bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degrasyn Potentiates the Antitumor Effects of Bortezomib in Mantle Cell Lymphoma Cells In vitro and In vivo: Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Pham Lan V. , Tamayo Archito T. , Li Changping , Bornmann William , Priebe Waldemar , Ford Richard J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an aggressive histotype of B-cell non–Hodgkin lymphoma that has increased in incidence over the past few decades and is incurable, usually poorly responsive to standard chemotherapy combinations, and associated with poor prognoses. Discovering new therapeutic agents with low toxicity that produce better outcomes in patients with MCL is an ongoing challenge. Recent studies showed that degrasyn, a novel small-molecule inhibitor of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activation of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway, exerts antitumor activity in lymphoid tumors by inhibiting key growth and survival signaling (JAK/STAT) pathways. In the present study, we found that treatment of both typical and blastoid-variant MCL cells with degrasyn in combination with bortezomib resulted in synergistic growth inhibition and apoptosis induction in vitro. The apoptosis in these cells was correlated with the downregulation of constitutive NF-κB and phosphorylated STAT3 activation, leading to the inhibition of c-Myc, cyclin D1, and bcl-2 protein expression and the upregulation of bax protein expression. In vivo, degrasyn and bortezomib interacted to synergistically prevent tumor development and prolong survival durations in a xenotransplant severe combined immunodeficient mouse model of MCL. These findings suggest that agents such as degrasyn that can pharmacologically target constitutively expressed NF-κB and STAT3 in MCL cells may be useful therapeutic agents for MCL when administered together with bortezomib. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(7); 2026–36. ©2010 AACR.
No Association between Endogenous Retinoic Acid and Human Papillomavirus Clearance or Incident Cervical Lesions in Brazilian Women
Authors: Siegel Erin M. , Salemi Jason L. , Craft Neal E. , Villa Luisa L. , Ferenczy Alex S. , Franco Eduardo L. , Giuliano Anna R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections have been established as the necessary cause of cervical cancer, most HPV infections are transient and rarely progress to squamous cervical lesions. The activity of HPV is tightly associated with epithelial cell differentiation; therefore, regulators of differentiation, such as retinoic acid (RA), have been considered targets for the prevention of HPV-associated squamous intraepithelial lesion (SIL) development. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between circulating RA and early events in cervical carcinogenesis, specifically type-specific HPV clearance and SIL detection. Archived blood samples from 643 women participating in the Ludwig-McGill Cohort in São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography for three RA isomers (all-trans, 13-cis, and 9-cis-RA). A type-specific HPV clearance event was defined as two consecutive visits negative for an HPV type during follow-up for 364 HPV-positive women. Among the 643 women in this analysis, 78 were diagnosed with incident SIL. The probability of clearing an oncogenic HPV infection was not significantly different across RA isomer quartiles. There was a suggestion that increasing all-trans-RA increased the rate of nononcogenic HPV clearance (P-trend = 0.05). There was no association observed between serum RA levels and incident SIL. Our results suggest that elevated circulating RA isomer levels do not increase the rate of HPV clearance or reduce the risk of incident SIL. The role of RA in the inhibition of HPV-induced carcinogenesis, as shown in vitro, lacks confirmatory evidence within epidemiologic studies among women. Cancer Prev Res; 3(8); 1007–14. ©2010 AACR.
Predicting Restenosis of Drug-Eluting Stents Placed in Real-World Clinical Practice
Authors: Stolker Joshua M. , Kennedy Kevin F. , Lindsey Jason B. , Marso Steven P. , Pencina Michael J. , Cutlip Donald E. , Mauri Laura , Kleiman Neal S. , Cohen David J. ,   on behalf of the EVENT Investigators
Published: July 2010

Background—
Prediction of restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains challenging, and existing risk assessment algorithms were developed before the widespread adoption of drug-eluting stents (DES).

Methods and Results—
We used data from the EVENT registry to develop a risk model for predicting target lesion revascularization (TLR) in 8829 unselected patients undergoing DES implantation between 2004 and 2007. Using a split-sample validation technique, predictors of TLR at 1 year were identified from two thirds of the subjects (derivation cohort) using multiple logistic regression. Integer point values were created for each predictor, and the summed risk score (range, 0 to 10) was applied to the remaining sample (validation cohort). At 1 year, TLR occurred in 4.2% of patients, and after excluding stent thrombosis and early mechanical complications, the incidence of late TLR (more likely representing restenosis-related TLR) was 3.6%. Predictors of TLR were age <60, prior PCI, unprotected left main PCI, saphenous vein graft PCI, minimum stent diameter ≤2.5 mm, and total stent length ≥40 mm. Comparison of observed versus predicted rates of TLR according to risk score demonstrated good model fit in the validation set. There was more than a 3-fold difference in TLR rates between the lowest risk category (score=0; TLR rate, 2.2%) and the highest risk category (score ≥5; TLR rate, 7.5%).

