bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening for Type 2 Diabetes in Obese Youth
Authors: Shah Shuchi , Kublaoui Bassil M. , Oden Jon D. , White Perrin C. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To assess available blood tests as potential screening tools for impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
METHODS: We studied 468 obese (BMI mean: 34.4 kg/m2) children, including a subgroup with serum fasting insulin levels of &gt;15 μIU/mL. Fasting laboratory tests included measurements of serum glucose and insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and 1,5-anhydroglucitol (insulin-resistant subgroup only) levels. An oral glucose-tolerance test was performed on each patient, and 2-hour postload serum glucose and insulin levels were obtained. Fasting blood glucose (BG), Homeostasis Model of Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), HbA1c, and 1,5-anhydroglucitol values were used as predictors for exceeding various 2-hour BG cut-offs. Receiver operator characteristic curves were fitted to determine area-under-the-curve values as measures of screening efficacy.
RESULTS: In the insulin-resistant subgroup, 3 (2%) patients had T2DM and 23 (12%) had IGT. Optimal sensitivity and specificity to detect T2DM were, respectively, 99% and 96% at HbA1c ≥ 6.0%, and 96% and 88% at 1,5-anhydroglucitol &lt; 17.0 μg/mL, with lower values for fasting BG and the HOMA-IR. In the entire study group, 9 (2%) patients had T2DM and 44 (9%) had IGT. Optimal sensitivity and specificity to detect T2DM were, respectively, 86% and 85% at HbA1c levels of 5.7%, 88%, and 93% at a fasting BG level of 104 mg/dL, and 62% and 70% at an HOMA-IR of 7.9.
CONCLUSIONS: HbA1c, 1,5-anhydroglucitol, and fasting BG levels are good predictors of T2DM in obese children, whereas HOMA-IR values are not. HbA1c and 1,5-anhydroglucitol are excellent predictors of T2DM in insulin-resistant obese children.
Parenting Attitudes and Infant Spanking: The Influence of Childhood Experiences
Authors: Chung Esther K. , Mathew Leny , Rothkopf Amy C. , Elo Irma T. , Coyne James C. , Culhane Jennifer F. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: To assess associations among maternal childhood experiences and subsequent parenting attitudes and use of infant spanking (IS), and determine if attitudes mediate the association between physical abuse exposure and IS.METHODS: We performed a prospective study of women who received prenatal care at community health centers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sociodemographic characteristics, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), attitudes toward corporal punishment (CP), and IS use were assessed via face-to-face interviews, conducted at the first prenatal care visit, 3 months postpartum, and 11 months postpartum. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted.RESULTS: The sample consisted of 1265 mostly black, low-income women. Nineteen percent of the participants valued CP as a means of discipline, and 14% reported IS use. Mothers exposed to childhood physical abuse and verbal hostility were more likely to report IS use than those not exposed (16% vs 10%, P = .002; 17% vs 12%, P = .02, respectively). In the adjusted analyses, maternal exposure to physical abuse, other ACEs, and valuing CP were independently associated with IS use. Attitudes that value CP did not mediate these associations.CONCLUSIONS: Mothers who had childhood experiences of violence were more likely to use IS than mothers without such experiences. Intergenerational transmission of CP was evident. Mothers who had experienced physical abuse as a child, when compared to those who had not, were 1.5 times more likely to use IS. Child discipline attitudes and maternal childhood experiences should be discussed early in parenting in order to prevent IS use, particularly among at-risk mothers.
Delayed Recognition of Initial Stroke in Children: Need for Increased Awareness
Authors: Srinivasan Jayasri , Miller Steven P. , Phan Thanh G. , Mackay Mark T. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: The goal was to identify the delays involved in diagnosing pediatric arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), a major cause of morbidity and death in children.
METHODS: Neonates (≤28 days of age) and children with a first presentation of radiologically confirmed AIS between June 1993 and January 2006 were identified retrospectively. The time to diagnosis of AIS (ie, time from clinical onset to radiologic confirmation) was calculated, and factors influencing stroke diagnosis were reviewed.
