bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From single‐pulsed field gradient to double‐pulsed field gradient MR: gleaning new microstructural information and developing new forms of contrast in MRI
Authors: Shemesh Noam , Özarslan Evren , Komlosh Michal E. , Basser Peter J. , Cohen Yoram 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOne of the hallmarks of diffusion NMR and MRI is its ability to utilize restricted diffusion to probe compartments much smaller than the excited volume or the MRI voxel, respectively, and to extract microstructural information from them. Single‐pulsed field gradient (s‐PFG) MR methodologies have been employed with great success to probe microstructures in various disciplines, ranging from chemistry to neuroscience. However, s‐PFG MR also suffers from inherent shortcomings, especially when specimens are characterized by orientation or size distributions: in such cases, the microstructural information available from s‐PFG experiments is limited or lost. Double‐pulsed field gradient (d‐PFG) MR methodology, an extension of s‐PFG MR, has attracted attention owing to recent theoretical studies predicting that it can overcome certain inherent limitations of s‐PFG MR. In this review, we survey the microstructural features that can be obtained from conventional s‐PFG methods in the different q regimes, and highlight its limitations. The experimental aspects of d‐PFG methodology are then presented, together with an overview of its theoretical underpinnings and a general framework for relating the MR signal decay and material microstructure, affording new microstructural parameters. We then discuss recent studies that have validated the theory using phantoms in which the ground truth is well known a priori, a crucial step prior to the application of d‐PFG methodology in neuronal tissue. The experimental findings are in excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions and reveal, inter alia, zero‐crossings of the signal decay, robustness towards size distributions and angular dependences of the signal decay from which accurate microstructural parameters, such as compartment size and even shape, can be extracted. Finally, we show some initial findings in d‐PFG MR imaging. This review lays the foundation for future studies, in which accurate and novel microstructural information could be extracted from complex biological specimens, eventually leading to new forms of contrast in MRI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplified immersed interface methods for elliptic interface problems with straight interfaces
Authors: Feng Xiufang , Li Zhilin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this article, we propose simplified immersed interface methods for elliptic partial/ordinary differential equations with discontinuous coefficients across interfaces that are few isolated points in 1D, and straight lines in 2D. For one‐dimensional problems or two‐dimensional problems with circular interfaces, we propose a conservative second‐order finite difference scheme whose coefficient matrix is symmetric and definite. For two‐dimensional problems with straight interfaces, we first propose a conservative first‐order finite difference scheme, then use the Richardson extrapolation technique to get a second‐order method. In both cases, the finite difference coefficients are almost the same as those for regular problems. Error analysis is given along with numerical example. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 188–203, 2012
A discontinuous finite volume element method for second‐order elliptic problems
Authors: Bi Chunjia , Liu Mingming 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn this article, we propose a new discontinuous finite volume element (DFVE) method for the second‐order elliptic problems. We treat the DFVE method as a perturbation of the interior penalty method and get a superapproximation estimate in a mesh dependent norm between the solution of the DFVE method and that of the interior penalty method. This reveals that the DFVE method is much closer to the interior penalty method than we have known. By using this superapproximation estimate, we can easily get the optimal order error estimates in the L2 ‐norm and in the maximum norms of the DFVE method.© 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 28: 425–440, 2012
Multicentric osteosarcoma associated with DISH, in a 19th century burial from England
Authors: Ortner Donald J. , Ponce Paola , Ogden Alan , Buckberry Jo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOsteosarcoma is a rare type of malignant neoplasm that is most frequent in adolescents and young adults although it can develop at any age. It can metastasize from a primary site in bone to other bones and soft tissues. Usually the disorder causes a single bone‐forming lesion (unicentric) but some cases have multicentric, bone‐forming lesions. Some of these lesions develop at different sites at different times. In a second variant of multicentric osteosarcoma, synchronous bone‐forming lesions develop at multiple sites. Distinguishing between these two types of multicentric osteosarcoma is challenging in a clinical context and the criteria for doing so are unlikely to be met in an archaeological burial. Wolverhampton burial HB 39 was excavated from an early‐nineteenth century cemetery site in England. It consists of the incomplete skeleton of an adult male of at least 45 years of age with multicentric osteosarcoma. The individual represented by this burial also had diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH). Three of the bone‐forming lesions associated with osteosarcoma developed on the bony outgrowths related to DISH. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of organo‐soluble polyamides containing triaryl imidazole pendant and ether linkage moieties: thermal, photophysical, and chemiluminescent properties
