bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of two-coloured screens for catching Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Green C. H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDesigns for insecticide-impregnated screens based on combinations of two different colours were evaluated for their attractiveness to Glossina palpalis palpalis (Robineau-Desvoidy) in the Ivory Coast. Screens were tested with flanking panels of mosquito netting (flanked screens) and without such panels (simple screens), using electric nets to catch flies contacting cloth of various colours or mosquito netting. No flanked screen caught more flies than an all-blue single-coloured screen; flanked screens without blue portions generally had lower catches than those with blue portions. The majority of flies was always caught over the netting panels rather than over the cloth screens, although the proportions varied for different colours. Among simple screens, one half pthalogen blue and half ultraviolet-reflecting white caught 2·4 times as many female flies as an all-blue screen and 3·6 times as many as an all-white (ultraviolet-reflecting) screen. The basis for this synergistic effect is that blue attracts flies strongly to a position near the target (e.g. circling), while the white induces landing responses; in the blue-and-white simple screens, 77% of all tsetse landed on the white surface. Several other colour combinations in simple screens gave similar results to the blue-and-white screen for females flies, for example black-and-white, and one of the blue-and-light-blue combinations. For males, the best combination for simple screens was blue and black. In tests of different configurations of blue and ultraviolet-white on simple screens, most flies were caught using a diagonally-divided screen, the lower triangular portion being white and the upper one blue.
Evaluation of damage thresholds for insecticidal control of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on cotton in eastern Tanzania
Authors: Kabissa J. C. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe value of damage thresholds in determining the need for insecticide sprays against Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on cotton was evaluated in 1984 and 1985 in eastern Tanzania. Spraying at thresholds of 10, 20, 40 and 80% damaged squares was compared against spraying on a recommended prophylactic regime of six fixed-interval sprays. In both years, spraying on damage thresholds reduced the number of insecticide applications from six to between one and five without significantly affecting control of H. armigera, seed cotton yield or overall levels of damage to cotton.
Mechanisms of insecticide resistance inAedes aegypti(L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) from Puerto Rico
Authors: Hemingway J. , Boddington R. G. , Harris J. , Dunbar S. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA strain ofAedes aegypti(L.) was collected in Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico, in 1987 and reared through to the F2generation. The strain was shown to be heterozygous for resistance to a range of pyrethroids, but there was no evidence of organophosphate and carbamate resistance. Biochemical studies indicated that the pyrethroid resistance was not metabolically based. Electrophysiological studies at the neuromuscular junction of resistant insects indicated that akdr(nerve insensitivity) type mechanism was operating in this strain. It is not known whether this mechanism was selected by earlier DDT exposure or by the recent ultra-low-volume applications of pyrethroids.
Population studies and biological control of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on passion fruit in Western Samoa
Authors: Liebregts W. J. M. M , Sands D. P. A , Bourne A. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe development of infestations of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni-Tozzetti) on passion fruit vines in Western Samoa was monitored at two sites over a period of 20 months, during which the aphelinid parasitoids Encarsia berlesei (Howard) and E. diaspidicola (Silvestri) were released. All vines were rated for P. pentagona infestations, and the female scale insects were counted on selected vines. At one site, the numbers of P. pentagona built up to over 10 000 adult females per vine before the parasitoids became established, and within one year 50% of the vines died. At the other site, where vines survived, an endemic coccinellid predator, Sticholotis quadrisignata Weise, kept populations below 3000 females per vine until the parasitoids became established. Biological control of P. pentagona was achieved at both sites eight months after the parasitoids were introduced. A model for interaction of P. pentagona and parasitoids predicted higher levels for parasitization than revealed by microscopic examination.
Changes in leaf hardness and moisture content of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, following feeding by Neochetina eichhorniae Warner (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Wright A. D. , Boland N. P. , Kerr J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFeeding by adults of Neochetina eichhorniae Warner on water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, significantly increased the hardness of the lamina of the youngest leaf and the petioles of the youngest three leaves, while the moisture content of the petioles and laminae was significantly reduced. However, variations in leaf hardness did not significantly affect feeding by the weevils, and leaf age was considered to have a greater effect. The results help explain field observations of the relative abundances of N. eichhorniae and the pyralid Sameodes albiguttalis (Warren), which also attacks water hyacinth.
Pod wall trichomes and resistance of two wild cowpea, Vigna vexillata, accessions to Maruca testualis (Geyer) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål (Hemiptera: Coreidae)
Authors: Jackai L. E. N. , Oghiakhe S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments were conducted to investigate the role of pubescence in the resistance of two wild cowpea varieties, TVNu 72 and TVNu 73, to feeding and damage caused by two cowpea pests, Maruca testulalis (Geyer) and Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål. The fine structure of the trichomes was also studied by electron microscopy in order to try to determine the role played by trichomes in the resistance of these varieties to both pests. Feeding and development were deterred in both insects on pods of TVNu 72 and TVNu 73 with or without trichomes compared to the susceptible variety, IT84E-124. In M. testulalis, the same effect was observed on seeds and flowers. However, M. testulalis larvae fed and developed better, as indicated by the higher growth index values, when trichomes were removed. Growth index estimates showed a 13-fold decrease when trichomes were left intact on both TVNu 72 and TVNu 73 compared to the cultivated susceptible control. It was concluded that resistance to M. testulalis was based on trichomes in the first instance (as a first line of defence) and phytochemicals. Survival of C. tomentosicollis nymphs was not affected by trichome removal even though adult feeding damage was slightly increased. This is explained in line with previous reports which indicate that phytochemicals may be the principal factor in the resistance of TVNu 72 and TVNu 73 to this species. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes were found to be present on both the cultivated and wild cowpea. Trichomes in the two types of cowpea differ significantly only in trichome number (susceptible cultivated cowpeas have more) and non-glandular trichome length (those on wild cowpea are ca 20 times longer). Trichome length and angle to pod surface seemed to be more important than density per se.
A new genus and two new species of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from South Africa on bulbs and corms imported into Great Britain
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCormiococcus gen. n. is described for C. dieramae sp. n., a mealybug collected in South Africa on the corms of Dierama sp., imported to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, UK. Another mealybug species, Chorizococcus lachenaliae sp. n., is described from the bulbs of Lachenaliae sp., imported from South Africa to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Chorizococcus bardus (De Lotto) comb. n., originally described from South Africa on bulbs of Narcissus capensis, is transferred from Maconellicoccus Ezzat.
A portable allozyme electrophoresis kit used to identify members of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in the field
Authors: Thomson M. C. , Davies J. B. , Wilson M. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA cheap power pack that could be run off a 12-V car battery was constructed using a 12–250–V DC-DC converter. The power pack is small and light and can be used to run a Helena cellulose acetate electrophoresis system away from a mains electricity supply. The system was used sucessfully to identify adults of the Simulium damnosum Theobald complex in a field laboratory in northern Sierra Leone.
The control of rice stem-borers (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by insecticides applied to the roots of rice plants
Authors: Islam B. N. , Miah M. A. Hamid 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExperiments were conducted in Bangladesh in April–July and July–December to study the effectiveness of three methods of insecticide application to three varieties of rice against the stem-borers Scirpophaga incertulas (Wlk.) and Chilo polychrysus (Meyr.). In April–July, seedlings of the varieties IR8 and Dacca-14 were uprooted when 22 days old and treated individually with 0·0375%, 0·075%, 0·15% or 0·3% diazinon (as Diazinon 60 EC), dicrotophos (as Bidrin 85 EC) or carbaryl (as Sevin 85 SP) or 0·3% γ-BHC dust for 12, followed by dipping for 12 h in fresh water and then transplantation. In July–December, the same treatments were applied by controlled irrigation to the seedbeds of the varieties IR8 and Dacca-25 and for 40 h when the seedlings were 24 days old. In another experiment in July–December, granular formulations of diazinon (as Diazinon 5G), dicrotophos (as Bidrin 5G) and Sevidol (a mixed formulation of carbaryl 8G plus γ-BHC 8G) were also applied to the transplanted field at an interval of 20 days. Insecticides applied to uprooted seedlings reduced borer populations more in the case of variety IR8 than in Dacca–14. Diazinon applied at 0·3% to the variety IR8 and Dacca–25 effectively reduced the borer population to 4–8 and 10·5%, respectively, for up to 41 days; γ-BHC applied to the seedbed did not show much response. Dicrotophos was not highly effective in controlling the borers. Granular formulations of Sevidol at 1–5, 2 and 2–5 kg a.i./ ha and diazinon at 2–5 kg a.i./ha controlled stem-borers more effectively in variety IR8 than in Dacca-25. Variety IR8 was found more susceptible to the stem-borers than Dacca-25 and Dacca-14.
Larval growth of some calliphorid and sarcophagid Diptera
Authors: Levot G. W. , Brown K. R. , Shipp E 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe competitive abilities of seven calliphorid and one sarcophagid species were examined by investigation of various Characteristics of their larval growth curves. The relative success of each species is thought to depend to a great extent on the ability of the larvae to attain quickly the minimum weight for viable pupation. The ovoviviparous species (Calliphora nociva Hardy, C. augur (F.) and Parasarcophaga crassipalpis (Macq.)) were found to have the most rapid growth and Chrysomya megacephala (F.), Calliphora nociva and C. augur the highest assimilatory rate during the period of most rapid growth. Further, C. nociva, C. augur, Ch. megacephala and Ch. rufifacies (Macq.) were the species best adapted to pupation at low larval weight, which suggests that their food requirements for successful pupation were less (relative to maximum larval weight) than those of the other species. In this respect, Lucilia cuprina (Wied.) was also well–adapted and Ch. varipes (Macq.) was the least successful species.
New species and new records of Perkinsiella (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Fennah R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSix species of Perkinsiella, P. macrinus sp. n., P. diagoras sp. n., P. my con sp. n., P. bulli sp. n., P. falcipennis sp. n. and P. boreon sp. n., are described from material collected in Papua New Guinea. New locality records are given for the sugar-cane pests P. saccharicida Kirk., P. vastatrix (Bredd.), P. rattlei Muir, P. sinensis Kirk., P. lalokensis Muir, P. papuensis Muir and P. thompsoni Muir.
The management of acaricide resistance in the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) (Acari: Ixodidae), in Australia
Authors: Sutherst R. W. , Comins H. N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn analysis, using mathematical models, is presented of the ecological, genetic and economic factors that determine the optimal strategies for the long-term use of chemical control of Boophilus microplus (Can.) on cattle. As an illustration, the control of the tick in south-eastern Queensland is considered, but the approach is readily applicable in any other geographical area. It is suggested that optimal strategies take into account the need to delay the development of resistance to acaricides. The suggested strategies involve the use of tick-resistant Zebu-type cattle as a basis for tick control. High concentrations of acaricides are recommended to reduce seleotion of resistant ticks. Careful timing and moderation in the use of acaricides is also recommended to minimise the number of occasions on which resistant ticks are subjected to selection at times when they can successfully reproduce. As the spread of resistance is thought to occur primarily on moving cattle and before resistance is evident, stringent quarantine measures may slow down the spread.
The Pink Bollworm of Queensland
Authors: Holdaway F. G. 
Published: July 2009

The name Platyedra scutigera is proposed for a cotton insect of Queensland, previously reported as P. gossypiella. Its larval and pupal stages are described and notes on its bionomics and distribution are given.There are at least four distinct species of Platyedra in Australia, P. gossypiella in West Australia and the Northern Territory, the other three in Queensland, one of which is the cotton pest, P. scutigera, the remaining two feeding on native Malvaceae.
New Injurious Curculionidae (Col.)
Authors: Marshall Guy A. K. 
Published: July 2009

♂♀. Integument black, with brown scaling ; the pronotum with two indefinite paler stripes ; the elytra with vague paler markings which sometimes form a very ill-defined band across the middle, broadly interrupted at the suture.Head with the forehead divided into four areas by three deep sulci, the straight median one slightly narrower than the others, which are shallow in front and much deeper behind, curving at first inwards and then transversely outwards, so as to separate the lateral areas from the vertex ; the frontal areas of approximately the same width anteriorly, the median pair broader in front than behind and continuous with the vertex, the outer pair dilated and obtusely elevated behind, not projecting over the eyes ; the surface, when denuded of scales, with numerous minute punctures and sparse larger ones ; the eyes strongly convex, deepest behind the middle. Rostrum transverse (3 : 2), almost parallel-sided, the transverse basal incision very broad and deep ; the dorsum with a low median carina which begins to fork at or a little beyond its middle, and which at the base is as high as the narrowly separated areas on each side of it ; adjoining the carina a more or less deep curved impression, and a shallow oblique furrow on each side in the basal half ; the posterior margin of the epistome not higher than the median carina. Antennae with joint 1 of the funicle twice as long as 2, 3–7 a little longer than broad, 3–5 of equal width, 6 and 7 each becoming wider. Prothorax transverse (8 : 5), very strongly rounded (almost obtusely subangulate) at the sides, widest well before the middle, and scarcely constricted near the apex ; the apical margin truncate or shallowly sinuate, the base truncate ; the dorsum very convex longitudinally, highest at the middle, coarsely and confluently foveate, and with an abbreviated low median carina ; the scales small, subcircular and closely placed ; the setae short, scale-like and recumbent.
A local Outbreak of the Winter or Moose Tick, Dermacentor albipictus, Pack. (Ixodoidea) in Saskatchewan
Authors: Cameron Alfred E. , Fulton J. S. 
Published: July 2009

(1) D. albipictus, known as the winter or moose tick, is a common parasite of moose, elk and deer in the forests of northern Saskatchewan. As in the outbreak described in this paper, it may attack and cause serious losses among the cattle and horses of settlers which are permitted to graze in the haunts frequented by its native hosts. Deaths among the moose are frequently attributed to the ravages of the tick.(2) The eggs of D. albipictus are deposited in the ground by the engorged females, which continue to drop from the hosts throughout the winter until the beginning of May. The larvae emerge from the eggs during the late summer and probably remain dormant until such time as the period of drought passes and cooler weather arrives. Attachment to the host is achieved by the larvae in the autumn, and both the larval and nymphal moults are undertaken on one and the same host. During the summer months the hosts are free from its attacks.(3) Infestation of cattle and horses may be prevented by their maintenance in fenced, tick-free pastures or in barns from the end of September until the beginning of May. Animals that have become infested may be treated with an arsenical dip. Dipping, however, cannot be safely accomplished after September in northern Saskatchewan because of the risk of severe chills that may be contracted by treated animals consequent on the low prevailing temperatures of the autumn months.Tick-infested fields may be cleaned by being ploughed in the spring after all the ticks have dropped. The engorged females are buried, and even though the eggs may hatch, the larvae will find difficulty in reaching the surface in the autumn to attach themselves to a host.
The Fig Wax Scale (Ceroplastes rusci, L.) in Palestine
Authors: Bodkin G. E. 
Published: July 2009

The cultivation of the fig tree in Palestine has not yet attained any great or highly valuable proportions, though there are many thousands of these trees scattered over the cultivatable portions of the country, all of which yield a certain amount of annual profit. In some parts a few, small, regularly-planted collections of trees exist which can, with dignity, be termed plantations.The fig tree in this country is of hardy growth and seldom receives much attention beyond a yearly ploughing of its surrounding soil and the removal of the crop. It is, perhaps, because of its resistance to the rigours of heat, cold and dryness which are experienced in the gamut of the country's climates, and its ability to flourish and bear a crop of profitable fruit with a minimum of expenditure on upkeep, that it is so popular with the agricultural inhabitants of Palestine.The fruit of this tree is either sold fresh or else marketed locally after a process of sun-drying, which forms a profitable industry in the hill districts and is quite capable of considerable expansion. Some eleven species of figs are grown in Palestine, four of which are excellent for drying.The pests of this tree are not numerous and include the fig wax scale (Ceroplastes rusci, L.), the Mediterranean fruit-fly (Ceratitis capitata, Wied.), and a recently discovered Psyllid, which is confined to a comparatively small area. Of these the fig wax scale is by far the most important.
New Fleas from South African Rodents
Authors: Ingram A. 
Published: July 2009

During the carrying out of field work in connection with the investigation of plague in the Union of South Africa, certain fleas which appeared to be new were taken in the nests of water rats and on a golden rock mouse in the Karroo.Whilst resembling Chiastopsylla, Rosthsch., morphologically, the fleas from the Karroo rats differ from that genus in the absence of tooth-like spines at the genal margin of the head, and the flea taken on the rock mouse differs in possessing no pronotal comb, in addition to the absence of spines at the genal margin of the head. It was thought that these differences would require the erection of new genera for the reception of these fleas ; two specimens, however, of one of the species showed an incomplete set of genal spines, and Dr. Jordan, who kindly examined the material, considers that all the fleas described below belong to the genus Chiastopsylla. Apparently, if one may judge from the presence of genal spines in the two specimens found, certain species of this genus have been recently evolved.
On two New Parasites from West Africa bred from the Cacao Barksapper (Sahlbergella)
Authors: Wilkinson D. S. 
Published: July 2009

Euphorus sahlbergellae, sp. n.Head, thorax, and abdomen deep black, polished and shining ; scape, flagellum (except about 17 apical joints which are darker), palpi, tegulae, all trochanters, front femora, about apical third of mid femora, hind femora at extreme apex, the 4 anterior tibiae and tarsi, basal third of hind tibiae, light red-brown ; basal two-thirds of mid femora, apical two-thirds of hind tibiae on underside, and hind tarsi, dark red-brown ; hind femora and apical two-thirds of upper surface of hind tibiae black to dark red-black ; hind coxae, and mid coxae mostly, black ; front coxae, at least at the sides, black, apically somewhat red-brown ; claws dark ; stigma and most wing-veins brown.
The Generic Types of the Diaspidae (Hemiptera).—Part II
Authors: Myers L. Emery 
Published: July 2009

Since the appearance of the first paper in this proposed series our attention has been called by Mr. E. E. Green to the desirability of developing a terminology for the various structures of the Diaspid scales which shall be more satisfactory than that at present in general use. We are entirely in accord with his view that many of the terms at present employed are not suitable and that they need to be replaced by others of more precise application.We have decided, however, not to make any attempt at the development of such a terminology at the present time, the controlling reason for this decision being found in the belief that the morphology of the Diaspid scales—not to speak of the other groups—is still too insufficiently understood to permit the formulation of a terminology which shall be at all enduring. It is our belief that any system now devised is too likely to require extensive later modification. This is certainly the case with one recent attempt thus to devise such a system, an attempt that fails of its purpose because of lack of knowledge. From this point of view it seems best to leave the question of such a terminology until such time as at least a large proportion of the Diaspid types have been examined in greater detail.For the present we shall content ourselves with the use of common and, in general, well understood terms or with simple descriptive phrases. An exception will be made in the case of certain terms which it seems well should be eliminated as soon as possible. One such term is the expression “ pygidial lobes ” for the usually paired structures of the pygidial margin. For these Mr. Green suggests that the term “ trulla,” which has already been employed by some authors, is better. Another substitution suggested by Mr. Green is that of “ perivulvar ” to designate the cluster of pores about the genital opening, and this we shall utilise.