bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influences of catchment geomorphology and scale on runoff generation in a northern peatland complex
Authors: Richardson Murray , Ketcheson Scott , Whittington Peter , Price Jonathan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe computed daily discharge (Q) versus gross drainage area (GDA) regression analyses for the 2009 and 2010 growing seasons for six small to medium headwater catchments at a northern peatland complex in the James/Hudson Bay lowlands. Temporal dynamics of the daily goodness of fits (R2) between Q and GDA were then examined to identify the most relevant conceptual model of runoff generation in this landscape. We observed high R2 values during low flow conditions (mean R2 = 0.93 for 2009 and 2010). During wetter periods and in particular during large runoff events, the relationship degraded rapidly and consistently, suggesting differences in quickflow response among the gauged catchments. At low flows, the six catchments generated equivalent amounts of runoff (mm), leading to a strong Q–GDA relationship. During high flows, total growing season runoff increased systematically with GDA between 8 and 50 km2 and then decreased with further increases in GDA. These differences were responsible for the observed breakdown in the daily Q–GDA relationships and also resulted in significant differences in total runoff among the six catchments during the wetter year. Quantitative landscape analysis using a 5‐m resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) digital elevation model revealed that near‐stream zone characteristics vary systematically with scale in a manner that is consistent with the observed patterns of quickflow runoff response. In this northern peatland complex, fast‐responding flowpaths in the spatially discrete near‐stream zones may be the key determinant of catchment runoff efficiency at the small to medium (~10 to ~200 km2) headwater catchment scales analysed here. Moreover, the relatively organized drainage patterns observed in this study are consistent with our understanding of ecohydrological feedbacks driving geomorphic evolution of northern peatlands. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Circadian genes and breast cancer susceptibility in rotating shift workers
Authors: Monsees Genevieve M. , Kraft Peter , Hankinson Susan E. , Hunter David J. , Schernhammer Eva S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractRotating night shift work is associated with increased risk of breast cancer, likely via circadian disruption. We hypothesized that circadian pathway genes influence breast cancer risk, particularly in rotating night shift workers. We selected 178 common variants across 15 genes pertinent to the circadian system. Using a mixed candidate‐ and tag‐single nucleotide polymorphism approach, we tested for associations between these variants and breast cancer risk in 1,825 women within the Nurses' Health Study II cohort and investigated potential interactions between genotype and rotating shift‐work in a subset of 1,318 women. Multiple‐testing‐adjusted p‐values were obtained by permutation (n = 10,000). None of the selected variants was significantly associated with breast cancer risk. However, when accounting for potential effect modification, rs23051560 (Ala394Thr) in the largest circadian gene, Neuronal PAS domain protein 2 (NPAS2) was most strongly associated with breast cancer risk (nominal test for interaction p‐value = 0.0005; 10,000‐permutation‐based main‐effects p‐value among women with < 24 months of shift‐work = 0.003). The observed multiplicative association with breast cancer risk per minor allele (A) was 0.65 (95% CI = 0.51–0.82) among women with < 24 months of shift‐work and 1.19 (95% CI = 0.93–1.54) with ≥24 months of shift‐work. Women homozygous for the minor allele (AA) with ≥24 months of shift‐work had a 2.83‐times higher breast cancer risk compared to homozygous AA women with <24 months of shift‐work (95% CI = 1.47–5.56). In summary, common variation in circadian genes plays at most a small role in breast cancer risk among women of European ancestry. The impact of NPAS2 Ala394Thr in the presence of rotating shift‐work requires further investigation.
THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF CANAL OPERATORS IN IRRIGATION SCHEMES: THE CASE OF THE CANALERO
Authors: Van der Zaag Pieter , Rap Edwin 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents empirical material of the role of canal operators, canaleros, in one irrigation scheme in Mexico over a period of two decades. The open canal infrastructures are fitted with manually operated adjustable gates and intakes. During the period of observation, both management set‐up and the canal infrastructure changed. The case of the canalero shows how low‐ranked field personnel play an important role in scheduling and implementing water distribution. The canalero emerges as a key actor who makes the system work. Canaleros have created their own semi‐autonomous field of action; an area of competence from which they derive a certain degree of authority.The case study findings are compared with relevant published sources complemented with electronic interviews with experts. In large‐ and medium‐scale open canal irrigation systems with flexible and manually operated irrigation devices, positions similar to those of the canalero exist. Canal operators seem to play similar key roles yet no systematic review or comparative analysis of their position exists. This paper makes a first contribution to explain why such field level staff can perform such significant roles and continue to do so. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rho GTPase signaling in the development of colorectal cancer
Authors: Leve Fernanda , Morgado‐Díaz José A. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe involvement of Rho GTPases in major aspects of cancer development, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell polarity, adhesion, migration, and invasion, have recently been attracting increasing attention. In this review, we have summarized the current findings in the literature, and we discuss the participation of the Rho GTPase members RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 in the development of colorectal cancer, the second most lethal neoplasia worldwide. First, we present an overview of the mechanisms of Rho GTPase regulation and the impact that regulator proteins exert on GTPase signaling. Second, we focus on the participation of Rho GTPases as modulators of colorectal cancer development. Third, we emphasize the involvement of activation and expression alterations of Rho GTPases in events associated with cancer progression, such as loss of cell–cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Finally, we highlight the potential use of novel anticancer drugs targeting specific components of the Rho GTPase signaling pathway with antineoplastic activity in this cancer type. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 2549–2559, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Density Functional Theory Studies on Intermolecular Interactions of 4‐Amino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazole with NH3 and H2O
Authors: Zhao Guo‐Zhen , Lu Ming 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDensity functional theory (DFT) method with 6‐311++G** basis set was applied to study intermolecular interactions of 4‐amino‐3,5‐dinitropyrazole (LLM‐116)/NH3 and LLM‐116/H2O supermolecules. Four optimized stable supermolecules were found on the potential energy surface. The intermolecular interaction energy was calculated with basis set superposition error (BSSE) correction and zero point energy (ZPE) correction. The greatest corrected intermolecular interaction energies of LLM‐116/NH3 and LLM‐116/H2O supermolecules are –42.75 and –19.09 kJ×mol‐1 respectively, indicating that the intensity of interaction between LLM‐116 and NH3 is stronger than that of LLM‐116/H2O. The intermolecular interaction is an exothermic process accompanied by a decrease in the probability of supermolecules formation, and the interactions become weak as temperature increase. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was performed to reveal the origin of interaction. The IR spectra were obtained and assigned by vibrational analysis. Based on vibrational analysis, the changes of thermodynamic properties from LLM‐116 to supermolecules with temperature ranging from 200.0 to 400.0 K were obtained using statistical thermodynamic method.
Urchin‐like Ag Nanowires as Non‐enzymatic Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor
Authors: Hsiao Wei‐Han , Chen Hsin‐Yu , Cheng Ta‐Ming , Huang Ting‐Kai , Chen Yu‐Liang , Lee Chi‐Young , Chi Hsin‐Tien 
Published: April 2012

AbstractUrchin‐like Ag nanowires were prepared by reacting AgNO3(aq) with Cu metal in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride and HNO3(aq) on a screen printed carbon electrode at room temperature. The diameters of the nanowires were about 100 nm, while the lengths were up to 10 μm. Cyclic voltammetric experiments using the Ag nanowires as the working electrode showed electrocatalytic H2O2 reduction. The electrode exhibited a high sensitivity of 4705 μA mM‐1 mg‐1 cm‐2 from 50 μM to 10.35 mM and a measurable detection limit of 10 μM in amperometric detection. This is the first report on Ag NWs for non‐enzymatic H2O2 sensing.
Determination of Perfluorochemicals in Human Milk Using Isotope‐dilution Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Wang Yu‐Chen , Lin Angela Yu‐Chen , Wang Shu‐Li , Ding Wang‐Hsien 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA highly precise and accurate analytical method utilizing an isotope‐dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated to determine two perfluorochemicals (PFCs): perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in human milk samples. Identification of the analytes was confirmed under negative electrospray with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by the monitoring of one precursor ion and two product ions, and matching of relative ion intensities of the ions concerned in samples and calibration standards. Quantitation was based on the measurement of concentration ratios of the natural and labeled‐analogues in the samples and calibration mixtures. The isotope‐labeled internal standards were also used to correct the matrix effect and variations associated with the analysis. Intra‐ and inter‐day repeatabilities of replicate analyses of the PFOA and PFOS in milk samples were below 8%. The limit of quantitation was 2 pg/mL in a 5 mL milk sample. The PFOA and PFOS were detected in all 20 human milk samples at concentrations from 27.0 to 207 pg/mL. This is the first study to measure the occurrence of PFOA and PFOS in human milk from Taiwan.
Pressurized Liquid Extraction Combined with Dispersive Liquid‐liquid Micro‐extraction as an Efficient Sample Preparation Method for Determination of Volatile Components in Tobacco
Authors: Zhu Xiaolan , Xu Yingbo , Gao Yun , Huang Lan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe pressurized liquid extraction (PLE) followed by dispersive liquid–liquid micro‐extraction (DLLME) has been developed for extraction of volatile components in tobacco. 35 volatile components were detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Methanol–methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) (8:2, v/v) was selected as PLE extraction solvent. The optimized DLLME procedure, 3 mL of pure water and 1.0 mL tobacco extract solution, 40 μL of chloroform as extraction solvent, 0.5 mL of acetonitrile as disperser solvent, was validated. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factors were in the range of 96‐159. The limits of detection were between 0.14 and 0.33 μg/kg. The repeatability of the proposed method, expressed as relative standard deviation, varied between 4.3 and 7.5% (n = 6). The recoveries of the analytes evaluated by fortification of tobacco samples were in the range of 84.7‐96.4%. Compared with the conventional sample preparation method for determination of volatile components in tobacco, the proposed method was quick and easy to operate, and had high‐enrichment factors and low consumption of organic solvent.
Nanoparticles induced by ultraviolet rays support electrons for enzymatic reaction
Authors: Roh Changhyun , Yun Jae Young , Kang Chankyu , Hong Jong Wook 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The NAD(P)H cofactor, which is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, plays the important role of electron donor in enzymatic metabolism. The primary drawback of metabolism reactions involving enzymes is the dependence on this highly expensive cofactor.RESULTS: Electron formation was effectively triggered by inducing Qdots with (UV) irradiation at 365 nm. The analytical potential of the Qdots‐based electron‐transfer system was demonstrated by examining two different types of cofactors, i.e. chemical (NADPH) and nanoparticle (Qdots). The Qdots‐based method gave promising results in comparison with the NADPH‐dependent system. A Qdots‐based electron supply to a CYP2B4 and 7‐pentoxyresorufin incubation mixture produced a resorufin metabolite. The kinetic rates of the cytochrome P450 reactions induced by photoactivated Qdots were determinedCONCLUSIONS: The influence of electron formation from ultraviolet (UV)‐induced quantum dots (Qdots) on the cytochrome P450 (CYP2B4) reaction was elucidated. The process comprised UV‐induced electron formation by photoactivated Qdots and subsequent enzyme reactions mediated by the resultant electron supply. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Electricity generation from Taihu Lake cyanobacteria by sediment microbial fuel cells
Authors: Zhao Juan , Li Xiu‐Fen , Ren Yue‐Ping , Wang Xin‐Hua , Jian Chen 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Cyanobacteria are rich in carbohydrates and proteins as well as other nutrients. In recent years, its efficient treatment and utilization has become an important topic for debate. The feasibility of electricity generation from Taihu Lake cyanobacteria by sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) was investigated and its performance evaluated by comparing with glucose‐fed and acetate‐fed SMFCs.RESULTS: A SMFC using acidic fermentation broth of Taihu Lake cyanobacteria generated a maximum power density of 72 mW m−2 with COD removal of 76.2% and substrate degradation rate (SDR) 0.607 kgCOD m−3 d−1. A power density of 51 mW m−2 with COD removal of 72.0% and SDR of 0.573 kgCOD m−3 d−1 were obtained with an acetate‐fed SMFC. The redox peaks in the voltammogram curves of the SMFC fed with acidic fermentation broth of Taihu Lake cyanobacteria suggested mediating compounds existed during its stable operation. The electron transfer was possibly carried out by cell‐bound redox components or biofilm formation with electroactive bacteria on the anode surface.CONCLUSIONS: This paper describes a potential method to recover sustainable electricity from Taihu Lake cyanobacteria, and the acidic fermentation of pretreated cybanobacteria could significantly enhance the power output and COD removal. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxygen transport within the biofilm matrix of a membrane biofilm reactor treating gaseous toluene
Authors: Kumar Amit , Hille‐Reichel Andrea , Horn Harald , Dewulf Jo , Lens Piet , Van Langenhove Herman 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: In order to rationalize the optimization of biofilm reactor design and operation in waste gas treatment, it is essential to understand the mass transfer properties in biofilms. In this study, oxygen transport within the biofilms of a membrane biofilm reactor (MBfR) was characterized at different liquid flow velocities. Further, oxygen concentration distributions along the depth of the biofilms were investigated under different operating conditions (different oxygen supply modes, and various toluene loading rates) by using oxygen microelectrodes.RESULTS: Oxygen fluxes into the biofilm ranged between 0.15 and 0.4 g m$_{\rm {b}}^{-2}$ h−1 at different liquid velocities of 0 to 0.06 m s−1 operated at a toluene loading rate of 0.08 g m$_{\rm {m}}^{-2}$ h−1 and a gas residence time of 24 s. In addition, toluene elimination capacities (ECs) obtained in this research ranged from 75 to 550 g m$_{\rm {gv}}^{-3}$ h−1 (0.15 to 1.1 g m$_{\rm {m}}^{-2}$ h−1) at loading rates (LRs) of 87.5 to 625 g m$_{\rm {gv}}^{-3}$ h−1 (0.17 to 1.25 g m$_{\rm {m}}^{-2}$ h−1).CONCLUSIONS: Microelectrode measurements reveal that the liquid flow influences the oxygen transport (reduction of the concentration boundary layer thickness) into the biofilm and plays a major role in controlling the flux of oxygen across the biofilm‐water interface, thus increasing the potential for aerobic biodegradation. A maximum oxygen flux of 0.4 g m$_{\rm {b}}^{-2}$ h−1 was obtained at a linear liquid velocity of 0.06 m s−1. Results provide a possibility to enhance the toluene removal rate with the oxygen supply mode and may lead to rational strategies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Mu, Delta, and Kappa opioid receptor agonists induce peripheral antinociception by activation of endogenous noradrenergic system
Authors: Romero Thiago R.L. , Guzzo Luciana S. , Duarte Igor D.G. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOpioid receptor agonists induce noradrenaline release in the supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral sites. Endogenous noradrenaline release can induce an antinociceptive effect by activation of the α2 adrenoceptor. This interaction between the opioid and the adrenergic systems could be the alternative mechanism by which opioid receptor agonists mediate peripheral antinociception. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to verify whether peripheral antinociception induced by the μ, δ, and κ opioid receptor agonists DAMGO, SNC80, and bremazocine, respectively, through the endogenous noradrenergic system. All drugs were administered locally into the right hind paw of male Wistar rats. The rat paw pressure test was used, with hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of prostaglandin E2. DAMGO, SNC80, or bremazocine elicited local dose‐dependent peripheral antinociception. This peripheral effect was antagonized by the nonselective α2 adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine and by the selective α2C adrenoceptor antagonist rauwolscine but not by the selective antagonists for α2A, α2B, and α2D adrenoceptor subtypes (BRL 44 480, imiloxan, and RX 821002, respectively). The opioid‐induced effect was antagonized by the nonselective α1 adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin and by the nonselective β adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol. Guanethidine, a depletor of peripheral sympathomimetic amines, restored approximately 50–60% of the opioid‐induced peripheral antinociception. Furthermore, acute injection of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor reboxetine intensified the antinociceptive effects of low‐dose DAMGO, SNC80, or bremazocine. This study provides evidence that DAMGO, SNC80, or bremazocine induces peripheral antinociception by noradrenaline release and interaction with adrenoceptors. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The impact of changes in sea ice advance on the large winter warming on the western Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Turner John , Maksym Ted , Phillips Tony , Marshall Gareth J. , Meredith Michael P. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractOver 1979–2007 near‐surface air temperatures on the maritime western side of the Antarctic Peninsula have increased throughout the year, with the greatest monthly temperature rise of 1.7 °C dec−1 occurring in July as recorded at Faraday/Vernadsky (F/V) station (65.4°S, 64.4°W). The warming trend in this month has been the result of a loss of very cold days at the station with the average number of days with mean temperature below − 15 °C decreasing from 7 during 1979–1988 to 0.6 over 1998–2007. There is a high anti‐correlation between temperatures at F/V and the extent of sea ice in July just to the west of the station. Passive microwave satellite imagery reveals that monthly ice concentrations here have decreased by up to 25% since the late 1970s creating a polynya‐like feature along the west coast of the peninsula. Sea ice extent over the southern Bellingshausen Sea has decreased markedly during the late summer and early autumn so that there has been a lengthening of the ice‐free season. Yet faster ice advance in June as a result of changes in the meridional component of the wind means that the overall ice extent in the Bellingshausen Sea in July (offshore of the F/V region) has not changed significantly. Years of extensive sea ice can occur as frequently now as in the earlier part of the record, but a combination of the changing nature of the ice advance and subtle shifts in the wind direction have led to the more frequent occurrence of the ice‐free area to the west of F/V in recent years. There are also indications of pre‐conditioning of the ice/ocean system to the west of F/V well before winter that is associated with the presence or absence of the ice anomaly that is observed in July. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Interfacial shear strength of bioactive‐coated carbon fiber reinforced polyetheretherketone after in vivo implantation
Authors: Nakahara Ichiro , Takao Masaki , Goto Tomoyo , Ohtsuki Chikara , Hibino Shigeru , Sugano Nobuhiko 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDespite the excellent osseointegration of carbon‐fiber‐reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR/PEEK) with a surface hydroxyapatite (HA) coating, the bone‐implant interfacial shear strength of HA‐coated CFR/PEEK after osseointegration is unclear. We examined the interfacial shear strength of HA‐coated CFR/PEEK implants after in vivo implantation in a rabbit femur‐implant pull‐out test model. HA coating was performed by a newly developed method. Uncoated CFR/PEEK, HA‐coated blasted titanium alloy, and uncoated blasted titanium alloy were used as control implants. The implants were inserted into drilled femoral cortex, and pull‐out tests were conducted after 6 and 12 weeks of implantation to determine maximum interfacial shear strength. The HA‐coated CFR/PEEK (15.7 ± 4.5 MPa) and HA‐coated titanium alloy (14.1 ± 6.0 MPa) exhibited significantly larger interfacial shear strengths than the uncoated CFR/PEEK (7.7 ± 1.8 MPa) and the uncoated titanium alloy (7.8 ± 2.1 MPa) at 6 weeks. At 12 weeks, only the uncoated CFR/PEEK (8.3 ± 3.0 MPa) exhibited a significantly smaller interfacial shear strength, as compared to the HA‐coated CFR/PEEK (17.4 ± 3.6 MPa), HA‐coated titanium alloy (14.2 ± 4.8 MPa), and uncoated titanium alloy (15.0 ± 2.6 MPa). Surface analysis of the removed implants revealed detachment of the HA layer in both the HA‐coated CFR/PEEK and titanium alloy implants. The proposed novel HA coating method of CFR/PEEK significantly increased interfacial shear strength between bone and CFR/PEEK. The achieved interfacial shear strength of the HA‐coated CFR/PEEK implant is of the same level as that of grit‐blasted titanium alloy with HA. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1618–1625, 2012
Characteristics and consumption patterns of Australian organic consumers
Authors: Oates Liza , Cohen Marc , Braun Lesley 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Increasingly, Australians are choosing to consume organically produced food, but only a small percentage consume organic food exclusively, and there is little information in the scientific literature that describes their actual level of intake. In order to provide a more meaningful description of Australian organic consumers the ‘Organic Consumption Survey’ and ‘Organic Food Intake Survey’ were conducted online in 2010. The aims were to provide information about the characteristics of regular organic consumers and quantify levels of organic consumption.RESULTS: The majority of participants (n = 318) were female (80.3%), 25–55 years old (80.3%), living in urban areas (61.2%), born in Australia (68.9%) and were in a healthy weight range (55.5%). Organic fruit and vegetables had the highest uptake by organic consumers and meat products the lowest. The majority of participants consumed at least 65% organic food in their diet, including 35% certified organic food.CONCLUSION: A better understanding of organic consumers may help to serve the long‐term interests of the organic industry and other stakeholders of food marketing. Clearer definitions of organic consumers may also inform research evaluating the purported health benefits of organic foods. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry