bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased hepatic oxidative metabolism distinguishes the action of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ from Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ in the ob/obmouse
Authors: Roberts Lee D , Hassall David G , Winegar Deborah A , Haselden John N , Nicholls Andrew W , Griffin Julian L 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Background
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors and members of the nuclear receptor superfamily. The PPAR family consists of three members: PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARδ. PPARδ controls the transcription of genes involved in multiple physiological pathways, including cellular differentiation, lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. The receptor is expressed almost ubiquitously, with high expression in liver and skeletal muscle. Although the physiological ligands of PPARδ remain undefined, a number of high affinity synthetic ligands have been developed for the receptor as a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and the metabolic syndrome.

Methods
In this study, the metabolic role of PPARδ activation has been investigated in liver, skeletal muscle, blood serum and white adipose tissue from ob/ob mice using a high affinity synthetic ligand and contrasted with PPARγ activation. To maximize the analytical coverage of the metabolome, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) were used to examine metabolites from tissue extracts.

Results
Analysis by multivariate statistics demonstrated that PPARδ activation profoundly affected glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, the TCA cycle and linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid essential fatty acid pathways.

Conclusions
Although activation of both PPARδ and PPARγ lead to increased insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, PPARδ activation was functionally distinct from PPARγ activation, and was characterized by increased hepatic and peripheral fatty acid oxidative metabolism, demonstrating the distinctive catabolic role of this receptor compared with PPARγ.
Male Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Comparison With Female Breast Cancer
Authors: Anderson William F. , Jatoi Ismail , Tse Julia , Rosenberg Philip S. 
Published: December 2009

PurposeBecause of its rarity, male breast cancer is often compared with female breast cancer.Patients and MethodsTo compare and contrast male and female breast cancers, we obtained case and population data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program for breast cancers diagnosed from 1973 through 2005. Standard descriptive epidemiology was supplemented with age-period-cohort models and breast cancer survival analyses.ResultsOf all breast cancers, men with breast cancer make up less than 1%. Male compared with female breast cancers occurred later in life with higher stage, lower grade, and more estrogen receptor–positive tumors. Recent breast cancer incidence and mortality rates declined over time for men and women, but these trends were greater for women than for men. Comparing patients diagnosed from 1996 through 2005 versus 1976 through 1985, and adjusting for age, stage, and grade, cause-specific hazard rates for breast cancer death declined by 28% among men (P = .03) and by 42% among women (P ≈ 0).ConclusionThere were three intriguing results. Age-specific incidence patterns showed that the biology of male breast cancer resembled that of late-onset female breast cancer. Similar breast cancer incidence trends among men and women suggested that there are common breast cancer risk factors that affect both sexes, especially estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer. Finally, breast cancer mortality and survival rates have improved significantly over time for both male and female breast cancer, but progress for men has lagged behind that for women.
Measurement of benzodiazepines in urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: confirmation of samples screened by immunoassay
Authors: Glover Sarah J , Allen Keith R 
Published: December 2009

