bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The adverse effect of dilution on the infectivity of Fusobacterium necrophorum culture
Authors: Smith G. R. , Turner Ann 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDilution had an adverse effect on the infectivity of 24 h cultures of a strain of Fusobacterium necrophorum, which became apparent at or near the minimum lethal dose. Thus in mice inoculated subcutaneously the mortality produced by 0·01 ml of undiluted culture was almost invariably greater than that produced by 0·1 ml of a 1 in 10 dilution. The explanation appeared to lie in the increased physical separation of bacterial cells that was the inevitable consequence of dilution.
The cellular fatty acid composition ofCampylobacterspecies isolated from cases of enteritis in man and animals
Authors: Coloe P. J. , Slattery J. F. , Cavanaugh P. , Vaughan J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe cellular fatty acid composition of 41 strains of suspectedCampylobacter jejuni, 23 from human cases of gastroenteritis and 18 from animals, was examined by gas-liquid chromatography. Three of the 23 human isolates and 2 of 18 animal isolates did not contain 19:0 cyclopropane fatty acid and were identified asC. laridis. The remaining 36 strains had cellular fatty acid profiles consistent withC. jejunibut could be divided into three groups on the ratio of the concentration of 18:1 and 19:0 eycloproprane. Most human isolates (85%) were in groups II or III whereas most animal isolates (56%) were in group I. It is proposed that gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of cellular fatty acids is a relatively easy method for epidemiological typing ofC. jejuniisolates.
Tuberculous meningitis – clinical and laboratory review of 100 patients
Authors: Kilpatrick M. E. , Girgis N. I. , Yassin M. W. , El Ella A. A. Abu 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn developing countries tuberculous meningitis is a difficult infection to differentiate from other central nervous system (CNS) infections. This paper presents the history, physical findings, laboratory data, and clinical course of 100 patients who were admitted to a special ward and had CSF cultures positive forMycobacterium tuberculosis. Fifty-four patients were comatose when admitted and 76 had meningeal signs. Mean admission CSF values were WBC 531, glucose 23 mg/dl, and protein 166 mg/dl. Only two CSF AFB smears were positive. Sixty-one percent of the chest X-rays taken were consistent with pulmonary tuberculous and 39% were normal. Twenty-four patients died within the first week after admission, before the clinical diagnosis was made and anti-tuberculous therapy could be started. Fifty-three of 76 patients given antituberculous therapy died. Neurologic sequelae developed in 48% of the survivors. The high mortality and morbidity rates in this patient-group were due to the severity of illness on admission and the predominance of children (54%).
Studies on microbial quality of filtered water in households of a university community in Nigeria
Authors: Alabi D. A. , Adesiyun A. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYWater samples from home filters in nine residential areas of a Nigerian university community were studied. The membrane filter technique was used to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform counts/100 ml of water. Most of the 100 samples studied were grossly contaminated with total coliform counts/100 ml ranging from 0–442, faecal coliform counts/100 ml, 0–216 and the total aerobic plate count per millilitre ranged from 3·0 × 103to 1·9 × 109c.f.u. The source (dams) of water, fitness of filter candles, frequency of cleaning candles and pH of water did not significantly (P> 0·05;X2) affect the microbial quality of either filtered boiled or unboiled tap water.Escherichia colitype I was isolated from 17·9% of the faccal coliforms tested but from only 2·3% of total coliforms.Enterobacter aerogeneswas most predominant (38·5%) amongst faecal coliforms isolated whileEnterobacter cloacaewas the most frequent (37·2%) of the total coliform isolates.The gross contamination of filltered water from all households sampled calls fpr am englightenment of residents on the proper use of home water filters.
