bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with the introduction of classical swine fever virus into pig herds in the central area of the 1997/98 epidemic in the Netherlands
Authors: Elbers A. R. W. , Stegeman J. A. , de Jong M. C. M. 
Published: October 2010

A matched case‐control study of 135 infected and 99 uninfected pig herds from the central area of the 1997 to 1998 epidemic of classical swine fever (CSF) in The Netherlands was undertaken to identify factors associated with the introduction of the virus. The herds were matched on the basis of herd type and the shortest geographical distance between pairs of herds. Data on management, hygienic measures, experiences during the depopulation of an infected nearest neighbour, and the frequency of contact with professionals and other agencies were collected by means of a questionnaire taken by personal interview. There were no significant differences between the infected and uninfected herds in the median total number of contacts per year with professionals and other agencies either with or without contact with the pigs. On the basis of a multivariable analysis, five variables were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of infection: (1) the presence of commercial poultry on the premises; (2) visitors entering the pig units without wearing an overcoat or overalls and boots supplied by the farm; (3) the driver of the lorry transporting pigs for the Pig Welfare Disposal Scheme (PWDS) using his own boots instead of boots supplied by the farm; (4) herds of moderate size (500 to 1000 animals) and very large herds (>7000 animals) were at greater risk than small herds (<500 animals); and (5) an aerosol, produced during high‐pressure cleaning of the electrocution equipment used to kill the pigs on a neighbouring infected herd less than 250 m away was carried by the wind on to the premises. Two variables were significantly associated with a decreased risk of csFv‐infection: (1) more than 30 years of experience in pig farming; and (2) additional cleaning of the lorries used to transport pigs for the PWDS before they were allowed on to the premises. In the opinion of the cooperating farmers, airborne transmission of the virus and its transmission during the depopulation of an infected neighbour were among the most important routes of infection.
Safety and efficacy of an oil‐adjuvant vaccine against haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffalo calves: cross‐protection between the serotypes B:2,5 and E:2,5
Authors: Shah N. H. , Shah N. H. , Jacobs A.A. C. , de Graaf E K. 
Published: October 2010

The safety, efficacy and duration of immunity of an improved oil‐adjuvant vaccine against haemorrhagic septicaemia, containing inactivated cells of Pasteurelia multocida serotype B:2,5, were tested in young buffalo calves in Pakistan. For safety testing, five buffalo calves were vaccinated intramuscularly with twice the normal dose, and six weeks later with a normal dose. Except for a transient rise in rectal temperature at six hours after the vaccinations, no systemic reactions were observed. The buffaloes remained in good condition and had a normal appetite. No local reactions were observed at the injection site. For efficacy testing two trials were carried out. In the first, buffalo calves were vaccinated intramuscularly either with two doses two‐and‐a‐half months apart, or with a single dose, or left unvaccinated. They were challenged subcutaneously with virulent Pmultocida after eight, 13 or 15 months. After challenge at eight months the four buffaloes given two doses and the buffalo given one dose were protected, whereas the control animal developed the typical signs of the disease. After the challenges at 13 and 15 months, the vaccinated animals were still protected whereas the control animals died. In the second trial, buffalo calves were vaccinated intramuscularly either with two doses two months apart, or with a single dose at two months or left unvaccinated. The buffaloes were challenged after eight or 14 months. After challenge at eight months the four control animals died, whereas three of the four buffaloes given a single dose were protected. After challenge at 14 months, the three control animals died, whereas four of the five buffaloes given two doses and both the buffaloes given a single dose were protected. To test for cross‐protection against the heterologous serotypes E:2,5 and B:3,4, groups of mice were vaccinated once or left unvaccinated. Four weeks later, the vaccinated and control groups were challenged with a dilution series of the different challenge cultures. The vaccine appeared to induce protection against challenge with different strains of serotypes B:2,5 and E:2,5 but not against strains of serotype B:3,4.
Clostridium perfringensβ2‐toxin in an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) with ulcerative enteritis
Authors: Bacciarini L. N. , Gröne A. , Pagan O. , Frey J. 
Published: October 2010

A 22‐year‐old female African elephant (Loxodonta africana) developed diarrhoea of unknown cause which lasted for two days. The animal was euthanased after it remained recumbent and refused to get up. Gross pathological changes were present mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. The intestinal contents were watery and dark brown. Several areas of the mucosa of the small intestine were covered minimally to moderately with fibrin and had a few 0.1 × 10 to 15 cm linear ulcerations. Microscopical lesions consisted of discrete areas of necrosis of the surface and crypt epithelium without overt inflammatory infiltrates. Culture of the small intestinal contents resulted in a moderate growth of Clostridium perfringens. No salmonella were found in the small or large intestine. PCR of the isolate of C perfringensrevealed the presence of the β2‐toxin gene cpb2and the α‐toxin gene cpabut no other known toxin genes. The expression of the β2‐toxin gene in vivo was demonstrated by the immunohistochemical localisation of the β2‐toxin to the microscopical lesions in the small intestine.
Detection of antibodies to Borna disease virus in Turkish cats by using recombinant p40
Authors: Helps C. R. , Harbour D. A. , Turan N. , Yilmaz H. , Bilal T. 
Published: October 2010

Recombinant p40 produced by baculovirus was used in an ELISA to screen samples of serum taken from 80 cats in Istanbul. The sera were also analysed for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). Antibodies to Borna disease virus‐ (BDV) p40 were detected in 34 (42.5 per cent) of the 80 cats. Seventy‐three per cent of the sera which were positive for FIV and 26 per cent of the sera which were negative for FIV had antibodies to BDV. There was no difference in the percentage of sera which were positive for BDV between the cats that were positive or negative for FeLv. Three of the cats had neurological disease and two of these had antibodies to BDV. Six sera with low, medium or high optical densities (ODs) by ELISA were analysed by Western blotting. Only the sera with medium and high ODS reacted specifically with p40 at a dilution of 1 in 1000.
Effect of condensed tannins on egg hatching and larval development of Trichostrongylus colubriformis in vitro
Authors: Molan A. L. , Waghorn G. C. , McNabb W. C. 
Published: October 2010

The effects of condensed tannins extracted from seven forages on the viability of the eggs and first stage (L1) larvae of the sheep nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis were evaluated in in vitro assays. The extracts of condensed tannins were obtained from Lotus pedunculatus (LP), Lotus corniculatus (LC), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium), sainfoin (Onobrychus viciifolia), Dorycnium pentaphylum (DP), Dorycnium rectum (DR) and dock (Rumex obtusifolius) . Extracts containing 200 to 500,μg/ml reduced the proportion of eggs that hatched. The larval development assay was used to evaluate the effect of the extracts on the development of either eggs or LI larvae to L3 infective larvae. Development was allowed to proceed for seven days by which time the larvae in control incubations had reached the infective L3 stage. Extracts containing 200 μg/mI from LP, DP, DR or dock prevented egg development, and only 11, 8 and 2 per cent of the eggs developed to 13 larvae with extracts from LC, sulla and sainfoin, respectively. When the concentration was 400 μg/mI no eggs developed to L3 larvae. The addition of the extracts after hatching also inhibited the development of Ll to L3 larvae; 200 μg/ml extracted from LP, LC, sulla, sainfoin, DP, DR and dock resulted in only 14, 18, 17, 15, 14, 16 and 4 per cent of Ll larvae developing to the L3 stage compared with 85 per cent for controls, and 400 μg/ml further reduced the development of Li larvae. Statistical analyses showed that when the extracts were added before hatching they were significantly (P<0.001) more effective at inhibiting the larval development than when they were added after hatching. The condensed tannins from dock had the greatest inhibitory effect on egg development followed by the tannins from DR, sainfoin, DP, LP, sulla and LC.
Comparative evaluation of ultrasonography and lung function testing with the clinical signs and pathology of calves inoculated experimentally with Pasteurella muftocida
Authors: Reinhold P. , Rabeling B. , Günther H. , Schimmel D. 
Published: October 2010

Seventeen calves were inoculated intratracheally with Pasteurelia multocida D on three consecutive days with 10 ml of an inoculum containing 109 colony forming units/ml per day per calf. Before the first inoculation and 24 hours after the third, each calf was examined non‐invasively by means of a clinical examination, chest ultrasonography, and impulse oscillometry to measure the impedance of the respiratory system. The inoculation of P multocida caused fever and a significant increase in respiratory rate and a decrease in tidal volume. There were also significant changes in the ultrasonographic results and in the impedance of the respiratory system. The percentage of the total surface area of the lungs showing pathological changes when the calves were euthanased 48 hours after the third inoculation ranged from 0.4 to 39 per cent. There were statistically significant correlations between the ultrasound scores and the pathological findings and between the ultrasound scores and the respiratory rate and tidal volume. The changes in the impedance of the respiratory system were not correlated with either the ultrasonographic or the pathological findings.
Infectious agents identified in pigs with multifocal interstitial nephritis at slaughter
Authors: Drolet R. , Ribotta M. , Higgins R. , D'Allaire S. , Larochelle R. , Magar R. 
Published: October 2010

One kidney was taken from each of 100 pigs at slaughter; 50 had gross lesions of multifocal interstitial nephritis and 50 had no gross lesions. Forty‐nine of the affected kidneys had lesions that were characterised by the presence of either a few randomly distributed or numerous widely disseminated pale foci, 1 to 3 mm in diameter, on the cortical surface (white‐dotted kidneys). Microscopically, these focal inflammatory lesions often had a distinct lymphofollicular pattern (follicular nephritis). Lesions of chronic vasculitis were observed in 21 of the affected kidneys. Histologically, the control kidneys had only small and sparse inflammatory foci. Standard bacterial cultures of kidneys of both groups were not significant, and cultures for the isolation of leptospires were all negative. Virological examination of the kidney homogenates by PCR did not reveal any porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and only a few cases were positive for the porcine circovirus type 1. However, porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV‐2) were detected in many kidneys of both groups but in a significantly higher proportion of the kidneys with interstitial nephritis. There was a significant association between the lesions and the presence of PPV and PCV‐2 with odds ratios of 7.5 (P<0.0001) and 3.4 (P=0.0074), respectively, and the odds ratio increased to 22.7 (P<0.0001) when both viruses were identified in the same kidney. However, a subsample of kidneys taken from both groups were negative by immunohistochemistry for the presence of PPV and PCV.2 antigens.
Temporal and geographical distribution of cases of foot‐and‐mouth disease during the early weeks of the 2001 epidemic in Great Britain
Authors: Gibbens J. C. , Wilesmith J. W. 
Published: October 2010

Estimates of the likely dates of infection of the early cases of the 2001 foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) epidemic indicate that at least 57 premises in 16 counties in Great Britain were infected before the first case was disclosed. Nationwide animal movement controls were imposed within three days of the first case being confirmed on February 20, when FMD was only known to be in two counties, and these controls limited its geographical spread. After the first few cases were confirmed, new cases were rapidly discovered, and the epidemic curve for the daily number of confirmed cases peaked five weeks later, 11 days later than the peak of the curve based on the estimated dates of infection. In the peak week, both curves showed an average daily number of 43 new cases. The estimated dates of infection are believed to be relatively unbiased for the early cases, for which they were derived from a known contact with infection. However, for the later cases they were estimated mainly from the age of the clinical signs of the disease, and were biased by species and other factors, a bias which would probably have made the estimated dates later than was in fact the case.
Normal haematological values of European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) from an English rehabilitation centre
Authors: Lewis J. C. M. , Norcott M. R. , Frost L. M. , Cusdin P. 
Published: October 2010

Blood samples were taken from 29 male and 21 female clinically normal European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) that had been overwintered in an English rehabilitation centre, and the mean (sd) and ranges of their haematological values were determined. The mean cellular volume and lymphocyte counts of the female hedgehogs were slightly but significantly higher than those of the male hedgehogs.
Aetiology of separation‐related behaviour in domestic dogs
Authors: Bradshaw J. W. S. , McPherson J. A. , Casey R. A. , Larter I. S. 
Published: October 2010

A longitudinal study of seven litters of labrador retrievers and five litters of border collies from eight weeks to 18 months of age indicated that the majority showed some degree of potentially undesirable behaviour when separated from their owners. Its incidence was particularly high in the labrador retrievers, of which 13 of 23 showed separation‐related behaviour for more than a month. Socially diverse environments experienced between six and 12 months of age were associated with a subsequent absence of separationrelated behaviour. In a questionnaire survey of dog owners, separation‐related behaviour was reported in 27 of 94 dogs, and a further 20 had shown the behaviour in the past. Male dogs were more likely to express separation‐related behaviour currently, and females were more likely never to have displayed it. The prevalence of the behaviour was unaffected by whether the dog was pedigree or mixed breed, or whether it had been obtained from a breeder or from a rescue organisation. Combining the results of the two studies, the owners of only six of 75 dogs showing separation‐related behaviour had sought assistance, and only two of the owners had sought help from veterinary surgeons.
Static space requirements of male meat turkeys
Authors: Ellerbrock S. , Knierim U. 
Published: October 2010

The area covered by standing male meat turkeys between 11 and 21 weeks of age was measured by planimetry on photographs taken from directly above the birds. There was a strong relationship (r=0.86) between their liveweight and the area covered, and a formula was derived for the calculation of the area covered by turkeys weighing between 7.6 and 21.8 kg. A comparison with the formula developed on theoretical grounds in 1995 by the Farm Animal Welfare Council (FAwc) showed that for heavy turkeys the FAwc formula is not valid, because it yields values which are about 50 per cent too low.
Development of the skeleton and feathers of dusky parrots (Pionus fuscus) in relation to their behaviour
Authors: Harcourt‐Brown N. 
Published: October 2010

A clutch of fve dusky parrots (Pionus fuscus) was observed from hatching to fully grown. They were examined radiographically from 16 to 45 days of age, a few days before the cessation of bone growth, and the development of their feathers and their behaviour were also studied. It was observed that when growing birds were removed from the nest and placed singly on a flat surface they would stand up and walk about until restrained; normally these birds would move very little and lie in an intertwined huddle that supported their relatively weak growing skeletons. At 50 days old they would climb to the nest entrance, retreating if scared. From day 51 the parrots flapped their wings vigorously inside the nest box, and they emerged at 53 days old when nearly all their large feathers had finished growing. These findings may help to explain the high rate of juvenile osteodystrophy in hand‐reared parrots; premature exercise could lead to pathological deformity of the long bones, especially the major weight‐bearing bone, the tibiotarsus.
Risk of foot‐and‐mouth disease associated with proximity in space and time to infected premises and the implications for control policy during the 2001 epidemic in Cumbria
Authors: Taylor N. M. , Honhold N. , Paterson A. D. , Mansley L. M. 
Published: October 2010

An analysis was made that calculated the risk of disease for premises in the most heavily affected parts of the county of Cumbria during the foot‐and‐mouth disease epidemic in the UK in 2001. In over half the cases the occurrence of the disease was not directly attributable to a recently infected premises being located within 1.5 km. Premises more than 1.5 km from recently infected premises faced sufficiently high infection risks that culling within a 1.5 km radius of the infected premises alone could not have prevented the progress of the epidemic. A comparison of the final outcome in two areas of the county, south Penrith and north Cumbria, indicated that focusing on controlling the potential spread of the disease over short distances by culling premises contiguous to infected premises, while the disease continued to spread over longer distances, may have resulted in excessive numbers of premises being culled. Even though the contiguous cull in south Penrith appeared to have resulted in a smaller proportion of premises becoming infected, the overall proportion of premises culled was considerably greater than in north Cumbria, where, because of staff and resource limitations, a smaller proportion of premises contiguous to infected premises was culled.
Relationships between the histological grade of cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs, their survival and the efficacy of surgical resection
Authors: Murphy S. , Sparkes A. H. , Brearley M. J. , Smith K. C. , Blunden A. S. 
Published: October 2010

The histological grade of 340 cutaneous mast cell tumours derived from 280 dogs was determined by an established histological grading system; 87 of the tumours (26 per cent) were well differentiated, 199 (59 per cent) were intermediately differentiated and 54 (16 per cent) were poorly differentiated. The one‐year survival rates for the dogs with tumours of these three grades were significantly different (P=0‐0001), being 100 per cent, 92 per cent and 46 per cent, respectively. The median survival time for the dogs with poorly differentiated tumours was 278 days, significantly shorter than that for the dogs with either intermediately or well‐differentiated tumours, which were both over 1300 days. Regrowth of the tumours was identified in 10 (19 per cent) of the dogs with poorly differentiated tumours, 12 (6 per cent) of the dogs with intermediately differentiated tumours and one of the dogs with well‐differentiated tumours; only three of the tumours which regrew had initially had complete margins. The results suggest that wide surgical margins are not a prerequisite for a successful long‐term outcome in dogs with well‐differentiated cutaneous mast cell tumours.
Survey of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in ruminants in Kosovo
Authors: Jackson R. , Pite L. , Ward D. , Kennard R. , Stack J. , Domi X. , Dedushaj L. 
Published: October 2010

A cross‐sectional survey of the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep, goats and cattle in Kosovo was made in January 2001. A total of 12,000 serum samples, from 7941 cattle, 3548 sheep and 511 goats, were screened using the Rose Bengal test. Doubtful and positive results were further tested with competitive and indirect ELISAs. The overall serological prevalences derived from the samples positive to all three tests, were 6.26 per cent (95 per cent confidence intervals [CI] 5.5 to 7.1 per cent) for sheep, 7.24 per cent (5.3 to 9.8 per cent) for goats and 0–58 per cent (0.43 to 0.77 per cent) for cattle. The survey covered 26 of the 29 municipalities and showed that brucellosis was widely but unevenly distributed throughout the province. Seropositive animals were found in 25 per cent (19 to 32 per cent) of 162 villages surveyed. The risk of cattle being infected on holdings where both cattle and sheep were kept was greater, with a risk ratio of 4.6 (2.2 to 9.6), than on holdings where only cattle were kept. Brucella melitensis probably predominates as the cause of brucellosis in ruminants in the province of Kosovo.
Radiographic contrast study of the upper gastrointestinal tract of eight dogs using carboxymethylcellulose mixed with a low concentration of barium sulphate
Authors: Chang J. H. , Lee K‐C. , Choi H‐J. , Yoon J‐H. , Choi M‐C. 
Published: October 2010

To evaluate the efficacy of a mixture of barium and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) suspension in upper gastrointestinal contrast studies, and to determine its optimal concentration and method for use, eight healthy beagle dogs underwent conventional upper gastrointestinal contrast imaging and a modified procedure using a mixture of barium sulphate and CMC. Four different procedures were carried out on the dogs at weekly intervals. In the first, the dogs were administered 10 ml/kg of 60 per cent barium suspension for conventional study of the upper gastrointestinal tract. The second, third and fourth procedures involved modified methods in which the dogs were given 10 ml/kg of a mixture of 25 per cent barium and 0.5 per cent CMC prepared to a low, moderate or high viscosity, respectively. All four procedures were evaluated by four criteria: the quality of the images obtained, the translucency and distensibility of the bowel, and the transit time. The method of imaging which used a moderately viscious CMC formulation provided excellent image quality, high translucency, a rapid transit time and suitable bowel distension to enable more precise diagnosis of disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.