bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation, public health and social marketing: a behaviour change trinity
Authors: Hoek Janet , Jones Sandra C. 
Published: February 2011

PurposeThe paper aims to explore the apparent tension between upstream and downstream social marketing and propose these should be treated as contiguous and complementary.Design/methodology/approachAn environmental, population‐based framework is used to explore the varied roles social marketing might play in reducing public health problems.FindingsThe paper concludes that social marketers should collaborate with public health researchers to identify and ameliorate the environmental determinants of risk behaviour and create a context where downstream interventions may flourish. It is argued that the upstream measures necessary to shape supportive environments should be regarded not as constraints diminishing voluntary behaviour, but instead as the pre‐requisites enabling full and free choices.Research limitations/implicationsThe call for a rapprochement between upstream and downstream social marketers, and greater integration of public health and social marketing goals lead to new research opportunities that focus more effectively on consumers' choice environments.Social implicationsA united voice calling for policy change that precedes and promotes individual behaviour change may help create stronger and more supportive choice environments in which risk behaviours are no longer the “easy” option.Originality/valueThe tension between upstream and downstream social marketing risks limiting the contribution both approaches may make and overlooks their mutual dependency. This paper evaluates this tension and suggests how it might be addressed.
When is social marketing not social marketing?
Authors: Hastings Gerard , Angus Kathryn 
Published: February 2011

PurposeThe paper aims to discuss the thorny issues of industry‐funded social marketing campaigns. Can the tobacco industry be trusted to educate our children about the dangers of smoking? Is a brewer the best source of health promotion? The paper argues for transparency and critical appraisal.Design/methodology/approachThe paper looks at the issues of tobacco and alcohol in more detail, emphasises the need for caution and suggests guidelines for future practice.FindingsThe fiduciary duty of the corporation means that all its efforts – including any social marketing campaigns or corporate social responsibility – must be focused first and foremost on the success of the business and the enhancement of shareholder value; any wider public health benefits will inevitably be subjugated to this core purpose. And there is good evidence to show that the principal beneficiaries of apparently public‐spirited campaigns run by tobacco and alcohol companies are the sponsors. In the hands of a corporation, then, social marketing will always transmute into commercial marketing.Practical implicationsWe should then proceed with our eyes wide open, alert to the danger of counterproductive outcomes, armed with independent evaluation and in the full knowledge that wherever industry‐funded efforts to educate the public replace those run by objective third parties, harm will be done.Originality/valueThe paper, concerned with industry‐sponsored social marketing, broadens the discussion beyond communications. It shows that it is necessary to consider the whole marketing mix, not simply advertising, when discussing social marketing.
An integrative model for social marketing
Authors: Lefebvre R. Craig 
Published: February 2011

PurposeSocial marketing has evolved differently in the developing and developed worlds, at times leading to different emphases on what social marketing thought and practice entail. This paper aims to document what those differences have been and provide an integrative framework to guide social marketers in working with significant social and health issues.Design/methodology/approachAn integration of views about social marketing is proposed that is focused on the core roles of audience benefits; analysis of behavioral determinants, context and consequences; the use of positioning, brand and personality in marketing strategy development; and use of the four elements of the marketing mix to tailor offerings, realign prices, increase access and opportunities; and communicate these in an evolving media environment.FindingsIdeas about branding and positioning, core strategic social marketing concerns, have been better understood and practiced in developing country settings. Social marketing in developing countries has focused much more on products and services, with a concomitant interest in pricing and distribution systems. In developed countries, social marketing has too often taken the 1P route of using persuasive communications for behavior change. The integrative framework calls for an expansion of social marketing to product and service development and delivery, using incentives and other behavioral economic concepts as part of the price element, and extending place as both an access and opportunity idea for behaviors, products and services.Practical implicationsThe framework pulls together social marketing ideas and practices from the diversity of settings in which they have been developed and allows practitioners and academics to use a common set of concepts to think about and design social marketing programs. The model also gives social marketers more latitude in how to use price and place in the design of programs. Finally, it also provides a platform for how we approach social change and public health in the years ahead through market‐based reform.Originality/valueFive challenges to social marketing are identified – achieving equity, influence of social networks on behaviors, critical marketing, sustainability, scalability and the need for comprehensive programs – that may serve to focus and coalesce social marketing research and practice around the world.
An intronic polymorphism in the porcine IRF7 gene is associated with better health and immunity of the host during Sarcocystis infection, and affects interferon signalling
Authors: Broke A. , Matika O. , Wilson A. D. , Anderson J. , Morin A.‐C. , Finlayson H. A. , Reiner G. , Willems H. , Bishop S. C. , Archibald A. L. , Ait‐Ali T. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryInterferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7), as a key regulator of type I interferon response, plays an important role during innate response against viral infection. Although well conserved across species, the structure of IRF7 and its function during parasite infection are not well documented in farm animals, such as the pig. To bridge this gap, we have determined the porcine IRF7 gene structure and identified two intronic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), SNP g.748G>C and SNP g.761A>G, in commercial pig breeds. The distribution of SNP g.761A>G in multiple breeds suggested that it was in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and allowed us to map it at the top of SSC2. We found that during Sarcocystis miescheriana infection, the G allele was associated with high lymphocyte levels (P < 0.02), reduced drop in platelet levels (P < 0.002) and IgG1‐Th2‐dominated response (P < 0.05). This suggests that the G allele was associated with better health and immunity of the host during Sarcocystis infection. Furthermore, we have also provided suggestive evidence that the G allele of SNPc.761A>G enhances the transactivation activity of IRF7, possibly by improving IRF7 transcript splicing of intron‐3. These findings would suggest that IRF7, as a transcriptional regulator, is involved in the defence mechanism against a larger spectrum of pathogens, and in more host species, than initially anticipated.
Polymorphism and gene organization of water buffalo MHC‐DQB genes show homology to the BoLA DQB region
Authors: Sena L. , Schneider M. P. C. , Brenig B. B. , Honeycutt R. L. , Honeycutt D. A. , Womack J. E. , Skow L. C. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryIn cattle (Bos taurus), there is evidence of more than 50 alleles of BoLA‐DQB (bovine lymphocyte antigen DQB) that are distributed across at least five DQB loci, making this region one of the most complex in the BoLA gene family. In this study, DQB alleles were analysed for the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), another economically important bovine species. Twelve alleles for Bubu‐DQB (Bubalis bubalis DQB) were determined by nucleotide sequence analysis. A phylogenetic analysis revealed numerous trans‐species polymorphisms, with alleles from water buffalo assigned to at least three different loci (BoLA‐DQB1, BoLA‐DQB3 and BoLA‐DQB4) that are also found in cattle. These presumptive loci were analysed for patterns of synonymous (dS) and non‐synonymous (dN) substitution. Like BoLA‐DQB1, Bubu‐DQB1 was observed to be under strong positive selection for polymorphism. We conclude that water buffalo and cattle share the current arrangement of their DQB region because of their common ancestry.
Aurora B kinase expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic implications
Authors: García‐Fernández Eugenia , De Diego Juan I , Collantes‐Bellido Elena , Mendiola Marta , Prim María P , Pérez‐Fernández Elia , Miguel‐Martín María , Nistal Manuel , Hardisson David 
Published: February 2011

García‐Fernández E, De Diego J I, Collantes‐Bellido E, Mendiola M, Prim M P, Pérez‐Fernández E, Miguel‐Martín M, Nistal M & Hardisson D (2011) Histopathology58, 368–376 Aurora B kinase expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and its prognostic implicationsAims:  To investigate the clinical and prognostic significance of Aurora B in laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCC).Methods and results:  Aurora B protein expression was analysed in 259 LSCC. The proliferation index (Ki67) and the expression of other cell cycle control proteins, such as Aurora A, survivin and p53 was also determined. Aurora B was highly expressed in 55.4% of LSCC. High Aurora B expression levels were correlated with tumour recurrence (P = 0.01), death from disease (P = 0.05) and decreased disease‐free survival (P = 0.013) and overall survival (P = 0.04). Survivin expression was neither associated with clinicopathological characteristics nor with survival. However, survivin expression in the nucleus paralleled Aurora B expression (P = 0.014). Aurora A expression was associated significantly with increased tumour grade (P = 0.008). Multivariate analysis indicated that Aurora B was an independent predictor for LSCC‐specific disease‐free survival [hazard ratio (HR), 2.10; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.25–3.52 (P = 0.005)] and overall survival [HR, 1.91; 95% CI 1.01–3.34 (P = 0.023)].Conclusions:  Aurora B may be a novel prognostic biomarker for LSCC and a potential therapeutic target in this type of tumour.
Rapid identification of Streptococcus iniae by specific PCR assay utilizing genetic markers in ITS rDNA
Authors: Zhou S M , Fan Y , Zhu X Q , Xie M Q , Li A X 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe 16S–23S intergenic spacers (ITS) of ribosomal DNA from ten independent isolates of Streptococcus iniae and one reference strain ATCC29178 were sequenced, aligned and used to design a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer set for rapid and specific detection and identification of S. iniae. This primer set amplified a 377‐bp DNA fragment specifically from S. iniae, but not from other common bacterial pathogens of fish or from non‐fish pathogens. The PCR conditions were optimized to allow detection of the organism from agar, broth culture or infected fish tissue. The sensitivity of the PCR assay was established by the detection of DNA as low as 0.02 ng or as few as 10 CFU bacterial cells. The establishment of the specific PCR assay provides a useful tool for the identification and diagnosis of fish infection with S. iniae.
Reticulate evolution of the Daphnia pulex complex as revealed by nuclear markers
Authors: VERGILINO ROLAND , MARKOVA SILVIA , VENTURA MARC , MANCA MARINA , DUFRESNE FRANCE 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe study of species complexes is of particular interest to understand how evolutionary young species maintain genomic integrity. The Daphnia pulex complex has been intensively studied as it includes species that dominate freshwater environments in the Northern hemisphere and as it is the sole North American complex that shows transitions to obligate parthenogenesis. Past studies using mitochondrial markers have revealed the presence of 10 distinct lineages in the complex. This study is the first to examine genetic relationships among seven species of the complex at nuclear markers (nine microsatellite loci and one protein‐coding gene). Clones belonging to the seven species of the Daphnia pulex complex were characterized at the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase (ND5) gene and at the Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) locus. K‐means, principal coordinate analyses and phylogenetic network analyses on the microsatellite data all separated European D. pulicaria, D. tenebrosa, North American D. pulex, D. pulicaria and their hybrids into distinct clusters. The hybrid cluster was composed of diploid and polyploid hybrids with D. pulex mitochondria and some clones with D. pulicaria mitochondria. By contrast, the phylogeny of the D. pulex complex using Rab4 was not well resolved but still showed clusters consisting mostly of D. pulex alleles and others of D. pulicaria alleles. Incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization may obscure genetic relationships at this locus. This study shows that hybridization and introgression have played an important role in the evolution of this complex.
All roads lead to home: panmixia of European eel in the Sargasso Sea
Authors: ALS THOMAS D. , HANSEN MICHAEL M. , MAES GREGORY E. , CASTONGUAY MARTIN , RIEMANN LASSE , AARESTRUP KIM , MUNK PETER , SPARHOLT HENRIK , HANEL REINHOLD , BERNATCHEZ LOUIS 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEuropean eels (Anguilla anguilla) spawn in the remote Sargasso Sea in partial sympatry with American eels (Anguilla rostrata), and juveniles are transported more than 5000 km back to the European and North African coasts. The two species have been regarded as classic textbook examples of panmixia, each comprising a single, randomly mating population. However, several recent studies based on continental samples have found subtle, but significant, genetic differentiation, interpreted as geographical or temporal heterogeneity between samples. Moreover, European and American eels can hybridize, but hybrids have been observed almost exclusively in Iceland, suggesting hybridization in a specific region of the Sargasso Sea and subsequent nonrandom dispersal of larvae. Here, we report the first molecular population genetics study based on analysis of 21 microsatellite loci in larvae of both Atlantic eel species sampled directly in the spawning area, supplemented by analysis of European glass eel samples. Despite a clear East–West gradient in the overlapping distribution of the two species in the Sargasso Sea, we only observed a single putative hybrid, providing evidence against the hypothesis of a wide marine hybrid zone. Analyses of genetic differentiation, isolation by distance, isolation by time and assignment tests provided strong evidence for panmixia in both the Sargasso Sea and across all continental samples of European eel after accounting for the presence of sibs among newly hatched larvae. European eel has declined catastrophically, and our findings call for management of the species as a single unit, necessitating coordinated international conservation efforts.
Diagenesis or dire genesis? The origin of columnar spar in tufa stromatolites of central Greece and the role of chironomid larvae
Authors: BRASIER ALEXANDER T. , ANDREWS JULIAN E. , KENDALL ALAN C. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractTwo Greek Pleistocene tufa stromatolites were examined petrographically and with stable isotope geochemistry to determine whether calcite spar is of primary or diagenetic origin. The younger (ca 100 ka) tufa from Zemeno primarily is micritic, with primary columnar calcite spar restricted to areas immediately above chironomid larval tubes. This relationship suggests that chironomid larval feeding behaviour is responsible for the development of Zemeno tufa columnar calcite, probably involving biological substances smeared onto the tufa surface. Most micritic crystals are not suitably oriented to allow later post‐depositional growth resulting in columnar fabrics. The older (ca 1 Ma) predominantly sparry tufa from Nemea contains some chironomid tubes and organic cyanobacterial filaments preserved in crystal fans but also contains many fabrics found in primary speleothem spar. Columnar spar here is unlikely to be the result of post‐depositional crystal growth. A comparison of stable isotopic trends between the two tufa deposits suggests that both contain interpretable seasonal trends and implies little or minor post‐depositional alteration of either tufa. Consequently, there is no basis for the common assumption that sparry tufa fabrics must be of diagenetic origin.
KMS1 and KMS2, two plant endoplasmic reticulum proteins involved in the early secretory pathway
Authors: Wang Pengwei , Hummel Eric , Osterrieder Anne , Meyer Andreas J. , Frigerio Lorenzo , Sparkes Imogen , Hawes Chris 
Published: February 2011

SummaryWe have identified two endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐associated Arabidopsis proteins, KMS1 and KMS2, which are conserved among most species. Fluorescent protein fusions of KMS1 localised to the ER in plant cells, and over‐expression induced the formation of a membrane structure, identified as ER whorls by electron microscopy. Hydrophobicity analysis suggested that KMS1 and KMS2 are integral membrane proteins bearing six transmembrane domains. Membrane protein topology was assessed by a redox‐based topology assay (ReTA) with redox‐sensitive GFP and confirmed by a protease protection assay. A major loop domain between transmembrane domains 2 and 3, plus the N‐ and C‐termini were found on the cytosolic side of the ER. A C‐terminal di(tri)‐lysine motif is involved in retrieval of KMS1 and deletion led to a reduction of the GFP–KMS1 signal in the ER. Over‐expression of KMS1/KMS2 truncations perturbed ER and Golgi morphology and similar effects were also seen when KMS1/KMS2 were knocked‐down by RNA interference. Microscopy and biochemical experiments suggested that expression of KMS1/KMS2 truncations inhibited ER to Golgi protein transport.
Dynamics of Arabidopsis SUN proteins during mitosis and their involvement in nuclear shaping
Authors: Oda Yoshihisa , Fukuda Hiroo 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe nuclear envelope (NE) is a highly active structure with a specific set of nuclear envelope proteins acting in diverse cellular events. SUN proteins are conserved NE proteins among eukaryotes. Although they form nucleocytoplasmic linkage complexes in metazoan cells, their functions in the plant kingdom are unknown. To understand the function of plant SUN proteins, in this study we first investigated the dynamics of Arabidopsis SUN proteins during mitosis in Arabidopsis roots and cultured cells. For this purpose, we performed dual and triple visualization of these proteins, microtubules, chromosomes, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in cultured cells, and observed their dynamics during mitosis using a high‐speed spinning disk confocal microscope. The localizations of SUN proteins changed dynamically during mitosis, tightly coupled with NE dynamics. Moreover, NE re‐formation marked with SUN proteins is temporally and spatially coordinated with plant‐specific microtubule structures such as phragmoplasts. Finally, the analysis with gene knockdowns of AtSUN1 and AtSUN2 indicated that they are necessary for the maintenance and/or formation of polarized nuclear shape in root hairs. These results suggest that Arabidopsis SUN proteins function in the maintenance or formation of nuclear shape as components of the nucleocytoskeletal complex.
A recombineering‐based gene tagging system for Arabidopsis
Authors: Zhou Rongrong , Benavente Larissa M. , Stepanova Anna N. , Alonso Jose M. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryOne of the most information‐rich aspects of gene functional studies is characterization of gene expression profiles at cellular resolution, and subcellular localization of the corresponding proteins. These studies require visualization of the endogenous gene products using specific antibodies, or, more commonly, generation of whole‐gene translational fusions with a reporter gene such as a fluorescent protein. To facilitate the generation of such translational fusions and to ensure that all cis‐regulatory sequences are included, we have used a bacterial homologous recombination system (recombineering) to insert fluorescent protein tags into genes of interest harbored by transformation‐competent bacterial artificial chromosomes (TACs). This approach has several advantages compared to other classical strategies. First, the researcher does not have to guess what the regulatory sequences of a gene are, as tens of thousands of base pairs flanking the gene of interest can be included in the construct. Second, because the genes of interest are not amplified by PCR, there are practically no limits to the size of a gene that can be tagged. Third, there are no restrictions on the location in which the fluorescent protein can be inserted, as the position is determined by sequence homology with the recombination primers. Finally, all of the required strains and TAC clones are publically available, and the experimental procedures described here are simple and robust. Thus, we suggest that recombineering‐based gene tagging should be the gold standard for gene expression studies in Arabidopsis.
Oral contraceptive pill use before pregnancy and respiratory outcomes in early childhood
Authors: Hancock Dana B. , Håberg Siri E. , Furu Kari , Whitworth Kristina W. , Nafstad Per , Nystad Wenche , London Stephanie J. 
Published: February 2011

To cite this article: Hancock DB, Håberg SE, Furu K, Whitworth KW, Nafstad P, Nystad W, London SJ. Oral contraceptive pill use before pregnancy and respiratory outcomes in early childhood. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 528–536.AbstractBackground:  Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are often used soon before, and sometimes during, pregnancy. A few studies have suggested that OCP use before pregnancy may increase risks for childhood respiratory outcomes, but data are inconclusive. No studies have analyzed the two types of OCPs, estrogen‐progestin combined pills and progestin‐only pills, separately.Methods:  In the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), we prospectively examined associations of OCP use before pregnancy, by type, with lower respiratory tract infections in 60,225 children followed to 6 months old, lower respiratory tract infections and wheezing in 42,520 children followed to 18 months old, and asthma in 24,472 children followed to 36 months old. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) crudely and with adjustment for a wide range of potential confounders.Result:  Combined pills were used much more commonly than progestin‐only pills. Taking combined pills before pregnancy was not associated with lower respiratory tract infections, wheezing, or asthma. Progestin‐only pill use in the year before pregnancy had a slight positive association with wheezing at 6–8 months old [adjusted OR (95% CI) = 1.19 (1.05–1.34)].Conclusion:  Our finding that combined pill use before pregnancy was not related to respiratory outcomes should provide reassurance to the vast majority of mothers using OCPs before becoming pregnant. The small association with progestin‐only pill use and early respiratory outcomes may reflect uncontrolled confounding or other bias. Nonetheless, it does suggest that these two types of pills should be examined separately in future analyses of respiratory and other childhood outcomes.