bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is it Possible to Train Surgeons for Rural Africa? A Report of a Successful International Program
Authors: Pollock Jonathan D. , Love Timothy P. , Steffes Bruce C. , Thompson David C. , Mellinger John , Haisch Carl 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe critical shortage of surgeons and access to surgical care in Africa is increasingly being recognized as a global health crisis. Across Africa, there is only one surgeon for every 250,000 people and only one for every 2.5 million of those living in rural areas. Surgical diseases are responsible for approximately 11.2% of the total global burden of disease. Even as the importance of treating surgical disease is being recognized, surgeons in sub‐Saharan Africa are leaving rural areas and their countries altogether to practice in more desirable locations.MethodsThe Pan‐African Academy of Christian Surgeons (PAACS) was formed in 1997 as a strategic response to this profound need for surgical manpower. It is training surgical residents through a 5‐year American competency‐based model. Trainees are required to be of African origin and a graduate of a recognized medical school.ResultsTo date, PAACS has established six training programs in four countries. During the 2009–2010 academic year, there were 35 residents in training. A total of 18 general surgeons and one pediatric surgeon have been trained. Two more general surgeons are scheduled to finish training in 2011. Four graduates have gone on to subspecialty training, and the remaining graduates are practicing general surgery in rural and underserved urban centers in Angola, Guinea‐Conakry, Ghana, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Madagascar.ConclusionsThe PAACS has provided rigorous training for 18 African general surgeons, one of whom has also completed pediatric surgery training. To our knowledge, this is the only international rural‐based surgical training program in Africa.
Diagnostic hysteroscopy and saline infusion sonography in the diagnosis of intrauterine abnormalities: an assessment of patient preference
Authors: van Dongen Heleen , Timmermans Anne , Jacobi Cathrien E. , Elskamp Trudy , de Kroon Cor D. , Jansen Frank Willem 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted to assess whether women would prefer to undergo saline infusion sonography (SIS) or office hysteroscopy for the investigation of the uterine cavity. In a randomised controlled trial, 100 patients underwent SIS or office hysteroscopy for assessing patients' pain scores. After the investigation, 92 of them were asked to fill out an anonymous questionnaire addressing their preference regarding the method of evaluation and treatment of the uterine cavity. A control group, consisting of 50 women who never underwent SIS or office hysteroscopy, was also asked to complete an identical questionnaire. The questionnaire was completed by 113 women (83.7%). Twenty-four (21.2%) women would opt for SIS, whereas 52 (46.0%) would opt for office hysteroscopy, and 37 (32.7%) had no preference. If therapy would be necessary, 48.7% of the women would opt for an outpatient treatment, whereas 33.0% of the women would prefer treatment under general anaesthesia. Despite the fact that SIS is less painful, the majority of the women prefer office hysteroscopy. Additionally, therapy in an outpatient setting is preferred to a day case setting.
Stability of Rice Bran Oil in Terms of Oryzanol, Tocopherols, Tocotrienols and Sterols
Authors: Afinisha Deepam L. S. , Sundaresan A. , Arumughan C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe effect of oryzanol, tocopherols and tocotrienols (tocols) and sterols individually and as combinations of two were analyzed for DPPH radical scavenging activity and antioxidant activity. Oryzanol, tocols and sterols were isolated by using column chromatography and then added at known concentrations in stripped RBO. The results showed that tocol added samples are more stable than with oryzanol and sterol as individual additions. Among them T1 (sample having 0.04% tocols) is more stable than T2 (sample having 0.08% tocols). Comparing T1 and T2 with control oil, T1 had a peroxide value almost similar to control oil (T1, 5.68 mequiv/kg : control oil, 5.52 mequiv/kg) showing the antioxidant activity of tocols even in the absence of other micronutrients. The diene value of both T1 (4.27) and T2 (4.03) is lower than control oil (6.14). While analyzing combinations, prevention of oxidation was significantly better for oryzanol and tocols combinations, OT1 had a peroxide value of 10.57 mequiv/kg, OT2, 10.42 mequiv/kg when compared to the control sample (52.25 mequiv/kg). Similarly the diene value 5.86 (OT1) and 7.1 (OT2), the p‐anisidine value 53.8 and 63 for OT1 and OT2, respectively. The DPPH activity of samples T2 (0.08% tocols) and OT2 (sample having 0.8% oryzanol + 0.08% tocols) had a lower IC50 on the initial day and the IC50 was lowest for T1 (0.04% tocols) and OT1 (sample having 1.6% oryzanol + 0.04% tocols) on the final day.
