bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards optimal aqueous two‐phase extraction system flowsheets for protein purification
Authors: Ahmad Murni M. , Przybycien Todd M. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis work describes a flowsheet optimization framework for the development of protein purification operations involving aqueous two‐phase protein extraction (ATPE). The framework encompasses both the flowsheet and thermodynamic calculations and predicts the optimal flowsheets for the application of ATPE systems.RESULTSResults presented were generated by applying an optimization algorithm to a previous case study with demonstrated feasible solutions1 concerning the recovery of phosphofructokinase from a simple model feedstock containing both phosphofructokinase and ovalbumin using poly(ethylene glycol)‐dextran (PEG6000‐DxT500) two‐phase systems. An optimal flowsheet for a one‐stage extraction unit and improved flowsheets for two‐stage extraction units with and without recycle were determined based on the minimum scaled process cost subject to attainment of liquid‐liquid equilibrium in the ATPE system(s) and constraints on product yield, product purity and phase settling rates. The cost performance factors of feasible one‐stage and two‐stage flowsheets with and without recycle were improved by 4.7%, 8.6% and 33.1%, respectively, relative to the prior work.CONCLUSIONThis flowsheet optimization framework was able to predict the optimal flowsheets for protein purification from a two‐protein mixture using ATPE systems, subject to some limitations. The algorithm has the potential to be successfully applied to predict protein extraction from complex mixtures upon improvement in its computational robustness. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of mass transfer on biodesulfurization kinetics of alkylated forms of dibenzothiophene by Pseudomonas putida CECT5279
Authors: Boltes Karina , Alonso del Aguila Raúl , García‐Calvo Eloy 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: An important problem exists for the implementation of biodesulfurization technology of fuels related to the influence of mass transfer on the overall reaction rate and process yield. Pseudomonas putida CECT5279 has been shown to be one of the most promising biocatalysts, but most kinetic studies were done at small scale and their capability for the transformation of alkyl substituted forms (Cx–DBTs) has not yet been reported.RESULTS: Conversion yields and kinetic parameters were calculated under aqueous and biphasic resting cell conditions in a 2 L stirred tank reactor. In aqueous reaction media, 100% conversion of DBT, 4MDBT and 4,6DMDBT was achieved while the conversions in the presence of an organic liquid were 38% for DBT, 19.5% for 4MDBT and 16.5% for 4,6DMDBT, showing that the process is strongly affected by mass transfer between liquids. Laboratory scale–up of P. putida CECT5279 growing step was successfully carried out using a 15 L stirred tank, on the basis of the volumetric mass transfer coefficient (kLa).CONCLUSIONS: P. putida CECT5279 is capable of removing Cx–DBT compounds successfully in aqueous resting cell conditions using stirred tank reactors, but in biphasic media, mass transfer between liquids controls the process, increasing time of reaction and lowering process yield. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Positive emotions, negative emotions, or utility of discrete emotions?
Authors: Lindebaum Dirk , Jordan Peter J. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryWe note a tendency in organizational behavior research to link positive emotions with positive outcomes and negative emotions with negative outcomes. In this Incubator, we argue against this simple association and provide suggestions for researchers to develop interesting lines of enquiry that look beyond simple symmetrical associations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Statistical DownScaling Model: insights from one decade of application
Authors: Wilby R. L. , Dawson C. W. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe Statistical DownScaling Model (SDSM) is a freely available tool that produces high resolution climate change scenarios. The first public version of the software was released in 2001 and since then there have been over 170 documented studies worldwide. This article recounts the underlining conceptual and technical evolution of SDSM, drawing upon independent assessments of model capabilities. These studies show that SDSM yields reliable estimates of extreme temperatures, seasonal precipitation totals, areal and inter‐site precipitation behaviour. Frequency estimation of extreme precipitation amounts in dry seasons is less reliable. A meta‐analysis of SDSM outputs shows a preponderance of research in Canada, China and the UK, whereas the United States and Australasia are under‐represented. In line with the wider downscaling community, the most favoured sector of analysis is water and flood risk management which accounts for nearly half of all output; research in other sectors such as agriculture, built environment and human health is less prominent but growing. Over 50% of the studies are concerned with production of climate scenarios, comparison or technical refinement of downscaling methodologies. In contrast, there is relatively little evidence of application to adaptation planning and climate risk management. We assert that further attention to physically meaningful quantities such as wind speeds, wave heights, phenological and hazard metrics could improve uptake of downscaled products. Chronic uncertainty in boundary forcing continues to undermine confidence in downscaled scenarios so these tools are best used for sensitivity testing and adaptation options appraisal. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Knee rotation in healthy individuals related to age and gender
