bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Injury Risk Functions for the Midsized Male Wrist and Elbow as a Result of Behind Shield Blunt Trauma
Authors: de Lange J. E. , Burrows L. , Quenneville C. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Ballistic shields protect users from a variety of threats, including projectiles. Shield back-face deformation (BFD) is the result of the shield deflecting or absorbing a projectile and deforming toward the user. Back-face deformation can result in localized blunt loading to the upper extremity, where the shield is supported by the user. Two vulnerable locations along the upper extremity were investigated—the wrist and elbow—on eight postmortem human subjects (PMHS) using a pneumatic impacting apparatus for investigating the fracture threshold as a result of behind shield blunt trauma (BSBT). Impacting parameters were established by subjecting an augmented WorldSID anthropomorphic test device (ATD) positioned behind a ballistic shield to ballistic impacts. These data were used to form the impact parameters applied to PMHS, where the wrist most frequently fractured at the distal radius and the elbow most frequently fractured at the radial head. The fracture threshold for the wrist was 5663±1386 N (mean±standard deviation), higher than the elbow at 4765±894 N (though not significantly, p = 0.15). The failure impact velocity for wrist impacts was 17.7±2.1 m/s, while for the elbow, the failure impact velocity was 19.5±0.9 m/s. An approximate 10% risk of fracture threshold was identified on the modified WorldSID ATD (no flesh analogue included) to inform future protective standards.
Cooled Spray Technology for Particulate Reduction in a Heavy-Duty Engine
Authors: Klingbeil Adam , Tinar Tristen , Ellis Scott 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Cooled spray (CS) technology passively reduces particulate matter (PM) emissions from diesel engines compared to non-CS-equipped diesel engines. CS inserts are mounted near the injector nozzle and control mixing so that the fuel and air can premix while limiting combustion near fuel-rich zones, thereby reducing the formation of particulate matter. CS components contain no moving parts and could be installed as a retrofit or built into new engines. However, CS technology is early in its development, and further investigations are needed to understand the overall performance implications and practicality of the technology. In this paper, we investigate several important aspects of CS, providing a clearer picture of some challenges and potential benefits of CS. Two alignment techniques are used to characterize measurement ease and bias, namely, an optical alignment and spray-plug impact alignment. While the optical technique facilitates alignment more easily, a bias was measured between the optical and spray-plug techniques, suggesting the optical technique may have insufficient accuracy without additional corrections. We also evaluate the engine performance of a well-aligned and poorly aligned CS insert, compared to the baseline configuration. The poorly aligned insert shows slower combustion than the baseline and mixed overall performance. However, the well-aligned insert shows faster combustion than the baseline and PM emission reduction at most operating conditions, with some conditions showing PM reduction up to 80%. The results of this paper highlight the alignment challenges of CS technology as well as the potential PM reduction benefit of the technology.
Tribocorrosion Evaluation of AISI 431 Coated With Tungsten Oxynitride
Authors: Garcia Ramos Tania , Zeinert Andreas , Muhl Stephen , Lejeune Michaël , Chevallier Eddy , Barroy Pierre 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Tribocorrosion is a phenomenon present in a wide variety of processes; hence, understanding the tribocorrosion behavior of different systems is essential to being able to design robust and reliable systems. This has led us to investigate the tribocorrosion behavior of AISI 431 steel, a stainless steel commonly used for manufacturing mechanical pieces. The response to tribocorrosion was evaluated for the AISI 431 steel in contact with an aqueous solution of citric acid, a solution commonly used in the food industry. The tests were carried out using samples of steel uncoated and coated with tungsten oxynitride in a pin-on-disc configuration using a tailored tribocorrosion cell. The uncoated AISI 431 presented good wear and corrosion resistance but presented tribocorrosion degradation, where the growth of the passivation film and the mechanical removal of such film were the driving factors for the tribocorrosion process. Furthermore, when the steel was coated with the tungsten oxynitride film, we found that the surface presented a better resistance to wear, corrosion, and tribocorrosion. Such findings open a great opportunity for the use of these types of coatings to protect systems against tribocorrosion.
A dual fluorescent herpes simplex virus type 1 recombinant reveals divergent outcomes of neuronal infection
Authors: Domanico Luke F. , Dunn Gary P. , Kobiler Oren , Taylor Matthew P. 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACT

Critical stages of lytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication are marked by the sequential expression of immediate early (IE) to early (E), then late (L) viral genes. HSV-1 can also persist in neuronal cells via a non-replicative, transcriptionally repressed infection called latency. The regulation of lytic and latent transcriptional profiles is critical to HSV-1 pathogenesis and persistence. We sought a fluorescence-based approach to observe the outcome of neuronal HSV-1 infection at the single-cell level. To achieve this goal, we constructed and characterized a novel HSV-1 recombinant that enables discrimination between lytic and latent infection. The dual reporter HSV-1 encodes a human cytomegalovirus-immediate early (hCMV-IE) promoter-driven enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) to visualize the establishment of infection and an endogenous mCherry-VP26 fusion to report lytic replication. We confirmed that viral gene expression, replication, and spread of infection are not altered by the incorporation of the fluorescent reporters, and fluorescent protein (FP) detection virtuously reports the progression of lytic replication. We demonstrate that the outcome of HSV-1 infection of compartmentalized primary neurons is determined by viral inoculating dose: high-dose axonal inoculation proceeds to lytic replication, whereas low-dose axonal inoculation establishes a latent HSV-1 infection. Interfering with low-dose axonal inoculation via small molecule drugs reports divergent phenotypes of eYFP and mCherry reporter detection, correlating with altered states of viral gene expression. We report that the transcriptional state of neuronal HSV-1 infection is variable in response to changes in the intracellular neuronal environment.

IMPORTANCE
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a prevalent human pathogen that infects approximately 67% of the global human population. HSV-1 invades the peripheral nervous system, where latent HSV-1 infection persists within the host for life. Immunological evasion, viral persistence, and herpetic pathologies are determined by the regulation of HSV-1 gene expression. Studying HSV-1 gene expression during neuronal infection is challenging but essential for the development of antiviral therapeutics and interventions. We used a recombinant HSV-1 to evaluate viral gene expression during infection of primary neurons. Manipulation of cell signaling pathways impacts the establishment and transcriptional state of HSV-1 latency in neurons. The work here provides critical insight into the cellular and viral factors contributing to the establishment of latent HSV-1 infection.
QCD challenges from pp to AA collisions: 4th edition
Authors: Altmann Javira , Andres Carlota , Andronic Anton , Antinori Federico , Antonioli Pietro , Beraudo Andrea , Berti Eugenio , Bianchi Livio , Boettcher Thomas , Capriotti Lorenzo , Christiansen Peter , Contreras Nuño Jesus Guillermo , Cunqueiro Mendez Leticia , da Silva Cesar , Dainese Andrea , Dembinski Hans Peter , Dobrigkeit Chinellato David , Dubla Andrea , Faggin Mattia , Flett Chris , Greco Vincenzo , Grishmanovskii Ilia , Holguin Jack , Kanakubo Yuuka , Kim Dong Jo , Lea Ramona , Lee Su Houng , Mariani Saverio , Matyja Adam , Mazeliauskas Aleksas , Minissale Vincenzo , Morsch Andreas , Oliva Lucia , Orusa Luca , Paakkinen Petja , Pablos Daniel , Paić Guy , Pierog Tanguy , Plumari Salvatore , Prino Francesco , Rossi Andrea , Sestini Lorenzo , Skands Peter , Soloveva Olga , Soramel Francesca , Soto Ontoso Alba , Spousta Martin , Stahl Leiton Andre Govinda , Sun Jiayin , Takacs Adam , Trogolo Stefano , Turrisi Rosario , Verweij Marta , Vislavicius Vytautas , Wang Jing , Werner Klaus , Zaccolo Valentina , Zhang Mingyu , Zhu Jianhui , Zuliani Davide 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper is a write-up of the ideas that were presented, developed and discussed at the fourth International Workshop on QCD Challenges from pp to AA, which took place in February 2023 in Padua, Italy. The goal of the workshop was to focus on some of the open questions in the field of high-energy heavy-ion physics and to stimulate the formulation of concrete suggestions for making progresses on both the experimental and theoretical sides. The paper gives a brief introduction to each topic and then summarizes the primary results.
An NS-NS basis for odd-parity couplings cm at order $$\alpha '^3$$
Authors: Garousi Mohammad R. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn this study, we thoroughly investigate the covariant and B-field gauge invariant odd-parity NS-NS couplings at order $$\alpha '^3,$$

