bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Summary of recommendations of the first workshop on Postprocessing and Downscaling Atmospheric Forecasts for Hydrologic Applications held at Météo‐France, Toulouse, France, 15–18 June 2009
Authors: Schaake John , Pailleux Jean , Thielen Jutta , Arritt Ray , Hamill Tom , Luo Lifeng , Martin Eric , McCollor Doug , Pappenberger Florian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHydrologists are increasingly using numerical weather forecasting products as an input to their hydrological models. These products are often generated on relatively coarse scales compared with hydrologically relevant basin units and suffer systematic biases that may have considerable impact when passed through the nonlinear hydrological filters. Therefore, the data need processing before they can be used in hydrological applications. This manuscript summarises discussions and recommendations of the first workshop on Postprocessing and Downscaling Atmospheric Forecasts for Hydrologic Applications held at Meteo France, Toulouse, France, 15–18 June 2008. The recommendations were developed by work groups that considered the following three areas of ensemble prediction: (1) short range (0–2 days), (2) medium range (3 days to 2 weeks), and (3) sub‐seasonal and seasonal (beyond 2 weeks). Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Propagation of uncertainty from observing systems into NWP: COST‐731 Working Group 1
Authors: Rossa A. , Haase G. , Keil C. , Alberoni P. , Ballard S. , Bech J. , Germann U. , Pfeifer M. , Salonen K. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe COST‐731 Action is focused on uncertainty propagation in hydrometeorological forecasting chains. The goals and activities of the Action Working Group 1 can be subdivided by (1) describing and studying the impact of imperfect observations, mostly from radar, (2) exploiting radar data assimilation as a promising avenue for improved short‐range precipitation forecasts and (3) high‐resolution ensemble forecasting. Activities of Working Group 1 are presented along with their possible significance for hydrological applications. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown copyright
Effects of regulation changes in seoul bus system: private bus operation under non‐competitive fixed price contract
Authors: Kim Songju , Shon Euiyoung 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOne of crucial measures introduced under Seoul Public Transport Reforms 2004 was the regulatory framework change of intra‐urban bus from the poorly regulated private operations with operating subsidy, towards the highly regulated one via fixed price contracts. The focus of this paper is placed on (1) addressing the challenges newly faced after Seoul Bus Reform 2004, and (2) proposing some strategies in order to ensure better bus operation overall the reforms was a success in many aspects, resulting in the increase of patronage of urban transit, the dramatic drop of bus accidents, and introducing exclusive median lanes. Unfortunately, the previously small, family‐owned, inefficient bus companies were transferred to monopoly franchises under the reforms, thus institutionalizing a non‐competitive supply situation. The exclusive operating right‐of‐way is still protected as a judicial precedent set by the Korean Supreme Court. The current non‐competitive bus contracts such as a sole‐source negotiation procurement must be modified into competitive tendering in the long run, and the major obstacles to this strategy and the detailed scheme are reviewed. Further, the short‐term strategies was proposed including (a) the development of more sophisticated standard cost model incorporating a route structure and/or the patronage change; (b) the introduction of yardstick regulation; and (c) extended incentives and penalties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacity evaluation of multi‐lane traffic roundabout
Authors: Bie Jing , Lo Hong K. , Wong S. C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe entry capacity at a traffic roundabout is typically evaluated for each entry approach, considering the circulating flow and geometric characteristics, e.g., the US highway capacity manual model and the UK Linear Regression model. These models are not appropriate for analyzing multi‐lane roundabouts because they do not take into account the possible unequal traffic distribution between the circulating lanes. This paper introduces a lane‐based methodology that evaluates the entry capacity for each individual lane while considering the traffic distribution on the circulating lanes. The arrival and circulating flows are formulated based on drivers' lane choice patterns. We then modify and extend the formulae from existing models for the analysis of capacity of multi‐lane roundabout. Based on the analysis, we show that higher capacity can be achieved when the utilization on the circulating lanes is more balanced. This result can lead to improved design and management techniques to increase the capacity of multi‐lane roundabout. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying key risk factors in air traffic control by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis
Authors: Chiou Yu‐Chiun , Chen Ze‐Ting 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study employs exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to identify key risk factors in air traffic control (ATC) influencing aviation safety and to explore the correlational relationships among constructs from the perspectives of air traffic controllers. A total of 57 potential risk factors are first proposed based on the framework of SHEL, namely software, hardware, environment, and liveware, by referring to a review of the related literature and observing local issues in Taiwan. Interviews are then conducted with some 232 Taiwan air traffic controllers and supervisors. Exploratory factor analysis is first performed to determine the item‐factor assignment and develop an initially proposed framework. Next, confirmatory factor analysis is performed to test the construct validity. The correlational relationships among constructs are further investigated. The results reveal that 26 of the 57 potential risk factors studied can be characterized as key risk factors. These factors are associated with five constructs – constitutional framework, human error, system interface, external communications, and controller capabilities and physical conditions. Based on the identified key factors and the tested correlational relationships among constructs, appropriate countermeasures are proposed for mitigating ATC risks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying the Rasch measurement to explore elderly passengers' abilities and difficulties when using buses in Taipei
Authors: Chang Hsin‐Li , Wu Shun‐Cheng 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study developed an approach for measuring elderly passengers' abilities and to explore their difficulties in accomplishing the actions and motions required to patronize the bus service. A conceptual framework about the required actions and motions in bus‐taking was established and a questionnaire with 18 items was designed to test their ability to use buses. A face‐to‐face survey was conducted to collect self‐rated information from 304 elderly bus passengers in Taipei. The Rasch model was applied to estimate the difficulty of each item and the ability of each person to use a bus. Results showed the relatively difficult items primarily involved keeping balance on the moving bus, reading the posted information at the station, and recognizing the buses approaching the stations; the levels of physical ability were negatively associated with the respondent's age. Suggestions are made based on improving the facilities or services to help the elderly passengers achieve the necessary actions or motions for using the bus service. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The analysis of motor vehicle crash clusters using the vector quantization technique
Authors: Mussone Lorenzo , Kim Karl 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper, a powerful tool for analyzing motor vehicle data based on the vector quantization (VQ) technique is demonstrated. The technique uses an approximation of a probability density function for a stochastic vector without assuming an “a priori” distribution. A self‐organizing map (SOM) is used to transform accident data from an N‐dimensional space into a two‐dimensional plane. The SOM retains all the original data yet provides an effective visual tool for describing patterns such as the frequency at which a particular category of events occurs. This enables new relationships to be identified. Accident data from three cities in Italy (Turin, Milan, and Legnano) are used to illustrate the usefulness of the technique. Crashes are aggregated and clustered crashes by type, severity, and along other dimensions. The paper includes discussion as to how this method can be utilized to further improve safety analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intelligent transportation systems: an impact analysis for Michigan
