bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stress Tensor Bounds on Quantum Fields
Authors: Sanders Ko 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe singular behaviour of quantum fields in Minkowski space can often be bounded by polynomials of the Hamiltonian H. These so-called H-bounds and related techniques allow us to handle pointwise quantum fields and their operator product expansions in a mathematically rigorous way. A drawback of this approach, however, is that the Hamiltonian is a global rather than a local operator and, moreover, it is not defined in generic curved spacetimes. In order to overcome this drawback we investigate the possibility of replacing H by a component of the stress tensor, essentially an energy density, to obtain analogous bounds. For definiteness we consider a massive, minimally coupled free Hermitean scalar field. Using novel results on distributions of positive type we show that in any globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifold M for any $$f,F\in C_0^{\infty }(M)$$

f
,
F
∈

C
0
∞

(
M
)

with $$F\equiv 1$$

F
≡
1

on $$\textrm{supp}(f)$$

supp
(
f
)

and any timelike smooth vector field $$t^{\mu }$$

t
μ

we can find constants $$c,C>0$$

c
,
C
>
0

such that $$\omega (\phi (f)^*\phi (f))\le C(\omega (T^{\textrm{ren}}_{\mu \nu }(t^{\mu }t^{\nu }F^2))+c)$$

ω

(
ϕ

(
f
)

∗

ϕ

(
f
)

)

≤
C

(
ω

(

T

μ
ν

ren

(

t
μ

t
ν

F
2

)

)

+
c
)

for all (not necessarily quasi-free) Hadamard states $$\omega $$
ω
. This is essentially a new type of quantum energy inequality that entails a stress tensor bound on the smeared quantum field. In $$1+1$$

1
+
1

dimensions we also establish a bound on the pointwise quantum field, namely $$|\omega (\phi (x))|\le C(\omega (T^{\textrm{ren}}_{\mu \nu }(t^{\mu }t^{\nu }F^2))+c)$$

|
ω

(
ϕ

(
x
)

)

|
≤
C
(
ω

(

T

μ
ν

ren

(

t
μ

t
ν

F
2

)

)

+
c
)

, where $$F\equiv 1$$

F
≡
1

near x.
Reliability and validity of the Swedish indicator ‘Drugs that should be avoided in older people’—an appraisal of a set of potentially inappropriate medications
Authors: Parodi López Naldy , Svensson Staffan A. , Lönnbro Johan , Hoffmann Mikael , Wallerstedt Susanna M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To analyse the reliability and validity of the Swedish indicator ‘Drugs that should be avoided in older people’.

Methods
From a previous study that included consecutive primary care patients ≥ 65 years of age, all patients ≥ 75 years of age were analysed. Two physicians independently screened their medication lists and medical records, applying the Swedish indicator which includes potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs): long-acting benzodiazepines, drugs with anticholinergic action, tramadol, propiomazine, codeine, and glibenclamide. The clinical relevance of identified PIMs was independently assessed. Thereafter, the physicians determined in consensus whether some medical action related to the drug treatment was medically justified and prioritised before the next regular visit. If so, the drug treatment was considered inadequate, and if not, adequate.

Results
A total of 1,146 drugs were assessed in 149 patients (75‒99 years, 62% female, 0‒20 drugs per patient). In 29 (19%) patients, at least one physician identified ≥ 1 PIM according to the indicator at issue; 24 (16%) patients were concordantly identified with ≥ 1 such PIM (kappa: 0.89). Of 26 PIMs concordantly identified, the physicians concordantly assessed four as clinically relevant and 12 as not clinically relevant (kappa: 0.17). After the consensus discussion, six (4%) patients had ≥ 1 PIM according to the studied indicator that merited action. Using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the indicator did not outperform chance in identifying inadequate drug treatment: 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.46 to 0.66).

Conclusion
The Swedish indicator has strong reliability regarding PIM detection but does not validly reflect the adequacy of drug treatment.
Joint EANM-SNMMI guideline on the role of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT in no special type breast cancer
Authors: Vaz Sofia C. , Woll John Patrick Pilkington , Cardoso Fatima , Groheux David , Cook Gary J. R. , Ulaner Gary A. , Jacene Heather , Rubio Isabel T. , Schoones Jan W. , Peeters Marie-Jeanne Vrancken , Poortmans Philip , Mann Ritse M. , Graff Stephanie L. , Dibble Elizabeth H. , de Geus-Oei Lioe-Fee 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Introduction
There is much literature about the role of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT in patients with breast cancer (BC). However, there exists no international guideline with involvement of the nuclear medicine societies about this subject.

Purpose
To provide an organized, international, state-of-the-art, and multidisciplinary guideline, led by experts of two nuclear medicine societies (EANM and SNMMI) and representation of important societies in the field of BC (ACR, ESSO, ESTRO, EUSOBI/ESR, and EUSOMA).

Methods
Literature review and expert discussion were performed with the aim of collecting updated information regarding the role of 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT in patients with no special type (NST) BC and summarizing its indications according to scientific evidence. Recommendations were scored according to the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) criteria.

Results
Quantitative PET features (SUV, MTV, TLG) are valuable prognostic parameters. In baseline staging, 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT plays a role from stage IIB through stage IV. When assessing response to therapy, 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT should be performed on certified scanners, and reported either according to PERCIST, EORTC PET, or EANM immunotherapy response criteria, as appropriate. 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT may be useful to assess early metabolic response, particularly in non-metastatic triple-negative and HER2+ tumours. 2-[18F]FDG PET/CT is useful to detect the site and extent of recurrence when conventional imaging methods are equivocal and when there is clinical and/or laboratorial suspicion of relapse. Recent developments are promising.

Conclusion
2-[18F]FDG PET/CT is extremely useful in BC management, as supported by extensive evidence of its utility compared to other imaging modalities in several clinical scenarios.
First thin-disk oscillator with ceramic Yb:LuScO3 in comparison to the operation with ceramic Yb:Lu2O3
Authors: Esser Stefan , Jing Wei , Xu Xiaodong , Graf Thomas , Abdou Ahmed Marwan 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe report on the characterization and first laser operation of ceramic Yb:LuScO3 in a thin-disk oscillator. The optical performance achieved with a ceramic Yb:LuScO3 disk is compared to the one obtained with an existing ceramic Yb:Lu2O3 disk for reference. The characterization covers the measurement of the fluorescence spectra, the fluorescence lifetimes, and nomarsky imaging. The investigation on the laser operation covers the measurement of resonator losses, output powers, and thermal behavior during continuous-wave operation in a multimode thin-disk oscillator. An average output power of 149 W and a slope efficiency of 51.8% were achieved with the ceramic Yb:LuScO3 disk which reached a maximum surface temperature of about 150 °C. At the same temperature level, a disk made of the already established ceramic Yb:Lu2O3 delivered 957 W of output power with a slope efficiency of 75.7%.
Impact of atmospheric rivers on the winter snowpack in the headwaters of Euphrates-Tigris basin
Authors: Ezber Y. , Bozkurt D. , Sen O. L. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the hydrometeorological impacts of atmospheric rivers (ARs) on mountain snowpack is crucial for water resources management in the snow-fed river basins such as the Euphrates-Tigris (ET). In this study, we investigate the contribution of wintertime (December-January–February) ARs to precipitation and snowpack in the headwater regions of the ET Basin for the period of 1979–2019 using a state-of-the-art AR catalog and ERA5 reanalysis data. The results show that AR days in the headwaters region could be warmer by up to 3 °C and wetter by over 5 mm day−1 compared to non-AR days. The contribution of ARs to the total winter precipitation varies from year to year, with a maximum contribution of over 80% in 2010 and an average contribution of 60% over the 40-year period. While snow accumulation on AR days shows spatial variability, the average snow contribution is 27% of the seasonal average, ranging from 12 to 57% for different years. The south-facing parts of the mountain range experience significant snowmelt, with contributions ranging from 15 to 80% for different years. The high total precipitation (60%) and low snowpack (27%) contribution can be attributed to the semi-arid characteristics of the region and the occurrence of rain-on-snow events, where rain falling on existing snow rapidly melts the snowpack. The findings have implications for water resource management and call for continued research to improve our knowledge of ARs and their interactions with the complex terrain of the ET Basin.
Heated humidified high-flow nasal cannula: a new conservative approach for neonatal nasal stenosis
Authors: Havazelet Shany , Stafler Patrick , Zarzur Ihab , Coreanu Tara , Hod Roy , Armoni-Domany Keren , Gilony Dror 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of heated humidified high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) therapy as a conservative treatment option for newborns suffering from nasal stenosis, a condition that often leads to respiratory distress and feeding difficulties. Given the increasing utilization of HFNC in various upper and lower respiratory tract indications, characterized by its flow-based mechanism and minimal mucosal damage, we seek to investigate its potential benefits in this specific patient population.

Methods
A retrospective chart review of newborns with congenital nasal stenosis treated with HFNC for respiratory distress or feeding difficulties in a pediatric tertiary center between 2014 and 2022. Data were collected for demographic characteristics, clinical presentation and ventilatory requirements, pre and post HFNC application.

Results
Six infants with nasal stenosis were included in the study cohort. Five were diagnosed with congenital pyriform aperture stenosis, three of whom had additional midnasal stenosis. One patient had nasal synechiae. Two patients had failed surgical treatment and all patients failed conservative treatment prior to HFNC treatment. Following HFNC use, improvement was noted in oxygen saturations, heart and respiratory rates, meal volumes and weight. None of the patients required any additional sinonasal surgical treatment. No complications were observed.

Conclusions
In this case series, we present the first documented use of HFNC treatment for nasal stenosis, showing favorable results. Further studies with a larger cohort, wider range of conditions and extended follow-up periods are needed to establish the risks and benefits of HFNC for neonatal nasal stenosis.
Forensic age estimation at the University Center of Legal Medicine Lausanne-Geneva: a retrospective study over 12 years
Authors: Thicot Frederique , Egger Coraline , Castiglioni Claudia , Magnin Virginie , Boudabbous Sana , Angelakopoulos Nikolaos , Grabherr Silke , Genet Pia 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWith the undeniable increase in asylum requests from unaccompanied alleged minors, age estimation of living individuals has become an essential part of the routine work in European forensic centers. This study aims to review the forensic age estimations performed in our center since 2010, to evaluate the state-of-the-art of this practice in Switzerland with the evolution of the methodology according to upcoming recommendations. Our institute's expert reports performed between 2010 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. We gathered the following parameters: demographic data, morphological characteristics, alleged age compared with the assessed minimum age, sexual maturation, dental and bone age. When available, we collected personal and family history, medical history, records of torture-related/self-inflicted injuries, and information about eating habits that might affect skeletal development. Data collection amounted to 656 cases. Forensic age estimations ordered by the Swiss Secretariat for Migration (SEM) represented 76.4% of cases, with 23.6% of them ordered by the Court/Public Prosecutor. Most alleged minors were male (94.5%) and came from Afghanistan (53.4%). Adjunction of CT scans of the sternoclavicular joints was necessary in 86.4% of cases. Only 25.2% of our reports concluded on most probable minority, with 55.6% of definite majors; in 19.2% of our cases, minority could not be excluded. This study aspires to further broaden our expertise regarding forensic age estimations. Given the increasing migratory flows, we can expect a notable increase in the frequency of these requests. Consequently, this study aims to promote a multidisciplinary approach and the international standardization of the methodology of these estimations.
Optical coherence tomography angiography suggests different retinal pathologies in multiple sclerosis and Sjögren’s syndrome
Authors: Wolf Elisabeth , Wicklein Rebecca , Aly Lilian , Schmaderer Christoph , Afzali Ali Maisam , Mardin Christian , Korn Thomas , Hemmer Bernhard , Hofauer Benedikt , Knier Benjamin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
While retinal vessel changes are evident in the eyes of patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), changes in the vasculature of possible MS mimics such as primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) remain to be determined. We investigated the potential of retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) angiography (OCTA) as diagnostic tool to differentiate between patients with RRMS and pSS.

