bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence‐based postoperative pain management after laparoscopic colorectal surgery
Authors: Joshi G. P. , Bonnet F. , Kehlet H. ,   on behalf of the PROSPECT collaboration
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim  The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the available literature on the management of pain after laparoscopic colorectal surgery.Method  Randomized studies, published in English between January 1995 and July 2011, assessing analgesic and anaesthetic interventions in adults undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery, and reporting pain scores, were retrieved from the Embase and MEDLINE databases. The efficacy and adverse effects of the analgesic techniques was assessed. The recommendations were based on procedure‐specific evidence from a systematic review and supplementary transferable evidence from other relevant procedures.Results  Of the 170 randomized studies identified, 12 studies were included. Overall, all approaches including ketorolac, methylprednisolone, intraperitoneal instillation of ropivacaine, intravenous lidocaine infusion, intrathecal morphine and epidural analgesia improved pain relief, reduced opioid requirements and improved bowel function. However, there were significant differences in the study designs and the variables evaluated, precluding quantitative analysis. The L’Abbé plots of the data from the epidural analgesia studies included in this review indicate that the pain scores in the nonepidural groups, although higher than those in the epidural groups, were within an acceptable level (i.e. < 4/10).Conclusion  Infiltration of surgical incisions with local anaesthetic at the end of surgery, systemic steroids, conventional nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs or cyclooxygenase‐2‐selective inhibitors in combination with paracetamol with opioid used as rescue are recommended. Intravenous lidocaine infusion is recommended, but not as the first line of therapy. However, neuraxial blocks (i.e. epidural analgesia and spinal morphine) are not necessary based on high risk:benefit ratio.
Congenital ocular and adnexal disorders in reptiles
Authors: Sabater Mikel , Pérez Marisa 
Published: May 2012

AbstractOcular and adnexal congenital disorders are those that manifest at birth and could involve single or multiple tissues. Several abnormalities have been reported in literature affecting reptilian ocular and/or adnexal tissues. The objectives of this review are: (i) review those disorders previously reported in reptile literature; (ii) present new cases; (iii) provide a basic classification of them according to the moment of occurrence and (iv) indirectly, encourage the clinician dealing with these cases to go further in their diagnosis. The authors consider that categorizing ocular and adnexal congenital disorders could help the clinician to deal with them. The categorization of these disorders required an intense review of cases previously reported in literature and allows the authors suspect that some of them could not have been accurately diagnosed according to the definitions of the anomalies and/or not accurately described. The authors consider that ocular and adnexal congenital disorders could have been underestimated in reptiles and further studies could be helpful to promote the description of new disorders and to expand the knowledge about those previously reported. The review will first describe abnormalities reported during organogenesis (describing possible etiopathogenesis, cases reported, an approach to their diagnosis and recommended therapeutic options).Then a mention of the ocular disorders occurring after organogenesis is made. These disorders are divided when possible in those affecting all or most part of the globe and those affecting only specific tissues (surface ectoderm, neurocrest and mesenchyma and neuroectoderm).
Organ‐preserving surgery for penile cancer: description of techniques and surgical outcomes
Authors: Veeratterapillay Rajan , Sahadevan K. , Aluru Pavan , Asterling Susan , Rao G.S. , Greene Damian 
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Organ‐preserving surgeries for penile cancer have been described to reduce the morbidity associated with traditional operations. Patients derive better functional outcomes from penile‐preserving surgery, although local recurrence rates can be higher.Excellent results can be obtained at large‐volume centres. With close follow‐up, local recurrences can be identified and treated promptly (often with further local excision).OBJECTIVE
To describe the outcomes of organ‐preserving surgery for penile cancer at a UK tertiary referral centre.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Patients at Sunderland Hospital (UK) between 2001 and 2008 who had squamous cell tumours limited to the glans penis underwent penile‐preserving surgery including total glansectomy and glanuloplasty, partial glansectomy, glans relining and distal penectomy with glans reconstruction.
