bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mean stress effects in strain–life fatigue
Authors: DOWLING N. E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTA mean stress equation can be incorporated into the strain–life curve in a manner that is consistent with the stress‐based use of the same equation. Doing so for the Walker mean stress relationship gives excellent results for a number of strain–life data sets with non‐zero mean stresses, including data on steels, one titanium alloy and aluminium alloys. This approach has a number of advantages: All data at all mean stresses can be combined into a single fitting procedure to determine the constants for the stress–life curve, which values also apply to the elastic strain term of the strain–life curve. The Walker parameter γ that also arises from this fitting is related to the sensitivity of the material to mean stress, giving this approach a versatility that is not possessed by other common mean stress methods. Where non‐zero mean stress data are not available to obtain γ from fitting, an equation based on existing fitted values can be used to make estimates for steels. For precipitation‐hardened aluminium alloys in the 2000 and 7000 series, an estimate of γ= 0.5 may be applied, so that the method becomes similar to that of Smith, Watson and Topper. For other metals, a default estimate of γ= 0.5 is suggested. For life estimates using the strain‐based approach, it is recommended that the Walker mean stress method, incorporated into the strain–life curve, should be employed as an alternative to other methods, or perhaps to even replace them entirely.
Can Choice in Welfare States Be Equitable?
Authors: Greve Bent 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWhether choice is fine or dire for the welfare state is a question that cannot be answered theoretically. That is the conclusion of this article, which discusses conditions that must be fulfilled if choice or increased choice are not to be reflected in increased inequality in access to welfare services. The consequences of non‐decision and stress in relation to choice are touched upon. The implication of the analysis is that concrete, empirical analysis is important in order to ascertain whether the conditions for ensuring an informed choice without negative impact on equity in modern welfare states can be fulfilled.
Prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in Israeli adolescents: results from a national mental health survey
Authors: Farbstein Ilana , Mansbach‐Kleinfeld Ivonne , Levinson Daphna , Goodman Robert , Levav Itzhak , Vograft Itzik , Kanaaneh Rasim , Ponizovsky Alexander M. , Brent David A. , Apter Alan 
Published: October 2009

Background:  The development of epidemiological instruments has enabled the assessment of mental disorders in youth in countries that plan policy according to evidence‐based principles. The Israel Survey of Mental Health among Adolescents (ISMEHA) was conducted in 2004–2005 in a representative sample of 957 adolescents aged 14–17 and their mothers.Methods:  The aims of this study were to estimate prevalence rates of internalizing and externalizing mental disorders and their socio‐demographic and health correlates. Disorders were ascertained with the Development and Well‐Being Assessment inventory and verified by child psychiatrists.Results:  The prevalence rates were 11.7%, 8.1% and 4.8% for any disorder, internalizing disorders and externalizing disorders, respectively. Distinct risk factors were associated with the different types of disorders: internalizing disorders were associated with female gender, chronic medical conditions and being cared for by a welfare agency. Risk factors for externalizing disorders were male gender, having divorced or single parents, being an only child or having only one sibling. Learning disability was associated with both types of disorders.Conclusions:  The risk and protective factors related to internalizing and externalizing disorders are interpreted within the framework of family composition in this multicultural society.
TAXONOMIC REVISION OF SARGASSUM SPECIES (FUCALES, PHAEOPHYCEAE) FROM NEW CALEDONIA BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR ANALYSES1
Authors: Mattio Lydiane , Payri Claude Elisabeth 
Published: October 2009

Sargassum C. Agardh (1820) is a taxonomically difficult genus distributed worldwide and reported as the most species‐rich genus of the Fucales. It is especially abundant in the Pacific where decreasing species richness is reported to occur from west to east. New Caledonia has been recognized as one of the hotspots of Sargassum diversity; however, species lists available for this region are old and incomplete and have not yet been updated with regard to the latest taxonomic revisions published. This study aimed at revising Sargassum diversity in New Caledonia and to assess its geographic affinities with neighboring Pacific regions. We used combined morphological and DNA analyses on new collections and examined numerous type specimens. Although 45 taxa have been listed in the literature, most of them have been either transferred to synonymy since or misidentified, and in this study, only 12 taxa were recognized as occurring in New Caledonia. They belong to the subgenus Sargassum sect. Binderianae (Grunow) Mattio et Payri (2), sect. Ilicifoliae (J. Agardh) Mattio et Payri (2), sect. Polycystae Mattio et Payri. (1), sect. Sargassum (4), sect. Zygocarpicae (J. Agardh) Setch. (2), and subgenus Phyllotrichia (Aresh.) J. Agardh (1). New Caledonian Sargassum flora appeared as the second richest in the region after the Pacific coast of Australia, with which it has shown high similarity, and shared species with all neighboring regions. One species, S. turbinarioides Grunow, is considered as endemic to New Caledonia. The low genetic diversity detected among several polymorphic species belonging to sect. Sargassum is also discussed.
Scenarios of Waste Management for a Waste Emergency Area
Authors: Mastellone Maria Laura , Brunner Paul H. , Arena Umberto 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIn the Campania region, an area in the south of Italy with 5.7 million inhabitants and a production of about 7,900 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day, an emergency situation was created by inappropriate waste management policy and practice. In order to support decisions regarding future solutions for this crisis, reliable, transparent, and impartial strategies and concepts are needed. For this purpose, six waste management scenarios have been defined and quantitatively assessed by means of substance flow analysis (SFA). The scenarios are based on firm objectives and recent legislation for waste management and take into account regional waste production and composition as well as existing waste treatment infrastructure. They are evaluated and compared with the status quo in view of reaching the goals of waste management. For each scenario, the following material flows were quantified: wastes that would be sent to different processes, such as those of mechanical‐biological treatment, incineration, or anaerobic digestion; treatment residues (in mass and volume) to be diverted to landfills; materials recoverable by recycling processes; and energy obtainable by waste‐to‐energy and anaerobic digestion plants. The results demonstrate that a future waste management system that is based on a combination of more recycling, thermal treatment, anaerobic digestion, and improved landfilling reaches the objectives of waste management much more closely than the present, inadequate system.
Effect of Diabetes Mellitus on the Clinical and Microbiological Features of Hospitalized Elderly Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis
Authors: Kofteridis Diamantis P. , Papadimitraki Eva , Mantadakis Elpis , Maraki Sofia , Papadakis John A. , Tzifa Garifallia , Samonis George 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVES: To study potential differences in the clinical and microbiological features of hospitalized elderly patients with acute pyelonephritis with and without diabetes mellitus.DESIGN: Retrospective review of medical records.SETTING: University hospital.PARTICIPANTS: Eighty‐eight patients aged 65 and older with diabetes mellitus (DM) (57 female; 64.8%) and 118 controls without DM (75 female; 63.6%), matched for age and sex, hospitalized with acute pyelonephritis between January 1997 and December 2005.MEASUREMENTS: Medical records were reviewed for demographic, clinical, and microbiological characteristics.RESULTS: The median age of both groups was 74 (range 65–95). Twenty‐seven people with DM (30.7%) and 13 controls (11.0%) had bacteremia (P=.001). People with DM had longer fever (median 4.5 vs 2.5 days; P<.001), longer hospitalization (median 10 vs 7 days; P<.001), and greater mortality (12.5% vs 2.5%; P<.01) than controls. Logistic regression analysis proved DM to be an independent predictor of bacteremia, long hospitalization, and mortality. Escherichia coli was the most common microorganism found in both groups, whereas Candida spp. were implicated more frequently in people with DM than controls (12.7% vs 1.7%; P<.01). Antimicrobial resistance did not increase over the study period.CONCLUSION: Acute pyelonephritis in elderly people with DM is associated with risk of bacteremia, long hospitalization, and mortality.