Conclusions—
The overall incidence of TLR remains low among unselected patients receiving DES in routine clinical practice. A simple risk model incorporating 6 readily available clinical and angiographic variables helps identify individuals at extremely low (<2%) and modestly increased (>7%) risk of TLR after DES implantation.
Res Communes Omnium: The History of an Idea from Greek Philosophy to Grotian Jurisprudence
Authors: Schermaier Martin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome legal historians are startled by the fact that Grotius was able to develop a new theory of res communes omnium and mare liberum by using antique ideas whereas these ideas were known in philosophy and jurisprudence throughout the Middle Ages. This contribution shows that Grotius's theory of res communes omnium was innovative only because he developed a new concept of ownership and placed it within a new framework of ius naturale. Both new concepts, ownership and ius naturale, had their predecessors in medieval theology and the jurisprudence of the Spanish Scholastics, but it was Grotius who merged them to a consistent new theory. This theory of res communes also enabled him to reconcile it with both the Roman legal sources and with contemporary practical needs.
Grotius's Mare Liberum in the Political Practice of Early-Modern Europe
Authors: Weindl Andrea 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this article Mare liberum is placed within the context of seventeenth-century European politics. It focuses on the development of conventional relations between European States regarding their interests outside of Europe and their importance concerning the status of Asian and African 'actors'. It turns out that in spite of Mare liberum's high-sounding proclamation of equality of non-European sovereigns with European States, Grotius's position as well as Dutch policy was inspired by self-interest and was essentially opportunistic. The Dutch Republic – as well as other European States – used the 'liberal' principles of Freedom of trade and the Universality of the Law of Nations to attack the Portuguese/Spanish claims of monopoly. However, as the Dutch Republic, Great Britain and France developed their own 'Spheres of Interest' in Asia, Africa and the Americas, they effectively excluded would-be competitors. Indeed, in the eighteenth century the 'pacte colonial' constituted a distinctive characteristic of the conventional and customary 'European Law of Nations'. As non-European political actors in the eighteenth century relatively lost military and political power, the European States finally relegated them to an inferior position, beyond the charmed circle of full 'subjects of Public International Law'. The article also is a contribution to the ongoing discussion about the relation between European imperialism and the development of the doctrine of European International Law.
The European Convention On Human Rights and the Duties of the Individual
Authors: Eissen Marc-Anvre 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is no doubt a truism to say that the principal aim and object of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is to proclaim, define and safeguard a series of human rights and fundamental freedoms. It is probably more controversial to state that individuals within the jurisdiction of Contracting States are entitled de jure to enjoy these rights; that the latter are created »subjectively« (droits »subjectifs«) and not »reflexively« (droits »reflexes«) as favoured by certain dualists; that individuals1) benefit directly (»sujets actifs«) from the standards laid down in the Convention — while still open to discussion, the truth of these statements is generally admitted. Let us simply accept the general view without going into the somewhat intricate problems which arise. If, then, the Contracting States assume obligations in respect not only of one another, but also of the individual, do they require anything of the individual in return? Does he not have international obligations corresponding to his rights?2) If so, what is the extent of these obligations and what are their practical consequences? The existence and extent of the obligations imposed on the individual by the Convention and the sanctions attaching thereto- these are the points which we will endeavour to deal with in turn.
Legal Tests for Applying the European Convention On Human Rights and Freedoms in Adjudicating On Alleged Discrimination
Authors: Sundberg-Weitman Brita 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper I have proposed some criteria for solving the "justification" problem inherent in Article 14 of the Convention on Human Rights and Freedoms. My conclusions are the following. Obviously a State measure does not need any justification under the Convention, if it does not lie within its scope. In my view, the measures in dispute in the Linguistic case and in the three cases against a State-Employer did not fall within the scope of the Convention and, therefore, did not need any justification. Justification presupposes a legitimate aim and a non-arbitrary manner of obtaining that aim. The basis for the "aim test" is the bona f ide principle in general international law. A State measure taken in order to pursue a policy that runs counter to the order sought to be realised by the Convention is not justified. In a situation where there are "aims within aims" both the superior aim and the subordinate aim(s) should be scrutinized under the aim test, and all must be justified. A State policy intended to prevent or discourage people from enjoying a right or freedom falling within the scope of the minimum standard granted by the Convention is not justified, unless it is covered by an expressly stated escape clause. In contrast, where there are lateral aims in the sense of "killing two birds with one stone", it is enough for the aim test that any one of these aims is legitimate; the presence of a concurrent illicit aim does not permit the conclusion that the measure under examination is illegitimate, but its presence may, of course, show the invoked aim to be only a pretext. The "arbitrariness test" invokes the principle that it is not justifiable to frustrate a human right or freedom in order to pursue a policy that could as effectively, or more effectively, be realised with less or no adverse effect on human rights and freedoms. The fact that a State policy is not consistently pursued is not in itself a proof of non-justification. The most fruitful way of dealing with such situations would be to examine separately the differential treatment of the subcategories, according to the tests mentioned.
