bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earnings Management, Asset Restructuring, and the Threat of Exchange Delisting in an Earnings‐based Regulatory Regime
Authors: Cheng Peng , Aerts Walter , Jorissen Ann 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: This study examines the effect of an earnings‐based listing regulation on corporate financial reporting management. In 2001, China revised its listing standards requiring compulsory stock suspension for firms reporting three‐year consecutive losses. Suspended stocks are further delisted if they continue to report losses in the year of stock suspension.Research Findings/Insights: Our results show that firms approaching the delisting procedure use more earnings management, although the effect is minor. Meanwhile, we observe that delisting risk induces extensive performance‐enhancing asset restructuring activities. For firms turning losses into profits, our evidence suggests a negative relationship between earnings management and asset restructuring.Theoretical/Academic Implications: This study extends the earnings management literature by suggesting that earnings management to avoid losses is likely to increase with the severity of the losses and decline with asset restructuring activities. In addition, this research adds to the literature on the economic consequences of the delisting process.Practitioner/Policy Implications: The study provides evidence that an earnings‐based delisting regulation is a double‐edged sword which leads to either earnings management or performance‐enhancing asset restructuring activities. By pointing out the earnings management and restructuring effects of the Chinese delisting regime, we may inform policy makers of the economic consequences of an earnings‐based regime. This adds to prior evidence on the effects of market‐based delisting thresholds. In addition, the study highlights that the earnings‐based delisting regulation does not create a level playing field, since state‐controlled firms are at an advantage to use more government‐led asset restructurings through state‐owned shareholders in order to avoid delisting.
Exploring the Contextual Determinants of Individual Attitudes toward Immigrants and Criminal Activity and their Spillover Policy Implications
Authors: Percival Garrick L. , Currin‐Percival Mary 
Published: February 2010

AbstractImmigrants are routinely tied to a range of social problems in the policy making process in the US political system. Little is known however about the extent to which citizens hold attitudes that connect immigrants to particular social problems and whether these attitudes spill over to influence citizens’ preferences toward specific public policy alternatives that might appear to be largely independent of immigrants and immigration. Investigating the nexus between immigration and crime, we ask how Anglo whites’ contextual environments influence their propensity to link immigrants to a salient social pathology like crime. Results show that whites living in states where immigrant populations have increased most dramatically and in states with lower socioeconomic characteristics are more likely to associate immigration with increased criminal activity. Whites’ attitudes toward immigration‐induced crime has important spillover implications to the larger public policy making process as whites who view immigrants as a cause of criminal activity are more likely to support tougher criminal sentencing and the death penalty.
Financial Market Crises and Natural Resource Production
Authors: BROWN JAMES R. , LAX LAUREN C. , PETERSEN BRUCE C. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTDuring a financial crisis, the loss of access to world capital markets may force heavily indebted countries to accelerate their production of exhaustible resources. Few studies consider the impact that financial crises have on real behavior, and no existing studies appear to consider the impact a crisis might have on resource production. We find that four major state‐owned enterprises in Brazil, Chile and Mexico substantially expanded their production and world market share of copper, iron ore and oil during the 1980s' international financial crisis. There was also a very large expansion, followed by a sharp contraction, of production of tin in Brazil and silver in Mexico. In contrast, Indonesia – a major resource producer who did not succumb to the 1980s' financial crisis – did not accelerate production during the 1980s' crisis, and resource production in the United States sharply contracted during this period. Our study provides new insights into why the prices of natural resources are so volatile and highlights a previously unexplored reason for financial contagion: one country's efforts to service its debt can drive down resource prices and revenues to other indebted resource producers.
An Overview of the Crisis: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions*
Authors: ALLEN FRANKLIN , CARLETTI ELENA 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTWhat caused the crisis? Initially many thought that it was due to incentive problems in the U.S. mortgage industry. However, after the large economic meltdown following Lehman Brothers' bankruptcy in September 2008, it seems that much more was going on. We argue that there was a bubble in real estate prices in the United States and a number of other countries. The main causes of the bubble were loose monetary policy, particularly by the United States Federal Reserve, and global imbalances. The combination of cheap credit together with the easy availability of funds contributed to create the bubble. Many other factors such as subprime mortgages, weak regulatory structures, and high leverage in the banking sector exacerbated the effects of the crisis. We consider possible reforms aimed at minimizing the occurrence of future crises in the governance structure of central banks, measures to reduce global imbalances, and changes in banking regulation.
The use of multi‐element behaviour support planning with a man with severe learning disabilities and challenging behaviour
Authors: MacDonald Anne , Hume Linda , McGill Peter 
Published: February 2010

