bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nature of attentional dysfunctions in adolescents hospitalized for a first episode of psychosis
Authors: Boutin Julie , Gingras Nathalie , Rouleau Nancie 
Published: March 2009

IntroductionDysfunctions of attentional processes have been previously described as a significant characteristic associated with psychotic disorders, but the nature of these deficits are insufficiently understood in adolescents experiencing a first episode of psychosis. This study aimed to exhaustively assess attentional processes in psychotic adolescents and their relationships with clinical symptoms and diagnoses.MethodsA total of 24 adolescents hospitalized for a first episode of psychosis and their individually matched controls were assessed using theory‐driven attentional tasks.ResultsNo significant differences were found on sustained and selective attention tasks. Patients performed more poorly than controls in a dual‐task paradigm, suggesting a divided attention impairment. Significant deficits were also obtained on tasks requiring inhibition and flexibility capacities. No differences were found between schizophrenic and affective subgroups of patients. The intensity of the symptoms of psychosis did not seem to be associated with attentional performances.ConclusionThese findings suggest that adolescents with a first episode of psychosis show specific rather than global attentional impairments. Sustained and selective attention seems to be preserved, whereas divided attention and attentional control are impaired when compared to controls. The attentional profile seems to be unrelated to either the clinical symptomatology or the diagnosis underlying psychosis. A partial independence between cognition and clinical symptomatology could be hypothesized from these data but remains to be directly assessed in future studies.
Quenching Homogeneity and Intensity Improvement in Batch Mode High Pressure Gas Quenching
Authors: Schmidt Ralf-R. , Fritsching Udo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractModern high pressure gas quenching processes are favorable for certain cases compared to conventional liquid media quenching, because of their advantages like, e.g., pure convective heat transfer and a lower impact of the process on the environment. But, typical gas quenching facilities may exhibit inhomogeneous flow conditions through the quench load and the parts, resulting in a scattering of the quenching result. The upstream gas flow profile of the load has been identified as one key factor that determines the local flow conditions and the heat transfer distribution from the specimen. This incoming gas velocity distribution results from the interaction between upstream placed entities, as global flow guidance, baffles, and heat exchangers. The global intensity of the quenching process is determined on one side by the pressure drop that results from the flow resistance of the quench load inside the chamber and the total volumetric flow rate in the system. On the other side, a significant part of the gas flow goes in the gap between the load and the chamber walls and does not contribute to the quenching process of the load. The first part of the investigation addresses the modeling and simulation of the flow structure inside a commercial high pressure gas quenching chamber. A multi-scale simulation model on different detailed levels is performed leading to fast convergence of the simulation. For validation of the simulation, the second part describes an experimental analysis of the gas flow inside a model quenching chamber. Here, gas velocity measurements and flow visualizations are performed. Finally, a quenching run with cylindrical parts in a double-chamber vacuum furnace is described in order to confirm the model results. Different upstream velocity profiles to the load are adjusted to demonstrate their influence on the quenching result.
Long-Term Properties of Airfoam-Treated Lightweight Soil Made from Dredged Clay
Authors: Watabe Yoichi , Tanaka Masanori , Saegusa Hiroyuki , Shinsha Hiroshi , Tsuchida Takashi 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Airfoam-treated soil is lightweight and provides for the early age development of shear strength and effective utilization of dredged soils. This paper summarizes a 10-year follow-up study of the lightweight soils that were placed as backfill at the seawall in Kobe Port Island and Tokyo International Airport. These two sites are the early case examples of construction undertaken in 1996 including the recovery project after the Kobe earthquake disaster and the offshore expansion project of the Tokyo International Airport. Sampling and laboratory testing were carried out in order to investigate the physical and mechanical properties to compare the initial material condition. The depth profiles of the soil parameters such as bulk density, water content, pH, Ca content, shear strength, and needle penetration resistance were examined. Consequently, it was confirmed that the physical and mechanical properties of the airfoam-treated lightweight soil satisfied their required performances, indicating that the lightweight soil has sufficient durability for use as geomaterial for construction in coastal areas.
Full-Scale Tests of Pre-Cast Multi-Story Flat Construction
Authors: Francis AJ , Brown WP , Aroni S 
Published: March 2009

Full-scalc tests were carried out as part of an investigation into the possibility of extending a precast, two-story flat construction to three and more stories. The load-bearing walls, lightly bolted together, had no positive connection to the floor slabs, and the main object of the tests was to observe the behavior of the structure under lateral loading.
The three-story unit tested, with additional dead load to simulate a further 11/2 stories, was subjected to a horizontal uniformly distributed load, applied at the top of the third story walls. This was designed to represent a wind load of 75 mph on a five-story flat; the maximum horizontal load applied being equivalent to a 90 mph wind.
Appropriate measurements werc taken to record the lateral deflection of the building and the movement of the walls relative to the floor slabs. These measurements, together with the observed cracks, indicated a distortion of the unit, with tilting and sliding of the walls.
As a result of the information obtained from the tests, positive connection between walls and floor slabs, for multi-story construction, was recommended. The need for further research is briefly discussed.
A Photoelectric Sedimentation Method for Particle Size Determination in the Subsieve Range
Authors: Harner HR , Musgrave JR 
Published: March 2009

