bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Multichip Module Technology for low Power Applications
Authors: Ho Chung W. , McAfee-Hunter Sharon 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThin-film multichip modules (i.e. MCM-D) can provide simple, low-cost packaging and interconnect options for interconnecting high-density, high-performance devices. The following is an overview of an MCM-D technology that can be implemented on top of several substrate materials. Tradeoffs will be discussed related to using different substrate materials and the corresponding implications from the assembly point of view. The MCM-D manufacturing process is reviewed and the subsequent reliability results are discussed.
Coupling of Light into Single-Mode Optical Fiber for Data Communications
Authors: Lasky Ronald C. , Mackay Janet L. , Österberg Ulf , Jen Keh-Chee , Carlson Kurt D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSingle-mode optoelectronic communication is the technology of choice in the telecommunication industry, due to the long distances and high data rates that are achievable. These benefits are now being exploited in the field of data communications. However, the demands of the data communication application are somewhat different from those of telecommunication. This paper discusses these differences.Typical optical performance parameters for the data link are also considered. The two most important of these parameters are the laser safety limit and the minimum launched power. The methodologies which assure both of these parameters are presented.The physics of single-mode fiber-to-fiber and laser-to-fiber coupling is reviewed, including an overview of various theoretical models which have been used. Results of ongoing experimental studies are presented and compared to a theoretical model. Discrepancies between the experimental results and the model are discussed.
Fluorinated Parylene as an Interlayer Dielectric for Thin Film MCM's
Authors: Dabral S. , Zhang X. , Wu X.M. , Yang G.-R. , Lang C.-I. , Bakhrut H. , Olson R. , Lu T.-M. , McDonald J. F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAliphatic tetrafluoro-poly-p-xylylene (PA-f), has been evaluated as an interlayer dielectric and its properties reported. It has a lower dielectric constant (2.38) and higher thermal stability (480°C) than Parylene-n. The as-deposited films are of very low crystallinity. The crystallinity increases as the film is annealed. Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis has shown that these films loose weight at temperatures > 480°C. A shrinkage in the films of about 10% was observed when annealed in vacuum at a temperature of 425°C. The as-deposited films were measured to have low dielectric constant of 2.38 and a volume resistivity of 1.3×1016 ohm-cm. The refractive index in the optical wavelengths was measured to be 1.3 for as-deposited samples which increased with anneal temperatures. The stress levels observed are also lower (19 MPa) than PA-n (40 MPa) after annealing. Diffusion of Cu into PA-f is comparable with Cu diffusion in PMDA-ODA polyimide. Scanning Electron Microscopy of film cross-section shows microstructure change above temperatures of 350°C.
Surface Energy Compatibilites of Cellulose and Polypropylene
Authors: Quillin Daniel T. , Caulfield Daniel F. , Koutsky James A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn addition to its use in recycled paper products, recovered lignocellulosic fiber can be used as a reinforcement filler in composites with polyolefins. However, problems in both processing and product performance are often caused by the incompatibilities of surface energies between hydrophilic cellulose and non-polar polyolefin. This poor match in surface polarities is detrimental to strong adhesive bonding between olefin and cellulose. This work examines the effect of surface energy on the adhesion properties of polypropylene and cellulose. In particular, three materials accepted as paper-sizing agents were used to change the cellulosic fiber's surface energy to make it more compatible withthe surface energy of polypropylene.Cellulose fibers were treated by various methods with (1) alkyl ketene dimer, (2) alkenyl succinic anhydride, and (3) stearic acid and were characterized by their surface energies as determined by single fiber wettability measurements using the Wilhelmy technique. These measurements are discussed in detail. Results from these measurments can be related to differences in adhesion between treated cellulose and polypropylene, which can be measured by internal bond tests on hot-pressed composite sheets.Results indicate that the use of sizing agents reduces the acid/base (hydrogen bonding) character of the cellulose surface. Interactions involving hydrogen bonding are important in cellulose/modified-polypropylene composites. Reduction of these interactions appears to lead to a corresponding reduction in adhesion between cellulose and polypropylene.
Polypropylene Crystallization on Maleated Polypropylene-Treated Wood Surfaces: Effects on Interfacial Adhesion in Wood Polypropylene Composites
Authors: Kolosick Paul C. , Myers George E. , Koutsky James A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPolypropylene (PP)-wood veneer laminates were used as a model system to investigate adhesion in wood-polypropylene composites. Wood veneers were treated with maleated polypropylene waxes (MA-PP). PP films were then compression molded to the wood surfaces and peel forces were measured.Low MA-PP treatment levels increased the peel adhesion over that for untreated surfaces. High MA-PP treatment levels decreased the peel adhesion and intermediate MA-PP levels had no effect on the peel adhesion. Microscopy of the fracture surfaces indicated PP penetration into lumens in both treated and untreated wood veneer. Untreated surfaces also exhibited PP penetration into pits and intercellular spaces, while treated surfaces exhibited only hindered penetration on this scale. The penetrated PP formed tendrils during fracture. DSC of PP on wood and cellulose surfaces showed higher PP crystallization temperatures on untreated surfaces than on treated surfaces.
