bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calcein Mark Retention in Chinook Salmon and Steelhead Fry in Artificial and Natural Rearing Environments
Authors: Hill Megan S. , Quesada Cory J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Hatchery Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha and steelhead O. mykiss fry were marked with calcein dye to determine its efficacy for identifying fish after release into the stream environment. The effects of the dye treatment on growth and survival of marked fish and the retention of the marks over time were evaluated in the presence and absence of sunlight. Minimal differences in growth were observed between marked and unmarked Chinook salmon, and there was no difference in the total length of marked and unmarked steelhead at the conclusion of the study. Calcein marking had no effect on survival of Chinook salmon or steelhead fry during the 8-week experiment. The calcein mark rapidly lost its intensity over time in Chinook salmon and steelhead. Steelhead fry were marked and reared in three light treatments to directly evaluate whether sunlight exposure affected calcein retention. After 28 d, steelhead exposed to sunlight had no visible calcein marks, whereas those held in covered tanks had 100% mark retention. Chinook salmon fry were monitored in stream habitats after release into the stream environment. No marks were visible 8 months after release. These observations demonstrate reduced calcein mark retention in fish exposed to natural sunlight. Calcein mark retention differed between Chinook salmon and steelhead. Because externally visible calcein marks have a finite life span in the presence of sunlight, calcein use in long-term fish-marking projects will be limited.
Evaluation of Calcein as a Mass Mark for Rainbow Trout Raised in Outdoor Hatchery Raceways
Authors: Elle F. Steven , Koenig Martin K. , Meyer Kevin A. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Mass marks are useful for evaluating releases of hatchery fishes for management and research purposes. Calcein is a chemical that shows potential for producing a cost-effective batch mark that can be easily applied to large numbers of small fish and can be detected externally by nonlethal means. However, calcein shows some drawbacks related to mark deterioration when exposed to direct sunlight. We evaluated calcein mark retention over time in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by using both external (head, fins) and internal structures (otoliths), and we compared mark retention between fish reared in normal outdoor raceways under ambient light conditions and those reared indoors in shaded circular tanks. Calcein marks on rainbow trout that were marked as fry and reared in outdoor raceways deteriorated significantly within 8 d of marking and remained at low or undetectable levels throughout the study. Mark quality was much better for rainbow trout reared indoors but still degraded over the 7-month evaluation period. Calcein marks were visible over the entire study period for otoliths of fish reared both indoors and outdoors, with better results being obtained for fish reared indoors. While calcein shows potential for generating a successful nonlethal batch mark, it may have limited use in situations where fish are exposed to sunlight, which can degrade the external mark. Marks in otoliths were retained well but required time-consuming processing and lethal sampling. For use of otolith marks, we recommend combining calcein with some other external mark (e.g., adipose fin clip) to aid in identifying chemically marked individuals.
Introgressive Hybridization between Bighead Carp and Silver Carp in the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers
Authors: Lamer James Thomas , Dolan Chad Ryan , Petersen Jessica Lynn , Chick John Howard , Epifanio John Michael 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Asian carps are classified as either bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis or silver carp H. molitrix by multiple presumptively diagnostic morphological characteristics; however, hybrids pose a dilemma. Fish sharing the morphological characteristics of both species were observed in an Illinois River backwater (Calhoun County, Illinois) approximately 5 mi (8 km) upriver from the confluence with the Mississippi River as well as in two locations in Pool 26 of the Mississippi River (Madison County, Illinois). Biopsied tissues from individuals exhibiting mixed morphological features were analyzed at four diagnostic allozyme loci (ADH-1*, sMDH-A*, CK-A*, and sSOD-1*) via starch gel electrophoresis. This comparison revealed a high percentage of hybridization (22.5%) from an indiscriminate sample of 120 fish. Moreover, an unexpected percentage (12.5%) of individuals identified in the wild as either parental bighead carp or silver carp by gill raker morphology were genetically identified as hybrids. Finally, two levels of hybridization were detected, first-generation hybrids (F1) and post-F1 hybrids, revealing the onset of extensive introgression and the potential for a hybrid swarm. Variation in the amplified COII domain of mitochondrial DNA indicated a strong directional bias of hybrids (88%) containing silver carp maternal lineages. Morphologically, F1 hybrids were often identifiable (88%) by the presence of twisted gill rakers, but post-F1 hybrids were difficult to identify with any appreciable certainty. This result creates concern where taxonomic assignment is critical for management or monitoring, warranting a more extensive and intensive examination of this phenomenon in North American waters. Finally, prior observations in aquaculture have shown reduced jumping behavior, fitness, and condition of fish resulting from post-F1 matings between these species. This is the first confirmed presence of wild post-F1 individuals of Asian carps in the United States and, although further monitoring is needed, a hybrid swarm may ultimately decrease invasion success as introgression continues.
