bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: I. Substrate utilisation and gas production
Authors: Chen Shui J. , Li Chun T. , Shieh Wen K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCOD removal efficiencies in the range 75 to 98% were achieved in an anaerobic fluidised bed system designed for the recovery of methane from liquid wastes, when evaluated at COD loadings of between 5.8 to 108 kg m−3 day−1, hydraulic retention times of between 4.45 to 8 h, and feed COD concentrations of beween 480 to 9 000 mg dm−3. More than 90% of feed COD could be removed up to COD loadings of about 40 kg m−3 day−1. Up to around 300 dm2 of methane were produced per kg COD removed and this methane production rate was independent of the COD loadings applied in this investigation. Volatile acid concentration in the reactor increased sharply at a COD loading of about 40 kg m−3 day−1 and therefore, sufficient alkalinity should be provided to prevent pH from dropping to the undesirable level. The anaerobic fluidised bed system can be operated at a significantly higher liquid throughputs while maintaining its excellent efficiency.
Alcoholic fermentation by immobilised yeast cells
Authors: Gòdia F. , Casas C. , Solà C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEthanol production by yeast cells immobilised in carrageenan gel beads and operated in a continuous tubular reactor reached 15 g dm−3 h−1 with a glucose feed of 165 g dm−3; a glucose residence period of 4.6 h was noted. The minimal cell loading to obtain uniform particles was 104 colony‐forming units per g of gel, although particles achieved a content of 108 CFU g−1 independent of the initial cell concentration. Scanning electron and phase contrast microscopy confirmed that growth inside the gel beads was probably limited by substrate diffusion through the denser outer layer observed.
The multiple binding of heavy metals by digested sludge
Authors: Forster C. F. , Mehrotra I. , Alibhai K. R. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe multiple interactions of heavy metals with anaerobically digested sludges and with digested sludge that had been washed with EDTA have been examined by equilibrating the sludge solids with solutions containing mixtures of zinc acetate, lead acetate and chromic chloride. This equilibration has been studied at 20°C and Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to describe the metal binding behaviour of the solids. The rates of adsorption were also measured. This showed that while the rate constants were independent of the added metal concentration for untreated sludge, the binding constant for washed sludge was related to the initial metal concentration. A comparison of the adsorption isotherms suggests that the binding of zinc is different from that of lead and chromium.
Anaerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent by tank digesters
Authors: Ho C. C. , Tan Y. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPalm oil mill effluent was treated anaerobically in 210 dm−3 tank digesters in which inoculation with anaerobic seeding coupled with careful addition of lime could shorten the natural stabilisation process to about 30 days. The system was subsequently scaled up to 500 tonnes capacity. The characteristics of the anaerobically digested liquors were studied at 10 and 20 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) respectively, and close to 90% treatment efficiency could be achieved at 20 days HRT with complete microbial conversion of plant cell debris. However, the digested liquor still contained 0.325% (by wt) suspended solids. The kinetics of the anaerobic process show close resemblance to those treating other high strength organic wastes. Optimum gas production occurred only over a narrow pH range of 6.8–7.2 units. A methane content of 62–67% on gas production was noted about equivalent to 0.34 to 0.39 dm−3 CH4 g−1 of BOD destroyed.
Effect of cell volume on disintegration by ultrasonics
Authors: John Wase D. A. , Patel Yatish R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWide variations in resistance to ultrasonic disintegration of continuously cultivated Bacillus cereus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Escherichia coli could be achieved by corresponding variations in fermenter impeller speed (agitation rate). In all cases examined, the relationship between disintegration constant and impeller speed was found to be linear. Although changes in relative strengths of E. coli were observed with changes in limiting nutrient (nitrogen‐limited cells being weaker than carbon‐limited cells for any one impeller speed), this was compensated for by the increased volumes of nitrogen‐limited cells, and the relationship between disintegration constant and mean cell volume was linear, irrespective of nutrient limitation. Comparisons with other published data confirmed the view that for any one micro‐organism, irrespective of cultural conditions, the principal determinand of susceptibility to ultrasonic disintegration was mean cell volume.
Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: II. Biomass holdup and characteristics
Authors: Chen Shui J. , Li Chun T. , Shieh Wen K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe biomass holdup and characteristics of the anareobic fluidised bed system for methane recovery from liquid wastes was examined at COD loadings of between 5.8 to 108 kg m−3 day,−1 hydraulic retention times of between 0.45 to 8h, and feed COD concentrations of between 480 to 9000 mg dm−3. Under these operating conditions, the equilibrium biomass holdups increased with increasing COD loadings and varied from 15000 to 32000 mg VSS dm−3 The distribution of biomass holdup and biofilm thickness in the reactor was relatively uniform, because of the completely mixed conditions maintained and the continuous sloughing of biofilms induced by the effervescence caused by rising methane bubbles. This continuous biofilm sloughing process also eliminated the need for intentional sludge wasting and consequently, the resulting sludge retention time in the reactor decreased with increasing COD loadings. The ability of the anaerobic fluidized bed system to retain a high biomass holdup was clearly demonstrated. As a result this system is ideal for being employed as a high‐rate system for methane recovery from liquid wastes, even at low feed COD concentrations.
