bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introductory physics during COVID-19 remote instruction: gender gaps in exams are eliminated, but test anxiety and self-efficacy still predict success
Authors: Malespina Alysa , Singh Chandralekha 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We investigate differences in psychological constructs and learning outcomes between students in introductory physics courses who took remote classes during COVID and those who took in-person classes. We first investigated mean differences in students’ self-efficacy, test anxiety, and learning outcomes in two categories: low-stakes (homework, quizzes) and high-stakes (exams) assessments. We found that most differences were small or moderate, however; students performed drastically better on exams during remote classes compared to in-person classes. This may be partially attributed to different exam formats during remote versus in-person classes. Gender differences in high-stakes assessment grades were also eliminated during remote instruction. From these results, we make several suggestions for instructors that may alleviate the adverse effects of test anxiety and make physics assessments more equitable and inclusive.
Mixed particles separation based on a cylindrical microfluidic centrifuge
Authors: Su Tianyi , Miao Ying 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a novel cylindrical centrifuge designed to separate microspheres and cells. The polyvinylidene-fluoride tubes with heat shrink characteristics were used to encapsulate helix microchannels. Numerical simulations were employed to analyze and design the channel helix structure (with five annular loops, 2 mm pitch and 20 mm cylinder diameter). Then, The inertial focusing of microspheres (with diameters of 10, 15 and 20 µm) and the freshwater microalgae (i.e. Haematococcus pluvialis) in the cylindrical centrifuge were studied experimentally. As the particle size increased, the focusing position moved toward the center line of the flow channel, and the focus degree tended to decrease. When the flow rate increased, the focus position barely changed, but the focus degree increased significantly. A quantitative study of the centrifuge efficiency revealed that when the initial concentration was 104 particles ml−1 and the flow rate was at its optimal 1.7 ml min−1, the centrifugal efficiency (CE) values of 10 µm, 15 µm, 20 µm microspheres, and H. pluvialis, were 98.8%, 87.8%, 70.8% and 64.6%, respectively. The CE is inversely proportional to the microsphere size and the initial concentrations. Compared with the other two centrifuges (the cavity-vortex and planar spiral), the cylindrical centrifuge design and manufacturing process have a simplicity that provides low cost, efficient sample handling, and effective separation of microspheres and biological cells.
New measurements of the 19F(p, α
0)16O and 19F(p, α

π
)16O* reaction cross sections close to the Coulomb barrier
Authors: Redigolo L , Lombardo I , Dell’Aquila D , Musumarra A , Pellegriti M G , Russo M , Verde G , Vigilante M 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
New absolute cross section measurements of the 19F(p, α
0)16O and 19F(p, α

π
)16O* reactions at energies close to the Coulomb barrier are reported. The availability of high-resolution and low-noise energy spectra obtained in the experiment allowed to resolve the 6.05–6.13 MeV doublet in 16O. In particular, the α

