bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Quadruple Imaging Modality by Using Nanoparticles
Authors: Hwang Do Won , Ko Hae Young , Kim Suk‐Ki , Kim Daehong , Lee Dong Soo , Kim Soonhag 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe combination of nanotechnology with molecular imaging has great potential for the development of diagnostics and therapeutics, and multimodal imaging enables versatile applications from cell tracking in animals to clinical applications. Herein, we report a multimodal nanoparticle imaging system that is capable of concurrent fluorescence, bioluminescence, bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET), positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in vivo. A cobalt–ferrite nanoparticle surrounded by rhodamine (MF) was conjugated with luciferase (MFB) and p‐SCNbnNOTA (2‐(4‐isothiocyanatobenzyl)‐1,4,7‐triazacyclonane‐1,4,7‐triacetic acid) followed by 68GaCl3 (magnetic‐fluorescent‐bioluminescent‐radioisotopic particle, MFBR). Confocal microscopy revealed good transfection efficiency of MFB into cells and BRET was also observed in MFB. A good correlation among rhodamine, luciferase, and 68GaCl3 was found in MFBR, and the activities of each imaging modality increased dose‐dependently with the amount of MFBR in the C6 cells. In vivo optical images were acquired from the thighs of mice after intramuscular and subcutaneous injections of MFBR‐laden cells. MicroPET and MR images showed intense radioactivity and ferromagnetic intensities with MFBR‐laden cells. The multimodal imaging strategy could be used as potential imaging tools to track cells.
Folding and Aggregation of Cationic Oligo(aryl‐triazole)s in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Wang Ying , Li Fei , Han Yumiao , Wang Fuyi , Jiang Hua 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCationic aryl triazole oligomers have been synthesized through “click chemistry”. The results show that cationic aryl triazole oligomers adopt a helical conformation in water or in a mixture of water and methanol, but prevail as a random‐coiled conformation in methanol. Importantly, circular dichroism spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering experiments revealed that cationic oligomers aggregated intermolecularly to form higher order architectures with a helical sense opposite to that of the individual helix, which eventually led to the formation of aggregates with sizes in the range 100–500 nm. The aggregation of cationic oligomers was governed by the concentration and polarity of the environment. More interestingly, cationic foldamers were able to recognize chloride and fluoride anions in aqueous solution. The recognition consequently destabilized intermolecular aggregation.
Remarkable Tuning of the Coordination and Photophysical Properties of Lanthanide Ions in a Series of Tetrazole‐Based Complexes
Authors: Andreiadis Eugen S. , Demadrille Renaud , Imbert Daniel , Pécaut Jacques , Mazzanti Marinella 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA series of seven new tetrazole‐based ligands (L1, L3–L8) containing terpyridine or bipyridine chromophores suited to the formation of luminescent complexes of lanthanides have been synthesized. All ligands were prepared from the respective carbonitriles by thermal cycloaddition of sodium azide. The crystal structures of the homoleptic terpyridine–tetrazolate complexes [Ln(Li)2]NHEt3 (Ln=Nd, Eu, Tb for i=1, 2; Ln=Eu for i=3, 4) and of the monoaquo bypyridine–tetrazolate complex [Eu(H2O)(L7)2]NHEt3 were determined. The tetradentate bipyridine–tetrazolate ligand forms nonhelical complexes that can contain a water molecule coordinated to the metal. Conversely, the pentadentate terpyridine–tetrazolate ligands wrap around the metal, thereby preventing solvent coordination and forming chiral double‐helical complexes similarly to the analogue terpyridine–carboxylate. Proton NMR spectroscopy studies show that the solid‐state structures of these complexes are retained in solution and indicate the kinetic stability of the hydrophobic complexes of terpyridine–tetrazolates. UV spectroscopy results suggest that terpyridine–tetrazolate complexes have a similar stability to their carboxylate analogues, which is sufficient for their isolation in aerobic conditions. The replacement of the carboxylate group with tetrazolate extends the absorption window of the corresponding terpyridine‐ (≈20 nm) and bipyridine‐based (25 nm) complexes towards the visible region (up to 440 nm). Moreover, the substitution of the terpyridine–tetrazolate system with different groups in the ligand series L3–L6 has a very important effect on both absorption spectra and luminescence efficiency of their lanthanide complexes. The tetrazole‐based ligands L1 and L3–L8 sensitize efficiently the luminescent emission of lanthanide ions in the visible and near‐IR regions with quantum yields ranging from 5 to 53 % for EuIII complexes, 6 to 35 % for TbIII complexes, and 0.1 to 0.3 % for NdIII complexes, which is among the highest reported for a neodymium complex. The luminescence efficiency could be related to the energy of the ligand triplet states, which are strongly correlated to the ligand structures.
