bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHENOLOGY OF THE NATIVE PARASITOID SINOPHORUS MEGALODONTIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) RELATIVE TO ITS INTRODUCED HOST, THE PINE FALSE WEBWORM (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE)
Authors: Lyons D. Barry 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe parasitoid Sinophorus megalodontis Sanborne is a univoltine endoparasitoid that attacks larvae of the pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.). The morphologies of the egg, instar 1, and cocoon are described. Adult-emergence and Malaise traps were used to examine the patterns of adult activity in Ontario. Adults emerged from the soil over 17 d, in late May and early June, and the median emergence of males preceded that of females by 3.5 d. The sex ratio of emerging adults was approximately 1:1. Malaise traps collected more adults than did emergence traps and also provided information on adult flight period, but collections were biased towards captures of males. Dissections indicated that S. megalodontis oviposited in all instars of the host and that temporal and spatial variations occurred in coincidence with host instars. Encapsulation and superparasitism limited effectiveness of the parasitoids in reducing host populations. At the end of the larval period, the parasitism rate was 17.1%, but encapsulation reduced the effective rate to 9.0%. Superparasitism was observed in 4.8% of the host larvae. There was some indication that parasitism resulted in retardation of host development. Later-dropping host larvae had a significantly greater incidence of parasitism. The host is an introduced insect from Europe, whereas the parasitoid is likely endemic to North America. Few North American parasitoids attack this introduced species, and S. megalodontis appears limited in its ability to reduce the size of pine false webworm populations. Consequently, pine false webworm is a suitable candidate for classical biological control attempts with introduced parasitoids from Europe.
FEEDING BEHAVIOUR OF THE FIRST-INSTAR CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA AND CHORISTONEURA PINUS PINUS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Retnakaran A. , Tomkins W.L. , Primavera M.J. , Palli S.R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe have discovered that, contrary to the long-held belief, 1st-instar spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana Clemens, do feed. They display red alimentary tracts if they are provided with diet containing the red dye amaranth. They graze on the surface of balsam fir needles sprayed with rhodamine and ingest the fluorescent material, which can be detected in the frass pellets deposited inside the hibernacula. When emerging 1st instars were allowed to crawl on the inside surface of a glass tube coated with the polyhedral inclusion bodies of a recombinant C. fumiferana virus containing the gene for the green fluorescent protein, the larvae showed the characteristic green fluorescence, indicating that not only had they ingested the occlusion bodies but also the virus had replicated and infected different tissues. Similar results were obtained with the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman, which has an identical life history. The advantages of early-instar intervention to minimize defoliation by using control agents such as the ecdysteroid agonist, tebufenozide (RH-5992, Mimic® formulation), are discussed.
PERFORMANCE OF TRIRHABDA VIRGATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON THREE POTENTIAL HOSTS
Authors: Blatt S.E. , Schindel A.M. , Harmsen R. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe suitability of three potential host plants, Solidago canadensis L. var. canadensis (Asteraceae), Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb., and Aster lateriflorus L. (Asteraceae), for the goldenrod beetle, Trirhabda virgata LeConte was determined by measuring several fitness components during the T. virgata life cycle. Neonate larvae were collected from S. canadensis plants and transplanted onto S. canadensis, S. graminifolia, and A. lateriflorus and maintained in field enclosures until the last instar was reached. Once brought into the laboratory, larvae were fed their assigned host plant until pupation. Following emergence, adults were weighed and separated into mating pairs to record oviposition and longevity. Eggs were kept in the laboratory until the following spring, when first instar larvae were taken into the field and re-established on their assigned host, and the experiment was repeated for 2 years. Larval survival and rate of development was not affected by the host plant. Mean weight of adults at emergence was greater on S. canadensis than on either S. graminifolia or A. lateriflorus. Two components of adult fitness, postmating longevity and realized fecundity, were measured. Longevity of adult female T. virgata was not affected by the host plant. Fecundity of T. virgata reared on A. lateriflorus and S. graminifolia was lower than the fecundity of females reared on S. canadensis. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that both intrinsic plant quality and the mobility of the foraging stage are important in the evolution of host range in T. virgata. These experiments were repeated over a 3-year period, using offspring from the survivors of the previous year for the 2nd and 3rd years. Over this time, individuals experienced "laboratory adaptation," and both accepted and increased their performance on previously unacceptable food plants.
RÉPARTITION SPATIO-TEMPORELLE DES PRÉSENCES D’AILÉS D’APHIS GOSSYPII(HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) EN CULTURE COTONNIÈRE (MALVACEAE)
Authors: Célini Léonide , Vaillant Jean 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe spatio-temporal distribution of cotton plants,Gossypium hirsutumL., infested withAphis gossypii(Glover) winged adults, is described in a plot located in Bangui, Central African Republic. Each cotton plant growing in the plot was examined visually for a short period of time to ascertain the presence or absence ofA.gossypiiand to construct weekly infestation maps. Tests of autocorrelation and dispersion were carried out at different spatial scales by means of Monte Carlo procedures on embedded counting grids. Edge effect tests were also carried out. The statistical analyses show significant overdispersion of the infested plants and positive spatial autocorrelation. Positive temporal autocorrelation and significant edge effect are detected intermittently throughout the season.
SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF ENARMONIA FORMOSANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: McNair Crawford , Gries Gerhard , Gries Regine 
Published: November 2009

Abstract(E)-9-Dodecenyl acetate (E9-12:OAc) and (Z)-9-dodecenyl acetate (Z9-12:OAc) are major components of the sex pheromone of the cherry bark tortrix (CBT), Enarmonia formosana (Scopoli), in British Columbia. The compounds were identified in extracts of female pheromone glands by coupled gas chromatographic – electroantennographic detection (GC–EAD) and coupled GC – mass spectrometry. In field experiments, traps baited with E9-12:OAc or Z9-12:OAc singly were unattractive to male CBT, but in combination at ratios of 50:50 or 40:60 captured numerous males. Increasing quantities of this two-component pheromone blend resulted in increasing captures of male CBT. This binary blend at a 10-mg dose caught more CBT males that did caged virgin CBT females. Eight other EAD-active acetates identified in extracts of pheromone glands failed to enhance attractiveness of the pheromone blend. These compounds may serve to reduce cross-attraction of heterospecific male moths or may play a role in courtship behaviour. Formulations of synthetic pheromone are being evaluated for management of the CBT using mass trapping or disorientation of male CBT moths.
YIELD OF OCCLUSION BODIES FROM FOREST TENT CATERPILLAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LASIOCAMPIDAE) LARVAE INFECTED WITH A NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS
Authors: Ebling P.M. , Kaupp W.J. 
Published: November 2009

The forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hübner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), is subject to a variety of naturally occurring infectious diseases, including a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MdNPV) which has been observed to reach epizootic proportions (Stairs 1966; Myers 1993).Because MdNPV is currently available only in limited quantities for small-scale experimentation, production scale-up is vital to it's potential as a biological control agent against the forest tent caterpillar. Viruses replicate only in living cells, therefore it is necessary to produce viral insecticides either in host insect larvae (in vivo) or in susceptible cell cultures (in vitro). Insect cell cultures have not yet been developed so that large-scale production of baculoviruses are feasible (Cunningham 1995), thus in vivo production must be used. To plan for the scale-up of NPV production, it is necessary to establish the yield of occlusion bodies (OBs) from M. disstria larvae. We report here the yield of OBs from four larval instars inoculated with MdNPV, the time to mortality, head capsule widths, and body weights, and recommend larval instars suitable for further research toward commercial-scale production.
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A FIXED-PRECISION SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING PLAN FOR ESTIMATING BROOD ADULT DENSITY OF DENDROCTONVS PSEUDOTSUGAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Negrón José F. , Schaupp Willis C. , Johnson Erik 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, attacks Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Pinaceae), throughout western North America. Periodic outbreaks cause increased mortality of its host. Land managers and forest health specialists often need to determine population trends of this insect. Bark samples were obtained from 326 trees distributed over 21 stands during a 2-year period in late winter to early spring of 1997 and 1998 in the Colorado Front Range. The variance to mean relationship of brood adults was examined using the Taylor power law, and a fixed-precision sampling plan was developed using Green’s method. Stop lines and minimum number of samples required to estimate brood adult density per 0.046 m2 with precision levels of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 were calculated. A resampling simulation conducted with an independent data set indicated that desired precision levels were not met. Theoretical precision levels were adjusted until desired precision levels were achieved. Average number of samples needed to estimate brood adult densities up to 25.1 adults per 0.046 m2 with precision levels of 0.09, 0.2, and 0.3 were 91, 20, and 8, respectively. For densities greater than 25.1 brood adults per 0.046 m2, conservative estimates are obtained with 72, 15, and 6 samples for precision levels of 0.09, 0.2, and 0.3, respectively. An emergence ratio can be obtained by dividing the estimated density of brood adults by twice the number of gallery starts. This system provides the user with an immediate assessment of the population trend of Douglas-fir beetle. The data collected compare favorably with data from other Douglas-fir beetle outbreaks reported in the literature. The use of this plan outside the Colorado Front Range, or by sampling at a different height, should be cautioned until additional data from other locations and sampling heights are examined.
CERATOZETIDAE (ACARI: ORIBATIDA) OF ARBOREAL HABITATS
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSix species of oribatid mites (Acari: Ceratozetidae) in six genera were recorded from a variety of arboreal habitats in western Canada, including the canopy of temperate rainforest, montane forest, and the leaves of shrubs. Four of these species are new to science and are described:Sphaerozetes winchesterisp.nov., on the basis of adults; andDentizetes ledensissp.nov.,Melanozetes crossleyisp.nov., andNeogymnobates marilynaesp.nov., on the basis of adults and immatures.Jugatala tuberosaEwing is redescribed from both adults and immatures, a new observation being that adults have seven pairs of notogastral porose areas. The placement of the genusJugatalaEwing in Ceratozetidae is confirmed.Latilamellobates baloghi(Mahunka) is newly recorded from North America, and the taxonomy of the genus is discussed. The major differences among these six species are presented in tabular format.
CAN JUVENILE HORMONE RESEARCH HELP REJUVENATE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT?
Authors: Cusson Michel , Palli Subba Reddy 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn the 1960s, the prediction that synthetic juvenile hormones (JHs) and their analogs would form the basis of a new generation of insecticides with enhanced target specificity greatly stimulated research on this hormone. Although JH-based insecticides were found to be effective against certain groups of insect pests, their shortcomings soon became apparent; however, current JH research provides new opportunities and ideas for the development of innovative integrated pest management (IPM) tools and strategies aimed at disrupting JH functions. Interfering with JH endocrinology requires that we either artificially increase JH titers at stages of development when titers are normally low or artificially reduce JH titers at stages of development when titers are normally high. Our discussion is organized around these two conceptual approaches and covers such areas as (i) the isolation and cloning of JH receptors; (ii) the characterization of polydnavirus and entomopoxvirus gene products responsible for the inhibition of host metamorphosis; (iii) the isolation and molecular cloning of allatostatins and the design of allatostatic pseudopeptides; (iv) the characterization of JH biosynthetic enzymes specific to the Lepidoptera; (v) the characterization of regulatory material originating from parasitic wasps of the genusChelonusPanzer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), which induce precocious metamorphosis in their hosts; (vi) a tree resistance mechanism involving anti-JH effects resulting in the failure of female insects to produce and lay eggs; and (vii) the cloning of JH esterase and epoxide hydrolase cDNAs and the production of recombinant baculoviruses that overexpress these JH-degradative enzymes.
SPECIES DIVERSITY AND COMPOSITION OF DUNG BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEOIDEA) ASSEMBLAGES IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Lobo Jorge M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractData from 18 studies carried out on dung beetles from temperate North America (north of 25 ° latitude) are compared to verify the existence of some geographical pattern in the variation of three parameters: (1) species number, (2) taxonomic composition, and (3) number of introduced species. Southern localities are characterized by a larger number of species and a significantly higher number of scarabaeine species than northern localities (only southern communities located inside the Chihuahuan desert do not conform to this pattern). To explain the latitudinal pattern in faunistic composition and number of species, historical factors are postulated. Foreign species of the tribe Aphodiini seem to be more frequent in the northern localities where more aphodiine native species occur. In contrast, foreign species of the subfamily Scarabaeinae are not more frequent in the southern localities with a greater number of native scarabaeine species. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the more diverse assemblages of native dung beetle are more resistant to invasion by foreign species.
CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROPSYCHE SLOSSONAE (TRICHOPTERA: HYDROPSYCHIDAE) CAPTURE NET POLYPEPTIDES
Authors: Tessier L. , Boisvert J.L. , Vought L.B-M. , Lacoursière J.O. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to characterize polypeptide components of the capture net spun by trichopteran larvae Hydropsyche slossonae (Banks) (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae). Thirty-one polypeptide bands were identified by SDS – polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE) from extracted net material, with molecular weights ranging from 8500 to 179 000. Comparison with published data on Bombyx mori (L.) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) silk, treated under similar denaturing conditions, shows that six low molecular weight polypeptides ranging between 8500 and 18 800 in the silk of H. slossonae are absent from that of B. mori; furthermore, two high molecular weight polypeptides (210 000 and 220 000) detected in the silk of B. mori are not present in that of H. slossonae. Differences between both groups are probably related to their mode of living and to the specific use of silk (in air versus under water). Our findings are consistent with the current trend in the literature that silk spun by aquatic and terrestrial insects, as well as those spun by different species, is apparently made of different biopolymers according to the protein constituents. Hence, the polypeptide characterization of silk, combined with sequence data and (or) antibodies cross-reactivity data, could represent a potential tool for taxonomic classification improvement of aquatic insects. These results could eventually be used to characterize hydropsychid capture net anomalies induced by environmental pollution.
RESISTANCE TO SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) IN SPRING WHEAT (GRAMINEAE)
Authors: Lamb R.J. , McKenzie R.I.H. , Wise I.L. , Barker P.S. , Smith M.A.H. , Olfert O.O. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCultivars of winter wheat, Triticum aestivum L., previously identified as possible sources of resistance to wheat midge, Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin), were crossed with spring wheat to produce lines with a spring growth habit and assure synchrony between insect and plant. Many of the lines showed low levels of infestation by wheat midge in the field, and 21 of these were tested for resistance in the laboratory. All test lines exhibited resistance, ranging from 58 to 100% suppression of larvae and 70 to 100% suppression of seed damage, compared with a susceptible line. Larval development was delayed and survival was reduced on all lines. This antibiosis was associated with a hypersensitive reaction in the seed surface. The hypersensitive reaction, or feeding damage by young larvae before they died, reduced the biomass of some infested resistant seeds by 28% compared with over 60% for infested susceptible seeds. Some lines also reduced the level of infestation either through oviposition deterrence or a resistance which prevented newly hatched larvae from establishing on the seed surface. A few lines also reduced the hatching rate of wheat midge eggs. The resistance was equally effective in field trials during two consecutive summers in Manitoba and Saskatchewan, with at least a 20-times difference in the level of infestation between susceptible and resistant wheats. No larvae could develop to maturity on some resistant lines. Large plots of one resistant line produced less than 1% as many larvae as a typical susceptible wheat, and the larvae that did survive produced few, small adults. This resistance is the first documented case of a high level of true resistance to wheat midge in spring wheat, distinct from asynchrony between the insect and susceptible stage of the plant. The antibiosis component of the resistance is currently being incorporated in cultivars suitable for production in western Canada.
FOREST GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) ON A BOREAL ISLAND: HABITAT PREFERENCES AND THE EFFECT OF EXPERIMENTAL REMOVALS
Authors: Apigian Kyle , Wheelwright Nathaniel T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe used pitfall trapping to measure the species richness and relative abundance of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in four forest habitats on Kent Island, a 80-ha island in the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. Sixteen species of ground beetles representing 11 genera were identified in the forested habitats on Kent Island; the relative paucity of ground beetle species may be a result of the island’s harsh climate, dense colonies of breeding seabirds, and isolation from the mainland. Estimates of ground beetle population densities on Kent Island ranged from 50 000 to 250 000/ha. Most ground beetle species were trapped in all habitats and appeared to be habitat generalists. In a series of experiments in which we removed all ground beetles trapped daily over a 3-week period in two experimental plots, ground beetle densities remained as high as in a control plot; other ground beetles quickly moved into the experimental plots to replace beetles that had been removed. The density of ground beetles was highest in intact forest and large forest patches; in contrast, the density of invertebrates other than ground beetles (i.e., possible prey or competitors of ground beetles) was highest in open habitats and isolated forest patches, where ground beetles were less common. Removing ground beetles from experimental plots did not result in an increase in the density of other invertebrates.
ALLOCATION PATTERNS OF ORGANIC NITROGEN AND MINERAL NUTRIENTS WITHIN STEM GALLS OFDIPLOLEPIS SPINOSAANDDIPLOLEPIS TRIFORMA(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) ON WILD ROSES (ROSACEAE)
Authors: St John Mark G. , Shorthouse Joseph D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractConcentrations of organic N and minerals Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, and S in tissues of galls induced byDiplolepis spinosa(Ashmead) andDiplolepis triformaShorthouse and Ritchie in growth and maturation phases were compared with those in ungalled tissues of host roses and tissues distal to galls to increase our understanding of nutritional relationships between gall wasps and their host plants (Rosa blandaAiton andRosa acicularisLindley, respectively). Concentrations of N and most mineral nutrients were lower in galls than in ungalled tissues, and tissues distal to galls, suggesting that cynipids regulate rather than concentrate nutrients within their galls. Concentrations of mineral nutrients within the larvae of both species of inducers, and their parasitoids, were determined for galls in the maturation phase. Absolute amounts of most minerals in gall tissues were positively correlated with the number of inhabitants, indicating that control of translocation of nutrients to galls occurs on a per inducer basis. Concentrations of nutrients in mature larvae of parasitoids were the same as concentrations in mature larvae of inducers, which explains why parasitism of gall inducers had no influence on the concentrations or amounts of nutrients in galls. Galls ofD.triformahad greater concentrations of N and most mineral nutrients than did galls ofD.spinosa. Likewise, larvae ofD.triforma, and the parasitoids feeding onD.triforma, had greater concentrations of N and mineral nutrients than did larvae ofD.spinosaand its parasitoids. Galls of both species had different concentrations of nutrients compared with ungalled tissues and tissues distal to the galls. Galls of both species also had seasonal decreases in concentrations of nutrients. Parasitoids of each species of inducer were generally similar in mineral composition to their hosts.