bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excavations at South Cadbury Castle, 1968: A Summary Report
Authors: Alcock Leslie 
Published: November 2011

SummaryContinued excavations at South Cadbury in July-August 1968 discovered Early Neolithic pottery and flints beneath the Iron Age ramparts and thereby hinted at a 20-acre embanked settlement. Four or five structural phases were revealed in the Iron Age ramparts themselves, the first a timber-revetted bank, the second a stone-faced wall, and the later ones more indeterminate. Within the defences storage-pits, circular houses, and a possible shrine were explored. Wall-trenches for a prefabricated rectangular building may mark a brief Roman military occupation, and the trench for one wall of a probable fifth—sixth century A.D. building was also discovered. Examination of the later phases of the south-west gate showed that a well-built Æthelredan entrance had been savagely slighted, probably under Cnut, and had then been overlaid by a crude drystone gate. Finally, on the summit was found a rock-cut foundation trench of the twelfth or thirteenth century, apparently for a projected castle.
Romano-British Pottery Kilns near Northampton
Authors: Johnston D. E. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryIntensive recent field-work in the Upper Nene valley has located many new kiln sites. Twenty, in an area about eight miles by six, are surveyed in this paper, and their products studied and illustrated; distribution of the products is shown, provisionally, to be purely local. A group of kilns excavated in 1962 at Ecton is reported on in full. Four updraught kilns of varying forms fired the work of at least two potters in the second and third centuries A.D. ; this included flagons and mortaria. The industry locally dates from the mid first century A.D. and flourished into the second; a recession in the third century was apparently followed by complete breakdown in the fourth. This perhaps reflects competition from potteries of the Lower Nene around Castor, as occupation of domestic sites continued unabated.
A Bronze Horse Figurine found near Birkwood, Lesmahagow, Lanarkshire
Authors: Scott J. G. , Powell T. G. E. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe bronze horse figurine found at Birkwood, Lanarkshire, Scotland, is described, and found to compare closely with horse figurines from Hallstatt, Upper Austria. These in turn relate to figurines decorating bronze vessels in Etruria, and in Greece, especially at Olympia in late Geometric contexts. Considerations bearing on horse-trading along the Adriatic, and the dissemination of ideas about racing trophies, are discussed. The occurrence of Hallstatt exotics in Scotland is summarized, but it cannot be established that the Birkwood figurine was an ancient import as it was a stray find.
Fashionable Suppliers 1660–1700: Leading Tailors and Clothing Tradesmen of the Restoration Period
Authors: de Marly Diana 
Published: November 2011

SummaryA study of seven collections of clothing accounts reveals that in the period 1660–1700 ten firms held a dominant position in London as suppliers of clothes and materials to the nobility. Below this group there were numerous tradesmen with only one aristocratic patron at a time.
Some Samian ware of Form 72
Authors: Detsicas A. P. 
Published: November 2011

The samian bowl, of form 72 with barbotine and appliqué designs in relief, illustrated in fig. 1, was found in 1958 during a small excavation carried out in connexion with rebuilding work at Guy's New House, Bermondsey; it has already been briefly noticed in the Journal of Roman Studies.This globular bowl (ht. 7⅝ in., with an inner rim diameter of 4⅜ in. and a maximum diameter of 7⅛ in.), of which nearly two-thirds has been restored, belongs to a class of samian ware that was first extensively studied by Déchelette. The decoration (fig. 1), consisting both of reliefs applied from a mould and of barbotine designs, is divided into three zones which are in turn separated from one another by double grooves of varying width.
L'Ancienne Église Abbatiale Saint-Jean-des-Vignes À Soissons
Authors: Héliot Pierre 
Published: November 2011

SummaryOf the abbey church of St.-Jean-des-Vignes at Soissons, pulled down at the beginning of the nineteenth century, there remain only the façade and the western towers and spires. The rest of the building can be reconstructed thanks to the survival of ample illustrations. It was a church of basilical form, following the Gothic style of Picardy and Reims. Planned in the shape of a Latin cross, it had a square-ended eastern arm and also a triforium. Its somewhat archaic choir was unvaulted and was probably built about 1200–30, as were the transepts. The nave appears to have been built between 1340 and 1478.
Excavations at Bigberry, near Canterbury 1978–80
Authors: Thompson F. H. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryExcavations at the Iron Age hillfort of Bigberry, Kent, in 1978–80 had the object of a fresh appraisal since the excavations of 1933–4 of a site customarily regarded as the first obstacle encountered by Caesar after his second landing in Britain in 54 B.C. The main defences and those of the annexe were sectioned, and a hitherto unrecorded cross-dyke also. Various magnetic anomalies located by a geophysical survey were investigated and gave evidence of internal occupation and structures. It is suggested that there was a settlement preceding the hillfort, with the cross-dyke as a possible second phase; the hillfort may have been built in the second century B.C. by newcomers from Gaul, and after Caesar's passage through Kent the occupants moved down into the valley of the Stour to the site of Canterbury, though the precise point in the second half of the first century B.C. remains uncertain.The opportunity has been taken of a simple but complete republication of the nineteenth-century discoveries of the metalwork from the site now dispersed among museums at Canterbury, Maidstone and Manchester. It is suggested that this material represents the abandoned possessions of the inhabitants and varied aspects of their life, and industrial or ritual explanations are discounted.
Chalton, Hants: The Evolution of a Landscape
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: November 2011

SummaryIntensive fieldwork in an area 4½ miles (NS) by 3 miles (EW) based on the village of Chalton, Hants, has led to the discovery of over 120 archaeological sites on this typical stretch of chalk country. Human activity began as early as 7000 B.C. and has been continuous until the present day. Settlements of different periods reflect the ways in which man has adapted himself to the physical environment and has in turn adapted it to his needs.
The Rediscovery of the Lost Hoard of Late Bronze Age Axes from Roxby, Lincs.
Authors: Harrison R. J. , Craddock P. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryA hoard of eighteen bronze axes and three pieces of unwrought metal cake was discovered at Roxby, Lincs. in November 1882. After the sale of the pieces in 1931 all trace of the hoard was lost until it was identified in 1975 among the Wellcome Collection of prehistoric antiquities, which had been transferred to the Department of Prehistoric and Romano-British Antiquities of the British Museum. The hoard is fully described, illustrated and analysed by atomic absorption. It includes scrap axes as well as local ‘Yorkshire’ ones of the Late Bronze Age Heathery Burn Tradition, datable to the eighth/sixth centuries B.C., and was probably deposited towards the end of this period.
Some British and Iberian Penannular Brooches and Other Early Types in the Rhineland and the ‘Decumates Agri’
Authors: Simpson Grace , Hawkes C. F. C. , Hull M. R. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryA re-examination of Fowler Aa, B, and C penannulars leads to a reassessment of omega brooches at Numantia. The inception of particular types of penannulars could be before 75 B.C., certainly before 27, and they continue through Augustan–Claudian times with Aucissa and ‘Hod Hill’-type brooches. The distributions of certain types in pre-Roman Britain, based on Mr. Hull's researches, and of two groups of factory-made brooches and others only found in the area of early Roman conquest in Britain, are contemporary with early omega brooches here. There is no evidence for taking any of these forms into the Flavian period, and the supposed basis for dating some of them into the second century is found wanting. Instead of associating old finds of all these early types with certain forts on the Limes, from A.D. 90, or later, it is suggested that there is evidence for Germani or Celts at these places long before the Province of Upper Germany was formed and the ‘decumates agri’ were taken into it.
Early Medieval Bone Spoons from Winchester
Authors: Collis John , Kjølbye-Biddle Birthe 
Published: November 2011

