bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ensemble prediction and parameter estimation system: the method
Authors: Laine Marko , Solonen Antti , Haario Heikki , Järvinen Heikki 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the companion paper (Järvinen et al., 2011. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. DOI: 10.1002/qj.923) we suggested a concept to estimate numerical weather prediction model closure parameters on‐line, coupled with an operational ensemble prediction system. In this paper, such a method is developed and demonstrated in low‐order numerical tests. The method utilizes the massive amount of operational model predictions to make statistical inference about the underlying probability distributions of the closure parameters. This is achieved with practically no additional computations. The only required change to the ensemble prediction system is to allow perturbation of the model closure parameters for different ensemble members. Otherwise, the method is straightforward. The parametric uncertainty is presented using a hierarchical statistical model. Proposed parameter values are resampled based on their respective likelihood function values, as evaluated against verifying observations. Update formulas are used to feed back the parametric information to the evolving proposal distribution. The method for ensemble prediction and parameter estimation system (EPPES) is demonstrated using a stochastic version of the Lorenz‐95 model. The numerical tests show that the EPPES method is capable of detecting unknown and wrongly specified parameter values, and lead to optimal forecast skill in an independent test run. Potential show‐stoppers are discussed. Our current research is directed towards a realistic ensemble prediction system. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Mechanisms of the diurnal cycle in the atmospheric boundary layer of Mars
Authors: Savijärvi Hannu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPotential temperature profiles derived from the NASA Mars rover Spirit's miniature thermal emission spectrometer scans of the atmosphere were used as a validation for boundary‐layer (BL) simulations on a dusty and a dustless solar day (sol), and the 1D model's heating rates were studied to clarify the mechanisms which drive the observed diurnal variation. The optical properties of dust were first charted by Mie calculations, the single‐scattering albedo and asymmetry parameter being fairly insensitive to the dust size distribution.During a dusty and warm late summer day, the simulated potential temperatures, θ, were reasonably close to those observed. The morning and midday θ(z) display a strongly superadiabatic surface layer up to 150 m with a convective BL (CBL) aloft. The diurnal evolution of the model's CBL is not very sensitive to the wind speed and is consistent with large‐eddy simulations. After sunset, a stable surface layer evolves by turbulent cooling so conventional similarity theory is applicable (unlike in the radiation‐driven CBL). Strong long‐wave (LW) cooling dominates aloft, building the inversion and the stable BL upwards. During windy nights with a nocturnal low‐level jet, shear‐driven turbulence assists the LW cooling, while during calm Martian nights turbulent cooling is limited to the lowest few metres only.The less dusty late autumn simulation appeared to be close to the observed evolution. The BL mechanisms were similar to those during the dusty sol but with moderated radiative heating rates due to the small dust amounts and the lower emission temperatures. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
On‐Chip Screening of Experimental Conditions for the Synthesis of Noble‐Metal Nanostructures with Different Morphologies
Authors: Zhou Jianhua , Zeng Jie , Grant Jennifer , Wu Hongkai , Xia Younan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe applications of nanostructures critically depend on their morphologies. Although significant progress has been made in the chemical synthesis of nanostructures with a variety of different morphologies, it is still highly desired to develop an approach that allows one to quickly identify the best set of parameters for nanostructure syntheses. Herein, an on‐chip approach to the rapid screening of experimental conditions pivotal to the production of nanostructures with different morphologies is reported. The key component of this approach is an array of reactors containing solutions with a one‐ or two‐dimensional gradient in reagent concentration, pH value, or reaction temperature. In the proof‐of‐concept experiments, the parameters needed for the production of Au and Pd nanostructures with various morphologies are quickly identified. In principle, this approach can be extended to other systems for rapid screening and optimization of experimental conditions involved in the syntheses of different types of nanostructures.
The Assessment and Peri-Operative Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Urological Day Case Surgery—Outcomes of the North West of England Regional Audit
Authors: Thakare Niyukta , Mukherjee Rono , Sinclair Andrew M. , Elsobky Sherif , Pearce Ian 
Published: September 2011

Objective: To determine whether patients with diabetes undergoing day surgery in urology units in the North West of England were managed in accordance with published national guidelines. Patients and methods: Data on day cases were collected from 14 NHS Trusts in the region. Proformas including details of pre-operative assessment, peri-operative care and discharge were completed by independent data collectors in individual units. These were audited against the British Association of Day Surgery guidelines for management of patients with diabetes as day cases. Results: 7 patients with type 1 diabetes and 77 with type 2 underwent day case procedures. At pre-operative assessment, 71% patients had a documented glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C), 32% had stable serum glucose and 62% had no history of hypoglycaemic attacks. Peri-operatively, 69% had a blood glucose <10mmol/l, 17% had a blood glucose >10mmol/l and in 14% it was not documented. A Glucose-potassium-insulin infusion was commenced in 91% of patients on insulin. On discharge, less than 25% patients were given written advice. Conclusion: Whilst compliance with published guidelines is generally good throughout the region, there is significant room for improvement particularly with respect to documentation and discharge planning. Implementation of dedicated protocols can bring about consistent improvement in practice.
