bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lid margin and Demodex
Authors: HORWATH‐WINTER J , RABENSTEINER DF , SCHWANTZER G , BOLDIN I , FISCHL M , WACHSWENDER C , HALLER‐SCHOBER EM , SCHMUT O 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Demodex infestation can be associated with blepharitis. To date, the pathogenic potential of these mites in Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the prevalence of Demodex in eyelashes and changes of the anterior and posterior lid margin.Methods Between October 2011 and March 2012, 229 consecutive patients with ocular discomfort from the dry eye unit of the Ophthalmological Department, Medical University Graz, Austria, were investigated for the presence of Demodex mites on sampled eyelashes. Lid margins were evaluated according to scales, vascularisation, Marx line, expressibility and quality of meibomian gland secretion.Results Demodex spp. were found in 40.2% of patients with ocular discomfort. The presence of Demodex mites was significantly associated to blepharitis. No difference in Demodex occurrence was found between the sexes. Compared to the non‐infested, patients with Demodex mites had significantly more scales formed as sleeves, a higher Marx line score and a lower quality of the meibomian gland secretion. No significant association was observed with vascularisation of the lid margins and expressibility of meibomian glands. Within the infested patients the mean Demodex count per patient was 3.28 ± 2.89 and Demodex count was found to increase with increasing age.Conclusion Demodex mites are associated with changes of the anterior and posterior lid margin and therefore may play a pathogenic role in blepharitis and MGD.
Coats disease: fluorescein angiography guided management
Authors: SUZANI M , MOORE AT 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To study the anatomical and visual outcome of patients (pts) with Coats disease treated with laser or cryotherapy on the basis of fluorescein angiography (FA) findings.Methods 28 children, mean age at diagnosis 6 ys, have been included. They all underwent examination under anaesthesia, fluorescein angiography (FA) with RetCam and laser treatment or cryotherapy. Changes in best corrected visual acuity (VA) pre and post treatment were recorded. Retinal imaging was repeated when possible.Results 6 pts were classified as Stage 2a, 17 as Stage 2b, 4 as stage 3Ai, one as Stage 3b. In the 25 patients who had FA, 15 had telangectatic vessels for less than 6 clock hours, mainly in the temporal periphery, and in 10 they involved more than 6 clock hours. FA showed areas of capillary bed closure starting from the area of the telangectasia up to 360 degree in the retinal periphery. 21 patients were treated with laser photocoagulation, 2 with cryotherapy and 4 with cryotherapy and laser to the telangectatic vessels and peripheral ischaemic areas. After treatment, 22 pts showed reduced exudation or no change, 6 pts had an increase in exudation and required further laser or cryo therapy. 9 pts with stage 2b showed improvement or stabilization of VA, in 4 VA deteriorated. All pts with stage 2a maintained good VA.Conclusion FA provides useful information about the distribution of telangectasia and of ischaemic areas in Coats disease. Laser treatment to the telangectatic vessels and ischaemic area is effective in improving the anatomical outcome and preserve vision. FA is helpful in guiding treatment and reduces the number of treatments necessary.
Influence of cataract in reproducibility of Optical Coherence Tomography measurements
Authors: BAMBO M , FERRANDEZ B , GARCIA‐MARTIN E , GIL‐ARRIBAS L , ARA M , SATUE M 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the effect of lens opacities in quality of images and reproducibility of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurements using Spectralis Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).Methods Fifty eyes of 50 subjects (25 men and 25 women; aged from 62 to 88 years) underwent three 360° circular scans centred on the optic disc by the same experienced examiner using the “RNFL Fast” Glaucoma Application and the “RNFL‐N Fast” Axonal Application of Spectralis OCT instrument one month before and one month after cataract surgery. Comparison between the two visits and changes in reproducibility (using intra‐class correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation) were analyzed. The quality of images was also compared between both visits.Results RNFL and RNFL‐N differences were detected between both visits for average thickness, temporal and nasal quadrants (p<0.05) using Glaucoma Application and for inferior and nasal quadrants (p<0.05) with Axonal Application. RNFL average thickness was 99.6 µm in pre‐surgery visit and 102.4 µm in post‐surgery visit using Glaucoma Application; and 94.3 and 94.7 µm, respectively, with Axonal Application. Reproducibility shows better values in post‐surgery evaluation (mean coefficient of variation of 5.55% in pre‐surgery visit vs 4.32% in post‐surgery). Intra‐class correlation coefficients were higher than 0.834 in all visits and parameters, so reliability of Spectralis measurements was high with both Spectralis OCT applications. The quality of images was better in post‐surgery evaluations.Conclusion The measurements of RNFL thickness and the reproducibility of Spectralis OCT are affected by lens opacity.
