bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Levels of Speech Usage rating scale: comparison of client self‐ratings with speech pathologist ratings
Authors: Gray Christina , Baylor Carolyn , Eadie Tanya , Kendall Diane , Yorkston Kathryn 
Published: January 2012

Abstract  Background: The term ‘speech usage’ refers to what people want or need to do with their speech to fulfil the communication demands in their life roles. Speech–language pathologists (SLPs) need to know about clients’ speech usage to plan appropriate interventions to meet their life participation goals. The Levels of Speech Usage is a categorical scale intended for client self‐report of speech usage, but SLPs may want the option to use it as a proxy‐report tool. The relationship between self‐report and clinician ratings should be examined before the instrument is used in a proxy format.Aims: The primary purpose of this study was to compare client self‐ratings with SLP ratings on the Levels of Speech Usage scale. The secondary purpose was to determine if the SLP ratings differed depending on whether or not the SLPs knew about the clients’ medical condition.Methods & Procedures: Self‐ratings of adults with communication disorders on the Levels of Speech Usage scale were available from prior research. Vignettes about these individuals were created from existing data. Two sets of vignettes were created. One set contained information about demographic information, living situation, occupational status and hobbies or social activities. The second set was identical to the first with the addition of information about the clients’ medical conditions and communication disorders. Various communication disorders were represented including dysarthria, voice disorders, laryngectomy, and mild cognitive and language disorders. Sixty SLPs were randomly divided into two groups with each group rating one set of vignettes. The task was completed online. While this does not replicate typical in‐person clinical interactions, it was a feasible method for this study. For data analysis, the client self‐ratings were considered fixed points and the percentage of SLP ratings in agreement with the self‐ratings was calculated.Outcomes & Results: The percentage of SLP ratings in exact agreement with client self‐ratings was 44.9%. Agreement was lowest for the less‐demanding speech usage categories and highest for the most demanding usage category. There was no significant difference between the two groups of SLPs based on knowledge of medical condition.Conclusions & Implications: SLPs often need to document the speech usage levels of clients. This study suggests the potential for SLPs to misjudge how clients see their own speech demands. Further research is needed to determine if similar results would be found in actual clinical interactions. Until then, SLPs should seek the input of their clients when using this instrument.
Effect of screening for Type 2 diabetes on population‐level self‐rated health outcomes and measures of cardiovascular risk: 13‐year follow‐up of the Ely cohort
Authors: Rahman M. , Simmons R. K. , Hennings S. H. , Wareham N. J. , Griffin S. J. 
Published: January 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 886–892 (2012)AbstractAims  There is continuing uncertainty regarding the overall net benefits of population‐based screening for Type 2 diabetes. We compared clinical measures, prescribed medication, cardiovascular morbidity and self‐rated health in individuals without diabetes in a screened vs. an unscreened population.Methods  A parallel‐group, cohort study of people aged 40–65 years, free of known diabetes, identified from the population register of a general practice in Ely, Cambridgeshire (n = 4936). In 1990–1992, one third (n = 1705), selected randomly, received an invitation for screening for diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors at 5‐yearly intervals (screened population). From the remainder of the sampling frame, 1705 randomly selected individuals were invited to diabetes screening 10 years later (unscreened population). Patients without known diabetes from both populations were invited for a health assessment.Results  Of 3390 eligible individuals without diabetes, 1442 (43%) attended for health assessment, with no significant difference in attendance between groups. Thirteen years after the commencement of screening, self‐rated functional health status and health utility were identical between the screened and unscreened populations. Clinical measures, self‐reported medication and cardiovascular morbidity were similar between the two groups.Conclusions  Screening for diabetes is not associated with long‐term harms at the population level. However, screening has limited long‐term impact on those testing negative; benefits may largely be restricted to those whose diabetes is detected early through screening.
