bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre‐emergence Flooding and Nitrogen Atmosphere Effects on Germinating Corn Inbreds
Authors: Khosravi Gh. R. , Anderson I. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis investigation was conducted to assess the relationship between sensitivity to pre‐emergence flooding and effects of anoxia on ethanol production and glycolytic activity in order to identify floodtolerant and flood‐susceptible corn cultivars. Seed of 20 common corn inbred lines (Zea mays L.) were exposed to different durations (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 144 h) of simulated anaerobic conditions in the laboratory or, immediately after planting, to flooding in greenhouse and growth‐chamber in two parts of bulk soil (glacial till parent materials) and one part sand. Percent seed germination and amount of produced ethanol, lactic acid, and dimethyl sulfide were determined after termination of anoxia in the laboratory; for greenhouse and growth‐chamber experiments, percent seed germination was determined after termination of flooding. The results indicated that ethanol production was negatively correlated with seed viability. Inbred corn line DE811, tolerant of flooding, regulated glycolysis so that there was minimal production of ethanol; inbred corn line MO17, intolerant of flooding and associated anoxia, was unable to regulate glycolysis, as indicated by production of large quantities of ethanol as the major end product of glycolysis. Lactic accumulation under the N2 atmosphere was low and did not seem associated with seed viability. Dimethyl sulfide liberation was associated with the intolerant MO17. This S‐containing volatile may be a product of seed metabolism, inasmuch as it occurs many metabolic changes as storage materials are hydrolyzed under anoxic conditions. Limitation of ethanol production may be the key to tolerance of low‐O2 environments.
Diurnal Variation of Crop Hydraulic Resistance: A New Analysis
Authors: Reid J. B. , Huck M. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral explanations have been advanced to account for the apparent diurnal variation in crop hydraulic resistance (Rp) calculated from a simple Ohm's Law analog. In this paper, we suggest that Rp, calculated in this way, may vary because of spatial variation in soil water potential (Ψs). We propose that whenever transpiration rate (Q) is small and leaf water potential (Ψl) is relatively high, roots extract water mainly from those regions of the soil profile where Ψs is also high (usually deep in the profile). As Q increases and Ψl becomes more negative, roots begin removing water from regions of the profile where Ψs is more negative. Hence the length of roots actually taking up water at a particular time, and therefore Rp, may vary diurnally. Also, variations in Ψ3 and rooting density often make the relation between Ψl and water uptake rate unique for each soil region. So, even when all roots are taking up water, Ψl and the aggregated uptake rate may be nonlinearly related, and Rp will vary diurnally with Ψl. This theory is illustrated with exploratory calculations of Rp for hypothetical temperate cereal crops grown in three different soils (a clay, a silt loam, and a sandy loam), with various combinations of root system properties and evapotranspiration rates. Crop water content and root radial resistivity were assumed constant. Although Ψs was initially distributed uniformly in these simulations, heterogeneity in root distribution soon caused spatial variation in Ψs, and Rp showed marked diurnal variations. Variation in Rp increased with the predicted variation in Ψs. Detailed field experiments and simulation analyses are needed to quantitatively compare this and other hypotheses to explain diurnal variation in Rp.
