bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method to generate soilscapes from soil maps
Authors: Schmidt Karsten , Behrens Thorsten , Friedrich Klaus , Scholten Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDigital soil mapping for large areas is challenging if mapping resolution should be as high as possible and sampling should be as sparse as possible. Generally, the more complex the soil associations in a landscape, the more samples are required to systematically cover the entire feature space. Moreover, regions should be modeled separately if the patterns of spatial variation vary on subregion level. A systematic segmentation of a landscape into soilscapes is additionally important for a feasible application of soil‐sensing approaches. In this paper, we introduce a semiautomated approach to segment nominal spatial datasets based on the local spatial frequency distribution of the mapping units. The aim is to provide homogeneous and nonfragmented segments with smoothed boundaries. The methodological framework for the segmentation comprises different spatial and nonspatial techniques and focuses mainly on a moving‐window analysis of the local frequency distribution and a k‐means cluster analysis. Based on an existing soil map (1:50,000), we derived six segments for the Nidda catchment (Central Hesse, Germany), comprising 1600 km2. As segmentation is based on a soil map, soilscapes are derived. In terms of the feature space, these soilscapes show a higher homogeneity compared to the entire landscape. Advantages compared to an existing map of landscape units are discussed. Segmenting a landscape as introduced in this study might also be of importance for other disciplines and can be used as a first step in biodiversity analysis or setting up environmental‐monitoring sites.
Carbon‐mineralization kinetics in an organically managed Cambic Arenosol amended with organic fertilizers
Authors: Ribeiro Henrique M. , Fangueiro David , Alves Fátima , Vasconcelos Ernesto , Coutinho João , Bol Roland , Cabral Fernanda 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe dynamics of C mineralization in an organically managed Cambic Arenosol amended with hen manure, a stabilized compost (compost), and three different combinations of both fertilizers (varying from a 1:100 to a 1:10 ratio) were studied during an incubation experiment to estimate the potential of such combinations to preserve/restore soil C content relative to single applications. A strong increase of the CO2‐C emissions relative to the unamended soil (control) was observed after soil application of all five organic‐fertilizer treatments. A significantly higher amount of applied C was lost in hen‐manure treatment (648 mg CO2‐C [g C applied]–1) when compared to compost (159 mg CO2‐C [g C applied]–1) or to the three combined treatments (176–195 mg CO2‐C [g C applied]–1). The first‐order exponential model and the double exponential model were used to fit the C‐mineralization data in the treatments considered. Results showed that mixing “small” amounts of hen manure with compost did not affect the total amount of potentially mineralizable C, but significantly increased the mineralization rate constant. Clearly, combinations of both fertilizers promoted an initial faster mineralization of the organic matter, and consequently a faster release of nutrients, without affecting the total amount of C sequestered in soil.
Soil‐organic‐matter stability in sandy cropland soils is related to land‐use history
Authors: Sleutel Steven , Abdul Kader Mohammed , Ara Begum Shamim , De Neve Stefaan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSandy cropland soils in NW Europe were found to contain unusually high organic‐carbon (OC) levels, and a link with their land‐use history has been suggested. This study's aim was to assess the discriminating power of physical and chemical fractionation procedures to yield information on soil‐organic‐matter (OM) stability for these soils. In relict‐ and cultivated‐heathland soils, much higher proportions of 6% NaOCl treatment–resistant but 10% HF–soluble OC (MOC) and N (32.2% and 29.9%) were measured compared to a set of “permanent"‐cropland soils without a history of heathland land use (11.9% and 8.5%). Also, the proportions of 6% NaOCl– and 10% HF treatment–resistant OC and N in the relict and cultivated heathlands (19.2% and 12.0%) were higher than in the permanent‐cropland soils (17.7% and 5.7%). Stepwise multiple linear‐regression yielded a significant relationship between the annual mineralization (g C [100 g OC]–1), soil OC (g C kg–1) content, and %MOC: Annual mineralization = 4.347 – 0.087 soil OC – 0.032 %MOC (R2 = 0.65). Combinations of incubation experiments for quantification of the labile soil OM pool with chemical fractionation may thus yield meaningful data for development of soil‐organic‐matter models with measurable pools, but their applicability will be limited to specific combinations of former land use with soil, climate, and current management.
