bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
U.S. Cigarette Demand: 1944-2004
Authors: Cheng Kai-Wen , Kenkel Don S 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We analyze individual-level data on cigarette smoking from 23 national cross-sectional surveys conducted by the Gallup Poll from 1944 through 2004. We estimate standard two-part models of cigarette demand as a function of demographics, income, and cigarette prices. Over the sixty year time-span covered in our data, smoking participation falls from almost 50 percent to 22 percent. We find that the influences of key demographic factors on cigarette demand change over time: the gender difference in smoking rates almost disappears, the black-white difference reverses, a strong gradient with schooling emerges, and a negative income elasticity emerges.
Magnesium Intake in Relation to Systemic Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, and the Incidence of Diabetes
Authors: Kim Dae Jung , Xun Pengcheng , Liu Kiang , Loria Catherine , Yokota Kuninobu , Jacobs David R. , He Ka 
Published: September 2010

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the long-term associations of magnesium intake with incidence of diabetes, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance among young American adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 4,497 Americans, aged 18–30 years, who had no diabetes at baseline, were prospectively examined for incident diabetes based on quintiles of magnesium intake. We also investigated the associations between magnesium intake and inflammatory markers, i.e., high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and fibrinogen, and the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR).

RESULTS
During the 20-year follow-up, 330 incident cases of diabetes were identified. Magnesium intake was inversely associated with incidence of diabetes after adjustment for potential confounders. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio of diabetes for participants in the highest quintile of magnesium intake was 0.53 (95% CI, 0.32–0.86; Ptrend &lt; 0.01) compared with those in the lowest quintile. Consistently, magnesium intake was significantly inversely associated with hs-CRP, IL-6, fibrinogen, and HOMA-IR, and serum magnesium levels were inversely correlated with hs-CRP and HOMA-IR.

