bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criteria for Small Scale Creep Testing Condition and Estimation of C
t
Authors: Wha Ma Young , Yoon Kee Bong 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
As new creep resistant materials are developed for the temperature range of 800–1100°C, the improved creep properties sometimes require the modification of the conventional approaches in high temperature life assessment procedures which have been applied for low alloy steels and chromium steels usually used in the temperature range of 500–650°C. In this study, finite element analyses were carried out by using the creep properties of a gas turbine material to establish the small scale creep testing requirements and to propose a corrected Ct estimation scheme. The maximum allowable creep zone size was estimated through the analogy between the small scale yielding conditions and the small scale creep conditions. The maximum time during which the small scale creep condition holds was also defined. The creep zone boundary with the definition of εc=εe was more suitable for Ct estimation than that with the definition of εc=0.002, since it was easy to find a proper correction function by applying the former definition. The newly estimated value of βr̃c=1/7=1/12 was derived for determining Ct instead of the conventional value of βr̃c=1/7.5. Excellent correlations were shown between the estimated Ct values obtained with the new βr̃c and the finite element calculated Ct values in all creep condition ranges. This result strongly supports the validity of the suggested small scale creep criterion and the new correction value βr̃c=1/12 proposed in this study.
Pediatric Physician Assistants: Distribution and Scope of Practice
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Dunham Kelly M. , Moote Marc J. , Lamarand Kara E. ,   the American Board of Pediatrics Research Advisory Committee
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:
Physician assistants (PAs) are licensed to practice with physician supervision. PAs do not specialize or subspecialize as part of their formal standard training; consequently, their license is not limited to a specific specialty. As such, PAs can, and do, change their practice settings at will. Some researchers have projected plans for the future use of the pediatric PA workforce. However, the information on which those projections have been based is limited.

OBJECTIVE:
To provide information regarding the current status of pediatric PAs and to inform future workforce deliberations, we studied their current distribution and scope of practice.

METHODS:
Data from the American Association of Physician Assistants and the US Census Bureau were used to map the per-capita national distribution of pediatric PAs. We conducted a mail survey of a random sample of 350 PAs working in general pediatrics and 300 working in pediatric subspecialties.

RESULTS:
Most states have &lt;50 pediatric PAs, and there is significant variation in their distribution across the nation. The overall survey response rate was 83.5%; 82% (n = 359) were female. More than half of the respondents (57% [n = 247]) reported that they currently are working in pediatric primary care, mostly in private-practice settings.

CONCLUSIONS:
PAs can, and do, play an important role in the care of children in the United States. However, the impact of that role is limited by the relative scarcity of PAs currently engaged in pediatric practice.
Pediatric Nurse Practitioners: Roles and Scope of Practice
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Dunham Kelly M. , Lamarand Kara E. , Loveland-Cherry Carol , Martyn Kristy K. ,   the American Board of Pediatrics Research Advisory Committee
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND:
There are ∼13 000 pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs) in the United States. PNPs have been suggested as professionals who could provide care to the growing cadre of children with chronic illnesses and expand the pool of subspecialty care providers. Little is known about current roles of PNPs in primary or subspecialty care.

OBJECTIVE:
To gain a better understanding of the roles, focus of practice, professional setting, and professional responsibilities of PNPs.

METHODS:
We conducted a mail survey of a random national sample of 1200 PNPs stratified according to states that license NPs to practice independently. χ2 statistics were used to assess responses from PNPs in states that allow independent practice versus those that do not and on PNPs in primary versus specialty care.

RESULTS:
The overall response rate was 82.4%. Ninety-six percent (n = 636) of the PNPs were female. More than half of all the respondents (59% [n = 391]) worked in primary care, and almost two-thirds (64% [n = 394]) did not provide care in inpatient settings. Only 11% of the PNPs in states that allow independent practice, practiced independently.

