bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rectal lymphoma in 11 dogs – a retrospective study
Authors: Van den Steen N. , Berlato D. , Polton G. , Dobson J. , Stewart J. , Maglennon G. , Hayes A. M. , Murphy S. 
Published: August 2012

ObjectivesTo retrospectively evaluate the clinical behaviour and immunophenotype of lymphoma of the rectum in dogs.MethodsEleven dogs diagnosed with lymphoma of the rectum on histopathology were retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemistry with CD3 and CD79a antibodies was performed at diagnosis or retrospectively.ResultsTreatment protocol varied with six dogs undergoing surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy, two received chemotherapy after only incisional biopsy, one had surgical resection only, one was treated symptomatically and one dog was not treated. Chemotherapy treatment consisted of either a ‐low‐dose COP (cyclophosphamide ‐ prednisolone ‐ vincristine) protocol (four dogs) or a six‐week CHOP‐based (cyclophosphamide ‐ vincristine ‐ ‐prednisolone ‐ anthracycline) protocol (four dogs). Dogs that received chemotherapy lived significantly longer than dogs that did not receive chemotherapy (2352 versus 70 days). Median survival time was not reached, and there was an overall mean survival time of 1697 days. Immunohistochemistry was performed in 10 of 11 samples, and was consistent with B‐cell ‐lymphoma in all cases.Clinical SignificanceCanine lymphoma of the rectum is associated with a favourable prognosis. Immunohistochemical evaluation of these lesions was consistent with B‐cell lymphoma in all cases in which it was examined.
Frugivory and seed dispersal by tapirs: an insight on their ecological role
Authors: O'FARRILL Georgina , GALETTI Mauro , CAMPOS‐ARCEIZ Ahimsa 
Published: August 2012

AbstractTapirs are one of the last extant megafauna species that survived the Pleistocene extinctions. Given their size and digestive system characteristics, tapirs might be the last potential seed disperser of plant species that were previously dispersed by other large mammal species that are now extinct. We compiled evidence from 39 published scientific studies showing that tapirs have a key role as seed dispersers and seed predators. Tapirs play an important role either through seed predation or by facilitating the recruitment of seeds over long distances, therefore influencing the diversity of plant species in the ecosystem. Neotropical tapirs might have a unique role as long‐distance seed dispersers of large seeds (<20 mm) because they are capable of depositing viable large seeds in favorable places for germination that even large‐bodied primates cannot disperse. Given the high diversity of seed species found in tapir diet, more information is needed on the identification of seed traits that allow the survival of seeds in the tapir's gut. Moreover, further studies are necessary on the role of tapirs as seed dispersers and predators; in particular considering spatial patterns of dispersed seeds, seed viability, effect of dung, and seed density in tapir latrines, and the effect of deposition sites on germination and seedling survival. Because all tapir species are highly threatened, it is paramount to identify gaps in our knowledge on the ecological role of tapirs and, in particular, on critical and endangered plant‐tapir interactions to avoid possible trophic cascading effects on ecosystem function.
Distribution, habitat and adaptability of the genusTapirus
Authors: GARCÍA Manolo J. , MEDICI Emília Patrícia , NARANJO Eduardo J. , NOVARINO Wilson , LEONARDO Raquel S. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn this manuscript, as a starting point, the ancient and current distribution of the genusTapirusare summarized, from its origins, apparently in Europe, to current ranges. Subsequently, original and current tapir habitats are described, as well as changes in ancient habitats. As the manuscript goes on, we examine the ways in which tapir species interact with their habitats and the main aspects of habitat use, spatial ecology and adaptability. Having reviewed the historic and current distribution of tapirs, as well as their use and selection of habitats, we introduce the concept of adaptability, considering that some of the tapir physiological characteristics and behavioral strategies can reduce the negative impact of habitat alteration and climate change. Finally, we provide recommendations for future research priorities. The conservation community is still missing important pieces of information for the effective conservation of tapirs and their remaining habitats in Central and South America and Southeast Asia. Reconstructing how tapir species reached their current distribution ranges, interpreting how they interact with their habitats and gathering information regarding the strategies they use to cope with habitat changes will increase our understanding about these animals and contribute to the development of conservation strategies.
