bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Adjusting Analysts' Consensus Forecasts for Selection Bias*
Authors: HAYES RACHEL M. , LEVINE CAROLYN B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractMany recent empirical studies have concluded that analysts' earnings forecasts are optimistic on average. In this paper, we attempt to undo the effect of one potential source of optimistic bias in analysts' earnings forecasts. Assuming forecasts come from a truncated normal distribution, we estimate the “true” population mean using maximum likelihood. We find that our estimates of earnings are more accurate and less biased than standard measures of sample mean and median. However, we do not find a closer relationship between excess market returns and forecast errors from our maximum likelihood estimate than from the sample mean. This may suggest that the market does not fully incorporate analysts' incentives in generating expectations about future earnings.
Positive and Negative Earnings Surprises, Regulatory Climate, and Stock Returns*
Authors: NWAEZE EMEKA T. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis study focuses on electric utilities in the United States to consider two related issues. First, the study tests for asymmetric price reactions to positive and negative earnings surprises (ES). Second, the study associates policy differences across jurisdictions with variations in the cash flow effects of positive and negative ES and then uses the framework to consider variations in price responses across regulatory climates. In the same context, the study investigates the effects of a utility's abnormal profits on the asymmetry of price reactions to positve and negative ES. The empirical predictions are motivated by the disparity between the principles and practices that underlie cost recovery for the utilities and the uneven effects of the cost‐recovery practies on the cash flows associated with positve and negative ES. The results show that the sign of ES and the climate in which a utility operates are related to the size of price reactions to ES. Furthermore, a utility's abnormal profit status has significant effects on the size of price reactions to ES. Only a modest price response asymmetry is indicated for manufacturing firms.
Project Termination Decisions, Underinvestment and Overinvestment*
Authors: TAN PATRICIA M. S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this article, I use the principal‐agent framework to examine the incentives of risk‐and work‐averse agents to work on projects that are long‐term, multistage, and subject to abandonment. Periodic applications of effort by the agent are required. The agent also obtains private information as the project evolves, and he decides whether the project should be abandoned or continued. The principal not only seeks to provide incentives to induce the agent to take up such risky investments and work hard at them, but also seeks to provide incentives for the agent to abandon the project if the profit prospect is low. We show that the agent's decision to continue is not always aligned with the principal's desire. The result provides an economic rationale for the sunk cost phenomenon. There also exist conditions under which the agent chooses to prematurely abandon the project.
Late Triassic to Late Jurassic petrotectonic history of the Oregon Klamath Mountains
Authors: Yule Doug , Wiley Tom , Kays M. Allan , Murray Robert 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
This field guide describes stops in the Oregon Klamath Mountains that visit near-complete ophiolite sections, pre- and post-accretion arc plutons, greenschist- to amphibolite-grade metamorphosed wallrocks, arc volcanic rocks, and interbedded chert, argillite, and olistostromal deposits. Structural features at these stops include local- and regional-scale folds and faults, as well as penetrative metamorphic fabrics such as slaty cleavage, gneissic layering, and mineral lineations. The geologic history here reveals a period of Late Triassic and Jurassic ophiolite and oceanic-arc formation followed by Middle Jurassic terrane accretion, tectonic mélange formation, and continued oceanic arc magmatism. Rifting from ca. 165 to 160 Ma produced the Rogue-Chetco arc, Josephine ophiolite, and remnant arc comprised of older Klamath Mountains terranes. Deformation and magmatism during the Late Jurassic Neva-dan orogeny accreted this active arc–inter-arc basin–remnant arc triad to western North America, producing the lithotectonic belts observed today. The Oregon Klam-ath Mountains therefore provide an exceptional opportunity to examine the deep to shallow levels of multi-phase oceanic lithosphere and deformational features related to the accretion of these terranes to the continental margin.
Landscape and hydrologic response in the Williamson River basin following the Holocene eruption of Mount Mazama, Cascade volcanic arc
Authors: Cummings Michael L. , Conaway Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
The field trip examines coupled hydrologic and landscape response after the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama to form Crater Lake in the Cascade volcanic arc at ~7627 ± 150 cal. yr B.P. The Williamson River basin, east of Crater Lake and in the rain shadow of the Cascade Range, was buried beneath thick pumice and pyroclastic-flow deposits. The distinctive physical properties of pumice and volcanic ash affect the movement and retention of water and the ongoing evolution of the landscape. Three themes will be explored: (1) post-eruption transition from perched streams to losing streams along the eastern flank of the Cascade Range; (2) filling and catastrophic draining of a lake trapped behind a dam of pyroclastic flow deposits in the Williamson River canyon; and (3) post-eruption faulting and the hydrology of Klamath Marsh.
A tale of two basins
Authors: Cummings Michael L. , Cady Sherry L. , Perkins Robert B. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
Steens Mountain, a fault-block in the northern Basin and Range Province, rises 1.7 km above flanking basins and drives hydrologic systems that include hot springs, fresh-water streams, and cold artesian wells in the Alvord Valley. It also feeds freshwater streams, desert wetlands, and shallow fresh-water and alkali lakes in the Harney Basin. Steens Mountain melt water from the winter snow pack partitions to surface-water and groundwater systems. How the composition of these fluids evolve along the various flow paths as a result of differences in the geology, interaction with geother-mal aquifers, surface storage time, degree of evaporation, and biology will be examined. Deep-seated flow paths feed Alvord Valley hot springs, which discharge to the east, in the rain shadow of Steens Mountain. The largest of these hot spring systems— Borax Lake—along with features at Mickey Hot Springs, offer ample opportunity to investigate how biosignatures form and become preserved in hydrothermally precipitated sinter deposits. Surface water moving off the westward-dipping slope of Steens Mountain passes through wetland environments to Malheur Lake in Harney Basin. This key point along the Pacific flyway provides wonderful wildlife viewing and the chance to ponder the impacts of biology on lake chemistry. Finally, we will visit the saline-alkaline Harney Lake, the terminal sump for the water moving through Malheur Lake and all of the nearly 40,000 km2 Harney Basin. At this locale, the focus will be on the influence of evaporative processes on water composition.
The Columbia River Basalt Group—From the gorge to the sea
Authors: Wells Ray E. , Niem Alan R. , Evarts Russell C. , Hagstrum Jonathan T. 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACT
Miocene flood basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group inundated eastern Washington, Oregon, and adjacent Idaho between 17 and 6 Ma. Some of the more voluminous flows followed the ancestral Columbia River across the Cascade arc, Puget-Willamette trough, and the Coast Range to the Pacific Ocean. We have used field mapping, chemistry, and paleomagnetic directions to trace individual flows and flow packages from the Columbia River Gorge westward into the Astoria Basin, where they form pillow palagonite complexes and mega-invasive bodies into older marine sedimentary rocks. Flows of the Grande Ronde, Wanapum, and Saddle Mountains Basalts all made it to the ocean; at least 33 flows are recognized in the western Columbia River Gorge, 50 in the Willamette Valley, 16 in the lower Columbia River Valley, and at least 12 on the Oregon side of the Astoria Basin. In the Astoria Basin, the basalt flows loaded and invaded the wet marine sediments, producing peperite breccias, soft sediment deformation, and complex invasive relations. Mega-invasive sills up to 500 m thick were emplaced into strata as old as Eocene, and invasive dikes up to 90 m thick can be traced continuously for 25 km near the basin margin. Mega-pillow complexes up to a kilometer thick are interpreted as the remains of lava deltas that prograded onto the shelf and a filled submarine canyon southeast of Astoria, possibly providing the hydraulic head for injection of invasive sills and dikes at depth.
Complex deformation and fluidization structures in Aptian sediment gravity flow deposits of the Outer Moray Firth
Authors: DOWNIE R. A. , STEDMAN C. I. 
Published: April 2010

