bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The dynamics of brain and cerebrospinal fluid growth in normal versus hydrocephalic mice
Authors: Mandell Jason G. , Neuberger Thomas , Drapaca Corina S. , Webb Andrew G. , Schiff Steven J. 
Published: July 2010

Object
Hydrocephalus has traditionally been quantified by linear measures of ventricular size, with adjunct use of cortical mantle thickness. However, clinical outcome depends on cognitive function, which is more directly related to brain volume than these previous measures. The authors sought to quantify the dynamics of brain and ventricular volume growth in normal compared with hydrocephalic mice.

Methods
Hydrocephalus was induced in 14-day-old C57BL/6 mice by percutaneous injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna. Nine hydrocephalic and 6 normal mice were serially imaged from age 2–12 weeks with a 14.1-T MR imaging unit. Total brain and ventricle volumes were calculated, and linear discriminant analysis was applied.

Results
Two very different patterns of response were seen in hydrocephalic mice compared with mice with normative growth. In one pattern (3 mice) brain growth was normal despite accumulation of CSF, and in the second pattern (6 mice) abnormal brain enlargement was accompanied by increased CSF volume along with parenchymal edema. In this latter pattern, spontaneous ventricular rupture led to normalization of brain volume, implying edema from transmantle pressure gradients. These 2 patterns of hydrocephalus were significantly discriminable using linear discriminant analysis (p < 0.01). In contrast, clinically relevant measurements of head circumference or frontal and occipital horn ratios were unable to discriminate between these patterns.

Conclusions
This study is, to the authors' knowledge, the first serial quantification of the growth of brain and ventricle volumes in normal versus hydrocephalic development. The authors' findings demonstrate the feasibility of constructing normative curves of brain and fluid growth as complements to normative head circumference curves. By measuring brain volumes, distinct patterns of brain growth and enlargement can be observed, which are more likely linked to cognitive development and clinical outcome than fluid volumes alone.
La statuaire du Sud-Est du Bangladesh du Xe au XIIe siècle
Authors: Bautze-Picron Claudine 
Published: July 2010

Various criteria contribute to define this school of sculpture : 1° till the end of the 10th c, images were imported from Bihar and Northern Bengal. Their number decreases afterwards when, in the 11th and 12th c, the local production suddenly increases ; 2° from the very beginning of the development, two stylistic (and secondarily here, iconographie) trends exist. The one remains close to the Northern Bengal stylistic school while the other becomes caracteristic of the area. They can also influence each another and works are found which present motifs or forms of motifs of the two groups. The « local » trend is defined by : the umbrella at the top of the stele ; the partial representation if not
the absence of the royal throne, miniature images of the god or of the avatâras at its place ; the position of Garuda in the middle of the pedestal ; the belt closed by a knot under the navel, long pendants and one or two rows of pearled arches are hanging from the belt ; the kirîtamukuta on the upper flat part of the female hairdress, with the bun on the back of the neck ; the short yajnopavîta falling on the waist ; the hem of Sûrya's pourpoint underlined by a low relief ; the kaustubha carved on Vismi's breast ; the jatâmukuta with rounded locks of hair ; the padma on which stands or sits the deity directly attached to its roots. These motifs were progressively introduced and their shapes changed in course of time. This school could also influence the Northern school in the 12th c. : position of Garuda, kaustubha on Visnu's breast, small characters flying in the scrolls springing up from the mouth of the kîrtimukha.
L'image du Buddha dans la statuaire birmane
Authors: Gatellier Marie 
Published: July 2010

Many publications have been made on Buddha images but very few study the iconographic characteristics of the Buddha image in Burma. We tried in this paper to present a condensed outlook of the Buddha image in the Burmese sculpture. For this purpose, we classified the Burmese images in three chronological periods :
— Ancient Period (Srîksetra) 5th to 9th centuries A.D.
— Pagan Period, 9th to 13th centuries A.D.
— Post Pagan Period, 13th to 19th centuries A.D.
For each period, we gave the most noticeable features of the Buddha images (position, gesture, garment and material). Afterwards, we studied separately some special cases : the Buddha walking, the Buddha shielded by the Nâga king, the Buddha holding the myrobalan fruit and, at last, the colossal Buddha images.
Le complexe cultuel de Togolok 21 en Margiane
Authors: Sarianidi Viktor Ivanovič 
Published: July 2010

A Bronze Age culture covering an area of 3000 Sq Km in the remote Karakum desert has been discovered during the last decade. It is assumed to be the country of Margush of the Behistun inscription. Over 150 settlements were found and among them the Gonur- 1 site was apparently a capital. Its center is occupied by a citadel of an almost square shape with the remnants of the once monumental complex. It is possible that a smaller citadel was also situated on another settlement of Adji Kui-8.
The sites of the Togolok group belong to the Early Iron Age. The cultural level of the capital settlement of Togolok- 1 was 3,5 m thick and has revealed three ceramic complexes. The material from the surface of the Togolok- 1 5 site refers to the Early Iron Age and represents a special interest. On the Togolok-27 site there was found a plastic vessel of an unusual shape. Similar ceramic complexes, though of the mid. I mill. B.C., are found in Bactria on such sites as Kutlug Tepe and Altin-10.
On the Togolok-2 1 site there was excavated a monumental complex built in the shape of a square, having strong defensive walls with the central " fortress " inside them. The interior of the " fortress " has a surprisingly regular planning. The Northern part of the building was apparently used for ceremonial occasions. The interior of all of the premises and the floors were plastered. The central section of the building was occupied by
" an inner small court " with a by-passing corridor and a vestibule. The Southern section was most likely used for subsidiary premises. The findings of the complex include some cult ritual vessels, among them a vessel made of a big shell, and stone cones with cylinders on their tops. The character of these findings leads us to presume that the temple was most likely used as a place for cult libations of such drinks as haoma or soma. Among the other findings should also be mentioned a bull's head, a two-sides amulet, a three-edged cone with a drawing of a tree on top of a mountain surrounded by snakes standing on their tails, a stone mace decorated with twisted ribbons, a clearly ritual bronze axe. All these findings taken together prove the special character of the central complex. So far until the absolute dates are obtained the period of the complex is referred to the turn of the II-I mill. B.C. or even to the beginning of the I mill. B.C.
The Togolok-2 1 plan has no direct parallels among other buildings and is most likely the invention of the people who came from the ancient delta of the Murghab river in the II mill. B.C. It is quite accepted that these were immigrant tribes from eastern Iran.
At present the Bactrian archaeological complex finds its most demonstrative parallels in Beluchistan among the materials of Mehrgarh VIII and Sibri which makes it necessary to resolutely revise the archaeological evidence of the Aryan problem.
Cinq dessins de Basâwan au musée Guimet
Authors: Okada Amina 
Published: July 2010

The Guimet Museum possesses five drawings by Basâwan which are rarely reproduced and consequently relatively little known by enthusiasts of Mughal miniatures. These drawings, executed about 1590 in lampblack on paper, reveal as much by their subjects as by their style, the artist's aesthetic development and the highly original and innovative character of his artistic talent. The first three drawings, Woman on a monster's head, Young woman and old man, and Allegorical figure, certainly show some of the almost unanimous infatuation aroused during the second half of the reign of the Emperor Akbar, by the chance discovery of European engravings with allegorical or religious subjects brought to India by missionaries. Basâwan, however, while readily conforming to the " exotism " then in vogue in the Imperial studio gave free rein to his imagination and adapted more than he copied the foreign prototypes that inspired him.
The two other drawings, the Flute player and the Dervish reveal Basâwan's interest in and sympathy for the eccentric personages of his time and his taste for portraiture, no longer conceived as an essentially decorative and stereotyped art, but as an excellent means of capturing the subject's character. This exacting search for realism and psychological truth apparent in Basâwan's portraits under the reigns of the Emperor Jahângîr and the Emperor Shah Jahân was later to make portrait painting the expression par excellence of Mughal pictorial genius.
Le thème chinois des « Quatre Dormants » et sa résurgence dans le monde musulman
Authors: Berthier Annie , Berthier François 
Published: July 2010

