bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Victorian and Edwardian Reading
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The issue of reading and its effects during the Victorian and early Edwardian period did not concern women alone. It centred around the widely held belief in the affective powers of what was read. On the one hand, the beneficial potential of reading was celebrated: ‘a good book is ‘the precious life-blood of a master-spirit’, and possesses a wonderful potency of encouragement and inspiration’. On the other, it was feared that ‘desultory reading is very mischievous’. By the mid-century, certain reviewers and essayists were speculating about the general dangers specifically attendant on the rapid proliferation of print. Excessive indiscriminate reading was condemned as morally debilitating. Many Victorians wrote of reading as something that affects mental health. Others viewed reading of fiction as a form of escapism.
‘New Woman’ Fiction
Authors: Flint Kate 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
At first sight, the controversy induced by the emergence of the ‘New Woman’ fiction in the 1890s bears a close similarity to the wave of anxiety expressed about the sensation novel some thirty years earlier. The writers of the 1890s laid particular stress on the part played by men in spreading venereal disease, and on indicating that this was just one of the aspects of sexuality about which girls were unlikely to learn anything before they were married. They also emphasized rationality and interrogation. If the issue of women’s reading in the 1890s becomes most active around the question of access to knowledge, particularly sexual knowledge, then it follows that the attainment of that knowledge can effectively be described and dramatized in ways which challenge the conventions used to delineate the tastes and capacities of women readers. In the New Woman fiction, not only were sexual and marital issues discussed with frankness, but, more importantly, women were offered images of articulacy and efforts at self-determination.
The Later Paul’s Boys, 1599–1606
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhen the Paul’s Boys were brought back to life in 1599, London playing had been transformed. Regulation of playing was much tighter and quite different from the situation in 1590. First, the Privy Council had finally acceded to the mayor’s insistence on banning plays from inside the city. Secondly, it had approved two playing companies as the only purveyors of royal entertainment in the Christmas season. In addition, the Master of the Revels had backed up the Privy Council policy by tightening his own control, now licensing playhouses as well as performances for public use. The renewed boy companies, and especially Paul’s as the first to resurface, offered a challenge to all of these new policies. They had a playhouse in the heart of the city; they threatened to make a not insignificant addition to the number of approved companies; and they would perform in it as a ‘private’ hall, with the implied freedom this gave them from the Master’s control of ‘public’ performances and public playhouses. This chapter looks at the history of the later Paul’s Boys, their performances between 1599 and 1606, the plays they performed and the playhouses where they performed.
The King’s Men, 1608–1642
Authors: Gurr Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe various crises of 1608 and 1609, when the playhouses had to remain closed for more than a year, produced some basic changes amongst the London playing companies. The boy companies regrouped, running for a while at the one hall playhouse left to them, but they soon turned into young adult companies and took up travelling. The number of adult companies increased as the royal children grew. The King’s Men asserted their predominance by taking up two playhouses, one of which gave them the unique privilege of playing in a roofed playhouse in central London, a site more than equivalent to the modern West End. This was the final step to the unquestioned pre-eminence that they enjoyed for the rest of the two Stuart reigns. It was a step upwards that no other company was ever able to match. This chapter looks at the history of the King’s Men, their performances between 1608 and 1642, the plays they performed, the playhouses where they performed, and their travelling records.
The Language ofDerekh tomimandDerekh khayim
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe two books Derekh tomim and Derekh khayim are renowned works that were products of Eastern Yiddish literature. This chapter examines their form, structure, and content. One point observed is phonology or stressed-vowel, as a guide for analysis. It is said that Yiddish literature is heavy with intricate spelling. There are also underlying European dialectal forms used, such as the Southeastern or Mideastern Yiddish, some using strong verbs as their style. By the eighteenth century a structured verbal system was established, one that was used up to the present times. Another prominent feature observed is the use of changing word-order patterns, depicted all throughout both the old and modern Yiddish literature.
Introduction
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe re-print of Simkhes hanefesh was the least altered towards Eastern modernization. But is still contained the most basic features of Easternization, which was most noteworthy to analyze and discuss. It was also found to be superiorly popular during its editions of more than ten. It is made up of two collections, the first about narratives, moral teachings, and parables, while the second focused more on religious traditions and laws, mixed with lyrical components. The author himself was accustomed to Western and Eastern culture, having been raised in Poland. He therefore had a strong background and grasp of modern Yiddish literature. This was his objective: to write something that was recognizable and appreciated by all regions in Europe.