Disease Enhancement and Kentucky Bluegrass Quality As Influenced By Fungicides
Authors: Dernoeden P. H. , McIntosh M. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeleterious non‐target fungicide effects in turf need better documentation, while beneficial effects should be exploited. The main objectives of this field study were to identify turfgrass quality and non‐target disease enhancement effects of five fungicides applied to four Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars. Fungicides were applied monthly from April through September between 1983 and 1987 to turf grown on a Chillum silt loam (fine silty, mixed mesic Typic Hapludult). Quality of Kentucky bluegrasses (KBG) was improved significantly when fungicides controlled injurious diseases. Most notably, triadimefon [l‐(4‐chlorophenoxy)‐3,3‐dimethyl‐ l‐(lH‐1,2,4‐triazol‐l‐yl)‐2‐butanone] improved quality by providing therapeutic activity against stripe smut [Ustilago striiformis (West.) Niessl.] in ‘Merion’; and summer patch (Magnaporthe poae Landschoot and Jackson) in Merion and ‘Sydsport’ KBG. Chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) and thiram (bis[dimethyl‐thiocarbamoyl]disulfide) were associated with a significant increase in stripe smut in Merion, and chlorothalonil increased summer patch in Merion, Sydsport, and ‘Vantage’. Triadimefon and benomyl ([methyl l‐(butylcarbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazoIe carbamate]) increased leaf spot [Drechslera poae (Baudys.) Shoem.] in ‘South Dakota‘ KBG. Iprodione [3‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl>‐^V‐(l‐methylethyl)2,'Mioxo‐limidazolidinecarboxamide] did not exacerbate any disease, provided long residual leaf spot control, and elicited a color enhancement. Except for leaf spot in South Dakota, these non‐target increases in disease by fungicides did not recur annually in each cultivar.
High‐Temperature, Adult‐Plant Resistance to Wheat Stripe Rust and Effects on Yield Components
Authors: Schultz T.R. , Line R.F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh‐temperature, adult‐plant (HTAP) resistance to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis West) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) has remained durable for at least 30 yr in the USA. The expression of HTAP resistance to stripe rust in six crosses of winter wheat was evaluated using F6 populations at Pullman, WA in 1986 and F7 populations at three environmentally different locations (Pullman, Mt. Vernon, and Walla Walla, WA) in 1987. Resistant families could not be differentiated at Pullman in 1986 and Walla Walla in 1987 because unfavorable weather delayed the development of rust. Differences in rust intensity for families within each cross could be determined at Mt. Vernon and Pullman in 1987. Distributions of disease intensities for families of each cross were significantly different between the two locations. Negative correlations between three yield components (kernel number, kernel weight, and spike weight) and rust intensity at several plant growth stages were high when infection was early and rust intensity was severe, but were not significant when infection was late and rust intensities were moderate or low. Early rust development negatively affected kernel number. At Mt. Vernon, the plant growth stages at which yield components were most highly correlated with rust intensities varied depending on the cross. Most yield components were highly correlated with disease intensity at heading and milk stages. The environment at Pullman was appropriate and possibly better suited for selection of moderate or higher levels of HTAP resistance which are usually adequate for wheat grown in eastern Washington. Highly resistant families, however, could more easily be differentiated from moderately resistant families only under severe rust intensities that occurred at Mt. Vernon; thus an environment similar to Mt. Vernon is highly useful to select for the highest levels of HTAP resistance.
Incubation of Injected Liquid Beef Manure: Effect of Time and Manure Rate
Authors: Schmitt M.A. , Sawyer J.E. , Hoeft R.G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn investigation was conducted to determine if N compounds and other chemical parameters that could cause poor corn (Zea mays L.) growth were associated with injected liquid beef manure. Liquid beef manure was injected into a Derinda silt loam soil (fine, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalf) and incubated in two laboratory experiments. Experiment 1 consisted of two application rates, 18 and 36 mL kg−1 soil, injected into 25 g of moist soil and incubated for 44 d. Experiment 2 consisted of five manure application rates (0, 29, 58, 116, and 232 mL kg−1 soil, equivalent to 2.3, 4.6, 9.2, and 18.4 dry Mg ha−1) layered between 50 g of soil and incubated for 4 wk. Rates simulated the range of manure concentrations in band applications of 37200 L manure ha−1. There was a linear trend of increasing NH4–N concentrations as manure application rates increased. A transitory period of lowered soil redox potential (Eh) and elevated pH occurred for 2 wk after application, especially for the highest manure rate. Nitrite‐N accumulated with all rates of manure, but the accumulation was transitory with low manure rates. At 116 and 232 mL kg−1, high levels of NO2–N were present for 3 and 4 wk, respectively. Conditions potentially toxic to plants were generated initially by reducing conditions (as indicated by low Eh) and free NH3, (due to high pH and high concentrations of water extractable and exchangeable NH4‐N), and subsequently, by accumulation of NO4‐N.
