bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Surface Water Resources from Machine‐Processing of ERTS Multispectral Data
Authors: Mausel P. W. , Todd W. J. , Baumgardner M. F. , Mitchell R. A. , Cook J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater resource data that are useful to environmental scientists and planners frequently are missing, incomplete, or obtained irregularity. A new source of surface hydrological information can be obtained as often as every 18 days in some areas through machine‐processing of Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS) multispectral scanner data. This research focused on the surface water resources of a large metropolitan area, Marion County (Indianapolis), Indiana, in order to assess the potential value of ERTS spectral analysis to water resources problems.The results of the research indicate that all surface water bodies over 0.5 ha were identified accurately from ERTS multispectral analysis. Five distinct classes of water were identified and correlated with parameters which included the i) degree of water siltiness; ii) depth of water; iii) presence of macro and micro biotic forms in the water; and iv) presence of various chemical concentrations in the water. The machine‐processing of ERTS spectral data used alone or in conjunction with conventional sources of hydrological information can lead to the monitoring of the i) area of surface water bodies; ii) estimated volume of selected surface water bodies; iii) differences in degree of silt and clay suspended in water; and iv) degree of water eutrophication related to chemical concentrations. Water resources information obtained from ERTS analysis will be useful in helping to solve or better understand selected pollution, erosion, and planning problems in metropolitan and other environments.
Recreational Welfare Losses from Water Pollution Along US Coasts
Authors: Tihansky Dennis P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe economic impact of marine water pollution on recreation losses is directly related to the extent of beach closures. As water quality enhancement increases the supply of beaches available to the public, more participants are expected at both newly opened and formerly used (but polluted) sites. Swimmers are usually more sensitive than other sport enthusiasts to beach conditions. A conceptual methodology is developed to assess the economic welfare benefits of beach cleanup. Empirical data required by the method are compiled for all coastal regions of the continental USA. Annual damages to swimming are then estimated in the range of $27.5 to $65.3 million for 1970. The results indicate that the North Atlantic coastline accounts for almost 60% of total activity day losses, compared to roughly 30% for the Great Lakes region. The remaining areas—the Pacific, South Atlantic, and Gulf states—incur relatively minor damages. Especially along the West coast, influential public concern for environmental protection has contributed toward progress on coastal zone management. Many southern shorelines avoid serious pollution problems by their lack of heavy industrialization and urbanization. Recreation losses constitute only a portion, albeit an important one, of total damages attributable to contaminated marine waters. Other human activities or natural attributes adversely impacted include commercial fishing, navigation, shoreline property values, aesthetic amenities, and ecological habitats. Welfare losses for these items could well exceed that for recreation, although current informational deficiencies on welfare measures and empirical data preclude such an assessment.
The Influence of Temperature, pH, and Metabolic Inhibitors on Uptake of Lead by Plant Roots
Authors: Arvik Jon H. , Zimdahl Robert L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExcised roots of selected crop plants were exposed to 10 µg/ml of lead nitrate in the presence of 2,4‐dinitrophenol or sodium azide at 10−4 and 10−5 molar concentration. Additionally, roots were exposed to lead nitrate at pH 4.5, 5.5, and 7.0, and at temperatures of 4 and 24C. Lead uptake was not influenced by metabolic inhibitors or low temperature, but was dependent on solution pH, suggesting that the process does not require energy expenditure by the plant.
Pollution Control in Fertilizer Manufacture
Authors: Barber J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost air pollution regulations can be met by existing technology available. However, technology has not yet been developed to cope with the particulate emission problems at ammonium nitrate and urea prilling towers. Considerable technical effort is being devoted to finding solutions to the prilling tower problems. One possible solution for new plants is to granulate ammonium nitrate and urea in equipment which is amenable to particulate emission abatement. There are some unsolved water pollution problems at fertilizer plants awaiting further development of abatement technology. Miscellaneous discharges comprise a significant proportion of the aqueous wastes, and much of this loss can be avoided by adherence to good engineering practices when fertilizer plants are designed and constructed. In some cases, nutrients collected as wastes can be returned to the manufacturing process. Dust scrubber effluents and plant washdown obtained at granular fertilizer plants can be converted into liquid fertilizers; however, the dust collecting system should be designed to avoid excessive dust pickup. Two waste materials—gypsum and fluorides—are not normally suited for reuse in the manufacturing process. These materials are potentially useful by‐products, and greater emphasis is being placed on their recovery as by‐products because of the environmental problems associated with their disposal as wastes. Much progress has been made toward recovery of by‐product fluorine, but by‐product gypsum recovery involves large capital investment and extensive market development.