Methods
This cross-sectional study included patients with RRMS (n = 36), pSS (n = 36) and healthy controls (n = 30). Participants underwent clinical examination, assessment of visual acuity, retinal OCT, OCTA, and serum markers of glial and neuronal damage. We investigated the associations between OCTA parameters, visual functions, and serum markers. Eyes with a history of optic neuritis (ON) were excluded from analysis.

Results
We observed a significant thinning of the combined ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer in the eyes of patients with RRMS but not with pSS, when compared to healthy controls. Retinal vessel densities of the superficial vascular complex (SVC) were reduced in both patients with RRMS and pSS. However, retinal vessel rarefication of the deep vascular complex (DVC) was only evident in patients with pSS but not RRMS. Using multivariate regression analysis, we found that DVC vessel loss in pSS patients was associated with worse visual acuity.

Conclusions
Compared to patients with RRMS, rarefication of deep retinal vessels is a unique characteristic of pSS and associated with worse visual function. Assuming a disease-specific retinal vessel pathology, these data are indicative of a differential affliction of the gliovascular complex in the retina of RRMS and pSS patients.
Quantifying climatic suitability for tourism in Southwest Indian Ocean Tropical Islands: Applying the Holiday Climate Index to Réunion Island
Authors: Prinsloo Ariel S. , Fitchett Jennifer M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractClimate is a key resource for tourists and tourism providers. Varied approaches to quantifying climate resources for tourism have been developed in the last 40 years, computing indices from a range of meteorological variables to measure the comparative climatic suitability of different destinations through time. This study provides the first application of a tourism climate index in the tropical southwest Indian Ocean, applying the recently developed Holiday Climate Index (HCI) for Réunion Island. The suitability of this index is evaluated for the case of this French department, with a particular focus on air conditioning availability in tourism accommodation establishments as this index excludes night-time thermal comfort. Both iterations of the HCI (HCIBeach and HCIUrban) are computed with meteorological data from Roland Garros Airport for the period 1991–2020, exploring monthly, annual, and seasonal climatic suitability. Mean monthly HCI scores reveal considerable seasonality in climatic suitability for tourism on the island with scores ranging from 89.3 (‘excellent’) to 36.9 (‘marginal’) for the HCIBeach and 85.0 (‘excellent’) to 27.5 (‘unacceptable’) for the HCIUrban, with more favourable scores calculated for July and August, displaying a clear austral winter peak seasonal classification. Over the 30-year period, there is no statically significant change in mean annual climatic suitability, and at a monthly scale, only one month of the year for each index displays statistically significant trends. These results are important in informing tourism strategies for the island to maximise visitor satisfaction through targeting advertising more deliberately for peak touristic climate suitability during the winter months.
Clinical and kinematic characterization of parkinsonian soft signs in essential tremor
Authors: Angelini Luca , Paparella Giulia , Cannavacciuolo Antonio , Costa Davide , Birreci Daniele , De Riggi Martina , Passaretti Massimiliano , Colella Donato , Guerra Andrea , Berardelli Alfredo , Bologna Matteo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Background
Subtle parkinsonian signs, i.e., rest tremor and bradykinesia, are considered soft signs for defining essential tremor (ET) plus.

Objectives
Our study aimed to further characterize subtle parkinsonian signs in a relatively large sample of ET patients from a clinical and neurophysiological perspective.

Methods
We employed clinical scales and kinematic techniques to assess a sample of 82 ET patients. Eighty healthy controls matched for gender and age were also included. The primary focus of our study was to conduct a comparative analysis of ET patients (without any soft signs) and ET-plus patients with rest tremor and/or bradykinesia. Additionally, we investigated the asymmetry and side concordance of these soft signs.

Results
In ET-plus patients with parkinsonian soft signs (56.10% of the sample), rest tremor was clinically observed in 41.30% of cases, bradykinesia in 30.43%, and rest tremor plus bradykinesia in 28.26%. Patients with rest tremor had more severe and widespread action tremor than other patients. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation between the amplitude of action and rest tremor. Most ET-plus patients had an asymmetry of rest tremor and bradykinesia. There was no side concordance between these soft signs, as confirmed through both clinical examination and kinematic evaluation.

Conclusions
Rest tremor and bradykinesia are frequently observed in ET and are often asymmetric but not concordant. Our findings provide a better insight into the phenomenology of ET and suggest that the parkinsonian soft signs (rest tremor and bradykinesia) in ET-plus may originate from distinct pathophysiological mechanisms.
Two-stage advanced persistent threat (APT) attack on an IEC 61850 power grid substation
Authors: Akbarzadeh Aida , Erdodi Laszlo , Houmb Siv Hilde , Soltvedt Tore Geir 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAdvanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are stealthy, multi-step attacks tailored to a specific target. Often described as ’low and slow’, APTs remain undetected until the consequences of the cyber-attack become evident, usually in the form of damage to the physical world, as seen with the Stuxnet attack, or manipulation of an industrial process, as was the case in the Ukraine Power Grid attacks. Given the increasing sophistication and targeted nature of cyber-attacks, especially APTs, this paper delves into the substantial threats APTs pose to critical infrastructures, focusing on power grid substations. Through a detailed case study, we present and explore a 2-stage APT attack on an IEC 61850 power grid substation, employing a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) testbed to simulate real-world conditions. More specifically, this paper discusses two significant experiments conducted to assess vulnerabilities in the control protocols used in IEC 61850 substations: IEC 60870-5-104 and IEC 61850. The integration of findings from these experiments revealed a number of previously undiscussed potential threats to power grid infrastructure that could arise from attacking one or more substations. To better address these potential threats, the paper proposes an extension to the Industrial Control System (ICS) kill chain that explicitly accounts for the consequences of attacks on the physical aspects of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs).
The ethos brief index—validation of a brief questionnaire to evaluate wellness based on a holistic perspective in patients with restless legs syndrome
Authors: Knutsson Susanne , Björk Maria , Odzakovic Elzana , Hellström Amanda , Sandlund Christina , Ulander Martin , Lind Jonas , Fridlund Bengt , Pakpour Amir , Broström Anders 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to validate the Ethos Brief Index (EBI) in patients with Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS).

Methods
A cross-sectional design, including 788 subjects with RLS (65% women, 70.8 years, SD 11.3) from the Swedish RLS Association, was used. A postal survey was sent out to collect data regarding socio demographics, comorbidities, and RLS-related treatment data. Questionnaires included were EBI, the Restless Legs Syndrome-6 Scale (RLS-6), Restless Legs Syndrome—Quality of Life questionnaire (RLSQoL), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). The validity and reliability of the EBI were investigated using Rasch and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) models. Measurement invariance, unidimensionality, and differential item functioning (DIF) across age and gender groups, as well as insomnia, daytime sleepiness, RLS-related QoL and RLS severity were assessed.

Results
The results supported the unidimensionality of the EBI in the CFA (i.e., explaining 61.5% of the variance) and the Rasch model. The reliability of the EBI was confirmed using composite reliability and Cronbach’s alpha. No DIF was identified for gender, age, insomnia, daytime sleepiness, RLS severity or RLS-related QoL.

Conclusion
The EBI showed good validity and reliability and operated equivalently for male and female patients with RLS. Accordingly, healthcare professionals can use the EBI as a psychometrically sound tool to explore and identify patient-centered problems related to the whole life situation.