bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow cytometer based on triggered supercontinuum laser illumination
Authors: Rongeat Nelly , Leproux Philippe , Couderc Vincent , Brunel Patrick , Ledroit Sylvain , Cremien Didier , Hilaire Stéphane , Huss Guillaume , Nérin Philippe 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMultiple wavelength operation in a flow cytometer is an exciting way for cell analysis based on both fluorescence and optical scattering processing. For example, this multiparametric technique is currently used to differentiate blood cells subpopulations. The choice of excitation wavelengths matching fluorochrome spectra (it is currently the opposite) and the use of a broader range of fluorochromes can be made by taking advantage of a filtered supercontinuum white light source. In this study, we first wished to validate the use of a specific triggered supercontinuum laser in a flow cytometer based on white light scattering and electric sizing on human blood cells. Subsequently, to show the various advantages of this attractive system, using scattering effect, electrical detections, and fluorescence analysis, we realized cells sorting based on DNA/RNA stained by thiazole orange. Discrimination of white blood cells is efficiently demonstrated by using a triggered supercontinuum‐based flow cytometer operating in a “one cell‐one shot” configuration. The discriminated leukocyte populations are monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, immature granulocytes, and cells having a high RNA content (monoblasts, lymphoblasts, and plasma cells). To the best of our knowledge, these results constitute the first practical demonstration of flow cytometry based on triggered supercontinuum illumination. This study is the starting point of a series of new experiments fully exploiting the spectral features of such a laser source. For example, the large flexibility in the choice of the excitation wavelength allows to use a larger number of fluorochromes and to excite them more efficiently. Moreover, this work opens up new research directions in the biophotonics field, such as the combination of coherent Raman spectroscopy and flow cytometry techniques. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Efficacy of a Poly‐L‐Glutamic Acid‐Gemcitabine Conjugate in Tumor‐Bearing Mice
Authors: Kiew Lik Voon , Cheong Soon Keng , Ramli Ernidila , Sidik Khalifah , Lim Tuck Meng , Chung Lip Yong 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics
Preclinical Research
Preclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing
Postmarketing Phase IV

This study assessed the in vivo antitumor efficacy of a polypeptide‐based poly‐L‐glutamic acid‐gemcitabine conjugate (PG‐G). PG‐G was synthesized by conjugating gemcitabine to poly‐L‐glutamic acid by a carbodiimide reaction. PG‐G was evaluated for its in vivo antitumor efficacy and toxicity using 4T1 murine breast tumor‐bearing mice. The antitumor effects of PG‐G were superior to those of unconjugated gemcitabine in both single and four‐consecutive dosing studies. Tumor regression was observed within 1 day after PG‐G administration and continued for 4–5 days. Thereafter, tumors grew at a slower rate compared with the unconjugated gemcitabine treatment group and other control groups. The main toxicity observed from the Berlin test was an apparent reversible weight loss of 10–12%. The unconjugated gemcitabine treatment group also demonstrated a similar, but reduced, weight loss trend. The present study demonstrates that the PG‐G formulation exhibits a significant antitumor activity in the aspects of tumor growth inhibition and shrinkage that is more robust than the parent drug and other control groups. Thus, the PG‐G dose regimen may be optimized to minimize side effects and render it a potential anticancer therapeutic.
Synthesis and Preliminary Structural and Binding Characterization of New Enantiopure Crown Ethers Containing an Alkyl Diarylphosphinate or a Proton‐Ionizable Diarylphosphinic Acid Unit
Authors: Székely György , Csordás Barbara , Farkas Viktor , Kupai József , Pogány Peter , Sánta Zsuzsanna , Szakács Zoltán , Tóth Tünde , Hollósi Miklós , Nyitrai József , Huszthy Péter 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNew enantiopure crown ethers containing either an ethyl diarylphosphinate moiety [(S,S)‐4 to (S,S)‐7] or a proton‐ionizable diarylphosphinic acid unit [(S,S)‐8 to (S,S)‐11] have been synthesized. Electronic circular dichroism (ECD) studies on the complexation of these new enantiopure crown ethers with the enantiomers of α‐(1‐naphthyl)ethylammonium perchlorate (1‐NEA) and with α‐(2‐naphthyl)ethylammonium perchlorate (2‐NEA) were also carried out. These studies showed appreciable enantiomeric recognition with heterochiral [(S,S)‐crown ether plus either (R)‐1‐ or (R)‐2‐NEA] preference. Theoretical calculations found three significant intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the complexes of (S,S)‐9. Furthermore, preference for heterochiral complexes was also observed, in good agreement with ECD results. Complex formation constants were determined by NMR titration for four selected crown ether/NEA pairs.
