bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of radiotracer for liver fibrosis
Authors: Zhang Z. , Machac J. , Albanis E. , Lipszye H. , Beljaars L. , Poelstra K. , Friedman S. L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractLiver fibrosis (LF) is among the top ten causes of death in the western world. The traditional method for diagnosis of LF is biopsy. We are seeking a non‐invasive imaging method for the diagnosis of LF and assessment of its onset and progression. Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) is a key event in fibrosis and is characterized by upregulation of receptors for platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). We exploited this property to develop a ligand that will allow us to quantitate numbers of activated HSC based on their expression of PDGF receptor. Specifically we have explored the possibility of developing HSC‐selective radiopharmaceuticals by coupling bifunctional chelators to a cyclic peptide (C*SRNLIDC*)‐HSA conjugate1 (pPB‐HSA) 1, which is a PDGF receptor recognizing compound.
Comparison of the predicted behaviour of 153Sm, 166Ho and 117mSn containing bone agents, employing blood plasma models (ECCLES), with in vivo results as studied in animals
Authors: Zeevaart J. R. , Jarvis N. V. , Louw W. K. A. , Wagener J. M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPredictions regarding the in vivo behaviour of 153Sm, 166Ho and 117mSn containing radiopharmaceuticals were made using speciation studies. The speciation of the metal ion and ligand of the radiopharmaceutical in blood plasma was calculated using the ECCLES computer code. Predictions were verified by clinical observations as studied in animals.
A comparison of 67CU production by proton (67 TO 12 MEV) induced reactions on NATZN and on enriched 68ZN/70ZN
Authors: Schwarzbach R. , Zimmermann K. , Novak‐Hofer I. , Schubiger P. A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBecause of its suitable decay characteristics and favourable chemical behaviour, 67Cu is considered to have potential for application in radionuclide therapy. This has led to increasing interest in biochemical, preclinical and clinical studies with 67Cu‐labelled radiopharmaceuticals.67Cu can be produced in accelerators by bombarding a natZn‐ (1) or 68Zn target with protons (2) or by bombarding 67Zn with neutrons in a high flux reactor (3). At the present time we produce up to 3.7 Gbq of 67Cu at the 72 MeV accelerator of the Paul Scherrer Institute by irradiating natZn. In order to scale up the 67Cu production, we evaluated the use of 68Zn and 70Zn. Cross sections were measured using the reactions 65Cu(p, n)65Zn of monitor foils (4), natZn(p, 2pxn)67Cu in the p‐energy‐range 67 to 12 MeV, 68Zn(p, 2p)67Cu in the p‐energy range 67 to 45MeV and 70Zn(p, 2p2n)67Cu (5) in the p‐energy range 45 to 12 MeV. Results indicate that the use of 68Zn as target instead of natZn leads to a 4.5 — fold increase in 67Cu production and that the use of 70Zn leads to a 10–20‐fold increase in the 20–30 MeV energy range.
Drug interactions in radiopharmacy: A first mathematical approach
Authors: Avila A. S. , Bezerra R. , Mattos D. M. , Bernardo‐Filho M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe action of cyclophosphamide (CP) on the binding of the 99mTc‐MDP on plasma (P) and blood cells (BC) isolated from blood withdrawn from Wistar rats, using an in vitro model was evaluated. The experimental measures were studied starting with the parameter estimation of regressive trend lines, analysis of variance and residuals and a closed two compartment system were analyzed. In the presence of CP, the curves crossed each other at 48 h, but diverged without the drug. The short‐term components of the two‐compartment system converged in 1 hour. The mathematical approach to analyze the drug interactions mechanism with the studied radiopharmaceutical is in agreement with the known biological phenomena. In spite of the results, it is necessary to consider new procedures to define the behaviors of the interactions.
Which are the most used radionuclides in the pet and in the spect techniques in the world?
Authors: Mattos D. M. M. , Gomes M. L. , Freitas R. S. , Moreno S. , Lima‐Filho G. L. , Paula E. F. , Jales R. L. C. , Bernardo‐Filho M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe images in nuclear medicine are mainly obtained through the SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) and the PET (positron‐emission tomography). These procedures have been carried out with various radionuclides. Here, we have evaluated which are the most used radionuclides in the PET and in the SPECT techniques in the world. We identified the radionuclides cited in the abstracts of two important meetings occured in 2000: “The Society of Nuclear Medicine Meeting (SNM)” and the “European Association of Nuclear Medicine Congress (EANM)”. We have determined in each abstract, which radionuclide was used. The most cited radionuclides in the SNM meeting were Tc‐99m (25.38%), F‐18 (18.93%), C‐11 (4.68%), I‐123 (4.57%), In‐111 (3.75%) and Tl‐201 (2.69%) and in the EANM congress were Tc‐99m (33.94%), F‐18 (11.88%), In‐111 (5.65%), I‐123 (5.50%), Tl‐201 (4.22%) and C‐11 (1.98%). The results indicate, that, although, the Tc‐99m is still the most cited radionuclide, there is an important citation of F‐18 in the abstracts presented in these two meetings. We can suggest that the status of the PET procedures is growing in the world.
Precursor synthesis towards the development of [124I]‐labelled 2′, 2′‐difluoro‐2′‐deoxycytidine as a potential pet radiotracer for the anticancer drug gemcitabine
Authors: Wilson J. , Hadfield J. A. , Bailey J. , Zweit J. , Thatcher N. , Little R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe anticancer nucleoside analogue, Gemcitabine (2′, 2′‐difluoro‐2′‐deoxycytidine) is an active nucleoside against solid tumours. Assessment of tumour and normal tissue concentration of drug in vivo provides pharmacokinetic data that can be related to response to treatment. Towards enabling PET imaging, the synthesis of a halogenated analogue has been undertaken for subsequent radiolabelling with 124I.
Synthesis of [11C]formic acid and its conversion into [11C]carbon monoxide
Authors: Roeda D. , Dollé F. , Crouzel C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract[11C]formic acid can be synthesized in excellent yields from [11C]carbon dioxide using lithium aluminium hydride or lithium triethylborohydride. It is a potential precursor for labelled heterocycles and aldehydes. We converted [11C]formic acid into [11C]carbon monoxide in 40% yield. [11C]formic acid, which is rather resistant towards reduction, can be fully converted into [11C]methanol using samarium(II) iodide.
Synthesis and evaluation in primates of (N‐[11C]methyl)‐benperidol as a pet tracer of cerebral D2 receptor binding
Authors: Moerlein S. M. , Welch M. J. , Perlmutter J. S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe routine production of the D2 receptor‐binding radioligand [11C]NMB has been optimized. Uncorrected batch yields of 62–105 mCi of [11C]NMB are obtained within 35 minutes EOB, with a specific activity exceeding 500 Ci/mmol and a radiochemical purity exceeding 95%. PET imaging of baboons shows rapid, specific localization of [11C]NMB to cerebral D2 receptor‐rich tissue of primate brain. The specific localization of the radioligand is altered by drug challenge or pathological conditions, indicating utility of the ligand for human application.
Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of galanthamine derivatives for examination of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor system
Authors: Schildan A. , Schirrmacher R. , Samochocki M. , Christner C. , Maelicke A. , Rösch F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe syntheses and radioactive labeling of several galanthamine derivatives, 6‐O‐demethyl‐6‐O‐fluoroethylgalanthamine, 10‐N‐demethyl‐10‐N‐fluoroethylgalanthamine and N‐methylgalanthaminium are reported. First in vitro evaluations were carried out to determine their properties as allosterically potentiating ligands of nicotinic receptors. N‐methylgalanthaminium was found to be a promising candidate for further investigations.
Role and regulation of VEGF and its receptors 1 and 2 in the aseptic loosening of total hip implants
Authors: Waris Ville , Sillat Tarvo , Waris Eero , Virkki Liisa , Mandelin Jami , Takagi Michiaki , Konttinen Yrjö T. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIt was hypothesized that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in fibroblasts participates in aseptic loosening of total hip replacement (THR) implants. Therefore, osteoarthritic (OA) samples (n = 11) were compared with synovial membrane‐like interface tissues from revision THR (n = 10). VEGF‐A and its receptors were stained using streptavidin‐immunoperoxidase method. Their regulation by hypoxia and cytokines were studied in cultured fibroblasts using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). VEGFR1+ lining cells (p < 0.01), stromal fibroblast‐like cells (p = 0.001) and stromal macrophage‐like cells (p < 0.05) were more numerous in rTHR than in OA. As to VEGFR2+, only stromal fibroblast‐like cells in rTHR outnumbered those found in OA (p < 0.05). VEGFRs in synovial fibroblasts were not affected by hypoxia, but VEGF increased 2.4‐fold (p < 0.05). Interleukin‐4 up‐regulated VEGFR1 expression 23‐fold. This is the first study to describe a difference between rTHR and OA in VEGF receptors, particularly VEGFR1. Hypoxia increased VEGF, but the VEGFR1 increase in the lining and stroma is probably IL‐4 driven, in accordance with the M2‐type macrophage dominance in interface tissues. VEGF/VEGFR system is also affected by hypoxia and may play a role in angiogenesis and bone pathology in aseptic loosening of total hip implants. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1830–1836, 2012
Quality and safety assessment of food and agricultural products by hyperspectral fluorescence imaging
Authors: Zhang Ruoyu , Ying Yibin , Rao Xiuqin , Li Jiangbo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractHyperspectral fluorescence imaging (HSFI) is potentially useful for assessing food and agricultural products, because it combines the merits of both hyperspectral imaging and fluorescence spectroscopy. This paper provides an introduction to HSFI: the principle and components of HSFI, calibration and image processing are described. In addition, recent advances in the application of HSFI to food and agricultural product assessment are reviewed, such as contaminant detection, constituent analysis and quality evaluation. Finally, current limitations and likely future development trends are discussed. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic study of acrylamide radical polymerization initiated by the horseradish peroxidase–mediated system
Authors: Cai Zhi‐QI , Wang Weicheng , Ruan Gang , Wen Xiufang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe polymerization kinetics of acrylamide (AAM) in water initiated by a ternary enzymatic system of horseradish peroxidase (HRP)/H2O2/acetylacetone (ACAC) was investigated. Conversion–time plots were obtained by dilatometry under different conditions of reaction temperatures and initial concentrations of HRP, ACAC, H2O2, and AAM. The results showed that the effect of the initial concentration of ACAC on the inhibition period was significant. The inhibition period decreases with increasing the initial concentration of ACAC. The inhibition period can be even eliminated by the use of a comparatively large amount of ACAC. From the conversion–time plots, the polymerization rate equation was obtained. Some kinetic features were explained on the basis of analysis of the reaction mechanism. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 475–481, 2012
Thermo‐plasmonics: using metallic nanostructures as nano‐sources of heat
Authors: Baffou Guillaume , Quidant Romain 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRecent years have seen a growing interest in using metal nanostructures to control temperature on the nanoscale. Under illumination at its plasmonic resonance, a metal nanoparticle features enhanced light absorption, turning it into an ideal nano‐source of heat, remotely controllable using light. Such a powerful and flexible photothermal scheme is the basis of thermo‐plasmonics. Here, the recent progress of this emerging and fast‐growing field is reviewed. First, the physics of heat generation in metal nanoparticles is described, under both continuous and pulsed illumination. The second part is dedicated to numerical and experimental methods that have been developed to further understand and engineer plasmonic‐assisted heating processes on the nanoscale. Finally, some of the most recent applications based on the heat generated by gold nanoparticles are surveyed, namely photothermal cancer therapy, nano‐surgery, drug delivery, photothermal imaging, protein tracking, photoacoustic imaging, nano‐chemistry and optofluidics.
Efficient and Robust Star Polymer Catalysts for Living Radical Polymerization: Cooperative Activation in Microgel‐Core Reactors
Authors: Terashima Takaya , Nomura Akihisa , Ouchi Makoto , Sawamoto Mitsuo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMultifunctional microgel‐core star polymers with ruthenium catalysts are designed as catalyst‐bearing nanoreactors to improve activity, controllability, and functionality tolerance in living radical polymerization. Multifunctional ligands are efficiently incorporated into the core of star polymers by sequential tandem procedures: 1) ruthenium‐catalyzed living radical polymerization, 2) in situ core hydrogenation, and 3) core‐ruthenium removal. Typically, the star polymer ligands comprising multiple phosphines and amines within the core cooperatively enclose a ruthenium complex (>100 per core). As a result, the in‐core pseudo hetero P,N‐chelation of the ruthenium complexes not only showed high activity for methyl methacrylate but also high tolerance to unprotected methacrylic acid.
Prospective respiratory motion correction for coronary MR angiography using a 2D image navigator
Authors: Henningsson Markus , Smink Jouke , Razavi Reza , Botnar René M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRespiratory motion remains the major impediment in a substantial amount of patients undergoing coronary magnetic resonance angiography. Motion correction in coronary magnetic resonance angiography is typically performed with a diaphragmatic 1D navigator (1Dnav) assuming a constant linear relationship between diaphragmatic and cardiac respiratory motion. In this work, a novel 2D navigator (2Dnav) is proposed, which prospectively corrects for translational motion in foot–head and left–right direction. First, 1Dnav‐ and 2Dnav‐based motion correction are compared in 2D real time imaging experiments, by evaluating the residual respiratory motion in 10 healthy subjects as well as in a moving vessel phantom. Subsequently, 1Dnav and 2Dnav corrected high‐resolution 3D coronary MR angiograms were acquired, and both objective and subjective image quality were assessed. For a gating window of 10 mm, 1Dnav and 2Dnav performed equally well; however, without any respiratory gating, the 1Dnav had a lower visual score for all coronary arteries compared with 10 mm gating, whereas the 2Dnav without gating performed similar to 1Dnav with 10 mm gating. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Square regularization matrices for large linear discrete ill‐posed problems
Authors: Donatelli Marco , Neuman Arthur , Reichel Lothar 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYLarge linear discrete ill‐posed problems with contaminated data are often solved with the aid of Tikhonov regularization. Commonly used regularization matrices are finite difference approximations of a suitable derivative and are rectangular. This paper discusses the design of square regularization matrices that can be used in iterative methods based on the Arnoldi process for large‐scale Tikhonov regularization problems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anatomical and Biomechanical Aspects of the Horse Spine: The Interpretation of Vertebral Fusion in a Medieval Horse from Wroclaw (Poland)
Authors: Janeczek M. , Chrószcz A. , Onar V. , Henklewski R. , Piekalski J. , Duma P. , Czerski A. , Całkosiński I. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThe investigation were carried out on the medieval horses thoracic and lumbar spine excavated between 2009‐2011 by the Institute of Archaeology, University of Wroclaw at New Market Square in Wroclaw (Wratislavia, Breslau), capital city of the Polish province of Lower Silesia. The pathological changes, like: ankylosis of the zygapophyses, fusion of the vertebral bodies and arches and the interspinal space calcification were observed. The X‐ray examination was done. During medieval artefact interpretation the biomechanical aspect of horse's locomotor system was taken into consideration. The archaeozoological material was compared with modern horse's spine (with similar pathological changes and known history of disease). The analysis proved, that the observed osseous reaction was a result of the long‐lasting inflammation. Such a disease appearance accompanies chronic inflammatory state of errector muscles of the spine. It is typical for those horses utilised for the saddle. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring factors influencing non‐attendance at the diabetes clinic and service improvement strategies from patients' perspectives
Authors: Akhter Kalsoom , Dockray Samantha , Simmons David 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA significant number of people with type 1 diabetes do not attend their clinic appointments. This study investigated the reasons underlying this decision and explored possible service improvement strategies.This was a cross‐sectional telephone survey among all patients with type 1 diabetes missing at least one appointment at a diabetes clinic between 1 October 2009 and 30 September 2010. Patients were asked two questions: why they did not attend the appointment and how attendance could be improved.The initial ‘did not attend’ (DNA) rate for all appointments was 17.6% (808/4595 appointments). Of these, the largest number were missed by patients (n=252) with type 1 diabetes. After excluding 79 patients no longer under the service, 126/173 (72.8%) were able to be contacted and answered the questions. Forgetting the appointment was the most frequent response (34.9%). Many patients advised not to send appointment reminder letters too far ahead of appointments (12.7%, 16) and to send a text message reminder (26.2%, 33) two weeks before the appointment.The findings suggest that there is a role for improving the administrative approach to patients' appointments, reminding patients in advance and improving communication between hospital staff and patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons.
Increasing scientific standards, independence and transparency in post‐authorisation studies: the role of the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance
Authors: Blake Kevin V , deVries Corinne S , Arlett Peter , Kurz Xavier , Fitt Henry ,   for the European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology Pharmacovigilance
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTPurposeThe European Network of Centres for Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacovigilance (ENCePP), an initiative coordinated by the European Medicines Agency, aims to build capacity for and increase trust in post‐authorisation studies to further support medicine decision making.MethodsENCePP seeks to promote and support high standards throughout the post‐authorisation research process based on robust methodologies, transparency and scientific independence.ResultsENCePP provides a point of access to researchers for industry, academia and regulatory authorities seeking collaboration for the conduct of post‐authorisation studies. As of 30 November 2011, the network consisted of 98 research centres, 13 networks and 18 data sources, mostly academic and publicly funded institutions but also data source providers and contract research organisations with expertise in the conduct of post‐authorisation studies. All are listed in the free, public and fully searchable electronic Database of Research Resources. A guide and a checklist on methodological standards have been published; the concept of an ‘ENCePP study’, including a Code of Conduct, introduced; and an electronic register of studies have been launched.ConclusionIt is envisaged that application of the ENCePP study concept will result in an increase in trust in post‐authorisation studies of medicines. The register of studies will allow for ready access to study protocols and results, thereby enhancing transparency and facilitating review. Through the network, standards, transparency and clarity of relationships, ENCePP is expected to add to the European Union capacity to conduct robust post‐authorisation studies, thereby benefiting public health. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rheological and electrical percolation thresholds of carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Penu Christian , Hu Guo‐Hua , Fernandez Amaia , Marchal Philippe , Choplin Lionel 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPercolation thresholds of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polystyrene (MWCNT/PS) nanocomposites (NC) were determined by rheology and electrical conductivity. The percolation threshold found by electrical conductivity was 0.5% carbon nanotubes (CNT) and that by mechanical spectroscopy and relaxation measurements was 0.9% CNT. These results together with those reported in the literature show several types of percolation thresholds, depending on the average filler–filler (CNT and/or aggregates) distance in a polymer matrix. A distance close to polymer gyration radius corresponds to a “soft” rheological threshold (PC rheosoft). Close contacts between fillers giving rise to a conductive path corresponds to an electrical threshold (PC elec). At high filler concentration, fillers form a network, corresponding to a “rigid” rheological threshold (PC rheorigid). These thresholds depend on the filler content and follow the order:PC elecsoft<PC elec<PC rheorigid. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of a novel flame retardant containing phosphorus and sulfur and its application in polycarbonate
Authors: Zhao Wei , Li Bin , Xu Miaojun , Zhang Lili , Liu Fangmeng , Guan Limin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA novel flame retardant containing phosphorus and sulfur, bis(2‐tienyl)phenylphosphine (BTPP) was synthesized and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H, 13C, and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance. BTPP was used to impart flame retardancy to polycarbonate (PC). Combustion behaviors and thermal degradation properties of PC/BTPP system were assayed by limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning test (UL‐94), cone calorimeter test, and thermogravimetric analysis. PC/3 wt% BTPP passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating with 3.0 mm samples and the LOI value was 36.5%. PC/6 wt% BTPP passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating with 1.6 mm samples and the LOI value was 38.5%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that char properties had direct effects on the flame retardancy. Mechanical properties and water resistance of PC/BTPP system were also examined. After water resistance test, PC/3 wt% BTPP with 3.0 mm samples and PC/6 wt% BTPP with 1.6 mm samples kept V‐0 rating and mass loss were only 0.2%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers