bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WEALTH, INTELLIGENCE, POLITICS AND GLOBAL FERTILITY DIFFERENTIALS
Authors: MEISENBERG GERHARD 
Published: March 2009

SummaryDemographic trends in today's world are dominated by large fertility differentials between nations, with ‘less developed’ nations having higher fertility than the more advanced nations. The present study investigates whether these fertility differences are related primarily to indicators of economic development, the intellectual level of the population, or political modernity in the form of liberal democracy. Results obtained with multiple regression, path models and latent variable models are compared. Both log-transformed GDP and measures of intelligence independently reduce fertility across all methods, whereas the effects of liberal democracy are weak and inconsistent. At present rates of fertility and mortality and in the absence of changes within countries, the average IQ of the young world population would decline by 1.34 points per decade and the averageper capitaincome would decline by 0.79% per year.
Characterization and genetic analysis of bovine αs1‐casein I variant
Authors: Lühken G. , Caroli A. , Ibeagha‐Awemu E. M. , Erhardt G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to identify the molecular genetic origin underlying the I variant of αs1‐casein and to develop a DNA‐based test for this polymorphism as a tool for genetic analyses independent of milk sample testing. All coding exons and flanking regions of the αs1‐casein gene were sequenced in DNA samples from cattle of known αs1‐casein genotypes (BI, CI, II, CC), determined by isoelectric focusing of milk samples. A nucleotide substitution (A>T) in exon 11 (g.19836A>T) leads to the exchange of Glu with Asp at amino acid position 84 of the mature protein (p.Glu84Asp) and perfectly co‐segregated with the presence of the αs1‐casein I variant in the milk of the analysed animals. Genotyping of a total of 680 DNA samples from 31 Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle breeds and from Bos grunniens, Bison bison and Bison bonasus by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed the occurrence of Asp at position 84 at low frequencies in Bos taurus and Bos indicus breeds and established its origin from the αs1‐casein C variant (p.Glu192Gly). Ten different intragenic haplotypes in the gene region from intron 8 to intron 12 were observed by sequencing, of which two occurred in Bison bison and one in Bison bonasus only. Using available casein gene complex information, an association of Asp at position 84 to β‐casein A2 and κ‐casein B was shown in the Bos indicus breed Banyo Gudali. Taken together, we can postulate that the αs1‐casein variant I is caused by a non‐synonymous nucleotide substitution in exon 11 of the gene and that it originated within Bos indicus and spread to Bos taurus subsequently.
Towards an integration of ecological stoichiometry and the metabolic theory of ecology to better understand nutrient cycling
Authors: Allen Andrew P. , Gillooly James F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEcologists have long recognized that species are sustained by the flux, storage and turnover of two biological currencies: energy, which fuels biological metabolism and materials (i.e. chemical elements), which are used to construct biomass. Ecological theories often describe the dynamics of populations, communities and ecosystems in terms of either energy (e.g. population‐dynamics theory) or materials (e.g. resource‐competition theory). These two classes of theory have been formulated using different assumptions, and yield distinct, but often complementary predictions for the same or similar phenomena. For example, the energy‐based equation of von Bertalanffy and the nutrient‐based equation of Droop both describe growth. Yet, there is relatively little theoretical understanding of how these two distinct classes of theory, and the currencies they use, are interrelated. Here, we begin to address this issue by integrating models and concepts from two rapidly developing theories, the metabolic theory of ecology and ecological stoichiometry theory. We show how combining these theories, using recently published theory and data along with new theoretical formulations, leads to novel predictions on the flux, storage and turnover of energy and materials that apply to animals, plants and unicells. The theory and results presented here highlight the potential for developing a more general ecological theory that explicitly relates the energetics and stoichiometry of individuals, communities and ecosystems to subcellular structures and processes. We conclude by discussing the basic and applied implications of such a theory, and the prospects and challenges for further development.
Enhanced osteoconductivity of micro‐structured titanium implants (XiVE S CELLplus™) by addition of surface calcium chemistry: a histomorphometric study in the rabbit femur
Authors: Park Jin‐Woo , Kim Hye‐Kyoung , Kim Youn‐Jeong , An Chang‐Hyeon , Hanawa Takao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectives: This study evaluated the osseointegration in rabbit cancellous bone of titanium (Ti) implants with a micro‐topographically complex surface structure produced by grit‐blasting/acid‐etching with or without the addition of surface calcium ion (Ca) chemistry.Material and methods: Micro‐structured Ti implants (XiVE S CELLplus™ screw implant, Dentsply Friadent GmbH) were hydrothermally treated in an alkaline Ca‐containing solution to produce a nano‐structured Ca‐incorporated oxide surface layer. The surface characteristics were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and stylus profilometry before and after Ca surface treatment. Twenty implants (10 control and 10 experimental) were placed in the femoral condyles of 10 New Zealand White rabbits. Histomorphometric analysis was performed 6 weeks after implantation.Results: Ca‐incorporated and untreated control implants showed similar surface morphologies and surface roughness values at the micron scale. Untreated micro‐structured Ti implants achieved a high degree of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), and Ca incorporation further increased BIC% (P<0.05). Active new bone apposition was found on surfaces of Ca‐incorporated implants in areas of loose trabeculae.Conclusion: The nano‐structured Ca‐incorporated oxide surface significantly enhanced osteoconductivity of micro‐structured Ti implants in rabbit cancellous bone. Results indicate that this surface produced by simple hydrothermal treatment may be effective in improving the osseointegration of implants with micro‐topographically complex surface structures in areas of loose cancellous bone.
Bead‐based microarray analysis of microRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma: miR‐338 is downregulated
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Hui , Wang Qian , Chen Jing‐Song , Fu Xin‐Hui , Chen Xi‐Lin , Chen Lian‐Zhou , Li Wen , Bi Jiong , Zhang Long‐Juan , Fu Qian , Zeng Wen‐Tao , Cao Liang‐Qi , Tan Hao‐Xiang , Su Qiao 
Published: March 2009

