bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics of the Production of Condensed Phases in the CVD of Methyltrichlorosilane Pyrolysis
Authors: Deng Juanli , Su Kehe , Zeng Qingfeng , Wang Xin , Cheng Laifei , Xu Yongdong , Zhang Litong 
Published: December 2009

AbstractProduction conditions of the condensed phases (β‐SiC, silicon, and graphite) in the CVD of methyltrichlorosilane (MTS) pyrolysis are investigated in detail with thermodynamic analyses based on a relatively complete and refined database. Production of the condensed phases is examined as a function of temperature, pressure, and the initial gas ratio of H2/MTS. The results show that the composition of the condensed phase is quite sensitive to both temperature and the molar ratio of H2/MTS, whereas it is less sensitive to pressure. The ideal conditions for the deposition of β‐SiC are temperatures between 1300 and 1500 K, H2/MTS ratios between 10 and 105, and with pressures as low as convenient. The co‐deposition of C or Si with β‐SiC is mainly controlled by the ratio of H2/MTS. The co‐deposition of C with β‐SiC should be in low H2/MTS ratios (<10) and the co‐deposition of Si with β‐SiC needs high H2/MTS ratios (>104). The results are in very good agreement with experimental findings and previous theoretical investigations. The present work is also instructive as to the experimental conditions relating to continuous regions of temperatures, pressures, and the H2/MTS ratios.
The evolution of gnathostome development: Insight from chondrichthyan embryology
Authors: Gillis J. Andrew , Shubin Neil H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAlcian blue skeletal preparations of wild‐type (front) and retinoic acid‐treated (back) embryos of the little skate, Leucoraja erinacea. As in paired fins, the cartilaginous gill rays of L. erinacea are patterned by a retinoic acid‐regulated Sonic hedghog (Shh)‐Fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8) feedback loop, and exposure to exogenous retinoic acid induces ectopic Shh expression and mirror‐image gill ray duplications. (Cover design by Kalliopi Monoyios and Randy Dahn). See the review by Gillis and Shubin in this issue.
A Distorted Trigonal Antiprismatic Cationic Silicon Complex with Ureato Ligands: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Solid State 29Si NMR Properties
Authors: Schöne Dana , Gerlach Daniela , Wiltzsch Conny , Brendler Erica , Heine Thomas , Kroke Edwin , Wagler Jörg 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInsertion of phenyl isocyanate into the Si–N bond of N‐(trimethylsilyl)diethylamine yields the N′‐silylated N,N‐diethyl‐N′‐phenylurea 1, which undergoes transsilylation with SiCl4 to yield the C3‐symmetric cationic hexacoordinate silicon complex 3s+ [tris‐κ‐O,N′‐(N,N‐diethyl‐N′‐phenylureato)siliconium] as chloride salt, which was characterized crystallographically. The cationic complex 3s+ exhibits a distorted trigonal antiprismatic coordination sphere about the silicon atom with fac arrangement of the three N‐atoms (and the three O‐atoms) relative to one another. This C3‐symmetric complex undergoes isomerization into its asymmetric isomer 3a+ (mer arrangement of NNN or OOO relative to one another) in CDCl3 solution. Hence, two 29Si NMR signals appear and four sets of signals emerge in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra. Despite its pronounced axial symmetry, the 29Si NMR shielding tensor of the cation 3s+ in its chloride salt exhibits an unusually small span (less than 20 ppm), which was analyzed CP/MAS NMR spectroscopically and by computational methods.
Engineering Solid‐State Molecular Switches: N‐Salicylidene N‐Heterocycle Derivatives
Authors: Robert François , Naik Anil D. , Hidara Florence , Tinant Bernard , Robiette Raphaël , Wouters Johan , Garcia Yann 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA supramolecular engineering approach has been developed for a novel family of N‐salicylidene aniline derivatives to control their thermo‐ and photochromic behaviours. Hsaltrz, Habs, Hsalphen, Hsaltz and Ksaltz are versatile molecules built from N‐heterocycles, which drive the molecular arrangement to form a controlled crystal packing with predesigned optical properties. A complete structural, optical and computational study of powders of these new molecular nanoswitches is presented. An N‐salicylidene aniline derivative possessing no thermo‐ or photoinduced chromic properties thanks to a specific molecular geometry was sought, and Habs and Hsalphen were designed to enhance π–π stacking interactions. A theoretical study of the crystal packing, combined with time‐dependent diffuse reflectance studies of Habs, have confirmed the appearance of photochromism at room temperature completed with an unprecedented “spring‐type effect” observed during the photochemical relaxation of the metastable trans‐keto form. The absence of thermochromism in an N‐salicylidene aniline derivative, induced by the absence of cis‐keto form, is a unique behaviour, firstly identified and explained for these types of compounds. Finally, Hsaltz and Ksaltz are the result of a molecular derivation of Hsaltrz which allow enhancing the amplitude of thermochromism of these functional materials.
