bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodegradable multisegmented polymer synthesized by consecutive radical addition‐coupling reaction of α,ω‐macrobiradicals and dithioester
Authors: Zhu Qinqin , Wang Qi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA consecutive radical addition‐coupling reaction involving dithioester is applied to produce thermodegradable multisegmented polymer using α,ω‐dibromo polymer as precursor. The macroradical generated by single electron transfer process promoted by Cu/ligand from α,ω‐dibromo polymer can efficiently add to ethyl dithiobenzoate, which results intermediate adduct radical. The in situ formed adduct radical immediately undergoes crosscoupling reaction with macroradical, generating segmented polymer bridged with CS bond. The consecutive radical addition‐coupling reaction generates multisegmented polymer linked by CS bond following step‐growth mechanism. The multisegmented polymer can be thermodegraded in the presence of hydrogen atom donor or air. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Psychological health in siblings who lost a brother or sister to cancer 2 to 9 years earlier
Authors: Eilegård Alexandra , Steineck Gunnar , Nyberg Tommy , Kreicbergs Ulrika 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of this study was to assess long‐term psychological distress in siblings who lost a brother or sister to cancer 2 to 9 years earlier, as compared with a control group of non‐bereaved siblings from the general population.MethodsDuring 2009, we conducted a nationwide follow‐up study in Sweden by using an anonymous study‐specific questionnaire. Siblings who had lost a brother or sister to cancer between the years 2000 and 2007 and also a control group of non‐bereaved siblings from the general population were invited to participate. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to measure psychological distress, and to test for differences in the ordinal outcome responses between the groups, we used Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney rank‐sum test.ResultsAmong the bereaved siblings, 174/240 (73%) participated and 219/293 (75%) among the non‐bereaved. Self‐assessed low self‐esteem (p = 0.002), difficulties falling asleep (p = 0.005), and low level of personal maturity (p = 0.007) at follow‐up were more prevalent among bereaved siblings. However, anxiety (p = 0.298) and depression (p = 0.946), according to HADS, were similar.ConclusionBereaved siblings are at increased risk of low self‐esteem, low level of personal maturity and difficulties falling asleep as compared with non‐bereaved peers. Yet, the bereaved were not more likely to report anxiety or depression. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Cancer Drugs Fund: how well is the process working?
Authors: Whitington Alastair , Ross Paul , Kaye Stan , Dean Tim 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe Cancer Drugs Fund was initiated in April 2011 as part of a Government scheme to enable patients to access the cancer drugs their doctors think will benefit them.1 In this Expert Panel Discussion, two oncology specialists and a Cancer Network Director discuss how well the fund is working. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Interface Ltd
Anisotropic optical response of elongated Pb islands in the infrared spectral region
Authors: McAlinden N. , Wang J. J. , McGilp J. F. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractLead forms elongated islands when grown on vicinal Si(111) surfaces. Polarized infrared transmittance studies have shown a strong anisotropic optical response associated with antenna‐like plasmonic resonances, whose spectral position in the region of 0.25 eV is sensitive to the length of the islands. Reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) using a photoelastic modulator (PEM) should be more sensitive to such optical anisotropies, but becomes difficult below ∼0.5 eV for instrumental reasons. Measurements of the anisotropic response, in reflectance, of Pb islands grown on Si(557)‐5 × 1–Au are extended down to ∼0.12 eV by combining sample rotation with tuneable femtosecond laser irradiation from a difference frequency generator. The extended RAS spectral range allows the full anisotropic nanoparticle plasmon‐polarition optical response in the surface plane to be explored for this type of material system. Reasonable agreement with a simple nanoantenna model of the resonance maximum is obtained, but calculating the full line profile of the RAS response of supported nanoparticles remains challenging.
Impurity enhanced coherent polarization of excitons in single‐walled zigzag nanotubes
Authors: Peng Feng 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe study the effect of the impurity on the excitonic polarization in single‐walled zigzag carbon nanotubes under a laser field. The time evolutions of both the excitonic polarization and its fluctuation are calculated by introducing a bosonization scheme for the low energy excitation of interacting electron–hole system. Our calculations show that under certain conditions the excitons enter into the coherent states that the polarization fluctuation is equal to the one of the vacuum states, and the existence of the impurity can effectively enhance the coherent polarization of excitons.
Quenching and Partitioning of CMnSi Steels Containing Elevated Manganese Levels
Authors: De Moor Emmanuel , Speer John G. , Matlock David K. , Kwak Jai‐Hyun , Lee Seung‐Bok 
Published: February 2012

AbstractQuenching and partitioning (Q&P) is receiving increased attention as a potential processing route to develop “Third Generation” advanced high strength steel (AHSS) properties. The Q&P process consists of quenching a steel from a reheat temperature to a pre‐determined temperature in the Ms − Mf temperature region followed by a so‐called partitioning treatment at the quench temperature or higher. The present contribution investigates the Q&P response of laboratory‐processed CMnSi alloys with 3 or 5 wt% manganese. Samples were processed at quench temperatures between 70 and 250°C with partitioning temperatures of 400 and 450°C for times up to 100 s. Scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction were utilized to evaluate the Q&P microstructures. Attractive properties were generated with tensile strength/total elongation combinations such as 1500 MPa and 17%.
Oxidation of Fe–18%Mn–0.6%C Steels in Air and a N2–CO2–O2 Mixed Gas Atmosphere at 1273–1473 K
Authors: Lee Dong Bok , Sohn Il‐Ryong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAustenitic Fe–18 wt% Mn–0.6 wt% C steels were oxidized at 1273, 1373, and 1473 K for up to 2 h in either atmospheric air or an 85%N2–10%CO2–5%O2 gas mixture. The alloys oxidized faster in air than in the mixed gas, but the morphology and composition of the oxide scale formed were similar in both atmospheres. The scales that consisted primarily of FeO, Fe2O3, and MnFe2O4 were highly susceptible to cracking and spallation due to the severe oxidation condition. Since Mn was consumed to form MnFe2O4, the original γ‐matrix changed to an α‐matrix in the subscale area, in which Mn‐rich internal oxide precipitates formed locally.
The globalization of Chinese enterprises
Authors: Lattemann Christoph , Alon Ilan , Chang Julian , Fetscherin Marc , McIntyre John R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe question of how and why Chinese firms globalize is one of the most pressing issues for businesses today. China's globalization process is nothing less than remarkable. The twenty‐first century will feature a developing country as the leader of the global economy by 2020, when, by most estimates, China's purchasing power parity (PPP) gross domestic product (GDP) surpasses America's. With China's new role on the world's stage, global economic and political institutions are likely to change. China's foray into Latin America, for example, has changed the traditional role that America has played in its “backyard.” While the Chinese government was given much credit for China's globalization, Chinese private‐ and family‐owned businesses have also propelled China outward. Our research stream and annual China Goes Global conference at Harvard has attempted to frame the questions associated with China's globalization. This special issue is another important step in this direction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The discourse, practice, and expansion of Chinese scientific socialism: Geopolitical implications for Latin America and the United States
Authors: DeVillar Robert A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractChinese scientific socialism (CSS) is analyzed as a state of purpose rather than one of ambiguity. Distinct historical contexts and associated semantic shifts are integrated to contemporarily situate CSS, particularly regarding foreign policy and practice in Latin America. Findings indicate Western media and specialists generally analyze Chinese economic dynamics along a continuum of capitalism, failing to capture relevant forms of geopolitical socialist‐communist expression and their local‐to‐global impacts. CSS rhetoric and practice reflect principles of unity and reciprocity, are long term, and enjoy trust in Latin America. Thus, the Chinese development model derives and generates benefits comparatively greater than the traditional capitalist model and impacts US hegemony. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internationalization of China's private‐sector MNEs: An analysis of the motivations for foreign affiliate formation
Authors: Ning Lutao , Sutherland Dylan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractChina's private‐sector multinational enterprises (MNEs) are often owned and controlled via offshore holding companies in tax havens. As such, their foreign affiliates are often difficult to identify, and their activities are also not captured in official Chinese outward foreign direct investment data. To date, therefore, there has been comparatively little systematic analysis of these affiliates as they internationalize. Here we address this gap by developing a method that allows us to identify 104 privately owned Chinese MNEs owned via offshore holding companies, as well as their 227 foreign affiliates. We analyze and discuss the motivations for the formation of their foreign affiliates in light of current theory. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Initial internationalization of Chinese privately owned enterprises—the take‐off process
Authors: Jansson Hans , Söderman Sten 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn the first quarter of 2010, China showed the highest quarterly growth (12%) of any country ever. Although privately owned enterprises (POEs) are an important factor behind this immense growth, knowledge about how they have become key exporters is scarce and largely overlooked, especially regarding how they started to go abroad. Two major take‐off processes from the domestic market to the foreign market are studied. The critical importance of the development of the local emerging market behind the possibilities of taking off is stressed, as well as how firms change between indirect and direct export modes. The research is based on an abductive case study research approach, where primary data is collected through interviews in the Yangtze River region. The case study involves six privately owned family firms run by strong and dominating entrepreneurs. Major empirical and theoretical conclusions, including nine propositions, summarize the article and indicate areas for further research. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antecedents of consumer attitudes toward mobile marketing: A comparative study of youth markets in the United States and China
Authors: Gao Tao , Rohm Andrew J. , Sultan Fareena , Huang Suping 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to examine factors influencing consumers' attitudes toward mobile marketing across two major markets—the United States and China. Drawing upon the technology acceptance model (TAM), the theory of reasoned action (TRA), and the perceived characteristics of innovations theory (PCI), we develop and test a conceptual model examining the joint influences of TAM constructs (perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness) and individual characteristics (personal attachment, innovativeness, risk avoidance, and privacy concern) and on consumer attitudes toward mobile marketing practices. Focusing on youth consumers, we empirically test the model using data collected in an established (United States) and an emerging market (China). Findings across these two markets reflect cross‐market similarities and differences related to consumers' attitudes toward mobile marketing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skip Lateral Neck Node Metastases in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Park Jae Hyun , Lee Yong Sang , Kim Bup Woo , Chang Hang‐Seok , Park Cheong Soo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundPapillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) are commonly associated with lymph node metastases (LNMs), which are thought to disseminate sequentially, first to the central compartment and later to the lateral compartment. However, a small number of patients have skip metastases to the lateral compartment without central LNMs. This study was performed to evaluate the clinicopathologic characteristics of skip metastases in PTC.MethodsWe reviewed the medical records of 147 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with central neck dissection plus modified radical neck dissection (RND) for PTC. A single surgeon performed all operations. The patients were classified as either present or absent skip metastases. The clinicopathologic characteristics were statistically analyzed.ResultsSkip metastases were found in 32 patients (21.8%) and occurred commonly with primary tumors of the upper pole, and with tumors ≤1 cm in diameter. Skip metastases were less common in patients with multifocal disease. Patients with skip metastases had fewer metastatic lateral nodes that were more frequently found at a single level: mostly at level III (96.9%) and level II (34.4%).ConclusionsAlthough skip metastases occur in only a small number of patients, the lateral compartment should be carefully evaluated for skip metastases, even though primary tumors are either single focus, located in the upper pole, or ≤1 cm in diameter.
Novice Surgeons Versus Experienced Surgeons in Laparoendoscopic Single‐Site (LESS) Surgery: A Comparison of Performances in a Surgical Simulator
Authors: Alevizos Leonidas , Brinkman Willem , Fingerhut Abe , Jakimowicz Jack , Leandros Emmanuel 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroductionDuring the past years, there has been increasing interest in simulation‐based training of technical skills especially in laparoscopy. The purpose of this study was to compare the performances of novice and experienced laparoscopic surgeons on a LESS simulator.MethodsThe study recruited 20 surgeons classified into two groups: group NS consisted of ten residents without any laparoscopic experience, and group ES consisted of ten surgeons with experience in conventional laparoscopy (performed >90 laparoscopic cholecystectomies) but without any experience in LESS surgery. Both groups completed a mini‐trainee course that included four repetitions of a standardized task of circle pattern cutting (CIRCLE). Time, path length, and economy of movement were measured and compared.ResultsGroup ES presented significantly better time scores than group NS in all four repetitions. Economy of movement did not differ significantly between the two groups, whereas path length was shorter for beginners at the forth effort. Moreover, group ES failed to improve path length and economy of movement scores, whereas group NS improved their performance significantly in these parameters.ConclusionsIt seems that previous laparoscopic experience in conventional laparoscopy may not necessarily be an advantage in all parameters of LESS surgery and the learning process can be longer than expected even for experienced surgeons.
Modification of the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) Method Provides Better Survival Prediction in Asian Blunt Trauma Victims
Authors: Kimura Akio , Chadbunchachai Witaya , Nakahara Shinji 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe objective of the present study was to identify logistic regression models with better survival prediction than the Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) method in assessing blunt trauma (BT) victims in Japan and Thailand. An additional aim was to demonstrate the feasibility of probability of survival (Ps) estimation without respiratory rate (RR) on admission, which is often missing or unreliable in Asian countries.MethodsWe used BT patient data (n = 15,524) registered in the Japan Trauma Data Bank (JTDB, 2005–2008). We also extracted data on BT patients injured in the Khon Kaen District between January 2005 and December 2008 (n = 6,411) from the Khon Kaen Hospital Trauma Registry. For logistic regression analyses, we chose the Injury Severity Score (ISS), age year (AY), Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, systolic blood pressure (SBP), RR, and their coded values (c) as explanatory variables, as well as the Revised Trauma Score (RTS). We estimated parameters by the method of maximum likelihood estimation, and utilized Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC), the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC), and accuracy for model comparison. A model having the lower AIC is considered to be the better model.ResultsThe AIC of the model using AY was lower than that of the model using the coded value for AY (cAY) (used by the TRISS method). The model using ISS, AY and cGCS, cSBP, and cRR instead of the RTS demonstrated the lowest AIC in both data groups. The same trend could be observed in the AUROCCs and the accuracies. In the Khon Kaen data, we found no additional reduction of the AIC in the model using the cRR variable compared to the model without cRR.ConclusionsFor better prediction of Ps, the actual number of the AY should be used as an explanatory variable instead of the coded value (used by the TRISS method). The logistic regression model using the ISS, AY, and coded values of SBP, GCS, and RR estimates the best prediction. Information about RR seems to be unimportant for survival prediction in BT victims in Asian countries.
High-level expression of a novel Penicillium endo-1,3(4)-β-d-glucanase with high specific activity in Pichia pastoris
Authors: Chen Xiaoyan , Meng Kun , Shi Pengjun , Bai Yingguo , Luo Huiying , Huang Huoqing , Yuan Tiezheng , Yang Peilong , Yao Bin 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
A novel endo-1,3(4)-β-d-glucanase gene (bgl16C1) from Penicillium pinophilum C1 was cloned and sequenced. The 945-bp full-length gene encoded a 315-residue polypeptide consisting of a putative signal peptide of 18 residues and a catalytic domain belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 16. The deduced amino acid sequence showed the highest identity (82%) with the putative endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase from Talaromyces stipitatus ATCC 10500 and 60% identity with the characterized β-1,3(4)-glucanase from Paecilomyces sp. FLH30. The gene was successfully overexpressed in Pichia pastoris. Recombinant Bgl16C1 constituted 95% of total secreted proteins (2.61 g l−1) with activity of 28,721 U ml−1 in a 15-l fermentor. The purified recombinant Bgl16C1 had higher specific activity toward barley β-glucan (12,622 U mg−1) than all known glucanases and also showed activity against lichenan and laminarin. The enzyme was optimally active at pH 5.0 and 55°C and exhibited good stability over a broad acid and alkaline pH range (&gt;85% activity at pH 3.0–7.0 and even 30% at pH 11.0). All these favorable enzymatic properties make it attractive for potential applications in various industries.
Flocculated flow of microfibrillated cellulose water suspensions: an imaging approach for characterisation of rheological behaviour
Authors: Saarikoski Eve , Saarinen Tapio , Salmela Juha , Seppälä Jukka 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Our aim was to characterise the suspension rheology of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) in relation to flocculation of the cellulose fibrils. Measurements were carried out using a rotational rheometer and a transparent cylindrical measuring system that allows combining visual information to rheological parameters. The photographs were analyzed for their floc size distribution. Conclusions were drawn by comparing the photographs and data obtained from measurements. Variables selected for examination of MFC suspensions were degree of disintegration of fibres into microfibrils, the gap between the cylinders, sodium chloride concentration, and the effects of changing shear rate during the measurement. We studied changes in floc size under different conditions and during network structure decomposition. At rest, the suspension consisted of flocs sintered together into a network. With shearing, the network separated first into chain-like floc formations and, upon further shear rate increase, into individual spherical flocs. The size of these spherical flocs was inversely proportional to the shear rate. Investigations also confirmed that floc size depends on the geometry gap, and it affects the measured shear stress. Furthermore, suspension photographs revealed an increasing tendency to aggregation and wall depletion with sodium chloride concentration of 10−3 M and higher.
Phenolic Acids and Antioxidant Capacity of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) as Compared with Corn
Authors: Luthria Devanand L. , Liu Keshun , Memon Ayaz A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThree sets of ground corn and the corresponding distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were collected from three commercial plants and analyzed for individual phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of processing on phenolic acids content and antioxidant capacity of corn and the corresponding processed DDGS samples. The five phenolic acids identified in corn and DDGS were vanillic, caffeic, p‐coumaric, ferulic, and sinapic acids. Ferulic and p‐coumaric acids accounted for about 80% of the total identified and quantified phenolic acids. The phenolic acids profile of DDGS was comparable to that of corn. The content of total phenolic acids per gram basis, in DDGS was 3.40 fold higher and antioxidant capacity was 2.58 fold more than that of corn. These observations suggest that there was little degradation in individual phenolic acids content during dry grind processing. Furthermore, significant variation in measured individual and total phenolic acids, and antioxidant capacity among processing plants existed for both corn and DDGS. Results from this study will be valuable to bioethanol manufacturers and the feed industry.
A Dynamic Light Scattering Study on the Complex Assembly of Glycinin Soy Globulin in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Pizones Ruiz‐Henestrosa Víctor M. , Martinez María J. , Patino Juan M. R. , Pilosof Ana M. R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIn this work, the complex assembly of one of the major storage proteins in soybean, glycinin, was analyzed using dynamic light scattering, from the hydrodynamic diameter of assembled forms in solution. The protein concentration and temperature were maintained constant at 10−1% w/w and 20 °C, respectively, and the pH was 7.6, 7.0 and 3.0. By analyzing the intensity and volume size distributions, a complex equilibrium between self‐assembled forms could be determined. At pH 7.6 and an ionic strength of 0.5 M, where the self‐assembly of glycinin has been widely reported in the literature, the DLS technique revealed an equilibrium between different assembled forms, that shifted towards the 11S form. At a lower ionic strength for pH 3.0 or 7.0, the 7S form predominated. The hydrodynamic diameter evolved differently upon heating, depending on pH and ionic strength. For pH 7 (I = 0.05) and 7.6 (I = 0.5) a significant increase in dH was observed at a temperatures of 55 and 70 °C, respectively, which were significantly lower than the denaturation onset temperatures as determined by DSC. No changes in dH nor a transition endotherm were observed at pH 3.