π
channel cross section was measured in the poorly-known 1.3 MeV bombarding energy region, and the α
0 channel was investigated in the 1.6 MeV region, where a strong discrepancy between previous data-sets is present. A comprehensive R-matrix fit, including the new data, was performed and the structure of the states ranging in the 14–15 MeV region is discussed.
Luminescence, XPS and Raman of crystalline quartz affected to high pressure by detonation
Authors: Trukhin A , Gabrusenoks J , Sarakovskis A , Mashkovtsev R I 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The Raman spectra, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and x-ray excited luminescence spectra of crystalline quartz samples subjected to different pressure levels through detonation were compared with the spectra of the original samples. In the samples under study, the luminescence of a self-trapped exciton (STE) was analyzed, which, when excited by x-rays, has a high energy yield (∼20%) in crystalline α-quartz not treated by detonation. The deviations of the luminescence spectrum are small in the pressure range from 9 to 27 GPa relative to untreated samples, which means the presence of crystalline quartz grains. A sharp change in the spectrum occurs for the sample subjected to a pressure of 34 GPa. The STE band practically disappeared and a band appeared at 350 nm. This band appears in thermally stimulated luminescence (in contrast to the STE band, which is not observed at all in thermally stimulated luminescence) and, therefore, can be attributed to some defects arising due to high pressure. This luminescence is not similar to the luminescence of a stishovite single crystal, but analysis of the XPS spectra suggests the formation of non-crystalline stishovite in detonated samples. In the Raman scattering spectra, a single sharp line at 465 cm−1, characteristic of α-quartz, was observed in the samples after detonation pressure for the remaining small crystal grains. This line decreased greatly for the sample subjected to a pressure of 34 GPa. Against the structureless background of exposed samples of ‘poor’ optical quality, other Raman bands did not appear. It can be assumed that there are very broad bands of Raman scattering caused by the amorphization of stishovite under high detonation pressure. Amorphization explains the absence of luminescence, similar to the stishovite crystal.
Spin stiffness and spin excitation gap of van der Waals ferromagnetic

Fe

3
+
δ

GeTe
2
Authors: Shu Zhixue , Zhang Shufeng , Kong Tai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Fe

3
+
δ

GeTe
2

(FGT) has proved to be an interesting van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic compound with a tunable Curie temperature (

T

C

). However, the underlying mechanism for varying

T

C

remains elusive. Here, we systematically investigate and compare low-temperature magnetic properties of single crystalline FGT samples that exhibit

T

C

s ranging from 160 K to 205 K. Spin stiffness (D) and spin excitation gap (Δ) are extracted using Bloch’s theory for crystals with varying Fe content. Compared to Cr-based vdW ferromagnets, FGT compounds have higher spin stiffness values but lower spin wave excitation gaps. We discuss the implication of these relationships in Fe–Fe ion magnetic interactions in FGT unit cells. The itinerancy of magnetic electrons is measured and discussed under the Rhodes–Wohlfarth ratio (RWR) and the Takahashi theory.
Three-dimensional orthorectified simulation and ground penetrating radar detection of interlayer bonding condition in asphalt pavements
Authors: Yang Jiangang , Yang Shenggang , Yao Yuquan , Gao Jie , Wang Shuyi 
Published: June 2024

AbstractTo evaluate the applicability of three-dimensional ground-penetrating radar (GPR) in assessing interlayer bonding within asphalt pavements featuring semi-rigid base layers, we conducted an analysis of the GPR detection mechanism. Employing forward simulation, various medium models were created to analyze electromagnetic wave transmission in air, water, and sand. GPR testing was applied to four distinct pavement structures, utilizing amplitude intensity levels and image processing techniques to assess asphalt pavement interlayer bonding. The results were validated by comparing them with core samples. The findings revealed a significant influence of medium uniformity on electromagnetic wave transmission processes. Non-uniform media models generate a large number of clutter waves, which refers to amplitudes and phases that have no predictable regularity in time and space i.e., they show irregular ups and downs and fluctuations. It is similar to the clutter that occurs during actual detection. Poorly bonded areas exhibited clearer hyperbolic ripples, primarily attributed to significant differences in the dielectric constants of filling materials. Amplitude strength effectively evaluated bonding across different asphalt pavement configurations and lanes, typically following a normal distribution. Enhanced interlayer contact correlated with smaller amplitudes, while weaker bonding led to larger amplitudes. The amplitude distribution in the center of lanes differed significantly from wheel track areas, indicating better interlayer bonding conditions in the center lanes compared to the wheel track belt. Moreover, radar plan views demonstrated considerable variation across different interlayer contact conditions. The image processing method proved effective in evaluating the interlayer contact condition of various pavement structures across full cross-sections.
Robust LiDAR visual inertial odometry for dynamic scenes
Authors: Peng Gang , Cao Chong , Chen Bocheng , Hu Lu , He Dingxin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The traditional visual inertial simultaneous localisation and mapping system does not fully consider the dynamic objects in the scene, which can reduce the quality of visual feature point matching. In addition, dynamic objects in the scene can cause illumination changes which reduce the performance of the visual front end and loop closure detection of the system. To address this problem, this study combines 3D light detection and ranging (LiDAR), camera, and inertial measurement units in a tightly coupled manner to estimate the pose of mobile robots, thereby proposing a robust LiDAR visual inertial odometry that can effectively filter out dynamic feature points. In addition, a dynamic feature point detection algorithm with attention mechanism is introduced for target detection and optical flow tracking. In experimental analyses on public datasets and real indoor scenes, the proposed method improved the accuracy and robustness of pose estimation in scenes with dynamic objects and varying illumination compared with traditional methods.
An interpretable spacecraft flywheel system health status assessment method under perturbation
Authors: Zhang Zongjun , He Wei , Li Hongyu , Ma Ning , Zhou Guohui 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Health status assessment is an important measure for maintaining the safety of spacecraft flywheel systems. The influence of noise, sensor quality, and other disturbance factors can lead to a decrease in the reliability of the collected information. This can affect the model accuracy. Moreover, a loss of belief in the model is frequently caused by the opaque nature of the procedure and the incomprehensibility of the outcomes, particularly in fields such as aerospace. It is urgent to maintain the interpretability of the model and successfully identify the unreliability of the observed data. Therefore, this paper proposes a spacecraft flywheel system health status assessment method under perturbation based on interpretable belief rule base with attribute reliability (IBRB-r). First, the attribute reliability is calculated based on the average distance method, and a new fusion method of attribute reliability is proposed to reduce the interference of unreliable information. Then, a new interpretable constraint strategy is proposed to improve the rationality and interpretability of the parameters. Finally, the proposed method is validated by a case study of the health status assessment of a spacecraft flywheel system. Experiments show that the IBRB-r maintains high accuracy and interpretability under unreliable observation data.
Prior frequency guided diffusion model for limited angle (LA)-CBCT reconstruction
Authors: Xie Jiacheng , Shao Hua-Chieh , Li Yunxiang , Zhang You 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objective. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is widely used in image-guided radiotherapy. Reconstructing CBCTs from limited-angle acquisitions (LA-CBCT) is highly desired for improved imaging efficiency, dose reduction, and better mechanical clearance. LA-CBCT reconstruction, however, suffers from severe under-sampling artifacts, making it a highly ill-posed inverse problem. Diffusion models can generate data/images by reversing a data-noising process through learned data distributions; and can be incorporated as a denoiser/regularizer in LA-CBCT reconstruction. In this study, we developed a diffusion model-based framework, prior frequency-guided diffusion model (PFGDM), for robust and structure-preserving LA-CBCT reconstruction. Approach. PFGDM uses a conditioned diffusion model as a regularizer for LA-CBCT reconstruction, and the condition is based on high-frequency information extracted from patient-specific prior CT scans which provides a strong anatomical prior for LA-CBCT reconstruction. Specifically, we developed two variants of PFGDM (PFGDM-A and PFGDM-B) with different conditioning schemes. PFGDM-A applies the high-frequency CT information condition until a pre-optimized iteration step, and drops it afterwards to enable both similar and differing CT/CBCT anatomies to be reconstructed. PFGDM-B, on the other hand, continuously applies the prior CT information condition in every reconstruction step, while with a decaying mechanism, to gradually phase out the reconstruction guidance from the prior CT scans. The two variants of PFGDM were tested and compared with current available LA-CBCT reconstruction solutions, via metrics including peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity index measure (SSIM). Main results. PFGDM outperformed all traditional and diffusion model-based methods. The mean(s.d.) PSNR/SSIM were 27.97(3.10)/0.949(0.027), 26.63(2.79)/0.937(0.029), and 23.81(2.25)/0.896(0.036) for PFGDM-A, and 28.20(1.28)/0.954(0.011), 26.68(1.04)/0.941(0.014), and 23.72(1.19)/0.894(0.034) for PFGDM-B, based on 120°, 90°, and 30° orthogonal-view scan angles respectively. In contrast, the PSNR/SSIM was 19.61(2.47)/0.807(0.048) for 30° for DiffusionMBIR, a diffusion-based method without prior CT conditioning. Significance. PFGDM reconstructs high-quality LA-CBCTs under very-limited gantry angles, allowing faster and more flexible CBCT scans with dose reductions.
Leptogenesis, dark matter and gravitational waves from discrete symmetry breaking
Authors: Bhattacharya Subhaditya , Mondal Niloy , Roshan Rishav , Vatsyayan Drona 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We analyse a model that connects the neutrino sector and the dark sector of the universe via a mediator Φ, stabilised by a discrete 𝒵
4 symmetry that breaks to a remnant 𝒵
2 upon Φ acquiring a non-zero
vacuum expectation value (vϕ
). The model accounts for the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe via additional contributions to the canonical Type-I leptogenesis. The 𝒵
4 symmetry breaking scale (vϕ
) in the model not only establishes a connection between the neutrino sector and the dark sector, but could also lead to gravitational wave signals that are within the reach of current and future experimental sensitivities.
Dynamical simulations of colliding superconducting strings
Authors: Hiramatsu Takashi , Lilley Marc , Yamauchi Daisuke 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We study the collisions of elastic superconducting strings, also referred to as
current-carrying strings, formed in a U
local(1) × U
global(1) field-theory
model, using three-dimensional numerical field-theoretic simulations. The breaking of U
local
(1) leads to string formation via the Higgs mechanism, while the scalar field of the
second U
global(1) carries the current, which condenses onto the string. We construct
straight and static superconducting string solutions numerically and identify the regions in which
they exist in the model parameter space. We then perform dynamical simulations for colliding
superconducting strings with various collision angles and collision velocities. We explore the
kinematic parameter space for six sets of model parameters characterising the coupling between the
two scalar fields and the current on the string. The final states of the strings (after the
collision) are reported diagrammatically. We classify them into four categories: (i) regular
intercommutation, (ii) double intercommutation, (iii) bound state, and (iv) expanding string
solution. We find that the outcome of the collision process is the regular intercommutation of the
colliding strings in most of the kinematic parameter space while they form bound states for small
velocities and small angles. We also find that the strings undergo two successive
intercommutations and, therefore, pass through one other in a small region corresponding to
relatively small angles and velocities of order c/2. The string structure breaks down when there
is a relatively large coupling between the two scalar fields, even if each string is stable before
the occurrence of the collision.
Towards a precision calculation of N
eff in the Standard Model. Part III. Improved estimate of NLO contributions to the collision integral
Authors: Drewes Marco , Georis Yannis , Klasen Michael , Wiggering Luca Paolo , Wong Yvonne Y.Y. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
We compute the dominant QED correction to the neutrino-electron interaction rate in the vicinity of neutrino decoupling in the early universe, and estimate its impact on the effective number of neutrino species N
eff in cosmic microwave background anisotropy observations. We find that the correction to the interaction rate is at the sub-percent level, consistent with a recent estimate by Jackson and Laine. Relative to that work we include the electron mass in our computations, but restrict our analysis to the enhanced t-channel contributions. The fractional change in N
eff
SM due to the rate correction is of order 10-5 or below, i.e., about a factor of 30 smaller than that recently claimed by Cielo et al., and below the nominal computational uncertainties of the current benchmark value of N
eff
SM = 3.0440 ± 0.0002. We therefore conclude that aforementioned number remains to be the state-of-the-art benchmark for N
eff
SM in the standard model of particle physics.
Probing dipole operators and four-fermion operators at low-energy lepton colliders
Authors: Hu 胡 Yanyan 燕燕 , Guo 郭 Xinheng 新恒 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this study, we explore the potentials of dipole operators and four-fermion operators at low-energy lepton colliders such as Belle II and the Super Tau Charm Facility (STCF). We utilize high-dimension operators to characterize such anomalous interactions, focusing on those that do not interfere with the Standard Model (SM) contributions. With polarized beams, the four-fermion operators and dipole moment operators can be tested with high precision.
Performance deterioration of deep learning models after clinical deployment: a case study with auto-segmentation for definitive prostate cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Wang Biling , Dohopolski Michael , Bai Ti , Wu Junjie , Hannan Raquibul , Desai Neil , Garant Aurelie , Yang Daniel , Nguyen Dan , Lin Mu-Han , Timmerman Robert , Wang Xinlei , Jiang Steve B 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Our study aims to explore the long-term performance patterns for deep learning (DL) models deployed in clinic and to investigate their efficacy in relation to evolving clinical practices. We conducted a retrospective study simulating the clinical implementation of our DL model involving 1328 prostate cancer patients treated between January 2006 and August 2022. We trained and validated a U-Net-based auto-segmentation model on data obtained from 2006 to 2011 and tested on data from 2012 to 2022, simulating the model’s clinical deployment starting in 2012. We visualized the trends of the model performance using exponentially weighted moving average (EMA) curves. Additionally, we performed Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test and multiple linear regression to investigate Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) variations across distinct periods and the impact of clinical factors, respectively. Initially, from 2012 to 2014, the model showed high performance in segmenting the prostate, rectum, and bladder. Post-2015, a notable decline in EMA DSC was observed for the prostate and rectum, while bladder contours remained stable. Key factors impacting the prostate contour quality included physician contouring styles, using various hydrogel spacers, CT scan slice thickness, MRI-guided contouring, and intravenous (IV) contrast (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0085, p = 0.0012, p < 0.0001, respectively). Rectum contour quality was notably influenced by factors such as slice thickness, physician contouring styles, and the use of various hydrogel spacers. The quality of the bladder contour was primarily affected by IV contrast. The deployed DL model exhibited a substantial decline in performance over time, aligning with the evolving clinical settings.
β2-microglobulin expression is associated with aggressive histology, activated tumor immune milieu, and outcome in colon carcinoma
Authors: Lee Soo Hyun , Pankaj Amaya , Rickelt Steffen , Ting David , Ferrone Cristina , Patil Deepa T , Yilmaz Omer , Berger David , Deshpande Vikram , Yilmaz Osman 
Published: June 2024

Abstract

Objectives
We sought to assess the expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins and β2-microglobulin (B2M) in tumor cells and the relationship with immune microenvironment and outcome in colorectal cancer (CRC).

Methods
A total of 953 CRC cases were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for HLA class I, HLA class II, and B2M. The expression level of these biomarkers was correlated with clinicopathologic information, BRAF V600E and mismatch repair (MMR) proteins, and the quantitated expression levels of immune cells (CD8 and CD163) and immune regulatory proteins (FoxP3, programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 [PD-L1], and LAG3).

Results
We found that B2M-low tumors were statistically correlated with aggressive histologic features, including higher stage, higher grade, extramural venous invasion, perineural invasion, and distant metastasis. Expression of B2M was positively correlated (R2 = 0.3) and significantly associated with MMR-deficient tumors (P &lt; .001); B2M-low tumors were also associated with an “immune cold”’ microenvironment, including a reduced number of immune cells (CD8 and CD163), reduced expression of immune regulatory proteins by immune cells (PD-L1, FoxP3, and LAG3), and reduced tumor cell expression of PD-L1. These B2M-low tumors correlated with lower disease-specific survival (P = .018), a finding that maintained significance only for the proficient MMR cohort (P = .037).

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that B2M expression may support predictive models for both outcome and checkpoint inhibitor therapy treatment response for colorectal adenocarcinoma.