bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Augmentation by escitalopram, but not citalopram or R‐citalopram, of the effects of low‐dose risperidone: Behavioral, biochemical, and electrophysiological evidence
Authors: Marcus Monica M. , Jardemark Kent , Malmerfelt Anna , Gertow Jens , Konradsson‐Geuken Åsa , Svensson Torgny H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAntidepressant drugs are frequently used to treat affective symptoms in schizophrenia. We have recently shown that escitalopram, but not citalopram or R‐citalopram, increases firing rate and burst firing of midbrain dopamine neurons, potentiates cortical N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated transmission and enhances cognition, effects that might influence the outcome of concomitant antipsychotic medication. Here, we studied, in rats, the behavioral and neurobiological effects of adding escitalopram, citalopram, or R‐citalopram to the second‐generation antipsychotic drug risperidone. We examined antipsychotic efficacy using the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) test, extrapyramidal side effect (EPS) liability using a catalepsy test, dopamine outflow in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens using in vivo microdialysis in freely moving animals, and NMDA receptor‐mediated transmission in the mPFC using intracellular electrophysiological recording in vitro. Only escitalopram (5 mg/kg), but not citalopram (10 mg/kg), or R‐citalopram (10 mg/kg), dramatically enhanced the antipsychotic‐like effect of a low dose of risperidone (0.25 mg/kg), without increasing catalepsy. Given alone, escitalopram, but not citalopram or R‐citalopram, markedly enhanced both cortical dopamine output and NMDA receptor‐mediated transmission. Addition of escitalopram and to some extent R‐citalopram, but not citalopram, significantly enhanced both cortical dopamine output and cortical NMDA receptor‐mediated transmission induced by a suboptimal dose/concentration of risperidone. These results suggest that adjunct treatment with escitalopram, but not citalopram, may enhance the effect of a subtherapeutic dose of risperidone on positive, negative, cognitive, and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia, yet without increased EPS liability. Synapse, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of a CBPR Framework to Inform a Multi‐level Tobacco Cessation Intervention in Public Housing Neighborhoods
Authors: Andrews Jeannette O. , Tingen Martha S. , Jarriel Stacey Crawford , Caleb Maudesta , Simmons Alisha , Brunson Juanita , Mueller Martina , Ahluwalia Jasjit S. , Newman Susan D. , Cox Melissa J. , Magwood Gayenell , Hurman Christina 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAfrican American women in urban, high poverty neighborhoods have high rates of smoking, difficulties with quitting, and disproportionate tobacco‐related health disparities. Prior research utilizing conventional “outsider driven” interventions targeted to individuals has failed to show effective cessation outcomes. This paper describes the application of a community‐based participatory research (CBPR) framework to inform a culturally situated, ecological based, multi‐level tobacco cessation intervention in public housing neighborhoods. The CBPR framework encompasses problem identification, planning and feasibility/pilot testing, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination. There have been multiple partners in this process including public housing residents, housing authority administrators, community health workers, tenant associations, and academic investigators. The advisory process has evolved from an initial small steering group to our current institutional community advisory boards. Our decade‐long CBPR journey produced design innovations, promising preliminary outcomes, and a full‐scaled implementation study in two states. Challenges include sustaining engagement with evolving study partners, maintaining equity and power in the partnerships, and long‐term sustainability of the intervention. Implications include applicability of the framework with other CBPR partnerships, especially scaling up evolutionary grassroots involvement to multi‐regional partnerships.
Adolescent Sexual Assault Victims and the Legal System: Building Community Relationships to Improve Prosecution Rates
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Greeson Megan R. , Bybee Deborah , Fehler-Cabral Giannina 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAdolescents are at high risk for sexual assault, but few of these crimes are reported to the police and prosecuted by the criminal justice system. To address this problem, communities throughout the United States have implemented multidisciplinary interventions to improve post‐assault care for victims and increase prosecution rates. The two most commonly implemented interventions are Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE) Programs and Sexual Assault Response Teams (SARTs). The purpose of this study was to determine whether community‐level context (i.e., stakeholder engagement and collaboration) was predictive of adolescent legal case outcomes, after accounting for “standard” factors that affect prosecution success (i.e., victim, assault, and evidence characteristics). Overall, 40% of the adolescent cases from these two SANE–SART programs (over a 10‐year period) were successfully prosecuted. Cases were more likely to be prosecuted for younger victims, those with disabilities, those who knew their offenders, and instances in which the rape evidence collection kit was submitted by police for analysis. After accounting for these influences, multi‐level modeling results revealed that in one site decreased allocation of community resources to adolescent sexual assault cases had a significant negative effect on prosecution case outcomes. Results are explained in terms of Wolff's (Am J Community Psychol 29:173–191, 2001) concept of “over‐coalitioned” communities and Kelly's (1968) ecological principles.
