bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Glacio-Marine Drift of the Vale of Clwyd
Authors: Reade T. Mellard 
Published: October 2009

(1) Boulder Clay from Craig, west of Llaudulas, to the Vale of Clwyd, south-east of Abergele.
Immediately east of Craig, between Llandulas and Colwyn Bay (No. 1 in the Map) the Boulder Clay stands out in vertical cliffs about 30 feet high, and so compact that it is undercut by the waves, in a manner similar to that often seen in rock-cliffs. A closer examination shows that it is very full of angular fragments of limestone, derived from the Carboniferous Limestone-rock against which it lies. Several large blocks of Welsh felstone and blocks of slate-rock—showing banding or original bedding—occur on the shore, and I found a small boulder of Eskdale granite in the clay. At one place the clay appears to be foliated in a vertical direction. It does not appear that there are many shell-fragments in the clay, as I found only one example. All the Boulder Clay described in this paper is of a brown or reddish-brown colour, containing northern erratics, and is similar to the low-level Boulder Clays of Lancashire and Cheshire, excepting where it is mixed with the waste of the hills against which it may happen to lie.
A microscopic examination of a specimen of the clay by Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S., for foraminifera yielded negative results. The following is a mechanical analysis showing the coust, itution of the clay ; specimen taken about 5 feet above the shore :—
This leaves 50 per cent. of clay, if we count as clay all the material
Pleistocene Plants from Casewick, Shacklewell, and Grays
Authors: Reid Clement 
Published: October 2009

In the year 1888, during a visit to Sir J. Prestwich, I had the opportunity of examining his Pleistocene collection. I saw among the specimens two lumps of clay which had been collected at Casewick and at Shacklewell, to illustrate papers by Morris and by himself. These he kindly permitted me to take away and examine, and out of them I obtained the plants mentioned below. In Prestwich's collection I observed also a number of plant-remains from Grays, which had been partially determined in 1861 by Gaudin and Heer. These, however, I was unable at the time to study, for Prestwich informed me that he was then engaged on a paper in which the deposits at Grays would be described. He died without completing the work, and his collection was given to the Natural History Museum, Lady Prestwich informing Dr. Woodward and myself that it was Sir Joseph's request that I should complete the examination of his Pleistocene plants. In this manner it happens that I am now writing a botanical supplement to papers which were read before the Society at such distant dates as 1853, 1855, and 1869.
Casewick (Lincolnshire.)
The alluvial deposit at this locality was described by the late Prof. John Morris, who gave to Prestwich the lump of clay from which I obtained the plants. There is nothing in the list to throw any light on the age of the deposit, and so far as the flora shows it may be of extremely recent date :—
Notes on the Rotuman Rocks collected by Mr. Stanley Gardiner
Authors: Woods Henry 
Published: October 2009

1. Olivine-Dolerite from Kugoi.
This is a light-greyish, moderately coarse-grained dolerite, containing much felspar. The rock is quite fresh, and consists of plagioclase-felspar, augite, olivine, magnetite, and apatite. Two generations of felspar are very distinct—the crystals belonging to lhe earlier showing good contours. It is probable that this is an intrusive rock.
2. Basalts from Tarasua Point, Mafiri Cave, and An Hufhuf.
These are very vesicular basalts, black or grey in colour. The specimen from Tarasua Point was found by Dr. W. Pollard to contain 48·86 per cent. of silica; the rock is dark in colour and consists of minute, but long, plagioclase-felspars (with a few larger crystals of the same mineral), augite, and magnetite. The small felspars have a parallel arrangement. The specimen from Mafiri is a fine-grained rock, in which the felspars have no regular arrangement.
3. Olivine-Basalts from Savelei Point, base of Hoi, and base of Yavasse (opposite Sol Kopi).
The specimen from Hoi is a greyish compact rock with light green crystals of olivine. Microscopic examination shows that it is fine-grained and not decomposed; it consists mainly of a mass of small, lath-shaped, plagioclase-felspars and augite, with larger crystals of augite and olivine. Magnetite is abundant. The felspars have a fairly well-marked parallel arrangement.
The rock from Savelei Point is darker and somewhat vesicular, resembling in general appearance the specimen from Tarasua Point, but containing olivine.
4. Ashes from Sol Kopi, Afaga, Howa, Kugoi, Kiliga Point, and Sororoa.
These are light-coloured rocks, varying in texture and
An Explanation of the Claxheugh Section (Co. Durham)
Authors: Woolacott D. 
Published: October 2009

