bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of butorphanol in broiler chickens
Authors: Singh P. M. , Johnson C. , Gartrell B. , Mitchinson S. , Chambers P. 
Published: June 2011

Butorphanol tartrate (2 mg/kg) was injected intravenously in 18 healthy broiler chickens to study its pharmacokinetics. Plasma samples were analysed by a highly sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the mean pooled data. With non‐compartmental analysis, the terminal half‐life (T1/2.z) was 71.3 minutes, clearance was 67.6 ml/minute/kg and the apparent volume of distribution was 6.9 l/kg. The concentration‐time curve was also fitted to a two‐compartmental model. In this analysis, elimination half‐life (T1/2β) was 69.3 minutes, clearance was 74.6 ml/minute/kg and volume of distribution at steady state was 5.6 l/kg. The micro rate constants k21, k12and k10were 0.034, 0.050 and 0.029, respectively. Butorphanol was well distributed in the chickens with rapid clearance. It remained above the minimum effective concentration for analgesia in mammals for approximately two hours in the chickens.
Hedgehog Overexpression Is Associated with Stromal Interactions and Predicts for Poor Outcome in Breast Cancer
Authors: O'Toole Sandra A. , Machalek Dorothy A. , Shearer Robert F. , Millar Ewan K.A. , Nair Radhika , Schofield Peter , McLeod Duncan , Cooper Caroline L. , McNeil Catriona M. , McFarland Andrea , Nguyen Akira , Ormandy Christopher J. , Qiu Min Ru , Rabinovich Brian , Martelotto Luciano G. , Vu Duc , Hannigan Gregory E. , Musgrove Elizabeth A. , Christ Daniel , Sutherland Robert L. , Watkins D. Neil , Swarbrick Alexander 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays an important role in several malignancies but its clinical significance in breast cancer is unclear. In a cohort of 279 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, expression of Hh ligand was significantly associated with increased risk of metastasis, breast cancer-specific death, and a basal-like phenotype. A paracrine signature, encompassing high epithelial Hh ligand and high stromal Gli1, was an independent predictor for overall survival in multivariate analysis. In 2 independent histological progression series (n = 301), Hh expression increased with atypia. Hh ligand overexpression in a mouse model of basal breast cancer increased growth, induced a poorly differentiated phenotype, accelerated metastasis, and reduced survival. A stromal requirement for these effects was supported by the lack of similar Hh-mediated changes in vitro, and by stromal-specific expression of Hh target genes in vivo. Furthermore, inhibition of Hh ligand with a monoclonal antibody (5E1) inhibited tumor growth and metastasis. These data suggest that epithelial–stromal Hh signaling, driven by ligand expression in carcinoma cells, promotes breast cancer growth and metastasis. Blockade of Hh signaling to peritumoral stromal cells may represent a novel therapeutic approach in some basal-like breast cancers. Cancer Res; 71(11); 4002–14. ©2011 AACR.
In Vivo Programming of Tumor Antigen-Specific T Lymphocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells to Promote Cancer Immunosurveillance
Authors: Lei Fengyang , Zhao Baohua , Haque Rizwanul , Xiong Xiaofang , Budgeon Lynn , Christensen Neil D. , Wu Yuzhang , Song Jianxun 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy has garnered wide attention, but its effective use is limited by the need of multiple ex vivo manipulations and infusions that are complex and expensive. In this study, we show how highly reactive antigen (Ag)-specific CTLs can be generated from induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to provide an unlimited source of functional CTLs for adoptive immunotherapy. iPS cell–derived T cells can offer the advantages of avoiding possible immune rejection and circumventing ethical and practical issues associated with other stem cell types. iPS cells can be differentiated into progenitor T cells in vitro by stimulation with the Notch ligand Delta-like 1 (DL1) overexpressed on bone marrow stromal cells, with complete maturation occurring upon adoptive transfer into Rag1-deficient mice. Here, we report that these iPS cells can be differentiated in vivo into functional CTLs after overexpression of MHC I-restricted Ag-specific T-cell receptors (TCR). In this study, we generated murine iPS cells genetically modified with ovalbumin (OVA)-specific and MHC-I restricted TCR (OT-I) by retrovirus-mediated transduction. After their adoptive transfer into recipient mice, the majority of OT-I/iPS cells underwent differentiation into CD8+ CTLs. TCR-transduced iPS cells developed in vivo responded in vitro to peptide stimulation by secreting interleukin 2 and IFN-γ. Most importantly, adoptive transfer of TCR-transduced iPS cells triggered infiltration of OVA-reactive CTLs into tumor tissues and protected animals from tumor challenge. Taken together, our findings offer proof of concept for a potentially more efficient approach to generate Ag-specific T lymphocytes for adoptive immunotherapy. Cancer Res; 71(14); 4742–7. ©2011 AACR.
Impact of Leukocyte Count on Mortality and Bleeding in Patients With Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: Palmerini Tullio , Mehran Roxana , Dangas George , Nikolsky Eugenia , Witzenbichler Bernhard , Guagliumi Giulio , Dudek Darius , Genereux Philippe , Caixeta Adriano , Rabbani LeRoy , Weisz Giora , Parise Helen , Fahy Martin , Xu Ke , Brodie Bruce , Lansky Alexandra , Stone Gregg W. 
Published: June 2011