Sandstone units enclosed within hemipelagic marine mudstones of the Aptian–Albian Sola Formation of the Outer Moray Firth (principally Blocks 15/28 eastward to 16/28) are informally referred to as the ‘Bosun Sandstone’. These fine- to medium-grained, variably argillaceous sandstones are characterized by irregular and discontinuous argillaceous laminae, dewatering pipes, clastic intrusion phenomena, slump structures and soft-sediment shears. In the context of the enveloping deepwater marine mudstones, a sediment gravity flow origin for the sandstones is suggested. The abundance of detrital mud and virtual absence of ‘primary’ tractional structures indicate that the majority of flows were never fully turbulent, with minimal segregation of fines: that is, they were muddy debris flows or liquefied flows. Polyphase sediment deformation is recognized throughout the 500+ ft thick ‘Bosun Sandstone’, indicating that slope conditions were unstable and a gradient was maintained throughout the development of the ‘normal’ slope apron type system.
The recognition that the ‘Bosun Sandstone’ was deposited largely as liquefied flows on a gravitationally unstable prograding slope has implications for hydrocarbon prospectivity. Slumping and slope failures are likely to have occurred at a wide variety of scales and hence the internal sandbody geometry is likely to be highly complex. The presence of detrital mud in most sandstones has promoted diagenetic degradation of reservoir quality.
The genetic sequence stratigraphy of the Hettangian to Oxfordian succession, Inner Moray Firth
Authors: STEPHEN K. J. , UNDERHILL J. R. , PARTINGTON M. A. , HEDLEY R. J. 
Published: April 2010

