bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of phosphate on the biosynthesis of nourseothricin by Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b
Authors: Müller P. J. , Haubold G. , Menner M. , Grosse H. H. , Ozegowski J. H. , Bocker H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe results present evidence for the important role of phosphate‐mediated regulation of the nourseothricin biosynthesis by the processes of phosphate limitation and release of phosphate. Also, higher initial concentrations of phosphate were found to have a strong inhibitory effect on the biosynthesis of nourseothricin. It is concluded that the initial phosphate concentration was the primary target for the biometrical optimization of the fermentation medium. The presence of zinc ions neutralized the negative effect of high initial concentrations of phosphate which was also strongly influenced by the regime of sterilization.
Formation of extracellular α‐amylase by Bacillus subtilis in relation to guanosine polyphosphates
Authors: Wambutt R. , Riesenberg D. , Krüger M. , Schultze M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of growth, extracellular α‐amylase formation and pool sizes of guanosine polyphosphates (p)ppGpp and adenosine phosphates (ATP and AMP) were determined during discontinuous cultivation of Bacillus subtilis 44. The results indicate a positive involvement of (p)ppGpp in the regulation of the expression of the α‐amylase gene.
Influence of substrate concentration on the induction of amidases in herbicide degradation
Authors: Lechner U. , Straube G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo bacteria which are able to hydrolyze phenylamide herbicides show differences in the induction of amidases at very low inducer concentrations. In the strain 28/1 no amidase activity could be found at inducer concentrations below 0.01 to 0.05 mm in dependence on the inducer.In the strain Rhodococcus spec. b3 a low level of a constitutive amidase was observed. With increasing inducer concentration from 0.001 to 0.5 mm an increasing amidase activity was measured.
Climate regionalization and rotation of principal components
Authors: White Dale , Richman Michael , Yarnal Brent 
Published: July 2010

AbstractClimate regionalization studies have made intensive use of eigenvector analysis in recent literature. This analysis provides a motivation for examination of the efficacy and validity of variations of principal component analysis (PCA) for such tasks as an eigenvector‐based regionalization. Specifically, this study applies the results of an earlier statistical comparison of rotational schemes to monthly Pennsylvanian precipitation data (1958–1978) to analyse differences among the various solutions. Unrotated, orthogonally rotated, and obliquely rotated solutions (eight in total) are compared in order to assess the model and locational consistency among and within these solutions. Model correspondence and consistency are measured by a congruence coefficient used to match (i) the principal components (PC) of the total domain for the selected benchmark pattern with PCs from the total domains of the remaining seven solutions, and (ii) each PC of the total domain with PCs of 25 randomly selected subdomain pairs (a set of 10 and 11 years of data). Locational or geographical consistency among the PC patterns is determined by quantifying the changes in area and area boundary defined by a threshold loading.The results from the Pennsylvanian data indicated that substantial differences in regionalization arose solely from the choice of a particular rotation algorithm, or lack thereof. Oblique rotations were generally found to be the most stable, whereas the orthogonally rotated and unrotated solutions were less stable. The quantitative areal differences among rotation schemes and the unrotated solution illustrate the inherent danger in blindly applying any given solution if physical interpretation of the regionalization is important. The quantitative areal and boundary differences may particularly influence PCA over global spatial domains.
Synoptic aspects of the central chile rainfall variability associated with the southern oscillation
Authors: Rutllant José , Fuenzalida Humberto 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCentral Chile winter (June, July, August (JJA)) rainfall shows positive anomalies during the developing stage of warm events of the Southern Oscillation. Conversely, cold events correspond quite closely to dry conditions.A synoptic characterization of major storms during the most recent warm events is presented. Dry months during cold‐event years are described in terms of average 500‐hPa contour anomaly fields. Significant departures from this general behaviour are also discussed.It is found that major winter storms associated with warm events are related to blocking highs frequently located around the Bellingshausen Sea (90°W) within hemispheric circulation anomaly patterns where zonal wavenumbers 4 and 3 dominate. This phenomenon seems consistent with observed teleconnection wavetrains stemming from the anomalous atmospheric heat source above the equatorial Pacific during ENSO events. Cold years, often immediately preceding or following a warm event, bring dry conditions in the study area owing to a well‐developed south‐east subtropical anticyclone with enhanced zonal westerly flow at middle latitudes.Frequency distributions of 500‐hPa daily blocking indices (BI) at 90°W, derived from 1980 to 1987 European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts hemispheric analyses, show a significant departure towards positive BI values for the available warm‐event winters; the opposite being also true. However, the JJA rainfall variability at Santiago (33.5°S) also seems to be related to the regional strength of the south‐east Pacific anticyclone, as represented by seasonal 500‐hPa geopotential anomalies at Puerto Montt, Chile (41.5°S).
