bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward general prophylactic cancer vaccination
Authors: Hobohm Uwe 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIt is well established that chronic infections can lead to cancer. Almost unknown is that, in contrast, acute brief viral and bacterial infections may have beneficial effects in cases of established neoplastic disease, while exposure to pathogenic products by infection, vaccination, and inhalation can cause prophylactic effects. In the following I will align evidence from case studies of spontaneous regression and from epidemiological studies with recent immunology to conclude that pathogenic substances belonging to the group of “pathogen‐associated molecular patterns” can trigger the innate immune system to establish anti‐neoplastic immune responses. A better understanding of the protective role of the innate immune system might leverage considerable prophylactic potential.
Quality assessment of Cortex Phellodendri by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Hu Yong Mei , Su Guang Hai , Sze Stephen Cho‐Wing , Ye Wencai , Tong Yao 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA simple method based on liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS) was developed for the quality assessment of Cortex Phellodendri (CP), which was mainly derived from two species of Phellodendron chinense Schneid and Phellodendron amurense Rupr. Total 41 compounds, including 14 phenols, 24 alkaloids and three liminoidal triterpenes were identified or tentatively characterized from the 75% methanol extract of CP samples by online ESI‐MSn fragmentation and UV spectra analysis. Among them, two phenols and six alkaloids were simultaneously quantified using HPLC‐DAD method. The validated HPLC‐DAD method showed a good linearity, precision, repeatability and accuracy for the quantification of eight marker compounds. Furthermore, the plausible fragmentation pathway of the representative compounds were proposed in the present study. The differences of the chemical constituents content and the comprehensive HPLC profiles between the two CP species using LC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS method are reported for the first time, indicating that the CP drugs from different resources should be used separately in the clinic. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The roles of self‐discrepancy and social support in young females' decisions to undergo cosmetic procedures
Authors: Pentina Iryna , Taylor David G. , Voelker Troy A. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Advertising appeals emphasizing unrealistic body images are increasingly linked to depression, loss of self‐esteem, and unhealthy eating habits. Understanding the motivation of young and vulnerable populations to undergo cosmetic procedures can help modify marketing and public policy practices. Using a multidisciplinary approach, this paper confirms the motivating role of self‐concept discrepancy in young women seeking cosmetic procedures. It also reveals conflicting moderating influences of different types of social support on the relationship between self‐discrepancy and choice of cosmetic procedures. Our findings show that family‐based social support attenuates the effect of perceived actual‐ideal self‐discrepancy on the choice of cosmetic procedures, while social support from friends amplifies this effect. Actual‐ought discrepancy appears to negatively affect the propensity for cosmetic procedures. Discussion of the findings and implications for public policy and marketing managers are presented.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Australian consumers' attitudes toward France a decade after nuclear testing: evidence of forgiveness
Authors: Heslop Louise A. , Lu Irene R. R. , Cray David 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Surveys of Australian consumers before, during, and after French nuclear testing in the Pacific in 1995 show clear evidence of negative reaction of consumers to the testing with regards to their ratings of France and French products. Although beliefs about French products did not decline following the announcement of the planned testing, evaluative feelings, and behavioral orientation towards France, the French and French products did. However, by 2005 behavioral orientation to French products, as well as attitudes to France and the French had more than recovered. The components of attitudes to products and country‐people are examined in the context of theories of forgiveness to understand processes that could explain such a recovery. Implications for researchers and marketers in the increasingly frequent situations of international tensions are discussed.
Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxidative Dehydrierung niederer Alkane in einem selektiven Membranreaktor mit gestufter Sauerstoffzugabe und In‐situ‐Wasserstoffoxidation
Authors: Czuprat O. , Werth S. , Schirrmeister S. , Schiestel T. , Caro J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEin neues Membranreaktorkonzept für die oxidative Dehydrierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen (ODH) zu den entsprechenden Olefinen wird vorgestellt. Der durch konventionelle katalytische Dehydrierung entstandene Wasserstoff wird in situ selektiv mit Sauerstoff zu Wasser oxidiert. Der für die Wasserstoffoxidation benötigte Sauerstoff wird durch eine sauerstofftransportierende Perowskitmembran in Hohlfasergeometrie kontinuierlich aus Luft abgetrennt und dem Dehydrierreaktor zugeführt. Durch wiederholte Dehydrier‐ und Oxidationsschritte kann die thermodynamische Limitierung der konventionellen Dehydrierung überwunden werden. Das neue Membranreaktorkonzept für die ODH wird am Beispiel der oxidativen Ethandehydrierung (ODE) vorgestellt. Durch Einsatz einer neuen Perowskit‐Hohlfasermembran konnte die Sauerstoffabtrennung aus Luft bei der vergleichsweise tiefen Temperatur von 725 °C realisiert werden.
Improvement of the oxidation stability of biodiesel as prepared by supercritical methanol method with lignin
Authors: Xin Jiayu , Saka Shiro 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAn antioxidation effect of lignin‐derived products in biodiesel prepared using supercritical methanol (300°C/20 MPa) with molar ratio between rapeseed oil and methanol of 1:42 was studied. It was found that lignin could be decomposed to low molecular compounds that have a free radical‐trapping effect after supercritical methanol treatment. However, longer treatment time decreased the antioxidation effect of the lignin‐derived compounds. Rapeseed biodiesel prepared by supercritical methanol method at 300°C/20 MPa for 20 min with a small amount of added lignin showed an induction period longer than 6 h at 110°C in a Rancimat test. In addition, it was found that lignin had a catalytic effect in biodiesel production using the supercritical methanol method without significantly affecting other fuel properties of the prepared biodiesel. Thus, the study proved that lignin addition provides an inexpensive and technically acceptable way to improve the oxidation stability of biodiesel prepared by the supercritical methanol method with satisfactory fuel properties.
A method for the determination of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters in biodiesel: Results of an interlaboratory study
Authors: Schober Sigurd , Seidl Ingrid , Meinitzer Andreas , Mittelbach Martin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA gas chromatographic method for the determination of fatty acid methyl esters with four or more double bonds in biodiesel was developed and tested. The method is based on gas chromatographic separation on a wax capillary column using methyl tricosanoate as internal standard. The performance of the method was proved with the participation of 11 European laboratories by a Round Robin test on six different biodiesel samples containing different amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters. The results showed that the precision is sufficient around the EN 14214 limit of 1 % (m/m). At lower concentrations the variation is too high. The scope of the application can be given between as 0.6 and 1.5%.
Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of extracts of Ginkgo leaves
Authors: Kobus Joanna , Flaczyk Ewa , Siger Aleksander , Nogala‐Kałucka Małgorzata , Korczak Józef , Pegg Ronald B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to determine the flavonol contents of crude extracts from Ginkgo (Ginkgo bilobaL.) leaves, their antioxidant properties in model system studies, and their inhibitory action of linoleic acid oxidation in an emulsion system and of triacylglycerols (TAG) in rapeseed oil. Extracts were prepared from both green and yellow leaves of Ginkgo trees using water, aqueous acetone, and ethanol. Extracts were analyzed by HPLC for their presence and content of selected flavonols; these included myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, and morin. The highest level of flavonols, especially quercetin, myricetin and kaempferol, were found in the aqueous acetonic extracts. Crude extracts from yellow Ginkgo leaves contained greater amounts of flavonols. The best DPPH radical‐scavenging activity amongst the Ginkgo extracts examined was determined for aqueous acetonic extracts, while the lowest was noted for the ethanolic extract of green leaves. Water infusion extracts exhibited the highest iron(II) chelating activity. The reducing power of extracts from yellow leaves was 2 higher than that of crude extracts from green leaves. Nevertheless, extracts from green Ginkgo leaves imparted a greater protection factor against TAG oxidation, as assessed by the Rancimat method. Crude extracts from yellow Ginkgo leaves were more efficacious than green ones at inhibiting oxidation of the linoleic acid emulsion.
