bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enamel defects in permanent incisors after trauma to primary predecessors: inter‐observer agreement based on photographs
Authors: Skaare Anne B. , Maseng Aas Anne‐Lise , Wang Nina J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTrauma to primary teeth may cause mineralization disturbances in the permanent successors.ObjectiveTo study the distribution and type of enamel defects in permanent incisors after trauma to primary teeth and to examine inter‐observer agreement when registrations were based on photographs.Material and methodsOf 266 children who suffered an oral injury to primary teeth in one county of Norway in 2003, 193 were included in a follow‐up study to record enamel defects in the permanent successors 7 years later (age, 8–15 years). Clinical examination and intraoral photographs were undertaken by the principal investigator. The photographs were evaluated twice for enamel defects by three paediatric dentists. Evaluation 1: age at the time of injury, traumatized teeth and diagnoses were kept unknown to the examiners. Evaluation 2: age and trauma diagnoses were known to the examiners. Inter‐observer agreement was calculated using Cohen's kappa and chi‐square test.ResultsOf 338 successor teeth, 42% exhibited enamel defects. In neighbouring teeth (339) with non‐injured predecessors, 30% were registered with defects. The most common enamel disturbance in successors was demarcated opacities, recorded in 18% of the teeth. Enamel defects owing to a previous trauma were registered in 37% of the children in Evaluation 1, kappa 0.88–0.93 and in 21% in Evaluation 2, kappa 0.63–0.84. The examiners disagreed on a higher proportion of the children when all information on the injury was available (P < 0.001).ConclusionDemarcated enamel opacities were the most common defects in permanent successors. Although the inter‐examiner agreement was good, the results indicated that recordings of enamel disturbances following trauma is associated with uncertainty.
ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT SELECTION SHOULD BE GUIDED BY VALIDITY ANALYSIS NOT PROFESSIONAL PLEBISCITE: RESPONSE TO A FLAWED SURVEY
Authors: Martindale David A. , Tippins Timothy M. , Ben‐Porath Yossef S. , Wittmann Jeffrey P. , Austin William G. 
Published: June 2012

In July, 2011, the Family Court Review published an article by Ackerman and Pritzl that purported to provide new data reflecting the current practices of custody evaluators. Regrettably, as a result of flawed methodology and a deficient legal analysis, the data reported, the interpretations offered, and the conclusions provided can only mislead courts, attorneys, and custody evaluators as to the present state of custody evaluation practices. This response will detail the flaws in the Ackerman and Pritzl article and explain why their conclusions should not be accepted either within the custody evaluation community or within the legal system.Key Points for the Family Court Community:
Assessment procedures and instruments used by psychologists in family law matters must be selected based upon their demonstrated reliability and validity.
As it pertains to assessment procedures and instruments, survey data that reflect frequency of use are a distraction, since the selection by test users of several of the often‐used instruments is attributable to impressive marketing, not to psychometric attributes.
De‐Oiling and Pretreatment for High‐Quality Potato Chips
Authors: Kim Taehoon , Moreira Rosana G. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA de‐oiling step using a centrifuge ensures oil content reduction and improves the quality of fried snacks. A commercial deep‐fat fryer was used to fry potato slices, untreated, blanched in hot water (85C/3.5 min) and rinsed in 3% NaCl solution (25C/5 min). A de‐oiling step (350 ± 1 and 457 ± 1 rpm) for 1 min was performed after the frying (145, 165 and 185C) and cooling (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 120 s) steps. Higher frying temperature, high‐centrifuge speed and short cooling time yielded potato chips with low oil uptake. In general, the blanching and soaking pretreatments decreased oil absorption compared with the untreated chips. Neither the frying temperature nor the pretreatments had a significant effect (P > 0.05) over the final texture of the potato chips. However, de‐oiling led to increased hardness of the chips fried at 145 and 165C for 0 s cooling time, and the hardness decreased as cooling time increased. Potato chips had lower lightness and redness color value when fried at 145C, and higher values when fried at 185C; yellowness (b* values) increased with increasing temperature. In general, pretreated samples were lighter (paler) than the untreated controls. A consumer test indicated that blanching and de‐oiling without cooling enhanced the texture and overall quality of the chip; soaking and de‐oiling improved the color, flavor and the overall quality; and the two pretreatments did not significantly influence the odor of the chip.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFried snacks are a popular item in the American diet. These results are useful for an effective process design for high‐quality potato chips.
