bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterisation of nitro‐, nitroso‐ and aminofluoranthenes
Authors: van Haeringen C. J. , Aten N. F. , Cornelisse J. , Lugtenbarg J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe synthesis is reported of the five mononitrofluoranthenes. 1‐Nitrofluoranthene was synthesized in 20% from fluoranthene, 2‐nitrofluoranthene in 24% from 1,2,3,10b‐tetrahydrofluoranthene, 3‐nitrofluoranthene in 13% from fluoranthene and 7‐ and 8‐nitrofluoranthene in 34% from 1,2,3,10b‐tetrahydrofluoranthene. The pure nitrofluoranthenes were converted into their nitroso and amino analogues. The nitrosopyrenes were also synthesized. Characterisation of each compound is described.
Diels‐Alder cycloadditions: 3‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐2‐propenal as dienophile
Authors: Riahi Abdelkhalek , Muzart Jacques , Pete Jean‐Pierre 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe cycloadditions of 3‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐2‐propenal with cyclopentadiene, 1,3‐cyclo‐hexadiene, 1‐methoxy‐1,3‐cyclohexadiene, 1‐(trimethylsilyloxy)‐1,3‐butadiene, or 1,3‐diphenyliso‐benzofuran have been easily carried out at room temperature in the absence of catalyst. In contrast, furan has led to a Michael‐type addition. The basic elimination of the sulfonyl moiety of a cyclo‐adduct has shown that this dienophile is a synthetic equivalent of propynal.
Regioselective ring opening by propanethiolate of (methylenedioxy)benzenes with electron‐withdrawing substituents
Authors: Cassels Bruce K. , Radetski Claudemir , Rezende Marcos Caroli 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe ring opening reaction of (methylenedioxy)benzenes 1 with propanethiolate in DMF leads to products 2 and/or 3, depending on the nature of the electron‐withdrawing substituent Z.
Reaction of (di)methoxynaphthalenes and 2,3‐(ethylenedioxy)naphthalene with sulfur trioxide
Authors: Ansink Harold R. W. , de Graaf Erik J. , Zelvelder Erwin , Cerfontain Hans 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe mono‐ and disulfonations of the two methoxynaphthalenes (MON's), nine dimethoxynaphthalenes (DMON's) and 2,3‐(ethylenedioxy)naphthalene (EDN) with sulfur trioxide in mainly nitromethane have been studied. Both the monosulfonations and the disulfonations of the MON's and DMON's in nitromethane lead to one or two products. Steric hindrance caused by the preferred conformation of the methoxy substituent(s) appears to have a strong influence on the substitution pattern. Provided that allowance is made for this specific steric hindrance, the substitution patterns are in agreement with the localization energies, obtained by simple Hückel MO calculations. The positional reactivity orders for the sulfonation of the (D)MON‐monosulfonic acids have been analyzed in terms of (i) the localization energies of the parent compounds, (ii) the (electronic) directing effect of the sulfonic acid substituent and (iii) the difference in steric hindrance for the introduction of the second sulfonic acid group. This analysis suggests that the electronic directing effect of the sulfonic acid group is at most quite small, and is overruled by both the electronic and steric requirements of the methoxy group.
Synthesis and cation complexation selectivity of bis(syn‐proximally) functionalized calix[4]arenes
Authors: Brunink Jos A. J. , Verboom Willem , Engbersen Johan F. J. , Reinhoudt David N. , Harkema Sybolt 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA general method has been developed for the preparation of bis(syn‐proximally) functionalized calix[4]arenes (6, 8–10). Starting from p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene 1a and calix[4]arene 1b syn‐proximally dialkylated calix[4]arenes 2a and 2b, 4, and 5, respectively, were obtained by treatment with 4.2 equiv of NaH and 2.2 equiv of alkylating reagent in DMF. The syn‐proximal substitution pattern was unequivocally proven by an X‐ray structural determination of 2b. Furthermore the influence of different bases on the functionalization of the free hydroxyl groups of 2b with chloroacetone was studied. Cs2CO3 as the base gave the bis(syn‐proximally) functionalized calix[4]‐arene 6 in the highest yield (82%). Cation complexation studies, with the picrate extraction method, showed that subtle changes in regioselective functionalization influences the selectivity for Na4 considerably.
