bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐ and three‐/four dimensional perineal ultrasonography in men with urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Kirschner‐Hermanns Ruth , Najjari Laila , Brehmer Bernhard , Blum Regina , Zeuch Vikram , Maass Nicolai , Heidenreich Axel 
Published: April 2011

Study Type – Diagnostic (case control)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and what does the study add?We know that perineal ultrasound is a well accepted method for women with stress incontinence. We evaluated feasibility of this method for men with stress incontinence after radical prostatectomy. We find differences between continent and incontinent men in amount of fibrosis, mobility of the proximal urethra, bladder neck opening and ability to contract pelvic floor muscles in a sufficient and correct way.OBJECTIVE• To investigate the feasibility and inter‐investigator reproducibility of perineal ultrasonography in men with and without post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence (PPI).PATIENTS AND METHODS• This clinical pilot study involved 33 male patients, with a mean (range) age of 67.8 (51–76) years, who underwent radical prostatectomy (RP) ≥1 year ago.• We investigated 21 men with clinically and urodynamically proven grade ≥2 PPI and compared them with 12 men without PPI in objective testing as well as in validated questionnaires.• We used an abdominal 3.5–5 MHz ultrasound probe, which was placed at the perineum between scrotum and anus. With the help of three‐/four‐dimensional (3D/4D) multislice imaging we obtained good visualization of the bladder neck, the urethra and pelvic floor muscle contraction.• The data from all 33 men was evaluated by two investigators and archived images and videos were also analysed by two independent investigators not present at the actual investigation.RESULTS• Using perineal ultrasonography we were able to visualize hypermobility of the proximal urethra, funnelling of the bladder neck, voluntary pelvic floor contraction, urethral and paraurethral fibrosis, and suture or sling material.• Men with and without PPI differed mainly in the degree of hypermobility of the proximal urethra and opening of the bladder neck.• Inter‐investigator agreement was 100% in assessing paraurethral tissue and voluntary muscle contraction and 94% in quantifying mobility of the proximal urethra.• We were able to evaluate the bladder neck opening in 85% of the men. There was 82% agreement between the initial investigators in evaluation of the bladder neck and 76% in quantifying mobility of the proximal urethra using retrospective analysis of stored images.CONCLUSIONS• Two‐dimensional and 3D/4D perineal ultrasonography provides more insight into the diagnosis of men with PPI• Perineal ultrasonography can be used further as a visual aid for biofeedback to teach correct muscle contraction of men with stress incontinence after radical prostatectomy.
From Marx to Morgan Stanley: Inequality and Financial Crisis
Authors: Mah‐Hui Michael Lim , Ee Khor Hoe 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTDespite robust growth, rising inequality is widespread in many countries. At the same time, financial instability and crises are occurring with greater frequency and severity. These two phenomena are related to the contest between labour and capital for a greater share of economic output, with capital gaining a greater share over the past few decades. As a result, there is a tendency towards a decline in consumption by the average household and a rise in savings by a rich minority which could cause stagnation in the economy. This tension between declining consumption and rising savings is ‘resolved’ by the financial system through the recycling of funds from the rich minority to the average household in the form of credit. Financial engineering in the USA exacerbated this process which led to excessive lending and borrowing, and the creation of an unsustainable debt and asset bubble that eventually imploded. There is a similar tendency towards greater inequality, a falling share of consumption and a rising share of savings and investment in China. In the context of a globalized economy, the tension is ‘resolved’ through recycling ‘excess savings’ from China to the US, adding to the debt and asset bubble in the US.
Homogeneous Middles vs. Heterogeneous Tails, and the End of the ‘Inverted‐U’: It's All About the Share of the Rich
Authors: Palma José Gabriel 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThis article examines distributional disparities within nations. There are six main conclusions. First, about 80 per cent of the world's population now lives in regions whose median country has a Gini close to 40. Second, as outliers are now only located among middle‐income and rich countries, the ‘upwards’ side of the ‘Inverted‐U’ between inequality and income per capita has evaporated (and with it the hypothesis that posits that ‘things have to get worse before they can get better’). Third, among middle‐income countries, Latin America and mineral‐rich Southern Africa are uniquely unequal, while Eastern Europe follows a distributional path similar to the Nordic countries. Fourth, among rich countries there is a large (and growing) distributional diversity. Fifth, within a global trend of rising inequality, there are two opposite forces at work. One is ‘centrifugal’ and leads to an increased diversity in the shares of the top 10 per cent and bottom 40 per cent. The other is ‘centripetal’ and leads to a growing uniformity in the income‐share appropriated by deciles 5 to 9. Therefore, half of the world's population (the middle and upper‐middle classes) have acquired strong ‘property rights’ over half of their respective national incomes; the other half of this income, however, is increasingly up for grabs between the very rich and the poor. And sixth, globalization is thus creating a distributional scenario in which what really matters is the income‐share of the rich (because the rest ‘follows’).
Toddlers use speech disfluencies to predict speakers’ referential intentions
Authors: Kidd Celeste , White Katherine S. , Aslin Richard N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe ability to infer the referential intentions of speakers is a crucial part of learning a language. Previous research has uncovered various contextual and social cues that children may use to do this. Here we provide the first evidence that children also use speech disfluencies to infer speaker intention. Disfluencies (e.g. filled pauses ‘uh’ and ‘um’) occur in predictable locations, such as before infrequent or discourse‐new words. We conducted an eye‐tracking study to investigate whether young children can make use of this distributional information in order to predict a speaker’s intended referent. Our results reveal that young children (ages 2;4 to 2;8) reliably attend to speech disfluencies early in lexical development and are able to use disfluencies in online comprehension to infer speaker intention in advance of object labeling. Our results from two groups of younger children (ages 1;8 to 2;2 and 1;4 to 1;8) suggest that this ability emerges around age 2.
Good Farmers, Good Neighbours? The Role of Cultural Capital in Social Capital Development in a Scottish Farming Community
Authors: Sutherland Lee‐Ann , Burton Rob J.F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRecent decades have seen a gradual erosion of farming incomes across the UK due to falling commodity prices and changes to the subsidy regime. This study examines what resources farmers are able to access informally and how this ‘social capital’ is generated and maintained in farming communities. Using a conceptual framework based on Bourdieu's conceptualisations of social and cultural capital, this study explores the evolving informal exchange relationships between farmers in a case study of Upper Deeside, Scotland. We find that although cultural capital is important for accessing social capital, the technological treadmill characteristic of ‘good farming’ creates a disincentive for informally sharing machinery amongst large‐scale farmers. However, social capital remains an important resource for smaller scale farmers, particularly in terms of their access to labour. We conclude by suggesting that, far from being a low‐cost means of facilitating community economic development, increasing the level of social capital will be difficult in communities where labour is a scarce or expensive resource.
GLOBAL PRESSURES, LOCAL MEASURES: THE RE‐REGULATION OF SEX WORK IN THE ANTWERP SCHIPPERSKWARTIER
Authors: LOOPMANS MAARTEN , VAN DEN BROECK PIETER 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the changes in the Antwerp Schipperskwartier, one of the oldest and largest red light districts on the European continent. While the geography of sex work has received considerable scholarly attention since the 1970s, such analyses have focused upon the interplay between market pressures and sexual values in the production of sexual spaces. This paper takes a different stance, as it analyses the Schipperskwartier's restructuring in the light of the globalisation of the sex industry. This analysis reveals how more attention should be paid to globalisation's local mediation (glocalisation) in the analysis of the changing urban geographies of sex work. Such an approach not only supports the interpretation of local diversity in the urban geographies of sex work. It also conveys a more politicised understanding as it zooms in on the political struggles in which new urban geographies of sex work unfold.
Trade Liberalisation, Market Structure and the Incentive to Merge
Authors: Chalkley Martin , Stewart Geoff 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this article, we consider whether a movement towards freer international trade generates incentives for firms to merge and if so what forms of merger are most profitable. In a linear Cournot framework, we show that a reduction in trade costs may, but will not necessarily, encourage mergers. Both market structure and the level to which trade costs fall are shown to play a decisive role. Domestic mergers will be encouraged only if the product market is not highly concentrated and trade costs fall below a threshold level. International mergers can be encouraged in any market structure, and are generally more profitable than domestic mergers.
Service Offshoring and the Skill Composition of Labour Demand*
Authors: Crinò Rosario 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article studies the effects of service offshoring on the skill composition of labour demand, using novel comparable data for nine Western European countries between 1990 and 2004. The results show that service offshoring raises the relative demand for high‐ and medium‐skilled workers. Its effects are qualitatively identical, and quantitatively similar, to those of material offshoring. Additional evidence suggests, however, that the two types of offshoring may work through different channels: complementarity between imported services and domestic skills in the case of service offshoring, substitution of low‐skilled labour in the case of material offshoring. Overall, the effects are not large in economic terms.
THESE ROCKS WERE MADE FOR WALKING: ROCK ART AT LEIRFALL, TRØNDELAG, NORWAY
Authors: SOGNNES K.J. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryOne of the largest sites with Bronze Age type rock art in Norway is found at Leirfall in Stjørdal, Nord‐Trøndelag. The site, which consists of five panels, is dominated by footprints but at the same time a great variety of motifs is present. The footprints seem to lure visitors to walk from panel to panel, even across the panels, which are located at three different levels. The main focus is on the middle level, where the main panel (Leirfall III) contains more than 700 rock carvings. The walks between and around the panels are described; at the same time the Leirfall rock carvings are seen in a wider context. Most footprints are likely to represent children and it is argued that the site was used for the performance of public rites during initiations. However, symbols normally found only on decorated grave cists are present, too, particularly on the upper panel, which cannot be seen from below. Death rituals may also have been performed.