Distribution and Population Characteristics of Shadow Bass in Two Arkansas Ozark Streams
Authors: Johnson Ronald L. , Henry Sam D. , Barkley Sam W. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
We examined the longitudinal distribution and population characteristics of shadow bass Ambloplites ariommus in the Spring River and lower Eleven Point River of Arkansas to determine potential length limit regulations for this species. Shadow bass were the second most abundant sport fish species collected in both streams (most abundant sport fish was the smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu). Abundances (catch per effort) of shadow bass were greatest upstream and declined significantly downstream (Spring River: 32.6 fish/h upstream versus 3.4 fish/h downstream; Eleven Point River: 13.4 versus 5.0 fish/h). Size distributions and relative weights (Wr) were also greatest upstream (Spring River: Wr = 109 upstream versus 99 downstream; Eleven Point River: Wr = 105 versus 95). Associated with this distribution trend was a downstream decline in stream slope and frequency of riffles. Catch rates and size distributions of shadow bass were greater for the Spring River (proportional size distribution mean = 83) than for the Eleven Point River (mean = 36). Stream differences in preferred size distributions were even greater. Total length at age for shadow bass indicated rapid growth rates compared with results of previous studies; age-3 fish reached 183 mm total length. The von Bertalanffy equation yielded the following growth model for shadow bass: Lt = 250.8[1 − e−0.381(t−0.477)], where Lt is length at age t. Stomach contents of shadow bass in the Spring River comprised mostly crayfishes, which is consistent with feeding patterns of other rock basses Ambloplites spp. Relative weights were high for shadow bass in both rivers, although Wr was greater for Spring River fish (Wr = 107) than for Eleven Point River fish (Wr = 102). Based on abundance, diet, and condition of shadow bass, upstream reaches of both rivers contain sustainable populations of this species. Despite these positive population and growth features, length limits for shadow bass are not recommended for these streams.
Effect of Hang-in Percentage on Catch Rates of Flounder in the North Carolina Inshore Gill-Net Fishery
Authors: Ahrenholz Dean W. , Smith Joseph W. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The effects of hang-in percentage (degree of tautness) on the catch efficiency of gill nets for paralichthine flounders in North Carolina were examined using monofilament gill nets with 5.75-in stretched mesh. Nets with hang-in percentages of 33% and 60% were fished in pairs and were separated by a single monofilament gill net of 5.50-in stretched mesh. Catches of the paired test nets were significantly different, with the catches obtained by the looser nets (60% hang-in) exceeding the catches in the more tightly hung nets (33% hang-in) by 37% in number of fish and 46% in estimated weight. Length-frequency distributions of the catch were not significantly different between the paired nets with different hang-in percentages. Length-frequency distributions of legal-sized fish taken in 5.50- and 5.75-in stretched-mesh nets were significantly different, with the smaller mesh size resulting in a smaller (left-shifted) length-frequency distribution. Thus, hang-in percentage can be manipulated to alter flounder harvest rates per unit of net, and small changes in mesh size can alter the size distribution of the catch.
