bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Recovery Program following Colorectal Resection in the Elderly Patient
Authors: Pawa Nikhil , Cathcart Paul L. , Arulampalam Tan H. A. , Tutton Matthew G. , Motson Roger W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe enhanced recovery program (ERP) aims to reduce the metabolic response to surgery, hastening recovery and shortening hospital stay. Concerns exist regarding morbidity and hospital stay in elderly patients. The present study aimed to compare the outcomes and compliance of elderly patients managed by an ERP protocol with a younger group.MethodsA review was performed of a prospective database of patients undergoing colorectal resection managed under the ERP protocol between 2005 and 2010. Patients were grouped into <80 years and ≥80 years, and perioperative data were collated. The postoperative outcomes were compared with the goals set out by the ERP protocol.ResultsA total of 688 patients were included, 558 were <80 years (median: 66 years; range: 17–79 years) and 130 were ≥80 years (median: 83 years; range: 80–95 years). Some 96% of operations were planned laparoscopically. Median total length of hospital stay was 6 days (range: 1–108 days) for the <80 year group and 8 days (range: 1–167 days; P 0.363) for the elderly group, with a 30 day readmission rate of 8.6% for the population and no significant differences between groups. The 30 day mortality was 5%, with a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.0001). Differences in protocol adherence were identified in the discontinuation of intravenous fluids, catheter removal, and early mobilization.ConclusionsAn enhanced recovery program is feasible for colorectal surgery patients ≥80 years of age, with similar compliance as the younger group to some aspects of the protocol and an acceptable readmission rate. Attention to improving compliance in the postoperative phase is necessary, particularly in such high‐risk patients, as such improvement may reduce the morbidity and mortality.
Clinical Implication of Serosal Change in Pathologic Subserosa‐Limited Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kim Joo Mee , Jung Hun , Lee Jun Suh , Lee Han Hong , Song Kyo Yung , Park Cho Hyun , Jeon Myung Hae 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical implication of serosal change in pathologic subserosa‐limited gastric cancer based on a retrospective analysis.MethodsA total of 285 patients who were diagnosed with pathologically subserosa‐limited gastric cancer were included. The patients were divided into two groups: the accordance group, with subserosa‐limited cancer without macroscopic serosa change (n = 124); the discordance group, with subserosa‐limited cancer showing macroscopic serosal change (n = 161).ResultsTumor size, number of metastatic lymph nodes, and pathologic N stage were significantly associated with macroscopic serosal change. Serosal change patients presented a higher recurrence rate compared with patients without serosal change (38.0 vs. 20.2% for the 5‐year recurrence rate, P = 0.002), and peritoneal seeding presented frequently in serosal‐change patients with significance (41.1%). Likewise, the overall survival of serosal‐change patients was significantly worse than that for those without serosal change (66.9 vs. 81.4% for the 5‐year survival rate, P = 0.002). Serosal change was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival (relative risk 1.784, P = 0.039).ConclusionsSerosal change in pathologic subserosa‐limited gastric cancer is related to poor survival. Therefore, adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered for these patients, and adequate follow‐up programs instituted for early detection of peritoneal seeding.
Magnetic Solid Base Catalysts for the Production of Biodiesel
Authors: Guo Pingmei , Huang Fenghong , Zheng Mingming , Li Wenlin , Huang Qingde 
Published: December 2011

AbstractMagnetic solid base catalysts were prepared by loading Na2SiO3 on Fe3O4 nano‐particles with Na2O·3SiO2 and NaOH as precipitator. The catalysts were used to catalyze the transesterification reactions for the production of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME, namely biodiesel) from cottonseed oil. The optimum conditions of the catalysts' preparation and transesterification reactions were investigated by orthogonal experiments. The catalyst with the highest catalytic activity was obtained when Si/Fe molar ratio of 2.5, aging time of 2 h, calcination temperature of 350 °C, calcination time of 2.5 h. Magnetic of the catalyst was characterized with Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) and transmission electron microscopy photograph (TEM), and the results showed the catalyst Na2SiO3/Fe3O4 had good specific saturation magnetization and paramagnetism, and its water resistance was better than the traditional homogeneous base catalysts; under the transesterification conditions of methanol/oil molar ratio of 7:1, catalyst dosage of 5%, reaction temperature of 60 °C, reaction time of 100 min and stirring speed of 400 rpm, yield of biodiesel was 99.6%. The lifetime and recovery rate of the magnetic solid base catalyst were much better than those of Na2SiO3.
