bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mountain goat survival in coastal Alaska: Effects of age, sex, and climate
Authors: White Kevin S. , Pendleton Grey W. , Crowley David , Griese Herman J. , Hundertmark Kris J. , Mcdonough Thomas , Nichols Lyman , Robus Matt , Smith Christian A. , Schoen John W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEcological theory predicts that individual survival should vary between sex and age categories due to differences in allocation of nutritional resources for growth and reproductive activities. During periods of environmental stress, such relationships may be exacerbated, and affect sex and age classes differently. We evaluated support for hypotheses about the relative roles of sex, age, and winter and summer climate on the probability of mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus) survival in coastal Alaska. Specifically, we used known‐fates analyses (Program MARK) to model the effects of age, sex, and climatic variation on survival using data collected from 279 radio‐marked mountain goats (118 M, 161 F) in 9 separate study areas during 1977–2008. Models including age, sex, winter snowfall, and average daily summer temperature (during Jul–Aug) best explained variation in survival probability of mountain goats. Specifically, our findings revealed that old animals (9+ yr) have lower survival than younger animals. In addition, males tended to have lower survival than females, though differences only existed among prime‐aged adult (5–8 yr) and old (9+ yr) age classes. Winter climate exerted the strongest effects on mountain goat survival; summer climate, however, was significant and principally influenced survival during the following winter via indirect effects. Furthermore, old animals were more sensitive to the effects of winter conditions than young or prime‐aged animals. These findings detail how climate interacts with sex and age characteristics to affect mountain goat survival. Critically, we provide baseline survival rate statistics across various age, sex, and climate scenarios. These data will assist conservation and management of mountain goats by enabling detailed, model‐based demographic forecasting of human and/or climate‐based population impacts. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of capture, shearing, and release on the ecology and behavior of wild vicuñas
Authors: Arzamendia Yanina , Vilá Bibiana 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe goals of sustainable use of wildlife include minimizing long term deleterious impacts of management. We evaluated the ethoecological and demographic responses of wild vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) to capture, shearing, and release in northern Argentina, as well as effects on behavior, by comparing captured and shorn versus non‐captured animals for 2 yr after capture events. We observed subtle and short‐term changes in the movement behavior of individuals, likely due to thermal and behavioral stress following capture. We did not observe changes in survival and birth rates, social organization, or distribution of animals following capture. Therefore, we concluded that the capture techniques used resulted in low impacts on the wild vicuña population. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
Nonconventional versus conventional application of pseudo‐first‐order kinetics to fundamental organic reactions
Authors: Parker Vernon D. , Hao Weifang , Li Zhao , Scow Russell 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThree new analysis procedures for pseudo‐first‐order kinetics are introduced and applied to eight different fundamental organic reactions. The reactions belong to the following classes: nitroalkane proton transfer, formal hydride ion transfers from NADH model compounds, and SN2 reactions of alkyl halides with ionic and neutral nucleophiles. The three methods consist of (1) half‐life dependence of kapp, (2) sequential linear pseudo‐first‐order correlation, and (3) revised instantaneous rate constant analysis. Each of the three procedures is capable of distinguishing between one‐ and multistep mechanisms, and the combination of the three procedures provides a powerful strategy for differentiating between the two mechanistic possibilities. The data from the eight reactions chosen as examples clearly show how the procedures work in practice. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 2–12, 2012
Nanoplasmonics: Engineering and observation of localized plasmon modes
Authors: Sonnefraud Y. , Leen Koh A. , McComb D.W. , Maier S.A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis review article focuses on the basic physics of LSPR modes, and how they can be observed. For dipolar modes, observation is rather straightforward. However, higher order modes often require the use of more advanced experimental conditions or dedicated spectroscopic techniques such as electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS). Eventually, bespoke LSPR modes can be engineered when different cavities are brought together to interact, giving rise to super‐ or sub‐radiant modes, as well as Fano resonances, which in the right conditions can evolve into plasmonic induced transparency.
