bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expressive Ambivalence in Haydn's Symphonic Slow Movements of the 1770s
Authors: Sutcliffe W. Dean 
Published: June 2010

While the slow movement of a later eighteenth-century instrumental cycle tended to generate less focused formal expectations than its companions, because there were so many options for its design, this was not the case with regard to expression. The relative slowing of tempo and pulse brought certain associations that have remained quite stable through to the present day. The broad expectation is that such a movement will provide such qualities as warmth, lyricism, and gravity, that it will tend to suggest reflection rather than action. There is plenty of evidence that this expectation was shared by listeners of Haydn's day. However, Haydn's own slow movements do not always seem to fit this bill. In his critique of 1776, Carl ludwig Junker specifically named the composer's Adagios in connection with what he termed Haydn's "eccentricity" and "whimsy" (Laune).
That the perception of such attributes in a slow movement was particularly problematic is evident from Junker's critique, and this has proved to be a continuing difficulty in Haydn reception. In some of the composer's symphonic slow movements from the 1770s, we encounter a manner that is not necessarily humorous or volatile but is rather characterized by unusual gestures or oddly timed events. These produce an expressive ambivalence that is in fact one of the strongest attributes of Haydn's art. This is explored with reference to the slow movements of Symphonies nos. 42, 52, 55, 64, and 67.
Can basal cortisol measurement be an alternative to the insulin tolerance test in the assessment of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis before and after pituitary surgery?
Authors: Karaca Z , Tanriverdi F , Atmaca H , Gokce C , Elbuken G , Selcuklu A , Unluhizarci K , Kelestimur F 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundThe aims of this study were to evaluate the validity of preoperative basal serum cortisol levels measured in predicting preoperative adrenal insufficiency and also the validity of basal serum cortisol levels and early postoperative insulin tolerance test (ITT) in predicting postoperative adrenal insufficiency.MethodsThe study was prospectively designed and included 64 patients who underwent pituitary surgery for conditions other than Cushing's disease. An ITT was performed preoperatively, on the 6th postoperative day and at the 1st postoperative month. Basal serum cortisol levels were measured on the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th postoperative days.ResultsPatients with a preoperative basal cortisol level of <165 nmol/l (6 μg/dl) showed insufficient cortisol response and those with levels higher than 500 nmol/l (18 μg/dl) had sufficient cortisol response to the preoperative ITT. The positive predictive value of the ITT performed on the 6th postoperative day was 69.7%, and the negative predictive value in predicting adrenal insufficiency at the 1st postoperative month was 58%. Patients were considered to have an insufficient cortisol response to ITT at the 1st postoperative month if their basal cortisol levels were <193 nmol/l (7 μg/dl) or 220 nmol/l (8 μg/dl) or 193 nmol/l (7 μg/dl) or 165 nmol/l (6 μg/dl) or 83 nmol/l (3 μg/dl) on the 2nd–6th postoperative days respectively.ConclusionSerum basal cortisol levels may be used as the first-line test in the assessment of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis both preoperatively and postoperatively. Dynamic testing should be limited to the patients with indeterminate basal cortisol levels.
The Effect of Feeding Varying Levels of Soybean Meal in High-Nutrient-Density Diets on Growth Performance and Body Composition of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Weeks C , Garling D , Barrows F T , Faisal M 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSix experimental, high-nutrient-density (HND) diets containing practical ingredients (55% protein, 20% lipid) were fed to juvenile (initial weight [mean ± SE] = 27.6 ± 1.0 g) Atlantic salmon Salmo salar reared in freshwater for 12 weeks. The control diet was the open-formula Atlantic salmon diet MNR-98HS, which contained 0% soybean meal (SBM) and 30% fish meal (FM). Four experimental diets had 30% FM and soybean levels from 5% to 30%. Two additional diets contained a reduced level of FM (24%) and either 20% or 30% SBM. Weight gain (specific growth rate [SGR]), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), condition factor, trypsin activity, body composition, and hepatosomatic index were determined. No differences in SGR (1.88–1.94), FCR (0.78–0.82), PER (2.20–2.32), or trypsin activity were observed between treatments and the control diet. A negative linear response was observed between SBM content and either body lipid or fecal dry matter. Fish whole-body lipids decreased linearly from 22.0% to 12.9% between control and 30% SBM dietary groups. Results suggest that the use of HND diets may contribute to protein-sparing functions of Atlantic salmon by SBM carbohydrates; however, SBM inclusion may induce changes along metabolic pathways into muscle tissue.
Gram‐Negative Periodontal Bacteria Induce the Activation of Toll‐Like Receptors 2 and 4, and Cytokine Production in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Sun Ying , Shu Rong , Li Chao‐Lun , Zhang Ming‐Zhu 
Published: June 2010