abstract
The section of which an explanation is offered in this communication occurs about 2 miles west of Sunderland, and has been noticed by Messrs. King & Howse, and Prof. Lebour. The base shows the Permian Yellow Sands, which are succeeded at the western end of the section by the Marl Slate, thin-bedded limestones, and at the top crystalline limestones without any trace of bedding. At the eastern end the Marl Slate and thin-bedded limestones are absent, and except when a breccia intervenes the crystalline limestones rest on the Yellow Sands, though the thin-bedded limestones and Marl Slate show no signs of thinning out. There are also minor complications. The Author suggests that the section may be explained by supposing that denudation occurred in a cavern, the roof of which afterwards fell in, and that disturbances were also produced by ‘creep’-movements.
A Geological Survey of the Witwatersrand and other Districts in the Southern Transvaal
Authors: Hatch Frederick H. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The importance of the Witwatersrand as a gold-producing area has given an impetus to geological enquiry in this part of South Africa. The result has been the appearance of numerous books, pamphlets, and papers. My apology for adding to their number by the present communication is a five-years' residence in the Transvaal, during which time I have had perhaps unusual opportunities and facilities for closely studying the geology of the Southern Transvaal, or more correctly the region lying between the Magaliesberg Range and the Vaal River. Having in the course of professional duties to journey backward and forward through this country, I gradually became acquainted with its geological structure; and as a means of crystallizing and correlating the information thus obtained, I began to lay it down on a map and have continued to do so until now. The survey of some 8000 square miles of country, embracing the districts of the Witwatersrand, Potchefstroom, and Heidelberg, and a portion of those of Rustenburg and Pretoria, being now completed, I desire to lay the results before the Geological Society.
The difficulties of geological mapping in a sparsely-inhabited country, and where the inhabitants since the Jameson raid have not been particularly disposed to welcome the Uitlander, may be easily imagined. I do not claim for my map that accuracy in detail which can only be obtained by leisurely work on a large scale; still, the main geological boundaries have been drawn with as near an approximation to correctness as was
The Bala Beds and Associated Igneous Rocks of Lambay Island, Co. Dublin
Authors: Gardiner C. I. , Reynolds S. H. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

Lambay Island lies off the East Coast of Ireland, some 10 miles north of Dublin, the nearest point on the mainland being in the district of Portraine, where there occurs an inlier of Bala rocks which we have already described.
The name of Lambay is probably familiar to geologists from the occurrence there of the ‘Lambay porphyry,’ a very handsome and striking rock, described in detail by Von Lasaulx and mentioned in many geological and petrological works.
It was with the intention of investigating the occurrence of this rock in the field, and at the same time of seeing whether the other rocks exposed on the island were of a similar nature to those at Portraine, that we visited the island.
The only detailed account of the geology of Lambay appears to be in the explanatory memoir to Sheet 102 of the Geological Map of Ireland, published in 1861. Homogeneous and porphyritie trap-rocks are mentioned, catching up in places masses of slates and grits which they have baked and hardened. Ashes were also found, while limestone and graptolitic shales gave evidence that some of the rocks of the island were of Bala age.
On looking at the map of the island it will be seen that a large part of it is drift-covered, but from the exposures which occur it is obvious that the greater part of Lambay is formed of igneous rocks, the sedimentaries occurring in detached masses of no very great extent, and, except in the case of
Sections along the Lancashire, Derbyshire, and East Coast Railway between Lincoln and Chesterfield
Authors: Fox-Strangways C. 
Published: October 2009

