bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Citrus Oils and Essences
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon , Zhong Ying 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Citrus fruits are among the most popular fruits and have a long history of production and use. However, within the past century, industrial technologies have began to develop in order to convert citrus fruits into commercial products. Citrus has proven to be a very good option for oil and essence production. Citrus peel oils are of a very complex composition and are contained in oval, balloon‐shaped oil sacs, or vesicles locate in the outer rind, or flavedo, of the fruit The oil is usually extracted by mechanical separation or hydrodistillation.Citrus seeds are regarded as a new source of oil. The seed oil is recovered from the seeds by crushing and solvent extraction. Citrus essences are distilled aqueous solutions of more volatile components from the corresponding citrus juices.Citrus peel oils are used widely in beverages, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and the perfumery industry. Seed oils are used in cooking and the treatment of leather and textiles. Quality and freshness are the major considerations pertaining to their value and applications. Most of the qualitative changes in citrus peel oil occur during storage.Storage changes and chemical composition of the citrus oils are described. Despite increasing application of these oils, certain challenges related to potential health‐damaging properties and contamination exist. These health and safety factors are discussed.
Lipids, Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Use
Authors: Hernandez Ernesto 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Lipid nutritional supplements have been in use before the term nutraceutical was coined. Products such as fish oils, shark cartilege, shark liver oil, and vitamins have been in the market since the beginning of the twentieth century. Some of the health claims of these products lacked strict scientific documentation in the past, and their curative properties were mostly anecdotal. However there is a better understanding of the biological properties of lipids and their application has extended to pharmaceuticals and cosmetics fields, such as disease prevention and treatment, excipients and coadjuvants, trans‐dermal carriers and skin emolliency agents. This has led to the development of bioactive cosmetic and pharmaceutical products whose name is coined as cosmeceutical.
Binary and Ternary Atomic Layers Built from Carbon, Boron, and Nitrogen
Authors: Song Li , Liu Zheng , Reddy Arava Leela Mohana , Narayanan Narayanan Tharangattu , Taha‐Tijerina Jaime , Peng Juan , Gao Guanhui , Lou Jun , Vajtai Robert , Ajayan Pulickel M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) atomic layers derived from bulk layered materials are very interesting from both scientific and application viewpoints, as evidenced from the story of graphene. Atomic layers of several such materials such as hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN) and dichalcogenides are examples that complement graphene. The observed unconventional properties of graphene has triggered interest in doping the hexagonal honeycomb lattice of graphene with atoms such as boron (B) and nitrogen (N) to obtain new layered structures. Individual atomic layers containing B, C, and N of various compositions conform to several stable phases in the three‐component phase diagram of B–C–N. Additionally, stacking layers built from C and BN allows for the engineering of new van‐der‐Waals stacked materials with novel properties. In this paper, the synthesis, characterization, and properties of atomically thin layers, containing B, C, and N, as well as vertically assembled graphene/h‐BN stacks are reviewed. The electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of graphene, h‐BN, and their hybrid structure are also discussed along with the applications of such materials.