Authors: Almquist Per O. , Ekdahl Charlotte , Isberg Per‐Erik , Fridén Thomas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAn external device (“the Rottometer”) was especially designed to measure passive knee rotation in vivo. The device had earlier been evaluated with respect to it's validity and reliability. In the present study, we evaluated knee rotation in knee‐healthy individuals and studied possible age and gender related differences. Measurements of total internal–external rotation were made at 90°, 60°, and 30° of flexion using 6 and 9 N m torques, as well as the examiner's apprehension of end‐feel as displacing forces. The study group constituted of 120 healthy subjects (60 females and 60 males) with no prior or present knee disorders. The sample was divided into four age groups (15–30, 31–45, 46–60, and >60 years). The results showed no differences in knee rotation between the right and left knees or between the different flexion angles. The females showed 10–20% (p < 0.01) larger knee rotation than the males at all the three flexion angles and at all the three applied torques in all age‐matched groups. In all age groups in both genders, the internal rotation accounted for 40–44% and the external for 56–60% of the total internal–external knee rotation. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 31:23–28, 2012
Internet‐enabled Tourism Entrepreneurs. International Entrepreneurial Values Elicited through Repertory Test and Laddering Analysis
Authors: Glavas Charmaine , Pike Steven , Mathews Shane 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTAlthough the tourism industry has been dramatically altered due to the Internet, there has been limited research published about international entrepreneurial values and Internet use in tourism firms. The findings of this study point to a relationship between the values of Internet‐enabled international entrepreneurs in small‐sized to medium‐sized enterprises and the inclination of the firm to develop and initiate international activity. The findings of this study suggest that Internet‐enabled tourism entrepreneurs share similar construct values. Two effective but underutilized qualitative methods were used in this study. The first method, repertory test, is an efficient technique for exploring constructs in decision making; the second method, laddering analysis, facilitates understanding of the perceived consequences and personal values guiding behaviour. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of pneumonia on short‐term outcomes and cost of care after head and neck cancer surgery
Authors: Semenov Yevgeniy R. , Starmer Heather M. , Gourin Christine G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground:The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services has threatened to discontinue reimbursements for ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) as a preventable “never event.” We sought to determine the relationship between pneumonia and in‐hospital mortality, complications, length of hospitalization and costs in head and neck cancer (HNCA) surgery.Study Design:Retrospective cross‐sectional study.Methods:Discharge data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for 93,663 patients who underwent an ablative procedure for a malignant oral cavity, laryngeal, hypopharyngeal, or oropharyngeal neoplasm from 2003 to 2008 were analyzed using cross‐tabulations and multivariate regression modeling.Results:VAP was rarely coded. Infectious pneumonia was significantly associated with chronic pulmonary disease (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; P < .001), while aspiration pneumonia was associated with dysphagia (OR, 2.0; P < .001). Pneumonia from any cause was associated with weight loss (OR, 3.3; P < .001), age >80 years (OR, 2.0; P = .007), comorbidity (OR, 2.3; P < .001), and major procedures (OR, 1.6; P < .001), with increased in‐hospital mortality for infectious (OR, 2.9; P < .001) and aspiration pneumonia (OR, 5.3; P < .001). Both infectious and aspiration pneumonia were associated with postoperative medical and surgical complications, increased length of hospitalization, and hospital‐related costs.Conclusions:Postoperative pneumonia is associated with increased mortality, complications, length of hospitalization, and hospital‐related costs in HNCA surgical patients. Variables associated with an increased risk of pneumonia are inherent comorbidities in HNCA and known risk factors for VAP, making this a high‐risk group for this never event. Caution must be used in the institution of reforms that threaten to inadequately reimburse the provision of care to this vulnerable population. Aggressive preoperative identification and treatment of underlying pulmonary disease, weight loss, and dysphagia may reduce morbidity and mortality. Laryngoscope, 2012
Fatal adverse effects of injected ceftriaxone sodium in China
Authors: Yao Yi , Zhou RanYun , Wang Ying 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeThe incidence of adverse reactions to ceftriaxone, which is widely used in China, has gradually increased, with an associated increase in patient fatality. An analysis of the reported data from articles published in China highlights the importance and extent of this growing public health problem.MethodsWe identified previously reported cases of adverse effects to ceftriaxone sodium by searching the Chinese Medical Text Database System for reports published between January 2002 and December 2009. The references cited in the articles were examined for additional reports.ResultsA total of 17 articles were identified that cited fatal adverse reactions in 22 cases. Most patients had been treated for upper respiratory tract infection and bronchitis and had no reported history of ceftriaxone allergy. Of the patients, 77% were treated with ceftriaxone without undergoing intradermal testing, and 36% were not offered any information on intradermal testing. Concomitant intravenous medications were prescribed in 7 cases, and an overdose of ceftriaxone sodium was prescribed for two patients. The delay between drug administration and the onset of adverse drug reactions occurred within 30 min in 72.7% of the patients. Of the deaths, 73% occurred on the first day of treatment.ConclusionsThe fatal adverse events associated with ceftriaxone occurred because of inappropriate drug usage, drug overdoses, careless medical personnel, poor medical conditions, and possibly poor drug quality. Although some deaths may be unavoidable, the risks can be minimized by the appropriate administration of ceftriaxone and further consultation with the Chinese medical profession and research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency of adverse drug reactions in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Miguel Ana , Azevedo Luís Filipe , Araújo Manuela , Pereira Altamiro Costa 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTPurposesTo perform a comprehensive systematic review of prospective studies about frequency of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) occurring during hospitalization (ADRIn), including a thorough study quality assessment, meta‐analysis and heterogeneity evaluation.MethodsSystematic review of several databases: Pubmed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane, ISI, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, Scirus, NHS economic, and others, as well as manual search. Inclusion criteria were: prospective studies (assessing all patients before discharge, by a specialized team, at least once a week); with data about ADRs occurring during hospitalization, using WHO's or similar definition of ADR. Two independent reviewers assessed eligibility criteria, extracted data, and evaluated risk of bias.ResultsFrom 4139 studies initially found, 22 were included. Meta‐analysis indicate that ADRs may occur in 16.88% (CI95%: 13.56,20.21%) of patients during hospitalization; however, this estimate has to be viewed with caution because there was significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99%). The most significant moderators of heterogeneity were risk of bias, population, ward, and methodology for ADR identification. Low risk of bias studies adjusted for population (pediatric versus adult) had I2 = 0%.ConclusionsThese data are useful as a broad characterization of in‐hospital ADRs and their frequency. However, due to heterogeneity, our estimates are crude indicators. The wide variation in methodologies was one of the most important moderators of heterogeneity (even among studies using intensive monitoring). We suggest criteria to standardize methodologies and reduce the risk of bias. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Off‐label antidepressant use in children and adolescents compared with young adults: extent and level of evidence
Authors: Czaja Angela S. , Valuck Robert 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeTo estimate the degree of, and level of evidence supporting, off‐label antidepressant (AD) prescribing for children and adolescents compared with young adults.MethodsRetrospective cohort study utilizing medical and pharmacy claims data from US‐managed care plans, 1997–2009.ParticipantsPatients aged 5–24 years, with at least one (index) AD claim during a period of continuous enrollment.Main outcome measuresDrug‐diagnosis pairs, on the basis of medical claims within 30 days pre‐index or post‐index AD, were grouped as (1) Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved or (2) off‐label with one of three evidence categories based on Micromedex®2.0: favorable, inconclusive or limited‐to‐none (Thomson Micromedex, Greenwood Village, CO, USA).ResultsOver the study period, 290 816 subjects met eligibility criteria: 17% 5–12 years old, 40% 13–18 years old, and 43% 19–24 years old. Sertraline was the most commonly prescribed index AD (19–23%). Psychiatrists more often prescribed the AD for children (31%) and adolescents (35%) versus young adults (17%). Only 28% of all subjects had a diagnosis consistent with an FDA‐approved indication within 30 days pre‐index and post‐index AD. Children less than 13 years old were less likely to have had an FDA‐approved indication (5–10%). Most off‐label prescribing had inconclusive to no evidence supporting efficacy. The lack of evidence was especially pronounced for younger children. Trends were consistent over the study period. Increasing the time period for potential indications pre‐index and post‐index AD did not result in significantly reduced off‐label rates.ConclusionsPediatric off‐label AD prescribing occurs frequently without a strong evidence base, highlighting a need to generate additional evidence to ensure safe and effective use. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlling the surface wettability of poly(sulfone) films by UV‐assisted treatment: benefits in relation to plasma treatment
Authors: Kessler Felipe , Kühn Sidiney , Radtke Cláudio , Weibel Daniel E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHydrophilic and superhydrophilic surfaces of poly(sulfone) (PSU) thin films were prepared by UV irradiation in the presence of O2 or acrylic acid (AA) vapor. Treated surfaces were then investigated by water contact angle measurements, Fourier transformed IR spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance mode (FTIR‐ATR), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) and AFM. Water contact angle values of treated PSU films using either O2 or AA vapor as the reactive atmosphere reached about 6° after more than 120 min of irradiation. FTIR‐ATR, XPS and NEXAFS analysis showed incorporation of oxygenated groups onto the surface that led to its hydrophilic characteristics. In addition, when AA vapor was used as the reactive atmosphere, a photopolymerization process of poly(acrylic acid) onto the surface of the PSU was observed. AFM analysis showed a very low level of roughness after the treatments. A comparison of UV‐assisted surface modifications of PSU films with traditional plasma treatments showed excellent qualitative agreement between the two techniques. Our results show that UV‐assisted treatments in the presence of AA vapor or O2 are efficient ways of controlling the surface wettability and functionalities grafted on the surface of PSU films. This treatment can be considered as a permanent dry grafting method that resists aging and uses a simple experimental setup. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, post‐modification and characterization of linear polystyrene‐based supports for interaction with immobilized biocatalysts
Authors: Petenzi Michele , Bavaro Teodora , Cornaggia Claudio , Ubiali Daniela , Pregnolato Massimo , Pasini Dario 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA series of linear polystyrene‐based supports has been synthesized using conventional or controlled (reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer or nitroxide‐mediated) free radical polymerizations, in order to modulate their molecular weight characteristics. Polymer post‐modification via esterification of the primary hydroxyl alcohol functionalities, pendant from the polymer backbone, with a mandelic acid derivative introduces efficiently (>85% yield) racemic, enzyme‐cleavable moieties. A study of the interactions of these polymeric substrates with immobilized penicillin G acylase, in mixed organic/aqueous buffer solvent systems, results in a modest enantioselectivity (comparable with that of racemic mandelic acid methyl ester), but reveals that the biocatalytically active moieties on the linear polymers can be cleaved with first‐order rate kinetics, as observed with small molecules in solution; the reaction rates (which can differ by more than one order of magnitude) are influenced both by the synthetic polymer length and by the polymer structure resulting from the method of polymerization used. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Reaction routes for the synthesis of CuInSe2 using bilayer compound precursors
Authors: Krishnan R. , Wood D. , Chaudhari V. U. , Payzant E. A. , Noufi R. , Rozeveld S. , Kim W. K. , Anderson T. J. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThe reaction pathways and phase evolution during synthesis of CuInSe2 (CIS) by a novel bilayer approach were investigated using in situ high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. Two bilayer precursor structures, glass/Mo/γ‐In2Se3/β‐CuSe + β‐Cu2Se/Se and glass/Mo/γ‐In2Se3/β‐Cu2Se/Se, were examined in this study. Temperature ramp experiments revealed that the phase transformation sequence for each bilayer precursor qualitatively follows that predicted by the phase diagram and that the onset temperatures for decomposition of the sub‐binary compounds depend on the Se partial pressure. Measurement of the isothermal rate of formation of CuInSe2 at six temperatures in the range 260 to 310 °C for the γ‐In2Se3/β‐CuSe + β‐Cu2Se/Se bilayer suggests relatively slow nucleation followed by diffusion‐limited reaction with estimated activation energy of 162(±7) and 225 (±16) kJ/mol from Avrami and parabolic models, respectively. Interestingly, the measured activation energy for the same precursor in a 4 mol % H2/He ambient (108 (±8) kJ/mol) was lower than that observed in pure N2 (158 (±16) kJ/mol). The results of isothermal measurements in the temperature range 250 to 300 °C for the γ‐In2Se3/β‐Cu2Se/Se precursor film in an inert ambient are consistent with one‐dimensional diffusion‐limited growth with estimated activation energy from the Avrami and parabolic models of 194 (±10) and 203 (±12) kJ/mol, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(ε‐caprolactone) by combined ring‐opening polymerization and azeotropic polycondensation—the role of cyclization and equilibration
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. , Weidner Steffen M. , Scheliga Felix 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUsing three different catalysts, water‐initiated polymerizations of ε‐caprolactone were conducted in bulk with variation of the monomer/water ratio. The resulting CH2OH and CO2H‐ terminated polylactones were subjected in situ to azeotropic polycondensations. With Bi‐triflate and temperatures, the polycondensations were not much successful and involved side reactions. With ZnCl2, and especially SnCl2, considerably higher molar masses were achieved. The substitution of toluene for chlorobenzene for refluxing gave better results. The polycondensations broadened the molar mass distribution of the ROP‐based prepolymers, and polydispersities between 1.4–1.8 were obtained. The MALDI–TOF mass spectra revealed that the polycondensations significantly enhanced the fraction of rings due to efficient “end‐biting” reactions. By comparison with copolymerization experiments and Sn methoxide‐initiated polymerizations, it was demonstrated that equilibration reactions, such as the formation of rings by “back‐biting,” did not occur. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012