bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Condensation‐ring Expansion Reaction of Formyl[2.2.1]bicyclic Carbinols with Para‐substituted Phenyl Amines: Application to the Preparation of [3.2.1]bicyclic N‐aryl‐1,2,3‐oxathiazolidine‐2‐oxide Agents
Authors: Yang Te‐Fang , Chen Li‐Hsun , Kao Li‐Ta , Chuang Chih‐Hsiang , Chen Yong‐Yen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIndividual reaction of camphene‐derived endo‐formyl[2.2.1]bicyclic carbinol and that of camphor‐derived exo‐formyl[2.2.1]bicyclic carbinol with parent and para‐substituted phenyl amines gave regio‐ and stereospecific corresponding [3.2.1]bicyclic (para‐substituted) phenyl amino ketones. Mechanism of each reaction was discussed. Some camphor‐derived [3.2.1]bicyclic amino ketones were reduced to [3.2.1]bicyclic (para‐substituted) phenyl amino alcohols, which were then treated with mesyl chloride to provide [3.2.1]bicyclic N‐phenyl/aryl‐1,2,3‐oxathiazolidine‐2‐oxide agents. The mechanism of this final reaction was discussed as well.
Influence of Hyaluronan Environments on the Stereoselectivity of an Aldol Reaction
Authors: Ishikawa Takashi , Noritake Hiroto , Totani Kiichiro 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe hyaluronan that is present in extracellular matrices forms chiral mesh‐like structures in aqueous media. To understand the influence of specific environments on the stereoselectivity of chemical reactions, organocatalysis‐mediated aldol reactions in the presence of hyaluronan were investigated in water. In these experiments, changes in the diastereomeric ratio were observed in an aldol reaction under hyaluronan conditions.
Synthesis of PS‐supported NHC‐Pd Catalyst Derived from Theobromine and its Applications in Suzuki‐Miyaura Reaction
Authors: Lo Hung‐Kun , Luo Fen‐Tair 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe synthesis of the PS‐supported bis‐NHC‐palladium catalyst simply prepared from theobromine in four steps was reported. The air‐stable PS‐supported bis‐NHC‐Pd catalyst can be used as a good catalyst in running Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction.
Asymmetric Synthesis of (+)‐Aspicilin
Authors: Wang Chun‐Yi , Hou Duen‐Ren 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAspicilin (1), an eighteen membered macrolide with four stereocenters, was synthesized using (3R,4R)‐1,5‐hexadiene‐3,4‐diol and (S)‐propylene oxide as the starting materials. Sharpless epoxidation on the protected dienediol generated the required three consecutive stereocenters, and malonic ester synthesis added the acetyl unit. Yamaguchi protocol was applied to form the key ester with two terminal olefins ready for the ring‐closing metathesis. RCM, hydrogenation, selenylation, oxidation and deprotections gave aspicilin with 4.7% total yield.
Transformation of D‐Serine to Highly Functionalized Cyclohexenecarboxylates in Study of Oseltamivir Synthesis
Authors: Lai Joshua , Fang Jim‐Min 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn an attempted synthesis of oseltamivir, D‐serine was used to prepare (R)‐Garner aldehyde, which reacted with vinylzinc reagent to give an alcohol product predominating in the (1′R,4S)‐isomer. After the alcohol was protected as p‐methoxybenzyl ether, the N,O‐acetal was hydrolyzed and oxidized to an aldehyde, which underwent Reformatsky‐type reaction with ethyl α‐(bromomethyl)acrylate by promotion of indium to give an addition product readily for ring‐closure metathesis to afford 3‐alkoxy‐4‐amido‐5‐hydroxy‐1‐cyclohexenecarboxylates. After activation of the 5‐hydroxy group as methanesulfonate, an attempted substitution reaction with sodium azide gave unexpectedly a cyclic carbamate via an intramolecular nucleophilic attack of the 4‐tert‐butoxycarbamate group.