Re‐conceptualising the Clan Structure and Migration Pattern of the Tarok People
Authors: Lamle Elias Nankap 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis study analyses the migration pattern of the Tarok people to their contemporary homeland, Langtang, in the Middle Belt of Nigeria. The framework is that the Tarok people are part of the Benue‐Congo ethno‐linguistic phylum. This conclusion is based on the assertion that the contemporary language that the Tarok people speak is of the Benue‐Congo phylum. However, others of the Chadic ethno‐linguistic phyla such as the Ngas, Boghom, Tel (Montol) and Yiwom joined the Benue‐Congo Phylum and are given the full status of Tarokness. Also, Jukun, which are of the Benue Congo group, joined the Tarok and are given the same status as that of the Chadic. The study concludes that what is called the Tarok people are actually a consortium of many ethno‐linguistic groups that mongrelized and gave birth to the Tarok people. This is because even though the cognate of the Tarok language is of the Benue‐Congo phylum, their morphemes are a combination of the Benue Congo and Chadic ethno linguistic phylum.
GPCR expression in tissues and cells: Are the optimal receptors being used as drug targets?
Authors: Insel PA , Snead A , Murray F , Zhang L , Yokouchi H , Katakia T , Kwon O , Dimucci D , Wilderman A 
Published: April 2011

G‐protein‐coupled receptors [GPCRs, also known as 7‐transmembrane (7‐TM) receptors] comprise the largest family of membrane receptors in humans and other species and, in addition, represent the greatest number of current drug targets. In this article, we review methods to define GPCR expression and data indicating that individual cells express >100 different GPCRs. Results from studies that have quantified expression of these receptors lead us to conclude that the optimal GPCRs may not be currently used as therapeutic targets. We propose that studies of GPCR expression in individual cells will likely reveal new insights regarding cellular physiology and therapeutic approaches. Findings that define and characterize the most highly expressed GPCRs thus have important potential in terms of identifying new drug targets and novel therapies directed at a wide range of clinical disorders.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on the Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐6. To view the 2010 themed section on the same topic visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐5/issuetoc
Mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters: from endogenous substrates to pathology and clinical significance
Authors: Kemp Stephan , Theodoulou Frederica L , Wanders Ronald JA 
Published: April 2011

Peroxisomes are indispensable organelles in higher eukaryotes. They are essential for a number of important metabolic pathways, including fatty acid α‐ and β‐oxidation, and biosynthesis of etherphospholipids and bile acids. However, the peroxisomal membrane forms an impermeable barrier to these metabolites. Therefore, peroxisomes need specific transporter proteins to transfer these metabolites across their membranes. The mammalian peroxisomal membrane harbours three ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the functions of these ABC transporters. There is ample evidence that they are involved in the transport of very long‐chain fatty acids, pristanic acid, di‐ and trihydroxycholestanoic acid, dicarboxylic acids and tetracosahexaenoic acid (C24:6ω3). Surprisingly, only one disease is associated with a deficiency of a peroxisomal ABC transporter. Mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein are the cause for X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy, an inherited metabolic storage disorder. This review describes the current state of knowledge on the mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters with a particular focus on their function in metabolite transport.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Transporters. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐7
Intrathecal neuromedin U induces biphasic effects on sympathetic vasomotor tone, increases respiratory drive and attenuates sympathetic reflexes in rat
Authors: Rahman AA , Shahid IZ , Pilowsky PM 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND Neuromedin U (NMU) is a brain–gut peptide that plays regulatory roles in feeding, anxiety, smooth muscle contraction, blood flow, pain and adrenocortical function via two receptors, the NMU receptor 1 and NMU receptor 2. NMU has several known functions in the periphery, but its role in central cardiorespiratory regulation remains poorly understood.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments were conducted on urethane‐anaesthetized, vagotomized and artificially ventilated male Sprague–Dawley rats (n= 42) to determine if NMU modulates sympathetic vasomotor output at the spinal level or modulates baro‐, chemo‐ and somato‐sympathetic reflexes.KEY RESULTS Intrathecal (i.t.) injections of NMU (2.5–20 nmol) caused a dose‐dependent biphasic response, initially a brief period of hypertension and sympatho‐excitation followed by prolonged hypotension and sympatho‐inhibition. Peak excitatory as well as inhibitory responses were observed at 20 nmol. NMU (20 nmol) initially increased mean arterial pressure and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity by 24 mmHg and 27% and then reduced these by 37 mmHg and 47%, respectively. NMU also dose‐dependently increased respiratory drive, as indicated by a rise in phrenic nerve amplitude, an increase in neural minute ventilation and a shortening of the inspiratory period. Both sympatho‐excitatory peaks of the somato‐sympathetic reflex were abolished by i.t. NMU. Pressor, sympatho‐excitatory and tachycardiac responses to chemoreceptor activation (100% N2) were blocked or significantly reduced following i.t. NMU. NMU also reduced barosensitivity.CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that NMU, acting in the spinal cord, differentially contributes to the control of sympathetic tone and adaptive sympathetic reflexes.