Late life depression: a comparison of risk factors and symptoms according to age of onset in community dwelling older adults
Authors: Gallagher Damien , Mhaolain Aine Ni , Greene Elaine , Walsh Cathal , Denihan Aisling , Bruce Irene , Golden Jeannette , Conroy Ronan M. , Kirby Michael , Lawlor Brian A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundIt has been reported that late onset depression is more frequently associated with acquired organic pathology and that patients are less likely to report a family history of depression. Differences in phenomenology according to age of onset have been described although these have not been consistently replicated. The majority of these studies have been in hospital populations. The aim of this study is to address this question in a sample of community dwelling older adults.Methods89 subjects with GMS‐AGECAT depression were identified from a sample of 1231 community dwelling adults aged 65 years and over. Subjects were analysed across a range of aetiological and phenomenological variables according to age of onset of first depressive episode.ResultsSubjects with late onset depression (≥ 60) were significantly less likely to report a family history of depression, were less likely to report previous hospitalisation for depression and had greater cognitive impairment. Late onset subjects were also less likely to report feelings of guilt or thoughts that life was not worth living in the previous month.ConclusionWhile we found that patients with late onset depression differed from early onset patients according to certain aetiological risk factors, we did not find a distinctive profile of depressive symptomatology which might be considered clinically useful at an individual level. These findings are consistent with studies based in hospital populations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are cardiovascular diseases bad for economic growth?
Authors: Suhrcke Marc , Urban Dieter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe assess the impact of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality on economic growth, using a dynamic panel growth regression framework taking into account potential endogeneity problems. In the worldwide sample we detect a non‐linear influence of working age CVD mortality rates on growth across theper capitaincome scale. Splitting the sample (according to the resulting income threshold) into low‐ and middle‐income countries, and high‐income countries, we find a robust negative contribution of increasing CVD mortality rates on subsequent five‐year growth rates in the latter sample. Not too surprisingly, we find no significant impact in the low‐ and middle‐income country sample. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oxygen‐18 dynamics in precipitation and streamflow in a semi‐arid agricultural watershed, Eastern Washington, USA
Authors: Moravec Bryan G. , Keller C. Kent , Smith Jeffrey L. , Allen‐King Richelle M. , Goodwin Angela J. , Fairley Jerry P. , Larson Peter B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUnderstanding flow pathways and mechanisms that generate streamflow is important to understanding agrochemical contamination in surface waters in agricultural watersheds. Two environmental tracers, δ18O and electrical conductivity (EC), were monitored in tile drainage (draining 12 ha) and stream water (draining nested catchments of 6‐5700 ha) from 2000 to 2008 in the semi‐arid agricultural Missouri Flat Creek (MFC) watershed, near Pullman Washington, USA. Tile drainage and streamflow generated in the watershed were found to have baseline δ18O value of −14·7‰ (VSMOW) year round. Winter precipitation accounted for 67% of total annual precipitation and was found to dominate streamflow, tile drainage, and groundwater recharge. ‘Old’ and ‘new’ water partitioning in streamflow were not identifiable using δ18O, but seasonal shifts of nitrate‐corrected EC suggest that deep soil pathways primarily generated summer streamflow (mean EC 250 µS/cm) while shallow soil pathways dominated streamflow generation during winter (EC declining as low as 100 µS/cm). Using summer isotopic and EC excursions from tile drainage in larger catchment (4700‐5700 ha) stream waters, summer in‐stream evaporation fractions were estimated to be from 20% to 40%, with the greatest evaporation occurring from August to October. Seasonal watershed and environmental tracer dynamics in the MFC watershed appeared to be similar to those at larger watershed scales in the Palouse River basin. A 0·9‰ enrichment, in shallow groundwater drained to streams (tile drainage and soil seepage), of δ18O values from 2000 to 2008 may be evidence of altered precipitation conditions due to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in the Inland Northwest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of remote‐sensing‐based rainfall products through predictive capability in hydrological runoff modelling
