bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Denitrification of high nitrate wastewater in a cloth strip bioreactor with immobilized sludge
Authors: Nair Rashmi R , D’Souza Stanislaus F 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Denitrification of synthetic high nitrate wastewater containing 40,000 ppm NO3 (9,032 ppm NO3-N) was achieved using immobilized activated sludge in a column reactor. Active anoxic sludge adsorbed onto Terry cloth was used in the denitrification of high nitrate wastewater. The operational stability of the immobilized sludge system was studied both in a batch reactor and in a continuous reactor. The immobilized sludge showed complete degradation of different concentrations of NO3-N (1,129, 1,693, 3,387, 6,774, and 9,032 ppm) in a batch process. The reactors were successfully run for 90 days without any loss in activity. The immobilized cell process has yielded promising results in attaining high denitrifying efficiency.
Sjögren–Larsson syndrome in clinical practice
Authors: Fuijkschot Joris , Theelen Thomas , Seyger Marieke M. B. , van der Graaf Marinette , de Groot Imelda J. M. , Wevers Ron A. , Wanders Ronald J. A. , Waterham Hans R. , Willemsen Michèl A. A. P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis review article gives a state‐of‐the‐art synopsis of current pathophysiological concepts in Sjögren–Larsson syndrome (SLS) mainly based upon original research data of the authors in one of the world's largest clinical SLS study cohorts. Clinical features are discussed in order of appearance, and diagnostic tests are set out to guide the clinician toward the diagnosis SLS. Furthermore, current and future treatment strategies are discussed to render a comprehensive review of the topic.
Enhancing Family Communication About Genetics: Ethical and Professional Dilemmas
Authors: Hodgson Jan , Gaff Clara 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWhen a new genetic condition is diagnosed within a family, genetic counselors often describe a sense of responsibility towards other at risk family members to be appropriately informed about their status. Successful communication of genetic information in families is contingent on many factors. While a small number of probands directly state their intention not to inform their relatives, many who do intend to communicate this information appear to be unsuccessful for a wide range of reasons and may benefit from follow up support from a genetic counselor. Drawing on the reciprocal‐engagement model (REM) of genetic counseling practice we explore how enhancing family communication about genetics raises a number of ethical and professional challenges for counselors—and describe how we resolved these. A subsequent manuscript will describe the counseling framework we have developed to enhance family communication about genetics.
22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Attitudes towards Disclosing the Risk of Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Martin Nicole , Mikhaelian Marina , Cytrynbaum Cheryl , Shuman Cheryl , Chitayat David A. , Weksberg Rosanna , Bassett Anne S. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome with multisystem features. There is a strong association with psychiatric disorders. One in every four to five patients develop schizophrenia. Despite studies showing that early diagnosis and treatment are likely to lead to improved outcome, genetic counselors may be reluctant to discuss the risk of psychiatric illness. The aim of this research was to explore parental attitudes and genetic counselors’ perspectives and practice regarding disclosure of the clinical manifestations of 22q11.2DS, particularly the risk of psychiatric illness. We delivered a questionnaire to genetic counselors via established list‐serves, 54 of which were completed. We also conducted interviews with four parents of adults with 22q11.2DS and schizophrenia. The majority of counselors and parents felt that the increased risk to develop a psychiatric illness is important to disclose. However, in the initial counseling session when the diagnosis was made in infancy genetic counselors were significantly less likely to discuss the risk of psychiatric disorders compared to other later onset features such as hypothyroidism (41 % vs. 83 %, p = 0.001). When the diagnosis of 22q11.2DS was made in infancy, counselors’ responses in regard to timing of disclosure about psychiatric illnesses were fairly evenly divided between infancy, childhood and adolescence. In contrast, for other major features of 22q11.2DS, disclosure would predominantly be in infancy. The respondents reported that the discussion of psychiatric issues with parents was challenging due to the stigma associated with mental illness. Some also noted limited knowledge about psychiatric illness and treatment. These results suggest that genetic counselors could benefit from further education regarding psychiatric illness in 22q11.2DS and best strategies for discussing this important subject with parents and patients.
Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Imidazoline‐Based Dissymmetric Bis‐Quaternary Ammonium Salts with Different Hydrophobic Chain Length on Q235 Steel in 1 M HCl Solution
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhu Fengmin , Song Weiwei , Du Min 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe surface properties of a series of imidazoline‐based dissymmetric bis‐quaternary ammonium (DBA) salts with different hydrophobic chain lengths DBA‐12, DBA‐14 and DBA‐16 were determined. The adsorption behaviors of these compounds in 1 M HCl solution and their inhibitive effect on Q235 steel (U12350) were investigated using the weight‐loss method, polarization, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Results indicate that the three inhibitors all showed good inhibition performance for Q235 Steel in 1 M HCl solution and were found to be mixed‐type inhibitors. The adsorption behavior of the three inhibitors can fit the Langmuir isotherm equation and the values of are around or lower than 40 kJ mol−1, indicating that there is a stronger chemical adsorption.
Geothermal Investigations in the Upper Vindhyan Sedimentary Rocks of Shivpuri Area, Central India
Authors: Nagaraju P. , Ray Labani , Ravi G. , Akkiraju Vyasulu V. , Roy Sukanta 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Heat flow has been determined by combining temperature measurements in 7 boreholes with thermal conductivity measurements in the Upper Vindhyan sedimentary rocks of Shivpuri area, central India. The boreholes are distributed at 5 sites within an area of 15 × 10 km2; their depths range from 174 to 268 m. Geothermal gradients estimated from borehole temperature profiles vary from 8.0-12.7 mK m−1 in the sandstone-rich formations to 25.5-27.5 mK m-1 in the shale-rich formations, consistent with the contrast in thermal conductivities of the two rock types. Heat flow in the area ranges between 45 and 61 mW m−2, with a mean of 52±6 mW m−2. The heat flow values are similar to the &gt;50 mW m−2 heat flow observed in other parts of the northern Indian shield. The heat flow determinations represent the steady-state heat flow because, the thermal transients associated with the initial rifting, convergence and sedimentation in the basin as well as the more recent Deccan volcanism that affected the region to the south of the basin would have decayed, and therefore, the heat flow is in equilibrium with the radiogenic heat production of the crust and the heat flow from the mantle. The present study reports the heat flow measurements from the western part of the Vindhyan basin and provides heat flow information for the Bundhelkhand craton for the first time. Radioelement (Th, U and K) abundances have been measured both in the sedimentary rocks exposed in the area as well as in the underlying basement granite-gneiss of Bundelkhand massif exposed in the adjacent area. Radioactive heat production, estimated from those abundances, indicate mean values of 0.3 µW m−3 for sandstone with inter-bands of shale and siltstone, 0.25 µW m−3 for sandstone with inter-bands siltstone, 0.6 µW m−3 for quartzose sandstone, and 2.7 µW m−3 for the basement granitoids. With a total sedimentary thickness not exceeding a few hundred metres in the area, the heat production of the sedimentary cover would be insignificant. The radioactive heat contribution from the basement granitoids in the upper crust is expected to be large, and together with the heat flow component from the mantle, would control the crustal thermal structure in the region.
Estuarine Foraminifera from the Gulf of Cambay
Authors: Ghosh Anupam 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A low diversity, epifaunal to infaunal Foraminiferal assemblage widely distributed in sand flats, mud flats and marshes along the coastal tracts of the Gulf of Cambay. It is dominated by the species of Ammonia, Rotalidium, Murrayinella, Haynesina, Quinqueloculina, Nonionella, Florilus, Elphidium, Trochammina and Miliammina. A triserial planktonic foraminifer Gallitellia vivans, an indicator of stressed and upwelling areas, is also characteristically present in the sediments of the estuaries. The paper discusses the systematics and distribution of the Foraminiferal species in the macrotidal estuaries of the Gulf of Cambay.