Analysis of fatty acid profile in plasma phospholipids by solid‐phase extraction in combination with GC
Authors: Taylor Lenka A. , Ziroli Vittorio , Massing Ulrich 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPhospholipids are recognised as an important source and transport form for metabolically active fatty acids. Therefore, detailed analysis of fatty acid profiles in plasma phospholipids as marker for dietary habits or interventions gains more and more importance. Appropriate analytical methods described so far are either expensive or susceptible to handling errors. We developed a method to separate plasma phospholipids by acetone fractionation combined with SPE in order to analyse the fatty acid compositions in phospholipid fractions of human plasma by GC analysis. The method has been validated in order to be applied to the routinely performed analysis of the samples of patients who will be participating in a dietary supplement study. The method presented here was successfully validated and is stable, efficient and reproducible. It can be used in a routine fashion to deliver the fatty acid profile [palmitic acid (16:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0), stearic acid (18:0), oleic acid (18:1n‐9), linoleic acid (18:2n‐6), linolenic acid (18:3n‐3), arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3)] in plasma phospholipid samples. Using a sample volume of 500 µL, recovery of plasma phospholipids is 92 ± 11%; LOQ is 2.2 µg fatty acid/mL. A set of samples from cancer patients and healthy individuals was analysed and confirmed the applicability of the described method.
The application of biotechnological methods for the synthesis of biodiesel
Authors: Adamczak Marek , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Bednarski Włodzimierz 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSynthesis of biodiesel is performed mainly by chemical catalysis, but can also be performed by enzymatic or microbial methods, and these might play an important role in future substitution of petroleum‐based diesel. To discover sustainable, economically attractive biotechnological processes for biodiesel synthesis, close cooperation between different disciplines is needed. Currently, lipases are the enzymes of choice for the synthesis of fatty acid esters (FAE) from fats and oils, yielding biodiesel with the methyl esters (FAME) as the most important product. More recently, the direct production of FAE using engineered whole cell microorganism has also been described (MicroDiesel). Current enzymatic processes are still hampered by the high costs of the biocatalyst, but significant progress has recently been made leading to the first industrial enzymatic biodiesel production. Enzymatic biodiesel production is mostly attractive because of the starting materials (waste frying oils, oils with high water content, etc.), for which conventional chemical interesterification can hardly be applied.
Synergistic genotoxicity caused by low concentration of titanium dioxide nanoparticles andp,p′‐DDT in human hepatocytes
Authors: Shi Yun , Zhang Jiang‐Hua , Jiang Ming , Zhu Li‐Hua , Tan He‐Qing , Lu Bin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano‐TiO2) for the degradation of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′‐DDT) increases the risk of exposure to trace nano‐TiO2andp,p′‐DDT mixtures. The interaction ofp,p′‐DDT and nano‐TiO2at low concentrations may alter toxic response relative to nano‐TiO2orp,p′‐DDT alone. In this work, the combined genotoxicity of trace nano‐TiO2andp,p′‐DDT on human embryo L‐02 hepatocytes without photoactivation was studied. Nano‐TiO2(0.1 g/L) was mixed with 0.01–1 mmol/Lp,p′‐DDT to determine adsorption isotherms. L‐02 cells were exposed to different levels ofp,p′‐DDT (0, 0.001, 0.01, and 0.1 μmol/L) and nano‐TiO2(0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μg/mL) respectively. The adsorption ofp,p′‐DDT by nano‐TiO2was approximately 0.3 mmol/g. Cell viability, apoptosis, and DNA double strand breaks were similar among all test groups. Nano‐TiO2alone (0.01–1 μg/mL) increased the levels of oxidative stress and oxidative DNA adducts (8‐OHdG), but it did not induce DNA breaks or chromosome damage. Addition of trace nano‐TiO2with tracep,p′‐DDT synergistically enhanced genotoxicity via increasing oxidative stress, oxidative DNA adducts, DNA breaks, and chromosome damage in L‐02 cells. Low concentrations of nano‐TiO2andp,p′‐DDT increased oxidativestress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and lipid oxidation. Oxidative stress is a major pathway for DNA and chromosome damage. Dose‐dependent synergistic genotoxicity induced by combined exposure of tracep,p′‐DDT and nano‐TiO2suggests a potential environmental risk of nano‐TiO2assisted photocatalysis. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wind generation curtailment to relieve line overload in an on‐line environment