Mutation‐based growth charts for SEDC and otherCOL2A1related dysplasias
Authors: Terhal Paulien A. , van Dommelen Paula , Le Merrer Martine , Zankl Andreas , Simon Marleen E.H. , Smithson Sarah F. , Marcelis Carlo , Kerr Bronwyn , Kinning Esther , Mansour Sahar , Hennekam Raoul C.M. , van der Hout Annemarie H. , Cormier‐Daire Valerie , Lund Allan M. , Goodwin Linda , Mégarbané André , Lees Melissa , Betz Regina C. , Tobias Edward S. , Coucke Paul , Mortier Geert R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFrom data collected via a large international collaborative study, we have constructed a growth chart for patients with molecularly confirmed congenital spondylo‐epiphyseal dysplasia (SEDC) and otherCOL2A1related dysplasias. The growth chart is based on longitudinal height measurements of 79 patients with glycine substitutions in the triple‐helical domain of COL2A1. In addition, measurements of 27 patients with other molecular defects, such as arginine to cysteine substitutions, splice mutations, and mutations in the C‐terminal propeptide have been plotted on the chart. Height of the patients progressively deviate from that of normal children: compared to normal WHO charts, the mean length/height is −2.6 SD at birth, −4.2 SD at 5 years, and −5.8 SD in adulthood. The mean adult height (male and female combined) of patients with glycine substitutions in the triple‐helical region is 138.2 cm but there is a large variation. Patients with glycine to cysteine substitutions tend to cluster within the upper part of the chart, while patients with glycine to serine or valine substitutions are situated between +1 SD and −1 SD. Patients with carboxy‐terminal glycine substitutions tend to be shorter than patients with amino‐terminal substitutions, while patients with splice mutations are relatively tall. However, there are exceptions and specific mutations can have a strong or a relatively mild negative effect on growth. The observation of significant difference in adult height between affected members of the same family indicates that height remains a multifactorial trait even in the presence of a mutation with a strong dominant effect. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The diagnostic challenge of progressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD): A review of clinical features, radiographic features, and WISP3 mutations in 63 affected individuals
Authors: Garcia Segarra Nuria , Mittaz Laureane , Campos‐Xavier Ana Belinda , Bartels Cynthia F. , Tuysuz Beyhan , Alanay Yasemin , Cimaz Rolando , Cormier‐Daire Valerie , Di Rocco Maja , Duba Hans‐Christoph , Elcioglu Nursel H. , Forzano Francesca , Hospach Toni , Kilic Esra , Kuemmerle‐Deschner Jasmin B. , Mortier Geert , Mrusek Sonja , Nampoothiri Sheela , Obersztyn Ewa , Pauli Richard M. , Selicorni Angelo , Tenconi Romano , Unger Sheila , Utine G. Eda , Wright Michael , Zabel Bernhard , Warman Matthew L. , Superti‐Furga Andrea , Bonafé Luisa 
Published: July 2012

AbstractProgressive pseudorheumatoid dysplasia (PPRD) is a genetic, non‐inflammatory arthropathy caused by recessive loss of function mutations in WISP3 (Wnt1‐inducible signaling pathway protein 3; MIM 603400), encoding for a signaling protein. The disease is clinically silent at birth and in infancy. It manifests between the age of 3 and 6 years with joint pain and progressive joint stiffness. Affected children are referred to pediatric rheumatologists and orthopedic surgeons; however, signs of inflammation are absent and anti‐inflammatory treatment is of little help. Bony enlargement at the interphalangeal joints progresses leading to camptodactyly. Spine involvement develops in late childhood and adolescence leading to short trunk with thoracolumbar kyphosis. Adult height is usually below the 3rd percentile. Radiographic signs are relatively mild. Platyspondyly develops in late childhood and can be the first clue to the diagnosis. Enlargement of the phalangeal metaphyses develops subtly and is usually recognizable by 10 years. The femoral heads are large and the acetabulum forms a distinct “lip” overriding the femoral head. There is a progressive narrowing of all articular spaces as articular cartilage is lost. Medical management of PPRD remains symptomatic and relies on pain medication. Hip joint replacement surgery in early adulthood is effective in reducing pain and maintaining mobility and can be recommended. Subsequent knee joint replacement is a further option. Mutation analysis of WISP3 allowed the confirmation of the diagnosis in 63 out of 64 typical cases in our series. Intronic mutations in WISP3 leading to splicing aberrations can be detected only in cDNA from fibroblasts and therefore a skin biopsy is indicated when genomic analysis fails to reveal mutations in individuals with otherwise typical signs and symptoms. In spite of the first symptoms appearing in early childhood, the diagnosis of PPRD is most often made only in the second decade and affected children often receive unnecessary anti‐inflammatory and immunosuppressive treatments. Increasing awareness of PPRD appears to be essential to allow for a timely diagnosis. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Recessive osteogenesis imperfecta: Clinical, radiological, and molecular findings