Application of sequence stratigraphic principles to the Hettangian–Oxfordian succession of the Inner Moray Firth basin has led to a new understanding of its sedimentary fill history at a greater resolution than has been previously possible. This interval was deposited in a variety of shallow marine to terrestrial environments, punctuated by a number of regionally correlatable transgressive events, during a phase of gentle thermal subsidence, prior to the renewal of major extensional rifting in Kimmeridgian times.
Recognition of a significant regional stratigraphic break, the ‘Mid-Cimmerian Event’, allows this succession to be divided into two component depositional packages (Jla: Hettangian–Toarcian; J1b: Bathonian–Late Oxfordian). Identification of seven maximum flooding surfaces permits further subdivision into eight genetic stratigraphic sequences and enables the construction of a new basin-wide stratigraphic template. Erection of such a framework has important implications for our understanding of the basin’s sedimentary and tectonic evolution, and thus enables the Inner Moray Firth to be placed within its regional North Sea setting.
Construction of palaeogeographic maps for a number of J1b genetic stratigraphic sequences allows accurate facies and, hence, reservoir prediction. Furthermore, stratigraphic data give important insights into the nature of the ‘Mid-Cimmerian Event’. The observed progressive increase in amount of truncation below this unconformity, together with the successive migration in the locus of sedimentary onlap above this unconformity, maximizes the stratigraphic separation towards the east. Similar temporal stratigraphic relations elsewhere in the North Sea suggest that this unconformity is related to the initiation and early subsidence of a regional ‘dome’ prior to its more significant collapse between Kimmeridgian and Early Cretaceous times.
Heavy mineral stratigraphy in the UK Trias: Western Approaches, onshore England and the Central North Sea
Authors: JEANS C. V. , REED S. J. B. , XING M. 
Published: April 2010

Population studies on the detrital heavy minerals (64–250 μm, specific gravity >2.92) of the Trias in the North Sea Basin demonstrate that there are well-defined regional and stratigraphical variations which are of use in correlation and palaeogeographic reconstruction. Two provinces are recognized: a region comprising the Southern North Sea, onshore England and the English Channel; and a Central North Sea Area.
The heavy mineral assemblages of the Triassic sandstones of the Southern North Sea, onshore England and the English Channel are dominated by tourmaline. Wide-ranging correlation between the Southern North Sea and the English Channel has been achieved by using an horizon at which the heavy mineral assemblage is particularly rich in tourmaline. More detailed and local correlation is possible onshore, where rapid changes in the abundance of garnet, zircon, sphene and staurolite indicate the presence of local sources supplying sand detritus to the Trias.
The Triassic sands of the Central North Sea are characterized by heavy mineral assemblages dominated by zircon, garnet or apatite. The zircon-rich assemblage is associated with the Smith Bank Formation and is interpreted as having been derived from the reworking of the Permian Sandstones to the west. The apatite-rich assemblage is linked to the Skagerrak and Marnock formations and was probably derived from an eastern Scandinavian source. The garnet-rich assemblage is of more limited extent and is restricted to sediments of Early Triassic age: its origin could have been the metamorphic terrain exposed in the region of the Halibut Horst.

