bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Fatigue Life Prediction for Ship Structures Using Fracture Mechanics
Authors: De Souza G. F. M. , Ayyub B. M. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe design of steel structures against fatigue requires the consideration of fatigue damage accumulation in the form of fatigue crack growth analysis and prediction. Fatigue is an important criterion to evaluate the adequacy of ship structural details, and the methods for prediction of fatigue life taking into account the crack growth are becoming of great interest This paper provides a methodology for ship structure fatigue analysis based on probabilistic linear elastic fracture mechanics. Probabilistic analysis requires the use of reliability methods for assessing fatigue life by considering the crack propagation process and the uncertainties associated with it The limit state function that governs fatigue crack growth is developed based on Paris law by considering as random variables the coefficient of the curve that describes the rate of change of crack size due to loading cycles and its relationship to stress level and initial crack size and the stresses induced by external loading. As an improvement to the traditional fatigue fracture probabilistic approach, this paper presents a methodology for probabilistic analysis of ship structure fatigue failure considering the effects of the residual stresses induced by hull fabrication process over the crack growth rate.
The Development of Water Mist Fire Protection Systems for U.S. Navy Ships
Authors: Darwin Robert L. , Williams Frederick W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the past 20 years, the U.S. Navy has undertaken an extensive evaluation of water mist for fire protection applications aboard ship. Both small and full‐scale tests have been conducted to study water mist as a replacement for Halon 1301 and to explore the possible use of mist in lieu of conventional sprinklers. Tests have been conducted at the David Taylor Ship Research and Development Center in Annapolis, Maryland, at the Naval Research Laboratory, Chesapeake Division, and aboard the Navy'S fire research vessel, the Ex‐Shadwell in Mobile, Alabama. Engineering analysis and trade‐off studies have been conducted to compare ship impact (cost, space and weight) of water mist versus Halon and other gaseous alternatives. As a result of the testing and analysis completed thus far, the Navy has specified water mist to protect the propulsion machinery spaces on the Navy'S next new ship, the USS San Antonio (LPD‐17), currently undergoing final design at Avondale Industries.
Attraction of the stink bug egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi to defence signals from soybean activated by treatment with cis‐jasmone
Authors: Moraes Maria C. B. , Laumann Raúl A. , Pareja Martin , Sereno Fabiana T. P. S. , Michereff Mirian F. F. , Birkett Michael A. , Pickett John A. , Borges Miguel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAfter herbivore attack or chemical activation, plants release a blend of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that is qualitatively or quantitatively different to the blend emitted by an undamaged plant. The altered blend of VOCs is then usually attractive to the herbivore's natural enemies. Soybean, Glycine max (L.) (Fabaceae), when damaged by stink bug herbivory, has been shown to emit a blend of VOCs that attracts the stink bug egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) to the plant. In this study, our aim was to investigate changes in the VOC profile of soybean (var. BR16) elicited by the naturally occurring plant activator cis‐jasmone, and to determine whether these changes elicited the attraction of T. podisi. cis‐Jasmone elicited chemical defence in soybean similar to that previously reported for stink bug damage. The main components induced by cis‐jasmone were camphene, myrcene, (E)‐ocimene, methyl salicylate, and (E,E)‐4,8,12‐trimethyltrideca‐1,3,7,11‐tetraene. In Y‐tube behavioural bioassays, T. podisi preferred cis‐jasmone treated plants over untreated plants. Thus, cis‐jasmone appears to induce defence pathways in soybean similar to those induced by stink bug damage, and this phenomenon appears to be a promising tool for the manipulation of beneficial natural enemies in future sustainable stink bug control strategies. The delay in response demonstrates that cis‐jasmone treatment is not directly causing the response, but, more importantly, that it is causing activation of induced defence, long after initial treatment.
