bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GC‐MS Analysis of Headspace and Liquid Extracts for Metabolomic Differentiation of Citrus Huanglongbing and Zinc Deficiency in Leaves of ‘Valencia’ Sweet Orange from Commercial Groves
Authors: Cevallos‐Cevallos Juan Manuel , García‐Torres Rosalía , Etxeberria Edgardo , Reyes‐De‐Corcuera José Ignacio 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIntroduction – Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive citrus disease worldwide. Symptoms‐based detection of HLB is difficult due to similarities with zinc deficiency.Objective – To find metabolic differences between leaves from HLB‐infected, zinc‐deficient, and healthy ‘Valencia’ orange trees by using GC‐MS based metabolomics.Methodology – Analysis based on GC‐MS methods for untargeted metabolite analysis of citrus leaves was developed and optimized. Sample extracts from healthy, zinc deficient, or HLB‐infected sweet orange leaves were submitted to headspace solid phase micro‐extraction (SPME) and derivatization treatments prior to GC‐MS analysis.Results – Principal components analysis achieved correct classification of all the derivatized liquid extracts. Analysis of variance revealed 6 possible biomarkers for HLB, of which 5 were identified as proline, β‐elemene, (‐)trans‐ caryophyllene, and α‐humulene. Significant (P < 0.05) differences in oxo‐butanedioic acid, arabitol, and neo‐inositol were exclusively detected in samples from plants with zinc deficiency. Levels of isocaryophyllen, α‐selinene, β‐selinene, and fructose were significantly (P < 0.05) different in healthy leaves only.Conclusion – Results suggest the potential of using identified HLB biomarkers for rapid differentiation of HLB from zinc deficiency. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Qualitative Analysis and Simultaneous Quantification of Phenolic Compounds in the Aerial Parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza by HPLC‐DAD and ESI/MSn
Authors: Chen Hong , Zhang Qin , Wang Xiaoming , Yang Jie , Wang Qiang 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIntroduction – The increasing demands of roots and rhizomes of Salvia miltiorrhiza almost exhausted the wild Salvia sources in China. However, the content and composition of phenolic acids in the aerial parts of the plant and their potential to be used as a substitute has not been explored.Objective – To evaluate the potential of the aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza as new natural sources of phenolic acids.Methodology – HPLC coupled with diode array detection (DAD) and electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry (ESI/MSn) has been used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds.Results – A total of 38 phenolic compounds were identified or tentatively characterized. A quantitative HPLC‐DAD method allowing the simultaneously quantification of six phenolic acids was optimized and validated for linearity, precision, accuracy, and limits of detection and quantification. Calibration curves showed good linear regression (r2
> 0.9991) within test ranges; the recoveries ranged between 95.64 and 101.67% and the RSDs were less than 3.01%.Conclusion – The developed methods have been proved to be effective for the identification and quantification of phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza. The results obtained suggest that the aerial parts of the plant could be used as an alternative source of sage phenolics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of Friction Stir and Gas Tungsten Arc Weldments of Modified 12 wt.% Cr Ferritic Stainless Steel
Authors: Lakshminarayanan A.K. , Balasubramanian V. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper presents the comparative evaluation of microstructural features and mechanical properties of a friction stir welded (solid‐state) and gas tungsten arc welded (fusion weld) 409 M grade ferritic stainless steel joints. Optical microscopy, microhardness, transverse tensile and impact tests were performed. The coarser ferrite grains in the base material are changed to very fine grains consisting of a duplex structure of ferrite and martensite due to the rapid cooling rate and high strain induced by severe plastic deformation caused by frictional stirring. On the other hand, grain growth was observed in the fusion zone as well as heat affected zone of the gas tungsten arc welded joint resulting in deterioration of mechanical properties.
