bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiproliferative efficacy and mechanism of action of garlic phytochemicals-functionalized gold nanoparticles in triple-negative breast cancer cells
Authors: Meher Kimaya , Paithankar Harshad , Hosur Ramakrishna V , Lopus Manu 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with phytochemicals is an emerging green nanotechnology approach with therapeutic implications. Garlic, known for its culinary and medicinal properties, has been extensively investigated for its anticancer properties. Here, we report a method to substantially enhance the antiproliferative potency of garlic by functionalizing its phytochemicals to GNPs and demonstrate a possible mechanism of action of these nanoparticles in the triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231. Garlic gold nanoparticles (As-GNPs) were synthesized using garlic extract (As-EX) and gold chloride and characterized using a variety of spectroscopy techniques, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Compared to As-EX, which has a negligible effect on the viability of the cells, As-GNPs inhibited cell viability with an IC50 of 0.310 ± 0.04 mg ml−1 and strongly inhibited the clonogenic and migratory propensities of these cells. As indicated by TEM, the As-GNPs entered the cells via endocytosis and dispersed in the cellular milieu. Since tubulin, the protein involved in cell division, is a verified target for several antiproliferative drugs, we next examined whether the As-GNPs interact with this protein. The As-GNPs showed concentration-dependent binding to purified tubulin, slightly but consistently perturbing its secondary helical integritywithout grossly damaging the tertiary structure of the protein or the net polymer mass of the microtubules, as indicated by a tryptophan-quenching assay, far UV-circular dichroism spectroscopy, anilinonaphthalene sulfonate-binding assay, and polymer mass analysis, respectively. In cells, As-GNPs killed the cancer cells without cell cycle arrest, as evidenced by flow cytometry.
Escalating rainstorm-induced flood risks in the Yellow River Basin, China
Authors: Hu Lei , Zhang Qiang , Singh Vijay P , Wang Gang , He Changyuan , Zhao Jiaqi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The warming climate-induced intensification of hydrological cycle is amplifying extreme precipitation and increasing flood risk at regional and global scales. The evaluation of flood risk, which depends on assessment indicators, weights, as well as data quality, is the first step toward mitigation flood disasters. In this study, we accepted ten risk assessment indicators concerning hazard of disaster-causing factors, sensitivity of hazard-forming environments, and vulnerability of disaster-bearing bodies. We used a combined weighting method based on the analytic hierarchy process and entropy weight (AHP-EW) technique to evaluate rainstorm-induced flood risks across the Yellow River Basin (YRB) from 2000 to 2018. We observed flood hazards are intensifying across the YRB. Specifically, areas with medium flood hazards expanded from the lower to the middle and upper YRB. The sensitivity to floods exhibited a spatial pattern of increasing from southeast to northwest (lower to upper YRB). The increase in vegetation coverage in the middle and upper reaches of the YRB reduces the sensitivity to flood disasters. Flood vulnerability shows an increasing trend, with higher vulnerability mainly observed in the middle and lower YRB. The overall flood risk in the YRB shows an increasing trend, with a 9-fold increase in flood risk from 2000 to 2018. Medium to high flood risk and vulnerability can mainly be identified in the middle and lower YRB, where population and gross domestic product are concentrated. The intensifying rainstorm-induced flood risks over urban areas in these regions should arouse public concern.