Estimating Black Crappie Age: An Assessment of Dorsal Spines and Scales as Nonlethal Alternatives to Otoliths
Authors: Isermann Daniel A. , Wolter Max H. , Breeggemann Jason J. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Otoliths generally provide more accurate and precise age estimates for crappies Pomoxis spp. than do scales, but sacrificing crappies for otolith removal may not be desirable in all situations. We evaluated the use of dorsal spines and scales as nonlethal alternatives to otoliths for estimating the ages of black crappies P. nigromaculatus using 111 fish collected from two Minnesota lakes. Among-reader precision was similar for ages estimated from scales and dorsal spines (coefficients of variation [CVs] = 10–14%), but the precision associated with both structures was substantially lower than that observed for otoliths (CVs = 0.12–1.3%). Complete reader agreement (i.e., all three readers agreed on age) for dorsal spines (44–51%) and scales (33–36%) was substantially lower than that observed for otoliths (87–98%). Partial agreement (i.e., at least two of three readers agreed on age) was 100% for both otoliths and dorsal spines and between 79% and 89% for scales. Scale ages assigned by individual readers agreed with consensus otolith ages less than 70% of the time; agreement of individual spine ages with consensus otolith ages was 33% or less. Mean scale ages were usually similar to consensus otolith ages for crappies between the ages of 2 and 6 years, while mean spine ages were consistently lower than consensus otolith ages. Thin-sectioning dorsal spines did not significantly change the number of annuli detected by individual readers. Our results suggest that dorsal spines are not a useful alternative to scales for estimating black crappie age in a nonlethal manner. A conspicuous lumen located in the center of each dorsal spine partially or fully obscures at least one annulus. When otolith removal is not desirable, use of scales and multiple readers may provide mean age estimates that are similar to consensus otolith ages, but we suggest that otolith analysis remains the most reliable method for estimating black crappie age, regardless of latitude.
Sex differences in cardiopulmonary control before, during and after mountain climbing in elementary school children
Authors: Shoji S. , Hohnoki K. , Yazawa N. , Kondo K. , Miyazaki M. 
Published: January 2011

To examine sex differences in cardiopulmonary control after exercise in children, pulse rate, respiratory rate, and breath holding time were recorded before, during and after mountain climbing in elementary school children in the age range 11.3–12.3 years. Pulse rate increased to a significantly greater extent in girls than in boys during and after mountain climbing. Recovery of the pulse rate did not differ between sexes. Respiratory rate increased significantly during and after mountain climbing. Recovery of the respiratory rate after the climb was significantly slower in girls than in boys. Breath holding time was reduced at high altitude to a similar extent in both sexes. Cardiopulmonary control during and after mountain climbing is different between girls and boys of age 11 or 12. Characteristics of the female response are a greater increase in pulse rate and a slower recovery in respiratory rate.
Hunting-related injuries and deaths in Montana: the scope of the problem and a framework for prevention
Authors: Lambrecht C.J. , Hargarten S.W. 
Published: January 2011

The objective of this study was to examine hunting-related morbidity and mortality, define high risk hunting groups and activities, and outline prevention strategies. A statewide prospective case study was conducted from September 1990 to January 1991 involving all emergency departments in Montana accredited by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations. Participants included hunters who sustained an acute injury or illness resulting from hunting or a hunting related activity. The main outcome measures were the incidence of hunting morbidity and mortality during a defined hunting season and hunting activities and weapons associated with hunting morbidity and mortality. There were six hunting-related fatalities during the five month study period. The fatality rate was 2.7 per 100 000 hunters. Four of the deaths were secondary to gunshot wounds. There were 134 non-fatal hunting injuries. The non-fatal hunter injury rate was 61 per 100 000 hunters. The most common injured area of the body was the upper extremity ( n=64; 51%). The most common type of injury was a laceration ( n=64; 48%). Twenty-five (19%) of the patients with non-fatal injuries were hospitalized. Post-hunting activities were associated with the most fatalities, three (50%), and the highest number of non-fatal injuries, 63 (48%). Post-hunting related activities were associated with the highest hunter morbidity and mortality. Data on hunting-related injuries have traditionally excluded events occurring while preparing to hunt or after the hunt has been completed (e.g. cleaning game). Injury prevention strategies and hunter safety courses should include all phases of hunting activity with special emphasis on post-hunting injuries.