War, Piracy and Religion: Godfried Udemans' Spiritual Helm (1638)
Authors: van Eijnatten Joris 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Calvinist minister Godfried Udemans (1581/2–1649) is generally considered to be one of the more important seventeenth-century theologians from the province of Zeeland. He specialized in writings for a broader public, including, in particular, publications on ethical and religious codes in trade and seafaring. Of his various writings on moral theology, 't Geestelyck roer van 't coopmans schip, first published in 1638, is the most important.The Spiritual helm appeared in print some thirty years after Grotius occupied himself with De jure praedae (the manuscript dates from 1604), but Udemans had already begun articulating his thoughts in 1608. It is instructive to examine the ethical writings of a contemporary of Grotius. It has been claimed that in the early modern period, Calvinism, especially in its English Puritan variety, did much to propagate the medieval traditions of holy war that to all appearances had been laid to rest by Spanish theoreticians during the sixteenth-century Renaissance. In this article, I examine the extent to which Udemans draws upon religion as a means of legitimizing violence on behalf of secular political authorities such as the prince (or, as in the case of the Dutch Republic, the States or States General), and, more in particular, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and West India Company (WIC). If Udemans is representative of the religious tradition to which he reckoned himself, holy war thought did not figure prominently in Dutch Calvinism.
Tuck's Grotius: De Iure Praedae in Context
Authors: Wright George 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper explores Richard Tuck's account of Grotius as the key innovator in the history that leads to the invention both of the free individual, protective of his or her rights, and of the modern liberal state, respectful of individuals' rights. Contextualism as a method for dealing with texts is discussed by way of a recent interview given by Tuck's teacher, Quentin Skinner. The attempt is made to see contextualism in context.
Secularization in De Iure Praedae: from Bible Criticism to International Law
Authors: Somos Mark 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article shows that the conspicuous and consistent idiosyncrasy of Grotius's Biblical interpretation is an important part of his revolutionary effort to secularize natural law. In De iure praedae and related works, Grotius systematically deployed a range of exegetical techniques in order to demonstrate that the Bible, like all texts, is open to multiple interpretations and susceptible to hijacking by rival agendas. This strategy aimed to render the Bible inadmissible as evidence in legal disputes and political legitimacy claims. The consistent instrumentality of Grotius's use of the Bible in IPC cannot be dismissed as mere legalistic opportunism or described as an atheistic move. Rather, Grotius's exegetical strategy was motivated by pacifism and a desire to protect religion from politicization. The article positions this secularization strategy in the intellectual environment of the Leiden Circle, and shows how competing Catholic, Calvinist, and Mennonite political readings of the same key biblical passages during the Dutch-Iberian conflict provided the immediate occasion for writing IPC. In order to construct a natural law theory that was independent from, and therefore acceptable to, all religious sides, it was necessary to ensure that the Bible have no final word in law or politics, lest its invocation link disagreements to belief and thereby render them impossible to resolve.
Grotius, Stoicism and 'Oikeiosis'
Authors: Brooke Christopher 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor thirty years now there has been considerable debate concerning the foundations of modern natural law theory, with Richard Tuck emphasising the role self-preservation plays in anchoring Grotius's system and his critics pointing to the contribution of a principle of sociability. With reference to recent contributions in the literature on Stoicism from Julia Annas, A. A. Long and Tad Brennan, I argue that Grotius's use of the outline of Stoic ethics from Book III of Cicero's De finibus is crucial for understanding the nature of his argument. Drawing on Cicero's presentation of the Stoics' oikeiosis (Latin: appetitus societatis) helps Grotius to generate an argument which issues not in any demand for altruism, charity or mutual aid, but rather for organising justice around very strong protections for private property. The argument remains one about human sociability, however, and ought not to be mistaken for an account of self-interest, nor for a doctrine with substantially Epicurean roots.
Einige Bemerkungen zu Grotius' Lucan-Nachahmung
Authors: Brouwers J.H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrotius' Latin poetry is typical for its manifold reminiscences of examples from Roman antiquity. His favourite Latin poets were Lucan, Manilius, Statius and Claudian. Especially the influence of the first-mentioned poet (whose work was also edited by Grotius with critical notes) is prominent. It is shown here by some examples from the Genealogia Nassaviorum (1601), the Silva in Annales Borrhii (1603) and other poems in what way Grotius made use of Lucan.
