bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome Engineering With Zinc-Finger Nucleases
Authors: Carroll Dana 
Published: August 2011

AbstractZinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) are targetable DNA cleavage reagents that have been adopted as gene-targeting tools. ZFN-induced double-strand breaks are subject to cellular DNA repair processes that lead to both targeted mutagenesis and targeted gene replacement at remarkably high frequencies. This article briefly reviews the history of ZFN development and summarizes applications that have been made to genome editing in many different organisms and situations. Considerable progress has been made in methods for deriving zinc-finger sets for new genomic targets, but approaches to design and selection are still being perfected. An issue that needs more attention is the extent to which available mechanisms of double-strand break repair limit the scope and utility of ZFN-initiated events. The bright prospects for future applications of ZFNs, including human gene therapy, are discussed.
Work‐related Aggression and Violence Committed by Patients and Its Psychological Influence on Doctors
Authors: Saeki Keigo , Okamoto Nozomi , Tomioka Kimiko , Obayashi Kenji , Nishioka Hisayuki , Ohara Kenryo , Kurumatani Norio 
Published: August 2011

Work‐related Aggression and Violence Committed by Patients and Its Psychological Influence on Doctors: Keigo Saeki, et al. Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Nara Medical University School of MedicineObjectiveTo determine the incidence rate of work‐related aggression and violence (WRAV) against doctors and investigate risk factors and psychological Influences of WRAV doctors.MethodsWe sent a self‐administered questionnaire on WRAV committed by patients and their associates to 1,148 doctors in Nara Prefecture, Japan. We calculated the incidence rate of WRAV using the number of incidents encountered during the previous 12 mo and the doctorï¿½s average weekly working hours. Risk factors for the incidence WRAV were analyzed by Poisson regression, and the Influence of WRAV on the symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 758 (66.0%) doctors returned the questionnaire. The incidence rate of WRAV was 0.20 [95% CI: 0.17‐0.24]ï¿½10‐3 per practice hour. Adjusted incidence rate ratios of WRAV were significantly increased among doctors 1) with a shorter career (11.0; 95% CI: 5.0‐24.2), 2) working in a region with the lowest average taxable income (1.6; 1.1‐2.4), and 3) whose specialties were dermatology (3.8; 2.3‐6.3), psychiatry (2.7; 1.3‐5.6) and ophthalmology (1.9; 1.2‐3.2). Of 289 subjects who had encountered WRAV at least once during their career, 26 doctors (8.2%) had symptoms suggestive of PTSD due to the most severe incident. Conclusions: Doctors encountered WRAV at an incidence rate of 0.20ï¿½10‐3 per practice hour, and some of them might develop PTSD. Countermeasures are required to maintain sound health and safe workplaces for doctors.
Undiagnosed Heart Disease Leading to Sudden Unexpected Death in Childhood: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ilina Maria V. , Kepron Charis A. , Taylor Glenn P. , Perrin Donald G. , Kantor Paul F. , Somers Gino R. 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVES:
Heart disease accounts for a significant proportion of sudden unexpected deaths among children. We describe here demographic features, pathological conditions, and the frequency of premonitory symptoms in a retrospective series of cases of sudden unexpected cardiac death (SUCD) attributable to undiagnosed structural heart disease.

METHODS:
A chart review of autopsies involving children 0 to 17 years of age that were performed at the Hospital for Sick Children (Toronto, Ontario, Canada) between 1984 and 2003 was conducted. Cases of sudden unexpected death within 24 hours after clinical presentation with previously undetected fatal heart disease were included. Cases with multiple or thoracic trauma and chronic or multisystem disease were excluded.

RESULTS:
During the 20-year study period, 4926 autopsies were performed. A total of 103 cases (2.1%), involving 51 male patients and 52 female patients 1 day to 15 years of age (mean: 2.9 ± 4.2 years), were diagnosed as having SUCD. The most common diagnoses were myocarditis (n = 37 [35.9%]), hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) (n = 19 [18.4%]), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n = 16 [16.5%]), coronary artery anomalies (n = 6 [5.8%]), and aortic stenosis (n = 5 [4.9%]). There was a significant difference in the mean age of presentation between leading causes of SUCD (6.5 days for HLHS, 1.7 years for DCM, and 5.4 years for myocarditis; P &lt; .0001). Of 103 cases, 27 (26.2%) had premonitory symptoms documented.

