bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term community non‐invasive ventilation
Authors: Chang A. Y. , Marsh S. , Smith N. , Neill A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackground:  Community non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) is increasingly used to treat chronic type 2 respiratory failure. Minimal information is published regarding patient acceptability or benefit. Records at our institution have information gaps.Aims:  To survey patients on chronic NIV – collecting demographics, ventilator usage, health‐related quality of life, adequacy of service provision and compare with clinical best practice.Methods:  Audit tool developed and results analysed using descriptive statistics.Results:  Of 73 patients identified, 45 (62%, mean age 55 years) completed the study. Obesity hypoventilation (37%) and overlap syndrome (22%) were the commonest indications. Reported compliance was high (96% using nocturnal NIV, mean 7.2 h) with 75% on treatment ≥2 years. Most patients lived at home (77%) and although one‐third received home care, one‐half were working. Nearly all (98%) report positive responses, including improved sleep and energy (83%), breathing (42%), driving or work (18%). Most (62%) have not been in hospital in the last 12 months. Negative aspects included practical issues with machine or mask, loss of intimacy and gaps in patient follow up. The provision of practical information, access to well‐informed staff and the establishment of support networks were suggestions for service improvement.Conclusion:  NIV provides a range of symptomatic benefits and maintains patients in the community with a reasonably good quality of life. To ensure a high level of care and patient satisfaction, several service areas warranting further development were identified. Our results should help promote this highly effective therapy and aid the development of Australasian NIV service guidelines.
Face scanning distinguishes social from communication impairments in autism
Authors: Falck‐Ytter Terje , Fernell Elisabeth , Gillberg Christopher , Von Hofsten Claes 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHow closely related are the social and communicative impairments in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)? Recent findings in typically developing children suggest that both types of impairment are highly heritable but have only moderate behavioural and genetic overlap. So far, their respective roles in social perception are poorly understood. Here we show that when looking at other people’s faces, children with ASD who are better at socio‐emotional behaviours than non‐verbal communication look more at the eyes, while those with the opposite profile look more at the mouth (Study 1). For the mouth area, a similar pattern was observed for inverted faces, suggesting that information from this area is perceived on a featural basis. In Study 2, we found that when shown a person performing manual actions, ‘eye‐lookers’ from Study 1 tended to look most at the face of the actor, while ‘mouth‐lookers’ from Study 1 tended to look at the action itself (hand/objects). This result was found in both ASD and typical development. In Study 3, the main finding in Study 1 was replicated in a new sample. Taken together, we interpret these results as supporting the view that the neural systems underlying socio‐emotional versus non‐verbal communication skills are separable, a finding that has important theoretical and clinical implications. The results also suggest that a similar differentiation of looking behaviour may operate in normal development.
MEASUREMENT AND DETERMINANTS OF EFFICIENCY AND PRODUCTIVITY IN THE FURTHER EDUCATION SECTOR IN ENGLAND
Authors: Bradley Steve , Johnes Jill , Little Allan 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis study uses data for nearly 200 further education providers in England to investigate the level of efficiency and change in productivity over the period 1999–2003. Using data envelopment analysis we find that the mean provider efficiency varies between 83 and 90 percent over the period. Productivity change over the period was around 12 percent, and this comprised 8 percent technology change and 4 percent technical efficiency change. A multivariate analysis is therefore performed, which shows that, in general, student‐related variables such as gender, ethnic and age mix are more important than staff‐related variables in determining efficiency levels. The local unemployment rate also has an effect on provider efficiency. The policy implications of the results are that further education providers should implement strategies to improve the completion and achievement rates of white males, and should also offer increased administrative support to teachers.
