bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Body stalk anomaly in Denmark during 20 years (1970–1989)
Authors: Bugge Merete 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBody stalk anomaly is a severe defect of the abdominal wall with uncovered thoracic and/or abdominal organs. The umbilical cord is absent or very short. Here I present epidemiological and clinical data on 16 infants with body stalk anomaly. The 16 infants represent 3.4% of the 469 infants ascertained in an almost complete nationwide data set of live‐ and stillborn infants born with abdominal wall defects during the two decades 1970–1989 in Denmark. The prevalence was 0.12 per 10,000 live‐ and stillborn. Nine of the infants were stillbirths, seven were live births, and they all died shortly after birth. The gestational age at birth varied from 33 to 40 weeks. There was an excess of males M/F ratio: 2.2 (CI: 0.85–10.71). All infants had severe associated malformations. Among the most severe were: severe limb reduction defects (56%), absence of one kidney associated with malformations of genitalia and/or urinary bladder (62%), scoliosis (82%), and anal atresia (57%). A normal karyotype was found in all eight of the infants who were tested. There were two sets of twins; one discordant and one concordant. Mean maternal and paternal ages were 28.5 and 29.5 years, respectively, not significantly different from the mean parental ages of the Danish population during the same period. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maternal genetic effect in DNA analysis: Egg on your traits
Authors: Wilson Golder N. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA dilemma of penetrance parallels the uncertainty principle as array analyses uncover a disturbing continuity of human molecular variation. Among mechanisms for altered penetrance is maternal genetic effect, hypothesized to explain mother‐offspring discordance from 12/13 translocation [Wilson et al., 1991] and important to consider when confronting identical genetic changes in normal mothers and their abnormal children. A boy with developmental delays, autistic features, minimal dysmorphology, and maternally inherited 17p13.3 microduplication could exemplify maternal genetic effect, as could a boy with altered brain pattern and maternally inherited Sonic Hedgehog mutation reported by Schell‐Apacik et al. [2009]. Maternal genetic effects, characterized in fly, fish, and mouse, are important to consider in human DNA analysis so that identical findings in mother and child are not routinely dismissed as benign variations. Suspect families can define relevant maternal‐zygote transition (MZT) genes, provide assays for oocyte function and disruption, and shift anomaly emphasis from pattern recognition to pattern restoration. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of fiber structure on the properties of the electrospun hybrid membranes composed of poly(ε‐caprolactone) and gelatin
Authors: Chen Zhengjian , Cao Lihua , Wang Liqun , Zhu Huiyong , Jiang Hongliang 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTo elucidate the effect of fiber structure on the properties of the electrospun gelatin/PCL hybrid membranes, three types of fibers with different structures, i.e., core‐shell, blend, and mixed fibers were fabricated. The crystallinity, wettability, swelling degree, and mechanical properties of the hybrid membranes were compared. It was found that the crystalline characteristics of PCL in the core‐shell fibers were different from the fibers fabricated by the other two methods. That is, the orientation degree of the PCL chains in the core‐shell fibers was higher than that in both blend and mixed fibers. The wettability of the hybrid membrane was dependent on both the composition and structure of the electrospun fibers. Blended fibers exhibited the highest hydrophobicity because of the enrichment of PCL at the fiber surface. Contrarily, the mixed fibers possessed the highest mechanical strength of 3–5.18 MPa. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of nanoclays on electrical and morphological properties of thermoplastic polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Lee Minho , Kim Wantae , Ku Jahun , Kim Young Doo , Min Byong Hun , Kim Jeong Ho 
Published: May 2012

AbstractNanocomposites of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and clays were prepared via melt processing using polyether‐ and polyester‐based TPUs, MWCNTs, and organically modified nanoclays (Cloisite C30B and C25A). Coaddition of clays and MWCNTs to TPU nanocomposites increased their electrical conductivities above those without any clay. Nanoclay alone is shown to produce no effect on electrical conductivity. TEM results show that the coaddition of nanoclay affects the nanocomposite morphology by changing the MWCNT distribution. Clay C25A and MWCNTs were observed to form network structures in the nanocomposites, resulting in improved electrical conduction. Interaction between MWCNTs and clays as well as an increase in nanocomposite viscosity caused by the coaddition of clays may influence the morphology change. Most of the nanocomposites containing both MWCNTs and clay exhibited higher dielectric constants, indicating higher electrical conductivities. Tensile properties investigations confirmed the reinforcing effects of the MWCNTs and clays. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Comparison study of a chiral stationary phase based on cellulose derivatives prepared by “grafting from” and “grafting to” methods
Authors: Yang Ji‐Hoon , Choi Seong‐Ho 
Published: May 2012