Water Level Variations in Fractured, Semi-Confined Aquifers of Anantapur District, Southern India
Authors: Reddy A. G. S. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The study on water level conditions of fractured aquifer system in northeastern part of Anantapur district is of immense importance as the area is covered by varied geological formations and has different irrigation patterns. The monthly groundwater level data of 154 observation wells for five year period (2001-06) is analyzed to decipher the behavior of water levels in different seasons and geo-environments. The hydrographs of the average water level data of each Mandal (group of villages) indicate steady declining trend ranging from 0.50 to 2.91m/yr. Yellanuru Mandal has both the shallowest and the deepest water levels among eight Mandals, highly undulating terrain could be one of the reasons for this contrasting condition. The pre-monsoon water levels show decline of 8.22 m in one year from May 2002 to 2003. A negative seasonal fluctuation of -1.49m has occurred in the year 2002 during which the area received 32% less than normal rainfall. The mean water levels are deeper by 42% in areas covered by sedimentary formations than those of granite terrain. Raise in water levels is significant where monthly rainfall is more than 200 mm. Due to erratic rainfall in space and time, deeper water levels are noticed even in post-monsoon period and shallow in February month at some locations. The water levels in command areas are deep and exhibit falling trend as the area forms the tail end part of the Tunga Bhadra High Level Canal. The deeper water level conditions and its declining feature is directly related to groundwater development in the form of increased agriculture activity, reduced area under rain-fed crops, high horticulture development. Arid climatic conditions, low precipitation and continuous exploitation of groundwater resources could be other factors contributing for steady decline in water levels in the area. The wide variations in groundwater levels could be due to uneven topography, heterogeneous and anisotropic conditions of granites and poor porosity - permeability of shales, lack of vegetation, and increased groundwater extraction.
Discovery of Antler from a New Site in the Pinjor Formation (Pleistocene) of Pakistan
Authors: Ghaffar Abdul , Akhtar Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Akbar , Khan Abdul Majid , Samiullah Khizar , Iqbal Mehboob 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Partially complete right antler from the Pinjor Formation (Pleistocene) of the Upper Siwalik Subgroup is identified, described and its phylogenetic relationship is discussed. The fossil antler is compared with other known fossil records of family Cervidae as well as with the extant species, on the basis of which it can be attributed to Axis punjabiensis. This species has not been reported previously from this fossil site.
Aquifer Transmissivity from Surface Geo-electrical Data: A Case Study of Owerri and Environs, Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Ekwe A. C. , Opara A. I. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The combination of layer resistivity and thickness in the so called Da-zarrouk parameters S (longitudinal conductance) and R (transverse resistance) have proved useful in the evaluation of the transmissivities of the aquifers around Owerri and environs. The area is underlain by the unconsolidated to semi-consolidated coastal Benin Formation. The surface direct current electrical resistivity method was used in the study. Seven Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) data by the Schlumberger array was acquired in the area. A maximum current electrode spacing (AB) of 1000 m was used for data acquisition. Four of the soundings were carried out near existing boreholes. Computer modelled interpretative methods was utilized in processing the data. Results show that the depth to the water level is shallow around Ife and Egbu areas with a mean depth of 30 m. Semi-deep aquifers were encountered around Okpalla and AVU areas with a mean depth of 90 m while very deep aquifers were sensed around Owerri and Obinze areas with a mean depth of 125 m. Aquifer thicknesses in the study area range from 8 m at Ife and 117 m at Owerri. The diagnostic Kσ = constant value have proved so useful in calculating transmisivities and hydraulic conductivities of all the sounding locations including areas where no boreholes exist. Hydraulic conductivity varies between 6.19m/day at Ife and 24.7 m/day at Obinze. Transmissivity values also very between 51.39 m2/day at Ife and 1379.56 m2/day at Owerri. It is hoped that the results would help in long term planning of groundwater exploitation schemes within the study area.
The use of a rotational bladder flap for the repair of recurrent mixed trigonal–supratrigonal vesicovaginal fistulas
Authors: Sharifiaghdas Farzaneh , Taheri Maryam 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo describe an approach for managing 10 patients with complex, mixed trigonal–supratrigonal vesiõcovaginal fistulas (VVFs) using the rotational bladder flap technique.MethodsThe 10 patients were undergoing their second to fourth repair of a mixed trigonal–supratrigonal VVF. The fistula was approached transabdominally, the bladder was opened along the sagittal plane and a bladder flap was rotated downward and medially to fill the fistula defect. First, the vaginal defect was repaired as usual; then, an omental flap was interposed and fixed between the vagina and bladder; finally, the fistula and posterior wall of the bladder were meticulously sutured in 1 layer.ResultsFistula closure was unsuccessful in 1 patient, in whom the corrugated drain had entered the bladder via the suture line. The fistulas were repaired successfully in the 9 remaining patients, with no recurrence or surgical reintervention for any reason for the follow‐up duration.ConclusionThe rotational bladder flap technique is safe and effective for the repair of complex, mixed trigonal–supratrigonal VVFs which always require tension‐free approximation.
Global variation in the prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder: a systematic review of the epidemiological literature
Authors: Ferrari A. J. , Somerville A. J. , Baxter A. J. , Norman R. , Patten S. B. , Vos T. , Whiteford H. A. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundSummarizing the epidemiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) at a global level is complicated by significant heterogeneity in the data. The aim of this study is to present a global summary of the prevalence and incidence of MDD, accounting for sources of bias, and dealing with heterogeneity. Findings are informing MDD burden quantification in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2010 Study.MethodA systematic review of prevalence and incidence of MDD was undertaken. Electronic databases Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE were searched. Community-representative studies adhering to suitable diagnostic nomenclature were included. A meta-regression was conducted to explore sources of heterogeneity in prevalence and guide the stratification of data in a meta-analysis.ResultsThe literature search identified 116 prevalence and four incidence studies. Prevalence period, sex, year of study, depression subtype, survey instrument, age and region were significant determinants of prevalence, explaining 57.7% of the variability between studies. The global point prevalence of MDD, adjusting for methodological differences, was 4.7% (4.4–5.0%). The pooled annual incidence was 3.0% (2.4–3.8%), clearly at odds with the pooled prevalence estimates and the previously reported average duration of 30 weeks for an episode of MDD.ConclusionsOur findings provide a comprehensive and up-to-date profile of the prevalence of MDD globally. Region and study methodology influenced the prevalence of MDD. This needs to be considered in the GBD 2010 study and in investigations into the ecological determinants of MDD. Good-quality estimates from low-/middle-income countries were sparse. More accurate data on incidence are also required.
The role of within-language vocabulary size in children's semantic development: evidence from bilingual children
Authors: KEITH MARGAUX , NICOLADIS ELENA 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTThis study tested whether bilingual children show a lag in semantic development (the schematic–categorical shift) relative to monolingual children due to smaller vocabularies within a language. Twenty French–English bilingual and twenty English monolingual children (seven to ten years old) participated in a picture-naming task in English. Their errors were coded for schematic or categorical relations. The bilingual children made more schematic errors than monolinguals, a difference that was accounted for statistically by vocabulary score differences. This result suggests that within-language vocabulary size is one important factor in semantic development and may explain why bilingual children sometimes show a lag relative to monolingual children in one of their languages, perhaps the language in which they have received less formal instruction.
Associations among Physician Advice, Physical Activity, and Socio-demographic Groups in Older Spanish Adults
Authors: Rodríguez María Martín , Castillo Jesús Martínez del , Sánchez José Antonio Serrano , Jiménez-Beatty Navarro José Emilio , Santacruz José Antonio , Herráiz Antonio Rivero 
Published: July 2012

RÉSUMÉCette étude a examiné la relation entre l’avis médicale pour s’engager dans ld’activité physique avec, le type de demande d’activité physique et les variables démographiques. Une étude transversale a été élaborécréé. Un questionnaire avec des items sur l’avis médicale, le niveau de demande pour l’activité physique, et les variables démographiques a été complété par une échantillon national de personnes âgées en Espagne (N = 933, M = 74,1, range de 65 à 93), sélectionnées de manière aléatoire à plusieurs étapes. Les personnes âgées actifs actives physiquement ont plus souvent reçu des avis médicale médicaux à la pratiquepour s’engager dans ld’activité physique que les personnes non activefs. Il existe une relation significative entre l’avis médicale et le type de demande (p <.01) et l’âge (p <.05). Cependant, aucune relation n’a été trouvée déterminée entre l’avis médicale d’activité physique et le sexe, la classe sociale, ou le revenu. Les médécins peuvent effectivement favoriserencourager l’activité physique chez les adultes âgés sédentaires par des conseils d’activité physiqueavec un résultat efficace. Donc, les autorités sanitaires devraient promouvoir encourager aux médécins de conseiller à leurs patients plus âgés de s’engager dans l’activité physiqueles conseils médicaux de l’activité physique à leurs patients âgés.