RESULTS: A total of 107 patients (19 neonates and 88 children) with a diagnosis of AIS were identified. The median time to AIS diagnosis was 87.9 hours for neonates, significantly longer than 24.8 hours for children (P = .0002). Sixty-nine percent of the children with AIS demonstrated a likely cardioembolic cause, and 51 (58%) of the 88 children were inpatients at the time of stroke. The inpatients were seen by a physician more quickly (P &lt; .01) and received a diagnosis of AIS sooner (P &lt; .01). Seventy-six (86%) of the 88 children had a focal neurologic deficit when first seen by a physician. Physicians documented a diagnosis/differential diagnosis for 44 (50%) of 88 children, and they documented a suspicion of AIS for only 23 (26%) of 88 children. The presence of seizures or focal signs was not associated with a quicker time to stroke confirmation.
CONCLUSIONS: The considerable delays in the diagnosis of pediatric AIS are most likely related to the lack of awareness of stroke among medical staff members, despite risk factors and focal signs at presentation.
Practice of Feeding Premasticated Food to Infants: A Potential Risk Factor for HIV Transmission
Authors: Gaur Aditya H. , Dominguez Kenneth L. , Kalish Marcia L. , Rivera-Hernandez Delia , Donohoe Marion , Brooks John T. , Mitchell Charles D. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVES: Although some caregivers are known to premasticate food for infants, usually during the weaning period, HIV transmission has not been linked to this practice. We describe 3 cases of HIV transmission in the United States possibly related to this practice.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three cases of HIV infection were diagnosed in children at ages 9, 15, and 39 months; clinical symptomatology prompted the testing. A thorough investigation to rule out alternative modes of transmission was conducted. In addition, phylogenetic comparisons of virus from cases and suspected sources were performed by using the C2V3C3 or gp41 region of env and the p17 coding region of gag.RESULTS: In 2 cases, the mothers were known to be infected with HIV, had not breastfed their children, and perinatal transmission of HIV had previously been ruled out following US HIV testing guidelines. In the third case, a great aunt who helped care for the child was infected with HIV, but the child's mother was not. All 3 children were fed food on multiple occasions that had been premasticated by a care provider infected with HIV; in 2 cases concurrent oral bleeding in the premasticating adult was described. Phylogenetic analyses supported the epidemiologic conclusion that the children were infected through exposure to premasticated food from a caregiver infected with HIV in 2 of the 3 cases.CONCLUSIONS: The reported cases provide compelling evidence linking premastication to HIV infection, a route of transmission not previously reported that has important global implications including being a possible explanation for some of the reported cases of “late” HIV transmission in infants, so far attributed to breastfeeding. Until the risk of premastication and modifying factors (eg, periodontal disease) are better understood, we recommend that health care providers routinely query children's caregivers and expecting parents who are infected with HIV or at risk of HIV infection about this feeding practice and direct them to safer, locally available, feeding options.
A Videolaryngoscopy Technique for the Intubation of the Newborn: Preliminary Report
Authors: Vanderhal Andre L. , Berci George , Simmons Charles F. , Hagiike Masanobu 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: We describe videolaryngoscopy equipment and technique for endotracheal intubation and airway evaluation in the delivery room (DR) and NICU for endotracheal intubation and airway evaluation. We report our first experience of 47 patients.
METHODS: Forty-seven infants who weighed 530 to 6795 g and required endotracheal intubation or airway evaluation were considered for intubation or assessment by using the modified Kaplan-Berci videolaryngoscope. We report quality-improvement data after initial introduction of newly approved technology.
RESULTS: We report results of 48 intubations in 42 patients and videolaryngoscopic inspection without intubation in 5 patients. Five intubation attempts were successful after failed attempts by experienced intubators; 6 attempts by residents were completed with video guidance rather than requiring an additional attempt. Only 3 intubations required more than 2 attempts. Enlarged panoramic view and recording assisted in correct diagnosis of vocal cord paralysis. The features and main advantages are discussed in detail. No complications or difficulties resulting from the technology occurred.
CONCLUSIONS: This new technique and technology show promise to improve airway management, evaluation, and teaching. Future research to validate improved intubation success in difficult airways and in teaching situations is warranted.
Improving Patient Problem Solving to Reduce Barriers to Diabetes Self-Management
Authors: Mulvaney Shelagh A. 
Published: July 2009

IN BRIEFProblem solving about barriers to self-management is an essential patient skill. This article provides an outline of the problem-solving process and a review of some components of problem-solving interventions. It identifies issues regarding implementing problem-solving programs to improve adherence and discusses ways to support problem solving within clinical settings.
Association of Serum Homocysteine and Serum Lipid with Eclampsia
Authors: Mahal Monzarin , Yeasmin Farida , Amin Syed AKM Nurul , Shahnaj Afia , Rashid Maliha , Hossain Md Shahadat 
Published: July 2009

Eclampsia is one of the most common pregnancy complications causing high mortality and morbidity for both mother and foetus especially in developing countries. Many studies suggest that elevated homocysteine level is an important risk factor for eclampsia. The aim of this study was to explore the association between serum homocysteine with eclampsia and to establish serum homocysteine measurement as a reliable test for early detection of eclampsia. In a case control study serum homocysteine and lipid profile were measured in 52 controls (healthy uncomplicated pregnant women) and 50 eclamptic pregnant women. Serum homocysteine in eclampsia cases (10.44±4.08 μmol/L) found to be significantly increased (p < 0.001) compared to controls (7.97±3.46 μmol/L). Serum HDL-cholesterol concentration found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in the cases (35.98±6.35 mg/dl) compared to controls (42.69±6.09 mg/dl). A significant negative correlation (r-.801, p < 0.01) was found between serum homocysteine and HDL-cholesterol concentration among cases. It can be concluded that elevated serum homocysteine and HDL-cholesterol deficiency were associated with eclampsia. But elevated homocysteine itself might be a factor associated with eclampsia irrespective of lipid profile status. Key Words: Homocysteine, Eclampsia. doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2842 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.7-10
Lidocaine as Endotracheal Tube Cuff Inflating Agent
Authors: Ali Nadeem Parvez , Tauhid-ul-Mulck Md , Noor Mahbub , Mollick Md Torab , Ahmed Masud , Chowdhury Md Rezaul Alam 
Published: July 2009

A prospective study was carried on 120 patients undergoing surgical operations lasting less than 90 minutes. The incidence of postoperative sore throat, dysphasia and hoarseness of voice with 2% lidocaine (Group L) as endotracheal cuff inflating agent was compared with that with distilled water (Group D) and air (Group A). Seventy two percent of lidocaine group in comparison to 60% distilled water group and 37% air group experienced none of the above complications during the entire study period. Only 5% in lidocaine group had sore throat after 22-24 hours compared to 20% in the distilled water group and 45% in the air group. Twenty three percent complained of dysphasia in both lidocaine and distilled water group after 1-3 hours compared to 45% in air group. After 22-24 hours it completely resolved in lidocaine group compared to 20% persisting in the other two groups. Twenty three percent complained of hoarseness in lidocaine group as compared to 35% and 55% in distilled water and air groups respectively after 1-3 hours. This completely resolved in lidocaine group but persisted in 20% and 45% in the distilled water and air group respectively after 22-24 hours. The results showed an advantage in using lidocaine as an endotracheal tube cuff inflating agent in reducing postoperative sore throat, dysphasia and hoarseness in comparison to distilled water and air. Key Words: Lidocain, Endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff inflating agent. doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2847 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.25-28
MRI Evaluation of Neck Pain
Authors: Islam Md Khairul , Alam Syed Zoherul , Rahman Md Sayedur , Akhter Afroza 
Published: July 2009

