bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fish Consumption and the Risk of Stroke
Authors: Larsson Susanna C. , Orsini Nicola 
Published: September 2011

Background and Purpose—
Fish consumption has been postulated to reduce the risk of stroke. We conducted a dose–response meta-analysis to summarize the evidence from prospective studies regarding the association between fish consumption and stroke risk.

Methods—
Pertinent studies were identified by searching Embase and PubMed through May 2011 and by reviewing the references of retrieved articles. We included prospective studies that reported relative risks with 95% CIs of stroke for ≥3 categories of fish consumption. Results were combined using a random-effects model.

Results—

Fifteen prospective studies, with 9360 stroke events among 383 838 participants, were included. An increment of 3 servings/week in fish consumption was associated with a 6% reduction in risk of total stroke (relative risk, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89–0.99) without heterogeneity among studies (
P
=0.15,
I
2
=25.7%). Among 9 studies with results for stroke subtypes, the relative risks were 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84–0.97) for ischemic stroke and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.76–1.06) for hemorrhagic stroke.

Conclusions—
These findings indicate that fish consumption is weakly inversely associated with the risk of stroke.
‘Caritas in Veritate’ and Social Love
Authors: Archer Margaret S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe preliminary part of this paper demonstrates how defective models of personal identity have dominated social theory since the Enlightenment, and indicates their deficiencies for social theorizing and as a basis for the Catholic Church’s social teaching. Part two examines the consequences of conceptions that are incompatible with the four pillars of Catholic social teaching: human dignity, solidarity, subsidiarity and the common good. Part three examines why recent social teaching is anti-individualist in its emphasis on the connection between personal identity and social relations and endorses relational emergent properties and powers, which are grounded in social realism. These points are held to specify necessary but far from sufficient social conditions required for transforming late modernity into a ‘civilization of love’.
Social Conscience and Politics in the United States of America: Reflections
Authors: Bane Mary Jo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article argues that the United States of America is quite different from other OECD countries in its religiosity (America is much more religious) and also in its public safety nets, which are considerably less generous and comprehensive than those of Europe. There are some institutional and ideological patterns in American religion that perhaps underlie both these tendencies. Patterns of religious life and practice in America may be part of the ‘problem’ in American responses to poverty; they may also, however, be part of the solution, and not simply because of gospel teaching. America is distinctive in the breadth, diversity and vitality of associations and charities, including religiously based voluntary organizations. The voluntary sector cannot replace the public sector, but it can, perhaps, provide the organizational foundation for the development of social conscience and civic dialogue, and a counter to the increasingly toxic political sphere. The voluntary sector may be the best hope for the emergence of an American social conscience, and may also provide an interesting framework for other nations to consider.
The Responsibility Not To Veto
Authors: Blätter Ariela , Williams Paul D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlthough the Member States of the United Nations (UN) unanimously endorsed the 'responsibility to protect' (R2P) principle in October 2005, debates continue about its scope, potential impact and how it might be operationalised. This article examines one strand of the wider efforts to turn the responsibility to protect into a workable international agenda, namely, the 'responsibility not to veto'. This is the idea that the permanent five members of the UN Security Council (P5) should agree not to use their veto power to block action in response to genocide and mass atrocities which would otherwise carry a majority in the Council and where their own vital security interests are not engaged. It has been promoted in a variety of international forums for nearly a decade but has not been adopted by the P5. We argue that this idea deserves support although we acknowledge that it addresses only one part of the wider conundrum of preventing mass atrocities. Its primary limitation is that the problem veto abstention is designed to solve – situations where potential rescuers are blocked by a (threat of ) P5 veto – has been a rare occurrence in contemporary world politics. The more common scenario has been that cases of mass atrocities have not generated sufficient political will to mobilise an international military response. Consequently, the responsibility not to veto must form part of a broader range of R2Pfriendly measures to help prevent mass atrocities and rescue their victims should they occur.
Characterization of Vertical Velocity and Drop Size Distribution Parameters in Widespread Precipitation at ARM Facilities
Authors: Giangrande Scott E. , Luke Edward P. , Kollias Pavlos 
Published: September 2011

AbstractExtended, high-resolution measurements of vertical air motion and median volume drop diameter D0 in widespread precipitation from three diverse Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) locations [Lamont, Oklahoma, Southern Great Plains site (SGP); Niamey, Niger; and Black Forest, Germany] are presented. The analysis indicates a weak (0–10 cm−1) downward air motion beneath the melting layer for all three regions, a magnitude that is to within the typical uncertainty of the retrieval methods. On average, the hourly estimated standard deviation of the vertical air motion is 0.25 m s−1 with no pronounced vertical structure. Profiles of D0 vary according to region and rainfall rate. The standard deviation of 1-min-averaged D0 profiles for isolated rainfall rate intervals is 0.3–0.4 mm. Additional insights into the form of the raindrop size distribution are provided using available dual-frequency Doppler velocity observations at SGP. The analysis suggests that gamma functions better explain paired velocity observations and radar retrievals for the Oklahoma dataset. This study will be useful in assessing uncertainties introduced in the measurement of precipitation parameters from ground-based and spaceborne remote sensors that are due to small-scale variability.
Wet-Bulb Temperature from Relative Humidity and Air Temperature
Authors: Stull Roland 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn equation is presented for wet-bulb temperature as a function of air temperature and relative humidity at standard sea level pressure. It was found as an empirical fit using gene-expression programming. This equation is valid for relative humidities between 5% and 99% and for air temperatures between −20° and 50°C, except for situations having both low humidity and cold temperature. Over the valid range, errors in wet-bulb temperature range from −1° to +0.65°C, with mean absolute error of less than 0.3°C.
Retrieval of Cloud Ice Water Path from Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS)
Authors: Sun Ninghai , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe Special Sensor Microwave Imager/Sounder (SSMIS) aboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program F-16 spacecraft measures the Earth-emitted radiation at frequencies from 19 to 183 GHz. From its high-frequency channels at 91 and 150 GHz, cloud microphysical parameters can be observed at a spatial resolution of 15 km. In this study, a simplified two-stream radiative transfer model is applied for microwave applications as a three-parameter equation and then used to retrieve the ice cloud water path (IWP) and ice particle effective diameter De. Since SSMIS is a conically scanning instrument, the retrieved IWP is less dependent on scan position and is a useful product for imaging atmospheric ice-phase clouds related to precipitation. Thus, IWP is also used to estimate surface rainfall rate through the same relationship derived previously and used in Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-B) and Microwave Humidity Sounder applications. The SSMIS-derived ice cloud products are compared with those from other microwave instruments on the MetOp-A satellite, and both agree well in their spatial distributions.
ClimateWNA—High-Resolution Spatial Climate Data for Western North America
Authors: Wang Tongli , Hamann Andreas , Spittlehouse David L. , Murdock Trevor Q. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study addresses the need to provide comprehensive historical climate data and climate change projections at a scale suitable for, and readily accessible to, researchers and resource managers. This database for western North America (WNA) includes over 20 000 surfaces of monthly, seasonal, and annual climate variables from 1901 to 2009; several climate normal periods; and multimodel climate projections for the 2020s, 2050s, and 2080s. A software package, ClimateWNA, allows users to access the database and query point locations, obtain time series, or generate custom climate surfaces at any resolution. The software uses partial derivative functions of temperature change along elevation gradients to improve medium-resolution baseline climate estimates and calculates biologically relevant climate variables such as growing degree-days, number of frost-free days, extreme temperatures, and dryness indices. Historical and projected future climates are obtained by using monthly temperature and precipitation anomalies to adjust the interpolated baseline data for the location of interest. All algorithms used in the software package are described and evaluated against observations from weather stations across WNA. The downscaling algorithms substantially improve the accuracy of temperature variables over the medium-resolution baseline climate surfaces. Climate variables that are usually calculated from daily data are estimated from monthly climate variables with high statistical accuracy.
Near-Surface Salinity as Nature’s Rain Gauge to Detect Human Influence on the Tropical Water Cycle
Authors: Terray Laurent , Corre Lola , Cravatte Sophie , Delcroix Thierry , Reverdin Gilles , Ribes Aurélien 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Changes in the global water cycle are expected as a result of anthropogenic climate change, but large uncertainties exist in how these changes will be manifest regionally. This is especially the case over the tropical oceans, where observed estimates of precipitation and evaporation disagree considerably. An alternative approach is to examine changes in near-surface salinity. Datasets of observed tropical Pacific and Atlantic near-surface salinity combined with climate model simulations are used to assess the possible causes and significance of salinity changes over the late twentieth century. Two different detection methodologies are then applied to evaluate the extent to which observed large-scale changes in near-surface salinity can be attributed to anthropogenic climate change.
Basin-averaged observed changes are shown to enhance salinity geographical contrasts between the two basins: the Pacific is getting fresher and the Atlantic saltier. While the observed Pacific and interbasin-averaged salinity changes exceed the range of internal variability provided from control climate simulations, Atlantic changes are within the model estimates. Spatial patterns of salinity change, including a fresher western Pacific warm pool and a saltier subtropical North Atlantic, are not consistent with internal climate variability. They are similar to anthropogenic response patterns obtained from transient twentieth- and twenty-first-century integrations, therefore suggesting a discernible human influence on the late twentieth-century evolution of the tropical marine water cycle. Changes in the tropical and midlatitudes Atlantic salinity levels are not found to be significant compared to internal variability. Implications of the results for understanding of the recent and future marine tropical water cycle changes are discussed.
Two Distinct Modes of Tropical Indian Ocean Precipitation in Boreal Winter and Their Impacts on Equatorial Western Pacific*
Authors: Wu Bo , Zhou Tianjun , Li Tim 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The observational analysis reveals two distinct precipitation modes, the zonal dipole (DP) mode and the monopole (MP) mode, in the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) during the El Niño mature winter, even though sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) have a similar basinwide warming pattern [referred to as the Indian Ocean basin mode (IOBM)]. The formation of the two precipitation modes depends on the distinct evolutions of the SSTA in the tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean. Both of the precipitation modes are preceded by an Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). The IOD associated with the DP mode developed in late summer and was triggered by Pacific El Niño through a “Sumatra–Philippine pattern.” The IOD associated with the MP mode developed in early summer when the Pacific SSTAs were still normal. The different IOD onset time leads to salient differences in subsequent evolution including the transfer of a dipole SST pattern to a basinwide pattern. As a result, in the boreal winter, the zonal SSTA gradient associated with the DP mode is much stronger than that associated with the MP mode. The strong SSTA zonal gradient associated with the DP mode drives an anomalous Walker circulation in the TIO, while the nearly uniform warm SSTA associated with the MP mode forces a basin-scale upward motion. The two modes have opposite impacts on the zonal wind over the equatorial western Pacific, with anomalous westerly (easterly) occurring during the DP (MP) mode, and thus they may have distinct impacts on El Niño evolution.
Soil Moisture, Snow, and Seasonal Streamflow Forecasts in the United States
Authors: Mahanama Sarith , Livneh Ben , Koster Randal , Lettenmaier Dennis , Reichle Rolf 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Land surface model experiments are used to quantify, for a number of U.S. river basins, the contributions (isolated and combined) of soil moisture and snowpack initialization to the skill of seasonal streamflow forecasts at multiple leads and for different start dates. Snow initialization has a major impact on skill during the spring melting season. Soil moisture initialization has a smaller but still statistically significant impact during this season, and in other seasons, its contribution to skill dominates. Realistic soil moisture initialization can contribute to skill at long leads (over 6 months) for certain basins and seasons. Skill levels in all seasons are found to be related to the ratio of initial total water storage (soil water plus snow) variance to the forecast period precipitation variance, allowing estimates of the potential for skill in areas outside the verification basins.
Interannual Variability of Rhine River Streamflow and Its Relationship with Large-Scale Anomaly Patterns in Spring and Autumn
Authors: Ionita Monica , Lohmann Gerrit , Rimbu Norel , Chelcea Silvia 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Interannual-to-decadal variability of Rhine River streamflow and their relationship with large-scale climate anomaly patterns for spring [March–May (MAM)] and autumn [September–November (SON)] are investigated through a statistical analysis of observed streamflow data and global climate anomaly fields. A wavelet analysis reveals that spring streamflow variability is nonstationary with enhanced variability in the 8–16-yr band from 1860 to 1900 and in the 2–8 and 16–30 yr after 1960. A composite analysis reveals that streamflow anomalies during spring are related to a sea surface temperature (SST) pattern that resembles the corresponding El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) SST pattern. The corresponding atmospheric circulation pattern favors enhanced moisture advection over the Rhine catchment area during positive streamflow anomalies. During autumn, the streamflow variability follows a distribution similar to spring streamflow, but with a strong peak in the 30–60-yr band. Autumn streamflow anomalies are significantly related only with the North Atlantic SST anomalies. The atmospheric circulation pattern associated with high streamflow during autumn, which is more regional than the corresponding spring pattern, shows a deep low pressure system over the British Isles and the northwestern part of Europe and a shift southward of the Atlantic jet axis. The orientation of the axis of the Atlantic and African jets, as well as the advection of the moist air from the ocean, plays a crucial role in the variability of Rhine streamflow both in spring and autumn.
Wind Sea and Swell Separation of 1D Wave Spectrum by a Spectrum Integration Method*
Authors: Hwang Paul A. , Ocampo-Torres Francisco J. , García-Nava Héctor 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In an earlier paper by Wang and Hwang, a wave steepness method was introduced to separate the wind sea and swell of the 1D wave spectrum without relying on external information, such as the wind speed. Later, the method was found to produce the unreasonable result of placing the swell–sea separation frequency higher than the wind sea peak frequency. Here, the following two factors causing the erratic performance are identified: (a) the wave steepness method defines the swell–sea separation frequency to be equal to the wind sea peak frequency with a wave age equal to one, and, (b) for more mature wave conditions, the peak frequency of the wave steepness function may not continue monotonic downshifting in high winds if the high-frequency portion of the wave spectrum has a spectral slope milder than −5. Conceptually, the swell–sea separation frequency should be placed between the swell and wind sea peak frequencies rather than at the wind sea peak frequency. Furthermore the wind sea wave age can vary over a considerable range, thus factor a above can lead to incorrect results. Also, because the slope of the wind sea equilibrium spectrum is typically close to −4, factor b becomes a serious restriction in more mature wave conditions. A spectrum integration method generalized from the wave steepness method is presented here for wind sea and swell separation of the 1D wave spectrum without requiring external information. The new spectrum integration method works very well over a wide range of wind wave development stages in the ocean.
Partners in Crime? Criminal Offending, Marriage Formation, and Partner Selection
Authors: van Schellen Marieke , Poortman Anne-Rigt , Nieuwbeerta Paul 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. This study aims to examine the impact of criminal offending on marriage formation and partner selection. Although it is well established that marriage has the potential to foster desistance from crime, far less attention has been paid to offenders' marital chances. The few studies that did investigate the effects of crime on marriage formation have not taken into account spouses' criminal behavior. However, desistance from crime may strongly depend on the criminal history of the spouse. Method. We employ data from a unique longitudinal study: The Criminal Career and Life-course Study (CCLS). The CCLS contains data on the officially registered criminal careers of 4,615 Dutch offenders and their spouses. To analyze the relationship between criminal offending and outcomes in the marriage market, we use event history models. Results. The results show that not only the seriousness of a criminal history but also the timing of criminal convictions affects offenders' outcomes in the marriage market. The more criminal offenses individuals have committed, the lower the chances of marrying and, given marriage, the higher the chances of marrying a criminal partner. The impact of a criminal record on marriage likelihood becomes weaker when offenders have been convicted a longer time ago. Conclusions. On the basis of our findings, we have to nuance the prominent idea that marriage reduces criminal behavior. Because of their lower marital chances and their tendency to marry criminal partners, offenders are less likely to experience protective effects of marriage.
The Influence of Travel Distance on Treatment Noncompletion for Juvenile Offenders
Authors: Lockwood Brian 
Published: September 2011

Objectives: This study seeks to identify the effects of travel distance on treatment noncompletion for juveniles attending community-based offender programs. Methods: A population of more than 6,000 juvenile offenders adjudicated in Philadelphia’s Family Court is analyzed using hierarchical linear models. Distance to treatment is operationalized with Euclidean distance. Treatment noncompletion is disaggregated by type to distinguish between noncompletion due to dropout and expulsion. Results: Results indicate that distance to treatment influences noncompletion due to dropout, but not due to expulsion. In the cross-classified models, an increase of approximately 3 miles to treatment is shown to increase the odds of treatment noncompletion due to dropout by nearly 100 percent. Conclusions: Implications of this research suggest that Euclidean distance is an appropriate measure with which to estimate the travel of young offenders in urban space and that juvenile justice policymakers should consider distance to treatment when matching young offenders to treatment facilities.
On the Operational Validity of Perceptual Peer Delinquency: Exploring Projection and Elements Contained in Perceptions
Authors: Boman John H. , Stogner John M. , Miller Bryan Lee , Griffin O. Hayden , Krohn Marvin D. 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. The authors examine perceptions of a peer’s substance use to determine whether and to what degree individuals project their own behavior onto their perceptions of peer’s delinquency, and to determine whether the constructs of self-control and peer attachment are related to perceptions. Methods. Using a sample of 2,154 young adult respondents within friendship pairs in which each respondent reported their own substance use and their perception of the friend’s use, the authors estimate a series of regression models with perceptions of a peer’s alcohol, marijuana, Salvia divinorum, and hard drug use as dependent variables. Results. Perceptions of a peer’s substance use are approximately equally related to a peer’s and a respondent’s use of each substance. Projection occurs to a greater extent when perceiving low-frequency behaviors. Low self-control is sporadically associated with higher perceived substance use. Conclusions. Peer self-reported delinquency and perceptions of peer delinquency are distinct constructs. Because projection appears to be worse for infrequent behaviors, researchers should use caution when using low-frequency behaviors to measure perceptual peer delinquency. Although the data used are cross sectional, the perceptual measure is confounded by too many variables other than a peer’s actual delinquency to be considered a valid measure of the sole construct of peer delinquency.