bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some British Trilobites of the Family Calymenidæ
Authors: Shirley Jack 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The study of the Calymenidæ was begun with the re-examination of the figured specimens and described types of the British species, and the results of this work have already been published (Shirley, 1931, 1933). An extensive series of British and foreign specimens has been examined. It is believed that the results obtained are of general application to the whole group of the Calymenidæ or at least provide a basis for further research. Perhaps not the least interesting of these results is the discovery that certain species had wide geographical range but apparently a comparatively short existence. Such species are valuable for purposes of correlation over extensive areas.
The mode of preservation of the trilobite test has a marked effect upon the ease of identification of specimens. The complete preservation of the dorsal test is relatively infrequent in the geological sequence of the British Isles. The greater proportion of the material is in the form of separated pieces representing the scattered portions of the cast tests or the broken remains of the test after death. This scattering of the parts often makes identification difficult.
II. Preservation of Material
In limestones and some calcareous deposits, such as the Silurian limestones of Dudley, Worcestershire, and the Ordovician calcareous grits of Hoar Edge, Shropshire, the test is preserved almost in its original condition. In some specimens the ornament is preserved in every detail, though too often it has been destroyed by the acid used to clean away the matrix. The best method
The Volcanic Rocks and Minor Intrusions of the Cross Fell Inlier, Cumberland and Westmorland
Authors: Hudson Stanley Nicholl 
Published: October 2009

The Cross Fell inlier consists mainly of Lower Palæozoic rocks and is situated on the eastern side of the Vale of Eden. It was first described in detail by Nicholson and Marr (1891) and has recently been the subject of a further study by Mr. F. W. Shotton (1935). The former authors considered the stratigraphy of the region, while Mr. Shotton has been concerned with the revision of the stratigraphy and the tectonics.
The object of my work, which commenced in 1929 on the suggestion of Professor A. Gilligan, was to map the volcanic rocks and intrusions, describe their petrographical characteristics, and elucidate their stratigraphical relations. More than 300 thin sections of the volcanic, pyroclastic, and intrusive rocks have been made and studied in detail. The mapping is based upon initial field examination, microscopic diagnosis of specimens collected, and then re-examination in the field. This study has led me to conclusions which differ somewhat from those formed by Mr. Shotton (1935). In view of the many small intrusions in the Guns Fell area (Fig. 4), a distinction has been shown between the Skiddaw Slates of Ellergill type and those which have many interbedded sandstones (so thin as to simulate small intrusions). Mr. Shotton appears to have confused these sandstones with felsitic intrusions or tuff bands. Thin sections reveal them to consist of clastic quartz exhibiting strain shadows, with occasional fragments of hard slate. These sandstones reflect shallower conditions of deposition, a more littoral facies not met with elsewhere in the
The Western Part of the Criffell–Dalbeattie Igneous Complex
Authors: MacGregor Malcolm 
Published: October 2009

The Criffell—Dalbeatbie complex, which is the largest of the Galloway “granites”, was first described by Peach and Horne (Horne and others 1896, pp. 22–8, 41–57). A general description of these “granites” was incorporated in the memoir on “The Silurian Rocks of Great Britain” (Peach and Horne 1899, pp. 607–31 ). Three of these masses have received further study in recent years : Loch Doon, by Gardiner and Reynolds (1932); Cairnsmore of Carsphairn, by Deer (1935); and Cairnsmore of Fleet, by Gardiner and Reynolds (1936). The western part of the Griffell—Dalbeattie mass is re-examined in the present paper.
The rocks of this district are fairly well exposed on the hill-sides and along the shores, but extensive areas are covered by raised-beach deposits, alluvium, glacial drift, and by the sand and mud of the Solway. Much of the low ground is under cultivation, but bare rock surfaces are common on the high ground culminating in Bengairn (1275 feet), and on the rocky peninsulas of Torr and Almorness.
The metamorphosed sedimentary rocks of the aureole and associated intrusions of porphyrite form high ground to the north and west of the plutonic outcrop. On the southern side they form the sea-cliffs which have been breached by the Bay of Auchencairn and the estuary of the river Urr.
The distribution of the various rocks is shown on the accompanying map (Pl. XXX). The plutonic rocks comprise three granodiorites and a quartz-diorite. The granodiorites are either in direct contact with the quartz-diorite, however,is variable and near
The Etive Granite Complex
Authors: Anderson John Graham Comrie 
Published: October 2009