Acetazolamide reduces the erythropoietin response to hypoxia at high altitude in humans
Authors: Reinhart Walter H. , Goerre Stefan , Bärtsch Peter 
Published: January 2011

Objective Acetazolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is often used as a prophylactic drug for acute mountain sickness. It may interfere with erythropoietin production due to its action on ventilation and renal function. Design A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with 2 × 250 mg acetazolamide daily beginning one day before ascent from 590 m to 4559 m. Setting High-altitude research facilities at the Capanna Regina Margherita (Italy) at an altitude of 4559 m. Participants Eighteen healthy volunteers, aged 24–42 years. Main outcome measure: Plasma erythropoietin was measured by radioimmunoassay before and after the ascent. Results The increase of erythropoietin at high altitude was smaller in the acetazolamide group (increase by 10.8 ± 7.8 U/L or 58%) than in the placebo group (increase by 22.7 ± 13.8 U/L or 113%, p < .01). Conclusion Acetazolamide reduces the erythropoietin response to hypoxia in humans, which might also have therapeutic implications in conditions such as secondary polycythemia.
Tree-stand-related injuries: a wilderness emergency
Authors: Rose William D. , Laird Sherry L. , Williams Janet , Veach John S. , Laird James B. 
Published: January 2011

Objective To determine the mechanisms and patterns of injury due to falls from tree stands associated with hunting, identify risk factors, and suggest injury prevention and control measures. Design Retrospective medical chart reviews were performed. Telephone interviews were also conducted to obtain additional information. Patients: All patients who presented to two emergency departments during a 5-year period after sustaining injury while using tree stands. Results Twenty-four male deer hunters comprised the study group. These 24 patients sustained a variety of injuries, including 7 with vertebral fractures, 6 with extremity fractures, 4 with multiple rib fractures, 3 with pelvic fractures, and 3 with head injuries. These injuries resulted in hospitalization of 16 (66.7%) of the 24 patients and prolonged disability (> 1 month) in 5 patients (20.8%). Average height of fall was 21.1 ft. In 7 (35%) of 20 cases, the fall resulted from mechanical failure of the tree stand or harness. The remaining majority of falls (13/20 or 65%) could be traced to judgment error or careless behavior on behalf of the hunter, usually during ascent or descent of the tree and in the absence of a safety belt. Conclusions A significant number of patients presented with a variety of injuries after falls from tree stands. The majority of these injured patients required hospitalization, and a significant percent had prolonged disability. Risk factors associated with these falls were identified.
Evidence of changes in hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance and in chemical activity of HSA induced by thermal treatments
Authors: Sahini Victor , Ionita Gabriela 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Samples of human serum albumin (HSA) obtained as a result of heat denaturation followed by refolding controlled by a cooling of the protein solution were studied by several methods: chromatographic measurements, kinetic of the reaction with a water soluble free radical and by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. In this context the interaction of this protein with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was also investigated. Reversed phase thin layer chromatography (RP-TLC) showed changes in lipophylicity of HSA, which are related with the existence of different ensembles of conformers. The UV-Vis absorption spectra had shown the broadening of absorption band of the protein and a hyperchrom effect in the presence of SDS; β-CD reduces the effect of SDS on protein UV-Vis spectra.
Kinetic measurements related to the reaction of HSA with a water soluble DPPH type free radical provided evidence that reactivity of the HSA denaturated conformers is higher compared with the natural conformer. The affinity of SDS to the albumins surface and the effect of β-CD on the SDS/protein aggregates were also evident by changes in the EPR spectra of the spin probe CAT16.
Modifying of etching anisotropy of silicon substrates by surface active agents
Authors: Rola Krzysztof , Zubel Irena 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The influence of alcohol additives on etch rate anisotropy of Si(hkl) planes has been studied. The etching processes were carried out in 3 and 5 M KOH aqueous solutions saturated and non-saturated with alcohols. Isopropanol, 1-propanol and tert-butanol were examined. It has been showed that the etching process cannot be controlled only by the surface tension of the solution. Saturation of the etching solution with alcohols modifies etch rate anisotropy, lowering the ratio of the etch rate of (110) and vicinal planes to the etch rate of (100) plane. The morphology of Si(hkl) planes etched in 3 M KOH solution saturated with tert-butyl alcohol has been studied in detail. Smooth (331) and (221) planes have been achieved in this solution. The (100) plane turned out to be densely covered by hillocks, opposite to the (100) plane etched in weak-alkaline solution saturated with isopropanol. To explain this phenomenon, the mechanism of hillocks formation on Si(100) surface has been proposed.
Relationships between Balance and Functional Performance in Football Players
Authors: Erkmen Nurtekin , Taşkin Halil , Sanioğlu Ahmet , Kaplan Turgut , Baştürk Dede 
Published: January 2011

Relationships between Balance and Functional Performance in Football Players
The aim of the present study was to examine the relationships between balance performance as measured by the Balance Error Scoring System and functional performance in football players. Twenty-two football players from University League Final Group in Turkey (age 23.05 ± 1.65 years, height 176.58 ± 6.99 cm, weight 68.80 ± 7.00 kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Postural performance was measured by the Balance Error Scoring System (BESS). For functional performance, standing broad jump, triple-hop, vertical jump, four-line sprint and three-corner run test were used. There was not a statistically significant relationship among the all BESS scores and triplehop in non-dominant leg, power, four-line sprint, and three-corner run performances (p<0.05). Triple-hop in dominant leg performance correlated with foam surface, tandem leg and total BESS score (r = 0.755, p < 0.01; r = 0.664, p < 0.05; r = 0.713, p< 0.01, respectively). Standing broad jump performance correlated with foam surface, tandem leg and total BESS score (r = 0.737, p < 0.01; r = 0.692, p < 0.05; r = 0.617, p< 0.05, respectively). There was a statistically significant relationship among the single leg BESS score and vertical jumping performance (r = -0.596, p<0.05). In conclusion, the activities requiring explosive power may reflect the ability of managing a balanced posture but the activities in which time period is longer may not.
Biomechanical, Neuro-muscular and Methodical Aspects of Running Speed Development
Authors: Coh Milan , Babic Vesna , Maćkała Krzysztof 
Published: January 2011

Biomechanical, Neuro-muscular and Methodical Aspects of Running Speed Development
The purpose of present review article is to gather the most important findings in the field of speed development including biomechanical, motor and neuro-muscular factors. Maximum speed is a complex motor ability, which manifests itself in real sports situations and is an important factor in various sports disciplines. Efficiency of maximum running is defined with frequency and the length of stride. Both variables are mutually dependant; they also depend on the processes of central regulation of motor stereotype. From the biomechanical point of view, a running stride as a basic structural unit depends on eccentric-concentric muscular cycle of take-off action. Utilisation of elastic strength in muscular-tendon complex and pre-activation of the gastrocnemius muscle is highly important in this element. Maximum running is very limited hereditary motor ability with characteristic of reduced possibility for controlling movement. Cerebellum, co-activation of muscles in kinetic chain and the frequency of activation of motor units play important roles in controlling the activation of agonists and antagonists. The prime goal of training is to create an optimal model of motor stereotype in the zone of maximum speed. Such process has to be long term and methodical.