bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: a nested case control study in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort
Authors: McCullough Marjorie L , Stevens Victoria L , Patel Roshni , Jacobs Eric J , Bain Elizabeth B , Horst Ronald L , Gapstur Susan M , Thun Michael J , Calle Eugenia E 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Introduction
Vitamin D status measured during adulthood has been inversely associated with breast cancer risk in some, but not all, studies. Vitamin D has been hypothesized to prevent breast cancer through genomic and non-genomic actions in cell-cycle regulation.

Methods
A subset (n = 21,965) of female participants from the prospective Cancer Prevention Study-II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort provided a blood sample from 1998-2001 and were followed through 2005. We measured serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in 516 verified incident cases and 516 controls, matched on birth date (± 6 months), date of blood draw (± 6 months) and race. Information on medical history, risk factors and lifestyle was available from repeated questionnaires. We computed multi-variable odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for the association between 25(OH)D quintile and breast cancer risk using unconditional logistic regression, controlling for matching factors and additional confounders.

Results
We observed no association between 25(OH)D and breast cancer (OR = 1.09, 95% CI 0.70-1.68, P = 0.60) for the top vs bottom quintile. Using a priori cut-points, the OR was 0.86 (95% CI 0.59-1.26), for ≥75 vs <50 nmol/L. Results were not different when the first two years of follow-up were excluded, or in analyses stratified by season, latitude, BMI, postmenopausal hormone use, or by tumor grade or estrogen receptor status.

Conclusions
These results do not support an association between adulthood serum 25(OH)D and postmenopausal breast cancer. We cannot rule out an association with 25(OH)D status earlier in life.
The response of non-traditional natriuretic peptide production sites to salt and water manipulations in the rainbow trout
Authors: Johnson Keven R. , Olson Kenneth R. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARY
Natriuretic peptides (NPs) and their receptors (NPRs) comprise an evolutionarily conserved signaling system with profound physiological effects on vertebrate renal and cardiovascular systems. Some NPs (ANP, BNP and VNP)are primarily of cardiac origin whereas CNP is common in the brain. In mammals, non-traditional sites of NPs synthesis, BNP in brain and CNP in atrium, appear to have complementary actions. In the present study, trout were chronically adapted to freshwater (FW) (a volume-loading, salt-depleting environment), saltwater (SW) (a volume-depleting, salt-loading environment),FW and fed a high-salt diet (FW–HSD) (a volume- and salt-loading regime)or acutely volume depleted or expanded by hemorrhage or infusion with dialyzed plasma to perturb volume homeostasis. The responses of brain and atrial BNP and CNP mRNA, pro-peptide, NPR-A and NPR-B were evaluated using quantitative PCR and western analysis. Brain pro-BNP and NPR-A was increased in FW–HSD trout and decreased in SW trout. Brain pro-CNP was largely unaffected whereas NPR-B mRNA was increased in FW–HSD trout. Atrial CNP,although produced at lower levels than other cardiac NPs, was markedly elevated in chronically (FW–HSD) and acutely volume expanded trout(dialyzed-plasma infusion) whereas decreased in hemorrhaged trout. These findings indicate that non-traditional NP synthesis sites in the trout probably complement the broad hypovolemic and hypotensive actions of traditional (cardiac) NP synthesis sites in response to volume expansion but not to plasma osmolarity. This supports the hypothesis that the piscine and mammalian NP systems are fundamentally similar and appear to protect the heart from volume overload.
X-ray microanalysis of Rb+ entry into cricket Malpighian tubule cellsviaputative K+ channels
Authors: Marshall Alan T. , Clode Peta L. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYElemental imaging by X-ray microanalysis of fully frozen-hydrated samples shows that when Malpighian tubules of the black field cricket(Teleogryllus oceanicus L.) are incubated in saline in which Rb+ has been substituted for K+, Rb+ replaces much of the cellular K+ in the main segment of control Malpighian tubules and this is prevented by incubation in saline containing Ba2+, a non-selective K+ channel blocker. Similarly the amount of cellular K+ is greatly reduced when tubules incubated in normal, i.e. K+ containing, saline are exposed to Ba2+. By considering the amounts of cellular K and Rb remaining in the main segments of tubules incubated in either K+ containing saline or Rb+ containing saline after Ba+ treatment, it is suggested that: (a) a major part (56%) of cellular K+ enters by Ba2+ sensitive K+ channels and that Rb+ can also enter by this route; (b) a smaller fraction (26%) of cellular K+ enters by a previously proposed Na+/K+/2Cl– co-transporter, which can also transport Rb+; (c) a previously proposed Na+/K+-ATPase is responsible for maintaining a K+ pool (18%) in the tubule cells that is not exchangeable by Rb+; and (d) entry by this Na+/K+-ATPase is not available to Rb+.
Stability and Reproducibility of a Single-Sample Urinary C-Peptide/Creatinine Ratio and Its Correlation with 24-h Urinary C-Peptide
Authors: McDonald Tim J , Knight Bridget A , Shields Beverley M , Bowman Pamela , Salzmann Maurice B , Hattersley Andrew T 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Introduction: C-peptide measurement in blood or 24-h urine samples provides useful information regarding endogenous insulin secretion, but problems related to the rapid degradation of C-peptide in blood and difficulty of 24-h urine collection have limited widespread routine clinical use of this test. We assessed the feasibility of measuring urinary C-peptide (UCP) with correction for creatinine concentration in single urine samples.
Methods: We analyzed UCP using a routine electrochemiluminescence immunoassay in samples from 21 healthy volunteers. We investigated the stability of UCP with different preservatives and storage conditions and compared the reproducibility of urinary C-peptide/creatinine ratio (UCPCR) in first- and second-void fasting urines, then assessed correlations with 24-h collections.
Results: UCPCR was unchanged at room temperature for 24 h and at 4 °C for 72 h even in the absence of preservative. UCPCR collected in boric acid was stable at room temperature for 72 h. UCPCR remained stable after 7 freeze-thaw cycles but decreased with freezer storage time and dropped to 82%–84% of baseline by 90 days at −20 °C. Second-void fasting UCPCRs were lower than first-void (median 0.78 vs 1.31, P = 0.0003) and showed less variation (CV 33% vs 52%), as second-void UCPCRs were not influenced by evening food-related insulin secretion. Second-void fasting UCPCR was highly correlated with 24-h UCP (r = 0.8, P = 0.00006).
Conclusions: Second-void fasting UCPCR is a reproducible measure that correlates well with 24-h UCP in normal samples. The 3-day stability of UCPCR at room temperature greatly increases its potential clinical utility.
Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage for a Pharmaceutical CompanyAnalyse eines thermischen Energiespeichers für ein pharmazeutisches Unternehmen
Authors: Henze Gregor , Biffar Bernd , Wienecke Marcus , Becker Martin P. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A pharmaceutical facility located in Southern Germany is experiencing a trend of growing cooling loads to be met by the chilled water plant composed of ten chillers of greatly varying cost effectiveness. With a capacity shortfall inevitable, the question arises whether to install an additional chiller or improve the utilization of the existing chillers, in particular those with low operating costs per unit cooling, through the addition of a chilled water thermal energy storage (TES) system. To provide decision support in this matter, an optimization environment was developed and validated that adopts mixed integer programming as the approach to optimizing the chiller dispatch for any load condition, while an overarching dynamic programming based optimization approach optimizes the charge/discharge strategy of the TES system. In this fashion, the chilled water plant optimization is decoupled but embedded in the TES control optimization. The approach was selected to allow for arbitrary constraints and optimization horizons, while ensuring a global optimum to the problem. The results show that a relatively small TES tank provides significant economic and operational benefits. Yet, in order to facilitate long-term supply security, a larger TES tank capacity was decided on and the TES system was constructed in 2008.
Analysis of LC-MS Data Using probabilitic-based mixture regression modelsAnalyse von LC-MS-Daten mit wahrscheinlichkeitsbasierter Mischung von Regressionsmodellen
Authors: Ressom Habtom W. , Befekadu Getachew K. , Tadesse Mahlet G. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
A novel framework of a probabilistic-based mixture regression model (PMRM) is presented for alignment of multiple liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data with respect to retention time (RT) and mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The expectation maximization algorithm is used to estimate the joint parameters of spline-based mixture regression models and prior transformation density models. The applicability of PMRM for alignment of LC-MS data is illustrated through three datasets. The performance of our method is compared with other approaches including dynamic time warping, correlation optimized warping, and continuous profile model in terms of coefficient variation of replicate LC-MS data and accuracy in detecting differentially abundant peptides/proteins.
Body fat and insulin resistance independently predict increased serum C-reactive protein in hyperandrogenic women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Tosi Flavia , Dorizzi Romolo , Castello Roberto , Maffeis Claudio , Spiazzi Giovanna , Zoppini Giacomo , Muggeo Michele , Moghetti Paolo 
Published: August 2009