Mapping drivers of tropical forest loss with satellite image time series and machine learning
Authors: Pišl Jan , Rußwurm Marc , Haydn Hughes Lloyd , Lenczner Gaston , See Linda , Dirk Wegner Jan , Tuia Devis 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The rates of tropical deforestation remain high, resulting in carbon emissions, biodiversity loss, and impacts on local communities. To design effective policies to tackle this, it is necessary to know what the drivers behind deforestation are. Since drivers vary in space and time, producing accurate spatially explicit maps with regular temporal updates is essential. Drivers can be recognized from satellite imagery but the scale of tropical deforestation makes it unfeasible to do so manually. Machine learning opens up possibilities for automating and scaling up this process. In this study, we developed and trained a deep learning model to classify the drivers of any forest loss—including deforestation—from satellite image time series. Our model architecture allows understanding of how the input time series is used to make a prediction, showing the model learns different patterns for recognizing each driver and highlighting the need for temporal data. We used our model to classify over

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sites to produce a map detailing the drivers behind tropical forest loss. The results confirm that the majority of it is driven by agriculture, but also show significant regional differences. Such data is a crucial source of information to enable targeting specific drivers locally and can be updated in the future using free satellite data.
Fabrication of Superhydrophobic (TiO2/PDMS) Coating For Oil-Water Separation
Authors: Majeed Ali N. , Sabry Raad S. , Abid Muslim.A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Oil-contaminated water as a result of oil spill disasters or industrial disposal is a threat to human health and environmental sustainability on a global scale. The rising need for efficient oil-water separation has led to a growing interest in superhydrophobic materials for this purpose. Due to the regeneration ability of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2), superhydrophobic and superolephilic TiO2/PDMS were created using a simple, low cost dip coating procedure. TiO2 (NPs) was synthesised by hydrothermal method and modified with PDMS (FS-1200 silicon sealant) solution. The mesh coated had remarkable superhydrophobicity, as seen by a contact angle of 155° with water. Additionally, the surface displayed superoleophilicity, as indicated by an oil contact angle (OCA) of 0°. The coated mesh surface was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, contact angle measurement, field emissions scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The separation of kerosene-water, diesel oil-water combinations, and sunflower oil-water may be effectively achieved via a simple filtering approach using a coated mesh. This method demonstrates a notable separation efficiency of 91.6%.
Water Quality Assessment of AL-Mahawil Stream/Babylon/Iraq Using Canadian Water Quality Index
Authors: Hameed Mohammad Al-Dehamee May 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study aimed to know the water quality in Al-Mahawil stream which is a stream from Euphrates River in Babylon governorate by using Canadian water quality index by determining the values of the most important physical and chemical parameters in water stream after taken three study sites along the stream [site 1 (S1), site 2 (S2), site 3 (S3)]. the data was determined seasonally after collection the samples monthly from December 2021 to November 2022. The results first finding out whether the values of these parameters within or above of Iraqi limiting standards of drinking water after that the Canadian water quality index (WQI) has been calculation, then determined if water stream can possibly directly used for drinking purpose or other uses. Generally, results pointed that some of physical and chemicals parameters were in Iraqi permissible limiting of drinking water, while others parameters were above Iraqi limiting standard. Also, the results showed that WQI for Al-Mahawil stream after used all study parameters for calculating was marginal and cannot used directly for drinking purpose. Also, results showed there was a significant differentiation among some parameters with positive correlation coefficients among it.
Relationship of SPP1 Promoter/Exon 5 gene polymorphism G>A/4187 in Some economic traits of Awassi sheep
Authors: Al-Huboby H.A. , Al-Anbari N.N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study was conducted in Iraq, Karbala Province (15 kilometers south of Karbala city). at the livestock field site of the Barakat Abu al-Fadl al-Abbas Station for Sheep Farming, The purpose was to detect genetic variations in the Secreted Phosphoprotein1 (SPP1) gene in the promoter region of exon 5 in local Awassi sheep.The study involved a sample of 48 local Awassi sheep, consisting of 62 ewes and their offspring, from December 1, 2022, for seven months. Find the current study It was found that there is a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the Promoter region of exon 5 at position SNP/G>A: P/4187 in the SPP1 gene. The allele frequencies for G and A were 0.95 and 0.05, respectively. The results of the current study showed significant differences (P≤0.05) in heart girth among the lambs at birth and weaning depending on the SPP1 gene polymorphism, There have also been significant differences in daily milk production. This study concludes that there is a relationship between SNPS and certain economic qualities in local Awassi sheep that can be exploited in election and improvement programs.
Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Carrichtera annua Plant on the Growth of Leishmania donovani Parasite, In vitro Study
Authors: Shahatha S S , AlFahdawy H S M , Dhulkefl A J , Mousa M O , Abood N M , Othman O M , AlFahdawy M I K 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The current study was conducted to find out the efficacy of the alcohol extract of Al-Khashin plant Carrichtera annua plant in treating the Leishmania donovani parasite In vitro, where the concentration of 1.5 mg/ml resulted in an inhibitory effect on the growth of the promastigote of parasites at a percentage of 50% (LCD50) during 96 an hour at a rate of 38.1 x 103 cells/cm3 compared to the control treatment 76.2 x 103 cells/cm3, the results showed the significant inhibitory effect of the alcohol extract of Al-Khashin plant on the growth of Leishmania parasites, which led to a decrease in the number of generations and an increase in their time, as the number of generations reached 108.7 generation compared to the control treatment reached 232.5 generations using the same concentration within 96 hours of treatment, an inverse relationship was observed between increased concentration and generation time. The conclusion of the present study is the high efficiency of C. annua alcoholic extract in treating the L. donovani parasites as it led to an apparent inhibition of the growth of promastigote that was treated with different concentrations of the alcoholic extract of the plant.
Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Trihalomethans in Al-Hilla Drinking Water Plant
Authors: Hamza Abdul karim Marwa , Wali Alwan Saad 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Trihalomethanes (THMs) have been assessed as potentially carcinogenic for humans and pose a hazard index for drinking water samples. Three water samples were collected namely - raw water, chlorinated water, and drinking water at the central drinking water plant in Babylon province. These samples were analyzed using Gas Chromatography to determine monthly variations in the levels of THM compounds, including Chloroform, Dibromochloromethane, Bromodichloromethane, and Bromoform. The concentrations varied, with high and low values: Chloroform (17.58, 0.47 μg/l), Dibromochloromethane (7.65, 0.08 μg/l), Bromodichloromethane (4.0, 0.03 μg/l), and Bromoform (0.89, 0.15 μg/l) in chlorine basin and supply pipes during the summer and winter months, respectively. A general pattern in the distribution of trihalomethane compounds at all sites was observed: Chloroform (51%) > Bromodichloromethane (21%) > Bromoform (17%) > Dibromochloromethane (11%). During May and June, the ingestion risks for Chloroform and overall THMs surpassed US EPA guidelines. This information is vital for Babylon water authorities assessing water quality’s health implications.
Evaluation of Copper Nanoparticle Synthesis by Fusarium oxysporum Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Abdulhussein Saeed Ali Zahraa , Mohsin Yaseen Al-Araji Alaa 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The creation of effective, environmentally friendly antimicrobial alternatives is becoming more and more important in light of the development of antibiotic resistance. The objective of the present study was to illustrate the biosynthetic process of copper (II) carbonate nanoparticles, CuCo3 NPs, by using Fusarium oxysporum culture filtrate as an antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical bacterial isolates, Staphylococcus aureus. Fusarium oxysporum isolate was diagnosed by PCR. One hundred and sixty specimens of pathogenic bacteria were collected from different sources (wounds, urine, sputum) then the bacterial isolates were diagnosed as Staphylococcus aureus by conventional morphological examination, biochemical tests, and the Vitek-2 system. Fusarium oxysporum culture filtrate was prepared by a culture of the fungus on Czapek Dox broth media modified by adding cornmeal and incubated for 14 days with shaking at 27±2°C and filtered in the last stages using a Millipore. The biosynthesis of CuCo3 NPs was done by adding 1g of CuCo3 Cu (OH)2 to 10 ml of Fusarium oxysporum culture filtrate. The NPs were diagnosed using modern methods, including UV-VIS, FT-IR, AFM, FE-SEM, and EDX techniques. Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was tested on the produced Cu NPs. The results indicated that the prepared CuCo3 NPs inhibited pathogenic bacterial isolates of Staphylococcus aureus at concentration of 500, 250, 125, and 62.5 mg/ml.
