bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WELL-POSEDNESS AND EXPONENTIAL DECAY OF THE ENERGY IN THE NONLINEAR JORDAN–MOORE–GIBSON–THOMPSON EQUATION ARISING IN HIGH INTENSITY ULTRASOUND
Authors: KALTENBACHER BARBARA , LASIECKA IRENA , POSPIESZALSKA MARIA K. 
Published: April 2012

We consider a third order in time equation which arises, e.g. as a model for wave propagation in viscous thermally relaxing fluids. This equation displays, even in the linear version, a variety of dynamical behaviors for its solution that depend on the physical parameters in the equation. These range from non-existence and instability to exponential stability (in time) as was shown for the constant coefficient case in Ref. 23. In case of vanishing diffusivity of the sound, there is a lack of generation of a semigroup associated with the linear dynamics. If diffusivity of the sound is positive, the linear dynamics is described by a strongly continuous hyperbolic-like evolution. This evolution is exponentially stable provided sufficiently large viscous damping is accounted for in the model. In this paper, we consider the full nonlinear model referred to as Jordan–Moore–Gibson–Thompson equation. This model can be seen as a "hyperbolic" version of Kuznetsov's equation, where the linearization of the latter corresponds to an analytic semigroup. This is no longer valid for the presently considered third-order model whose linearization is associated with a group structure. In order to carry out the analysis of the nonlinear model, we first consider time and space-dependent viscosity which then leads to evolution rather than semigroup generators. Decay rates for both "natural" and "higher" level energies are derived. Relevant physical parameters that are responsible for spectral behavior (continuous and point spectrum) are identified. The theoretical estimates proved in the paper are confirmed by numerical simulations. The derived energy estimates are then used in order to establish global well-posedness and exponential decay for the solutions to the nonlinear equation.
Modelling the Vale of St Albans: parameter estimation and dual storage
Authors: Taylor A. B. , Martin N. A. , Everard E. , Kelly T. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The development of the Vale of St Albans groundwater model made use of two techniques not commonly used in UK regional modelling studies: parameter estimation (using PEST) and representation of dual storage. Parameter estimation techniques can significantly improve model calibration and can be used to inform model development. Because parameter estimation typically involves running a groundwater model many hundreds of times, using a steady-state version of the model can help to keep run times short. Care must be taken to ensure that the parameter distributions produced through these techniques are conceptually defensible, and they must be checked against the conceptual model and modified where necessary. Simulation of extreme conditions such as floods and droughts can be problematic for Chalk aquifers. Previous studies have shown that the Chalk can be resistant to drought, with higher flows recorded in rivers than can be accounted for from releases from fissure storage alone. An approach has been developed that simulates a weak hydraulic connection between fissures and a proportion of matrix storage within the Chalk, providing a delayed yield of significant additional volumes of water during droughts. The application of this approach results in a significant improvement in the simulation of extreme events.
A rapid model for estimating the depletion in river flows due to groundwater abstraction
Authors: Hulme P. J. , Jackson C. R. , Atkins J. K. , Hughes A. G. , Mansour M. M. , Seymour K. J. , Wilson K. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Environment Agency of England and Wales uses its calibrated regional models to estimate the reduction in river flows resulting from proposed groundwater abstractions. Where there is no regional model, analytical equations can produce quick initial estimates of river flow depletion. However, users often want more confidence in their estimates by representing more faithfully their understanding of the real river–aquifer system. This paper shows that, when using a numerical model designed to predict river flow depletion, it is important to include adjacent catchments and intermittent streams and less important to include river elevations and variations in transmissivity with groundwater head. Recharge does not usually need to be included unless part of the river becomes disconnected or dry. Therefore, for rivers where stream length is constant and transmissivity variations are small, it is valid to use a ‘no-recharge’ depletion model, which can be built quickly (within a month). A case study on the River Leith in NW England illustrates the use of such a model to assess the ecological impact of two groundwater abstraction licences under the European Union Habitats Directive.
Simulation of a water transfer tunnel at catchment scale in the Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifer, UK
Authors: Daily P. J. J. , Riley J. J. , Shepley M. G. , Buss S. R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The Lichfield Permo-Triassic Sandstone aquifer is a strategic groundwater resource for the UK West Midlands. However, the flows of a number of streams have been heavily affected by abstraction. The catchment of one of these, the Leamonsley Brook, is under-drained by the Hanch Tunnel, a 5 km-long water transfer tunnel that is more than 150 years old. The Hanch Tunnel was excavated below the water-table for its entire length and is only partly lined. Regional-scale simulation of the aquifer was undertaken using a version of the USGS MODBRNCH code, which had been previously adapted to enable simulation of both open channel and pressurized pipe flow systems (the ‘Adit Code’). This paper reports on the simulation of the Hanch Tunnel, with an emphasis on the representation of this tunnel, and its effects on the groundwater flow in the Leamonsley Brook catchment. Critical aspects to consider when implementing the Adit Code are identified and discussed. The value of the application of the Adit Code for options appraisal to resolve the low-flow conditions of the Leamonsley Brook is explored.
