bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism of cephaloridine
Authors: Chapman J H , Page J E , Parker A C , Rogers D , Sharp C J , Staniforth Susan E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Infrared spectra of Nujol mulls and X-ray powder photographs have shown that cephaloridine can exist in at least six different crystalline forms. The preparation, interconversion and properties of these forms are discussed. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to check their chemical identity.
The influence of emulsifier concentration on the rheological properties of an oil-in-water emulsion stabilized by an anionic soap
Authors: Shotton E , Davis S S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The rheological properties of liquid paraffin emulsions stabilized by potassium laurate have been found to be markedly dependent on emulsifier concentration. Reversible aggregation of the emulsion began at 1.0% soap and the more highly aggregated systems demonstrated pseudoplastic flow. A maximum relative viscosity was found at 5.0% soap concentration. The viscosity was dependent on particle size but correction for particle size differences did not alter the viscosity concentration relation. The addition of electrolytes to the emulsion demonstrated the difference between surfactant aggregation and electrolyte aggregation. The latter was explained by the Derjaguin-Verwey-Overbeek theory of colloid stability, whilst the former was only satisfactorily explained by the theory advanced by Cockbain in 1952 involving polymolecular adsorption at the oil-water interface and hydrophobic bonding.
The effect of electrolytes on rigidity and diffusion in gelatin-glycerin gels
Authors: Nixon J R , Georgakopoulos P P , CARLESS J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of electrolytes on the rigidity of and diffusion of dye from gelatin-glycerin gels has been examined. Cations, which might be expected to reduce the rigidity in the ratio of their valency, produced a fall in rigidity in the ratio Na+, 1: Ca++, 1·25:A1+++, 1·57. This approximate halving of the effect is attributed to interference by the chloride ion. The rigidity was proportional to the square root of the ionic concentration except with sodium ferrocyanide where no simple relation held. A simple expression G = G0 (1 ± ***I) was found for the rigidity, the sign depending whether anion or cation was considered. The effect of anions and cations on diffusion was as varied as their effect on rigidity. The addition of chlorides increased the diffusion coefficient in the order Al &gt; Ca &gt; Na. Both multivalent anions examined produced a decrease in diffusion coefficient; the sulphate being less effective than the ferrocyanide.
Influence of 1-(5-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-4-yl)-3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-l-yl]-propan-1-one hydrochloride (CIBA 1002-Go) on the stores of catecholamine in rat and cat tissues
Authors: Kaul C L , Grewal R S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of 1002-Go has been examined on the catecholamine stores in rat heart, brain, adrenals and cat heart. There is a significant reduction in the catecholamine content from all the tissues with doses ranging from 2·5–30 mg/kg. Guanethidine is slightly less potent as a depletor of catecholamine than 1002-Go in the rat. In cats, however, 1002-Go is much weaker than guanethidine or reserpine in depleting the catecholamine stores. There also seem to be differences among these anti-hypertensive agents in the duration of depletion and repletion of the catecholamine stores.
Propranolol uptake into the central nervous system and the effect on rat behaviour and amine metabolism
Authors: Laverty R , Taylor K M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Propranolol readily penetrated all areas of the central nervous system after acute intraperitoneal administration and was cleared within 8–16 hr. Propranolol levels in the heart followed a similar pattern. After chronic oral administration brain levels of propranolol were equal to those 3 hr after intraperitoneal injection. Propranolol caused no significant difference in the brain levels of noradrenaline, normetanephrine, dopamine, 3-methoxytyramine, homovanillic acid, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine or total indoles, nor did it cause measurable changes in rat behaviour. An increase by propranolol in sleeping time after chloral hydrate in rats and mice was observed; this effect could not be correlated with changes in brain amine concentrations.
The effect of storage conditions on the heat resistance and heat activation response of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores
Authors: Cook A M , Gilbert R J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The heat resistance of spores was unaffected by storage for 52 weeks at 4° or 65 weeks at —16°. However, the magnitude of the heat activation response for heated spores fell with increase in storage time of the unheated spores.