Recurrence rates, cosmetic and functional outcomes were recorded.
RESULTS
In all, 65 patients were identified with a median follow‐up of 40 months. Local recurrence was present in four patients (6%) despite 72% having intermediate or poorly differentiated tumours and 30% with T2 disease.
Complications included partial graft loss (1.5%), graft contractures (4.5%) and meatal stenosis (7.5%).
In all, 5% were deemed to have poor cosmetic outcome and 85% described good erections at 1 year after surgery.
CONCLUSION
Penile‐preserving surgery can achieve good penile cancer control with minimal morbidity and reduced psychosexual side‐effects.
Measuring uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment: the delta method, bootstrap, and MCMC
Authors: Magnusson Arni , Punt André E , Hilborn Ray 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFisheries management depends on reliable quantification of uncertainty for decision‐making. We evaluate which uncertainty method can be expected to perform best for fisheries stock assessment. The method should generate confidence intervals that are neither too narrow nor too wide, in order to cover the true value of estimated quantities with a probability matching the claimed confidence level. This simulation study compares the performance of the delta method, the bootstrap, and Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). A statistical catch‐at‐age model is fitted to 1000 simulated datasets, with varying recruitment and observation noise. Six reference points are estimated, and confidence intervals are constructed across a range of significance levels. Overall, the delta method and MCMC performed considerably better than the bootstrap, and MCMC was the most reliable method in terms of worst‐case performance, for our relatively data‐rich scenario and catch‐at‐age model, which was not subject to substantial model misspecification. All three methods generated too narrow confidence intervals, underestimating the true uncertainty. Bias correction improved the bootstrap performance, but not enough to match the performance of the delta method and MCMC. We recommend using MCMC as the default method for quantifying uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment, although the delta method is the fastest to apply, and the bootstrap is useful to diagnose estimator bias.
‘Dancing the image’: materiality and spirituality in Andean religious ‘images’
Authors: TASSI NICO 
Published: May 2012

In the Christian tradition, representing the divine has often been considered both an impossible and yet necessary endeavour rooted in the human need in certain moments of weakness to visualize God. In this article, based on research findings from fieldwork carried out with urban indigenous groups in La Paz, Bolivia, I suggest that the articulation of local and Catholic representational traditions and practices has produced an understanding of the religious image not so much as an object of detached contemplation or a reference to a religious symbol but rather as an energized element which physically shapes the relationship and exchange between the material and the spiritual world. I suggest that through a study of Andean religious images we may be able to produce an alternative ontological perspective on the relationship between the spiritual, material, and living worlds.RésuméDans la tradition chrétienne, la représentation du divin est souvent considérée comme une gageure impossible et pourtant nécessaire, motivée par la nécessité humaine de visualiser Dieu dans les moments de faiblesse. À partir des matériaux de terrain obtenus auprès de groupes autochtones urbains à La Paz, en Bolivie, l'auteur suggère ici que l'articulation des traditions et pratiques de représentation locales et catholiques a conduit à concevoir l'image religieuse moins comme un objet de contemplation détachée ou une référence à un symbole religieux que comme un élément chargé d'énergie, qui donne physiquement forme à la relation et aux échanges entre le monde matériel et le monde spirituel. L'article suggère qu'à travers l'étude des images religieuses andines, on pourrait élaborer un autre point de vue ontologique sur la relation entre les mondes spirituel, matériel et vivant.
Pastoral intensification in West Africa: implications for sustainability
Authors: MORITZ MARK 
Published: May 2012

African pastoral systems have been under pressure from steady population growth and an expansion of agriculture into grazing lands. This neo‐Malthusian predicament has been considered the beginning of the end for African pastoralism. The article describes how peri‐urban FulBe pastoralists in the Far North Region of Cameroon have adapted to population pressures on grazing lands by pursuing a combination of extensive and intensive pastoral strategies in which they entrust part of their herd to mobile pastoralists, while using industrially produced cottonseed cakes to feed cattle kept in the village. The reliance on cottonseed cakes has resulted in a more capital‐intensive production system. This article considers whether pastoral intensification, in which animal productivity is increased through capital inputs, offers an alternative Boserupian model for African pastoralists.RésuméLa croissance démographique et l'empiètement de l'agriculture sur les pâturages exercent une forte pression sur les systèmes pastoraux africains. Certains ont vu dans ce problème néomalthusien le début de la fin pour le pastoralisme en Afrique. L'auteur décrit comment les pasteurs FulBe périurbains de la région du Nord‐Cameroun se sont adaptés à la pression démographique sur les pâturages en combinant des stratégies pastorales extensives et intensives, confiant une partie de leur cheptel à des pasteurs itinérants tout en utilisant des tourteaux de coton industriels pour nourrir le bétail resté au village. La dépendance envers les tourteaux de coton a donné naissance à un système de production plus capitalistique. Le présent article examine l'éventualité que l'intensification du pastoralisme, visant à accroître la productivité animale par des entrées de capital, puisse constituer un modèle boserupien alternatif pour les pasteurs africains.
Cultural anthropology and the question of knowledge*
Authors: FABIAN JOHANNES 
Published: May 2012

Although it helps to be aware of what philosophers think about knowledge, anthropologists can neither simply relegate their epistemological problems to, nor find solutions in, philosophy. In anthropology, knowing what and how we know is a practical, not just a theoretical, problem, one we face in all phases of our work, from field research to writing (and teaching). Historical recollections of debates since the 1960s are followed by consideration of two aspects of the knowledge question in our discipline: ‘Knowledge of what?’ and ‘Whose knowledge?’ Guided by reflections on knowledge and survival, the article ends by addressing the question of ethnographic evidence in the context of a current project.RésuméS'il est utile de savoir ce que les philosophes pensent de la connaissance, les anthropologues ne peuvent pas se contenter de déléguer à la philosophie pour leurs problèmes épistémologiques, ni d'y chercher des solutions. En anthropologie, le problème de savoir ce que l'on sait et comment on le sait n'est pas seulement théorique mais pratique ; nous le rencontrons à chaque phase de notre travail, des recherches sur le terrain à l'écriture et à l'enseignement. L'auteur fait suivre ici les rappels historiques des débats qui ont eu lieu depuis les années 1960 d'une analyse de deux aspects de la question des connaissances dans notre discipline : « connaissance de quoi ? » et « connaissance de qui ? » Guidé par une réflexion sur le savoir et la survie, l'article s'achève par l'examen de la question des preuves ethnographiques dans le contexte d'un projet en cours.
Non-Response Biases in Surveys of Schoolchildren: The Case of the English Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) samples
Authors: Micklewright John , Schnepf Sylke V. , Skinner Chris 
Published: May 2012

SummaryWe analyse response patterns to an important survey of schoolchildren, exploiting rich auxiliary information on respondents’ and non-respondents’ cognitive ability that is correlated both with response and the learning achievement that the survey aims to measure. The survey is the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which sets response thresholds in an attempt to control the quality of data. We analyse the case of England for 2000, when response rates were deemed sufficiently high by the organizers of the survey to publish the results, and 2003, when response rates were a little lower and deemed of sufficient concern for the results not to be published. We construct weights that account for the pattern of non-response by using two methods: propensity scores and the generalized regression estimator. There is clear evidence of biases, but there is no indication that the slightly higher response rates in 2000 were associated with higher quality data. This underlines the danger of using response rate thresholds as a guide to quality of data.
An Examination of the Quality and Utility of Interviewer Observations in the National Survey of Family Growth
Authors: West Brady T. 
Published: May 2012

SummarySurvey agencies have started to use interviewer observations collected on all sample units to adjust survey estimates for non-response. Ideally, these observations should be related to both response indicators and key survey variables. However, these observations are typically judgements that are made by the interviewers, making them potentially prone to measurement error. Presenting analyses of data from the National Survey of Family Growth in the USA, this study examines the quality and utility of these interviewer observations and considers the implications of measurement errors in these observations for the effectiveness of non-response adjustments.
Epidemics in Semi-Isolated Communities: Statistical Perspectives on Acute Childhood Diseases in English Public Boarding Schools, 1930–1939
Authors: Smallman-Raynor Matthew , Cliff Andrew D. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryThe work of the Medical Research Council School Epidemics Committee—established in 1929 to undertake a study of ‘droplet infections’ in the ‘semi-isolated’ populations of England’s public schools—represents a little-known chapter in the historical development of applied medical statistics. Drawing on documents in the National Archives, London, we trace the original scheme for the Committee to Miss Ethel Newbold (1882–1933), a Fellow and Council member of the Royal Statistical Society and the first woman to be awarded the Society’s Guy Medal (1928, in silver). Using the Committee’s surviving records, databases of disease incidence are constructed for a multicentre cohort of 27 boarding schools, 1930–1939. Exploratory analysis of the data is illustrated by applying non-metric multi-dimensional scaling and Poisson regression to the themes of disease comorbidity and frequency of outbreak. Prompted by the emerging epidemiological concepts of pathogen–pathogen interaction and syndemicity, the multi-dimensional scaling analysis highlights the apparent epidemiological independence of common acute childhood infections (including chickenpox, measles, mumps, rubella, scarlet fever and whooping cough) in the disease system. Poisson regression reveals a complex pattern of controls on the frequency of school epidemics that vary by disease. The results that are obtained underscore the continuing relevance of the historical disease records of semi-isolated institutions, such as boarding schools, to an epidemiological understanding of common acute childhood infections and other ailments.
ARE EMOTIONS A KIND OF PRACTICE (AND IS THAT WHAT MAKES THEM HAVE A HISTORY)? A BOURDIEUIAN APPROACH TO UNDERSTANDING EMOTION
Authors: SCHEER MONIQUE 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe term “emotional practices” is gaining currency in the historical study of emotions. This essay discusses the theoretical and methodological implications of this concept. A definition of emotion informed by practice theory promises to bridge persistent dichotomies with which historians of emotion grapple, such as body and mind, structure and agency, as well as expression and experience. Practice theory emphasizes the importance of habituation and social context and is thus consistent with, and could enrich, psychological models of situated, distributed, and embodied cognition and their approaches to the study of emotion.It is suggested here that practices not only generate emotions, but that emotions themselves can be viewed as a practical engagement with the world. Conceiving of emotions as practices means understanding them as emerging from bodily dispositions conditioned by a social context, which always has cultural and historical specificity. Emotion‐as‐practice is bound up with and dependent on “emotional practices,” defined here as practices involving the self (as body and mind), language, material artifacts, the environment, and other people. Drawing on Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus, the essay emphasizes that the body is not a static, timeless, universal foundation that produces ahistorical emotional arousal, but is itself socially situated, adaptive, trained, plastic, and thus historical. Four kinds of emotional practices that make use of the capacities of a body trained by specific social settings and power relations are sketched out—mobilizing, naming, communicating, and regulating emotion—as are consequences for method in historical research.
THINKING AFTER HITLER: THE NEW INTELLECTUAL HISTORY OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY1
Authors: Biess Frank 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis review essay seeks to direct attention to intellectual history as a new and flourishing subfield in the historiography of post‐1945 Germany. The essay probes and critically interrogates some of the basic arguments of Dirk Moses' prize‐winning monograph German Intellectuals and the Nazi Past. It does so by engaging with a series of German‐language monographs on key intellectuals of the postwar period (Alexander Mitscherlich, Jürgen Habermas, Herbert Marcuse) or groups of intellectuals that have appeared during the last few years. The essay also includes two books that focus on intellectual transfers from and to the United States and hence transcend the purely national framework. The essay highlights some broader themes such as West German intellectuals' confrontation with the Nazi past and with the memory of Germany's failed experiment with democracy during the interwar Weimar Republic. It also discusses the significance of the West German student movement in the 1960s for West German intellectual history. The essay concludes with some broader reflections on writing intellectual history of the postwar period, and it points to some avenues for further research. It underlines the significance of intellectual debates—and hence of intellectual history—for charting and explaining the process of postwar democratization and liberalization in the Federal Republic of Germany.
WHAT CONDITION OUR CONDITION IS IN
Authors: Trüper Henning 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTIn Humanism in Intercultural Perspective, editors Jörn Rüsen and Henner Laass outline their project of renewing the foundations of the notion of “humanism.” They collect a large variety of contributions they hope will be conducive to this aim. Yet the architecture of the project leaves open a long list of conceptual problems, concerning in particular: the integration of cultural diversity into humanism; the relationship between humanism and the political; the way in which normativity is incorporated into humanism; and the question as to the place of historicity in the human condition. An extended discussion of Elisio Macamo's, Dipesh Chakrabarty's, and Friedrich Wilhelm Graf's contributions to the volume serves to further elucidate these problems and to explore ways in which they might possibly be solved.
NEITHER/NOR
Authors: Peden Knox 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTAn Atheism that is Not Humanist Emerges in French Thought examines the advent of antihumanism as a cultural figure out of a network of intellectual crises in interwar and postwar France and ties this advent to the more general consequences of secularization in the modern age. Bracketing political judgments, and eschewing dialectical methods, Stefanos Geroulanos shows how the critique of humanism that emerged from disparate quarters of French intellectual life resulted in a series of negative positions that rendered the human void of any conceptual content and thereby unsuitable as a basis for future political action or philosophical investigation. In addition to basing his analysis on two rigorously sketched concepts of his own design, “antifoundational realism” and “negative anthropology,” Geroulanos deploys a striking use of conceptual irony to show how the critical efforts of his protagonists often led to theoretical cul‐de‐sacs and a heightened measure of existential despondency. The treatment of the emergence of antihumanism as a local phenomenon among a segment of French intellectuals nevertheless encounters problems when it abandons the terrain of historical argument for an engagement with broader metaphysical concerns. By participating in the discourse of its subjects, An Atheism that is Not Humanist finds its way into cul‐de‐sacs of its own, in which, for example, the ostensibly political bearing of efforts to transcend mere politics for broader considerations of the “theo‐political crisis of modernity” remains unclear. Finally, by accepting the terms of the phenomenological diagnosis of metaphysical crisis in the interwar years, the book compromises certain of its genealogical aspirations, especially with regard to the legacy of Third Republic idealism and the specific qualities of post‐phenomenological structuralism.
MODELING IN HISTORICAL RESEARCH PRACTICE AND METHODOLOGY: CONTRIBUTIONS FROM POLAND1
Authors: Norkus Zenonas 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThis selection of texts (mostly translations from Polish) should interest those who study analytical philosophy of history, methodology of history, and historical sociology. It contains contributions by Polish historians and philosophers since 1931, with pride of place given to the work of the Poznań school in the philosophy of science and humanities. With Jerzy Kmita, Leszek Nowak, and Jerzy Topolski as its leaders, it emerged in late 1960s as a synthesis of Marxism and the Polish brand of logical positivism known as the Lwow‐Warsaw school. Most papers discuss or exemplify various forms of idealization in historical research. Although the papers demonstrate the usefulness of modeling in historical sociology and nonnarrative history, the collection as a whole does not provide realistic examples to substantiate the Poznań school's stronger claim of the decomposability of historical narratives into separate strips related to hierarchically ordered “essential factors.”