bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altérités religieuses, migrations et constructions identitaires à la frontière entre l'Argentine, le Paraguay et le Brésil
Authors: Mallimaci Fortunato , Giménez Béliveau Verónica 
Published: December 2010

Les courants migratoires sont depuis longtemps liés à l’émergence, à la mobilité et au développement des confessions religieuses. Dans la « province » de Misiones, située au nord-est de l’Argentine, à la limite avec le Paraguay et le Brésil, la présence de groupes de migrants qui traversent les frontières ont donné lieu historiquement à des échanges culturels, économiques et religieux. Le paysage social de chacun des trois pays limitrophes, l’Argentine, le Brésil et le Paraguay, profondément marqué par la matrice culturalo-religieuse d’origine nationale, trouve dans cette « Triple Frontière » les textures caractéristiques des territoires de frontières : mélange de langues et traditions, influences culturelles diverses, pratiques religieuses métissées. Reposant sur un travail ethnographique entamé en 2004, cet article se propose de travailler les récits sur l’autre (confessionnel, ethnique, national), et les transformations de ces discours à partir de l’arrivée de nouveaux migrants d’origine islamique dans la région. Les dynamiques de construction de l’identité religieuse et nationale, longtemps soutenues par le jeu des différences et d’identifications entre un catholicisme hégémonique et des christianismes protestants d’origine européenne, font actuellement face à la présence d’une confession vécue comme radicalement autre, qui requestionne les repères identitaires et politiques des groupes religieux dans la région de la « Triple Frontière ».
Protestantisme en migration : entre les îles Cook et la Nouvelle-Zélande
Authors: Malogne-Fer Gwendoline 
Published: December 2010

Les îles Cook, État associé à la Nouvelle-Zélande, connaissent depuis les années 1950 une intensification des migrations internes – des îles éloignées vers Rarotonga, l’île principale – et internationales : en 2006 les Cook Islanders étaient 20000 aux îles Cook et 58000 en Nouvelle-Zélande. Cet article analyse les répercussions de ces migrations en termes de croyances et de pratiques religieuses, d’organisations ecclésiales et de redéfinition des identités culturelles. Ces migrations s’inscrivent, en Nouvelle-Zélande comme aux îles Cook, dans un paysage religieux marqué par une forte diversification, notamment au sein du protestantisme. Cette diversification de l’offre religieuse soulève d’une part la question de l’« authenticité » des pratiques religieuses et culturelles et d’autre part celle de la gestion institutionnelle de ce pluralisme religieux.
Factors Influencing Students' Use of Electronic Resources and their Opinions About this Use: The Case of Students at An-Najah National University
Authors: Shaqour Ali , Daher Wajeeh M. 
Published: December 2010

Electronic resources are becoming an integral part of the modern life and of the educational scene, especially the high education scene. In this research we wanted to verify what influences first degree university students' use of electronic resources and their opinions regarding this use. Collecting data from 202 students and analyzing it using SPSS, we found that more than one half of the participants had high level of electronic media use and more than one third had moderate level of electronic media use. These levels of use indicate the students' awareness of the role and benefits of electronic media use. Regarding the factors that influence the students' se of electronic resources we found that the student's use of electronic resources had significant strong positive relationships with the provision of electronic resources by the academic institution. It had significant moderate positive relationships with the resources characteristics and the course requirement, and had significant weak relationships with the instructor's support and the student's characteristics. We explained these relationships as resulting from the influence of the surrounding community.
Regarding the students' opinions about the use of electronic resources, we found that the student's opinion of electronic resources has significant strong positive relationships with student's use of electronic resources, level of this use, the academic institution available facilities, student's characteristics and resources characteristics. It does not have significant relationships with the instructor's support or the course requirement. We explained these relationships depending on activity theory and its integration with ecological psychology.
