bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Make test process assessment similar to software process assessment—the Test SPICE approach
Authors: Steiner Michael , Blaschke Monique , Philipp Michael , Schweigert Tomas 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThis article presents an ISO/IEC 15504 II conformant test assessment approach. It argues the need for such a method by reviewing the common approaches of ISTQB, TMM and TPI/TMAP and it outlines the first version of Test SPICE. The paper shows how ISO/IEC 15504 V was used as a starting point and it describes the actual model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of multi‐tasking software system performance with consideration of module dependency
Authors: Lee Chong Hyung , Kim Yong‐Ha , Park Dong Ho 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes new stochastic models that describe the task processing by the Markovian software availability model with perfect debugging and study the method to evaluate the system performance for the multi‐tasking software system having several modules. We assume that the software system, which is integrated by all modules, can process multiple tasks simultaneously. Each task, which is to be processed, is assumed to have multiple subtasks that are processed by the corresponding modules of the software system. Based on these models, we derive several performance measures, such as the expected numbers of subtasks and tasks whose processes can be completed within a certain time interval and the completion probability for each subtask and task. We also discuss the impacts that the number of modules constituting the system has on such performance measures. Furthermore, we consider the notion of module dependency for evaluation of certain probabilities of our interest and study its effects on such probabilities. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate our proposed models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward trustworthy software process models: an exploratory study on transformable process modeling
Authors: Zhang He , Kitchenham Barbara , Jeffery Ross 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSoftware process modeling and simulation have become effective tools for support of software process management and improvement over the past two decades. They have recently been integrated into the Trustworthy Process Management Framework (TPMF) as the infrastructural components to facilitate the delivery of trustworthy software products. This paper proposes the concept of Trustworthy Software Process Models as inputs to TPMF and introduces transformable process modeling for supporting effective and productive development of trustworthy process models. Furthermore, this paper undertakes an exploratory study on process model transformation by investigating and comparing process modeling semantics between quantitative (e.g., System Dynamics, SD) and qualitative forms of modeling and simulation. By following the model transformation scheme, a quantitative continuous (SD) software evolution process model is successfully transformed into its qualitative form for simulation. The results present the different capabilities and performance between these two modeling paradigms, as well as the possible benefits and interesting perspectives of transformable process modeling. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TraceAnalyzer: a system for processing performance traces
Authors: Diwan Amer , Hauswirth Matthias , Mytkowicz Todd , Sweeney Peter F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe performance of a program often varies significantly over the course of the program's run. Thus, to understand the performance of a program it is valuable to look not just at end‐to‐end metrics (e.g. total number of cache misses) but also the time‐varying performance of the program. Unfortunately, analyzing time‐varying performance is both cumbersome and difficult. This paper makes three contributions, all geared toward helping others in working with traces. First, it describes a system, the TraceAnalyzer, designed specifically for working with performance traces; a performance trace captures the time‐varying performance of a program run. Second, it describes lessons that we have learned from many years of working with these traces. Finally, it uses a case study to demonstrate how we have used the TraceAnalyzer to understand a performance anomaly. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synchronization for fast and reentrant operating system kernel tracing
Authors: Desnoyers Mathieu , Dagenais Michel R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo effectively trace an operating system, a performance monitoring and debugging infrastructure needs the ability to trace various execution contexts. These contexts range from kernel running as a thread toNon‐Maskable Interrupt(NMI) contexts. Given that any part of the kernel infrastructure used by a kernel tracer could lead to infinite recursion if traced, and because most kernel primitives require synchronization unsuitable for some execution contexts, all interactions of the tracing code with the existing kernel infrastructure must be considered in order to correctly inter‐operate with the existing operating system kernel. This paper presents a new low overhead tracing mechanism and motivates the choice of synchronization sequences suitable for operating system kernel tracing, namelylocal atomic instructionsas main buffer synchronization primitive and theRead–Copy Update(RCU) mechanism to control tracing. It also proposes a wait‐free algorithm extending the time‐base needed by the tracer to 64‐bit on architectures that lack hardware 64‐bit time‐base support. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design principles for developing stream processing applications
