bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superoxide Production by Macrophages and T Cells Is Critical for the Induction of Autoreactivity and Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Thayer Terri C. , Delano Matthew , Liu Chao , Chen Jing , Padgett Lindsey E. , Tse Hubert M. , Annamali Mani , Piganelli Jon D. , Moldawer Lyle L. , Mathews Clayton E. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their dissipation in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis have garnered considerable controversy. Our recent work has demonstrated the importance of NADPH oxidase (NOX) activity for type 1 diabetes development and modulating T-cell autoreactivity. We previously linked decreased monocyte ROS with diabetes resistance in the alloxan-resistant mouse, and NOD-Ncf1m1J mice with a genetic ablation of NOX activity had reduced and delayed type 1 diabetes compared with NOD mice.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To determine the required cellular sources of ROS that are necessary for type 1 diabetes initiation, we used antibody depletion and adoptive transfer experiments into NOD and NOD-Scid females, respectively. After receiving treatment, female mice were monitored for hyperglycemia and overt diabetes.

RESULTS
Depletion of macrophages and neutrophils fully protected NOD mice from type 1 diabetes. However, elimination of neutrophils alone showed no significant reduction or delay. Type 1 diabetes induction in NOD-Scid mice by adoptive transfer with NOD-Ncf1m1J splenocytes was significantly delayed compared with NOD splenocytes, suggesting macrophage ROS and modulation of effector responses are critical for diabetes. The adaptive immune response was also altered by the absence of NOX activity, as purified T cells from NOD-Ncf1m1J mice exhibited delayed transfer kinetics. Cotransfer experiments demonstrated the defect was intrinsic to NOX-deficient CD8+ T cells. After stimulation, cytotoxic T cells exhibited decreased effector function in the absence of superoxide production.

CONCLUSIONS
These data demonstrate that the impaired autoreactive response of NOX-deficient NOD-Ncf1m1J immune system results from an alteration in the antigen-presenting cell–T-cell axis rather than failure of neutrophils to act as effector cells and that ROS signaling is important for the initiation of β-cell–directed autoimmunity by T cells.
Evidence for Consistency of the Glycation Gap in Diabetes
Authors: Nayak Ananth U. , Holland Martin R. , Macdonald David R. , Nevill Alan , Singh Baldev M. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
Discordance between HbA1c and fructosamine estimations in the assessment of glycemia is often encountered. A number of mechanisms might explain such discordance, but whether it is consistent is uncertain. This study aims to coanalyze paired glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)-fructosamine estimations by using fructosamine to determine a predicted HbA1c, to calculate a glycation gap (G-gap) and to determine whether the G-gap is consistent over time.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We included 2,263 individuals with diabetes who had at least two paired HbA1c-fructosamine estimations that were separated by 10 ± 8 months. Of these, 1,217 individuals had a third pair. The G-gap was calculated as G-gap = HbA1c minus the standardized fructosamine-derived HbA1c equivalent (FHbA1c). The hypothesis that the G-gap would remain consistent in individuals over time was tested.

RESULTS
The G-gaps were similar in the first, second, and third paired samples (0.0 ± 1.2, 0.0 ± 1.3, and 0.0 ± 1.3, respectively). Despite significant changes in the HbA1c and fructosamine, the G-gap did not differ in absolute or relative terms and showed no significant within-subject variability. The direction of the G-gap remained consistent.

CONCLUSIONS
The G-gap appears consistent over time; thus, by inference any key underlying mechanisms are likely to be consistent. G-gap calculation may be a method of exploring and evaluating any such underlying mechanisms.
Contribution of Antibodies Against IA-2β and Zinc Transporter 8 to Classification of Diabetes Diagnosed Under 40 Years of Age
Authors: Vermeulen Ilse , Weets Ilse , Asanghanwa Milca , Ruige Johannes , Van Gaal Luc , Mathieu Chantal , Keymeulen Bart , Lampasona Vito , Wenzlau Janet M. , Hutton John C. , Pipeleers Daniel G. , Gorus Frans K. ,   The Belgian Diabetes Registry
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
We investigated whether measuring autoantibodies against zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) and IA-2β (IA-2βA) may improve classification of new-onset type 1 diabetic patients based on detection of autoantibodies against insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), and IA-2 (IA-2A). In addition, we studied the correlation of IA-2βA and ZnT8A with other biological and demographic variables.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Circulating autoantibodies were determined by liquid-phase radiobinding assays from 761 healthy control subjects and 655 new-onset (&lt;1 week insulin) diabetic patients (aged 0–39 years) with clinical type 1 diabetes phenotype consecutively recruited by the Belgian Diabetes Registry.