Authors: Stisen Simon , Sandholt Inge 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe emergence of regional and global satellite‐based rainfall products with high spatial and temporal resolution has opened up new large‐scale hydrological applications in data‐sparse or ungauged catchments. Particularly, distributed hydrological models can benefit from the good spatial coverage and distributed nature of satellite‐based rainfall estimates (SRFE). In this study, five SRFEs with temporal resolution of 24 h and spatial resolution between 8 and 27 km have been evaluated through their predictive capability in a distributed hydrological model of the Senegal River basin in West Africa. The main advantage of this evaluation methodology is the integration of the rainfall model input in time and space when evaluated at the sub‐catchment scale. An initial data analysis revealed significant biases in the SRFE products and large variations in rainfall amounts between SRFEs, although the spatial patterns were similar. The results showed that the Climate Prediction Center/Famine Early Warning System (CPC‐FEWS) and cold cloud duration (CCD) products, which are partly based on rain gauge data and produced specifically for the African continent, performed better in the modelling context than the global SRFEs, Climate Prediction Center MORPHing technique (CMORPH), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN). The best performing SRFE, CPC‐FEWS, produced good results with values of R2NS between 0·84 and 0·87 after bias correction and model recalibration. This was comparable to model simulations based on traditional rain gauge data. The study highlights the need for input specific calibration of hydrological models, since major differences were observed in model performances even when all SRFEs were scaled to the same mean rainfall amounts. This is mainly attributed to differences in temporal dynamics between products. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Importance of no‐rain measurements on the comparison of radar and rain gauge rain rate
Authors: Yoo Chulsang , Kim Kyoungjun , Choi Jeongho , Ha Eunho 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study evaluated four possible cases of comparing radar and rain gauge rain rate for the detection of mean‐field bias. These four cases, or detection designs, consider in this study are: (1) design 1‐uses all the data sets available, including zero radar rain rate and zero rain gauge rain rate, (2) design 2—uses the data sets of positive radar rain rate and zero or positive rain gauge rain rate, (3) design 3—uses the data sets of zero or positive radar rain rate and positive rain gauge rain rate and (4) design 4—uses the data sets of positive radar rain rate and positive rain gauge rain rate. A theoretical review of these four detection designs showed that only the design 1 causes no design bias, but designs 2, 3 and 4 can cause positive, negative and negative design biases, respectively. This theoretical result was also verified by applying these four designs to the rain rate field generated by a multi‐dimensional rain rate model, as well as to that of the Mt Gwanak radar in Korea. The results from both applications showed that especially the design 4, which is generally used for the detection of mean‐field bias of radar rain rate, causes a serious design bias; therefore, is inappropriate as a design for detecting the mean‐field bias of radar rain rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ERK/MAPK activation involves hypoxia‐induced MGr1‐Ag/37LRP expression and contributes to apoptosis resistance in gastric cancer
Authors: Liu Lili , Zhang Hongbo , Sun Li , Gao Yuqi , Jin Haifeng , Liang Shuhui , Wang Yanxia , Dong Mingqing , Shi Yongquan , Li Zhichao , Fan Daiming 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that hypoxia increased the hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF‐1)–dependent MGr1‐Ag/37LRP expression, which enhanced adhesion of gastric cancer cells to laminin, inhibited drug‐induced apoptosis and caused cell adhesion–mediated drug resistance (CAM‐DR). Here, we investigated the role of extracellular‐regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 in the signaling mechanisms underlying these events. We found that hypoxia activated ERK activityin vitroandin vivo. Overexpression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinase (MEK), which preferentially activated ERK, mimics, in a nonadditive way, hypoxia‐induced activity ofMGr1‐Ag/37LRPpromoter and expression of MGr1‐Ag/37LRP. Furthermore, U0126, the MEK inhibitor, inhibited hypoxia‐ and MEK‐inducedMGr1‐Ag/37LRPpromoter activity in a dose‐dependent manner. MEK inhibition also reversed hypoxia‐ and MEK‐induced HIF‐1 protein and its activity in a dose‐dependent manner. We also investigated reactive oxygen species signaling this response. Exogenous addition of H2O2was sufficient to activate ERK in a dose‐dependent profile. Reactive oxygen species scavengers of H2O2significantly inhibited hypoxia‐induced ERK or HIF‐1 activation and sequential expression of MGr1‐Ag/37LRP. We also investigated the signaling in hypoxia‐induced cell adhesion and apoptosis induced by vincristine. Hypoxia significantly enhanced adhesion of SGC7901 cells to laminin in a time‐dependent manner, which might be inhibited by the MEK inhibitor U0126 and MGr1‐Ag/37LRP siRNA. Consistent with results of adhesion assay, hypoxia‐resistant apoptosis might be reversed by U0126 in a dose‐dependent manner. Our results suggest that hypoxia‐elicited MGr1‐Ag/37LRP expression activated by HIF‐1 depends on ERK activation. These events are dependent of reactive oxygen intermediates.
Recent Low‐Cost Technologies to Analyse Physical Properties of Cases and Tubes Built by Aquatic Animals
Authors: Statzner Bernhard , Dolédec Océane , Sagnes Pierre 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAssessing architecture and resistance against crushing forces of cases and tubes built from particles by aquatic animals has been a major thread in studies of the biology and ecology of such builders. Traditionally, these physical properties have been assessed by hand (e.g., sieving and weighting mineral grains, crushing the building applying known forces). Recent innovations in industrial technologies used to automate production processes offer low‐cost, time‐saving alternatives to such traditional techniques. Assessing such alternatives using freely available software for image analysis, low‐cost load cells and standard laboratory equipment, we describe simple procedures for accurate descriptions of mineral grains in pupal cases of lotic hydropsychids (e.g., number, area, perimeter, shape, mass, association with virtual sieve fractions) and forces deforming cases to levels being fatal for the builder. Using headwater and large‐river species of the Loire, we also provide examples how these descriptions could serve in comparisons of species or sites. Our methods should be helpful in studies on similar topics using other aquatic or terrestrial animal builders. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temporal Coherence of Chlorophylladuring a Spring Phytoplankton Bloom in Xiangxi Bay of Three‐Gorges Reservoir, China
Authors: Xu Yao‐Yang , Wang lan , Cai Qing‐Hua , Ye Lin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAlgal bloom phenomenon was defined as “the rapid growth of one or more phytoplankton species which leads to a rapid increase in the biomass of phytoplankton”, yet most estimates of temporal coherence are based on yearly or monthly sampling frequencies and little is known of how synchrony varies among phytoplankton or of the causes of temporal coherence during spring algal bloom. In this study, data of chlorophyllaand related environmental parameters were weekly gathered at 15 sampling sites in Xiangxi Bay of Three‐Gorges Reservoir (TGR, China) to evaluate patterns of temporal coherence for phytoplankton during spring bloom and test if spatial heterogeneity of nutrient and inorganic suspended particles within a single ecosystem influences synchrony of spring phytoplankton dynamics. There is a clear spatial and temporal variation in chlorophyllaacross Xiangxi Bay. The degree of temporal coherence for chlorophyllabetween pairs of sites located in Xiangxi Bay ranged from –0.367 to 0.952 with mean and median values of 0.349 and 0.321, respectively. Low levels of temporal coherence were often detected among the three stretches of the bay (Down reach, middle reach and upper reach), while high levels of temporal coherence were often found within the same reach of the bay. The relative difference of DIN between pair sites was the strong predictor of temporal coherence for chlorophyllain down and middle reach of the bay, while the relative difference in Anorganic Suspended Solids was the important factor regulating temporal coherence in middle and upper reach. Contrary to many studies, these results illustrate that, in a small geographic area (a single reservoir bay of approximately 25 km), spatial heterogeneity influence synchrony of phytoplankton dynamics during spring bloom and local processes may override the effects of regional processes or dispersal. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of recombinant galectin‐1 on the growth of immortal rat chondrocyte on chitosan‐coated PLGA scaffold
