bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Input of Ksawery Gałęzowski (1832‐1907) to international ophthalmology
Authors: GRZYBOWSKI A 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Gałęzowski was one of the most distinguished Polish ophthalmologists of the 19th century. He was the author of hundreds of articles and 12 books, on nearly every aspect of ophthalmology, including his major interests in ophthalmoscopy, retinal chromatoscopy, treatment of glaucoma, cataract and retinal detachment. Despite his many activities, a high professional position in his times and an important influence on the European ophthalmology, his private life and ophthalmic achievements have not yet been studied and analysed in detail. Methods The original works and articles written by Gałezowski in Russian, Polish and French (courtesy of Dr. A. Franceschetti) were translated, analysed and summarised. The published information about his life was supplemented with information collected form Polish medical libraries, including Jagiellonian Library and French libraries, among them Polish Institute in Paris, Polish Libarary in Paris, and National French Library. The information collected was additionally verified by the grandson of Ksawery, Nicolas Gałęzowski. Results His major interests were focused in ophthalmoscopy and retinal detachment. Due to his co‐operation with Jean‐Martin Charcot at the Salpetriere, he gained a great deal of experience with neurological diseases and he became the pioneer of the use of ophthalmoscopy in the diagnosis of central nervous system diseases (cerebroscopy). He founded the first French monthly ophthalmic journal “Journal d’ophtalmologie” in 1872. Conclusion Gałęzowski did many pioneer studies in different fields of ophthalmology and certainly he was a great practitioner and tutor. His studies in ophthalmoscopy, retinal detachment and glaucoma surgery belong to the best of the 19th century ophthalmology.
Scene perception in macular degeneration: the effect of contrast
Authors: THI HA CHAU THC , DESPRETZ P , BOUCART M 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To access performance of AMD patients in an animal/non‐animal categorization task using achromatic natural scenes with large reductions in contrast, and to study the relation between visual acuity, lesion size and the performance of categorization. Methods Eighteen patients with neovascular AMD and visual acuity less than 20/50 were included. Seventeen age‐matched healthy subjects were used as controls. Complete ophthalmologic examination were performed in all participants. The stimuli were photographs of animal (targets) and natural scenes (distractors) , displayed on a screen, with four level of contrast N, N/2, N/4 and N/8. Participants were asked to press a key when they saw an animal. Accuracy, false alarms, correct rejections were recorded. Results Percentage of correct detections was lower in AMD patients compared to control. Larger decrease of performance was observed in AMD patients than in controls when the contrast condition was reduced. No correlation was found between performance and lesion size. Correlation was found between visual acuity and performance when contrast level was reduced to N/2, N/4 and N/8. Conclusion The results of the present study may be considered for adaptation of luminance and contrast in the environment of AMD subjects, in order to improve to improve their mobility and to prevent falls.
Laser and vitrectomy
Authors: STEFANSSON E 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Modern vitreous surgery involves a variety of treatment options in addition to vitrectomy itself, such as photocoagulation, anti‐VEGF drugs, intravitreal steroids and release of vitreoretinal traction. A full understanding of these treatment modalities allows sensible combination of treatment options. Methods Vitrectomy reduces the risk of retinal neovascularization, while increasing the risk of iris neovascularization, reduces macular edema and stimulates cataract formation. These clinical consequences may be understood with the help of classical laws of physics and physiology. The laws of Fick, Stokes‐Einstein and Hagen‐Poiseuille state that molecular transport by diffusion or convection is inversely related to the viscosity of the medium. When the vitreous gel is replaced with less viscous saline, the transport of all molecules, including oxygen and cytokines, is facilitated. Oxygen transport to ischemic retinal areas is improved, as is clearance of VEGF and other cytokines from these areas, thus reducing edema and neovascularization. At the same time, oxygen is transported faster down a concentration gradient from the anterior to the posterior segment, while VEGF moves in the opposite direction, making the anterior segment less oxygenated and with more VEGF, stimulating iris neovascularization. Results Retinal photocoagulation has also repeatedly been shown to improve retinal oxygenation. Oxygen naturally reduces VEGF production and improves retinal hemodynamics. The VEGF‐lowering effect of photocoagulation and vitrectomy can be augmented with anti‐VEGF drugs and the permeability effect of VEGF reduced with corticosteroids Conclusion Vitrectomy and laser retinal treatment both improve oxygenation of the ischemic retina, reduce VEGF formation and thereby reduce neovascularisation and edema.