Accessible summary

People with learning disabilities who have challenging behaviour often experience poor support which affects their quality of life.
This paper looks at an example of work done with an individual and his staff team which helped reduce challenging behaviour and provided him with an improved service and better quality of life.
The research indicates the importance of people with learning disabilities who have challenging behaviour receiving behaviour support to enable them to live full lives in the community.

SummaryResearch has indicated that challenging behaviour leads to placement breakdown and poor quality of life for people with learning disabilities. This paper provides a case study example of successful intervention with an individual with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour, using a Multi‐element model of support, including functional assessment, behaviour support plans and use of a monitoring system (Periodic Service Review). Outcomes of this intervention are presented and their possible implications considered.
Support workers within learning/intellectual disability services perception of their role, training and support needs
Authors: Windley Debbie , Chapman Melanie 
Published: February 2010

Accessible summary

Support staff were asked what were the important things they did to support people with learning/intellectual disabilities, and what training and support they needed to do their job.
Support staff said they had difficulties in communicating with each other, and feel stressed when asked to do things which did not make the people they support happy.
Support staff also stated that there should be more training and support for new staff.
Support staff need more help to learn: how to give each other advice and how to cope with being stressed.

SummaryThis study explores the perceptions of support workers working with adults with learning/intellectual disabilities, training and support needs. Data was collected by focus group (n = 3) and semi‐structured interviews (n = 5). Participants saw their key role as maximising quality of life, identified ‘Trial and error’ as the main mode of skill development for new staff and experienced stress as a result of conflict between their beliefs and demands of the service. Participants recognised their responsibility to model good and challenge poor practice; however, poor communication and assertiveness skills affected their ability to do this. A preference for more on site supervision to provide leadership was indicated. Training by the community learning disability team was highly regarded; however, there were indications that carers found this difficult to put into practice. It is suggested that development of personal skills and relating training to human rights and person‐centred planning perspectives would best enable staff to carry out their roles.
Trajectories leading to autism spectrum disorders are affected by paternal age: findings from two nationally representative twin studies
Authors: Lundström Sebastian , Haworth Claire M.A. , Carlström Eva , Gillberg Christopher , Mill Jonathan , Råstam Maria , Hultman Christina M. , Ronald Angelica , Anckarsäter Henrik , Plomin Robert , Lichtenstein Paul , Reichenberg Abraham 
Published: February 2010

Background:  Despite extensive efforts, the causes of autism remain unknown. Advancing paternal age has been associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders. We aim to investigate three unresolved questions: (a) What is the association between paternal age and autism spectrum disorders (ASD)?; (b) Does paternal age moderate the genetic and environmental etiological factors for ASD? (c) Does paternal age affect normal variation in autistic‐like traits?Methods:  Two nationally representative twin studies from Sweden (n = 11, 122, assessed at age 9 or 12) and the UK (n = 13, 524, assessed at age 9) were used. Categorical and continuous measures of ASD, autistic‐like traits and autistic similarity were calculated and compared over paternal age categories.Results:  Both cohorts showed a strong association between paternal age and the risk for ASD. A U‐shaped risk association could be discerned since the offspring of both the youngest and oldest fathers showed an elevation in the risk for ASD. Autistic similarity increased with advancing paternal age in both monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Both cohorts showed significantly higher autistic‐like traits in the offspring of the youngest and oldest fathers.Conclusions:  Phenomena associated with paternal age are clearly involved in the trajectories leading to autistic‐like traits and ASD. Mechanisms influencing the trajectories might differ between older and younger fathers. Molecular genetic studies are now needed in order to further understand the association between paternal age and ASD, as well as normal variation in social, language, and repetitive behaviors in the general population.
Uptake of the Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand perinatal mortality audit guideline
Authors: FLENADY V. , MAHOMED K. , ELLWOOD D. , CHARLES A. , TEALE G. , CHADHA Y. , JEFFERY H. , STACEY T. , IBIEBELE I. , ELDER M. , KHONG Y. 
Published: February 2010

Background:  Deficiencies in investigation and audit of perinatal deaths result in loss of information thereby limiting strategies for future prevention. The Perinatal Society of Australia and New Zealand (PSANZ) developed a clinical practice guideline for perinatal mortality in 2004.Aims:  To determine the current use and views of the PSANZ guideline, focussing on the investigation and audit aspects of the guideline.Methods:  A telephone survey was conducted of lead midwives and doctors working in birth suites of maternity hospitals with over 1000 births per annum in Australia and New Zealand.Results:  Sixty‐nine of the 78 eligible hospitals agreed to participate. A total of 133 clinicians were surveyed. Only 42% of clinicians surveyed were aware of the guideline; more midwives than doctors were aware (53 vs 28%). Of those, only 19% had received training in their use and 33% reported never having referred to them in practice. Implementation of even the key guideline recommendations varied. Seventy per cent of respondents reported regularly attending perinatal mortality audit meetings; midwives were less likely than doctors to attend (59 vs 81%). Almost half (45%) of those surveyed reported never receiving feedback from these meetings. The majority of clinicians surveyed agreed that all parents should be approached for consent to an autopsy examination of the baby; however, most (86%) reported the need for clinician training in counselling parents about autopsy.Conclusions:  Effective implementation programmes are urgently required to address suboptimal uptake of best practice guidelines on perinatal mortality audit in Australia and New Zealand.
Extrafocal threshold reductions in amygdala‐kindled rats
Authors: Scott Brian W. , Park Harrison , Han Hua , Wahidie Ahsanullah , Burnham W. McIntyre 
Published: February 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Racine’s classic study suggested that after discharge thresholds were reduced in the primary stimulation site (amygdala) of kindled rats, but that that they were not reduced in secondary (nonstimulated) sites. However, recent reports of neurochemical changes related to excitation and inhibition in nonstimulated sites in kindled brains would be expected to cause reductions in afterdischarge thresholds in these sites. More recently Sanei et al. have reported a significant threshold reduction in the piriform cortex of amygdala‐ and hippocampus‐kindled cats, but not in the entorhinal cortex. The present study was designed to determine whether the results of Sanei et al. in cats could be replicated in rats kindled in the amygdala—a model commonly used in studies of seizure mechanisms and anticonvulsant drug development.Methods:  Adult, male Long‐Evans rats were kindled in the amygdala or given matched handling. Beginning 48 h following the last stimulation, afterdischarge thresholds were determined in the ipsilateral piriform and entorhinal cortices. Amygdala thresholds were determined 24 h later.Results:  Afterdischarge thresholds were significantly reduced in both the amygdala and the ipsilateral entorhinal cortex of amygdala‐kindled rats. Afterdischarge thresholds in the piriform cortex did not differ significantly between kindled and control subjects.Discussion:  These data suggest that threshold reduction occurs outside the primary kindling site in rats as well as in cats. Extrafocal changes in afterdischarge threshold may be functionally important, and might possibly relate to extrafocal neurochemical changes and progressive generalization of seizure discharge from discrete focal sites.
Pregnancy registries: Differences, similarities, and possible harmonization
Authors: Tomson Torbjörn , Battino Dina , Craig John , Hernandez‐Diaz Sonia , Holmes Lewis B , Lindhout Dick , Morrow Jim , French Jacqueline ,   for the ILAE Commission on Therapeutic Strategies
Published: February 2010

SummaryEpilepsy and pregnancy registries have been operational for more than 10 years, have accrued considerable experience, and collected an impressive amount of data. As findings have been published, it has become important to understand how observations from the different registries are comparable, especially since their methodologies differ somewhat. In September 2008, representatives of the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register, the North American AED Pregnancy Registry (NAAPR), and the European and International Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs in Pregnancy (EURAP) met for a workshop. Their objectives were to exchange information on their methodologies and to discuss areas where harmonization might be possible. This report summarizes these discussions.
Expression of growth differentiation factor 15 is not elevated in individuals with iron deficiency secondary to volunteer blood donation
Authors: Tanno Toshihiko , Rabel Antoinette , Lee Y. Terry , Yau Yu Ying , Leitman Susan F. , Miller Jeffery L. 
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Low serum hepcidin levels provide a physiologic response to iron demand in patients with iron deficiency (ID). Based on a discovery of suppressed hepcidin expression by a cytokine named growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), it was hypothesized that GDF15 may suppress hepcidin expression in humans with ID due to blood loss.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To test this hypothesis, GDF15 and hepcidin levels were measured in peripheral blood from subjects with iron‐deficient erythropoiesis before and after iron supplementation.RESULTS: Iron variables and hepcidin levels were significantly suppressed in iron‐deficient blood donors compared to healthy volunteers. However, ID was not associated with elevated serum levels of GDF15. Instead, iron‐deficient subjects' GDF15 levels were slightly lower than those measured in the control group of subjects (307 ± 90 and 386 ± 104 pg/mL, respectively). Additionally, GDF15 levels were not significantly altered by iron repletion.CONCLUSIONS: ID due to blood loss is not associated with a significant change in serum levels of GDF15.
Posttransfusion platelet count increments after ABO‐compatible versus ABO‐incompatible platelet transfusions in noncancer patients: an observational study
Authors: Pavenski Katerina , Warkentin Theodore E. , Shen Hua , Liu Yang , Heddle Nancy M. 
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: Major incompatible platelet (PLT) transfusions have been associated with inferior posttransfusion PLT count increments compared with ABO‐compatible transfusions. However, most studies to date have been small and involved hematology/oncology patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective observational study in predominantly nononcologic patients to determine whether ABO‐compatible (defined as ABO identical and minor incompatible) PLT transfusions resulted in superior posttransfusion PLT count increments. We collected data on consecutive inpatients at Hamilton General Hospital receiving a PLT transfusion during a 50‐month period. We compared the absolute count increment (ACI) and corrected count increment (CCI) values in ABO‐compatible versus incompatible PLT transfusions. Linear regression was performed to adjust for factors potentially affecting the posttransfusion PLT count response. Univariate models were applied to each explanatory variable with p values of less than 0.10 considered potentially significant. Multivariate models were applied to all potential explanatory variables of interest. p values of less than 0.05 were considered significant.RESULTS: A total of 1030 transfusions were included in the primary analysis, 73.7% of which were ABO compatible. The median ACI was 35 (interquartile range [IQR], 18‐55) for compatible transfusions versus 31 (IQR, 13‐51) for incompatible transfusions (p = 0.1480). The median posttransfusion CCI (n = 686) was 18.6 (IQR, 10.2‐28.4) for compatible transfusions versus 15.2 (IQR, 4.7‐25.7) for incompatible transfusions (p = 0.0499).CONCLUSIONS: ABO‐compatible transfusions in nononcologic patients are associated with a significantly better CCI although the observed difference is small (approx. 20%) and may not be clinically significant.
Association of ABO(H) and I blood group system development with von Willebrand factor and Factor VIII plasma levels in children and adolescents
Authors: Klarmann Dieter , Eggert Christine , Geisen Christof , Becker Sabine , Seifried Erhard , Klingebiel Thomas , Kreuz Wolfhart 
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND: The modulation of Factor (F)VIII activity (FVIII : C), von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF : Ag), and von Willebrand factor ristocetin cofactor (VWF : RCo) by the ABO(H) blood group is well established in adults. Expression of ABH antigens on N‐linked glycans of VWF protects plasma VWF from proteolysis and clearance. Protection by H antigens is less effective than by AB antigens, resulting in approximately 25% lower VWF plasma levels in adults with blood group O compared to non‐O. Given the reduced branching of ABO(H) bearing structures (I blood group system) with lower numbers of H, A, and B antigen sites during the first 18 months of life, we reasoned that if the relationship between ABO(H) blood group and VWF levels were causal, the difference of ABO(H) blood group–dependent VWF levels should be marginal or not be observed in the first months of life.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We undertook quantification of FVIII : C and VWF in 574 presumably healthy children aged 1 to 210 months and correlated the values with ABO(H) blood type. Moreover, we establish reference intervals for common coagulation variables for several pediatric age groups.RESULTS: Significant differences between blood group O versus non‐O values of FVIII : C, VWF : Ag, and VWF : RCo were not observed in the first months of life, started to develop during childhood, and in adolescence reached adult values.CONCLUSION: In comparison to the levels for adults and adolescents, we report fundamental differences of VWF levels in the first year of life, which may be associated with the physiologic development of the ABO(H) and I blood group system.
Xanthogranulomatous reaction to a ruptured galactocele
Authors: Adams Erin G. , Kemp Jean D. , Holcomb Katherine Z. , Sperling Leonard C. 
Published: February 2010

We describe a case of a 34‐year‐old, healthy, lactating female with a 2‐month history of breast pain and an enlarging, tender mass on her right nipple. Her right breast was firm and mildly engorged without mass, warmth or erythema. A tender, yellow nodule was located on the superior aspect of the nipple, obstructing the flow of milk from this portion of the nipple. A biopsy showed epidermal erosion, sheets of cells with massively distended, foamy cytoplasm in the dermis, and a hypertrophied and occluded glandular duct, consistent with reactive squamous metaplasia. Immunostaining for CD68 confirmed the foamy cells were macrophages, and anti‐human milk fat globulin‐1 (HMFG1) labeled the substance within the macrophages consistent with human breast milk. Therefore, the lesion could be identified as a xanthogranulomatous reaction to a ruptured galactocele.Adams EG, Kemp JD, Holcomb KZ, Sperling LC. Xanthogranulomatous reaction to a ruptured galactocele.
Unusual CNS infection from a subtorcular dermal sinus
Authors: Kanev PM , Salazar JC 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA 14‐month‐old toddler with a previously unrecognized dermal sinus tract presented with hydrocephalus and raised intracranial pressure. CT and MRI revealed a large posterior fossa dermoid mass. Cultures obtained from CSF and posterior fossa subdural empyema were positive for both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. To the authors’s knowledge, this is the first such report.Conclusion:  This case suggests that children who present with CNS infections with unusual pathogens should be carefully evaluated for the presence of anatomic abnormalities including dermal sinus tracts.
Neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia caused by anti‐HLA‐A24 alloantibodies
Authors: Starcevic M , Tomicic M , Malenica M , Zah‐Matakovic V 
Published: February 2010

AbstractNeonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT) occurs as a result of maternal alloimmunization against paternally inherited antigens on foetal platelets. Platelets express platelet specific antigens (HPA) along with human leucocyte antigens (HLA) class I. Although anti‐HLA class I antibodies are often detectable in pregnant women, their role in NAIT is considered controversial. We report a case of NAIT where the most sensitive serological analysis and molecular methods could not detect platelet specific antibodies. Only HLA incompatibility and presence of anti‐HLA‐A24 antibodies in both the mother’s and the newborn’s serum were proven.Conclusion:  This case supports the idea that some anti‐HLA class I antibodies could cause NAIT.