bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Upper Coal-formation of Eastern Nova Scotia and Prince-Edward Island in its Relation to the Permian
Authors: Dawson J. W. 
Published: October 2009

This formation was first distinguished as a separate member of the Carboniferous system in Eastern Nova Scotia by the writer, in a paper published in the first volume of the ‘Journal of the Geological Society,’ in 1845—and was defined to be an upper or overlying series superimposed on the productive Coal-measures, and distinguished by the absence of thick coal-seams, by the prevalence of red and grey sandstones and red shales, and by a peculiar group of vegetable fossils.
Subsequently, in my paper on the South Joggins and in my ‘Acadian Geology,’ this formation was identified with the upper series of the Joggins section, Divisions 1 & 2 of Sir William Logan's sectional list, and with the Upper Barren Measures of the English Coal-fields and the third or upper zone of Geinitz in the Coal-formation of Saxony.
Still more recently, in a ‘Report on the Geology of Prince Edward Island,’ 1871, I have referred to the upper part of the same formation the lower series of sandstones in Prince-Edward Island, not previously separated from the overlying Trias.
On the Last Stage of the Glacial Period in North Britain
Authors: Jamieson T. F. 
Published: October 2009

Conclusion
This last phase of the Glacial period was therefore no time of mere local glaciers lingering among some of the higher mountains, but the return of a great ice-sheet which spread over nearly the whole of Scotland and Ireland and also the greater part of England. But the ice seems not to have been so thick and extensive as it was in the early glaciation—nor so enduring; for it has failed to destroy all the beds of clay and sand containing arctic shells which the sea left behind it, whereas in Scotland we find that the ice of the former period cleaned off every thing down to the hard rock. I would suppose that all the mountain-ranges of Scotland and Wales were coated with thick ice, which reached the coast in most places, likewise the hilly ground of the north of England, including the Pennine ridge along its whole length as far at least as Derby. In the lower districts of England further south, there would probably be extensive snow-beds, more or less converted into ice at the bottom. During the summer thaws these would send out great streams of muddy water, occasioning those superficial deposits of brick-earth, warp, and loess which are so widely spread to the southward. Beds of gravel would be lodged where the force of the current was stronger, and when the thaw was unusually rapid. That there must have been heavy beds of consolidated snow even in the extreme south of England, I infer from the fact that I find traces of such in my own neighbourhood, in the low eastern part of Aberdeenshire, on the flanks of hills only a few hundred feet in height. In the low ground in front of these places there is generally a land-locked hollow or shallow basin occupied by peat.
Remarks on Fossils from Oberburg, Styria
Authors: Waters A. W. 
Published: October 2009

The Eocene occurs in Styria only in a small district in the south, in the neighbourhood of Oberburg. These beds are followed by extensive deposits of later Tertiaries, which attain their fullest development in the central part of the country. It was these latter beds (the “Neogen” of the Austrians) which were studied by Sedgwick and Murchison, and described in their classical paper on the Eastern Alps, the occurrence of the Eocene being then unknown to them.
But since the researches of these two geologists, who have done so much for Alpine geology, the occurrence of a Nummulitic deposit containing a rich store of well-preserved Anthozoa has been made known to geologists and palæontologists through the publication of a monograph by the late Professor von Reuss, “Die fossilen Foraminiferen, Anthozoen, und Bryozoen,” Denkschriften der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, 1864.
From this monograph it is not a difficult task to determine the corals which I collected this summer during a short stay in Oberburg.
Since the publication of the above, the geological relationships of the district have been fully discussed by Stur in his “Geologie der Steiermark.”
On the Gault of Folkestone
Authors: Price F. G. H. 
Published: October 2009