α

′
3

,

while considering the removal of field redefinitions, Bianchi identities, and total derivative freedoms. Our comprehensive analysis reveals the existence of 477 independent couplings. To establish a specific basis, we construct it in such a way that none of the couplings contain terms involving structures such as R, $$R_{\mu \nu },$$

R

μ
ν

,

$$\nabla _\mu H^{\mu \alpha \beta },$$

∇
μ

H

μ
α
β

,

$$\nabla _\mu \nabla ^\mu \Phi ,$$

∇
μ

∇
μ

Φ
,

or terms with more than two derivatives, except for one term that possesses three derivatives on H. Interestingly, the mentioned coupling with the four-derivative on the B-field is rendered zero by the sphere-level three-point S-matrix element. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the remaining 476 parameters in type II superstring theory are fixed to zero by imposing the requirement that the circular reduction of the couplings remains invariant under $$O(1,1,{\mathbb {Z}})$$

O
(
1
,
1
,
Z
)

T-duality transformations. This result is consistent with our expectations and highlights the crucial role played by the $$O(1,1,{\mathbb {Z}})$$

O
(
1
,
1
,
Z
)

symmetry in constraining the parameter space of the classical effective actions in string theory.
2009 George L. Duff Memorial Lecture—The Toll of Toll-Like Receptors on Atherosclerosis
Authors: Curtiss Linda 
Published: April 2024

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease. Atherosclerotic lesions are foci of vessel wall inflammation. Lesions begin, very early in life, as fatty streaks, progressing to vulnerable obstructive lesions under the influence of both genetic and lifestyle insults. During a human lifetime that elapses between fatty streak formation and overt disease, many events can accelerate lesion progression. Genetic diseases, notably hypercholesterolemia, lead to severe disease. Lifestyle choices, which include smoking, obesity, and excessive quiescence, also make significant contributions to disease progression. Finally, inflammatory disease elsewhere in the body, ranging from periodontitis to autoimmune disease, can have an exacerbating effect as well. Toll-like receptors are a key mechanistic link between chronic inflammation and atherosclerosis. However, the factors that promote atherosclerotic lesion development do not do so uniformly throughout the arterial tree.
Lesions form first at sites of disturbed blood flow. Such sites are at vessel bifurcations and at the lesser curvature of the aortic arch. These sites display an inflamed phenotype even in the absence of any other exacerbating disease factors. This is due to the altered flow patterns at these sites within the aortic arch and the endothelial cell response to this disturbed flow. The biochemical mechanisms by which endothelial cells detect flow patterns are beginning to be understood. However, no particular atherosclerosis risk factor has been identified that would promote a proinflammatory phenotype only at arterial bifurcations and the lesser curvature of the aortic arch. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may provide a clue.
TLRs are initiators of inflammation driven by agonists that can be either endogenous, such as sterile tissue damage, or exogenous, such as pathogens. Given the vicissitudes of daily life, TLRs likely initiate appropriate inflammatory responses every day. The majority of these are beneficial, promoting healing and homeostasis, but occasionally, inappropriate TLR activation causes pathology.
Bone marrow transplantation experiments demonstrate that leukocytes do not participate in the early atheroprotective inflammatory responses observed in TLR-deficient mice exposed to only endogenous agonists, but do participate in the proatherogenic responses to an exogenous agonist. We hypothesize that the exacerbation of disease progression mediated by endogenous activation of TLR receptors in endothelial cells is a disease of the arteries that is an “inside-out” (blood–lumen–endothelial cell–intima) phenomenon. In contrast, the accelerated disease mediated by exogenous activation of TLR receptors on circulating leukocytes is an “inside-out” and an “outside-in” disease phenomenon (leukocytes–vasa vasorum–adventia to media).
Abstract 4868: A Third Troponin Sample is Not Cost-effective in Patients Suspected of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Al-Zuhairi Karam Sadoon Majeed , Hjortshøj Søren , Kristensen Søren R , Ravkilde Jan 
Published: April 2024