Archaic Features
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter talks about archaic features, which were seen in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. These features may be referred to as formal or elevated. Some of them are the following: the reluctance to use a number of etymologically transparent lexical terms of Slavonic origin; maintaining the old conjunction that instead of, or added to, az; avoiding double negation; and the placement of the clause-final of the past principle and with a minor degree of infinitives. These archaic features allow the writings to preserve the original and traditional forms of old Yiddish literature, and to some level still root the modern literature back to its origins. Further analysis of these revisions, particularly those of the late nineteenth century, is seen in the later chapters.
Schematic Comparison
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter uses a schematic diagram to illustrate the scope of Linguistic Easternization. The parameters used are morphology and syntax; these are deemed to be representationally sufficient for the analysis of the transition from the Old to the Modern Yiddish literature. The premise is that the more Easternized in form the material is, the further is the relationship between morphology and syntax. Suffice to say that none of the late eighteenth-century works achieved the perfect state of Easternization. The later versions had a more modern and smooth feel to them, due to the advancement in syntactic changes. However, even in these, there can be found minimal resistance in form.
The Two Eighteenth-Century Translations
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe featured text was an ancient writing in medieval Hebrew in the thirteenth century. One of its versions was said to be one of the earliest to have modernization transform it. Various translations have demonstrated the differences and gaps that divide the territories of influence, such as the Eastern and Western Jewish Communities. These differences were mainly due to distinct cultural and socio-economic factors that were specific for each region. High German patterns also played a role in the variations in literature. Yet the art still lies in the intertwining of the old and the new, the ancient and the modern. The mixture of structure and grammar is what intrigues the author to make further analysis of the matter.
The Language of the Western Version (Fürth, 1783)
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe most prominent language in the Western version is the Germanized Western Yiddish, although it is still on the whole a mixture of different languages and dialects. It is also a fusion of Old Yiddish and High German patterns in terms of structure and content. This has a great significance in terms of the graphemic representation of stressed vowels for example, with unusual spellings. Though minimal, one notable trait that is Eastern Yiddish is the spelling. In terms of morphology, however, the constant reformation of word patterns and the replacement of lost unstressed vowels gearing into High German form is a striking feature. The grammatical style, however, still varies from author to author, each coming up with a distinct version that is their signature.
Introduction: Metafiction and Soviet Literature
Authors: Shepherd David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introduction chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about metafiction and self-consciousness in Soviet literature. Metafiction is a term used to refer to fictional writing which self-consciously and systematically draws attention to its status as an artefact in order to pose questions about the relationship between fiction and reality. This book examines the metafictional works of several Soviet authors including Leonid Leonov, Marietta Shaginyan, Konstantin Vaginov, and Veniamin Kaverin.
Reflecting on Fiction: Leonid Leonov
Authors: Shepherd David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the metafictional works of Soviet author Leonid Leonov. The River Sot, Leonov's third novel, was one of the earliest Soviet works in the theme of industrialization and it was based on the author's first-hand experience of Soviet construction projects. This novel, together with Leonov's other work The Thief, provided the direction that Soviet literature should take. These novels were both influenced by the October Revolution.
Knowing the Artist: Veniamin Kaverin
Authors: Shepherd David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the metafictional works of Soviet author Veniamin Kaverin. Kaverin was prominent in protesting publicly against the time-serving conformism or forced capitulation often detectable in military career patterns and in defending a writerly autonomy understood as freedom to pursue the writer's traditional role as independent moral guide and arbiter. This chapter analyses the metafictional style of his The Trouble Maker, Artist Unkown, and The Two Captains.
The Fables of Reason
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Three hundred years after his birth in 1694, this is the first comprehensive study of Voltaire's Contes Philosophiques: the philosophical tales for which he is now best remembered and which include the masterpiece Candide. This book situates each of the 26 stories in its historical and intellectual context and offers new readings and approaches in the light of modern critical thinking. It rejects the traditional view that Voltaire's Contes were the private expression of his philosophical perplexity, written merely in the margins of his historiography and his campaigns against the Establishment. Arguing that narrative is Voltaire's essential mode of thought, the book stresses the role of the reader and shows how the Contes were designed less to communicate a set of truths than to encourage independence of mind. The author has written a guide to the ‘fables of reason’ with which Voltaire undermined – and continues to undermine – the religious, philosophical, and economic ‘fables’ by which other thinkers have tried to explain and direct human experience.
