bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic effects of supervised chlorhexidine mouthrinses on untreated gingivitis
Authors: Corbet EF , Tam JOW , Zee KY , Wong MCM , Lo ECM , Mombelli AW , Lang NP 
Published: August 2010

AIM: The aim of the present study was to test the presumptive therapeutic effect of chlorhexidine digluconate in a population with untreated gingivitis and presence of abundant calculus.SETTING AND STUDY DESIGN: Sixty subjects (˜ mean age of 23.4) were recruited from a knitting factory in the Province of Guangdong, People's Republic of China. By applying a double‐blind clinical trial design the participants were divided into two groups (Test and Control) and matched according to their mean GI scores. The Test group (n= 20) was assigned to two daily mouth‐rinses for 6 days per week using 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate (Peridex®). The Control group (n= 40) rinsed twice daily with a placebo solution. All the rinsings were supervised and timed for 45 S. No attempt was made to influence the oral hygiene habits of the participantS. Prior to and after 3 months of the supervised rinsing, plaque was scored using the Plaque Index system (PIl), and gingivitis was assessed using the criteria of the Gingival Index system (GI).Calculus was scored according to the Calculus Surface Severity Index system (CSSI), and stain was also graded by the Discoloration Index system (DI).RESULTS: After 3 months, the Test group (n= 13) showed significant reduction in mean PIl, GI and percentage of gingivial bleeding (GB%), while significant increases in mean DI were observed. The improvement in gingival health was observed at all regions with marked reduction in mean GI (from GI = 1.40 to 1.08) and GB% reduction by 24–52%. The proportion of GI = 2 was also reduced significantly from 50‐36%. The Control group (n= 23) also showed a decrease in mean PIl but significant increases in the mean GI and GB%. Intergroup comparison showed statistically significant differences between mean GI, percentage of gingival bleeding (GB%) and mean DI for the test and control groups after 3 months of supervised rinsing. However, there were no significant intergroup differences for mean PIl. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, there was a significant effect of chlorhexidine on gingivitis, although the effect may be too limited to assure prognostic benefits in the prevention of future disease progression.
Integrin expression in oral hairy leukoplakia and normal tongue epithelium
Authors: Chainani‐Wu N. , Lagenaur LA , Peñaranda ME , Palefsky JM 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To describe the expression of integrins in the epithelium of oral hairy leukoplakia (HL) and compare to that of normal lateral tongue epithelium. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry to identify integrins (α2, a α5, α6, αv, β1) was performed, using a standard biotin‐streptavidin‐peroxidase technique on five clinically and histologically confirmed frozen biopsy specimens of HL and five normal lateral tongue control tissues.RESULTS: Expression of integrins α2, α3, α6, αv, β1 was seen both in HL epithelium and in normal control tissue.α5 expression was not seen in HL or in control tissue epithelium.α2 and α3 were expressed mainly in the basal and suprabasal layers; α6 expression was most intense on the basal surface of the basal cells, αv was expressed in the basal and suprabasal layers with more expression seen in the higher differentiated cell layers than the other integrins.β1 expression was seen in the basal and suprabasal layers only. No apparent difference between HL and normal oral mucosa was noted in the staining pattern of the various integrins.CONCLUSION: Integrins α2, α3, α6, αv, β1 are expressed in HL and the expression pattern is not different from that of normal oral mucosa.α5 is not expressed in HL or in normal oral epithelium.
Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: Interleukin‐1 β, interleukin‐6, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 in the synovial fluid of the temporomandibular joint with respect to cartilage destruction
Authors: Shinoda C , Takaku S 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: The distribution and biological roles of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐1 (TIMP‐1) in the synovial fluid of patients with non‐inflammatory chronic temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders were evaluated in relation to pain upon joint movements and X‐ray and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings.MATERIALS AND METHODS: TMJ aspirates were obtained from 48 patients (48 joints) with chronic TMJ disorders and from 18 controls (18 joints). The IL‐1β and IL‐6 levels in the aspirates were determined by using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and the TIMP‐1 level was measured by an enzyme immunoassay. Following examinations for pain upon joint movements and X‐ray and MRI observations, the IL‐1/J, IL‐6, and TIMP‐1 levels and frequencies of their detection were compared.RESULTS: The IL‐1β level and frequency of detection showed no correlation with pain upon joint movements or with the X‐ray and MRI findings. In the frequency of detection of IL‐6, there were significant differences between control (no detection) and all chronic TMJ disorder groups that were classified by imaging diagnosis (P < 0.001). A correlation was also noted between the presence of IL‐6 and pain upon joint movements. The IL‐6 level was correlated with the TIMP‐1 level and with pain upon joint movements. TIMP‐1 level was correlated with pain upon joint movements. The TIMP‐1 was present in higher level from patients with chronic TMJ disorders who exhibited osseous changes on the X‐ray images. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that the IL‐6 and TIMP‐1 levels in the TMJ aspirates of patients with chronic TMJ disorders have been raised. The former was not detected in the TMJ aspirates of the control. These findings suggest that IL‐6 and TIMP‐1 might play a role in the etiology of chronic TMJ disorders, but further studies are needed to validate this.
Oral tuberculosis: a clinical evaluation of 42 cases
Authors: Mignogna MD , Muzio LLO , Favia G , Ruoppo E , Sammartino G , Zarrelli C , Bucci E 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: A retrospective review of a large series of oro‐facial cases of tuberculosis to analyse clinical, histo‐pathological, and radiological aspects, as well as those of chemotherapy.MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 42 cases of tuberculosis of the oro‐facial region were examined. Thirteen patients had a primary form and 29 a secondary form of the disease. Diagnosis was based on careful clinical examination, Mantoux reaction, histopathological examination, microbiological cultures and immunological investigation with the detection of antibodies against Mycobacteria in the patients' serum (ELISA).RESULTS: Cases examined consisted of 27 males and 15 females. The age range was 3 to 73 years (mean age 31 years). Clinical manifestations comprised oral ulcers in 69.1%, bone involvement in 21.4%, and salivary gland and/or lymph node involvement in 14.3%. A total of 79.4% patients with secondary disease had pulmonary lesions, 15 of whom showed clinical and radiological signs of activity; there was one case of bilateral renal lesions and two of skin lesions.CONCLUSIONS: Oro‐facial tuberculosis is often difficult to diagnose and it should be an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of lesions that appear in the oral cavity. The most important diagnostic tools remain a careful clinical evaluation, biopsy for histologic study, as well as acid‐fast stains, culture, and immunological assays, and skin testing.
The effect of brief exposure to sub‐therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on the germ tube formation of oral Candida albicans and its relationship to post‐antifungal effect
Authors: Ellepola ANB , Samaranayake LP 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Adherence of Candida albicans has been implicated as the first step in the pathogenesis of oral candidosis, and germ tube formation a contributory attribute. Recently, these organisms have also been implicated in persistent apical periodontitis. Chlorhexidine gluconate is by far the commonest antiseptic mouth wash prescribed in dentistry. As the intraoral concentrations of this antiseptic fluctuate considerably due to the dynamics of the oral cavity, the main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure to three different sub‐therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate (0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125%) on the germ tube formation of C. albicans. These findings were then correlated with the chlorhexidine‐induced post‐antifungal effect (PAFE) values we obtained in a study using the identical organisms and experimental conditions. DESIGN: Ten oral isolates of C. albicans were exposed to three different concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate for 30 min, the antiseptic removed, and the germ tube formation of these isolates quantified following subsequent incubation in a germ tube inducing medium. The PAFE was evaluated by turbidometric measurement of growth. RESULTS: When compared with the controls, exposure to 0.005%, 0.0025% and 0.00125% chlorhexidine gluconate suppressed the ability to form germ tubes by 81.23% (P<0.01), 42.74% (P<0.01) and 9.13% (P > 0.05), respectively, while eliciting a mean PAFE of 9.91 h, 1.65 h and 0.67 h respectively. On regression analysis a significant positive correlation was observed between these two parameters (P < 0.0001: r= 0.7325). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings imply that short exposure to sub‐therapeutic levels of chlorhex‐idine gluconate may modulate candidal germ tube formation as well as its growth, thereby suppressing its pathogencity in vivo.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma and polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma of minor salivary glands: a comparative immunohistochemical study using the epithelial membrane and carcinoembryonic antibodies
Authors: Epivatianos A , Iordanides S , Zaraboukas T , Antoniades D 
Published: August 2010

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) in an attempt to assess the ability of these markers to distinguish AdCC from PLGA when the histological features on routine hematoxylin and eosin are equivocal.Materials and methods:  Fourteen specimens of AdCC, 10 PLGA, and five normal minor salivary glands fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin, were retrieved from the files of our department and were retrospectively studied with the streptavidin‐biotin complex method using the epithelial membrane and carcinoembryonic antibodies.Results:  The immunoreactivities and the expression patterns of EMA and CEA in AdCC and PLGA were similar.Conclusions:  The results of this study suggest that the immunostaining of AdCC and PLGA with EMA and CEA could not offer an adjunctive aid in differential diagnosis between these two tumors.
A Competitive, Sustainable and Diverse Agriculture: A View of the CAP Beyond 2013   Pour une agriculture compétitive, durable and variée : un point de vue sur la PAC après 2013   Eine wettbewerbsfähige, nachhaltige und vielfältige Landwirtschaft: Ein Ausblick auf die GAP nach 2013
Authors: Peeters Kris 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA Competitive, Sustainable and Diverse Agriculture: A View of the CAP Beyond 2013New challenges make clear that past achievements of the CAP cannot be taken for granted. A strong European agricultural policy remains necessary after 2013, at the service of Europe’s citizens and agricultural sector. However, in order to realise the vision embedded in the European agricultural model, the CAP will have to evolve. Beyond dealing with the negative consequences of the economic crisis, more attention should go to competitiveness and entrepreneurship. The functioning of the supply chain should be improved leading to a fairer distribution of costs and benefits. Producer organisations should be expanded and strengthened. Work is needed to put into practice the concept of green growth and to explore the synergy between the demand for public goods and the need for higher farm income. An improved system of direct support remains justified, to compensate for extra costs and to stabilise income. The CAP post‐2013 should offer a strong EU framework, able to meet shared challenges, with clear objectives and sufficient funding. Within that framework, diversity is a fact, and regions should be able to deploy CAP policies and funds in a more flexible way to accommodate local needs and problems and to be able to react to changing circumstances.
A Theoretical Foundation of Rural Development Interventions and Evaluations is Needed   La base théorique de l’intervention et l’évaluation du Rural Développement est indispensable   Eine theoretische Fundierung von Interventionen und Evaluationen zur Ländlichen Entwicklung ist notwendig
Authors: Margarian Anne , Blandford David , Hill Berkeley 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA Theoretical Foundation of Rural Development Interventions and Evaluations is NeededThis article argues that a lack of critical reflection on the theoretical foundations of policy interventions and evaluations is common in the discussion about evaluation of Rural Development programs. This shortcoming was also apparent in Special Issue 9(1) of EuroChoices. Intimate knowledge of the underlying causal processes is necessary in order to identify appropriate counterfactuals or reference‐scenarios. It is only through their comparison with observed development that one can reliably isolate the net‐effects of interventions. The current preoccupation with the indicator‐based approach is rooted within the existing evaluation system. It hinders a more fundamental criticism of weak theoretical foundations of interventions.Reply by David Blandford and Berkeley HillDespite its limitations the current evaluation process can play an important role in shaping rural development policies in the European Union. While the theoretical content should be strengthened, it would be inadvisable to reject the current CMEF process in favour of an exclusive focus on theory. It is doubtful whether a sufficiently robust and general theory of rural development could be developed and applied to the diversity of rural areas in Europe. Devoting our efforts to improving the existing evaluation process and the indicators that this generates would be more productive in exposing rural development policies to greater scrutiny and improving their effectiveness.
Neuroependymal Denudation is in Progress in Full‐term Human Foetal Spina Bifida Aperta
Authors: Sival Deborah A. , Guerra Montserrat , den Dunnen Wilfred F A. , Bátiz Luis F. , Alvial Genaro , Castañeyra‐Perdomo Agustín , Rodríguez Esteban M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn human spina bifida aperta (SBA), cerebral pathogenesis [hydrocephalus, Sylvius aqueduct (SA) stenosis and heterotopias] is poorly understood. In animal models, loss of ventricular lining (ependymal denudation) causes SA stenosis and hydrocephalus. We aimed to investigate whether ependymal denudation also takes place in human foetal SBA. Considering that ependymal denudation would be related to alterations in junction proteins, sections through SA of five SBA and six control foetuses (gestational ages ranged between 37 and 40 weeks) were immunostained for markers of ependyma (caveolin 1, βIV‐tubulin, S100), junction proteins (N‐cadherin, connexin‐43, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), blood vessels (Glut‐1) and astrocytes [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)]. In control foetuses, ependymal denudation was absent. In SBA foetuses different stages of ependymal denudation were observed: (i) intact ependyma/neuroepithelium; (ii) imminent ependymal denudation (with abnormal subcellular location of junction proteins); (iii) ependymal denudation (with protrusion of neuropile into SA, formation of rosettes and macrophage invasion); (iv) astroglial reaction. It is suggested that abnormalities in the formation of gap and adherent junctions result in defective ependymal coupling, desynchronized ciliary beating and ependymal denudation, leading to hydrocephalus. The presence of various stages of ependymal denudation within the same full‐term SBA foetuses suggests continuation of the process after birth.
Quality Assessment of Salted, Modified Atmosphere Packaged Rainbow Trout under Treatment with Oregano Essential Oil
Authors: Pyrgotou Nikoletta , Giatrakou Vasiliki , Ntzimani Athina , Savvaidis Ioannis N. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  The present study evaluated the effect of oregano essential oil (EO) on fresh salted, packaged (45%CO2/5%O2/50%N2) rainbow trout fillets and stored for a period of 21 d at 4 °C. Treatments included the following: M1 (control without added EO), M2 (EO 0.2%, v/w), and M3 (0.4%, v/w). Populations of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), H2S‐producing bacteria (including Shewanella putrefaciens), Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas spp. reached higher final numbers in control (M1) than for M2 and M3 samples. Under treatments M2 and M3, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) and trimethylamine nitrogen (TMAN) values were lower than for M1 samples, whereas lipid oxidation, as judged by determination of thiobarbituric acid values (TBA), did not occur during the refrigerated storage period. Interestingly, treatment M2 resulted in a shelf‐life extension of 7 to 8 d for the fresh trout fillets, whereas treatment M3 proved unsuitable (due to strong odor) for trout fillet preservation, as determined by sensory evaluation.Practical Application:  The use of an essential oil such as oregano oil in fresh fish preservation may be considered an alternative “natural” additive, enhancing the sensory characteristics and extending the shelf life of the product.
STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DETERMINING ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY STANDARDS FROM EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA
Authors: Thomas Duncan C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper develops the notion that environmental safety standards for human populations should be based on epidemiological data, and reviews some powerful statistical procedures which have been developed recently for this purpose. It then considers some of the limitations of epidemiological data and the ability of these new techniques to overcome them. To the extent that these limitations are inherent in the data and unmeasurable, conservative “safety factors” must be applied to the recommendations arrived at by any technique, but this uncertainty is no justification for using less than the best available analytical techniques.
RESPONSE OF DEPUTISING SERVICES IN MELBOURNE TO ACUTE CEREBROVASCULAR EPISODES: AN EVALUATION
Authors: Christie David 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBetween March 1978 and September 1979, a stroke incidence study was carried out in Melbourne. Of the 300 subjects who sought help from a general practitioner, in 68 the call was answered by a member of a deputising service. Each of the latter subjects was matched for age, severity and time of onset with a patient whose call had been responded to by his own general practitioner. Response times, use of hospital resources, mortality and residual disability in survivors were compared. It was concluded that, in this condition at least, the deputising services provide fast, effective care meeting the needs of both general practitioners and patients in perceived emergency situations.
THE NUMBER AND DISTRIBUTION OF C.A.T. SCANNERS IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY AND VICTORIA
Authors: Taylor Richard , Goldstein Greg 
Published: August 2010

The most important use of computerised axial tomography (CAT) scanners is in the management of acute head trauma, but inadequately planned diffusion and maldistribution of scanning units and associated medical services limits patient access. Of 19 scanners in New South Wales & Victoria, 9 are publicly owned and located in public hospitals, while 10 are in private hospitals, or in private radiological practices. There is evidence of a “two‐airline policy” with public and private scanners located close together. Only scanners in public hospitals are used for acute head trauma, with a few exceptions.There is gross maldistribution: in Sydney there are 3.2 scanners per million population compared to New South Wales non‐metropolitan areas with only 0.1 scanners per million population. In Melbourne there are 2.3 scanners per million population, compared to only 0.9 per million in Victorian non‐metropolitan areas.Establishment of scanners and supporting services in some non‐metropolitan areas is justifiable, even if projected facility/population ratios exceed norms.The distribution of CAT scanners in Australia can be related to the lobbying power of major hospitals, and the distribution of well‐capitalized private radiological practices, rather than to any assessment of needs or rational planning. Government departments have an important role in the regulation of technology diffusion.
SPUTUM ASBESTOS BODIES AND RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN RESIDENTS OF WITTENOOM, WESTERN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Musk A. W. , Baker J. E. , Whitaker D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSputum was collected for examination for asbestos bodies from residents in Wittenoom Gorge in December 1980. The chest radiographs of Wittenoom residents who had participated voluntarily in a radiological survey in July 1980 were examined for evidence of asbestos‐induced pleural or parenchymal disease which may have resulted from environmental exposure to crocidolite. The results indicate no measurable health effect of previous environmental exposure of current residents. However as there are serious limitations in the methods for indicating the level of past asbestos exposure and the size of the township has declined markedly in recent years with changing population structure, this study does not exclude the presence of an environmental health hazard. The ultimate measure of effect will depend on continuing surveillance of ex‐residents for deaths from malignant disease.
AT THE MARGIN OR ON AVERAGE: SOME ISSUES AND EVIDENCE IN PLANNING THE BALANCE OF CARE FOR THE AGED IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Bennett Craig , Wallace Robert 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAged people can be cared for in a variety of institutional and non‐institutional settings. While many arguments have been advanced for changing the balance of institutionalized and community‐based care in view of the ageing of Australia's population, the debate has generally lacked a methodological framework for rigorously comparing the alternatives under consideration. In this paper, some of the issues involved in a comparative cost analysis of various alternative forms of care for the aged are discussed, the results of an Adelaide‐based survey are summarized and possible implications for policy‐makers are suggested.
INCOME FROM PRIVATE MEDICAL PRACTICE IN AUSTRALIA 1966–1978. AN ANALYSIS OF TAXATION STATISTICS
Authors: Taylor Richard 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe evidence from taxation statistics indicates that private medical practitioners in Australia have improved their income relative to most other professions since 1966/67, receiving three to four times the income of salary and wage earners by the late 1970s. Evidence concerning the frequency distribution of high income earners in various occupation groups also suggests that private medical practitioners are the highest paid group in Australia.Data on average net and estimated average gross annual income per doctor indexed for the Consumer Price Index, Average Weekly Earnings and the Medical Fees Index indicate a peak income in 1975/76, mainly as a result of medical fee rises.There has been a secular decline during the period under review in net income as a proportion of gross income of private doctors as a result of increases in practice “expenses”. This increase in “expenses” was not accompanied by increases in the proportion of expenses accounted for by wages paid, and this phenomenon may be partly a result of the increased application of tax avoidance schemes which enable personal consumption expenditure to be subsumed with “business expenses”.