CONCLUSIONS:
The majority of PNPs currently work in primary care, and most do not have any inpatient roles. It does not seem that independent PNP practices are responsible for a significant portion of pediatric visits. For those who posit that PNPs will help alleviate the currently perceived shortage of pediatric subspecialists, our findings indicate that it likely will not occur without a significant change in the PNP workforce distribution.
The impact of LED illumination on antioxidant properties of sprouted seeds
Authors: Samuolienė Giedrė , Urbonavičiūtė Akvilė , Brazaitytė Aušra , Šabajevienė Gintarė , Sakalauskaitė Jurga , Duchovskis Pavelas 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the light emitting diode (LED) spectra on the antioxidant properties of sprouted wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and lentil (Lens esculenta Moenh.) seeds. Lighting experiments were performed under controlled conditions (PPFD - 100 μmol m−2 s−1; 12 h photoperiod; 27°C). The LED conditions used were: L1 - 638 nm; L2 - 455 nm, 638 nm, 669 nm, 731 nm (basal components); L3 - basal + 385 nm; L4 - basal + 510 nm and L5 - basal + 595 nm. Wheat and lentil sprouts were shown to accumulate less phenolic compounds and were more sensitive to light spectral differences when compared to radish sprouts. The antioxidant properties and contents of antioxidant compounds in seeds germinated in the dark were significantly lower than LED treated seeds. The higher content of total phenols and significant increase in alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C concentration resulted in altered DPPH free-radical scavenging capacity. Therefore we conclude that the LED spectra, based on basal components supplemented with green (510 nm) light can improve the antioxidant properties of sprouted seeds of lentil and wheat. The highest antioxidant properties of radish seeds were caused by radiation with supplemental amber (595 nm) light.
The prediction of novel multiple lipid-binding regions in protein translocation motor proteins: A possible general feature
Authors: Keller Rob 
Published: October 2010

AbstractProtein translocation is an important cellular process. SecA is an essential protein component in the Sec system, as it contains the molecular motor that facilitates protein translocation. In this study, a bioinformatics approach was applied in the search for possible lipid-binding helix regions in protein translocation motor proteins. Novel lipid-binding regions in Escherichia coli SecA were identified. Remarkably, multiple lipid-binding sites were also identified in other motor proteins such as BiP, which is involved in ER protein translocation. The prokaryotic signal recognition particle receptor FtsY, though not a motor protein, is in many ways related to SecA, and was therefore included in this study. The results demonstrate a possible general feature for motor proteins involved in protein translocation.
The Cox Proportional Hazards Model in the Analysis of Property Transactions
Authors: Foryś Iwona 
Published: October 2010