In this paper I have not made any attempt to correlate the Gault of Folkestone with beds of similar age in other parts of England or of the Continent, but simply to describe the Gault as seen at Folkestone, and to give a list of its fossils.
Not having had time to examine the Gault in other parts of England, I am not in a position at present to state whether these divisions will hold good over extended areas.
Upon some future occasion I hope to place before this Society a more general paper upon the Gault, correlating the various beds.
The Geological Magazine for April, 1868 (vol. v. No. 4), contains a most valuable paper entitled the “Albian or Gault of Folkestone,” by Mr. Charles E. De Rance, of the Geological Survey. In this paper Mr. De Rance divides the Gault into eleven zones, all of which are well marked and have been recognized more or less by all geologists and fossil-collectors who have visited the district.
Provisional names have been assigned to these beds, indicative either of their colour, position, or fossil contents.
Note on the Carboniferous Conglomerates of the Eastern Part of the Basin of the Eden
Authors: Goodchild J. G. 
Published: October 2009

Professor Phillips has pointed out, in his ‘Geology of Yorkshire,’ that the Mountain-Limestone between the northern border of the Lake-district and the river Eden includes a group of red sandstones, alternating with limestones in the lower part of the series.
They were referred to by him as the “Alternating Limestone and Red Sandstone Series,” and were considered to be the passage-beds between the true basement series, or Upper Old Red, and the principal mass of the Mountain-Limestone which forms the comparatively high ground between the basins of the rivers Lune and Eden.
This middle group is fairly exhibited about three miles to the south of Kirkby Stephen, at Ash Fell, where the different members of the whole series may be examined in the quarries and natural sections laid bare in the immediate neighbourhood (fig. 1).
Geological Observations made on a Visit to the Chaderkul, Thian-Shan Range
Authors: Stoliczka F. 
Published: October 2009

After a stay of nearly a month in our embassy quarters at Yangihissar, near Kashgar, the diplomacy of our Envoy secured us the Amir's permission for a trip to the Chaderkul, a lake situated close on the Russian frontier, about 112 miles N. by W. of Kashgar, among the southern branches of the Thian-Shan range.
Under the leadership of Colonel Gordon, we, Captain Trotter and myself, left Yangihissar about noon on the last day of 1873, receiving the greeting of the new year in one of the villages of the Artush valley, some 25 miles northwest from our last quarters.
On the 1st of January, 1874, we marched up the Toyan river for about 20 miles to a small encampment of the Kirghiz, called Chung-terek, and following the Toyan, and passing the forts Murza-terek and Chakmák, we camped on the fifth day at Turugat-bela, about 11 miles south of the Turug pass, beyond which, five miles further on, lies the Chaderkul.
On the 6th day we visited the lake, and on the day following retraced our steps, and by the same route we came towards Kashgar, which we reached on the 11th of January.
On the Granitic, Granitoid, and Associated Metamorphic Rocks of the Lake-district. Parts III.–V
Authors: Ward J. Clifton 
Published: October 2009

Introduction

The Skiddaw Granite occurs over several detached areas of small extent in the mountain tract on the north side of Skiddaw and Blencathra, much of which is known as Skiddaw Forest, the birth-place of the river Caldew. The alteration in the surrounding Skiddaw Slate extends in every direction for two or three miles from the central mass, and is necessarily somewhat varied in character by the changeable nature of the slate, which not unfrequently contains beds of a sandy or even gritty texture. This last fact must be carefully borne in mind when we consider the metamorphism which has been effected.
As in the last part of this memoir, the subject shall be dealt with under the three heads of:—I. Examination in the field. II. Microscopical Examination. III. Chemical Examination.
In an Appendix short notices are given of similar researches on these and kindred rocks.

I.
Examination in the Field
.

1.
Unaltered Slate
—The general character of the unaltered clay-slate is that of a bluish grey cleaved rock, seldom forming slates of any value, but generally weathering into small flakes and chips or into pencil-like fragments. The sandy or gritty beds are usually uncleaved—but are very inconstant in character, and over the area in question do not form beds of any thickness.

2.
First Stage of Alteration
:
Chiastolite Slate
—On approaching the Skiddaw-granite area from the south, as on walking up the valley between Skiddaw and Blencathra, the first trace of alteration met with is the appearance of small faint
On the Discovery of a Fossil Scorpion in the British Coal-measures
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: October 2009

The paucity of the remains of any class of terrestrial air-breathing animals preserved in a fossil state, has given to such organisms a special interest in the eyes of geologists, not only as marking the probable position of old land-surfaces, but also as giving us some slight indication of the climatal and zoological conditions of this, to us, otherwise
terra incognita
.

