bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian challenges of urbanization
Authors: Duijsens Raimond 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMore than one billion people nowadays live as slum-dwellers in informal settlements characterized by vulnerability and poverty. The ‘normal’ situation in slums can, in several ways, be classified as a ‘crisis’, and violence levels often contribute to situations akin to ‘armed conflict’. The plight of these people should be the concern of humanitarian organizations, which should consequently widen their spectrum and address vulnerability to disasters and to violence as mutually reinforcing. Applying the ‘human security’ framework and ‘livelihoods’ approach can enable them to take a proactive role. However, particularly for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, a greater involvement also poses several challenges.
Interdisciplinary Research Produces Results in the Understanding of Planetary Dunes: Second International Planetary Dunes Workshop: Planetary Analogs—Integrating Models, Remote Sensing, and Field Data; Alamosa, Colorado, 18–21 May 2010
Authors: Titus Timothy N. , Hayward Rosalyn Kay , Bourke Mary C. 
Published: August 2010

Dunes and other eolian bed forms are prominent on several planetary bodies in our solar system. Despite 4 decades of study, many questions remain regarding the composition, age, and origins of these features, as well as the climatic conditions under which they formed. Recently acquired data from orbiters and rovers, together with terrestrial analogs and numerical models, are providing new insights into Martian sand dunes, as well as eolian bed forms on other terrestrial planetary bodies (e.g., Titan).As a means of bringing together terrestrial and planetary researchers from diverse backgrounds with the goal of fostering collaborative interdisciplinary research, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Carl Sagan Center for the Study of Life in the Universe, the Desert Research Institute, and the U.S. National Park Service held a workshop in Colorado. The small group setting facilitated intensive discussion of problems and issues associated with eolian processes on Earth, Mars, and Titan.
The Role of Phonotactic Frequency in Sentence Repetition by Children With Specific Language Impairment
Authors: Coady Jeffry A. , Evans Julia L. , Kluender Keith R. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose
Recent work suggests that specific language impairment (SLI) results from a primary deficit in phonological processing. This deficit is most striking in nonword repetition tasks, where semantic and syntactic demands are eliminated. Children with SLI repeat nonwords less accurately than do their unimpaired peers, which may reflect difficulty extracting phonological regularities from their lexicons. However, recent evidence suggests that having children with SLI respond to meaningless syllables such as nonwords underestimates their language abilities. Therefore, phonological processing was measured by having children repeat meaningful sentences containing target words differing in phonotactic pattern frequency (PPF).

Method
Eighteen children with SLI (mean age = 9;0 [years;months]) and 18 age-matched controls repeated acoustically degraded sentences containing CVC target words differing in PPF, occurring in either subject position or sentence-final position.

Results
Accuracy results revealed significant main effects due to group, PPF, and sentence position (sentence final > subject). Further, the nonsignificant Group × PPF interaction suggests that both groups of children were similarly affected by PPF.

Conclusion
Children with SLI repeated CVC target words less accurately overall but showed similar sensitivity to PPF as typical controls, suggesting that PPF affects repetition of real words embedded in sentential contexts by both children with SLI and typically developing peers.
A Tutorial on Multiblock Discriminant Correspondence Analysis (MUDICA): A New Method for Analyzing Discourse Data From Clinical Populations
Authors: Williams Lynne J. , Abdi Hervé , French Rebecca , Orange Joseph B. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose

In communication disorders research, clinical groups are frequently described based on patterns of performance, but researchers often study only a few participants described by many quantitative and qualitative variables. These data are difficult to handle with standard inferential tools (e.g., analysis of variance or factor analysis) whose assumptions are unfit for these data. This article presents
multiblock discriminant correspondence analysis
(MUDICA), which is a recent method that can handle datasets not suited for standard inferential techniques.

Method
MUDICA is illustrated with clinical data examining conversational trouble-source repair and topic maintenance in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (DAT). Seventeen DAT participant/spouse dyads (6 controls, 5 participants with early DAT, 6 participants with moderate DAT) produced spontaneous conversations analyzed for co-occurrence of trouble-source repair and topic maintenance variables.