Authors: Rohrbach Marianne , Giunta Cecilia 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) or “brittle bone disease” is currently best described as a group of hereditary connective tissue disorders related to primary defects in type I procollagen, and to alterations in type I procollagen biosynthesis, both associated with osteoporosis and increased susceptibility to bone fractures. Initially, the autosomal dominant forms of OI, caused by mutations in either COL1A1 or COL1A2, were described. However, for decades, the molecular defect of a small percentage of patients clinically diagnosed with OI has remained elusive. It has been in the last 6 years that the genetic causes of several forms of OI with autosomal recessive inheritance have been characterized. These comprise defects of collagen chaperones, and proteins involved in type I procollagen assembly, processing and maturation, as well as proteins involved in the formation and homeostasis of bone tissue. This article reviews the recently characterized forms of recessive OI, focusing in particular on their clinical and molecular findings, and on their radiological characterisation. Clinical management and treatment of OI in general will be discussed, too. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ciliary disorder of the skeleton
Authors: Huber Celine , Cormier‐Daire Valerie 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn the last 10 years, the primary cilia machinery has been implicated in more than a dozen disorders united as ciliopathies, including skeletal dysplasias, such as Jeune syndrome and short rib‐polydactyly type III. Indeed, primary cilia play a vital role in transduction of signals in the hedgehog pathway that is especially important in skeletal development. In this review, we focus on skeletal conditions belonging to the ciliopathy group: the short rib‐polydactyly group (SRPs) that includes Verma–Naumoff syndrome (SRP type III), Majewski syndrome (SRP type II), Jeune syndrome (ATD), as well as Ellis–van Creveld syndrome (EVC), the Sensenbrenner syndrome, and, finally, Weyers acrofacial dysostosis. Today, 10 different genes have been identified as responsible for seven “skeletal” ciliopathies. Mutations have been identified in dynein motor (DYNC2H1), in intraflagellar transport (IFT) complexes (IFT80, IFT122, IFT43, WDR35, WDR19, and TTC21B) as well as in genes responsible for the basal body (NEK1, EVC, and EVC2). The wide clinical variability observed for an individual ciliopathy gene supports the development of exome strategy specifically dedicated to cilia genes to identify mutations in this particularly heterogeneous group of disorders. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Severe neurologic manifestations from cervical spine instability in spondylo‐megaepiphyseal‐metaphyseal dysplasia
Authors: Simon Marleen , Campos‐Xavier Ana Belinda , Mittaz‐Crettol Lauréane , Valadares Eugenia Ribeiro , Carvalho Daniel , Speck‐Martins Carlos Eduardo , Nampoothiri Sheela , Alanay Yasemin , Mihci Ercan , van Bever Yolande , Garcia‐Segarra Nuria , Cavalcanti Denise , Mortier Geert , Bonafé Luisa , Superti‐Furga Andrea 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSpondylo‐megaepiphyseal‐metaphyseal dysplasia (SMMD; OMIM 613330) is a dysostosis/dysplasia caused by recessive mutations in the homeobox‐containing gene, NKX3‐2 (formerly known as BAPX1). Because of the rarity of the condition, its diagnostic features and natural course are not well known. We describe clinical and radiographic findings in six patients (five of which with homozygous mutations in the NKX3‐2 gene) and highlight the unusual and severe changes in the cervical spine and the neurologic complications. In individuals with SMMD, the trunk and the neck are short, while the limbs, fingers and toes are disproportionately long. Radiographs show a severe ossification delay of the vertebral bodies with sagittal and coronal clefts, missing ossification of the pubic bones, large round “balloon‐like” epiphyses of the long bones, and presence of multiple pseudoepiphyses at all metacarpals and phalanges. Reduced or absent ossification of the cervical vertebrae leads to cervical instability with anterior or posterior kinking of the cervical spine (swan neck‐like deformity, kyknodysostosis). As a result of the cervical spine instability or deformation, five of six patients in our series suffered cervical cord injury that manifested clinically as limb spasticity. Although the number of individuals observed is small, the high incidence of cervical spine deformation in SMMD is unique among skeletal dysplasias. Early diagnosis of SMMD by recognition of the radiographic pattern might prevent of the neurologic complications via prophylactic cervical spine stabilization. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revisiting dental fluctuating asymmetry in neandertals and modern humans
