bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Reduce the Risk of Over-Drilling in Fractured Carbonate Reservoir: A Case Study in East Indonesia
Authors: Yang Siyu 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A majority of wells in the fractured carbonate reservoir are currently experiencing high water cut. Developing such a fractured carbonate reservoir presents extreme reservoir engineering and geological challenges. Considering how many infilling wells are required to obtain optimal recovery before drilling, this paper offers some insights on how to reduce the risk of overdrilling in fractured carbonate reservoir based on some successful experiences in East Indonesia. Wigner-Ville Distribution technology (WVD) was used firstly in Indonesia to predicate hydrocarbon distributions by using 2D/3D seismic data only. The results could indicate the favorable reservoir.Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) in software FracMan was employed to construct reliable 3D fracture model which demonstrates the fracture spacing, orientation, aperture, geometry and its relationships.
Above integrated studies were used as a guide to determine one infilling well target and the drilling results proved this methodology is successful in reducing the risk of over-drilling and well interference in such complex fractured reservoir.
Successful Application of New LWD Platform Provides Integrated Real-Time Formation Evaluation in the Mediterranean Reservoirs
Authors: Neto Aristides Orlandi , Dutta Dhruba , Hassan Saad 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
As the global power scenario changes with increased demand for oil and gas, remote and challenging (deepwater offshore, high pressure-high temperature, high-angle wells) locations are drilled in an ever-demanding exploration effort with minimum or no experience in the area. To meet the demand and associated financial implications, operators are drilling highangle wells that require special care from well stability, completion, and formation evaluation, to name a few. Complex reservoirs require complex trajectory and therefore proper well placement. To place a well accurately, the evaluation of acquired data requires real-time interpretation. In Egypt, Petrobel is following the trend and has been drilling deviated wells to enhance production in the Mediterranean by using a new logging while drilling (LWD) platform for formation evaluation. The data delivered by this service includes not only traditional measurements such as resistivity, density, neutron porosity, gamma ray, and caliper, but also induced spectroscopy and sigma. The sigma measurement is used for saturation evaluation independent of resistivity. The availability of two independent saturation estimations provides additional confidence. Spectroscopy provides formation mineralogy and accurate clay fraction, which enhances shaly sand interpretation. Formation evaluation in real time provides accurate estimates of hydrocarbon in place and allows for comprehensive decision making. The field is approximately 70 km from the coast of Alexandria, Egypt. The main reservoir is predominantly sandstone with gas and condensate. Highlighted in this study: Real time interpretation based on capture spectroscopy and sigma combined with the traditional measurements.Lithologic and mineralogic evaluation using capture gamma-ray spectroscopy measurements on LWD in real time.Independent gas saturation estimates from both resistivity and sigma measurements on LWD in real time.Real time formation evaluation requires minimum inputs from user, making it a powerful tool for operators in the decision making process.
Challenges in Managing Mercury in Malaysia
Authors: Zainal Farid M. , Yusoff M. R. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Mercury is a heavy metal naturally present in the produced crude oil and condensate. PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (PETRONAS Carigali) operates in basins where levels exceed the norm resulting in accumulation of the heavy metal within the process line and an increased risk of exposure to workers during its operations.
Within Malaysia, the permissible exposure limit (PEL) and biological exposure indices (BEI) of Mercury are as per the American Congress of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) yearly published limits. However, these levels are of limited use for the oil and gas industry as well as for workers in Malaysia for the following reasons Permissible exposure levels are based on continuous exposure of 8 hours a day for 5 days a week. This is applicable to mercury exposure in battery making factories and such. However, the usual exposure for offshore workers are two weeks offshore (exposure time) followed by two weeks onshore (non-exposure).The BEI is based on the general American population. In some regions of Malaysia, locals consume seafood exceeding twice a day causing an ambient level of mercury on blood to be way above the BEI.
With this, the challenges faced by PETRONAS in dealing with Mercury exposure include government guidelines using ACGIH limits, lack of published data on mercury exposure studies in the oil and gas industry, no information on baseline levels of mercury in blood for local residents in different parts of Malaysia and limited local laboratory capabilities in analyzing for different species of mercury. On top of this, the most challenging issue is communicating mercury hazard information and explaining exposure data to workers.
In summary, this paper highlights the issues and challenges faced by PETRONAS Carigali in managing Mercury as a health hazard in the workplace and efforts to overcome them.
A New Efficiency Criterion for Acid Fracturing in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Newman M. S. , Rahman M. M. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The success of a stimulation technique is often measured by its stimulation ratio. This paper, however, presents a novel way of calculating the value that can be added from acid fracturing. A model predicting the effect of acid fracturing in carbonate reservoirs has been developed. The model accounts for fracture geometry and for acid fracturing job specifications.
