bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial DNA variability and geographic origin of the sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina(Diptera: Calliphoridae), in New Zealand
Authors: Gleeson D. M. , Sarre S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractVariation in the sheep blowfly,Lucilia cuprina(Weidemann), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was assessed using restriction endonucleases. Ten individuals from 13 localities throughout New Zealand and Australia were examined using 18 restriction endonucleases. Only two localities exhibited polymorphism, suggesting historical events have contributed to this low level of mitochondrial variability inL. cuprinafrom these regions. A 472 base pair region of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI) was sequenced from six Australasian regions and samples from South Africa and Malaysia. Phylogenetic analyses using both parsimony and neighbor-joining methods indicates possible multiple introductions ofL. cuprinain New Zealand.
Convergence of molecular and morphological data reveals phylogenetic information on Tetranychus species and allows the restoration of the genus Amphitetranychus (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Navajas M. , Gutierrez J. , Gotoh T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNucleotide sequence variation and morphological characters were used to study the evolutionary relationships among nine tetranychid mites species. A phylogenetic study of this family based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences had previously placed the species Tetranychus viennensis Zacher outside the other species analysed in the genus. Phylogenetic relations within the genus were re-examined with the addition of the species Tetranychus quercivorus Ehara & Gotoh, which is morphologically close to T. viennensis. Another region of the genome, the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) of ribosomal DNA, was also studied and proved to be of considerable interest at this taxonomic level. Both COI and ITS2 sequences indicated a close relationship between T. viennensis and T. quercivorus, which are grouped together and distinct from the other Tetranychus examined. The two species display morphological characteristics such as the absence of a medio-dorsal spur on all empodia of the legs of both sexes and the presence of anastomosing peritremes. This distinguishes them from the other members of the genus Tetranychus. The convergence of molecular and morphological data suggests that T. viennensis and T. quercivorus should not be classified in the genus Tetranychus. It is proposed that the genus Amphitetranychus Oudemans should be restored for classification of these species. Finally, a key to the Tetranychini tribe genera with one pair of para-anal setae is presented.
Pyrethroid resistance of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad M. , Arif M. I. , Attique M. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe status of pyrethroid resistance in some field populations of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) from Pakistan was determined using an IRAC leaf-dip method. Resistance factors varied between populations, and the general trend was for a moderate to high resistance to cypermethrin and cyfluthrin; a low to moderate resistance to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin; and a comparatively low resistance to bifenthrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and zeta-cypermethrin. Depending on which physiological mechanisms are shown to be present in Pakistani field strains, the latter group of pyrethroids may serve as useful tools in the management of insecticide resistance.
Diversity of moths in forest plantations and natural forests in Sabah
Authors: Chey V. K. , Holloway J. D. , Speight M. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe diversity of macromoths in the various fast-growing exotic tree plantations and natural secondary forest in Brumas, Sabah, Malaysia was assessed by means of an annual cycle of light-trap samples. The moth diversity in the forest plantations, viz. Acacia mangium, Gmelina arborea, Paraserianthes (=Albizia) falcataria, Pinus caribaea, and in particular Eucalyptus deglupta, was unexpectedly high. Eucalyptus deglupta showed moth diversity as high as that in the natural secondary forest, a finding attributed to the fact that the E. deglupta plantation had a very diverse understorey both in terms of plant species (secondary regrowth species) and architecture, and thus supported a more diverse moth fauna. Subsidiary samples showed that primary natural forest in the neighbouring Danum Valley does not show higher moth diversity compared to the disturbed forest habitats in Brumas, though moth diversity at Danum is lower than that recorded in other Bornean primary forests. The value of plantation forests for conservation of invertebrate diversity is discussed, together with the implications for plantation management strategy.
A list of Uganda Coccidae, their food-plants and natural enemies
Authors: Gowdey C. C. 
Published: July 2009

