bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeting Male Perpetrators of Intimate Partner Violence: Western Australia's “Freedom from Fear” Campaign
Authors: Robert J. Donovan , Paterson Donna , Francas Mark 
Published: April 2010

Violence against women by their partners is now recognized as a major international public health problem, in both developed and developing countries. For example, it is estimated that each year in the United States, 4 million women experience a serious assault by their partner and that the victim-related economic cost of partner violence is about $67 billion. Traditional domestic violence campaigns focus on legal threats and sanctions in an attempt to stop men from being violent. While incarcerating violent men and issuing protection orders are necessary components of domestic violence prevention interventions, they do not - and cannot - remove women's fear of the man reappearing at some future time or place, often with tragic consequences. Furthermore, many women do not want to leave the relationship, nor do they want the man incarcerated; they simply want the violence to stop. The Western Australian “Freedom From Fear” campaign is an innovative social marketing initiative that acknowledges these factors and aims to reduce the fears of women (and children) by motivating perpetrators and potential perpetrators to voluntarily attend counseling programs.
The PMI Local Site Demonstration Project: Lessons in Technical Assistance
Authors: Strand John , Rosenbaum Julia , Hanlon Eileen , Jimerson Ann 
Published: April 2010

Community-based prevention programs are increasingly being asked to deliver better outcomes with fewer dollars. Funders and prevention researchers are challenged to transfer state-of-the-art prevention technologies for communities to readily apply. How does this happen? For five years, social marketers from the Academy for Educational Development (AED) and Porter Novelli guided five U.S. communities in using social marketing and behavioral science principles to develop HIV prevention programs for and with local teens. Because evaluation data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest these programs were effective, it is important to draw lessons from this pilot effort that will save time and money for future community-based Prevention Marketing efforts. The lessons to be learned emerge from the technical assistance providers' experience, a reflective account of “if we knew then what we know now, here's how we could have done things differently.” The lessons themselves center around: • Seeking out or establishing conditions in the community that are conducive to success; and • How to offer technical assistance that helps communities develop more effective Prevention Marketing programs.
Assessing Community—Wide Outcomes of Prevention Marketing Campaigns through Telephone Surveys
Authors: Myllyluoma Jaana , Greenberg Patty , Wolters Charles , Kaifer Pamela 
Published: April 2010

Researchers at Battelle Centers for Public Health Research and Evaluation (CPHRE) were contracted by the Centers for Disease and Prevention (CDC) to conduct a random sample survey to serve as one component of the evaluation of the Prevention Marketing Initiative (PMI) Local Site Demonstration Project, a community-based HIV prevention program for adolescents. Data were collected from 1,402 adolescents over a 23-month period. A five wave, cross-sectional design was used. A dual sampling strategy combined Random Digit Dialing (RDD) with Listed Household (LHH) samples. Particular care was devoted to ensuring the rights of teenaged participants. Data were collected anonymously and concerns about confidentiality and privacy informed design and operational decisions. Response rate goals were achieved. Factors that may have contributed to the adequacy of the response rate include the use of advance letters and a toll-free phone line as well as sensitivity to the needs and concerns of the target population, the perceived legitimacy of CDC research and the perseverance of the interviewers.
Whose Behavior is it Anyway? The Broader Potential of Social Marketing
Authors: Hastings Gerard , MacFadyen Lynn , Anderson Susan 
Published: April 2010

Social marketing has established itself as an effective technology for changing the health behaviors of individual citizens. However, people's behavior is not just determined by their own choices but also by their social context. An unhealthy diet, for instance, may result as much from poverty as poor food choice, and the continued use of tobacco from nicotine addiction rather than self-determination. Social marketing needs to address these “upstream” influences if it is to reach its full potential, as well as avoid intellectual and ethical criticism. These influences occur at two different levels: in the local community (e.g., diet may be determined by what is available in the local shops or exercising by access to sports facilities)- “the immediate environment”; and in society as a whole (e.g., smoking may be encouraged if it is felt to have tacit endorsement from government)-“the wider social context.” In addition there are other influences on people's health outcomes, such as the addition of fluoride to water or folic acid to bread, that don't involve the individual in any action at all but do require behavior change by policy makers. Four case studies are used to show that social marketing can contribute at each of these levels, using the standard principles of consumer orientation, exchange and strategic planning.
An Analysis of Unit Costs in Selected Condom Social Marketing Programs, 1990–1996
Authors: Stallworthy Guy , Meekers Dominique 
Published: April 2010