Marine stratocumulus climatologies
Authors: Hanson Howard P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConditions favourable to the formation and maintenance of marine stratocumulus cloud decks commonly occur in the subtropical latitudes off the west coasts of the major continents. The cloud decks over the eastern North and South Pacific and the eastern South Atlantic are well‐established examples of the phenomenon; the eastern North Atlantic exhibits rather different behaviour. Large‐scale climatological averages based on data extracted from the Comprehensive Ocean‐Atmosphere Data Set are remarkably similar in the three of these regions that exhibit well‐established marine stratocumulus cloud decks. Off the coast of northwest Africa, however, the sea‐surface temperatures are higher and the cloud cover is less overcast than for the other regions.The correlation between interannual changes in clouds and SST is negative in all four areas: years with lower than normal SST tend to be more cloudy. The implication of this for climate system feedbacks is that these clouds have the potential to exert positive feedback in the climate system. A zero‐order estimate of the strength of this positive feedback suggests that it could be comparable to that due to water vapour in the atmosphere.
Quantitative relationships of mean seasonal precipitation in the Tagus river basin (SPain)
Authors: Egido A. , Egido M. , Seco J. , Garmendia J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe mean precipitation for each of the four season of the year (winter, spring, summer, and autumn) in the Tagus basin was estimated as a function of four geoclimatic parameters characteristics of the zone using data from 161 meteorological stations during an uninterrupted 16‐year period (1970–1985).
The variation of moisture conditions in China during the last 2000 years
Authors: Gong Gaofa , Hameed Sultan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUtilizing more than 50,000 reports of droughts and floods found in local records we have reconstructed the history of moisture conditions in eastern China for the last 2000 years. The area studied extends eastward of Gansu province and is situated between Inner Mongolia in the north and Zhejiang in the south. Separate analyses are presented for the semi‐arid, semi‐wet and wet subdivisions of this area. It was possible to develop moisture indices with a time resolution of 5 years in each subregion. The time series of the moisture index presented for the semi‐wet area extends over the period AD 1–1950, while for the other two subregions the period covered is AD 251–1950.Each of the climatic subdivisions is found to undergo prolonged periods of dryness and wetness. The frequency of alternation between dry and wet conditions increases from the semi‐arid region to the semi‐wet region to the wet region. The variations of moisture conditions in the whole area of eastern China is compared with known changes in the level of the Caspian Sea. The variations in the two regions are found to be coherent.
Tree‐ring reconstructed sunshine duration over central USA
Authors: Stahle David W. , Cleaveland Malcolm K. , Cerveny Randall S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTree‐ring chronologies of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) and post oak (Quercus stellata) from the central United States of America are directly correlated with precipitation, and inversely with percentage possible sunshine during the growing season (March‐June). Partial correlation analysis indicates that precipitation is the most important climate signal in the growth of these trees, but sunshine duration accounts for an additional 22 per cent of the radial growth variance independently of the growth influences of precipitation or temperature. Because the internal moisture balance of trees and ultimately the width of annual tree‐rings assimilate the direct and interactive effects of sunshine duration, temperature, and especially precipitation, the tree‐ring chronology can explain 60 per cent of the variance in regional sunshine duration. Consequently, the derived reconstruction retains more sunshine duration information than is reflected by the simple covariance between rainfall, cloud cover, and sunshine. A tree‐ring reconstruction of sunshine duration from AD 1700 to AD 1980 suggests that short‐period changes in the mean, variance, and persistence of cloud cover have occurred over the past 281 years. Analysis of the reconstruction indicates that strong El Niño events are often associated with cloudy growing season conditions over the central USA. The full 281‐year reconstruction and the 85‐year instrumental sunshine data also contain prominent 5‐ to 10‐year sunshine oscillations, which frequently help to induce trends lasting up to 20 years. The sunshine reconstruction does not, however, reveal any statistically significant 30‐year‐long linear trends in sunshine duration since 1700.
The influence of daytime heating and nocturnal cooling on surface airflow patterns over central Japan
Authors: Suzuki Rikie 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFocus is placed on the two factors that dominate surface airflow patterns; the thermal effect (solar heating and nocturnal cooling) and the synoptic pressure gradient. The relationship between surface airflow patterns and these two factors is investigated, using a dense network of observation sites in central Japan at 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 LST over 3 years. The analysis consisted of the construction of 1464 airflow pattern maps, which were then classified using cluster analysis into 15 airflow pattern types. The thermal effect was parameterized by the diurnal component of surface temperature change using a high‐pass filter. The relationship between airflow patterns and the thermal effect was then examined. As a result, detailed relationships between airflow patterns and distributions of heated and cooled areas were statistically revealed. Furthermore, the dependency of airflow patterns on the thermal effect and the synoptic pressure gradient was evaluated, and it was concluded that they were the main factors in controlling the airflow patterns in the majority of cases.