In the following list the species marked with an asterisk were described as new from the material collected by the author.Subfamily Monophlebinae.1. Monophlebus raddoni, Westw. Food-plant unknown.2. Icerya caudatum, Newst. On crotons.3. Icerya nigroareolata, Newst. On coffee and crotons.4. Icerya seychellarum, Westw. On Monodora myristica, Eranthemum bicolor and mango.5. Icerya sulphurea, Lind. On Castilloa rubber and guava.
Bionomics of Tsetse and other parasitological notes in the Gold Coast
Authors: Simpson James J. 
Published: July 2009

The following report is based on a tour which extended from September 1915 to February 1917, but included in it are also some observations made during a few months residence in 1914.The area comprised lies partly in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, and partly in Togoland (see Map, Bull. Ent. Res., V, p. 32). It extends from 8° N. to 9° 45' N. and from 0° 15' E. to 2° 30' W. My headquarters were at Yapi on the River Volta about 28 miles south-west of Tamale, the capital of the Northern Territories. I have already described in a previous report the nature of the country and the type of vegetation, so need not repeat them here. I examined the whole of the Volta from Yapi to Yeji by canoe, and then followed a sinuous route on my return journey, keeping as close to the River as possible. The country between Yapi and Daboya, a large town with an important ferry on the Volta, was traversed on several occasions. From Daboya I went to Bole and made my temporary headquarters at Larabanga, the centre of the game and Glossina submorsitans area. Here I spent several weeks under canvas in three separate localities in the bush. On my homeward journey I visited Yendi, formerly an important German post in Togoland, thence going to Salaga and Kete-Krachi, where I crossed the Volta and proceeded to join the main north road at Atabubu (Tabobo).
Some New Species of Tachinidae from India
Authors: Tothill John D. 
Published: July 2009

A collection of Indian Tachinid flies was received some time ago through the kindness of Dr. A. D. Imms. An examination has shown that most of the specimens are new, and these are described forthwith. In the use of genera a conservative course has been adopted, and the new species have been placed for the time being at least in genera already in use.The type specimens have been deposited for the present in the National Collection of Insects maintained by the Entomological Branch of the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa.
Mosquito Notes.—XII
Authors: Edwards F. W. 
Published: July 2009

Uranotaenia painei, sp. n.♂♀.—Head clothed with blackish scales, many erect and forked. Proboscis dark, slightly shorter than abdomen but not thickened. Thorax rather dark ochreous-brown, uniform in tint, except that the postnotum is darker, without ornamentation of any kind; bristles and scales dark. No flat scales above wing-root, and no scales at all on front margin of mesonotum or on posterior pronotal lobes; a patch of small flat scales on upper part of sternopleura which are difficult to detect as they are of the same colour as the integument. Abdomen entirely dark brown both above and below. Legs uniformly dark brown, devoid of special features in ♂; first tarsal segment of fore and mid legs about as long as tibia, that of hind legs slightly longer than tibia. Wings dark, venation and scaling normal; length 2·5 mm.
Moisture as the Factor affecting Wing Development in the Citrus Aphis, Toxoptera aurantii, Boy
Authors: Rivnay E. 
Published: July 2009

1. Temperature does not affect wing development in Aphids.2. A great percentage of Aphids developed wings when they were crowded, or when they were forced to feed on stale or wilted food. This was due to the small amount of food and particularly of water which each individual Aphid obtained.3. A reduced percentage of water in the food of Aphids, as well as a low atmospheric humidity, are primary factors causing wing development.4. All the factors such as light, temperature, crowding, humidity, precipitation, growth of plant, etc., exert, directly or indirectly, an influence on the water balance in the body of the Aphid, which in turn causes wing development.
The Senses of Smell and Sight in Glossina swynnertoni
Authors: Napier Bax S. 
Published: July 2009

