bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When two is better than one: macrophages and neutrophils work in concert in innate immunity as complementary and cooperative partners of a myeloid phagocyte system
Authors: Silva Manuel T 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The presence of two dedicated phagocytic cells working cooperatively represents an advantageous innate immune strategy that allows the efficient and safe utilization of powerful but dangerous microbicidal molecules.
The antimicrobial effector activity of phagocytes is crucial in the host innate defense against infection, and the classic view is that the phagocytes operating against intracellular and extracellular microbial pathogens are, respectively, macrophages and neutrophils. As a result of the common origin of the two phagocytes, they share several functionalities, including avid phagocytosis, similar kinetic behavior under inflammatory/infectious conditions, and antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. However, consequent to specialization during their differentiation, macrophages and neutrophils acquire distinctive, complementary features that originate different levels of antimicrobial capacities and cytotoxicity and different tissue localization and lifespan. This review highlights data suggesting the perspective that the combination of overlapping and complementary characteristics of the two professional phagocytes promotes their cooperative participation as effectors and modulators in innate immunity against infection and as orchestrators of adaptive immunity. In the concerted activities operating in antimicrobial innate immunity, macrophages and neutrophils are not able to replace each other. The common and complementary developmental, kinetic, and functional properties of neutrophils and macrophages make them the effector arms of a myeloid phagocyte system that groups neutrophils with members of the old mononuclear phagocyte system. The use by mammals of a system with two dedicated phagocytic cells working cooperatively represents an advantageous innate immune attack strategy that allows the efficient and safe use of powerful but dangerous microbicidal molecules. This crucial strategy is a target of key virulence mechanisms of successful pathogens.
Robust Up-Regulation of Nuclear Red Fluorescent-Tagged Fos Marks Neuronal Activation in Green Fluorescent Vasopressin Neurons after Osmotic Stimulation in a Double-Transgenic Rat
Authors: Fujihara Hiroaki , Ueta Yoichi , Suzuki Hitoshi , Katoh Akiko , Ohbuchi Toyoaki , Otsubo Hiroki , Dayanithi Govindan , Murphy David 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The up-regulation in the expression of mRNA or protein encoded by the c-fos gene is widely used as a marker of neuronal activation elicited by various stimuli. To facilitate the detection of activated neurons, we generated transgenic rats expressing a fusion gene consisting of c-fos coding sequences in frame with monomeric red fluorescent protein 1 (mRFP1) under the control of c-fos gene regulatory sequences (c-fos-mRFP1 rats). In c-fos-mRFP1 transgenic rats, 90 min after hypertonic saline ip administration, nuclear mRFP1 fluorescence was observed abundantly in brain regions known to be osmosensitive, namely the median preoptic nucleus, organum vasculosum lamina terminalis, supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, and subfornical organ. Immunohistochemistry for Fos protein confirmed that the distribution of Fos-like immunoreactivity in nontransgenic rats was similar to those of mRFP1 fluorescence after ip administration of hypertonic saline in the transgenic rats. Several double-transgenic rats were obtained from matings between transgenic rats expressing an arginine vasopressin-enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion gene (AVP-eGFP rats) and c-fos-mRFP1 rats. In these double-transgenic rats, almost all eGFP neurons in the supraoptic nucleus and PVN expressed nuclear mRFP1 fluorescence 90 min after hypertonic saline administration. The c-fos-mRFP1 rats are a powerful tool that enables the facile identification of activated neurons in the nervous system. Furthermore, when combined with transgenes expressing another fluorophore under the control of cell-specific regulatory sequences, activation of specific neuronal cell types in response to physiological cues can be readily detected.
Use of Isothermal Conduction Calorimetric Method for Measuring the Heat of Hydration of Cement