Oxidation Resistance of α‐Al2O3 infiltrated Open Porous Cellular Iron
Authors: Hajas D.E. , Jiang Y. , Angel S. , Schulze S.L. , Bleck W. , Schneider J.M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractOpen porous cellular iron exhibits low oxidation resistance which is limiting their use for application at room and elevated temperatures. Here we deposit α‐Al2O3 by Chemical Vapor Infiltration (CVI) to enhance oxidation resistance. The oxidation resistance before and after CVI is investigated by thermo gravimetrical analysis (TGA). The reaction products, surface morphologies and cross sections are investigated by X‐ray diffraction, chemical analysis and electron microscopy. α‐Al2O3 infiltrated cellular iron samples exhibit up to 6 orders of magnitude lower oxidation rate at an oxidation temperature of 600 °C, compared to the unprotected cellular iron. In addition, the infiltrated sample shows good resistance during thermal cycling up to this temperature.
Some Studies to Establish the Reaction Mechanism for the Reduction of Iron Ore‐Graphite Composite Pellets in a Packed Bed Reactor
Authors: Chowdhury G. M. , Murmu C. S. , Roy S. K. , Roy G. G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this article an attempt has been made to propose a reaction mechanism for the reduction of iron ore‐graphite composite pellets in a packed bed reactor through experiments and mathematical models developed by the authors previously, along with some new supportive experimental data. A tailor made thermo‐gravimetric setup with a provision of packed bed has been developed to carry out isothermal experiments at elevated temperature and in controlled atmosphere. A kinetic model that calculates the evolution of various phases of iron oxides and a thermal model that calculates the temperature at the surface and centre of the cylindrical packed bed have been used along with experimental data under different operating conditions to formulate the reaction mechanism. It is proposed that reduction of iron ore‐graphite composite pellets in packed bed is initially heat transfer controlled and become mass transfer controlled at the later stage of reduction. The role of heat and mass transfer has been ascertained by observing the effect of C/Fe2O3 molar ratios, size of pellets, and CO gas in reactive atmosphere on the extent of reduction and the predicted temperature gradient, carbon consumption rate within the packed bed during the course of reduction.
An Insight into the Mechanism and Kinetics of Reactions In BOF Steelmaking: Theory vs Practice
Authors: Shukla A. K. , Deo B. , Millman S. , Snoeijer B. , Overbosch A. , Kapilashrami A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA thermodynamic (equilibrium) model is developed for the BOF process. The predictions of this model show the trend of reactions when the process is considered to be at thermodynamic equilibrium. In the case of a real process, however, some tuning and adaptation becomes necessary to make more accurate predictions. A dynamic model is developed in which the kinetics of scrap dissolution is also incorporated. A comparison of the results of the equilibrium and dynamic models (made with some tuning parameters) reveals that mixing is the prime factor which can alter the course of reaction at any particular instant. Mixing is greatly affected by oxygen flow rate, lance height and the nature of scrap. The understanding of the secrets of process dynamics becomes clearer with this approach, providing a good insight into the process.
Investigation of Flow Characteristics in a Six‐Strand CC Tundish Combining Plant Measurements, Physical and Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Warzecha M. , Merder T. , Pfeifer H. , Pieprzyca J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe tundish plays a major role in the continuous casting process. The flow in a tundish has a very substantial effect on the quality of the final product and on efficient casting conditions. Efforts are being made worldwide to obtain the most favourable shape of tundish interior by using dams, weirs and gas curtains. The aim of these flow control devices is to reduce the dead zone areas and improve the conditions for the separation of non‐metallic inclusions. Numerous model studies are being carried out to explain the effect of the tundish working space shape and steel flow conditions on the inclusions floating processes. The presented article shows the results of investigations performed to obtain the mass exchange characteristics in the investigated tundish. The measurements were done directly at the steel plant during normal working conditions. By controlling the changing content of manganese in steel, the residence time distribution (RTD) characteristics were acquired. The RTD characteristics are also obtained with a water model of the tundish with dimensional scale of 1:3. Parallel to the water model, numerical simulation based on mathematical modelling of fluid flow, relying on the system of differential equations, is employed in the research work. Numerical simulations were carried out with the finite‐volume commercial code FLUENT using the standard k‐ε turbulence model. The primary purpose of the investigations carried out is to present the characteristics describing the transitory zone in a six‐strand tundish. It is shown that the F‐curve, describing the transitory zone, can be obtained by using different measurement techniques. Tracer concentration characteristics for the model of tundish obtained from both modelling techniques ‐ physical as well as numerical ‐ are very similar.
