bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conservation biogeography of the US–Mexico border: a transcontinental risk assessment of barriers to animal dispersal
Authors: Lasky Jesse R. , Jetz Walter , Keitt Timothy H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim Humans have dramatically transformed landscapes along the US–Mexico border. We aim to assess the risk of barriers that may significantly impede animal migrations within this ecologically sensitive region.Location United States and Mexico.Methods We examined the intersection of current and possible future barriers along the border with the geographic ranges of 313 amphibian, reptile and non‐volant mammal species. We considered the areas of intensive human land use and ∼ 600 km of pedestrian fence as current barriers along the border. We evaluated the impacts of two scenarios of dispersal barriers – continuation of existing and construction of new barriers – and identified species vulnerable to global and local extinction.Results Among the species most at risk from current barriers are four species listed as threatened globally or by both nations, 23 species for which the larger of their two national subranges is < 105 km2and 29 species whose ranges cross the border only marginally. Three border regions, California, Madrean archipelago and Gulf coast, emerge as being of particular concern. These regions are characterized by high overall species richness and high richness of species at risk from existing barriers and from construction of potential new barriers.Main conclusions New barriers along the border would increase the number of species at risk, especially in the three identified regions, which should be prioritized for mitigation of the impacts of current barriers. The species we identified as being potentially at risk merit further study to determine impacts of border dispersal barriers.
Spatially explicit estimation of occupancy, detection probability and survey effort needed to inform conservation planning
Authors: Olea Pedro P. , Mateo‐Tomás Patricia 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim  It is increasingly recognized the importance of accounting for imperfect detection in species distribution modelling and conservation planning. However, the integration of detectability into a spatially explicit frame has received little attention. We aim (1) to show how to develop distribution maps of both detection probability and survey effort required to reliably determine a species presence/absence and (2) to increase awareness of the spatial variation of detection error inherent in studies of species occurrence.Location  North‐western Spain.Methods We registered the presence/absence of the endangered Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in 213 surveys performed in 40 of 104 territories once known to be occupied. We model simultaneously both detection probability and occurrence, using site occupancy modelling. With the resulting regression equations, we developed distribution maps of both detection probability and required sampling effort throughout the area.Results  Of the studied territories, 72.5% were detected as occupied, but after accounting for imperfect detection, the proportion of sites truly occupied was 79%. Detectability decreased in territories with higher topographical irregularity and increased with both the time of day of the survey and the progress of the season. Spatial distribution of detectability showed a mainly north–south gradient following the distribution of slope in the area. The likelihood of occupancy increased with rockier, less forested surface and less topographical irregularity within the territory. A minimum of five surveys, on average, are needed to assess, with 95% probability, the occupancy status of a site, ranging from ≤ 3 to > 24 visits/territory depending on survey‐ and site‐specific features.Main conclusions  Accounting for detectability and its sources of variation allows us to elaborate distribution maps of detectability‐based survey effort. These maps are useful tools to reliably assess (e.g. with 95% probability) occupancy status throughout a landscape and provide guidance for species conservation planning.
Evaluation of effects of nutrition intervention on healing of pressure ulcers and nutritional states (randomized controlled trial)
Authors: Ohura Takehiko , Nakajo Toshio , Okada Shingo , Omura Kenji , Adachi Kayoko 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutrition intervention on nutritional states and healing of pressure ulcers by standardizing or unified factors including nursing, care and treatment in a multicenter open randomized trial. Tube‐fed patients with Stage III–IV pressure ulcers were selected. The control group (30 patients) received the same nutrition management as before participating in this trial, whereas the intervention group (30 patients) was given calories in the range of Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) × 1.1 × 1.3 to 1.5. The intervention period was 12 weeks. The efficacy and safety were evaluated based on the nutritional states and the sizes of ulcers (length × width), and on the incidence of adverse events related to the study, respectively. The calories administered to the control and intervention groups were 29.1±4.9 and 37.9±6.5 kcal/kg/day, respectively. Significant interactions between the presence or absence of the intervention and the intervention period were noted for nutritional states (p<0.001 for body weight, p<0.05 for prealbumin). Similarly, the size of ulcers differed significantly between subjects in the intervention group and in the control group (p<0.001). The results suggest that nutrition intervention could directly enhance the healing process in pressure ulcer patients.
