bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi‐responsive methylcellulose/Fe‐alginate‐g‐PVA/PVA/Fe3O4 microgels for immobilizing enzyme
Authors: Xiao Congming , Ma Peipei , Geng Nannan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTo take advantage of the respective character of methylcellulose (MC), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and alginate, novel physically cross‐linked methylcellulose/Fe‐alginate‐g‐PVA/PVA (MC/Fe‐Alg‐g‐PVA/PVA) microgels were prepared by emulsification/thermal gelation/freezing–thawing/ionic cross‐linking technique. Subsequently, some ferrous ions bound in the microgels were transformed into magnetite via in situ self oxidation. A model enzyme α‐amylase was immobilized into microgels by direct adsorption. The release behavior of α‐amylase indicated that the obtained complex microgels were magnetic‐, temperature‐, and pH‐ triple sensitive. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural evolution during uniaxial deformation of natural rubber reinforced with nano‐alumina
Authors: Nie Yijing , Huang Guangsu , Qu Liangliang , Zhang Peng , Weng Gengsheng , Wu Jinrong 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) were enhanced by the inclusion of nano‐alumina. In order to gain further insights into the reinforcement mechanism, synchrotron wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) was used to monitor the evolution of the molecular structure during stretching in real time, and the tube model theory was applied to study the effect of nanoparticles on rubber network. For the filled rubber, the onset strain of crystallization shifted to much lower value compared with that of the unfilled, indicating the presence of special strain amplification effect, which can be revealed by the reduction of configurational entropy. In addition, the crystallinity increased and the lateral crystallite size decreased after the addition of the nanofiller. During deformation, the crystallites of the filled rubber showed lower orientational fluctuations differing from that of NR reinforced by carbon black. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Miltefosine loaded albumin microparticles for treatment of visceral leishmaniasis: formulation development and in vitro evaluation
Authors: Das Samir , Khan Wahid , Mohsin Shaikh , Kumar Neeraj 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIntroductionVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the fatal parasitic diseases, currently threatening 500,000 new cases worldwide each year. The major front line drugs available for treating VL are toxic and develop resistance due to their long treatment regimen. With this assumption, present work has been designed to formulate miltefosine (MF) as microparticulate drug delivery system to target macrophages where leishmania parasite resides.MethodologyMF is formulated using albumin as carrier and spray drying as method for the preparation of microparticles of desired size (≤6 µm) for intravenous administration. Microspheres were characterized morphologically and evaluated for particle size, product yield, and for drug polymer interaction. The ability of macrophages to phagocytosis these microspheres were investigated in RAW 264.7 cell line. In vitro hemolysis study was carried out to determine hemotoxicity of prepared microsphere formulation.ResultsThe average size of the prepared microspheres were found to be nearly 3 µm with most of particles in the range of 2–5 µm. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed no significant chemical interaction between the albumin and MF. Uptake study in macrophage cell line confirmed the targetability of prepared microspheres to macrophages. In vitro hemolysis study indicated reduced hemotoxicity and suitability of prepared microspheres for parenteral administration.ConclusionsMF loaded microspheres of desired size were prepared successfully using spray drying method with thermal stabilization. In vitro hemolysis and uptake studies confirmed the suitability of prepared microspheres for targeting macrophages with reduced hemotoxicity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generating and confirming hypotheses
Authors: Gould A. Lawrence 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDr. Walker asserts that a hypothesis always can be tested using the same data source that generated the data if the test data are independent of the data generating the hypothesis. One way to do this is to use part of the totality of data to generate the hypothesis and the other to test the hypothesis. The validity of this assertion depends on what one means by ‘independent’. This note addresses the logical and statistical implications of Dr. Walker's assertion. The key conclusion is that what constititutes ‘independent’ data has to be considered carefully, and that hypothesis‐generating and test data from the same data source generally can not be considered ‘independent’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural changes induced by deformation in an ethylene–(vinyl alcohol) copolymer: simultaneous measurements of uniaxial stretching and in situ wide‐angle X‐ray scattering
