bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 4 Europe: On the Search for its Legitimacy
Authors: Eriksen Erik O. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses the legitimacy problems of the Union and how they can be alleviated. The EU, as every system of domination, is in need of justification, but this may take different forms and may refer to different institutional solutions. Three such are outlined, respectively depicting the EU as a problem‐solving entity, as a value‐based community, and as a rights‐based union. As it becomes clear that neither a scaling down of the EU to the form of an international organization, nor a value‐based conception, making the EU into a unified nation state, are viable options, we are left with the third option: the EU as a post‐national, rights‐based union. This chapter shows that this conception is reflected in the constitution‐making process.
2 Origins and Language
Authors: Butterfield Ardis 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This revisits the symbolic importance attached to language and stories of national origin in some of the earliest examples of written ‘English’ and ‘French’ – the former, on Hengist and Horsa, actually written in French and the latter, the so‐called Strasbourg Oaths, in a hybrid mixture of Latin and vernacular. It then considers the linguistic mobility of French in England and on the continent in the thirteenth century. It argues, by means of recent linguistic research, that Anglo‐Norman is a misleading term, and should be replaced by the broader Anglo‐French: once we learn to look at French across both sides of the Channel, in England and in different areas of France, older, rigid models of dialect and linguistic change seem inadequate to describe the ways in which both ‘French’ and ‘Anglo‐French’ fragment under scrutiny into shifting, porous and, most importantly, shared instances of language variation.
3 A Common Language?
Authors: Butterfield Ardis 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
explores how certain writings represent people interacting across language differences. This involves trying to gain a sense of how people thought about their own language use, what they understood by linguistic barriers, and what significance they attached to them. When they heard one another speak, what did they hear? How did an English speaker of French hear continental French, and how did a continental French speaker hear Anglo‐French? Through close reading of several ‘Anglo‐French’ fabliaux and other textes en jargon franco‐anglais in which writers display a self‐conscious humour about the differences between kinds of French, the chapter argues, with reference to Derrida, that issues of identity are performed through differences in pronunciation. With subtle comedy, these writers show that sharing a language can be a rich source of social distinction, yet also an unreliable means of wielding power.
9 Mother Tongues: English and French in fifteenth‐century England
Authors: Butterfield Ardis 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of women in the inheritance and propagation of vernacular languages. It reassesses the status of English through historical and linguistic evidence and such figures as Higden and Trevisa by setting it alongside the growing importance of French as a language required by the English in their renewed assertion of rule in France after Agincourt. Material considered includes a fifteenth‐century teaching document known as the Femina, and the dialogues or Manières de Langage. Contemporary writings about English in the shape of the rising genre of the vernacular prologue, with special attention to Usk and such charged words as ‘symple’ and ‘straunge’, are set in the context of a wider discourse about mother tongues. Finishing with Christine de Pizan, and her translator into English, William Caxton, the chapter argues that both English and French are caught up in a conflicted set of associations between the vernacular and the value of natural as against artificial languages.
10 Betrayal and Nation
Authors: Butterfield Ardis 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The book concludes with the two most celebrated symbols of Anglo‐French nation‐building, Jeanne d'Arc and Shakespeare's Henry V. Jeanne's story occurs in the last stages of the Hundred Years War, in a period where early modern historians have conventionally sought to locate the birth of nationhood. Reclaimed repeatedly for different ideological ends, her case exemplifies the contortions and contradictions of nationalist assertion. Shakespeare acts with analogous power to articulate a drama of nation that has proved infinitely appropriable to modern histories of English and Englishness. Just as Chaucer has been used retrospectively to create an incipient Englishness well before its time, so Shakespeare's French Catherine has served as a type of subservient Frenchness to an inflated English patriotism. Yet in both writers we see a long history of creative linguistic friction that bears witness to the contrariness of the categories of ‘English’ and ‘French’ in the medieval period.
Balancing of Economic Law and Human Rights by the European Court of Justice
Authors: De Witte Bruno 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter explains the approach of the ECJ to the use of human rights principles in the application and interpretation of economic Community law. This question arises in three different constellations: when the Court is called to examine economic regulation by the European Union legislator in the light of fundamental rights; when the Court is called to examine economic regulation by the member states in the light of fundamental rights; and when the Court examines private interference with economic activities in the light of fundamental rights. The chapter examines these three constellations in turn, giving each time one or more examples of how the ECJ operates. The latter two situations are those that are most directly related to the core theme of the volume, namely human rights issues arising in investment disputes.
