bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time windows in retention over the first year‐and‐a‐half of life: Spacing effects
Authors: Hsu Vivian C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe time window construct describes when and how an earlier experience will be enduring. According to the construct, there is a limited period after an event occurs, or time window, in which a second event can retrieve and be integrated with the memory of the first event. The construct also holds that when the integration occurs later in the time window, its effects are more enduring. This study examined the time window construct for session spacing with 6‐ to 18‐month‐old human infants. Infants of all ages exhibited the retention benefit of two (integrated) sessions only when the second session occurred within the time window, but only 6‐month‐olds remembered longer when it occurred late in the time window. Combined with 3‐month‐olds' data, these findings document the generality and predictive validity of the time window construct throughout the infancy period with one modification: Integration late in the time window only benefits infants younger than 9 months. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 764–774, 2010.
Kinematic analysis of overground locomotion in chicks incubated under different light conditions
Authors: Sindhurakar Anil , Bradley Nina S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDomestic chicks walk within 3–4 hr after hatching following 21 days of incubation. However, differences in light exposure can vary incubation duration. Based on pilot studies, we predicted that there would be a positive relationship between incubation duration and locomotor competence at hatching. Embryos were incubated in one of three conditions that varied light duration and intensity, and overground locomotor performance was tested on the day of hatching. Chicks incubated in continuous bright light hatched 1–2 days earlier than chicks incubated in less or no light. Kinematic findings indicated that locomotor skill was similar across incubation conditions and led us to reject our hypothesis. We propose that light may accelerate locomotor development without adversely affecting skill. Our findings raise two important implications for future studies: whether light exposure accelerates locomotor circuit development; and/or it unmasks adaptive motor skill by accelerating development of other physiological systems. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 802–812, 2010.
Slope limiting for vectors: A novel vector limiting algorithm
Authors: Luttwak Gabi , Falcovitz Joseph 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSlope or flux limiters are used in high‐order methods to maintain monotonicity of the solution near discontinuities. For vectors or tensors, these limiters are applied separately to each component. Such a procedure is inherently frame‐dependent and can break rotational or planar symmetries present in a problem. Instead, we propose a new frame‐invariant VIP monotonicity criterion for vectors. We use this new concept to formulate a VIP slope‐limiter for the SMG/Q scheme for Lagrangian hydrodynamics. The new limiter is found to improve symmetry preservation in a number of test problems, including the Saltzman test, 2D and 3D Sedov–Taylor problems, and 2D Noh problem. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial variability in the flowpath of hillslope runoff and streamflow in a meso‐scale catchment
Authors: Uchida Taro , Asano Yuko 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecent studies have reported that not only water travelling through the soil layer but also emerging from fractured/weathered bedrock, contributes to hillslope runoff from steep wet hillslopes. Therefore, discharge is derived from a variety of hillslope sources. However, data are often lacking about how spatial variability in the water movement in bedrock on hillslopes affects hydrological behaviours in individual catchments because most previous studies have focused on single hillslopes in individual catchments. Therefore, we began by examining spatial variability in the bedrock groundwater contribution to hillslope runoff using a data set from Fudoji (central Japan), which has uniform bedrock geology, soil type and land use. We found that most hillslope runoff within the meso‐scale catchment (4·27 km2) was a mixture of water flowing through the soil layer (subsurface flow) and water emerging from bedrock (groundwater flow). The depths of water sources (flowpath) that contributed to hillslope runoff varied greatly, even though the catchment had uniform bedrock geology, soil type and land use. Furthermore, we examined how bedrock groundwater affected hydrological behaviour in the catchment and found that the streamflow of first‐ to sixth‐order streams were a mixture of water from the soil layer and bedrock groundwater, indicating that the end member of streamflow was the same as hillslope runoff in terms of the depth of flowpath. We also found that the mixing ratio of water from the soil layer and bedrock groundwater in first‐order streams exhibited a significant spatial variation, but that the mixing ratio in third‐ to sixth‐order streams did not. This indicates that depth of flowpath is a key component for describing hillslope and catchment hydrological responses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence of effective hydraulic conductivity on rainfall intensity: loamy agricultural soils