Goldmacherei in Deutschland und Europa. Fürsten, Bürger und Betrüger
Authors: Priesner Claus 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDer Artikel beschreibt das Wirken betrügerischer Goldmacher vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert. Anhand einiger Biographien wird dargestellt, wie diese ihre Opfer täuschten und welche Tricks bei den angebliche Metallveredelungen benutzt wurden. Es wird aber auch erzählt, wieso sich immer wieder Menschen fanden bzw. finden, die dem Versprechen goldener Berge bereitwillig Glauben schenken.
Biosorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution Using a Bioenergy Forest Waste: Xanthoceras sorbifolia Seed Coat
Authors: Yao Zengyu , Wang Lihua , Qi Jianhua 
Published: August 2009

AbstractXanthoceras sorbifolia seed coat (XSSC), a bioenergy forest waste, was used for the adsorption of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, adsorbate concentration and contact time on MB biosorption were studied. The equilibrium adsorption data was analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results indicated that the Langmuir model provided the best correlation with the experimental data. The adsorption capacity of XSSC for MB was determined with the Langmuir model and was found to be 178.6 mg/g at 298 K. The adsorption kinetic data was modeled using the pseudo‐first order, pseudo‐second order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic equations. It was seen that the pseudo‐second order equation could describe the adsorption kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion was not the sole rate controlling factor. Thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. Standard Gibbs free energy was spontaneous for all interactions, and the biosorption process exhibited exothermic standard enthalpy values. The results indicated that XSSC is an attractive alternative for removing cationic dyes from wastewater.
Invasion associated up‐regulation of nuclear factor κB target genes in colorectal cancer
Authors: Horst David , Budczies Jan , Brabletz Thomas , Kirchner Thomas , Hlubek Falk 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Colorectal cancer (CRC) displays intratumoral heterogeneity with less differentiated tumor cells at the invasive front (IF) than in the tumor center (TC). The authors previously observed that several genes were overexpressed at the IF of CRC with relations to inflammatory processes. Because nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB), a dimeric transcription factor, is a major regulator of such processes, and because its target genes are involved in immune response, cell growth control, and cell survival, the expression of NF‐κB target genes was investigated comparatively in CRC.METHODS:By using gene array profiling, NF‐κB target gene expression was assessed in CRCs that expressed human mutL homolog 1 (hMLH1), hMSH2, and nuclear β‐catenin by comparing expression at the IF, in the TC, and in normal mucosa. In addition, 5 NF‐κB target genes with high differential expression were validated by using immunohistochemistry.RESULTS:The expression of NF‐κB target genes in the TC, at the IF, and in normal mucosa was distinct; whereas, specifically at the IF, most differentially expressed NF‐κB targets were up‐regulated. Moreover, the results indicated that the expression diverged between epithelial tumor cells and inflammatory stromal cells.CONCLUSIONS:Because the results demonstrated that inflammation and the activation of NF‐κB signaling promoted CRC invasiveness, the current study provided further evidence that downstream targets of NF‐κB signaling may be specifically relevant in invasion and progression of CRC. Finally, as has been suggested for colitis‐associated cancer, the authors of this report concluded that the inhibition of NF‐κB signaling also may be an additional option for the treatment of sporadic CRC. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
The impact of primary tumor size, lymph node status, and other prognostic factors on the risk of cancer death
Authors: Chen L. Leon , Nolan Matthew E. , Silverstein Melvin J. , Mihm Martin C. , Sober Arthur J. , Tanabe Kenneth K. , Smith Barbara L. , Younger Jerry , Michaelson James S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although many prognostic factors are associated with differences in cancer lethality, it may not be obvious whether a factor truly makes an independent contribution to lethality or simply is correlated with tumor size. There is currently no method for integrating tumor size, lymph node status, and other prognostic information from a patient into a single risk of death estimate.METHODS:The SizeOnly equation, which captures the relation between tumor size and risk of death, makes it possible to determine whether a prognostic factor truly makes an independent contribution to cancer lethally or merely is associated with