Authors: Cerrada María L , Fauth François , Fernández‐Blázquez Juan P , Pérez Ernesto 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe deformation process of a semi‐crystalline ethylene–(vinyl alcohol) copolymer (with a vinyl alcohol content of 68 mol%) has been evaluated using simultaneously real‐time synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and stress‐strain experiments at 150 °C. Small changes are observed during the initial elastic region in monoclinic crystallites. However, significant modifications are found along the development of a neck in the yielding region. These involve the disappearance of the monoclinic crystals and the appearance of a strain‐induced phase of mesomorphic ordering that is rapidly oriented. This alignment is further slightly enhanced during the propagation of deformation through the specimen, leading to a final orientation function of around 0.92. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Hybrid atom transfer radical polymerization system for balanced polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight control
Authors: Machado Mark , Faucher Santiago , Zhu Shiping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA hybrid polymerization system that combines the fast reaction kinetics of conventional free radical polymerization and the control of molecular weight and distribution afforded by ATRP has been developed. High‐free radical initiator concentrations in the range of 0.1–0.2 M were used in combination with a low concentration of ATRP catalyst. Conversions higher than 90% were achieved with ATRP catalyst concentrations of less than 20 ppm within 2 h for the hybrid ATRP system as compared with ATRPs where achieving such conversions would take up to 24 h. These reaction conditions lead to living polymerizations where polymer molecular weight increases linearly with monomer conversion. As in living polymerization and despite the fast rates and low ATRP catalyst concentrations, the polydispersity of the produced polymer remained below 1.30. Chain extension experiments from a synthesized macroinitiator were successful, which demonstrate the living characteristics of the hybrid ATRP process. Catalyst concentrations as low as 16 ppm were found to effectively mediate the growth of over 100 polymer chains per catalytic center, whereas at the same time negating the need for post polymerization purification given the low‐catalyst concentration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2294–2301, 2010
Tuning the electronic properties of conjugated polymer by tethering low‐bandgap rhenium(I) complex on the main chain
Authors: Mak Chris S. K. , Leung Qing Yun , Li Chi Ho , Chan Wai Kin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLow‐bandgap rhenium(I) complex with absorption onset at 795 nm in solution was tethered onto π‐conjugated polymer. The conjugated copolymer provides solution processability of the metallopolymer, and the pendant allows the low energy‐absorbing Re(I) complex units to be evenly distributed on the thin film. The copolymer tethered with low‐bandgap rhenium complex was synthesized by Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction. The metal‐free polymer (poly‐1) tethered with functionalized intramolecular charge transfer dye, 2‐phenyl‐3‐pyridin‐2‐yl‐5,7‐di‐2‐thienylthieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine, exhibited high molecular weight, good film‐forming properties, and excellent solution processability. The pendants of the conjugated polymer possess donor–acceptor characters and broaden the absorption band. These pendants can function as bidentate ligands for metal chelation. The solubilizing groups on the monomers provide good solubility to the polymer even with high content of metal chelation. Upon the complexation with rhenium(I) pentacarbonyl chloride, the absorption spectrum of the resulting metallopolymer was further extended toward the near‐infrared region. Photovoltaic performances based on this metallopolymer have been studied. The design approach of these metallopolymers provides synthetic feasibility for coordinating wide range of metal ions on the pendant, and the resulting low‐bandgap polymer can be a potential candidate for light harvesting material in solar cell applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2311–2319, 2010