Using and refining an existing regional groundwater model to assess the impacts of an abstraction on a nearby wetland
Authors: Gellatly S. C. , Raynor M. E. , Green C. J. E. , Neve P. S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An existing regional groundwater model was refined, updated and recalibrated to assess the local impacts that a resumption of groundwater abstraction could have on water levels in a nearby wetland. A number of approaches to refining the regional model were tested, and the impact of reducing the model domain on simulated heads was evaluated. Reducing the model domain was found to be unviable due to the absence of suitable boundary conditions; the regional model domain was maintained, the grid was refined locally, and boundary conditions were relocated to more accurately reflect the study area. Two layers were added to represent the drift deposits, and the recharge model was modified to better match observed heads in the drift. The refined model was recalibrated to both long-term historical data and recent pumping test data. A predictive model was set up to run for 20 years to assess the impact of different pumping regimes, thus enabling the model to be used as a decision support tool during the licence review process.
The role of numerical modelling in understanding groundwater flow in Scottish alluvial aquifers
Authors: Mansour M. M. , Hughes A. G. , Robins N. S. , Ball D. , Okoronkwo C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Groundwater in Scotland has been, until recently, an under-rated resource given the abundance of surface water resources. In the last decade, a number of new abstractions have been developed and existing ones enhanced. Implementing groundwater abstraction licensing through the Scottish Water Environment (Controlled Activities) Regulations (2005) has accelerated the need to understand such schemes. Simulating the groundwater systems, which are generally small in area, with an immature understanding and where subsurface data are often sparse, is a challenge. This challenge is amplified when groundwater abstraction is proposed from previously unexploited gravel valley deposits in close proximity to large rivers. Examples of recent work undertaken for Scottish Water illustrate the important role that groundwater models have in testing and refining conceptual understanding as well as convincing regulators of the suitability of the groundwater abstraction.
Inducing Negative Affect Increases the Reward Value of Appetizing Foods in Dieters
Authors: Wagner Dylan D. , Boswell Rebecca G. , Kelley William M. , Heatherton Todd F. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Experiencing negative affect frequently precedes lapses in self-control for dieters, smokers, and drug addicts. Laboratory research has similarly shown that inducing negative emotional distress increases the consumption of food or drugs. One hypothesis for this finding is that emotional distress sensitizes the brain's reward system to appetitive stimuli. Using functional neuroimaging, we demonstrate that inducing negative affect in chronic dieters increases activity in brain regions representing the reward value of appetitive stimuli when viewing appetizing food cues. Thirty female chronic dieters were randomly assigned to receive either a negative (n = 15) or neutral mood induction (n = 15) immediately followed by exposure to images of appetizing foods and natural scenes during fMRI. Compared with chronic dieters in a neutral mood, those receiving a negative mood induction showed increased activity in the OFC to appetizing food images. In addition, activity to food images in the OFC and ventral striatum was correlated with individual differences in the degree to which the negative mood induction decreased participants' self-esteem. These findings suggest that distress sensitizes the brain's reward system to appetitive cues, thereby offering a mechanism for the oft-observed relationship between negative affect and disinhibited eating.
National States and Global Markets: Is There a Prima Facie Case for Neoliberal Policies in the Developing World?
Authors: Crenshaw Edward M. , Anthony Robert M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
One disagreement that divides students of globalization and national development is the influence of international capitalism on economic growth and human welfare in developing countries. Another is the role of national states in harnessing global markets to serve broad-based human welfare. Those in the “neoliberal” camp view international capitalism as an unalloyed benefit that spurs economic growth, but consider strong, interventionist states counterproductive and repressive. Critics of globalization view international markets with skepticism, but champion the need for strong redistributionist governments in spreading both wealth and welfare. Using a maximal sample of LDCs (N=131) over the longest time period possible (1960–2007), we employ pooled time-series analysis with country fixed effects to determine whether a prima facie case can be made for either perspective. Regressing both economic growth and changes in infant mortality, our results broadly justify a “neoliberal” perspective in the contemporary development of LDCs, but some forms of government spending also contribute to prosperity and human welfare (i.e., education and the military), which tempers our conclusions.
Narrating Neoliberal Transitions: Rhetoric of the State in South Africa and Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Ming-Chang 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper investigates the rhetoric of the state in South Africa and Taiwan for installing neoliberal regimes. The ANC promotes a theory explaining why “tightening the belt” in the spirit of fiscal austerity is necessary for the post-apartheid economy. In Taiwan, the KMT state advances an argument that mobile capital free of border constraints promises favorable growth. The cognitive roadmaps the two states have crafted to influence people’s conceptions of a “general interest” play a critical role in obtaining wider approval for the deepening of market institutions. By using a narrative method to anatomize the “economic stories” of these two middle-income states, our study contributes to seeing through the details of ideal structures and exposing their potential weaknesses in inducing a neoliberal order.
