bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in major apple-growing areas of southern Quebec
Authors: Bellerose Sylvie , Chouinard Gérald , Roy Michèle 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)) adult males were captured by pheromone traps in 10 of 24 orchards monitored in southern Quebec from 2003 to 2005. Twelve, 22, and 133 oriental fruit moths were captured in 2003, 2004, and 2005, respectively. One oriental fruit moth larva was collected in each of two orchards in 2004. This is the first record of this species in Quebec apple orchards.
New record ofChrysomya rufifacies(Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Canada: predicted range expansion and potential effects on native species
Authors: Rosati J.Y. , VanLaerhoven S.L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis is the first report of the hairy maggot blow fly,Chrysomya rufifacies(Macquart), in Canada since its arrival in the continental United States of America in 1982. Specimens were collected from one swine (Sus scrofaL.) carcass in fall 2004 and again from six swine carcasses at three rural sites within the Windsor/Essex County region of southwestern Ontario in fall 2005. Based upon the biological characteristics of the species and the absence of specimens from spring and summer carrion-insect collections, it is suggested thatC. rufifaciesis present in southwestern Ontario during the fall season, after range expansion from the midcontinental United States of America during the spring and summer months. However, considering the projected increases in temperature due to global warming, establishment ofC. rufifaciesis predicted to extend well into southern Ontario and Quebec. Current and predicted distributions based upon the biological temperature requirements ofC. rufifaciesare depicted through geographic range maps. The potential economic and ecological impacts are discussed, with emphasis upon negative interactions betweenC. rufifaciesand several native blow fly species, particularlyCochliomyia macellaria(Fabr.).
Laboratory studies of the toxicity of spinosad and deltamethrin to Phyllotreta cruciferae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Elliott R.H. , Benjamin M.C. , Gillott C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the contact and oral toxicity of commercial formulations of spinosad and deltamethrin to adults of the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Method of exposure had a significant effect on flea beetle mortality and feeding damage to canola seedlings. Topical treatment of flea beetles with deltamethrin or different concentrations of spinosad resulted in significantly lower mortality and higher feeding damage than exposure to treated canola cotyledons. Results indicated that spinosad was more toxic by ingestion than by topical contact. Mortality from treated cotyledons was significantly higher with 60 ppm deltamethrin than with 80 or 120 ppm spinosad after 24 h exposure but not after 120 h exposure. Delayed mortality in the spinosad treatments did not result in high feeding damage; damage after 120 h was not significantly different in the spinosad and deltamethrin treatments. Low concentrations of spinosad (40 ppm) strongly inhibited feeding activity within 24 h after exposure. Mortality from spinosad was higher after beetles were exposed to treated cotyledons for 120 h than for 24 h. Mortality from spinosad, but not deltamethrin, was significantly higher at 25 °C than at 15 °C. An ionic surfactant, polyethylenimine, increased the toxicity of 40 ppm spinosad. Our study suggests that spinosad has potential for use as an insecticide against crucifer flea beetles on canola.
Hymenopterous parasitoids of house fly and stable fly puparia in Prince Edward Island and New Brunswick, Canada
Authors: Noronha C. , Gibson G.A.P. , Floate K.D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPuparia of house flies, Musca domestica L., and stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), were collected on dairy farms in Prince Edward Island (PEI) and New Brunswick (NB) and held for emergence of hymenopterous parasitoids. Percent parasitism for PEI in 2003 and 2004 was 6.7 (n = 10 060 puparia) and 1.0 (n = 36 992 puparia), respectively. Percent parasitism for NB was not determined in 2003, but was 9.1% (n = 3052 puparia) in 2004. A parasitoid provisionally identified as Phygadeuon ?fumator Gravenhörst (Ichneumonidae) predominated in both provinces. Additional species recovered included Aphaereta pallipes (Say) (Braconidae) and Muscidifurax raptor Girault and Saunders, Spalangia cameroni Perkins (PEI only), Spalangianigra Latreille (NB only), Spalangia subpunctata Förster (NB only), Trichomalopsis americana (Gahan) (PEI only), and Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) (Pteromalidae). Dissection of host puparia from which neither flies nor wasps emerged yielded a relatively large number of additional parasitoids, particularly S. nigra.
