bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coping with hunger? Visions of a global food system, 1930–1960
Authors: Jachertz Ruth , Nützenadel Alexander 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe 1930s and 1940s saw the rise of a new model of global food politics. This model was strongly moulded by the experiences of the Great Depression and the two world wars, all of which had brought hunger and malnutrition back to Europe. Whereas until the nineteenth century famines and food shortages had commonly been interpreted as regional Malthusian crises, they were now attributed to global economic disturbances and imbalances. This article explores how the far-reaching plans of a World Food Board, advocated by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization under John Boyd Orr, were abandoned and supplanted by a new approach that focused on technical aid and the distribution of surpluses. Moreover, the problems of hunger and malnutrition were embedded in a larger discourse on world population and economic development.
Rewiring hydrogenase-dependent redox circuits in cyanobacteria
Authors: Ducat Daniel C. , Sachdeva Gairik , Silver Pamela A. 
Published: February 2011

Hydrogenases catalyze the reversible reaction 2H
+
+ 2e
-
↔H
2
with an equilibrium constant that is dependent on the reducing potential of electrons carried by their redox partner. To examine the possibility of increasing the photobiological production of hydrogen within cyanobacterial cultures, we expressed the [FeFe] hydrogenase, HydA, from
Clostridium acetobutylicum
in the non-nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium
Synechococcus elongatus
sp. 7942. We demonstrate that the heterologously expressed hydrogenase is functional in vitro and in vivo, and that the in vivo hydrogenase activity is connected to the light-dependent reactions of the electron transport chain. Under anoxic conditions, HydA activity is capable of supporting light-dependent hydrogen evolution at a rate > 500-fold greater than that supported by the endogenous [NiFe] hydrogenase. Furthermore, HydA can support limited growth solely using H
2
and light as the source of reducing equivalents under conditions where Photosystem II is inactivated. Finally, we demonstrate that the addition of exogenous ferredoxins can modulate redox flux in the hydrogenase-expressing strain, allowing for greater hydrogen yields and for dark fermentation of internal energy stores into hydrogen gas.
Early relationship struggles: A case study of alliance formation and reparation
Authors: Råbu Marit , Halvorsen Margrethe Seeger , Haavind Hanne 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim: A good alliance established during the early sessions of psychotherapy will most likely lead to a good outcome. As a result, there is much to learn from a case in which both the patient and therapist regarded the alliance as being poor for an extended period (the first 15 sessions), yet still managed to develop a solid and stable alliance and reach a successful completion of therapy. The aim is to give a close inspection of this reparation process. Methods and analysis: Ratings on the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI) were used to guide the strategic selection of a case in which a depressed woman in her thirties sought help from an experienced senior male psychotherapist. A detailed analysis of the therapeutic dialogue brought forth what the parties expected from each other and how they responded to explicit and implicit expressions about how to proceed. Post‐termination interviews revealed their subjective configurations of events in therapy and their corresponding reflections. Findings and discussion: Important steps and hallmarks of the alliance formation and reparation were identified: (i) Early in the process, incompatible expectations about what the relationship could achieve led to repetitious struggles. (ii) Their conflicting notions came forward in a more open dialogue about two specific issues (her medication and sick leave). (iii) Through the recognition of different viewpoints they were able to expand on their interactional pattern and develop playful ways to explore her decision making in everyday life. (iv) Temporary breaks seemed to consolidate her autonomy. (v) Late in the course of therapy, the therapist introduced a literary metaphor that seemed to further consolidate the alliance.
Hitting the wall: A case study of interpersonal changes in psychotherapy
Authors: Hill Clara E. , Chui Harold , Huang Teresa , Jackson John , Liu Jingqing , Spangler Patricia 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDesign: Changes in interpersonal functioning are described in a case of brief interpersonal psychotherapy. Results: Although the client reported having more interpersonal problems than normative data both before and after therapy, she improved slightly on the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. In an interview, the client reported more insight about interpersonal patterns and greater ability to state her needs. In relationship episodes at the end compared to the beginning of therapy, the client began responding more positively about her perceptions of others and expressed less debilitating inhibiting affects (typically shame and pain). The therapist also noted interpersonal changes in talking about their relationship. Discussion: Possible facilitators of change were the therapeutic relationship, therapist support, and therapist challenge. The benefits of assessing interpersonal patterns in terms of both the core conflictual relationship theme and affects are discussed.