Transoral Robotic Surgery (TORS) for the Head and Neck: Current and Future Indications
Authors: Quon Harry , O'Malley Bert W , Weinstein Gregory S 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Transoral robotic surgery (TORS) offers many technical advancements to existing endoscopic and transoral surgical approaches. This has faciliated a safer, less morbid and potentially more effective application of surgery to the management of both benign and malignant diseases in the head and neck. As this surgical approach gains widespread acceptance, it is important for all members of the treatment team to understand the strengths and current limitations especially when TORS is applied for malignant diseases. As of December 2009, Federal Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the use of the da Vinci® surgical system and TORS for selected malignancies of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx and all benign disease. Of these sites, the greatest experience and longest duration of follow-up has been in the use of TORS for the management of oropharyngeal carcinomas where at least comparable oncologic outcomes and reduced long-term feeding tube dependency rates have been reported. Other anatomic sites where TORS has shown benefit based on preclinical studies and early human experiences include the larynx, hypopharynx, parapharyngeal space and infratemporal fossa for both benign and selected malignant tumors. Experience to date has demonstrated that the improved visualization with the robotic system offers the potential for improved oncologic resection with reduced morbidity. Based on present studies and outcomes data in conjunction with ongoing investigations, it is anticipated that TORS will make a major impact in the way we manage benign and malignant tumors within the head and neck and skull base.
Mucosal Melanoma of the Head and Neck: Tata Memorial Hospital Experience
Authors: Murthy Vedang , Budrukkar Ashwini , Tejpal Gupta , Agarwal Jai Prakash , Singh Suruchi , Ghosh-Laskar Sarbani , Kane Shubhda , D'Cruz Anil K 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackgroundPrimary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck (MMHN) is a rare, aggressive tumor of neural-crest origin. Despite universal progress in cancer care, the prognosis of MMHN continues to remain dismal.AimsTo analyze and report the outcomes of primary head and neck mucosal melanomas treated at Tata Memorial Hospital.MethodsRetrospective chart review of all patients with a diagnosis of nonocular MMHN presenting to the institute between 1995 to 2003. Locoregional control and disease-free survival were used as outcome measures.Results42 patients presenting within the study period with nonocular MMHN (oral-55%, sinonasal-40%, and pharyngeal-5%) at a median age of 53 years constituted the demographic cohort. 11 (26%) patients not amenable to any active anticancer treatment were treated with best supportive care alone and excluded from outcome analysis. 26 patients underwent surgery with complete resection of tumor. Seven (27%) also received adjuvant radiotherapy due to the adverse histopathologic features. Two patients were treated with radical radiotherapy due to unresectability, two patients received palliative chemotherapy, while one patient was treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy. With a mean follow-up of 11 months (range 1-58 months), the 3-year locoregional control and disease-free survival was 41% and 12% respectively. Age, sex, site of primary, tumor stage, surgical resection, margin status, depth of infiltration, and adjuvant radiotherapy did not affect outcome significantly.ConclusionPrimary mucosal melanoma of the head and neck is a rare, but, aggressive tumor with a dismal prognosis. Surgical resection with clear margins offers the best chance of cure for early localized disease. The high incidence of locoregional as well as distant failures after surgical resection supports the use of adjuvant therapy. Deeper insights into the pathobiology of disease can help develop more specific and effective treatment strategies to improve long-term outcomes.
Clinical Features and Follow-up Results of Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Patients Surgical Treatment
Authors: Romanchishen Anatoly F , Lisovsky OV , Vabalayte KV 
Published: December 2010

AbstractObjectivesInfluence of lymphatic metastases presence at immediate and follow-up results of pts surgical treatment is controversial especially for sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (SMTC).Methods3330 thyroid cancer pts were operated on (1973-2009), among them—226 (6.8%) medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) patients. In 11 observations MTC was appeared as a part of MEN syndrome. Sporadic character of disease was confirmed in 215 (95.1%) cases. There were 140 (80.8%) females and 33 (19.2%) males (4.2:1.0) with average age 48.6 ± 2.7. Long-term results (1-40 years) were investigated in 173 (94.2%) cases. All SMTC patients were divided into 3 groups. Group 1 made of 80 (46.2%) T1- 3N0M0, Group 2 made of 47 (27.3%) T1-3N1a-bM0, 3 Group made of 46 (26.6%) T4N1a-bM0 patients.Results:Group 1Organ-sparing operations were carried out in 59 (73.7%), thyroidectomies—in 21 (26.3%) patients. Multicentric tumor growth (MTG) was observed in 19.1%: in T1 cases—5.7%, T2—20.5%, T3—46.7%. All patients were undergone ipsilateral prophylactic central neck dissection (CND). Average period of postoperative observation (APPO) made 12.0 ± 1.7. 5 years survival rate made 98.4%, 10—91.7%. Local relapse of MTC was found in 1 patients (in contralateral thyroid lobe).Group 2Organ-sparing operations were carried out in 20 (42.6%), thyroidectomies—27 (57.4%) with curative central or central and lateral lymphadenectomy (LAE). MTG took place in 47.2%. 6 group metastases only (T1a) were found in 38.9% and CND was performed. In other cases (61.1%) CND, lateral and mediastinal (8.3%) LAE were performed. APPO correspondent to 10.8 + 2.1 years. Repeated LAE because lymphatic metastases were carry out in 15 (31.9%) patients through 7.2 ± 2.4 years in average after initial operations. Tumor relapses were not found in thyroid remnant. 5 years survival rate made 89.2%, 10—67.8%.Group 3MTG was observed in 64.3%. Central compartment group lymphatic metastases were revealed in 93.3%, in 2 to 5 groups — 86.7%, in mediastinum—38.5%, distant metastases—in 22.0%. Combined operations were performed in 58.9%, palliative—in 45 (26.6%) cases. Operations were completed by Tracheostomy in 38.4%. Adjuvant therapy (X-ray, chemotherapy) was applied in 28.9%. Postoperative lethality made 6.5%. APPO corresponded to 3.3 ± 0.8 (1-10 years). During first year, 8 patients have dead. 5 years survival rate made 32.4%.ConclusionDetection of regional metastases of SMTC during the first patients presentation significantly worsen survival rate. Early diagnose of SMTC by calcitonin level detection is the best way to improve results of treatment. Organ-sparing thyroidectomies with mandatory ipsilateral prophylactics CND are justified only at T1N0M0 sporadic MTC.
Primary Cutaneous Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of Scalp
Authors: Krishnamurthy Arvind , Vaidhyanathan Anitha 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe scalp is a unique anatomical site that can be involved with a variety of malignant and premalignant conditions, although a majority of the lesions are benign. Adenoid cystic carcinoma is most commonly seen as a neoplasm of the salivary glands and seromucinous glands of the upper respiratory tract. Primary cutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma (PCACC) is a rare appendageal tumor should only be considered if there is no history or evidence of extracutaneous adenoid cystic carcinoma. It usually has an indolent course but has a high tendency to recur locally. Lymph node and distant metastasis are exceedingly rare with only a handful of cases being reported. We report a case of a large scalp PCACC in a 61 years old gentleman with lymph node involvement at presentation.
Searching NCBI's dbSNP Database
Authors: Bhagwat Medha 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism database (dbSNP) is a variation database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). It is a public repository of submitted nucleotide variations and is part of NCBI's search and retrieval system Entrez. This unit describes two basic protocols to search dbSNP effectively, one to perform a text‐based search and another to perform a sequence‐based search. The unit also describes one of the result display formats called GeneView to obtain information about all submitted SNPs in a particular gene. Curr. Protoc. Bioinform. 32:1.19.1‐1.19.18. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Thermodynamics of electrodes and cells
Authors: Hamnett A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In this chapter the thermodynamic consequences of the Galvani potential difference at the electrode–electrolyte interface are explored. The Nernst equation is derived for a simple redox couple in solution, and extended to gas electrodes. The experimental consequences of the Nernst equation in terms of measurable cell quantities are discussed, and conventions used in describing cells covered.
Introduction to fuel‐cell types
Authors: Hamnett A. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews the difficulties encountered in the use of hydrogen as the main fuel in modern fuel cells, and then considers in turn five major types of hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells: the alkaline cell, the phosphoric acid cell, the molten carbonate cell, the solid‐oxide cell, and the solid‐polymer‐electrolyte cell. The direct methanol cell is also described as one using an alternative fuel. The limitations and advantages of each of these cells are described.
