bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusivities of H2S, C2H2 and N2O in aqueous electrolyte solutions
Authors: Sada Eizo , Ando Norio , Kito Shigeharu 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDiffusivities of hydrogen sulphide, nitrous oxide and acetylene were observed for aqueous solutions of KI, NH4NO3, MgCl2, KNO3, CaCl2, Na2SO4, NaCl, NH4Cl and KBr by using the laminar jet. Solubilities used in the calculations of diffusivities were also measured for nitrous oxide and hydrogen sulphide.It is found that diffusivities of these gases show similar behaviour to those of carbon dioxide obtained by Ratcliff and Holdcroft, and Onda et al., and it is possible to estimate accurately diffusivities of these gases in aqueous electrolyte solutions by using the correlation for carbon dioxide proposed by Onda et al. Moreover, the results proposed by Gubbins et al., are also confirmed for more extended systems.
The extraction of uranium (VI) and thorium (IV) from nitric acid solutions by tri‐n‐octyl phosphine oxide
Authors: Sato Taichi , Nishida Tomobumi , Yamatake Masahiro 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe distribution of uranium(vi) and thorium(iv) between nitric acid solutions and solutions of tri‐n‐octyl phosphine oxide (TOPO) in kerosene has been investigated. The organic phases have been studied by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Further the absorption spectra of both the aqueous and organic phases have been examined in the extraction of uranium(vi).
Arylmercury compounds I. A general procedure for the preparation of diarylmercury compounds by symmetrisation reactions
Authors: Garti Nissim , Halpern Yuval 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA process for the preparation of disubstituted organomercurials was studied. The reaction is summarised by the following equation:

where Ar = aryl and × = different anions. Instead of ammonia and EDTA other amines and chelating agents were also used. Only those chelating agents that have virtually the same structural features as EDTA were found to have the same effect. Various amines could be used instead of ammonia. The reaction can be carried out in water or in mixtures of organic solvents and water.
Analysis of diffusional effects in immobilised two‐enzyme systems
Authors: Krishna R. , Ramachandran P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of diffusional resistances (both inter‐ and intramembrane) on the kinetic behaviour of an immobilised two‐enzyme system carrying out a consecutive sequence of reactions S → P1 → P2 is analysed for the case in which the intrinsic kinetics can be considered to be first order. The method of solution consists in first representing the diffusion–reaction equations in matrix notation and applying the similarity transformation to reduce the equations to a set of uncoupled equations in pseudoconcentrations. The set of uncoupled equations are solved analytically for the appropriate boundary conditions. The solution to the original problem is then recovered by applying the reverse transformation. Two geometries have been treated, the spherical capsule and the flat plate membrane. The diffusional resistances may be described adequately by two dimensionless numbers, the Thiele modulus and modified Sherwood number. The influence of these parameters on the concentration profiles and “effectiveness factors” have been presented graphically. The analysis is also extended to the prediction of the performance of a packed bed enzyme reactor.
Studies on cyanine dyes. I. Synthesis of new oxacyanine dyes
Authors: Osman Abdel‐Megied , Khalil Zarif H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSynthesis of new types of bisoxacyanine dyes covering styryl‐, mero‐, and methine cyanines was achieved by interaction of 2,6‐dimethylbenzdioxazole 3,7‐bis‐ethyl iodide with active carbonyl components. These dyes showed high absorption spectral properties and were found to induce remarkable sensitisation effects when applied to silver halide emulsions.
Studies of the crystallisation of gallium hydroxide precipitated from hydrochloric acid solutions by various alkalis
Authors: Sato Taichi , Nakamura Takato 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGallium hydroxide precipitated from aqueous gallium chloride solution on addition of alkalis at varying pH have been aged in the mother liquors for different periods of time. The resulting precipitates have been examined by X‐ray diffraction and i.r. spectrophotometry. It is found that the precipitate, separated immediately from the mother liquor after preparation, exists in an amorphous type and transforms to α‐gallium oxyhydroxide during aging independent of pH.
