bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The search for a first cell under the maximalism design principle
Authors: Ikegami Takashi , Hanczyc Martin M 
Published: November 2009

A new design principle is discussed for making a sufficiently complex cell for the creation of the first wet artificial life in the laboratory. The current approach is to attempt a minimal cell, which consists of a liposome that contains a minimal metabolic cycle for self-maintenance
and self-replication. Given the lack of success with the minimal cell to date, the authors suggest it is possible to take an alternative approach to building the first wet artificial life form that they have called the first cell. In this article, the concept of the first cell versus the minimal
cell is discussed. The new design principle is supported by the following observations that are examined and developed from an Origins of Life perspective: <list list-type="bullet"> <list-item><label/>
That human development shows a U-shaped curve where the skills and
developmental patterns of human infants are proficient at the first phase then decline and subsequently recover to a qualitatively better level.</list-item> <list-item><label/>
A review of spatial temporal dynamics using cellular automata studies shows that complexity
generated at both the initial states and the time evolution dynamics can synthesize rich evolutionary processes.</list-item> <list-item><label/>
A chemical experiment exhibiting self-organizing dynamics results in the emergence of a self-propelling oil droplet that demonstrates
the self-sustaining properties of a non-equilibrium state.</list-item> </list>
Finally, the important design question Is life a contingent or deterministic phenomenon? is examined which asks whether a life form is a dynamic product of its surroundings or whether it is the inevitable
outcome of prior events, and is discussed making reference to the characteristics of an art installation The Way Things Go. This contemporary masterpiece, which exhibits a long-lasting chain of unrelated causal events, serves as a theoretical model for discussion of evolutionary processes,
suggesting that when it comes to designing wet artificial life forms in the laboratory, both contingent and deterministic processes should be taken into account.
Plectic architecture: towards a theory of the post-digital in architecture
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: November 2009

My research is centred upon how architecture is invigorated by cyberspace, the blurred boundary between the virtual and the actual, and how the different parameters of these spaces can be used to inform one another. My early experience in practice was that buildings are limited by the
inert materials used to construct them and by the unimaginative ideas of what a building should look like and be. My research draws upon a variety of different disciplines to inform one architecture. The areas of research are multidisciplinary and include the changing status of the architectural
drawing, smart materials, computer-aided architectural drawing, computer-aided manufacture, emergent systems, responsive environments, the architectural design of cyberspace, interactivity, cybernetics and evolving systems and algorithmic design.
To create responsive, non-prescriptive designs
for architectural intervention was the starting point that led to an interest in the logic of algorithms and open-ended systems. These problem-solving diagrams used by computer programmers are very useful as a way of describing fluctuating conditions in responsive environments. This led to
an interest in other computing paradigms such as cellular automata, complexity and emergence. These and other ideas I attempted to bring into the arena of architectural design to help architects cope with the rapid growth of computational technology, which is starting to revolutionize the
way buildings are designed, drawn and built.
We are at another of the important perturbations in technology and epistemology that seems to affect us so often these days. Cell biology is the new cyber-space and nanotechnology. Once we fully understand the exact nature of how our world makes
us and, indeed how it sometimes kills us, we will be able to make true architectures of ecological connectability.
This is our profession's future. Small steps have been made, but much more remains to be done.
Separation of 109Cd from silver targets by nanohematite
Authors: Sadeghi Mahdi , Karami H. , Sarabandi P. , Mirzaee M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract

109Cd was produced at a cyclotron via
natAg(p, n) 109Cd reaction by irradiation of an electroplated target with 15 MeV protons. The obtained yield was 70 kBq/μA h. The separation was performed using hematite nano-particles as sorbent which were synthesized by a solid-state chemical reaction method. The effect of different parameters, such as pH and the sorbent concentration, on extraction efficiency were investigated. The phase morphology, nanostructure and size of nano-particles were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical and radionuclidic purity of 109Cd was determined by ICP-AES and HPGe detector gamma-ray spectrometry, respectively.
Determination of solubility parameters of cobalt(II) and indium(III) oxinates by tracer technique
Authors: Mandal M. , Sarkar (Sain) R. , Basu Sukalyan 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Effects of different diluents on the extraction of cobalt(II) and indium(III) oxinate complexes have been studied using Co-60 and In-114m as radiotracers. Theory of regular solutions was applied for the determination of solubility parameters (δ) of cobalt oxinate and indium oxinate which were found to be 34.45 J1/2cm-3/2 and 34.03 J1/2 cm-3/2, respectively. Besides, distribution of each of the two complexes was studied in the mixtures of two solvents, assigned as good and poor solvents, in accordance with their individual behaviors. In both of the two cases, experimentally determined values of distribution-coefficient differed from those of calculated values which shows the importance of solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interaction in the present system.
Production and separation of no-carrier-added 93,94,95Tc from 9Be activated yttrium target
Authors: Maiti Moumita , Lahiri Susanta 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Proton rich Tc radionuclides have been produced for the first time through 89Y(9Be, xn)93,94,95Tc reactions. In order to optimize the yield of a particular radionuclide of choice, batch yield of 93Tc, 94Tc and 95Tc have been measured at different incident energies using stacked-foil technique followed by off-line γ-spectrometry. No-carrier-added (nca) 93,94,95Tc radionuclides have been separated from bulk yttrium by liquid–liquid extraction (LLX) and solid–liquid extraction (SLX) techniques. Trioctylamine (TOA) diluted in cyclohexane was used as liquid anion exchanger in LLX in presence of HCl. SLX was carried out using cation and anion exchanger resin, DOWEX-50 and DOWEX-1, respectively, in HCl medium.
Evaluation of trace elements in chewing tobacco and snuff using instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
Authors: Waheed S. , Siddique N. , Rahman S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Nine samples of chewing tobacco, snuff, tobacco leaf and ash were analyzed using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis (INAA) and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Almost all samples of chewing tobacco and snuff studied in this work contain substantial amounts of Mg, Mn, Na, K, V, Sc, Rb and Fe. Furthermore, varying amounts of Al, Ba, Ca, Ce, Co and Zn were also detected in all tobacco samples. Of the toxic elements which were determined using INAA, As, Sb and Hg were quantified in only few tobacco samples. However, other toxic elements, which were determined using AAS, such as Cu, Pb and Cd were detected in almost all samples of chewing tobacco and snuff. The concentration of majority of the detected elements is high in ash samples which imply that most elements in chewing tobacco and snuff may originate from the addition of ash.
Ion Dynamics in Solid Polyelectrolyte Materials
Authors: Cramer Cornelia , Akgöl Yahya , Imre Árpád W. , Bhide Amthra , Schönhoff Monika 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Frequency-dependent conductivities are a valuable tool for studying the ion dynamics on different time scales. We present and analyze conductivity spectra of two kinds of solid polyelectrolyte materials, viz. polylectrolyte multilayers (PEM) and polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC). The PEM spectra are taken as a function of relative humidy at ambient temperature. By contrast, the conductivity of different kinds of dried PEC is studied as a function of temperature. For both kinds of material classes we show that the MIGRATION concept developed by Funke and co-workers can be used to describe the experimental spectra over wide ranges in frequency, indicating that forward-backward hopping motions of small ions play a vital role in solid polyelectrolyte materials. Apart from these potentially successful hops, localized motions of charged particles are found to influence the conductivity spectra as well. Based on the shape of our conductivity spectra and their scaling properties, we arrive at important conclusions about the microscopic ion dynamics in PEM and PEC materials.
A Schematic Model for Multi-particle Dynamics in Ion Transport: From Mean Field to Non-mean Field Effects
Authors: Banhatti Radha D. , Heuer Andreas 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Models of ion transport either consider the complex multi-particle ion interaction in an effective way such as the MIGRATION concept of Funke et al. or consider a single particle hopping scenario in appropriately chosen energy landscapes. Here we first summarize some important aspects of ionic transport, stressing in particular the relevance of interaction effects. Furthermore we review a recently presented schematic model of hopping particles interacting via harmonic forces. This system can be mapped on an effective two- (mean field case) or three-body problem (non-mean field case) and we quantify relaxation effects within linear response. We obtain analytical expressions for the observables, which can be readily compared with those of the MIGRATION concept. General implications of our results to ion transport is also discussed with reference to applicability of the mean field vs. the non mean field scenario for the case of coupled and glassy electrolytes.
Many-ion Dynamics: The Common View of CM and MC
Authors: León C. , Habasaki J. , Ngai K. L. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
For solution of the problem of conductivity relaxation and diffusion of ions in ionic conductors with high density of ions, it is essential not to neglect treatment of the effects of many-ion dynamics. This view is shared by the Coupling Model (CM) and the MIGRATION CONCEPT (MC), although the treatment, emphasis and some predictions of the two models are different. Notwithstanding, a basic element is common to both models, namely the primitive relaxation, which performs two important functions. It terminates the caged ion dynamics at short times and initiates the many-ion dynamics at longer times. We demonstrate by experiments and molecular dynamics simulations the existence of the primitive relaxation, and the two functions it performs. The relation of the primitive relaxation time to the conductivity relaxation time predicted by the CM is shown to hold in all cases considered.
Structure, Electronic Structure and Defect Formation Energies of LixCo1-yNiyO2 as a Function of x (0<x<1) and y (y = 0, 0.5, 1)
Authors: Laubach Sonja , Laubach Stefan , Schmidt P. C. , Gröting Melanie , Albe Karsten , Jaegermann Wolfram , Wolf Walter 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
LixCoO2 and LixNiO2 (0.5<x<1) are prototype cathode materials in lithium ion batteries.Both systems show degradation and fatigue during electrochemical cycling. We have performed band structure calculations based on density-functional theory for a series of compounds Lix(Co,Ni)O2 (0<x<1). The distribution of the transition metals (TM) cobalt and nickel on TM sites as well as the electronic structure of these compounds is investigated with focus on the change of oxidation states of cobalt, nickel and oxygen during lithium de-intercalation. We also study the total energy as a function of the lithium content x, including the vibrational energy E
v and the formation energy of lithium vacancies E(VLi). It is found that E
v is small compared to E(VLi) and that E(VLi) is increasing with increasing x for all systems.
Differentiation of benign from malignant nonpalpable breast masses: A comparison of computer-assisted quantification and visual assessment of lesion stiffness with the use of sonographic elastography
Authors: Chung Se Yeong , Moon Woo Kyung , Choi Ji Won , Cho Nariya , Jang Mijung , Kim Kwang Gi 
Published: November 2009