Background: Periodontitis is a bacterially induced chronic inflammatory disease. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs), which could recognize microbial pathogens, are important components in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Both qualitatively and quantitatively distinct immune responses might result from different bacteria stimulation and the triggering of different TLRs. This study explores the interaction of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) with TLR2 and TLR4.Methods: We studied the gene expression changes of TLR2 and TLR4 and cytokine production (interleukin‐1β, ‐6, ‐8, ‐10, and tumor necrosis factor‐α) in human periodontal ligament cells (HPDLCs) stimulated with heat‐killed bacteria or P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the presence or absence of monoclonal antibodies to TLR2 or TLR4 (anti‐TLR2/4 mAb).Results: Both test bacteria and 10 μg/ml P. gingivalis LPS treatment increased the gene expression of TLR2 and TLR4 and cytokine production in HPDLCs. In addition, these upregulations could be blocked by anti‐TLR2/4 mAb. However, the expression of TLR4 mRNA in HPDLCs stimulated with 1 μg/ml P. gingivalis LPS was not increased. No differences were found in the cytokine production caused by 1 μg/ml P. gingivalis LPS treatment in the presence or absence of anti‐TLR4 mAb.Conclusion: These patterns of gene expression and cytokine production indicate that Gram‐negative periodontal bacteria or their LPS might play a role in triggering TLR2 and/or TLR4, and be of importance for the immune responses in periodontitis.
PERK (EIF2AK3) Regulates Proinsulin Trafficking and Quality Control in the Secretory Pathway
Authors: Gupta Sounak , McGrath Barbara , Cavener Douglas R. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Loss-of-function mutations in Perk (EIF2AK3) result in permanent neonatal diabetes in humans (Wolcott-Rallison Syndrome) and mice. Previously, we found that diabetes associated with Perk deficiency resulted from insufficient proliferation of β-cells and from defects in insulin secretion. A substantial fraction of PERK-deficient β-cells display a highly abnormal cellular phenotype characterized by grossly distended endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and retention of proinsulin. We investigated over synthesis, lack of ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and defects in ER to Golgi trafficking as possible causes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
ER functions of PERK were investigated in cell culture and mice in which Perk was impaired or gene dosage modulated. The Ins2+/Akita mutant mice were used as a model system to test the role of PERK in ERAD.