CONCLUSIONS
Magnesium intake was inversely longitudinally associated with incidence of diabetes in young American adults. This inverse association may be explained, at least in part, by the inverse correlations of magnesium intake with systemic inflammation and insulin resistance.
Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of minocycline hydrochloride in horses
Authors: Nagata Shun-ichi , Yamashita Shozo , Kurosawa Masahiko , Kuwajima Masao , Hobo Seiji , Katayama Yoshinari , Anzai Toru 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective—To determine the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of minocycline in horses.
Animals—5 healthy Thoroughbred mares for the pharmacokinetic experiment and 6 healthy Thoroughbred mares for the tissue distribution experiment.
Procedures—Each mare was given 2.2 mg of minocycline hydrochloride/kg, IV. Blood samples were collected once before minocycline administration (0 hours) and 10 times within 48 hours after administration in the pharmacokinetics study, and 24 tissue samples were obtained at 0.5 and 3 hours in the distribution study.
Results—No adverse effects were observed in any of the mares after minocycline administration. The mean ± SD elimination half-life was 7.70 ± 1.91 hours. The total body clearance was 0.16 ± 0.04 L/h/kg, and the volume of distribution at steady state was 1.53 ± 0.09 L/kg. The percentage of plasma protein binding was 68.1 ± 2.6%. Plasma concentration of free minocycline was 0.12 μg/mL at 12 hours. Minocycline was not detected in brain tissue, CSF or aqueous humor at 0.5 hours; however, it was found in all tissues, except in the aqueous humor, at 3 hours.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clearance of minocycline in healthy mares was greater than that reported for humans. For effective treatment of infections with common equine pathogens, it will be necessary to administer minocycline at a dosage of 2.2 mg/kg, IV, every 12 hours. This drug could be useful for infections in many tissues, including the CNS. The pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution data should aid in the appropriate use of minocycline in horses. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1062–1066)
Effects of firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin administration on eicosanoid production in target tissues of healthy cats
Authors: Goodman Laura A. , Torres Bryan T. , Reynolds Lisa R. , Budsberg Steven C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of firocoxib, meloxicam, and tepoxalin administration in healthy cats by measuring the ability of stimulated tissues to synthesize eicosanoids ex vivo.
Animals—8 healthy adult male cats.
Procedures—In a blinded, randomized, crossover study design, cats were treated with firocoxib (1 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h), meloxicam (0.05 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h), tepoxalin (5.0 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h), or a placebo for 8 days. Blood samples and gastric and duodenal mucosal biopsy specimens were collected on days 0 (baseline; immediately before treatment), 3, and 8 of each treatment period. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentrations were measured in serum, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) concentrations were measured in plasma. Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) synthesis, PGE2 synthesis, and LTB4 concentrations were measured in mucosal biopsy specimens. A 21-day minimum washout period was observed between treatments. Repeated-measures analyses were performed.
Results—Firocoxib and meloxicam administration resulted in a lower plasma PGE2 concentration than at baseline on days 3 and 8 of administration, whereas tepoxalin administration did not. Tepoxalin administration resulted in a lower serum TXB2 concentration and pyloric and duodenal PGE1 synthesis on both days, compared with baseline and placebo administration. Neither firocoxib nor meloxicam administration altered pyloric or duodenal PGE1 synthesis on either day, compared with placebo administration. Tepoxalin administration also resulted in lower pyloric mucosal LTB4 concentrations on both days, compared with baseline values.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Firocoxib and meloxicam administration had no effect on cyclooxygenase-1 activity, whereas tepoxalin administration resulted in inhibition of cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1067–1073)
Physiologic effects of nasopharyngeal administration of supplemental oxygen at various flow rates in healthy neonatal foals
Authors: Wong David M. , Alcott Cody J. , Wang Chong , Hay-Kraus Bonnie L. , Buchanan Benjamin R. , Brockus Charles W. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of various flow rates of oxygen administered via 1 or 2 nasal cannulae on the fraction of inspired oxygen concentration (Fio2) and other arterial blood gas variables in healthy neonatal foals.
Animals—9 healthy neonatal (3- to 4-day-old) foals.
Procedures—In each foal, a nasal cannula was introduced into each naris and passed into the nasopharynx to the level of the medial canthus of each eye; oxygen was administered at 4 flow rates through either 1 or both cannulae (8 treatments/foal). Intratracheal Fio2, intratracheal end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and arterial blood gas variables were measured before (baseline) and during unilateral and bilateral nasopharyngeal delivery of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mL of oxygen/kg/min.
Results—No adverse reactions were associated with administration of supplemental oxygen except at the highest flow rate, at which the foals became agitated. At individual flow rates, significant and dose-dependent increases in Fio2, Pao2, and oxygen saturation of hemoglobin (Sao2) were detected, compared with baseline values. Comparison of unilateral and bilateral delivery of oxygen at similar cumulative flow rates revealed no differences in evaluated variables.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that administration of supplemental oxygen via nasal cannulae appeared to be a highly effective means of increasing Fio2, Pao2, and Sao2 in neonatal foals. These findings may provide guidance for implementation of oxygen treatment in hypoxemic neonatal foals. (Am J Vet Med 2010;71:1081–1088)
Glomerular filtration rate in dogs as estimated via plasma clearance of inulin and iohexol and use of limited-sample methods
Authors: Heiene Reidun , Eliassen Knut A. , Risøen Unni , Neal Larry A. , Cowgill Larry D. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective—To compare plasma clearance of inulin and iohexol determined by use of 9 plasma samples for evaluation of glomerular filtration rate in dogs and to evaluate limited-sample approaches for evaluation of plasma clearance of these markers.
Animals—43 dogs of various breeds that weighed between 5.5 and 63 kg and that had various degrees of renal function.
Procedures—9 plasma samples were obtained from each dog at 5 minutes to 6 hours after IV bolus injection of iohexol and inulin. Clearance was calculated by use of results for all 9 samples (ie, reference method). Results for 3 limited-sample strategies for determination of plasma clearance of iohexol and inulin were compared with results for the reference method.
Results—Mean clearance of inulin and iohexol for the reference method was 2.72 and 2.48 mL/min/kg, respectively. The mean difference between clearance of these 2 markers for the reference method was 0.24 mL/min/kg. In general, use of the limited-sample strategies yielded clearance values similar to those for the reference method. More accurate estimates of clearance were obtained for iohexol than for inulin by use of the limited-sample methods.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of iohexol and inulin yielded similar but not identical results for plasma clearance. Accuracy for limited-sample methods would be acceptable for many clinical and research situations. (Am J Vet Res 2010;71:1100–1107)
Analysis of the Influence of Waves in the Occurrence of Accidents in the Portuguese Coast Using Bayesian Belief Networks
Authors: Antão Pedro , Soares C. 
Published: September 2010

Analysis of the Influence of Waves in the Occurrence of Accidents in the Portuguese Coast Using Bayesian Belief NetworksSea and weather conditions are the second most frequent cause of accidents in Portuguese waters accounting for 23% of the occurrences. However due to lack of information in the Portuguese maritime accident database it is difficult to assess what this cause consists specifically, i.e., fog, large wave heights or other events. In the present study significant wave height data was introduced in a Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model in order assess the correlation between their amplitude and certain accident typologies and related consequences (human injuries or fatalities). The results of different inferences of the BBN model show that through a simple modification of an accident model the influence of weather pattern can be assessed and specific risk factors can be identified.
Lower Extremity Kinematics of Females With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome While Stair Stepping
Authors: McKenzie Kirsty , Galea Victoria , Wessel Jean , Pierrynowski Michael 
Published: September 2010

Study Design Cross-sectional case-control design. Background Although the etiology of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) is not completely understood, there is some evidence to suggest that hip position during weight-bearing activities contributes to the disorder. Objective To compare the knee and hip motions (and their coordination) during stair stepping in female athletes with and without PFPS. Methods Two groups of female recreational athletes, 1 group with PFPS (n = 10) and a control group without PFPS (n = 10), were tested. All participants ascended and descended stairs (condition) at 2 speeds (self-selected comfortable and taxing [defined as 20% faster than the comfortable speed]), while the knee and hip angles were measured with a magnetic-based kinematic data acquisition system. Angle-angle diagrams were used to examine the relationship between flexion/extension of the knee and flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, and internal/external rotation of the hip. The angle of the knee and the 3 angles of the hip at foot contact on the third step were compared between groups by means of 3-way analyses of variance (ANOVA), with repeated measures on speed and condition. Results Group-by-speed interaction for knee angle was significant, with knee flexion being greater for the PFPS group for stair ascent and descent at a comfortable speed. Both the angle-angle diagrams and ANOVA demonstrated greater adduction and internal rotation of the hip in the individuals with PFPS compared to control participants during stair descent. Conclusions Compared to control participants, females with PFPS descend stairs with the knee in a more flexed position and have the hip in a more adducted and internally rotated position at foot contact during stair stepping at a comfortable speed. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(10):625–632.doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3185
Efficacy of intraoperative irrigation with saline for preventing shunt infection
Authors: Hayashi Toshiaki , Shirane Reizo , Yokosawa Michiko , Kimiwada Tomomi , Tominaga Teiji 
Published: September 2010

Object
The rate of infection following shunt procedures is unacceptably high. The authors have hypothesized that the key to reducing the shunt infection rate is in reducing bacteria in the operating field and wound. This hypothesis has been tested in a prospective nonrandomized controlled manner.

Methods
Data obtained in all patients undergoing shunt insertions or revisions for hydrocephalus performed between October 1, 2003, and June 12, 2009, were reviewed. Starting in August 2006, we began routinely irrigating the operating field and wound with saline solution from a syringe. Prior to this, we had not used any irrigation techniques, providing an adequate control group (Group A) for the effect of the irrigation technique. Prior to November 2007, we used saline containing amikacin for irrigation (Group B). After that date, we used saline only for irrigation (Group C).

Results
A total of 150 shunt procedures were performed in 79 girls and 71 boys during the study period. The mean age of all patients was 44.0 ± 59.1 months. Groups A, B, and C comprised 61, 40, and 49 shunt procedures, respectively. There was no statistical difference in age among the 3 groups. Nine infections occurred within 90 days in the postoperative period. The overall infection rate was 6.0%. Eight infections occurred before introducing the irrigation procedure (infection rate 13.1%). One infection was noted after introducing irrigation (Group B [0.0%] + Group C [2.0%]; combined B and C infection rate = 1.1%). There was a statistical difference in the infection rate between Group A and Groups B and C combined (p = 0.003), Groups A and B (p = 0.021), and Groups A and C (p = 0.035). In contrast, no statistical difference was observed between Groups B and C (p > 0.99). Six of the 9 infections were due to staphylococcal species.

Conclusions
An irrigation technique used to reduce bacteria in the operating field and wound is effective for preventing shunt infection. Irrigation alone, and not antibiotics, contributed to the prophylaxis of shunt infection.
Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Properties of the Methanol Extract of <i>Argyreia argentea </i>Stem
Authors: Ahsan T. , Rahman M. A. , Ahmed N. U. , Uddin S. B. 
Published: September 2010

The antioxidant potential of Argyreia argentea methanol stem extract was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging method. The extract showed very significant effect as antioxidant in comparison to ascorbic acid, a reference antioxidant. The radical scavenging activity showed by the extract was a dose dependent phenomenon. The extract at the concentration of 400 μg/ml among five different concentrations (10, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/ml) showed the highest scavenging activity, 94.86%. The stem extract was also evaluated for its cytotoxic properties by measuring significant LC50 value in a Brine-Shrimp lethality bioassay. LC50 value of Argyreia argentea stem extract was found 939.18 μg/ml, at a 95% confidence limit, giving the lower and upper limits 608.98 and 2043.9 μg/ml, respectively. Keywords: Argyreia argentea; DPPH; Ascorbic acid; Scavenging activity; Gallic acid. © 2010 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v2i3.4772 J. Sci. Res. 2 (3), 523-530 (2010)
Computational Electromagnetism and Acoustics
Authors: Hiptmair Ralf , Hoppe Ronald H.W. , Joly Patrick , Langer Ulrich 
Published: September 2010

The challenge inherent in the accurate and efficient numerical modeling of wave propagation phenomena is the common grand theme in both computational electromagnetics and acoustics. Many excellent contributions at this Oberwolfach workshop were devoted to this theme and a wide range of numerical techniques and algorithms were mustered to tackle this challenge.
Among these methods boundary integral equation methods received particular attention, both in frequency and time domain. Combined with phase modulation techniques they pave the way for the construction of frequency robust schemes for wave scattering. This is an exciting recent development, which is complemented by the invention of high-order spectral integral equation methods. In parallel, we also witnessed soaring interest in time-domain integral equation methods. The alternative volume based schemes for wave propagation problems can also boast innovations, most notably in the context of plane wave methods.
Though wave propagation is paramount, several other important aspects were addressed during the workshop ranging, among others, from the design of novel Galerkin schemes, asymptotic methods for geometrically singularly perturbed problems, analysis of spectral edge elements, to the design of preconditioners for quasi-static electromagnetics.
Development, Reliability, and Validity of an Urban Trail Use Survey
Authors: Spruijt-Metz Donna , Wolch Jennifer , Jerrett Michael , Byrne Jason , Hsieh Stephanie , Myles Ranell , Xie Bin , Wang Lili , Chou Chih-Ping , Reynolds Kim D. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose. To evaluate the psychometric characteristics of the Research on Urban Trail Environments (ROUTES) Trail Use Questionnaire. Design. Test-retest reliability was assessed by repeated measures (study 1); validity was assessed by comparing reported trail use to self-reported and objectively measured physical activity (PA) levels (study 2). Setting. Study 1: a religious institution situated near a Los Angeles trail. Study 2: 1-mile buffer zones surrounding three urban trails (Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles). Subjects. Thirty-four adults between 40 and 60 years of age (10 men and 24 women) completed the ROUTES questionnaire twice (study 1). Study 2 participants were 490 adults (48% female and 73% white), mean age 48 years. Measures. Trail use for recreation and transportation purposes, time and distance spent on trails, and characteristics of the trail and other trail users. PA was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and accelerometry. Analyses. Pearson correlation coefficients and κ statistics were used for test-retest reliability for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate hypotheses on PA comparing trail users and nonusers. Results. Test-retest statistics were acceptable (κ = .57, r 5 .66). Validity was supported by correlations between indices of trail use with self-reported PA and accelerometry, and significant group differences between trail users and nonusers in PA levels. Conclusions. The ROUTES Trail Use Questionnaire demonstrated good reliability and validity.
Latino Women's Spiritual Beliefs Related to Health
Authors: Jurkowski Janine M. , Kurlanska Courtney , Ramos Blanca M. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose. This study employed qualitative research to describe the relationship between spirituality and overall health among a sample of Latino women. A framework is presented for understanding this complex relationship. Design. Findings are presented from a qualitative analysis of six 1.5-hour focus group sessions. Setting. The research was conducted among Latino women living in Chicago, Illinois, and Northeastern New York communities. We employed a community-based participatory research approach in which community members were active participants throughout the research process. Subjects. Subjects were 47 Latino women 31 to 81 years, all of whom were Christian and the majority (43%) of whom had less than a high school education. Twenty-seven percent reported having high school diplomas, and the same percentage reported at least some college. Of the women who answered the questions, one did not have health insurance, 69% had public health insurance, and 29% had private health insurance. Measures. Grounded theory using selective coding was employed to understand the relationship between spirituality and health and to develop the conceptual framework. Results. Spirituality was expressed as a vital component of health, and the belief in a need for balance of physical, mental, and spiritual health was described. An active and a passive relationship between spirituality and health emerged, with active being most common. Asking God for help or faith as a coping strategy were subdomains of the active relationship, and God responsible for health fell under the passive domain. These relationship types influenced beliefs about participation in one's own health. Conclusion. The findings that emerged contribute to an understanding of how spirituality plays a role in health beliefs among Latino women, which has implications for health promotion research and program development for addressing health disparities.
Route Preferences among Adults in the near Market for Bicycling: Findings of the Cycling in Cities Study
Authors: Winters Meghan , Teschke Kay 
Published: September 2010

Purpose. To provide evidence about the types of transportation infrastructure that support bicycling. Design. Population-based survey with pictures to depict 16 route types. Setting. Metro Vancouver, Canada. Subjects. 1402 adult current and potential cyclists, i.e., the “near market” for cycling (representing 31% of the population). Measures. Preference scores for each infrastructure type (scale from − 1, very unlikely to use, to +1, very likely to use); current frequency of use of each infrastructure type (mean number of times/y). Analyses. Descriptive statistics across demographic segments; multiple linear regression. Results. Most respondents were likely or very likely to choose to cycle on the following broad route categories: off-street paths (71%–85% of respondents); physically separated routes next to major roads (71%); and residential routes (48%–65%). Rural roads (21%–49%) and routes on major streets (16%–52%) were least likely to be chosen. Within the broad categories, routes with traffic calming, bike lanes, paved surfaces, and no on-street parking were preferred, resulting in increases in likelihood of choosing the route from 12% to 37%. Findings indicate a marked disparity between preferred cycling infrastructure and the route types that were currently available and commonly used. Conclusion. This study provides evidence for urban planners about bicycling infrastructure designs that could lead to an increase in active transportation.