bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The systematic status of Kiransus Makhan, 1994, with the description of three new species of Hydrochus Leach, 1817 (Coleoptera: Hydrochidae)
Authors: Hansen Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe genus Kiransus Makhan, 1994 erected for a hydrochid species, K. aschnaae Makhan, 1994, with a unique and extremely modified tergum 8 (= 'sternum 5' of Makhan), is placed as a junior synonym (syn. n.) of Hydrochus Leach, 1817, in which it represents a highly derived, subordinate clade, here referred to as the 'Hydrochus aschnaae species group'. A redefinition of this clade is proposed, based on the discovery of three new species, Hydrochus tuberculatus sp. n. from Burkina, H. nigeriensis sp. n. from Nigeria and H. ensifer sp. n. from Sudan. Structural peculiarities in the abdominal apex of Hydrochidae are outlined and attention is called to certain features of phylogenetic importance.
Make No Little Plan: Modernist Projects and Spontaneous Growth in Belgrade, 1945-1967
Authors: Le Normand Brigitte 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis essay investigates the interactions of Belgrade's urban planners, whose plans were an effort to create socialist order out of urban chaos, with the city's population, whose needs were often not met by these plans. After the Second World War, urban planners committed themselves to seek new urban forms that would embody the liberation of the people and empowerment under socialism. By the 1960s, planners had only been able to transform certain urban sites according to their vision, whereas other areas of the city grew spontaneously, reflecting the knowledge, tastes, and needs of the migrants who came to live there and constituting potential sites of resistance.
"Vollkommen Passende Gefässe" Und "Gefässe Fremder Form" Die Kritik Des Kunsthistorikers Albert Ilg (1847-1896) an Der Architektur Der Wiener Ringstrasse, Ihr Identitätspolitischer Hintergrund Und Ihre Kunstpolitischen Auswirkungen
Authors: Stachel Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen the new building of the Burgtheater on the Viennese Ringstrasse was inaugurated in 1888, the Austrian art historian Albert Ilg wrote a series of newspaper articles in which he praised the arrangement of the interior and its creator Carl Hasenauer, but devoted only a few critical words to the façade without even mentioning the name of the architect, Gottfried Semper. These articles are, with others, typical of Ilg's negative assessment of the architecture of the Ringstrasse, but for a full understanding of Ilg's stance it is necessary to relate it to his general positions on the history of art and politics. This article reveals that Ilg's position was not primarily motivated by aesthetic principles, but by identity politics, especially by his belief that the Baroque style was the only appropriate, supranational architectural style for the Habsburg monarchy.
Comparative History: Methodology and Ethos
Authors: Kocka Jürgen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhile it is necessary to distinguish between analytical and normative statements, the quest for this distinction – and for value-free science – is itself normatively based. Comparative approaches can serve important descriptive and analytical functions. They reduce the danger of methodological nationalism and intellectual parochialism in historical studies. The comparative approach allows to find an acceptable middle ground between the acceptance of basic differences and universalist claims. Method and ethos interact. But a-symmetric comparison shows that scientific productivity and political incorrectness can go together. For this, Max Weber's comparative approach can serve as an example.
Staging Realms of the Past in 19th-Century Western Europe: Comparing Monumental Strategies of Middle-Class Nationalists
Authors: Rausch Helke 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn large parts of late 19th-century Europe, monumental landscapes in the metropoles appear as public platforms where national realms of the pasts were invented. Public statues installed in Paris, Berlin and London would hardly express coherent national mentalities. They rather symbolize their initiator's propagandist attempts at defining the nation while they could be perceived quite controversially. Beyond state-dominated images of the nation in Berlin, there were attempts at referring to more liberal demands in the German national movement. In London, the seemingly consensual recourse to British Monarchy testifies to the fact that monument committees transformed the concept of monarchy into a common reference point of civic patriotism while public reference to the highly non-egalitarian social order was ignored. In Paris, the placement of national cult figures was even more part of a controversial process and hardly exemplified a constantly assured French nation. A comparative analysis of rhetorical strategies and their repercussions upon the public could add to a pluralistic European history of resilient nationalistic rhetorics and their questionable success in each case.
“Dialectical Negation”: East Central European Marxist Historiography and the Problem of the Nation
Authors: Górny Maciej 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe article compares Marxist histories of historiography in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany of the so called Stalinist period. In the postwar years, historiography contributed to the legitimization of Communist regimes, widely using nationalist narratives. In the 1950s and early 1960s this tendency was partly marginalized and accompanied by a critical reinterpretation of the previous historiographical traditions. Describing the latter process, the author points at the divergent geopolitical situation, the different patterns of the adoption of Marxist methodology, and the various strategies of defending the national tradition characterizing these three countries. While East Central European Marxists sometimes questioned the national historiographical traditions, quite often they simply inserted them into the Marxist vision of the past.
