bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical application of saccade‐reflex testing in man
Authors: Konrad Horst R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractComputer‐aided measurements of saccade‐reflex reaction times, velocities, and accuracies have become important tools in the detection of central nervous system pathology. Because of improved knowledge of the reflex pathways in man, saccade testing can assist in differentiating between brain stem, cerebellar, or cerebral disorders and point toward unilateral lesions. Saccade‐reflex testing is also useful in determining disability and measuring over time the course of central nervous system disorders. Further work, correlating lesions observed by high‐resolution imaging techniques with abnormalities in reflexes, continues to improve the understanding of saccade mechanisms in man. Specific cases are used to show the effects of anatomic lesions on changes in saccade reflexes. The results from 100 consecutive patients evaluated for dizziness are provided in order to illustrate the prevalence of saccade abnormalities and the relationship between abnormalities in vestibular and slow and fast eye‐movement reflexes. Patients complaining of disequilibrium and visual disturbances frequently have abnormalities in the saccade system, abnormalities which are often overlooked in present clinical testing of the dizzy patient.
Histopathologic changes in snoring and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Woodson B. Tucker , Toohill Robert J. , Garancis John C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe pathophysiologic events that lead to the loss of airway compensation in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are poorly understood. The development of airway instability may be secondary to changes in neurologic control, airway morphology, or both. To identify potential histopathologic features of pharyngeal tissues that may contribute to OSA, transverse sections of the distal soft palate and uvula were qualitatively compared using light and electron microscopy from 4 severe apneics (>50 apnea/hour), 4 severe snorers (<20 apnea/hour), and 4 nonsnorers. Light microscopy of both apneics and snorers revealed mucous gland hypertrophy with ductal dilation and focal squamous metaplasia, disruption of muscle bundles by infiltrating mucous glands, focal atrophy of muscle fibers, and extensive edema of the lamina propria with vascular dilation. Severe snorers did not differ qualitatively from apneics in the characteristic changes found; however, some snorers had less extensive changes. No distinctive histopathologic findings could be associated with the development of apnea. Electron microscopy of severe apneics identified frequent focal degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers and axons. The finding of similar histopathologic changes in apneics and severe snorers supports previous speculation of a common etiology not directly related to apnea, such as vibratory trauma to pharyngeal tissues. Degenerative changes in peripheral nerves, identified on electron microscopy, however, may contribute to airway instability and the development of obstructive apnea by impairing pharyngeal reflexes.
Human respiratory mucosa in a nonadhesive stationary organ culture system
Authors: Steinsvåg S. K. , Strand M. , Berg ø. , Olofsson J. , Miaguchi M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFragments of human adenoid tissue were transferred to a nonadhesive, stationary organ culture system. The culture period was 40 days. In culture, beating cilia could be observed at the surface of the fragments. Light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy showed that the tissue fragments were covered by a multilayered, pseudostratified, ciliated epithelium. Beneath the epithelium was a basement membrane. At the start of the culture period, the central parts of the fragments were dominated by lymphocytes. These lymphocytes gradually disappeared and were replaced by a collagen‐containing stroma with scattered fibroblasts. The tissue fragments can be used as an organ culture model for normal respiratory mucosa.
Effect of cricopharyngeus myotomy on postlaryngectomy pharyngeal contraction pressures
Authors: Horowitz Jay B. , Sasaki Clarence T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAfter total laryngectomy, the cricopharyngeus muscle, when intact, appears to inhibit the free flow of saliva and secretions past the pharyngeal repair into the upper esophagus. The authors hypothesize that cricopharyngeus myotomy reduces sphincteric pressure, thereby diminishing forces against the pharyngeal suture line. Peak pharyngeal pressures were recorded in patients who underwent total laryngectomy with and without cricopharyngeus myotomy. In patients without concurrent myotomy, peak pharyngeal pressures were all greater than 60 mm Hg. With concurrent myotomy, peak pharyngeal pressures averaged less than 40 mm Hg. Concurrent myotomy carries with it the potential for minimizing postoperative fistulization, eliminating dysphagia of cricopharyngeus spasm, and improving the acquisition of alaryngeal speech.
Congenital perilymphatic fistula and associated middle ear abnormalities
Authors: Weber Peter C. , Perez Blas A. , Bluestone Charles D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTo specifically determine the frequency and type of middle ear abnormalities associated with perilymphatic fistula (PLF), a retrospective chart review was performed of 94 patients (117 ears) who underwent exploratory tympanotomy for PLF from 1980 to 1989. Of these 94 patients, 60 (63.8%) had a PLF identified. Of the 117 ears explored, 80 (68.4%) had a PLF, and in 65 (81.3%) of these ears, a middle ear malformation was associated with the PLF. Of these 65 ears in which a congenital middle ear abnormality was observed, a malformed stapes was the most common abnormality seen (39 ears, 60%), followed by a deformed round window (20 ears, 30.8%), a deformed incus (11 ears, 16.9%), and a deformed promontory (2 ears, 3%). Often these malformations coexisted amongst themselves or with inner ear abnormalities. Sixteen children (25 ears) had an inner ear malformation identified on computed tomography (CT); all of these children had a PLF found at the time of surgery. This study demonstrated that 86.3% of the ears found to have a PLF had a deformity of the middle ear, inner ear, or both. A malformation of the stapes, most frequently identified as a deformity of its superstructure (and presumably also the anterior footplate), was the most common congenital middle ear abnormality found to be associated with PLF in children.
Endothelial cell growth factor (ECGF) application to irradiated soft tissue
Authors: Hom David B. , Assefa Girma , Song Chang W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAfter total laryngectomy, the cricopharyngeus muscle, when intact, appears to inhibit the free flow of saliva and secretions past the pharyngeal repair into the upper esophagus. The authors hypothesize that cricopharyngeus myotomy reduces sphincteric pressure, thereby diminishing forces against the pharyngeal suture line. Peak pharyngeal pressures were recorded in patients who underwent total laryngectomy with and without cricopharyngeus myotomy. In patients without concurrent myotomy, peak pharyngeal pressures were all greater than 60 mm Hg. With concurrent myotomy, peak pharyngeal pressures averaged less than 40 mm Hg. Concurrent myotomy carries with it the potential for minimizing postoperative fistulization, eliminating dysphagia of cricopharyngeus spasm, and improving the acquisition of alaryngeal speech.
The three bellies of the canine posterior cricoarytenoid muscle: Implications for understanding laryngeal function
Authors: Sanders Ira , Jacobs Ian , Wu Bei‐Lian , Biller Hugh E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) muscle is known to be active during phonation and respiration. The presence of muscle compartments (bellies) that might subserve these functions was investigated in the canine PCA by anatomical dissection and muscle fiber histochemistry. Five PCA muscles were microdissected and the origins and insertions of all muscle bundles were recorded. An additional six PCA muscles were frozen, sectioned, and stained for adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. The total number of fast‐ and slow‐twitch fibers were counted and their proportion was determined for each region of the muscle.The PCA muscle was found to contain three distinct neuromuscular compartments. The vertical compartment is oriented at 24 degrees from true vertical, inserts on the lateral aspect of the muscular process of the arytenoid, and is composed of 65% type 2 (fast) muscle fibers. The oblique is oriented at 44 degrees from vertical, inserts on the top of the muscular process of the arytenoid, and is composed of 77% type 2 muscle fibers. The horizontal is oriented at 63 degrees from vertical, inserts on the medial aspect of the muscular process of the arytenoid, and is composed of 59% type 2 muscle fibers.The cricoarytenoid joint is capable of three arcs of motion and the physical arrangement of each compartment appears to correspond to each of these motions. Moreover, the histochemical profiles show that the activity of the three bellies is quite different. These results suggest that the different compartments of the PCA perform distinctive motions during phonation and inspiration.
Histologic correlation of the degenerating facial nerve with electroneurography
Authors: Halvorson David J. , Coker Newton J. , Wang‐Bennett Lolin T. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe myogenic compound action potential (CAP) measured by electroneurography (ENoG) is hypothesized to correlate directly with the number of viable motoneurons in the facial nerve. In an animal model (cat), two independent ENoG techniques, standardized recording lead placement (SRLP) and optimized recording lead placement (ORLP), were used to record CAPs evoked from nerves undergoing degeneration. Normal test‐retest variability simulated human studies. Peripheral counts of viable axons correlated with N1 amplitude (ORLP ENoG), peak‐to‐peak (absolute) amplitude (both ENoG techniques), and area under the negative phase of the diphasic CAP waveform (both ENoG techniques) recorded over the whisker pad. These results validate ENoG as a reliable indicator of neural integrity following traumatic lesions of the facial nerve.
Eosinophil cationic protein in the nasal secretions of patients with mite allergic rhinitis
Authors: Nishioka Keiko , Saito Chisato , Nagano Toshiaki , Okano Mitsuhiro , Masuda Yu , Kuriyama Toyomitsu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn 25 patients with mite nasal allergy and 13 healthy control subjects, levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and histamine in nasal secretions were examined before and after challenge with mite extract. The ECP level was found to be significantly higher in the washings taken 30 minutes after challenge compared with the washings taken before challenge (P<.05). ECP levels measured both before and after mite extract challenge were found to be significantly higher in the patients than in the controls (P <.01). These facts suggest that the ECP affects the nasal mucosa by causing injury to ciliated cells and by acceleration of the processes of modification and inhibition of the allergic reaction.
Fibrin binding, fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activity of plasminogen activator derived from the paranasal mucous membrane of humans
Authors: Yamashiro Yutaka , Nakamura Mariko , Huang Guang‐Wu , Kosugi Tadayoshi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt is known that large amounts of plasminogen activator (PA) are contained in tissue extracts of the human paranasal mucous membrane (PMM) with chronic sinusitis. The present study was undertaken to isolate and purify the PA in tissue extracts of PMM. Furthermore, the purified PA was identified as to whether it was of the tissue type or urokinase (UK) type, and some of its fibrinolytic characteristics were determined in comparison with those of urokinase. As starting material, extracts of acetone powder of PMM with chronic sinusitis were used, and Zn‐imminodiacetate affinity chromatography, lysine‐Sepharose affinity chromatography, and ultrafiltration were carried out to separate and purify the PA from the PMM. The PA was purified to a 107‐fold increase in specific activity. The molecular weight of the PA was estimated to be 65, 000 to 70, 000 d by gel filtration using Sephacryl S‐200. The purified PA was stable in the range of pH 8.0. to 9.0. Using S‐2288, a synthetic substrate, the Michaelis constant (Km) of the purified PA was estimated to be 0.11 mmol. The binding of the purified PA to fibrin was stronger than that of UK, while the fibrinogenolytic activity of the purified PA was not stronger than that of UK. Based on these results, the purified PA was identified as a tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA). From the kinetic data, it was identified as being of the two‐chain variety. It is considered that, as a thrombolytic agent, t‐PA derived from the PMM could be more useful than UK.
Metabolic activity of the central auditory structures following prolonged deafferentation
Authors: El‐Kashlan Hussam K. , Noorily Alan D. , Niparko John K. , Miller Josef M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe goal of this work was to evaluate, using autoradiographic techniques, the effects of variable periods of deafness on resting and evoked metabolic activity in central auditory structures elicited by direct electrical cochlear nucleus (CN) stimulation.Thirty‐five pigmented guinea pigs, divided into five groups, underwent acute implantation of bipolar electrodes in the CN. One group was not deafened and served as hearing controls. The other four groups were deafened using an established protocol of sequential kanamycin/ethacrynic acid treatment and were tested at 4 weeks, 9 weeks, 16 weeks, and 15 months after deafening.Threshold currents for eliciting evoked middle latency responses (EMLRs) with direct CN stimulation were not significantly different between hearing and deafened groups. Autoradiographic data showed progressive reduction of the evoked metabolic response with incremental periods of deafferentation. Nevertheless, central auditory structures remained responsive to direct electrical stimulation of the CN.These data indicate that direct CN stimulation remains capable of activating the auditory tract despite prolonged periods of deafness.
Inhalation of platelet‐activating factor increases respiratory resistance in rats: Determination by means of an astograph under nonanesthetized conditions
Authors: Kosugi Tadayoshi , Saitoh Shigeru , Tamaki Noboru , Hanashiro Kazuhiko , Nakahodo Kazuhiro , Nakamura Mariko 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntratracheal administration of platelet‐activating factor (PAF) to dogs, baboons, and humans has been shown to induce hyperreactivity of the airways and contraction of the smooth muscle. However, it has not yet been reported whether intratracheal administration of PAF to rats induces hyperreactivity. In the present study, the authors estimated the respiratory resistance of rats during intratracheal administration of PAF in order to evaluate the reactivity of the airways to PAF. In both the nonsensitized group and the sensitized group of rats, intratracheal administration of PAF induced an increase in respiratory resistance. The results obtained clarify that responsiveness to PAF exists in the airways of rats.
