further connected to each other to obtain the augmented zeolite Mobil Thirty‐Nine (MTN) type of framework, which consists of smaller and larger mesoporous cages having diameters of 29 and 34 Å, respectively. The redox‐active MOF material exhibits a high uptake of nitrogen and of carbon dioxide. Details are discussed in the article by P. Van Der Voort et al. on p. 2481 ff. magnified image
Au‐TiO2/Graphene Nanocomposite Film for Electrochemical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide and NADH
Authors: Fan Yang , Yang Xin , Yang Chunpeng , Liu Jinhang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe describe a simple method for preparing Au‐TiO2/graphene (GR) nanocomposite by deposition of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on TiO2/GR substrates. The as‐prepared Au‐TiO2/GR was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of Au NPs on TiO2/GR surface remarkably improves the electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). The Au‐TiO2/GR modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode exhibits good amperometric response to H2O2 and NADH, with linear range from 10 to 200 µM and 10 to 240 µM, and detection limit of 0.7 and 0.2 µM, respectively.
Combining historical and process perspectives to infer ranges of geomorphic variability and inform river restoration in a wandering gravel‐bed river
Authors: Woelfle‐Erskine Cleo , Wilcox Andrew C. , Moore Johnnie N. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTRestoration approaches such as dam removal and channel reconstruction have moved beyond the realm of small streams and are being applied to larger rivers. This development has substantial economic and ecological implications but may test gaps in our understanding of larger river systems and of restoration science. We examine how information about historical ranges of geomorphic variability can inform stream restoration in the context of the Clark Fork River, Montana, focusing on a study reach where one of the largest restoration projects to date was implemented, upstream of the recently removed Milltown Dam. Analysis of historical sources and aerial photographs of the Clark Fork River's pre‐mining, mining, and more recent history suggest that a wandering channel pattern has persisted despite variations in sediment supply and transport capacity. Predictive metrics for channel pattern also suggest a wandering pattern, transitional between braided and meandering, in this geomorphic setting. These analyses suggest that the creation of a single‐thread meandering channel, which incorporates structures to limit erosion and channel movement, is inconsistent with the historical range of variability in this reach. The perils of restoring channels to a condition different than the historical range of variability for their geomorphic setting were illustrated on the Clark Fork by flood‐induced avulsions of the restored channel that occurred soon after project construction. Application of an experimental approach to restoration, founded on the method of multiple working hypotheses, provides a means for embracing uncertainty, can maximize the potential for site‐specific restoration success, and can foster advances in restoration science. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.