bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Masochisme réflexif et instauration du principe de plaisir
Authors: Chervet Bernard 
Published: June 2012

Résumé Qu’est-ce qui assure la projection progrédiente des formations psychiques régressives, tels le rêve et le discours de séance, sur l’écran de la conscience ? La première réponse de Freud est un acte de foi, leur tendance spontanée à devenir conscientes. Mais une difficulté apparaît : par quels contenus sont figurées les pensées abstraites. Silberer fournit une solution, le « phénomène fonctionnel ». À partir de 1920, la spontanéité est battue en brèche. La régressivité pulsionnelle doit subir une déflexion aboutissant à une orientation progrédiente. Les autoérotismes primaires et secondaires, ainsi que la réflexion diurne, en dépendent et illustrent cette réflexivité primordiale.
Taste Rules!: Food Marketing, Food Law, and Childhood Obesity in Canada
Authors: Elliott Charlene 
Published: June 2012

Food marketing comprises a core part of the current food environment and is routinely identified as a main contributor to childhood obesity. Excess body weight affects over 26% of children in Canada—prompting a range of interventions to address the problem.
Food policy and regulation form a key strategy in current attempts to combat the toxic environment, and this paper outlines the various modes of regulation that work to govern children’s “taste” in Canada. In particular, it details some of the promising, and problematic, aspects of seeking legal solutions to public health problems, especially when it comes to children and children’s food marketing.
Migrer et manger dans un espace social alimentaire transculturel
Authors: Sercia Pierre , Girard Alain 
Published: June 2012

Cet article analyse les résultats d’entrevues réalisées avec 72 personnes immigrantes résidant à Montréal depuis moins de dix ans. Les entrevues abordaient les sujets de leurs habitudes et de leurs préférences alimentaires. Malgré la diversité des pays sources et des profils socioéconomiques et démographiques des répondants, il se dégage des résultats des similitudes structurelles marquées au sein de l’échantillon. Dans l’ensemble, les répondants demeurent très attachés à leur style alimentaire prémigratoire et tentent de conserver un continuum alimentaire aussi cohérent que possible. La représentation du « vrai repas » est fortement liée à l’idée de fraîcheur, de préparation à la maison, de même qu’à l’emploi d’aliments et de techniques « traditionnelles ». Cependant, on constate des changements au niveau de la consommation de viandes et de fruits, de même qu’au niveau de la temporalité alimentaire chez certains sous-groupes de l’échantillon. Dans l’ensemble, la consommation de « fast-foods », de produits congelés ou prêts à l’emploi demeure très faible. Il ressort aussi très clairement que, dans les processus de marquage alimentaire, l’identité des mangeurs et l’identification des aliments sont des dimensions fondamentales dans la compréhension de ces phénomènes de transformation et de rétention culturelle.
Le Québec sur la scène internationale. Les raisons de son dynamisme
Authors: Paquin Stéphane , Chaloux Annie 
Published: June 2012

Le Québec fait partie de la courte liste des États fédérés les plus actifs sur la scène internationale. La thèse de cet article est que le nationalisme et les nécessités de développement économique dans un environnement mondialisé favorisent une tension constructive qui pousse vers l’élargissement des relations internationales afin de développer la nation québécoise dans les domaines culturel et économique. C’est cette tension qui explique pourquoi la France et les États-Unis sont les deux principaux partenaires du Québec. Le coeur pousse vers des relations plus profondes avec la France, la Francophonie, mais aussi le reste de l’Europe, alors que la raison incite à une intégration économique plus importante avec les États-Unis, les principaux « producteurs » du PIB québécois.
