bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6 Unconscious Behavioral Guidance Systems
Authors: Bargh John A. , Morsella Ezequiel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the authors note that in the 1980s psychologists were comfortable with conscious-process accounts of behavior but not with less-conscious process accounts. However, thanks to several decades of intensive research, models of non-conscious processes are now viewed as much more theoretically and empirically tractable than was true earlier. The authors detail the evidence for four different non-conscious behavioral guidance systems: perceptual, evaluative, motivational and emotional. In each case evidence is first presented regarding basic priming or activation effects, followed by evidence that these effects actually have behavioral consequences. Consequently, the four systems provide partial accounts for phenomena discussed in Chapters 10 (affordances), 9 (attitudes), 8 (implementation intentions) and 7 (emotions). The emphasis here is on automatic processes that serve to diminish the ”role for intentional conscious causation and guidance.”
12 Measuring Self-Enhancement: From Self-Report to Concrete Behavior
Authors: Paulhus Delroy L. , Holden Ronald R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the authors note that social and personality psychologists address the issue of behavior in rather different ways. Social psychologists tend to exploit behavior as a concrete outcome reflecting the difference in psychological state induced by an experimental manipulation. In contrast, personality psychologists view behavior as only one indicator of psychological constructs. The authors note that the traditional complaint against self-report measures is their vulnerability to self-presentation effects. The general tendency for people to self-enhance raises concerns that self-reports are just as likely to reflect presentation motives as actual personalities. One solution is to index self-enhancement via behavioral measures. The authors compare the full range of options from self-report to concrete behavioral methods. They also discuss the over-claiming approach, which taps the tendency to claim knowledge of non-existent items. They conclude with the response-latency approach, which is purely behavioral in nature.
13 Developing an Ecological Framework for Establishing Connections Among Dispositions, Behaviors, and Environments: From Affordances to Behavior Settings
Authors: Baron Reuben M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe author offers a far-reaching and integrative chapter in his discussion of affordances. He notes that behavior is a central element of any ecologically-based view of psychology. He explores whether his ideas can be turned into a fresh look at a theory of situations. In such a theory, situations are a complimentary mirror image of a theory of personality, in the same sense that certain niches imply certain plants and animals, while certain plants and animals imply certain niches. Here are the powerful ideas of co-evolution and the self-organization of complex systems. Why are certain opportunities configured to support certain dispositions, and/or, types of people? The author suggests that the social analogue of co-evolution is the embedding of personality in the organizational dynamics of behavior to recruit people with the appropriate personality traits to carry out these roles successfully.
17 The Atlas of Interpersonal Situations: A Theory-Driven Approach to Behavioral Signatures
Authors: Holmes John G. , Cavallo Justin V. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Building on the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS) framework offered by Mischel and Shoda (1995), the authors emphasize the importance of considering abstract properties of situations to improve behavioral prediction. The CAPS model incorporates a person-by-situation interactionist perspective, holding that specific features of situations activate specific cognitive and effective elements in individuals that then produce responses to situations. The authors argue that the notion of “situation” in the CAPS model is not at an appropriately abstract level to allow for a priori prediction of what specific cognitive-affective elements would be activated. To help overcome this limitation, they review recent developments by interdependence theorists to produce a comprehensive theory of situations. The authors describe six key dimensions of situations and review recent work on the risk regulation model, a model that describes the delicate balancing act of being dependent on a partner and the need to maintain positive feelings about the self.
19 Grounding Social Psychology in Behavior in Daily Life: The Case of Conflict and Distress in Couples
Authors: Bolger Niall , Stadler Gertraud , Paprocki Christine , DeLongis Anita 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the authors challenge the field to overcome its focus on internal states and behavioral precursors as a substitute for behavior, and offer instead a method for studying behavior in everyday contexts. Using marital conflict as a specific instantiation of an important social behavior, the authors describe the utility of daily diaries as a tool for the assessment of these behaviors. They argue that studying variability in behavior is as essential to understanding behavior as studying mean levels, and offer possibilities for statistical analysis of diary data that focus on such variability. The authors report a reanalysis of couples’ diary data originally published in Bolger et al. (1989) that focuses on questions of variability in marital conflict and reactions to those conflicts. The authors describe how this analysis of variability led to insight about couple conflict that was not apparent from their original analyses.
3 Conceptual Representation and Some Forms of Genericity
Authors: Prasada Sandeep 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with the fact that although we encounter only a very limited number of instances of any given kind, we acquire generic knowledge. Although we have seen only some limited number of dogs, we acquire the knowledge ‘Dogs have four legs.’ What mechanisms make this happen? What is the nature of the knowledge acquired? What are the available conceptual mechanisms that can be appealed to? Reasons are given for learners preferring “generic representations” over “exemplar‐based representations” for kinds. New use is made of the distinction between the essential k‐properties of a kind and the transitory t‐properties of a kind.
8 A Piece of Cheese, a Grain of Sand
Authors: Goddard Cliff 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter follows up earlier work of Cliff Goddard and Anna Wierzbicka in which they argued that there are numerous, subtly different, subclasses of mass nouns. These different subclasses presuppose, they claimed, different “conceptualizations” of the nature of a mass. The present chapter concentrates on concrete mass nouns in English, arguing that the formal linguistic properties of mass nouns are systematically correlated with their conceptual content and that this conceptual content can be clearly identified using the tools of Wierzbicka and Goddard's Natural Semantic Metalanguage system. Some of the cognitive issues raised here involve the extent that there is unity to the notion of mass‐stuff and whether there is any necessary similarity in the relevant part of the mental lives of speakers of different languages, since clearly, languages differ in the types of words that they each treat as mass.
Science and the Social Good
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
From the beginnings of industrial capitalism to contemporary disputes over evolution, nature has long been part of the public debate over the social good. As such, many natural scientists throughout American history have understood their work as a cultural activity contributing to social stability, and their field as a powerful tool for enhancing the quality of American life. In the late Victorian era, interwar period, and post-war decades, massive social change, economic collapse and recovery, and the aftermath of war, prompted natural scientists to offer up a civic-minded natural science concerned with the political wellbeing of American society. Science and the Social Good explores the evolving internal and external forces influencing the design and purpose of American natural science by focusing on three representative scientists — geologist Clarence King, forester Robert Marshall, and biologist Rachel Carson — who purposefully considered the social outcomes of their work. As comfortable in the royal courts of Europe as the remote field camps of the American West, Clarence King was the founding director of the U.S. Geological Survey, and used his standing to integrate science into late 19th century political debates about foreign policy, immigration, and social reform. In the mid-1930s, Robert Marshall founded the environmental advocacy group, The Wilderness Society, which transformed the face of natural preservation in America. Committed to social justice, Marshall blended forest ecology and pragmatic philosophy to craft a natural science ethic that extended the reach of science into political discussions about the restructuring of society prompted by urbanization.
Sagehood
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis book explores what happens when we take Neo-Confucianism and its ideal of sagehood seriously as contemporary philosophy. It develops an interpretation of the Neo-Confucian tradition that, while historically grounded in detailed readings of Zhu Xi, Wang Yangming, and others, is open to further development and critique; and also reflects on ways that Neo-Confucian perspectives challenge or enhance issues of concern to contemporary Western philosophers like Martha Nussbaum, Michael Slote, Iris Murdoch, Lawrence Blum, Christine Swanton, and others involved in the revival of virtue ethics. The book develops novel interpretations of core Neo-Confucian ideas like “coherence (li),” “harmony (he),” and “reverence (jing).” These interpretations underpin the book's accounts of Neo-Confucian theories about moral psychology, active moral perception, overcoming moral conflicts and dilemmas, and moral education. In each case, the book looks at these topics both as issues within contemporary Confucianism, and as sources of stimulus and challenge for Western philosophers. In the final chapters the book addresses topics within political philosophy like rights, law, participation, and the relation between sagehood and democracy. Finding the resources we can get out of Neo-Confucianism in this area to be too thin, at this point the book engages additionally with twentieth-century “New Confucian” philosophers like Mou Zongsan. Throughout, the book's goal is to articulate a plausible and attractive picture of how and why people should strive for sagehood, and to show how the arguments for this picture that can be developed out of Neo-Confucianism resonate with and challenge current thinking in many areas of philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe introduction addresses two methodological preliminaries: the book's approach to comparative philosophy, called “rooted global philosophy”; and the scope of the “Neo-Confucian” tradition—in particular, why the book draws simultaneously on two thinkers often thought of as great rivals, Zhu Xi (1130–1200) and Wang Yangming (1472–1529). Rooted global philosophy means to creatively develop a particular philosophical tradition in open dialogue with other traditions from around the globe. The roots of the book's project are in Neo-Confucianism, and careful, contextualized, historical understandings of that tradition are critical to the book. But the book's project is to treat Neo-Confucianism as a live tradition and to develop these ideas in dialogue with contemporary thinkers. With regard to the scope of “Neo-Confucianism,” the book considers a variety of controversies about how to define the limits of Neo-Confucianism and about the relations between Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, but argues that its open stance is justified by strong continuities between them, together with a resolution on the author's part to remain vigilant for (and explicit about) important differences.
3De彻/Virtue
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter argues that we can use “virtue” as what Aaron Stalnaker has called a “bridge concept” to facilitate comparative dialogue between Neo-Confucian discussions centered around “de” and current work in virtue ethics. The chapter traces early uses and theories concerning de, drawing on the work of Chinese scholars like Chen Lai and others. It then turns to a detailed look at uses of de in Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, and explicates the relation between de—which functions very much like “virtue” functions in Western philosophies—and other key ideas like coherence (li), heart-mind (xin), and humaneness (ren). The chapter also looks at the role of rules in a virtue-based ethics. On the basis of this analysis, the chapter concludes that Neo-Confucianism is a virtue ethics.
7 Sagely Ease and Moral Perception
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHow is it possible that a sage can act with ease? According to the Analects, Confucius was able to “follow his heart's desire without overstepping the bounds” by the time he reached age seventy. The chapter explores what Wang Yangming means when he says that sages have a “mature commitment” and the relation this bears to his famous doctrine of “the unity of knowledge and action.” This interpretation then provides the grounding both for a novel understanding of Wang Yangming's philosophy itself, and the key to Neo-Confucianism's insightful account of moral perception. The chapter draws on contemporary philosophers like Murdoch and Blum to help flesh out the Neo-Confucian picture, including showing how Murdoch's famous example of a mother and her daughter-in-law (M and D) can help us to better understand the critical Neo-Confucian orientation of “looking for harmony.”
10 The Political Problem
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSagehood is not just a matter of personal ethics: on any traditional Confucian's view, it is intimately involved in shaping one's broader community both unofficially and through participation in government. In other words, to aim at sagehood is to aim at some sort of political involvement and impact; this is expressed on the slogan “inner sageliness—outer kingliness (neisheng waiwang).” However attractive such an orientation may sound, the political dimension of sagehood seems to have many unfortunate consequences. Critics like Chang Hao and Thomas Metzher have argued that the ideal of sagehood has led to despotism and authoritarianism, has provided the foundation for a problematic utopianism and perfectionism in Chinese social theory, and today undermines democracy and/or support for piecemeal (but genuine) progress. This chapter reviews ways in which Neo-Confucians historically struggled with these issues in their discussions of abstract and institutional limits on rulers. It then turns to some solutions proposed by more recent Confucians like Yu Yingshi, Xu Fuguan, and Mou Zongsan. It concludes that the latter's idea of “self-negation (ziwo kanxian)” offers a promising approach to balancing the different demands of moral and political values.
11 Sages and Politics: A Way Forward
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter articulates a contemporary Confucian politics that allows the ideal of sagehood to inform both personal and public activities, without falling into the traps that have snared both the theory and practice of previous Confucian politics. The chapter begins with a review of the relation between perfection and fallibility. The attitude toward perfection and ideals that is recommended leads to a second topic, which spans questions of ritual and reverence. Ritual must feature prominently in any Confucian politics. Embracing ritual and reverence entails an affirmative attitude toward spirituality, but this is a very different thing from advocating the establishment of a Confucian church or state religion. Instead, this general approach to embracing ideals undergirds the importance of what Joseph Chan has called “moderate perfectionist institutions.” These institutions must invest a plurality of voices with sovereignty if the effort to look for harmony in our world is to have any practical hope. This, then, leads to a substantial discussion of the ways in which sagely politics must be participatory. Lastly, the chapter argues that in a contemporary Confucian context, laws and rights should be seen as a system of second resort.
Moral Sentimentalism
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
There has been a great deal of interest in moral sentimentalism in recent years, but most of that interest has been exclusively either in metaethical questions about the meaning of moral terms or in normative issues about benevolence, caring, and compassion and their place in the moral life. This book seeks to deal with both sorts of issues and to do so primarily in terms of the notion of empathy. Hume tried to do something like this more than two centuries ago, though he didn't have the word empathy and used the term sympathy instead. But Hume misconstrued the phenomenology of moral approval and disapproval, and the nascent theories of moral meaning he grounded in approval and disapproval allow for (much) less objectivity than moral judgments seem to possess. The present book uses a semi‐Kripkean reference‐fixing view of terms like right and wrong to show how moral claims can be objectively valid a priori and yet at the same time action‐guiding and motivating — something that Kantian ethics seeks to provide, but sentimentalism turns out to be more capable of giving us. In addition to dealing with semantic issues, this book shows how sentimentalist forms of moral education and moral learning are possible; and in its later chapters, it also focuses on normative issues of public morality: discussing respect, autonomy, justice, and objectivity itself in strictly sentimentalist care‐ethical terms and demonstrating that such an approach can be thoroughly feminist in its implications and goals. Rationalism now dominates the scene in moral philosophy, but there are signs of change, and this book works to encourage those possibilities.
Introductory Remarks
Authors: Defelipe Javier 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the many contributions of Santiago Ramón y Cajal, who is considered the father of modern neuroscience. He published almost 300 articles and several books of great importance, such as the classics Textura del Sistema Nervioso del Hombre y de los Vertebrados (1899-1904) and Estudios Sobre la Degeneración y Regeneración del Sistema Nervioso (1913-1914). He also received numerous awards and distinctions, including some of the most prestigious awards of his time: the Moscow Award (1900); the Helmholtz Gold Medal (1905); and the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (1906). The chapter then goes on to discuss why scientists often referred to trees and forests in their descriptions of the brain and, in particular, of the cerebral cortex, and how these neuronal forests served as an unlimited source of artistic and poetic inspiration to many scientists.
Architectonic structure of the orbital and medial prefrontal cortex
Authors: Price Joseph L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe chapter describes the structural organization of the orbital cortex (OFC), together with the medial prefrontal cortex. It reviews previous areal maps of this cortex, and provides a description of architectonic divisions of the cortex based on analysis of eight staining methods in nonhuman primates and humans. Twenty-two areas were recognized, most of which are subdivisions of previously described areas. Distinct subregions were found ranging from several agranular insular areas in the posterior orbital region, through a dysgranular zone in the central region (subdivisions of area 12 and 13), to a granular region in more rostral portions of cortex (subdivisions of areas 10 and 11). The comparable regions in humans are presented with reference to stereotaxic space. An analysis of the comparable regions in rodents is also provided.
A componential analysis of the functions of primate orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Roberts Angela C. , Parkinson John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter attempts to define the specific functions served by the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) based on studies in nonhuman primates. Evidence appears to be consistent for an involvement of the primate OFC in integrating information about rewards and punishments and their predictors, and this information is used to select goals for action. This function is dependent upon interactions between the OFC and related brain structures, including the amygdala for processing affective information about explicit conditioned reinforcers and other structures such as the hippocampus for contextual evoked representations of reinforcement and the perirhinal cortex for non-affective information about stimuli-stimulus associations. Integration of this information within the OFC may subsequently lead to goal selection with the affective and attentional processing of the goal and its predictors being enhanced by the central and peripheral arousal mechanisms that are modulated by the OFC.
The role of lateral orbitofrontal cortex in the inhibitory control of emotion
Authors: Hooker Christine I. , Knight Robert T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews neuropsychological, psychophysiological, and neuroimaging evidence that the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex regulates behavior by inhibiting the influence of a broad scope of sensations, feelings, thoughts, and actions. It is argued that the region facilitates successful goal-oriented behavior by inhibiting the influence of emotional feelings or perceptions. Such inhibitory processes are described in the context of physical sensation, including painful sensation, selective attention, emotion regulation, control of mood congruent biases, attitude regulation, memory, decision-making, and regulation in social interactions. This research is consistent with evidence showing that the lateral orbital/ventrolateral prefrontal governs the inhibition of habitual motor responses. The data are discussed with regard to dynamic filtering and disruption theory models of prefrontal functioning.
Technical considerations for BOLD fMRI of the orbitofrontal cortex
Authors: Stenger V. Andrew 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNeuroimaging plays a major role in furthering our understanding of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). This chapter presents some of the technical challenges, limitations, and potential solutions with regard to using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to study the OFC. The proximity of the OFC to the sinus results in signal loss and distortion due to inhomogeneity in magnetic susceptibility. Several techniques have proven useful in reducing signal loss and distortion including shorter echo times, thinner slice acquisitions, shimming, post-processing distortion correction using field maps, reduced data acquisition methods, parallel imaging, use of rapid acquisition trajectories including reverse spiral and spiral in-out sequences, gradient compensation, and tailored radiofrequency pulses. The advantages and disadvantages of each of these imaging techniques are discussed.