bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of PCBs by ferric ion, hydrogen peroxide and UV light
Authors: Pignatello Joseph J. , Chapa Guadalupe 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A 1-g/L two-phase mixture of the commercial PCB oil Aroclor 1242 in acidified water at 66°C was degraded by a photoassisted Fenton-type reaction consisting of Fe3+, H2O2, and UV light (300-400 nm). Up to 88% PCB removal and 85% dechlorination were obtained, without attempts at optimization. The order of reactivity was di- &gt; tri-&gt; tetra- - – higher chlorinated biphenyls, but the selectivity was weak. Perfluorinated surfactants added to increase PCB solubility or rates of dissolution had a detrimental effect on degradation. Minimal reaction was observed at room temperature.
Effects of humic acid-metal complexes on hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase, carnitine acetyltransferase and catalase activities
Authors: Lu Fung-Jou , Chen Young-Shin , Huang Tien-Shang 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A significant increase in activities of hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase and carnitine acetyltransferase was observed in male Balb/c mice intraperitoneally injected for 40 d with 0 125 mg/0 1 ml/d humic acid-metal complexes. Among these complexes, the humic acid-As complex was relatively effective, whereas humic acid-25 metal complex was more effective, and humic acid-26 metal complex was most effective However, humic acid or metal mixtures, or metal such as As alone, was not effective Humic acid-metal complexes also significantly decreased hepatic catalase activity. A marked decrease of 60-kDa polypeptide in liver cytoplasm was also observed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after the mice had been injected with the complexes. Morphological analysis of a histopathological biopsy of such treated mice revealed several changes in hepatocytes, including focal necrosis and cell infiltration, mild fatty changes, reactive nuclei, and hypertrophy Humic acid-metal complexes affect activities of metabolic enzymes of fatty acids, and this results in accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and increase of the lipid peroxidation The products of lipid peroxidation may be responsible for liver damage and possible carcino-genesis. Previous studies in this laboratory had shown that humic acid-metal complex altered the coagulation system and that humic acid, per se, caused vasculopathy. Therefore, humic acid-metal complexes may be main causal factors of not only socalled blackfoot disease, but also the liver cancer prevailing on the southwestern coast of Taiwan.
HPLC determination of tocopherol, retinol, dehydroretinol and retinyl palmitate in tissues of lake char (Salvelinus namaycush) exposed to coplanar 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl
Authors: Palace Vince P. , Brown Scott B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Tocopherol, retinol, dehydroretinol, and retinyl palmitate were measured by reversed-phase HPLC in liver, kidney, and plasma of lake char exposed to orally administered coplanar 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB). Tocopherol concentrations were unaffected after eight weeks. Liver retinol, dehydroretinol, and retinyl palmitate concentrations were lower, whereas kidney retinyl palmitate was elevated in PCB-exposed groups. Tissue retinoid concentrations provide sensitive indicators of coplanar PCB exposure in fish.
Reuse and eluent stability studies of a weak cation exchange cartridge used for collection of ammonia in indoor air
Authors: Risner Charles H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An active weak cation exchange sampling device for ammonia was restored for sampling with the use of 1 m HC1 and water. This process could be performed at least four times with no detrimental effects. The eluent of the device was found to be stable for four months at 2°C.
Off-season spawning and factors influencing toxicity test development with topsmelt Atherinops Affinis
Authors: Anderson B.S. , Hunt J.W. , McNulty H.R. , Turpen S.L. , Martin M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Three separate groups of adult topsmelt (Atherinops a/finis) were spawned in rotation in laboratory culture over a two-year period to provide larvae for toxicity tests. Size and viability of embryos and larvae produced during the normal summer spawning period (May-August) were compared to those produced during the off season (October-April). Mean embryo viability was relatively high throughout the study (82%), whereas size of larvae varied. Larval size was significantly larger during the summer spawning period than in winter. A 7-d growth and survival toxicity test protocol was developed for topsmelt larvae. Variability of the protocol was assessed over a 12-month period using copper chloride as a reference toxicant. Precision of 12 toxicity tests using copper was high; the intralaboratory C.V. for copper LC50s was 19%. The 7-d larval protocol also gave comparable results in two interlaboratory toxicity tests using copper and complex effluent. This study demonstrates that topsmelt may be spawned throughout the year to provide larvae for toxicity tests and that topsmelt larvae have comparable sensitivity to other larval fishes commonly used in toxicity testing.
Age-specific toxicity of copper to larval topsmelt Ather1Nops Affinis
Authors: McNulty Hilary R. , Anderson Brian S. , Hunt John W. , Turpen Sheila L. , Singer Michael M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The age-specific sensitivity of topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) larvae to copper was assessed. A series of 7-d growth and survival experiments were conducted using cohorts of larval fish isolated into different age groups of 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 15, and 20 d post-hatch. Fish aged 0, 3, and 5 d were less sensitive to copper chloride than fish ≥7 d old. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for copper ranged from 365 μg L−1 in 0-d larvae, to 137 μg L−1 in 20-d larvae. NOECs remained relatively constant for all ages: 180 μg L−1 for 1- and 3-d-old fish, 100 μg L−1 for all other cohorts. Regression analysis indicated a significant negative correlation between LC50 and gill surface area (GSA; R2 = —0.793) and cutaneous surface area (CSA; R2 = —0.760. Although these correlations were expected because both morphometrics increase with age, the relationships between increasing respiratory surface area and LC50 may indicate that the increase in sensitivity with larval age is related to an increase in copper uptake, either cutaneously or branchially. GSA increased more than sevenfold between hatch and 20 d, whereas CSA increased only threefold throughout the same period.
Effect of xenobiotics on the respiratory activity of rat heart mitochondria and the concomitant formation of superoxide radicals
Authors: Stolze Klaus , Nohl Hans 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects of the xenobiotics atrazine, benzene, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lindane, toluene, and xylenol on the respiration of isolated rat heart mitochondria were studied. Bioenergetic parameters such as respiratory control (RC) and ATP /oxygen (P/O) values decreased considerably in the presence of these substances, and a concomitant increase of superoxide radical (O2−) formation was observed. These observations were discussed in terms of partial damage of the inner mitochondrial membrane, impairing the maintenance of the proton gradient across this membrane. In the presence of protons, ubisemiquinone radicals (UQ −) present in the inner mitochondrial membrane are able to react with molecular oxygen, thereby generating superoxide radicals. The changes of membrane potential and P/O values show a linear inverse correlation with O2− formation rates, whereas this correlation with RC values was not linear.
Comparison of two strategies for assessing ecotoxicological aspects of complex wastewater from a chemical-pharmaceutical plant
Authors: Brorson Torbjörn , Björklund Ingvar , Svenstam Göran , Lantz Rolf 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The potential environmental impact of wastewater from a chemical-pharmaceutical plant was evaluated by two different characterization strategies. The aim of the first strategy was to characterize the complex effluent before and after degradation by activated sludge. Chemical analyses (AOX, EOX, DOC, TOC, BOD, CODCr, N-total, N-NH4, N-NO2, N-NO3, P-total, and P-PO4) were performed on the undegraded and the degraded sample. Ecotoxicological tests were performed on the undegraded sample (acute toxicity, Microtox®, inhibition of respiration of activated sludge, inhibition of nitrification of activated sludge) and on the degraded sample (acute toxicity, Microtox). Moreover, the concentration of potentially bioaccu-mulating substances was determined in the degraded sample. The tests were done according to the STORK Project (characterization of persistent organic compounds in industrial effluents) initiated by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. The second characterization strategy was concentrated on single substances in the effluent. The amount of all discharged chemicals was estimated using mass-balance calculations or by chemical analysis of the water phase. Ecotoxicological data for several of the substances were drawn from the reference literature. For those without any ecotoxicological information, a limited set of tests was performed (Microtox, octanol/water partition coefficient, biodegradation). All substances were classified on the basis of environmental effects using acute toxicity, biodegradation, and bioaccumulation criteria.