Authors: Wang Hugh , Qi Chengqing , Lopez Waltter , Farzam Hamid 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In the present study, an extensive test program is conducted to measure and compare the heat of hydration obtained from both calorimeter and ASTM C186-05 test methods. A statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the variations of the test data. The results indicate that the isothermal conduction calorimeter method is a more reliable, less time-consuming, and less labor-intensive method than the ASTM C186-05 test method. The heat of hydration at 3 days showed the least variation in all calorimeter tests. These suggest that ASTM shall consider adopting the isothermal conduction calorimeter method for measuring the heat of hydration of cement. The 3-day heat of hydration value can be used for specifying the limit of heat release for type II cements.
More Accurate Approximation of J-Integral Equation for Evaluating Fracture Resistance Curves
Authors: Zhu Xian-Kui , Joyce James A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Accurate estimate of the J integral is required in a valid experimental evaluation of J-based fracture resistance curves for ductile materials. The fracture toughness test standard ASTM E1820 allows a basic method and a resistance curve method to be used experimentally to evaluate the J values via standard specimens. The basic method obtains J estimates using the η factor method that was developed for a stationary crack. The resistance curve method obtains crack growth corrected J estimates using an incremental equation that was proposed by Ernst et al. (“Estimation on J-Integral and Tearing Modulus T from a Single Specimen Test Record,” Fracture Mechanics: Thirteenth Conference, ASTM STP 743, 1981, pp. 476–502) for a growing crack and has been accepted as the most accurate equation available for about three decades. Recently, Neimitz (“The Jump-Like Crack Growth Model, the Estimation of Fracture Energy and JR Curve,” Eng. Fract. Mech., Vol. 75, 2008, pp. 236–252), and Kroon et al. (“A Probabilistic Model for Cleavage Fracture with a Length Scale-Parameter Estimation and Predictions of Growing Crack Experiments,” Eng. Fract. Mech., Vol. 75, 2008, pp. 2398–2417) presented two different approximate equations for the J-integral, which they proposed as more accurate than the Ernst equation. Therefore, further investigation is needed to determine a truly accurate approximation for the J-integral equation. With this objective, the present paper proposes different mathematical and physical models to approximate the J-integral equation. The physical models are developed in terms of the deformation theory and the jump-like crack growth assumption. Relations between the proposed models and the existing equations are identified. Systematic evaluations of the proposed models are then made using a theoretical procedure of J-R curves for both low and high strain hardening materials, and using experimental data from an actual single edge-notched bend specimen made of HY80 steel. Accuracy of the proposed models is determined, and a more accurate approximation of J-integral equation is thus suggested for J-R curve testing.
Application of Artificial Neural Network for Fatigue Life Prediction under Interspersed Mode-I Spike Overload
Authors: Mohanty J. R. , Verma B. B. , Ray P. K. , Parhi D. R. K 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The objective of this study is to design multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (ANN) architecture in order to predict the fatigue life along with different retardation parameters under constant amplitude loading interspersed with mode-I overload. Fatigue crack growth tests were conducted on two aluminum alloys 7020-T7 and 2024-T3 at various overload ratios using single edge notch tension specimens. The experimental data sets were used to train the proposed ANN model to predict the output for new input data sets (not included in the training sets). The model results were compared with experimental data and also with Wheeler’s model. It was observed that the model slightly over-predicts the fatigue life with maximum error of + 4.0 % under the tested loading conditions
Endovascular coil occlusion of 152 middle cerebral artery aneurysms: initial and midterm angiographic and clinical results
Authors: Bracard Serge , Abdel-Kerim Amr , Thuillier Lorrena , Klein Olivier , Anxionnat René , Finitsis Stefanos , Lebedinsky Ariel , de Freitas Clayton Maceido , Pinheiro Nilson , de Andrade Guillerme Cabral , Picard Luc 
Published: October 2009