Alliance evolutions over the course of short‐term dynamic psychotherapy: A case study
Authors: Michel Luc , Kramer Ueli , De Roten Yves 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground: Alliance evolutions, i.e. ruptures and resolutions over the course of psychotherapy, have been shown to be important descriptive features in different forms of psychotherapy, and in particular in psychodynamic psychotherapy. This case study of a client presenting elements of adjustment disorder undergoing short‐term dynamic psychotherapy is drawn from a systematic naturalistic study and aims at illustrating, on a session‐by‐session‐level, the processes of alliance ruptures and resolutions, by comparing both the client's and the therapist's perspectives. Method: Two episodes of alliance evolution were more fully studied, in relation to the evolution of transference, as well as the client's defensive functioning and core conflictual theme. These concepts were measured by means of valid, reliable observer‐rater methods, based on session transcripts: the Defense Mechanisms Rating Scales (DMRS) for defensive functioning and the Core Conflictual Relationship Theme (CCRT) for the conflicts. Alliance was measured after each session using the Helping Alliance questionnaire (HAq‐II). Results: The results indicated that these episodes of alliance rupture and resolutions may be understood as key moments of the whole therapeutic process reflecting the client's main relationship stakes. Illustrations are provided based on the client's in‐session processes and related to the alliance development over the course of the entire therapy.
Person‐centred therapy with a client experiencing social anxiety difficulties: A hermeneutic single case efficacy design
Authors: Stephen Susan , Elliott Robert , Macleod Rachel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground: Social anxiety is a chronic, debilitating psychological condition. Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design (HSCED) is a legalistic mixed‐method case study method for evaluating therapy efficacy in single cases. Aims: Using a case of Person‐Centred Therapy (PCT) with a client experiencing social anxiety difficulties, we addressed the standard HSCED research questions of pre‐post client change, causal role of therapy, and change processes. In addition, we explored adaptations to HSCED for ambiguous outcomes. Method: Based on a rich case record, affirmative and sceptic cases were constructed and adjudicated by three judges. Results: The judges held that the client changed considerably (but not substantially) and that therapy contributed considerably to client change. Change processes central to PCT were held to be active, as were client resources. Implications: The new procedures enabled judges to make sense of the ambiguous outcome data and can be further extended and developed. PCT can bring about considerable change in socially anxious clients.
Verbal expression of emotions in the stage‐wise progress of a case of long‐term psychodynamic therapy
Authors: Gumz Antje , Lucklum Johanna , Herrmann Anja , Geyer Michael , Brähler Elmar 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBackground: An important focus of current psychotherapy research is to explore how change occurs in the psychotherapeutic processes. There is a lack of studies that track the process of emotional change throughout therapy. Aim: Analysis of a single case is used to examine transformations of emotional functions during the course of psychodynamic long‐term therapy. Method: A rating instrument was used to assess three aspects of emotional expression over 120 hours of therapy. Results: The number of verbalised emotions and the variability of the emotional profile increased during the course of the therapy. These developments occured in three distinct phases. The proportion of positive emotions varied across each stage although there was no linear increase across the case as a whole. Modifications of the rating scale were made, in relation to its applicability to the analysis of therapeutic dialogue. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest that discontinuous transitions can be regarded as reflecting therapeutic progress (proximate outcomes) at an individual emotional level. The rating instrument used in this study has the potential to be widely used in case study research as a means of identifying processes of emotional transition in individual therapy.
Vacuole-Localized Berberine Bridge Enzyme-Like Proteins Are Required for a Late Step of Nicotine Biosynthesis in Tobacco1
Authors: Kajikawa Masataka , Shoji Tsubasa , Kato Akira , Hashimoto Takashi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants synthesize nicotine and related pyridine-type alkaloids, such as anatabine, in their roots and accumulate them in their aerial parts as chemical defenses against herbivores. Herbivory-induced jasmonate signaling activates structural genes for nicotine biosynthesis and transport by way of the NICOTINE (NIC) regulatory loci. The biosynthesis of tobacco alkaloids involves the condensation of an unidentified nicotinic acid-derived metabolite with the N-methylpyrrolinium cation or with itself, but the exact enzymatic reactions and enzymes involved remain unclear. Here, we report that jasmonate-inducible tobacco genes encoding flavin-containing oxidases of the berberine bridge enzyme family (BBLs) are expressed in the roots and regulated by the NIC loci. When expression of the BBL genes was suppressed in tobacco hairy roots or in tobacco plants, nicotine production was highly reduced, with a gradual accumulation of a novel nicotine metabolite, dihydromethanicotine. In the jasmonate-elicited cultured tobacco cells, suppression of BBL expression efficiently inhibited the formation of anatabine and other pyridine alkaloids. Subcellular fractionation and localization of green fluorescent protein-tagged BBLs showed that BBLs are localized in the vacuoles. These results indicate that BBLs are involved in a late oxidation step subsequent to the pyridine ring condensation reaction in the biosynthesis of tobacco alkaloids.