Enamel defects and dental caries in 9‐year‐old children living in fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas of Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Kanagaratnam Sathananthan , Schluter Philip , Durward Callum , Mahood Robyn , Mackay Tim 
Published: March 2009

Abstract –  Objectives:  This epidemiological study aims to investigate the developmental enamel defects and dental caries among 9‐year‐old children resident in fluoridated and nonfluoridated regions in Auckland, New Zealand.Methods:  A stratified, two‐stage random selection design where strata were defined by fluoridation status, school size, and school decile. After informed consent was obtained, parents completed oral health questionnaires and children underwent dental examinations at school clinics.Results:  612 children from 38 schools participated in the study. Overall, 175 (29%) children had lived continuously in fluoridated areas, 149 (24%) had lived continuously in nonfluoridated areas, and 288 (47%) had resided intermittently in fluoridated areas. Diffuse opacities were present in 117 (19%) children and deciduous teeth dental caries was seen in 370 (60%) children. After adjustment for covariates, a strong dose–response relationship between diffuse opacity and fluoridation status was found, with children who lived continuously in fluoridated areas being 4.17 times as likely to have diffuse opacities as children who lived continuously in nonfluoridated areas (P < 0.001). Conversely, a strong protective dose–response relationship between caries experience and fluoridation status was seen, with children who lived continuously in fluoridated areas being 0.42 times as likely to have dental caries as children who lived continuously in nonfluoridated areas (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  Reticulated water fluoridation in Auckland reduces the risk of dental caries but increases the risk of diffuse opacities in 9‐year‐old children. Guidelines and health‐promotion strategies that enable children to minimize their risk to diffuse opacities yet reduce their risk of dental caries should be reviewed.
Risk factors for severe infection in patients with hairy cell leukemia: a long‐term study of 73 patients
Authors: Damaj Ghandi , Kuhnowski Frédérique , Marolleau Jean‐Pierre , Bauters Francis , Leleu Xavier , Yakoub‐Agha Ibrahim 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAlthough the survival of patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has been improved by the therapeutic introduction of interferon α and purine analogs, it is still worsened by complications such as severe infections. In this long‐term study, we identified factors influencing patient outcomes in 73 patients with HCL. Median age at diagnosis was 53 yr and the gender ratio (M/F) was 2.3. At the time of HCL diagnosis, 60 patients (82%) were symptomatic and 22 of these had an infection. After a median follow‐up of 13 yr, eight patients had died of secondary cancer (n = 2), HCL progression (n = 1) and age‐related complications (n = 5). The 10‐yr overall survival (OS), progression‐free survival and relapse rates were 91 ± 3%, 14 ± 5% and 87 ± 5%, respectively. In multivariate analyses, age >53 yr was the only factor adversely influencing OS and secondary cancer incidence, with adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 9.30 (95%CI, 1.15–76.6; P = 0.037) and 2.80 (95%CI, 1.05–7.71; P = 0.04), respectively. Eleven patients developed severe infections. Absolute lymphocyte count (<1 × 109/L) at diagnosis was the only factor influencing the occurrence of severe infections, with an adjusted HR of 4.01 (P = 0.007). Strikingly, we did not observe any significant correlation between neutrophil or monocyte counts and the incidence of infection. We confirmed long‐term survival in HCL but found a high incidence of infection – even late in the course of the disease. The absolute lymphocyte count at diagnosis is a risk factor for the occurrence of severe infections. In addition to careful monitoring of infections, prompt initiation of anti‐HCL treatment should be considered in patients with low lymphocyte counts.
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure as a risk factor for infections in infancy
Authors: Ladomenou F , Kafatos A , Galanakis E 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim:  This prospective observational study investigated the effect of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) on frequency and severity of common infantile infections.Methods:  In a representative sample of 926 infants, parental smoking was recorded at months 1 and 9 postpartum, and all infantile infectious episodes were recorded at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months postpartum.Results:  Both parents were regular smokers all through the first year in 107 (11.6%), at least one smoked regularly or occasionally in 492 (53.1%), and parents did not smoke at all in 327 (35.3%) families. Among mothers, 168 (18.1%) smoked perinatally. Infantile ETS exposure was associated with increased frequency of total infectious episodes (p = 0.025) and hospitalizations for infection (p = 0.007). In ETS exposed infants, birth in autumn and presence of siblings contributed to increased frequency of most infections and of hospital admissions for infection. By contrast, exclusive breastfeeding protected against the effect of ETS on total infantile infections (OR 0.982, 95% CI 0.965–0.999; p = 0.036), hospital admissions for infection (OR 0.980, 95% CI 0.961–0.999; p = 0.036) and thrush (OR 0.973, 95% CI 0.951–0.996; p = 0.022).Conclusion:  Our findings point to harmful effect of ETS on infantile health and further suggest that this effect may be enhanced or diminished by other factors. ETS should be regarded as a preventable risk factor for infections in infancy.
Potential of Rapid Diagnosis for Controlling Drug-Susceptible and Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Communities Where
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Infections Are Highly Prevalent
Authors: Uys Pieter W. , Warren Robin , van Helden Paul D. , Murray Megan , Victor Thomas C. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

The long-term persistence of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
in communities with high tuberculosis prevalence is a serious problem aggravated by the presence of drug-resistant tuberculosis strains. Drug resistance in an individual patient is often discovered only after a long delay, particularly if the diagnosis is based on current culture-based drug sensitivity testing methods. During such delays, the patient may transmit tuberculosis to his or her contacts. Rapid diagnosis of drug resistance would be expected to reduce this transmission and hence to decrease the prevalence of drug-resistant strains. To investigate this quantitatively, a mathematical model was constructed, assuming a homogeneous population structure typical of communities in South Africa where tuberculosis incidence is high. Computer simulations performed with this model showed that current control strategies will not halt the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in such communities. The simulations showed that the rapid diagnosis of drug resistance can be expected to reduce the incidence of drug-resistant cases provided the additional measure of screening within the community is implemented.
Microbiological and Epidemiological Features of Clinical Respiratory Isolates of
Burkholderia gladioli
Authors: Segonds Christine , Clavel-Batut Patricia , Thouverez Michelle , Grenet Dominique , Le Coustumier Alain , Plésiat Patrick , Chabanon Gérard 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia gladioli
, primarily known as a plant pathogen, is involved in human infections, especially in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In the present study, the first respiratory isolates recovered from 14 French patients with CF and 4 French patients without CF, identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis, were tested for growth on
B. cepacia
selective media, for identification by commercial systems, and for their antimicrobial susceptibilities, and were compared by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Patients' data were collected. All 18 isolates grew on oxidation-fermentation-polymyxin B-bacitracin-lactose medium and
Pseudomonas cepacia
agar, but only 13 grew on
Burkholderia cepacia
selective agar. API 20NE strips did not differentiate
B. gladioli
from
B. cepacia
, whereas Vitek 2 GN cards correctly identified 15 isolates. All isolates were susceptible to piperacillin, imipenem, aminoglycosides, and ciprofloxacin and were far less resistant to ticarcillin than
B. cepacia
complex organisms. Fifteen PFGE types were observed among the 18 isolates, but shared types were not identified among epidemiologically related patients. The microbiological follow-up of CF patients showed that colonization was persistent in 3 of 13 documented cases;
B. gladioli
was isolated from posttransplantation cultures of blood from 1 patient. Among the patients without CF,
B. gladioli
was associated with intubation (three cases) or bronchiectasis (one case). In summary, the inclusion of
B. gladioli
in the databases of commercial identification systems should improve the diagnostic capabilities of those systems. In CF patients, this organism is more frequently involved in transient infections than in chronic infections, but it may be responsible for complications posttransplantation; patient-to-patient transmission has not been demonstrated to date. Lastly,
B. gladioli
appears to be naturally susceptible to aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin, although resistant isolates may emerge in the course of chronic infections.
Identification of Integrin α3 as a New Substrate of the Adenovirus E4orf6/E1B 55-Kilodalton E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Complex
Authors: Dallaire Frédéric , Blanchette Paola , Groitl Peter , Dobner Thomas , Branton Philip E. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
The human adenovirus E4orf6 and E1B55K proteins promote viral replication by targeting several cellular proteins for degradation. The E4orf6 product has been shown by our group and others to form an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that contains elongins B and C and cullin family member Cul5. E1B55K associates with this complex, where it is believed to function primarily to introduce bound substrates for degradation via proteasomes. In addition to p53, its first known substrate, the E4orf6/E1B 55-kDa complex (E4orf6/E1B55K) was shown to promote the degradation of Mre11 and DNA ligase IV; however, additional substrates are believed to exist. This notion is strengthened by the fact that none of these substrates seems likely to be associated with additional functions shown to be mediated by the E4orf6-associated E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, including export of late viral mRNAs and blockage of export of the bulk cellular mRNAs from the nucleus. In an attempt to identify new E4orf6/E1B55K substrates, we undertook a proteomic screen using human p53-null, non-small-cell lung carcinoma H1299 cells expressing either E4orf6 protein alone or in combination with E1B55K through infection by appropriate adenovirus vectors. One cellular protein that appeared to be degraded by E1B55K in combination with the E4orf6 protein was a species of molecular mass ∼130 kDa that was identified as the integrin α3 subunit (i.e., very late activation antigen 3 alpha subunit). Preliminary analyses suggested that degradation of α3 may play a role in promoting release and spread of progeny virions.