Minimum loss multiplicative routing metrics for wireless mesh networks
Authors: Passos Diego , de Albuquerque Célio Vinicius N. , Campista Miguel Elias M. , Costa Luís Henrique M. K. , Duarte Otto Carlos M. B. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Wireless mesh networks are low-cost self-configurable multihop networks. This work presents a study about the main routing metrics used in this kind of network, pointing out their virtues and limitations. It also proposes, implements, and analyzes alternative multiplicative metrics. To evaluate the performance of the proposed metrics, comparative measurements over real mesh testbeds were conducted. A case study of a production mesh network using a multiplicative routing metric is also evaluated. Results show that, in various scenarios, the network performance with the proposed multiplicative routing metrics has been improved in terms of routing stability, packet loss rate, end-to-end delay, and throughput.
Correlations between experimental and theoretical adiabatic ionization energies for organic compounds and rate constants for atmospheric reactions with hydroxyl radicals
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAdiabatic ionization energy (AIE) calculations were performed at the AM1, PM3, PM6, PDDG, HF/QZVP, and B3LYP/QZVP levels of theory on 722 atmospherically relevant organic compounds with available experimental rate constants for atmospheric reactions with hydroxyl radicals (k~OH~). From the starting set of molecules, a final suite of 114 mono- and polyfunctionalized compounds provided converged neutral and cationic geometries without imaginary frequencies for all six levels of theory. NIST evaluated AIEs were available for 54 compounds, providing mean absolute AIE prediction errors of 0.31 (AM1), 0.28 (PM3), 0.50 (PM6), 0.36 (PDDG), 1.22 (HF/QZVP), and 0.20 eV (B3LYP/QZVP). Modest correlations were found between the experimental (r=-0.68, SE=0.81) and computationally estimated (r=-0.77 [AM1], -0.75 [PM3], -0.83 [PM6], -0.79 [PDDG], -0.83 [HF/QZVP], and -0.82 [B3LYP/QZVP]; SE=0.75 [AM1], 0.78 [PM3], 0.66 [PM6], 0.73 [PDDG], 0.67 [HF/QZVP], and 0.68 [B3LYP/QZVP]) AIEs and the corresponding experimental log k~OH~. Univariate AIE versus k~OH~ correlations are of lower predictive ability than state-of-the-art multivariate techniques, and are limited by the inability to calculate reliable AIEs for large numbers of atmospherically relevant compounds due either to convergence failures at various levels of theory or the presence of imaginary frequencies for converged cationic geometries.
Stem Cell Antigen CD34 In Native And Engineered Form Alter Its Binding Ability To Stromal Cells And Ligands: A Classical Example Of Clinical Benefits Of Therapeutic Genetic Engineering Of Stem Cells In Transplantation
Authors: Gangenahalli Gurudutta , Singh Vimal Kumar , Tripathi Rajendra Prasad , Verma Yogesh Kumar , Gupta Pallavi , Satija Neeraj Kumar 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCD34 is a highly glycosylated surface-expressed sialomucin and, because it is present on hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), has demonstrated immense clinical utility in their enumeration in aphaeresis products, immunoaffinity purification for transplantation, and disease monitoring. The success of CD34 based reagents in identifying hematopoietic progenitors led to the assumption that CD34 is expressed on cells with regenerative potential and is sufficient for hematopoietic reconstitution in marrow-ablated recipients. However, its role has not been identified in substantial detail.With the advent of the fact that CD34 binds adapter protein like CRK-L in cytosol and CD34 knock out studies identified a a signaling role, CD34 antigen has been proposed to play a signaling function. Since it is a sialomucin, a member of the group adhesion molecules, we attempted to identify a role by over-expreesing its gene in cell lines. We report here that CD34 and engineered forms (Ser306 & Tyr318) significantly regulates adhesion to stromal cells, like mesenchymal stem cells and bone marrow ligands. These enhance binding of cells overexpressing CD34 by upregulating integrins and we therefore propose that such cells may effectively potentiate the success of transplantation through greater homing if they are used for transfusion.