1. Male G. swynnertoni were placed in a cage in the middle of a grass enclosure (to curtail their sight) and their powers of smell tested by recording their reactions when a span of six oxen (with two men) passed to windward outside the enclosure. Reactions were obtained at the ranges of 110 and 180 ft. but failed at 300 ft.Female G. swynnertoni reacted at 110 ft. but were not tested at greater ranges.2. Men in groups of two and eight were substituted for the oxen, and human scent was found to be attractive, but in spite of this there was evidence that the oxen and not the men with them were the main attraction in the scent experiments with the oxen.3. The scents of kamba (onion-scented bark rope), hessian and manure were tested at 110 ft. and were not attractive. There was evidence, however, that the exhaust of a lorry at 300 ft. was attractive.4. The tsetses did not react to shouting, the trampling of oxen or the noise of a lorry.5. These results are discussed and the experimental conditions compared with the conditions in the natural environment.6. Wind of a strength from 1½ to 5½ m.p.h. outside the cage (i.e., from about ¾ to 2½ within it) successfully bore the scent of the oxen at a range of 110 ft. to the tsetses. Lower and higher velocities were not tested.7. The powers of sight of male G. swynnertoni were tested by passing the span of oxen to leeward of the enclosure, from the circumference of which an arc had been cut. The direction of the wind ensured that the tsetses could receive no scent. A maximum tonal contrast was obtained (to human eyes) by using black oxen against a light background and carrying out the experiments in bright sunshine. Positive results were obtained up to and including a range of 450 ft., but at 600 ft. there was no reaction.Female G. swynnertoni reacted at 110 ft. but were not tested at greater ranges.8. There was evidence that as the tonal contrast between the oxen and their background became less (through a weak sun or the background in semi-shadow) so the distance at which the tsetses could see diminished. This was supported by an experiment at 110 ft. in which the effect of a dark-blue background was greatly to reduce the reactions.9. A small dark screen at 110 ft. gave as good reactions as the span of oxen.10. The results of the sight experiments are discussed and the experimental conditions compared with those in the natural environment.
Similarity in oviposition aggregation pheromone composition within the Simulium damnosum (Diptera: Simuliidae) species complex
Authors: McCall P. J. , Wilson M. D. , Dueben B. D. , de Clare Bronsvoort B. M. , Heath R. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe oviposition aggregation pheromone of six species or forms of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) from different sites in West Africa, was investigated by gas chromatographic analysis of hexane extracts of the ovaries from wild-caught flies, bloodfed and maintained until gravid in the laboratory. The two compounds previously shown to be released from fresh eggs and associated with mediation of oviposition aggregation were found in S. leonense Boakye, Post & Mosha (Sierra Leone), S. yahense Vajime & Dunbar (Ghana), S. sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar (Ghana), S. sqnamosum; Enderlein (Cameroon), S. sirbanum Vajime & Dunbar (Ghana) and the Bioko form (island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea). Coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the S. leonense, S. sanctipauli and the Bioko form extracts showed the two compounds to be identical in all three. Volatile emissions from freshly laid eggs of S. sanctipauli were similar to those previously described from S. leonense, and identical in chemical composition to gravid ovaries. No new compounds were detected in any ovary extracts or volatile emissions examined, demonstrating that the composition of the aggregation pheromone is similar throughout the S. damnosum species complex. Analysis of S. leonense adults of different age groups and physiological states showed that the compounds are detectable only in gravid ovaries at 2 or more days following the bloodmeal, suggesting that production of the pheromone occurs during egg development. Demonstration of an oviposition aggregation pheromone common throughout the species complex raises the possibility of developing an odour-baited trapping system for blackflies, which could be employed across the large area of Africa where they are the vectors of onchocerciasis.
Blood feeding patterns ofAnopheles freeborniandCulex tarsalis(Diptera: Culicidae): effects of habitat and host abundance
Authors: Wekesa J. W. , Yuval B. , Washino R. K. , de Vasquez A. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe blood feeding patterns ofAnopheles freeborniAitken andCulex tarsalisCoquillett were studied, and the effects of host availability on these patterns were assessed in four different habitats within a northern California rice agroecosystem. Resting mosquitoes were collected from June to September of 1991 and 1992. The source of mosquito blood meals was identified with the modified precipitin test.Anopheles freeborniexhibited a ‘specialized’ (fixed) blood feeding pattern, predominantly (99% of the time) feeding on mammalian hosts; leporids and bovids were the major hosts, while equines, suids, and other mammals were minor hosts.Culex tarsalisexhibited a more ‘generalized’ (catholic) blood feeding pattern, taking blood meals from both birds and mammals at a ratio of 3:1 with Passeriformes being the most fed upon host group. Human blood indices were under 3% for both mosquito species, and multiple blood meals were estimated at less than 2%. The host feeding patterns for both mosquito species differed among the four (riparian, rice, pasture and mixed) habitats. The host feeding pattern forC. tarsalisreflected the distribution of both mammalian and avian hosts available. On the contrary, the host feeding patterns forA. freebornireflected the distribution of mammalian but not the available avian hosts. Overall, host availability may be an important determinant of population size of some mosquito taxa (e.g.A. freeborni) than others (e.g.C. tarsalis) in rice culture agroecosystems.
An Eriophyid Mite injurious to Tomato
Authors: Massee A. M. 
Published: July 2009

