bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AION and glaucoma: similarities and difference
Authors: STALMANS I 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Anterior ischemic neuropathy (AION) and glaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON) are two distinct clinical entities, but share some striking similarities. Methods These similarities between AION and GON are highly suggestive of a common mechanism for the development of the two diseases. Evidence has gradually emerged that there is vascular insufficiency in the optic nerve head (ONH) in both anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and glaucomatous optic neuropathy; thus both represent ischemic disorders of the ONH. Conclusion During this lecture, the clinical similarities and differences between AOIN and GON will be highlighted, and their potential common pathogenetic mechanisms will be discussed.
Status Epilepticus and Epileptic Seizures in Dogs
Authors: Zimmermann R. , Hülsmeyer V.‐I. , Sauter‐Louis C. , Fischer A. 
Published: September 2009

Background:A special form of epileptic seizures (ES) is the life‐threatening condition of status epilepticus (SE), which requires immediate and specific treatment based on a correct diagnosis of the underlying disease condition.Hypothesis/Objectives:The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine prevalence of ES and SE in dogs presenting at a veterinary teaching hospital, to identify the etiology and relative risk (RR) for SE in general and at the onset of seizures. Furthermore the outcome for dogs suffering from SE was to be evaluated.Animals:Three hundred and ninety‐four dogs that were admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital (January 1, 2002 to March 31, 2008) with ES.Methods:All medical records of dogs with ES were identified by screening the clinical documentation system and evaluated for inclusion in this retrospective study.Results:Dogs with reactive seizures caused by poisoning had a significantly higher risk of developing SE (P< .001; RR = 2.74), particularly as 1st manifestation of a seizure disorder (P= .001; RR = 1.97). After SE, dogs with symptomatic epilepsy had a significantly lower probability of survival than dogs with idiopathic epilepsy (P< .001) and reactive ESs (P= .005).Conclusion and Clinical Importance:In dogs showing SE as the 1st manifestation of a seizure disorder, intoxication should always be considered and appropriate investigations undertaken. Dogs with SE owing to toxicosis have more favorable outcomes than dogs with symptomatic epilepsy (P< .001).
Vertical Interference Test in Wells With Downhole Water Sink Completions
Authors: Shirman Ephim , Wojtanowicz Andrew 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Downhole water sink (DWS) well completions segregate production in the wellbore by producing water from the underlying aquifer and oil—from the oil zone of the reservoir. A pump drains water from the bottom completion to create a pressure drawdown that prevents water from coning up to the top, oil producing zone. Successful application of DWS technology in wells with water-coning problem requires effective isolation between the top and bottom completions of the well. Since DWS technology requires dual completion, the completion is configured for vertical interference testing. The problem is that such test involves flow of two fluids, water and oil. This paper presents a new mathematical model and analysis method for vertical interference testing using top completion (in the oil leg) for production and bottom completion (in the water leg) for observation. The model is analytical and accommodates partial penetration and permeability anisotropy. The analysis method employs a family of type-curves. Examples of possible applications of this new testing method are also shown in this paper.
LFA-1 Antagonists as Agents Limiting Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection and Transmission and Potentiating the Effect of the Fusion Inhibitor T-20
Authors: Tardif Mélanie R. , Gilbert Caroline , Thibault Sandra , Fortin Jean-François , Tremblay Michel J. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
Adhesion molecules are known to play major roles in the initiation and stabilization of cell-to-cell contacts during the immunological response. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) exploits those interactions to facilitate infection and propagation processes. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the ability of antagonists specific for lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) to diminish HIV-1 infection and transmission. We demonstrate here that LFA-1 antagonists can significantly reduce HIV-1 replication in primary human cells and virus propagation by affecting cell-to-cell interactions. Moreover, the inhibition of LFA-1-mediated adhesion events also potentiates the antiviral efficacy of the peptide fusion inhibitor T-20. Altogether, our data suggest that LFA-1 antagonists represent promising antiviral agents. Antiadhesion therapy could be considered a complementary strategy targeting cellular functions essential for HIV-1 spreading and against which the combined therapy currently used displays a limited efficacy.
Inhibition of Envelope-Mediated CD4+-T-Cell Depletion by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Attachment Inhibitors
Authors: Alexander Louis , Zhang Sharon , McAuliffe Brian , Connors David , Zhou Nannon , Wang Tao , Agler Michele , Kadow John , Lin Pin-Fang 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope (Env) binding induces proapoptotic signals in CD4+T cells without a requirement of infection. Defective virus particles, which represent the majority of HIV-1, usually contain a functional Env and therefore represent a potentially significant cause of such CD4+-T-cell loss. We reasoned that an HIV-1 inhibitor that prohibits Env-host cell interactions could block the destructive effects of defective particles. HIV-1 attachment inhibitors (AIs), which potently inhibit Env-CD4 binding and subsequent downstream effects of Env, display low-nanomolar antiapoptotic potency and prevent CD4+-T-cell depletion from mixed lymphocyte cultures, also with low-nanomolar potency. Specific Env amino acid changes that confer resistance to AI antientry activity eliminate AI antiapoptotic effects. We observed that CD4+-T-cell destruction is specific for CXCR4-utilizing HIV-1 strains and that the fusion blocker enfuvirtide inhibits Env-mediated CD4+-T-cell killing but is substantially less potent than AIs. These observations, in conjunction with observed antiapoptotic activities of soluble CD4 and the CXCR4 blocker AMD3100, suggest that this AI activity functions through a mechanism common to AI antientry activity, e.g., prevention of Env conformation changes necessary for specific interactions with cellular factors that facilitate viral entry. Our study suggests that AIs, in addition to having potent antientry activity, could contribute to immune system homeostasis in individuals infected with HIV-1 that can engage CXCR4, thereby mitigating the increased risk of adverse clinical events observed in such individuals on current antiretroviral regimens.
Development of NS3/4A Protease-Based Reporter Assay Suitable for Efficiently Assessing Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Authors: Pan Kao-Lu , Lee Jin-Ching , Sung Hsing-Wen , Chang Teng-Yuang , Hsu John T.-A. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT
A cell culture system for the production of hepatitis C virus (HCV) whole virions has greatly accelerated studies of the virus life cycle and the discovery of anti-HCV agents. However, the quantification of the HCV titers in a whole-virus infection/replication system currently relies mostly on reverse transcription-PCR or immunofluorescence assay, which would be cumbersome for high-throughput drug screening. To overcome this problem, this study has generated a novel cell line, Huh7.5-EG(Δ4B5A)SEAP, that carries a dual reporter, EG(Δ4B5A)SEAP. The EG(Δ4B5A)SEAP reporter is a viral protease-cleavable fusion protein in which the enhanced green fluorescence protein is linked to secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) in frame via Δ4B5A, a short peptide cleavage substrate for NS3/4A viral protease. This study demonstrates that virus replication/infection in the Huh7.5-EG(Δ4B5A)SEAP cells can be quantitatively indicated by measuring the SEAP activity in cell culture medium. The levels of SEAP released from HCV-infected Huh7.5-EG(Δ4B5A)SEAP cells correlated closely with the amounts of HCV in the inocula. The Huh7.5-EG(Δ4B5A)SEAP cells were also shown to be a suitable host for the discovery of anti-HCV inhibitors by using known compounds that target multiple stages of the HCV life cycle. The Z′-factor of this assay ranged from 0.64 to 0.74 in 96-well plates, indicating that this reporter system is suitable for high-throughput screening of prospective anti-HCV agents.
Salmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium Exploits Toll-Like Receptor Signaling during the Host-Pathogen Interaction
Authors: Wong Christine E. , Sad Subash , Coombes Brian K. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTSalmonellasurvives and replicates in host cells by using a type III secretion system to evade host immune defenses. The innate immune system plays an important role as a first line of defense against pathogens and is mediated in part by Toll-like receptors (TLRs); however, the infection dynamics ofSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium within macrophages stimulated with TLR ligands is poorly understood. We studied the infection dynamics ofSalmonellain murine macrophages previously exposed to TLR ligands and report that treatment of macrophages with four different TLR agonists resulted in their increased phagocytic capacity towardSalmonellabut not fluorescent microspheres. Further analysis revealed that the intracellular replication ofSalmonellawas enhanced in TLR-stimulated macrophages in a manner requiring a functional type III secretion system and enhanced transcriptional activity of thesseAvirulence gene operon. Studies of mice that normally resolve an acute primary infection withSalmonellarevealed that pretreatment of animals with CpG DNA had a detrimental effect on disease outcome. CpG-treated mice infected withSalmonellaall succumbed to infection and had higher bacterial loads in the spleen than did control animals. These data suggest thatSalmonellacan exploit macrophages activated via the innate immune system for increased intracellular survival.
Binding and Internalization ofClostridium botulinumC2 Toxin
Authors: Nagahama Masahiro , Hagiyama Tohko , Kojima Takashi , Aoyanagi Kouhei , Takahashi Chihiro , Oda Masataka , Sakaguchi Yoshihiko , Oguma Keiji , Sakurai Jun 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTClostridium botulinumC2 toxin is a binary toxin composed of an enzymatic component (C2I) and a binding component (C2II). The activated binding component (C2IIa) forms heptamers, and the oligomer with C2I is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis. We investigated the binding and internalization of C2IIa in cells. The C2IIa monomer formed oligomers on lipid rafts in membranes of MDCK cells. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibited the binding of C2IIa and the rounding of the cells induced by C2I plus C2IIa. C2I was localized to the rafts in the presence, but not the absence, of C2IIa. Surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that C2I bound to the oligomer of C2IIa, but not the monomer of C2IIa. C2I and C2IIa were rapidly internalized in the cells. LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, inhibited the internalization of C2IIa in the cells and the rounding activity in the presence of C2I plus C2IIa. Incubation of the cells with C2I plus C2IIa resulted in the activation of PI3K and in phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 and protein kinase B/Akt (Akt), but that with C2IIa alone did not. Akt inhibitor X, an Akt phosphorylation inhibitor, inhibited the rounding activity but not the internalization of C2IIa. The results suggest that the binding of C2I to the oligomer of C2IIa on rafts triggers the activation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and, in turn, the initiation of endocytosis.
Using Short Dependency Relations from Auto-Parsed Data for Chinese Dependency Parsing
Authors: Chen Wenliang , Kawahara Daisuke , Uchimoto Kiyotaka , Zhang Yujie , Isahara Hitoshi 
Published: September 2009

Dependency parsing has become increasingly popular for a surge of interest lately for applications such as machine translation and question answering. Currently, several supervised learning methods can be used for training high-performance dependency parsers if sufficient labeled data are available.
However, currently used statistical dependency parsers provide poor results for words separated by long distances. In order to solve this problem, this article presents an effective dependency parsing approach of incorporating short dependency information from unlabeled data. The unlabeled data is automatically parsed by using a deterministic dependency parser, which exhibits a relatively high performance for short dependencies between words. We then train another parser that uses the information on short dependency relations extracted from the output of the first parser. The proposed approach achieves an unlabeled attachment score of 86.52%, an absolute 1.24% improvement over the baseline system on the Chinese Treebank data set. The results indicate that the proposed approach improves the parsing performance for longer distance words.
Web Search Clustering and Labeling with Hidden Topics
Authors: Nguyen Cam-Tu , Phan Xuan-Hieu , Horiguchi Susumu , Nguyen Thu-Trang , Ha Quang-Thuy 
Published: September 2009

Web search clustering is a solution to reorganize search results (also called “snippets”) in a more convenient way for browsing. There are three key requirements for such post-retrieval clustering systems: (1) the clustering algorithm should group similar documents together; (2) clusters should be labeled with descriptive phrases; and (3) the clustering system should provide high-quality clustering without downloading the whole Web page.
This article introduces a novel framework for clustering Web search results in Vietnamese which targets the three above issues. The main motivation is that by enriching short snippets with hidden topics from huge resources of documents on the Internet, it is able to cluster and label such snippets effectively in a topic-oriented manner without concerning whole Web pages. Our approach is based on recent successful topic analysis models, such as Probabilistic-Latent Semantic Analysis, or Latent Dirichlet Allocation. The underlying idea of the framework is that we collect a very large external data collection called “universal dataset,” and then build a clustering system on both the original snippets and a rich set of hidden topics discovered from the universal data collection. This can be seen as a richer representation of snippets to be clustered. We carry out careful evaluation of our method and show that our method can yield impressive clustering quality.
Scalable apprenticeships
Authors: Long Philip D. 
Published: September 2009

Today's students are typically over scheduled and hyper-connected, yet increasingly disconnected with their education. The classroom into which they step for core science, technology and engineering subjects is often removed from both the practice of the disciplines being taught and the technology tools which pervade other aspects of their life. A significant challenge is to reconnect the excitement and discovery that drew faculty into their disciplines back to the learning environments of STEM and CSE students they teach. Peer Instruction (inserting discussion and formative assessment into lecture) and project-based learning are two promising attempts at recapturing the process of science and engineering in introductory coursers.
Recent experiments in freshman project-based seminars such as nanoscale engineering and a major redesign of the introductory Course 6 (Computer Science and Electrical Engineering) at MIT are exploring ways to bring apprenticeship back to both small and large classes. Through Python-based tutoring tools, layered mentoring that includes just-in-time "guest laboratory assistants" to achieve 1:4 instructor-student ratios in large courses, and careful attention to learning space design new strategies for scaled apprenticeships are being forged.
Neither rocket science nor washing machine science, but computer science
Authors: Boyle Roger D. 
Published: September 2009

Greyer haired computer scientists can easily remember the glory days, but waves of recent publications and opinion seem to have seen clouds on our horizon.
But maybe we worry too much and too soon. Every fairytale heroine goes through a glum patch before living happily ever after, and perhaps Prince Charming is just around the academic corner.
How did we get into the glum patch? What will Prince Charming look like when he sweeps us off our feet? What will life be like for us back at his place? We'll talk a bit about how we got to where we are in an effort to put ourselves into perspective, then think about the opportunities the Prince might bring.
But it's always possible that fickle Prince Charming has found another {boy, girl} and we will wait in vain: so we'll look closely at these clouds, and think about how real they are.
And thence well have a go at "you are here" for CS in universities, and that might help us in moving towards Prince Charming, wherever he may be, and not towards the cloudy horizon. Knowing where we are and where we are trying to head should then have some relevance for how and what we teach our students: they don't like (or need) history lessons, but they are unlikely to be able to head for tomorrow without knowing where yesterday was; they need a comprehension of the grand challenges that face us (but maybe not the "Grand Challenges"). They should know they aren't going to be building rockets, but they aren't going to be mending washing machines either.
But we probably also need to think about where they have come from, because they certainly aren't grey haired computer scientists.
Concurrent CS
Authors: Ernst Daniel J. , Stevenson Daniel E. 
Published: September 2009

Current trends in microprocessor design are fundamentally changing the way that performance is extracted from computer systems. The previous programming model of sequential uniprocessor execution is being replaced quickly with a need to write software for tightly-coupled shared memory multiprocessor systems. Academicians and business leaders have both challenged programmers to update their skill sets to effectively tackle software development for these newer platforms [2].
At the University of Wisconsin - Eau Claire, we have taken steps early in our curriculum to introduce our students to concurrent programming. Our approach is not to add parallel programming as a separate class, but to integrate concurrency concepts into traditional material throughout a student's coursework, beginning in CS1. Our goal is for students to gain both familiarity and confidence in using parallelism to their advantage. This paper describes the programming process we seek to introduce to our students and provides example assignments that illustrate the ease of integrating this process into a typical curriculum.
Functional Significance of Secreted Frizzled-Related Protein 1 in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinomas
Authors: Saini Sharanjot , Liu Jan , Yamamura Soichiro , Majid Shahana , Kawakami Kazumori , Hirata Hiroshi , Dahiya Rajvir 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) is a Wingless-type (Wnt) antagonist that has been associated with various malignancies, including renal cell carcinomas (RCC). However, the functional significance of SFRP1 has never been investigated in metastatic RCC. Here, we investigated the role of this molecule in kidney cancer progression and metastasis. Using Wnt pathway-focused cDNA expression profiling in normal renal, primary RCC, and metastatic RCC cell lines, we identified that SFRP1 is up-regulated in metastatic RCC. SFRP1 overexpression in metastatic RCC was confirmed by immunostaining in renal tissues. We explored the molecular mechanisms underlying SFRP1 up-regulation by analyzing DNA methylation and histone modification patterns on SFRP1 promoter. We found that this gene is unmethylated/hypomethylated and enriched in activating histone modifications in metastatic RCC. To understand the functional significance of SFRP1 overexpression in metastatic RCC with regard to tumorigenesis, we used a small interfering RNA–mediated approach to knockdown the gene and monitored cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and metastatic behavior. Proliferation was unaltered and apoptosis increased on attenuation of SFRP1 expression. Also, SFRP1 depletion decreased the invasive potential of the metastatic RCC cell line, suggesting that the overexpression of this Wnt antagonist may be related to invasiveness and metastatic behavior in RCC. We investigated the molecular basis of the role of SFRP1 in invasion and metastasis and found that matrix metalloproteinase MMP10 is regulated by SFRP1. In conclusion, our data suggest that SFRP1 plays a role in the metastatic potential of RCC. The present findings may be important in the design of treatment modalities for metastatic RCC. [Cancer Res 2009;69(17):6815–22]
The Prioritization of Cancer Antigens: A National Cancer Institute Pilot Project for the Acceleration of Translational Research
Authors: Cheever Martin A. , Allison James P. , Ferris Andrea S. , Finn Olivera J. , Hastings Benjamin M. , Hecht Toby T. , Mellman Ira , Prindiville Sheila A. , Viner Jaye L. , Weiner Louis M. , Matrisian Lynn M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe purpose of the National Cancer Institute pilot project to prioritize cancer antigens was to develop a well-vetted, priority-ranked list of cancer vaccine target antigens based on predefined and preweighted objective criteria. An additional aim was for the National Cancer Institute to test a new approach for prioritizing translational research opportunities based on an analytic hierarchy process for dealing with complex decisions. Antigen prioritization involved developing a list of “ideal” cancer antigen criteria/characteristics, assigning relative weights to those criteria using pairwise comparisons, selecting 75 representative antigens for comparison and ranking, assembling information on the predefined criteria for the selected antigens, and ranking the antigens based on the predefined, preweighted criteria. Using the pairwise approach, the result of criteria weighting, in descending order, was as follows: (a) therapeutic function, (b) immunogenicity, (c) role of the antigen in oncogenicity, (d) specificity, (e) expression level and percent of antigen-positive cells, (f) stem cell expression, (g) number of patients with antigen-positive cancers, (h) number of antigenic epitopes, and (i) cellular location of antigen expression. None of the 75 antigens had all of the characteristics of the ideal cancer antigen. However, 46 were immunogenic in clinical trials and 20 of them had suggestive clinical efficacy in the “therapeutic function” category. These findings reflect the current status of the cancer vaccine field, highlight the possibility that additional organized efforts and funding would accelerate the development of therapeutically effective cancer vaccines, and accentuate the need for prioritization. (Clin Cancer Res 2009;15(17):5323–37)