ObjectiveIncreased serum C-reactive protein (CRP), an independent predictor of coronary heart disease, was reported in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). It remains unclear whether this finding is due to the association between PCOS and either insulin resistance, obesity, or androgen excess, which are all common features of this condition. The aims of this study were to assess whether increased serum CRP is a specific feature of PCOS and to investigate the mechanisms underlying this association.Design and methodsSerum high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) was measured in 86 hyperandrogenic women (age 21.6±4.2 years, body mass index (BMI) 23.6±3.5 kg/m2), 50 with PCOS and 36 with idiopathic hyperandrogenism (HA). Thirty-five BMI-matched healthy women were also studied as controls. In these subjects, endocrine and metabolic profiles were assessed. In all hyperandrogenic subjects and 14 controls, insulin sensitivity was measured by the glucose clamp technique. Body fat was measured by bioelectrical impedance.ResultsHs-CRP concentrations were higher in PCOS women (3.43±2.01 mg/l) than in HA subjects and healthy women (2.43±1.04, P<0.005; and 2.75±0.86 mg/l, P<0.05 respectively versus PCOS). In multiple regression analyses, increased serum hs-CRP was independently predicted by higher body fat and lower insulin sensitivity. However, in lean women, serum-free testosterone was an additional, negative, predictive variable.ConclusionsPCOS is accompanied by a low-grade chronic inflammation. Body fat appears the main determining factor of this finding, which is only partly explained by insulin resistance. At least in lean women, androgen excess per se seems to play an additional, possibly protective, role in this association.
Redescription of the Drywood Termite Incisitermes inamurae (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) From Southern Taiwan
Authors: Li Hou-Feng , Kanzaki Natsumi , Su Nan-Yao 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Kalotermes inamurae Oshima 1912 (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) is reassigned to Incisitermes (Krishna, 1961) based on the winged imago that is described herein for the first time. The two size morphs of the soldier caste are redescribed, as is the distinctly different morphology of the soldier of incipient colonies. The distribution of I. inamurae is restricted to the tropical zone of Taiwan. Another tropical species, Incisitermes mcgregori (Light), from Luzon, Philippines, has similar soldier morphology and may be a junior synonym of I. inamurae. The five Incisitermes species reported in Japan, China, Taiwan, and the Philippines were compared morphologically.
Revision of the Family Helotidae (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea): IV. The Genus Metahelotella
Authors: Lee Chi-Feng 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The species belonging to the genus Metahelotella Kirejtshuk are revised. Six species are recognized, including two described herein, M. schawalleri sp. nov. from Vietnam and M. sprecherae sp. nov. from China (Shaanxi Province). Helota fulvitarsis Ritsema and H. difficilis Ritsema are placed as junior synonyms of M. semifulva Ritsema. Lectotypes are designated for H. fulvitarsis Ritsema, H. difficilis Ritsema, and H. immaculata Ritsema. A key and diagnosis of the species belonging to the genus Metahelotella Kirejtshuk are provided. Figures of protibiae, genitalia, internal sacs, eighth abdominal tergites, and fifth abdominal ventrites are given for all species.
Effect of Temperature on the Development and Longevity of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Varikou K , Tsitsipis I , Alexandrakis V , Hoddle M 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The developmental biology and adult longevity of Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on lemon (Citrus limon L.) leaves was studied at five constant temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 32.5, and 357deg;C) under laboratory conditions. Developmental time and adult longevity were inversely related to temperature. The developmental time from egg to adult ranged from 10.1 d at 32.5°C to 40.3 d at 15°C. Adult thrips lived from 5.3 d at 35°C to 45.9 d at 15°C and females tended to live significantly longer than males at these two extreme temperatures. No significant differences were found in developmental times between male and female immature stages of P. kellyanus within each tested temperature regime. The highest larval to adult survival (80.6%) was found at 25°C and the lowest (50%) at 32.5°C. No larvae hatched from eggs incubated at 35°C. Both linear and nonlinear models adequately described the relationship between temperature and developmental rates for immature stages of P. kellyanus. Thus, thrips required 204.5 degree-days to complete development from egg to adult stage, above a minimum threshold of 10.2°C as estimated by linear regression. The temperature thresholds for all immature stages except for pupae of P. kellyanus, estimated by the linear model were similar to values that were estimated by the nonlinear model. The predicted upper lethal temperature was 33.12°C, with a minimum threshold for total development occurring at 10°C, as estimated by nonlinear model. The importance of the results in the management of this species through the prediction of its seasonal appearance and population levels are discussed.
Maternal Age Effects on Embryo Mortality and Juvenile Development of Offspring in the Honey Bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Al-Lawati H , Bienefeld K 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTo date, no information is available concerning the impact of maternal age on offspring in long-lived social Hymenoptera. We have examined the influence of maternal age on embryo mortality and juvenile growth in offspring in 29 freshly mated (Y0), 29 1-yr-old (Y1), and 18 2-yr-old (Y2) queen honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Embryo mortality increased significant with maternal age (Y0 = 9.1%, Y1 = 12.5%, and Y2 = 30.7%). Egg size declined significantly with queen age, did not affect embryo mortality, but did influence embryo size within the egg. (r = 0.54–0.98). Embryo size until hatching, observed under standardized in vitro conditions, was significantly affected by the age of the mother. Maternal age also significantly influenced larval size at an early stage (day 1 ) but not during later larval growth. Compensatory growth and nonrandom sampling attributable to higher mortality, especially in Y2 offspring, may explain the smaller impact of maternal age in the later larval stage. Embryo mortality was extremely high (55.7%) in the offspring of Y2 queens during the experiments on embryo growth, which required a frequent transfer and observation of the embryos outside the incubator. The stronger response of juvenile stages from older mothers to this manipulation indicates that they are likely to be much more sensitive to stress than offspring from younger mothers.
The Diabetes Educator's Role in Managing Eating Disorders and Diabetes
Authors: Urbanski Patti , Goebel-Fabbri Ann E. , Powers Maggie , Taylor Dawn 
Published: August 2009