But this interest is greatly enhanced when such remains occur in strata of palæozoic age, in which evidences of land-dwelling animals are extremely rare. Indeed, but for our palæozoic coal-strata, we should have little left, save evidences of marine life, older than the Trias.
I have now the pleasure of announcing the discovery, in two distinct localities in England, of the remains of a fossil Scorpion in strata of Coal-measure age, and possibly in a third locality in Scotland.

So long ago as 1835, Count Sternberg published the discovery of a remarkable fossil Scorpion in the Coal formation at the village of Chomle, near Radnitz, Bohemia, afterwards named and described by Corda as
Cyclophthalmus senior
(Corda in ‘Böhmischen Verhandlungen,’ 1836, and ‘Wiegmann's Archiv,’ 1836, ii. p. 360).

This is the first authentic record of an Arachnide in the Coal-measures. It has been figured in the ‘Transactions of the Royal Bohemian Museum;’ and these figures were reproduced by the late Dr. Buckland in his ‘Geology and Mineralogy’ (1836, plate 46′ and 4′′. fig. 13).
“This fossil Scorpion,” writes Buckland, “ differs from existing species less in general structure than in
Notes on the Physical Geology of East Anglia during the Glacial Period
Authors: Penning W. H. 
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction
.

I
n
submitting to the consideration of the Society the following observations, I would remark that they are intended to form, not a full description, but a sketch of the physical geology of East Anglia during the glacial period. The evidence upon which they are founded is derived from deposits that either have been, or will be, mapped by the officers of the Geological Survey. Full descriptions will appear in their published maps and memoirs; therefore the subject will here be treated generally, and all details omitted.

The object I have more especially in view, is to offer an explanation of the origin of a somewhat puzzling series of gravels and sands, classed by Mr. S. V. Wood, Jun., as “Middle Glacial” to give a reason for their occurrence in certain areas and non-occurrence in others, and to account, on mechanical grounds alone, for the almost total absence therefrom of any (except derived) fossil remains. I wish also to remark briefly on the probable means of formation of the so-called “Denudation gravels.”
The subject is divided, for reasons that will appear, into two parts; the first relates to the district south and east, and the second to that north and west, of the great Chalk escarpment.
By the term “East Anglia” is meant a tract of country, north of the Thames, which may be considered to be bounded on the west by a line passing from London through Hertford, Royston, and St. Ives to the estuary of the “Wash,” and
On certain Alluvial Deposits associated with the Plymouth Limestone
Authors: Worth R. N. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the ingenious paper on the Drift of Devon and Cornwall, read by Mr. Belt before this Society in November last, that gentleman speaks of the lowland gravels of Devon and Cornwall as showing “signs of sudden and tumultuous deposition.” Whether he is right or wrong in this assumption can best be settled by a reference to detail in various localities; and it is with the view of aiding in this work that I would direct attention to certain alluvial deposits associated with the Plymouth limestone, which seem, so far as that locality is concerned, to negative Mr. Belt's hypothesis.

The limestone of Plymouth, and that of Yealmpton (which commences about two miles distant from the eastward termination of the first), abound in fissures and caverns. Some of the latter have become celebrated by their ossiferous contents. Some of the former contain the alluvial deposits to which I refer, and which, denuded off elsewhere, are therein preserved.
The best examples of these deposits have occurred in connexion with Plymouth Hoe, where the so-called drift-gravel fills sundry fissures, and has been found to entomb remains corresponding very closely to the fauna of the Oreston caverns, which are less than a mile distant, on the other side of the Cattewater.
The chief deposit occurs about midway on the Hoe, and fills a huge “pocket” in the limestone. Beneath the turf there is a bed of clayey soil containing pebbles, which range from a very small size up to boulders a dozen pounds.
On the Triassic Strata which are exposed in the Cliff-sections near Sidmouth, and a Note on the occurrence of an Ossiferous Zone containing Bones of a
Labyrinthodon
Authors: Johnston-Lavis H. J. 
Published: October 2009

I
n
describing the locality and geological position of the vertebrate fossils which were obtained from the Triassic rocks near Sidmouth, perhaps it would be as well to commence with a description of the coast-sections for a short distance east and west of that town.