The “Central European Urban Model” and the Emergence of Towns in Wallachia from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century
Authors: Rădvan Laurenţiu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study addresses the issue of how the Central European urban model was embraced in areas south of the Carpathians, namely Wallachia. The Saxon and Hungarian colonists arriving from Transylvania, who settled in these regions, were key in the adoption of certain elements of urban institutional organization. The local rulers granted them privileges, which acknowledged their right of ownership in settlements in which they dwelled, the right to use plots, as well as tax exemptions. The study also inquires into the way these colonists have arrived, and documents local urban terminology.
Of Crosses, Winged Victories, and Eagles: Commemorative Contests between Official and Vernacular Voices in Interwar Romania
Authors: Bucur Maria 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis essay examines contests between local practices and central institutions over the meaning and cultural practices linked to the nation, focusing in particular on commemorations of the war dead after 1918. The analysis shows that the ability of the state to control how nationalism was celebrated through commemorations of the Great War was by no means determined or even successfully mediated from the center. In fact, local voices in rural settings often had their own rituals for mourning those that died in war and also for commemorating heroism in localized versions of what sacrifice for the nation and mourning heroes might have meant. In discussing vernacular-official contests over commemorating war heroes, this essay will present several important aspects: the relationship between traditional religious symbols and the new secular official symbols in representing nationalism; the relationship between rural and urban settings for understanding the unsuccessful attempts of the state to impose its version of war commemorations; and the relationship between the Romanian majority and other ethnic groups in these contests.
Reinterpreting a 'Founding Father': Kossuth Images and Their Contexts, 1848-2009
Authors: Dénes Iván Zoltán 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present article reconstructs the ways the public and historiographical image of Lajos Kossuth, the central figure of the 1848–49 revolutionary tradition in Hungary, was negotiated during the last 150 years. Similar to the images of other founding fathers and national heroes in other cultures—such as Garibaldi, Piłsudski, Atatürk, Mazzini, Herzl, Masaryk, Bismarck, or Al. I. Cuza—the competing representations of Lajos Kossuth formed a central part of the political and scientific discourses throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. In addition to the most common images of the cultic “father of the nation” and “national Messiah,” one can encounter such different schemes of collective self-projection as the “overly emotive opposition politician,” the “successful gentry,” the nobleman “defending his class privileges,” or the “inconsistent revolutionary.” Arguably, these images to a large extent fit four political languages determining Hungarian public discourse in the given period, such as “conservative realism,” ethno-protectionism, Marxist socialism, and communism. While these political languages were very different from each other, they were strikingly similar in the sense that they were built on strong enemy images. Consequently, analyzing their historical projections we can learn about the traumatic ways their adherents related to political modernity, manifested in visions of a fundamental enemy endangering the future of the community.
The Incorporation of Monumental Pagan Barrows Into Medieval Russian Christian Culture
Authors: Petrov Nicholas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSopki, a group of monumental barrows located exclusively in northwestern Russia, are the most impressive and well-preserved man-made structures of pre-Christian East Slavic culture [Fig. 1]. The sopki range in height from three to twelve meters, have steep slopes [Fig. 2] and are encircled by stone settings at the mound's base, which are often discernible in the turf. Of the sopki that have been excavated, the overwhelming majority contain calcined bones near the mound's top and are dated to the ninth and tenth centuries. Usually, there are no more than two or three graves per mound. The sopki differ from other mortuary constructions of the region in their large size, which suggests their likely interpretation as the funeral sites of tribal noblemen.1 Additionally, the sopki mounds are grouped around settlements, reflecting the Slavic migration patterns throughout northwestern Russia, suggesting their interpretation as Slavic funeral constructions.
Storming the Stratosphere: Space Exploration, Soviet Culture, and the Arts from Lenin to Khrushchev's Times
Authors: Andrews James 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy the era of the Stalinist 1930s, a nationalistic nexus had been created between Soviet air flight (and eventually rocketry) feats and the ideological competition with the West. Russians had been fascinated with global air and rocket flight developments before Stalin's time; however, with the increasingly nationalistic tones of Russian culture in the 1930s and 1940s, the stratosphere also became a sphere of contestation with the West. While this scientific and cultural competition would be accelerated in the time of Khrushchev's Sputnik era, the Russian public still engaged in the process in its own manner that included both national pride and genuine interest from below as in other countries.
