bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Ballaster Ros 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets out the purpose of the book, which is to give an account of the conditions that enabled some women writers in the late 17th and early 18th century to ‘profit’, both materially and ideologically, from the narcissistic strategies that Aphra Behn's heroine learns through the course of the novel. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Introduction
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe economic and political importance of the Dutch Republic in 17th-century Europe is evident, but while the Dutch economy has received considerable attention in recent years the same cannot be said for its political system. This book approaches the task of re-interpreting the politics of the Republic in the years of its greatness in three main ways. The centre of attention is the province of Holland as by far the most important member of the Union, but its role in the government of the Republic and particularly the practical problems which arose in its relations with the other provinces are also seen as central issues. The political process is looked at from the ground up, which seems more appropriate to such a decentralized system than a conventional top-down approach. Attention is focused not on the formal and constitutional aspects of the system, but on how it worked in practice.
Catholics, Dissenters, and Politics
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAnother circumstance which affected the atmosphere in which politics took place in the towns of Holland in the 17th century was the existence of significant groups of people who were outside the ranks of the official church. In principle, of course, Protestants who were not members of the Reformed Church had no role in the political life of their town, and the Catholics would have been banned even more definitively if this had been possible. In practice matters were not always as clear cut as this suggests: Catholics or quasi-Catholics may have remained in the governments of some towns in Holland into the second or third decades of the century, and the more respectable dissenting protestant groups had sympathisers, if not open adherents, among the regent elite for much of the century.
Provincial Administration and Courts
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe decentralised nature of the Dutch political system meant not only that the central government of the Dutch Republic was very limited in its powers, but also that there was a certain weakness at the centre of provincial government. The most prominent organs of central control outside the States themselves were the provincial courts, and here there were some peculiar features, as both these courts served not just Holland but Zeeland as well, thus constituting a very unusual contravention of the normally watertight separation between the two provinces. These courts were partly the lineal descendants of the court of the counts of Holland and Zeeland, and partly a replacement for the Grote Raad (Great Council) at Mechelen as appeal court. The chapter further discusses the Hof van Holland and the Hoge Raad.
Republicans and Orangists
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe dichotomy between republicans and orangists is discarded as an unhelpful anachronism: factions operating at the provincial level, not party, is seen as the reality of the time. In contrast to this approach, the argument in this chapter is essentially that republicanism and orangism, or support for the states of Holland, on the one side, or for the stadhouders, on the other, were the two defining orientations of political life in the province of Holland, and similar polarities probably existed in the other provinces as well, though the latter question lies outside the scope of this discussion. These competing but related ways of interpreting contemporary political reality demanded and commanded loyalty from individuals and families both within the regent group and in the population of the province more generally, certainly not in the same sense as a modern political party, but nevertheless shaping the loyalties and perceptions of political actors in fundamental ways.
Provincial Autonomy and the Survival of the Union
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractDespite its high degree of decentralization, the Dutch political system produced firm and consistent policies that were, if not always successful, sensible responses to the problems facing the Republic. To this extent, the Dutch Republic was a living refutation of conventional wisdom regarding the necessity of both strong central direction and monarchical leadership, just as its unusually tolerant religious policies proved, in despite of contemporary assumptions, that religious diversity was compatible with a stable social and political system. Moreover, given the lack of homogeneity between the different provinces of the Republic, it seems clear that not only did the decentralised system work remarkably well, but that such a system was the only way in which the Union could have been made to work at all. The principal problem which the Dutch state had to deal with was how to construct a stable and workable system despite the enormous imbalance of power and wealth between Holland and the other provinces.
Introduction: The Dynamics of Frontier Development
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Late 19th-century changes in the international economy facilitated Canadian and Argentine prosperity. Lying at the either end of the hemisphere, these two countries blended into the transnational flow of finance, technology, and labour whose circulation reached unparalleled intensity. They were not the sole beneficiaries of that boom; the rest of Latin America, or other British Dominions, and the western region of the United States also responded to similar opportunities. Argentina and Canada were unique in the force and scale of their advance. Favorable international demand for their staples coupled with aggressive government policy changed the landscape of the vacant hinterlands of the Argentine pampas and the Canadian prairies. Likewise, only the United States attracted more foreign investments. The infusion of foreign labour and capital helped convert their empty grasslands into bread baskets. Few doubted the advantages of integrating peripheral regions into a burgeoning world economy.
