bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latitudinal variation in Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) development time and adult size
Authors: Bentz B.J. , Logan J.A. , Vandygriff J.C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDendroctonus ponderosae (Hopkins) is widely distributed across western North America, feeding in at least 12 native species of Pinus L. (Pinaceae). We investigated the existence of heritable differences in two life-history parameters (adult size and development time) of D. ponderosae from a northern population (central Idaho, Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) and a southern population (southern Utah, Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex P. and C. Lawson). We attempted to separate heritable from environmental effects by rearing individuals from both populations through two generations (F1 and F2) in a common standardized laboratory environment with a constant temperature. Two treatment effects were tested for in the F2 generation: (1) geographic location (source host) for F0D. ponderosae; and (2) the F2 brood host. We hypothesized that, if differences were observed and the F0 source host and region had a greater effect on F2 brood development time and adult size than did the host in which F2 brood were reared, a heritable factor related to the F0 parents was responsible. Time to emergence was significantly shorter for second-generation offspring of the northern population than for second-generation offspring of the southern population, regardless of the F2 brood host. Although both the F2 brood host and F0 source parents were significant in explaining differences observed in the developmental-time distribution of F2 brood, the F0 source effect was found to be much greater. Also, F2 males and females from southern source parents were significantly larger than F2 brood from northern source parents when reared in both F2 brood hosts. Geographic region and original host of F0 source parents had a significant effect on F2 offspring size, whereas the immediate food for F2 brood was not significant in explaining differences. These results suggest genetically based regional differences in D. ponderosae populations.
Olfactory behavior of convergent lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to alarm pheromone of green peach aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Acar E.B. , Medina J.C. , Lee M.L. , Booth G.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA previous investigation from our laboratory showed that the odor of live green peach aphids,Myzus persicae(Sulzer), highly attracts the convergent lady beetle,Hippodamia convergensGuérin-Méneville. In this study, we isolated the odor and identified it as (E)-β-farnesene (an aphid alarm pheromone) using gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The olfactory response of the convergent lady beetle to (E)-β-farnesene was investigated using an eight-arm air-flow olfactometer and tracing the pathways of the lady beetles. The results clearly indicate thatH.convergenscan perceive and orient to (E)-β-farnesene released by green peach aphids. These findings suggest that this species of lady beetle has evolved a sensory system for detecting the green peach aphid alarm pheromone as a means of finding its prey.
Cone entomofauna of whitebark pine and alpine larch (Pinaceae): potential impact of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and a new record of Strobilomyia macalpinei (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Anderton Laurel K. , Jenkins Michael J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLaboratory and field feeding tests with Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann demonstrated that both immature and mature seed bugs can use cones and foliage of whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis Engelmann, as a food source for 1- to 2-week periods. Damage to unprotected whitebark pine cones by seed bugs ranged from 0.3 to 2.1% of seeds per cone. Total insect damage ranged from 0.4 to 7.1% of seeds per cone. A seed chalcid, Megastigmus Dalman. sp. (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), was documented for the first time on whitebark pine and was found in 4.7% of examined seeds at one site. The larch cone fly, Strobilomyia macalpinei Michelsen, was reared from cones of alpine larch, Larix lyallii Parl., from the Bitterroot Range of Montana. This is the first record of this species in the United States and the first since its description in 1988. Ninety-four percent of a sample of alpine larch cones were damaged by cone fly larvae and 64% contained larvae or puparia.
Impacts of seasonal kaolin particle films on apple pest management
Authors: Knight A.L. , Christianson B.A. , Unruh T.R. , Puterka G. , Glenn D.M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe impact of multiple applications of the kaolin-based particle film M96-018 on the population density of selected pests of apple, Malus domestica (Borkh) (Rosaceae), and their natural enemy populations were measured in several Washington State orchards from 1997 to 1999. Densities of western tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter elmaella (Doganlar and Mutuura) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), were significantly higher and percent parasitism was generally lower in treated plots than in untreated plots. The effect of M96-018 on green aphids (Aphis spp.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was variable between orchards; however, populations of rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea Passerini (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were higher in treated plots than in untreated plots. M96-018 reduced the mean density of the white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria (McAtee) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and the density of spiders (Araneae) compared with untreated plots. Fruit injury by codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospilus (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was significantly reduced in the treated plots compared with the untreated plots. The effect of M96-018 on the mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Hemiptera: Miridae), was variable between orchards and years. Stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) density and related fruit injury were unaffected by M96-018. Fruit infestation by San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), was significantly higher in treated plots than in untreated plots. Discontinuing applications of M96-018 at mid-season reduced the number of aphid-infested leaves and increased fruit injury by leafroller compared with a full-season program. No differences in pest densities occurred in plots treated for one versus two consecutive years; however, the density of phytophagous mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) was significantly higher the subsequent year after plots were treated with M96-018. Further studies are needed to elucidate how these disruptive impacts of particle films can be minimized.