Acid fracturing is typically conducted in carbonate reservoirs, which make up approximately 70% of the worldwide hydrocarbon reserves. Acid Fracturing is a complex process depending on multiple factors which are different in nature, making mathematical models unreliable. Due to the stochastic process inherent in acid fracturing, modeling has been met with difficulty, especially in calculating conductivity. The modeling data analysis includes the sensitivity study with respect to fracture length and fracture width, as well as the importance of efficient acid transport.
The post-stimulation production data is used to calculate the cumulative production parameter which is the cumulative production over a given period of time. It can also be compared to the production of an un-stimulated case. The cumulative production parameter offers a unique way to calculate acid fracture value. This parameter gives a tangible value which translates to production over time. More importantly, the proposed model allows fractures from different reservoirs to be accurately compared, helping production engineers make better decisions and estimate the acid treatment efficiency.
Reservoir Management and Optimization of Matured Field Using WAG Injection: Implication Of A New Upgridding Technique in Baram Field
Authors: Ataei Abdolrahim , Darman Nasir , Liang Ooi Kok , Masoudi Rahim 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Baram field is one of the nine major oil fields in Baram Delta Operation (BDO) area which is located 28 km northwest of Lutong, in the offshore area of Miri, Sarawak in East Malaysia. The field has been producing since 1967 with multiple stacked sandstone reservoirs in a shallow offshore environment. Based on the BDO EOR feasibility study conducted in 2004 the field has been selected as one of the major EOR candidates in the area.
This paper describes a successful application of the PETRONAS upgridding technique in Baram field. The so called "Optimum Grid Coarsening Scheme" uses fine grid static and dynamic reservoir variability to identify the non-uniform grid cell configuration at the coarse grid model. Averaged saturation equation is the key driver in calculating the sub-grid properties in the fine level that subsequently will be the basis for determining the coarse grid scheme. It considers the balance of all forces including gravity, viscous and capillary that contribute to fluid flow in the reservoir.
The upscaled model has been successfully history matched with the past 40 years of production and pressure history in a timely manner with limited adjustment of the static parameters. The history matched model was then used in our study to investigate many possible development scenarios in order to improve the ultimate recovery factor of the field. In our study, Water Alternative Gas (WAG) injection has shown superiority over other studied methods as the most promising EOR scenario for the field. The study shows that the recovery factor of the S sand in Baram can be increased by an additional of 16% above infill drilling and 7% above water flooding options using WAG application.
A Simple Method for Prediction of Transport Properties of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Bahadori A. , Vuthaluru H. B. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
In the present work, simple-to-use correlation, which is simpler than current available models involving a large number of parameters, requiring more complicated and longer computations, has been developed for the prediction of transport properties (namely viscosity and thermal conductivity) of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a function of pressure and temperature. The adjusted coefficients of correlation have been optimized through an efficient and reliable algorithm by minimizing the standard deviation of predicted values in comparison with the reported reference data by solving the system of equations. The proposed method to develop correlation appears to be superior owing to its accuracy and clear numerical background, wherein the relevant coefficients can be retuned if more data are available in the future. The correlation developed accurately works for temperatures between 260 K and 450 K as well as pressures between 8 and 70 MPa which is the range of pressure that is widely considered in carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration. Results have been compared with the reported reference data and excellent agreement has been obtained between the predicted results and observed values. The average absolute deviations were found to be 2 and 2.5 percent for viscosity and thermal conductivity of carbon dioxide respectively.
Rendering Mature Assets more HS&E Compliant through Improved Corrosion Management
Authors: Morshed Ali 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
As offshore assets age they become more susceptible to hydrocarbon leaks and failures due to corrosion issues. Thus, they pose a greater threat progressively to the personnel's health and safety and also to the protection of the surrounding environment. An efficient way to reverse this trend is to create and implement an asset corrosion management strategy (asset CMS) which would simultaneously improve asset integrity and enhance plant uptime through reducing the number and severity of hydrocarbon leaks (due to corrosion), hence improving both personnel safety and environmental protection.
Such an asset CMS would improve HS&E compliance (in particular in regard to the HSE's KP3 Report and its findings) onboard an offshore asset through pre-empting sections of the process systems before they can develop into a failure due to corrosion.
This paper contains real data collected over a five-year period illustrating how the above has been achieved for an offshore asset in the North Sea through reducing the number and severity of hydrocarbon leaks over time, thus improving personnel safety and environment protection in particular and making the asset more HS&E compliant in general.