The cathode ray polarography of phenylmercuric nitrate
Authors: Porter G S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
EXPERIMENTS on the absorption of phenylmercuric nitrate by rubber teats required a simple, rapid and sensitive assay for concentrations of phenylmercuric nitrate from 0·5 to 20·0 μg/ml. Both ultraviolet spectrometry (Eldridge & Sweet, 1956) and chemical methods (British Pharmacopoeia, 1963; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Report, 1962) are relatively insensitive, the spectrometric method also being subject to interference by extractive from rubber teats. Ordinary polarographic methods have been used for higher concentrations of phenylmercuric nitrate, two cathodic waves being observed at half-wave potentials of about −0·2 V and −0·9 V respectively. These have been observed in a number of supporting electrolytes, including hydrochloric acid (Page & Waller, 1949), Britton-Robinson buffers (Benesch & Benesch, 1951) and a glycerol-triethanolamine mixture with gelatin (Osborne, 1950).
The cathode ray polarography of phenylmercuric nitrate (0·4–20·0 μg/ml) was therefore investigated in hydrochloric acid (0·1N), lithium chloride (0·2N) and buffer solutions (Britton-Robinson and Sorensen) in the pH range 1·8 to 12·3. In all cases only one wave of analytical importance was seen, the peak voltage being about −0·3 V. Since good linearity, wave shape and sensitivity were found with both 0·2 N lithium chloride and 0·1 N hydrochloric acid, the latter was chosen as supporting electrolyte.
The isolated expansor secundariorum—a smooth muscle preparation from the wing of the domestic fowl
Authors: Buckley G A , Wheater Lynda E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Some aspects of the pharmacology of an isolated smooth muscle, the expansor secundariorum, of the domestic fowl have been investigated. Adrenaline, isoprenaline, tyramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine caused the muscle to contract. The responses to adrenaline and noradrenaline were blocked by phentolamine but not by propranolol at a concentration of 1·7 × 10−4M. Tyramine was without effect on the muscle of reserpine treated birds. Cocaine potentiated the effect of noradrenaline but blocked the effects of tyramine. Acetylcholine and histamine had no effect and did not alter the responses of the muscle to noradrenaline. The response to noradrenaline was greater at temperatures below 23° and less at 38°. The muscle contracted rapidly on the addition of Tyrode cooled to 18°. It is concluded that the muscle is wholly innervated by adrenergic postganglionic fibres.
Effect of pretreatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors or (+)-amphetamine on leptazol convulsions in mice and rats
Authors: Turner T A R , Spencer P S J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
IT has been claimed that monoamine oxidase inhibitors inhibit the actions of leptazol in experimental animals (Chow & Hendley, 1959; Prockop, Shore & Brodie, 1959; Yen, Salvatore & others, 1962). But other workers have failed to confirm this anticonvulsant action (Kobinger, 1958; Lessin & Parkes, 1959) and some have claimed a proconvulsant effect (Sansome & Dell'Omodarme, 1963; Spoerlein & Ellman, 1961). Reports of the effect of (+)-amphetamine on leptazol convulsions are equally conflicting. Small doses capable of antagonizing electroshock convulsions are described as ineffective against leptazol according to Wolff & Stock (1966), whilst Friebel & Klatt (1959) demonstrated a proconvulsant action. Reserpine enhances the effect of leptazol in animals, the greatest effect appearing to coincide with maximal depletion of tissue amines. If the animals are pretreated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor before receiving reserpine, however, the subsequent sensitivity of the animal to leptazol is reduced (Pfeifer & Galambos, 1967) or is unaffected (Chen & Bohner, 1961; Spoerlein & Ellman, 1961).
We report initial observations during a re-examination of the interaction between leptazol and five representative monoamine oxidase inhibitors.
Micro-colorimetric determination of adenosinetriphosphatase activity in freeze-dried sections of rat diaphragm muscle
Authors: Buckley G A , Evans R H , Nowell P T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A technique is described for determination of ATPase activity in 3–30 μg samples dissected from freeze-dried sections of rat diaphragm muscle. Tissue samples are incubated at room temperature with optimal concentrations of ATP (10 mM) and MgSO4 (5 mM) in 0·1 M tris/HCl buffer at pH 7·4. Inorganic phosphate is measured spectrophotometrically. Mean activity for 20 rats was 0·22 ± 0·06 (s.d.) mole-Pi/kg/wet tissue/15 min. Results did not depend on plane of section or section thickness. 5 mM Mg2+, 10 mM Ca2+ and 1 mM 2, 4-dinitrophenol produced maximal ATPase activation and inhibition was obtained with p-chloromercuribenzoic acid (pI503·9) but not chlorpromazine (0·01–0·1 mM). There was no significant evidence of Na+ plus K+ activated ATPase or inhibition with ouabain (5 mM). ATPase activity was uncharacterized and relative contributions of specified muscle ATPase systems were unknown. As an insoluble enzyme system was involved and photomicrographs showed characteristic muscle features in freeze-dried sections, ATPase activity appeared due to enzymic function in situ. Results are discussed in relation to mutual availability of enzymic sites and reagents.
Coagulation and flocculation in suspensions of griseofulvin and polystyrene latex
Authors: Matthews B A , Rhodes C T 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Coagulation and flocculation mechanisms have been examined in suspensions of the drug griseofulvin containing anionic surfactants. It has been shown that both mechanisms can give suspensions which are readily redispersible but that flocculation may produce pharmaceutically undesirable effects. The differences between the two phenomena are discussed.
Biological half-lives of [4–14C]testosterone and some of its esters after injection into the rat
Authors: James K C , Nicholls P J , Roberts M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Biological half-lives for 14C from labelled testosterone in muscle and whole body of rats have been measured after intramuscular injection of [4-14C]testosterone and its lower esters (formate to valerate). A relation has been observed between ethyl oleate-water distribution coefficients, biological half-lives in the rat and “times of maximum effect” in the rat and fowl.
Some observations on the toxicology of morphine-N-oxide
Authors: Fennessy M R , Fearn H J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The intravenous and subcutaneous acute toxicities of morphine-N-oxide (mno) in mice were respectively 3·2 and 8 times less than that of morphine. Amiphenazole or tacrine reduced the acute toxicity of mno but not that of morphine in mice. The chronic toxicity of mno was examined in mice and rats. Daily oral doses of 100 mg/kg did not significantly affect growth or condition, or produce gross or microscopic lesions in mice treated for 3 weeks or rats treated for 3 months. No teratogenic effect of mno or of bromolysergic acid diethylamide was observed in rats.
The chromatographic identification of psychotropic drugs
Authors: Phillips G F , Gardiner Jane 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The thin-layer chromatography of three classes of psychotropic drugs—phenethylamines, tryptamines and erganes—has been investigated. Published methods are reviewed and Rf data, normalized by a graphical technique, are reported for extensions and modifications of some of these systems. Optimum forensic sorting procedures are recommended.
Buccal absorption and other properties of pharmacokinetic importance of imipramine and its metabolites
Authors: Bickel M H , Weder H J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Imipramine and its major unconjugated metabolites have been characterized by their buccal absorption, partition between water and organic solvents—both as a function of pH—and their ionization constants. Furthermore new data are presented on the selective passage of these compounds across the blood brain barrier and on renal excretion as a function of urinary pH in the rat. The shape of the curves of buccal absorption against pH is characteristic for each one of the ten compounds tested and reflects both lipophility of the unionized compound and the pK value. The value of the buccal absorption test for interpreting or predicting pharmacokinetic behaviour of a drug is emphasized.
Effect of Coprinus atramentarius on the metabolism of ethanol in mice
Authors: Coldwell B B , Genest K , Hughes D W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The ethanol-soluble material extracted from Coprinus atramentarius was more toxic to mice, as measured by the LD50 and potentiation of the ethanol-induced sleeping time, than the whole mushroom or the residue remaining after ethanol extraction. Also, the ethanol-soluble fraction when fed to mice 4 h before administration of ethanol markedly increased the blood acetaldehyde and ethanol levels.
Detection of drugs with peripheral vascular effects similar to those of nicotinic acid
Authors: Eriksson H E , Norrman S R , Wistrand P J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Guinea-pigs anaesthetized with urethane respond with a marked rise in skin temperature due to dilation of the cutaneous vessels after the administration of nicotinic acid. Recording the ear temperature of these animals can therefore be used as a simple and sensitive method for the detection of drugs with peripheral vascular effects similar to those produced by nicotinic acid.
Toxicity of ethanol-barbiturate mixtures
Authors: Wiberg G S , Coldwell B B , Trenholm H L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The simultaneous administration of ethanol at doses of either 2, 3, or 4 g/kg intraperitoneally produced a dose-related decrease in the intraperitoneal LD50 for thiopentone, pentobarbitone, amylobarbitone, phenobarbitone and barbitone in rats. The most marked ethanol-barbiturate interaction was with the long-acting, poorly metabolized, less potent barbiturates phenobarbitone and barbitone. Similarly, a non-hypnotic dose of ethanol (3 g/kg, i.p.) produced a much greater prolongation of the sleeping time with non-hypnotic doses of phenobarbitone and barbitone, than with threshold doses of the shorter acting barbiturates. Various postulates are advanced to explain the underlying mechanism of the barbiturate-ethanol interaction.
Monoamine oxidase activities in tissues of thiamine-deficient rats
Authors: Iwata H , Nishikawa T , Fujimoto S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The oxidation of monoamine by homogenates of tissues of thiamine-deficient rats was measured with noradrenaline as substrate. Monoamine oxidase activities were depressed in tissues in which the catecholamine content had previously been found raised during thiamine deficiency, with the exception in the cerebral cortex. The impaired enzyme activities were restored to the control level by repeated thiamine injections. An accumulation of pyruvic acid did not inhibit monoamine oxidase activity and thiamine pyrophosphate is not implicated as a co-factor in the oxidation of monoamine substrate.
The rate of dissolution of powdered griseofulvin at different stirring rates
Authors: Elworthy P H , Lipscomb F J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The non-ionic surfactant, cetomacrogol, increased the rate of solution of powdered griseofulvin in water. At a stirring rate of 200 rev/min, the increase was similar to that found previously for solid discs of this drug. At 60 rev/min, the surfactant had a smaller effect on the rate of solution.
Quantitative determination of physostigmine from aqueous solution
Authors: Teare F W , Borst S I 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A gas chromatographic method is described for the direct determination of physostigmine base from a solution of physostigmine salicylate. The method involves isolation of physostigmine salicylate from an aqueous solution by a freeze drying process, subsequent conversion to a trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivative and gas liquid chromatography. The trimethylsilyl salt dissociates on injection into the flash vapourizer inlet of a gas Chromatograph, and the physostigmine-TMS and salicylic acid-TMS derivatives are eluted separately. Due to the specificity of the silylation reaction it is possible to determine by gas chromatography the alkaloid content in the presence of its degradation products. A modification of the method was necessary for the assay of a commercial formulation containing certain additives.
The determination of bromisoval and carbromal in biological material
Authors: Rauws A G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The bromine determination (van der Meulen) has been adapted to the assay of bromisoval and carbromal in biological material. Interfering bromide is eliminated by pretreatment with silver nitrate. The ashing procedure was simplified by previous precipitation of proteins by acetone. Interference by bromine-containing metabolites of the drugs is absent or minimal. The method is applicable in the range of 0·1 to 1 μmol. Recovery in blood was 95%. The standard deviation of the determination is approximately 5%.
An automated apparatus for dissolution studies
Authors: Richter A , Myhre B , Khanna S C 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An automated apparatus for dissolution rate studies of solid dosage forms under sink conditions at constant volume has been developed. Sink condition was maintained in the small volume of the buffer by continuous elimination of the solution and replacement with fresh buffer. A mathematical treatment of the dissolution-dilution system for the apparatus is given. The validity of the calculations has been proved using clomipramine solution and tablets.
Methaemoglobin formation by aromatic amines
Authors: McLean S , Starmer G A , Thomas J 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Methaemoglobin formation induced in cats by many substituted anilines has been investigated in an attempt to correlate chemical structure with activity. Although no precise relation emerged, some generalizations could be made. 4-Substituents (except methyl and methoxy) increased the activity of aniline. The activity of aniline was either unaltered or reduced by 2- and 3-substituents. Polyhalo-, polymethyl-, methoxy-, ethoxy- and carboxyester substituents reduced activity, and carboxy groups abolished it. Steric effects around the amino-group were not important. The activities of the compounds are discussed in relation to their absorption, distribution, metabolic transformation and the activities of their metabolites.
Prostaglandin E1 action on canine isolated tracheal muscle
Authors: Türker R K , Khairallah P A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) inhibits contractions of dog isolated tracheal muscle stimulated by different agents, but the degree of inhibition varies with the agent used. Low concentrations of PGE1 completely block the stimulant effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine, but even large concentrations of PGE1 do not completely antagonize the contractions caused by acetylcholine. The inhibitory effect of PGE1 is blocked by methysergide and not by propranolol, morphine or dihydroergotamine. PGE1 does not relax depolarized smooth muscle, although bradykinin and isoprenaline do. It is concluded that in tracheal smooth muscle, PGE1 interacts with cell membranes close to the 5-hydroxytryptamine D receptors. This causes activation of the smooth sarcoplasmic reticulum, leading to accumulation of calcium ions and relaxation.
Effect of glycopyrronium bromide on basal, and histamine- or gastrin-induced gastric secretion
Authors: Amure B O 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Acid secretory responses were obtained in rats given either intravenous histamine as dihydrochloride or gastrin subjected to partial purification. A continuous recording method for measuring gastric acid secretion was used. When the rat stomach was perfused with weak sodium hydroxide solution, glycopyrronium bromide (a powerful anticholinergic drug) blocked the acid gastric secretory effects of both histamine and gastrin. Glycopyrronium bromide in doses of 2 μg/100 g body weight of rat is well tolerated. Doses higher than 2 mg/100 g caused respiratory disturbances. The action of glycopyrronium bromide in blocking the gastric secretory effects of gastrin supports the hypothesis that gastrin acts partly by stimulating the vagus nerve.
The effect of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-piperazinium on the response of mesenteric arteries to sympathetic nerve stimulation
Authors: Malik K U , Ling G M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (dmpp) on the response to sympathetic nerve stimulation of rat mesenteric arteries perfused with Tyrode solution at a constant flow has been studied. dmpp (0·3 μg/ml) infused for 3 min enhanced the vasoconstriction caused by stimulation. Infusion of the same concentration for 16–40 min greatly reduced the response to nerve stimulation but did not affect the vasoconstrictor response to injected noradrenaline. The blockade of the response to nerve stimulation produced by dmpp was overcome either by adding (+)-amphetamine to the perfusion fluid or by raising the calcium concentration. Neither effect of dmpp was altered by the infusion of atropine. These effects of dmpp were similar to those seen when acetylcholine was added to the perfusion fluid except that the effects of acetylcholine were diminished or abolished by a concentration of atropine much higher than that of acetylcholine. It is concluded that the receptors at the adrenergic nerve terminals are partly muscarinic and partly nicotinic.
Basic dihydromorphanthridinones with anticonvulsant activity
Authors: Waring W S , Whittle B A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Some 11-alkylamino-5,6-dihydro-6-oxomorphanthridines and related compounds have been prepared and screened for anticonvulsant activity. One of the more active compounds, 11-dimethylamino-5,6-dihydro-6-oxomorphanthridine (ICI 45,337) was selected for further study and taken to clinical trial in epileptic patients.
The determination of the binding of salicylate to serum proteins
Authors: McArthur J N , Smith M J H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The ratios of protein-bound to unbound salicylate in bovine, calf, horse and human sera were measured by equilibrium dialysis, ultrafiltration and frontal elution techniques. The equilibrium dialysis method gave the best measure of binding capacity, but several factors were found to affect the results. These factors include adsorption of the drug onto the dialysing membrane, the composition of the dialysing fluid, the necessity to allow sufficient time for equilibrium to be attained in the presence of serum, and the occurrence of dialysable substances in sera which may either compete with or displace salicylate from its binding sites.
The effect of distribution of magnesium stearate on the penetration of a tablet by water
Authors: Ganderton David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Magnesium carbonate powder and granules were compressed and the tablets characterized by their permeability to air and penetration by liquids. To the same materials, magnesium stearate was added, its distribution being varied by varying its concentration, the size of the base material and the method of mixing. The inhibition of penetration by liquids is roughly proportional to the concentration of magnesium stearate and very susceptible to the method of mixing. The influence of granule size on its distribution was seen mainly as a change in the uniformity of penetration.