Phyllocoptes lycopersici, Massee, sp. n.Tryon, Rept. Queensland Agric. Dept. 1916–17, pp. 49–63. (No description.)Body spindle-shaped, stout, tapering sharply towards anal end. Thoracic shield triangular, sides sinuate, apex produced and rounded, not completely covering rostrum. Centre of shield smooth, sides ornamented with two longitudinal furrows at end near lateral margins. Shield 44 μ long.
Notes on the Development of Red Locust Hoppers (Nomadacris septemfasciata, Serv.) under Natural Climatic Conditions
Authors: Smee C. 
Published: July 2009

A pronounced variation in the time taken by hopper bands of Nomadacris septemfasciata, Serv., to become adult swarms in different localities in the Nyasaland Protectorate during the four breeding seasons from 1932 to 1936, led to an investigation and comparison of certain climatic factors occurring during the critical months of hopper development at a number of stations where such variation had been particularly noticeable.It was found that temperature and percentage relative humidity appeared to have considerable influence on the rate of development of the hopper bands, and that the quiescent nature of the bands in certain areas in some years, together with the unexpectedly small adult swarms that matured from these bands, seemed to be correlated with these same factors. It was noticeable that conditions during the first season, when development was generally normal, were somewhat hotter and drier throughout the country than in the later years and that, in most places, a marked increase in humidity usually accompanied by a decline in temperature was recorded each year up to 1936. In certain areas where hopper development occurred each year without much variation in length of time or intensity, such as the lower Shire River Valley, temperatures and humidity were found to have fluctuated only slightly from year to year.
New injurious Curculionidae (Col.)
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K. 
Published: July 2009

Blosyrus ipomoeae, sp. n. (Plate XII, fig. 1).♂. Derm black, with dense brown scaling; prothorax with an indefinite paler patch in a line with interval 3 of the elytra and extending from the base to the middle; elytra with variable black patches on intervals 3 and 5 and the usual ill-defined oblique paler band from the middle of interval 3 to the shoulder.
The Varieties of Anopheles maculipennis in a Region of Greek Macedonia
Authors: Rice J. B. , Barber M. A. 
Published: July 2009

In summing up the results of our study of the local varieties of maculipennis in a region of Macedonia, we have tried to deal with the region as a thing by itself, without allowing ourselves to be influenced by what we might know regarding the varieties of maculipennis found elsewhere.We found a maculipennis nearly uniform throughout the whole region as regards habits and morphology, and not varying greatly except with respect to one character, the sculpturing of the eggs. On the basis of this character, we may make two groups, provisionally called typicus and messeae, but we must use statistical methods to establish these two groups, for we find much variability in them. The amount of variability is not uniform over the whole region; in some localities the egg-type is nearly all typicus, in others messeae greatly predominates. Our problem has been to test the validity of this characteristic, especially with regard to its persistence from parent to offspring and its constancy in varying environments.
Aerial baiting to control leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae, Attini) in Trinidad. I. The bait, its production, and the effects of weathering on attractiveness and persistence of toxicants
Authors: Lewis T. , Phillips F. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA technique is described for the preparation of large quantities (up to 1100 kg) of plain and waterproofed leaf-cutting ant bait from dried citrus meal, soyabean oil and aldrin. Small amounts (500 g) were weathered in sun and shade during wet and dry periods in Trinidad and the acceptability of the bait to ants {Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) and Atta cephalotes (L.)) and the persistence of toxicants in it were assessed in laboratory tests. Methyltrichlorosilane was the most effective of three waterproofing agents tested. In the wet season, waterproofed bait remained acceptable to ants for at least 30 days whereas plain bait deteriorated in less than four days; in the dry season waterproofed bait was only marginally more attractive. In the wet season, Acromyrmex strongly preferred weathered waterproofed bait to fresh leaves, whereas Atta slightly preferred leaves to bait. In the dry season, Acromyrmex showed little preference between bait and leaves, whereas Atta strongly preferred bait. Over the period that the bait remained attractive to the ants it retained between one-third and two-thirds of the original aldrin in the form of aldrin and dieldrin.
Aerial baiting to control leaf-cutting ants (Formicidae, Attini) in Trinidad. II. Field application, nest mortality and the effect on other animals
Authors: Lewis T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAircraft were used to apply a bait containing aldrin, soyabean oil and citrus meal against leaf-cutting ants (Acromyrmex octospinosus (Reich) and Atta cephalotes (L.)) in Trinidad. The distribution patterns of bait applied by different aircraft were measured. Plain bait applied at 2.2 kg/ha to an uncultivated island in the dry season destroyed 91% of nests of Acromyrmex, and waterproofed bait applied in the wet season to cultivated land on the mainland destroyed 85%. Small nests of Atta were also destroyed by this treatment but large nests in forest required much heavier dosages applied to the nest itself. Lizards and crabs living in the baited areas were contaminated with aldrin but there was no evidence to show that they were harmed.
The influence of accumulated rainfall and its pattern on mosquito (Diptera) populations in Brazil
Authors: de Kruijf H. A. M. , Woodall J. P. , Tang A. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWeekly catches of five species of mosquitoes over nearly two years at Belém, Brazil, were plotted against accumulated rainfall during the four weeks before catching. Rain-pool-breeding species (Aedes serratus (Theo.), A. scapularis (Rond.), Psorophora ferox (Humb.)) show a marked peak in catch size (population density) at 100–180 mm accumulated rainfall; one swamp-breeding species (Culex portesi Senevet & Abonnenc) shows no relation to rainfall while another (C. taeniopus D. & K.) reaches a plateau at 180 mm. A more detailed analysis of catches in relation to rainfall distribution showed that maximal populations of A. serratus appear 16 days after 39.7–87.9 mm of rainfall has accumulated over 14 consecutive days, which should include 3–7 dry days; P. ferox requires 55.2–99.4 mm rainfall in the same period; and A. scapularis requires 26.5–114.9 mm rainfall, with a marked alternation of wet and dry days.
Combined autogenous and anautogenous ovarian development in individual Culex tarsalis Coq. (Dipt., Culicidae)
Authors: Bellamy R. E. , Corbet Philip S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ability to mature eggs without feeding on blood (autogeny), occurring in most populations of Culex tarsalis Coq., approaches an incidence of 50% in the Bakersfield, California strain. Females that were not allowed to lay eggs matured autogenously would occasionally feed on blood but much less readily than anautogenous females. When such females did feed on blood, additional eggs started maturing in other follicles. This produced a heterogeneous assemblage of eggs, some matured autogenously in primary follicles interleaved with others in secondary follicles (on other ovarioles) that matured following the blood-meal. During or soon after autogenous maturation of eggs in some primary follicles, the contemporary primary follicles were resorbed, forming ovariolar dilatations, a condition commonly interpreted as signifying a parous condition.