bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muon Spectroscopy
Authors: Jayasooriya Upali A. , Grinter Roger 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis chapter provides a simple introduction to muon spectroscopy, beginning with some of the basic techniques used to produce muons, their relevant physical properties, and the consequences of implantation of muons into matter. An introduction to the theoretical aspects of the description of muons, electrons, and protons in magnetic fields, and to the interactions between these particles, is used as a basis for the discussion of a variety of experiments with transverse‐field and longitudinal‐field muon spectroscopies. These include muon spin relaxation, rotation, and resonance measurements. A very brief account of studies of chemical interest illustrates some of the types of information that can be extracted from muon spectroscopic measurements. The extensive list of references should enable readers to develop their knowledge further leading to an extension of the range of measurements on chemical and biological samples — areas where, we believe, wide‐ranging opportunities for original applications to well‐established problems exist.
Agricultural Biotechnology, Social Ethics, and Family Farms
Authors: Burkhardt Jeffrey 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
After nearly a century of neglect, agriculture is receiving increased attention from intellectuals concerned with social ethics. Along with the ethical dimensions of agriculture's impact on the environment and nonhuman animals, one fundamental ethical concern is the plight of the family farm, the traditional farming unit around the globe. The family farm is considered by many ethicists to have special moral, cultural, or political‐economic significance, and various social and economic forces—especially new agricultural technologies—appear to threaten to drive the family farm to extinction. The increased reliance on high technology approaches to farming, and the increasing dependence of agriculture on other sectors of the economy, especially manufacturing and petrochemical refining, is referred to as the industrialization of agriculture. While the industrialization of agriculture has been a century‐long trend, the emergence of agricultural biotechnology in the 1970s heightened concerns that the family farm was becoming even more threatened. This is because agricultural biotechnology was thought to benefit primarily (or exclusively) large, already industrialized farms. If, as some people argue, society has some ethical obligation to protect or save family farms, then industrialization overall, and the new agricultural biotechnologies in particular, are cause for serious ethical concern. Independent of religious or environmental objections to biotechnology, there are three “family farm critiques” of agricultural biotechnology. These are based on the potential damage biotechnology might inflict on (1) an important political‐economic entity, (2) a cherished symbol if not the embodiment of basic moral values, and (3) the solution to long‐term natural resource problems.
Biosensors, Toxicity Monitoring
Authors: Ornatska Maryna , Ganesana Mallikarjunarao , Andreescu Silvana 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe need for simple, rapid, cost‐effective, and field‐portable screening methods has boosted development in the field of biosensors. This article reviews recent advances in the field of toxicity biosensors for monitoring chemical and biological toxicants, with a focus on how such technologies can be adapted to toxicity monitoring. Current efforts in this direction are concentrated toward disposable devices for screening and semiquantitative analysis. These can be designed to detect a single specific analyte or can provide general or group toxicity screening, depending on the design parameters and the specificity of the biomolecule. Relevant, specific applications and the analytical performance of biosensors for toxicity monitoring of several classes of chemical toxins are discussed.
Contamination Detection and Elimination in Plant Cell Culture
Authors: Cassells Alan C. , Doyle‐Prestwich Barbara 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBiological contamination in plant cell cultures originates from two sources, namely, from the tissue used to initiate the culture, and from the laboratory environment. Contaminants transferred in or on the plant material include plant pathogens and environmental microorganisms. Most epiphytes are eliminated by surface sterilants; however, these do not eliminate endophytic organisms. Endophytes may be intercellular pathogens, as well as opportunistic and adapted colonizers originating from the environment; or intracellular viruses, viroids, and bacteria. While thermo‐ and chemo‐therapy are used to eliminate pathogens from stock plants, the main strategy used is meristem tip (“apical meristem”) culture. The principle of meristem culture is that most endophytes are absent from apical tissue. In some cases, it may be considered desirable to establish cultures from differentiated plant tissues, for example those expressing the production of secondary metabolites or proteins of interest. Use of the latter explants poses a high risk of introducing endophytes into culture.Aseptic cultures may become contaminated in the laboratory due to failure of sterile technique or equipment malfunction. Laboratory contamination is caused by plant‐associated, environmental, and human‐associated bacteria; yeasts; and microarthropods. Most microbial contaminants are expressed (i.e. grow) on plant tissue culture media but some may be latent (i.e. not expressed) or subliminal. Detection, and at least partial identification, is a prerequisite for the control and elimination of laboratory contamination. Some microorganisms are biomarkers for system failures. It may not be possible to control fast‐growing microorganisms before they overrun the culture but slow‐growing, or latent microorganisms, can be treated with antibiotics.The preventive approach advocated here is based on screening of the stock plants for pathogens and microbial endophytes, establishment of aseptic cultures via meristem explants, and good laboratory practice (GLP) based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP). The use of antibiotics to treat chronic infections of cell cultures is also discussed.
