bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulating Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance by Suppressing Pathogen-Induced Auxin Accumulation in Rice
Authors: Fu Jing , Liu Hongbo , Li Yu , Yu Huihui , Li Xianghua , Xiao Jinghua , Wang Shiping 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Breeding crops with the quality of broad-spectrum disease resistance using genetic resources is one of the principal goals of crop improvement. However, the molecular mechanism of broad-spectrum resistance remains largely unknown. Here, we show that GH3-2, encoding an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amido synthetase, mediates a broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzicola and fungal Magnaporthe grisea in rice (Oryza sativa). IAA, the major form of auxin in rice, results in rice more vulnerable to the invasion of different types of pathogens, which is at least partly due to IAA-induced loosening of the cell wall, the natural protective barrier of plant cells to invaders. X. oryzae pv oryzae, X. oryzae pv oryzicola, and M. grisea secrete IAA, which, in turn, may induce rice to synthesize its own IAA at the infection site. IAA induces the production of expansins, the cell wall-loosening proteins, and makes rice vulnerable to pathogens. GH3-2 is likely contributing to a minor quantitative trait locus for broad-spectrum resistance. Activation of GH3-2 inactivates IAA by catalyzing the formation of an IAA-amino acid conjugate, which results in the suppression of expansin genes. Thus, GH3-2 mediates basal resistance by suppressing pathogen-induced IAA accumulation. It is expected that, regulated by a pathogen-induced strong promoter, GH3-2 alone may be used for breeding rice with a broad-spectrum disease resistance.
The analysis of variance in anaesthetic research: statistics, biography and history
Authors: Pandit J. J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryMultiple t‐tests (or their non‐parametric equivalents) are often used erroneously to compare the means of three or more groups in anaesthetic research. Methods for correcting the p value regarded as significant can be applied to take account of multiple testing, but these are somewhat arbitrary and do not avoid several unwieldy calculations. The appropriate method for most such comparisons is the ‘analysis of variance’ that not only economises on the number of statistical procedures, but also indicates if underlying factors or sub‐groups have contributed to any significant results. This article outlines the history, rationale and method of this analysis.
A linkage map of Sheep Chromosome X (OARX) aligned to Human Chromosome X (HSAX)
Authors: French M. C. , Dodds K. G. , Davis G. H. , Galloway S. M. , Edwards S. J. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryWe have constructed a genetic linkage map of the sheep X chromosome (OARX) containing 22 new gene loci from across the human X chromosome (HSAX). The female OARX linkage map has a total length of 152.6 cM with average gene spacing of 5.5 cM. Comparison with HSAX confirms one previously reported major breakpoint and inversion, and other minor rearrangements between OARX and HSAX. Comparison of the linkage map with sheep sequence data OAR 1.0 reveals a different arrangement of markers on the q arm, which may more accurately reflect the genuine arrangement of this region.
The effect of silage energy concentration and price on finishing decisions for young dairy bulls
Authors: Bonesmo H. , Randby Å. T. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study focuses on the effect of grass silage energy concentration and price on the decisions about concentrate level, slaughter age and carcass weight in the finishing of young dairy bulls.The three main steps were as follows: (i) the adaption of a daily liveweight (LW) gain simulation model to young dairy bulls of the breed Norwegian Red; (ii) the comparison of the model key output to experimental data; and (iii) model‐based maximization with respect to the profitability of the finishing period, and stochastic simulations with respect to prediction error and variation as derived from the experimental data. In general, the model adequately simulated the LW gain of the bulls, but tended to overestimate the LWs of the bulls that received very high energy rations and underestimated the LWs of the bulls fed with the lowest energy diets. Model‐based maximization of profit was conducted for three silage energy concentrations, expressed as feed unit beef (FUb), combined with three silage prices. Taking into account the risk associated with model prediction error and the empirical variation and correlation among key variables, we concluded that under the prevailing Norwegian economical conditions, finishing of young dairy bulls with an early harvested silage having an energy concentration of slightly above 0·90 FUb kg−1 dry matter, 10% FUb concentrate of the total FUb ration and an average daily LW gain of 1·2–1·3 kg LW d−1 will offer the highest profit.