Statistical approach for avoiding pseudoreplication and increasing power in wound‐healing studies
Authors: Haag William G. , Abril‐Hörpel Obsidiana , Becquerelle Sophie D. , Mertz Patricia M. , Davis Stephen C. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTMany animal wound‐healing models measure the progression of healing over time, resulting in counts of fully healed wounds from different treatments at several time points. Data from these models are usually analyzed using contingency table methods. However, pooling data from multiple animals without appropriate correction for animal‐to‐animal variability results in pseudoreplication. Kaiser and colleagues, overcame pseudoreplication by adjusting the estimate of healing variation to account for the interanimal covariance. This solution nevertheless is limited by the ability to accurately estimate the adjustment factor due to the small number of animals used. An improved method is described that both overcomes pseudoreplication and increases power. It involves estimating the time for half of the wounds within each animal to be completely healed (TCH50), rather than a pooled estimate for all animals (HT50). Subsequent ANOVA testing of the individual TCH50 values, using a model with fixed treatments and random animals, generates unbiased estimates of treatment means and differences between means, and accurate p‐values for these differences and for the overall model. This method has sufficient power to detect treatment differences with fewer animals. Furthermore, it is fully applicable to analyses of results from human trials having similar data organization.
Vaccination Competence of Public Health Nurses
Authors: Nikula Anne , Nohynek Hanna , Puukka Pauli , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the vaccination competence of Finnish public health nurses.
Design and Sample: A survey design was used. Participants (n=405) were public health nurses working in health centers in Finland.
Measures: The data were collected using a structured instrument and were analyzed by SAS.
Results: The mean of self‐assessment was 8.3 and the proportion percentage of correct answers in the knowledge test was 83 %. According to the self‐assessment, public health nurses felt they were most competent in achieving the desired outcomes of vaccination implementation and poorest in their qualities as vaccinators. In the knowledge test, the public health nurses were familiar with vaccination recommendations and common contraindications, but showed room for improvement in managing an anaphylactic reaction, aseptic practices, and knowing the names of vaccines. There was a statistically significant link between the results on the self‐assessment and the knowledge test.
Conclusions: Further training should be organized in the areas where knowledge was lacking. It would be useful to further investigate differences in competence between public health nurses working different sectors. These results could be utilized in education, clinical nursing practice, administration and research. This study demons2 trated that vaccination competence can be measured by means of the structured instrument.
In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of Dynamic Compression Plates with a Rough Contact Surface and a Polished Contact Surface for Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones
Authors: Sod Gary A. , Riggs Laura M. , Mitchell Colin F. , Martin George S. , Gill Marjorie S. 