SummaryWinchester has produced six bone spatulate spoons decorated with Ringerike–Winchester style engravings which are, in some cases, dated by their contexts to the eleventh century. The range of motifs and the style of execution suggest they are the work of an individual craftsman. They form part of a sequence of spoons spanning the period from the late Roman to the thirteenth century, but unlike the examples in more precious substances, which have primarily Christian ecclesiastical associations, the wooden and bone spoons of the eleventh century seem, at least from their contexts, to be domestic.
The twelfth-century castle at Ascot Doilly, Oxfordshire: Its history and excavation
Authors: Jope E. M. , Threlfall R. I. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe castle of Ascot Doilly appears from documentary sources to have been put up c. 1129–50. Excavation in 1946–7 of a small mound on this manorial site showed that it had contained a stone tower 35 ft. square which had been built up from the natural surface of a 4-ft. rise of Lias clay protruding through the gravel of the Evenlode valley bottom. Round this tower, as it was raised, had been piled a low mound of clay; thus the impression of a tower on a mound was created. Beside it are remains of a bailey and contemporary paddocks. The tower had been deliberately demolished, probably c. 1180.The excavation thus revealed a new principle in smaller defensive building of the period, a mound piled round a stone tower. It also yielded a useful series of mid- to later twelfth-century pottery and other objects, and evidence of domestic window glass in the twelfth century.There are remains of thirteenth-century and later buildings in the bailey area. The village of Ascot represents a dual holding, with two mound-and-bailey castles at opposite ends 800 yds. apart, and between them the church (with twelfth-century work). There is also evidence of pottery-making in the village, at least in the early thirteenth century.
The Orientation of Churches
Authors: Cave C.J.P. 
Published: November 2011

Papers have been written on the orientation of churches, but most of them deal with the origin of orientation. In only two that I have come across are there any data of actual orientations, namely, ‘The Orientation of Scottish Churches’ by F. C. Eeles, and ‘Orientation of Churches in Hampshire’ by T. W. Shore.I have measured the orientation of 642 churches. I had originally planned to measure many more, but the war and its aftermath have prevented it, and I feel it is better to publish what I have done rather than to wait indefinitely.
A method for trend-based change analysis in Arctic tundra using the 25-year Landsat archive
Authors: Fraser Robert , Olthof Ian , Carrière Mélanie , Deschamps Alice , Pouliot Darren 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTRemote sensing has provided evidence of vegetation changes in Arctic tundra that may be attributable to recent climate warming. These changes are evident from local scales as expanding shrub cover observed in aerial photos, to continental scales as greening trends based on satellite vegetation indices. One challenge in applying conventional two date, satellite change detection in tundra environments is the short growing season observation window, combined with high inter-annual variability in vegetation conditions. We present an alternative approach for investigating tundra vegetation and surface cover changes based on trend analysis of long-term (1985-present) Landsat TM/ETM+ image stacks. The Tasseled Cap brightness, greenness, and wetness indices, representing linear transformations of the optical channels, are analysed for per-pixel trends using robust linear regression. The index trends are then related to changes in fractional shrub and other vegetation covers using a regression tree classifier trained with high resolution land cover. Fractional trends can be summarised by vegetation or ecosystem type to reveal any consistent patterns. Example results are shown for a 3 000 km2 study area in northern Yukon, Canada where index and fractional changes are related to growth of vascular plants and coastal erosion.
Analysis of human impact on boreal vegetation around Monchegorsk, Kola peninsula, using automated remote sensing technique
Authors: Shipigina E. , Rees W. G. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThe boreal vegetation of the sub-Arctic comprises more than 30% of the Earth's forest area and plays a major role in controlling the global environment. In the 20th century the boreal vegetation of Fennoscandia was significantly changed by heavy industrialisation leaving many forest areas damaged or dying. Due to severe climate conditions of the sub-Arctic such vegetation changes are traceable over long periods of time. This provides an opportunity to study all types of human impact on vegetation in time and to develop methods to monitor geographical and structural changes in the vegetation cover. Here we present the first part of a larger study in which we use the remote sensing technique to investigate the dynamics of the boreal vegetation in Fennoscandia in context of human impact. We have developed a novel method for an automated analysis and mapping of vegetation and of all types of human impact based on a single support-vector-machines classifier (for the whole area). Implemented with free and open source software the method uses Landsat TM and ETM+ band data (for which it automatically performs atmospheric correction) and a number of indices like NDVI, NBR, etc. The accuracy of the 16-class classification has been assessed using field data and literature sources and determined to be 74.1%. The method has been successfully applied to a study area around Monchegorsk, Kola peninsula, Russia, the most industrialised part of northern Europe. We have characterised all major types of human impact on the boreal forest and tundra vegetation performing the change detection analysis in an area of 1750 km2 between 1986 and 2005. The analysis has confirmed industrial atmospheric pollutions as the primary type of human impact here. We have discussed the role of forest fires and uncovered temporal trends in the vegetation cover. We have found that during the 19 years covered by the study more than one third of all coniferous forest in the area was transformed primarily to wetland, deciduous forest and typical tundra vegetation. The success of the method in this area allows us to extend the study to the rest of Fennoscandia and look at large scale changes in the boreal vegetation cover.
Downward entailment in child Mandarin
Authors: SU YI (ESTHER) , ZHOU PENG , CRAIN STEPHEN 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTThere are three hallmarks of core linguistic properties. First, they are expected to be manifested in typologically different languages. Second, they should unify superficially unrelated linguistic phenomena. Third, they are expected to emerge early in the course of language development, all things being equal (Crain, 1991). The present study investigates a candidate for a core linguistic property, namely the semantic property of downward entailment. We report the findings of two experimental studies of children's knowledge of downward entailment. These experiments explore two different aspects of downward entailment, in a study with Mandarin-speaking children. Taken together with previous research findings, the results of the present study support the conclusion that downward entailment is a core property of human languages.
Low seroprevalence of Q fever in The Netherlands prior to a series of large outbreaks
Authors: SCHIMMER B. , NOTERMANS D. W. , HARMS M. G. , REIMERINK J. H. J. , BAKKER J. , SCHNEEBERGER P. , MOLLEMA L. , TEUNIS P. , VAN PELT W. , VAN DUYNHOVEN Y. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThe Netherlands has experienced large community outbreaks of Q fever since 2007. Sera and questionnaires containing epidemiological data from 5654 individuals were obtained in a nationwide seroprevalence survey used to evaluate the National Immunization Programme in 2006–2007. We tested these sera for IgG phase-2 antibodies againstCoxiella burnetiiwith an ELISA to estimate the seroprevalence and to identify determinants for seropositivity before the Q fever outbreaks occurred. Overall seroprevalence was 1·5% [95% confidence interval (CI) 1·3–1·7]. Corrected for confirmation with immunofluorescence results in a subset, the estimated seroprevalence was 2·4%. Seropositivity ranged from 0·48% (95% CI 0·00–0·96) in the 0–4 years age group to 2·30% (95% CI 1·46–3·15) in the 60–79 years age group. Keeping ruminants, increasing age and being born in Turkey were independent risk factors for seropositivity. The low seroprevalence before the start of the outbreaks supports the hypothesis that The Netherlands has been confronted with a newly emerging Q fever problem since spring 2007.
Maternal work hours in early to middle childhood link to later adolescent diet quality
Authors: Li Jianghong , O'Sullivan Therese , Johnson Sarah , Stanley Fiona , Oddy Wendy 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies on maternal work hours and child diet quality have reported conflicting findings possibly due to differences in study design, lack of a comprehensive measure of diet quality and differing ages of the children under investigation. The present study aimed to prospectively examine the impact of parental work hours from age 1 year to age 14 years on adolescent diet quality.DesignMultivariate linear regression models were used to examine independent associations between parents’ work hours at each follow-up and across 14 years and adolescent diet quality at age 14 years. A diet quality index was based on the international literature and Australian recommendations, consisting of six food groups and nine nutrients.SettingPerth, Western Australia.SubjectsChildren (n1629) participating in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study.ResultsCompared with children of mothers in full-time employment, children of mothers who were not employed in early childhood up to age 5 years had a higher average diet quality score at age 14 years, independent of maternal and family socio-economic status. Across 14 years the number of years the mother worked full time and increasing average weekly hours were associated with lower diet quality. Father's work hours had little association with adolescent diet quality.ConclusionsHaving a mother stay at home in early to middle childhood is associated with better diet quality in adolescence. Support may be beneficial for families where the mother returns to full-time employment before the child reaches 8 years of age.
Food systems veterinary medicine
Authors: Hurd H. Scott 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe objectives of this review are to suggest the use of the systems thinking framework to improve how veterinary medicine is applied to food production. It applies the eight essential skills of systems thinking to a few selected veterinary examples. Two of the skills determine how we approach or define a problem, and are (i) dynamic thinking (taking a longer term perspective) and (ii) the 30,000 foot view (expanding the boundary of analysis beyond the animal, farm, or even country). The other skills are (iii) system-as-cause, (iv) operational thinking, (v) closed-loop (feedback) thinking, (vi) non-linear thinking, (vii) scientific thinking and (viii) generic thinking. The challenge is to adopt and apply this systems framework to veterinary medicine and food production. The result will be a rigorous new approach to solving the complex food and health problems of the 21st century.
A molecular analysis of the evolutionary relationships in the Callitrichinae, with emphasis on the position of the dwarf marmoset
Authors: Schneider Horacio , Bernardi Jose Antonio R. , Da Cunha Divino B. , Tagliaro Claudia H. , Vallinoto Marcelo , Ferrari Steve F. , Sampaio Iracilda 
Published: November 2011

Schneider, H., Bernardi, J. A. R., da Cunha, D. B., Tagliaro, C. H., Vallinoto, M., Ferrari, S. F. & Sampaio, I. (2011). A molecular analysis of the evolutionary relationships in the Callitrichinae, with emphasis on the position of the dwarf marmoset. —Zoologica Scripta,41, 1–10.The phylogenetic relationships among the Neotropical primates of the subfamily Callitrichinae (marmosets and tamarins) are controversial, especially with regard to the proposal of a new marmoset genus,Callibella, based on the analysis of sequences of a single mitochondrial gene. In this study, we combine the fast‐evolving mitochondrial Control Region with four nuclear regions containingAluelements in an attempt to provide a more conclusive assessment of the phylogenetic relationships among the marmosets (Callithrix,CebuellaandMico), with special attention to the validity ofCallibella. A large, representative sample of specimens was obtained, which include all the recognized genera and principal morphological and geographic groupings. The results of the analysis indicate unequivocally the existence of three independent lineages, corresponding to the Atlantic Forest (Callithrix), Amazonian (Mico) and pygmy marmoset (Cebuella) groups. The evidence also confirms the monophyletic relationship of the dwarf marmoset (Callibella) with the Amazonian marmosets (Mico), which indicates conclusively that this taxon is a member of the genusMico, upholding the original description of the species asMico humilis.
Interspecific and intraspecific differences in habitat use and their conservation implications for Palaearctic harriers on Sahelian wintering grounds
Authors: BUIJ RALPH , VAN DER GOES DIRK , DE IONGH HANS H. , GAGARE SAMA , HACCOU PATSY , KOMDEUR JAN , DE SNOO GEERT 
Published: November 2011

The floodplains of the West‐African Sahel region have experienced extensive habitat transformation during the past four decades, coinciding with an impoverishment of raptor populations. We investigated foraging patterns of Palaearctic migratory Eurasian Marsh HarriersCircus aeruginosus, Pallid HarriersC. macrourusand Montagu’s HarriersC. pygarguson a floodplain system in northern Cameroon to assess species, sex‐ and age‐related habitat preferences. Sex and age have rarely been incorporated into general studies of raptor habitat associations, despite clear evidence of intrasexual and age‐related differences in foraging strategies and diet composition, potentially carrying strong conservation implications. We found evidence of sexual differences in foraging preference related to land use, particularly in the most sexually dimorphic Pallid Harrier, and evidence that juveniles used different habitats to adults. This constitutes the first quantitative documentation of such differentiation by Palaearctic raptors on African wintering grounds, indicating that general patterns of habitat use in wintering raptors may obscure sex‐ and age‐specific preferences. Contrary to expectations, we found limited evidence for interspecific foraging segregation. Food partitioning by prey mass was related to harrier body mass and facilitated by a diverse availability of prey on human‐transformed floodplains. Anticipated further large‐scale conversion of floodplain habitat into predominantly desiccated grasslands raises concerns about the survival of wintering harriers.