bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variability in exchange of CO2 across 12 northern peatland and tundra sites
Authors: LUND MAGNUS , LAFLEUR PETER M. , ROULET NIGEL T. , LINDROTH ANDERS , CHRISTENSEN TORBEN R. , AURELA MIKA , CHOJNICKI BOGDAN H. , FLANAGAN LAWRENCE B. , HUMPHREYS ELYN R. , LAURILA TUOMAS , OECHEL WALTER C. , OLEJNIK JANUSZ , RINNE JANNE , SCHUBERT PER , NILSSON MATS B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMany wetland ecosystems such as peatlands and wet tundra hold large amounts of organic carbon (C) in their soils, and are thus important in the terrestrial C cycle. We have synthesized data on the carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange obtained from eddy covariance measurements from 12 wetland sites, covering 1–7 years at each site, across Europe and North America, ranging from ombrotrophic and minerotrophic peatlands to wet tundra ecosystems, spanning temperate to arctic climate zones. The average summertime net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE) was highly variable between sites. However, all sites with complete annual datasets, seven in total, acted as annual net sinks for atmospheric CO2. To evaluate the influence of gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco) on NEE, we first removed the artificial correlation emanating from the method of partitioning NEE into GPP and Reco. After this correction neither Reco (P= 0.162) nor GPP (P= 0.110) correlated significantly with NEE on an annual basis. Spatial variation in annual and summertime Reco was associated with growing season period, air temperature, growing degree days, normalized difference vegetation index and vapour pressure deficit. GPP showed weaker correlations with environmental variables as compared with Reco, the exception being leaf area index (LAI), which correlated with both GPP and NEE, but not with Reco. Length of growing season period was found to be the most important variable describing the spatial variation in summertime GPP and Reco; global warming will thus cause these components to increase. Annual GPP and NEE correlated significantly with LAI and pH, thus, in order to predict wetland C exchange, differences in ecosystem structure such as leaf area and biomass as well as nutritional status must be taken into account.
Can compensatory culling offset undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting?
Authors: Mysterud Atle , Bischof Richard 
Published: October 2009

Summary 1.  There is growing concern about the evolutionary consequences of human harvesting on phenotypic trait quality in wild populations. Undesirable consequences are especially likely with trophy hunting because of its strong bias for specific phenotypic trait values, such as large antlers in cervids and horns in bovids. Selective hunting can cause a decline in a trophy trait over time if it is heritable, thereby reducing the long‐term sustainability of the activity itself. 2.  How can we build a sustainable trophy hunting tradition without the negative trait‐altering effects? We used an individual‐based model to explore whether selective compensatory culling of ‘low quality’ individuals at an early life stage can facilitate sustainability, as suggested by information from managed game populations in eastern and central Europe. Our model was rooted in empirical data on red deer, where heritability of sexual ornaments has been confirmed and phenotypic quality can be assessed by antler size in individuals as young as 1 year. 3.  Simulations showed that targeted culling of low‐quality yearlings could counter the selective effects of trophy hunting on the distribution of the affected trait (e.g. antler or horn size) in prime‐aged individuals. Assumptions of trait heritability and young‐to‐adult correlation were essential for compensation, but the model proved robust to various other assumptions and changes to input parameters. The simulation approach allowed us to verify responses as evolutionary changes in trait values rather than short‐term consequences of altered age structure, density and viability selection. 4.  We conclude that evolutionarily enlightened management may accommodate trophy hunting. This has far reaching implications as income from trophy hunting is often channelled into local conservation efforts and rural economies. As an essential follow‐up, we recommend an analysis of the effects of trophy hunting in conjunction with compensatory culling on the phenotypic and underlying genetic variance of the trophy trait.