Published: May 2011

Objectives: To compare the number of cycles to failure of 4.5 mm broad dynamic compression plates (DCP), 4.5 mm broad limited‐contact dynamic compression plates (4.5‐LC‐DCP), and 5.5 mm broad limited‐contact dynamic compression plates (5.5‐LC‐DCP) having a rough (denoted by a prefix R‐) versus a standard smooth contact surface for the fixation of osteotomized equine 3rd metacarpal (MC3) bones.Study Design: Experimental.Animal Population: Fifteen pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones.Methods: Fifteen pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 test groups (5 pairs each) for comparison of (1) R‐DCP fixation with DCP fixation, (2) R‐4.5‐LC‐DCP fixation with 4.5‐LC‐DCP fixation, and (3) R‐5.5‐LC‐DCP fixation with 5.5‐LC‐DCP fixation to repair osteotomized equine MC3 bones under palmarodorsal 4‐point bending cyclic fatigue testing. For each group an 8‐hole plate with rough contact surface was applied to the dorsal surface of one randomly selected bone from each pair and a corresponding 8‐hole plate with smooth contact surface was applied dorsally to the contralateral bone from each pair. All plates and screws were applied using standard ASIF techniques. All MC3 bones had mid‐diaphyseal osteotomies. Mean number of cycles to failure for each method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group. Significance was set at P<.05.Results: Mean cycles to failure ± standard deviation was significantly greater for the R‐DCP fixation (230,025 ± 23,129) compared with the DCP fixation (103,451 ± 14,556), for the R‐4.5‐LC‐DCP fixation (99,237 ± 14,390) compared with the 4.5‐LC‐DCP fixation (46,464 ± 6325) and for the R‐5.5‐LC‐DCP fixation (65,113 ± 7796) compared with the 5.5‐LC‐DCP fixation (34,224 ± 3835).Conclusion: For the fixation of osteotomized MC3 bones, the constructs with plates having rough contact surface were superior to the corresponding constructs with plates having standard smooth contact surfaces in resisting cyclic fatigue under palmarodorsal 4‐point bending.
Analysis of Suture Anchor Eyelet Position on Suture Failure Load
Authors: Aktay Sevima A. , Kowaleski Michael P. 
Published: May 2011

Objective:To compare mechanical performance of 2 orientations of the 5 mm Corkscrew®suture anchor with #5 Fiberwire®.Study Design:In vitro biomechanical study.Sample Population:Suture anchor–suture constructs (n=40).Methods:Acute and cyclic tensile loads were applied to suture threaded through eyelets of 40 anchors perpendicular to the long axis of the anchor. Eyelets were positioned so that the suture pull was in line with (anchor rotation angle of 0° [ARA 0]) or 90° (ARA 90) to the eyelet plane. Load at failure, stiffness, and cycles to failure were determined.Results:All constructs failed by suture breakage at the eyelet. Mean load at failure was significantly higher in the ARA 90 group (634±93 N) compared with the ARA 0 group (495±52 N;P=.0015). No significant difference was found between groups for mean number of cycles to failure (270±177 versus 178±109;P=.2166) and stiffness (50±4 versus 48±5 N/mm;P=.3141).Conclusions:The Corkscrew®5 mm suture anchor with Fiberwire®suture fails via suture breakage at the eyelet under higher acute loads if the suture is loaded at an angle of 90° compared with 0° with respect to the plane of the eyelet.
Evidence regarding an effect of marine n‐3 fatty acids on preterm birth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: SALVIG JANNIE DALBY , LAMONT RONALD F. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract Background. Preterm delivery remains a substantial healthcare problem, complicating 5–10% of pregnancies, and is the major cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality in the developed world. Few effective methods to prevent preterm delivery have been identified to date. Objective. To review systematically the evidence from randomized controlled trials with respect to the hypothesis that increased consumption of marine n‐3 fatty acids in pregnancy can prevent preterm birth. Setting. Electronic searches of the following databases were performed: PubMed (1995–2009), SCOPUS including EMBASE (1995–2009), and Cochrane Library. A combination of key words and text words related to fish oil, marine n‐3 fatty acids, fish consumption, preterm birth, preterm delivery, prematurity, pregnancy duration, gestational age, parturition, delivery and pregnancy were used. Methods. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials of relevance was conducted. Three trials were included, comprising 921 women for whom data on gestational age and 1 187 women for whom data on birthweight were available. Results. Overall, 46 (8.9%) of 516 women who received n‐3 fatty acids gave birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation, compared with 66 (16.3%) of 405 in the control group [relative risk 0.61; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40–0.93; p<0.05]. Data on delivery before 34 completed weeks showed the same trend (relative risk 0.32; 95% CI 0.09–0.95). Overall, the mean birthweight was 71g higher in women who received n‐3 fatty acids during pregnancy (95% CI 4.73–138.12; p<0.05). The rate of low birthweight was not statistically significantly different between the intervention and the control groups. The mean gestational age at delivery was significantly higher by 4.5days in the intervention group supplemented with n‐3 fatty acids compared with placebo (95% CI 2.3–6.8; p<0.05). Conclusions. Marine n‐3 fatty acids administered in pregnancy reduce the rate of preterm birth and increase birthweight.