The Cox Proportional Hazards Model in the Analysis of Property TransactionsThe main aim of the paper is to present the methodological basis of housing transactions which uses duration analysis and Cox' proportional hazards model. The study will take into consideration single episodes with one starting point (the purchase of a flat on the resale market) and one final point (selling the flat to another owner). The analysis has covered over 1016 transactions concerning the sale and purchase of cooperative flats in 2000-2009, including repeated transactions. For each of the transactions the date, the initial and final prices as well as the basic parameters of a flat have been given. For each of the transactions the date, the initial and final prices as well as the basic parameters of a flat have been given. The study will verify the hypothesis of the high probability of the existing owner to have further ‘lasting right’ to the flat, i.e. the correlation within × of event (sell flat) and the basic parameters of a flat.
Effect of intravenous lidocaine administration on laminar inflammation in the black walnut extract model of laminitis
Authors: WILLIAMS J. M. , LIN Y. J. , LOFTUS J. P. , FALEIROS R. R. , PERONI J. F. , HUBBELL J. A. E. , RAVIS W. R. , BELKNAP J. K. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:Laminitis is a serious complication of horses suffering from sepsis/endotoxaemia‐related events. Laminitis in horses and organ injury in human sepsis are both reported to involve inflammatory injury to the laminae/organs including early activation of endothelium and leucocytes leading to emigration of neutrophils into the tissue interstitium. In the black walnut extract (BWE) model, systemic inflammatory events coincide with marked increase in laminar mRNA concentrations of inflammatory genes including proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL‐1β, IL‐6), COX‐2, chemokines (i.e. IL‐8) and endothelial adhesion molecules (i.e. ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin). In models of human sepsis, i.v. lidocaine has been reported to decrease leucocyte and endothelial activation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines.Objectives:To evaluate the effect of i.v. lidocaine therapy on the inflammatory processes documented to occur in the BWE model of laminitis.Methods:Twelve horses were administered BWE and treated immediately with either lidocaine (1.3 mg/kg bwt bolus, followed by 0.05 mg/kg bwt/min CRI, n = 6) or saline (n = 6) for 10 h. At 10 h post BWE administration, laminar samples were obtained under general anaesthesia for assessment of proinflammatory gene expression (using RT‐qPCR) and leucocyte emigration (via CD13 immunohistochemistry). At 0, 3 and 10 h post BWE administration, skin samples were obtained for assessment of leucocyte emigration (via calprotectin immunohistochemistry).Results:No significant differences between groups were noted for inflammatory gene mRNA concentrations (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8, COX‐2) or for number of leucocytes present within the laminar interstitium or skin dermis. Increased (P<0.05) laminar E‐selectin mRNA concentrations were present in the LD group (vs. SAL group).Conclusions:Continuous administration of i.v. lidocaine does not inhibit inflammatory events in either the laminae or skin in the horse administered black walnut extract.Potential relevance:This work questions the use of continuous i.v. administration of lidocaine as an effective anti‐inflammatory therapy for systemic inflammation.
Nutritional aspects of post exercise skeletal muscle glycogen synthesis in horses: A comparative review
Authors: WALLER A. P. , LINDINGER M. I. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryCarbohydrate (CHO) stored in the form of skeletal muscle glycogen is the main energy source for glycolytic and oxidative ATP production during vigorous exercise in mammals. In man, horse and dog both short‐term high intensity and prolonged submaximal exercise deplete muscle glycogen. In horses, however, muscle glycogen synthesis is 2–3‐fold slower than in man and rat, even when a diet high in soluble CHO is fed. There appear to be significant differences in CHO and glycogen metabolism between horses and other mammals, and it is becoming increasingly clear that many conclusions drawn from human exercise physiology do not apply to horses. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, comparative summary of the research on muscle glycogen synthesis in horse, man and rodent. Species differences in CHO uptake and utilisation are examined and the issues with feeding high soluble CHO diets to horses are discussed. Alternative feeding strategies, including protein and long and short chain fatty acid supplementation and the importance of rehydration, are explored.
Bacterial culture of septic synovial structures of horses: Does a positive bacterial culture influence prognosis?
Authors: TAYLOR A. H. , MAIR T. S. , SMITH L. J. , PERKINS J. D. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:The influence of synovial fluid culture on short‐ and long‐term prognosis of cases with septic synovitis requires study.Hypotheses:Horses with a positive bacterial culture from septic synovial fluid are less likely to survive or return to successful athletic function than those with a negative bacterial culture from septic synovial fluid.Methods:Records of mature horses presented to 2 equine referral hospitals for investigation of suspected septic synovitis were examined. Horses (n = 206) were included in the study if synovial fluid was submitted for full laboratory examination, including bacterial culture. A diagnosis of septic synovitis was based on a nucleated cell count >30 × 109cells/l or >90% neutrophils and other clinical, cytological and bacteriological parameters. Long‐term follow‐up was obtained by telephone questionnaire. Univariate analysis, using the Fisher's exact test, was used for all outcomes.Results:Fourteen (20.9%) of 67 horses with a positive bacterial culture from synovial fluid were subjected to euthanasia because of persistent synovial sepsis compared to 2 (1.44%) of 139 with negative bacterial cultures (P<0.001). Overall survival and successful long‐term return to function in horses with a positive bacterial culture was 50% (24/48 horses) compared to 70.5% (74/105) in culture negative horses (P = 0.01). In horses that survived to be discharged, successful long‐term return to function was not significantly different between culture positive and culture negative groups. Growth ofStaphylococcus aureusfrom synovial fluid did not affect short‐term survival to discharge from the hospital compared to other positive bacterial culture; however, successful long‐term return to function was only 30.4% (4/13) in horses from whichS. aureuswas cultured compared to 73.9% (17/23) of horses in which other bacteria were cultured (P = 0.015).Conclusions and potential clinical relevance:Horses with a positive bacterial culture from a septic synovitis have a poorer prognosis for survival to discharge from hospital and overall long‐term return to function than horses that yielded no bacterial growth. WhenS. aureuswas cultured, the long‐term prognosis was poorer.
Use of multi‐detector computed tomographic angiography in the diagnosis of a parapharyngeal aneurysm in a 6‐week‐old foal
Authors: POWELL S. E. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryMultidetector‐row computed tomographic contrast angiography (MDCTA) is routinely employed to investigate vascular masses in human patients but, to date, the use of this technique to investigate an aneurysmal mass has not been reported in an equine case. The potential of MDCTA to investigate a right‐sided parapharyngeal mass in a 6‐week‐old Thoroughbred foal was therefore investigated.A 4‐slice helical computed tomography scanner was used on a superficial, firm, ovoid mass yielding arterial blood on fine needle aspiration. MDCTA enabled identification of the vessels involved thus assisting in forming a diagnosis based on the morphology of the lesion and aided surgical planning. Histology confirmed the presence of mural thrombus and calcification within the smooth muscle wall consistent with a true aneurysm. MDCTA provided additional information to conventional imaging in this case of vascular masses of the head and neck. The technique therefore has the potential to improve diagnosis and assist in the management of such lesions.
Assessment of early cartilage degeneration after slipped capital femoral epiphysis using T2 and T2* mapping
Authors: Miese Falk Roland , Zilkens Christoph , Holstein Arne , Bittersohl Bernd , Kröpil Patric , Mamisch Tallal Charles , Lanzman Rotem Shlomo , Bilk Philip , Blondin Dirk , Jäger Marcus , Krauspe Rüdiger , Fürst Günther 
Published: October 2010

Background T2 and T2* mapping are novel tools to assess cartilage quality. Purpose To evaluate hip cartilage quality in the long-term follow-up of patients with slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) with T2 and T2* mapping. Material and Methods Thirty-three patients (19 men, 14 women, mean age 24 ± 6.0 years, range 18–51 years) with a history of SCFE in 41 hips and 10 healthy controls (seven men, mean age 22 ± 4 years) were included. Follow-up period was 12 ± 6 (range 4–39 years) years. Coronal T2 and T2* mapping were performed on a 1.5 T scanner. T2 and T2* values of the hip articular cartilage were determined in the medial, central, and lateral portion of the hip within the weight bearing zone. Clinical symptoms including pain were assessed with the Harris hip score. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Spearman rank sum test. Results In hips after SCFE T2 (central portion: 25.71 ms ± 4.84 ms vs. 29.71 ms ± 7.04 ms, p <0.05) and T2* (central portion: 20.76 ms ± 3.17 ms vs. 23.06 ms ± 2.68 ms, P < 0.01) of cartilage were significantly lower, compared to controls. The differences were most apparent in the lateral portion of the hip articular cartilage. Abnormal cartilage T2 and T2* were not associated with hip pain or impaired hip function. SCFE was unilateral in 23 cases (70%). In the patients' unaffected hips without SCFE, areas of significantly reduced T2 (central portion: 26.07 ms ± 4.27 ms, P < 0.05) and T2* (lateral portion: 23.23 ms ± 2.45 vs. 25.11 ms ± 3.01 ms, P < 0.05) were noted. Conclusion T2 and T2* mapping of the hip in patients after SCFE are significantly different from healthy controls and may offer additional information about cartilage quality.
Mechanical Evaluation of Cross Pins Used for Femoral Fixation of Hamstring Grafts in ACL Reconstructions
Authors: Bellisari Gregory E. , Kaeding Christopher C. , Litsky Alan S. 
Published: October 2010

