bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrological and Geochemical Characteristics of Intrusive Rocks Related to Porphyry Copper Mineralization and the Implications for the Genesis of Deposits in the Namosi area, Viti Levu, Republic of the Fiji Islands
Authors: Tanaka Takayuki , Imai Akira , Egashira Saori , Sakomoto Sachihiro , Yasunaga Kentaro , Maeda Katsuhiko 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the Namosi district, of Viti Levu Island, Republic of the Fiji Islands, we conducted chemical analysis on intrusive rocks and attempted to clarify the relationship between petrological characteristics and mineralization. Samples were collected from the Waisoi copper deposit, Waivaka corridor, Waisomo, Wailutelevu and Wainabama Southwest localities. The intrusive rocks in the district show the overall characteristics of calc‐alkaline magnetite series. Using the normative composition diagram for granite classification, most of the intrusive rocks plot in the tonalite, granodiorite, quartz monzodiorite and quartz diorite fields. Rare earth element (REE) analysis revealed that at Waisoi the intrusive rocks tend towards an Eu positive anomaly, whereas most of those at Waisomo tend to have a negative anomaly. The (Cecn/Ybcn)/Ybcn ratio shows that the intrusive rocks in the Namosi district may be derived from a mantle origin magma possibly contaminated by crustal materials. Waisoi rocks have less contamination with continental crust and show higher gold content compared to those of the Waivaka corridor. The observed differences between Waisoi and Waivaka corridor in the Cu/Au ratio might also be caused by varying amounts of contamination by crustal materials. There is no clear correlation between the La/Yb ratio and K–Ar ages, however, the La/Yb ratio of the Waivaka corridor rocks has a wide range, suggesting a variable amount of crustal contamination of the magma from 7 to 5 Ma. The less crustal contamination and generation of relatively high silica contents under relatively oxidized conditions in the Waisoi magmas is correlated with Au‐rich porphyry copper mineralization and in contrast more crustal contamination produced Au‐poor porphyry copper mineralization at the Waivaka Corridor in the Namosi district.
Ilmenite, Magnetite and Chromite Beach Placers from South Maharashtra, Central West Coast of India
Authors: Gujar Anup R. , Ambre Nawso V. , Mislankar Premchand G. , Iyer Sridhar D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe heavy mineral placer deposits of the coastal sediments in south Maharashtra stretch for 12.5 km from Pirwadi in the north to Talashil in the south. The area is a sand bar represented by a narrow submergent coastal plain lying between the Achara and Gad Rivers. The sediments in the area are mainly sands which are moderately well sorted to well sorted. The heavy mineral concentration in the surficial sediments ranges between 0.69 and 98.32 wt % (28.73 wt % in average). The heavy mineral concentration shows an increasing trend from north to south. The heavy mineral suite consists predominantly of opaque minerals (ilmenite, magnetite and chromite), garnet, pyroxene, amphibole, zircon, tourmaline, rutile, staurolite, etc. Ilmenite grains are fresh whereas magnetite grains show the effect of weathering and alteration. The chromite grains are rounded to sub‐rounded with alteration at the margin of the grains. The surficial textures of the opaque minerals show mechanical breaking that indicates limited distance of transportation.Ilmenite has TiO2in the range between 40.04 and 46.6 wt %. Based on ore microscopy studies, the magnetite grains appear to be of two types: pure magnetite and titano‐magnetite. Compositionally, the total magnetite fractions have Fe2O3between 32 and 46 wt %, FeO between 19.0 and 25 wt % and TiO2between 14.3 and 23.9 wt %. The chromite grains are an admixture of two varieties, ferro‐chromite and magnesio‐chromite. The chromite grains have 32.06–47.5 wt % of Cr2O3with total iron between 23.86 wt % (4.73% Fe2O3and 19.13% FeO) and 27.89 wt % (4.36% Fe2O3and 23.53% FeO) and MgO between 12 and 40 wt %.The observed variations in the distribution of heavy minerals in the area are due to differences in the sediment supply, their specific gravity and oceanographic processes all of which result in a selective sorting of the sediments. The observed mineral assemblages of transparent heavy minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, tourmaline, kyanite, garnet, zircon and olivine) are suggestive of their derivation from a heterogeneous provenance comprising of igneous rocks, high grade metamorphic rocks and reworked Kaladgi sediments. The chromite grains appear to have been derived from ultrabasic rocks present in the upper reaches of the Gad River. The inferred reserves of ilmenite, magnetite and chromite are 0.175, 0.395 and 0.032 million tons, respectively.
