bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rise and Fall of Alexander Dubček*
Authors: Kalvoda Josef 
Published: September 2011

Very few people outside Slovakia ever heard of Alexander Dubček prior to his elevation to the position of the First Secretary of the Communist party of Czechoslovakia in January 1968. A few years later, after a shortlived prominence, his name fell into oblivion, appearing only occasionally as a symbol of the “Prague Spring” and “socialism with a human face.”The amount of writing relevant to the short career of Dubček and the developments in Czechoslovakia in 1968 is tremendous; yet it is not possible to write a “definitive” study on the “Prague Spring” and Dubček's role in it, for the story of those events is still unfolding. Also, interpretations of the Dubček phenomenon will continue to vary due to bias of authors and the lack of hard evidence. Finally, the archives of the Communist parties of the Soviet bloc countries and private papers of Communist party officials are not accessible. It is not possible, for political, personal, security or other reasons, to obtain the one particular piece of evidence — the one vital letter, memorandum of conversation, revealing diary, or a note of personal communication — which would explainconclusivelywhy Dubček rose and fell.
Sozialstruktur und nationale Beziehungen in der UdSSR. — zur these der “Odnorodnost”' der Sozialstruktur der Sowjetischen Nationen —
Authors: Martiny Albrecht 
Published: September 2011

IZu dem historischen Erbe, das die Sowjetmacht im Jahre 1917 antrat und mit dem sie sich auseinanderzusetzen hatte, gehörte nicht zuletzt das ungelöste Nationalitätenproblem — in rückschauender Perspektive sicherlich eines der säkularen Probleme der russischen und sowjetischen Gesellschaft. Die bolschewistische Partei hat es bei der Entwicklung ihrer Programmatik stets reflektiert, und Lenin verfügte im Gegensatz zu Marx und Engels über ein vergleichsweise feines Sensorium für die politische Bedeutung der Nationalitätenfrage. Vor dem Hintergrund der späteren Erfahrungen (vor allem im 2. Weltkrieg) erscheint die Entwicklung der sowjetischen Nationalitäten in den 20er Jahren als eine Periode der nationalen Konsolidierung: Die Politik der Bolschewiki setzte hier Kräfte frei, die lange Zeit unterdrückt waren und nun eine enorme Dynamik entfalteten. Die Mobilisierung der sowjetischen Nationalitäten verlief dabei übrigens weitgehend parallel zur allgemeinen Bildungs- und Kulturpolitik. Der zügige Aufbau des Bildungswesens, die Verbreitung der Kulturtechniken und der Medien etc. hatte allerdings mehr noch als im eigentlichen Russland neben der sozialen Mobilisierungsfunktion eine national-kompensatorische Bedeutung. Dieser Nebeneffekt war keineswegs erwünscht und die immer stärkere funktionale Ausrichtung der Bildungspolitik auf das Industrialisierungsprogramm machte sie zunehmend zu einer als eher hinderlich empfundenen Begleiterscheinung. In den 30er Jahren dienten die ehemaligen “Randgebiete” des zaristischen Russland vornehmlich als Rohstofflieferanten einer zügig aufgebauten Industrie im europäischen Teil der Sowjetunion.
Romanian Views on Bessarabia and Bukovina: A Ukrainian Perspective
Authors: Ciuciura Theodore B. 
Published: September 2011

Nicholas Dima, Bessarabia and Bukovina: The Soviet-Romanian Territorial Dispute. Boulder, CO: East European Monographs, 1982. v, 173 pp. Distributed by Columbia University Press. Maria Manoliu-Manea, ed., The Tragic Plight of a Border Area: Bessarabia and Bucovina. American Romanian Academy of Arts and Sciences. Humboldt State University Press, 1983. xii, 280 pp.Here are two good books providing detailed information on Bessarabia, until 1918 a province of the Russian Empire, and, to a lesser extent, on Bukovina, once a province within the Austrian part of Austria-Hungary. They include useful theoretical though somewhat debatable considerations on the history and ethnic nature of both regions. They come to proper conclusions which seem amply justified by the data and analysis which preceded them. However, both books are inadequately edited, especially the second one, and include a few statements either based on superficial generalizations or even tinted with disturbing — though perhaps unconscious — ethnocentrism.
Timing and Co-Ordination of Repetitive Bimanual Movements
Authors: Wing Alan M. 
Published: September 2011

Similar timing of movements of the two hands has been observed when they are moved to separate targets (Kelso et al., 1979). This was taken as evidence for a low-level, co-ordinative structure that constrains the muscles of the arms to function as a single unit. An experiment to investigate the relation between voluntary timing control and timing in bimanual movement is described. The task required subjects to make repetitive movements of unequal difficulty for the two hands with the hands arriving synchronously at their respective targets. Estimates of the covariance of successive intervals defined by pairs of left-right responses (arrivals at the targets) were not negative. It is shown that this indicates that the motor delay between the timer regulating repetition rate and the overt responses has no component common to left- and right-responses. Although the co-ordinative structure is described as low-level, in terms of the time sequence of operations associated with each response pair, the data indicate its place is before, not after, the timer.