AbstractChiral stationary phase (CSP) with cellulose derivatives was synthesized using the “grafting from” and “grafting to” methods. The “grafting to” method involves the bonding of a preformed end‐functionalized polymer to reactive surface amine groups on the silica gel. The “grafting from” involves the immobilization of initiator onto the aminated silica gel followed by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) to generate the chiral polymer chains. The successful preparation of the CSP with cellulose derivatives prepared by ATRP was confirmed by FE‐SEM, XPS, EA, and thermal analysis. The chiral resolution of the CSP with cellulose derivatives was evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography using 10 racemates with various mobile phases that consisted of hexane/alcohol, hexane/THF, and hexane/chloroform. Furthermore, the CSP with cellulose derivatives prepared by “grafting from” and “grafting to” were compared and discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Laser scanning confocal microscopy versus scanning electron microscopy for characterization of polymer morphology: Sample preparation drastically distorts morphologies of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐based hydrogels
Authors: Paterson Stefan M. , Casadio Ylenia S. , Brown David H. , Shaw Jeremy A. , Chirila Traian V. , Baker Murray V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe internal morphologies for a series of heterogeneous PHEMA and P[HEMA‐co‐MeO‐PEGMA] [PHEMA = poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate), MeO‐PEGMA = poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] hydrogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in conjunction with a sample drying procedure, and by laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) without prior drying. Compared to SEM, LSCM was far simpler and more rapid technique for imaging hydrogels. LSCM also allowed the native hydrated morphology of the hydrogels to be characterized, whereas SEM could only characterize the morphology of samples in their dehydrated state. No dehydration method used in this study preserved the true native morphology, but plunge freezing/freeze drying was the most suitable method that best preserved the native morphology for all hydrogel compositions. Refrigerated freezing/freeze‐drying and critical point drying introduced significant morphological artifacts, the severity of the artifacts being dependant on the sample's composition and Tg. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Self‐efficacy's influence on student academic achievement in the medical anatomy curriculum
Authors: Burgoon Jennifer Marie , Meece Judith L. , Granger Noelle A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSelf‐efficacy is defined as a person's beliefs in his or her own abilities to successfully complete a task and has been shown to influence student motivation and academic behaviors. More specifically, anatomical self‐efficacy is defined as an individual's judgment of his or her ability to successfully complete tasks related to the anatomy curriculum; these include dissecting, learning anatomical concepts, and applying anatomical knowledge to clinical situations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of anatomical self‐efficacy on the academic performance of students enrolled in a medical gross anatomy course. To obtain students' anatomical self‐efficacy ratings, surveys containing the same anatomical self‐efficacy instrument were completed by first‐year medical students at a southeastern United States allopathic medical school after each of four gross anatomy assessments. Additional data collected included student demographic information, Medical College Admission Test® (MCAT®) scores, and anatomy assessment scores, both written examination and laboratory practical. To investigate the potential predictive nature of self‐efficacy for academic performance on both the written examination and the laboratory practical components of medical anatomy assessments, hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted. For these analyses, academic ability (defined as the sum of the physical sciences and biological sciences MCAT scores) was controlled. The results of the hierarchical linear regressions indicated that all four laboratory practical scores were predicted by the corresponding self‐efficacy ratings, while two (i.e., thorax/abdomen and pelvis/lower limb) of the four written examination scores were predicted by the corresponding self‐efficacy ratings (P ≤ 0.05). Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Fungitoxic and insecticidal plant polypeptides
Authors: Becker‐Ritt Arlete Beatriz , Carlini Célia Regina 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAccording to the World Bank and FAO, the population grows worldwide and the poorest countries are expected to double their population within the next decades, reaching ∼7.2 billion in 2015. Moreover, the food and financial crisis together with the global economic recession pushed the number of hungry and undernourished people in the world to unprecedented levels. The substitution of animal proteins by plant proteins in food and feed is a general trend because of the lower cost and better production efficiency. Pathogens and pests can reduce the crop yields up to 30%. In some places, the losses can reach 80% due to climate conditions, proliferation of insects, and fungal diseases. All together, the harvest and postharvest losses vary from 5% to 20% and depending on the commodity can be as high as 50%. Plants have a complex chemical armory for defense composed of low and high molecular mass compounds that can act over a variety of pests and pathogens, from micro‐organisms to phytophagous insects or grazing animals. Among them, plant fungitoxic and insecticidal polypeptides represent promising alternatives to increase the supply of plant‐derived proteins and tackle the hunger in a global scale. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 98: 367‐384, 2012.
ChemInform Abstract: A Versatile Ru Catalyst for the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Both Aromatic and Aliphatic Sulfinylimines.
Authors: Pablo Oscar , Guijarro David , Kovacs Gabor , Lledos Agusti , Ujaque Gregori , Yus Miguel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA ruthenium complex bearing an achiral amino alcohol ligand is prepared in situ.
Dynamics of presynaptic protein recruitment induced by local presentation of artificial adhesive contacts
Authors: Suarez Fernando , Thostrup Peter , Colman David , Grutter Peter 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn this study, we introduce a novel approach to induce and observe the formation of presynaptic compartments in axons through a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy. First, we use a poly‐D‐lysine‐coated bead attached to an AFM tip to induce the recruitment of two synaptic proteins, bassoon and synaptophysin, and measure their absolute arrival times to the presynaptic department. We find that bassoon arrives before synaptophysin. Second, we observe the formation of very long (several 10s of μm), structured, protein‐containing membranous strings as the AFM tip was withdrawn from the axon. It is conceivable that these strings might be a novel mechanism by which new neurites or branch points along existing neurites may be generated in situ. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013
Development of ramified microglia from early macrophages in the zebrafish optic tectum
Authors: Svahn Adam J. , Graeber Manuel B. , Ellett Felix , Lieschke Graham J. , Rinkwitz Silke , Bennett Maxwell R. , Becker Thomas S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMicroglia, the resident macrophage precursors of the brain, are necessary for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and activated by a wide range of pathological stimuli. They have a key role in immune and inflammatory responses. Early microglia stem from primitive macrophages, however the transition from early motile forms to the ramified mature resident microglia has not been assayed in real time. In order to provide such an assay, we used zebrafish transgenic lines in which fluorescent reporter expression is driven by the promoter of macrophage expressed gene 1 (mpeg1; Ellet et al. [2011]: Blood 117(4): e49–e56,). This enabled the investigation of the development of these cells in live, intact larvae. We show that microglia develop from highly motile amoeboid cells that are engaged in phagocytosis of apoptotic cell bodies into a microglial cell type that rapidly morphs back and forth between amoeboid and ramified morphologies. These morphing microglia eventually settle into a typical mature ramified morphology. Developing microglia frequently come into contact with blood capillaries in the brain, and also frequently contact each other. Up to 10 days postfertilization, microglia were observed to undergo symmetric division. In the adult optic tectum, the microglia are highly branched, resembling mammalian microglia. In addition, the mpeg1 transgene also labeled highly branched cells in the skin overlying the optic tectum from 8–9 days postfertilization, which likely represent Langerhans cells. Thus, the development of zebrafish microglia and their cellular interactions was studied in the intact developing brain in real time and at cellular resolution. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol, 2013
A Stable Iridium(IV) Complex Containing the Kläui Tripodal Ligand [Co(η5‐C5H5){P(O)(OEt)2}3]–