The method consists essentially of measuring the light absorbed by a suspension of the particles in a liquid medium; increments of light absorption are measured as the particles settle in the medium. A photoelectric cell is used to measure the light absorption.
The apparatus is simple and comprises a stable light system, a cell (for containing the suspension), a photoelectric cell, and a microammeter.
Calculations are based on Stokes' law, with modifications to compensate for variations with very fine particles. Comparison with other methods shows good agreement.
While not absolute, the method is reasonably accurate and reproducible; it has the distinct advantage of speed and simplicity and gives a complete size distribution. The elapsed time required for a determination is approximately 1hr.
A wide variety of materials has been successfully analyzed by this method.
Investigation of Banded Sediments Along St. Lawrence North Shore in Quebec
Authors: Pryer RWJ , Woods KB 
Published: March 2009

The lower portion of the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway, constructed between 1950 and 1954, is located on side-hill, cut-and-fill sectionsin water-deposited, banded sediments which now occupy terrace-like positions along the Moisie River.
These sediments have a natural water content above the liquid limit and are therefore sensitive to remolding. They are generally stiff and fissured but soft strata and sand partings are not uncommon. Stratification is not always horizontal and slope stability is often impaired by the presence of perched water tables in overlying deposits of sand and gravel.
Failures have occurred in cut and embankment slopes both during and after construction and prompted the large-scale program of exploration and testing which was initiated in 1955 and continued in 1956.
This paper presents a summary of the exploration programs which involved a total of 11,000 ft of boring and sampling at 126 locations. The results of the program of sampling and testing have been of importance in establishing priorities for the completion of corrective measures to improve the stability of cut slopes in the most vulnerable locations and in suggesting future programs of exploration and research.
Modern Liquid Fuels
Authors: Lyman AL 
Published: March 2009

As major suppliers of energy for our national economy, the petroleum industry has a continuing challenge to anticipate the types and volumes of liquid fuels that will be required in the future. The ability to meet the demand as it arises is dependent upon the state of technology of manufacture and use of the fuels that can be obtained from crude petroleum.
Examples are presented to illustrate recent problems regarding quality or availability of selected fuels. The solutions of these problems are indicative of the approach which will be used to meet future situations.
Filtration Methods for Evaluation of Aerosol Contaminants
Authors: Katz M , Sanderson HP 
Published: March 2009

Instruments employed for the continuous evaluation of air-borne particulate contaminants in the atmosphere by filtration through paper or other fibrous media are of two main classes. In one class a large measured volume of air is passed through a fibrous filter and the aerosols deposited over a definite time period, usually 24 hr, are collected in sufficient quantity for the determination of mass concentration and for subsequent chemical or spectrographic analysis. In the second class, the air sample is filtered through a paper tape over a time cycle of 1 hr or longer. The aerosols are deposited on the paper in a series of circular spots of constant area, and the degree of darkening or soiling of the surface is evaluated by light transmission or reflectance.
A review is presented of recent developments in this field, including a discussion of various theories which relate the absorbance of the deposit to the mass equivalent per unit volume of air. Attempts have been made to relate the absorbance to mass concentration, carbon content of the deposit, or to number and size distribution of the collected particles.
Sliding Plate Microviscometer for Rapid Measurement of Asphalt Viscosity in Absolute Units
Authors: Griffin RL , Miles TK , Penther CJ , Simpson WC 
Published: March 2009

