bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical evaluation of a single‐wavelength fractional laser and a novel multi‐wavelength fractional laser in the treatment of photodamaged skin
Authors: Geraghty Laurel Naversen , Biesman Brian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNonablative fractional lasers are well recognized for rejuvenating photoaged skin. We previously reported favorable outcomes with short follow‐up after the use of 1,440‐nm Nd:YAG laser energy used alone or in combination with a 1,320‐nm laser to effect rejuvenation and wrinkle reduction. We now report longer follow‐up data.Study Design/Materials and MethodsNineteen Caucasian subjects (average age 47±8.4; range 33–62) exhibiting mild‐to‐moderate photoaging of the face and neck were treated four times (average interval 18.1± 4.1 days; range 11–37 days) with the 1,440‐nm Nd:YAG fractional laser (average fluence 3.7±0.3 J/cm2) or the 1,320/1,440‐nm multiplex Nd:YAG fractional laser (1,320‐nm average fluence 8.4±0.4 J/cm2; 1,440‐nm average fluence 2.3±0.2 J/cm2). Outcomes were assessed by subjects and the treating physician using a quartile scale to evaluate skin tightening, surface texture, rhytids, dyschromia, erythema, and global appearance after 1, 3, and 6 months. Retroauricular punch biopsies from three patients were used to evaluate wound healing. Three patients withdrew from the study prior to evaluation, one missed the 1‐month evaluation, and one missed the 6‐month evaluation.ResultsAssessment by subjects and the treating physician revealed clinical improvement for all outcomes after 1, 3, and 6 months. The differences between the treatment groups were not statistically significant. Subjects demonstrated the greatest average 6‐month improvements in surface texture and global skin appearance. Subjects treated with the multiplex laser reported more skin tightening than the group treated only with the 1,440‐nm laser. Histological evaluation revealed wound healing within 10 days and significant neocollagenesis at 3 months. No adverse events were reported in any subject.ConclusionThe 1,440‐nm Nd:YAG and 1,320/1,440‐nm multiplex Nd:YAG lasers safely and effectively produced improved surface texture, rhytids, dyschromia, erythema, global skin appearance, and skin tightening. Histopathologic findings correlated with clinical observations. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:408–426, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of 595 nm pulsed dye laser on superficial and nodular basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Shah Sonali M. , Konnikov Nellie , Duncan Lyn M. , Tannous Zeina S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveBasal cell carcinomas (BCCs) have supporting vasculature that could serve as a target for 595 nm pulsed dye laser (PDL). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of repeated PDL treatments on BCCs of superficial and nodular subtypes and of varying diameters.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwenty biopsy‐proven BCCs received four 595 nm PDL treatments at 2‐week intervals. The tumor and 4 mm of peripheral skin were treated using a set of previously optimized laser parameters: one pass, 15 J/cm2 energy, 3 ms pulse length, no cooling, and 7 mm spot size with 10% overlap. The treated area was excised and evaluated histologically for residual tumor. Histologic response rates of the PDL treated BCCs were compared with that of non‐PDL treated, matched control tumors.ResultsNearly all BCCs <1.5 cm in diameter (n = 12) showed complete response to four PDL treatments (91.7%; n = 11/12) versus 16.7% of controls (n = 2/12, P‐value = 0.0003). BCCs ≥1.5 cm in diameter (n = 8) showed a complete response rate of 25% (n = 2/8) versus 0% of controls (n = 0/8, P‐value = 0.2). Mean clinical tumor diameter of the complete responders was 1.1 cm (n = 13) versus 2.2 cm (n = 7) for incomplete responders (P‐value = 0.005). Tumor histologic types among the complete responders included superficial, nodular, micronodular, and keratinizing. Incompletely responding BCCs showed a significant reduction in tumor burden after PDL treatment, with residual histologic tumor burden ranging from <1% to 29% of the original clinical tumor diameter, compared to 13–68% residual tumor burden for the corresponding controls (P‐value = 0.05).ConclusionsPDL is an effective means of reducing tumor burden in patients with large BCCs and may be an alternative therapy in BCCs <1.5 cm in diameter. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:417–422, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silicate Cross‐Linked Bio‐Nanocomposite Hydrogels from PEO and Chitosan
Authors: Jin Qu , Schexnailder Patrick , Gaharwar Akhilesh K. , Schmidt Gudrun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe compositions and the multi phase structures of bio‐nanocomposite hydrogels made from silicate cross‐linked PEO and chitosan are related to some of their physical and biological properties. The gels are injectable and self‐healing because the cross‐linking is physical and reversible under deformation. The presence of chitosan aggregates affects the viscoelastic properties and reinforces the hydrogel network. The chitosan adds advantageous properties to the hydrogel such as enhanced cell spreading and adhesion. In vitro biocompatibility data indicate that NIH 3T3 fibroblasts grow and proliferate on the bio‐nanocomposite hydrogel as well as on hydrogel films.magnified image
Hairy Core–Shell Nanoparticles via RAFT: Where are the Opportunities and Where are the Problems and Challenges?