European Vision Award 2012: From chickens to humans ‐ learning about the puzzles of myopia
Authors: SCHAEFFEL F 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAfter it was found that the growing vertebrate eye uses the focus of the retinal image to fine‐tune its axial length to the focal length of the optics, it seemed as if the solution of the problem of myopia was in close reach. While a lot was learned about the fascinating details of biological mechanisms coordinating eye growth by vision from animal experiments, it is still a puzzle why eyes of children start to deviate from the correct path and become too long. Currently, a major challenge is to find out which details of visual experience in kids may have a similar effect as wearing a negative lens or a diffuser ‐ since these are the two treatments that induce axial myopia in animal models. The talk will also review some current attempts to slow down the progression of myopia once it had already started.
Cis‐urocanic acid inhibits conjunctivitis and blepharitis in rat model of acute eye irritation
Authors: JAUHONEN HM , VIIRI J , KAARNIRANTA K , LAIHIA JK , LEINO L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose In vitro studies have shown anti‐inflammatory and cytoprotective effects of cis‐urocanic acid (cis‐UCA) in human ocular epithelial cells exposed to UV‐B irradiation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the efficacy of topical cis‐UCA against compound 48/80 induced eye irritation in a rat model.Methods Adult Wistar rats in groups of six animals were treated with 1000 µg/ml compound 48/80 in both eyes. Cis‐UCA 0.5% solution, corticosteroid dexamethasone 1 mg/ml (Oftan® Dexa), antihistamine ketotifen 0.25 mg/ml (Zaditen), or PBS was applied in both eyes at time points 0.5, 6, and 12 h after application of compound 48/80. Clinical signs of ocular inflammation were evaluated by scoring from photographs by ophthalmologist 1, 6, 12, and 24 h after the last drug application.Results Cis‐UCA solution attenuated conjunctival hyperemia in compound 48/80 irritated eyes equally well compared to dexamethasone and ketotifen. At time points 12 and 24 h, the mean decrease in severity score was 50% and 40%, respectively, for the cis‐UCA group. Redness of the eyelid margin was prevented best by ketotifen at 1‐h time point, whereas cis‐UCA and dexamethasone almost completely abolished lid redness at 6, 12, and 24 h.Conclusion These results suggest that cis‐UCA has an anti‐inflammatory effect in acute eye irritation, which is comparable to corticosteroid dexamethasone and antihistamine ketotifen.
Scleritis, clinical features, etiological diagnosis and treatment : a review of 32 cases
Authors: LEAL C , LE ROUX K , RAHMI A , SèVE P , DENIS P , KODJIKIAN L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the various clinical presentations, etiological diagnosis and prognosis of patients with scleritis at a tertiary care eye center.Methods Retrospective, monocentric and analytical study on a series of 32 patients with scleritis seen in the departments of Ophthalmology and Internal Medicine at Croix‐Rousse University Hospital, Lyon, France from 2004 through 2011.Results The mean age of patients with scleritis was 46.8 years (range 22‐77years). Nineteen of the patients were women and 13 were men. Twenty‐six patients (81%) had anterior scleritis (15 nodular, 8 diffuse and 3 necrotizing), six (19%) had posterior scleritis. Unilateral inflammation was present in 24 patients (75%). Twelve of the 32 patients (37.5%) had a systemic disease : Wegener's granulomatosis (n = 3),Behçet's disease (n = 2), unspecified inflammatory arthritis (n = 2), psoriatic arthritis (n = 1),ankylosing spondylitis (n = 1), sarcoidosis (n = 1), Cogan's syndrome (n = 1), ulcerative colitis (n = 1). Six patients (18.8%) were suspected of having infectious disease with herpes : clinical context and positive treatment response with oral valacyclovir. Systemic agents and topical agents were required in 28 patients (87.5%). The first line therapy was mainly oral non steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in 15 patients (47%) and oral corticosteroids in 8 (25%). Immunosuppressive drugs were required in 6 patients, 4 with systemic disease. The mean follow‐up was 16.3 months.Conclusion The number of systemic disease in our series is similar to the main series in the literature. Treatment with valacyclovir might be effective in patients with suspected herpes simplex scleritis.
