bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poor prognostic factors in patients with stage I gastric cancer according to the seventh edition TNM classification: A comparative analysis of three subgroups
Authors: Du Chunyan , Zhou Ye , Cai Hong , Zhao Guangfa , Fu Hong , Shi Ying‐Qiang 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the prognosis of stage I gastric cancer and to compare clinicopathologic characteristics by subgroup.MethodsBetween January 2000 and December 2006, 384 patients with gastric cancer were reclassified as stage I according to the seventh edition classification. A comparative analysis was performed between three subgroups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted.ResultsThe 5‐year overall survival rates in T1N0, T1N1, and T2N0 were 98.8%, 94.1%, 91.1%, respectively (P = 0.009). In patients with T2N0 gastric cancer, tumors in the upper third and larger tumors were more common than in patients with T1N0 and T1N1 gastric cancer (P < 0.001). In patients with T1N1 and T2N0 gastric cancer, the presence of lymphatic and/or blood vessel invasion (LBVI) and perineural invasion (PNI) were more common than in patients with T1N0 gastric cancer (P < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed tumor stage, depth of invasion, LBVI, and PNI were significant prognostic factors. However, multivariate analysis demonstrated that only tumor stage, LBVI, and PNI were significant variables.ConclusionsSurvival data support the accuracy of new TNM classification for stage I gastric cancer. Tumor stage, the presence of LBVI and PNI are important independent prognostic factors in stage I gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:323–328. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Focused ultrasound solid–liquid extraction and selective pressurised liquid extraction to determine bisphenol A and alkylphenols in sewage sludge by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Martínez‐Moral María P. , Tena María T. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA new method for determining endocrine disrupter compounds (EDCs) in sewage sludge is described in this paper. EDCs studied were bisphenol A (BPA) and alkylphenols (APs). In order to obtain a fast and simple method, selective pressurised liquid extraction (SPLE) and focused ultrasound solid–liquid extraction (FUSLE) were tested. Best results for SPLE were obtained using Florisil as clean‐up sorbent and dichloromethane as extraction solvent, while temperature was the only significant variable. Analyte extraction by SPLE was completed in only one extraction cycle of 1 min at 130°C. FUSLE was carried out in one step of 20 s at 75% power (0.5 cycles) and with 8 mL of ethyl acetate. Although the optimised FUSLE process was faster, simpler and cheaper, SPLE provided higher recovery values (ranging from 81 to 105%) and therefore SPLE‐based method was selected and validated. The SPLE and GC‐MS method showed an LOD of 10.7 ng/g for BPA and LODs between 1.2 and 41.6 ng/g for APs. Relative standard deviation values lower than 6% were obtained for all analytes. As a result, an efficient, fast and simple method based on SPLE and GC‐MS for the determination of BPA and APs in sewage sludge is proposed.
Optimization of simultaneous derivatization and extraction of aliphatic amines in water samples with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by HPLC
Authors: Kamarei Fahimeh , Ebrahimzadeh Homeira , Asgharinezhad Ali Akbar 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet (DLLME‐SFO) with simultaneous derivatization followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐diode array detection (HPLC‐DAD) was applied for preconcentration and determination of primary and secondary aliphatic amines in environmental water samples. A ternary mixture consisting of a disperser, an extractant and a derivatization reagent was used for the simultaneous derivatization and extraction of aliphatic amines in different water samples. The effects of various experimental parameters on derivatization and extraction efficiency were studied simultaneously using experimental design. A Plackett–Burman design was performed for screening of variables in order to determine the significant variables affecting the extraction efficiency. Then, the significant factors were optimized by using a Box–Behnken design (BBD) and the response surface equations were derived. Under optimal conditions, the preconcentration factors were between 210 and 290. The limit of detections (LODs) ranged from 0.005 to 0.02 μg/L and dynamic linear ranges (DLRs) of 0.05–500 and 0.1–500 μg/L were obtained for most of analytes. The performance of the method was evaluated for extraction and determination of primary and secondary aliphatic amines in environmental water samples in micrograms per liter and satisfactory results were obtained (RSDs <12.5%).
Lipschitz spaces with respect to Jacobi translation
Authors: Weinmann Andreas , Lasser Rupert 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe Jacobi polynomials induce a translation operator on function spaces on the interval [− 1, 1]. For any homogeneous Banach space B w.r.t. this translation, we can study the according little and big Lipschitz spaces, \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathop {\rm lip}\nolimits _B(\lambda )$\end{document} and \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathop {\rm Lip}\nolimits _B(\lambda ),$\end{document} respectively. The big Lipschitz spaces are not homogeneous themselves.Therefore we introduce semihomogeneous Banach spaces w.r.t. Jacobi translation, of which the big Lipschitz spaces are particular examples. We study the relation between semihomogeneous Banach spaces and their homogeneous counterparts. We give a characterisation of Lipschitz spaces in terms of intermediate spaces. Our main result is that, for an arbitrary homogeneous Banach space B, the bidual of the little Lipschitz space \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathop {\rm lip}\nolimits _B(\lambda )$\end{document} is the corresponding big one, namely \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathop {\rm Lip}\nolimits _B(\lambda ).$\end{document}
Bounds for linear functionals on convex sets
Authors: Roth Walter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe consider continuous monotone linear functionals on a locally convex ordered topological vector space that are sandwiched between a given \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$(\mathbb R\cup \lbrace +\infty \rbrace )$\end{document}‐valued sublinear and an \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$(\mathbb R\cup \nolinebreak \lbrace -\infty \rbrace )$\end{document}‐valued superlinear functional. We review conditions for the existence of such functionals and in our main results investigate their range of suprema and infima on a given convex subset. These yield effective versions of the Hahn‐Banach theorem which give easy access to various applications including separation properties for convex sets, a non‐Baire approach to the Uniform Boundedness theorem, the notion of sub‐and superharmonicity with respect to a subcone, and results for the extension of monotone affine functions.
Estimates for regularity of the tangential \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\bar{\partial }$\end{document}‐system
Authors: Khanh Tran Vu , Zampieri G. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe study ellipticity in a weak sense, such as fractional or logarithmic, of the system \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\big (\bar{\partial }_b,\bar{\partial }^*_b\big )$\end{document} tangential to a hypersurface or a generic higher codimensional submanifold \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$M\subset {\mathbb {C}}^n$\end{document}. The geometric setting which assures the estimates is the q‐pseudoconvexity/concavity of M in addition to the existence of a suitable family of weights in a strip or a tube around M. The basic estimates for the \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\bar{\partial }$\end{document}‐Neumann problem on q‐pseudoconvex/concave domains is related to the classical work by Shaw 17 and more recent by Zampieri 19. The method of the weights is due to Catlin 3 and the relation between the tangential and the ambient \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb,amsmath}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\bar{\partial }$\end{document} system on pseudoconvex domains is inspired to Kohn 14. Both these techniques are adapted here to a general Levi signature.
The Spin Probe Dynamics and the Free Volume in a Series of Amorphous Polymer Glass‐Formers
Authors: Švajdlenková H. , Iskrová M. , Šauša O. , Dlubek G. , Krištiak J. , Bartoš J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe report the results of a combined study of the local structure and the reorientation dynamics in a series of five amorphous polymers of different fragility: cis‐trans‐1,4‐poly(butadiene) (c‐t‐1,4‐PBD), cis‐1,4‐poly(isoprene) (cis‐1,4‐PIP), poly(isobutylene) (PIB), poly(vinyl methylether)(PVME) and poly (propylene glycol) (PPG) by using two different probe methods. The reorientation dynamics of the molecular spin probe 2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐1‐piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) from electron spin resonance (ESR) is related to the annihilation behaviour of the atomic ortho‐positronium (o‐Ps) one as obtained by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). It was found that a slow to fast transition in the spin probe rotation mobility at the operationally defined spectral temperature parameter, T50G, is connected with the mean o‐Ps lifetime, τ3 (T50G) = (2.04 ± 0.26) ns. Consequently, using the free‐volume concept of the o‐Ps annihilation in terms of a quantum‐mechanical model of o‐Ps lifetime this transition can be connected with the occurrence of the mean free volume hole, Vh (T50G) = (102 ± 17) Å3, nearly independent of the chemical composition and the basic structural relaxation parameters of the amorphous polymers investigated. Finally, the free volume hole distribution aspect of the slow to fast transition indicates the presence of a sufficient free volume fluctuation at T50G for both typical fragile PVME and strong PIB polymer and emphasizes the essential role of free volume in the spin probe dynamics.
Crystallization Behavior of Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and Their Blend (50:50 wt.%) Studied by 2D FT‐IR Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Unger Miriam , Sato Harumi , Ozaki Yukihiro , Siesler Heinz W. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractVariable‐temperature FT‐IR spectra of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and a PHB/PCL (50:50 wt.%) blend were analyzed by two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS). For this purpose the ν(CO) region was employed to characterize in some detail the crystallization behavior of the investigated polymer systems during cooling from the melt. The asynchronous 2D correlation spectra clearly captured the existence of three components in the crystallinity‐sensitive region of the CO stretching mode for PHB and PCL, respectively: a well‐ordered, an inter‐mediate and a less ordered crystalline state. Furthermore, by 2DCOS application a sequential order of the observed structural changes could be proposed for the whole temperature range during the crystallization of both polymers. In the case of the PHB/PCL (50:50 wt.%) polymer blend, we have split up the spectral data set in the sub‐sets between 200–120 °C and 70–30 °C for a more detailed 2DCOS analysis. In this way we could separate the crystallization process of PHB and PCL in the polymer blend.
Raman Analysis of Polymerization of APST Molecule
Authors: Šapić Iva Movre , Volovšek Vesna , Furić Krešimir , Bistričić Lahorija , Dananić Vladimir 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this work we investigated the solidification of aminopropylsilanetriol dissolved in water (∼25%) under different conditions by Raman spectroscopy. The solidification was carried out at three different temperatures 8 °C, 23 °C and 60 °C. The influence of electromagnetic radiation on the polymerization process was also studied. Samples were held to solidify in dark and at UV (254 nm and 356nm) spectral range. In order to investigate the influence of the substrate on the resulting polymer structure, teflon, PVC, glass, brass and silica were used. Best ordered polymerized structure was achieved for samples deposited on plastics and solidified in dark, at room temperature.
Mathematical Modeling of Depth‐Dose Response of Polymer‐Gel Dosimeters
Authors: Chain Jonathan N. M. , Nasr Abdullah T. , Schreiner L. John , McAuley Kim B. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA dynamic PDE model is developed to simulate the effects of radiation depth doses on polymer formation in polyacrylamide gel dosimeters. Depth doses are simulated using different types of radiation including Co60 γ and 6 and 15 MV X‐ray photon beams, along with 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20 MeV electron beams. Effects of monomer diffusion (edge enhancement) and temperature are studied. Diffusion results in excess polymer formation at the position of maximum dose (2.6% for Co60 γ‐radiation and less for other types of radiation studied). Temperature increases on the order of 2 °C increase the mass of polymer formed by ≈1.25%. The influence of dose‐rate dependence was also investigated. Results of this work provide insight for developing effective calibration curves using depth‐dose information.magnified image
Modeling of Block Copolymer/Colloid Hybrid Composite Materials
Authors: Pinna Marco , Pagonabarraga Ignacio , Zvelindovsky Andrei V. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe interaction between a diblock copolymer and nanoscopic particles can lead to highly organized hybrid materials. The morphology of such hybrid materials depends on the polymer compositions as well on the shapes, sizes, and surface treatment of the particles. A hybrid mesoscopic approach to study the dynamics of nanocomposites composed from a block copolymer melt and a suspension of colloids is proposed. A collective description of the polymer dynamics is combined with the individual resolution of the colloids. The implementation of the method in two and three dimensions is described and the method is tested for different particle sizes, diblock copolymer compositions and polymer/colloid interactions.magnified image
Remote real‐time monitoring of free flaps via smartphone photography and 3G wireless internet: A prospective study evidencing diagnostic accuracy
Authors: Engel Holger , Huang Jung Ju , Tsao Chung Kan , Lin Chia‐Yu , Chou Pan‐Yu , Brey Eric M. , Henry Steven L. , Cheng Ming Huei 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis prospective study was designed to compare the accuracy rate between remote smartphone photographic assessments and in‐person examinations for free flap monitoring. One hundred and three consecutive free flaps were monitored with in‐person examinations and assessed remotely by three surgeons (Team A) via photographs transmitted over smartphone. Four other surgeons used the traditional in‐person examinations as Team B. The response time to re‐exploration was defined as the interval between when a flap was evaluated as compromised by the nurse/house officer and when the decision was made for re‐exploration. The accuracy rate was 98.7% and 94.2% for in‐person and smartphone photographic assessments, respectively. The response time of 8 ± 3 min in Team A was statistically shorter than the 180 ± 104 min in Team B (P = 0.01 by the Mann–Whitney test). The remote smartphone photography assessment has a comparable accuracy rate and shorter response time compared with in‐person examination for free flap monitoring. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2011.
Thermodynamic Data of Ethylene–Propane Mixtures in Condensed and Supercritical State
Authors: Kröner Sebastian , Minjiong Wang , Bartke Michael 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThermodynamic data of ethylene/propane mixtures is technically relevant, since propane is one of the diluents used in commercial slurry polymerization of ethylene. Despite this commercial importance, there is almost no information on thermodynamic data of ethylene/propane mixtures available in open literature. In this study, thermodynamic data for the binary system ethylene/propane has been measured in the range relevant for slurry polymerization of ethylene, both in sub‐ and supercritical conditions. Phase equilibrium measurements have been carried out in the range of 40–80 °C with ethylene partial pressures up to 10 bar. Thermodynamic properties of supercritical mixtures have been measured in the range of 90–105 °C and ethylene fractions of up to 20 mol‐%. The measured data can be described in good agreement with the Peng–Robinson equation of state, modified by the Rackett model for density calculation. Missing parameters such as the interaction parameters as well as Rackett model parameters have been determined by parameter estimation based on our experimental results. The parameterized model can be used for further application in engineering sciences, e.g., calculation of properties not directly measurable such as densities and concentrations in liquid phase.magnified image
Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization of an Organo‐Soluble Protected Styrene Sulfonate: Development of Homo‐ and Random Copolymers
Authors: Consolante Valerie , Marić Milan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractTrioctylammonium p‐styrenesulfonate (SS‐TOA), is polymerized using the BlocBuilder unimolecular initiator and SG1. Polymerizations are controlled for low theoretical molecular weight, resulting in low polydispersities and a linear increase in $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ up to ≈35% conversion. The product of the propagation rate constant and the equilibrium constant for SS‐TOA is 1.4–2 times that of styrene at the same temperature, suggesting its suitability as a controlling co‐monomer for BlocBuilder‐mediated NMP with methacrylates. SS‐TOA is effective as a controlling co‐monomer for gradient polymerization with GMA using NHS‐modified BlocBuilder. The resulting copolymer has a narrow, monomodal MWD and a linear increase in $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ with conversion, suggesting SS‐TOA is an effective NMP co‐monomer.magnified image
Impact of exposure accrual on sequential postmarket evaluations: a simulation study
Authors: Maro Judith C. , Brown Jeffrey S. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTPurposeWe frame the challenges in conducting sequential database surveillance (SDS) analyses and use simulation techniques to illustrate one of these aspects: the accrual of exposed person‐time. We discuss the role of SDS analyses in the US Food and Drug Administration's planned Sentinel System and suggest the outline of a decision–analytic framework that might aid regulatory authorities in planning postmarket surveillance.MethodsWe trace exposure accrual using US Medicaid data for new molecular entities approved in 2005 and 2006 and simulate risk estimates that are observable using SDS by varying the event rate of the health outcome of interest (HOI) in the control group.ResultsSequential database surveillance may considerably narrow risk estimates for most products within 2 years when the underlying control group HOI occurs commonly (i.e., at least 1 HOI/100 person‐years). Exposure accrual may be insufficient for detecting relative risks with infrequent, rare, or very rare HOIs (i.e., less frequent than 1 event/1000 person‐years). However, if SDS is used to quickly detect or rule out an incremental risk difference, then a majority of products are viable SDS candidates.ConclusionsAs a surveillance tool, SDS performs differently depending on whether its intended regulatory target is to narrow relative risk estimates or to confirm/rule out absolute levels of excess risk. These desired endpoints, in addition to the number of exposures available for analysis and the underlying HOI rates, influence the number of products that would be viable candidates for SDS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Light harvesting photovoltaic mini‐generator
Authors: Bermejo Sandra , Silvestre Santiago , Ortega Pablo , Herrera Gerard 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTIn this work, the design, fabrication and characterisation of a millimetre‐size photovoltaic (PV) energy source is described. The fabrication process is based on p‐type silicon‐on‐insulator wafers. It is shown that scaling up the number of cells from 9 to 169 makes the open‐circuit voltage to increase from 3.6 to 101.5 V with generated power densities ranging from 2.07 to 6.7 mW/cm2 under 100 mW/cm2 standard AM 1.5 Global Spectrum. A prototype consisting of a PV mini‐module connected to a mini‐battery has been assembled, modelled and characterised. The results show that the mini‐PV source can be used in low power applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Random and block styrenic copolymers bearing both ammonium and fluorinated side‐groups
Authors: Valade David , Boschet Frédéric , Ameduri Bruno 
Published: August 2011

Abstract1H,1H,2H,2H‐Perfluorooctyloxymethylstyrene (FS) was prepared and copolymerized with chloromethylstyrene (CMS). Conventional radical copolymerization of both these aromatic monomers led to poly(CMS‐co‐FS) random copolymers for which CMS was shown to be more reactive than the fluorinated comonomer. Their controlled radical copolymerization based on degenerative transfer, namely iodine transfer polymerization (ITP), led to various poly(CMS)‐b‐poly(FS) block copolymers. Molecular weights of poly(CMS‐co‐FS) copolymers reached 33,000 g mol−1 while those of poly(CMS)‐b‐ poly(FS) block copolymers were 22,000 g mol−1. Their composition ranged from 18 to 61 mol.% in FS. These copolymers were modified via a cationization step, aiming at replacing the chlorine atom in CMS unit by a trimethylammonium group, leading to the formation of cationic sites. The resulting functionalized copolymers exhibited different solubilities. If both copolymerization techniques led to water‐insoluble copolymers, the block architecture enabled incorporating lower FS proportion, resulting in more cationic sites. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
In‐situ X‐ray diffraction study of an electric field induced phase transition and giant strain in Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–x %BaTiO3 lead‐free single crystals
Authors: Ge Wenwei , Zhang Qinhui , Wang Zhiguang , Yao Jianjun , Li Jiefang , Luo Haosu , Viehland D. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA giant electric field (E) induced strain of ε = 0.60% has been observed for Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3–5.6%BaTiO3 single crystals under E = 20 kV/cm at 130 °C. In‐situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that this induced transition was between pseudocubic and tetragonal structures. Our work provides a potential alternative to lead‐based piezoelectric materials. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)