bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Handling and Transport on Cortisol Response and Nutrient Mobilization of Golden Shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas
Authors: Li Peng , Ray Brian , Gatlin Delbert M. , Sink Todd , Chen Ruguang , Lochmann Rebecca 
Published: December 2009

Abstract As the most popular baitfish in the USA, the golden shiner is subjected to frequent handling and transportation episodes prior to retail marketing and recreational use. Considerable mortality and economic loss can occur during handling and transportation. Limited information is available concerning stress responses, such as cortisol secretion, and mobilization of nutrients, such as zinc and ascorbic acid, during handling and transportation of this fish species. Therefore, two concurrent experiments were performed to characterize cortisol responses, as well as changes in whole‐body zinc and visceral ascorbic acid concentrations, after harvesting, grading, and transporting by ground or air. During ground transportation, fish were sampled immediately after being subjected to the following conditions: seined from a commercial pond in Lonoke, Arkansas (I), released into vats from the loading truck (II), graded by bar grader (III), loaded onto a hauling truck (IV) and after transport for 10 h to Brenham, Texas (V). Fish were also sampled before and after air freight shipment. Whole‐body cortisol appeared to be a reliable endocrine marker for stress response of golden shiner subjected to handling and transportation. Grading by bar grader was the most stressful event in the process of handling and transporting golden shiners, resulting in a significantly elevated whole‐body cortisol concentration of 107 ng/g tissue, compared to concentrations of 6.3, 32.3, 15.7, and 30.4 ng/g tissue, for stages I, II, IV, and V, respectively. A significant increase in whole‐body cortisol concentration was also observed after air transportation of 22 h duration. No significant reductions in whole‐body zinc or visceral ascorbic acid concentrations were observed.
Estimating Amino Acid Requirement of Brazilian Freshwater Fish from Muscle Amino Acid Profile
Authors: De Almeida Bicudo ÁLvaro José , Cyrino José Eurico Possebon 
Published: December 2009

Abstract Information on nutritional requirement of some Brazilian farmed fish species, especially essential amino acids (EAA) requirements, is scarce. The estimation of amino acids requirements based on amino acid composition of fish is a fast and reliable alternative. Matrinxa, Brycon amazonicus, and curimbata, Prochilodus lineatus, are two important Brazilian fish with potential for aquaculture. The objective of the present study was to estimate amino acid requirements of these species and analyze similarities among amino acid composition of different fish species by cluster analysis. To estimate amino acid requirement, the following formula was used: amino acid requirement = [(amount of an individual amino acid in fish muscle tissue) × (average totalEAA requirement among channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and common carp, Cyprinus carpio)]/(average fish muscle totalEAA). Most values found lie within the range of requirements determined for other omnivorous fish species, in exception of leucine requirement estimated for both species, and arginine requirement estimated for matrinxa alone. Rather than writing off the need for regular dose–response assays under the ideal protein concept to determine EAA requirements of curimbata and matrinxa, results set solid base for the study of tropical species dietary amino acids requirements.
Influence of Steeping Solution and Storage Temperature on the Color Change of Garlic
Authors: Bae Song Hwan , Lee Seog‐Won , Kim Mi‐Ryung , Kim Jin Man , Suh Hyung Joo 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT:  The objective of this study was to investigate the browning of garlic under different steeping conditions and storage temperatures. The brown indices of steeped garlics showed lowest values (7.3 and 7) in 25% and 50% EtOH at 7 d of storage. The degree of browning of steeped garlics was lowest (10.2 in 25% EtOH and 10.4 in 50% EtOH) in the samples soaked for 8 h at 13 d of storage. As the storage temperature was increased from 10 to 40 °C, the brown indices of garlics revealed an increasing trend relative to storage time regardless of steeping treatment. Overall, the kinetic parameters showed relatively low R2 and irregular reaction constants, but the ko values showed an increasing trend with temperature under a zero‐order model. The highest polyphenol content within the garlic bulbs was seen in controls (without steeping treatment, 588.9 μg/g), than 0% EtOH (water, 392.5 μg/g), than 25% EtOH (211.3 μg/g), and finally 50% EtOH (155.6 μg/g). The polyphenol oxidase activity of garlic showed a similar trend to that of polyphenol content. However, the texture properties of garlics steeped with 25% and 50% did not change.Practical Application: The garlic color preferred by consumers is a creamy‐white, but this is susceptible to enzymatic browning when pre‐peeled and chopped. When garlic was steeped in the 25% and 50% alcohol, the browning of garlic was prevented during storage.
Mycosporine‐like Amino Acids in Freshwater Copepods: Potential Sources and Some Factors That Affect Their Bioaccumulation
Authors: García Patricia E. , Diéguez María C. , Ferraro Marcela A. , Zagarese Horacio E. , Pérez Alejandra P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are ubiquitous photoprotective compounds in aquatic environments. MAAs are synthesized by a wide variety of organisms (i.e. bacteria, fungi and algae) and their production is photoinducible by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (280–400 nm) and/or photosynthetically active radiation (400–750 nm). Most animals however, are unable to synthesize MAAs and must acquire these compounds through their diet or from symbiotic organisms. In this paper, we investigate the possible sources of MAAs and factors (temperature and initial MAA concentration) that may affect their bioaccumulation in freshwater copepods. We found that MAA accumulation may occur even if the copepods are cultured on a MAA‐free diet. In addition, we found that the bacteriostatic antibiotic, chloramphenicol, inhibits the bioaccumulation of MAAs. These two pieces of evidence suggest that the source of MAAs in these copepods may be prokaryotic organisms in close association with the animals. The two factors investigated in this study, temperature and initial MAA concentrations, were found to affect the rates at which MAAs are accumulated. Temperature had positive effects on both uptake and elimination rates. On the other hand, the rate of uptake decreased at the highest assayed initial MAA concentration, probably because the concentration of MAAs was already close to saturation.
Aprendizaje transnacional de las políticas en la reforma del sistema de salud: el caso de los grupos relacionados por el diagnóstico
Authors: Schmid Achim , Götze Ralf 
Published: December 2009

