bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Student food insecurity: The skeleton in the university closet
Authors: HUGHES Roger , SEREBRYANIKOVA Irene , DONALDSON Katherine , LEVERITT Michael 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim:  Food security is an important nutrition issue among vulnerable population groups such as the young and socioeconomically disadvantaged. The present study sought to identify and describe the prevalence, distribution and severity of food insecurity, and related behavioural adaptations, among a sample of Australian university students.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey design involving a self‐administered questionnaire consisting of 39 food security‐related and 15 demographic questions administered among a sample of university students.Results:  A sample of 399 students completed questionnaires representing a response rate of 71.5% of students invited to participate. Sample demography was representative of the total student population except for being overrepresented by full‐time and international students. Food insecurity was evident in the student sample ranging from 12.7% to 46.5% (based on method of analysis). Student food insecurity was significantly associated with those renting, boarding or sharing accommodation, with low incomes or receiving government assistance. Coping strategies developed by students focused on income generation and austerity measures, included living with parents, working more than 10 hours per week outside of university and borrowing money and food. Students who reported food insecurity were more likely to rate their overall health status lower than those who were food secure.Conclusion:  The present study suggests university students are at significant risk of food insecurity in part attributed to inadequate income support. Further research is required to assess the broader determinants of food insecurity and appropriate strategy responses, including social support policies, in this population group.
To Snack or Not to Snack: What should we advise for weight management?
Authors: PALMER Michelle A. , CAPRA Sandra , BAINES Surinder K. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAims: Although our current weight management guidelines suggest eating regularly, speculation about whether snacking assists with managing weight occurs widely among the media, weight loss clients and health professionals. We aim to examine whether there is adequate scientific evidence available to support the manipulation of eating frequently for improving body weight, diabetes and cardiovascular risk markers, and theories that link eating frequently with weight management.Methods: Relevant papers from nutrition and dietetics journals and other sources were used to assess the association between eating frequency and weight and health.Results: Longer‐term evidence suggests eating frequency does not affect weight, glucose, insulin control, hunger or energy expenditure in intentional weight losers and maintainers. There is consistent short‐term evidence of an inverse association between blood lipid levels and eating frequency during weight maintenance. Many of the common theories that suggest manipulating eating frequency for weight management are not supported by the literature. Sustaining a change to eating frequency also may be challenging over the longer term.Conclusions: Overall current evidence does not suggest that manipulating eating frequency greatly benefits weight and health. Health professionals may not need to manipulate eating frequency for weight management.
Detection of regime shifts in multi‐species communities: the Bay of Quinte phytoplankton example
Authors: Nicholls Kenneth H. 
Published: February 2011

Summary 1. Human activities have led to ecological regime shifts, first revealed at the community level in ecosystems. A regime shift in a biological community is a sudden change in the relative contributions of several taxa, resulting in a post‐shift state that remains stable over the long term with a structure that is outside the boundaries of the ‘normal’ pre‐shift variability. Most methods for regime shift detection are based on univariate statistics (e.g. commercial fish catch data, sea surface temperature anomalies). Multivariate methods suitable for identifying change in multi‐species communities can be used to identify regime shifts in communities. 2. In this paper, I use a 37‐year record (1972–2008) of phytoplankton in the Bay of Quinte (northeastern Lake Ontario) to demonstrate the use of several largely independent data analysis methods that are shown here to concur in their output. Among the most powerful procedures is an approach that models the anomalies around long‐term Grand Mean and reference‐point community structures that were compared to annual structures using Bray–Curtis community similarity coefficients. CUSUM plots of model residuals, segmented regression analysis and other tests are all useful to identify the location of break‐points in records of anomalies. Follow‐up significance testing was performed separately with permutation tests. Improved sensitivity of these techniques when applied to highly seasonal data was demonstrated after extraction of seasonal components as periodic functions. 3. Statistically significant shifts in the Bay of Quinte phytoplankton were detected in the year following an approximate 50% reduction in point‐source phosphorus loading in early 1978 and again immediately after the establishment of invasive dreissenid mussels in the mid‐1990s. Associated with this second intervention was an increased representation by species of the potentially toxic Cyanoprokaryote Microcystis, and dramatic declines in some diatom species, with significant implications for human use and food web function. 4. This paper provides a ‘tool box’ of methods (most freely available on the WWW) for those needing to distinguish between true shifts and normal inter‐annual variability in biological communities. Ability to measure statistically significant change in communities can lead to enhanced understanding of cause–effect relations and to enhanced capabilities for prediction of change.