Ethnicity modifies the relation between fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c in Indians, Malays and Chinese
Authors: Venkataraman K. , Kao S. L. , Thai A. C. , Salim A. , Lee J. J. M. , Heng D. , Tai E. S. , Khoo E. Y. H. 
Published: January 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 911–917 (2012)AbstractAims  To study whether HbA1c, and its relationship with fasting plasma glucose, was significantly different among Chinese, Malays and Indians in Singapore.Methods  A sample of 3895 individuals without known diabetes underwent detailed interview and health examination, including anthropometric and biochemical evaluation, between 2004 and 2007. Pearson’s correlation, analysis of variance and multiple linear regression analyses were used to examine the influence of ethnicity on HbA1c.Results  As fasting plasma glucose increased, HbA1c increased more in Malays and Indians compared with Chinese after adjustment for age, gender, waist circumference, serum cholesterol, serum triglyceride and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P‐interaction < 0.001). This translates to an HbA1c difference of 1.1 mmol/mol (0.1%, Indians vs. Chinese), and 0.9 mmol/mol (0.08%, Malays vs. Chinese) at fasting plasma glucose 5.6 mmol/l (the American Diabetes Association criterion for impaired fasting glycaemia); and 2.1 mmol/mol (0.19%, Indians vs. Chinese) and 2.6 mmol/mol (0.24%, Malays vs. Chinese) at fasting plasma glucose 7.0 mmol/l, the diagnostic criterion for diabetes mellitus.Conclusions  Using HbA1c in place of fasting plasma glucose will reclassify different proportions of the population in different ethnic groups. This may have implications in interpretation of HbA1c results across ethnic groups and the use of HbA1c for diagnosing diabetes mellitus.
Discrimination in Scientific Review: A Natural Field Experiment on Blind versus Non‐Blind Reviews*
Authors: Carlsson Fredrik , Löfgren Åsa , Sterner Thomas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractUsing papers submitted to an international conference on economics held in Sweden in 2008, we analyze how gender, as well as other characteristics of the authors and reviewers, affects the grading of these papers by the reviewers. Correcting for other variables, including the country and research field, as well as the academic level of the author, we focus on the difference in grades between blind and non‐blind review treatments. We find that non‐blind reviewing has little effect, and there is no significant evidence of gender discrimination. Furthermore, we do not find any significant difference between the average grading by female and male reviewers.
Regulation of Investments in Infrastructure: The Interplay between Strategic Behaviors and Initial Endowments
Authors: CLAUDE DENIS , FIGUIÈRES CHARLES , TIDBALL MABEL 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper explores the dynamic properties of price‐based policies in a model of competition between two jurisdictions. Jurisdictions invest over time in infrastructure to increase the quality of the environment, a global public good. They are identical in all respects but one: initial stocks of infrastructure. This is a dynamic type of heterogeneity that disappears in the long run. Therefore, at the steady state, usual intuitions from static settings apply: identical jurisdictions inefficiently underinvest, calling for public subsidies. In the short run, however, counterintuitive properties are established: (i) the evolution of capital stocks can be nonmonotonic and (ii) one jurisdiction can be temporarily taxed, even though it should increase its investment, whereas the other is subsidized. It is shown how these phenomena are related to initial conditions and the kind of interactions between infrastructure capitals, complementarity or substitutability.
Public Sector Rationing and Private Sector Selection
Authors: GRASSI SIMONA , MA CHING‐TO ALBERT 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe study the interaction between nonprice public rationing and prices in the private market. Under a limited budget, the public supplier uses a rationing policy. A private firm may supply the good to those consumers who are rationed by the public system. Consumers have different amounts of wealth, and costs of providing the good to them vary. We consider two regimes. First, the public supplier observes consumers’ wealth information; second, the public supplier observes both wealth and cost information. The public supplier chooses a rationing policy, and, simultaneously, the private firm, observing only cost but not wealth information, chooses a pricing policy. In the first regime, there is a continuum of equilibria. The Pareto dominant equilibrium is a means‐test equilibrium: poor consumers are supplied while rich consumers are rationed. Prices in the private market increase with the budget. In the second regime, there is a unique equilibrium. This exhibits a cost‐effectiveness rationing rule; consumers are supplied if and only if their cost–benefit ratios are low. Prices in the private market do not change with the budget. Equilibrium consumer utility is higher in the cost‐effectiveness equilibrium than the means‐test equilibrium.