La Suisse et le Québec au temps de la Révolution tranquille. Échos et effets de la francophonie en périphérie culturelle
Authors: Hauser Claude 
Published: June 2012

Dirigée au sortir de la décolonisation par une France qui peut s’appuyer sur une vocation messianique souvent proclamée et une longue tradition en matière de politique culturelle, la mise en place de l’ensemble politico-linguistique de la francophonie est également stimulée par divers élans culturels qui se produisent de façon simultanée dans les périphéries francophones. Il s’agit dans cet article d’évaluer quels ont été les moteurs de ces renouveaux identitaires qui s’expriment de diverses manières au cours des années 1960 et 1970. Au Québec, par une « Révolution tranquille » qu’accompagne une autonomisation du champ culturel, dont les vecteurs les plus connus (chansonniers, poètes) s’exportent avec succès sur le terrain francophone. En Suisse romande, par l’émergence d’une nouvelle génération prompte à s’engager pour briser les cadres établis d’une culture suisse qu’elle juge rigidifiée, et qui exprime ses nouvelles forces créatrices en dynamisant divers secteurs culturels (cinéma, chanson, théâtre, littérature) dont la réputation dépasse rapidement les frontières du pays. Dans quelle mesure l’émergence et le développement de ces élans culturels francophones, qu’ils proviennent de nouveaux centres institutionnels ou de champs culturels périphériques (même s’ils ne sont pas directement affiliés aux actions menées par les mouvements indépendantistes alors très engagés, au Québec comme dans le Jura suisse, dans un combat identitaire fondé sur la défense de la langue française) ont-ils été considérés comme un danger politique par les autorités fédérales helvétiques ou canadiennes ? L’analyse des relations culturelles bilatérales Québec-Suisse durant la période charnière de la Révolution tranquille permet d’évaluer pour chaque partenaire le degré d’autonomie du champ culturel vis-à-vis de la sphère politique.
Multifunctional Materials through Modular Protein Engineering
Authors: DiMarco Rebecca L. , Heilshorn Sarah C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe diversity of potential applications for protein‐engineered materials has undergone profound recent expansion through a rapid increase in the library of domains that have been utilized in these materials. Historically, protein‐engineered biomaterials have been generated from a handful of peptides that were selected and exploited for their naturally evolved functionalities. In recent years, the scope of the field has drastically expanded to include peptide domains that were designed through computational modeling, identified through high‐throughput screening, or repurposed from wild type domains to perform functions distinct from their primary native applications. The strategy of exploiting a diverse library of peptide domains to design modular block copolymers enables the synthesis of multifunctional protein‐engineered materials with a range of customizable properties and activities. As the diversity of peptide domains utilized in modular protein engineering continues to expand, a tremendous and ever‐growing combinatorial expanse of material functionalities will result.
Nitrene Chemistry in Organic Synthesis: Still in Its Infancy?
Authors: Dequirez Geoffroy , Pons Valérie , Dauban Philippe 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe element nitrogen is essential to life. Considerable attention is thus paid to the development of synthetic methods for its introduction into molecules. Nitrenes, long regarded as highly reactive but poorly selective species, have recently emerged as useful tools for the formation of CN bonds. Practical metal‐catalyzed protocols are now available for the preparation of amines through either the aziridination of alkenes or the CH amination of alkanes. Recent results highlighted in this Minireview suggest that synthetic nitrene chemistry is maturing with a wider scope not limited to these two reactions.
Microstructure evolution of ammonia‐catalyzed phenolic resin during thermooxidative aging
Authors: Guo Dan‐Dan , Zhan Mao‐Sheng , Wang Kai 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe thermooxidative aging of ammonia‐catalyzed phenolic resin for 30 days at 60–170°C was investigated in this article. The aging mechanism and thermal properties of the phenolic resin during thermooxidative aging were described by thermogravimetry (TG)–Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–FTIR spectroscopy, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. The results show that the CN bond decomposed into ammonia and the dehydration condensation between the residual hydroxyl groups occurred during the thermooxidative aging. Because of the presence of oxygen, the methylene bridges were oxidized into carbonyl groups. After aging for 30 days, the mass loss ratio reached 4.50%. The results of weight change at high temperatures coincided with the results of TG–FTIR spectroscopy and ATR–FTIR spectroscopy. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg) increased from 240 to 312°C after thermooxidative aging for 30 days, which revealed the postcuring of phenolic resins. In addition, an empirical equation between the weight change ratio and Tg was obtained. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Cytotoxicity of cationic liposomes coated by N‐trimethyl chitosan and their in vivo tumor angiogenesis targeting containing doxorubicin
Authors: Guo Xian‐Xi , He Wen , Zhang Xiao‐Jie , Hu Xian‐Ming 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDoxorubicin (DOX)‐loaded cationic liposomes (DOXL) coated by N‐trimethyl chitosan (TMCs) has been previously shown to enhance DOX uptake by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and the tumor inhibition on solid tumor in vivo, and the effects were both enhanced with the degree of quaternization (DQ) increase of TMCs. The aim of the present work is to study the cytotoxicity of the blank cationic liposomes (CLs) coated by TMCs with various DQ on L‐929 mouse fibroblasts, by MTT assay, using the relative proliferation rate as the indicator, and the toxicity extent was classified according to the evaluation criteria of United States Pharmacopoeia. Furthermore, the in vivo tumor angiogenesis targeting of DOXL coated by TMC60 was studied. It was found that with the increase of TMCs concentration and DQ, cytotoxicity was increased accordingly. However, the cell proliferation rates of TMCs‐coated CLs with TMCs concentrations of 0.02% and 0.05%(w/w) were all above 80%, even the concentration of TMC20 was increased to 0.2%(w/w), the cell proliferation rate was still above 80%, showing noncytotoxicity. The mouse H22 tumor model was established by transplanted tumor experiment. In vivo fluorescence in tumor tissue was investigated through the tail vein injection of fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated dextran at the 7th day after the administration of different DOX preparations. Compared with DOX solution and uncoated DOXL, the mice given TMC60‐coated DOXL showed tumor angiogenesis with good shape, uniform arrangement, and small vascular branches, and the vascular density was decreased, suggesting promising tumor angiogenesis targeting of TMC60‐coated DOXL. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Orientation of carbon fiber precursors from 1‐butyl‐3‐metylimidazoluim chloride cellulose solutions
Authors: Sammons Rhea J. , Collier John R. , Rials Timothy G. , Spruiell Joseph E. , Petrovan Simioan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCellulose/1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) solutions were wet spun at varied concentrations, temperatures and draw down ratios using a semi‐hyperbolically converging die to produce fibers that were highly oriented and highly crystalline. The orientation number (NOR) and the Herman's orientation factor (fH) were compared with the fiber crystallinity. The analysis of the results indicates that the spinning parameters had a significant effect on the fiber properties, especially the orientation factor as well as the orientation number. Therefore, to spin cellulose fibers that would be suitable for carbon fiber precursors, the spinning parameters are a high concentration solution at approximately 90°C and at a medium draw ratio. This would yield fibers with a high orientation number. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fabrication and properties of surface‐modified β‐Si3N4 whiskers reinforced dental resin composites
Authors: Lu Li‐Min , Zuo Kai‐Hui , Zeng Yu‐Ping 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this article, three kinds of surface‐modified methods were used to treat β‐Si3N4 whiskers before being incorporated into Bis‐GMA/TEGDMA dental resin matrix in order to improve the whiskers' reinforcing effect. The experimental results showed that composites with directly heat‐treated and then silanized β‐Si3N4 whiskers had the best reinforcing effect. They had flexural strength of 160 ± 7.0 MPa (mean ± SD; n = 6), compressive strength of 371 ± 1.4 MPa (mean ± SD; n = 5) and HRA of 48.4 ± 0.5(mean ± SD; n = 5), respectively. In addition, water sorption and solubility test demonstrated that the composites were reliable to use as the dental restoration materials. Therefore, the directly heat‐treated and then silanized β‐Si3N4 whiskers (better than β‐Si3N4 whiskers mixed with SiO2 nanoparticles or SiO2 sols) were most suitable fillers to reinforce dental resin composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effects of reaction conditions on intercalation between gelatin and montmorillonite: Thermodynamical impact
Authors: Zheng Junping , Gao Shan , Li Hongyan , Yao Kangde 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTo investigate the effects of reaction conditions on a intercalation between gelatin and montmorillonite (MMT) and thermodynamical impact of the intercalation, a series of gelatin/MMT hybrids were prepared by changing the reaction conditions (weight ratio of gelatin and MMT, pH, concentration of gelatin solution and MMT suspension, and reaction temperature).The hybrids were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed the intercalation between gelatin and MMT, which was a faster process than the melt intercalation of some synthetic macromolecules such as polystyrene, achieved a thermodynamically stable state in 5 min. All the other reaction conditions, except reaction temperature, affected the intercalation between gelatin and MMT. The reaction was driven by enthalpy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Reinforcement of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) with low loadings of graphene oxide
Authors: Wan Chaoying , Chen Biqiong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe structure and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/graphene oxide (GO) composites were investigated. Chemically exfoliated GO nanosheets with an average lateral dimension of 1.50 (±0.15) μm and an average thickness of 1.18 (±0.09) nm were prepared by a modified Hummers method and used for reinforcement of PBS because of its abundant oxygen‐containing functional groups. The GO was dispersed as several layers in the PBS matrix through solution‐blending and compression‐molding methods that were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The tensile strength, Young's modulus, and fracture energy of PBS were increased by 53, 70, and 100%, respectively, with an incorporation of 2.0 wt % of GO. The stiffness of PBS/GO composites was predicted using the Halpin–Tsai model and considering a two‐dimensional random dispersion of GO nanoplatelets in the PBS matrix and the effective volume fraction of the reinforcement. The crystallization temperature and crystallinity of PBS were increased by the addition of GO, indicating that it acts as a nucleating agent to facilitate the crystallization of PBS. The improvement of physical and mechanical properties of biodegradable PBS with the incorporation of low loadings of GO nanoplatelets further expands its industrial uses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Carbon/polymer composite counter‐electrode application in dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Zhang Xueni , Zhang Jing , Cui Yanzheng , Feng Jiangwei , Zhu Yuejin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCarbon black was embedded in mixtures of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylene) to make a carbon/polymer composite slurry, which was deposited onto a transparent conducting glass substrate by a doctor‐blade coating for application in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as a counter‐electrode (CE) material. The experiments indicated that the photovoltaic parameters of the DSSCs were strongly dependent on the carbon concentration in the slurry. The device with a carbon CE whose mass ratio was 1 : 1 (mass ratio = carbon black mass to polymer mass) exhibited an overall energy conversion efficiency of 4.62%; this was comparable to that of a device with platinum as a CE (5.32%) under the same test conditions. The better electrocatalytic activity of CE‐1.0 (where 1.0 indicates the mass ratio of carbon black to polymer) for the reduction of triiodide resulted a higher performance of the DSSC with such a CE. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Modernization of an anatomy class: From conceptualization to implementation. A case for integrated multimodal–multidisciplinary teaching
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth O. , Charchanti Antonia V. , Troupis Theodore G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIt has become increasingly apparent that no single method for teaching anatomy is able to provide supremacy over another. In an effort to consolidate and enhance learning, a modernized anatomy curriculum was devised by attempting to take advantage of and maximize the benefits from different teaching methods. Both the more traditional approaches to anatomy teaching, as well as modern, innovative educational programs were embraced in a multimodal system implemented over a decade. In this effort, traditional teaching with lectures and dissection was supplemented with models, imaging, computer‐assisted learning, problem‐based learning through clinical cases, surface anatomy, clinical correlation lectures, peer teaching and team‐based learning. Here, we review current thinking in medical education and present our transition from a passive, didactic, highly detailed anatomy course of the past, to a more interactive, as well as functionally and clinically relevant anatomy curriculum over the course of a decade. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Association of MMP3 and TIMP2 promoter polymorphisms with nonsyndromic oral clefts
Authors: Letra Ariadne , Silva Renato M. , Motta Luise G. , Blanton Susan H. , Hecht Jacqueline T. , Granjeirol Jose M. , Vieira Alexandre R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND Oral clefts are common congenital anomalies and result from defects during embryogenesis. The complex etiology is evident by the number of genes and signaling pathways involved in craniofacial development. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs) are responsible for tissue remodeling during craniofacial development. METHODS In this study, we investigated the association of polymorphisms in 14 biologically relevant MMP and TIMP genes in 494 individuals with oral clefts and 413 control individuals from Brazil. Genotypes were generated using Taqman chemistry. Analyses were performed using PLINK software. RESULTS Polymorphisms in MMP3 (rs522616) and TIMP2 (rs8179096) showed significant association with all cleft types (all clefts, cleft lip/palate, and cleft palate; p ≤ 0.002). An additional family‐based dataset (881 case‐parent trios) from the United States was used for confirmation of the association findings (p < 0.05). Analysis of gene‐gene interaction suggests that MMP3 and TIMP2 may interactively contribute to a cleft phenotype. CONCLUSIONS This study provides new evidence that variation in MMP3 may contribute to nonsyndromic oral clefts and further supports the involvement of TIMP2 as a cleft susceptibility gene. Although additional studies are still necessary to unveil the exact mechanism by which MMP3 and TIMP2 would contribute to a cleft phenotype, allelic polymorphisms in these genes and their interactions may partly explain the variance of individual susceptibility to oral clefts. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Newer anticonvulsants: Lamotrigine, topiramate and gabapentin
Authors: Holmes Lewis B. , Hernandez‐Diaz Sonia 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND The second generation antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), which include lamotrigine, topiramate, and gabapentin, have been introduced during the past 20 years. Because the newer AEDs differ in their pharmacokinetics from the first generation AEDs, it is hoped that the second generation AEDs will be less teratogenic. METHODS The findings in pregnancy cohorts and case‐control studies concerning lamotrigine, topiramate and gabapentin‐exposed pregnancies have been analyzed. RESULTS The rate of all malformations in lamotrigine monotherapy‐exposed pregnancies has been between 2.0 and 5.6%, in comparison to baseline rates of 1.1 to 3.6% in two unexposed comparison groups. Compared to reference populations, a higher risk (0.4%) of isolated oral clefts has been observed in one cohort of 1562 lamotrigine‐exposed pregnancies, but the risk was lower (0.1%) in other studies. In topiramate‐exposed pregnancies, the rate of all malformations has been 4.2 to 4.9%, with an increase in oral clefts with and without other anomalies. The limited information available now for gabapentin has shown no evidence of teratogenicity. Concerning other developmental effects of these drugs, young children exposed to lamotrigine in utero have shown no deficits in cognitive function. Prenatal exposure to topiramate has been associated with an elevated frequency of small size for gestational age newborns. CONCLUSIONS The information available suggests an increased risk of oral clefts in infants exposed to topiramate, and perhaps lamotrigine, early in pregnancy, and of growth retardation for topiramate‐exposed infants. Larger sample sizes are needed to clarify the questions that have been raised. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 94:599–606, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective ultrasound guided pectoral nerve targeting in breast augmentation: How to spare the brachial plexus cords?
Authors: Desroches Jean , Grabs Ursula , Grabs Detlev 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSubpectoral breast augmentation surgery under regional anesthesia requires the selective neural blockade of the medial and lateral pectoral nerves to diminish postoperative pain syndromes. The purpose of this cadaver study is to demonstrate a reliable ultrasound guided approach to selectively target the pectoral nerves and their branches while sparing the brachial plexus cords. After evaluating the position and appearance of the pectoral nerves in 25 cadavers (50 sides), a portable ultrasound machine was used to guide the injection of 10 ml of 0.2% aqueous methylene blue solution in the pectoral region on both sides of three Thiel's embalmed cadavers using a single entry point—triple injection technique. This technique uses a medial to lateral approach with the entry point just medial to the pectoral minor muscle and three subsequent infiltrations: (1) deep lateral part of the pectoralis minor muscle, (2) between the pectoralis minor and major muscles, and (3) between the pectoralis major muscle and its posterior fascia under ultrasound visualization. Dissection demonstrates that the medial and lateral pectoral nerves were well stained while leaving the brachial plexus cords unstained. We show that 10 ml of an injected solution is sufficient to stain all the medial and lateral pectoral nerve branches without a proximal extension to the cords of the brachial plexus. Clin. Anat. 26:49–55, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.