Unusually sluggish copper(I)catalyzed oxidative dimerization of 2‐ethynyl‐1‐methylpyrrole
Authors: Vasilevsky S. F. , Verkruijsse H. D. , Brandsma L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractReaction of 2‐ethynyl‐1‐methylpyrrole with oxygen in the presence of catalytic amounts of copper(I)chloride proceeds only upon addition of 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU).
Synthesis and biological activity of new etorphine analogues from 7‐chloro‐6‐demethoxythebaine and 7‐chloro‐5β‐methyl‐6‐demethoxythebaine (chemistry of opium alkaloids, part XXXVII)
Authors: Woudenberg R. H. , Maat L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Diels‐Alder reaction of 7‐chloro‐6‐demethoxythebaine (8) and 7‐chloro‐5β‐methyl‐ ‐6‐demethoxythebaine (14) each with ethyl acrylate yielded four (14:6:4:1) and three adducts (15:4:1), respectively. The main adduct from diene 8 was the ethyl 6α,14α‐ethenoisomorphinan‐7α‐ ‐carboxylate 15, while diene 14 afforded the ethyl 6β,14β‐ethenomorphinan‐8β‐carboxylate congener 17 in which the dienophile has reacted from the opposite face. Cycloaddition of 8 and 14 with maleic anhydride, followed by esterification, yielded the 6α,14α‐ethenoisomorphinans 23 and 24, respectively, as the main adducts in both cases. In the case of diene 14 a considerable amount (20%) of the 6β,14β‐ethenomorphinan 25 was also isolated.The adducts 15, 16, and 19 were 3‐O‐demethylated using boron tribromide to their 3‐hydroxy esters 26, 28, and 30. Conversion of these esters into the tertiary alcohols 27, 29, and 31 was performed using methylmagnesium bromide. Compared to morphine and etorphine, the compounds 26–29 exhibit high affinity for all the opiate receptor subtypes with a higher selectivity for the μ‐receptor. The compounds 30 and 31 were inactive.The outcome of the cycloadditions is discussed in terms of the electronic influence of the 7‐chloro substituent in the presence or absence of the 5β‐methyl group.
Serotonin agonists and antagonists. Pharmacological tools and therapeutics
Authors: van Wijngaarden I. , Tulp M. Th. M. , Soudijn W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMedicinal chemists have provided crucial tools for the identification and characterization of various subtypes of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) receptors. At present, potent and selective (ratio ≥ 100) ligands have been developed for the 5‐HT1A, 5‐HT1Band 5‐HT3receptor subtype. For the 5‐HT1C, 5‐HT1D, 5‐HT1E, 5‐HT2and 5‐HT4receptor subtypes, only potent, non‐selective compounds are available. In this paper, we present the affinities (obtained by radioligand binding studies) of the most selective tools known today for each of the 5‐HT subtypes and we describe some structure‐affinity relationships of a number of interesting compounds. The potential use of several of these selective ligands as pharmacological tools and therapeutics will be briefly reviewed.
A theoretical study on the oxidative metabolism of 4‐chloroacetanilide by cytochrome P450: Alternative mechanisms for migration of 4‐substituents during enzymatic oxidation
Authors: Koymans L. M. H. , Menge W. M. P. B. , Den Kelder G. M. Donné‐Op , Te Koppele J. M. , Vermeulen N. P. E. , van Lenthe J. H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe oxidative metabolism of 4‐chloroacetanilide (4‐ClAA,1) by cytochrome P450 has been studied theoretically usingab‐initioenergy and spin‐distribution calculations. A mechanism of oxidation for 4‐ClAA is proposed which is in accordance with recent views on the mechanism of metabolic oxidation of substrates by cytochrome P450. An initial one‐electron‐oxidation step in the metabolic activation of 4‐ClAA is suggested to be a hydrogen abstraction from nitrogen in the acetylamino side chain. Spin‐delocalisation and subsequent radical recombination reactions between a hydroxyl radical and the reactive centres of the substrate radical can explain the formation ofN‐HO‐ and 2‐HO‐4‐ClAA (4, 9), two known metabolites of 4‐ClAA. Furthermore, the formation of a 2,5‐cyclohexadien‐1‐imine intermediate (6) is proposed. Hypothetical addition‐elimination mechanisms for the decomposition of this intermediate, which are supported by experimental data on analogous compounds, explain the formation of 4‐HOAA, 3‐HO‐4‐ClAA (10), and 3‐Cl‐4‐HOAA (11), three other known metabolites of 4‐ClAA (1).
