bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding short‐ and long‐term implications of “myopic” fleet maintenance policies: a system dynamics application to a city bus company
Authors: Bivona Enzo , Montemaggiore Giovan Battista 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFinancial losses recorded in city bus companies often force managers to implement restructuring strategies aimed at improving business results. However, such decisions may not produce the expected consequences for a number of reasons. Both the internal and external environment in which such companies operate can make the design and implementation of long‐term sustainable policies quite difficult. In fact, the result may be that decision makers introduce “effective” policies in a company subsystem, while ignoring the medium‐ and long‐term implications of such decisions in the performance of the whole company. With the aim to detect the main causes underlying “myopic” fleet maintenance policies, an empirical analysis of two major Italian city bus companies has been conducted. This approach allowed the authors to make explicit the network of cause‐and‐effect relationships between different business subsystems and to build a system dynamics model to support city bus managers in designing and assessing alternative long‐term sustainable strategies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exonucleases and endonucleases involved in polyadenylation‐ assisted RNA decay
Authors: Slomovic Shimyn , Schuster Gadi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRNA polyadenylation occurs in most forms of life, excluding a small number of biological systems. This posttranscriptional modification undertakes two roles, both of which influence the stability of the polyadenylated transcript. One is associated with the mature 3′ ends of nucleus‐encoded mRNAs in eukaryotic cells and is important for nuclear exit, translatability, and longevity. The second form of RNA polyadenylation assumes an almost opposite role; it is termed ‘transient’ and serves to mediate the degradation of RNA. Poly(A)‐assisted RNA decay pathways were once thought to occur only in prokaryotes/organelles but are now known to be a common phenomenon, present in bacteria, organelles, archaea, and the nucleus and cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, regardless of the fact that in some of these systems, stable polyadenylation exists as well. This article will summarize the current knowledge of polyadenylation and degradation factors involved in poly(A)‐assisted RNA decay in the domains of life, focusing mainly on that which occurs in prokaryotes and organelles. In addition, it will offer an evolutionary view of the development of RNA polyadenylation and degradation and the cellular machinery that is involved. WIREs RNA 2011 2 106–123 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.45This article is categorized under:

RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Angeregte Zustände von Chrom (III)‐Komplexionen und ihre Bedeutung für Photochemie und Lumineszenz
Authors: Schläfer Hans Ludwig 
Published: September 2010

AbstractProfessor Dr. Hans Ludwig Schläfer, Persönlicher Ordinarius für physikalische Chemie an der Johann‐Wolfgang‐Goethe‐Universität Frankfurt am Main, verstarb am 22 August 1969. Das im folgenden veröffentlichte Manuskript war von ihm für einen Plenarvortrag auf dem Symposium Koordinationschemie der Übergangselemente, das in Jena vom 22. 25. 9. 1969 stattfand, vollständig ausgearbeitet worden.
Changes in skeletal muscle qualities during enzyme replacement therapy in late‐onset type II glycogenosis: temporal and spatial pattern of mass vs. strength response
Authors: Ravaglia Sabrina , Pichiecchio Anna , Ponzio Michela , Danesino Cesare , Saeidi Garaghani Kolsoum , Poloni Guy Umberto , Toscano Antonio , Moglia Arrigo , Carlucci Annalisa , Bini Paola , Ceroni Mauro , Bastianello Stefano 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMuscle quality is defined as muscle strength generated per unit muscle mass. If enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has some effects on type II glycogenosis (GSDII) skeletal muscle pathology, we should be able to measure a change in strength and mass. We conducted a prospective study including 11 patients aged 54.2 ± 11.2 years, referring to a single institution and receiving ERT for ≥2 years. Median Walton score was 3 (2.5–6). Lower limb skeletal muscles were assessed by dynamometry and quantitative muscle MRI. Three segments (anterior thigh, posterior thigh, leg) were analysed separately. Clinical‐MRI correlations were searched for at T0, T6/T8, and T18/24. Changes in lean and fat body composition were assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. We found that the anterior thigh showed the best therapeutic response, with an improvement in muscle quality (muscle mass: +7.5%, p = 0.035; strength: +45%, p = 0.002). BMI and lean body mass increased (p = 0.007). Patients with low BMI showed a better outcome. Intramuscular fat accumulation significantly progressed in spite of ERT (+3.7%, p = 0.001), especially in the poorly responsive posterior thigh muscles. Both clinical assessment and MRI revealed a definite improvement in the anterior thigh muscles. However, progression of intramuscular fat accumulation during ERT, as well as the limited responsiveness of posterior thigh muscles, suggests the necessity for early treatment intervention. The better outcome of patients with low BMI, if confirmed, may indicate that dietary protocols could be adopted as adjuvant measures to ERT in adult GSDII.
