bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas‐liquid chromatography in a plastics analytical laboratory
Authors: Haslam J. , Jeffs A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis report gives an account of the application of gas‐liquid chromatographic methods to the general work of a plastics analytical laboratory. Particular attention is paid to the examination of monomers, of depolymerization products obtained from polymers, and of adhesives. The use of dinonyl sebacate as the stationary liquid phase in a particular problem involving the determination of small amounts of methylcyclohexane in light petroleum (boiling range 60–80°) is described.
The functions of the components of coal tar pitch with regard to its viscous behaviour and colloid structure
Authors: Badenhorst R. P. , Perold G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDispersions obtained by the successive addition of the tar resins, C2 and C1 fractions obtained from coal tar pitch to the tar oils were studied. It is shown that there is no marked difference in the effects of the various components on the thermal susceptibility of the dispersions. The temperature susceptibility of road tar cannot therefore be modified only by changing its composition.The work provides support for the concept of the colloidal nature of coal tar pitch and indicates that the tar micelle is built up on a C2 core enveloped by tar resin and tar oil layers.
The decolorization of sugar liquor by bone charcoal
Authors: Thompson H. M. , Rayner G. J. , Hill S. , de Whalley H. C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study is made of the kinetics of the refining of sugar solutions with bone charcoal, especially as regards the effect of particle size of the charcoal and the settled volume time, colour density and ash content of the liquor. The nature of the inorganic ions present has an appreciable effect on the volume of liquor that can be decolorized by a definite volume of char. The relation of the results of laboratory‐scale experiments to those in refining practice is briefly discussed.
The oxidation of monoethenoid fatty acids and esters. the autoxidation products of erucic acid and its methyl and n‐propyl ester
Authors: Skellon J. H. , Taylor P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe products of catalytic autoxidation of highly purified erucic acid and its methyl and propyl esters have been investigated. Saponification of the oxidized esters gives acidic dimeric compounds which eventually break down to mixtures containing keto‐hydroxy, unsaturated ketonic, and epoxy derivatives in addition to 13: 14‐dihydroxybehenic acid.The characteristic oily resinous derivatives invariably found in the oxidation products contain carbonyl groups.Some possible reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Liquid‐liquid equilibrium in systems containing nicotine
Authors: Fowler R. T. , Noble R. A. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid‐liquid equilibria have been investigated in the nicotine‐sulphuric acid‐water and nicotine‐sulphuric acid‐carbon tetrachloride systems at 25°. The latter system exhibits two phases for all concentrations of the components with the production of a semi‐solid phase of nicotine bisulphate which is insoluble in nicotine and carbon tetrachloride. The nicotine‐sulphuric acid‐water system shows a binodal curve curving concavely at high water concentrations. A plait point is estimated to be at a composition 39% H2O, 2·5% H2SO4 and 58·5% nicotine. Experiments on the quaternary system, nicotine‐sulphuric acid‐water‐carbon tetrachloride, could not be completed because dark viscous materials were obtained.
1: 1‐dihalocyclohexanes
Authors: Cuthbertson F. , Musgrave W. K. R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract1: 1‐Dichloro‐, 1: 1‐difluoro‐, and 1‐chloro‐1‐fluoro‐cyclohexane have been prepared by interaction of 1‐chlorocyclohexene with either hydrogen chloride or hydrogen fluoride. The components in the reaction mixtures have been separated by gas‐liquid chromatography on a 10‐g. scale and their susceptibilities to both acid and alkaline hydrolysis have been compared.
The effect of catalyst granule size on the hydrogenation of benzene over a supported nickel catalyst
Authors: Burke R. F. , Motard R. L. , Canjar L. N. , Beckmann R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn connexion with the study of the hydrogenation of benzene tocyclohexane over nickel and nickel oxide supported on silica gel (see reference11), an examination of the effect of granule size of the catalyst has been made at temperatures 225°, 250° and 275°.It was found that, with increasing state of sub‐division, the experimental velocity constant, k2, is proportional to the external surface area of the catalyst down to a certain granule size. Further sub‐division has no effect on activity as, when the critical granule size is reached, a sufficient area is exposed so that all of the catalyst is adsorbed on the surface of the carrier.