Authors: Turaga Deepak , Andrade Henrique , Gedik Buğra , Venkatramani Chitra , Verscheure Olivier , Harris Jeffrey David , Cox John , Szewczyk William , Jones Paul 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStream processing applications are used to ingest, process, and analyze continuous data streams from heterogeneous sources of live and stored data, generating streams of output results. These applications are, in many cases, complex, large‐scale, low‐latency, and distributed in nature. In this paper, we describe the design principles and architectural underpinnings for stream processing applications. These principles are distilled from our experience in building real‐world applications both for internal use as well as with customers from several industrial and academic domains. We provide principles, guidelines, as well as appropriate implementation examples to highlight the different aspects of stream processing application design and development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CloudSim: a toolkit for modeling and simulation of cloud computing environments and evaluation of resource provisioning algorithms
Authors: Calheiros Rodrigo N. , Ranjan Rajiv , Beloglazov Anton , De Rose César A. F. , Buyya Rajkumar 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCloud computing is a recent advancement wherein IT infrastructure and applications are provided as ‘services’ to end‐users under a usage‐based payment model. It can leverage virtualized services even on the fly based on requirements (workload patterns and QoS) varying with time. The application services hosted under Cloud computing model have complex provisioning, composition, configuration, and deployment requirements. Evaluating the performance of Cloud provisioning policies, application workload models, and resources performance models in a repeatable manner under varying system and user configurations and requirements is difficult to achieve. To overcome this challenge, we propose CloudSim: an extensible simulation toolkit that enables modeling and simulation of Cloud computing systems and application provisioning environments. The CloudSim toolkit supports both system and behavior modeling of Cloud system components such as data centers, virtual machines (VMs) and resource provisioning policies. It implements generic application provisioning techniques that can be extended with ease and limited effort. Currently, it supports modeling and simulation of Cloud computing environments consisting of both single and inter‐networked clouds (federation of clouds). Moreover, it exposes custom interfaces for implementing policies and provisioning techniques for allocation of VMs under inter‐networked Cloud computing scenarios. Several researchers from organizations, such as HP Labs in U.S.A., are using CloudSim in their investigation on Cloud resource provisioning and energy‐efficient management of data center resources. The usefulness of CloudSim is demonstrated by a case study involving dynamic provisioning of application services in the hybrid federated clouds environment. The result of this case study proves that the federated Cloud computing model significantly improves the application QoS requirements under fluctuating resource and service demand patterns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An advanced certificate validation service and architecture based on XKMS
Authors: Ruiz‐Martínez Antonio , Sánchez‐Martínez Daniel , Marín‐López C. Inmaculada , Gil‐Pérez Manuel , Gómez‐Skarmeta Antonio F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe appearance of some laws that make the electronic signature (e‐signature) legally equivalent to the handwritten signature (under some circumstances) has favoured its use in different fields, such as e‐commerce and e‐government. In these fields, the e‐signatures associated to some documents have to remain valid over long periods of time. For these kinds of e‐signatures, Advanced Electronic Signature (AdES) forms have appeared. These forms specify the information to include along with the e‐signature so that it remains valid for a long time after its creation. Basically, this information comprises signers' certificates, a set of certificates up to a trust anchor, certificate validation responses, etc. These data can be gathered by using different Public Key Infrastructure‐compliant protocols. However, the support of different protocols is complex for clients. XML Key Management Specification (XKMS) appeared with the aim of simplifying the certificate management, but it only supports a simple validation mechanism that does not provide the information needed for long‐term validation. As a solution to this problem, we have extended XKMS by defining an advanced certificate validation service to support the obtaining of validation data needed for different scenarios, such as the building of AdES forms or validation data registries. This extension also defines the different components needed to support this kind of a service. Furthermore, the defined service has been implemented and incorporated into an e‐government infrastructure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Message filters for hardening the Linux kernel
Authors: Nadella Suneetha , Janakiram Dharanipragada 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVarious mechanisms for hardening the Linux kernel (for example, enforcing system call policies, device driver failure recovery, protection against exploitation of bugs in code) are proposed in the literature. The main problem with these mechanisms is that, they require changes in the kernel code leading to the possibility of introducing new bugs and hence increasing the testing time. We propose a message filter model as an extension to object‐oriented wrappers for the Linux kernel, to dynamically provide various filtering capabilities to the kernel. This model works as a comprehensive framework for specifying system call policies, handling device driver faults, protecting the kernel against exploits of bugs in code etc, without modifying the existing kernel code. This considerably reduces the possibility of creating new bugs in the kernel code. We have integrated policies for system call interception and device driver failure handling, into the Linux kernel (2.6.9), using message filter model. Our experiments show that the overhead due to our filter objects is very low, making it a useful mechanism for providing filtering capabilities to the Linux kernel. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing architectural drift in commercial software development: a case study