Background: Elastography has shown potential in differentiating benign from malignant breast tumors, but interobserver variability between experienced and inexperienced readers limits its wide usage. Purpose: To compare the diagnostic performance of computer-assisted quantification and visual assessment of lesion stiffness with the use of sonographic elastography for the differentiation of benign from malignant nonpalpable breast masses. Material and Methods: Sonographic elasticity images of 120 nonpalpable breast masses (70 benign and 50 malignant masses) were obtained in 120 women prior to performing a core biopsy. After subtraction of B-mode images from color elasticity images, the mean strain value of the lesion was computed. Elasticity images were also reviewed and were assigned a score on a five-point scale by two breast radiologists in consensus. Results were evaluated by using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: The mean ± standard deviation values of strain were 221±18 for malignant lesions and 175±21 for benign lesions ( P<0.001). For the elasticity score, the mean score was 3.5±0.1 for the malignant masses and 2.0±0.9 for the benign masses ( P<0.001). The overall Pearson's correlation coefficient between the strain values and elasticity score was 0.689 ( P<0.001). The area under the ROC curve (Az) value was 0.878 for use of the computer-assisted quantification method and 0.850 for visual assessment by the radiologists. The difference was not statistically significant ( P=0.198). Conclusion: Computer-assisted quantification and visual assessment of lesion stiffness with the use of sonographic elasticity images had comparable diagnostic performance for the differentiation of nonpalpable breast masses.
The Relation of the Ten Readings to One Another
Authors: Melchert Christopher 
Published: November 2009