Authors: Farooq Umar , Siddiqui Muhammad Abrar , Gao Lei , Hardy Jennifer Lynn 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAre Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) affecting transportation industry only? ITS are currently perceived as a contribution to transportation industry only; however, by quantitatively analyzing the economic impact of ITS on the state of Michigan, this work attempts to answer the posed question. The quantitative economic analysis is carried out through the well‐established Leontief's Input–Output (I‐O) model. This model is employed to establish ITS effects on each industry by detailing RIMS II I‐O tables for Michigan constructed from the national I‐O tables. Major savings by ITS identified as reduced time delays and fuel cost savings are quantitatively simulated thereby generating an overall cost reduction factor which is incorporated in Michigan I‐O tables to modify their characteristics. ITS impact on each industry in I‐O tables is achieved by maximizing effects on certain selected industries. Impact multipliers that are customary macro‐economic measures for I‐O analysis are then calculated for all the aggregated industries. Multipliers comparison for the three cases namely before ITS implementation, conventional improvement methods, and after ITS implementation is evaluated. These values suggest greater economic benefits that may be achieved by statewide implementation of the ITS. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and lifestyle variables associated with homocysteine concentrations and the distribution of folate derivatives in healthy premenopausal women
Authors: Summers Carolyn M. , Mitchell Laura E. , Stanislawska‐Sachadyn Anna , Baido Shirley F. , Blair Ian A. , Von Feldt Joan M. , Whitehead Alexander S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDLow folate and high homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations are associated with pregnancy‐related pathologies such as spina bifida. Polymorphisms in folate/Hcy metabolic enzymes may contribute to this potentially pathogenic biochemical phenotype.METHODSThe study comprised 26 Caucasian and 23 African‐American premenopausal women. Subjects gave fasting blood samples for biochemical phenotyping and genotyping. Total Hcy (tHcy) and both plasma and red blood cell (RBC) folate derivatives (i.e. tetrahydrofolate [THF], 5‐methylTHF [5‐MTHF], and 5,10‐methenylTHF [5,10‐MTHF]) were measured using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography, multiple reaction monitoring, and mass spectrometry. Eleven polymorphisms from nine folate/Hcy pathway genes were genotyped. Tests of association between genetic, lifestyle, and biochemical variables were applied.RESULTSIn African American women, tHcy concentrations were associated (p < 0.05) with total RBC folate, RBC 5‐MTHF, B12, and polymorphisms in methionine synthase (MTR) and thymidylate synthase (TYMS). In Caucasian women, tHcy concentrations were not associated with total folate levels, but were associated (p < 0.05) with RBC THF, ratios of RBC 5‐MTHF:THF, and polymorphisms in 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and MTR. In African Americans, folate derivative levels were associated with smoking, B12, and polymorphisms in MTR, TYMS, methionine synthase reductase (MTRR), and reduced folate carrier1 (RFC1). In Caucasians, folate derivative levels were associated with vitamin use, B12, and polymorphisms in MTHFR, TYMS, and RFC1.CONCLUSIONSPolymorphisms in the folate/Hcy pathway are associated with tHcy and folate derivative levels. In African American and Caucasian women, different factors are associated with folate/Hcy phenotypes and may contribute to race‐specific differences in the risks of a range of pregnancy‐related pathologies. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relationship between sonic Hedgehog signaling, cilia, and neural tube defects
Authors: Murdoch Jennifer N. , Copp Andrew J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe Hedgehog signaling pathway is essential for many aspects of normal embryonic development, including formation and patterning of the neural tube. Absence of the sonic hedgehog (shh) ligand is associated with the midline defect holoprosencephaly, whereas increased Shh signaling is associated with exencephaly and spina bifida. To complicate this apparently simple relationship, mutation of proteins required for function of cilia often leads to impaired Shh signaling and to disruption of neural tube closure. In this article, we review the literature on Shh pathway mutants and discuss the relationship between Shh signaling, cilia, and neural tube defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between genetic variants of reported candidate genes or regions and risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the polish population
Authors: Mostowska Adrianna , Hozyasz Kamil K. , Wojcicki Piotr , Biedziak Barbara , Paradowska Patrycja , Jagodzinski Pawel P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUNDCleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is one of the most common craniofacial malformations, with a complex and multifactorial etiology. Because of the genetic heterogeneity of facial clefts, the aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of previously reported candidate genes and chromosomal loci to the risk of CL/P in the Polish population.METHODSWe performed an analysis of 18 polymorphisms of FOXE1, IRF6, MSX1, PAX9, TBX10, FGF10, FGFR1, TGFα, TGFβ3, SUMO1, and the chromosomal region 8q24 in a group of 175 patients with CL/P and a properly matched control group.RESULTSHighly significant results were observed for the IRF6 rs642961 variant and the 8q24 region's rs987525 (odds ratio [OR]AG+AAvsGG, 1.635; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.153–2.319; p = 0.005; and ORAC+AAvsCC, 1.962; 95% CI, 1.382–2.785; p = 1.4 × 10−4, respectively). For rs987525, the results were also significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Borderline association with an increased risk of CL/P was also identified for the SUMO1 locus (rs2350350; ORCGvsGG, 1.580; 95% CI, 1.056–2.363; p = 0.025).CONCLUSIONSOur findings confirmed that genetic variants of IRF6 and the polymorphism located in the 8q24 gene desert are strongly involved in the etiology of facial clefts in the Polish population sample. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cynomolgus monkey as a model for developmental toxicity studies: variability of pregnancy losses, statistical power estimates, and group size considerations
Authors: Jarvis Philip , Srivastav Shiela , Vogelwedde Elvira , Stewart Jane , Mitchard Terri , Weinbauer Gerhard F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: This work evaluates pregnancy and infant loss in 1,069 vehicle‐treated cynomolgus monkeys from 78 embryo‐fetal development (EFD) studies and 14 pre‐postnatal development (PPND) studies accrued during 1981–2007. METHODS: Losses were analysed by survival function and hazard ratio using logistic regression for influence of year, study type (e.g., dose duration), and test item route of administration (ig, im, iv, sc). RESULTS: Neither study type nor route of dosing affected pregnancy outcome. Losses were higher pre‐1990 (104 losses/347 pregnancies) compared to 1990 onwards (94 losses/722 pregnancies). Losses were greatest before gestation day 50 and at parturition. Using post‐1989 data, Monte‐Carlo simulations of pregnancy outcomes were created. The power associated with the comparison of vehicle survival curves and simulated adverse survival curves was examined. This showed that EFD studies with initial vehicle group sizes of 16 and 20 have an 80% probability of having 13 and 16 ongoing pregnancies at gestational day 100, respectively. For PPND studies with initial vehicle group sizes of 16, 20, or 28, there is an 80% likelihood of having 9, 11, or 16 infants at day 7 post‐partum, respectively. A PPND study initiated with group size 20 could detect a threefold increase of test item–related pregnancy or infant loss. CONCLUSIONS: For designing and managing primate developmental toxicity studies, this type of analysis provides an objective tool to facilitate decisions either by supplementing groups with additional pregnant animals or stopping a group because an adverse effect on offspring survival has already been adequately revealed. Birth Defects Res (Part B) 89:175–187, 2010.© 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐coding RNAs: Meet thy masters
Authors: Costa Fabrício F. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNew DNA sequencing technologies have provided novel insights into eukaryotic genomes, epigenomes, and the transcriptome, including the identification of new non‐coding RNA (ncRNA) classes such as promoter‐associated RNAs and long RNAs. Moreover, it is now clear that up to 90% of eukaryotic genomes are transcribed, generating an extraordinary range of RNAs with no coding capacity. Taken together, these new discoveries are modifying the status quo in genomic science by demonstrating that the eukaryotic gene pool is divided into two distinct categories of transcripts: protein‐coding and non‐coding. The function of the majority of ncRNAs produced by the transcriptome is largely unknown; however, it is probable that many are associated with epigenetic mechanisms. The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent discoveries in the ncRNA field that implicate these molecules as key players in the epigenome.
Why bacteria matter in animal development and evolution
Authors: Fraune Sebastian , Bosch Thomas C. G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWhile largely studied because of their harmful effects on human health, there is growing appreciation that bacteria are important partners for invertebrates and vertebrates, including man. Epithelia in metazoans do not only select their microbiota; a coevolved consortium of microbes enables both invertebrates and vertebrates to expand the range of diet supply, to shape the complex immune system and to control pathogenic bacteria. Microbes in zebrafish and mice regulate gut epithelial homeostasis. In a squid, microbes control the development of the symbiotic light organ. These discoveries point to a key role for bacteria in any metazoan existence, and imply that beneficial bacteria‐host interactions should be considered an integral part of development and evolution.