ISPyB: an information management system for synchrotron macromolecular crystallography
Authors: Delagenière Solange , Brenchereau Patrice , Launer Ludovic , Ashton Alun W. , Leal Ricardo , Veyrier Stéphanie , Gabadinho José , Gordon Elspeth J. , Jones Samuel D. , Levik Karl Erik , McSweeney Seán M. , Monaco Stéphanie , Nanao Max , Spruce Darren , Svensson Olof , Walsh Martin A. , Leonard Gordon A. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Motivation: Individual research groups now analyze thousands of samples per year at synchrotron macromolecular crystallography (MX) resources. The efficient management of experimental data is thus essential if the best possible experiments are to be performed and the best possible data used in downstream processes in structure determination pipelines. Information System for Protein crystallography Beamlines (ISPyB), a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) with an underlying data model allowing for the integration of analyses down-stream of the data collection experiment was developed to facilitate such data management.
Results: ISPyB is now a multisite, generic LIMS for synchrotron-based MX experiments. Its initial functionality has been enhanced to include improved sample tracking and reporting of experimental protocols, the direct ranking of the diffraction characteristics of individual samples and the archiving of raw data and results from ancillary experiments and post-experiment data processing protocols. This latter feature paves the way for ISPyB to play a central role in future macromolecular structure solution pipelines and validates the application of the approach used in ISPyB to other experimental techniques, such as biological solution Small Angle X-ray Scattering and spectroscopy, which have similar sample tracking and data handling requirements.
Contact: leonard@esrf.fr; martin.walsh@diamond.ac.uk
Pybedtools: a flexible Python library for manipulating genomic datasets and annotations
Authors: Dale Ryan K. , Pedersen Brent S. , Quinlan Aaron R. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Summary: pybedtools is a flexible Python software library for manipulating and exploring genomic datasets in many common formats. It provides an intuitive Python interface that extends upon the popular BEDTools genome arithmetic tools. The library is well documented and efficient, and allows researchers to quickly develop simple, yet powerful scripts that enable complex genomic analyses.
Availability: pybedtools is maintained under the GPL license. Stable versions of pybedtools as well as documentation are available on the Python Package Index at http://pypi.python.org/pypi/pybedtools.
Contact: dalerr@niddk.nih.gov; arq5x@virginia.edu
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Natural selection. II. Developmental variability and evolutionary rate*
Authors: FRANK S. A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn classical evolutionary theory, genetic variation provides the source of heritable phenotypic variation on which natural selection acts. Against this classical view, several theories have emphasized that developmental variability and learning enhance nonheritable phenotypic variation, which in turn can accelerate evolutionary response. In this paper, I show how developmental variability alters evolutionary dynamics by smoothing the landscape that relates genotype to fitness. In a fitness landscape with multiple peaks and valleys, developmental variability can smooth the landscape to provide a directly increasing path of fitness to the highest peak. Developmental variability also allows initial survival of a genotype in response to novel or extreme environmental challenge, providing an opportunity for subsequent adaptation. This initial survival advantage arises from the way in which developmental variability smooths and broadens the fitness landscape. Ultimately, the synergism between developmental processes and genetic variation sets evolutionary rate.
Sediment and nutrient balance of Bukit Merah Reservoir, Perak (Malaysia)
Authors: Ismail W. R. , Najib S. A. M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe pollutant load to Bukit Merah Reservoir (BMR) from its catchment area were evaluated in this study. BMR is a 40‐km2 man‐made lake located in the district of Kerian, Perak. BMR is divided into the north lake and the south lake by a 4.7‐km railway line. The reservoir water is fed by four rivers: Kurau (323.0 km2), Merah (4.25 km2), Jelutong (7.1 km2) and Selarong (3.1 km2), which flow through Pondok Tanjung Forest Reserve (6718 ha). The total quantity of suspended sediment inputs from all four rivers to the BMR was 55 164 t, with almost 93% of the sediment input coming from the Kurau River. The nutrient inputs to BMR in 2008 were about 77 t of phosphate, 24 t of ammonia‐N, 3 t of nitrite and 47 t of nitrate. The sediment, nitrate and nitrite inputs were retained in the reservoir. In contrast, the ammonia and phosphate inputs were released from the reservoir. The percentage retention was 78%, 63% and 34% for sediment nitrate and nitrite, respectively. The percentage of release phosphate was about 178, and 25 for ammonia. This study indicates that most of the nutrients entering BMR are from non‐point sources and that they are responsible for the impacts of sediment and nutrients on the receiving waterbody.