Authors: Stenzel Martina H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe preparation of hairy core–shell nanoparticles including (crosslinked) micelles, unimolecular micelles such as star polymers with block structures in each arm and surface grafted nanoparticles such as inorganic particles via the RAFT process are discussed. The RAFT process is certainly a highly versatile process. However, it should not be forgotten that RAFT polymerization is a process, i.e., superimposed on a conventional free radical process. Furthermore, the livingness of the process is dependent on the accessibility of the RAFT group, which can be hampered in certain approaches such as star synthesis and surface grafting from nanoparticles. Nevertheless, the RAFT process is a versatile toolbox that offers good solutions to a range of problems in the preparation of hairy nanoparticles.magnified image
Microphase‐Separated Brushes on Square Platelets in PS‐b‐PEO Thin Films
Authors: Yang Ping , Han Yanchun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) thin films, microphase‐separated brushes on the square platelets can be obtained via fast solvent evaporation by controlling the tethering density (0.08 < σ < 0.11). The tethering density of the brushes is proportional to the thickness of the PEO crystal and increases with increasing initial solution heating temperature (Ti). When Ti < Tm, where Tm is the melting point of PEO, brushes with microphase‐separated structures are observed. The formation of microphase‐separated brushes depends on two factors: the strong incompatibility between PS and noncrystalline PEO chains (attached to the crystalline PEO) and the weak interaction between PS‐PS brushes.magnified image
A Novel Strategy for the Synthesis of Sheet‐Like Polyaniline
Authors: Zhang Haibin , Wang Jixiao , Wang Zhi , Zhang Fengbao , Wang Shichang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) micro/nanosheets are successfully synthesized by a template‐free method without using any conventional oxidants. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and FT‐IR spectroscopy are applied to characterize the products. By investigating the morphologies and chemical structures of the PANI micro/nanosheets, a possible formation mechanism is proposed. In addition, the influences of experimental parameters, such as the kind of dopant, concentration of aniline, and acidity of reaction system, on the morphologies of the PANI micro/nanosheets have been systematically investigated.magnified image
Polyaniline “Nanotube” Self‐Assembly: The Stage of Granular Agglomeration on Nanorod Templates
Authors: Laslau Cosmin , Zujovic Zoran D. , Travas‐Sejdic Jadranka 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe identification and control of a critical stage of polyaniline “nanotube” self‐assembly is presented, namely the granular agglomeration or growth onto nanorod templates. When the synthesis pH is held above 2.5, smooth insulating nanorods exhibiting hydrogen bonding and containing phenazine structures are produced, while below pH 2.5, small 15–30 nm granular polyaniline nanoparticles appear to agglomerate onto the available nanorod surface, apparently improving conductivity of the resulting structures by three orders of magnitude. This finding affects both fundamental theories of polyaniline nanostructure self‐assembly and their practical applications.magnified image
In vivo 1H NMR spectroscopy of the human brain at high magnetic fields: Metabolite quantification at 4T vs. 7T
Authors: Tkáč Ivan , Öz Gülin , Adriany Gregor , Uğurbil Kamil , Gruetter Rolf 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA comprehensive comparative study of metabolite quantification from the human brain was performed on the same 10 subjects at 4T and 7T using MR scanners with identical consoles, the same type of RF coils, and identical pulse sequences and data analysis. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) was increased by a factor of 2 at 7T relative to 4T in a volume of interest selected in the occipital cortex using half‐volume quadrature radio frequency (RF) coils. Spectral linewidth was increased by 50% at 7T, which resulted in a 14% increase in spectral resolution at 7T relative to 4T. Seventeen brain metabolites were reliably quantified at both field strengths. Metabolite quantification at 7T was less sensitive to reduced SNR than at 4T. The precision of metabolite quantification and detectability of weakly represented metabolites were substantially increased at 7T relative to 4T. Because of the increased spectral resolution at 7T, only one‐half of the SNR of a 4T spectrum was required to obtain the same quantification precision. The Cramér‐Rao lower bounds (CRLB), a measure of quantification precision, of several metabolites were lower at both field strengths than the intersubject variation in metabolite concentrations, which resulted in a strong correlation between metabolite concentrations of individual subjects measured at 4T and 7T. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multivariate hypothesis testing framework for tissue clustering and classification of DTI data