REVISITING THE REAL WAGES–UNEMPLOYMENT RELATIONSHIP. NEW RESULTS FROM NON‐LINEAR MODELS
Authors: Christopoulos Dimitris K. , León‐Ledesma Miguel A. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTWe examine the long‐run real wages–unemployment relationship for five OECD countries over the period 1960:1–2001:4. Given the theoretical possibility of non‐linear equilibrium due to downward real wage rigidity we employ econometric tests that allow for the presence of non‐linearities in the long‐run equilibrium. We adopt the notion of ‘hidden co‐integration’ suggested by Granger and Yoon. This methodology has several advantages with respect to other non‐linear models. We find statistical evidence that, in general, there is a long‐run positive relation between real wages and unemployment only when both are affected by positive shocks. We also find a negative relationship between unemployment and productivity. The empirical analysis is complemented with the estimation of error correction models for all countries.
PUBLIC EDUCATION EXPENDITURES, HUMAN CAPITAL INVESTMENT AND INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY: A TWO‐STAGE EDUCATION MODEL
Authors: Mimoun Mohamed Ben , Raies Asma 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTWe show in this paper that, depending on the initial distribution of material wealth and that of individuals’ abilities, economies converge in the long run towards different proportions of the skilled workforce and different levels of average wealth. We also show that the growth process raises net economic mobility, the long‐run proportion of the skilled population and the long‐run levels of wealth held by both rich and poor dynasties. Unless the income tax rate is too high, the increase in total public funds is associated, in the long run, with higher net mobility, a larger fraction of the skilled workers and higher levels of wealth of all the dynasties. In addition, the reallocation of public expenditures from basic to advanced education can result in lower mobility, a lower long‐run size of the skilled workforce, and a lower long‐run level of wealth held by rich dynasties, if the transfer of resources comes at the expense of excessively lowering the quality of education at the basic schooling level.
ETHICAL BLIND‐SPOTS: WHY SOCRATES WAS NOT A COSMOPOLITAN
Authors: Chappell Timothy 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThough Socrates can easily look like a cosmopolitan in moral and political theory, a closer reading of the relevant texts shows that, in the most important sense of the term as we now use it, he turns out – disappointingly, perhaps – not to be. The reasons why not are instructive and important, both for readers of Plato and for political theorists; they have to do with the phenomenon that I shall call ethical blind‐spots.
SECRECY IN CONSEQUENTIALISM: A DEFENCE OF ESOTERIC MORALITY
Authors: De Lazari‐Radek Katarzyna , Singer Peter 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSidgwick's defence of esoteric morality has been heavily criticized, for example in Bernard Williams's condemnation of it as ‘Government House utilitarianism.’ It is also at odds with the idea of morality defended by Kant, Rawls, Bernard Gert, Brad Hooker, and T.M. Scanlon. Yet it does seem to be an implication of consequentialism that it is sometimes right to do in secret what it would not be right to do openly, or to advocate publicly. We defend Sidgwick on this issue, and show that accepting the possibility of esoteric morality makes it possible to explain why we should accept consequentialism, even while we may feel disapproval towards some of its implications.
WHEN DOES MORALITY WIN?
Authors: Smilansky Saul 
Published: January 2010

AbstractI describe a case involving two countries at war, Benevolentia and Malevoran. Malevoran is an unjust aggressor, which does not follow the requirements of the prevailing morality of warfare. The leadership and army of Benevolentia closely follow those requirements, and as a direct result Benevolentia loses. I claim that this is a reductio of the prevailing morality of warfare: in the victory of Malevoran over Benevolentia morality has lost. I draw some tentative conclusions concerning the morality of warfare, and urge that we need to gain a richer understanding of what it means for morality to win, see this as a distinct and important moral consideration, and think afresh how morality can triumph much more often.
Weakness, Belonging, and the Intercordia Experience: The Logic and Limits of Dissonance as a Transformative Learning Tool
Authors: Locklin Reid B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEducational theorist Richard Kiely highlights the central importance of “high intensity dissonance” in successful international service‐learning. This essay applies Kiely's model of dissonance and transformative learning to Intercordia, an international service‐learning program offered at the University of St. Michael's College and the University of Toronto, in partnership with the Non‐Governmental Organization (NGO) Intercordia Canada. By placing its students in situations of significant vulnerability and weakness, the Intercordia program attempts to problematize familiar assumptions about the otherness of oppressed persons and thereby to encourage an authentic sense of belonging across boundaries of difference. The results, as reported by participants in the program, are quite profound. At the same time, the program design invites critical questions about how, and to what extent, such transformative experiences of dissonance should be scripted for students as an expected and desired result of their international service.