Economic and Non-Economic Values in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: De Sena Pasquale 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the relationship between ECtHR case law relating to protection of property rights and the traditional principles of international law on foreign investments swings between a tendency to apply these principles, adapting them to the frame of reference of the Convention, and a tendency to overcome them. The first trend displays itself when the rights of property come to the fore viewed as purely economic rights. It concerns the notion of property itself, the ‘corporate veil’ principle, and the determination of the amount of compensation to be awarded in cases of expropriation. The second trend can be found when violations of other protected rights of considerable social (non-economic) interest come to the fore, together with interferences with the right of property. In such cases, the Court has tended both to extend the concept of property and to judge disproportionate these interferences in the light of the social relevance of the individual interests at stake.
Domain adaptation for semantic role labeling in the biomedical domain
Authors: Dahlmeier Daniel , Ng Hwee Tou 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Semantic role labeling (SRL) is a natural language processing (NLP) task that extracts a shallow meaning representation from free text sentences. Several efforts to create SRL systems for the biomedical domain have been made during the last few years. However, state-of-the-art SRL relies on manually annotated training instances, which are rare and expensive to prepare. In this article, we address SRL for the biomedical domain as a domain adaptation problem to leverage existing SRL resources from the newswire domain.
Results: We evaluate the performance of three recently proposed domain adaptation algorithms for SRL. Our results show that by using domain adaptation, the cost of developing an SRL system for the biomedical domain can be reduced significantly. Using domain adaptation, our system can achieve 97% of the performance with as little as 60 annotated target domain abstracts.
Availability: Our BioKIT system that performs SRL in the biomedical domain as described in this article is implemented in Python and C and operates under the Linux operating system. BioKIT can be downloaded at http://nlp.comp.nus.edu.sg/software. The domain adaptation software is available for download at http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/jingjiang/software/DALR.html. The BioProp corpus is available from the Linguistic Data Consortium http://www.ldc.upenn.edu
Contact: nght@comp.nus.edu.sg
Differential diagnosis of trichosporonosis using conventional histopathological stains and electron microscopy
Authors: Obana Yukari , Sano Makoto , Jike Toyoharu , Homma Taku , Nemoto Norimichi 
Published: February 2010

Obana Y, Sano M, Jike T, Homma T & Nemoto N (2010) Histopathology56, 372–383 Differential diagnosis of trichosporonosis using conventional histopathological stains and electron microscopy Aims:  Although Trichosporon is a causative pathogen of white piedra and summer‐type hypersensitivity pneumonitis, fatal disseminated trichosporonosis cases have recently been increasing. However, Trichosporon is often confused with other fungi, especially Candida, in pathological specimens. The aim was to determine the utility of histopathological stains and electron microscopy for diagnosing trichosporonosis.Methods and results:  Autopsy cases of trichosporonosis, candidiasis, aspergillosis and cryptococcosis were investigated using histopathological stains and electron microscopy. Using Grocott’s method, Trichosporon was weakly detected compared with other fungi. In contrast, diluted periodic acid methenamine silver (PAM) stain clearly enhanced the intensity of staining of Trichosporon compared with Candida. Furthermore, Alcian blue and colloidal iron stains predominantly detected Trichosporon. Electron microscopy after staining with diluted PAM demonstrated that Trichosporon has a variety of hyphal sizes and laminar deposition of rough silver granules, whereas Candida has uniform pseudohyphae and fine granules. The average diameter and population area of the granules were significantly higher in Trichosporon compared with Candida (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, the laminar structure was preserved in the cell walls of Trichosporon without silver stains, whereas a low‐density structure was observed in Candida.Conclusions:  Histopathological staining patterns and electron microscopic findings can facilitate the diagnosis of trichosporonosis.
Seasonality and edge effect determine herbivory risk according to different plant association models
Authors: Miranda M. , Díaz L. , Sicilia M. , Cristóbal I. , Cassinello J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe report evidence of hierarchical resource selection by large herbivores and plant neighbouring effects in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Plant palatability was assessed according to herbivore foraging decisions. We hypothesize that under natural conditions large herbivores follow a hierarchical foraging pattern, starting at the landscape scale, and then selecting patches and individual plants. A between‐ and within‐patch selection study was carried out in an area formed by scrubland and pasture patches, connected by habitat edges. With regard to between‐patch selection, quality‐dependent resource selection is reported: herbivores mainly consume pasture in spring and woody plants in winter. Within‐patch selection was also observed in scrub habitats, influenced by season, relative patch palatability and edge effect. We defined a Proximity Index (PI) between palatable and unpalatable plants, which allowed verification of neighbouring effects. In spring, when the preferred food resource (i.e. herbs) is abundant, we observed that in habitat edges large herbivores basically select the relatively scarce palatable shrubs, whereas inside scrubland, unpalatable shrub consumption was related to increasing PI. In winter, a very different picture was observed; there was low consumption of palatable species surrounded by unpalatable species in habitat edges, where the latter were more abundant. These outcomes could be explained though different plant associations described in the literature. We conclude that optimal foraging theory provides a conceptual framework behind the observed interactions between plants and large herbivores in Mediterranean ecosystems.