Background—
The relationship between white blood cell count (WBCc) and mortality in patients with ST-segment–elevation acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention is poorly understood. Furthermore, whether there is a relationship between WBCc and risk of noncardiac mortality and bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention is unknown.

Methods and Results—

The baseline WBCc was available in 3193 of 3345 patients (95.5%) who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention in the Harmonizing Outcome With Revascularization and Stent in Acute Myocardial Infarction (HORIZONS-AMI) trial. In a propensity-adjusted multivariable analysis, WBCc was an independent predictor of 1-year cardiac mortality (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.09 to 1.22), noncardiac mortality (hazard ratio, 1.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.29), and major bleeding (hazard ratio, 1.08; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 1.12). After adjustment for baseline creatinine phosphokinase levels and left ventricular ejection fraction, WBCc remained an independent predictor of 1-year all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality. In patients matched for baseline creatinine phosphokinase levels at hospital admission, the median peak creatinine phosphokinase level was significantly higher in patients with high WBCc (>11 000 per 1 mm
3
) compared with low WBCc (1851 U/L [range, 880-3307 U/L] versus 1241 U/L [range, 540 to 2,78], respectively;
P
<0.0001). In this subgroup of patients, WBCc was an independent correlate of peak creatinine phosphokinase level, and remained an independent predictor of 1-year mortality.

Conclusions—
In patients with ST-segment–elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, elevated baseline WBCc is an independent predictor of infarct size, as assessed by peak creatinine phosphokinase level, and of 1-year cardiac mortality, noncardiac mortality, and major bleeding.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00433966.
Dynamics and Thermodynamics of the Regional Response to the Indian Monsoon Onset
Authors: Saini Roop , Barlow Mathew , Hoell Andrew 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The regional influence of the Indian monsoon onset is examined though observational analysis focusing on the Rodwell–Hoskins “monsoon-desert” hypothesis, which proposes that the strong diabatic heating associated with the monsoon produces a Gill-like Rossby wave response that thermodynamically interacts with the midlatitude westerly jet to produce subsidence and reduced rainfall to the west of the monsoon. Here, the authors analyze this proposed mechanism in terms of changes to the thermodynamic energy equation, regional circulation, and precipitation between the 10-day periods before and after the monsoon onset, for all onset dates in the 1958–2000 period. A Rossby-like response to the monsoon onset is clear in the observational data and is associated with horizontal temperature advection at midlevels as the westerlies intersect the warm temperature anomalies of the Rossby wave. Analysis of the thermodynamic equation verifies that the horizontal temperature advection is indeed balanced by subsidence over areas of North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Middle East, and there is an associated decrease in precipitation over those regions. Despite the increased subsidence, diabatic heating changes are small in these regions so diabatic enhancement does not appear to be a primary factor in the response to the onset. This analysis also shows that the same processes that favor subsidence to the west of the monsoon also force rising motion over northern India and appear to be an important factor for the inland development of the monsoon. Comparison of strong and weak onsets further validates these relationships.
Reliability Analysis of Climate Change of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Ren Fumin , Liang Jin , Wu Guoxiong , Dong Wenjie , Yang Xiuqun 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Data homogeneity has become a significant issue in the study of tropical cyclones (TCs) and climate change. In this study, three historical datasets for the western North Pacific TCs from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), and China Meteorological Administration (CMA) are compared with a focus on TC intensity. Over the past 55 years (1951–2005), significant discrepancies are found among the three datasets, especially between the CMA and JTWC datasets.
The TC intensity in the CMA dataset was evidently overestimated in the 1950s and from the late 1960s to the early 1970s, while it was overestimated after 1988 in the JTWC dataset, especially during 1993–2003. Large discrepancies in TC tracks exist in two periods of 1951–early 1960s and 1988–1990s. Further analysis reveals that the discrepancies are obviously related to the TC observational techniques. Before the era of meteorological satellites (1951–the early 1960s), and after the termination of aircraft reconnaissance (since 1988), large discrepancies exist in both TC intensity and track. That the intensity discrepancy was smallest during the period (1973–87) when aircraft reconnaissance data and the Dvorak technique were both available suggests that availability of the aircraft reconnaissance and the Dvorak method helps in reducing the TC intensity discrepancy. For those TCs that were included in all the three datasets, no significant increasing or decreasing trend was found over the past 50 years. Each of the three TC datasets has individual characteristics that make it difficult to tell which one is the best. For TCs that affect China, the CMA dataset has obvious advantages such as more complete and more accurate information.
A Proposed Mechanism for the Asymmetric Duration of El Niño and La Niña
Authors: Okumura Yuko M. , Ohba Masamichi , Deser Clara , Ueda Hiroaki 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
El Niño and La Niña exhibit significant asymmetry not only in their spatial structure but also in their duration. Most El Niños terminate rapidly after maturing near the end of the calendar year, whereas many La Niñas persist into the following year and often reintensify in boreal winter. Through atmospheric general circulation model experiments, it is shown that the nonlinear response of atmospheric deep convection to the polarity of equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomalies causes an asymmetric evolution of surface wind anomalies over the far western Pacific around the mature phase of El Niño and La Niña. Because of the eastward displacement of precipitation anomalies in the equatorial Pacific during El Niño compared to La Niña, surface winds in the western Pacific are more affected by SST forcing outside the equatorial Pacific, which acts to terminate the Pacific event.
Natural Three-Dimensional Predictor Domains for Statistical Precipitation Downscaling
Authors: Sauter Tobias , Venema Victor 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The paper presents an approach for conditional airmass classification based on local precipitation rate distributions. The method seeks, within the potential region, three-dimensional atmospheric predictor domains with high impact on the local-scale phenomena. These predictor domains are derived by an algorithm consisting of a clustering method, namely, self-organizing maps, and a nonlinear optimization method, simulated annealing. The findings show that the resulting spatial structures can be attributed to well-known atmospheric processes. Since the optimized predictor domains probably contain relevant information for precipitation generation, these grid points may also be potential inputs for nonlinear downscaling methods. Based on this assumption, the potential of these optimized large-scale predictors for downscaling has been investigated by applying an artificial neural network as a nonparametric statistical downscaling model. Compared to preset local predictors, using the optimized predictors improves the accuracy of the downscaled time series, particularly in summer and autumn. However, optimizing predictors by a conditional classification does not guarantee that a predictor increases the explained variance of the downscaling model. To study the contribution of each predictor to the output variance, either individually or by interactions with other parameters, the sources of uncertainty have been estimated by global sensitivity analysis, which provides model-free sensitivity measures. It is shown that predictor interactions play an important part in the modeling process and should be taken into account in the predictor screening.
Kalman Filter–Based CMORPH
Authors: Joyce Robert J. , Xie Pingping 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA Kalman filter (KF)-based Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH) algorithm is developed to integrate the passive microwave (PMW) precipitation estimates from low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites and infrared (IR) observations from geostationary (GEO) platforms. With the new algorithm, the precipitation analysis at a grid box of 8 × 8 km2 is defined in three steps. First, PMW estimates of instantaneous rain rates closest to the target analysis time in both the forward and backward directions are propagated from their observation times to the analysis time using the cloud system advection vectors (CSAVs) computed from the GEO–IR images. The “prediction” of the precipitation analysis is then defined by averaging the forward- and backward-propagated PMW estimates with weights inversely proportional to their error variance. The IR-based precipitation estimates are incorporated if the gap between the two PMW observations is longer than 90 min. Validation tests showed substantial improvements of the KF-based CMORPH against the original version in both the pattern correlation and fidelity of probability density function (PDF) of the precipitation intensity. In general, performance of the original CMORPH degrades sharply with poor pattern correlation and substantially elevated (damped) frequency for light (heavy) precipitation events when PMW precipitation estimates are available from fewer LEO satellites. The KF-based CMORPH is capable of producing high-resolution precipitation analysis with much more stable performance with various levels of availability for the PMW observations.
Compatibility Relationships With Simple Lever Tools
Authors: Müsseler Jochen , Skottke Eva-Maria 
Published: June 2011

Objective: The study focuses on potential compatibility relationships when simple lever tools are used. Background: Spatial compatibility between stimuli and responses determines performance. However, many tasks require the use of simple tools, such as levers that transform hand movements into tool movements. We explore with such a tool whether and how the correspondence or noncorrespondence between stimulus-side and hand movement (stimulus-response compatibility), between stimulus-side and tool-effect movement (stimulus-effect compatibility), and/or between hand movement and tool-effect movement (response-effect compatibility) affects performance. Method:U-shaped and inverted-U-shaped levers were used as tools, allowing us to examine the contribution of each compatibility relationship to response times and errors without any confounds and omissions. Results: Responding was delayed and error prone when the hand movement and the movement of the effect point of the tool did not correspond. Effects of stimulus-response compatibility and stimulus-effect compatibility were observed only when the hand movement direction remained untransformed in the tool-effect movement. Conclusion: The results point out that the inversion or noninversion of tool-effect movements plays an underlying role when handling a tool. Application: Potential applications of this research include the prediction and possibly manipulation of unwanted behavioral tendencies in laparoscopic surgery and other lever movements.
A subjective cognitive impairment scale for migraine attacks. The MIG-SCOG: Development and validation
Authors: Gil-Gouveia Raquel , Oliveira António G , Martins Isabel Pavão 
Published: June 2011