Application of Solubility Parameters to Lignocellulosic/Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: White Don H. , Park S. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe usefulness of solubility parameters in identifying miscible polymer blends is reviewed. The use of wood fibers in mixtures of recycled thermoplastics is of current interest. These composites do not require miscible blends of polymers, but must exhibit compatibility in order to have good adhesion and physical properties. The use of solubility parameters to design improved composites is cited. This approach is then applied to wood fiber/polyolefin thermoplastic composites.
Enzymatic Solutions to Enhance Bonding, Bleaching and Contaminant Removal,
Authors: Jeffries Thomas W. , Patel Rajesh N. , Sykes Marguerite S. , Klungness John 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMicrobial enzymes can enhance the properties of virgin pulps and secondary fibers. Enzymes added to pulp slurries at key steps during fiber processing alter structure and composition of native substrates in specific ways. Lipases hydrolyze fatty acid esters thereby facilitating depitching and deinking. Cellulases remove fines and change surface properties, thereby enhancing drainage, deinking, and contaminant removal of secondary fibers. The binding domains of cellulases exfoliate or roughen the surface of cellulose fibers. This feature may be used to enhance inter-fiber bonding. Xylanases and ligninases enhance lignin and chromophore removal thereby facilitating bleaching of kraft pulps. Microbial xylanases reduce chemical demand for bleaching by 35 to 50% in softwood and hardwood pulps, respectively. Many extracellular microbial enzymes are stable at 50 to 60°C and between pH 4 and 7, and some function well at greater extremes. In some instances crude enzymes can be used, but by cloning and expressing pure enzymes at high titers more precise and economical applications can be achieved.
Micro and Macromorphology of Recycled Fiber and Wood
Authors: Stokke Douglas D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWood is a major industrial raw material, with U.S. consumption approaching that of aluminum, plastics, cement, and steel combined. Partially as a result of the magnitude of wood and wood products in use, these products constitute a substantial portion of the solid waste stream. In order to reduce the amount of wood and wood fiber disposed in landfills, efforts to recycle these materials into useful products such as structural composites are needed. The success of such conversion depends in part on knowledge of the morphological characteristics of various sources of secondary wood and wood fibers, and the influence of wood element morphology on composite properties. An overview of wood and fiber morphology representative of major sources of secondary material is provided, with a discussion of how these morphological features may influence the properties of conventional wood composites and wood fiber/plastic composites.
Interpretation of Bronze Disease and Related Copper Corrosion Mechanisms in Terms of Log-Activity Diagrams
Authors: McNeil Michael B. , Mohr D. W. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThermochemical data are used to construct a modified log-activity diagram for the system Cu-H-O-Cl-(C02) at standard temperature and pressure(STP). In these diagrams, coordinate axes represent activities of aqueous copper species and chloride ions other thermodynamic variables are collapsed onto the diagram. Modified log-activity diagrams are used as a supplement to study Pourbaix diagrams for the equilibria relevant to bronze disease and copper pitting and to show the relation between them.
A New Corrosion-Protective Polymer for Artifact Display and Storage Applications
Authors: Franey J. P. , Donaldson Keith 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTCorrosion of artifacts from atmospheric trace gases occur continuously. A new polymeric system which provides atmospheric trace gas corrosion protection has been developed. These polymers are called Reactive Polymers. The polymers consist of a blend of polymer resin (eg. polyethylene, polypropylene, ABS, PVC) with stable solid-state additives. These polymers can be formed into bags, tubing, sheets, bubble-pack, trays, etc. Corrosion protection is provided for artifacts from ancient periods, such as chinese mirrors, and the Freer Chinese Bronzes, to fine silver items from Colonial times in the USA. This protection from corrosion or tarnish by atmospheric H2S, COS, and HCl is provided for extended periods of time.
Croatian Monuments as Targets, 1991/92
Authors: Belamarić Jošgko 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this talk is to give a brief account of the current situation in Croatia—a small country located between the Adriatic sea and the Danube, along the south-eastern spur of the Alps. I would like to begin with some general remarks about the Croatian cultural heritage and the damage that has been inflicted on it by nine months of exceptionally brutal warfare. I will give some rather dry statistics, but it is important to keep in mind that each of these statistics represent an act of appalling vandalism of a kind that has not been seen in Europe for a generation. I will then focus on the specific cases of Dubrovnik and Zadar. Since both of these cities are under the jurisdiction of my Institute I can report about them in some detail from personal experience. Finally I have some concrete proposals for what could be done to mitigate the effects of the damage already caused to cultural monuments by the war in Croatia. Croatia desperately needs immediate international help to preserve its cultural heritage. I will report on some initiatives already under way.
A Holistic Approach to the Analysis of Archaeological Deposits, Illustrated Using a Late Roman Urban Sequence From Northwest Europe
Authors: Farrington Orpah S. , Bateman Richard M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTDark Earth deposits immediately overlie late Roman urban stratigraphy across northwest Europe, representing the crucial but poorly documented collapse of provincial Roman urbanism. Deficient in artefacts, they have proved recalcitrant to traditional methods of archaeological interpretation. Here, they are used as a vehicle to promote a more integrated, holistic approach to scientific archaeology. This recognises the great potential value of applying a wide range of geoanalytical techniques to the finer-grained matrices that enclose (or, more precisely, grade into) artefacts in archaeological sequences. As this multifaceted approach is time-consuming, deposits chosen for analysis should contain potential answers to profound historical questions. Comparative studies are necessary, in which samples of known age, provenance, environment and mode of deposition outnumber those of a more equivocal nature. Considerable knowledge is required to select the optimal range of complementary techniques for application to a particular suite of materials; this case study outlines the relative merits of analyses for fabric orientation, particle size, micromorphology, bulk geochemistry (ICP), particle geochemistry (microprobe), heavy mineralogy, plant remains (pollen, phytoliths, wood), animal remains, macroscopic artefacts, and radiometric dating. The resulting large bodies of data are best summarised by multivariate analyses (notably ordination algorithms), together with semivariograms for spatial data. Interpretations should take full account of the range of anthropogenic processes and products inherent in archaeological deposits.
A Technical Examination of the Chinese Buddhist Bronzes in the Freer Gallery of Art, Part B: Stable Lead Isotope Analysis
Authors: Sayre Edward V. , Jett Paul , Joel Emile C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTStable lead isotope ratios were determined on sixty-four samples taken from sixty of the Buddhist bronze images which were examined and chemically analyzed by Jett and Douglas [preceding paper]. The data were grouped using multivariate techniques and were compared with an accumulated data base of lead isotope measurements on more than 700 ancient Chinese artifacts and more than 200 Chinese and Korean ores. One group of ten images which were all datable to a period of less than one century, Eastern Wei through Sui dynasties, form a nearly unique isotopic group which coincides only with an unusual group of Lengshuichong bronze drums. A second large group of thirty-two isotopically matching images contains almost all, fifteen out of sixteen, of the images attributed to the Northern Wei dynasty. The remaining members of this group are of later date, extending into the Tang dynasty, or are animal figures attributed more generally to the Six Dynasties. This group partially overlaps somewhat the isotope fields of some Western and Eastern Han mirrors and some of the Sackler ritual bronze vessels of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, but appears to have been derived from a different ore source from them. The remaining specimens break up into some very tentatively defined small groups of two to four specimens each and a small residue of four unique, unmatched specimens.
Effects of Drying on the Mechanical Properties of Paper and their Relationship to the Treatment Of Paper
Authors: Vitale Timothy 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe effects of drying on paper after water immersion are explored by evaluating mechanical properties. When paper is wet, structural interfiber hydrogen bonds are disrupted; drying reverses this process. However, some “as manufactured” mechanical properties are lost after wetting and drying. The method of drying was found to be critical for regaining the mechanical properties of a dried sheet.The effects of (1) wet-pressing (weight on paper during drying) and (2) wet-straining during drying are assessed. Application of incremental increases of the two variables results in changes of the mechanical properties which eventally reach and exceed the original mechanical properties which are lost during standard water immersion and drying treatments.The treatment method which most closely reproduces the “as manufactured” properties involves wet-pressing and wet-stretching. In particular, friction stretch-drying in an air-bag press can approximate original drying conditions. However, alterations of optical properties of the paper and design media due to elevated pressure prevents endorsement of the methodology.
Changes in the Infrared Absorbance and Color of Aged Cellulose Film
Authors: Mayhew Frances Whitaker , Block Ira 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe accelerated aging of unplasticized Cellophane film specimens was conducted at tempe:atures ranging from 80 to 150 °C in a dry, forced-air convection oven for various periods of time. Colorimetric evaluation showed increasing discoloration which could be partially reversed by rinsing in deionized water. The infrared spectra of samples aged within this temperature range show the same changes, dependent upon aging time. This indicates that the species formed in the films at temperatures above and below the boiling point of water are the same, and that the moisture content of the films may affect the reaction rate, but not the mechanisms. The observed data in the visible region fit the standard pseudofirst-order kinetics model and are in excellent agreement with those determined for both the color change of cotton and the UV absorbance of Cellophane under similar conditions.
The Work of the Potter in Ancient Mesopotamia During the Second Millennium B.C.
Authors: As Abraham Van , Jacobs Loe 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTIn the beginning of the second millennium B.C. Babylon became the centre of power in Mesopotamia. Hammurapi (1792-1750 B.C.) was one of the most important kings of the First Dynasty of Babylon. He is above all known for his law code (Codex Hammurapi). At the height of his power the Old Babylonian Empire extended as far as Sumer in the south and to Nineveh in the north. After the Old Babylonian times a dark period followed in the history of Mesopotamia. The conquest of Babylon in 1595 B.C. by the Hittite king Mursilis I ended the First Dynasty of Babylon. His allies, the Kassites from the Zagros Mountains, occupied Babylon without breaking the Babylonian traditions. Dur Kurigalzu became their capital. In 1157 B.C. the Kassite Dynasty was attacked from Elam (southwestern Iran) and came to an end.
Metalworking at Hengistbury Head, Dorset and the Durotrigan Coinage: A Reinterpretation of an Iron Age and Roman Industrial Site
Authors: Salter Chris J. , Northover J. Peter 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe excavation of the metalworking areas of the late Iron Age and early Roman port of Hengistbury Head in southern England revealed evidence of a wide range of processes. These involved gold, silver and copper alloys and their connections with the local Iron Age coinage as well as the casting of bronze artefacts and ironworking. Since publication, in 1987 re-analysis of some material coupled with an extensive analysis of the associated coinage has led to a re-interpretation of the material. This paper presents the new perspective on the site as a metallurgical centre that has emerged as a result of our analyses.
Porcelain on Display Decorative and other Uses of Oriental Porcelain in Europe
Authors: Impey Oliver R. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTChinese porcelain began to reach Europe in quantity in the late fifteenth century, Japanese in the mid seventeenth. Apart from a brief interlude in the mid seventeenth century, Chinese porcelain was imported until well into the nineteenth century, Japanese only until the 1740s. This porcelain was at first a rarity, to be mounted in precious-metal mounts or kept in the Cabinet of Curiosities. Soon it was to be displayed as part of the decorative effect in a room, while in some cases it became the decorative effect; the porcelain room. Porcelain was imitated in Europe and not much used until it was cheap enough. As the “China-mania” died, porcelain was kept as part of room decoration, often in the new china cupboards.
Understanding Post-Depositional Processes Through Electron Microbeam Analysis of Archaeological Bone From Se Missouri
Authors: Greenlee Diana M. , Dunnell Robert C. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTArchaic period bone in Southeast Missouri characteristically displays a patchy black and reddish brown staining not found on bone from other-aged sites in the area. The stained areas appear to be post-depositional additions to the bone matrix. Preliminary tests suggest that the stain is inorganic and is rich in Mn and Fe. Here, electron microbeam analysis is used in conjunction with SEM imaging to identify elements specifically linked to the staining. Comparisons are made between the elemental composition of bone and associated sediments from several different-aged occupations. Variability in postdepositional environment between occupations is documented and related to the presence of the staining.
Suppression of Island Formation During Initial Stages of Ge/Si(100) Growth by Ion-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Authors: Tsai C.J. , Atwater H.A. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTWe have observed a suppression of island formation and an increase in the thickness limit for layer-by-layer growth of Ge on Si (100) by ion-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Island suppression is observed both for ion energies at which surface defect generation dominates bulk defect generation and at which the majority of defects generated are bulk defects. This experiment, in conjunction with results of a linear elastic stability model for islanding, reveals that the kinetic mechanism for the suppression of island formation via ion bombardment is the reduction of surface amplitude fluctuations during the early stages of growth.
Some Properties of a-SixC1−xH Films Prepared by a Mixed Frequency PECVD Process
Authors: Minkiewicz V.J. , Stasiak J. , Moore J.O. , Eaton R. , Eldridge J.M. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of experiments that were done to develop a process to reliably produce low-stress a-SixC1−x:H films by PECVD. The films were deposited at 380 °C in a horizontal hot wall reactor using mixtures of silane and methane. The unique feature of the reactor is that, In contrast to others, the plasma was powered by two power sources; one was operated at 450 kHz, the other at 13.56 MHz. The plasma was maintaired in a mixed frequency mode during deposition. The total energy input to the plasma during a duty cycle was kept fixed while the properties of the films were altered by adjusting the relative energy output of each power supply. The energy output of each generator was adjusted by changing their on-times and peak powers. The composition of the films, their Initial stress, and the behavior of their stress during a temperature anneal were studied extensively. The Si/C ratio of the films varied from 0.3 to 3.0. The hydrogen concentration varied from 24 to 32 atomic percent. The initial stress was controlled by frequency mixing, and varied from −400 MPa to + 100 MPa.