bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical sensing and chemometric analysis of soil organic carbon – a cost effective alternative to conventional laboratory methods?
Authors: O’ Rourke S. M. , Holden N. M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSoil organic carbon (SOC) is frequently determined by the Walkley‐Black (WB) method. A limitation of the test is incomplete oxidation of the carbon fraction and underestimation of SOC. Automated dry combustion methods are expensive and slow. Optical sensing and chemometric analysis offer the potential of an economical method capable of quantifying SOC fractions. The aim of this study was to identify the best SOC analysis method to facilitate maximum sampling resolution based on the cost per sample, analytical accuracy and time. A comparative evaluation was made of five techniques; (1) the WB method, (2) total combustion by total organic C analyser, (3) infrared (IR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, (4) a portable spectroradiometer and (5) laboratory hyperspectral imaging. This involved assessing equipment costs, consumables and time to derive total analytical cost. The benefits were sample throughput and analytical accuracy. Instrumentation represented the largest input to analytical cost and for optical methods was governed by the spectral range. In contrast to dry combustion, this cost is offset by high sample throughput and minimal consumable requirements for IR spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging. Hyperspectral imaging is identified as the most rapid technique with potential to scan about 720 samples per day at 90% less cost than the WB method. The opportunity cost of hyperspectral imaging is to forfeit some analytical accuracy associated with the dry combustion method. Dry combustion, despite its high cost per sample, incurs no further costs associated with updating prediction models or developing site or soil specific correction factors.
Time course of the angiogenic response during normotrophic and hypertrophic scar formation in humans
Authors: van der Veer Willem M. , Niessen Frank B. , Ferreira José A. , Zwiers Peter J. , de Jong Etty H. , Middelkoop Esther , Molema Grietje 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTPrevious research suggests that in hypertrophic scars (HSs), an excess of microvessels is present compared with normotrophic scars (NSs). The aim of our study was to quantify vascular densities in HSs and normotrophic scars and to provide an insight into the kinetics of changes in the expression of angiogenic factors in time during wound healing and HS formation. Human presternal wound healing after cardiothoracic surgery through a sternotomy incision was investigated in a standardized manner. Skin biopsies were collected at consecutive time points, i.e., during surgery and 2, 4, 6, 12, and 52 weeks postoperatively. The expression levels of angiopoietin‐1, angiopoietin‐2, Tie‐2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator were measured by real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Quantification of angiogenesis and cellular localization of the proteins of interest were based on immunohistochemical analysis. Microvessel densities were higher in the HSs compared with the normotrophic scars 12 weeks (p=0.017) and 52 weeks (p=0.030) postoperatively. Angiopoietin‐1 expression was lower in the hypertrophic group (p<0.001), which, together with a nonsignificant increase of angiopoietin‐2 expression, represented a considerable decrease in the angiopoietin‐1/angiopoietin‐2 ratio in the hypertrophic group 4 weeks (p=0.053), 12 weeks (p<0.001), and 52 weeks (p<0.001) postoperatively. The expression of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator was up‐regulated during HS formation (p=0.008). Vascular endothelial growth factor expression was not significantly different when comparing both groups. In summary, the differential expression of angiopoietin‐1, angiopoietin‐2, and urokinase‐type plasminogen activator in time is associated with an increased vascular density in HSs compared with normotrophic scars.
The Effect of Cancellous Autograft and Novel Plate Design on Radiographic Healing and Postoperative Complications in Tibial Tuberosity Advancement for Cranial Cruciate‐Deficient Canine Stifles
Authors: Bisgard Sarah K. , Barnhart Matthew D. , Shiroma Jonathon T. , Kennedy Shawn C. , Schertel Eric R. 
Published: May 2011

Objective:To assess the effect of autogenous cancellous bone graft (autograft) and novel plate use on radiographic healing and complications in tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL)‐deficient stifles in dogs.Study Design:Prospective clinical study.Animals:Consecutive dogs (n=125) with unilateral CrCL‐deficient stifles.Methods:Four treatment groups: CPG, conventional plate with autograft; CPNG, conventional plate without autograft; NPG, novel plate with autograft; NPNG, novel plate without autograft were studied. Radiographs from 60 dogs were scored for healing at 6 and 10 weeks postoperatively; all 125 dogs were assessed for radiographic complications. Variables evaluated for relationship with healing scores and radiographic complications were age, weight, sex, cage and plate size, implant type, and graft use.Results:Dogs with autograft had overall higher healing scores at 6 and 10 weeks. Radiographic complications occurred in 13 dogs (12 minor, 1 major), and were not influenced by graft or novel plate use.Conclusion:Autograft increases healing scores, but was not found to have a significant impact on the rate of complications in TTA. The novel plate was not found to have healing scores or radiographic complication rates significantly different from the conventional plate design.
Women with chromosomally normal male fetuses are at increased risk of being referred for invasive testing following first‐trimester risk assessment
Authors: MILTOFT CAROLINE BORREGAARD , EKELUND CHARLOTTE KVIST , RODE LINE , TABOR ANN 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective. This study investigated the gender distribution in karyotype results from chorionic villus samples and amniocenteses performed due to an increased risk for Down syndrome based on first‐trimester combined risk assessment. Methods. All prenatal karyotypes performed from 2006–2008 due to a risk assessment above 1:300 were retrieved from the Danish Central Cytogenetic Register. The distribution of gender for all newborns was obtained from Statistics Denmark. The χ2 test and odds ratios were used for intergroup comparison. Results. We retrieved 5 157 karyotype results (54.9% male and 45.1% female karyotypes), of which 4 662 were normal. During the same period, 100 112 boys and 94 732 girls were born. Women carrying male fetuses were significantly more often referred for invasive testing than women carrying female fetuses (2.8 vs. 2.5%, p < 0.0001). However, the proportion of chromosomally normal male fetuses was significantly greater than that for female fetuses (92.0 vs. 88.4%, p < 0.0001). Conclusion. A significantly higher proportion of women pregnant with male fetuses compared with female fetuses had an invasive diagnostic test performed prenatally following a risk assessment for Down syndrome.
Adverse effects of topical photodynamic therapy
Authors: Ibbotson Sally Helen 
Published: May 2011

Background/purpose: Topical photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used in dermatology, particularly for the treatment of superficial non‐melanoma skin cancer and dysplasia. Treatment is generally considered to be well tolerated, although pain during PDT can be a limiting factor. This review explores the adverse effects of topical PDT.Methods: A thorough search of the literature using Medline was undertaken and published data were evaluated and presented in conjunction with our own experience.Results: Pain during PDT is the most commonly reported adverse effect and may prevent successful treatment delivery, although low‐irradiance regimes and use of nerve blocks or cooling air can be used to reduce pain. Other acute and chronic adverse effects are reported but do not seem to be limiting factors in the use of topical PDT. To date, there is no convincing evidence for a carcinogenic effect of this treatment.Conclusion: Topical PDT is associated with few significant adverse effects, although methods to optimize regimes and minimize pain are required to improve the acceptability of this therapy for patients.
Buffering capacity of human skin layers: in vitro
Authors: Zheng Yue , Sotoodian Bahman , Lai Wei , Maibach Howard I. 
Published: May 2011

Background/purpose: The skin possesses buffering capacity to resist acidic/alkaline aggression. Skin components contribute differently to this buffering capacity. This study investigates buffering capacity in three skin layers: intact stratum corneum (SC), epidermis and dermis.
Methods: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) solutions at 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1 N were applied to skin (3.18 μL/cm2). After 30 min, the skin was washed with 1 mL de‐ionized water. TEWL and pH measurements were conducted at baseline (before contact with acid or base), 0, 10 and 30 min post exposure, and continued at 0, 10 and 30 min post washing.
Results: Data indicate that immediately following acid or base exposures, the dermis demonstrates the highest buffering capacity, while with time, intact stratum corneum predominates.
Conclusion: These findings potentiate advanced understanding of skin's buffering capacity as related to dermatopharmacology and dermatotoxicology.
Seemingly healthy skin in atopic dermatitis: observations with the use of high‐frequency ultrasonography, preliminary study
Authors: Dańczak‐Pazdrowska Aleksandra , Polańska Adriana , Silny Wojciech , Sadowska Anna , Osmola‐Mańkowska Agnieszka , Czarnecka‐Operacz Magdalena , Żaba Ryszard , Jenerowicz Dorota 
Published: May 2011

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing skin disorder which is strictly determined by the epidermal barrier function. In previous studies, there is conclusive evidence that normal‐looking, nonlesional skin presents meaningful barrier function defect and a sub‐clinical eczematous skin reaction.Aim: The authors intended to visualize nonlesional AD skin with the use of high frequency ultrasonography to show that the normal‐looking, nonlesional skin may present significant abnormalities in USG examination.Methods: We have performed analysis with the use of high‐frequency 20 MHz skin sonography in the cases of 15 AD patients of the Department of Dermatology, Medical University, Poznań, Poland. The clinical score has been evaluated on the basis of W‐AZS index and EASI. The results were presented in the form of ultrasonographic images.Results: High frequency ultrasonography revealed an echopoor band within nonlesional skin of six (40%) examined AD patients and in all cases within skin lesions.Conclusion: Our results indicate the significant role of skin ultrasonography in the complete clinical evaluation of patients with AD, which may serve as an element in selection of the most appropriate topical treatment. An echopoor band beneath the echo entry within nonlesional skin of some AD patients may reflect subclinical eczematous reaction and the readiness for the development of typical skin lesions. For this purpose, we suggest to name an intact skin in AD as seemingly healthy skin.
Animal‐type melanoma – tumor cell invasion of dermal lymphatics and molecular identification of lymph node metastasis
Authors: Posch Christian , Vesely Michael , Monshi Babak , Feichtinger Hans , Cziegler Kurt , Rappersberger Klemens 
Published: May 2011

SummaryAnimal‐type melanoma (ATM) represents a rare subtype within the wide spectrum of melanocytic tumors. Clinically, ATM lesions appear as sharply demarcated, brown, black and dark blue pigmented nodules, which show grey‐white surface elements on dermatoscopy. The tumor is restricted to the dermis and arranged in irregular fascicles, which are composed of spindle‐shaped and epithelioid melanocytes. Moderate tumor cell pleomorphism, mitoses and apoptotic cells all suggest a malignant process. Abundant, finely dispersed melanin pigment within tumor cells as well as numerous melanophages are strongly suggestive of ATM. Even though locoregional lymph node metastases are frequently found at diagnosis, the course of ATM is generally benign. Specific molecular changes may be detected in melanocytes from lesions and lymph nodes on fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Such findings strongly indicate the malignant potential of ATM. The peculiar biology of ATM, as a moderately malignant tumor, is reflected in a new histopathological classification within the spectrum of dermal borderline melanocytic tumors (BMT).
Research in practice: Different dendritic cell types in skin with various functions – important implications for intradermal vaccines
Authors: von Stebut Esther 
Published: May 2011

SummaryIt was long believed that epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) are responsible for the initiation of cellular immunity. Only recently it has been shown that in skin alone 5 different subtypes of dendritic cells (DC) can be identified. Among these, LC, but also two Langerin‐expressing dermal DC populations and two more Langerin‐negative DC subtypes exist. Novel findings in the model disease leishmaniasis, as well as evidence from research in contact hypersensitivity, have revealed that activation of LC in skin leads to induction of regulatory, immunosuppressive T cells, whereas the other skin DC subtypes stimulate effector T cells. Thus, when producing vaccines designed for intradermal use, it would seem advisable to attempt to activate dermal DC subtypes while avoiding activation of epidermal LC.
Physiological aspects of human milk lipids and implications for infant feeding: a workshop report
Authors: Koletzko Berthold , Agostoni Carlo , Bergmann Renate , Ritzenthaler Kristin , Shamir Raanan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe biology of human milk and lactation helps understand the physiology of breastfed infants. The compositional and biological effects of human milk lipids have received considerable interest regarding their modulating effects on growth, metabolism and functions of the cardiovascular, immune and nervous system.Conclusion:  This paper describes key aspects of a scientific workshop focused on current knowledge, unresolved questions and future research needs in the area of human milk lipids and their physiological effects in infants.
Asian Tapirs Are No Elephants When It Comes To Seed Dispersal
Authors: Campos‐Arceiz Ahimsa , Traeholt Carl , Jaffar Razak , Santamaria Luis , Corlett Richard T. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe elimination of the largest herbivores (elephants and rhinoceroses) from many forests in tropical East Asia may have severe consequences for plant species that depend on them for seed dispersal. We assessed the capacity of Malayan tapirs Tapirus indicus—the next largest nonruminant herbivore in the region—as a substitute for the lost megafauna in this role by studying their ability to disperse the seeds of nine fleshy‐fruited plants with seeds 5–97 mm in length. We combined information from feeding trials, germination tests, and field telemetry to assess the effect of tapir consumption on seed viability and to estimate how far the seeds would be dispersed. The tapirs (N=8) ingested few seeds. Seed survival through gut passage was moderately high for small‐seeded plants (e.g., 36.9% for Dillenia indica) but very low for medium‐ (e.g., 7.6% for Tamarindus indica) and large‐seeded (e.g., 2.8% for Artocarpus integer) plants. Mean seed gut passage times were long (63–236 h) and only the smallest seeds germinated afterwards. Using movement data from four wild tapirs in Peninsular Malaysia we estimated mean dispersal distances of 917–1287 m (range=22–3289 m) for small‐seeded plants. Malayan tapirs effectively dispersed small‐seeded plants but acted as seed predators for the large‐seeded plants included in our study, suggesting that they cannot replace larger herbivores in seed dispersal. With the absence of elephants and rhinos many megafaunal‐syndrome plants in tropical East Asia are expected to face severe dispersal limitation problems.
DEGRADATION KINETICS AND COLOR STABILITY OF SPRAY‐DRIED ENCAPSULATED ANTHOCYANINS FROM HIBISCUS SABDARIFFA L.
Authors: IDHAM ZUHAILI , MUHAMAD IDA IDAYU , SARMIDI MOHD ROJI 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTDry powder of red color from roselle calyces, which can be used as natural colorant and functional food ingredient, was produced using microencapsulation technique. Four different matrices, i.e., maltodextrin, gum Arabic, combination of maltodextrin and gum Arabic, and soluble starch were used for encapsulation study. Identification and measurement of anthocyanins in encapsulated roselle was made by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Encapsulation efficiencies were determined and compared with storage analysis data. The stability of encapsulated pigments was investigated during storage under three different storage temperatures (4, 25 and 37C) until 105 days. The four type of matrices largely increased the half‐life of the pigments during storage especially at 37C (P < 0.05) compared with the non‐encapsulated roselle extract. Storage temperature did not significantly (P > 0.05) effect the L*, a* and b* values. However, type of encapsulation agent and storage time significantly (P < 0.05) affected the color changes. The L* and a* values were decreased during storage whereas the b* value was increased. Combination of maltodextrin and gum Arabic showed the highest encapsulation efficiencies (99.87 ± 0.04%), lower degradation rate in 4C (3.7 ± 0.3) and had smaller changes in a* and b* values among the four matrices.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSA spectrum of natural, red‐hue primer colorants derived from roselle plant extracts, substantially free of alkaloids, enzymes, aroma or solvent residuals, and microencapsulated to ensure good stability and shelf life. This study measures the storage stability and suitability of the microencapsulated natural colorants. The colorants are for functional use in the food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other industries.
DEVELOPMENT AND OPTIMIZATION OF A DRINK UTILIZING CITRUS (CITRUS UNSHIU) PEEL EXTRACT
Authors: KIM JONG KOOK , BAIK MOO YEOL , HAHM YOUNG TAE , KIM BYUNG YONG 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTSCitrus (Citrus unshiu) peel extracts were utilized to develop a drink using a mixture design and optimization process. The contents of narirutin and hesperidin in the citrus peel extracts, as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography, were 10.25 and 7.65 mg/g, respectively. Residual pesticides in the citrus peel, such as chlorobenzilate, diethofencarb, malathion, methiocarb and carbaryl, were not detected. Heavy metals, including lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), were determined as 16.00 and 6.55 µg/g prior to washing the citrus peels, and 5.83 and 5.83 µg/g after washing, respectively. Development of the drink with citrus peel extract was carried out using fructo‐oligosaccharide syrup and water. The interaction effects of these ingredients were investigated using a modified distance‐based design and analyzed by linear regression models, nonlinear regression models and trace plots. Optimization of the mixture ratio was determined with statistical modeling using 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, total flavonoid content and taste tests, all of which are important target constraints in a drink. Every constraint demonstrated a nonlinear canonical form. The response trace plot revealed that DPPH radical scavenging activity, total flavonoid content and taste tests were quite sensitive to citrus peel extract content in the drink. The optimal formulation of the drink was set at 1.974% citrus peel extract, 27.543% fructo‐oligosaccharide syrup and 70.364% water.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCitrus peels extract can be utilized to functional drinks having a narirutin and hesperidin. Mixture design and optimization process enables us to attain the optimal mixture ratio with drink ingredients for the drink. Numerical optimization process can be effectively applied in other food mixture systems.
A MULTISTEP OPTIMIZATION APPROACH FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HEALTHFUL PASTA BASED ON NONCONVENTIONAL FLOURS
Authors: MASTROMATTEO M. , CHILLO S. , CIVICA V. , IANNETTI M. , SURIANO N. , DEL NOBILE M.A. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTA multistep approach is proposed in this study for optimizing the production process of pasta based on nonconventional flours. The spaghetti samples obtained in the first experimental phase (Step 1) were in quinoa and oat base. In the second step (Step 2), legume flour was added. In the next phase (Step 3), oat was substituted with maize. In the final phase (Step 4), quinoa, maize and soy were used. The dough rheological properties and the sensorial parameters of spaghetti were evaluated. In Step 1, the sample with 60% of quinoa, 10% of pregelatinized quinoa and 30% of oat had appropriate firmness to be extruded. The legume flour added to the dough in Step 2 increased its viscosity. In Step 3, the added maize brought about lower values of viscosity. The spaghetti manufactured in Step 4 had viscosity values similar to that of the previous step but close to that of the durum wheat semolina dough.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONHigh protein flours can be added to the semolina or be a substitute in production of nonconventional kinds of “pasta” with healthy characteristics or directed to specific targets, such as people following a celiac diet. The amount of nonconventional flour that can be added to or substituted for semolina represents a compromise between nutritional improvement of the pasta and achievement of satisfactory sensory and functional properties. The present work is focused on the manufacturing of spaghetti based on quinoa, oat, chickpea, broad bean, maize and soy flours. A multistep approach is proposed for optimizing the production process of pasta. Moreover, for each experimental step, the rheological properties of the doughs and the sensory characteristics of the spaghetti samples were evaluated. Results of this study could provide the industry useful information about potential utilizing of different grains in food formulations and product development for new functional foods.