bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Umwelt‐Produktdeklarationen als Datenbasis für die Nachhaltigkeits‐Bewertung – Mauerwerk für nachhaltige Gebäude
Authors: Bossenmayer Horst , Peters Hans R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractZu den dauerhaftesten Bauwerken der Menschheit gehören Mauerwerksbauten wie die Pyramiden von Gizeh, die Chinesische Mauer oder die zahlreichen Repräsentanten gesellschaftlicher Strukturen wie der Kreml, das Weiße Haus oder der Reichstag in Berlin.Bei der aktuellen Herausforderung des Nachhaltigen Bauens geht es aber um mehr: die Qualität und Zukunftsfähigkeit von Gebäuden für die gesamte Breite baulicher Aufgaben. Diese hängen wesentlich von den verwendeten Bauprodukten, deren Einbausituation und Leistungsfähigkeit ab. Die entsprechende Information über Baustoffe und Bauteile ist somit ein grundsätzliches Element des Nachhaltigen Bauens. Umwelt‐Produktdeklarationen (Environmental Product‐Declarations, EPDs) vermitteln neutrale und umfassende Daten über die Umweltleistung von Bauprodukten und machen zugleich Aussagen über deren funktionale Qualität.
Experimentelle und theoretische Untersuchungen zum Verbund von auf Mauerwerk aufgeklebten faserverstärkten Kunststoffen
Authors: Pfeiffer Uwe , Seim Werner 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFaserverstärkte Kunststoffe gewinnen im Bereich der Verstärkung und der Sanierung von Bauwerken zunehmend an Bedeutung. Für die nachträgliche Biege‐ und Schubverstärkung von Betonbauteilen hat sich ihre Anwendung bewährt und ist aus der heutigen Baupraxis nicht mehr wegzudenken. Faserverstärkte Kunststoffe – auch als Faserverbundwerkstoffe (FVW) bezeichnet – können überall dort sinnvoll angewendet werden, wo es infolge einer Überlastung zu einem Zugversagen kommt. Diesem können FVW wie eine Art Zugbewehrung entgegenwirken. Die vergleichsweise hohe Zugfestigkeit bei geringen Querschnitten sowie Flächengewichten zeichnet FVW aus. Zudem lassen sie sich schnell und einfach auf Bauteilstrukturen aufkleben. Somit kann mit FVW gezielt, effektiv und substanzschonend in das Tragverhalten eingegriffen werden. Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung hierfür ist die Kenntnis über die Verbundcharakteristik zwischen FVW und Mauerwerk. Im vorliegenden Aufsatz werden hierzu grundlegende experimentelle und theoretische Ergebnisse eines Forschungsprojektes zu auf Mauerwerk aufgeklebten FVW dokumentiert und erläutert.
Umweltverträglichkeit von mineralischen Baustoffen
Authors: Brameshuber Wolfgang , Vollpracht Anya 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn diesem Beitrag wird der Stand der Forschung zur Bewertung des Auslaugverhaltens mineralischer Baustoffe während der Nutzungsphase zusammengefasst. Für den Einbau von Beton im Grundwasser wurde ein Bewertungskonzept erarbeitet, mit dem die Grundwasserverträglichkeit anhand eines relativ einfachen Auslaugversuchs beurteilt werden kann. Für Mauerwerksbaustoffe ist das Bewertungskonzept in dieser Form nicht geeignet, da diese Baustoffe nicht in direktem Kontakt mit dem Grundwasser eingebaut werden. Eine Auslaugung kann hier bei Beregnung auftreten. Für dieses Szenario liegt noch kein Bewertungskonzept vor, es wurden jedoch erste Versuche an Mauersteinen, Putzen und Dacheindeckungen durchgeführt, die kurz vorgestellt werden. Da Beregnungsversuche sehr aufwendig sind, wäre es günstig, wenn die Bewertung anhand eines einfacheren Langzeitstandtests erfolgen könnte. Dies wurde im Rahmen der Untersuchungen überprüft. In aller Regel liegt die Freisetzung im Beregnungsversuch unter der Freisetzung bei durchgehender Wasserbeaufschlagung. Das bedeutet, das Beregnungsszenario kann über eine Prüfung mit dem Langzeitstandtest abgedeckt werden, es sind keine weiteren Prüfungen nötig.