The preparation of thiophenes. I. From C4‐molecules and carbon disulphide
Authors: Azizian Farid , Pizey James S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThiophene has been prepared by passing C4‐molecules and carbon disulphide in the vapour phase, over a promoted chromium‐aluminium oxide catalyst. A 42 and 78% yield of thiophene were obtained from the reaction of n‐butanol or crotonaldehyde with carbon disulphide, respectively. A possible scheme for these reactions has been proposed. In addition a number of catalysts for the reaction between n‐butanol and carbon disulphide has been used and their efficiency determined. A number of substituted thiophenes was also obtained from the reaction between n‐butanol and carbon disulphide; their yields and structures were determined.
Photodecomposition of azobenzenes
Authors: Ali Ahlam M. J. , Al‐Saigh Zeki Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUpon ultraviolet irradiation azobenzene and decafluoroazobenzene in cyclohexane and diethyl ether solutions decompose into phenylazo, phenylazomethylene and aniline radicals. The major products formed in cyclohexane solution are N‐cyclohexylaniline, N‐cyclohexylpentafluoroaniline, phenylazocyclohexane, pentafluorophenyl‐azocyclohexane, 1‐phenyl‐2‐cyclohexylhydrazine and 1‐pentafluoro‐2‐cyclohexyl hydrazine. In diethyl ether solution the products are N‐polymethylene phenylhydrazine, N‐polymethylene pentafluorophenyl hydrazine, phenylhydrazine cyclohexane, pentafluorophenyl hydrazine cyclohexane and phenylazo‐N‐polymethylene. Minor products are also formed from the photosensitisation of solvent molecules. The primary and secondary reactions of the azobenzenes which lead to these products are discussed.
Porosity of alumina gels prepared by hydrolysis of aluminium s‐butylate with limited amounts of water
Authors: Astier Marcel , Sing Kenneth S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMercury porosimetry measurements have been made on alumina gels prepared by the addition of small amounts of water to solutions of aluminium s‐butylate in propan‐2‐ol. The gels obtained by the addition of six times the stoichiometric water required for complete hydrolysis were found to be uniform in their pore size distribution and to undergo only slow ageing when left in contact with the solvent medium. Heat treatment of this type of gel in air at temperatures up to 740°C gave relatively stable pore structures. On the other hand, the gels prepared by the hydrolysis of aluminium s‐butylate with the stoichiometric quantity of water were non‐uniform and gave lower pore volumes and surface areas on heat treatment.
Factors affecting the solubility of gypsum. The effect of lime and temperature in different media
Authors: Ghorab Hanaa Y. , Wassef Marguerite , Abou Fetouh Safaa H. El 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of lime on the solubility of gypsum in water and in sodium hydroxide solution at 30, 60 and 100°C has been studied turbidimetrically and by means of X‐ray diffraction analysis. Lime depressed the solubility of gypsum in water only slightly at 30°C and a rise of temperature minimised its effect until its complete elimination. In the absence of alkali the minimum sulphate ion concentration in a supersaturated lime solution and at temperatures in the range 30–100°C is about 1.2gdm−3. In sodium hydroxide solution neither lime nor temperature played a significant role and the solubility of gypsum was clearly promoted. At temperatures in the range 30–100°C, 0.5g of gypsum dissolved in 100cm3 of 0.2MNaOH solution.
Death awareness and organizational behavior
Authors: Stein Jordan Helena , Cropanzano Russell 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis Incubator introduces scholars to death awareness research. We explicate how mortality salience can be studied in conjunction with workplace behavior. Using the Terror Management Theory (TMT) framework, we explore morality salience in combination with several workplace phenomena, including aggression, discrimination, and punishment; and, several ideas for future research are suggested. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Governing desertification in Mediterranean Europe: The challenge of environmental policy integration in multi‐level governance contexts
Authors: Briassoulis H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSuccessfully combating desertification has proven to be a demanding endeavour. Fifteen years since the UNCCD was signed, its implementation record remains poor worldwide and in Mediterranean Europe. Desertification is a complex socio‐environmental problem, which requires long‐term efforts towards integrating environmental concerns in sectoral and development policies, coordination among sectors, policies, agencies and programmes as well as efficient and effective multilevel collaboration arrangements. It is not accidental that Environmental Policy Integration (EPI) and multi‐level governance (MLG) are central notions in the UNCCD neither that it's poor implementation record may partly be due to the difficulties of responding to these challenges. This study explores the role of EPI in combating desertification in MLG contexts. First, it briefly negotiates desertification and the UNCCD emphasizing the EPI and MLG provisions. After presenting the conceptual and methodological framework employed, it offers a broad‐brush assessment of the integration of desertification concerns into development policies at the international, EU and Mediterranean member state level and the role of governance and MLG. It concludes that the state of integrating desertification concerns in development policies at all levels is poor and the current mode of governance and MLG are far from the UNCCD ideal of ‘good governance’. The low political priority of desertification, several context‐specific factors, the general and sectoral mode of governance and the complexities of contemporary MLG contexts explain this poor integration. Future research directions are suggested to advance the state of knowledge on promoting EPI in MLG contexts and provide policy support for combating desertification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Highly Stable Biodegradable Polymer Micelles by Coating with Polyion Complex
Authors: Ohya Yuichi , Takeda Shinya , Shibata Yosuke , Ouchi Tatsuro , Maruyama Atsushi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPositively charged core/shell type polymer micelles were prepared from a biodegradable amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(L‐lysine)‐block‐poly(L‐lactide). Polyanion‐coated biodegradable polymer micelles were then prepared via polyion complex (PIC) formation with polyanionic hyaluronic acid (HA) on the positively charged micelles. Characterization of the acquired HA‐coated micelles was carried out via dynamic light scattering, atomic force microscopic observation and ζ‐potential measurements. The HA‐coated micelles exhibited extremely high stability against dilution and colloidal stability. The PIC‐coated micelle system with high stability would be a useful drug delivery vehicle able to survive long‐term circulation in the bloodstream.magnified image
A fully automatic and highly efficient navigator gating technique for high‐resolution free‐breathing acquisitions: Continuously adaptive windowing strategy
Authors: Jhooti P. , Keegan J. , Firmin D. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA fully automatic and highly efficient free‐breathing navigator gated technique, continuously adaptive windowing strategy (CLAWS), is presented. Using a novel and dynamic acquisition strategy that ensures all potential navigator acceptance windows are possible, CLAWS acquires an image with the highest possible efficiency regardless of variations in the respiratory pattern. Unnecessary prolongation of scan durations due to respiratory drift or navigator acceptance window adjustments are avoided. As CLAWS requires no setting of the acceptance window, nor monitoring of the navigator traces during the scan, operator dependence is minimized and ease of use improved. CLAWS was compared against a standard accept/reject algorithm (ARA) and an end‐expiratory following ARA (EE‐ARA) in 20 healthy subjects and 10 patients (ARA only). The respiratory efficiency was compared against the retrospectively determined best possible respiratory efficiency for each acquisition. On average, the difference between CLAWS scan times and best possible scan times was 0.6% (±1.3%). For the ARA and EE‐ARA techniques, mean differences were 14.4% (±20.9%) and 32.6 ± 10.9%, respectively. Had the CLAWS algorithm been used with the ARA and EE‐ARA traces, mean differences would have been 0.2% (±1.1%) and 0.5% (±1.7%), respectively. Image quality was the same for all techniques: respiratory gating, motion artifacts, navigator, and coronary artery imaging. Magn Reson Med, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
International variations in bronchial responsiveness in children: Findings from ISAAC phase two
Authors: Büchele Gisela , Genuneit Jon , Weinmayr Gudrun , Björkstén Bengt , Gehring Ulrike , von Mutius Erika , Priftanji Alfred , Stein Renato T. , Addo‐Yobo Emmanuel O. , Priftis Kostas N. , Shah Jayant R. , Forastiere Francesco , Svabe Vija , Crane Julian , Nystad Wenche , García‐Marcos Luis , Saraçlar Yıldız , El‐Sharif Nuha , Strachan David P. ,   the ISAAC Phase Two Study Group
Published: July 2010