Long-Term Care Residents with Cancer and their Health Care Providers Reflect on Hope
Authors: Gibson Maggie , Gorman Eunice 
Published: July 2012

RÉSUMÉCette étude a examiné l’espoir parmi les résidents avec le cancer en soins de longue durée et a évalué les points de vue des résidents et aussi des prestataires de soins de santé (PSS). Les données cliniques ont établi que la prévalence d’un diagnostic de cancer dans l’établissement d’étude (15%) était semblable à d’autres estimations dans la littérature. On a fait passer une entrevue parmi huit PSS experimentés. Dix résidents avec un diagnostic de cancer ont été interrogés, et ils ont complété l’index d’espoir Herth (IEH). Les dimensions de l’espoir et les facteurs contextuels qui forment l’espoir sont manifestés comme des thèmes, et pour less PSS et pour les résidents, mais reflétaient leurs points de vue différents. En tant que partie intégrante des soins, l’espoir était un thème pour PSS. Les scores d’IEH étaient élevés, ce qui indique que les résidents étaient généralement optimistes. Les résultats de l’étude suggèrent que, pour le sous-groupe petit mais complexe de résidents en soins de longue durée qui a un diagnostic de cancer, l’espoir n’est pas perdu, mais plutôt il est pertinent, nuancé et possible d’atteindre.
Phylogenetic, molecular and drug-sensitivity analysis of HA and NA genes of human H3N2 influenza A viruses in Guangdong, China, 2007–2011
Authors: HUANG P. , LIANG L.-J. , HOU N.-M. , ZHANG X. , SU W.-Z. , YU S.-Y. , ZHANG Y.-H. , WU J. , CHEN W. Q. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYAnnual H3N2 subtype influenza outbreaks in Guangdong, China are a severe public health issue and require ongoing monitoring of emerging viral variants. The variation and evolution of haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes of influenza isolates from Guangdong during 2007–2011 and others from GenBank were analysed using Lasergene 7.1 and MEGA 5.05, and serological analysis of antigens was determined by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Susceptibility to antiviral drugs was correlated with genetic mutations. Phylogenetic analysis and alignment of HA and NA genes were performed on 18 Guangdong isolates and 26 global reference strains. The non-synonymous (dN) evolutionary rate of HA1 was 3·13 times that of HA2. Compared with the A/Perth/16/2009 vaccine HA gene, homologies of Guangdong isolates were between 98·8–99·7% and 98·0–98·4% in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Amino-acid substitutions were found in five epitopes of HA1 from Guangdong isolates between 2007 and 2011, especially in epitopes B (N160K) and D (K174R/N). The K189E/N/Q and T228A mutations in the receptor-binding site (RBS) occurred in the 2010 strains, which affected the antigenicity of HA1. The antigenicity of the epidemic H3N2 isolates in 2010 was somewhat different from that of A/Perth/16/2009. The Guangdong H3N2 isolates were determined to be oseltamivir-resistant with IC50of 0·396±0·085 nmol/l (n=17) and zanamivir-resistant with IC50of 0·477±0·149 nmol/l (n=18). Variations were present in epitopes B and D, two sites in the RBS and two glycosylation sites in the Guangdong H3N2 HA1 gene. The majority of the Guangdong H3N2 isolates were sensitive to oseltamivir and zanamivir. Compared to the World Health Organization 2012 vaccine strains, Guangdong H3N2 strains varied genetically and antigenically to some degree.
Asymmetries in international environmental agreements
Authors: Pavlova Yulia , de Zeeuw Aart 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper considers self-enforcing international environmental agreements when countries are asymmetric with respect to emission-related benefits and environmental damage. Considering these asymmetries simultaneously yields large stable coalitions, also without the option of transfers between signatories. However, these large stable coalitions are only possible if they include countries that have relatively high marginal benefits and a relatively low marginal environmental damage. This type of countries hardly contributes to the common good and the gains of cooperation from including this type of countries in the stable coalition are small. This confirms a persistent result in this literature that large stable coalitions usually go hand in hand with low gains of cooperation. Without the option of transfers it is always better to have a small stable coalition with countries that matter than a large stable coalition with countries that do not matter. Only with transfers might a large stable coalition be able to perform better.