Quantitation of Multiple Sphingolipid Classes Using Normal and Reversed‐Phase LC–ESI–MS/MS: Comparative Profiling of Two Cell Lines
Authors: Masood M. Athar , Rao Raghavendra P. , Acharya Jairaj K. , Blonder Josip , Veenstra Timothy D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSphingolipids are an important class of compounds that regulate signal transduction and other vital cellular processes. Herein, we report sensitive normal and reversed phase LC–MS/MS methods for quantitation of multiple sphingolipid classes. In the normal‐phase ESI/MS/MS method, a high content of organic solvents was utilized, which, although it included hexane, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile containing 2% methanol, 1–2% acetic acid, and 5 mM ammonium acetate, resulted in a very efficient electrospray ionization of the ceramides (Cers) and hexosylceramides (MHCers). Three normal‐phase LC–MS/MS methods using segmented phases were developed to specifically target Cers, MHCers, or sphingomyelins (SMs). This segmentation scheme increases the number of data points acquired for a given analyte and enhances the sensitivity and specificity of the measurements. Nine separate reversed phase chromatography methods were developed for the three classes of compounds. These assays were used for comparing the levels of Cers, SMs, and MHCers from mouse embryonic fibroblast (pMEF) and human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells. These findings were then compared with the reported data from RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cells, BHK21 hamster cells, and human plasma and serum samples. The analysis of cell lines, using both normal and reversed phase chromatography, revealed discrimination based on the type of chromatography chosen, while sphingolipid assays of samples containing different amounts of protein showed different results, even after normalizing for protein content. Also, LC/MS/MS profiles were provided for the classes and individual compounds so that they could be used as “molecular profiles” for class or individual sample analysis.
The mechanism of a splash on a dry solid surface
Authors: Mandre Shreyas , Brenner Michael P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFrom rain storms to ink jet printing, it is ubiquitous that a high-speed liquid droplet creates a splash when it impacts on a dry solid surface. Yet, the fluid mechanical mechanism causing this splash is unknown. About fifty years ago it was discovered that corona splashes are preceded by the ejection of a thin fluid sheet very near the vicinity of the contact point. Here we present a first-principles description of the mechanism for sheet formation, the initial stages of which occur before the droplet physically contacts the surface. We predict precisely when sheet formation occurs on a smooth surface as a function of experimental parameters, along with conditions on the roughness and other parameters for the validity of the predictions. The process of sheet formation provides a semi-quantitative framework for studying the subsequent events and the influence of liquid viscosity, gas pressure and surface roughness. The conclusions derived from this framework are in quantitative agreement with previous measurements of the splash threshold as a function of impact parameters (the size and velocity of the droplet) and in qualitative agreement with the dependence on physical properties (liquid viscosity, surface tension, ambient gas pressure, etc.) Our analysis predicts an as yet unobserved series of events within micrometres of the impact point and microseconds of the splash.
Conservation of genetic diversity in regenerated landraces of Italian ryegrass
Authors: López J. E. , Oliveira J. A. 
Published: November 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of one cycle of seed regeneration on the conservation of genetic diversity in five Italian ryegrass landraces (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Regeneration took place outdoors, in a sheltered site surrounded by tall Galician wheat, 20 m from the nearest source of alien pollen. A balanced mixture of seed (the same weight of seed per plant) was made from 90–100 plants harvested within each population. The conservation of allele frequencies was assessed by starch gel electrophoresis. Five enzyme systems from 78–153 plants per population were examined on slices of a single histidine–citrate starch gel. Each regenerated population differed from its original landrace in at least one of the five loci. The mean heterozygosity per locus was 0.45 for original and regenerated populations, and the mean number of alleles per locus was 3.7 and 3.6 for original and regenerated populations, respectively. There was no loss of common alleles (frequency >0.05) in the five regenerated populations compared with the original populations. Only three rare alleles (frequency < 0.05) were lost (e.g. alleles phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI)-2a, PGI-2c* and shikimate dehydrogenase (SDH)-1d in Padrón, Pravia and Luarca, respectively). No regeneration effect (P>0.05) was observed in the six agromorphological characters. However, a significant landrace effect was observed (P < 0.05) in the five agromorphological traits and the regenerated landraces deviated from the original landraces in 20% of direct comparisons. The results suggest that the method of regeneration used was not very suitable for maintaining the genetic integrity of the original landraces.
Efficient diffuse auroral electron scattering by electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic waves in the outer magnetosphere: A detailed case study
Authors: Ni Binbin , Liang Jun , Thorne Richard M. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Horne Richard B. , Kubyshkina Marina , Spanswick Emma , Donovan Eric F. , Lummerzheim Dirk 
Published: November 2011