AbstractRationaleBronchial responsiveness is an objectively measurable trait related to asthma. Its prevalence and association with asthma symptoms among children in many countries are unknown.ObjectivesTo investigate international variations in bronchial responsiveness (BR) and their associations with asthma symptoms and atopic sensitization.MethodsBronchial challenge tests were conducted in 6,826 schoolchildren (aged 8–12 years) in 16 countries using hypertonic (4.5%) saline. FEV1 was measured at baseline and after inhalation for 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 min. BR was analyzed both as a dichotomous (bronchial hyperreactivity, BHR, at least 15% decline in FEV1) and as a continuous variable (time–response slope, BR slope, individual decline in FEV1 per log(min)).ResultsPrevalence of wheeze last year ranged from 4.4% in Tirana (Albania) to 21.9% in Hawkes Bay (New Zealand) and of BHR from 2.1% in Tirana to 48% in Mumbai (India). The geometric mean BR slope varied between 3.4%/log(min) in Tirana and 12.8%/log(min) in Mumbai and Rome (Italy). At the individual level, BHR was positively associated with wheeze during the past 12 months both in affluent countries (OR = 3.6; 95% CI: 2.7–5.0) and non‐affluent countries (OR = 3.0; 1.6–5.5). This association was more pronounced in atopic children. There was a correlation (ρ = 0.64, P = 0.002) between center‐specific mean BR slope and wheeze prevalence in atopic, but not in non‐atopic children.ConclusionsBR to saline in children varied considerably between countries. High rates of BR were not confined to affluent countries nor to centers with high prevalences of asthma symptoms. The association between wheeze and BHR at the individual level differed across centers and this heterogeneity can be largely explained by effect modification by atopy. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2010; 45:796–806. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The nile foold and world weather
Authors: Bliss E. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCorrelation coefficients are given with pressure, temperature, rain, ice and wind, and it is shown (a) that the Nile flood takes part in the southern oscillation as a member of the first group, (b) that equatorial temperatures are in inverse relation to the Nile flood, and (c) that the winter North Atlantic circulation varies inversely with the preceding Nile flood. St. Helena pressure has no contemporary relationship with the Nile flood. A formula is derived for prediction on June 1 with a joint coefficient of 0.72.
Diffusion over distances ranging from 3 km. to 86 km
Authors: Richardson L. F. , Proctor Denis 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis Memoir describes the way in which air is scattered and mixed by the eddies in the wind. In order that the wandering of a piece of air may be observed, the air must have some mark carried with it. Small free balloons have served for this purpose; so has volcano ash. The statistics of the observed scatter may be of interest in connection with factory smoke and town planning. The rate of diffusion has been observed by various authors for air‐masses ranging in size from a few metres to 1,000 kilometres, an comparison of their results shows that Fick's law does not describe atmospheric diffusion.This research was financially supported by the Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society. The balloon records were obtianed from Major J. M. MacLulich, of Brighton, and from the Leagure of Nations Union.
The variance of upper wind and the accumulation of mass
Authors: Richardson Lewis F. , Proctor Denis , Smith Robert Clifford 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe variance—that is to say “the mean, for many observations, of the square of the deviation” of the vertical velocity from zero—is about 1/4 metre2 second−2.The difference between a real horizontal wind and the value obtained for it by observing a balloon through a single theodolite has a variance from its mean of about 1 or 2 metres2 second−2 This variance increases with the speed of the mean‐wind.The difference between the W‐E wind component at two times at the same place had a variance from its mean which changed with the time‐interval in the remarkable manner shown in Fig. 3. The asymptotic value for indefinitely long time‐intervals is 88 metres2 second−2. The curve starting at no variance for zero time‐interval rises irregularly with a peak at 6 hours, it cuts the asymptote at about 1 or two days, attains a maximum at 11 days, and cuts the asymptote again at 19 days. This relates to the summer of 1918, June 6 to September 28; and the features of the curve might well be different for a different season.The difference between the winds at the same time and height at two places on the map has a variance from its mean which has been deduced from Durward's statistics, and also independently for some short distances. The results are shown in Fig. 4. Between 10 and 100 kilometres Durward's results show that (variance of difference of component velocity) = k × (distance of stations apart), where k = 5·4×10−3 cm. sec.−2 for the component parallel to the resultant at one member of the pair, and k = 3·6×10−3 cm. sec.−2 for the component at right angles.Improving the simultaneity of the observations at paired places, by reducing the time‐error from 30 minutes to 5 minutes, quite often strangely increases the variance of the difference of wind‐components.If there be a square of side l on the map such that 10 km. < l < 100 km., and the wind is accurately known at all points of three sides but only at the centre of the remaining side, then we are uncertain of the fractional rate of change of area of the air which fills the square at one initial instant, the uncertainty being expressed by a “standard deviation” of per second, where k is the constant mentioned above.Thus, in the stated range, large squares give better results than small ones. This behaviour of the wind is contrasted with the behaviour of most of the functions commonly discussed in books on finite differences. When the method of finite differences is to be applied to the dynamics of wind, a necessary preliminary will be to smooth the observational data1.
