bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of filler type on the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) composites
Authors: Oburoğlu Nur , Ercan Nevra , Durmus Ali , Kaşgöz Ahmet 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this study, melt‐crystallization behaviors of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) composites including different types of inorganic fillers were investigated. Composite samples having 5 wt % of fillers were prepared by melt processing in a twin screw extruder using commercial grades of calcite (CA), halloysite (HL), and organo‐montmorillonite (OM) as filler. Depending on the filler type and geometry, crystallization kinetics of the samples was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. Effect of filler type on the nonisothermal melt‐crystallization kinetics of the PBT was analyzed with various kinetic models, namely, the Ozawa, Avrami modified by Jeziorny and Liu‐Mo. Crystallization activation energies of the samples were also determined by the Kissinger, Takhor, and Augis–Bennett models. From the kinetics study, it was found that the melt‐crystallization rates of the samples including CA and HL‐nanotube were higher than PBT at a given cooling rate. On the other hand, it was also found that organo‐montmorillonite reduced the melt‐crystallization rate of PBT. It can be concluded that organic ammonium groups in the OM decelerate the crystallization rate of PBT chains possibly due to affecting the chain diffusion through growing crystal face and folding. This study shows that introducing organically modified alumina‐silicate layers into the PBT‐based composites could significantly reduce the production rate of the injection molded parts during the processing operations. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Elongational and shear flow behavior of calcium carbonate filled low density polyethylene: Effect of filler particle size, content, and surface treatment
Authors: Zoukrami Fouzia , Haddaoui Nacerddine , Bailly Christian , Sclavons Michel , Legras Roger 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn this article, calcium carbonate filled low density polyethylene (LDPE) was prepared and the influence of filler content, particle size, and surface treatment with stearic acid on the strain hardening and viscoelastic properties of the composites were investigated. Both elongational and shear rheological measurements were conducted on the different formulations and completed by microscopical observations and by differential scanning thermal analysis. The obtained results indicate that the effect of filler content and particle size are negligible on strain hardening behavior. Also the filler surface treatment has a less important effect on the nonlinear elongational tests in comparison with low frequency range measurements. However in shear rheology, we noted the absence of yield stress and network structure at different filler contents, and the presence of shear thinning behavior. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations showed the enhancement of dispersion for surface treated samples, while differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments have shown that the content of crystallinity of LDPE matrix is slightly affected by the presence of filler. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
The conservation status of Sabellaria alveolata (L.) (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae) reefs in the Bay of Mont‐Saint‐Michel
Authors: Desroy N. , Dubois S. F. , Fournier J. , Ricquiers L. , Le Mao P. , Guerin L. , Gerla D. , Rougerie M. , Legendre A. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Reefs built by the annelid worm Sabellaria alveolata in the Bay of Mont‐Saint‐Michel (France) are the most extensive intertidal biogenic structures within Europe. Before and after mussel farming extensions, a study designed to provide a biological health index of the Sainte‐Anne reef (223 ha) was carried in 2001 and 2007 to serve as an easy‐to‐use management tool and to ensure endangered reef portions were properly targeted and protected.
Coupled physical and biological parameters were included in a spatial Health Status Index (HI). A spatial and temporal mapping survey of the HI showed a continuous deterioration of the reef's state of health, particularly in its central part. This degradation correlates with the colonization of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and with increasing silt deposits on the reef.
A combination of several factors is likely to explain such rapid reef deterioration: (1) an increase in trophic competition between cultivated and wild suspension‐feeders that is detrimental to the annelids; (2) a modification in the hydrodynamics and consequently in sedimentary patterns leading to an increase in silt deposition; and most importantly (3) an increase in recreational harvesting of oysters and associated reef trampling, resulting in reef fragmentation.
