bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study Design
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In order to have a quality study, researchers must create a quality study design. This chapter explores how to do that. It begins with a discussion of the importance of research questions and how those questions guide research. The chapter then discusses the literature that is related to developing research questions. Next, the details of study design, including choosing a data collection technique, determining the unit of analysis, sample size, the issue of time and time frames, and place, are discussed. Finally, the chapter explores different ways to collect a sample of people to participate in the study and how to fund one’s research.
Community-Based Action Research
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses community-based action research, a collaborative method in which a researcher assists with a community-led project. This often involves a social justice component. Many methods can be employed in this type of research, but the hallmark of community-based action research is that the researcher does not design and carry out the research alone. Rather, community members are brought together and decide what information would be valuable to their cause and how to collect it. The chapter also discusses why a researcher might choose this method and how to go about doing it. In addition, it examines common pitfalls in community work and how to move past them.
Reporting Results
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The final step in any research project is to share the results with the scholarly community. This is done through publication. Qualitative research provides comprehensive data to draw from. Given the nature of health research, reporting results could take a variety of forms. This chapter explores how to write up results for a variety of audiences. The exploration begins with traditional peer-reviewed journals and a discussion of conventional and nonconventional writing styles. This is followed by a discussion of voice and who is allowed to speak for another person. The chapter then discusses general mechanics of writing well and how to edit one’s work.
Introduction
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The introduction begins with the history and definition of the term, “emerging infectious diseases.” In the 1990s, the US Institute of Medicine used this term to describe newly discovered, recurring, and antimicrobial resistant infections. The term was intended to draw attention to important global health problems but it soon became sensationalized by the popular media. From a deeper historical perspective, “emerging infections” represented an emerging awareness in wealthy societies of human problems that had never been sufficiently addressed. This book traces these recurring problems of subsistence, settlement, and social organization in three epidemiological transitions that occurred between the Paleolithic and the present day.
New and Converging Infections
Authors: Barrett Ron , Zuckerman Molly K. , Dudgeon Matthew R. , Armelagos George J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A major feature of the Third Epidemiological Transition is a major increase in the number of human infections from newly detected pathogen species that originated with non-human animal hosts. This chapter examines the biosocial factors that have driven the spillover of these zoonotic pathogens into the human species as well as the stepwise evolution of their relative virulence and transmissibility. Although issues such as wild-animal hunting and so-called wet markets may have contributed to these processes, large-scale commercial agriculture and resource extraction enterprises play a much larger role by encroaching on wild environments and increasing the size and density of domestic animal populations that can serve as vector species. With respect to potential human host populations, the global trends of urbanization, aging, and poverty have created opportunities for the incubation of new pathogens. All these processes are occurring within extensive networks of trade, migration, and travel.
New Ways to Think
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Bohr brought to the challenge the conviction that no single picture could express the entire content of any domain of experience. He therefore did not privilege waves or particles but sought a way to have them both. Heisenberg bridled at this. He was not so fond as his boss of admitting waves associated with his rival Schrödinger. Their discussion grew heated. Bohr left to go skiing, and Heisenberg pre-empted him by inventing the uncertainty principle. Bohr responded with ‘complementarity’, and aired his new philosophy in a lecture at Lake Como. He talked for an hour, inaudibly, in lengthy ‘Bohrish’ sentences hard to unscramble when read and impossible when only heard. We must use both wave and particle descriptions, he claimed, but we must also remember that in the quantum domain they are merely symbolic, applicable only when limited by acts of observation, which can be described using only classical concepts.
Measurement and Impossibility
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
As Heisenberg began to promulgate his version of the new quantum philosophy as the ‘Copenhagen spirit’, John von Neumann undertook to purge quantum mechanics of its defects and make it comprehensible to Göttingen’s prince of mathematics, David Hilbert. The result is familiar to any student of physical science. Von Neumann separated the continuous, deterministic, and reversible evolution of the wavefunction from its discontinuous, indeterministic, and irreversible ‘collapse’ in an act of measurement. He saw no reason why the first process should not continue all the way up the chain to the observer’s conscious mind, where the second process occurs. Bohr had little to say about von Neumann’s theory, other than it was ‘wrongly put’. Von Neumann also closed the door that Born had left ajar. Causality could not be restored to the quantum domain by supposing the existence of ‘hidden variables’, as these, according to his reasoning, were mathematically impossible.
Juvenile Deviationism
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The old guard reacted predictably to Bohm’s theory, but were obliged to concede its logical consistency. Oppenheimer denounced it as ‘juvenile deviationism’. With the help of his communist assistant, Jean-Pierre Vigier, de Broglie re-embraced the pilot wave theory he had abandoned in 1927. Pauli claimed that de Broglie had relapsed to his ‘shadow physics beer-idea wish dreams’ under Bohm’s ‘devilish influence’. The old guard rallied in the face of this French recidivism. Bohm and Vigier argued that the wave field could be modelled as a fluid and a particle as an inhomogeneity in the fluid, subject to many small random fluctuations. Owing to these vicissitudes, any arbitrary statistical distribution of inhomogeneities will tend towards the value dictated by the Born rule. Few were persuaded. The squabbling between Einstein and Born continued as the old guard began to fall, and as Bohm left Brazil first for Israel, and then England.
While the Photons Are Dancing
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The interest in foundations ran headlong into 1960s New Age spiritualism. The Fundamental Fysiks Group (FFG) was formed in 1975, its early recruits turning their joblessness into the productive probing of foundational questions. The FFG championed Bell: three-quarters of the papers published about his theorem and inequalities during the 1970s came from FFG members. A ‘thinkshop’ organized in Erice in 1976 brought together Clauser and Shimony, among others, and two newcomers, Alain Aspect and Anton Zeilinger. Sympathetic to Einstein, and confused by Bohr, Aspect had set himself the task to perform the ultimate Bell test in which the experimental settings are changed whilst the entangled particles are in flight. The results, published in 1982, sealed the slow recognition that had dawned over the previous decade: quantum entanglement and non-locality are real phenomena. The ‘Aspect experiments’ became iconic, just as efforts were getting under way to exploit entanglement in quantum computing and cryptography.
Where to Cut? Which Way to Go?
Authors: Baggott Jim , Heilbron John L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Quantum non-locality played havoc with the ‘ordinary view of a scientist’. Bohr’s interpretation could be made to paper over the difficulty, but it too left holes in understanding. The ‘measurement problem’ remained. But where does the quantum world end and the classical begin? Anthony Leggett argued that we should superpose macroscopically distinct states and detect their interference. Schrödinger’s cat is too ambitious, so we try for an inanimate preparation of tiny macroscopic dimensions. Molecules with increasing numbers of atoms show interference effects, as do superconducting devices large enough to be visible. Quantum-eraser experiments show the trade-off between ‘which-way’ (particle) information and (wave) interference. Complementarity, deduced from deep reflection and articulated in tortured Bohrish, is understood as a direct consequence of the formalism itself. Further experiments suggest we must now abandon the common-sense notion that an object exists in some state, in any state, known or unknown, before measurement.
Basic Notions Used in the Economic Analysis of Taxation
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The economics of taxation has a rich and complex history dating back to Adam Smith.1 Below, some of that literature is summarized from the perspective of what can be applied to tax policies in emerging economies.2 Some basic notions that are important for the tradeoffs developed in the tax literature are discussed before proceeding to a summary discussion.
Collection-Driven Taxation
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The foundation for one approach to tax reform is presented in Chapter 2. This approach is based on the standard approach described in the previous chapter, and is used as the foundation for what is called ‘collection-driven taxation’. The basis for collection-driven taxation is the extensive use of withholding on most market transactions. The taxpayer is always defined as an individual. The policy intent is to impose a tax on the returns to human and nonhuman capital as well as the consumption of goods and services by domestic residents. Those charged with imposing advanced tax are called ‘advanced payment agents (APAs)’ to distinguish these agents from taxpayers.
Summary
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A collection-driven perspective of each tax in the standard approach (except property tax) was presented in Chapters 3 through 6. This chapter contains a summary of the approach and some concluding comments. How implementation through time might be achieved is discussed. The long-term objective is to impose one tax on income for revenue purposes and to use selected excise taxes to correct for negative externalities. In addition, taxpayers will know, and perhaps participate in, the computation of net income. There is no one-size-fits-all from our perspective, and the starting point will be unique in each country. That said, sufficient common elements exist to warrant discussion of how the tax instruments in the standard model can be coordinated—at least initially.
What Jumps Out
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Based on informer file-stories, Chapter 5 offers a number of key observations about the social practice of informing in Communist Czechoslovakia. Concepts such as intimacy, power, social navigation, strategy, tactics, and exchange contour the relationship between StB officers and ‘their’ informers. Informing blurs the line between the political and the personal. Informers occupy liminal spaces between victims and victimizers. Many informers were blackmailed into informing but many turned to the StB to leverage their private wants and actualize their immediate needs. Chapter 5 examines the role of emotions as catalysing and then sustaining these interactive dimensions. Four emotions in particular stand out: fear, resentment, desire, and allegiance. This chapter invokes the file-stories to illustrate these emotions in the life stories of informers, while also noting that StB officers, as well, expressed sentiments such as solicitude and disappointment during their interactions with ‘their’ informers.
Introduction
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter is divided into five sections. The first section outlines the main topic of the book; the second section briefly delves into the terminology and the terms cognate with flattery; the third section offers a concise overview of the burning phenomenon of flattery in imperial Rome by assessing it within the political environment of the principate and suggests perceiving it as an alternative strategy to avoid a breakdown between the writer and the emperor; the fourth section explores the theoretical approaches by which the book is informed: the first, the doublespeak theory, derives from a contemporary narratological theory applied to several disciplines; the second, the pragmatics of exemplarity, focuses on the impact of historical exempla in ancient culture. The concluding section ends this introductory chapter with a summary of the book.
Flattering with exempla
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 proposes an innovative reading of the presence of Claudius in the consolation by analysing the speech attributed to Claudius by Seneca. At the end of this consolation, after having instructed Polybius to contain his pain through praecepta, Seneca, by means of the emperor, presents a sequence of exempla to the freedman. This chapter offers a new interpretation of the presence of Claudius in this consolation. According to traditional scholarship, the presence of Claudius, called to take over the role of the consolator, should be read as another attempt to flatter him. Instead, it is drawn out a subversive meaning in the presence of the ruler by focusing on the words which Seneca employs to describe the emperor: tenacissima memoria and adsueta sibi facundia, in typical Senecan style, betray a ‘veiled’ meaning, that is not necessarily apparent at first reading. On closer examination, that passage discloses a web of intertextual links, first of all, with Ovid, the favourite model for Seneca’s consolations.
Blatantly Obsequious or Wisely Cautious? Exempla from De ira
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 deals with some historical exempla of flattery in Seneca’s philosophical prose. Having focused thus far on the Ad Polybium, this chapter shifts the focus to the practical examples of adulation in Seneca’s works. This chapter analyses some historical exempla from the second and third books of the De ira by which it is possible to shed light on the question of flattery. All exempla of this chapter have to do with the intellectual’s relationship to power: in Senecan prose, this relationship is thematized in the awareness of the writer and audience that everyone is under strict surveillance. This chapter focuses on the De ira, as some exempla there, even if they belong to a distant past, can be set in dialogue with the current and deplorable exempla at the imperial court. Seneca’s unique description of the present day through the narration of a distant past throws light on the continuity, almost the overlap, between the times of narrated events and his times.
Seneca, Theorist of Flattery
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 focuses on the Naturales quaestiones. At the core of Chapter 8 is the preface to book 4a of the Naturales quaestiones in which Seneca, by ‘praising’ Lucilius, the flatterer of Gallio, offers a vivid caricature of the adulator. Ostensibly, Seneca defines the flatterer in the guise of a depraved person, by comparing him with appalling characters in Roman society. In the final section of the chapter, it will be discussed how Seneca’s portrait of the flatterer contrasts with the depiction of the wise man and how, ultimately, they share more similarities than we could expect: each is artifex, albeit in a different sense, and Seneca subsumes the two types, as being sapiens at the imperial court means inevitably playing the role of the flatterer.
Conclusion
Authors: Russo Martina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This concluding chapter draws together the results of my investigation of the theory and practice of flattery in Seneca’s philosophical texts. First, it provides an overview of the scope and function of flattery in Seneca. In particular, it points out the centrality of flattery to the elaboration of the strategies in which the Stoic philosopher addresses power. With the drastic reduction of freedom, different flattering strategies reflect the development of alternative ways to deal with the tyrannical power embodied by the emperor. Telling the truth is not feasible, and flattery acts as an instrument for courtiers. As has been analysed in detail, flattery is also a mechanism for rulers, as it acts as a validation of their power. In contrast to the wise man, who tries to set an exemplum for posterity, the ruler does not seek signs of real approbation for his rule, merely blatant praise.
Disability and Politics
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A key aim of this book is to help ensure that disability moves away from its current marginalized position within the study of politics. It urges scholars who have yet to think about disability in relation to the study of representation, institutions, parties, or voting to incorporate disability into their analyses. Including disability is important because of the (growing) size of the disabled population but also because of the entrenched stigma and discrimination faced by disabled people. This chapter reviews the main approaches to the concept of disability, including the dominant social model. It explains why disabled people can be considered a social group and discusses the questions and challenges scholars encounter when studying this group. After briefly introducing the concept of political representation, the chapter sets out the research questions, methods, and methodology used throughout the book. It concludes with a brief overview of the structure of the book and its key arguments.
Disabled Candidates and Voter Perceptions
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Stigma surrounding disability means that disabled people tend to be portrayed either as inspirational or (more commonly) as incapable, dependent, weak, and vulnerable. This chapter examines the extent to which voters perceive disabled politicians negatively, and whether this might also help explain why there are few (self-declared) disabled politicians across our legislatures and governments. To examine this question, the chapter presents findings from original survey experiments, presenting representative samples of the population in the UK and the US with profiles of disabled and non-disabled politicians. The findings suggest that, in fact, British and US voters perceive disabled candidates more positively than non-disabled candidates in relation to several traits and issue competences. While seen as less strong, disabled candidates are perceived as more compassionate, honest, and hard-working, and as more competent and committed in policy areas such as welfare, healthcare, and minority rights. Disabled candidates are seen as better able to represent under-represented groups, and even society as a whole. If anything, voters are more willing to support them. Thus, rather than holding negative stereotypes towards disabled candidates, voters perceive their experience of navigating barriers and marginalization in their everyday lives as an asset.
Trace of a Revolution
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s main aims, situating them against the backdrop of existing research on revolutions and on Tunisia. After critically engaging with the Euro-American corpus of revolutionary theory (termed here “metropolitan revolution,” it presents the argument of the book. First, Tunisia’s revolution must be studied in the longue durée, exploring various synchronic “protestscapes” across the diachrony of the country’s revolutionary milieu. Second, the agentic, affective, and cognitive dimensions of peoplehood come to the fore through protest. Third, peoplehood and revolution co-construct one another in a “twin ferment.” Next, the chapter positions the book’s investigation as an interdisciplinary endeavor and a postcolonial corrective to reigning “epistemic injustice” in research on Arab revolution. Then, the chapter maps out the book’s ontological moorings, explaining its interpretivist epistemology and methodology. Finally, it closes with a substantive overview of the book’s chapters.
Tunisian Protestscapes
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out the book’s main theoretical framework. Conceptualizing Tunisians as the “missing people,” peuple introuvable, and “the part that has no part,” it offers the notion of peoplehood forged through anti-authoritarian insurgency and disobedience. The chapter then presents “protestscapes” as an epistemology of studying Tunisian protest and revolution. These “moving snapshots,” aid in the dis-assembling of situated, partial components of Tunisia’s revolution. This dis-assembling of revolution into its synchronies/spatialities is key to re-assembling it as transhistorical (a diachrony/temporality). Protestscapes are incubated within spatialities, aiding in the interpretation of revolution’s sociality and materiality. They disclose the emancipatory activisms of Tunisia’s marginals and indignants. Understanding revolution via protestscapes gives concrete shape to the overall agentic, affective, and cognitive maturation of peoplehood bottom-up. The analysis links resistance and social doing to the rise of peoplehood, the nemesis of “counter-revolution,” which marked the onset of postcolonial state-building and nationalism immediately after independence.
“Kamour”
Authors: Sadiki Larbi , Saleh Layla 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the Kamour movement protestscape. The chapter explores enduring questions of spatial justice and the perpetuation of marginalization under democratization through an examination of a youth-led movement demanding a local share of oil wealth in Tataouine province. The limits of procedural democracy (institution-building and voting) come to the fore when there are unresolved regional distributional imbalances, with attendant affective tendencies such as humiliation and double consciousness (hogra). Tunisia’s subaltern youth socially act and en-act “peoplehood” through protest defiance against the state. Drawing on primary data including focus group interviews, social media, and newspapers, the chapter lays out the organization, demands, strategies, and identity-markers of the Kamour movement. New learning augments youth protest competencies in a fledgling democracy, enhancing the agentic, affective, and cognitive elements of social doing. Years before Kais Saied’s July 25, 2021 power grab, the Kamour youth offered a critical test of the representativeness, responsiveness, and inclusiveness of Tunisia’s new democracy.