ResumenAl observar la convergencia de las políticas y la difusión transnacional de ideas, conocimientos y políticas, se suscitó la cuestión de cómo los países podían aprender unos de otros. Este artículo estudia el papel del aprendizaje transnacional respecto a los grupos relacionados por el diagnóstico (GRD). Repasamos la generalización de este instrumento político y analizamos la implementación de los GRD en tres países que los han adoptado tardíamente: Alemania, Suiza y los Países Bajos. Los tres casos demuestran que la implementación de este instrumento político exige estudios intensos, cooperación con grupos interesados y ajuste a las necesidades específicas del país. Los países aprendieron de las experiencias ajenas, pero sólo la introducción de un marco reglamentario para la competencia entre las cajas del seguro de enfermedad consiguió que las GRD llegasen a constar en la agenda política. Mientras que Alemania y Suiza hicieron uso de modelos de GRD extranjeros, los Países Bajos desarrollaron un sistema alternativo para clasificar los pacientes según la casuística.
Aprendizaje de políticas y difusión transnacional en el marco del seguro social de cuidados de larga duración: Alemania, el Japón y la República de Corea
Authors: Campbell John Creighton , Ikegami Naoki , Kwon Soonman 
Published: December 2009

ResumenEn los últimos tiempos, muchos países desarrollados han empezado a establecer amplios sistemas de cuidados de larga duración (LTC, por sus siglas en inglés). Además de las explicaciones convencionales de estos cambios de política basados en factores internos, debería considerarse el aprendizaje de las experiencias de otros países. Este artículo se centra en el modelo de seguro social de LTC, en particular, en cómo el Japón ha aprendido de Alemania, y la República de Corea del Japón. Se proponen algunos enfoques para reflexionar sobre el aprendizaje de políticas en general y sobre el aprendizaje transfronterizo.
Use and exchange of genetic resources in molluscan aquaculture
Authors: Guo Ximing 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMolluscs are major aquaculture species worldwide. Molluscan aquaculture accounts for approximately 27% of the total world aquaculture production. The use and exchange of genetic resources have played an important role in the development of molluscan aquaculture. The introduction and use of non‐native species have been instrumental in oyster and scallop aquaculture; for example, the Pacific oyster, translocated from Japan, supports major aquaculture industries in many countries of North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa. Bay scallops introduced from the USA account for an annual production of over 600 000 t in China. Non‐native genetic materials have also been used for the genetic improvement of native species through interspecific and intraspecific hybridization. Unique genetic lines, such as disease‐resistant strains, have been developed through selective breeding in some molluscs, although significantly more efforts are needed. Although the importance of genetic resources is apparent, the identification, protection and utilization of molluscan genetic resources remain a challenge.
smogd: software for the measurement of genetic diversity
Authors: CRAWFORD NICHOLAS G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSoftware for the measurement of genetic diversity (SMOGD) is a web‐based application for the calculation of the recently proposed genetic diversity indices G′ST and Dest. SMOGD includes bootstrapping functionality for estimating the variance, standard error and confidence intervals of estimated parameters, and SMOGD also generates genetic distance matrices from pairwise comparisons between populations. SMOGD accepts standard, multilocus Genepop and Arlequin formatted input files and produces HTML and tab‐delimited output. This allows easy data submission, quick visualization, and rapid import of results into spreadsheet or database programs.
