bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trauma deaths magnitude in a state of Mexico: active versus passive injury surveillance system
Authors: Penuelas J E , Verdugo-Correa J E , Gil-Pineda J A , Ramirez-Zepeda M G 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionRecent estimations of the magnitude of deaths by traffic accidents in Mexico, question the reliability of the official data of the Informatics, Geography and Statistics National Institute, about trauma deaths (Passive Surveillance System).ObjectiveTo determine the magnitude of trauma deaths in a state of Mexico, through an active epidemiological surveillance system, and compare it with the one officially reported.Material and methodsIn 2007, we registered the deaths by injuries in the state of Sinaloa (2.64 millions of people, US$5400 GDP per capita), using five sources of information: death certificates, press reports, hospital records, traffic police reports and the brief of the Department of Justice.Each case was compared to avoid duplicity and verified for at least two sources. We got the totals, and by external cause according to the ICD-10, and we compared them with the official information.ResultsWe got, through the active surveillance, 1985 trauma deaths, versus 1826 from the official data.Important differences were found in the following: accidents 1173 versus 1327, traffic accidents 767 versus 546, falls 137 versus 21, accidents by firearm 10 versus 180 and homicides 706 versus 402.ConclusionsThe magnitude of trauma deaths determined by an active injury surveillance system is 9% higher than the one reported by the passive system (official information). The difference between the magnitudes according to external cause are even more accentuated. We recommend the active injury surveillance system to determine the real magnitude of the problem in Mexico.
Developmental differences in pedestrian visual search patterns
Authors: Barton B , Kovesdi C 
Published: March 2011

Measuring attention to traffic is common in pedestrian safety studies. However, little is known of how visual search patterns affect safe crossing decisions or to what pedestrians are actually attending. Our work has two aims: (1) examining visual search patterns in both commercial and residential settings and (2) exploring developmental differences in pedestrian visual search tasks by comparing children ages 5–9 to adults.22 adults ages 19 and older have participated, with another 30 adult participants scheduled. Data from 40 children ages 5–9 will be collected prior to June 2010. Participants view paired images of pedestrian settings in a series of trials in a change-blindness task. Each whole image is paired with an altered image containing pedestrian safety-relevant and irrelevant differences. Participants attempt to locate differences over a 2-min period. Time and frequency of attending to safety-relevant and irrelevant areas in each task are recorded by a desk-mounted eye tracking system.Significant effects are already emerging. Adults location of relevant safety stimuli is more effortful and their visual search is less efficient when presented with a commercial image (ie, more cars, signs and signals adding visual clutter). Strong developmental effects also are expected; children will be less efficient and more distracted by visual clutter in the pedestrian environment.Results will extend knowledge in two ways. First they will highlight the importance of children's developing visual search skills for pedestrian safety. Second, results will expand knowledge of how all pedestrians process complex visual stimuli in pedestrian settings.
Developmental influences on children's pedestrian route selection
Authors: Barton B , Ulrich T 
Published: March 2011

The aim of this research was to replicate and extend previous work by examining cognitive developmental predictors of children's selection of safe routes through pedestrian environments. Schwebel and Barton (2007) found child sex, age and temperamental inhibitory control to be significant predictors of selecting risky pedestrian routes. Although younger age significantly predicted selection of riskier routes, the question of what developmental (or age-related) characteristics are responsible for selecting riskier routes remained unanswered.We first assessed children's cognitive speed and efficiency, and visual search skills in a series of laboratory tasks. Next, we measured children's route selections during a series of crossings using a wind-up toy on a scale indoor table-top model of a real street. 65 children ages 5–9 participated; 44% male.Exploratory Pearson correlations indicated boys, younger children, those with less inhibitory control, and less sophisticated cognitive skills chose riskier routes. Multiple regression analyses showed sex and age, but not inhibitory control, predicted route selection, partially replicating previous research (Barton & Schwebel, 2007) and accounting for 37% of the variance in route selections. Next, a hierarchical multiple regression analysis tested the unique contribution of cognitive skills beyond age and sex as predictors of pedestrian route selection. Cognitive factors accounted for an additional 12% of variance in route selections, significantly improving the model.Our results support the idea that cognitive developmental factors should be considered when assessing children's potential risk, rather than simply relying on age to determine when children are capable pedestrians.
Violence against children in Spain: a population-based epidemiological approach
Authors: Gascon E , Carrera P , Martos C , Rabanaque M J 
Published: March 2011

Violence against children is recognised internationally as a serious public health, human rights, legal and social issue. There is evidence of societal factors involving the underlying conditions of society that influence violence, like economic inequalities. The aim of this study is to identify gender, age, nationality and socioeconomic intentional injury inequalities.Data from the 2006 Spanish Health Survey were analysed. Information related with intentional injuries was retrieved (injury frequency and place where injury happened, socioeconomic class and children nationality), reported by parents or main care giver. Cross-tabulations and χ2tests were performed to investigate significant differences.A total of 9122 children under 16 were surveyed. The observed intentional injury frequency was 2.8% of children population. Considering the place where aggression happened, 68.7% was at school, 16% in the street, 8% at sport and leisure area and only 2.7% at home. There was an age statistically difference in the violence events, with the highest frequency, 4%, in age group 6–10 years. As social class decreases the frequency of having an aggression increases, social class I/II 2.13%, social class V 3.97%, but this social class gradient was not statistically significant.Data from the Spanish National Health Survey provide an important population-based information about intentional injuries in children, considering the paucity of data on childhood violence. Although any statistically significant socioeconomic inequality has been found, that is similar with results found in previous studies, where there is no effect consistency at all when analyzing morbidity, specially less severity morbidity.
Injury surveillance system in Vietnam
Authors: Ngoc L T T , Nguyen T L H 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundInjury surveillance system was set up in 2005 in Vietnam.ObjectivesTo assess injury burden in Vietnam.Design and SubjectsPeriodic injury reports of 63 provinces/cities, road traffic injury (RTI) reports of 100 central and provincial hospitals, injury report of different ministries.ResultsIn comparison to 6 months of 2008, in 6 months of 2009 injury cases increased 26.112 cases, death cases reduced by 0.3%. The 20–60 group had the highest proportions of injury morbidity and mortality (62.9% and 70.8%). Injury morbidity and mortality were higher among male than female. Road traffic accident was the leading cause of injury morbidity (39%), followed by occupational accident (15.3%), fall (11.6%) and violence (7.7%). In comparison with 6 months of 2008, road traffic injury morbidity and mortality decreased by 2.1% and 0.9%, respectively. RTI accounted for 33.5% of hospitalised injury cases. Brain injury among RTI accounted for 24.3% and was mainly among male (74.3%), those over 60 aged (27.2%) and under 4 aged (26.8%). 19.2% of brain injury cases did not wear helmets. Drinking-driving among RTI accounted for 8.8%. RTI involved motorcycle accounted for 66.2%. Injury data were different between different ministries. In the 6 first months of 2009, health sector reported 68.510 hospitalised RTI cases while the Ministry of Transportation reported only 5.127 RTI cases.ConclusionsInjury is a major health problem in Vietnam. Injury surveillance system provides information data for decision making, planning and interventions. However, injury data from different sectors should be united and integrated.
Study on blood contact in simulated surgical needle stick injuries with single or double latex gloving
Authors: Kralj N , Wittmann A , Koever J , Gasthaus K , Hofman F 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveNeedlestick injuries are the most common injuries occurring among operation room personnel in the health service. The risk of infection following a needle stick injury during surgery, greatly depends on the quantity of pathogenic germs transferred at the point of injury. The aim of this study was to measure the quantity of blood transferred at the point of a percutaneous injury using radioactively labelled blood.DesignThis study was conducted to evaluate the risk of infection through blood contact by simulating surgical needle stick injuries ex vivo. The tests were conducted by puncturing single and double latex gloves with diverse sharps that were contaminated with 99Tclabeled blood.ResultsOn average 0.064 l blood was transferred in punctures with the Unistik3 Normal automatic lancet at a depth of 2.4 mm through one layer of latex. When using the double gloving indicator technique, an average of another 0.011 l was transferred (median 0.007 l), thus, by wearing two pairs of gloves, the transferred volume of blood was reduced by a factor of 5.8.ConclusionThe results show that double gloving leads to a significant reduction in the quantity of blood transferred during needle stick injury.
How informed are the parents about the burden of injuries?
Authors: Mujkic A , Miskulin M , Crnica V , Kovacic L 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveDetermining the knowledge and attitudes towards injury prevention/safety promotion (IPSP) for pre-school children among Croatian parents of newborn babies.Participants351 parents (285 mothers, 66 fathers).MethodsAnonymous self-administered questionnaire containing demographic items and items on knowledge and attitudes regarding IPSP for pre-school children.Main Outcome MeasuresKnowledge and attitudes towards IPSP for pre-school children.ResultsThe answers the parents gave varied greatly for the 40 questions asked. For example: almost all parents showed correct attitudes and knowledge regarding leaving an infant unsupervised in water (99.3% mothers, 100% fathers answered correctly), having pre-school child sitting at the front seat if held by an adult (99.3% mothers, 100% fathers answered correctly) and playground safety (98.2% mothers, 100% fathers answered correctly). An adequate number (73.9% mothers, 76,9% fathers) chose the correct answer on the question related to the storage of chemicals and a similar number (77.5% mothers, 65.6% fathers) said they indeed did store them in the proper manner. It was shocking to see how low they scored on some very important questions: 35.9% mothers and 23.1% fathers recognise child-walkers as dangerous and only 12.7 fathers and 20.0% mothers knew that the safest position for sleeping for an infant is on the back.ConclusionsParents play a crucial role in injury prevention/safety promotion as models for their children, their educators and persons in the position to intervene within environment making it safer. Therein lays the importance of their sufficient knowledge and positive attitudes. Our results show a need for further public health education of the parents.
A non-biased evaluation of blood alcohol concentrations in drivers
Authors: Siman-Tov M , Peleg K 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundOver the past decade the consumption of alcohol in Israel has been on the rise and the role of alcohol in driver-related injuries in Israel is unknown. Monitoring blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) among drivers is not routine and confounded by numerous methodological issues.MethodsA prospective study was conducted to examine the BAC of drivers admitted as trauma patients due to motor vehicle crashes. Data were collected for 22 months over a 3-year period (2006–2008). Non-identifiable patient numbers were assigned to each driver. Questionnaires regarding injury characteristics were completed by trauma room staff. Excess blood samples according to the assigned patient numbers were used to identify BAC.ResultsApproximately 15% of injured drivers had a BAC≥0.05 g/dl (positive BAC). The majority of drivers were males under 30 years old. Drivers with a positive BAC had a higher prevalence of self accidents, rolling over, crashes at an intersection and disregard of seatbelt use.ConclusionsThis is the first study to systematically quantify BAC among drivers in Israel by using untraceable results. We found a substantially high prevalence of positive BAC among hospitalised drivers. At-risk groups for alcohol-related driver crashes were identified. We recommend that this study be used as a basis for preventive and enforcement strategies for reducing alcohol-related driver crashes.
Social inequality in accidental drowning in Denmark 2001–2006
Authors: Müller H , Laursen B 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundDrowning remains the second most frequent injury related cause of death worldwide. Research on socio-economic disparities in the risk of injuries has established evidence of an association between lower social groups and higher injury risk. However, the association varies according to type of injury, level of analyses, and setting. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to explore the association between SES and accidental drowning.PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine the social profile of victims of drowning in Denmark and identify groups at particular high risk of drowning.MethodsAll death certificates related to drowning were reviewed and coded a new for 2001–2006. This information was linked to social data of the deceased.ResultsWe found a strong association between lower social groups and higher injury risk, especially in population groups outside the labour marked. The incidence rates per 100 000 were as follows: pensioners (1.44), persons receiving social disability pension (3.20), and other receiving social benefits 6.38. For victims employed at the time of death employees at high/medium skill level had the lowest risk (0.34), followed by self-employed (0.77), and employees at basic or unspecified level (0.87). Unemployed (0.34) and students (0.50) had some of the lowest rates. Most drowning incidents occurred in or around harbours (28%), during leisure boating (18%) and bathing from beaches or in public pools (17%).ConclusionThe marked social inequality in drowning death in Denmark warrants targeted interventions and information to groups at risk.
Enhancing emergency response services in a developing country through community efforts
Authors: Olebunne K , David O , Maxwell A , Ojugbana C 
Published: March 2011

Statement of PurposeReliable records on the spot of road crashes in Nigeria indicate that about 55% of deaths occur as a result of lack of prehospital attention. PATVORA, an NGO, during the UN Road safety week (2007) launched its pilot scheme on community First Aid (FA) by training of petrol station attendants on major highways.ObjectiveThis study seeks to examine PATVORAs community FA initiative and its impact on road injury and death reduction.MethodThis study investigated PATVORAs free training on FA administration to petrol station attendants Asaba-Onitsha and Asaba-Kwale two major highways of about 110km. Trained attendants, community members were interviewed. Official records of road traffic injuries were obtained from the police.Summary of ResultsIn the initial 4 months of operations, a total of 181 attendants were trained on FA, 28 road crashes were recorded. 20 of the road crash scenes witnessed timely help from the trained petrol stations first aiders. The attendants contributed in administering first help and mobilising support for early transportation of victims to hospitals. The community FA initiative enhanced volunteering for road safety and it strengthened the capacity of communities and individuals to respond to and reduce the impact of road crashes. The initiative was an efficient for community safety development especially on rescue operations and can be useful in developing communities.
Effect of a local ban of a restriction in the number of hours to expend liquors in relation with violence during 2005–2008 in one District of Lima, Per
Authors: Malaga H , Gonzalez M , Huaco C , Sotelo M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe most violent area in Lima City was La Victoria,to control it, the local government restrict the hours of expenditure of alcoholic beverage.ObjectiveTo compare one district with the law, against other without the law.Material and methodsTo analysed results clinical histories of one Hospital (2006 vs 2007–2008) and necropsies (2005–2006 vs 2007–2008) from La Victoria and Cercado de Lima were used.ResultsIn La Victoria, occurs a reduction of aggressions of 40.7% and 36.4% in 2007 and 2008, in relation to 2006 (p≤0.014). This negative tendency in aggressions, is related with the ban Y=−11.25+27.32X (p≤0.02). This occurs mainly in young males victims by quarter and weekends. The homicides diminish 44% (p≤0.0186) and 35% of the suicides. The reduction of homicides happens in three quarters, Sundays and weekends, and with suicides at the second semester. The ratio female/man in homicides changes from 1 in 7.3 to 1 in 4.6. There was a significant increase of alcohol in death bodies from 20.3 to 41.5%, RR=2.03 (95% CI 1.09 to 3.8) and a X2=5.24 (p≤0.022). In El Cercado there were no changes. Homicides occurs mainly in single men, of low level of education.ConclusionsThe ban has a probably impact reducing violence. The relative increase of homicides with alcohol could be linked to the reduction of just the impremeditated violence.
Systematic review of community-based studies of unintentional injuries in children in south east Asian countries
Authors: Pant P R , Towner E 
Published: March 2011

AimTo perform a systematic review of community-based studies on unintentional injuries in children in WHO's South-East Asian countries to summarise and compare rates of and risk factors for injuries.BackgroundGlobally, injuries are among the leading causes of death and disease burden in children. The proportion of deaths due to injuries is significantly higher in the South-East Asia region. However, there is big difference in the mortalities within the region.MethodsMedline, Embase and CINAHL were searched for publications on all types of unintentional child injuries in this region published between 01 January 2000 and 31 December 2009. Data were extracted to standard spreadsheets and narratively synthesised.ResultsA total of 32 studies from six countries were included in the review. There were 13 studies on all injuries, 6 on RTIs, 5 on animal bites, 3 each on drowning and disasters, and 3 on burns. Rates of non-fatal injuries varied from 14 per 1000 (Thailand, 1–17 year), 15 (Bangladesh, 0–17 year), 24 (India, 0–14 year), 220 (Sri Lanka, 0–19 year), with rates among rural children higher in all countries. The rates for fatal injuries ranged from 37/100 000 in Thailand to 44/100 000 in Bangladesh.ConclusionCommunity-based studies have shown the extent of the problem of unintentional injuries in children and young adolescents. Insights from the review will be used in the development of a community-based study of children aged 0–17 years in Nepal.
Youth violence and knives in the WHO European Region
Authors: Sethi D , Hughes K , Bellis M A , Mitis F 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionInjuries and violence are the leading cause of death in youth aged 10–29 years in the WHO European Region. Among these interpersonal violence is the third leading cause of injury death. There is growing concern about violence due to knives.Aim and MethodsThe purpose of the paper is to present the scale of the problem of youth violence related to knives, to describe the policy priority afforded to it, and the evidence based measures available. Information had been obtained from WHO information sources, a systematic review of the literature and a survey of health ministry focal persons to determine policy developments and implementation.ResultsData from 36 participating countries from the Region show that there were 2280 youth homicides from knives, making up 34% of all youth homicides (range 7–80%) and that mortalities are twice higher in low- to middle-income countries compared to high-income countries and 2.4 times higher in males compared to females. Half the respondent countries reported that knives were a problem, but this only received political priority in three countries. Although the evidence base specific to knife violence prevention is limited, that for youth violence prevention is growing. The majority of these programmes are multisectoral.ConclusionsThis emphasizes that greater policy priority needs to be given to this leading cause of death and disfigurement. The health sector needs to commit more to the implementation of effective programmes and to engage with other stakeholders in a multisectoral response to prevent youth violence.
Support mechanisms among older patients – a qualitative study from Pakistan
Authors: Khan S M , Laflamme L 
Published: March 2011

As ageing is an upcoming issue in low-income countries, an increase dependence on familial support is expected. Yet, traditional familial support mechanisms are threatened by declining family size, urban migration and globalisation. Our aim for this qualitative study was to explore the personal experiences and perception of elderly Pakistani patients about social and family support dynamics. The study was nested in a larger quantitative study. Patients attending the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital were interviewed.Content analysis of data resulted in identification of one main theme, “Ageing exposes limitations in the support systems to address disability, reliance and vulnerabilities” and two sub-themes, (1) Disability and Vulnerability; (2) Support and Expectation.The driving forces behind limitation in the support systems were functional disability, illness, inability to pay for healthcare, and disobedience and expectations from children. In addition, due to lack of old age social benefit systems elderly became dependent on their children for their physical and emotional care. They perceived old age as a tough stage of life, and felt themselves as a financial burden on their children. The elderly cited the concern regarding deteriorating social support system due to a crumbling value system of the society. Further, looking after the elderly was a value and responsibility of the children, society and government. Most of the participants refused to avail alternative accommodation like old homes, as they wanted to live with their loved ones in the current setup even with all difficulties. Strengthening of systems could enable elderly to cope.