Residential Mobility, Quality of Neighbourhood and Life Course Events
Authors: Rabe Birgitta , Taylor Mark 
Published: January 2010

SummaryNeighbourhood characteristics affect the social and economic opportunities of their residents. Although various studies have analysed housing adjustments at different life stages, little is known about neighbourhood quality adjustments, or movements into ‘better’ or ‘worse’ neighbourhoods. On the basis of a model of optimal housing consumption we analyse the determinants of residential mobility and the associated neighbourhood quality adjustments, drawing on data from the British Household Panel Survey and indices of multiple deprivation. We measure quality of neighbourhood both subjectively and objectively and find that not all life course events that are associated with moves lead to neighbourhood quality adjustments. Single people are negatively affected when ceasing to live with parents and couples by a husband’s unemployment. Couples having a new baby move into better neighbourhoods.
Staying Together for the Sake of the Home?: House Price Shocks and Partnership Dissolution in the UK
Authors: Rainer Helmut , Smith Ian 
Published: January 2010

SummaryThe paper explores the importance of unanticipated house price shocks for marital dissolution in the UK by using individual household data from the British Household Panel Survey and county level house price data from the Halifax house price index. Results suggest that positive and negative house price shocks have asymmetric effects on the probability of partnership dissolution. Negative house price shocks significantly increase the risk of partnership dissolution, whereas positive house price shocks do not have a significant effect in general. The destabilizing effect of negative house price shocks is particularly pronounced for couples with dependent children, low family income and high mortgage debt. Results are robust to a wide variety of specifications.
Bayesian Inference for Generalized Stochastic Population Growth Models with Application to Aphids
Authors: Gillespie Colin S. , Golightly Andrew 
Published: January 2010

SummaryWe analyse the effects of various treatments on cotton aphids (Aphis gossypii). The standard analysis of count data on cotton aphids determines parameter values by assuming a deterministic growth model and combines these with the corresponding stochastic model to make predictions on population sizes, depending on treatment. Here, we use an integrated stochastic model to capture the intrinsic stochasticity, of both observed aphid counts and unobserved cumulative population size for all treatment combinations simultaneously. Unlike previous approaches, this allows us to explore explicitly and more accurately to assess treatment interactions. Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are used within a Bayesian framework to integrate over uncertainty that is associated with the unobserved cumulative population size and estimate parameters. We restrict attention to data on aphid counts in the Texas High Plains obtained for three different levels of irrigation water, nitrogen fertilizer and block, but we note that the methods that we develop can be applied to a wide range of problems in population ecology.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Approach to Ensemble Weather Forecasting
Authors: Di Narzo A. F. , Cocchi D. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryIn meteorology, the traditional approach to forecasting employs deterministic models mimicking atmospheric dynamics. Forecast uncertainty due to partial knowledge of the initial conditions is tackled by ensemble predictions systems. Probabilistic forecasting is a relatively new approach which may properly account for all sources of uncertainty. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model which develops this idea and makes it possible to deal with ensemble predictions systems with non-identifiable members by using a suitable definition of the second level of the model. An application to Italian small-scale temperature data is shown.