Object
The object of this study was to evaluate the initial and mid-term angiographic and clinical results after endovascular coil occlusion of middle cerebral artery (MCA) aneurysms at the authors' institution.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective analysis of a consecutive series of 152 MCA aneurysms (73 ruptured) treated by endovascular coiling in 140 patients. Angiographic and clinical data at initial and midterm follow-up as well as procedure-related complications were prospectively registered.

Results
At discharge, favorable clinical outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1 or 2) were obtained in 89.3% of patients (125/140). Seven patients (5%) were in a vegetative state or had died. Complications were encountered in association with 11.8% of the procedures (18/152), and most (13/18) involved thromboembolic events (which led to permanent ischemia in 4 cases and death in 1). The overall procedure-related mortality rate was 0.7%, and the rates of permanent and transient morbidity were 2.6 and 2%, respectively. At a mean follow-up duration of 4.3 years there had been 4 cases of rebleeding: early rebleeding occurred during the initial postoperative period in 3 cases and later in 1. Total or subtotal occlusion was obtained in 84.2% of aneurysms (128/152). At follow-up, this satisfactory occlusion persisted in 83.3% of aneurysms (110/132) at 1 year posttreatment, 79.5% (89/112) at 3 years, and 80.2% (73/91) at 5 years.

Conclusions
Risks and initial and midterm angiographic and clinical results after endovascular treatment of MCA aneurysms are nearly identical to other locations. Endovascular treatment may thus be proposed as an alternative to surgical clipping at this location. Nevertheless, a longer follow-up period is necessary to determine its efficacy, particularly in cases of unruptured aneurysms.
Gamma Knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia: the impact of magnetic resonance imaging–detected vascular impingement of the affected nerve
Authors: Sheehan Jason P. , Ray Dibyendu Kumar , Monteith Stephen , Yen Chun Po , Lesnick James , Kersh Ronald , Schlesinger David 
Published: October 2009

Object
Trigeminal neuralgia is believed to be related to vascular compression of the affected nerve. Radiosurgery has been shown to be reasonably effective for treatment of medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia. This study explores the rate of occurrence of MR imaging–demonstrated vascular impingement of the affected nerve and the extent to which vascular impingement affects pain relief in a population of trigeminal neuralgia patients undergoing Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS).

Methods
The authors performed a retrospective analysis of 106 cases involving patients treated for typical trigeminal neuralgia using GKRS. Patients with or without single-vessel impingement on CISS MR imaging sequences and with no previous surgery were included in the study. Pain relief was assessed according to the Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain intensity score at the last follow-up. Degree of impingement, nerve diameter preand post-impingement, isocenter placement, and dose to the point of maximum impingement were evaluated in relation to the improvement of BNI score.

Results
The overall median follow-up period was 31 months. Overall, a BNI pain score of 1 was achieved in 59.4% of patients at last follow-up. Vessel impingement was seen in 63 patients (59%). There was no significant difference in pain relief between those with and without vascular impingement following GKRS (p > 0.05).
In those with vascular impingement on MR imaging, the median fraction of vessel impingement was 0.3 (range 0.04–0.59). The median dose to the site of maximum impingement was 42 Gy (range 2.9–79 Gy). Increased dose (p = 0.019) and closer proximity of the isocenter to the site of maximum vessel impingement (p = 0.012) correlated in a statistically significant fashion with improved BNI scores in those demonstrating vascular impingement on the GKRS planning MR imaging

Conclusions
Vascular impingement of the affected nerve was seen in the majority of patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Overall pain relief following GKRS was comparable in those with and without evidence of vascular compression on MR imaging. In subgroup analysis of those with MR imaging evidence of vessel impingement of the affected trigeminal nerve, pain relief correlated with a higher dose to the point of contact between the impinging vessel and the trigeminal nerve. Such a finding may point to vascular changes affording at least some degree of relief following GKRS for trigeminal neuralgia.
Toll-like receptor 4 expression during cerebral aneurysm formation
Authors: Aoki Tomohiro , Nishimura Masaki , Ishibashi Ryota , Kataoka Hiroharu , Takagi Yasushi , Hashimoto Nobuo 
Published: October 2009

Object
The pathophysiological origin of cerebral aneurysms is closely associated with chronic inflammation in arterial walls. Recently, the authors identified nuclear factor–kappa B (NF-κB) as a key mediator of cerebral aneurysm formation and progression. Because Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulates NF-κB activation in arterial walls in atherosclerosis, the authors hypothesize that TLR4 expresses in cerebral aneurysms and contributes to the activation of NF-κB in cerebral aneurysm walls.