The granite complex of Etive is one of the largest in Britain. It is for the most part surrounded by Dalradian schist, but invades the Lower Old Red Sandstone lavas of the Glen Goe area. It is universally accepted as of Lower Old Red Sand-stone age. It occupies an elliptical area of very high and rugged ground bounded, roughly speaking, by the Pass of Brander on the south-west, Glen Creran on the north-west, Glen Coe on the north-east, and Glen Strae on the south-east (Figs. 1, 2). The longer axis of the ellipse lies in a north-easterly direction and measures some 18 miles, while the shorter axis measures about 10 miles. The total area is about 140 square miles. The rocks of the complex outcrop at sea-level for 10 miles along the shores of the fjord-like Loch Etive and rise to over 3500 feet in such well-known mountains as Ben Gruachan, Ben Starav, and Glach Leathad. Almost the entire area falls within one-inch sheets 45 and 53 of the Geological Survey (Scotland).
The earliest geological account of Ben Gruachan was given by MacCulloch (1817). He describes the granite of which most of the mountain is composed, noting the pink acid type which forms the two man tops. On Murchison and Geikie's
map of Scotland of 1862 and on Geikie's map of 1892 the
boundaries of the granite area are shown with a fair degree of
accuracy, but no attempt is made to distinguish different
intrusions. This deficiency was soon
Low Levels of the Mediterranean Sea during the Pleistocene Glaciation
Authors: Blanc Albert Charles 
Published: October 2009

The difficulties which arise in the course of a study of the oscillations of Pleistocene shore-lines are well known (see Daly 1934, Wright 1937). Epeirogenic movements and tectonic dislocations and flexures on the one hand, and eustatic and isostatic oscillations, which are more directly connected with glacial and interglacial periods, on the other, have affected the positions of Pleistocene shore-lines around all oceans. Each littoral region has reacted differently to these factors, according to the character of its structure, the degree of its tectonic stability, and its geographical position in relation to the
inlandeis
. Even the traces of eustatic oscillations of sea-level, which, undisturbed, would show a constant elevation on all littoral regions, are actually found at different heights above the present sea-level, because tectonic and isostatic movements have interfered with their formation and sometimes altered their original position.

In the Mediterranean, the shores of which have not undergone isostatic movements comparable with those of northern Europe, the Pleistocene shore-lines can be traced at levels which appear to have been determined by local eustatic and tectonic oscillations.
Issel, Gignoux, de Lamothe, Depéret, and others have pointed out the approximate constancy, right round the Mediterranean, of the levels of some of these shore-lines. Depéret has even correlated them with the Atlantic shore-lines of western Europe. Some of these investigations have been based only on morphological evidence and altimetry; in others, these methods have been supplemented by palaeontological and stratigraphical research. Only the latter class can furnish a reliable basis for the
Three Tectonic Problems of the Lulworth District: Studies on the Middle Limb of the Purbeck Fold
Authors: Arkell William Joscelyn 
Published: October 2009

Of all the folds thrown up across the Chalk plains of North-West Europe during the Alpine orogeny, the most interesting and the most perfectly exposed is the Purbeck anticline. In the cliffs of the Dorset coast the sea has laid bare all parts of the structure, from the core or crestal region, through the vertical and overturned middle limb and the “foresyncline” (Busk 1929, p. 29), into the foreland, where the Upper Cretaceous rocks are seen reposing with sharp unconformity upon a previously folded and eroded Jurassic foundation.
The general and some special aspects of the fold and its associated faults have been discussed in a previous paper (Arkell 1936). The present paper results from a study of the middle limb, where it is dissected by the sea cliffs of the Lulworth district. These cliffs have long been renowned for their beauty, but their marvellous tectonic features, both great and small, have been neglected, with the result that their value to students of tectonics has not been fully utilized.
The first three parts of the paper attempt a solution of the three most outstanding problems : contortions in the Purbeck Beds, the Purbeck Broken Beds, and the abnormal attenuation of the strata towards Durdle Door. The fourth part offers an interpretative essay and synthesis.
The area dealt with is included in sheet 342 of the Geological Survey one-inch map and sheet 141 of the Ordnance Survey one-inch map.
The contortions in the Purbeck Beds at Stair Hole are illustrated in
The Recognition and Correlation of High-level Erosion Surfaces in Britain: a Statistical Study
Authors: Hollingworth Sydney Ewart 
Published: October 2009