Linkage disequilibrium and effective population size when generations overlap
Authors: Robinson John D. , Moyer Gregory R. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEstimates of effective population size are critical for species of conservation concern. Genetic datasets can be used to provide robust estimates of this important parameter. However, the methods used to obtain these estimates assume that generations are discrete. We used simulated data to assess the influences of overlapping generations on the estimates of effective size provided by the linkage disequilibrium (LD) method. Our simulations focus on two factors: the degree of reproductive skew exhibited by the focal species and the generation time, without considering sample size or the level of polymorphism at marker loci. In situations where a majority of reproduction is achieved by a small fraction of the population, the effective number of breeders can be much smaller than the per‐generation effective population size. The LD in samples of newborns can provide estimates of the former size, while our results indicate that the latter size is best estimated using random samples of reproductively mature adults. Using samples of adults, the downwards bias was less than approximately 15% across our simulated life histories. As noted in previous assessments, precision of the estimate depends on the magnitude of effective size itself, with greater precision achieved for small populations.
mmod: an R library for the calculation of population differentiation statistics
Authors: Winter David J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstractmmod is a library for the R programming language that allows the calculation of the population differentiation measures Dest, G″ST and φ′ST. R provides a powerful environment in which to conduct and record population genetic analyses but, at present, no R libraries provide functions for the calculation of these statistics from standard population genetic files. In addition to the calculation of differentiation measures, mmod can produce parametric bootstrap and jackknife samples of data sets for further analysis. By integrating with and complimenting the existing libraries adegenet and pegas, mmod extends the power of R as a population genetic platform.
Comparison of corneal thickness and curvature in myopic and keratoconic eyes of patients from French Caribbean Isles and continental France
Authors: Joyaux Jean Christophe , Gallois Anne , Touboul David , Delcourt Cécile , Colin Joseph , Patel Sudi 
Published: August 2012

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the corneal thickness and curvature of myopic and patients with keratoconus from two countries.Methods:  This cross‐sectional study was conducted at Cabinet Opale, Fort de France, French West Indies and University Hospital of Bordeaux, France. Corneal thickness and curvature were assessed in 170 keratoconic eyes of 89 residents of the French Caribbean Islands (FCI) and 159 keratoconic eyes of 91 residents of the Aquitaine region of southwest France. A group of age‐matched keratoconus‐free patients who had been referred for refractive surgery owing to myopia (173 FCI [173 eyes; 87 individuals] and Aquitaine [181 eyes; 93 individuals]) were also assessed.Results:  The mean age at keratoconus diagnosis was significantly higher among FCI than Aquitaine residents (p = 0.009). The mean keratometric (Km) reading was statistically higher for keratoconic FCI than Aquitaine patients, at 48.06 versus 46.21 diopters (p = 0.001). This difference was more pronounced among patients aged >40 years than those ≤40 years (p = 0.009). Patients with keratoconus showed no significant difference in mean central corneal thickness and thinnest corneal point values, irrespective of region. Myopic individuals from the FCI, however, had significantly lower mean central corneal thickness and thinnest corneal point measurements than Aquitaine myopics, irrespective of age group (p ≤ 0.0008).Conclusion:  The corneas of patients with keratoconus of African‐Caribbean and Caucasian origins are of similar thickness. Myopic African‐Caribbean patients referred for refractive surgery tend to present with thinner corneas than Caucasians.
Thermal State and Strength of the Lithosphere Beneath the Chinese Mainland
Authors: Yang WANG 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:The temperature distributions of the lithosphere underneath the mainland of China were estimated by applying local isostatic equilibrium‐constrained geothermal calculations. Maps of the lateral temperature variation at depths of 40, 70, and 100 km are presented for the whole Chinese continent, with the thermal thickness of the lithosphere is calculated. Lithospheric roots of 160–200 km thickness underlie Tarim and the Upper Yangtze platform, but are absent beneath the entire Sino‐Korean platform. In general, the Tibetan plateau and fold belts to the north have warm but thick lithospheres, whereas thinner thermal lithospheres have been identified in northern Tibet and central Tian Shan around Issyk‐Kul Lake. The warm and soft lithosphere in the Tibetan plateau and Tian Shan are caused by uniform north‐south shortening, which may represent a snapshot of the early stage of convective thinning of the convergent lithosphere. However, the lithospheric thinning beneath northeastern China might be related to volatile infiltration by dehydration of the deeply subducting Pacific slab during the Cenozoic. Dry and wet upper mantle rheology display “jelly sandwich” and “crème brûlée” pictures, respectively, demonstrating the mechanical behaviour of the Chinese lithosphere outside the Tibetan plateau. Considering a more geologically evident wet‐mantle rheology, the “crème brûlée” model can approximate the lithospheric rheology for the most earthquake‐prone regions on the Chinese mainland.