Effects of Timber Harvesting and Related Management Practices on Water Quality in Forested Watersheds
Authors: Sopper William E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUndisturbed forested watersheds are generally recognized as a primary source of high‐quality water. The physical and chemical nature of these waters fluctuate constantly in response to natural stresses but are most influenced by man's activities. Three major forest land management activities—timber harvesting, fertilization, and herbiciding—which may have an adverse affect on water quality are reviewed. In general, research results indicate that nutrient losses, particularly nitrogen, following forest clearcutting are small to negligible. Similarly, forest fertilization studies indicate that nitrogen concentrations in streams are not drastically increased. Large areal applications of selected herbicides in the West have demonstrated that, if carefully applied, they can be used without impairment of water quality.
Watershed Soil Detachment and Transportation Factors
Authors: Onstad C. A. , Moldenhauer W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractQuantification of sediment yields from agricultural watersheds requires that consideration be given to spatial and temporal variations in the parameters known to influence soil erosion by water. This includes accounting for variations in rainfall and runoff, the energy sources, on a storm‐by‐storm basis. Also to be considered are the distribution of watershed topography, soils, tillage practices. and vegetation which influence the degree of erosion or deposition. These factors are discussed with regard to simulation of the erosion‐deposition continum on agricultural watersheds.
Water Quality in Irrigated Watersheds
Authors: Branson R. L. , Pratt P. F. , Rhoades J. D. , Oster J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHistorically, attention to water quality in irrigated watersheds has been focused on irrigation waters and the relationships of their chemical composition to soil permeability and crop production. Recently, because of environmental concerns, it has become necessary to look beyond the quality of irrigation waters and consider also the quality of waters that drain from irrigated lands. Irrigation agriculture affects drainage‐water chemical composition. In turn, drainage waters can influence the quality of receiving waters which may have a variety of beneficial uses to be protected.The two types of drainage waters from irrigated lands, surface runoff and subsurface drainage or percolation water, are characteristically different in composition and chemical concentration. The pollution potential of subsurface drainage waters, with respect to nitrate and total soluble salts is of particular concern. Studies of individual field conditions are providing information that can be extrapolated to show the effects of watershed management on ultimate water quality in a receiving stream or ground water.A new concept has been developed concerning irrigation water management to minimize the quantity of salt discharged from irrigated lands and thereby help alleviate water quality degradation associated with disposal of salt‐laden subsurface drainage waters.
Effects of Forest Fertilization on Two Southeast Alaska Streams
Authors: Meehan William R. , Lotspeich Frederick B. , Mueller Ernst W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour streams in southeast Alaska were studied to determine the effects of forest fertilization with urea on basic productivity and water quality.An initial, short‐term increase in ammonia‐nitrogen was observed in the treated streams, and nitrate‐nitrogen levels increased and remained high compared to control stream levels during the year following treatment. Concentrations did not approach those considered toxic to aquatic life or unsafe for human consumption. Changes in biomass of periphyton and benthic fauna as a result of fertilization were not detected.
Effect of Mercury Vapor on Sugar Beets
Authors: Waldron L. J. , Terry N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhole young sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) were exposed to air containing vapor of metallic mercury at vapor densities of 0.28 to 15.5 mg/m3 for periods of 1 to 12 hours. Exposures as brief as 1 hour t 2.15 mg/m3 and 5 hours at 0.28 mg/m3 produced visible damage to leaves. Sugar beet plants are more susceptible than animal tissue to visible injury from mercury vapor and rank high in susceptibility to injury among plant species. Sugar beet plants might be used as inexpensive monitors where mercury vapor may be a health hazard.
