bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arm Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Swartz Neil M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ability to mathematically model the movement of a robot manipulator is a prerequisite to the understanding of the key factors that influence a manipulator's performance. This paper presents a manipulator model which has been used to simulate and control a real robot arm. A method of describing the arm by its rotational characteristics. a set of equations called the “Inverse Arm” and an algorithm called the “Forward Arm” are presented. The Forward Arm simulates the movement of an arm and the Inverse Arm provides a means of computing the correct voltages to apply to an arm to achieve a desired movement.
Dynamics and Control of Motion on the Ground and in the Air with Application to Biped Robots
Authors: Hemami Hooshang , Zheng Yuan‐Fang 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dynamics of a multi‐linkage model of natural or man‐made systems with arbitrary holonomic and non‐holonomic constraints at the joints are formulated. The formulation is equally applicable to movements on the ground or in the air. Nonlinear control strategies for postural balance and rhythmic motion are presented. A predictive algorithm to compensate for computation or transmission delay is proposed. Digital computer simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the control strategy for a five‐link three‐dimensional biped.
Flow structure and channel change in a sinuous grass‐lined stream within an agricultural drainage ditch: Implications for ditch stability and aquatic habitat
Authors: Rhoads B. L. , Massey K. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMany drainage ditches in the Midwest have developed a geomorphological configuration characterized by vegetated bars, or benches, on the bottom of the ditch and a stream flowing within a channel inset into these bars or benches. Past work has focused on the sedimentology of the benches and the depositional processes involved in bench development. This study investigates the three‐dimensional flow structure and short‐term channel change in a small grass‐lined stream flanked by benches at the bottom of an agricultural drainage ditch in east central Illinois, USA. In particular, it focuses on the influence of channel curvature and bank vegetation on flow through the inset channel at two different stages and explores how the structure of the flow is related to documented patterns of channel change. Results indicate that the mean flow is characterized by a submerged high‐velocity core that mainly is confined to the centre of the channel by near‐bank zones of flow stagnation/separation induced by abrupt changes in channel alignment and by strong frictional effects of grasses extending into the flow along the channel margins. Where the high‐velocity core is close to the channel margins, minor erosional adjustments of the inset channel can occur in the form of bank erosion. Patterns of turbulence kinetic energy reflect the development of shear layers near the channel margins and surrounding the submerged high‐velocity core. Locations with strong turbulence also correspond to locations of minor bank erosion. The results indicate that the inset channel is a relatively stable feature, especially where the alignment of this channel is straight, but that erosion‐control treatments may be necessary locally where the inset channel impinges on the ditch bank. Although the development of benches, a geomorphic response to ditch maintenance, is commonly viewed as a threat to drainage efficacy, preserving or constructing benches and associated inset channels in drainage ditches can enhance aquatic habitat and water quality. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new cryo‐STEM method for imaging food colloids in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Gee V. L. , Carey M. A. , Auty M. A. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new cryo‐scanning transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐STEM) technique for imaging casein micelles in a field emission scanning electron microscope is presented. Thin films of micellar casein suspensions on lacey carbon grids were prepared using a modified sample holder developed by Gatan UK. Bright and dark field images were obtained at −135°C showing casein micelles in their frozen hydrated state and in the size range 30–500 nm. Results were compared favorably with published images of casein micelles obtained with conventional cryo‐transmission electron microscopy, suggesting that cryo‐STEM is a useful alternative technique for visualizing food colloids close to their native state. SCANNING 32: 150–154, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sustainability, poverty and municipal services: the case of Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Swilling Mark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough many global policies refer to the need to reconcile growth, equity and sustainability, there is little that demonstrates what this entails, especially in fast growing developing countries. The sustainable cities literature focuses on environmental constraints, and the institutional economics literature on governance. The aim of this paper is to provide a conceptual synthesis that makes it possible to understand the complex dynamics of technological and institutional innovation. The evolution of Cape Town's strategies to deal with post‐apartheid inequalities within a context of severe resource constraints is reviewed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Quantitative Evaluation of Cellular Uptake and Trafficking of Plain and Polyethylene Glycol‐Coated Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Brandenberger Christina , Mühlfeld Christian , Ali Zulqurnain , Lenz Anke‐Gabriele , Schmid Otmar , Parak Wolfgang J. , Gehr Peter , Rothen‐Rutishauser Barbara 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study addresses the cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of 15‐nm gold nanoparticles (NPs), either plain (i.e., stabilized with citrate) or coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), exposed to human alveolar epithelial cells (A549) at the air–liquid interface for 1, 4, and 24 h. Quantitative analysis by stereology on transmission electron microscopy images reveals a significant, nonrandom intracellular distribution for both NP types. No particles are observed in the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, or golgi. The cytosol is not a preferred cellular compartment for both NP types, although significantly more PEG‐coated than citrate‐stabilized NPs are present there. The preferred particle localizations are vesicles of different sizes (<150, 150–1000, >1000 nm). This is observed for both NP types and indicates a predominant uptake by endocytosis. Subsequent inhibition of caveolin‐ and clathrin‐mediated endocytosis by methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (MβCD) results in a significant reduction of intracellular NPs. The inhibition, however, is more pronounced for PEG‐coated than citrate‐stabilized NPs. The latter are mostly found in larger vesicles; therefore, they are potentially taken up by macropinocytosis, which is not inhibited by MβCD. With prolonged exposure times, both NPs are preferentially localized in larger‐sized intracellular vesicles such as lysosomes, thus indicating intracellular particle trafficking. This quantitative evaluation reveals that NP surface coatings modulate endocytotic uptake pathways and cellular NP trafficking. Other nonendocytotic entry mechanisms are found to be involved as well, as indicated by localization of a minority of PEG‐coated NPs in the cytosol.
