bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modèles de citoyenneté et mobilisation politique des migrants en Suisse: Le rôle des cantons
Authors: Eggert Nina , Murigande Anita 
Published: January 2011

RésuméLa littérature récente sur la mobilisation politique des migrants a mis en évidence l'impact des modèles de citoyenneté nationaux sur celle‐ci comme structure des opportunités politiques spécifique au champ de l'immigration et des relations ethniques. Cette approche contient néanmoins des limites, particulièrement pour le cas de la Suisse caractérisée par le fédéralisme d'exécution dans le domaine de la naturalisation et de l'intégration des migrants. Ainsi, la marge de manœuvre laissée aux cantons en la matière permet de construire une typologie de modèles de citoyenneté cantonaux inspirée de la typologie nationale. L'hypothèse est que les modèles de citoyenneté cantonaux influencent la mobilisation des migrants sur le plan local en Suisse, non seulement au niveau de la participation mais également au niveau thèmes abordés. Une analyse des revendications politiques des migrants dans les cantons suisses nous permet de vérifier cette hypothèse. En effet, nous montrons que la participation et les thèmes abordés diffèrent selon les pratiques cantonales en matière de naturalisation et d'intégration des migrants.
Synthese von Virginiamycin S1 und Virginiamycin S4
Authors: Kessler Horst , Kühn Manfred , Löschner Thomas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractZwei Synthesen von Virginiamycin S1 (1a) und eine Synthese von Virginiamycin S4 (1b) werden beschrieben. In der ersten Synthese von 1a wird das cyclische Hexapeptid 9 zuerst hergestellt und anschließend die exocyclische 3‐Hydroxypicolinsäure an der freien Aminogruppe des Threonins ankondensiert. In der zweiten und dritten Synthese wird die ungeschützte 3‐Hydroxypicolinsäure in die lineare Peptidsequenz mit eingebaut (13, 17) und nach Cyclisierung zwischen Prolin und N‐Methylphenylalanin direkt Virginiamycin S1 (1a) bzw. Virginiamycin S4 (1b) erhalten.
Chemie reaktiver Kationen von Schwefeldioxidanalogen, XIV1) Reaktion kationischer Schwefeldiimide mit Alkenen
Authors: Lux Rudolf , Schwöbel Alfred , Kresze Günter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDie Reaktivität der beiden unsymmetrisch substituierten kationischen Schwefeldiimide 1a und 1b gegenüber Alkenen 2 wurde untersucht. Im Gegensatz zu 1b reagiert 1a regioselektiv zu den [2+2]‐Cycloaddukten 7 und 9, die Vertreter einer bisher noch unbekannten Verbindungsklasse, der Thiazetidiniumsalze, sind. Diese Cycloaddukte lassen sich basisch zu den entsprechenden Sulfinsäureamiden 10 bzw. 11 hydrolysieren.
Muramyl Peptides, 1 Stereochemically Pure Derivatives of Muramic and Isomuramic Acids
Authors: Gross Paul H. , Rimpler Manfred 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAn improved, large‐scale preparation is described, leading from 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose to benzyl 2‐acetamido‐4,6‐O‐benzylidene‐3‐O‐[(R)‐1‐carboxyethyl]‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐glucopyranoside (α‐Benzyl N‐acetyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylidenemuramic acid. 5r) and its (S)‐isomer (α‐Benzyl N‐acetyl‐4,6‐O‐benzylideneisomuramic acid, 5s) via chromatographic separation of their methyl esters (4r and 4s). The high yield and complete separation of 4r and 4s allow a reliable assessment of the low stereoselectivity of the lactyl ether synthesis step from racemic 2‐chloropropionic acid. Similarly, syntheses employing pure enantiomers of 2‐chloropropionic acid were disclosed as not completely stereospecific. Coupling products with L‐ and D‐alanine esters were prepared for both 5r and 5s.
Chemie und Stereochemie der Iridoide, VI1) Ein einfaches Verfahren zur Herstellung von (1S,2S,6R,7R)‐(−)‐2‐(Benzylthio)‐7‐hydroxy‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan‐9‐on aus Catalpol – Strukturbeweis durch Röntgenbeugung
Authors: Weinges Klaus , Haremsa Sylke , Huber‐Patz Ursula , Jahn Reiner , Rodewald Hans , Irngartinger Hermann , Jaggy Hermann , Melzer Ernst 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEs wird die Isolierung von Catalpol (1) aus Picrorhiza kurrooa (Scrophulariaceae) im 100‐g‐Maßstab beschrieben. Aus Catalpol (1) wird nach einem einfachen Verfahren das (1S,2S,6R,7R)‐(−)‐2‐(Benzylthio)‐7‐hydroxy‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan‐9‐on (4a) hergestellt. Da 4a eine zentrale Zwischenverbindung für EPC‐Synthesen cyclopentanoider Naturstoffe ist, wird seine Struktur durch Röntgenbeugung von 4b bestimmt.
Chemie und Stereochemie der Iridoide, VII1) Enantiomerenreine Zwischenprodukte zur Synthese von diastereomeren 12‐epi‐Prostaglandinen
Authors: Weinges Klaus , Brunner Dieter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDurch eine Vierkomponenten‐Inversionsreaktion wird aus Catalpol (7a) das 6,3′‐epi‐Catalpol (8a) erhalten, aus dem durch Abbau das (1S,2S,6R,7S)‐(−)‐2‐(Benzylthio)‐7‐ hydroxy‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan‐9‐on (4) entsteht. 4 läßt sich durch LiAlH4‐Reduktion in die diastereomeren 2‐(Benzylthio)‐3‐oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonan‐7,9‐diole (5a und 6a) überführen, deren absolute Konfigurationen NMR‐spektroskopisch bewiesen werden. Damit sind die vier Diole 2a, 3a, 5a und 6a aus Catalpol (7a) zugänglich, die als Zwischenprodukte zur Synthese von diastereomeren 12‐epi‐Prostaglandinen von Interesse sind.
Struktur und Geruch, IV1) Synthese und Riechstoff‐Eigenschaften von Rosenoxid‐Analoga
Authors: Hoepfner Wolfgang , Weyerstahl Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractZur systematischen Untersuchung von Analoga des Rosenoxids (1) wurden die seco‐Ether 2–6, die cyclischen nor‐Ether 7–10 und die in der Funktion variierten Verbindungen 11 und 12 dargestellt. – Für den typisch krautig‐würzigen Geruch von 1 ist vor allem die cyclische Ether‐Struktur wichtig.
F‐Säuren als Vorstufen der Urofuransäuren
Authors: Schödel Rolf , Dietel P. , Spiteller Gerhard 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDer starke Anstieg der Pentylurofuransäure 1 im Harn nach Einnahme einer Probe des F‐Säure‐methylesters 2a beweist, daß der menschliche Körper im Gegensatz zum Organismus der Ratte befähigt ist, nicht nur die lange Seitenkette der F‐Säure abzubauen, sondern auch die Methylgruppe in Position 3 des Furanringes zu oxidieren. Als Nebenprodukt dieses Stoffwechselversuches wurde die Furandicarbonsäure 3d gefunden. Diese ist bei Ratten eines der Hauptstoffwechselprodukte eines F‐Säuremethylestergemisches. Darüber hinaus ließ sich 3d auch vor Einnahme des F‐Säure‐methylesters 2a in menschlichem Harn nachweisen. Damit ist wahrscheinlich geworden, daß F‐Säure auch im menschlichen Organismus vorhanden ist.