Corporate Debt, Hybrid Securities, and the Effective Tax Rate
Authors: PANTEGHINI PAOLO M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractEffective tax rates (ETRs) are useful tools to make comparisons between different tax systems. However, the existing ETR measures are based on rather simplifying assumptions. In particular, they disregard the existence of different kinds of debt and hybrid securities. In this paper, we use contingent‐claim analysis to calculate the ETR. We will therefore deal with both pure debt and two of the most well‐known hybrid securities, that is, convertible and reverse convertible bonds. We will show that effective taxation crucially depends on the characteristics of debt and that the existing measures of ETR can be dramatically biased, since they account neither for default risk nor for the ability to convert debt into equity.
Writing Clearly: The ECB’s Monetary Policy Communication
Authors: Bulíř Aleš , Čihák Martin , Šmídkova Kateřina Š 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe article presents a novel methodology for measuring the clarity of central bank communication using content analysis, illustrating the methodology with the case of the European Central Bank (ECB). The analysis identifies the ECB’s written communication as clear in about 85-95% of instances, which is comparable with, or better than, similar results available for other central banks. We also find that the additional information on risk to inflation and especially projection risk assessment contained in the ECB’s Monthly Bulletins helps to improve communication clarity compared to ECB’s press releases. In contrast, the bulletin’s communication on monetary developments has a negative, albeit small, impact on clarity.
TEACHING OLD DOGS NEW TRICKS: FOUR MOTIFS OF LEGAL CHANGE FROM EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Authors: WILDER COLIN F. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTIn the past millennium, there have been thousands of polities in Europe and millions of laws. This article contributes to efforts by historians and sociologists to make some sense of this sprawl by constructing common types of law and legal change. Such types constitute distinctive patterns by which historical actors change names, ideas, and applications of rules of law under various circumstances. Three classic forms of change, namely legislation, mutation of custom, and judge‐made law, were described by Max Weber. To Weber's model I add four new types or motifs of change, which I dub legal deeds, voice‐supersession, legal fictions, and anthropological expansion. The major advance of the four motifs is that they each combine what could be called a semantic and a social view of legal change. That is, they take seriously the fact that law is often bound in a self‐conscious tradition of thought and practice. But each motif of change is also characterized by a typified social configuration of legal operators and legal subjects, who apply competing ideas to one another in distinctive ways. The paradigm of law in which the four motifs are embedded is evolutionary, pluralist, and liberal in that it posits creative social organization by multiple, independent, interacting individuals in society, weaving cumulative, complex orders.This theory makes several significant scholarly interventions. First, it attempts to reconcile outstanding semantic and social theories of legal change. Second, it historicizes legal pluralism while giving evolutionary theory a healthy dose of contingency. Third, the four motifs should also be serviceable to intellectual historians as tools for describing how historical actors interact with traditions generally. Tradition need not be viewed as conservative or even overwhelmingly static. This paradigm may help historians and social scientists assess how the force of the status quo balances against the power of individuals to innovate.
THE INCOMMENSURABILITY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS AND HISTORY
Authors: SCOTT JOAN W. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis article argues that, although psychoanalysis and history have different conceptions of time and causality, there can be a productive relationship between them. Psychoanalysis can force historians to question their certainty about facts, narrative, and cause; it introduces disturbing notions about unconscious motivation and the effects of fantasy on the making of history. This was not the case with the movement for psychohistory that began in the 1970s. Then the influence of American ego‐psychology on history‐writing promoted the idea of compatibility between the two disciplines in ways that undercut the critical possibilities of their interaction. The work of the French historian Michel de Certeau provides theoretical insight into the uses of incommensurability, while that of Lyndal Roper demonstrates both its limits and its value for enriching historical understanding.
