bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biocompatibility and retinal support of a foldable capsular vitreous body injected with saline or silicone oil implanted in rabbit eyes
Authors: Wang Peijuan , Gao Qianying , Jiang Zhaoxin , Lin Jianxian , Liu Yaqin , Chen Jiajia , Zhou Lian , Li Huaiyang , Yang Qingfang , Wang Ting 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIntroduction:  The aim of this study was to evaluate over a 180‐day period the biocompatibility and retinal support of a foldable capsular vitreous body injected with either saline or silicone oil implanted in rabbit eyes.Methods:  A standard three‐port pars plana vitrectomy was performed, and foldable capsular vitreous bodies were implanted into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes (n = 18). Silicone oil tamponade was used as the control group (n = 5). Of the foldable capsular vitreous body‐implanted eyes, either saline (n = 9) or silicone oil (n = 9) was injected into the foldable capsular vitreous body to support the retina. The treated eyes were examined using a slit lamp with a non‐contact slit‐lamp lens, a tonopen, a non‐contact specular microscope and a B‐scan ultrasound during the 180‐day implantation period. A histological examination was performed at 90 and 180 days.Results:  During the 180‐day implantation period, no significant corneal keratopathy or intraocular inflammation was noted, and the intraocular pressure (IOP) and corneal endothelial numbers remained steady among the three groups. B‐scan ultrasonography showed a smoothly increased echogenicity in front of the retina in group of foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with saline. Gross examination showed that the foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with saline or silicone oil smoothly supported the retina. The saline or silicone oil inside the foldable capsular vitreous body was homogeneous, transparent and filled the foldable capsular vitreous body. Histological examination showed no obvious abnormality of the cornea, ciliary body or retina in the foldable capsular vitreous body‐implanted eyes.Conclusions:  These results suggest that foldable capsular vitreous bodies injected with either saline or silicone oil showed good biocompatibility and retinal support in rabbit eyes over a 180‐day implantation time.
Differential effect of long versus short wavelength light exposure on pupillary re‐dilation in patients with outer retinal disease
Authors: Léon Lorette , Crippa Sylvain V , Borruat François‐Xavier , Kawasaki Aki 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground:  In patients with outer retinal degeneration, a differential pupil response to long wavelength (red) versus short wavelength (blue) light stimulation has been previously observed. The goal of this study was to quantify differences in the pupillary re‐dilation following exposure to red versus blue light in patients with outer retinal disease and compare them with patients with optic neuropathy and with healthy subjects.Design:  Prospective comparative cohort study.Participants:  Twenty‐three patients with outer retinal disease, 13 patients with optic neuropathy and 14 normal subjects.Methods:  Subjects were tested using continuous red and blue light stimulation at three intensities (1, 10 and 100 cd/m2) for 13 s per intensity. Pupillary re‐dilation dynamics following the brightest intensity was analysed and compared between the three groups.Main Outcome Measures:  The parameters of pupil re‐dilation used in this study were: time to recover 90% of baseline size; mean pupil size at early and late phases of re‐dilation; and differential re‐dilation time for blue versus red light.Results:  Patients with outer retinal disease showed a pupil that tended to stay smaller after light termination and thus had a longer time to recovery. The differential re‐dilation time was significantly greater in patients with outer retinal disease (median = 28.0 s, P < 0.0001) compared with controls and patients with optic neuropathy.Conclusions:  A differential response of pupil re‐dilation following red versus blue light stimulation is present in patients with outer retinal disease but is not found in normal eyes or among patients with visual loss from optic neuropathy.
Prospective analysis of visual outcomes using apodized, diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses following phacoemulsification for cataract or clear lens extraction
Authors: Altaie Rasha , Ring C Peter , Morarji Jasha , Patel Dipika V , McGhee Charles NJ 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate efficacy, safety and predictability of apodized, diffractive multifocal intraocular lenses.Design:  Prospective, observational study.Participants or Sample:  Two hundred three patients (363 eyes) underwent surgery for cataract (54.8%) or clear lens extraction (45.2%).Methods:  A study of consecutive patients undergoing lens extraction with insertion of the AcrySof Natural ReSTOR intraocular lens (SN60D3). Assessment included: refraction, corneal topography, biometry, monocular and binocular uncorrected and best spectacle corrected distance and near visual acuity.Main Outcome Measures:  Visual acuity, spectacle dependence.Results:  Mean preoperative best corrected visual acuity was 6/12 (cataract) and 6/6 (clear lens extraction). One hundred sixty‐one (98.2%) of the clear lens extraction group were hyperopic and presbyopic (mean spherical equivalent +4.25±3.5D). Postoperatively uncorrected visual acuity was ≥6/12 in 96.5% of eyes (51.9% ≥6/6) and ≥ N5 in 95% of eyes. At 6 months, 182 eyes (91.4%) (cataract) and 137 eyes (83.5%) (clear lens extraction) were ≤0.50 D of target spherical equivalent. Spectacle independence was reported in 81.9% (n = 168). Minor halos or other visual phenomena were reported in 10.2%. No subjects required intraocular lens exchange. Safety index at 6 months was 2.5 and 1.17 for cataract and clear lens extraction, respectively.Conclusions:  The apodized, diffractive multifocal intraocular lens predictably provided excellent near uncorrected visual acuity and good distance uncorrected visual acuity following cataract and clear lens extraction surgery with a high rate of spectacle independence. A minority of subjects note halos and other visual phenomena that may be related to intraocular lens design.
Lightweight design of vehicle components based on strengthening effects of low‐amplitude loads below fatigue limit
Authors: SONGLIN Z. , XI L. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTA new lightweight design method for vehicle components is proposed based on the strengthening effects of low‐amplitude loads below the fatigue limit. The new method is technically based on the strength feature of strengthening and damaging of vehicle components under loading spectrum, while combining dynamic strength equations with the residual strength of vehicle components. It ensures the maximum exploitation of the material's strength potential and fully realises the lightweight design of vehicle components at a low cost. As an application of the new lightweight design method, a light truck's front axle was redesigned. The lightweight potential of the front axle was first estimated by fatigue and static strength experiments of four‐point bending. Then the lightweight design was realised by finite element analysis and experimental results. The weight of this front axle was reduced by 5.5 kg.
Histology of structures used in territorial combat by Borneo’s ‘exploding ants’
Authors: Davidson Diane W. , Salim Kamariah A. , Billen Johan 
Published: August 2011

Davidson, D.W., Salim, K.A. and Billen, J. 2011. Histology of structures used in territorial combat by Borneo’s ‘exploding ants’. —Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 93: 487–491.AbstractHistological studies of the hypertrophied structures of Borneo’s ‘exploding ants’ confirm homology with mandibular glands; reservoirs (only) are hypertrophied as storage structures. The general anatomical organization and ultrastructure of the glands is similar to that in other ant species. Development of secretory structures is not unusually great, and secretory cells are apparently confined to the head. These results suggest gradual production of mandibular gland compounds and filling of reservoirs and are consistent with known and hypothesized roles of mandibular glands and their products.
Photoselective vaporization of the prostate: pursuing good indications based on the results of 400 Japanese patients
Authors: Otsuki Hideo , Kuwahara Yoshitaka , Tsukamoto Takuji , Nakamura Kenzo , Shiroki Ryoichi , Hoshinaga Kiyotaka 
Published: August 2011

Study Type – Therapy (individual cohort)Level of Evidence 2bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Photoselective vaporization of prostate (PVP) with a KTP laser is safer than TURP and has comparable efficacy to TURP. But long‐term durability and suitable amount of vaporization have been unknown. We investigated 400 Japanese patients after PVP regarding prostate volume. The mean reduction rate of prostate size was 43.2% (21.8 mL), which was achieved with 273.5 kj of KTP energy on average. A larger absolute volume reduction in patients with larger prostates was associated with greater improvements of objective urinary function parameters and symptoms score reduction.OBJECTIVE
To investigate good indications of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) by retrospective evaluation of its efficacy in relation to prostate volume.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A cohort of 400 patients had International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), Quality of Life (QoL) score, urinary peak flow (Qmax), and prostate volume (Pvol), assessed before and after surgery.
Changes of outcome variables were compared among four groups classified according to preoperative prostate volume: <30 mL (group A), ≥30 and <50 mL (group B), ≥50 and <70 mL (group C), and >70 mL (group D).
RESULTS
Operating times and amounts of energy applied were 44.2 min and 159 kJ, 67.7 min and 268 kJ, 111 min and 409 kJ, and 171 min and 604 kJ in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively.
All variables improved significantly and immediately, and remained for more than 12 months.
Investigation of groups classified by prostate size demonstrated that IPSS and QoL score decreased and improvement rate of Qmax rose as prostate volume increased.
Changes of Pvol were from 24.5 mL to 13.2 mL (−46.1%), from 39.8 mL to 22.9 mL (−42.4%), from 58.4 mL to 32.8 mL (−43.8%), and from 92.1 mL to 53.8 mL (−41.5%) in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively. Overall the Pvol reduction rate was 43.2%, and no significant differences were observed in reduction ratios among the groups.
Complications were minimal, but bladder neck contracture arose in 16 cases with a smaller prostate.
CONCLUSION
Whilst the percentage reduction in volume was similar across the groups, the larger absolute volume reduction in patients with larger prostates was associated with greater improvement in objective urinary function variables, and with symptom score reduction.
Financial Student Aid and Enrollment in Higher Education: New Evidence from Germany*
Authors: Steiner Viktor , Wrohlich Katharina 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMeans‐tested student aid might affect enrollment in higher education. To derive the potential influence of student aid, we use a tax‐benefit microsimulation model. The effect is a non‐linear function of parental income, with variation as a result of bracket creeping and various reforms. Therefore, the effect of student aid on enrollment can be separated from the effects of income and other family characteristics. Using the German Socio‐Economic Panel, we find a small but significant positive effect, similar in size to the effects reported in previous studies for European countries but smaller than in the US.
Peer Nominations of Emotional Expressivity Among Urban Children: Social and Psychological Correlates
Authors: Perry‐Parrish Carisa , Waasdorp Tracy E. , Bradshaw Catherine P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe current study examined associations between peer nominations of children's expression of negative emotions and psychological, social, and behavioral correlates in a sample of 523 first graders. Children (85 percent African‐American) completed a peer nomination measure for expressing negative emotions. In addition, three other domains of functioning were assessed using multiple raters: internalizing symptoms (self, parent), externalizing behavior (parent, teacher), and social competence (parent, teacher). Regression analyses indicated that peer nominations of negative emotions predicted higher levels of teacher‐rated externalizing behavior and lower levels of teacher‐rated social competence. Peer nominations of emotions were significantly associated with teacher ratings but unrelated to self‐ and parent‐report measures. Adding to a small but growing literature, our findings underscore the importance of assessing peer perceptions of children's emotional expressivity and their associations to social and psychological functioning in an urban, predominantly African‐American sample.
Temperamental, Parental, and Contextual Contributors to Early‐emerging Internalizing Problems: A New Integrative Analysis Approach
Authors: Mills Rosemary S. L. , Hastings Paul D. , Helm Jonathan , Serbin Lisa A. , Etezadi Jamshid , Stack Dale M. , Schwartzman Alex E. , Li Hai Hong 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis study evaluated a comprehensive model of factors associated with internalizing problems (IP) in early childhood, hypothesizing direct, mediated, and moderated pathways linking child temperamental inhibition, maternal overcontrol and rejection, and contextual stressors to IP. In a novel approach, three samples were integrated to form a large sample (N=500) of Canadian children (2–6 years; M=3.95 years; SD=.80). Items tapping into the same constructs across samples were used to create parallel measures of inhibited temperament, maternal positive, critical, and punitive parenting, maternal negative emotionality, family socioeconomic and structural stressors, and child's IP. Multiple‐groups structural equation modeling indicated that associations were invariant across samples and did not differ for boys and girls. Child inhibition, less positive and more critical parenting, maternal negative emotionality, and family socioeconomic disadvantage were found to have direct associations with IP. In addition, maternal negative emotionality was associated with IP through more critical parenting, and both maternal negative emotionality and socioeconomic stress were associated with IP through less positive parenting. Results highlight the multiple independent and cumulative risk factors for early IP and demonstrate the power of integrating data across developmental studies.
The injured and diseased farmer: occupational health, embodiment and technologies of harm and care
Authors: Lovelock Kirsten 
Published: August 2011

AbstractOccupational health in agriculture is a significant public health issue in industrialised agricultural nations. This article reports on 26 in‐depth interviews with farmers throughout New Zealand. Farmers are exposed to a range of technologies which place them at risk of injury and disease and/or prevent injury and disease. In this article these technologies are respectively conceptualised as technologies of harm and technologies of care. Despite being vulnerable to high rates of injury, fatality and occupationally related diseases the uptake of technologies of care amongst farmers in New Zealand is poor. The analysis draws on body theory to explore the meaning attached to injury and disease and to examine the socio‐cultural field of agriculture. It is argued that the key features of subjective embodiment and social, cultural and symbolic capital can undermine the uptake of technologies of care, ensuring poor occupational health outcomes on New Zealand farms.
Fear of Crime in Expatriate Australians in Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
Authors: Coyne John William , Bell Peter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThis qualitative study addresses the primary question of what changes, or impacts upon, fear of crime in six Australian expatriates living in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) Vietnam. The research paid particular attention to the differences in fear of crime when respondents became expatriates, and the impact of incivilities and access to media. Responses indicate that after a period of adjustment, expatriates feel safer in HCMC than in Australia. Research findings support the existing fear of crime theories and highlight the importance of context in predicting the impact of such factors as media and incivilities.
Reporting of Health Problems and Pain by Adults with An Intellectual Disability and by their Carers
Authors: Turk Vicky , Khattran Sukhjinder , Kerry Sally , Corney Roslyn , Painter Kerry 
Published: August 2011

Background  Information about the health of people with ID is usually obtained from professionals and carers. Little is known about what health problems people with ID report they experience, and whether this differs from their carers’ reports.Method  A secondary analysis of health information provided by participants with ID and/or their matched carers as part of a health intervention RCT using inclusive methodology.Results  Health information from 98 participants with ID is presented. Less than three quarters of participants said they had someone to talk to about their health (68/93). Pain was reported by 67% (66/98) with 18% (17/95) saying they did not tell anyone when in pain, and 27% (26/97) they did not take pain relief medication. Matched carer data for 59 participants indicated similar numbers of health problems reported by participants as by their carers when prompted with specific problems. Participants reported more headaches and allergies, but fewer weight problems than their carers. Concordance was poor for many problems.Conclusion  Participants reported experiencing a lot of health and mental health problems including pain. This information from adults with ID is rarely collected, either in research or in routine clinical practice.
Activation of steroid‐sensitive TRPM3 channels potentiates glutamatergic transmission at cerebellar Purkinje neurons from developing rats
Authors: Zamudio‐Bulcock Paula A. , Everett Julie , Harteneck Christian , Valenzuela C. Fernando 
Published: August 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 474–485.AbstractThe functional implications of transient receptor potential melastatin 3 (TRPM3) activation, the most recently described member of the melastatin subfamily of cation permeable TRP channels, have begun to be elucidated in recent years. The discovery of TRPM3 activation by the steroid pregnenolone sulfate (PregS) has shed new light on the physiological role of this channel. For example, TRPM3 activation enhances insulin secretion from β pancreatic cells, induces contraction of vascular smooth muscle, and is also involved in the detection of noxious heat. Although TRPM3 expression has been detected in several regions of the developing and mature brain, little is known about the roles of TRPM3 in brain physiology. In this study, we demonstrate the abundant expression of TRPM3 steroid‐sensitive channels in the developing cerebellar cortex. We also show that TRPM3‐like channels are expressed at glutamatergic synapses in neonatal Purkinje cells. We recently showed that PregS potentiates spontaneous glutamate release onto neonatal Purkinje cells during a period of active glutamatergic synapse formation; we now show that this effect of PregS is mediated by TRPM3‐like channels. Mefenamic acid, a recently discovered TRPM3 antagonist, blocked the effect of PregS on glutamate release. The PregS effect on glutamate release was mimicked by other TRPM3 agonists (nifedipine and epipregnanolone sulfate) but not by a TRMP3‐inactive steroid (progesterone). Our findings identify TRPM3 channels as novel modulators of glutamatergic transmission in the developing brain.
Aperture referral in heterocentric astigmatic systems
Authors: Harris William F 
Published: August 2011

Citation information: Harris WF. Aperture referral in heterocentric astigmatic systems. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2011, 31, 603–614. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2011.00860.xAbstractBackground:  Retinal blur patch, effective corneal patch, projective field, field of view and other concepts are usually regarded as disjoint concepts to be treated separately. However they have in common the fact that an aperture, often the pupil of the eye, has its effect at some other longitudinal position. Here the effect is termed aperture referral.Purpose:  To develop a complete and general theory of aperture referral under which many ostensibly‐distinct aperture‐dependent concepts become unified and of which these concepts become particular applications. The theory allows for apertures to be elliptical and decentred and refracting surfaces in an eye or any other optical system to be astigmatic, heterocentric and tilted.Methods:  The optical model used is linear optics, a three‐dimensional generalization of Gaussian optics. Positional and inclinational invariants are defined along a ray through an arbitrary optical system. A pencil of rays through a system is defined by an object or image point and an aperture defines a subset of the pencil called a restricted pencil.Results:  Invariants are derived for four cases: an object and an image point at finite and at infinite distances. Formulae are obtained for the generalized magnification and transverse translation and for the geometry and location of an aperture referred to any other transverse plane.Conclusions:  A restricted pencil is defined by an aperture and an object or image point. The intersection of the restricted pencil with a transverse plane is the aperture referred to that transverse plane. Many concepts, including effective corneal patch, retinal blur patch, projective field and visual field, can now be treated routinely as special cases of the general theory: having identified the aperture, the referred aperture and the referring point one applies the general formulae directly. The formulae are exact in linear optics, explicit and give insight into relationships.
Long‐term pig manure application reduces the requirement of chemical phosphorus and potassium in two rice–wheat sites in subtropical China
Authors: Duan Y. , Xu M. , He X. , Li S. , Sun X. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractProducing optimal grain yields while reducing adverse environmental impacts of over‐fertilization is essential in intensive, but sustainable, farming systems. We investigated the effects of long‐term (1982–2005) application of chemical nitrogen (N), N + chemical phosphorus (P) and N + P + chemical potassium (K) on grain yield, nitrogen recovery efficiency (NRE) and N losses in two rice–wheat sites in subtropical China where pig manure was applied (Suining and Wuchang). Four (Suining) or five (Wuchang) treatments were examined: no‐fertilizer, chemical N plus manure (NM), chemical NP plus manure (NPM), chemical NPK plus manure (NPKM) or chemical NPK plus 1.6 times manure (NPKhM, Wuchang only). Fertilizers resulted in 1.5–2.5 times higher grain yields than no‐fertilizer, which led to a NRE in the range from 21.0 to 58.3%. Grain yields of rice and wheat were significantly increased by 22.6–25.9 and 34.4–37.5%, respectively, under NPM and NPKM (similar to each other) compared to NM at Suining. Yields were similar for NM, NPK, NPKM and NPKhM at Wuchang. The N accumulation and NRE among fertilizers were in the order NM < NPM = NPKM at the low amount of manure‐applied site (Suining), but NM = NPM = NPKM at the high amount of manure‐applied site (Wuchang). The ratio of N losses to total N input was 21.4–49.1% at the studied sites. Soil total N accumulated at a rate of 0.01–0.04 g/kg/yr during 1982–2005 with fertilizers and decreased or was constant in soil without fertilizer. Application of chemical P and K fertilizers could be reduced or eliminated after long‐term manure application at these two sites, while maintaining optimal grain yields and enhancing soil N accumulation.