Developing measurement systems: an industrial case study
Authors: Staron Miroslaw , Meding Wilhelm , Karlsson Göran , Nilsson Christer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe process of measuring in software engineering has already been standardized in the ISO/IEC 15939 standard, where activities related to identifying, creating, and evaluating of measures are described. In the process of measuring software entities, however, an organization usually needs to create custom measurement systems, which are intended to collect, analyze, and present data for a specific purpose. In this paper, we present a proven industrial process for developing measurement systems including the artifacts and deliverables important for a successful deployment of measurement systems in industry. The process has been elicited during a case study at Ericsson and is used in the organization for over 3 years when the paper was written. The process is supported by a framework that simplifies the implementation of the measurement systems and shortens the time from the initial idea to a working measurement system by the factor of 5 compared with using a standard development process not tailored for measurement systems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Knowledge sharing practices and the impact of cultural factors: reflections on two case studies of offshoring in SME
Authors: Boden Alexander , Avram Gabriela , Bannon Liam , Wulf Volker 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe impact of culture on knowledge management in international teams is an important topic which is still not well understood. We contribute to the discussion by presenting two case studies of small software teams involved in distributed software development. In doing so, we illustrate how cultural and social issues influence the way knowledge exchange is performed by analyzing four knowledge sharing practices: status meetings and maintaining awareness, the collaborative use of shared artifacts and repositories, spending time at the other site and human ‘bridges’ that mediate between people and cultures. Our findings suggest that organizational culture is permanently re‐negotiated and adjusted to fit the distributed collaboration, as the teams learn how to deal with each other. Socialization plays a significant role in this learning process, and people are more likely to draw on national stereotypes when breakdowns occur. The influences of national culture and site‐specific organizational culture are subtle and not easy to separate from other factors. Based on our experience, we argue that in order to achieve an accurate understanding of knowledge sharing practices in globally distributed software teams, these need to be studied in context, longitudinally, and from both the onshore and offshore perspectives. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the software process with a software process improvement tool in a small enterprise
Authors: García Iván , Pacheco Carla , Mendoza Eloy , Calvo‐Manzano Jose A. , Cuevas Gonzalo , San Feliu Tomás 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTop‐down process improvement approaches provide a high‐level model of what the process of a software development organization should be. Such models are based on the consensus of a designated working group on how software should be developed or maintained. They are very useful in that they provide general guidelines on where to start improving, and in which order. However, the majority of them have only worked in scenarios within large companies. We aim to help small software development organizations to adopt an iterative approach by providing a Process Improvement Web‐based Tool (SysProVal). This paper presents research into the proposal that a small organization may use this tool to define and implement a set of project management practices that can be strengthened using the CMMI‐DEV 1.2 model as reference. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Audlib: a configurable, high‐fidelity application audit mechanism
Authors: Kuperman Benjamin A. , Spafford Eugene H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce Audlib, an extendable tool for generating security‐relevant information on Unix systems. Audlib is a wrapper environment that generates application level audit information from existing executable programs. Audlib is not a detection system, instead it is designed to supplement existing audit systems and work transparently with them. Audlib records information that is not presently available from existing kernel‐level audit sources. Here, we describe the design of the Audlib framework and the information it provides. We compare auditing the actions of a web server with Audlib to existing kernel audit sources and show that we have 2–4 times the throughput of Linuxauditdand less than half the performance overhead of Solaris BSM while collecting detailed information about the server's execution. Although Audlib is focused on recording security information, this technique can be used to collect data for a wide variety of purposes including profiling, dependency analysis, and debugging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical systems thinking for the facilitation of conservation planning in Philippine coastal management
Authors: Klocker Larsen Rasmus 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Critical Systems Thinking, the notion of boundary judgements represents a constructionist view on knowing as the bounding of components of reality into knowable objects. Cognitive boundary judgements determine observations (facts) and evaluations (values), which knowers appreciate and act in relation to. Werner Ulrich's method of dialogical boundary critique and the framework of Critical Systems Heuristics (CSH) are intended to enable citizen participation in Western democracies through acknowledgement of legitimate competencies in public and corporate dialogues. This paper investigates the application of this methodology in Philippine coastal resource management. The conclusions are based on stakeholder‐based action planning carried out between November 2007 and May 2008 in the Babuyan group of islands, bounded by the Balintang and Babuyan Channels. It argues that dialogical boundary critique requires significant adaptation if it is to provide a liberating language for participants in Philippine resource management dilemmas shaped by multiple and conflicting knowledge claims under conditions of significant controversy. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Hitting the Right Spot with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
Authors: Tolar Jakub , Le Blanc Katarina , Keating Armand , Blazar Bruce R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have captured considerable scientific and public interest because of their potential to limit physical and immune injury, to produce bioactive molecules and to regenerate tissues. MSCs are phenotypically heterogeneous and distinct subpopulations within MSC cultures are presumed to contribute to tissue repair and the modulation of allogeneic immune responses. As the first example of efficacy, clinical trials for prevention and treatment of graft-versus-host disease after hematopoietic cell transplantation show that MSCs can effectively treat human disease. The view of the mechanisms whereby MSCs function as immunomodulatory and reparative cells has evolved simultaneously. Initially, donor MSCs were thought to replace damaged cells in injured tissues of the recipient. More recently, however, it has become increasingly clear that even transient MSC engraftment may exert favorable effects through the secretion of cytokines and other paracrine factors, which engage and recruit recipient cells in productive tissue repair. Thus, an important reason to investigate MSCs in mechanistic preclinical models and in clinical trials with well-defined end points and controls is to better understand the therapeutic potential of these multifunctional cells. Here, we review the controversies and recent insights into MSC biology, the regulation of alloresponses by MSCs in preclinical models, as well as clinical experience with MSC infusions (Table 1) and the challenges of manufacturing a ready supply of highly defined transplantable MSCs.
Molecular imaging genetics of methylphenidate response in ADHD and substance use comorbidity
Authors: Szobot Claudia M. , Roman Tatiana , Hutz Mara H. , Genro Júlia P. , Shih Ming Chi , Hoexter Marcelo Q. , Júnior Neivo , Pechansky Flávio , Bressan Rodrigo A. , Rohde Luis A.P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPurpose: Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders (SUDs) are highly comorbid and may share a genetic vulnerability. Methylphenidate (MPH), a dopamine transporter (DAT) blocker, is an effective drug for most ADHD patients. Although dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and dopamine transporter (DAT1) genes have a role in both disorders, little is known about how these genes influence brain response to MPH in individuals with ADHD/SUDs. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether ADHD risk alleles at DRD4 and DAT1 genes could predict the change in striatal DAT occupancy after treatment with MPH in adolescents with ADHD/SUDs. Methods: Seventeen adolescents with ADHD/SUDs underwent a SPECT scan with [Tc99m]TRODAT‐1 at baseline and after three weeks on MPH. Caudate and putamen DAT binding potential was calculated. Comparisons on DAT changes were made according to the subjects' genotype. Results: The combination of both DRD4 7‐repeat allele (7R) and homozygosity for the DAT1 10‐repeat allele (10/10) was significantly associated with a reduced DAT change after MPH treatment in right and left caudate and putamen, even adjusting the results for potential confounders (P ≤ 0.02; R2 from 0.50 to 0.56). Conclusions: In patients with ADHD/SUDs, combined DRD4 7R and DAT1 10/10 could index MPH reduced DAT occupancy. This might be important for clinical trials, in terms of better understanding individual variability in treatment response. Synapse 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The evolution of climate ideas and knowledge
Authors: Heymann Matthias 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIdeas and knowledge about climate have changed considerably in history. Ancient philosophers like Hippocrates and Aristotle shaped the understandings of climate, which remained very influential until well into the eighteenth century. The Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century gave rise to new ways of systematic instrument‐based observation of and increased public interest in weather and climate. These developments led to a mechanistic understanding and a reductionist physical description of climate in the twentieth century, eventually in the form of a complex earth system. Furthermore, different understandings of climate co‐existed in many periods of time. Only in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries specific scientific concepts of climate (a geographical understanding of climate in climatology until about the mid‐twentieth century and a physical understanding of climate in climate science in the second half of the twentieth century) gained superior social credibility and cultural dominance. The understanding of climate involved more than the accumulation of scientific knowledge. It was rooted in social processes and cultural interests, which shaped different ideas of climate in different communities of actors and different historical times. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Climate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