Authors: Ip Ho‐Fai , So Yat‐Ming , Lee Hung Kay , Williams Ian D. , Leung Wa‐Hung 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIridium and rhodium complexes containing the Kläui oxygen tripodal ligand [Co(η5‐C5H5){P(O)(OEt)2}3]– (LOEt–) have been synthesized and their redox chemistry investigated. Treatment of [Ir(COE)2Cl]2 (COE = cyclooctene) with [AgLOEt] afforded [Ir(LOEt)Cl2(COE)] (1), which reacted with AgNO3, 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl (dtbpy), and NH4PF6 to give [Ir(LOEt)(dtbpy)(COE)][PF6] (2). Ozonolysis of complex 1 in CH2Cl2 afforded the IrIV complex [Ir(LOEt)Cl3] (3), which exhibited an EPR signal (CH2Cl2, 4 K) with g = 1.65 and 1.06. The IrIV/IrIII reduction potential for complex 3 in acetonitrile was determined to be ca. 0 V vs. ferrocenium/ferrocene. Treatment of [Rh(bpy)Cl3(DMF)] (bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridyl; DMF = N,N‐dimethylformamide) with [AgLOEt] and Ag(OTf) (OTf– = triflate) afforded [Rh(LOEt)(bpy)Cl][OTf] (4), which reacted with AgOTf in refluxing acetone to yield [Rh(LOEt)(bpy)(acetone)][OTf]2 (5). Reaction of [RhLOEtCl2]2 with 1 equiv. or an excess of tert‐butylamine in refluxing tetrahydrofuran afforded [Rh(LOEt)Cl2(NH2tBu)] (6) or [Rh(LOEt)Cl2(NH2tBu)2] (7). Complex 7 contains one chlorido ligand and one noncoordinated chloride ion that is hydrogen‐bonded to the two tert‐butylamine ligands. The crystal structures of complexes 1, 3, and 7 were determined.
C–C Bond Formation by Sequential Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer/Intermolecular Radical Allylation Reaction in Carbohydrate Systems
Authors: León Elisa I. , Martín Ángeles , Pérez‐Martín Inés , Quintanal Luís M. , Suárez Ernesto 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA tandem 1,5‐, 1,6‐ or 1,8‐intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT)/intermolecular radical allylation using mono‐ or (1→4)‐O‐disaccharide models is described. It is a simple, sequential, stereocontrolled methodology for C–C bond formation by remote free radical functionalization, giving access to interesting carbohydrate structures carrying differently functionalized tethers.
SPRY2 loss enhances ErbB trafficking and PI3K/AKT signalling to drive human and mouse prostate carcinogenesis
Authors: Gao Meiling , Patel Rachana , Ahmad Imran , Fleming Janis , Edwards Joanne , McCracken Stuart , Sahadevan Kanagasabai , Seywright Morag , Norman Jim , Sansom Owen , Leung Hing Y. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLoss of SPRY2 and activation of receptor tyrosine kinases are common events in prostate cancer (PC). However, the molecular basis of their interaction and clinical impact remains to be fully examined. SPRY2 loss may functionally synergize with aberrant cellular signalling to drive PC and to promote treatment‐resistant disease. Here, we report evidence for a positive feedback regulation of the ErbB‐PI3K/AKT cascade by SPRY2 loss in in vitro as well as pre‐clinical in vivo models and clinical PC. Reduction in SPRY2 expression resulted in hyper‐activation of PI3K/AKT signalling to drive proliferation and invasion by enhanced internalization of EGFR/HER2 and their sustained signalling at the early endosome in a PTEN‐dependent manner. This involved p38 MAPK activation by PI3K to facilitate clathrin‐mediated ErbB receptor endocytosis. Finally, in vitro and in vivo inhibition of PI3K suppressed proliferation and invasion, supporting PI3K/AKT as a target for therapy particularly in patients with PTEN‐haploinsufficient‐, low SPRY2‐ and ErbB‐expressing tumours. In conclusion, SPRY2 is an important tumour suppressor in PC since its loss drives the PI3K/AKT pathway via functional interaction with the ErbB system.