Body size at birth modifies the effect of fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) rs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity in adolescents: the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study
Authors: Labayen Idoia , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Ortega Francisco B. , Gottrand Frédéric , Huybrechts Inge , Dallongeville Jean , Widhalm Kurt , Ferrari Marika , Buyken Annete , Kersting Mathilde , Moschonis George , Turck Dominique , Gómez Sonia , Sjostrom Michael , Meirhaeghe Aline , Moreno Luis A. 
Published: September 2011

The present study was intended to examine whether ponderal index (PI) at birth modifies the effect of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) rs9939609 polymorphism on adiposity in European adolescents. A total of 628 adolescents aged 14·4 (se 1·3) years (56·8 % female) were recruited. PI was calculated from parental reports of birth weight and length (kg/m3), and the BMI (kg/m2), body fat percentage and fat mass index (FMI, kg/m2) were calculated. The rs9939609 polymorphism was genotyped and physical activity assessed by accelerometry. Sex, duration of pregnancy, pubertal status, centre and physical activity were used as confounders in all the analyses. The minor A allele of the FTO rs9939609 was significantly associated with higher BMI, body fat percentage and FMI (all P < 0·05) but not with PI. Significant interactions between PI and the rs9939609 polymorphism in terms of body fat percentage (P = 0·002) and FMI (P = 0·017) were detected. However, this polymorphism was only significantly associated with higher BMI, body fat percentage and FMI (all P < 0·05) in adolescents in the lower PI tertile. Indeed, both body fat percentage and FMI were higher in those adolescents in the lower PI tertile carrying the A allele of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism than in those with the TT genotype (25·0 (se 0·8) v. 22·1 (se 1·0) %, adjusted P = 0·030 and 5·6 (se 0·3) v. 4·6 (se 0·4) kg/m2, P = 0·031, respectively). Our findings suggest that those adolescents born with lower PI could be more vulnerable to the influence of the A risk allele of the FTO polymorphism on total adiposity content.
The psalms as a mark of Protestantism: the introduction of liturgical psalm-singing in Geneva
Authors: Trocmé-Latter Daniel 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIt is widely believed that musical creativity suffered under the control of many sixteenth-century Protestant church leaders, especially in the Reformed (as opposed to Lutheran) branch of Protestantism. Such views are generalisations, and it is more accurate to say that music in Geneva and other Reformed strongholds developed in a very different way from the music of the Lutheran Church. The very specific beliefs about the role of music in the liturgy of Jean Calvin, Genevan church leader, led to the creation and publication of the Book of Psalms in French, in metre, and set to music. The Genevan or Huguenot Psalter, completed in 1562, formed the basis for Reformed worship in Europe and throughout the world, and its impact is still felt today. Despite the importance of the Psalter, relatively little is known about the precise liturgical musical practices in Geneva at the time of the Reformation, and little research has been carried out into the aspirations of either reformers or church musicians in relation to the Psalter. This article explores the significance of Calvin's interest in the Psalms as theological material, observing how this interest manifested itself, and outlines Calvin's views on music and the ways in which his plans for psalm-singing were implemented in Geneva from the 1540s onwards. After giving a brief explanation of the process through which the psalm melodies were taught and learnt, it also asks whether Calvin's vision for congregational singing would, or could, have been fully realised, and to what extent the quality of music-making was important to him. This article suggests that in the Genevan psalm-singing of the sixteenth century, matters of spiritual significance were most important.
Tetralogy of Fallot with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and left lung hypoplasia: assessment of the adequacy of the peripheral pulmonary vascular growth after hernia repair
Authors: Shin Hong Ju , Jhang Won Kyoung , Yun Tae Jin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCongenital diaphragmatic hernia is a life-threatening condition frequently associated with various congenital cardiac diseases. In congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with tetralogy of Fallot, central pulmonary artery size of the affected side may not reflect the capacitance of peripheral pulmonary vascular beds. We report a case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia associated with tetralogy of Fallot, which was repaired after assessing the adequacy of the pulmonary vascular beds by intra-operative pulmonary blood flow study.
The identification of SNPs with indeterminate positions using the Equine SNP50 BeadChip
Authors: Corbin L. J. , Blott S. C. , Swinburne J. E. , Vaudin M. , Bishop S. C. , Woolliams J. A. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryWe have used linkage disequilibrium (LD) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip, which may be incorrectly positioned on the genome map. A total of 1201 Thoroughbred horses were genotyped using the Illumina Equine SNP50 BeadChip. LD was evaluated in a pairwise fashion between all autosomal SNPs, both within and across chromosomes. Filters were then applied to the data, firstly to identify SNPs that may have been mapped to the wrong chromosome and secondly to identify SNPs that may have been incorrectly positioned within chromosomes. We identified a single SNP on ECA28, which showed low LD with neighbouring SNPs but considerable LD with a group of SNPs on ECA10. Furthermore, a cluster of SNPs on ECA5 showed unusually low LD with surrounding SNPs. A total of 39 SNPs met the criteria for unusual within‐chromosome LD. The results of this study indicate that some SNPs may be misplaced. This finding is significant, as misplaced SNPs may lead to difficulties in the application of genomic methods, such as homozygosity mapping, for which SNP order is important.
Families affected by childhood cancer: an analysis of the provision of social support within online support groups
Authors: Coulson N. S. , Greenwood N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  With increasing access to the Internet, there are new opportunities available to families to seek information, advice and support about childhood cancer online.Methods  A total of 487 messages were retrieved from three childhood cancer online support groups and were analysed using deductive thematic analysis for the presence of support‐intended communication using Cutrona and Suhr's social support typology. In addition, the messages were examined for negative experiences or disadvantages.Results  The results revealed the presence of five types of social support: emotional, informational, esteem support and tangible assistance. In addition, some potential limitations of online support were identified, including a lack of responses and difficulties in maintaining relationships outside the online group context.Conclusion  This study suggests that online support groups may offer the potential to support family members of children with cancer. In particular, it may be a useful resource for those seeking emotional and information support. However, there may be limitations associated with the use of online support groups.
Vertical vs. transverse sections of scalp biopsy specimens: a pilot study on the comparison of the diagnostic value of two techniques in alopecia
Authors: Özcan D. , Özen Ö. , Seçkin D. 
Published: September 2011

Summary
Background. Using both vertical and transverse sections is preferred for histopathological diagnosis of alopecia. However, in cases in which only a single biopsy is taken, it is not clear which type of sectioning is better.
Aim. To compare the diagnostic value of transverse and vertical sections.
Methods. In total, 53 patients with alopecia were enrolled in the study. Two biopsies were taken from each patient, and cut into either transverse or vertical sections. The clinical and histopathological findings were evaluated together for the definitive diagnosis. After the study period, a pathologist randomly re-evaluated the sections. We compared the histopathological diagnoses with the definitive diagnoses, and determined the sensitivity and specificity of each method.
Results. A definitive diagnosis was made for 47 patients (88.7%). Of these, 30 (63.8%) had noncicatricial and 17 (36.2%) had cicatricial alopecia, and the diagnosis was made by transverse and vertical sections for 43 (91.5%) and 39 (88%), respectively (P &gt; 0.05; sensitivity; 91.5% vs. 82%). All 30 patients with noncicatricial alopecia were diagnosed by transverse sections, and 25 (83.3%) of the 30 were diagnosed with vertical sections (P = 0.05; sensitivity 100% vs. 83.3%). Of the 17 patients with cicatricial alopecia, 13 (76.5%) and 14 (82.4%) patients were diagnosed by transverse and vertical sections, respectively (P &gt; 0.05; sensitivity 76.5% vs. 82.4%). Five patients with lichen planopilaris were diagnosed by vertical sections, and one by transverse sections. There were several limitations to the study: (i) statistical subtype analysis could be performed only for alopecia areata; (ii) no conclusion could be drawn about the interobserver reliability of two sections; and (iii) having the pathologist-blinded study performed retrospectively might have caused a recall bias.
Conclusion. If only a single biopsy specimen is available, it may be preferable to have transverse sections in cases of suspected noncicatricial alopecia, and vertical sections in cases of suspected lichen planopilaris. Either type of sectioning is suitable for cicatricial alopecia when lichen planopilaris is clinically unlikely.
A reduced serum level of total osteocalcin in men predicts the development of diabetes in a long‐term follow‐up cohort
Authors: Ngarmukos Chardpraorn , Chailurkit La‐or , Chanprasertyothin Suwanee , Hengprasith Bunlue , Sritara Piyamitr , Ongphiphadhanakul Boonsong 
Published: September 2011

SummaryBackground  Osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast‐specific protein, has been demonstrated to affect glucose metabolism in both animals and humans. Studies in animals have shown an effect of undercarboxylated OC (ucOC) on beta‐cell proliferation and insulin resistance. It remains unclear whether OC is associated with the future development of diabetes in humans, as well as the relative importance of ucOC vs OC.Objective  The aim of this study was to examine serum OC and its post‐translational forms as potential biomarkers for future the development of type 2 diabetes.Methods  This was a nested case–control study using data from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT). We identified 63 men without diabetes in the exploratory cohort at baseline who developed type 2 diabetes (DM) during the 10‐year follow‐up period from 1998–2008, and also 63 men age‐ and BMI‐matched for a non‐diabetes control group (non‐DM). Serum N‐mid OC and ucOC were measured in baseline blood samples. Logistic regression models were used to explore and identify baseline factors, including OC and ucOC, that predicted the subsequent development of diabetes.Results  The mean age and BMI were similar in both non‐DM and DM groups (47·2 ± 0·5 vs 47·8 ± 0·8 years and 25·2 ± 0·5 vs 25·9 ± 0·5 kg/m2, respectively). Only baseline mean serum N‐mid OC (15·2 ± 0·5 vs 13·0 ± 0·5 μg/l, P < 0·05) and fasting plasma glucose (4·92 ± 0·04 vs 5·28 ± 0·07 mmol/l, P < 0·05) were significantly different between the two groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that baseline serum N‐mid OC and glucose, but not ucOC, were independent risk factors for the development of diabetes in this long‐term study cohort.Conclusions  Circulating total OC is associated with incident diabetes in men. Further studies to evaluate the potential utility of OC as a biomarker to predict the development of type 2 diabetes are warranted.
Nurses’ assessments of individualised care in long‐term care institutions
Authors: Suhonen Riitta , Alikleemola Pilvi , Katajisto Jouko , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: September 2011

Aims.  The aims of this study were to explore nurses’ assessments of individualised care in long‐term care wards and to examine how their sociodemographic variables were associated with their views of such care.Background.  Although the importance of individualised care is highlighted both by nurses and by older people, there is a limited amount of research about individualised care, especially in the long‐term care of older people.Design.  An exploratory design was employed.Methods.  Data were collected using questionnaires [Individualised Care Scale (ICS)‐Nurse] from nurses (n = 283, n = 215, response rate 76%) working in the long‐term care wards (n = 19) of four institutions in 2009. Data were analysed statistically.Results.  Overall, nurses perceived that they supported patient individuality during nursing activities but the care they provided was not so individualised. Nurses perceived that they supported older peoples’ individuality in the clinical situation and in decisional control over care well but supported older peoples’ individual life situation to a lesser extent. The higher the nurses’ age, the longer the working experience in health care or experience in the current ward, the more positive views they had about the support of individuality.Conclusions.  This study identified some shortcomings in the realisation of individuality in the care of older people. Nurses seem to think they generally provide individualised care but this was not necessarily realised in the current evaluations of the care they delivered.Relevance to clinical practice.  There is need to identify issues that may help in developing individualised care in clinical practice. Nurses’ attitude to older people in the geriatric care settings needs exploration. Nurses may focus on physiological needs that may hinder the recognition of older patient’s individuality.
Global spread and evolution of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus
Authors: Studer J , Janies D A 
Published: September 2011

AbstractViral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) is a rhabdovirus that infects over 48 species of teleosts and is lethal in many. VHSV threatens marine and aquatic fisheries. VHSV was first discovered outside Europe in 1988 in fish from the Pacific coast of North America. In 1994, VHSV was discovered in Newfoundland. In 2003, VHSV was isolated from fish in Lake St. Clair (Michigan and Ontario). In this study, we used 46 nucleotide sequences for the glycoprotein gene from 12 studies and 150 nucleotide sequences for the nucleoprotein gene from nine studies. We combined phylogenetics and a geographic information system to visualize the transmission paths of VHSV lineages. We also reconstructed the spread of VHSV lineages through optimization of geographic data for viral isolates on phylogenetic trees. We demonstrate that VHSV was transmitted from the North Atlantic Ocean and/or Baltic Sea to the Atlantic coast of North America and Japan in independent events. From the Atlantic coast, the virus was transmitted independently to the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Pacific coast of Canada and the contiguous United States. From the Pacific Northwest, the virus was transmitted to Asia and Alaska in independent events. These results clarify the debate ongoing in the literature on the geographic spread of VHSV.
How staff pursue questions to adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Finlay W. M. L. , Antaki C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  When support staff use questions to instruct, advise or guide adults with intellectual disabilities (ID), or to solicit information from them, the interaction does not always proceed smoothly, particularly when replies are ambiguous, absent or not obviously relevant. That can lead to interactional trouble and dissatisfaction, or worse.Methods  We report on the ways in which staff members transform their questions over a series of conversational turns in order to solicit an adequate reply, and thereby to fulfil the interactional goal of the question. Our data come from approximately 30 h of recordings of natural conversation between staff members and adults with ID in two residential and one outdoor activities settings.Results  We identify seven practices by which staff attempt to resolve the dilemma between undue direction and premature closure. These include: expansion of the original question, simplifying its format, changing its content in various ways and realising its alternatives in physical form.Conclusions  We highlight strategies which produce answers satisfactory to both parties, and improve the quality of interaction between staff and people with ID.