Authors: Acharya Naresh , Liu Chen‐Ching , Djukanovic Miodrag B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn areas with high wind power penetration, the protection of transmission lines from overload during critical contingencies is an important issue. The objective of this research is to formulate the technical problem and develop a methodology to solve the problem associated with overloading of transmission facilities in high wind generation areas. The proposed method is to curtail the wind turbine outputs through the Energy Management System facilities in the on‐line operational environment. The proposed method, which is based on linear optimization, sends the calculated control signals via the Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system to wind farm controllers. The necessary ramping of the wind farm outputs is implemented by the appropriate blade pitch angle control at the turbine level. The curtailment strategy is tested with an equivalent system model of MidAmerican Energy Company (MEC). The results show that the line overload in high wind generation areas can be alleviated by controlling the outputs of the wind farms step‐by‐step over an allowable period of time. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FEM analysis of electromagnetic transients in linear networks
Authors: Lucic Rino , Juric‐Grgic Ivica , Jovic Vinko 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a new general solution method when modeling electromagnetic transients in single networks with linear lossy transmission lines in the time domain using the finite element method. Based on FEM and the generalized trapezoidal rule a novel numerical procedure for the system of the telegraph equations is presented. The presented technique enables to make a simple algorithm for the analysis of electrical network with linear lossy transmission lines. The proposed method for electrical network transient's analysis including lossy transmission lines in time domain has been successfully tested and compared to the analytical solution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal selection of artificial neural network parameters for the prediction of a karstic aquifer's response
Authors: Trichakis Ioannis C. , Nikolos Ioannis K. , Karatzas George P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe simulation of karstic aquifers is difficult using traditional groundwater numerical simulators, as the exact knowledge of the hydraulic characteristics of the physical system in small scale is rarely available and the numerical simulators produce results of limited reliability. In the present work, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are utilized to predict the response of a karstic aquifer, using the hydraulic head change per time step rather than the hydraulic head itself as output parameter of the network. As it will be demonstrated, in the first case a better approximation of the physical system's response is achieved as the change of the hydraulic head is more naturally connected to the input parameters of the network, which model the aquatic equilibrium of the system. The correlation of rainfall and hydraulic head change per time step was initially used to determine the time lag of the rainfall input data, which represents the time needed by the rainfall to percolate and reach the water table. In a second step, a differential evolution (DE) algorithm is utilized for the optimal selection of rainfall time lag as well as ANN's architecture and training parameters. Although a time consuming procedure, the improvement obtained suggests that the empirical determination of the ANN parameters and structure is not always sufficient and an optimization procedure, which minimizes the training and evaluation errors of the ANN, may provide substantially better simulation results. The optimized networks were finally used for midterm predictions (30 to 90 days ahead) of the hydraulic head, showing the ability of the ANN with hydraulic head change as output parameter to provide predictions with high accuracy at the end of the considered time period. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precipitation variability and its relationship to hydrologic variability in Alberta
