bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albert Katthoff Ein Bremer Pastor im Übergangsfeld von linkem Reform-Protestantismus und freigeistiger Bewegung
Authors: Auwärter Thomas 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe religious history of Bremen includes many impressive figures. Probably the most enigmatic figure of Bremen's church life around 1900 was the pastor at St. Martini, Albert Kalthoff (1850-1906). However, his impact reached beyond the borders of local religious history: He was important for the history of the Protestant culture of piety as well as for a religious historical analysis of reform attempts within Protestantism in Imperial Germany. Kalthoff was part of the leftist reform movement within German Protestantism. Furthermore, he can be said to have had certain sympathies for the free thinker movement. This article wants to situate Kalthoff and his public works and goals in religious history with regard to the religious-confessional, cultural-religious, and cultural-political tendencies of his time. His example delineates the contours of a transitional space between Protestantism and the free thinker movement.
Feminist Theology: Where is it Going?
Authors: Ruether Rosemary Radford 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article explores five stages of the development of feminist theology as a public theology. Starting with feminist theology in liberal Protestant seminaries in the US, it shows its development as multi-ethnic theology, then as international theology, including the third world, then as an interfaith theology and finally through transnational feminism. The article concludes with some suggestions about new horizons for feminist theology as a public theology in 2009.
Catholicism, Choice and Consciousness: A Feminist Theological Perspective on Abortion
Authors: Beattie Tina 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDespite the apparently irreconcilable conflict between ‘pro-life’ and ‘pro-choice’ activists in the abortion debate, many feminists and Catholic theologians agree that questions of consciousness, relationality and foetal development are of greater ethical significance than theological claims about the personhood of the embryo or feminist claims about women’s autonomy. This article argues that absolutist positions based on the embryo’s right to life or the woman’s right to choose fail to represent the reality of abortion and the dilemmas it poses. It suggests an approach in which maternal consciousness and foetal development are together recognized as intrinsic to the process of humanization, and argues for a gradual shift in emphasis from the primacy of the woman’s right to choose in the first trimester, to the right to life of the foetus in the third semester. It concludes with a reflection on Mary and Eve, as symbols of women’s eschatological hope and existential reality with regard to childbearing.
Critical requirement for the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein in Th2 effector function
Authors: Morales-Tirado Vanessa , Sojka Dorothy K. , Katzman Shoshana D. , Lazarski Christopher A. , Finkelman Fred D. , Urban Joseph F. , Fowell Deborah J. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) have numerous immune cell deficiencies, but it remains unclear how abnormalities in individual cell types contribute to the pathologies of WAS. In T cells, the WAS protein (WASp) regulates actin polymerization and transcription, and plays a role in the dynamics of the immunologic synapse. To examine how these events influence CD4 function, we isolated the WASp deficiency to CD4+ T cells by adoptive transfer into wild-type mice to study T-cell priming and effector function. WAS−/− CD4+ T cells mediated protective T-helper 1 (Th1) responses to Leishmania major in vivo, but were unable to support Th2 immunity to Nippostrongylus brasiliensis or L major. Mechanistically, WASp was not required for Th2 programming but was required for Th2 effector function. WAS−/− CD4+ T cells up-regulated IL-4 and GATA3 mRNA and secreted IL-4 protein during Th2 differentiation. In contrast, cytokine transcription was uncoupled from protein production in WAS−/− Th2-primed effectors. WAS−/− Th2s failed to produce IL-4 protein on restimulation despite elevated IL-4/GATA3 mRNA. Moreover, dominant-negative WASp expression in WT effector T cells blocked IL-4 production, but had no effect on IFNγ. Thus WASp plays a selective, posttranscriptional role in Th2 effector function.
Using patient and physician perspectives to develop a shared decision-making framework for colorectal cancer
Authors: Leon-Carlyle Marisa , Spiegle Gillian , Schmocker Selina , Gagliardi Anna , Urbach David , Kennedy Erin 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of death from cancer worldwide with over 900,000 diagnoses and 639,000 deaths each year. Although shared decision making is broadly advocated as a mechanism by which to achieve patient-centred care, there has been little investigation of patient and physician shared decision-making preferences and practices or the outcomes associated with shared decision making in the context of colorectal cancer.

Aim
The aim of this study is to determine patient and physician attitudes towards the use of shared decision making in the setting of colorectal cancer.

