bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levels of infection of gastric nematodes in a flock of great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) from Lake Biwa, Japan
Authors: El-Dakhly Kh.M. , El-Nahass E. , Uni S. , Tuji H. , Sakai H. , Yanai T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA high prevalence (86.7%) of various species of nematodes was observed in the stomach of great cormorants living in Lake Biwa, Japan. There were varying numbers of adults belonging to two common genera, Eustrongylides Jagerskiold 1909 (Nematoda: Dioctophymatidae) and Contracaecum Railliet & Henry 1912 (Nematoda: Anisakidae). The first included common adenophorean nematodes comprising a single species, Eustrongylides tubifex and the second comprised ascaroid nematodes that contained four named species: Contracaecum rudolphii Hartwich, 1964, Contracaecum microcephalum Yamaguti, 1961, Contracaecum multipapillatum Drasche, 1882 and Contracaecum chubutensis Garbin, 2008. After the prevalence and intensity of the infection had been noted, both types of nematodes were frequently observed to penetrate the mucosa and intrude into the wall of the glandular stomach, where they caused gross haemorrhage and ulceration. The Eustrongylides sp. was predominantly found in a nodular lesion of the proventricular wall, while Contracaecum spp. were observed either free in the lumen of the proventriculus or, on occasion, deeply penetrating its wall. Of the Contracaecum spp., C. rudolphii was the most prevalent. Grossly, large numbers of nematodes were present in infected stomachs (for C. rudolphii intensity was 1–34 and 3–57 nematodes in male birds and 1–21 and 1–32 in females; for C. microcephalum 1–2 and 1 in male birds and 1–2 in females; for C. multipapillatum 2 in male cormorants and no infection in females; for C. chubutensis 1–2 and 1 in male birds and 1–5 and 1 in females and for E. tubifex 1–5 nematodes in male birds and 2–8 in females). Ulcerative inflammation and hyperaemia were the most common pathological presentations, especially in areas that had been invaded by parasites. Microscopically, varying degrees of granulomatous inflammatory reactions were seen, in addition to degenerated nematodes which appeared to have deeply penetrated mucosal surfaces and were surrounded by fibrous connective tissues.
Unmaking the Chinese Nationalist State: Administrative Reform among Fiscal Collapse, 1937–1945
Authors: BOECKING FELIX 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe defeat of the Chinese Nationalist Party (Guomindang) in the Chinese Civil War in 1949 is often explained as a consequence of Nationalist fiscal incompetence during the Second Sino-Japanese War, which led to the collapse of the Nationalist state. In this paper, I argue that from 1937 until 1940, GMD fiscal policy managed to preserve a degree of relative stability even though, by early 1939, the Nationalists had already lost control over ports yielding 80 per cent of Customs revenue which, during the Nanjing decade (1928–1937), had accounted for more than 40 per cent of annual central government revenue. The loss of this revenue forced the Nationalists to introduce wartime fiscal instruments, taxation in kind, and transit taxes, both previously condemned as outdated and inequitable by the Nationalists. Further territorial losses led to the introduction of deficit financing, which in turn became a cause of hyperinflation. The introduction of war-time fiscal instruments led to administrative changes in the revenue-collecting agencies of the Nationalist state, and to the demise of the Maritime Customs Service as the pre-eminent revenue-collecting and anti-smuggling organization. The administrative upheavals of the war facilitated the rise of other central government organizations nominally charged with smuggling suppression, which in fact frequently engaged in trade with the Japanese-occupied areas of China. Hence, administrative reforms at a time of fiscal collapse, far from strengthening the war-time state, created one of the preconditions for the disintegration of the Nationalist state, which facilitated the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) victory in 1949.
American Association for Applied Linguistics Colloquia, 2010
Authors: Cenoz Jasone , Gorter Durk 
Published: February 2011

Presented at the AAAL Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 6 March, 2010.This colloquium discussed a multilingual approach to language learning, language teaching and language assessment in school settings. This approach implies looking at language acquisition and use from a holistic perspective, taking into account not only the target language but all the languages known by the learner; such a perspective brings together the traditions of Second Language Acquisition (SLA) and bi/multilingualism because it looks at the whole linguistic repertoire of learners when acquiring and using languages. This perspective does not regard the boundaries between languages as clear-cut; nevertheless, those boundaries are themselves used as a resource in communication. In contrast to traditional teaching approaches, code-mixing, code-switching and translanguaging are considered common practices in the behavior of multilingual learners. The multilingual approach also represents a reaction against the ‘monolingual bias’, which leads to the judging of multilingual speakers' competencies by native speaker norms. It also goes beyond common practices not only in foreign language classrooms but also in bilingual and multilingual schools.