On the importance of synoptic classification methods with respect to environmental phenomena
Authors: Dayan Uri , Tubi Amit , Levy Ilan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOne of the most important goals of synoptic climatology is to analyse the relationships between atmospheric circulation and surface environmental conditions. Since manual (subjective) classification might reflect differently environmental phenomena as compared to computer assisted (semi‐objective) classification, a comparison between both classifications was performed for the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) for 10 years. The overall frequencies of the 19 recurring synoptic types characterising the circulation regime over the EM are similar for both methods (correlation coefficient = 0.96, p‐value < 0.0001). Nevertheless, comparing the classifications on a day‐to‐day basis for the three most common types showed a large degree of disagreement between the two. For synoptic types with a deep horizontal pressure gradient both classifications yielded the highest agreement (over 50%), improving the consistency between both classifications.Yarnal's (1993) ‘environment‐to‐circulation’ approach was tested on three surface environment processes: air pollutants, desert dust intrusions, and flash floods. Our results indicate that the weak pressure gradients associated with high ozone levels make the classification more difficult for both methods. Regarding dust outbreaks, classifications point on the importance of the cold cyclone location rather than its pressure gradient. As for flash floods, the flow pattern at the surface level is insufficient to predict atmospheric conditions prone for their occurrence, suggesting that upper air data is an essential factor for determining such highly convective events.Finally, two new approaches to evaluate the quality of classifications are presented, demonstrated on two frequent circulation systems persisting over the EM. A qualitative approach compares the composite mean sea level pressure maps from each classification, while a quantitative approach compares the resultant winds at a central site.This study demonstrates that comparing different synoptic classification methodologies and different environmental applications can lead to additional and valuable insights on the interaction between the environment and synoptic‐scale circulation. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Supramolecular‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction: A novel sample preparation technique utilizes coacervates and reverse micelles
Authors: Jafarvand Sanaz , Shemirani Farzaneh 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe present study reports a novel sample enrichment method termed supramolecular‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (SM‐DLLME). The SM solvent selected was made up of reversed micelles of decanoic acid dispersed in tetrahydrofuran (THF)‐water. THF plays double role, not only acts as a disperser solvent but also causes self‐assembly of decanoic acid. The contaminant used as a model was Malachite Green (MG). It was a cationic dye and was preconcentrated without any derivatization or ion‐pair formation reaction. In SM‐DLLME, the most important advantages of DLLME technique and preconcentration strategy based on the coacervation and reverse micelles have come together. Moreover, in this method, disadvantages of DLLME such as extraction capability of only hydrophobic analytes and hiring toxic and hazardous organic solvents as the extraction solvent and disadvantages of coacervation‐based extraction method such as tedious, labor‐intensive and time‐consuming stirring procedure have been avoided. Several variables affecting the microextraction efficiency were investigated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions and preconcentration of only 5.00 mL of sample, the enhancement factor was 52, limit of detection (LOD) was 4 μg/L and relative standard deviations (RSDs) for 145 and 36 μg/L of MG in textile industry wastewater were 1.8 and 3.2%, respectively (n=6).
Determination of marker residue of Olaquindox in fish tissue by ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhang Xiaojun , Zheng Bin , Zhang Hong , Chen Xuechang , Mei Guangming 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMethyl‐3‐quinoxaline‐2‐carboxylic acid (MQCA) is the last major remaining detectable metabolite of Olaquindox in animal tissue. A rapid, sensitive and specific ultra performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS) method was developed for the detection and quantification of MQCA in fish tissue using deuterated quinoxaline‐2‐carboxylic acid (d4‐QCA) as internal standard. Various parameters affecting sample preparation, LC separation and MS/MS detection were investigated, and the optimal conditions concerned were determined. Fish tissue samples were subject to hydrochloric acid hydrolysis followed by Oasis MAX solid‐phase extraction clean‐up; analysis was performed using UPLC coupled to electrospray MS/MS. The chromatographic separation was achieved in less than 5 min. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were 0.1 and 0.25 ng/g, respectively. The average recoveries of MQCA, spiked at levels of 0.25–50.0 ng/g, were from 92.7 to 104.3%. The relative standard deviation values were <6%. The validated method was successfully applied to analyze 60 batch samples collected from the local market.
Effect of remote ischemic preconditioning on liver ischemia/reperfusion injury using a new mouse model
Authors: Abu-Amara Mahmoud , Yang Shi Yu , Quaglia Alberto , Rowley Peter , Tapuria Niteen , Seifalian Alexander M. , Fuller Barry J. , Davidson Brian R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Ischemic preconditioning of remote organs (RIPC) reduces liver ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury in the rabbit and rat. Mice are the only species available with a large number of transgenic strains. This study describes development and validation of a mouse model of hindlimb RIPC that attenuates liver IR injury. Mice were allocated to 4 groups: (1) Sham surgery; (2) RIPC: 6 cycles of 4 × 4 minutes ischemia/reperfusion of hindlimb; (3) IR: 40 minutes lobar (70%) hepatic ischemia and 2 hours reperfusion; (4) RIPC+IR: RIPC followed by IR group procedures. Plasma liver aminotransferases and hepatic histopathological and transmission electron microscopy studies were performed at the end of the experiment. Hepatic microcirculatory blood flow was measured throughout the experiment. Postoperative complications and animal survival were evaluated. Hindlimb RIPC using a tourniquet resulted in limb paralysis. Hindlimb RIPC using direct clamping of the femoral vessels showed no side effects. Compared to liver IR alone, RIPC+IR reduced plasma aminotransferases (P < 0.05) and histopathological and ultrastructural features of injury. Hepatic microcirculatory blood flow was preserved in the RIPC+IR compared to IR group (P < 0.05). There was no mortality in any of the groups. By demonstrating a consistent improvement in these features of liver IR injury with antecedent hindlimb RIPC and by minimizing experimental confounding variables, we validated this mouse model. In conclusion, we describe a validated mouse model of hindlimb RIPC that reduces liver IR injury. With the availability of transgenic mice strains, this model should prove useful in unraveling the mechanisms of protection of hindlimb RIPC. Liver Transpl 17:70-82, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.