Methods
Standard principles of qualitative research will be used to sample and interview 20 colorectal cancer patients in each of three tertiary care hospitals (n = 60) and 15 surgeons, radiation oncologists, and medical oncologists (n = 45) affiliated with cancer centres. The interview questions will be guided by a conceptual framework defining patient and physician factors that influence the shared decision-making process and associated outcomes in the setting of colorectal cancer. An inductive, grounded approach will be used by two investigators to independently analyze the interview transcripts. These investigators will meet to compare and achieve consensus on themes that will be tabulated to compare barriers, enablers, and outcomes of shared decision making by patient, physician, and contextual factors.

Discussion
This study is the first to examine both patient and physician perspectives on the use of shared decision making for colorectal cancer in North America or elsewhere. It will provide a framework that can be used to describe the shared decision-making process and its outcomes, and evaluate strategies to facilitate this process for patients with colorectal cancer.
Postmenopausal estrogen and progestin effects on the serum proteome
Authors: Pitteri Sharon J , Hanash Samir M , Aragaki Aaron , Amon Lynn M , Chen Lin , Busald Buson Tina , Paczesny Sophie , Katayama Hiroyuki , Wang Hong , Johnson Melissa M , Zhang Qing , McIntosh Martin , Wang Pei , Kooperberg Charles , Rossouw Jacques E , Jackson Rebecca D , Manson JoAnn E , Hsia Judith , Liu Simin , Martin Lisa , Prentice Ross L 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Background
Women's Health Initiative randomized trials of postmenopausal hormone therapy reported intervention effects on several clinical outcomes, with some important differences between estrogen alone and estrogen plus progestin. The biologic mechanisms underlying these effects, and these differences, have yet to be fully elucidated.

Methods
Baseline serum samples were compared with samples drawn 1 year later for 50 women assigned to active hormone therapy in both the estrogen-plus-progestin and estrogen-alone randomized trials, by applying an in-depth proteomic discovery platform to serum pools from 10 women per pool.

Results
In total, 378 proteins were quantified in two or more of the 10 pooled serum comparisons, by using strict identification criteria. Of these, 169 (44.7%) showed evidence (nominal P < 0.05) of change in concentration between baseline and 1 year for one or both of estrogen-plus-progestin and estrogen-alone groups. Quantitative changes were highly correlated between the two hormone-therapy preparations. A total of 98 proteins had false discovery rates < 0.05 for change with estrogen plus progestin, compared with 94 for estrogen alone. Of these, 84 had false discovery rates <0.05 for both preparations. The observed changes included multiple proteins relevant to coagulation, inflammation, immune response, metabolism, cell adhesion, growth factors, and osteogenesis. Evidence of differential changes also was noted between the hormone preparations, with the strongest evidence in growth factor and inflammation pathways.

Conclusions
Serum proteomic analyses yielded a large number of proteins similarly affected by estrogen plus progestin and by estrogen alone and identified some proteins and pathways that appear to be differentially affected between the two hormone preparations; this may explain their distinct clinical effects.
Palm Oil Derivative as a Based Fluid in Formulating Oil Based Drilling Mud
Authors: Yassin Abu Azam M. , Kamis Azmi 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT
The usage of oil especially diesel oil as the continuous phase of drilling mud is widespread when drilling through sensitive producing formation and troublesome shale zone.
Diesel oil is harmful to the environment particularly marine environment in offshore applications due to extensive legislation now exist in many countries to regulate this form of oil pollution.
The use of oil, derivative could be considered as an alternative based fluid which is harmless to the environment.
Test have been undertaken to evaluate the characteristics of palm oil derivative as the based fluid in the oil based mud and its toxicity effect on marine life and results obtained showed that palm oil derivative is a suitable alternative to fromulate oil based drilling mud with the necessary rheological properties, compatibility with existing mud additives and non toxic to the marine life.
Structural Basis for the Blockage of IL-2 Signaling by Therapeutic Antibody Basiliximab
Authors: Du Jiamu , Yang Hui , Zhang Dapeng , Wang Jianchuan , Guo Huaizu , Peng Baozhen , Guo Yajun , Ding Jianping 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
IL-2 signaling plays a central role in the initiation and activation of immune responses. Correspondingly, blockage of this pathway leads to inhibition of the immune system and would provide some therapeutic benefits. Basiliximab (Simulect), a therapeutic mAb drug with specificity against IL-2Rα of T cells, was approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1998. It has been proven to be effective in the suppression of the IL-2 pathway and hence has been widely used to prevent allograft rejection in organ transplantation, especially in kidney transplants. In this study, we report the crystal structure of the basiliximab Fab in complex with the ectodomain of IL-2Rα at 2.9 Å resolution. In the complex structure, the Fab interacts with IL-2Rα with extensive hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions, accounting for a high binding affinity of 0.14 nM. The Ag binding site of basiliximab consists of all six CDR loops that form a large binding interface with a central shallow hydrophobic groove surrounded by four hydrophilic patches. The discontinuous epitope is composed of several segments from the D1 domain and a minor segment from the D2 domain that overlap with most of the regions responsible for the interactions with IL-2. Thus, basiliximab binding can completely block the interactions of IL-2 with IL-2Rα and hence inhibit the activation of the IL-2 signal pathway. The structural results also provide important implications for the development of improved and new IL-2Rα–targeted mAb drugs.
Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging–fluorodeoxy- glucose positron emission tomography fusion with pathological staging in rectal cancer
Authors: Kam M H , Wong D C , Siu S , Stevenson A R L , Lai J , Phillips G E 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
This study represents an initial experience with combined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG PET) (MRI–PET fusion) in the primary staging of rectal carcinoma.