Results
MUDICA found that trouble-source repair sequences and topic transitions are associated and that patterns of performance in the DAT groups differed significantly from those in the control group.

Conclusion
MUDICA is ideally suited to analyze language and discourse data in communication disorders because it (a) can identify and predict clinical group membership based on patterns of performance, (b) can accommodate few participants and many variables, (c) can be used with categorical data, and (d) adds the rigor of inferential statistics.
Celluloid strip‐finished versus polished composite surface: difference in surface discoloration in microhybrid composites
Authors: Park S.‐H. , Noh B.‐D. , Ahn H.‐J. , Kim H.‐K. 
Published: August 2010

summary The aim of this study was to compare the surface discoloration of polished and celluloid strip‐finished composite surfaces in microhybrid type composites and to determine whether or not the discoloration of a celluloid strip‐finished composite surface is reduced if oxygen inhibition on the surface can be prevented. The composite surfaces were celluloid‐strip finished (group 1), polished (group 2), or celluloid‐strip finished under nitrogen gas purging (group 3). Z100, Spectrum, and Aelitefil were used as the test materials. After each surface treatment, the samples were stored in 37 °C distilled water for 24 h and placed in a disclosing solution (0·2% Erythrosin, pH 7·0) for 7 days in the dark. A computer controlled spectrophotometer was used to determine the CIELAB co‐ordinates (L*, a*, b*). For each composite, the degree of discoloration among the groups was compared with a one‐way anova test. A Dunnett's t‐test was then performed to compare the colour change in group 1 with that of group 2 or group 3. In all materials, there were no statistical differences in the surface discoloration between group 1 and group 2. In the Aelitefil and Spectrum test materials, the samples in group 3 showed a lower level of discoloration than the those in group 1. In Z100, there was no statistical difference. In microhybrid composites, there was no difference in surface discoloration between celluloid strip‐finished and the polished surface. Nitrogen gas purging during the polymerization process on the celluloid strip‐finished composite surface might be useful for reducing the discoloration celluloid strip‐finished surface in microhybrid composites.
The immunohistochemical distribution of vimentin in human temporomandibular joint samples
Authors: Yoshida H. , Fukumura Y. , Nishida M. , Fujita S. , Iizuka T. 
Published: August 2010

summary The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the immunohistochemical distribution of vimentin in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and to compare it with the control specimens. Immunohistochemical distribution in the disc and synovial membrane in 30 human TMJ (internal derangement of TMJ,n = 20; and control,n = 10) was studied immunohistologically using paraffin‐embedded tissue and specific anti‐human vimentin monoclonal antibody. Vimentin expression was distributed in chondrocyte‐like cells, synovial cells and endothelial cells. There was an obvious distinction of vimentin immunoreactivity between the control specimens and internal derangement cases, in the posterior and/or anterior loose connective tissues. In particular, intensive vimentin expression was detected in the hypertrophic synovial membrane of internal derangement cases. The findings of the present study suggest that vimentin might be an important marker of pathological hypertrophy of the synovial membrane and/or connective tissue with internal derangement of TMJ.
The Intermountain Risk Score (including the red cell distribution width) predicts heart failure and other morbidity endpoints
Authors: Horne Benjamin D. , May Heidi T. , Kfoury Abdallah G. , Renlund Dale G. , Muhlestein Joseph B. , Lappé Donald L. , Rasmusson Kismet D. , Bunch T. Jared , Carlquist John F. , Bair Tami L. , Jensen Kurt R. , Ronnow Brianna S. , Anderson Jeffrey L. 
Published: August 2010