Authors: Barrett Christopher K. , Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Sciulli Paul W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that Neandertals experienced greater physiological stress and/or were less capable of mitigating stress than most prehistoric modern human populations. The current study compares estimates of dental fluctuating asymmetry (DFA) for prehistoric Inupiat from Point Hope Alaska, the Late Archaic, and Protohistoric periods from Ohio and West Virginia, and a modern sample from Ohio to Neandertals from Europe and Southwest Asia. DFA results from developmental perturbation during crown formation and is thus an indicator of developmental stress, which previous studies have found to be higher in Neandertals than in several modern human populations. Here, we use recent methodological improvements in the analysis of fluctuating asymmetry suggested by Palmer and Strobeck (Annu Rev Ecol Syst 17 (1986) 391–421, Developmental instability: causes and consequences (2003a) v.1–v.36, Developmental instability: causes and consequences (2003b) 279–319) and compare the fit of Neandertal DFA Index values with those of modern humans. DFA estimates for each of the modern population samples exceeded measurement error, with the Inupiat exhibiting the highest levels of DFA for most tooth positions. All significant Neandertalz‐scores were positive, exceeding the estimates for each of the modern prehistoric groups. Neandertals exhibited the fewest significant differences from the Inupiat (9.2% of values are significant atP< 0.05), while for the other modern prehistoric groups more than 10% of the Neandertalz‐scores are significant atP< 0.05, more than 90% of these significant scores atP< 0.01. These results suggest that the Inupiat experienced greater developmental stress than the other prehistoric population samples, and that Neandertals were under greater developmental stress than all other prehistoric modern human samples. Am J Phys Anthropol 149:193–204, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and characterization of polypyrrole/modified multiwalled carbon nanotube nanocomposites polymerized in situ in the presence of barium titanate
Authors: Moniruzzaman M. , Sahoo S. , Ghosh D. , Das C. K. , Singh R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPolypyrrole (PPy) composites were prepared with both unmodified and amine‐modified multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in the presence and absence of barium titanate (BaTiO3) by in situ oxidative polymerization. A uniform coating of PPy on the MWCNTs and BaTiO3 surfaces was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy images. The structure of the pure and amine‐modified MWCNTs were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The incorporation of BaTiO3 enhanced the thermal stability and capacitance properties of the composites. The maximum specific capacitance and energy density values found for the PPy/amine‐modified MWCNT/BaTiO3 composites were 155.5 F/g and 21.6 W h/kg, respectively, at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. The maximum power density was found to be 385.7 W/kg for the same composite at a scan rate of 200 mV/s. Furthermore, the impedance spectra of the composites showed moderate capacitive behavior. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Curing studies of bisphenol a based bismaleimide and cloisite 15a nanoclay blends using differential scanning calorimetry and model‐free kinetics
Authors: Surender R. , Mahendran A. , Thamaraichelvan A. , Alam S. , Vijayakumar C. T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBlends of 2,2‐bis[4‐(4‐maleimidophenoxy phenyl)]propane [bismaleimide (BMIX)] with different proportions (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9%) of the nanoclay Cloisite 15a were prepared with ultrasonication. Fourier transform infrared studies reveal the existence of interactions between the clay particles and the imide rings in BMIX. The difference in the melting characteristics and the decrease in the curing window caused by the incorporation of the clay particles in BMIX, as evidenced by detailed differential scanning calorimetry investigations, confirmed the existence of interactions between the nanoclay particles and BMIX molecules. The Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, Vyazovkin, and Friedman kinetics methods were used to calculate the activation energies (Ea's) for the curing of the BMIX materials.Eafor the polymerization varied, depending not only on the amount of clay loaded in the BMIX but also on the extent of the curing reaction. Because of the loss of interaction between the clay platelets and the imide rings of BMIX, a decrease inEaat higher reaction extents was noted when there was lower clay loadings (1–4% Cloisite 15a) in BMIX. A reversal in the previous behavior was noted at higher clay loadings (7 and 9% Cloisite 15a) in BMIX and was attributed to the restriction of the molecular mobility due to the presence of increased concentrations of clay platelets and the decreased availability of reaction sites for polymerization. These two opposing factors played were equal at the optimum level of Cloisite 15a loading (5%) in BMIX, which was reflected in the constancy ofEavariation noted with increasing reaction extent. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The LINDSAY Virtual Human Project: An immersive approach to anatomy and physiology
