bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of shear wall structures of variable cross section
Authors: Wdowicki Jacek , Wdowicka Elżbieta 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA method has been proposed for the analysis of three‐dimensional shear wall and shear core assemblies having stepwise changes in the cross section. The analysis is based on a variant of the continuous connection method. In the continuous approach, the connecting beams are replaced by equivalent continuous connections. The differential equation systems for shear wall structure segments of constant cross section are uncoupled by orthogonal eigenvectors. The solution matches the boundary conditions of the upper and lower parts of the wall at the plane of contiguity, at which an abrupt change in cross section occurs. This yields a system of linear equations, which enable the determination of the integration constants. The correctness and efficiency of the proposed method are illustrated by its application to the analysis of plane and three‐dimensional shear wall systems of variable cross section. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic evaluation of a 56‐storey residential reinforced concrete high‐rise building based on nonlinear dynamic time‐history analyses
Authors: Epackachi Siamak , Mirghaderi Rasoul , Esmaili Omid , Behbahani Ali Asghar Taheri , Vahdani Shahram 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn recent decades, shear walls and tube structures have been the most appropriate structural forms for the construction of high‐rise concrete buildings. Thus, recent Reinforced Concrete (RC) tall buildings have more complicated structural behaviour than before. Therefore, studying the structural systems and associated behaviour of these types of structures is very important. The main objective of this paper is to study the linear and nonlinear behaviour of one of the tallest RC buildings, a 56‐storey structure, located in a high seismic zone in Iran. In this tower, shear wall systems with irregular openings are utilized under both gravity and lateral loads and may result in some especial issues in the behaviour of structural elements such as shear walls and coupling beams. The analytical methodologies and the results obtained in the evaluation of life‐safety and collapse prevention of the building are also discussed. The weak zones of the structure based on the results are introduced, and a detailed discussion of some important structural aspects of the high‐rise shear wall system with consideration of the concrete time dependency and constructional sequence effects is also included. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical behaviours and engineering application of steel truss reinforced concrete transfer beam in tall buildings
Authors: Wu Yi , Cai Jian , Yang Chun , Zhou Yun , Zhang Chunmei 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA new type of steel reinforced concrete (SRC) transfer beam, the steel truss reinforced concrete (STRC) transfer beam, is developed and applied to a 100 m tall building in Guangzhou City to solve the difficulty of two built subways being buried under the building. Experimental studies on mechanical behaviours of STRC composite transfer beams were carried out, and the structural characteristics and economic characters of the transfer beam were introduced. Experimental investigations verify that the STRC transfer beam is of high limit bearing capacity, large rigidity and good ductility. Compared with normal reinforced concrete transfer beam, the limit bearing capacity of the STRC transfer beam can be enhanced 30–40%, and the rigidity can be improved 30–50%. In the STRC transfer beam, the strut‐and‐tie force transference mode is followed, the loads are mainly transferred by compressive diagonal SRC struts from the loading point and abutments, SRC struts and horizontal ties form a self‐balance system. The cost of material, fireproof and construction can be saved; more space for commercial function and convenient construction can be achieved by adopting STRC transfer beams. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating the ductility and shear behaviour of carbon fibre reinforced polymer and glass fibre reinforced polymer reinforced concrete columns
Authors: Barghi Mostafa , Azadbakht Mohsen , Hadad Meysam 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBrittle shear failure in short reinforced concrete (RC) columns has been identified as one of the most dangerous failure modes that may cause collapse of bridges, based on research findings and damage reconnaissance of past earthquakes. Using ABAQUS software, the effect of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) on retrofitting of existing circular RC columns, and also enhancing of shear strength have been studied. Five types of concrete columns were studied in the ‘as built’ condition to investigate the shear failure mode of columns. These columns were assessed again after being retrofitted by using CFRP and GFRP. Based on findings of this research, the effect of CFRP jackets on improving the shear behaviour of column is more than that of GFRP jackets, while GFRP jackets are more effective than CFRP jackets, regarding their contribution in increasing the column ductility. Therefore, these FRP composites can be utilized in different conditions, according to column demand for increasing the ductility or shear strength. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competing risks
Authors: Klein John P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCompeting risks arise when a subject is exposed to many causes of failure. Data consist of the time the subject failed and an indicator of which risk caused the subject to fail. Examples in medicine include the analysis of cause to death data, the analysis of relapse and death in remission in cancer studies, or random right censoring. In engineering applications competing risks arise when analyzing series systems. Classical competing risks deal with the modeling of the probability of failure in the observed system (crude probabilities) or in systems with some causes of failure removed (net or partial crude probabilities). Modern competing risks theory, often based on counting process methodology, examines estimation techniques for competing risks probabilities, regression modeling for competing risks probabilities and comparing competing risks probabilities between treatment groups. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Reliability, Survivability, and Quality Control
A Novel Metal–Ligand Iodo‐bridged Lead(II) Compound: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Thermal Properties, and DFT Calculations of [Pb(dmp)I2]n
Authors: Shaabani Behrouz , Mirtamizdoust Babak , Viterbo Davide , Croce Gianluca , Hammud Hassan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract. A novel 1D PbII coordination polymer [Pb(dmp)I2]n (1) (dmp = 2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline) containing a Pb2‐(μ‐I)2 unit was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and studied by thermal analysis as well as X‐ray crystallography. The single‐crystal X‐ray data show that the coordination number of PbII ions is six, i.e. PbN2I4, with “stereo‐chemically active” electron lone pairs, and the coordination sphere is asymmetrical. They also show that the chains interact with each other through π‐π stacking interactions, which create a 3D framework. The structure of the title complex has been optimized by density functional theory calculations. The calculated structural parameters and the IR spectra of the title complex are in agreement with the crystal structure.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Optical Properties of LaNbON2
Authors: Logvinovich Dmitry , Ebbinghaus Stefan G. , Reller Armin , Marozau Ivan , Ferri Davide , Weidenkaff Anke 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLaNbON2 was synthesized by thermal ammonolysis of crystalline LaNbO4 prepared by a soft chemistry approach. LaNbON2 crystallizes in a distorted GdFeO3‐like perovskite structure with space group Pnma and a = 5.5720(2), b = 7.8656(4), c = 5.6066(3) Å and a random anionic arrangement as revealed by neutron diffraction. Elongated displacement ellipsoids found by neutron diffraction and a considerable degree of residual bond strain as revealed by the bond valence calculations suggest a local positional disorder of the niobium ions.The material exhibits good chemical stability at ambient conditions and a considerable thermal stability upon heating in synthetic air (up to T = 500 K) as well as a small optical band gap of ~1.7 eV.
Efficacy of recombinant human α‐L‐iduronidase (laronidase) on restricted range of motion of upper extremities in mucopolysaccharidosis type I patients
Authors: Tylki‐Szymanska Anna , Marucha Jolanta , Jurecka Agnieszka , Syczewska Malgorzata , Czartoryska Barbara 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe aims of the study were to assess the effectiveness of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with laronidase on the range of motion (ROM) of upper extremities and influence on activities of daily living (ADLs) of patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I). The ROM of 17 patients with MPS I was followed from the first year of life until the introduction of ERT and after 52–208 weeks of treatment. In all patients (group 1, n = 10), passive ROM was assessed. In patients with Hurler/Scheie or Scheie phenotype (group 2, n = 7) both passive and active ROM, as well as daily life activities, were evaluated. Passive and active ROM was measured by a goniometer, while a health assessment questionnaire was used to assess activities of daily living. The data since the first months of life until the beginning of treatment were obtained by retrospective review of patients’ charts. Restriction in ROM of the upper extremities of patients with MPS I was observed from the first year of life. These limitations intensified and became more severe with the patients’ age, making patients’ self‐care more difficult or even impossible. Introduction of ERT led to slower progression of symptoms, especially in the passive range of motion in all patients. Additionally, patients with normal mental development, or only slightly delayed (group 2), who underwent active physical rehabilitation (including mobilisation of nerve system, passive techniques for joint mobility, active gymnastics for muscle power, as well as massage and the training of families for therapy at home) showed improvement in active movement followed by enhanced self‐care.
A One-Day Frequency-Volume Chart is Representative of a 3-Day Chart in the Assessment of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Suggestive of Bladder Outflow Obstruction
Authors: Rajan Prabhakar , Turner Kevin J. , Mariappan Paramananthan , Stewart Laurence H. 
Published: March 2010

Introduction: 24-h frequency-volume (FV) charts are often used to assess patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of bladder outflow obstruction (LUTS/BOO). There are no clear guidelines regarding the optimum chart duration. We aimed to determine whether a one-day FV chart is representative of a 3-day equivalent. Patients and methods: Men presenting with LUTS (including nocturia) were prospectively recruited and completed a 3-day FV chart. Exclusion criteria were previous bladder outflow surgery and anti-cholinergic medication. Results: 285 patients were recruited (mean age, 67 years; range 26–93 years). There were no significant inter-day differences in 24-h urine volume (24HUV) ( p = 0.10) and functional bladder capacity (FBC) ( p = 0.19). However, there were significant differences identified between days 1 and 2, and 1 and 3 for both nocturnal urine volume (NUV) ( p < 0.001) and actual nocturnal voids (ANV) ( p < 0.001) despite significant correlation of these parameters on each day with their respective 3-day means. Conclusion: Our data suggest that a one-day FV chart is representative of a 3-day equivalent for the assessment of 24HUV and FBC in patients with LUTS/BOO. Further studies are required to compare the repeatability and clinical utility of a one-day chart compared with 3- and 7-day charts, particularly in patients with nocturia.
The association between supra‐physiological levels of estradiol and response patterns to experimental pain
Authors: Nisenblat Vicki , Engel‐Yeger Batya , Ohel Gonen , Aronson Doron , Granot Michal 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe precise mechanism by which gonadal hormones influence pain perception is still obscure. However, no studies have examined experimental pain responses at supra‐physiological hormone levels. This study explored the influence of pharmacological estradiol (E2) levels on the stability of pain perception obtained via quantitative sensory testing. A repeated measures design was used with 31 women, treated by a same In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) protocol. Patterns of experimental pain response were assessed in three different sessions (baseline, down regulation, maximal ovarian stimulation). Correlations between hormonal levels (E2, progesterone, luteinizing hormone (LH)) and pain perceptions were assessed at each session. While in the entire sample the pattern of response to pain stimulations remained unchanged regardless of hormonal manipulations, a greater pain sensitivity was associated with supra‐physiological levels of E2 during the maximal ovarian stimulation session (for 47 °C stimulation: r = .383, p = 0.044). Mixed model repeated measures ANOVA indicated that participants who over‐responded to the ovarian stimulation session (E2 > 10,500 pmol/l) showed significant enhanced pain responses under this condition (p = 0.004). No correlations between progesterone, LH and experimental pain perception were found in any of the study sessions. Although pain perceptions at different E2 levels remained constant, the enhancement of pain scoring at supra‐physiological E2 levels, underscore the possible role of sex hormones in pain modulation and experience.
An Innovative Way to Create Assay Ready Plates for Concentration Response Testing using Acoustic Technology
Authors: Turmel Manori , Itkin Zina , Liu Don , Nie Dalin 
Published: March 2010

