bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quantitative method for fungal ligninolytic enzyme screening studies
Authors: Ang Teck Nam , Ngoh Gek Cheng , Chua Adeline Seak May 
Published: May 2010

AbstractScreening is conducted to select a fungus with desired characteristics intended for various applications, e.g. bioremediation and enzyme production. A qualitative method was used in this study for screening of fungal ligninolytic enzyme activities. The fungal ligninolytic activity was correlated with its growth from the screenings to identify a suitable fungus for solid substrate fermentation. Four strains of fungi, namely, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phlebia radiata and Pleurotus sajor‐caju, were screened for their ligninolytic enzyme activities using guaiacol and remazol brilliant blue‐R (RBB‐R) as screening reagents. The screenings were conducted at both, the optimal growth temperature of each fungus and 35 °C. All the fungi, except P. radiata, showed positive guaiacol oxidation and RBB‐R decolourisation activities. On the basis of the results, P. sajor‐caju may be a suitable fungus for use in bioconversion of lignocellulose because it maintained guaiacol oxidation and RBB‐R decolourisation activities at 35 °C. Its halo‐to‐colony area ratios of guaiacol oxidation and RBB‐R decolourisation after 6 days were 7.0 and 2.7, respectively. In the subsequent growth study, the measured colony area was closely correlated with the dry fungal cell weight with a regression value (R2) of 0.971. Thus, the colony size could be used as an indicator of fungal growth if the screening media do not significantly slow the growth of fungus. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The seventeen theoretical constructs of information searching and information retrieval
Authors: Jansen Bernard J. , Rieh Soo Young 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this article, we identify, compare, and contrast theoretical constructs for the fields of information searching and information retrieval to emphasize the uniqueness of and synergy between the fields. Theoretical constructs are the foundational elements that underpin a field's core theories, models, assumptions, methodologies, and evaluation metrics. We provide a framework to compare and contrast the theoretical constructs in the fields of information searching and information retrieval usingintellectual perspectiveandtheoretical orientation. The intellectual perspectives areinformation searching,information retrieval, andcross‐cutting; and the theoretical orientations areinformation,people, andtechnology. Using this framework, we identify 17 significant constructs in these fields contrasting the differences and comparing the similarities. We discuss the impact of the interplay among these constructs for moving research forward within both fields. Although there is tension between the fields due to contradictory constructs, an examination shows a trend toward convergence. We discuss the implications for future research within the information searching and information retrieval fields.
Stabilization and SDG condition of serially connected vibrating strings system with discontinuous displacement
Authors: Han Zhong‐Jie , Xu Gen‐Qi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBased on joint feedback controls, the stabilization issue of a serially connected vibrating strings system is presented. Suppose that the two ends of the strings system are clamped and the vertical force of strings is continuous at interior nodes while the transversal displacement is discontinuous. The vertical force of strings at interior nodes are observed and the compensators are derived from the observation values. Then the feedback controllers are arranged at interior nodes to stabilize this system. Through a detailed spectral analysis, this closed loop system is proved to be asymptotically stable and there exists a sequence of (generalized) eigenvectors of the system that forms a Riesz basis with parentheses for the state space under certain conditions. Hence the spectrum‐determined‐growth (SDG) condition holds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Extraction of monoclonal antibodies (IgG1) using anionic and anionic/nonionic reverse micelles
Authors: George Daliya A. , Stuckey David C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPurification schemes for antibody production based on affinity chromatography are trying to keep pace with increases in cell culture expression levels and many current research initiatives are focused on finding alternatives to chromatography for the purification of Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). In this article, we have investigated an alternative separation technique based on liquid–liquid extraction called the reverse micellar extraction. We extracted MAb (IgG1) using reverse micelles of an anionic surfactant, sodium bis 2‐ethyl‐hexyl sulfosuccinate (AOT) and a combination of anionic (AOT) and nonionic surfactants (Brij‐30, Tween‐85, Span‐85) using isooctane as the solvent system. The extraction efficiency of IgG1 was studied by varying parameters, such as pH of the aqueous phase, cation concentration, and type and surfactant concentration. Using the AOT/Isooctane reverse micellar system, we could achieve good overall extraction of IgG1 (between 80 and 90%), but only 30% of the bioactivity of IgG1 could be recovered at the end of the extraction by using its binding to affinity chromatography columns as a surrogate measure of activity. As anionic surfactants were suspected as being one of the reasons for the reduced activity, we decided to combine a nonionic surfactant with an anionic surfactant and then study its effect on the extraction efficiency and bioactivity. The best results were obtained using an AOT/Brij‐30/Isooctane reverse micellar system, which gave an overall extraction above 90 and 59% overall activity recovery. An AOT/Tween‐85/Isooctane reverse micellar system gave an overall extraction of between 75 and 80% and overall activity recovery of around 40–45%. The results showed that the activity recovery of IgG1 can be significantly enhanced using different surfactant combination systems, and if the recovery of IgG1 can be further enhanced, the technique shows considerable promise for the downstream purification of MAbs. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Synthesis and application of a novel single‐isomer mono‐6‐deoxy‐6‐((2S,3S)‐(+)‐2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐1,4‐tetramethylenediamine)‐β‐cyclodextrin as chiral selector in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Liu Peng , He Wei , Qin Xiang‐Yang , Sun Xiao‐Li , Chen Hui , Zhang Sheng‐Yong 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA novel single isomer of positively charged β‐cyclodextrin, mono‐6‐deoxy‐6‐((2S,3S)‐(+)‐2,3‐O‐isopropylidene‐1,4‐tetramethylenediamine)‐β‐CD (MIPTACD) was designed and synthesized in seven steps starting from commercially available (2R,3R)‐tartaric acid. The chiral resolution abilities of the new cationic chiral selector were studied by capillary electrophoresis using 10 different dansyl (Dns)‐amino acids and N‐acetylphenylalanine (N‐Ac‐Phe) as model analytes. The effects of running buffer pH and chiral selector concentration on the separation selectivity, resolutions, and migration times of analytes were studied in detail. MIPTACD shows a very good chiral recognition ability even at very low concentrations at the investigated pH values, as shown by the very large values of selectivity and resolution towards amino acids enantiomers to be assessed. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supercritical fluid chromatography and steady‐state recycling: Phase appropriate technologies for the resolutions of pharmaceutical intermediates in the early drug development stage
Authors: Yan Tony Q. , Orihuela Carlos , Preston Jay P. , Xia Fang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe use of phase appropriate technologies is critical for efficiently moving drug candidates forward in the early stages of drug discovery and development. Phase appropriate purification technology develops the analytical method and subsequently scales up the method and turns the sample around quickly (Kennedy et al., J Chromatogr A 2004; 1046:55). In this article, separation results and conditions from supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and steady‐state recycling (SSR) for the resolutions of three pharmaceutical intermediates in the early stage of the drug development are discussed. The first study used SFC and SSR to separate an impurity for a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) campaign. The analytical method development and scale‐up conditions are discussed. Productivity, solvent usage, and sample solubility under SFC and SSR conditions are also compared. The second study compared SFC to batch HPLC in separating a diastereomer. Due to higher separation efficiency, SFC was able to resolute multiple peaks. The third study involved the addition of dichloromethane as a co‐solvent in SFC purification—improving sample selectivity and solubility. From the separation results of these purifications, SFC and SSR are clearly phase appropriate technologies in the early drug development stage. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward a generalization of the Clough‐Lutz‐Jirgensons effect: Chiral organic acids with alkyl, hydroxyl, and halogen substituents
Authors: Nitsch‐Velasquez Lucia , Autschbach Jochen 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe optical rotation of natural amino acids becomes more positive when the medium is changed from approximately neutral to strongly acidic (Clough–Lutz–Jirgensons (CLJ) effect). In this work, it is shown by time–dependent density functional computations that the effect can be generalized to other α–substituted chiral carboxylic acids. The physical origin of the generalized CLJ effect is similar to that in amino acids, linking the absolute configuration directly to the sign of CLJ. For conformationally flexible molecules with small magnitudes of the optical rotation, the presence of a CLJ effect might aid the assignment of absolute configurations based on comparing experimental data with computed chiroptical responses. Chirality, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mesoporöse Pt/SBA‐15‐Katalysatoren für die enantioselektive Flüssigphasenhydrierung von Ethylpyruvat
Authors: Böttcher S. , Hoffmann C. , Räuchle K. , Reschetilowski W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDie enantioselektive Hydrierung von Ethylpyruvat wurde in Gegenwart der geordneten, mesoporösen Materialien SBA‐15 und Al‐SBA‐15 als Träger chiral‐modifizierten Platins durchgeführt. Dabei wurde der Einfluss der Oberflächenacidität der oxidischen Träger auf die Reaktion untersucht. Mit Zunahme der Gesamtacidität konnte eine Steigerung der Enantioselektivität beobachtet werden. An optimierten Katalysatorsystemen konnte (R)‐Ethyllactat mit Enantioselektivitäten von 90 – 94 %ee bei vollständigem Umsatz hergestellt werden.
Structure–process–yield interrelations in nanocrystalline cellulose extraction
Authors: Hamad Wadood Y. , Hu Thomas Q. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn order to improve the extraction of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from sulfuric acid hydrolysis of chemical pulps, we have studied the effect of hydrolysis conditions on the degree of polymerization (DP), the extent of sulfation, morphological, and solid‐state characteristics of the extracted materials vis‐à‐vis yield.Our results demonstrate that sulfation plays a significant role in (i) determining the yield of, and (ii) imparting the unique solid‐state characteristics to, the extracted, H2O‐insoluble cellulose nanomaterial from sulfuric acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysis process is itself proven to be highly reproducible, and NCC with high crystallinity (>80%) and a yield between 21% and 38% could be extracted from a fully bleached, commercial softwood kraft pulp using 64 wt.% sulfuric acid at 45–65°C after freeze drying. The NCC aggregates, with iridescent patterns typical of chiral nematic materials, are parallelepiped rod‐like structures which possess cross‐sections in the nanometer range and lengths orders of magnitude larger, resulting in high aspect ratios.The Ruland–Rietveld analysis was employed to precisely resolve X‐ray diffraction patterns and obtain information on crystallite size, crystalline and amorphous areas, and crystallinity of the extracted materials.
Wet scrubbing intensification applied to hydrogen sulphide removal in waste water treatment plant
Authors: Biard Pierre‐François , Couvert Annabelle , Renner Christophe , Levasseur Jean‐Pierre 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHydrogen sulphide removal in a waste water treatment plant at semi‐industrial scale in a compact wet scrubber has been investigated. The gas residence time in the scrubber was reduced to 30 ms using a NaOCl caustic scrubbing solution. The contactor is composed of a wire mesh packing structure where liquid and gas flow co‐currently at high velocity (>12 m s−1). H2S removal percentages higher than 95% could be achieved whereas a moderate pressure drop was measured (<4000 Pa). Both the hydrodynamic and chemical conditions can influence the efficiency of the process. Correlations were developed to predict both the pressure drop and the H2S removal efficiency at given operating conditions.
A novel three‐phase airlift reactor without circulation of solids
Authors: Olivieri Giuseppe , Marzocchella Antonio , Salatino Piero 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA novel configuration of a three‐phase internal loop airlift reactor is proposed. The draft is divided in two sections: (top) gas–liquid contact section; (bottom) liquid–solid contact section. Solids particles are fluidized in the bottom section by liquid circulation. The main advantage compared with classic airlift or three‐phase fluidized bed is the reduced stress on particles as interference with bubbles is prevented. Experiments with silica sand (325 µm diameter) were carried out to characterise the hydrodynamics of the airlift. The influence of superficial gas velocity, overall solids hold‐up and sparger height were assessed. A theoretical analysis was proposed to derive simple design criteria.
Advanced measurement techniques for GLS reactors
Authors: Mudde R. F. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA review of advanced measurement techniques in gas–liquid–solid systems is presented. Most GLS systems are operated at relatively high volume fractions. This makes the systems opaque and less suited for investigations based on laser application. Several measuring techniques have been developed to deal with non‐transparent systems. Amongst these are Electrical Capacitance Tomography, X‐ray CT scanning and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. This contribution discusses some of the recent development and identifies the directions research is taking.
Numerical simulation of liquid spray dispersion in a fluidized bed
Authors: Pougatch Konstantin , Salcudean Martha 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA numerical model that simulates liquid spray dispersion in the fluidized bed of solid particles is presented. The model includes flow through the atomization device (nozzle), phase inversion and formation of the spray, its interaction with the solid particles, and liquid propagation within the bed. All these processes are modelled simultaneously to reflect the couplings existing between them. The model utilises a Eulerian description for all three phases to allow for the continuous computations throughout the whole domain. The comparison with experimental data reveals reasonably good agreement between the predicted and measured liquid to solid mass ratio distributions.
Dynamical mass‐transfer process of a CO2 bubble measured by using LIF/HPTS visualisation and photoelectric probing
Authors: Hanyu Kodai , Saito Takayuki 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe directly visualised the dynamical mass‐transfer process from a zigzagging rising CO2 bubble (2.9 mm in equivalent diameter) to its surrounding liquid by using laser‐induced fluorescence/8‐hydroxypyrene‐1, 3, 6‐trisulfonic acid (LIF/HPTS). We measured the surrounding liquid motion induced by bubble buoyancy using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Further, the CO2 concentration profile inside the bubble wake was measured directly by using a newly developed photoelectric optical fibre probe (POFP). Making the best and mutually complementary use of these three measurement techniques, we discuss the relationship between the mass‐transfer process and the flow structure. We succeeded in clearly visualising CO2‐rich regions corresponding with the dynamical mass‐transfer process from the bubble to the wake and the surrounding liquid (LIF/HPTS). We also obtained a CO2 concentration profile in the bubble wake (the POFP). It was found that the CO2‐rich regions were formed into horseshoe‐like vortices; the CO2 concentration at the centre region of the wake was the highest, and the concentration decreased toward the outer edge of the wake; the CO2‐rich regions were transported widely into the surrounding liquid by the advective liquid‐phase flows (PIV). In addition, we discuss the performance and characteristics of the newly developed POFP.
Integrated process for hydrophobic VOC treatment—solvent choice
Authors: Darracq G. , Couvert A. , Couriol C. , Amrane A. , Le Cloirec P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA process coupling absorption of a gaseous pollutant in an organic phase and biodegradation was considered to treat hydrophobic volatile organic compounds (VOC). The purpose of this work was to choose the best solvent for the absorption of some VOC (dimethylsulfide, dimethyldisulfide, and toluene) and to examine solvent biodegradability as well as VOC biodegradation by activated sludge. Some experiments were carried out on some selected solvents leading to select di‐2‐ethylhexyl‐adipate (DEHA) and poly‐di‐methyl‐siloxane (PDMS) for their high absorption capacity. Biodegradation experiments showed that toluene and DMDS can be removed in solvent on water emulsions, while DMS removal by biodegradation remains to confirm owing to its high volatility. However, experiments showed DEHA biodegradation, contrarily to PDMS which was therefore selected for subsequent experiments.
Laboratory investigation of inversion of heavy oil emulsions
Authors: Gillies Randall G. , Sun Ruijun , Shook Clifton A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLaboratory investigations have been undertaken to assess the suitability of heavy oil‐in water emulsions for pipeline transportation. The emulsions contained 65% oil in water and were prepared using polyethoxy nonylphenol surfactants. Two methods were employed for simulating the shear process which accompanies pipeline flow: a bench scale stirred vessel and a rotated pipe toroid. The progress of the emulsions towards inversion, at which point the oil becomes the continuous phase, was followed by measuring the surfactant concentration in the aqueous phase using liquid chromatography. At inversion the surfactant concentration falls below the threshold level required to sustain an oil‐in‐water emulsion. The experiments showed that the lifetime of the emulsion depends upon the initial surfactant dosage, the solids content of the oil, the intensity of shear and the nature of the shear process. Laminar flow was found to be less desirable than turbulent flow.
Submarine mine tailings management
Authors: Stronach James A. , Robert S. , Gardiner M. , Zhang Yuangao , Schriek Willem S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe placement of mine tailings at depth in the marine environment is reviewed. This review considers first the engineering aspects of a pipeline system which transports tailings slurry from a process plant to the coast and then to a location at a depth of typically 200 m on the continental slope. Next, the fluid dynamic behaviour of the tailings, once discharged from the end of the pipe, are discussed, and a numerical model is presented which simulates the fate of both the dissolved and solids component of the tailings slurry in the marine environment. This latter model can be used to estimate the environmental impact of a proposed deep sea tailings placement system.
Electrochemical mass transfer measurements in a Y‐bifurcation model
Authors: Mahinpey Nader , Ojha Matadial , Johnston K. Wayne , Trass Olev 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA novel technique was used to fabricate nickel flow models of a straight pipe and a Y‐bifurcation. These were used to obtain integral mass transfer coefficients by the electrochemical technique. For the straight pipe, good agreement was obtained with previously reported mass transfer correlations. The use of an upstream anode in addition to the downstream anode led to higher mass transfer at the cathode with laminar flow because of the additional near‐wall ions produced by the upstream anode. With increasing Schmidt number, the effect of transition from laminar to turbulent flow on mass transfer was delayed to progressively higher Reynolds numbers because of the reduced mass transfer boundary layer thickness relative to the viscous sublayer. With the Y‐bifurcation, possible flow separation and the formation of a new mass transfer boundary layer in the daughter branches significantly influence the mass transfer behaviour.
A simple synthesis method for studying thermally integrated distillation sequences
Authors: Sobočan Gorazd , Glavič Peter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this paper an improved method for studying processes for separation of multicomponent mixtures is presented. A thermodynamically oriented procedure was developed for the analysis and synthesis of the best heat‐integrated distillation system. Systematic ranking of possible schemes was used in order to verify the best structure of a heat‐integrated distillation system. An integrability criterion was introduced for the selection of the most promising heat‐integrated sequences. Distillation columns were studied according to their ability for heat integration. The proposed selection of possible distillation columns sequences using rising integrability criteria gave a good approximation of the best heat‐integrated distillation column sequences according to their total annual cost. Computational simulation of the process and pinch analysis were used for thermodynamic optimization of energy consumption. The method is illustrated with five‐ and six‐component example problems.
Removal of lead, cadmium and zinc from aqueous solutions by precipitation with sodium Di‐(n‐octyl) phosphinate
Authors: Esalah Jamaleddin O. , Weber Martin E. , Vera Juan H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSodium di‐(n‐octyl) phosphinate (NaL) was used as a precipitating agent to remove heavy metals from aqueous nitrate solutions. Cadmium, zinc and mixtures of lead, cadmium and zinc were precipitated in the form of PbL2(s), CdL2(s), and ZnL2(s). Lowering the pH of the feed solution reduced the removal of the metals as some of the phosphinate precipitated in the acid form as HL(S). The removal of lead, cadmium, and zinc, from a solution containing the three metals gave a selectivity in the order Zn > Pb > Cd. Predictions of an equilibrium‐constant model, using measured solubility products of the precipitates and literature values of stability constants, gave metal removals, loss of precipitating agent, and equilibrium pH in good agreement with measured values.