Sulfonation of a series of naphthalenes containing two different oxy substituents
Authors: Ansink Harold R. W. , Zelvelder Erwin , Cerfontain Hans 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe reactions of a series of α,α‐ and β,β‐disubstituted naphthalenes containing two different substituents OR1 (R1 = H, SO2CH3) and OR2 (R2 = CH3, SO2CH3) with sulfur trioxide in CD3NO2 has been studied. The electronic directing effect of the hydroxy group was found to be dominant over that of the methoxy group, which in turn dominates that of the mesyloxy group. Upon reaction with an excess of sulfur trioxide, the hydroxy group is, at least in part, sulfated. For the β‐hydroxy‐β‐methoxynaphthalenes 3a–5a and for 3‐mesyloxy‐2‐naphthol (3c) especially, hydrogen sulfate formation strongly influences the product mixture composition. Thus, upon reaction with 1.0 equiv of SO3, 7‐methoxy‐2‐naphthol (5a) yields its 1‐sulfonic acid (1‐S), whereas upon reaction with 2.0 equiv, it is the 8‐S that is mainly formed due to initial hydrogen sulfate formation. Furthermore, sulfonic acid isomerizations due to steric hindrance are observed. Upon using ≥ 2.0 equiv of SO3, formation of di‐ and trisulfonic acids, as well as sulfo derivatives of both 8,1‐naphthalenesultone and the cyclic naphthalene‐1‐sulfonate‐2‐sulfate anhydride is observed.
Intramolecular competition in Friedel‐Crafts sulfocyclization of ω‐(1‐naphthyl)‐n‐alkenes and 1,7‐diphenyl‐3‐heptene on reaction with sulfur trioxide
Authors: Schonk Ruud M. , Lembeck Imelda , Bakker Bert H. , Cerfontain Hans 
Published: September 2010

AbstractReactions of the ω‐(1‐naphthyl)‐n‐alkenes 1a–9a and 1,7‐diphenyl‐3‐heptene (10) (substrates which allow intramolecular competition in any occurring sulfocyclization) with sulfur trioxide were studied in the temperature range −60 to 25°C using dichloromethane as solvent and 1.5 mol equiv. of dioxane relative to the amount of SO3 as reactivity moderator. 4‐(1‐Naphthyl)‐1‐butene reacts with SO3, similar to a simple alkene, yielding at low temperature the β‐sultone 1b, which at 25°C in the presence of additional SO3, is converted into the corresponding carbyl sulfate 1d. Reaction of the ω‐(1‐naphthyl)‐n‐alkenes 2a–5a, which have a ‐(CH2)2‐ linkage between the 1‐naphthyl (1‐Np) and C=C moieties, with 1.1 equiv. of SO3, at −60°C yields very rapidly, quantitatively and stereospecifically the 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐alkyl‐phenanthrene‐2‐sulfonic acids 2f–5f. Reaction of the 3‐(1‐naphthyl)‐1‐phenyl‐1‐propenes 8a and 9a, having a ‐CH2‐ linkage between the 1‐Np and C=C moieties, with 1.1 mol equiv. of sulfur trioxide at −60°C quantitatively yields the β‐sultones 8c and 9c, which upon increasing the temperature, are converted into trans‐3‐phenylbenz[g]indane‐2‐sulfonic acid (11). Reaction of 1,7‐diphenyl‐3‐heptene (10) with 1.1 equiv. of SO3, leads to exclusive formation of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐(3‐phenylpropyl)naphthalene‐2‐sulfonic acid (13). Using ClSO3SiMe3, instead of SO3, the reaction proceeds less selectively and yields, in addition to 3. 18% of 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐(3‐phenyl‐1‐sulfopropyl)naphthalene (14). Mechanisms for the formation of the various products are suggested and the observed selectivity in the sulfocyclizations are discussed.