Laser, Mono-Diameter Drillstring with Resin Spray Casing Completions
Authors: Kurawle Irfan , Kaul Mohit , Mahalle Nakul , Carvalho Vickey , Kulkarni Nikhil , Shivanikar Anand 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The industry has come a long way since the inception of drilling from cable too rig to rotary drilling. The method of drilling has not changed at all in the last couple of decades. The advancement of technologies have lead to development of high power lasers which can be used to blast through the rock at rates greater than 200 ft/hr. We would like to introduce the a new laser drilling system which can drill a mono diameter hole and simultaneously build a casing around the wellbore using high pressure spray devices to spray a heat setting resin which is then pressed using a heated drum roll to give a perfect smooth casing wall. A second jet with low temperature air is used to cure the resin thus setting it faster than the conventional way. The resin is capable to sustain pressure up to 4885 psi and thus making it a likely candidate for HPHT wells. It is highly resistant to chemical corrosion and is non-rusting thus enhancing the life of the completion. The complete drill string design would be discussed in detail providing the next 21st century tool for the drilling industry to drill through any possible formation encountered.
Studying the Effects of Pore Geometry, Wettability and Co-Solvent Types on the Efficiency of Solvent Flooding to Heavy Oil in Five-Spot Models
Authors: Dehghan A. A. , Kharrat R. , Ghazanfari M. H. , Farzaneh S. A. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Pore geometry and wettability are fundamentally the most important parameters that control the miscible displacement efficiency of oil reservoirs. Understanding the physics of solvent flooding process in micro scale can result in significant improvement to better describing the miscible processes observed in laboratory and in the field. However, displacement behavior of a co-solvent at different wettability conditions under the influence of pore geometry in five-spot models remains a topic of debate in the literature. Here, miscible solvent injection experiments performed on several one-quarter five spot glass micromodels. Network patterns with different pore geometries along with those obtained from thin sections of sandstone and carbonate rocks were used in the experiments. Wettability of the micromodels was altered towards strongly water-wet and oil-wet conditions by applying a new chemical procedure. Influence of four different groups of chemicals and their mixtures as co-solvents as well as the effect of pore geometry parameters, on microscopic and macroscopic displacement efficiency in both strongly wetted media have been investigated. Precise analyses of the high quality pictures provided continuously during experiments were used to explore the solvents' displacement behavior. An optimum mixture of co-solvents with greatest sweep efficiency was determined. The results showed that the displacement efficiency of the solvents is generally higher in strongly water-wet medium, but its extent is dependent on pore geometrical factors. Star-shape pores with higher coordination number and lower pore-throat size ratio showed maximum displacement efficiency. In addition, the sweep efficiency in heterogeneous patterns was in the range of the data obtained from network patters with similar geometrical parameters. The microscopic observations confirmed that the presence of connate water in strongly water-wet medium could improve the final recovery, while the recovery factor in absence of connate water was not affected majorly by surface wettability.
Advances in Granitic Basement Reservoir Evaluation
Authors: Le Van Hung , Farag S. , Mas C. , Maizeret P. D. , Li B. , Dang T. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Granitic basement reservoirs have been the focus of increasing attention in the Asia Pacific region in recent years, following several new oil and gas discoveries in this complex reservoir type.
Accurate formation evaluation in fractured, crystalline, granitic reservoirs is notoriously difficult. Furthermore relatively little research has gone into understanding logging tool response or pressure transient behavior in these reservoir types, and developing suitable workflows for formation evaluation.
In this paper the authors propose an improved methodology for integrating various open-hole logs, production logs and well test data to better evaluate the reservoir potential of a fractured granitic formation. Since the wells are either horizontal or highly deviated, the framework also serves as one of the primary methods to asses the lateral extent of the reservoir.
A case study from the region is used to illustrate the workflow. Image log interpretation, advanced acoustic measurements, nuclear logs and production logs with distributed local sensors are combined with well test data to derive the best possible evaluation of the fracture network around the borehole and the degree of connectivity with the reservoir at large. The advantages and limitations of the proposed workflow are also discussed and the stage set for further work in this complex environment.
Deepwater Casing String Deployment for Elimination of Rat Hole Section: Retractable Shoe Joint
Authors: Groesbeck Brad Michael , Jordan John Christopher 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the development of a deepwater casing shoe which ensures subsea casing strings designed to land in a wellhead can be run to full wellbore depth with no rat hole. The problem with excess rat hole occurs when drilling and hole-cleaning operations enlarge a normally-gauged hole or the unsupported, uncemented portion of the wellbore collapses and leaves an over-gauged hole. Such hole conditions are conducive to compromised primary cementing operations, poor zonal isolation, and can lead to stuck logging or other downhole tools in the subsequent interval.