The two different characterization strategies were useful when predicting environmental effects of wastewater from a chemical-pharmaceutical plant. From a practical and economical point of view, a stepwise approach including elements from both of the above strategies is recommended. A chemical-oriented strategy (discharged amount and ecotoxicological data for each compound) may be useful as a primary step for sorting out hazardous water phases from harmless ones. For less defined water phases, an extensive characterization program, including chemical analyses, acute toxicity testing, and ecotoxicological parameters, may give valuable information about environmental risks.
Evaluation of potential confounding factors in sediment toxicity tests with three freshwater benthic invertebrates
Authors: Ankley Gerald T. , Benoit Duane A. , Balogh James C. , Reynoldson Trefor B. , Day Kristin E. , Hoke Robert A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe examined the effects of natural sediment physicochemical properties on the results of lab tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca, the midge Chironomus tentans, and the ohgochaete Lumbriculus variegatus Ten-day exposures with the three species were conducted with 50 uncontaminated sediment samples from Lakes Erie, Huron, Superior, and Ontario, which differed markedly with regard to characteristics such as grain-size distribution, organic carbon content, and mineralogical composition Tests were conducted both with and without the addition of exogenous food Survival of Hyalella azteca, survival and growth of Chironomus tentans, and survival/reproduction and growth of Lumbriculus vanegatus were significantly greater in tests in which the animals were fed vs those in which they were not Approximately 10% of the tests in which Hyalella azteca was not fed and 80% of tests in which the amphipods were fed resulted in &gt;80% survival, a common criterion for defining the acceptability of tests with Hyalella azteca in clean control sediments Similarly, a relatively high percentage of the tests in which Chironomus tentans was not fed would have failed a control survival criterion of 70% for the midge Hence, there is significant potential for false positive results if Hyalella azteca or Chironomus tentans is not fed during sediment tests Predictive modeling of the assay results in relationship to sediment physicochemical characteristics failed to reveal any additional factors that influenced survival of Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans, or reproduction and growth of Lumbriculus vanegatus in tests in which the organisms were fed However, linear modeling did suggest that growth of fed as well as unfed Chironomus tentans may have been influenced by gram size distribution of the test sediments
Uptake and loss of white phosphorus in american kestrels
Authors: Nam Sae-Im , Roebuck B.D. , Walsh Marianne E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to a diet containing white phosphorus (P4) had detectable quantities of P4 only in their fatty tissues. As early as 24 h postdosing, P4 was found in the fat depots and skin but not in other tissues such as the brain, heart, intestine, liver, kidney, and muscle. After 7 d of continuous exposure to P4-containing diet (6.4 μg P4 per gram of diet), the skin but not fat depots showed significant accumulation of P4. When P4-containing diet (6.4 μg P4 per gram of diet) was fed for 2 d followed by 3 d of feeding a diet containing less P4 (0.7 μg P4 per gram of diet), P4 was not detectable in the tissues. Upon refeeding with the higher dietary concentration of P4, P4 was again detectable in skin and fat. This cyclic dosing regimen indicates that tissue levels are sensitive to dietary levels of P4.