3. Persistent Idiopathic Facial Pain
Authors: Cornelissen Paul , Van Kleef Maarten , Mekhail Nagy , Day Miles , Van Zundert Jan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPersistent idiopathic facial pain, previously known as atypical facial pain, is described as a persistent facial pain that does not have the classical characteristics of cranial neuralgias and for which there is no obvious cause (International Classification of Headache Disorders in 2004). According to these criteria, the diagnosis is possible if the facial pain is localized, present daily, and throughout all or most of the day. By definition, neurological and physical examination findings in persistent idiopathic facial pain should be normal. Forming a diagnosis is not simple and follows a process of elimination of other causes of facial pain.The precise incidence is unknown. The affliction is seen primarily in older adults and rarely in children. The pathophysiology is unknown. In persistent idiopathic facial pain, there is no abnormal processing of somatosensory stimuli in the pain area or facial area of the primary somatosensory cortex of the brain.The treatment is difficult and often requires a multidisciplinary approach. The most important part of the treatment is psychological counseling and pharmacological therapy. Pharmacological treatment with tricyclic antidepressants and anti‐epileptic drugs can be tried. The conservative, pharmacological treatment with amitryptiline is the primary choice. Venlafaxine and fluoxetine treatment can also be considered.When the pharmacological treatment fails, pulsed radiofrequency treatment of the ganglion pterygopalatinum (sphenopalatinum) can be considered (2 C+).
Consumer Society Is the Enemy
Authors: Cousteau Jacques 
Published: October 2009

Anyone within range of Western television during the 1960s to the 1980s was likely a fan of Jacques Cousteau's famous “underwater adventures” launched from the Calypso research vessel, which roamed the seven seas.Not surprisingly, as an explorer immersed in the natural environment, Cousteau became a radical ecologist in his later life as the costs of industrialization and consumerism began to take their toll. In the summer of 1996 I sat down with the famed oceanographer at the Paris offices of the Cousteau Society.
Exporting to new destinations and the effects of tariffs: the case of meat commodities
Authors: Ghazalian Pascal L. , Larue Bruno , Gervais Jean‐Philippe 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis study uses a random parameter probit estimation to examine the effects of tariff liberalization on the probability of establishing new trading relationships in meat commodities. Our simulation results indicate that the effects of tariff reductions decrease with distance, but increase with the level of development. The probabilities of trade increase at an increasing rate with the size of tariff reductions thus justifying calls for ambitious liberalization schemes. Canada and Mexico are the NAFTA countries that are most likely to export in response to EU tariff reductions on bovine and poultry meats, while Brazil and Argentina emerge as the MERCOSUR countries most likely to penetrate the EU bovine meat market after EU tariff reductions. Uruguay's probability to export poultry meat is most responsive to EU tariff reductions.
The interaction between casein kinase Iα and 14‐3‐3 is phosphorylation dependent
Authors: Clokie Samuel , Falconer Helen , Mackie Shaun , Dubois Thierry , Aitken Alastair 
Published: October 2009

We have previously shown that casein kinase (CK) Iα from mammalian brain phosphorylates 14‐3‐3 ζ and τ isoforms on residue 233. In the present study, we show that CKIα associates with 14‐3‐3 both in vitro and in vivo. The interaction between CKIα and 14‐3‐3 is dependent on CKIα phosphorylation, unlike centaurin‐α1 (also known as ADAP1), which binds to unphosphorylated CKIα on the same region. CKIα preferentially interacts with mammalian η and γ 14‐3‐3 isoforms, and peptides that bind to the 14‐3‐3 binding pocket prevent this interaction. The region containing Ser218 in this CKIα binding site was mutated and the interaction between CKIα and 14‐3‐3 was reduced. We subsequently identified a second phosphorylation‐dependent 14‐3‐3 binding site within CKIα containing Ser242 that may be the principal site of interaction. We also show that both fission and budding yeast CKI kinase homologues phosphorylate mammalian and budding yeast (BMH1 and BMH2) 14‐3‐3 at the equivalent site.Structured digital abstract
A list of the large number of protein‐protein interactions described in this article is available via the MINT article ID MINT‐7264069
Prothrombotic and Inflammatory Effects of Intravenous Administration of Human Immunoglobulin G in Dogs
Authors: Tsuchiya R. , Akutsu Y. , Ikegami A. , Scott M.A. , Neo S. , Ishikawa T. , Hisasue M. , Yamada T. 