Hypersensitivity syndrome due to trichloroethylene exposure: A severe generalized skin reaction resembling drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome
Authors: WATANABE Hideaki 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe number of patients suffering from trichloroethylene (TCE)‐related severe skin disorders with liver dysfunction has been increasing in developing countries in Asia, especially since the mid‐1990s. In Japan, five cases of this disease have been reported, but none since the 1990s. However, two additional cases were recently observed in Tokyo. The published work and our investigation indicated that oxidative metabolites of TCE, which might include trichloroacetylated‐protein adducts, could induce a generalized skin eruption. Furthermore, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B*1301 and HLA‐B*44 were identified as markers of individual susceptibility to TCE‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (HS). Moreover, polymorphism of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), the major enzyme in TCE metabolism, appeared to be associated with TCE‐induced HS. Interestingly, this disorder is quite similar to drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS), also referred to as drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), from the perspective of the onset of the reaction after exposure to TCE/drugs, clinical manifestations, blood examination and period of virus reactivation. This article reviews the similarity between TCE‐related HS and DIHS/DRESS.
New aspects of drug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome
Authors: TOHYAMA Mikiko , HASHIMOTO Koji 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDrug‐induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is caused by a limited number of specific drugs and is characterized by late onset, infectious mononucleosis‐like symptoms, and herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) reactivation. Recently, the involvement of herpes viruses other than HHV‐6, such as Epstein–Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, has been reported. Many approaches have been used to analyze the pathological mechanism, and have revealed new aspects of DIHS. Here, we focused on three key recent findings regarding DIHS: (i) overlap between DIHS and Stevens–Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis; (ii) the relevance of Epstein–Barr virus in the development of infectious mononucleosis‐like symptoms of DIHS; and (iii) roles of monomyeloid precursors increased in the blood and plasmacytoid dendritic cells increased in the lesion skin in HHV‐6 reactivation.
Bovine PGLYRP1 polymorphisms and their association with resistance to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis
Authors: Pant S. D. , Verschoor C. P. , Schenkel F. S. , You Q. , Kelton D. F. , Karrow N. A. 
Published: February 2011

Summary Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic, granulomatous inflammatory condition of the intestines in ruminants and wild‐type species. It causes significant economic losses to the dairy and beef industries owing to reduced productivity, premature culling and mortality. Bovine peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 is an important pattern recognition molecule that is capable of directly killing microorganisms. The goal of this study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding bovine peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 and to assess their association with susceptibility to MAP infection in dairy cattle. Blood and milk samples were collected from Holsteins in Southwestern and Eastern Ontario and tested for MAP infection using blood and milk ELISAs. A resource population consisting of 197 infected (S/P > 0.25) and 242 healthy (S/P < 0.10) cattle was constructed. Sequencing of pooled DNA was used to identify three SNPs (c.102G>C, c.480G>A and c.625C>A) that were genotyped in the resource population. Statistical analysis was performed using a logistic regression model fitting the additive and dominance effects of each SNP in the model. SNP c.480G>A (P = 0.054) was found to be associated with susceptibility to MAP infection. Cows with a copy of the major allele ‘G’ at this locus had an odds ratio of 1.51 (95% CI: 0.99–2.31) for being infected with MAP.
Further resolution of porcine phylogeny in Southeast Asia by Thai mtDNA haplotypes
Authors: Charoensook R. , Brenig B. , Gatphayak K. , Knorr C. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe mtDNA control region of 72 Thai native pigs and 11 Thai wild boars indigenous to Northern Thailand was comparatively sequenced. In total, 36 nucleotide variations that accounted for 24 haplotypes have been described (TNH01 to TNH20 and TWH01 to TWH04). These haplotypes and further publicly available mtDNA haplotypes were used to assess phylogenetic relationships. Twenty‐three of the 24 haplotypes became integrated into the Asian clade of the phylogenetic tree and eight of them recapitulated another major cluster of haplotypes within this clade (Thai haplogroup, THG). Only haplotype TNH01 fit in with the European clade of the phylogenetic tree. An additional analysis using 510 bp of the mtDNA incorporated the THG haplotypes in to clade MTSEA (mountainous and Southeast Asian distribution) to form haplogroup MTSEA‐THG. Recently, MTSEA was renamed in MC3. MC3 contains only signatures of pigs scattered across the Indo‐Burma Biodiversity Hotspot (IBBH), a region including Thailand to the Kra Isthmus. Here we propose a putative independent porcine domestication event in South‐east Asia (SEA). All haplotypes of haplogroup MTSEA‐THG have revealed unique and previously unknown nucleotide signatures at positions 24 (nucleotide A) and at positions 183 (nucleotide C) that differentiate them from all other porcine mtDNA haplotypes.
