bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implicit Versus Explicit Curricula in General Pediatrics Education: Is There a Convergence?
Authors: Balmer Dorene F. , Master Christina L. , Richards Boyd , Giardino Angelo P. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analyze the implicit curriculum of a general pediatrics inpatient setting and to understand how it maps onto competency-based goals and objectives in the explicit curriculum.
METHODS: We conducted a case study on a general pediatrics floor, which entailed 143 hours of direct observation during 8 months and 39 in-depth interviews with pediatric residents and General Pediatric attendings who were observed on multiple occasions as they worked on the floor. Data were derived from field notes and interview transcripts. We inductively coded the data, clustered it according to competency domains, and systematically inspected it to derive themes about the convergence of the implicit and explicit curricula.
RESULTS: The implicit curriculum, shaped by ordinary events, activities, and conversations, taught residents “how things work.” The implicit curriculum aligned well with the competency-based goals and objectives in the explicit curriculum; residents had frequent opportunities to meet &gt;90% (29 of 32) of the written objectives. Nonetheless, no one referred to the explicit curriculum or to the competency domains throughout the study. In contrast to the neat list of goals and objectives in the explicit curriculum, the implicit curriculum was extraordinarily messy and dominated by 1 competency domain: patient care. Moreover, the implicit curriculum was not formally recognized as integral to a competency-based model of education.
CONCLUSIONS: Representing the competency domains in ways that better reflect how learning opportunities in the implicit curriculum align with the goals and objectives in the explicit curriculum may increase awareness of the full range of residents' learning experiences.
Value of Information in the Oil and Gas Industry: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Bratvold Reidar B. , Bickel J. Eric , Lohne Hans Petter 
Published: July 2009

Summary
An important task that petroleum engineers and geoscientists undertake is to produce decision-relevant information. Some of the most important decisions we make concern what type and what quality of information to produce. When decisions are fraught with geologic and market uncertainties, this information gathering may such forms as seismic surveys, core and well test analyses, reservoir simulations, market analyses, and price forecasts—which the industry spends billions of US dollars each year. Yet, considerably less time and resources are expended on assessing the profitability or value of this information. Why is that?
This paper addresses how to make value-of-information (VOI) analysis more accessible and useful by discussing its past, present, and future. On the basis of a survey of SPE publications, we provide an overview of the use of VOI in the oil and gas industry, focusing on how the analysis was carried out and for which types of decisions VOI analysis has been performed. We highlight areas in which VOI methods have been used successfully and identify important challenges.
We then identify and discuss the possible causes for the limited use of VOI methods and suggest ways to increase the use of this powerful analysis tool.
Drilling Difficult Formations Efficiently With the Use of an Antistall Tool
Authors: Selnes Knut Sigve , Clemmensen Carl , Reimers Nils 
Published: July 2009

Summary
Antistall technology (AST) is a mechanical downhole solution that aims to adjust the drilling torque automatically in real time. Originally, the tool was developed by Tomax AS for coiled-tubing applications where it has proven its ability to successfully reduce vibrations, motor stalls, equipment failures, and general wear, in addition to increasing the penetration rate and run length (Dagestad et al. 2006). The tool was then developed further based on the need for a similar solution for rotary drilling. The goal was to eliminate cutter-induced torque variations and string stalls in difficult formations and resultant harmful effects. Prototype AST tools were made in sizes ranging from 6¾ to 8¼ in. The tools were then run in test wells and later in field operations with a variety of tool configurations until the database, in addition to two controlled trials, counted 25 regular jobs—mainly on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. The paper describes in detail, both based on theory and on field experience, how the bit-induced torque fluctuations are significantly decreased to improve penetration, and how bottomhole-assembly (BHA) damage is prevented to increase run lengths.
Enhanced Scale-Inhibitor Treatments With the Addition of Zinc
Authors: Kan Amy T. , Fu Gongmin , Al-Saiari Hamad A. , Tomson Mason B. , Shen Dong 
Published: July 2009