Cropping History, Tillage, and Herbicide Effects on Weed Flora Composition in Irrigated Corn
Authors: Ball Daniel A. , Miller Stephen D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA change from conventional tillage to a conservation tillage system can lead to shifts in weed species composition. A weed species shift can result in the emergence of weeds tolerant of existing weed management practices. An understanding of crop production effects on weed species shifts can lead to development of improved weed management strategies. Research evaluated the effects of primary tillage (moldboard and chisel plowing), row cultivation, and herbicide input level on weed species changes over a 5‐yr period in three irrigated cropping sequences. The cropping sequences consisted of continuous corn (Zea mays L.) for 5 yr (CN), pinto bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for 3 yr followed by corn for 2 yr (PB), and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) for 2 yr followed by corn for 3 yr (SB). Over the course of the 5‐yr study, total weed density increased from 1 to 245 weeds m−2 in PB, from 100 to 209 in SB, and from 2 to 190 in CN cropping sequences in chisel‐plowed treatments, while weed density increases in moldboard‐plowed treatments were negligible. General observation of each cropping sequence indicated that during the final year, green foxtail [Setaria viridus (L.) P. Beauv.] was most prevalent in the CN sequence, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and hairy nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides Sendtner) in the PB sequence, and redroot pigweed and green foxtail in the SB sequence. However, weed species differences due to cropping sequences were evident only in treatments receiving chisel plow primary tillage. Further, the increase in redroot pigweed density due to cropping sequence and chisel plowing was diminished by high herbicide input levels. Row cultivation also had an influence on the weed species composition when compared to uncultivated plots.
Adjustment for Specific Leaf Weight Improves Chlorophyll Meter's Estimate of Rice Leaf Nitrogen Concentration
Authors: Peng Shaobing , García Felipe V. , Laza Rebecca C. , Cassman Kenneth G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chlorophyll meter provides a simple, quick, and nondestructive method to estimate leaf N status of rice (Oryza sativa L.), but the linear relationship between leaf N concentration on a dry‐weight basis (Ndw) and the meter reading differs depending on developmental stage and genotype. The objective was to determine whether prediction of (Ndw) with the chlorophyll meter can be improved by a simple correction for specific leaf weight (SLW). Leaf N status was estimated by a chlorophyll meter (SPAD‐502) and measured directly by micro‐Kjel‐dahl procedure. Specific leaf weight was calculated as the ratio of dry weight to leaf area. In one field study ‘IR72’, measurements were taken at midtillering, panicle initiation, and flowering stages on the uppermost fully expanded leaves of both N‐deficient and N‐sufficient plants. There was a linear relationship between Ndw and SPAD values at each stage, but regression lines differed significantly between growth stages. Based on pooled data from all stages, the degree of linear fit was poor (r2 = 0.49). Adjusting SPAD values for SLW (SPAD/SLW) improved the prediction of Ndw (r2 = 0.93). For another set of measurements made on the flag leaves of five genotypes grown in the field and greenhouse, prediction of Ndw was also improved, from r2 = 0.51 based on SPAD values alone to r2 = 0.87 based on the SPAD/SLW ratio. These results demonstrate that SLW influences the prediction of Ndw by the chlorophyll meter, and that the adjustment of SPAD values for SLW greatly increases the accuracy of the prediction. However, when SPAD values are adjusted for SLW, the chlorophyll meter's estimate of Ndw is no longer as quick, simple, or nondestructive as the nonadjusted SPAD values.