Physical activity monitor for recording energy expenditure in pregnancy
Authors: BERNTSEN SVEINUNG , STAFNE SIGNE N. , MØRKVED SIV 
Published: May 2011

Abstract Objective. To determine whether the energy expenditure recorded with the physical activity monitor SenseWear™ Pro2 Armband differs from that recorded with indirect calorimetry. Design. Cross‐sectional comparison of measures of energy expenditure. Setting. A convenient sample recruited from a randomized controlled trial. Population. Twenty‐nine pregnant women (24–43years old). Methods. Energy expenditure was recorded with SenseWear™ Pro2 Armband and a portable oxygen analyzer for 90minutes while carrying out a variety of activities of different intensities. Main Outcome Measures. Energy expenditure recorded with the physical activity monitor SenseWear™ Pro2 Armband. Results. Comparing energy expenditure during free‐living activities, the mean differences and limits of agreements from Bland–Altman plots was −136±343kJ, giving an underestimation of energy expenditure by 9%. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.85 (95% confidence interval 0.71–0.93; p<0.001), giving 85% of the variance explained by differences among individuals. Conclusions. SenseWear™ Pro2 Armband is a valid measure of energy expenditure during pregnancy.
Severe Mycoplasma pneumoniae‐associated mucositis treated with immunoglobulins
Authors: Bressan Silvia , Mion Teresa , Andreola Barbara , Bisogno Gianni , Da Dalt Liviana 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMycoplasma pneumoniae‐associated mucositis (MPAM), previously labelled as atypical Stevens–Johnson syndrome (SJS), SJS with minimal or no skin manifestations, is a rare non‐respiratory manifestation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. The nineteen cases described so far in children and young adults were characterized by a high male gender prevalence (16/19) and a good response to appropriate antibiotic treatment and supportive care in the majority of patients. We describe a case of MPAM in a previously healthy girl, who improved after a 0.5 g/kg daily dose of intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) for four consecutive days, after traditional therapy had failed.Conclusion:  The successful treatment with IVIG described in this report suggests that, where appropriate antibiotic and supportive therapy fails to improve the clinical course of severe MPAM, IVIG treatment is worth considering.
Child health care uptake among low‐income and immigrant families in a Swedish county
Authors: Wallby T , Hjern A 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim:  To study the uptake of child health care among low‐income and immigrant families in the county of Uppsala, Sweden, to investigate whether these families received extra attention as proposed in the Swedish Child Health Services (CHS) state‐of‐the‐art consensus document from the year 2000.Methods:  Data were collected for 25 024 infants born 1998–2006 from the database of statistics of the Child Health Care Unit in Uppsala and socio‐demographic indicators from Swedish national registers. Disposable income was divided into quartiles. Country of birth of the mother was categorized into four regions with two subgroups each, mothers with or without a Swedish‐born partner. Analysis was conducted by Cox regression and linear regression models.Results:  Small differences between Swedish vs. immigrant and high vs. low‐income families were detected. Low‐income mothers (RR 0.78) as well as mothers born in all country of birth regions with an immigrant partner (RR 0.28–0.95) had lower rates of participation in parental groups.Conclusion:  The CHS provided basic child health care to almost all infants including children in immigrant and low‐income Swedish families. However, the results did not indicate that disadvantaged families received the extra attention proposed in the consensus document.
Could audiovisual training be used to improve cognition in extremely low birth weight children?