Having already made its appearance in the tenth century work of Shike, the theme of the "Four Sleepers" continued, in the fourteenth century, to provide subject matter for Chan (Zen) painters both in China, during the Yuan period, and also in Japan.
Just as China had been influenced by spiritual contributions coming to her from the west, so she, in return, began to export her own culture westwards along the Silk Route until it reached distant countries far beyond even the great intellectual clearinghouse of Iran. Buddhist ideas, in particular, travelled steadily from oasis to oasis and from cliff to cliff, passing on their way the India of their origins, until they succeeded in reaching points very much further to the west. In the Topkapi Saray Museum at Istambul, a city connecting two continents, there is a small painting which shows the Sino Japanese "Four Sleepers". The work is on a modest scale; but, nevertheless, its historical significance is very great and renders it worthy of special attention and study, since it forges a subtle and undeniable link between the world of the Far East and that of Islamic Turkey.
Le rôle des bannières et des peintures mobiles dans les rituels du bouddhisme d'Asie centrale
Authors: Jera-Bezard Robert , Maillard Monique 
Published: July 2010

In a previous paper entitled " Origin and mounting of painted banners from Dunhuang " we endeavour to trace the formation of the different kinds of Buddhist banners and removable paintings from their origin.
The purpose of the present study is to find out what should have been the use of these different categories of objects.
Numerous litterary sources attest the important place bestowed to banners and removable paintings during Buddhist ceremonies. In the most of them, the difference between the aniconic banners and streamers and the painted images is emphasized. The first are regarded as objects to honour the Buddha and adorn his stûpa, the second are used for the cult and
religious ceremonies. So the apparent contradiction between the prohibition to offer their image to the Buddhas and the bodhisattvas and the numerous removable paintings representing them seems solved. The prohibition concerns only the banners with a figure but not the aniconic streamers or " five coloured banners. "
An important part of the paintings recovered at Dunhuang are dedicatory paintings and banners, they have unquestionably close links with the funerary cults.
In the course of their evolution, the great thematic paintings as the oblong iconographie banners became major components of the Buddhist esoteric ritual.
Angkor Thom, une utopie réalisée? Structuration de l'espace et modèle indien d'urbanisme dans le Cambodge ancien
Authors: Gaucher Jacques 
Published: July 2010

Angkor Thom, ancienne capitale royale à l'époque angko- rienne aujourd'hui recouverte par la forêt, fait l'objet, depuis 2000, d'une exploration méthodique menée à l'échelle du site (9000000 m2) et fondée, dans une première phase, sur des prospections morphologiques et pédologiques, des levés topographiques et des sondages stratigraphiques ponctuels. La méthode mise en place, relevant d'une archéologie urbaine, a permis la découverte d'un grand nombre de structures - chaussées, fossés, canaux, voies d'eau- dont l'échelle, la fonction et la régularité constituent des données urbaines nouvelles essentielles. Un plan schématique de la ville dans son dernier état montre l'ensemble des grands réseaux urbains
découverts à ce jour. L'auteur souligne le caractère urbain du site et insiste sur la régularité de sa structuration. Le caractère géométrique de la figure dessinée par un certain nombre des structures mises au jour incite à rechercher l'application d'un modèle théorique. L'auteur souligne le faisceau d'affinités qui existe entre les données archéologiques et les prescriptions urbaines provenant des traités indiens de l'habitat. Sachant qu'aucun plan de capitale royale ancienne indienne conforme aux traités n'a été réellement reconnu à ce jour, la capitale khmère apparaîtrait alors comme une utopie, au sens propre du terme, réalisée au-delà des mers.
Normalized Bioimpedance Indices are Better Predictors of Outcome in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Koh Keng-Hee , Wong Hin-Seng , Go Kuan-Weng , Morad Zaki 
Published: July 2010