Marine Genetic Resources in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction: Access and Benefit-Sharing
Authors: Drankier Petra , Oude Elferink Alex G. , Visser Bert , Takács Tamara 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This report examines whether it is possible for the research and use of marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ) to follow an approach based on the system that is being used with plant genetic resources in areas within national jurisdiction, as developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization. Part IV of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture contains the multilateral system of access and benefit-sharing. In addition, the report considers the implications of relevant provisions as contained in the Law of the Sea Convention, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Antarctic Treaty System, as well as instruments on intellectual property rights. The report concludes with an assessment of the options within existing legal frameworks for accommodating an access and benefit-sharing system for marine genetic resources originating from ABNJ, and provides suggestions to move the international debate forward.
Anthropology, Diasporas, and Mission
Authors: Ybarrola Steven 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In recent years the field of diaspora missiology has been developing within mission studies, receiving important recognition at the Third Lausanne Congress on World Evangelization in 2010. This is an interdisciplinary field of study, bringing together the trialogue of theology, anthropology, and mission. This article explores how the longstanding interest within the discipline of anthropology in the study of migration has evolved since the 1990s into the study of diasporas and transnationalism. The author then presents ways in which this focus in anthropology can assist in the research and study of diaspora missiology. He concludes by discussing ways in which the study of diasporas and Christianity can bring together both anthropologists and missiologists in a cooperative effort to research the sociocultural dynamics at work in understanding this phenomenon, thereby lessening the traditional animosity between these two disciplines.
Influence of the Subcloud Layer on the Development of a Deep Convective Ensemble
Authors: Böing Steven J. , Jonker Harm J. J. , Siebesma A. Pier , Grabowski Wojciech W. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe rapid transition from shallow to deep convection is investigated using large-eddy simulations. The role of cold pools, which occur due to the evaporation of rainfall, is explored using a series of experiments in which their formation is suppressed. A positive feedback occurs: the presence of cold pools promotes deeper, wider, and more buoyant clouds with higher precipitation rates, which in turn lead to stronger cold pools. To assess the influence of the subcloud layer on the development of deep convection, the coupling between the cloud layer and the subcloud layer is explored using Lagrangian particle trajectories. As shown in previous studies, particles that enter clouds have properties that deviate significantly from the mean state. However, the differences between particles that enter shallow and deep clouds are remarkably small in the subcloud layer, and become larger in the cloud layer, indicating different entrainment rates. The particles that enter the deepest clouds also correspond to the widest cloud bases, which points to the importance of convective organization within the subcloud layer.
Convective Modes for Significant Severe Thunderstorms in the Contiguous United States. Part II: Supercell and QLCS Tornado Environments
Authors: Thompson Richard L. , Smith Bryan T. , Grams Jeremy S. , Dean Andrew R. , Broyles Chris 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A sample of 22 901 tornado and significant severe thunderstorm events, filtered on an hourly 40-km grid, was collected for the period 2003–11 across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Convective mode was assigned to each case via manual examination of full volumetric radar data (Part I of this study), and environmental information accompanied each grid-hour event from the hourly objective analyses calculated and archived at the Storm Prediction Center (SPC). Sounding-derived parameters related to supercells and tornadoes formed the basis of this investigation owing to the dominance of right-moving supercells in tornado production and the availability of supercell-related convective parameters in the SPC environmental archive. The tornado and significant severe thunderstorm events were stratified by convective mode and season. Measures of buoyancy discriminated most strongly between supercell and quasi-linear convective system (QLCS) tornado events during the winter, while bulk wind differences and storm-relative helicity were similar for both supercell and QLCS tornado environments within in each season. The larger values of the effective-layer supercell composite parameter (SCP) and the effective-layer significant tornado parameter (STP) favored right-moving supercells that produced significant tornadoes, as opposed to weak tornadoes or supercells that produced only significant hail or damaging winds. Additionally, mesocyclone strength tended to increase with increasing SCP for supercells, and STP tended to increase as tornado damage class ratings increased. The findings underscore the importance of convective mode (discrete or cluster supercells), mesocyclone strength, and near-storm environment (as represented by large values of STP) in consistent, real-time identification of intense tornadoes.