C–C Coupling of Acyclic Nitronates with Silyl Ketene Acetals under Silyl Triflate Catalysis: Reactivity Umpolung of Aliphatic Nitro Compounds
Authors: Smirnov Vladimir O. , Khomutova Yulia A. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A. , Ioffe Sema L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTBSOTf‐promoted C–C coupling of alkyl and trialkylsilyl nitronates with silyl ketene acetals yields functionalized nitroso acetals. This conversion may serve as a new simple procedure to reverse the conventional reactivity of aliphatic nitro compounds. Preliminary results on the hydrogenation of nitroso acetals into amino acids derivatives, as well as TFA‐catalyzed transformations of nitroso acetals, are examined to prove the possible utility of this umpolung procedure.
Selection of Pharmaceutical Antioxidants by Hydrodynamic Voltammetry
Authors: Webster Gregory K. , Craig Robert A. , Pommerening Cynthia A. , Acworth Ian N. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAntioxidant compounds are routinely included in pharmaceutical formulations in order to minimize the oxidative degradation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient(s) (API). The effectiveness of the antioxidants being considered is often assessed by creating several formulations with the API(s) and single or multiple antioxidants in order to place each of these formulations on stability under accelerated conditions. This trial and error selection process is costly and time consuming, often taking weeks before the oxidation is observed at a detectable level. Using a flow injection coulometric detector based system, a potential tool has been developed to guide initial antioxidant selection for hindering the oxidative degradation for a given drug substance in its formulation environment. The relative potential for the API to be oxidized can be measured by matching the conditions of the coulometric experiment to the formulation matrix. Using this selection criterion, the choice of antioxidants to study for individual formations can be greatly narrowed, thus leading to a significant savings in development time and cost.
Damping‐adjusted combination rule for the response spectrum analysis of base‐isolated buildings
Authors: Muscolino Giuseppe , Palmeri Alessandro , Versaci Claudia 
Published: May 2012

SUMMARYThe classical response spectrum method continues to be the most popular approach for designing base‐isolated buildings, therefore avoiding computationally expensive nonlinear time‐history analyses. In this framework, a new method for the seismic analysis and design of building structures with base isolation system (BIS) is formulated and numerically validated, which enables one to overcome the main shortcomings of existing techniques based on the response spectrum method. The main advantages are the following: first, reduced computational effort with respect to an exact complex‐valued modal analysis, which is obtained through a transformation of coordinates in two stages, both involving real‐valued eigenproblems; second, effective representation of the damping, which is pursued by consistently defining different viscous damping ratios for the modes of vibration of the coupled BIS‐superstructure dynamic system; and third, ease of use, because a convenient reinterpretation of the combination coefficients leads to a novel damping‐adjusted combination rule, in which just a single response spectrum is required for the reference value of the viscous damping ratio. The proposed approach is specifically intended for design situations where (i) the dynamic behaviour of seismic isolators can be linearised and (ii) effects of nonproportional damping, as measured by modal coupling indexes, are negligible in the BIS‐superstructure assembly. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper uptake by the marine mussel Mytilus edulis in the presence of fulvic acids
Authors: Sánchez-Marín Paula , Lorenzo J. Ignacio , Mubiana Valentine K. , Blust Ronny , Beiras Ricardo 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Copper uptake and accumulation by the marine mussel Mytilus edulis were studied at different Cu concentrations in chemically defined artificial seawater in the presence and absence of fulvic acids. Both short-term uptake of Cu by excised mussel gills and Cu accumulation in whole mussels after 24 h of exposure decreased in the presence of fulvic acids compared with their absence at similar dissolved Cu concentrations. Calculations of Cu speciation based on previous measurements of labile Cu by anodic stripping voltammetry demonstrated that Cu uptake and accumulation depended on the concentration of labile Cu, in agreement with the free ion activity model. No evidence of a significant uptake of Cu–fulvic acid complexes was observed. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1807–1813. © 2012 SETAC
