bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dispersivity of Filling Material on Performance of Contaminant Barrier
Authors: Nishimura T , Shirato H , Hayashi M , Kato M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The performance of pollution barriers is discussed using solute soil dispersion parameters. Masa sandy loam and Toyoura sand, with dispersivities of 0.21 and 0.17 cm at saturation, respectively, were used as barrier material. 2.5 wt.% of the synthetic P-type zeolite was mixed with the soil to control the adsorption capacity of the barrier without changing soil structure. Soils were packed into an acrylic plastic column to form model barriers with different thicknesses. Adsorption capacity of the columns was between 6.1 and 7.5 mmolc per column. 42 mg·dm−3 Cd as nitrate solution was applied to the column under water saturated conditions, and effluent was collected at the bottom of the column. A relatively thin barrier, i.e., five times greater than the dispersivity, resulted in the detection of Cd with only 0.075 mmolc load of Cd, while a thicker barrier, 30 times greater than dispersivity, showed no leak of Cd with a 0.9 mmolc load of Cd added to the column.
Effects of Salt on the Sorption of Lead by Marine Clay in Column Tests
Authors: Ohtsubo M , Morishita T , Li L , Higashi T , Yamaoka S 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
In recent years incinerated municipal solid waste has been disposed of in landfill sites near the coastal area in Japan where the underlying marine clay deposits are expected to serve as a natural clay barrier. In this study, marine clay from Japan is examined for the effects of salt on sorption of lead using column leaching tests with deionized water, sea water, and bottom ash leachate spiked with 100 mg/L lead as permeants, and then selective sequential extraction (SSE) was employed to assess the retention mechanism of lead onto marine clay. Lead concentration in the effluent was less than 5 MG/L throughout the column leaching tests with the deionized water, whereas it exceeded Pb concentration in influent below one pore volume leaching for the sea water. Lead in pore water accumulated in the top layer of the column soil for the deionized water whereas it was distributed throughout the depth for the sea water and ash leachate. The SSE indicated that carbonate, exchangeable, and hydroxides phases are predominant for Pb retention.
Reactive Material Options for In Situ Capping
Authors: Olsta JT , Hornaday CJ , Darlington JW 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Environmental dredging creates challenges in finding areas to construct confined disposal facilities and typically results in residual contamination. In situ capping (either in place of dredging or for capping residual contaminants) can be limited by concerns regarding navigation, uniform cap placement, biointrusion and geotechnical stability. A potential solution for many in situ capping concerns is the use of a reactive material cap. A reactive material cap could greatly reduce the thickness required for the cap compared to conventional sand caps. Various reactive materials (e.g., activated carbon, apatite, organoclay, zeolite, zero-valent iron) are used for removal of organics and metals in wastewater and groundwater treatment and may be applicable to in-situ capping. There are several ways that could be used for in-situ capping with reactive materials. A layer of reactive material could be placed in bulk using a clamshell or pumped through a tremie pipe. Another option is a reactive material filled geotextile mat. A reactive material mat would have several advantages over loose placement of reactive materials, including: (1) uniform and verifiable mass per area placement of reactive or adsorptive material; (2) ability to mix reactive or adsorptive materials in defined proportions; (3) geotextiles provide separation of the reactive material from the contaminated sediment and cover material; (4) geotextiles provide a barrier to biointrusion; (5) multiaxial strength of the geotextiles provides resistance to uplift and differential settlement; and (6) geosynthetic reinforcement provides stability on sloped areas. In the United States, a carbon-based geotextile mat was constructed and successfully deployed. A barge with a crane was used to deploy the material off shore. Other deployment methods have also been used for installing geosynthetics in waterways from shoreline and would be applicable to a reactive material mat.
Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminated Dredged Sediment
Authors: Reddy KR , Ala PR 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper investigates the feasibility of electrokinetic remediation of contaminated sediment at Indiana Harbor, Indiana. The sediment is a fine-grained material with high moisture content of 78 % and high organic content of 19 % and it is contaminated with a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. Four bench-scale electrokinetic experiments were conducted at 2.0 VDC/cm of constant voltage gradient using two surfactants (5 % Igepal CA-720 and 3 % Tween 80), a cosolvent (20 % n-butylamine), and a cyclodextrin (10 % HP-β-CD) as flushing solutions for the solubilization/desorption of PAHs. The mobility and removal of heavy metals was also investigated while flushing these solutions. The experimental results show that 20 % n-butylamine and 5 % Igepal 720 systems are effective for the partial solubilization of the PAHs in the sediments; however, both 3 % Tween 80 and 10 % HP-β-CD systems are found to be ineffective for desorption/solubilization of PAHs in the sediment. None of the selected flushing agents is found to be effective for the removal of heavy metals from the contaminated sediment. The low removal of PAHs and heavy metals is attributed to the high organic content and high acid buffering capacity of the sediment.
Groundwater Flow and Arsenic Contamination Analyses in Southern Bangladesh
Authors: Umeki T , Mano A , Ishibashi Y 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Arsenic contamination had been found all over Bangladesh in 1993, however, the groundwater flow and the mechanism of arsenic contamination have not been made clear yet. Because the arsenic contamination spreads through the groundwater, it is important to understand the groundwater flow. We performed the field measurement from December 23rd to 25th, 2003 and from May 19th to 21st, 2004. Then we performed the numerical analyses of groundwater flow and arsenic transportation using modflow to grasp the field groundwater condition. As a result of the field measurement, the underground condition of our study area is reductive. Besides, using modflow, we could reproduce the groundwater flow properly and estimate a flux of groundwater drawn from wells, and then, predict the future contamination.
Evaluation of Diamond Detectors for Fast Neutron Fluence Measurements in WWER-1000 Surveillance Assemblies
Authors: Nikolaenko VA , Zaritsky SM , Bachuchin IV 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The commonly used method of WWER-1000 surveillance dosimetry is based on the measurement of 54Mn absolute activity in the material of surveillance specimens. Special procedures are necessary for the determination of the spectral index for each specimen, which depends on surveillance assembly orientation in the reactor during the irradiation period, and for fluence extrapolation beyond several 54Mn half-life periods taking into account the detailed local power history in the core periphery. The application of the diamond detectors technique is proposed as an alternative method of fast neutron fluence determination. These detectors are located in the surveillance containers as irradiation temperature monitors. The diamond lattice extends under the influence of neutron irradiation, and it allows the fluence measurements after corresponding calibration. The calibration of diamond detectors was carried out using fluence data for 123 surveillance containers irradiated in different WWER-1000 reactors for different fluences. Some results of fluence measurements carried out by two methods are compared.
Promoted Metals Combustion at Ambient and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Engel CD , Herald SD , Davis SE 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPromoted combustion testing of materials, Test 17 of National Aeronautics and Space Administration Standard 6001 (NASA-STD-6001), has been used to assess metal propensity to burn in oxygenrich environments. An igniter at the bottom end of a rod promotes ignition, and if combustion is sustained, the burning progresses from the bottom to the top of the rod. The physical mechanisms are similar to those of the upward flame propagation test, Test 1 of NASA-STD-6001. The differences are in the normal environmental range of pressures, oxygen content, and sample geometry. Upward flammability testing of organic materials can exhibit a significant transitional region between no burning and complete quasi-steady burning. In this transitional region, the burn process exhibits a probabilistic nature. This transitional region has been identified for metals using the promoted combustion testing method at ambient initial temperatures. The work herein is focused on examining the transitional region and the quasi-steady burning region both at conventional ambient testing conditions and at elevated temperatures.
Fires in P-3 Aircraft Oxygen Systems
Authors: Stoltzfus J 
Published: May 2009

AbstractFires in three P-3 air craft oxygen systems have occurred: one in the Royal Australian Air Force in 1984 and two in the U.S. Navy in 1998 and 2003. All three fires started in the aluminum manifold and check valve (MCV) assembly and produced similar damages to the aircraft in which they occurred. This paper discusses a failure analysis conducted by the NASA Johnson Space Center White Sands Test Facility Oxygen Hazards and Testing Team on the 2003 U.S. Navy VP-62 fire. It was surmized that the fire started due to heat generated by an oxygen leak past a silicone check valve seal or possibly because of particle impact near the seat of one of the MCV assembly check valves. An additional analysis of fires in several check valve poppet seals from other aircraft is discussed. These burned poppet seals came from P-3 oxygen systems that had been serviced at the Naval Air Station in Jacksonville following standard fill procedures. It was concluded that these seal fires occurred due to the heat from compression heating, particle impact, or the heat generated by an oxygen leak past the silicone check valve seal. The fact that catastrophic fires did not occur in the case of each check valve seal fire was attributed to the protective nature of the aluminum oxide layer on the check valve poppets. To prevent future fires of this nature, the U.S. and Canadian fleets of P-3 aircraft have been retrofitted with MCV assemblies with an upgraded design and more burn-resistant materials.
Cleanliness of Bearing Steels and Fatigue Life of Rolling Contacts
Authors: Kerrigan A , Kuijpers JC , Gabelli A , Ioannides E 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEstablished metallographic methods of determining the cleanliness of bearing steels with respect to micro-inclusions, such as ASTM E 45, are capable of differentiating poor quality melts from good quality melts. However, as steelmaker capabilities improve, with increasing numbers being able to consistently produce good quality melts, the established methods of cleanliness assessment are unable to differentiate between melts. These established methods, which give single figure ratings based on both the size and number of inclusions, are extremely difficult to use in predicting the performance of a bearing component under conditions of rolling contact fatigue. In this work, the method of Extreme Value Analysis (EVA) is used to characterize the inclusion population of five different steel melts of known and varying quality. A link between the EVA distribution and the measured bearing life, performed on material with a low reduction ratio, is also presented.
New Development in Through Hardened Bearing Steel Grades for Use in Contaminated Lubrication
Authors: Daguier P , Roesch O , Trojahn W 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBearing steel quality has been improved over the past decades by reducing the level and the size of nonmetallic inclusions. Therefore, fatigue lifetime of bearings is mainly governed by surface damage, such as debris denting due to foreign particles. Numerous studies have been performed to find out new steel grades or heat treatments to cope with such severe in-service conditions. Most of these studies argued that the level of retained austenite is the main parameter which governs fatigue lifetime. The present study relates to the effect of heat treatment and alloying elements on the fatigue lifetime of bearing steel in contaminated lubrication at room temperature. Several through hardened steel grades have been tested with different methodologies in order to investigate their behavior in case of: (1) Debris denting, (2) Resistance to Tempering, and (3) High loading conditions. An experimental procedure developed by FAG to simulate particle indentation on bearing has been used to study the behavior of each grade. On the other side, torsion tests at room and high temperature have been used to determine the evolution of fatigue limit. At last, flat washer testing at 4200 MPa is used to determine fatigue lifetime in high loading conditions. Results of fatigue tests are presented in this paper and analyzed in terms of tempering resistance and level of retained austenite.
Evaluation of Methodologies Used for Establishing Soil-Water Characteristic Curve
Authors: Shah PH , Sreedeep S , Singh DN 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Different methodologies have been developed for establishing the soil-water characteristic curve, SWCC. These methodologies employ measurement of the soil suction with the help of different instrumentation techniques. However, as the instruments used for measuring soil suction work efficiently only for a certain range of suction, obtained SWCCs may not be representative. This calls for a systematic investigation, which would be of great help in determining the efficiency of each of these instruments for measuring the soil suction, and hence establishing the SWCC precisely. With this in view, the results obtained from a pressure membrane extractor (PME) and a dewpoint potentiameter (WP4), which are used quite frequently for the said purpose, were evaluated for the soils of entirely different characteristics. This technical note highlights the importance of utilization of the instruments in tandem for conducting multiple suction measurements in order to obtain a representative SWCC that covers the entire range of water content and corresponding suction.
The Effects of Implant Temperature on Lubricant Protein Precipitation and Polyethylene Wear in Joint Simulation Studies
Authors: Liao Y-S , Hanes M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Implant temperature increases as soon as a wear test starts. Frictional heating is the main reason for the temperature increase. Factors that affect the magnitude of the increase include the thermal conductivity of the implant materials, testing speed, and serum volume of the test chamber. High implant temperature can cause precipitation of soluble proteins in the serum lubricant. The protein precipitates can form a film at the wear interface and may affect laboratory wear evaluation of polyethylene liners. The effects of the implant temperature (of cobalt-chromium and zirconia femoral components) and the amount of protein precipitation from serum lubricant on the wear of UHMWPE liners has been demonstrated in a previous study using an external temperature control device. Furthermore, the nonlinear relationship of the implant temperature and the polyethylene wear has been discussed in another study, using moderately crosslinked UHMWPE liners tested against cobalt-chromium, zirconia, and alumina/zirconia composite femoral components at various temperatures. The results from both studies demonstrated that the temperature around the hip joint implants during a simulation can affect the wear rate of polyethylene. One guideline for minimizing the thermal effects on in vitro testing include circulation of coolant at an appropriate temperature to avoid overheating (due to nonstop running of the simulator) thus preventing excessive protein precipitation. This recommendation should help producing wear surfaces and wear debris that are more comparable to in vivo outcomes.
Joint Movement in Precast Concrete Panel Cladding
Authors: Karpati KK , Sereda PJ 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Joint movements between precast concrete panels were measured on a high-rise building. The movements were correlated to air temperature changes and were statistically evaluated. An experimental coefficient of movement was calculated from the slope of the regression line and the dimension of the panels and was compared to the published linear coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete.
Production and Economic Consequences When Machining Glass Ceramic
Authors: Turker EG , Stanislao J , Richman MH 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Experimental data was obtained characterizing the machinability behavior of glass ceramic material (K2O-MgF2-MgO-SiO2). To determine how this material can be processed under production conditions an economic model was developed using Taylor's equations. A machining parameter was ultimately established with a minimum cost per unit while achieving a maximum production rate.
Load-Time Attenuation During Instrumented Charpy Impact Testing
Authors: Rack HJ 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The uses and limitations of procedures designed to characterize and correct for load-time attenuation occurring during dynamic impact testing are described. The importance of wave form, time to maximum load, and load decay time are considered. It is shown that, within certain bounds, wave form attenuation calibration procedures can be used as a means of correcting data which contains excess filtering.
A Note on Pseudo-Acoustic Emission Sources
Authors: Egle DM , Brown AE 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This paper describes an experimental comparison of the stress waves generated by three sources of simulated acoustic emission events: a piezoelectric generator, an electric spark, and a pulsed laser. The stress waves produced by the electric spark indicate that the stress generating mechanism is the thermally excited pressure pulse in the air surrounding the spark. Each of the sources is shown to be capable of producing stress waves of less than 1-μs duration, but the piezoelectric generator appears to be the most advantageous technique.
Fracture Energy and Crack Tunnelling
Authors: Johnson FA , Radon JC 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Instrumented impact testing has been used to measure the dynamic fracture-initiation toughness of some precipitation hardened aluminum alloys. The results of these tests have been calculated by the energy method GIc = ω/ηA and by the K calibration formula. The difference in origin and interpretation between the initiation toughness GIc = ω/ηA and specific fracture energy ω/A has been considered.
Double-cantilever beam (DCB) specimens of these alloys have been used to measure point values of fracture toughness by the compliance method and average propagation toughness by the specific surface energy method. Fracture propagation is of the semistable type in these non-rate-sensitive alloys, and the toughness values are found to be similar by both methods. An exception is when crack tunnelling develops during crack propagation in thick DCB specimens. Then KIc from the surface energy method tends to be lower than that from the compliance method.
X-Ray Residual Stress Calibration Data of Certain Ferrous and Nonferrous Alloys
Authors: Ranganathan BN , Wert JJ , Clotfelter WN 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Data pertaining to X-ray residual stress standards of certain ferrous and nonferrous alloys have been presented. These standards which have been obtained using conventional X-ray diffraction techniques will be employed in conducting field-type residual stress measurements in the shuttle program by using automatic servo-controlled systems.
Converting Fatigue Loading Spectra for Flight-by-Flight Testing of Aircraft and Helicopter Components
Authors: Ekvall JC , Young L 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Fatigue tests conducted on structural components of flight vehicles are generally required to demonstrate compliance with contract and military specifications. The results of these tests provide assurance to the customer that the structure will have an acceptably low probability of fatigue crack occurrence during service and that the cracks that do develop in service will propagate slowly enough to allow detection and repair. This overview presentation describes how to convert fatigue service loading spectra into fatigue test spectra to meet the requirements for full-scale fatigue testing of aircraft and helicopter components.
Constancy of the Tensile Test Machine Stiffness
Authors: Fortes MA , Proença JG 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A method is presented for determining the current value of the stiffness of a tensile machine during uniaxial loading tests. The method is based on stress relaxation tests and on the measurement of the slopes of the load-time curve at the moment when the crosshead speed is changed from zero to some finite value. This method has shown that the stiffness can be taken as a constant within fairly wide ranges of the load level, crosshead speed, and specimen dimensions.
Unusual Potential Drop During the Application of the Electrical Potential Method in a Fracture Mechanics Test
Authors: Bachmann V , Munz D 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe application of the electrical potential method during a fracture mechanics test can give rise to a potential drop if the maximum load during fatigue precracking is exceeded. The effect is only observed if the fatigue fracture surface is very rough. The reason is a contact of the fatigue fracture surface caused by a lateral deformation in the direction of the crack front.
Nomograph for Determining Corrosion Rate in Wire Coil Tests
Authors: Zanker A 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
A nomograph has been devised that will allow a rapid solution to the equation outlined in the ASTM Test for Corrosivity of Water in the Absence of Heat Transfer (Weight Loss Methods) (D 2688-70). Test procedures are described, and instructions for the use of the nomograph are provided.
Statistical Interpretation of Strength Tests of Masonry Units for Structural Applications
Authors: Brown RH , Grogan JC 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The acceptance criteria for both brick and concrete block masonry units are reviewed and compared to those of concrete. Modifications in the acceptance criteria for masonry units are recommended which limit the amount by which the strength of any masonry unit may fall below the specified value. Probabilistic methods are used to develop equations which provide uniform, reliable compliance with both the existing and recommended acceptance criteria. It is shown that the producer of masonry units who exercises high standards of quality control is rewarded with a higher design strength. The producer who conducts more than minimum testing is similarly rewarded.