This shoe allows the rat hole section to be completely covered with casing while simultaneously landing the subsea casing hanger in the wellhead. This technology represents a paradigm shift in primary cementing practice; allowing cement to be placed at wellbore TD without a rat hole. This is especially true in deviated and/or horizontal wellbores, where zonal isolation is critical to well-life expectancy and production.
Effective Perforating and Gravel Placement: Key to Low Skin, Sand-Free Production in Gravel Packs
Authors: Saebi Shahryar , Jain Samyak , Tibbles Raymond , Munro Jock , Suppiah Rajeswary , Safiin Norhisham 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Cased-hole gravel packing is commonly utilized to control sand production from oil and gas wells. The success of a cased-hole gravel-pack job depends on the ability to effectively pack perforation tunnels, which act as conduits between the reservoir and the wellbore for hydrocarbon production.
This project presents a system approach for removal of perforation damage, effective gravel placement, and packing of the perforation tunnels. It was found that surging the perforations greatly increased the ability to pack the perforation tunnels and improved the connectivity to the reservoir. Guidelines to surging the formation and executing the perforation packing job are presented. This study also discusses the current practices commonly employed in cased-hole gravel packing to pack perforation tunnels and the potential limitations of these practices.
Incomplete packing of perforation tunnels is mostly encountered in gravel-pack jobs completed with brine as the carrier fluid (water packs). The proposed technique involves surging the perforations prior to the gravel-pack operation, followed by pumping the gravel slugs in a nondamaging carrier fluid in concentrations ranging from 1 to 3 ppa. These slugs range from 5 to 7 bbl and are pumped intermittently between stages of the completion fluid to minimize cost. The carrier fluid, by virtue of its viscosity and mechanical suspension capability, ensures that the gravel enters the perforations.
This technique was successfully implemented at the Abu Cluster field in west Malaysia. This reservoir had extremely high permeability (1.5 to 3 Darcy), with sand production a major concern. Several jobs were completed with the above mentioned technique and perforation packing factors improved from 10 to 40 lb of gravel per foot of perforations. Discussion of the placement and production data is presented. Sand-free production has been achieved with reduced drawdown across the sandface and production rates as high as 5,000 BOPD.
Optimization of Smart Wells in the St. Joseph Field
Authors: van Essen G. M. , Jansen J. D. , Brouwer D. R. , Douma S. G. , Rollett K. I. , Harris D. P. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
The St. Joseph field has been on production since September 1981 under natural depletion supported by crestal gas injection. As part of a major redevelopment study the scope for water flooding was addressed using 'smart' completions with multiple inflow control valves (ICVs) in the wells to be drilled for the redevelopment. Optimal control theory was used to optimize monetary value over the remaining producing life of the field, and in particular to select the optimal number of ICVs, the optimal configuration of the perforation zones, and the optimal operational strategies for the ICVs. A gradient-based optimization technique was implemented in a reservoir simulator equipped with the adjoint functionality to compute gradients of an objective function with respect to control parameters. For computational reasons an initial optimization study was performed on a sector model, which showed promising results.
Fundamental Safe Work Practices (FSWP) Assessment through FAsT Application in Chevron-Sumatera Operations
Authors: Razi Muhammad , Afrianty Renny 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
As a Production-Sharing Contractor to BP MIGAS (Indonesian Government Body for Oil and Gas), PT Chevron Pacific Indonesia (CPI) - Chevron Sumatera Operations is Indonesia's largest oil producer. CPI employs approximately 6,500 people and additional 30,000 people as contractors in its operating area throughout Riau Province on the island of Sumatera.
The huge numbers of facilities around 800 are operated in CPI. It is believed that there several hazards during job activity. In managing those hazards, CPI initiated to deployed FSWP - Fundamental Safe Work Practices system since 2003. There are seven elements: Access Control, Work Permit, Personal Protective Equipment, Standard Operation Procedure/Job Safety Analysis, Lock-Out & Tag Out, Material Safety Data Sheet, and Housekeeping.
Each element consists of: definition, scope, process, infrastructure, and specific competency on process performers. One of Process performer is Facility Owner who is a leader that has a role to assess his assigned facility in monthly basis.
FAsT is an IT Application to track and trace the last status of FSWP implementation in every facility inside CPI.
This Application is intranet using network database. The users are: Data inputer, Facility Owner, General User, and administrator. Using this local web-based application is effective to see how far the FSWP implementation in all CPI facilities. Every employee has an access to generate report on the facility.