CONCLUSION:
SUCD accounted for 2.1% of all autopsies, and HLHS, DCM, and myocarditis were the 3 most common diagnoses, which presented at increasing ages.
Receipt of Health Care Transition Counseling in the National Survey of Adult Transition and Health
Authors: Sawicki Gregory S. , Whitworth Ruth , Gunn Laura , Butterfield Ryan , Lukens-Bull Katryne , Wood David 
Published: August 2011

OBJECTIVE:
The goal of this study was to examine factors associated with receiving health care transition counseling services as reported by young adults.

METHODS:
We analyzed data from the 2007 Survey of Adult Transition and Health, a nationwide survey of young adults aged 19 to 23 years conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, to explore self-reported receipt of services to support transition from pediatric to adult health care. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify whether sociodemographic characteristics, health status, or markers of provider-youth health communication were associated with the receipt of 3 key transition counseling services.

RESULTS:
Among the 1865 Survey of Adult Transition and Health respondents, 55% reported that their physicians or other health care providers had discussed how their needs would change with age, 53% reported that their physicians or other health care providers had discussed how to obtain health insurance as an adult, and 62% reported having participated in a transition plan in school. Only 24% reported receiving all 3 transition counseling services. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, although gender, age, and race were not associated with increased receipt of the transition-related outcomes, markers of strong communication with the health system were associated with increased rates of receiving transition guidance.

CONCLUSIONS:
Many young adults reported not having received health care transition counseling. Provider-youth communication was associated with increased health care transition guidance, and suggests that a medical home model that promotes anticipatory guidance for health care transition could promote improvements in the transition process.
Sickle Cell Trait Screening in Athletes: Pediatricians' Attitudes and Concerns
Authors: Koopmans Joy , Cox Lucy A. , Benjamin Holly , Clayton Ellen Wright , Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: August 2011

BACKGROUND:
As part of a legal settlement in 2010, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) adopted a recommendation that all Division I athletes be screened for sickle cell trait (SCT) or sign an exemption waiver. Pediatricians' attitudes about this policy are unknown.

OBJECTIVE:
We queried 3 specialty sections of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)—the Section on Adolescent Health, the Council on Sports Medicine and Fitness (COSMF), and the Section on Bioethics—to determine attitudes about and knowledge of SCT testing of athletes.

METHODS:
Three e-mail surveys were sent to 600 members of the AAP chosen equally from the Section on Bioethics, the Section on Adolescent Health, and the COSMF. The survey queried respondents about their awareness of the NCAA policy and whether they supported universal or targeted screening based on gender, race/ethnicity, level of play, and type of sport.

RESULTS:
Usable responses from 254 of 574 eligible respondents (44%) were received. Respondents were 54% male and 84% white. Almost half were aware of the NCAA policy, with highest awareness in members of COSMF (P &lt; .001). Only 40% supported universal screening, whereas 70% supported targeted screening of athletes in all NCAA divisions and would focus on black student-athletes more than on Hispanic or white-Mediterranean student-athletes (no differences among AAP sections/council). More than 75% of all respondents support allowing athletes or their parents to waive screening. A majority expressed some concern that athletes with SCT might experience discrimination in sports participation and/or insurance. Members of COSMF were least concerned about discrimination.

CONCLUSIONS:
The NCAA policy to universally screen Division I athletes is not uniformly supported by pediatricians, who prefer targeted screening based on race/ethnicity and sport in all NCAA divisions. We found little difference in policy considerations between members of the different AAP sections/council except that members of the COSMF were least concerned about discrimination.
Comparison of Premolar Cuspal Deflection in Bulk or in Incremental Composite Restoration Methods
Authors: Kim ME , Park SH 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARY

Objectives
This study examined the cuspal deflection of maxillary premolars when either a bulk filling or incremental filling technique was employed using a range of composites with different elastic moduli.