Objective The American Heart Association, the American College of Cardiology, and the European Society of Cardiology joint Task Force guidelines from 2007 suggest that troponins, which is the preferred cardiac biomarker in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (MI), should be assessed by blood sampling at admission and 6 –9 hours later. In many institutions, a third blood sample 12–24 hours after admission is routinely drawn. The aim of the present study was to evaluate cost-effectiveness of this third blood sample of troponin.
Methods We investigated 534 patients who were admitted with chest pain and suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Blood samples for cardiac troponin T (cTnT) analysis were obtained on arrival, after 6 –9 hours, and after 12–24 hours. Acute MI was defined according to the universal definition of MI, with cTnT above 99th percentile, given a coefficient of variability of < 10%. For cost-benefit calculation, total costs per patient were estimated as: One additional cTnT analysis (USD 15) + prolonged hospital stay (0.5 day × USD 1,000).
Results Of 534 patients admitted with suspected ACS, 124 patients (23 %) had at least one increased cTnT value. Among these only 4 patients (3.2 %) had cTnT values increased in the third blood sample while the first two samples were normal (p < 0.003). All 4 patients were eligible to be referred to coronary angiography due to their risk profile and electrocardiographic changes even before the result of the third sample became available.
Cost-benefit analysis: Incremental costs in our hospital, attributed to the third cTnT sample, can be calculated as: (534 × USD 15 per cTnT sample) + (534−124 pts × 0.5 day × USD 1,000) = USD 213,010. Approximately 1,400 patients with suspected ACS are admitted to our department per year. Thus, the total incremental cost per year is: (1,400/534) × USD 213,010 = USD 558,453.
Conclusion: A third blood sample to measure cTnT should not be performed as it adds no further important information regarding the patient’s treatment or investigations plan. On the contrary, it leads to an unnecessary extension of the hospital stay and increased costs.
Abstract 4896: White-coat Hypertension and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy: Findings From the HARVEST Study
Authors: Mos Lucio , Visentin Pieralberto , D’este Daniele , Dorigatti Francesca , Martina Stefano , Vriz Olga , Santonastaso Massimo , Palatini Paolo 
Published: April 2024

White-coat hypertension (WCH) is considered a benign clinical condition, but recent studies indicate that patients with WCH may be at increased risk of events. Aim of this study was to evaluate the risk of left ventricular hypertophy (LVH) in this hypertension category in the population of HARVEST study: 470 never-treated young adults (330 men) with a mean age of 33.8 ± 8.5 years (range, 18 to 45 years), who were screened for stage 1 hypertension on at least two occasions, were enrolled. Patients were seen every six months for clinic blood pressure ( BP) and global risk assessment to determine which subjects developed hypertension needing drug therapy (HT). Echocardiographic left ventricular mass (LVM) and 24h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) were measured at entry, every 5 years, and/or at the time of HT development before starting treatment. Subjects were divided according to whether they had WCH (n = 184) or sustained hypertension (SH, n = 286) at baseline. ABP and LVM measured at baseline and at the end of follow-up were used for analysis. LVH was defined as a LVM ≥50 g/m2.7 in men and ≥47 g/m2.7 in women.
Results. During a 8.5 year follow-up, similar percents of subjects developed LVH (WCH, 8.2% vs SH, 6.3%, p = n.s.). LVM increased by 1.8 ± 6.4 g/m2.7 in WCH and by 0.7 ± 6.9 g/m2.7 in SH (p adjusted for age, sex, BMI, baseline LVM, and time = n.s.). ABP from baseline to study-end rose by 7.9 ± 10.8/5.6 ± 7.2 mmHg in WCH and by 1.2 ± 10.9/1.9 ± 7.9 mmHg in SH (adjusted p for WCH vs SH < 0.000). WCH had a greater increase in ABP than SH also from the 3-month to the study-end measurement (+ 6.2 ± 9.7/4.3 ± 8.2 vs 2.4 ± 12.3/2.8 ± 8.6 mmHg, p = 0.009 for systolic BP, and p = 0.02 for diastolic BP). When data were adjusted also for baseline ABP, no significant difference emerged between WCH and SH for all comparisons.
Conclusions. A greater increase in ABP and body weight and a similar susceptibility to develop LVH was observed in WCH compared to SH, suggesting that WCH should not be regarded as a benign condition. This implies an increased risk of cardiovascular events and prompts for a more tight clinical control along with target organ surveillance in WCH subjects.
Abstract 4922: Epoprostenol Induces Apoptosis By Inhibiting The Expression Of Survivin In Pulmonary Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Akagi Satoshi , Nakamura Kazufumi , Kusano Kengo , Matsubara Hiromi , Ito Hiroshi 
Published: April 2024

