bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defects in IL-2R Signaling Contribute to Diminished Maintenance of FOXP3 Expression in CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T-Cells of Type 1 Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Long S. Alice , Cerosaletti Karen , Bollyky Paul L. , Tatum Megan , Shilling Heather , Zhang Sheng , Zhang Zhong-Yin , Pihoker Catherine , Sanda Srinath , Greenbaum Carla , Buckner Jane H. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
In humans, multiple genes in the interleukin (IL)-2/IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) pathway are associated with type 1 diabetes. However, no link between IL-2 responsiveness and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T-cells (Tregs) has been demonstrated in type 1 diabetic subjects despite the role of these IL-2–dependent cells in controlling autoimmunity. Here, we address whether altered IL-2 responsiveness impacts persistence of FOXP3 expression in Tregs of type 1 diabetic subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Persistence of Tregs was assessed by culturing sorted CD4+CD25hi natural Tregs with IL-2 and measuring FOXP3 expression over time by flow cytometry for control and type 1 diabetic populations. The effects of IL-2 on FOXP3 induction were assessed 48 h after activation of CD4+CD25− T-cells with anti-CD3 antibody. Cytokine receptor expression and signaling upon exposure to IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 were determined by flow cytometry and Western blot analysis.

RESULTS
Maintenance of FOXP3 expression in CD4+CD25+ Tregs of type 1 diabetic subjects was diminished in the presence of IL-2, but not IL-7. Impaired responsiveness was not linked to altered expression of the IL-2R complex. Instead, IL-2R signaling was reduced in Tregs and total CD4+ T-cells of type 1 diabetic subjects. In some individuals, decreased signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation correlated with significantly higher expression of protein tyrosine phosphatase N2, a negative regulator of IL-2R signaling.

CONCLUSIONS
Aberrant IL-2R signaling in CD4+ T-cells of type 1 diabetic subjects contributes to decreased persistence of FOXP3 expression that may impact establishment of tolerance. These findings suggest novel targets for treatment of type 1 diabetes within the IL-2R pathway and suggest that an altered IL-2R signaling signature may be a biomarker for type 1 diabetes.
Lack of TXNIP Protects Against Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis but Not Against Fatty Acid–Induced ER Stress–Mediated β-Cell Death
Authors: Chen Junqin , Fontes Ghislaine , Saxena Geetu , Poitout Vincent , Shalev Anath 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
We have previously shown that lack of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) protects against diabetes and glucotoxicity-induced β-cell apoptosis. Because the role of TXNIP in lipotoxicity is unknown, the goal of the present study was to determine whether TXNIP expression is regulated by fatty acids and whether TXNIP deficiency also protects β-cells against lipoapoptosis.

RESARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To determine the effects of fatty acids on β-cell TXNIP expression, INS-1 cells and isolated islets were incubated with/without palmitate and rats underwent cyclic infusions of glucose and/or Intralipid prior to islet isolation and analysis by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Using primary wild-type and TXNIP-deficient islets, we then assessed the effects of palmitate on apoptosis (transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling [TUNEL]), mitochondrial death pathway (cytochrome c release), and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (binding protein [BiP], C/EBP homologous protein [CHOP]). Effects of TXNIP deficiency were also tested in the context of staurosporine (mitochondrial damage) or thapsigargin (ER stress).

RESULTS
Glucose elicited a dramatic increase in islet TXNIP expression both in vitro and in vivo, whereas fatty acids had no such effect and, when combined with glucose, even abolished the glucose effect. We also found that TXNIP deficiency does not effectively protect against palmitate or thapsigargin-induced β-cell apoptosis, but specifically prevents staurosporine- or glucose-induced toxicity.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results demonstrate that unlike glucose, fatty acids do not induce β-cell expression of proapoptotic TXNIP. They further reveal that TXNIP deficiency specifically inhibits the mitochondrial death pathway underlying β-cell glucotoxicity, whereas it has very few protective effects against ER stress–mediated lipoapoptosis.
An experimental and numerical study of the vortices generated by hydrofoils
Authors: Szantyr J. , Biernacki R. , Flaszyński P. , Dymarski P. , Kraskowski M. 
Published: October 2009

An experimental and numerical study of the vortices generated by hydrofoils
The article presents the results of the research project concerning the process of formation of the tip vortices shed from hydrofoils of different geometry in different flow conditions. Three hydrofoils resembling the contemporary marine propeller blades have been selected for the study. The experimental part of the project consisted of the LDA measurements of the velocity field in three cross-sections of the vortex generated by the hydrofoils in the cavitation tunnel. The numerical part of the project consisted of calculations of the corresponding velocity field by means of three computer codes and several selected turbulence models. The comparative analysis of the experimental and numerical results, leading to the assessment of the accuracy of the numerical methods, is included.
An integrated framework for various operation plans in container terminals
Authors: Won S. , Kim K. 
Published: October 2009

An integrated framework for various operation plans in container terminals
This study provides a framework for integrating various planning activities in container terminals. First, we introduce various planning activities in container terminals and identify decision-making problems for each planning activity. Input parameters, decision variables, objectives, constraints, time buckets, and the planning horizon for each decision activity are identified. Next, we introduce the concept of a resource profile and planning procedure simultaneously by considering availabilities of various resources and resource requirements in a planning activity.
Selection of material suitable for permeable reactive barriers in the vicinity of landfills
Authors: Fronczyk Joanna , Garbulewski Kazimierz 
Published: October 2009

Selection of material suitable for permeable reactive barriers in the vicinity of landfills
This paper focuses on the criteria proposed for the selection of reactive materials suitable for permeable reactive barriers surrounding waste disposal sites. The criteria were divided into three groups: hydraulic, mechanical and sorption. Hydraulic and sorption criteria are equivalents and complementary to one another in the process of reactive material selection. Only a material that fulfills both criteria should be used. The third criterion — mechanical — that is related to the deformation and strength properties of the reactive material should be considered in designing the technology and evaluation of safety conditions.
Modified Finslerian spaces for more effective ray-tracing. Application to seismic travel-time tomography
Authors: Arvanitis Michael 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This paper deals with a new ray-tracing approach for seismic travel-time tomography, using the Finslerian geometry. Traditional ray-tracing methods produce poor results because non-uniform coverage of rays in the whole computational domain. We developed and tested the new algorithm based on the Finsler geometry. Tests were carried out using both synthetic and real data. The results are described in this paper.
Insects in the White Stork Ciconia ciconia diet as indicators of its feeding conditions: the first diet study in Slovenia
Authors: Vrezec Al 
Published: October 2009

Insects in the White StorkCiconia ciconiadiet as indicators of its feeding conditions: the first diet study in SloveniaPrey remains found in the pellets of the White StorkCiconia ciconiaare known not to reveal the actual prey intake by the White Storks. The exceptions are the chitinous remains of insects that are quite well preserved in the pellets, and thus potentially good indicators of the actual intake of White Storks. Since insects are selected by White Storks in proportion to their abundance in the environment, they can be used as indicators of the quality of the bird foraging habitat. A preliminary test of this was carried out at three nests in NE Slovenia differing in their breeding success in 1997. In contrast to habitat analysis around the nest the proportions of Orthoptera and Coleoptera in the pellets corresponded well to the breeding success. Orthoptera species were dominant in high success, and Coleoptera (especially Carrion beetles Silphidae) in low success nests. In this paper the value of insects in White Stork pellets as indicators of the quality of the bird foraging microhabitat patches is set out. However, the indicative power of these insects needs to be tested further.
Andrade creep revisited
Authors: Louchet François , Duval Paul 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Transient creep of many materials at high temperatures obeys Andrade's law, in which creep strain is proportional to the cube root of time. The present paper aims at revisiting in terms of criticality the different explanations proposed so far. In agreement with Mott's statistical theory, and using the concept of load shedding and mechanical cascades introduced in Cottrell's microscopic model, we show that Andrade creep is obtained assuming only long range back stresses and delayed obstacle overcoming, both of them involving a large number of interacting sites responsible for stress fluctuations. The time exponent is 1/3 if work hardening is linear, and larger otherwise. Andrade's creep appears as a power law approach of the linear (or χ) creep regime.
Fundamental and applied aspects of laser surface engineering
Authors: De Hosson J. Th. M. , Ocelík V. , de Oliveira U. O. B. , Vainchtein D. I. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The contribution to this jubilee issue of IJMR concentrates on the analysis of laser surface treatments. In particular laser cladding processes using coaxial and side set-ups are evaluated to determine the optimal processing window that prioritizes the clad quality and the efficiency of the coating method. The microstructural features in these so-called processing maps are illustrated with Inverse Pole Figure (IPF) mapping, texture pole figures and Electron Backscatter Pattern (EBSP) techniques. The distribution of stresses inside Co-based laser coating is measured with the so-called three-dimensional X-ray Diffraction microscopy (3DXRD) and it is found very dispersive, i. e. stresses may change from one grain to another considerably. The mean value of observed hydrostatic stress in all grains at specific laser track depth is gradually changed from tensile state in the upper part of the coating to the compressive state in its lower part close to the substrate. On the other hand the average value of shear stress component does not show any substantial change with depth.
Thermodynamics of reactions and phase transformations at interfaces and surfaces
Authors: Jeurgens Lars P. H. , Wang Zumin , Mittemeijer Eric J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecent advances in the thermodynamic description of reactions and phase transformations at interfaces between metals, semiconductors, oxides and the ambient have been reviewed. Unanticipated nanostructures, characterized by the presence of phases at interfaces and surfaces which are unstable as bulk phases, can be thermodynamically stabilized due to the dominance of energy contributions of interfaces and surfaces in the total Gibbs energy of the system. The basic principles and practical guidelines to construct realistic, practically and generally applicable thermodynamic model descriptions of microstructural evolutions at interfaces and surfaces have been outlined. To this end, expressions for the estimation of the involved interface and surface energies have been dealt with extensively as a function of, e. g., the film composition and the growth temperature. Model predictions on transformations at interfaces (surfaces) in nanosized systems have been compared with corresponding experimental observations for, in particular, ultrathin (< 5 nm) oxide overgrowths on metal surfaces, as well as the metal-induced crystallization of semi-conductors in contact with various metals.
Conducting polymers for corrosion protection: a review
Authors: Rohwerder M. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Since the first reported publications about their possible application for corrosion protection, conducting polymers are discussed as promising candidates for a new generation of corrosion control coatings. However, although research has started about three decades ago and certainly about a thousand publications have been published on this topic, their technical application has not yet made its breakthrough.
The reason for this is that most coatings based on conducting polymers fail so far under practical corrosion conditions. Reasons will be discussed in this paper, as well as future challenges. As will be shown, conducting redox polymers such as polypyrrole or polyaniline indeed posses a promising potential for intelligent corrosion protection, but up to now this potential has not been explored.
Neurological injuries from car surfing
Authors: Wang Arthur , Cohen Alan R. , Robinson Shenandoah 
Published: October 2009

Object
Trauma secondary to car surfing is a unique mechanism of head and spinal injury in children and adolescents. In this study, the authors present their experience with neurological injuries resulting from car surfing and describe the growing national trend of car-surfing injuries and the increasing portrayal of this activity in the media.

Methods
A retrospective study of the Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital trauma database was conducted to identify all cases of neurological injuries secondary to car surfing. Between January 1995 and December 2008, 7 patients ≤ 16 years of age, including 6 boys and 1 girl, were identified. The charts of these patients were reviewed. National data on car-surfing fatalities over the same time period in children and adolescents 10–20 years of age were obtained from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, and these data were analyzed for national trends in car-surfing fatalities.

Results
All 7 children with injuries due to car surfing suffered traumatic head injuries. Three patients fell from the back of the moving vehicle, 2 fell from the hood, 1 fell from the side of the vehicle, and 1 patient sustained head injuries after intentionally jumping off the moving vehicle. All 7 children suffered intracranial bleeding, and 4 had associated skull fractures. One patient underwent craniotomy to evacuate an acute subdural hematoma. The other 6 patients required nonoperative treatment. Four patients had permanent neurological problems. National statistics have shown a steady rise in car-surfing fatality rates since 2000, especially in California, Florida, and Texas.

Conclusions
Car surfing is an unusual but serious mechanism of neurological injury in children and adolescents. Despite its dangers, car surfing is becoming a more common pastime in the pediatric population. National statistics have shown a steady rise in car-surfing fatalities since 2000. This national rise in fatalities chronologically overlaps with the introduction of media depictions of the activity since 1995. Increased awareness of the dangers of car surfing may help prevent future head injuries.
Comparison of accidental and nonaccidental traumatic brain injuries in infants and toddlers: demographics, neurosurgical interventions, and outcomes
Authors: Adamo Matthew A. , Drazin Doniel , Smith Caitlin , Waldman John B. 
Published: October 2009

Object
Nonaccidental trauma has become a leading cause of death in infants and toddlers. Compared with children suffering from accidental trauma, many children with nonaccidental trauma present with injuries requiring neurosurgical management and operative interventions.

Methods
A retrospective review was performed concerning the clinical and radiological findings, need for neurosurgical intervention, and outcomes in infants and toddlers with head injuries who presented to Albany Medical Center between 1999 and 2007. The Fisher exact probability test and ORs were computed for Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores, hyperdense versus hypodense subdural collections, and discharge and follow-up King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury (KOSCHI) scores.

Results
There were 218 patients, among whom 164 had sustained accidental trauma, and 54 had sustained nonaccidental trauma (NAT). The patients with accidental traumatic injuries were more likely to present with GCS scores of 13–15 (OR 6.95), and the patients with NATs with of GCS scores 9–12 (OR 6.83) and 3–8 (OR 2.99). Skull fractures were present in 57.2% of accidentally injured patients at presentation, and 15% had subdural collections. Skull fractures were present in 30% of nonaccidentally injured patients, and subdural collections in 52%. Patients with evidence of hypodense subdural collections were significantly more likely to be in the NAT group (OR 20.56). Patients with NAT injuries were also much more likely to require neurosurgical operative intervention. Patients with accidental trauma were more likely to have a KOSCHI score of 5 at discharge and follow-up (ORs 6.48 and 4.58), while patients with NAT had KOSCHI scores of 3a, 3b, 4a, and 4b at discharge (ORs 6.48, 5.47, 2.44, and 3.62, respectively), and 3b and 4a at follow-up.

Conclusions
Infant and toddler victims of NAT have significantly worse injuries and outcomes than those whose trauma was accidental. In the authors' experience, however, with aggressive intervention, many of these patients can make significant neurological improvements at subsequent follow-up visits.
Recurrence rates after neuroendoscopic fenestration and Gamma Knife surgery in comparison with subtotal resection and Gamma Knife surgery for the treatment of cystic craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Park Young Seok , Chang Jong Hee , Park Yong Gou , Kim Dong-Seok 
Published: October 2009

Object
The object of this study was to compare the recurrence rates of cystic craniopharyngiomas after neuroendoscopic cyst fenestration combined with Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) and after subtotal resection (STR) combined with GKS.

Methods
The records of 27 patients (age range 3–66 years) with cystic craniopharyngiomas that were treated surgically or neuroendoscopically before GKS between January 2000 and December 2007 were reviewed to compare recurrence rates. The patients were divided into 2 groups: Group 1 (13 patients) received the neuroendoscopic procedure before GKS, and Group 2 (14 patients) received an STR followed by GKS. Tumor volumes, radiation doses, visual field defects, endocrine levels, and recurrences were compared between the 2 groups. Patients with solid tumors and those who underwent complete resection were excluded from the study.

Results
The recurrence rate for Group 1 was higher than that of Group 2 (p = 0.046). The radiation dose near the optic chiasm was higher in Group 1 (p = 0.021) than in Group 2. However, endocrine function was better preserved in Group 1 than in Group 2.

Conclusions
This investigation confirms that STR followed by GKS results in a lower recurrence rate than neuroendoscopy and GKS. Neuroendoscopy and GKS, however, results in a better preservation of endocrine function. These results suggest that a generalized multimodal approach including endoscopic fenestration in addition to GKS is hindered by higher recurrence rates.
Ultrahigh-dose intraarterial infusion of verapamil through an indwelling microcatheter for medically refractory severe vasospasm: initial experience
Authors: Albanese Erminia , Russo Antonino , Quiroga Monica , Willis Rhett N. , Mericle Robert A. , Ulm Arthur J. 
Published: October 2009

Object
Vasospasm is one of the leading causes of morbidity and death following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Many patients suffer devastating strokes despite the best medical therapy. Endovascular treatment is the last line of defense for cases of medically refractory vasospasm. The authors present a series of patients who were treated with a prolonged intraarterial infusion of verapamil through an in-dwelling microcatheter.

Methods
Over a 1-year period 12 patients with medically refractory vasospasm due to aneurysmal SAH were identified. Data were retrospectively collected, including age, sex, Hunt and Hess grade, Fisher grade, aneurysm location, aneurysm treatment, day of the onset of vasospasm, intracranial pressure, mean arterial pressures, intraarterial treatment of vasospasm, dosages and times of verapamil infusion, presence of a new ischemic area on CT scan, modified Rankin scale score at discharge and at the last clinical follow-up, and discharge status.

Results
Twenty-seven treatments were administered. Between 25 and 360 mg of verapamil was infused per vessel (average dose per vessel 164.6 mg, range of total dose per treatment 70–720 mg). Infusion times ranged from 1 to 20.5 hours (average 7.8 hours). The number of treated vessels ranged from 1 to 7 per patient. The number of treatments per patients ranged from 1 to 4. There was no treatment-related morbidity or death. Blood pressure and intracranial pressure changes were transient and rapidly reversible. Among the 36 treated vessels, prolonged verapamil infusion was completely effective in 32 cases and partially effective in 4. Only 4 vessels required angioplasty for refractory vasospasm after prolonged verapamil infusion. There was no CT scanning evidence of new ischemic events in 9 of the 12 patients treated. At last clinical follow-up 6–12 months after discharge, 8 of 11 patients had a modified Rankin Scale score ≤2.

Conclusions
Prolonged intraarterial infusion of verapamil is a safe and effective treatment for medically refractory severe vasospasm and reduces the need for angioplasty in such cases.
Bilateral radial hemimelia, polydactyly and cardiomegaly in two cats
Authors: Montgomery R. , McEwen V. , Lockwood A. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Case Description: Two feline littermates were presented to the Auburn University Small Animal Clinic at the age of approximately 10 weeks. Both cats had varus thoracic limb deformities bilaterally and pelvic limb polydactyly.
Clinical Findings: Radiographs revealed bilateral radial hypoplasia (hemimelia), generalised cardiomegaly, and pelvic limb polydactyly.
Treatment and Outcome: No treatment was instituted. Cardiopulmonary changes will be monitored periodically.
Clinical Relevance: The heritability of radial hemimelia has been suggested, but has yet to be proven. In utero environmental causes (teratogens) are another possible cause of congenital radial hemimelia. The presence of bilateral pelvic limb polydactyly, bilateral radial hemimelia, and generalised cardiomegaly in feline littermates may offer more information on the origins of this orthopaedic disorder and the potential undesirable results that can occur when breeding polydactyl cats or cats affected by radial hemimelia.