Ocular toxoplasmosis: patient age and other risk factors for a severe course of disease
Authors: PLEYER U , MäNZ M , FELS G , METZNER S , HAZIROLAN D , JOHNSEN J 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Atypical disease courses of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) have been reported in elderly patients. The aim of this study was to determine whether patient age is correlated with relevant clinical parameters.Methods A retrospective clinical study and statistical analysis was conducted on patients (n=180) with active OT.Results The age of first disease manifestation showed a clear unimodal distribution with a median incidence peak at age 26 while recurrences did not follow an age specific pattern (median= 35 years). First manifestation of OT or recurrence occurring after the age of 35 are associated with larger lesion size (2‐3 PD; contingency coefficient [CC]=0.304; p=0.047; n=60) and (CC=0.32; p=0.009) respectively. Additionally, older patients displayed uveitis anterior (63.2%; p=0.055; n=56) and vitreous involvement (89.5%; p=0.054; n=78) more frequently. Complications during OT (secondary IOP, macula and peripapillary edema, ablatio) did not correlate with patient age, but were attributable to localisation of lesions (central= 29.2% vs. peripheral=9%; p=0.039). Recurrences were present in 70% of patients (47.9%:1‐3 episodes vs. 21.8%:4‐7 episodes), whereas bi‐ocular OT always predisposes for recurrences. Standard therapy consisted of clindamycin. Large OT lesions more frequently required systemic steroid treatment (72.9% in 2‐3 PD cases vs. 48.3% in 1 PD cases; CC=0.271; p=0.007; n=124).Conclusion Patient age was significantly correlated with lesion size and inflammatory involvement of the anterior part of the eye. Localisation of lesions is a predictor for complications.
Miltefosine and polyhexamethylene biguanide, a new drug combination for the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Results from in‐vivo toxicological and efficacy studies
Authors: OBWALLER A , POLAT ZA , WALOCHNIK J , VURAL A , DURSUM A , ARICI MK 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Miltefosine (MLT) and combinations of Miltefosine and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), chlorhexidine (CHX), and propamidine isethionate (PI), respectively, have been tested in a rat efficacy model for treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. In a second step, the most promising treatment regimens from efficacy studies have been tested for local tolerance in a fully GLP‐compliant toxicological study in pigmented rabbits.Methods The cornea of rats were infected with Acanthamoeba hatchetti. Cornea infections were graded microscopically. Nine groups were treated with varous treatment regimens for 28 days (8 times per day during the first week, and 3 times per day for the last three weeks). Efficacy of treatment was examined by determination of the degree of infection and culturing of excised eyes after the end of the treatment period. On day 28 the eyes were inspected under the microscope, re‐graded and were then compered with the grades before starting the therapy.Results Best treatment results were obtained from PHMB‐MLT group. The ratio of fully recovered eyes was 28.4%. The highets therapeutic activity was yielded by the combination MLT‐PHMB (86%), followed by MLT, CHX, or PI (72%) and the combination MLT–PI (70%. The fully GLP‐compliant study in pigmented rabbits (28 days, 8 treatments per day) showed excellent local tolerance.Conclusion Thus the combination of Miltefosine and PHMB can be seen as a highly effective and save option for treatment of AK.