This paper is a companion to a paper by Liang et al. (2011) which reports a causal connection between the intensification of electrostatic ECH waves and the postmidnight diffuse auroral activity in the absence of whistler mode chorus waves at L = 11.5 on the basis of simultaneous observations from THEMIS spacecraft and NORSTAR optical instruments during 8–9 UT on February 5, 2009. In this paper, we use the THEMIS particle and wave measurements together with the magnetically conjugate auroral observations for this event to illustrate an example where electrostatic electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves are the main contributor to the diffuse auroral precipitation. We use the wave and particle data to perform a comprehensive theoretical and numerical analysis of ECH wave driven resonant scattering rates. We find that the observed ECH wave activity can cause intense pitch angle scattering of plasma sheet electrons between 100 eV and 5 keV at a rate of >10−4 s−1 for equatorial pitch angles αeq < 30°. The scattering approaches the strong diffusion limit in the realistic ambient magnetic field to produce efficient precipitation loss of <∼5 keV electrons on a timescale of a few hours or less. Using the electron differential energy flux inside the loss cone estimated based upon the energy‐dependent efficiency of ECH wave scattering for an 8‐s interval with high resolution wave data available, the auroral electron transport model developed by Lummerzheim (1987) produced an intensity of ∼2.3 kR for the green‐line diffuse aurora. Separately, Maxwellian fitting to the electron differential flux spectrum produced a green‐line auroral intensity of ∼2.6 kR. This is in good agreement with the ∼2.4 kR green‐line auroral intensity observed simultaneously at the magnetic foot point (as inferred using the event‐adaptive model of Kubyshkina et al. (2009, 2011)) of the location where the in situ observations were obtained. Our results support the scenario that enhanced ECH emissions in the central plasma sheet (CPS) can be an important or even dominant driver of diffuse auroral precipitation in the outer magnetosphere. This paper is an important compliment to recent work that has shown lower band and upper band chorus to be mainly responsible for the occurrences of diffuse aurora in the inner magnetosphere.
Basic Numeracy in Children With Specific Language Impairment: Heterogeneity and Connections to Language
Authors: Koponen Tuire , Mononen Riikka , Räsänen Pekka , Ahonen Timo 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
This study examined basic numerical skills in children with specific language impairment (SLI) and how well linguistic factors explain the variance in these children’s number skills.