Variation of tolerance to manganese toxicity in Australian hexaploid wheat
Authors: Khabaz‐Saberi Hossein , Rengel Zed , Wilson Robin , Setter Timothy L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHigh concentrations of manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and aluminium (Al) induced in waterlogged acid soils are a potential constraint for growing sensitive wheat cultivars in waterlogged‐prone areas of Western Australian wheat‐belt. Tackling induced ion toxicities by a genetic approach requires a good understanding of the existing variability in ion toxicity tolerance of the current wheat germplasm. A bioassay for tolerance to high concentration of Mn in wheat was developed using Norquay (Mn‐tolerant), Columbus (Mn‐intolerant), and Cascades (moderately tolerant) as control genotypes and a range of MnCl2 concentrations (2, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, and 3000 μM Mn) at pH 4.8 in a nutrient solution. Increasing solution Mn concentration decreased shoot and root dry weight and intensified the development of toxicity symptoms more in the Mn‐intolerant cv. Columbus than in Norquay and Cascades. The genotypic discrimination based on relative shoot (54% to 79%) and root dry weight (17% to 76%), the development of toxicity symptoms (scores 2 to 4) and the shoot Mn concentration (1428 to 2960 mg kg–1) was most pronounced at 750 μM Mn. Using this concentration to screen 60 Australian and 6 wheat genotypes from other sources, a wide variation in relative root dry weight (11% to 95%), relative shoot dry weight (31% to 91%), toxicity symptoms (1.5 to 4.5), and shoot Mn concentration (901 to 2695 mg kg–1) were observed. Evidence suggests that Mn tolerance has been introduced into Australian wheat through CIMMYT germplasm having “LERMO‐ROJO” within their parentage, preserved either through a co‐tolerance to Mn deficiency or a process of passive selection for Mn tolerance. Cultivars Westonia and Krichauff expressed a high level of tolerance to both Mn toxicity and deficiency, whereas Trident and Janz (reputed to be tolerant to Mn deficiency) were intolerant to Mn toxicity, suggesting that tolerance to excess and shortage of Mn are different, but not mutually exclusive traits. The co‐tolerance for Mn and Al in ET8 (an Al‐tolerant near‐isogenic line) and the absence of Mn tolerance in BH1146 (an Al‐tolerant genotype from Brazil) limits the effectiveness of these indicator genotypes to environments where only one constraint is induced. Wide variation of Mn tolerance in Australian wheat cultivars will enable breeding genotypes for the genetic solution to the Mn toxicity problem.
Holocene bipolar climate seesaw: possible subtle evidence from the deep North East Atlantic Ocean?
Authors: Maslin Mark A. , Smart Christopher W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe occurrence of a millennial‐scale bipolar climate seesaw has been documented in detail for the last glacial period and Termination. There is, however, debate whether it occurs during interglacials and if it does what influence it could have on future climate. We present here new evidence from a North East Atlantic Ocean deep‐sea core which supports the hypothesis for a Holocene bipolar climate seesaw. BENGAL Site 13078#16, from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, is 4844 m deep and situated at the North Atlantic Deep Water and Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) interface. Planktic foraminiferal fragment accumulation rate data at this site is an indicator of coarse carbonate dissolution, which is highly sensitive to the incursion of under‐saturated AABW. Five dissolution peaks have been identified, which seem to occur approximately 500 a after each of the North Atlantic 'Bond' ice rafting pulses, suggesting a subsequent subtle shallowing of AABW. This indicates a possible lagged climatic link between North East Atlantic surface water conditions and AABW production in the Southern Ocean during the Holocene. This provides the first tentative evidence that there was a Holocene bipolar climate seesaw and that the deep ocean was involved. This study also suggests that extremely sensitive locations need to be sought as the Holocene bipolar climate seesaw seems to be very subtle compared with its glacial counterparts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman characterizations and structural properties of the binary TeO2WO3, TeO2CdF2 and ternary TeO2CdF2WO3 glasses