Synthesis and Characterization of Semicrystalline Polyethylene‐graft‐Poly(acrylic acid) Copolymers
Authors: Schneider Yanika , McVerry Brian T. , Bazan Guillermo C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHydrophilic polyolefin materials were prepared by grafting tBA from PE macroinitiators bearing functionalized norbornene units capable of initiating an ATRP. This method produced semicrystalline graft copolymers (PE‐graft‐PtBA) with narrow molecular weight distributions (1.2–1.4) and tunable tBA content (2–21 mol‐%). Incorporation of tBA resulted in a decrease in crystallinity, but little change in the melting point of the products. Subsequently, the tBA moieties were converted into acrylic acid units through chemical and thermal means to generate PE‐graft‐PAA copolymers. The increased hydrophilicity of the resulting materials was verified by ATR‐IR, solid‐state 13C NMR spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and TGA.magnified image
Pharmacokinetics of α‐mangostin in rats after intravenous and oral application
Authors: Li Li , Brunner Isabelle , Han Ah‐Reum , Hamburger Matthias , Kinghorn Alan Douglas , Frye Reginald , Butterweck Veronika 
Published: January 2011

AbstractScope: The xanthone α‐mangostin is one of the major bioactive secondary metabolites in Garcinia mangostana. Until now, in vivo studies on the absorption, bioavailability, disposition, and metabolism of α‐mangostin are limited.Methods and results: In the present study, an LC‐MS/MS assay has been established for the determination of α‐mangostin in rat plasma. The validated method was used successfully to support pharmacokinetic studies in rats after intravenous (i.v.) and oral administration. Both non‐compartmental and compartmental analyses were performed, where the two‐compartment body model had a good fit with the i.v. data. Following i.v. administration, the disposition of α‐mangostin in rat plasma was biphasic, subdivided into a fast distribution and a slow elimination phase. The half‐life of the distribution phase was 3 min, and that of the terminal elimination phase 3.5 h, indicating a high tissue binding. However, for oral administration, the bioavailability was so low that it was not possible to obtain a full concentration–time profile.Conclusion: Although pure α‐mangostin has shown a variety of pharmacological activities in in vitro assays at present it is uncertain if the same magnitude of effects will be achieved in vivo when its low bioavailability is considered.
Extrinsic and intrinsic control of germ cell proliferation in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Waters Katherine A. , Reinke Valerie 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe germ cells of Caenorhabditis elegans serve as a useful model to study the balance between proliferation and differentiation within the context of development and changing environmental signals experienced by the animal. Germ cells adjacent to a stem cell niche in the distal region of the gonad retain the capacity to divide during adulthood, making them unique from other cells in the organism. We will highlight recent advances in our understanding of mechanisms that control proliferation, as well as the signaling pathways involved in promoting mitosis at the expense of differentiation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 78:151–160, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sacral neurophysiologic study in patients with chronic spinal cord injury
Authors: Podnar Simon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAimsNeurophysiologic testing of the sacral reflex has demonstrated utility in the diagnosis of sacral lower motor neuron lesions. The aim of the present study was to also apply this test to patients with upper motor neuron lesions.MethodsA group of 16 male patients with chronic suprasacral spinal cord lesions was prospectively recruited. In addition to history and clinical neurologic examination (including anal sphincter tone, saddle sensation, and penilo‐cavernosus reflex testing), sacral neurophysiologic studies were performed. Neurophysiologic testing included quantitative electromyography of the external anal sphincter (motor unit potential (MUP) count during relaxation and MUP analysis), and neurophysiologic measurement of the penilo‐cavernosus reflex (elicitation threshold and latency) on electrical stimulation. The findings were compared to data obtained in the control group of 26 men.ResultsClinical elicitability of the penilo‐cavernosus reflex was increased, and the neurophysiologically measured reflex threshold reduced in patients (<0.02). No significant differences were found in clinical assessment of anal sphincter tone, MUP count, reflex latency, and quantitative MUP analysis. The diagnostic sensitivity of individual parameters was low (≤25%).ConclusionsIn patients with chronic spinal cord injury, increased elicitability of the penilo‐cavernosus reflex was found. However, none of the assessed neurophysiologic parameters was found to assist in the diagnosis of the sacral upper motor neuron lesion in individual patients. The shortened sacral reflex latency found in individual patients is therefore not a consequence of a suprasegmental lesion, but rather of the low position of the conus medullaris (e.g., in tethered cord syndrome). 30:587–592, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Falls risk reduction and treatment of overactive bladder symptoms with antimuscarinic agents: A scoping review