Iron deposition in multiple sclerosis lesions measured by susceptibility‐weighted imaging filtered phase: A case control study
Authors: Hagemeier Jesper , Heininen‐Brown Mari , Poloni Guy U. , Bergsland Niels , Magnano Christopher R. , Durfee Jacqueline , Kennedy Cheryl , Carl Ellen , Weinstock‐Guttman Bianca , Dwyer Michael G. , Zivadinov Robert 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurpose:To investigate phase lesions identified on susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI)‐filtered phase images in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) and healthy controls (HC). To relate phase lesion characteristics to other clinical and MRI outcomes.Materials and Methods:95 relapsing‐remitting (RR), 40 secondary‐progressive (SP) MS patients, as well as 19 CIS patients and 49 age‐ and sex‐matched HC, were scanned on a 3T scanner. Phase‐, T1‐, and T2‐lesion characteristics were determined. Overlap of T1‐ and T2‐weigthed imaging (WI) lesions with phase lesions (T1P and T2P), as well as brain atrophy outcomes, was assessed.Results:MS patients showed significantly greater numbers and larger volume of phase lesions, compared with HC (P < 0.001). 23.6% of T2 lesions overlapped with phase lesions, whereas the same figure for T1 lesions was 37.3%. Conversely, 33.4% and 69.7% of phase lesions were not visible on T2‐ or T1‐WI, respectively. Phase, T1P and T2P lesions were not related to clinical outcomes, but phase lesions were related to ventricular enlargement.Conclusion:Phase lesions were present in both MS and CIS patients, and showed partial overlap with lesions observed using conventional MRI. The role of phase lesions in clinical progression remains unclear and should be further explored. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;36:73–83. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Growth, P accumulation, and physiological characteristics of two ecotypes of Polygonum hydropiper as affected by excess P supply
Authors: Huang Xia , Li Tingxuan , Zhang Xizhou , Zheng Zicheng , Yu Haiying 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe use of suitable plants that can accumulate excess phosphorus (P) from contaminated soil may serve as an attractive method for phytoremediation. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of P incorporation on P accumulation and physiological mechanisms of Polygonum hydropiper in a mining ecotype (ME) and nonmining ecotype (NME) from a phosphorus mining and a noncontaminated agricultural area, respectively. The results demonstrate that the ME of P. hydropiper growing in soil supplied with 0, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600 mg P (kg soil)–1 showed a significantly higher biomass compared to the NME. Phosphorus accumulation of the ME was positively correlated with the soil P concentration. APase activity in roots of the ME significantly increased at 1600 mg P (kg soil)–1 and phytase activity of the ME increased with increasing P supply. APase activity of the ME was more than twice that of the NME on average. A significant increase of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was observed compared with the NME at all supplied P levels. Peroxidase (POD) activity of the ME was significantly higher at 200 and 400 mg P (kg soil)–1. No statistical differences in the catalase (CAT) activity of the ME were observed compared with the control. Activity of CAT in the NME was obviously induced after exposure to 100–800 mg P (kg soil)–1. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in leaves of the ME decreased with increasing P supply to reach a minimum at 400 mg P (kg soil)–1. In the NME, an increase in MDA concentration compared to the control was observed at higher P levels. The APase and phytase induction and antioxidative defense allowed for the high P accumulation of the ME.
Nitrogen‐use efficiency of young citrus trees as influenced by the timing of fertilizer application
Authors: Martínez‐Alcántara Belén , Quiñones Ana , Legaz Francisco , Primo‐Millo Eduardo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to improve the fertilizer‐nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE) for a sustainable citrus production where yield, fruit quality, and environment are reconciled. A soil pot experiment was conducted using 5‐year‐old orange trees (Citrus sinensis cv. Navel Lane Late) to determine the response of NUE to timing of N‐fertilizer supply. An equal N rate (50 g tree–1) following two seasonal supply distributions was tested: (1) ENS (early supply from March to June of 75% of the N rate, with the remaining 25% administered between July and October) and (2) LNS (late supply of the bulk of the N rate with 25% between March and June and 75% between July and October). Labeled fertilizer (5 atom% 15N excess) was applied in order to accurately quantify N uptake, its partitioning among plant–soil compartments and NUE at the end of fruit drop and at fruit maturity. LNS resulted in a significant increase in NUE in both stages (up to 19% at the end of fruit drop and 9% at fruit maturity), while also increasing summer/autumn flush development. ENS showed lower fruit abscission, an enhanced final fruit load (up to 45%), and a more profuse development of spring flush. It is worth mentioning that LNS led to higher 15N content in the majority of the tree storage organs available for next spring growth resumption. The amount of 15N remaining in the soil of ENS trees at the end of the trial, which represented 16% of the supplied 15N, was 1.5‐fold higher than that of LNS trees as a result of the lower NUE of the former. Irrespective of the seasonal distribution of the fertilizer, mean 15N recovery in the soil–plant system at the end of the trial was about 71%. The results clearly confirm that the N seasonal distribution curve affects NUE in young citrus trees and NUE increases when the bulk of supply of the N rate is delayed to the summer months.