A sliding plate microviscometer for determining the viscosity of asphalt in absolute units is described which utilizes the same constant temperature water baths normally found in control and materials testing laboratories. The instrument is sufficiently accurate and simple to permit bringing the measurement of viscosity in fundamental units into the control laboratory and eventually into asphalt specifications.
The sliding plate microviscometer is suitable for routine measurement of viscosity-temperature relationships and viscosity-shear rate dependence. It is compact, rugged, and simple to operate and has a working range of 100 to 100 billion poises. This range permits overlapping with a capillary viscometer in the low viscosity region and allows measurement of the viscosity of the hardest paving grade asphalt at 32 F.
Methods for expressing the viscosity-temperature relationship of asphalt are reviewed. Two equations which give straight-line relationships between asphalt viscosity and temperature are discussed. Data obtained with the microviscometer are presented to illustrate these relationships.
Detection of Protein–Protein Interactions Through Vesicle Targeting
Authors: Boysen Jacob H , Fanning Saranna , Newberg Justin , Murphy Robert F , Mitchell Aaron P 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe detection of protein–protein interactions through two-hybrid assays has revolutionized our understanding of biology. The remarkable impact of two-hybrid assay platforms derives from their speed, simplicity, and broad applicability. Yet for many organisms, the need to express test proteins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Escherichia coli presents a substantial barrier because variations in codon specificity or bias may result in aberrant protein expression. In particular, nonstandard genetic codes are characteristic of several eukaryotic pathogens, for which there are currently no genetically based systems for detection of protein–protein interactions. We have developed a protein–protein interaction assay that is carried out in native host cells by using GFP as the only foreign protein moiety, thus circumventing these problems. We show that interaction can be detected between two protein pairs in both the model yeast S. cerevisiae and the fungal pathogen Candida albicans. We use computational analysis of microscopic images to provide a quantitative and automated assessment of confidence.
Translocation and Assembly of Mitochondrially Coded Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit Cox2 by Oxa1 and Yme1 in the Absence of Cox18
Authors: Fiumera Heather L , Dunham Maitreya J , Saracco Scott A , Butler Christine A , Kelly Jessica A , Fox Thomas D 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Members of the Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 family of protein translocases are essential for assembly of energy-transducing membrane complexes. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Oxa1 and its paralog, Cox18, are required for assembly of Cox2, a mitochondrially encoded subunit of cytochrome c oxidase. Oxa1 is known to be required for cotranslational export of the Cox2 N-terminal domain across the inner mitochondrial membrane, while Cox18 is known to be required for post-translational export of the Cox2 C-tail domain. We find that overexpression of Oxa1 does not compensate for the absence of Cox18 at the level of respiratory growth. However, it does promote some translocation of the Cox2 C-tail domain across the inner membrane and causes increased accumulation of Cox2, which remains unassembled. This result suggests that Cox18 not only translocates the C-tail, but also must deliver it in a distinct state competent for cytochrome oxidase assembly. We identified respiring mutants from a cox18Δ strain overexpressing OXA1, whose respiratory growth requires overexpression of OXA1. The recessive nuclear mutations allow some assembly of Cox2 into cytochrome c oxidase. After failing to identify these mutations by methods based on transformation, we successfully located them to MGR1 and MGR3 by comparative hybridization to whole-genome tiling arrays and microarray-assisted bulk segregant analysis followed by linkage mapping. While Mgr1 and Mgr3 are known to associate with the Yme1 mitochondrial inner membrane i-AAA protease and to participate in membrane protein degradation, their absence does not appear to stabilize Cox2 under these conditions. Instead, Yme1 probably chaperones the folding and/or assembly of Oxa1-exported Cox2 in the absence of Mrg1 or Mgr3, since respiratory growth and cytochrome c oxidase assembly in a cox18 mgr3 double-mutant strain overexpressing OXA1 is YME1 dependent.
Quick and Novel Method to Check the Gas Lift Valve Performance and Calibrate it for the Best Performance at the Wellbore Location
Authors: Shahri M. A. , Shahri A. A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The original gas lift valve testing method which has been proposed by South West Research Institute, SWRI, is very slow and expensive. The current API testing method is based on the API RP 11 V2 procedure. This testing method is not sufficient for all the gas valves purposes. On the other hand, the gas valves just calibrated at the manufacturer based on the API code which may not satisfy the application at all because the calibration is in static conditions whereas the valve is working under dynamic modes.
Application of this work is to test and calibrate the gas valve based on the best performance and efficiency at the wellbore location.
This method which is based on concept of pressure decay is really unique, novel, and inexpensive. It can be carried out at the wellbore location. This method is able to determine the actual flowing area, stem travel, discharge coefficient, and load rate of valve during flowing conditions.
The significant section is that this method will correct the API standards of calibrating for different applications which is a great progress in this field of action.
Foamed Calcium Aluminate Phosphate Cement Enables Drilling and Cementation of California Geothermal Wells
Authors: Berard Brian , Hernández Rafael , Nguyen Hao 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In the Salton Sea Field of Imperial County, California, the operating company successfully applied foamed calcium aluminate phosphate (CaP) cement to achieve long-term zonal isolation in a geothermal well that presented a corrosive carbon dioxide (CO2) environment. Weak formations along the wellbore of the shallow well required tight management of drilling-mud weight and cement density to help avoid circulation loss during drilling and cementing. This paper (1) describes the case history of Del Ranch Well 14, (2) describes the cement, (3) discusses the job design, and (4) compares/contrasts the performance of conventional cements to that of CaP cement.
