bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survival of the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim in a fallow field after harvest of alfalfa
Authors: Mani Annamalai 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSurvival of Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim was studied in a field in fallow after the harvest of a crop of alfalfa and in storage under laboratory conditions. The nematodes survived in dry roots/ root residues under field conditions for 100 days. Vertical migration of the nematodes to deeper soil layers was observed when the top soil layer dried up. High numbers of nematodes survived at both 0-15 and 16-30 cm depths for 100 days. Then the field was ploughed under, which caused the soil to dry and the populations to decline. The nematodes survived for 380 days in a fallow field. They survived for 270 and 272 days under laboratory conditions in wet and shade-dried soil, respectively, and for 124 days in natural field soil at 30 degrees C. Significant negative correlation between nematode populations and storage temperature and positive correlation between nematode populations and soil moisture were observed. P. jordanensis did not survive for long in a drop of water on a glass slide, whereas it survived in filter paper discs for varying periods at different relative humidity levels. Survie de Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim dans les jacheres suivant la recolte de luzerne - La survie de Pratylenchus jordanensis Hashim dans les jacheres suivant la recolte de luzerne et dans du sol stocke au laboratoire a ete etudiee. Au champ, le nematode survit 100 jours dans les racines dessechees ou les fragments de celles-ci. Il a ete observe une migration verticale des nematodes vers les couches plus profondes du sol lorsque la surface de celui-ci se desseche. Un grand nombre de nematodes survivent 100 jours a des profondeurs de 0-15 et 16-30 cm apres quoi les populations declinent du fait de la dessiccation causee par le labourage du champ. A 30 degrees C, le nematode survit 270 jours dans du sol humide, 272 jours dans du sol seche a l'ombre - l'un et l'autre dans les conditions du laboratoire - et 124 jours dans le sol naturel au champ. Il a ete observe des correlations significatives, negatives, entre populations du nematode et temperature de stockage, et positives, entre populations du nematode et humidite du sol. P. jordanensis ne survit pars longtemps dans une goutte d'eau placee sur une lame porte-objet, tandis qu'il est capable de se maintenir pendant des periodes plus ou moins longues si place sur des disques de papier filtre soumis a des taux d'humidite relative varies.
Generation times of some free-living nematodes cultured at three temperatures
Authors: Vancoppenolle Bart , Borgonie Gaetan , Coomans August 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Generation times of 21 species of free-living nematodes were determined at
three different temperatures. All 21 species are Secernentea, including
Cephalobina, Rhabditina, and Diplogastrida, and can be cultured in
laboratory conditions. Considerable differences in generation time and
optimal temperature were found among species and genera. Duree du cycle de
quelques nematodes libres eleves a trois temperatures - La duree du cycle de
21 especes de nematodes libres eleves a trois temperatures a ete determinee.
Les 21 especes appartiennent aux Secernentea et comprennent Cephalobidae,
Rhabditina et Diplogastrida; elles peuvent toutes etre elevees au
laboratoire. Des differences considerables dans la duree du cycle et la
valeur de la temperature optimale sont observees entre especes et
genres.
A revised polytomous key for the identification of species of the genus Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea). Supplement 1
Authors: Loof Pieter A.A. , Chen Qi-Wen 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The codes for thirteen species of Longidorus, described since the acceptance
for publication of the revised polytomous key (Chen et al., 1997) are given;
together with notes on L. pisi, L. latocephalus and L. apuloides, and a
correction of the original explanation of the code. L. chikmagalurensis is
proposed as a junior synonym of L. psidii, and L. latocephalus as a junior
synonym of L. pisi. Clef polytomique revisee pour l'identification des
especes du genre Longidorus Micoletzky, 1922 (Nematoda: Dorylaimoidea).
Supplement 1 - Les codes sont donnes pour treize especes de Longidorus
decrites depuis l'acceptation pour publication de la clef polytomique
revisee (Chen et al., 1997) avec des notes sur L. pisi, L. latocephalus et
L. apuloides, et une correction du code original. L. chikmagalurensis est
considere comme synonyme mineur de L. psidii et L. latocephalus comme
synonyme mineur de L. pisi.