In Brief
Registered dietitians and nurses who specialize in diabetes education are often in the position of identifying patients at risk for an eating disorder or those who have an undiagnosed eating disorder. Diabetes educators will find it helpful to establish relationships and communication with eating disorder specialists in their area to prepare a plan for caring for these individuals.
Physical Activity Levels Among Participants in the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Diabetes Initiative
Authors: Williams-Piehota Pamela A. , McCormack Lauren A. , Bann Carla M. , O'Toole Mary , Burton Joseph , Karns Shawn , Lux Linda , Kamerow Douglas 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Objective. The purposes of this study were to describe physical activity habits of individuals with type 2 diabetes participating in a self-management initiative conducted in real-world settings that was sponsored by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF); to assess changes in physical activity over time; and to identify factors associated with physical activity levels.
Research design and methods. Clinical and community-based programs participating in the RWJF-funded Diabetes Initiative implemented comprehensive models for self-management, including supports to increase physical activity. A cohort of 622 largely lower-income and ethnic minority program participants (72% female, 85% overweight or obese) completed telephone surveys assessing self-reported physical activity levels at two times that were about 8 months apart.
Results. Approximately 70% of participants who reported being inactive at Time 1 reported at least some physical activity at Time 2. Approximately 29% of participants who reported insufficient activity at Time 1 increased their activity enough to meet current public health guidelines at Time 2, whereas 28% of those who were sufficiently active no longer met the guidelines. Sufficient physical activity was associated with greater intervention intensity; being male, younger, and speaking English; and having greater self-efficacy, a lower BMI, and a health care provider who assisted in finding physical activity resources.
Conclusions. Personal, behavioral, and program factors were related to physical activity levels among participants in these comprehensive self-management programs.
Image-guided convection-enhanced delivery of muscimol to the primate brain
Authors: Heiss John D. , Walbridge Stuart , Asthagiri Ashok R. , Lonser Russell R. 
Published: August 2009