Conserving a moving target: planning protection for a migratory species as its distribution changes
Authors: Singh Navinder J. , Milner‐Gulland Eleanor J. 
Published: November 2010

Summary1. Conservation of declining migratory species is a challenging task, as the factors that may have determined their past distribution may not determine their current and future distribution. Saiga antelope Saiga tatarica populations have massively declined due to poaching. The species is now beginning to recover in Kazakhstan and protected areas are being implemented. Using 25 years of aerial monitoring data, we identified changes in the spring distribution and predicted densities of saiga to prioritize areas for protection under scenarios of climate change together with changes in disturbance and population size. Conserving the spring distribution is critical as spring calving aggregations are of particular importance to population viability.2. The current distribution is strongly influenced by disturbance, whereas climate had a stronger influence in the past. The area of highly suitable habitat has halved and become fragmented in the last decade. The existing and proposed protected areas are relatively complementary and perform well under most scenarios of future change. However there is a need to widen the geographical scope of protected area planning if potential future high suitability areas are to be effectively protected.3. Climate change interacts with other factors to determine the distribution of suitable habitat within and outside protected areas. Scenarios in which conservation has increased saiga population size and density tend to show limited impacts of climate change, while scenarios in which the saiga population fails to recover and disturbance continues show, worsening patchiness and reduced suitable habitat.4. Synthesis and applications. We provide evidence for changing distribution and density of a migratory species over a large spatio‐temporal scale, and suggest that future distribution may be more constrained and spatially heterogeneous. These results have important implications for designing future conservation measures for migratory species, such that areas that robustly show high suitability under a range of potential scenarios of change can be included in protected area expansion plans. Protected area placement based only on current, rather than projected distribution risks wasting opportunities for proactive conservation, particularly for a highly disturbed, recovering species likely to be affected by climate change.
Using a Trust Inference Model for Flexible and Controlled Information Sharing During Crises
Authors: Yang Qian , Yao Danfeng , Garnett James , Muller Kaitlyn 
Published: November 2010

The fluid, urgent nature of crises requires flexible, responsive information sharing. Recent studies show, however, that in business catastrophes and other kinds of crises conventional access control mechanisms favor security over flexibility. Our work addresses these seemingly contradictory needs for security and flexibility and designs a trust inference model based on fuzzy logic, a model that can be used with pervasive computing technologies using sensors and mobile devices. Drawing upon research on trust, we design a trust inference model using attributes of affiliation, task performance, and urgency; apply the model to a known crisis; discuss implementation issues; and explore issues for further research.This article is dedicated to Alan Jarman, a founding influence in the Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management who died in Canberra 15 July 2010. Alan's quantitative, engineering background and his long standing commitment to improving crisis decision making prompted him to encourage our applying fuzzy logic to crisis information sharing. We are grateful for Alan's encouragement and advice.
Assessment of referrals to the hospital eye service by optometrists and GPs in Bradford and Airedale
Authors: Davey Christopher J , Green Clare , Elliott David B 
Published: November 2010

Citation information: Davey CJ, Green C & Elliott DB. Assessment of referrals to the hospital eye service by optometrists and GPs in Bradford and Airedale. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 23–28. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2010.00797.xAbstractPurpose:  To investigate the content of referrals to a hospital eye department and describe differences between referring clinician (optometrist or GP) and referral formats.Methods:  A random sample of 433 new referrals to Bradford Royal Infirmary hospital eye service (HES) during 2007 and 2008 were retrospectively analysed.Results:  Three hundred and eleven referrals (72%) were from optometric practice and 122 (28%) from general practice. Optometric referrals were mainly for cataract and posterior capsular opacification (27%), glaucoma or suspect glaucoma (20%) and diabetic retinopathy (10%).Conclusions:  The proportion of referrals to the hospital eye service from optometrists appears to be increasing (1988: 39%, 1999: 48%, present study 72%). GPs mainly refer patients with anterior segment disorders, particularly lid lesions, based on direct observation and symptoms. Optometrists refer patients with a wide range of ocular diseases and include fundus observations and visual acuity measurements in their referrals. There is a need to inform optometrists of what content is required in a referral to the HES from GOS sight tests, at least for the common referral conditions such as age‐related cataract and suspect open‐angle glaucoma. Referral forms specifically designed for these commonly referred conditions are likely to improve referral quality.