Observation of snow water equivalent in the North catchment area of Lake Biwa
Authors: Maho Iwaki , Yoshifumi Hida , Ken’ichi Ueno , Mayumi Saijyou 
Published: September 2011

AbstractField investigations were carried out during the winters of 2001 through 2008 to investigate the annual fluctuation of the snow water equivalent (SWE) in the north catchment area of Lake Biwa in the northeast region of Shiga Prefecture, also in the southern part of the heavy snowfall area of Japan. On the basis of the observations from this study, the SWE model was developed that can simulate temporal changes in the SWE in this region. This model can calculate the SWE, using an empirical parameter specific to the Shiga Prefecture. The model was developed to include snow accumulation and snowmelt processes, using only precipitation and temperature. It was used to estimate the annual SWE over every 1‐h interval at a catchment area in Yogo, Shiga Prefecture, Japan. The accumulation process involves separation of snowfall and rainfall at different temperatures by using an empirical formula. For the snowmelt process, the degree‐hour method is employed. The performance of the degree‐hour method depends on a region’s accumulated temperature. The model was applied to data collected during the winters of 2001 and 2008, and the results compared to the observed SWE in Yogo. The observed and calculated results for 2001 are in good agreement, whereas they are not in good agreement for 2008. Thus, this model can be used to simulate different scenarios specified in the IPCC guidelines, for different temperature and precipitation values, only for the winter of 2001.
Mining acid rock passive treatment for closure of a lignite mine in Spain: Achieving necessary water quality for discharge into lakes and drinking water reservoirs
Authors: Fidalgo de Matos Maria da Conceição Corvaceira , Zhang Zengguang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis study discusses the theory behind the passive treatment systems for controlling the acid drainage of the Meirama mine and illustrates how this approach can be applied to obtain the necessary water quality to allow the discharge of the drainage into the Barcés River, which is the primary tributary to the drinking water supply Cercebre Reservoir (Spain). Characterization analysis was carried out for 13 sampling sites, with a total of 52 tests and 780 determinations and analyses. Passive systems have been monitored over 27 sampling days, with a total of 186 samples taken, plus 1914 determinations and analyses. The passive tests treated a total of 415 000 m3 of water. The tests were designed based on several factors relevant to the sites, including hydrological characteristics, drainage composition, flow rate, climatic conditions and previous company technology experience. Different weather conditions were considered, including drought, flood and normal conditions. The horizontal system (Line A) produced a 55 mg L−1 increase in alkalinity, and iron, aluminium and manganese reductions of 90%, 91% and 30%, respectively. The eliminations for the vertical system (line B) were 40 g/m2 × day acidity, and iron, aluminium and manganese reductions of 71%, 80%, and 60%, respectively. The annual average precipitation was 150 mm, and annual average temperature, 12.4°C. It was found during the course of this study that the development and application of passive treatment systems have the following advantages: (i) they can substantially reduce costs during the active mining phase, being a pre‐treatment of the wastewater treatment plant, raising the pH and reducing the metal cation content and (ii) It is not feasible to actively operate wastewater treatment plants because, after mine closure, the land must be rehabilitated with the property then being used for other purposes. The acid rock drainage, which is a major concern, will continue to be generated for many years, requiring aftercare monitoring of these waters. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that passive systems can achieve the necessary water quality to allow the drainage to be discharged into the Barcés River, and subsequently into the drinking water supply Cercebre Reservoir.
Integrated basin‐based wastewater management system for water pollution control in an enclosed waterbody of the upper Citarum River Basin, Indonesia: Case study of Saguling Reservoir
Authors: Suharyanto  , Matsushita Jun 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe importance of implementing an integrated basin‐based wastewater management dealing with water pollution for the Upper Citarum River (UCR) Basin, Indonesia, has implications for the Saguling Reservoir, which was investigated in this study. This study incorporates a comparative assessment of stage‐type models in other systems as a reference, focusing on the impacts of combined measures on pollutant load reduction. Analysis of pollutant loads from various sectors was initially addressed to identify major contributors to the pollutant load in the basin and the Saguling Reservoir. Focus on initial improvement of selected pollutant targets by applying such an integrated approach with respect to domestic waste water was subsequently addressed. In elaborating a comparative assessment, case studies of Japanese‐ and Thai‐type models were analysed from a technological perspective. This aspect addressed the pollutant load reduction by comparing the input–output of treatment systems in both models. The result suggests that, in the case of a high reliability of both structural and non‐structural measures, an independent one‐stage measure could be sufficient to achieve a certain target of pollutant load reduction, as exhibited by the Japanese case study. On the other hand, when both measures are still limited and have relatively lower performance, a two‐stage measure is required. Accordingly, a two‐stage collaboration among limited treatment measures could be a ‘lesson learned’ for the UCR Basin. Nevertheless, incorporation of other aspects, such as a dual‐support of socio‐economic framework, also is required to endorse this technological aspect. Further integration requires future investigation.
