bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acid‐Fast Staining and Petroff‐Hausser Chamber Counting of Mycobacterial Cells in Liquid Suspension
Authors: Treuer Robin , Haydel Shelley E. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTAccurate and rapid cell counts of mycobacterial species in culture are difficult to obtain. Here, a method using modified Kinyoun acid‐fast staining was adapted for use with a Petroff‐Hausser sperm and bacteria cell‐counting chamber by using a liquid suspension staining technique. Cell counts obtained by this method were compared to viable cell counts by agar plate counting, revealing accurate correlation.
Electro‐optical Materials: Switching of Electrically Responsive, Light‐Sensitive Colloidal Suspensions of Anisotropic Pigment Particles (Adv. Funct. Mater. 3/2011)
Authors: Eremin Alexey , Stannarius Ralf , Klein Susanne , Heuer Jana , Richardson Robert M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn unusual electro‐optical behavior of colloidal suspensions of dichroic, elongated (rod‐shaped) pigment particles is reported. These suspensions exhibit nematic liquid crystal order at low volume fraction of the suspended particles (<15 wt%) and show a strong electric and optical response to an external electric field. Additionally, the characteristics of the optical response can be reversibly manipulated by illuminating the sample with light in its absorption band. The suspensions show a number of interesting phenomena like homeotropic‐planar orientational transitions and light‐induced pattern formation.
New Synthetic Strategy for High‐Enantiopurity N‐Protected α‐Amino Ketones and their Derivatives by Asymmetric Hydrogenation
Authors: Sun Tian , Hou Guohua , Ma Miaofeng , Zhang Xumu 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAsymmetric hydrogenation of α‐dehydroamino ketones catalyzed by a rhodium‐chiral phosphorus ligand complex (up to 99% ee, 1000 TON), represents an efficient approach to chiral α‐amino ketones. The reduction of α‐amino ketones catalyzed by palladium on carbon (Pd/C) leads to amphetamine precursors with quantitative yield and no significant enantioselectivity loss.
A Complexation Promoted Organic N‐Hydroxy Catalytic System for Selective Oxidation of Toluene
Authors: Zhang Qiaohong , Chen Chen , Xu Jie , Wang Feng , Gao Jin , Xia Chungu 
Published: February 2011

AbstractComplexation was innovatively utilized to design a novel catalytic system for the selective oxidation of toluene, which runs contrary to the traditional definition of organic metal complex catalysis. In the present system, an N‐heteroaromatic ring‐containing N‐hydroxy compound acts as the catalytically active component. Through an electron‐withdrawing effect produced by the occurring complexation with proper metal salts, which was characterized by real‐time in situ Fourier transform infrared spectra, the activity of the organic molecule could be remarkably improved. The combination of copper(II) chloride with 6‐hydroxy‐pyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyrazine‐5,7‐dione showed the best activity, and an inert hydrocarbon such as toluene could be efficiently transformed with 70.9% conversion and 93.5% selectivity to benzoic acid at 90 °C within 2 h.
Highly Regio‐ and Stereoselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Addition of Dialkyl Phosphites to Ynamides: an Efficient Synthesis of β‐Aminovinylphosphonates
Authors: Fadel Antoine , Legrand Frédéric , Evano Gwilherm , Rabasso Nicolas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA highly regio‐ and stereoselective, nickel(II)‐catalyzed procedure for the hydrophosphonylation of ynamides has been developed. This protocol provides a straightforward and efficient entry to a series of β‐aminovinylphosphonates that can easily be prepared in good yields from a wide range of ynamides and dialkyl phosphites as well as useful insights into the reactivity of ynamides under nickel catalysis.
Packed‐bed reactor for short time gas phase olefin polymerization: Heat transfer study and reactor optimization
Authors: Tioni Estevan , Spitz Roger , Broyer J. P. , Monteil Vincent , McKenna Timothy 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA specially conceived packed‐bed stopped flow minireactor (3 mL) suitable for short gas phase catalytic reactions has been used to study the start‐up of ethylene homopolymerization with a supported metallocene catalyst. Focus has been put on the heat transfer characteristics of the supported catalysts and on understanding the relationship between the initial rate and the relative gas/particle velocities and the influence of particle parameters in the packed bed. We performed a comprehensive study on the influence of various physical parameters on the heat transfer regime at start up conditions. The catalyst activity as well as the polymer morphology is shown to be dependent on heat transfer regime. The knowledge thus obtained is applicable to industrial problems like catalyst injection in fluidized beds and helps preventing experimental artifacts due to overheating in following studies. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Effects of modern drainage systems on the spatial distribution of loach in rice ecosystems
Authors: Katayama Naoki , Saitoh Daigo , Amano Tatsuya , Miyashita Tadashi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Although rice fields support many aquatic species, recent agricultural intensification in Asia has led to loss of biodiversity, such as freshwater fish, in exchange for increased agricultural productivity. In Japan, modern drainage systems have been introduced in recent decades.