Exploring Working-Class Consciousness: A Critique of the Theory of the ‘Labour-Aristocracy’*
Authors: Post Charles 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe notion of the labour-aristocracy is one of the oldest Marxian explanations of working-class conservatism and reformism. Despite its continued appeal to scholars and activists on the Left, there is no single, coherent theory of the labour-aristocracy. While all versions argue working-class conservatism and reformism reflects the politics of a privileged layer of workers who share in ‘monopoly’ super-profits, they differ on the sources of those super-profits: national dominance of the world-market in the nineteenth century (Marx and Engels), imperialist investments in the ‘colonial world’/global South (Lenin and Zinoviev), or corporate monopoly in the twentieth century (Elbaum and Seltzer). The existence of a privileged layer of workers who share monopoly super-profits with the capitalist class cannot be empirically verified. This essay presents evidence that British capital’s dominance of key-branches of global capitalist production in the Victorian period, imperialist investment and corporate market-power can not explain wage-differentials among workers globally or nationally, and that relatively well-paid workers have and continue to play a leading rôle in radical and revolutionary working-class organisations and struggles. An alternative explanation of working-class radicalism, reformism, and conservatism will be the subject of a subsequent essay.
From the Depths: Rich Pickings of Principles of Sustainable Development and General International Law on the Ocean Floor—the Seabed Disputes Chamber’s 2011 Advisory Opinion
Authors: French Duncan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn February 2011, the Seabed Disputes Chamber of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea handed down its Advisory Opinion in Responsibilities and Obligations of States Sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area. Although primarily focused on governance of the deep seabed beyond national jurisdiction (‘the Area’), the Opinion has wider relevance for both international environmental law and general international law. More specifically, although sustainable development is not directly referenced in the Opinion, this article argues that it goes a long way towards strengthening many of the emerging normative rules associated with it. Using the International Law Association’s 2002 New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law relating to Sustainable Development as a framework, this article specifically analyses the Advisory Opinion’s contribution to the sustainable use of natural resources, the precautionary approach, common but differentiated responsibilities, and the principle of good governance.
Integrated Coastal Management and the Advent of New Ocean Governance in Korea: Strategies for Increasing the Probability of Success
Authors: Chang Young-Tae , Hong Seoung-Yong 
Published: March 2012

AbstractKorea may be considered to be in the vanguard of the inexorable shift towards the integrated management of marine and coastal affairs. The Korean Government established the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (MOMAF) on 8 August 1996, integrating the ocean-related functions from ten government authorities in order to ensure consistent and effective marine policy. The main objective of this paper is to delineate the current issues of marine policy in Korea within the context of the changing global environment, and to discuss the chances for success of Korea's emerging marine policy. Special emphasis will be placed on the rapidly changing framework within which Korea's marine policy is devised, due to the establishment of the new ocean-related ministry.
The Adequacy of the Management Regime for the Coastal and Marine Environment in the People's Republic of China
Authors:   Huming Yu
Published: March 2012

AbstractProgress and problems in coastal and marine environment management are identified and evaluated with regard to decision-making mechanisms, coastal management regime, policy and law, technical standards and selected programme areas. Based on the evaluation, recommendations are made in each of these aspects. Giving priority to the local governments in the application of integrated coastal management (ICM) system is considered as an important workable strategy.
Current Issues of Marine and Coastal Affairs in Malaysia
Authors: Hamzah B.A. , Wong Jenny L.P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe maritime sector has been identified as one of the significant economic sectors which will help propel Malaysia to developed status by the year 2020. Although Malaysia is highly dependent on the seas for many of its economic and resource-exploitation activities, transportation, communication and security needs, the country has yet effectively and efficiently to tap the full potential of its maritime sector. This paper presents a review of the status of, and issues facing, several important maritime sectors such as fisheries, shipping ports, shipbuilding, oil and gas development and maritime environmental management. Policies and legislation drawn up by the Malaysian Government to overcome some of the problems facing these sectors are also discussed.
The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
Authors: Maffei Maria Clara 
Published: March 2012

AbstractSince the moratorium on commercial whaling decided by the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1982, its activity has been characterised by measures which aim at protecting whales instead of encouraging their exploitation. After recalling some of the features of the 1946 International Convention on the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) and the problems concerning its implementation, the article deals with some recent developments in the framework of the IWC's practice. It illustrates the different positions of the IWC's members who want to whale the abundant species and of those who want to ban whaling for good. Finally, the article contains some tentative comments about this difference of opinion and its consequences.
Updating the International Seafarers' Code: Recent Developments
Authors: Politakis George P. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMaritime labour matters have traditionally been of particular importance as far as the ILO's standard-setting function is concerned. To date, the ILO has adopted a total of 39 conventions and 30 recommendations-a body of labour standards known as the International Seafarer's Code-addressing the specific problems related to the working and living conditions of seafarers. The 84th (Maritime) session of the International Labour Conference, held in October 1996, undertook to revise core issues of this body of standards in the light of rapidly changing practices and needs of the maritime sector. This article traces briefly the negotiating history and highlights some of the most salient aspects of the new conventional instruments such as the setting of the minimum age for seafarers at 16 years, the adoption of a convention for the first time on labour inspection, the establishment of daily and weekly limitations on hours of work, the extension of port state control (as provided for in ILO Convention 147) in matters concerning hours of work and manning, or the recognition of private placement services for seafarers.
Prospecting for Marine and Coastal Biodiversity: International Law in Deep Water?
Authors: Verhoosel Gadtan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAlthough formally covered by the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD), the protection of marine and coastal ecosystems has been somewhat neglected in the post-UNCED era. The Jakarta Mandate has redirected attention to marine and coastal biodiversity. The CBD had conceived benefit-sharing as an economic incentive for the goals of conservation and sustainable use to be implemented by developing countries. Benefit-sharing can only be implemented if developing countries can control their marine and coastal genetic resources with regard to bioprospecting activities through prior informed consent, and if developed states are legally obliged to take the necessary measures with the aim of sharing the revenues from the utilisation of marine and coastal genetic resources and transferring biotechnology. This article examines the potential impact of the relevant LOS Convention provisions concerning marine scientific research and technology transfer on the benefit-sharing regime for marine and coastal genetic resources.
Epigenesis of the Monstrous Form and Preformistic 'Genetics' (Lémery - Winslow - Haller)
Authors: Monti Maria Teresa 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe present essay analyzes an eighteenth-century phase of the querelle des monstres and highlights two main points. 1) As the cases of Lémery and Winslow demonstrate, in the period when preformation was the dominant view, the dispute over the origin of monsters carried into the very field of preformation the contrast which had originally opposed it to the now defeated model of epigenesis, namely the alternative between mechanical genesis and pre-existence of the monstrous form itself. 2) One of the most important episodes in the shift of teratology from a primarily theological or metaphysical issue to a purely natural one was due to Albrecht von Haller. Haller shifted the dispute from anatomy to embryology; and it is on an embryological base and not on metaphysics that he built his own demonstration of the original nature of the monster. He was furthermore the only scientist of authority who dealt with teratology from an epigenetic standpoint. His numerous changes of view in the field of embryology did in fact never affect his early adherence to the thesis of original monstrosity.
The Vernacularization of Science, Medicine, and Technology in Late Medieval Europe: Broadening Our Perspectives
Authors: Crossgrove William 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe following article is the concluding piece of a series on the vernacularization of science, medicine, and technology in the Late Middle Ages inaugurated in 1998 with a special issue of ESM (III,2) and continued with two articles in ESM (IV,2) in 1999, featuring papers selected by William Crossgrove and Linda Ehrsam Voigts. All of these articles grew out of a series of papers presented at the Thirty-Second International Congress on Medieval Studies at Western Michigan University in May 1997, a series which now concludes with the present
Immanentistic beliefs in God: an elite response to secularisation
Authors: Pieterse Hennie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article reports the results of three empirical surveys on the reaction to modernity of white Dutch Reformed Church members of the higher socio-economic group in the eastern suburbs of Pretoria over the past twenty years. It deals with secularisation, especially rationalisation on the individual level, and has to do with a change of belief in God in the sense that there is some evidence of a fading away of a transcendent view of God. Whereas C J Alant found in the sixties that 90 per cent of this group still professed a manifest supernaturalism as far as the person of God was concerned, I spotted a tendency towards an innerworldly view of God among a specific group of modal members of the white Dutch Reformed Church in the eastern suburbs of Pretoria.
Assumptions in Historical-Jesus Research: Using Ancient Biographies and Disciples' Traditioning as a Control
Authors: Keener Craig S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPresuppositions of one sort or another are inevitable, but one way to control our assumptions in the interest of common dialogue is to consider how we would read the Gospels if they were not texts used by a current world religion. The majority of Gospels scholars see the Gospels as ancient biographies. Although ancient biographies varied in their historiographic practice, in the early Empire biographies about figures who lived in the generation or two before the biographer included substantial historical information about the figure. This observation may be particularly relevant for biographies about sages. Schools often preserved considerable information about their founders' teachings; ancient memory practices exceeded what is typical today, and disciples often preserved and passed on considerable information. Researchers should neither treat the Gospels more skeptically nor demand from them greater precision than we would from comparable works of their era.
Christian Faith and the Study of the Historical Jesus: A Response to Bock, Keener, and Webb
Authors: Levine Amy-Jill 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper responds to three essays on historical-Jesus research which claim that an explicitly confessional Christian perspective need not compromise participation in historical research. Responding to Darrell Bock, it notes that evangelicals are new to embrace the methods associated with such study but questions whether this shift advances discussion. Responding to Craig Keener, it questions both the value of using biographies of Roman officials to determine the reliability of Gospel portraits and the use of data derived from late rabbinic sources to determine Second Temple practices. Responding to Robert Webb, it suggests that his 'methodological-naturalistic' view regarding causation of events will be most productive in conservative settings where there is no preliminary argument as to whether the events in question actually happened.
The challenges of OSCE electoral assistance in the former Soviet Union
Authors: Bader Max 
Published: March 2012

AbstractElectoral assistance by the OSCE in the undemocratic states of the post-Soviet area is faced with a number of serious challenges: there has been no improvement in the quality of elections over the past decade; recommendations by the OSCE to improve electoral legislation are routinely disregarded in most countries; and, within the framework of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the undemocratic countries have stepped up a range of alternative electoral assistance activities that replicate and in large part contradict comparable OSCE efforts. This article discusses these three challenges and considers possible changes to the practice of OSCE electoral assistance that may contribute to its continued relevance and effectiveness.
Not that bad: looking back on 65 years of nuclear non-proliferation efforts
Authors: van der Meer Sico 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFrom the moment that their enormous destructive capacity was first shown to the world, nuclear weapons are universally considered as the most cruel weapons that exist. Nevertheless, several countries developed nuclear weapons since then. At the same time, much international efforts have been put into stopping the spread of nuclear weapons and, eventually, reaching complete nuclear disarmament. Looking in retrospective, how successful have these efforts been in the last 65 years? After a concise comparison between forecasts and outcomes of the nuclear proliferation process, this article analyses a variety of non-proliferation efforts, and also compares them to the accomplishments in the field of chemical and biological weapons.
Kosovo: what the EU should not be expected to do
Authors: Ducasse-Rogier Marianne 
Published: March 2012

AbstractKosovo currently seems to be caught in an impasse, which is going beyond the mere status issue and has to do with its capacity to function as a state. In order to address those challenges, comprehensive reforms have to be launched. This article aims at examining critically the role of the EU in this regard. It is questioning the assumption that the EU would be the best suited actor to promote those reforms, and wonders whether the EU can really provide the (political) incentives to convince Kosovo leaders to achieve what will amount to a (potentially painful) reorganisation of the country.
Hobbes's Artifice as Social Construction
Authors: Prokhovnik Raia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe paper argues that Leviathan can be interpreted as employing a constructionist approach in several important respects. It takes issue with commentators who think that, if for Hobbes man is not naturally social, then man must be naturally unsocial or naturally purely individual. First, Hobbes's key conceptions of the role of artifice and nature-artifice relations are identified, and uncontroversially constructionist elements outlined, most notably Hobbes's conceptualisation of the covenant. The significance of crucial distinctions in Leviathan, between the civil and the social, between science and philosophy, between mankind's nature and the human condition, is developed. A constructionist reading of the argument of Leviathan is then advanced. The interpretation focuses on the contribution of nature-artifice relations, and of Hobbes's notion of civil philosophy, in understanding the critical issues of the state of nature and individual subjectivity. This reconstruction of the meaning of the text highlights the necessarily social character of human life in Leviathan, expressed in the way that the social' gives meaning to the 'natural', as well as because for Hobbes we live in a mind-affected world of perception and ideas. Leviathan can be interpreted as, in particular, a political social construction, because both social and individual identity logically require the social order and arrangements that only a strong government can supply. The social world, in Leviathan, cannot exist prior to the generation of a political framework, in civil society, the commonwealth, and law.
Liberty and Contractual Obligation in Hobbes
Authors: Eggers Daniel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe paper critically discusses the deontological interpretation of Hobbesian contractual obligation which has been advocated by commentators such as Brian Barry, D. D. Raphael and Bernd Ludwig. According to this interpretation, the obligation to comply with contracts and covenants is fundamentally different from the obligation to observe the laws of nature. While the latter is taken to be a prudential obligation that is logically dependent upon the individual aim of self-preservation, the former is viewed as an absolute or unconditional moral obligation that solely follows from the fact that the individual has bound himself to the performance or omission of certain actions. As can be shown, the deontological interpretation suffers from inherent problems and does not provide an appropriate interpretation of the Hobbesian texts. In particular, it can be demonstrated that the attempt to use Hobbes's concept of 'freedom as deliberation' in order to explain how obligations arise from contractual agreements faces serious difficulties.
We'll Always Have Chengdu: East Meets West on the Silver Screen
Authors: Vernezze Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractFrom 2006 to 2008, Peter J. Vernezze served as a Peace Corps volunteer at Sichuan Normal University in Chengdu, taking a two-year leave of absence from his regular job as a philosophy professor. During this time he facilitated a film series for his Chinese undergraduate students which showed classic and contemporary American films – everything from Casablanca to the Marx brothers to Brokeback Mountain. The goal of the series was "to use film in order to shed light on and increase the understanding of American culture and values." This essay is a personal account of the discussions which took place after the screenings and what this American and these Chinese students may or may not have learned from each other about universalities and differences in cultures.