Culturing of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas L.) larvae for aquatic toxicity testing: An observational note
Authors: Hutchinson Thomas H , Williams Timothy D 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Dietary investigations have been conducted to improve the survival of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) larvae for aquatic toxicity testing purposes Data are presented that suggest that feeding fish larvae both protozoa and Artemia nauplu may produce more consistent levels of larval survival and growth when compared with fish larvae fed Artemia nauplu only
Effect of aeration of sediment on cadmium binding
Authors: Zhuang Yuanyi , Allen Herbert E. , Fu Gongmin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAcid-volatile sulfide (AVS) has been shown to be the dominant phase reacting with metals in anoxic sediments. The AVS in sediment decreases upon resuspension due to storms and dredging, and in winter when the rate of aeration processes exceeds that of the formation of sulfide. We conducted a series of lab aeration experiments in batch reactors to investigate the effects of aeration of sediment on the sulfide content of sediment and on the partitioning of cadmium, a model toxic metal, to the sediment. Aeration of sediment results in rapid decrease of the AVS. We studied the sediment characteristics for aeration periods of approximately a month. During this time, the concentrations of dissolved metals increased by 200 to 400% or more, relative to the concentrations present at the beginning of the test. The concentration of metal associated with AVS and with pyrite decreased. During the aeration, there are increases in the concentrations of hydrous iron and manganese oxides, and these materials become increasingly more important in the binding of cadmium. Following the aeration, &gt;50% of the cadmium was associated with the extractable iron and manganese components of the sediment. Overall, the binding capacity of the sediments for cadmium decreased after aeration.
Submitochondrial particle response to linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their biodegradation derivatives
Authors: Argese Emanuele , Marcomini Antonio , Bettiol Cinzia , Perin Guido , Miana Paola 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effects on mitochondrial respiratory parameters of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), nonylphenol polyeth-oxylates (NPEO), and some of their biotransformation products, namely sulfophenyl carboxylates (SPCs), nonylphenol (NP), and nonylphenoxy acetic acid (NP1EC), were recorded by using the in vitro response of submitochondrial particles (SMP) from beef heart. The toxicity of these compounds was estimated by determining their effects on the energy-coupled reverse electron transfer (RET), which is induced by ATP and succinate at the first site level of the respiratory chain and reduces exogenous NAD+ to NADH. The toxicity of the substances, expressed as the toxicant concentration decreasing the reduction rate of NAD+ to an extent of 50% (EC50), ranged from 0.61 mg/L for a commercial LAS mixture to 18,000 mg/L for individual SPCs; from 1.3 mg/L for NPEO, with an average of 10 ethoxy units, to 8.2 and 1.8 mg/L for NP1EC and NP, respectively. These results were related to the molecular structure of each compound class and compared with the toxicity values obtained by a variety of biological systems currently used for toxicity testing. The acute toxicity data have demonstrated that (a) the SMP bioassay is suitable for reproducing the toxicological response of whole organisms, such as fishes and invertebrates, to the tested chemicals; and (b) the hydrophobic moiety of these compounds plays a significant role in eliciting their toxic effects. From a toxicological standpoint, attention must be paid to the occurrence in natural waters of residual LAS, whereas in the case of NPEO both unaltered surfactant and all biotransformation products need to be identified and quantified.
Back-propagation neural networks-recognition vs. prediction capability
Authors: Schüürmann Gerrit , Muller Eckhard 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Literature data on biodegradation kinetics of organic compounds, together with a descriptor representation, are subjected to a systematic analysis of the performance of back-propagation neural-network models. The results show distinct dependencies on various model parameters, particularly on the number of iteration cycles. The application of leave-n-out procedures leads to general recommendations for a proper evaluation of the recognition and prediction power of this class of nonlinear structure-activity models.