Effects of test design and temperature in a partial life-cycle study with the freshwater gastropod Potamopyrgus antipodarum
Authors: Macken Ailbhe , Le Page Gareth , Hayfield Amanda , Williams Timothy D. , Brown Rebecca J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Potamopyrgus antipodarum is a candidate for a standardized mollusk partial life-cycle study. This is a comparative study of two test designs (microplate and beaker), with additional endpoints to the proposed guideline methods, for example, tracking of continuous reproductive output over 28 d and attributing it to individual female snails. In addition, an investigation of the effects of temperature (16, 20, and 25°C) on reproduction was also conducted employing the microplate design. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1989–1994. © 2012 SETAC
Reed beds may facilitate transfer of tributyltin from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems through insect vectors in the Archipelago Sea, SW Finland
Authors: Lilley Thomas M. , Meierjohann Axel , Ruokolainen Lasse , Peltonen Jani , Vesterinen Eero , Kronberg Leif , Nikinmaa Mikko 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Due to their adsorptive behavior, organotin compounds (OTCs), such as tributyltin (TBT), are accumulated in aquatic sediments. They resist biodegradation and, despite a ban in 2008, are a potential source for future exposure. Sediment OTCs have mostly been measured from sites of known high concentrations such as ports, shipping lanes, and marine dredging waste sites. The possible flow of OTCs from marine to terrestrial ecosystems, however, has not been studied. In the present study, the authors assessed whether sediments in common reed beds (Phragmites australis) accumulate TBT and whether chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) communities developing in reed-bed sediments act as vectors in the transfer of TBT from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems in the Airisto channel, Archipelago Sea. The authors also investigated whether distance from the only known source and depth and TBT concentration of the adjacent shipping lane affect reed-bed concentrations. Thirty-six sites along the Airisto channel were sampled at 2-km intervals with triplicate samples from reed beds and the adjacent shipping lane for sediment and seven reed-bed sites for chironomids, and these were analyzed with an solid phase extraction liquid chromatography tamdem mass spectrometry method. The closer to the source the sample site was, the higher the measured TBT concentrations were; and the deeper the shipping lane, the lower the concentration of TBT in reed-bed sediments. The chironomid TBT concentrations correlated with reed-bed sediment TBT concentrations and showed evidence of accumulation. Therefore, TBT may be transferred, through the food web, from aquatic to terrestrial ecosystems relatively close to a source through ecosystem boundaries, such as common reed beds, which are areas of high insect biomass production in the Archipelago Sea. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1781–1787. © 2012 SETAC
Metal-based nanoparticles in soil: Fate, behavior, and effects on soil invertebrates
Authors: Tourinho Paula S. , van Gestel Cornelis A. M. , Lofts Stephen , Svendsen Claus , Soares Amadeu M. V. M. , Loureiro Susana 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) (e.g., silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide) are being widely used in the nanotechnology industry. Because of the release of particles from NP-containing products, it is likely that NPs will enter the soil compartment, especially through land application of sewage sludge derived from wastewater treatment. This review presents an overview of the literature dealing with the fate and effects of metal-based NPs in soil. In the environment, the characteristics of NPs (e.g., size, shape, surface charge) and soil (e.g., pH, ionic strength, organic matter, and clay content) will affect physical and chemical processes, resulting in NP dissolution, agglomeration, and aggregation. The behavior of NPs in soil will control their mobility and their bioavailability to soil organisms. Consequently, exposure characterization in ecotoxicological studies should obtain as much information as possible about dissolution, agglomeration, and aggregation processes. Comparing existing studies is a challenging task, because no standards exist for toxicity tests with NPs. In many cases, the reporting of associated characterization data is sparse, or missing, making it impossible to interpret and explain observed differences in results among studies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1679–1692. © 2012 SETAC