Land Use and Distribution on the Prairies
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
American homestead legislation was embodied in the Dominion Lands Act of 1872, aimed to foster the settlement of the open lands with ‘family farms’. Since landownership was the goal of the settlers, and legislation allocated exclusive private property rights to homesteaders and not to ranchers, the judicial system favoured enclosure of the public domain for use in small-scale arable agriculture. As the amount of free homestead land dwindled, settlers increasingly staked land within territories reserved for grazing. This chapter discusses the political economy of the settlement, the land market and speculation, land distribution, and land use.
Labour on the Pampas
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the scarcity of labour and its implications in the agricultural expansion in the 19th century in Argentina. It discusses immigration policy and inter-regional migration to the pampas; immigration, emigration and net migration in 1890 to 1814, seasonal labour, and tenancy. As work conditions failed to meet the expectations of Argentina's working classes, bargaining spilled over into open confrontations between labourers and capitalists. Urban and rural strikes, which gained increasing momentum as the War approached, generated anxiety about the social state of affairs.
Images of Authority Ideologies of Power
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses political primacy accorded to landed property. Political authority within the English state rested on the same foundations of superior social status, and was defended through an ideological appeal to the prerogatives of landed property. Political order within parliament was seen a reflecting the social order within the localities. By insisting that society should be organic, hierarchical, and authoritarian, conservative ideology tended also to defend the decentralization of power within the state.
Conclusion
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By the mid-nineteenth century, the participatory traditions of local self-government in rural England had been substantially eroded. Edwin Chadwick spoke of the ‘principles of 1834’ with visionary ecstasy, and was echoed by reformers, the public-health lobby, and prison reformers most notably. Had the new poor-law unions not proved unpopular, they would in all probability have constituted the framework within which a comprehensive restructuring of local government could have been undertaken.
Forming Revolutionary Government
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of the formation of the revolutionary government in France during the later part of the 18th century. The destruction of executive power between April 1792 and April 1793 led to the creation of revolutionary means of directing the war effort and to the gradual disappearance of the separation of powers. The rebuilding of state power began in April 1793 when the Committee of Public Safety replaced the Committee of General Defence and made it possible for the legislature to usurp executive power without destroying it.
Controlling the Army
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the government's strategies for controlling the army during the French Revolution. During this period, the army had acquired enormous prestige which could be exploited by generals inclined to share in political power. To prevent this, the National Convention centralized direction of strategy, consolidated organizational changes, improved the government's knowledge of unit composition and location, and enhanced the effectiveness of special services. In central military administration, political means of control were replaced by technical ones which contributed to bureaucratic expansion and formal rationalization.
The Crisis of 1799
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the fall of the French Republic during the crisis of 1799. This crisis resulted from the contrast between the high political aspirations of republicanism and the sordid reality of the manipulation of elections. In addition, the French Directory also failed to achieve its stated aims of victorious peace abroad and the rule of law at home. The Republic failed to accomplish enough to allow it to continue its existence.
Conclusion Germany's Cold Civil War
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This concluding chapter sums up the key findings of this study on the history of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) in West Germany. After 1945, the KPD history was a catalogue of failures. However, the KPD did not disintegrate nor break ties with Moscow, and in 1989 the West German Communists in Dusseldorf resisted the blandishments of the renewers for even longer than their comrades in East Berlin. This chapter also suggests that if anybody can be regarded as the director of the KPD's actions, it must be East German leader Walter Ulbricht.
Background: The First World War in Western Consciousness
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The First World War was a landmark in Western consciousness, yet its significance in the several nations involved differed greatly. In the mid-1920s a formal and vague consensus in favour of international reconciliation was formed however it proved to be too fragile and short-lived. With the downfall of the international economic system, the international reconciliation was faced with the difficulties brought about by the differences of interests within countries and the differing stand and acceptance of the Locarno Treaty. Rather than generating new fundamentals, the war accentuated the long-standing differences between national attitudes causing them to move in different directions, mentally and geographically. This chapter is primarily concerned with the westernmost parts of the Western World. This chapter discusses the emergence of new and liberal attitudes against war. While pacifism became stronger and vocal compared to earlier times, it remained a marginal phenomenon which was later sought to be replaced by cooperation and collective security. This chapter also discusses Liddell Hart's biography and his growing distance and change of attitude to the precepts of war.
Policy: Defence of the West (I): Containment in the 1930s
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By the beginning of the 1930s, after having written his history of the First World War, Liddell Hart set out to define more closely what had gone wrong with the war. He approached the question from a general point of view, reviewing Britain's historical war policy, from which he claimed she diverged without real justification and with disastrous results. This chapter does not aim to discuss the momentous events and major decisions of the 1930s, 1940s, and the 1950s and make the case for or against Liddell Hart's positions. The chapter neither aims to present Liddell Hart's role in the British decision-making. This chapter rather, discusses Liddell Hart's edifice of logic in approaching the overall political and strategic problem facing Britain in the late 1930s. This chapter focuses on the stand and viewpoint of Liddell Hart on the issue of Great Alliance, cold war and containment during the 1930s.
Lord John Russell and the Irish Catholic Church: Problems and Plans
Authors: KERR DONAL A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Even if Lord John Russell shared the English dislike of Catholicism, he possessed to a high degree the Whig insistence on liberty and justice. His sympathy for Irish Catholics was genuine, if somewhat removed from the reality of the peasant’s plight. Russell was in opposition from 1841 to 1846. Alarmed at the discontent in Ireland, he concluded that the Tory government was ruining the good relations he had established. Russell finally came to power on issues closely connected with Ireland and her problems: the repeal of the Corn Laws and an Irish Coercion bill. Russell’s great plan was to conciliate Irish Catholics by improving the state of their Church and by according it rights analogous, if not actually equal to, those of the Established Church. However, the first nine months of Russell’s administration saw more deaths than any similar period before or since in the history of Ireland.
The Pure Speech of Caesarius of Arles
Authors: Leyser Conrad 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCaesarius of Arles, Julianus Pomerius’ star pupil, has the reputation of a popular preacher of great fervour and enduring influence. In one sense, Caesarius’ mission as a preacher had been to secure the assimilation by his hearers of an inherited language — the words of Scripture and the texts of the Fathers. In devoting his prodigious energies to the fulfilment of this vocation, however, Caesarius had left his successors with an indelible sense of his own voice. His claim simply to represent an established tradition jarred with the palpable force of his intervention. Caesarius’ very rhetorical charisma undermined his own attempts to routinize the spiritual purification of his flock. This tension between the language of tradition and the voice of the individual speaker was inherent in the asceticism of ‘pure speech’ as promulgated by John Cassian. Caesarius’ prowess as a popular preacher is understood to follow from his close attention to the example of Augustine of Hippo.
A Paradigm of the Dublin Collection Vita IV S. Brigitae
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We know from the table of contents in M that D originally contained a Life of St Brigit, but it is now lacking from both manuscripts. This chapter shows that it survives as the anonymous Vita IV in two seventeenth-century editions. The Life was attributed by Fr. Hugh Ward to Ultán of Ardbraccan and by John Colgan to an unknown author, Animosus, whom he equated with the Irish name Anmchad. But since Colgan thought the metrical Life to have been written in the eighth century, it was obvious that this Anmchad could not be the Animosus there referred to. Vita IV's value is greatest as an index to the changes in style and content between seventh-century hagiography and the works of the age of the D-redactor, and especially as a paradigm of the latter's editorial activity. Based on evidence, Vita IV appears to be the Dublin text of the Life of St Brigit. This discovery is of some importance for the study of the redaction of the vitae of Irish saints in the three later medieval collections.
Manuscripts of the Oxford Collection
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Oxford collection is preserved in two parchment manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, MS Rawlinson B. 485 (R) and MS Rawlinson B. 505 (I). Revd Charles Plummer has proven beyond reasonable doubt that the latter is a copy of the former. The two manuscripts contained (before the mutilation of R) the same collection of Irish saints' Lives in exactly the same recension, though in a different order. More importantly, Plummer noted that the agreement of the two manuscripts extended to ‘the most minute peculiarities of reading’, which he briefly illustrated in places where S offered a parallel and more accurate text. All this might show only that both were conscientiously copied from the same exemplar, but the decisive argument is this: R uses a large number of capricious contractions, which the scribe of I tried to expand, but frequently his expansions are incorrect. These false expansions prove that I was copied from a text which used peculiar abbreviations — at the meaning of which the copyist had to guess — and all can be explained from R.
Selling Vodka: The Tax Farm—Structure, Metabolism, and Ecology
Authors: Christian David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
If the tavern was the cell of the liquor trade in Russia during the nineteenth century, the tax farm was the organism. And while in the history of tax farming, as in that of living creatures, there had been a time when the organism was the cell, by the nineteenth century this was no longer true. By the mid-nineteenth century, there were two distinct types of tax farm in the Russian Empire. First, there were retail farms, whose lessees were granted monopolies on the retail trade in vodka. Then there were the ‘excise tax farms’. Most tax farms were multi-celled commercial organisms, coordinating the activities of ten, twenty, thirty, or more taverns (or distilleries in the privileged provinces after 1851). This chapter examines the nature, the anatomy, and the commercial metabolism of the tax farm — how it functioned and nourished itself as a commercial enterprise. It also considers the tax farm's ‘ecology’, and in particular, the symbiotic relationship with the Russian government, without which tax farms could not possibly have survived so long.
‘Killing the Hundred-Headed Hydra’: The Abolition of Tax Farming
Authors: Christian David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
On paper, the Russian government had been committed to the abolition of tax farming since the late 1840s. And Alexander II, who had already accepted the challenge of abolishing serfdom, was in a mood for decisive change. Yet as late as 1858, his government evaded a firm decision on the future of the tax farm, and there remained serious divisions on the matter within the government. Decisions of some kind had to be taken early in 1858, as the old tax farms expired at the end of the year. However, it was too late to undertake a major reform. The government decided to cancel the reform, thereby opting, once more, for its now traditional policy of masterly inactivity. A commission was set up in November 1860 to tackle many detailed aspects of the reform and its implementation. The issue of the nobility's monopoly on distilling first came up in relation to regions such as Stavropol. This chapter discusses the liquor trade, the excise tax, and the abolition of the tax farm for vodka in 19th-century Russia.
From the Marriage Act of 1753 to 1868
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Marriage law as it operated in England from the fourteenth to nineteenth centuries was a mess. The church asserted that mere verbal consent, freely given and duly witnessed, constituted a binding marriage. But common law denied the effect of the transmission of property of these private contracts. Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act of 1753 shut down the Fleet marriage market but it was unable to stop lower-class concubinage supported by local custom, flight over the border to Gretna Green, and the widespread practice of having the banns published not in the parish church of residence but in the safe anonymity of big urban churches. The root cause of the trouble was that there was no consensus within society at large about how a legally binding marriage should be implemented.
Desertion, Elopement, and Wife-sale
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses different modes of marital break-up such as desertion, elopement, and wife-sale. There were five distinct ways in which the break-up of marriage in England could occur in the early modern period, the first two of which involved litigation. These two were separation from bed and board, without permission to remarry; and a full divorce, with permission to remarry. The third method, confined to the middling and better sort, was private separation. The fourth method, involving those who had little or no property, was desertion or elopement. Husbands sometimes ejected their wives and locked them out of the house, or set up a new household elsewhere with a mistress. A much rarer method of separation was by the ritual of wife-sale, a custom unique to Britain and New England, in which a husband publicly sold his wife and all legal responsibility for her and her upkeep.
Epilogue: The Century of Divorce Law Reform, 1857–1987
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter traces the story of the divorce revolution from the first breach in the barrier in 1857 to the situation in 1987. As changing social mores came into conflict with resisting legislative conservatism and wavering religious beliefs, the end result churned out around 150,000 divorces a year by 1987. The discussion explores why divorce grew only very slowly after the Divorce Act of 1857, so that the numbers were still negligible in 1914. It also examines why, after 1914, and especially after 1960, there was an unprecedented growth in the number of divorces, accompanied by weakening moral controls over adultery by either sex.
Introduction
Authors: Denham A. E. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book explores questions regarding the metaphysics of morals and moral epistemology, as well as questions in the philosophy of mind and the philosophy of language. In particular, it addresses the theory of metaphor. Art and morality are related in more than one dimension, but this book considers only one of these dimensions: the way in which works of art inform one's moral beliefs. The discussion is confined further to literary art alone, and that only, or almost only, in connection with one common feature of literary art, namely, the use of metaphor. The book examines in what way may one's engagement with literary art, and more particularly metaphorical discourse, informs his/her moral beliefs. The answer to that question can be extended to other features of literary discourse and indeed to other art forms.