bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of low‐budget photogrammetry in the geotechnical laboratory
Authors: Thomas Hartwig , Cantré Stefan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn geotechnical laboratories, complicated geometries have frequently to be surveyed and the surfaces of the test materials, such as soils or geosynthetics, are often hard to handle within the experiments. Compressions, strains, distortions, stresses and failures (for example, cracks) must be identified. Highly accurate measurements of two‐ and three‐dimensional deformations can be performed using photogrammetric systems. Digital close range photogrammetry offers the possibility of capturing three‐dimensional points to sub‐millimetre accuracy. Because this is a non‐contact measurement technology and large point clusters can be captured simultaneously, the method is well suited for geotechnical laboratory applications. Nowadays, digital cameras are well developed, such that even low‐budget consumer cameras can be used for surveying tasks with high accuracy requirements. In this context, complex measurements in geotechnical experiments, such as the three‐dimensional determination of strains in dynamic systems where several cameras may be needed, can be performed at very low cost.In the authors’ opinion, low‐budget solutions include the use of hardware and software which is already accessible. If the available photogrammetric network does not meet the requirements of the planned task, individual adaptation of this network may still be more cost‐effective than purchasing a specialised product. This paper covers a variety of applications using low‐budget digital photogrammetric solutions in geotechnical laboratories and emphasises two recent projects at the University of Rostock.
Absolutely Atlantic: Colonialism and the Early Modern French State in Recent Historiography
Authors: Hodson Christopher , Rushforth Brett 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAlthough it remains, in Allan Potofsky’s words, the “poorer cousin” of scholarship on the British and Iberian Atlantics, research on France’s early modern empire has expanded in recent years. This article examines that growing body of literature, focusing on works that deal with the complex relationships among indigenous peoples, French colonists, and the French state. We argue that these books, articles, and dissertations point toward a new vision of the early modern French Atlantic. Rejecting older notions of a static, moribund monarchy opposed by dynamic colonial societies that flouted the crown’s designs, recent studies instead examine points of connection between a multi‐faceted state and the peoples it engaged, creating a more nuanced portrait of early modern French colonialism.
Finding the Flapper: A Historiographical Look at Image and Attitude
Authors: Ress Stella 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn 1920 with the publication of his first novel This Side of Paradise, the struggling, young, and hopelessly romantic writer, F. Scott Fitzgerald, first introduced the American public to the flapper. Though he never used the term ‘flapper’ until his later works, scholars credit Fitzgerald with creating, or at the very least, popularizing her. Stubborn, precocious, beautiful, young, unconventional, and often times dangerous, Fitzgerald’s characterization would become the definition of the flapper – the image the average American conjured up when he or she heard the word. Like a whirlwind, she raced onto the scene and completely changed the landscape of female and male interaction and redefined the feminine ideal. Although successful in her immersion into American culture, the flapper as persona grata was ephemeral. Throughout the 1920s the flapper dominated the tabloids, movies and even serious scholarship. By the 1930s, however, her name and her public appearance dwindled and, prior to the American emergence into the Second World War, finally disappeared altogether.