Mass transfer at two‐phase and three‐phase interfaces
Authors: Weber A. , Darling R. , Meyers J. , Newman J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews the mathematical modeling of fuel cells, with emphasis on the different modes of transport. The chapter begins with a simple model of an acid fuel cell that describes current density variations as a function of reactant utilization. This introduction is followed by a discussion of mass transport through the various phases and layers in a fuel cell. This discussion includes examining the conservation laws of classical physics, the constitutive equations for momentum and mass transfer, and the kinetic equations for charge transfer reactions needed to model the physical phenomena occurring during fuel cell operation. Finally, simulations from a one‐dimensional model of the cathode of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell are discussed.
Mass transfer in flow fields
Authors: Scott K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The purpose, function and types of design of flow fields in different fuel cells is introduced. The fluid dynamics and mass transport behavior in flow fields and the mathematical models used to describe the behavior are developed. The interactions of the flow and transport in the flow channels with other transport phenomena in other components of fuel cells is discussed. In particular this chapter considers the important interaction between electrode, gas diffusion layer media and flow channels in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. The influence of transport phenomena in flow channels on current distribution is described. The mass transport in other fuel cells: high temperature cells and direct methanol cells are discussed.
Low temperature fuel cells
Authors: Divisek J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The principle of energy conservation determines the energy balance equation, which can be generally formulated as the sum of single rates of energy input and output, energy production and accumulation. In a fuel cell, the balance takes into account the thermal and the electrical energy. There are three modes of heat transfer process occurring in a fuel cell: conduction, convection and radiation. The fundamentals of these processes are discussed together with the heat transfer occurring with the change of state, such as evaporation, condensation and additional chemical reactions.
The general energy balance equation is analyzed with respect to the heat sources, energy balances for single phases, boundary conditions and parameter definition. An approach for the delocalization of reaction entropy in fuel cells is also given.
Based on the general heat transfer equations, water and heat management for low temperature fuel cells (hydrogen and direct methanol) is discussed considering cell structure, current density and temperature distribution.
Heat transfer in high temperature fuel cells (HTFCs) is extremely important for the system evaluation. Heat management for high temperature fuel cells (molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs) and solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)) is analyzed. Heat generation in HTFCs is strongly influenced by chemical reactions, such as methane/water reforming. Thermodynamic analysis and reaction kinetics of the reforming reaction are presented. A performance analysis of MCFCs and planar and tubular SOFCs is made considering the cell geometry, current density and temperature distribution. Finally, heat removal for cogeneration in SOFCs is dealt with.
History of low temperature fuel cells
Authors: Sandstede G. , Cairns E. J. , Bagotsky V. S. , Wiesener K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractFrom this chapter it will be seen that the history of the development of fuel cells runs through several phases. In a beforehand phase, the development of energy in its various forms and also of automobiles and especially electric vehicles has been described. Then it has been discussed that three scientific fields were beforehand of the fuel cell effect, namely the Chemical Technology of gases (discovery of hydrogen and oxygen), Catalysis, and electrochemistry (discovery of the battery by Alessandro Volta). The first phase started with the discovery of the fuel cell effect by Christian Friedrich Schoenbein in January 1839 and the invention of the fuel cell by William Robert Grove in 1842 and passed through the invention of porous electrodes and_stack formation to the introduction of a matrix for the uptake of the electrolyte in 1889. The second phase began with motivation by Wilhelm Ostwald. Many researchers dealt with high and low‐temperature fuel cells and the development of hydrophobic electrodes. In the middle of the last century, the third phase began and the basis of our present systems was laid. The cell types of Bacon and Grubb lead to the application in space. The fourth phase started with the phosphoric acid fuel cell, and the uptake of the development of the proton exchange fuel cell and solid oxide fuel cell, also in Japan, which was followed by the technology development of fuel cells for transportation, for education, for stationary and for portable application.