Culture Establishment, Plant Cell
Authors: Eibl Regine , Eibl Dieter , Rischer Heiko , Ritala Anneli , Oksman‐caldentey Kirsi‐marja 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlternatively to whole plants, plant cell cultures are used to produce bioactive substances for food industry, cosmetics and pharmacy. This mainly concerns secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins (so‐called plant made proteins, PMPs). Among the employed culture types (which comprise suspension cultures, root cultures and shoot cultures), plant cell suspensions induced via callus cultures dominate. This fact can be explained by the suspension culture's morphology being less complex than those of root and shoot cultures, which allows easier cell banking and cultivation up to m3‐scale.Based on a summary of semi‐ and commercial plant cell‐derived products the preferable culture types and their establishment are described in more detail. Finally, most common indirect and direct methods of gene transformation (Agrobacterium‐and virus‐mediated transformation, particle bombardment, polyethylene glycol method, electroporation, microinjection) and of cell banking (slow growth storage, cryopreservation) are discussed for highly productive cell lines of plant origin.
How to Write a Research Manuscript
Authors: Frank Deborah J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis unit provides a step‐by‐step guide to help you turn your high‐quality data into a high‐quality manuscript for publication in a scientific journal. It covers all aspects of the writing process, including: choosing a journal to which to submit your paper, how to proceed through writing each section, formulating your “story,” making figures, soliciting constructive criticism, and navigating the review process. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 2:A.5C.1‐A.5C.18. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
In Situ Hybridization to Identify Gut Stem Cells
Authors: Gregorieff Alex , Clevers Hans 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn recent years, considerable effort has been directed towards identifying the repertoire of genes specifically expressed in adult stem cells. In this unit, we describe an in situ hybridization protocol adapted for the analysis of gene expression in the intestinal mucosa. This methodology allows researchers to quickly visualize the expression profile of putative stem cell markers with a high degree of sensitivity and resolution. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 12:2F.1.1‐2F.1.11. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
High K Capacitors and OFET Gate Dielectrics from Self‐Assembled BaTiO3 and (Ba,Sr)TiO3 Nanocrystals in the Superparaelectric Limit
Authors: Huang Limin , Jia Zhang , Kymissis Ioannis , O'Brien Stephen 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNanodielectrics is an emerging field with applications in capacitors, gate dielectrics, energy storage, alternatives to Li‐ion batteries, and frequency modulation in communications devices. Self‐assembly of high k dielectric nanoparticles is a highly attractive means to produce nanostructured films with improved performance—namely dielectric tunability, low leakage, and low loss—as a function of size, composition, and structure. One of the major challenges is conversion of the nanoparticle building block into a reliable thin film device at conditions consistent with integrated device manufacturing or plastic electronics. Here, the development of BaTiO3 and (Ba,Sr)TiO3 superparaelectric uniform nanocrystal (8–12 nm) films prepared at room temperature by evaporative driven assembly with no annealing step is reported. Thin film inorganic and polymer composite capacitors show dielectric constants in the tunable range of 10–30, dependent on composition, and are confirmed to be superparaelectric. Organic thin film transistor (TFT) devices on flexible substrates demonstrate the readiness of nanoparticle‐assembled films as gate dielectrics in device fabrication.