Some aspects of surfaces of discontinuity
Authors: Douglas C. K. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe following are the chief points contained in the various sections of the paper:‐(1) Some factors tending to produce sharp fronts at the earth's surface are discussed.(2) Examples of soundings of upper air temperature through rainy fronts are given. It is found that the surface of discontinuity is normally smoothed through a layer about a kilometre thick, inversions being rare, especially in deep depressions. A considerable thickness of nimbus cloud is often formed below the discontinuity, probably owing to turbulence in air made damp by rain. It is thought that some rain belts, with associated fronts resembling “occlusions,” are developed in polar air and are not strictly “occlusions” at all.(3) Further evidence is given showing that warm sectors are not surface phenomena, but are of fundamental importance in determining the upper air conditions over depressions. It is argued that the fall of pressure in the warm sector in a deepening depression must be due to the spreading over of air from higher latitudes in the upper part of the troposphere and in the stratosphere. The corresponding feature of a developing anticyclone is a spreading over of tropical air at high levels.(4) Subsidence is discussed in a rough quantitative manner. In a developing anticyclone the downward movement is probably of the order of a kilometre per day at the 3‐kilometre level. The development of inversions with dry air above them (comprising a very large percentage of all inversions in the troposphere above 500 metres), is considered to be due to subsidence combined with turbulence up to a definite limit. Emphasis is laid on the importance of both cloud particles and precipitation in preventing dynamical warming at a fixed level by subsidence.(5) A list of 16 striking wind discontinuities observed by pilot balloons in the British Isles in the last nine years is given, with some remarks on their relation with fronts and surfaces of subsidence.(6) Turbulence at sloping surfaces of discontinuity is discussed on the basis of a criterion due to L. F. Richardson.(7) The over‐running of warm air by cold air is referred to, and it is thought that except near the ground this takes the form of continuous rather than of discontinuous motion. It is shown that a vertical front of any appreciable magnitude must be very much smoothed out.An appendix is added dealing with the combination of rotary and translatory motions.The general line of argument is that the more important pressure changes are due mainly to large‐scale horizontal movements at high levels, considered in conjunction with movements at lower levels. When depressions grow deeper the resulting convergence in the lower levels influences the subsequent behaviour of already existing fronts and in certain cases forms new fronts. When anticyclones develop, the subsidence causes inversions to form which are entirely different from frontal surfaces, and in addition the divergence may sharpen up fronts at the boundaries of the anticyclones.
on the relation between temperature and pressure in the troposphere
Authors: Douglas C. K. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is shown that the high correlation coefficients between pressure‐and temperature high up in the troposphere are closely related to the constancy of the lapse‐rate of temperature. The correlations between the mean temperature of the column up to 9 km. and the temperatures at 3 and 6 km. are very high. Some factors tending to produce a constant lapse‐rate are discussed. It is previously shown that the observed pressure‐temperature correlations do not necessarily imply a “solid current” or “barotropic” motion, but are consistent with very large changes of wind with height, both in direction and velocity, provided that these are spread through most of the troposphere and are not concentrated at a surface of discontinuity.Groups of extreme cases show that when the barometer at sea level is very low or very high the troposphere contributes about half the deviation from the mean. Both cyclones and anticyclones can be grouped into systems largely confined to the troposphere, and systems extending to the stratosphere. The argument in favour of an advectional theory is developed. It is shown that the mean pressure at 8 km. over deep cyclones is no lower than over well marked polar currents.