bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Premenstrual symptoms – severity, duration and typology: an international cross-sectional study
Authors: Dennerstein Lorraine , Lehert Philippe , Bäckström Torbjörn Carl , Heinemann Klaas 
Published: September 2009

Objectives Determine women's experiences of premenstrual symptoms. Study design Cross-sectional survey. Sample In all, 4085 women aged 14–49 years recruited by random telephone digit dialing in France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Spain, UK, Brazil and Mexico. Main outcome measures Telephone interview checklist of 23 premenstrual symptoms, sociodemographic variables and lifestyle variables. Results The most prevalent symptoms were abdominal bloating, cramps or abdominal pain, breast tenderness, irritability and mood swings. Severity of symptoms is directly proportional to duration ( R = 0.79). Hierarchical clustering found the following mental and physical domains and a typology: ‘Mild’ type (40.8%) with minimal symptoms; ‘Moderate M’ type (28.7%) with moderately severe, mostly mental symptoms; ‘Moderate P’ type (21.9%) with moderately severe, mostly physical symptoms; and ‘Severe’ type (8.6%) with severe intensity of both mental and physical symptoms. Multiple stepwise regression found significant effects on symptom duration severity index of age (linear and quadratic effects), current smoking and country. Conclusions Further research is needed on the impact of premenstrual symptoms on quality of life, and whether a brief symptom list could be developed as a valid and reliable tool globally.
On the Measurement of Water Pressure in Soils with High Suction Tensiometers
Authors: Lourenço S. D. N. , Gallipoli D. , Toll D. G. , Evans F. D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Past studies on the use of high suction tensiometers for measuring negative pore water pressure have focused on three different aspects, namely, initial saturation of the probe, calibration over both positive and negative pressure ranges, and measurement procedures. Among these three areas, the one focusing on measurement procedures has undeservedly received less attention. Aspects related to measurement conditions during laboratory or field testing are as important as the initial pre-conditioning or calibration of the probe. According to the particular type of measurement, different aspects of the testing procedure have to be considered in order to obtain accurate readings of pore water pressure. This note presents preliminary data to highlight the importance of factors, such as measurement time, soil-probe contact, and material type, when measuring suction by means of high suction tensiometer.
Evaluation of Soil-Geogrid Pullout Models Using a Statistical Approach
Authors: Huang Bingquan , Bathurst Richard J. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The accuracy of the current Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) in-soil geogrid pullout model was examined using a statistical approach applied to a large database of pullout test results. The accuracy of data interpretation and model type was quantified using the mean and coefficient of variation (COV) of model bias values and possible hidden dependencies identified using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Model bias values were computed as the ratio of measured to predicted pullout capacity. When project-specific pullout test data were used to fit a linear approximation to dimensionless interaction coefficients, the result was judged to be an acceptably accurate model (mean bias value of one and a small spread in bias values, i.e., COV=0.13). However, in many cases project-specific pullout data are not available. If the current FHWA model with default values is used, the prediction accuracy is very poor based on the same quantitative measures (mean of bias=2.23 and COV=0.55). Two new models were examined to overcome this deficiency. One model is bi-linear and the other is non-linear. The non-linear model was shown to be more accurate with a mean bias value close to one and COV=0.36. The non-linear model also has the advantage of being smoothly continuous with practically no detectable hidden dependencies. Finally, the large number of test results in the database allows recommendations to be made on how to select reinforcement lengths during the experimental design to increase the likelihood of a pullout mode of failure in the laboratory.
8-Hydroxyquinaldine Extractions Applied to the Analysis of Metals
Authors: Hynek RJ 
Published: September 2009

The new analytical reagent, 8-hydroxyquinaldine, reacts with many of the metal ions commonly encountered in analysis. The extraction behavior of 8-hydroxyquinaldine with some of these ions has been studied and has been applied in new methods for the determination of various elements in metallurgical products.
Of particular interest is the development of a new method for the determination of aluminum. Although 8-hydroxyquinaldine does not react with aluminum, it does react with many of the metal ions which normally interfere in the determination of aluminum. This property is utilized, after mercury cathode electrolysis, to eliminate small amounts of iron, copper, manganese, titanium, and other elements prior to the chloroform extraction and spectrophotometric measurement of aluminum 8-hydroxyquinolinate. For certain alloys which contain more than 0.1 per cent of aluminum, direct application of 8-hydroxyquinaldine can be made to eliminate inteferences.
This paper also includes a discussion of a new, rapid, and widely applicable spectrophotometric method for lead. This method consists of an initial extraction of lead by 8-hydroxyquinaldine from an alkaline cyanide-hydrogen peroxide medium. After an intervening extraction at pH 5 to eliminate traces of coextracted interferences, the lead 8-hydroxyquinaldinate is reextracted from a solution at pH 9.5. This method has been satisfactorily applied to a variety of standard alloys.
Dust Monitoring by the Dry Slide Settling Technique
Authors: Whitfield W. J. , Marsh R. C. , Kodel I. M. 
Published: September 2009

This paper describes a dry slide settling technique developed to obtain a reliable count of the dust conditions in a clean room. The dust is counted, sized, and evaluated microscopically after the particulate matter is captured on clean, dry slides placed horizontally at different locations in the room.
The success of the method is made possible largely by the type of microscope used. The projection microscope used in this technique speeds up the counting procedure and allows the operator to view and count the dust field projected upon a 7-in. ground-glass screen at a convenient eye level, thus overcoming operator fatigue and loss of accuracy.
In addition, the projection microscope has other advantages: 1. Easy Particle Sizing.—The 7-in. ground-glass screen is gridded in 1-mm squares. Particles are sized by screen division and later converted to actual size in microns. 2. As an Educational Tool.—The projection microscope allows more than one person to view the dust field simultaneously. This is of great importance in educating clean-room workers. It is often difficult for the nonscientific person to visualize the amount of dust present in any atmosphere. 3. Particle Identification.—Materials from suspected sources can be mounted on slides and compared with collected particulate matter.
Detection of Inorganic Contamination on Surfaces by an EMF Measurement
Authors: Schimmel D. G. 
Published: September 2009

Electron tubes and semiconductor devices are greatly affected by contaminating materials on the component parts. Many methods for cleaning these component parts have been investigated, published, and put to use. However, methods for detecting inorganic contamination on metal surfaces, either as initial or residual contamination from a cleaning process, are virtually non-existent.
This paper is a report of progress made on a simple, fast, and inexpensive method for detection of inorganic contamination on metal surfaces. Descriptions of design, operation, and application of the test method are included. Data are presented to indicate the scope of the testing method and its usefulness at the present time.
Fluorine Release from Glasses
Authors: Francel Josef 
Published: September 2009

Fluorine release from glasses containing up to 1 per cent fluorine was studied in the temperature range from 350 to 500 C. Experimental evidence is presented to show that fluorine is released as hydrogen and alkali fluorides, not as fluorine gas or silicon tetrafluoride.
Temperature-dependence of fluorine release can be expressed by a general equation of the following type: log F = (-A/T) + B. The time-dependence of fluorine release can be expressed by the following relations: F = m t1/2 + b. The constants A, B, m, and b were determined for several Kimble glasses. At the annealing points (= temperature of same viscosity - log n = 13.4), glasses of the same composition group release fluorine in proportion to the fluorine content. Glasses containing lead or boric oxide evolve more fluorine than similar glasses without these oxides.
ARC Sealing of Borosilicate Glasses
Authors: Liebson Morris 
Published: September 2009

Experimental evidence has been obtained which shows that, in certain instances, it may be preferable to use a high-voltage arc in lieu of the conventional flame for sealing in hard glass T-6 1/2 bulbs and stems.
By use of this arc-sealing technique it is possible to heat a highly restricted area of glass, at the periphery of the part being sealed, to its working temperature in an extremely short period of time, thereby limiting the total quantity of heat used and, consequently, reducing the maximum temperature within the tube structure.
This technique, therefore, offers the dual advantages of reduced oxidation and heat distortion of the internal structure as well as elimination of contamination often introduced by flame-combustion products.
Purification, Distribution, Control, and Monitoring of High-Purity Gases for Electron Device Processing
Authors: Rogers Mal D. 
Published: September 2009

Methods of purifying and controlling the quality of high-purity gases used in electron device manufacture are presented. Specially designed gas purification systems for removing oxygen, water, and other contaminants to below 1 ppm are in use. Techniques are described for cleaning, installing, and maintaining pipes, valves, and all auxiliary equipment in contact with the gases.
Permeability data for oxygen and water vapor through a variety of plastics and elastomers are being applied to control the type of materials used in the gas system through the point of use. All centrally supplied gases are continuously monitored for oxygen, water, and hydrocarbons in the 1-ppm range. Special equipment and techniques were developed to analyze gases for these contaminants in the 0.2 to 1.0-ppm range. Portable analysis equipment is used to check gas quality at any point in the plant. Other analyses are made by the analytical laboratory. Procedures and pamphlets were written and seminars and lectures were held to help implement the complete program.
Residual Gas Content as a Function of Tube Processing
Authors: Frost H. B. 
Published: September 2009

By means of a mass spectrometer integral with the tube being studied, the gases in electron tubes have been investigated as a function of tube processing schedules.
The processing schedules studied were all adapted to trolley pumping of small electron tubes, and included (1) bakeout followed by radiofrequency heating and cathode breakdown, (2) cathode breakdown during bakeout followed by radiofrequency heating, and (3) cathode breakdown during bakeout followed by radiofrequency heating and operation on the pump. The results showed that the initial gas content, particularly carbon monoxide, was considerably reduced by breakdown during bakeout, from 3 x 10-6 Torr carbon monoxide to about 5 x 10-8 Torr carbon monoxide, with even lower pressure obtained by operation on the pump.
In the tubes with cathodes broken down during bakeout, the gas pressure level approached 10-9 Torr on life and remained there without getters. Other ubes without getters processed by breaking down the cathodes after bakeout frequently show pressures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide between 10-8 and 10-7 Torr on life.
Recovery and Creep in an Alloy Steel
Authors: Lequear H. A. , Lubahn J. D. 
Published: September 2009

By interrupting a creep test and observing that the creep rate is higher afterward than before by amounts increasing with the duration of the interruption, it is possible to establish that recovery (reduction of the amount of strain hardening) has occurred. Recovery occurs in quenched-and-tempered chromium-molybdenum-vanadium steel at 1000F, but not at 800F.
When recovery occurs, the plastic creep rate becomes constant—sooner for smaller stresses, and apparently immediately for a sufficiently small stress. When recovery does not occur, the plastic creep rate decreases continuously. Recovery does not cause the creep, however, for pronounced creep occurs at temperatures where no recovery occurs.
The Structure and Properties of Stainless Steels after Exposure at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Wilder A. B. , Ketterer E. F. 
Published: September 2009

A number of ferritic and austenitic stainless steels were exposed at temperatures of 900 to 1200 F for periods up to 34,000 hr. Microstructure of the weld heat-affected zone and parent metal, tensile and creep rupture properties of the parent metal are discussed.
The tensile properties at ambient temperature of several steels were changed after exposure for 10,000 hr. The creep rupture strength at 900, 1050, and 1200 F in certain steels was changed after 10,000 hr exposure at the elevated temperatures. Ductility in rupture tests of the ferritic steels increased and in the austenitic steels decreased when compared with the tension test results at ambient temperature. Sigma was observed in all the ferritic steels except 12 Cr free machining (FM) and possibly 12 Cr-Al after 34,000 hr exposure at 1200 F. Sigma was observed after exposure at 1200 F in all the austenitic steels except 25 Cr-12 Ni which was only exposed for 5000 hr.
Effect of Specimen Structure in Permanence Tests on Wood Adhesives
Authors: Hopkins Robert P 
Published: September 2009

An effort has been made to obtain specific data on the relationship between the apparent behavior of wood adhesives in permanence tests and the construction of the test specimens. Outdoor exposure and laboratory water-immersion air-dry cycling procedures, with the aid of phenolic or resorcinol resins were used to study this relationship. Brief attention has also been given to recalling the interdependence of construction of plywood test specimens and maximum tensile shear strength, as established by the Forest Products Laboratory years ago.
Quantitative test data obtained show that wood species, nature of the wood construction, and size of the specimen have an important bearing on the apparent permanence of an adhesive. Small test specimens have been found to exhibit greater mechanical stressing on gluelines than relatively larger specimens.
Shortcomings of wood adhesive specifications lacking consideration of the variable of test specimen construction are noted.
The information has led to the conclusion that greater emphasis should be attached to the construction of the test specimens in any efforts to interpret and develop test methods for wood adhesives.
Examination of Metallic Materials by X-ray Emission Spectrography
Authors: Brissey R M , Liebhafsky H A , Pfeiffer H G 
Published: September 2009

The examination of metallic materials by X-ray emission spectrography is reviewed from the viewpoint of the analytical chemist. Reasons are cited to show why X-ray emission spectrography is particularly suited to these applications and why it should prove a welcome complement to other analytical methods including emission spectrography at ordinary wavelengths. A recent successful application of X-ray spectrography (the routine determination of molybdenum, nickel, chromium, cobalt, and iron in a complex alloy developed for high-temperature applications) is described. In addition, a fragmentary comparison of results by X-ray and ordinary emission spectrography is given.
Discussed in a practical way are precision, range of standards, resolution, types of excitation, counting errors, depth of penetration, and deviations caused by absorption. In this discussion, the method has been looked at through the eyes of the analytical chemist who wants his samples analyzed rapidly, as completely as possible, and with good precision (standard deviations smaller than 1 part per 100).
Finally, a few nonroutine applications of X-ray emission spectrography are mentioned, the most striking of which is the modification of an electron microscope to excite the characteristic lines in volumes as small as that of a micron cube.
Induction System Gum—Engine Versus Bench Test
Authors: Keller James L. , Liggett F. S. 
Published: September 2009

Gasoline of low existent gum determined by ASTM Method D 381 can give objectionable induction-system deposits in service. As a result of leaching by liquid gasoline, the deposits that accumulate in ordinary service contain relatively little naphtha-soluble material. In contrast, naphtha-soluble material is a variable and often a large part of the deposits obtained in laboratory tests. The Union Oil induction system deposit (ISD) test, in which the naphtha-soluble gum is extracted and rejected, is described. It is shown to give reproducible results that follow regular trends in gum development not detectable by ASTM Method D 381. ISD gums are found to correlate with engine test results provided a correction is applied for the effect of gasoline volatility, based on the 90 per cent recovered temperature as determined by ASTM Method D 86.
The influence of several variables on gum formation in the ISD test is discussed. Inhibitors may either increase or decrease gum deposits. Oxygen, oxidants (ozone or nitrogen oxides), smog, higher manifold temperature, and longer manifold residence time all increase the ISD gum. Oily additives decrease it. Air-fuel ratio, road dust, or exhaust gas in the air, and several common gasoline additives showed no significant effect.
Test Method for Studying the Effect of Fuel Composition Upon Intake Valve Deposit Forming Characteristics
Authors: Cabal A. V. , Capowski J. 
Published: September 2009

This paper describes a test which was developed to measure induction system deposit-forming characteristics of gasolines. The procedure is a modification of the induction-system deposit test reported at the ASTM Symposium on Motor Gasoline Stability held in Philadelphia, Feb. 15, 1954. A baffled tube provides an extension to the test manifold where temperatures are of the order of those obtained on passenger car intake-valve stems.
Data are presented which compare the weights of baffled tube deposits with Chevrolet FL-2 engine and road tests intake valve deposits for three fuels. The effect of gasoline stability, antioxidant type, and concentration are discussed.
Effects of Inhibition and Environment on the Induction System Oxidation of Gasoline
Authors: Nixon A. C. , Minor H. B. , Rudy T. P. 
Published: September 2009

The problem of deposits in automotive induction systems arising from gasoline, while not new, has received renewed emphasis in recent years. This is because the demands for greater efficiency and output that have been made on automotive engines have resulted in more rigid requirements being imposed on the gasoline used. This problem was studied in a simple laboratory apparatus which gave results correlative with field experience. Our results showed that the formation of such deposits was due mainly to the thermal condensation or polymerization of oxygenated precursors formed during previous storage. This was demonstrated by the fact that tests with air and nitrogen atmospheres gave almost identical deposits, both in oxygen content and weight.
As the thermal environment becomes more severe, the amount of insoluble deposit generally increases, but to a varying degree with different gasolines. This is dependent to some extent upon the conversion, by heating, of some of the gasoline-soluble portion of the deposits to material insoluble in gasoline. Since prior oxidation is involved, the amount and type of storage inhibitor used exerts a considerable effect on the amount and type of deposits formed. Thus the use of a trialkylphenol rather than the phenylenediamine type antioxidant reduces the deposit tendency by about 40 per cent.
Some data suggest that vapor-phase oxidation does occur to a slight extent in the manifold. However, the main reactions leading to increased deposition are those which occur in the liquid film in the manifold consequent to prior oxidation of the fuel.
MNR2 Regulates Intracellular Magnesium Storage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Pisat Nilambari P , Pandey Abhinav , MacDiarmid Colin W 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is an essential enzyme cofactor and a key structural component of biological molecules, but relatively little is known about the molecular components required for Mg homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. The yeast genome encodes four characterized members of the CorA Mg transporter superfamily located in the plasma membrane (Alr1 and Alr2) or the mitochondrial inner membrane (Mrs2 and Lpe10). We describe a fifth yeast CorA homolog (Mnr2) required for Mg homeostasis. MNR2 gene inactivation was associated with an increase in both the Mg requirement and the Mg content of yeast cells. In Mg-replete conditions, wild-type cells accumulated an intracellular store of Mg that supported growth under deficient conditions. An mnr2 mutant was unable to access this store, suggesting that Mg was trapped in an intracellular compartment. Mnr2 was localized to the vacuole membrane, implicating this organelle in Mg storage. The mnr2 mutant growth and Mg-content phenotypes were dependent on vacuolar proton-ATPase activity, but were unaffected by the loss of mitochondrial Mg uptake, indicating a specific dependence on vacuole function. Overexpression of Mnr2 suppressed the growth defect of an alr1 alr2 mutant, indicating that Mnr2 could function independently of the ALR genes. Together, our results implicate a novel eukaryotic CorA homolog in the regulation of intracellular Mg storage.
MAP Kinase Signaling Antagonizes PAR-1 Function During Polarization of the Early Caenorhabditis elegans Embryo
Authors: Spilker Annina C , Rabilotta Alexia , Zbinden Caroline , Labbé Jean-Claude , Gotta Monica 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
PAR proteins (partitioning defective) are major regulators of cell polarity and asymmetric cell division. One of the par genes, par-1, encodes a Ser/Thr kinase that is conserved from yeast to mammals. In Caenorhabditis elegans, par-1 governs asymmetric cell division by ensuring the polar distribution of cell fate determinants. However the precise mechanisms by which PAR-1 regulates asymmetric cell division in C. elegans remain to be elucidated. We performed a genomewide RNAi screen and identified six genes that specifically suppress the embryonic lethal phenotype associated with mutations in par-1. One of these suppressors is mpk-1, the C. elegans homolog of the conserved mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK. Loss of function of mpk-1 restored embryonic viability, asynchronous cell divisions, the asymmetric distribution of cell fate specification markers, and the distribution of PAR-1 protein in par-1 mutant embryos, indicating that this genetic interaction is functionally relevant for embryonic development. Furthermore, disrupting the function of other components of the MAPK signaling pathway resulted in suppression of par-1 embryonic lethality. Our data therefore indicates that MAP kinase signaling antagonizes PAR-1 signaling during early C. elegans embryonic polarization.