Published: October 2009

Background:Intravenous administration of human immunoglobulin G (hIVIgG) has been suggested to potentiate thromboembolism in dogs, but supportive scientific reports are lacking.Objectives:To determine if hIVIgG therapy promotes hypercoagulability and inflammation in dogs.Animals:Twelve healthy Beagle dogs.Methods:Prospective, experimental trial. An hIVIgG/saline solution was infused IV at 1 g/kg BW over 8 hours to 6 dogs, and physiological saline was infused to the other 6 dogs. Blood samples were drawn before, during, and after infusion for serial measurement of indicators of coagulation and inflammation. Data were analyzed by 2‐way repeated measures analysis of variance.Results:Dogs administered hIVIgG developed mildly decreased blood platelet concentrations without thrombocytopenia (median, 200 × 103/μL; range, 150–302 × 103/μL;P< .01), leukopenia (median, 3.5 × 103/μL; range, 20–62 × 103/μL;P< .001), and mildly increased plasma total protein concentrations (median, 6.3 g/dL; range, 5.6–6.7 g/dL;P< .001). Administration of hIVIgG was also associated with increases in fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in all dogs (either 5 μg/mL or 10 μg/dL), thrombin‐antithrombin III complexes (median, 7.2 ng/mL; range, 4.9–14.2 ng/mL;P< .001), and C‐reactive protein concentrations (median, 2.5 mg/dL; range, 0.5–4.3 mg/dL;P< .01).Conclusion and Clinical Importance:Administration of hIVIgG to dogs promotes hypercoagulability and an inflammatory state. This should be further evaluated and considered when using hIVIgG in dogs with IMHA or other prothrombotic conditions.
A comparison of AAPM TG‐108 PET/CT shielding recommendations to measurements in an oncology center
Authors: Nye Jonathon A. , Dubose Michael , Votaw John R. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:The AAPM Task Group Report 108 provides methods for calculating photon shielding for PET scanner suites. Calculated shielding requirements may be conservative in some areas when assuming a static point source and absence of scanner self‐shielding. This study compares TG‐108 shielding calculations to measured data from an oncology PET/CT scanner.Methods:Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters were place at eight positions at 1 m height on the walls surrounding a PET/CT scanner. Dosimeters were also placed at three positions in the ceiling along the axial length of the scanner. Each position contained three dosimeters covered with 0, 1.6, or 3.2 mm of lead to separate the x‐ray and 511 keV photon components. Dosimeters were switched out every month for a total collection period of 10 months. The dosimeter measurements were compared to TG‐108 estimates by dividing the measured dose by the TG‐108 calculated dose.Results:The PET gantry provided considerable shielding in the transaxial detector plane resulting in a low measured to calculated dose ratio of 0.26. The ratio increased to 0.48 at 45° between the transaxial and axial planes then to 0.95 at the head of the scanner. Dose ratios at the foot of the scanner were near unity at the walls but as high as 2 in the ceiling. The high ceiling dose was attributed to unshielded radiation contributions from the dose handling area.Conclusions:TG‐108 provides accurate dose estimates when there is no barrier between the patient and measurement location. Careful consideration of the shielding properties of the scanner can reduce the amount of shielding necessary to include in walls.
