bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Ractopamine in Swine, Bovine, and Turkey Tissues by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection: First Action 2011.22
Authors: Burnett Thomas J , Rodewald John M , Moran John , Turberg Michael P , Brunelle Sharon L , Coleman Mark R 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A candidate LC method proposed by the Expert Review Panel (ERP) for ractopamine was evaluated in a single-laboratory validation (SLV) study. The matrixes examined included bovine liver, kidney, muscle, and fat; swine liver, kidney, muscle, and fat; and turkey liver and muscle. Solution standards were shown to provide a linear response with an unweighted regression. The method demonstrated acceptable precision (HorRatr values 0.25 to 1.38) and recovery (75.4 to 88.8%) in all fortified matrixes. Method precision was verified with incurred residue tissues (bovine liver, kidney, and muscle; swine liver, kidney, and muscle; and turkey liver and muscle), which yielded RSDr values below 16% for all tissues and below 7% for most tissues. Estimated LOQ values ranged from 1.8 to 20.7 ng/g and support the utility of the method in the range of the maximum residue limits or tolerances for the various tissues. The data satisfy the requirements of the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Veterinary Drug Residue for SLV studies, and the method was adopted Official Methods of AnalysisSM First Action 2011.22 by the AOAC ERP on Veterinary Drug Residues.
Determination of Narasin and Monensin in Bovine, Swine, and Chicken Tissues by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry: First Action 2011.24
Authors: Burnett Thomas J , Lombardi Kim , Rodewald John M , Brunelle Sharon L , MacDougall Johnnie , Coleman Mark R 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The single-laboratory validation (SLV) of an LC-MS/MS method for determination and confirmation of two ionophores, narasin and monensin, in animal tissues is described. The data demonstrated linearity of matrix-matched calibration curves using a weighted (1/x) regression and selectivity of the method for narasin and monensin in the presence of lasalocid, salinomycin, maduramycin, nicarbazin, and sulfadiazine. Recoveries varied from 86.2 to 103.5% for narasin and 89.1 to 105.1% for monensin. Intertrial repeatability precision [relative standard deviation of repeatability (RSDr)] varied from 3.9 to 13.8% for narasin and 3.3 to 16.3% for monensin in fortified tissue. Precision of the method was verified in incurred tissues. The LOQ of the method was validated and ranged from 0.45 ng/g in milk, to 4.0 ng/g in chicken fat, but was 0.75 ng/g for most tissues. Two confirmatory ions for each analyte were examined across all matrixes, resulting in estimated false-negative rates of 0.00% (95% confidence interval of 0.00–0.68%) for monensin ions (540 samples) compared to the U.S. and European Union (EU) acceptance criteria. The confirmatory ions for narasin demonstrated 0.00% false-negative rates (95% confidence interval of 0.00–0.58%) when compared to either the U.S. or EU criteria in 630 samples. The method was robust when small changes in method parameters were made and stability of fortified tissues, extracts, and calibration solutions were estimated. The data satisfy the requirements of the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Veterinary Drug Residue for SLV studies, and the method was adopted Official Methods of AnalysisSM First Action 2011.24 by the AOAC Expert Review Panel on Veterinary Drug Residues.
Managing and resisting stigma: a qualitative study among people living with HIV in South Africa
Authors: Abrahams Naeemah , Jewkes Rachel 
Published: August 2012

BackgroundLiving with HIV is of daily concern for many South Africans and poses challenges including adapting to a chronic illness and continuing to achieve and meet social expectations. This study explored experiences of being HIV‐positive and how people manage stigma in their daily social interactions.MethodsUsing qualitative methods we did repeat interviewed with 42 HIV‐positive men and women in Cape Town and Mthatha resulting in 71 interviews.ResultsHIV was ubiquitous in our informants’ lives, and almost all participants reported fear of stigma (perceived stigma), but this fear did not disrupt them completely. The most common stigma experiences were gossips and insults where HIV status was used as a tool, but these were often resisted. Many feared the possibility of stigma, but very few had experiences that resulted in discrimination or loss of social status. Stigma experiences were intertwined with other daily conflicts and together created tensions, particularly in gender relations, which interfered with attempts to regain normality. Evidence of support and resistance to stigma was common, and most encouraging was the evidence of how structural interventions such as de‐stigmatizing policies impacted on experiences and transference into active resistance.ConclusionsThe study showed the complex and shifting nature of stigma experiences. These differences must be considered when we intensify stigma reduction with context‐ and gender‐specific strategies focussing on those not yet on ARV programmes.
Photochromic Transduction Layers in Organic Memory Elements
Authors: Shallcross R. Clayton , Zacharias Philipp , Köhnen Anne , Körner Peter O. , Maibach Eduard , Meerholz Klaus 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPhotochromic molecules provide an intriguing and relatively untapped alternative to traditional materials utilized in organic memory devices. Here, we review recent progress in the implementation of photochromic molecules in electrically‐addressed organic memory devices. Recent results for a light‐emitting photochromic organic diode are highlighted in the context of multifunctional devices with the ability to simultaneously operate as multilevel memory, signage and display elements. Furthermore, a set of design rules for successful implementation of photochromic compounds in organic memory devices are suggested.
Fullerene containing polyurethane nanocomposites for microwave applications
Authors: Chopra Swati , Alam Sarfaraz 
Published: August 2012

AbstractNovel flexible polyurethane (PU) composite films containing nano‐barium hexaferrite (BaF) and nano‐barium titanate (BT) have been synthesized and characterized. The PU nanocomposites were synthesized from fullerenol and prepolymer of hexamethylene diisocyante and polytetramethylene glycol by adding 1–3% each of BaF (high permeability) and BT (high permittivity). The incorporation of the nanopowders was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction (EDX). Study of thermal properties by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability of the nanocomposites. Study of mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength had increased remarkably in the nanocomposites. The electromagnetic‐absorbing properties were studied by measuring the complex permeability and permittivity in the frequency range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz. The good reflection loss of the nanocomposites at such low filler content suggests its potential applicability as a radar absorber. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A Linear 3d–4f Tetranuclear CoIII2DyIII2 Single‐Molecule Magnet: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Zhao Lang , Wu Jianfeng , Xue Shufang , Tang Jinkui 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA linear tetranuclear 3d–4f Co2Dy2 cluster assembled from a polydentate Schiff base exhibits single‐molecule magnet (SMM) behavior with an anisotropic barrier of 33.8 K. Due to the presence of diamagnetic cobalt(III) ions, the tetranuclear cluster of 1 behaves magnetically like a dinuclear Dy2 system. However, the diamagnetic segment might efficiently minimize undesirable intermolecular magnetic interactions, thereby improving the performance of the SMM behavior of 1. This discrete complex presents us with a unique opportunity to study the magnetic properties and to probe the dynamics of magnetization in a magnetically isolated Dy2 system.
Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics for on‐line control of glucose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ávila Thiago C. , Poppi Ronei J. , Lunardi Inês , Tizei Pedro A. G. , Pereira Gonçalo A. G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis work presents the use of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics for on‐line control of the fermentation process of glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a first approach, an on‐line determination of glucose, ethanol, glycerol, and cells was accomplished using multivariate calibration based on partial least squares (PLS). The PLS models presented values of root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.53, 0.25, and 0.02% for glucose, ethanol and glycerol, respectively, and RMSEP of 1.02 g L−1 for cells. In a second approach, multivariate control charts based on multiway principal component analysis (MPCA) were developed for detection of fermentation fault‐batch. Two multivariate control charts were developed, based on the squared prediction error (Q) and Hotelling's T2. The use of the Q control chart in on‐line monitoring was efficient for detection of the faults caused by temperature, type of substrate and contamination, but the T2 control chart was not able to monitor these faults. On‐line monitoring by Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometric procedures allows control of the fermentative process with advantages in relation to reference methods, which require pretreatment, manipulation of samples and are time consuming. Also, the use of multivariate control charts made possible the detection of faults in a simple way, based only on the spectra of the system. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Copper(II) Triflate Catalyzed Amination of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Ton Thi My Uyen , Himawan Fanny , Chang Joyce Wei Wei , Chan Philip Wai Hong 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA method to prepare α,α‐acyl amino acid derivatives efficiently by Cu(OTf)2+1,10‐phenanthroline (1,10‐phen)‐catalyzed amination of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with PhINSO2Ar is described. The mechanism is thought to initially involve aziridination of the enolic form of the substrate, formed in situ through coordination to the Lewis acidic metal catalyst, by the putative copper–nitrene/imido species generated from the reaction of the metal catalyst with the iminoiodane source. Subsequent ring opening of the resultant aziridinol adduct under the Lewis acidic conditions then provided the α‐aminated product. The utility of this method was exemplified by the enantioselective synthesis of a precursor of 3‐styryl‐2‐benzoyl‐L‐alanine.
Growth imperfections in oriented grown KDP crystals by X‐ray topographic analysis
Authors: De‐Gao Zhong , Bing Teng , Zheng‐He Yu , Lin‐Xiang He , Shu‐Hua Wang , Xue‐Jun Jiang , Jiang‐Tao Ma , Shu‐Jie Zhuang , Wan‐Xia Huang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPotassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals were restrained to grow in two dimensions only, using a specially designed platform. This enables us to grow the blanks of frequency conversion elements that satisfy type‐II phase matching direction out of a type‐II phase‐matched seed crystal. Synchrotron radiation topography was used to study the growth mechanism of these profiling grown KDP crystals. It is found that both dislocation growth mechanism and layer growth mechanism were involved in the growing process. Inclusions, growth striations and dislocations were the main defects that influenced the crystalline quality of these crystals. High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction was employed to study the lattice integrality of the crystal.
Significance of Single Variables in Defining Adequate Animal Models to Assess the Efficacy of New Radionuclide Decorporation Agents: Using the Contamination Dose as an Example
Authors: Jarvis Erin E. , An Dahlia D. , Kullgren Birgitta , Abergel Rebecca J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics
Preclinical Research
Preclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing
Postmarketing Phase IV

Internal radioactive contamination can arise in different ways, from accidents affecting nuclear sites and industrial or medical sources, to the possible terrorist use of radiological dispersal devices. In all cases, internalized radionuclides may pose significant health risks and must be removed from the body. The need for safe, practical, and efficacious actinide chelation therapy options has motivated the current preclinical development of new hydroxypyridinone‐based actinide decorporation agents. In order to seek regulatory approval for such new decorporation agents, a number of efficacy studies must be performed and, in principle, must respond to selective criteria of the Animal Efficacy Rule from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). While many in vivo decorporation efficacy studies have been conducted over the past few decades using different animal species and contamination procedures, there is no designated standard animal model for the evaluation of new actinide chelation drugs. This study aims at probing the influence of a single variable such as the contamination dose on the efficacy of the chelators 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) and 5‐LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO) at removing plutonium‐238 administered as a soluble citrate complex. The dependence of body burden on contamination dose observed in untreated animals was reduced with the hydroxypyridinonate chelators, more so than with the commercially available diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid chelator. This study demonstrates how a slight change in the design of decorporation experiments can remarkably impact the efficacy profile of the tested drug, and thus the path a sponsor might take to gain FDA approval.
Nine 2‐(2‐Phenylethyl)chromone Derivatives from the Resinous Wood of Aquilaria sinensis and Their Inhibition of LPS‐Induced NO Production in RAW 264.7 Cells
Authors: Chen Dong , Xu Zhengren , Chai Xingyun , Zeng Kewu , Jia Yanxing , Bi Dan , Ma Zhizhong , Tu Pengfei 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA phytochemical investigation of aquilariae lignum resinatum, the resinous wood of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg, led to the isolation of nine new 2‐(2‐phenylethyl)chromone derivatives, aquilarones A–I (1–9), together with two known analogues (10 and 11). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including UV, IR, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data, as well as by chemical methods. The absolute configuration of aquilarone A (1) was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of its acetonide derivative 1a. All the compounds exhibited significant inhibition of the nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells, with IC50 values in the range of 5.12–22.26 μM. In addition, an HPLC–UV comparison analysis of the resinous wood and resin‐free wood is also included.
A frequency response function change method for damage localization and quantification in a shear building under ground excitation
Authors: Hsu Ting‐Yu , Loh Chin‐Hsiung 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTA frequency response function change (FRFC) method to detect damage location and extent based on the change in the frequency response functions of a shear building under the effects of ground excitation was proposed in this paper. The damage identification equation was derived from the motion equations of the system before and after the occurrence of the damage. Efforts to make the FRFC method less model‐dependent were made. Intact system matrices, which could be estimated using the measured data without the need for an analytical model, and the frequency response functions were required for the FRFC method. The effects of measurement noise and model parameter error in the FRFC method were studied numerically. The proposed FRFC method was validated by experimental studies of a six‐story steel building structure with single and multiple damage cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heroic Leaders as White‐Collar Criminals: An Empirical Study
Authors: Arnulf Jan Ketil , Gottschalk Petter 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn an empirical study of 179 white‐collar criminals, we identify a subset of 28 who may be called having a ‘heroic’ status, having received official recognition for contributions to society and fame prior to their being exposed and convicted as white‐collar criminals. We argue that these people are close to the classical picture of the white‐collar criminal, which implies that they are more likely not to be suspected of crimes. They are older, richer, and more powerful than the regular criminals. They also commit crimes assuming the roles of leaders in the crime. Most importantly, it seems as if the combination of heroic status and executive positions induces people to commit large‐scale opportunistic crimes late in their lives. The apparent onset of criminal behaviour late in life may be triggered by latent narcissistic traits. Our study contributes to a differentiated view on the profile of white‐collar criminals and derailed leadership. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spotlight surveys for white‐tailed deer: Monitoring panacea or exercise in futility?
Authors: Collier Bret A. , Ditchkoff Stephen S. , Ruth Charles R. , Raglin Joshua B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractMany monitoring programs for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on both private and public lands across the United States have long relied on the use of road‐based spotlight surveys for monitoring population size and trends. Research has suggested spotlight surveys are ineffective and that road‐based surveys for deer are biased because of highly variable detection rates. To evaluate variability in detection rates relative to the assumption that repeated surveys along roads will provide reliable trend data for use in calculating deer density estimates, we collected 5 years of thermal‐imager and spotlight survey data using a multiple‐observer, closed‐capture approach. Using a Huggin's closed capture model, data bootstrapping, and variance components analyses, our results suggest that density estimates for white‐tailed deer generated from data collected during road‐based spotlight surveys are likely not reflective of the standing deer population. Detection probabilities during individual spotlight surveys ranged from 0.00 to 0.80 (median = 0.45) across all surveys, and differed by observer, survey, management unit, and survey transect replicate. Mean spotlight detection probability (0.41) and process standard deviation (0.12) estimates indicated considerable variability across surveys, observers, transects, and years, which precludes the generation of a correction factor or use of spotlight data to evaluate long‐term trends at any scale. Although recommended by many state, federal, and non‐governmental agencies, our results suggest that the benefit of spotlight survey data for monitoring deer populations is limited and likely represents a waste of resources with no appreciable management information gained. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Core–Shell Structured Polystyrene/BaTiO3 Hybrid Nanodielectrics Prepared by In Situ RAFT Polymerization: A Route to High Dielectric Constant and Low Loss Materials with Weak Frequency Dependence
Authors: Yang Ke , Huang Xingyi , Xie Liyuan , Wu Chao , Jiang Pingkai , Tanaka Toshikatsu 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA novel route to prepare core–shell structured nanocomposites with excellent dielectric performance is reported. This approach involves the grafting of polystyrene (PS) from the surface of BaTiO3 by an in situ RAFT polymerization. The core–shell structured PS/BaTiO3 nanocomposites not only show significantly increased dielectric constant and very low dielectric loss, but also have a weak frequency dependence of dielectric properties over a wide range of frequencies. In addition, the dielectric constant of the nanocomposites can also be easily tuned by varying the thickness of the PS shell. Our method is very promising for preparing high‐performance nanocomposites used in energy‐storage devices.
Cognitive testing in the diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders: A critical appraisal of the literature
Authors: Lee Will , Williams David R. , Storey Elsdon 
Published: August 2012

AbstractA number of cognitive abnormalities have been identified as putative diagnostic markers in neurodegenerative parkinsonism based on statistically significant differences between diseases. The effect sizes of these differences frequently have not been reported, making practical interpretation of the results difficult. The objective of this study was to assess the potential contribution of cognitive testing to the diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders by quantifying effect size of previously identified significant differentiating cognitive features. A Medline search identified 1038 articles. Nineteen studies directly comparing at least 2 of Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, and corticobasal syndrome/degeneration were selected. Cohen'sdand positive likelihood ratio were calculated as appropriate for cognitive tests showing statistically significant differences between diseases. Clinically useful differences were considered present when Cohen'sd> 1 or the positive likelihood ratio > 2 and were considered high when Cohen'sd> 1.94 or the positive likelihood ratio > 10. Only 16 of 141 cognitive tests were found to be highly useful. Cognitive testing was only moderately helpful in separating Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Inferior performance on phonemic (d= 1.56–2.13) and semantic (d= 1.43–2.13) verbal fluency, the Trail‐Making Test (d= 1.63–1.95) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (d= 1.63–2.22) were moderately to very useful in separating progressive supranuclear palsy from Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Cognitive testing could not differentiate corticobasal syndrome from other parkinsonian disorders, although sequential orobuccal apraxia was very useful (d= 2.01–2.23). Few of the cognitive tests separating parkinsonian disorders identified from previous studies have sufficient effect size to be practically useful. Even these features must be interpreted in conjunction with other clinical characteristics to be helpful diagnostically. © 2012MovementDisorder Society
Effect of metal contamination on recombination properties of extended defects in multicrystalline Si
Authors: Feklisova O. V. , Yu X. , Yang D. , Yakimov E. B. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe effect of iron and copper contamination on the recombination properties of extended defects in multicrystalline Si is investigated by the Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) method. Plastically deformed Si samples containing dislocations and dislocation trails are also studied for a comparison. It is shown that Fe contamination leads to an essential increase of the EBIC contrast of electrically active grain boundaries and dislocation trails. The EBIC contrast of deformation induced dislocations also increases after iron diffusion while the recombination activity of grown‐in dislocations in multicrystalline Si does not practically change after such treatment. Cu contamination also leads to an essential increase of the EBIC contrast of electrically active grain boundaries and dislocation trails. But dislocation contrast in both plastically deformed Si and multicrystalline Si does not practically increase after Cu contamination. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)