bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Solid vs. Liquid Dairy Manure Applications on Corn Yield and Soil Composition
Authors: Sutton A. L. , Nelson D. W. , Kelly D. T. , Hill D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 6‐yr field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of liquid and solid dairy (Bos taurus) manure applications on a Crosby silt loam (Aerie Ochraqualfs) soil cropped to corn (Zea mays L.). Liquid manure at rates of 112, 224, and 336 Mg ha−1 and solid manure at rates of 34, 67, and 101 Mg ha−1 were spread annually for 5 yr. No manure was applied the 6th yr, but the soil was cropped to determine residual nutrient effects. Check and inorganic fertilizer treatments were also included in the study. Manure addition increased corn yields when compared to the check (no fertilizer). There were variable weather conditions and nutrient concentrations of the manure sources, and the manure application rates were relatively high. Corn yields were as great or greater from plots supplied with manure and manure slurries as those supplied with commercial fertilizer. Over the 5 yr of manure application, the 224 Mg ha−1 rate of liquid manure and the 67 Mg ha− rate of solid manure results in maximum corn yields that were 1% higher than commercial fertilizer. Accumulations of nutrients in the soil from high liquid manure application rates (224 and 336 Mg ha−1) increased corn yields during the residual cropping year. Corn leaf N and P concentrations tended to reflect N and P rates applied with the manures and the fertilizer treatment compared to the check, but not consistently each year. Source of manure had little affect on corn leaf composition. Soil P, K, and Na increased with each additional year of manure application and tended to increase with higher application rates. Extractable P accumulated in the upper profile of soil, whereas exchangeable K and Na increased at lower depths in the soil profile, especially with the highest manure application rates. Based on this study, both solid and liquid dairy manures are valuable sources of nutrients for corn production; however, they are less efficient than commercial fertilizers when comparing equivalent nutrient levels and when they are applied to the soil surface. Excessive application of either manure source causes potential for considerable groundwater pollution.
Injury and Yield Response of Cotton to Chronic Doses of Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Heagle Allen S. , Heck W. W. , Lesser V. M. , Rawlings J. O. , Mowry F. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractKnowledge of relationships between chronic doses of O3 and crop yield is required to set air quality standards that protect agricultural interests and to determine the need to develop resistant cultivars of sensitive species. Open‐top field chamber studies have provided some information of this type for a few crop species including one western cullivar of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Our objectives were to measure relationships between chronic doses of O3 and yield of an eastern cotton cultivar and to determine whether these relationships could be affected by chronic doses of SO2. ‘Stoneville 213’ was exposed in open‐top field chambers to five doses of O3 (seasonal 7 h d−1 means from 0.026–0.104 µL L−1) and four doses of SO2 (seasonal 4 h d−1 means from 0.00–0.35 µL L−1), singly, and in all possible combinations. Exposures began when first foliar leaves were expanding and continued until final harvest. Stoneville 213 was sensitive to O3‐induced yield decrease and regression analyses provided models describing this relationship. Compared to cotton yield in charcoal‐filtered‐air chambers, the measured decrease of cotton yield at levels of O3 that occurred during the 1982 season at Raleigh, NC was 11%. Doses of SO2 at levels greater than those occurring regionally did not significantly affect cotton and did not significantly change cotton response to O3.
Characterization of Cadmium and Zinc in Four Soils Treated with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Mullins G. L. , Sommers L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCadmium and Zn were characterized in soils treated with 100 Mg ha−1 of an anaerobically digested sewage sludge from Chicago, IL. The four soils included a Chalmers silt loam (Typic Haplaquolls) (Indiana), Celina loam (Aquic Hapludalfs) (Michigan), Celina silt loam (Aquic Hapludalfs) (Ohio), and a Piano silt loam (Typic Aquidolls) (Wisconsin). The single application of sludge supplied 19 kg Cd ha−1 and 340 kg Zn ha−1. Four or five crops of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) had been grown on each site prior to soil sampling. Soil solutions obtained by a centrifugation method contained Zn in the range of 1.4 to 10.5 µmol L−1 while Cd ranged from 18 to 135 nmol L−1. The addition of sludge increased the concentration of both metals in the soil solutions of all four soils. Evaluation of soil solution data with the computer program GEOCHEM showed that > 85% of the total soluble Cd and > 91% of the total soluble Zn existed as the free metal ion. Sludge addition increased the amount of Cd and Zn extracted by DTP A and 4 M HNO3. The relative increases in soil solution and extractable Cd and Zn were different in each of the four soils even though the same sludge was applied at the same rate. Diffusion coefficients measured with a cation exchange resin paper method (De), ranged from 1.8 × 10−11 to 1.7 × 10−9 cm2 s−1 for Zn and from 5.2 × 10−11 to 3.2 × 1O−10 cm2 s−1 for Cd. The application of sludge had little or no effect on the magnitude of De for either Cd or Zn as measured by the resin paper method, but the diffusion coefficients for Zn were inversely related to soil pH. Increases in the flux of Cd and Zn to plant roots in sludge‐treated soils will be a reflection of changes in soluble and extractable Cd and Zn.