Methods
Cerebral aneurysms were induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Expression of TLRs in cerebral aneurysm walls was assessed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The expression of TLR4 was examined using RT-PCR, immunohistochemical studies, and Western blotting. To assess TLR4 dependency on NF-κB activation, double immunostaining and a study using NF-κB–deficient mice were done. Finally, TLR4 expression in human cerebral aneurysm walls was assessed using immunohistochemical studies.

Results
In cerebral aneurysm walls, TLR1, -4, -5, -6, -10, and -11 were expressed. Among them, TLR4 and TLR10 expression changed during cerebral aneurysm formation. Expression of TLR4 was predominantly in the endothelial cell layer of cerebral aneurysm walls, and was transitionally upregulated at the early stage of cerebral aneurysm formation. The TLR4 expression coincided well with NF-κB activation. In human cerebral aneurysms, TLR4 was also expressed in the endothelial cell layer, as it was in rats.

Conclusions
Toll-like receptor 4 was expressed in cerebral aneurysm walls both in rats and humans. This receptor may play a crucial role in cerebral aneurysm formation through NF-κB activation in endothelial cells. The results of the present study will shed new light on the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysm formation.
Prevalence and impact of diffuse axonal injury in patients with moderate and severe head injury: a cohort study of early magnetic resonance imaging findings and 1-year outcome
Authors: Skandsen Toril , Kvistad Kjell Arne , Solheim Ole , Strand Ingrid Haavde , Folvik Mari , Vik Anne 
Published: October 2009

Object
In this prospective cohort study the authors examined patients with moderate to severe head injuries using MR imaging in the early phase. The objective was to explore the occurrence of diffuse axonal injury (DAI) and determine whether DAI was related to level of consciousness and patient outcome.

Methods
One hundred and fifty-nine patients (age range 5–65 years) with traumatic brain injury, who survived the acute phase, and who had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3–13 were admitted between October 2004 and August 2008. Of these 159 patients, 106 were examined using MR imaging within 4 weeks postinjury. Patients were classified into 1 of 3 stages of DAI: Stage 1, in which lesions were confined to the lobar white matter; Stage 2, in which there were callosal lesions; and Stage 3, in which lesions occurred in the dorsolateral brainstem. The outcome measure used 12 months postinjury was the Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended (GOSE).

Results
Diffuse axonal injury was detected in 72% of the patients and a combination of DAI and contusions or hematomas was found in 50%. The GCS score was significantly lower in patients with “pure DAI” (median GCS Score 9) than in patients without DAI (median GCS Score 12; p < 0.001). The GCS score was related to outcome only in those patients with DAI (r = 0.47; p = 0.001). Patients with DAI had a median GOSE score of 7, and patients without DAI had a median GOSE score of 8 (p = 0.10). Outcome was better in patients with DAI Stage 1 (median GOSE Score 8) and DAI Stage 2 (median GOSE Score 7.5) than in patients with DAI Stage 3 (median GOSE Score 4; p < 0.001). Thus, in patients without any brainstem injury, there was no difference in good recovery between patients with DAI (67%) and patients without DAI (66%).

Conclusions
Diffuse axonal injury was found in almost three-quarters of the patients with moderate and severe head injury who survived the acute phase. Diffuse axonal injury influenced the level of consciousness, and only in patients with DAI was GCS score related to outcome. Finally, DAI was a negative prognostic sign only when located in the brainstem.
Association of Thyroid Dysfunction with Young Diabetic Subjects in a Bangladeshi Population
Authors: Rashid DA , Rashid MA , Hannan JMA , Faruque M , Nahar Q , Ali L 
Published: October 2009