Machine learning-based bioimpedance assessment of knee osteoarthritis severity
Authors: Muñoz Juan D , Mosquera Víctor H , Rengifo Carlos F , Roldan Elizabeth 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study proposes a multiclass model to classify the severity of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) using bioimpedance measurements. The experimental setup considered three types of measurements using eight electrodes: global impedance with adjacent pattern, global impedance with opposite pattern, and direct impedance measurement, which were taken using an electronic device proposed by authors and based on the Analog Devices AD5933 impedance converter. The study comprised 37 participants, 25 with healthy knees and 13 with three different degrees of KOA. All participants performed 20 repetitions of each of the following five tasks: (i) sitting with the knee bent, (ii) sitting with the knee extended, (iii) sitting and performing successive extensions and flexions of the knee, (iv) standing, and (v) walking. Data from the 15 experimental setups (3 types of measurements×5 exercises) were used to train a multiclass random forest. The training and validation cycle was repeated 100 times using random undersampling. At each of the 100 cycles, 80% of the data were used for training and the rest for testing. The results showed that the proposed approach achieved average sensitivities and specificities of 100% for the four KOA severity grades in the extension, cyclic, and gait tasks. This suggests that the proposed method can serve as a screening tool to determine which individuals should undergo x-rays or magnetic resonance imaging for further evaluation of KOA.
Accuracy vs memory advantage in the quantum simulation of stochastic processes
Authors: Banchi Leonardo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Many inference scenarios rely on extracting relevant information from known data in order to make future predictions. When the underlying stochastic process satisfies certain assumptions, there is a direct mapping between its exact classical and quantum simulators, with the latter asymptotically using less memory. Here we focus on studying whether such quantum advantage persists when those assumptions are not satisfied, and the model is doomed to have imperfect accuracy. By studying the trade-off between accuracy and memory requirements, we show that quantum models can reach the same accuracy with less memory, or alternatively, better accuracy with the same memory. Finally, we discuss the implications of this result for learning tasks.
Democracy’s Problem of Legal Revolution
Authors: Schupmann Benjamin A 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the paradox of ‘legal revolution’, a process whereby antidemocratic actors such as populists exploit democratic elections and legal procedures to erode democratic constitutions. It presents a typology of legal revolutionary tactics, using recent examples to highlight the unique existential threat that they pose to constitutional democracies. The chapter also reveals a deeper concern about legal revolution. It is facilitated by the design of democratic constitutions, for example through the supremacy of the amendment clause. That insight leads to a dilemma: how can democracy be effectively safeguarded against legal revolution without compromising its essence as a democracy in the process?
Hypertension Prevalence and Control Among People With and Without HIV — United States, 2022
Authors: Weng Xingran , Kompaniyets Lyudmyla , Buchacz Kate , Thompson-Paul Angela M , Woodruff Rebecca C , Hoover Karen W , Huang Ya-lin A , Li Jun , Jackson Sandra L 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

BACKGROUND
People with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus; PWH) have higher rates of cardiovascular disease than people without HIV. However, limited information exists about hypertension prevalence and associated risk factors in PWH.

METHODS
This cross-sectional study included adult patients in the 2022 IQVIATM Ambulatory Electronic Medical Record—US data. HIV was identified based on ≥2 HIV diagnosis codes or a positive HIV test. Hypertension was identified by diagnosis codes, ≥2 blood pressure (BP) readings ≥130/80 mm Hg, or an antihypertensive medication prescription. Among those with hypertension, control was defined as the most recent BP &lt; 130/80 mm Hg. Logistic models using the marginal standardization method were used to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) of hypertension and hypertension control among all patients and PWH specifically, controlling for covariates.