Summary
This paper discusses research on scale inhibition and squeeze performance in the presence of Zn2+. Some scale inhibitors, such as bis-hexamethylenetriamine penta(phosphonic acid), BHPMP, and polymeric inhibitors, such as phosphinopolycarboxylate (PPCA), have poor retention characteristics in conventional squeeze treatment, where less than 50% of the inhibitor is retained in the formation. In this study, it was demonstrated that more than 90% of the same scale inhibitor was retained when Zn2+ was included in the squeeze formulation. Furthermore, Zn2+ showed significant synergistic effect on barite scale inhibition with certain amino-pentaphosphonate scale inhibitors [BHPMP and diethylenetrimine pentaphophonic acid (DTPMP)]. Stronger solution complexes are observed for aminophosphonates type scale inhibitors with Zn2+ than that with alkaline earth metal ions, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, and Ba2+. This stronger solution complex formation with Zn2+ may be attributed to the observed enhanced inhibition efficiency. Because of the lower solubility of Zn2+-scale inhibitor salts, Zn2+ added to the inhibitor pill significantly improves the retention of some scale inhibitors during squeeze treatment. In this paper, the projected squeeze life (PSL) is defined. When Zn2+ is used in the inhibitor pill, the PSL for BHPMP is increased by a factor of 60 without significantly affecting the cost. Simulation indicates that the squeeze life may be improved significantly at the Guerra well if this new squeeze procedure is used.
Effective stress profiles and seepage flows beneath glaciers and ice sheets
Authors: Rempel Alan W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe resistance to sliding and the extent of till deformation beneath soft-bedded glaciers depend on the spatially averaged level of effective stress , which is controlled by the distribution of water pressure at the bed. Major subglacial conduits that facilitate large-scale water transport are expected to be predominantly aligned with the direction of maximum hydraulic gradient, which is normally parallel to the slope of the glacier surface. When the basal heat flow promotes net melting or freezing, seepage transport can enable water exchange between these conduits and the rest of the basal surface area. For a simple glacier geometry with subglacial conduits that are aligned parallel to a uniform slope, the seepage transport is driven primarily by gradients in effective stress. Balance equations determine how varies with conduit spacing and the heat-flow regime. Considerations of thermodynamic equilibrium require that ice penetrates the pore space at high effective stress. Even when the glacier base experiences net melting, for a given heat-flow regime there are limits on the conduit spacing that can be attained before a finite till layer becomes partially frozen throughout. During net freezing, the resistance to flow through partially frozen sediments limits the steady-state conduit spacing. The partially frozen zone can actually be restricted to smaller thicknesses when the freezing rate is greater.
Helena Charles's Arrival and Departure in John Osborne's Play <i>Look Back in Anger</i>: A Study of Structure
Authors: Haque Salma 
Published: July 2009

John Osborne's play Look Back in Anger created history in England when it was first staged on 8 May 1956. It depicts the disillusionment and rebelliousness of post-war youth in Britain. The suffering hero Jimmy Porter is the representative of this generation with nowhere to go. Having lost the war against society he fights for a place of his own in domestic relationships and dominates the action of the play. Though "Look Back in Anger is the one- man play per excellence." 1 Helena Charles, the friend of Jimmy's wife Alison, makes her presence felt in spite of his dominance in the play by her guts who stands up to Alison's defense. Later she falls to Jimmy's bait easily, becomes something like his mistress and then leaves him and thus paves the way for a reconciliation between the husband and the wife. This paper aims at studying Helena's arrival and departure and how do they contribute to the reunion of the estranged couple doi: 10.3329/iiucs.v4i0.2690 IIUC STUDIES Vol. - 4, December 2007 (p 41-48)
Knowledge of AIDS Among the Adolescent Students of Two Selected Colleges of Dhaka City
Authors: Shirin Sonia , Ahmed Shaila 
Published: July 2009

