bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Optimal Design of Ground Water Monitoring Network Using Embedded Kriging
Authors: Dhar Anirban , Datta Bithin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWe present a methodology for global optimal design of ground water quality monitoring networks using a linear mixed‐integer formulation. The proposed methodology incorporates ordinary kriging (OK) within the decision model formulation for spatial estimation of contaminant concentration values. Different monitoring network design models incorporating concentration estimation error, variance estimation error, mass estimation error, error in locating plume centroid, and spatial coverage of the designed network are developed. A big‐M technique is used for reformulating the monitoring network design model to a linear decision model while incorporating different objectives and OK equations. Global optimality of the solutions obtained for the monitoring network design can be ensured due to the linear mixed‐integer programming formulations proposed. Performances of the proposed models are evaluated for both field and hypothetical illustrative systems. Evaluation results indicate that the proposed methodology performs satisfactorily. These performance evaluation results demonstrate the potential applicability of the proposed methodology for optimal ground water contaminant monitoring network design.
Estimating Flow Using Tracers and Hydraulics in Synthetic Heterogeneous Aquifers
Authors: Larocque Marie , Cook Peter G. , Haaken Klaus , Simmons Craig T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractRegional ground water flow is most usually estimated using Darcy's law, with hydraulic conductivities estimated from pumping tests, but can also be estimated using ground water residence times derived from radioactive tracers. The two methods agree reasonably well in relatively homogeneous aquifers but it is not clear which is likely to produce more reliable estimates of ground water flow rates in heterogeneous systems. The aim of this paper is to compare bias and uncertainty of tracer and hydraulic approaches to assess ground water flow in heterogeneous aquifers. Synthetic two‐dimensional aquifers with different levels of heterogeneity (correlation lengths, variances) are used to simulate ground water flow, pumping tests, and transport of radioactive tracers. Results show that bias and uncertainty of flow rates increase with the variance of the hydraulic conductivity for both methods. The bias resulting from the nonlinearity of the concentration–time relationship can be reduced by choosing a tracer with a decay rate similar to the mean ground water residence time. The bias on flow rates estimated from pumping tests is reduced when performing long duration tests. The uncertainty on ground water flow is minimized when the sampling volume is large compared to the correlation length. For tracers, the uncertainty is related to the ratio of correlation length to the distance between sampling wells. For pumping tests, it is related to the ratio of correlation length to the pumping test's radius of influence. In regional systems, it may be easier to minimize this ratio for tracers than for pumping tests.
A Parallel PCG Solver for MODFLOW
Authors: Dong Yanhui , Li Guomin 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn order to simulate large‐scale ground water flow problems more efficiently with MODFLOW, the OpenMP programming paradigm was used to parallelize the preconditioned conjugate‐gradient (PCG) solver with in this study. Incremental parallelization, the significant advantage supported by OpenMP on a shared‐memory computer, made the solver transit to a parallel program smoothly one block of code at a time. The parallel PCG solver, suitable for both MODFLOW‐2000 and MODFLOW‐2005, is verified using an 8‐processor computer. Both the impact of compilers and different model domain sizes were considered in the numerical experiments. Based on the timing results, execution times using the parallel PCG solver are typically about 1.40 to 5.31 times faster than those using the serial one. In addition, the simulation results are the exact same as the original PCG solver, because the majority of serial codes were not changed. It is worth noting that this parallelizing approach reduces cost in terms of software maintenance because only a single source PCG solver code needs to be maintained in the MODFLOW source tree.
The Elusive Underpinnings of U.S. Venturesomeness (If Not Prosperity)*
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: June 2009

This article explores the question of how the U.S. economy has managed to maintain (or even increase) its lead over other nations in per capita income and the average productivity of its workforce. The answer provided in the author's recent book is that such productivity depends on the greater willingness and effectiveness of U.S. consumers and businesses in making use of innovations in products and business processes.But this begs the question: What accounts for the increase in the innovative capabilities or effectiveness of U.S. consumers and businesses, both over time and relative to that of their global counterparts? After starting with the conventional “supply‐side” focus on low taxes, limited regulatory barriers, and strong property rights, the author goes on to shift the main emphasis to the following six “institutional” contributors to U.S. prosperity:

Breadth of participation: the modern U.S. economy draws, to a greater extent than either its global competitors or the U.S. of a century ago, on the contributions of far more individuals both as developers and as users of new products.
Organizational diversity and specialization: the evolution of new forms of organization in the U.S., from small venture capital‐backed firms to huge public corporations with dispersed ownership, has enabled the system to use the contributions of many individuals more effectively.
Changes in common beliefs and attitudes: greater receptiveness to technological change has accelerated the adoption of new products in all countries, but especially in the U.S.
Increased pressure for growth: the “grow or die” imperative faced by U.S. businesses has encouraged them to look for help from new technologies.
The professionalization of management and sales functions—a distinctively U.S. phenomenon whose beginnings can be traced to IBM in the 1920s—has improved the capacity of modern U.S. organizations to develop markets and use new products.
The expansion of higher education, to a far greater extent in the U.S. than elsewhere, has increased the supply of individuals with habits and attitudes that improve their ability to develop and use innovations.
Driving Performance Through Corporate Culture: Interviews with Four Experts
Authors: Gandossy Robert , Peshawaria Rajeev , Perlow Leslie , Trompenaars Fons , Dowling Daisy Wademan 
Published: June 2009

Establishing an effective link between corporate strategy and employee performance has traditionally been seen as a function of organizational structure and internal marketing—that is, of getting the right compensation systems in place to reward the desired behavior, and relentlessly communicating the strategy to all employees. But, according to the four organizational behavior experts who were interviewed for this article, there's more to it than that. Also important is a market‐ and customer‐oriented corporate culture, which can be a highly effective tool for companies seeking to improve performance and increase value.This article presents four distinctive, but complementary views on why and how senior executives should play a significant role in managing the cultures within their organizations. According to these experts, it is possible to both transform and harness the power of a culture by paying greater attention to succession issues; articulating and communicating an organization's core values; aligning a company's behavioral norms with employee assumptions; and offering “constructive reconciliation of cultural differences.” In the last analysis, a company's culture is said to be the most effective way for executives to ensure that their employees will perform “when no one is looking.”
EVA Momentum: The One Ratio That Tells the Whole Story
Authors: Stewart Bennett 
Published: June 2009

Virtually all corporate managers use ratios like profit margin, earnings growth, and return on equity to set goals, analyze operations, and measure success or failure. Yet all ratios are wrong in the sense that every one of them can make it appear that operations are improving when a business actually is faltering, and vice versa.In this article, one of the pioneers of the modern economic profit school of financial management claims to have discovered a new ratio that accurately consolidates all the pluses and minuses of decisions and operations into a single reliable overall measure that cannot be increased without truly creating value. “EVA Momentum,” as the measure is called, is the change in a company's economic profit (or EVA) in a given period divided by its sales in the prior period. In other words, it is the size‐adjusted change in economic profit.The author goes on to demonstrate why most companies can use EVA Momentum as both their overarching financial target and the best way to keep score for multiple business lines. The article also shows why EVA Momentum is a better performance measure than ROI and that, as a diagnostic and management tool, it provides a more effective alternative to the popular DuPont ROI formula. Unlike the DuPont formula, EVA Momentum reflects the contributions to overall performance of important factors such as profitable growth, strategic retrenchment, and the quality of resource allocation decisions in general. At the same time, it provides a more accurate and informative means of examining performance, weighing tradeoffs, identifying investment opportunities, and prioritizing initiatives—all on the basis of their expected impact on a company's market value.
The Economics of Wind Energy
Authors: Martin John , Ramsey Doug 
Published: June 2009

In the summer of 2008 the authors of this article met with Boone Pickens to discuss the centerpiece of the Pickens plan for moving the U.S. toward energy independence: the feasibility of wind power as a source for the production of electricity. That meeting, along with their survey of published sources, leads the authors to the following conclusions:

Wind power is an abundant and clean source of energy for the U.S. both now and in the future.
Wind power is now economically viable in some parts of the country, and would be viable throughout the wind‐rich mid‐section of the U.S. if we had a national transmission grid.

But developing such a grid faces several hurdles, including the cost of construction and the need for state‐by‐state approvals of interstate transmission lines. To overcome these obstacles, the authors offer the following policy recommendations:

Federal oversight of the construction of the national transmission grid. Moving toward renewable sources of energy and reduced greenhouse gas from the use of coal changes the problem of managing electric power generation from a local to regional and national problem. This requires broader cooperation and coordination to ensure the construction and management of reliable sources of electric power.
Identify adequate sources of financing. The positive economics of wind power suggest that wind farm development and transmission grid installation should attract sufficient private funding to fully develop the 20% wind solution. But because of the sheer size of the plan, completing it may require innovative financing structures that include the possibility of some combination of public and private funding sources.
Hardening of High‐Protein Nutrition Bars and Sugar/Polyol–Protein Phase Separation
Authors: McMahon D.J. , Adams S.L. , McManus W.R. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT:  Use of hydrolyzed proteins is known to delay hardening of high‐protein nutrition bars. Bars were formulated using ratios of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% partially hydrolyzed whey protein isolate (HWPI) to nonhydrolyzed whey protein isolate (WPI) in one experiment, and either WPI or HWPI combined with high‐fructose corn syrup (HFCS) or sorbitol syrup (SS) in a 2nd experiment along with vegetable shortening such that initial aw was 0.59 for HWPI bars and 0.64 for WPI bars. After mixing, the dough was extruded into bars and stored at 32 °C for accelerated shelf‐life testing. Hardness, color, and microstructure were measured during 42 d of storage. Bars initially had similar hardness of approximately 3.4 N that increased during storage. Bars with HWPI were softest with hardness at 37 d of 10 to 15 N compared to almost 100 N for bars with WPI. Water activity increased for WPI bars to 0.69 by 34 d. Bars became darker during storage depending on amount of Maillard browning reactants, that is, HWPI/HFCS bars ≫ HWPI/SS > WPI/HFCS bars > WPI/SS bars. Bar microstructure at day 2 showed protein and fat dispersed in particulate form throughout the carbohydrate syrup within the bar matrix. During storage, a single nonlipid phase developed in HWPI bars while in WPI bars a phase separation occurred between protein and carbohydrate. We propose that such phase separation initiates bar hardening and promotes subsequent protein aggregation. Successful formulation of HPN bars depends on cosolvent properties of the polyol/sugar toward the proteins and their preferential exclusion from the solvation layer surrounding the proteins.PRACTICAL APPLICATION: High‐protein nutrition bars can be formulated so they remain soft during storage by selecting proteins and sugars that are compatible with each other. Otherwise, the protein and sugar will separate from each other which can then lead to hardening.
RBC‐Y/MCV as a discriminant function for differentiating carriers of thalassaemia and HbE from iron deficiency
Authors: NADARAJAN V. S. , STHANESHWAR P. , JAYARANEE S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryIndividuals with α‐thalassaemia (ATT), β‐thalassaemia (BTT) and HbE trait (HET) are often initially identified based on haematological parameters. However, the values of these parameters usually overlap with iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) and anaemia of chronic disease (ACD). We evaluated the use of RBC‐Y in 156 normal individuals and 332 patients; ATT (n = 37), BTT (n = 61), HET (n = 25), HbH disease (n = 5), ACD (n = 67), IDA (n = 83) and ACD with IDA (n = 54). Diagnostic efficiency was analysed by receiver operating characteristics (ROC). MCH was better compared with RBC‐Y in discriminating normal from abnormal with sensitivity and specificity of 94% at a cut‐off of 26 pg. The Green and King (G&K) index performed the best in discriminating carriers from IDA and ACD with area under the ROC curve (AUCROC) of 0.81. However, if ACD was excluded, RBC‐Y/MCV was a good discriminator for carriers from IDA with AUCROC = 0.845. In general screening of populations with ATT, BTT and HET, we propose that hypochromic individuals be first identified by MCH <26 pg and carriers distinguished within these hypochromic individuals from IDA by using RBC‐Y/MCV. However, if the prevalence of ACD were high within the screening population, G&K index would be a more suitable discriminator.
Using Neuroscience to Broaden Emotion Regulation: Theoretical and Methodological Considerations
Authors: Berkman Elliot T. , Lieberman Matthew D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBehavioral research on emotion regulation thus far has focused on conscious and deliberative strategies such as reappraisal. Neuroscience investigations into emotion regulation have followed suit. However, neuroimaging tools now open the door to investigate more automatic forms of emotion regulation that take place incidentally and potentially outside of participant awareness that have previously been difficult to examine. The present paper reviews studies on the neuroscience of intentional/deliberate emotion regulation and identifies opportunities for future directions that have not yet been addressed. The authors suggest a broad framework for emotion regulation that includes both deliberative and incidental forms. This framework allows insights from incidental emotion regulation to address open questions about existing work, and vice versa. Several studies relevant to incidental emotion regulation are reviewed with the goal of providing an empirical and methodological groundwork for future research. Finally, several theoretical issues for incidental and intentional emotion regulation are discussed.
Raman Spectroscopy Detects Cardiac Allograft Rejection with Molecular Specificity
Authors: Chung Yoon Gi , Tu Qiang , Cao Dianjun , Harada Shuko , Eisen Howard J , Chang Chang 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSpatially resolved Raman spectroscopy is shown here to be capable of molecular‐specific detection without exogenous labeling. This molecular specificity is achieved by detecting the strong and characteristic Raman spectral signature of an indole derivative, serotonin, whose selective existence in rejected heart transplants serves as the biomarker. The study also corroborates the increasingly recognized role of serotonin receptors in various immune responses, including cardiac allograft rejection. Combining both medical and physical sciences, this work demonstrates the potential use of Raman spectroscopy in replacing the invasive endomyocardial biopsy as the standard for post‐transplantation rejection surveillance and presents a new paradigm in advancing clinical care through interdisciplinary studies.
Chronic Liver Disease Impairs Bacterial Clearance in a Human Model of Induced Bacteremia
Authors: Ashare Alix , Stanford Clark , Hancock Patricia , Stark Donna , Lilli Kathleen , Birrer Emily , Nymon Amanda , Doerschug Kevin C. , Hunninghake Gary W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSepsis often causes impaired hepatic function. Patients with liver disease have an increased risk of bacteremia. This is thought to be secondary to impaired reticuloendothelial system function. However, this has not been demonstrated clinically. Since transient bacteremia occurs following toothbrushing, we hypothesized that subjects with cirrhosis would have impaired bacterial clearance following toothbrushing compared with subjects with pulmonary disease and healthy controls. After baseline blood was drawn, the subjects underwent a dental examination to determine plaque index and gingival index. Following toothbrushing, blood was drawn at 30 seconds, 5 minutes, and 15 minutes. Bacteremia was measured using quantitative real‐time PCR with primers that amplify all known bacteria. We found greater than 75% incidence of bacteremia following toothbrushing. While control and pulmonary subjects were able to clear this bacteremia, subjects with cirrhosis had prolonged bacteremia. Baseline and peak bacterial load correlated with plaque index, suggesting that dental hygiene predicts the degree of bacteremia. However, only the severity of cirrhosis was predictive of bacterial clearance at 15 minutes, suggesting that liver function is important in clearing bacteremia. In this study, we demonstrate clinically that cirrhosis results in impaired bacterial clearance. This suggests that cirrhotic patients may be more susceptible to sepsis because of ineffective bacterial clearance.
Early life factors and Type 2 diabetes in south India: Do the associations change with age?
Authors: VEENA Sargoor R. , WILLS Andrew K. , FISHER David J. , STEIN Claudia E. , KUMARAN Kalyanaraman , KRISHNAVENI Ghattu V. , KIRAN Krishnarajasagara N. , COAKLEY Patsy J. , FALL Caroline H.D. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBackground: Studies since the early 1990s have shown that birth size can be a predictor of the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In the present study, we evaluated changes in the strength of associations between T2DM and birth size and maternal weight with age.Methods: In 1993–1994 (t0), 509 men and women (mean age 46 years) who had been born in Holdsworth Memorial Hospital were screened for diabetes, with increased diabetes risk identified in those who were shorter at birth and those born to heavier mothers. Ten years later (t10), the screening was repeated in 266 subjects who were non‐diabetic att0(70% of survivors).Results: Att10, 56 new cases of diabetes were found. The incidence of diabetes decreased with increasing birth length (odds ratio (OR) = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84–0.97/cm birth length;P = 0.006) after adjustment for sex, age, socioeconomic status, family history, and current body mass index. Overall, there were no significant differences in OR for the association between birth length and diabetes att0compared witht10, but limiting analysis to subjects with normal glucose tolerance att0resulted in a stronger association att10(OR = 0.71, 95% CI 0.58–0.87) than att0(OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.86–1.05;P = 0.015 for the difference). There was a positive correlation between maternal weight and incident disease att0(OR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.03–1.14;P = 0.001), but not att10(OR = 0.98/kg, 95% CI 0.92–1.05;P = 0.6;P = 0.02 for the difference).Conclusions: Short birth length remains a risk factor for diabetes. Changes in the effects of birth length and maternal weight on diabetes risk with age may indicate different causal pathways. These findings require replication in studies with more accurate dating of the onset of diabetes.
Species‐specific RFLP pattern in the Heat Shock Protein26 gene (Hsp26): a single‐locus tool for species identification and experimental testing of habitat‐induced isolation in the New World Artemia species
Authors: BERISTAIN P. , GAJARDO G. , BOSSIER P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe brine shrimp Artemia (Crustacea, Branchiopoda), a paradigmatic inhabitant of hypersaline lakes, has molecular features to survive under stressful conditions, such as the p26 heat shock protein. We report the RFLP fingerprinting pattern (four restriction enzymes) of a 217 bp fragment of exon2 of the Hsp26 gene in six Artemia franciscana and four Artemia persimilis populations, the most genetically divergent Artemia species co‐occurring in latitudinal extremes of Chile. The species‐specific RFLP pattern observed is a simple and cost‐effective single‐locus tool for species delimitation and experimental testing the habitat‐induced isolation barrier between them.