Assessing recovery from schizophrenia as an individual process. A review of self-report instruments
Authors: Cavelti M. , Kvrgic S. , Beck E.-M. , Kossowsky J. , Vauth R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveStudies investigating indicators of recovery from schizophrenia yielded two concepts of recovery. The first is the reduction of psychiatric symptoms and functional disabilities (‘clinical recovery’), while the second describes the individual adaptation process to the threat posed to the individual sense of self by the disorder and its negative consequences (‘personal recovery’). Evidence suggests that both perceptions contribute substantially to the understanding of recovery and require specific assessment and therapy. While current reviews of measures of clinical recovery exist, measures of personal recovery have yet to be investigated. Considering the steadily growing literature on recovery, this article gives an update about existing measures assessing personal recovery.MethodA literature search for instruments was performed using Medline, Embase, PsycINFO&PSYNDEXPlus, ISI Web of Knowledge, and Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were: (1) quantitative self-report measures; (2) specifically developed for adults with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or at least applied to individuals suffering from severe mental illness; (3) empirically tested psychometric properties and/or published in a peer-reviewed, English-language journal. Instruments were evaluated with regard to psychometric properties (validity and reliability) and issues of application (user and administrator friendliness, translations).ResultsThirteen instruments met the inclusion criteria. They were individually described and finally summarized in a table reflecting the pros and cons of each instrument. This may enable the reader to make an evidence-based choice for a questionnaire for a specific application.ConclusionThe Recovery Assessment Scale is possibly the best currently available measure of personal recovery when all evaluation criteria are included. However, the ratings listed in the current paper depended on the availability of information and the quality of available reports of previous assessment of the measurement properties. Considering the significant amount of information lacking and inconsistent findings, further research on the reviewed measures is perhaps more important than the development of new measures of personal recovery.
The role of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet food groups in blood pressure in type 2 diabetes
Authors: de Paula Tatiana Pedroso , Steemburgo Thais , de Almeida Jussara Carnevale , Dall'Alba Valesca , Gross Jorge Luiz , de Azevedo Mirela Jobim 
Published: December 2011

The role of each Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet component in blood pressure (BP) of patients with diabetes is still uncertain. The aim of the present study was to evaluate possible associations of the recommended food groups of the DASH diet eating plan with BP values in patients with type 2 diabetes. In the present cross-sectional study, 225 patients with type 2 diabetes (age 61·1 (sd10·4) years; diabetes duration 13·1 (sd9·1) years; males 48·4 %; BMI 28·5 (sd4·3) kg/m2; HbA1c 7·1 (sd1·3) %; systolic BP 136·7 (sd20·0) mmHg; diastolic BP 78·4 (sd11·8) mmHg) without dietary counselling during the previous 6 months had their dietary intake assessed by 3 d weighed-diet records. Patients were divided into two groups according to BP tertiles: LOW BP (first tertile) and HIGH BP (second plus third tertiles). Multivariate logistic regression models demonstrated that the daily intake of 80 g of fruits per 4184 kJ (1000 kcal) (OR 0·781; 95 % CI 0·617, 0·987;P = 0·039) or 50 g of vegetables per 4184 kJ (1000 kcal) (OR 0·781; 95 % CI 0·618, 0·988;P = 0·040) reduced the chance of the presence of HIGH mean BP (MBP ≥ 92 mmHg) by 22 % each, adjusted for possible confounders. In conclusion, fruit and vegetables were the food groups of the DASH diet associated with reduced BP values in patients with type 2 diabetes, and their consumption might play a protective role against increased BP values.