Starting from the east, we find that the Marl (which is the upper-most subdivision of the Trias of South Devon) makes its appearance at Branscomb Mouth, exposed beneath the Greensand and Chalk in the cliff-sections, and in the ramifying valley cut through by the small stream which runs out to sea at this point. It now forms the lower portion of the cliff under Littlecomb Hill and Branscomb Hill, being overlain by the Greensand and Chalk until it is exposed inland at Weston Mouth by the action of the little stream called Weston Water, which runs out here.
It again forms the base of the cliff under Dunscomb Hill, being still overlain by the Greensand and a small patch of Chalk; again it is exposed and partly excavated by the little brook at Salcomb Mouth; thence it forms the base of the cliff under Salcomb Hill, being now capped by the Greensand alone; it is then largely exposed on the surface in the valley of the river Sid.
A few yards east of where the Sid runs into the sea, the Upper Sandstone (of Mr. Ussher) crops out, forming a cliff overhanging the Sid, and constituting the bed of the stream for half a mile from
Note on the Phosphates of the Laurentian and Cambrian Rocks of Canada
Authors: Dawson J. W. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
extent and distribution of the deposits of apatite contained in the Laurentian of Canada and in the succeeding Palæozoic formations, have not escaped the notice of our Geological Survey, and have been referred to in some detail in Reports of Mr. Vennor, Mr. Richardson, and others, as well as in the General Report prepared by Sir W. E. Logan in 1863. Some attention has also been given, more especially by Dr. Sterry Hunt, to the question of the probable origin of these deposits. My own attention has been directed to the subject by its close connexion with the discussions concerning
Eozoon
; and I have therefore embraced such opportunities as offered to visit the localities in which phosphates occur, and to examine their relations and structure. I would now present some facts and conclusions respecting these minerals, more especially in their relation to the life of the Laurentian period, but which may also be of interest to British geologists in connexion with the facts recently published in the ‘Journal’ of this Society in relation to the similar deposits found in the Cambrian and Silurian of Wales.

In the Lower Silurian and Cambrian rocks of Canada phosphatic deposits occur in many localities, though apparently not of sufficient extent to compete successfully for commercial purposes with the rich Laurentian beds and veins of crystalline apatite.
In the Chazy formation, at Alumette Island, and also at Grenville, Hawkesbury, and Lochiel, dark-colourcd phosphatic nodules abound. They hold fragments of Lingulæ, which also occur in
Appendix to “Note on a Modified Form of Dinosaurian Ilium, hitherto reputed Scapula”
Authors: Hulke J. W. 
Published: October 2009

A
recent
discovery of
Iguanodon
-remains in the Isle of Wight by the Rev. W. Fox has solved the riddle of the bone which, in the above note, I brought under the Society's notice towards the close of last Session, and it has also completed our knowledge of the pelvic elements of Mantell's
Iguanodon
. It will be remembered that Mantell and, later, Owen had regarded the bone as a scapula, first of
Iguanodon
, and afterwards of some unknown reptile, that this decision seemed to be untenable, and that the balance of all the evidence I could up to that time collect respecting it favoured its being an ilium.

This fresh material, which Mr. Fox has courteously permitted me to examine, consists of a series of vertebræ, of fragments of large flat bones which cannot be any thing else than pieces of the ilia, of a pair of ischia, the former clavicles, and a pair of the bones in question.
The vertebræ comprise the sacrum and a few of the adjoining lumbar and caudal vertebraæ. Their form, and also that of the isehia, agree so closely with those of the types of Mantell's Iguanodon in the British Museum as to leave no doubt of their generic identity. The third pair of bones in the pelvic girdle, which are neither ilia nor ischia, must be pubes (fig. 1, P). Their shape closely repeats that of the smaller of the two specimens illustrating my note (pl. xxxii. fig. 1, vol. xxx.). Inverting the bone
On the Triassic Rocks of Somerset and Devon
Authors: Ussher W. A. E. 
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction
.