Refined mapping of the Escherichia coli F4ab/F4ac receptor gene(s) on pig chromosome 13
Authors: Niu X. , Li Y. , Ding X. , Zhang Q. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryEnterotoxigenic Escherichia coli expressing F4 fimbriae is the major cause of diarrhoea in neonatal and post‐weaning piglets. Previous studies have revealed that the loci controlling the F4ab/F4ac receptors are located on SSC13q41, between markers SW207 and S0283. In this study, we refined their positions in a two generation population containing 366 piglets of three breeds (Large White, Landrace, and Songliao Black). Nine microsatellite markers within this region were selected from the MARC (U.S. Meat Animal Research Center) porcine linkage map, and the pedigree disequilibrium test was employed for fine‐mapping. The F4abR gene was located in the interval between S0283 and SW1833, a 4.8‐cM region, and the F4acR gene was located in the interval between S0283 and SW1876, a 1.6‐cM region. Our results also suggest that the F4ab/F4ac receptors might be controlled by two different but closely linked loci. The results of microsatellite‐based haplotype analysis in the corresponding region show that some specific haplotypes were overwhelmingly present in the adhesive or non‐adhesive animals, indicating that there are mutations within the identified regions that are strongly associated with the F4ab/ac phenotypes.
Proteasome inhibitors induce the presentation of an Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 1‐derived cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells
Authors: Destro Federica , Sforza Fabio , Sicurella Mariaconcetta , Marescotti Diego , Gallerani Eleonora , Baldisserotto Anna , Marastoni Mauro , Gavioli Riccardo 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is generally expressed in all EBV‐associated tumours and is therefore an interesting target for immunotherapy. However, evidence for the recognition and elimination of EBV‐transformed and Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL) cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for endogenously presented EBNA1‐derived epitopes remains elusive. We confirm here that CTLs specific for the HLA‐B35/B53‐presented EBNA1‐derived HPVGEADYFEY (HPV) epitope are detectable in the majority of HLA‐B35 individuals, and recognize EBV‐transformed B lymphocytes, thereby demonstrating that the GAr domain does not fully inhibit the class I presentation of the HPV epitope. In contrast, BL cells are not recognized by HPV‐specific CTLs, suggesting that other mechanisms contribute to providing a full protection from EBNA1‐specific CTL‐mediated lysis. One of the major differences between BL cells and lymphoplastoid cell lines (LCLs) is the proteasome; indeed, proteasomes from BL cells demonstrate far lower chymotryptic and tryptic‐like activities compared with proteasomes from LCLs. Hence, inefficient proteasomal processing is likely to be the main reason for the poor presentation of this epitope in BL cells. Interestingly, we show that treatments with proteasome inhibitors partially restore the capacity of BL cells to present the HPV epitope. This indicates that proteasomes from BL cells, although less efficient in degrading reference substrates than proteasomes from LCLs, are able to destroy the HPV epitope, which can, however, be generated and presented after partial inhibition of the proteasome. These findings suggest the use of proteasome inhibitors, alone or in combination with other drugs, as a strategy for the treatment of EBNA1‐carrying tumours.
Work ability as a major determinant of clinical nurses’ quality of life
Authors: Milosevic Milan , Golubic Rajna , Knezevic Bojana , Golubic Karlo , Bubas Marija , Mustajbegovic Jadranka 
Published: February 2011

Aims and objectives.  To examine quality of life determinants among clinical nurses in Croatia with an emphasis on their work ability.Background.  An important personnel management challenge is to explore factors that stimulate or hinder the development of individual work ability and quality of life throughout a career.Design.  A cross‐sectional study.Methods.  The study was performed during 2007–2008 in six randomly selected hospitals in Croatia. The self‐administered questionnaires included the Work Ability Index (WAI) developed by the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, the Quality of Life questionnaire (WHOQL‐BREF) developed by the World Health Organization and additional socio‐demographic questions. A total number of 1212 nurses completed the questionnaires, giving a response rate of 67.3%. Binary logistic regression was performed to assess how socio‐demographic characteristics and work ability groups predict each of the WHOQL‐BREF domains.Results.  Having a satisfactory WAI score (WAI ≥ 37) was significantly the most important predictor for all quality of life domains, with the odds ratios (OR) being as follows: OR = 6.8 (95% CI: 4.8–9.6) for the physical domain, OR = 2.3 (95% CI: 1.7–3.1) for the psychological domain, OR = 1.7 (95% CI: 1.3–2.4) for the social relationship domain and OR = 1.7 (95% CI: 1.3–2.3) for the environmental domain.Conclusions.  Satisfactory work ability was a major quality of life determinant in all WHOQL‐BREF domains with the highest odds ratio for the physical domain. Maintaining clinical nurses’ work ability is an important issue, because it is foundational for the quality of life of the workforce.Relevance to clinical practice.  Our study provides quantified estimates of the extent to which a satisfactory WAI score predicts a better score in physical, psychosocial, social relationships and environmental domain of nurses’ quality of life. Therefore, maintaining or improving nurses’ work ability remains the essential aim of hospital managers.