The portion of this railway between Lincoln and Chesterfield, which has lately been opened for traffic, traverses the country in a nearly east-and-west direction; and, consequently, crosses at right angles to the strike all the formations from the Lias to the Coal Measures in succession. At its eastern end, owing to the general flatness of the country, there are not many deep cuttings; the strata are, therefore, not well exposed, and a considerable thickness of beds is not seen at all. West of the Trent the ground is more hilly, and cuttings are numerous; but the finest exposures are in the higher ground, along the outcrop of the Magnesian Limestone and Coal Measures near Bolsover and Chesterfield, where some very interesting sections occur.
Commencing at the junction with the Great Northern Railway, about 1 1/2 mile west of Lincoln, the new railway crosses the level ground covered by the alluvium and gravels of the little rivers Till and Witham, which, according to a boring at the junction, have a thickness of about 20 feet. They appear to be rather more extensive than shown on the Geological Survey map, reaching about a mile westward to the foot of the slightly rising ground on which Skellingthorpe stands.
At the station here about 6 feet of gravel (composed of pebbles and flints)is seen resting on Liassic clay; but the latter has not been excavated, and no fossils were found to indicate to what horizon in the Lias this clay belongs.
On a Quartz-rock in the Carboniferous Limestone of Derbyshire
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H. 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The object of this paper is to give a detailed description of a rock consisting essentially of quartz, which occurs in the Mountain Limestone of Derbyshire. It is not a quartzite in the ordinary meaning of the word—that is, a sandstone indurated by the deposit of interstitial quartz or by the recrystallization of the detrital grains into a clear mosaic, though sometimes a specimen may be found simulating the latter structure. It belongs rather to the second division of quartzite suggested by Mr. Rutley, namely, that of an infiltration or metasomatic quartzite; in other words, it is a silicified limestone. The term ‘quartz-rock’ will, therefore, be applied to it in this paper.
Often associated with the quartz-rock is a quartzose limestone. This is a fossiliferous limestone containing a large number of quartz-crystals, which may be easily seen with a lens when the rock is wet.
I first noticed the quartz-rock when commencing my study of the Toadstone some years ago. Near the village of Bonsall, the footpath from Ember Lane to Pounder Lane passes a bold outcrop of hard rock, locally known as the ‘Top Lift.’ A thin section from it was prepared, and on examination was found to consist of quartzgrains. Until about 2 years ago it lay in my cabinet. Since 1894 I have been engaged during my spare time in re-mapping the Toadstone and in trying to differentiate successive horizons in the limestone in order to decipher, if possible, the history of the volcanic eruptions
On some Gravels of the Bagshot District
Authors: Monckton Horace W. 
Published: October 2009

In 1891 I brought before the Society a paper on the beds of gravel which occur on the hills and in the valleys of the district south of the Thames between Guildford and Newbury. In that paper I drew particular attention to the composition of the gravel, and showed that gravel of a very uniform character extends in some cases over a considerable area (in one case over a length of nearly 10 miles), whereas other gravels in the near neighbourhood have different and yet curiously persistent characteristics. These peculiarities seemed so difficult to explain, on any theory which attributed the formation of the gravels to the action of the sea, that I arrived at the conclusion that they were river-gravels—their peculiarities of composition depending upon the geological structure of the drainage-areas of different rivers.
Sir Joseph Prestwich appears to have been inclined to the same conclusion. He says, writing in 1890:—
‘As the channels of the early streams became deeper and larger, and the Lower Greensand more exposed, the mass of débris carried down increased, and the proportion of chert and ragstone became greater. It was then that were formed the extensive plateaux of gravel of the Chobham and Frimley Downs, and of the other hills we have named in Berkshire, Hampshire, and Surrey.’
With this I quite agree, but in the next paragraph Sir Joseph says, ‘We are without a clue as to whether fluviatile or marine action had to do with their origin’; but, he continues,‘ but
Some New Carboniferous Plants, and how they contributed to the Formation of Coal-Seams
Authors: Gresley W. S. 
Published: October 2009