How important is plant litter to the regulation of mineral‐N leaching to streams in winter? An observations‐led experimental approach
Authors: Riaz M. , Mian I. A. , Cresser M. S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAmmonium‐N concentrations were frequently observed to exceed nitrate‐N concentrations in an intermittently flowing stream draining acid grassland in North Yorkshire. This prompted the design of a soil microcosm experiment to investigate the role of litter in the leaching of ammonium and nitrate from soil profiles during winter. Drainage water was analysed weekly for N species, pH, mineral acid anions and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) for a period of 11 weeks, while extractable mineral‐N was determined after 5 and 11 weeks. The results demonstrate that litter plays an important role in reducing mineral‐N leaching in winter months. They also suggest that DOC from the litter participates in mineral‐N retention in the soil profiles in winter. Ammonium‐N and nitrate‐N concentrations measured in the microcosm drainage water are similar to those of the stream.
Does the Degree of Preoperative Subluxation or Soft Tissue Tension Affect the Incidence of Postoperative Luxation in Dogs after Total Hip Replacement?
Authors: Hayes Graham M. , Ramirez Juan , Langley Hobbs Sorrel J. 
Published: November 2010

Objective:To investigate whether preexisting coxofemoral subluxation/luxation predisposes to postoperative total hip replacement (THR) luxation.Study Design:Case series.Animals:Dogs (n=100) that had cemented THR (n=109); 23 normal controls.Methods:A preliminary study was performed to validate our methods of assessing luxation and laxity by comparing dogs with severe hip dysplasia with a control population of normal dogs. For the main study, the records and radiographs of all dogs that had primary THR were reviewed. Measurements taken from preoperative radiographs to quantify hip subluxation/laxity included the Norberg angle, subluxation index, and 2 new measures: acetabular depth ratio (ADR) and dorsal acetabular rim ratio (DARR). Differences between groups that had luxation within 8 weeks and those that did not were investigated.Results:Postoperative luxation occurred in 13 dogs (12%) within 8 weeks of surgery. Luxation was significantly associated with various measurements (including Norberg angle, ADR, DARR) thought to reflect degree of subluxation/soft tissue tension.Conclusion:Luxation after canine THR is a multifactorial problem but preexisting subluxation/soft tissue laxity is a significant risk factor for this complication.
Health Care Provider Perceptions of Pain Treatment in Hispanic Patients
Authors: Chiauzzi Emil , Black Ryan A. , Frayjo Kezia , Reznikova Margarita , Grimes Serrano Jill M. , Zacharoff Kevin , Wood Mollie 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDespite increasing numbers of Hispanic patients in the United States, this group continues to face disparities in access and quality of pain treatment. Although previous surveys have examined treatment disparities experienced by minority patients, none have provided a provider‐centric perspective on issues and concerns surrounding pain relief among pain patients of Hispanic/Latino origin. The goal of this study was to assess the relationship between provider characteristics (ie, Spanish fluency, Hispanic caseload size, and experience with Hispanic pain patients) and their perceptions of pain treatment in these patients. One hundred eighty‐seven health professionals completed an online survey. The major findings indicated that: (1) less than 20% of health professionals treating Hispanic pain patients reported Spanish proficiency at an advanced level; (2) surveyed health professionals were involved treating a significant proportion of Hispanic patients in their caseloads, but reported a lack of cultural competence training; (3) Spanish fluency and experience with Hispanic pain patients exerts a strong effect on the use of established pain treatment practices; (4) providers with greater Spanish fluency report a significantly greater effect of patients' cultural beliefs and attitudes on treatment; and (5) providers did not regard cultural or language barriers as significantly impacting opioid prescribing or patient compliance.