Histopathologic changes in the aging human cricoarytenoid joint
Authors: Casiano Roy R. , Ruiz Phillip J. , Goldstein Warren 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDetrimental effects of the natural aging process on the human cricoarytenoid joint have been hypothesized as a possible etiology for the voice changes seen in the aging population. Cellular events occurring at the histologic level, such as cricoarytenoid joint erosion or arthritis may lead to alterations in laryngeal structure which ultimately affect its function and performance. Seven normal human larynges of varying ages ranging from 29 to 69 years of age were examined histopathologically for changes in the cricoarytenoid joint. The synovium, joint space, periarticular muscle, and respiratory epithelium were evaluated for the presence of inflammatory changes or edema and degree of vascularity. The location and amount of ossification, elastin, and collagen formation were also noted.There were no appreciable changes noted in the synovium or joint space itself with increasing age. No differences were observed in the degree of elastin or collagen formation. However, there was progressive cricoid and arytenoid ossification and periarticular muscular atrophy and fibrosis.These findings suggest that other laryngeal changes may play a greater role in determining senescent vocal quality rather than changes within the cricoarytenoid joint itself.
Treatment of paranasal sinus cancer with cranial base surgery: Results
Authors: Janecka Ivo P. , Sen Chandranath , Sekhar Laligam , Curtin Hugh 
Published: October 2009

AbstractParanasal sinus cancer has been difficult to treat with surgery. A significant negative factor has been the high frequency of tumor‐positive surgical margins. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cranial base surgery in achieving higher tumor‐free resective margins and its impact on the disease control. Fifty patients with paranasal sinus cancer were treated with cranial base surgery and retrospectively evaluated. Surgery was performed for both primary and recurrent disease (“salvage”). with more than half of the surgeries being salvage procedures. The survival at 40 months of mean follow‐up is 74%, and 64% of the patients either have no evidence of disease (NED) or have died of other causes (DOC).Cranial base surgery is an effective treatment of paranasal sinus cancer. The ability to achieve tumor‐free surgical margins (77% in squamous cell carcinoma [SCC]) is directly related to NED status (75% of NED patients had free margins).
The inverted schneiderian papilloma: A 25‐year study
Authors: Vrabec Donald P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractInverted papillomas arising from the lateral nasal wall are controversial lesions which have been reported in the medical literature under a variety of titles. The designation “inverted Schneiderian papilloma” is recommended as an appropriate title to best convey the tumor's qualities of inversion, location, and distinctiveness of character. The etiology is uncertain. In the absence of a better explanation of its origin, the tumor should be considered a true epithelial neoplasm.Clinical features in 101 cases seen at the Geisinger Medical Center during the past 25 years are presented. The most frequent presenting complaint was nasal obstruction. The site of origin was the lateral nasal wall in the region of the middle meatus. The most characteristic attributes of the tumor were its tendency to recur, its destructive capacity, and its propensity to be associated with malignancy. To illustrate the pernicious nature of the lesion, a detailed description is given of the extent of bone erosion, the extraordinary sites of tumor extension, and the perioperative complications encountered.A philosophy of management has evolved based on the experiences gained from these 101 patients combined with a review of the experiences of others and study of the regional anatomy. A bold surgical approach is detailed using a lateral rhinotomy incision or a modified Weber‐Ferguson incision to expose the tumor adequately and remove it completely. The recurrence rate using this approach was 2%.An associated malignancy was present in 8 patients. Four died of widespread metastases within a year of the diagnosis. The remaining 4 patients are long‐term survivors free of disease.
Investigation of a coaxial bipolar nerve stimulator for intraoperative motor nerve monitoring
Authors: Dankle Jon A. , Wiegand David A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntraoperative cranial motor nerve monitoring has improved the preservation of cranial nerve function during cerebellopontine angle and skull base surgery. Further improvements are needed to provide greater selectivity and sensitivity during intraoperative motor nerve stimulation. Use of bipolar stimulator probes has been recommended by previous investigators. The authors hypothesized that a coaxial bipolar stimulator design might provide important advantages over existing designs. This study compared the results of bipolar and monopolar stimulation using a coaxial stimulator probe in a rat model and during neurotologic procedures. The coaxial bipolar probe was superior in selectivity, thereby permitting useful multichannel monitoring. The coaxial design may also offer advantages over previous bipolar stimulator designs.