ARE WE HARD‐WIRED TO THINK ABOUT HISTORY?
Authors: Motzkin Gabriel 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTThis book assumes that basic ways of thinking about history are hard‐wired in the brain. Since different styles of discourse with which we talk about the past are hardwired, Blum infers that a protohistorical consciousness is necessary for the existence of language. Historical logics reflect some preconceived part–whole relation. Blum discerns four kinds of part‐whole structure, which he terms continuity, quantum, continuum, and dialectic. Blum believes that these part–whole relations rest on universal, prereflective intuitions. He concludes that humans have different prelinguistic intuitions of time.Blum claims that people's variable innate temporality is expressed in their historical style. It follows that historical style antedates history as a genre. Hence we are not talking about historical style, but about how individuals apply their sense of the relation between parts and wholes to the problem of time. Our study of historical context becomes secondary to the assumptions we make about the interface between part–whole relations and time. The temporality of history is derivative of a phenomenon that is not historical.Certain conclusions are suggestive. First, modality precedes tense in evolution. Second, we ourselves are continuing to evolve. Blum believes that we are moving “towards a selection of abstract thinkers ruled by pure reason.” Instead of viewing cultures as organisms, it is more profitable to think of the evolution of structures of thinking, and to show that some are more prominent at present than they have been in the past.For Blum, historical thinking is a dependent variable. It depends on tense and modality, which are given before language and culture. Historical thinking reflects a primary experience, but it is not such a primary experience itself.
Crime and Criminology in the Eye of the Novelist: Trends in Nineteenth Century Literature
Authors: Burney Elizabeth 
Published: January 2012

AbstractMany leading novelists of the 19th Century were deeply concerned with crime and its causes, reflecting concerns of the period and often raising ideas which find resonance with modern criminological theories. The structural causes of crime; the negative effect of ill‐treatment and harsh punishment; labelling theory; the possibility of redemption and desistance; the ingrained flaws in individual characters which result in a propensity to crime and deviance, enhanced by bad influences and criminogenic environments; the social pressures (labelled ‘strain theory’ by criminologists) which drive outsiders to gain wealth and status by illegitimate means – all these can be found in fiction of the period. This article takes examples from English, French and Russian literature to illustrate these themes. The article also links fiction to the development of perceptions about crime and criminals as the century progressed.
Is Probation Still Possible?
Authors: Raynor Peter 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis article is based on the 14th Bill McWilliams Memorial Lecture, delivered at the Institute of Criminology in Cambridge on 22 June 2011. It contrasts the present and likely future state of probation services in England and Wales with their good standing and reputation in the third quarter of the 20th Century, and considers whether there are core features of probation which can be identified in its earlier theory and practice which help to account for this. It traces the recent history of probation services in England and Wales in the context of social and political changes, and questions how much a probation service which moves away from help towards punishment can still have in common with earlier visions. Finally, some future possibilities are discussed, together with the political conditions which might help or hinder them.
Commentary: Studies on Binge‐Like Ethanol Drinking May Help to Identify the Neurobiological Mechanisms Underlying the Transition to Dependence
Authors: Thiele Todd E. 
Published: January 2012

Background:The goals of this commentary are to discuss the important contributions of the work by Kaur and colleagues titled “Corticotropin‐releasing factor acting on corticotropin‐releasing factor receptor type 1 is critical for binge alcohol drinking in mice,” published in this issue of Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, and to highlight the importance of preclinical research aimed at identifying the neurobiology of binge ethanol drinking.Methods and Results:The work by Kaur and colleagues provides an important extension of previous pharmacological evidence implicating the corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) type‐1 receptor (CRF1R) in binge‐like ethanol drinking by verifying the role of the CRF1R using genetic tools, and by establishing that CRF, but not urocortin 1 (Ucn1), is the primary neuropeptide associated with the CRF system that modulates binge‐like ethanol drinking in C57BL/6J mice.Conclusions:It is suggested that the evidence for a critical role of the CRF1R in excessive ethanol intake observed in both models of binge‐like ethanol drinking and dependence‐like ethanol intake indicates that overlapping mechanisms may be involved, and that studies that employ models of binge‐like ethanol drinking may provide insight into the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the transition to ethanol dependence.