The Labour Region in Late Stalinist Population Dynamics
Authors: Burton Christopher 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPopulation movement in the USSR under late Stalinism was determined in part by informal labour regions, as confirmed by this study of migration to, from, and within the oblasti of Moscow, Sverdlovsk and Kuibyshev over 1945-53. Every Soviet region at the end of the war was characterized by intense pressure on available sources of labour but partly because of this distinct “labour regions” can be identified. While all three areas under analysis were in the RSFSR and unoccupied, or largely unoccupied, during the war, they differed sufficiently from one another to highlight regional particularities.
The Unintended Consequences of a Surge in Orthodox Pilgrimages in Late Imperial Russia
Authors: Worobec Christine 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBased on archival materials, this article explores the ways in which the Holy Trinity St. Sergius Monastery and Solovetskii monasteries at the turn of the twentieth century dealt with the challenges of serving increasing numbers of pilgrims, which ranged from security to public relations. Intent upon maintaining the strict regimens of their communities and raising the spiritual and national identities of worshipers, the abbots unsuccessfully tried to control pilgrims and pilgrimages. Individuals continued to flock to monastic institutions to satisfy their own spiritual and physical needs, bringing with them their human flaws and frailties.
CoCom, Comecon, and the Economic Cold War
Authors: Libbey James 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe economic dimension to the Cold War often focused on two blocs of nations, each led by one of the opposing superpowers. In 1949, the Soviet Union sponsored the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance or Comecon in Eastern Europe; the United States founded the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls or CoCom in Western Europe. Both soon expanded. On one level, the two groups were quite distinct. Comecon resembled a common market; CoCom restricted technology transfers. The article below, however, presents a series of arguments that suggest these dissimilar economic groupings possessed to an extraordinary degree a common pattern in their history. They frequently mirrored each other in the contentious relations shared by the U.S. and U.S.S.R.
From Frontier To Empire: the Concept of the Frontier in Russia, Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Khodarkovsky Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt the height of the Cold War in the 1960s, an advertisement by the British Ministry of Defense asked readers: "Isn't it better to have our frontier on the Elbe than on Brighton beach?" In sixteenth-century Muscovy there were no readers to ask a similar question, but the answer was obvious all the same. It was incumbent upon the rising Orthodox Muscovite state to expand its frontier in the east, where neighboring lands populated by the non-Christian peoples could be easily vanquished, and to secure its frontier in the south in order to prevent devastating nomadic raids.
The Performance of Small Businesses in St. Petersburg: Data From a Questionnaire
Authors: Kihlgren Alessandro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dearth of reliable data makes field work essential to gain a more accurate picture on small business in today's Russia.1 Interviewing representatives of organizations instead of individual entrepreneurs provides a more balanced picture, as entrepreneurs may be reluctant to divulge information about their firm. Although the firms these organizations work with are not fully representative of the small business population in St. Petersburg the results do not differ substantially from surveys previously conducted in the city. Therefore, these data can provide some useful insights on small business in St. Petersburg. Data collected suggest that new firms are mostly profitable and expanding production. The fact that half of the firms have as their main competitor another small firm testifies to the greater adaptability and flexibility of new firms compared with larger ones. The sales of these firms tend, however, to be concentrated in the domestic market with a negligible export component similarly to what was observed in surveys conducted in other parts of Russia. Keywords: small business, Russia, entrepreneurship, St. Petersburg
Conditions of Americari-Soviet Commerce: The Beginning of Direct Cotton Trade, 1923-1924
Authors: Gillette Philip S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe history of American-Soviet commerce contains numerous turning points, but none is perhaps so little appreciated as the commencement of direct cotton trade. This development occurred as a result of the visit of Viktor P. Nogin to America from November, 1923 to January, 1924.1 It is particularly informative to discuss the events of this period within a framework of general propositions concerning American-Soviet trade.
Arms Control : the Soviet Approach and Its Implications
Authors: Payne Keith B. , Stroude Dan L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Soviet Union has no discrete arms control goals, although it does have a variety of diplomatic and military objectives which can be pursued via arms control negotiations. In the Soviet Union, there is no organization comparable to the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA), which is charged with advancing the cause of arms control. Instead, there appears to be only a military bureaucracy and a foreign policy apparatus, whose purposes are reconciled at the highest levels of Soviet politics.1 Nor does the Soviet Union have an arms control theory compaiable to that of the United States. In the U.S., strategic thinking is concentrated at the level of generality where political purpose and military capabilities intersect. It is at this level that concepts of "stability," "esealation-dominance," and "action-reaction arms races" emerge. The intellectual underpinnings of Western arms control policy is provided primarily by the first and last of these. While there is a serious professional military literature in the Soviet press. focusing largely on operational-tactical questions, little is written at the level of generality where political ends and military power meet, and what is written is often propagandistic. This is an area preserved for the top Party leadership, which generally does not, and does not need to, share its reflections with the outside world. The absence of a serious arms control theory and the apparent absence of a bureaucratic framework designed to give arms control considerations an independent voice in the decision-making process are symptomatic of Soviet arms control policy-a policy which uses negotiations as a means of furthering Soviet power, both military and diplomatic.
Soviet Legal Restrictions On Emigration
Authors: O'Keefe Gerald F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe right to emigrate-the free movement of people into and out of their country of origin-is a right recognized by international human rights law. The Soviet Union has recognized its obligations under these laws and the Constitution of the USSR and the "fundamental principles" of its legislation require actions consistent with international treaties to which the USSR is a party. Nevertheless, the Soviet Union discourages and prevents emigration by manipulating its legal system. Only members of a few ethnic groups are allowed to emigrate. Over the years emigrants have been mainly Jews, Armenians, and ethnic Germans, as well as some Japanese and Koreans. Emigration is limited by the Soviet Union's policy of "reunification of families," which effectively eliminates the vast majority of Soviet citizens from emigrating. Even those groups allowed to emigrate in limited numbers face substantial impediments. Complicated procedures, great expense, economic and social ostracism, and oftentimes harassment or arrest await those who apply for an exit visa. Applications for emigration are handled in an arbitrary manner, at best, and in a punitive manner, at worst. The resulting system is one in which emigration is not a right, but the grant of an administrative indulgence. Emigration law, and the Soviet Union's policy toward it, is the focus of discussion herein. Analysis of emigration law and practice is necessary to counter the legal justifications advanced by the USSR to defend its restrictive policy of emigration. First, I will discuss the Soviet Union's obligation under international law to respect the right to emigrate; next, I will analyze Soviet emigration law and citizenship renunciation law. Third, I outline the application process; and last, I address the legal basis for refusing emigration.
A Tale of Four Cities: Studying National Self-Images Among Russian Regional Politicians in Perm, St. Petersburg, Volgograd and Khabarovsk
Authors: Petersson BO 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn January 1997 the author embarked on a study within a three-year research project, supported by the Swedish Research Council on the Humanities and Social Sciences. The title of the project is "Russian Self-Images and Foreign-Policy Orientations in a Time of Change." Its aim is to identify views of Russian politicians, mainly at intermediate levels, regarding Russia's role and mission in the international context and also regarding key issues related to internal developments. Within the project, interviews are undertaken with parliamentarians in Moscow, as well as with regional parliamentarians in St. Petersburg, Volgograd and Khabarovsk. This will provide for insights as regards similarities and differences between central and regional levels of political life. In order to calibrate the working tools and to test theoretical key assumptions, a pilot study was undertaken in the city of Perm in September 1997. In this article, a comparison is made between the results of the pilot study and the findings emerging from the regular rounds of interviews conducted in St. Petersburg in November 1997 and January 1998, in Volgograd in May 1998 and in Khabarovsk in November 1998. All in all, the article builds upon seventy-six in-depth interviews with regional politicians.
Trans-Albanian vs. Pan-Albanian Spaces: The Urban Dimension of the 'Albanian Question'
Authors: Strazzari Francesco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper focuses on nationalism along Albanian-speaking European peripheries. Waves of organized violence, political turmoil, and powerful processes of demographic and socioeconomic transformation have changed the face of Albanian cities, thus modifying the physical and social landscape. The exploration of these dynamics aims to shed light on how the nexus that historically exists between the construction of an urban stronghold, the articulation of nationalist ideologies, and state-making processes is being re-defined in light of changing external conditions determined by Europeanization and globalization. Although evidence remains highly ambivalent, investigating such a dimension might be useful in detecting the emergence of an embryonic trans-Albanian national discourse, whose content does not necessarily coincide with traditional pan-Albanian constructs. Situated between transnational city networks and rearticulated through the EU perspective, the “Albanian question” is undergoing transformation that is much deeper than the nationalist canon is willing to admit. Disclosing new understandings of this magmatic historical process might pave new ways for political agency aiming at the sustainability of regional political processes.