Identification of Mineral Intensity along Drifts in the Dayingezhuang Deposit, Jiaodong Gold Province, China
Authors: Wan Li , Wang Qingfei , Deng Jun , Gong Qingjie , Yang Liqiang , Liu Huan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGreat mineral intensity in drifts or drills is characterized by both the high proportion and spatial cluster of the high grades. Great mineral intensity indicates the high ore quality and low dilution in the exploitation. The fractal dimension, the fluctuation exponent proposed in this paper and the lacunarity are utilized to analyze the mineral intensity along drifts in the Dayingezhuang gold deposit in Jiaodong gold province, China. It is proven that the combination of the parameters can identify the mineral intensity. The fractal dimension and fluctuation exponent are negatively correlated. In the places where the fractal dimension is small and fluctuation exponent is great, the mineralization is more pronounced. While in the case that the fractal dimensions are similar, smaller fluctuation exponent means more clustered structure of high grades and greater mineral intensity. In the diagram of fractal dimension versus lacunarity, the drifts with great mineral intensity can also be identified. The methods used in this paper provide a relatively comprehensive description for local mineral intensity, providing information for both the ore‐forming process and the exploitation.
Detecting dyads of related individuals in large collections of DNA‐profiles by controlling the false discovery rate
Authors: SKAUG H. J. , BÉRUBÉ M. , PALSBØLL P. J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe search for pairs (dyads) of related individuals in large databases of DNA‐profiles has become an increasingly important inference tool in ecology. However, the many, partly dependent, pairwise comparisons introduce statistical issues. We show that the false discovery rate (FDR) procedure is well suited to control for the proportion of false positives, i.e. dyads consisting of unrelated individuals, which under normal circumstances would have been labelled as related individuals. We verify the behaviour of the standard FDR procedure by simulation, demonstrating that the FDR procedure works satisfactory in spite of the many dependent pairwise comparisons involved in an exhaustive database screening. A computer program that implements this method is available online. In addition, we propose to implement a second stage in the procedure, in which additional independent genetic markers are used to identify the false positives. We demonstrate the application of the approach in an analysis of a DNA database consisting of 3300 individual minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) each typed at ten microsatellite loci. Applying the standard procedure with an FDR of 50% led to the identification of 74 putative dyads of 1st‐ or 2nd‐order relatives. However, introducing the second step, which involved additional genotypes at 15 microsatellite loci, revealed that only 21 of the putative dyads can be claimed with high certainty to be true dyads.
Global transport of thermophilic bacteria in atmospheric dust
Authors: Perfumo Amedea , Marchant Roger 
Published: February 2010

SummaryAerosols from dust storms generated in the Sahara‐Sahel desert area of Africa are transported north over Europe and periodically result in dry dust precipitation in the Mediterranean region. Samples of dust collected in Turkey and Greece following two distinct desert storm events contained viable thermophilic organisms of the genus Geobacillus, namely G. thermoglucosidasius and G. thermodenitrificans, and the recently reclassified Aeribacillus pallidus (formerly Geobacillus pallidus). We present here evidence that African dust storms create an atmospheric bridge between distant geographical regions and that they are also probably the source of thermophilic geobacilli later deposited over northern Europe by rainfall or dust plumes themselves. The same organisms (99% similarity in the 16S rDNA sequence) were found in dust collected in the Mediterranean region and inhabiting cool soils in Northern Ireland. This study also contributes new insights to the taxonomic identification of Geobacillus sp. Attempts to identify these organisms using 16S rRNA gene sequences have revealed that they contain multiple and diverse copies of the ribosomal RNA operon (up to 10 copies with nine different sequences), which dictates care in interpreting data about the systematics of this genus.
Living alone, lack of a confidant and psychological well‐being of elderly women in Singapore: the mediating role of loneliness
Authors: Lim Lena L. , Ng Tze Pin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackground: The “feminization of aging” and nuclearization of families calls for research to examine the mental health and well‐being of elderly women living alone. This study examined a proposed heuristic model whereby the relationship between living alone and lack of a confidant and psychological well‐being is mediated by feeling of loneliness.Methods: Path analysis was performed on data of 1,205 community‐living older women aged 55 and above with psychological well‐being assessed by depressive symptoms (15‐items Geriatric Depression Scale) and SF‐12 MCS (mental component summary scale of the 12‐item Short‐Form Health Survey) quality of life scores assessed at baseline and follow‐up 1.5 years later.Results: Goodness‐of‐fit indices used for the model showed good fits. All of the path coefficients were meaningful in absolute magnitude and significant at P<0.001. Living alone was associated concurrently with lack of a confidant (r=0.11), both of which predicts loneliness (path co‐efficient=0.09). Loneliness predicts more depressive symptoms (path coefficient=0.25) and SF‐12 MCS (path coefficient=−0.28) at baseline, as well as at follow‐up.Conclusion: The findings suggest that loneliness mediates the relationship between living alone, lack of a confidant, and psychological well‐being. Living alone becomes detrimental when it leads to loneliness. Social programs directed at elderly women who are living alone should alleviate loneliness through satisfactory interpersonal relationships, and emotional and spiritual support.
Discovery and Characterization of Inhibitors of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Type III Secretion
Authors: Aiello Daniel , Williams John D. , Majgier-Baranowska Helena , Patel Ishan , Peet Norton P. , Huang Jin , Lory Stephen , Bowlin Terry L. , Moir Donald T. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACT

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a clinically important virulence mechanism in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
that secretes and translocates up to four protein toxin effectors into human cells, facilitating the establishment and dissemination of infections. To discover inhibitors of this important virulence mechanism, we developed two cellular reporter assays and applied them to a library of 80,000 compounds. The primary screen was based on the dependence of the transcription of T3SS operons on the T3SS-mediated secretion of a negative regulator and consisted of a transcriptional fusion of the
Photorhabdus luminescens luxCDABE
operon to the
P. aeruginosa exoT
effector gene. Secondary assays included direct measurements of the T3SS-mediated secretion of a
P. aeruginosa
ExoS effector-β-lactamase fusion protein as well as the detection of the secretion of native ExoS by the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis of culture supernatants. Five inhibitors in three chemical classes were demonstrated to inhibit type III secretion selectively with minimal cytotoxicity and with no effects on bacterial growth or on the type II-mediated secretion of elastase. These inhibitors also block the T3SS-mediated secretion of a YopE effector-β-lactamase fusion protein from an attenuated
Yersinia pestis
strain. The most promising of the inhibitors is a phenoxyacetamide that also blocks the T3SS-mediated translocation of effectors into mammalian cells in culture. Preliminary studies of structure-activity relationships in this phenoxyacetamide series demonstrated a strict requirement for the
R
-enantiomer at its stereocenter and indicated tolerance for a variety of substituents on one of its two aromatic rings.
Fluorescence Microscopy Demonstrates Enhanced Targeting of Telavancin to the Division Septum ofStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Lunde Christopher S. , Rexer Charles H. , Hartouni Stephanie R. , Axt Sabine , Benton Bret M. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTThe cellular binding patterns of fluorescent conjugates of telavancin and vancomycin were evaluated inStaphylococcus aureusby fluorescence microscopy and ratio imaging analysis. Telavancin showed enhanced binding at the division septum compared to vancomycin. This result is consistent with observations that telavancin binds with higher affinity to lipid II than tod-Ala-d-Ala residues in the cell wall, thus demonstrating the preferential binding of telavancin to the site of active cell wall biosynthesis.