The conte philosophique and its Readers
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the concepts of conte, the conte philosophique, and the importance of the readers to Voltaire and his different narrative works. Based on the discussions presented in this chapter, it can be determined that Voltaire's success as a storyteller is through his natural talent as a raconteur and how most of his works are written in the central narrative.
Fallen Fables
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the different fables that were written by Voltaire, such as Zadig, La Princesse de Babylone, and Candide. It shows how the Voltairian conte is able to undermine and mock the different ‘fables’ of reason that had been created by economists, metaphysicians, rationalists, and theologians. These works are able to provide the means to an answer, instead of providing the answer.
Small Consolations: Songe de Platon, Histoire des voyages de Scarmentado, and Les Deux Consolés
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Prior to the publication of Candide in 1759, there was an eight-year period in which none of Voltaire's works emerged, with the sole exceptions of the Songe de Platon, Histoire des voyages de Scarmentado, and Les Deux Consolés. This chapter provides an analysis of these three stories. The Songe de Platon is considered as an anti-Micromégas, and presents more extensive and telling critiques about the poor design of the Earth. The Histoire des voyages de Scarmentado is an anti-Zadig because it encounters religious controversy, and the protagonist in the story leaves the disputants to their murderous devices. Finally, Les Deux Consolés exemplifies the inadequacy of storytelling as an antidote to misfortune.
Anglicans and Academics: Aventure de la mémoire, Eloge historique de la raison, Les Oreilles du comte de Chesterfield, and Histoire de Jenni
Authors: PEARSON ROGER 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the final four contes written by Voltaire, which were published three years before he died. Each of these works – Aventure de la mémoire, Eloge historique de la raison, Les Oreilles du comte de Chesterfield, and Histoire de Jenni – has an academic feature, while remaining true to Voltaire's conte writing style.
Saint-John Perse, Éloges (1911)
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Saint-John Perse's Éloges, and looks at their metrical and prosodic quality. In this chapter, the queries such as where else might rhythm be in Perse's poetry and what particular linguistic elements might contribute to the music which is peculiarly his are examined and assessed. In addition to referring to his Éloges, the chapter also looks at some extracts from Perse's ‘Écrit sur la porte’, ‘Pour féter une enfance’, and ‘Éloges IX’ to pinpoint the rhythm and musicality in his poetry.
Guillaume Apollinaire, Calligrammes (1918)
Authors: Scott Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses Guillaume Apollinaire's calligrams. This chapter attempts to make reference to some of the devices and effects found in contemporary visual art, and in particular, in the Cubism movement which was believed to be the dominating force and inspiration behind Apollinaire's calligrams. In this chapter some of his poems such as Les Soirées de Paris, Il pleut, and L' Éventail des saveurs are examined. These are looked at within the context of rhythm, scansion, and the visual arts depicted as Cubism and Futurism found in the structure and characteristics of the poems.
Autobiography as Insult
Authors: VALIS NOËL 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAutobiography constitutes public revelation of one's interiority. However, a woman culturally defined as pure domesticity was enclosed in her own interiority. To declare oneself an autobiographical subject was tantamount to invading the verbal territory in which men operated. A significant part of the socio-moral context in which 19th-century Spanish women writers moved was precisely that cultural and physical space to which Hispanic literary criticism in general has paid scant attention. This chapter focuses on one particular context, the relation between poetess [poetisa] and village/town [aldea/pueblo], in order to suggest a way to read the female autobiographical act as a ‘process of situation’, in which the subject situates herself in physical and verbal spaces governed by certain linguistic and affective movements. Making use of recent anthropological research carried out by James Fernandez, David Gilmore, Stanley Brandes, and Carmelo Lisón Tolosana, the chapter is an interpretative experiment based on an ‘anthropology of affect’.
Mothers' Voices and Medusas' Eyes: Clarín's Construction of Gender inSu único hijo
Authors: SIX ABIGAIL LEE 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGender ambiguity is central to Su único hijo, as its title demonstrates, with the semantic polyvalence of the possessive adjective su (‘his’, ‘her’, or ‘their’). Indeed, questions are raised throughout the novel about gender identities, conventional and otherwise, about ideals of manhood and womanhood, ridiculed, travestied, and disappointed. The use of classic topoi of masculinity and femininity is also observed by Noël Valis, but separately from her discussion of the role reversal phenomenon, whereas this chapter considers how they coexist in what remains notwithstanding a realist novel. The chapter focuses on voice and gaze in the text, for these are prominent in the descriptions of the characters and provide a useful measure of their simultaneous transgression of gender identities and exploitation of archetypical features of femininity and masculinity.