Dust storm frequency in Asia: Climatic control and variability
Authors: Littmann Thomas 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dimension and environmental impact of the dust storm phenomenon has been realized only recently. There are few previous works on the climatic control of dust storm frequency, especially in the field of time series analysis. Actually, there is a poor correspondence of climatic parameter mean values and dust storm data. Although generally negative, rainfall — dust‐storm correlations do not reveal the physical causes of dust storm generation, as is shown by lagged cross‐correlation and spectral analysis. Temperature data may indicate seasonal variation of dust storms by extreme values, but they are no reliable defining factor owing to high persistence over shorter time series. The same is found for mean wind speeds, but negative interrelations with atmospheric pressure point to the importance of cyclogenesis and convective cells in dust storm generation in Asia.Three different seasonality patterns are described: (i) a single dust storm maximum in spring typical of summer rain areas; (ii) a single storm maximum in summer in areas with bimodal (winter and monsoonal) rainfall; (iii) an extended spring and summer dust storm maximum in areas with unimodal winter rains. Additional data from northern Africa fit into this pattern.Spectral energy of dust storm, rainfall, and temperature series for northern India and northern China (1976–1986) is mainly concentrated in the wavelength of seasonal variations, but some supra‐seasonal signals indicate fluctuations between 3·6 and 5·5 years with various phase dislocations. In China, this interannual variability is supposed to be linked with dynamic shifts in circumpolar vortex dynamics.
Precipitation pegionalization: An application using a meteorological network in catalonia (Ne Spain)
Authors: Periago M. C. , Lana X. , Serra C. , Mills G. Fernàndez 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree different precipitation regionalizations based on 80 stations in Catalonia (north‐eastern Spain), with a recording period over the last 50 years, are produced. The first classification is achieved by using monthly average precipitation and some concepts of mathematical information theory applied to precipitation frequency histograms. The clustering procedure is based on an ‘average linkage’ algorithm. The results are discussed in terms of orographic features and rainfall regime and compared with the other two classifications, which are briefly described. One of them is obtained from only monthly average values and the other is based directly on frequency histograms of precipitation. Several reasons lead us to accept the first one, based on monthly average data and information theory, as the best method. Another important aspect of this paper is the definition of the optimal interval amplitude when dealing with precipitation frequency histograms.
Southern hemisphere sea‐level pressure data: An analysis and reconstructions back to 1951 and 1911
Authors: Jones P. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe reliability of Australian (1972–1985) and NOTOS (1951–1962) gridded monthly mean sea‐level pressure data sets over the Southern Hemisphere (15‐60°S) is examined by comparison with station mean sea‐level pressure data from 77 sites. The station data are used in a principal components regression scheme to reconstruct gridded data back to 1951 and to 1911 using different sets of station data. The reconstructions are best near the continental areas but useful reconstructions are possible near the many ocean islands that have data since 1951. The reconstructions that extend back to 1911 are only useful near the continental areas and over the south‐western Pacific Ocean. The reconstructions are used to compare the Australian, NOTOS data sets and a New Zealand gridded set available for the Southern Hemisphere (60°E‐150°W) since 1954, and to assess changes in the strength of the three subtropical anticyclones and the southern westerlies since 1951.
Atmospheric circulation controls and characteristics of a flood event in central South Africa
Authors: Lindesay J. A. , Jury M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFactors contributing to the synoptic‐scale forcing of flood‐producing rainfall over central South Africa in February 1988 are identified as tropical convection over southern Africa, easterly waves and an anticyclone over the south‐west Indian Ocean and Mozambique Channel, and mid‐latitude westerly wave disturbances to the south of Africa. Tropical moisture was advected over southern Africa during this period by barotropic perturbations that originated over the south‐west Indian Ocean as easterly waves. The area of tropical convection was linked to a mid‐latitude westerly wave to the south of the subcontinent by a tropical‐temperate trough and attendant cloud band during the flood episode. The development and persistence of a lower tropospheric anticyclone over the Mozambique Channel during the rainfall event slowed the progress of westerly troughs across the region and contributed to the increased residence time of strong, organized convection over central South Africa. The thermodynamic and kinematic characteristics of the atmosphere over the subcontinent in the presence of the tropical‐temperate trough are typical of enhanced convection in a tropical environment. Distinctive features associated with the presence of the well‐developed tropical‐temperate trough during the flood event are increased westerly relative angular momentum generation around 20°S, the forcing of an anomalous Hadley‐type circulation over eastern southern Africa, strong poleward fluxes of momentum in the upper troposphere, and poleward displacement of the subtropical jet in the region of Marion Island.
Simulations of the USA drought of 1988
Authors: Hunt B. G. , Gordon H. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA global general circulation model has been used to investigate the impact of the observed sea‐surface temperature anomalies in the Pacific Ocean in 1988. A primary objective was to evaluate the importance and relevance of these anomalies to the 1988 USA drought. A series of experiments was conducted to this end, involving fixed sea‐surface temperature anomalies, seasonally varying anomalies for 1987 and 1988, and seasonally varying anomalies for 1988 alone. In all experiments large‐scale droughts were simulated over parts of the USA. The most realistic experiments, where results are presented in some detail, reproduced the overall spatial and temporal rainfall anomalies observed over North America in 1988 in encouraging detail. The rainfall variations over North America were found to be sensitive to initial conditions, indicating the need to conduct multiple experiments so that composites of results can be derived. No attempt was made to initialize the model experiments with conditions appropriate to January 1988, hence considerable potential exists for improving the realism of the simulations presented here.
Some indications of 18·6 year LUNI‐Solar and 10–11 year solar cycles in rainfall in North‐West India, the plains of Uttar Pradesh and North‐Central India
Authors: Mitra Kumares , Mukherji Subhasish , Dutta S. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRainfall data available in the form of books published by the India Meteorological Department for 115 rain‐gauge stations in north‐west India, the Plains of Uttar Pradesh, and north‐central India for the period 1901–1950 have been subjected to maximum entropy spectral analysis (MESA). The results of the analysis indicate that 91 out of 115 rain‐gauge stations appear to respond to 18·6‐year luni‐solar nodal (MN) signal. The statistical average value of the signal periodicity (T̄L) in rainfall proves to be 18·3 + 1·6 years.Maximum entropy spectral analysis results also appear to indicate the existence of a 10–11‐year solar cycle (Sc) in 77 rain‐gauge stations out of 115. Application of MESA apparently splits the solar signal term, resulting in its absence from the spectral results of some stations and the presence of an 8–9‐year component in almost every station result. The statistical average value of the solar signal periodicity (T̄S) in rainfall proves to be 10·9±0·7 years.
Global warming and regional rainfall: The difference between average and high intensity rainfalls
Authors: Yu B. , Neil D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComparison of rainfall during cold and warm periods within instrumental records has been useful in developing quantitative climate scenarios in the face of prospective global warming. In south‐eastern Australia, it is known that a warm period in the Southern Hemisphere in the latter part of this century coincided with greater rainfall, especially during summer months. In this study, based on daily rainfall data from 17 stations with longest record lengths on the Southern Tablelands, Australia, it is observed that high intensity rainfall does not necessarily follow the same pattern. In fact, the difference between rainfall in a warm and wet and a cold and dry period could decrease as the critical rainfall intensity increases.
Kriging and intraregional rainfall variability in England
Authors: Bigg Grant R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing a tool of regionalized variable theory, the semi‐variogram, to remove large‐scale trends, the intraregional spatial variability during 1980 of annual, seasonal, monthly, and extreme‐event rainfall is investigated for two contrasting rainfall regimes within the UK. These are hydrological areas within East Anglia and south‐west England. Altitude is shown to be the dominant factor influencing rainfall variability on these temporal scales in South‐west England for space scales of 2–60 km. In East Anglia altitude is again the dominant factor, but in a much more subtle way, for spatial variability on time‐scales of a month or more. This more subtle influence does, however, allow information on storm structure to be obtained for individual rain events, as is illustrated by a case study.
The changing frequency of gales on the swedish west coast and its possible relation to the increased damage to coniferous forests of Southern Sweden
Authors: Franzén Lars G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper deals with the frequency of gales on the Swedish west coast over a period of 130 years. The results show that gale frequency was very high in the 1870s and in the 1920s. During the period 1940–1960, relatively few gales were recorded. From about 1970 and onward, the frequency has again risen to very high levels in the late 1980s.The changing frequency of gales is discussed in connection with the increased damage to coniferous forests observed in southern Sweden over the last two decades. To find possible explanations for the fluctuations in the wind climate, the wind data series were compared with other climatic data and solar radiation variations. Correlation tests and harmonic analyses of the time series investigated indicate the existence of a relationship between seasonal fluctuations of gale frequency, air pressure, air temperature, temperature of surface waters of the sea to the west of Sweden, and solar radiation.