Geochemical Features and Metallogenic Prediction of the Caixiashan‐Weiquan Area in the East Tianshan Region
Authors: Lu LU , Lixin ZHU , Keyan XIAO , Shengming MA , Jiangning YIN , Mingzuan XU 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:The Caixiashan‐Weiquan area is an important ore concentration area in the eastern Tianshan metallogenic belt. Firstly, this paper studies geochemical features of 1564 samples of 1:200000 stream sediments of the Matoutan mapsheet, where the Caixiashan and Weiquan deposits are located. Processing, analysis and explanation of exploration geochemical data play an important role in the procedure of finding the ore, which are related to whether the measured elements content of geochemical samples can effectively guide the work of mineral exploration. As a highly nonlinear dynamical system, the neural network is more analogous to the human brains in terms of principles and features compared with conventional geochemical approaches. It can adapt itself to the environment, sum up laws, complete pattern recognition. Secondly, the authors used the Kohonen neural network to classify all samples based on 10 mineralization elements of stream sediment samples in order to determine possible mineral ores, reduce the scope of ore targets and study indicator elements of the ninth group of samples, which is the mostly closest to the deposit The results show that the neural network can delineate metallogenic prospective areas and is effective in the discovery of deep geochemical information.
Combination Patterns and Depositional Characteristics of Ordovician Carbonate Banks in the Western Tarim Basin, China
Authors: Xiaolan HU , Tailiang FAN , Zhiqian GAO , Bingsong YU , Xiaozhi CHEN , Hongyu WANG , Jianping WANG , Rangbin LI , Meng DING , Yifan LI 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:The combination patterns and depositional characteristics of the carbonate banks are investigated based on outcrop sections, thin sections, and carbon isotopes of Ordovician in the western Tarim Basin, China. Four carbonate bank combination patterns are deposited in the Ordovician, western Tarim Basin, including: Reef‐Bank Complex (RBC), Algae‐Reef‐Bank Interbed (ARBI), Thick‐Layer Cake Aggradation Bank (TLCAB), and Thin‐Layer Cake Retrogradation Bank (TLCRB). All combination patterns show clear periods vertically. The RBC is mainly composed of reefs and bioclastic banks, and the dimension of the RBC depends on the scale of the reefs. Bioclastic banks deposits surround the reefs. The range of the ARBI is determined by the scale of algae‐reefs, algae peloid dolomite microfacies and algal dolomite microfacies deposit alternating vertically. TLCAB and TLCRB are deposited as layer‐cakes stacking in cycles and extending widely with cross bedding developed. The grains of TLCAB and TLCRB are diverse and multi‐source. With the impacting of relative sea level change, biological development and geomorphology, the ARBI, TLCAB or TLCRB, RBC are successively developed from the Lower Ordovician Penglaiba Formation to the Middle Ordovician Yijianfang Formation. The depositional environment analysis of Ordovician indicates that the RBC and ARBI can form effective oil and gas reservoirs, and the TLCAB and TLCRB have the potential to form the huge scale oil and gas reservoirs and to be the crucial targets of exploration for the Ordovician carbonate banks in the future.
Sedimentary Characteristics of the Pleistocene Outwash Accumulation and their Implications for Paleoclimate Change in the Midstream of Dadu River, Southwestern China
Authors: Guoxiang TU , Runqiu HUANG , Hui DENG , Yanrong LI 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Ancient outwash accumulations, deposited in Pleistocene with complicated sedimentary characteristics, are discovered in the midstream valley of Dadu River, Southwestern China. Their sedimentation characteristics are investigated for gaining a deep insight into the dependency of Paleoclimate changes in this area. This is achieved by means of detailed site investigation, sampling and laboratory tests (grain size distribution and Electron Spin Resonance dating tests) for two representative outwash accumulations. Based on the present study, several main conclusions are drown out as follows: 1) The accumulations are composed mainly of coarse soils (coarse fraction is over 50%) and very coarse soils (coarse fraction is about 20%–35%, and very coarse fraction is over 55%); 2) The coarse soils are sub‐rounded well‐sorted and sub‐stratified to well‐stratified, while the very coarse soils exhibit sub‐rounded to sub‐angular and poorly‐sorted; 3) The accumulations are postulated to have been intermittently deposited in three time periods. This is evidenced by two layers of weathered/residual clay, purple to brick red in color; and 4) It is inferred that the temperature in the study area increased over three time periods, i.e., 280 ka B.P. to 120 ka B.P., 110 ka B.P. to 80 ka B.P. and 70 ka B.P. to 25 ka B.P., and declined twice at 120 ka B.P. and 77 ka B.P. respectively.
Interaction between Downslope and Alongslope Processes on the Margins of Daihai Lake, North China: Implication for Deltaic Sedimentation Models of Lacustrine Rift Basin
Authors: Xinghe YU , Shunli LI , Bintao CHEN , Chengpeng TAN , Jing XIE , Xiaonong HU 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Daihai Lake, a modern lacustrine rift basin, located in Inner Mongolia, North China, serves as an important modern analog for understanding deltaic depositional processes in an active rift setting. Two of the deltas (Yuanzigou delta and Bulianghe delta) on the margins of Daihai Lake were surveyed to compare and contrast stacking patterns using aerial photographs, field trenching and sediment sampling. Shallow cores and trench data collected from the margins of Daihai Lake indicate that a variety of depositional processes have been active since Daihai Lake formed. Two 3‐D sedimentation models which employ chronostratigraphic correlation technique were generated. The chronostratigraphic sedimentation models predict and represent the architectures and sand‐body continuity of sediments. Stratigraphical coincidence of the broad sheeted drifts and channel erosion suggests a coupling between downslope and alongslope processes. Distributary mouth bars are prevalent in the front of deltas on steeper slopes due to the dominance of down‐slope flows. On the contrary, the along‐slope currents favor the development of distal bar deposits with sheeted sandbodies on gentle depositional slopes. This study provides an insight into the architecture of complex sedimentary facies associated with highlighting key differences between downslope flows and alongslope currents. The distribution of sand within these deltas is of particular interests, with applications in understanding the architecture of hydrocarbon reservoirs formed in lacustrine rift basin.
Paleo‐fires and Atmospheric Oxygen Levels in the Latest Permian: Evidence from Maceral Compositions of Coals in Eastern Yunnan, Southern China
Authors: Longyi SHAO , Hao WANG , Xiaohui YU , Jing LU , Mingquan ZHANG 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Inertinite maceral compositions of the Late Permian coals from three sections in the terrestrial and paralic settings of eastern Yunnan are analyzed in order to reveal the paleo‐fire events and the atmospheric oxygen levels in the latest Permian. Although the macerals in the studied sections are generally dominated by vitrinite, the inertinite group makes up a considerable proportion. Its content increases upward from the beginning of the Late Permian to the coal seam near the Permian‐Triassic boundary. Based on the microscopic features and the prevailing theory that inertinite is largely a by‐product of paleo‐fires, we suggest that the increasing upward trend of the inertinite abundance in the latest Permian could imply that the Late Permian peatland had suffered from frequent wildfires. Since ignition and burning depend on sufficient oxygen, a model‐based calculation suggests that the O2 levels near the Wuchiapingian/Changhsingian boundary and the Permian‐Triassic boundary are 27% and 28% respectively. This output adds supports to other discoveries made in the temporal marine and terrestrial sediments, and challenges the theories advocating hypoxia as a mechanism for the Permian‐Triassic boundary crisis.
Identifying the Sources of Solutes in Karst Groundwater in Chongqing, China: a Combined Sulfate and Strontium Isotope Approach
Authors: Junbing PU , Daoxian YUAN , Cheng ZHANG , Heping ZHAO 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Groundwater from karst subterranean streams is among the world's most important sources of drinking water supplies, and the hydrochemical characteristics of karst water are impacted by both natural environment and people. Therefore, the study of hydrochemistry and its solutes' sources is very important to ensure the normal function of life support systems. In this paper, thirty–five representative karst groundwater samples were collected from different aquifers (limestone and dolomite) and various land use types in Chongqing to trace the sources of solutes and relative hydrochemical processes. Hydrogeochemical types of karst groundwater in Chongqing were mainly of the Ca–HCO3 type or Ca (Mg)–HCO3 type. However, some hydrochemical types of karst groundwater were the K+Na+Ca–SO4 type (G25 site) or Ca–HCO3+SO4 type (G26 and G14 site), indicating that the hydrochemistry of these sites might be strongly influenced by anthropogenic activities or unique geological characteristics. The dissolved Sr concentrations of the studied groundwater ranged from 0.57 to 15.06 μmmol/L, and the 87Sr/86Sr varied from 0.70751 to 0.71627. The δ34S–SO42– fell into a range of –6.8‰–21.5‰, with a mean value of 5.6‰. The variations of both 87Sr/86Sr and Sr values of the groundwater samples indicated that the Sr element was controlled by the weathering of limestone, dolomite and silicate rock. However, the figure of 87Sr/86Sr vs. Sr2+/[K++Na+] showed that the anthropogenic inputs also obviously contributed to the Sr contents. For tracing the detailed anthropogenic effects, we traced the sources of solutes collected karst groundwater samples in Chongqing according to the δ34S value of potential sulfate sources. The variations of both δ34S and 1/SO42– values of the groundwater samples indicated that the atmospheric acid deposition (AAD), dissolution of gypsum (GD), oxidation of sulfide mineral (OS) or anthropogenic inputs (SF: sewage or fertilizer) have contributed to solutes in karst groundwater. The influence of oxidation of sulfide mineral, atmospheric acid deposit and anthropogenic inputs to groundwater in Chongqing karst areas was much widespread.
Changes of Precipitation Infiltration Recharge in the Circumstances of Coal Mining Subsidence in the Shen‐Dong Coal Field, China
Authors: Fawang ZHANG , Yaxin SONG , Hongmei ZHAO , Zhantao HAN , Dong WANG 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:Coal mining subsidence is a universal environmental‐geological problem in mining areas. By selecting the Shen‐Dong coal mining subsidence area as the research field, this paper studies the changes in precipitation infiltration recharge in the circumstances of coal mining subsidence by means of field geological investigation and laboratory simulation experiments, which is expected to provide a scientific basis for eco‐environmental restoration in the mining area. The results indicate that at the unstable stage of subsidence, three types of subsidence in the Shen‐Dong mining area have positive effects on the precipitation infiltration recharge, and the type of full‐thickness bedrock subsidence has the greatest influence. In the stable stage of subsidence, the precipitation infiltration process after long‐term drought and the moisture migration in the aeration zone undergo three different stages: evaporation‐infiltration before precipitation, infiltration‐upward infiltration‐infiltration during precipitation and evaporation‐infiltration after precipitation. During a heavy rainfall infiltration process, the wetting front movement in fine sand, coarse sand and dualistic structure of fine‐coarse sand consists of two stages: the stage of wetting front movement during precipitation, in which the wetting front movement distance has linear relationship with the depth, and the stage of wetting front movement after precipitation, in which the wetting front movement distance has the power function relationship with the depth. The wetting front movement velocity is influenced by the rainfall amount and the lithology in the aeration zone. However, as the depth increases, the movement velocity will decay exponentially.
3‐D Geological Modeling–Concept, Methods and Key Techniques
Authors: Mao PAN , Zhaoliang LI , Zhongbo GAO , Yang YANG , Gengyu WU 
Published: August 2012

Abstract:3‐D geological modeling plays an increasingly important role in Petroleum Geology, Mining Geology and Engineering Geology. The complexity of geological conditions requires different modeling methods in different situations. This paper summarizes the general concept of geological modeling; compares the characteristics of borehole‐based modeling, cross‐section based modeling and multi‐source interactive modeling; analyses key techniques in 3‐D geological modeling; and highlights the main difficulties and directions of future studies.