bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symptoms experienced by patients with peripheral vestibular disorders: evaluation of the Vertigo Symptom Scale for clinical application
Authors: Faag C. , Bergenius J. , Forsberg C. , Langius‐Eklöf A. 
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  To describe symptoms during an episode of dizziness in a sample of patients suffering from peripheral vestibular disorders and to compare them with the items in the Vertigo Symptom Scale.Design:  A descriptive study from a sample of patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.Setting:  Patients visiting a department of audiology at a university hospital.Participants:  Twenty patients with peripheral vestibular disorders. The inclusion criteria were that the patient had had at least three spontaneous attacks of vertigo and/or was constantly unsteady during the last 3 months for at least 75% of the time when awake.Main outcome measures:  Patients were instructed to complete a diary where they recorded symptoms that arose during an episode of dizziness. These symptoms were compared with the content of the Vertigo Symptom Scale.Results:  The most frequent symptoms as mentioned by the patients in their diaries were a feeling that things are spinning or moving around, nausea, feeling unsteady/about to lose one’s balance, fatigue, headache, a feeling as if the ground you walk on is distant and ear‐related such as tinnitus and a feeling of pressure in the ear. Pain in the heart or chest region, a heavy feeling in the arms or legs, pain in the lower part of the back and excessive sweating were not mentioned at all or by very few patients. Analysis showed that some of the symptoms included in the Vertigo Symptom Scale occurred less during an episode of dizziness than others in this sample of patients with peripheral vestibular disorders.Conclusion:  It was found that the Vertigo Symptom Scale is an adequate base but may need to be developed for use in patients diagnosed with peripheral vestibular symptoms to be able to evaluate care and treatment.
Transient auditory dysfunction – a description and study of prevalence
Authors: Patel K. , Almond M. , Rejali D. 
Published: September 2010

Background.  Transient Auditory Dysfunction (TAD) is a previously undescribed symptom complex of unknown cause. It is characterised by sensoneural hearing loss (unilateral or bilateral) and tinnitus, which develops over a minute, resolves completely within minutes and is not accompanied by vestibular symptoms. The condition was brought to our attention as the senior author himself experiences the symptoms. The aim of the current study was to define TAD, find its prevalence and discuss its significance.Method.  200 healthy subjects between the ages of 16 and 49 years with no pre existing medical or otological conditions were surveyed using a questionnaire.Results.  41 subjects (20.5% ± 2.86% (mean ± se; n = 200) reported experiencing symptoms of TAD. The mean number of episodes was 5.9 times per month, the mean duration was 41 s and 80% experienced concomitant tinnitus. 50% had bilateral symptoms.Conclusion.  TAD is a common finding in a healthy population. This may have implications on the pathogenesis of sudden onset sensoneural hearing loss. Further longitudinal studies and detailed audiological evaluation of patients with TAD is required to ascertain the significance, aetiology and pathophysiology of this condition.
Using Media to Teach About Language
Authors: Reaser Jeffrey 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe number of documentaries being made about language has recently increased. Many of these have tremendous value in informal educational settings, but using them in classroom contexts in the United States often proves somewhat tricky. There are concerns about curricular fit, educational goals, potentially incendiary portrayals of topics, etc. High‐stakes testing further reduces the likelihood that language‐related documentaries will be used in schools, especially among populations who may benefit most from exposure to sociolinguistic perspectives. This article offers an evaluation of the usefulness of recent and older media in teaching about language in formal educational contexts. From this review emerges an incipient roadmap for adapting media so that it will be attractive to teachers and improve the likelihood that teachers will be successful incorporating said media in their classrooms.