Individual and social network predictors of the short‐term stability of bullying victimization in the United Kingdom and Germany
Authors: Sapouna Maria , Wolke Dieter , Vannini Natalie , Watson Scott , Woods Sarah , Schneider Wolfgang , Enz Sibylle , Aylett Ruth 
Published: February 2011

Background.  There is still relatively little research on the social context within which bullying develops and remains stable.Aim.  This study examined the short‐term stability of bullying victimization among primary school students in the United Kingdom and Germany (mean age, 8.9 years) and the individual and social network factors that contributed to remaining a victim of bullying.Sample.  The sample consisted of 454 children (247 males and 207 females).Methods.  Participants completed questionnaires on bullying victimization at three assessment points over a 9‐week period. Other measures consisted of self‐reported demographic, peer, and family relationship characteristics. Social network indices of density, reciprocity, and hierarchy were constructed using friendship and peer acceptance nominations.Results.  Relative risk analyses indicated a six‐fold increased risk of remaining a victim at consequent follow‐ups, compared to a child not victimized at baseline becoming a victim over the follow‐up period. Individual characteristics explained substantially more variance in the stability of bullying victimization than class‐level factors. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that being victimized by siblings and being rejected by peers predicted remaining a victim over a 9‐week period.Conclusions.  Bullying victimization among primary school students proved moderately stable over a 9‐week period. Individual characteristics were more influential in predicting the stable victim role than class‐level factors. Our findings have implications for the identification of stable victims in primary school and early preventative bullying programs.
Evidence for post-1200 Ma — pre-Grenvillian supracrustal rocks in the Pinware terrane, eastern Grenville Province at Battle Harbour, LabradorThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.
Authors: Kamo Sandra L. , Heaman Larry M. , Gower Charles F. 
Published: February 2011

U–Pb zircon geochronological investigations at Battle Harbour, in the Pinware terrane, eastern Grenville Province show that a cross-bedded psammitic rock from Battle Island was deposited after 1200 Ma and prior to Grenvillian orogenesis, as part of a package of psammitic, semi-pelitic and calc-silicate rocks. This represents a major finding as no previous data had indicated any supracrustal-rock deposition after ca. 1500 Ma in the interior eastern Grenville Province. The age is comparable to that obtained from supracrustal units of minor extent elsewhere in the interior Grenville Province, indicating that change in crustal level in these regions was modest during Grenvillian orogenesis. Grenvillian metamorphism at amphibolite facies occurred at 1030 ± 4 Ma, based on evidence from a concordant mafic rock within the supracrustal assemblage that is interpreted to be a sill. Grenvillian orogenesis at Battle Harbour was accompanied by abundant pegmatite injection over an extended period, as indicated by cross-cutting relationships and various states of deformation displayed by the pegmatites. An amazonite-bearing pegmatite has an age of 1024 ± 3 Ma. An even younger, cross-cutting pegmatite contains only inherited zircon grains.
Geochronology and geochemistry of Precambrian gneisses, metabasites, and pegmatite from the Tobacco Root Mountains, northwestern Wyoming craton, MontanaThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme of Geochronology in honour of Tom Krogh.T.E. Krogh deceased April 2008.
Authors: Krogh Thomas E. , Kamo Sandra L. , Hanley Thomas B. , Hess David F. , Dahl Peter S. , Johnson Robert E. 
Published: February 2011

The Middle Mountain Metamorphic Domain of the Montana Metasedimentary Terrane, northwestern Wyoming Craton, within the northwestern Tobacco Root Mountains, mainly comprises migmatized tonalitic gneiss interlayered with amphibolitic (hornblende) gneiss, both of which are cut by metamorphosed mafic rocks. Together, these gneisses are defined as Middle Mountain Gneiss. Archean tonalitic gneiss from west of, and amphibolitic gneiss from east of, the Bismark Fault give, from chemically and air-abraded zircon grains, U–Pb ID–TIMS ages of 3325.5 ± 1.7 and 3340 Ma, respectively. These results reflect primary magmatic ages and show that the Middle Mountain Gneiss extends into the northern area of the Central Fault Block, between the Bismark and Mammoth faults. Older crustal processes in the tonalitic gneiss are evidenced by inherited grains, the oldest of which is >3460 Ma. A metabasite hosted in tonalitic gneiss in the Bismark Fault selvage zone yields a zircon age of 2468 Ma, which is interpreted as the time of metamorphism. This date and other ca. 2470 Ma dates known in the region reflect a series of thermotectonic events designated here as the Beaverhead – Tobacco Root Orogeny. Geochemical evidence in the Central Fault Block metabasites suggests that their >2470 Ma precursors evolved in a back-arc – arc-rift setting, whereas their equivalents west of the Bismark Fault were largely mid-ocean ridge basalt-related tholeiites and east of the Central Fault Block were back-arc tholeiites showing some continental affinity. The metabasite was metamorphosed, deformed, and intruded by pegmatite at 1756 Ma during the Big Sky Orogeny. This orogenic event also produced new zircon growth in Archean tonalitic gneiss. Monazite with an age of 75 Ma, found at one location, reflects nearby intrusion of the Cretaceous Tobacco Root Batholith.
Circular precast concrete manholes: experimental investigation
Authors: Sabouni Reem , El Naggar M.H. 
Published: February 2011

Circular precast concrete manholes are widely used in sanitary sewer and storm water systems. The lack of detailed technical information on them and the conservatism of their governing codes and standards call for a detailed investigation on them. The main objectives of this paper are to evaluate the state of strains in the precast concrete manhole and state of stresses in the soil beneath the base to be used in developing enhanced guidelines for the design of their bases. Three full-scale circular precast concrete manholes, two 1200 mm in diameter and one 1500 mm in diameter, were tested in the large-scale geotechnical testing facility (LSGTF) at the University of Western Ontario. Only one 1200 mm manhole base was reinforced. Twenty seven load tests were performed on the manholes, which involved loads representing the Ontario truck loads incorporated in the Canadian Highway Bridge Code. None of the manhole sections tested in the experimental program experienced any cracks. The test results showed that traffic loading had a small effect on the pressure under the manhole base. All three specimens could withstand the critical Ontario truck loads, even the non-reinforced ones.
Malate synthase expression is deregulated in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa cystic fibrosis isolate FRD1
Authors: Hagins Jessica M. , Scoffield Jessica , Suh Sang-Jin , Silo-Suh Laura 
Published: February 2011

Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes chronic pulmonary infections, which can persist for decades, in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Current evidence suggests that the glyoxylate pathway is an important metabolic pathway for P. aeruginosa growing within the CF lung. In this study, we identified glcB, which encodes for the second key enzyme of the glyoxylate pathway, malate synthase, as a requirement for virulence of P. aeruginosa on alfalfa seedlings. While expression of glcB in PAO1, an acute isolate of P. aeruginosa, responds to some carbon sources that use the glyoxylate pathway, expression of glcB in FRD1, a CF isolate, is constitutively upregulated. Malate synthase activity is moderately affected by glcB expression and is nearly constitutive in both backgrounds, with slightly higher activity in FRD1 than in PAO1. In addition, RpoN negatively regulates glcB in PAO1 but not in FRD1. In summary, the genes encoding for the glyoxylate-specific enzymes appear to be coordinately regulated, even though they are not located within the same operon on the P. aeruginosa genome. Furthermore, both genes encoding for the glyoxylate enzymes can become deregulated during adaptation of the bacterium to the CF lung.
POLICE WORK WITH YOUTH-AT-RISK: WHAT CAN SOCIAL WORK CONTRIBUTE?
Authors: CHUN ROXCO P. K. , CHUI Y. H. , CHAN Y.C. , CHENG HOWARD. C. H. 
Published: February 2011

While traditional policing focuses on crime control by law enforcement, the Hong Kong Police Force has increasingly affirmed the importance of multi-agency collaboration and service-orientation in their work. The change provides impetus for venturing on more innovative training for police. The Police Attachment to NGOs Program is an unprecedented tailor-made multi-agency training program for serving police officers in Hong Kong. A series of these training programs were commissioned to the Department of Applied Social Sciences of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. So far, seven rounds of training have been completed. The program consisted of three phases — the pre-attachment induction phase, the attachment phase and the post-attachment deepening phase. The trainees were provided with opportunities to dialog with the social workers and youth-at-risk directly, an experience evaluated by the trainees as stimulating and rewarding. The program also generated benefits to the social workers and the service users of the NGOs because they both could gain better understanding of the police mindset, their work and difficulties. This paper discusses what social work can contribute in police training, including the design of the program, its implementation, and evaluation of its effect. In a way, the training can be regarded as an indirect social work practice from which both the young people and the society can benefit. Since the trained police officers can avoid stereotyping the youth-at-risk and have better collaboration with social workers, this training is able to enhance police work with youth-at-risk. 傳統警務工作重點在於預防罪案和執法。但香港警務處近年不斷强調多機構合作和以服務爲取向的警務工作摸式，爲警務培訓工作提供了革新的的機遇。「青鋒計劃」 (Police Attachment to NGOs Program) 是一項嶄新、具針對性、並强調多機構合作的在職警務培訓項目。計劃可分爲三個部份 —— 導引期，機構體驗期，和深化期。透過與前線社工和邊青直接對話，警務學員普遍認爲這項體驗計劃，獲益良多。另一方面，這計劃也爲參與的社工和邊青帶來了益處。他們表示對警方的工作和難處都增加了認識和諒解。本文章探討社會工作對警務培訓可以作出的供献，包括了培訓的設計，執行和檢討成效。無疑，這項培訓是一項間接的社會工作實踐，社工參與這項培訓，減少警察對邊青定型，促成警務人員和前線社工在處理邊青問題上的互相了解，對各方都有益處。
QUANTUM DESIGNS: FOUNDATIONS OF A NONCOMMUTATIVE DESIGN THEORY
Authors: ZAUNER GERHARD 
Published: February 2011

This is a one-to-one translation of a German-written Ph.D. thesis from 1999. Quantum designs are sets of orthogonal projection matrices in finite(b)-dimensional Hilbert spaces. A fundamental differentiation is whether all projections have the same rank r, and furthermore the special case r = 1, which contains two important subclasses: Mutually unbiased bases (MUBs) were introduced prior to this thesis and solutions of b + 1 MUBs whenever b is a power of a prime were already given. Unaware of those papers, this concept was generalized here under the notation of regular affine quantum designs. Maximal solutions are given for the general case r ≥ 1, consisting of r(b2 - 1)/(b - r) so-called complete orthogonal classes whenever b is a power of a prime. For b = 6, an infinite family of MUB triples was constructed and it was — as already done in the author's master's thesis (1991) — conjectured that four MUBs do not exist in this dimension. Symmetric informationally complete positive operator-valued measures (SIC POVMs) in this paper are called regular quantum 2-designs with degree 1. The assigned vectors span b2 equiangular lines. These objects had been investigated since the 1960s, but only a few solutions were known in complex vector spaces. In this thesis further maximal analytic and numerical solutions were given (today a lot more solutions are known) and it was (probably for the first time) conjectured that solutions exist in any dimension b (generated by the Weyl–Heisenberg group and with a certain additional symmetry of order 3).