Immobilised plant cells: Respiration and oxygen transfer
Authors: Hulst Anne C. , Tramper Johannes , Brodelius Peter , Eijkenboom Leon J. C. , Luyben Karel Ch. A. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe influence of support material (calcium alginate, x‐carrageenan and agarose), cell loading and, in case of alginate, bead diameter on the rate of respiration of immobilised plant cells (Daucus carota) was investigated. No significant differences were observed between the three supports and no loss of respiration activity occurred as result of immobilisation per se. The results show further that above a critical combination of cell loading and bead diameter limitations of the rate of respiration by diffusion of oxygen increases with increasing loading and diameter.
Performance evaluation of the anaerobic fluidised bed system: III. Process kinetics
Authors: Shieh Wen K. , Li Chun T. , Chen Shui J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe anaerobic fluidised bed system for methane recovery from liquid wastes is modelled as a continuous‐flow, completely‐mixed homogeneous microbial system, with the feed COD as the limiting substrate concentration. The average microbial residence time in the reactor is defined in terms of conventional sludge retention time. The experimental data obtained indicate that the Michaelis‐Menten expression is applicable for description of substrate utilisation (i.e. COD removal) in the anaerobic fluidised bed system. The observed biomass yield in the reactor decreases with increasing sludge retention time which is consistent with the prediction of the biokinetic theory developed for suspended‐growth systems. The specific methane production rate observed is a linear function of the specific substrate utilisation rate.
Ethanolic fermentation by thermotolerant yeasts
Authors: Kar Rita , Viswanathan Laxmikanthrao 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe abilities of three thermotolerant yeast strains to ferment cane juice and molasses to ethanol were examined. Two of the strains gave adequate yields of ethanol both at 30°C and 40°C. One strain (a Candida tropicalis) proved superior to the other two having fermentation efficiencies of 92.6% and 90.4% on cane juice medium and 98% and 96% on molasses medium at 30°C and 40°C respectively. The possible value of thermotolerant yeasts in the fermentation industries of tropical and sub‐tropical regions is discussed.
Novel processes for cell recovery technology developments
Authors: Bowden Christopher P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper emphasises the new technical and economic processing demands presented by cell recovery processes, and the new incentives to innovate within the commercial biotechnological environment. In general, solid‐liquid separation technology has been a slow developer, and there has been little incentive to innovate. There are exceptions, such as the solid‐liquid handling/separation techniques developed in the nuclear industry, where the demanding process requirements, and to some extent economics, have dictated the need to innovate. In this paper such techniques as electrocoagulation, electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis, magnetism, ultrasonics and novel micro‐flotation are reviewed and their potentials assessed. This is done with special reference to the future implications of developing fermentation practice such as immobilised cell technology, separative fermentation; to application during novel broth conditioning regimes such as effects of ultrasound on flocculation; and to applications to standard separation equipment such as electrofiltration. The importance of a surface chemistry approach to the development of this technology is stressed.
Synthesis by enzymic catalysis II. Amino acid polymerisation
Authors: Selvi Christine , Baboulene Michel , Speziale Vincent , Lattes Armand 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn optimised method for the enzymic oligomerisation of methyl L‐tyrosinate is reported. The effects of the following parameters were studied: the nature of the enzyme, pH, substrate/enzyme ratio and the use of miscible solvents or biphasic media. Optimal conditions were achieved using papain, in an aqueous buffer at pH 5 with a substrate/enzyme ratio of 2.88 × 103 (mole). A tyrosine heptapeptide with a free carboxy terminal was prepared from the tyrosine methyl ester. Using a biphasic reaction medium, the final product had the same structure except that the C‐terminal was in the form of the methyl ester. A semi‐continuous reaction with repeated addition of the ester was required to maintain an adequate substrate/enzyme ratio. Several catalytic cycles could thus be achieved, producing considerable quantities of the oligomers with a limited amount of enzyme. Stereospecificity was demonstrated using the D, L derivative as substrate. Only the L‐tyrosine oligomer was produced, leaving the D‐ester in solution.
Influence of Pacific decadal oscillation and El Niño Southern oscillation on the summer monsoon precipitation in Myanmar
Authors: Sen Roy Shouraseni , Sen Roy N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the present study, we have examined the influence of two major teleconnections, namely, El Niño Southern oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the summer monsoon precipitation of Myanmar. We used 52 years (1951–2002) of monthly precipitation data from a high‐resolution gridded dataset developed by Climate Research Unit (CRU). The analysis was conducted at the regional scale consisting of five homogenous precipitation regions, and at the national level. The results of our study indicated an overall negative relationship between ENSO and precipitation patterns across Myanmar, with substantial regional level variations in the strength of the relationship. The role of ENSO on the resulting precipitation patterns, during El Niño years was stronger during the cold phase of PDO, whereas the reverse occurred during La Niña years. On the other hand, the role of PDO on the prevailing precipitation patterns was mostly positive during both its cold and warm phases. Furthermore, the difference between precipitations during the different phases of ENSO superimposed with the warm and cold periods of PDO, and showed overall higher average annual precipitation during cold PDO episodes. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Connection among Raman wavenumbers, bond length alternation and energy gap in polyynes
Authors: Milani Alberto , Tommasini Matteo , Zerbi Giuseppe 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA theoretical model based on Hückel theory is presented and applied to the infinite linear carbon chain. The effect of Peierls distortion, π‐electron confinement and electron–phonon coupling are interpreted on the basis of measurable parameters such as bond length alternation, electronic gap and Raman wavenumbers. A diagram is presented where the correlation among these quantities is shown on the basis of the model adopted. The effect of π‐electron confinement on experimental data can be directly evaluated, and insights on the physical properties of these materials can be derived. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breast Magnetic Resonance Imaging: An Overview for Nonradiologists
Authors: Margolies Laurie , Ha Richard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging is a major component of breast imaging. Many studies have shown that magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive imaging method for detecting invasive breast cancer in comparison with mammography, ultrasound, and clinical breast examinations. Evidence‐based clinical indications for breast magnetic resonance imaging include screening patients at high risk for breast cancer, including those with breast/ovarian cancer genes (BRCA1 and BRCA2), those who are untested first‐degree relatives of carriers of these genes, those whose lifetime risk of developing breast cancer is 20% to 25% or greater, those who had chest radiation when they were 10 to 30 years old, and those who have or are first‐degree relatives of people with Li‐Fraumeni syndrome, Cowden syndrome, or Bannayan‐Riley‐Ruvalcaba syndrome. Breast magnetic resonance imaging is performed in conjunction with mammography and does not replace mammography. Outside of the screening population, utilization of breast magnetic resonance imaging for newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and its use as a problem‐solving technique for equivocal mammographic or clinical findings remain controversial. An understanding of the current evidence facilitates appropriate utilization of this important medical resource. This article discusses indications for ordering breast magnetic resonance imaging and how to read the breast magnetic resonance imaging report and understand the lexicon used. Mt Sinai J Med 76:598‐605, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Chemotherapy for Gynecologic Cancers
Authors: Rahaman Jamal , Steiner Norma , Hayes Monica Prasad , Chuang Linus , Fishman David , Gretz III Herbert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis review highlights significant recent developments and trends in chemotherapy for major gynecologic malignancies, i.e., ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, uterine sarcomas, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, and cervical cancer. In ovarian cancer, chemotherapeutic options for early, advanced and recurrent disease are in the adjuvant setting as well as in the neoadjuvant setting are explored. For uterine cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy is employed for high risk epithelial subtypes with early disease, such as uterine papillary serous carcinomas, uterine carcinosarcomas and leiomyosarcomas, advanced stage cases, as well as recurrent disease. The review then proceeds to further discuss the appropriate treatment based on the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics prognostic scoring system for gestational trophoblastic neoplasia. Finally, chemotherapy is utilized in cervical cancer as neo‐adjuvant therapy prior to surgery or radiation, as a sensitizer concomitantly with radiation therapy or for the treatment of advanced and recurrent disease. Mt Sinai J Med 76:577‐588, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
A Comprehensive Approach to the Treatment of Uterine Leiomyomata
Authors: Stein Karen , Ascher‐Walsh Charles 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLeiomyomas (fibroids) are the most common tumors in women, with a prevalence between 30% and 50%. They affect women primarily during their reproductive years, spontaneously regressing after menopause in most women. They may cause significant symptoms of pain, dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding, and infertility. Because leiomyomas are so common, treatment should be reserved for those patients with symptoms. Treatment options have recently expanded beyond hysterectomy. Medical therapies, including gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonists and progesterone modulators, have become more widely used. Less invasive options such as uterine fibroid embolization, magnetic resonance imaging–guided focused ultrasound, and radiofrequency ablation are being used to avoid more invasive surgery. Because of limited and negative information regarding these alternatives to surgery, they are not recommended for women desiring future fertility. If surgery is desired or required, often less invasive approaches via hysteroscopy for intracavitary lesions or robot‐assisted laparoscopy for patients with a small number of myomas have become preferred options. Treatment should be tailored to the patient. Mt Sinai J Med 76:546‐556, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Obesity and Pregnancy: Implications and Management Strategies for Providers
Authors: Shirazian Taraneh , Raghavan Sreekala 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObesity in pregnancy (pregravid body mass ≥30) has been linked to several adverse pregnancy outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, fetal macrosomia, cesarean delivery, and wound complications post–cesarean section. Intrapartum and postpartum management of obese gravidas requires multidisciplinary consultations between obstetricians, anesthesiologists, nurses, and pediatricians in order to improve the pregnancy outcomes of the mother and neonate. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists currently supports risk‐reducing strategies for obese pregnant patients, including limiting weight gain to 15 lb (standardized by the Institute of Medicine). Interventions to reduce gestational weight gain may be important modifiable risk factors for maternal and fetal perinatal complications. Interventions have targeted modifications of diet and exercise with educational methods such as radio broadcasts, pamphlets, and counseling. Interventions have also focused on motivational methods, such as individual and group classes, and have been implemented both before conception and immediately after birth. Effective interventions appear to be individualized in approach, but there is a lack of data to support any specific model. Prospective interventional studies are needed to demonstrate the benefits of weight limitation on pregnancy outcomes. Mt Sinai J Med 76:539‐545, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Recent Advances in the Surgical Management of Cervical Cancer
Authors: Zakashansky Konstantin , Bradley William H. , Chuang Linus , Rahaman Jamal , Dottino Peter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecent advances in the surgical management of early cervical cancer, including abdominal, laparoscopic, vaginal, and robotic approaches to radical hysterectomy as well as fertility‐sparing radical trachelectomy, are reviewed. The nerve‐sparing abdominal radical hysterectomy technique allows for a significant reduction in postoperative bladder morbidity. Radical vaginal hysterectomy with laparoscopic lymph node dissection is a well‐recognized technique that offers excellent cure rates without abdominal entry as well as reduced postoperative febrile and gastrointestinal morbidity. Total laparoscopic radical hysterectomy is a minimally invasive alternative to the traditional abdominal radical hysterectomy approach and yields a comparable safety profile with a significant reduction in blood loss and hospital stay. Robotic surgery is becoming more widely accepted in the management of gynecologic cancers, including radical hysterectomy for early cervical cancer. Young women desiring to bear children in the future may be candidates for fertility preservation options, and the radical trachelectomy operation has been described and performed with abdominal, vaginal, laparoscopic, and robotic techniques. There are a number of surgical options for the treatment of women with early cervical cancer. The feasibility and safety of some of these techniques have been well established, whereas for others, the oncological outcome data are only preliminary. The decision to use newer techniques should be directed by patient variables as well as the surgeon's training and competence with laparoscopy, robotics, or vaginal surgery. Mt Sinai J Med 76:567‐576, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Genomics of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Manace Leslie Cole , Godiwala Tapan N. , Babyatsky Mark W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAs the leading cause of death worldwide and a major cause of disability, cardiovascular disease remains a central focus of basic research, pharmacological treatment, surgical interventions, and long‐term care. Inherited, monogenic syndromes have provided insight into pathophysiological mechanisms across the range of cardiovascular diseases. With the advent of post–Human Genome Project resources and technology, there has been a flood of research aimed at genome‐wide predisposition markers, pharmacogenetics, and genomic signatures in complex cardiovascular disorders. Genomic research has both further elucidated the impact of genes previously identified in cardiovascular disease development and progression and discovered genomic regions as yet unknown to be associated with cardiovascular outcomes. The promise of personalized medicine lies in combining this genetic information with other biomarkers to tailor preventive and therapeutic strategies to individual patients for effective management, fewer adverse events, and preventive care. Mt Sinai J Med 76:613‐623, 2009. © 2009 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
Quasi‐static analysis of elastic behavior for some systems having higher fracture densities
Authors: Berryman James G. , Aydin Atilla 
Published: December 2009

AbstractElastic behavior of geomechanical systems with interacting (but not intersecting) fractures is treated using generalizations of the Backus and the Schoenberg–Muir methods for analyzing layered systems whose layers are intrinsically anisotropic due to locally aligned fractures. By permitting the axis of symmetry of the locally anisotropic compliance matrix for individual layers to differ from that of the layering direction, we derive analytical formulas for interacting fractured regions with arbitrary orientations to each other. This procedure provides a systematic tool for studying how contiguous, but not yet intersecting, fractured domains interact, and provides a direct (though approximate)
means of predicting when and how such interactions lead to more dramatic weakening effects and ultimately to failure of these complicated systems. The method permits decomposition of the system elastic behavior into specific eigenmodes that can all be analyzed, and provides a better understanding about which of these specific modes are expected to be most important to the evolving failure process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.