Hearing the Silences in Thomas Bernhard's Ja: Difference, Narrative, and Lyotard's Concept of the Differend
Authors: Ludden Teresa 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis article examines Thomas Bernhard's largely neglected short novel Ja (1978) in terms of how silences and textual lacunae function. It uses Lyotard's concept of the differend and Wittgenstein's notion of language‐games to analyse the representation of the relationship between the narrator's inner monologue and the female character, ‘die Perserin’. It argues that the text alludes to incommensurability between the narrator's idiom and the Persian woman's history and suffering, as well as criticising the imposition of a meta‐language and practising an anti‐ventriloquism regarding the Persian woman's pain and despair, thus opening the narrative and the text up to its own silences and failings.Dieser Artikel untersucht die Funktion des Schweigens in Thomas Bernhards Roman Ja (1978). Er nimmt Jean‐François Lyotards Konzept des Differend und Ludwig Wittgensteins Theorie der Sprachspiele zu Hilfe, um das erzählerische Monolog und die Darstellung der schweigsamen ‘Perserin’ zu analysieren. Bernhards Text bezieht sich auf Lücken und Schweigen, indem er nicht für die Perserin spricht sondern auf die Undarstellbarkeit ihres Schmerzes und ihrer Geschichte in der Sprache des Erzählers hinweist. Dadurch thematisiert der Text die Unmöglichkeit einer universalen Metasprache und eine Kritik des Erzählens überhaupt.
Staging Liminality at the German‐Polish‐Czech Border: The Trinational Theatre Production Dreiland
Authors: Wilkinson Jane 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTIn official European political discourse, borderlands, particularly those between old and new EU Member States, are positioned as ‘meeting spaces’ in which the idea of a unified Europe can be brought to life. In academic Border Studies, these ‘meeting spaces’ are theorised as ‘in‐between’, ‘transitional’ and full of ‘liminal potential’ for change. However, both policy and theory seem to present a simplistic and uniform image of borderlands which lacks grounding in empirical research. This article argues that the study of cross‐border culture reveals a more complex reality. It explores how the concept of liminality is playfully incorporated into and problematised in a German‐Polish‐Czech cross‐border theatre production: Dreiland (2007). It looks first at the collaboration behind this trinational project before examining the themes, language and aesthetics of the play. It argues that the play successfully stages liminality, but also uncovers competing border narratives of nationhood and globalisation. The close reading of Dreiland therefore reveals gaps in European policy and academic theory and demonstrates the need for further study of cross‐border culture, thereby setting the agenda for future research.Im offiziellen europapolitischen Diskurs werden Grenzregionen und vor allem diejenigen zwischen alten und neuen Mitgliedsstaaten der EU als ‘Räume der Begegnung’ positioniert, in denen die Idee eines vereinigten Europas ins Leben gerufen werden kann. In der wissenschaftlichen Grenzforschung werden diese Begegnungsräume als ‘dazwischen’, ‘im Übergang’ und voll mit ‘liminalem Transformationspotential’ theoretisiert. Trotzdem scheint es, dass sowohl die Politik als auch die Theorie ein zu einfaches und uniformes Bild von Grenzgebieten darstellen, dem eine empirische Grundlage fehlt. In diesem Artikel wird behauptet, dass die Analyse grenzüberschreitender Kultur eine kompliziertere Realität aufzeigt. Die spielerische Aufnahme der Idee der ‘Liminalität’ in die deutsch‐polnisch‐tschechische Theaterproduktion Dreiland (2007) und die Problematisierung dieses Konzepts auf der Bühne werden untersucht. Zunächst wird die Zusammenarbeit hinter diesem trinationalen Projekt erörtert, bevor die Analyse die Themen, die Sprache und die Ästhetik des Theaterstücks aufgreift und bearbeitet. Es wird behauptet, dass es dem Stück gelingt, die Liminalität auf der Bühne darzustellen, aber auch dass die alternativen Grenzdiskurse des Nationalismus und der Globalisierung eine gleichermaßen wichtige Rolle spielen. Die Analyse der einzelnen Aufführung von Dreiland soll dementsprechend die Lücken in der europäischen Politik und in der wissenschaftlichen Theorie aufzeigen und den weiteren Forschungsbedarf im Bereich grenzüberschreitender Kultur nachweisen.