New ethyl cellulose/acrylic hybrid latexes and coatings via miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Chen R. , Chu F. , Gauthier C. , Chazeau L. , Chaduc I. , Bourgeat‐Lami E. , Lansalot M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEthyl cellulose (EC) was incorporated into copolymer latexes via miniemulsion polymerization. The effects of EC viscosity and EC content on droplet size, particle size, and polymerization kinetics were investigated. The higher the EC content and viscosity, the larger the droplet size and the less stable the latex suspension. Small droplets that could be efficiently nucleated were formed for the lower‐viscosity EC but the latex still showed limited colloidal stability. This was attributed to some phase‐incompatibility between EC and the acrylic polymer. These stability issues were overcome by using an oil‐soluble initiator and a crosslinker. The later enabled to physically entrap EC inside the polymer particles, whereas the former allowed in situ grafting of the growing acrylic radicals to the EC backbone decreasing thereby the extent of phase separation. Thermal‐mechanical analyses evidenced that the films obtained from the hybrid latexes displayed better properties than the EC‐free latex films or the physical blends. This supports the hypothesis of formation of hybrid latexes that synergistically combine the properties of the acrylic matrix and the EC polymer. Interestingly, a significant increase of the elastic modulus was observed between 50 and 90 °C. This mechanical reinforcement was tentatively attributed to the formation of a percolating EC‐based hybrid phase. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2329–2339, 2010
Poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate)‐functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes from surface‐initiated ring‐opening polymerizations of N‐carboxylanhydride
Authors: Tang Haoyu , Zhang Donghui 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSingle‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been functionalized with poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) (PBLG) by ring‐opening polymerizations of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamic acid‐based N‐carboxylanhydrides (NCA‐BLG) using amino‐functionalized SWCNTs (SWCNT‐NH2) as initiators. The SWCNT functionalization has been verified by FTIR spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The FTIR study reveals that surface‐attached PBLGs adopt random‐coil conformations in contrast to the physically absorbed or bulk PBLGs, which exhibit α‐helical conformations. Raman spectroscopic analysis reveals a significant alteration of the electronic structure of SWCNTs as a result of PBLG functionalization. The PBLG‐functionalized SWCNTs (SWCNT‐PBLG) exhibit enhanced solubility in DMF. Stable DMF solutions of SWCNT‐PBLG/PBLG with a maximum SWCNTs concentration of 259 mg L−1 can be readily obtained. SWCNT‐PBLG/PBLG solid composites have been characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide/small‐angle X‐ray scattering (W/SAXS), scanning electron microscopy, and polarized optical microscopy for their thermal or morphological properties. Microfibers containing SWCNT‐PBLG and PBLG can also be prepared via electrospinning. WAXS characterization reveals that SWCNTs are evenly distributed among PBLG rods in solution and in the solid state where PBLGs form a short‐range nematic phase interspersed with amorphous domains. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2340–2350, 2010
Salt‐induced microphase separation of amorphous dendritic poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐linear polystyrene copolymers
Authors: Cho Byoung‐Ki , Kim Seung‐Hyun , Lee Eunji 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe prepared two block copolymers 1 and 2 consisting of a third‐generation dendron with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) peripheries and a linear polystyrene (PS) coil. The PS molecular weights were 2000 g/mol and 8000 g/mol for 1 and 2, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data indicated that neither of the block copolymers showed glass transition, implying that there was no microphase separation between the PEO and PS blocks. However, upon doping the block copolymers with lithium triflate (lithium concentration per ethylene oxide unit = 0.2), two distinct glass transitions were seen, corresponding to the salt‐doped PEO and PS blocks, respectively. The morphological analysis using small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that a hexagonal columnar morphology was induced in salt‐doped sample 1‐Li+, whereas the other sample (2‐Li+) with a longer PS coil revealed a lamellar structure. In particular, in the SAXS data of 2‐Li+, an abrupt reduction in the lamellar thickness was observed near the PS glass transition temperature (Tg), in contrast to the SAXS data for 1‐Li+. This reduction implies that there is a lateral expansion of the molecular section in the lamellar structure, which can be interpreted by the conformational energy stabilization of the long PS coil above Tg. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2372–2376, 2010