A randomly selected sample of ayas over which there are disagreements among the Ten Readers is analysed in two ways. First, agreements and disagreements among them are counted to see whether there are regular patterns to these. The strongest tendencies to agree unite Khalaf with two of the Kufan readers before him, Ḥamza and al-Kisāʾī, while the strongest tendencies to disagree divide Ḥamza from Ibn Kathīr and Nāfiʿ. However, no pattern of agreement or disagreement seems very predominant, suggesting that the Ten were not strongly influenced by regional traditions, also that traditional identifications of teachers and students do little to explain actual choices of readings. Secondly, the nature of disagreements is analysed. A majority of disagreements have to do with vowels to supply, most of them in turn not conceivably reflecting dialectal differences. About one in eight disagreements has to do with whether to place dots above or below the line, and there are several other less important sources of disagreement. Altogether, there is remarkable agreement among the Readers at the level of the consonantal outline. Disagreements over vowels and dots seem to reflect some mixture of reason and transmission from earlier readers, the part of transmission apparently increasing over time.
Options for Diabetes Management in Sub-Saharan Africa with an Electronic Medical Record System
Authors: Kouematchoua Tchuitcheu G. , Rienhoff O. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Background: An increase of diabetes prevalence of up to 80% is predicted in subSaharan Africa (SSA) by 2025 exceeding the worldwide 55%. Mortality rates of diabetes and HIV/AIDS are similar. Diabetes shares several common factors with HIV/AIDS and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). The latter two health problems have been efficiently managed by an open source electronic medical record system (EMRS) in Latin America. Therefore a similar solution for diabetes in SSA could be extremely helpful.
Objectives: The aim was to design and validate a conceptual model for an EMRS to improve diabetes management in SSA making use of the HIV and TB experience.
Methods: A review of the literature addressed diabetes care and management in SSA as well as existing examples of information and communication technology (ICT) use in SSA. Based on a need assessment conducted in SSA a conceptual model based on the traditionally structured healthcare system in SSA was mapped into a three-layer structure. Application modules were derived and a demonstrator programmed based on an open source EMRS. Then the approach was validated by SSA experts.
Results: A conceptual model could be specified and validated which enhances a problem-oriented approach to diabetes management processes. The prototyp EMRS demonstrates options for a patient portal and simulation tools for education of health professional and patients in SSA.
Conclusion: It is possible to find IT solutions for diabetes care in SSA which follow the same efficiency concepts as HIV or TB modules in Latin America. The local efficiency and sustainability of the solution will, however, depend on training and changes in work behavior.
Time Process Study with UML
Authors: Shiki N. , Fujii A. , Murata T. , Matsumura Y. , Ohno Y. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Objectives: We propose a new business-process analysis approach, Time Process Study (TPS), which comprises process analysis and time and motion studies (TMS). TPS offsets weaknesses of TMS; the cost of field studies and the difficulties in applying them to tasks whose time span differs from those of usual tasks.
Methods: In TPS, the job procedures are first displayed using a unified modeling language (UML). Next, time and manpower for each procedure are studied through interviews and TMS, and the information is appended to the UML diagram. We applied TPS in the case of a hospital-based cancer registry (HCR) of a university hospital to clarify the work procedure and the time required, and investigated TPS’s availability.
Results: Meetings for the study were held once a month from July to September in 2008, and one inquirer committed a total of eight hours to the hospital survey. TPS revealed that HCR consisted of three tasks and 14 functions. The registration required 123 hours/month/ person, the quality control required 6.5 hours/ 6 months/person and filing data into the population-based cancer registry required 0.5 hours/6 months/person. Of the total tasks involved in registration, 116.5 hours/month/ person were undertaken by a registration worker, which shows the necessity of employing one full-time staff.
Conclusion: With TPS, it is straightforward to share the concept among the study-team because the job procedure is first displayed using UML. Therefore, it requires a few workload to conduct TMS and interview. The obtained results were adopted for the review of staff assignment of HCR by Japanese government.
Two Hypothetical Nystagmus Procedures: Augmented Tenotomy and Reattachment and Augmented Tendon Suture (
Sans
Tenotomy)
Authors: Dell'Osso Louis F. , Tomsak Robert L. , Thurtell Matthew J. 
Published: November 2009

Purpose:
To review the hypothetical mechanism and therapeutic benefits of the four-muscle tenotomy and reattachment (T&R) procedure using knowledge accrued over the 10 years since its proposal; to describe an augmented tendon suture (ATS) technique to improve the procedure based on one of the originally suggested alternative methods (mechanical); and to hypothesize a new ATS procedure to achieve the same therapeutic benefits without extraocular muscle tenotomy or reattachment to the globe.

Methods:
Standard surgical methods were used.

Results:
The T&R procedure damps and improves infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS) waveforms, improves eXtended Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX) values, broadens the NAFX peak versus gaze angle, and damps slow eye movements but not saccades. The T&R procedure also damps acquired pendular and downbeat nystagmus, decreasing the patients' oscillopsia, and lowers the target acquisition time in INS.

Conclusion:
The T&R procedure directly affects only the enthesis of the tendon; there is idiosyncratic variation in the distribution of afferent fibers in the tendons. The ATS technique consists of placing several additional sutures in the tendon proximal to the tenotomy. Based on the hypothetical proprioceptive mechanism for the beneficial effects of the T&R procedure, the authors hypothesize that the ATS technique will maximize the therapeutic benefits and that an ATS procedure, using only tendon sutures without tenotomy, will duplicate the therapeutic effects of T&R. Eliminating the tenotomy component results in a simpler procedure more suitable for single-session, multi-muscle surgery that may be required for improving the waveforms of multiplanar nystagmus and less prone to cause complications.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:337–344.]
Refractive Errors and Strabismus in Children With Tuberous Sclerosis: A Controlled Study
Authors: Akinci Arsen , Oner Ozgur , Guven Alev , Degerliyurt Aydan , Munir Kerim 
Published: November 2009

Purpose:
To evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors and strabismus in children with tuberous sclerosis and in control subjects.

Methods:
Twenty-three children with tuberous sclerosis and 151 control subjects were evaluated. All children underwent cycloplegic autorefraction or retinoscopy, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, and dilated fundus examination. Ocular alignment was assessed by the Hirschberg, Krimsky, or prism cover test.

Results:

The total prevalence of hypermetropia and amblyopia was significantly higher in patients with tuberous sclerosis (
P
= .035) than in the control subjects (
P
= .002).

Conclusion:
A high prevalence of hypermetropia seems to be an additional feature of tuberous sclerosis. Early screening for this amblyogenic factor is indicated in patients with tuberous sclerosis.

[J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2009;46:345–348.]