bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of psychiatric training in the use of descriptive terms among psychiatrists in the British Isles
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , Gourlay A. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThree videotapes of diagnostic interviews were rated by psychiatrists at several different centres in the British Isles. Audiences were asked to use a number of rating schedules including a list of 116 technical psychiatric terms. They were also asked to make a provisional diagnosis. The influence of the psychiatrists' concepts of normality and the type of training and other factors such as age on the perception and quantitative assessment of psychiatric symptoms and the use of technical terms is discussed. Maudsley-trained raters tended to see fewer symptoms of all kinds in all three patients, while Glasgow psychiatrists made more ratings of affective symptoms–both manic and depressive—on two of the three tapes. Dublin raters use more ‘dynamic’ terms in their daily routine than do raters from the United Kingdom. Raters over 40 years of age tended to use ‘dynamic’ terms more often than raters under 40 years. Raters trained in university departments differed only slightly in the terms they used from those trained in area mental hospitals. This study points to the problems of psychiatric communication within one culture.
Drug defaulting by patients on long-acting phenothiazines
Authors: Johnson D. A. W. , Freeman Hugh 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis survey investigates drug defaulting by schizophrenic patients on a regime of long-term medication with injections of long-acting phenothiazines (LAP). Although the frequency of discontinuing LAP was appreciably less than reported in most surveys on oral medication, it remained a problem. An analysis of the reasons for patients discontinuing LAP identified several causes: patient-refusal, side-effects, failure of administration of the regime, and patients losing contact with the medical services by moving to other districts.
Phenelzine in phobic anxiety: a controlled trial
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Candy Julian , Kelly Desmond 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA double-blind trial of phenelzine versus placebo in psychiatric outpatients with long-standing phobic anxiety is described. Forty patients with agoraphobia or social phobias entered the trial and 32 of these completed treatment with either phenelzine or placebo (with appropriate dietary restrictions) in flexible dosage for two months. Fourteen pairs of patients were prospectively matched, and analysis of the score differences between these pairs showed a significant improvement for patients on phenelzine compared with placebo on overall assessment (P<0·01) and secondary phobias (P<0·05). These differences were not shown at assessment after one month's treatment, but became marked after two months. The improvement on phenelzine, which was maintained at follow-up, was not related to initial depressive symptoms in the patients. It is suggested that phenelzine is an effective agent in the treatment of phobic anxiety but that treatment needs to be continued for at least two months before full benefit is achieved.
Are we entering an age of melancholy? Depressive illnesses in a prospective epidemiological study over 25 years: the Lundby Study, Sweden
Authors: Hagnell Olle , Lanke Jan , Rorsman Birgitta , Öjesjö Leif 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe Lundby cohort consists of all inhabitants in a delimited area in Sweden studied in 1947 by Essen-Möller, then by Hagnell in 1957, and by Hagnell & Öjesjöin 1975. It has been claimed that depressive disorders have increased during the sixties and seventies. In order to examine this hypothesis on a normal population (the Lundby Study), comparisons were made of the incidence figures for depression during the periods 1947–57 and 1957–72, and during the five 5-year intervals within the period.
The effect of pilgrimage on anxiety, depression and religious attitude
Authors: Morris P. A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis investigation aimed to ascertain the levels of anxiety, depression and religious attitude, by means of rating scales, in a group of physically sick men and women planning to go on a pilgrimage to Lourdes. These levels were reassessed one month and ten months after the pilgrims had returned. There was a statistically significant decrease in anxiety and depression which was sustained. The possible reasons for these findings are discussed.
Health beliefs and health care behaviour in pregnancy
Authors: Reading Anthony E. , Campbell Stuart , Cox David N. , Sledmere Caroline M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPrimiparae were randomly assigned to two conditions of routine ultrasound examination at their first antenatal clinic visit: (a) high feedback ultrasound where the monitor screen was visible and the patient was shown the foetal size, shape and movement (N = 67); (b) low feedback ultrasound where the screen was not seen and specific verbal feedback was denied (N = 62). Women were interviewed at 16 weeks gestation. Those receiving high feedback were more likely to report that they had acted on health advice given at the first antenatal visit to reduce their smoking and drinking.
The concept of coping
Authors: Ray C. , Lindop J. , Gibson S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisCoping is action directed at the resolution or mitigation of a problematic situation. There are a number of ways in which this may be attempted, and a number of ways of classifying coping strategies. This paper presents a simple schema of six coping themes, ordered in terms of their defensiveness and the degree of attempted personal control which they imply. They comprise rejection, control, resignation, dependency, avoidance and minimization, and characterize the meaning or qualitative ‘style’ of the individual's response, rather than the formal characteristics of the strategies employed. Data from studies of breast cancer and surgical patients are cited to illustrate the substance of the themes.