Background: The burden of migraine is determined by impairment during attacks due to pain or non-painful symptoms such as cognitive symptoms. Objective: Development of a questionnaire to measure self-reported subjective cognitive symptoms during migraine attacks. Methods: Item generation was accomplished through structured patient interviews analysed by a panel of experts. A set of 43 candidate items was applied to consecutive migraine patients. Test construction with factor analysis retained nine items. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman’s rho, and convergent and construct validity by correlation to spontaneous cognitive complaints, and the 43-item and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaires. Results: The nine-item Mig-SCog covers two domains, executive functions and language. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.82. It correlates with spontaneous cognitive complaints ( p < 0.001), the 43-item (rho = 0.69) and the Cognitive Failures Questionnaires (rho = 0.61). Test–retest reliability (Cohen’s kappa) was 0.55. Conclusions: Mig-SCog is a valid, reliable, consistent working instrument of fast self-administration that quantifies subjective cognitive symptoms during migraine attacks.
Deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area in intractable short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT)
Authors: Bartsch T , Falk D , Knudsen K , Reese R , Raethjen J , Mehdorn HM , Volkmann J , Deuschl G 
Published: June 2011

Background: SUNCT (short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival injection and tearing) is a rare syndrome characterized by the sudden onset of excruciating unilateral periorbital pain that is accompanied by conjunctival injection and lacrimation or further autonomic signs. Similar to patients with chronic cluster headache, Leone and Lyons showed a beneficial effect of deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic region in two patients with a chronic SUNCT. Case: Here, we present the case of a man with a chronic SUNCT responding to deep brain stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic area. Conclusion: This case supports the idea of a central origin of SUNCT and shows that deep brain stimulation of the hypothalamic region can be effective in the treatment of the chronic form of this rare disorder.
Sun-induced migraine attacks in an Arctic population
Authors: Ivar Bekkelund Svein , Hindberg Kristian , Bashari Hiba , Godtliebsen Fred , Bjørnar Alstadhaug Karl 
Published: June 2011

Aims: The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the impact of weather, and especially sun exposure, on migraine. Methods: Data from a previous prospective 12-month diary study was compared with meteorological data. We retrospectively evaluated 1250 migraine attacks recorded by a group of 40 women with a mean age of 37.1 years who fulfilled the IHS criteria for migraine with and without aura. Results: The patients reported more sun-induced migraine attacks on sunny days, but the total distribution of migraine attacks was constant throughout the year. Also, no seasonal variation of migraine, nor any relationships between weather parameters and onset of migraine attacks, were found. An analysis of a subgroup of patients with ‘sun-induced’ migraine showed a significant increase in frequency of migraine attacks in the summer compared to the winter ( p = 0.04). Conclusion: This study confirms that sunlight might be a trigger for migraine, but a risk for increased impact of light on the total ailment of migraine headache should be searched for in a subgroup of sensitive migraineurs.
Saccade behaviour in migraine patients
Authors: Cambron M , Anseeuw S , Paemeleire K , Crevits L 
Published: June 2011

Background: Voxel-based morphometry studies in migraine patients showed significant grey matter volume reduction in regions involved in the control of saccadic eye movements. We hypothesized that these changes would be reflected in dysfunctional saccadic behaviour. Methods: Saccades were recorded by infrared oculography using three different paradigms (pro-saccade with gap, pro-saccade overlap and anti-saccade with gap). We compared the results for migraine patients ( n = 80) with those for controls ( n = 87). Results: No significant differences were found between migraine patients with ( n = 46) and without ( n = 34) aura. Migraine patients showed a saccadic behaviour that differed from controls in three respects. In migraine patients, the latencies in the pro-saccade with gap paradigm were borderline significantly longer. Moreover, in both the pro-saccade with gap and the pro-saccade overlap paradigm we observed a larger intra-individual variation of the latency in migraine patients. However, the biggest difference was that the patients who received migraine prophylactic therapy made significantly more anti-saccade errors in the anti-saccade with gap paradigm, suggesting that inhibitory saccade control is impaired in migraine patients depending on the severity of the migraine. Conclusion: We suggest a deficient inhibitory control, reflecting an executive dysfunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or a dysfunction in the cingulate cortex, is present in migraine patients.