Flies and flowers: taxonomic diversity of anthophiles and pollinators
Authors: Larson B.M.H. , Kevan P.G. , Inouye D.W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Diptera are the second most important order among flower-visiting (anthophilous) and flower-pollinating insects worldwide. Their taxonomic diversity ranges from Nematocera to Brachycera, including most families within the suborders. Especially important are Syrphidae, Bombyliidae, and Muscoidea. Other families, especially of small flies, are less appreciated and often overlooked for their associations with flowers. We have compiled records of their flower visitations to show that they may be more prevalent than usually thought. Our knowledge of anthophilous Diptera needs to be enhanced by future research concerning (i) the significance of nocturnal Nematocera and acalypterate muscoids as pollinators, (ii) the extent to which the relatively ineffective pollen-carrying ability of some taxa can be compensated by the abundance of individuals, and (iii) the role of Diptera as pollinators of the first flowering plants (Angiospermae) by using phylogenetic and palaeontological evidence. Specializations in floral relationships involve the morphology of Diptera, especially of their mouthparts, nutritional requirements, and behaviour, as well as concomitant floral attributes. The South African flora has the most highly specialized relations with dipterous pollinators, but in arctic and alpine generalist fly–flower relations are important in pollination and fly nutrition.
Feeding preferences, growth, and development of Mamestra configurata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Brassicaceae
Authors: Ulmer B. , Gillott C. , Erlandson M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe growth (increase in body mass) and development (progression to specific instar) of the bertha armyworm, Mamestra configurata Walker, were examined using up to 14 plant lines from five species of brassicaceous plants. Varietal and breeding lines of Brassica napus L., B. juncea L., B. rapa L., B. carinata L., and Sinapis alba L. were selected on the basis of differing seed and foliar glucosinolate levels. No-choice feeding experiments were conducted with larvae isolated on leaf discs, individual leaves, or entire plants of each line. The no-choice tests showed that M. configurata weight gain and development varied significantly among host plants tested. Two B. juncea lines (AC Vulcan and H-Allyl) and the S. alba lines (AC Pennant and L-GS) were the poorest hosts in terms of larval weight gain, and the two B. juncea lines also significantly slowed development relative to the other lines tested. Mamestra configurata feeding preference, which was examined using a series of paired leaf disc choice tests, was also significantly different among the lines examined. Two B. juncea lines (AC Vulcan and H-Allyl) were significantly less preferred than all the other lines examined. The data extends previous work indicating that specific foliar glucosinolates, such as sinigrin, which is predominant in B. juncea, and sinalbin, which is abundant in S. alba, may provide brassicaceous crops with some protection from M. configurata. Thus, it may be possible to use foliar glucosinolate levels as predictors of M. configurata feeding damage in the development of breeding lines for the genus Brassica.
Protogyny, protandry, and bimodal emergence patterns in necrophagous Diptera
Authors: Buck Matthias 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe emergence patterns of Diptera breeding in small-sized and buried carrion were studied in rearing experiments with field-exposed baits. Development times are reported for 52 species in the families Phoridae, Sphaeroceridae, Sepsidae, Heleomyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Sarcophagidae, Psychodidae, and Sciaridae. Most species showed a synchronous emergence of males and females. Protandry was detected in Hydrotaea ignava (Harris) (Muscidae), H. palaestrica (Meigen), and Psychoda minuta (Banks) (Psychodidae). Protogyny was found in several species of Phoridae, namely Conicera similis (Haliday), C. schnittmanni Schmitz, Anevrina unispinosa (Zetterstedt), and Triphleba dudai (Schmitz). Conicera schnittmanni and T. dudai showed two discrete emergence periods for each sex, which is due to a delayed emergence of some specimens. Protogyny is a rare phenomenon in Diptera and insects in general, and has never been reported before in Phoridae. The significance of protogyny could not be ascertained in the examined species, because of insufficient information on their mating systems and female receptivity patterns.