tumor size (SizeAssessment method). The magnitude of each factor's lethal contribution can be quantified by a parameter, g, inserted into the SizeOnly equation (PrognosticMeasurement method). A series of linked equations (the Size+Nodes+PrognosticFactors [SNAP] method) combines information on tumor size, lymph node status, and other prognostic factors from a patient into a single estimate of the risk of death.RESULTS:Nine prognostic factors were identified that made marked, independent contributions to breast carcinoma lethality: grade; mucinous, medullary, tubular, and scirrhous adenocarcinoma; male sex; inflammatory disease; Paget disease; and lymph node status. In addition, it was determined that lymph node status made an independent contribution to melanoma lethality. The SNAP method was able to accurately estimate the risk of death and to finely stratify patients by risk.CONCLUSIONS:The methods described provide a new framework for identifying and quantifying those factors that contribute to cancer lethality and provide a basis for web‐based calculators (available at: http://www.CancerMath.net accessed July 29, 2009) that accurately estimate the risk of death for each patient. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Size effect of color patches for their color appearance with foggy goggles simulating cloudy crystalline lens of elderly people
Authors: Ikeda Mitsuo , Pungrassamee Pontawee , Obama Tomoko 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe cataract eyes can be characterized by three elements; luminance, spectral distribution, and scatter, which are perceived as brightness, color, and fogginess, respectively. Change of any of the three elements may affect visual performance. The foggy element, which refers to the perception associated with a change in the optical scatter of the crystalline lens, causes deterioration of the visual acuity, pattern perception, and an uncomfortable foggy appearance over the visual field. Moreover, it also affects the ability to discriminate and perceive colors. The environmental light coming to the eyes from all directions overlay the retinal image of a color patch and causes to reduce the color purity of the image. Color desaturation of the patch takes place. In this article, it is suggested that if the patch is enlarged in size the environmental light coming from the immediate surroundings of the patch is replaced by the color of the patch itself reducing the desaturation of the patch and leading to a greater perception of the original patch color. Three foggy filters were made to fit goggles and subjects, while wearing the goggles, were allowed to observe red, yellow, green, and blue color patches of six different sizes under four different illuminance levels to control the strength of the environmental light. When the color patch size was small as 0.7° of visual angle the chromaticness perceived on each of the color patches was extremely small under an environmental light of 300 lx, but increased rapidly as the color patch size increased to 5.9° of visual angle. When the environmental light was reduced to 10 lx, the degree of apparent color desaturation was markedly reduced to only a slight amount. The haze value of the foggy filters was also found to be significant with the larger the haze value the stronger the desaturation of the test color patches. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 351–358, 2009
Minimizing observer metamerism in display systems
Authors: Ramanath Rajeev 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObserver metamerism has long been known to be an issue of concern for color engineers. With the advent and mass proliferation of narrow‐band display devices, this article addresses the issue of observer metamerism and puts it in the context of first understanding the implication of interobserver variations in the color matching functions (CMFs) and additionally designing the ideal set of primary illuminant spectral power distributions (SPDs) such that observer metamerism is minimized. The article also suggests the use of the Full Width Half Maximum (FWHM) and the number of modes (peaks) in the primary SPDs as a means of assessing the susceptibility to observer‐to‐observer variations between various modern display technologies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 34, 391–398, 2009
Computational representations of architectural design for tall buildings