RESULTS
At diagnosis, IA-2βA and ZnT8A prevalences were 41 and 58%, respectively. In IAA-negative, GADA-negative, and IA-2A–negative patients, one IA-2βA–positive and eleven ZnT8A-positive individuals were identified at the expense of eight and seven additional positive control subjects (1%), respectively, for each test. ZnT8A or IA-2βA screening increased (P &lt; 0.001; McNemar) the number of patients with ≥2 antibodies both under (from 78 to 87% for ZnT8A and 82% for IA-2βA) and above age 15 (from 51 to 63% for ZnT8A and 56% for IA-2βA) versus 0% in control subjects. IA-2βA and ZnT8A were preferentially associated with IA-2A, and with younger age at diagnosis. Unlike ZnT8A, IA-2βA levels were positively correlated with HLA-DQ8 and negatively with HLA-DQ2. ZnT8A could replace IAA for classification of patients above age 10 without loss of sensitivity or specificity.

CONCLUSIONS
ZnT8A, and to a lesser degree IA-2βA, may usefully complement GADA, IA-2A, and IAA for classifying insulin-treated diabetes under age 40 years.
Improved Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Profile of Rapid-Acting Insulin Using Needle-Free Jet Injection Technology
Authors: Engwerda Elsemiek E.C. , Abbink Evertine J. , Tack Cees J. , de Galan Bastiaan E. 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
Insulin administered by jet injectors is dispensed over a larger subcutaneous area than insulin injected with a syringe, which may facilitate a more rapid absorption. This study compared the pharmacologic profile of administration of insulin aspart by jet injection to that by conventional insulin pen.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Euglycemic glucose clamp tests were performed in 18 healthy volunteers after subcutaneous administration of 0.2 units/kg body wt of aspart, either administered by jet injection or by conventional pen, using a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, cross over study design. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles were derived from the glucose infusion rate (GIR) needed to maintain euglycemia and from plasma insulin levels, respectively.

RESULTS
The time to maximal GIR was significantly shorter when insulin was injected with the jet injector compared with conventional pen administration (51 ± 3 vs. 105 ± 11 min, P &lt; 0.0001). The time to peak insulin concentration was similarly reduced (31 ± 3 vs. 64 ± 6 min, P &lt; 0.0001) and peak insulin concentrations were increased (108 ± 13 vs. 79 ± 7 mU/L, P = 0.01) when insulin was injected by jet injection compared with conventional pen injection. Jet injector insulin administration reduced the time to 50% glucose disposal by ∼40 min (P &lt; 0.0001). There were no differences in maximal GIR, total insulin absorption, or total insulin action between the two devices.

CONCLUSIONS
Administration of insulin aspart by jet injection enhances insulin absorption and reduces the duration of glucose-lowering action. This profile resembles more closely the pattern of endogenous insulin secretion and may help to achieve better meal insulin coverage and correction of postprandial glucose excursions.
Low Estradiol Concentrations in Men With Subnormal Testosterone Concentrations and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Dhindsa Sandeep , Furlanetto Richard , Vora Mehul , Ghanim Husam , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE
It has been suggested that the high prevalence of subnormal free testosterone concentrations, along with low or inappropriately normal gonadotropins in men with type 2 diabetes, may be the result of an increase in plasma estradiol concentrations secondary to an increase in aromatase activity in the adipose tissue that leads to the suppression of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To investigate this hypothesis, plasma estradiol, testosterone, leutinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex hormone–binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were measured in fasting blood samples of 240 men with type 2 diabetes. Free estradiol concentrations were either calculated (n = 198) using total estradiol and SHBG measured by immunoassay or directly measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and equilibrium dialysis (n = 102).