The lifetime prevalence of mental disorders: estimation, uses and limitations
Authors: Kramer Morton , Von Korff Michael , Kessler Larry 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe age-specific lifetime prevalence rate of a disease is the proportion of persons surviving to a given age who have experienced the disease at any time during their lives. This measure of morbidity has been used to report findings in many of the epidemiological surveys of mental disorders of the last 30 years. This paper presents a life-table method for estimating age-specific lifetime prevalence rates from incidence and mortality data. The method is applied to Monroe County, New York, case register data on the incidence of schizophrenia. Using this method, we estimate that at least 3% of the White population surviving to age 55 have experienced an episode of schizophrenia at some time during their lives. The difficulties of producing valid estimates of lifetime prevalence and the difficulties in interpreting differences reported in such rates make this morbidity measure of secondary importance to incidence and point-prevalence data.
Depression and anxiety in the community: replicating the diagnosis of a case
Authors: Jones-Finlay Robert , Brown George W. , Duncan-Jones Paul , Harris Tirril , Murphy Elaine , Prudo Ray 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe diagnoses were reviewed of 866 women interviewed in 5 community surveys carried out by the Bedford College team. The diagnoses matched commonly held conceptions of who is a case in terms of both severity and type of syndrome. Two methods of replicating the diagnoses are presented, one based on discriminant function analysis and the other based on a simple checklist.
Comparison of doctors and nurses in the assessment of deliberate self-poisoning patients
Authors: Catalan J. , Marsack P. , Hawton K. E. , Whitwell D. , Fagg J. , Bancroft J. H. J. 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISThe assessments of deliberate self-poisoning patients carried out by 8 doctors and 8 nurses were compared. Both groups of staff had undergone special training in the assessment procedure. The adequacy of the assessments was determined by blind judges' ratings of transcripts of assessment interviews, comparisons of the types of treatment offered and repetition of self-poisoning. The attitudes of the patients and their general practitioners were also investigated.No major differences were found between the assessments of the 2 groups of subjects. It is concluded that nurses under supervision of a senior psychiatrist can safely carry out the assessment of self-poisoning patients, provided they have received appropriate training. The findings suggest that services in which nurses assess most self-poisoning patients could be established in district general hospitals. This would reduce the demands currently placed on psychiatrists and physicians.
On establishing the validity of ‘objective’ data: can we rely on cross-interview agreement?
Authors: Platt Stephen 
Published: July 2009

SYNOPSISIt has been proposed that a high level of agreement between informants‘ reports about events and happenings (‘objective’ data) is a sound basis for establishing (a) the validity of the measure which is based on the reports, and (b) the nature of objective reality. In this paper it is argued that such agreement may not be an adequate basis for validation since the accounts may not be independent. Likewise, low across-interview agreement may not signify the inaccuracy of either report because of the phenomenon of ‘object-variation’. It is concluded that, although this method of validation can be significantly improved, it should be supplemented, wherever possible, by other approaches.
Memory functions and prophylactic treatment with lithium
Authors: Smigan L. , Perris C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMemory functions were examined in a group of 53 patients with affective disorders before commencing prophylactic lithium therapy and then after 4 and 12 months of lithium treatment. The memory tests administered were the 30 Figure Test, the 30 Word-Pair Test, the 30 Person-Data Test (these tests are included in the Cronhoim–Molander test battery) and the 30 Face Test. Three scores were obtained: immediate memory score, delayed memory score and forgetting score. There were no statistical significant differences between these scores before lithium therapy or after 4 and 12 months, except for immediate and delayed memory on the Person-Data Test and the 30 Face Test which showed an increased score of memory functions. The results of this study support the view that long-term lithium treatment with serum levels of about 0·6 mmol/1 does not induce memory disturbances.
The association of affective disorder with Huntington's Disease in a case series and in families
Authors: Folstein Susan E. , Abbott Margaret H. , Chase Gary A. , Jensen Barbara A. , Folstein Marshal F. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisMajor affective disorder clinically similar to the disorder found in conditions other than Huntington's Disease (HD) was found in 41% of patients with HD in a consecutive case series ascertained through multiple sources in a defined geographical area. The association appears to be confined to certain families, and affective disorder may appear as long as 20 years before the onset of chorea and dementia. The association may represent genetic heterogeneity in HD.