Just Urban Food Systems: A New Direction for Food Access and Urban Social Justice
Authors: Bedore Melanie 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFood geography has exploded as a subfield of human geography in recent years; however, normative ideas of justice are not always explicitly addressed. The concept of a ‘just urban food system’ can incorporate ideals of justice into the issue of declining retail food accessibility for low‐income urban communities –‘food deserts’– which have yet to be analysed through a lens of justice. In this article, I review geographers’ and planners’ research on changing urban food landscapes; I also discuss ways that food scholars have implicitly and explicitly addressed normative frameworks, such as food justice, food democracy, food sovereignty and the moral economy. I conclude with three potential research agendas to encourage research on the just urban food system: collective consumption, urban public/private property struggles and the just city.
Chemical Characteristics of Low‐Fat Soymilk Prepared by Low‐Speed Centrifugal Fractionation of the Raw Soymilk
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Sheng , Chang Sam K. C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Large oil–protein particles (2 to 60 μm) were found in raw soymilk (or water extract of soybean), which was prepared in specific conditions. The large particles could be separated by sedimentation by centrifuging raw soymilk for 5 to 30 min at a low gravitational force ranging from 96 to 2410 × g. Chemical analysis showed that 80% to 90% of the total lipids and 30% to 40% of the total proteins were located in the precipitated fraction. The supernatant fraction had a dramatically higher protein‐to‐lipid ratio than the whole soymilk. The ratio of 11S/7S proteins and the ratio of 11S acidic/basic subunits were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the precipitate than that either in the whole soymilk or in the supernatant. Besides centrifuging conditions, other factors, including soymilk concentration, grinding method, soybean variety, and soybean storage, also significantly (P < 0.05) affected the centrifugal fractionation. This study showed that low‐speed centrifugation facilitated the separation of oil‐protein particles from raw soymilk, and can be used as an innovative method for preparing low‐fat soymilk and 11S protein‐enriched ingredients. The findings also increased our understanding of the association or aggregation between proteins and lipids in raw soymilk after grinding.Practical Application:  Soymilk has become a popular beverage in the Western world due to its health benefits. Consumer demands for low‐fat and organic foods have been increasing in the recent years. Currently, there are no alternative methods for manufacturing low‐fat soymilk from whole soybeans. We found that most, if not all, of lipids in the raw soymilk were located in large particles, which could be separated by low‐speed centrifugation. This centrifugal fractionation was investigated by varying processing parameters, soybean varieties, and soybean storage conditions. The approach has potential to be used for manufacturing low‐fat soymilk. This study also has increased our understanding of the interactions between lipid and protein in raw soymilk.
Serum antibody responses in sheep after natural infection with Bacteroides nodosus
Authors: Whittington RJ , Marshall DJ , Walker RI , Turner MJ 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYSoluble outer membrane protein of Bacteroides nodosus extracted with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) was employed as antigen in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect serum antibody in sheep naturally infected with a heterologous serogroup. Serum antibody responses in 55 sheep were monitored for 2 years and maximum levels were directly related to the severity of clinical foot lesions. Serum antibody levels rose 2 weeks after foot lesions developed and declined within several months of resolution of lesions. After the first footrot transmission period, antibody levels persisted significantly (P<0.001) longer in sheep that did not become affected in the next transmission period compared with sheep in which footrot recurred. Antibody response did not appear to result in resolution of foot lesions.ELISA using KSCN antigen gave similar results to whole cell ELISA where cells prepared from an homologous serogroup were used as antigen. Both these assays were more sensitive than ELISA in which heterologous whole cell antigen was used. Proteins extracted from the outer membrane of B. nodosus, which are known to be immunogenic in natural infection and common to different serogroups of B. nodosus, appear to be useful antigens for serological investigations of ovine footrot.