TRPM1: The endpoint of the mGluR6 signal transduction cascade in retinal ON‐bipolar cells
Authors: Morgans Catherine W. , Brown Ronald Lane , Duvoisin Robert M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFor almost 30 years the ion channel that initiates the ON visual pathway in vertebrate vision has remained elusive. Recent findings now indicate that the pathway, which begins with unbinding of glutamate from the metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6), ends with the opening of the transient receptor potential (TRP)M1 cation channel. As a component of the mGluR6 signal transduction pathway, mutations in TRPM1 would be expected to cause congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB), and several such mutations have already been identified in CSNB families. Furthermore, expression of TRPM1 in both the retina and skin raises the possibility that a genetic link exists between certain types of visual and skin disorders.
An embryonic story: Analysis of the gene regulative network controlling Xist expression in mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Navarro Pablo , Avner Philip 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn mice, dosage compensation of X‐linked gene expression is achieved through the inactivation of one of the two X‐chromosomes in XX female cells. The complex epigenetic process leading to X‐inactivation is largely controlled by Xist and Tsix, two non‐coding genes of opposing function. Xist RNA triggers X‐inactivation by coating the inactive X, while Tsix is critical for the designation of the active X‐chromosome through cis‐repression of Xist RNA accumulation. Recently, a plethora of trans‐acting factors and cis‐regulating elements have been suggested to act as key regulators of either Xist, Tsix or both; these include ubiquitous factors such as Yy1 and Ctcf, developmental proteins such as Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2, and X‐linked regulators such as Rnf12. In this paper we summarise recent advances in our knowledge of the regulation of Xist and Tsix in embryonic stem (ES) and differentiating ES cells.
Hierarchical Bayesian modeling of random and residual variance–covariance matrices in bivariate mixed effects models
Authors: Bello Nora M. , Steibel Juan P. , Tempelman Robert J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBivariate mixed effects models are often used to jointly infer upon covariance matrices for both random effects (u) and residuals (e) between two different phenotypes in order to investigate the architecture of their relationship. However, these (co)variances themselves may additionally depend upon covariates as well as additional sets of exchangeable random effects that facilitate borrowing of strength across a large number of clusters. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian extension of the classical bivariate mixed effects model by embedding additional levels of mixed effects modeling of reparameterizations of u‐level and e‐level (co)variances between two traits. These parameters are based upon a recently popularized square‐root‐free Cholesky decomposition and are readily interpretable, each conveniently facilitating a generalized linear model characterization. Using Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods, we validate our model based on a simulation study and apply it to a joint analysis of milk yield and calving interval phenotypes in Michigan dairy cows. This analysis indicates that the e‐level relationship between the two traits is highly heterogeneous across herds and depends upon systematic herd management factors.
Triplexes with 8‐Aza‐2′‐Deoxyisoguanosine Replacing Protonated dC: Probing Third Strand Stability with a Fluorescent Nucleobase Targeting Duplex DNA
Authors: Seela Frank , Jiang Dawei , Budow Simone 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe fluorescent 8‐aza‐2′‐deoxyisoguanosine (4) as well as the parent 2′‐deoxyisoguanosine (1) were used as protonated dCH+ surrogates in the third strand of oligonucleotide triplexes. Stable triplexes were formed by Hoogsteen base pairing. In contrast to dC, triplexes containing nucleoside 1 or 4 in place of dCH+ are already formed under neutral conditions or even at alkaline pH values. Triplex melting can be monitored separately from duplex dissociation in cases in which the third strand contains the fluorescent nucleoside 4. Third‐strand binding of oligonucleotides with 4, opposite to dG, was selective as demonstrated by hybridisation experiments studying mismatch discrimination. Third‐strand binding is more efficient when the stability of the DNA duplex is reduced by mismatches, giving third‐strand binding more flexibility.