bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infusion requirements and reversibility of rocuronium at the corrugator supercilii and adductor pollicis muscles
Authors: SUZUKI T. , MIZUTANI H. , MIYAKE E. , FUKANO N. , SAEKI S. , OGAWA S. 
Published: July 2009

Background: The aim of this study is to compare the infusion rates required to maintain a constant neuromuscular block and the reversibility of rocuronium at the corrugator supercilii muscle (CSM) and the adductor pollicis muscle (APM).Methods: We randomly allocated 30 female patients into two groups of 15 patients each to monitor neuromuscular block at either the CSM or the APM. After induction of anaesthesia and laryngeal mask insertion, contraction of the CSM to the facial nerve stimulation or that of the APM to the ulnar nerve stimulation was quantified using an acceleromyograph during 1.0–1.5% end‐tidal sevoflurane anaesthesia. All the patients received a bolus of 1 mg/kg rocuronium. When the first twitch (T1) of train‐of‐four (TOF) recovered to 10% of the control, rocuronium infusion was commenced and maintained at T1 of 10% of the control at the CSM or APM for 120 min. Immediately after rocuronium infusion was discontinued, the time required for 0.04 mg/kg neostigmine‐facilitated recovery to a TOF ratio of 0.9 was recorded.Results: Rocuronium infusion dose after a lapse of 120 min was significantly larger in the CSM than in the APM [7.1 (2.3) vs. 4.7 (2.6) μg/kg/min; P=0.001]. The time for facilitated recovery was shorter in the CSM than in the APM [11.4 (3.8) vs. 16.2 (6.0) min; P=0.016].Conclusion: A larger rocuronium infusion dose was required to maintain a constant neuromuscular block at the CSM. Neostigmine‐mediated reversal was faster at the CSM.
Differential ozone sensitivity of rice cultivars as indicated by visible injury and grain yield
Authors: Sawada H. , Kohno Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSurface ozone pollution may cause reductions in rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield. Ozone sensitivity in rice cultivars is often evaluated based on visible leaf injury at an early growth stage. However, it is not clear whether reduction in grain yield is related to visible injury. Therefore, visible damage and grain yield reduction were examined in Japanese and Asian rice cultivars exposed to ozone. In experiment 1, 3‐week‐old rice seedlings were exposed to ozone (min.: 20 nl·l−1, max.:120 nl·l−1) for 12 h in open‐top chambers (OTCs). Visible leaf injury was quantified according to a leaf bronzing score. In experiment 2, rice plants were exposed to ozone in OTCs throughout the cropping season until grain harvest. Daily mean ozone concentrations were maintained at 2, 23, 28, 42, and 57 nl·l−1 with a regular diurnal pattern of exposure. After harvest, grain yield was determined. Based on visible injury to the uppermost fully expanded leaf, the indica cultivar ‘Kasalath’ was most tolerant, and the japonica cultivar ‘Kirara 397’ was most sensitive to ozone. However, grain yields for both ‘Kasalath’ and ‘Kirara 397’ were significantly decreased after ozone exposure. The indica cultivar ‘Jothi’ suffered severe injury after ozone exposure but had no reduction in grain yield. Therefore, ozone sensitivity of rice cultivars evaluated by visible injury did not coincide with that evaluated by the reductions in grain yield. These results suggest that mechanisms that induce acute leaf injury do not relate to chronic ozone toxicity that reduces yield.
Testcross performance of doubled‐haploid lines developed from European flint maize landraces
Authors: Wilde K. , Burger H. , Prigge V. , Presterl T. , Schmidt W. , Ouzunova M. , Geiger H. H. 
Published: July 2009

With 1 figure and 6 tables AbstractIn maize (Zea mays L.), as in other cross‐pollinated crops, a high mutational load of deleterious recessive alleles hampers the use of landraces in hybrid breeding. The in vivo doubled haploid (DH) technology meanwhile offers great promise in purging such alleles. This approach was employed to three European flint type landraces. Eighty DH lines were evaluated for testcross performance under three farming conditions. Mean testcross performance of DH lines was similar to that of their parental landraces but 22–26% lower than that of present elite flint lines. Highly significant genetic variance existed in each of the three DH‐line groups. Coefficients of genetic variation ranged from 6.7 to 7.4. DH‐lines derived from ‘Lucq de Béarn’ displayed specific adaptation to N deficiency. The 10% (out of 80) best DH lines surpassed the first‐cycle lines by 11% in testcross grain yield and remained only 13% below the elite lines. Altogether, the DH approach proved to be a highly effective tool for gaining access to the hitherto hardly tapped broad genetic diversity of landraces in research and breeding.
Role of Fatty Acids in Energy Provision During Oocyte Maturation and Early Embryo Development
Authors: Sturmey RG , Reis A , Leese HJ , McEvoy TG 
Published: July 2009

ContentsWhile much is known about the metabolism of exogenous nutrients such as glucose, lactate, pyruvate, amino acids by oocytes and pre‐implantation mammalian embryos, the role of endogenous stores, particularly lipid, has been largely overlooked. The presence of lipid within oocytes and early embryos has been long known, and comparisons between species indicate that the amounts and types of lipid present vary considerably. Large amounts of intracellular lipid can compromise the success of cryopreservation and the removal of such lipid has been the subject of considerable effort. In this review, we present evidence that strongly suggests a metabolic role for lipid, specifically with regard to energy provision, in the late‐stage oocyte and the pre‐implantation embryo. We focus initially on oxygen consumption as a global indicator of metabolic activity, before reviewing different approaches that either have been designed to investigate directly, or have revealed indirectly the role of endogenous lipid in energy generation. These fall under five headings: (i) fatty acid oxidation; (ii) inhibition of triglyceride oxidation; (iii) culture in the absence of exogenous substrates; (iv) cytoplasmic organization; and (v) delipidation. On the basis of the data derived from these studies, we conclude that there is strong evidence for the utilization of endogenous lipid as an energy substrate by oocytes and early embryos.
From Zygote to Implantation: Morphological and Molecular Dynamics during Embryo Development in the Pig
Authors: Oestrup O , Hall V , Petkov SG , Wolf XA , Hyldig S , Hyttel P 
Published: July 2009

ContentThe increasing focus on the pig as a biomedical model calls for studies which investigate morphological and molecular mechanisms during initial embryonic development in this species. In the pig, the paternal genome is actively demethylated in the zygote, whereas the maternal genome remains methylated. The major genome activation occurs at the four‐cell stage, when prominent ribosome‐synthesizing nucleoli develop in the blastomeres, allowing for trophectoderm and inner cell mass (ICM) differentiation. Unlike in mice, the pluripotency gene OCT4 is initially expressed in both compartments. The ICM differentiates into epiblast and hypoblast approximately at the time of hatching from the zona pellucida, and subsequently the loss of the Rauber’s layer results in an uncovered epiblast establishing the embryonic disc again in contrast to mice. This particular and protracted ICM/epiblast biology may contribute to the lack of success in culturing porcine embryonic stem cells. The embryonic disc subsequently becomes polarized by a posterior thickening, which includes ingression of the first extra‐embryonic mesoderm. Thereafter, the primitive streak forms and gastrulation results in formation of the somatic germ layers and germline, i.e. the primordial germ cells. The latter remain pluripotent for a period and may be isolated and cultured as embryonic germ cells in vitro.
Molecular regulation of skeletal muscle mass
Authors: Russell Aaron P 
Published: July 2009

Summary1. The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass is determined by a fine balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation. Skeletal mass is increased when there is a net gain in protein synthesis, which can occur following progressive exercise training. In contrast, skeletal muscle mass is lost when degradation occurs more rapidly than synthesis and is observed in numerous conditions, including neuromuscular disease, chronic disease, ageing, as well as following limb immobilization or prolonged bed rest due to injury or trauma.2. Understanding the molecular pathways that regulate skeletal muscle protein synthesis and degradation is vital for identifying potential therapeutic targets that can attenuate muscle atrophy during disease and disuse.3. The regulation of skeletal mass is complex and involves the precise coordination of several intracellular signalling pathways. The present review focuses on the role and regulation of pathways involving Akt, atrogin‐1 and muscle ring finger‐1 (MuRF1; atrogenes), peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ coactivator‐1α (PGC‐1α) and striated activator of Rho signalling (STARS), with exercise and disease.
Potential roles of high salt intake and maternal malnutrition in the development of hypertension in disadvantaged populations
Authors: Thrift Amanda G , Srikanth Velandai , Fitzgerald Sharyn M , Kalyanram Kartik , Kartik Kamakshi , Hoppe Chantal C , Walker Karen Z , Evans Roger G 
Published: July 2009

Summary1. It has been argued that all major risk factors for cardiovascular disease have been identified. Yet, epidemiological studies undertaken to identify risk factors have largely focused on populations in developed nations or on the urban or relatively affluent rural populations of developing countries. Poor rural populations are seldom studied.2. Somewhat different risk factors may operate in poor rural populations. Evidence for this is provided by the finding that, in disadvantaged rural India, the prevalence of hypertension is greater than would be expected based on established risk factors in these populations. One risk factor to be considered is a poor intrauterine environment.3. In animals, maternal macro‐ and micronutrient malnutrition can lead to reduced nephron endowment. Nephron deficiency, in turn, can render blood pressure salt sensitive. The combination of nephron deficiency and excessive salt intake will predispose to hypertension.4. Human malnutrition may have similar effects, particularly in regions of the world where malnutrition is endemic and where women are disadvantaged by existing social practices. 5. Moreover, high salt intake is endemic in many parts of Asia, including India. Therefore, we propose that maternal malnutrition (leading to reduced nephron endowment), when combined with excessive salt intake postnatally, will account, at least in part, for the unexpectedly high prevalence of hypertension in disadvantaged rural communities in India and elsewhere.
How frequent is adenoid obstruction? Impact on the diagnostic approach
Authors: Bitar Mohamed A. , Birjawi Ghina , Youssef Marwan , Fuleihan Nabil 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground:  The rate of adenoidectomy has increased over the past years. The initial assessment methods are sometimes overused. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the use of these methods, estimate the incidence of obstructive adenoid and refine the approach to this problem.Methods:  This is a prospective observational study. All children referred for chronic nasal obstruction had anterior rhinoscopy and a routine physical examination. The palatal airway was assessed on lateral nasopharyngeal roentgenograms when these were requested. The degree of obstruction was measured on endoscopy when performed. The efficacy of each method was evaluated, as well as its necessity. The incidence of obstructive adenoid was calculated.Results:  A total of 213 patients aged 6 months–13 years (mean 5.1 years, median 4 years) were enrolled. One hundred patients had radiological evaluation while 65 had endoscopy during their initial assessment. Endoscopy was the most efficacious in reaching a proper diagnosis (100%) followed by clinical assessment (84.2%), and radiology (75%). The necessity of endoscopy, however, was 63.1% and that of radiology 63% within their respective groups. The incidence of obstructive adenoid was 57.7% (1.6% choanal). Clinical assessment, therefore, could have been sufficient in 41.8%, radiology in 44.1%; and endoscopy in 12.2% of the studied population to reach a proper diagnosis.Conclusions:  Clinical assessment is crucial to evaluate chronic nasal obstruction. The lateral nasopharyngeal roentgenogram provides objective evaluation of the adenoid but its limitations should be considered. Nasal endoscopy may substitute for radiology but should be reserved for unusual cases.
Hemodynamic effects of dobutamine and dopexamine after cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric cardiac surgery*
Authors: KWAPISZ MYRON M. , NEUHÄUSER CHRISTOPH , SCHOLZ STEPHAN , WELTERS INGEBORG D. , LÖHR TOBIAS , KOCH TILLO , VALESKE KLAUS , AKINTÜRK HAKAN , THUL JOSEF , MÜLLER MATTHIAS 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground:  After surgical repair of congenital heart disease, inotropic support is sometimes necessary to wean from cardiopulmonary bypass. In pediatric cardiac surgery, dobutamine and dopamine are often used as inotropic support. Dopexamine is a synthetic catecholamine, which has positive inotropic and vasodilating properties. Because the hemodynamic effects of catecholamines are modified after cardiopulmonary bypass, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dobutamine and dopexamine on cardiac index and systemic vascular resistance index after cardiopulmonary bypass in pediatric cardiac surgery.Methods:  The study was performed in a prospective, randomized, and double‐blinded cross‐over design. The investigation included 11 children for elective, noncomplex congenital heart surgery. After weaning from cardiopulmonary bypass and a 20‐min period of steady state, children received either 2.5 μg·kg−1·min−1 dobutamine or 1 μg·kg−1·min−1 dopexamine for 20 min. Cardiac index (transpulmonary thermodilution), mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, stroke volume, systemic vascular resistance, and central venous oxygen saturation were determined. The primary outcome variable was cardiac index.Results:  No difference in cardiac index was observed between the two groups (P = 0.594). Both drugs increased cardiac index, dopexamine from 3.9 ± 0.6 to 4.7 ± 0.8 l·min−1·m−2 (P = 0.003) and dobutamine from 4.1 ± 0.7 to 4.8 ± 0.7 l·min−1·m−2 (P = 0.004). During treatment with dobutamine, children presented with significantly higher mean arterial pressure (P = 0.003) and systemic vascular resistance index (P = 0.026).Conclusions:  This trial demonstrates that low‐dose dobutamine and dopexamine both increase cardiac index during pediatric cardiac surgery but with different hemodynamic effects.
Ultrasound‐guided perineural catheter and local anesthetic infusion in the perioperative management of pediatric limb salvage: a case report
Authors: LOLAND VANESSA J. , ILFELD BRIAN M. , ABRAMS REID A. , MARIANO EDWARD R. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryLocal anesthetic perineural infusion has emerged as an effective analgesic technique in pediatric patients, but it can also complement surgical perioperative management in complex cases that require optimal tissue perfusion such as limb salvage. We report the successful use of brachial plexus perineural infusion in the care of a child following near‐amputation of her dominant hand. An ultrasound‐guided infraclavicular brachial plexus catheter was placed in the recovery room after complex reconstructive surgery and a continuous infusion of 0.2% ropivacaine maintained for 24 days. The resultant sympathectomy was integral to providing distal limb perfusion despite partial restenosis of the surgical revascularization.
Insulin detemir causes increased symptom awareness during hypoglycaemia compared to human insulin
Authors: Tschritter O. , Schäfer S. A. , Klett J. , Pfäfflin A. , Häring H.‐U. , Hennige A. M. , Fritsche A. 
Published: July 2009

Aim: The long‐acting insulin analogue detemir (Levemir®) has structural and physicochemical properties which differ from human insulin. The aim of the present study was to test whether this leads to altered hormone and symptom response during hypoglycaemia.Methods: 12 healthy subjects [6f/6m, age 32 ± 6 years (mean ± s.d.), body mass index (BMI) 24.2 ± 2.5 kg/m2] underwent a 200‐min stepwise hypoglycaemic clamp (45 min steps of 4.4, 3.7, 3.0 and 2.3 mmol/l) with either detemir or human insulin in random order. A bolus of detemir (660 mU/kg) or human insulin (60 mU/kg) was given before insulin was infused at a rate of 5 (detemir) or 2 (human insulin) mU/kg/min. Blood was drawn and a semi‐quantitative symptom questionnaire was administered before and after each plateau of the hypoglycaemic clamp. Cognitive function was assessed during each step.Results: Blood glucose levels and glucose infusion rates were comparable with detemir and human insulin. The total symptom score was higher with detemir during the 3 and 2.3 mmol glucose step compared to human insulin (p = 0.048). Especially sweating was increased with detemir (p = 0.02) with an earlier and faster increase during the clamp (interaction insulin × time: p = 0.04). No significant differences between detemir and human insulin in cortisol, norepinephrine, epinephrine, glucagon, growth hormone, lactate or free fatty acid (FFA) levels during hypoglycaemia were observed, and there were no significant differences in cognitive function tests.Conclusions: Insulin detemir increased symptom awareness during hypoglycaemia compared to human insulin in healthy individuals, whereas counter‐regulatory hormone response and cognitive function were unaltered.
Degeneration of germ line cells in amphibian ovary
Authors: Ogielska Maria , Rozenblut Beata , Augustyńska Renata , Kotusz Agnieszka 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOgielska, M., Rozenblut, B., Augustyńska, R., Kotusz, A. 2010. Degeneration of germ line cells in amphibian ovary. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 91: 319–327We studied the morphology of degenerating ovarian follicles in juvenile and adult frogs Rana temporaria, Rana lessonae and Rana ridibunda. Degeneration of primordial germ cells was never observed and was extremely rare in oogonia and early oocytes in a cyst phase in juveniles. Previtellogenic oocytes were rarely affected. Three main types of atresia were identified. In type I (subdivided into stages A–D), vitellogenic oocytes are digested by proliferating follicle cells that hypertrophy and become phagocytic. A – germinal vesicle shrinks, nucleoli fuse, oocyte envelope interrupts, and follicular cells hypertrophy; B – follicular cells multiply and invade the oocyte; C – entire vesicle is filled by phagocytic cells; D – degenerating phagocytes accumulate black pigment. Type II is rare and resembles breakdown of follicles and release of ooplasm. In type III, observed in previtellogenic and early vitellogenic oocytes, ooplasm and germinal vesicle shrink, follicle cells do not invade the vesicle, and condensed ooplasm becomes fragmented. The residual oogonia in adult ovaries (germ patches) multiply, but soon degenerate.
The first steps in word learning are easier when the shoes fit: comparing monolingual and bilingual infants
Authors: Mattock Karen , Polka Linda , Rvachew Susan , Krehm Madelaine 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEnglish, French, and bilingual English‐French 17‐month‐old infants were compared for their performance on a word learning task using the Switch task. Object names presented a /b/ vs. /g/ contrast that is phonemic in both English and French, and auditory strings comprised English and French pronunciations by an adult bilingual. Infants were habituated to two novel objects labeled ‘bowce’ or ‘gowce’ and were then presented with a switch trial where a familiar word and familiar object were paired in a novel combination, and a same trial with a familiar word–object pairing. Bilingual infants looked significantly longer to switch vs. same trials, but English and French monolinguals did not, suggesting that bilingual infants can learn word–object associations when the phonetic conditions favor their input. Monolingual infants likely failed because the bilingual mode of presentation increased phonetic variability and did not match their real‐world input. Experiment 2 tested this hypothesis by presenting monolingual infants with nonce word tokens restricted to native language pronunciations. Monolinguals succeeded in this case. Experiment 3 revealed that the presence of unfamiliar pronunciations in Experiment 2, rather than a reduction in overall phonetic variability was the key factor to success, as French infants failed when tested with English pronunciations of the nonce words. Thus phonetic variability impacts how infants perform in the switch task in ways that contribute to differences in monolingual and bilingual performance. Moreover, both monolinguals and bilinguals are developing adaptive speech processing skills that are specific to the language(s) they are learning.
GEOGRAPHICAL IMAGINATION IN DUTCH HISTORICAL SELF‐REPRESENTATION – THE CASE OF THE CULTURAL CANON OF THE NETHERLANDS
Authors: VAN DER VAART ROB 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTCanonisation of ‘essential’ or ‘desirable’ shared knowledge and understanding is a contested process. Nevertheless the project of designing a historical and cultural canon of the Netherlands, commissioned by the national government, was successful in the sense that it induced intensive public and academic debate about history and culture and mobilised a plethora of history‐related initiatives. In this paper, I shall explore to what extent geographical imagination has played a role in the Dutch historical and cultural canon and in the regional, local and thematic ‘canons’ that followed. It will be concluded that the geographical imagination seems to come quite natural with these attempts towards cultural and historical self‐imaging and self‐representation.
What limits the spread of two congeneric butterfly species after their reintroduction: quality or spatial arrangement of habitat?
Authors: van Langevelde F. , Wynhoff I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPopulation growth and spread of recently reintroduced species is crucial for the success of their reintroduction. We analysed what limits the spread of two congeneric butterfly speciesMaculinea teleiusandMaculinea nausithous, over 10 years following their reintroduction. During this time, their distributions appeared to be limited to a few sites although it was thought that more suitable habitats were available. Thus, we question, does the quality or the spatial arrangement of their habitat limit their spread? Although adult individuals of both species can select high‐quality plots, we show that selection of suitable plots in the area of reintroduction is spatially constrained. A low colonization probability of unoccupied distant plots of high quality was found for both species. The abandonment of occupied plots inMa. teleiuswas also found to be dependent on the distance to occupied plots. We conclude that the spatial distribution of the two species during the 10 years following reintroduction was limited by the spatial arrangement of their habitat, rather than by the availability of high‐quality plots. The spatial constraints in movement can explain observed source–sink structures when female butterflies deposit their eggs on low‐quality plots. We conclude that although these species have very similar life histories, they require different approaches to their conservation due to subtle differences in adult habitat use and movement. Conservation ofMa. teleiusshould concentrate on improving local habitat quality, whereas conservation ofMa. nausithousis predicted to be more effective by creating a spatial network of suitable habitat plots, such as along road verges.