Residues from Organic Arsenical Herbicides in Chemically Thinned Forests
Authors: Newton Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConifers in four Pacific Northwest locations and forest types were stem‐injected with the organic arsenicals cacodylic acid and monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), herbicides used for forest thinning and insect control. Concentrations and locations of As residues in tree stems, twigs, foliage, and in litter and soil were determined. Within each forest type, spring treatment led to somewhat higher concentrations in crowns than did fall application; differences were larger with cacodylic acid than with MSMA. Most residue concentrations were in the range of 20 to 60 mg As/kg (dry‐weight basis). Trees killed 5 yr earlier showed As concentrations of 122 to 670 mg/kg in the phloem just above the injection sites, 10.9 to 25.0 mg/kg in the xylem, and 34.7 to 77.8 mg/kg in upper lateral twigs and terminal leader shoots. Residues in litter were lowest (5–9 mg/kg) in Douglas‐fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] stands and highest (27–46 mg/kg) in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Engelm.) stands. Surface soil concentrations below the litter traps increased 0 to 3.7 mg As/kg over native soil concentrations of 1 to 7 mg/kg. Most observations were within the range of naturally occurring As in these sites. Persons using fuel from treated stands probably would not receive measurable exposure to toxic forms of As. Residues in fuelwood would be minimized if wood at the point of injection and bark on the lower stem were excluded from the fuel. Bark removal is made easy by injecting arsenicals in the fall.
Molybdenum Accumulation by Corn and Soybeans from a Molybdenum‐rich Sewage Sludge
Authors: Pierzynski Gary M. , Jacobs Lee W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn anaerobically digested sewage sludge containing 1500 mg Mo/kg was applied to add 0 to 300 kg Mo/ha in two separate experiments. This field study was conducted with corn (Zea mays L.) and soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] over a 3‐yr‐period to evaluate high Mo additions to soils from the application of Mo‐contaminated wastes. A total Mo analysis of soils sampled after the third growing season accounted for 97% of the applied Mo in two sludge treatments. Concentrations of Mo in whole plant, diagnostic tissue, and grain samples from both crops were significantly increased with any sludge treatment. Lime residues in the sludge increased soil pH's from 4.8 to 7.1 resulting in further Mo accumulation in the plant samplings. Four soil extractants [1.0 M NH4HCO3 + 0.005 M DTPA, 1.2 M NaC2H3O1,Tamm's acid ammonium oxalate, and 0.5 M (NH4)2HPO4] in combination with soil pH were evaluated for their ability to predict Mo concentrations in the plant samplings. Soil pH became significant in the prediction equations when considering more than 1 yr of data. None of the extractants were proven to be clearly better or worse than the others. Further testing of the ammonium bicarbonate‐DTPA extractant is recommended because of its potential for simultaneous use with other plant nutrients and heavy metals in the soil during multielement analysis, as well as the ease by which it can be analyzed using plasma emission.
