bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A three‐dimensional monotone and conservative semi‐Lagrangian scheme (SLICE‐3D) for transport problems
Authors: Zerroukat M. , Allen T. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Semi‐Lagrangian Inherently Conserving and Efficient (SLICE) scheme is extended to three‐dimensional transport on the sphere (SLICE‐3D). This paper presents details of the scheme for a longitude–latitude C‐type staggering grid. The scheme is applied to a passive transport with an analytically defined wind field that can be considered as an ‘idealized climate circulation’. The performance of SLICE‐3D is assessed against the widely used standard non‐conservative Semi‐Lagrangian (SL) scheme. The computational performance of the scheme for multiple species transport on parallel machines is also examined. Copyright © 2012 British Crown copyright, the Met Office. Published by JohnWiley & Sons Ltd.
Identification of free radicals in oxidized and glycoxidized phosphatidylethanolamines by spin trapping combined with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Simões Cláudia , Domingues Pedro , Domingues Maria Rosario M. 
Published: March 2012

RATIONALENonenzymatic glycation of phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs) seems to a have a role in angiogenesis and atherosclerosis. Glycated PEs are more easily oxidized, enhancing oxidative stress. This study aims to evaluate the influence of glycation on the formation of intermediate radical species during oxidation of glycated PEs.METHODSIn the present study, the radical intermediaries formed during the oxidation of palmitoyl‐lineoyl phosphatidylethanolamine (PLPE) and glycated PLPE (gPLPE) were trapped using a spin trap (DMPO) and the radical adducts were analyzed by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS). Mass spectra were acquired using a electrospray Q‐TOF 2 mass spectrometer.RESULTSSeveral spin adducts of PLPE and gPLPE were identified, corresponding to carbon‐ and oxygen‐centered radicals. Interpretation of the MS/MS spectra showed the existence of different sites where radical formation occurred, at the sn‐2 acyl chain, ethanolamine moiety (particularly in C‐1) and, in the case of glycated derivatives, also in the glucose moiety (particularly in C‐3, C‐4 and C‐5).CONCLUSIONSThese results suggested the presence of more sites susceptible to oxidation in glycated PLPE, which may be responsible for the increase in the oxidative reaction rate occurring in glycated compounds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der Bau eiserner Brücken im Südwesten Deutschlands 1844 bis 1889 – Vom Gitterträger zum Fachwerk (Teil 3)
Authors: Trautz Martin , Voormann Friedmar 
Published: March 2012

AbstractZwischen 1856 und 1858 hatte die Pforzheimer Firma Gebrüder Benckiser mehrere große Gitterträgerbrücken für die Schweizer Eisenbahngesellschaften ausgeführt. Entgegen den Entwicklungen in Preußen handelte es sich dabei um gelenklose Durchlaufträger über drei oder vier Felder. Für diesen Brückentyp optimierte Benckiser den Bauvorgang: der Kastenträger, gebildet aus den Gitterträgern und den Querträgern, wurde auf einer Widerlagerseite vorgefertigt, dann mittels Walzen und einem Hebelmechanismus frei auskragend auf die Pfeiler und schließlich bis auf das jenseitige Widerlager hinübergeschoben.In diesem Bauverfahren, das heute als Taktschiebeverfahren vor allem im Betonbrückenbau Anwendung findet, errichteten die Gebrüder Benckiser zwischen 1859 und 1860 zwei grenzüberschreitende Eisenbahnbrücken: die Rheinbrücke Waldshut–Koblenz und die Rheinbrücke Kehl–Straßburg. Erst nach 1860 ging man im Südwesten zum Bau mehrgliedriger Streben‐ und Ständerfachwerkträger mit parallelen oder gekrümmten Gurten über.The construction of iron bridges in the southwest of Germany from 1844 to 1889 – from lattice girders to truss girders (part 3). Between 1856 and 1858, Bros. Benckiser, a company from Pforzheim in Germany, had built several lattice girder bridges for Switzerland’s railway companies. In contrast to developments in Prussia, they were built as continuous beams without joints, spanning three to four bays. Benckiser used this structural feature for the construction process of the bridges and optimized it that way. The box girder was prefabricated as lattice girder at one abutment side and pushed on rollers and lifting mechanisms, cantilevering at the intermediate supports, into its final position.With this construction process, which is known today as Incremental Launching Method and used primarily in concrete bridge building, Benckiser Bros. constructed two cross‐boundary railway bridges between 1859 and 1860: the Rhine bridges Waldshut–Koblenz and Kehl–Strassburg. It was not until 1860 that the company adopted truss girders with single or multiple bracing for steel bridges with parallel or curved chords.
