bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2009 pandemic characteristics and controlling experiences of influenza H1N1 virus 1 year after the inception in Hangzhou, China
Authors: Liu She‐Lan , Zhang Zhi‐Ruo , Wang Chengmin , Dong Ying , Cui Lun‐Biao , Yang Xu‐Hui , Sun Zhou , Wang Jing , Chen Jin , Huang Ren‐Jie , Miao Fan , Ruan Bing , Xie Li , He Hong‐Xuan , Deng Jing 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper described the epidemiology and controlling experiences of influenza H1N1 in Hangzhou in the past 1 year. A total of 2,078 cases confirmed by real‐time quantitative PCR till March 31, 2010, were analyzed by SPSS 12.0 software. During the early pandemic stage, a patient must be tested for H1N1 nucleic acid once he/she had influenza‐like symptoms with the epidemiological history in 7 days, and be diagnosed if it was positive. But in the pandemic peak, we made efforts to identify and save severe cases combined with pneumonia or hypoxemia or respiratory failure or septic shock or multiple organ dysfunctions and failure. In general, the prevalence was 2.77/100,000 (2,078/7,510,844); severity rate, 10.44% (217/2,078); fatality rate, 0.48% (10/2,078). The carrier and secondary attack rate were 9.52% (58/612) and 8.66% (53/612), respectively. About 50% of serious cases and 100% of deaths had the basic underlying diseases: cardiovascular diseases, 13.66% (25/217); chronic lung disease, 12.02% (22/217); pregnant, 7.1% (13/217). Of all cases aged from 1 month to 89 years, 52.99% (1,435/2,708) were in the 10–29 years, with most of them distributed in downtown area. The timeline showed two epidemic peaks occurred in September and November 2009, respectively. Furthermore, the hemagglutinin gene remained 99% identical with the American and vaccine strains, but only 70% with the 1947–2008 Chinese strains. In conclusion, Hangzhou pandemic influenza H1N1 was caused by the highly conserved virus, with low prevalence, transmission, and mortality, because we took efficient controlling methods. J. Med. Virol. 82:1985–1995, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observed changes in extreme weather indices in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong M. C. , Mok H. Y. , Lee T. C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractPast trends of the occurrences of extreme temperature and rainfall events in Hong Kong from 1885 to 2008 were examined using a suite of 27 extreme indices adopted from the core indices developed by the Expert Team on Climate Change Detection, Monitoring and Indices (ETCCDMI) under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), with appropriate modification to suit the sub‐tropical climate of Hong Kong. Results showed that the extreme daily maximum and minimum temperatures, annual numbers of very hot days (daily maximum temperature ≥ 33.0 °C) and hot nights (daily minimum temperature ≥ 28.0 °C) as well as the warm spell duration index (WSDI) in Hong Kong exhibited statistically significant long‐term rising trends, whereas the annual number of cold days (daily minimum temperatures ≤ 12.0 °C) and cold spell duration (CSDI) index had a statistically significant decreasing trend. Regarding rainfall, the frequency of occurrence of extreme hourly, 2‐ and 3‐hourly rainfall amounts increased significantly. The fraction of annual total precipitation due to events exceeding the daily 95th percentile of the climatological normal (1971–2000) increased by 22 mm per decade in the same period, indicating that the contribution of heavy rain to the annual rainfall amount was increasing with time. However, the maximum length of dry spell in the summer months from April to September increased at a rate of 0.3 days per decade from 1885 to 2008. Using the time‐dependent generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution technique, the return period for the daily minimum temperature of 4 °C or lower had significantly lengthened from 6 years in 1900 to 163 years in 2000. The return period for an hourly rainfall of 100 mm or more had shortened from 37 years in 1900 to 18 years in 2000. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Representing complex urban geometries in mesoscale modeling
Authors: Rasheed Adil , Robinson Darren , Clappier Alain , Narayanan Chidambaram , Lakehal Djamel 
Published: October 2010

AbstractReal cities are comprised of a diverse, random arrangement of building positions, shapes, and sizes. Yet most of the urban parameterisations thus far developed share the assumption that a city is made up of either a regular array of parallelepipeds or infinitely long canopies. The inputs to these models, which include street width, building width, building density and a statistical representation of building heights, are generally obtained through quantitative field surveys (which are very slow and time consuming to perform) or qualitative estimates from Digital Elevation Model. But in performing this geometric abstraction there is no way to ensure that the total built surfaces and volumes of the simplified geometry match those of the actual city, or more importantly, that the energy and momentum exchanges are equivalent. In this paper, we aim to test the central hypothesis that cities can be accurately represented by a regular array of parallelepipeds or canopies. For this, we investigate, for a particular scenario, the effects of complexity in urban geometry on the spatially averaged drag forces and shortwave radiation exchange. For drag computation, we used the Immersed Surface Technique, while for computing the incident radiation we used the Simplified Radiosity Algorithm. After testing the above hypothesis, we propose a new approach for fitting an array of cubes to any complex (realistic) geometry, so that new or existing urban parameterisation schemes can be used with confidence. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Dynamical downscaling of ERA40 reanalysis data over southern Africa: added value in the simulation of the seasonal rainfall characteristics
Authors: Haensler A. , Hagemann S. , Jacob D. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe investigate the capability of the regional climate model REMO to adequately simulate the mesoscale climate patterns of southern Africa, thereby focusing on South‐West Africa (SWA). The simulations are conducted at a horizontal resolution of about 18 km for the period from 1958 to 2007. Boundary forcing is taken from ERA40 reanalysis and subsequent operational analyses data. This study is the first long‐term dynamical downscaling study for southern Africa on a very high horizontal resolution. To evaluate the model results, we use a set of different observations to compare with model output data. This analysis indicates that the model results agree rather well with observations for both spatial as well as temporal patterns. Especially along the focus region in SWA, REMO results are very close to observations. For this region we show that dynamical downscaling of the ERA40 reanalysis data with the REMO model leads to an improved description of the seasonal precipitation characteristics. Remaining deficits, which mainly occur in the simulation of the 2‐m air temperature, can be explained with the setup of the model's soil routine and will be investigated further. On the basis of the findings of this study we conclude that the model is well suited for the simulation of the regional climate over the southern African region. High‐resolution model output implies more detailed climate information and can lead to a significant improvement in the representation of spatial patterns. It is therefore beneficial to use regional climate model data when assessing climate change‐induced impacts on a regional scale. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Sky view factor analysis of street canyons and its implications for daytime intra‐urban air temperature differentials in high‐rise, high‐density urban areas of Hong Kong: a GIS‐based simulation approach
Authors: Chen Liang , Ng Edward , An Xipo , Ren Chao , Lee Max , Wang Una , He Zhengjun 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHong Kong is a high‐density sub‐tropical city with 7 million people living in an urban area of just over 260 km2. Tall and closely packed buildings are the common urban morphology. How the urban geometry influences the microclimate in summer daytime is a primary planning concern. The sky view factor (SVF) has been commonly used to indicate the impact of urban geometry on air temperature differences in cities. However, only limited discussions in this aspect have been addressed for daytime course in high‐rise and high‐density urban environment such as Hong Kong. This paper firstly provides a comprehensive review of SVF analysis in urban climatology studies and then presents a simulation approach to investigate the role of SVF in determining summer daytime intra‐urban air temperature differences in urban Hong Kong. An ArcGIS‐embedded computer program is developed for calculating continuous SVF values for an entire urban environment and an SVF map is generated. The result is evaluated against meteorological data observed in field measurements. The regression analysis shows that the spatial average of SVF values has a close negative relationship with daytime intra‐urban temperature differences. The study indicates that SVF is a significant factor for understanding the microthermal climate in Hong Kong's street canyons. The paper further raises discussions on the application of SVF analysis to urban planning. The study demonstrates that the SVF analysis is a useful and effective tool for planners and urban climatologists conducting studies on high‐rise and high‐density sub‐tropical cities. The understanding can provide support for the development of planning standards and good practice. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Wavelet analysis and multi‐scale characteristics of the runoff and precipitation series of the Aegean region (Turkey)
Authors: Partal Turgay 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis study focuses on the variability of precipitation and runoff over time and the relationship between precipitation and runoff at the Aegean region of Turkey. The wavelet transform technique, which has been widely used for the analysis of hydrological data in the last years, provides detailed information regarding time‐frequency representation of the data. According to the continuous wavelet transform (CWT), the main periodic events are seen at the scale levels of 1–4 and 16 years. This study shows that variability of both the runoff and the precipitation over time is generally similar, with noticeable decrease in the runoff in all the stations. The dominant inter‐decadal periodic events are seen approximately at the 16‐year scale level. This periodicity is dominant between 1962 and 1985 for the runoff data. The power of the 16‐year periodicity becomes less apparent after 1985. In addition, the global wavelet spectrum (GWS) and the decomposed series of the hydrological data were studied to investigate the effective periodic characteristic of the observed data. In this study, the period of investigation is 39 years extending from 1962 to 2000. The validity of the decreasing trend founded by previous studies for the Aegean hydrological data is verified by the wavelet analysis. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
All men are created equal?
Authors: McAuliffe Brad 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAfrican Americans have faced adversity at every step in their quest to realize the ideal of the Declaration of Independence that “all men are created equal.” The history of African Americans in the United States is marked with incidents of racially charged violence and unfair treatment. This article explores the struggle of African Americans in the United States, from their forced immigration to the present. It drives home the point that the United States must eradicate racism and racial inequality to become a nation in which all people truly are created equal.
Leadership and same‐gender bias: A content analysis of promotion recommendations
Authors: Stetz Thomas A. , Ford John M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe number of women in the workforce has steadily increased over the years, but the number of women in top leadership positions is still small. This study examines promotion recommendations in an attempt to shed light on this state of affairs. Analysis of supervisors' explicit promotion recommendations revealed no gender discrimination. However, text analysis of the accompanying promotion recommendation narratives revealed a same‐gender bias. Female supervisors used more people leadership language when describing female subordinates, and male supervisors used more people leadership language when describing male subordinates. In addition, female supervisors used more task leadership language than male supervisors did, regardless of subordinate gender.
Microaggressions: The new racism
Authors: Cleare‐Hoffman Heatherlyn P. , Granger Jr. Nathaniel , Hoffman Louis 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMicroaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual OrientationBy Derald Wing SueWiley, Hoboken, NJ, March 2010, 352 pages, ISBN: 978‐0‐470‐49140‐9, $45
Avoiding bad hires: Using emotional intelligence as a selection tool
Authors: Wasylyshyn Karol M. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractHow to avoid bad hiring decisions persists as a human resource challenge. The use of a role‐customized interview panel designed to probe the subjective factor of behavior fit of managerial‐level job candidates is a potential tool for addressing this challenge. This panel model is based on the integration of competency‐based interviewing, behavior event interviewing, and the four dimensions of emotional intelligence. Details of the panel process, as piloted in five organizations, are presented, along with positive indications and cautions regarding the potential utility of such a hiring tool. Preliminary outcome findings collected between 2004 and 2006 suggest this may be a useful recruitment tool. Future areas for research are also identified.
Antioxidant activity of hard wheat flour, dough and bread prepared using various processes with the addition of different phenolic acids
Authors: Han Hye‐Min , Koh Bong‐Kyung 
Published: October 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of baking process on the antioxidant activity of different phenolic acids. Antioxidant potential was determined using the β‐carotene‐bleaching activity assay, and free phenolic acid levels were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Four phenolic acids, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, syringic acid and gallic acid, were mixed with wheat flour at a concentration of 4.44 µmol/g of flour.RESULTS: Type of phenolic acid and processing affected antioxidant activity. Of the phenolic acids, caffeic acid had the most pronounced antioxidant effect. The ranking of phenolic acids in terms of their antioxidant activity in fermented dough and bread was similar to that before processing, i.e. syringic acid < gallic acid < ferulic acid < caffeic acid. The content of ferulic acid was greater than that of the other phenolic acids after baking. Antioxidant activity and free phenolic acid content were reduced by mixing but recovered after fermentation and baking. Phenolic acid recovery after baking was 74–80%.CONCLUSION: Phenolic acids retain their antioxidant activity after the baking process, which has potential health benefits for consumers. Elucidation of interactions between the baking process and phenolic acids is important for the development of functional foods. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
The vegetation cover dynamics (1982–2006) in different erosion regions of the Yellow River Basin, China
Authors: Miao C. Y. , Yang L. , Chen X. H. , Gao Y. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractVegetation significantly influences human health in the Yellow River basin and the plant cover is vulnerable to people. Typical types of erosion in the Yellow River basin include that caused by water, wind and freeze–thaw. In this paper, vegetation cover change from 1982 to 2006 was studied for a number of different erosion regions. The Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling Studies Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GIMMS NDVI) data were employed, while climatic data were also used for analysis of other influencing factors. It was shown that: (1) generally the vegetation cover in different erosion regions displayed similar increasing trends; (2) spatially the vegetation cover was highest in the water erosion region, the second highest was in the freeze–thaw region and the lowest in the wind erosion region; and (3) vegetation cover in the Yellow River basin is influenced by climate factors, especially by temperature. In water erosion regions, the temporal change of vegetation cover seemed complicated by comprehensive climatic and human influences. In wind erosion regions, the vegetation cover had close relations to precipitation. In freeze–thaw erosion regions, the vegetation cover was primarily altered by temperature. In all the three erosion regions, significant change of the vegetation cover occurred from 2000 just after the ‘Grain for Green’ (GFG) programme was implemented throughout China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil loss, soil degradation and rehabilitation in a degraded land area in Guarapuava (Brazil)
