bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative growth and size at sexual maturity inHalicarcinus cookii(Brachyura: Hymenosomatidae): why are some crabs precocious moulters?
Authors: McLay Colin L. , Van den Brink Anneke M. 
Published: April 2009

The small intertidal New Zealand crab,Halicarcinus cookiiundergoes a terminal pubertal moult, but this moult takes place over a wide range of pre-moult sizes. Relative growth of the abdomen width in immature females is positively allometric, but negatively allometric in mature females. Male abdomen growth is negatively allometric. Growth of the cheliped propodus in males is positively allometric, but in females it is negatively allometric or isometric. Overlap in the size-range of mature and pre-pubertal immature femaleH. cookiiis 72% and in other hymenosomatids it can be as high as 87%. This overlap is probably the result of crabs having a variable number of pre-pubertal instars, but seasonal change in water temperature, with crabs moulting to a smaller final size during colder months and to a larger size during the warmer months is also possible. The net reproductive rate (Ro) of early and delayed moulters is compared and forH. cookiiRo e/ Ro d = 1.0 so the size overlap is stable. Most hymenosomatids have determinate growth, butHymenosoma orbiculareandElamenopsis lineatacontinue to moult after maturity and have retained the ancestral link between moulting and mating.
Genetic diversity ofChelonibia caretta, commensal barnacles of the endangered hawksbill sea turtleEretmochelys imbricatafrom the Caribbean (Puerto Rico)
Authors: Torres-Pratts Hernán , Schärer Michelle T. , Schizas Nikolaos V. 
Published: April 2009

The patterns of mitochondrial genetic diversity were studied inChelonibia caretta, commensal barnacles of the endangered hawksbill sea turtleEretmochelys imbricatafrom Mona Island of Puerto Rico. Two mitochondrial genes were sequenced: the large subunit of ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) and the cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). Haplotypic diversity (h) for 16S (N = 34) and COI (N = 26) varied from 0.763 to 0.468, respectively. The nucleotide diversity (π) of 16S/COI (0.00284/0.0013) ofC. carettawas low compared to all other published sequences from population studies of barnacles attached to fixed substrate. However, the estimated levels of π fromC. carettawere comparable to those reported fromC. testudinaria, an epibiont barnacle on loggerhead turtles. Analysis of molecular variance and parsimony network analysis of the sampled turtle epibionts from Mona Island indicated that they are genetically homogeneous, irrespective of the host or its gender. Albeit that the sampling size is small, our results are consistent with the general prediction that higher rates of dispersal reduce population divergence and estimates of nucleotide diversity. Conservation concerns are raised about the status ofChelonibia carettawhose host (the hawksbill sea turtle) has been included in the Endangered Species List.
Habitat use byDasyatis americanain a south-western Atlantic oceanic island
Authors: Aguiar Aline A. , Valentin Jean L. , Rosa Ricardo S. 
Published: April 2009

The present work aims to determine and analyse the distribution of individuals of different size-classes of the southern stingray,Dasyatis americana, in distinct habitats at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago. The stingrays were visually sampled, quantified and described according to a standard protocol through intensive search method during direct observations. The relationships among individuals of various disc length (DL) classes and their habitat features were described by the correspondence analysis. A total of 356 individuals were sampled. Individuals between 15 and 35 cm DL were observed mostly at the beaches while the greater DLs were strongly related to reef environments. This distribution reflects a tendency of the younger stingrays to occupy the shallow beach areas, while larger individuals move to deeper waters with reef characteristics during the ontogeny.
Occurrence and distribution of cetaceans in São Tomé and Príncipe tropical archipelago and their relation to environmental variables
Authors: Picanço C. , Carvalho I. , Brito C. 
Published: April 2009

São Tomé and Príncipe is an archipelago located in the Gulf of Guinea. This archipelago seems to be an important area for cetaceans, probably due to large concentrations of prey, as well as the existence of several small bays and shallow water that constitute preferred rest areas. In comparison to other areas of the world, little is known about cetacean communities in this archipelago. Boat-based surveys to record sightings of cetaceans were conducted between 2002 and 2005, which represents the first approach to study the occurrence of whales and dolphins in this tropical region. Sightings of humpback whales(Megaptera novaeangliae), bottlenose dolphins(Tursiops truncatus), pantropical spotted dolphins(Stenella attenuata), killer whales(Orcinus orca), sperm whales(Physeter macrocephalus)and pilot whales(Globicephala melas)were recorded. Cetaceans were found throughout a range of sea surface temperature between 24 and 29°C and a wide range of depths. Significant differences were found regarding the occurrence of some species. Humpback whales showed a preference for shallower waters between 20 and 100 m. Bottlenose dolphins occurred most commonly along the continental shelf (20 to 100 m) and pantropical spotted dolphins occurred in deep slope waters (>1000 m).
Patterns of co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance use in Swedish females
Authors: Root T. L. , Pisetsky E. M. , Thornton L. , Lichtenstein P. , Pedersen N. L. , Bulik C. M. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundLittle is known about the association of eating disorder subtypes across multiple categories of substance use in population-based samples. We examined the association between eating disorders and substance use in a large population-based sample.MethodFemale participants (n=13 297) were from the Swedish Twin Registry [Lichtensteinet al.,Twin Research and Human Genetics(2006)9, 875–882]. Substance use was examined in four defined groups – (1) anorexia nervosa (AN); (2) bulimia nervosa (BN); (3) AN and BN (ANBN); and (4) binge eating disorder (BED) as well as a referent group without eating disorder (no ED). Secondary analyses examined differences between restricting AN (RAN) and binge and/or purge AN (ANBP).ResultsIn general, eating disorders were associated with greater substance use relative to the referent. The AN group had significantly increased odds for all illicit drugs. Significant differences emerged across the RAN and ANBP groups for alcohol abuse/dependence, diet pills, stimulants, and polysubstance use with greater use in the ANBP group. Across eating disorder groups, (1) the BN and ANBN groups were more likely to report alcohol abuse/dependence relative to the AN group, (2) the ANBN group was more likely to report diet pill use relative to the AN, BN and BED groups, and (3) the BN group was more likely to report diet pill use relative to the no ED, AN and BED groups.ConclusionsEating disorders are associated with a range of substance use behaviors. Improved understanding of how they mutually influence risk could enhance understanding of etiology and prevention.
Maladaptive mood repair responses distinguish young adults with early-onset depressive disorders and predict future depression outcomes
Authors: Kovacs M. , Rottenberg J. , George C. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundClinical depression involves persistent dysphoria, implicating impaired affect regulation or mood repair failure. However, there is comparatively little information about the mood repair repertoires of individuals with histories of clinical depression, how their repertories differ from that of never-depressed people, and whether particular types of mood repair responses differentially contribute to depression risk.MethodAdult probands who had childhood-onset depressive disorder (n=215) and controls with no history of major mental disorder (n=122) reported which specific (cognitive, behavioral, interpersonal and somatic-sensory) responses they typically deploy when experiencing sad affect, including responses known to appropriately attenuate dysphoria (‘adaptive’ responses) and those known to exacerbate dysphoria in the short or long run (‘maladaptive’ responses). Subjects were longitudinally followed and evaluated.ResultsRemitted probands and probands in depressive episodes both reported a greater number of maladaptive responses and fewer adaptive responses to their own sadness than did controls, although probands did not have an absolute deficiency of adaptive responses. Maladaptive (but not adaptive) mood repair responses predicted future increases in depression symptoms and an increased probability of a recurrent depressive episode among probands (even after controlling for several clinical predictors of course).Post-hocanalyses revealed that maladaptive non-cognitive and maladaptive cognitive mood repair response sets each predicted depression outcomes.ConclusionsIndividuals with past and present episodes of depressive disorder report an array of cognitive and non-cognitive responses to their own sadness that are likely to exacerbate that affect, and this pattern predicts a worse course of the disorder.
Diagnostic alterations for post-traumatic stress disorder: examining data from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication and National Survey of Adolescents
Authors: Elhai Jon D. , Ford Julian D. , Ruggiero Kenneth J. , Christopher Frueh B. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundTwo alternative models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) appear to represent the disorder's latent structure better than the traditional Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) three-factor PTSD model. The present study examines the impact of using these structural models for the diagnosis of lifetime PTSD while retaining the DSM-IV PTSD's six-symptom diagnostic requirement.MethodData were gathered from large-scale, epidemiological datasets collected with adults (National Comorbidity Survey Replication) and adolescents (National Survey of Adolescents). Two alternative, empirically supported four-factor models of PTSD were compared with the DSM-IV three-factor PTSD diagnostic model.ResultsResults indicated that the diagnostic alterations resulted in substantially improved structural validity, downward adjustments of PTSD's lifetime prevalence (roughly 1 percentage point decreases in adults, 1–2.5 percentage point decreases in adolescents), and equivalent psychiatric co-morbidity and sociodemographic associations.ConclusionsImplications for modifying PTSD diagnostic criteria in future editions of DSM are discussed.
Attitudes that determine willingness to seek psychiatric help for depression: a representative population survey applying the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Schomerus G. , Matschinger H. , Angermeyer M. C. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundMany people suffering from mental disorders do not seek appropriate help. We have examined attitudes that further or hinder help-seeking for depression with an established socio-psychological model, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), comparing models for respondents with and without depressive symptoms.MethodA qualitative preparatory study (n=29) elicited salient behavioural (BB), normative (NB) and control beliefs (CB) that were later included in the TPB questionnaire. Telephone interviews with a representative population sample in Germany (n=2303) started with a labelled vignette describing symptoms of a major depression, followed by items covering the components of the TPB. Intention to see a psychiatrist for the problem described was elicited at the beginning and at the end of the interview. We screened participants for current depressive symptoms using the mood subscale of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).ResultsIn non-depressed respondents (n=2167), a TPB path model predicted 42% of the variance for the first and 51% for the second question on intention. In an analogous model for depressed respondents (n=136), these values increased to 50% and 61% respectively. Path coefficients in both models were similar. In both depressed and non-depressed persons, attitude towards the behaviour was more important than the subjective norm, whereas perceived behavioural control was of minor influence.ConclusionsWillingness to seek psychiatric help for depression can largely be explained by a set of attitudes and beliefs as conceptualized by the TPB. Our findings suggest that changing attitudes in the general population are likely to effect help-seeking when people experience depressive symptoms.
Labour, land, and capital markets in early modern Southeast Asia from the fifteenth to the nineteenth century
Authors: BOOMGAARD PETER 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTFactor markets of sorts did exist in the more highly developed areas of early modern Southeast Asia, and they became more efficient in the course of time (although not in a linear process). However, in other more remote areas land was hardly ever sold, labour could not be hired and money was rare. Neither was the institutional framework conducive to economic growth, mainly because the rule of law did not apply where the ruler was concerned. This state of affairs goes a long way to explain why levels of economic growth were lower in Southeast Asia than they were in Western Europe at the same time.
Outbreak of measles and rubella in refugee transit camps
Authors: KOUADIO I. K. , KOFFI A. K. , ATTOH-TOURE H. , KAMIGAKI T. , OSHITANI H. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYIn 2004, concurrent measles and rubella outbreaks occurred in four camps hosting 2767 Liberian refugees in Côte d'Ivoire. Sixty rash and fever cases were identified. From 19 January to 23 February 2004 (weeks 8–13), measles IgM testing showed that 61·1% were positive. The highest incidence rate (18·5%) of measles was observed in children aged <9 months. Ninety-three percent of children aged between 6 months and 15 years received a measles vaccine during week 13, but the rash and fever cases continued to occur. This prompted a systematic test for both measles and rubella IgM antibodies. Rubella IgM testing revealed 74·0% positive cases between 14 February and 25 April (weeks 11–21). The highest incidence rate (3·88%) of rubella was found in children aged between 5 and 15 years. Supplemental immunization with a measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine was conducted during week 20. This study illustrates the importance of testing for both measles and rubella in outbreaks of rash and fever in refugee settings.
Prevalence ofBartonellainfection in cats and dogs in a metropolitan area, Thailand
Authors: INOUE K. , MARUYAMA S. , KABEYA H. , KAWANAMI K. , YANAI K. , JITCHUM S. , JITTAPARAPONG S. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThe prevalence ofBartonellainfection was studied in 312 cats and 350 dogs in the Bangkok metropolitan areas, Thailand, between June 2001 and February 2003.Bartonellawas isolated from 47 (16·3%) of 288 stray cats, but from none of the 24 pet cats studied. Of the 47Bartonella-positive cats, 45 animals were infected with onlyB. henselae, one was infected with onlyB. clarridgeiae, and one with bothB. henselaeandB. clarridgeiae. 16S rRNA typing showed that 40 cats were infected withB. henselaetype I, four withB. henselaetype II, and one with bothB. henselaetypes I and II. These results indicated thatB. henselae, especially type I, was prevalent in stray cats that constituted a largeBartonellareservoir in Bangkok.B. clarridgeiaewas isolated for the first time in Asia from one of 350 dogs.
Comparison of the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, potentially zoonotic bacteria and bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: YOUNG I. , RAJIĆ A. , WILHELM B. J. , WADDELL L. , PARKER S. , McEWEN S. A. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYThe prevalences of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic bacteria or bacteria resistant to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production were compared using systematic review and meta-analysis methodology. Thirty-eight articles were included in the review. The prevalence of Campylobacter was higher in organic broiler chickens at slaughter, but no difference in prevalence was observed in retail chicken. Campylobacter isolates from conventional retail chicken were more likely to be ciprofloxacin-resistant (odds ratio 9·62, 95% confidence interval 5·67–16·35). Bacteria isolated from conventional animal production exhibited a higher prevalence of resistance to antimicrobials; however, the recovery of some resistant strains was also identified in organic animal production, where there is an apparent reduced antimicrobial selection pressure. Limited or inconsistent research was identified in studies examining the prevalence of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic bacteria in other food-animal species. There is a need for further research of sufficient quality in this area.
Food intake and prevalence of obesity in Brazil: an ecological analysis
Authors: Lobato Jackeline Christiane Pinto , Costa Antonio José Leal , Sichieri Rosely 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the correlation between the consumption of refined carbohydrates and fats and the prevalence of obesity in the state capitals of Brazil.DesignAn ecological evaluation of obesity and dietary risk factors was carried out in twenty-six state capitals of Brazil.SettingAnalysis was based on the age-standardized prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30·0 kg/m2) among adults aged 20–59 years. Both intake and obesity prevalence were obtained from the last National Family Household Budget Survey (HBS). The survey was conducted from July 2002 to June 2003, based on a probabilistic national sample of 48 470 households. In each household, during seven consecutive days, all monetary and non-monetary expenses for food and beverages for family consumption were transformed into energy. The relative contribution of foods and food groups was expressed as the proportion (%) of total energy. Fruits and vegetables were also measured by the quantity bought in grams.ResultsPrevalence of obesity varied from 5·1 % to 13·6 % among women and from 5·2 % to 17·6 % among men. For women, there were statistically significant correlations between obesity and intake of sugar and soft drinks (rS = 0·60; P = 0·001), ready-to-eat meals (rS = 0·39; P = 0·05) and potatoes (rS = 0·40; P = 0·04). For men there were no such associations.ConclusionsIncreasing intake of refined carbohydrates, mainly soft drinks, may play a role in the prevalence of obesity among women in Brazil. Effecting changes in family purchase patterns may be a strategy to reduce obesity.
Scytonemin: molecular structural studies of a key extremophilic biomarker for astrobiology
Authors: Varnali Tereza , Edwards Howell G.M. , Hargreaves Michael D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAb initio calculations for scytonemin, an important ultraviolet (UV)-radiation protective biomolecule synthesized by extremophilic cyanobacteria in stressed terrestrial environments, are reported for the first time. Vibrational spectroscopic assignments for the previously studied Raman spectra assist in the identification of the major features in the observed data. Calculations of the electronic absorption spectra confirm the capability of this molecule to absorb in all three regions of the UV, UVA, UVB and UVC, and also illustrate the need for a dimeric species in this respect. The presence of significant steric hindrance between the two halves of the dimeric molecule about the C—C bridging bond in scytonemin forces the molecule significantly out of planarity, contrary to assumptions made in the literature; however, it appears that the monomer is capable of absorbing to only a limited extent in the UVB and UVC regions only, so conferring a special emphasis upon the need for the dimerization to remove the lower-energy UV radiation whilst still affording protection for the chlorophyll with transmission of the visible radiation required for photosynthesis. The observation of vibrational band wavenumber coincidences for the first time between the infrared and Raman spectra confirm the non-planar structural prediction from the calculations. The results of this study provide information about the protective chemical strategies of terrestrial extremophilic cyanobacteria and provide a basis for the search for molecules of this type in the astrobiological exploration of Mars.
SemanticSBML: a tool for annotating, checking, and merging of biochemical models in SBML format
Authors: Liebermeister Wolfram , Krause Falko , Uhlendorf Jannis , Lubitz Timo , Klipp Edda 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSemantic annotations in SBML (systems biology markup language) enable computer programs to check and process biochemical models based on their biochemical meaning. Annotations are an important prerequisite for model merging, which would be a major step towards the construction of large-scale cell models. The software tool semanticSBML allows users to check and edit MIRIAM annotations and SBO terms, the most common forms of annotation in SBML models. It uses a large collection of biochemical names and database identifiers to support modellers in finding the right annotations. Annotated SBML models can also be built from lists of chemical reactions. In model merging, semanticSBML suggests a preliminary merged model based on MIRIAM annotations in the original models. This model provides a starting point for manually aligning the elements of all input models. To resolve conflicting element properties, conflicts are highlighted and categorised. The user can navigate through the models, change the matching of model elements, check the conflicts between them and decide how they should be resolved. Alternatively, the software can resolve all conflicts automatically, selecting each time the attribute value from the input model with highest priority.URL: "http://www.semanticsbml.org/":http://www.semanticsbml.org/