The goal of this study was to test the mechanical strength of 4 different cross pins currently available for femoral fixation by loading each cross pin to failure as received and determine the effect of 1 million cycles of fatigue loading. Additionally, the strength of resorbable pins was tested after prolonged exposure to biologic conditions. Six implants each of the Arthrotek LactoSorb (Biomet, Warsaw, Indiana), Mitek RigidFix (DePuy Mitek Inc, Raynham, Massachusetts), Arthrotek Bone Mulch Screw (Biomet), cortical allograft, and control were tested for 3-point failure without prior loading and after cyclic loading between 50 to 200 N at 10 Hz for 1 million cycles. The bioabsorbable pins were placed in sterile water at 37°C and tested after 2, 4, and 6 months for 3-point failure strength. All implants tested without antecedent loading demonstrated adequate strength for initial fixation for hamstring grafts. During fatigue testing, RigidFix implants (n=6) failed at 18,893±8365 cycles (with a central deformation of 0.48±0.11 mm prior to fracture). All of the other implants tested endured 1 million cycles of loading (50–200 N) without fracture or 1.5 mm central deformation. Neither of the bioabsorbable pins demonstrated a significant change in yield strength after prolonged exposure to water.
All implants tested demonstrated adequate strength for initial fixation of hamstring grafts. The metal and bone implants far exceed the strength required to sustain mechanical fixation until biological fixation occurs; both polymeric implants demonstrated that they maintained enough mechanical strength to achieve this goal.
An Anatomical Update on the Morphologic Variations of S1 and S2
Authors: Karachalios Theofilos , Zibis Aristides H. , Zintzaras Elias , Bargiotas Konstantinos , Karantanas Apostolos H. , Malizos Konstantinos N. 
Published: October 2010

Although percutaneous fixation with iliosacral screws has been shown to be a safe and reproducible method for sacroiliac dislocation and sacral fractures, it is a technically demanding technique, and one of its contraindications is sacral anatomical variations and dysmorphism. The incidence and pattern of S1 and S2 anatomical variations were evaluated in 61 patients (35 women and 26 men) using magnetic resonance imaging of the sacrum in an attempt to explore the possible existence of groups of individuals in whom percutaneous sacroiliac fixation is difficult due to local anatomy.
S1 and S2 dimensions in both the transverse and coronal planes were recorded and evaluated. In each individual, S1 and S2 dimensions both in the coronal and transverse planes were proportional, with S2 dimensions being 80% of those of S1 on average. Patients were separated into 4 groups based on the S1 and S2 body size and the asymmetry of dimensions in the transverse and coronal planes. In 48 patients (78.6%), dimensions in both planes were symmetrical despite the varying size of the S1 and S2 body. In 2 patients (3.3%) there was a combination of large transverse plane and small coronal plane dimensions, with large S1 and S2 body size. In 9 patients (14.8%), coronal plane dimensions were disproportionately smaller compared to those of the transverse plane, with a varying size of S1 and S2 body making effective sacroiliac screw insertion a difficult task. Thus, a preoperative imaging study, preferably computed tomography scan, of S1 and S2 body size and coronal plane dimensions and an intraoperative fluoroscopic control of S1 and S2 dimensions on the coronal plane are suggested for safe sacroiliac screw fixation.
The Triple PCL Sign: Bucket Handle Tears of Both Medial and Lateral Menisci in a Chronically ACL-Deficient Knee
Authors: Kakel Rafid , Russell Robert , Vanheerden Pieter 
Published: October 2010

Bucket handle tears of both menisci in the setting of acute or chronic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears of the same knee have rarely been reported in the literature. This article presents a case of a bucket handle tear affecting both the medial and lateral menisci in a patient with chronic ACL rupture. Both bucket handle tears were displaced and locked in the intercondylar notch. A new magnetic resonance image (MRI) sign suggested on sagittal view is called the triple PCL sign, comprising the intact posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and the 2 displaced fragments in the intercondylar notch from the two bucket handle tears. The precise diagnosis of this condition is of obvious importance for optimal operative planning. While finding the displaced fragment from the medial meniscus is expected to cause the double PCL sign, the torn ACL may have made it easier to visualize the bucket handle tear of the lateral meniscus in the same sagittal plane as the PCL.
Only 5 other reports mention bimeniscal bucket handle tears of both the medial and lateral menisci in association with an ACL tear. None have shown the suggested triple PCL sign because of lack of overlap between the 2 bucket handle tears in the coronal plane while lying in the intercondylar notch causing them not to fall in the same sagittal plane. Our patient showed some overlap between the 2 meniscal fragments while lying in the notch to create the triple PCL sign on sagittal MRI.