Prüfungen im großen Maßstab
Authors: Weich Imke , Lorenz Jan , Fischl Andreas , Rodic Slobodan , Buschner Josef 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWissenschaftliche und anwendungsorientierte versuchstechnische Untersuchungen werden größtenteils an skalierten Kleinproben durchgeführt, um diese im Labor mit akzeptablem Aufwand umsetzen zu können. Allerdings ist bei der Bewertung der Ergebnisse zu berücksichtigen, dass aufgrund der Skalierung der Versuchskörper im Vergleich zum realen Bauteil Maßstabseffekte auftreten können. Dabei sind geometrische, statistische und technologische Größeneinflüsse zu berücksichtigen, die sich im Stahlbau insbesondere auf die Ermüdungsfestigkeit von Bauteilen auswirken.An der Hochschule München, Labor für Stahl und Leichtmetallbau, wurden aus diesem Grund von Professor Bucak in den letzten Jahren vielfältige Großbauteilversuche durchgeführt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Untersuchungsergebnisse vorgestellt, anhand derer die Bedeutung von Großbauteilversuchen deutlich wird sowie der auftretende Maßstabseffekt bewertet werden kann.Large‐scale testing. Most scientific laboratory testing for practical construction applications is carried out using small, scaled‐down models in order to keep expenses to an acceptable level. However, in the evaluation of results it is important to remember that size effects may occur due to the scaled‐down size of the test specimen compared to the real component. Geometric, statistical and technological factors have to be considered which may have an effect on the fatigue strength, in particular, of components in steel constructions.For this reason, over recent years Professor Bucak has carried out a variety of large‐scale component tests at the Munich University Steel and Light Metal Construction Laboratory. The article below presents research results which highlight the importance of large‐scale component testing and evaluate any occurring size effects.
Effect of gap width on stability of non‐Newtonian Taylor‐Couette flow
Authors: Ashrafi N. , Karimi Haghighi H. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe effect of gap width on the stability of non‐Newtonian Taylor‐Couette flow is studied. The fluid is assumed to follow the pseudo plastic Carreau‐Bird model and mixed boundary conditions are imposed. The dynamical system, resulted from Galerkin projection of the conservation of mass and momentum equations, includes additional nonlinear terms in the velocity components originated from the shear‐dependent viscosity. It is observed that, depending on the gap width for certain fluid, the base flow loses its radial flow stability to the vortex structure known as Taylor vortices. The emergence of theses vortices corresponds to the onset of a supercritical bifurcation also seen in the flow of a linear fluid. A range of parameters is found in which the combination of shear thinning and gap effect leads to destabilizing the vortex structure indicated as the point of Hopf bifurcation. This is not observed in the Newtonian flow, in which the vortices remain stable regardless of the inertia. Furthermore, upon increase of gap width both the critical Taylor and Hopf bifurcation numbers also increase. The obtained results are in good agreement with the available studies carried out only for certain cases.
Crack on the boundary of a thin elastic inclusion inside an elastic body
Authors: Khludnev A. , Negri M. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe propose a model for a 2D elastic body with a thin elastic inclusion in which delamination of the inclusion may take place, thus forming a crack. Non‐linear boundary conditions at the crack faces are imposed to prevent mutual penetration. We prove existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium configuration, considering both the variational and the differential formulations. Moreover, we study the dependence of solutions on the rigidity of the beam and we prove that in the limit corresponding to infinite and zero rigidity, we recover the case of a semi‐rigid inclusion and the case of a crack with non‐penetration conditions, respectively. The convergence of solutions is proved both using variational inequalities and Γ‐convergence.