Synthesis and spectroscopy of nitroaceanthrylenes and nitroaceanthrenes
Authors: Mulder Patrick P. J. , Boerrigter Jos Olde , Boere Ben B. , Zuilhof Han , Erkelens Cornelis , Cornelisse Jan , Lugtenburg Johan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe syntheses of nine mononitro derivatives of aceanthrylene (1) and nine mononitro derivatives of aceanthrene (2) are described. In addition to 1 and 2, 1,2,6,10b‐tetrahydroaceanthrylene (3), 6,10b‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐aceanthrylenone (5), 1(2H)‐aceanthrylenone (4) and 2(1H)‐aceanthrylenone (8) were also used as starting materials. The resulting nitroaceanthrylenes and nitroaceanthrenes were characterized by their 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, UV‐VIS, IR and mass spectra. The conformation of the nitro group and the interaction between the nitro group and the aromatic system are discussed. In 2‐nitroaceanthrylene (1b), the nitro group interacts exceptionally well with the aromatic nucleus. The 3‐, 4‐, 8‐ and 9‐nitro derivatives of 1 and 2 display all the characteristics of normally conjugated planar nitroaromatic compounds. In the remaining nitro derivatives of 1 and 2, conjugation is diminished owing to steric interactions with nearby protons. The order of decreasing conjugation and increasing twist angle is 5‐nitro > 7‐nitro > 6‐nitro > 10‐nitro. The twist angle of the nitro group was calculated using semi‐empirical SCF methods PM3 and AM1. Although the values obtained by these methods deviate substantially, they both give the same order of increasing twist angles as the spectroscopically derived order.
α, ω‐Dipolar amphiphiles: Influence of rigid and flexible units on aggregation behavior
Authors: Hessel V. , Ringsdorf H. , Laversanne R. , Nallet F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMono‐ and α,ω‐dipolar amphiphiles with hydrophilic pyridinium head groups, and flexible and rigid hydrophobic parts have been synthesized. Surface tension and conductivity measurements proved that micellar aggregates for amphiphiles 1–4 are formed. The incorporation of rigid units leads to a decrease in the critical micellar concentration (CMC): the rigid monopolar amphiphile 2 aggregates at lower concentration than the flexible monopolar amphiphile 1. A similar decrease was observed when chain ends were connected: the flexible α,ω‐dipolar amphiphile 3 has a lower CMC than the flexible monopolar amphiphile 1. The more flexible amphiphiles 1–3 allow the formation of micelles of different shape leading to both CMC and Ct values. For the α,ω‐dipolar amphiphile 4 with a rigid azoxybiphenylene core, the possibility of different micellar shapes is reduced, leading only to a CMC value (CMC = Ct). For the flexible α,ω‐dipolar amphiphile 3, only a small, but linear viscosity increase with concentration is found. Very viscous solutions were measured for the rigid α,ω‐dipolar amphiphile 4 above a certain concentration. Phase diagrams of amphiphiles 3 and 4 were determined using polarization‐microscopy and X‐ray measurements. Flexible α,ω‐dipolar amphiphile 3 shows a lyotropic mesophase only at very high concentration (83 mass %). In contrast, rigid analog 4 forms stable lyotropic mesophases at 16 mass %. Both nematic and higher ordered mesophases (probably lamellar) are found for the rigid α,ω‐dipolar amphiphile 4.
Catalytic hydrolysis of phosphate esters by metallocomplexes of 1,10‐phenanthroline derivatives in micellar solution
Authors: Weijnen John G. J. , Engbersen Johan F. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDivalent metal‐ion complexes of 2,9‐bis[(methyldodecylamino)methyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (C12PhenMII) in neutral Brij 35 micelles catalyse the hydrolysis of various phosphate triesters, diesters and monoesters. The catalytic activity of C12PhenMII has been compared with that of the metal‐ion complexes of its water‐soluble counterpart 2,9‐bis[(dimethyl‐amino)methyl]‐1,10‐phenanthroline (C1PhenMII). Saturation kinetics provide evidence for preliminary formation of ligand‐MII‐phosphate ester complexes, which decay to products. The hydrolysis of diphenyl 4‐nitrophenyl phosphate (1b) coordinated to C12PhenZnII proceeds 8700 times faster than the hydrolysis of 1b in the absence of metallocatalyst. Kinetic studies indicate that phosphate triesters containing a metal‐ion‐binding site in close proximity to the phosphoryl bond, i.e., diphenyl 5‐nitro‐2‐pyridyl phosphate (2b) and diphenyl 5‐nitro‐8‐quinolyl phosphate (3), are hydrolysed by the same mechanism as 1b.
New water‐soluble calixarenes modified with amino acids at the upper rim
Authors: Nagasaki Takeshi , Tajiri Yusuke , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCalix[n]arenes (n = 4 and 6) modified with L‐cysteines were synthesized. These calix[n]arenes were water‐soluble, particularly, at acidic and basic pH regions. The critical micelle concentrations (estimated by surface tension) appeared at (0.50‐3.2) · 10−5 M. The “hydrophobicity” of these cavities was estimated by fluorescence of 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalene‐sulfonate (ANS): it showed that these calix[n]arenes become most hydrophobic at pH 5‐6. The selectivity in guest inclusion was significantly affected by the medium pH.
Reactions of methylenecycloalkanes and cycloalkylidenecycloalkanes with sulfur trioxide
Authors: Schonk Ruud M. , Meijer Carel W. , Bakker Bert H. , Cerfontain Hans , Zöllner Stephan , de Meijere Armin 
Published: September 2010

AbstractReactions of methylenecycloalkanes 1a‐4a and cycloalkylidenecycloalkanes 11a–14a with sulfur trioxide were studied in the temperature range −60 to 25°C using dichloromethane as solvent and 1.5 mol equiv. of dioxane relative to the amount of SO3 as reactivity moderator. Methylenecyclooctane (1a), methylenecyclohexane (2a) and methylenecylopentane (3a) react with SO3 just like simple branched alkenes yielding quantitatively the corresponding β‐alkenesulfonic acids 1d‐3d. Reaction of methylenecyclobutane (4a) with 1.0 equiv. of SO3 at −60°C yields the β‐sultone 4b, which upon raising the temperature to 0°C, rearranges into γ‐sultone 6 and subsequently, slowly into δ‐sultone 9. Sulfonation of the cycloalkylidenecycloalkanes 11a‐13a with 1.0 equiv. of SO3 at −60°C leads to quantitative formation of the spiro‐β‐sultones 11b‐13b, respectively. After raising the temperature, these β‐sultones are converted into the corresponding β‐alkenesulfonic acids 11d‐13d, which are common reaction products in sulfonation of tetraalkylethenes.Sulfonation of cyclopropylidenecyclopropane (14a) with SO3 at −60°C proceeds with rearrangement of one of the cyclopropyl groups to give quantitatively the spirocyclopropane‐γ‐sultone 15. Mechanisms for the formation of the various products are discussed.
Selective oxidation of penicillin G with hydrogen peroxide and with enzymatically generated peroxyoctanoic acid
Authors: de Zoete M. C. , van Rantwijk F. , Maat L. , Sheldon R. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo convenient procedures for the oxidation of penicillin G into penicillin G 1‐(s)‐oxide have been developed. Both the mild oxidation with enzymatically generated peroxyoctanoic acid and the attractive and simple oxidation with the sole use of hydrogen peroxide are valuable alternatives for the commercial oxidation with 40% peroxyacetic acid.
Functionalized binaphthyl salophen crown ethers as models for the enzyme urease
Authors: Reichwein Arjen M. , Verboom Willem , Reinhoudt David N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFunctionalized binaphthyl salophen crown ethers 2 and 3 containing a Lewis‐acidic uranyl cation were prepared by the Ba2+‐templated cyclization of dialdehydes 15 and 22, for which two convenient synthetic routes were developed, with diamines 23 and 24. Intramolecular complexation of the amide groups in metallomacrocycles 2 and 3 was demonstrated by the isolation of two different forms of 2a, which were observed to interconvert, by 1H‐NMR and IR spectroscopy and by electrochemical measurements. Use of diamine 24 during the cyclization resulted in the formation of two different stereoisomers of the monofunctionalized metallomacrocycles 3a‐d and in “sidedness” of the bisfunctionalized metallomacrocycles 3e and 3f. Solid complexes of urea and 2c and 2d were isolated, but no catalytic activity was observed for 2a in the hydrolysis of urea in dioxane / water.
A stereospecific anionic reduction of gem‐bromohalocyclopropanes by the dimsyl anion
Authors: Wijsman G. W. , de Wolf W. H. , Bickelhaupt F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe reaction of several 2,2,3,3‐tetrasubstituted‐gem‐bromohalocyclopropanes with t‐BuOK in DMSO unexpectedly yielded the monohalocyclopropanes in good yield. A closer investigation revealed that this reaction must be initiated by a nucleophilic attack by the dimsyl anion (CH3SOCH3) on bromine with subsequent protonation of the carbenoid intermediate. The reaction occurs rapidly (within 2 minutes) and is not inhibited by radical scavengers or in the dark. Only bromine, and not chlorine, is reduced, and the intermediate cyclopropyl anion is configurationally stable under the reaction conditions.
Highly selective tempo mediated oxidation of primary alcohol groups in polysaccharides
Authors: de Nooy A.E.J. , Besemer A.C. , van Bekkum H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA method for the selective oxidation of the primary hydroxyl functions of polysaccharides is described. The oxidation is mediated by 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) and hypobromite is used as the regenerating oxidant. At pH 10.5–11 a selectivity of 98% for cold water soluble potato starch and >90% for dahlia inulin was found.
Head‐group conformations in lipid bilayer membranes
Authors: Meijer L.A. , Leermakers F.A.M. , Lyklema J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe self‐assembly of lipid molecules into lamellar liquid‐crystalline bilayer membranes was studied using a statistical thermodynamic method elaborating a Scheutjens‐Fleer‐like approach. In the modelling much attention was paid to the two‐tail character and the complex head‐group structure of the lipids that comprise the bilayer.Zwitterionic head groups like phosphatidylcholine (PC) are, on average, oriented nearly flat onto the interface. At not too low ionic strengths, we find that the PC head group has two preferred conformations. Ionic head groups like phosphatidylserine (PS) are tilted towards the solution. These two predictions are consistent with experimental data.Both co‐ and counter‐ions penetrate the head‐group region, compensating for part of the head‐group charges. Usually the counter‐ions adsorb preferentially. However, at high salt concentrations, no positive adsorption of ions is found in dimyristoylphosphatidylserine (DMPS) bilayers. Due to the lateral pressure in the head‐group area, all ions are depleted. Since negative ions are more depleted than positive ones, charge compensation is still achieved.In order to investigate how the membrane structure can be modulated, we modified the lipids by adding a hydrophilic chain onto the end of the PC head group. There are two effects. First, the increase of the bulkiness of the head group reduces the number of lipids per unit area in the membrane so that the size of the hydrophobic core diminishes. Second, we predict that the orientation of the PC part of the head group is altered non‐monotonically. Increasing the electrostatic screening promotes the out‐of‐plane tilting of the head groups toward entropically more favourable positions.
Models of micelle formation
Authors: van Os N.M. , Smit B. , Karaborni S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe have tested the predictions of four thermodynamic models of micelle formation against experimental enthalpies of micelle formation of model surfactants across a range of temperatures. The mass action (MA) approach agrees best with experimental observations.The change in thermodynamic parameters of micelle formation with temperature has been interpreted according to a two‐step model of hydrogen bonds in water. This model explains the trends correctly but is open to criticism regarding the choice of parameters.We give a brief review of our own computer simulations of self‐assembly which suggest that non‐hydrogen‐bonded liquids are solvents in which self‐assembly can take place too. Other experimental evidence lends support to the conclusion that a sufficiently large difference between the solvent and solute cohesiveness parameters is enough for self‐assembly to occur in a solvent.