Topotactic Conversion Route to Mesoporous Quasi‐Single‐Crystalline Co3O4 Nanobelts with Optimizable Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Tian Li , Zou Hongli , Fu Junxiang , Yang Xianfeng , Wang Yi , Guo Hongliang , Fu Xionghui , Liang Chaolun , Wu Mingmei , Shen Pei Kang , Gao Qiuming 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe growth of mesoporous quasi‐single‐crystalline Co3O4 nanobelts by topotactic chemical transformation from α‐Co(OH)2 nanobelts is realized. During the topotactic transformation process, the primary α‐Co(OH)2 nanobelt frameworks can be preserved. The phases, crystal structures, morphologies, and growth behavior of both the precursory and resultant products are characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy—scanning electron (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). Detailed investigation of the formation mechanism of the porous Co3O4 nanobelts indicates topotactic nucleation and oriented growth of textured spinel Co3O4 nanowalls (nanoparticles) inside the nanobelts. Co3O4 nanocrystals prefer [0001] epitaxial growth direction of hexagonal α‐Co(OH)2 nanobelts due to the structural matching of [0001] α‐Co(OH)2//[111] Co3O4. The surface‐areas and pore sizes of the spinel Co3O4 products can be tuned through heat treatment of α‐Co(OH)2 precursors at different temperatures. The galvanostatic cycling measurement of the Co3O4 products indicates that their charge–discharge performance can be optimized. In the voltage range of 0.0–3.0 V versus Li+/Li at 40 mA g−1, reversible capacities of a sample consisting of mesoporous quasi‐single‐crystalline Co3O4 nanobelts can reach up to 1400 mA h g−1, much larger than the theoretical capacity of bulk Co3O4 (892 mA h g−1).
Nanopatterning by an Integrated Process Combining Capillary Force Lithography and Microcontact Printing
Authors: Duan Xuexin , Zhao Yiping , Perl András , Berenschot Erwin , Reinhoudt David N. , Huskens Jurriaan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA novel nanopatterning process was developed by combining capillary force lithography (CFL) and microcontact printing (µCP). Flat polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was used as the substrate in CFL, and after chemical functionalization, as the stamp in µCP, which increased the resolution of both methods. The polymer patterns, produced by CFL on a thin polymer film on the flat PDMS substrate, acted as a mask to oxidize the uncovered regions of the PDMS. The chemical patterns were subsequently formed by gas phase evaporation of a fluorinated silane. After removal of the polymer, these stamps were used to transfer thiol inks to a gold substrate by µCP. Gold patterns at a scale of less than 100 nm were successfully replicated by these chemically patterned flat PDMS stamps.
Survival of Texas infants born with trisomies 21, 18, and 13
Authors: Vendola Catherine , Canfield Mark , Daiger Stephen P. , Gambello Michael , Hashmi S. Shahrukh , King Terri , Noblin Sarah J. , Waller D. Kim , Hecht Jacqueline T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTrisomies 21, 18, and 13 are the three most common trisomies among infants who survive to 20 weeks gestation or more. Overall information about birth prevalence, natural history, and mortality for all three trisomies is well defined, but information about ethnic‐specific rates is limited. Only a few studies have examined mortality rates of trisomies 18 and 13 because so few cases are liveborn and most have very short life spans. This study assessed ethnic‐specific population‐based survival probabilities among infants for each trisomy. All cases of trisomies 21, 18, and 13 born in Texas between 1999 and 2003 were obtained from the Texas Birth Defects Registry and included 2,260 cases of trisomy 21, 398 cases of trisomy 18, and 213 cases of trisomy 13. Date and cause of death were obtained from the Texas vital statistics records and the National Death Index. Overall, birth prevalence rates (per 10,000 adjusted live births) for the three trisomies were 11.74 (95% CI: 11.25–12.25), 1.34 (95% CI: 1.18–1.52), 0.92 (95% CI: 0.79–1.07), respectively, and are consistent with previously reported rates. There were no differences in survival rates by ethnicity and the median survival for each trisomy was consistent with previous reports. The results of this study provide comprehensive population‐based information for survival of infants with trisomies 21, 18, and 13. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What's new in neurofibromatosis? Proceedings from the 2009 NF Conference: New Frontiers
Authors: Kissil Joseph L. , Blakeley Jaishri O. , Ferner Rosalie E. , Huson Susan M. , Kalamarides Michel , Mautner Victor‐Felix , McCormick Frank , Morrison Helen , Packer Roger , Ramesh Vijaya , Ratner Nancy , Rauen Katherine A. , Stevenson David A. , Hunter‐Schaedle Kim , North Kathryn 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe NF Conference is the largest annual gathering of researchers and clinicians focused on neurofibromatosis and has been convened by the Children's Tumor Foundation for over 20 years. The 2009 NF Conference was held in Portland, Oregon from June 13 to June 16, 2009 and co‐chaired by Kathryn North from the University of Sydney and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia; and Joseph Kissil from the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia. The Conference included 80 platform presentations in 9 sessions over 4 days; over 100 abstracts presented as posters; and three Keynote presentations. To date, there have been tremendous advances in basic research in the pathogenesis of neurofibromatosis, and more recently in progress toward identifying effective drug therapies and the commencement of neurofibromatosis clinical trials. The NF Conference attendees have significantly increased (doubling from 140 in 2005 to 280 attending in 2009) with a significant increase in attendance of physicians and clinical researchers. Correspondingly the NF Conference scope has expanded to include translational research, clinical trials and clinical management issues while retaining a core of basic research. These themes are reflected in the highlights from the 2009 NF Conference presented here. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pancreatic hypoplasia presenting with neonatal diabetes mellitus in association with congenital heart defect and developmental delay
Authors: Balasubramanian M. , Shield J.P.H. , Acerini C.L. , Walker J. , Ellard S. , Marchand M. , Polak M. , Vaxillaire M. , Crolla J.A. , Bunyan D.J. , Mackay D.J.G. , Temple I.K. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCongenital pancreatic hypoplasia is a rare cause of neonatal diabetes. We report on a series of three patients with pancreatic agenesis and congenital heart defects. All had abdominal scan evidence of pancreatic agenesis. In addition, Patient 1 had a ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary artery stenosis; Patient 2 had a truncus arteriosus and Patient 3 had tetralogy of Fallot. Two of the three patients have developmental delay. All three patients were isolated cases within the family. Investigations included sequencing of GCK, ABCC8, IPF1, NEUROD1, PTF1A, HNF1B, INS, ISL1, NGN3, HHEX, G6PC2, TCF7L2, SOX4, FOXP3 (Patients 1 and 2), GATA4 and KCNJ11 genes (all three patients), but no mutations were found. Genetic investigation to exclude paternal UPD 6, methylation aberrations and duplications of 6q24 was also negative in all three. 22q11 deletion was excluded in all three patients. Array CGH in Patient (1) showed a ∼250 kb, paternally inherited duplication of chromosome 12q [arr cgh 12q24.33 (B35:CHR12:131808577–132057649++) pat], not found in the other two patients. Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus due to pancreatic hypoplasia with congenital heart defects has been reported before and may represent a distinct condition. We discuss this rare association and review previously reported literature. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An interstitial 15q11‐q14 deletion: Expanded Prader‐Willi syndrome phenotype
Authors: Butler Merlin G. , Bittel Douglas C. , Kibiryeva Nataliya , Cooley Linda D. , Yu Shihui 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present an infant girl with a de novo interstitial deletion of the chromosome 15q11‐q14 region, larger than the typical deletion seen in Prader‐Willi syndrome (PWS). She presented with features seen in PWS including hypotonia, a poor suck, feeding problems, and mild micrognathia. She also presented with features not typically seen in PWS such as preauricular ear tags, a high‐arched palate, edematous feet, coarctation of the aorta, a PDA, and a bicuspid aortic valve. G‐banded chromosome analysis showed a large de novo deletion of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 confirmed using FISH probes (D15511 and GABRB3). Methylation testing was abnormal and consistent with the diagnosis of PWS. Because of the large appearing deletion by karyotype analysis, an array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) was performed. A 12.3 Mb deletion was found which involved the 15q11‐q14 region containing approximately 60 protein coding genes. This rare deletion was approximately twice the size of the typical deletion seen in PWS and involved the proximal breakpoint BP1 and the distal breakpoint was located in the 15q14 band between previously recognized breakpoints BP5 and BP6. The deletion extended slightly distal to the AVEN gene including the neighboring CHRM5 gene. There is no evidence that the genes in the 15q14 band are imprinted; therefore, their potential contribution in this patient's expanded PWS phenotype must be a consequence of dosage sensitivity of the genes or due to altered expression of intact neighboring genes from a position effect. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aarskog–Scott syndrome: Clinical update and report of nine novel mutations of the FGD1 gene
Authors: Orrico A. , Galli L. , Faivre L. , Clayton‐Smith J. , Azzarello‐Burri S.M. , Hertz J.M. , Jacquemont S. , Taurisano R. , Arroyo Carrera I. , Tarantino E. , Devriendt K. , Melis D. , Thelle T. , Meinhardt U. , Sorrentino V. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMutations in the FGD1 gene have been shown to cause Aarskog–Scott syndrome (AAS), or facio‐digito‐genital dysplasia (OMIM#305400), an X‐linked disorder characterized by distinctive genital and skeletal developmental abnormalities with a broad spectrum of clinical phenotypes. To date, 20 distinct mutations have been reported, but little phenotypic data are available on patients with molecularly confirmed AAS. In the present study, we report on our experience of screening for mutations in the FGD1 gene in a cohort of 60 European patients with a clinically suspected diagnosis of AAS. We identified nine novel mutations in 11 patients (detection rate of 18.33%), including three missense mutations (p.R402Q; p.S558W; p.K748E), four truncating mutations (p.Y530X; p.R656X; c.806delC; c.1620delC), one in‐frame deletion (c.2020_2022delGAG) and the first reported splice site mutation (c.1935+3A>C). A recurrent mutation (p.R656X) was detected in three independent families. We did not find any evidence for phenotype–genotype correlations between type and position of mutations and clinical features. In addition to the well‐established phenotypic features of AAS, other clinical features are also reported and discussed. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unexpected finding of a paternal premutation of the fragile X FMR1 gene in a female fetus of a premutation carrier mother
Authors: Pomponi M. Grazia , Pietrobono Roberta , Neri Caterina , Chiurazzi Pietro , Neri Giovanni 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe report on the fortuitous finding of a paternal premutation of the FMR1 gene during prenatal diagnosis in a female fetus whose mother was known to be a premutation carrier. Analysis of the DNA, extracted from cultured cells obtained by chorionic villus sampling, demonstrated the presence in the fetus of two FMR1 alleles of 23 and 71 CGG repeats, respectively. Chromosome analysis confirmed a normal female karyotype. The mother was known to be carrier of a normal allele of 23 repeats and a premutation of 79 repeats. Because the 23‐CGG repeat allele is uncommon, we wanted to confirm its presence in the father, also given that a reduction in size from 79 to 71 repeats of the putative maternal allele is an unlikely event. Analysis of the father's DNA did in fact show that he is a carrier of a 69‐CGG premutated allele. Therefore, the fetus inherited the normal 23‐CGG allele from the mother and the 71‐CGG allele from the father. Although a parental couple composed of two premutation carriers is rare, this case illustrates the importance of characterizing both parental genotypes when the results of prenatal diagnosis suggest an unusual segregation of the mutant and/or normal allele. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and Characterization of Chiral Oxazaborolidine Complex Immobilized SBA‐15 and Its Application in the Asymmetric Reduction of Prochiral Ketones
Authors: Balakrishnan Umesh , Ananthi Nallamuthu , Selvan Sakthivel Tamil , Pal Ravindra , Ariga Katsuhiko , Velmathi Sivan , Vinu Ajayan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe immobilization of chiral oxazaborolidine complex in the well‐ordered mesochannels of SBA‐15 is demonstrated by a postsynthetic approach using 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane as a reactive surface modifier. The immobilized catalysts are characterized by various techniques, such as XRD, nitrogen adsorption, HRSEM, UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy. The catalysts are used for the enantioselective reduction of aromatic prochiral ketones. The activity of the chiral oxazaborolidine complex immobilized SBA‐15 catalysts is also compared with that of the pure chiral oxazaborolidine complex, which is a homogeneous catalyst. It is found that the activity of the chiral complex immobilized SBA‐15 heterogeneous catalyst is comparable with that of the homogeneous catalyst.