Limits to Climate Change Adaptation: Case Study of the Australian Alps
Authors: MORRISON CLARE , PICKERING CATHERINE 
Published: June 2012

AbstractClimate change is occurring and not being mitigated, motivating adaptation but adaptation strategies can have biophysical, economic, technological, and social limits. We review publicly available documents to assess how successful current and proposed adaptation strategies may be for the Australian Alps, including likely limits and potential collaborations and conflicts among stakeholders. Conservation managers, the tourism industry, and local communities have implemented or are proposing a range of adaptation strategies in the region. Some stakeholder strategies complement each other (e.g. invasive species control, fire management), while others are potential sources of conflict (water and electricity for snowmaking, year‐round tourism). Economic costs and biophysical constraints are the most important limits to these adaptation strategies. These types of limits and conflicts between different stakeholders on adaptation strategies are likely to occur in other regions and demonstrate that adaptation may only provide partial and short term solutions to the challenges of climate change.
Towards a Culturally Sustainable Environmental Impact Assessment: The Protection of Ainu Cultural Heritage in the Saru River Cultural Impact Assessment, Japan
Authors: NAKAMURA NAOHIRO 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCulturally sustainable environmental impact assessment (EIA) requires consideration of the impact of development on local people's cultural activities, including holding ceremonies, collecting resources, and learning skills, which are fundamental essences of Indigenous rights. While culturally sustainable EIA has become a common practice when a development project involves an Indigenous community, it is still argued that Indigenous cultural heritage is not adequately protected. This is due to the fact that Indigenous people do not always keep power in the post‐approval stage of EIA, or the lack of practical measures to minimise the impact of development projects on Indigenous cultural heritage and to enhance the possibility of reaching a consensus among stakeholders. The Cultural Impact Assessment of the Saru River Region in Japan was the first investigation of a site to preserve an ethnic minority culture, with regard to a dam construction. In the second phase of the assessment project, research staff members, some of whom are of Ainu ethnicity, suggested alternative ceremony sites and conducted experimental transplants to protect the local cultural activities. The long‐term investigation by research staff, in fact, influenced the direction of the dam construction. The developer agreed not to proceed with the construction until measures were taken to minimise the impact on cultural activities that would satisfy residents in the construction area. While still early to conclude that Indigenous participation in this assessment project has been successful, Indigenous participation has clearly enhanced the possibility of reaching a consensus. The project should be considered with other published EIA reports, in demonstrating a return from investing in EIA with Indigenous participation, with a practical means for realising Indigenous rights.
The use of drama to support reflection and understanding of the residents’ situation in dementia care: a pilot study
Authors: Bolmsjö Ingrid , Edberg Anna‐Karin , Andersson Petra Lilja 
Published: June 2012

Background.  One key aspect of person‐centredness is striving to understand both the patients’ experiences and behaviours from their perspective. These aspects are precisely those that staff in dementia care highlight as causing them most difficulty because the people in their care have major problems expressing themselves. There is thus a need to develop a method to help the staff to achieve interpretation through reflection.Aim.  The aim of this study was to explore the use of drama as a tool to support reflection among staff working in the residential care of people with dementia.Design.  A qualitative evaluation of a programme consisting of three drama sessions with staff working in residential care (n = 10 nurse assistants).Methods.  Data comprised observations and tape recordings of the sessions, the researchers’ reflections after each session and a focus‐group interview with the participants. The texts were analysed using qualitative content analysis.Results.  The analysis showed that: (i) the exercises stimulate reflection about daily caring practice; (ii) the participants must receive extensive information about the purpose of the sessions; (iii) the research team must secure the defined frames and conditions and have practical knowledge about caring for people with dementia and (iv) the management needs to be stable, committed and supportive.Conclusion.  Drama seems to be a valid tool to aid reflection, but several adjustments are needed concerning both the content of the sessions and the methodology. When designing a larger intervention study, it would be preferable to the sessions to be combined with staff support to effect changes in care provision resulting from their increased awareness of the residents’ situation and experience.Implications for practice.  Our results showed that drama can be a means to enhance reflection among staff in residential care for people with dementia. Further research is however needed concerning the effects for the staff's situation and nursing care quality.