Background Liquid chromatography linked to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) provides the ability to identify a range of benzodiazepines in accordance with European Union criteria and is an attractive method for the confirmation of benzodiazepines following immunoassay screening. Methods An LC/MS/MS method to detect and quantitate the six most common benzodiazepines/metabolites (diazepam, nitrazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, temazepam and 7-aminonitrazepam) was developed together with a qualitative screening method for a further 11 benzodiazepines/metabolites. These methods were used for confirmation of 250 urine samples submitted for routine drug screening by immunoassay for benzodiazepines (100 samples positive for a benzodiazepine, assay cut-off >200 μsg/L). Results The lower limits of detection and quantitation were less than 2.5 and 5 μg/L for the six most common benzodiazepines. Recoveries ranged between 97% and 102% and calibration curves were linear to at least 4000 μg/L ( r = 0.99). Intra and inter-assay imprecision were <10% ( n = 10) and <20% ( n = 15), respectively. Confirmation of benzodiazepines using LC/MS/MS was achieved for 89% of the immunoassay-positive urine samples. Of the immunoassay-negative urine samples, 31% of these demonstrated a benzodiazepine using LC/MS/MS. Conclusion The validated LC/MS/MS method developed is effective for the confirmation of immunoassay screening results for benzodiazepines. The lower limit of detection and assay specificity offers a longer window of detection and more detailed clinical information compared with immunoassay screening.
The Information Value Applying to the Newsboy Model with the Cutoff Transaction Size
Authors: Tsai Hui-Yin , Lin Chin-Tsai 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In this investigation, we adopt the perspective of a retailer and incorporate information flow between a retailer and customers. Meanwhile, the retailer can gain for the complete information about the state of customers’ demand from the exporter and pay them in order to make correct decisions and obtain more profits. Hence, precise expressions are derived for the expected total profit with incomplete and complete information of demand to measure the value of information. Moreover, we determine an optimal order-up-to level S and a cutoff transaction size q systematically. Finally, the numerical example is given to illustrate the result derived.
In Situ Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Building Materials with a Thermal Probe
Authors: Pilkington B. , Goodhew S. , deWilde P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Transient line source measurements have been employed in various industries, e.g., plastics, foodstuffs, and refractory bricks, to measure thermal conductivity and sometimes thermal diffusivity. Measurements have traditionally been carried out in carefully controlled thermal environments. In pursuance of better data to inform energy efficiency calculations for building envelopes, a transient line source using thermal probe technology is assessed for in situ measurements, where materials may be subject to varied moisture content under diverse environmental conditions. A robust stand alone field apparatus has been developed. Laboratory based measurements have been undertaken, and results are reported for agar immobilized water and polytetrafluoroethylene, as well as aerated concrete and oak at specific moisture contents. The field apparatus was used to measure in situ the thermal properties of walls in real buildings, one of aerated concrete and one of mass earth construction. A new and simplified method of identifying appropriate analysis time windows has been developed, which allows an assessment of confidence levels in thermal conductivity results. Thermal diffusivity results were discounted as the effects of contact resistance between the probe and sample could not be differentiated from the heat capacity effects of the sample material. Valid thermal conductivity results were achieved for reference materials containing moisture and in situ measurements. The in situ thermal conductivity values were shown to be at significant variance with design values. Consistent thermal conductivity results were achieved for common building materials above 0.15 W⋅m −1⋅K−1, and indicative results were achieved for values below this despite measurements being taken under varying environmental conditions. The principal cause of error in the measurement of materials with higher thermal resistance was identified.
Adolescent Medicine Training in Pediatric Residency Programs
Authors: Fox Harriette B. , McManus Margaret A. , Klein Jonathan D. , Diaz Angela , Elster Arthur B. , Felice Marianne E. , Kaplan David W. , Wibbelsman Charles J. , Wilson Jane E. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to provide an assessment of pediatric residency training in adolescent medicine.
METHODS: We conducted 2 national surveys: 1 of pediatric residency program directors and the other of faculty who are responsible for the adolescent medicine block rotation for pediatric residents to elicit descriptive and qualitative information concerning the nature of residents' ambulatory care training experience in adolescent medicine and the workforce issues that affect the experience.
RESULTS: Required adolescent medicine topics that are well covered pertain to normal development, interviewing, and sexual issues. Those least well covered concern the effects of violence, motor vehicle safety, sports medicine, and chronic illness. Shortages of adolescent medicine specialists, addictions counselors, psychiatrists, and other health professionals who are knowledgeable about adolescents frequently limit pediatric residency training in adolescent medicine. Considerable variation exists in the timing of the mandatory adolescent medicine block rotation, the clinic sites used for ambulatory care training, and the range of services offered at the predominant training sites. In addition, residents' continuity clinic experience often does not include adolescent patients; thus, pediatric residents do not have opportunities to establish ongoing therapeutic relationships with adolescents over time. Both program and rotation directors had similar opinions about adolescent medicine training.
CONCLUSIONS: Significant variation and gaps exist in adolescent medicine ambulatory care training in pediatric residency programs throughout the United States. For addressing the shortcomings in many programs, the quality of the block rotation should be improved and efforts should be made to teach adolescent medicine in continuity, general pediatric, and specialty clinics. In addition, renewed attention should be given to articulating the core competencies needed to care for adolescents.
News Coverage of FDA Warnings on Pediatric Antidepressant Use and Suicidality
Authors: Barry Colleen L. , Busch Susan H. 
Published: December 2009

