bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal Evolution of Aleutian Low Pressure Systems: Implications for the North Pacific Subpolar Circulation*
Authors: Pickart Robert S. , Macdonald Alison M. , Moore G. W. K. , Renfrew Ian A. , Walsh John E. , Kessler William S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The seasonal change in the development of Aleutian low pressure systems from early fall to early winter is analyzed using a combination of meteorological reanalysis fields, satellite sea surface temperature (SST) data, and satellite wind data. The time period of the study is September–December 2002, although results are shown to be representative of the long-term climatology. Characteristics of the storms were documented as they progressed across the North Pacific, including their path, central pressure, deepening rate, and speed of translation. Clear patterns emerged. Storms tended to deepen in two distinct geographical locations—the Gulf of Alaska in early fall and the western North Pacific in late fall. In the Gulf of Alaska, a quasi-permanent “notch” in the SST distribution is argued to be of significance. The signature of the notch is imprinted in the atmosphere, resulting in a region of enhanced cyclonic potential vorticity in the lower troposphere that is conducive for storm development. Later in the season, as winter approaches and the Sea of Okhotsk becomes partially ice covered and cold, the air emanating from the Asian continent leads to enhanced baroclinicity in the region south of Kamchatka. This corresponds to enhanced storm cyclogenesis in that region. Consequently, there is a seasonal westward migration of the dominant lobe of the Aleutian low. The impact of the wind stress curl pattern resulting from these two regions of storm development on the oceanic circulation is investigated using historical hydrography. It is argued that the seasonal bimodal input of cyclonic vorticity from the wind may be partly responsible for the two distinct North Pacific subarctic gyres.
Assessing Snowfall Rates from X-Band Radar Reflectivity Measurements
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , Campbell Carroll , Kingsmill David , Sukovich Ellen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Realistic aggregate snowflake models and experimental snowflake size distribution parameters are used to derive X-band power-law relations between the equivalent radar reflectivity factor Ze and the liquid equivalent snowfall precipitation rate S (Ze = ASB). There is significant variability in coefficients of these relations caused by uncertainties in the snowflake bulk densities (as defined by the mass–size relationships), fall velocities, and particle size distribution parameters. The variability in snowflake parameters results in differing Ze–S relations that provide more than a factor of 2 difference in precipitation rate and liquid equivalent accumulation estimates for typical reflectivity values observed in snowfall (∼20–30 dBZ). Characteristic values of the exponent B in the derived for dry snowfall relations were generally in the range 1.3–1.55 (when Ze is in mm6 m−3 and S is in mm h−1). The coefficient A exhibited stronger variability and varied in the range from about 30 (for aircraft-based size distributions and smaller density particles) to about 140 (for surface-based size distributions). The non-Rayleigh scattering effects at X band result in diminishing of both A and B, as compared to the relations for longer wavelength radars. The snowflake shape and orientation also influences its backscatter properties, but to a lesser extent compared to the particle bulk density. The derived relations were primarily obtained for snowfall consisting of dry aggregate snowflakes. They were applied to the X-band radar measurements during observations of wintertime storms. For approximately collocated measurements, the in situ estimates of snowfall accumulations were generally within the range of radar-derived values when the coefficient A was around 100–120.
Li3V2(PO4)3/C Composite Material with Porous Structure and Nano-carbon Webs Synthesized through Liquid Nitrogen Quenching
Authors: Zheng Jun-chao , Li Xin-hai , Wang Zhi-xing , Li Ling-jun , Li Jin-hui , Wu Ling , Guo Hua-jun 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Li3V2(PO4)3/C composite material with a porous structure and nano-carbon webs are synthesized through a chemical reduction–lithiation and liquid nitrogen quenching method. Li3V2(PO4)3/C sample was characterized by XRD, SEM, and TEM. X-ray diffraction results show Li3V2(PO4)3 is monoclinic with a space group of P21⁄n. SEM and TEM images indicate that the Li3V2(PO4)3 particles are about 200 nm in diameter, have porous structure, and are coated with nano-carbon webs. Electrochemical measurement results indicate that the Li3V2(PO4)3/C cathode exhibits high-rate characteristic and delivered a stable discharge capacity of 131.57 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C (14 mA g−1), in the range of 2.6–4.5 V.
Effects of denosumab on bone mineral density and bone turnover in postmenopausal women transitioning from alendronate therapy
Authors: Kendler David L , Roux Christian , Benhamou Claude Laurent , Brown Jacques P , Lillestol Michael , Siddhanti Suresh , Man Hoi-Shen , Martin Javier San , Bone Henry G 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Patients treated with bisphosphonates for osteoporosis may discontinue or require a switch to other therapies. Denosumab binds to RANKL and is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption that has been shown to increase bone mineral density (BMD) and decrease fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. This was a multicenter, international, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study in 504 postmenopausal women ≥ 55 years of age with a BMD T-score of −2.0 or less and −4.0 or more who had been receiving alendronate therapy for at least 6 months. Subjects received open-label branded alendronate 70 mg once weekly for 1 month and then were randomly assigned to either continued weekly alendronate therapy or subcutaneous denosumab 60 mg every 6 months and were followed for 12 months. Changes in BMD and biochemical markers of bone turnover were evaluated. In subjects transitioning to denosumab, total hip BMD increased by 1.90% at month 12 compared with a 1.05% increase in subjects continuing on alendronate (p &lt; .0001). Significantly greater BMD gains with denosumab compared with alendronate also were achieved at 12 months at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and 1/3 radius (all p &lt; .0125). Median serum CTX levels remained near baseline in the alendronate group and were significantly decreased versus alendronate (p &lt; .0001) at all time points with denosumab. Adverse events and serious adverse events were balanced between groups. No clinical hypocalcemic adverse events were reported. Transition to denosumab produced greater increases in BMD at all measured skeletal sites and a greater reduction in bone turnover than did continued alendronate with a similar safety profile in both groups. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Clinical risk factors for osteoporotic fracture: A population-based prospective cohort study in Korea
Authors: Lee Seung Hun , Khang Young-Ho , Lim Kyeong-Hye , Kim Beom-Jun , Koh Jung-Min , Kim Ghi Su , Kim Hyungrae , Cho Nam H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Clinical risk factors (CRFs), either alone or in combination with bone mineral density, are used to determine the fracture risk for clinical assessment and to determine intervention thresholds. Because fracture risk is strongly affected by ethnicity and population-specific differences, we sought to identify Korean-specific CRFs for fracture, in combination with quantitative ultrasound (qUS) measurements of the radius and tibia. A total of 9351 subjects (4732 men and 4619 women) aged 40 to 69 years were followed for a mean of 46.3 ± 2.2 months. We obtained CRF information using a standardized questionnaire and measured anthropometric variables. Speed of sound at the radius (SoSR) and tibia (SoST) were measured by qUS. Fracture events were recorded using a questionnaire, and a height-loss threshold was used as an indicator of vertebral fracture. Relative risks were calculated by Cox regression analysis. A total of 195 subjects (61 men and 134 women) suffered low-trauma fractures. Older age, lower body mass index (BMI), and previous fracture history were positively associated with fracture risk in both sexes. Decreased hip circumference, lack of regular exercise, higher alcohol intake, menopause, and osteoarthritis history were further independent CRFs for fracture in women. However, neither SoSR nor SoST was independently associated with fracture risk. In this study, we identified the major Korean-specific CRFs for fracture and found that smaller hip circumference was a novel risk factor. This information will allow optimal risk-assessment targeting Koreans for whom treatment would provide the greatest benefit. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Development and Application of an Analytical Method for the Determination of Partition Coefficients of Tributyltin in the Forth and Clyde Canal, Glasgow, Scotland
Authors: Bangkedphol S. , Keenan H. E. , Davidson C. , Sakultantimetha A. , Dyer M. , Songsasen A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) was widely used in the past as a biocide for boats. This has led to widespread environmental contamination. Most analytical methods are based on high resolution techniques with complicated sample preparation. For this study, a simple application of an analytical method was developed using HPLC/UV. The developed method was studied to determine TBT, dibutyltin, and monobutyltin in sediment and water samples. The separation was performed in isocratic mode on a cyanopropyl column with a mobile phase of hexane containing 5 % tetrahydrofuran and 0.03 % acetic acid. This method was confirmed using standard GC-MS techniques and verified by statistical paired t-test method. Under the experimental conditions used, the limit of detection of TBT and DBT were 0.70 and 0.50 ppm, respectively. An optimized extraction method for butyltins in water and sediment samples was developed by using hexane containing 0.05 %–0.5 % tropolone, and 0.2 % sodium chloride in water at pH1.7. The quantitative extraction of butyltin compounds in a certified reference material (BCR-646) and naturally contaminated samples was achieved with recoveries ranging from 95 % to 108 % and precision of 0.02 %–1.00 % relative standard deviation. This developed method was used to determine the contamination level of butyltins in environmental samples collected from the Forth and Clyde canal, Scotland, United Kingdom. The values obtained exceeded the Environmental Quality Standard values. Partition coefficients are major parameters influencing the behavior of pollutants, therefore the methodology developed was used to determine experimentally the partition coefficients Koc, Kd, and Kow. The comparison between values obtained experimentally and computational default model values (EPI Suite V 3.20) showed disparity. In terms of bioaccumulation, the implications of this finding may lead to greater biomagnification in the food chain.
Characterization of optimal risk allocations for convex risk functionals
Authors: Kiesel Swen , Rüschendorf Ludger 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this paper we consider the problem of optimal risk allocation or risk exchange with respect to convex risk functionals, which not necessarily are monotone or cash invariant. General existence and characterization results are given for optimal risk allocations minimizing the total risk as well as for Pareto optimal allocations. We establish a general uniqueness result for optimal allocations. As particular consequence we obtain in case of cash invariant, strictly convex risk functionals the uniqueness of Pareto optimal allocations up to additive constants. In the final part some tools are developed useful for the verification of the basic intersection condition made in the theorems which are applied in several examples.
On a stochastic version of the trading rule “Buy and Hold”
Authors: Shiryaev Albert , Novikov Alexander A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The paper deals with the problem of finding an optimal one-time rebalancing strategy assuming that in the Black–Scholes model the drift term of the stock may change its value spontaneously at some random non-observable (hidden) time. The problem is studied on a finite time interval under two criteria of optimality (logarithmic and linear). The methods of the paper are based on the results for the quickest detection of drift change for Brownian motion.
Factors That Affect the Duration of the Interval Between the Completion of Palliative Chemotherapy and Death
Authors: Hashimoto Kenji , Yonemori Kan , Katsumata Noriyuki , Hotchi Marika , Kouno Tsutomu , Shimizu Chikako , Tamura Kenji , Ando Masashi , Takeuchi Masahiro , Fujiwara Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2009

Learning Objectives
Formulate an end-of-life treatment plan for end-of-life patients who choose palliative chemotherapy. Select advanced cancer patients who are candidates for hospice care. Educate patients regarding the merits of hospice care versus palliative chemotherapy near the end-of-life stage and help them make decisions reflecting their goals.
This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com.
Les analogies cosmiques du corps humain chez les grecs anciens
Authors: Wismann Heinz 
Published: July 2009

Heinz Wismann présente l’onto-cosmologie des grecs anciens selon laquelle « Tout est Un ». La divinité est en même temps le réel de la nature, représenté comme une sphère toujours en mouvement et parfaitement équilibrée. Le Timée de Platon décrit le corps humain selon un modèle analogique. H. Wismann évoque les traces de l’héritage grec et de son alliance à la conception inverse, juive, d’un dieu transcendant, dans la pensée occidentale moderne.
Le voyage à Moscou ou les impatients des jours du Messie
Authors: Scheigets Y. 
Published: July 2009

On ne conteste pas généralement à François Furet le statut de grand historien du siècle dernier. Il adhéra au parti communiste après la seconde guerre mondiale, et le quitta, comme bien d’autres, en 1956. Mais c’est de la révolution française qu’il fit son principal objet de recherches. C’est pourquoi le seul grand livre qu’il consacra à l’histoire du XXe siècle, Le passé d’une illusion, a suscité curiosité et intérêt au-delà de nos frontières. Et pour lui, sans le moindre doute, le communisme est une illusion criminelle. Cet article ne prétend pas proposer une analyse approfondie des nombreux aspects d’un livre épais et riche en hypothèses éclairantes. On a plutôt cherché à mettre en regard l’histoire de l’idée communiste avec quelques enseignements de la tradition juive. L’illusion communiste n’a-t-elle pas à voir avec la tentation de « hâter les jours du Messie », en tentant de faire régner la justice universelle par les moyens de la politique ? N’est-elle pas liée au plus grave des péchés que le Judaïsme ait combattu : l’idolâtrie ?
Illusion dans le travail social
Authors: Montaclair Bernard 
Published: July 2009

Est-il une activité humaine qui ne soit pas « sociale » ? Cette réalité incontournable se doit d’être mise en travail. Enseignement, éducation, formation, aide, psychothérapie, visent des niveaux différents d’intervention sociale, en vue du développement des êtres humains considérés comme des « clients », usagers de ces interventions. L’illusion, sous son acception ludique, est un moteur important de ce développement, au même titre que le jeu et le rêve. Mais la désillusion guette le travailleur social s’il n’a pas été formé à prendre en compte le transfert, et s’il n’est pas accompagné dans sa tâche.
Le bouddhisme et l'illusion
Authors: Schnetzler Jean-Pierre 
Published: July 2009

L’enseignement du Bouddha est concentré en quatre vérités : le caractère universel de la souffrance dans le monde phénoménal, l’étude de ses causes, la possibilité de s’en libérer totalement, et les moyens pour le faire. Cela définit une méthode thérapeutique centrée sur le psychisme et les illusions qu’il fabrique, dont il faut se libérer. La prise en compte de l’influence causale des vies antérieures élargit et approfondit l’action transformatrice des méthodes méditatives. Dans cette optique, méditation et psychothérapie apparaissent comme complémentaires.
Le « Struwwelpeter », ou les cachettes de la libido
Authors: Houssier Florian 
Published: July 2009

Comment penser un conte qui se termine mal pour l’enfant ? C’est là tout l’intérêt de réfléchir sur le « Struwwelpeter », ouvrage peu connu en France mais traduit dans le monde entier. Ce livre est composé d’une série de neuf histoires pour enfants « de trois à six ans », rédigées par un pédiatre allemand, Heinrich Hoffmann, en 1844. A la différence de Freud, qui a salué dans ce conte le repérage des complexes infantiles, nous proposons une lecture centrée sur les représentations de l’adulte concernant l’enfant, en nous centrant sur les fantasmes propres à la relation père-fils. De façon comparable, les fantasmes primitifs de type infanticideparricide se déploient alors sur la toile du conte comme sur celle du rêve.
Regioselective C‐2 or C‐5 Direct Arylation of Pyrroles with Aryl Bromides using a Ligand‐Free Palladium Catalyst
Authors: Roger Julien , Doucet Henri 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA simple and atom‐economical procedure for the regioselective C‐2 or C‐5 arylation of pyrroles via a CH bond activation is reported. Only 0.5–0.01 mol% of commercially available and air‐stable ligand‐free palladium(II) acetate [Pd(OAc)2] was employed as the catalyst. The presence of electron‐withdrawing substituents such as formyl, acetyl or ester at the C‐2 position of the pyrrole is tolerated. This environmentally attractive procedure has also been found to be tolerant to a very wide variety of functional groups on the aryl bromides such as formyl, acetyl, propionyl, ester, nitrile, nitro, fluoro, methoxy, amino or trifluoromethyl.
A Direct Intermolecular Cross‐Benzoin Type Reaction: N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aromatic Aldehydes with Trifluoromethyl Ketones
Authors: Enders Dieter , Henseler Alexander 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA direct intermolecular cross‐benzoin‐type condensation catalyzed by an N‐heterocyclic carbene has been developed. The cross‐coupling of commercially available aromatic aldehydes and trifluoromethyl ketones results in α‐hydroxy‐α‐trifluoromethyl ketones bearing a quaternary stereocenter with excellent chemoselectivity and good to excellent yields.
Significant Self‐Acceleration Effects of Nitrile Additives in the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Conversion of Aldoximes to Amides: A New Mechanistic Aspect
Authors: Kim Min , Lee Jinwoo , Lee Hee‐Yoon , Chang Sukbok 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIt was found that the catalytic activity of rhodium complexes was highly sensitive to the type of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands in the conversion of aldoximes to amides. Among those species examined, the (cyclooctadiene)rhodium chloride‐carbene complex Rh(cod)(IMes)Cl exhibited the highest reactivity when it was employed in combination with a Brønsted acid, thus allowing mild reaction conditions. A significant rate acceleration effect resulting from the addition of nitrile additives was also observed. With the new protocol, the substrate scope of aldoximes has been widely expanded to include sterically congested and electronically varied derivatives. On the basis of detailed mechanistic studies, it is proposed that the reaction proceeds mainly via intramolecular electrophilic addition of aldoxime to rhodium‐bound nitrile, which is different from the generally postulated two‐step route: dehydration of aldoxime to nitrile followed by hydration of the latter intermediate.
Organocatalytic Activity of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in the Michael Addition of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds: Application to a Stereoselective Spirocyclization Sequence
Authors: Boddaert Thomas , Coquerel Yoann , Rodriguez Jean 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAn eco‐compatible diversity‐oriented synthesis of α‐spirolactones and α‐spirolactams is described. The overall transformation involves an olefin cross‐metathesis followed by an intramolecular organocatalytic Michael‐induced spirocyclization. Under microwave irradiation, the Hoveyda–Grubbs precatalyst can be iteratively used as the source of both the metathesis ruthenium‐based catalyst, and the spirocyclization N‐heterocyclic carbene catalyst.
Efficient MILP formulations for the simultaneous optimal peptide tag design and downstream processing synthesis
Authors: Natali João M. , Pinto José M. , Papageorgiou Lazaros G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractNovel and efficient linear formulations are developed for the problem of simultaneously performing an optimal synthesis of chromatographic protein purification processes, and the concomitant selection of peptide purification tags, that result in a maximal process improvement. To this end, two formulations are developed for the solution of this problem: (1) a model that minimizes both the number of chromatographic steps in the final purification process flow sheet and the composition of the tag, by use of weighted objectives, while satisfying minimal purity requirements for the final product; and (2) a model that attempts to find the maximal attainable purity under constraints on the maximum number of separation techniques and tag size. Both models are linearized using a previously developed strategy for obtaining optimal piecewise linear approximations of nonlinear functions. Proposed are models to two case studies based on protein mixtures with different numbers of proteins. Results show that the models are capable of solving to optimality all the implemented cases with computational time requirements of under 1 s, on average. The results obtained are further compared with previous nonlinear and linear models attempting to solve the same problem, and, thus, show that the approach represents significant gains in robustness and efficiency. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Occupational injury disparities in the US hotel industry
Authors: Buchanan Susan , Vossenas Pamela , Krause Niklas , Moriarty Joan , Frumin Eric , Shimek Jo Anna M. , Mirer Franklin , Orris Peter , Punnett Laura 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundHotel employees have higher rates of occupational injury and sustain more severe injuries than most other service workers.MethodOSHA log incidents from five unionized hotel companies for a three‐year period were analyzed to estimate injury rates by job, company, and demographic characteristics. Room cleaning work, known to be physically hazardous, was of particular concern.ResultsA total of 2,865 injuries were reported during 55,327 worker‐years of observation. The overall injury rate was 5.2 injuries per 100 worker‐years. The rate was highest for housekeepers (7.9), Hispanic housekeepers (10.6), and about double in three companies versus two others. Acute trauma rates were highest in kitchen workers (4.0/100) and housekeepers (3.9/100); housekeepers also had the highest rate of musculoskeletal disorders (3.2/100). Age, being female or Hispanic, job title, and company were all independently associated with injury risk.ConclusionSex‐ and ethnicity‐based disparities in injury rates were only partially due to the type of job held and the company in which the work was performed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:116–125 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mediation should not be considered the practice of law
Authors: Meyerson Bruce E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article was written in part as a response to “Balancing Mediation with Rules on Unauthorized Practice,” by Geetha Ravindra, 18 Alternatives 21 (February 2000). Ravindra's follow‐up comments appear at the end of the article on page 124.