Time profile of viral DNA in aqueous humor of patients treated for VZV acute retinal necrosis using quantitative real‐time PCR
Authors: CHIQUET C , LABETOULLE M , GERMI R , BERNHEIM D , MORAND P , ROMANET JP 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To evaluate the kinetics of varicella zoster virus (VZV) load using quantitative PCR (qPCR) in patients treated for acute retinal necrosis (ARN). Design: Cohort study, evaluation of diagnostic test or technology.Methods Six patients (52±13 years) with ARN syndrome were consecutively studied. Aqueous humor (AH) was sampled from all eyes for qPCR evaluation. The patients were treated with intravenous aciclovir and intravitreal injections of antiviral drugs. The mean follow‐up was 17.6±16.4 months.Results Two main portions of the viral load curves were observed for each patient: a plateau phase (27.8±24.9 days) followed by a decrease in the number of viral genome copies. The mean baseline viral load was 3.4×107±4.45×107copies/ml (6×106 to 1.2×108). The viral load decreased following a logarithmic model, with a 50% reduction obtained in 3±0.7 days. There was a significant viral load (> 102 copies/ml) at 50 days after the onset of treatment, despite antiviral drugs.Conclusion qPCR use demonstrated reproducible VZV DNA kinetics with a two‐phase evolution: plateau followed by logarithmic decrease. These data suggest that high‐dosage antiviral therapy during the conventional 10 days duration is insufficient in most patients. This patient's series responded with a similar decrease in viral load once initiated, this may be used to predict the progression of future patients. The correlation of the viral load threshold with clinical improvement needs to be more clearly defined.
Aquaporins in glaucoma eyes
Authors: TRAN TL , BEK T , HAMANN S , HEEGAARD S 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder with loss of retinal ganglion cells and axons. Elevated intraocular pressure is a significant risk factor in the development of glaucoma. Aqueous humour secretion is in part maintained by the aquaporins (AQPs) and AQPs also regulate fluid homeostasis in the retina. We investigate the expression of AQP1, ‐3, ‐4, ‐5, ‐7 and ‐9 in human glaucoma eyes compared to control normal eyes.Methods Immunohistochemistry for AQP1, ‐3, ‐4, ‐5, ‐7 and ‐9 was performed on human paraffin embedded eyes. Nine glaucoma eyes were examined comprising three eyes diagnosed with simplex glaucoma, three eyes with neovascular glaucoma and three eyes with chronic angle closure glaucoma. The six control eyes had normal intraocular pressure without glaucoma. From each immunohistochemical slide representative fields (x20 objective) within the eye were captured. Using Photoshop software optical densities were generated and indices of staining intensity were calculated.Results Immunostaining showed labeling of AQP7 in the Müller cell endfeet with an increased intensity in glaucoma eyes (p=0,02). AQP9 labeling of the retinal ganglion cells showed decreased intensity per cell (p=0,005). In the optic nerve there were no difference in AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9 labeling in the optic nerve astrocytes between normal and glaucoma eyesConclusion This is the first study investigating the AQPs in human glaucoma eyes. We found a reduced expression of AQP9 in retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma eyes. Glaucoma also induced increased AQP7 expression in the Müller cell endfeet. These results suggest that changes in retinal AQP expression are associated with the development of glaucoma
Ocular perfusion pressure – a risk factor for open‐angle glaucoma or a statistical artifact?
Authors: JANSONIUS NM , RAMDAS WD , WOLFS RCW , HOFMAN A , DE JONG PTVM , VINGERLING J 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Epidemiological studies have reported ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) as a risk factor for open‐angle glaucoma (OAG). OPP is essentially the difference between blood pressure and intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP is thus part of OPP. As IOP itself is a strong OAG risk factor, the crucial question is whether the linear adjustment for IOP as commonly used in statistical models is sufficient to remove all confounding by IOP ‐ a prerequisite to consider OPP an independent risk factor if significant after adjustment for IOP. This question was addressed in our study.Methods We performed Cox regression on longitudinal data from the Rotterdam Study comprising 103 incident OAG cases and 3779 controls. All models were adjusted for age, gender and IOP. First, we entered diastolic OPP (DOPP) in the model as tertiles. Next, we entered systolic OPP (SOPP). Subsequently, we replaced the blood pressure values in DOPP and SOPP by normally distributed random numbers. Based on the diastolic and systolic blood pressure distributions in our data, we used standard deviation (SD) values of 10 and 20 mmHg. For both SD values, the analyses were repeated 10 times.Results The hazard ratio (HR) for the lowest tertile of DOPP was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 0.68‐1.83) and of SOPP 1.21 (0.74‐1.98). The median (range) HR of the lowest tertile of the resampled DOPPs (diastolic blood pressure replaced by noise with a SD of 10 mmHg) was 1.27 (1.03‐1.97) and of the resampled SOPPs (systolic blood pressure replaced by noise with a SD of 20 mmHg) 0.99 (0.72‐1.35).Conclusion Residual confounding by IOP can reveal a significant spurious association between a low DOPP and incident OAG with HRs similar to those reported in the literature.
Analysis of eye hydrodynamics on the basis of tests with a mechanical load applied
Authors: STEIN A , LYUBIMOV G , MOISEEVA I , IOMDINA E , NAZARENKO L 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To use the results of tonography and other measurements on the mechanically loaded eye for obtaining information about its hydraulic system.Methods We carried out tests of two types: standard 4 min tonography using a digital indentation tonograph Glautest‐60 and discrete IOP measurements for up to 20 min after the load was removed. The experimental data were processed on the basis of our model of the eyeball as an elastic water‐filled shell, which makes it possible to correctly estimate the individual elastic properties. The entire pressure vs. time tonography curve was used.Results We introduce two parameters measurable from tonography: the IOP stabilization time and the limiting pressure in the loaded eye (the standard processing method yields one parameter). This and comparison with other data, including those available from literature, enabled us to test different hypotheses that specify the model and make it possible to calculate the hydraulic characteristics, e.g., the outflow facility coefficient. It is shown that the set of assumptions commonly used in processing the tonography data is inconsistent with the facts. The most intriguing are the apparent increase in the output (episcleral vein) pressure and the presence in the system of two characteristic times. Possible mechanisms to which these observations can be attributed are the pressure dependence of the outflow resistance and the capacitance of the outflow system.Conclusion Under mechanical actions, in the hydraulic system of the eye substantial changes occur. The correct interpretation of these, strongly individual, changes may be important for diagnostics. Tonography may be a useful tool but the method of processing its data needs modification.
Who wants it?
Authors: HALL G 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose Until recently, genetic testing in retinal dystrophy has been limited to a small proportion of families. Next Generation Sequencing is now being developed within clinical laboratories to deliver genetic testing to a much greater number of families. Retinal dystrophy is a very heterogenous condition affecting 1 in 3,000 people, but with new NGS technology, we now estimate that mutations can be identified in around 60‐70% of families.Results Understanding the clinical utility and applicability of testing in the care and management of families will be very important. Research suggests that patients want genetic testing in order to confirm the inheritance pattern in the family, identify those at risk and to give hope of future gene‐based therapies in the future.Conclusion We report on our experience in the genetic eye clinic since the introduction of NGS testing, the impact on families and some of the complexities including the identification of de‐novo dominant mutations in sporadic cases as well as unexpected syndrome diagnoses.
Foveal changes during ocular movements in normal eyes. A prospective study.Kinetics of posterior pole during ocular movements in various diseases:a videomorphing technique
Authors: THEOCHARIS IP 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose To reveal the structural changes of the fovea and the posterior pole during ocular movements (OM) and specifically from the temporal gaze to nasal gaze.Videomorphing is proposed to study the kinetics of posterior pole during OM in various diseases.Methods A prospective controlled study.The right normal eye of healthy individuals was enrolled. SD OCT cube scans were used. The central fovea thickness (CFT) was chosen as the primary measurement.The measurements were obtained at the primary positions and at the temporal and nasal gaze.Four CFT values were recorded:the CFTtemp at the temporal gaze with a vertex1 distance ,the CFTnasal at the nasal gaze with a vertex2 distance,the CFT1 at the vertex1 and the straightforward position and the CFT2 at the vertex2 and the straightforward position.The absolute difference between the CFT temp‐CFT nasal was compared with the absolute difference between CFT1‐CFT2 at the straightforward position of every patient . Paired t‐test was used.Videomorphing of the OCT images with the same method was used to animate the posterior pole deformation during horizontal OM in healthy individuals,in patients with dry and wet AMD,with CSC and with high myopia.Results 20 patients were included.The |CFT1‐CFT2| ranged from 1μm to 4μm with mean value 1.6μm. |CFTtemp‐CFTnasal| ranged from 1μm to 10μm with mean 5.8μm.(p= 0.0013). Videomorping revealed oscillation of the posterior pole during OM with specific characteristics for every disease.Conclusion CFT showed significant fluctuation during ocular movements. Animation of posterior pole deformation during OM show different characteristics between normal eyes , AMD , CSC and high myopic eyes.