Preoperative Assessment of the Pancreas in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1
Authors: Lewis Mark A. , Thompson Geoffrey B. , Young William F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundMany serologic and radiographic modalities are used for monitoring multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) patients for pancreaticoduodenal neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). We compared serum markers and imaging studies obtained preoperatively with the gross pathology and immunohistochemical findings and correlated preoperative testing with postoperative outcome.MethodsFrom 2000 to 2008, 52 MEN 1 patients [32 (62%) female; median age = 43 years, range 19–74 years] underwent 56 pancreatic operations [49 (88%) distal pancreatectomies] for suspected PNETs. Preoperative serum markers [human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), gastrin, and glucagon] and imaging [CT, 111In pentetreotide scintigraphy, and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)] were compared to the pathologic findings. Postoperative serum markers and survival were followed.ResultsHuman pancreatic polypeptide had the highest agreement between an elevated serum level and positive tumor immunostaining (83% vs. 50% agreement for gastrin vs. 67% agreement for glucagon). Preoperative CT had 81% sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV) of 97% for PNETs. 111In pentetreotide scintigraphy had 84% sensitivity and PPV of 96%. Preoperative endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) had 100% sensitivity and PPV, with close correlation (rs = 0.93) between the largest lesion seen on EUS and pathology. Median follow‐up was 4.3 years (range = 0.1–10.9 years). Overall survival was 89% at 5‐year follow‐up.ConclusionsOur study substantiates EUS as providing the highest preoperative sensitivity and PPV in assessing the presence of PNETs in MEN 1 patients. CT and octreotide scintigraphy can yield both false‐positive and false‐negative results. HPP, gastrin, and glucagon were the most commonly measured tumor markers in our series but did not always correlate with immunostaining. With an aggressive surgical approach, satisfactory rates of biochemical improvement and long‐term survival were observed.
Integrated organic–aqueous biocatalysis and product recovery for quinaldine hydroxylation catalyzed by living recombinant Pseudomonas putida
Authors: Ütkür F Özde , Thanh Tran Tan , Collins Jonathan , Brandenbusch Christoph , Sadowski Gabriele , Schmid Andreas , Bühler Bruno 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
In an earlier study, biocatalytic carbon oxyfunctionalization with water serving as oxygen donor, e.g., the bioconversion of quinaldine to 4-hydroxyquinaldine, was successfully achieved using resting cells of recombinant Pseudomonas putida, containing the molybdenum-enzyme quinaldine 4-oxidase, in a two-liquid phase (2LP) system (Ütkür et al. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38:1067–1077, 2011). In the study reported here, key parameters determining process performance were investigated and an efficient and easy method for product recovery was established. The performance of the whole-cell biocatalyst was shown not to be limited by the availability of the inducer benzoate (also serving as growth substrate) during the growth of recombinant P. putida cells. Furthermore, catalyst performance during 2LP biotransformations was not limited by the availability of glucose, the energy source to maintain metabolic activity in resting cells, and molecular oxygen, a possible final electron acceptor during quinaldine oxidation. The product and the organic solvent (1-dodecanol) were identified as the most critical factors affecting biocatalyst performance, to a large extent on the enzyme level (inhibition), whereas substrate effects were negligible. However, none of the 13 alternative solvents tested surpassed 1-dodecanol in terms of toxicity, substrate/product solubility, and partitioning. The use of supercritical carbon dioxide for phase separation and an easy and efficient liquid–liquid extraction step enabled 4-hydroxyquinaldine to be isolated at a purity of &gt;99.9% with recoveries of 57 and 84%, respectively. This study constitutes the first proof of concept on an integrated process for the oxyfunctionalization of toxic substrates with a water-incorporating hydroxylase.