On the Dirichlet problem for first order quasilinear equations on a manifold
Authors: Panov E. 
Published: December 2010

We study the Dirichlet problem for a first order quasilinear equation on a smooth manifold with boundary. The existence and uniqueness of a generalized entropy solution are established. The uniqueness is proved under some additional requirement on the field of coefficients. It is shown that generally the uniqueness fails. The nonuniqueness occurs because of the presence of the characteristics not outgoing from the boundary (including closed ones). The existence is proved in a general case. Moreover, we establish that among generalized entropy solutions laying in the ball‖u‖∞≤R\|u\|_\infty \le Rthere exist unique maximal and minimal solutions. To prove our results, we use the kinetic formulation similar to the one by C. Imbert and J. Vovelle.
Changes between consecutive broods in the fecundity of the spider crab, Maja brachydactyla
Authors: Verísimo Patricia , Bernárdez Cristina , González-Gurriarán Eduardo , Freire Juan , Muiño Ramón , Fernández Luis 
Published: December 2010

AbstractVerísimo, P., Bernárdez, C., González-Gurriarán, E., Freire, J., Muiño, R., and Fernández, L. 2011. Changes between consecutive broods in the fecundity of the spider crab, Maja brachydactyla. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . An analysis of the fecundity of Maja brachydactyla and the possible causes for its variability was carried out during two breeding cycles in the Ría de Arousa (Galicia, NW Spain). Based on brood samples with known weight data, subsample counts were taken of the number of eggs (125 081–530 309 eggs), and dry weight and volume of individual eggs were recorded. The main cause of variability in egg number and dry weight of the broods was female body length. Moreover, the size of the broods during the two breeding cycles and of subsequent broods exhibited significant differences in terms of both fecundity (p < 0.05) and brood dry weight (p< 0.05). The first broods contained fewer, larger eggs (a greater energy investment per egg), whereas subsequent broods contained more, smaller eggs (less energy investment per egg).
Real-time calibration of in situ measurements of target strength
Authors: MacLennan David N. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
MacLennan, D. N. 2011. Real-time calibration of in situ measurements of target strength. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . The in situ measurement of target strength (TS) depends on exactly one fish being within the sampled volume. This is more likely to occur the nearer the transducer is to the fish targets. The detection rate can be improved by lowering the transducer on a cable from a stationary vessel, so decreasing the range to the observed fish. In this application, a standard sphere is commonly suspended below the transducer to provide the real-time calibration of the received signals. However, forward scattering by the sphere distorts the transmitted pulse, and equally the returning fish echoes, causing a bias in the estimated TS. Further, for a split-beam transducer, forward-scattering of the fish echo by the sphere modifies the phase differences observed between the transducer segments. This changes the apparent distribution of targets, but not the estimated TS. The biases are not large, those considered being within ±0.9 dB, and they depend on the sonar frequency, the target range, and the direction. The theory of these effects is examined, and formulae are provided for correcting the observed fish echo to that which would be received in free-field conditions, i.e. with the sphere removed.
Fisheries bycatch data provide insights into the distribution of the mauve stinger (Pelagia noctiluca) around Ireland
Authors: Bastian Thomas , Stokes David , Kelleher Jane E. , Hays Graeme C. , Davenport John , Doyle Thomas K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Bastian, T., Stokes, D., Kelleher, J. E., Hays, G. C., Davenport, J., and Doyle, T. K. 2011. Fisheries bycatch data provide insights into the distribution of the mauve stinger (Pelagia noctiluca) around Ireland. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . There is concern that jellyfish populations are proliferating in the Northeast Atlantic and that their socio-economic impacts will increase. Using information from the Irish Groundfish Survey, data are presented on the distribution of the mauve stinger, Pelagia noctiluca, over an area >160 000 km² around Ireland and the UK in 2009. The species accounted for 93% of the overall catch of gelatinous organisms, with an average catch biomass of 0.26 ± 2.3 kg ha−1. The study area was divided into four subregions (North, West, Southwest, and South), and the distribution and abundance of P. noctiluca displayed both inter- and intraregional variations. Individual bell diameters ranged from 1 to 13.5 cm (median 4.5 cm, s.d. 1.2 cm), and the size distribution also varied spatially. It is the first time that such detailed information has been made available for P. noctiluca in a part of the Northeast Atlantic where its impact on the salmon aquaculture industry can be considerable. Finally, the possibility of using annual datasets from this type of fisheries survey to develop time-series that, in the future, will allow investigation of relationships between long-term variations of P. noctiluca populations and climatic factors in the area is addressed.
Regional-scale changes in diatom distribution in the Humboldt upwelling system as revealed by remote sensing: implications for fisheries
Authors: Jackson Thomas , Bouman Heather A. , Sathyendranath Shubha , Devred Emmanuel 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Jackson, T., Bouman, H. A., Sathyendranath, S., and Devred, E. 2011. Regional-scale changes in diatom distribution in the Humboldt upwelling system as revealed by remote sensing: implications for fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 729–736. A diatom-detection algorithm was parametrized for the Humboldt upwelling system using local cruise data that were first validated, then used to create monthly composites of diatom distribution from 0 to 40°S and 90 to 70°W for both normal and El Niño conditions. There was a 50% reduction in the areal extent of diatom-dominated waters during the peak of the 1997 El Niño. The extent of the coastward contraction in the diatom-dominated area varied along the South American coastline. These regional shifts in phyto- and zooplankton communities would have increased food stress on local anchovy (Engraulis ringens) populations and could have contributed to diminished larval survival and landings the following year. A region of strong upwelling over the wide Peruvian continental shelf around 15°S was the only area that maintained a strong diatom population throughout the El Niño; the area may require special protection from fishing pressure in years following an El Niño event.
Ecotypes as a concept for exploring responses to climate change in fish assemblages
Authors: Engelhard Georg H. , Ellis Jim R. , Payne Mark R. , ter Hofstede Remment , Pinnegar John K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Engelhard, G. H., Ellis, J. R., Payne, M. R., ter Hofstede, R., and Pinnegar, J. K. 2011. Ecotypes as a concept for exploring responses to climate change in fish assemblages. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . How do species-rich fish assemblages respond to climate change or to other anthropogenic or environmental drivers? To explore this, a categorization concept is presented whereby species are assigned with respect to six ecotype classifications, according to biogeography, horizontal and vertical habitat preference, trophic guild, trophic level, or body size. These classification schemes are termed ecotypology, and the system is applied to fish in the North Sea using International Bottom Trawl Survey data. Over the period 1977–2008, there were changes in the North Sea fish community that can be related to fish ecotypes. Broadly speaking, there were steady increases in abundance of species that were either Lusitanian, small-bodied, or low-/mid-trophic-level ecotypes, and generally declining or only marginally increasing trends of most Boreal, large-bodied, or high-trophic-level ecotypes or combinations of them. The post-1989 warm biological regime appears to have favoured pelagic species more than demersal species. These community-level patterns agree with the expected responses of ecotypes to climate change and also with anticipated vulnerability to fishing pressure.
Gelatinization, Pasting, and Gelling Properties of Sweetpotato and Wheat Starch Blends
Authors: Zhu Fan , Corke Harold 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTSweetpotato starch is high yielding but has very limited uses. It is possible to expand its application by blending it with other starches to obtain novel properties. In this study, functional properties of the blends of native sweetpotato starch with native, acid‐thinned, and hydroxypropylated wheat starch were studied at different ratios (75:25, 50:50, 25:75). The swelling factor, extent of amylose leaching, pasting, and gel textural properties of the blends were nonadditive of their individual components, and could be mathematically modeled by quadratic equations in relation to the ratios. Two peaks during pasting were observed for some starch mixtures studied by Rapid ViscoAnalyser (RVA). The gelatinization and retrogradation enthalpies (ΔH) of the blends were additive of their individual components and could be modeled by linear equations. All starch mixtures exhibited two peaks during differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) scan for gelatinization, but a single peak for retrograded starches. This study may provide basis for formulation of mixtures using starch from diverse sources to develop more natural starch systems with a range of physicochemical properties.
A Sida sp. Is a New Host for “Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense” in Brazil
Authors: Eckstein B. , Barbosa J. C. , Rezende J. A. M. , Bedendo I. P. 
Published: December 2010

Sida is a genus of flowering herbs in the family Malvaceae, which includes several species that are weeds in Brazil. Plants of a Sida sp. exhibiting symptoms characterized by stunting, chlorosis, small leaves, and witches'-broom, indicative of infection by phytoplasmas, were found in a field previously cultivated with tomato, located in the region of Campinas, State of São Paulo, in December 2008. To demonstrate the presence of phytoplasmas in diseased tissues, DNA was extracted from shoots and leaves from three symptomatic and eight asymptomatic plants. Nested PCR was performed using primers P1/Tint followed by primer pair R16F2n/R16R2 (1). DNA fragments of 1.2 kb, corresponding to 16S rDNA, were amplified only for DNA from two symptomatic samples. Phytoplasma identification was initially carried out by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis through digesting the PCR products with the restriction enzymes AluI, HhaI, HaeIII, HpaII, MseI, and RsaI. The two phytoplasma isolates found to be infecting a Sida sp. showed identical RFLP patterns, which were indistinguishable from the phytoplasma previously reported in association with hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) witches'-broom in Brazil (2). Nucleotide sequence alignment revealed that 16S rDNA of both phytoplasma isolates found in a Sida sp. (GenBank Accession No. HQ230579) shared 99.9% sequence similarity with 16S rDNA from hibiscus witches'-broom phytoplasma (HibWB) (GenBank Accession No. AF147708). HibWB is the representative of the 16SrXV group and it was proposed as a putative species nominated “Candidatus Phytoplasma brasiliense” (2). The disease is frequently observed in hibiscus plants used as ornamentals in the states of São Paulo (4) and Rio de Janeiro (2). “Ca. Phytoplasma brasiliense” has only been reported in Brazil to be infecting hibiscus (2,4) and periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) (3). The presence of a phytoplasma belonging to group 16SrXV in a Sida sp. expands its natural host range. The role of this weed as a potential source of inoculum for crops should be investigated. References: (1) I. M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (2) H. G. Montano et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 51:1109, 2001. (3) H. G. Montano et al. Plant Dis. 85:1209, 2001. (4) E. G. Silva et al. Summa Phytopathol. 35:234, 2009.
Phosphoinositides Regulate Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis at the Tip of Pollen Tubes inArabidopsisand Tobacco
Authors: Zhao Yan , Yan An , Feijó José A. , Furutani Masahiro , Takenawa Tadaomi , Hwang Inhwan , Fu Ying , Yang Zhenbiao 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUsing the tip-growing pollen tube of Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum as a model to investigate endocytosis mechanisms, we show that phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase 6 (PIP5K6) regulates clathrin-dependent endocytosis in pollen tubes. Green fluorescent protein–tagged PIP5K6 was preferentially localized to the subapical plasma membrane (PM) in pollen tubes where it apparently converts phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) to phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2]. RNA interference–induced suppression of PIP5K6 expression impaired tip growth and inhibited clathrin-dependent endocytosis in pollen tubes. By contrast, PIP5K6 overexpression induced massive aggregation of the PM in pollen tube tips. This PM abnormality was apparently due to excessive clathrin-dependent membrane invagination because this defect was suppressed by the expression of a dominant-negative mutant of clathrin heavy chain. These results support a role for PI(4,5)P2 in promoting early stages of clathrin-dependent endocytosis (i.e., membrane invagination). Interestingly, the PIP5K6 overexpression-induced PM abnormality was partially suppressed not only by the overexpression of PLC2, which breaks down PI(4,5)P2, but also by that of PI4Kβ1, which increases the pool of PI4P. Based on these observations, we propose that a proper balance between PI4P and PI(4,5)P2 is required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis in the tip of pollen tubes.