Effects of silver nanoparticles on zebrafish (Danio rerio) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922): A comparison of toxicity based on total surface area versus mass concentration of particles in a model eukaryotic and prokaryotic system
Authors: Bowman Christopher R. , Bailey Frank C. , Elrod-Erickson Matthew , Neigh Arianne M. , Otter Ryan R. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been classified as the most abundant NP found in commercial products. In the present study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) and bacteria (Escherichia coli; ATCC 25922) were used to test the size-dependent toxicological effects of Ag NPs, the effects of ionic silver versus Ag NPs, and Ag NP effects on mortality using mass concentration (mg/L) compared with total surface area (nm2/L). Several diameters of Ag NPs (20, 50, 110 nm) as well as AgNO3 were chosen as experimental treatments. Treated zebrafish embryos exhibited anomalies of the heart, namely, slower heart rates and pericardial edema. A size-dependent response was not observed in zebrafish when viewing mortality across all Ag NP treatments, although 20 nm elicited the highest incidence of abnormal motility and induced slower development. An Ag NP dose- and size-dependent response was observed in treated bacteria using mass concentration, with 20-nm Ag NP producing the highest mortality rate. In both zebrafish and bacteria, AgNO3 was shown to be more toxic than Ag NPs at equivalent concentrations. When total surface area of Ag NPs was used to gauge bacterial mortality, a total surface area-dependent, but not size-dependent, response was observed for all three Ag NPs used in the present study, with nearly 100% mortality observed once a total surface area of approximately 1E + 18 nm2/L was reached. This trend was not apparent, however, when measuring total surface area for zebrafish mortality. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1793–1800. © 2012 SETAC
A distinct set of synaptic‐like microvesicles in atroglial cells contain VGLUT3
Authors: Ormel Lasse , Stensrud Mats Julius , Chaudhry Farrukh Abbas , Gundersen Vidar 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere is increasing evidence for vesicular release of glutamate from astrocytes. We have previously demonstrated existence of VGLUT1 on astrocytic synaptic‐like microvesicles (SMLVs) in several brain regions indicating a role in astroglial glutamate release. As VGLUT3 is prominently expressed in non‐neuronal cells, this prompted us to investigate whether VGLUT3 is also involved in astroglial release of glutamate. Confocal microscopic investigations revealed that astrocytes in the hippocampus and the frontal cortex, as well as Bergmann glia in the cerebellum were labeled for VGLUT3. Immunogold cytochemistry showed that VGLUT3 gold particles were located over SMLVs in perisynaptic astrocytic and Bergmann glial processes. The specificity of the VGLUT3 immunoreactivity was demonstrated by abolished VGLUT3 labeling in astroglia in VGLUT3 knock‐out mice. Double immunogold labeling showed that astrocytic processes contained labeling for VGLUT3 and VGLUT1, but the antibodies labeled separate subpopulations of vesicles in the processes. The ratio of gold particle densities between glial processes and nerve terminals were higher for VGLUT3 than for VGLUT1, suggesting that VGLUT3 is particularly abundant in astrocytic processes. Thus, our data show that VGLUT3 localizes to a distinct set of SMLVs in perisynaptic astroglial processes and suggest that VGLUT3 is important for glutamate release from astrocytes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and reactivity of substituted α‐carbonylphosphonites and their derivatives
Authors: Prishchenko Andrey A. , Livantsov Mikhail V. , Novikova Olga P. , Livantsova Ludmila I. , Petrosyan Valery S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractConvenient methods for the synthesis of functionalized organophosphorus compounds containing carbonyl groups as well as di‐ or trialkoxymethyl fragments attached to phosphorus, and their derivatives, starting from the available derivatives of trivalent phosphorus acids, are proposed, and some properties of the new functionalized organophosphorus compounds are presented. So, the alkylation and acylation reaction of (dialkoxymethyl) phosphonites and their analogs have been studied. It is found that the Arbuzov rearrangement of these compounds was accompanied by the phosphorus–carbon bond cleavage with unique retention of the three‐coordinate phosphorus. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:352–372, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21024
The Evaluation of Double‐Layer Clothing in a Semiconductor Manufacturing Environment