Authors: Tatar D. , Özen G. , Erim F. B. , Öveçoǧlu M. L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Raman spectroscopy technique was used to characterize the microstructure and the crystallization properties of the as‐cast and heat‐treated binary TeO2WO3, TeO2CdF2 and ternary TeO2CdF2WO3 glasses and glass ceramics. The results were compared with those obtained by using the X‐ray diffraction technique. The effect of the WO3 and CdF2 contents on the TeO2 glass network and the intensity ratios of the deconvoluted Raman peaks were determined. The shifts in the Raman band wavenumbers and the intensity values for each band were investigated. The Raman results indicated that the glasses were mainly formed by the [TeO4] and [TeO3] units. The [TeO4] units convert to [TeO3] units with the addition of WO3 and CdF2 into tellurite glasses. All the crystalline phases such as α‐TeO2, δ‐TeO2 and γ‐TeO2 existing in the TeO2WO3, TeO2CdF2 and TeO2‐ WO3CdF2 glasses were determined. The transformation of the metastable γ‐TeO2 phase into stable α‐TeO2 was observed for the (1 − x)TeO2xWO3 (where x = 0.15, 0.20, 0.25), 0.90Te20.10CdF2, the 0.85TeO20.10CdF20.05WO3 and 0.80TeO20.10CdF20.10WO3 glasses, and the transformation of the metastable δ‐TeO2 phase into the stable α‐TeO2 was also observed for the TeO2CdF2WO3 glass system. In addition, an unidentified phase formation, labeled ε, was determined. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman scattering studies of the magnetic ordering in hexagonal HoMnO3 thin films
Authors: Minh Hien Nguyen Thi , Chen Xiang‐Bai , Hoang Luc Huy , Lee D. , Jang S.‐Y. , Noh T. W. , Yang In‐Sang 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe present the results of the temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of hexagonal HoMnO3 thin films in the 13–300 K temperature range. The films were grown on Pt(111)//Al2O3 (0001) substrates using the laser ablation method. In the HoMnO3 thin films, we initially observedseveral broad Raman peaks at ∼510, 760, 955, 1120, and 1410 cm−1. These broad Raman peaks display an anomalous behavior near the magnetic transition temperature, and the intensity difference of the Raman spectra at different temperatures shows several pairs of negative and positive peaks as the temperature is lowered below the Néel temperature. Our analyses indicate that all the broad peaks are correlated with magnetic ordering, and we have assigned the origin of all the broad peaks. Purely on the basis of the Raman analysis, we have deduced the Néel temperature and the spin exchange integrals of HoMnO3 thin films. We also investigated the effects of the growth condition on the strongest broad peak at ∼760 cm−1, which is related with pure magnetic ordering. This result indicates that the oxygen defect in the HoMnO3 sample has negligible effect on magnetic ordering. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational prediction of vibrational spectra of normal and modified DNA nucleobases
Authors: Shanmugasundaram Marudachalam , Puranik Mrinalini 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurines, pyrimidines, and the corresponding ribose monophosphates are ubiquitous biomolecules involved in several cellular processes–in DNA and RNA, signaling, and energy transactions. In the new and exciting field of DNA‐inspired nanostructures, they are used as fundamental building blocks. Unique features of the nucleobases are that several tautomeric states are close in energy and the tautomeric equilibria are sensitive to exocyclic substitution and pH. Knowing the exact structure and tautomer(s) at physiological conditions is crucial to understand the substrate specificities and catalytic mechanisms of the many enzymes for which these nucleobases are substrates. Very few spectroscopic methods can distinguish between tautomers and provide solution structures. Vibrational spectroscopy has long been known to be an excellent tool to obtain reliable information on nucleic acids. However, even when good‐quality spectra are available, isotope editing is required to make reliable band assignments and identify structures unequivocally. Density functional theoretical (DFT) methods have become indispensible in assisting the assignment of observed spectra to normal modes, identification of tautomers, and modeling of spectra of isotope‐edited molecules. We review the performance of DFT methods in the prediction of nucleobases and their analogs. We find that even with modest basis sets, trends in vibrational spectra can be predicted adequately and guide assignments to normal modes of the molecule. Shifts in band positions induced upon isotope labeling are reproduced more reliably than the band positions. Scaling considerably improves the agreement between the computed and experimental spectra, but accurate prediction of vibrations of exocyclic groups like CO requires that solvent effects are taken into account. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel method for urinary tract infection diagnosis and antibiogram using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Kastanos Evdokia K. , Kyriakides Alexandros , Hadjigeorgiou Katerina , Pitris Costas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUrinary tract infection (UTI) diagnosis and antibiogram require a 48‐h waiting period using the standard conventional clinical methods. This long waiting period results in ineffective treatments, increased costs and, most importantly, in increased resistance to antibiotics. In this work, a novel method for classifying bacteria and determining their sensitivity to an antibiotic using Raman spectroscopy is described. Raman spectra belonging to three species of gram‐negative enterobacteria, which are most commonly responsible for UTIs, are classified with over 94% accuracy using novel feature extraction and discriminant analysis. Sensitivity to ciprofloxacin is also clearly evident as early as 2 h after treatment by differences in the Raman spectra of bacteria treated or not treated with this antibiotic. The proposed technique can become the basis for the development of new technology for UTI diagnosis and antibiogram with same day results, thus avoiding urine cultures and all undesirable consequences of current practice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feeding trials in organic food quality and health research
Authors: Velimirov Alberta , Huber Machteld , Lauridsen Charlotte , Rembiałkowska Ewa , Seidel Kathrin , Bügel Susanne 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFeeding experiments comparing organically and conventionally produced food are performed to assess the overall impact on the animals' health as a model for the effects experienced by the human consumers. These experiments are based on systems research and characterized by their focus on production methods, whole food testing and procedures in accordance with the terms of organic farming. A short review of such experiments shows that the majority of these tests revealed effects of the organically produced feed on health parameters such as reproductive performance and immune responses. Systems research is not just about simple cause–effect chains, but rather about the pluralism of interactions in biological networks; therefore, the interpretation of the outcome of whole food experiments is difficult. Furthermore, the test diets of organic and conventional origin can be constituted in different ways, compensating for or maintaining existing differences in nutrient and energy contents. The science‐based results suggest positive influences from organic feeds, but there is still a need for confirmation in animals and, finally, in humans. For this purpose animal feeding trials with feed from different production systems should be conducted, with the aims to define health indicators and to establish biomarkers as a basis for future dietary intervention studies in humans. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Ways of coping and sense of belonging in the face of a continuous threat
Authors: Nuttman‐Shwartz Orit , Dekel Rachel 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study examined the contribution of ways of coping and sense of belonging to stress responses among students in a conflict zone. Students at a college situated in an area exposed to continuous threat were divided according to their place of residence: locations inside and outside of the conflict zone. Rate of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was similar to rates in previous studies conducted among Israelis who had been exposed to terror. Acceptance as a way of coping and sense of belonging contributed to reducing PTSD symptoms, whereas use of alcohol and seeking support contributed to increasing stress responses. The discussion examines the results in light of the literature on ways of coping and sense of belonging in the face of continuous threat.
A combined group treatment for nightmares and insomnia in combat veterans: A pilot study
Authors: Swanson Leslie M. , Favorite Todd K. , Horin Elizabeth , Arnedt J. Todd 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInsomnia and nightmares are hallmarks of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Sleep disturbances in PTSD negatively impact clinical course and functioning. In this open clinical trial, the preliminary effects of a combined treatment for insomnia and nightmares in combat veterans with PTSD were assessed. Ten combat veterans participated in a 10‐session group treatment combining cognitive–behavioral therapy for insomnia with exposure, rescripting, and relaxation therapy. Participants maintained daily sleep and dream diaries and completed self‐report measures of sleep quality and PTSD symptoms pre‐ and posttreatment. Participants reported improvements in sleep and nightmares following treatment. Future research using controlled designs to evaluate this treatment is warranted.