Background While phase angle of bioimpedance analysis (BIA) has great survival-predicting value in dialysis populations, it is known to be higher in male than in female subjects. In this study, we aimed to explore the factors influencing the predictive value of phase angle and to identify the appropriate physics terms for normalizing capacitance (C) and resistance (R). Methods We formulated body capacitive index (BCI), CBMI (capacitance x height2/weight), body resistive index (BRI), RBMI (resistance x weight/height2), and CH2 (capacitance x height2). We also studied H2/R, R/H, and reactance of a capacitor/height (XC/H). There are 3 components in this study design: ( 1 ) establishment of normal values in a control Malaysian population, ( 2 ) comparison of these with a CAPD population, and ( 3 ) prediction of survival within a CAPD population. We initially performed a BIA study in 206 female and 116 male healthy volunteers, followed by a prospective study in a cohort of 128 CAPD patients [47 with diabetes mellitus (DM), 81 non-DM; 59 males, 69 females] for at least 2 years. All the parameters during enrolment, including BIA, serum albumin, peritoneal equilibrium test, age, and DM status, were analyzed. Outcome measurement was survival. Results In healthy volunteers, both genders had the same BCI (2.0 nF kg/m2). On the contrary, female normal subjects had higher BRI than male normal subjects (median 15 642 vs 13242 Ω kg/m2, p < 0.001) due to higher fat percentage (35.4% ± 0.4% vs 28.0% ± 0.6%, p < 0.001), resulting in a lower phase angle (mean 5.82 ± 0.04 vs 6.86 ± 0.07 degrees, p < 0.001). Logistic regression showed that BCI was the best risk indicator in 128 CAPD patients versus 322 normal subjects. In age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched head-to-head comparison, BCI had the highest χ2 value (χ2 = 102.63), followed by CH2 (or H2/XC; χ2 = 81.00), BRI (χ2 = 20.54), and XC/H (x2 = 20.48), with p value < 0.001 for these parameters. In comparison, phase angle (χ2 = 11.42), R/H (χ2 = 7.19), and H2/R (χ2 = 5.69) had lower χ2 values. 35 (27.3%) patients died during the study period. Univariate analysis adjusted for DM status and serum albumin level demonstrated that non-surviving patients had significantly higher CH2 (245 vs 169 nF m2, p < 0.001) and BCI (4.0 vs 2.9 nF m2/kg, p = 0.005) than patients that survived. CH2 was the best predictor for all-cause mortality in Cox regression analysis, followed by BCI, phase angle, and XC/H. Conclusion Measures that normalize, such as BCI and CH2, have higher risk discrimination and survival prediction ability than measures that do not normalize, such as phase angle. Unlike phase angle, measurement of BCI overcomes the gender effect. In this study, the best risk indicator for CAPD patients versus the general population is BCI, reflecting deficit in nutritional concentration, while CH2 reflects total nutritional deficit and thus is the major risk indicator for survival of CAPD patients.
Linkage of Some Trace Elements, Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress in Patients Undergoing Either Hemodialysis or Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Guo Chih-Hung , Wang Chia-Liang , Chen Pei-Chung , Yang Te-Cheng 
Published: July 2010

Background Changes in essential trace elements may affect the inflammatory and immunological state of patients on hemodialysis (HD) or peritoneal dialysis (PD). Therefore, we aimed to determine trace element content and markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune status in HD and PD patients and to assess the relationships among these parameters. Methods Patients on either HD ( n = 20) or PD ( n = 20) and age-, sex-, body mass index-matched healthy individuals ( n = 20) were enrolled in the study. The trace elements zinc, copper, selenium, and iron; markers of oxidative stress thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and protein carbonyl levels; activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase; percentages of CD3 T lymphocytes and the subsets CD4 and CD8; the CD4/CD8 ratio; and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured. Results All dialysis patients had low levels of albumin and hemoglobin. Significantly decreased percentages of CD3 and CD4 T lymphocytes and increased levels of CRP, TBARS, and carbonyl compounds were observed in HD patients. HD patients also had elevated erythrocyte SOD, lower GPx and catalase activities, and decreased levels of Se, Zn, and Fe in comparison to PD patients and healthy subjects. In addition, CRP was positively associated with TBARS and carbonyl levels, but was significantly inversely associated with Zn and Se levels. Positive correlations were found between T lymphocyte CD3 and CD4 percentages and Zn, Se, and Fe levels. Conclusions There were significant decreases in T lymphocyte-related immunological regulation and increased inflammation and oxidative stress in dialysis patients. Essential trace element status was independently related to immune status, inflammation, and oxidative damage.
Informing Response Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis. I: Discrimination Models Based on Data from 3 Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor Randomized Studies
Authors: GLADMAN DAFNA D. , TOM BRIAN D.M. , MEASE PHILIP J. , FAREWELL VERNON T. 
Published: July 2010

Objective.To develop statistical models, based on the analysis of data from phase III randomized placebo-controlled trials of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors over a 24-week period, that may inform the definition of response measures for clinical trials in psoriatic arthritis (PsA).Methods.Data from phase III randomized controlled trials with anti-TNF agents were used. A training set using baseline and 24-week data from 2 trials was used to derive the models, which were then tested on a dataset using baseline and interim data from the third trial, and baseline and interim data from the first 2 trials. Logistic regression, tree analysis, and factor analysis were considered in the development of the models. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were constructed and area under the curve (AUC) calculated to assess performance of the models.Results.Two models were derived. One was based on differences between baseline and last-visit values, which identified the current 68 tender joint count (TJC68), baseline and change in C-reactive protein (CRP), and the measure with the highest difference among the patient and physician global assessment of disease activity (GDA), patient assessment of pain and the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). The second model was based on percentage change from baseline and included TJC68, CRP, physician GDA, patient global assessment of arthritis pain, and HAQ. Both models provided high AUC of at least 0.8 for both the training and testing sets.Conclusion.Models for discriminating joint disease response patterns in PsA were derived from data from randomized controlled trials. These models can now be used to inform further consideration of response measures for trials.
The Patient Activity Scale-II Is a Generic Indicator of Active Disease in Patients with Rheumatic Disorders
Authors: PAREKH KETNA , TAYLOR WILLIAM J. 
Published: July 2010

Objective.To determine whether the Patient Activity Scale-II (PAS-II) is a generic measure of disease activity by assessing whether the relationship of PAS-II with treatment decision (indicating disease activity) is invariant across disease.Methods.The Health Assessment Questionnaire-II (HAQ-II), a 10 cm visual analog scale for “pain,” and another for “patient global assessment” were recorded from 1000 consecutive patients attending rheumatology outpatient clinics. Active disease was defined as treatment intensity increased and inactive disease was defined as treatment intensity unchanged or decreased. A logistic regression analysis was conducted with active disease as the dependent variable and the predictor variables were PAS-II, diagnostic category, and the interaction between diagnostic category and PAS-II.Results.PAS-II had a weak but statistically significant association with active disease that was independent of diagnosis. An increase of 1 point in PAS-II increased the odds of being in the active disease state by 1.19 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.37). The relationship between active disease state and PAS was not affected by diagnostic category.Conclusion.PAS-II can be used as a generic self-report indicator of active disease across different rheumatic disorders, and not just in rheumatoid arthritis. The strength of the relationship with disease activity is weak and physician-derived indicators remain very important.