Authors: Rosik Jacek , Le Gear Andrew , Buckley Jim , Babar Muhammad Ali , Connolly Dave 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: Software architecture is perceived as one of the most important artefacts created during a system's design. However, implementations often diverge from their intended architectures: a phenomenon called architectural drift. The objective of this research is to assess the occurrence of architectural drift in the context ofde novosoftware development, to characterize it, and to evaluate whether its detection leads to inconsistency removal.Method: Anin vivo, longitudinal case study was performed during the development of a commercial software system, where an approach based on Reflexion Modelling was employed to detect architectural drift. Observation and think‐aloud data, captured during the system's development, were assessed for the presence and types of architectural drift. When divergences were identified, the data were further analysed to see if identification led to the removal of these divergences.Results: The analysed system diverged from the intended architecture, during the initial implementation of the system. Surprisingly however, this work showed that Reflexion Modelling served to conceal some of the inconsistencies, a finding that directly contradicts the high regard that this technique enjoys as an architectural evaluation tool. Finally, the analysis illustrated that detection of inconsistencies was insufficient to prompt their removal, in the small, informal team context studied.Conclusions: Although the utility of the approach for detecting inconsistencies was demonstrated in most cases, it also served to hide several inconsistencies and did not act as a trigger for their removal. Hence additional efforts must be taken to lessen architectural drift and several improvements in this regard are suggested. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decision‐making in complex systems: Relationship between scale of change and performance
Authors: Maani Kambiz , Li Anson 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEmpirical research as well as numerous cases studying managers across diverse disciplines, cultures, and industries reveal consistent patterns of counter‐productive decision‐making. In this regard, decision‐makers appear to exhibit an unmistakable tendency to ‘over‐intervene’ in the systems (companies, organizations, cities, communities, etc.) they are responsible for. This suggests an inadequate appreciation and understanding of the dynamics underlying decision‐making, generating unwarranted and excessive fluctuations and instability in organizations. Numerous studies have observed such phenomena in simulated and experimental settings. Research results, as well as in‐depth case studies highlight a number of assumptions and mental models commonly held by decision‐makers and managers with adverse effect on organizational dynamics and performance. This paper reports on extensive empirical research and findings elicited from subjects interacting with realistic simulation models of organizations (microworlds) to investigate the relationship between scale of intervention and performance. The results show that while large‐scale interventions appear to be effective in the start‐up phase of systems (e.g. new products, markets, companies) they are generally counter‐productive in mature systems operating at steady state. The results support findings from organizational case studies, notably, the extensive study of ‘Good to Great’ firms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fostering innovation in medical technology with hierarchy theory: Narratives on emergent clinical solutions
Authors: Galbrun Jérôme , Kijima Kyoichi Jim 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInnovating with the goal of conquering disease and injury is one of humanity's most admirable activities. With the variability of patients and diseases, medical innovation often involves complex interactions between the physicians in clinical practice and the rapid technological change from commercial firms. We apply aspects of interpretative hierarchy theory dealing with self‐reflective processes, particularly observation and description, to analyse these complex and dynamic relationships that foster innovation in medical technology. This systemic approach fixes certain parameters that help reduce complexity, (i) the notion of gain to adequately describe the change of observed technological hierarchies over time, and (ii) a systems description that allows clinical innovation to emerge as narratives. Our view of innovation in medical technology as an outcome of a high and low gain system finds its empirical illustration through the emergence of diagnostic solutions in medical imaging in the past decade. Finally, our research suggests epistemological and practical contributions to support the sound technological innovation in clinical practice with emphasis on selection criteria and holism for different stakeholders including physicians, firm managers and policymakers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hunting, gathering, investing, globalizing: The biological roots of economic behaviour
Authors: Burd Martin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe emerging discipline of behavioural economics has established that humans do not follow the canonical rules of rational utility maximization that were the foundation of neoclassical economics. If people were rational economic agents, their behaviour would be highly predictable. No unifying predictive framework for actual economic behaviour has emerged to replace the canonical assumption of utility maximization. I suggest here that evolutionary biology can play a role in forging a new theoretical framework for behavioural economics. I argue that some apparently irrational economic behaviours can be understood as products of the hunter–gatherer ecology in which humans evolved. I discuss three examples of anomalous behaviour: hyperbolic time discounting, context‐dependent preferences and contribution to public goods. In each case, ‘irrational’ decisions are less surprizing when we recognize the evolutionary roots of the behaviour. Cultural effects remain relevant in an evolutionary account of economic behaviour. Indeed, an evolutionary perspective may help us anticipate economic behaviour and create sustainable societies in the novel, globalized economy that we have created. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainability and livability in the 2007 banking crisis: A failed transition to a low gain system
Authors: Shaw Duncan R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThere is a contrast between the role of complexity in enabling value creation and market growth and its role in limiting sustainability. This contrast can be understood by using the concept of low gain systems, which are relatively elaborate and sustainable, and the concept of high gain systems which are concerned with the immediacy of actually living rather than longer‐term sustaining. This paper analyses the recent banking crisis to develop a framework that weaves together the many suggestions that have been made to fix the banking system and to look for a root cause. The root cause of the banking crisis was in the increased complexity of the supply chain that linked more borrowers to more investors. This complexity enabled the aggregation and customization of debt product for specific investors, which grew the market. But it was not elaborate enough to preserve information that was required to manage the quality of these debt products. So the negative feedback of toxic debts poisoned the system in a high gain manner rather than being filtered out in a low gain manner. This was allowed to happen because of missing elements at the global and national levels of the regulation system which did not spot this filtering problem or were unable to constrain the lower levels of the regulation system to options that would fix it. The implications for regulating future system elaboration attempts are also discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complexity and the productivity of innovation
Authors: Strumsky Deborah , Lobo José , Tainter Joseph A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractInnovation underpins the industrial way of life. It is assumed implicitly both that it will continue to do so, and that it will produce solutions to the problems we face involving climate and resources. These assumptions underlie the thinking of many economists and the political leaders whom they influence. Such a view assumes that innovation in the future will be as productive as it has been in the recent past. To test whether this is likely to be so, we investigate the productivity of innovation in the United States using data from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. The results suggest that the conventional optimistic view may be unwarranted. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Making livable sustainable systems unremarkable
Authors: Allen Timothy F. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLivable and sustainable are more than differently scaled considerations, they belong to different qualitative types. Livability is dynamic and unplanned. Sustainability is about rate‐independent planning. Livability trumps sustainability in the present, but it is labile and so sustainability can wait it out until material pressures force a change. Sustainability is constrained but not determined by livability. Livability changes as resources become scarce. High gain systems take in fuel and burn it willy‐nilly, yielding to thermodynamic description. Low gain takes in low quality material and refines it so it can be used as fuel. The refinement has preferred outcomes and yields to descriptions of efficiency. Livability is high gain while sustainability is low gain. The conflict between livability and sustainability makes their consideration juxtaposed a complex system. I recommend that teaching global systems thinking in the early school years will give the next generation a clarity of vision and a flexibility of mind that will help greatly as the vice on resources tightens. Making livable sustainable systems matter of fact to the next generation, making it unremarkable is the only fully promising path forward. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating economic gain in biosocial systems
Authors: Allen Timothy F. H. , Tainter Joseph A. , Flynn John , Steller Rachael , Blenner Elizabeth , Pease Megan , Nielsen Kristina 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe concept of gain and profit is introduced into ecology as a way of summarizing strategies of biological and social structures. High gain systems can be predicted by flux as they take in fuel at a rate. Low gain systems must refine low‐quality materials in order to acquire fuel. Low gain systems are predictable from their plans and coded behaviour. Changes from high to low gain mode and vice versa represent a reordering of a hierarchy over time. We use a catastrophe pleat as a way to model high gain collapse. Collapse is avoided in low gain by planning. At first, planning enlarges the system through economies of scale, but eventually resources are of such low quality that gathering and refining begins to limit size. We also model shifts from high to low gain with a response surface of resource used against adaptation. There are peaks of high and low gain adaptation with which we analyse termite evolution. Positioning systems on the surface is complicated by valid alternative interpretations of system behaviour. Each low gain phase starts with a burst of high gain so it is possible to reinterpret successive moves to the lower gain as fractal shifts that link successive response surfaces. We propose mathematical protocols for capturing the response surfaces. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.