Methods
A retrospective analysis of data recorded on patients with rectal cancer was undertaken. Patients requiring long-course radiotherapy were excluded. Chest radiography, abdominal computed tomography and endorectal ultrasonography were performed. In addition, MRI of the pelvis, whole-body FDG PET and MRI–PET fusion were carried out. All patients subsequently underwent anterior resection.

Results
Twenty-three patients with rectal carcinoma (15 men), of median age 60 (range 46–75) years, were enrolled. In tumour (T) assessment, MRI correctly staged 14 of 22 T2/T3 tumours. In lymph node assessment, MRI–PET fusion had a sensitivity of 44 per cent, with a specificity and positive predictive value of 100 per cent. No additional information was acquired from MRI–PET fusion over MRI plus abdominal computed tomography and chest radiography.

Conclusion
MRI–PET fusion adds little to conventional investigations for staging rectal carcinoma.
Diabatic heating, divergent circulation and moisture transport in the African monsoon system
Authors: Hagos Samson , Zhang Chidong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe dynamics of the West African monsoon system is studied through the diagnosis of the roles of diabatic heating in the divergent circulation and moisture transport. The divergent circulation is partitioned into latent‐heating and non‐latent‐heating (the sum of surface sensible heat flux and radiative heating) driven components based on its field properties and its relationship with diabatic heating profiles. Roles of latent and non‐latent diabatic heating in the moisture transport of the monsoon system are thus distinguished.The gradient in surface sensible heat flux between the Saharan heat‐low and the Gulf of Guinea drives a shallow meridional circulation, which transports moisture far into the continent on the northern side of the monsoon rain band and thereby promotes the seasonal northward migration of monsoon precipitation. In contrast, the circulation directly associated with latent heating is deep and the corresponding moisture convergence maximum is within the region of precipitation and thus enhances local monsoon precipitation. Meanwhile, latent heating also induces dry air advection from the north. The seasonal northward migration of precipitation is encouraged by neither of the two effects. On the other hand, the divergent circulation forced by remote latent heating influences local moisture distribution through advection. Specifically by bringing Saharan air from the north, and driving moisture to the adjacent oceans, global latent heating has an overall drying effect over the Sahel. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Diagnosis and Management of Complicated Intra-abdominal Infection in Adults and Children: Guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Authors: Solomkin Joseph S. , Mazuski John E. , Bradley John S. , Rodvold Keith A , Goldstein Ellie J.C. , Baron Ellen J. , O'Neill Patrick J. , Chow Anthony W. , Dellinger E. Patchen , Eachempati Soumitra R. , Gorbach Sherwood , Hilfiker Mary , May Addison K. , Nathens Avery B. , Sawyer Robert G. , Bartlett John G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEvidence-based guidelines for managing patients with intra-abdominal infection were prepared by an Expert Panel of the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace those previously published in 2002 and 2003. The guidelines are intended for treating patients who either have these infections or may be at risk for them. New information, based on publications from the period 2003–2008, is incorporated into this guideline document. The panel has also added recommendations for managing intra-abdominal infection in children, particularly where such management differs from that of adults; for appendicitis in patients of all ages; and for necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates.
Predicting metabolic engineering knockout strategies for chemical production: accounting for competing pathways
Authors: Tepper Naama , Shlomi Tomer 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Computational modeling in metabolic engineering involves the prediction of genetic manipulations that would lead to optimized microbial strains, maximizing the production rate of chemicals of interest. Various computational methods are based on constraint-based modeling, which enables to anticipate the effect of genetic manipulations on cellular metabolism considering a genome-scale metabolic network. However, current methods do not account for the presence of competing pathways in a metabolic network that may diverge metabolic flux away from producing a required chemical, resulting in lower (or even zero) chemical production rates in reality—making these methods somewhat over optimistic.
Results: In this article, we describe a novel constraint-based method called RobustKnock that predicts gene deletion strategies that lead to the over-production of chemicals of interest, by accounting for the presence of competing pathways in the network. We describe results of applying RobustKnock to Escherichia coli's metabolic network towards the production of various chemicals, demonstrating its ability to provide more robust predictions than those obtained via current state-of-the-art methods.
Availability: An implementation of RobustKnock is available via http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/∼tomersh/tools/
Contact: naamat@cs.technion.ac.il; tomersh@cs.technion.ac.il
AGRONOMICS1: A New Resource for Arabidopsis Transcriptome Profiling
Authors: Rehrauer Hubert , Aquino Catharine , Gruissem Wilhelm , Henz Stefan R. , Hilson Pierre , Laubinger Sascha , Naouar Naira , Patrignani Andrea , Rombauts Stephane , Shu Huan , Van de Peer Yves , Vuylsteke Marnik , Weigel Detlef , Zeller Georg , Hennig Lars 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Transcriptome profiling has become a routine tool in biology. For Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the Affymetrix ATH1 expression array is most commonly used, but it lacks about one-third of all annotated genes present in the reference strain. An alternative are tiling arrays, but previous designs have not allowed the simultaneous analysis of both strands on a single array. We introduce AGRONOMICS1, a new Affymetrix Arabidopsis microarray that contains the complete paths of both genome strands, with on average one 25mer probe per 35-bp genome sequence window. In addition, the new AGRONOMICS1 array contains all perfect match probes from the original ATH1 array, allowing for seamless integration of the very large existing ATH1 knowledge base. The AGRONOMICS1 array can be used for diverse functional genomics applications such as reliable expression profiling of more than 30,000 genes, detection of alternative splicing, and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to microarrays (ChIP-chip). Here, we describe the design of the array and compare its performance with that of the ATH1 array. We find results from both microarrays to be of similar quality, but AGRONOMICS1 arrays yield robust expression information for many more genes, as expected. Analysis of the ATH1 probes on AGRONOMICS1 arrays produces results that closely mirror those of ATH1 arrays. Finally, the AGRONOMICS1 array is shown to be useful for ChIP-chip experiments. We show that heterochromatic H3K9me2 is strongly confined to the gene body of target genes in euchromatic chromosome regions, suggesting that spreading of heterochromatin is limited outside of pericentromeric regions.
The introduction of coastal infrastructure as a driver of change in marine environments
Authors: Bulleri Fabio , Chapman Maura G. 
Published: December 2009