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with suppressed apoptosis of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Survivin has been reported to suppress caspase activities and plays an important role in the mechanism of suppressed apoptosis. In this study, we investigated whether epoprostenol exerts the pro-apoptotic effects by inhibiting the expression of survivin in PASMCs.
Methods: We studied the induction of apoptosis by epoprostenol in PAH-PASMCs (n = 5) and non-PAH-PASMCs (n = 3). We investigated the expression of survivin in lung tissues obtain from 5 idiopathic PAH patients and 3 non-PAH patients, and in PAH-PASMCs and non-PAH-PASMCs by immunocytochemical analysis. We examined the protein level of survivin in PAH-PASMCs treated with epoprostenol or diluents by western blotting. We also examined the time course of mRNA level of survivin treated with epoprostenol or diluents by quantitative RT-PCR.
Results: TUNEL-positive cells, caspase-3- and -7-active cells, condensation of chromatin along the nuclear membrane, and fragmentation of the nucleus were found in PAH-PASMCs treated with epoprostenol. Epoprostenol significantly induced apoptosis in PAH-PASMCs compared with that in non-PAH-PASMCs (5.64 ± 0.82% versus 0.64 ± 0.25%; P < 0.05). Survivin was expressed in lung tissues obtained from idiopathic PAH patients but not from non-PAH patients. Survivin was also expressed in PAH-PASMCs but not non-PAH-PASMCs with immunocytochemical analysis. Treatment with epoprostenol for 24 hours significantly suppressed the protein level of survivin by 52% compared with treatment with diluents in PAH-PASMCs (P < 0.05). Epoprostenol significantly decreased the mRNA level of survivin after 12 hours (29%; P < 0.05) and 24 hours (10%; P < 0.05) treatment compared with diluents.
Conclusions: Epoprostenol can induce the apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of survivin in PAH-PASMCs.
Abstract 5021: Copeptin Improves Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Keller Till , Tzikas Stergios , Zeller Tanja , Czyz Ewa , Lillpopp Lars , Roth Alexander , Sinning Christoph , Wild Philipp S , Lubos Edith , Peetz Dirk , Kunde Jan , Hartmann Oliver , Bergmann Andreas , Post Felix , Lackner Karl J , Genth-Zotz Sabine , Nicaud Viviane , Tiret Laurence , Münzel Thomas , Blankenberg Stefan 
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Early diagnosisof myocardial infarction in chest pain patients is crucial to identify patients at risk and to maintain a fast treatment initiation.
Background: Aim of the current investigation is to test whether determination of copeptin, an indirect marker for arginin-vasopressin, adds diagnostic information to conventional troponin in early evaluation of patients with suspected myocardial infarction.
Methods: Between 06/2006 and 03/2008 patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome were enrolled consecutively. Copeptin, troponin T, myoglobin and creatine kinase-MB were determined at admission and after 3 and 6 hours.
Results: Of 1293 (66.1% male) enrolled patients 244 (18.9%) had the discharge diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, 211 (16.3%) presented with unstable angina and in 838 (64.8%) patients an acute coronary syndrome could be excluded. Combined measurement of copeptin and troponin T at admission improved the c-statistic from 0.85 for troponin T alone to 0.94 in the overall population and from 0.77 to 0.91 in patients presenting within 3 hours after chest pain onset. In this group the combination provided an excellent negative predictive value of 91.1%.
Conclusions: In triage of chest pain patients determination of copeptin in addition to conventional troponin T improves diagnostic performance, especially early after chest pain onset. Combined determination of troponin T and copeptin provides an excellent negative predictive value virtually independent of chest pain onset time and therefore allows an early and safe rule-out of myocardial infarction.