bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Top Two Primary on the Number of Primary Candidates
Authors: Beck John H. , Henrickson Kevin E. 
Published: June 2012

ObjectivesWashington State held its first “top two primary” in 2008. Under this system, the two candidates receiving the most votes move on to the general election, regardless of party affiliation. This study empirically examines the potential incentive under this top two primary system for each political party to discourage “excess” party candidates from entering primary contests.MethodsWe examine this possibility by looking at the Washington State Legislative Primaries in 2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010. With these data, we estimate the factors impacting the number of primary candidates in a race for each political party, including the change in the primary format in 2008.ResultsOur results indicate that the switch to the top two primary reduced the likelihood of having multiple Democratic candidates in a race, reduced the number of “excess” Democratic candidates, but did not have a significant impact on Republican candidates.ConclusionWith many states revising their primary systems, an understanding of the incentives present under alternative systems is critical. As such, the results presented in this study provide evidence that the top two primary gives the political parties an incentive to discourage excess primary candidates.
Secularization, Modernization, or Population Change: Explaining the Decline of Prohibition in theUnitedStates
Authors: Frendreis John , Tatalovich Raymond 
Published: June 2012

ObjectiveWhile previous cross‐sectional research has suggested a relationship between the prohibition of alcohol sales and the presence of distinctive patterns of religious adherence, the relationship between policy adoption and social change is best evaluated through longitudinal analysis. We assess the extent to which a policy decision by a county to shift away from or toward a policy of prohibition is related to underlying changes in the composition of the countywide population.MethodsMultinomial logistic regression analyses are used to describe the relationship between county‐level demographic and cultural variables and changes in a county's prohibition policy status from dry to wet and wet to dry between 1970 and 2008.ResultsThe results demonstrate that certain kinds of social change are associated with changes in a county's public policy with respect to prohibition. By far, the strongest factor explaining shifts from dry status to wet status is an increase in a county's religious diversity. Conversely, there is also a relationship between a county's religious character and movement from wet status to dry status, specifically, the strongest factor associated with movement from wet status to dry status is an increasing rate ofEvangelical adherence in the county.ConclusionsThere is a relationship between the religious character of a county and the preference for this particular policy option. While religious change is most important in explaining public policy on prohibition, changes in the religious milieu are one element of a broader process of modernization and other social change that involves such demographic variables as income, education, and urbanization.
Examining the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy: A Cross‐National Analysis, 1980–2005
Authors: Clark Rob , Peck B. Mitchell 
Published: June 2012

ObjectivesThis study examines predictors of the gender gap in life expectancy across a large cross‐national sample.MethodsWe employ random effects and fixed effects models of the gender difference (female–male) and gender ratio (female/male) in life expectancy during the 1980–2005 period.ResultsWomen's status, traditional male hazards, and development/modernization processes tend to widen the gender gap in life expectancy. In addition, income inequality expands the gender gap, while female representation in parliament reduces it. We argue that these latter effects are a function of (1) the steeper socioeconomic gradient for men in predicting mortality and (2) the protection of economically vulnerable groups by female parliamentarians, which provides greater health returns to males.ConclusionAdvances in gender equity along economic, political, and cultural lines appear to exert countervailing effects, both expanding and reducing the gender gap in mortality.
Effect of the Composition of Atherosclerotic Plaques and Rate of Platelet Aggregation on Elevation of Serum Levels of Cardiac Troponin T After Percutaneous Coronary Interventions
Authors: ZHAO XIAO‐YAN , WANG XIAO‐FANG , ZHANG JIN‐YING , DU YOU‐YOU , YANG HAI‐BO 
Published: June 2012

Purpose:
Elevation of the levels of myocardial biomarkers after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has prognostic value in patients with coronary heart disease. We explored the relationship between elevation of the serum level of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) after PCI and platelet aggregation rate and coronary plaque composition.
Methods:
Eighty patients with unstable angina pectoris underwent PCI and were divided into two groups according to serum cTnT level 24 hours after PCI: group I (cTnT ≥2 times the normal level) and group II (cTnT <2 times the normal level). Coronary plaque composition was measured with virtual histology‐intravascular ultrasound. Platelet aggregation rate was detected immediately before and 24 hours after PCI.
Results:
Compared with the patients in group II, patients in group I showed more unstable plaques, a larger necrotic core area (20.88 ± 8.04% vs. 15.31 ± 5.48%, P < 0.05), higher platelet aggregation rate (51.47 ± 12.72% vs. 44.78 ± 13.29%, P < 0.05), and longer stents. The serum cTnT level 24 hours after PCI was positively correlated with the necrotic core area.
Conclusions:
In patients with unstable angina pectoris, a large necrotic core, high rate of platelet aggregation, and stent length are predictors of cTnT elevation after PCI. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:433–438)
Safety of Temporary and Permanent Suspension of Antiplatelet Therapy After Drug Eluting Stent Implantation in Contemporary “Real‐world” Practice
Authors: KOVACIC JASON C. , LEE PAUL , KARAJGIKAR RUCHA , BABER USMAN , NARECHANIA BIRJU , SULEMAN JAVED , MORENO PEDRO R. , SHARMA SAMIN K. , KINI ANNAPOORNA S. 
Published: June 2012

Objectives:
To define the incidence of stent thrombosis (ST) and/or AMI (ST/AMI) associated with temporary or permanent suspension of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after coronary drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation in “real‐world” patients, and additional factors influencing these events.
Background:
Adherence to DAPT is critical for avoiding ST following DES implantation. However, the outcomes of patients undergoing antiplatelet therapy withdrawal following DES implantation remain to be clearly described.
Methods:
Patients receiving DES from 05/01/2003 to 05/01/2008 were identified from a single‐center registry. Complete follow‐up data were available for 5,681 patients (67% male, age 66 ± 11 years, duration 1,108 ±446 days) who were included in this analysis.
Results:
Uninterrupted DAPT was maintained in 4,070/5,681 (71.6%) patients, with an annual ST/AMI rate of 0.43%. Antiplatelet therapy was commonly ceased for gastrointestinal‐related issues, dental procedures or noncardiac/nongastrointestinal surgery. Temporary DAPT suspension occurred in 593/5,681 (10.4%) patients for 17.6 ± 74.1 days, with 6/593 (1.0%) experiencing ST/AMI during this period. Of patients permanently ceasing aspirin (n = 187, mean 338 ± 411 days poststenting), clopidogrel (n = 713, mean 614 ± 375 days) or both agents (n = 118, mean 459 ± 408 days), ST/AMI was uncommon with an annual rate of 0.1–0.2%. Overall, independent predictors of ST/AMI were unstable initial presentation, uninterrupted DAPT and lower left ventricular ejection fraction. Factors predicting uninterrupted DAPT included diabetes, unstable presentation, prior MI, left main coronary PCI, and multivessel coronary disease.
Conclusions:
In real‐world practice, rates of ST/AMI following DES implantation are low, but not insignificant, following aspirin and/or clopidogrel cessation. Use of uninterrupted DAPT appears more common in high‐risk patients. (J Interven Cardiol 2012;25:482–492)
Incidence of Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Adults Following Drug Overdose
Authors: Manini Alex F. , Nelson Lewis S. , Stimmel Barry , Vlahov David , Hoffman Robert S. 
Published: June 2012

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2012; 19:843–849 © 2012 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  Drug overdose is a leading cause of cardiac arrest and is currently the second leading cause of overall injury‐related fatality in the United States. Despite these statistics, the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events (ACVEs) in emergency department (ED) patients following acute drug overdose is unknown. With this study, we address the 2010 American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care update calling for research to characterize the incidence of in‐hospital ACVE following drug overdose.Methods:  This was a prospective cohort study at two tertiary care hospitals over 12 months. Consecutive adult ED patients with acute drug overdose were prospectively followed to hospital discharge. The main outcome was occurrence of in‐hospital ACVE, defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following: myocardial injury, shock, ventricular dysrhythmia, and cardiac arrest.Results:  There were 459 ED patients with suspected drug overdose, of whom 274 acute drug overdose qualified and were included for analysis (mean [±SE] age = 40.3 [±1.0] years; 63% male). Hospital course was complicated by ACVE in 16 patients (some had more than one): 12 myocardial injury, three shock, two dysrhythmia, and three cardiac arrest. The incidence of ACVE was 5.8% overall (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.6% to 9.3%) and 10.7% (95% CI = 6.6% to 16.9%) among inpatient admissions, with all‐cause mortality at 0.7% (95% CI = 0.2% to 2.6%).Conclusions:  Based on this study of adult patients with acute drug overdose, ACVE may occur in up to 9.3% overall and up to 16.9% of hospital admissions. Implications for the evaluation and triage of ED patients with acute drug overdose require further study with regard to optimizing interventions to prevent adverse events.
All‐cause mortality and periodontitis in 60–70‐year‐old men: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Linden Gerard J. , Linden Katie , Yarnell John , Evans Alun , Kee Frank , Patterson Chris C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association between periodontitis and mortality from all causes in a prospective study in a homogenous group of 60‐ to 70‐year‐old West European men.MethodologyA representative sample of 1400 dentate men, (mean age 63.8, SD 3.0 years), drawn from the population of Northern Ireland, had a comprehensive periodontal examination between 2001 and 2003. Men were divided into thirds on the basis of their mean periodontal attachment loss (PAL). The primary endpoint, death from any cause, was analysed using Kaplan–Meier survival plots and Cox's proportional hazards model.ResultsIn total, 152 (10.9%) of the men died during a mean follow‐up of 8.9 (SD 0.7) years; 37 (7.9%) men in the third with the lowest PAL (<1.8 mm) died compared with 73 (15.7%) in the third with the highest PAL (>2.6 mm). The unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) for death in the men with the highest level of PAL compared with those with the lowest PAL was 2.11 (95% CI 1.42–3.14), p < 0.0001. After adjustment for confounding variables (age, smoking, hypertension, BMI, diabetes, cholesterol, education, marital status and previous history of a cardiovascular event) the HR was 1.57 (1.04–2.36), p = 0.03.ConclusionThe European men in this prospective cohort study with the most severe loss of periodontal attachment were at an increased risk of death compared with those with the lowest loss of periodontal attachment.
Knockdown of paraoxonase 1 expression influences the ageing of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells
Authors: Lee Yun Sun , Park Chang Ook , Noh Ji Yeon , Jin Shan , Lee Na Ra , Noh Seongmin , Lee Ju Hee , Lee Kwang Hoon 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSkin is one of the most commonly studied tissues for microcirculation research owing to its close correlation of cutaneous vascular function, ageing and age‐related cardiovascular events. To elucidate proteins that determine this correlation between endothelial cell function and ageing in the vascular environment of the skin, we performed a proteomic analysis of plasma samples from six donors in their 20s (young) and six donors in their 60s (old). Among identified proteins, paraoxonase 1 (PON1) was selected in this study. To elucidate the role of PON1 on skin ageing and determine how it controls cellular senescence, the characteristics of PON1 in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) were determined. When the expression of endogenous PON1 was knocked‐down by small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PON1, HDMECs showed characteristic features of cellular senescence such as increases in senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase stained cells and enlarged and flattened cell morphology. At 48 h post‐transfection, the protein expression of p16 in PON1 siRNA‐treated HDMECs was higher than that in scrambled siRNA‐treated HDMECs. In addition, the expressions of moesin and rho GTP dissociation inhibitor, additional age‐related candidate biomarkers, were decreased by PON1 knock‐down in HDMECs. In conclusion, these results suggest that PON1 functions as an ageing‐related protein and plays an important role in the cellular senescence of HDMECs.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, RADICAL SCAVENGING, ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITIES OF ZATARIA MULTIFLORA BIOSS ESSENTIAL OIL AND AQUEOUS EXTRACT
Authors: MAHAMMADI PURFARD AMIN , KAVOOSI GHOLAMREZA 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe composition, reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances scavenging, antibacterial and antifungal activities of aqueous extract and essential oil from Zataria multiflora was examined. Carvacrol (29.489%), thymol (25.701%), p‐cymene (11.247%), linalool (9.363%) and γ‐terpinene (8.054%) were detected as the main components of the oil. The inhibitory concentrations for total radical scavenging activities were between 1.92–3.15 and 2.46–4.58 µg/mL of aqueous extract and essential oil, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermi, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans were 2.65 ± 0.7, 2.72 ± 0.8, 2.85 ± 0.5, 3.02 ± 0.8, 3.53 ± 1, 3.65 ± 0.9, 2.2 ± 0.5 and 2.8 ± 0.8 µg/mL of essential oil. However, aqueous extract cannot inhibit all of the bacteria and fungi tested. Thus, Z. multiflora essential oil has antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and can be used in the therapy of oxidative damage and in the therapy of infective diseases and can be used as a tea or additive in foods and traditional remedies for the treatment of infectious diseases.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSOxidative stress‐related and infective diseases are one of the most common health problems in the worldwide population. A large portion of the world's population currently uses traditional medicines and herbal therapy, which involves the use of the aqueous extract of a plant in the form of an herbal tea. Essential oil derived from herbal medicines that have been known for their biological activities for many decades and should not be toxic to man and could replace chemical antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal agents. This study clearly demonstrates the potential of essential oil from Zataria multiflora as antioxidant against reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the potential of essential oil from Z. multiflora as antimicrobial against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermi, Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The chemical composition of essential oil was identified. Thus, identification of such compounds also helps to discover of new antioxidant, antibacterial and antifungal agents.
MULTIPLEX PCR FOR THE DETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. AND SALMONELLA SPP. IN CHICKEN MEAT
Authors: ALVES JULIANE , MARQUES VIVIANI VIEIRA , PEREIRA LUIZ FILIPE PROTASIO , HIROOKA ELISA YOKO , DE OLIVEIRA TEREZA CRISTINA ROCHA MOREIRA 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe control of Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in chicken meat is essential for avoiding sanitary barriers and preventing human disease. The aim of this study was to develop a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay (mPCR) for the rapid detection of these bacteria in raw chicken meat. The mPCR was developed using the Styinva‐JHO‐Right and Styinva‐JHO‐Left primers (specific for Salmonella spp.) and the OT1559 and 18‐1 primers (specific for Campylobacter spp.). The specificity of the assay was 100% and it was able to detect 102 cfu/mL of Campylobacter spp. after the selective enrichment and 1 cfu/mL of Salmonella spp. after nonselective enrichment. Fifty raw chicken meat samples were analyzed; 4% were contaminated with Salmonella spp. and 56% with Campylobacter spp. The results obtained using mPCR were confirmed by conventional culturing methods. The developed mPCR method is a relatively inexpensive and efficient means to detect these bacteria after 24 h of enrichment.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe developed multiplex polymerase chain reaction method (mPCR) is a relatively inexpensive and efficient means to detect Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter spp. in chicken meat after 24 h of enrichment. The detection of these pathogens in a few hours allows the food supply chain to take appropriate measures quickly to prevent the distribution of contaminated food. Rapid and simultaneous detection of these bacteria in chicken meat can assist in the implementation of the preventive measures that can reduce contamination, which is very useful for Brazil, the third largest producer of chicken meat and the largest exporter of this product. Moreover, the developed mPCR may speed up the identification of suspected colonies of those bacteria on the selective media used in conventional culture methods.
Participation of putative glycoside hydrolases SlgC1 and SlgC2 in the biosynthesis of streptolydigin in Streptomyces lydicus
Authors: Gómez Cristina , Horna Dina H. , Olano Carlos , Méndez Carmen , Salas José A. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryTwo genes of the streptolydigin gene cluster in Streptomyces lydicus cluster encode putative family 16 glycoside hydrolases. Both genes are expressed when streptolydigin is produced. Inactivation of these genes affects streptolydigin production when the microorganism is grown in minimal medium containing either glycerol or d‐glucans as carbon source. Streptolydigin yields in S. lydicus were increased by overexpression of either slgC1 or slgC2.
The Periplasmic Nitrate Reductase Nap Is Required for Anaerobic Growth and Involved in Redox Control of Magnetite Biomineralization in Magnetospirillum gryphiswaldense
Authors: Li Yingjie , Katzmann Emanuel , Borg Sarah , Schüler Dirk 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe magnetosomes of many magnetotactic bacteria consist of membrane-enveloped magnetite crystals, whose synthesis is favored by a low redox potential. However, the cellular redox processes governing the biomineralization of the mixed-valence iron oxide have remained unknown. Here, we show that in the alphaproteobacteriumMagnetospirillum gryphiswaldense, magnetite biomineralization is linked to dissimilatory nitrate reduction. A complete denitrification pathway, including gene functions for nitrate (nap), nitrite (nir), nitric oxide (nor), and nitrous oxide reduction (nos), was identified. TranscriptionalgusAfusions as reporters revealed that except fornap, the highest expression of the denitrification genes coincided with conditions permitting maximum magnetite synthesis. Whereas microaerobic denitrification overlapped with oxygen respiration, nitrate was the only electron acceptor supporting growth in the entire absence of oxygen, and only the deletion ofnapgenes, encoding a periplasmic nitrate reductase, and not deletion ofnorornosgenes, abolished anaerobic growth and also delayed aerobic growth in both nitrate and ammonium media. While loss ofnosZornorCBhad no or relatively weak effects on magnetosome synthesis, deletion ofnapseverely impaired magnetite biomineralization and resulted in fewer, smaller, and irregular crystals during denitrification and also microaerobic respiration, probably by disturbing the proper redox balance required for magnetite synthesis. In contrast to the case for the wild type, biomineralization in Δnapcells was independent of the oxidation state of carbon substrates. Altogether, our data demonstrate that in addition to its essential role in anaerobic respiration, the periplasmic nitrate reductase Nap has a further key function by participating in redox reactions required for magnetite biomineralization.
Sierra de Catorce
Authors: Rafael Barboza-Gudiño José , Molina-Garza Roberto S. , Lawton Timothy F. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The Sierra de Catorce in northern San Luis Potosí, Mexico, represents an uplifted block with exposures of the oldest rocks of the region which include Upper Triassic turbidites interpreted as deposits of a submarine fan system (“Potosí Fan”) and overlying Lower Jurassic volcanic and volcaniclastic strata interpreted as a record of the Early-Middle Jurassic volcanic arc (“Nazas Arc”) of western North America. These lower Mesozoic units, recognized in several exposures in the region, are interpreted as remnants of the ancient western margin of Pangea prior to accretion of Late Jurassic—Early Cretaceous magmatic arc complexes and associated marginal basins that constitute the Guerrero composite terrane in western Mexico and that resulted in construction of a new Pacific margin. A field trip in the Sierra de Catorce and surrounding exposures of the Upper Triassic—Lower Jurassic succession allows observation and discussion of key features that demonstrate the sedimentary and tectonic history of the western equatorial margin of Pangea.