bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agronomic and Seed Traits of Soybean Lines with High Oleate Concentration
Authors: Brace Ryan C. , Fehr Walter R. , Schnebly Steve R. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTSoybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines with the transgenic event DP‐305423‐1 produce a high‐oleate oil and those with the fan1(C1640) and fan3(RG10) alleles produce a low‐linolenate oil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic and seed traits of high‐oleate and low‐linolenate (HOLL) lines, high‐oleate and normal‐linolenate (HONL) lines, and normal‐oleate and normal‐linolenate (NONL) lines selected from four single‐cross populations segregating for the three genes. A minimum of 14 F3:5 lines of each class in the four populations were evaluated in five environments during 2009. The mean fatty ester concentrations averaged across populations were 786 g kg−1 oleate and 24 g kg−1 linolenate for the HOLL lines, 784 g kg−1 oleate and 56 g kg−1 linolenate for the HONL lines, and 226 g kg−1 oleate and 75 g kg−1 linolenate for the NONL lines. The mean yield of the NONL lines was significantly greater than the HOLL lines by 4.5% and the HONL lines by 3.0%. Of the 10 highest yielding lines in each population, 60% were NONL, 25% HOLL, and 15% HONL, which indicated that it would be possible to select cultivars of both classes that yield as well as NONL cultivars. The overlap among the three classes in the distributions of lines for protein, oil, seed weight, maturity, height, and lodging indicated that it would be possible to develop HOLL and HONL cultivars comparable to NONL cultivars for those traits.
REML‐Based Diallel Analysis
Authors: Möhring J. , Melchinger A. E. , Piepho H. P. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTDiallel analyses can give different results depending on the model and the experimental design. A unified framework to fit and compare different models by mixed‐model packages is lacking. We, therefore, present a general diallel model and the required additional restrictions for the genetic variance–covariance structure to become equivalent to other commonly used diallel models. We discuss the definitions and requirements of the commonly used models compared with the general model and provide an analysis for three real datasets. If the assumptions regarding the genetic variance–covariance structure are not fulfilled, biased variance‐component estimates for general and specific combining ability effects are obtained when using random genetic effects. We implemented a general diallel model in the statistical software packages SAS and ASReml and give detailed program codes. If no a priori information about the genetic model for genotypes is available, the general model can be used to analyze all diallel designs easily with standard statistical software.
Field Simulation of Transgenic Seed Admixture Dispersion in Maize with a Blue Kernel Color Marker
Authors: Dietiker Dominique , Oehen Bernadette , Ochsenbein Christian , Westgate Mark E. , Stamp Peter 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTSeed purity in maize (Zea mays L.) has been almost neglected in coexistence studies. In this study, the impact of initial seed admixture was assessed in 20 fields (17 integrated pest management [IPM] and three organics) in the Swiss Midlands in 2007 and 2008 and a seed admixture threshold was proposed. The blue‐kernelled French hybrid Adonis was used as a color‐marker admixture. In 2009, its pollen production was assessed relative to those of two commercial hybrids (LG 32.12 and DKC 2960) that released 41 and 62%, respectively, less pollen than Adonis. Adonis was added to commercial yellow hybrid seeds at a proportion of 1:99. On average, the seed admixture at harvest was 2.8 times greater than the seed admixture at sowing. The greater pollen production of Adonis relative to yellow hybrids explained the increase in the harvest seed admixture via pollen flow. The lesser average kernel number per plant of Adonis (316 kernels plant−1; 451 kernels plant−1 for commercial hybrids) buffered the effect of pollen flow. Correcting for these differences provided simulation results compatible with the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium for a trait with 1% frequency. When compared among the 20 field situations, (i) flower synchrony between admixture and commercial subpopulation and (ii) vertical distance between tassels of Adonis and ears of the commercial hybrid contributed most to field differences. To guarantee the 0.9% threshold imposed by the European Union for non‐genetically‐modified product, the seed admixture threshold should range between 0.2 and 0.5%.
Variation in Crude Protein and In Vitro Dry Matter Digestion of Wheat Forage
Authors: MacKown Charles T. , Carver Brett F. , Edwards Jeffrey T. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTPasture bloat can be a serious problem for ruminant livestock grazing winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.). Decreased gains with nonlethal bloat episodes, yearly herd deaths up to 2%, and the cost and risk of active intervention reduce profits. Wheat has high digestibility, crude protein (CP), and soluble N fractions, traits associated with bloat‐provoking forages. We characterized variation in CP and initial in vitro dry matter digestion (IVDMD) of wheat varieties and experimental lines to gain knowledge needed to develop genotypes that might decrease frequency and severity of bloat. Late fall forage from seven trials (34 different varieties) and late fall and late winter forage from 221 experimental breeding lines were analyzed. Significant (p< 0.05) differences among varieties and breeding lines were found for CP and IVDMD; trait variation among breeding lines was often greater than among the check varieties Duster, Endurance, Jagger, and Overley. Differences in CP among breeding lines were as great as 47% and averaged 15% for the variety trials. After an 8 h incubation differences in the percent IVDMD among breeding lines were as great as 97% and averaged 24% for the variety trials. Correlations of CP with initial IVDMD traits were not significant or only weakly correlated (variety trials,r= 0.11,p= 0.01, andn= 484), thus development of wheat varieties with reduced CP and low initial rates of IVDMD will require simultaneous selection for both traits.
Genetic Composition of Contemporary U.S. Commercial Dent Corn Germplasm
Authors: Mikel Mark A. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTGermplasm of contemporary U.S. dent corn (Zea mays L.) is predominately from proprietary programs. Although publicly developed inbred lines contributed to the genetic foundation of these programs, their role is not known. The objective of this work is to identify and characterize major progenitors of contemporary proprietary germplasm through pedigree analysis of a set of 305 corn inbreds registered during the years 2004 through 2008 by U.S. Plant Variety Protection (PVP) and/or utility patent. Major progenitors found were the inbred lines Dekalb DK3IIH6 (12.2% genetic contribution), B73 (11.7%), and Pioneer Hi‐Bred International (PHI) PH207 (9.5%). Using commercial hybrids as breeding germplasm was common during the 1980s and facilitated the introgression of PHI Iodent germplasm into competitor breeding programs. Of these, the PHI commercial hybrid 3737 has the greatest impact to contemporary germplasm by contributing 15.6% of the genes. Pedigree analysis of 1132 U.S. PVP and/or utility patent registered corn inbreds from 1984 through 2008 indicates that the genetic contribution of the public line Mo17 has decreased (from 8.6 to 1.7%) and the contribution of the public line Oh43 increased (from 1.5 to 3.9%), whereas the contribution of B73 remained constant. The contribution of Iodent germplasm increased concomitantly with use across commercial breeding programs.
Advancement in Assessment and the Reassessment of the Nutritive Value of Forages
Authors: Burns J. C. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTForages, primary producers of carbon compounds, provide energy and nutrients when consumed by herbivores, resulting in “value‐added” animal products as meat, milk, and fiber and, in some cases, recreation. How a forage supports value‐added products of interest has been a concern since the mid 1800s. The characteristic of a forage that composes its nutritive value (NVAL) and its consumption and conversion by the animal determines the quality of the nutrient entity and provides an estimate of its forage quality. The first system to address forage NVAL emerged in the mid 1880s and was termed the Weende proximate analysis. Forages were separated into crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), nitrogen‐free extract (NFE), ash, and water. The concept of nutrient entity followed in the 1950s. By the mid 1960s, the neutral detergent fiber (NDF) system partially replaced proximate analysis and the two, along with innovations in solubility, serve as methodologies for estimating NVAL. An assessment of NVAL from the microbial view point was introduced in the early 1960s by the two‐stage in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) method, followed in the 1970s by continuous cultures. Innovation in spectral technology introduced near infrared spectrophotometry in the mid 1980s providing a rapid analysis of the NVAL fractions. A reassessment of the approach to estimating forage quality, based on the microflora's view of “particle value,” using near infrared spectral scans of the “as fed” forage has been proposed.
Predictive Ability Assessment of Linear Mixed Models in Multienvironment Trials in Corn
Authors: So Yoon‐Sup , Edwards Jode 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTPrediction of future performance of cultivars is an important objective of multienvironment trials (MET). A series of linear mixed models with varying degrees of heterogeneous genotypic variance, correlation, and error variance structure were compared for their ability to predict performance in an untested environment in 51 data sets from the Iowa Crop Performance Test for corn (Zea mays L.). In most cases there was no substantial improvement in predictions among models that included heterogeneity of genotypic variance–covariance components, but the best prediction model included heterogeneous environment‐specific error variances in 63% of data sets analyzed. The largest differences in predictive ability among models appeared to be due to poor estimation of genotypic covariance components in data sets with few common hybrids across 2 yr in a data set. Simulation confirmed the observation from cross validation. Our results suggested that predictions were not improved by modeling heterogeneous genotypic covariance components because of the small number of common hybrids across years. Inclusion of heterogeneous error variances did lead to slight improvements in predictions.
Marker‐Assisted Development of Bacterial Blight Resistant, Dwarf, and High Yielding Versions of Two Traditional Basmati Rice Cultivars
Authors: Bhatia Dharminder , Sharma Rajiv , Vikal Yogesh , Mangat G.S. , Mahajan Ritu , Sharma Neerja , Lore Jagjeet Singh , Singh Naveen , Bharaj Tajinder S. , Singh Kuldeep 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTBasmati rice, owing to its characteristic aroma and long, slender grains, is a specialized group of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and is high in demand. Traditional basmati cultivars are tall, low yielding, and susceptible to diseases, especially bacterial blight. Conventional plant breeding approaches could bring only marginal improvement in basmati yield. This study reports improvement of traditional basmati cultivars for bacterial blight resistance and plant height. Using marker‐assisted backcrossing we transferred two bacterial blight resistance genes, xa13 and Xa21, and semidwarfing gene, sd‐1, into two traditional basmati cultivars, Basmati 370 and Basmati 386. Markers were also used for selecting aroma and amylose content of basmati cultivars. Along with marker‐assisted selection (MAS), we practiced stringent phenotypic selection in the target environment in all the generations for faster recovery of the recurrent parent genotype. A set of BC2F6 progenies selected for semidwarf stature, bacterial blight resistance, aroma and nonsticky grains and having more than 90% of the recurrent‐parent genome were evaluated for yield and yield components. Lines that significantly outyielded the recurrent parent and the check cultivars in station trials are being evaluated in multiple locations in national‐level nurseries for identifying the lines that could be released as varieties. These lines, in addition to being released as cultivars, can also be used as immediate donors for further basmati improvement.
Forage Legumes: Forage Quality, Fixed Nitrogen, or Both
Authors: Evers Gerald W. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTForage legumes have the unique attributes of producing a high‐quality forage to enhance animal performance and the ability to utilize atmospheric N that eliminates the legume plants dependence on soil N. Biological N2 fixation (BNF) rates are dependent on the infection by an effective rhizobia strain on the root hairs for each legume species. Producers planting forage legumes have the potential to utilize both benefits. However, both forage quality and BNF are influenced by numerous factors, including legume species, management practices, and climate, which determine their contribution to a forage‐livestock system. Because of soil and climatic differences, the region of the United States dictates which legume species are grown, how productive they are, and how they are utilized in a forage‐livestock system. Major factors influencing the contribution of legumes will be reviewed followed by a discussion of predominant legume species and their utilization in various regions of the United States.
Expression of a Thatcher Wheat Adult Plant Stem Rust Resistance QTL on Chromosome Arm 2BL is Enhanced by Lr34
Authors: Kolmer J. A. , Garvin D. F. , Jin Y. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTAn F6 recombinant inbred line (RIL) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) population derived from RL6071, a stem rust susceptible line, and RL6058, a backcross line of Thatcher wheat with Lr34 that is highly resistant to stem rust, was evaluated for adult plant stem rust resistance in North Dakota in 1999, and in Kenya in 2007 and 2008. In all three tests, most RILs that exhibited low stem rust severity had Lr34 and most lines that had high disease severity lacked Lr34. Molecular mapping with DArT and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers detected a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for adult plant stem rust resistance on chromosome arm 2BL. The RILs with both Lr34 and DArT marker wPt5044 on 2BL had significantly lower stem rust severities compared with lines that only had Lr34 in North Dakota 1999 and Kenya 2008. Marker wPt5044 alone did not significantly increase stem rust resistance. The QTL region on 2BL was not associated with any previously mapped Thatcher seedling stem rust resistance genes. The stem rust resistance in Thatcher enhanced by the presence of Lr34 is effective to different races in North America and Kenya and mapped to the same QTL.
Environmental Effects on Soybean with Modified Phosphorus and Sugar Composition
Authors: Maupin Laura M. , Rosso M. Luciana , Rainey Katy M. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTDevelopment of soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] with modified phosphorus (P) and sugar composition adds value to soybean meal. The identification and release of the soybean line V99‐5089 with a mutation in the D‐myo‐inositol 3‐phosphate synthase 1 gene (MIPS1) provides a germplasm source that dually enhances both P and sugar composition of soybeans. An evaluation of the recombinant inbred line population from the cross of V99‐5089 × Essex was completed at three environments in 2 yr. Phenotypic selection for modified composition was slightly more effective than marker‐assisted selection with the Satt453 marker, which was 87% efficient. In the mutant lines, a significant genotype × environment interaction was shown for inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentration but not sugar concentration. Correlations for improving P and sugar composition were favorable, and with the exception of emergence there were no strong correlations with agronomic traits. The correlation of emergence with Pi was significant (r = −0.59), indicating reduced emergence due to the mutation. Reduced emergence is a problem in low phytate germplasm generally and further research is necessary to genetically improve emergence of low phytate lines.
Interrelationships among Forage Nutritive Value and Quantity and Individual Animal Performance
Authors: Sollenberger Lynn E. , Vanzant Eric S. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTRelationships of forage nutritive value (NVAL) and quantity with individual animal performance on pasture have long been evaluated, but there have been few attempts to describe the specific roles or relative importance of NVAL and quantity in determining animal response. The objective of this review was to more clearly define these roles based on a comprehensive assessment of pastureland literature and the application of a meta‐analysis. It is clear that quantity and NVAL interact. When pastures present a wide range in forage mass, 60 to 90% of variation in average daily gain (ADG) can be explained by quantity, but there may be no relationship of NVAL with ADG. If pastures present only high forage mass, there may be no relationship between quantity and ADG, but NVAL may explain more than 50% of variation in ADG. The meta‐analysis and a review of studies that evaluated forages of differing NVAL across a range of forage mass provided evidence that NVAL (i) sets the upper limit for ADG, (ii) determines the slope of the regression of ADG on stocking rate (SR), and (iii) establishes the forage mass at which ADG plateaus. In contrast, forage quantity determines the proportion of potential ADG that is achieved and is the primary driver for direction of the ADG response (negative) to increasing SR. Thus, the literature supports a conclusion of interaction among forage NVAL and quantity in affecting individual animal performance on pasture, but it suggests that the roles of each are quite well defined.
Isolation and Characterization of a Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Mutant Deficient in Seed Phospholipase D, an Enzyme Involved in the Degradation of Oil‐Body Membranes
Authors: Suzuki Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTThe use of rice bran for human consumption is severely limited because rice bran oil is rapidly degraded. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) occur in oil bodies, which are bounded by phospholipid membranes. Phospholipase D (PLD) degrades the membranes, releasing TAGs, which are then degraded by lipase to free fatty acids, causing poor bran quality. Since PLD serves as a trigger to initiate lipid degradation and the consequent deterioration of bran quality, I screened mutagenized seed by using anti‐PLD polyclonal antibodies and identified a PLD‐null rice mutant candidate, ‘03‐s108’. PLD enzymatic activity of the 03‐s108 bran fraction was less than 1/100 that of ‘Nipponbare’, indicating that 03‐s108 is a seed‐PLD‐null mutant. Genetic analysis of a cross between 03‐s108 and a rice cultivar having normal PLD activity revealed that the PLD‐null characteristic is controlled by a recessive gene. In addition, I studied the PLD content in maturing and germinating rice seeds of 03‐s108 and Nipponbare. In Nipponbare seeds, the PLD protein level detected on western blots increased from 7 to 21 d after flowering then leveled off. In contrast, no PLD was detected throughout the maturation process of 03‐s108 seed. During germination, PLD was detected in Nipponbare seedlings but not in those of 03‐s108. From these results, I suggest that PLD‐null seeds will have improved grain and bran stability. In addition, it appears that PLD may not be necessary for seed maturation or germination.
Authenticity of Old Cultivars in Genebank Collections: A Case Study on Lettuce
Authors: van de Wouw Mark , van Treuren Rob , van Hintum Theo 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTEx situ collections in genebanks conserve many old cultivars that had disappeared from mainstream agriculture before modern genebanks were established. The collections incorporated cultivars from many sources, such as botanical gardens and working collections, sometimes with little further information on their origin. Many old cultivars with identical or synonymous names are maintained in multiple collections and often more than once within collections. This research investigates the authenticity of old cultivars in genebanks using a large lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) collection as a case study. Accessions presumed to be identical, based on the cultivar names accompanying the accessions, were compared for their DNA marker profiles, based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Using the genetic similarity of these accessions, the probability of authenticity of the old cultivars maintained in the collection was estimated. Separate analyses were done for different classes of cultivars, on the basis of the year of release or the donor history of the cultivar. The two largest cultivar groups within the collection, Sans Rivale à Graine Blanche and Maikönig, were analyzed in detail. Nonauthenticity of the investigated cultivars appeared to be high. This was especially true for the oldest cultivars, but even for the cultivars released from the 1960s to 1990 it was estimated that approximately 10% was not authentic. Recommendations to improve authenticity of cultivars in ex situ collections were presented.
High Pancreatic n-3 Fatty Acids Prevent STZ-Induced Diabetes in Fat-1 Mice: Inflammatory Pathway Inhibition
Authors: Bellenger Jérôme , Bellenger Sandrine , Bataille Amandine , Massey Karen A. , Nicolaou Anna , Rialland Mickaël , Tessier Christian , Kang Jing X. , Narce Michel 
Published: February 2011

OBJECTIVEBecause of confounding factors, the effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on type 1 diabetes remain to be clarified. We therefore evaluated whether fat-1 transgenic mice, a well-controlled experimental model endogenously synthesizing n-3 PUFA, were protected against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. We then aimed to elucidate the in vivo response at the pancreatic level.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSβ-Cell destruction was produced by multiple low-doses STZ (MLD-STZ). Blood glucose level, plasma insulin level, and plasma lipid analysis were then performed. Pancreatic mRNA expression of cytokines, the monocyte chemoattractant protein, and GLUT2 were evaluated as well as pancreas nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 and inhibitor of κB (IκB) protein expression. Insulin and cleaved caspase-3 immunostaining and lipidomic analysis were performed in the pancreas.RESULTSSTZ-induced fat-1 mice did not develop hyperglycemia compared with wild-type mice, and β-cell destruction was prevented as evidenced by lack of histological pancreatic damage or reduced insulin level. The prevention of β-cell destruction was associated with no proinflammatory cytokine induction (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase) in the pancreas, a decreased NF-κB, and increased IκB pancreatic protein expression. In the fat-1–treated mice, proinflammatory arachidonic-derived mediators as prostaglandin E2 and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid were decreased and the anti-inflammatory lipoxin A4 was detected. Moreover, the 18-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, precursor of the anti-inflammatory resolvin E1, was highly increased.CONCLUSIONSCollectively, these findings indicate that fat-1 mice were protected against MLD-STZ–induced diabetes and pointed out for the first time in vivo the beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA at the pancreatic level, on each step of the development of the pathology—inflammation, β-cell damage—through cytokine response and lipid mediator production.