Lipid Structure of Lallemantia Seed Oil: A Potential Source of Omega‐3 and Omega‐6 Fatty Acids for Nutritional Supplements
Authors: Zlatanov Magdalen , Antova Ginka , Angelova‐Romova Maria , Momchilova Svetlana , Taneva Sabina , Nikolova‐Damyanova Boryana 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe lipid composition of the seed oil of three varieties (L‐74, VIR‐11 and BGR‐455) of Lallemantia iberica Fisch. & Mey. (Lamiaceae) harvested in Bulgaria was examined in detail. Triacylglycerols (TAG >90%), phospholipids (<3%), sterol esters (~0.2%), and accompanying compounds—sterols (~0.3%) and tocopherols (336–499 mg/kg)—were determined for the first time. In addition, the specific distribution of fatty acids between the lipid classes was elucidated. Nineteen TAG species were unambiguously identified and quantified and of these the highly unsaturated trilinolenin, dilinolenyl linoleate and dilinolenyl palmitate comprised 59% of the total TAG. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine were the main phospholipids. Beta‐sitosterol was the main sterol component, followed by campesterol and stigmasterol. Gamma‐tocopherol predominated (>90%) in the tocopherol fraction. Palmitic acid (16:0) was the major fatty acid of the phospholipids and oleic acid (cis 9‐18:1) dominated in the sterol ester fraction. The three varieties have similar lipid compositions with BGR‐455 being slightly more saturated. Due to its composition, Lallemantia oil might compete successfully with flax and other plant oils as a source of linolenic fatty acid in industrial and dietary applications.
Communicating Phylogeny: Evolutionary Tree Diagrams in Museums
Authors: MacDonald Teresa , Wiley E. O. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTree of life diagrams are graphic representations of phylogeny—the evolutionary history and relationships of lineages—and as such these graphics have the potential to convey key evolutionary ideas and principles to a variety of audiences. Museums play a significant role in teaching about evolution to the public, and tree graphics form a common element in many exhibits even though little is known about their impact on visitor understanding. How phylogenies are depicted and used in informal science settings impacts their accessibility and effectiveness in communicating about evolution to visitors. In this paper, we summarize the analysis of 185 tree of life graphics collected from museum exhibits at 52 institutions and highlight some potential implications of how trees are presented that may support or hinder visitors’ understanding about evolution. While further work is needed, existing learning research suggests that common elements among the diversity of museum trees such as the inclusion of anagenesis and absence of time and shared characters might represent potential barriers to visitor understanding.
Proteomic analysis of plasma from a Tau transgenic mouse
Authors: Kim Yoon‐Ha , Lee Eun‐Kyung , Park Seung‐Ah , Kim Nam‐Hee , Kim Chan‐Wha 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed by the accumulation of abnormal tau filaments have been shown to be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain degeneration. In this study, a tau transgenic mouse (pNSE/htau23) model was used to monitor changes in protein levels and to search for novel biomarker candidates suitable for the early diagnosis of AD before onset of clinical symptoms. Plasma samples from 2‐month (n = 13, asymptomatic) and 4‐month (n = 7, symptomatic) tau transgenic mice were compared to the control group (n = 8) by 2‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Three proteins, ATP synthase, Adenosine kinase and Regucalcin showed significantly decreased levels in the plasma of tau transgenic mouse, which was further confirmed by Western blotting. This study suggests that these proteins could be used as candidate biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD in combination with previously discovered protein biomarkers.
Origin of climbing fiber neurons and the definition of rhombic lip
Authors: Dun Xin‐peng 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWilhelm His identified the rhombic lip in human embryos a century ago and thought that all mossy and climbing fiber neurons are derived from it. This has been accepted for more than one hundred years. However, recent genetic fate mapping studies have demonstrated that mossy fiber and climbing fiber neurons have distinct progenitor pools and originate from different subdomains in the ventricular zone of the caudal hindbrain. The majority of climbing fiber neurons has been found to derive from more medial parts of the caudal hindbrain although its dorsal boundary is unclear currently. Subsequently, several new definitions for the rhombic lip have been made according to the expression domain of different transcription factors, such as Math1, Wnt1 and Olig3, which have different ventral boundaries and make the area of rhombic lip confused. Therefore, a precise definition for rhombic lip is still lacking for the main reason that the origin of the entire inferior olivary nuclei is still unclear. Further genetic fate mapping is needed to determine the origin of all climbing fiber neurons which will help to give the rhombic lip an unambiguous definition.