Rethinking social work ethics: what is the real question? Responding to Stephen Webb's ‘Against difference and diversity in social work’
Authors: Jose Jim 
Published: January 2010

Jose J. Rethinking social work ethics: what is the real question? Responding to Stephen Webb's ‘Against difference and diversity in social work’Int J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 246–252 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.In his recent article, Stephen Webb argued that the real question for social work ethics concerns ‘recognising the Same and of restoring the principles of equality and social justice’. This argument also included raising questions about what should be considered an appropriate philosophical basis for progressive social work ethics. In his view, social work's emancipatory potential has been blunted by overstated and philosophically ill‐informed human rights claims about difference and diversity. He suggested that French philosopher Alain Badiou offers social workers a ‘set of conceptual devices for rethinking social work ethics’. I argue that pressing his points into Badiou's philosophical mould is unlikely to lead to a progressive social work practice, let alone solve the issues identified by Webb. Badiou's philosophical pronouncements about ethics are of questionable value and offer little or no assistance to social workers seeking to establish an ethical grounding for their professional practice.
Once a NEET always a NEET? Experiences of employment and unemployment among youth in a job training programme in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Yu‐Wen 
Published: January 2010

Chen Y‐W. Once a NEET always a NEET? Experiences of employment and unemployment among youth in a job training programme in TaiwanInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 33–42 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.Ten previous participants in a job training programme, ages between 15 and 20, were interviewed face‐to‐face to determine why they were not employed, in education or in vocational training (represented by the acronym NEET) at the time, as well as their related experiences. They were also asked about their experiences and opinions regarding the training programme and their ideas about work in general. Results of the study indicate that most of the respondents did not become NEETs by choice; they did so for economic reasons. Most thought the programme was of little practical help to them and did not increase their chances of employment, but that it did give them social and emotional support and helped them feel better about themselves. Many agreed that the monetary allowance offered by the programme was a good incentive for participation. Implications of the findings for social policy and programme development, especially to the socio‐cultural context of Taiwan, are discussed.
Hong Kong: workfare in the world's freest economy
Authors: Chan Chak Kwan 
Published: January 2010

Chan CK. Hong Kong: workfare in the world's freest economyInt J Soc Welfare 2011: 20: 22–32 © 2009 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.Workfare was introduced in many countries to suppress welfare dependency and reduce social security expenditures. However, workfare was launched in Hong Kong when there was only a relatively small social security budget and its citizens still strongly adhered to the ideologies of self‐reliance. It was found that workfare has performed several functions in Hong Kong. First, by forcing unemployed claimants to give up benefits, Hong Kong has been able to save on social security expenditures. Second, workfare has combined with Hong Kong's semi‐democratic polity so that extremely stigmatising welfare measures have been implemented. Third, it has pushed poor citizens into the labour market without having any protection over wages and working hours. Thus, the combination of workfare and a semi‐democratic polity has successfully suppressed Hong Kong's welfare demands and strengthened its self‐help spirit. As a result, Hong Kong's minimal social security scheme and its low tax policy have been maintained.
Research in Nursing in Critical Care 1995–2009: a cause for celebration
Authors: Scholes Julie 
Published: January 2010

Aim: The purpose of this article is to analyse the research papers published in Nursing in Critical Care (n = 168) over the past 15 years to examine trends in methodology, theoretical contribution and authorship. Background: Research is a contested term and the paper starts with defining the criteria by which papers were selected for the review. Methods: The approach undertaken was a documentary review based on an adaptation of Schatzman's dimensional analysis. Papers were loaded into a matrix then categorized and grouped to determine trends and frequency. Conclusion: Research papers published in the journal reflect a wide range of interests and broad spread of research methods. Qualitative and quantitative data are used by authors but to distinguish papers into these two categories would be over simplistic. Systematic reviews along with randomized control trials and studies using a quasi‐experimental design are the least frequently occurring approaches in the published papers, although they are growing in number in recent years. All the papers make explicit the implications for clinical practice and as such contribute to the growing body of knowledge to inform critical care nursing practice.