Daily intake ofLactobacillus caseiShirota increases natural killer cell activity in smokers
Authors: Reale Marcella , Boscolo Paolo , Bellante Veronica , Tarantelli Chiara , Di Nicola Marta , Forcella Laura , Li Qing , Morimoto Kanehisa , Muraro Raffaella 
Published: December 2011

Dietary probiotics supplementation exerts beneficial health effects. Since cigarette smoking reduces natural killer (NK) activity, we evaluated the effect ofLactobacillus caseiShirota (LcS) intake on NK cytotoxic activity in male smokers. The double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised study was conducted on seventy-two healthy Italian blue-collar male smokers randomly divided for daily intake of LcS powder or placebo. Before and after 3 weeks of intake, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and NK activity and CD16+cells' number were assessed. Daily LcS intake for 3 weeks significantly increased NK activity (P < 0·001). The increase in NK activity was paralleled by an increase in CD16+cells (P < 0·001). Before intake, NK cytotoxic activity inversely correlated with the number of cigarettes smoked (R− 0·064). LcS intake prevented the smoke-dependent expected NK activity reduction. The analysis of the distribution of changes in smoke-adjusted NK activity demonstrated that the positive variations were significantly associated with LcS intake, while the negative variations were associated with placebo intake (median value of distributions of differences, 20·98 lytic unit (LU)/107cells for LcSv.− 4·38 LU/107cells for placebo,P = 0·039). In conclusion, 3 weeks of daily LcS intake in Italian male smokers was associated with a higher increase in cytotoxic activity and CD16+cells' number in comparison to the placebo intake group.
Pictures from an Antarctic expedition: Mikhailov on the Bellingshausen voyage
Authors: Bulkeley Rip 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe artist Pavel Nikolayevich Mikhailov (1786–1840) took part in the Antarctic expedition of the Imperial Russian Navy commanded by Captain F.F. Bellingshausen from 1819 to 1821. The author was invited to view the collection of Mikhailov's work, from two expeditions, that is held at the Russian Museum, St Petersburg. The Bellingshausen pieces in the collection are described, and their relationships to the smaller collection of Mikhailov's work for the Bellingshausen expedition, held at the State Historical Museum in Moscow, to the lithographs in theAtlasvolume of Bellingshausen's published narrative, and to the various versions of Mikhailov's images that have been published in the 20th and 21st centuries, are discussed.
Outbreak of hepatitis A in an extended family after importation by non-immune travellers
Authors: KUMBANG J. , EJIDE S. , TEDDER R. S. , NGUI S. L. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYThe incidence of hepatitis A in England has declined in recent years, but travel-related cases and imported infections remain a challenge. We report an outbreak of hepatitis A in an extended family where two primary cases were infected while in Pakistan and two secondary cases were infected in England. All four were infected by the same genotype IIIA virus. Testing of the children in the extended family by dried blood spots (DBS) determined that three had evidence of recent past infections (anti-HAV IgM positive), one had a current asymptomatic infection (anti-HAV IgM and HAV RNA positive) and one was incubating the virus (anti-HAV IgM negative, HAV RNA positive). HAV RNA from the DBS was identical to the adult cases. This outbreak demonstrates secondary spread of hepatitis A by asymptomatic children after importation from abroad and highlights the importance of preventing travel-associated hepatitis A infection.