OBJECTIVE: In 2004, after an 18-month investigation, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) directed pharmaceutical manufacturers to add a black box warning to antidepressants regarding increased risk of suicidality in children. Our objective was to evaluate the quality and content of and overall impression conveyed in news coverage of this issue.
METHODS: We collected all news stories on pediatric antidepressant use and suicidality published in a convenience sample of 10 of the highest-circulation print newspapers in the United States, the 3 major television networks, and a major cable news network in 2003 and 2004 (N = 167). Two researchers coded news articles by using a 9-item instrument.
RESULTS: The quality of news reporting on key health messages included in FDA warnings was mixed. The overwhelming majority of news stories correctly described a risk of suicidality associated with pediatric antidepressant use, as opposed to suicide itself. However, other key health messages highlighted in FDA warnings often were absent from news coverage. News stories were more likely to include anecdotes of children harmed versus children helped by antidepressants, whereas expert sources quoted were more likely to emphasize the benefits of antidepressants over their risks. However, the majority of news stories conveyed neither the overall impression that the risks of pediatric antidepressant use outweighed the benefits nor the impression that the benefits outweighed the risks, and coverage became increasingly neutral over time.
CONCLUSIONS: Inclusion of key health messages in FDA safety warnings was not sufficient to ensure their communication to the public through the lay press.
Design Analysis for the Marlim Field Deepwater Calm System
Authors: Hwang Yuh-Lin , Bensimon Luiz Fernando Callado 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT
This paper presents the analysis for the design of a deepwater Single Point Mooring (SPM) system in the Marlim Field, offshore Brazil. The mooring analysis was carried out for both storm and operational conditions using a dynamic analytical procedure. This procedure predicts the extreme mooring line tension and fatigue life, considering the effect of wave frequency and wave drift response, mooring line dynamics and the effects of coupled CALM buoy-hawser and tanker dynamics.
State-of-the-art computer analysis was extensively used throughout the design process to analyze the performance and behavior of the SPM system to insure an adequately sized mooring system. Model tests have been conducted to verify the computer analysis and the overall design of the SPM system. Results of the mooring analysis and model testing are compared.
Experiences with Paracervical Block: A Double‐blind Study with Bupivacaine (Marcaine®)
Authors: Westholm Hans , Magno Ricardo , Å‐Sonberg Anders 
Published: December 2009

The authors have studied paracervical blocks with bupivacaine, physiological saline and bupivacaine with adrenalin 1: 200 000 by means of a double‐blind technique.The analgesic effect was good in nearly 80% of the cases with active substance and in about 20% of the cases with physiological saline. The duration of analgesia was shorter when physiological saline was used. No important difference in duration of analgesia was found between bupivacaine and bupivacaine‐adrenalin. Adrenalin did not seem to improve the effect when added to bupivacaine.The dilatation of the cervix was no more rapid when active substance was used than with physiological saline. Bupivacaineadrenalin seemed to be associated with more uterine inertia than bupivacaine and physiological saline. Foetal bradycardia was found in 4%. 2 of the 8 cases of foetal bradycardia were after blocks with physiological saline. All these 8 foetuses were born with Apgar scores of 10. In the whole study there were no Apgar scores below 8.A few maternal complications of short duration were recorded, all when bupivacaine‐adrenalm was used. The authors have the impression that paracervical block is not entirely free fnom risks. Foetal complications may be expected.One case of foetal death, possibly connected with paracervical block using bupivacaine‐adrenalin is described.
Cervical Cerclage in the Treatment of Incompetent Cervix: A Retrospective Analysis of the Indications and Results of 164 Operations
Authors: Seppälä M. , Vara P. 
Published: December 2009

Between 1959 and 1968 a cervical cerclage operation was performed 163 times in 159 women because of assumed cervical incompetence. The operation was carried out during pregnancy 156 times, and 3 times in a nonpregnant patient. 4 women had two operations during the same pregnancy. The operations represent 1 in 404 deliveries at the hospital during the study period. The diagnosis of cervical incompetence was based on the history of previous pregnancies in 99 cases (79%). The finding of a short and open cervix was made 85 times (68%), and the diagnosis was supported by the hystero‐graphic findings in 11 cases (9%). The average duration of gestation at the time of operation was 14 weeks, and the average total duration of the pregnancies was 35 weeks. The previous foetal salvage rate was 30.8%, and the final success rate 83.2%. The comparable rates for normal deliveries without cervical cerclage at the same clinic were 74.7% and 97.1%, respectively. The abortion rate in the series after treatment was 13.6%. Premature deliveries with loss of the child occurred 4 times, leading to a perinatal mortality rate of 3.2%. Breech presentation was found 10 times (6.3%). Caesarean section was undertaken 23 times (18%) in 21 patients. The ratio of the final success rate and the previous foetal salvage rate (foetal salvage ratio) in the whole series was 2.7, and in the randomly selected cases 1.3. This ratio was the highest (3.8) between 26 and 30 years, and when the operation was performed between the 16th and the 19th weeks of pregnancy (3.3). The minimum benefit rate of the operation was 30% [80.2–30.8 – (97.1–74.7)]%. This rate is little affected by unnecessary operations, while difference between the foetal salvage ratios in the operation and the control materials is greatly affected by them. This difference was 1.4 (2.7–1.3) in this material. The differences in abortion rates, laws and standards of obstetric care lead to differences in the materials. Therefore the following criteria are suggested to be included in the reports concerning cervical cerclage operations:

Number of operations per number of deliveries in the study period
Final success rate of the series
Previous foetal salvage rate
Foetal salvage ratio (the ratio of no. 2 and no. 3)
Final success rate and previous foetal salvage rate among the mothers without a cervical suture in the same hospital at the same study period
Foetal salvage ratio from no. 5
Difference between foetal salvage ratios in the operation and the control groups
Minimum benefit rate in the operation material
Menstrual Bleeding with Intrauterine Contraceptive Devices
Authors: Guttorm Eigil 
Published: December 2009

Ninety women with an intrauterine device (IUD) in place measured their menstrual flow a maximum of 16 months after the insertion.The average loss was 88.0 ml. Those who had subjective menorrhagia after the insertion (group II) had heavier bleeding than those without (group I), 116.7 ml as compared with 78.7 ml.Menorrhagia (blood loss exceeding 80 ml) occurred in 42.6% of group I and in 63.6% of group II. The rate for the entire series was 47.7% (Table III).36% had subjective menorrhagia although the blood loss was less than 80 ml, the upper limit of normal bleeding. On the average, these patients lost 53.1 ml (Table III).The Hb level fell after the insertion of the IUD from 13.5 g/100 ml to 12.8 g/100 ml. The decrease was more marked in group II, and in 11% the level dropped by more than 1.5 g/100 ml.The incidence of anaemia (Hb below 12.0 g/100 ml) increased from 3% to 16% after the insertion of the device. For groups I and II the increase in the rate was from 2% to 10% and from 9% to 32% respectively. All considered, a 4–5‐fold increase occurred (Table V).The Hb level as well as the menstrual blood loss were the same whether they were measured within 2 months or 2–16 months after the insertion.The distribution of the bleeding on the individual days of the period changed. 20 women measured the loss without and 90 with the IUD.In the group without IUD 73% of the total loss occurred during the first 2 days of the period and 90% during the first 3 days. In the women with IUD the distribution was 44% and 74%, the 90% not being reached until after the 4th day (Tables VI and VII).Twenty women measured the menstrual loss both before and after the insertion of the device. In all the menstrual flow became heavier, increasing by an average of from 35.5 to 73.1 ml (106%). The increase was most marked in women whose menstrual flow had been scanty before the insertion of the device (Table VIII). The mean values of the menstrual bleeding measured during the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th period after the insertion were practically the same, from 65.8 to 82.2 ml, but always significantly greater than prior to the insertion. There was no tendency for the menstruation to return to a normal level (Table IX).The increase in the use of absorptive material during the menstrual periods was not in step with the bleeding, being only 28% despite an increase of 106% in the blood loss, and 25% of the women had an unchanged or even decreased consumption of absorptive material after the insertion of the IUD.
Ultrastructure of the Anchoring Villi and Trophoblastic Shell in the Second Week of Placentation
Authors: Larsen Jørgen Falck , Knoth Mogens 
Published: December 2009

The fine structure of the anchoring villi and the trophoblastic shell of a human embryo with four somites is described. The ultrastructure of the cytotro‐phoblast of the proximal part of the anchoring villi was similar to that of the Langhans' cells of the free villi. The distal cytotrophoblasts had irregular nuclei and contained more rough endoplasmic reticulum. The cytotrophoblasts of the base of the villi were large and contained large amounts of glycogen.The basal plate comprised a variety of trophoblastic cells. Most commonly seen was the mononuclear giant cell, which was rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen and fibrils. In the periphery of the placental site, the trophoblasts were scattered among the maternal cells. Foetal and maternal cells were often found side by side without any reaction. However, the cell membranes of trophoblastic giant cells and those of the uterine gland cells were closely apposed and desmosomes were observed between the foetal and maternal cells. In other places cell membranes between trophoblastic cells and uterine epithelium seemed to disintegrate.
Weight Loss in Secondary Amenorrhea: A Gynaecologic, Endocrinologic and Psychiatric Investigation of 54 Consecutive Clinic Cases
Authors: Holmberg Nils‐Gunnar , Nylander Ingvar 
Published: December 2009

Fifty‐four consecutive cases of secondary amenorrhea seen in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Umeå University Hospital were systematically studied from the somatic, endocrinologic and psychiatric points of view. The study showed that 51 patients had lost weight at or about the time of onset of amenorrhea and that 41 of these had symptoms characteristic of anorexia nervosa; some were cachectic. In none of these cases was there any reason to suspect a primary endocrine disturbance. On the other hand, two of the patients who had not lost weight, had significantIy elevated urinary 17‐ketosteroids in both total and fractional analysis.The connection between starvation, psychogenic amenorrhea and anorexia nervosa is discussed.
Feto Maternal Haemorrhage in Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: Liedholm Percy 
Published: December 2009

Feto‐maternal transfusion was found to be significantly more common in ectopic pregnancy than in normal pregnancy of corresponding duration. Ectopic pregnancy, but never normal pregnancy in the first trimester, was sometimes associated with feto‐maternal transfusion sufficiently large to cause Rh‐imnuinisation.It is concluded that an ectopic pregnancy in a Rh‐negative non‐immunised woman is an indication for prophylaxis with anti‐D‐gammaglobulin, administered as early as possible after the operation.