Training the Millennial Learner Through Experiential Evolutionary Scaffolding: Implications for Clinical Supervision in Graduate Education Programs
Authors: Venne Vickie L. , Coleman Darrell 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThey are the Millennials – Generation Y. Over the next few decades, they will be entering genetic counseling graduate training programs and the workforce. As a group, they are unlike previous youth generations in many ways, including the way they learn. Therefore, genetic counselors who teach and supervise need to understand the Millennials and explore new ways of teaching to ensure that the next cohort of genetic counselors has both skills and knowledge to represent our profession well. This paper will summarize the distinguishing traits of the Millennial generation as well as authentic learning and evolutionary scaffolding theories of learning that can enhance teaching and supervision. We will then use specific aspects of case preparation during clinical rotations to demonstrate how incorporating authentic learning theory into evolutionary scaffolding results in experiential evolutionary scaffolding, a method that potentially offers a more effective approach when teaching Millennials. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
Characterizing the Saltol Quantitative Trait Locus for Salinity Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Thomson Michael J. , de Ocampo Marjorie , Egdane James , Rahman M. Akhlasur , Sajise Andres Godwin , Adorada Dante L. , Tumimbang-Raiz Ellen , Blumwald Eduardo , Seraj Zeba I. , Singh Rakesh K. , Gregorio Glenn B. , Ismail Abdelbagi M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study characterized Pokkali-derived quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for seedling stage salinity tolerance in preparation for use in marker-assisted breeding. An analysis of 100 SSR markers on 140 IR29/Pokkali recombinant inbred lines (RILs) confirmed the location of the Saltol QTL on chromosome 1 and identified additional QTLs associated with tolerance. Analysis of a series of backcross lines and near-isogenic lines (NILs) developed to better characterize the effect of the Saltol locus revealed that Saltol mainly acted to control shoot Na+/K+ homeostasis. Multiple QTLs were required to acquire a high level of tolerance. Unexpectedly, multiple Pokkali alleles at Saltol were detected within the RIL population and between backcross lines, and representative lines were compared with seven Pokkali accessions to better characterize this allelic variation. Thus, while the Saltol locus presents a complex scenario, it provides an opportunity for marker-assisted backcrossing to improve salt tolerance of popular varieties followed by targeting multiple loci through QTL pyramiding for areas with higher salt stress.
Localizing subcategories in the Bootstrap category of separable C*-algebras
Authors: Dell'Ambrogio Ivo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUsing the classical universal coefficient theorem of Rosenberg-Schochet, we prove a simple classification of all localizing subcategories of the Bootstrap category Boot ⊂ KK of separable complex C*-algebras. Namely, they are in a bijective correspondence with subsets of the Zariski spectrum Specℤ of the integers – precisely as for the localizing subcategories of the derived category D(ℤ) of complexes of abelian groups. We provide corollaries of this fact and put it in context with the similar classifications available in the literature.
The Risk that Humans Will Soon Be Extinct
Authors: Leslie John 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIf it survives for a little longer, the human race will probably start to spread across its galaxy. Germ warfare, though, or environmental collapse or many another factor might shortly drive humans to extinction. Are they likely to avoid it? Well, suppose they spread across the galaxy. Of all humans who would ever have been born, maybe only one in a hundred thousand would have lived as early as you. If, in contrast, humans soon became extinct then because of the population explosion you would have been ‘fairly ordinary’. Roughly ten per cent of all humans would have been your contemporaries. Now (as the cosmologist Brandon Carter saw to his dismay) a scientific principle tells us not to treat observations as highly extraordinary when they could easily be fairly ordinary. How to apply the principle is controversial, yet it seems we can safely conclude that humanity's chances of galactic colonization cannot be high. Still, we should work to make them as high as possible, resisting those philosophers who argue that human extinction would be no tragedy.
Neo-Positivist or Neo-Kantian? Karl Popper and the Vienna Circle
Authors: Naraniecki Alexander 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper re-contextualises Popper within a Kantian tradition by examining his interaction with the Vienna Circle. The complexity of Popper's relationship to the Vienna Circle is often a point of confusion as some view him as a member of the Vienna Circle while others minimise his association with this group. This paper argues that Popper was not a member of the Vienna Circle or a positivist but shared many neo-Kantian philosophical tendencies with the members of the Circle as well as many of their philosophical problems and interests. By better understanding the influence of the Circle's members upon Popper, we not only remove the myths surrounding Popper's positivism, but also place the logical positivism of the Vienna Circle within its proper philosophical context. This paper further argues that it was Popper's friend during his formative philosophical years in Vienna, Julius Kraft (1921–1960) who was responsible for the way in which Popper approached Kant. Through Kraft, Popper was introduced to the thought of Leonard Nelson (1882–1927) and Jakob Fries (1773–1843) as well as a tradition of critical rationalism which Popper would continue both in his methodological orientation as well as through his late German Enlightenment intellectual values.
Impact of foods with health logo on saturated fat, sodium and sugar intake of young Dutch adults
Authors: Temme Elisabeth HM , van der Voet Hilko , Roodenburg Annet JC , Bulder Astrid , van Donkersgoed Gerda , van Klaveren Jacob 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveHealth logos are introduced to distinguish foods with ‘healthier’ nutrient composition from regular foods. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of changed food compositions according to health logo criteria on the intake of saturated fat, sugar and sodium in a Dutch population of young adults.DesignFoods in the Dutch food composition table were evaluated against nutrient criteria for logo eligibility. Three replacement scenarios were compared with the nutrient intake ‘as measured’ in the Dutch consumption survey. The foods not complying with health logo criteria were replaced either by ‘virtual’ foods exactly complying with the health logo criteria, with real 2007 market shares (scenario I) and 100 % market shares (scenario II), or by existing similar foods with a composition that already complied with the health logo criteria (scenario III).ResultsThe percentage reduction in nutrient intake with the current 2007 market shares of ‘health logo foods’ was −2·5 % for SFA, 0 % for sodium and −1 % for sugar. With a 100 % market share these reductions would be −10 % for SFA, −4 % for sodium and −6 % for sugar. This may lead to a reduction of −40 % for SFA, −23 % for sodium and −36 % for sugar in the most optimal replacement scenario.ConclusionsWith ‘health logo foods’, available in 2007 and current consumption patterns, small reductions can be achieved for SFA and sugar. For additional reductions, lowering the fat/sodium content of meat (products) towards health logo criteria and drinks without sugar towards limits far below health logo criteria would be the most effective reformulation strategy.
Double burden of nutritional disorders in young Iranian children: findings of a nationwide screening survey
Authors: Motlagh Mohammad E , Kelishadi Roya , Amirkhani Mohammad A , Ziaoddini Hasan , Dashti Marziyeh , Aminaee Tahereh , Ardalan Gelayol , Mirmoghtadaee Parisa , Keshavarz Sousan , Poursafa Parinaz 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the national prevalence of short stature, underweight, overweight and obesity in 6-year-old Iranian children before school entry.DesignCross-sectional nationwide survey.SettingMandatory national screening programme before entrance to elementary school in 2008 in Iran.SubjectsAll Iranian children entering public and private elementary schools.ResultsThe study population comprised 862 433 children (48·4 % girls, 77·2 % urban resident). Overall, 6·5 % of children had short stature, 19·1 % were underweight, 12·8 % were overweight and 3·4 % were obese. There was no significant difference in terms of gender, but considerably larger differences were documented among various provinces.ConclusionsThe double burden of nutritional disorders among young children warrants a multi-faceted national policy with evidence-based local programmes. Such planning needs a comprehensive surveillance system and centralized data registry for children’s growth.
A computer model of broad beam transmission through lead material for γ rays and X-rays of different energies
Authors: Al-lehyani Saud H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn radiotherapy, the radiation beam is sometimes shaped so as to deliver different doses to different organs or give a homogeneous dose to structures of different densities. This objective is achieved by the use of attenuating materials introduced into the radiation beam. These attenuators alter the primary as well as the scattered radiation components of the beam and there is at present no accurate method of dose calculation for these situations. Most calculations are performed considering only the effect of the attenuators on the primary radiation beam and can produce large errors in dosimetry. In this study, the broad-beam attenuation is investigated in homogeneous phantoms for various radiation field sizes, photon beam energies and depths in phantom. A mathematical method taking account of primary as well as first scattered radiation is developed. This method predicts reasonably well the transmission through lead attenuators for various experimental conditions.
Rapid palliative radiotherapy: comparing IG-IMRT with more conventional approaches
Authors: Samant Rajiv , Gerig Lee , Montgomery Lynn , MacPherson Miller , Fox Greg , MacRae Robert , Carty Kathy , Andrusyk Steve , Genest Paul , Nyiri Balazs 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPurpose: To assess the efficiency of an integrated imaging, planning, and treatment delivery system to provide image-guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IG-IMRT) for patients requiring palliative radiotherapy (PRT).Methods: Between December 2006 and May 2008, 28 patients requiring urgent PRT were selected to undergo single-session megavoltage computed tomography (MV-CT) simulation, IMRT treatment planning, position verification and delivery of the first faction of radiotherapy on a helical Tomotherapy® unit. The time required to complete each step was recorded and compared to our standard approach of using either fluoroscopic or CT-based simulation, simplified treatment planning and delivery on a megavoltage unit.Results: Twenty-eight patients were treated with our integrated IG-IMRT protocol. The median age was 72 years, with 61% men and 39% women. The indications for PRT were: painful bone and soft tissue metastasis (75%); bleeding lesions (14%); and other reasons (11%). The areas treated included the following: hip and/or pelvis (42%); spine (36%); and other areas (21%). The most commonly used dose prescription was 20 Gy in five fractions. Average times for the integrated IG-IMRT processes were as follows: image acquisition, 15 minutes; target delineation, 16 minutes; IMRT treatment planning, 9 minutes; treatment position verification, 10 minutes; and treatment delivery, 12 minutes. The average total time was 62 minutes compared to 66 minutes and 81 minutes for fluoroscopic and CT-simulation-based approaches, respectively. The IMRT dose distributions were also superior to simpler plans.Conclusions: PRT with an integrated IG-IMRT approach is efficient and convenient for patients, and has potential for future applications such as single-fraction radiotherapy.
Concluding the WTO services negotiations on domestic regulation – hopes and fears
Authors: DELIMATSIS PANAGIOTIS 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe negotiations under the aegis of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the creation of rules on domestic regulations affecting trade in services have entered a critical stage. Within a general atmosphere of reflection and reluctance characterizing the Doha negotiations, this is the only front in recent years in which tangible progress is evident. This paper critically analyses the potential rules that Members currently appear to support and attempts to identify their shortcomings as well as those modifications or clarifications which are necessary to improve the impact and efficacy of the forthcoming rules (so-called ‘disciplines on domestic regulation’ in the parlance used in the General Agreement on Trade in Services – GATS). At the heart of the paper lies a thought-provoking proposal for a necessity test applicable across services sectors. Arguably, only a necessity test can allow for the elimination of unnecessary barriers to trade in services and regulatory arbitrariness.
Goals for Near‐Earth‐Object Exploration Examined
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2010

With Japan's Hayabusa space probe having returned a sample of the Itokawa asteroid this past June, and with NASA's Deep Impact spacecraft impactor having successfully struck comet Tempel 1 in 2006, among other recent missions, the study of near‐Earth objects (NEOs) recently has taken some major steps forward. The recent discovery of two asteroids that passed within the Moon's distance of Earth on 8 September is a reminder of the need to further understand NEOs. During NASA's Exploration of Near‐Earth Objects (NEO) Objectives Workshop, held in August in Washington, D.C., scientists examined rationales and goals for studying NEOs.Several recent documents have recognized NEO research as important as a scientific precursor for a potential mission to Mars, to learn more about the origins of the solar system, for planetary defense, and for resource exploitation. The October 2009 Review of Human Space Flight Plans Committee report (known as the Augustine report), for example, recommended a “flexible path” for human exploration, with people visiting sites in the solar system, including NEOs. The White House's National Space Policy, released in June, indicates that by 2025, there should be “crewed missions beyond the moon, including sending humans to an asteroid.” In addition, NASA's proposed budget for fiscal year 2011 calls for the agency to send robotic precursor missions to nearby asteroids and elsewhere and to increase funding for identifying and cataloging NEOs.
A comparison of primary oesophageal squamous epithelial cells with HET‐1A in organotypic culture
Authors: Underwood Timothy J. , Derouet Mathieu F. , White Michael J. , Noble Fergus , Moutasim Karwan A. , Smith Eric , Drew Paul A. , Thomas Gareth J. , Primrose John N. , Blaydes Jeremy P. 
Published: September 2010

Background Information. Carcinoma of the oesophagus is the sixth leading cause of cancer death in the western world and is associated with a 5‐year survival of less than 15%. Recent evidence suggests that stromal—epithelial interactions are fundamental in carcinogenesis. The advent of co‐culture techniques permits the investigation of cross‐talk between the stroma and epithelium in a physiological setting. We have characterized a histologically representative oesophageal organotypic model and have used it to compare the most commonly used squamous oesophageal cell line, HET‐1A, with primary oesophageal squamous cells for use in studies of the oesophageal epithelium in vitro.Results. When grown in an organotypic culture with normal fibroblasts, the oesophageal carcinoma cell lines OE21 (squamous) and OE19 (adenocarcinoma) morphologically resembled the tumour of origin with evidence of stromal invasion and mucus production, respectively. However, HET‐1A cells, which were derived from normal squamous oesophageal cells, appeared dysplastic and failed to display evidence of squamous differentiation. By comparison with primary oesophageal epithelial cells, the HET‐1A cells were highly proliferative and did not express the epithelial markers E‐cadherin or CK5/6 (casein kinase 5/6), or the stratified epithelial marker ΔNp63, but did express the mesenchymal markers vimentin and N‐cadherin.Conclusion. Studies of epithelial carcinogenesis will benefit from culture systems which allow manipulation of the stromal and epithelial layers independently. We have developed an organotypic culture using primary oesophageal squamous cells and fibroblasts in which a stratified epithelium with a proliferative basal layer that stains strongly for ΔNp63 develops. This model will be suitable for the study of the molecular events in the development of Barrett's oesophagus. The most commonly used normal oesophageal squamous cell line, HET‐1A, does not have the characteristics of normal oesophageal squamous cells and should not be used in models of the normal oesophageal epithelium. Until more representative cell lines are available, future studies in oesophageal cancer will be reliant on the availability and manipulation of primary tissue.