bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultivar and Environment Effects on Annual Ryegrass Forage Yield, Yield Distribution, and Nutritive Value
Authors: Redfearn Daren D. , Venuto Brad C. , Pitman W. D. , Alison M. W. , Ward Jerry D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTDifferences among annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) cultivars for weight gain of grazing steers have been reported, even though plot experiments suggest that forage dry matter yield among cultivars should not be a limiting factor. Likewise, forage nutritive value differences among cultivars have not been assessed. The objectives of this research were to evaluate differences in cumulative forage yield, yield distribution, and nutritive value among ‘Gulf’, ‘Jackson’, ‘Marshall’, ‘Rio’, ‘Rustmaster’, and ‘Surrey’ annual ryegrass. Plots were harvested six times beginning in December at approximate 30‐d intervals during the 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 growing seasons. Nutritive value measurements included crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), and digestible NDF (DNDF). There were no differences among cultivars for cumulative forage yield (P = 0.99). However, for the January harvest, Surrey and Gulf averaged 1030 (±65) kg DM ha−1, whereas Marshall yielded only 672 (±79) kg DM ha−1 For the March harvest, yields of all varieties were similar and averaged 1350 (±95) kg DM ha−1 At the May harvest, Marshall and Jackson yielded 1232 (±123) kg DM ha−1, whereas Gulf yielded only 929 (±74) kg DM ha−1 Crude protein concentration differed significantly among harvests with a general decrease from 260 to 120 g CP kg−1 as the growing season progressed. Similar declines in nutritive value occurred for NDF, IVTD, and DNDF. Trends in yield distribution and forage quality may indicate a need for cultivar specific recommendations based on intended forage need and season of use.
QTL Mapping of Partial Resistance to Field Epidemics of Ascochyta Blight of Pea
Authors: Timmerman‐Vaughan Gail M. , Frew Tonya J. , Russell Adrian C. , Khan Tanveer , Butler Ruth , Gilpin Margy , Murray Sarah , Falloon Karla 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTAscochyta blight of pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a fungal disease caused by Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Bloxham) Verstergren, Phoma medicaginis Malbr. & Roum. var. pinodella (L.K. Jones) Boerema, and Ascochyta pisi Lib. that can result in significant reductions to pea yield and quality. To characterize the genetics of resistance and to identify molecular markers for use in plant breeding, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting Ascochyta blight resistance were mapped in F2:3 and F2:4 families produced from a cross between resistant breeding line 3148‐A88 and susceptible cultivar Rovar. A linkage map containing 96 loci on 11 linkage groups was constructed for 133 families from this cross. Resistance of progeny lines to natural Ascochyta blight epidemics was examined in field trials at Medina, Western Australia, in 1997, 1998, and 1999. Disease severity was assessed on stems, leaves, and pods by means of separate rating scales. Because pea shows increased susceptibility to Ascochyta blight as it matures, plant reproductive stage was assessed at the time of disease scoring in the 1998 and 1999 trials. Thirteen QTLs were detected for Ascochyta blight resistance on seven linkage groups. Eight of these QTLs were detected in multiple environments or by multiple trait scores. One QTL for plant developmental stage was detected. Linkage of Ascochyta blight resistance QTLs to candidate genes including disease response genes and resistance gene analogs and of the QTL for plant reproductive stage to a pea homolog of the Arabidopsis thaliana CONSTANS gene controlling flowering time in response to photoperiod is discussed.
Genetic Diversity among Forage Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.)
Authors: Karaca Mehmet , Saha Sukumar , Zipf Allan , Jenkins Johnie N. , Lang David J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTGenetic analysis of forage bermudagrasses (Cynodon spp.) lags considerably behind other species, including the turf‐type bermudagrasses. This research was undertaken to identify and characterize genetic relationships within and between forage bermudagrass ecotypes and varieties. Genetic relationships within 31 forage bermudagrass genotypes were determined by means of 15 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), 10 chloroplast‐specific Simple sequence repeat length polymorphism (CpSSRLP), 10 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and 10 directed amplification of minisatellite‐region DNA (DAMD) primers or primer pairs. The unweighted pair group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and the bootstrap analyses with 2000 replications, were used to calculate the relationships. Overall results indicated that forage bermudagrass genotypes have a narrow genetic base, with genetic similarity (GS) ranging from 0.608 to 0.977. The most genetically similar forage bermudagrass lines were ‘Tifton 78 WH’ and ‘Tifton 78’ (GS = 0.977), whereas ‘McDonald’ and ‘Alicia’ were the most genetically diverse bermudagrass lines (GS = 0.608). ‘Sumrall 007’, ‘Tanberg’, ‘Maddox’, McDonald, ‘Holly Springs’, ‘Murphy’, ‘Murphy II’, and ‘Stallings’ were distantly related to known varieties. The GS values of these genotypes were less than 0.85 compared with any other genotypes, indicating that these ecotypes were unique in their genome structure and provided genetic justification for their release as varieties. Close genetic relationships between some ecotypes and varieties were detected as follows: ‘Prairie I’, ‘Prairie II’, and ‘Prairie III’ to ‘Grazer’; ‘Lott I’, ‘Lott II’, and ‘Lancaster’ to ‘Callie’; and Tifton 78 WH to Tifton 78. Although DNA markers could differentiate these ecotypes, additional molecular, cytological, and phenological evidences are required to further confirm whether they could be considered as new varieties.
Development of Dominant Rice Blast Pi‐ta Resistance Gene Markers
Authors: Jia Yulin , Wang Zhonghua , Singh Pratibha 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIncorporation of resistance genes into existing rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars is a powerful strategy and is commonly applied in breeding rice resistance to blast disease [caused by Pyricularia grisea Sacc. = P. oryzae Cavara (teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr)]. The rice blast resistance gene, Pi‐ta, originally introgressed into japonica from indica rice is important in breeding for rice blast resistance worldwide. In the southern USA, the rice cultivar Katy contains Pi‐ta and is resistant to the predominant blast M. grisea races IB‐49 and IC‐17 and has been used as the blast resistant breeding parent. Three pairs of DNA primers specific to the dominant indica Pi‐ta gene were designed to amplify the Pi‐ta DNA fragments by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR products amplified by these Pi‐ta specific primers were cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of the dominant indica Pi‐ta allele. These Pi‐ta primers were used to examine the presence of Pi‐ta alleles in advanced Arkansas rice breeding lines. The Pi‐ta containing rice lines, as determined by PCR analysis, were resistant to both IB‐49 and IC‐17 in standard pathogenicity assays. In contrast, lines lacking the Pi‐ta genes failed to protect rice plants against both races IB‐49 and IC‐17. The presence of Pi‐ta markers correlated with the Pi‐ta resistance spectrum. Thus, the Pi‐ta gene markers provide a basis for stacking other blast resistance genes into high yielding and good quality advanced breeding rice lines.
Variation among Accessions of Pisum fulvum for Resistance to Pea Weevil
Authors: Clement S. L. , Hardie D. C. , Elberson L. R. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe pea weevil, Bruchus pisorum (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae), is one of the most intractable pest problems of cultivated pea, Pisum sativum L. The availability of resistant cultivars would give growers more pest management options. Searches for plant resistance to pea weevil were expanded to the Pisum secondary gene pool (P. fulvum Sm.) because seed resistance had not been located in P. sativum and subspecies. The objectives of this study were to determine the extent of pod and seed resistance to pea weevil in P. fulvum, and to use the life table format to characterize weevil stage‐specific mortality and survivorship on different P. fulvum accessions. Mortality of first instar larvae on pods, mortality of all weevil stages within seed, adult emergence from seed, and seed damage levels were quantified. In two greenhouse trials, more larvae died (14 to 50% averages) on pods of P. fulvum accessions than on pods of ‘Alaska 81’ (6% average), and mortality of first instar larvae entering seed of P. fulvum accessions averaged 83.7%. Seed damage ratings (1 = feeding scar on seed testa, 0‐1% cotyledon tissue eaten, dead first instar larva; 5 = extensive damage, live adult) averaged <3.0 for 26 P. fulvum accessions, compared with mean ratings of 4.9 for Alaska 81. Using weevil mortality and survivorship values in life tables and adult emergence rates, entries were classified as susceptible (two controls and five accessions), moderately resistant (14 accessions), and resistant (12 accessions). Antibiosis resistance was based on the death of weevil larvae on pods and seed testa and cotyledon tissues. The results identify sources of natural weevil resistance in the Pisum genome (26 moderately resistant and resistant accessions of P. fulvum) to endow pea cultivars with pod and/or seed resistance to B. pisorum.
Disease Expression and Ecophysiological Yield Components in Sunflower Isohybrids with and without Verticillium dahliae Resistance
Authors: Creus C. , Bazzalo M. E. , Grondona M. , Andrade F. , León A. J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTVerticillium wilt (Verticillium dahliae Kleb.) is an important disease affecting sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in most production areas in Argentina, Canada, and the United States. Estimation of yield losses produced by the disease is difficult because of the absence of highly efficient chemical control and resistant hybrids of comparable yield potential. In this work nine pairs of isohybrids with and without resistance to V. dahliae were sown at five different locations and evaluated under natural infection to determine disease induced yield reductions across environments with varying V. dahliae incidence. The effects of the disease on physiological components of growth were studied in a separate trial with three pairs of isohybrids. Disease incidence and severity for resistant isohybrids (R) were zero or nearly zero independently of their genetic background in all locations, indicating the isohybrids were highly resistant or immune. In the most severe environments, grain and oil yield of susceptible isohybrids (S) were nearly 30% less than those of the resistance couterparts. The incorporated resistance resulted in an increased percent radiation interception and radiation use efficiency (RUE). However, the effect of the disease on crop growth rate was evident after flowering. Up to that phenological stage, leaf expansion, radiation interception and photosynyhetic rate did not differ between R and S isohybrids.
Adventitious Presence of Herbicide Resistant Wheat in Certified and Farm‐Saved Seed Lots
Authors: Gaines Todd , Preston Christopher , Byrne Patrick , Henry W. Brien , Westra Philip 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTVarietal purity in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed production is necessary for agronomic uniformity and to enable potential market segregation. We conducted a survey of certified and farm‐saved seed samples using a nontransgenic imidazolinone‐resistant (IR) wheat cultivar in 2004 and 2005 in eastern Colorado. The objective was to compare varietal purity based on type of seed producer and IR wheat history. Ninety‐two samples of non‐IR varieties were taken from certified and farm‐saved seed growers, who either produced or had never produced IR wheat. Adventitious IR seeds were detected using a seed‐soaking technique in samples from each producer type and each IR production history. Levels of IR seed ranged from 0 to 11.28%. One certified sample and three farm‐saved samples exceeded the 0.1% threshold for off‐types in certified wheat seed. Using a two‐factor analysis, farm‐saved production class and positive IR history increased the estimated proportion of adventitious seed. Based on grower interviews, higher levels of adventitious seed presence were associated with volunteer plants from previous crops of the resistant cultivar and mechanical mixture during harvesting. Production practices for certified seed address these factors and may need to be strengthened if more stringent purity criteria are adopted. This information is important for risk assessment and policy development for potential commercial release of transgenic wheat varieties.
GGE Biplot vs. AMMI Analysis of Genotype‐by‐Environment Data
Authors: Yan Weikai , Kang Manjit S. , Ma Baoluo , Woods Sheila , Cornelius Paul L. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe use of genotype main effect (G) plus genotype‐by‐environment (GE) interaction (G+GE) biplot analysis by plant breeders and other agricultural researchers has increased dramatically during the past 5 yr for analyzing multi‐environment trial (MET) data. Recently, however, its legitimacy was questioned by a proponent of Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction (AMMI) analysis. The objectives of this review are: (i) to compare GGE biplot analysis and AMMI analysis on three aspects of genotype‐by‐environment data (GED) analysis, namely mega‐environment analysis, genotype evaluation, and test‐environment evaluation; (ii) to discuss whether G and GE should be combined or separated in these three aspects of GED analysis; and (iii) to discuss the role and importance of model diagnosis in biplot analysis of GED. Our main conclusions are: (i) both GGE biplot analysis and AMMI analysis combine rather than separate G and GE in mega‐environment analysis and genotype evaluation, (ii) the GGE biplot is superior to the AMMI1 graph in mega‐environment analysis and genotype evaluation because it explains more G+GE and has the inner‐product property of the biplot, (iii) the discriminating power vs. representativeness view of the GGE biplot is effective in evaluating test environments, which is not possible in AMMI analysis, and (iv) model diagnosis for each dataset is useful, but accuracy gain from model diagnosis should not be overstated.
Genetic Variation for Yield and Fiber Quality Response to Supplemental Irrigation within the Pee Dee Upland Cotton Germplasm Collection
Authors: Campbell B. T. , Bauer P. J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWater availability is a major factor influencing cotton cultivar performance and sustainable cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) production in the southeastern USA. An increased understanding of the response of diverse cotton germplasm lines to supplemental irrigation could aid in future efforts to develop cultivars targeted to irrigated or dryland environments. In this study, 13 germplasm lines were selected from the Pee Dee (PD) germplasm collection and evaluated to measure the effect of supplemental irrigation on a number of agronomic and fiber quality traits important to cotton production systems. Most PD germplasm lines receiving supplemental irrigation had increased plant height and lint percent, while boll weight, seed index, fiber length, fiber strength, uniformity index, and micronaire decreased. Cultivars PD‐2 and FM‐966 did not show a significant response to supplemental irrigation for any of the traits measured. In contrast, PD5377 and PD93009 showed differential responses to supplemental irrigation for 5 out of the 12 traits measured. This study shows the importance of comparing individual genotype response to supplemental irrigation for agronomic and fiber quality traits to efficiently target genotypes for irrigated or dryland environments.
Simulated Physician Learning Program Improves Glucose Control in Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Sperl-Hillen JoAnn M. , O'Connor Patrick J. , Rush William A. , Johnson Paul E. , Gilmer Todd , Biltz George , Asche Stephen E. , Ekstrom Heidi L. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE
Inexpensive and standardized methods to deliver medical education to primary care physicians (PCPs) are desirable. Our objective was to assess the impact of an individualized simulated learning intervention on diabetes care provided by PCPs.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Eleven clinics with 41 consenting PCPs in a Minnesota medical group were randomized to receive or not receive the learning intervention. Each intervention PCP was assigned 12 simulated type 2 diabetes cases that took about 15 min each to complete. Cases were designed to remedy specific physician deficits found in their electronic medical record observed practice patterns. General linear mixed models that accommodated the cluster randomized study design were used to assess patient-level change from preintervention to 12-month postintervention of A1C, blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol. The relationship between the study arm and the total of intervention and patient health care costs was also analyzed.

RESULTS
Intervention clinic patients with baseline A1C ≥7% significantly improved glycemic control at the last postintervention A1C measurement, intervention effect of −0.19% mean A1C (P = 0.034) and +6.7% in A1C &lt;7% goal achievement (P = 0.0099). Costs trended lower, with the cost per patient −$71 (SE = 142, P = 0.63) relative to nonintervention clinic patients. The intervention did not significantly improve blood pressure or LDL control. Models adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidity showed similar results. PCPs reported high satisfaction.

CONCLUSIONS
A brief individualized case-based simulated learning intervention for PCPs led to modest but significant glucose control improvement in adults with type 2 diabetes without increasing costs.
On equivalent strictly G-convex renormings of Banach spaces
Authors: Boyko Nataliia 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We study strictly G-convex renormings and extensions of strictly G-convex norms on Banach spaces. We prove that ℓω(Γ) space cannot be strictly G-convex renormed given Γ is uncountable and G is bounded and separable.
Susceptibility of Candida spp. clinical isolates to antimycotics and disinfectants
Authors: Staniszewska Monika , Rozbicka Beata , Rajnisz Aleksandra , Bocian Ewa , Wasińska Ewa , Jakimiak Bożenna , Röhm-Rodowald Ewa , Kurzątkowski Wiesław , Tyski Stefan 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The incidence of candidiasis among immunocompromised patients and emergence of antimycotics resistant strains has increased significantly. The aims of this study were: to examine the in vitro activity of antimycotics and biocides against Candida clinical isolates; to detect cross-resistance of fungi to these preparations and to estimate whether disinfectants applied in hospital areas are active against clinical Candida isolates. In vitro susceptibility of 102 Candida isolates to eight antimycotics was examined by Etest and ATB Fungus. Sensitivity of these strains to four disinfectants and an antiseptic agent was tested according to EN 1275:2005. Amphotericin B, caspofungin and 5-fluorocytosine were the most effective antimycotics against all Candida isolates. Resistance to itraconazole and fluconazole was observed among C. krusei and C. glabrata. The MICs (Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations) for ketoconazole, voriconazole and posaconazole against Candida albicans ranged: 0.003 - >32 μg/ml and one strain was resistant to three agents tested. All analysed Candida strains were sensitive to biocides containing either chlorine, aldehyde, alcohol mixtures, glucoprotamin or chlorhexidine gluconate with isopropanol. Sensitivity to these agents was observed at concentrations lower than those concentrations recommended by manufacturers to achieve proper biocidal activity to those preparations. Our data suggest that these disinfectants can be effectively applied in clinical wards to prevent nosocomial Candida infections.
A Clinical Trial of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation in Improving Quadriceps Muscle Strength and Activation Among Women With Mild and Moderate Osteoarthritis
Authors: Palmieri-Smith Riann M. , Thomas Abbey C. , Karvonen-Gutierrez Carrie , Sowers MaryFran 
Published: July 2010

Background
Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has demonstrated efficacy in improving quadriceps muscle strength (force-generating capacity) and activation following knee replacement and ligamentous reconstruction. Yet, data are lacking to establish the efficacy of NMES in people with evidence of early radiographic osteoarthritis.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine whether NMES is capable of improving quadriceps muscle strength and activation in women with mild and moderate knee osteoarthritis.

Design
This study was a randomized controlled trial.

Methods
Thirty women with radiographic evidence of mild or moderate knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to receive either no treatment (standard of care) or NMES treatments 3 times per week for 4 weeks. The effects of NMES on quadriceps muscle strength and activation were evaluated upon study enrollment, as well as at 5 and 16 weeks after study enrollment, which represent 1 and 12 weeks after cessation of NMES among the treated participants. The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index and a 40-foot (12.19-m) walk test were used at each testing session.

Results
Improvements in quadriceps muscle strength or activation were not realized for the women in the intervention group. Quadriceps muscle strength and activation were similar across testing sessions for both groups.

Limitations
Women were enrolled based on radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis, not symptomatic osteoarthritis, which could have contributed to our null finding. A type II statistical error may have been committed despite an a priori power calculation. The assessor and the patients were not blinded to group assignment, which may have introduced bias into the study.

Conclusions
Four weeks of NMES delivered to women with mild and moderate osteoarthritis and mild strength deficits was insufficient to induce gains in quadriceps muscle strength or activation. Future research is needed to examine the dose-response relationship for NMES in people with early radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis.
Dispersal of the raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides into a newly invaded area in Central Europe
Authors: Drygala Frank , Zoller Hinrich , Stier Norman , Roth Mechthild 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to understand dispersal behaviour and its population consequences, we captured 136 raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides pups (i.e. < 1 year old) in northeastern Germany (Mecklenburg‐Western Pomerania). We ear‐tagged all animals and additionally fitted 48 of them with radio‐collars. There were findings of 59 (43.4%) animals and the mean distance from the marking point was 13.5 km ± 20.1 (SD). Dispersal mortality rate was 69.5% among young raccoon dogs. Most animals (55.9%) were recovered < 5 km from the marking place, whereas only 8.5% of the records were > 50 km from the marking point. The distances of the dispersal did not differ between sexes. Most (53.7%) records of ear‐tagged young raccoon dogs were made in August and September, and only 34.1% were recorded during October‐April. Hunting (55%) and traffic (27%) were the major mortality criteria. Most radio‐collared young raccoon dogs dispersed between July and September. The mean natal home‐range size (MCP 100) with and without excursion was 502.6 ha ± 66.4 (SD; N = 9) and 92.1 ha ± 66.4 (N = 17). There were no differences between males and females in the month of dispersal. Raccoon dogs dispersed into all directions with distances varying between 0.5 km and 91.2 km. Radio‐collared, dispersing animals showed a variety of movement patterns and the impression of flexible migration behaviour was confirmed. The fact that males and females showed equal dispersing behaviour is supposed to be one of the factors contributing to the high expansion and the success of the species.