Methodological review to develop a list of bias items for adaptive clinical trials: Protocol and rationale
Authors: Staibano Phillip , McKechnie Tyler , Thabane Alex , Olteanu Daniel , Nanji Keean , Zhang Han , Lunny Carole , Au Michael , Gupta Michael K. , Pasternak Jesse D. , Parpia Sameer , (Ted) Young JEM , Bhandari Mohit 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundRandomized-clinical trials (RCTs) are the gold-standard for comparing health care interventions, but can be limited by early termination, feasibility issues, and prolonged time to trial reporting. In contrast, adaptive clinical trials (ACTs), which are defined by pre-planned modifications and analyses that occur after starting patient recruitment, are gaining popularity as they can streamline trial design and time to reporting. As adaptive methodologies continue to be adopted by researchers, it will be critical to develop a risk-of-bias tool that evaluates the unique methodological features of ACTs so that their quality can be improved and standardized for the future. In our proposed methodological review, we plan to develop a list of risk-of-bias items for ACTs to develop a candidate instrument.Methods and analysisWe will perform a systematic database search to capture: (1) ACTs published in any discipline of medicine and/or surgery; and (2) studies that have proposed or reviewed items pertaining to methodological risk, bias, and/or quality in ACTs. We will perform a comprehensive search of citation databases, such as Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, the Cochrane library, and Web of Science, in addition to multiple grey literature sources to capture published and unpublished literature related to ACTs and studies evaluating the methodological quality of ACTs. We will also search methodological registries for any risk of bias tools for ACTs. All screening and review stages will be performed in duplicate with a third senior author serving as arbitrator for any discrepancies. Included ACTs will be analyzed in a descriptive manner, and we will perform regression analysis to identify factors associated with poor reporting quality and high risk of bias. We will also perform a risk of bias assessment of ACTs using the Cochrane risk-of-bias 2.0 tool and we will assess reporting quality using the CONSORT-ACE tool. These assessments will be performed independently and in duplicate. This will be done to help generate risk of bias concepts, themes, and items that can be included in the candidate tool. For all studies of methodological quality and risk of bias, we will extract all pertinent bias items and/or tools. We will combine conceptually similar items in a descriptive manner and classify them as referring to bias or to other aspects of methodological quality, such as reporting. We will plan to generate pertinent risk of bias items and fields and finally, a candidate tool that will undergo further refinement, testing, and validation in future development stages.Ethics and disseminationThis review does not require ethics approval as human subjects are not involved. As mentioned previously, this study is the first step in developing a tool to evaluate the risk of bias and methodological quality of ACTs.