bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Comparison of Rock Bolting Versus Steel Arch Support Systems in Thick Coal Seam Underground Galleries: A Case Study
Authors: Mesutoglu Mehmet , Ozkan Ihsan 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the feasibility of rock bolting support in an underground coal mine gallery with a thick coal seam. The Ömerler underground coal mine working area, owned by the West Lignite Enterprise (GLI) of the Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKI), was selected for this purpose. Longwall top coal caving (LTCC) is implemented as the production method in the Ömerler underground coal mine. Field and laboratory studies were conducted to determine rock mass and rock material properties, followed by experimental, empirical, and numerical analyses based on the acquired data. The obtained design results were evaluated using a resin-grouted rebar (RBR) rock bolting system and steel arch support (SAS) pilot application areas. The numerical modeling results conducted using the Fast Lagrangian Analysis of Continua 3D (FLAC 3D) (v6.0) program indicated less displacement and secondary stress change in the RBR-supported zone compared to the SAS-supported zone. In situ measurements also demonstrated that RBR provided more successful support to the roof during coal production activities. The findings suggest that RBR is a more effective solution when evaluating the feasibility of rock bolting support systems in underground galleries with thick coal seams at the Ömerler underground coal mine. This study emphasizes the importance of more sustainable and safe support systems to enhance operational efficiency in the coal mining industry.
High-efficiency remediation of Hg and Cd co-contaminated paddy soils by Fe–Mn oxide modified biochar and its microbial community responses
Authors: Sun Tong , Gao Ge , Yang Wenhao , Sun Yuebing , Huang Qingqing , Wang Lin , Liang Xuefeng 
Published: June 2024

AbstractFe–Mn oxide modified biochar (FMBC) was produced to explore its potential for remediation of Hg–Cd contaminated paddy soils. The results showed that the application of FMBC decreased the contents of bioavailable Hg and Cd by 41.49–81.85% and 19.47–33.02% in contrast to CK, while the amount of labile organic carbon (C) fractions and C-pool management index (CPMI) was increased under BC and FMBC treated soils, indicating the enhancement of soil C storage and nutrient cycling function. Dry weight of different parts of Oryza sativa L. was enhanced after the addition of BC and FMBC, and the contents of Fe and Mn in root iron–manganese plaques (IMP) were 1.46–2.06 and 6.72–19.35 times higher than those of the control groups. Hg and Cd contents in brown rice under the FMBC treatments were significantly reduced by 18.32–71.16% and 59.52–72.11% compared with the control. FMBC addition altered the composition and metabolism function of soil bacterial communities, especially increasing the abundance of keystone phyla, including Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Partial least squares path modelling (PLSPM) revealed that the contents of Na2S2O3–Hg, DTPA–Cd and IMP were the key indicators affecting Hg and Cd accumulation in rice grains. These results demonstrate the simultaneous value of FMBC in remediation of Hg and Cd combined pollution and restoring soil fertility and biological productivity.
Graphical Abstract
Automated ethical decision, value-ladenness, and the moral prior problem
Authors: Peterson Clayton 
Published: June 2024

AbstractPart of the literature on machine ethics and ethical artificial intelligence focuses on the idea of defining autonomous ethical agents able to make ethical choices and solve dilemmas. While ethical dilemmas often arise in situations characterized by uncertainty, the standard approach in artificial intelligence is to use rational choice theory and maximization of expected utility to model how algorithm should choose given uncertain outcomes. Motivated by the moral proxy problem, which proposes that the appraisal of ethical decisions varies depending on whether algorithms are considered to act as proxies for higher- or for lower-level agents, this paper introduces the moral prior problem, a limitation that, we believe, has been genuinely overlooked in the literature. In a nutshell, the moral prior problem amounts to the idea that, beyond the thesis of the value-ladenness of technologies and algorithms, automated ethical decisions are predetermined by moral priors during both conception and usage. As a result, automated decision procedures are insufficient to produce ethical choices or solve dilemmas, implying that we need to carefully evaluate what autonomous ethical agents are and can do, and what they aren’t and can’t.
Transcriptomic alterations in host parasitoid wasps resulting in extended lifespan due to PpNSRV-1 infection
Authors: Xue Cheng , Wang Fei , Fang Qi , Xiong Shijiao , Ye Gongyin 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe parasitoid wasp Pteromalus puparum, a pivotal agent in agricultural ecosystem balance, experiences significant alterations in lifespan due to infection by the negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus PpNSRV-1. This study utilized RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to investigate the genetic mechanism(s) driving lifespan extension in response to this virus. Lifespan analysis, combined with RNA-seq of nearly isogenic lines of infected and uninfected wasps, yields a comprehensive temporal expression profile aligned with the P. puparum genome. Despite a modest overall impact of PpNSRV-1 on gene expression, notable effects were observed on specific gene families, such as the SPOP genes and the cytochrome P450 family. Through Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA), we identified connections between the green and greenyellow modules to viral infection traits, with further functional analyses highlighting the pivotal roles of the Hedgehog, autophagy, AMPK, mTOR, p53, and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. RNA interference experiment targeting the SPOP gene PPU06594-RA confirmed its role in lifespan modulation, underscoring the importance of Hedgehog pathway in the host’s adaptive response. These insights not only elucidate the complex genetic landscape of host-virus interactions but also open avenues for innovative biological pest control strategies.
Caring Enough to Counter Extinction: The Work of Volunteer Bat Carers and Educators in Tropical Queensland, Australia
Authors: Whitehouse Hilary 
Published: June 2024