Authors: Ghaemy M. , Nasab S. M. Amini 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA new symmetrical diamine monomer containing a triaryl imidazole pendant group was successfully synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution of hydroquinone with the synthesized 2‐(2‐chloro‐5‐nitrophenyl)‐4, 5‐diphenyl‐1H‐imidazole (I). A series of novel polyamides were prepared from the diamine monomer and various aliphatic and aromatic dicarboxylic acids via phosphorylation polyamidation. These polyamides are readily soluble in many organic solvents; their inherent viscosities ranged from 0.68 to 0.89 dl/g and gave tough and flexible films by solution‐casting. They had useful levels of thermal stability associated with relatively high Tgs (186–278°C), 10% weight loss temperatures in the range of 355–482°C, and char yields at 600°C in air up to 67%. All the polyamides have fluorescence emission in dilute (0.2 g/dl) DMAc solution with maxima at 425–495 nm and with the quantum yields in the range 14–28%. The chemiluminescence activity of polyamides was also studied in the presence of peroxyoxalate. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solventless silicone hybrids based on polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and hyperbranched polysiloxane for vacuum pressure impregnation process
Authors: Zhang Beijing , Gu Aijuan , Liang Guozheng , Hu Jiang‐tao , Zhuo Dongxian , Yuan Li 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA novel kind of solventless silicone hybrids (SSiH) containing branched poly(methylphenylvinylsiloxane) (PMPVSi), end‐capped hydrogen‐functionalized hyperbranched polysiloxane (EHFHPSi), and octavinyl‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (OVPOS) was developed through a hydrosilylation reaction. Each of the three basic components was synthesized by harmless and recyclable methods. The new hybrids are considerably suitable for vacuum pressure impregnation process, and can serve as an excellent class C insulating material. The effect of differing stoichiometries of OVPOS and EHFHPSi on the performance of cured hybrids is discussed. Results show that SSiH hybrids possess excellent dielectric and thermal properties as well as low viscosity. The reduction in the dielectric constant and the improvement of thermal property of SSiH hybrids can be explained by the unique structure and morphology of hybrids resulting from the presence of OVPOS and EHFHPSi. The novel silicone hybrids exhibit great potential to be used for many cutting‐edge industries, especially the microelectronic and insulation fields. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of a triazine ring‐containing charring agent on fire retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant epoxy resins
Authors: Wang Xin , Hu Yuan , Song Lei , Xing Weiyi , Lu Hongdian , Lv Pin , Jie Ganxin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA triazine ring‐containing charring agent (PEPATA) was synthesized via the reaction between 2,6,7‐trioxa‐l‐phosphabicyclo‐[2.2.2]octane‐4‐methanol (PEPA) and cyanuric chloride. It was applied into intumescent flame retardant epoxy resins (IFR‐EP) as a charring agent. The effect of PEPATA on fire retardancy and thermal degradation behavior of IFR‐EP system was investigated by limited oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry (TG‐IR). The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of IFR‐EP systems were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The LOI values increased from 21.5 for neat epoxy resins (EPs) to 34.0 for IFR‐EP, demonstrating improved flame retardancy. The TGA curves showed that the amount of residue of IFR‐EP system was largely increased compared to that of neat EP at 700 °C. The new IFR‐EP system could apparently reduce the amount of decomposing products at higher temperatures and promotes the formation of carbonaceous charred layers that slowed down the degradation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the strength of autohesion of plasma treated amorphous and semi‐crystalline PEEK films
Authors: Zhang Shengnan , Awaja Firas , James Natalie , McKenzie David R. , Ruys Andrew J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPolyether ether ketone (PEEK) is a promising material for the encapsulation of electronic components for medical implants but a strong and hermetic joining technology is required. Autohesion is a self‐bonding method that avoids the need for adhesives. The strengths of autohesive joins using amorphous and semi‐crystalline PEEK films after surface activation using RF plasma were compared. Both types of PEEK films showed successful autohesion after activation with the bond strength of the amorphous sample being twice as high as the bond strength of the semi‐crystalline sample. Plasma treatment increased the autohesion strength of PEEK with no observed change in surface roughness (as measured by profilometer). The water contact angle was reduced by the treatment. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was carried out to determine surface chemistry. In the case of the semi‐crystalline surface, plasma treatment increased the relative percentage of CO functional groups compared to the untreated surface. For treated surfaces nitrogen concentration correlated positively with bond strength while oxygen concentration correlated negatively with the semi‐crystalline PEEK samples and positively with the amorphous PEEK samples. The oxygen groups most likely are formed after the treatment by ambient oxidation are not conducive to bond formation, possibly because of the quenching of radicals that would otherwise form links. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Largely enhanced ductility of immiscible high density polyethylene/polyamide 6 blends via nano‐bridge effect of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Xiang Fangming , Wu Jun , Liu Li , Huang Ting , Wang Yong , Chen Chen , Peng Ya , Jiang Chongxi , Zhou Zuowan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractImmiscible polymer blends usually exhibit negative deviation in mechanical properties compared with the corresponding pure polymers due to the weak interfacial bonding between the two polymers. Due to the bridge effect of the oriented carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the craze and crack development at the load of stress, CNTs have been proved to be efficient toughening agent for polymers. In this work, functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (FMWCNTs) have been introduced into immiscible high density polyethylene/polyamide 6 (HDPE/PA6) blends through different sample preparation methods. The mechanical measurements demonstrate that, when the nanocomposite is prepared from the HDPE master batch, the sample exhibits excellent tensile strength and toughness simultaneously. For all the nanocomposites, FMWCNTs tend to migrate and/or maintain in PA6 particles, leading to the variation of the crystallization behavior in PA6 phase. Further results based on morphologies characterization indicate that the intensified interfacial adhesion between HDPE and PA6, which is realized by the nano‐bridge effect of FMWCNTs in the interfaces, is the main reason for the largely improved ductility. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A re‐evaluation of the influence of maternal insulin‐dependent diabetes on fetal nuchal translucency thickness and first‐trimester maternal serum biochemical markers of aneuploidy
Authors: Spencer K. , Cowans N. J. , Spencer C. E. , Achillea N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the influence of maternal insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) on maternal serum free ß‐hCG, pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness from 11 weeks to 13 weeks 6 days of gestation in a large cohort of women screened prospectively for chromosomal anomalies.MethodsInformation on maternal IDDM status, maternal serum biochemical marker levels and fetal NT were collected from the prenatal screening computer records. On total, the control group included 83 972 and the IDDM group included 489 pregnancies. The median‐corrected free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A, expressed as MoM, and fetal NT, expressed as delta values, in the IDDM and non‐IDDM groups were compared.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the IDDM and non‐IDDM groups in median‐corrected free β‐hCG (IDDM 1.01 MoM, non‐IDDM 1.01 MoM; p = 0.970), or mean delta NT (IDDM 0.00 mm, non‐IDDM 0.02 mm; p = 0.412). However, the median‐corrected PAPP‐A was significantly lower (IDDM 0.88 MoM, non‐IDDM 1.03 MoM; p < 0.0001).ConclusionsIn pregnancies with maternal IDDM, first‐trimester screening for chromosomal defects does not require adjustments for the measured fetal NT and maternal serum free ß‐hCG. However, for PAPP‐A the 15% reduction is large enough to require correction in the calculation of risks for chromosomal defects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CIGS absorbers and processes
Authors: Niki Shigeru , Contreras Miguel , Repins Ingrid , Powalla Michael , Kushiya Katsumi , Ishizuka Shogo , Matsubara Koji 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe current status and future perspectives of Cu(In1−xGax)Se2(CIGS) solar cells and modules will be discussed in this paper. The conversion efficiencies of the state of the art laboratory‐scale CIGS solar cells exceeded 20%, which are comparable to those of crystalline Si solar cells. The requirements on the properties of CIGS absorbers to achieve such high efficiencies will be described. The CIGS modules are already commercially available based on two major CIGS deposition techniques such as co‐evaporation and selenization. The current status, problems, and prospects of co‐evaporation and selenization will also be discussed. High‐efficiency flexible CIGS solar cells with efficiencies similar to those fabricated on soda–lime glass (SLG) substrates have been achieved by developing a novel Na incorporation technique. Critical issues to demonstrate high‐efficiency flexible solar cells will also be discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of worry after breast cancer risk assessment: 6‐year follow‐up of the TRACE study cohort
Authors: Brain K. , Parsons E. , Bennett P. , Cannings‐John R. , Hood K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: There is little evidence regarding the long‐term psychological implications of breast cancer risk assessment for women at moderate genetic risk. A follow‐up study of a trial cohort was conducted to evaluate psychological outcomes and their predictors at 6‐year follow‐up. A further aim was to examine threshold scores for high cancer worry.Methods: Questionnaires were sent to 384 women assessed as moderate risk during a UK trial of genetic assessment (TRACE). Measures included cancer worry, perceived risk, health behaviours, general anxiety, psychological morbidity, optimism, and background variables assessed during TRACE and at 6‐year follow‐up.Results: Reductions from baseline cancer worry and breast self‐examination (BrSE) frequency were maintained 6 years after risk assessment, with relatively consistent levels over short‐ and long‐term follow‐up. Provision of risk information led to short‐term reductions in perceived risk. During the 6‐year period, 43% of women reported having made lifestyle changes and 27% had requested a mammogram. Baseline and post‐risk cancer worry were the only significant predictors of long‐term cancer worry. Greater worry at baseline predicted more frequent BrSE and higher perceived risk, but not lifestyle change or mammogram requests, at 6 years. Eighteen percent of women reported cancer worry above a threshold of 12.5 at long‐term follow‐up, compared with 30% at baseline.Conclusions: Overall reductions in cancer worry following moderate risk assessment were maintained in the long term. However, women at risk of sustained high cancer worry should be identified at an early stage in the risk assessment process for more intensive psycho‐educational intervention. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is the evidence for the use of mindfulness‐based interventions in cancer care? A review
Authors: Shennan Christina , Payne Sheila , Fenlon Deborah 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective: The aim of this paper is to present and critically appraise the evidence for the use of mindfulness‐based interventions in cancer care.Methods: Systematic review methods were used. A thorough search of relevant major and specialised electronic databases was made and unpublished and ongoing work was also identified. Both qualitative and quantitative studies were eligible for inclusion. Information about aims, design, participant sample, measures, findings and intervention details were extracted from each study.Results: Thirteen research papers and four conference abstracts published since 2007 were identified which met the criteria, reporting five different types of mindfulness intervention. The 13 papers composed of three randomised control trials, two non‐randomised control trials, five pre and post‐test designs and two qualitative studies. Studies report significant improvements in anxiety, depression, stress, sexual difficulties, physiological arousal and immune function or subjective benefits across all interventions. Methodological limitations were identified. Diversity in study designs and interventions makes comparisons between studies difficult. Some mindfulness interventions may have a place in acute treatment and palliative care.Conclusion: Mindfulness approaches are a promising intervention in cancer care, potentially across the cancer trajectory. Further qualitative research and research into different styles of mindfulness delivery are recommended. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis of genome‐wide and replication association studies on prostate cancer
Authors: Liu Hong , Wang Bo , Han Chunsheng 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDGenome‐wide and replication association studies (GWAs) have identified multiple loci at which common variants modestly influence the risk of developing prostate cancer (PCa). To enhance the power to identify loci associated with PCa, we constructed a meta‐analysis of GWAs on PCa.METHODSArticles evaluating the effects of genome‐wide SNPs on PCa were identified by searching the PubMed database. After extraction of relevant data, main and subgroup meta‐analyses were performed to assess the effects of relevant SNPs on PCa.RESULTS21 eligible articles containing 71 subgroups were included in this meta‐analysis. Significant associations were found between 31 SNPs and PCa. They were rs445114, rs620861, rs983085, rs1016343, rs1447295, rs1859962, rs2660753, rs2710646, rs2735839, rs3760511, rs4242382, rs4430796, rs4962416, rs5945572, rs5945619, rs6470494, rs6501455, rs6983267, rs6983561, rs7000448, rs7214479, rs7501939, rs7920517, rs7931342, rs9364554, rs9623117, rs10090154, rs10486567, rs10896449, rs10993994, and rs16901979. The weighted odds ratios for above SNPs ranged between 0.64 and 1.88 (all P < 0.05). Subgroup analysis further indicated that the significant associations of some SNPs existed only in specific ancestry population (P < 10−5).CONCLUSIONSThe current meta‐analysis demonstrated the moderate effects of above 31 SNPs on PCa and 14 independent PCa risk loci were identified. Prostate 71: 209–224, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of androgen receptor functions by gelsolin FxxFF peptide delivered by transfection, cell‐penetrating peptides, and lentiviral infection
Authors: van de Wijngaart Dennis J. , Dubbink Hendrikus J. , Molier Michel , de Vos Carola , Jenster Guido , Trapman Jan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate cancer (PC) growth is dependent on the androgen–androgen receptor (AR) axis. Because current androgen ablation therapies of PC lead to resistance, novel approaches to block AR activity are urgently needed.METHODSWe inhibited AR function beyond the level of hormone binding by blockade of the coactivator groove in the ligand‐binding domain (LBD) using a high‐affinity gelsolin FxxFF peptide. Following peptide selection, the effect of the gelsolin FxxFF peptide on AR functions was determined in Hep3B cells that were transiently transfected with pM‐peptide expression vectors or were incubated with synthetic gelsolin FxxFF peptide coupled to the TAT cell‐penetrating peptide. Lentiviruses expressing the gelsolin FxxFF peptide were used to study endogenous AR target gene expression in LNCaP cells.RESULTSpM‐Gelsolin FxxFF efficiently interfered with AR N/C interaction and specifically inhibited AR‐regulated reporter gene activity. The peptide did not inhibit progesterone receptor (PR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activity, nor constitutively active gene promoters. The peptide also specifically blocked in vitro interactions of AR LBD with peptides. Like the gelsolin FxxFF peptide expressed by an expression vector, synthetic TAT‐gelsolin FxxFF peptide efficiently blocked AR N/C interaction and inhibited full‐length AR‐regulated reporter gene activity. It hardly affected PR and GR activity, but the effect on constitutively active promoters was variable. Lentiviral gelsolin FxxFF peptide inhibited expression of KLK2 and NDRG1, but hardly affected PSA and TMPRSS2.CONCLUSIONSOur results show that the AR coactivator groove may function as a target to overcome therapeutic failure that arises during current androgen ablation therapies. Prostate 71:241–253, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.