bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Finite Element Stress Analysis and Stress-Strain Properties in Determining Notch Fatigue Specimen Deformation and Life
Authors: Mowbray DF , McConnelee JE 
Published: March 2009

Finite element elastic-plastic stress analyses were performed on several notched fatigue specimen geometries used in a test program to determine the room temperature and 550 F fatigue strengths of three low strength steels. Specimen geometries included grooved cylinders and wide notched cantilever bend specimens. The analyses were, with one exception, for reversed loading. The objective in these cases was to predict the steady state response of the specimens by using the cyclic stress-strain relationships. The exceptional case represented an initial effort in analyzing a zero-to-tension cycle with a cyclic loading option in the computer program.
The finite element calculated notch root strains were compared with strains measured during the fatigue experiments and with predictions of the commonly used Stowell and Neuber formulae. A good correspondence was found between the experimental strains and those calculated by the finite element method. The Stowell and Neuber formulae were found to overpredict notch root strains at stress levels beyond the initial plastic range. A good correlation of fatigue crack initiation life data for smooth and notched specimens was found using a recently proposed stress-strain function.
A Statistical Study of Weatherometer Data on Coating-Grade Asphalts
Authors: Greenfeld SH , Mertens EW , John PWM 
Published: March 2009

Twenty-five coating grade roofing asphalts, derived from eleven crude oils and five major producing areas throughout the world, were exposed in replicate to the 51-9C cycle in one twin-arc and two single-arc weatherometers. These asphalts ranged in durability from 22 to 89 cycles at the 50 per cent failure level. The durability of an asphalt measured in the twin-arc weather-ometer averaged 6 per cent less than in the single-arc weatherometers, but the standard deviation was higher and the results were less reliable. Hence, the following results are based on single-arc exposures. The two single-arc machines were statistically equivalent.
Little difference was noted between exposing panels of unfilled asphalts at the same time in equivalent machines and exposing the panels at different times in the same machine. The 10 per cent and 50 per cent failure levels have about the same reproducibility.
The estimates of the standard deviations and confidence limits vary with the number of panels of an asphalt exposed and the number of times or machines in which it is exposed. In general, the machine variations contribute the major portion of the error; hence, it is recommended that single panels be exposed in a number of weatherometers or in one weatherometer a number of times.
The exposure of a single panel on only one occasion is not recommended. Under this condition, at the 95 per cent confidence level the confidence interval of the true durability is 28 per cent at the 10 per cent failure level and 33 per cent at the 50 per cent failure level. As the number of sets of single panels is increased, these limits converge rapidly. Thus, if three sets of single panels are exposed, the 95 per cent confidence range is reduced to 16 per cent at the 10 per cent failure level and 18 per cent at the 50 per cent failure level. When comparing two or more asphalts directly, it is recommended that single panels of each be exposed side by side in at least three machines or in the same machine on at least three occasions.
Degradation of Mineral Aggregates
Authors: Minor CE 
Published: March 2009

Many rock formations in the State of Washington, particularly Eocene basalts, have undergone so much weathering that the interstitial basaltic glass has been altered to a magnesium-saturated montmorillonite clay. When the altered rock is used in highway construction as base or surfacing material, the secondary clay minerals, which have a great affinity for water, break down into plastic fines which gradually permeate the entire rock mass. This degradation is brought about by the action of water and weathering plus the abrasion of rock-against-rock as the entire mass is flexed under moving loads.
When the plastic fines permeate the base course, the latter loses stability rapidly and pavement failure soon follows. Failure is characterized first by longitudinal cracks in the wheel path followed by “alligatoring” and finally by breaking of the overlying flexible pavement into separate and distinct pieces.
Many of the altered rocks pass all conventional laboratory quality tests. The paper proposes a laboratory test to detect detrimental degradation. The test is simple and rapid. Results on more than 100 aggregate sources indicate a high degree of correlation between the degradation test values and observed service records.
The degradation test consists of abrading a saturated rock sample for 1 hr in a 1-gal jar. After abrasion, the quantity of manufactured fines is measured and the “cleanness value” of the fines determined. The quantity and quality of the manufactured fines form the basis for computation of the “degradation factor.” The degradation factor ranges from 0 to 100 with good materials having high values.
The Effect of Specimen Geometry on JIc
Authors: Landes D , Begley JA 
Published: March 2009