Construction of Bordetella pertussis strains with enhanced production of genetically-inactivated Pertussis Toxin and Pertactin by unmarked allelic exchange
Authors: Buasri Wasin , Impoolsup Attawut , Boonchird Chuenchit , Luengchaichawange Anocha , Prompiboon Pannipa , Petre Jean , Panbangred Watanalai 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Acellular Pertussis vaccines against whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis present a much-improved safety profile compared to the original vaccine of killed whole cells. The principal antigen of acellular Pertussis vaccine, Pertussis Toxin (PT), must be chemically inactivated to obtain the corresponding toxoid (PTd). This process, however, results in extensive denaturation of the antigen. The development of acellular Pertussis vaccines containing PTd or recombinant PT (rPT) with inactivated S1, Filamentous Hemagglutinin (FHA), and Pertactin (PRN) has shown that the yield of PRN was limiting, whereas FHA was overproduced. To improve antigen yields and process economics, we have constructed strains of Bordetella pertussis that produce enhanced levels of both rPT and PRN.

Results
Three recombinant strains of Bordetella pertussis were obtained by homologous recombination using an allelic exchange vector, pSS4245. In the first construct, the segment encoding PT subunit S1 was replaced by two mutations (R9K and E129G) that removed PT toxicity and Bp-WWC strain was obtained. In the second construct, a second copy of the whole cluster of PT structural genes containing the above mutations was inserted elsewhere into the chromosome of Bp-WWC and the Bp-WWD strain was obtained. This strain generated increased amounts of rPT (3.77 ± 0.53 μg/mL) compared to Bp-WWC (2.61 ± 0.16 μg/mL) and wild type strain (2.2 μg/mL). In the third construct, a second copy of the prn gene was inserted into the chromosome of Bp-WWD to obtain Bp-WWE. Strain Bp-WWE produced PRN at 4.18 ± 1.02 μg/mL in the cell extract which was about two-fold higher than Bp-WWC (2.48 ± 0.10 μg/mL) and Bp-WWD (2.31 ± 0.17 μg/mL). Purified PTd from Bp-WWD at 0.8-1.6 μg/well did not show any toxicity against Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell whereas purified PT from WT demonstrated a cell clustering endpoint at 2.6 pg/well.

Conclusions
We have constructed Bordetella pertussis strains expressing increased amounts of the antigens, rPT or rPT and PRN. Expression of the third antigen, FHA was unchanged (always in excess). These strains will be useful for the manufacture of affordable acellular Pertussis vaccines.
Apolipoprotein E COG 133 mimetic peptide improves 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal mucositis
Authors: Azevedo Orleâncio Gomes R , Oliveira Renato André C , Oliveira Bruna Castro , Zaja-Milatovic Snjezana , Araújo Celina Viana , Wong Deysi Viviana T , Costa Tiê Bezerra , Lucena Herene Barros Miranda , Lima-Júnior Roberto César P , Ribeiro Ronaldo A , Warren Cirle A , Lima Aldo Ângelo M , Vitek Michael P , Guerrant Richard L , Oriá Reinaldo B 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Intestinal mucositis is one of the major troublesome side effects of anticancer chemotherapy leading to poor patient compliance. In this study we addressed the role of the novel apolipoprotein E (ApoE) COG 133 mimetic peptide in 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-challenged Swiss mice and IEC-6 cell monolayers. Experiments were also conducted in C57BL6J ApoE knock-out mice to assess the effects of apoE peptide treatment.

Methods
Experimental groups were as follows: unchallenged controls, 5-FU-challenged mice (450 mg/kg, i.p) with or without the ApoE peptide (0.3, 1, and 3 μM, given twice daily i.p. for 4 days). Mice were sacrificed 3 days after 5-FU challenge. Proximal small intestinal samples were harvested for molecular biology and histological processing. We conducted ELISA assays and RT-PCR to target IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, iNOS, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) to assess intestinal inflammation. Cell death and NF-κB assays were also conducted in apoE knock-out mice. In our in vitro models, IEC-6 cells were exposed to 1 mM of 5-FU in glutamine free media with or without the ApoE peptide (0.02, 0.2, 2, 5, 10, and 20 μM). We investigated IEC-6 cell proliferation and migration, 24 h after the 5-FU challenge. Additionally, apoptotic IEC-6 cells were measured by Tunel and flow cytometry. Equimolar doses of the ApoA-I (D4-F) peptide were also used in some experiments for comparative studies.

Results
Villus blunting and heavy inflammatory infiltrates were seen in the 5-FU-challenged group, findings that were partially ameliorated by the ApoE peptide. We found increased intestinal MPO and pro-inflammatory IL-1β and TNF-α levels, and TNF-α and iNOS transcripts, and reduction of IL-10 following 5-FU treatment, each of which were partially abrogated by the peptide. Improvements were also found in IEC-6 cell apoptosis and migration following ApoE and D-4F treatment.

Conclusion
Altogether, these findings suggest that the novel ApoE COG 133 mimetic peptide can reduce 5-FU-induced intestinal changes and potentially benefit mucositis.