Variation in virulence of bovine rotaviruses
Authors: Bridger J. C. , Pocock D. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYForty-six gnotobiotic calves aged less than 16 days or 42–116 days were infected with three strains of bovine rotavirus designated C3–160, CP-1 and PP-1. Each virus was passaged and cloned in cell culture (cloned viruses) but CP-1 and PP-1 Were also used before culture (faecal viruses).Infection of calves aged less than 16 days with faecal or cloned CP-1 caused disease whereas cloned C3–160 and faecal or cloned PP-1 caused subclinical infections. The clinical signs of disease were change in faecal colour to pale yellow or cream, increase of 2- to 7-fold in the volume of faecal output and, usually, anorexia. With the virulent CP-1 virus and the avirulent C3–160, similar amounts of virus were excreted in the faeces for 4–6 days.Infection of calves aged 56–116days with faecal CP-1 produced disease of similar severity to that seen in calves aged 7–10 days infected with the same virus. No differences in clinical signs, virus excretion or levels of convalescent antibody were seen between the two groups. With cloned CP-1, 5 of 8 older calves developed disease but 3 showed only mild signs of infection.It was concluded that two strains of rotavirus caused sub-clinical infections in young calves while a third was virulent in calves up to at least 116 days of age.
Institutional outbreaks of rotavirus diarrhoea: potential role of fomites and environmental surfaces as vehicles for virus transmission
Authors: Sattar Syed A. , Lloyd-Evans Nellie , Springthorpe V. Susan , Nair Rama C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTo assess the potential of fomites and environmental surfaces as vehicles in the transmission of rotaviral diarrhoea, disks (1 cm diameter) of various porous and non-porous materials were contaminated with about 105plaque-forming units of the Wa strain of human rotavirus (HRV) suspended in faecal matter. The contaminated disks were then held for 10 days at either room temperature (22±2 °C) or 4°C with the relative humidity (RH) at the high (85±5%), medium (50±5%) or low (25±5%) level. Survival was longer on non-porous surfaces at the lower temperature and at lower humidity. In contrast, survival on porous surfaces was very variable; better on cotton-polyester than on poster card or paper currency on which HRV survived very poorly. These results suggest that under the right environmental conditions, HRV-contaminated objects could play a role in the transmission of rotavirus infections in hospitals, nursing homes and day-care centres.
Comparison of the brucellin skin test with the lymphocyte transformation test in bovine brucellosis
Authors: Chukwu C. C. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe brucellin skin test and the lymphocyte transformation test were compared in heifers infected with virulentBrucella abortusstrain 544, heifers vaccinated against brucellosis and unexposed cattle. Results of thein vitrolymphocyte transformation test were consistently positive for all 9Brucella-infected heifers while the skin test was consistently positive for 6 of the 9 heifers. In 7 heifers repeatedly vaccinated withB. abortusstrain-19 vaccine thein vitrotest classified 3 animals as positive whereas the skin test identified all the animals as infected during most of the experimental period. Four heifers injected with a single dose ofB. abortusstrain 19 were consistently negative to the lymphocyte transformation test while the skin test classified all the animals as infected during most of the experimental period. The skin test gave strong reactions indicative ofBrucellainfection in heifers vaccinated with ‘Duphavac’ and ‘Abortox’ vaccines whereas the lymphocyte transformation test was consistently negative with these vaccines. The two tests were negative in unexposed cattle. It was concluded that thein vitrotest correlated better withBrucellaisolation than thein vivotest did and that the lack of agreement between the results of the two tests is likely to be due to the different antigens used in the assays.
A study of the relative efficiencies of three commercially available dehydrated Rappaport–Vassiliadis media
Authors: Quail Elaine , McGibbon Loraine , Fricker C. R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe relative efficiencies of three commercially available dehydrated Rappaport–Vassiliadis media have been compared with a similar medium prepared from individual constituents in our own laboratory. An inoculation ratio of 1 : 100 was found to be optimal for each of the media tested. Laboratory produced RV-medium was significantly better than the three commercial preparations after 24 h incubation. However, when the duration of incubation was extended to 48 h, there was no significant difference in the number of salmonella isolates obtained when using our own RV medium and that produced by Oxoid Ltd and Difco Ltd (P > 0·05). All of these three media were, however, significantly more effective than the medium produced by Lab.M.(P <0·01).
Field trials of flocoumafen against warfarin-resistant infestations of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk)
Authors: Buckle A. P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was tested against warfarin-resistant Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) infesting farm buildings. Complete control was obtained in 10–21 days (mean 14·2 days) in six treatments in which baits poisoned with 0·005% flocoumafen were maintained, in surplus, until rats ceased to feed from them. A further six treatments, in which the application of poisoned bait was restricted to periodic placements of 50 g, were also completely successful in 15–30 days (mean 21·0 days). Less poisoned bait was used in the restricted flocoumafen treatments than in the unrestricted treatments but the time taken to control the rat infestations was significantly longer.
Comparison of the immunogenicity, efficacy and safety of 10 μg and 20 μg of a hepatitis B vaccine: a prospective randomized trial
Authors: Yeoh E. K. , Lai C. L. , Chang W. K. , Lo H. Y. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYFour thousand and one hospital staff were screened for hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers in a vaccination programme in Hong Kong. The seropositivity rate for HBsAg, anti-HBs and anti-HBc were significantly higher in the 3160 existing hospital staff than in 841 new recruits. Of the subjects negative for HBV markers, 605 were randomized to receive three doses of either 10 or 20 μg of the Merck Institute vaccine (HB-VAX). Compared with the 20 μg dose, vaccination with the 10 μg dose results in equal immunogenicity and efficacy at the completion of the three injections but induced a slower response rate and lower anti-HBs titres with the first two doses. The commonest side-effect of local soreness was less with the 10 μg dose. We conclude that (1) hospital staff working in high endemic areas should be vaccinated on recruitment and (2) the 10 μg dose of HB-VAX can replace the recommended 20 μg dose for adults, being cheaper and as efficacious.
Recovery of bluetongue virus serogroup from sera collected for a serological survey from apparently healthy cattle, from the Sudan
Authors: Elzein E. M. E. Abu 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYVirus of the bluetongue (BT) serogroup was recovered from 11% of cattle sera collected from apparently healthy animals in Khartoum Province for the sole purpose of screening for BT antibodies. Since these sera did not contain BT antibodies, the donor cattle could have been scored as BT free in the serological survey.Virus was initially isolated in chicken embryos inoculated intravascularly, and was further adapted to Vero cell cultures. Isolates were identified as belonging to the BT serogroup using the agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) and complement fixation (CF) tests.The results indicated that cattle in the Sudan could harbour BT virus without showing symptoms of the disease. Such an observation necessitates further work to clarify the role of cattle in the epidemiology of BT in the Sudan.
Taenia crassiceps:in vivoandin vitromodels
Authors: WILLMS KAETHE , ZURABIAN RIMMA 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTaenia crassicepsis a cestode parasite of wild and domestic animals that rarely affects humans; it has been widely used as an experimental model. The asexual proliferation by budding is a useful attribute ofT. crassicepscysticerci, which allows the various strains to be maintained indefinitely in the peritoneal cavity of inbred mice. Over the last 50 years, experimental results using larval and adult stages ofT. crassicepshave yielded much information on the morphology, infectivity, proliferation dynamics, host immune response, endrocrinological responses and vaccine research, all of which have contributed to our knowledge of cestode biology.
Bilingualism and Education in England: The Work of the Linguistic Monorities Project and Other Recent Research
Authors:   The Linguistic Monorities Project Team
Published: October 2009

This short paper presents a background to the debate about bilingual education in England, an outline of the work of the Linguistic Minorities Project, and a selection of recent research and publications in this area.In England the issue of bilingual education and mother-tongue teaching has emerged quite recently as the result of several developments. Firstly, it is seen to be a logical extension of “multi–cultural” education for all children, a movement that has developed among progressive educationalists to ensure that the education system reflects the multi–cultural nature of British society. Secondly, there has been increasing pressure from many minority groups for the introduction of lessons in the minority languages as part of the regular school system. Thirdly, the European Community Directive on the education of children of migrant workers has stimulated greater debate and activity in this field (Saifullah Khan 1980a).
Language Testing Research (1979–1980)
Authors: Oller John W. 
Published: October 2009

This paper will address the following questions:1. What is language proficiency?2. What is the relationship between first and second language proficiency?3. What major theories have been born or laid to rest in the last year or so?4. Can any consensus be discerned in the various extant controversies?Although the review will concentrate on research published or presented at professional meetings on testing in the last year, some of the themes will necessitate reference to earlier work, and much that might be considered relevant by other authors will be omitted. The objective is to set down as much as possible to identify controversial issues for what they are, and to highlight emerging trends as best I can them.
Innovation in Curriculum Planning and Program Development
Authors: White Ron V. 
Published: October 2009

Following definitions by Havelock and Huberman (1978) and Nicholls (1983), innovation can be defined as a deliberate effort, perceived as new and intended to bring about improvement. As such, innovation is distinguished from change which is any difference that occurs between Time one and Time two. What is crucial in innovation is that it is change involving human intervention.Since human agency is involved, innovation can be viewed from many angles: individual, social, organizational, political, technological, and historical. Not surprisingly, much attention has been given to the technological aspects of innovation, among which can be included language pedagogy.
Australia as a Multilingual Nation
Authors: Pauwels Anne 
Published: October 2009

For the benefit of readers unfamiliar with Australia's multilingual situation, the following statistics on language are provided, all derived from the 1976 Australian Census, the most recent one to provide detailed information on language use.lA wealth of languages is represented in Australia: depending on what is considered a language and what a dialect, the number of languages present in Australia is estimated at around 150 for the Aboriginal languages (100 of which are threatened by extinction) and between 75 and 100 for the immigrant languages.
Community perceptions of four protected areas in the Northern portion of the Cerrado hotspot, Brazil
Authors: FERREIRA MARIANA NAPOLITANO E , FREIRE NATÁLIA COSTA 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYEstablishing effective networks of protected areas (PAs) is one of the major goals of conservation strategies worldwide. However, the success of PAs in promoting biodiversity conservation depends on their integration to local and regional contexts, reducing and mitigating human impacts originating from buffer zones. Community perceptions affect interactions between residents and PAs, and thereby conservation effectiveness. Research at Tocantins state (northern Brazilian Cerrado), aimed to analyse local community perceptions of four PAs, discussing how different factors may influence these. Perceptions were assessed through standardized interviews applied to PA employees and 275 local inhabitants. There was modest community participation in PA establishment and management. Residents were aware of the PAs’ existence, but were unfamiliar with their goals. Length of residency and occupation of inhabitants influenced their PA perceptions, shaping different people-park relations in each of the four studied PAs. Involvement of local residents in PA planning and management represents a central strategy to strengthen local support for PAs over the long term. In those areas that still have settlements inside their boundaries, community relocation should follow a careful participatory process to avoid significant changes in local perceptions and attitudes towards these PAs, crucial for conserving Brazilian biodiversity.
Trimethoprim resistance in commensal bacteria isolated from farm animals
Authors: Amyes S. G. B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTrimethoprim resistance was examined in faecal bacteria obtained from chickens, sheep, cattle and pigs. The incidence of trimethoprim resistance in porcine strains was 17% (157/922) and, whereas 15·8% (146/922) of these bacteria were highly resistant, only 4% (37/922) of the isolates possessed trimethoprim resistance plasmids. Highly resistant porcine strains were obtained from 44% of the pig farms (41/93) but transferable trimethoprim resistance was found in isolates from 11% (10/93) of the farms. There was an association between the carriage of trimethoprim resistance plasmids and certain farms. Most of the resistance plasmids were not identical with those found in human clinical bacteria but one porcine plasmid was the same as the most ubiquitous trimethoprim resistance plasmid in Edinburgh.
Frozen raspberries and hepatitis A
Authors: Reid T. M. S. , Robinson H. G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn outbreak of 24 cases of hepatitis A in Aberdeen was traced to a large hotel in the city by epidemiological investigation. Food-specific questioning of those affected, their fellow diners and hotel staff, coupled with serological studies, implicated raspberry mousse prepared from frozen raspberries as the source of the infection. The raspberries were probably contaminated at the time of picking.
Changes in the virulence of myxoma virus strains in Britain
Authors: Ross J. , Sanders M. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYNational surveys of the virulence of field strains of myxoma virus were carried out in 1975 (128 virus strains) and in 1981 (123 strains), using the virulence testing method employed in a similar survey in 1962. Results showed that the virulence of field strains had increased between 1962 and 1975, and again between 1975 and 1981. The increases in virulence are thought to be a result of the development of resistance to myxomatosis in wild rabbit populations. The effects of the changes in virulence and resistance are discussed.
Possible windborne spread of myxomatosis to England in 1953
Authors: Sellers R. F. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn analysis of the meteorological conditions showed that the first outbreaks of myxomatosis in S.E.England in 1953 could have resulted from wind carriage of insects infected with myxoma virus from northern France. South-easterly winds on the night 11–12 August would have carried the insects 120–160 km from the Départements of Nord, Pas de Calais and Somme across the English Channel to near Edenbridge, Kent. The flight would have taken 6·5–8·5 h at wind speeds of 15–22 km h−1. On the night 11–12 August, temperatures increased with height (inversion) up to 500 m; at ground level temperature was around 19 °C and at 500 m was 25 °C. Insects would have travelled up to the top of the inversion arriving on 12 August as the inversion declined. Two or possibly three generations of infection would have taken place before the disease was seen around the middle of September 1953. The most likely insect was the mosquito Anopheles atroparvus which breeds along the coastal marshes of England and northern France and which has been shown experimentally and in the field to transmit myxoma virus mechanically.
Mite fauna of dust from passenger trains in Glasgow
Authors: Colloff M. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe mite fauna of dust from cloth-covered seats of four passenger trains and bedding from a British Rail linen store in Glasgow was investigated; 22 samples containing 4488 mg of dust from a total surface area of 5·5 m2 were taken. Sixteen samples were positive for mites and 33 specimens belonging to 10 species were found. The most common species were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart), Glycyphagus domesticus (De Geer), G. destructor (Schrank) and Euroglyphus maynei (Cooreman). The species composition bore considerable resemblance to that of house dust (although the density of mites was far lower) and the mites have probably been transported from homes via clothing and pets. Only five intact specimens, which may have been alive at the time of sampling, were found. The dust from trains consisted mostly of particles of soot. Very few skin scales, the food source of house dust mites, were detected. The small numbers of intact mites found and the absence of an identifiable food source make it unlikely that permanent populations of mites survive in upholstered seats on trains.
Experimental infection of badgers (Meles meles) withMycobacterium bovis
Authors: Pritchard D. G. , Stuart Fiona A. , Brewer Jacky I. , Mahmood K. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe intradermal inoculation of four badgers with small numbers ofMycobacterium bovisresulted in localized lesions with ulceration which slowly healed by 5 months after inoculation. Lesions of generalized tuberculosis were seen in three badgers, one of which died at 17 months post-inoculation and in the remaining two killed 22 months post-inoculation. In the fourth badger lesions were confined to the draining lymph node of the inoculation site butM. boviswas isolated from the liver. Monthly clinical sampling of faeces, urine, tracheal aspirate and inoculation site exudates detected only the excretion ofM. bovisfrom the inoculation site of one badger. There were marked seasonal variations in body weight but significant weight loss was observed during the second year in all four badgers, particularly prior to death. Four badgers inoculated intratracheally with a similar inoculum ofM. bovisand another two control badgers showed no evidence of infection withM. bovis.