Infra‐red spectroscopy as a quantitative analytical method in general chemicals manufacture
Authors: Hawkes J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe application of infra‐red spectroscopy to the analysis of the crude products obtained in the manufacture of organic substances is discussed with special reference to the chlorination products of phenol and the preparation of 2: 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and of p‐phenetidine.
Use of hydrazine as a reducing agent for unsaturated compounds. III. hydrogenation of linoleic acid
Authors: Aylward F. , Rao C. V. Narayana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLinoleic acid can be hydrogenated by hydrazine and, under suitable experimental conditions, the reaction, as measured by the decrease in iodine value, is 90% complete in 8 hours. The reaction in its initial stages proceeds more rapidly with linoleic acid than with oleic and other mono‐ethenoid acids indicating that the rate of hydrogenation varies with the degree of unsaturation and the concentration of unsaturated acids.
Use of hydrazine as a reducing agent for unsaturated compounds. IV. the hydrogenation of elaeostearic acid from tung (china wood) oil
Authors: Aylward F. , Rao C. V. Narayana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydrogenation of α‐elaeostearic acid by hydrazine hydrate has been followed by changes in hydrogenation iodine values and melting points and by ultra‐violet and infra‐red spectroscopy. It is shown that a 74% reduction in iodine value takes place over 8 hours, providing a high molecular ratio (6: 1) of hydrazine hydrate to acid be used. No appreciable amount of stearic acid is formed until approx. 75% of elaeostearic acid has been transformed.Evidence is obtained that the hydrogenation proceeds by two parallel routes: (1) the formation of a diethenoid acid, followed by its direct conversion (through the addition of two molecules of hydrogen simultaneously) to the saturated acid, and (2) the addition of two molecules of hydrogen simultaneously to the elaeostearic acid to give a monoethenoid acid, followed by the conversion of this to the saturated acid.
Vapour–liquid equilibria of nitric acid–water–sulphuric acid mixtures
Authors: Ellis S. R. M. , Thwaites J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNew vapour–liquid equilibrium data have been obtained for the systems nitric acid–water and nitric acid–sulphuric acid–water and have been applied to the design of a column for the concentration of nitric acid by extractive distillation with sulphuric acid. The new data require an increase in the number of theoretical plates, and thus explain in part the present use of larger quantities of sulphuric acid than should be necessary in a column designed according to previously published data.
Reactions of alkylphenols over cracking catalysts. I. comparison of catalysts and study of reaction conditions
Authors: Given P. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAt temperatures in the range 320–450° cresols undergo rapid disproportionation and isomerization over silica–alumina, silica–zirconia–beryllia and other cracking catalysts. It is necessary to add a small amount of steam to the cresol vapour in order to reduce losses of phenols as catalyst deposit and as dehydroxylated material. Conversion to phenol and xylenols is limited, by approach to equilibrium, to values around 20%. When conditions are chosen such that conversion is low, the disproportionation of p‐cresol on silica–zirconia–beryllia can be shown to be of zero order. These catalysts are poisoned for all the reactions by sodium ion and by small amounts of aromatic bases, indicating that the reactions, like those of hydrocarbons under similar conditions, take place on acid groups in the catalyst.
The hydrolysis and polymerization of hydrogen cyanide in alkaline solutions
Authors: Marsh J. D. F. , Martin Margaret J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolutions of hydrogen cyanide were heated in the presence of ammonia, ammonia and carbon dioxide, and ammonia and hydrogen sulphide, to temperatures between 60° and 110°. At high pH, the hydrogen cyanide was hydrolysed completely to ammonium formate; in less alkaline solutions some ammonium formate was formed, the remaining hydrogen cyanide polymerizing. The apparent energy of activation was about 20 kcal. per mole. Experiments in sodium carbonate/sodium bicarbonate solutions gave reaction rates similar to those in ammoniacal solutions.