Walking on the edge: meanings of living in an ageing body and using a walker in everyday life – a phenomenological hermeneutic study
Authors: Brännström Helene , Bäckman Margit , Santamäki Fischer Regina 
Published: June 2012

brännström h., bäckman m. & santamäki fischer r. (2013) Walking on the edge: meanings of living in an ageing body and using a walker in everyday life – a phenomenological hermeneutic study. International Journal of Older People Nursing 8, 116–122  doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2012.00334.xBackground.  In order to maintain one’s state of health whilst growing older, the ability to walk is essential.Aim and objective.  The aim of this study was to illuminate the meanings of the lived experience of living in an ageing body and using a walker in daily life.Methods.  Narrative interviews were performed with seven older persons aged 79–95 years. The transcribed text was analysed using a phenomenological hermeneutic method.Results.  The key finding of the study was that the lived experience of living in an ageing body and using a walker in daily life was interpreted as ‘walking on the edge’ based on the themes ‘Being vulnerable and dependent’ and ‘Being confident and independent’.Conclusions.  The results highlight the importance of reflecting on this phenomenon as a health care professional while meeting the care needs of older persons who use walkers.Implications for practice.  Nurses need to consider the walker as a personal and valued possession of the individual and handle the walker in agreement with the older person, placing the walker close at hand with the brakes locked to give secure support.
Interactive 3D computer model of the human corneolimbal region: crypts, projections and stem cells
Authors: Molvær Rikke K. , Andreasen Arne , Heegaard Steffen , Thomsen Jesper S. , Hjortdal Jesper , Urbak Steen F. , Nielsen Kim 
Published: June 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  This study aims to clarify the existence of and to map the localization of different proposed stem cell niches in the corneal limbal region.Materials and methods:  One human eye was cut into 2200 consecutive sections. Every other section was stained with haematoxylin and eosin, digitized at low and high magnification, aligned, 3D reconstructed and visualized using interactive 3D visualization software. The visualization software has interactive tools that make free rotations in all directions possible and makes it possible to create virtual sections independent of the original cutting plan. In all, one low‐magnification and 24 high‐magnification interactive 3D models were created. Immunohistochemistry against stem cell markers p63 and ΔNp63α was performed as a supplement to the 3D models.Results:  Using the interactive 3D models, we identified three types of stem cell niches in the limbal region: limbal epithelial crypts (LECs), limbal crypts (LCs) and focal stromal projections (FSPs). In all, eight LECs, 25 LCs and 105 FSPs were identified in the limbal region. The LECs, LCs and FSPs were predominantly located in the superior limbal region with seven LECs, 19 LCs and 93 FSPs in the superior limbal region and one LEC, six LCs and 12 FSPs in the inferior limbal region. Only few LECs, LCs and FSPs were localized nasally and temporally.Conclusion:  Interactive 3D models are a powerful tool that may help to shed more light on the existence and spatial localization of the different stem cell niches (LECs, LCs and FSPs) in the corneal limbal region.