Preliminary studies on the chemistry of apatite (%F), tourmaline (%TiO
2
) and garnet (%CaO) grains from selected samples suggest that there is useful variation for the purposes of regional stratigraphy.
Structural development and hydrocarbon occurrence of the Carboniferous in the UK Southern North Sea Basin
Authors: HOLLYWOOD J. M. , WHORLOW C. V. 
Published: April 2010

Recent Carboniferous gas discoveries in the UK Southern North Sea display a pronounced structural alignment. Previous efforts to decipher Carboniferous structural development have been hampered by limited well control and poor quality seismic data.
The recent increase in exploration activity in the southern area of Quadrant 44 has facilitated a detailed analysis of the Carboniferous. Interpretation of spectral gamma ray logs and biostratigraphic data from more than 40 deep wells have permitted re-correlation of the Carboniferous section. These new well correlations and VSP data from key wells make it possible to relate seismic reflection character to stratigraphy for several Carboniferous units. More than 2000 km of seismic data were interpreted throughout the southern part of Quadrant 44 to map the distribution of these Carboniferous seismic packages below the angular Base Permian Unconformity.
This interpretation project has resulted in a new understanding of Carboniferous structural development and its relationship to hydrocarbon occurrence. East–west-trending hangingwall roll-overs, formed during Carboniferous crustal extension, were subsequently transected by northwest-trending regional anticlines, generated during the Variscan orogeny. Hydrocarbons have been discovered in both the regional anticlines and localized roll-over structures.
Paleogene sequence stratigraphic framework of the Faeroe Basin
Authors: MITCHELL S. M. , BEAMISH G. W. J. , WOOD M. V. , MALACEK S. J. , ARMENTROUT J. A. , DAMUTH J. E. , OLSON H. C. 
Published: April 2010

During Paleogene times up to 15 000 ft (4570 m) of clastic sediment was deposited in the Faeroe Basin, north of the Shetland Islands. A sequence stratigraphic study has shown that the Paleogene deposition in the Faeroe Basin was cyclic with prominent basinward and landward shifts in sedimentation. The correlation of major unconformity surfaces allowed the section to be subdivided into genetically related packages.
The sequence stratigraphic study utilized approximately 5000 km of seismic data with a line density of approximately 10 × 20 km. Available well control was integrated into the study by means of synthetic seismograms. Limited palaeontological control utilizing largely dinocysts and radiolaria allowed the identification of 11 Paleocene/Eocene bioevents.
The section was subdivided into nine Paleocene and six Eocene sequences, each separated by Type 1 unconformities. Four of the Paleocene and one of the Eocene packages had evidence of multiple Type 1 unconformities and these are described as sequence sets.
Sequence development has been related to the tectonic subsidence history of the basin. Early in Paleocene times, rapid subsidence resulted in the deposition of thick sequences with distinct shelf, slope and basinal systems. Nine sequences were deposited with a combined maximum thickness of 12000 ft (3660 m). The following period, late Paleocene to early Eocene, was marked by slower subsidence; thin sequences and ramp systems with seven sequences were deposited with a maximum thickness of 2400 ft (730 m). More rapid subsidence during the late Eocene resulted in five sequences with distinct shelf, slope and basinal systems with a thickness of up to 3500 ft (1070 m). The periods of slower subsidence in the Faeroe Basin may have occurred in response to active rifting in other adjacent basins along the Atlantic margin. The distinct basinal systems which developed during times of more rapid subsidence were more likely to develop sand-prone basin floor deposits.
The structural evolution of the Snorre Field and surrounding areas
Authors: DAHL N. , SOLLI T. 
Published: April 2010