Accumulation, depuration and growth effects of tributyltin in the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha under field conditions
Authors: VanSlooten Kristin Becker , Tarradellas Joseph 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The uptake of tributyltin (TBT) in caged Dreissena polymorpha was investigated in a freshwater marina contaminated with TBT released from antifouhng paints Depuration was followed on bivalves transferred from the marina, where they live naturally, to a location without organotin contamination The butyltin concentration of the mussel tissues and the water was determined and the growth of the mollusks followed during 105 d The accumulation was extremely rapid, reaching a threshold of 63 μg/g dry weight after 35 d with a very high BCF of 900,000 No effect on growth or mortality was observed The elimination experiment showed a half life of 26 d without reaching a steady state after 105 d The mean ambient TBT water concentrations were 70 and 4 ng/L during the uptake and depuration experiments, respectively Rate constants have been cal culated The growth rate of the eliminating Dreissena polymorpha was half as high as the rate of the accumulating mussels and of those caged in the site with low TBT concentrations serving as reference The bivalves living naturally in the marina might have been affected during their larval or juvenile stages, resulting in a reduced growth rate of the adults, which remained diminished even when transferred to an area remote from known TBT sources
Feeding by clay-colored sparrows on grasshoppers and toxicity of carbofuran residues
Authors: Forsyth Douglas J. , Hinks Christopher F. , Westcott Neil D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The potential hazard of carbofuran-sprayed insects to clay-colored sparrows (Spizella pallida) was determined by measuring consumption of grasshoppers (Melanoplus sanguinipes) by nestlings and adults, attractiveness of dead vs. live grasshoppers, and toxicity of sprayed grasshoppers to adults. Hand-reared nestlings 8 to 10 and 14 to 22 d old ate mean quantities of grasshoppers per bird of 0.61 and 0.83 g, respectively, per bout of feeding when fed to satiety every hour from dawn to dusk. These rates of intake in the field could result in doses of 0.2 mg/kg body mass (14% of the LD50 for adults) in brief bouts of feeding if they were fed sprayed insects containing carbofuran at 2.5 μg/g, the mean concentration found after aerial application of 134 g a.i. per hectare. Nestlings 2 to 3 d old ingesting about 0.2 g grasshoppers in brief periods might receive lethal doses from carbofuran residues of 2.5 μg/g or the maximum concentration of 5.7 μg/g if they are more sensitive than adults. There was nonetheless no evidence of reduced survival among nestling passerines for 3 d following aerial spraying of carbofuran at 134 g/ha in a pasture. Captive adults preferred dead grasshoppers in trials in which live and dead grasshoppers were offered simultaneously. When six adults were provided with 24-h supplies of sprayed grasshoppers containing carbofuran at 2.6 μg/g, they showed no taste aversion and consumed quantities 24% greater than those eaten by control birds. No mortality resulted from eating the contaminated grasshoppers. Mean hopping activity by treated birds increased by 80%, relative to controls, 5 h after receiving poisoned grasshoppers, but the difference was not significant. Although captive adults consumed close to their body mass in grasshoppers daily, an LD50 of carbofuran from grasshoppers containing 2.5 μg/g would require rapid ingestion of 6.7 g, a quantity about 7x the birds' capacity for short-term ingestion. Our results, combined with observations of a related field study, suggest that adult and nestling passerines are able to tolerate the dietary exposure to carbofuran resulting from ingestion of grasshoppers sprayed at the rate of 134 g/ha. Conclusions about safety should not be drawn, however, until more field applications have been monitored.
Temporal induction of cytochrome p450 1a in the mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio) after administration of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Van Der Weiden Martine E. J. , Hanegraaf Frank H. M. , Seinen Willem , Van Den Berg Martin , Eggens Martin L. , Celander Malin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHigh inductions of 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) activities, cytochrome P450 1A protein levels (P4501 A), and total cytochrome P450 content (P450) were observed 1,2,5, and 14 d after a single i.p. injection of 99.5 μmol/kg benzo[a]py-rene (BaP) and chrysene (Chrys). The highest inductions in EROD activities and P450 1A protein levels were seen 2 d after treatment, approximately 35- and 11-fold relative to the controls. Less pronounced increases of EROD activities and P450 1A protein levels, approximately 3- to 10-fold and 6-fold, respectively, were observed after treatment with equimolar concentrations of flu-oranthene (Fluor) and pyrene (Pyr). Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) and the carrier dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) did not affect these parameters. The highest concentrations of PAHs in the liver, equivalent to 2 to 25% of the dose, were found 1 or 2 d after treatment. The highest percentage of the dose in the liver was observed for Chrys, followed by BghiP, BaP, Fluor, and Pyr. Poor correlations were found between hepatic concentrations of PAHs and P450 1A increases, which might be attributed to the rapid metabolism of these compounds.