Palaeoproterozoic high‐pressure granulite overprint of the Archean continental crust: evidence for homogeneous crustal thickening (Man Rise, Ivory Coast)
Authors: PITRA P. , KOUAMELAN A. N. , BALLÈVRE M. , PEUCAT J‐J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe character of mountain building processes in Palaeoproterozoic times is subject to much debate. Based on the discovery of high‐pressure granulites in the Man Rise (Côte d’Ivoire), several authors have argued that Eburnean (Palaeoproterozoic) reworking of the Archean basement was achieved by modern‐style thrust‐dominated tectonics.A mafic granulite of the Kouibli area (Archean part of the Man Rise, western Ivory Coast) displays a primary assemblage (M1) containing garnet, diopsidic clinopyroxene, red‐brown pargasitic amphibole, plagioclase (andesine), rutile, ilmenite and quartz. This assemblage is associated with a subvertical regional foliation. Symplectites that developed at the expense of the M1 assemblage contain orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, plagioclase (bytownite), green pargasitic amphibole, ilmenite and magnetite (M2). Multiequilibrium thermobarometric calculations and P–T pseudosections calculated with thermocalc suggest granulite facies conditions of ∼ 13 kbar, 850 °C and <7 kbar, 700–800 °C for M1 and M2, respectively. In agreement with the qualitative information obtained from reaction textures and chemical zoning of minerals, this suggests an evolution dominated by decompression accompanied by moderate cooling. A Sm–Nd garnet – whole‐rock age of 2.03 Ga determined on this sample indicates that this evolution occurred during the Palaeoproterozoic. It is argued that from the geodynamic point of view the observed features are best explained by homogeneous thickening of the margin of the Archean craton, re‐heated and softened due to the accretion of hot, juvenile Palaeoproterozoic crust, as well as coeval intrusion of juvenile magmas. Crustal shortening was mainly accommodated by transpressive shear zones and by lateral crustal spreading rather than large‐scale thrust systems.
Metamorphism and deformation at different structural levels in a strike‐slip fault zone, Ross Lake fault, North Cascades, USA
Authors: GORDON S. M. , WHITNEY D. L. , MILLER R. B. , McLEAN N. , SEATON N. C. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractContinental crust is displaced in strike‐slip fault zones through lateral and vertical movement that together drive burial and exhumation. Pressure–temperature–deformation (P–T–d) histories of orogenic crust exhumed in transcurrent zones record the mechanisms and conditions of these processes. The Skagit Gneiss Complex, a migmatitic unit of the North Cascades, Washington (USA), was metamorphosed at depths of ∼25–30 km in a continental arc under contraction, and is bounded on its eastern side by the long‐lived transcurrent Ross Lake fault zone (RLFZ). The P–T–d conditions recorded by rocks on either side of the RLFZ vary along the length of the fault zone, but most typically the fault separates high‐grade gneiss and plutons from lower‐grade rocks. The Ruby Mt–Elijah Ridge area at the eastern margin of the Skagit Gneiss exposes tectonic contacts between gneiss and overlying rocks; the latter rocks, including slivers of Methow basin deposits, are metamorphosed and record higher‐grade metamorphism than in correlative rocks along strike along the RLFZ. In this area, the Skagit Gneiss and overlying units all yield maximum P–T conditions of 8–10 kbar at >650 °C, indicating that slices of basin rocks were buried to similar mid‐crustal depths as the gneiss. After exhumation of fault zone rocks to <15 km depth, intrusion of granitoid plutons drove contact metamorphism, resulting in texturally late andalusite–cordierite in garnet schist. In the Elijah Ridge area of the RLFZ, an overlapping step‐over or series of step‐overs that evolved through time may have facilitated burial and exhumation of a deep slice of the Methow basin, indicating that strike‐slip faults can have major vertical displacement (tens of kilometres) that is significant during the crustal thickening and exhumation stages of orogeny.
Chronic Ethanol Consumption Results in Atypical Liver Injury in Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase Deficient Mice
Authors: Curry‐McCoy Tiana V. , Osna Natalia A. , Nanji Amin A. , Donohue Jr Terrence M. 