Rigid-plastic slip line field analysis shows that fully plastic flow fields and hydrostatic stress elevation are greatly influenced by geometry. This argues against a one parameter fracture criterion, such as JIc, which purports to work in the plastic range. Two specimen geometries, a center cracked panel and a bend bar were tested to provide a critical evaluation of the JIc concept. An intermediate strength Ni-Cr-Mo-V rotor steel was used in the investigation. Results show that JIc is a consistent fracture criterion for plane strain behavior for essentially elastic to fully plastic conditions. This work supports the contention that a plastic crack tip singularity is a dominant consideration for crack initiation even in fully plastic bodies.
Bend bars of two thicknesses were tested to show that nearly plane strain behavior can be achieved with conventional geometries as much as an order of magnitude smaller than sizes required for linear elastic plane strain fracture toughness tests. The method used for calculating the J integral for experimental load versus deflection curves is explained in detail.
Grain Boundary Segregation Studies by Activation
Authors: Schultz WW 
Published: March 2009

A new technique developed to gain information on the elemental structure of segregation at grain boundaries consists of activating the specimen and electropolishing the fractured surface in small increments. The fracture is along the grain boundaries. The induced activity of the dissolved metal in the etchant gives a quantitative measure of the elements present. The technique should be equally applicable to the study of the diffusion of one element into another or to the study of surface phenomena.
This paper describes the first measurements made of the segreagtion of manganese and chromium into the grain boundaries of the steel used in turbine forgings.
Effect of Water-Reducing Admixtures and Set-retarding Admixtures as Influenced by Portland Cement Composition
Authors: Polivka M , Klein A 
Published: March 2009

Laboratory investigations carried out at the University of California Engineering Materials Laboratory on concretes containing the two most common types of water-reducers and retarders show that their effectiveness is greatly influenced by the composition of the portland cement.
The effects of three lignin type and of one organic acid type water reducers on properties of fresh concretes and compressive strength of concretes made with four different California portland cements is evaluated. In a second program, a second organic acid type water reducer was used in concretes made with some twenty American cements; compressive strengths of concretes containing these various cements are reported.
Also presented are data demonstrating the effect of water reducers and retarders on the early-age heat of hydration of different cements.
The Effect of Water-Reducing Admixtures and Set-Retarding Admixtures on the Properties of Hardened Concrete
Authors: MacPherson DR , Fisciler HC 
Published: March 2009

Concrete as an engineering material is judged, in the last analysis, by its properties in the hardened state. It is in this state that the effects of imposed load and environment are controlled by the properties of the concrete.
It is shown that specific water-reducing admixtures and set retarders permit concrete to be made with properties superior to those attainable in untreated concrete. Such enhancement of properties can usually be achieved simultaneously with economy of materials and labor.
In consideration of strength and its parameters, data are given herein to exemplify the fact that certain admixtures, when properly used, are beneficial to the resultant concrete. For example, acceleration of strength development at early ages can be accomplished even under conditions dictating the use of retarders to delay setting time. Not only can this be accomplished without adverse effects, but in some cases economies are possible while maintaining slrength requirements.
With respect to weathering and environmental conditions, as affecting durability, it is shown that admixtures permit improvement of resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing and reductions in volume change and permeability.
Some Refractory Uranium Compounds Preparation and Properties
Authors: Snyder MJ , Tripler AB 
Published: March 2009

In a program on possible new compounds for nuclear fuels, the refractory uranium compounds UC, UC2, UN, UB2, and UBe13 were investigated. Methods of preparing these compounds and techniques for sintering them to densities of 90 per cent or greater are described.
The carbides were prepared by arc-melting stoichiometric mixtures of uranium metal and high-purity carbon. The mononitride was prepared by first forming U2N3 by reaction of powdered uranium metal and nitrogen; the sesquinitride was subsequently converted to the mononitride by heating at a reduced pressure. The diboride was formed by the solid-solid reaction of UH3 and boron powder at 1300 to 1400 C. The beryllide was prepared by heating a mixture of UH3 and beryllium metal (with beryllium in excess) in an argon atmosphere at 1550 C.
Dense specimens for property measurements were fabricated by hydrostatic pressing of fine powders, obtained by crushing and grinding the compounds, and sintering the compacts in vacuum or in argon at temperatures ranging from 1550 C for UBe13 to 1850 for UN.
Thermal expansion was measured for the beryllide and the monocarbide. The mean linear coefficient from 20 to 1000 C was 14.2 × 10-6 per deg Cent for UC and 16.7 × 10 6 per deg Cent for UBe13. The thermal conductivity of the beryllide was found to be appreciably higher than that of uranium dioxide and to approach that of uranium metal.
The rate of reactions of several of the compounds with water vapor, oxygen, and nitrogen at temperatures up to 500 C was investigated. In general, the compounds were most resistant to nitrogen and reacted most rapidly with oxygen. The beryllide was generally the least reactive of the compounds and reacted less rapidly than uranium metal with the three gases. The diboride reacted with oxygen more rapidly than did uranium metal but was more resistant than uranium to water vapor and nitrogen. The dicarbide reacted most rapidly, and its rate of reaction was greater than that of uranium metal with the three gases.
ASTM Viscosity Tables for Kinematic Viscosity Conversions and Viscosity Index Calculations
Authors: Committee D-2  
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication provides a convenient and compact reference and set of tables for the two most frequently used ASTM viscosity methods, D 2161-66 (1971)—ASTM Standard Method for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity D 2270-64 (1968)—ASTM Standard Methods for Calculating Viscosity These standard methods are jurisdicton of Research and Development Division VII on Flow Properties of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
Materials Performance and the Deep Sea
Authors: Dubach HW , Freche JC , Dwyer JV , Rinehart FM , Ailor WH , Bejuki WM , Wessel CJ , Hamilton HL , Padan J , Anderson AW 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Materials Performance and the Deep Sea was presented during the Seventy-first Annual Meeting of the Society held in San Francisco, Calif., 23—29 June 1968. The symposium was sponsored by Committees G01 on Corrosion of Metals and G03 on Deterioration of Nonmetallic Materials in cooperation with the Marine Technology Society, Bay Chapter. H. W. Dubach, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, served as chairman of this symposium, and J. C. Freche, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, served as co-chairman. J. V. Dwyer, Bechtel Corp., presided at the Session on Nonmetals, and F. M. Rinehart, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, presided at the Session on Metals. Members of the program committee consisted of: W. H. Ailor, Jr., Reynolds Metal Co.; W. M. Bejuki, Bioscience Information Corporation of Biological Abstracts; C. J. Wessel, John I. Thompson Co.; H. L. Hamilton, Ocean City Research Corp.; John Padan, Bureau of Mines; and A. W. Anderson, Washington Science Center.
Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Structures
Authors: Rosenfeld MS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Structures was conducted in two sessions at the Seventy-third Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials, held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21-26 June 1970. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E09 on Fatigue. M. S. Rosenfeld, of the Naval Air Development Center, served as symposium chairman, with P. C. Paris, Del Research Corp., Hellertown, Pa., and R. J. Hebert, Canadair, Ltd., Montreal, Ontario, presiding as chairmen of the first and second sessions, respectively.
The Theory and Properties of Thermocouple Elements
Authors: Pollock DD 
Published: March 2009

Description
In this work, The Theory and Properties of Thermocouple Elements, Professor Pollock has written a singularly useful monograph which should appeal to a wide variety of readers, ranging from the advanced under-graduate or graduate student who is just beginning to get his feet wet in this area to the sophisticated specialist who wants to brush up on his fundamentals. More particularly, the work provides a worthwhile gathering of information of a theoretical nature on metallic thermocouples. Consider only the topics included: here, under one cover, we find the history, thermodynamics, mathematics, quantum mechanics, and physics of thermoelectricity, all neatly compiled and stored for us. A careful perusal of this material is bound to lead to a greater understanding of the behavior of thermoelectric metals in terms of the solid state physics involved.
Stress Analysis and Growth of Cracks: Proceedings of the 1971 National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics: Part 1
Authors: Corten HT , Gallagher JP 
Published: March 2009

Description
The 1971 National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics was held at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Ill., 31 August through 2 September 1971. H.T. Corten, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, University of Illinois, presided as general chairman. J.P. Gallagher, Experimental Mechanics Branch, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, served as arrangements chairman.
Testing for Prediction of Material Performance in Structures and Components
Authors: Shane RS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Testing for Prediction of Material Performance in Structures and Components was presented in two parts; Part I was presented in Anaheim, Calif., 21-23 April 1971 and Part II was presented in conjunction with the Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Atlantic City, N. J., 29 June-1 July. The symposium was sponsored by the ASTM Committee on Simulated Service and Performance Testing in cooperation with the National Materials Advisory Board and Technical Cooperation Program, Panel P-4. R. S. Shane, National Materials Advisory Board, Washington, D. C, served as symposium and program chairman.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Metals—A State of the Art
Authors: Craig HL 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Stress Corrosion was presented at the American Society for Metals, Metals Conference held in Detroit, Michigan, 18 October 1971. Subcommittee 6 on Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue of the ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals sponsored the symposium. H. Lee Craig, Jr., Reynolds Metals, Co., presided as symposium chairman.
Canadians and Their Pasts: An Exploration in Historical Consciousness
Authors: Conrad Margaret , Létourneau Jocelyn , Northrup David 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In March 2006 a group of Canadian researchers formally embarked on a collaborative project to explore how ordinary Canadians engage the past in their everyday lives. The Canadians and Their Pasts project was inspired by previous studies undertaken in Europe, the United States, and Australia that used survey data to probe people's historical consciousness. This paper will briefly summarize the findings of the earlier studies, offer preliminary results from the Canadian survey, and, where possible, reflect on similarities and differences in the consumption of the past across national boundaries.
Effect of tributyltin on testicular development in Sebastiscus marmoratus and the mechanism involved
Authors: Zhang Jiliang , Zuo Zhenghong , He Chengyong , Cai Jiali , Wang Yuqing , Chen Yixin , Wang Chonggang 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Organotin compounds, such as tributyltin (TBT), that have been used as antifouling biocides can induce masculinization in female mollusks. However, few studies addressing the effects of TBT on fishes have been reported. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of TBT at environmentally relevant concentrations (1,10, and 100 ng/L) on testicular development in Sebastiscus marmoratus and to gain insight into its mechanism of action. After exposure for 48 d, the gonadosomatic index had decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Although the testosterone levels in the testes were elevated and the 17β-estradiol levels were decreased, spermatogenesis was suppressed. Moreover, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (which is used as a Sertoli cell marker) was decreased in a dose-dependent manner after TBT exposure, and serious interstitial fibrosis was observed in the interlobular septa of the testes in the 100 ng/L TBT test group. Increases in the retinoid × receptors and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ expression and the progressive enlargement of lipid droplets in the testes were observed after TBT exposure. Estrogen receptor α levels in the testes of the fish exposed to TBT decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The reduction of estrogen receptor α mRNA resulted from the decrease of 17β-estradiol levels, and the progressive enlargement of lipid droplets may have contributed to the dysfunction of the Sertoli cells, which then disrupted spermatogenesis.
Toxicity of Trace Metals in Soil as Affected by Soil Type and Aging After Contamination: Using Calibrated Bioavailability Models to Set Ecological Soil Standards
Authors: Smolders Erik , Oorts Koen , Van Sprang Patrick , Schoeters Ilse , Janssen Colin R. , McGrath Steve P. , Mclaughlin Mike J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTotal concentrations of metals in soil are poor predictors of toxicity. In the last decade, considerable effort has been made to demonstrate how metal toxicity is affected by the abiotic properties of soil. Here this information is collated and shows how these data have been used in the European Union for defining predicted-no-effect concentrations (PNECs) of Cd, Cu, Co, Ni, Pb, and Zn in soil. Bioavailability models have been calibrated using data from more than 500 new chronic toxicity tests in soils amended with soluble metal salts, in experimentally aged soils, and in field-contaminated soils. In general, soil pH was a good predictor of metal solubility but a poor predictor of metal toxicity across soils. Toxicity thresholds based on the free metal ion activity were generally more variable than those expressed on total soil metal, which can be explained, but not predicted, using the concept of the biotic ligand model. The toxicity thresholds based on total soil metal concentrations rise almost proportionally to the effective cation exchange capacity of soil. Total soil metal concentrations yielding 10% inhibition in freshly amended soils were up to 100-fold smaller (median 3.4-fold, n = 110 comparative tests) than those in corresponding aged soils or field-contaminated soils. The change in isotopically exchangeable metal in soil proved to be a conservative estimate of the change in toxicity upon aging. The PNEC values for specific soil types were calculated using this information. The corrections for aging and for modifying effects of soil properties in metal-salt-amended soils are shown to be the main factors by which PNEC values rise above the natural background range.
Application of life cycle thinking in multidisciplinary multistakeholder contexts for cross-sectoral planning and implementation of sustainable development projects
Authors: Thabrew Lanka , Ries Robert 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Development planning and implementation is a multifaceted and multiscale task mainly because of the involvement of multiple stakeholders across sectors and disciplines. Even though top-down sectoral planning is commonly practiced, bottom-up cross-sectoral planning involving all relevant stakeholders in a transdisciplinary learning environment has been recognized as a better option, especially if the goal is to drive development projects toward sustainable implementation (Rowe and Fudge 2003; Müller et al. 2005; Global Development Research Center 2008). Even though many planning approaches have this goal, there are limited decision frameworks that are suitable for achieving consensus among stakeholders from multiple disciplines with sectoral objectives and priorities. In most instances, the upstream and downstream effects of development decisions are not thoroughly investigated or communicated with the relevant stakeholders, strongly affecting cross-sectoral integration in the real world (Wiek, Brundiers, et al. 2006). This article presents methodological aspects of developing a stakeholder based life cycle assessment framework (SBLCA) for upstream–downstream decision analysis in a multistakeholder development planning context. The applicability of the framework is demonstrated using simple examples extracted from a pilot case study conducted in Sri Lanka for sustainable posttsunami reconstruction at a village scale. The applicability of SBLCA in specific planning stages, how it promotes transdisciplinary learning and cross-sectoral stakeholder integration in phases of project cycles, and how local stakeholders can practice life cycle thinking in their village development planning and implementation are discussed.