Core Cultivation and Efficacy of Benomyl Applied to Creeping Bentgrass
Authors: Liu Leon X. , Hsiang Tom , Eggens Jack L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHollow tine core cultivation is practiced for the management of creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.; syn. A. palustris Huds.] golf course greens and fairways to increase water infiltration, increase turf root and shoot growth, and control thatch. Benomyl [methyl 1‐butylcarbamoyl)‐2‐benzimidazole carbamate] is commonly used on turf as a soil drench for the control of disease such as dollar spot (caused by Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett). Our objective was to determine the effect of core cultivation on the movement of a systemic pesticide in thatch and soil and the uptake by turfgrass using benomyl as a model. Core cultivation was conducted 1, 7, and 14 d before benomyl application in a field trial during 1992 and 1993 to study the effect of coring and time of coring on the movement and uptake of benomyl and control of dollar spot disease. Fungicide levels in turfgrass clippings, thatch and soil were determined by bioassay. Core cultivation 1 d before benomyl treatment provided the longest lasting uptake of benomyl and control of dollar spot disease compared with 7 and 14 d before benomyl treatment. Clipping, thatch, and soil samples from areas close to the coring holes had significantly higher (P = 0.05) levels of fungicide residues than those farther from the coring holes. This study suggests that core cultivation shortly before benomyl application can increase movement of benomyl into thatch and soil, thereby increasing uptake of benomyl by turfgrass and improving disease control.
Establishment of Big Bluestem and Sand Bluestem Cultivars with Metolachlor and Atrazine
Authors: Masters Robert A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWeeds interfere with big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman var. gerardii Vitman) and sand bluestem [Andropogon gerardii var. paucipilus (Nash) Fern.] establishment on rangeland and cropland in the central Great Plains of North America. A study was conducted to determine if metolachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylpbenyl)‐N‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl)acetamide] and atrazine [6‐chloro‐N‐ethyl‐N′‐(1‐methylethyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine‐2,4‐diamine] applied preemergence could improve establishment of big bluestem and sand bluestem cultivars. ‘Bonilla’, ‘Pawnee’, ‘Kaw’, and ‘Rountree’ big bluestem and ‘Goldstrike’ sand bluestem were planted in late May to early June 1989 and 1990 near Clay Center [Sharpsburg silty clay loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Typic Argiudoll)] and Mead [Hastings silt loam (fine, montmorillonitic, mesic Udic Argiustoll)] in Nebraska. Metolachlor at 2.2 or 3.3 kg a.i. ha−1 and atrazine at 2 kg a.i. ha−1 were applied alone or in combination before weeds or seeded grass cultivars emerged. Stand frequency (the number of times the planted grasses occurred within sampling grids and expressed as a percentage of the total number of grids evaluated) and yield of the grass cultivars were measured the year after planting to determine establishment success. Grass stand frequencies were usually >50%, with or without herbicide treatment. Yield of big bluestem and sand bluestem cultivars was increased by at least 30% when herbicides were applied preemergence the year of planting compared with yield without herbicide. For each cultivar, yield and stand frequency were similar when metolachlor or atrazine at 2.2 kg a.i. ha−1 were applied. Therefore, metolachlor is a suitable replacement for atrazine to improve establishment of big bluestem and sand bluestem cultivars. However, yield and stand frequency of most grass cultivars were maximized when metolachlor and atrazine were applied in combination.
A Peanut Simulation Model: II. Assessing Regional Production Potential
Authors: Meinke Holger , Hammer Graeme L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn assessment of production potential over a broad geographical region is useful in industry planning. In this study, we present a method for combining crop simulation with spatial analysis to assess regional production potential. The Australian peanut industry, and its plan to expand production to new areas, is used as a case study to demonstrate the method. Using a peanut simulation model and historical climate records, irrigated potential peanut yields were simulated for a range of sowing dates at 53 locations throughout eastern Australia. The simulated median potential yield and feasible planting period at each location were used in a spatial interpolation routine to generate maps of regional production potential. The results were consistent with industry experience in traditional production areas and highlighted new areas with good potential for irrigated production. The analysis also showed the change in feasible planting period and optimal sowing date throughout the broad geographical region covered. The analysis considered only temperature and radiation effects on potential production. Other factors, such as disease incidence and water availability, must be considered in conjunction with these results when using them for industry planning. However, the methodology presented demonstrates how combining simulation analysis with simple spatial analysis can provide useful information to support industry planning.
Prediction of Ruminal Protein Degradability of Forages Using near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Halgerson James L. , Sheaffer Craig C. , Hesterman Oran B. , Griffin Timothy S. , Stern Marshall D. , Randall Gyles W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRuminal protein degradability is an important trait affecting forage quality, but in situ procedures used to characterize protein degradability are costly and time consuming. Our objectives were to compare an in situ procedure with a ficin protease extraction procedure for estimating ruminal protein degradability of forages and to determine whether near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) can provide similar estimates of protein degradability compared to either method. Ruminal protein degradability of five cool‐season perennial grasses and alfalfa was determined using the ficin protease procedure. Ficin‐extracted crude protein (CP) represents that portion of CP that is solubilized in the extraction procedure; it accounted for 66% (in grasses) to 93% [in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)] of the variation of in situ degradable crude protein. NIRS accurately predicted in situ and ficin degradability on a dry matter basis, but not on a CP basis. We concluded that the ficin procedure could substitute for the in situ determination of ruminal degradable protein and that NIRS could be used to predict protein degradability determined by either method.
MODCROP: A Crop Simulation Framework
Authors: Waldman Sue E. , Rickman Ronald W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDynamic crop simulations are used more and more frequently as research and education tools and to assist in making management decisions. MODCROP is an interface framework for controlling a dynamic simulation that simplifies applying the simulation. The program operates under DOS on an IBM‐compatible microcomputer (PC) with 640k of RAM and a hard disk drive. Although a math coprocessor is desirable, it is not required. It is constructed from modules written in Quick‐BASIC. Most of the modules can be reused without modification to provide user interface, data input, and data output services to compatible simulations. The framework allows data input or output in either metric or English units. Any parameter within a simulation under its control can be selected for output, depending on the wishes of the user. A simulation can be customized by interactive access to all initial parameter values and it can be operated in batch mode to determine patterns of predicted results. The framework is supplied with MODWht3, a daily simulation of organ‐by‐organ development and growth of winter wheat. MODCROP provides ease of use and simulation control features that are not always available in other simulation interfaces.
Water and Cation Movement in an Indonesian Ultisol
Authors: Dierolf Thomas S , Arya Lalit M. , Yost Russell S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLime and fertilizer are required to overcome acidity and soil fertility constraints to crop production in the highly weathered soils of Sitiung, Indonesia. The potential leaching of soil amendments is enhanced by the high annual rainfall of 2750 mm and the low effective cation exchange capacity (ECEC) of these soils. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship of soil water hydrology to the fate of applied soil amendments. Internal soil water drainage (fieldmeasured) and soil moisture release curves (field‐ and laboratorymeasured) were determined to characterize the soil hydraulic properties of a clayey, kaolinitic, isohyperthermic Typic Kanhapludult. The results indicated that 6 h after the application of 72.5 mm of water during a 100‐min period, water equivalent to nearly 94% of the applied water drained to depths below 112.5 cm. Macropore volume accounted for 26 to 40% of the total porosity of the top 22.5 cm of soil and 5 to 7% in the 22.5‐ to 112.5‐cm depth. Cation movement was measured during a 2‐yr period in a field experiment that examined the effects of various rates and timing of K fertilization (and blanket applications of Ca and Mg) and stover removal on soil K, Ca, and Mg pools. Results show that amounts equivalent to 1% of the K, 5% of the Ca, and 24% of the Mg that were applied as fertilizer nutrients accumulated in the 30‐ to 90‐cm depth. An average of 33% of the K, 26% of the Ca, and 8% of the Mg applied as fertilizers were not accounted for in the soil or by crop biomass and probably leached below the 90‐cm depth. We conclude that is difficult to chemically ameliorate the subsoil below the 30‐cm depth and hypothesize that macropore flow through the soil and a continually wet subsoil are the major factors limiting subsoil cation accumulation.