An Antimicrobial Peptide That Targets DNA Repair IntermediatesIn VitroInhibitsSalmonellaGrowth within Murine Macrophages
Authors: Su Leo Y. , Willner Dana L. , Segall Anca M. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTThe hexapeptide WRWYCR was previously identified on the basis of its ability to inhibit bacteriophage lambda integrase-mediated recombination by trapping and preventing resolution of the Holliday junction intermediate. This peptide inhibits several unrelated DNA repair enzymes that bind to and process Holliday junctions and branched DNA substrates. WRWYCR and itsdstereoisomer, wrwycr, are bactericidal against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, causing the accumulation of DNA breaks, chromosome segregation defects, and the filamentation of cells. DNA repair is a novel target of antibiotics. In the present study, we examined the ability of the peptides to inhibit the growth ofSalmonellain mammalian cells. J774A.1 macrophage-like cells and murine peritoneal macrophages were infected withSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium and grown in the presence or absence of peptide. We found that peptide wrwycr reduced the number ofSalmonellacells recovered after 24 h growth in J774A.1 cells by 100 to 1,000 times, depending on the multiplicity of infection. The peptide also inhibitedSalmonellagrowth in peritoneal macrophages, and although higher doses were required, these were not toxic to the host cells. The apparent lower level of potency of the peptide paralleled the lower level of replication ofSalmonellaand the lower level of permeation of the peptide in the peritoneal macrophages than in the J774.1 cells. Treatment with peptide wrwycr elicited the SOS response in a significant fraction of the intracellular bacteria, as would be expected if the mechanism of bacterial killing was the same in pure culture and in host cells. These results represent a proof of principle of the antimicrobial activities of compounds that target DNA repair.
The Stress-Induced Virulence Protein InlH Controls Interleukin-6 Production during Murine Listeriosis
Authors: Personnic Nicolas , Bruck Serawit , Nahori Marie-Anne , Toledo-Arana Alejandro , Nikitas Giorgos , Lecuit Marc , Dussurget Olivier , Cossart Pascale , Bierne Hélène 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTThe genome of the pathogenic bacteriumListeria monocytogenescontains a family of genes encoding proteins with a leucine-rich repeat domain. One of these genes,inlH, is a σB-dependent virulence gene of unknown function. Previously,inlHwas proposed to be coexpressed with two adjacent internalin genes,inlGandinlE. Using tiling arrays, we showed thatinlHexpression is monocistronic and specifically induced in stationary phase as well as in the intestinal lumen of mice, independent ofinlGandinlEexpression. Consistent withinlHσB-dependent regulation, surface expression of the InlH protein is induced when bacteria are subjected to thermal, acidic, osmotic, or oxidative stress. Disruption ofinlHincreases the amount of the invasion protein InlA without changinginlAtranscript level, suggesting that there is a link betweeninlHexpression andinlAposttranscriptional regulation. However, in contrast to InlA, InlH does not contribute to bacterial invasion of cultured cellsin vitroor of intestinal cellsin vivo. Strikingly, the reduced virulence ofinlH-deficientL. monocytogenesstrains is accompanied by enhanced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in infected tissues during the systemic phase of murine listeriosis but not by enhanced production of any other inflammatory cytokine tested. Since InlH does not modulate IL-6 secretion in macrophages at leastin vitro, it may play a role in other immune cells or contribute to a pathway that modulates survival or activation of IL-6-secreting cells. These results strongly suggest that InlH is a stress-induced surface protein that facilitates pathogen survival in tissues by tempering the inflammatory response.
Cross-Species Protection Mediated by aBordetella bronchisepticaStrain Lacking Antigenic Homologs Present in Acellular Pertussis Vaccines
Authors: Sukumar Neelima , Sloan Gina Parise , Conover Matt S. , Love Cheraton F. , Mattoo Seema , Kock Nancy D. , Deora Rajendar 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTTheBordetellaspecies are Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that are characterized by long-term colonization of the mammalian respiratory tract and are causative agents of respiratory diseases in humans and animals. Despite widespread and efficient vaccination, there has been a world-wide resurgence of pertussis, which remains the leading cause of vaccine-preventable death in developed countries. It has been proposed that current acellular vaccines (Pa) composed of only a few bacterial proteins may be less efficacious because of vaccine-induced antigenic shifts and adaptations. To gain insight into the development of a newer generation of vaccines, we constructed aBordetella bronchisepticastrain (LPaV) that does not express the antigenic homologs included in any of the Pa vaccines currently in use. This strain also lacks adenylate cyclase toxin, an essential virulence factor, and BipA, a surface protein. While LPaV colonized the mouse nose as efficiently as the wild-type strain, it was highly deficient in colonization of the lower respiratory tract and was attenuated in induction of inflammation and injury to the lungs. Strikingly, to our surprise, we found that in an intranasal murine challenge model, LPaV elicited cross-species protection against bothB. bronchisepticaandBordetella pertussis. Our data suggest the presence of immunogenic protective components other than those included in the pertussis vaccine. Combined with the whole-genome sequences of manyBordetellaspp. that are available, the results of this study should serve as a platform for strategic development of the next generation of acellular pertussis vaccines.