Published: November 2009

Background: Ethanol metabolism increases production of reactive oxygen species, including superoxide () in the liver, resulting in significant oxidative stress, which causes cellular damage. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that converts superoxide to less toxic intermediates, preventingaccumulation. Because the absence of SOD would confer less resistance to oxidative stress, we determined whether damage to hepatic proteolytic systems was greater in SOD−/−than in SOD+/+mice after chronic ethanol feeding.Methods: Female wild‐type (SOD+/+) and Cu/Zn‐SOD knockout (SOD−/−) mice were pair‐fed ethanol and control liquid diets for 24 days, after which liver injury was assessed.Results: Ethanol‐fed SOD−/−mice had 4‐fold higher blood ethanol, 2.8‐fold higher alanine aminotransferase levels, 20% higher liver weight, a 1.4‐fold rise in hepatic protein levels, and 35 to 70% higher levels of lipid peroxides than corresponding wild‐type mice. While wild‐type mice exhibited fatty liver after ethanol administration, SOD−/−mice showed no evidence of ethanol‐induced steatosis, although triglyceride levels were elevated in both groups of knockout mice. Ethanol administration caused no significant change in proteasome activity, but caused lysosomal leakage in livers of SOD−/−mice but not in wild‐type mice. Alcohol dehydrogenase activity was reduced by 50 to 60% in ethanol‐fed SOD−/−mice compared with all other groups. Additionally, while ethanol administration induced cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity in wild‐type mice, it caused no such induction in SOD−/−mice. Unexpectedly, ethanol feeding significantly elevated total and mitochondrial levels of glutathione in SOD knockout mice compared with wild‐type mice.Conclusion: Ethanol‐fed SOD−/−mice exhibited lower alcohol dehydrogenase activity and lack of CYP2E1 inducibility, thereby causing decreased ethanol metabolism compared with wild‐type mice. These and other atypical responses to ethanol, including the absence of ethanol‐induced steatosis and enhanced glutathione levels, appear to be linked to enhanced oxidative stress due to lack of antioxidant enzyme capacity.
Promoting an Environmental Civil Society: Politics, Policy, and Russia's Post‐1991 Experience
Authors: Feldman David L. , Blokov Ivan Pavlovich 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn recent years the United Nations Environment Program, UN Conference on Environment and Development, and other international organizations have acknowledged the importance of civil society for engaging stakeholders in environmental change—especially at the local community level—and in promoting democracy.1 In Russia, efforts by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to promote reform since 1991 have aimed at achieving both objectives and face numerous political, legal, and attitudinal hurdles. This article examines these hurdles and the factors that facilitate development of an environmentally conscious civil society in Russia through analysis of the views of 100 representatives of environmental NGOs, news media, scientific community, corporations, and public agencies. We also investigate three abbreviated but illustrative vignettes that illuminate civil society impediments. Our thesis is that successful efforts to ensure adequate protection of Russia's environment require a strengthening of civil society.
Evaluating the Improved Research Capacity of EPSCoR States: R&D Funding and Collaborative Networks in the NSF EPSCoR Program
Authors: Melkers Julia , Wu Yonghong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractStates vary considerably in their ability to attract federal research and development (R&D) sources. The National Science Foundation (NSF) Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCoR) was created in the late 1970s and was designed to enhance the research capacity of less competitive states in seeking federal research funds. How has EPSCoR improved research capacity in its member states? To date, little evaluation of EPSCoR as a program, or even within individual states, has occurred, and those studies that have been conducted have taken a statewide, macro‐level approach. We argue that a social‐capital‐based approach that addresses capacity development among EPSCoR recipients provides important scientist‐level data that can best address capacity development issues. In this article, we first examine the data of federal academic R&D obligations in order to analyze one of the direct outcomes of capacity building. We conduct a descriptive statistical analysis on the changing share of federal academic R&D obligations for individual states in recent years. Second, using an NSF‐sponsored survey of scientists in the 50 states, we present data on distinctions between scientists in EPSCoR versus non‐EPSCoR states, as well as differences between scientists who have been involved in EPSCoR versus those who have not. From our analysis we find important evidence of capacity development in EPSCoR states. Perhaps most importantly, our results provide an important first step in identifying relevant evaluative issues for EPSCoR.
Policy Changes on Canada's Rivers: Different but not Isolated
Authors: Lowry William R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractI address two questions in this article. First, how do policy changes in Canada differ from those in the United States? Second, are such changes isolated from American influence? I argue that Canadian policy changes will be more driven by subnational bureaucrats, more dependent upon fortuitous alignments of interests and institutions, and less quickly emulated by other jurisdictions than policy changes in the United States. I will also argue that policy changes in Canada are not completely isolated from those in the United States, not given the ability of ideas to cross international borders to change the framing of issues. I examine these arguments in the context of changing river management policies in British Columbia and Ontario.