Factors influencing oviposition by Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on wheat spikes (Gramineae)
Authors: Smith M.A.H. , Lamb R.J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFactors that might contribute to variability in the densities of wheat midge eggs, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), on common and durum wheats, Triticum aestivum L. and Triticum durum Desf., were investigated to improve the quantification of oviposition preferences in relation to crop resistance. Egg densities on wheat spikes were highly variable, with a similar contagious distribution in the laboratory and field, although variance was highest in the laboratory. Females laid eggs in small groups, usually of one to six eggs; most infested spikes had more than one egg group. Females showed no preference for ovipositing on different parts of a spike, although spikelets on one side and at the base often received fewer eggs because these spikelets were covered by the flag leaf and inaccessible for longer than others. Oviposition rates varied from night to night, probably related to the weather. Females showed no preference for spikes at different growth stages, from the time spikes began to emerge until at least flowering. Spike size did not affect egg density, and spike height was a factor only for spikes deep within or protruding above the canopy. Sources of environmental variation such as effects of weather on oviposition rates in the field or spatial phenomena in cages were measurable but of secondary importance. In the field, comparisons among spikes which emerged on the same day could reduce variation in egg density. In the laboratory, variation in egg density could be reduced by using arrays of excised spikes arranged at the same height, leaving the central portion of the array empty. The primary cause of high variability in egg density among spikes was variation in egg-group size and the presence of multiple egg groups on a single spike, factors which cannot be experimentally controlled because they are the result of oviposition behaviour rather than environmental heterogeneity.
Seasonal occurrence, species composition, and parasitism of Lygus spp. in alfalfa, canola, and mustard
Authors: Braun L. , Erlandson M. , Baldwin D. , Soroka J. , Mason P. , Foottit R. , Hegedus D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractField collections of over-wintering and summer adults and nymphs of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) (Hemiptera: Miridae), Lygus borealis (Kelton), and Lygus elisus Van Duzee were made weekly in five fields in Saskatchewan in 1998 and 1999. The crops sampled were alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. (Leguminosae), canola, Brassica napus L. (Cruciferae), and mustard, Sinapis alba L. (Cruciferae), at Vonda, and alfalfa and canola at Saskatoon. In alfalfa, the most abundant Lygus spp. found in May and June were over-wintering adult L. lineolaris and (or) L. borealis; the predominant species in mid-June to early July was L. borealis; and the population from mid-July to late August was dominated by L. lineolaris. In canola, adult populations of Lygus spp. were not found until mid-June. The predominant species, L. lineolaris, probably over-wintering adults, was first detected in canola at the early bud stage in late June to early July; high numbers of L. lineolaris adults occurred in canola in mid-August. Populations of Lygus spp. in organic mustard were negligible. Dissections of field-collected Lygus spp. nymphs revealed parasitism in up to 70% of the midsummer population in alfalfa. In contrast, less than 1% of the late-season Lygus spp. population, primarily L. lineolaris in canola and L. lineolaris and L. borealis in alfalfa, was parasitized.
Growth loss and recovery following defoliation by the balsam fir sawfly in young, spaced balsam fir stands
Authors: Piene Harald , Ostaff Don P. , Eveleigh Eldon S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTwo stands of intensively managed balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae)] in western Newfoundland, located within an area infested by the balsam fir sawfly, Neodiprion abietis (Harr.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) complex, were selected to study growth loss and recovery following severe defoliation by the balsam fir sawfly in the early 1990s. Four years after the start of the outbreak, volume increments were reduced by 78–81%. The decreased volume increment and recovery coincided well with the balsam fir sawfly outbreak and decline. The growth recovery rates following severe balsam fir sawfly defoliation were slow due to the absence of bud destruction, which triggers the release of suppressed buds, and thus increases foliage production. It is imperative that the severe losses in volume growth caused by balsam fir sawfly defoliation are incorporated into wood supply analyses so that future annual allowable cuts may be adjusted. In addition, to ensure maximum recovery rates at the end of an outbreak, future populations must be kept at a minimum to avoid additional foliage loss.
Tree size and growth history predict breeding densities of Douglas-fir beetles in fallen trees
Authors: Reid M.L. , Glubish S.S. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFor bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) breeding in fallen trees, the tree characteristics that are associated with higher breeding densities are poorly known. The breeding densities of Douglas-fir beetles,Dendroctonus pseudotsugaeHopkins, in freshly felled Douglas-fir,Pseudotsugae menziesii(Mirb.) Franco, were examined with respect to tree diameter, phloem thickness, and several measures of tree growth rate over the past year to 10 years prior to tree death. Trees were felled in 8 decks of 3–12 trees to provide a range of tree qualities in a given location. Stepwise regression revealed that of the tree characteristics measured, only diameter was needed to explain the density of beetle attacks on trees within decks. Because diameter, phloem thickness, and growth-increment measures were all highly correlated, attack density also increased with phloem thickness and growth rate prior to felling when these measures were analyzed individually. The apparent preference for larger trees with thicker phloem is consistent with published results for live trees, but the positive effect of tree growth rate prior to death is contrary to results for beetles attacking live trees. Thus, assessments of stand susceptibility to bark beetles based on tree growth rate may differ depending on whether beetles are initially breeding in live or dead trees.