An Example of Economically Feasible Opportunities for Reducing Pesticide Use in Commercial Agriculture
Authors: Casey James E. , Lacewell Ronald D. , Sterling Winfield 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDue to increasing resistance of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), in 1968 and 1969, the Texas Department of Corrections in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, initiated a new pest management strategy. This new strategy was basically (i) to control boll weevil with a fall diapause program, (ii) control fleahopper with low dosages of insecticides applied as early as feasible and (iii) to terminate fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), treatments quickly to allow beneficial insects to build and control bollworm and budworm.Comparing 1968–69 cotton, Gossypium herbaceum L., production (traditional insecticide treatment) to the new 1970–72 strategy indicates that insecticide use declined from 14.51 kg/ha to 7.19 (12.9 to 6.4 lb/acre) while lint yield increased due to the new pest management strategy on the Brazos River region of the Texas Department of Corrections cotton farms. Estimated net returns would be expected to increase $55.87 ($22.61 on a per acre basis) with adoption of the new pest management strategy compared to the traditional strategy. The Trinity River region of the Texas Department of Corrections cotton farms indicate that the new pest management strategy brought about a 50% reduction in per hectare quantity of insecticides used (from 12.28 to 6.22 kg [10.8 to 5.6 lb]), a 90 kg/ha (80 lb/acre) yield increase, and $85.50/ha ($34.627/acre) net return increase.Expanding these results to the 86.8 thousand hectares (215 thousand acres) to cotton in the surrounding area indicates that the new pest management strategy would increase cotton output by over 27.4 thousand bales, reduce quantity of insecticides applied by 607,000 kg (1.4 million lb) while increasing producer net returns over 5 million dollars.
Transfer of Boron and Tritiated Water Through Sandstone
Authors: Wierenga P. J. , van Genuchten M. Th. , Boyle F. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe movement of tritiated water and boron were determined during unsaturated flow through undisturbed sandstone cores. From the displacement and slope of the breakthrough curves relative to 1 pore volume of effluent, adsorption coefficients and dispersion coefficients were calculated of 0.135 and 1.06 cm2/day for boron, and 0.04 and 3.45 cm2/day for tritiated water, respectively. The data were used to predict the downward movement of boron through a sandstone formation in the Four Corners area of New Mexico. With 20 cm annual rainfall and 10% of the precipitation contributing to recharge, it was calculated to take 1,628 years for the boron concentration at the ground‐water table at 86 m to reach one‐half the boron concentration at the soil surface.
Field Studies on Etiology and Control of Fescue Toxicosis
Authors: Farnell D. R. , Futrell M. C. , Watson V. H. , Poe W. E. , Coats R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn outbreak of fescue toxicosis occurred in cattle in the southern part of Mississippi in 1969–70. A survey of veterinarians and county agents revealed that fescue toxicosis occurred in 15 Mississippi counties, with general distribution across the state. Field investigations were conducted to gain additional information on the role of fungi in the etiology of fescue toxicosis and to determine if an antifungal agent would be beneficial in controlling the disease. Thiabendazole [2‐(4‐Thiazolyl)‐benzimidazole], a drug with known anthelmintic and antifungal properties, was found to be of benefit in preventing symptoms of fescue toxicosis when administered periodically to cattle before and during grazing on known toxic fescue pastures. Thiabendazole was effective when administered orally immediately before the animals were put on toxic fescue and at 7‐day intervals at a dosage of 5.0 g/45.5 kg body weight, but it was not effective at a dosage of 1.0 g/45.5 kg body weight administered in the same way. The symptoms of fescue toxicosis occurred more often after or during rainy, overcast weather.
Movement of Prometryne through Congaree Soil into Ground Water
Authors: LaFleur K. S. , McCaskill W. R. , Adams D. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrometryne [2,4‐bis(isopropylamino)‐6‐(methylthio)‐s‐triazine] (2.54 g/m2) was applied to a Congaree sandy loam fieldplot containing a shallow (about −1.1 m) water table. Movement and loss in the soil profile, and accumulation in underlying ground water were monitored for 16 months. Rainfall during this time was 182 cm (3.5 pore volumes, based on the upper meter of soil). The upper meter contained about 31% of the applied prometryne after 16 months. Prometryne concentration was greatest in the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer throughout the experiment. Loss of prometryne with time in the upper 1 m was almost independent of concentration. Time to one‐half concentration was about 10 months.Prometryne appeared in the underlying ground water within 2 months after soil application and persisted through the 16th month. It had disappeared from the ground water in a post‐experiment check made after 20 months. Maximum concentration (8th to 16th month) was about 0.2 µmol/liter.
Microbial Decomposition of Ring‐14C Atrazine, Cyanuric Acid, and 2‐Chloro‐4,6‐diamino‐s‐triazine
Authors: Wolf D. C. , Martin J. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe relative degradation rates of 2.5 ppm 2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine (atrazine), 2,4,6‐trihydroxy‐s‐triazine (cyanuric acid), and 2‐chloro‐4,6diamino‐2‐triazine were studied in Greenfield sandy loam soil and in pure culture. Only 18% of the activity from added ring‐14C labeled atrazine was recovered as 14CO2 after 550 days of incubation at 60% water‐holding capacity. Ring‐14C 2‐chloro‐4,6‐diamino‐s‐triazine yielded 40% of the added activity as 14CO2 during 192 days. After 16 days, 87% of the labeled cyanuric acid had evolved as 14CO2 and after 32 days, the percentage had increased to 96% indicating that after ring cleavage the cyanuric acid C is not used for cell synthesis by the soil organisms. Evolution of 14CO2 from the three compounds was greatly retarded under saturated soil conditions. Losses were less than 0.6% for ring‐14C atrazine during 375 days, 83% for cyanuric acid in 66 days and 22% for 2‐chloro‐4,6‐diamino‐s‐triazine in 192 days. If cyanuric acid and 2‐chloro‐4,6‐diamino‐s‐triazine are intermediates in atrazine degradation, their detection in soils would be difficult because they are more rapidly oxidized than atrazine.Atrazine did not affect the activity of the soil microbes as measured by total CO2 evolution, numbers of microorganisms, or ability of soil microbes to decompose lima bean straw (Phaseolus limensis).Pure culture studies with two soil fungi, Stachybotrys chartarum and Hendersonula toruloidea, showed that neither was able to cleave the s‐triazine ring of atrazine or 2‐chloro‐4,6‐diamino‐s‐triazine, but both could degrade cyanuric acid to CO2.
A Framework for Evaluating Institutional and Socio‐Economic Issues of Land Treatment of Waste Water
Authors: Christensen Lee A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLand treatment of waste waters is receiving considerable attention as a waste water management alternative to meet water quality requirements. The many questions raised with the land treatment approach encourage a multidisciplinary planning approach. The systematic investigation of institutional and economic questions should be made concurrent with technical and engineering studies. An investigation of this waste water treatment alternative must address the questions of (i) what institutional arrangements will be used to acquire the use of the necessary land, and (ii) how the land treatment systems will be managed.Many factors influence the acreage required for land treatment systems including community size, the type of waste water being treated, management systems used, land availability, and soil type. An extensive area would be required for a large metropolitan area such as Detroit. Smaller communities or power plants would require less area. A number of ways to acquire rights to land are suggested, each with different implications for the affected farmers and the authority responsible for the operation of the system. These include fee simple acquisition, easement purchases, and the formation of waste water cooperatives. Some potential management options for fee simple sites include purchase and manage, and purchase and leaseback.Five goals of farmers are proposed for use in the evaluation of management options. These are income generation, wealth accumulation, firm growth, relative freedom of decision making, and sense of community participation. Management options are assessed in a general sense according to their probable effects on these goals.