Condom social marketing has become central to Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) prevention programs around the world. Excluding the large family planning-oriented social marketing programs of Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India (which accounted for over 500 million condoms in 1996), sales of socially marketed condoms increased more than sixfold from 49 million condoms (in 30 countries) in 1991 to 312 million condoms (in 54 countries) by 1996 (Gardner, Blackburn, & Upadhyay, 1999). This study aims to fill the gap in information about condom social marketing costs. In the field of family planning, considerable effort has been put into analyzing costs per couple-year of protection (CYP) for social marketing and other service delivery approaches (Barberis & Harvey, 1997; Stover & Wagman, 1992). The cost of condom social marketing has yet to be analyzed independently of the cost per CYP of contraceptive social marketing. The cost per condom sold in condom social marketing programs should be analyzed independently for two reasons. First, CYP is a measure designed to aggregate multiple contraceptive methods and therefore is not appropriate for programs that only market condoms. Second, a thorough understanding of the unit costs in condom social marketing is an essential prerequisite to attempting to base AIDS prevention strategies on a rational allocation of resources (World Bank, 1997). The purpose of this study is to contribute toward an increased understanding of condom social marketing costs. Ultimately, this improved understanding may facilitate a more rational allocation of AIDS resources.
TAPIR, a web server for the prediction of plant microRNA targets, including target mimics
Authors: Bonnet Eric , He Ying , Billiau Kenny , Van de Peer Yves 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Summary: We present a new web server called TAPIR, designed for the prediction of plant microRNA targets. The server offers the possibility to search for plant miRNA targets using a fast and a precise algorithm. The precise option is much slower but guarantees to find less perfectly paired miRNA-target duplexes. Furthermore, the precise option allows the prediction of target mimics, which are characterized by a miRNA-target duplex having a large loop, making them undetectable by traditional tools.
Availability: The TAPIR web server can be accessed at: http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/tapir
Contact: yves.vandepeer@psb.vib-ugent.be
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Variation in size and growth of West Greenland capelin (Mallotus villosus) along latitudinal gradients
Authors: Hedeholm R. , Grønkjær P. , Rosing-Asvid A. , Rysgaard S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHedeholm, R., Grønkjær, P., Rosing-Asvid, A., and Rysgaard, S. 2010. Variation in size and growth of West Greenland capelin (Mallotus villosus) along latitudinal gradients. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1128–1137. Capelin (Mallotus villosus) is the dominant pelagic species in the West Greenland ecosystem. Historical data are re-examined and new data are presented on the size distribution and the growth pattern of capelin along latitudinal gradients of temperature and other growth factors extending over a distance of 1300 km. The average size of capelin increases with latitude. Fish 3 years old were 48 mm larger (54%) at the secondmost northern station compared with the most southern one. Otolith analysis revealed a significant effect of age as well as area on back-calculated growth. Hence, at all ages, fish grew faster in the north than in the south. Average somatic growth across areas in the first and fourth years was 56 and 15 mm, respectively. Temperature data suggest a 2°C difference in temperature between areas, temperatures being warmest in the north. Hence, the increase in temperature with latitude explains much of the latitudinal growth gradient and suggests a growth difference in West Greenland capelin of 0.4–0.6 cm °C−1 year−1. However, the difference in growth and size distribution between northern and southernmost stations, where temperatures are similar, suggests that other factors, such as differences in available prey and diet composition, also contribute to the differences.
Novel Hydroxycinnamoyl-Coenzyme A Quinate Transferase Genes from Artichoke Are Involved in the Synthesis of Chlorogenic Acid
Authors: Sonnante Gabriella , D'Amore Rosalinda , Blanco Emanuela , Pierri Ciro L. , De Palma Monica , Luo Jie , Tucci Marina , Martin Cathie 
Published: April 2010