Object
Muscimol is a potent γ-aminobutyric acid-A receptor agonist that temporarily and selectively suppresses neurons. Targeted muscimol suppression of neuronal structures could provide insight into the pathophysiological processes and treatment of a variety of neurological disorders. To determine if muscimol delivered to the brain by convection-enhanced delivery could be monitored using a coinfused surrogate MR imaging tracer, the authors perfused the striata of primates with tritiated muscimol and Gd–diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA).

Methods
Three primates underwent convective coinfusion of 3H-muscimol (0.8 μM) and Gd-DTPA (5 mM) into the bilateral striata. Primates underwent serial MR imaging during infusion, and the animals were killed immediately after infusion. Postmortem quantitative autoradiography and histological analysis was performed.

Results
Real-time MR imaging revealed that infusate (tritiated muscimol and Gd-DTPA) distribution was clearly discernible from the noninfused parenchyma. Real-time MR imaging of the infusion revealed the precise region of anatomical perfusion in each animal. Imaging analysis during infusion revealed that the distribution volume (Vd) of infusate linearly increased (R = 0.92) with volume of infusion (Vi). Overall, the mean (± SD) Vd/Vi ratio was 8.2 ± 1.3. Autoradiographic analysis revealed that MR imaging of Gd-DTPA closely correlated with the distribution of 3H-muscimol, and precisely estimated its Vd (mean difference in Vd, 7.4%). Quantitative autoradiograms revealed that muscimol was homogeneously distributed over the perfused region in a square-shaped concentration profile.

Conclusions
Muscimol can be effectively delivered to clinically relevant volumes of the primate brain. Moreover, the distribution of muscimol can be tracked using coinfusion of Gd-DTPA and MR imaging. The ability to perform accurate monitoring and to control the anatomical extent of muscimol distribution during its convection-enhanced delivery will enhance safety, permit correlations of muscimol distribution with clinical effect, and should lead to an improved understanding of the pathophysiological processes underlying a variety of neurological disorders.
Surveillance for neuraminidase-inhibitor-resistant influenza viruses in Japan, 1996–2007
Authors: Tashiro Masato , McKimm-Breschkin Jennifer L , Saito Takehiko , Klimov Alexander , Macken Catherine , Zambon Maria , Hayden Frederick G ,   for the Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility Network
Published: August 2009

Background High usage of the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) oseltamivir in Japan since 2003 led the Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility Network to assess the susceptibility of community isolates of influenza viruses to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Methods Isolates were tested by the enzyme inhibition assay and by neuraminidase (NA) sequence analysis. Results Among 1,141 A(H3N2) viruses and 171 type B viruses collected in Japan during the 2003–2004 season, 3 (0.3%) A(H3N2) isolates showed high 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) to oseltamivir. Each possessed a known resistance NA mutation at R292K or E119V. During the 2004–2005 season, no resistance was found among 567 influenza A(H3N2) or 60 A(H1N1) isolates, but 1 of 58 influenza B isolates had an NAI resistance mutation (D197N). Sequence analysis found that 4 (3%) of 132 A(H1N1) viruses from 2005–2006 had known NA resistance mutations (all H274Y), but no additional resistant isolates were detected from that or the subsequent 2006–2007 season. Concurrent testing of a selection of 500 influenza B viruses from 2000 to 2006 showed significant variations between seasons in both oseltamivir and zanamivir IC50 values, but no persistent increases over this period. Conclusions Our findings suggested possible low-level transmission of resistant variants from oseltamivir-treated patients in several seasons in Japan but no sustained reductions in NAI susceptibility or consistently increased frequency of detecting resistant variants for any strain or subtype, despite high levels of drug use. In particular, although oseltamivir-resistant A(H1N1) viruses with the H274Y mutation spread globally in 2007–2008, we found little evidence for increasing levels of resistant A(H1N1) variants in Japan in preceding years.