Authors: Tworek Janet K. , Jamniczky Heather A. , Jacob Christian , Hallgrímsson Benedikt , Wright Bruce 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe increasing number of digital anatomy teaching software packages challenges anatomy educators on how to best integrate these tools for teaching and learning. Realistically, there exists a complex interplay of design, implementation, politics, and learning needs in the development and integration of software for education, each of which may be further amplified by the somewhat siloed roles of programmers, faculty, and students. LINDSAY Presenter is newly designed software that permits faculty and students to model and manipulate three‐dimensional anatomy presentations and images, while including embedded quizzes, links, and text‐based content. A validated tool measuring impact across pedagogy, resources, interactivity, freedom, granularity, and factors outside the immediate learning event was used in conjunction with observation, field notes, and focus groups to critically examine the impact of attitudes and perceptions of all stakeholders in the early implementation of LINDSAY Presenter before and after a three‐week trial period with the software. Results demonstrate that external, personal media usage, along with students' awareness of the need to apply anatomy to clinical professional situations drove expectations of LINDSAY Presenter. A focus on the software over learning, which can be expected during initial orientation, surprisingly remained after three weeks of use. The time‐intensive investment required to create learning content is a detractor from user‐generated content and may reflect the consumption nature of other forms of digital learning. Early excitement over new technologies needs to be tempered with clear understanding of what learning is afforded, and how these constructively support future application and integration into professional practice. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Me‐BIPAM for the Synthesis of Optically Active 3‐Aryl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles by Ruthenium‐catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Isatins
Authors: Yamamoto Yasunori , Yohda Masaaki , Shirai Tomohiko , Ito Hajime , Miyaura Norio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA chiral O‐linked C2‐symmetric bidentate phosphoramidite (Me‐BIPAM) was found to be efficient for the ruthenium‐catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids to isatins. Asymmetric synthesis of 3‐aryl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles by 1,2‐addition of arylboronic acids to isatins was carried out in the presence of [RuCl2(PPh3)3]/(R,R)‐Me‐BIPAM and KF, resulting in an enantioselectivity as high as 90 % ee. It was found that the reaction with N‐protected isatins proceeds with high yields and good enantioselectivities. The best protective groups on the nitrogen atom were different depending on the substituents on the aromatic ring. The use of a N‐benzyl group resulted in excellent enantioselectivities in many substrates compared with other groups.
Quantifying the role of atmospheric rivers in the interior western United States
Authors: Rutz Jonathan J. , Steenburgh W. James 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAtmospheric rivers (ARs) have increasingly been recognized for their contribution to high‐impact weather and climate variability. A recent investigation based on observations located primarily in lowland valleys and basins of the western United States suggests that 10–50% of the total cool season (November to April) precipitation between water years 1998 and 2008 occurred on the day of and day following AR landfall (hereafter the AR fraction), as identified using Special Sensor Microwave Imager data. However, these results are based only on ARs crossing the North American west coast between 32.5°N and 52.5°N, which excludes those crossing the west coast of the Baja Peninsula. Here, we identify ARs in the ERA‐Interim reanalysis and examine the AR fraction at high‐elevation observational sites and in the NOAA/CPC Unified Daily Precipitation Analysis. At high‐elevation snowpack telemetry sites, we find good agreement with the AR fraction obtained previously for valley and basin locations. We also show that including ARs crossing the west coast of the Baja Peninsula (as far south as 24°N) substantially increases the AR fraction over the southwestern United States. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society