This descriptive study was conducted in Dhaka city among 139 adolescent students selected purposively from two colleges (one boy's and another girl's). To asses the level of knowledge on AIDS among them, a semi structured questionnaire was used. The mean age of the respondents was 16.8 ± 0.56 years, and all were unmarried. Of them, 44% were in the Science group. Majority (81.3%) of them lived with their parents. The average monthly family income of the respondents was Tk. 15,053 ± 13,453. Nearly all of them (91.4%) reportedly heard about AIDS primarily from the TV. 90% of the respondents mentioned that major routes of transmission were sexual, blood transfusion and sharing of needles among the drug addicts. Transmission through breast feeding and trans-placental transmission was known to few. Almost none (only 5%) knew that body's immunity is decreased by the AIDS virus. 90% respondents said avoiding of unprotected sex is the way for prevention. The role of screening of blood before transfusion and use of condom as prophylaxis was also mentioned by 64% and 48.9% of the respondents respectively. Thus, the overall findings of the study indicate that around half (56.1%) of the respondent's knowledge on AIDS was average, while 34.5% and 9.4% had poor and good knowledge respectively. Improvement of existing academic health educational programmes with introduction of sex education as well as utilizing the popular medias like TV are important avenues to make our adolescents aware and remain safe from the emerging dangers of AIDS. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 5-8 Key Words: HIV/AIDS, adolescents, awareness, Bangladesh doi: 10.3329/imcj.v1i2.2897
Age at Marriage and Fertility Pattern of Adolescent Married Women in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmed Shaila , Nahar Shamsun , Amin Md Nurul , Shirin Sonia 
Published: July 2009

This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in two purposively selected rural areas of Faridpur district - Alfadanga and Boalmari. The objectives were to find out the age at marriage and fertility pattern amongst the adolescent married women residing in the study areas. A total of 426 women were selected purposively and interviewed using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Most (97.2%) were in the age group of 15-19 years, being married by 15.5 ± 1.5 years. Although 57.5% had a secondary level education, almost all (97%) were found to be housewives. Monthly income was between Taka 2001-4000 in 41.3% of the households. Regarding fertility pattern, 19% of the adolescent women were found to be pregnant at the time of survey. The total fertility rate (TFR) among this age group was estimated to be 2.6 per woman. To help improve the situation, awareness on the negative consequences of early marriage and consequent childbearing needs to be created not only among the young adolescent girls but should be targeted towards their parents too. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 9-12 Key Words: Adolescence, early marriage, rural women, fertility pattern, developing countries. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v1i2.2898
Reproductive Tract Infection and Treatment Seeking Behaviour of the Married Women of Reproductive Age in a Slum of Dhaka City
Authors: Sarkar Mekhala , Akter Seikh Farid Uddin , Rahman Md Zillur 
Published: July 2009

Objectives: To determine the proportion of reproductive tract infection (RTI) among the married women of reproductive age in a slum of Dhaka and to ascertain their treatment seeking behaviour. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 207 married women of reproductive age (15-49 years). RTI was diagnosed using the ‘modified syndromic approach' as suggested by the World Health Organization. Data were collected through face-to-face interview by using a semi-structured questionnaire. Place and period of the study: The study was undertaken from March to June in the year 2003 in the Naderkhan slum of Rayer Bazar area in Dhaka City. Results: The proportion of RTI among the study population was 45.4% and abnormal vaginal discharge was the most frequently encountered symptom. Family size and occupation of the respondents as well as of their husbands had shown significant influence on the occurrence of RTI (p<0.05) while other socio-demographic characteristics failed to show any association. Of the 94 women detected with RTI, only 26.6% of them received any treatment for the same. For vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain and painful coitus, majority of the respondents sought treatment from traditional healers and for difficulties in urination and vaginal itching majority of them received treatment from a chemist. Conclusion: Although a considerable number of the married women of reproductive age living in the slum suffered from various types of RTIs, only one fourth of them received any sort of treatment, and that also mainly from the traditional healers. Bangladesh being a signatory to the MDG, maternal health is a priority area. Urban slums cannot be overlooked. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2007; 1(2): 13-16 Key Words: RTI, slum dwellers, treatment, Dhaka city. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v1i2.2899
In Bangladesh Diabetes Starts Ealier Now Than 10 Years Back: A BIRDEM Study
Authors: Khanam Parvin Akter , Mahtab Hajera , Ahmed Ashraf Uddin , Sayeed M Abu , Khan AK Azad 
Published: July 2009

BIRDEM is the largest referral center of diabetes in the world. It registered more than 300,000 diabetic patients from 1956 to 2005. This retrospective study compared the biophysical characteristics of diabetic patients registered in 1995 to those registered in 2005. Information on social (income, education), clinical (height, weight, blood pressure) and oral glucose tolerance (OGTT) of patients registered in 1995 and 2005 were retrieved from the BIRDEM registry. The age group ≥ 20y was considered eligible. Overall, there were 11489 patients for 1995 and 19580 for 2005. Compared with the registry of 1995, a significant increase of registry for female patients were observed (39.5 vs. 46.7%, p<0.001) and also the rural population (31.9 vs. 47.4%, p<0.001). Likewise, the number of poor social class was also found higher in 2005 (5.2 vs. 25.5%, p<0.001). Young aged (<40y) registry was also significantly higher in 2005 (34.4 vs. 37.1%, p<0.001). Compared with the registered patients of 1995, adjusted for sex and area, those of 2005 had a significantly higher BMI, higher FPG and higher 2hPG (for all, p<0.001). In contrast, a significantly lower age, lower height and lower blood pressure were observed in those of 2005. We conclude that the age at registration for diabetes has decreased significantly in 2005 compared to that in 1995 indicating an earlier onset of diabetes. Significantly higher obesity in the year 2005 than 1995 indicates that there has been an increase in obesity that might be an important contributing factor for earlier onset of diabetes. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 1-3 Key words: Diabetes, age of onset, contributing factors. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i1.2922
Reproductive Health and Nutritional Status of Girl Students in an Urban Area of Bangladesh
Authors: Parvin Tahera , Akter Seikh Farid Uddin , Akhtar Sharmin , Jabbar MA , Miah AM 
Published: July 2009

Objectives: To assess status of reproductive health and nutrition amongst girls attending high school in an urban area of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in four selected girl's high schools. A structured pre-tested questionnaire and a checklist were used to collect data through face-to-face interview and anthropometry. Results: A total of 360 adolescents girls were interviewed. The mean age at menarche of the respondents was found to be 12.4 years. More than half (54.2%) of the respondents were malnourished (BMI < 18.5). More than four-fifths (83%) were found to be suffering from reproductive health problems during or after menstruation. The most common complain (60%) disclosed by the adolescent girls was dysmenorrhoea. Majority (300) of the respondents acknowledged practicing unhygienic protective measures during menstruation. Conclusion: More than half of the adolescents were malnourished, practiced unhygienic protective measures during menstruation and disclosed different types of reproductive health complaints. Findings of the study strongly recommend that adolescent girls of urban Bangladesh need proper and appropriate management of their reproductive health problems. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 9-11 Key words: Nutritional Status, Reproductive Health, Adolescence. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i1.2924
Effects of Parboiling and Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Rice on the Glycemic and Insulinemic Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Parvin Shahana , Hasan Qamrul , Knudsen Knud Erik Bach , Ali Liaquat 
Published: July 2009