AimsThe complete blood count (CBC) and basic metabolic profile are common, low‐cost blood tests, which have previously been used to create and validate the Intermountain Risk Score (IMRS) for mortality prediction. Mortality is the most definitive clinical endpoint, but medical care is more easily applied to modify morbidity and thereby prevent death. This study tested whether IMRS is associated with clinical morbidity endpoints.Methods and resultsPatients seen for coronary angiography (n = 3927) were evaluated using a design similar to a genome‐wide association study. The Bonferroni correction for 102 tests required a P‐value of ≤ 4.9 × 10−4 for significance. A second set of angiography patients (n = 10 413) was used to validate significant findings from the first patient sample. In the first patient sample, IMRS predicted heart failure (HF) (Ptrend = 1.6 × 10−26), coronary disease (Ptrend = 2.6 × 10−11), myocardial infarction (MI) (Ptrend = 3.1 × 10−25), atrial fibrillation (Ptrend = 2.5 × 10−20), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (Ptrend = 4.7 × 10−4). Even more, IMRS predicted HF readmission [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.29/category, Ptrend = 1.2 × 10−6), incident HF (HR = 1.88/category, Ptrend = 0.02), and incident MI (HR = 1.56/category, Ptrend = 4.7 × 10−4). These findings were verified in the second patient sample.ConclusionIntermountain Risk Score, a predictor of mortality, was associated with morbidity endpoints that often lead to mortality. Further research is required to fully characterize its clinical utility, but its low‐cost CBC and basic metabolic profile composition may make it ideal for initial risk estimation and prevention of morbidity and mortality. An IMRS web calculator is freely available at http://intermountainhealthcare.org/IMRS.Trial Registration: Database registry of the Intermountain Heart Collaborative Study: NCT00406185 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
Transit Transports between Russia and the EU
Authors: Laurila Juhani 
Published: August 2010

The European Union is an important trade partner for Russia. For example, in 2000 more than one third of Russia's foreign trade was with EU countries. By contrast, only a little over 1% of total EU foreign trade was with Russia. A quick look at the map shows that a substantial part of trade between Russia and the EU has to be transported through the region located between Russia and the European Union.Following substantial statistical work we present in this study summary statistics about volumes as well as previously unpublished statistics on values of transit transport flows and their distribution by different corridors between Russia and the EU. The largest transit transport flows (more than 60% of volumes and more than half in value terms) between Russia and the EU use the Central European transport corridors. The statistics also reveal that average unit value of transit merchandise from the EU to Russia was more than seven times higher in 1999 than the average unit value of transit merchandise from Russia to the EU. The obvious reason is the structure of trade between Russia and the EU: Russia exports mainly fuels and raw materials but imports manufactured high‐value products.
Establishing a Stabilisation Fund in Russia
Authors: Kadotchnikov Pavel 
Published: August 2010

The situation that developed in 1999‐2001 on world commodity markets has imposed certain constraints on economic policy in Russia. Relatively high oil prices resulting in a high current account surplus caused the rouble to appreciate in real terms, which adversely affected national industries producing tradables, thus hampering sustainable growth. The lack of open market instruments for sterilisation of rouble emission resulting from mandatory sale of a part of dollar export earnings has made it very difficult for the Central Bank to pursue monetary and exchange rate policies, leading to a threat of inflation.Sharp fluctuations of prices for oil and other commodities on world markets result in wide variations in tax revenues from the relevant industries, which has a serious impact on the budgetary system. In this context the establishment of a stabilisation fund as a mechanism to accumulate additional revenues and to smooth budget expenditures would be a rational and timely solution. A stabilisation fund could also compensate undesirable effects of the current account surplus by investing revenues of the fund on world capital markets or by repaying external debt. The fund could thus partly address problems associated with real appreciation of the rouble.
The Role of Consumer Countries in Determining International Oil Prices
Authors: Angelier Jean‐Pierre , Saadi Hadj 
Published: August 2010

Since 1987 international oil trading has been conducted within the framework of a free and competitive market. However, whenever tensions push up oil prices, concerns become manifest. The Organisation of Petroleum‐Exporting Countries (OPEC) is singled out as an economic agent, which tends to hinder competitive play for its own profit, using a concerted policy of supply limitation to impose excessively high prices to its own advantage. We find these concerns unjustified. On the contrary, it seems that the main oil consumer countries give themselves the ability to influence oil prices, raising prices to levels, which are higher than they would be if competition mechanisms operated without asymmetry between market agents. Consumer countries limit their dependence on oil imports by implementing a heavy fiscal regime: high prices hold back demand growth, allow survival of domestic producers, whose oil production would otherwise be unprofitable, and favour development of oil‐substituting energy sources. This policy of heavy domestic taxation of oil products is all the more acceptable for consumer countries because it contributes significantly to maintaining the balance of their public finances.We will present three main types of analysis of oil price setting mechanisms: consensus of analyses for the short and long term; analyses dealing with concentration of supply on the market as the main factor determining oil prices; and analyses in terms of competitive forces.
The Northern Dimension — One Pillar of the Bridge Between Russia and the EU
Authors: Kivikari Urpo 
Published: August 2010