Wall‐to‐lumen ratio of retinal vessels in patients with cerebrovascular damage
Authors: MICHELSON G , BALEANU D 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose There is evidence that generalized retinal arteriolar narrowing, which can be measured by the arteriole‐to‐venule ratio (AVR) of retinal vessels, predicts cerebrovascular events. The wall‐to‐lumen ratio (WLR) and wall cross‐sectional area (WCSA) of retinal arterioles reflect structural arteriolar parameters. The primary objective was to test the association between WLR and AVR in patients with cerebrovascular damage. Methods In this cross‐sectional study, 23 patients (57.5 +/‐ 9.4 years) with acute transitory ischemic attack or lacunar cerebral infarct were compared with two age‐matched control groups: 83 subjects with essential hypertension (53.7 +/‐ 5.5 years) and 16 normotensive subjects (52.2 +/‐ 8.3 years). Retinal arteriolar parameters (WLR, WTH, and WCSA) were assessed in vivo with scanning laser Doppler flowmetry (SLDF). AVR and a qualitative evaluation of retinal vessels were obtained from digital retinal color photographs. The intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery was measured. Results WLR (0.44 +/‐ 0.1 vs. 0.34 +/‐ 0.1 vs. 0.30 +/‐ 0.1, P < 0.001) and carotid IMT (P < 0.05) were significantly greater in the cerebrovascular event group compared with normotensive subjects. WLR and WCSA were significantly higher in the cerebrovascular event group compared with subjects with mild arterial hypertension. AVR was similar in all three study groups. Conclusion The increase in WLR and WCSA of retinal arterioles, as well as in IMT in patients with cerebrovascular damage suggests vascular hypertrophy in the microvascular and macrovascular bed. The lack of association between AVR of retinal vessels and WLR of retinal arterioles
Ocular blood flow in diabetes
Authors: GARHOFER G 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDiabetes is among the most prominent reasons for developing blindness in industrialized nations. In the recent years there is cumulating evidence that a dysfunctional ocular microcirculation is involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. Although ocular blood flow in diabetic retinopathy has been thoroughly investigated, the reported results are inconsistent. This may be at least partially be related to the fact that blood flow is dependent on the severity of the disease. In particular, most of the studies, but not all report an increased ocular blood flow in early stages of diabetic retinopathy whereas blood flow seems to be decreased in the proliferative form of the disease. More importantly, it has been shown that beside changes in baseline flow, endothelial dysfunction is present even in very early stages of the disease. Based on this observation it has been hypothesized that endothelial dysfunction may precede other diabetes related complications. In this talk our current knowledge about blood flow regulation in patients with diabetes will be summarized.
Relationship between macular pigment and mesopic visual function in early age‐related maculopathy
Authors: PUELL MC , BARRIO AR , PEREZ‐CARRASCO MJ , GOMEZ‐SANZ FJ , LOZANO‐ESCOBAR I , PALOMO‐ALVAREZ C 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Psychophysical studies have demonstrated that several parameters of visual function deteriorate in the early stages of age‐related maculopathy (ARM). This study was performed to analyze whether the variability in high (HC) and low (LC) ‐contrast visual acuity (VA) and contrast sensitivity (CS) at mesopic light level is attributable to differences in macular pigment optical density (MPOD) in early ARM patients. Methods Measurements were obtained from 40 eyes of adults (65 ± 7 years) with early ARM and 34 age‐matched healthy control eyes (67 ± 6 years). MPOD was estimated at the fovea using the Metropsis Test (Cambridge Research System). Visual acuity (VA) was measured with the best spectacle correction using high‐contrast (96%) and low‐contrast (10%) logMAR letter charts under mesopic luminance conditions (0.1 to 0.2 cd/m2). Mesopic contrast sensitivity (CS) was determined using the Pelli‐Robson chart. Results Foveal MPOD was 0.25 ± 0.14 in eyes without ARM and 0.29 ± 0.22 in eyes with early ARM. Mean mesopic high and low contrast logMAR VA and log CS were significantly worse in the ARM group than in the control group. There was no significant relationship between high HC‐VA and MPOD, LC‐VA and MPOD and between log CS and MPOD in both early ARM and control group. Conclusion No differences in MP optical density were found between eyes with and without early ARM. Mesopic visual function was unrelated to foveal macular pigment optical density in early age‐related maculopathy.
The eyelid margin: an underestimated contributor to ocular surface health and disease
Authors: KNOP E , KNOP N 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The eyelid margin is frequently underestimated in the consideration of factors in ocular surface health and disease. Clinically the whole free end of the lid margin is often addressed simply as “margin” without further differentiation. It is attempted to review the structure, embryology and function of the lid margin as well as its involvement in ocular surface pathology. Methods A review based on the available literature on the lid margin is prepared together with own findings on the histology of normal and pathological tissues. Results The human lid margin is divided into distinct zones that consist, coming from the skin side, of a rounded outer lid border, a free lid margin (between the eye lashes and the opening of the meibomian glands), the muco‐cutaneous junction and a sharp inner lid border. The embryological development of the eye lids and their tissue components (loose connective tissue, lid muscles, ciliary hairs, Meibomian glands and vascular and neural components) takes place during the period of sealed lids. During this time the development of the Meibomian glands shows considerable similarity to that of the ciliary hairs. The sealing of the mesodermal lid folds and their eventual separation is dependent on several factors that may be involved in pathology. Various disease states, as well as the aging process, can lead to destruction of the lid margin and, conversely, this can lead to deterioration of the cornea and conjunctiva. Conclusion The eyelid margin is an underestimated contributor to ocular surface health and disease. Increased awareness of the anatomy, embryology, physiology and pathophysiology of the lid margin and it tissue components appears important for the preservation of ocular surface integrity. Support DFG KN317/11
Histological characteristics of the posterior lid margin
Authors: KNOP N , KNOP E 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The structure of the lid margin is insufficiently understood and defined although it is of obvious importance for ocular surface integrity. In particular the histological structure of the tissues of the normal lid margin and their zonal differentiation is partly unclear. Methods The structure and function of the different zones at the posterior lid margin are explained with a focus on dry eye disease, based on the available literature on the lid margin together with own findings on the histology of normal and pathological tissues from the human lid margin. Results The Meibomian glands (MG) that are of particular significance for the integrity of the ocular surface open still within the cornified epidermis. Their obstructive dysfunction (MGD) is a main cause for dry eye disease. The orifice is followed by the mucocutaneous junction (MCJ) that extends from the abrupt termination of the epidermis to the crest of the inner lid border. The physiological vital stainable line of Marx represents its surface and can be used as a diagnostic tool for the location and functionality of the MG orifices and lacrimal puncta. The marginal conjunctiva starts at the crest of the inner lid border and forms a thickened epithelial cushion. This is the point in closest apposition to the globe, represents the zone that wipes the bulbar surface and distributes the thin pre‐ocular tear film. It is hence termed as the lid wiper and pathological alterations that result in a vital staining are a sensitive early indicator of dry eye disease. Conclusion The margin of the eyelid is an important but yet underestimated structure for the maintenance of the pre‐ocular tear film and of utmost importance for the preservation of ocular surface integrity and for development of dry eye disease. Support DFG KN317/11
A revolutionary hypothesis to explain Marx's line and progressive disease at the lid margin
Authors: BRON AJ , GAFFNEY EA , YOKOI N , TIFFANY JM 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The conjunctiva of the lid margin is protected from direct exposure to the atmosphere, by the tear meniscus. We examine the pathophysiological consequences of evaporation from this compartment. Methods A consideration of empirical data. Results The concave meniscus thins progressively to the point where it is pinned at the mucocutaneous junction (MCJ). We predict that, as a result, over the interblink period, evaporation generates a solute gradient which peaks behind the MCJ and is amplified over multiple cycles of the blink. We hypothesise that this creates a hyperosmolar state here which: i. stresses epithelial cells behind the MCJ, ii. stimulates a high cell turnover and iii. leads to immaturity of the surface cells and their glycocalyx. This is considered to explain an increased permeability to dyes at this site (rose bengal, lissamine green and fluorescein) and the stainability with dyes which is termed Marx’s line.This gradient mechanism could also concentrate proteins, such as inflammatory mediators, at this location. Conclusion Since Marx’s line lies directly behind the terminal Meibomian ducts and acini, chronic stress in this region is further invoked to explain forward migration of Marx's line and the MCJ which occurs with age and the induction of primary Meibomian gland dysfunction. Arguments are put forward to explain how this mechanism might be accentuated in dry eye and how the globe might be protected from this gradient effect in the region of the ‘black line’, where the tear film is segregated from the meniscus after the blink. Factors pro and con the hypothesis are discussed.
Control of the Meibomian gland in health and disease
Authors: SULLIVAN DA , KAM W , KHANDELWAL P , LIU S 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The meibomian gland is extremely important in maintaining the health and integrity of the ocular surface. This gland, through its lipid synthesis and secretion, promotes the stability and prevents the evaporation of the tear film. Conversely, meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) leads to a decreased stability and increased evaporation of the tear film. Indeed, meibomian gland dysfunction is thought to be the major cause of dry eye syndromes throughout the world. Our goal is to advance understanding of the regulation of meibomian gland function and the mechanisms underlying MGD. Methods Procedures included the immortalization of human meibomian gland epithelial cells with human telomerase reverse transcriptase, the evaluation of cellular responsiveness, and the identification of glandular gene expression changes in MGD. Gene analyses were conducted with Illumina HumanHT‐12 v3 Expression BeadChips and Geospiza bioinformatics software. Results To date we have [a] immortalized human meibomian gland epithelial cells that respond to secretagogue, growth factor, neurotransmitter and hormone exposure with alterations in proliferation, differentiation, signaling, gene expression and/or lipogenesis; [b] discovered human meibomian gland genes that may facilitate the development and/or progression of MGD. These genes encode proteins that promote keratinization and amplify inflammation. Conclusion Our findings advance our understanding of the control of the meibomian gland in both health and disease. [Acknowledgments: S.M. Richards, M. Hatton, A.M. Fay and K. Lo; Supported by grants from NIH (R01EY05612) and Alcon]
Commercial interest
Is foveal thickness correlated with macular pigment optical density and with Intraocular light scatter in early age‐related maculopathy?
Authors: PALOMO‐ALVAREZ C , PUELL MC , GOMEZ‐SANZ FJ , BARRIO AR , CLEMENT‐CORRAL A , PEREZ‐CARRASCO MJ 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of foveal thickness with macular pigment optical density (MPOD) and intraocular light scatter (IOLS) in Early Age Related Maculopathy (ARM) subjects. Methods Forty eyes of adults (age mean: 65 ± 7 years) with early Age Related Maculopathy (ARM) were investigated. All patients had undergone a complete ophthalmic examination to select the subjects. Foveal thickness parameters were obtained using optical coherence tomography (OCT: Topcon 3D OCT‐1000). Macular pigment optical density at the fovea was measured with the Metropsis Test (Cambridge Research Systems. Ltd. UK) and intraocular light scatter was measured using the C‐Quant straylight meter (Oculus AG, Germany). Results Mean foveal thickness was 226.44 ± 22.56 microns, mean MPOD was 0.22 ± 0.29 log units and mean IOLS was 1.14 ± 0.18 log units. With the regression analysis of linear model, we did not find a significant correlation between foveal thickness and MPOD and neither between foveal thickness and IOLS in early ARM subjects. Conclusion No correlation was found between foveal thickness and macular pigment optical density and between foveal thickness and intraocular light scatter in early ARM subjects.
Gene‐environment interactions shape myopia development
Authors: GUGGENHEIM JA , CHEN YP , ERICHSEN JT 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose Refractive development is highly heritable, yet also known to be regulated by visual experience during childhood. Recent genome‐wide association studies for refractive error have identified very few variants, which together explain only a small fraction of the population attributable risk. Gene‐environment interactions represent an attractive explanation for the paradoxical evidence supporting both genetic and environmental determination of refractive error, but to date their influence in complex disorders such as myopia is almost entirely unknown. Methods We carried out a selective breeding experiment in chicks monocularly deprived of sharp vision for 4 days, starting when they were 4 days old. Chicks in the extremes of the myopia susceptibility frequency distribution were retained for breeding. Heritability was estimated using variance components analysis with the SOLAR package. Results After 2 rounds of selection, chicks bred for low susceptibility developed less than half the treatment‐induced myopia of those bred for high susceptibility ("Low line" = ‐6.88 ± 3.35 D; "High line" = 15.27 ± 3.47 D; mean ± SD; N = 392; P ~10e‐80). Susceptibility to induced myopia was highly heritable (heritability = 0.53; N = 891; p ~10e‐122). Furthermore, the Low line developed only half the myopia of the High line in response to a second type of environmentally‐induced myopia, minus lens wear. The genetic variants that determined myopia susceptibility were found to be distinct from those controlling natural variations in eye size. Conclusion This work reveals that genetic variants determine susceptibility to myopia triggered by cues from the visual environment, implicating a potentially major role for gene‐environment interactions in human myopia development.
Visual‐related quality of life in patients with inherited retinal dystrophies ‐ a baseline for assessing clinical trial efficacy
Authors: PROKOFYEVA E , BERND A , WILKE R , ZRENNER E 
Published: November 2010

Abstract Purpose To analyze visual‐related quality of life (VRQL) in patients with inherited retinal dystrophies. Methods The National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI‐VFQ‐25), using a German validated version, was administered to patients with macular dystrophy (8), retinitis pigmentosa (34), Stargardt disease (31), Usher I and II types (10), central areolar choroidal dystrophy (3), cone (4) and cone‐rod dystrophies (13), choroideremia (2), Leber congenital amaurosis (1) and CSNB (2). Visual field (VF) data and BCVA in logMAR were obtained. The mean and standard deviations were calculated. Results 108 patients (62 men/46 women) were studied. The mean age was 39,5 (SD=1,5). The mean composite score was 59 (SD=13,7). The most reduced subscales were role limitations (35,9; SD=18,8), mental health (30,3; SD=15,6) and dependence on others (26,12; SD=20,7). Social functioning (69,2; SD=22,6), ocular pain (79,3; SD=19,96), and color vision (82,5; SD=26,2) were least reduced. The peripheral vision score was significantly lower in patients with concentric VF constriction (p<0,0076). Those with a lower BCVA had decreased general (p<0,0251), near (p<0,003), distance vision (p<0,03), and social functioning (p<0,0069) scores. Conclusion The composite score, role limitations, mental health, and dependence subscales were the most reduced. The lower peripheral vision score was associated with concentric VF constriction. Lower general, near, distance vision, and social functioning scores were linked to BCVA decrease. The results of this study can be used as a baseline for the assessment of clinical trials efficacy. Supported by Kerstan Foundation and EuroVisionNet EU Grant Health‐F2‐2008‐200641.