Sleep and physical growth in infants during the first 6 months
Authors: TIKOTZKY LIAT , DE MARCAS GALI , HAR‐TOOV JOSEPH , DOLLBERG SHAUL , BAR‐HAIM YAIR , SADEH AVI 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to explore the relationships between infant sleep patterns and infant physical growth (weight for length ratio) using both objective and subjective sleep measures. Ninety‐six first‐born, healthy 6‐month‐old infants and their parents participated in the study. Infant sleep was assessed by actigraphy for four consecutive nights and by the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire (BISQ). In addition, parents were asked to complete background and developmental questionnaires. Questions about feeding methods were included in the developmental questionnaire. Infants’ weight and length were assessed during a standard checkup at the infant‐care clinic when the infants were 6 months old. Significant correlations were found between infant sleep and growth after controlling for potential infant and family confounding factors. Actigraphic sleep percentage and reported sleep duration were correlated negatively with the weight‐to‐length ratio measures. Sex‐related differences in the associations between sleep and physical growth were found. Breast feeding at night was correlated with a more fragmented sleep, but not with physical growth. These findings suggest that sleep is related significantly to physical growth as early as in the first months of life. The study supports increasing evidence from recent studies demonstrating a link between short sleep duration and weight gain and obesity in young children.
Female‐biased dispersal under conditions of low male mating competition in a polygynous mammal
Authors: PÉREZ‐GONZÁLEZ J. , CARRANZA J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSex‐biased dispersal is a common phenomenon in birds and mammals. Competition for mates has been argued to be an important selective pressure favouring dispersal. Sexual differences in the level of intrasexual competition may produce asymmetries in the costs‐benefits balance of dispersal and philopatry for males and females, which may favour male‐biased dispersal in polygynous species such as most mammals. This being the case, condition‐dependent dispersal predicts that male‐bias should decrease if mating competition relaxes. We test this expectation for red deer, where male‐biased dispersal is the norm. In southwestern Spain, red deer populations located in nonfenced hunting estates presented altered structures with sex ratio strongly biased to females and high proportion of young males. As a consequence, mate competition in these populations was lower than in other, most typical red deer populations. We found that, under such conditions of altered population structure, dispersal was female‐biased rather than male‐biased. Additionally, mate competition positively related to male dispersal but negatively to female dispersal. Other factors such as resource competition, age of individuals and sex ratio were not related to male or female dispersal. Males may not disperse if intrasexual competition is low and then females may disperse as a response to male philopatry. We propose hypotheses related to female mate choice to explain female dispersal under male philopatry. The shift of the sex‐biased dispersal pattern along the gradient of mate competition highlights its condition‐dependence as well as the interaction between male and female dispersal in the evolution of sex‐biased dispersal.
Analysis of the salt‐stress response at cell‐type resolution
Authors: DINNENY JOSÉ R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTAlbert Einstein said that one should make everything as simple as possible, but not simpler. Likewise, biologists have often relied upon simplifying assumptions to study the fundamental properties of biological systems. To understand how complex multicellular plants respond to stresses such as high salinity, organ or organism‐scale experiments have often been the standard and have led to important discoveries. However, recently, through the use of cell‐type‐specific analyses, it has become clear that most salt‐stress regulation occurs at the scale of the cell or tissue type. Salt stress has been revealed to cause complex changes in growth, development and physiology that are dynamically regulated in both space and time. Thus, the next most important discoveries regarding how plants perceive, respond and adapt to this environmental stimulus will require approaches that enable high‐resolution spatial and temporal observations to be made. In this review, we highlight studies taking both a genomic and sub‐genomic approach to understand the salt response at high spatial resolution. These present and future studies will help lead to a more sophisticated understanding of the root as a complex system, which integrates information from different cell layers to generate synchronized changes necessary for the survival of the plant.
High‐resolution, high‐throughput HLA genotyping by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Bentley G. , Higuchi R. , Hoglund B. , Goodridge D. , Sayer D. , Trachtenberg E. A. , Erlich H. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I and class II loci are the most polymorphic genes in the human genome. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation requires allele‐level HLA typing at multiple loci to select the best matched unrelated donors for recipient patients. In current methods for HLA typing, both alleles of a heterozygote are amplified and typed or sequenced simultaneously, often making it difficult to unambiguously determine the sequence of the two alleles. Next‐generation sequencing methods clonally propagate in parallel millions of single DNA molecules, which are then also sequenced in parallel. Recently, the read lengths obtainable by one such next‐generation sequencing method (454 Life Sciences, Inc.) have increased to >250 nucleotides. These clonal read lengths make possible setting the phase of the linked polymorphisms within an exon and thus the unambiguous determination of the sequence of each HLA allele. Here we demonstrate this capacity as well as show that the throughput of the system is sufficiently high to enable a complete, 7‐locus HLA class I and II typing for 24 or 48 individual DNAs in a single GS FLX sequencing run. Highly multiplexed amplicon sequencing is facilitated by the use of sample‐specific internal sequence tags (multiplex identification tags or MIDs) in the primers that allow pooling of samples yet maintain the ability to assign sequences to specific individuals. We have incorporated an HLA typing software application developed by Conexio Genomics (Freemantle, Australia) that assigns HLA genotypes for these 7 loci (HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C, DRB1, DQA1, DQB1, DPB1), as well as for DRB3, DRB4, and DRB5 from 454 sequence data. The potential of this HLA sequencing system to analyze chimeric mixtures is demonstrated here by the detection of a rare HLA‐B allele in a mixture of two homozygous cell lines (1/100), as well as by the detection of the rare nontransmitted maternal allele present in the blood of a severe combined immunodeficiency disease syndrome (SCIDS) patient.
Cigarette smoking is associated with suicidality in bipolar disorder
Authors: Ostacher Michael J , LeBeau Richard T , Perlis Roy H , Nierenberg Andrew A , Lund Hannah G , Moshier Samantha J , Sachs Gary S , Simon Naomi M 
Published: October 2009

Objectives:  Cigarette smoking in individuals with bipolar disorder has been associated with suicidal behavior, although the precise relationship between the two remains unclear.Methods:  In this prospective observational study of 116 individuals with bipolar disorder, we examined the association between smoking and suicidality as measured by Linehan’s Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire (SBQ) and prospective suicide attempts over a nine‐month period. Impulsivity was measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale.Results:  Smoking was associated with higher baseline SBQ scores in univariate and adjusted analyses, but was not significant after statistical adjustment for impulsivity in a regression model. A higher proportion of smokers at baseline made a suicide attempt during the follow‐up period (5/31, 16.1%) compared to nonsmokers (3/85, 3.5%); p = 0.031, odds ratio = 5.25 (95% confidence interval: 1.2–23.5). Smoking at baseline also significantly predicted higher SBQ score at nine months.Conclusions:  In this study, current cigarette smoking was a predictor of current and nine‐month suicidal ideation and behavior in bipolar disorder, and it is likely that impulsivity accounts for some of this relationship.
A 3‐week, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of asenapine in the treatment of acute mania in bipolar mania and mixed states
Authors: McIntyre Roger S , Cohen Miriam , Zhao Jun , Alphs Larry , Macek Thomas A , Panagides John 
Published: October 2009

Objective:  Asenapine is approved for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. This was a 3‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of asenapine for treating acute bipolar mania.Methods:  After a single‐blind placebo run‐in period, adults (n = 488) experiencing manic or mixed episodes were randomized to flexible‐dose sublingual asenapine (10 mg BID on day 1; 5 or 10 mg BID thereafter; n = 194), placebo (n = 104), or oral olanzapine (15 mg BID on day 1; 5–20 mg QD thereafter; n = 191). Primary efficacy, change in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score from baseline to day 21, was assessed using analysis of covariance with last observation carried forward [(LOCF); primary analysis]. A mixed model for repeated measures [(MMRM); prespecified secondary analysis] was also used to assess efficacy. Tolerability and safety assessments included adverse events, physical examinations, extrapyramidal symptom ratings, and laboratory values.Results:  Mean daily dosages were asenapine 18.2 mg and olanzapine 15.8 mg. Significantly greater least squares (LS) mean ± SE changes in YMRS scores were observed on day 2 with asenapine (−3.0 ± 0.4) and olanzapine (−3.4 ± 0.4) versus placebo (−1.5 ± 0.5, both p < 0.01) and were maintained until day 21 (−10.8 ± 0.8 with asenapine, −12.6 ± 0.8 with olanzapine; both p ≤ 0.0001 versus placebo, −5.5 ± 1.1) with LOCF. The results of MMRM analyses were consistent with those of LOCF. Asenapine had a modest impact on weight and metabolic measures.Conclusions:  These results indicate that asenapine is rapidly acting, efficacious, and well tolerated for patients with bipolar I disorder experiencing an acute manic episode.
Asenapine versus olanzapine in acute mania: a double‐blind extension study
Authors: McIntyre Roger S , Cohen Miriam , Zhao Jun , Alphs Larry , Macek Thomas A , Panagides John 
Published: October 2009

Objective:  To assess the efficacy and tolerability of asenapine versus olanzapine in the extended treatment of bipolar mania.Methods:  Patients with bipolar I disorder experiencing acute manic or mixed episodes who completed either of two 3‐week, double‐blind trials with asenapine 5 or 10 mg twice daily, olanzapine 5 to 20 mg once daily, or placebo were eligible for this 9‐week, double‐blind extension study. Patients receiving active medication in the 3‐week trials continued the same regimen; those who had received placebo were blindly switched to asenapine but were assessed for safety outcomes only. The primary efficacy measure was the change from baseline to day 84 on the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score in the per‐protocol population. Results on the primary efficacy outcome were used to determine the noninferiority of asenapine versus olanzapine.Results:  A total of 504 patients (placebo/asenapine, n = 94; asenapine, n = 181; olanzapine, n = 229) were enrolled in the extension study. At day 84, the mean (SD) change from baseline in YMRS total score was −24.4 (8.7) for asenapine and −23.9 (7.9) for olanzapine. Prespecified statistical analysis for noninferiority indicated no significant difference between asenapine and olanzapine. The overall incidence of treatment‐emergent adverse events was similar across treatment groups (77% placebo/asenapine, 77% asenapine, 78% olanzapine). Clinically significant weight gain occurred in 10%, 19%, and 31% of the placebo/asenapine, asenapine, and olanzapine groups, respectively.Conclusions:  Asenapine was efficacious, showed noninferiority to olanzapine, and was well tolerated in the extended treatment of patients experiencing manic symptoms associated with bipolar I disorder.
Risperidone for the treatment of acute mania in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Haas Magali , DelBello Melissa P , Pandina Gahan , Kushner Stuart , Van Hove Ilse , Augustyns Ilse , Quiroz Jorge , Kusumakar Vivek 
Published: October 2009

Objectives:  To evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of risperidone monotherapy for the treatment of an acute mixed or manic episode in children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder.Methods:  This randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, 3‐arm study (N = 169) included children and adolescents (ages 10–17 years) with a DSM‐IV diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, experiencing a manic or mixed episode. Study participants were randomized to placebo (n = 58), risperidone 0.5–2.5 mg/day (n = 50), or risperidone 3–6 mg/day (n = 61) for 3 weeks. The primary efficacy measure was change in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) total score from baseline to end point. Safety assessments included adverse event (AE) monitoring and scores on extrapyramidal symptom rating scales.Results:  Improvement in mean YMRS total score was significantly greater in risperidone‐treated subjects than in placebo‐treated subjects [mean change (SD) −9.1 (11.0) for placebo; −18.5 (9.7) for risperidone 0.5–2.5 mg (p < 0.001); −16.5 (10.3) for risperidone 3–6 mg (p < 0.001)]. The most common risperidone‐associated AEs were somnolence, headache, and fatigue. Mean (SD) weight gain was 0.7 (1.9) kg, 1.9 (1.7) kg, and 1.4 (2.4) kg in the placebo, risperidone 0.5–2.5 mg, and risperidone 3–6 mg groups, respectively, during this 3‐week study.Conclusions:  At daily doses of 0.5–2.5 mg and 3–6 mg, risperidone was effective and well tolerated in children and adolescents experiencing acute manic or mixed episodes of bipolar I disorder. Results indicate that risperidone 0.5–2.5 mg has a better benefit–risk profile than risperidone 3–6 mg.
Association study of 21 circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia
Authors: Mansour Hader A , Talkowski Michael E , Wood Joel , Chowdari Kodavali V , McClain Lora , Prasad Konasale , Montrose Debra , Fagiolini Andrea , Friedman Edward S , Allen Michael H , Bowden Charles L , Calabrese Joseph , El‐Mallakh Rif S , Escamilla Michael , Faraone Stephen V , Fossey Mark D , Gyulai Laszlo , Loftis Jennifer M , Hauser Peter , Ketter Terence A , Marangell Lauren B , Miklowitz David J , Nierenberg Andrew A , Patel Jayendra , Sachs Gary S , Sklar Pamela , Smoller Jordan W , Laird Nan , Keshavan Matcheri , Thase Michael E , Axelson David , Birmaher Boris , Lewis David , Monk Tim , Frank Ellen , Kupfer David J , Devlin Bernie , Nimgaonkar Vishwajit L 
Published: October 2009

Objective:  Published studies suggest associations between circadian gene polymorphisms and bipolar I disorder (BPI), as well as schizoaffective disorder (SZA) and schizophrenia (SZ). The results are plausible, based on prior studies of circadian abnormalities. As replications have not been attempted uniformly, we evaluated representative, common polymorphisms in all three disorders.Methods:  We assayed 276 publicly available ‘tag’ single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 21 circadian genes among 523 patients with BPI, 527 patients with SZ/SZA, and 477 screened adult controls. Detected associations were evaluated in relation to two published genome‐wide association studies (GWAS).Results:  Using gene‐based tests, suggestive associations were noted between EGR3 and BPI (p = 0.017), and between NPAS2 and SZ/SZA (p = 0.034). Three SNPs were associated with both sets of disorders (NPAS2: rs13025524 and rs11123857; RORB: rs10491929; p < 0.05). None of the associations remained significant following corrections for multiple comparisons. Approximately 15% of the analyzed SNPs overlapped with an independent study that conducted GWAS for BPI; suggestive overlap between the GWAS analyses and ours was noted at ARNTL.Conclusions:  Several suggestive, novel associations were detected with circadian genes and BPI and SZ/SZA, but the present analyses do not support associations with common polymorphisms that confer risk with odds ratios greater than 1.5. Additional analyses using adequately powered samples are warranted to further evaluate these results.
8‐Methyldecan‐2‐yl acetate inhibits response to the pheromone in the western corn rootworm Diabrotica v. virgifera
Authors: Tóth M. , Ujváry I. , Imrei Z. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCompounds that are structurally closely related to the western corn rootworm (WCR) (Diabrotica v. virgifera, Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) pheromone were prepared and screened for biological activity in the field, presented alone or in combination with the pheromone 8‐methyldecan‐2‐yl propanoate. None of the synthetic compounds showed attraction when presented alone. However, when presented in combination with the pheromone, catches in traps containing 8‐methyldecan‐2‐yl acetate as a second component were dramatically reduced, suggesting strong inhibitory activity for this compound. The addition of the inhibitory acetate to the known floral WCR lure (4‐methoxycinnamaldehyde plus indole) did not influence male (or female) catches suggesting that the inhibitor interferes in the perception process of the pheromone and not by exerting repellency per se. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an inhibitor of response to pheromone in WCR. 8‐Methyldecan‐2‐yl acetate has previously been described as a sex attractant of Diabrotica cristata, so its inhibitory activity towards males of WCR may reflect a role in maintaining reproductive isolation between the two taxa.
Insecticide‐induced hormesis in an insecticide‐resistant strain of the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais
Authors: Guedes N. M. P. , Tolledo J. , Corrêa A. S. , Guedes R. N. C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSublethal responses to insecticides are frequently neglected in studies of insecticide resistance, although stimulatory effects associated with low doses of compounds toxic at higher doses, such as insecticides, have been recognized as a general toxicological phenomenon. Evidence for this biphasic dose–response relationship, or hormesis, was recognized as one of the potential causes underlying pest resurgence and secondary pest outbreaks. Hormesis has also potentially important implications for managing insecticide‐resistant populations of insect‐pest species, but evidence of its occurrence in such context is lacking and fitness parameters are seldom considered in these studies. Here, we reported the stimulatory effect of sublethal doses of the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin sprayed on maize grains infested with a pyrethroid‐resistant strain of the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The parameters estimated from the fertility tables of resistant insects exposed to deltamethrin indicated a peak in the net reproductive rate at 0.05 ppm consequently leading to a peak in the intrinsic rate of population growth at this dose. The phenomenon is consistent with insecticide‐induced hormesis and its potential management implications are discussed.