bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diurnal cycle of surface divergence over the global oceans
Authors: Wood R. , Köhler M. , Bennartz R. , O'Dell C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe diurnal cycle of surface divergence over the oceans is examined using 4 × daily data from the tandem SeaWinds satellite missions during April‐September 2003. A statistically significant diurnal cycle of surface divergence is observed over a large fraction of the tropical and subtropical oceans. The highest amplitudes are found adjacent to tropical landmasses and decrease exponentially with distance away from the coast, with a representative e‐folding distance of approximately 200 km. In most of these near‐coastal regions the surface divergence peaks at ∼15‐20 h locally and there is evidence of offshore propagation of the signal. There are regions, however, where strong cycles persist for much greater distances offshore. Over the southeast Pacific Ocean, there is evidence of a diurnal subsidence wave that propagates for over 2000 km away from the South American coast at approximately 25 m s−1. A cloud response to the subsidence wave moving westward from the Andes mountains is detected using passive microwave observations of liquid‐water path. Over the remote tropical Pacific, significant diurnal amplitude is found in and around regions of strong mean surface convergence, with a phase suggesting a surface response to the early morning diurnal maximum in precipitation and propagation away from these sources consistent with gravity waves forced by deep tropospheric heating. European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model simulations of 850 hPa subsidence show a diurnal cycle that is largely consistent with the SeaWinds divergence observations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Artificial Neural Network‐Based Quantitative Structural Property Relationship for Predicting Boiling Points of Refrigerants
Authors: Ghasemi Jahanbakhsh , Saaidpour Saadi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractQuantitative Structure‐Property Relationship (QSPR) model for the estimation of boiling points of organic compounds containing halogens, oxygen, or sulfur without hydrogen bonding were established with the Molecular Modeling Pro Plus (MMPP) software. A QSPR study was performed to develop models that relate the structures of 90 refrigerants compounds to their boiling point temperatures. Molecular descriptors derived solely from structure were used to represent molecular structures. A subset of the calculated descriptors selected using genetic algorithm (GA) was used in the QSPR models development. Artificial neural network (ANN) is utilized to construct the QSPR model. The optimal QSPR model was developed based on a 4‐4‐1 artificial neural network architecture using molecular descriptors calculated from molecular structure alone. The root mean square errors (RMSE) in normal boiling points predictions were 4.46 °C for the training set, 3.86 °C for the validation set and 4.99 °C for the prediction set. The prediction results are in good agreement with the experimental value.
Theoretical determination of lowest structures of all‐metal aromatic clusters M4L2 (M = Al, Ga, In, Tl; L = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Mang Chaoyong , Liu Caiping , Wu Kechen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe researches of all‐metal aromatic clusters have been a thermic theme in inorganic aromaticity domain both experimentally and theoretically since the Al4L− (L = Li, Na, Cu) clusters were created by laser vaporization. In systemic determination of the lowest structures of 20 gaseous all‐metal aromatic clusters M4L2 (M = Al, Ga, In, Tl; L = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs), the isomer energy differences of four low‐lying structures of each cluster were evaluated at high‐quality quantum chemistry levels. Single point calculations at the coupled cluster level were performed at geometries optimized at the MP2, B3LYP, and B3PW91 levels, and harmonic frequency calculations and zero point energy corrections were implemented following optimizations at the B3LYP and B3PW91 levels. In addition to Li‐ and Na‐containing species, theoretical investigations came down to those new clusters including K, Rb, and Cs. For many clusters, the most convincing theoretical evidences indicate that the lowest structures are a square bipyramidal isomer rather than an edge‐caped square pyramidal species. A few discrepancies were addressed at the MP2, B3LYP, and B3PW91 levels in comparison with the coupled cluster results. These findings are significant because some clusters were generated by laser vaporization and served as theoretical prototypes to test the new means for assessing aromaticity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Assessing cumulative incidence functions under the semiparametric additive risk model
Authors: Hyun Seunggeun , Sun Yanqing , Sundaram Rajeshwari 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn analyzing competing risks data, a quantity of considerable interest is the cumulative incidence function. Often, the effect of covariates on the cumulative incidence function is modeled via the proportional hazards model for the cause‐specific hazard function. As the proportionality assumption may be too restrictive in practice, we consider an alternative more flexible semiparametric additive hazards model of (Biometrika1994;81:501–514) for the cause‐specific hazard. This model specifies the effect of covariates on the cause‐specific hazard to be additive as well as allows the effect of some covariates to be fixed and that of others to be time varying. We present an approach for constructing confidence intervals as well as confidence bands for the cause‐specific cumulative incidence function of subjects with given values of the covariates. Furthermore, we also present an approach for constructing confidence intervals and confidence bands for comparing two cumulative incidence functions given values of the covariates. The finite sample property of the proposed estimators is investigated through simulations. We conclude our paper with an analysis of the well‐known malignant melanoma data using our method. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovering business processes from business applications
Authors: Zou Ying , Guo Jin , Foo King Chun , Hung Maokeng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA business process, such as the process followed when ordering a book, describes the order of executing tasks (e.g., check inventory, verify credit card, and ship book). Business applications implement the business processes for the daily operations of an organization. Organizations must continuously modify their business applications to accommodate changes to business processes. However, business applications are often designed and developed without referring to the documented definitions of business processes. Modifying business applications is a time‐consuming and error‐prone task. To correctly perform this task, developers require an in‐depth understanding of multi‐tiered applications and the definitions of the business processes that they implement. In this paper, we present an approach that automatically recovers business process definitions from multi‐tiered business applications. Given the starting UI screen of a particular business process, the approach recovers the process definition by tracing the flow of control throughout the different tiers of the business application. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through a case study using 15 business applications from three large open‐source projects. Our case study demonstrates that our approach can recover business process definitions from the implementation with high precision and recall. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative debugging in an integrated development environment
Authors: Abramson David , Chu Clement , Kurniawan Donny , Searle Aaron 
Published: July 2009

AbstractRelative Debugging allows a user to compare the internal state of two programs as they run, making it possible to test whether two programs perform the same function given the same input. When implemented with a command line user interface, a relative debugger looks like traditional debugging tools with the addition of commands that describe which structures should be equivalent in the two programs. In this paper, we discuss relative debugging within an integrated development environment, and show that there are significant advantages over a command line form. We describe a pluggable, modular, architecture that works with a variety of different products, including Microsoft's Visual Studio, SUN's NetBeans, and IBM's Eclipse. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brücken mit Fahrbahnen aus glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff (GFK) – Neue Straßenbrücke in Friedberg (Hessen)
Authors: Knippers Jan , Pelke Eberhard , Gabler Markus , Berger Dieter 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn Friedberg (Hessen) wurde im Juli 2008 erstmals in Deutschland eine Straßenbrücke unter Verwendung von glasfaserverstärktem Kunststoff (GFK) fertig gestellt. Das Bauwerk überspannt mit 27 m die Bundesstraße B 3a bei der Stadt Friedberg (Hessen) und wurde in Stahl‐GFK‐Verbundbauweise realisiert. Die hohe Dauerhaftigkeit des neuen Werkstoffs und die zügige Montage der Brücke waren die entscheidenden Gründe pro GFK.In den letzten Jahren wurden in den USA, Japan und auch in Europa einige Leichtbaubrücken mit faserverstärkten Kunststoffen realisiert. Dabei konnten wertvolle Erfahrungen zum Bau und Betrieb gesammelt und die Leistungsfähigkeit von Verbundwerkstoffen unter Beweis gestellt werden.Die Brücke in Friedberg geht über diese Vorbilder hinaus, indem hier erstmals die Verbundwirkung zwischen der GFK‐Fahrbahn und dem Haupttragwerk aus Stahl berücksichtigt wird. Außerdem wurde konsequent der Ansatz eines wartungsarmen und langlebigen Bauwerks verfolgt, indem auf Lager und Fahrbahnübergänge verzichtet wurde.Bridges with Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymers (GFRP) decks – The new Road Bridge in Friedberg (Hessen, Germany).In July 2008 the first road bridge in Germany using glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) was finished in Friedberg (Hessen). The structure has a span of 27 m and acts as overfly of the federal road B 3 near Friedberg (Hessen). The high durability of the new construction material and the fast assembly of the bridge were decisive factors in favour of GFRP.Within the last years several light weight bridges using FRP were realised in USA, Japan and also in Europe. Through this valuable experiences could be gathered regarding construction, the use and performance of composites could be demonstrated.The bridge in Friedberg extends this experience with the approach of considering the composite action of the FRP deck and the steel girders. It also follows consequently the approach of durable bridge construction by omitting any bearings or expansion joints.
Asymmetrische Netzwerkbogenbrücken
Authors: Zwingmann Bernd , Schanack Frank , Marx Steffen 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAsymmetrische Netzwerkbögen eröffnen dem entwerfenden Ingenieur neue gestalterische Möglichkeiten bei gleichzeitig guter Wirtschaftlichkeit und hoher Effizienz des Tragwerks. Im Gegensatz zu Stabbogenbrücken mit vertikalen Hängern befindet sich die Stützlinie in Netzwerkbögen ohne Hängerausfall für alle Lastfälle im Bogen. Daher muss die Bogenform nicht einem bestimmten Lastfall angepasst werden und kann asymmetrisch sein. Voraussetzung ist, dass auch dann eine Hängeranordnung entworfen wird, die Hängerausfall vermeidet. Die Schrittgrößen und die technische Machbarkeit entsprechen im Wesentlichen denen von symmetrischen Netzwerkbögen. Mögliche Anwendungsgebiete umfassen asymmetrische Brückenstandorte sowie schiefwinklige Brücken und Brücken mit veränderlicher Breite.Asymmetric network arch bridges.Asymmetric network arch bridges offer new possibilities to the design engineers. At the same time they ensure both, economic and static efficiency. In contrast to tied arch bridges with vertical hangers, in network arches without hanger relaxation the line of thrust lies within the arch for all load cases. Therefore, the arch shape does not have to be adapted to a special load case and may be asymmetric. The requirement for this is, that a hanger arrangement is designed, which avoids hanger relaxation. Internal forces and technical feasibility are basically the same as in symmetric network arches. Possible applications are asymmetric bridge locations, skew bridges or bridges with variable width.
Laboratory‐scale Dry/Wet‐Milling Process for the Extraction of Starch and Gluten from Wheat
Authors: Steeneken Peter A. M. , Helmens Harold J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA laboratory‐scale process is presented for the manufacture of starch and gluten from wheat. Main feature of this process is that whole wheat kernels are crushed dry between smooth rolls prior to wet disintegration in excess water in such way that gluten formation is prevented and fibres can be removed by sieving. Centrifugation of the endosperm suspension yields a dough which can be separated into starch and gluten using an established batter process. The results suggest that starch recovery is increased in comparison to a conventional wheat flour process without a concomitant decrease in protein recovery. Although starch purification was omitted, a total starch with a low protein content is obtained. On the other hand, the protein content of the gluten fraction is rather low due to difficulties in removing the starch. Despite this, the effect on dough mechanical properties by the addition of gluten obtained from wet‐milled wheat is comparable to the effect of gluten from flour.
Investigation of Dry‐Heated Hard and Soft Wheat Flour
Authors: Ozawa Miki , Kato Yukie , Seguchi Masaharu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Amylograph profile of dry‐heated (120°C, 120 min) wheat flour showed a drastic change, i.e. an earlier onset time and higher peak viscosity than that of a control. However, no difference in the size of the starch granules was observed between dry‐heated and normal starch at every temperature. Wheat flour was fractionated with acetic acid, and the separated prime starch (PS) and tailings (T) fractions were dry‐heated at 120°C for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. There was almost no difference in the RVA and DSC profiles between PS and dry‐heated PS, and T and dry‐heated T fractions, i.e., dry heating of wheat flour did not change the structures of starch that would be related to onset time and peak viscosity in the Amylograph profile. We thus excluded the water solubles (WS) fractions from control and dry‐heated wheat flour, but the effect of dry heating on the Amylograph profile was not lost. Next, the gluten (G) fraction was excluded following WS fraction from these wheat flours, and Amylograph tests were performed. The Amylograph profiles in both wheat flours were almost coincidental, which showed that the G fraction in dry‐heated wheat flour caused the earlier onset time and higher peak viscosity.
Danon disease: Case report and detection of new mutation
Authors: Regelsberger G. , Höftberger R. , Pickl W. F. , Zlabinger G. J. , Körmöczi U. , Salzer‐Muhar U. , Luckner D. , Bodamer O. A. , Mayr J. A. , Muss W. H. , Budka H. , Bernheimer H. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryDanon disease is an X‐linked disorder resulting from mutations in the lysosome‐associated membrane protein‐2 (LAMP2) gene. We report a male patient with skeletal myopathy, mental retardation, and massive hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy necessitating heart transplantation. Immunohistochemistry of skeletal muscle and leukocytes, western blot analysis of leukocytes and cardiac muscle, flow cytometry, and DNA sequencing were performed. Muscle biopsy revealed autophagic vacuolar myopathy and lack of immunohistochemically detectable LAMP‐2. Diagnosis of Danon disease was confirmed by western blot analysis of myocardial tissue and peripheral blood sample of the patient showing deficiency of LAMP‐2 in myocardium and leukocytes. Moreover, absence of LAMP‐2 in lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes was shown by flow cytometric analysis. Genetic analysis of the LAMP2 gene revealed a novel 1‐bp deletion at position 179 (c.179delC) at the 3′ end of exon 2, resulting in a frameshift with a premature stop codon.
Do tropical forest leaves suffer more insect herbivory? A comparison of tropical versus temperate herbivory, estimated from leaf litter
Authors: Adams Jonathan M. , Zhang Yangjian , Basri Md. , Shukor Noraini 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIt is generally believed that tropical forests suffer more herbivory, as a proportion of leaf area, than do temperate forests. Reviews so far have compared studies performed by different authors using very different methodologies. Here we carried out studies on 125 samples at 86 localities in eastern North America and on 75 samples taken at five localities in Malaysia and Singapore, including both mature secondary and primary forest. Samples in North America were spread over 3 years. In tropical Asia, the samples were taken at four time slices at least 8 months apart, scattered over a 4‐year period. Total herbivore damage during the lifetime of tree leaves was estimated from the percentage area damaged in recently fallen, undecayed leaves from the forest floor, using scanner‐linked software. In terms of percentage damage per leaf, the results suggest that lowland tropical forest has significantly higher leaf herbivory (5.82%) than temperate forest (5.48%). This is in accord with the general expectation that aseasonal tropical forests should have more herbivory damage. However, when percentage damage ‘per unit time of growing season’ is calculated based on an estimate of leaf lifetime in the tropics, tropical lowland herbivory damage turns out to be a fraction (about one half) of that in the temperate zone. Thus, these results tend to put in question the widely held view that herbivore damage is markedly more intense in the tropics. Over total leaf lifetime, the intensity of damage in the tropical area is only slightly higher than temperate regions. In terms of intensity of herbivory on leaves per unit of time, the opposite seems to be the case. It is uncertain which index should be taken as more significant in interpreting the selection pressure for anti‐herbivore defenses in the tropics.
The disruption of habitat isolation among threeHexagrammosspecies by artificial habitat alterations that create mosaic‐habitat
Authors: Kimura Motoko R. , Munehara Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the coastal areas of Japan, three species of greenling (Hexagrammosspp.) can hybridize. In a natural reef setting we showed thatHexagrammos agrammusandH. octogrammusestablished their breeding territories in a shallow area where seaweed was abundant, whereasH. otakiiestablished breeding territories in a deep area that was sparsely covered with seaweed. This difference in habitat use resulted inH. otakiibeing distributed separately from the other two species, thereby reducing the potential for hybridization. However, all the three species co‐occurred in an artificial area near a breakwater. This area is characterized by steep slopes and complex stacked concrete structures, which create a mosaic‐habitat consisting of a shallow environment with seaweed and a deep environment with sparse seaweed, allowing the three species to breed within a single area. Our results suggest that man‐made structures can create an artificial mosaic‐habitat that can disrupt habitat isolation and promote hybridization between species.
Surface Properties of Butanol Phosphate Esters in Alkali Solutions
Authors: Du Zong‐liang , Zhou Dong‐liang , Chen Yong , Chen Min , Zhu Pu‐xin 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPhosphate esters of two butanol isomers were synthesized by esterification of n‐butanol and isobutanol with phosphorus pentoxide. The surface activity and penetrability of the esters were analyzed by way of surface chemistry and canvas disc wetting tests in different alkaline solutions. The surface tension of the butanol phosphate esters and their sodium salts was found to decrease with increasing alkaline concentration up to 250 g/L NaOH. Furthermore, the products exhibited a good surface activity with proper penetrability even in highly alkaline solutions. The stable surface activity of the esters in concentrated alkali lye interpreted by the adsorption of the molecule from solution owing to the common ion effect.
Artificial Rearing of Infant Mice Leads to n‐3 Fatty Acid Deficiency in Cardiac, Neural and Peripheral Tissues
Authors: Hussein Nahed , Fedorova Irina , Moriguchi Toru , Hamazaki Kei , Kim Hee‐Yong , Hoshiba Junji , Salem Norman 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ability to control the fatty acid content of the diet during early development is a crucial requirement for a one‐generation model of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n3) deficiency. A hand feeding method using artificial rearing (AR) together with sterile, artificial milk was employed for feeding mice from postnatal day 2–15. The pups were fed an n‐3 fatty acid adequate (3% α‐linolenic acid (LNA; 18:3n3) + 1% 22:6n3) or a deficient diet (0.06% 18:3n3) with linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n6) as the only dietary source of essential fatty acids by AR along with a dam‐reared control group (3.1% 18:3n3). The results indicate that restriction of n‐3 fatty acid intake during postnatal development leads to markedly lower levels of brain, retinal, liver, plasma and heart 22:6n3 at 20 weeks of age with replacement by docosapentaenoic acid (DPAn6; 22:5n6), arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n6) and docosatetraenoic acid (DTA; 22:4n6). A detailed analysis of phospholipid classes of heart tissue indicated that phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine and cardiolipin were the major repositories of 22:6n3, reaching 40, 29 and 15%, respectively. A novel heart cardiolipin species containing four 22:6n3 moieties is described. This is the first report of the application of artificially rearing to mouse pup nutrition; this technique will facilitate dietary studies of knockout animals as well as the study of essential fatty acid (EFA) functions in the cardiovascular, neural and other organ systems.
CJX1, an amlodipine derivative, interacts with ATPase of human P‐glycoprotein
Authors: Ji Bian‐Sheng , He Ling 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOur aim has been to elucidate the possible mechanism of CJX1, an amlodipine derivative, in the modulation of P‐gp function by determining its effect on P‐gp ATPase activity. Basal P‐gp ATPase activity was increased by CJX1 with half‐maximal activity concentration (Km) of 8.6 ± 1.4 μM. Kinetic analysis indicated a non‐competitive inhibition of Verapamil (Ver)‐stimulated P‐gp ATPase activity by CJX1 and competitive inhibition of CJX1‐stimulated P‐gp ATPase activity by tetrandrine (Tet). The effect of CsA on CJX1‐stimulated and Ver‐stimulated P‐gp ATPase activity was non‐competitive and competitive inhibition, respectively. These findings implying that CJX1 and Tet can bind P‐gp either on overlapping sites or distinct but interacting sites, while CJX1 and Ver as well as CsA can bind P‐gp on separated sites in K562/DOX cells. Furthermore, the combined effect of CJX1 and Ver has been evaluated isobolographically in numerous fixed‐ratio combinations of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:10 in K562/DOX cells. The results show that mixtures of both drugs at these fixed‐ratios exerted synergistic interactions, indicating that when the two reverses that bind P‐gp on separated sites are combined, each can contribute to the overall interaction with P‐gp, leading to the greater effect than that by either agent alone.