The realization that many of the rocks now visible on the earth's surface represent consolidated marine deposits was one of the fundamental steps in the development of the science of geology. Changes in the relative distribution of land and sea implied thereby have long been recognized also from considerations of land forms alone, such as raised wave-cut platforms and drowned ria coasts.
In this country, ancient base-levels of erosion, now elevated, have been described by many authors in districts of diverse topography and geological history. Their recognition has, in general, been by one of two methods of approach. First, there is the identification of plateau-like areas as remnants of a former widespread platform which truncates geological structures at a uniform altitude and corresponds approximately with a former sea-level. The work of Barrow, Clement Reid, Dewey, and others in Cornwall and Devon is a classic example of this line of approach. Secondly, there is the quantitative study of the rejuvenation of rivers due to uplift of the land relative to the sea, and the determination of the older and higher base-levels to which the rivers were formerly graded. The pioneer study of the Towy drainage by Professor O. T. Jones (1924), and later the co-operative labours of members of the Weald Research Committee in South-East England and their extension along the south coast by Messrs. Wooldridge and Kirkaldy (1936) and Mr. J. F. N. Green (1936), exemplify the second method. Quantitative methods of investigating the development of the platforms have, so
The Pleistocene Development of the Severn from Bridgnorth to the Sea
Authors: Wills Leonard Johnston 
Published: October 2009

In 1914 I began to study the valley of the Severn, from the entrance of the Iron Bridge gorge downwards, in the hope that a detailed examination of the river terraces and topographic features would throw light on the history of the development of the valley. The results of some of this work were published by the Geological Society in 1924, and I have also described the terraces near the mouth of the Stour (1926). As the work progressed, it became necessary to enlarge its scope and to study the tributary valleys. Here it has naturally varied in intensity, but has in some cases been carried right up to the watersheds, and thus has often involved a study of glacial rather than of river drifts.
Although many of the problems cannot at present be solved, I am convinced that the data relating to the river drifts which have been collected can now be profitably set out.
I wish to record my indebtedness to the work of Dr. Mabel Tomlinson on the Avon valley drifts, which has thrown much light on the history of the Severn. I have also been helped by Miss Deakin (now Mrs. N. Boulton) and Mr. W. C. Reeves, who mapped parts of the Stour and of the Salwarpe valleys respectively and have generously allowed me to use their results. I wish, also, to thank my colleagues at the University of Birmingham (Professor W. S. Boulton, Dr. F. Raw, and Mr. F. W. Shotton) and certain members
The Bain Boulder-bed: a Glacial Episode in the Siwalik Series of the Marwat Kundi Range and Shekh Budin, North-West Frontier Province, India
Authors: Morris Thomas Owen 
Published: October 2009

In October 1934, at the western end of the trans-Indus continuation of the Salt Range of North-West India, extensive outcrops of a deposit possessing all the characteristics of a typical boulder-clay were discovered in the middle of the strongly folded and faulted Siwalik series of the Marwat Kundi hills and on the northern slopes of Shekh Budin. The boulder-clay was named the Bain Boulder-bed, after the frontier village nearest to its most conveniently accessible outcrop alongside the frontier road from Bannu to Tank, through the Bain pass.
The occurrence of a glacial deposit in this area and at such an horizon was totally unexpected. Successive studies of Siwalik faunas, made since Falconer's pioneer work, have raised progressively the age of the Siwalik series in terms of the European and American time-scales, but no dating later than Middle Pliocene had been suggested for the thick sandy formation in which the Bain Boulder-bed occurs; neither is there any record of evidence of glacial conditions during the deposition of the Siwalik series (Colbert 1935, p. 11). Prior to the discovery of the Bain Boulder-bed, the age of the formation enclosing it had been regarded as Upper Miocene, following Pilgrim (1913), or Middle Pliocene, following Matthew (1929).
The nearest place to Shekh Budin at which fossils had been collected from the formation was the type locality of Pilgrim's Nagri fauna (1913, pp. 267, 318). That fauna lies in the lower portion of the Nagri outcrop cis-Indus, about 100 miles from Shekh Budin. From Nagri
Some Examples of detailed Structure in Early Pre-Cambrian Rocks of Canada
Authors: Derry Duncan Ramsay 
Published: October 2009

The geologist who is assisting a mining company in the search for ore in Pre-Cambrian rocks observes, in the course of mapping and interpreting the geological structure, many details of scientific as well as economic interest. The following paper deals with some of these observations, concentrating on typical structural forms as shown by several examples in northern Ontario and Quebec, and on factors relating to the form of certain intrusions. The field evidence for the features described below comes from three sources: first, from detailed surface mapping; secondly, from the mapping of underground workings in mines; and thirdly, from the “logging” and plotting of geology from diamond drill cores, thousands of feet of which are obtained annually at all the larger mines and on many properties under preliminary surface development. Outcrops are fairly abundant except in areas where post-glacial lakes deposited a thick layer of varved clay or sand. In most places weathering has barely penetrated the smooth and polished surface produced by the Pleistocene ice sheet, so that details of structure are very clearly shown.
An attempt is made below to analyse these structural features of deeply eroded rocks, to deduce the stresses under which they were formed, and to correlate them with the features and stresses prevalent in the upper part of a folded section of the earth's crust as seen in younger mountain systems formed in later epochs.
All the rocks mentioned in the present discussion are older Pre-Cambrian (prior to the ep-Archæozoic interval) with the exception
On Northern Glacial Drifts: Some Peculiarities and their Significance
Authors: Carruthers Robert George 
Published: October 2009

Geological conceptions are not always infallible, and it is as well that, on occasion, their foundations should be examined with some care. Probably they will prove to be sound, but there is always the possibility that some grave defect or omission may be discovered. From such a scrutiny the present communication has resulted: it is concerned with the origin of those major components of our glacial drifts, the boulder-clays and their interstratified sediments.

The orthodox view on these matters is well known and widely accepted. Ever since the land-ice
versus
submergence controversy died down, boulder-clay (or till) has been regarded as “ground-moraine”, with or without englacial detritus—in exceptional cases as englacial detritus alone—while the sediments indicate periods of recession, of deglaciation. If there is a multiple series of these drifts, then each successive till marks a readvance, however slight, and eventually we get a record of ice-front oscillations, as so frequently happens with modern ice-sheets.

The consensus of opinion is remarkable, not only in this country, but abroad. The one serious trouble seems to be over the extent and duration of the recessions. The monoglacial school hold that they were too brief and too slight to be considered interglacial, but of late years the multiglacialists have gained ground, having received support from many quarters.
Such is the view, embodied in the vast majority of publications; as with most general statements, it needs qualification. More than sixty years ago, Goodchild (1875) held that the drifts in his northern Pennine area were
The leucite-bearing rocks of the West Kimberley area, Western Australia
Authors: Wade Arthur , Prider Rex T. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
The presence of leucite-bearing rocks in the West Kimberley area of Western Australia is first mentioned by Farquharson (1920, p. 42, and 1922, p. 56). They appear to have been noted first in the basin of the Fitzroy River by Blatchford and Talbot and in the proximity of the Lennard River by Wells (Simpson 1925, p. 59).
Wade (1924, p. 9 and map) refers to these occurrences and shows their position on a geological map of the northern parts of Australia. Simpson (1925, pp. 58–9) describes specimens collected by Blatchford and Talbot and by Wells from “Barjar” (referred to in this paper as “Dadja”) Hill and Mt. North, gives an analysis of the Barjar Hill rock and draws attention to the peculiarities of mineral and chemical composition of these rocks. A report by one of the research committees of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science embodies extracts from Simpson's paper and a preliminary description by Skeats (1928, pp. 42–6) of specimens collected by Wade from P Hill and Bruton's Hill (described as “Hill C48,” 20 chains north from Brunton's Bend). An analysis of the rock from P Hill and of a silicified type from Bruton's Hill are included. The report states that eleven separate vents have been recorded from this area, and the occurrences are linked with the leucitic rocks of Sumbawa, Java, Celebes and Borneo.
Blatchford (1927, pp. 20–1) gives a list of the nine occurrences known to him, but does not mention Mt. North, previously
Stratigraphy and Structures East of Oxford. Part III: Islip
Authors: Arkell William Joscelyn 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The area consists of Bathonian and Callovian rocks—Great Oolite White Limestone, Forest Marble, Cornbrash, Kellaways Beds and Oxford Clay—with some-river gravel and much alluvium. The area lies upon the north-westerly continuation of the northwest-striking folds and faults of intra-Cretaceous age described in two previous parts of the paper. In addition, this system is intersected by an anticline having a north-easterly strike, and both are cut by west-north-westerly faults. An attempt is made to unravel the resulting structures in detail.
The Ordovician Rocks of Arvon
Authors: Greenly Edward 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The Ordovician of Arvon lies between that of Anglesey and that of the mountainland of Snowdonia. Brief petrological studies are made. The zonal succession is much restricted, for five of the higher Ordovician zones are missing. An interesting faunal feature is the richness of the Extensus Zone in
Azygograptus eivionicus
. The total thickness of the succession is rather more than 2500 feet. The base of the Extensus Zone sweeps unconformably across all the older systems. The Ordovician facies is marine, like that of Anglesey, the Volcanic Series of Snowdon having probably thinned away before it reached as far north as Arvon. Reasons also are adduced for supposing that all the higher zones have been swept away by waste. The curvature of the Ordovician boundaries indicates extensive thrusting. One or two thrusts are visible, a section in an abandoned mine adit proving that the Arvonian rhyolite has been driven, horizontally, over Ordovician shales. The several Ordovician tracts are briefly described.
Tertiary igneous tectonics of Rhum (Inner Hebrides)
Authors: Bailey Edward Battersby 
Published: October 2009

Summary
A great dislocation is associated with the Tertiary igneous complex of Rhum. In 1903 it was described by Harker, following closely upon Geikie, as an early Palaeozoic thrust. It is now claimed as a Tertiary ring-fault with central uplift. Harker was influenced by the curvature of its outcrop, a feature that at the beginning of the century was regarded as almost diagnostic of a low-angled thrust; today, of course, steep ring-faults * have become a commonplace. Harker was further misled by slump-bedding in the Torridonian, which he interpreted as tectonic; by a patch of Trias with basal cornstone, which he mistook for crushed Torridonian overlying transported Durness Limestone; and by superposition of Lower Torridonian shales on Torridonian sandstone, which latter he thought was post-shale Applecross Grit, instead of pre-shale Basal Grit. Harker misidentified these two grits, largely because he considered that certain associated gneisses were banded Tertiary intrusions, though Geikie had previously recognized their true nature as part of the Lewisian complex. Another correction may here be advanced. Harker took a set of Tertiary explosion-breccias which accompany the tilted Torridonian inside the ring-fault for crush-breccias developed by early Palaeozoic thrusting. Geikie had been hesitant; but Judd had been confident that these rocks were products of Tertiary explosions. The present account is in many respects an elaboration of some of Judd's ideas published in 1874. The outstanding tectonic feature of Rhum is a block uplift, with an elevation amounting locally to about 7000 feet. The uplift was accomplished at the start of Tertiary volcanicity, and was indirectly responsible for the famous inter-lava river gravels of the neighbouring island of Carina. The peridotites of Rhum were later than the block uplift, and they rose along ring-fissures about a centre well to the west of that surrounded by the great initial ring-fault.