Keratoconus in 18 pairs of twins
Authors: Tuft Stephen J. , Hassan Hala , George Sonia , Frazer David G. , Willoughby Colin E. , Liskova Petra 
Published: June 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To describe the concordance of keratoconus in 18 sets of twins.Methods:  Thirteen monozygotic (MZ) and five dizygotic (DZ) pairs of twins were identified during an investigation of familial keratoconus. We used 16 forensic microsatellite markers to confirm the zygosity of same sex twins. Patients and available relatives were examined for signs of keratoconus using corneal topography. For each pair of twins, the severity of keratoconus in each eye was graded according to the steepest keratometry value and the average difference in score between the MZ and DZ twins compared.Results:  All of the MZ twins and four of the five DZ twins were concordant for keratoconus but with differences in age of onset and severity of disease. The subjective age of onset of keratoconus tended to be earlier in the MZ twins (16.4 years, SD 4.66) than in the DZ twins (20.3 years, SD 7.55) (p = 0.086). Additional relatives with keratoconus were identified in two (16%) of the families with MZ twins and in three (60%) of the families of DZ twins. The mean difference in severity scores was 1.4 (SD 1.73) for the MZ twins and 3.0 (SD 1.00) for the DZ twins (p = 0.035).Conclusion:  This data provide evidence that the severity of keratoconus is more concordant in MZ than in DZ twins. The results support the currently accepted hypothesis of an important genetic contribution towards the pathogenesis of keratoconus, but suggest that there is also an environmental effect on the expression of disease.
Corneal thickness mapping by 3D swept‐source anterior segment optical coherence tomography
Authors: Neri Alberto , Malori Marianna , Scaroni Patrizia , Leaci Rosachiara , Delfini Elisabetta , Macaluso Claudio 
Published: June 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To assess accuracy and repeatability of central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements obtained by swept‐source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT), spectral‐domain retinal OCT with corneal module and ultrasound pachymetry (USP), and to assess repeatability of pachymetric mapping with AS‐OCT.Methods:  50 healthy volunteers were recruited. A single, experienced operator analysed the right eye of each participant twice in the same session with AS‐OCT (‘corneal map’ routine), retinal OCT and USP. CCT measurements were compared using repeated‐measures analysis of variance, Bonferroni test, Pearson correlation and Bland‐Altman plots. Repeatability of thickness maps and CCT measurements were assessed using Alpha of Cronbach, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of repeatability.Results:  Mean CCT ± SD was 540 ± 28.9 μm for AS‐OCT, 544 ± 29.5 μm for retinal OCT and 549.3 ± 31.7 μm for USP; the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). CCT measurements obtained with the three instruments were highly correlated: r was 0.965 for AS‐OCT/USP, 0.962 for retinal OCT/USP and 0.984 for AS‐OCT/retinal OCT comparison. The repeatability of CCT measurements was higher for AS‐OCT than for the other devices (p < 0.001). Repeatability of pachymetric maps was excellent (ICC = 0.999).Conclusions:  Pachymetric maps by swept‐source AS‐OCT showed excellent repeatability. CCT measurements obtained by AS‐OCT, USP and retinal OCT were highly correlated although not identical.
Should Anthropology Be Part of Cognitive Science?
Authors: Beller Sieghard , Bender Andrea , Medin Douglas L. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAnthropology and the other cognitive science (CS) subdisciplines currently maintain a troubled relationship. With a debate in topiCS we aim at exploring the prospects for improving this relationship, and our introduction is intended as a catalyst for this debate. In order to encourage a frank sharing of perspectives, our comments will be deliberately provocative. Several challenges for a successful rapprochement are identified, encompassing the diverging paths that CS and anthropology have taken in the past, the degree of compatibility between (1) CS and (2) anthropology with regard to methodology and (3) research strategies, (4) the importance of anthropology for CS, and (5) the need for disciplinary diversity. Given this set of challenges, a reconciliation seems unlikely to follow on the heels of good intentions alone.
Cultural Models, Consensus Analysis, and the Social Organization of Knowledge
Authors: Gatewood John B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe introductory essay to this collection correctly observes that there are many “challenges for rapprochement” between anthropology and (the rest of) cognitive science. Still, the possibilities of fruitful interchanges provide some hope for the parties getting back together, at least on an intermittent basis. This response offers some views concerning the “incompatibility” of psychology and anthropology, reviews why cognitive anthropology drifted away from cognitive science, and notes two areas of contemporary interest within cognitive anthropology that may lead to a re‐engagement.