Kosher medicine and medicalized halacha: An exploration of triadic relations among Israeli rabbis, doctors, and infertility patients
Authors: IVRY TSIPY 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTDrawing on my ethnography of rabbinically mediated fertility treatments for observant Jewish couples in Israel, I illuminate two simultaneous processes: the koshering of medical care and the medicalization of rabbinic law. My findings show how hands‐on rabbinic interventions transform doctor–patient relations into rabbi–doctor–patient relations and introduce a network of power relations into clinical practice, at times empowering and at times disempowering patients. This case prompts a reconsideration of scholars’ tendency to view biomedicine in hegemonic terms.
Thermal variability alters climatic stress resistance and plastic responses in a globally invasive pest, the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata)
Authors: Terblanche John S. , Nyamukondiwa Casper , Kleynhans Elsje 
Published: November 2010

AbstractClimatic means with different degrees of variability (δ) may change in the future and could significantly impact ectotherm species fitness. Thus, there is an increased interest in understanding the effects of changes in means and variances of temperature on traits of climatic stress resistance. Here, we examined short‐term (within‐generation) variation in mean temperature (23, 25, and 27 °C) at three levels of diel thermal fluctuations (δ = 1, 3, or 5 °C) on an invasive pest insect, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Using the adult flies, we address the hypothesis that temperature variability may affect the climatic stress resistance over and above changes in mean temperature at constant variability levels. We scored the traits of high‐ and low‐thermal tolerance, high‐ and low‐temperature acute hardening ability, water balance, and egg production under benign conditions after exposure to each of the nine experimental scenarios. Most importantly, results showed that temperature variance may have significant effects in addition to the changes in mean temperature for most traits scored. Although typical acclimation responses were detected for most of the traits under low variance conditions, high variance scenarios dramatically altered the outcomes, with poorer climatic stress resistance detected in some, but not all, traits. These results suggest that large temperature fluctuations might limit plastic responses which in turn could reduce the insect fitness. Increased mean temperatures in conjunction with increased temperature variability may therefore have stronger negative effects on this agricultural pest than elevated temperatures alone. The results of this study therefore have significant implications for understanding insect responses to climate change and suggest that analyses or simulations of only mean temperature variation may be inappropriate for predicting population‐level responses under future climate change scenarios despite their widespread use.
Life and death decisions for incompetent patients: determining best interests – the Irish perspective
Authors: Armstrong K , Ryan CA , Hawkes CP , Janvier A , Dempsey EM 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAims:  To determine whether healthcare providers apply the best interest principle equally to different resuscitation decisions.Methods:  An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to consultants, trainees in neonatology, paediatrics, obstetrics and 4th medical students. It examined resuscitation scenarios of critically ill patients all needing immediate resuscitation. Outcomes were described including survival and potential long‐term sequelae. Respondents were asked whether they would intubate, whether resuscitation was in the patients best interest, would they accept surrogate refusal to initiate resuscitation and in what order they would resuscitate.Results:  The response rate was 74%. The majority would wish resuscitation for all except the 80‐year‐old. It was in the best interest of the 2‐month‐old and the 7‐year‐old to be resuscitated compared to the remaining scenarios (p value <0.05 for each comparison). Approximately one quarter who believed it was in a patient best interests to be resuscitated would nonetheless accept the family refusing resuscitation. Medical students were statistically more likely to advocate resuscitation in each category.Conclusion:  These results suggest resuscitation is not solely related to survival or long‐term outcome and the best interest principle is applied differently, more so at the beginning of life.
Thin newborns are more insulin resistant at 10 years of age
Authors: Larnkjær A , Ingstrup H K , Schack‐Nielsen L , Mølgaard C , Michaelsen KF 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAims:  To investigate the relation between ponderal index or birth weight and insulin resistance in late childhood.Methods:  An observational study of 92‐term appropriate‐for‐gestational age infants was carried out. Weight and length were measured at birth and at 9 months and duration of breast feeding was noted at 9 months. Follow‐up examinations at 10 years of age included measurement of weight, height, pubertal status, fasting insulin and glucose concentrations.Results:  Ponderal index at birth was negatively (B ± SE = −0.05 ± 0.02; p = 0.025) and current BMI was positively (B ± SE = 0.14 ± 0.02; p < 0.001) associated with insulin resistance measured as homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) at 10 years of age adjusted for gender and pubertal stage. Current BMI and ponderal index at birth were still significant after adjusting for weight at 9 months. Birth weight and weight at 9 months was not correlated with HOMA (p = 0.58) adjusted for current BMI, gender and pubertal stage. HOMA was higher in the tertile with the lowest ponderal index than in the two remaining tertiles (p = 0.024).Conclusion:  Relative thinness at birth, but neither birth weight nor weight gain from 0–9 months, was associated with higher insulin resistance at 10 years of age in this cohort with a low prevalence of overweight at 10 years of age and normal birth weight.
Morniga G: A Plant Lectin as an Endocytic Ligand for Photosensitizer Molecule Targeting Toward Tumor‐Associated T/Tn Antigens
Authors: Poiroux Guillaume , Pitié Marguerite , Culerrier Raphaël , Ségui Bruno , Van Damme Els J.M. , Peumans Willy J. , Bernadou Jean , Levade Thierry , Rougé Pierre , Barre Annick , Benoist Hervé 
Published: November 2010

AbstractPorphyrins are used as photosensitizer (PS) in photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment. Nevertheless, the development of photochemotherapy in oncology remains limited, because of the low selectivity of PSs. In order to allow PS targeting toward tumor‐associated antigens, for the first time a white‐light activatable porphyrin, [5‐(4‐(5‐carboxy‐1‐butoxy)‐phenyl)‐10,15,20‐tris(4‐N‐methyl)‐pyridiniumyl)‐porphyrin] (TrMPyP) was covalently linked to Morniga G (MorG), a galactose‐specific binding plant lectin, known to recognize with high‐affinity tumor‐associated T/Tn antigen in cell‐free systems. Firstly, using fluorescein‐labeled MorG, the sugar‐dependent binding and uptake of lectin by Tn‐positive (Jurkat lymphoid leukemia) cells was demonstrated. Secondly, the TrMPyP–MorG conjugate was molecularly characterized. Cytometric and confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that PS covalent linking to MorG preserved sugar‐dependent specific binding and uptake of lectin by Jurkat leukemia lymphocytes. Thirdly, the conjugate (with a 1:1 PS:lectin ratio) that was bound and quickly (5 min) taken‐up, induced greater than 90% cytotoxicity upon irradiation at 10 nm concentration, whereas the free PS was absolutely nontoxic. On the contrary, normal lymphocytes strongly resisted to the conjugate‐mediated phototoxicity. Thus, owing to their binding and endocytosis capacities, plant lectins represent promising molecules for targeting of tumor glycan alteration and to enhance the efficiency of specific delivery of PSs to tumor cells.
Flow Cytometry Sorting of Recombinant Mycobacterial Species Yields Bacterial Clones with Enhanced Insert Expression
Authors: Yu Jae-Sung , Whitesides John , Lee Sun-Hee , Taylor Natalie , Jacobs William R. , Letvin Norman L. , Haynes Barton F. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
Recombinant mycobacteria hold promise as vectors for delivery of HIV-1 and other pathogen antigen inserts for inducing systemic and mucosal immune responses. In general, the immunogenicity of the recombinant mycobacterial insert is proportional to the level of insert expression. In this study, a novel flow cytometry-based assay has been developed to sort live recombinant mycobacterial mutants with high expression of foreign inserts and to enrich those sorted bacterial populations. Sorted recombinant mycobacterial clones expressed higher levels of the ovalbumin SIINFEKL epitope, and select sorted clones showed better immunogenicity than unsorted recombinant mycobacteria. Thus, flow cytometry-based sorting can isolate recombinant mycobacteria enriched for higher insert expression.