bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diagnostic status of patients with conspicuous psychiatric morbidity in primary care
Authors: Casey Patricia R. , Dillon S. , Tyrer P. J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA 7% one-year prevalence rate of conspicuous psychiatric morbidity was found in patients attending a single general practice. The nature of the morbidity was examined by a detailed assessment of mental state and personality, using interview schedules administered by a psychiatrist. Depressive disorders were presented by nearly half of the patients. The overall sex incidence of the disorders was equal, but alcohol abuse was more common in males. A personality disorder was present in 33·9% of all patients seen, although it was rarely diagnosed as the primary problem and was linked to the diagnosis of anxiety states, rather than depressive neurosis. These findings are discussed in relation to other epidemiological studies in primary care.
Cost–benefit analysis of a controlled trial of nurse therapy for neuroses in primary care
Authors: Ginsberg Gary , Marks Isaac , Waters Helena 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn a randomized, controlled trial neurotic patients (mainly phobics and obsessive-compulsives) in primary care were assigned to behavioural psychotherapy from a nurse therapist or to routine care from their general practitioner. At the end of one year clinical outcome was significantly better in patients cared for by the nurse therapist. Economic outcome to one year, compared with the year before entering the trial, showed a slight decrease in the use of resources by the nurse therapist group (N = 22), and an increase in resource usage in the GP-treated group (N = 28), mainly due to the letter's increased absence from work and more hospital treatment and drugs. On the reasonable assumptions that nurse therapists treat 46 patients a year and that such patients treated behaviourally maintain their gains for 2 years, the economic benefits to society from nurse therapists treating such patients may outweigh the costs. This excludes any monetary value on the substantial clinical gains such as reduction in fear and anxiety. However, the numbers are small, few economic differences were significant, and many patients either did not complete the trial or waiting-list periods or they failed to return economic data. Conclusions must thus be tempered with caution, even though pre-treatment demographic and clinical data of non-returners were comparable with those of returners, and though the few drop-outs who could be rated at one year had not improved. The findings cannot be extrapolated to other types of clinical problem and treatment.
Affective disorder and substance abuse in women with bulimia
Authors: Hatsukami Dorothy , Eckert Elke , Mitchell James E. , Pyle Richard 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOne hundred and eight women with bulimia were evaluated for affective disorder and alcohol or drug abuse, by means of the DSM-III diagnostic criteria. In this sample, 43·5% had a history of affective disorder and 18·5% had a history of alcohol or drug abuse. Approximately 56% of the bulimia patients scored within the moderate to severe range of depression on the Beck Depression Inventory.
The effects of administering lithium carbonate on the balance of Na, K and water in manic-depressive patients
Authors: Saran Brij M. , Russell Gerald F. M. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisEleven patients in remission from manic-depressive illness were studied by means of metabolic balances before and after the administration of lithium carbonate. Lithium caused a sharp diuresis of isotonic saline and a smaller excretion of potassium over the course of two days. During the subsequent two days there occurred a compensatory retention of Na, K and water. These short-term changes were not associated with any significant alteration in the patients' mood. There was no significant and systematic retention of Na, K or water over the 14 days of Li administration. The recovery of Li was measured simultaneously. During the first week only a proportion of the administered Li was recovered in the urine and faeces, suggesting that a gradual distribution of Li throughout its body space was occurring. After the first week, nearly all the administered Li was recovered, indicating an equilibrium with an even distribution of the ion throughout its body space. This equilibrium was more complete at this early stage in those patients who had been given a smaller dose of lithium carbonate.
Ecological variation of three types of suicide
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Jacobson Solomon 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe hypothesis has been tested that three types of suicide (‘old and handicapped’, ‘sociopathic’ and ‘depressed’) will vary in prevalence across ecologically defined urban areas. The hypothesis is supported with respect to ‘old and handicapped’ suicide, which predominates in middleclass areas with established residents of middle-class status; and with respect to ‘sociopathic’ suicide, which predominates in central areas with high rates of social pathology of all kinds, and poor housing conditions.
Obsessional scores and subjective general psychiatric complaints of patients with duodenal ulcer or ulcerative colitis
Authors: Bellini Maurizio , Tansella Michele 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe Leyton Obsessional Inventory (LOI), together with 46 questions taken from Sections M–R of the Cornell Medical Index, were administered to 30 inpatients suffering from duodenal ulcer and to 30 patients admitted for ulcerative colitis to test the hypothesis that the latter have more obsessional traits than the former. The results indicated that although the two groups did not differ much in their obsessive personality traits, the ulcerative colitis patients were significantly more worried and concerned about them. None of the socio-cultural factors measured, which are known from other studies to influence these obsessive scores, was associated with the differences found. An analysis of the individual LOI items between the two groups showed that the ulcerative colitis patients were more indecisive, and also more morose, more rigid and more punctual than the duodenal ulcer patients, i.e. traits traditionally associated with obsessional personality types. The two groups did not differ on the Cornell score.
Life events, depressive relapse and maintenance treatment
Authors: Paykel E. S. , Tanner J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisOccurrence of life events was recorded in 30 recovered depressed women undergoing clinical relapse in a controlled trial of maintenance treatment with amitriptyline and psychotherapy, and in 30 matched patients who did not relapse. Overall, patients who relapsed experienced significantly more life events in the three months before relapse, and especially in the month immediately preceding it. Undesirable events were particularly implicated. Event rates prior to relapse were closely comparable in treatment subgroups, giving no evidence that differential stress was required to produce relapse. The findings reinforce previous studies indicating an overall relationship between life events of certain types and depression, but do not suggest that the beneficial effects of maintenance treatment are specifically protective against life stress.
The value of assessing intent in attempted suicide
Authors: Pallis D. J. , Sainsbury P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisSuicidal intent was assessed in a sample of 151 admissions to a general hospital for selfpoisoning or self-inflicted injury. Severity of intent was associated with the act's medical seriousness and with the risk of suicide derived from a validated risk scale. Although high and low intent cases were comparable in respect of precipitating factors, patients rated high on suicidal intent were more likely to have experienced depressive symptoms in the previous month.
Definitions of schizophrenia: concordance and prediction of outcome
Authors: Brockington I. F. , Kendell R. E. , Leff J. P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe study reports a comparison of 10 definitions of schizophrenia (Feighner's, Taylor's, Schneider's, Langfeldt's, Spitzer's, Carpenter's, Astrachan's, 2 from Forrest & Hay and Catego) in respect of their reliability, concordance and prediction of outcome. Some (including Feighner's) proved too strict, and others (including Schneider's) were weak predictors of clinical and social state. Four definitions (Spitzer's, Langfeldt's, Carpenter's and Catego) emerged as relatively effective and these also had a somewhat more satisfactory mutual concordance.
Suicide rates in Lusaka, Zambia: preliminary observations
Authors: Rwegellera G. G. C. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe records of all suicides and of all open verdicts in Lusaka (Zambia) over a 5-year period (1967–1971) were studied. The following suicide rates (per 100000 of the population per annum) were found: 7·4 for all races; 11·3 for men of all races; 3·0 for women of all races; 6·9 for all African residents; 11·2 for African males; 2·2 for African females; 12·8 for all Africans above the age of 14 years; 20·9 for all European residents; 20·7 for all European males; 21·0 for all European females. The male: female ratio among the Africans was 5:1. There was a tendency for the suicide rate among the Africans to rise with age. Differences in suicide rates between African and European residents were found not to be statistically significant. Though hanging was by far the most commonly used method of suicide by Africans, Europeans and ‘doubtful suicides’ among Africans preferred other methods to a statistically significant degree. It is suggested that the role of other methods in African suicides may well have been underestimated in the past. No definite seasonal variation in suicide rates was found. Domestic quarrels, mental illness and physical diseases would appear to be some of the important precipitating factors of suicide in Lusaka. It is also suggested that the question of whether or not suicide is rare in Africans cannot be answered until such time as when reliable figures are available in Africa.
Positive relationship between the catecholaminergic turnover and the DST results in depression
Authors: Maes M. , Vandewoude M. , Schotte C. , Martin M. , Blockx P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisIn the past some workers have reported positive relationships between indices of noradrenaline activity and measures of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA)-axis function. In order to investigate these relations, the authors measured noradrenaline, adrenaline and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in 24 h urine samples of 72 depressed females. Serum adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol concentrations were determined before and after administration of 1 mg of dexamethasone. Cortisol non-suppressors exhibited a significantly higher noradrenaline, adrenaline and VMA excretion as compared to cortisol suppressors. We determined significantly positive correlations between the postdexamethasone cortisol values and the excretion rates of noradrenaline and VMA. These indices of noradrenaline activity correlated neither with the baseline cortisol and ACTH nor with the postdexamethasone ACTH values.
Neurotic symptoms and subjective well-being in a community sample: different sides of the same coin?
Authors: Jorm A. F. , Duncan-Jones P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisCommunity survey data on neurotic symptoms and subjective well-being scales were examined with principal components analysis. The two types of scales were found to load on separate, but negatively correlated, factors. Furthermore, some differential correlates of the two types of scale were found, but the differences were not great. It was concluded that neurotic symptom and well-being scales do largely measure different ends of a single continuum, but well-being scales seem to have an extraversion component not shared by neurotic symptom scales. Subjective well-being measures may be useful in epidemiological surveys where it is desirable to discriminate among low symptom scorers.
Life events and social stress in puerperal psychoses: absence of effect
Authors: Dowlatshahi D. , Paykel E. S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThirty-three patients admitted to hospital with severe early onset puerperal psychiatric disorders were compared with matched normal puerperal controls. Interviews, which were administered after recovery, covered life events in the previous thirteen months and detailed assessment of previous and personal history, pregnancy and labour, other aspects of stress, social support, and marital relationships. No differences, except for previous history of psychiatric disorder, were found between patients and controls or between patients with depressive and with other diagnoses. These findings of absence of social stress contrast with previous studies of milder post-partum depression and of disorders with onset during pregnancy, and suggest that the aetiology of severe post-partum disorders is predominantly biological.
Alpha-2 adrenergic receptor function in post-stroke depression
Authors: Barry Siobhan , Dinan Timothy G. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe growth hormone (GH) response to desipramine was measured in ten patients meeting criteria for post-stroke depression (PSD), eight age-matched post-stroke (PS) nondepressed patients and eight healthy controls. Responses were significantly blunted in patients with PSD. These findings suggest diminished alpha-2 adrenoceptor function may be an important marker for PSD.
Hedonic capacity in schizophrenics and their twins
Authors: Berenbaum Howard , Oltmanns Thomas F. , Gottesman Irving I. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAudio-taped interviews recorded in the Gottesman–Shields schizophrenic twin series (17 pairs of identical twins, 14 pairs of fraternal same-sex twins, and 12 unpaired twins) were rated for level of hedonic capacity. Schizophrenics who were not hospitalized at the time of their interview were rated significantly lower (more impaired) on hedonic capacity than their normal co-twins. A significant negative correlation was also found between hedonic capacity and severity of illness. Hedonic capacity was found to be genetically influenced, although it appeared to be less heritable than the global diagnosis of schizophrenia. These results are consistent with Meehl's suggestion that reduced hedonic capacity is a heritable personality trait which potentiates the development of schizophrenia among those who are genetically predisposed to the disorder. The results suggest that anhedonia is not a phenotypic vulnerability marker for schizophrenia.
Dysfunctional attitudes and vulnerability to persistent depression
Authors: Williams J. M. G. , Healy D. , Teasdale J. D. , White W. , Paykel E. S. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisForty-four patients who met criteria for major depressive disorder were assessed for presence of dysfunctional attitudes and negative self-schema on admission. After six weeks, of sixteen patients who had shown high dysfunctional attitudes, six (35%) had not recovered. By contrast, of seventeen patients who had been equally severely depressed at the outset, but had low dysfunctional attitudes, only one (6%) had not recovered. The rating by the patients of themselves, as opposed to their attitudes, did not however predict. Thirty-one patients were tested six months later. Twenty-one (68%) remained asymptomatic, ten patients had relapsed or not responded to treatment, but neither type of admission measure predicted the state at this point. This is consistent with previous evidence which suggests that vulnerable attitudes assessed when symptomatic predict recovery, but that for prediction of relapse, cognitive measures need to be used when the patient is asymptomatic.
Abnormal eating attitudes in London schoolgirls — a prospective epidemiological study: outcome at twelve month follow-up
Authors: Patton G. C. , Johnson-Sabine E. , Wood K. , Mann A. H. , Wakeling A. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe occurrence and course of eating disorder in a large representative population of 15-year-old London schoolgirls has been assessed using a two-stage survey methodology. Attempts to control weight were common and often transient. Dieting was in the great majority of girls found to be a benign practice without progression to more extreme concerns about food and weight. However, a small proportion of dieters did become cases and formed the majority of new cases found at follow-up. The relative risk of dieters becoming cases was eight times that of non-dieters. Many factors conventionally associated with eating disorder were associated more with attempting weight control than caseness. These included pre-morbid personality, pre-morbid obesity and family weight pathology. Other factors, including social class, career choice and psychosexual development, had no association either with attempting weight control or caseness.
Aircraft noise and social factors in psychiatric hospital admission rates: a re-examination of some data
Authors: Kryter Karl D. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisJenkinset al.(1981) published data on rates of admission to three psychiatric hospitals for 12 large samples of people living near London's Heathrow Airport. The percentages of people who were classified as being affluent, living alone, males having moved within last five years, unemployed, and immigrants, as well as the levels of aircraft noise to which they were exposed, were given for each of the samples. Multiple-correlation analyses revealed the following: (1) movement of males in the previous five years was not generally associated with hospital admission rates; (2) immigrant status, living alone, and affluence were negatively, and generally statistically significantly, associated with admission rates; and (3) unemployment and level of exposure to aircraft noise were positively, and generally statistically significantly, associated with admission rates. Unlike the conclusion reached by Jenkinset al., it is concluded from the present analysis of their data that there are statistically significant associations between psychiatric hospital admission rates and level of exposure to aircraft noise. This difference in findings appears to be due to a more comprehensive assessment of the interrelations of all the tested socioeconomic and aircraft noise variables by the multiple-correlation procedure used in the present analysis, in comparison with the graphic modelling assessment applied by Jenkinset al.to a limited portion of the socioeconomic data. Together, the five socioeconomic and aircraft noise variables correlate at about 0·98 with hospitalization rates for most population groups.
Symptoms of depression in two communities
Authors: Comstock George W. , Helsing Knud J. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisHistories of depression-related symptoms were obtained from 3845 randomly selected adult residents of Kansas City, Missouri, and Washington County, Maryland. Depressed persons were slightly more common in Kansas City than in Washington County but within the latter area no urban–rural differences were observed. More depressed persons were found among blacks than among whites. Slightly more white females than males were depressed; no significant differences were found between black females and males. After adjustment for the effects of other independent variables, the probability of having symptoms of depression was highest among persons who were young adults, unmarried, not employed outside the home, poorly paid, and not well educated.
An evaluation of an interview assessment of marriage
Authors: Quinton David , Rutter Michael , Rowlands Olwen 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisAn interview assessment of marriage relationships is described. It is shown to have good inter-rater reliability, high consistency across the accounts of both marriage partners and to be resistant to methodologic bias. A four-year follow-up study demonstrated high predictive validity to later marriage breakdown. The marriage measure also showed a strong association with behavioural deviance in the children. The intercorrelations between individual measures of various aspects of the marriage and the summary measure are given. A shortened version of the interview is described and preliminary findings are given on its validity.
Design, development and use of a standardized interview to assess social maladjustment and dysfunction in community studies
Authors: Clare Anthony W. , Cairns Victoria E. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisA standardized social interview, designed to assess social maladjustment and dysfunction is described. The interview is composed of items grouped under the 3 headings of Material conditions, Social management and Satisfaction. Ratings are made on a 4-point scale by interviewers standardized in its use. The interview, which takes approximately 45 minutes to administer, covers housing, finance, occupation, social and leisure activities, and relationships with significant individuals in the subject's life. The inter-rater reliability is assessed and principal component analyses performed, and the results of these are provided and discussed. Various methods of scoring are examined and the use of the schedule in a number of studies in the setting of general practice is described.
The GH response to clonidine in endogenous as compared with reactive depression
Authors: Checkley S. A. , Glass I. B. , Thompson C. , Corn T. , Robinson P. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisThe growth hormone (GH) response to clonidine was measured in 10 patients meeting standardized criteria for ‘endogenous’ depression and in 10 patients individually matched for age and sex but meeting the corresponding criteria for ‘reactive’ depression. In a paired comparison of patients with reactive and endogenous depression (matched for age and sex), the GH response to clonidine was less in the endogenous member of the pair in 8 out of 10 cases. These findings are interpreted as evidence of a defect at alpha2 adrenoceptors in neuroendocrine systems in endogenous as compared with reactive depression.
The effects of mirror confrontation on self-estimation of body dimensions in anorexia nervosa, bulimia and two control groups
Authors: Norris D. L. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisUsing an apparatus which provides a continuous horizontal slit of light of variable length, self-estimations of 4 body widths were carried out before and after a mirror confrontation procedure on 4 groups of young female subjects – anorexic, bulimic, emotionally disturbed and normal. The results confirm that anorexic subjects overestimate body size, although in this study the hip diameter was frequently underestimated. Bulimic and emotionally disturbed subjects overestimate to much the same degree as anorexics, whereas normal subjects are remarkably accurate with the exception of the head width. Mirror confrontation resulted in reduced estimations in the majority of subjects, but significant differences were found in the degree to which this occurred in the 4 groups; anorexic subjects showed the greatest change and normal subjects the least. This relative instability of the anorexic subject's body image cannot be explained simply on the basis of a self-correcting experience, as many estimations which were initially below actual width were even lower on re-testing. In the anorexic and bulimic groups a significant correlation was found between the degree of overestimation after mirror confrontation and progress in treatment, as measured on a specially devised rating scale. Possible explanations for these findings and their diagnostic and prognostic implications are discussed.
The reliability of estimates of body width and their relationship to current measured body size among anorexic and normal subjects
Authors: Ben-Tovim David I. , Crisp Arthur H. 
Published: July 2009

SynopsisNormal and anorexic subjects' estimates of their own body width were obtained. The estimates were reliable measures, but they did not correlate with the subjects' actual body widths. The implications of this finding especially when relating anorexic patients' self-perceptions to their clinical outcome, are discussed. It seems preferable to use such estimates untransformed by division with the subjects' actual body widths.