Phylogenomics Reveals a DiverseRickettsialesType IV Secretion System
Authors: Gillespie Joseph J. , Brayton Kelly A. , Williams Kelly P. , Quevedo Diaz Marco A. , Brown Wendy C. , Azad Abdu F. , Sobral Bruno W. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTWith an obligate intracellular lifestyle,Alphaproteobacteriaof the orderRickettsialeshave inextricably coevolved with their various eukaryotic hosts, resulting in small, reductive genomes and strict dependency on host resources. Unsurprisingly, large portions ofRickettsialesgenomes encode proteins involved in transport and secretion. One particular transporter that has garnered recent attention from researchers is the type IV secretion system (T4SS). Homologous to the well-studied archetypalvirT4SS ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens, theRickettsialesvirhomolog (rvh) T4SS is characterized primarily by duplication of several of its genes and scattered genomic distribution of all components in several conserved islets. Phylogeny estimation suggests a single event of ancestral acquirement of thervhT4SS, likely from a nonalphaproteobacterial origin. Bioinformatics analysis of over 30Rickettsialesgenome sequences illustrates a conserved corervhscaffold (lacking only avirB5homolog), with lineage-specific diversification of several components (rvhB1,rvhB2, andrvhB9b), likely a result of modifications to cell envelope structure. This coevolution of thervhT4SS and cell envelope morphology is probably driven by adaptations to various host cells, identifying the transporter as an important target for vaccine development. Despite the genetic intractability ofRickettsiales, recent advancements have been made in the characterization of several components of thervhT4SS, as well as its putative regulators and substrates. While current data favor a role in effector translocation, functions in DNA uptake and release and/or conjugation cannot at present be ruled out, especially considering that a mechanism for plasmid transfer inRickettsiaspp. has yet to be proposed.
Patterns of work-related traumatic hand injury among hospitalised workers in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Jin Kezhi , Lombardi David A , Courtney Theodore K , Sorock Gary S , Li Mingqiang , Pan Rong , Wang Xin , Lin Jie , Liang Youxin , Perry Melissa J 
Published: February 2010

ObjectivesThis study describes the type, location and severity of work-related acute traumatic hand injuries of 560 workers treated in 11 hospitals in three economically active cities in the People's Republic of China (PRC) over a 2-year period.MethodsA structured questionnaire was used to collect participant's information. Log-linear and logistic models were constructed to identify factors associated with injury occurrence and severity, respectively.ResultsParticipants (n=560) had a mean age of 31.7 years (SD 10.5), 74.4% were men. 85.4% of participants were employed in manufacturing industries; 51.7% of 750 injuries were to the left hand. The index finger was injured most often and the most severe injury occurred to the right thumb. 68.3% of participants had only a single type of injury (29.7% crushes, 25.7% amputations and 18.5% fractures). Severe injuries occurred most often while working with food products (79.2% severe), furniture (72.2%), non-metallic mineral products (71.4%) and wood products (70.6%). Powered machines were involved in 59.5% of injuries. Injury frequency was associated with gender (male vs female, odds ratio (OR) 2.9, 95% CI 2.4 to 3.5) and company size (≤100 vs >100 employees, OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.1 to 3.1). Injury severity was associated with gender (male vs female OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.4 to 0.9) and powered machine use (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.7).ConclusionsThe present study suggests that working in manufacturing industries and working with powered machines are the primary sources of severe hand injuries in hospitalised workers in economically active areas of the PRC.