bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Short-Term Hooking Mortality of Bluegills and the Implications for Restrictive Harvest Regulations
Authors: Hoxmeier R. John H. , Wahl David H. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Angling can adversely affect populations of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, and many state agencies have begun to explore restrictive creel and length limits. The fate of released fish can be influenced by a variety of factors, and the success of regulations could be reduced if the mortality of released bluegills is high. We conducted experiments using bluegills caught by the general angling public in Ridge Lake, Illinois, to quantify bluegill hooking mortality and test for the effects of bait type (live versus artificial), season (spring versus summer), retention time in live wells (1, 3, or 5 h), and retention gears (live wells versus fish baskets). Across all seasons and baits, the mortality of caught-and-released bluegills was low; the initial and short-term mortality for fish immediately released was 4.4%. There were significant differences in hooking mortality with respect to bait type, retention gear, and retention time. Bluegills caught on live bait experienced higher mortality (6.6%) than those caught on artificial baits (0%), and wire fish baskets caused higher mortality (34.0%) than live wells (7.6%). The mortality of bluegills held in live wells was higher for the 3- and 5-h retention times than for the 1-h treatment. The probability of dying from catch and release decreased with increasing fish length. We applied our results to a bluegill population under a restrictive harvest regulation consisting of a 203-mm minimum size limit and a 10-fish daily bag limit. Under these restrictive regulations, fish lost from catch and release represented 27.4% of the total kill (harvest and hooking mortality). While catch-and-release angling can cause some mortality, it does not appear from our study that releasing fish will have a deleterious effect on bluegill populations.
The Effects of Otolith Sampling Methods on the Precision of Growth Curves
Authors: Chih Ching-Ping 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Estimation of growth curves is a critical component of fish stock assessments. Two widely used otolith sampling methods, the age–length key (ALK) sampling method and the random otolith sampling (ROS) method, have problems that limit their utility for estimating growth curves. First, growth curves based on the ALK method are biased in that otolith samples obtained with the ALK are not selected via simple random sampling. Second, the precision and accuracy of growth curves based on the ROS method are often compromised because random sampling frequently results in a small number of older fish samples. In this study, bias in growth curves based on ALK data that were re-sampled from a simulated data set describing king mackerel Scomberomorus cavalla was corrected with a new reweighting technique. This technique reweighted the growth curves with the length-frequency distribution of randomly resampled fork length data. The resulting growth curves were compared with growth curves obtained from ROS data to determine which method (reweighted ALK sampling or ROS) was more appropriate for selecting otolith samples for the estimation of growth curves. The results showed that the reweighted growth curves constructed from ALK samples were more precise and accurate than growth curves obtained from ROS data for all sample sizes examined because the reweighted ALK growth curves (1) had less variability in the estimated growth parameters, (2) decreased the probability of drawing wrong conclusions about a fish stock, and (3) provided greater accuracy and precision in predicting mean lengths at age. Results from this study and a previous study support the view that the ALK sampling method is more efficient than the ROS method when otolith samples are used for the determination of king mackerel age composition and growth curves.
Genetic Studies of Hatchery-Supplemented Populations of Red Drum in Four Texas Bays
Authors: Carson Evan W. , Karlsson S. , Saillant E. , Gold John R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Genetic diversity, population structure, average long-term effective population size (Ne), and average long-term genetic migration rate of red drum Sciaenops ocellatus in each of four Texas bays were assessed using variation in 13 nuclear-encoded microsatellites among samples from the 2004 and 2005 cohorts. No significant differences in genetic diversity were detected among bays. Levels of gene diversity of red drum in each bay were equal to or greater than estimates reported for microsatellites in red drum sampled previously from two of the four bays and from other bays in the southeastern USA, including some that had not yet been supplemented with hatchery-raised fish. Tests of the homogeneity of allele and genotype distributions (including analysis of molecular variance) among the four bays were nonsignificant. Estimates of the migration rate (m) between bays ranged from 0.08% to 0.15%, with the average long-term number of migrants (calculated as Ne × m) between bays estimated to range from 1.04 to 2.37 fish/generation. Estimates of average long-term Ne in the four bays ranged from 1,302 to 1,581 fish and collectively were well within the range hypothesized to support sustained, long-term persistence. The estimates of Ne also were, on average, five to six times higher than comparable estimates reported for the 1986–1989 red drum cohorts sampled from seven bays across the northern Gulf of Mexico. Adjustment of long-term Ne in each of the four bays relative to bay-specific spatial parameters revealed a positive relationship with red drum abundance as measured by catch-per-unit-effort statistics compiled by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department between 1982 and 2005. The observed high levels of genetic diversity, estimates of average long-term Ne, and increased Ne over the past 15–20 years are consistent with the hypothesis that the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department's stock enhancement program has not genetically compromised the resident red drum subpopulations in the four bays.