RESULTS
The calculated free estradiol concentration in men with subnormal free testosterone concentrations was lower than that in men with normal free testosterone concentrations (median 0.047 vs. 0.063 ng/dL, P &lt; 0.001). Directly measured (LC-MS/MS) free estradiol concentrations were also lower in men with subnormal free testosterone concentrations (median 0.025 vs. 0.045 ng/dL, P = 0.008). Free estradiol concentrations were directly related to free testosterone but not to BMI or age.

CONCLUSIONS
These data show that the suppression of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal-gonadal axis in patients with subnormal free testosterone concentrations and type 2 diabetes is not associated with increased estradiol concentrations. The pathogenesis of subnormal free testosterone concentrations in type 2 diabetes needs to be investigated further.
Assessment Study of Using Online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for Mapping Applications in Egypt
Authors: Abd-Elazeem Mohamed , Farah Ashraf , Farrag Farrag 
Published: June 2011

Assessment Study of Using Online (CSRS) GPS-PPP Service for Mapping Applications in EgyptMany applications in navigation, land surveying, land title definitions and mapping have been made simpler and more precise due to accessibility of Global Positioning System (GPS) data, and thus the demand for using advanced GPS techniques in surveying applications has become essential. The differential technique was the only source of accurate positioning for many years, and remained in use despite of its cost. The precise point positioning (PPP) technique is a viable alternative to the differential positioning method in which a user with a single receiver can attain positioning accuracy at the centimeter or decimeter scale. In recent years, many organizations introduced online (GPS-PPP) processing services capable of determining accurate geocentric positions using GPS observations. These services provide the user with receiver coordinates in free and unlimited access formats via the internet. This paper investigates the accuracy of the Canadian Spatial Reference System (CSRS) Precise Point Positioning (PPP) (CSRS-PPP) service supervised by the Geodetic Survey Division (GSD), Canada. Single frequency static GPS observations have been collected at three points covering time spans of 60, 90 and 120 minutes. These three observed sites form baselines of 1.6, 7, and 10 km, respectively. In order to assess the CSRS-PPP accuracy, the discrepancies between the CSRS-PPP estimates and the regular differential GPS solutions were computed. The obtained results illustrate that the PPP produces a horizontal error at the scale of a few decimeters; this is accurate enough to serve many mapping applications in developing countries with a savings in both cost and experienced labor.
Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms of Nearly Equidistributed Global Data
Authors: Blais J. 
Published: June 2011

Discrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms of Nearly Equidistributed Global DataDiscrete Spherical Harmonic Transforms (SHTs) are commonly defined for equiangular grids on the sphere. However, when global array data exhibit near equidistributed patterns rather than equiangular grids, discrete SHTs require appropriate adaptations for analysis and synthesis. Computational efficiency and reliability impose structural constraints on possible equidistribution characteristics of data patterns such as for instance with Chebychev quadratures and Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). Following some general introduction to discrete SHTs and equidistributions on the sphere, equitriangular (near equiareal) lattices based on the octahedron and the icosahedron are introduced for SHT analysis and synthesis. The developed formulations are described and implemented using simulated data and geopotential models such as the Earth Geopotential Model EGM 2008. Comparative results for analysis and synthesis at different levels of resolution show the potential of the spherical equitriangular approach for geodetic and other applications with nearly equidistributed global data.
On the Best Quadratic Minimum Bias Non-Negative Estimator of a Two-Variance Component Model
Authors: Sjöberg Lars 
Published: June 2011