Authors: Thomaz E. L. , Luiz J. C. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractErosion and soil degradation are environmental impacts recognized worldwide. The degraded areas in the Guarapuava region are small (patchy). However, these areas are important sources of sediment that affects water quality in rural catchments and could threaten farm sustainability because farmers in this region generally have only a small area for cultivation. This paper presents a case study at a field scale that explores key questions concerning the evaluation of soil erosion, the appraisal of soil degradation and area recovery. This study was carried out over seven years (2002–2008). Several different measurement procedures were employed including assessment of soil loss, aggregation distribution, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate water retention and palisade efficiency. The degraded area displayed a very high soil loss (165.2–217.7 t ha−1 y−1). The palisades were efficient for sediment retention because they were able to trap 62–88 per cent of the total sediment that originated in the area during the first year when this management technique was applied. After their installation, the retained sediment was gradually enhanced with respect to its physical, chemical and biological characteristics. The palisades promoted efficient soil recuperation in spite of the degraded conditions of the degraded area (shallow rills and cohesive soil). The use of palisades together with enclosure of the area was the most efficient method for promoting soil recovery and plant succession. These techniques allowed transformation of the area from a loss system towards an accumulation system with respect to sediment, water, nutrients, organic matter and seeds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of MT effects on T2 quantification with 3D balanced steady‐state free precession imaging
Authors: Crooijmans Hendrikus J. A. , Gloor Monika , Bieri Oliver , Scheffler Klaus 
Published: October 2010

AbstractSignal from balanced steady‐state free precession is affected by magnetization transfer. To investigate the possible effects on derived T2 values using variable nutation steady‐state free precession, magnetization transfer‐effects were modulated by varying the radiofrequency pulse duration only or in combination with variable pulse repetition time. Simulations reveal a clear magnetization transfer dependency of T2 when decreasing radiofrequency pulse duration, reaching maximal deviation of 34.6% underestimation with rectangular pulses of 300 μs duration. The observed T2 deviation evaluated in the frontal white matter and caudate nucleus shows a larger underestimation than expected by numerical simulations. However, this observed difference between simulation and measurement is also observed in an aqueous probe and can therefore not be attributed to magnetization transfer: it is an unexpected sensitivity of derived T2 to radiofrequency pulse modulation. As expected, the limit of sufficiently long radiofrequency pulse duration to suppress magnetization transfer‐related signal modulations allows for proper T2 estimation with variable nutation steady‐state free precession. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Imaging near metal with a MAVRIC‐SEMAC hybrid
Authors: Koch K. M. , Brau A. C. , Chen W. , Gold G. E. , Hargreaves B. A. , Koff M. , McKinnon G. C. , Potter H. G. , King K. F. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe recently developed multi‐acquisition with variable resonance image combination (MAVRIC) and slice‐encoding metal artifact correction (SEMAC) techniques can significantly reduce image artifacts commonly encountered near embedded metal hardware. These artifact reductions are enabled by applying alternative spectral and spatial‐encoding schemes to conventional spin‐echo imaging techniques. Here, the MAVRIC and SEMAC concepts are connected and discussed. The development of a hybrid technique that utilizes strengths of both methods is then introduced. The presented technique is shown capable of producing minimal artifact, high‐resolution images near total joint replacements in a clinical setting. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modeling potential flow using Laurent series expansions and boundary elements
Authors: Dean T.R. , Hromadka T.V. , Kastner Thomas , Phillips Michael 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe fundamental underpinnings of the well‐known Bernoulli's Equation, as used to describe steady state two‐dimensional flow of an ideal incompressible irrotational flow, are typically described in terms of partial differential equations. However, it has been shown that the Cauchy Integral Theorem of standard complex variables also explain the Bernoulli's Equation and, hence, can be directly used to model problems of ideal fluid flow (or other potential problems such as electrostatics among other topics) using approximation function techniques such as the complex variable boundary element method (CVBEM). In this article, the CVBEM is extended to include Laurent Series expansions about singular points located outside of the problem domain union boundary. It is shown that by including such negatively powered complex monomials in the CVBEM formulation, considerable power is introduced to model potential flow problems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 573–586,2012
Co‐occurrence of DISH and HFI in the Terry Collection
Authors: Wilczak C. , Mulhern D. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTDiffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and hyperostosis frontalis internus (HFI) are both characterised by abnormal bone growth, a late age of onset, and an association with obesity, acromegaly and various metabolic disorders. In this study we examined the co‐occurrence of DISH and HFI in a sample of 406 black and whites aged 40–102 years old from the Terry Collection, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. Fisher's exact tests showed the co‐occurrence was significant for females. DISH was present in 19.6% of black and 29.6% of white females with HFI versus 4.76% and 2.38% of control females without HFI. A similar frequency of DISH was seen in males with HFI (20% black and 27.3% white), but this was not significantly different from the male controls without HFI (16.8% and 18.9%). The risk of developing DISH for females with HFI was nearly 8.78 times greater (CI = 2.56–30.1) than for females without HFI. Logistic regression of the female data showed HFI was a significant determinant (p = 0.001) of the presence of DISH but age was not (p = 0.744). We suggest that similar metabolic, genetic and environmental risk factors in the pathogenesis of the two conditions explain the observed comorbitity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.