Although Russia is not an applicant for membership of the European Union, it is linked to European integration in many ways. The EU Tacis programme, started at the beginning of the 1990s, provided early assistance for Russia’s transition to a market economy and market–oriented international integration. The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) between the EU and Russia, which came into force in 1997, was a milestone, as were mutual cooperation strategies developed by each of the sides at the end of the 1990s. Naturally, Russia’s internal reform progress and its preparation for WTO membership are also significant for EU–Russia relations. Current steps towards creation of the Common European Economic Space, uniting the EU and Russia, represent a new level of cooperation.In addition to EU programmes and projects, which are purely Russia–related, Russia also figures large in the so–called Northern Dimension (ND) policy of the EU. The role of the ND in the network of EU–Russia institutions and programmes, where the above–mentioned general elements are only small parts of the whole, needs further clarification. It so happens that the most promising opportunities and demanding challenges of the ND policy begin with the letter ‘e’. Omitting some key areas, such as economy and education, sub–sections of this article will be devoted to energy, environment, eDimension, enterprises and EU enlargement.
Infliximab Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients Simultaneously Increases TNF‐α Protein Levels and Reduces mRNA Expression in the Blood
Authors: Hjelmevik T. O. , Kvalvik A. G. , Knappskog P. M. , Lefsaker L. , Kleiven A. S. , Dyvik S. , Brun J. G. , Østergaard H. , Eiken H. G. 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  Tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) is an important mediator in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We have investigated long‐term anti‐TNF‐α treatment with infliximab with respect to TNF‐α gene activity and protein levels in the blood of RA patients and disease activity score (DAS).Methods:  TNF‐α mRNA and plasma protein in RA patients (n = 29) and healthy controls (n = 24) was determined before and during treatment with infliximab (3 mg/kg) using real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and high sensitivity enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The disease activity of the patients was assessed as DAS value.Results:  The TNF‐α mRNA levels of RA patients at baseline were higher than that of the control group (P = 0.0135) but were significantly reduced after initiation of treatment (P < 0.001). Low mRNA levels were sustained throughout the 54 weeks of the study. Baseline protein levels of RA patients were similar to the control group. After 2 weeks of treatment, the protein levels were significantly elevated from baseline (P = 0.0353) and increased throughout week 14. Clinical improvement for all RA patients was found upon infliximab treatment, as a reduction in DAS values (P < 0.001). The increase in protein and reduction in DAS value from week 2–14 was also correlated (P = 0.0374).Conclusion:  During infliximab treatment of RA patients, there is an accumulation in immune‐reactive TNF‐α protein in blood plasma and simultaneously a reduction in TNF‐α gene expression in PBMC, which may in part explain the beneficial course of RA symptoms.
Pneumococcal IgA1 Protease Activity Interferes with Opsonophagocytosis of Streptococcus Pneumoniae Mediated by Serotype‐Specific Human Monoclonal IgA1 Antibodies
Authors: Reinholdt J. , Baxendale H. , Ekström N. , Kayhty H. , Poulsen K. , Kilian M. 
Published: August 2010

Bacteria‐specific IgA antibodies are efficient opsonins for neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes, provided that the phagocytes express the Fca receptor (CD89). Expression of CD89 can be stimulated by inflammatory cytokines, activated complement factors and certain microbial components. In one study, unstimulated phagocytes were able to ingest IgA antibody‐treated pneumococci, but only in the presence of complement, which was found to be activated by the IgA antibodies along the alternative pathway. Pneumococci produce IgA1 protease that cleaves human IgA1, but not IgA2, molecules in the hinge region. This leaves IgA1 as Fabα (monovalent) deprived of Fcα which contains the docking site for CD89. IgA1 is the vastly predominant subclass of IgA in the upper airways and circulation of humans.Aims:  To examine the effects of IgA1 protease activity and complement on phagocytosis of IgA antibody‐coated pneumococci by an unstimulated human phagocytic cell line (hl60).Materials and methods:  IgA1 and IgA2 monoclonal antibodies to serotype 4 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (ps) were generated by heterohybridoma technique involving B cells from human vaccinees. Isogenic serotype 4 pneumococci with and without IgA1 protease activity, respectively, were obtained after inactivation of the iga gene of the TIGR4 strain. Opsonophagocytosis was quantitated using the assay described by Romero‐Steiner et al. Based on enumeration of surviving bacteria by culture. The integrity of IgA molecules was examined by western blotting.Results:  Both IgA1 and IgA2 antibody to type‐4 polysaccharide‐induced phagocytosis of IgA1 protease‐deficient type‐4 pneumococci equally well in the absence as in the presence of complement. Iga1 antibody to type‐4 polysaccharide displayed a fourfold higher opsonophagocytosis titer against IgA1 protease deficient compared to homologous wildtype target bacteria. A similar effect of IgA1 protease activity of the target bacteria was not observed in a parallel experiment where IgA2 antibody to type‐4 polysaccharide served as opsonin. IgA1 antibody extracted from IgA1 protease‐producing target bacteria was almost exclusively in the form of Fabα. Conversely, IgA1 from protease‐deficient bacteria and IgA2 from both types of bacteria were intact.Conclusions:  These results indicate that the IgA1 protease activity of S. neumoniae may help the bacteria escape IgA1 antibody‐mediated opsonophagocytosis. Besides, in these experiments, IgA‐mediated opsonophagocytosis was independent of complement.
Die Bedeutung der Hauttemperaturen für das Verständnis des fieberhaften Zustandes
Authors: IPSEN. JOHANNES 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung.Die Aufgabe dieser Arbeit ist zu untersuchen, ob man durch Messung der Hauttemperatur darüber Aufklärung bekommen kann, ob bei Fieber eine Wilrmeretention stattfindet, oder ob ein gesteigerter Stoffwechsel das Fieber erzeugt.Die Wärmeabgabe geschiet zum grösstem Teil durch die Haut (92%), teils durch Verdampfung von dieser, teils durch Wärmeausstrahlung. Es wird besprochen, wie diese beiden Faktoren von der Hauttemperatur abhängig sind, sodass wir in dieser ein Mass für die Wärmeabgabe haben.Die Temperatursteigerung ist teils am Fieber nach Sulfosininjektionen (Schroeder), teils bei Malariaanfällen untersucht. Hauttemperaturen wurden an verschiedenen Stellen des Körpers teils in einem Vorstadium, teils während des Anfalles gemessen und mit der Rektaltemperatur verglichen.Es zeigte sich, dass die Hauttemperatur an den meisten Stellen der Körpertemperatur parallel stieg, nur in einigen Fällen trat ein Sinken an den Füssen allein ein, ein Verhältnis, das doch auf Grund seiner Beschränkung nicht das Totalbild Sindern kann. Dasselbe zeigte sich auch während eines Versuches, der unter exakten äusseren Bedingungen vorgenommen wurde.Aus den Venuchen ergab sich mit Sichetheit, dass bei dem Sulfosinfieber und bei den Malariaanfällen keiae Warmeretention stattfindet. Die Sieigerung der Körperlemperatur muss deshalb einer gesleigerlen Wärmeproduciion, einem gesleigerlen Sloffwechsel, zugrundeUegen.Während die durch Steigerung des Stoffwechsels vermehrte Wärmemenge bei Mb. Basedowii durch verhältnismässig hohe Hauttemperaturen reguliert wird, sodass die Körpertemperatur normal bleibt, ist das nicht der Fall bei Fieberzuständen, jedenfalls nicht in den untersuchten Fällen. Man regulieri beim Fieber nichi oder nur in geringem Grade mit den Hautgefässen.