On the Best Quadratic Minimum Bias Non-Negative Estimator of a Two-Variance Component ModelVariance components (VCs) in linear adjustment models are usually successfully computed by unbiased estimators. However, for many unbiased VC techniques estimated variance components might be negative, a result that cannot be tolerated by the user. This is, for example, the case with the simple additive VC model aσ2/1 + bσ2/2 with known coefficientsaandb, where either of the unbiasedly estimated variance components σ2/1 + σ2/2 may frequently come out negative. This fact calls for so-called non-negative VC estimators. Here the Best Quadratic Minimum Bias Non-negative Estimator (BQMBNE) of a two-variance component model is derived. A special case with independent observations is explicitly presented.
The Low Pass Rate in the RANZCP Clinical Examinations: Is the Exam the Problem?
Authors: MacDonald Joanna , Ellis Pete M. 
Published: June 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the role of supervision during psychiatric training in ensuring that registrars are adequately trained to meet the standards of the RANZCP examinations and to consider the implications for improving examination pass rates. Method: Audiotaped recordings of 50 h of supervision involving six supervisors and thirteen trainees, obtained 2000–2003, were transcribed and analysed thematically in a qualitative study, informed by a postmodern, Foucaultian perspective. Results: Until an examination loomed, supervisors rarely required evidence of theoretical study or structured case presentations from their trainees. The examination and the examiners served to justify the supervisors requiring such discipline. This enabled the supervisors to remain in a supportive role, while requiring higher standards from trainees. Paradoxically, while requiring higher standards ‘for the exam’, trainees were told that the examiners expected nothing more than ‘good psychiatric practice’. In presenting cases, the attributes of prioritization, thoughtfulness, conciseness and good timing were valued, as reported in both undergraduate and other postgraduate medical training. Conclusions: Much of supervision bore little relationship to preparation for college examinations until these were imminent. While the daily practice of trainees and supervisors continues to be at variance with the practices required to pass the examination (reflected by reference to ‘exam-style’ and ‘non-exam style’ presentations) the pass rates will remain low. If we believe that the standard set in the examination is that required of a practising psychiatrist, change is required to supervision and daily practice standards to reflect these standards.
Comparison of British National Newspaper Coverage of Homicide Committed by Perpetrators with and Without Mental Illness
Authors: Kalucy Megan , Rodway Cathryn , Finn Judith , Pearson Anna , Flynn Sandra , Swinson Nicola , Roscoe Alison , Cruz Damian Da , Appleby Louis , Shaw Jenny 
Published: June 2011

Objective: Adverse newspaper reporting of mental illness and in particular, violence committed by a mentally ill person, is thought to contribute to stigma. However, violent events are also considered highly newsworthy by journalists. The aim of this study was to compare the likelihood of newspaper reporting for convicted perpetrators of homicide with and without a history of contact with mental health services. Method: A 12 month (April 2000-March 2001) cohort of 577 homicide perpetrators with and without a history of contact with mental health services in England and Wales was examined. These cases were identified by the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness. By examining 12 national newspapers, we compared the likelihood of reporting homicide perpetrators with and without mental illness. Results: Under half (228 cases, 40%) of the homicide perpetrators were reported in at least one of the study newspapers. Under a fifth (94 cases, 16%) of perpetrators had a history of contact with mental health services and such previous contact did not increase the likelihood of newspaper reporting (odds ratio 1.0 (0.6–1.6)). Conclusions: Previous contact with mental health services did not influence the newsworthiness of a homicide perpetrator. The stigmatizing effect of reporting homicide by perpetrators with mental illness may relate more to the quality of reporting rather than selective over-reporting.
Antipsychotic-Induced Hyperprolactinaemia
Authors: Inder Warrick J. , Castle David 
Published: June 2011

Background and objectives: Antipsychotic medications are a potential cause of hyperprolactinaemia and may be implicated in the development of pituitary adenomas. This review examines the effect of different antipsychotic medications on prolactin and sexual function, and provides practical guidelines for investigation and management of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia. Method: Literature review. Results and conclusions: Antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinaemia occurs overall in up to 70% of patients with schizophrenia, depending on the medications used. It is associated with significant levels of hypogonadism and sexual dysfunction, which in general relates to the degree of prolactin elevation. A consequence of the hypogonadism is clinically significant bone loss which may lead to osteoporosis and increased risk of minimal trauma fracture. Where the potentially offending drug cannot be safely withdrawn to document a normal prolactin, imaging with MRI should be undertaken to exclude a structural pituitary lesion. The management strategy of choice is switching to a prolactin-sparing antipsychotic. Sex steroid replacement can reverse many of the adverse effects including the hypogonadal symptoms and bone loss. Low dose dopamine agonist therapy should be used with caution as a third line treatment, since there have been cases of dopamine agonist-induced exacerbation of psychosis. There is a need for a randomised controlled trial of low dose dopamine agonist therapy versus sex steroid replacement to establish the relative safety and efficacy of each approach.
Changer « à l'insu de son plein gré » ? Les défis de l'intervention sous mandat
Authors: Denis Catherine , Seron Claude 
Published: June 2011

Résumé Les auteurs retracent l’évolution de leur pratique avec des familles envoyées en consultation par les autorités de l’aide et de la protection de la jeunesse au cours de ces vingt dernières années. Ils commencent par faire part des changements méthodologiques qu’ils ont opérés dans leur travail sous mandat et de l’évolution du contexte social. Ensuite, ils abordent plus concrètement trois axes de travail utiles pour amener des parents contraints de consulter à opérer des changements dans l’intérêt de leurs enfants : le travail autour de la contrainte, le processus d’affiliation et enfin la question de la responsabilisation.
Comment souplesse et liberté peuvent générer des effets thérapeutiques dans un cadre de guidance sous contrainte en milieu ouvert
Authors: Mainguet Catherine , Mousnier Etienne , Vanneste François 
Published: June 2011

Résumé Ce texte de l’équipe du Sairso vous introduit dans son quotidien avec les familles. À chaque étape, la capacité d’adaptation est un atout : lors de la première rencontre avec la famille, lors de la rédaction de rapports et lors du travail en co-intervention. Des vignettes cliniques illustreront la manière dont l’équipe s’ajuste au système (famille, mandant, intervenants) afin de créer un espace relationnel au plus près des besoins de la famille, lequel servira de terreau à l’émergence de la guidance. Tout au long de l’accompagnement, l’équipe cherche à rebondir grâce à une souplesse et une liberté d’esprit... et de cœur.
Soins et contraintes des délinquants sexuels et des soignants en Défense Sociale. Le projet « Épicéas »
Authors: Oswald Pierre 
Published: June 2011

Résumé La loi de Défense Sociale spécifie que les délinquants qui, au moment des faits, présentaient un état de démence les rendant incapables du contrôle de leurs actes doivent être internés. L’Établissement de Défense Sociale de Tournai accueille 350 internés, dont près de 150 délinquants sexuels. Conscients des limites des prises en charge existantes, nous avons développé le projet « Épicéas ». Composé de soignants provenant d’horizons divers, notre projet développe une approche globale, tout en insistant sur les aspects humanistes et systémiques. L’abord des patients délinquants sexuels et de leurs familles, dans le cadre de la contrainte de l’internement, est un champ encore peu balisé par les systémiciens. Mais à côté des approches plus classiques, nous affirmons ici que l’outil systémique est particulièrement adapté à nos patients et à leurs familles.
Les armées européennes ne peuvent-elles mener que des guerres limitées ?
Authors: Strachan Hew 
Published: June 2011

Longtemps organisées autour du concept de guerre totale, les armées occidentales se réduisent à la fin de la guerre froide, tout en s’engageant dans des conflits exigeant de larges déploiements. Les sociétés européennes ne savent plus bien quels types de guerre elles veulent mener : c’est le concept même de guerre limitée et ses instruments qui sont à repenser. politique étrangère
Pour une Politique agricole commune ambitieuse, mais renouvelée
Authors: Guillou Marion 
Published: June 2011

Plusieurs facteurs, dont les évolutions démographiques, climatiques et environnementales, obligent à repenser la Politique agricole commune (PAC). Son renouvellement doit conduire à une stabilisation des revenus des agriculteurs et des prix des produits agricoles, à une meilleure prise en compte des biens publics que sont notamment le climat et la biodiversité et à un développement de l’innovation « verte ». politique étrangère
Des familles face à la vocation
Authors: Laillier Joël 
Published: June 2011

Résumé	La scolarité à l'école de danse de l'Opéra s'accompagne souvent d'un investissement familial très important qui peut paraître démesuré tant il comporte de sacrifices pour toute la famille alors que les chances de réussite demeurent très incertaines. L'enquête menée auprès des familles des petits rats permet d'expliquer ce paradoxe en interrogeant les logiques d'adhésion des parents. Celles-ci s'articulent entre un système de justification et l'imposition de motifs d'ordre religieux et moral qui s'appuient sur des dispositions sociales particulières. Derrière les mécanismes d'adhésion, apparaît alors une sélection sociale de familles « accordées » à la formation.