A Historical Review of the Developments in Casthouse Technology and a Peek into the Future
Authors: Whiteley Peter 
Published: October 2009

Over the past thirty (30) years or so aluminium casthouse technology has been driven by a number of factors which have variously included:
•	Competition from alternative materials
•	Lightweighting
•	Market requirements for enhanced properties affecting gas levels, impurities, inclusions, physical and chemical properties, ease of downstream processing, reduced cost and improved delivery
•	Reduction in conversion cost by various means including capacity creep, maximising asset utilization, minimizing scrap, reducing melt loss, labour, and energy costs
•	The ever present need for improved safety performance.
This paper will explore how these, and related considerations have provided the stimulus for improved casthouse technology which has included developments in hardware, software and culture.
Homogenization Aspects, Continuous versus Batch in an Integrated Modern Casthouse
Authors: Niedermair Franz 
Published: October 2009

Continuous homogenizing for extrusion billets has become the accepted standard and state of the art technology. Hertwich Engineering (HE) has, to date, built more than 120 such plants worldwide, which are processing some two thirds of the worldwide extrusion billet production.
Batch type homogenizing is still the best suited technology for various alloys which require long holding times, e.g. 4 – 12 hours, as well as for large-only log diameter production. Again, HE has in recent years supplied several batch homogenizing plants.
Topics:
•	Process technology, heating, holding, different types of coolers
•	New log support saddle design, exit car, no rolling of logs with focus to good billet surface finish
•	Automated sawing, packing
•	High efficiency batch furnace and cooler with reversing air and precise temperature regime
Adsorption in Simulated Moving Beds
Authors: Santana Cesar C. , Silva Ivanildo J. , Azevedo Diana C. S. , Barreto Amaro G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractChromatographic separation is based on the differential affinity of the components to a surface of solid adsorbent. While the batch or elution chromatography has found the largest number of applications up to now, Simulated Moving Bed (SMB) chromatography as a continuous process is gaining more attention due to its advantages in terms of productivity and eluent consumption. SMB is a multicolumn, continuous adsorption separation process that increases throughput, purity and yield relative to batch chromatography. Designing SMB processes involves, among other tasks, the selection of the number of columns per zone and the proper selection of the flowrates (feed, desorbent, raffinate, extract and recycle) and of the switching times in each cycle of operation. Nowadays, SMB technology has been applied to separation and purification of proteins, enantiomers and sugars. Several advances to improve SMB technology efficiency includes new configurations of equipment designs to provide more degrees of freedom than the classical process and also the implementation of the use of solvent gradient, temperature gradient and of supercritical fluids as eluents. The rise of biotechnological products within the marketplace for pharmaceuticals is but one example of how recent developments in this area are making a major impact.
Affinity Chromatography–Fractionated andDNA‐Engineered Plasma Proteins
Authors: Radosevich Mirjana , Burnouf Thierry 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBiopharmaceutical plasma protein products obtained by the industrial fractionation of human plasma or by DNA engineering technologies, most often relying on synthesis in mammalian cell lines, are essential, high‐value added medicines used to treat a variety of congenital or acquired blood coagulation, immunological, or metabolic disorders. The quality of these products is largely dependent upon the characteristics of their extraction procedures which have a direct impact on the protein impurity profile and pathogen safety. Affinity chromatography has developed into a key industrial tool to purify these therapeutic protein products, most particularly those present in trace amounts in plasma. While various immobilized affinity ligands, such as heparin, monoclonal antibodies, and, to a lesser extent, gelatine, have been used for many years to extract or polish coagulation factors, there is now a pronounced interest in the evaluation of specifically designed peptide or mixed‐mode ligands that could improve extraction productivity of a wider range of plasma products, including IgG, alpha 1‐antitrypsin (AAT), and “orphan drug” proteins, like some coagulation factors and anticoagulants. This paper reviews the current status in the use of affinity chromatography procedures in the industrial manufacture of plasma‐derived (PD) and recombinant‐protein therapeutic products.