Mycobatidae (Acari: Oribatida) of Pacific Northwest canopy habitats
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. , Eamer Barbara , Clayton Marilyn 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThree new species of oribatid mites in two genera of Mycobatidae are recorded from canopy habitats of coniferous temperate rainforest and montane forest in the Pacific Northwest of North America. These species,Mycobates acuspidatussp.nov.,M.corticeussp.nov., andZachvatkinibates epiphytossp.nov., are described on the basis of adults and immatures. The previous key for adultMycobatesspecies of America north of Mexico is modified to include these new species, and a key for adults is given for the three species ofZachvatkinibatesnow known from North America.
Revision of the genusHolocephalus(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Scarabaeinae: Coprini)
Authors: Smith Andrew B.T. , Génier François 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe genusHolocephalusHope is revised and now contains five species:H.cristatus(Gillet),H.eridanus(Olivier),H.julienisp.nov.,H.sculptus(Gillet), andH.simonisp.nov. All taxa are described and illustrated. A key to species ofHolocephalusis included. Lectotypes are designated forH.eridanusandH.sculptus.Scarabaeus eridanusOlivier is designated as the type species for the generic nameAtrichiusGillet (a junior synonym ofHolocephalus).
Field evaluation of nine families of honey bees for resistance to tracheal mites
Authors: van Engelsdorp Dennis , Otis Gard W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe evaluated the resistance to tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), of colonies of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), headed by daughters of three queens from each of three honey bee stocks: (i) British Columbia "mite-resistant stock, (ii) Buckfast "mite-resistant" stock, and (iii) Canadian unselected stock. Colonies of all nine families were distributed among four apiaries; half of the colonies in each apiary were treated with formic acid to attempt to control tracheal mites. The study documented significant differences in resistance to tracheal mites among the families of bees, even within each of the three stocks. After the first 4 months of study (by November 1993), differences in mite infestations had developed among the nine families. Formic acid treatments had either short-lived effectiveness (1993) or no effect (1994) on tracheal mite infestations, thereby eliminating the opportunity to evaluate colony performance in the absence of mites. Mite infestations varied significantly among apiary sites. This study highlights the value of evaluating sets of colonies headed by sister queens when identifying mite-resistant stock for breeding purposes.
Physiological basis for flexible voltinism in the spruce beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hansen E. Matthew , Bentz Barbara J. , Turner David L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby), has described life cycles of 1–3 years. Although temperature has been shown to be strongly associated with flexible voltinism in the spruce beetle, the physiological basis for this phenomenon is not clear. Two competing hypotheses were tested under laboratory conditions. First, we tested the hypothesis that larval diapause, induced by cool temperatures during or before instar III, initiates prolonged life cycles while larvae not diapausing complete development to adults before the first winter. We compared development times at constant temperature (12 °C) and field-simulated thermoperiod treatments against development times in a reference (21 °C) treatment for which there is no indication of diapause induction. The constant temperature treatment was not significantly different than the reference treatment, although there were a few outliers. The thermoperiod treatment was significantly longer than the reference treatment, but only by a few days. These results provide little support for the hypothesis of larval diapause induction during or before instar III. Second, we investigated the hypothesis of life-cycle regulation through life stage specific developmental temperature thresholds, particularly, a relatively high threshold for pupation that might prevent development beyond the prepupal life stage under cool conditions. We found little evidence of distinct differences in low-temperature thresholds between life stages. Instar-IV larvae held at ≤ 15 °C, however, did not pupate for 125–300 days, a developmental arrest that suggests diapause. Based on all present and previous investigations, the induction-sensitive phase appears to be late in the instar-IV or early in the prepupal stages. For semivoltine spruce beetles, this life stage occurs late in the growing season, after most temperature-dependent development has been completed. It is our conclusion that spruce beetle voltinism is primarily under direct temperature control and that prepupal diapause is the default overwintering strategy for individuals not completing development to maturity by fall.