AbstractIn the state of Queensland, volunteers perform much of the work needed to prevent the extinction of threatened species who are native and unique to this continent. Acting from an understanding of interspecies justice, caring people rescue and rehabilitate hundreds of thousands of wild animals every year. Many of these same people conduct informal environmental education to bring to community attention the problematics of extinction by seeking the material expression of an ethics of conviviality. Using a document case study approach, this paper narrates aspects of the kindship work of a network of carers and educators of flying foxes who undertake informal environmental education as part of their care practices. Volunteering to care and educate for Australian flying mammals is a form of activism in a nation with a mammalian extinction crisis that still fails to meet its obligations under the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 15. This paper describes how volunteer run informal environmental education in far north Queensland is driven by a strong sense of multispecies care.
Changes in self-confidence in professional, personal, and scientific skills by gender during physician-scientist training at the University of Pittsburgh
Authors: Khouja Tumader , Proulx Chelsea N. , Nouraie S. Mehdi , Shah Ashti M. , Rao Rashmi J. , Steinman Richard A. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Persistence in physician-scientist careers has been suboptimal, particularly among women. There is a gender gap in self-confidence in medicine. We measured the impact of our physician-scientist training programs on trainee’s confidence in professional, personal, and scientific competencies, using a survey measuring self-rated confidence in 36 competencies across two timepoints.

Methods:
Results were analyzed for the full survey and for thematic subscales identified through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). A mixed effects linear model and a difference in differences (DID) design were used to assess the differential impact of the programing by gender and career level.

Results:
Analysis included 100 MD-PhD or MD-only medical student or resident/fellow trainees enrolled between 2020 and 2023. Five subscales were identified through EFA; career sustainability, science productivity, grant management, goal setting, and goal alignment (Cronbach’s alpha 0.85–0.94). Overall, mean scores increased significantly for all five subscales. Women significantly increased their confidence levels in all five areas, whereas men increased only in science productivity and grant management. Mixed effects models showed significant increases over time for women compared to men in career sustainability and goal alignment. Residents and fellows had greater increases than medical students across all subscales.

Conclusion:
Physician-scientist trainees fellows increased their confidence in personal, professional, and scientific skills during training. Training had a greater impact on women than men in building confidence in sustaining careers and aligning their goals with professional and institutional priorities. The magnitude of increased confidence among residents and fellows exceeded that in medical students.
A colorblind Christian country? How racial attitudes affect support for Christian nationalism and civil religion
Authors: Walker Brooklyn , Haider-Markel Donald P. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCan racial primes influence support for public expressions of religion? While a growing body of research demonstrates correlations between racial attitudes and support for public religion among White Americans, experimental tests of subconscious connections between the two concepts have been lacking. We utilize a novel survey experiment to prime racial considerations, and we find that Black racial primes raise support for Christian nationalism and civil religion among White Americans, compared to White racial primes. Moreover, our analysis indicates that these effects are attributable to racial animus, namely the evaluation that Black Americans are not prototypical members of the national community. The findings suggest that the preference for a Christian/religious America and a White America are subconsciously interwoven for many White Americans, providing the first experimental evidence, to our knowledge, of this relationship.
A New Phase Diagram for Fluid Invasion Patterns as a Function of Pore‐Scale Heterogeneity, Surface Roughness, and Wettability
Authors: Geistlinger Helmut , Golmohammadi Saeed , Zulfiqar Bilal , Kuechler Matthias , Reuter Danny , Schlueter Steffen , Segre Enrico , Holtzman Ran , Amro Mohd 
Published: June 2024