A record-linkage study of mortality and general hospital discharge in patients diagnosed as schizophrenic
Authors: Herrman H. E. , Baldwin J. A. , Christie David 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSix hundred people diagnosed as schizophrenic by the specialist psychiatric services in Oxfordshire, between 1971 and 1973, were identified from the Oxford Psychiatric Case Register (OPCR). The person records of deaths and hospital discharges held by the Oxford Record Linkage Study (ORLS) were used to examine the following items of information for members of this group: details of discharges from and surgical operations performed in Oxfordshire non-psychiatric hospitals in a 6-year period before and a 4-year period after the date of first inclusion in the OPCR, and details of deaths in a 4-year period after the date of first inclusion in the OPCR.The numbers of deaths, discharges and operations so observed in the study group were compared in age, sex and major diagnostic groups with the expected numbers derived from rates prevailing in the Oxfordshire population over the same periods. Observed deaths were twice as numerous as expected in both sexes, and the numbers of general hospital discharges were also higher than expected. Ischaemic heart disease was the commonest cause of death in both sexes, but did not account for the excessive numbers of hospital discharges. Trauma and poisoning accounted for the excess both of deaths in younger members of the study group and of general hospital discharges overall. Social and environmental difficulties associated with the diagnosis schizophrenia are likely to have contributed more than any inherent biological disadvantage to this excess.
The Brief Symptom Inventory: an introductory report
Authors: Derogatis Leonard R. , Melisaratos Nick 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThis is an introductory report for the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a brief psychological self-report symptom scale. The BSI was developed from its longer parent instrument, the SCL-90-R, and psychometric evaluation reveals it to be an acceptable short alternative to the complete scale. Both test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities are shown to be very good for the primary symptom dimensions of the BSI, and its correlations with the comparable dimensions of the SCL-90-R are quite high. In terms of validation, high convergence between BSI scales and like dimensions of the MMPI provide good evidence of convergent validity, and factor analytic studies of the internal structure of the scale contribute evidence of construct validity. Several criterion-oriented validity studies have also been completed with this instrument
Factors influencing the duration of treatment with psychotropic drugs in general practice: a survival analysis approach
Authors: Williams Paul 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThere have been few previous attempts to study factors which affect the duration of treatment with psychiatric drugs in general practice. In the present study ‘duration of treatment’ was regarded as analogous to ‘survival time’, and techniques of survival analysis were applied to data from a previously published study of psychotropic drug use in general practice (Williams et al. 1982). Methods of logistic modelling were used in an attempt to construct a comprehensive and parsimonious model to describe and predict the duration of psychotropic use. Such a model was found to include the effects of previous psychotropic treatment, social problems, duration of treatment and general practitioner behaviour. The implications of the findings, vis à vis the prevention of unnecessary long-term psychotropic drug use, are discussed.
Erotomania in males
Authors: Taylor Pamela , Mahendra B. , Gunn John 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn anglophonic countries erotomania has traditionally been regarded as a female disorder of little more than curiosity value. The French literature recognizes the disorder in males, but as a rarity. In a recently collected group of violent male offenders the syndrome proved to be fairly common. The offending behaviour was invariably triggered by the core symptom. A description is provided of four cases whose level of aggression was low but appeared to be directly related to the firmness with which the delusion of being loved was held. The disorder of these men can be regarded as a variant of one of the major functional psychoses, but for the purposes of predicting behaviour and management there may be advantages in treating it as a syndrome in a similar taxonomic category as that of morbid jealousy.
The Doppelgänger, disintegration and death: a case report
Authors: Maack Lara H. , Mullen Paul E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe phenomenon of a Doppelgänger (the double autoscopy; heautoscopy) and its resolution in a psychotic patient is presented. A comparison is made between this experience and the phenomenon as it is described and defined in the literature. The themes of death and disintegration so commonly associated with the Doppelgänger in folklore and literature are highlighted by this patient's experience.
Cognitive functions in tardive dyskinesia
Authors: Wolf Marion E. , Ryan Joseph J. , Mosnaim Aron D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisCognitive functions of psychiatric patients with and without tardive dyskinesia were evaluated using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Memory Scale and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. Schizophrenic patients with and without tardive dyskinesia did not differ in their performance on the administered psychological tests. However, affective disorder patients with tardive dyskinesia showed significantly more impairment on the Wechsler Memory Scale and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test than affective disorder patients without tardive dyskinesia. These findings suggest that affective disorder patients who develop tardive dyskinesia may have some predisposing brain damage or that tardive dyskinesia in these patients represents both a motor and a dementing disorder.
The epidemiology of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Kendell R. E. , Hall D. J. , Hailey Anthea , Babigian H. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAll patients with anorexia nervosa were extracted from three psychiatric case registers— North-East Scotland, Camberwell, and Monroe County. The average incidence varied from 0·37 per 100,000 population per year in Monroe County to 1·6 per 100,000 in North-East Scotland, in all three areas the number of cases reported per year was increasing, and in Camberwell, but not in Monroe County or North-East Scotland, there was a significant excess of patients from middle-class backgrounds.
Morphine dependent behaviour in rats: some clinical implications
Authors: Kumar R. , Stolerman I. P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAn animal model of morphine dependence is described, in which rats learned to overcome their aversion to solutions of morphine and eventually drank such solutions in preference to water on choice trials. Selected aspects of the acquisition, maintenance, and elimination of this type of morphine dependent behaviour were studied and the findings are discussed in terms of their relevance to man.
The treatment of depression in general practice: a comparison of L-tryptophan, amitriptyline, and a combination of L-tryptophan and amitriptyline with placebo
Authors: Thomson Joan , Rankin H. , Ashcroft G. W. , Yates Celia M. , McQueen Judith K. , Cummings S. W. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOne hundred and fifteen patients from 5 general practices participated in a 12-week, double-blind study comparing L-tryptophan, amitriptyline, L-tryptophan–amitriptyline combination and placebo in the treatment of depression. Analysis of total score on the Hamilton Depression Scale and a global rating of depression showed that all 3 active treatments were more effective than placebo. Significantly more patients were withdrawn as treatment failures in the placebo group compared with the active treatment groups. Side-effects necessitated withdrawal of more patients from the amitriptyline group than from the other active tratment groups, but this difference was not significant. Plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline levels were similar in the difference was not significant. Plasma amitriptyline and nortriptyline and biochemical profiles did not alter significantly in any group, but mean heart rate was significantly increased in patients receiving amitriptyline. There was no change in free or total plasma tryptophan concentration with treatment or on remission of symptoms.
Correlates of enduring distress patterns following bereavement: social network, life situation and personality
Authors: Vachon M. L. S. , Sheldon A. R. , Lancee W. J. , Lyall W. A. L. , Rogers J. , Freeman S. J. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a 2-year study of conjugal bereavement, 26 of 99 women remained highly distressed throughout the course of the study. Of the remaining 73 women, 30 never gave evidence of ‘high distress’. Deficits in social support, health and financial problems correlate with enduring ‘high distress’. Personality traits consonant with a socially acceptable and expected ‘widow role’ were found to differentiate the women with enduring ‘low distress’.
Self-reports of emotional distress in a sample of urban black high school students
Authors: Freeman Ellen W. , Rickels Karl , Mudd Emily B. H. , Huggins George R. , Garcia Celso-Ramon 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisEmotional distress as assessed by the self-report Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) was examined in a sample of 607 urban black high school students aged 15–18. These adolescents reported high distress primarily about feelings of disadvantage, volatile anger, interpersonal sensitivity and loneliness. Females were significantly more likely than males to indicate emotional distress, although several of the leading distress items were endorsed equally by both groups. Male and female scores across the HSCL factors differed in degree rather than form. The great majority of these adolescents didnotreport significant emotional distress. These data provide a base from a non-clinical sample for comparison with other adolescent groups where emotional distress may play a role.
Psychopathology and seizure type in children with epilepsy
Authors: Whitman Steven , Hermann Bruce P. , Black Rita B. , Chhabria Shaku 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisPrevious investigations have reported an increased rate of behavioural disorder in children with epilepsy. The role, if any, played by temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) in predisposing to psychopathology is unclear. In order to evaluate the relationship between seizure type and psychopathology, 35 children with TLE were compared with 48 children with primary generalized epilepsies (GE) on standardized measures of social competence, aggression and overall behavioural disorder via analyses of covariance. Additionally, Pearson correlations were computed in order to evaluate the relationships between psychopathology and several seizure and subject variables. It was found that the presence of TLE per se bore no relationship to aggression, social competence or overall behavioural disorder. Some specific subject- and seizure-related variables were found to be associated with increased aggression and behavioural dysfunction in children with TLE and the interpretation of these findings are related to the larger epilepsy/psychopathology literature. Finally, an alternative approach for studying the precursors of behavioural disorder in epilepsy is suggested.
Validity of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, Version II: DSM-III diagnoses
Authors: Robins Lee N. , Helzer John E. , Ratcliff Kathryn S. , Seyfried Warren 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA new diagnostic instrument, The Diagnostic Interview Schedule, was evaluated for use by lay interviewers by comparing its DSM-III diagnoses when given by lay interviewers with results obtained through an independent interview by a psychiatrist using the same schedule, his clinical judgement after the interview, his clinical judgement after both the interview and a free question period, and with diagnoses on the medical chart.