bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“When I had my transplant, I became normal.” Adolescent perspectives on life after kidney transplantation
Authors: Tong Allison , Morton Rachael , Howard Kirsten , McTaggart Steven , Craig Jonathan C. 
Published: February 2011

Tong A, Morton R, Howard K, McTaggart S, Craig JC. “When I had my transplant, I became normal.” Adolescent perspectives on life after kidney transplantation. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 285–293. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  This study aimed to explore experiences and perspectives of adolescent kidney transplant recipients following kidney transplantation. We conducted 22 in‐depth, face‐to‐face interviews with adolescent kidney transplant recipients (aged 12–19 yr) from five Australian pediatric transplant units. We analyzed the interview transcripts for descriptive and analytical themes. The overarching theme was achieving a sense of normality. Having the same opportunities and potential to achieve as other adolescents facilitated better adjustment, well‐being and positive development after transplant. Five facilitators and five barriers to achieving a sense of normality were identified. The facilitators were developing their own identity, peer acceptance, making medications routine, freedom and energy, and support structures. The barriers included identity crisis, peer rejection, aversion to medications, lifestyle limitations, and fear and uncertainty. The adolescents felt more knowledge was needed on the technical, medical, and experiential aspects of transplantation and on pertinent issues such as alcohol, drugs, and substance use. Adolescent kidney transplant recipients value normality and have specific information needs about the effect of kidney transplantation on their physical appearance and the tolerance of drugs and alcohol. Novel approaches are needed to foster self‐confidence and sense of normality and to provide comprehensive information on the patient journey following kidney transplantation.
Cardiopulmonary haemodynamics in lambs during induced capillary leakage immediately after preterm birth
Authors: Polglase Graeme R , Kluckow Martin , Gill Andrew W , Allison Beth J , Moss Timothy JM , Dalton Richard GB , Pillow J Jane , Andersen Chad C , Nitsos Ilias , Hooper Stuart B 
Published: February 2011

Summary1. Early postnatal events might play a critical role in the development of cardiorespiratory diseases of prematurity. Although the exact mechanism is unknown, capillary leakage resulting in increased interstitial fluid volume has been postulated to play a critical role. We investigated the effects of capillary leakage, induced by a volume load, on cardiopulmonary and systemic haemodynamics immediately after preterm delivery.2. Fetal sheep were instrumented at 129 days gestation, delivered and ventilated. After 15 min, lambs in the volume load group received intravenous saline (50 mL/kg) infused over 10 min; control lambs received no infusion. At 30 min, lambs underwent a pulmonary challenge by increasing positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) by 2 cmH2O every 10 min to 10 cmH2O, with similar decrements back to baseline PEEP. Pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and arterial pressures were recorded in real‐time and cardiovascular variables were measured by Doppler echocardiography.3. Total protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar‐lavage fluid was higher in volume load lambs compared with controls, and histological interstitial fluid retention was evident in volume load lambs, both indicative of capillary leak. PBF increased immediately after the volume load, but PBF, pulmonary and systemic arterial pressures, and oxygenation all deteriorated during the PEEP challenge compared with controls, coinciding with an increase in downstream pulmonary resistance. Three of six volume load lambs had pulmonary haemorrhage, which was not observed in control lambs.4. Capillary leakage had moderate effects, but subsequent high levels of PEEP had significant negative effects on cardiopulmonary and respiratory function in preterm lambs. Capillary leakage might contribute to postnatal cardiopulmonary failure in preterm infants.
Neuroendocrine–immune disorder in type 2 diabetic patients with retinopathy
Authors: Obulkasim Mutallip , Turdi Ablikim , Amat Nurmuhammat , Haxim Muhtar , Eziz Rena , Haji Hurxide , Li Linlin , Chen Xueyi , Upur Halmurat , Ren Jun 
Published: February 2011

Summary1. Diabetes mellitus is usually accompanied by hyperactivity of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most devastating complications in diabetes although little is known with regards to the HPA activity in type 2 diabetic patients (T2DM) with diabetic retinopathy. The present study was designed to evaluate the HPA axis activity in type 2 diabetic patients with diabetic retinopathy.2. Diabetic retinopathy was examined by fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) in 174 consecutive type 2 diabetic patients. Levels of / were measured using flow cytometry. Serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone were measured by radioimmunoassay. Plasma levels of monoamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) were assessed using high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with a fluorescence detection. Patients were grouped into the non‐diabetic retinopathy (NDR), non‐proliferating diabetic retinopathy (NPR) and proliferating diabetic retinopathy (PDR) categories.3. Patients with PDR showed significantly less than those with NDR and NPR (P < 0.05). No significant correlation was found in / and NK or severity of retinopathy among the three patient groups. There was no significant difference in serum IL‐1β, IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels among the different patient groups (P > 0.05). The serum concentrations of ACTH and cortisone were lower in PDR patients than other groups. There was no significant difference in plasma concentrations of DA and NE among all three groups (P > 0.05).4. Our data suggest that HPA and immune dysfunction might play a role in the development and/or progression of PDR.
Characterization of novel antibiotic resistance genes identified by functional metagenomics on soil samples
Authors: Torres‐Cortés Gloria , Millán Vicenta , Ramírez‐Saad Hugo C. , Nisa‐Martínez Rafael , Toro Nicolás , Martínez‐Abarca Francisco 
Published: February 2011

SummaryThe soil microbial community is highly complex and contains a high density of antibiotic‐producing bacteria, making it a likely source of diverse antibiotic resistance determinants. We used functional metagenomics to search for antibiotic resistance genes in libraries generated from three different soil samples, containing 3.6 Gb of DNA in total. We identified 11 new antibiotic resistance genes: 3 conferring resistance to ampicillin, 2 to gentamicin, 2 to chloramphenicol and 4 to trimethoprim. One of the clones identified was a new trimethoprim resistance gene encoding a 26.8 kDa protein closely resembling unassigned reductases of the dihydrofolate reductase group. This protein, Tm8‐3, conferred trimethoprim resistance in Escherichia coli and Sinorhizobium meliloti (γ‐ and α‐proteobacteria respectively). We demonstrated that this gene encoded an enzyme with dihydrofolate reductase activity, with kinetic constants similar to other type I and II dihydrofolate reductases (Km of 8.9 µM for NADPH and 3.7 µM for dihydrofolate and IC50 of 20 µM for trimethoprim). This is the first description of a new type of reductase conferring resistance to trimethoprim. Our results indicate that soil bacteria display a high level of genetic diversity and are a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes, supporting the use of this approach for the discovery of novel enzymes with unexpected activities unpredictable from their amino acid sequences.
The role of sacral neuromodulation in double incontinence
Authors: Leroi A. M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAim  Urinary and faecal incontinence are common conditions that are frequently associated. When conservative treatments fail, sacral nerve modulation (SNM) is considered to be a first‐line treatment for patients with urge urinary incontinence and for patients with faecal incontinence. This article aims to determine the effect of SNM on the treatment of double incontinence (i.e. urinary and faecal incontinence).Method  We searched for relevant articles in MEDLINE, PubMed and Embase, and for reviews in the Cochrane database. Articles were restricted to the English language.Results  Only a few studies have studied the efficacy of SNM for double incontinence and in a limited number of patients. Between 30% and 100% of patients with double incontinence experience improvement in urinary and faecal incontinence at medium‐term follow up.Conclusion  Further prospective trials are needed to determine which patients with combined problems will benefit from SNM at a long‐term follow up.
Expression of an immunogenic Ebola immune complex in Nicotiana benthamiana
Authors: Phoolcharoen Waranyoo , Bhoo Seong H. , Lai Huafang , Ma Julian , Arntzen Charles J. , Chen Qiang , Mason Hugh S. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryFiloviruses (Ebola and Marburg viruses) cause severe and often fatal haemorrhagic fever in humans and non‐human primates. The US Centers for Disease Control identifies Ebola and Marburg viruses as ‘category A’ pathogens (defined as posing a risk to national security as bioterrorism agents), which has lead to a search for vaccines that could prevent the disease. Because the use of such vaccines would be in the service of public health, the cost of production is an important component of their development. The use of plant biotechnology is one possible way to cost‐effectively produce subunit vaccines. In this work, a geminiviral replicon system was used to produce an Ebola immune complex (EIC) in Nicotiana benthamiana. Ebola glycoprotein (GP1) was fused at the C‐terminus of the heavy chain of humanized 6D8 IgG monoclonal antibody, which specifically binds to a linear epitope on GP1. Co‐expression of the GP1‐heavy chain fusion and the 6D8 light chain using a geminiviral vector in leaves of N. benthamiana produced assembled immunoglobulin, which was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and protein G affinity chromatography. Immune complex formation was confirmed by assays to show that the recombinant protein bound the complement factor C1q. Size measurements of purified recombinant protein by dynamic light scattering and size‐exclusion chromatography also indicated complex formation. Subcutaneous immunization of BALB/C mice with purified EIC resulted in anti‐Ebola virus antibody production at levels comparable to those obtained with a GP1 virus‐like particle. These results show excellent potential for a plant‐expressed EIC as a human vaccine.
Experiencing research‐informed teaching from the student perspective: Insights from developing an undergraduate e‐journal
Authors: Gresty Karen A. , Edwards‐Jones Andrew 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper reports the findings of a science e‐journal initiative to publish undergraduate research and assesses student evaluations of this experience. Students in this (post‐1992, non‐research‐intensive) institution overwhelmingly reported that research was a key feature of their course at the point of the e‐journal introduction and that they were involved in research in a variety of ways (especially honours projects, lab work and fieldwork). Research‐informed teaching from the student perspective involved two specific categories of pedagogic activities: things that students did and things that tutors did. Students largely understood research‐informed teaching as an activity where tutors impart knowledge about their own and others' research (a research‐led approach). Yet, what students wanted was a more active involvement in the research process (research‐oriented/research‐based). The e‐journal initiative enabled some students to acquire this additional experience and without great cost so could be adopted elsewhere. There is some debate about equality of access to research opportunities in higher education, and an e‐journal has the potential to be more widely accessible than, for example, research apprenticeships (especially if students can be involved as reviewers and as active contributors via Web 2.0 technologies). However, there is still an element of elitism about selection for the publication process.
‘Promising’ therapies: neuroscience, clinical practice, and the treatment of psychopathy
Authors: Pickersgill Martyn 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNeuroscientific research into mental health commands generous funding, suggesting neuroscience is understood by a variety of actors and institutions as having significant potential to enhance the therapeutic practices of psychiatrists. This article interrogates this ‘therapeutic promise’ of neuroscience through the case study of the psychiatric condition personality disorder. Specifically, the focus is on the promissory discourse of clinicians specialising in the management of two variants of personality disorder − antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy − and researchers investigating the neurobiology of these constructs. The article discusses the respondents’ ambivalent expectations regarding the therapeutic promise of brain research, and shows how these are structured by understandings of the ontology of personality disorder. In turn, these ambivalences direct our attention to practical issues surrounding the potential of neuroscience to translate into and enhance clinical practice, as well as theoretical concerns revolving around the place and role of the biological within contemporary neuroscience, psychiatry and psychology. In sum, the necessity of large material and symbolic investments in neuroscience should, perhaps, be reflected upon more critically, and analytic encounters with this discipline must keep in mind it's at times surprising commitment to the realms of the social and the psychological.
Shifting normalities: interactions of changing conceptions of a normal life and the normalisation of symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Sanderson Tessa , Calnan Michael , Morris Marianne , Richards Pam , Hewlett Sarah 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBiographical disruption and related concepts have been widely applied in chronic illness. Different conceptualisations of normalisation have also been proposed in order to explain individuals’ diverse responses to illness on their biography, but as yet, not clearly related to changing bodily experience or normalisation of symptoms. This article aims to examine the relevance of these concepts in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an unpredictable autoinflammatory disease characterised by painful and swollen joints, disability, fatigue and joint damage. Interviews were conducted with 23 people living with RA, and analysed using Framework, to enable people’s whole narratives and context to be considered. Six typologies of normality emerged from the data: disrupted; struggling to maintain; fluctuating; resetting; returning; and continuing normality. Multiple normalities were often present in individuals’ narratives, with one normality typology usually dominating at the time of the interview. The typologies connect to several biographical concepts, and instances of ‘biographical reinstatement’ were also found, where participants described returning to normal life, through perceived effective medication rather than reconceptualisation of health. The concept of ‘shifting normalities’ is proposed, providing a dynamic explanatory model of chronic illness that captures the interaction of changing conceptions of a normal life and the normalisation of symptoms.
CONTEXTUAL INFLUENCES AND THE DUTCH REJECTION OF THE EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY: UNDERSTANDING MUNICIPALITY DIFFERENCES
Authors: TAMMES PETER , OUDE NIJHUIS DENNIE 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper we study the Dutch rejection of the Constitutional Treaty during the 2005 referendum by comparing the outcomes among the Dutch municipalities. This approach is ideally suited to illustrate the importance of contextual influences on voting outcomes. In addition, it gives excellent statistical opportunities to re‐analyse some of the hypotheses used in previous studies. Based on the existing literature we developed six hypotheses that describe a relationship between the strength of the no vote and the context that shapes voter choice. All hypotheses were in line with our expectations, indicating that contextual influences did matter. In addition, we investigated the relationship between the turnout rate and the referendum outcome. The Treaty was more firmly rejected in municipalities in which the turnout rate was higher.
Reconstructing the Sikh Diaspora
Authors: Kaur Harpreet 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Sikh diaspora, along with the Jewish Diaspora, is perhaps one of the only religious diasporas in the world. The Sikhs are scattered across the globe today. This article is an attempt to outline the reasons for Sikh migration out of Punjab and the role played by the colonial rulers in that migration. It traces the process of migration of Sikhs and their emergence as a diaspora.
Impugning the Humanitarian Defence
Authors: Watson Scott D 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article examines the claim that democratic states are justified in restricting access to asylum seekers on the grounds that failing to do so reduces public support for humanitarian refugee policies – referred to here as the humanitarian defence. Drawing on detailed historical, comparative and interpretive analysis of migration policy in Canada and Australia, the author builds on Matthew Gibney’s development of practically guided normative theory to assess cases in which political elites may legitimately enact restrictive policies in response to strong public opposition. Challenging the normative basis of the humanitarian defence, the article engages in a detailed discourse analysis of asylum crises in Canada (1987, 1999) and Australia (1979, 2001). The findings suggest that political elites do not respond to an independently arrived at, and objectively established, public opinion as implied in the humanitarian defence. Rather, political elites play a crucial role in shaping the discourse on asylum seekers and consequently, influence the very “public opinion” to which they claim to be responding. The author concludes that political elites should attempt to foster an environment in which the public accepts international obligations to refugees but accepts that in some cases political elites may be justified in implementing restrictive measures.
In Search of a Better Life: The Experiences of Working Poor Immigrants in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: Zuberi Dan , Ptashnick Melita 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe utilized data from 72 in‐depth interviews with immigrant hotel and hospital support workers employed in the service sector of Vancouver, Canada to analyse migration decisions and subsequent experiences after arrival. We found that migrant social networks were centrally important, both as a stimulus for migration and in shaping post‐arrival experiences. At the same time, the working conditions faced by immigrants after arrival, such as low pay and long work hours, resulted in serious challenges. While some struggled with multiple jobs to make ends meet, others felt their economic circumstances prevented them from even bringing their children to Canada. In some cases, children were returned to their country of origin. Features of low‐wage service sector jobs also limited the time available for participation in community life.The findings both support and advance recent theoretical contributions about the incorporation of immigrants in the United States and Canada. As immigrants frequently face occupational downgrading and are channelled into low‐wage service sector jobs, the conditions of work and social policies are important for their post‐arrival experiences and incorporation.Going beyond traditional conceptions of citizenship in the immigration literature, some respondents acted through their union and community organizations to attempt to change society and improve their fortunes. While some sought social justice through political activism, others used their limited family and community life time to reterritorialize values from their countries of origin. Part of their activism was transnational, such as sending remittances to help loved ones back home, but other involvement included participation in organizations with the aim of promoting social justice or improving life in their new country. The experiences of immigrant service sector workers in Vancouver suggest a need for greater emphasis on the role of both immigrant and non‐immigrant specific social and labour policies for understanding immigrant incorporation in North America.
Religion as a Core Value in Language Maintenance: Arabic Speakers in Greece
Authors: Gogonas Nikos 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper presents the findings of research investigating language maintenance/shift among second‐generation Arabic speakers in Athens using adolescents of mainly Egyptian origin and their parents as informants. Quantitative data on language competence and on patterns of language use within Egyptian households indicate language shift in adolescents of the Coptic religion. In contrast, Muslim informants emerge as language maintainers. Qualitative results originating from interviews with parents indicate that the significance of religious practice leads Muslims and Copts to view Arabic and Coptic respectively as core values for their identity. This distinction leads to a differentiation in patterns of Arabic language transmission between Muslim and Coptic Egyptian parents, reflecting both the different internal dynamics of these sub‐communities, and their different relationships to the host society.
Why do Europeans Migrate to Berlin? Social‐Structural Differences for Italian, British, French and Polish Nationals in the Period between 1980 and 2002*
Authors: Verwiebe Roland 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOne of the main issues in migration research concerns the reasons migrants have for crossing borders. It is assumed in the research that migration is primarily economically driven. In recent studies, however, the importance of social and cultural reasons for migration has become apparent. In this context, the present contribution discusses the reasons for the migration of Europeans from Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Poland who moved to Germany (Berlin) between 1980 and 2002. In this case, it can be shown empirically that purely economic reasons play a lesser role in migration than is generally assumed, whereas social and cultural motives actually have a much greater influence. Primary data gathered in Berlin early in 2002 form the empirical foundation of the study. Multinomial logistic regressions are used to discuss the function of social‐structural differences (e.g., nationality, age, gender, education, social origin) in the formation of individual reasons for migration.