The Neuronal Differentiation Factor NeuroD1 Downregulates the Neuronal Repellent Factor Slit2 Expression and Promotes Cell Motility and Tumor Formation of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Huang Peng , Kishida Satoshi , Cao Dongliang , Murakami-Tonami Yuko , Mu Ping , Nakaguro Masato , Koide Naoshi , Takeuchi Ichiro , Onishi Akira , Kadomatsu Kenji 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD1 has been implicated in the neurogenesis and early differentiation of pancreatic endocrine cells. However, its function in relation to cancer has been poorly examined. In this study, we found that NeuroD1 is involved in the tumorigenesis of neuroblastoma. NeuroD1 was strongly expressed in a hyperplastic region comprising neuroblasts in the celiac sympathetic ganglion of 2-week-old MYCN transgenic (Tg) mice and was consistently expressed in the subsequently generated neuroblastoma tissue. NeuroD1 knockdown by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) resulted in motility inhibition of the human neuroblastoma cell lines, and this effect was reversed by shRNA-resistant NeuroD1. The motility inhibition by NeuroD1 knockdown was associated with induction of Slit2 expression, and knockdown of Slit2 could restore cell motility. Consistent with this finding, shRNA-resistant NeuroD1 suppressed Slit2 expression. NeuroD1 directly bound to the first and second E-box of the Slit2 promoter region. Moreover, we found that the growth of tumor spheres, established from neuroblastoma cell lines in MYCN Tg mice, was suppressed by NeuroD1 suppression. The functions identified for NeuroD1 in cell motility and tumor sphere growth may suggest a link between NeuroD1 and the tumorigenesis of neuroblastoma. Indeed, tumor formation of tumor sphere–derived cells was significantly suppressed by NeuroD1 knockdown. These data are relevant to the clinical features of human neuroblastoma: high NeuroD1 expression was closely associated with poor prognosis. Our findings establish the critical role of the neuronal differentiation factor NeuroD1 in neuroblastoma as well as its functional relationship with the neuronal repellent factor Slit2. Cancer Res; 71(8); 2938–48. ©2011 AACR.
Endogenous Axon Guiding Chemorepulsant Semaphorin-3F Inhibits the Growth and Metastasis of Colorectal Carcinoma
Authors: Wu Feng , Zhou Qi , Yang Jing , Duan Guang-jie , Ou Juan-juan , Zhang Rong , Pan Feng , Peng Qiu-ping , Tan Hong , Ping Yi-fang , Cui You-hong , Qian Cheng , Yan Xiao-chu , Bian Xiu-wu 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Purpose: To elucidate the role of Semaphorin-3F (SEMA3F), originally described as an axon guiding chemorepulsant implicated in nerve development, in the progression of colorectal carcinoma.
Experimental Design: SEMA3F and its receptor NRP2 were examined in 72 cases of human colorectal carcinoma specimens and cell lines LoVo, SW480, and SW620 with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. SEMA3F mRNA expression in the frozen tissue specimens and cell lines was examined with quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used for detection of cellular localization of the proteins by immunofluorescent staining. MTT assay, flow cytometry, cell adhesion and migration, and xenografts were used to evaluate biological significance of SEMA3F.
Results: SEMA3F was significantly reduced in colorectal carcinoma tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of SEMA3F resulted in reduced proliferation, adhesion to fibronectin, and migratory capability as well as reduced S-phase population and integrin αvβ3 expression of SW480 colon cancer cells. In addition, SEMA3F-overexpressing cells exhibited diminished tumorigenesis when transplanted orthotopically in nude mice and reduced liver metastases. Moreover, transfection of siRNA targeting SEMA3F in colon cancer cells increased their tumorigenicity in vivo.
Conclusions: Endogenous SEMA3F acts as a suppressor of the growth and metastasis of human colorectal cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res; 17(9); 2702–11. ©2011 AACR.