Nano‐imaging through tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Stepping beyond the classical limits
Authors: Verma P. , Ichimura T. , Yano T. , Saito Y. , Kawata S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe spatial resolution in optical imaging is restricted by so‐called diffraction limit, which prevents it to be better than about half of the wavelength of the probing light. Tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), which is based on the SPP‐induced plasmonic enhancement and confinement of light near a metallic nanostructure, can however, overcome this barrier and produce optical images far beyond the diffraction limit. Here in this article, the basic phenomenon involved in TERS is reviewed, and the high spatial resolution achieved in optical imaging through this technique is discussed. Further, it is shown that when TERS is combined with some other physical phenomena, the spatial resolution can be dramatically improved. Particularly, by including tip‐applied extremely localized pressure in TERS process, it has been demonstrated that a spatial resolution as high as 4 nm could be achieved.
Erosions‐Korrosions‐Untersuchungen an gradierten Multilayer‐Chromkarbidschichten
Authors: Durst O. , Ellermeier J. , Troßmann T. , Berger C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPVD‐ und PECVD‐Schichten haben sich als Verschleißschutz vor allem auf Werkzeugen zur spanenden Bearbeitung bewährt. Je nach Art der Schicht ist hierbei nicht nur eine Verminderung des Verschleißes, sondern auch eine Reibwert‐Reduktion möglich, z. B. durch den Einbau wasserstoffhaltigen Kohlenstoffs in die Schicht. Solche kohlenstoffhaltigen Schichten verhalten sich außerdem auch in vielen Medien elektrochemisch inert, so dass sie selbst in wässrigen Medien nicht korrodieren. Da sie zusätzlich über eine sehr dichte Struktur verfügen, erscheint eine Anwendung als Korrosionsschutz‐Beschichtung Erfolg versprechend. Für die durchzuführenden Untersuchungen wurde ein neuer Versuchsstand entwickelt, der eine erosiv‐korrosive Komplexbeanspruchung ermöglicht. In diesem werden beschichtete Proben betriebsnah einem strömenden feststoffbeladenen Medium ausgesetzt. Mittels der damit möglichen Versuche sollten neu entwickelte gradierte Multilayer‐Chromkarbidschichten auf ihre Erosions‐Korrosions‐Eigenschaften hin untersucht werden. Ziel war die Klärung der Schädigungsmechanismen zur Weiterentwicklung der Schichten und eine Beurteilung der Einsatzmöglichkeiten PVD/PECVD‐beschichteter niedriglegierter Stähle unter erosiv‐korrosiver Beanspruchung. Vergleichend wurden eine dem Stand der Technik entsprechende industrielle DLC‐Schicht sowie ein Duplex‐Stahl untersucht.Für den Einsatz von PVD‐/PECVD‐beschichtetem niedriglegiertem Stahl in erosiv‐korrosiv beanspruchten Bereichen bedeuten die Ergebnisse der durchgeführten Untersuchungen, dass die untersuchten Schichten zur Verwendung in Bereichen mit starkem Prallverschleiß bislang noch nicht geeignet sind. Jedoch besitzt vor allem die gradierte Multilayer‐Chromkarbidschicht aufgrund ihrer dichten Struktur, die nur eine geringe Korrosion des Grundwerkstoffs zulässt, das Potenzial zum Schutz vor Erosions‐Korrosion. Für meist eher spröde PVD‐ bzw. PECVD‐Schichten stellen Partikel, die in relativ großem Winkel auf die Oberfläche treffen und zu Prallverschleiß führen, eine besonders harte Beanspruchung dar. Es stellt sich daher die Frage, ob die entwickelten Schichten nicht unter abrasiv furchendem Verschleiß, wie er bei tangentialer, erosiver Strömung auftritt und auch in der Praxis vorkommt, bessere Eigenschaften besitzen. Dies soll in zukünftigen Versuchen genauer untersucht werden.