Authors: Hunter Kathleen F. , Wagg Adrian , Kerridge Teresa , Chick Hope , Chambers Thane 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAimsOveractive bladder (OAB) symptoms are associated with falls and fractures in older adults and treatment with antimuscarinic agents may decrease this falls risk. Bladder‐specific antimuscarinic agents may also adversely affect falls risk because of drug‐related cognitive impairment. Thus, a tension between effective treatment, falls risk reduction, and increased falls risk is created. We conducted a scoping review to determine whether sufficient studies exist to warrant a full systematic review of falls risk reduction through treatment of OAB and to identify gaps in current research.MethodsUsing an iterative scoping approach, a search of electronic databases was undertaken using key terms. Studies in any setting of older adults who had fallen or were at risk for falls and were provided pharmacological treatment of OAB to reduce of falls or falls risk were sought. Relevant articles were identified, reviewed, and used to map research activity regarding the pharmacological treatment of OAB in older adults and its relationship to falls and falls risk reduction.ResultsOnly one study met our initial inclusion criteria. Six additional studies were useful in identification research gaps, particularly in terms of outcome measures.ConclusionsInsufficient evidence exists to recommend antimuscarinic treatment as a strategy for falls reduction, and the contribution of such agents to increased falls risk is unclear. Future studies of antimuscarinic agents for OAB must include measures of falls and falls risk and cognitive effects. 30:490–494, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of graphite filler loading and heat treatment temperature on the properties of phenolic resin based carbon–carbon composites
Authors: Ravikumar N.L. , Kar Kamal K. , Sathiyamoorthy Dakshinamoorthy 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCarbon/carbon composites (C/Cs) were prepared through polymer pyrolysis using PAN based carbon fabric (Panex(R) 35) and resol type phenolic resin having 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% of graphite fillers. These precursor composites were heat treated at 600, 900, and 1200°C. The effects of filler loading on the precursor composites and their C/Cs were investigated through density, microstructure, and mechanical properties. Since, the precursor composites were prepared under similar processing conditions and technique, at any particular filler loading when the heat treatment temperature increases, the bulk density of the samples decreases. The filler addition accelerates the formation of the carbon basal planes in the matrix supported by X‐ray diffraction studies. The properties such as tensile strength and strain decrease continuously mainly due to change in the matrix structure and decrease of density, whereas, the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) and interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT) increase mainly because of improvement in the modulus of matrix. At any particular heat treatment temperature, depending on the filler content and matrix type, the density, tensile properties, ILSS, and ILFT of the samples show different trends. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Comparison of the morphology and mechanical properties of unmodified and surface‐modified nanosized calcium carbonate in a polypropylene matrix
Authors: Eteläaho P. , Haveri S. , Järvelä P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPolypropylene‐(PP)‐based nanocomposites with unmodified and surface‐modified nanosized calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were melt‐compounded to 3, 6, and 9 wt% filler contents. The nanofillers comprised two commercial grades from Mineral Technologies and one noncommercial pilot grade, and they differed in their particle size and/or surface modification. The fillers' dispersion and particle size and their adhesion to the matrix were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, nanocomposite mechanical properties were determined and then compared with the properties of neat matrix material. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed to determine the stearic acid content in the surface‐modified fillers and their thermal stability. Microscopic examination revealed that the commercial grades dispersed better in and adhered more strongly to the matrix than the pilot grade. Thermal analysis showed that the commercial grade contained less stearic acid and was thermally more stable. Better dispersion, smaller particle size distribution, and less stearic acid seemed to result in balanced mechanical performance. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers