bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A parody of theOdysseyin the Life ofAesop
Authors: Karla Grammatiki A. 
Published: March 2012

TheLife of Aesopis an anonymous text of the first century BC / first century AD, which narrates how Aesop, an ugly slave from Phrygia, gains his freedom thanks to his intelligence, and how he later comes to enjoy fame and popularity, until he arrives at Delphi, where he is falsely accused and finally killed.Critics have already pointed out that at a crucial point of the narrative, the encounter between Aesop and the inhabitant of Delphi (ch. 124), the author of theLifereaches back to the text of Homer to produce an effective parody. In order to describe the pale faces of the people of Delphi, Aesop quotes Glaucus' words to Diomedes atIliad6.146: οἵη περ φύλλων γενεή, τοίη δὲ καὶ ἀνδρῶν (‘As is the generation of leaves, so is that of humanity’). Nor does Homer's influence seem to be limited to this one conspicuous instance.In the present paper I hope to show that the meeting between Aesop and his mistress (chs. 29-33) in theLife of Aesop(hereafter theLife) is a comic reversal or parody of a Homeric narrative episode, the meeting of Odysseus and Penelope (Odyssey19.96–316, 19.508–604). The author of theLifepresents the lecherous wife of Xanthos in satirical terms, whilst his allusions to the particular Homeric hypotext produce a clever parody that makes for an even more effective satire.
Fantasising Phryne: The psychology and ethics ofekphrasis
Authors: Morales Helen 
Published: March 2012

‘It's such a pity that we don't haveAnything like a photographOf her about whom the ancients rave …’…Fragments, copies, our museums still holdOf statues she modelled, or so we're told(fromPhryneby Robert Conquest, 2000)Phryne, the celebrityhetairawho is said to have lived and loved some time during the fourth century BCE, was reputed to be ‘by far the most phenomenal of thehetairai’ (ἐπιφανεστάτη πολὺ τῶν ἑταίρων). This article aims to examine the anecdotes told about Phryne and argues that collectively they constitute a discourse on viewing that illuminates a significant aspect of the production and interpretation of art: the ethical and aesthetic problems involved (for the artist, subject, model and other viewers) in making and describing naturalistic art, especially that which represents the gods. A rich repertoire of written material on Phryne, and on the statue of the Aphrodite of Cnidus for which she was said to have been the model, has survived, although mostly by later rather than contemporary writers. Among the descriptions of the statue there is a group of epigrams collected in theGreek Anthologywhose authorship and dating are largely uncertain. On Phryne we have accounts and imaginative scenarios in Alciphron, Lucian and Pausanias, all presumed to be writing in the second century CE; Athenaeus, who most probably wrote in the third century CE; and quotations from earlier writers.
Economic dimensions of armed groups: profiling the financing, costs, and agendas and their implications for mediated engagements
Authors: Wennmann Achim 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article introduces the various economic dimensions of armed groups and explores the implications of their engagement through mediation and dialogue. It looks specifically at the financing, operational costs, and economic agendas of armed groups and brings together examples from Angola, Kosovo, Sudan, Colombia, and other places. It emphasizes that information about available financing and operational costs is critical for assessing the financial and operational strength of an armed group. It also highlights the need to understand armed groups in the broader context of their evolution and the changes that organizational and territorial expansions require with regards to financing strategies. Overall, the economic dimensions of armed groups should be approached with an open mind so that issues such as financing, costs, and economic agendas can be perceived as opportunities, and not necessarily as a problem for peace.
The applicability of international humanitarian law to organized armed groups
Authors: Kleffner Jann K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWhile it is generally accepted today that international humanitarian law (IHL) is binding on organized armed groups, it is less clear why that is so and how the binding force of IHL on organized armed groups is to be construed. A number of explanations for that binding force have been offered. The present contribution critically examines five such explanations, namely that organized armed groups are bound via the state on whose territory they operate; that organized armed groups are bound because their members are bound by IHL as individuals; that norms of IHL are binding on organized armed groups by virtue of the fact that they exercisede factogovernmental functions; that customary IHL is applicable to organized armed groups because of the (limited) international legal personality that they possess; and that organized armed groups are bound by IHL because they have consented thereto.
International law: armed groups in a state-centric system
Authors: Daboné Zakaria 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWhat is the position of non-state armed groups in public international law, a system conceived for and by states? This article considers the question, mainly in the light of jus ad bellum and jus in bello. It shows that, while armed groups essentially trigger the application of jus ad bellum, they are not themselves endowed with a right to peace. Jus in bello confers rights and obligations on armed groups, but in the context of an unequal relationship with the state. This inequality before the law is strikingly illustrated by the regulation of detention practised by armed groups in non-international armed conflicts. Despite the significant role that they play in modern-day conflicts, armed groups constitute an ‘anomaly’ in a legal system that continues to be state-centric.
Growth Rate of the California Sea Cucumber Parastichopus californicus: Measurement Accuracy and Relationships between Size and Weight Metrics
Authors: Hannah Lucie , Duprey Nicholas , Blackburn John , Hand Claudia M. , Pearce Christopher M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Management of the fishery for California sea cucumbers Parastichopus californicus in the Pacific Northwest is limited by a lack of natural growth rate estimates. Growth rates of caged juvenile California sea cucumbers (from Departure Bay, British Columbia) consuming a natural diet for 12 months (September 2008–September 2009) were examined. Growth was low between September and March but significantly increased thereafter, appearing to follow seasonal physiological processes, temperature, and natural sedimentation rates. Over the 12-month period, whole wet weight in air (WWA) increased by an average of 164%, immersed whole weight (IWW) increased by 251%, and the size index (SI) increased by 85%. Average standard growth rates were 0.267%/d for WWA, 0.346%/d for IWW, and 0.169%/d for SI. Measurement accuracy, effects of body content, and relationships between size and weight metrics are discussed. These findings are an important addition to the knowledge of California sea cucumber biology and are valuable for the stock assessment, fisheries management, and aquaculture of this species.
Received January 1, 2011; accepted November 10, 2011
Effectiveness of Seining after Electrofishing to Characterize Stream Fish Communities
Authors: Meador Michael R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The richness and composition of species collected uniquely to electrofishing and subsequent seining efforts were examined at 271 stream sites across the USA by using wadeable electrofishing methods (backpack or barge electrofishing) or boat electrofishing followed by seining. Seining after wadeable electrofishing resulted in the collection of new species at 42% of sites, whereas seining after boat electrofishing resulted in the collection of new species at 87% of sites. Mean percentage of total observed fish species richness that was collected uniquely by seining was 6% (representing one new species, on average) after wadeable electrofishing compared with 18% (four new species, on average) after boat electrofishing. Shannon–Wiener diversity index values were not significantly different between data from combined sampling (electrofishing and seining) and data from wadeable electrofishing (P = 0.490) but were significantly different between boat electrofishing and combined sampling (P = 0.004). Seining efforts after boat electrofishing can provide critical information that allows for a more complete characterization of the fish community. For sampling in wadeable streams, decisions regarding the use of seines should consider the effectiveness of electrofishing at a given site and the use of seines as an alternative primary sampling gear rather than as a supplement to electrofishing.
Received June 22, 2011; accepted November 10, 2011
Discontinuous change in ice cover in Hudson Bay in the 1990s and some consequences for marine birds and their prey
Authors: Gaston Anthony J. , Smith Paul A. , Provencher Jennifer F. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Gaston A. J., Smith, P. A., and Provencher, J. F. 2012. Discontinuous change in ice cover in Hudson Bay in the 1990s and some consequences for marine birds and their prey. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: . Arctic ice cover has changed strikingly since the mid-1990s, with the minimum ice extent in the northern hemisphere diminishing by 8.5% per decade since 1981. In the Canadian Arctic, ice cover in June and November showed a step change in the mid-1990s, with little reduction before that. There was a similar step change in northern Hudson Bay. A long-term dataset on marine birds at Coats Island, Nunavut, revealed that many changes in seabird biology also exhibited an abrupt change at, or soon after, the change in ice conditions. This applied to their diet that switched in the 1990s from one dominated by Arctic cod, Boreogadus saida, to one dominated by capelin, Mallotus villosus. Evidence from the proportion of Arctic cod in adult diets suggested that the length of the open-water season may be a good predictor of the switch between Arctic cod and capelin. Other changes, in nestling growth and population trend, may relate to the same ecosystem changes that led to the switch in diet. Abrupt changes, as in the breeding biology of murres at Coats Island, would seem to be characteristic of ecosystem alterations driven by climate change.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum on Sonchus asper in China
Authors: Pei D. , Xu X. , Feng Y. , Li C. 
Published: March 2012

Sonchus asper is an exotic annual herb belonging to the Asteraceae family. Crude extracts of S. asper leaves have antiphlogistic and antibacterial properties. In May 2011, severe infection of powdery mildew was observed on S. asper in Henan Province, a central area of China. Symptoms began as small, nearly circular white spots that later enlarged and coalesced. As the disease progressed, white mycelia covered the entire plant, including the inflorescence. The voucher specimens are kept at the Key Laboratory of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Shangqiu Normal University. Conidiophores were erect, 108 to 220 × 10 to 12 μm, and composed of a cylindrical foot cell followed by two to three short cells. Nipple-shaped appressoria were formed on ectophytic mycelia. Conidia were hyaline and cylindrical, without distinct fibrosin bodies, and ranging from 29 to 42 × 19 to 24 μm. Long, unbranched germ tubes were formed from the ends of the conidia. These morphological characteristics suggested that the powdery mildew fungus is the anamorph of Golovinomyces cichoracearum (1,2). Chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. To confirm the identification, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA was amplified with ITS1 and ITS4 primers (4) and sequenced. The ITS sequence obtained was assigned Accession No. JQ010848 in GenBank, and had 99% similarity to two ITS sequences from different G. cichoracearum accessions (HM449077 and AY739111). The ITS sequence analysis further verified that the causal agent of the powdery mildew on S. asper was G. cichoracearum. Pathogenicity was confirmed by inoculating five healthy plants of S. asper with a conidial suspension (105 conidia/ml) from the infected plants, with five noninoculated plants serving as control. Inoculated plants developed the original powdery mildew symptoms after 10 days, whereas control plants remained healthy. G. cichoracearum (synonym Erysiphe cichoracearum) is a cosmopolitan powdery mildew fungus, parasitic on numerous plant species in the Asteraceae family. It was reported to be infecting S. asper in Bulgaria (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of G. cichoracearum infections on S. asper in China. S. asper is one of the most important Chinese herbal medicines. The sudden appearance of powdery mildew caused by G. cichoracearum on this plant could result in substantial production loss of S. asper unless fungicide applications are employed. References: (1) U. Braun. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 89:1, 1987. (2) R. T. A. Cook and U. Braun. Mycol. Res. 113:616, 2009. (3) G. Negrean and C. M. Denchev. Mycologia Balcanica, 2004, 1:63. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.
OsMYB2P-1, an R2R3 MYB Transcription Factor, Is Involved in the Regulation of Phosphate-Starvation Responses and Root Architecture in Rice
Authors: Dai Xiaoyan , Wang Yuanyuan , Yang An , Zhang Wen-Hao 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
An R2R3 MYB transcription factor, OsMYB2P-1, was identified from microarray data by monitoring the expression profile of rice (Oryza sativa ssp. japonica) seedlings exposed to phosphate (Pi)-deficient medium. Expression of OsMYB2P-1 was induced by Pi starvation. OsMYB2P-1 was localized in the nuclei and exhibited transcriptional activation activity. Overexpression of OsMYB2P-1 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice enhanced tolerance to Pi starvation, while suppression of OsMYB2P-1 by RNA interference in rice rendered the transgenic rice more sensitive to Pi deficiency. Furthermore, primary roots of OsMYB2P-1-overexpressing plants were shorter than those in wild-type plants under Pi-sufficient conditions, while primary roots and adventitious roots of OsMYB2P-1-overexpressing plants were longer than those of wild-type plants under Pi-deficient conditions. These results suggest that OsMYB2P-1 may also be associated with the regulation of root system architecture. Overexpression of OsMYB2P-1 led to greater expression of Pi-responsive genes such as Oryza sativa UDP-sulfoquinovose synthase, OsIPS1, OsPAP10, OsmiR399a, and OsmiR399j. In contrast, overexpression of OsMYB2P-1 suppressed the expression of OsPHO2 under both Pi-sufficient and Pi-deficient conditions. Moreover, expression of OsPT2, which encodes a low-affinity Pi transporter, was up-regulated in OsMYB2P-1-overexpressing plants under Pi-sufficient conditions, whereas expression of the high-affinity Pi transporters OsPT6, OsPT8, and OsPT10 was up-regulated by overexpression of OsMYB2P-1 under Pi-deficient conditions, suggesting that OsMYB2P-1 may act as a Pi-dependent regulator in controlling the expression of Pi transporters. These findings demonstrate that OsMYB2P-1 is a novel R2R3 MYB transcriptional factor associated with Pi starvation signaling in rice.
Novel anti‐acne actions of nadifloxacin and clindamycin that inhibit the production of sebum, prostaglandin E2 and promatrix metalloproteinase‐2 in hamster sebocytes
Authors: SATO Takashi , SHIRANE Tatsuhiko , NOGUCHI Norihisa , SASATSU Masanori , ITO Akira 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAcne vulgaris is characteristic of excess sebum production and the induction of inflammatory reactions, for example, the augmentation of cytokine, prostaglandin (PG) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production in sebaceous glands and pilosebaceous units. As Propionibacterium acnes is considered to be involved in the aggravation of acne vulgaris, antimicrobial agents have been found to be effective for treating acne leading to the remission of inflammation. However, it is not fully understood whether antimicrobial agents influence sebum production and/or the inflammatory reactions in sebaceous gland cells (sebocytes). In the present study, topical antimicrobial agents such as nadifloxacin (NDFX) and clindamycin (CLDM) decreased the production of triacylglycerols (TG), which are a major component of sebum in insulin‐differentiated hamster sebocytes. These antibiotics also suppressed insulin‐augmented gene expression and the production of perilipin, by which intracellular lipid droplet formation was concomitantly inhibited. On the other hand, peptidoglycan (PGN) from Gram‐positive bacteria dose‐dependently increased TG production in hamster sebocytes. The augmented TG production was decreased by treating NDFX or CLDM. Furthermore, NDFX and CLDM inhibited the PGN‐augmented PGE2 production in the sebocytes. Moreover, NDFX, but not CLDM, suppressed the PGN‐augmented gene expression and production of pro‐MMP‐2/progelatinase A in hamster sebocytes. Therefore, these results provide novel evidence that NDFX and CLDM exhibit anti‐lipogenesis and anti‐inflammatory activities against insulin‐ or PGN‐activated sebocytes which at least partly mimic acne pathology in vitro. Moreover, NDFX for acne therapy is likely to be effective in not only inhibiting microbial proliferation but also in preventing the onset of acne scar formation.
Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter of the growth hormone‐releasing hormone receptor gene are associated with growth and reproduction traits in chickens
Authors: Liu W. , Yu Y. , Li G. , Tang S. , Zhang Y. , Wang Y. , Zhang S. , Zhang Y. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryGrowth hormone‐releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) plays a critical role in growth hormone (GH) synthesis, release and regulation in animals. The objective of this study was to investigate variations of the chicken GHRHR gene and their associations with growth and reproduction traits in 768 Beijing You chickens. Results revealed three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of the gene (g.‐1654A>G, g.‐1411A>G and g.‐142T>C). Association analysis revealed that the novel SNP g.‐1654A>G had significant effects on chicken body weight at 7, 9, 11, 13, 17 weeks of age and the age of first egg as well as egg number at 32, 36 and 40 weeks. Significant association was also observed between g.‐1411A>G and g.‐142T>C with EN24. Moreover, the age of first egg was distinctly related with g.‐142T>C (P < 0.05). Although significant statistical difference was not detected in GHRHR mRNA levels among genotypes of the SNPs (P > 0.05), strong expression variations of the gene were found between the ages 17 and 20 weeks in the population (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the three SNPs in the GHRHR promoter could be used as potential genetic markers to improve the growth and reproductive traits in chickens.
Association of leptin genotypes with beef cattle characteristics
Authors: Woronuk G. N. , Marquess F. L. , James S. T. , Palmer J. , Berryere T. , Deobald H. , Howie S. , Kononoff P. J. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryA single nucleotide polymorphism (C/T) in bovine leptin, resulting in an arginine to cysteine amino acid substitution (p.Arg25Cys), has previously been shown to have an impact on carcass characteristics. Given the significant energetic relationship between fat and animal efficiency, further evaluation of this SNP across larger animal populations is warranted. Of the total number of 136 286 genotyped cattle in this study, 92 112 and 53 189 were analysed for backfat and body weight measurements, respectively. Results showed a significant positive relationship (P < 0.0001) between the T allele frequency and animal backfat, with TT, CT and CC animals having estimates of 6.79 ± 0.02, 6.49 ± 0.01 and 6.28 ± 0.01 mm, respectively. Calculations using rate of backfat accretion showed that animals with CC genotypes would require more days to reach 12 mm of backfat (45 days) than animals with CT (42 days) and TT (38 days) genotypes. Animal weight was also shown to be positively associated (P < 0.0001) with genotype, as animals of the TT, CT and CC genotypes weighed 484.2 ± 0.7, 488.0 ± 0.5 and 487.3 ± 0.6 kg, respectively, further underscoring the effects of this SNP on key market cattle characteristics.
Safety profile of enantiomers vs. racemic mixtures: it's the same?
Authors: Caillet Céline , Chauvelot‐Moachon Laurence , Montastruc Jean‐Louis , Bagheri Haleh ,   French Association of Regional Pharmacovigilance Centers
Published: March 2012

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• The physicochemical properties of racemates and stereoisomers of medicines can differ significantly, and this may affect the side‐effect profile in addition to the pharmacokinetics and intended pharmacology.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This is a study to investigate the profile of adverse drug reactions of racemic and enantiomeric forms of drugs. Our data suggest differences in the safety profile for ofloxacin and omeprazole.• This area requires more work to investigate this for other compounds.AIMS The objective was to investigate the safety profile of four drugs marketed as racemic and enantiomeric forms in France.METHODS Data from the French PharmacoVigilance Data Base (January 2005 to June 2010) were analysed for four pairs of racemic/isomeric drugs. A case–noncase approach was used to measure the disproportionality of combination between adverse drug reaction (ADR) and exposure to drug.RESULTS No significant difference in the number of ADRs was observed between Rac‐cetirizine/(R)‐cetirizine or Rac‐citalopram/(S)‐citalopram pairs. (S)‐Omeprazole induced more haematological effects than Rac‐omeprazole. Rac‐Ofloxacin induced more haematological, renal and neuropsychiatric ADRs than (S)‐ofloxacin, whereas levofloxacin was associated with more reports of musculoskeletal ADRs.CONCLUSIONS The profile of ADRs could differ for some drugs marketed as racemic and enantiomeric forms. Further studies would be necessary to confirm these data.