Aim:  Recent studies have underlined causative links between microRNA (miRNA) deregulation and cancer development. However, the relevance of abnormally expressed miRNA to tumor biology has not been well understood in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:  A bead‐based miRNA expression profiling method was performed on 20 pairs of surgically removed HCC and adjacent non‐tumorous tissue (NT). Special miR‐338 downregulations and miR‐338 associated with clinical characteristics was validated in an extended samples set of 36 paired HCC and adjacent non‐tumorous liver tissues by real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis.Results:  Out of our bead‐based microarray data, 12 upregulated and 19 downregulated miRNA were found to be associated with HCC. Further characterization of miRNA‐338, in which 20 pairs of the samples were clustered clearly into two groups according to expression of miR‐338, revealed that the level of miR‐338 expression can be associated with clinical aggressiveness, such as, tumor size, tumor–node–metastasis stage, vascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis. These results were validated by real‐time RT‐PCR analysis.Conclusion:  Our study suggests that miRNA expression could have relevance to the clinical behavior of HCC and that the bead‐based miRNA expression profiling method might be a suitable system to assay miRNA expression in large‐scale diagnostic trails.
Outdoor air pollution is associated with disease severity in α1-antitrypsin deficiency
Authors: Wood A. M. , Harrison R. M. , Semple S. , Ayres J. G. , Stockley R. A. 
Published: March 2009

The aim of this study was to determine whether long-term air pollution exposure is associated with clinical phenotype in α1-antitrypsin deficiency.In total, 304 PiZZ subjects underwent full lung function testing and quantitative high-resolution computed tomography to identify the presence and severity of the disease. Mean annual air pollutant data for 2006 was matched to the location of patients' houses and used in regression models to identify phenotypic associations with pollution, controlling for covariates. Relative trends in pollution levels were assessed to validate use of a single year's data to indicate long-term exposure.Pollutant levels correlated significantly with one another, with higher levels of primary particles, SO2and NO2being associated with lower ozone levels. Regression models showed that estimated higher exposure to ozone was associated with worse gas transfer and more severe emphysema. Regression parameters suggested that significance from other pollutants was due to collinearity with ozone. The 2006 pollutant levels showed linear relationships with cumulative years, thus validating the model.Higher exposures to ozone may be associated with worse respiratory status in α1-antitrypsin deficiency, identifying a group susceptible to ambient air pollution.
Quantitative computed tomography: emphysema and airway wall thickness by sex, age and smoking
Authors: Grydeland T. B. , Dirksen A. , Coxson H. O. , Pillai S. G. , Sharma S. , Eide G. E. , Gulsvik A. , Bakke P. S. 
Published: March 2009

We investigated how quantitative high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) measures of emphysema and airway wall thickness (AWT) vary with sex, age and smoking history.We included 463 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cases and 431 controls. All included subjects were current or ex-smokers aged ≥40 yrs, and all underwent spirometry and HRCT examination. The HRCT images were quantitatively assessed, providing indices on lung density and airway dimensions.The median (25–75th percentile) %LAA950 (% low-attenuation area < -950 HU) was 8.9 (3–19) and 4.7 (1–16) in male and female COPD cases, respectively, and 0.71 (0.3–1.6) and 0.32 (0.1–0.8) in male and female controls, respectively. %LAA950 was higher in ex-smokers and increased with increasing age and with increasing number of pack-years. The mean±sdstandardised AWT was 0.504±0.030 and 0.474±0.031 in male and female COPD cases, respectively, and 0.488±0.028 and 0.463±0.025 in male and female controls, respectively. AWT decreased with increasing age in cases, and increased with the degree of current smoking in all subjects.We found significant differences in quantitative HRCT measures of emphysema and AWT between varying sex, age and smoking groups of both control and COPD subjects.
Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase is a key modulator of physiological neurogenesis and anxiety-related behavior in mice
Authors: Kanai Masaaki , Funakoshi Hiroshi , Takahashi Hisaaki , Hayakawa Tomoko , Mizuno Shinya , Matsumoto Kunio , Nakamura Toshikazu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough nutrients, including amino acids and their metabolites such as serotonin (5-HT), are strong modulators of anxiety-related behavior, the metabolic pathway(s) responsible for this physiological modulation is not fully understood. Regarding tryptophan (Trp), the initial rate-limiting enzymes for the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism are tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). Here, we generated mice deficient fortdo(Tdo-/-). Compared with wild-type littermates,Tdo-/-mice showed increased plasma levels of Trp and its metabolites 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and kynurenine, as well as increased levels of Trp, 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the hippocampus and midbrain. These mice also showed anxiolytic modulation in the elevated plus maze and open field tests, and increased adult neurogenesis, as evidenced by double staining of BrdU and neural progenitor/neuronal markers. These findings demonstrate a direct molecular link between Trp metabolism and neurogenesis and anxiety-related behavior under physiological conditions.
Imagery rescripting for psychological disorder following cancer: A case study
Authors: Whitaker Katriina L. , Brewin Chris R. , Watson Maggie 
Published: March 2009

ObjectivesIntrusive memories have been identified in cancer patients and associated with psychological distress and maladaptive adjustment. Imagery rescripting is a psychological therapy that has proved successful for reducing the impact and distress associated with intrusive memories in various populations (e.g. depression). This paper describes the first application of this technique for a cancer patient reporting intrusive memories.DesignA single‐case design was used to assess the stand‐alone therapy.ResultsImagery rescripting was associated with significant reductions in the adverse impact of intrusive memories and psychological distress and these effects remained at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up.ConclusionsImagery rescripting shows promise for utility in medical patients experiencing intrusive memories.
Membrane Bioreactor Treatment of a Simulated Metalworking Fluid Wastewater Containing Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Dicyclohexylamine
Authors: Anderson James E. , Lofton Tiffany V. , Kim Byung R. , Mueller Sherry A. 
Published: March 2009

Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) have been installed at automotive plants to treat metalworking fluid (MWF) wastewaters, which are known to contain toxic and/or recalcitrant organic compounds. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate treatment of a simulated wastewater prepared from a semisynthetic MWF, which contains two such compounds, dicyclohexylamine (DCHA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Primary findings were as follows:

During stable operating periods, almost all chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and EDTA were removed (by >96%). During somewhat unstable periods, COD removal was still extremely robust, but removal of EDTA and TKN were sensitive to prolonged episodes of low dissolved oxygen.
Nitrogen mass balance suggested 30 to 40% TKN removal by assimilation and 60 to 70% by nitrification (including up to 34% TKN removal via subsequent denitrification).
Dicyclohexylamine appeared to be readily biodegraded. Maximum DCHA and EDTA degradation rates between pH 7 and 8 were found.
An Arthrobacter sp. capable of growth on DCHA as the sole source of carbon and energy was isolated.
Hemosiderin laden macrophages and hemosiderin within follicular cells distinguish benign follicular lesions from follicular neoplasms
Authors: Jaffar Reema , Mohanty Sambit K. , Khan Ashraf , Fischer Andrew H. 
Published: March 2009

Background:
Published criteria to distinguish benign colloid nodules from follicular neoplasms emphasize only three interdependent features: size of follicles, amount of colloid, and cellularity. There is a need for the validation of other independent criteria.

Methods:
This study quantified the significance of cystic change, defined as presence of macrophages, and the presence of hemosiderin in either the macrophages or follicular cells. The cohort consisted of 165 patients with fine needle aspiration (FNA) and histologic follow-up of either goiter (101), follicular adenoma (47), or follicular carcinoma (17). Papillary thyroid carcinomas and Hürthle cell neoplasms were excluded from the cohort, because these categories are known to show cystic change and hemosiderin. FNAs were reviewed blindly with the most cellular slide scored for the presence of macrophages and/or hemosiderin.

Results:
Hemosiderin within macrophages were seen in 67% (68 of 101) of the goiters and only 6% (four of 64) of follicular neoplasms (P<.0001). All four follicular neoplasms with hemosiderin in macrophages were adenomas. Three of these four had equivocal features of a benign colloid nodule histologically. None of the 17 follicular carcinomas had hemosiderin in macrophages (P<.12). Macrophages without hemosiderin also strongly distinguished goiters from neoplasms (83% vs 17%) but appears less useful as a criterion since macrophages were present within 3 of 17 follicular carcinomas. Hemosiderin within follicular epithelial cells was present in 18% (18 of 101) of goiters, whereas none of the 64 follicular neoplasms had intraepithelial hemosiderin (P<.0003).

Conclusions:
If papillary thyroid carcinoma and Hürthle cell neoplasm are ruled out, our findings indicate that the presence of hemosiderin virtually excludes a clinically significant follicular neoplasm.
CO oxidation on Pt supported catalysts. Kinetics and multiple steady states
Authors: Herskowitz M. , Kenney C. N. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide was measured in a recyle reactor automatically controlled by a computer. Two Pt/SiO2catalysts of different dispersion were employed. Isothermal experiments (in which the carbon monoxide inlet concentration was varied) and temperature‐programmed experiments (in which the temperature was varied) yielded multiple steady states and complete hystereses.The rate data were controlled well by three LHHW kinetic models. However only two of them predicted well the transitions from low to high conversion.
The mechanics of spout‐fluid beds at the minimum spout‐fluid flowrate
Authors: Hadžisdmajlović Dž. E. , Grbavčić Ž. B. , Vuković D. V. , Littman H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEquations for predicting the minimum fluid flowrate in spout‐fluid beds of coarse spherical particles are developed and experimentally verified. Correlations for the spout diameter and maximum spoutable height are also given. The annular pressure drop equations developed in previous work are experimentally verified.
Experimental study of the thermal granulation process in a spouted bed
Authors: Dolidovich A. F. , Efremtsev V. S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractExperimental study is made of the granulation of fine dispersed materials in spouted beds. According to the first method, the granulation is carried out by blowing the gas‐dust flow through the bed of coarse particles, whose surface is melted by a high‐temperature fluidizing gas. According to the second method, the granulation occurs in the spouted bed of fine particles, a part of which has a melting temperature lower than the fluidizing gas. The effect of spouted bed parameters on granulation kinetics is studied. Correlations are obtained for calculation of a mean final diameter of granulated particles. A granule size distribution is shown to be close to the normal one.
Gravity settling in liquid/liquid dispersions
Authors: Kumar Arun , Hartland Stanley 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn empirical expression for the prediction of dispersed phase hold‐up and slip velocity in droplet dispersions settling under gravity is presented. Analysis of 998 published experimental results for 29 liquid/liquid systems from 14 different data sources shows that the slip velocity of the drop swarm is given in terms of drop diameter and physical properties of the system by:

Good agreement between experimental and predicted values of slip velocity is obtained over a wide range of hold‐up (0.01 to 0.76) and Reynolds number (0.16 to 3169).
A study of the separation efficiency in horizontal thermal diffusion columns with external refluxes
Authors: Tsai Shaw‐Wei , Yeh Ho‐Ming 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe separation theory of horizontal thermal diffusion columns with external refluxes, which was developed by Halle and Jury, has been derived by use of an orthogonal expansion technique. Considerable improvement is obtained when the refluxes and feed position are carefully chosen. The present formulation can be extended to other conjugated Graetz problems in continuous‐contact countercurrent separation processes with refluxes at both ends.
Generalized correlations for the aqueous liquefaction of lignocellulosics
Authors: Heitz M. , Carrasco F. , Rubio M. , Chauvette G. , Chornet E. , Jaulin L. , Overend R. P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper shows that liquefaction (i.e. solubilization) of lignocellulosics in aqueous phase and in the absence of catalysts results in two general correlations. The extents of solubilization of both holocellulose and lignin are linearly related to overall conversion within the temperature range 150–270°C and up to conversions of 83%.
Catalytic wood liquefaction using a hydrogen donor solvent
Authors: Araya Paulo E. , Droguett Sergio E. , Neuburg Heinz J. , Badilla‐Ohlbaum Ricardo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDirect wood liquefaction of pine sawdust (Pinus radiata) in a hydrogen donor solvent (tetralin), was studied in a 0.5 L autoclave using Co‐Mo/γ‐Al2O3 and Pt/γ‐Al2O3 supported catalysts. Uncatalyzed as well as Raney Nickel catalyzed runs were also performed for comparison purposes. Reaction temperature was kept at 673 K and total system pressure at 10 MPa in all cases. Weight ratio of solvent to solid loaded was 2:1, the gas phase being either H2 or N2. Independent runs were also performed with cellulose and lignin which are the main wood constituents. Reaction products were characterized by means of gas chromatography and solvent fractionation using specific solvents.
Heavy oil processing in steam and hydrogen plasmas
Authors: Kubanek G. , Munz R. J. , Gauvin W. H. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHeavy oil in the form of finely divided spray was reacted with steam and hydrogen plasmas respectively. The heavy oil was preheated to 473 K at a pressure of 2 MPa and fed through pressure atomizers at flow rates between 0.002 and 0.08 m3/h into a dc plasma jet contained in a reactor 20 cm in diameter and 1.5 m long. The hydrogen and steam plasmas had maximum initial temperatures of 6000 K and 3450 K respectively and specific net energy inputs between 0.4 and 12.6 kWh/kg oil were used. With a hydrogen plasma, the heavy oil reacted to form acetylene, ethylene, methane, soot, and pitches, while with a steam plasma, carbon monoxide and dioxide were formed as well. Light liquid hydrocarbons were not in evidence. Increases in the hydrogen (or steam)‐to‐oil ratio and specific energy consumption increased the oil‐to‐gas conversions.
Optimal process parameters for fixed bed adsorption
Authors: Chow D. K. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFor maximum dynamic adsorptive capacity per unit cost, this study shows optimal breakthrough level, flow velocity, bed length, and adsorbent size for a typical case of aqueous adsorbates through a granular carbon bed, regardless of adsorption mechanism and isotherm. While computed optimal adsorbent sizes are smaller than common ones, other optimal parameter values fall within their respective normal ranges.
Toxic effects of inhibitors in biological wastewater treatment processes
Authors: Tyagi R. D. , Couillard D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractToxic effects of inhibitors on microbial growth in the activated sludge process were demonstrated by a kinetic model. The effects of pH and biomass concentration on the degree of inhibition were described. The applicability of the kinetic model to describe the inhibitory effects with respect to various growth measuring parameters like respiration rate, ATP analysis, first and zero order reaction rates were illustrated. The inhibitory effects of heavy metals on the nitrification and denitrification processes were established. Experimental data from other investigations were used to prove the applicability of the model.