Authors: Aksamija Ajla 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBuilding design process is a significantly complex procedure taking into account many different factors and variables, such as the site context, environment, material availability, cost, and function. One of the most complex forms in the built environment is tall building because of the scale, design considerations, and multidisciplinary nature. This article discusses development of ontological model for understanding, presenting, relating, and managing knowledge influencing architectural design of tall buildings. Ontology is a knowledge‐based model that represents certain domain by abstraction of concepts, and a network of relationships and properties describing these concepts. By creating an architectural ontology, the factors, relations, and characteristics in the design process can be clearly defined and presented. The model incorporates physical systems such as structure, building elements, and geometry, as well as environmental effects, social aspects and other complex attributes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Sensitivity to change of the Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire
Authors: Anholt Gideon A. , van Oppen Patricia , Cath Danielle C. , Emmelkamp Paul M. G. , Smit Johannes H. , van Balkom Anton J. L. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe Obsessive–Compulsive Beliefs Questionnaire‐87 (OBQ‐87) has been constructed by leading obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) experts to assess dysfunctional beliefs typical for OCD patients. The OBQ‐87 has recently been revised (Obsessive–Compulsive Beliefs Questionnaire‐44 [OBQ‐44]) to improve its psychometric properties. The current investigation entailed two goals: (1) to assess the sensitivity of both Obsessive Beliefs Questionnaire (OBQ) versions to treatment change and other OCD measures; and (2) to assess relations between symptom subtypes, OBQ beliefs and changes in beliefs as a consequence of treatment. One hundred and four patients have completed the OBQ before and after 12 sessions of behaviour therapy. Results suggest that (1) both OBQ versions exhibit an identical medium effect size; (2) overlap between clinical and non‐clinical populations limit the use of the OBQ as a primary measure of treatment change; and (3) the symptom dimension obsessions + checking was related to initial OBQ scores, but no symptom dimensions were related to OBQ pre‐treatment to post‐treatment changes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message:

Both versions of the OBQ demonstrate similar sensitivity to treatment change; however the clinical utility of this measure is doubtful.
DNA damage response induced by tobacco smoke in normal human bronchial epithelial and A549 pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells assessed by laser scanning cytometry
Authors: Zhao Hong , Albino Anthony P. , Jorgensen Ellen , Traganos Frank , Darzynkiewicz Zbigniew 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCigarette smoke (CS) is a major cause of lung cancer and a contributor to the development of a wide range of other malignancies. There is an acute need to develop a methodology that can rapidly assess the potential carcinogenic properties of the genotoxic agents present in CS. We recently reported that exposure of normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEs) or A549 pulmonary carcinoma cells to CS induces the activation of ATM through its phosphorylation on Ser1981 and phosphorylation of histone H2AX on Ser139 (γH2AX) most likely in response to the formation of potentially carcinogenic DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs). To obtain a more complete view of the DNA damage response (DDR) we explored the correlation between ATM activation, H2AX phosphorylation, activation of Chk2 through its phosphorylation on Thr68, and phosphorylation of p53 on Ser15 in NHBE and A549 cell exposed to CS. Multiparameter analysis by laser scanning cytometry made it possible to relate these DDR events, detected immunocytochemically, with cell cycle phase. The CS‐dose‐dependent induction and increase in the extent of phosphorylation of ATM, Chk2, H2AX, and p53 were seen in both cell types. ATM and Chk2 were phosphorylated ∼1 h prior to phosphorylation of H2AX and p53. The dephosphorylation of ATM, Chk2, and H2AX was seen after 2 h following CS exposure. The dose‐dependency and kinetics of DDR were essentially similar in both cell types, which provide justification for the use of A549 cells in the assessment of genotoxicity of CS in lieu of normal bronchial epithelial cells. The observation that DDR was more pronounced in S‐phase cells is consistent with the mechanism of induction of DSBs occurring as a result of collision of replication forks with primary lesions such as DNA adducts that can be caused by CS‐generated oxidants. The cytometric assessment of CS‐induced DDR provides a means to estimate the genotoxicity of CS and to explore the mechanisms of the response as a function of cell cycle phase and cell type. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
A simple and optimized length estimator for digitized DNA contours