The effect of angular and longitudinal tube current modulations on the estimation of organ and effective doses in x‐ray computed tomography
Authors: van Straten Marcel , Deak Paul , Shrimpton Paul C. , Kalender Willi A. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:Tube current modulation (TCM) is one of the recent developments in multislice CT that has proven to reduce the patient radiation dose without affecting the image quality. Presently established methods and published coefficients for estimating organ doses from the dose measured free in air on the axis of rotation or in the CT dose index (CTDI) dosimetry phantoms do not take into account this relatively new development in CT scanner design and technology. Based on these organ dose coefficients effective dose estimates can be made. The estimates are not strictly valid for CT scanning protocols utilizing TCM. In this study, the authors investigated the need to take TCM into account when estimating organ and effective dose values.Methods:A whole‐body adult anthropomorphic phantom (Alderson Rando) was scanned with a multislice CT scanner (Somatom Definition, Siemens, Forchheim, Germany) utilizing TCM (CareDose4D). Tube voltage was 120 kV, beam collimation 19.2 mm, and pitch 1. A voxelized patient model was used to define the tissues and organs in the phantom. Tube current values as a function of tube angle were obtained from the raw data for each individual tube rotation of the scan. These values were used together with the Monte Carlo dosimetry tool IMPACTMC (VAMP GmbH, Erlangen, Germany) to calculate organ dose values both with and without account of TCM. Angular and longitudinal modulations were investigated separately. Finally, corresponding effective dose conversion coefficients were determined for both cases according to the updated 2007 recommendations of the ICRP.Results:TCM amplitude was greatest in the shoulder and pelvic regions. Consequently, dose distributions and organ dose values for particular cross sections changed considerably when taking angular modulation into account. The effective dose conversion coefficients were up to 11% lower for a single rotation in the shoulder region and 17% lower in the pelvis when taking angular TCM into account. In the head, neck, thorax, and upper abdominal regions, conversion coefficients changed similarly by only 5% or less. Conversion coefficients for estimating effective doses for scans of complete regions, e.g., chest or abdomen, were approximately 8% lower when taking angular and longitudinal TCMs into account.Conclusions:The authors conclude that for accurate organ and effective dose estimates in individual cross sections in the shoulder or pelvic regions, the angular tube current modulation should be taken into account. In general, using the average of the modulated tube current causes an overestimation of the effective dose.
Localizing spherical fiducials in C‐arm based cone‐beam CT
Authors: Yaniv Ziv 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:C‐arm based cone‐beam CT (CBCT) imaging enables the in situ acquisition of three dimensional images. In the context of image‐guided interventions, this technology potentially reduces the complexity of a procedure's workflow. Instead of acquiring the preoperative volumetric images in a separate location and transferring the patient to the interventional suite, both imaging and intervention are carried out in the same location. A key component in image‐guided interventions is image to patient registration. The most common registration approach, in clinical use, is based on fiducial markers placed on the patient's skin which are then localized in the volumetric image and in the interventional environment. When using C‐arm CBCT, this registration approach is challenging as in many cases the small size of the volumetric reconstruction cannot include both the skin fiducials and the organ of interest.Methods:In this article the author shows that fiducial localization outside the reconstructed volume is possible if the projection images from which the reconstruction was obtained are available. By replacing direct fiducial localization in the volumetric images with localization in the projection images, the author obtains the fiducial coordinates in the volume's coordinate system even when the fiducials are outside the reconstructed region.Results:The approach was evaluated using two types of spherical fiducials, clinically used 4 mm diameter markers and a custom phantom embedded with 6 mm diameter markers that is part of a commercial navigation system. In all cases, the method localized all fiducials, including those that were outside the reconstructed volume. The method's mean (std) localization error as evaluated using fiducials that were directly localized in the CBCT reconstruction was 0.55(0.22) mm for the 4 mm markers and 0.51(0.18) mm for the 6 mm markers.Conclusions:Based on the evaluations the author concludes that the proposed localization approach is sufficiently accurate to augment or replace direct volumetric fiducial localization for thoracic‐abdominal interventions. This allows the physician to position fiducials in a more flexible manner, relaxing the requirement that both the organ of interest and skin surface be contained in the volumetric reconstruction.