bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water and Erosion Management with Multiple Applications of Polyacrylamide in Furrow Irrigation
Authors: Sojka R. E. , Lentz R. D. , Westermann D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPolyacrylamide (PAM) in furrow irrigation water eliminates 94% of runoff sediment. Higher infiltration (15–50%) can result in upperfield overirrigation. We hypothesized that PAM would lengthen advance time, but that interactions with flow rate and wheel‐track (WT) furrows would occur, influencing erosion and infiltration with potential for improved water management. A 2‐yr study conducted on 1.5% slope Portneuf soil (Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) was irrigated with 10 g m‐3 PAM in advancing 23 L min‐1 furrow streams (reduced to 19 L min‐1 after advance) (PAM treatment, P) or without PAM (control, C). Initial inflows in 1994 were 23 L min‐1 (normal flow rate, N) or 45 L min‐1 (high flow rate, H) with or without PAM. The application of PAM at 23 L min‐1 (PN) increased 2‐yr mean advance time 33% and reduced runoff soil loss 88% compared with controls (CN). Polyacrylamide applied at 45 L min‐1 (PH) reduced advance time 8% and soil loss 75% compared with CN, whereas untreated 45 L min‐1 inflows (CH) cut advance time 42% but raised soil loss 158%. The CH and PH raised infiltration 11 and 35% more than CN respectively. Polyacrylamide halted erosion in all furrows, but in WT furrows had no effect on advance time and little infiltration effect after two or three irrigations. This is mainly attributed to erosion and deposition increasing control‐furrow wetted perimeters; accumulated PAM may also slightly affect seal conductivity. Polyacrylamide raised aggregate stability from 54 to 80% in 1993 and from 63 to 84% in 1994. In 1994, PAM reduced soil strength in furrows from 1.7 to 1.1 Mpa.
Macroporosity and Hydraulic Properties of Earthworm‐Affected Soils as Influenced by Tillage and Residue Management
Authors: Trojan M. D. , Linden D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMacropores affect infiltration of water and solutes in soil. A field study was conducted to determine the effect of tillage‐residue management on earthworm development of macropore structure and the infiltration properties of a silt loam soil cropped in continuous corn. Tillage treatments included rototilled and nontilled soils, with or without residues, and innoculated with earthworms. Infiltration properties were measured with an instantaneous infiltration test of a 1.61 cm pulse of 0.5% methylene blue solution and by measuring steady‐state infiltration rates at +5, 0, −3, and −12 cm pressures. There were no significant tillage‐residue effects on steady‐state infiltration rates. The time required to reach steady state was 930 and 1020 s in treatments with residues, compared to 180 and 415 s in treatments without residue. Dye solution infiltrated in 22 and 217 s in no‐till and tillage‐with‐residue treatments, respectively, compared to >544 s in the remaining treatments. Estimates of effective porosity calculated using infiltration data and by counting stained macropores with depth were 0.85 and 1.3% in no‐till and 0.99 and 0.29% in tillage‐with‐residue treatments, respectively. In no‐till treatments, large quantities of dye solution, unaccounted for by steady‐state measurements, infiltrated rapidly and were stored in deep, surface‐connected earthworm macropores. In tillage‐with residue treatments, infiltration of dye solution, unaccounted for by macropore stained count measurements, occurred along partially incorporated residue pieces. Measurements of infiltration properties should include measurements of early infiltration and storage in macropore systems (ponded tests) and of steady‐state infiltration into the soil matrix (tension infiltrometry) once the macropore system has filled with water.
Field Calibration of a Neutron Moisture Meter in Vertisols
Authors: Corbeels M. , Hartmann R. , Hofman G. , Van Cleemput O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccurate calculation of water use efficiency is critical in evaluating innovative crop management practices under limited moisture conditions. The use of a neutron moisture meter is advantageous where repeated, non‐destructive measurements are needed, but it requires a particular calibration procedure in Vertisols. The purpose of this study was to produce a field procedure for unbiased volumetric moisture content calculations using a neutron moisture meter. Two methods of calibrating a neutron moisture meter in the field were compared. The methods differed in their soil sampling procedures. The first method employs undisturbed core and clod sampling adjacent to the access tubes. This method is destructive with respect to the access tube. The second method employs disturbed soil sampling using a screw auger a few meters from the access tubes. This method is less laborious and non‐destructive. Undisturbed soil samples adjacent to the access tube are representative for the sphere of influence of the neutron moisture meter and their bulk density‐moisture content relationships follow a normal one‐dimensional shrinkage model. The precision of the calibration was increased by correcting for changes of bulk density with changes of water content. The two methods of calibrating gave highly significant (P < 0.001) correlation coefficients. The second calibration method, however, introduced a bias of ≤20% at the dry end of the moisture range. At wilting point this bias was 10%. Separate calibration equations were necessary for the different horizons of the soil. Based on the calibration with correction for bulk density effect, a polynomial function can be derived that relates neutron count ratio with gravimetric water content; thus, we assumed one‐dimensional shrinkage. For volumetric moisture determinations at field level, gravimetric water content was converted to volumetric on the basis of a three‐dimensional isotropic shrinkage model.
Time Variance Analysis of Preferential Solute Movement at a Tile‐Drained Field Site
Authors: Lennartz B. , Michaelsen J. , Wichtmann W. , Widmoser P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPreferential flow has been identified as an important secondary process to transport through the soil matrix in controlling solute movement in soils. However, it remains unknown to what extent a fast‐transporting flow regime governs solute leaching and whether it persists for various seasons at field scale. For 3 yr, KBr was applied in late autumn to the surface of a tile‐drained field site (0.5 ha in size) and monitored in drain outflow for 5 mo each year. All three seasonal breakthrough curves (BTC) were dominated by an early first concentration maximum and intensive tailing, indicating preferential flow to be a strong intrinsic soil property at the experiment site. A bimodal probability density function (pdf) was adequate to describe the concentration courses of the first 2 yr of investigations. The coefficient of determination was not satisfying when the model was fitted to the BTC of the last season, which was the only one to have a distinct secondary (matrix) peak. The optimized weighting factor combining the two pdfs suggested that preferential transport mechanisms governed the flow process to about 60% during all 3 yr. Simple linear regression analysis among flow rates and solute concentrations showed that both measures increased and decreased simultaneously during the early stages of the first test, which was interpreted as a confirmation of the dominance of preferential flow. The same method, however, revealed that Br‐ was leached predominantly through the soil matrix during the corresponding observation period of the last season.
Frequency Distributions of Soil Properties on a Loess‐mantled Missouri Watershed
Authors: Young F. J. , Hammer R. D. , Larsen D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrequency distributions of soil property values are largely unknown, yet they are important to studies of soil variability. Our objectives in this paper were to (i) evaluate the distributional normality of soil properties within and among upland geomorphic surfaces, and (ii) interpret these distributions in terms of pedogenic factors and processes. Sixty soil properties were measured from 257 pedons along point transects in a 40‐ha upland Missouri pasture. Five of the 60 tested variables approximated normality. About three‐quarters of the distributions were asymmetric (skewed), and over four‐fifths were misshapen (kurtotic). Partitioning the samples by geomorphic surface (ridge, shoulder and backslope) improved the normalities, symmetries and shapes of many, but not all, distributions. A priori assumptions of normality are not warranted for most soil properties. Care should be taken when applying statistical tests that are sensitive to departures from normality. However, asymmetric or misshapen distributions provide meaningful information. Extended tails in skewed distributions represent outliers or inclusions in soil survey map units. These distributions result from variation in depositional environments or the asymmetric effects of pedogenic or hydrologic processes. Kurtotic distributions may indicate the presence within the sample of subpopulations with differing means or variances. Distributions provide important clues to understanding spatial variability.
Iron Oxidation States on Root Surfaces of a Wetland Plant (Phragmites australis)
Authors: Wang Tiangen , Peverly John H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIron in root plaque is usually thought to be Fe(III) because of rhizosphere oxidation. This study was conducted to examine Fe oxidation states on root surfaces of the common reed [Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steudel]. Using an EDTA‐BPDS method, Fe(II) and Fe(III) on the surfaces of roots sampled from various environments were stabilized, extracted and determined simultaneously. The proportion of extracted Fe(II) to total Fe ranged from 0.17 to 0.65 for the roots grown in constructed wetlands, fields, and hydroponic culture; and from 0.34 to 0.70 for different sections of wetland plant roots. The observed results suggested that Fe plaque is caused not only by rhizosphere oxidation, but also by Fe(II) compound formation on the root surfaces.
Soil Phosphorus Fractions in Unfertilized Fallow‐Maize Systems on Two Tropical Soils
Authors: Maroko Jeremiah B. , Buresh Roland J. , Smithson Paul C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rotation of crops with either legumes or natural regrowth of native vegetation is known to supply N to crops in tropical land‐use systems, but little is known about the effect of such rotations on P supply to crops. An experiment was conducted on two soils in Kenya, an Oxisol (very fine, isohyperthermic Kandiudalfic Eutrudox), and an Alfisol (mixed, isothermic Kandic Paleustalf), to determine the effect of unfertilized, organic‐based land‐use systems on fractions of soil inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po). The land‐use systems involved growth of three maize (Zea mays L.) crops (18 mo total duration) after 17 mo of either (i) Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. tree growth (sesbania fallow), (ii) natural regrowth of vegetation without cultivation (natural fallow), (iii) three crops of unfertilized maize (maize monoculture), or (iv) bare uncultivated soil (bare fallow). Soil (0–15 cm deep) was collected before post‐fallow maize and after the three post‐fallow maize crops. Sesbania and natural fallows increased the amount of P in light fraction soil organic matter (OM) (>150 µm, <1.13 Mg m‐3) and macroorganic matter (250–2000 µm) on each soil and increased chloroform extractable P on the Oxisol. Land‐use systems had no effect on extractable Pi (bicarbonate, Bray‐1, iron‐oxide impregnated paper), except for resin P on the Oxisol. Unfertilized sesbania and natural fallows cycled soil P through plant residues, resulting in increased P in soil microbial biomass immediately after the fallows and increased P in light fraction soil OM for three post‐fallow cropping seasons.
Comparison of Methods for Determining Bulk Densities of Rocky Forest Soils
Authors: Page‐Dumroese Deborah S. , Brown Robert E. , Jurgensen Martin F. , Mroz Glenn D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurement of forest soil bulk density is often hampered by coarse fragments. In this study, five methods to determine total and fine bulk density and coarse‐fragment content of a rocky forest soil in western Montana were evaluated. Two methods of core sampling (small and large diameter cylinders), two methods of soil excavation and volume determination (water and polyurethane foam), and a nuclear source moisture gauge were tested at two depths (0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) on a soil with a 35% slope and 45% rock content. In the surface 10 cm, total and fine soil bulk density values were greatest from the nuclear gauge. The two excavation techniques gave similar results. Volumetric rock‐fragment content calculations using the small diameter cylinder were significantly lower than those using the other methods. At the 10‐ to 20‐cm depth, all methods except the large diameter cylinder gave comparable results for total soil bulk density. The small diameter core method gave the highest estimate of fine bulk density at this depth. All methods are easy to use. Soil excavation using the polyurethane foam for volume determinations is the simplest method and has low standard errors.
Retention of Nitrogen by a Nitrogen‐Loaded Scotch Pine Forest
Authors: Johannisson C. , Högberg P. , Myrold D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe capacity of forests to store added N and how this excess N might interact with other nutrients is not well understood. We studied N retention in a Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest that had received two decades of annual additions of N as NH4NO3 at four rates (N0‐N3, equivalent to 0, 36, 72 and 108 kg N ha‐1 yr‐1), with and without supplementary additions of P and K. The highest N treatment (N3) was suspended three years before this study. Leaching of inorganic N was measured beneath lysimeters with and without living tree roots inside them, and the fate of 15N injected into the mor layer was traced by sampling understory vegetation, soil to 20‐cm depth, and leachates. Leaching of inorganic N increased with increasing N dose and was dominated by NO‐3 on plots to which N had been added. In the suspended N3 treatment, leaching of N was lower than in the N2 treatment. The presence of tree roots greatly reduced leaching of N. The occurrence of labeled NO‐3 under lysimeters to which labeled NH+4 had been added showed that nitrification was important in treatment N2, but not in N1, suggesting that additions of >30 kg N ha‐1 yr‐1 are needed to induce larger net nitrification at this site. Our data showed (i) that trees were an important sink for N, (ii) that additions of P and K had a marginal positive effect on N retention, and (iii) that leaching from previously N‐loaded forest rapidly decreased when the N load was removed.
Romantic Attachment and Subtypes/Dimensions of Jealousy
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Consoli Giorgio , Albanese Francesco , Laquidara Emanuela , Baroni Stefano , Catena Dell’Osso Mario 
Published: July 2010

The present study explored the possible relationship between romantic attachment and jealousy in 100 healthy subjects. The romantic attachment and jealousy were evaluated by means of, respectively, the “Experiences in Close Relationships” questionnaire (ECR), and the “Questionario della Gelosia” (QUEGE). The ECR anxiety scale was related to all QUEGE dimensions, while the ECR avoidance scale to three. Individuals with the preoccupied attachment style showed higher scores than secure subjects on the obsessionality, interpersonal sensitivity and fear of loss dimensions. Fearful-avoidant individuals had higher score than secure subjects on the fear of loss dimension only, while dismissing individuals had lower scores on the self-esteem dimension.These findings suggest that romantic attachment and jealousy are intertwined.
Psychosocial Treatment Techniques to Augment the Impact of Physiotherapy Interventions for Low Back Pain
Authors: Sullivan Michael J.L. , Adams Heather 
Published: July 2010

Purpose: The present study examined the profile of physical and psychosocial changes that occur in physiotherapy intervention when patients also participate in a psychosocial intervention. The psychosocial intervention, delivered by physiotherapists, was designed to target catastrophic thinking, fear of pain, perceived disability, and depression. Methods: The study sample consisted of 48 individuals referred for the rehabilitation treatment of disabling back pain. Half the sample was enrolled in a physiotherapy intervention only; the other half was enrolled in a psychosocial intervention in addition to receiving a physiotherapy intervention. Results: At post-treatment, the two treatment groups did not differ significantly on measures of pain severity, physical function, or self-reported disability. Patients who participated in the psychosocial intervention in addition to physiotherapy showed significantly greater reductions in pain catastrophizing, fear of movement, and depression than patients who received only the physiotherapy intervention. Reductions in psychosocial risk factors contributed to reduced use of the health care system, reduced use of pain medication, and improved return-to-work outcomes. Conclusions: The findings of the present study suggest that a psychosocial intervention provided by physiotherapists can lead to meaningful reductions in psychosocial risk factors for pain and disability and may contribute to more positive rehabilitation outcomes.
Formulating an inverse problem to infer the accumulation-rate pattern from deep internal layering in an ice sheet using a Monte Carlo approach
Authors: Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Waddington Edwin D. , Koutnik Michelle R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUsing a Monte Carlo (MC) method, we determine the accumulation-rate profile along a flowband, the influx of ice into the upstream end of the flowband and the age of an internal layer. The data comprise the depth profile of the internal layer, a few velocity measurements at the surface and the average accumulation at one location. The data in our example were collected at Taylor Mouth, a flank site off Taylor Dome, Antarctica. We present three alternative formulations of this inverse problem. Depending on the formulation used, this particular inverse problem can have up to four solutions, each corresponding to a different spatial accumulation-rate pattern. This study demonstrates the ability of a MC method to find several solutions to this inverse problem, and how to use a Metropolis algorithm to determine the probability distribution of each of these different solutions. The only disadvantage of the MC method is that it is computationally more expensive than other inverse methods, such as the Gradient method.
On the Endomorphism Rings of Local Cohomology Modules
Authors: Khashyarmanesh Kazem 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLet R be a commutative Noetherian ring and a a proper ideal of R. We show that if n := gradeRa, then . We also prove that, for a nonnegative integer n such that = 0 for every i ≠ n, if for all i > 0 and z ∈ a, then is a homomorphic image of R, where Rz is the ring of fractions of R with respect to a multiplicatively closed subset ﹛z j | j ⩾ 0﹜ of R. Moreover, if HomR(Rz , R) = 0 for all z ∈ a, then is an isomorphism, where is the canonical ring homomorphism R → .
An Isospectral Deformation on an Infranil-Orbifold
Authors: Proctor Emily , Stanhope Elizabeth 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe construct a Laplace isospectral deformation of metrics on an orbifold quotient of a nilmanifold. Each orbifold in the deformation contains singular points with order two isotropy. Isospectrality is obtained by modifying a generalization of Sunada's theorem due to DeTurck and Gordon.
Affective antecedents of intuitive decision making
Authors: Sinclair Marta , Ashkanasy Neal M. , Chattopadhyay Prithviraj 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough the use of intuition in managerial decisions has been documented, many questions about the intuitive process and its antecedent stages remain unanswered, in particular the role of affective traits and states. The study reported in this article investigates whether decision makers who are more attuned to own emotions and experience a particular mood have an easier access to intuition. Our findings indicate that emotional awareness has indeed a positive effect on the use of intuition, which appears to be stronger for women. Surprisingly, positive and negative mood seem to influence intuition according to their intensity rather than positive/negative distinction.
A study of indicators of willingness in the knowledge transfer process
Authors: Héliot YingFei , Riley Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe literature on knowledge transfer is confident in its assertion that a ‘stickiness’ pervades knowledge disclosure process. This phenomenon is often attributed to structural communication barriers but an equally valid explanation could stem from the individual feeling a sense of ownership of their knowledge which then engenders a reluctance to be open about their knowledge within a formal knowledge transfer process. We pursue this idea theoretically through notions of possessiveness and psychological ownership; and empirically by exploring the concept of willingness to disclose. Assuming willingness to be unidimensional a methodology is put forward that uses indicators to measures its direction. Using a sample of 1050 UK engineers we illustrate the direction of willingness on a reluctance–willing dimension. We argue that knowledge transfer requires management to examine more closely the stimuli that affect the process.
Otto‐Hahn‐Preis für Gerhard Ertl
Authors: Hoer Renate 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn einem Festakt in der Frankfurter Paulskirche wird am 27. November Professor Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Gerhard Ertl, Chemie‐Nobelpreisträger des Jahres 2007 und früherer Direktor am Fritz‐Haber‐Institut, Berlin, mit dem Otto‐Hahn‐Preis ausgezeichnet.
Höhere Temperaturen, schnellere Trennung
Authors: Wenclawiak Bernd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn der HPLC steigern höhere Temperaturen die Trenneffizienz. Dabei eignen sich herkömmliche HPLC‐Apparaturen für die Hochtemperaturflüssigchromatographie, und die Methode kommt auch ohne organische Lösungsmittel aus.
Ein wissenschaftlicher Universalist
Authors: Huisgen Rolf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Vielseitigkeit und Tiefe seiner Interessen machten Heinrich Wieland (1877‐1957) zum Naturforscher im klassischen Sinn. In Zeiten zunehmender Spezialisierung war er vielleicht einer der letzten Universalisten der Chemie. Seine wissenschaftliche Originalität und seine Charakterstärke prägten eine ganze Generation organischer Chemiker.
Chemie für Häuslebauer
Authors: Osterath Brigitte 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAb Mitte nächsten Jahres gehört zu jedem Haus ein Energieausweis, der dessen Primärenergiebedarf beurteilt. Spätestens dann lohnen sich Investitionen in eine hervorragende Dämmung nicht nur für die Hausbewohner, sondern auch für Vermieter und Verkäufer.
UPLC‐Methoden entwickeln und optimieren
Authors: Neue Uwe D. , Messina Christopher S. , Diehl Diane M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie hier vorgestellte Methode liefert schnell einen Überblick über die Selektivitäten von stationären und mobilen Phasen. Die besten Ansätze werden dann über Gradientenverlauf, mobile Phase und Temperatur weiter optimiert. So dauert es weniger als acht Stunden, bis eine Übersicht über die Selektivitätsoptionen vorliegt.
Komplexität kostet
Authors: Scheel Oliver , Scheiter Sieghart , Lewe Tobias 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDie Komplexität in Unternehmen nimmt zu – vor allem bedingt durch konsolidierte und globalisierte Märkte. Gleichzeitig stehen Chemieunternehmen unter einem starken Kostendruck. Oft sind die üblichen Maßnahmen, die die Profitabilität steigern könnten, bereits umgesetzt. Dies erfordert neue, intelligente Methoden.