This study investigated the effects of several aspects of modern drainage systems on the spatial distribution of dojo loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, a dominant fish species in Japanese rice fields.
Multimodel inference approaches and hierarchical partitioning were used to estimate the direction and degree of the effect of each system on the spatial distribution of dojo loach.
Three variables related to modern drainage systems (gaps between fields and ditches, the type of drainage ditch, and the presence of underground drainage pipes), flooding dates, and spatial autocovariates showed significant influence on the abundance of loach. In particular, gaps had the largest impact among all the variables on loach in the later part of the survey (June).
Based on the results, the effectiveness of several conservation methods implemented for paddy‐dwelling fish in Japan was discussed. The knowledge will be a guide to the appropriate conservation of freshwater fish in Asia and other countries.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Situating Remote Sensing in Anthropological Archaeology
Authors: Thompson Victor D. , Arnold Philip J. , Pluckhahn Thomas J. , Vanderwarker Amber M. 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTProductive applications of geophysics to anthropological questions in American archaeology necessarily involve specific research questions or agendas. While only some anthropological questions can be addressed by shallow geophysics, these techniques provide an opportunity to address some important questions that are fundamental to archaeology. One such agenda is the investigation of ‘persistent places’, which is rooted in anthropological inquiry and which can be investigated, at least in part, by shallow geophysical techniques. For the next stage in the use of remote sensing that goes beyond mere prospection, research agendas must be clearly linked with broader theoretical concepts of what we term inquiry‐based archaeogeophysics. Specifically with regard to the application of geophysics to the study of persistent places, we propose four categories of research that relate to the meaning, context and changing function of such places. These categories include: construction variation, continuity and discontinuity in the use of space, studying natural and/or cultural landscape modifications over time and space, and constancies in the use of space and architecture at the regional level. In order to illustrate these points, we provide examples from sites in Mexico and the USA that represent different time periods (2500 BC to AD 1000), adaptations (hunter–gatherers to intensive agriculturists), and levels of socio‐political complexity (egalitarian to stratified societies). The use of geophysics at these persistent places contributes to our understanding of changes in the use of space and architecture through time. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relevance of lymph node metastasis along the superior mesenteric vein in gastric cancer
Authors: An J Y , Pak K H , Inaba K , Cheong J-H , Hyung W J , Noh S H 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of lymph node metastasis along the superior mesenteric vein (station 14v) to determine the need for 14v dissection in gastric cancer surgery.

Methods
A total of 1104 patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy including 14v dissection were enrolled. Patients were categorized into two groups: those with and those without 14v lymph node involvement by metastasis.

Results
Of the total study population, 73 patients (6·6 per cent) had 14v-positive gastric cancer. These patients were more likely to have advanced tumour (T), node (N) and distant metastatic (M) status, and histologically undifferentiated gastric cancers. The 3- and 5-year survival rates of patients with 14v-positive disease were 24 and 9 per cent respectively. Survival in this group was similar to that of patients who had gastric cancer with distant metastasis (M1). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that 14v status was a significant prognostic factor for gastric cancer (hazard ratio 2·13; P &lt; 0·001). After histologically complete (R0) resection, the overall survival of 14v-positive patients with any stage of cancer was significantly worse than that for 14v-negative patients with stage IV cancer (P = 0·006).

Conclusion
14v status is an independent prognostic factor for gastric cancer, with 14v-positive gastric cancer having a poor prognosis, similar to that of M1 disease. The exclusion of 14v in regional lymph node dissection should be considered.
Progresses in the Preparation of Coke Resistant Ni‐based Catalyst for Steam and CO2 Reforming of Methane
Authors: Liu Chang‐jun , Ye Jingyun , Jiang Jiaojun , Pan Yunxiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSteam reforming of methane is an extremely important process for the hydrogen and syngas production. Nickel‐based catalysts have been extensively employed in the industrial process of steam reforming because of their high activity, low cost, and the plentiful supply of Nickel. Nickel‐based catalysts have also shown high activity for CO2 reforming of methane, which has been considered as a good option, with consumption of a significant amount of carbon dioxide. However, a major challenge is that Ni catalysts have a high thermodynamic potential for coke formation during reforming reactions. For steam reforming, coke formation induces deactivation of the catalyst, especially if the carbon forms as carbon filaments. The filamentous carbon material has a high mechanical strength and can cause mechanical deformation of the catalyst. For CO2 reforming, coke formation over Ni catalyst is even more serious and leads to rapid deactivation of the catalyst. It is highly desired to design and synthesize a coke resistant Ni catalyst not only for reforming of methane, but also for reforming of other hydrocarbons (including biomass derived hydrocarbons). Herein we summarize the very recent progresses in the design, synthesis, and characterization of coke resistant Ni catalysts for steam and CO2 reforming of methane. The progresses in the use of promoters, in the effect of supporting materials and in the preparation methods have been discussed. The thermal stability, regeneration, and future development of coke resistant Ni catalysts for these processes are also briefly addressed.
Autodisplay of Nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis in E. coli Yields a Whole Cell Biocatalyst for the Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure (R)‐Mandelic Acid
Authors: Detzel Christian , Maas Ruth , Jose Joachim 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn the present study, a whole cell biocatalyst for the synthesis of (R)‐mandelic acid from mandelonitrile was constructed. For this purpose, nitrilase from Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis ATCC 8750 was displayed on the surface of Escherichia coli by using Autodisplay. Localization of the nitrilase in the cell envelope of E. coli was monitored by SDS‐PAGE and surface exposure was verified by its accessibility to externally added protease. The whole cell biocatalyst converted up to 2.6 mM of (R)‐mandelic acid under optimum conditions at pH 7.5 and 45 °C within 24 h (1 mL culture, OD578=10). By using chiral HPLC, the ee value of the product was determined to be >99 %. The surface displayed nitrilase showed an apparent Km value of 3.6 mM and an apparent Vmax value of 1 nmol min−1 mL−1 when a bacterial suspension of OD578 3 was used. Substrate inhibition by benzaldehyde was similar to that of the free enzyme. The whole‐cell biocatalyst retained 55 % of its initial (R)‐mandelic acid production after 5 cycles of repeated use, and could be stored at −70 °C for 180 d without a substantial loss of activity. In addition the whole cell biocatalyst converted 9.3 mM phenylacetonitrile within 16 h.
Applicability of the Laser Backscattering Instruments FBRM and 3D ORM SMF in Batch Crystallizations
Authors: Peda Stefan , Bröckel Ulrich , Ay Peter , Stollberg Christian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractZur Steuerung von Batch‐Kristallisationen ist die Kenntnis der zeitabhängigen Größenverhältnisse in gerührten Systemen von entscheidender Bedeutung. Mit dem Grundgedanken der Echtzeitanalyse von Kristallisationskinetiken wird in diesem Beitrag am Beispiel eines inerten, partikulären Modellstoffsystems die mögliche Anwendung der In‐situ‐Lasermessverfahren Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement (FBRM) und 3‐Fold Dynamical Optical Reflectance Measurement with Selective Multi Depth Focus (3D ORM SMF) in Batch‐Kristallisationen näher untersucht. Die unterschiedliche, gerätespezifische Darstellung des verwendeten Modellstoffsystems wird nachgewiesen.
Influence of Vegetation Characteristics on Soil Denitrification in Shoreline Wetlands of the Danjiangkou Reservoir in China
Authors: Liu Wenzhi , Liu Guihua , Zhang Quanfa 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSoil denitrification in reservoir shoreline wetlands is an important process for removing excess inorganic nitrogen from upland runoff and controlling eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. As yet, little is known about the influence of vegetation characteristics on the soil denitrification potential in reservoir shoreline wetlands, although vegetation can affect both denitrifying bacteria and soil properties. In this study, we measured the spatial variability of denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) using acetylene block method in shoreline wetlands of the Danjiangkou Reservoir, a water source of the South‐to‐North Water Transfer Project in China. Results indicated that DEA ranged from 0.001 to 2.449 µg N (N2O) g−1 h−1, with a mean of 0.384 µg N (N2O) g−1 h−1. DEA varied significantly among five representative plant communities and the highest DEA (0.248–2.449 µg N (N2O) g−1 h−1) was observed in the Polygonum hydropiper community. Plant biomass and vegetation cover were significantly and positively related to DEA and together explained 44.2% of the total variance. These results suggest that vegetation characteristics should also be considered in assessing soil denitrification capacity and restoring shoreline wetlands for nitrogen pollution removal in the Danjiangkou Reservoir after dam heightening.
Malachite Green Removal from Aqueous Solution by the Peel of Cucumis sativa Fruit
Authors: Santhi Thirumalisamy , Manonmani Subbian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis study investigates the potential use of activated carbon prepared from the peel of Cucumis sativa fruit for the removal of malachite green (MG) dye from simulated wastewater. The effects of different system variables, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, pH, and contact time were investigated and optimal experimental conditions were ascertained. The results showed that when the amount of the adsorbent increased, the percentage of dye removal increased accordingly. Optimum pH value for dye adsorption was 6.0. Maximum dye was sequestered within 50 min of the start of every experiment. The adsorption of MG followed the pseudo‐second‐order rate equation and fits the Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R), and Tempkin equations well. The maximum removal of MG was obtained at pH 6 as 99.86% for adsorbent dose of 1 g/50 mL and 25 mg L−1 initial dye concentration at room temperature. Activated carbon developed from the peel of C. sativa fruit can be an attractive option for dye removal from diluted industrial effluents since test reaction made on simulated dyeing wastewater showed better removal percentage of MG.
Inactivation Efficiency of Bioaerosols Using Carbon Nanotube Plasma
Authors: Yang Shinhao , Huang Yi‐Chin , Luo Chin‐Hsiang , Lin Yi‐Chang , Huang Jhih‐Wei , Chuang Cheng‐Ping Jimmy , Chen Chiou‐Jong , Fang Wei , Chuang Chi‐Yu 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to inactivate indoor bioaerosols using carbon nanotube corona discharge plasma technology. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and λ virus bioaerosols were generated using a Collison nebulizer. The effect of various factors, including the flow rate (30, 60, and 90 lpm) and the operating voltages (−1.5, −3.0, −4.5, −6.0, and −7.5 kV), on bioaerosol reduction was examined. The results indicated that the corona discharge using the carbon nanotube electrodes decreased the threshold voltage of plasma. The inactivation efficiencies of E. coli bioaerosols using the carbon nanotube corona discharge system at discharge voltages of −1.5, −3.0, −4.5, −6.0, and −7.5 kV were 57, 61, 71, 93, and 97%, respectively. The corona discharge system using carbon nanotube electrodes had higher bioaerosol inactivation efficiency than the corona discharge system using stainless steel electrodes. The results further demonstrated that the inactivation efficiency decreased with an increasing flow rate. The inactivation efficiencies of E. coli, B. subtilis, and λ virus bioaerosols using carbon nanotube corona discharge plasma were 93, 88, and 81%, respectively.
Assessment of Metal Pollution in Water and Surface Sediments of the Seyhan River, Turkey, Using Different Indexes
Authors: Davutluoglu Orkun I. , Seckin Galip , Ersu Cagatayhan B. , Yilmaz Turan , Sari Bulent 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to assess the level of heavy metals (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) contamination and enrichment in the surface sediments of the Seyhan River, which is the receiving water body of both treated and untreated municipal and industrial effluents as well as agricultural drainage waters generated within Adana, Turkey. Sediment and water samples were taken from six previously determined stations covering the downstream of the Seyhan dam during both wet and dry seasons and the samples were then analyzed for the heavy metals of concern. When both dry and wet seasons were considered, metal concentrations varied significantly within a broad range with Al, 7210–33 967 mg kg−1 dw; Cr, 46–122 mg kg−1 dw; Cu, 6–57 mg kg−1 dw; Fe, 10 294–26 556 mg kg−1 dw; Mn, 144–638 mg kg−1 dw; Ni, 82–215 mg kg−1 dw; Pb, 11–75 mg kg−1 dw; Zn, 34–146 mg kg−1 dw in the sediments while Cd was at non‐detectable levels for all stations. For both seasons combined, the enrichment factor (EF) and the geo‐accumulation index (Igeo) for the sediments in terms of the specified metals ranged from 0.56 to 10.36 and −2.92 to 1.56, respectively, throughout the lower Seyhan River. The sediment quality guidelines (SQG) of US‐EPA suggested the sediments of the Seyhan River demonstrated “unpolluted to moderate pollution” of Cu, Pb, and Zn, “moderate to very strong pollution” of Cr and Ni. The water quality data, on the other hand, indicated very low levels of these metals suggesting that the metal content in the surface sediments were most probably originating from fine sediments transported along the river route instead of water/wastewater discharges with high metal content.
Langmuir–Blodgett Film of Asymmetric Calix[4]arene Derivative Modified Electrode for Voltammetric Determination of Silver
Authors: Zou Lina , Wu Xianli , Li Yamin , Yang Baocheng , Zhang Shusheng , Ye Baoxian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new electrochemical voltammetric sensor, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of 25,27‐dimethoxy‐26‐(N‐trichloroacetyl)carbamoyloxy‐p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene (DCA) modified GCE (LBDCA–GCE), was designed and successfully used for recognition and determination of trace amounts of Ag+ in water. Under the optimum experimental conditions, the lowest detectable concentration of Ag+ reached 1 × 10−9 mol L−1. Moreover, LBDCA–GCE exhibited a well‐defined response relating to the Ag+ with good sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, and long stability. The recognizing mechanism of LBDCA–GCE for silver ion in aqueous solution was also discussed. The results show that the size of calixarene cavity may be the predominate factor affecting recognition of calixarene for silver ions.
One‐Pot Sequential Azide–Alkyne [3+2] Cycloaddition and Atom Transfer Radical Addition (ATRA): Expanding the Scope of In Situ Copper(I) Regeneration in the Presence of Environmentally Benign Reducing Agent
Authors: Ricardo Carolynne L. , Pintauer Tomislav 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOne‐pot sequential reactions involving azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition and atom transfer radical addition (ATRA) catalyzed by [CuII(TPMA)X][X] {X = Br– or Cl–, TPMA = tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine} in the presence of ascorbic acid as a reducing agent are reported. Reactions with azidopropyl methacrylate and 1‐(azidomethyl)‐4‐vinylbenzene in the presence of a variety of alkynes [phenylacetylene, (3,4‐difluorophenyl)acetylene, propargyl alcohol, 2‐methyl‐3‐butyn‐2‐ol, methyl propiolate and ethyl propiolate] and alkyl halides (carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrabromide, ethyl trichloroacetate, methyl trichloroacetate, ethyl dichloroacetate, methyl dichloroacetate, dichloroacetonitrile and 2‐bromopropionitrile) proceeded efficiently to yield highly functionalized (poly)halogenated esters and aryl compounds containing a triazolyl group in the presence of as low as 0.5 mol‐% of the catalyst. It is envisioned that the presented methodology could have further implications in the organic synthesis of functionalized triazoles, which have recently been identified as the lead targets for the screening of potential pharmaceutical drugs.
Electrophilic C12 Building Blocks for Alkaloids: 1,1 Iterative Organoiron‐Mediated Routes to (±)‐Lycoramine and (±)‐Maritidine
Authors: Stephenson G. Richard , Roe Caroline , Sandoe Elizabeth J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAryllithium reagents generated from protected 6‐bromoguaiacol and 2‐bromo‐4,5‐dimethoxybenzyl alcohol derivatives were used to prepare ortho‐substituted (1‐arylcyclohexadienyl)iron(1+) electrophiles. These were treated with Na+[Me3SiCH2CH2O2CCHCN]– to build aryl‐substituted quaternary centres in new examples of 1,1 iterative {[η4] → [η5]+ → [η4] → [η5]+ → [η4]} reaction sequences, which make use of the electrophilicity of the metal complex in two key carbon–carbon bond‐formation steps. MOM protection of the guaiacol was better than SEM for access to the lycoramine skeleton, and TBDPS was best for maritidine. Decomplexation, hydrolysis, and cyclisation completed formal total syntheses of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids (±)‐lycoramine and (±)‐marididine, establishing the compatibility of the organoiron method with the presence of ortho substituents on the aryl group, and nucleophile addition ipso to the substituted arene.