T
he
Triassic areas of Devon and Somerset may be divided into three lithological districts:—the first, on the north and north-east of the Polden Hills; the second, on the north-east, east, and south-east of the Quantocks; the third, comprising the rest of the Triassic area, lies between Watchet and the south coast of Devon, being bounded on the west by the Devonian and Culmiferous highlands, and on the east by the Quantock and Blackdown ranges.

The first of these districts is too well known to call for more than a general description in this place. In the Geological-Survey Memoir on the Bristol Coalfield it has been already treated of, the labours of Conybeare and Phillips, De la Beche, and the late Mr. Wm. Sanders, with those of Messrs. Moore and Etheridge having left little to be desired as far as the description of the Triassic strata is concerned. With reference to the last-mentioned districts, of which we purpose to give a more detailed though far from exhaustive description, it is different, the relations of the Trias not having been before established, except so far as might be inferred from a study of the splendid section along the coast between Seaton and Torquay.
Sir Henry De la Beche, in his report upon the geology of Devon and Cornwall, gives a very general description of the Trias, without attempting a classification of its component marls, sands, and conglomerates, which the greater time occupied in the resurvey of the district has enabled me
The Glacial Climate and the Polar Ice-cap
Authors: Murphy Joseph John 
Published: October 2009

I
n
a paper “On the Nature and Cause of the Glacial Climate,” in the Journal of the Society for 1869 (p. 350), I gave my reasons for thinking that the glacial climate was not one of intense cold, but of snowy winters and cold summers, with a small range of temperature —in four words,
not Siberian but Fuegian
. I agree with Mr. Croll that a glacial epoch is one of maximum eccentricity of the earth's orbit, and that the northern and southern hemispheres, during such an epoch, are glaciated alternately. Where I differ from him is, that while he thinks the glaciated hemisphere has its
winter
in aphelion, I maintain, on the contrary, that the glaciated hemisphere is that which has its
summer
in aphelion. Mr. Croll, in his work on ‘Climate and Time,’ has replied to me; and I propose in this paper to supplement my former one and give a fuller exposition of my views, showing also where I think he has fallen into error.

I quote the following from ' Climate and Time' (p. 54) :—
“According to the calculations of Leverrier, the superior limit of the earth's eccentricity is 0"07075. Lagrange's determination makes the superior limit 0"07641. Recently the laborious task of reinvestigating the whole subjcct has been undertaken by Mr. Stockwell, of the United States. Be has taken into account the disturbing influence of the planet Neptune, the existence of which was not known when Leverrier's computations were made; and he finds that the eccentricity
On an associated Series of Cervical and Dorsal Vertebræ of
Polyptychodon
, from the Cambridge Upper Greensand, in the Woodwardian Museum of the University of Cambridge
Authors: Seeley Harry Govier 
Published: October 2009

T
he
rarity of vertebræ of
Polyptychodon
in the Cambridge Greensand is out of all proportion to the relative abundance of teeth. In the Woodwardian Museum alone more than a hundred teeth are arranged in illustration of the dentition of the genus, about half of which (probably the remains of one animal) were found at a Phosphatite washing on the Huntingdon Road. Many hundreds of teeth have probably been collected, all in a state of black mineralization; and these can only be referred to several individuals. The vertebræ collected do not appear to be the remains of more than two individuals; and these probably represent two species. They consist of the bones so admirably described by Professor Owen in the publications of the Palæontographical Society for 1860, which were found near Haslingfield, and the associated series of remains from the Huntingdon Road, belonging to a somewhat smaller animal, catalogued at p. 45 of my ‘Index to Aves, Ornithosauria, and Reptilia,’ which latter are the subject of the present notice. All the vertebræ are in a condition of somewhat pale mineralization. I mention this fact, because it is within my own knowledge that different parts of the same specimen are sometimes differently mineralized, and the condition has no importance as indicating a native or derivative origin of the fossils.

The Atlas and Axis.
Professor Owen's figure represents the atlas and axis as being more excellently preserved than they are, and as showing a clear separation between the atlas and axis, which is