bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of a Disordered Steroid Metabolome in the Elucidation of Sterol and Steroid Biosynthesis
Authors: Shackleton Cedric H. L. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn 1937 Butler and Marrian found large amounts of the steroid pregnanetriol in urine from a patient with the adrenogenital syndrome, a virilizing condition known to be caused by compromised adrenal secretion even in this pre‐cortisol era. This introduced the concept of the study of altered excretion of metabolites as an in vivo tool for understanding sterol and steroid biosynthesis. This approach is still viable and has experienced renewed significance as the field of metabolomics. From the first cyclized sterol lanosterol to the most downstream product estradiol, there are probably greater than 30 steps. Based on a distinctive metabolome clinical disorders have now been attributed to about seven post‐squalene cholesterol (C) biosynthetic steps and around 15 en‐route to steroid hormones or needed for further metabolism of such hormones. Forty years ago it was widely perceived that the principal steroid biosynthetic defects were known but interest rekindled as novel metabolomes were documented. In his career this investigator has been involved in the study of many steroid disorders, the two most recent being P450 oxidoreductase deficiency and apparent cortisone reductase deficiency. These are of interest as they are due not to mutations in the primary catalytic enzymes of steroidogenesis but in ancillary enzymes needed for co‐factor oxido‐reduction A third focus of this researcher is Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a cholesterol synthesis disorder caused by 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase mutations. The late George Schroepfer, in whose honor this article has been written, contributed greatly to defining the sterol metabolome of this condition. Defining the cause of clinically severe disorders can lead to improved treatment options. We are now involved in murine gene therapy studies for SLOS which, if successful could in the future offer an alternative therapy for this severe condition.
Fish Oil Supplementation During Late Pregnancy Does Not Influence Plasma Lipids or Lipoprotein Levels in Young Adult Offspring
Authors: Rytter Dorte , Schmidt Erik B. , Bech Bodil H. , Christensen Jeppe H. , Henriksen Tine B. , Olsen Sjurdur F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNutritional influences on cardiovascular disease operate throughout life. Studies in both experimental animals and humans have suggested that changes in the peri‐ and early post‐natal nutrition can affect the development of the various components of the metabolic syndrome in adult life. This has lead to the hypothesis that n‐3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnancy may have a beneficial effect on lipid profile in the offspring. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with n‐3 fatty acids during the third trimester of pregnancy on lipids and lipoproteins in the 19‐year‐old offspring. The study was based on the follow‐up of a randomized controlled trial from 1990 where 533 pregnant women were randomized to fish oil (n = 266), olive oil (n = 136) or no oil (n = 131). In 2009, the offspring were invited to a physical examination including blood sampling. A total of 243 of the offspring participated. Lipid values did not differ between the fish oil and olive oil groups. The relative adjusted difference (95% confidence intervals) in lipid concentrations was −3% (−11; 7) for LDL cholesterol, 3% (−3; 10) for HDL cholesterol, −1% (−6; 5) for total cholesterol,−4% (−16; 10) for TAG concentrations, 2%(−2; 7) for apolipoprotein A1, −1% (−9; 7) for apolipoprotein B and 3% (−7; 15) in relative abundance of small dense LDL. In conclusion, there was no effect of fish oil supplementation during the third trimester of pregnancy on offspring plasma lipids and lipoproteins in adolescence.
Molluscan Assemblage from the Marine Palaeocene Sequence in Southwestern Kachchh, Gujarat
Authors: Kachhara R. P. , Devi K. Bigyapati , Jodhawat R. L. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Presence of oldest marine Tertiary rocks in Kachchh for a long time has remained debatable and controversial. To resolve the issue in better way authors have worked out a section along tributary of Kakdi Nadi about 0.5 km west of village Nareda in southwestern Kachchh and collected molluscan fauna. Systematic study of these fauna reveals presence of 15 taxa of which 12 are of bivalves and 3 of gastropods. This molluscan assemblage leads to the presence of marine Palaeocene sequence around Nareda. Recorded assemblage hitherto not known earlier from Kachchh.
Structural Analyses of the Crystalline Rocks between Dirang and Tawang, West Kameng District, Arunachal Himalaya
Authors: Srivastava Hari B. , Srivastava Vaibhava , Srivastava Rajesh K. , Singh Chandra Kant 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
In Kameng Valley of Arunachal Pradesh, the crystalline rocks of Se La Group of Higher Himalaya are thrust over the Lesser Himalayan rocks of Dirang Formation, Bomdila Group along the Main Central Thrust and exhibit well preserved structures on macro- to microscopic scales. Detailed analysis of structures reveals that the rocks of the area have suffered four phases of deformation D1, D2, D3 and D4. These structures have been grouped into (i) early structures (ii) structures related to progressive ductile thrusting and (iii) late structures. The early structures which developed before thrusting formed during D1 and D2 phases of deformation, synchronous to F1 and F2 phases of folding respectively. The structures related to progressive ductile shearing developed during D3 phase of deformation, when the emplacement of the crystalline rocks took place over the rocks of Dirang Formation along the Main Central Thrust. Different asymmetric structures/kinematic indicators developed during this ductile/brittle-ductile regime suggest top- to -SSW sense of movement of the crystalline rocks of the area. D4 is attributed to brittle deformation. Based on satellite data two new thrusts, i.e. Tawang and Se La thrusts have been identified parallel to Main Central Thrust, which are suggestive of imbricate thrusting. Strain analysis from the quartz grains of the gneissic rocks reveals constriction type of strain ellipsoid where k value is higher near the MCT, gradually decreases towards the north. Further, the dynamic analysis carried out on the mesoscopic ductile and brittle-ductile shear zones suggest a NNE-SSW horizontal compression corresponding to the direction of northward movement of Indian Plate.
Uranium Mineralisation Associated with Felsic Volcanism at Mohar, Shivpuri District, Madhya Pradesh
Authors: Bhattacharya D. , Joshi G. B. , Sharma Rakesh 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Several small lensoidal bodies of felsic volcanics are exposed in a curvilinear pattern within the brecciated granitoids of Bundelkhand Gneissic Complex (BGC) at Mohar. Sub-surface data reveals extensive presence of these felsic volcanics below the sediment of Vindhyan Supergroup. It occurs like a sheet with thickness varying from 12 m to 134 m. Its lateral extent has been traced upto 4.8 km. Multiple flows of felsic magma are identified based on colour, granularity, cross cutting relations and cyclic distribution of multiple vesicular bands along the entire thickness of felsic magma. The felsic rock contains upto 13.21% K2O. Chemical composition of these felsic volcanics varies across the column. Petrographically and chemically all these felsic volcanics are identified as rhyolite or rhyolite tuff.
Significant uranium mineralisation of 0.0165% eU3O8 average grade has been intercepted for 11.10 m thick with &lt;0.005% ThO2 within the felsic rock. Radiometric assay of a mineralised intercept (15 cm length) has revealed up to 0.15% U3O8 with disequilibrium in favour of parent. Uranium occurs as disseminated grains of coffinite - (Y) associated with pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, molybdenite, hematite, fluorite, anglesite and cerrusite. Mineral assemblage and mode of occurrence of the uranium and other minerals in the host rock indicates its hydrothermal nature. This is the first reported uranium occurrence from the volcanogenic environment of Bundelkhand.
Evaluation of Crustal and Upper Mantle Structures Using Receiver Function Analysis: ISM Broadband Observatory Data
Authors: Kayal J. R. , Srivastava V. K. , Kumar P. , Chatterjee Rima , Khan P. K. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A three-component broadband seismograph is in operation since January 2007 at the Indian School of Mines (ISM) campus, Dhanbad. We have used the broadband (BB) seismograms of 17 teleseismic events (M ≥ 5.8) recorded by this single BB station during 2008-09 to estimate the crust and upper mantle discontinuities in Dhanbad area which falls in the peninsular India shield. The converted wave technique and the Receiver function analysis are used. A 1-D velocity model has been derived using inversion. The Mohorovicic (Moho) discontinuity (crustal thickness) below the ISM observatory is estimated to be ~41 km, with an average Poisson ratio of ~0.28, suggesting that the crust below the Dhanbad area is intermediate to mafic in nature. The single station BB data shed new light to the estimate of crustal thickness beneath the eastern India shield area, which was hitherto elusive. Further, it is observed that the global upper mantle discontinuity at 410 km is delayed by ~0.6 sec compared to the IASP-91 global model; this may be explained by a slower/hotter upper mantle; while the 660 km discontinuity is within the noise level of data.
National regulations for a borderless industry: US versus UK approaches to online gambling
Authors: Beem Betsi , Mikler John 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The digital revolution is a key enabling factor for globalisation. New borderless industries like online gambling are said to be the beneficiaries of it. States are not. Online gambling providers have located their operations in territories that license their operations and the industry has developed self-regulatory codes of practice, while two of the industry's largest markets have taken dramatically opposing regulatory approaches: the US has sought to prohibit online gambling, while the UK has regulated and actively encouraged it. We find that US prohibition of online gambling is largely the result of a historically nationally segmented market and regulatory structure that has been lacking in the UK. Rather than the global medium affecting the nature of the regulatory approaches, we demonstrate that the intersection of private market interests with the national public regulatory context is the reason why the UK has formally adopted many of the self-regulatory tools developed by the online gambling industry, effectively legitimising the industry's own framework for self-regulation, while the US has chosen not to do so.
Effect of dietary supplementation with unprocessed and ethanol-extracted apple pomaces on caecal fermentation, antioxidant and blood biomarkers in rats
Authors: Juśkiewicz Jerzy , Żary-Sikorska Ewa , Zduńczyk Zenon , Król Bogusław , Jarosławska Julia , Jurgoński Adam 
Published: August 2011

The present 4-week study on growing Wistar rats was aimed at assessing the potential advantages of dietary supplementation with apple pomace containing both fibre and polyphenols, which enables nutritional exploitation of the physiological traits of both compounds. A total of twenty-four rats, assigned to the control (C), group fed with a diet supplemented with 14 % of processed apple pomace (A) and group fed with a diet supplemented with 15 % unprocessed apple pomace (AP) groups, were fed the following iso-fibrous diets: control, ethanol-extracted and unprocessed apple pomaces (low and high level of dietary polyphenols, i.e. 0·002 and 0·018 %, respectively). To measure the animal response, parameters describing the caecal fermentation, antioxidative status and lipoprotein profile of rats were assessed. Both dietary apple pomaces were found to significantly (P ≤ 0·05) decrease caecal pH and ammonia concentration, microbial β-glucuronidase activity as well as to increase caecal SCFA concentration in comparison to the control diet. The unprocessed pomace did not suppress caecal fermentation. Unlike the extracted one, the dietary apple pomace rich in polyphenols significantly (P ≤ 0·05v. C group) increased erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and serum antioxidant capacity of lipid-soluble substances and significantly (P ≤ 0·05v. C group) decreased amounts of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in liver tissue. Moreover, the 4-week administration of the AP diet to rats evoked a significant decrease in serum glucose concentration (P ≤ 0·05v. C and A groups). In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the polyphenol-rich fibre complexes from apple pomace exerted positive effects on gastrointestinal physiology and antioxidant status of rats.
Wing shape as a potential discriminator of morphologically similar pest taxa within theBactrocera dorsalisspecies complex (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Schutze M.K. , Jessup A. , Clarke A.R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFour morphologically cryptic species of theBactrocera dorsalisfruit fly complex (B. dorsalis s.s., B. papayae, B. carambolaeandB. philippinensis) are serious agricultural pests. As they are difficult to diagnose using traditional taxonomic techniques, we examined the potential for geometric morphometric analysis of wing size and shape to discriminate between them. Fifteen wing landmarks generated size and shape data for 245 specimens for subsequent comparisons among three geographically distinct samples of each species. Intraspecific wing size was significantly different within samples ofB. carambolaeandB. dorsalis s.s.but not within samples ofB. papayaeorB. philippinensis. AlthoughB. papayaehad the smallest wings (average centroid size=6.002 mm±0.061 SE) andB. dorsalis s.s.the largest (6.349 mm±0.066 SE), interspecific wing size comparisons were generally non-informative and incapable of discriminating species. Contrary to the wing size data, canonical variate analysis based on wing shape data discriminated all species with a relatively high degree of accuracy; individuals were correctly reassigned to their respective species on average 93.27% of the time. A single sample group ofB. carambolaefrom locality ‘TN Malaysia’ was the only sample to be considerably different from its conspecific groups with regards to both wing size and wing shape. This sample was subsequently deemed to have been originally misidentified and likely represents an undescribed species. We demonstrate that geometric morphometric techniques analysing wing shape represent a promising approach for discriminating between morphologically cryptic taxa of theB. dorsalisspecies complex.
Conceiving the Multitude: Eighteenth-Century Popular Riots and the Modern Language of Social Disorder
Authors: Sánchez León Pablo 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThe image of the crowd as an irrational, spontaneous multitude is commonly related to the works of a first generation of social psychologists writing in the early twentieth century, yet its basic features can be found in conceptual innovations developed as early as the Enlightenment. This article focuses on a particular protest in eighteenth-century Spain in order to reflect on the transformation in the meaning of essential terms which occurred in the semantic field of disorder. The so-calledmotín de Esquilacheof 1766 forced the authorities to renew their discourse in order to deprive the movement of legitimacy, fostering semantic innovation. The redefinition of riot implied a process of conceptualization that not only stressed the protagonism of the disenfranchized but also altered a long-established tradition that linked riots to conspiracies and devised a new anthropology depicting the populace as a subject unable to produce ideas on its own.
The Precariousness of Freedom in a Slave Society (Brazil in the Nineteenth Century)
Authors: Chalhoub Sidney 
Published: August 2011

SummaryOne of the main features of slavery in Brazil was that slaves had a better chance of achieving freedom than was the case in other slave societies. However difficult freedom may have been to obtain, significant rates of manumission resulted in a high percentage of free and freed people of color in the population of the country throughout the nineteenth century. This article analyzes facets ofthe structural precariousness of freedomin nineteenth-century Brazil. It deals with such themes as the constitutional restrictions on the political rights of freed persons; the masters’ interdiction of their slaves’ learning how to read and write; the practice of granting conditional manumissions; the masters’ right to revoke liberties; the illegal enslavement of free people of color; and police profiling of free and freed blacks under the allegation that they were suspected of being slaves. The idea is to highlight situations which often blurred the distinction between slavery and freedom, therefore rendering insecure the condition of free and freed people of African descent.
Prostitutes and Courtesans in the Confucian Moral Universe of Late Ming China (1550–1644)
Authors: Zurndorfer Harriet T. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThis study pursues three goals: to unravel the socio-economic conditions which pushed women into prostitution and courtesanship, to analyse their position in Chinese society, and to relate what changes occurred at the end of the Ming dynasty that affected their status. According to contemporary judicial regulations, both prostitutes and courtesans were classified as “entertainers”, and therefore had the status ofjianmin[mean people], which made them “outcasts” and pariahs. But there were great differences, beyond the bestowal of sexual favours, in the kind of work these women performed. That courtesans operated at the elite level of society, and that they were often indistinguishable from women born into the upper or gentry class, is indicative of this era's blurry social strata, which has prompted scholars and writers to elevate the place of the educated courtesan in Ming society.
Jewish Ethics and Women's Work in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Arab-Islamic World
Authors: Hofmeester Karin 
Published: August 2011

SummaryIn this article, Moses Maimonides’interpretationof Jewish law on women and work – as reflected in hisMishneh Torah– is contrasted with the daily lives of Jewish working women as portrayed in the documents of the Cairo Geniza. Later rabbinic writings and European travel accounts are analysed to show how Jewish ethics of women and work were translated into social practice in the late medieval and early modern Arab-Islamic world, where Islamic law and the existence of separate worlds for men and women rather than the contrast between public and private spheres seem to have informed general ideas about women and work.
Labour Ideologies and Labour Relations in Colonial Portuguese America, 1500–1700
Authors: Botelho Tarcisio R. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryDuring the two first centuries of Portuguese colonization in America there was an intense debate about the legitimacy of enslaving Africans and Indians. In Portuguese America, the mission to spread the Christian faith was connected with the subjection of populations on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean to an ideology that considered labour as God's punishment for Adam's sin. In that sense, the justification of the unfree labour inflicted upon Indians and Africans in Portuguese America was a product of the same ideology, one that condemned manual work as rendering a man dishonourable. The purpose of this article is to review the debate from its medieval origins in Portugal, and to examine what effect the arrival of the Jesuits in America had on that debate, until the final prohibition of Indian enslavement in the mid-eighteenth century, documented by letters, reports, and sermons.
Norms of Professional Excellence and Good Conduct in Accountancy Manuals of the Mughal Empire
Authors: Haider Najaf 
Published: August 2011

SummaryIn Mughal India, accounts were kept by individuals and institutions for purposes of reference and planning. Accountancy required a set of objectives and techniques for collecting, organizing, and presenting information so that it could then be put to use. It also fostered learning. Subsisting on formal or informal training, professional accountants equipped themselves with linguistic and mathematical skills, the art of notation, mnemonic devices, and the ability to translate loosely defined units into precise terms and numbers. Accountants were an important component of the state apparatus, village administration, and elite household management. In the seventeenth century manuals were produced in Persian by private individuals for the guidance of persons seeking to acquire proficiency in accountancy (siyaq) and clerical work. No study has been made so far of the manuals themselves nor of the people who compiled or used them. This introductory essay examines the manuals (generally titled Dasturu-l Amal) and the information they contain about the system of accountancy as well as about the professional ethics and norms of ideal behaviour of the secretarial class.
Free and Unfree Labour in the Colonial Andes in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Gil Montero Raquel 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThis article analyses free and unfree labour in mining centres in the Andes during early Spanish colonial times. It focuses on two themes: the condition of indigenous or “native” people as “free labourers”, and themitasystem of unfree labour. For that purpose I shall consider the cases of Potosí, the most important mining centre in the Andes, and San Antonio del Nuevo Mundo in southern Bolivia, a large mine unaffected by themitasystem of labour obligations.
Quality of information available on the World Wide Web for patients undergoing thyroidectomy: review
Authors: Muthukumarasamy S , Osmani Z , Sharpe A , England R J A 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIntroduction:This study aimed to assess the quality of information available on the World Wide Web for patients undergoing thyroidectomy.Methods:The first 50 web-links generated by internet searches using the five most popular search engines and the key word ‘thyroidectomy’ were evaluated using the Lida website validation instrument (assessing accessibility, usability and reliability) and the Flesch Reading Ease Score.Results:We evaluated 103 of a possible 250 websites. Mean scores (ranges) were: Lida accessibility, 48/63 (27–59); Lida usability, 36/54 (21–50); Lida reliability, 21/51 (4–38); and Flesch Reading Ease, 43.9 (2.6–77.6).Conclusion:The quality of internet health information regarding thyroidectomy is variable. High ranking and popularity are not good indicators of website quality. Overall, none of the websites assessed achieved high Lida scores. In order to prevent the dissemination of inaccurate or commercially motivated information, we recommend independent labelling of medical information available on the World Wide Web.