Methods
Four brands of composite materials, Heliomolar (HM, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Heliomolar HB (HH, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), Filtec Supreme XT (FS, 3M Dental Product, St Paul, MN, USA), and Renew (RN, Bisco Inc, Schaumburg, IL, USA), as well as three filling techniques, bulk filling, two-layer incremental filling, and three-layer incremental filling methods, were used. One hundred twenty caries-free human premolars were collected and divided into four groups according to the filling material used. Each of these four groups was then subdivided into three groups according to filling method. In group 1, a bulk filling of 0.15 g of each resin was inserted and light-cured with LED light from the occlusal, mesial, and distal surfaces for 60 seconds each. Group 2 was given two horizontal increments, 0.08 g and 0.07 g, with each increment light-cured from the occlusal, mesial, and distal surfaces for 30 seconds each. In group 3, three horizontal increments of 0.05 g were used, each of which was light-cured from the occlusal, mesial, and distal surfaces for 20 seconds each. The cuspal deflection was measured using a customized cuspal deflection measuring machine for 10 minutes after initiating light polymerization. The elastic modulus of each composite resin material was measured using a three-point bending test. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a Dunnet test was used to examine the effect of the two variables (curing methods, materials) on the amount of cuspal deflection at the 95% confidence level. In each material, groups 1, 2 and 3 were compared using one-way ANOVA and a Dunnet test at the 95% confidence level. The elastic moduli of HM, HH, FS, and RN were compared using one-way ANOVA and a Tukey test at the 95% confidence level. The relationship between the amount of cuspal deflection in each group and the elastic modulus of the composite was analyzed using a Pearson correlation test.

Results
The amount of cuspal deflection in HH was larger than in the other materials (HM, FS, and RN; p&lt;0.05). There was no significant difference between HM, FS, and RN. The amount of cuspal deflection was greatest in group 1, followed in order by groups 2 and 3 (p&lt;0.05). The amount of cuspal deflection was in the following order: group 1≥2≥3 in HM, and 1&gt;2, 3 in HH, FS, and RN. The elastic modulus was HH&gt;RN&gt;FS&gt;HM (p&lt;0.05). There was a positive correlation between the cuspal deflection and the elastic modulus of the composite.

Conclusions
The incremental filling techniques reduced the amount of cuspal deflection in all composite groups with different elastic moduli. The amount of cuspal deflection showed a positive correlation with the elastic modulus of the composite.
The Dominance Pattern of Coronary Artery of Adult Bangladeshi People- A Postmortem Morphological Study
Authors: Hussain MA , Nahar A , Ara S 
Published: August 2011

Background: Incidence of the heart disease increases day by day in Bangladesh. Recent advances in cardiac surgery and the search for new techniques toward investigation of the heart are demanding a review of the anatomy of the coronary arteries. Method: The present study was performed on sixty (60) adult postmortem human hearts of Bangladeshi people. The samples were divided into 3 age groups: Group A (20 to 40 years) consists of 35 male & 7 female samples, Group B (41 to 60 years) consists of 3 female samples and Group C (61 to 75 years) consists of 7 male samples. Results: In the present study, dominance pattern of the coronary artery was right for male in-group A, B, C were 32 (91.4%), 7(87.5%), 6(85.7%), respectively and for female were 6 (85.7%). 3 (100%) respectively. It was left for male in-group A, B, C were 3 (8.6%), 1 (12.5%), 1(14.3%), respectively and for female was 1 (14.3%). Conclusion: The results of the present study can be helpful to the cardiologists and cardiovascular surgeons in the proper diagnosis and management of the heart diseases. Key words : Postmortem heart, Coronary arteries, Ischaemic heart disease. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cardio.v1i1.8200 Cardiovasc. j. 2008; 1(1) : 21-25
La motivation des actes administratifs unilatéraux, entre tradition nationale et évolution des droits européens
Authors: Autin Jean-Louis 
Published: August 2011