Understanding the parameters that influence the reef dynamics is necessary in order to help efficient and effective management and policy focusing on the conservation status of large biogenic structures.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activated memory B cells may function as antigen‐presenting cells in the joints of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Morbach Henner , Wiegering Verena , Richl Petra , Schwarz Tobias , Suffa Nadine , Eichhorn Eva‐Maria , Eyrich Matthias , Girschick Hermann J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveB cells impact the perpetuation of chronic inflammatory or autoimmune diseases in multiple ways. A role of B cells as antigen‐presenting cells (APCs) in the pathogenesis of chronic arthritis in humans has been suggested; however, as of yet the presence of such B cells at the site of inflammation has not been demonstrated. This study was undertaken to investigate whether synovial B cells in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) might display features of APCs.MethodsThe frequency, phenotype, and immunoglobulin repertoire of synovial B cells were studied by flow cytometry and single‐cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Cytokine expression by B cells was analyzed by real‐time PCR, and interaction between B cells and T cells was investigated in a mixed lymphocyte culture.ResultsCD27+IgD− and CD27−IgD− B cells accumulated in the joints of JIA patients and displayed an activated phenotype. Both B cell subsets expressed hypermutated and class‐switched immunoglobulins, indicators of memory B cells. The accumulating memory B cells expressed the costimulatory molecules CD80/CD86 and showed a higher capacity to activate allogeneic T cells and prime a Th1 phenotype than their peripheral blood counterparts.ConclusionActivated immunoglobulin class–switched CD27− and CD27+ memory B cells, indicating a phenotype of APCs with expression of costimulatory molecules, accumulate in the joints of patients with JIA and might be involved in the amplification of pathogenic T cell activation. These findings provide evidence that B cells play an antibody‐independent immunopathologic role in human chronic inflammatory arthritis of childhood.
Migrating type a intramural hematoma after repair of an anomalous right coronary artery aortocoronary dissection with a covered stent
Authors: Fang Hsiu‐Yu , Wu Chiung‐Jen 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIatrogenic aortocoronary dissection is a rare and potentially life‐threatening complication of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Prompt coronary stenting can stop progression and avoid the need for surgical intervention. Herein, we describe a case of migrating aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) after repair of an anomalous right coronary artery aortocoronary dissection with a covered stent. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Versatile Low‐Molecular‐Weight Hydrogelators: Achieving Multiresponsiveness through a Modular Design
Authors: Milanesi Lilia , Hunter Christopher A. , Tzokova Nadejda , Waltho Jonathan P. , Tomas Salvador 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMultiresponsive low‐molecular‐weight hydrogelators (LMWHs) are ideal candidates for the development of smart, soft, nanotechnology materials. The synthesis is however very challenging. On the one hand, de novo design is hampered by our limited ability to predict the assembly of small molecules in water. On the other hand, modification of pre‐existing LMWHs is limited by the number of different stimuli‐sensitive chemical moieties that can be introduced into a small molecule without seriously disrupting the ability to gelate water. Herein we report the synthesis and characterization of multistimuli LMWHs, based on a modular design, composed of a hydrophobic, disulfide, aromatic moiety, a maleimide linker, and a hydrophilic section based on an amino acid, here N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC). As most LMWHs, these gelators experience reversible gel‐to‐sol transition following temperature changes. Additionally, the NAC moiety allows reversible control of the assembly of the gel by pH changes. The reduction of the aromatic disulfide triggers a gel‐to‐sol transition that, depending on the design of the particular LMWH, can be reverted by reoxidation of the resulting thiol. Finally, the hydrolysis of the cyclic imide moieties provides an additional trigger for the gel‐to‐sol transition with a timescale that is appropriate for use in drug‐delivery applications. The efficient response to the multiple external stimuli, coupled to the modular design makes these LMWHs an excellent starting point for the development of smart nanomaterials with applications that include controlled drug release. These hydrogelators, which were discovered by serendipity rather than design, suggest nonetheless a general strategy for the introduction of multiple stimuli‐sensitive chemical moieties, to offset the introduction of hydrophilic moieties with additional hydrophobic ones, in order to minimize the upsetting of the critical hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance of the LMWH.
Bulk and surface mechanical properties of clay modified HDPE used in liner applications
Authors: Adewole Jimoh K. , Al‐Mubaiyedh Usamah A. , Ul‐Hamid Anwar , Al‐Juhani Abdulhadi A. , Hussein Ibnelwaleed A. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHigh‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending process. The HDPE was mixed with different organoclays and polyethylene‐grafted‐maleic anhydride was used as a compatibiliser. A masterbatch procedure was used to obtain final organoclays concentrations of 1, 2.5 and 5 wt%. The effects of various types of nanoclays and their concentrations on morphological, thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposites were investigated. Surface mechanical properties such as instrumented nanohardness, modulus of elasticity and creep were also measured using a nanoindentation technique. Young's, storage and loss moduli, were found to be higher than that of the neat polymer at low loading (2.5 wt%) for clay Cloisite 15A and at higher loading (5 wt%) for clay Nanomer 1.44P. The ultimate strength and the toughness decreased slightly compared to pure HDPE. The differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that the peak temperature of the nanocomposites increased with increased clay content while the crystallinity decreased. Also, dynamic mechanical analysis revealed the storage and loss moduli are enhanced by addition of nanoclay. Both mechanical and thermal properties of HDPE/Nanomer 1.44P nanocomposite showed interesting trends. All properties first dropped when 1 wt% of the clay was added. Thereafter, a gradual increase or decrease then followed as the loading of Nanomer was increased. These trends were observed for all mechanical properties. The results obtained from nanoindentation tests for surface mechanical properties also showed similar trend to that of bulk measurements. Based on these measurements a nanoclay additive for a liner grade HDPE was selected. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Application of immunocytochemistry and BRAF mutational analysis to direct smears of metastatic melanoma
Authors: Hookim Kim , Roh Michael H. , Willman Joseph , Placido Jeremiah , Weigelin Helmut C. , Fields Kristina L. , Pang Judy , Betz Bryan L. , Knoepp Stewart M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The cytodiagnosis of melanoma in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens can be challenging, often requiring the use of immunocytochemistry. As constitutively activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene are present in at least 40% of melanomas, the use of FNA material to interrogate the BRAF mutational status is likely to increase. Because cell blocks, traditionally used for these studies, can occasionally exhibit insufficient tumor cellularity, the authors investigated the utility of direct smears for immunocytochemistry and BRAF mutational analysis.METHODS:Immunocytochemistry for S‐100, HMB‐45, and Mart‐1 was prospectively performed on direct smears in 17 FNAs of metastatic melanoma. Next, BRAF sequencing was performed using DNA isolated from archived Diff‐Quik–stained direct smears for 15 cases. In parallel, sequencing was performed using DNA obtained from corresponding cell blocks.RESULTS:S‐100 positivity in the tumor cells was observed in all 17 cases. HMB‐45 and Mart‐1 positivity was noted in 81% and 88% of cases, respectively. All 3 markers were positive in 76% of cases. Next, of the 15 archived melanoma FNAs tested, BRAF mutations were observed in 8 (53%); 5 and 3 melanomas harbored the V600E and V600K mutation, respectively. Corresponding cell blocks were also tested for all 15 cases, yielding concordant BRAF results in 14 (93%); 1 cell block yielded a false‐negative result.CONCLUSIONS:Cytologic direct smears represent a robust and valuable source of cellular material for immunocytochemistry and molecular studies, especially in instances in which inadequate cell block cellularity is anticipated or encountered. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A missing link in thymic dendritic cell development
Authors: Krueger Andreas 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNegative selection in the thymus prevents the generation of self‐reactive T cells through the deletion of thymocytes with high affinity for self‐antigens. Within the thymus, self‐antigens are presented by thymic epithelial cells and DCs. Both cell types can mediate negative selection, although the relative contribution of each cell type remains elusive. Similar to DCs of other lymphoid organs, thymic DCs come in different flavors. Over the past years, various lines of evidence have emerged that either favor a common origin for some thymic DCs and thymocytes or, conversely, indicate the existence of separate intrathymic T lineage and DC precursors. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, a study reports the identification of an intrathymic DC precursor that is likely to be unrelated to the earliest physiological T‐cell progenitors. Thus this intrathymic DC precursor may constitute a “missing link” between extrathymic DC precursor‐types, which are able to generate DCs in secondary lymphoid organs and intrathymic DCs, and supports the notion that intrathymic DCs and thymocytes arise from different precursors.
New FeII and CuII Complexes Bearing Azathia Macrocycles – Catalyst Precursors for Mild Peroxidative Oxidation of Cyclohexane and 1‐Phenylethanol
Authors: Fernandes Ricardo R. , Lasri Jamal , Kirillov Alexander M. , Guedes da Silva M. Fátima C. , da Silva José A. L. , Fraústo da Silva João J. R. , Pombeiro Armando J. L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe new mononuclear FeII and CuII complexes [FeCl2(L1,3)] [L1 (1), L3 (4)], [Cu(OTf)2(L1,2)] [L1 (2), L2 (3)] and [Cu(OTf)(L3)(H2O)](OTf) (5) were generated by the treatment of iron(II) chloride or copper(II) triflate in THF solution at ambient temperature with the 14‐membered N2S2 macrocycles 6,7,13,14,15,16,17,18‐octahydrodibenzo(e,m)‐1,4,8,11‐dithiadiazacyclotetradecine (L1), 8,11‐dimethyl‐5,6,7,8,9,10,16,17‐octahydrodibenzo(e,m)‐1,4‐dithia‐8,11‐diazacyclotetradecane (L2), and a new nine‐membered NS2 macrocycle bearing a pendant 2‐methylpyridyl arm 7‐(2‐methylpyridyl)aza‐1,4‐dithiacyclononane (L3). Complexes 1–5 were characterized by IR spectroscopy, ESI‐MS(+), elemental analysis and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (for 2, 4 and 5). The oxidation catalytic properties of 1–5 were evaluated in two model reactions: (i) the mild oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone by H2O2 in MeCN and (ii) the solvent‐free oxidation of 1‐phenylethanol to acetophenone by tBuOOH under low microwave (MW) irradiation power (10 W). The FeII complexes 1 and 4 exhibited the highest efficiency in both homogeneous oxidation systems, leading to maximum product yields (based on substrate) of up to 21 and 92 % in the oxidation of cyclohexane and 1‐phenylethanol, respectively. In the latter transformation, markedly high values of TONs (up to 1200) and TOFs (up to 4200 h–1) were also attained.
Benzoic Acid Catalyzed Aldol‐Type Condensation of Aldehydes with Ethyl Diazoacetate: Highly Diastereoselective Products with Chiral Aldehydes
Authors: Krishna Palakodety Radha , Prapurna Y. Lakshmi , Alivelu Munagala 
Published: July 2011

AbstractBenzoic acid catalyzed aldol‐type condensation of aldehydes with ethyl diazoacetate (EDA) under neat conditions at room temperature to afford β‐hydroxy‐α‐diazo carbonyl compounds in good to excellent yields is reported. Furthermore, the condensation of EDA with sugar‐derived aldehydes under the same conditions afforded the adducts in excellent yields and high diastereoselectivities.
Comparative Studies of Multi‐Photon Induced Emission by Pyridine‐Based Small Molecular Probes in Biological Media: Selective Binding of Bioactive Molecules and In Vitro Imaging
Authors: Wu Wanqing , Kong Hoi‐Kuan , Li Hongguang , Ho Yu‐Man , Gao Yuan , Hao Jianhua , Murphy Margaret B. , Lam Michael Hon‐Wah , Wong Ka‐Leung , Lee Chi‐Sing 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA new class of organic molecular probes (1–3) based on a 1,3‐disubstituted diethynylbenzene core has been developed. Both 1 and 2 (with the esters of 1 replaced by diethylamides in 2) show good linear and three‐photon induced photophysical properties with two‐photon absorption cross‐sections (185–210 cm4 s photon–1 molecule–1) that are suitable for biological applications in live specimens. The propeller π‐conjugated systems of 3 (a C3 analogue of 1) shows threefold enhancement for the two‐photon absorption cross‐section (650 cm4 s photon–1 molecule–1). Solvatochromism was observed in the fluorescence spectra of all these molecular probes; in acidic medium (pH = 4–5) their fluorescence emissions are slightly blueshifted with a threefold enhancement in intensity relative to those observed under basic conditions (pH = 10–11). In the fluorometric titration study against a variety of bioactive small molecules, only 2 shows strong binding affinity (log KB > 7) towards citrates and bicarbonates with approximately 30 nm redshift. The in vitro emission spectra of 2 obtained show the same emission upon addition of anions to the solution. The results of these studies could provide new molecular‐design strategies for two‐photo absorption (TPA) chromophores and new materials for two/multi‐photon imaging in vitro.
Environmental and sustainability aspects of a recirculating aquaculture system
Authors: Midilli Adnan , Kucuk Haydar , Dincer Ibrahim 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThis article presents some new exergy‐based parameters for Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) for Black Sea trout (Salmo trutta labrax) at the Trabzon Central Fisheries Research Institute, Turkey. On the basis of the actual data employed, some environmental and sustainability aspects of the RAS are parametrically studied in terms of exergy parameters. In this regard, the exergetic parameters, such as exergetic efficiency, waste exergy ratio, exergy recoverability ratio, exergy destruction ratio, environmental impact factor, and exergetic sustainability index are proposed and investigated. The results show that mainly based on the operating principle of the RAS, increasing waste exergy ratio decreases the exergetic efficiency and exergetic sustainability index. However, any increase in waste exergy ratio results in an increasing environmental impact of the RAS. Thus, the RAS requires much more improvement because of the higher environmental impact factor and lower exergetic sustainability index during the operating the system. This is evident from the exergy recoverability ratios ranging from 0.27 to 0.37. Furthermore, studying these parameters indicates how much improvement is possible for the RAS to achieve better sustainability. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2011
Prediction of odour detection thresholds using partition coefficients
Authors: Rodríguez Oscar , Teixeira Miguel A , Rodrigues Alírio E 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTA linear regression between odour detection thresholds and three basic physical properties (vapour pressure, water solubility and octanol/water partition coefficient) has been derived. The principles underlying this model are the transport process of the odorants from air to the olfactory neurons in the nasal epithelium. The regression was applied to odour detection thresholds measured from different authors separately, showing similar parameters. A general linear regression was obtained for odour detection threshold data from several authors and 121 chemicals. This regression allows a preliminary estimation of odour detection thresholds from literature data with fair accuracy. The coefficient of determination obtained,r2 = 0.769, indicates that these physical properties account for 77% of the odour threshold variance. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing laboratory and field measured bioaccumulation endpoints
Authors: Burkhard Lawrence P , Arnot Jon A , Embry Michelle R , Farley Kevin J , Hoke Robert A , Kitano Masaru , Leslie Heather A , Lotufo Guilherme R , Parkerton Thomas F , Sappington Keith G , Tomy Gregg T , Woodburn Kent B 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
An approach for comparing laboratory and field measures of bioaccumulation is presented to facilitate the interpretation of different sources of bioaccumulation data. Differences in numerical scales and units are eliminated by converting the data to dimensionless fugacity (or concentration-normalized) ratios. The approach expresses bioaccumulation metrics in terms of the equilibrium status of the chemical, with respect to a reference phase. When the fugacity ratios of the bioaccumulation metrics are plotted, the degree of variability within and across metrics is easily visualized for a given chemical because their numerical scales are the same for all endpoints. Fugacity ratios greater than 1 indicate an increase in chemical thermodynamic activity in organisms with respect to a reference phase (e.g., biomagnification). Fugacity ratios less than 1 indicate a decrease in chemical thermodynamic activity in organisms with respect to a reference phase (e.g., biodilution). This method provides a holistic, weight-of-evidence approach for assessing the biomagnification potential of individual chemicals because bioconcentration factors, bioaccumulation factors, biota–sediment accumulation factors, biomagnification factors, biota–suspended solids accumulation factors, and trophic magnification factors can be included in the evaluation. The approach is illustrated using a total 2393 measured data points from 171 reports, for 15 nonionic organic chemicals that were selected based on data availability, a range of physicochemical partitioning properties, and biotransformation rates. Laboratory and field fugacity ratios derived from the various bioaccumulation metrics were generally consistent in categorizing substances with respect to either an increased or decreased thermodynamic status in biota, i.e., biomagnification or biodilution, respectively. The proposed comparative bioaccumulation endpoint assessment method could therefore be considered for decision making in a chemicals management context. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012;8:17–31. © 2011 SETAC