abstract
The Author, in a paper published in abstract in the Society's Quarterly Journal for May 1897 (vol. liii, p. 245), argued that certain brilliant black laminæ in coal, and similar materials found among some mechanical sediments of the Coal Measures, pointed to the former existence of an aquatic plant. In the present communication he describes structures in the pitch-coal laminæ of bituminous coal and in the glossy black layers of anthracite which he believes to be indications of two other kinds of plants, and states that he has examined structures which may be due to some other kinds of vegetation.
On some Submerged Rock-valleys in South Wales, Devon, and Cornwall
Authors: Codrington T. 
Published: October 2009

The following particulars of some rock-valleys below the sea-level were for the most part gathered by me in former years, during the execution or the projection of engineering works with which I was more or less connected, or well acquainted. Information has also been afforded me from time to time by the courtesy of the engineers of other works in which similar sections have been exposed. The main object in the present paper is to put the facts observed on record in a connected form.
The details of the sections now given are, from a geological point of view, more incomplete than could be wished, as must almost always be the case when observations are made during the progress of engineering works by those to whom they are not matters of primary importance. Things observed are not always recorded, or perhaps their significance is not understood until they are lost to view. Notes and sections, when made, are lost sight of, or are laid aside for further information or a more convenient season, which, as in the case of some of these sections, may be a long time in coming.
The localities naturally fall into two groups:—(1) on the southern coast of Wales, from Milford Haven to the Severn; and (2) on the southern coast of Devon and Cornwall, from Dartmouth to Falmouth.

I. S
outh
W
ales
.

Milford Haven.
This estuary extends 20 miles inland, with two main branches, which are fed by streams rising on the Presee]ly Hills (]760 feet)
On the Origin of the Auriferous Conglomerates of the Gold Coast Colony (West Africa)
Authors: Sam T. B. F. 
Published: October 2009

abstract
This paper gives an account of a recent journey from Adjah Bippo to the Ankobra Junction in the Gold Coast Colony. A range of clay-slate hills is succeeded for 6 miles by flat ground in which diorite was found, and that by a lofty hill in which clay-slate dipping east occurs. The Teberibie range with reefs of conglomerate, and a second range with similar reefs, were crossed.
Gold-bearing alluvia are briefly described, and the gold is supposed to have come from the hills. The Adjah Bippo, Tarkwa, and Teberibie formations are considered to be part of a syncline. Certain auriferous conglomerates, and others presumed to be identical with them, are thought to be ancient alluvial deposits.
On the Grouping of some Divisions of so-called ‘Jurassic’ Time
Authors: Buckman S. S. 
Published: October 2009

I
Introduction
.

A considerable portion of this paper was written before the appearance of a communication on Dundry Hill. A reference to the ideas set forth in this paper will be found in that communication, in Table IV, facing p. 696.
[When this paper was first presented to the Society the Author had designated the Ages by the terms Bathonian, Bajocian, etc., proposing, in effect, to continue the usage carried out in the communication above mentioned, to employ these terms for chronological purposes only. They have been used formerly, as for instance by Renevier, for both stratigraphical and chronological divisions:— Bathonian Stage or Bathonian Age.
However, it was pointed out to the Author that this plan would lead to confusion; and he then proposed to use, as distinctly chronological terms for Ages, names taken from dominant ammonite-genera. There is an advantage in this plan, seeing that the chronological divisions are based entirely upon zoological phenomena. And there was an admitted disadvantage in retaining for chronological purposes names such as Bathonian, Bajocian, etc., taken from places where particular strata were developed.
But the change has a wider effect if a congruous series of terms is to be produced. Jurassic is equally open to the same objection as Bathonian, and it will require to be replaced by a term taken from some zoological phenomenon. The divisions of Jurassic—Eo- and Neojurassic—fall into the same category; they may be easily replaced by such terms as Arietidan and Stepheoceratidan Epochs, which appropriately mark the changes of
Note on Natural Gas at Heathfield Station (Sussex)
Authors: Hewitt J. T. 
Published: October 2009