Effect of Soil‐Incorporated Dairy Cattle Manure on Runoff Water Quality and Soil Properties
Authors: Long F. L. , Lund Z. F. , Hermanson R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of cattle manure application on quality of runoff water and soil properties were studied on 0.04‐ha plots cropped with millet (‘Gahi‐1’ pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) K. Schum.]) and rye (‘Abruzzi’ rye [Secale cereale L.]) and instrumented for measuring and sampling runoff water. Manure applied at the rate of 45 metric tons ha−1 year−1 (dry weight) for 3 years and incorporated into the surface 15 cm of soil did not result in runoff water biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values exceeding those for untreated soil. Nitrate levels in runoff water were not affected by the manure application and averaged less than 2 mg/liter of NO3‐N. There was a slight accumulation of nitrate in the soil profile due to the manure applications. After 3 years, nitrate averaged 0.15 and 0.08 meq NO3/100 g greater in the manured plots than in the check plots at the 0‐ to 45‐cm and 45‐ to 90‐cm depths, respectively. Nitrate accumulated in the millet forage above the safe level for feeding cattle, but not in the rye forage. Soil pH was increased to a depth of about 60 cm by manure application. Periodic carbon analysis of the soil indicated that organic matter was being decomposed fairly rapidly, and at the end of 3 years only 38% of the applied carbon remained.
Nitrate, Phosphate, and Potassium Movement into Drainage Lines Under Three Soil Management Systems
Authors: Calvert D. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrate, orthophosphate, and potassium concentrations in drainage water were determined from subsurface drains installed in shallow‐tilled (ST), (15 cm); deep‐tilled (DT), (107 cm); and deep‐tilled and limed (DTL) Florida Oldsmar sand planted to citrus (Citrus sp.). The drainage water samples were collected during the period May 1971 through July 1972. Total discharge of NO3‐N was significantly greater from ST plots than either DT or DTL plots. The NO3‐N in the drainage water from all treatments ranged from < 1 – 8 mg/liter during the period of study. Concentrations <1 mg PO4‐P/liter were common in the drainage water from all plots during this period while K concentrations varied between 1 and 12 mg/liter. Peak concentrations and discharge of fertilizer nutrients were shown to be a function of rainfall, irrigation, and timing of fertilizations. Deeply incorporated limestone applications into the subsoil tended to increase the NO3‐N and decrease PO4‐P discharged over that from deep tillage alone.
Dairy Cattle Manure—Its Effect on Rye and Millet Forage Yield and Quality
Authors: Lund Z. F. , Doss B. D. , Lowry F. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLand spreading of dairy manure is an effective means of disposal, but maximum rates that can safely be utilized must be determined. Fresh dairy cattle manure was incorporated into two soils at five rates for 3 years. The Dothan loamy sand and the Lucedale sandy loam were double‐cropped with millet and rye. In general, yields of millet and rye forage were lower on the mineral fertilizer check and the 22.5 metric tons/ha rate of manure than on tolerance levels of 2% in both millet (Pennisetum americanum (L.) [K. Schum] var. ‘Gahi‐1’) and rye (Secale cereale L.) forage grown on all treatments on Dothan soil and in millet on Lucedale soil when manure rates exceeded 90 metric tons/ha. Rye forage produced on all treatments on both soils had K/(Ca + Mg) ratios above the tolerance level of 2.2. Millet at the two lower rates of manure application and the check plots on the Dothan soil had K/(Ca + Mg) ratios below the tolerance level. The high ratios were more closely associated with organic nitrogen than with nitrate in millet, but the reverse was true with rye.
Mercury in Fish and Waterfowl from Ball Lake, Ontario
Authors: Annett C. S. , D'Itri F. M. , Ford J. R. , Prince H. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA total of 323 fish samples representing 8 species and 26 waterfowl samples of 3 species were collected from the Ball Lake area of the Wabigoon‐English River systems in northwestern Ontario and analyzed for total mercury levels by the flameless atomic absorption method. The average total mercury concentrations of walleye and pike were 3.24 and 5.55 mg/kg (wet Weight), respectively. The highest total mercury concentrations found during this study were 19.71 and 16.09 mg/kg (wet weight), respectively, in the muscle tissue of a walleye and pike. Frequency distributions of the total mercury concentrations in the fish are presented by species and sampling location. The highest average mercury levels in the breast muscle and liver tissue of three species of waterfowl were 8.36 and 98.56 mg/kg (wet weight), respectively.