RESULTS
Of 7,533,379 patients, 19,102 (0.3%) had HIV. PWH had higher hypertension prevalence (66% vs. 54%, aPR:1.14, 95% CI: 1.13–1.15) compared with people without HIV. Among persons with hypertension, PWH were more likely to have controlled hypertension (aPR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.07–1.13) compared with people without HIV. Among PWH, those from the South were more likely to have hypertension (aPR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02–1.12) than PWH from the Northeast, while Black PWH were less likely to have controlled hypertension (aPR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.67–0.77) than White PWH.

CONCLUSIONS
PWH were more likely to have hypertension than people without HIV. Geographic and racial disparities in hypertension prevalence and control were observed among PWH. Optimal care for PWH includes comprehensive strategies to screen for, prevent, and manage hypertension.
Epiphytes as leading indicators of climate and other changes. A commentary on ‘Interactions of moisture and light drive lichen growth and the response to climate change scenarios – experimental evidence forLobaria pulmonaria’
Authors: Stanton Daniel E 
Published: April 2024

This article comments on:Martine Borge and Christopher J. Ellis, Interactions of moisture and light drive lichen growth and the response to climate change scenarios: experimental evidence for Lobaria pulmonaria, Annals of Botany, Volume 134, Issue 1, 3 July 2024, Pages 43–57 https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae029
Prior knowledge-guided multilevel graph neural network for tumor risk prediction and interpretation via multi-omics data integration
Authors: Yan Hongxi , Weng Dawei , Li Dongguo , Gu Yu , Ma Wenji , Liu Qingjie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The interrelation and complementary nature of multi-omics data can provide valuable insights into the intricate molecular mechanisms underlying diseases. However, challenges such as limited sample size, high data dimensionality and differences in omics modalities pose significant obstacles to fully harnessing the potential of these data. The prior knowledge such as gene regulatory network and pathway information harbors useful gene–gene interaction and gene functional module information. To effectively integrate multi-omics data and make full use of the prior knowledge, here, we propose a Multilevel-graph neural network (GNN): a hierarchically designed deep learning algorithm that sequentially leverages multi-omics data, gene regulatory networks and pathway information to extract features and enhance accuracy in predicting survival risk. Our method achieved better accuracy compared with existing methods. Furthermore, key factors nonlinearly associated with the tumor pathogenesis are prioritized by employing two interpretation algorithms (i.e. GNN-Explainer and IGscore) for neural networks, at gene and pathway level, respectively. The top genes and pathways exhibit strong associations with disease in survival analyses, many of which such as SEC61G and CYP27B1 are previously reported in the literature.
Sexual dimorphism and female ecomorphology in Anolis (Squamata: Anolidae): knowledge of female morphology increases the understanding of Anolis diversification
Authors: Rodríguez-Rodríguez Juan Diego , Calderón-Espinosa Martha L 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The study of sexual dimorphism in Anolis lizards brings the opportunity to understand how this phenomena interacts with adaptive radiation to produce broader diversity. We explored this phenomenon in 43 Anolis species from northwestern South America. Morphometric analysis with body size and shape, and lamellae number, were used to estimate the indexes of size dimorphism, and dimorphism in other ecomorphological traits. Almost half of these species exhibit differences between sexes in all traits, and body size relates to size dimorphism but not to shape dimorphism. When female and male data are analyzed separately, we found four and five morphotypes, respectively. Males and females of 10 species exhibit a huge difference in morphology, and the two sexes in these species were assigned to different morphotypes. In addition, SURFACE analyses reveal that the morphology of sexes evolved towards slightly different adaptive regimes, numbers and patterns, suggesting that the lower female morphological diversity highlights the more conservative nature of the female niches. Finally, our study demonstrates the need for ecological information to explain morphological patterns in dimorphic species, and to further understand the mechanisms that drive the evolution of morphological diversity in this genus.