In a boring made for water some months ago at Heathfield Railway-station (L. B. & S. C. R.) an outflow of natural gas was encountered. A cap provided with a cock was placed at the outlet of the boring, and thus the collection of a sample of the gas for analysis was an easy matter. Owing to the courtesy of Mr. R. J. Billinton, the Locomotive Engineer of the London, Brighton, & South Coast Railway, who not only gave me the necessary permission, but also placed every facility at my disposal, I was enabled to take a sample of the gas on Dec. 31st, 1897. Mr. Billinton further informed me that a bed of lignite had been encountered at a depth of about 300 feet; this was of considerable thickness, and was supposed to be the stratum in which the gas had its origin. He very kindly provided me with a specimen of this substance, which one can perhaps better regard as a shale; this also was analysed.
The gas was examined for oxygen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, olefines, and hydrocarbon vapours ; these were found to be absent.

A
nalysis
of the S
hale
.

In the first place the shale was analysed according to the customary method of carrying out commercial analyses for coal. The following result was obtained:—
It should be pointed out thai, very little reliance can be placed on the numbers for volatile matter and fixed carbon, as, owing to the large amount and porous nature of the
High-Level Marine Drift at Colwyn Bay
Authors: Reade T. Mellard 
Published: October 2009

abstract
The drift-deposits of Colwyn Bay were described by the Author in 1885, but at that time he did not find any marine drift above the 200-feet contour. In the winter of 1897–98 he was fortunate enough to discover a mound of marine drift, consisting of sand capped with Boulder Clay, at a level of 560 feet above Ordnance datum. It is situated at a distance of about 1 mile south-by-west of Colwyn Bay railway-station, the longer axis running in a north-easterly direction, and measuring about 90 yards, the shorter axis being about 50 yards in length. It stands upon the watershed separating the valleys of Nant-y-glyn and Colwyn Bay. It is evidently an outlier of the marine drift at a lower level, consisting as it does of the same well-rounded grains of quartzose sand, and containing far-travelled erratics, among which are Eskdale and South of Scotland granites mixed with Welsh rocks, many of which, according to Mr. T. Ruddy, to whom they were submitted, came from the head of the Conway Valley. The interest of this find lies in the apparent isolation of the mound and its situation on the watershed at a high level. The intervening ground between the mound and the marine drift skirting the coast is occupied with blue Till, the product of land-ice, in which only Welsh rocks are found. High-level marine sands are found flanking the Vale of Clwyd on the Flintshire side, but the Author knows of no record of high-level marine drift in the neighbourhood of Colwyn Bay. There is no doubt that the formation of the mound is geologically subsequent to that of the blue Till.
The Author further describes stratified marine sands containing shell-fragments, resting upon brown Boulder Clay, exposed in three sandpits near the Old Colwyn Road at Groes, on the east side of Nant-y-glyn. At Old Colwyn, on the east side of the valley, there is a great development of a similar sand lying between the 100- and 200-feet contours, also containing shell-fragments. A depth of 30 feet of this sand was exposed unbottomed, and it is probably as much as 60 feet deep. On the west side of the valley, below the 100-feet contour, an excavation for a house showed angular and subangular gravels of Welsh rocks containing a lenticular seam of sand with rounded grains, and this appeared to be a passage between the purely land-ice or fluvial drift and the geologically overlying marine sands. It is a notable fact that the marine sands of Groes, of Old Colwyn, and of the Vale of Clwyd lie on the east side of their respective valleys, while the marine Boulder Clays lie to the greater extent on the west side; and that the marine sands have mostly accumulated as bars near the mouths of the valleys.