Gender and Journalism: Pardo Bazán's Nuevo Teatro Crítico
Authors: SCANLON GERALDINE M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Nuevo Teatro Crítico, the monthly journal financed, edited, and written entirely by Emilia Pardo Bazán, is undoubtedly one of her most remarkable achievements. Taking her inspiration from 18th-century predecessors of modern journalism, Pardo Bazán hoped to create a literary journalism which would be both erudite and entertaining and thus fill what she perceived as a gap in the press of her day. Pardo Bazán made her most obvious contribution to the feminist debate of the time in those articles in which she expressly addresses social and political questions relating to women and this chapter deals with them briefly. She demonstrates an acute awareness of the ways in which gender identity is structured and, although she frequently employs the conventional positive/negative associations of terms such as varonil/femenil [manly/womanly], she sees no reason why women should not appropriate the virtues traditionally ascribed to men.
Ordre
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks briefly at ordre and its different meanings, and the way in which these meanings shift. It then considers order in relation to fragmentation. There are six main categories into which it is convenient to divide the usage of ordre in the Pensées, some of which are interconnected: arrangement, plane of understanding, divine and world order, orderliness, command, and priestly succession. The first grouping relates principally to Blaise Pascal's notes on the ordering of his text. Ordre appears most frequently in the Pensées within this context, usually as the heading for what seems to be a working note. This sense of ordre is the main focus of the chapter. The second grouping of ordre is closely related to the first, but it operates on a different level. It is concerned with particular planes of understanding or living, often in strict hierarchy or gradation to each other.
CONCLUSION
Authors: Hammond Nicholas 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The eighteenth-century discussion of ‘pensées détachées’ sums up the central concerns of this book. The persuasive process of the Pensées is energised by the reader's active participation in sorting through both the fragmentary ordering and the shifting meanings of the text. In rhetorical terms, the reader becomes the master of the inventio and dispositio of the text. The fourth part of traditional rhetoric, memoria, plays an important part in the Pensées. As the book has stressed throughout, the doctrine of the Fall underlies all aspects of language and truth in the Pensées. Although God stands above the game which marks man's corrupt condition, the Fall itself made God embark on his own ‘game’. The possibility of transcendence within the very concepts which indicate his fallenness points always to a God who is both stale and constant. Playing with shifting notions of truth becomes an eternal truth played through God.
The Deconstruction of Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines a number of things: the ideological and structural challenges of the 1980s to most public broadcasting organisations around the globe; the consequences of those challenges for the place of broadcasting and, most especially, television in all our lives; what was being challenged, to whit, what is this thing which we so easily term ‘public service broadcasting’? The point is to understand something of the condition of what continue to be important cultural institutions, and to ask about the appropriate institutional and intellectual architecture for them in the twenty-first century. There was in effect in most major western societies a kind of silent coup dʼetat around the time that the 1970s became the 1980s. The 1990s were the result. The use of the market to serve the ‘public interest’ translated into a continuing act of betrayal of the public in a broad sense in order to sustain the interests of the few.
The Making of an Institution: The Rebirth of NHK
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe creation of the conditions under which radio broadcasting could assume its role in the programme of re-education and democratisation required the removal of government controls, the improvement of efficiency, and the development of administrative machinery that would be independent, stable, confident, and responsible, and strong enough to prevent any attempt to re-establish government domination. To achieve these ends, the Occupation established three specific objectives. In a memorandum of December 1945, SCAP (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) outlined the plans for NHK reorganisation. General Douglas MacArthur established ‘an institution of public service’, an advisory committee of 15 to 20 Japanese citizens of both sexes from all parts of Japan ‘to advise the President of the Broadcasting Corporation of Japan’. This committee would represent the professional, business, educational, cultural, religious, labour, and farming elements of national life.
The New Television in Britain
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMargaret Thatcher was convinced that a resolution of Britain's economic crisis lay to a considerable extent in transforming Britain from a country whose wealth lay in manufacturing, to one whose wealth lay in processing information. The conjunction of dreams born of private greed and political opportunism provided the necessary political and economic conditions in which the information revolution could be planned. The subterranean themes within the debate about cable television as well as satellite television—the need for deregulated services, the virtues of the market in cultural choice and by extension the problematic nature of public support for culture, the irresistibly seductive force of the economic salvation which was deemed to reside within a vastly expanded technological capacity to communicate—had taken hold and begun to reshape the whole mental ecology of communications in Britain. Whatever happened, it seemed likely that the world of broadcasting would never be the same again.