Renal parenchymal thickness and urinary protein levels in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction after nephrostomy placement
Authors: Deng Gao‐Yan , Sun Jun‐Jie , Wang Pa , Mo Jia‐Cong 
Published: February 2010

Objective:  To assess recovery of renal parenchymal thickness and urinary protein levels in patients with severely hydronephrotic kidneys after nephrostomy placement.Methods:  Fourteen patients (median age 1 year, range 6 months–7 years) who underwent nephrostomy placement for unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction at our hospital between May 2007 and January 2009 were included in a retrospective analysis. All patients had severe hydronephrosis, with a median parenchymal thickness of 1.8 mm (range 1–2.5 mm). Kidney morphology was examined by ultrasound before the procedure and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 8 weeks after. Urinary proteins (including albumin, immunoglobulin [IgG], α2‐macroglobulin, α1‐microglobulin, β2‐microglobulin [β2‐MG] and kappa chain) and creatinine levels were also tested during these follow‐up visits. Fifteen healthy children were assessed for urinary protein levels as well and made up the control group.Results:  Parenchymal thickness increased within 4 weeks of nephrostomy placement. Kidney volumes were significantly decreased within 2 weeks. No further changes in morphology were detected after 4 weeks. Urinary α1‐microglobulin and β2‐MG levels decreased to baseline within 1 and 4 weeks, respectively. Urinary albumin, IgG, α2‐macroglobulin and kappa chain levels decreased gradually after nephrostomy, but did not return to baseline within 8 weeks.Conclusions:  After nephrostomy placement, parenchymal thickness increases within 4 weeks, tubular function returns to normal earlier than glomerular function and glomerular membrane repair is inversely correlated with the severity of damage.
Experimental model for analyzing cutting resistance by various knives for cataract surgery
Authors: Ide Takeshi , O'Brien Terrence P 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground:  The trend in current cataract surgery towards clear corneal incision and sutureless procedures makes us realize the importance of wound construction. For optimal surgical outcomes, we need good surgical instruments. In this study, we employed a resistance recording system to analyze the characteristics of seven commercially available disposable cataract knives and to find clues for the future development of ‘good’ cataract knives.Methods:  The cutting resistance was recorded during perpendicular penetrations of porcine scleral tissues by cataract knives. This data was processed and analysed mathematically with MATLAB software (The MathWorks, Inc, Natick, MA, USA) to see the resistance wave shapes and their derivatives to show the products' differing characteristics.Results:  The wave shapes demonstrated product‐dependent characteristics. The average maximum penetration resistance varied from 86.4 to 233 mN. The first order time derivatives also showed distinctive wave shapes.Conclusion:  We used an experimental model to analyze one aspect of a knife's character. This model can help give clues for future developments, although this is the initial step.
Novel and recurrent NDP gene mutations in familial cases of Norrie disease and X‐linked exudative vitreoretinopathy
Authors: Pelcastre Erika L , Villanueva‐Mendoza Cristina , Zenteno Juan C 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To present the results of molecular analysis of the NDP gene in Mexican families with Norrie disease (ND) and X‐linked familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (XL‐FEVR).Methods:  Two unrelated families with ND and two with XL‐FEVR were studied. Clinical diagnosis was suspected on the basis of a complete ophthalmologic examination. Molecular methods included DNA isolation from peripheral blood leucocytes, polymerase chain reaction amplification and direct nucleotide sequencing analysis of the complete coding region and exon–intron junctions of NDP. Haplotype analysis using NDP‐linked microsatellites markers was performed in both ND families.Results:  A novel Norrin missense mutation, p.Arg41Thr, was identified in two apparently unrelated families with ND. Haplotype analysis demonstrated that affected males in these two families shared the same ND‐linked haplotype, suggesting a common origin for this novel mutation. The previously reported p.Arg121Trp and p.Arg121Gln Norrin mutations were identified in the two families with XL‐FEVR.Conclusion:  Our results expand the mutational spectrum in ND. This is the first report of ND resulting from mutation at arginine position 41 of Norrin. Interestingly, mutations at the same residue but resulting in a different missense change were previously described in subjects with XL‐FEVR (p.Arg41Lys) or persistent fetal vasculature syndrome (p.Arg41Ser), indicating that the novel p.Arg41Thr change causes a more severe retinal phenotype. Preliminary data suggest a founder effect for the ND p.Arg41Thr mutation in these two Mexican families.
Retreating Melaleuca swamp forests in Kakadu National Park: Evidence of synergistic effects of climate change and past feral buffalo impacts
Authors: BOWMAN DAVID M. J. S. , PRIOR LYNDA D. , DE LITTLE SIOBHAN C. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract Melaleuca swamp forests form a fringe around seasonally inundated freshwater flood plains of Kakadu National Park (KNP). Previous studies based on the analysis of aerial photography reported an increase in woody plant cover on these flood plains, apparently associated with changed fire regimes, increased rainfall and possibly increased atmospheric CO2. In opposition to this woody vegetation encroachment past high densities of feral buffalo in the 1960 to mid 1980s changed the hydrology of the KNP flood plains, allowing increased penetration of saltwater causing extensive death of Melaleuca forests. Climate change has increased sea levels and there is concern that this will threaten the freshwater ecosystems of KNP. We hypothesized that Melaleuca forests that were previously impacted by high densities of feral buffalo have continued to decline because of salinization driven by sea level rise. We examined this hypothesis by overlaying georeferenced aerial photography taken in 1964, 1984 and 2004 in a geographic information environment, and then constructing generalized linear fixed effects and mixed effects models to rank the statistical strength of different drivers of Melaleuca forest contraction. We found that there has been a 5% overall contraction of Melaleuca forests over the last 50 years on our study sites, although the amount of contraction varied both geographically and temporally. The amount of Melaleuca forest contraction was greatest during the 1984–2004 interval, when buffalo densities were low. Contraction was greatest on the Melaleuca forest edges, at low‐lying sites, and where high densities of buffalo were apparent in 1964. These results suggest the enduring legacy effect of past buffalo damage will amplify the effects of sea level rise on the flood plains of KNP.
Influence of revegetation on predation rates by introduced red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in south‐eastern Australian farmland
Authors: ARTHUR ANTHONY D. , HENRY STEPHEN , REID ALLAN 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInteractions between wild carnivore abundance and landscape composition in agricultural landscapes are poorly understood despite their importance to both production and conservation. In Australia, introduced red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) prey on both native species and lambs in the temperate agricultural regions. Historically these areas were extensively cleared of native vegetation. Recently revegetation programmes have been implemented, but there is concern that this may benefit foxes and hence increase their impacts. We used an artificial prey placed in eight revegetated (6–12% cover) and 10 cleared (0–1.5% cover) landscapes of ∼700 ha to assess how these landscapes influenced fox predation rates. In June and August 2006 (winter) when we expect fox populations to be relatively stable following juvenile dispersal, predation rates were 1.5–2 times higher in revegetated landscapes than in cleared landscapes. We found no evidence of microhabitat effects on predation rates suggesting these landscape‐level differences were probably due to differences in fox population density. In April 2007 (autumn) the results were more variable, possibly indicating more transient populations including dispersing juveniles at this time. Our results suggest that the impact of foxes on highly vulnerable prey could increase with revegetation. However, the benefits of revegetation to prey may offset negative impacts of foxes and future work is required to assess the likely net effects.
Developmental changes in presynaptic Ca2+ clearance kinetics and synaptic plasticity in mouse Schaffer collateral terminals
Authors: Scullin Chessa S. , Wilson Michael C. , Partridge L. Donald 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPresynaptic Ca2+ influx pathways, cytoplasmic Ca2+ buffering proteins and Ca2+ extrusion processes undergo considerable change during the first postnatal month in rodent neurons. These changes may be critical in establishing short‐term plasticity at maturing presynaptic terminals where neurotransmitter release is directly dependent on the dynamics of cytoplasmic residual Ca2+ ([Ca2+]res). In particular, the robust paired‐pulse facilitation characteristic of adult neurons is almost entirely lacking in newborns. To examine developmental changes in processes controlling [Ca2+]res, we measured the timecourse of [Ca2+]res decay in presynaptic terminals of Schaffer collateral to CA1 synapses in acute hippocampal slices following single and paired orthodromic stimuli in the stratum radiatum. Developmental changes were observed in both the rise time and slow exponential decay components of the response to single stimuli such that this decay was larger and faster in the adult. Furthermore, we observed a greater caffeine‐sensitive basal Ca2+ store, which was differentially affected when active uptake into the endoplasmic reticulum was blocked, in the presynaptic fields of the Schaffer collateral to CA1 terminals of P6 and younger mice when compared to adults. These transitions in [Ca2+]res dynamics occurred gradually over the first weeks of postnatal life and correlated with changes in short‐term plasticity.