Summary 1. Coastal landscapes are being transformed as a consequence of the increasing demand for urban infrastructure to sustain commercial, residential and tourist activities. A variety of man‐made structures, such as breakwaters, jetties and seawalls have thus become ubiquitous features of intertidal and shallow subtidal habitats. This transformation will accelerate in response to the exponential growth of human populations and to global changes, such as sea‐level rise and increased frequency of extreme meteorological events (e.g. storms). Here, we provide a critical overview of the major ecological effects of increasing infrastructure to marine habitats, we identify future research directions for advancing our understanding of marine urban ecosystems and we highlight how alternative management options might mitigate their impacts. 2. Urban infrastructure supports different epibiota and associated assemblages and does not function as surrogate of natural rocky habitats. Its introduction in the intertidal zone or in near‐shore waters can cause fragmentation and loss of natural habitats. Furthermore, the provision of novel habitat (hard substrata) along sedimentary shores can alter local and regional biodiversity by modifying natural patterns of dispersal of species, or by facilitating the establishment and spread of exotic species. 3. Attempts to use ecological criteria to solve problems of urban infrastructure are promising. Incorporating natural elements of habitat (e.g. wetland vegetation; seagrass) into shoreline stabilization can reduce ecological impacts, without impinging on its efficacy in halting erosion. Likewise, improving the ecological value of artificial structures by adding features of habitat that are generally missing from such structures (e.g. rock‐pools) can contribute to mitigation of the detrimental effects of urbanization on biodiversity. Management of anthropogenic disturbances (e.g. maintenance works; harvesting) to artificial habitat is, however, necessary if such attempts are to be successful. 4. Synthesis and applications. Increasing our understanding of the ecological functioning of marine habitats created by urban infrastructure and incorporating ecological criteria into coastal engineering are crucial for preserving biodiversity in the face of the growth of human populations in coastal areas and of forecasted global changes. Achieving this goal will need strong collaboration between engineers, managers and ecologists.