The Snorre Field is located on the Tampen Spur, Northern Viking Graben between 61°N and 62°N. Main structural elements are large, westerly tilted fault blocks. The Snorre Structure, one of the largest fault blocks in the East Shetland Basin, extends across Block 34/7 into Block 34/4. The Snorre Fault Block includes the Snorre Field, Tordis Field and the Vigdis Field oil discoveries. Major oil discoveries have so far been made in the Brent Group, the Statfjord Formation and the Lunde Formation. Discoveries have also been made in the Upper Jurassic and Paleocene. Upper Jurassic stratigraphic traps are the main target for further exploration in the area.
The westerly rotated fault blocks on the Tampen Spur are delineated by NNE–SSW- to NE–SW-trending faults. From west to east, these are the Murchison Fault, the Outer Snorre Fault, the Southern Snorre Fault and the Inner Snorre Fault. Other faults recognized are the E–W- and SE–NW-striking cross-faults dividing the elongated fault blocks into minor compartments. The N–S-striking faults are common in the Snorre area. The number of these faults decreases towards the north.
The Snorre Escarpment is the surface expression of the major Inner Snorre Fault representing the eastern border fault of the Snorre Fault Block.
Two major rifting episodes are recognized in the area. In the thermal subsidence phase following the late Permian to early Triassic rifting, large amounts of sediments of the Teist-, Lomvi-, Lunde-, Statfjord Formation, Dunlin- and Lower Brent Group were accumulated. A second major rifting episode resulted in intense fault activity from the early Bathonian to the late Kimmeridgian. Two major pulses of increased tectonic activity are recognized in the second rift episode. In the north, in the Zeta area, there is indication of late Jurassic lateral movements. Late Jurassic faulting, block rotation and footwall uplift, combined with Jurassic to Cretaceous subsidence, make the Snorre Fault Block of the Tampen Spur a very pronounced structural high in the area.
Submarine gas seepage in the North Sea and adjacent areas
Authors: HOVLAND M. 
Published: April 2010

The occurrence of sub-seafloor gas accumulations and the seepage of gas through the seafloor are of interest not only to hydrocarbon prospectors, but also to marine construction engineers and to marine biologists. While direct seep observations (visual and acoustic) are rare, the observations of seep indicators, such as gas-charged sediments, pockmarks, carbonate-cemented sediments, clay diapirs, and dense benthic communities are relatively common.
In the North Sea there are several published direct seep observations and numerous observations of seep indicators. In addition, there are new features which have recently been observed in sandwave fields in the Southern North Sea. These are abnormally high-amplitude (‘freak’) sandwaves.
In the Skagerrak there are gas-charged sediments, pockmarks, and suspected sub-surface clay diapirs. In the Kattegat there are numerous gas seeps, gas-charged sediments, pockmarks and extensive areas of carbonate-cemented sediments. In the southeastern portion of the Baltic Sea there are gas-charged sediments and pockmarks. Along the Swedish coast (off Stockholm) small pockmarks, gas-charged sediments and anomalous concentrations of algal mats have been studied.
On the shelf off Mid-Norway there are gas-charged sediments, small areas with pockmarks, suspected clay diapirs, and occurrences of cold-water coral reefs thought to be related to seepage.
Biological, geological and geochemical research is currently being undertaken by British, Norwegian, Danish, German, Swedish and Russian scientists in some of the regions mentioned here. The objective of this research is mainly to determine the origin, fate and relevance of both seeping gas and the gas contained in sediments.
The link between petroleum emplacement and sandstone cementation
Authors: GLUYAS J. G. , ROBINSON A. G. , EMERY D. , GRANT S. M. , OXTOBY N. H. 
Published: April 2010

When a reservoir fills with petroleum, the process commonly takes about 10 Ma. Cementation of a sandstone reservoir can occur in a similarly short time. There is much direct evidence that these two processes can occur at about the same time. In petroleum-bearing sandstone reservoirs it is common to find inclusions of petroleum trapped in diagenetic minerals. The effect on reservoir porosity and permeability caused by the interaction of these two processes is dramatic. Fields with a relatively early petroleum charge, earlier that is than cementation, can be saved from the ravages of reservoir quality destruction. Fields in which the two processes were acting at the same time commonly display porosity-depth gradients which are twice the regional average. If cementation beats petroleum in this ‘race for space’ there may be no field to produce, as the petroleum may not be recoverable from the low quality reservoir.
We believe that the processes of petroleum generation/migration and cementation may share a common cause. Both processes are commonly associated with major changes within a basin: rapid burial/heating of the sediment pile and/or major faulting which changes the basin ‘plumbing’.