Psychoeducational multi‐family group treatment with adolescents at high risk for developing psychosis
Authors: O'Brien Mary P. , Zinberg Jamie L. , Bearden Carrie E. , Daley Melita , Niendam Tara A. , Kopelowicz Alex , Cannon Tyrone D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim: In this study, we investigate the feasibility and acceptability of a 9‐month psychoeducational multi‐family group (PMFG) intervention for adolescents who are at ultra‐high–risk (UHR) for developing psychosis.Methods: The treatment programme was adapted from those previously shown to be effective in patients with established psychotic illness, but emphasizes content relevant to adolescence and to a pre‐onset phase of illness.Results: Participants report that psychoeducational presentations are highly useful, they attend the PMFG group sessions regularly and report feeling comfortable in meetings and benefiting from them, and adolescents demonstrate improvement in symptoms and functional outcome.Conclusions: This study was not a randomized controlled trial and multiple interventions were introduced simultaneously; thus, changes in outcome cannot be attributed to the PMFG intervention per se. Nonetheless, these results establish the acceptability of PMFG to adolescents and families, and encourage further research into the potential positive impact of PMFG with this at‐risk population.
Early intervention service for psychosis: views from primary care
Authors: Renwick Laoise , Gavin Blanaid , McGlade Nicola , Lacey Paul , Goggins Ray , Jackson Deirdre , Turner Niall , Foley Sharon , McWilliams Stephen , Behan Caragh , Lawlor Elizabeth , Cullen Walter , O'Callaghan Eadbhard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim: Although General Practitioners (GPs) have a pivotal role in early detection and treatment of psychosis, there is sparse information on their views of early intervention (EI) services and how information related to EI should be delivered.Method: Since inception, DETECT (Dublin East Treatment and Early Care Team), Ireland's pilot EI project, mailed information packs and provided information through the local GP continuing medical education (CME) network. After 1 year, we surveyed GPs within DETECT's catchment area for their views on the service being provided.Results: One hundred and twenty‐six (36%) responded and 80% found the EI service very/extremely useful. GPs reported that the combination of CME session and information packs were more useful than information packs alone. Those who attended CME meetings were significantly more likely to refer suspected cases (P < 0.01) and more likely to find the service useful (P < 0.001).Conclusion: The EI service for psychosis is well‐received among GPs. Information about EI delivered through CME appears to have a greater impact on referral rates and satisfaction levels than mailed information.
REVIEW: Patient, Treatment, and Systems‐Level Factors in Bipolar Disorder Nonadherence: A Summary of the Literature
Authors: Busby Katherine Kovalski , Sajatovic Martha 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThis is a review of adherence determinants in bipolar disorder based on published prospective studies. Patient, treatment, and systems‐level adherence determinants are summarized. The review concludes with recommendations on approaches that may minimize nonadherence. MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and the Cochrane Database were searched using key terms of adherence, compliance, or persistence, combined with terms of bipolar disorder, bipolar depression, or mania. Publications were filtered for randomized clinical trials (RCTs). Due to low yields of RCTs, we additionally included prospective nonrandomized clinical and epidemiologic studies, and prospective studies of severe mental illness that had a focus on adherence as an outcome and reported data separately for bipolar disorder. A targeted review of the broader bipolar literature provided background for concluding remarks. Twenty‐two publications were identified describing RCTs with a specific population of bipolar disorder and a measure of adherence. Additional prospective nonrandomized studies were also identified. Studies identified three major categories of factors important to adherence: patient, treatment, and systems‐associated factors. Patient factors include selected demographic features, symptom severity and phase of illness, presence of past suicide attempts, psychiatric comorbidity, illness and treatment duration, and relationship with providers. Treatment factors include type and intensity of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy. Systems‐level factors include differential levels of care access and costs. There is an overall lack of RCTs, and few prospective studies, on patient and systems‐related determinants of adherence. Treatment‐related determinants of adherence have the most evidence to date; however, would benefit from larger studies with diverse populations. Careful assessment of treatment adherence (including partial adherence) should be included in all prospective bipolar treatment studies, and studies should be conducted to prospectively evaluate interventions to minimize nonadherence.
Pelagic Manganese Nodules—A New Type of Oncolites
Authors: Lizeng Bian , Chengyi Lin , Fusheng Zhang , An Du De‘ , Jianlin Chen , Huadi Shen 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPelagic manganese nodules from the East Pacific Ocean have been studied using polarizing, scanning electron and transmission electron microscopes. It has been revealed that the manganese nodules are composed of cores and stromatolite coatings. The structures and textures of these nodules are peculiar to oncolite. Consequently, the pelagic manganese nodules are manganese oncolites. Based on the stromatolites in the coatings, the manganese oncolites from the East Pacific Ocean can be divided into two types. One is smooth on surface and dense inside. Its coatings are composed mainly of Minima. The other has a knobby surface and is loose internally. Its coatings consist mainly of Admirabilis. The TEM investigation has also revealed that the constructors of the manganese oncolites are ultra–microbes. The Minima is constructed by Miniactinomyces chinensis sp. no v. and the Admirabilis is built by Spirisosphaerospora pacifica sp. nov.
Supergene Geochemistry of Gold and Oxidation Zone of the Sain Us Gold Deposit in the Inner Mongolian Arid Region
Authors: Mintao Ma , Guangyue Guan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Sain Us gold deposit is a typical auriferous sulphide quartz vein deposit in the Inner Mongolian arid steppe climatic region. The oxidation zone has been controlled by the arid climate since the beginning of the Holocene. Gold supergene evolution is characterized by enlargement of gold grains, complication of the gold form, raising of the gold grade and increase, of the gold fineness; besides, gold and silver have two enrichment peaks at the same depth, which is in sharp contrast to the unimodal enrichment of gold and silver and the occurrence of gold above and silver below in a humid climatic region. Sun pumping is the main cause for the bimodal enrichment of gold and silver. Illite 2 M1 is one of the main causes for the upper enrichment peak of gold and silver.
Sequence Stratigraphy of the Permian–Triassia Boundary Section of Changxing, Zhejiang, Southern China
Authors: Kexin Zhang , Jinnan Tong , Hongfu Yin , Shunbao Wu 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThree third–order sequences and about one hundred high–frequency cycles or Milankovitch cycles within the Late Permian Changxingian to Early Triassic Griesbachian are identified in the Meishan Section of Changxing, Zhejiang Province, southern China, the candidate stratotype section of the global Permo–Triassic boundary, based on a detailed study of the biological, ecological and high—resolution allochthonous cyclic events, microfacies and depositional systems. Furthermore, the stacking pattern of the depositional systems across various Changxingian and Griesbachian sedimentary facies of the Lower Yangtze and the sequence stratigraphic framework are outlined with the Meishan section as the principal section. In this paper the habitat types of fossil biota are applied to semiquantitative palaeobathymetry and the study of relative sea level changes.
The Background of Regional Lead Isotopic Compositions and Its Application in the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River and Neighbouring Areas
Authors: Zhendong Ma , Guangxiang Shan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe paper systematically deals with the background of regional isotopic compositions in the lower and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and neighbouring areas. It is shown that the lead isotopic compositions of different geological formations and units are controlled by the primary mantle heterogeneity, dynamic process of crust—mantle interchange, abundances of uranium, thorium and lead of various layers of the earth and timing. Studies on the background of regional isotopic compositions may offer significant information for geochemical regionalization, tracing of sources of ore–forming materials, and regional prognosis of ore deposits.