The study was a prospective study carried out in the Research Division of Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders (BIRDEM), Dhaka. The present study was designed to investigate the thyroid dysfunction specially total and free levels of serum T3 and T4, and TSH in young diabetic subjects. A total number of 49 diabetic subjects and 28 controls were recruited in this study. Plasma glucose was measured by glucose oxidase method, HbA1C by modified HPLC method, serum total T3, total T4, free T3, free T4, TSH and C-peptide were measured by fluorescence-based ELISA technique. Age and BMI of the controls, Type 2 diabetic and FCPD subjects were matched. Total T3 concentration in FCPD and type 2 groups were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.001). T3 in FCPD was lower than that of type 2 (p<0.01). No significant difference was shown in T4 concentrations among the three groups of study subjects but there was significant lower in T3/ T4 ratio in FCPD and type 2 than control groups (p<0.001, p<0.01 respectively). The concentration of Free T3 was lower in FCPD group (p<0.01) than controls and type 2 DM. Free T4 and TSH concentration were similar in all the groups. With increasing of fasting serum glucose and HbA1C in the subjects, serum T3, Free T3, and T3/ T4 ratio were decreased significantly. Irrespective of groups, fasting serum glucose and HbA1C showed negative correlation with serum T3 (FSG: r= -0.591, p= 0.001; HbA1C: r= -0.68, p= 0.001) and Free T3 (FSG: r= -0.421, p= 0.001; HbA1C: r= -0.381, p= 0.001). C-peptide showed positive correlation with T3 and Free T3 (T3: r= 0.429, p= 0.001; Free T3: r= 0.228, p= 0.05). The existance of low T3 syndrome is confirmed in young Bangladeshi diabetic population regarding free levels of T3 and T4. The values of the free hormones (low FT3 and normal FT4) as well as normal TSH explain clinically euthyroid state of the subjects. The data also demonstrated that the lowering of T3 in diabetic subjects seems to be related with their degree of hyperglycemia. Key Words: Thyroid Dysfunction, Young Diabetes Mellitus. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v36i2.3608 Bangladesh Medical Journal 36(2) 2007 34-38
Intervention Trial of Microalbuminuria in T2DM with Antioxidant, Antithrombotic and ACE Inhibitor Agents
Authors: Zulfikar Ali M , Ali SMK , Khan AK Azad , Ali Rumana 
Published: October 2009

The present study was undertaken in T2DM patients aged between 40 and 50 years, from outpatient department (OPD) of BIRDEM Hospital, Shahabagh, Dhaka.A total of 1605 T2DM patients examined, 390 were found microalbominuric (ì-albumin >30mg/g) giving a prevalence rate were 22.92%. and nonmicroalbuminuric (ì-albumin d"30 mg/g). The microalbuminuric subjects were put on intensive intervention with ACE inhibitor (Captopril 25 mg, twice daily), Antioxidant (Vitamin C- 200 mg, Vitamin E- 50 mg and Vitamin A- 6 mg daily), and Antithrombotic (Aspirin- 75 mg daily). Both microalbuminuric and nonmicroalbuminuric subjects were put on strict diet control and antidiabetic therapy. The following tests FBG, HbA1c, BP, T-Cholesterol, HDLc, ì-albumin, ACR, were done in both groups at 3 months intervals up to 18th months.The mean (years) ±SD age were 45.67 ± 3.98, and 45.45 ±3.94 and duration of diabetes 3.78 ± 3.14 and 3.72±3.07 in microalbuminuric and nonmicroalbuminuric subjects respectively. The microalbuninuric group showed satistically significant difference (p<0.005) in the following parameters FBG, HbA1c, SBP, T-choles, ACR, U.Creatinine in comparison to nonmicroalbuminuric group.Nonmicroalbuminuric subjects showed the deterioration in TG, HDLc, and a conversion rate of 21.7% from nonmicroalbuminuric to microalbuminuric.The present intervention with ACE inhibitor, antioxidant and antithrombotic improved glycaemic control, lipid profile and renal functions by 68% in microalbuminuric T2DM subjects. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3589 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 30-36
Myxoid Liposarcoma of Male Breast - An Unusual Presentation
Authors: Kzader Kazi Manzur , Hossain AFM Anwar , Hussain Syed Md Akram , Ali Md Yakub 
Published: October 2009

Myxoid Liposarcoma is the second most common type of Liposarcoma, representing 30-40% of all Liposarcoma in the extremities, particularly the thighs. The more frequent sites of Myxoid Liposarcoma in decreasing order of frequency are the buttocks, retroperitoneum, trunk, ankles, proximal Limb girdle, head and neck, wrist. Myxoid Liposarcoma of male breast is an unusual and rare case of breast malignancy. DOI: 10.3329/bmj.v37i2.3597 Bangladesh Medical Journal 37(2) 2008 68