Gestational age‐ and estimated fetal weight‐adjusted reference ranges for myocardial tissue Doppler indices at 24–41 weeks' gestation
Authors: Comas M. , Crispi F. , Gómez O. , Puerto B. , Figueras F. , Gratacós E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo construct gestational age (GA)‐ and estimated fetal weight (EFW)‐adjusted reference ranges for tissue Doppler cardiac function parameters from 24 to 41 weeks' gestation.MethodsThis was a prospective cross‐sectional observational study involving 213 singleton pregnancies between 24 and 41 weeks' gestation. Myocardial peak velocities and myocardial performance index (MPI′) were measured by tissue Doppler ultrasonography (values indicated by ‘prime’) in the left and right annulus and interventricular septum. Left and right atrioventricular parameters were also measured by conventional Doppler and ratios between the values found by the two methods calculated. Regression analysis was used to determine GA‐ and EFW‐adjusted reference ranges and to construct nomograms for tissue Doppler parameters.ResultsAll myocardial peak velocities, left and right E′/A′ and left MPI′ showed a progressive increase with GA. In contrast, left and right E/E′ showed a progressive decline. Septal E′/A′, and right and septal MPI′ remained constant. Myocardial peak velocities showed a progressive increase with increasing fetal weight.ConclusionsNormal data of fetal myocardial peak velocities, their ratios and MPI′ by tissue Doppler adjusted by GA and EFW are provided. The reported reference values may be useful in research or clinical studies and can be used in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction. Copyright © 2011 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐Level CXCR4 Expression Correlates with Brain‐Specific Metastasis of Non‐Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Chen Gang , Wang Zhou , Liu Xiang‐yan , Liu Fan‐ying 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundBrain‐specific metastasis occurs frequently in lung cancer, and the mechanism is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the correlation between CXCR4 expression and brain‐specific metastasis of non‐small cell lung cancer.MethodsThe brain metastatic tumors and lung cancer tissues from 32 patients with solitary brain metastasis of non‐small cell lung cancer (M1 group), who underwent combined surgical treatment from January 1998 to June 2008, and 32 paired patients without distant metastasis (M0 group) and 30 patients with primary brain tumor, were examined by immunohistochemistry to detect the expression of CXCR4 protein. The difference of CXCR4 expression was compared by the McNemar χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test. Estimation of survival was calculated with the Kaplan–Meier method, and the statistical differences were analyzed with the log‐rank test.ResultsOverexpression of CXCR4 protein was observed in 29 (90.6%) M1 non‐small cell lung cancers and in all (100%) brain metastatic tumors, which was significantly higher than that in the paired M0 non‐small cell lung cancer and the primary brain tumors, respectively (p = 0.000). The 3‐ and 5‐year cumulative survival rates of patients with solitary brain metastasis of lung cancer were 21.9 and 12.5%, significantly lower than the corresponding survival rates of M0 group patients (p = 0.005).ConclusionsCXCR4 protein was highly overexpressed in M1 non‐small cell lung cancer and brain metastatic tumors, which indicated that high‐level CXCR4 expression correlates with brain‐specific metastasis of non‐small cell lung cancer.
