bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post-Frac Production Analysis of Horizontal Completions in CANA Woodford Shale
Authors: Grieser Bill , Talley Chris 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Oklahoma Woodford shale has produced hydrocarbon since the early 1950s. Recent horizontal development using multistage fracture stimulations of the CANA Woodford located in the Anadarko basin has resulted in high initial gas-flow rates, and substantial liquid production when in the gas-condensate window. Completion type and strategy have changed from methods used during the initial discovery phase in 2005 to the present development phase in 2011. This paper compares completion parameters used for a given time period to the individual production trend, using a linear flow transient model. Using the normalized reciprocal rate/pressure versus the square root of time plot, the stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), effective fracture half-lengths, reservoir-system permeability (km h), productivity index (PI), and overall stimulation effectiveness were determined.
Ranking of fracture-stimulation effectiveness is made from production-derived bulk reservoir properties, including The product of fracture-surface area and square root of the effective formation permeability (Ackm1/2).Apparent skin (s’) from the b’ intercept of the square root of time plot; an indication of skin.Hydrocarbon pore volume (HCPV).
The results are summarized in tables showing the effect of completion factors on the production outcome.
Unconventional Shale Play Selective Fracturing Using Multilateral Technology
Authors: Durst Doug G. , Vento Mario 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDrilling, completing, and fracturing of unconventional formation wells in North America are now commonplace and will begin to play a role in the future of natural gas production in the international market. What is not as common is to drill, complete, and frac multiple lateral branches from a single main wellbore. Multilateral wells have been routinely drilled for a number of applications, and shale plays are a natural progression for its use. Augmenting a multilateral well with selective fracturing of each leg is as straightforward as fracing a single horizontal well.Using conventional equipment and techniques, a multilateral well (with any number of laterals) can accommodate any type of fracturing system and program with pressures up to 12,500 psi with complete isolation of the lateral junction(s). In this project, a plug-and-perf system was used to address ten plus intervals in each leg, with average stimulation pressures up to 9,000 psi.Multilateral solutions provide the means to work within a limited surface access, generating a reduced footprint while draining a much larger volume of the reservoir from a single-surface location. This poses a significant advantage when drilling in sensitive or restricted locations, populated areas, and where land issues restrict access to multiple drilling locations. Additionally, the cost and impact of large drilling pads or multiple well sites is avoided.This paper will discuss the implementation and execution of this project, the first dual-lateral well by any operator in the Granite Wash at vertical depths over 12,000 ft. This well targeted two different sections of the Granite Wash (a complex series of sands, shales, and siltstones that run from the northern Texas Panhandle into Oklahoma) from a single main wellbore, with commingled production rates doubling typical single horizontal well performance.
High-Resolution LWD Images Used to Optimize Completions in Unconventional Play - North America
Authors: Janwadkar Sandeep , Thomas Mark , Denney Steve , Hommertzheim Troy , Privott Steve , Rogers Steven , Crespo Luis , Camper Daniel 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The Barnett Shale is one of the most mature and prolific natural gas fields in North America. It has a multi-trillion-cubic-feet equivalent upside potential but well completions are not resulting in consistent production within the same section or across the unconventional play. As infield drilling increases, collision and encroachment from well to well due from offset induced fractures, natural fractures, faults, and internal stresses are becoming more important to characterize and map. The operator and the service provider teamed up and used high-resolution images to optimize perforation placement, redesign stimulation, and stage placement. To overcome these challenges, high-resolution, state-of-the-art logging-while-drilling (LWD) imaging tools were used to acquire images on a well drilled between two 600-ft (182.9-m) offset wells. These images are also being used to map fracture systems, faults, and stresses in the field. With the knowledge obtained from these LWD images, completions are now being redesigned to incorporate this information for optimizing fracture treatments. The paper will provide examples of high-resolution images generated which were used to determine untreated formation matrix, and avoid faults for possible water production. Proper interpretations of these images and other advanced technologies have enabled operators to increase well productivity up to 20% as compared to offset wells. These advanced technologies have been implemented and used in over 250 wells with excellent results. The images will be used in the future to determine which wells would be the best candidates for recompletions. The lessons learned can be applied to most unconventional plays around the world.
Geosteering in Unconventional Shales: Current Practice and Developing Methodologies
Authors: Pitcher Jason , Jackson Tavia 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Current well placement in unconventional shale ranges from simple geometric well placement to a gamut of patternrecognition systems and geosteering with geochemical and geomechanical analyses. The wide diversity of systems used leads to uncertainty in the effectiveness of any strategy, with confusion as to the true value or merit of a particular technique. Often, a well-placement strategy is based on what came before, with little regard as to the complexities or differences between reservoirs.
This paper reviews the current common practices used in geosteering in shales, for both gas- and oil-producing reservoirs. A brief history of strategy development is outlined, with comments about its perceived effectiveness and value. Examples of successes and failures are examined to attempt to determine the viability of a particular strategy.
Finally, alternative approaches and methodologies are reviewed and examined, with comments about the potential application, benefits, and value.
Shale Reservoir Properties from Digital Rock Physics
Authors: Walls Joel D. , Diaz Elizabeth , Cavanaugh Timothy 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
A majority of the whole core samples recovered in the US today come from shale reservoirs. A primary reason for so much shale coring is that shale well log analysis requires rigorous core calibration to provide reliable data for reservoir quality, hydrocarbon-in-place, and hydraulic fracturing potential. However, the uncertainty in interpreting shale well log data is sometimes matched or exceeded by the uncertainty observed in traditional methods of analyzing core samples. Most commercial core analysis methods in use today were developed originally for sandstones and carbonates exceeding 1 millidarcy in permeability. High quality, organic-rich shale on the other hand is usually lower than 0.001 millidarcy. This extremely low permeability creates substantial challenges for existing methods and has contributed to the rapid rise of a new approach to reservoir evaluation called Digital Rock Physics (DRP).
DRP merges three key technologies that have evolved rapidly over the last decade. One is high resolution diagnostic imaging methods that permit detailed examination of the internal structure of rock samples over a wide range of scales. The second is advanced numerical methods for simulating complex physical phenomenon and the third is high speed, massively parallel computation using powerful graphical processing units (GPUs) that were originally developed for computer gaming and animation.
Based on pore-scale images from a wide range of organic shales, it can be seen that organic material is present in a variety of forms. Three primary forms of organic matter are commonly observed; non-porous, spongy, and pendular. Non-porous organic components fill all of the available non-mineral space leaving virtually no porosity or fluid flow path. Porous or "spongy" organic material is commonly encountered in thermally mature gas shales. Pendular organic material appears to fill the small inter-granular and grain contact regions, leaving open pore space in the larger voids. These pore types are largely controlled by kerogen type and thermal maturity, and they exert large influence on the porosity, permeability, and overall shale reservoir quality.
3D Seismic as an Aid to Design Syngas Production by Means of Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Methodolgy
Authors: du Plooy Dries , Szanyi Béla , Mázik Jeno , Majoros Péter , Tóth Támas , Kádi Zoltán , Koroknai Balázs 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The unconventional use of coal to supplement Natural Gas (NG) in the power and chemical industry makes Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) an important technology in economically producing unconventional gas. Present day exploration and production technologies pave the way "from a potential to actual production".
A 3D seismic survey has been applied in Southern Hungary for the site selection of UCG resource blocks, as well as in the design of the most optimal exploration drilling program. The latter exploration techniques directional drilled injection and production wells are planned in the coal seams to sustain the burning front.
Wildhorse UCG Kft is a pioneer in the design and introduction of the environmentally friendly coal based syngas for electric power generation in East-Central European countries. Additionally the syngas can be utilised to supplement national gas supplies as alternative fuel gas. In this presentation the role of 3D seismic is discussed in defining the "Mecseknádasd UCG project".
Wildhorse UCG Kft completed 3D seismic measurements in April and May of 2011 in the Mecseknádasd UCG project area. The goal of the seismic measurements is to image and clarify the structural conditions and to reveal faults and other discontinuities in the coal formation explored previously by historic deep drilling in the area.
The processing and interpretation of the survey results have been performed together by GEOMEGA Kft and Wildhorse UCG Kft and the presentation covers the complete survey results of the Mecseknádasd UCG exploration project: –Newly processed results of historical boreholes–Results of the seismic survey–Geological and geophysical results of new boreholes–Possibilities for upgrading the geological model with integrated interpretation by using the available geophysical data (seismic, new boreholes, historic boreholes)–The possibilities for the application of 3D seismic survey in the design process of the UCG technology and to monitor the UCG engineering process
European Shale Gas, Getting Buy-in From the Public and Stakeholders
Authors: Miller Mark A. , Vaughan Eric 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
During the past 10 years shale gas development projects have proven to be highly successful in a number of North American basins, and have become a game changer for the energy supply there. Because of these successes, shale gas exploration and development technologies are being deployed around the globe, including Europe. But while there appears to be vast shale gas resources across Europe, many industry analysts express concerns about the probability of repeating the North American successes in Europe. These concerns are based on the denser population in Europe, different safety and environmental regulations, and the doubts of many European residents about the overall safety of shale gas development. Moreover, unlike North America where landowners often are entitled to significant lease payments and royalties for their mineral rights, the mineral rights throughout most of Europe are owned by the governments, rather than the landowners. The combination of these factors adds to the difficulty of building public support for a shale gas program.
This paper provides a discussion of a shale gas exploration program currently being conducted by Cuadrilla Resources in England. It examines the concerns of the local residents, and how these have affected media coverage, and support (or opposition) from politicians. It discusses the strategy and approach used by Cuadrilla for addressing questions and concerns from the local residents, various UK regulatory bodies, politicians and the media. While this paper focuses on a UK shale gas case, the conclusions and recommendations are applicable to any shale gas program in Europe or elsewhere.
Near Balance Drilling Benefits Addressed Through a Blowout Probability Model
Authors: Molaschi Claudio , Masi Silvia , Zausa Fabrizio , Rossi Nicola , Michelez Jean 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Eni Near Balance Drilling (e-nbd™) is an innovative drilling process to maintain constant bottom hole annular pressure at all times while circulating, and to manage annular dynamic hydraulic pressure profile accordingly. The operational benefits of this process are measured on field operations through the enhancement of borehole quality, the reduction of NPT and the ability to reach targets otherwise inaccessible.
e-nbd™ can improve drilling operations safety, especially by reducing the probability of the most significant threats, which is a blowout event. These benefits are not measurable on operations, unless having a huge number of statistical records.
Nonetheless the probability of a complex event like a blowout can be effectively calculated through dedicated fault tree models.
Eni drilling department has developed a replicable blowout probability model that is suitable for most of the current drilling and completion situations. This model is offering a high number of possible operating scenarios and detailed settings, in order to guarantee the accuracy of each analysis.
This model has been used to address the benefits of e-nbd™, in order to compare analogous wells to be drill with or without e-nbd™. In both situations results were analysed to measure the overall impact on blowout probability and to further address the sensitivity to technical / non technical factors.
By comparing two situations using a probabilistic fault tree, this paper shows that the key factors affecting a blowout probability are notably impacted by the use of e-nbd™. These key factors are not only technical, but also organizational and human.
Risk of Parkinson Disease Onset in Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Sun Yu , Chang Ya-Hui , Chen Hua-Fen , Su Ying-Hwa , Su Hui-Fang , Li Chung-Yi 
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE
We retrospectively assessed the age- and sex-specific incidence and relative risk of Parkinson disease (PD) in Taiwan’s diabetic population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Study cohort included 603,416 diabetic patients and 472,188 nondiabetic control subjects. Incidence rate and relative risk of PD (ICD-9-CM 332.0) were evaluated.

RESULTS
The incidence of PD was 3.59 and 2.15 per 10,000 person-years for the diabetic and control group, respectively, representing a covariate adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 1.61 (95% CI 1.56–1.66), which was substantially reduced to 1.37 (1.32–1.41) after adjusting for medical visits. Diabetes was associated with a significantly elevated risk of PD in all sex and age stratifications except in young women, with the highest HR noted for young men aged 21–40 years (2.10 [1.01–4.42]), followed by women aged 41–60 (2.05 [1.82–2.30]) and &gt;60 years (1.65 [1.58–1.73]).

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of PD onset in a Chinese population, and the relation is stronger in women and younger patients.
Colesevelam Improves Oral but Not Intravenous Glucose Tolerance by a Mechanism Independent of Insulin Sensitivity and β-Cell Function
Authors: Marina Anna L. , Utzschneider Kristina M. , Wright Lorena A. , Montgomery Brenda K. , Marcovina Santica M. , Kahn Steven E. 
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE
To determine the mechanism by which the bile acid sequestrant colesevelam improves glycemic control.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We performed a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (FSIGT) with minimal model analysis and a meal tolerance test (MTT) in 20 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (11 men, 9 women; mean age 60.7 ± 1.9 years, BMI 29.4 ± 0.9 kg/m2) in a single-blind study after 2 weeks of placebo treatment and 8 weeks of colesevelam 3.75 g daily. From these tests, insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, and glucose tolerance were determined, along with gastrointestinal peptide levels during the MTT.

RESULTS
Fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c decreased with colesevelam (from 5.9 ± 0.1 to 5.7 ± 0.1 mmol/L, P &lt; 0.05, and from 5.86 ± 0.06 to 5.76 ± 0.06%, P = 0.01, respectively), but fasting insulin did not change. Colesevelam had no effect on any FSIGT measures. In contrast, the MTT incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for both glucose (from 249.3 ± 28.5 to 198.8 ± 23.6 mmol/L ⋅ min, P &lt; 0.01) and insulin (from 20,130 [13,542–35,292] to 13,086 [9,804–21,138] pmol/L ⋅ min, P &lt; 0.05) decreased with colesevelam. However, the ratio of iAUC insulin to iAUC glucose was not changed. iAUC for cholecystokinin (CCK) increased (from 43.2 [0–130.1] to 127.1 [47.2–295.2] pmol/L ⋅ min, P &lt; 0.01), while iAUC for fibroblast growth factor 19 decreased (from 11,185 [1,346–17,661] to 2,093 [673–6,707] pg/mL ⋅ min, P &lt; 0.01) with colesevelam. However, iAUC for glucagon, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, and glucagon-like peptide 1 did not change.

CONCLUSIONS
Colesevelam improves oral but not intravenous glucose tolerance without changing insulin sensitivity, β-cell function, or incretins. This effect may be at least partially explained by the colesevelam-induced increase in CCK.
Maternal Enterovirus Infection as a Risk Factor for Type 1 Diabetes in the Exposed Offspring
Authors: Viskari Hanna , Knip Mikael , Tauriainen Sisko , Huhtala Heini , Veijola Riitta , Ilonen Jorma , Simell Olli , Surcel Heljä-Marja , Hyöty Heikki 
Published: March 2012

OBJECTIVE
Maternal enterovirus infections during pregnancy have been linked to an increased risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. The aim of this study was to evaluate this association in a unique series of pregnant mothers whose child progressed to clinical type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Maternal and in utero enterovirus infections were studied in 171 offspring who presented with type 1 diabetes before the age of 11 years and in 316 control subjects matched for date and place of birth, sex, and HLA-DQ risk alleles for diabetes. Acute enterovirus infections were diagnosed by increases in enterovirus IgG and IgM in samples taken from the mother at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy and cord blood samples taken at delivery.

RESULTS
Signs of maternal enterovirus infection were observed in altogether 19.3% of the mothers of affected children and in 12.0% of the mothers of control children (P = 0.038). This difference was seen in different HLA risk groups and in both sexes of the offspring, and it was unrelated to the age of the child at the diagnosis of diabetes or the age of the mother at delivery.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that an enterovirus infection during pregnancy is not a major risk factor for type 1 diabetes in childhood but may play a role in some susceptible subjects.
Forecasting the Effects of Investments in Knowledge-Workers in the SME Sector, Using the GMDH Method
Authors: Patalas-Maliszewska Justyna , Krupa Tadeusz 
Published: March 2012

Forecasting the Effects of Investments in Knowledge-Workers in the SME Sector, Using the GMDH MethodThe enterprises functioning in market economy have to implement changes in systems of organization and management that they use. In economy practice making a decision in enterprise is conditioned by competitors' action, changing factors of environments, e.g. technical progress and results of the research works. Added value for SME can be determine as knowledge, employees' skills and abilities, social relation, know-how, and particularly effective investing in intellectual capital. The enterprises which invest in knowledge and systems of work are achieved competitive advantage, because of their workers' readiness to learning and qualifying themselves and also thanks to effective information and communication transfers. In this paper we allowed to respond to the following question: whether a given algorithm that enables the characteristics of the knowledge-workers and the expected results of expenditures on the intellectual capital (potential benefits from investing in the knowledge-workers) binding? This paper presents prediction effects of investments in knowledge-workers in the SME sector when using the neural systems GMDH basing on the Ivachnienko algorithm.
Value Management in Non-Profit Organizations - The First Step
Authors: Domański Jarosław 
Published: March 2012

Value Management in Non-Profit Organizations - The First StepThis article represents a initial observation on implementing a value management concept for non-profit organizations. Introducing strategic management in non-profit companies is becoming inevitable in order to build up their competitiveness on the non-profit services market. In the first part of this article the key stakeholders of non-profit organizations are identified. The second part is an attempt to present the principal value drivers of non-profit organizations. The groups of key stakeholders that are the most important recipients of the value created by the individual drivers have been assigned to the principal value drivers.
The Meaning of Processes Orientation in Creation and Realization of the Added Value
Authors: Kulińska Ewa 
Published: March 2012

The Meaning of Processes Orientation in Creation and Realization of the Added ValueCharacteristic of morphology and the identification of process category structure of are a crucial stage of its implementation within enterprises as well as it determines the final effects of processes realization, which is producing and realization of added value for market participants. In this paper author describe the essence of added value, its functions and factors that form this category in the understanding of the constant-flow organization that is set on realized processes. Performing analysis related to creation and realization of the added value, in the context of the basic aims of functioning organization of processes and establishing perception means and interpreting the creation of added value within the processes of customer and enterprise environment.
Enterprise Management and Regulation of Economic Activity: The Case of Insurance
Authors: Monkiewicz Jan 
Published: March 2012

Enterprise Management and Regulation of Economic Activity: The Case of InsuranceModern enterprise is functioning in a market space in which it is subjected to the whole network of intervention tools in the form of economic regulations. These regulations limit the freedom of its economic activities impacting the business models in use, its internal organization, management systems and, last but not least, its market value. Degree and strength of regulatory intervention is highly differentiated in various countries, depending on the cultivated social and economic model. It also varies depending on the area of economic activities in different groups of enterprises, according to the current perception of its systemic significance. Especially strong regulatory interventions are currently applied for financial institutions. It is because they are threatening the existence of the whole system via the systemic risk they are able to generate. The article explores principal challenges and issues facing the insurance operations and relates them to the enterprise management.