Effect of Test Environment and Microstructure on the Flexural Strength of Dental Porcelains
Authors: Rosa Vinicius , Cesar Paulo Francisco , Pereira Carlos Felipe Sarmento , Pinto Marcelo M. , Yoshimura Humberto N. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract Purpose: The objective of this study was to verify the influence of test environment on the flexural strength of dental porcelains with distinct microstructures. Material and Methods: Disk‐shaped specimens from three dental porcelains with distinct leucite content (VM: zero; CE: 12; NS: 22 vol%) were manufactured and tested for biaxial flexural strength in air and immersed in artificial saliva. The results were analyzed by means of two‐way ANOVA and Tukey‘s test (α= 0.05). Results: The flexural strength (MPa) obtained for ambient air and artificial saliva environments, respectively, were: 110.0 ± 16.0 and 81.5 ± 10.8 for VM; 51.9 ± 4.0 and 42.0 ± 4.7 for CE; 72.0 ± 11.5 and 63.6 ± 5.8 for NS. A numerical decrease in the mean flexural strength was observed for all groups when specimens were tested under artificial saliva; however, the difference was only statistically significant for VM. Conclusions: The results indicate that the effect of water immersion on the flexural strength of dental porcelains varies according to their leucite content, as only the material without leucite in its microstructure (VM) showed significant strength degradation when tested under water.
Who Do Heterodox Economists Think They Are?1
Authors: MEARMAN ANDREW 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis paper attempts to engage with the established debate on the nature of heterodox economics. However, it starts from the position that previous attempts to classify and identify heterodox economics have been biased towards a priori definition. The paper aims to inform the discussion of the nature of heterodoxy with some empirical analysis. The paper examines survey data collected from a small/medium‐sized sample of AHE members on the core concepts in economics. The paper applies factor analysis to the data. It also applies principles of biological taxonomy, and thence cluster analysis to the problem. The paper finds that within the self‐identified community of self‐identified heterodox economists there is little agreement as to whether members are pluralist, or what their attitude is to the mainstream. Indeed, there is little agreement on any core concepts or principles. The paper argues that there is little structure to heterodox economics beyond that provided by pre‐existing (or constituent) schools of thought. Based on this study, heterodox economics appears a complex web of interacting individuals and as a group is a fuzzy set. These results would lead us to question further strict distinctions between heterodox, mainstream and pluralist economists.
Social Ecological Economics: Understanding the Past to See the Future
Authors: SPASH CLIVE L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe attempt to provide insight into the interactions between the economy and the environment has been an on‐going struggle for many decades. The rise of Ecological Economics can be seen as a positive step towards integrating social and natural science understanding by a movement that aims to go beyond the confines of mainstream economics towards a progressive political economy of the environment. However, this vision has not been shared by all those who have associated themselves with Ecological Economics and there has been conflict. An historical analysis is presented that shows the role of mainstream theory in delimiting the field of environmental research. The argument is put forward that rather than employing a purely mechanistic objective empirical methodology there is a need for an integrating interdisciplinarity heterodox economic approach. In order to distinguish this approach—from the more mainstream multidisciplinary linking of unreconstituted ecological and economic models—the name Social Ecological Economics is put forward as expressing the essential socio‐economic character of the needed work ahead.
On Norms: A Typology with Discussion
Authors: INTERIS MATTHEW 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThere is a lack of consensus in the literature, spanning multiple fields, on what exactly a norm is and furthermore on the characteristics differentiating types of norms. This paper provides definitions and a simple typology of norms with a focus on useful, objective distinctions. It is hoped that such a typology will add to the scientific rigor of communication, modeling, and clarity of thought on norms within economics and possibly other disciplines. The viability of “more complete” typologies, which often suffer from a lack of clear criteria for differentiating types of norms, is questioned. Two main properties of a norm are emphasized: (1) whether or not the behavior is simply what is done or whether it is what one should do, and (2) the source of sanctions for violating a norm, whether oneself, others, both or neither.