American Association for Applied Linguistics Colloquia, 2010
Authors: Kinginger Celeste 
Published: February 2011

Presented at the AAAL Annual Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 6 March 2010.The purpose of this colloquium was to update professional appreciation of language learning in study abroad, with special reference to projects illustrating contemporary interest in the socially situated nature of this phenomenon. Introducing the panel, Celeste Kinginger (Pennsylvania State University) noted that while a sojourn abroad can enhance every aspect of language ability, it is most effective in domains related to social interaction. The colloquium was motivated by several limitations of current research on study abroad. First, the vast majority of studies address the experiences of US-based students learning commonly taught languages. Second, the research would benefit from a shift away from conservative, academic views of language to more usage-based models reflecting the full range of living language that students encounter abroad. Finally, an exclusive focus on the student perspective, in qualitative studies, may yield incomplete and potentially ethnocentric findings.
Continued increase in numbers of spectacled petrels Procellaria conspicillata
Authors: Ryan Peter G. , Ronconi Robert A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractUntil recently, the spectacled petrel Procellaria conspicillata Gould was listed as Critically Endangered due to its small population size and ongoing incidental mortality on fishing gear. Surveys at its sole breeding locality, Inaccessible Island in the central South Atlantic Ocean, indicated that the population increased from 1999–2004, resulting in the species being down-listed to Vulnerable. We repeated the census of breeding spectacled petrels during the early incubation period in October–November 2009. Numbers of burrows increased by 55% from 2004–09, with increases in all count zones, and the greatest changes in peripheral populations. Burrow occupancy estimates remained high, averaging 81% during one-off checks. Our best estimate of the population in 2009 was 14 400 pairs, continuing the c. 7% per year increase inferred since the 1930s following the disappearance of introduced pigs. This confirms the rapid recovery of this species despite ongoing mortality on fishing gear. Our results suggest that at least some procellariiforms are able to sustain strong growth rates in the face of fishing mortality when colony based threats are removed.
Fluxes and budgets of biogenic elements at the sediment-water interface of Marian Cove, King George Island
Authors: Shim JeonGhee , Kang Young Chul , Kang Dong-Jin , Han Myung Woo 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFluxes of dissolved oxygen and nutrients and vertical fluxes of particulate organic elements were investigated in the subtidal benthic environment of Marian Cove, King George Island, Antarctica, usingin situbenthic chambers and near-bottom sediment traps. Fluxes of dissolved oxygen, ammonium, phosphate, and silicate were comparable to those measured in temperate regions. Sediment oxygen consumption was a good indicator of organic respiration and elemental efflux at the benthic boundary layer of Marian Cove, with good positive correlations with ammonia (r2= 0.67), phosphate (r2= 0.57), and the C:N:P ratio (106:11.5:1.15) in the chamber water. A positive relationship (r2= 0.58) between settling particulate organic carbon flux and chlaconcentration suggests that water column biomass and production are direct sources of settling particles. According to element budgets in summer assessed using the fluxes, Jinand the sum of Joutand Jburialwere 15.9 ± 8.1 and 22.6 ± 8.2 mmol m-2d-1for carbon, 2.02 ± 0.54 and 2.46 ± 0.82 mmol m-2d-1for nitrogen, 0.07 ± 0.03 and 0.23 ± 0.08 mmol m-2d-1for phosphorus, and 12.4 ± 2.7 and 13.5 ± 5.0 mmol m-2d-1for silicon, respectively. There was a broad balance between sediment organic input and remineralized output for carbon and nitrogen at the benthic boundary layer of Marian Cove.
Cognitive Dysfunction and White Matter Abnormalities in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Kozora Elizabeth , Filley Christopher M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBrain abnormalities have been documented by neuropsychological assessment as well as a variety of neuroimaging techniques in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Conventional neuroimaging in patients with neuropsychiatric disease (NPSLE) typically discloses periventricular white matter (WM) hyperintensities, infarcts, hemorrhages, and cerebral atrophy. In SLE patients with none of these findings, sophisticated neuroimaging techniques have recently supported associations between microstructural WM abnormalities and abnormal attention, executive function, and processing speed. This mild cognitive dysfunction in SLE (MCD-SLE), which may result from early myelinopathy, precedes the more severe cognitive dysfunction of NPSLE, related to more obvious WM and neuronal damage. (JINS, 2011,17, 385–392)
Awareness and knowledge about weight status and management: results from the 1 d sensitization campaign ‘Obesity Day’ in northern Italy
Authors: Barichella Michela , Malavazos Alexis E , Fatati Giuseppe , Cereda Emanuele 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the awareness and knowledge about weight status and its management.DesignA 1 d cross-sectional survey. Basic anthropometric assessments (weight, height, BMI and waist circumference) and a self-administered questionnaire were considered.SettingNineteen Clinical Nutrition or Endocrinology and Metabolic Disorders Units or Dietetics Services in the Italian region of Lombardy.SubjectsAll adults attending the ‘Obesity Day’ initiative.ResultsA total of 914 participants (605 female and 309 male) were recruited. Although most of the participants (83·5 %) considered obesity to be a disease, 38·5 % were likely to misperceive their weight status. In particular, 38·8 % of normal-weight adults believed themselves to be overweight, whereas 71·1 % and 37·5 % of classes I and II/III obese adults classified themselves as being overweight and mildly obese, respectively. However, most of the overweight (90·2 %), mildly (96·8 %) and moderately/severely obese adults (99·1 %) recognized the need to lose weight. In all, 37·8 % of the sample underestimated the role of physical activity in weight management. Interestingly, only 17·2 % of dieters (previous or current) declared being advised by their doctor to lose weight. Multivariate models revealed that higher age, low education and higher BMI were important determinants of poor weight control and management. In addition, previous dieting appeared not to provide better knowledge, whereas the role of physical activity was recognized mainly by those practising it.ConclusionsThe present study suggests that in Italy knowledge about weight management should be improved not only in the general population but also among health-care professionals. To confirm this finding, there is now the rationale for a nationally representative survey. New educational programmes can be designed on the basis of the information collected.
Interactions between genetic variants of folate metabolism genes and lifestyle affect plasma homocysteine concentrations in the Boston Puerto Rican population
Authors: Huang Tao , Tucker Katherine L , Lee Yu-Chi , Crott Jimmy W , Parnell Laurence D , Shen Jian , Smith Caren E , Ordovas Jose M , Li Duo , Lai Chao-Qiang 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate genetic and lifestyle factors and their interactions on plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations in the Boston Puerto Rican population.DesignCross-sectional study. Plasma concentrations of Hcy, folate, vitamin B12and pyridoxal phosphate were measured, and genetic polymorphisms were determined. Data on lifestyle factors were collected in interviews.SettingA population survey of health and nutritional measures.SubjectsA total of 994 Puerto Rican men and women residing in the Boston metropolitan area.ResultsSmoking status was positively associated with plasma Hcy. Genetic polymorphismsMTHFR677C→T,FOLH11561C→T,FOLH1rs647370 andPCFT928A→G interacted significantly with smoking for Hcy.MTHFR1298A→C (P= 0·040) andPCFT928A→G (P= 0·002) displayed significant interactions with alcohol intake in determining plasma Hcy. Subjects withPCFT928GGgenotype had significantly higher plasma Hcy concentrations compared with carriers of theAallele (AA+AG;P= 0·030) among non-drinking subjects. When consuming alcohol,GGsubjects had lower plasma Hcy levels compared withAA+AGsubjects. Physical activity interacted significantly withMTR2756A→G in determining plasma Hcy (Pfor interaction = 0·002). Smoking interacted with physical activity for plasma Hcy (Pfor interaction = 0·023).ConclusionsSmoking and drinking were associated plasma Hcy concentrations. Genetic variants involved in folate metabolism further modify the effects of lifestyle on plasma Hcy.
Food and drink intake during television viewing in adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study
Authors: Rey-López Juan Pablo , Vicente-Rodríguez German , Répásy Judith , Mesana Maria Isabel , Ruiz Jonatan R , Ortega Francisco B , Kafatos Anthony , Huybrechts Inge , Cuenca-García Magdalena , León J Francisco , González-Gross Marcela , Sjöström Michael , de Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Moreno Luis A 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare food consumption during television (TV) viewing among adolescents who watched >2 h/d v. ≤2 h/d; and to examine the association between sociodemographic variables (age, gender and socio-economic status (SES)) and the consumption of energy-dense foods and drinks during TV viewing.DesignThe data are part of the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) cross-sectional survey. Data on time watching TV, types of foods and drinks consuming during TV viewing and parental SES (parental education, parental occupation and family affluence) were measured by questionnaires completed by adolescents. Binary logistic regression tested the association between energy-dense foods and drinks and (i) sociodemographic variables and (ii) TV time.SettingGhent (Belgium), Heraklion (Greece), Pecs (Hungary) and Zaragoza (Spain).SubjectsGirls (n 699) and boys (n 637) aged 12·5–17·5 years.ResultsBoys reported more frequent consumption of beer and soft drinks whereas girls selected more fruit juice, water, herbal infusions and sweets (all P ≤ 0·05). Watching TV for >2 h/d was associated with the consumption of energy-dense foods and drinks. Girls whose mothers achieved the lowest education level had an adjusted OR of 3·22 (95 % CI 1·81, 5·72) for the consumption of energy-dense drinks during TV viewing v. those whose mothers had the highest educational level.ConclusionsExcessive TV watching may favour concurrent consumption of energy-dense snacks and beverages. Adolescents from low-SES families are more likely to consume unhealthy drinks while watching TV.
Dengue protease activity: the structural integrity and interaction of NS2B with NS3 protease and its potential as a drug target
Authors: Phong Wai Y. , Moreland Nicole J. , Lim Siew P. , Wen Daying , Paradkar Prasad N. , Vasudevan Subhash G. 
Published: February 2011

Flaviviral NS3 serine proteases require the NS2B cofactor region (cNS2B) to be active. Recent crystal structures of WNV (West Nile virus) protease in complex with inhibitors revealed that cNS2B participates in the formation of the protease active site. No crystal structures of ternary complexes are currently available for DENV (dengue virus) to validate the role of cNS2B in active site formation. In the present study, a GST (glutathione transferase) fusion protein of DENV-2 cNS2B49–95 was used as a bait to pull down DENV-2 protease domain (NS3pro). The affinity of NS3pro for cNS2B was strong (equilibrium-binding constant &lt;200 nM) and the heterodimeric complex displayed a catalytic efficiency similar to that of single-chain DENV-2 cNS2B/NS3pro. Various truncations and mutations in the cNS2B sequence showed that conformational integrity of the entire 47 amino acids is critical for protease activity. Furthermore, DENV-2 NS3 protease can be pulled down and transactivated by cNS2B cofactors from DENV-1, -3, -4 and WNV, suggesting that mechanisms for activation are conserved across the flavivirus genus. To validate NS2B as a potential target in allosteric inhibitor development, a cNS2B-specific human monoclonal antibody (3F10) was utilized. 3F10 disrupted the interaction between cNS2B and NS3 in vitro and reduced DENV viral replication in HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cells. This provides proof-of-concept for developing assays to find inhibitors that block the interaction between NS2B and NS3 during viral translation.
Effect of cobalt‐60 (γ radiation) on multidrug‐resistant multiple myeloma cell lines
Authors: Mutlu Pelin , Baran Yusuf , Ural A Ugur , Avcu Ferit , Dirican Bahar , Beyzadeoglu Murat , Gündüz Ufuk 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEmergence of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy is a major obstacle for the successful treatment of MM (multiple myeloma). Prednisone, vincristine and melphalan are commonly used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of MM. In the current study, we examined the presence of possible cross‐resistance between these drugs and gamma (γ) radiation. Prednisone, vincristine and melphalan resistant RPMI‐8226 and U‐266 MM cells were generated by stepwise increasing concentrations of the drugs. The sensitive and resistant cells were exposed to 200‐ and 800 cGy γ radiation, and proliferation was examined by XTT {2,3‐bis(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐5‐[(phenylamino)carbonyl]‐2H‐tetrazolium hydroxide} assay. The results showed that Prednisone‐ and melphalan‐resistant RPMI‐8226 cells were also cross‐resistant to 200 and 800 cGy γ radiation application, while vincristine‐resistant cells did not show resistance. On the other hand, Prednisone‐, vincristine‐ and melphalan‐resistant U‐266 cells showed cross‐resistance to 200‐ and 800 cGy γ radiation application. These results demonstrated that MM cells resistant to anticancer agents respond to radiation in different levels. These findings may be important in the clinical applications of radiation therapy in the treatment of vincristine resistant MM.
Endopolyploid and proliferating trophoblast cells express different patterns of intracellular cytokeratin and glycogen localization in the rat placenta
Authors: Zybina Tatiana G. , Stein Grigori I. , Zybina Eugenia V. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe presence of keratin intermediate filaments is a characteristic of trophoblast differentiation. Meantime, their intracellular localization in the functionally different subtypes of placental trophoblast is poorly investigated in rodent, whereas their placentae are being broadly investigated in recent years as a model of the feto‐maternal interaction. The purpose was to study the intracellular distribution of cytokeratin filaments in correlation with glycogen deposits, both being important constituents of the trophoblast cells in rat placenta. Different rat trophoblast cell populations exhibited different patterns of cytokeratin immunolocalization. The most intensive immunostaining was observed in the highly endopolyploid SGTCs (secondary giant trophoblast cells) at the border with decidua basalis. The most prominent cytokeratin‐positive threads were found at the periphery of cytoplasm and in the extensive system of cytoplasmic sprouts by which the SGTC connect each other. Similar cytokeratin intensity and distribution was detected in the TSC (trabecular spongiotrophoblast cells) of the junctional zone of placenta that line the lacunae with the maternal blood. Clusters of highly proliferative pre‐glycogen as well as glycogen cells showed some weaker cytokeratin signals mostly in the perinuclear and peripheral zones of cytoplasm. At the 11.5th to the 13.5th day of gestation, the interstitial and endovascular invasive endopolyploid TGTCs (tertiary giant trophoblast cells) prove the intensive cytokeratin staining throughout the cytoplasm and its sprouts. Meantime, the TGTCs were glycogen negative. By contrast, glycogen was heavily accumulated in the glycogen cells that belong both to the junctional zone of placenta and the cuff of the central arterial channel underlying the monolayer of endovascularly invading TGTCs. Thus, the TGTCs that are first to penetrate into the depth of the uterine wall do not contain glycogen but are accompanied by the glycogen‐rich cells. The SGTC also contained the prominent deposits of glycogen at the periphery of cytoplasm and in the cytoplasmic sprouts. At the 16th day of gestation, an extensive interstitial invasion of the cytokeratin‐positive glycogen trophoblast cells from the junctional zone was observed. The patterns of cytokeratin and glycogen intracellular localization are specific for each subtype of the rat trophoblast; that is, most probably, accounted for by the functional diversity of different trophoblast populations, i.e. patterns of invasion/phagocytosis and their involvement in a barrier at the feto—maternal interface.
Roles of the ERK, JNK/AP‐1/cyclin D1–CDK4 pathway in silica‐induced cell cycle changes in human embryo lung fibroblast cells
Authors: Jia Xiaowei , Liu Bingci , Shi Xianglin , Ye Meng , Zhang Fengmei , Liu Haifeng 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSilica is a potent occupational fibrogenic agent capable of inducing lung fibrosis and many other lung diseases. Our current study focused on the signalling pathways regulating cell cycle changes in HELF (human embryo lung fibroblast) after silica (α‐quartz) exposure. Our results showed silica exposure could lead to cell cycle changes. The cell cycle alternations were accompanied with overexpression of cyclin D1 and CDK4 (cyclin‐dependent kinase 4) in a time‐dependent manner. Silica exposure also decreased E2F‐4 expression in HELF. These changes were blocked by overexpression of dominant‐negative mutants of ERK (extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase) or the JNK (stress‐activated c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinase), respectively. Moreover, pretreatment of cells with curcumin, an activation of AP‐1 (activator protein‐1) inhibitor, inhibited silica‐induced cell cycle alteration, the decreased expression of E2F‐4 and overexpression of cyclin D1 and CDK4. Furthermore, both antisense cyclin D1 and antisense CDK4 can block silica‐induced cell cycle changes. These results suggest that silica exposure can induce cell cycle changes, which may be mediated through ERK, JNK/AP‐1/cyclin D1–CDK4‐dependent pathway.