The Obama Administration's Challenges after the “War on Science”: Reforming Staffing Practices and Protecting Scientific Integrity in the Executive Branch
Authors: Vaughn Justin S. , Villalobos José D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this article, we examine the difficult leadership position President Barack Obama inherited as he took office with respect to science and technology policy making and implementation, particularly following the Bush administration and years of the so‐called “war on science.” We contend that the Obama administration's challenge is not only to take substantive policy action, but also to reform certain administrative practices, particularly in light of the previous administration's practice of the politics of strategic vacancies, a managerial technique that rearranges an agency's ideological inclinations not through the usual forms of active politicization (i.e., by filling the appointee ranks with like‐minded ideologues) but instead by “starving” the agency of staff and co‐opting its agenda that way.
Leaf trichomes influence predatory mite densities through dispersal behavior
Authors: Loughner R. , Wentworth K. , Loeb G. , Nyrop J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHabitat complexity can mediate interactions among predators and herbivores and influences arthropod population density and community structure. The abundance of many predatory mites (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is positively associated with abundance of non‐glandular trichomes. We hypothesized that (1) increasing the complexity (trichome density mimicked with cotton fiber patches) of the habitat that predatory mites encounter on leaves would reduce adult dispersal from plants, and (2) increasing habitat complexity would reduce the time that mites spend walking. Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten retention on plants increased linearly in the presence of trichome mimics; mites placed on plants lacking leaf trichomes showed a behavioral response that led to active dispersal. Phytoseiid retention increased with both fiber patch size and fiber density within patches. Moving fiber patches from the underside of the leaf to the upper leaf surface did not change phytoseiid retention but did alter egg distribution, suggesting trichomes do not exclusively influence phytoseiid behavior. Phytoseiid activity level as measured by the amount of time spent walking did not decrease with the addition of fibers. Overall, increasing habitat complexity in the form of non‐glandular trichomes strongly reduced T. pyri dispersal behavior; the predatory mites showed a consistent preference for complex trichome‐rich habitat that was manifest both rapidly and in absence of predators. Hence, the frequently observed pattern of population‐level accumulation of phytoseiids on trichome‐rich plants appears to be driven by a behavioral response to the presence and abundance of non‐glandular trichomes on the leaf surface manifested in the level of dispersal and/or retention. The primary implication of phytoseiid–habitat interactions for biocontrol programs is that where plants have no trichomes, T. pyri will not establish. Whether this behavioral response pattern is a general response of phytoseiids to leaf trichomes or varies with species is a question that remains unanswered.
Suppressive effect of exposure to Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum on the feeding response of the tortoise beetle, Cassida nebulosa, to spinach
Authors: Nagasawa Atsuhiko , Matsuda Kazuhiro 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDepending upon preceding dietary exposure, the tortoise beetle, Cassida nebulosa L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), exhibits various feeding responses to spinach, Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae). Adult tortoise beetles reared as adults on the main host Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum Makino (CAC) (Chenopodiaceae) eat little spinach, whereas those reared on spinach accept this plant as food. In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of exposure to CAC on the feeding response of tortoise beetles to spinach. To investigate the effect of chemical factors in CAC, we provided beetles with Gomphrena globosa L. (Amaranthaceae) as the base food and exposed them to a CAC extract, because bioassays have indicated that exposure to G. globosa did not affect the feeding response of beetles to spinach. Adults reared on G. globosa treated with CAC extract consumed significantly less than adults reared on untreated G. globosa. Thus, we determined that exposure to CAC components is responsible for the suppressive effect on the feeding response to spinach observed in the beetles. In a choice feeding test with membrane filter discs, we found that adults reared on G. globosa treated with CAC extract exhibited a greater feeding deterrent response to the spinach deterrent than adults reared on untreated G. globosa leaves. Therefore, the suppression of spinach consumption due to exposure to CAC is probably caused by the development of a response to the feeding deterrents present in spinach.
Prurigo nodularis: systematic analysis of 58 histological criteria in 136 patients
Authors: Weigelt Nils , Metze Dieter , Ständer Sonja 
Published: November 2009

Background: To date, there has been no systematic investigation of the detailed histological features of prurigo nodularis (PN) in a large cohort of patients. Methods: This retrospective study includes skin biopsies of 136 patients (63 males, 73 females; mean age: 58.38 years) with PN. Results: Highly characteristic for PN is the presence of thick compact orthohyperkeratosis; the hairy palm sign (folliculosebaceous units in nonvolar skin in conjunction with a thick and compact cornified layer, like that of volar skin); irregular epidermal hyperplasia or pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia; focal parakeratosis; hypergranulosis; fibrosis of the papillary dermis with vertically arranged collagen fibers; increased number of fibroblasts and capillaries; a superficial, perivascular and/or interstitial inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, macrophages and, to a lesser extent, eosinophils and neutrophils. For comparison, histological findings in 45 patients (18 males, 27 females; mean, 55.64 years) with lichen simplex (LS) were studied. PN and LS, both of them scratch‐induced, had 50 of 58 (86.2%) histological features in common. Conclusions: PN revealed a characteristic histological pattern. Absence of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia or nerve fiber thickening, however, does not rule out the histological diagnosis of PN. A correlation of clinical and histological findings is necessary to reliably distinguish between PN and LS.Weigelt N, Metze D, Ständer S. Prurigo nodularis: systematic analysis of 58 histological criteria in 136 patients.
Diagnostic challenges and recent advances in the early management of invasive fungal infections
Authors: Chandrasekar Pranatharthi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDuring the past 20 yr, the population of immunocompromized patients at risk of developing invasive fungal infections (IFIs) has increased, and there has been a shift in fungal epidemiology, with more infections caused by non‐Aspergillus molds and yeasts, which are often resistant to one or more antifungal drugs. Traditional diagnostic methods, such as culture and the histopathology of infected tissue, often fail to detect IFIs until the later stages. Furthermore, invasive diagnostic methods to obtain tissue may be contraindicated in severely ill patients; even when tissue is available, the morphology of several filamentous fungi is identical, or the cultures may fail to grow the pathogen. Recently developed non‐invasive diagnostic techniques, such as tests for serum markers and polymerase chain reaction assays, may allow for earlier and more accurate diagnoses – crucial in the effort to reduce morbidity and the risk of mortality. This article reviews current approaches to diagnosis and treatment, focusing on how an early and accurate diagnosis can guide treatment and improve outcomes. Strategies for improving the management of IFIs also are discussed.
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) expression is increased in erythema multiforme and is regulated by IFN‐γ in human keratinocytes
Authors: Pollack Brian P. , Sapkota Bishu , Haun Paul L. 
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) expression is increased in erythema multiforme and is regulated by IFN‐γ in human keratinocytes. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: e310–e313.Abstract:  Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a member of the ATF/cyclic AMP responsive element‐binding protein (CREB) family of transcription factors and is involved in the regulation of immune responses, apoptosis, DNA repair and oncogenesis. The epidermal expression of ATF3 in the setting of cutaneous inflammation has not been well characterized. To examine the expression of ATF3 in the setting of inflammatory skin disease, ATF3 protein expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). We found diffuse epidermal ATF3 protein expression in skin biopsies of erythema multiforme (EM). Given the role of interferon (IFN)‐γ in erythema multiforme, we sought to examine the impact of IFN‐γ on ATF3 expression in human keratinocytes. IFN‐γ induced ATF3 mRNA and protein in primary human keratinocytes and HaCaT cells. Thus, epidermal ATF3 expression can be increased in the setting of inflammatory skin diseases and is regulated by IFN‐γ in human keratinocytes.