Acne scars in ethnic skin treated with both non‐ablative fractional 1,550 nm and ablative fractional CO2 lasers: Comparative retrospective analysis with recommended guidelines
Authors: Alajlan Abdulmajeed M. , Alsuwaidan Sami N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundFractional technology has changed the dermatologists view in how to treat acne scars in ethnic skin as a result of its favorable safety profile.ObjectivesTo evaluate the safety and efficacy of non‐ablative fractional (NAF) 1,550 nm and ablative fractional (AF) CO2 Lasers in the treatment of acne scars in ethnic skin.MethodologyIn this retrospective analysis patients with acne scars who were treated with NAF 1,550 nm or AF CO2 lasers from January 2008 until July 2009 were included. Evaluation was made through comparing pre‐ and post‐photographs and physician global assessment. Patients' satisfaction rate was also recorded. Assessment of improvement was based on a quartile grading scale. Bleaching creams and oral antibiotics were routinely given after each session. Adverse effects were recorded. Follow up visits were scheduled at weeks 1 and 4 of each session and 12 weeks post‐last session.ResultsA total of 82 patients were recruited in the study. Forty‐five patients treated with NAF 1,550 nm laser and 37 patients with AF CO2 laser. Skin phototype was mainly type IV (III–V). An overall patient satisfaction was 71% for NAF 1,550 nm laser group and 65% for AF CO2 laser group. Thirty‐five percent and 37% of patients attained more than 50% improvement with NAF 1,550 nm and AF CO2 lasers, respectively. Patients treated with NAF 1,550 nm laser had less down time. Transient post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) was noted in 17% of patients treated with NAF 1,550 nm laser compared to 14% with AF CO2.ConclusionBoth NAF 1,550 nm and AF CO2 lasers are effective in treating acne scars in ethnic skin with good patient satisfaction rate and high safety profile. PIH decreased with routine use of prophylactic bleaching creams. Fractional laser resurfacing open a wide horizon for treating acne scars in ethnic skin. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The weak topology on q‐convex Banach function spaces
Authors: Agud L. , Calabuig J. M. , Sánchez Pérez E. A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLet X(μ) be a Banach function space. In this paper we introduce two new geometric notions, q‐convexity and weak q‐convexity associated to a subset S of the unit ball of the dual of X(μ), 1 ≤ q < ∞. We prove that in the general case both notions are not equivalent and we study the relation between them, showing that they can be used for describing the weak topology in these spaces. We define the canonical q‐concave weak topology τq on X(μ)—a topology generated by q‐concave seminorms—for obtaining our main result: A σ‐order continuous Banach function space X(μ) is q‐convex if and only if the following topological inclusions τw⊆τq⊆τ‖ · ‖ hold. As an application, in the last section we prove a suitable Maurey‐Rosenthal type factorization theorem for operators from a Banach function space X(μ) into a Banach space that holds under weaker assumptions on the q‐convexity requirements for X(μ).
Modeling Studies on the Synthesis of Superabsorbent Hydrogels Using Population Balance Equations
Authors: Gonçalves Miguel A. D. , Pinto Virgínia D. , Dias Rolando C. S. , Costa Mário Rui P. F. N. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe synthesis of super‐absorbent hydrogels is simulated using a kinetic model based upon population balance equations of generating functions. Dynamics in a batch reactor of properties such as the weight fraction of gel or average molecular weights of the soluble fraction can be predicted. This kinetic model neglects intramolecular cyclization reactions for simplicity (hence predictions can be valid only for very small amounts of crosslinker) but it can accommodate the operation with different kinds of crosslinking agents, namely bifunctional (e.g. N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide), trifunctional (e.g. trimethylolpropane triacrylate) and tetrafunctional (e.g. tetraallyloxyethane). The influence of the use of such different kinds of crosslinkers on the dynamics of gelation is discussed. It is also assessed the impacts of the rate propagation coefficient of the monofunctional monomer (typically acrylic acid), of the reactivity of the pendant double bonds (PDB) and of the initial composition on the dynamics of gel production. Some crucial details concerning the numerical solution of the two‐point boundary value problems (TPBVP) associated with this simulation tool are also presented. Predictions of the proposed kinetic approach are compared with those obtained using the Theory of the Branching Processes which is not strictly valid with kinetically controlled polymerization systems such as those here considered. Important differences between the predictions of the two approaches are shown. Superabsorbent hydrogels were synthesized with a 2.5 L batch reactor and the experimental data are used to show that the simple kinetic model developed is able to capture the main features of this polymerization system.