MicroRNAs are universal regulators of differentiation, activation, and polarization of microglia and macrophages in normal and diseased CNS
Authors: Ponomarev Eugene D. , Veremeyko Tatiana , Weiner Howard L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small (∼22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression at the post‐translational level. It is estimated that 30–90% of human genes are regulated by miRNAs, which makes these molecules of great importance for cell growth, activation, and differentiation. Microglia is CNS‐resident cells of a myeloid lineage that play an important role in immune surveillance and are actively involved in many neurologic pathologies. Although the exact origin of microglia remains enigmatic, it is established that primitive macrophages from a yolk sac populate the brain and spinal cord in normal conditions throughout development. During various pathological events such as neuroinflammation, bone marrow derived myeloid cells also migrate into the CNS. Within the CNS, both primitive macrophages from the yolk sac and bone marrow derived myeloid cells acquire a specific phenotype upon interaction with other cell types within the CNS microenvironment. The factors that drive differentiation of progenitors into microglia and control the state of activation of microglia and bone marrow‐derived myeloid cells within the CNS are not well understood. In this review we will summarize the role of miRNAs during activation and differentiation of myeloid cells. The role of miR‐124 in the adaptation of microglia and macrophages to the CNS microenvironment will be further discussed. We will also summarize the role of miRNAs as modulators of activation of microglia and microphages. Finally, we will describe the role of miR‐155 and miR‐124 in the polarization of macrophages towards classically and alternatively activated phenotypes. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Smoking is associated with impaired bone mass development in young adult men: A 5-year longitudinal study
Authors: Rudäng Robert , Darelid Anna , Nilsson Martin , Nilsson Staffan , Mellström Dan , Ohlsson Claes , Lorentzon Mattias 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
It has previously been shown that smoking is associated with reduced bone mass and increased fracture risk, but no longitudinal studies have been published investigating altered smoking behavior at the time of bone mass acquisition. The aim of this study was to investigate the development of bone density and geometry according to alterations in smoking behavior in a 5-year, longitudinal, population-based study of 833 young men, age 18 to 20 years (baseline). Furthermore, we aimed to examine the cross-sectional, associations between current smoking and parameters of trabecular microarchitecture of the radius and tibia, using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), in young men aged 23 to 25 years (5-year follow-up). Men who had started to smoke since baseline had considerably smaller increases in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at the total body (mean ± SD, 0.020 ± 0.047 mg/cm2 versus 0.043 ± 0.040 mg/cm2, p &lt; 0.01) and lumbar spine (0.027 ± 0.062 mg/cm2 versus 0.052 ± 0.065 mg/cm2, p = 0.04), and substantially greater decreases in aBMD at the total hip (−0.055 ± 0.058 mg/cm2 versus −0.021 ± 0.062 mg/cm2, p &lt; 0.01) and femoral neck (−0.077 ± 0.059 mg/cm2 versus −0.042 ± 0.070 mg/cm2, p &lt; 0.01) than men who were nonsmokers at both the baseline and follow-up visits. At the tibia, subjects who had started to smoke had a smaller increment of the cortical cross-sectional area (CSA) than nonsmokers (8.1 ± 4.3 mm2 versus 11.5 ± 8.9 mm2, p = 0.03), and a larger decrement of trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) than nonsmokers (−13.9 ± 20.5 mg/mm3 versus −4.1 ± 13.9 mg/mm3, p &lt; 0.001). In the cross-sectional analysis at follow-up (23–25 years of age), smokers had significantly lower trabecular vBMD at the tibia (7.0%, p &lt; 0.01) due to reduced trabecular thickness (8.9%, p &lt; 0.001), as assessed using HR-pQCT, than nonsmokers. In conclusion, this study is the first to report that men who start to smoke in young adulthood have poorer development of their aBMD at clinically important sites such as the spine and hip than nonsmokers, possibly due to augmented loss of trabecular density and impaired growth of cortical cross-sectional area. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.