Authors: Rivetti Claudio 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe determination of the contour length of DNA imaged by either electron microscopy or atomic force microscopy is frequently required for investigating the physical properties of nucleic acids. Nevertheless, these measurements are often carried out with methods that are not optimized for the curvilinear shape of DNA or are too complex to be of practical use. The aim of this study is to provide a method for the contour length measurements of DNA that is accurate, practical, and computationally simple. Computer simulated DNA fragments were used as experimental benchmarks in order to compute the coefficients a and b of the (ne, no)‐characterization [L(ne,no) = ane + bno] so as to minimize the error of the measurements. The data show that, at variance with straight lines, a DNA length estimator depends on both the DNA flexibility and the image resolution, but it is independent of the DNA contour length. A table with DNA estimators to be used for length measurements of digitized contours obtained under commonly used imaging conditions is provided. Although the method has been developed using DNA as a benchmark, its applicability can be extended to other polymers as well as to other imaging techniques. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Neuroprotective effect of testosterone treatment on motoneuron recruitment following the death of nearby motoneurons
Authors: Fargo Keith N. , Foster Allison M. , Sengelaub Dale R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMotoneuron loss is a significant medical problem, capable of causing severe movement disorders or even death. We have previously shown that motoneuron death induces marked dendritic atrophy in surviving nearby motoneurons. Additionally, in quadriceps motoneurons, this atrophy is accompanied by decreases in motor nerve activity. However, treatment with testosterone partially attenuates changes in both the morphology and activation of quadriceps motoneurons. Testosterone has an even larger neuroprotective effect on the morphology of motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), in which testosterone treatment can completely prevent dendritic atrophy. The present experiment was performed to determine whether the greater neuroprotective effect of testosterone on SNB motoneuron morphology was accompanied by a greater neuroprotective effect on motor activation. Right side SNB motoneurons were killed by intramuscular injection of cholera toxin‐conjugated saporin in adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Animals were either given Silastic testosterone implants or left untreated. Four weeks later, left side SNB motor activation was assessed with peripheral nerve recording. The death of right side SNB motoneurons resulted in several changes in the electrophysiological response properties of surviving left side SNB motoneurons, including decreased background activity, increased response latency, increased activity duration, and decreased motoneuron recruitment. Treatment with exogenous testosterone attenuated the increase in activity duration and completely prevented the decrease in motoneuron recruitment. These data provide a functional correlate to the known protective effects of testosterone treatment on the morphology of these motoneurons, and further support a role for testosterone as a therapeutic agent in the injured nervous system. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2009
Dual effects of the alloresponse by Th1 and Th2 cells on acute and chronic rejection of allotransplants
Authors: Illigens Ben M. , Yamada Akira , Anosova Natalie , Dong Victor M. , Sayegh Mohamed H. , Benichou Gilles 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe contribution of direct and indirect alloresponses by CD4+ Th1 and Th2 cells in acute and chronic rejection of allogeneic transplants remains unclear. In the present study, we addressed this question using a transplant model in a single MHC class I‐disparate donor–recipient mouse combination. BALB/c‐dm2 (dm2) mutant mice do not express MHC class I Ld molecules and reject acutely Ld+ skin grafts from BALB/c mice. In contrast, BALB/c hearts placed in dm2 mice are permanently accepted in the absence of chronic allograft vasculopathy. In this model, CD4+ T cells are activated following recognition of a donor MHC class I determinant, Ld 61–80, presented by MHC Class II Ad molecules on donor and recipient APC. Pre‐transplantation of recipients with Ld 61–80 peptide emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant induced a Th1 response, which accelerated the rejection of skin allografts, but it had no effect on cardiac transplants. In contrast, induction of a Th2 response to the same peptide abrogated the CD8+ cytotoxic T cells response and markedly delayed the rejection of skin allografts while it induced de novo chronic rejection of heart transplants. This shows that Th2 cells activated via indirect allorecognition can exert dual effects on acute and chronic rejection of allogeneic transplants.