Combination of electromagnetic induction and gamma spectrometry using K‐means clustering: A study for evaluation of site partitioning
Authors: Altdorff Daniel , Dietrich Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractToday rapid survey methods of proximal soil sensing (PSS) provide an increasing number of different and highly resolved data. These multidimensional data sets can lead to multilayered and complex maps of parameters which are only indirectly related to soil properties and soil functions. However, in applications usually just one clear elementary map is required. It is of increasing importance to tackle this problem utilizing a cluster algorithm for the synthesis and reduction of multidimensional input variables. The cluster algorithm provides a partitioning of the investigated site whereby the units are characterized by the statistics of the PSS data. Therefore, the question that arises is how suitable is the suggested partitioning in terms of the delineation of different soil units. In this study, we investigate the suitability of cluster partitioning through a case study at a medium‐scale test site (≈ 50 000 m2). Two common PSS methods: electromagnetic induction (EMI) and gamma spectrometry (GS) will be employed to create a data set for partitioning by a K‐means cluster. The result of the cluster analysis is a delineation of three different parts. In contrast to previous studies, we evaluate the generated partitions by independent soil properties such as grain size, horizon thickness, and color of stratified randomly taken soil samples. The soil analyses show that one of three clusters significantly differs from the others in terms of grain‐size distribution and horizon thickness. The partitioning of the other two clusters could not be confirmed by the considered soil parameters. Nevertheless, the case study demonstrates the combination of different PSS data by K‐means clustering as a potential approach for site partitioning. An evaluation of the results of the cluster analysis through the collection and analysis of soil samples is highly recommended.
Boron‐and‐salt interactions in wheat are affected by boron supply
Authors: Wimmer Monika A. , Goldbach Heiner E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPlants in arid or semiarid areas often experience simultaneous salt and boron (B) stress. Interactive effects on stress responses have been clearly established, but results are inconsistent and variably indicate antagonistic or synergistic interactions even within the same plant species. In this study, five differently B‐ and salt‐resistant wheat genotypes were grown hydroponically at low and high B supply. The effect of increasing NaCl salinity on plant growth, boron uptake rates, shoot B concentrations, and transpiration was determined under both B regimes. The interactive effect of salt and B was different under low and high B supply. Boron‐uptake rates were reduced with increasing salt concentration only under high B supply, and reductions correlated significantly with decreases in leaf area and shoot B concentrations. Under low B supply, however, salt‐induced effects on B‐uptake rates were variable and not significantly correlated with leaf‐area reductions. These results suggest that under high B supply, when B uptake is predominantly passive by diffusion or channel‐mediated via aquaporins, transpiration‐driven water flow is the dominant factor for B accumulation in arial plant parts. Under low B supply, when a significant portion of B can be taken up via active pathways, transpiration is not the decisive factor for B accumulation. Under these conditions, the salt sensitivity of a genotype is a modifying factor of salt–B interactions, because salt‐induced growth inhibition can result in a concentration effect, offset the reduction of B‐uptake rates, and result in increased shoot B concentrations. Contradictory reports on the nature of salt–B interactions might in part be related to low levels of B supply chosen as control treatments and concomittant differences in predominant B‐uptake pathways.
Indigenous Language Revitalization and Documentation in the United States: Collaboration Despite Colonialism
Authors: Hermes Mary 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this article, Hermes brings together literature from disparate areas to give a perspective of indigenous language revitalization and documentation efforts in the United States as situated in the context of global revitalization. Much of the narrative surrounding indigenous languages has been dominated by the idea of language death. In stark contrast to the picture of impending doom, the author brings attention to long‐standing efforts of change characterized by community building and collaboration with academics across disciplines, cultures, and ideologies. In this narrative of change, indigenous languages are central to a sustainable future rather than relics from a dying past.
Effect of surface finishing on the elastic contact area evaluation of austempered ductile iron
Authors: Pintaude Giuseppe , Brunetti Cristiano , Leite Mario V. , Montanez‐Calao Luis F. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe effect of surface finishing on the contact area evaluation of an austempered ductile iron (ADI) with 10% volume fraction of graphite nodules is presented. The nodules were scratched during the roughness measurement made using a stylus. A model based on two functional roughness parameters was used to evaluate the contact area, considering the deformation as elastic. Two sets of ADI specimens were prepared. In the first set, the surfaces were sanded up to 1200‐grit paper, whereas in the second set, the specimens were metallographic polished. The scratches were artificially removed using a specific routine. The results after this removal were compared with those determined for bearing steel, prepared under similar conditions. A reduction of approximately 93% in the contact area values was observed after the artificial removal of scratches caused by the stylus probe for the polished specimens, whereas for the sanded ones, this reduction was about 80%. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MR‐based Thermometry of Laser Induced Thermotherapy: Temperature Accuracy and Temporal Resolution In vitro at 0.2 and 1.5 T Magnetic Field Strengths
Authors: Vogl Thomas J. , Huebner Frank , Naguib Nagy N.N. , Bauer Ralf W. , Mack Martin G. , Nour‐Eldin Nour‐Eldin A. , Meister Dirk 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate MR‐thermometry using fast MR sequences for laser induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) at 0.2 and 1.5 T systems.Methods & MaterialsIn‐vitro experiments were performed using Agarose gel mixture and lobes of porcine liver. MR‐thermometry was performed by means of longitudinal relaxation time (T1) and proton resonance frequency shift (PRF) methods under acquisition of amplitude and phase shift images. Four different sequences were used for T1 thermometry: A gradient‐echo (GRE), a True Fast Imaging with Steady Precession (TRUFI), a Saturation Recovery Turbo‐FLASH (SRTF), and an Inversion Recovery Turbo‐FLASH (IRTF) sequence (FLASH—Fast Low Angle Shot). PRF was measured with four sequences: Two fast‐spoiled GRE sequences (one as WIP sequence), a Turbo‐FLASH (TFL) sequence (WIP sequence), and a multiecho‐TrueFISP sequence. Temperature was controlled and verified using a fiber‐optic Luxtron device. The temperature was correlated with the MR measurement.ResultsAll sequences showed a good linear correlation R2 = 0.97–0.99 between the measured temperature and the MR‐thermometry measurements. The only exception was the TRUFI sequence in the Agarose phantom that showed a non‐linear calibration curve R2 = 0.39–0.67. At 1.5 T, the Agarose experiments revealed similar temperature accuracies of 4–6°C for all sequences excluding TRUFI. During experiments with the liver, the PRF sequences showed better performance than the T1, with accuracies of 5–12°C, contrary to the T1 sequences at 14–18°C. The accuracy of the Siemens PRF‐FLASH sequence was 5.1°C. At 0.2 T, the Agarose experiments provided the highest accuracy of 3.3°C for PRF measurement. At the liver experiments the T1 sequences SRTF and FLASH revealed the best accuracies at 6.4 and 7.0°C.ConclusionThe accuracy and speed of MR temperature measurements are sufficient for controlling the temperature‐based tumor destruction. For 0.2 T systems SRTF and FLASH sequences are recommended. For 1.5 T systems SRTF and FLASH are the most accurate. Lasers Surg. Med. 44:257–265, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A multicenter randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial of pramipexole for Tourette's syndrome
Authors: Kurlan Roger , Crespi Giovanna , Coffey Barbara , Mueller‐Vahl Kirsten , Koval Stephen , Wunderlich Glen ,   on behalf of the Pramipexole for TS Trial Investigators
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackground:Dopamine agonists could theoretically normalize the suspected central dopamine hypersensitivity in Tourette's syndrome.Methods:There was a multicenter randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind clinical trial of pramipexole given for 6 weeks in 63 children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome.Results:There were no significant differences in the adjusted mean change in the Total Tic Score of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale for patients treated with pramipexole (−7.16) and placebo (−7.17). There were no significant treatment effects on change from baseline in the Global Severity score of the Yale Scale and parent‐ and investigator‐scored Clinical Global Impression of Improvement. In patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, there was improvement in DuPaul ADHD scale scores for patients receiving pramipexole compared with placebo.Conclusions:There was no evidence that pramipexole has efficacy in suppressing tics. Pramipexole may decrease symptoms of associated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Phenomenology of psychogenic movement disorders in children
Authors: Canavese Carlotta , Ciano Claudia , Zibordi Federica , Zorzi Giovanna , Cavallera Vanessa , Nardocci Nardo 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPsychogenic movement disorders are heterogeneous and diagnostically challenging. Despite the growing literature on adult forms, clinical features in children have received relatively little attention. We retrospectively reviewed medical records and video of patients <18 years diagnosed with a psychogenic movement disorder at our institute between 2007 and 2010. We identified 14 patients (6 males and 8 females) with a mean onset age of 11.5 years. Levels of diagnostic confidence were documented (2 patients), clinically established (8 patients), and probable (4 patients). A single movement disorder was present in 10 patients (71%); 4 patients (29%) presented an association of two or more movement disorders. Eleven patients presented other medically unexplained symptoms associated with their movement disorders. Five patients, among 6 with chronic occurrence, performed a polymyographic study showing significant modifications of frequency, amplitude, and distribution of electromyographic activity, related to distracting maneuvers. The present series represents 5% of all movement disorders observed in the considered period and 32% of nonorganic neurological manifestations. The most frequent movement disorders were tremor (36%) and dystonia (29%). We describe two phenotypes not previously reported among psychogenic movement disorders: myoclonus and association of myoclonus with dystonia. We remark on the presence of psychogenic symptoms associated with movement disorders (79%) as being one of the most useful clinical clues as well as on the value of polymyographic study in chronic psychogenic movement disorders, which provide evidence of the inconsistency of movement disorders. © 2012 Movement Disorder Society
Cranial nerve palsies in childhood parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Zorzi Alexandra P. , Grant Ronald , Gupta Abha A. , Hodgson David C. , Nathan Paul C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundChildren with parameningeal rhabdomyosarcoma (PM RMS) and cranial nerve palsy (CNP) are at risk for permanent neurologic dysfunction. Clinicians often consider the use of emergent therapies such as expedited radiation and/or corticosteroids; however, there is a paucity of information describing the natural history of CNP in PM RMS. We sought to describe the clinical features of patients with PM RMS plus associated CNP and to evaluate the patient, disease, and treatment‐related factors that impacted neurologic recovery.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of PM RMS cases treated at the Hospital for Sick Children between 1985 and 2010.ResultsThirty‐five children were treated for PM RMS, 19 (54%) of whom presented with CNP. Children with CNP were nine times more likely to have other high‐risk features (cranial base bony erosion and/or intracranial extension) at the time of presentation than children without CNP (OR 9.6, 95% CI 1.69, 54.79, P = 0.013). In addition to commencing chemotherapy, 13 patients (68%) received expedited RT and corticosteroids, four (21%) corticosteroids alone, and two (11%) received only standard chemotherapy and RT. At last follow up of the 11 survivors, neurologic recovery was complete in five (45%), partial in five (45%), and absent in one (9%).ConclusionsIn our cohort, recovery of PM RMS associated CNP was often incomplete despite multi‐modal therapy. A larger cohort of patients is required to determine the utility of emergent initiation of radiation or corticosteroids. This study will facilitate the counseling of future families on the long‐term neurologic recovery CNP in PM RMS. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 59: 1211–1214. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.