Factors Noted to Affect Breast Cancer Treatment Decisions of Women Aged 80 and Older
Authors: Schonberg Mara A. , Silliman Rebecca A. , McCarthy Ellen P. , Marcantonio Edward R. 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesTo identify factors that influence the breast cancer treatment decisions of women aged 80 and older.DesignMedical record review.SettingOne academic primary care clinic and two community health centers in Boston.ParticipantsSixty‐five women aged 80 and older diagnosed with breast cancer between 1994 and 2004 and followed through June 30, 2010.MeasurementsData were abstracted on breast cancer characteristics, comorbidities, treatments received, and outcomes. Notes from primary care physicians, oncologists, and breast surgeons were reviewed to determine factors involved in treatment decision‐making.ResultsMedian age at diagnosis was 84.0 (interquartile range 82.0–86.3), 55 (84.6%) were non‐Hispanic white, and 40 (61.5%) had at least one comorbidity. Nine women were diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ, 42 with a new primary invasive breast cancer, eight with a second primary, and six with a breast cancer recurrence. Sixty‐three (96.9%) received some type of treatment. Fifty‐six (86.2%) had at least one detailed physician note on treatment decision‐making in their charts. The main categories found to influence participant, family, and physician treatment decision‐making were tumor characteristics, ratio of treatment benefits to risks, logistics (e.g., transportation, finances), and participant age, health (including a concurrent diagnosis), and psychosocial characteristics. Family was involved in treatment discussions for 46 (70.8%) participants.ConclusionThe quality of physician documentation about decision‐making in these women was high. A great amount of thoughtful and complex decision‐making involving patients, family, and physicians occurs after a woman aged 80 and older is diagnosed with breast cancer.
Life‐Space Mobility in Mexican Americans Aged 75 and Older
Authors: Snih Soham Al , Peek Kristen M. , Sawyer Patricia , Markides Kyriakos S. , Allman Richard M. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2012

ObjectivesTo examine the factors associated with life‐space mobility in older Mexican Americans.DesignCross‐sectional study involving a population‐based survey.SettingHispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly survey conducted in the southwestern of United States (Texas, Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, and California).ParticipantsSeven hundred twenty‐eight Mexican‐American men and women aged 75 and older.MeasurementsSociodemographic factors, self‐reported physician diagnoses of medical conditions (arthritis, diabetes mellitus, heart attack, stroke, hip fracture, and cancer), depressive symptoms, cognitive function, body mass index (BMI), upper and lower extremity muscle strength, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), activities of daily living (ADLs), and the life‐space assessment (LSA) were assessed in in‐home interviews.ResultsThe mean age of participants was 84.2 ± 4.2. Sixty‐five percent were female. Mean LSA score was 41.7 ± 20.9. Multiple regression analysis showed that older age, being female, limitation in ADLs, stroke, high depressive symptoms, and a BMI index of 35 kg/m2 and greater were significantly associated with lower LSA scores. Education and better lower extremity function and muscle strength were factors significantly associated with higher LSA scores.ConclusionOlder Mexican Americans had restricted life‐space, with approximately 80% limited to their home or neighborhood. Older age, female sex, stroke, high depressive symptoms, BMI of 35 kg/m2 or greater, and ADL disability were related to less life‐space. Future studies are needed to examine the association between life‐space and health outcomes and to characterize the trajectory of life‐space over time in this population.