Authors: Chen Shiang‐Jiuun , Lin Chien‐Chung , Tuan Wei‐Cheh , Tseng Ching‐Shiow , Huang Rong‐Nan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of galectin‐1 (GAL1) on the growth of immortal rat chondrocyte (IRC) on chitosan‐modified PLGA scaffold is investigated. The experimental results showed that water absorption ratio of chitosan‐modified PLGA scaffold was 70% higher than that of PLGA alone after immersion in ddH2O for 2 weeks, indicating that chitosan‐modification significantly enhances the hydrophilicity of PLGA. The experimental results also showed that GALl efficiently and spontaneously coats the chitosan‐PLGA scaffold surface to promote adhesion and growth of immortal rat chondrocyte (IRC). To investigate the effect of endogenous GAL1, the full‐length GAL1 cDNAs were cloned and constructed into pcDNA3.1 vectors to generate a plasmid expressed in IRC (IRC‐GAL1). The results showed that IRC‐GAL1 growth was significantly higher than that of IRC on chitosan‐PLGA scaffold. The GAL1‐potentiated IRC growth on chitosan‐PLGA scaffold was dose‐dependently inhibited by TDG (specific inhibitor of GAL1 binding). These results strongly suggest that GAL1 is critical for enhancing IRC cell adhesion and growth on chitosan‐PLGA scaffold. Moreover, GAL1‐coating or expression tends to promote IRC cell–cell aggregation on chitosan‐PLGA scaffold and significantly enhances IRC migration. These results suggest that GAL1 probably could induce tissue differentiation and facilitates cartilage reconstruction. In conclusion, the experimental results suggest that both GAL1 and chitosan are important for enhancing IRC cell adhesion and growth on PLGA scaffold, and GAL1 is a potential biomaterial for tissue engineering. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
PGE2 inhibits MMP expression by suppressing MKK4–JNK MAP kinase–c‐JUN pathway via EP4 in human articular chondrocytes
Authors: Nishitani Kohei , Ito Hiromu , Hiramitsu Teruko , Tsutsumi Ryosuke , Tanida Shimei , Kitaori Toshiyuki , Yoshitomi Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Masahiko , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: December 2009

AbstractProstaglandin E2 (PGE2) is one of pro‐inflammatory mediators. PGE2 maintains the homeostasis of many organs including articular cartilage, and a previous report showed that continuous inhibition of PGE2 accelerates the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). While PGE2 inhibits matrix metalloprotease (MMP) expression in several types of cells, little is known on direct effects of PGE2 on MMP expression in articular chondrocytes. The objective of this study was to investigate direct effects of PGE2 on IL‐1β‐induced MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 expression and the intracellular signaling in articular chondrocytes. PGE2 showed inhibitory effects on IL‐1β‐induced MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 expression demonstrated by immunoblotting both in OA and normal chondrocytes, which was further confirmed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunohistochemistry of explant cultures of articular cartilages. An EP4 agonist, ONO‐AE1‐329, mimicked the inhibitory effect of PGE2, while an EP4 antagonist, ONO‐AE3‐208, blocked the effects. PGE2 suppressed the phosphorylation of JNK and ERK MAP kinases, but only knockdown of JNK by specific siRNA mimicked the effect of PGE2. PGE2 further inhibited the phosphorylation of MKK4 without suppression of MKK7 phosphorylation, and of c‐JUN to decrease expression levels of MMP‐1 and MMP‐13. These results demonstrate that PGE2 inhibits IL‐1β‐induced MMP‐1 and MMP‐13 productions via EP4 by suppressing MKK4–JNK MAP kinase–c‐JUN pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 425–433, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empowering the disempowered: harm reduction with racial/ethnic minority clients
Authors: Blume Arthur W. , Lovato Laura V. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHarm‐reduction principles, such as empowerment of clients and goals for moderation, align well with the cultural worldviews of many clients of color. Empirically supported harm‐reduction strategies often work well with ethnic minority clients. However, clients of color require special clinical considerations. A case study illustrates the use of the community participatory model, which combines harm reduction, cultural sensitivity, and community support. Treatment services can be provided under one roof to eliminate barriers to seeking and receiving services. Harm‐reduction therapists can carefully assess and diagnose clients of color to minimize the potential shortcomings and cultural biases in assessment tools. Therapy will include the family and incorporate traditional practices as desired by clients. Use of these methods will empower and support clients of color as they seek their treatment goals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 66: 1–12, 2010.