Microsampling method of determining gases and vapours, particularly halogenated hydrocarbons, in AIR
Authors: Call F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe apparatus permits the rapid determination of halogenated hydrocarbon vapours in air by withdrawing an accurately measured volume of air of the order of one or two millilitres and passing this first through a silica combustion tube and then through a reagent solution where the combustion products produce a colour change capable of being accurately measured. The standard error of replicates is about 0·5% and concentrations of methyl bromide and ethylene dibromide can be estimated over the range 0·5 to 170 μg./ml. Each determination takes about two minutes.
Aluminium cladding of buildings
Authors: Laithwaite E. H. , Skerrey E. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of aluminium as a cladding material for buildings is discussed from the point of view of its great resistance to corrosion under a variety of atmospheric conditions. Installation and service precautions are reviewed, the importance of avoiding bimetallic contacts being emphasized. Finishes available for aluminium cladding are described.Laboratory and field tests as well as service experience covering periods up to about 50 years have shown that the external surface of aluminium cladding can be left without maintenance or protection if the recommended precautions are observed.
The analytical examination of mixtures of adipic, sebacic and phthalic acids
Authors: Clasper M. , Haslam J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA chromatographic method has been developed for the separation and determination of adipic and sebacic acids in mixtures of phthalic, adipic and sebacic acids. The separation is effected on a silicic acid column buffered to pH 4·30 and the appropriate n‐butanol/chloroform eluates are titrated with standard alkali. The behaviour of other dicarboxylic acids under the same conditions is briefly considered.
Evaporation at low pressures
Authors: Burrows G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe well‐known equations, based on simple kinetic theory, that represent evaporation at low pressures, are examined, and it is concluded that they apply only in certain limiting circumstances. The process of evaporation at low pressures is discussed and some semi‐empirical equations, based on the probability of molecular collisions, are developed to suit various conditions of operation. It is suggested that disregard of the effect of molecular collisions may frequently be the cause of failure to reconcile theory with the experimental results of evaporation at low pressures.
Potentiometric titrations of weak acids in non‐aqueous solvents. I. Benzoic acid, ϵ‐cyclohexylcaproic acid, p‐cresol and α‐naphthol
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Welch T. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA potentiometric technique is described which is suitable for the estimation of carboxylic acids in a ‘neutral’ solvent, such as a mixture of benzene and methanol, and for the estimation of weaker acids, such as phenols, in basic solvents such as n‐butylamine or a mixture of benzene and ethylene‐diamine.The repeatability of titrations in non‐aqueous media has been briefly examined and is shown to be about ±1.25% of the titration volume for a neutral solvent and rather more for a basic solvent owing to interference by carbon dioxide. Where comparison with an indicator technique was possible, the repeatability of the potentiometric method was not quite so good as that of the indicator method.
Potentiometric titrations of weak acids in non‐aqueous solvents. II Hydroxybenzoic acids and dihydric phenols in n‐butylamine
Authors: Mathews D. H. , Welch T. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour hydroxyl‐substituted benzoic acids and six dihydric phenols have been titrated potentio‐metrically in n‐butylamine solution using potassium methoxide as the titrant.The results are discussed in terms of the electron‐attracting and electron‐repelling properties of the substituent groups in an aromatic ring and of the resultant effects on the acidic strength of the carboryl and hydroxyl groups.
Catalytic vapour‐phase oxidation of benzene to maleic acid
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Venkataraman N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the production of maleic acid by oxidation of benzene using various catalyst combinations supported on different materials with addition of various amounts of cobalt oxides as promoter. Best yields of maleic acid (50% conversion of benzene) were obtained with a vanadium pentoxide‐molybdenum trioxide (1–2.3:1) catalyst supported on kieselguhr with 5% of cobalt oxide as promoter. The method of preparation of the metal oxides and of pretreatment of the support affected the results.
Phenol‐formaldehyde and allied resins VI: Rational synthesis of a ‘cyclic’ tetranuclear p‐cresol novolak
Authors: Hayes B. T. , Hunter R. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rational synthesis of the ‘cyclic’ tetranuclear p‐cresol novolak (VIII) from the corresponding resole (VII) which was synthesized from 3‐bromo‐2:2′‐dihydroxy‐5:5′‐dimethyldiphenylmethane (I) has been accomplished in accordance with the scheme given below. A molecular model of the resole (VII) indicated that intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the hydroxyl groups would assist the formation of a configuration which could undergo facile cyclization to give the required novolak (VIII). The infrared absorption spectrum of the ‘cyclic’ tetranuclear novolak showed only the band corresponding to 1:2:4:6‐tetra‐substitution and absence of that due to 1:2:4‐tri‐substitution which was present in the resole (VII). Confirmation of structure was obtained by conversion into a tetra‐acetate which gave a molecular weight determination of the correct order and whose infra‐red absorption spectrum also showed only 1:2:4:6‐tetra‐substitution.
The spreading of oil on wet coal
Authors: Brown D. J. , Gray V. R. , Jackson A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe spreading of oil on wet coal is shown, theoretically, to depend on two factors: the water/oil/coal contact angle and the oil/water interfacial tension. From these factors two criteria of spreading can be derived: the ‘spreading coefficient’ and the ‘adhesion tension’ relating to spreading on flat surfaces and spreading into capillaries respectively.These criteria were calculated from measurements with pure oils, and with impure oils containing varying amounts of surface‐active agent, to find the conditions most conducive to good spreading.Spreading was not spontaneous under any of the conditions tested, and was assisted by surface‐active substances and flotation frothing agents. The best pure flotation reagents were the worst spreaders, but this is not true of impure reagents. Poor flotation reagents are not poor because of adsorption of the reagent within the coal, since values of adhesion tension obtained were such that spontaneous spreading into cracks could not occur. Oils spread more readily on polished surfaces than on rough surfaces and more easily on high‐rank than on low‐rank coal.
Catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide at low concentrations
Authors: Napier D. H. , Stone M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA suggested process for removing sulphur oxides from boiler flue gases requires as a first stage the oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide, followed by the removal of sulphur trioxide as ammonium sulphate or sulphuric acid. Only work on the first stage is reported in this paper. As little attention has been given previously to the catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide in flue gases, bench‐scale experiments with simple apparatus were made to examine the reaction under these conditions. Four vanadium pentoxide catalysts of differing composition were compared, and the best was then used in a brief study of the following variables: contact time, sulphur dioxide concentration, and oxygen concentration.The results suggest that it might be technically feasible to oxidise the sulphur dioxide in flue gases, and that normal variations in flue gas composition would have little effect on the reaction.
Bulk polymerization in natural rubber swollen by methyl methacrylate
Authors: Mcl. Swift P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods are described for the preparation of polymer‐modified rubbers by bulk polymerization in natural rubber swollen by methyl methacrylate. The course of the reaction, using different catalyst systems, is followed by recording the temperature rise under conditions of low heat loss, and some suggestions are made as to the molecular weight of polymer formed at different stages of the reaction.The polymer‐modified rubbers are characterized by separation into their ‘free’ and ‘graft’ components, and their physical properties are described. A large‐scale preparation is described where initiation of polymerization is sustained under conditions of low heat loss by the use of a mixed catalyst system.
Nitric acid corrosion of austenitic stainless steels
Authors: West J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA recent paper by Heeley & Little5is examined in the light of some experiments on the corrosion resistance of some Ti‐stabilised 18Cr‐8Ni steels in hot 30% nitric acid. It is inferred that the corrosion rate after prior sensitisation at 650° is determined by the thickness of a layer of exfoliated material dissolving at its outer surface as fast as it is formed and that equilibrium is not reached until the third week of test. The relevance of different types of laboratory tests to plant conditions is discussed.
The composition of ammoniacal liquors. II. Analysis of the phenolic content by chromatography
Authors: Barker L. , Hollingworth N. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe procedure adopted consists in placing 1 ml. of an acidified amnioniacal liquor on an acidified Celite column and elution with cyclohexane to obtain all the monohydric phenols in one band, except phenol which follows as a separate band. The dihydric phenols are then eluted separately or in groups of isomers by the addition of butanol in successively increasing amounts to the cyclohexane eluent. The monohydric phenols are separated on a second Celite column impregnated with sodium silicate solution by elution with cyclohexane. Amounts of all the compounds are determined directly in the eluates by ultra‐violet spectrophotometry.
Observations on the corrosion of aluminium and its alloys in relation to chemical examination of the corrosion products
Authors: Hine R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe contribution which analysis of the products of corrosion can make to the methods of investigating the causes of corrosion of aluminium alloys in service, is described and illustrated with analyses of actual samples. The prevalence of corrosion involving either chloride or heavy metal ions is indicated by a summary of the results of 130 cases investigated.
Studies on the hydrolysis of sodium aluminate solutions. XVII. Effect of the addition of some carbohydrates on the particles precipitated by the decomposition of sodium aluminate solutions with seeding
Authors: Sato Taighi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study has been made of the sedimentation behaviour, sedimentation volume and bulk density of the precipitates obtained by seeding sodium aluminate solutions with hydrargillite in presence of glucose, sugar and starch.With glucose and sugar, sedimentation is free and sedimentation volume small, but with starch, aggregated sedimentation occurs and sedimentation volume is large.To explain the results, it is postulated that glucose and sugar combine with Al3+ or Al(OH)3 molecules and that starch is chemisorbed on the particles of seed material.
A study of the reactions of graphite with carbon dioxide with reference to gas‐cooled nuclear reactors
Authors: Copestake T. B. , Davidson H. W. , Tonge B. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reaction of graphite and carbon dioxide is discussed in relation to the performance and safety of gas‐cooled graphite‐moderated nuclear reactors. Reaction is promoted by reactor radiation but this radiation‐induced process is unlikely to be temperature dependent. The limiting temperature for operating the system graphite‐carbon dioxide is, therefore, probably set by the thermal reaction. A wide variety of experimental means has been used to examine the thermal reaction and it is concluded that gasification of carbon by carbon dioxide is unlikely below temperatures of 600°. This conclusion appears valid even if applied to graphite which has undergone heavy neutron damage. Accelerated life tests covering several thousand hours have been used to confirm these observations. These same tests show that gasification of graphite occurs at temperatures above 600° but is strongly inhibited by the presence of carbon monoxide. This provides an additional factor of safety from the reactor point of view. The most pessimistic estimate for the rate of gasification of graphite in carbon dioxide by purely thermal means at 500° is calculated to be 0.1% (by weight) in 20 years.The carbon monoxide observed after exposing graphite to carbon dioxide at temperatures below 600° arises from the formation of a stable oxide on the carbon surface.Carbon monoxide can reduce this surface oxide at 500° and the clean surface produced will adsorb carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide in contact with ungraphitised carbon may decompose and deposit carbon. This deposition reaction is not self‐propagating and leads to an inert carbon surface.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. III. Solubility of hydrogen chloride in alcohols and certain esters at low temperatures
Authors: Gerrard W. , Mincer A. M. A. , Wyvill P. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSolubility of hydrogen chloride in organic compounds containing oxygen depends primarily on the electron density on the oxygen atom, which in turn is governed by the structure of the solvent molecule. Values of the solubility are given for a number of solvents. Remarkably large values were observed at low temperatures. A linear relationship is found to exist for some compounds between the molar fraction of hydrogen chloride and the logarithm of the absolute temperature.
The reactions of α‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazine with certain free radicals
Authors: McGowan J. C. , Powell T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA number of free radicals have been found to convert αα‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazine dissolved in carbon tetrachloride into the deeply coloured radical, αα‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydrazyl which also reacts with the free radicals. The rates of appearance and disappearance of αα‐diphenyl‐β‐picrylhydraryl can be used to determine rate constants for reactions in which free radicals are produced.