Classification of Polar-Night Jet Oscillations and Their Relationship to Fast and Slow Variations in a Global Mechanistic Circulation Model of the Stratosphere and Troposphere
Authors: Kohma Masashi , Nishizawa Seiya , Yoden Shigeo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Polar-night jet oscillation (PJO), which is a low-frequency intraseasonal oscillatory variation in the winter stratosphere, is analyzed statistically with a 14 000-yr-long dataset obtained with an idealized global mechanistic circulation model of the stratosphere and troposphere. After performing an empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis on the low-pass-filtered time series of the northern polar temperature, 10 647 PJO events are identified and classified into four groups. About 80% of them are two groups of warm events while the rest are two groups of cold events, which are newly identified variations with opposite sign from the warm events by the same EOF analysis. All of them show slow downward propagations of a positive or negative temperature anomaly, with a relatively short or long lifetime.
Composite analysis with such a large number of samples shows that each group has its own typical relationship to unfiltered relatively fast variations in the polar stratosphere known as stratospheric sudden warming and polar vortex intensification and to the slow variation in the troposphere known as the Arctic Oscillation. Statistically significant evidence of the downward dynamical influence of PJO on the surface is obtained for a group of warm events with a longer lifetime.
Automatic Detection of Wind Turbine Clutter for Weather Radars
Authors: Hood Kenta , Torres Sebastián , Palmer Robert 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Wind turbines cause contamination of weather radar signals that is often detrimental and difficult to distinguish from cloud returns. Because the turbines are always at the same location, it would seem simple to identify where wind turbine clutter (WTC) contaminates the weather radar data. However, under certain atmospheric conditions, anomalous propagation of the radar beam can occur such that WTC corrupts weather data on constantly evolving locations, or WTC can be relatively weak such that contamination on predetermined locations does not occur. Because of the deficiency of using turbine locations as a proxy for WTC, an effective detection algorithm is proposed to perform automatic flagging of contaminated weather radar data, which can then be censored or filtered. Thus, harmful effects can be reduced that may propagate to automatic algorithms or may hamper the forecaster’s ability to issue timely warnings. In this work, temporal and spectral features related to WTC signatures are combined in a fuzzy logic algorithm to classify the radar return as being contaminated by WTC or not. The performance of the algorithm is quantified using simulations and the algorithm is applied to a real data case from the radar facility in Dodge City, Kansas (KDDC). The results illustrate that WTC contamination can be detected automatically, thereby improving the quality control of weather radar data.
Graduated exercise training and progressive resistance training in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome: a randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Gordon Brett A , Knapman Leona M , Lubitz Lionel 
Published: July 2010

Objective: To investigate the differential effects of aerobic graded exercise and progressive resistance training on exercise tolerance, fatigue and quality of life in adolescent patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Design: Single-blind, randomized controlled pilot trial. Setting: A major metropolitan hospital in Melbourne, Australia. Subjects: Twenty-two adolescents aged 13—18 years diagnosed with CFS and admitted to the inpatient chronic fatigue rehabilitation programme. Intervention: Patients were randomized to either graded aerobic exercise training or a progressive resistance training programme, for five days/week for four weeks. The graded aerobic training consisted of 20—40 minutes of stationary cycling and treadmill exercise. The progressive resistance training involved 16 exercises performed with single set, moderate load and high repetitions. Main measures: Exercise tolerance (time to fatigue) measured on a graded sub-maximal treadmill test, metabolic equivalents and quality of life, along with muscular strength (maximium push-ups) and endurance (sit-to-stand) and questionnaires evaluating depressive symptoms and fatigue severity. Results: No intervention was significantly better than the other for any outcome. However, physical capacity and quality of life significantly improved in both groups, while fatigue severity and symptoms of depression improved only with aerobic training. Conclusions: Resistance and aerobic training resulted in similar changes to physical capacity, quality of life and fatigue severity. Generally, patients who completed resistance training or aerobic training experienced significant improvements in outcomes from baseline when they entered the programme. Whether these improvements can be attributed to the treatment is unknown.
Revaluation of Tradition in the Ideology of the Radical Adivasi Resistance in Colonial Eastern India, 1855–1932—Part II
Authors: Chaudhuri Binay Bhushan 
Published: July 2010

After presenting the elements of the radical adivasi movement and defining tradition and ideology, the first and published part of this article discussed the radical build-up and main features of the Santal, Munda, Oraon and the Ho movements, which believed in the supernatural intervention and reposed faith in their rebel leaders as redeemers. The belief is commonly known as millenarianism. The movements illustrate two crucial elements of millenarianism: appearance of a charismatic leader as the exponent of its radical ideology, and the pervasive belief among the rebels that their cause would inevitably triumph because it had been blessed by a supernatural agency. The present and final part of the study discusses the cultural implications of the radical ideology for the adivasi world. These radical movements aimed at dismantling the structure of domination and creation of an independent adivasi polity. An essential part of the radical ideology was ‘religious revitalisation’, also known as purification programme.