High Prevalence ofSalmonellain Tegu Lizards (Tupinambis merianae), and Susceptibility of the Serotypes to Antibiotics
Authors: Maciel B. M. , Argôlo Filho R. C. , Nogueira S. S. C. , Dias J. C. T. , Rezende R. P. 
Published: December 2009

SummarySpecies of tegu (Tupinambis) are the largest lizards in South America. Large numbers of these lizards are hunted; there is a vigorous trade in their skins and the meat is consumed by rural and native peoples. The animals are also bred in captivity, an economic activity for rural populations which can help in the animals’ conservation. Faecal samples from 30 captive‐born tegus were analysed for the presence ofSalmonellain two separate samplings. In the first analysis, samples from 26 animals (87%) yieldedSalmonella entericaof which 23% were of Rubislaw serotype; 20% Carrau and Agona serotypes; 7% Infantis and Saint‐Paul serotypes; 3% Panama and Brandenburg serotypes; 10% wereS. entericasubsp.entericaand 7% were rough form. In the second analysis, four tegus (13%) which had been negative in the first sampling were positive, thus, 100% of the animals studied carried the bacterium. Antibiotic susceptibility showed resistance to sulfonamide in 82% of the isolates, streptomycin in 64%, tetracycline in 6% and Chloramphenicol in 20%. Two animals carried strains of the same serotype with different patterns of antibiotic susceptibility. Although it is well known that reptiles are a significant source ofSalmonella, to our knowledge, its prevalence in tegu has not been studied previously.
Complement C3 in Bernese Mountain dogs
Authors: Gerber Bernhard , Eichenberger Simone , Joller‐Jemelka Helen I. , Wittenbrink Max M. , Reusch Claudia E. 
Published: December 2009

Background:Previous research suggests that low serum concentrations of the third component of complement (C3) are associated with both the susceptibility to infectious agents such asBorrelia burgdorferiand the development of glomerular disease. We hypothesized that low levels of C3 are associated with the coincident occurrence ofB. burgdorferiinfection and glomerulonephritis in Bernese Mountain dogs.Objectives:The aims of this study were to evaluate the serum concentration of C3 in Bernese Mountain dogs with and without antibodies againstB. burgdorferiand to compare this concentration with that of healthy control dogs.Methods:Eighty‐three clinically healthy Bernese Mountain dogs and 46 control dogs were included. Antibodies againstB. burgdorferiwere determined using an ELISA with a whole cell sonicate as antigen. Results were confirmed using Western blot. C3 was measured using a single radial immunodiffusion test. Results were reported as the percentage concentration of C3 compared with that in pooled preserved canine serum (100% C3 concentration).Results:Median C3 concentration was 128.5% in Bernese Mountain dogs with antibodies againstB. burgdorferi, 133.5% inB. burgdorferi‐negative Bernese Mountain dogs, 87.8% in positive control dogs, and 102.2% in negative control dogs. Within Bernese Mountain and control groups, C3 was lower in dogs with antibodies againstB. burgdorfericompared with those without. Percentage concentration of C3 was higher in healthy Bernese Mountain dogs compared with control dogs.Conclusion:Low C3 concentration is not an explanation for the high prevalence ofB. burgdorferiinfections and glomerular disease in Bernese Mountain dogs.
Pharmacokinetics of Itraconazole in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Lee Unji , Choi Young H. , Kim So H. , Lee Byung K. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

After intravenous or oral administration of 10 mg/kg itraconazole to rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and to control rats, the total area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to 24 h (AUC
0-24
) for itraconazole and that for its metabolite, 7-hydroxyitraconazole, were similar between the two groups of rats. This may be explained by the comparable hepatic and intestinal intrinsic clearance rates for the disappearance of itraconazole and the formation of 7-hydroxyitraconazole in both groups of rats.
Importance of Ocean Heat Uptake Efficacy to Transient Climate Change
Authors: Winton Michael , Takahashi Ken , Held Isaac M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This article proposes a modification to the standard forcing–feedback diagnostic energy balance model to account for 1) differences between effective and equilibrium climate sensitivities and 2) the variation of effective sensitivity over time in climate change experiments with coupled atmosphere–ocean climate models. In the spirit of Hansen et al. an efficacy factor is applied to the ocean heat uptake. Comparing the time evolution of the surface warming in high and low efficacy models demonstrates the role of this efficacy in the transient response to CO2 forcing. Abrupt CO2 increase experiments show that the large efficacy of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) sets up in the first two decades following the increase in forcing. The use of an efficacy is necessary to fit this model’s global mean temperature evolution in periods with both increasing and stable forcing. The intermodel correlation of transient climate response with ocean heat uptake efficacy is greater than its correlation with equilibrium climate sensitivity in an ensemble of climate models used for the third and fourth Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. When computed at the time of doubling in the standard experiment with 1% yr−1 increase in CO2, the efficacy is variable amongst the models but is generally greater than 1, averages between 1.3 and 1.4, and is as large as 1.75 in several models.
Effects of immunomodulatory treatment with subcutaneous interferon beta-1a oncognitive decline in mildly disabled patients with relapsing—remitting multiple sclerosis
Authors: Patti F. , Amato MP , Bastianello S. , Caniatti L. , Di Monte E. , Ferrazza P. , Goretti B. , Gallo P. , Brescia Morra V. , Lo Fermo S. , Picconi O. , Tola MR , Trojano M. ,   COGIMUS Study Group
Published: December 2009

The objective of this study was to assess the effects of subcutaneous (sc) interferon beta-1a (IFNβ-1a) on cognition in mildly disabled patients with relapsing—remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Patients aged 18—50 years with RRMS (McDonald criteria; Expanded Disability Status Scale score ≤4.0) were assigned IFNβ therapy at the physician’s discretion and underwent standardized magnetic resonance imaging, neurological examination and neuropsychological testing at the baseline and regular intervals for up to three years. This analysis included 459 patients who received sc IFNβ-1a (44 mcg: n = 236; 22 mcg: n = 223; three-year follow up was available for 318 patients). The hazard ratio for cognitive impairment over three years (44 mcg versus 22 mcg) was 0.68 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.480—0.972), suggesting a 32% lower risk with the higher dose treatment. At year 3, the proportion of patients who were cognitively impaired increased slightly from 23.5% at the baseline to 24.8% in the IFNβ-1a 22 mcg treatment group, but remained stable at 15.2% in the IFNβ-1a 44 mcg treatment group. The proportion of patients with cognitive impairment at year 3 was significantly higher in the 22 mcg group than in the 44 mcg group (P = 0.03), although a trend was also seen at the baseline (P = 0.058). Multivariate logistic regression (corrected for baseline cognitive deficits) indicated that treatment with the higher dose of IFNβ-1a was predictive of lower cognitive impairment at three years (odds ratio: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.26—0.99) compared with the lower dose of IFNβ-1a. These findings suggest that sc IFNβ-1a may have dose-dependent cognitive benefits in mildly disabled patients with RRMS, and may support early initiation of high-dose IFNβ-1a treatment.
Kinome-wide RNAi studies in human multiple myeloma identify vulnerable kinase targets, including a lymphoid-restricted kinase, GRK6
Authors: Tiedemann Rodger E. , Zhu Yuan Xiao , Schmidt Jessica , Yin Hongwei , Shi Chang-Xin , Que Qiang , Basu Gargi , Azorsa David , Perkins Louise M. , Braggio Esteban , Fonseca Rafael , Bergsagel P. Leif , Mousses Spyro , Stewart A. Keith 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA paucity of validated kinase targets in human multiple myeloma has delayed clinical deployment of kinase inhibitors in treatment strategies. We therefore conducted a kinome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) lethality study in myeloma tumor lines bearing common t(4;14), t(14;16), and t(11;14) translocations to identify critically vulnerable kinases in myeloma tumor cells without regard to preconceived mechanistic notions. Fifteen kinases were repeatedly vulnerable in myeloma cells, including AKT1, AK3L1, AURKA, AURKB, CDC2L1, CDK5R2, FES, FLT4, GAK, GRK6, HK1, PKN1, PLK1, SMG1, and TNK2. Whereas several kinases (PLK1, HK1) were equally vulnerable in epithelial cells, others and particularly G protein–coupled receptor kinase, GRK6, appeared selectively vulnerable in myeloma. GRK6 inhibition was lethal to 6 of 7 myeloma tumor lines but was tolerated in 7 of 7 human cell lines. GRK6 exhibits lymphoid-restricted expression, and from coimmunoprecipitation studies we demonstrate that expression in myeloma cells is regulated via direct association with the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) chaperone. GRK6 silencing causes suppression of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation associated with reduction in MCL1 levels and phosphorylation, illustrating a potent mechanism for the cytotoxicity of GRK6 inhibition in multiple myeloma (MM) tumor cells. As mice that lack GRK6 are healthy, inhibition of GRK6 represents a uniquely targeted novel therapeutic strategy in human multiple myeloma.
Radiation therapy in primary orbital lymphoma: a single institution retrospective analysis
Authors: De Cicco Luigi , Cella Laura , Liuzzi Raffaele , Solla Raffaele , Farella Antonio , Punzo Giorgio , Tranfa Fausto , Strianese Diego , Conson Manuel , Bonavolontà Giulio , Salvatore Marco , Pacelli Roberto 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Background
Primary orbital lymphoma is a rare disease that accounts for 10% of all orbital tumors. Radiotherapy on the orbital cavity is the treatment of choice for this unusual presentation of localized non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The aim of this study is to retrospectively evaluate the effectiveness and the toxicity of radiation treatment in patients with primary orbital lymphoma.

Methods
Forty-seven consecutive patients having primary orbital lymphoma treated in our department between May 1983 and September 2006 were investigated in a retrospective study. Either 60Co γ rays or 6 MV X rays were used to deliver daily fractions of 1.8 or 2.0 Gy, 5 times/week, with total doses ranging from 34.2 to 50 Gy. Forty-three patients had stage IE, three had stage II and one stage IV disease. Thirty-eight patients had marginal zone B-cell lymphoma, 5 diffuse large B cell lymphoma, 3 mantle cell lymphoma and 1 Burkitt lymphoma. Local control (LC), disease free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and late side effects were evaluated in all patients.

Results
With a median follow up of 45 months, LC was obtained in 100% of patients. The estimated 5- and 7-year DFS rates were 75.8% and 55.3%, and the 5- and 7-year OS rates were 88.7% and 79.9% respectively. Acute toxicity was minimal. Late toxicity such as cataract, keratitis, retinopathy and xerophthalmia occurred respectively in 12 (25.5%), 5 (10.6%), 1 (2.1%), and 9 (19.1%) patients.

Conclusion
Radiotherapy is an effective and at the same time well tolerated treatment for primary orbital lymphoma.
Footing the bill: the introduction of Medicare Benefits Schedule rebates for podiatry services in Australia
Authors: Short Anthony J 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe introduction of Medicare Benefits Schedule items for allied health professionals in 2004 was a pivotal event in the public funding of non‐medical primary care services. This commentary seeks to provide supplementary discussion of the article by Menz (Utilisation of podiatry services in Australia under the Medicare Enhanced Primary Care program, 2004‐2008 Journal of Foot and Ankle Research 2009, 2:30), by placing these findings within the context of the podiatry profession, clinical decision making and the broader health workforce and government policy.