Reactivity of substituted copper(II) salicylates with tert‐butylperoxyl radical: Structure–reactivity relationships
Authors: Tavadyan Levon A. , Minasyan Seyran H. , Musaelyan Makich V. , Harutyunyan Lusik H. , Tonikyan Hakob G. , Sorenson John R. J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAbsolute rate constants (keff) for the chemical reactions of Cu(II)2(3,5‐di‐iso‐propylsalicylate)4(H2O)3, Cu(II)2(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylate)4, Cu(II)2(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylate)4(H2O)4, Cu(II)2(3,5‐dimethylsalicylate)4(H2O)3, Cu(II)2(3‐ethylsalicylate)4(H2O), Cu(II)2(3‐phenylsalicylate)4, and Cu(II)(3,5‐di‐iso‐propylsalicylate)2(pyridine)2 with tert‐butylperoxyl radical were determined using kinetic electron paramagnetic resonance measurements in 10% toluene in the hexane medium at temperatures ranging from −63°C to 2°C. These antioxidant (AO) chelates were ranked by their reactivity as follows: 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐methylphenol ≫ Cu(II)2(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylate)4 ≅ Cu(II)2(3‐phenylsalicylate)4 > Cu(II)2(3,5‐di‐iso‐propylsalicylate)4(H2O)3 ≅ Cu(II)2(3,5‐di‐tert‐butylsalicylate)4(H2O)4 ≅ Cu(II)2(3,5‐dimethylsalicylate)4(H2O)3 > Cu(II)2(3‐ethylsalicylate)4(H2O) ≫ Cu(II)(3,5‐di‐iso‐propylsalicylate)2(pyridine)2 at 20°C. Differential pulse voltammetry was used to determine redox behavior of these chelates in CH2Cl2. Two types of salicylic OH groups were detected in these Cu(II) salicylates, characterized by the presence or absence of AO reactivity. One of them was coordinate covalently bonded to Cu(II) via the oxygen atoms of the salicylic OH groups, displaying oxidation peak potentials in the range from +650 to 970 mV versus Ag/Ag+. The second type was intramolecularly hydrogen bonded to carboxylate oxygens, with an oxidation peak potential in the range from +1100 to 1200 mV versus Ag/Ag+. It was concluded that non–hydrogen‐bonded salicylic OH groups are responsible for the antiperoxyl radical reactivity of these chelates, while neither Cu(II) nor salicylate ligands displayed reactivity with peroxyl radical. It has been established in this research that axially bonded electron pair donors such as pyridine and water decrease H‐donating reactivity of Cu(II) salicylates by promoting the formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the salicylic OH hydrogen atoms and carboxylate oxygen atoms in the salicylic ligands. Dependences of log keff at 20°C and the anodic oxidation potential (Epa) for the salicylic OH group on the difference between symmetric and asymmetric stretching frequencies of carboxylate groups (in Fourier transform infrared spectra) for the substituted Cu(II) salicylates were determined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 56–67, 2010
Anilinolysis of nitro‐substituted diphenyl ethers in acetonitrile: The effect of some ortho‐substituents on the mechanism of SNAr reactions
Authors: Isanbor Chukwuemeka , Emokpae Thomas A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRate data are reported for the reactions of a series of X‐phenyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl ethers 1a–e[X = H, 4‐NO2, 2‐NO2, 2,4‐(NO2)2, or 2,6‐(NO2)2] with substituted anilines 2a–e [Y = H, 2‐CH3, 2,4‐(CH3)2, 2,6‐(CH3)2, or N‐CH3] in acetonitrile as solvent. For individual amine, kinetic data show that there is little steric hindrance to attack at the 1‐position of the parent molecules, even in the presence of di‐ortho substitution. With each substrate, however, there is evidence for significant steric interactions; such effects leading to rate retardation were very severe for 2,6‐dimethylaniline 2d (2,6‐(CH3)2) and N‐methylaniline 2e (Y = N‐CH3), the deactivating effect of N‐CH3 in most cases is slightly higher than that of 2,6‐(CH3)2. However, the reactions with 2e are base catalyzed whereas those of 2d are not. The corresponding reactions with aniline 2a (Y = H) and mono‐ortho methyl‐substituted aniline 2b (Y = CH3) are wholly base catalyzed. Only with the dinitro substrates, an uncatalyzed reaction is observed and when X = 2,6‐(NO2)2 this pathway takes all the reaction flux. A rationale is provided for the dichotomy of amine effects observed in this investigation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 37–49, 2010
Oxidation of some α‐hydroxy acids by tetraethylammonium chlorochromate: A kinetic and mechanistic study
Authors: Swami Preeti , Yajurvedi D. , Mishra P. , Sharma Pradeep K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe oxidation of glycolic, lactic, malic, and a few substituted mandelic acids by tetraethylammonium chlorochromate (TEACC) in dimethylsulfoxide leads to the formation of corresponding oxoacids. The reaction is first order each in TEACC and hydroxy acids. Reaction is failed to induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. The oxidation of α‐deuteriomandelic acid shows the presence of a primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 5.63 at 298 K). The reaction does not exhibit the solvent isotope effect. The reaction is catalyzed by the hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ion dependence has the following form: kobs = a + b[H+]. Oxidation of p‐methylmandelic acid has been studied in 19 different organic solvents. The solvent effect has been analyzed by using Kamlet's and Swain's multiparametric equations. A mechanism involving a hydride ion transfer via a chromate ester is proposed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 50–55, 2010