A new problem of evil: authority and the duty of interference
Authors: MARING LUKE 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe traditional problem of evil sets theists the task of reconciling two things: God and evil. I argue that theists face the more difficult task of reconciling God and evils that God is specially obligated to prevent. Because of His authority, God's obligation to curtail evil goes far beyond our Samaritan duty to prevent evil when doing so isn't overly hard. Authorities owe their subjects a positive obligation to prevent certain evils; we have a right against our authorities that they protect us. God's apparent mistake is not merely the impersonal wrong of failing to do enough good – though it is that too. It is the highly personal wrong of failing to live up to a moral requirement that comes bundled with authority over persons. To make my argument, I use the resources of political philosophy and defend a novel change to the orthodox account of authority.
Dendritic morphology and tracer-coupling pattern of physiologically identified transient uniformity detector ganglion cells in rabbit retina
Authors: SIVYER BENJAMIN , VANEY DAVID I. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractTransient uniformity detectors (UDs) are a unique type of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) whose maintained firing is transiently suppressed by all types of visual stimuli. In this study, we have characterized the dendritic morphology and tracer-coupling pattern of UDs that were labeled by loose-seal electroporation of Neurobiotin following functional identification in the isolated rabbit retina. The UDs have a bistratified dendritic tree, branching near the margins of the inner plexiform layer in stratum 1 (part of the OFF sublamina) and stratum 4/5 (part of the ON sublamina). Characteristically, many of the distal dendrites in the OFF arbor do not terminate there but dive recurrently back to the ON arbor. As a consequence, the ON dendritic arbor is usually twice as large as the OFF dendritic arbor in area. The UDs sometimes show homologous tracer coupling to neighboring RGCs with the same morphology, and from this material, we estimate that the UDs have a threefold dendritic field overlap and a maximum density of ~100 cells/mm2 on the peak visual streak, accounting for ~2% of RGCs in rabbit retina. The UDs also show strong heterologous tracer coupling to a novel type of amacrine cell that costratifies with the ON arbor of the UD. Consistent with their unistratified medium-field morphology, these St4/5 amacrine cells appear to be GABAergic: their somata are immunopositive for GABA but immunonegative for glycine and glycine transporter 1. We compare the dendritic morphology of the UDs to that of other types of bistratified RGCs described in rabbit retina and note that the stratification levels and distinctive recurrent dendrites closely resemble those of the “ON bistratified diving” RGCs. This raises the possibility that there are two types of RGCs with distinctive physiological properties that have almost identical bistratified dendritic morphologies.
Iron speciation and mixing in single aerosol particles from the Asian continental outflow
Authors: Moffet Ryan C. , Furutani Hiroshi , Rödel Tobias C. , Henn Tobias R. , Sprau Peter O. , Laskin Alexander , Uematsu Mitsuo , Gilles Mary K. 
Published: March 2012

Bioavailable iron from atmospheric aerosol is an essential nutrient that can control oceanic productivity, thereby impacting the global carbon budget and climate. Particles collected on Okinawa Island during an atmospheric pollution transport event from China were analyzed using complementary single particle techniques to determine the iron source and speciation. Comparing the chemical composition and spatial distribution of iron within ambient particles and standard Asian mineral dust, it was determined that field‐collected atmospheric Fe‐containing particles have numerous sources, especially anthropogenic sources such as coal combustion. Fe‐containing particles were found to be internally mixed with secondary species such as sulfate, soot, and organic carbon. The mass weighted average Fe(II) fraction (defined as Fe(II)/[Fe(II) + Fe(III)]) was determined to be 0.33 ± 0.08. Within the experimental uncertainty, this value lies close to the range of 0.26–0.30 determined for representative Asian mineral dust. Previous studies have indicated that the solubility of iron from combustion is much higher than that from mineral dust. Therefore, chemical and/or physical differences other than oxidation state may help explain the higher solubility of iron in atmospheric particles.