AbstractArtichoke (Cynara cardunculus subsp. scolymus) extracts have high antioxidant capacity, due primarily to flavonoids and phenolic acids, particularly chlorogenic acid (5-caffeoylquinic acid [CGA]), dicaffeoylquinic acids, and caffeic acid, which are abundant in flower bracts and bioavailable to humans in the diet. The synthesis of CGA can occur following different routes in plant species, and hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A transferases are important enzymes in these pathways. Here, we report on the isolation and characterization of two novel genes both encoding hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A quinate transferases (HQT) from artichoke. The recombinant proteins (HQT1 and HQT2) were assayed after expression in Escherichia coli, and both showed higher affinity for quinate over shikimate. Their preferences for acyl donors, caffeoyl-coenzyme A or p-coumaroyl-coenzyme A, were examined. Modeling and docking analyses were used to propose possible pockets and residues involved in determining substrate specificities in the HQT enzyme family. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression indicated that HQT1 might be more directly associated with CGA content. Transient and stable expression of HQT1 in Nicotiana resulted in a higher production of CGA and cynarin (1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid). These findings suggest that several isoforms of HQT contribute to the synthesis of CGA in artichoke according to physiological needs and possibly following various metabolic routes.
ODDSOC2 Is a MADS Box Floral Repressor That Is Down-Regulated by Vernalization in Temperate Cereals
Authors: Greenup Aaron G. , Sasani Shahryar , Oliver Sandra N. , Talbot Mark J. , Dennis Elizabeth S. , Hemming Megan N. , Trevaskis Ben 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In temperate cereals, such as wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), the transition to reproductive development can be accelerated by prolonged exposure to cold (vernalization). We examined the role of the grass-specific MADS box gene ODDSOC2 (OS2) in the vernalization response in cereals. The barley OS2 gene (HvOS2) is expressed in leaves and shoot apices but is repressed by vernalization. Vernalization represses OS2 independently of VERNALIZATION1 (VRN1) in a VRN1 deletion mutant of einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcum), but VRN1 is required to maintain down-regulation of OS2 in vernalized plants. Furthermore, barleys that carry active alleles of the VRN1 gene (HvVRN1) have reduced expression of HvOS2, suggesting that HvVRN1 down-regulates HvOS2 during development. Overexpression of HvOS2 delayed flowering and reduced spike, stem, and leaf length in transgenic barley plants. Plants overexpressing HvOS2 showed reduced expression of barley homologs of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) gene FLOWERING PROMOTING FACTOR1 (FPF1) and increased expression of RNase-S-like genes. FPF1 promotes floral development and enhances cell elongation, so down-regulation of FPF1-like genes might explain the phenotypes of HvOS2 overexpression lines. We present an extended model of the genetic pathways controlling vernalization-induced flowering in cereals, which describes the regulatory relationships between VRN1, OS2, and FPF1-like genes. Overall, these findings highlight differences and similarities between the vernalization responses of temperate cereals and the model plant Arabidopsis.
Experimental study on cross‐reactivity of α‐arbutin toward p‐phenylenediamine and hydroquinone in guinea pigs
Authors: TO‐O Kenji , NOMURA Koji , SUGIMOTO Kazuhisa , NISHIMURA Takahisa , KURIKI Takashi , ITOH Masatoshi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHydroquinone (HQ) has been used as a skin‐lightening cosmetic ingredient, while it has been known that HQ shows sensitizing potential and cross‐reactivity toward a strong sensitizer, p‐phenylenediamine (PPD). α‐Arbutin, a glycoside of HQ (4‐hydroxyphenyl α‐D‐glucopyranoside), is used worldwide as a skin‐lightening agent. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cross‐reactivity of α‐arbutin toward PPD and HQ. All tests were performed using the guinea pig maximization test. In experiments on the cross‐reactivity of α‐arbutin or HQ to PPD, six animals in each group were induced with PPD at 0.1% by i.d. injection and at 1.0% by topical application. The animals were challenged with α‐arbutin, HQ or PPD (as a positive control) at concentrations of 0.01%, 0.05% and 0.1%. In experiments on the cross‐reactivity of α‐arbutin to HQ, four animals in each group were induced with HQ at 2% by i.d. injection and at 1% by topical application. The animals were challenged with α‐arbutin or HQ (as a positive control) at concentrations of 0.2%, 2% and 20%. The cross‐reactivity toward PPD was observed with HQ (4/6) only at 0.1% challenge. However, α‐arbutin showed no apparent cross‐reactivity to either PPD or HQ even at their highest challenge concentrations. Potent sensitization was observed with PPD (6/6) even at 0.01% challenge and with HQ (3/4) at 0.2%. In conclusion, glycosylation of HQ remarkably reduced the sensitization potency of HQ and the cross‐reactivity of HQ to PPD.
Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 is generated via TGF‐β by myofibroblasts in gastric intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma without H. pylori infection
Authors: Mutoh Hiroyuki , Sashikawa Miho , Hayakawa Hiroko , Sugano Kentaro 
Published: April 2010

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) stimulates secretion of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) from gastric mucosa. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) expression and macrophage infiltration are recognized in human gastric carcinoma. We have previously generated Cdx2‐transgenic mice as model mice for intestinal metaplasia. Both chronic H. pylori‐associated gastritis and Cdx2‐transgenic mouse stomach develop intestinal metaplasia and finally gastric carcinoma. In this study we have directed our attention to MCP‐1 expression in the intestinal metaplastic mucosa and the gastric carcinoma of Cdx2‐transgenic mouse stomach. Quantitative real‐time PCR was performed to determine MCP‐1 and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) mRNA expression levels and single‐ or double‐label immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the localization of MCP‐1, TGF‐β type I receptor, and α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA). We determined that MCP‐1 mRNA dramatically increased in the intestinal metaplastic mucosa and the gastric carcinoma of Cdx2‐transgenic mouse stomach, compared with normal mouse stomach. Both MCP‐1 and TGF‐β type I receptor were co‐expressed in the αSMA‐positive myofibroblasts of intestinal metaplastic mucosa and gastric carcinoma. Exogenous application of TGF‐β1 increased MCP‐1 mRNA expression levels in the intestinal metaplastic tissue. Furthermore, TGF‐β1 was overexpressed and macrophage was strongly infiltrated in the gastric carcinoma. In conclusion, MCP‐1 expression, which was stimulated by TGF‐β1, was recognized in the TGF‐β type I receptor‐expressing myofibroblasts of the intestinal metaplastic mucosa and the gastric carcinoma of Cdx2‐transgenic mouse stomach. The present results suggest that intestinal metaplasia and gastric carcinoma themselves induce MCP‐1 expression independently of H. pylori infection. (Cancer Sci 2010)
Mephentermine dependence without psychosis: a Brazilian case report
Authors: De Sousa Henrique Faria , De Oliveira Matheus Fernandes , Da Costa Lima Murilo Duarte , De Oliveira João Ricardo Mendes 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTBackground Substance abuse is a serious health concern. This report presents the case of a 22‐year‐old Brazilian man with a history of mephentermine use who fulfils all the criteria for chemical dependence listed by ICD‐10. Mephentermine is a sympathomimetic agent derived from methamphetamine which, in Brazil, is restricted to veterinary use.Case description The subject used the substance at a high dose (120 mg) to improve his physical performance while working out at a gym. His symptoms included anorexia and insomnia. After days of intense activity, he felt fatigue and soreness. A physical examination revealed scars on both forearms from the injections and a psychological examination revealed moderate speech and motor agitation.Conclusions Cases such as this may be common among the general public. They should have some bearing upon medical practice and public health policies involving drugs.
Outcomes of critically ill patients with cirrhosis admitted to intensive care: an important perspective from the non‐transplant setting
Authors: Thomson S. J. , Moran C. , Cowan M. L. , Musa S. , Beale R. , Treacher D. , Hamilton M. , Grounds R. M. , Rahman T. M. 
Published: April 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 233–243SummaryBackground  Hospital admissions for cirrhosis have been increasing in the United Kingdom, leading to increased pressure on intensive care (ICU) services. Outcome data for patients admitted to ICU are currently limited to transplant centre reports, with mortality rates exceeding 70%. These tertiary reports could fuel a negative bias when patients with cirrhosis are reviewed for ICU admission in secondary care.Aims  To determine whether disease severity and mortality rates in non‐transplant general ICU are less severe than those reported by tertiary datasets.Methods  A prospective dual‐centre non‐transplant ICU study. Admissions were screened for cirrhosis and physiological and biochemical data were collected. Disease‐specific and critical illness scoring systems were evaluated.Results  Cirrhosis was present in 137/4198 (3.3%) of ICU admissions. ICU and hospital mortality were 38% and 47%, respectively; median age 50 [43–59] years, 68% men, 72% alcoholic cirrhosis, median Child Pugh Score (CPS) 10 [8–11], Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) 18 [12–24], Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score (APACHE II) 16 [13–22].Conclusions  Mortality rates and disease staging were notably lower than in the published literature, suggesting that patients have a more favourable outlook than previously considered. Transplant centre data should therefore be interpreted with caution when evaluating the merits of intensive care admission for patients in general secondary care ICUs.
A critical evaluation of cryoprecipitate for replacement of fibrinogen
Authors: Sørensen Benny , Bevan David 
Published: April 2010

SummaryMaintaining the plasma fibrinogen concentration is important to limit excessive perioperative blood loss. This article considers the evidence for this statement, and questions the justification for using cryoprecipitate rather than virus‐inactivated fibrinogen concentrate to support plasma fibrinogen levels. Haemophilia was historically treated with cryoprecipitate, but specific coagulation factor concentrates are now preferred. In contrast, primary fractions of allogeneic donor blood, including cryoprecipitate, are still commonly used to treat perioperative bleeding. When compared with cryoprecipitate and fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP), freeze‐dried fibrinogen concentrate offers standardized fibrinogen content, faster reconstitution and improved efficacy. Pasteurization and purification processes employed in the preparation of fibrinogen concentrate reduce the risk of pathogen transmission and immune‐mediated complications, in comparison with cryoprecipitate and FFP. When all costs associated with administration are taken into consideration, the cost of fibrinogen concentrate is not substantially different to that of cryoprecipitate. In conclusion, wider availability and use of fibrinogen concentrate may improve the management of perioperative bleeding. Further benefits may accrue from more rapid and accurate techniques for monitoring fibrinogen levels. Clinical studies are needed to evaluate methods of measuring fibrinogen and assessing fibrin polymerization, and to define critical haemostatic plasma fibrinogen concentrations in different perioperative situations.
A phase I study of vorinostat in combination with idarubicin in relapsed or refractory leukaemia
Authors: Kadia Tapan M. , Yang Hui , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Maddipotti Sirisha , Schroeder Claudia , Madden Timothy L. , Holleran Julianne L. , Egorin Merrill J. , Ravandi Farhad , Thomas Deborah A. , Newsome Willie , Sanchez‐Gonzalez Blanca , Zwiebel James A. , Espinoza‐Delgado Igor , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo 
Published: April 2010

SummaryHistone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) affect chromatin remodelling and modulate the expression of aberrantly silenced genes. HDACi have single‐agent clinical activity in haematological malignancies and have synergistic anti‐leukaemia activity when combined with anthracyclines in vitro. We conducted a two‐arm, parallel Phase I trial to investigate two schedules of escalating doses of vorinostat (Schedule A: thrice daily (TID) for 14 d; B: TID for 3 d) in combination with a fixed dose of idarubicin in patients with refractory leukaemia. Of the 41 patients enrolled, 90% had acute myeloid leukaemia, with a median of 3 prior therapies. Seven responses (17%) were documented (two complete response (5%), one complete response without platelet recovery (2·5%), and four marrow responses). The 3‐d schedule of vorinostat was better tolerated than the 14‐d schedule. The maximum tolerated dose for vorinostat was defined as 400 mg TID for 3 d. The most common grade 3 and 4 toxicities included mucositis, fatigue and diarrhoea. Correlative studies demonstrated histone acetylation in patients on therapy and modulation of CDKN1A and TOP2A (topoisomerase II) gene expression. Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed a dose‐related elevation in plasma vorinostat concentrations. The combination of vorinostat and idarubicin is generally tolerable and active in patients with advanced leukaemia and should be studied in the front‐line setting.