Part of speech tagging for Arabic
Authors: KÜBLER SANDRA , MOHAMED EMAD 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper presents an investigation of part of speech (POS) tagging for Arabic as it occurs naturally, i.e. unvocalized text (without diacritics). We also do not assume any prior tokenization, although this was used previously as a basis for POS tagging. Arabic is a morphologically complex language, i.e. there is a high number of inflections per word; and the tagset is larger than the typical tagset for English. Both factors, the second one being partly dependent on the first, increase the number of word/tag combinations, for which the POS tagger needs to find estimates, and thus they contribute to data sparseness. We present a novel approach to Arabic POS tagging that does not require any pre-processing, such as segmentation or tokenization: whole word tagging. In this approach, the complete word is assigned a complex POS tag, which includes morphological information. A competing approach investigates the effect of segmentation and vocalization on POS tagging to alleviate data sparseness and ambiguity. In the segmentation-based approach, we first automatically segment words and then POS tags the segments. The complex tagset encompasses 993 POS tags, whereas the segment-based tagset encompasses only 139 tags. However, segments are also more ambiguous, thus there are more possible combinations of segment tags. In realistic situations, in which we have no information about segmentation or vocalization, whole word tagging reaches the highest accuracy of 94.74%. If gold standard segmentation or vocalization is available, including this information improves POS tagging accuracy. However, while our automatic segmentation and vocalization modules reach state-of-the-art performance, their performance is not reliable enough for POS tagging and actually impairs POS tagging performance. Finally, we investigate whether a reduction of the complex tagset to the Extra-Reduced Tagset as suggested by Habash and Rambow (Habash, N., and Rambow, O. 2005. Arabic tokenization, part-of-speech tagging and morphological disambiguation in one fell swoop. In Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), Ann Arbor, MI, USA, pp. 573–80) will alleviate the data sparseness problem. While the POS tagging accuracy increases due to the smaller tagset, a closer look shows that using a complex tagset for POS tagging and then converting the resulting annotation to the smaller tagset results in a higher accuracy than tagging using the smaller tagset directly.
Modern Moral Philosophy and the Problem of Relevant Descriptions
Authors: O'Neill Onora 
Published: December 2011

Anscombe's indictment of modern moral philosophy is full-blooded. She began with three strong claims:The first is that is not profitable to do moral philosophy… until we have an adequate philosophy of psychology, in which we are conspicuously lacking. The second is that the concepts of obligation and duty… and of the moral sense of ‘ought’, ought to be jettisoned… because they are derivatives… from an earlier conception of ethics… and are only harmful without it. The third thesis is that the differences between the well-known English writers on moral philosophy from Sidgwick to the present are of little importance.
Using short‐term postseismic displacements to infer the ambient deformation conditions of the upper mantle
Authors: Freed Andrew M. , Hirth Greg , Behn Mark D. 
Published: December 2011

To interpret short‐term postseismic surface displacements in the context of key ambient conditions (e.g., temperature, pressure, background strain rate, water content, creep mechanism), we combined steady state and transient flow into a single constitutive relation that can explain the response of a viscoelastic material to a change in stress. The flow law is then used to investigate mantle deformation beneath the Eastern California Shear Zone following the 1999 M7.1 Hector Mine earthquake. The flow law parameters are determined using finite element models of relaxation processes, constrained by surface displacement time series recorded by 55 continuous GPS stations for 7 years following the earthquake. Results suggest that postseismic flow following the Hector Mine earthquake occurs below a depth of ∼50 km and is controlled by dislocation creep of wet olivine. Diffusion creep models can also explain the data, but require a grain size (3.5 mm) that is smaller than the inferred grain size (10–20 mm) based on the mantle conditions at these depths. In addition, laboratory flow laws predict dislocation creep would dominate at the stress/grain size conditions that provide the best fit to diffusion creep models. Model results suggest a transient creep phase that lasts ∼1 year and has a viscosity ∼10 times lower than subsequent steady state flow, in general agreement with laboratory observations. The postseismic response is best explained as occurring within a relatively hot upper mantle (e.g., 1200–1300°C at 50 km depth) with a long‐term background mantle strain rate of 0.1–0.2μstrain/yr, consistent with the observed surface strain rate. Long‐term background shear stresses at the top of the mantle are ∼4 MPa, then decrease with depth to a minimum of 0.1–0.2 MPa at 70 km depth before increasing slowly with depth due to the pressure dependence of viscosity. These conditions correspond to a background viscosity of 1021 Pa s within a thin mantle lid that decreases to ∼5 × 1019 Pa s within the underlying asthenosphere. This study shows the utility of using short‐term postseismic observations to infer long‐term mantle conditions that are not readily observable by other means.
Detecting areas of endemism with a taxonomically diverse data set: plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and insects from Argentina
Authors: Szumik Claudia , Aagesen Lone , Casagranda Dolores , Arzamendia Vanesa , Baldo Diego , Claps Lucía E. , Cuezzo Fabiana , Díaz Gómez Juan M. , Di Giacomo Adrián , Giraudo Alejandro , Goloboff Pablo , Gramajo Cecilia , Kopuchian Cecilia , Kretzschmar Sonia , Lizarralde Mercedes , Molina Alejandra , Mollerach Marcos , Navarro Fernando , Nomdedeu Soledad , Panizza Adela , Pereyra Verónica V. , Sandoval María , Scrocchi Gustavo , Zuloaga Fernando O. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe idea of an area of endemism implies that different groups of plants and animals should have largely coincident distributions. This paper analyses an area of 1152 000 km2, between parallels 21 and 32°S and meridians 70 and 53°W to examine whether a large and taxonomically diverse data set actually displays areas supported by different groups. The data set includes the distribution of 805 species of plants (45 families), mammals (25 families), reptiles (six families), amphibians (five families), birds (18 families), and insects (30 families), and is analysed with the optimality criterion (based on the notion of endemism) implemented in the program NDM/VNDM. Almost 50% of the areas obtained are supported by three or more major groups; areas supported by fewer major groups generally contain species from different genera, families, or orders.© The Willi Hennig Society 2011.
Benthic resources are the key to Daphnia middendorffiana survival in a high arctic pond
Authors: CAZZANELLI MATTEO , FORSSTRÖM LAURA , RAUTIO MILLA , MICHELSEN ANDERS , CHRISTOFFERSEN KIRSTEN S. 
Published: December 2011

Summary1. Shallow arctic lakes and ponds have simple and short food webs, but large uncertainties remain about benthic–pelagic links in these systems. We tested whether organic matter of benthic origin supports zooplankton biomass in a pond in NE Greenland, using stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen in the pond itself and in a 13C‐enrichment enclosure experiment. In the latter, we manipulated the carbon isotope signature of benthic algae to enhance its isotopic discrimination from other potential food sources for zooplankton.2. The cladoceran Daphnia middendorffiana responded to the 13C‐enrichment of benthic mats with progressively increasing δ13C values, suggesting benthic feeding. Stable isotope analysis also pointed towards a negligible contribution of terrestrial carbon to the diet of D. middendorffiana. This agreed with the apparent dominance of autochthonous dissolved organic matter in the pond revealed by analysis of coloured dissolved organic matter.3. Daily net production by phytoplankton in the pond (18 mg C m−2 day−1) could satisfy only up to half of the calculated minimum energy requirements of D. middendorffiana (35 mg C m−2 day−1), whereas benthic primary production alone (145 mg C m−2 day−1) was more than sufficient.4. Our findings highlight benthic primary production as a major dietary source for D. middendorffiana in this system and suggest that benthic organic matter may play a key role in sustaining pelagic secondary production in such nutrient‐limited high arctic ponds.
The effect of natural substrates on jump height in click‐beetles
Authors: Ribak Gal , Reingold Sonia , Weihs Daniel 
Published: December 2011

Summary1. Inverted click‐beetles (Elateridae) jump to right themselves, providing enough energy to launch the body many body lengths into the air.2. We tested whether the apparently redundant jump energy could be an adaptation for jumping from compliant surfaces that absorb energy, in the natural habitat. Jump height was measured in beetles jumping from natural substrates and from an apparatus we designed, allowing them to adjust the level of jump energy attenuated by the substrate.3. Jump height was dramatically reduced (by c. 75%) when jumping from leaves that covered approximately half of the study site. In the remaining area, jumping for righting was either not required or not substantially attenuated. Therefore, the available power for jumping results in low jumps that are barely sufficient for righting when jumping from compliant surfaces covering c. 50% of the natural habitat.4. The decrease in jump height was correlated with the amount of work absorbed by the substrate. We therefore conclude that the beetles do not adjust the muscle work invested in jumping to adjust for changes in substrate stiffness.5. Scaling considerations of the jumping mechanics suggest that substrate compliance becomes a bigger problem for larger beetles.6. The effect of substrate compliance needs to be taken into account while addressing the functional ecology of jumping animals.