QUIPSS II with window‐sliding saturation sequence (Q2WISE)
Authors: Song Ruitian , Loeffler Ralf B. , Hillenbrand Claudia M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA series of periodic saturation pulses used to minimize the error caused by varying transit delays in assessing perfusion using quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction II with thin‐slice TI1 periodic saturation (Q2TIPS) increases the specific absorption rate. Quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction II with window‐sliding saturation sequence (Q2WISE) has been developed, in which numerous thin saturation pulses are replaced by two thin pulses and one thick saturation pulse arranged in a window‐sliding manner within the labeling region to maintain a sharp slice profile while reducing specific absorption rate. Q2WISE essentially is a hybrid between Q2TIPS and quantitative imaging of perfusion using a single subtraction II for use in specific absorption rate intensive applications. Q2WISE was implemented on a 3 T MRI scanner to measure perfusion rates in the brain and kidneys of eight healthy volunteers and results were compared with those from Q2TIPS. Mean perfusion values of both methods for the brain (75 ± 17 [Q2WISE] and 74 ± 13 mL/100 g/min [Q2TIPS]) and kidney (308 ± 48 [Q2WISE] and 299 ± 43 mL/100 g/min [Q2TIPS]) were in very good agreement. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exchange‐mediated contrast agents for spin‐lock imaging
Authors: Cobb Jared G. , Xie Jingping , Li Ke , Gochberg Daniel F. , Gore John C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMeasurements of relaxation rates in the rotating frame with spin‐locking techniques are sensitive to substances with exchanging protons with appropriate chemical shifts. The authors develop a novel approach to exchange‐rate selective imaging based on measured T1ρ dispersion with applied locking field strength, and demonstrate the method on samples containing the X‐ray contrast agent Iohexol with and without cross‐linked bovine serum albumin. T1ρ dispersion of water in the phantoms was measured with a Varian 9.4‐T magnet by an on‐resonance spin‐locking pulse with fast spin‐echo readout, and the results used to estimate exchange rates. The Iohexol phantom alone gave a fitted exchange rate of ∼1 kHz, bovine serum albumin alone was ∼11 kHz, and in combination gave rates in between. By using these estimated rates, we demonstrate how a novel spin‐locking imaging method may be used to enhance contrast due to the presence of a contrast agent whose protons have specific exchange rates. Magn Reson Med, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reinnervation of urethral and anal sphincters with femoral motor nerve to pudendal nerve transfer
Authors: Ruggieri Michael R. , Braverman Alan S. , Bernal Raymond M. , Lamarre Neil S. , Brown Justin M. , Barbe Mary F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAimsLower motor neuron damage to sacral roots or nerves can result in incontinence and a flaccid urinary bladder. We showed bladder reinnervation after transfer of coccygeal to sacral ventral roots, and genitofemoral nerves (L1, 2 origin) to pelvic nerves. This study assesses the feasibility of urethral and anal sphincter reinnervation using transfer of motor branches of the femoral nerve (L2–4 origin) to pudendal nerves (S1, 2 origin) that innervate the urethral and anal sphincters in a canine model.MethodsSacral ventral roots were selected by their ability to stimulate bladder, urethral sphincter, and anal sphincter contraction and transected. Bilaterally, branches of the femoral nerve, specifically, nervus saphenous pars muscularis [Evans HE. Miller's anatomy of the dog. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 1993], were transferred and end‐to‐end anastomosed to transected pudendal nerve branches in the perineum, then enclosed in unipolar nerve cuff electrodes with leads to implanted RF micro‐stimulators.ResultsNerve stimulation induced increased anal and urethral sphincter pressures in five of six transferred nerves. Retrograde neurotracing from the bladder, urethral sphincter, and anal sphincter using fluorogold, fast blue, and fluororuby, demonstrated urethral and anal sphincter labeled neurons in L2–4 cord segments (but not S1–3) in nerve transfer canines, consistent with reinnervation by the transferred femoral nerve motor branches. Controls had labeled neurons only in S1–3 segments. Postmortem DiI and DiO labeling confirmed axonal regrowth across the nerve repair site.ConclusionsThese results show spinal cord reinnervation of urethral and anal sphincter targets after sacral ventral root transection and femoral nerve transfer (NT) to the denervated pudendal nerve. These surgical procedures may allow patients to regain continence. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30: 1695–1704, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifying the effect of urodynamic catheters on urine flow rate measurement
Authors: Harding C. , Horsburgh B. , Dorkin T.J. , Thorpe A.C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntroductionThe effect of urodynamic catheters on urine flow rate (Qmax) is well documented but under‐researched. Several studies show reduced Qmax but methodologies and patient demographics differ. The aims of this study were to further quantify the effect of urodynamic catheters on Qmax and to explore if this was consistent across different urodynamic diagnoses.MethodsFour groups of 50 consecutive men attending for urodynamic studies (UDS) were retrospectively analyzed: Group 1 comprised 50 men with normal UDS, Group 2 was 50 men with BOO, and Group 3 contained 50 men with detrusor underactivity. Groups 1–3 had UDS performed using both 10 Fr filling and 4 Fr measuring catheters in situ. Group 4 comprised 50 men who had UDS performed with a smaller catheter assembly (8 Fr dual‐lumen). Values of Qmax with and without catheters present were compared using paired Student's t‐tests. Differences between groups were compared using ANOVA.ResultsQmax measured during UDS in men from Groups 1–3 showed a mean reduction of 38% compared to Qmax from “free” uroflowmetry. ANOVA indicated this reduction was significantly greater among men with normal UDS. Interestingly the group who underwent UDS with a smaller catheter assembly showed no significant reduction in Qmax measured with catheters in situ.ConclusionOur findings are in line with previous work suggesting that smaller calibre urethral catheters do not cause a significant obstructive effect during voiding. In addition it would appear that the reduction in Qmax with larger urethral catheters in situ is greatest in those with normal urodynamics. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:139–142, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increased bladder activity is associated with elevated oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines in a rat model of atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia
Authors: Nomiya Masanori , Sagawa Koji , Yazaki Junji , Takahashi Norio , Kushida Nobuhiro , Haga Nobuhiro , Aikawa Ken , Matsui Takahiro , Oka Michiko , Fukui Tomomi , Andersson Karl‐Erik , Yamaguchi Osamu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAimsTo further characterize, in a rat model, the effects of atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia on bladder function and associated changes in oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines.MethodsAdult Sprague‐Dawley male rats were divided into three groups (arterial endothelial injury: AI, sham, naïve). The AI group (n = 14) underwent endothelial injury of the iliac arteries and received a 2% cholesterol diet. The sham group (n = 12) underwent sham operation and received a 2% cholesterol diet. The naïve group (n = 12) received a regular diet. After 8 weeks, cystometrograms (CMG) without anesthesia or restraint were performed. In bladders from each group, oxidative stress markers (8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine: 8‐OHdG; malondialdehyde: MDA) and proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐8 like cytokine CXCL1/CINC‐1, TNF‐α, IL‐6) were quantified. Histological examination of the iliac arteries was also performed.ResultsAt 8 weeks, the body and bladder wet weights were not significant different among the three groups. The micturition interval in the AI group decreased significantly compared with those in the other two groups, but maximum pressure during micturition did not change. The iliac arteries in the AI group revealed thickening of intima as well as diffuse media fibrosis at the sites of balloon injury. The levels of oxidative stress markers and proinflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in the AI than in the other groups.ConclusionOxidative stress and inflammation may be key factors in the development of bladder overactivity in atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:185–189, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Work productivity and health of informal caregivers of persons with advanced cancer
Authors: Mazanec Susan R. , Daly Barbara J. , Douglas Sara L. , Lipson Amy R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to describe health promotion behaviors and work productivity loss in informal caregivers of individuals with advanced stage cancer. Using a cross‐sectional, correlational design, 70 caregivers completed measures of health behaviors, mood, social support, and burden. Absenteeism and presenteeism were evaluated in employed caregivers (n = 40). Caregivers reported low levels of physical activity. The mean percentage of work productivity loss due to caregiving was 22.9%. Greater work productivity loss was associated with greater number of caregiving hours, higher cancer stage, married status, and greater anxiety, depression, and burden related to financial problems, disrupted schedule, and health. Nurses should assess caregivers and provide health promotion interventions, which may ultimately reduce the economic impact of caregiving. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 34:483–495, 2011
A Pilot Study in Odontochronology for the Pig Domestication Question in North‐Central China
Authors: Pike‐Tay Anne , Ma Xiaolin 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we report results of the pilot study in which we apply skeletochronological analysis of teeth to a collection of modern Chinese wild boar (Sus scrofa)of known age and date of death. This is the first time that odontochronology has been applied to suids in China. This work allowed us to establish parameters for subsequent analysis of a limited number of Neolithic‐agedSus(wild boar and possible early domesticated pig) samples from Henan Province. The goal of the research is to contribute to the ongoing reconstruction of Neolithic dietary, health and economic patterns along the Yellow River. Our results are encouraging in that regular seasonal growth patterning is observed in the northern control sample, which is from the same region as our archaeological investigation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Continuation from a flat to a round Earth model in the coplanar orbit transfer problem
Authors: Cerf Max , Haberkorn Thomas , Trélat Emmanuel 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn this article, we focus on the problem of minimization of the fuel consumption for the coplanar orbit transfer problem. This problem is usually solved numerically by a shooting method, based on the application of the Pontryagin Maximum Principle; however, the shooting method is known to be hard to initialize, and the convergence is difficult to obtain because of discontinuities of the optimal control. Several methods are known in order to overcome that problem; however, in this article, we introduce a new approach based on the following preliminary remark. When considering a 2D flat Earth model with constant gravity, the optimal control problem of passing from an initial configuration to some final configuration by minimizing the fuel consumption can be very efficiently solved, and the solution leads to a very efficient algorithm. Based on that, we propose a continuous deformation from this flat Earth model to a modified flat Earth model that is diffeomorphic to the usual round Earth model. The resulting numerical continuation process thus provides a new way to solve the problem of minimization of the fuel consumption for the coplanar orbit transfer problem. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
STRUCTURES AND STRATEGIES IN RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN NON‐GOVERNMENT SERVICE PROVIDERS AND GOVERNMENTS
Authors: Batley Richard 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis article analyses collaboration between governments and non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan in three services: basic education, healthcare and sanitation. It questions the premise that NGOs that collaborate lose their autonomy and capacity for policy influence. It finds that, even where NGOs operate in constraining institutional environments and enter agreements with government, they are able to exercise strategic choices in response. Most of the studied NGOs depended on government for less than half their funding; they all had alternative sources and so could make strategic choices to some degree. Non‐government service providers are not passive in face of structural constraints. Although their strategies are not usually explicit, they balance the need for financial survival, the defence of their organisational identities and commitment to their goals—including influencing government. At least for these NGOs, there is no contradiction between advocacy and service delivery. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.