Authors: Chen Te‐Hung , Lin Chih‐Long , Wang Mao‐Jiun J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the influence of double‐layer clothing in a semiconductor manufacturing clean‐room environment. Twenty subjects including ten males and ten females participated in this study. Each subject completed four treatment combinations with four different inner pieces of clothing (i.e., 100% cotton, 70% cotton + 30% polyester, 65% polyester + 35% cotton, 100% polyester). The dependent measures included moisture absorption, skin temperature, and subjective responses in three body regions. The results indicate that wearing 100% polyester inner clothing caused a significant increase in inner microclimate relative humidity (RH; p < .01). Wearing 100% cotton inner clothing caused a significant increase in both inner microclimate RH (p < .01) and the inner clothing's moisture absorption. This was due to cotton fiber tends to trap more water molecules and allow less water vapor to pass through as compared to other types of fiber. Furthermore, wearing the blended fiber inner clothing caused lower RH in the inner and outer clothing microclimate (p < .05). Moreover, wearing 65% polyester + 35% cotton inner clothing had higher subjective comfort than did wearing 70% cotton + 30% polyester. In summary, the moisture absorption and water vapor transport characteristics of the inner clothing are the major factors affecting the comfort of wearing double‐layer clothing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Career Abandonment Intentions among Software Workers
Authors: Colomo‐Palacios Ricardo , Casado‐Lumbreras Cristina , Misra Sanjay , Soto‐Acosta Pedro 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWithin the software development industry, human resources have been recognized as one of the most decisive and scarce resources. Today, the retention of skilled IT (information technology) personnel is a major issue for employers and recruiters as well, since IT career abandonment is a common practice and means not only the loss of personnel, knowledge, and skills, but also the loss of business opportunities. This article seeks to discover the main motivations young practitioners abandon the software career. To achieve this objective, two studies were conducted. The first study was qualitative (performed through semistructured interviews) and intended to discover the main variables affecting software career abandonment. The second study was quantitative, consisting of a Web‐based survey developed from the output of the first study and administered to a sample of 148 IT practitioners. Results show that work‐related, psychological, and emotional variable are the most relevant group of variables explaining IT career abandonment. More specifically, the three most important variables that motivate employees to abandon the career are effort–reward imbalance, perceived workload, and emotional exhaustion. In contrast, variables such as politics and infighting, uncool work, and insufficient resources influence to a lesser extent the decision to leave the career. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multimodel assessment of the climate change effect on the drought severity–duration–frequency relationship
Authors: Lee Joo Heon , Kim Chang Joo 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this study, the patterns of past and future drought occurrences in the Seoul region were analysed using observed historical data from the Seoul weather station located in the Korean Peninsula and four different types of general circulation models (GCMs), namely, GFDL:CM2_1, CONS:ECHO‐G, MRI:CGCM2_3_2 and UKMO:HADGEM1. To analyse statistical properties such as drought frequency duration and return period, the Standardized Precipitation Index was used to derive the severity–duration–frequency (SDF) curve from the drought frequency analysis. In addition, a drought spell analysis was conducted to estimate the frequency and change of drought duration for each drought classification. The results of the analysis suggested a decrease in the frequency of mild droughts and an increase in the frequency of severe and extreme droughts in the future. Furthermore, the average duration of droughts is expected to increase. A comparison of the SDF relationship derived from the observed data with that derived via the GCMs indicated that the drought severity for each return period was reduced as drought duration increased and that the drought severity derived from the GCMs was severer than the severity obtained using the observed data for the same duration and return period. Furthermore, among the four types of GCMs used in this study, the MRI model predicted the most severe future drought for the Seoul region, and the SDF curve derived using the MRI model also resulted in the highest degree of drought severity compared with the other GCMs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.