Heart rate variability in response to pain stimulus in VLBW infants followed longitudinally during NICU stay
Authors: Padhye Nikhil S. , Williams Amber L. , Khattak Asif Z. , Lasky Robert E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe objective of this longitudinal study, conducted in a neonatal intensive care unit, was to characterize the response to pain of high‐risk very low birth weight infants (<1,500 g) from 23 to 38 weeks post‐menstrual age (PMA) by measuring heart rate variability (HRV). Heart period data were recorded before, during, and after a heel lanced or wrist venipunctured blood draw for routine clinical evaluation. Pain response to the blood draw procedure and age‐related changes of HRV in low‐frequency and high‐frequency bands were modeled with linear mixed‐effects models. HRV in both bands decreased during pain, followed by a recovery to near‐baseline levels. Venipuncture and mechanical ventilation were factors that attenuated the HRV response to pain. HRV at the baseline increased with post‐menstrual age but the growth rate of high‐frequency power was reduced in mechanically ventilated infants. There was some evidence that low‐frequency HRV response to pain improved with advancing PMA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 638–649, 2009
Ontogeny of Rat Recognition Memory measured by the novel object recognition task
Authors: Reger Maxine L. , Hovda David A. , Giza Christopher C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDetection of novelty is an essential component of recognition memory, which develops throughout cerebral maturation. To better understand the developmental aspects of this memory system, the novel object recognition task (NOR) was used with the immature rat and ontogenically profiled. It was hypothesized that object recognition would vary across development and be inferior to adult performance. The NOR design was made age‐appropriate by downsizing the testing objects and arena. Weanling (P20–23), juvenile (P29–40), and adult (P50+) rats were tested after 0.25, 1, 24, and 48 hr delays. Weanlings exhibited novel object recognition at 0.25 and 1 hr, while older animals showed a preference for the novel object out to 24 hr. These findings are consistent with previous research performed in humans and monkeys, as well as to studies using the NOR after medial temporal lobe damage in adult rats. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 672–678, 2009
Synthesis and Characterisation of [XeF5]3[Ti4F19] Containing a Discrete [Ti4F19]3– Anion
Authors: Mazej Zoran , Goreshnik Evgeny 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe complex [XeF5]3[Ti4F19] was prepared by reaction of XeF2, TiF4 and UV‐irradiated elemental fluorine in anhydrous hydrogen fluoride as the solvent. The crystal structure of [XeF5]3[Ti4F19] consists of [XeF5]+ cations and discrete [Ti4F19]3– anions. The [XeF5] units have usual slightly distorted pseudo‐octahedral symmetry. Contrary to the previously reported [Ti4F18]2– anion, where each TiF6 octahedron shares three apexes with three other octahedra, in [Ti4F19]3–, only two μ3‐[TiF6] octahedra share three apexes with three other [TiF6] units. Each of the remaining two μ2‐[TiF6] octahedra shares only two vertices with two of the above‐mentioned μ3‐[TiF6] moieties. The Raman spectrum of [XeF5]3[Ti4F19] is in agreement with the presence of [XeF5]+ cations and [Ti4F19]3– anions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of New δ‐(Polyfluoroalkyl)‐δ‐hydroxy‐α‐amino Acids
Authors: Tolmacheva Nataliya A. , Gerus Igor I. , Dolovanyuk Violetta G. , Kondratov Ivan S. , Haufe Günter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNew δ‐(polyfluoroalkyl)‐δ‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids were synthesized from the corresponding starting 3‐(benzoylamino)‐6‐(polyfluoroalkyl)‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones. The key step of the synthesis was the hydrogenation of the pyrone ring. Stereoselectivity and yields depended dramatically on the reaction conditions and the nature of the polyfluoroalkyl group. Various conditions were used for the preparation of both mixtures of diastereomers and pure diastereomers of the target amino acids. The obtained δ‐(polyfluoroalkyl)‐δ‐hydroxy‐α‐amino acids are of interest as analogues of 2‐amino‐5‐hydroxyvaleric acid and glutamic acid.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Synthesis of Novel Ferrocenyl‐Based P,S Ligands (ThioClickFerrophos) and Their Use in Pd‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Substitutions
Authors: Kato Minoru , Nakamura Tatsuhito , Ogata Kenichi , Fukuzawa Shin‐ichi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA series of P,S ligands (ThioClickFerrophos) based on a triazoleferrocenylethyl backbone were synthesized in a four‐step sequence by click chemistry methodology. The new P,S ligands were applied in allylic alkylations, etherifications, and aminations of 1,3‐diphenylprop‐2‐enyl acetate catalyzed by Pd complexes. These reactions proceeded smoothly to give products in good yields and with good enantioselectivities of up to 90 % ee. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Integration of serpentine channels for microchip electrophoresis with a palladium decoupler and electrochemical detection
Authors: Bowen Amanda L. , Scott Martin R. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough it has been shown that microchip electrophoresis (MCE) with electrochemical detection can be used to separate and detect electroactive species, there is a need to increase the separation performance of these devices so that complex mixtures can be routinely analyzed. Previous work in the MCE has demonstrated that increasing the separation channel length leads to an increase in resolution between closely eluting analytes. This paper details the use of lengthened serpentine microchannels for MCE and electrochemical detection where a palladium decoupler is used to ground the separation voltage so that the working electrodes remain in the fluidic network. In this work, palladium electrodepositions were used to increase the decoupler surface area and more efficiently dissipate hydrogen produced at the decoupler. Dopamine and norepinephrine, which only differ in structure by a hydroxyl group, were used as model analytes. It was found that increasing the separation channel length led to improvements in both the resolution and the number of theoretical plates for these analytes. The use of a bilayer valving device, where PDMS‐based valves are utilized for the injection process, along with serpentine microchannels and amperometric detection resulted in a multianalyte separation and an average of 28 700 theoretical plates. It was also shown that the increased channel length is beneficial when separating and detecting analytes from a high ionic strength matrix. This was demonstrated by monitoring the stimulated release of neurotransmitters from a confluent layer of PC 12 cells.
Centrosomes and myeloma; Aneuploidy and proliferation
Authors: Chng Wee J. , Fonseca Rafael 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMultiple myeloma is the second most common hematological malignancy in the United States. The disease is characterized by an accumulation of clonal plasma cells. Clinically, patients present with anemia, lytic bone lesions, hypercalcaemia, or renal impairment. The genome of the malignant plasma cells is extremely unstable and is typically aneuploid and characterized by a complex combination of structure and numerical abnormalities. The basis of the genomic instability underlying myeloma is unclear. In this regard, centrosome amplification is present in about a third of myeloma and may represent a mechanism leading to genomic instability in myeloma. Centrosome amplification is associated with high‐risk features and poor prognosis. Understanding the underlying etiology of centrosome amplification in myeloma may lead to new therapeutic avenues. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The reactive Riemann problem for thermally perfect gases at all combustion regimes
Authors: Beccantini A. , Studer E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this work we analyze the reactive Riemann problem for thermally perfect gases in the deflagration or detonation regimes. We restrict our attention to the case of one irreversible infinitely fast chemical reaction; we also suppose that, in the initial condition, one state (for instance the left one) is burnt and the other one is unburnt. The indeterminacy of the deflagration regime is removed by imposing a (constant) value for the fundamental flame speed of the reactive shock. An iterative algorithm is proposed for the solution of the reactive Riemann problem. Then the reactive Riemann problem and the proposed algorithm are investigated from a numerical point of view in the case in which the unburnt state consists of a stoichiometric mixture of hydrogen and air at almost atmospheric condition. In particular, we revisit the problem of 1D plane‐symmetric steady flames in a semi‐infinite domain and we verify that the transition from one combustion regime to another occurs continuously with respect to the fundamental flame speed and the so‐called piston velocity. Finally, we use the ‘all shock’ solution of the reactive Riemann problem to design an approximate (‘all shock’) Riemann solver. 1D and 2D flows at different combustion regimes are computed, which shows that the approximate Riemann solver, and thus the algorithm we use for the solution of the reactive Riemann problem, is robust in both the deflagration and detonation regimes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The modeling of realistic chemical vapor infiltration/deposition reactors
Authors: Ibrahim John , Paolucci Samuel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe describe the low Mach number equations as well as a second‐order numerical integration procedure that are used to solve a realistic chemical vapor infiltration/chemical vapor deposition (CVI/CVD) problem. The simulation accounts for a homogeneous gas chemical reaction mechanism, a heterogeneous surface reaction mechanism, and an evolving pore structure model. The numerical solution of the model ultimately leads to the solution of a large system of stiff differential algebraic equations that are to be integrated over a long time. An operator splitting algorithm is employed to deal with the stiffness associated with chemical reactions, whereas a projection method is employed to overcome the difficulty arising from having to solve a large coupled system for velocity and pressure fields. Results show that the proposed integration procedure is very efficient for modeling long time CVI/CVD densification processes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implicit algebraic model for predicting turbulent heat flux in film cooling flow
Authors: Rajabi‐Zargarabadi Mehran , Bazdidi‐Tehrani Farzad 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe present study addresses a new effort to improve the prediction of turbulent heat flux in the film cooling flow by applying the implicit algebraic flux (IAF) model of Rogers et al. A three‐dimensional symmetry case is investigated using a film hole length‐to‐diameter ratio of 1.75 and an injection angle of 35∘. The low Reynolds number second moment closure (SMC) model with a wall‐reflection term is employed for simulating the turbulent flow field right up to the wall. Results obtained from the IAF model are compared with two other algebraic turbulent heat flux models, namely, the simple eddy diffusivity (SED) with a constant turbulent Prandtl number and the generalized gradient diffusion hypothesis (GGDH). Comparisons of the turbulent heat flux components calculated by these models show that the major difference appears in the streamwise turbulent heat flux. These models demonstrate a significant effect on the prediction of film cooling effectiveness. The SED model with a constant prescribed value for the turbulent Prandtl number fails to predict the cooling air spreading in the lateral direction while by employing the GGDH and IAF models, the spreading of the cooling air and the decay of the effectiveness in the core region are reasonably predicted. A combination of the SMC and IAF models for simulating the turbulent flow and heat transfer is capable of predicting the streamwise and lateral film cooling effectiveness in very good agreement with the available experimental data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid Padé ADI scheme of higher‐order for convection–diffusion problems
Authors: Karaa Samir 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA high‐order Padé alternating direction implicit (ADI) scheme is proposed for solving unsteady convection–diffusion problems. The scheme employs standard high‐order Padé approximations for spatial first and second derivatives in the convection‐diffusion equation. Linear multistep (LM) methods combined with the approximate factorization introduced by Beam and Warming (J. Comput. Phys. 1976; 22: 87–110) are applied for the time integration. The approximate factorization imposes a second‐order temporal accuracy limitation on the ADI scheme independent of the accuracy of the LM method chosen for the time integration. To achieve a higher‐order temporal accuracy, we introduce a correction term that reduces the splitting error. The resulting scheme is carried out by repeatedly solving a series of pentadiagonal linear systems producing a computationally cost effective solver. The effects of the approximate factorization and the correction term on the stability of the scheme are examined. A modified wave number analysis is performed to examine the dispersive and dissipative properties of the scheme. In contrast to the HOC‐based schemes in which the phase and amplitude characteristics of a solution are altered by the variation of cell Reynolds number, the present scheme retains the characteristics of the modified wave numbers for spatial derivatives regardless of the magnitude of cell Reynolds number. The superiority of the proposed scheme compared with other high‐order ADI schemes for solving unsteady convection‐diffusion problems is discussed. A comparison of different time discretizations based on LM methods is given. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of gaseous fuel injection: A new methodology for multi‐dimensional modelling
Authors: Andreassi Luca , Facci Andrea Luigi , Ubertini Stefano 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe use of natural gas (instead of liquid or solid fuels) is nowadays drawing an increasing interest in many applications (gas turbines, boilers, internal combustion engines), because of the greater attention to environmental issues. To facilitate the development of these applications, computer models are being developed to simulate gaseous injection, air entrainment and the ensuing combustion.This paper introduces a new method for modelling the injection process of gaseous fuels that aims to hold down grid requirements in order to allow the simulation also of other phenomena, like combustion or valve and piston motion, in reciprocating internal combustion engines. After a short overview of existing models, the transient jet model and the evaluation of inflow conditions are described in detail. Then a basic study of the grid effects on the jet evolution is presented. The model is updated and validated by comparing numerical results with available experimental data for two different operating conditions: a subsonic and a supersonic under‐expanded case. The model demonstrates to be fast enough to be used in a multi‐dimensional code and accurate enough to follow the real gas jet evolution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of heat transfer on the flow of a second‐grade fluid in divergent/convergent channel
Authors: Hayat T. , Nawaz M. , Sajid M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper studies the effects of a second‐grade fluid on the flow and heat transfer characteristics in a divergent/convergent channel. The momentum and energy equations are first given in a nondimensional form and then solved analytically using the method of homotopy analysis method. Convergence of derived series solutions is shown. Graphical results for the velocity and the temperatures are presented and discussed for various emerging parameters. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronically inflamed livers up-regulate expression of inhibitory B7 family members #
Authors: Kassel Rachel , Cruise Michael W. , Iezzoni Julia C. , Taylor Nicholas A. , Pruett Timothy L. , Hahn Young S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, autoimmune hepatitis, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease can induce chronic liver disease. The Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) inhibitory pathway assists in T cell response regulation during acute and chronic inflammation and participates in the progression of inflammatory liver disease. To examine whether PD-1 and its ligands, B7-H1 and B7-DC, are modulated during chronic necroinflammatory liver disease, we investigated expression profiles in normal patients and patients with the aforementioned conditions. Relative to liver biopsies from normal individuals, those from patients with chronic necroinflammatory liver diseases (hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and autoimmune hepatitis) contain increased numbers of PD-1–expressing lymphocytes. Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, and leukocytes express PD-1 ligands. We also detect PD-1 ligands on hepatocytes within biopsies and on isolated cells. All forms of chronic necroinflammatory liver disease examined correlate with increased B7-H1 and B7-DC expression on Kupffer cells, liver sinusoidal epithelial cells, and leukocytes. The degree of necroinflammation correlates with expression levels of PD-1 family members. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that expression of PD-1/PD-1 ligands links more directly with the degree of inflammation than with the underlying etiology of liver damage. The PD-1 pathway may assist the liver in protecting itself from immune-mediated destruction. (Hepatology 2009.)
The effect of study arm on prostate cancer treatment in the large screening trial ERSPC
Authors: Wolters Tineke , Roobol Monique J. , Steyerberg Ewout W. , van den Bergh Roderick C.N. , Bangma Chris H. , Hugosson Jonas , Ciatto Stefano , Kwiatkowski Maciej , Villers Arnauld , Luján Marcos , Nelen Vera , Tammela Teuvo L.J. , Schröder Fritz H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractProstate cancer (PC) mortality is the most valid end‐point in screening trials, but could be influenced by the choice of initial treatment if treatment has an effect on mortality. In this study, PC treatment was compared between the screening and control arms in a screening trial. Data were collected from the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC). The characteristics and initial treatment of PC cases detected in the screening and the control arm were compared. Polytomous logistic regression analysis was used to assess the influence of study arm on treatment, adjusting for potential confounders and with statistical imputation of missing values. A total of 8,389 PC cases were detected, 5,422 in the screening arm and 3,145 in the control arm. Polytomous regression showed that trial arm was associated with treatment choice after correction for missing values, especially in men with high‐risk PC. A control subject with high‐risk PC was more likely than a screen subject to receive radiotherapy (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.01–2.05, p = 0.047), expectant management (OR: 2.92, 95% CI: 1.33–6.42, p = 0.007) or hormonal treatment (OR: 1.77, 95% CI: 1.07–2.94, p = 0.026) instead of radical prostatectomy. However, trial arm had only a minor role in treatment choice compared to other variables. In conclusion, a small effect of trial arm on treatment choice was seen, particularly in men with high‐risk PC. Therefore, differences in treatment between arms are unlikely to play a major role in the interpretation of the results of the ERSPC.