Method

The performance of children with SLI (
n
= 29) was compared with that of typically developing children along a continuum ranging from preschool to 3rd grade (
n
= 20, 47, 40, and 33). This facilitated both linguistic and educational age comparisons. To study number skills within the SLI group more closely, this group was divided into subgroups on the basis of their performance in verbal and nonverbal numerical skills. The performance of the different SLI subgroups on the linguistic and nonverbal reasoning task was analyzed.

Results
As a single group, the children with SLI lagged behind their educational age controls in both verbal and nonverbal numerical skills. Subgroup analyses revealed that the ability to retrieve arithmetic facts from the memory was connected to naming fluency, whereas the differences in nonverbal numerical skills were not explained by the cognitive skills measured (nonverbal reasoning skill, verbal short-term memory, vocabulary, comprehension, and naming fluency).

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that children with SLI form a very heterogeneous group in their numerical skills, and thus specific hypotheses concerning the influence of linguistic deficits on developing numerical skills are required. The cognitive components of serial naming speed present a promising domain for further exploration.
Text Chat as a Tool for Referential Questioning in Asperger Syndrome
Authors: Rajendran Gnanathusharan , Mitchell Peter 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
This article reports a study in which referential communication in 11 individuals with Asperger syndrome (AS) and 11 controls was compared between text chat and telephone, using a route-solving task.

Method
Participants deduced routes by asking closed questions, and the dependent variables were (a) accuracy in working out the route, (b) number of questions posed (turns taken), and (c) time taken to complete the task.

Results
Generally, individuals with AS were equally competent in solving the task in both media but less efficient than the typically developing comparison group. Individuals with AS who had higher measured executive ability adopted a similar approach to the comparison group, asking about landmarks on the map to deduce the route taken. In contrast, AS participants with lower executive ability used an inefficient left/right questioning strategy, which occupied more time, required more conversational turns, and was associated with a higher rate of error.

Conclusion
Individuals with AS, who also have problems of executive functioning, may have difficulty communicating with others to use a route-solving task.
The Distribution of Phonated Intervals in the Speech of Individuals Who Stutter
Authors: Godinho Tara , Ingham Roger J. , Davidow Jason , Cotton John 
Published: November 2011

PurposePrevious research has demonstrated the fluency-improving effect of reducing the occurrence of short-duration, phonated intervals (PIs; ∼30–150 ms) in individuals who stutter, prompting the hypothesis that PIs in these individuals' speech are not distributed normally, particularly in the short PI ranges. It has also been hypothesized that this nonnormal PI distribution will be present during the stutter-free speech of affected persons.MethodA comparison was made between the distributions of PIs during oral reading by adolescent and adult speakers who stuttered (n= 13; 11 males) and by age- and gender-matched, normally fluent control participants.ResultsThe results did not support these hypotheses. The results showed that although there were significantly fewer PIs in the speech of the speakers who stuttered (probably because of their slower speaking rate), there was no significant difference between the PI distributions of both speaker groups. This was also true for comparisons between the stutter-free speech of the affected speakers and matched periods of speech produced by the control participants. The PI distributions from both groups were highly correlated.ConclusionThe null hypothesis findings are discussed in relation to speech–motor- and neurologic-systems explanations for the fluency-inducing effects of reducing short PIs in the speech of individuals who stutter.
Biomechanical Correlates of Surface Electromyography Signals Obtained During Swallowing by Healthy Adults
Authors: Crary Michael A. , Carnaby (Mann) Giselle D. , Groher Michael E. 
Published: November 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to describe biomechanical correlates of the surface electromyographic signal obtained during swallowing by healthy adult volunteers.MethodSeventeen healthy adults were evaluated with simultaneous videofluoroscopy and surface electromyography (sEMG) while swallowing 5 mL of liquid barium sulfate. Three biomechanical swallowing events were analyzed: hyoid elevation, pharyngeal constriction, and opening–closing of the pharyngoesophageal segment. For each biomechanical event and from the sEMG signal, the authors identified onset, peak, and offset time points. From these points, duration measures were calculated. Means and 95% confidence intervals were calculated for each measure. Subsequently, correlations were evaluated between timing aspects of the sEMG traces and each biomechanical event.ResultsSwallow onset in the sEMG signal preceded the onset of all biomechanical events. All biomechanical events demonstrated a strong correspondence to the sEMG signal. The strongest relationship was between hyoid elevation–anterior displacement and the sEMG signal.ConclusionsThese results suggest that the sEMG signal is a useful indicator of major biomechanical events in the swallow. Future studies should address the impact of age and disease processes, as well as bolus characteristics, on the biomechanical correlates of sEMG signals obtained during swallowing.
Human mucosal CD4+ T cells but not blood CD4+ T cells respond vigorously towards CD28 engagement
Authors: Schröder-Braunstein J , Pavlov V , Giese T , Heidtmann A , Wentrup S , Lasitschka F , Winter J , Ulrich A , Engelke A , Al Saeedi M , Meuer S 
Published: November 2011