Hydrogen/oxygen (air) fuel cells with alkaline electrolytes
Authors: Cifrain M. , Kordesch K. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlkaline fuel cells (AFCs) operate well at room temperature, yield the highest voltage at comparable current densities, but the use of potassium hydroxide requires the elimination of carbon dioxide from the fuel and oxidants. The electrodes can be built from low‐cost porous materials (e.g., carbon, nickel‐foam) with small amounts of catalysts. The components and accessories for a system with a circulating electrolyte are fully developed. AFCs excel in operating at intermittent duty cycles, for example in mobile service. But AFCs can also be used in stationary applications, such as houses (solar power) and on farms (with ammonia cracker). Military applications need sizes ranging from 150 W to several kilowatts for charging accumulators in the field.Very many different AFC systems have been developed, such as the bacon fuel cell, the Apollo/NASA space shuttle and the Russian systems, the Allis/Chalmers (static water control) H2/O2tractor, the Union Carbide Corporation H2/O2(150 kW) Electrovan, the Austin city car (H2/air and lead battery hybrid), the ELOFLUX system, the ELENCO system and the efforts to build an European Space Agency fuel cell power plant for the HERMES manned space vehicle, the Dornier/Siemens System and the efforts of the Swedish navy, Olle Lindström's work in Stockholm and his small bio‐fuel cells in India, the bipolar AFC system developed in Graz and the falling film fuel cell by Hoechst. Whereby, compressed and liquid hydrogen was used or hydrogen was produced using hydrocarbon, methanol or ammonia reformers.
Phosphoric acid electrolyte fuel cells
Authors: King J. M. , Kunz H. R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPhosphoric acid electrolyte fuels cells were the first fuel cells to be commercialized with the 200 kW ™PC‐25 power plant of UTC Fuel Cells (formerly International Fuel Cells). The technology base was developed over many years and included input from the technology of other types of fuel cells. Improvements in fuel processing which converts hydrocarbon fuel to hydrogen, the cell stack that converts hydrogen to direct current power, the inverter that converts direct current to alternating current and controls ancillaries, were all required. The overall power plant design and ancillary component technology required substantial development to meet requirements for practical application. Fuel cell power plants were evaluated for various applications as the technology evolved. This section describes the applications and evolution of the components. The cell technology evolution is then described in more detail. All of the materials in the stack required modification to increase cell performance and allow operation at higher temperatures. Anode catalysts were developed with improved tolerance to the presence of carbon monoxide in the hydrogen fuel gas. Cathode catalysts were improved to reduce the performance loss associated with the oxygen reduction reaction, the main contributor to the cell polarization. In both cases, the quantities of precious metals used in the electrodes were reduced by more than an order of magnitude. The separator plates, electrode gas diffusion layers, and porous matrix for holding the electrolyte between the electrodes were all improved to provide higher cell performance and durability.
Aqueous carbonate electrolyte fuel cells
Authors: Cairns E. J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Aqueous carbonate electrolytes for fuel cells represent another class of invariant electrolytes for use with carbonaceous fuels and/or air (containing carbon dioxide). This section reviews the development of aqueous carbonate electrolytes, their properties, and their use in fuel cells with organic fuels such as methanol. The demonstration of invariance for extended operating times is discussed. The improved oxygen reduction kinetics in these electrolytes is shown, and partially compensates for the somewhat slower kinetics of organic fuel oxidation. Reduced corrosion rates of electrocatalysts and cell construction materials are an attractive feature of these electrolytes.
Other direct‐alcohol fuel cells
Authors: Lamy C. , Belgsir E. M. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The state‐of‐the‐art of direct combustion fuel cells using oxygenated organic compounds with more than one carbon atom as fuels is reviewed. After introducing the basic principles of a direct combustion fuel cell in a friendly environmental context, thermodynamic and kinetic data concerning the electro‐oxidation of these fuels are discussed. Detailed reaction mechanisms together with the catalytic role of the electrode material are presented. Then the state‐of‐the‐art of some direct‐alcohol fuel cells, namely ethylene glycol and ethanol fuel cells, is discussed. Finally, some emphasis is put on future fuels, such as ethers and hydrated aldehydes.