Authors: Langhans Christoph , Govers Gerard , Diels Jan , Clymans Wim , Van den Putte An 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEffective hydraulic conductivity (Ke) can be estimated with statistical models derived from datasets of field measured conductivities. Pedotransfer functions (PTFs) estimate constant Ke values, but suffer from large prediction errors because the functions usually do not account for soil structural heterogeneities. Rainfall‐runoff data have shown that the effective hydraulic conductivity, defined as final infiltration rate at steady state given ponding, is dependent on rainfall intensity. In this study a statistical approach to establish functions for rainfall intensity‐dependent Ke values is presented, including some specific functions for Western European loamy agricultural soils. Steady‐state rainfall experiments have been conducted with a drip‐type rainfall simulator at multiple intensities on small plots, installed on fields covered by four typical crops of the central part of the Belgian loess belt. A mixed linear model has been applied to temperature standardized and ln‐transformed values of apparent steady‐state infiltration rate and rainfall intensity data for the determination of significant explanatory variables and their parameters. Crop type was a necessary classification effect that accounts for much of the variation that could not be explained by continuous variables of soil and surface properties. However, soil surface bulk density, silt and sand content, tortuosity in surface microtopography, plant and residue cover (RC) were predictors that improved predictions combined with crop effect. Model efficiency (ME) values were between 0·81 and 0·97 for calibration and between 0·75 and 0·95 for validation. The application of the functions is limited to sloping, loamy agricultural soils in a Western European climate, during the spring and early summer growing phase, with not fully developed canopy cover and an RC of less than 20%. These limitations bound field conditions that are vulnerable to severe erosion events. A dynamic Ke could be applied in infiltration models, changing runoff and erosion response in hillslope models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic mutations and germline sequence variants in patients with familial colorectal cancer
Authors: Gylfe Alexandra E. , Sirkiä Johanna , Ahlsten Manuel , Järvinen Heikki , Mecklin Jukka‐Pekka , Karhu Auli , Aaltonen Lauri A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is estimated that up to 35% of colorectal cancers (CRC) can be explained by hereditary factors. However, genes predisposing to highly penetrant CRC syndromes account for only a small fraction of all cases. Thus, most CRCs still remain molecularly unexplained. A recent systematic sequencing study on well‐annotated human protein coding genes identified 280 somatically mutated candidate cancer genes (CAN genes) in breast and colorectal cancer. It is estimated that 8% of all reported cancer genes show both somatic and germline mutations. Therefore, the identified CAN genes serve as a distinct set of candidates for being involved in hereditary susceptibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of colorectal CAN genes in familial CRC. Samples from 45 familial CRCs without known cancer predisposing mutations were screened for somatic and germline variants in 15 top‐ranked CAN genes. Six of the genes were found to be somatically mutated in our tumor series. We identified 22 nonsynonymous somatic mutations of which the majority was of missense type. In germline, three novel nonsynonymous variants were identified in the following genes: CSMD3, EPHB6 and C10orf137, and none of the variants were present in 890 population‐matched healthy controls. It is possible that the identified germline variants modulate predisposition to CRC. Functional validation and larger sample sets, however, will be required to clarify the role of the identified germline variants in CRC susceptibility.
Transcriptional response of hepatic largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) mRNA upon exposure to environmental contaminants
Authors: Sanchez Brian C. , Carter Barbara , Hammers Heather R. , Sepúlveda María S 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMicroarrays enable gene transcript expression changes in near‐whole genomes to be assessed in response to environmental stimuli. We utilized oligonucleotide microarrays and subsequent gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) to assess patterns of gene expression changes in male largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) hepatic tissues after a 96 h exposure to common environmental contaminants. Fish were exposed to atrazine, cadmium chloride, PCB 126, phenanthrene and toxaphene via intraperitoneal injection with target body burdens of 3.0, 0.00067, 2.5, 50 and 100 µg g−1, respectively. This was conducted in an effort to identify potential biomarkers of exposure. The expressions of 4, 126, 118, 137 and 58 mRNA transcripts were significantly (P ≤ 0.001, fold change ≥2×) affected by exposure to atrazine, cadmium chloride, PCB 126, phenanthrene and toxaphene exposures, respectively. GSEA revealed that none, four, five, five and three biological function gene ontology categories were significantly influenced by exposure to these chemicals, respectively. We observed that cadmium chloride elicited ethanol metabolism responses, and along with PCB 126 and phenanthrene affected transcripts associated with protein biosynthesis. PCB 126, phenanthrene and toxaphene also influenced one‐carbon compound metabolism while PCB 126 and phenanthrene affected mRNA transcription and mRNA export from the nucleus and may have induced an antiestrogenic response. Atrazine was found to alter the expression of few hepatic transcripts. This work has highlighted several biological processes of interest that may be helpful in the development of gene transcript biomarkers of chemical exposure in fish. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embryonic stem cell neurogenesis and neural specification
Authors: Germain Noélle , Banda Erin , Grabel Laura 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe prospect of using embryonic stem cell (ESC)‐derived neural progenitors and neurons to treat neurological disorders has led to great interest in defining the conditions that guide the differentiation of ESCs, and more recently induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), into neural stem cells (NSCs) and a variety of neuronal and glial subtypes. Over the past decade, researchers have looked to the embryo to guide these studies, applying what we know about the signaling events that direct neural specification during development. This has led to the design of a number of protocols that successfully promote ESC neurogenesis, terminating with the production of neurons and glia with diverse regional addresses and functional properties. These protocols demonstrate that ESCs undergo neural specification in two, three, and four dimensions, mimicking the cell–cell interactions, patterning, and timing that characterizes the in vivo process. We therefore propose that these in vitro systems can be used to examine the molecular regulation of neural specification. J. Cell. Biochem. 111: 535–542, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Restoration of DNA‐binding and growth‐suppressive activity of mutant forms of p53 via a PCAF‐mediated acetylation pathway
Authors: Perez Ricardo E. , Knights Chad D. , Sahu Geetaram , Catania Jason , Kolukula Vamsi K. , Stoler Daniel , Graessmann Adolf , Ogryzko Vasily , Pishvaian Michael , Albanese Christopher , Avantaggiati Maria Laura 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTumor‐derived mutant forms of p53 compromise its DNA binding, transcriptional, and growth regulatory activity in a manner that is dependent upon the cell‐type and the type of mutation. Given the high frequency of p53 mutations in human tumors, reactivation of the p53 pathway has been widely proposed as beneficial for cancer therapy. In support of this possibility p53 mutants possess a certain degree of conformational flexibility that allows for re‐induction of function by a number of structurally different artificial compounds or by short peptides. This raises the question of whether physiological pathways for p53 mutant reactivation also exist and can be exploited therapeutically. The activity of wild‐type p53 is modulated by various acetyl‐transferases and deacetylases, but whether acetylation influences signaling by p53 mutant is still unknown. Here, we show that the PCAF acetyl‐transferase is down‐regulated in tumors harboring p53 mutants, where its re‐expression leads to p53 acetylation and to cell death. Furthermore, acetylation restores the DNA‐binding ability of p53 mutants in vitro and expression of PCAF, or treatment with deacetylase inhibitors, promotes their binding to p53‐regulated promoters and transcriptional activity in vivo. These data suggest that PCAF‐mediated acetylation rescues activity of at least a set of p53 mutations. Therefore, we propose that dis‐regulation of PCAF activity is a pre‐requisite for p53 mutant loss of function and for the oncogenic potential acquired by neoplastic cells expressing these proteins. Our findings offer a new rationale for therapeutic targeting of PCAF activity in tumors harboring oncogenic versions of p53. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 394–405, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of calcium and ROS in cell death induced by polyunsaturated fatty acids in murine thymocytes
Authors: Prasad Aparna , Bloom Michael S. , Carpenter David O. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe investigated the mechanisms whereby omega‐3 and ‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) cause cell death of mouse thymocytes using flow cytometry, focusing on the respective roles of intracellular calcium concentration, [Ca2+]i and reactive oxygen species (ROS). We applied the C‐22, 20, and 18 carbon omega‐3 (DHA, EPA, ALA) and omega‐6 (DTA, ARA, and LNA) fatty acids to isolated thymocytes and monitored cell death using the DNA‐binding dye, propidium iodide. When applied at 20 µM concentration, omega‐3 fatty acids killed thymocytes over a period of 1 h with a potency of DHA > EPA > ALA. The omega‐6 PUFAs were more potent. The C18 omega‐6 fatty acid, LNA, was the most potent, followed by DHA and ARA. Cell death was always accompanied by an increase in the levels of [Ca2+]i and ROS. Both increases were in proportion to the potency of the PUFAs in inducing cell death. Removing extracellular calcium did not prevent the elevation in [Ca2+]i nor cell death. However, the intracellular calcium chelator, BAPTA, almost totally reduced both the elevation in [Ca2+]i and cell death, while vitamin E reduced the elevation in ROS and cell death. BAPTA also prevented the elevation in ROS, but vitamin E did not prevent the elevation in [Ca2+]i. Thapsigargin, which depletes endoplasmic reticulum calcium, blocked the elevation in [Ca2+]i, but CCCP, a mitochondrial calcium uptake inhibitor, did not. These results suggest that the six PUFAs we studied kill thymocytes by causing release of calcium from endoplasmic reticulum, which causes release of ROS from mitochondria which leads to cell death. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 829–836, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adipocytes decrease Runx2 expression in osteoblastic cells: Roles of PPARγ and adiponectin
Authors: Liu Li‐Fen , Shen Wen‐Jun , Zhang Zhong Hua , Wang Li Juan , Kraemer Fredric B. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe mechanisms through which bone marrow adipocytes might influence differentiation and function of osteoblasts are not completely understood. To investigate the direct effects of bone marrow fat cells on osteoblast function, an ex vivo co‐culture system was utilized comprising either primary fat cells or differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes and osteoblastic cells on transwells. In co‐culture, both adipocytes and osteoblastic cells were differentiated into adipocytes or osteoblasts, respectively, before culturing on transwells. Co‐culture with either primary fat cells or fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 adipocytes significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in osteoblastic cells. An increase in mRNA and protein expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) occurred concomitantly with the reduction of Runx2 expression. Adiponectin concentration was increased in the media by co‐culture. In addition, co‐culture with conditioned media from fat cells increased PPARγ promoter activity and decreased Runx2 promoter activity. Knockdown of PPARγ or adiponectin receptor 1 in osteoblastic cells by siRNA prevented the down‐regulation of mRNA expression of Runx2 in osteoblastic cells cultured with fully differentiated 3T3‐L1 cells. Furthermore, co‐transfection with PPARγ decreased Runx2 promoter activity. A marker of osteogenesis, alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells was significantly decreased by co‐culture. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining showed that co‐culture did not induce apoptosis in osteoblastic cells. Thus, we conclude that adipocytes modulate key metabolic functions of osteoblasts through the release of secretory products. PPARγ plays a key role in mediating the effects of adipocytes on osteoblasts. J. Cell. Physiol. 225: 837–845, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do information and communication technologies (ICTs) contribute to development?
Authors: Heeks Richard 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis editorial introduces the three papers in this Policy Arena on the contribution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to development. Contribution in terms of technology diffusion and use – especially of mobile phones – is easy to detect. But focus has only recently shifted along the ‘ICT‐for‐development value chain’ from these indicators of ICT readiness and availability, to the question of development impact.In part, the absence or poor quality of ICT impact assessment to date derives from its lack of conceptual foundations. This editorial maps out the intellectual roots of the emerging sub‐discipline of ‘development informatics’ to show where such foundations may come from. It also summarises the conceptualised contributions made by each of the Policy Arena papers. The papers draw on models of enterprise value chains, empowerment and Sen's capability theory to demonstrate ICTs' contribution to conceptions of development as economic growth, as sustainable livelihoods, and as freedom.Of course, not all ICT initiatives succeed, and the editorial provides a good practice summary drawn from experiences of success and failure. It moves beyond the perennial call for practitioners and policy makers to incorporate impact assessment as part of this good practice. First, by identifying the need to address motivational and structural issues around impact assessment. Second, by calling on policy makers to be more aware of the transformational potential of ICTs in development; so‐called ‘Development 2.0’. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ICT4WHAT?—Using the choice framework to operationalise the capability approach to development
Authors: Kleine Dorothea 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIdentifying the particular contribution of information and communication technologies (ICTs) to specific development goals has proven to be extremely difficult. This paper argues that instead of trying to make ICTs fit with a linear conceptualisation of impacts and an often economistic view of development, the field of information and communication technologies for development (ICT4D) should be used as a prime example of a development process which has to be analysed in a systemic and holistic way. Amartya Sen's capability approach offers a way of thinking about development not as economic growth, but as individual freedom. The Choice Framework is presented as a way of operationalising this approach and visualising the elements of a systemic conceptualisation of the development process. An individual case study, related to telecentres in rural Chile, is used to demonstrate the way the Choice Framework can be applied as a guide to a systemic and holistic analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case for recognizing distinctions among constructs that capture interpersonal mistreatment in work organizations
Authors: Tepper Bennett J. , Henle Christine A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractLeading organizational behavior scholars have argued that construct proliferation threatens the interpretability of interpersonal mistreatment research and have argued that researchers should employ the same terminology to refer to constructs that have been studied under distinct labels (e.g., bullying, deviance, retaliation, abuse, undermining). We argue that most of the construct labels researchers regularly employ capture meaningful theoretical differences, although the corresponding measures often fail to capture the distinctive features of mistreatment constructs. We further argue that a more immediate threat to the interpretability of research in this area is that scholars have overlooked the distinctions among the individual forms of mistreatment that comprise extant operational definitions. We offer recommendations for addressing what we perceive to be the major limitations of current interpersonal mistreatment research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.