Evaluation of Trauma and Critical Care Training Courses on the Knowledge and Confidence of Participants in Kenya and Zambia
Authors: MacLeod Jana B. A. , Okech Moses , Labib Mohammed , Aphivantrakul Paul , Lupasha Emanual , Nthele Mzaza 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundTrained health‐care personnel are essential for improved outcomes for injured and critically ill patients. The highest injury‐related mortality is seen in sub‐Saharan Africa, where there is a paucity of skilled personnel. Therefore, the College of Surgeons of East, Central, and Southern Africa (COSECSA) along with Emory University provided an acute trauma care (ATC) and fundamental critical care support course (FCCS). This study evaluates the impact of American‐derived courses on the knowledge and confidence of participants from resource‐limited countries.MethodsCourses were held in Lusaka, Zambia, and Nakuru, Kenya. Participants were COSECSA trainees and personnel from local institutions. The evaluation used a pre‐/postcourse multiple‐choice exam for knowledge acquisition and a pre‐/postcourse questionnaire for confidence assessment. Confidence was measured using a 5‐point Likert score, with 5 being the highest level of confidence. Confidence or self‐reported efficacy is correlated with increased performance of new skills.ResultsThere were 75 participants (median age = 31 years, 67% male). Three‐quarters of the participants reported no prior specific training in either trauma or critical care. Knowledge increased from an average of 51 to 63.3% (p = 0.002) overall, with a 21.7% gain for those who scored in the lowest quartile. Confidence increased from pre‐ to postcourse on all measures tested: 22 clinical situations (10 trauma, 9 critical care, 3 either) and 15 procedures (p < 0.001 for all measures both individually and aggregated, Wilcoxon rank sum test). The strongest absolute increase in confidence, as well as the largest number of participants who reported any increase, were all in the procedures of cricothyroidotomy [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 2‐3) to post = 5 (IQR: 4‐5)], DPL [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 2‐4) to post = 5 (IQR: 4‐5)], and needle decompression [median: pre = 3 (IQR: 3‐4) to post = 5 (IQR: 5‐5)].ConclusionsParticipants from resource‐limited countries benefit from ATC/FCCS courses as demonstrated by increased knowledge and confidence across all topics presented. However, the strongest increase in confidence was in performing life‐saving procedures. Therefore, future courses should emphasize essential procedures, reduce didactics, and link knowledge acquisition to skill‐based teaching.
Patterns of Injury and Violence in Yaoundé Cameroon: An Analysis of Hospital Data
Authors: Juillard Catherine , Etoundi Mballa Georges Alain , Bilounga Ndongo Chancelline , Stevens Kent A. , Hyder Adnan A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundInjuries are quickly becoming a leading cause of death globally, disproportionately affecting sub‐Saharan Africa, where reports on the epidemiology of injuries are extremely limited. Reports on the patterns and frequency of injuries are available from Cameroon are also scarce. This study explores the patterns of trauma seen at the emergency ward of the busiest trauma center in Cameroon’s capital city.Materials and methodsAdministrative records from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2007, were retrospectively reviewed; information on age, gender, mechanism of injury, and outcome was abstracted for all trauma patients presenting to the emergency ward. Univariate analysis was performed to assess patterns of injuries in terms of mechanism, date, age, and gender. Bivariate analysis was used to explore potential relationships between demographic variables and mechanism of injury.ResultsA total of 6,234 injured people were seen at the Central Hospital of Yaoundé’s emergency ward during the year 2007. Males comprised 71% of those injured, and the mean age of injured patients was 29 years (SD = 14.9). Nearly 60% of the injuries were due to road traffic accidents, 46% of which involved a pedestrian. Intentional injuries were the second most common mechanism of injury (22.5%), 55% of which involved unarmed assault. Patients injured in falls were more likely to be admitted to the hospital (p < 0.001), whereas patients suffering intentional injuries and bites were less likely to be hospitalized (p < 0.001). Males were significantly more likely to be admitted than females (p < 0.001)DiscussionPatterns in terms of age, gender, and mechanism of injury are similar to reports from other countries from the same geographic region, but the magnitude of cases reported is high for a single institution in an African city the size of Yaoundé. As the burden of disease is predicted to increase dramatically in sub‐Saharan Africa, immediate efforts in prevention and treatment in Cameroon are strongly warranted.