Renewing a Naxi environmental ethic in Lijiang, China: an approach for water management
Authors: Voeller Elizabeth 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFor the many ethnic minorities in China, the country’s current rapid development is resulting in lasting effects on both traditions and the local environment. This study focuses on the Naxi people of Lijiang, in China’s Yunnan Province, with the objective of investigating the effects of tourism on the minority’s culture and environment, most notably their water resources. The Naxi have a strong traditional respect for the environment. Prompted by cultural and religious values, the Naxi people established a water system that brought clean spring water to their town for centuries. However, because of a recent surge in domestic tourism, the local environment is threatened and the Naxi have lost their respect for nature. Unlike their elders, the younger generation no longer follows an ‘environmental ethic,’ the moral relationship of people to their natural surroundings. Renewing an environmental ethic among the younger Naxi generation would be a crucial step towards better environmental management in Lijiang and would help buffer the negative effects of rapid development. Findings from this study, synthesized from interviews with local residents and experts, serve as a case study to analyse the consequences of economic development on traditional cultures and their water resources. It explores how indigenous values can be used to support sustainable development.
Measures for the conservation of water quality in Lake Biwa and the Akanoi Bay initiative
Authors: Kitagawa Zen‐Ichiro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLake Biwa is the largest lake in Japan, supplying water resources to support the lives and economic activities of 14 million people living in its downstream area. It also is one of the oldest lakes in the world, being more than 4 million years old, and ‘an ecological treasure house’ inhabited by a variety of animals and plants. In the Shiga Prefecture, to pass Lake Biwa to the next generation in a sound condition, the ‘Lake Biwa Comprehensive Conservation Plan’ (Mother Lake 21 Plan) was developed. It has been striving to achieve the comprehensive conservation of Lake Biwa, with the support of national ministries and also with the support of the people of the prefecture. This plan comprises three major areas: ‘Maintaining Water Quality’, ‘Improving the Recharge Capacity of the Soil,’ and ‘Preserving the Natural Environment and Scenic Landscapes’. The goals of the generated stages of each plan were agreed by all relevant parties. ‘The Lake Biwa Water Conservation Plans’ were settled upon in regard to preserving water quality. The Mother Lake 21 Plan represented a long‐term vision, including the development of water conservation measures. In the current 5th period plan, ‘the Akanoi Bay watershed run‐off plan Akanoi measures’ were added, as a supplement to the traditional approach, to strengthen measures for the non‐point source pollution. Akanoi Bay is a narrow, closed bay, being located in an area of the lake in which the water has been badly polluted because of the spread of the urban areas surrounding the lake, and because of the rapid influx of people. It also is the area where the people are very active in the environmental protection and is the model case study illustrating where the government and the inhabitants can work together to promote measures for addressing non‐point source pollution.
Nine years of water resources monitoring over the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, with ENVISAT, MODIS, Beijing‐1 time series, Altimetric data and field measurements
Authors: Hervé Yésou , Claire Huber , Xijun Lai , Stéphane Averty , Jiren Li , Sylviane Daillet , Muriel Bergé‐Nguyen , Xiaoling Chen , Shifeng Huang , Burnham James , Jean‐François Crétaux , Tiphanie Marie , Jinggang Li , Rémi Andreoli , Carlos Uribe 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPoyang and Dongting Lakes, major water resources and key elements for natural flood control and reduction within the Yangtze River middle basin, were monitored from 2000 to 2008, with a re‐visiting period of 10 days, using ENVISAT ASAR, and completed by MODIS data, validated by Beijing 1 time series. GPCP and TRMM time series were utilized to derive regional meteorological indicators. At the lake scale as well as their subdivisions ones, results allowed the characterization of lake behaviors. Even if the Dongting and Poyang lakes mechanisms are substantially different, their water surface areas and water level variations exhibit a good similarity, including the same year of major flooding (2002) and the same year of lowest extent of inundation (2001). Both lakes present astonishingly low water levels and low surface areas in summer of 2006, being associated with a very early draw‐off. Few reasons could explained it: (i) a rainfall deficit at the sub‐watershed level; (ii) a hydrological event in the upper stream part, namely a possible closure of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) gates; or (iii) a global climate change effect at the regional scale. The reasons for the dramatic water dropdown are neither a local rain deficit nor a change in the TGD management. The smallest water extent for wet season observed in 2006, appeared to be linked with a severe drought within the upper stream part of the Yangtze River basin. In addition, an impressive decreasing tendency of water surface and level is observed in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, linked with relatively constant decreasing precipitations over the last decade. This synergistic utilization of data from earth observation systems and in situ data provide valuable information on water resource management at the scale of the middle Yangtze River watershed.