Belief based data cleaning for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Ali Bakhtiar Qutub , Pissinou Niki , Makki Kia 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWireless sensor network (WSN) data is often subjected to corruption and losses due to wireless medium of communication and presence of hardware inaccuracies in the nodes. For a WSN application to deduce an appropriate result it is necessary that the data received is clean, accurate, and lossless. WSN data cleaning systems exploit contextual associations existing in the received data to suppress data inconsistencies and anomalies. In this work we attempt to clean the data gathered from WSN by capturing the influence of changing dynamics of the environment on the contextual associations existing in the sensor nodes. Specifically, our work validates the extent of similarities among the sensed observations from contextually (spatio‐temporally) associated nodes and considers the time of arrival of data at the sink to educate the cleaning process about the WSN's behavior. We term the data cleaning technique proposed in this work as time of arrival for data cleaning (TOAD). TOAD establishes belief on spatially related nodes to identify potential nodes that can contribute to data cleaning. By using information theory concepts and experiments on data sets from a real‐time scenario we demonstrate and establish that validation of contextual associations among the sensor nodes significantly contributes to data cleaning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of Patching‐based and Caching‐based video‐on‐demand in multi‐hop WiMax mesh networks
Authors: Xie Fei , Hua Kien A. , Jiang Ning , Ho Yao Hua 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this work, we study two cross‐layer techniques, the Patching‐based scheme (PS) and the Caching‐based scheme (CS), to provide video‐on‐demand (VoD) in the multi‐hop WiMax mesh networks. PS consists of an efficient and lightweight multicast routing technique as well as the Patching technique in the application layer. Although PS improves the scalability of the system, the server has to launch extra Patching streams for later users in the multicast group. CS caches the video content in the subscribe stations of the mesh network. The cached video data can be used to accommodate later request. Both approaches employ a novel joint solution of admission control and channel scheduling for video streams in the lower layer. This joint solution guarantees the data rate for the admitted video streams, which is crucial for real‐time video streaming application. We used simulation to study the performance of PS and CS under real system settings. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of anonymous communications in mobile ad hoc networks
Authors: Nácher Marga , Calafate Carlos T. , Cano Juan‐Carlos , Manzoni Pietro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSecurity is an important topic in the context of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). The particular features of these networks, such as the use of open air as the transmission medium or computational constraints, make them vulnerable. One of the mechanisms to protect the communication is to provide anonymity, that aims at hiding the participants' identities, as well as the message contents and any kind of information about the transaction. For this purpose, some additional security mechanisms are required, usually based on cryptographic techniques. In this paper, we review the most relevant anonymity studies in the literature, starting with an analysis of proposals for wired networks, and then moving on to MANET environments. We also present a taxonomy to differentiate proposals according to the degree of anonymity offered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unified fixed‐point analysis of IEEE 802.11 WLAN under saturated and unsaturated conditions
Authors: Yu Hui , Fu Luoyi , Xu Youyun 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost of analysis so far for IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs) focuses on saturated condition. However, it is of practical value to take into account the unsaturation case. In this paper, we modified Bianchi's Markov back‐off model to make it applicable to unsaturated condition and the analytic results are provided by employing the renewal‐reward theorem. Under our proposed model, we study the fixed‐point solution of the system and provide a condition to guarantee both the uniqueness and balance of the fixed point. From the fixed point, we find that under unsaturated condition, network parameters should be adjusted according to the traffic load. Then, we study the system throughput. In the case where there are a large number of nodes, we provide closed‐form formulas for the collision probability, the aggregate attempt rate, and the throughput. We find that in such a scenario, the system yields similar performance as that under saturated situation. Moreover, we compare all the results with those under saturated condition and find the latter is a special case of our results. Hence, all of our analysis based on unsaturated condition well covers saturated condition. Our analytical results are validated through ns2 simulations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.