Authors: Freidlin Raisa Z. , Özarslan Evren , Assaf Yaniv , Komlosh Michal E. , Basser Peter J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe primary aim of this work is to propose and investigate the effectiveness of a novel unsupervised tissue clustering and classification algorithm for diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) data. The proposed algorithm utilizes information about the degree of homogeneity of the distribution of diffusion tensors within voxels. We adapt frameworks proposed by Hext and Snedecor, where the null hypothesis of diffusion tensors belonging to the same distribution is assessed by an F‐test. Tissue type is classified according to one of the four possible diffusion models, the assignment of which is determined by a parsimonious model selection framework based on Schwarz Criterion. Both numerical phantoms and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) data obtained from excised rat and pig spinal cords are used to test and validate these tissue clustering and classification approaches. The unsupervised clustering method effectively identifies distinct regions of interest (ROIs) in phantoms and real experimental DTI data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method to simulate interactions between deformable composite structures and compressible multiphase flow
Authors: Xie Wenfeng , Liu Zhanke , Young Yin Lu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractInteractions between deformable composite structures and compressible multiphase flow are common for many marine/submarine problems. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the application of composite structures in marine industry (e.g. propulsion system, ship hulls, marine platforms, marine turbines, etc) to take advantage their high stiffness to weight and strength to weight ratios, and high impact/shock resistance characteristics. It is therefore important to evaluate the performance of composite structures subject to dynamic loads. In this paper, a coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian numerical method is proposed to model the two‐dimensional (2D) or axisymmetric response of deformable composite structures subject to shock and blast loads. The method couples an Eulerian compressible multiphase fluid solver with a general Lagrangian solid solver using an interface capturing method, and is validated using analytical, numerical, and experimental results. A 2D case study is shown for an underwater explosion beneath a three‐layered composite structure with clamped ends. The importance of 2D fluid–structure interaction effects on the transient response between composite structures and compressible multiphase flow is discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control vector parameterization approach in optimization of alternating aerobic–anoxic systems
Authors: Balku Saziye , Yuceer Mehmet , Berber Ridvan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDetermination of the optimal aeration profile for an activated sludge system in which nitrification and denitrification take place sequentially in a single reactor (alternating aerobic–anoxic) is an attractive optimization problem because of complexities involved in, and high computational times required for solution. The rigorous dynamic modeling and start‐up simulation of such a system, together with aeration profile optimization by an evolutionary algorithm (EA), were tackled in a previous study. In this paper an easy‐to‐implement dynamic optimization technique based on sequential quadratic programming method and control vector parameterization approach is provided. In comparison with EA, the proposed algorithm gives better results in shorter computation times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimality conditions for boundary control of non‐well‐posed elliptic equations
Authors: Luan Shu , Gao Hang , Lin Ping 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we discuss a boundary optimal control problem governed by a class of non‐well‐posed semi‐linear elliptic equations. By considering a well‐posed penalization problem and taking limit in the optimality system for penalization problem, we obtain the necessary optimality conditions for optimal pairs of initial control problem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(thienylene‐vinylene‐thienylene) with cyano substituent: Synthesis and application in field‐effect transistor and polymer solar cell
Authors: Wan Meixiu , Wu Weiping , Sang Guangyi , Zou Yingping , Liu Yunqi , Li Yongfang 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA novel conjugated polymer, poly(thienylene‐vinylene‐thienylene) with cyano substituent (CN‐PTVT) was synthesized via Stille coupling for the application in air stable field‐effect transistor and polymer solar cell. The polymer was characterized by 1H NMR, elemental analysis, UV‐vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy, TGA, cyclic voltammetry and XRD analysis. CN‐PTVT exhibits a good thermal stability with 5% weight loss at 306 °C. The FET hole mobility of the polymer reached 5.9 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 with Ion/Ioff ratio of 4.9 × 104, which is one of the highest performance among the air‐stable amorphous polymers. The polymer solar cell based on CN‐PTVT as donor and PCBM as acceptor shows a relatively high open‐circuit voltage of 0.82 V and a power conversion efficiency of 0.3% under the illumination of AM1.5, 100 mW/cm2. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4028–4036, 2009
Synthesis and characterization of high molecular weight hexafluoroisopropylidene‐containing polybenzimidazole for high‐temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells
Authors: Qian Guoqing , Benicewicz Brian C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA high molecular weight, thermally and chemical stable hexafluoroisopropylidene containing polybenzimidazole (6F‐PBI) was synthesized from 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine (TAB) and 2,2‐bis(4‐carboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane (6F‐diacid) using polyphosphoric acid (PPA) as both the polycondensation agent and the polymerization solvent. Investigation of polymerization conditions to achieve high molecular weight polymers was explored via stepwise temperature control, monomer concentration in PPA, and final polymerization temperature. The polymer characterization included inherent viscosity (I.V.) measurement and GPC as a determination of polymer molecular weight, thermal and chemical stability assessment via thermo gravimetric analysis and Fenton test, respectively. The resulting high molecular weight polymer showed excellent thermal and chemical stability. Phosphoric acid doped 6F‐PBI membranes were prepared using the PPA process. The physiochemical properties of phosphoric acid doped membranes were characterized by measuring the phosphoric acid doping level, mechanical properties, and proton conductivity. These membranes showed higher phosphoric acid doping levels and higher proton conductivities than the membranes prepared by the conventional membrane fabrication processes. These membranes had sufficient mechanical properties to be easily fabricated into membrane electrode assemblies (MEA) and the prepared MEAs were tested in single cell fuel cells under various conditions, with a focus on the high temperature performance and fuel impurity tolerance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4064–4073, 2009
Reducible polyethylenimine hydrogels with disulfide crosslinkers prepared by michael addition chemistry as drug delivery carriers: Synthesis, properties, and in vitro release
Authors: Han Shou‐Chen , He Wei‐Dong , Li Jian , Li Li‐Ying , Sun Xiao‐Li , Zhang Bo‐Yu , Pan Ting‐Ting 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDegradable hydrogels crosslinked with disulfide bonds were prepared by Michael addition between amine groups of branched polyethylenimine and carbon–carbon double bonds of N,N′‐bis(acryloyl)cystamine. The influences of the chemical composition of the resulted hydrogels on their properties were examined in terms of morphology, surface area, swelling kinetics, and degradation. The hydrogels were uniformly crosslinked and degraded into water‐soluble polymers in the presence of the reducing agent of dithiothreitol, which improved the control over the release of encapsulated drug. The degradation of hydrogels can trigger the release of encapsulated molecules, as well as facilitate the removal of empty vehicles. Results obtained from in vitro drug release suggested that the disulfide crosslinked hydrogels exhibited an accelerated release of encapsulated drug in dithiothreitol‐containing PBS buffer solution. Moreover, the drug release rate decreased gradually with increasing crosslinking density. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 4074–4082, 2009
AFM nanoindentation of viscoelastic materials with large end‐radius probes
Authors: Moeller Gunter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe used atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation to measure mechanical properties of polymers. Although AFM is generally acknowledged as a high‐resolution imaging tool, accurate quantification of AFM nanoindentation results is challenging. Two main challenges are determination of the projected area for objects as small as AFM tips and use of appropriate analysis methods for viscoelastic materials. We report significant accuracy improvements for modulus measurements when large end‐radius tips with appropriate cantilever stiffnesses are used for indentation. Using this approach, the instantaneous elastic modulus of four polymers we studied was measured within 30 to 40% of Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) results. The probes can, despite their size and very high stiffnesses, be used for imaging of very small domains in heterogeneous materials. For viscoelastic materials, we developed an AFM creep test to determine the instantaneous elastic modulus. The AFM method allows application of a nearly perfect stepload that facilitates data analysis based on hereditary integrals. Results for three polymers suggest that the observed creep in the materials has a strong plastic flow component even at small loads. In this respect, the spherical indenter tips behave like “sharp” indenters used in indentation studies with instrumented indenters. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 1573–1587, 2009
Systematic review of post‐treatment psychosocial and behaviour change interventions for men with cancer
Authors: Dale Hannah L. , Adair Pauline M. , Humphris Gerry M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractObjectives: The psychosocial impacts of a cancer diagnosis include reduced quality of life, poorer inter‐personal relationships, hopelessness and mental illness. Worse outcomes, including mortality rates have been found for single men with cancer compared with women and partnered men. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effectiveness of post‐treatment psychosocial and behaviour change interventions for adult men with cancer, in order to inform the development of an intervention. A focus on single men was intended.Methods: Ten databases were searched via Ovid and Web of Science. Papers were systematically extracted by title, abstract and full paper according to the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Full papers were assessed by two authors. Inclusion criteria: participants at any stage of a cancer diagnosis, ⩾50% male and aged 18+; psychosocial and/or behavioural post‐treatment interventions, using any format; a one–three level of evidence. Couple/carer/family interventions were excluded.Results: From 9948 studies initially identified, 11 were finally included in the review. They implemented cognitive behaviour therapy, hypnosis or psychoeducational interventions. All studies had some positive results, however, lack of reporting of intervention content and methodological issues limit the findings. No studies intervened with single men, and none provided comparative outcomes for marital status.Conclusions: Effectiveness of interventions was difficult to assess as, while all had benefits, their generalisability was limited due to methodological and reporting limitations. Improved reporting procedures are required to allow for replication. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deep depletion of abundant serum proteins reveals low‐abundant proteins as potential biomarkers for human ovarian cancer
Authors: Lin Biaoyang , White James T. , Wu Jian , Lele Shashikant , Old Lloyd J. , Hood Leroy , Odunsi Kunle 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEpithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) ranks fifth as a cause of cancer deaths in women. Current diagnostic and monitoring markers have limited reliability for the detection of disease. We have tested the possibility of identifying candidate biomarkers present at low nanogram to picogram levels after removing both the 12 most abundant and 77 moderately abundant proteins from serum samples of EOC patients using antibody affinity columns. We showed that this approach allows the identification of proteins that are expressed at nanogram per liter levels in the serum. Using ICAT/MS/MS analysis, we identified 51 proteins that are differentially expressed by at least twofold. These proteins include leucine‐rich α‐2‐glycoprotein, matrix metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9), inter‐α‐trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H1, insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 6, insulin‐like growth factor‐binding protein 3, isoform 1 of epidermal growth factor receptor, angiopoietin‐like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) and phosphatidylcholine‐sterol acyltransferase. We confirmed the differential expression of MMP9 and ANGPTL3 in normal and ovarian cancer sera by ELISA assays. Further robust clinical evaluation of the candidate markers identified is necessary.