Differential Effect of Human Herpesvirus 6A on Cell Division and Apoptosis among Naïve and Central and Effector Memory CD4
+
and CD8
+
T-Cell Subsets
Authors: Gupta Sudhir , Agrawal Sudhanshu , Gollapudi Sastry 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

The immune responses of naive and different memory subsets of CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) have not been previously investigated. We show that HHV-6A induces cell division, as measured by 5,6-carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester dye and flow cytometry, predominantly in two populations of effector memory CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells (T
EM
and T
EMRA
); naïve (T
N
) and central memory (T
CM
) CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells showed almost no cell division. In contrast, HHV-6A induced apoptosis primarily in T
N
and T
CM
CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells, whereas T
EM
and T
EMRA
CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells were resistant to HHV-6A-induced apoptosis. HHV-6A-induced apoptosis was associated with activation of caspase-8, caspase-9, and caspase-3, suggesting the involvement of death receptor and mitochondrial signaling pathways. In addition, HHV-6A induced secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-8, and gamma interferon by peripheral blood mononuclear cells; TNF-α secretion was observed exclusively from CCR7
+
(T
N
plus T
CM
) CD4
+
T cells. These data show that HHV-6 differentially influences the functions of naïve T cells and different subsets of memory CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells, which in part may be due to differential susceptibility to HHV-6A-induced apoptosis.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp120 Reprogramming of CD4+T-Cell Migration Provides a Mechanism for Lymphadenopathy
Authors: Green Daniel S. , Center David M. , Cruikshank William W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTInfection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is associated with decreases in peripheral CD4+T cells and development of lymphadenopathy. The precise mechanisms by which HIV-1 induces these changes have not been elucidated. T-cell trafficking through lymphoid tissues is facilitated by CCL21-mediated entry and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-mediated egress. Having previously determined that HIV-1 envelop glycoprotein, gp120, directly alters T-cell migration, we investigated whether gp120 without HIV-1 infection could influence the responses of CD4+T cells to the signals involved in T-cell trafficking through lymph tissue. Incubation of normal human T cells with gp120 for 1 h resulted in reprogramming of CD4 T-cell migratory responses by increasing sensitivity to CCL20 and CCL21 and complete inhibition of migration to S1P. Incubation of human T cells with gp120 prior to injection into NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J mice resulted in increases in lymph node accumulation of CD4+T cells, with reciprocal decreases in blood and spleen compared to T cells not exposed to gp120. The effects of gp120 required CD4 signaling mediated through p56lck. These findings suggest that gp120 alone can alter CD4+influx and efflux from lymph nodes in a fashion consistent with the development of lymphopenia and lymphadenopathy.
Broad Tissue and Cell Tropism of Avian Bornavirus in Parrots with Proventricular Dilatation Disease
Authors: Rinder Monika , Ackermann Andreas , Kempf Hermann , Kaspers Bernd , Korbel Rüdiger , Staeheli Peter 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

Avian bornaviruses (ABV), representing a new genus within the family
Bornaviridae
, were recently discovered in parrots from North America and Israel with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). We show here that closely related viruses are also present in captive European parrots of various species with PDD. The six ABV strains that we identified in clinically diseased birds are new members of the previously defined ABV genotypes 2 and 4. Viruses of both genotypes readily established persistent, noncytolytic infections in quail and chicken cell lines but did not grow in cultured mammalian cells in which classical Borna disease virus strains replicate very efficiently. ABV antigens were present in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of infected cells, suggesting nuclear replication of ABV. The genome organization of avian and mammalian bornaviruses is highly conserved except that ABV lacks a distinct control element in the 5′ noncoding region of the bicistronic mRNA encoding the viral proteins X and P. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis demonstrated the presence of virus in many, if not all, organs of birds with PDD. Viral nucleic acid was also found in feces of diseased birds, suggesting virus transmission by the fecal-oronasal route. Immunohistochemical analysis of organs from birds with PDD revealed that infection with ABV is not restricted to cells of the nervous system. Thus, ABV exhibits a broad tissue and cell tropism that is strikingly different from classical Borna disease virus.
CCR5- and CXCR4-Tropic Subtype C Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates Have a Lower Level of Pathogenic Fitness than Other Dominant Group M Subtypes: Implications for the Epidemic
Authors: Abraha Awet , Nankya Immaculate L. , Gibson Richard , Demers Korey , Tebit Denis M. , Johnston Elizabeth , Katzenstein David , Siddiqui Asna , Herrera Carolina , Fischetti Lucia , Shattock Robin J. , Arts Eric J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C is the dominant subtype globally, due largely to the incidence of subtype C infections in sub-Saharan Africa and east Asia. We compared the relative replicative fitness (ex vivo) of the major (M) group of HIV-1 subtypes A, B, C, D, and CRF01_AE and group O isolates. To estimate pathogenic fitness, pairwise competitions were performed between CCR5-tropic (R5) or CXCR4-tropic (X4) virus isolates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). A general fitness order was observed among 33 HIV-1 isolates; subtype B and D HIV-1 isolates were slightly more fit than the subtype A and dramatically more fit than the 12 subtype C isolates. All group M isolates were more fit (ex vivo) than the group O isolates. To estimate ex vivo transmission fitness, a subset of primary HIV-1 isolates were examined in primary human explants from penile, cervical, and rectal tissues. Only R5 isolates and no X4 HIV-1 isolates could replicate in these tissues, whereas the spread to PM1 cells was dependent on active replication and passive virus transfer. In tissue competition experiments, subtype C isolates could compete with and, in some cases, even win over subtype A and D isolates. However, when the migratory cells from infected tissues were mixed with a susceptible cell line, the subtype C isolates were outcompeted by other subtypes, as observed in experiments with PBMC. These findings suggest that subtype C HIV-1 isolates might have equal transmission fitness but reduced pathogenic fitness relative to other group M HIV-1 isolates.
A Novel Cardiotropic Murine Adenovirus Representing a Distinct Species of Mastadenoviruses
Authors: Klempa Boris , Krüger Detlev H. , Auste Brita , Stanko Michal , Krawczyk Adalbert , Nickel Katrin F. , Überla Klaus , Stang Alexander 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT

During cell culture isolation experiments to recover Dobrava hantavirus from a suspension of liver from a striped field mouse (
Apodemus agrarius
), an unknown virus was coisolated. Atypically for hantaviruses, it had extensive cytopathic effects. Using a random PCR approach, it was identified as a novel murine adenovirus, MAdV-3 (for MAdV type 3). A plaque-purified virus clone was prepared and further characterized. The complete genome sequence of MAdV-3 was determined to be 30,570 bp in length. Sequence comparisons to other adenovirus species revealed highest similarity to MAdV-1, the representative of the murine adenovirus A species. However, substantial differences were found in the E1, E3, and E4 genomic regions. The phylogenetic distance of MAdV-3 amino acid sequences for pVIII, protease, polymerase, and hexon from MAdV-1 is markedly higher than 0.1 exchange per position, and, based on our cross-neutralization experiments, MAdV-3 and MAdV-1 can be regarded as different serotypes. Therefore, we propose to classify MAdV-3 as the first isolate of a novel adenovirus species, designated murine adenovirus C (MAdV-C). The novel MAdV-3 virus is not only genetically and serologically distinct from MAdV-1 but also shows a unique organ tropism in infected mice. In contrast to MAdV-1, the virus was not detectable in brain but predominantly infected heart tissue. Thus, infection of mice with cardiotropic MAdV-3 might be an interesting animal model of adenovirus-induced myocarditis.