Clinical Value of Using Ultrasound to Assess Calcification Patterns in Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Lu Zhaohui , Mu Yiming , Zhu Haiqing , Luo Yukun , Kong Qinglong , Dou Jingtao , Lu Juming 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundDifferentiating between benign and malignant thyroid nodules is important for providing appropriate treatment. In the present study we examined the clinical usefulness of ultrasound in examining calcification patterns in thyroid nodules, and thus predict malignancy.MethodsThe records of 1,498 Chinese patients who underwent thyroidectomy for nodular thyroid disease were retrospectively examined. All patients underwent thyroid ultrasound within 1 month before surgery. Calcification patterns in thyroid nodules were examined, and tissue samples were analyzed to determine a pathological diagnosis. Calcifications were defined as macrocalcifications, microcalcifications, rim calcifications, or isolated calcifications.ResultsA total of 2,122 thyroid nodules were examined, and 259 nodules (12.2%) were found to be malignant. Papillary carcinoma accounted for 85.3% of all malignancies. The majority of benign lesions were nodular goiters. Calcification was detected in 49.6% of malignant nodules and 15.7% of benign nodules. Microcalcifications were significantly more common in malignant nodules as compared to benign nodules (33.7 vs. 6.4%; P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of microcalcifications for predicting malignancy were 33.7 and 93.6%, respectively, while the positive and negative likelihood ratios were 42.0 and 91.1%, respectively.ConclusionsCalcifications, as detected by ultrasonography, are evident in benign and malignant thyroid nodules. Although microcalcifications are more common in malignant thyroid nodules than in benign ones, the clinical value of using the presence of microcalcifications alone for predicting malignancy is limited.
Mucin 1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C Expression Correlates with Lymph Node Metastatic Recurrence in Patients with N0 Esophageal Cancer After Ivor‐Lewis Esophagectomy
Authors: Sun Zhi‐Gang , Wang Zhou , Liu Xiang‐Yan , Liu Fan‐Ying 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the risk factors associated with lymph node metastatic recurrence in patients with N0 esophageal cancer after Ivor‐Lewis esophagectomy based on the detection of Mucin 1 mRNA and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C mRNA.MethodsThe subjects were 82 patients with pN0 esophageal cancer who underwent Ivor‐Lewis esophagectomy with two‐field lymph node dissection from January 2001 to January 2005. A total of 501 lymph nodes obtained from these patients were re‐evaluated by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to detect mucin l (MUC1) mRNA; VEGF‐C mRNA was also detected in esophageal cancer issues by RT‐PCR. The diagnosis of lymph node micrometastasis (LNMM) was based on the detection of MUC1 mRNA. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to calculate the survival rate and lymph nodal metastatic rate, the log‐rank test was performed to compare the recurrence rate, and Cox regression multivariate analysis was performed to determine independent prognostic factors.ResultsMUC1 mRNA was detected in 29 lymph nodes from 23 patients, which accounted for 5.79% of all the 501 lymph nodes and 28.05% of all 82 patients, respectively. Vascular endothelial growth factor C mRNA was identified in esophageal cancer issues from 42 (51.22%) patients. The overall 3‐ and 5‐year survival rates of 82 patients were 78.0 and 51.2%, respectively. First recurrence exhibiting lymph nodal metastasis was recognized in 37 patients (45.1%) in the first 3 years after operation. The lymph node metastatic rate in patients in the first 3 years after operation was significantly associated with T status (p < 0.05) and the lymph node metastatic rate of the patients with LNMM was significantly higher than that of the patients without LNMM (p < 0.01). The lymph node metastatic rate of the patients with VEGF‐C mRNA expression in esophageal cancer tissues was significantly higher than that of the patients without VEGF‐C mRNA expression (p < 0.01).The results of multivariate analysis confirmed that VEGF‐C mRNA expression in esophageal cancer tissues, LNMM, and T status in patients with N0 esophageal cancer were independent relevant factors for 3‐year lymph node metastatic recurrence after Ivor‐Lewis esophagectomy.ConclusionsVascular endothelial growth factor C mRNA expression in esophageal cancer tissues, LNMM, and T status in patients with N0 esophageal cancer were independent risk factors for 3‐year lymph node metastatic recurrence after Ivor‐Lewis esophagectomy. Adjunctive therapy might be beneficial in controlling the locoregional recurrence and elevated healing rates for certain patients.