Effect of Simulated Acid Precipitation on Soil Microbial Activity in a Typic Quartzipsamment
Authors: Will M. E. , Graetz D. A. , Roof B. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of acid precipitation on microbial and enzyme activities were determined in a field study near Melrose, FL. Three transects of two plots each were irrigated with lake water acidified with 7:3 (v/v) H2SO4/HNO3 to pH 3.0 or 3.6, or with unacidified lakewater (pH 4.6, control) at a rate of 10 cm/week for 20 weeks. The experimental plots were divided into covered and uncovered subplots to determine the effect of excluding natural rainfall (pH 4.6). The application of 200 cm of simulated acid precipitation did not significantly influence soil pH, respiration, or arylsulfatase activity. Phosphatase activity decreased under the pH 3.0 treatment and urease activity was stimulated by the pH 3.6 treatment. The amount of N mineralized over a 12‐week incubation period was lower in soil from the pH 3.0 treatmenthan in soil from the pH 3.6 and 4.6 treatments. After the application of 200 cm of simulated acid rain; soil pH, respiration, and phosphatase activity levels were lower in the plots protected from natural rainfall. Twenty‐four weeks after the last acid application there were no differences in any of the measured parameters between the pH treatments.
Plant Availability of Phosphorus in Sewage Sludge Compost
Authors: McCoy J. L. , Sikora L. J. , Weil R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField and greenhouse studies were conducted to compare the effectiveness of Blue Plains sewage sludge compost (BLU), Parkway sewage sludge compost (PAR), and triple superphosphate (TSP) as sources of P for corn. These amendments were applied to a Sassafras sandy loam (Typic Hapludults) in a field study and to the Sassafras soil and a Christiana silty clay loam (Typic Paleudults) in a greenhouse study. First‐year application rates in the field study ranged from 0 to 1500 kg total P/ha. Plots were split the second year with one‐half receiving no additional P and one‐half receiving P equal to 1st‐yr rates. Nitrogen as NH4NO3 was applied at variable rates to plots so that the total assumed available N equaled 180 and 219 kg N/ha for the 1st and 2nd yr, respectively. Dry matter yield and P uptake were measured at the eight‐leaf stage (V8) and at maturity. Below the 100 kg P/ha rate, there were no significant differences in P uptake or yield among the different sources and rates of P. Above the 100 kg P/ha rate, TSP but not the composts, significantly increased growth and P uptake by corn in both field and greenhouse studies. The TSP was approximately four to seven times more effective than either compost in raising tissue P concentration in corn (Zea mays L) ear leaves. A maximum of 2.05 and 11.2% of the P applied as compost and TSP, respectively, was taken up by the corn. Soil P extracted by the dilute double acid (0.5 M HCl and 0.0125 M H2SO4) and 0.5 M NaHCO3 methods increased with increasing P application from all sources. Extractable soil P by both methods correlated well with total P uptake from TSP but did not correlate well with P uptake from the composts. A P fractionation indicated that most of the compost P was associated with Fe and Al and only 2 to 5% was in organic forms. The Fe‐bound P fraction of the amended soils increased with increasing P application from all sources. Two factors appeared to control the P uptake response of corn: the treatment of the wastewater to remove P at the sewage treatment plant, and the P fixing capcity of the soil.
Sediment Losses from Forest Management: Mechanical vs. Chemical Site Preparation After Clearcutting
Authors: Beasley R. S. , Granillo A. B. , Zillmer V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe comparative effects of mechanical and chemical site preparation on water yields and sediment losses following forest clearcutting were evaluated over a 4‐yr period in the Athens Plateau area of southwestern Arkansas. After 1 yr of pretreatment measurements, three forested watersheds were clearcut and the residual vegetation and debris were sheared and windrowed but not burned. Three watersheds were clearcut in a similar manner, but received chemical site preparation. Residual trees on two watersheds were injected with 2–4,D amine; the third watershed was aerially sprayed with a mixture of Tordon® (active ingredient; picloram [4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicoline acid]) and Garlon® (active ingredient; triclopyr [3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinyloxyacetic acid]). Three additional watersheds were left undisturbed for controls. Mean annual sediment losses on the mechanically, site prepared watersheds during the first posttreatment year were significantly higher than those from either the chemically site prepared watersheds or controls. Chemical site preparation did not significantly increase sediment losses. Although 2nd yr losses for the mechanical site preparation and control treatments doubled over 1st‐yr levels, no significant treatment effect was detected for either site preparation treatment. Third‐year losses decreased below 1st‐yr losses for all treatments but not to pretreatment year levels. The relatively sharp declines in sediment losses during the third posttreatment year were attributed to rapid regrowth of natural vegetation on the sites.
Carbon and Nitrogen Mineralization Kinetics for Poultry Litter
Authors: Gale P. M. , Gilmour J. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn incubation study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between net C and net N mineralized during the decomposition of surface‐applied poultry (Gallus gallus) litter. The two litters studied were passed through a 2‐mm sieve and comparisons were made among the fine and coarse fractions, and a 50:50 mixture of these fractions. Carbon mineralization for the fine fraction, as measured by CO2 evolution, followed first‐order kinetics. Three distinct phases of decomposition were observed. Rapid phase rate constants followed the Arrheniuns equation for the 11 to 25°C temperature range, while slow and intermediate phase rate constants at 18 and 25°C were temperature independent. The fine fraction C mineralization rate constants for the rapid phase were 0.018, 0.038, and 0.049 d−1 at temperatures of 11, 18, and 25°C, respectively. For the intermediate and slow phases, rate constants at 25°C were 0.011 and 0.006 d−1, respectively. At 25°C, the rapid phase rate constant for the course fraction was 0.041 d−1 and that of the mixture was 0.046 d−1 . No effect due to size fraction was observed for the intermediate and slow phases. During the rapid phase, net N mineralization paralleled net C mineralization after an initial flush of N mineralization at 1 d. In a comparison among temperatures, the linear relationship between net N mineralized and net C mineralized had a slope of 0.62 for the fine fraction of both litters. The parallel intercepts for this relationship, 160 g N (kg N)−1, for pine (Pinus spp.) shavings and 116 g N (kg N)−1 for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw litter, correlated well with the N mineralized in 1 d, as determined in a separate experiment. In a comparison among fractions, coarse, fine, and mixed fractions had slopes of 0.52, 0.64, and 0.25, respectively, at 25°C. The intercept for the coarse fraction was 65 g N (kg N)−1 with no differences due to litter type. However, differences due to litter type were observed for the fine and mixed fractions.
Nitrogen Transformations in Ponds Receiving Polluted Water from Nonpoint Sources
Authors: Reddy G. B. , Reddy K. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA laboratory study was conducted to determine the role of N transformations in ponds receiving inorganic N‐rich effluents from septic fields, agricultural, and pasture watersheds. Undisturbed sediment columns were obtained from three ponds. Floodwater in the columns was enriched with either 15NH+4‐N or 15NO−3‐N. Ammonium removal rates ranged from 55 to 85 mg N m−2 d−1, while NO−3‐N removal rates ranged from 48 to 71 mg N m−2 d−1. Twenty‐three to 49% of floodwater 15NH+4‐N diffused into the sediment during a 22‐d incubation period and was recovered in 15NH+4‐N (6–12% of the floodwater 15NH+4‐N) and organic 15N fractions (14–37% of the floodwater 15NH+4‐N). When 15NO−3‐N was added to the floodwater, about 7% was tied up in the sediment. Ponds receiving effluents from septic tanks and pastured areas retained less floodwater N in the sediment compared to sediments of the pond receiving runoff from agricultural watershed.
Vapor‐phase Diffusion of Benzene in Soil
Authors: Karimi Ali A. , Farmer Walter J. , Cliath Mark M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe volatilization of benzene (C6H6), a component of volatile emissions from landfills receiving certain industrial wastes, was characterized in the laboratory using a simulated landfill apparatus. The steady‐state vapor diffusion of C6H6 in soil under isothermal conditions and negligible water flow was directly related to soil air‐filled porosity. The volatilization flux of C6H6 through a soil cover was greatly reduced by increased soil bulk density and increased soil‐water content. The actual flux through the soil cover could be predicted from the soil porosity term, P10/3a P−2T, where Pa is the soil air‐filled porosity and PT is the total porosity. The diffusion coefficient in air for C6H6 calculated from the experimental results was 8.91 × 10−6 m2 s−1, at 20 °C, which agrees with other reported data.
Effects of Sulfur Dioxide on Nitrogen Fixation, Carbon Partitioning, and Yield Components in Snapbean
Authors: Griffith S. M. , Campbell W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe air pollutant SO2 is known to affect plant biochemistry and physiology, although very little is known about its effects on N2‐fixation in legumes. This study sought to determine if N2‐fixation, C partitioning, and plant productivity of snapbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were affected under short‐term, low‐level SO2 exposures. Plants were exposed, 29 d after planting (7 d before anthesis), to 0, 18, and 36 µmol SO2 m−3 for 4 h d−1 for 5 d in a fumigation chamber. On the last day of SO2 treatment, plants were also exposed to 14CO2 to determine changes in C partitioning patterns. At these concentrations, there was no visible damage to plant tissue and no significant changes in dry weight or yield components. Only the 36 µmol SO2 m−3 treatment reduced C2H2 reduction rates, but recovery to near control rates occurred within 24 h after SO2 removal. Leaves of plants treated with 18 µmol SO2 m−3 exported more of their total assimilated 14C than control plants, while those treated with 36 µmol SO2 m−3 retained greater amounts. Retention of 14C at the 36 µmol SO2 m−3 level may account for the inhibition of C2H2‐reduction because of less photosynthate arriving at the root nodules. These data suggest that SO2 levels that do not cause visible injury may interfere with C metabolism and transport in snapbean.
Characterization of Iron and Zinc in Albuquerque Sewage Sludge
Authors: Knudtsen Karen , O'Connor G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical forms of Fe and Zn present in anaerobically digested sewage sludge from Albuquerque, NM were identified and quantified. Water‐soluble Fe and Zn were speciated based on charge and stability of metal complexes, and on their degree of association with soluble organics. Chemical forms of Fe and Zn present in the solid phase of the sludge were characterized with a sequential extraction procedure. Soluble Fe was predominantly present as negatively charged slowly labile organic complexes of molecular weights > 1000 daltons. Zinc was associated with negative and neutral species that were very or moderately labile, according to the techniques used. The contribution of soluble organics to the chemistry of Fe and Zn was evaluated using gel chromatography. Iron was associated with a larger portion of sludge organics and with larger molecular weight fractions than Zn complexes. The percentage of total sludge Fe and Zn found in readily soluble forms was very small (<1%). The amounts may nevertheless represent significant pools of metal forms available for plants. Zinc was found in larger concentrations than Fe in the potentially more labile, organic, and carbonate fractions of the sludge. The Albuquerque sludge is an excellent source of Fe and Zn to plants because it contains readily soluble forms of these metals that may be maintained in soil solution through organic complexation.
Swine Manure and Lagoon Effluent Applied to a Temperate Forage Mixture: II. Rainfall Runoff and Soil Chemical Properties
Authors: Westerman P. W. , King Larry D. , Burns J. C. , Cummings G. A. , Overcash M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRates of swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) waste used for crop production must be sufficient to supply adequate nutrients but must not pose a surface or groundwater pollution hazard. To determine acceptable rates, plots of predominantly tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L. Schreb) on a Cecil soil (Typic Hapludults) received no treatment (C); commercial fertilizer (F) at 201‐34‐65 kg N‐P‐K ha−1 yr−1, swine manure slurry (M) supplying 670 kg N ha−1 yr−1, or swine lagoon effluent (E) applied by sprinkler irrigation to supply 600 (E1) or 1200 (E2) kg N ha−1 yr−1 for 4 yr. The waste treatments, chosen to evaluate acceptable maximum application rates when land is limited, resulted in much higher applications of N, P, K, and other nutrients than are normally used for temperate species. Runoff from E2 had an annual mean concentration of 13 mg L−1 NO3‐N but the low runoff volume resulted in mass transport of only about 10 kg NO3‐N ha−1 yr−1. Concentration of P was significantly higher with E2 (9 mg L−1) and M (6 mg L−1) than with the other treatments. The runoff quality from E1 was not significantly different than that from F. Soil NO3‐N concentrations to a depth of 200 cm showed significant differences in the order E2 = M > E1 > F = C. For E2, 49% of the applied N could not be accounted for by crop removal, increased soil NO3‐N, or runoff. Mehlich 1 extractable P was greater with E2 than with the other treatments. Extractable soil K and Na were increased by E1 and E2 but treatments had little or no effect on extractable Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, or on total N, organic matter, or pH. Analysis of runoff and soil NO3‐N data indicate that M, E2, and perhaps E1 supplied excess N. Consequently, surface and groundwater pollution hazards may be created by applying manure and effluent at the rates studied. Pollution by runoff was more likely when rainfall occurred soon after manure or fertilizer application.