Patients with neck pain both acute and chronic of various aetiologies are commonly found throughout the world for years. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is an excellent imaging modality for demonstration of aetiology of neck pain. Degenerative changes, infective processes, neoplastic processes, mechanical injuries and congenital disorders of the spine can be detected by MRI without any hazards. This prospective study of neck pain was done in Radiology and Imaging department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and Combined Military Hospital, Dhaka on 60 cases of both sexes reported during the period, February 2006 to September 2006. The aim of the study was to find out the role of MRI in diagnosis and evaluation of chronic and acute neck pain. Out of 60 cases, 51 cases were with cervical spondylotic changes, 2 cases were with spinal trauma, 2 cases were space occupying lesion (SOL) in spinal cord, 1 case was SOL in vertebra, 1 case was soft tissue mass in neck. Only 2 cases showed normal MRI findings. The youngest patient was a fourteen year old male and oldest one was 75 years old male person. Highest incidence was in the 5th decade numbering 20 (33.3%). MRI is non-invasive, non hazardous method and have very few contraindications. Though MRI is relatively expensive and still then it is good considering the diagnostic accuracy and cost effectiveness. Key Words: MRI evaluation, Neck pain. doi: 10.3329/jafmc.v5i1.2849 JAFMC Bangladesh. Vol 5, No 1 (June) 2009 pp.34-36
Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Ghrelin
Authors: Theil Michael-Mark , Miyake Sachiko , Mizuno Miho , Tomi Chiharu , Croxford J. Ludovic , Hosoda Hiroshi , Theil Julia , von Hörsten Stephan , Yokote Hiroaki , Chiba Asako , Lin Youwei , Oki Shinji , Akamizu Takashi , Kangawa Kenji , Yamamura Takashi 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ghrelin is a recently identified gastric hormone that displays strong growth hormone-releasing activity mediated by the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. While this unique endogenous peptide participates in the regulation of energy homeostasis, increases food intake, and decreases energy expenditure, its ability to inhibit the production of proinflammatory cytokines in vitro indicates its role in the regulation of inflammatory process in vivo. Here we examine the effect of exogenous ghrelin on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a representative model of multiple sclerosis. In the C57BL/6 mouse model of EAE induced by sensitization to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35–55 peptide, we found that alternate-day s.c. injections of ghrelin (5 μg/kg/day) from day 1 to 35 significantly reduced the clinical severity of EAE. The suppression of EAE was accompanied by reduced mRNA levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the spinal cord cellular infiltrates and microglia from ghrelin-treated mice at the peak of disease, suggesting the role of ghrelin as an antiinflammatory hormone. Consistently, ghrelin significantly suppressed the production of proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated microglia in vitro. These results shed light on the new role of ghrelin in the regulation of inflammation with possible implications for management of human diseases.
Different Vaccine Vectors Delivering the Same Antigen Elicit CD8+ T Cell Responses with Distinct Clonotype and Epitope Specificity
Authors: Honda Mitsuo , Wang Rui , Kong Wing-Pui , Kanekiyo Masaru , Akahata Wataru , Xu Ling , Matsuo Kazuhiro , Natarajan Kannan , Robinson Howard , Asher Tedi E. , Price David A. , Douek Daniel C. , Margulies David H. , Nabel Gary J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Prime-boost immunization with gene-based vectors has been developed to generate more effective vaccines for AIDS, malaria, and tuberculosis. Although these vectors elicit potent T cell responses, the mechanisms by which they stimulate immunity are not well understood. In this study, we show that immunization by a single gene product, HIV-1 envelope, with alternative vector combinations elicits CD8+ cells with different fine specificities and kinetics of mobilization. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells recognized overlapping third V region loop peptides. Unexpectedly, two anchor variants bound H-2Dd better than the native sequences, and clones with distinct specificities were elicited by alternative vectors. X-ray crystallography revealed major differences in solvent exposure of MHC-bound peptide epitopes, suggesting that processed HIV-1 envelope gave rise to MHC-I/peptide conformations recognized by distinct CD8+ T cell populations. These findings suggest that different gene-based vectors generate peptides with alternative conformations within MHC-I that elicit distinct T cell responses after vaccination.
Dendritic Cells Require STAT-1 Phosphorylated at Its Transactivating Domain for the Induction of Peptide-Specific CTL
Authors: Pilz Andreas , Kratky Wolfgang , Stockinger Silvia , Simma Olivia , Kalinke Ulrich , Lingnau Karen , von Gabain Alexander , Stoiber Dagmar , Sexl Veronika , Kolbe Thomas , Rülicke Thomas , Müller Mathias , Decker Thomas 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Phosphorylation of transcription factor STAT-1 on Y701 regulates subcellular localization whereas phosphorylation of the transactivating domain at S727 enhances transcriptional activity. In this study, we investigate the impact of STAT-1 and the importance of transactivating domain phosphorylation on the induction of peptide-specific CTL in presence of the TLR9-dependent immune adjuvant IC31. STAT-1 deficiency completely abolished CTL induction upon immunization, which was strongly reduced in animals carrying the mutation of the S727 phospho-acceptor site. A comparable reduction of CTL was found in mice lacking the type I IFN (IFN-I) receptor, whereas IFN-γ-deficient mice behaved like wild-type controls. This finding suggests that S727-phosphorylated STAT-1 supports IFN-I-dependent induction of CTL. In adoptive transfer experiments, IFN-I- and S727-phosphorylated STAT-1 were critical for the activation and function of dendritic cells. Mice with a T cell-specific IFN-I receptor ablation did not show impaired CTL responses. Unlike the situation observed for CTL development S727-phosphorylated STAT-1 restrained proliferation of naive CD8+ T cells both in vitro and following transfer into Rag-deficient mice. In summary, our data reveal a dual role of S727-phosphorylated STAT-1 for dendritic cell maturation as a prerequisite for the induction of CTL activity and for T cell autonomous control of activation-induced or homeostatic proliferation.
Development of an AR system achievingin situmachining simulation on a 3‐axis CNC machine
Authors: Zhang J. , Ong S. K. , Nee A. Y. C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper presents an implementation of machining simulation in a real machining environment applying Augmented Reality (AR) technology. Thisin situmachining simulation system allows a machinist to analyze the simulation process, adjust the machining parameters, and observe the results in real‐time in a real machining environment. Such a system is useful for machinists and trainees during the trial and learning stages, allowing them to experiment with different machining parameters on a real machine without having to worry about possibilities of machine and tool breakages. Three research aspects, namely, the tracking and registration module, the physical simulation module, and the implementation and performance of these proposed methodologies are discussed in details in this paper. Experiments were conducted on a real 3‐axis CNC machine to validate and evaluate the performance of the system and the feedback from a survey carried out with the experiments is very positive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cationic Ester Porphyrins Cause High Levels of Phototoxicity in Tumor Cells and Induction of Apoptosis in HeLa Cells
Authors: Wu Lin , Yang Li , Huang Jing , Zhang Lixia , Weng Xiaocheng , Zhang Xiaolian , Shen Chao , Zhou Xiang , Zheng Congyi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA series of cationic ester porphyrins are much more cytotoxic to tumor cells than photofrin, meso‐tetrakis(1‐methylpyridinium‐4‐yl)porphyrin (TMPyP4), and cisplatin. The lowest IC50 value for SGC7901 is ca. 6 nM in vitro with irradiation. These porphyrins also exhibited the most potent photo‐induced cytotoxicity without photobleaching. HeLa Cell apoptosis induced by cationic ester porphyrins after illumination was examined by flow cytometric analysis, staining assays with propidium iodide and annexin V FITC‐PI, and further confirmed by observing morphological changes in the cells. The result of this study indicates that these cationic ester porphyrins may be applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) in the future.
Partitioning the Relative Contributions of Inorganic Plant Composition and Soil Characteristics to the Quality of Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum (Roth) G. Don fil. Essential Oil
Authors: Bianchini Ange , Santoni François , Paolini Julien , Bernardini Antoine‐François , Mouillot David , Costa Jean 
Published: July 2009

AbstractComposition of Helichrysum italicum subsp. italicum essential oil showed chemical variability according to vegetation cycle, environment, and geographic origins. In the present work, 48 individuals of this plant at different development stages and the corresponding root soils were sampled: i) 28 volatile components were identified and measured in essential oil by using GC and GC/MS; ii) ten elements from plants and soils have been estimated using colorimetry in continuous flux, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, or emission spectrometry (FAAS/FAES); iii) texture and acidity (real and potential) of soil samples were also reported. Relationships between the essential‐oil composition, the inorganic plant composition, and the soil characteristics (inorganic composition, texture, and acidity) have been established using multivariate analysis such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and partial Redundancy Analysis (RDA). This study demonstrates a high level of intraspecific differences in oil composition due to environmental factors and, more particularly, soil characteristics.