Cognitive Anthropologists: Who Needs Them?
Authors: Rothe Annelie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDuring the last decades, the cognitive sciences and cognitive anthropology have increasingly veered away from each other. Cognitive anthropologists have become so rare within the cognitive sciences that Beller, Bender, and Medin (this issue) even propose a division of the cognitive sciences and cognitive anthropology. However, such a divorce might be premature. This commentary tries to illustrate the benefits that cognitive anthropologists have to offer, not despite, but because of their combination of humanistic and scientific elements. It argues that the cognitive sciences (among others) profit from these benefits, as culture will become crucial for cognitive research. At the same time, problems within cognitive anthropology are discussed, including, for example, the responsibility of cognitive anthropologists to promote young academics. Finally, ideas are presented that might support future interdisciplinary collaboration.
Anthropology’s Disenchantment With the Cognitive Revolution1
Authors: Shweder Richard A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBeller, Bender, and Medin should be congratulated for their generous attempt at expressive academic therapy for troubled interdisciplinary relationships. In this essay, I suggest that a negative answer to the central question (“Should anthropology be part of cognitive science?”) is not necessarily distressing, that in retrospect the breakup seems fairly predictable, and that disenchantment with the cognitive revolution is nothing new.
To Naturalize or Not to Naturalize? An Issue for Cognitive Science as Well as Anthropology
Authors: Stenning Keith 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSeveral of Beller, Bender, and Medin’s (2012) issues are as relevant within cognitive science as between it and anthropology. Knowledge‐rich human mental processes impose hermeneutic tasks, both on subjects and researchers. Psychology's current philosophy of science is ill suited to analyzing these: Its demand for ‘‘stimulus control’’ needs to give way to ‘‘negotiation of mutual interpretation.’’ Cognitive science has ways to address these issues, as does anthropology. An example from my own work is about how defeasible logics are mathematical models of some aspects of simple hermeneutic processes. They explain processing relative to databases of knowledge and belief—that is, content. A specific example is syllogistic reasoning, which raises issues of experimenters’ interpretations of subjects’ reasoning. Science, especially since the advent of understandings of computation, does not have to be reductive. How does this approach transfer onto anthropological topics? Recent cognitive science approaches to anthropological topics have taken a reductive stance in terms of modules. We end with some speculations about a different cognitive approach to, for example, religion.
Integrating Two Epistemological Goals: Why Shouldn’t We Give It Another Chance?
Authors: Kitayama Shinobu 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAs Beller, Bender, and Medin (in press) pointed out in their target article, in the contemporary study of culture in psychology, anthropology is virtually invisible. In this commentary, I traced this invisibility to a root conflict in epistemological goals of the two disciplines: Whereas anthropologists value rich description of specific cultures, psychologists aspire to achieve theoretical simplicity. To anthropologists, then, to understand culture is to articulate symbolic systems that are at work in a given location at a given time. In contrast, to psychologists, to understand culture amounts to identifying socio‐cultural variables that moderate psychological effects. These divergent epistemological goals dictate both theoretical perspectives and empirical approaches in both disciplines. Yet, the two goals are both valid and in fact complementary. A renewed effort toward integration of the two goals may enrich both disciplines.
Crop‐based biofuels and associated environmental concerns
Authors: Smith Keith A. , Searchinger Timothy D. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCurrent Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) models indicate that crop‐based biofuels generate greenhouse gas savings, compared with fossil fuels. We argue that they do so only because they ignore the emissions of CO2 from vehicles burning the biofuels without determining if the biomass is “additional,” and because they underestimate the ultimate emissions of N2O from nitrogen fertiliser use. Taking proper account of these factors would result in very different findings. It would be far better to derive biofuels from biomass, from waste feedstocks or high‐yielding bioenergy crops with low nitrogen demand, grown on currently unproductive land.