Synthesis and solvent‐dependent micellization of the amphiphilic block copolymer poly(styreneboronic acid)‐block‐polystyrene
Authors: Cui Chengzhong , Bonder Edward M. , Qin Yang , Jäkle Frieder 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe amphiphilic organoboron block copolymer poly (styreneboronic acid)‐block‐polystyrene (PSBA‐b‐PS) has been prepared through a postpolymerization modification route from the silicon‐functionalized block copolymer poly(4‐trimethylsilylstyrene)‐block‐polystyrene (PSSi‐b‐PS). PSBA‐b‐PS is obtained through highly selective reaction of PSSi‐b‐PS with BBr3 at room temperature and subsequent hydrolysis of the BBr2‐functionalized intermediate. Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrate that PSBA‐b‐PS undergoes pH dependent micellization in aqueous solution. Different morphologies could be realized by using different mixtures of water and organic solvents. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2438–2445, 2010
Structure‐property relationships in densely grafted π‐stacked polymers
Authors: Cappelli Andrea , Paolino Marco , Anzini Paolo , Giuliani Germano , Valenti Salvatore , Aggravi Marianna , Donati Alessandro , Mendichi Raniero , Zetta Lucia , Boccia Antonella Caterina , Bertini Fabio , Samperi Filippo , Battiato Salvatore , Paccagnini Eugenio , Vomero Salvatore 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThree methyl end‐capped oligo(ethylene glycol) (MOEG) ethers (1b‐d) and a methoxyderivative (1a) of benzofulvene monomer BF3k were synthesized and induced to polymerize spontaneously by solvent removal to obtain soluble π‐stacked polymers bearing densely grafted MOEG side chains (poly‐1b–d) and model polymer poly‐1a. The physicochemical features (e.g., solubility, NMR, MALDI‐TOF, and absorption/emission spectra, as well as MWD, conformation plot, and thermal properties) of the synthesized polymers were compared in a structure‐property relationship study. This approach afforded the following evidence. The structure of poly‐1a–d is very similar to that of BF3k, suggesting that the polymerization mechanism is not affected by the presence of the electron‐rich methoxy group or bulkier MOEG side chains. However, the latter appear to be capable of affecting the conformational behavior of the polymer backbone. The solubility of poly‐1a–d depends on the number of the oligo(ethylene glycol) monomeric units. In particular, poly‐1d, featuring a long MOEG side chain (n = 9), shows an amphiphilic character and is soluble in a number of organic solvents, whereas it interacts with water to give isolated macromolecules in equilibrium with nanosized water‐soluble aggregates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2446–2461, 2010
Thermoresponsive super water absorbent hydrogels prepared by frontal polymerization
Authors: Scognamillo Sergio , Alzari Valeria , Nuvoli Daniele , Mariani Alberto 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFrontal polymerization was used as an alternative technique for the preparation of super water absorbent hydrogels obtained from acrylamide and 3‐sulfopropyl acrylate, potassium salt (SPAK) in the presence of N,N′‐methylene‐bisacrylamide as a crosslinker. All samples were synthesized in dimethyl sulfoxide, and their swelling behavior in water was investigated. It was found that their features are dependent on the monomer ratio used, which influenced the porous morphology, and consequently, the swelling capability. The swelling ratio ranges from about 1000% for the acrylamide homopolymer up to 14,000% for the sample containing 87.5 mol % of SPAK, thus indicating that this parameter can be easily tuned by using the appropriate monomer ratio. The affinity towards water was eventually confirmed by contact angle analysis. Polymer hydrogels made from at least 62.5 mol % SPAK exhibit a thermoresponsive behavior, with a lower critical solution temperature of ∼30 °C. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2486–2490, 2010
Supramolecular template‐directed synthesis of stable and high‐efficiency photoluminescence 9,10‐diphenylanthryl‐bridged ladder polysiloxane
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Chen Zhize , Fu Wenxin , Xie Ping , Li Zhibo , Yan Shouke , Zhang Rongben 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA soluble well‐defined 9,10‐diphenylanthryl‐bridged ladder polysiloxane (DPAnLP) was prepared via supramolecular assembly‐directed condensation polymerization of silanols. The ladder superstructure (LS) was obtained via a synergistic interaction of H‐bonding and π–π stacking between polymerizable precursor 2‐tert‐butyl‐9,10‐bis(methyldihydroxylsilyl)anthracene in organic solvent. The resultant LS was then used as template to direct the condensation of silanol groups to obtain DPAnLP with high regularity. It was found that DPAnLP can emit blue light (430 nm) with great stability and high efficiency in both solution and solid film, which indicated a well organizing of fluorophore within confined environment (ladder structure). TGA and DSC measurements showed that DPAnLP had good thermal stability, and cyclic voltammetry detection gave a low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital level. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 2491–2497, 2010
Evaluation of the combined toxicity of 15 pesticides by uniform design
Authors: Zhang Ya‐Hui , Liu Shu‐Shen , Liu Hai‐Ling , Liu Zheng‐Zao 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Environmental pesticides, including insecticides and herbicides, are frequently encountered as mixtures and threaten non‐target organisms in water. Evaluation of the combined toxicity of diverse pesticides with various concentration combinations is important, especially using limited experimental effort. Uniform design (UD) is one optimal experimental technique that can rationally arrange the concentrations of mixture components so that, with a minimum number of experimental runs, the combined toxicity of multiple pesticide mixtures can be evaluated.RESULTS: The concentration compositions of 18 pesticide mixture points designed by UD covered almost all possible concentration ranges of the mixture components on account of the two merits of ‘space filling’ and ‘multiple levels’. The combined toxicities of 18 mixture rays extended by using the fixed‐ratio ray design (FRRD) from 18 UD mixture points were evaluated by concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. It was found that the concentration–response curves (CRCs) predicted by CA were, on the whole, located between the 95% confidence intervals of the experimental CRCs, which implied that the combined toxicity of the pesticide mixture rays could be evaluated by CA. The CRCs predicted by IA were very similar to those from CA.CONCLUSION: The model developed from the UD mixture rays can effectively simulate mixtures with arbitrary concentration compositions of 15 pesticides. The CA model can accurately evaluate and predict the combined toxicity of the pesticides, which provides a useful tool for risk assessment of a mixture of multiple pesticides in the aquatic environment. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Eslicarbazepine: new adjunctive treatment for partial epilepsy
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Kelso Andrew 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEslicarbazepine acetate (Zebinix) is a new antiepileptic drug licensed as adjunctive treatment for partialonset seizures. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to efficacy and adverse effects, and Dr Andrew Kelso discusses its potential role in epilepsy treatment. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Instanyl: intranasal fentanyl for treating breakthrough pain
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Zeppetella Giovambattista 
Published: April 2010

AbstractInstanyl is an intranasal formulation of fentanyl licensed for breakthrough pain management in chronic cancer pain. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects and Dr Giovambattista Zeppetella discusses its place in the management of breakthrough pain. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Prasugrel (Efient): new antiplatelet to prevent atherothrombosis
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Nadra Imad , Redwood Simon 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPrasugrel (Efient) is a new antiplatelet agent to prevent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome or STEMI under‐ going percutaneous coronary intervention. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the clinical data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects, and Drs Nadra and Redwood consider its potential place in treatment. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Recess gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs using overlap gate metal structure
Authors: Ide Toshihide , Piao Guanxi , Yano Yoshiki , Shimizu Mitsuaki 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRecess gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs with the overlap gate metal structure were fabricated. The overlap gate metal structure effectively reduced the short channel effect and the drain conductance at the recess gate HEMTs with a short recess‐gate length of 0.4 μm. The drain conductance of the HEMTs with the overlap gate metal length of 2.0 μm was 1/5 lower than with the length of 0.4μm. Since the recess gate structure enhanced the tranceconductance, both the low drain conductance and the high tranceconductance were achieved by employing the overlap gate metal structure in the recess‐gate HEMTs. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)