Antibiotics: Polyketides
Authors: Ma Suzanne , Pickens Lauren B. , Tang Yi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPioneering advances in the discovery and development of antibiotics in the last century have revolutionized the way we treat infectious diseases. Once lethal infections can now be successfully treated with naturally occurring small molecular‐weight molecules. Intensive natural product screening programs around the 1950s and 1960s resulted in the discovery of a host of clinically successful antibiotic products. Even today, most antibiotics in use are either naturally produced or semisynthetically derived from natural products. The polyketide class of compounds includes several highly successful antibiotics such as erythromycin, tylosin, and tetracycline. In the decades since their discovery, many advances have been made in the production of these compounds and elucidation of their biosynthetic pathways. Advances in molecular biology has led to the sequencing and characterization of many polyketide pathways and has greatly enhanced our knowledge of how these compounds are produced. Polyketide antibiotics of bacterial origin can be grouped into two major categories, type I and type II, based on the compound structures and biosynthetic mechanisms. Type I polyketides are synthesized by large multifunctional enzymes, while type II polyketides are assembled by dissociated enzymes. Mechanistic insights into these enzymatic machineries have laid the foundation for the rational biosynthetic engineering of novel antibiotics derivatives.
Anticancer Compounds Development, Structural Modifications and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Padilla Gabriel , Furlan Renata L. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCancer is one of the main diseases affecting human health. The number of new cases will reach 15 million by 2020. The drug arsenal available for clinical treatment is dramatically short, affecting the success of many treatments. This critical situation obligates to search for new compounds to be use in chemotherapy. There are still, quite a lot of fields that must complement each other with essential information to augment the chance of develop new drugs to alleviate the clinical procedures. It is necessary to understand the origin and development of cancer, the influence of external factors, and the role of genetic susceptibility. This knowledge must help to develop new antitumoral compounds of diverse origins especially natural products. The modifications of compounds by combinatorial biosynthesis can provide new molecules such as anthracycline derivates with enhanced activity and reduced toxicity.
Aseptic Techniques in Cell Culture
Authors: Davis John M. , Shade Kevin L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe culture and storage of mammalian cells must be carried out under conditions that exclude microorganisms. Methods by which this may be achieved are described here, along with important characteristics of the environments and key equipment that facilitate sterility maintenance in modern laboratories and biopharmaceutical facilities.Your mention of an online version of EIB raises a problem. Figures 8 and 9 of this chapter are reproduced from Figures 1 and 2 of British Standard 5726:2005, under licence from the British Standards Institution. The terms of this licence (a copy of which is attached) relate to reproduction in hard copy format only, and state that “On no account shall the extracts used be distributed on a publicly available website”. I guess that what is important here is what the BSI means by “publicly available website”. Please tell me who would be able to access this website ‐ e.g. would access have to be purchased? I will then check with the BSI that this is OK, or if not how they would like to proceed. At worst it might mean removing these figures from the online version.
Cell Cycle Synchronization
Authors: Naciri Mariam , Holmes Paul , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCell synchronization methods have provided effective tools in cell cycle research along with the development in control of proliferative diseases andin vitrocell growth. Several chemically induced synchronization methods, for accumulating and isolating cells in the various phases of the cell cycle have been developed for adherent and non‐adherent cells, and although widely accepted they have major drawbacks. Physical methods such as centrifugal elutriation do not perturb cell cycle progression and produce highly synchronized viable cell populations. In this article, conventional and recent developments of methods for cell synchronization for various cell types and for monitoring and measurement of cell cycle and cell cycle phase duration are described.
Chromatography, Radial Flow
Authors: Gu Tingyue 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Downstream processing is a key component of a process for the production of biomolecules. Liquid chromatograph often plays a central role. Radial flow chromatography (RFC) offers an alternative to the conventional axial flow chromatography (AFC) in preparative and large‐scale applications. This article reviews the configurations and operating conditions for RFC, and provides comparisons between RFC and AFC. Several application examples and a mathematical model for RFC also are presented.
Flow Injection Analysis in Industrial Biotechnology
Authors: Hansen Elo Harald , Miró Manuel 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFlow injection analysis (FIA) is an analytical chemical continuous flow (CF) method which, in contrast to traditional CF procedures, does not rely on complete physical mixing (homogenization) of the sample and the reagent(s) or on attaining chemical equilibria of the chemical reactions involved. Exploiting controllable dispersion of the injected sample within the reagent‐containing carrier stream and strictly reproducible timing of all events taking place, it is based on measuring transient signals, which not only implies very high sampling rates but also, and most importantly, permits implementation of a number of novel methodologies that are not feasible when performed under batch conditions or by conventional CF procedures. Demonstrated for selected bioanalytical and technological applications encompassing cellular and enzymatic assays as well as monitoring of culture media, the principles and operational characteristics of FIA are first outlined, and then its downscaled/miniaturized sequels, that is, sequential injection analysis (SIA) and lab‐on‐valve (LOV), are detailed. Thus, in SIA the sample and reagents are, via the use of a multi‐position valve and an attached syringe pump operated under full programmable control, aspirated sequentially and then propelled forward allowing the sample and reagent(s) to be intermixed and, if called for, subjected to appropriate treatments before analyte detection. This infers that, merely minute sample/reagent volumes are consumed, hence leading to generation of small amounts of waste. In LOV this downscaling is taken further by using a small monolithic structure within which all sample manipulations and ultimate analyte detection under programmable control can be effected. Even bead materials with different surface groups/characteristics, including live cells, can be handled and utilized as demonstrated. Because the syringe pump in SIA and LOV can be used for accurately aspirating, propelling or even stopping the flow, thesemodi operandiallow fully to exploit the interplay between the kinetics and the thermodynamics of the chemical reactions involved, so that there are no restrictions whatsoever as to the chemistries that can be implemented, even if they entail multistep reactions. Representative bioanalytical examples of this interplay are presented.
Optimization of energy usage for fleet‐wide power generating system under carbon mitigation options
Authors: Elkamel A. , Hashim H. , Douglas P. L. , Croiset E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article presents a fleet‐wide model for energy planning that can be used to determine the optimal structure necessary to meet a given CO2 reduction target while maintaining or enhancing power to the grid. The model incorporates power generation as well as CO2 emissions from a fleet of generating stations (hydroelectric, fossil fuel, nuclear, and wind). The model is formulated as a mixed integer program and is used to optimize an existing fleet as well as recommend new additional generating stations, carbon capture and storage, and retrofit actions to meet a CO2 reduction target and electricity demand at a minimum overall cost. The model was applied to the energy supply system operated by Ontario power generation (OPG) for the province of Ontario, Canada. In 2002, OPG operated 79 electricity generating stations; 5 are fueled with coal (with a total of 23 boilers), 1 by natural gas (4 boilers), 3 nuclear, 69 hydroelectric and 1 wind turbine generating a total of 115.8 TWh. No CO2 capture process existed at any OPG power plant; about 36.7 million tonnes of CO2 was emitted in 2002, mainly from fossil fuel power plants. Four electricity demand scenarios were considered over a span of 10 years and for each case the size of new power generation capacity with and without capture was obtained. Six supplemental electricity generating technologies have been allowed for: subcritical pulverized coal‐fired (PC), PC with carbon capture (PC+CCS), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), IGCC with carbon capture (IGCC+CCS), natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), and NGCC with carbon capture (NGCC+CCS). The optimization results showed that fuel balancing alone can contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions by only 3% and a slight, 1.6%, reduction in the cost of electricity compared to a calculated base case. It was found that a 20% CO2 reduction at current electricity demand could be achieved by implementing fuel balancing and switching 8 out of 23 coal‐fired boilers to natural gas. However, as demand increases, more coal‐fired boilers needed to be switched to natural gas as well as the building of new NGCC and NGCC+CCS for replacing the aging coal‐fired power plants. To achieve a 40% CO2 reduction at 1.0% demand growth rate, four new plants (2 NGCC, 2 NGCC+CCS) as well as carbon capture processes needed to be built. If greater than 60% CO2 reductions are required, NGCC, NGCC+CCS, and IGCC+CCS power plants needed to be put online in addition to carbon capture processes on coal‐fired power plants. The volatility of natural gas prices was found to have a significant impact on the optimal CO2 mitigation strategy and on the cost of electricity generation. Increasing the natural gas prices resulted in early aggressive CO2 mitigation strategies especially at higher growth rate demands. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Modeling the dynamics of reactive foaming and film thinning in polyurethane foams
Authors: Harikrishnan G. , Khakhar D. V. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFlexible polyurethane foams are widely used in cushioning and packaging applications. A model for the dynamics of formation of polyurethane foams is presented, which includes thinning of foam lamellae. Experimental measurements for water blown flexible foam formulations at different water concentrations are presented to validate the model. Adiabatic temperature rise measurements during foaming are used to obtain the kinetic parameters of the reactions of isocyanate with polyol and water. The variation of foam density during foaming is studied by weight loss and video shooting methods and both are compared to estimate the amount of blowing gas lost during foaming. The average thickness of the foam lamellae of the solid foam is obtained by SEM measurements. The predictions of the model show good agreement with the experimental measurements of temperature and density with time and the final lamellar thickness. The results are important for understanding the cell opening process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010