A totally integrated serial dilution assay plate preparation system that fully uses the high precision nanoliter dispensing capabilities of acoustic liquid handlers has been developed and implemented. The application uses a hybrid of a serial dilution method and a direct dilution method, achieving a wide concentration range for the dilution series, while avoiding additive errors inherent to traditional serial dilution methods. The method allows assay miniaturization, which greatly reduces reagent and consumable costs to the customers. The system is in production at AstraZeneca and has generated high-quality assay ready plates for high-throughput screening and secondary screening since 2005. Further development in recent years has expanded the flexibility of the assay ready plate creation process to meet varied screening requirements. We will discuss the requirements for assay ready plates for concentration response testing and describe the novel plate creation method in detail with the rigorous validation procedures. Along with method validation data, some real-life screening results will be presented to compare an experiment conducted on compounds prepared using the novel hybrid method and those prepared using a more traditional serial dilution method, which endorses the application of the novel method.
Daidzein-metabolising phenotypes in relation to serum lipids and uric acid in adults in Guangzhou, China
Authors: Guo Kaiping , Zhang Bo , Chen Chaogang , Uchiyama Shigeto , Ueno Tomomi , Chen Yuming , Su Yixiang 
Published: March 2010

Previous studies have suggested that daidzein's metabolites, equol andO-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA), rather than daidzein itself may contribute to the beneficial effects of soya foods in the prevention of CVD. The present study aims to assess the proportion of equol andO-DMA producers, and to compare differences in anthropometric factors, serum lipids, glucose and uric acid between producers and non-producers in Chinese adults aged 20–69 years. For the present cross-sectional study, 202 subjects (100 women and 102 men) were recruited. Twenty-four-hour urinary daidzein and its metabolites were determined in these subjects while on their usual diet and again after a 3-d isoflavone challenge. Fasting serum lipids, glucose and uric acid were examined on their usual diet. Three days of 24 h dietary recalls were used to assess dietary intakes. Of the 202 subjects, 27 (13·4 %) and 27 (13·4 %) excreted equol andO-DMA on their usual diet, and 101 (50 %) and 94 (46·5 %) produced equol andO-DMA after a load of 80 mg/d isoflavones. Equol producers showed lower serum uric acid ( − 10·2 %,P = 0·001), TAG ( − 29·5 %,P = 0·007) and waist:hip ratio ( − 2·6 %,P = 0·032), and tended to have higher HDL cholesterol (6·3 %,P = 0·069) compared with equol non-producers. There were no significant differences in serum lipids, glucose and uric acid betweenO-DMA producers and non-producers. In conclusion, equol phenotypes might influence cardiovascular risk.
The Role of Independent Invention in U.S. Technological Development, 1880–1930
Authors: Nicholas Tom 
Published: March 2010

Why did independent inventors account for over half of U.S. patents by 1930 and more than three times the number granted to R&D firms? Using new data on patents and historical patent citations, I show that independents supplied high-quality innovations to a geographically broad market for ideas. Those close to large urban centers developed some of the most significant technological advances. Demand for independent inventions remained high during the growth of the corporate economy as firms continued to acquire external innovations that complemented formal R&D. Despite their relative decline, independents remained central to the process of technological development.“The statement sometimes is made that ‘the day of the genius in the garret is done.’ Nothing could be further from the truth.”William A. Kinnan, First Assistant Patent Commissioner,New York Times, December 18th, 1927
Testing for the Economic Impact of the U.S. Constitution: Purchasing Power Parity Across the Colonies versus Across the States, 1748–1811
Authors: Grubb Farley 
Published: March 2010

The U.S. Constitution removed real and monetary trade barriers between the states. By contrast, these states when they were British colonies exercised considerable real and monetary sovereignty over their borders. Purchasing power parity is used to measure how much economic integration between the states was gained in the decades after the Constitution's adoption compared with what existed among the same locations during the late colonial period. Using this measure, the short-run effect of the Constitution on economic integration was minimal. This may have been because the Constitution did not eliminate all the institutional barriers to interstate trade before 1812.“No idea is more firmly planted in American history than the idea that one of the most difficult problems during the Confederation was that of barriers to trade between state and state. There had been such barriers in colonial times …”Merrill Jensen1“The ‘secret’ of American economic growth, English legal scholar Sir Henry Maine wrote in 1886, lay in ‘the [constitutional] prohibition against levying duties on commodities passing from State to State … . It secures to the producer the command of a free market over an enormous territory of vast natural wealth …’”Charles W. McCurdy2
Plasma effects in electromagnetic field interaction with biological tissue
Authors: SHARMA R. P. , BATRA KARUNA , EXCELL PETER S. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTheoretical analysis is presented of the nonlinear behavior of charge carriers in biological tissue under the influence of varying low-intensity electromagnetic (EM) field. The interaction occurs because of the nonlinear force arising due to the gradient of the EM field intensity acting on free electrons in the conduction band of proteins in metabolically active biological cell membrane receptors leading to a redistribution of charge carriers. Field dependence of the resulting dielectric constant is investigated by a suitable modification to include an additional electronic contribution term to the three-term Debye model. The exogenous EM field propagating in this nonlinear cellular medium satisfies the nonlinear Schrödinger equation and can be affected significantly. Resulting field effect can be substantially augmented and effective rectification/demodulation can occur. Possible implications of this modification on biological processes in white and grey matter are discussed.
The Satake isomorphism for special maximal parahoric Hecke algebras
Authors: Haines Thomas , Rostami Sean 
Published: March 2010

Let

G
G

denote a connected reductive group over a nonarchimedean local field

F
F

. Let

K
K

denote a special maximal parahoric subgroup of

G
(
F
)

G(F)

. We establish a Satake isomorphism for the Hecke algebra

H

K

\mathcal {H}_K

of

K
K

-bi-invariant compactly supported functions on

G
(
F
)

G(F)

. The key ingredient is a Cartan decomposition describing the double coset space

K
∖
G
(
F
)

/

K

K\backslash G(F)/K

. As an application we define a transfer homomorphism

t
:

H

K
∗

(

G
∗

)
→

H

K

(
G
)

t: \mathcal {H}_{K^*}(G^*) \rightarrow \mathcal {H}_K(G)

where

G
∗

G^*

is the quasi-split inner form of

G
G

. We also describe how our results relate to the treatment of Cartier [Car], where

K
K

is replaced by a special maximal compact open subgroup

K
~

⊂
G
(
F
)

\widetilde {K} \subset G(F)

and where a Satake isomorphism is established for the Hecke algebra

H

K
~

\mathcal {H}_{\widetilde {K}}

.
High-performance holographic technologies for fluid-dynamics experiments
Authors: Orlov Sergei S. , Abarzhi Snezhana I. , Oh Se Baek , Barbastathis George , Sreenivasan Katepalli R. 
Published: March 2010

Modern technologies offer new opportunities for experimentalists in a variety of research areas of fluid dynamics. Improvements are now possible in the state-of-the-art in precision, dynamic range, reproducibility, motion-control accuracy, data-acquisition rate and information capacity. These improvements are required for understanding complex turbulent flows under realistic conditions, and for allowing unambiguous comparisons to be made with new theoretical approaches and large-scale numerical simulations.One of the new technologies is high-performance digital holography. State-of-the-art motion control, electronics and optical imaging allow for the realization of turbulent flows with very high Reynolds number (more than 107) on a relatively small laboratory scale, and quantification of their properties with high space–time resolutions and bandwidth. In-line digital holographic technology can provide complete three-dimensional mapping of the flow velocity and density fields at high data rates (over 1000 frames per second) over a relatively large spatial area with high spatial (1–10 μm) and temporal (better than a few nanoseconds) resolution, and can give accurate quantitative description of the fluid flows, including those of multi-phase and unsteady conditions. This technology can be applied in a variety of problems to study fundamental properties of flow–particle interactions, rotating flows, non-canonical boundary layers and Rayleigh–Taylor mixing. Some of these examples are discussed briefly.