AbstractUnderstanding how different flow patterns emerge at various macro‐ and pore scale heterogeneity, pore wettability and surface roughness is remains a long standing scientific challenge. Such understanding allows to predict the amount of trapped fluid left behind, of crucial importance to applications ranging from microfluidics and fuel cells to subsurface storage of carbon and hydrogen. We examine the interplay of wettability and pore‐scale heterogeneity including both pore angularity and roughness, by a combination of micro‐CT imaging of 3D grain packs with direct visualization of 2D micromodels. The micromodels are designed to retain the key morphological and topological properties derived from the micro‐CT images. Different manufacturing techniques allow us to control pore surface roughness. We study the competition between flow through the pore centers and flow along rough pore walls and corners in media of increasing complexity in the capillary flow regime. The resulting flow patterns and their trapping efficiency are in excellent agreement with previous μ‐CT results. We observe different phase transitions between the following flow regimes (phases): (a) Frontal/compact advance, (b) wetting and drainage Invasion percolation, and (c) Ordinary percolation. We present a heterogeneity‐wettability‐roughness phase diagram that predicts these regimes.
Discounting Water for Optimal Carbon Gain as a Basis of Stomatal Closure
Authors: Nakad Mazen 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe exchange of carbon dioxide and water vapor between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere is regulated by stomata (small pores in the leaves of plants). Unsurprisingly, environmental factors controlling the opening and closure of stomata has been sought as early as 1800. One approach, popularized in the early 1970s, is a stomatal optimization framework. This framework is based on the hypothesis that plants optimize carbon gain subject to water loss or water availability constraints. This constraint optimization problem was solved in various forms assuming instantaneous adjustments of stomatal aperture to maximize a reward function with no future foresight or legacy effects. Holtzman et al. (2024, https://doi.org/10.1029/2023av001113) offers a novel approach that can diagnose the effective timescale over which the reward function maximization must be time‐integrated. The developed method thus optimizes an integrated carbon gain function but adjusted by a discount factor subject to water availability in the root zone. The discount factor considers how the plant values carbon gain to save water and its timescale can be inferred from observations because the model is analytically tractable. The results suggest that the most important climate factor that determines this discount timescale is multi‐annual mean of the longest dry period during the growing season. The findings highlight how local climate traits influence the spatial variation in ecosystem‐level water use strategies. This sets the stage for expanding such a framework to cases where multiple constraints act in concert while operating at distinct time scales.
Global Ocean Mass Change Estimation Using Low‐Degree Gravity Field From Satellite Laser Ranging
Authors: Nie Yufeng , Chen Jianli , Peng Dongju 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSatellite laser ranging (SLR) is a well‐established geodetic technique for measuring the low‐degree time‐variable gravity field for decades. However, its application in mass change estimation is limited by low spatial resolution, even for global mean ocean mass (GMOM) change which represents one of the largest spatial scales. After successfully correcting for signal leakage, for the first time, we can infer realistic GMOM changes using SLR‐derived gravity fields up to only degree and order 5. Our leakage‐corrected SLR GMOM estimates are compared with those from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) for the period 2005 to 2015. Our results show that the GMOM rate estimates from SLR are in remarkable agreement with those from GRACE, at 2.23 versus 2.28 mm/year, respectively. This proof‐of‐concept study opens the possibility of directly quantifying GMOM change using SLR data prior to the GRACE era.
Inhalable Fungi and Opportunistic Pathogens During Haze and Haze‐Dust Events From Winter to Springtime in One Typical Inland City of Northern China
Authors: Wang Zhaowen , Liu Houfeng , Xu Pengju , Nie Changliang , Geng Xueyun , Chen Jianmin , Liu Siyu , Wei Min 
Published: June 2024

AbstractFungal aerosols, as significant biocomponents of inhalable particulate matter, encompass a variety of allergens and pathogens. However, comprehensive knowledge regarding their composition, sources, and opportunistic pathogens present in severe air pollution remains limited. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected from January to March 2018 in a northern Chinese city, during the winter heating and spring sandstorm seasons. The fungal community characteristics within three distinct haze and haze‐dust composite pollution were examined. The concentration of fungal aerosols was found to be significantly higher in dust samples. This was evidenced by a strong positive correlation with Ca2+, temperature, and wind speed (p < 0.05). Human and animal pathogens, such as Candida, were more prevalent in haze samples. Conversely, allergens and plant pathogens, like Alternaria, were found in higher concentration in dust samples. The primary ecological function shifted from being saprophytic to becoming human‐animal pathogenic or plant‐animal pathogenic. This shift was observed from non‐pollution, haze, to haze‐dust composite pollution. The dispersion of fungal aerosols was influenced by factors such as dust events and meteorological conditions, including increased temperature and wind speed. In the spring dust episodes, dust‐related pollutants, such as soil Ca2+ and PM10, accounted for 51.39% of the variation in the fungal community. This research explored the dynamics of fungal communities, potential pathogens, and factors influencing fungal communities in regional air pollution. The insights garnered from this research provide a robust foundation for subsequent human health exposure assessments.
Deformable microlaser force sensing
Authors: Dalaka Eleni , Hill Joseph S. , Booth Jonathan H. H. , Popczyk Anna , Pulver Stefan R. , Gather Malte C. , Schubert Marcel 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMechanical forces are key regulators of cellular behavior and function, affecting many fundamental biological processes such as cell migration, embryogenesis, immunological responses, and pathological states. Specialized force sensors and imaging techniques have been developed to quantify these otherwise invisible forces in single cells and in vivo. However, current techniques rely heavily on high-resolution microscopy and do not allow interrogation of optically dense tissue, reducing their application to 2D cell cultures and highly transparent biological tissue. Here, we introduce DEFORM, deformable microlaser force sensing, a spectroscopic technique that detects sub-nanonewton forces with unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution. DEFORM is based on the spectral analysis of laser emission from dye-doped oil microdroplets and uses the force-induced lifting of laser mode degeneracy in these droplets to detect nanometer deformations. Following validation by atomic force microscopy and development of a model that links changes in laser spectrum to applied force, DEFORM is used to measure forces in 3D and at depths of hundreds of microns within tumor spheroids and late-stage Drosophila larva. We furthermore show continuous force sensing with single-cell spatial and millisecond temporal resolution, thus paving the way for non-invasive studies of biomechanical forces in advanced stages of embryogenesis, tissue remodeling, and tumor invasion.
iPSC-derived hindbrain organoids to evaluate escitalopram oxalate treatment responses targeting neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zivko Cristina , Sagar Ram , Xydia Ariadni , Lopez-Montes Alejandro , Mintzer Jacobo , Rosenberg Paul B. , Shade David M. , Porsteinsson Anton P. , Lyketsos Constantine G. , Mahairaki Vasiliki 
Published: June 2024

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and the gradual deterioration of brain function eventually leads to death. Almost all AD patients suffer from neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), the emergence of which correlates with dysfunctional serotonergic systems. Our aim is to generate hindbrain organoids containing serotonergic neurons using human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs). Work presented here is laying the groundwork for the application of hindbrain organoids to evaluate individual differences in disease progression, NPS development, and pharmacological treatment response. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy volunteers (n = 3), an AD patient without NPS (n = 1), and AD patients with NPS (n = 2) were reprogrammed into iPSCs and subsequently differentiated into hindbrain organoids. The presence of serotonergic neurons was confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription PCR, flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and detection of released serotonin (5-HT). We successfully reprogrammed PBMCs into 6 iPSC lines, and subsequently generated hindbrain organoids from 6 individuals to study inter-patient variability using a precision medicine approach. To assess patient-specific treatment effects, organoids were treated with different concentrations of escitalopram oxalate, commonly prescribed for NPS. Changes in 5-HT levels before and after treatment with escitalopram were dose-dependent and variable across patients. Organoids from different people responded differently to the application of escitalopram in vitro. We propose that this 3D platform might be effectively used for drug screening purposes to predict patients with NPS most likely to respond to treatment in vivo and to understand the heterogeneity of treatment responses.
The effect of combining primers and cements from different cement systems on the bond strength between zirconia and dentin
Authors: Le Minh , Papia Evaggelia , Larsson Christel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of combining primers and cements from two different resin cement systems on the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) between zirconia and human dentin.

Materials and methods
A total of 120 specimens of zirconia cemented to dentin were allocated into eight groups based on cement type (RelyX Ultimate or Panavia V5) and primers (Tooth Primer, Clearfil Ceramic Primer and Scotchbond Universal Adhesive) combinations, applied to dentin or ceramic surfaces. Following artificial aging with 5000 thermocycles, μTBS tests were conducted. Statistical analysis was performed using One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests (p ≤ 0.05), and failure modes were assessed.

Results
The Panavia V5 cement system demonstrated the highest bond strength (19.4 ± 4.4 MPa), significantly higher than the other groups except when RelyX cement was used with Panavia primers (16.9 ± 3.7 MPa). Cohesive fractures within the cement layer were the predominant failure mode.

Conclusions
The combination of primers from different adhesive cement system brands may significantly affect the bonding effectiveness. Therefore, using products from a single product line of the same adhesive cement system, and following the manufacturer’s recommendations for indications and use, is crucial for a more predictable clinical outcome.