CO2 is a common element in downhole fluids, whether naturally occurring in ground waters or the result of CO2 injection processes. When CO2 comes into contact with the Portland cement traditionally used to cement well casings, it produces a deterioration phenomenon, called carbonation, in the cement. Over time, the loss of cement caused by carbonation can (1) cause serious damage to downhole tubulars and (2) destroy zonal isolation integrity, resulting in costly remedial services or even abandonment of a well.
CaP is specially formulated cement that is both CO2 and acid resistant. It comprises four basic components: calcium aluminate cement, sodium polyphosphate, Class F fly ash, and water. CaP has been laboratory tested and proven at temperatures as low as 140°F and as high as 700°F. Under test conditions that cause Class G and H cements and latex-containing Portland cements to lose up to 50% of their weight, CaP cement's properties are only slightly affected and might actually improve.
Some sections of the cement sheath were cemented with foamed slurry to provide added protection against formation breakdown.
Fusible-Particle System Helps to Control Severe Lost Circulation While DrillingAcross a Fractured Zone in Elk Hills Field, CA
Authors: Hutton F. , Payne T. , Jeffreys K. , Osorio J. , Therond E. , Velasco A. , Williams H. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Lost circulation, a time-consuming issue that has long plagued the oil drilling industry, presents a number of challenges to the operator such as lost rig time, stuck pipe, increased cost from lost drilling fluids, well-control situations, and bad zonal isolation due to poor cement placement. Several methods are used to treat lost circulation, depending on the severity of the losses and the type of losses. For severe losses (100 to 500 bbls/hr), few methods are routinely successful in curing losses with a treatment that is durable and lasting until the well is cemented. The methods used to treat severe losses include pills with coarse, medium, and fine particles and crosslinked polymers or gunk/cement pills. The mixed results of such methods in attempting to treat total losses in a durable way have led to the design of a fusible-particle lost-circulation material (FPLCM). This study investigates the properties and placement techniques of FPLCM through four field studies in the Elk Hills field, Bakersfield, CA.
FPLCM consists of fusing particles, along with weighting agents of optimized particle size and various additives that control leak-off rate and dispersion of the material. FPLCM can also be used with engineered fiber material (EFM). The fusing of the material depends on dehydration rate, which can be controlled depending on lithology and lost-circulation geometry (highly permeable depleted sands, impermeable shale, natural or induced fractures, etc.). FPLCM works best if placed during fracture initiation and/or propagation, when the material will dehydrate both axially and radially in the fracture, thus isolating the fracture tip and increasing the nearwellbore hoop stress.
Laboratory data have shown that FPLCM can plug a variety of different fracture geometries, while at the same time passing through smaller drillbit nozzle geometries. Further, FPLCM remains stable under simulated downhole temperatures for extended periods of time without gelling, but, at the same time, set rapidly under simulated fracture closure pressure.
Currently, four trials have been performed in the Elk Hills field, in which FPLCM immediately promoted returns of 80% to 90% after placement in wells that previously had varying degrees of returns (0% to 70%). All treatments have been applied during drilling operations either through the bottomhole assembly (BHA) or through a fluid diverterbypass tool.
Optimized Performance With New Eccentric Hole Enlargement Tool Through Improved Directional Control, Bit Cleaning, and Dysfunction Mitigation in Soft, Balling, and Swelling Formations
Authors: Allen Scott , Rhodes Carl , Anderson Mark , Payne Lee , Rickabaugh David , Shale Leslie T. , Sinkinson Jim 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The problematic drilling environment of soft, balling, and swelling formations that are common in the Elk Hills Field of California required a novel design for the eccentric bits used for the hole-enlargement procedures. This new eccentric bit design met and exceeded the drilling requirements with an improved overall drilling performance of 32% increased penetration rate on average, reduced bottomhole assembly (BHA) damage through enhanced downhole tool life, and improved drilling curve cost benefits. The design also achieved the world record for the operator for the most footage drilled in 24 hours. This was achieved through better directional control, reduced bit balling, and reduced non productive time (NPT) due to an improved BHA design that mitigates the described drilling issues.
Given the directional and drilling application, the task was to create an eccentric hole-opening tool capable of superior directional control and cleaning capability in soft formations with known positive displacement motor (PDM) limitations. This required revisiting existing eccentric hole-enlargement requirements, including bi-center and two-piece eccentric technology, and implementing improved drilling features for increased performance. A value-driven tool was designed for use with motor applications in swelling formations. This assembly would meet and exceed the drilling requirements for the field.
The authors of this paper will review and discuss the design, development, and run history of this new eccentric bit and hole-enlargement tool. Run data performance improvements, time savings, and reduced BHA damage of existing one-piece and two-piece eccentric tools will be identified and compared with the performance of offset data for bi-center bits and two-piece eccentric tools. The application benefits discussed will include improved directional control, enhanced cleaning effectiveness, and enhanced pilot bit and hole-enlargement tool blade designs compared with that of current bi-center bits for this type of drilling environment.