SummaryHuman lamina propria T lymphocytes (LPT) possess functional properties profoundly different from those of peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBT). While they are characterized by a low proliferative response to T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 stimulation in vitro their responsiveness to activation through the ‘co-stimulatory’ CD2-receptor is enhanced when compared to PBT. In this study, we demonstrate that engagement of another co-stimulatory receptor on both LPT and PBT, namely CD28, by a single monoclonal antibody (mAb), respectively, strongly activates the former but not the latter through a PI3-kinase dependent signalling pathway leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). In addition to the high sensitivity of LPT to CD2 stimulation, this finding supports the notion that ‘non-specific/innate’ mechanisms to activate T lymphocytes play a predominant role vis-à-vis ‘TCR driven/adaptive’ responses in the intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, it suggests that results from preclinical tests for therapeutic antibodies performed with human blood derived T cells are probably insufficient to predict reactivities of tissue-resident immune cells, which – given their quantitative predominance – may critically determine the in-vivo response to such compounds.
Is an advance care planning model feasible in community palliative care? A multi‐site action research approach
Authors: Blackford Jeanine , Street Annette 
Published: November 2011

blackford j. & street a. (2012) Is an advance care planning model feasible in community palliative care? A multi‐site action research approach. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(9), 2021–2033.AbstractAim.  This article reports a study to determine the feasibility of an advance care planning model developed with Australian community palliative care services.Background.  An effective advance care planning programme involves an organizational wide commitment and preparedness for health service reform to embed advance care planning into routine practice. Internationally, such programmes have been implemented predominantly in aged and acute care with more recent work in primary care.Methods.  A multi‐site action research was conducted over a 16‐month period in 2007–2009 with three Victorian community palliative care services. Using mixed method data collection strategies to assess feasibility, we conducted a baseline audit of staff and clients; analysed relevant documents (client records, policies, procedures and quality improvement strategies) pre‐implementation and post‐implementation and conducted key informant interviews (n = 9).Settings and participants.  Three community palliative care services: one regional and two metropolitan services in Victoria, Australia.Results.  The services demonstrated that it was feasible to embed the Model into their organizational structures. Advance care planning conversations and involvement of family was an important outcome measure rather than completion rate of advance care planning documents in community settings. Services adapted and applied their own concept of community, which widened the impact of the Model. Changes to quality audit processes were essential to consolidate the Model into routine palliative care practice.Conclusion.  An advance care planning model is feasible for community palliative care services. Quality audit processes are an essential component of the Model with documentation of advance care planning discussion established as an important outcome measure.