Descriptions of flea larvae (Siphonaptera: Hystrichopsyllidae, Ctenophthalmidae, Leptopsyllidae) of the specific parasites of the mountain beaver (Rodentia: Aplodontidae) in North America
Authors: Pilgrim Robert L.C. , Galloway Terry D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe larvae of the four species of primary flea parasites of the mountain beaver,Aplodontia rufa(Rafinesque), are described and illustrated for the first time, and a key to their identification is provided. The larva ofHystrichopsylla schefferiChapin is very large, with a total body length of more than 10 mm in the late third instar. Its mandible, with a series of marginal teeth along a scoop-shaped tip, is characteristic of members of the formerly recognized subgenusHystroceras. The larvae ofParatyphloceras oregonensisEwing andTrichopsylloides oregonensisEwing are very similar to one another, but the former is much larger, with a total body length of about 8 mm in the late third instar, compared with 5 mm for the latter. These two species can also be separated in all instars on the basis of the setation on the abdominal segments. The larva ofDolichopsyllus stylosus(Baker) is extraordinary. The mandible bears two enormous, tusklike setae on a swollen base, the hypopharynx is a spiny, trilobed structure without setae, and there are five processes on the labial palps instead of the four typical in other species.
Oviposition response of spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to host terpenes and green-leaf volatiles
Authors: Grant Gary G. , Guo Jian , MacDonald Linda , Coppens Melanie D. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA dual-choice behavioral bioassay and gas chromatography – electroantennogram detection (GC–EAD) were used to determine the effect of host terpenes and nonhost green-leaf volatiles (GLVs) on the oviposition preference of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). Some emphasis was placed on assessing the ability of females to distinguish between enantiomers of chiral monoterpenes because (+)-α-pinene but not (–)-α-pinene or (±)-α-pinene had been shown previously to promote oviposition. Headspace volatiles from white spruce, Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (Pinaceae), and balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae), were sampled using solid-phase microextraction and identified by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry with the aid of a chiral column. Females deposited significantly more egg masses on filter paper substrate treated with host monoterpenes than on controls. Contrary to expectation, substrates treated with several GLVs were also preferred over the controls. None of the GLVs or terpenes was deterrent. Females showed no significant ability in either the behavioral or the GC–EAD bioassays to distinguish between enantiomers of selected chiral monoterpenes, including α-pinene, in contrast to earlier findings. We conclude that host terpenes serve as general rather than host-specific oviposition stimuli for spruce budworm.
Effects of release pattern and room ventilation on survival of varroa mites and queens during indoor winter fumigation of honey bee colonies with formic acid
Authors: Underwood Robyn M. , Currie Robert W. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effects of indoor fumigation with formic acid on survival of honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), queens and varroa mites (Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman (Acari: Varroidae)). A relationship between cumulative formic acid concentration and varroa mite mortality was established for colonies subjected to high-concentration fumigation while held indoors at 2–4 °C during winter. We also examined the effects of the formic acid release pattern and room ventilation rate on queen loss and treatment efficacy during fumigation. Two experiments were conducted in a wintering building. In both experiments, room air had higher formic acid concentrations than hive air. In experiment 1, 50% and 95% of mites were killed when exposed to in-hive concentration × time combinations of 49 ppm × days (CT50 product) and 111 ppm × days (CT95 product), respectively. No queen loss was observed under either the increasing-concentration or constant high concentration fumigation pattern. In experiment 2, 33% of queens were lost when minimum ventilation was used with room air concentrations of 57 ± 8 ppm (mean ± SE), whereas no queens were lost in controls or colonies exposed to room air concentrations of 27 ± 8 ppm with variable ventilation. Queen loss was associated with peak in-hive formic acid concentrations >20 ppm, but not with CT product, suggesting that queens are affected by acute rather than chronic exposure to formic acid. Formic acid fumigation significantly reduced the mean abundance of mites under both minimum- and variable-ventilation treatments.
Phylogeny of genusWyeomyia(Diptera: Culicidae) inferred from morphological and allozyme data
Authors: Motta Monique Albuquerque , Lourenço-de-Oliveira Ricardo , Sallum Maria Anice Mureb 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPhylogenetic relationships within the genusWyeomyiaTheobald are presented, based on a cladistic analysis of 88 morphological characters (from adults, larvae, and pupae) of 38 named species and 1 unnamed species and 46 allozyme markers from a subset of 19 of these species. Two taxa are used as outgroup (Sabethes aurescensLutz andLimatus durhamiTheobald). The analysis indicates that, as currently defined, the genusWyeomyiais not a monophyletic lineage: firstly, the genusOnirionPeyton and Harbach is nested within the genusWyeomyia, and secondly, the subgenusPhoniomyiaTheobald is a monophyletic lineage outside the genusWyeomyia. Our results also demonstrate that the subgeneraCruzmyiaLane and Cerqueira,DecamyiaDyar,DendromyiaTheobald,SpilonymphaMotta and Lourenço-de-Oliveira, andProsopolepisLutz are monophyletic lineages nested within the genusWyeomyia.TriamyiaDyar is resurrected as a subgenus ofWyeomyiato includeW. aporonomaDyar and Knab andW.staminiferaLourenço-de-Oliveira, Motta, and Castro. The subgenusMiamyiaDyar is resurrected to include seven species:W. codiocampaDyar and Knab,W. lutzi(Costa Lima),W. limaiLane and Cerqueira,W. serrata(Lutz),W. hosautosDyar and Knab,W. oblita(Lutz), andW. sabetheaLane and Cerqueira.
Toward management guidelines for the soybean aphid in Quebec. I. Feeding damage in relationship to seasonality of infestation and incidence of native predators
Authors: Rhainds Marc , Roy Michèle , Daigle Gaétan , Brodeur Jacques 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA study was conducted in 2004 and 2005 to test the hypotheses that the severity of damage caused by the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae), is minimized by the activity of predators and declines with the maturity of soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae), at the time of infestation. In caged subplots where predators were excluded, aphids attained a high density following experimental infestation of soybeans, resulting in severe reductions of yield, particularly when plants were infested early in the season. A guild of generalist predators consisting predominantly of ladybird beetles colonized plants in uncaged subplots, resulting in a low rate of population growth following infestation of soybeans with aphids and a relatively weak impact on the soybean yield. The soybean yield declined as the density of aphids (number per plant), and the maturity of soybeans at the time of infestation, increased. Our results suggest that A. glycines represents an occasional pest of soybean in Quebec, because of (i) temporal asynchrony between the late-season infestation by aphids and the most susceptible phenological stage of soybeans (vegetative or flowering) and (ii) biological control by natural enemies.
Introduced Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) in the Maritime Provinces of Canada
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Klimaszewski Jan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe fauna of introduced rove beetles (Staphylinidae) in the Maritime Provinces of Canada is surveyed. Seventy-nine species have now been recorded. Of these, 73 have been found in Nova Scotia, 29 on Prince Edward Island, and 54 in New Brunswick. Twenty-five species are newly recorded in Nova Scotia, 16 on Prince Edward Island, and 10 in New Brunswick, for a total of 51 new provincial records. Of these, 15 species,Tachinus corticinusGravenhorst,Mycetoporus lepidus(Gravenhorst),Habrocerus capillaricornis(Gravenhorst),Aleochara(Xenochara)lanuginosaGravenhorst,Gnypeta caerulea(C.R. Sahlberg),Atheta(Microdota)amicula(Stephens),Cordalia obscura(Gravenhorst),Drusilla canaliculata(Fabricius),Deleaster dichrous(Gravenhorst),Coprophilus striatulus(Fabricius),Carpelimus subtilis(Erichson),Leptacinus intermediusDonisthorpe,Tasgius(Rayacheila)melanarius(Heer),Neobisnius villosulus(Stephens), andPhilonthus discoideus(Gravenhorst), are newly recorded in the Maritime Provinces. Two of these,Atheta(Microdota)amiculaandCarpelimus subtilis, are newly recorded in Canada.Leptacinus intermediusis removed from the faunal list of New Brunswick andPhilhygra botanicarumMuona, a Holarctic species previously regarded as introduced in North America, is recorded for the first time in the Maritime Provinces. An examination of when species were first detected in the region reveals that, on average, it was substantially later than comparable dates for other, better known families of Coleoptera — an apparent indication of the comparative lack of attention this family has received. Some introduced species appear to be associated with the dry-ballast mechanism of introduction to the continent, while others are synanthropic and may have been inadvertently introduced in connection with agriculture, horticulture, or other processes associated with human activities. A substantial number are now established and well distributed, seemingly indicative of an early introduction into the region, the ability to successfully colonize a habitat and disperse within it, or a combination of these factors. Other species appear to be local in distribution, perhaps indicative of more recent introductions, more restricted ecological tolerances, a lesser ability to disperse, or a combination of these factors. These recent discoveries are discussed briefly in the context of the importance of taxonomic research and ongoing monitoring in order to detect and identify exotic species and monitor for new introductions and changes in existing native or introduced populations — all important in terms of assessing the risk of introductions to, and their impact on, native faunas and habitats.
How aquatic insects live in cold climates
Authors: Danks H. V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn cold climates most aquatic habitats are frozen for many months. Nevertheless, even in such regions the conditions in different types of habitat, in different parts of one habitat, and from one year to the next can vary considerably; some water bodies even allow winter growth. Winter cold and ice provide challenges for aquatic insects, but so do high spring flows, short, cool summers, and unpredictable conditions. General adaptations to cope with these constraints, depending on species and habitat, include the use of widely available foods, increased food range, prolonged development (including development lasting more than one year per generation), programmed life cycles with diapause and other responses to environmental cues (often enforcing strict univoltinism), and staggered development. Winter conditions may be anticipated not only by diapause and related responses but also by movement for the winter to terrestrial habitats, to less severe aquatic habitats, or to different parts of the same habitat, and by construction of shelters. Winter itself is met by various types of cold hardiness, including tolerance of freezing in at least some species, especially chironomid midges, and supercooling even when surrounded by ice in others. Special cocoons provide protection in some species. A few species move during winter or resist anoxia beneath ice. Spring challenges of high flows and ice scour may be withstood or avoided by wintering in less severe habitats, penetrating the substrate, or delaying activity until after peak flow. However, where possible species emerge early in the spring to compensate for the shortness of the summer season, a trait enhanced (at least in some lentic habitats) by choosing overwintering sites that warm up first in spring. Relatively low summer temperatures are offset by development at low temperatures, by selection of warm habitats and microhabitats, and in adults by thermoregulation and modified mating activity. Notwithstanding the many abiotic constraints in cold climates, aquatic communities are relatively diverse, though dominated by taxa that combine traits such as cold adaptation with use of the habitats and foods that are most widely available and most favourable. Consequently, except in the most severe habitats, food chains and community structure are complex even at high latitudes and elevations, including many links between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Despite the complex involvement of aquatic insects in these cold-climate ecosystems, we know relatively little about the physiological and biochemical basis of their cold hardiness and its relationship to habitat conditions, especially compared with information about terrestrial species from the same regions.
New records of mites (Arachnida: Acari) from Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Majka Christopher G. , Behan-Pelletier Valerie , Bajerlein Daria , Błoszyk Jerzy , Krantz Gerald W. , Lucas Zoe , OConnor Barry , Smith Ian M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe first investigations of the mite fauna of Sable Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, are reported. Fourteen species have been found.Uropoda orbicularis(Müller) (Uropodidae) andScarabaspis inexpectatus(Oudemans) (Eviphididae) are newly recorded for North America,Macrocheles nemerdariusKrantz and Whitaker (Macrochelidae) is newly recorded for Canada, andTrichoribates striatusHammer (Ceratozetidae) is recorded for the first time south of the subarctic zone. Colonization, dispersal, and the zoogeographic origins of the fauna are discussed in the context of the biological, geological, and human history of the island.
Influence of essential oils on toxicity and pharmacokinetics of the plant toxin thymol in the larvae of Trichoplusia ni
Authors: Wilson Joanne A. , Isman Murray B. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe present study was undertaken to determine the influence of some major constituents of plant essential oils on the toxicity and fate of thymol, a phenolic monoterpene from garden thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) (Lamiaceae), following topical administration to the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Tested individually, trans-anethole (LD50 = 71.2 µg/larva) and methyl salicylate (93.6 µg/larva) were the most toxic, whereas phenylethyl propionate (555.8 µg/larva) and mineral oil (2279.3 µg/larva) were the least toxic. However, when coadministered, mineral oil was the most synergistic (synergy ratio, SR = 25). A proprietary blend of essential oils (A4 Blend) was strongly synergistic (SR = 9), as was trans-anethole (SR = 5), while the majority of the other compounds tested yielded SRs of 2–3. Based on experiments using tritiated thymol as a radiotracer, the fate of this plant toxin within 60 min of topical administration varied widely with the essential oil carrier. Some carriers facilitated rapid disappearance of thymol from the insects' integument and rapid appearance internally, whereas others prolonged the tenure of thymol on the integument and delayed entry into the insect. The highest internal levels of radioactivity were observed when phenylethyl propionate was the carrier (47% of the topical dose), the lowest when rosemary oil was the carrier (9%). The highest proportion of the dose was excreted when eugenol was the carrier (20% of the topical dose), the lowest when mineral oil was the carrier (4%). Overall, there are no apparent trends linking the fate of thymol in the different carrier oils to the synergies observed or to the relative polarities of the carriers.
Short life cycles in insects and mites
Authors: Danks H.V. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUnder favourable conditions some species of insects and mites complete development very quickly. This paper considers species with a mean minimum generation time of 15 days or less and tabulates developmental data for many sample species. Such species belong chiefly to a limited number of taxa of small size, notably aphids and several families of mites and parasitoid Hymenoptera. Characteristics of these taxa are reviewed. Even in families containing many species with rapid life cycles, normally many other species lack such rapid development. Very short life cycles depend on phylogeny, strain, rapid development in all stages, small size, rich food, and other habitat features including high temperatures. Within this framework, life cycles are accelerated by reducing elements requiring the investment of resources (size, fecundity, longevity, structural complexity), eliminating instars and even life stages, accelerating development (through lower requirements especially of heat, heat gain by adaptations such as basking, and rapid reproduction), and choosing the most suitable habitats and microhabitats from those available. Mean minimum generation times in insects and mites with coincident adaptations of this sort can be as short as 4 days. Notwithstanding the advantages of rapid development in maximizing the intrinsic rate of natural increase (and hence fitness), most species cannot achieve the highest rates of development. They are constrained not only by resources and intrinsic physiological or phylogenetic patterns but also by variability of conditions and seasonality that can be survived only by interpolating delays or resistant stages.