Authors: Huotilainen Minna , Lovio Riikka , Kujala Teija , Tommiska Viena , Karma Kai , Fellman Vineta 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim:  To study whether a dyslexia remediation programme, Audilex, improves cognition in extremely low birth (ELBW) children.Methods:  Six‐year‐old ELBW children were allocated to a 5‐week training with Audilex or playing control computer games. Before and after intervention, auditory event‐related brain potentials (ERP) to sound changes were recorded and reading related skills assessed. Primary outcome was the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of ERP. Secondary outcomes were Audilex Test (ability to perform the Audilex games), the reading skills after the intervention and 2 years later. Of eligible children, 39 (54%) consented and 22 (30%) completed the protocol.Results:  The MMN responses to the frequency (p = 0.02) and duration deviants (p < 0.01) increased after Audilex training (n = 11), but not after control game playing (n = 11). Audilex Test performance was similar in both groups. The reading skills were similar after intervention and 2 years later; word reading score 59.7, 66.8 and 74.9 and comprehensive reading score 8.1, 8.8 and 9.4 in Audilex, Control and healthy class‐mate children, respectively.Conclusions:  Although all children did not complete the protocol, the results suggest that training with Audilex dyslexia programme might be beneficial for enhancing neural‐level sound discrimation and possibly reading skills in ELBW children. A larger trial is warranted.
EXTENDING THE SHELF LIFE OF FRESH‐CUT LOTUS ROOT WITH ANTIBROWNING AGENTS, CINNAMON OIL FUMIGATION AND MODERATE VACUUM PACKAGING
Authors: XING YAGE , LI XIHONG , XU QINGLIAN , YUN JUAN , LU YAQING 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTEffect of chemical dip, cinnamon oil fumigation and moderate vacuum packaging (MVP) on the shelf life of fresh‐cut lotus root was investigated during 16 days of storage at 4C. Result showed that the L* value of dip + oil fumigation + MVP sample was 67.80 after 16 days storage. For the a* and b* value, the dip + oil fumigation + MVP treatment samples showed the slowest increasing trends. The combined treatment samples prevented product weight loss. Titratable acidity (TA), vitamin C content and total phenolic (TP) content presented the smallest changes after 16 days of storage at 4C. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, which was inhibited by dip + oil fumigation + MVP treatment, was 357.7 Units/(min mL) at the end of storage. The application of antibrowning agents, oil fumigation and MVP also retarded the microbiological deterioration of fresh‐cut lotus root. The combined treatment of dip + oil fumigation + MVP effectively prolonged the shelf life of fresh‐cut lotus root by 1 week of storage.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe browning of surface and the growth of spoilage microorganisms are the major causes for deterioration of fresh‐cut lotus root during the storage time. Conventional controlled atmosphere with low O2 concentration and chemical dip are effective in extending shelf life of minimally processed fruits and vegetables, including inhibition of tissue browning. In this study, chemical dip, cinnamon oil fumigation and moderate vacuum packaging reduced significantly fresh‐cut lotus root browning and rot development. It could potentially be useful as a technology of extending the shelf life of fresh‐cut lotus root.
Prey selection of subadult male northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) and evidence of dietary niche overlap with adult females during the breeding season
Authors: Call Katherine A. , Ream Rolf R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDuring the breeding season northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) congregate on the Pribilof Islands in large numbers creating the potential for intraspecific competition. Due to the declining trend in the Pribilof Islands population of fur seals, it is important to understand how prey resources are partitioned among the population. Fur seals exhibit a high degree of sexual dimorphism resulting in energetic differences among age and sex classes. Therefore, we hypothesized that subadult male and adult female fur seals would differ in the type and size of prey consumed. We examined the diets of subadult male (age 2–8; mean mass 28–176 kg) and adult female (age ≥ 3 yr; mean mass 13–50 kg) seals on St. Paul Island from 1992 to 2000. Prey remains found in fecal samples were compared using niche overlap indices. There was nearly complete dietary niche overlap between subadult male and adult female fur seals. Walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), Pacific herring (Clupeia pallasi), and cephalopods were common prey items found in the diets of both groups. We found differences in the size of pollock consumed and that geographic location of sample collection may be important in determining diet differences. Our results indicate high levels of dietary overlap among subadult male and adult female fur seals.