Authors: Mwale Davison , Gan Thian Yew , Devito Kevin , Mendoza Carl , Silins Uldis , Petrone Richard 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBy applying wavelet‐based empirical orthogonal function (WEOF) analysis to gridded precipitation (P) and empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to gridded air temperature (T), potential evapotranspiration (PET), net precipitation (P‐PET) and runoff (Q), this paper examines the spatial, temporal and frequency patterns of Alberta's climate variability. It was found that only WEOF‐based precipitation patterns, possibly modulated by El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation(PDO), delineated Alberta into four major regions which geographically represent northern Alberta Boreal forests, southern Alberta grasslands and Aspen Parklands and the Rocky Mountains and Foothills. The leading mode of wavelet‐based precipitation variability WPC1 showed that between 1900 and 2000, a wet climate dominated northern Alberta with significant 4–8, 11 and 25‐year periodic cycles, while the second mode WPC2 showed that between 1960 and 2000, southern Alberta grasslands were characterized by decreasing precipitation, dominated by 11‐year cycles, and the last two modes WPC3 and WPC4 were characterized by 4–7 and 25‐year cycles and both delineated regions where moisture from the Pacific Ocean penetrated the Rocky Mountains, accounted for much of the sub‐alpine climate. These results show that WEOF is superior to EOF in delineating Alberta precipitation variability to sub‐regions that more closely agree with its eco‐climate regions. Further, it was found that while WPC2 could not explain runoff variations in southern Alberta, WPC1, WPC3 and WPC4 accounted for runoff variability in their respective sub‐regions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian analysis of stage–fall–discharge models for gauging stations affected by variable backwater
Authors: Petersen‐Øverleir Asgeir , Reitan Trond 
Published: August 2009

AbstractParsimonious stage–fall–discharge rating curve models for gauging stations subject to backwater complications are developed from simple hydraulic theory. The rating curve models are compounded in order to allow for possible shifts in the hydraulics when variable backwater becomes effective. The models provide a prior scientific understanding through the relationship between the rating curve parameters and the hydraulic properties of the channel section under study. This characteristic enables prior distributions for the rating curve parameters to be easily elicited according to site‐specific information and the magnitude of well‐known hydraulic quantities. Posterior results from three Norwegian and one American twin‐gauge stations affected by variable backwater are obtained using Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation techniques. The case studies demonstrate that the proposed Bayesian rating curve assessment is appropriate for developing rating procedures for gauging stations that are subject to variable backwater. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Architecture of the nervous system in mystacocarida (Arthropoda, crustacea)—An immunohistochemical study and 3D reconstruction
Authors: Brenneis Georg , Richter Stefan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMystacocarida is a species‐poor group of minute crustaceans with unclear phylogenetic affinities. Previous studies have highlighted the putative “primitiveness” of several mystacocarid features, including the architecture of the nervous system. Recent studies on arthropod neuroarchitecture have provided a wealth of characters valuable for phylogenetic reconstructions. To permit and facilitate comparison with these data, we used immunohistochemical labeling (against acetylated α‐tubulin, serotonin and FMRFamide) on the mystacocarid Derocheilocaris remanei, analyzing it with confocal laser‐scanning microscopy and 3D reconstruction. The mystacocarid brain is fairly elongated, exhibiting a complicated stereotypic arrangement of neurite bundles. However, none of the applied markers provided evidence of structured neuropils such as a central body or olfactory glomeruli. A completely fused subesophageal ganglion is not present, all segmental soma clusters of the respective neuromeres still being delimitable. The distinct mandibular commissure comprises neurite bundles from more anterior regions, leading us to propose that it may have fused with an ancestral posterior tritocerebral commissure. The postcephalic ventral nervous system displays a typical ladder‐like structure with separated ganglia which bears some resemblance to larval stages in other crustaceans. Ganglia and commissures are also present in the first three limbless “abdominal” segments, which casts doubt on the notion of a clear‐cut distinction between thorax and abdomen. An unpaired longitudinal median neurite bundle is present and discussed as a potential tetraconate autapomorphy. Additionally, a paired latero‐longitudinal neurite bundle extends along the trunk. It is connected to the intersegmental nerves and most likely fulfils neurohemal functions. We report the complete absence of serotonin‐ir neurons in the ventral nervous system, which is a unique condition in arthropods and herein interpreted as a derived character. J. Morphol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.