Spatial–temporal Frame, Evolution and Mineralization of the Northern Qilian Metallogenic Province
Authors: Haitian Sun , Jieren Wu , Jinping Li 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFour metallogenic epochs occurred in different tectonic environments during the evolution of the Northern Qilian metallogenic province through the geological time. The Middle Proterozoic metallogenic epoch witnessed the tectonic environment of crustal breakup caused by mantle diapirism, in which ultramafic–mafic rocks were intruded along deep fault belts and the superlarge Jinchuan magmatic Cu–Ni sulphide deposit was formed. In the Middle–Late Proterozoic metallogenic epoch the crust was further broken to form an intracontinental rift, in which the Chenjiamiao style massive Cu–Fe sulphide deposits hosted by basic volcanic tuff were formed in the lower volcano–sedimentary sequence, while the large sedex type Jingtieshan style Fe–Cu deposits were formed within the upper abyssal carbon–rich argillaceous sedimentary sequence. The Early Palaeozoic saw the aulacogen environment, within which the Baiyinchang style superlarge massive base and precious metal sulphide deposits hosted by quartz keratophyric tuff were formed in the Middle–Late Cambrian rifted island arc and the massive Cu–Zn sulphide deposits and magmatic chromite deposits associated with the ophiolite suite were formed in the Early–Middle Ordovician, and the Honggou style massive Cu–Fe sulphide deposits hosted by spilite were formed in the Late Ordovician back–arc basin environment. In the Late Palaeozoic–Meso–Cenozoic, the metallogenic province went into an intracontinental orogenic stage characterized by compressive tectonic environment, in which there occurred carbonate–quartz vein type and tectono–alteration gold deposits associated with ductile–shear structures.
Palaeotemperatures and Diagenetic Phases of the Upper Triassic Oil—bearing Sandstones in the Eastern Part of the Ordos Basin
Authors: Yiqun Liu , Qiao Feng , Wenhou Li 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe maximum palaeotemperature of oil–bearing sandstones in the Upper Triassic in the eastern Ordos basin has been determined by using many methods including the vitrinite reflectance, fluid inclusion, apatite fission track, illite crystallinity, chlorite polytype and diagenetic change of authigenic minerals. The thermal gradient in the Late Mesozoic was about 2.9–3.0°C/100 m. The Upper Triassic was in a mature stage of organic matter and hydrocarbon began to be generated and migrated during this period. The palaeotemperatures of oil–bearing sandstones were in the range of 88–110°C; those for the generation and migration of oil ranged from 112 to 122°C. The thickness of the denuded strata overlying the Upper Triassic was 2465–2750 m. The present burial depth of oil–bearing sandstones is generally from 400 to 1200 m. At a depth of ca. 1900 m, the temperature may reach 140°C. Bebw this depth, organic matter was supermature and mainly generated gas.
Mechanism and Modes of Microbial Minerogenesis of Polymetallic Nodules on the Ocean Floor
Authors: Baorui YAN , Xigen ZHANG , Dehua LIANG , Dongyu XU , Yifen LIU , Wei ZHANG 
Published: September 2010

Abstract: This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the relations of the occurrence of polymetallic nodules with the geochemical actions of microbes in the seawater, pore water and sediments at the bottom of the eastern Pacific Ocean basin. Emphasis is laid on the relations of the activity intensity and biochemical transformation rate of aerobic bacteria (iron bacteria, Thiobacillus thioparus, halobacteria and manganese—oxidizing bacteria) and anaerobic bacteria (sulphate—reducing bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, Thiobacillus denitrificans) with mineralization. The experimental research on the migration and accumulation of ore‐forming elements caused by microbial and chemical actions shows that the microbes have changed the conditions of oxidation and reduction in the system, and their effect on the element precipitation is much stronger than the chemical actions and accelerates the enrichment of Fe and Ma It demonstrates that the microbes can change the environment to promote the accumulation of ore‐forming elements, thus leading to indirect mineralization.It is first found under the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) that there are fossil microbes of various sizes and forms in the shells of polymetallic nodules, and even ultramicrofossil bacteria at the cores. On the walls of some mineralized microbes there are sheaths of Fe and Mn oxides. After the death of the microbes, their bodies are accumulated on the interface of seawater‐sediments and form polymetallic nodules. Microstructures of polymetallic nodules formed by microbes are also discussed, and two modes of microbial minerogenesis of polymetallic nodules, both direct and indirect, are suggested in the paper.