Background and Purposes: To observe the influence of parboiling, amylose content and gelatinization temperature of rice on plasma glucose and insulin responses in type 2 diabetic subjects because diabetic subjects are especially prescribed usage of starchy foods with low glycemic responses. Methods: Seventeen type 2 diabetic subjects ingested five test meals of 50g available carbohydrate as white bread, cooked rice with high (29%) and low amylose content (13%), undergoing different processing and gelatinization temperatures. The diets were taken in a random order after a 10h overnight fast with approximately 7 days interval as wash out period. Results: The glycemic index (GI) of all rice varieties were lower than that of white bread (p<0.001). Furthermore, GI of parboiled rice with a high amylose content was lower than that of parboiled low amylose rice (50±7 vs 71±5, p <0.01). No differences were observed between parboiled rice with high and low gelatinization temperature (50±7 vs 47± 4), nor between non-parboiled and parboiled rice (52±7 vs 50±7). Insulin responses to the five test foods did not differ significantly in the study subjects. Conclusions: In type 2 diabetic subjects the investigated rices were all low glycemic as compared to white bread, independent of parboiling and physico-chemical characteristics. The study showed that the amylose content, but not the gelatinization temperature, may be an useful criteria in selection of low GI rices irrespective of parboiling status. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 12-16 Key words: Amylose, blood glucose, insulin, type 2 diabetes, parboiled rice. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i1.2925
A Follow Up on Biochemical Parameters in Dengue Patients Attending BIRDEM Hospital
Authors: Uddin Khwaja Nazim , Musa AKM , Haque Wasim Md Mohosinul , Sarker Rene Suzan Claude , Ahmed AKM Shaheen 
Published: July 2009

During a one-year period between January to December 2002, a total of 84 cases were clinically diagnosed as dengue in the medical unit I of BIRDEM. They were classified into 4 groups: dengue fever (28), DHF-I (31), DHF-II (17), and DHF-III (8). Amongst the patients, 52 (61.9%) were males and 32 (38.1%) were females. SGPT and SGOT were above normal cutoff (40 IU) points in 64 (76.2%) and 73(86.9%) cases respectively. SGOT was higher than SGPT in most cases. S. Bilirubin was almost normal in all cases. S. Calcium level was low in a significant number of cases. Mean S. Ca was 8.69 ± 0.68 in case of DF and lower, i.e. 7.83 ± 0.66 in DHF-III. Mean Hb% also correlated with severity, i.e. 13.3 (SD ± 1.6) in DF and 14.8 ± 1.3 in DHF-III. ESR was lowest in DHF-III. Anti dengue IgM and IgG were done on 58 cases; 41 (70.7%) were IgM positive while 37 were positive for IgG. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(1): 25-27 Key words: Dengue, biochemical parameters, hospitalized patients. doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i1.2928
Effects of Methanol Extract of <i>Piper chaba</i> Stem Bark on Chronic Inflamation in Rats
Authors: Begum Fouzia , Uddin Kamal , Sultana Syeeda , Ferdous Abul Hasnat , Begum Zinnat Ara 
Published: July 2009

Piper chaba Hunter (Piperaceae), a climbing glabrous shrub grows in plenty in southern Bangladesh. Popularly known as ‘Choi' it is used as spices and believed to have medicinal value in a wide variety of disease conditions including arthritis, asthma, bronchitis and piles. Earlier studies on methanol extract of Piper chaba stem bark have reported anti-inflammatory activities against acute inflammation. In the present study, effect of methanol extract of Piper chaba stem bark on chronic inflammation has been reported. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied in rats using cotton pellet implantation method, where granuloma formation was used as an index of chronic inflammation. Methanol extracts of Piper chaba stem bark given orally for 14 days daily at doses of 125 and 250 mg/kg body weight produced statistically significant (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) anti-inflammatory effect compared to control. The percent inhibition of granuloma formation was 25% and 28% respectively, which however was less compared to aspirin (41%) and hydrocortisone (58%). The results suggest that in case of chronic inflammation, Piper chaba stem bark possess mild to moderate anti-inflammatory effect compared to that of aspirin and hydrocortisone. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2008; 2(2): 37-39 Key Words: Rats, chronic inflammation, Piper chaba, aspirin, hydrocortisone, choi doi: 10.3329/imcj.v2i2.2934