La motivation des actes administratifs unilatéraux est un sujet technique, sur lequel les spécialistes de la discipline ont pris position dans une configuration qui oppose nettement les pouvoirs publics et le Conseil d’État, partisans du système actuel, d’un côté, une doctrine largement majoritaire, de l’autre, qui aspire à une franche libéralisation du dispositif national. Celui-ci repose toujours, en dépit de divers aménagements liés à la loi de 1979, sur la formule bien connue : « Pas de motivation sans texte » . Ces dernières années, la controverse a rebondi en perdant son caractère hexagonal. Le « retard » de notre encadrement juridique est apparu évident au regard des régimes en vigueur dans les pays voisins, tandis que les avancées de l’intégration communautaire commençaient à influencer la réflexion. Avec la Charte européenne des droits fondamentaux de l’Union européenne qui proclame l’exigence générale de motivation en termes généraux et place ce nouveau droit sous l’égide d’une citoyenne européenne en gestation, le débat s’inscrit désormais dans la problématique d’une démocratie administrative qui, tout à la fois, régénérerait notre régime politique et hâterait les mutations de l’action publique.
La démocratie participative dans le domaine environnemental
Authors: Pissaloux Jean-Luc 
Published: August 2011

Bien que l’environnement apparaisse favorable à la transparence et à la démocratie, ce n’est que relativement récemment qu’ont été introduits au niveau interne divers instruments normatifs – et en particulier, des grands principes – ainsi que différentes modalités de mise en œuvre telles que les enquêtes publiques et le débat public, qui viennent de connaître d’indéniables avancées avec le Grenelle de l’environnement. Cependant, les processus participatifs dans le domaine environnemental présentent, à l’évidence, diverses faiblesses – notamment des conditions procédurales critiquables à bien des égards, et une insuffisante mobilisation des acteurs – voire des dérives – avec leur appropriation fréquente par une minorité de groupes d’intérêts ou d’experts, avec le constat d’un certain hiatus entre ces procédures et les processus décisionnels classiques, et avec l’inefficacité des politiques mises en place dans leur prolongement.
Le médiateur de la république au prisme de la démocratie administrative
Authors: Baudot Pierre-Yves , Revillard Anne 
Published: August 2011

Comment la notion de démocratie administrative permet-elle d’éclairer le sens qu’une institution comme le Médiateur de la République assigne à son action ? La disparition annoncée du Médiateur, corollaire de la création du Défenseur des droits (conformément à la révision constitutionnelle de 2008), invite à revisiter les différentes définitions de son rôle que l’institution a endossées depuis sa création en 1973. Cet article, fondé sur une étude sociohistorique de l’institution, se propose d’explorer le sens de cette dernière à la lumière de la notion de démocratie administrative. Lutte contre la « maladministration », défense des droits des administrés, participation du public à la production de la réforme de l’État : l’élargissement graduel des significations assignées à sa mission fait de cette institution un utile révélateur de la diversité des traductions possibles de la notion de démocratie administrative.
La réforme inachevée des collectivités territoriales
Authors: Pissaloux Jean-Luc , Supplisson Didier 
Published: August 2011

Les intentions et des ambitions initiales qui avaient motivé l’adoption de la loi du 16 décembre 2010 de réforme des collectivités territoriales étaient de réduire le « millefeuille territorial », et dégager des économies. Au regard de ce dessein originel, on pourra relever que les avancées majeures en termes de rationalisation du système territorial concernent le bloc communal, avec la programmation d’un achèvement et d’une refonte de la carte intercommunale, tandis que la loi ne fait qu’esquisser l’articulation d’un bloc « région-départements », essentiellement par l’institution des conseillers territoriaux. En revanche, la clarification attendue des compétences et des financements associés semble avoir été manquée.
Plasticity of Ly-6Chi Myeloid Cells in T Cell Regulation
Authors: Zhu Bing , Kennedy Jennifer K. , Wang Yue , Sandoval-Garcia Carolina , Cao Li , Xiao Sheng , Wu Chuan , Elyaman Wassim , Khoury Samia J. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
CD11b+Ly-6Chi cells, including inflammatory monocytes (IMCs) and inflammatory dendritic cells (IDCs), are important in infectious, autoimmune, and tumor models. However, their role in T cell regulation is controversial. In this article, we show that T cell regulation by IMCs and IDCs is determined by their activation state and is plastic during an immune response. Nonactivated IMCs and IDCs function as APCs, but activated IMCs and IDCs suppress T cells through NO production. Suppressive IMCs are induced by IFN-γ, GM-CSF, TNF-α, and CD154 derived from activated T cells during their interaction. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, CD11b+Ly-6Chi cells in the CNS are increasingly activated from disease onset to peak and switch their function from Ag presentation to T cell suppression. Furthermore, transfer of activated IMCs or IDCs enhances T cell apoptosis in the CNS and suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. These data highlight the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity: immunization leads to the expansion of Ly-6Chi myeloid cells initially promoting T cell function. As T cells become highly activated in the target tissue, they induce activation and NO production in Ly-6Chi myeloid cells, which in turn suppress T cells and lead to the contraction of local immune response.
Fungal Chitin from Asthma-Associated Home Environments Induces Eosinophilic Lung Infiltration
Authors: Van Dyken Steven J. , Garcia Daniel , Porter Paul , Huang Xiaozhu , Quinlan Patricia J. , Blanc Paul D. , Corry David B. , Locksley Richard M. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Development of asthma and allergic inflammation involves innate immunity, but the environmental contributions remain incompletely defined. Analysis of dust collected from the homes of asthmatic individuals revealed that the polysaccharide chitin is environmentally widespread and associated with β-glucans, possibly from ubiquitous fungi. Cell wall preparations of Aspergillus isolated from house dust induced robust recruitment of eosinophils into mouse lung, an effect that was attenuated by enzymatic degradation of cell wall chitin and β-glucans. Mice expressing constitutively active acidic mammalian chitinase in the lungs demonstrated a significant reduction in eosinophil infiltration after fungal challenge. Conversely, chitinase inhibition prolonged the duration of tissue eosinophilia. Thus, fungal chitin derived from home environments associated with asthma induces eosinophilic allergic inflammation in the lung, and mammalian chitinases, including acidic mammalian chitinase, limit this process.
Immunoreactivity of glycoproteins isolated from human peripheral nerve and Campylobacter jejuni (O:19)
Authors: Brezovska Katerina , Panovska Ana Poceva , Grozdanova Aleksandra , Suturkova Ljubica , Basta Ivana , Apostolski Slobodan 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACT
Objective: Antibodies to ganglioside GM1 are associated with Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) in patients with serologic evidence of a preceding infection with Campylobacter jejuni. Molecular mimicry between C. jejuni Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and ganglioside GM1 has been proven to be the immunopathogenic mechanism of the disease in the axonal variant of GBS. GM1-positive sera cross-react with several Gal-GalNAc-bearing glycoproteins from the human peripheral nerve and C. jejuni (O:19). This study aimed to examine the immunoreactivity of the digested cross-reactive glycoproteins isolated from the human peripheral nerve and C. jejuni (O:19) with Peanut Agglutinin (PNA) as a marker for the Gal-GalNAc determinant, and with sera from patients with GBS. Materials and Methods: For this purpose, the cross-reactive glycoproteins from peripheral nerve and C. jejuni (O:19) were enzymatically digested with trypsin and the obtained peptides were incubated with PNA and GBS sera. Results: Western blot analysis of the separated peptides revealed several bands showing positive reactivity to PNA and to sera from patients with GBS, present in both digests from peripheral nerve and C. jejuni (O:19). Conclusions: These data indicate the possible molecular mimicry between the cross-reactive glycoproteins present in C. jejuni and human peripheral nerve and its potential role in the development of GBS following infection with C. jejuni (O:19).