RESULTS
We report that loss of Perk function does not lead to uncontrolled protein synthesis but impaired ER-to-Golgi anterograde trafficking, retrotranslocation from the ER to the cytoplasm, and proteasomal degradation. PERK was also shown to be required to maintain the integrity of the ER and Golgi and processing of ATF6. Moreover, decreasing Perk dosage surprisingly ameliorates the progression of the Akita mutants toward diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS
PERK is a positive regulator of ERAD and proteasomal activity. Reducing PERK activity ameliorates the progression of diabetes in the Akita mouse, whereas increasing PERK dosage hastens its progression. We speculate that PERK acts as a metabolic sensor in the insulin-secreting β-cells to modulate the trafficking and quality control of proinsulin in the ER relative to the physiological demands for circulating insulin.
Activin A Plays a Critical Role in Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Adipose Progenitors
Authors: Zaragosi Laure-Emmanuelle , Wdziekonski Brigitte , Villageois Phi , Keophiphath Mayoura , Maumus Marie , Tchkonia Tamara , Bourlier Virginie , Mohsen-Kanson Tala , Ladoux Annie , Elabd Christian , Scheideler Marcel , Trajanoski Zlatko , Takashima Yasuhiro , Amri Ez-Zoubir , Lacasa Daniele , Sengenes Coralie , Ailhaud Gérard , Clément Karine , Bouloumie Anne , Kirkland James L. , Dani Christian 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Growth of white adipose tissue takes place in normal development and in obesity. A pool of adipose progenitors is responsible for the formation of new adipocytes and for the potential of this tissue to expand in response to chronic energy overload. However, factors controlling self-renewal of human adipose progenitors are largely unknown. We investigated the expression profile and the role of activin A in this process.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Expression of INHBA/activin A was investigated in three types of human adipose progenitors. We then analyzed at the molecular level the function of activin A during human adipogenesis. We finally investigated the status of activin A in adipose tissues of lean and obese subjects and analyzed macrophage-induced regulation of its expression.

RESULTS
INHBA/activin A is expressed by adipose progenitors from various fat depots, and its expression dramatically decreases as progenitors differentiate into adipocytes. Activin A regulates the number of undifferentiated progenitors. Sustained activation or inhibition of the activin A pathway impairs or promotes, respectively, adipocyte differentiation via the C/EBPβ-LAP and Smad2 pathway in an autocrine/paracrine manner. Activin A is expressed at higher levels in adipose tissue of obese patients compared with the expression levels in lean subjects. Indeed, activin A levels in adipose progenitors are dramatically increased by factors secreted by macrophages derived from obese adipose tissue.

CONCLUSIONS
Altogether, our data show that activin A plays a significant role in human adipogenesis. We propose a model in which macrophages that are located in adipose tissue regulate adipose progenitor self-renewal through activin A.
Safety of a Depigmented, Polymerized Vaccine for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinoconjunctivitis and Allergic Asthma
Authors: Pfaar Oliver , Klimek Ludger , Sager Angelika , Bräutigam Matthias 
Published: June 2010

Background Clinical efficacy of specific immunotherapy (SIT) with depigmented, polymerized allergen extracts is well documented in placebo-controlled trials, and safety data are encouraging although further data are required. Methods We enrolled 768 patients (51% men; mean age, 31 years) in this prospective multicenter study on safety and clinical effects of Depigoid (Laboratorios LETI, S.L., Madrid, Spain). Immunotherapy consisted of four injections of increasing doses of Depigoid at weekly intervals followed by monthly maintenance injections. All adverse events were documented. Moreover, nose, eye, and lung symptoms were assessed at baseline after 3 and 6 months. Results were compared with the scores of the preceding season. Results Rates for local and systemic reactions that might possibly be related to the study medication were 2.36 and 4.56/1000 injections, respectively. With 5923 injections given, 14 local reactions were reported (5 patients), and 27 systemic reactions were reported, including 20 of grade 1 (6 patients) and 7 of grade 2 (4 patients). The best safety profile was seen for patients vaccinated against house-dust mites. Reductions in nose, eye, and lung symptoms as well as in concomitant medication compared with either the preceding season (pollen-sensitized patients) or the baseline (house-dust mite–sensitized patients) were observed at the end of study. Conclusion In this large multicenter study on 768 patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic asthma under daily practice conditions SIT with Depigoid was well tolerated with low rates of local and systemic reactions. Furthermore, SIT resulted in considerable reductions in symptoms and concomitant medication.
Prevalence of Metabolic Bone Disease among Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients Treated with Oral Glucocorticoids
Authors: Rajasekaran Karthik , Seth Rahul , Abelson Abby , Batra Pete S. 
Published: June 2010

Background The treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) often requires chronic or intermittent oral steroid therapy, which has the potential for adverse skeletal effects, including osteoporosis and increased risk of fragility fractures. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of osteopenia/osteoporosis (OP) or low bone density (LBD) in patients with CRS with/without polyposis treated with oral glucocorticoids. Methods Retrospective chart analysis was performed at a tertiary-care rhinology practice. Patients with CRS with/without polyposis evaluated between September 2003 and July 2008 were included if they had (1) previous history of oral steroid usage (≥5 mg daily for at least 3 months) and (2) previous bone mineral density evaluation. Results A total of 197 patients were included with a mean age of 51.1 years (range, 15–79 years). The primary presenting diagnoses included CRS with polyposis in 176 cases (89.3%) and CRS without polyposis in 21 cases (10.7%). Concomitant asthma was present in 161 patients (81.7%). Overall, the prevalence of low bone mass was 38.6%. Among men >50 years of age and postmenopausal women, the prevalence of osteopenia/OP or LBD was 62.5 and 62.2%, respectively. Comparing men >50 years of age and postmenopausal women to their respective younger populations, both had a statistically higher presence of low bone mass (p < 0.0001), with an odds ratio of 10.6 (3.9–28.7) and 34.6 (7.4–161.5), respectively. There was no statistical difference in the presence of bone loss when comparing groups by gender. A multivariable analysis of common comorbidities revealed age to be the only factor associated with increased risk for OP/osteopenia or LBD. Conclusion Patients with CRS with/without polyposis treated with oral steroids who underwent bone density testing were found to have a high prevalence of LBD. High index of suspicion is required to identify at-risk patients and to initiate careful evaluation and treatment to prevent additional bone-related complications.
The Impact of Biofilms on Outcomes after Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Singhal Deepti , Psaltis Alkis J. , Foreman Andrew , Wormald Peter-John 
Published: June 2010

Background Although biofilms have been implicated in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), there is little evidence that their presence or absence has any effect on the outcomes of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biofilms on postsurgical outcomes after ESS. Methods A prospective, blinded study of 51 consecutive patients undergoing ESS for CRS was conducted. Preoperatively, patients assessed their symptoms using internationally accepted standardized symptom scoring systems and quality-of-life (QOL) measures, i.e., the 10-point Visual Analog Scale (VAS), Sino-Nasal-Outcome-Test 20, and global severity of CRS. Their sinonasal mucosa was graded using the Lund-Kennedy scale and the extent of radiological disease on computed tomography scans was scored using the Lund-McKay scale. Random sinonasal tissue samples were assessed for biofilm presence using confocal laser microscopy. At each postoperative visit, patients reassessed their sinus symptoms and completed QOL measures. Postsurgical state of their sinonasal mucosa was graded endoscopically. Results Bacterial biofilms were found in 36 of 51 (71%) CRS patients. Patients with biofilms presented with significantly worse preoperative radiology and nasendoscopy scores (p = 0.003 and 0.01, respectively). After a median follow-up period of 16 months postsurgery, biofilm-positive patients had statistically worse sinus symptoms (VAS, p = 0.002) and worse nasendoscopy scores (p = 0.026). They also required extra postoperative visits and multiple antibiotic treatments deviating from the standard postoperative care required by biofilm-negative patients. Conclusion This study has shown that patients with biofilms have more severe disease preoperatively and persistence of postoperative symptoms, ongoing mucosal inflammation, and infections. This study strengthens the evidence for the role that biofilms may play in recalcitrant CRS.
The Role of Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia in Refractory Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Grindler David , Thomas Charles , Hall Geraldine S. , Batra Pete S. 
Published: June 2010

Background Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is a multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacillus that has been implicated in serious nosocomial infections. This microbe has also been isolated from sinus cultures in refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The goal of this study was to elucidate the implications of S. maltophilia–positive cultures in the setting of CRS. The objectives of the study were (1) to define clinical and microbiological characteristics and (2) to assess management strategy and overall outcomes of S. maltophilia–positive sinus cultures in CRS patients. Methods A retrospective review was performed of 101 patients over a 5-year period. Results The mean age was 56.9 years with a female/male ratio of 1.1:1. Previous sinus surgery had been performed in 90.1% of patients. Greater than 97% of patients had been given antibiotics in the previous 6 months. The most common presenting symptom was discolored nasal drainage (76.2%) with endoscopic evidence of pus or crusting in 83.2% of cases. Monotherapy with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMX) or fluoroquinolones was used in 41 and 26%, respectively. This intervention resulted in overall symptom and endoscopic improvement in 70% of cases. Conclusion The presence of S. maltophilia isolates on culture are associated with clinically relevant symptoms and endoscopic findings in patients with refractory CRS. Despite its multidrug-resistant nature, monotherapy with TMX or fluoroquinolones appears to be effective in providing patients with bacterial infection with symptom relief in a majority of cases.
Iodinated contrast media alter immune responses in pro-inflammatory states
Authors: O'Donnell David H. , Moloney Michael A. , Bouchier-Hayes David J. , Lee Michael J. 
Published: June 2010

Background: Hypertonic saline causes a transient elevation of blood osmolality and has been shown to alter cellular inflammatory responses in pro-inflammatory states. Intravascular administration of iodine contrast media also causes a transient elevation of blood osmolarity. Purpose: To investigate the effect of iodine contrast media on leukocyte–endothelial interaction in vivo using intravital microscopy. Material and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n=36) were randomized into six groups and were treated with: saline, high osmolar contrast medium, low osmolar contrast medium, and endotoxin alone and in combination with the high and low osmolar contrast media. The effect on leukocyte–endothelial interaction in the post-mesenteric venules was observed using the technique of intravital microscopy. The sequence of leukocyte rolling velocity, leukocyte–endothelial cell adherence, and transmigration was recorded and analyzed at 10 min intervals to a maximum of 120 min. Results: Endotoxin significantly decreased the rolling velocity and increased the adherence and transmigration of leukocytes in a time-dependent manner. Both types of iodine contrast media attenuated this pro-inflammatory response to endotoxin. This effect began between 60 and 70 min after the onset of the experiment. Conclusion: Hyperosmolar and lower osmolar iodine contrast media attenuate the pro-inflammatory leukocyte–endothelial response to endotoxin in vivo.
CT evaluation of local leakage of bone cement after percutaneous kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty
Authors: Lee In Jae , Choi A. Lam , Yie Mi-Yeon , Yoon Ji Young , Jeon Eui Yong , Koh Sung Hye , Yoon Dae Young , Lim Kyung Ja , Im Hyoung June 
Published: June 2010

Background: Percutaneous injection of bone cement (acrylic cement) during percutaneous kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty can cause symptomatic or asymptomatic complications due to leakage, extravasation or vascular migration of cement. Purpose: To investigate and to compare the incidence and site of local leakage or complications of bone cement after percutaneous kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty using bone cement. Material and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 473 cases of percutaneous kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty performed under fluoroscopic guidance. Of the 473 cases, follow-up CT scans that covered the treated bones were available for 83 cases (59 kyphoplasty and 24 vertebroplasty). Results: The rate of local leakage of bone cement was 87.5% (21/24) for percutaneous vertebroplasty and 49.2% (29/59) for kyphoplasty. The most common site of local leakage was perivertebral soft tissue ( n=8, 38.1%) for vertebroplasty. The most common site of local leakage was a perivertebral vein ( n=7, 24.1%) for kyphoplasty. Two cases of pulmonary cement embolism developed: one case after kyphoplasty and one case after vertebroplasty. Conclusion: Local leakage of bone cement was more common for percutaneous vertebroplasty compared with kyphoplasty ( P<0.005). The most common sites of local leakage were perivertebral soft tissue and perivertebral vein.