bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate-specific antigen: an overlooked candidate for the targeted treatment and selective imaging of prostate cancer
Authors: LeBeau Aaron M. , Kostova Maya , Craik Charles S. , Denmeade Samuel R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe role of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) or kallikrein-related peptidase 3 (KLK3) as a biomarker for prostate cancer is well known; however, the precise physiological role of it's serine protease activity in prostate cancer remains a mystery. PSA is produced at high levels by both androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancers. Studies have documented high levels of active PSA in the milieu surrounding osseous and soft tissue metastases. This evidence, coupled with growing experimental evidence, suggests that PSA plays an important role in the pathobiology of prostate cancer. These observations support the development of PSA-selective inhibitors as useful tools for the targeted treatment and imaging of prostate cancer. Here, we review the research that has been conducted to date on developing selective inhibitors for PSA. The different approaches used to determine PSA substrate specificity and for creating inhibitors are discussed. In addition, the unique active site characteristics of PSA and how these motifs aided our research in developing PSA targeted agents are highlighted.
Functional proteomics of kallikrein-related peptidases in ovarian cancer ascites fluid
Authors: Oikonomopoulou Katerina , Batruch Ihor , Smith Chris R. , Soosaipillai Antoninus , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Hollenberg Morley D. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractKallikrein-related peptidases (KLKs) are secreted serine proteinases with trypsin or chymotrypsin-like activity. Several family members, such as KLKs 6 and 10, are potential ovarian cancer biomarkers. Recently, using a newly developed assay for active KLK6, we found that only a very small proportion of immunoreactive KLK6 in tumor-derived clinical samples (malignant ascites fluid), in cerebrospinal fluid, and in cancer cell line supernatants is enzymatically active. We therefore hypothesized that a proportion of other immunoreactive KLKs in such samples could be present, but might be partly complexed to endogenous serine proteinase inhibitors. Using a combination of immunological isolation of the enzymes, activity-based probe analysis and proteomics, we identified active KLK10 in ovarian cancer ascites and we provide preliminary data that the activity of other KLKs present in these samples can be decreased by known proteinase inhibitors (e.g., α2-macroglobulin, α1-antitrypsin). Our data suggest that the enzymatic activity of ovarian cancer-released KLKs that are detected by regular immunoassays is lowin vivoand very likely regulated by proteinase inhibitors.
A structural network associated with the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin systems
Authors: Stoka Veronika , Turk Vito 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin (KKS-RAS) systems represent two highly regulated proteolytic systems that are involved in several physiological and pathological processes. Although their protein-protein interactions can be studied using experimental approaches, it is difficult to differentiate between direct physical interactions and functional associations, which do not involve direct atomic contacts between macromolecules. This information can be obtained from an atomic-resolution characterization of the protein interfaces. As a result of this, various three-dimensional-based protein-protein interaction databases have become available. To gain insight into the multilayered interaction of the KKS-RAS systems, we present a protein network that is built up on three-dimensional domain-domain interactions. The essential domains that link these systems are as follows: Cystatin, Peptidase_C1, Thyroglobulin_1, Insulin, CIMR (Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor repeat), fn2 (Fibronectin type II domain), fn1 (Fibronectin type I domain), EGF, Trypsin, and Serpin. We found that the CIMR domain is located at the core of the network, thus connecting both systems. From the latter, all domain interactors up to level 4 were retrieved, thus displaying a more comprehensive representation of the KKS-RAS structural network.
Monocortical Mandibular Bone Grafting for Reconstruction of Alveolar Cleft
Authors: Mikoya Tadashi , Inoue Nobuo , Matsuzawa Yusuke , Totsuka Yasunori , Kajii Takashi S. , Hirosawa Tomoyuki 
Published: February 2010

Objective To assess and develop a monocortical mandibular bone grafting procedure for reconstruction of alveolar cleft. Design Prospective study. Setting Hokkaido University Hospital. Patients Forty-two consecutive Japanese patients who had been treated for a total of 48 clefts according to a strict clinical protocol. Mean age at bone grafting was 6 years 11 months. Interventions Bone grafting was performed by harvesting lateral cortical bone plates from the symphysis and/or body and then placing them on the labial and palatal openings of the alveolar process defect. No particulate bone grafts were packed into the bony cavity. Mean follow-up after bone grafting was 37 months. Main Outcome Measures Status of the grafted area and eruption of cleft-adjacent teeth were assessed prospectively using computed tomography and periapical radiography. Results At 6 months postoperatively, computed tomography showed sufficient bone bridge formation at the cleft site in 85.4% of clefts. Periapical radiography showed ≥75% of the root surfaces of cleft-adjacent teeth were covered with spanning bone in 83.3% of clefts. In 92.6% of clefts in which the cleft-adjacent canine was uncovered with bone during follow-up, the canines erupted spontaneously. Conclusions Monocortical mandibular bone grafting appears extremely effective for sufficient bone bridge formation and facilitation of cleft-adjacent teeth eruption. The procedure is advantageous in that the quantity of bone required per unit volume of cleft defect is relatively reduced, and larger clefts can thus be treated.
Deepwater Riserless Mud Return System for Dual Gradient Tophole Drilling
Authors: Smith Dave , Winters Warren , Tarr Brian , Ziegler Robert , Riza Iskandar , Faisal Malik 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The paper presents results of a large-scale field trial conducted from a deepwater semi submersible drilling vessel offshore Sabah, Malaysia, September 2008. A joint industry group comprising AGR Subsea, BP America, Shell, Norwegian Research Council’s DEMO 2000 program, and supported by PETRONAS undertook this work. The group set out to advance subsea mud return technology from its established commercial market of shallow water applications, 1800 ft (549 m) or less to deepwater depths and drilling requirements. Novel equipment and deployment methods were designed, developed, delivered, tested and proven on a demanding schedule.
The technology is applicable to closed loop riserless tophole drilling, in water depths to ca. 5,000 ft (1500 m), as an alternative to seabed discharge of drilling fluid and cuttings. The system takes all returns back to the solids control equipment on the rig where recirculation of drilling fluid minimizes mud consumption thereby enabling the use of higher-quality fluids otherwise too costly to be continuously dumped. Anticipated improvements, confirmed by field trial results, are greatly improved control of shallow hazards and, a more-stable, nearly-gauge well bore with benefits of improved hole cleaning, allowing significantly deeper casing setting depths, and more effective primary cementing of surface casings with lower cement volumes. Mud logging of formation cuttings and associated drilled gases reveal geologic details of tophole intervals otherwise lost with seabed discharge methods. The technology facilitates drilling in sensitive subsea environments subject to strict zero-discharge rules, and in distant locations where resupply of drilling fluids and additives are impractical; particularly with MODUs that cannot store sufficient quantities of mud to self-support continuous dumping.
The field trial was successful in 4657 ft (1419 m) water depth. Cost-effective use of high-quality drilling mud in tophole drilling was demonstrated. A near-gauge wellbore, detailed tophole mud logging data and effective primary cementing were obtained. The unique design and deployment of the deepwater mud return system are first-of-its-kind, and are described.
The field trial results are significant as the first-ever application of subsea mud return technology to deepwater tophole drilling. Successful integration of topsides equipment and running procedures to the 3rd-generation semi submersible drilling vessel is an engineering and operational feat. Successful deployment and operation of the subsea equipment at true deepwater depths is a pioneering technical achievement. This technology finally opens the path for cost efficient deepwater dual gradient drilling.
Variable Rate UBD Production Data Facilitates Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Stewart George , Lakshminarayanan Sunil , Villatoro Jaime , Boutalbi Said 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In addition to reducing formation damage and improving drilling performance, underbalanced drilling (UBD) can improve field productivity and recovery via real-time reservoir characterization. A UBD characterization tool to interpret the production associated with the drawdown applied during UBD has been developed using variable rate well-testing theory.
A new well that is drilled in a depleted field is likely to encounter differentially depleted zones. It is important to know what the pressures are so that an underbalanced condition can be maintained. Additionally, the identification of a permeability distribution is relatively easy when the pressures of the different zones are known independently. In classic well testing, only the average permeability and pressure of the whole formation is usually identified; but with UBD, it is possible to identify a permeability distribution, enabling the detection of high-permeability layers or other similar objects, such as fractures and compartments. Other critical aspects—such as production interval length, optimal well length and ways to eliminate/reduce well testing costs—also can be obtained when evaluating the data.
Many of the theories pertaining to this subject seek an integrated, transient model of the formation and the wellbore. In the approach adopted for this program, the problem may be decoupled with independent models for the two parts of the system. This paper will expand the methodology used and will present case studies and results.
A simplified and highly effective method to identify influx and losses during Managed Pressure Drilling without the use of a Coriolis flow meter
Authors: Reitsma Don 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Conventional methods of identifying a kick as well as the shut-in procedure can take a significant amount of time and therefore result in additional influx volumes. Coriolis flow meters have been used for more than 15 years for delta flow kick detection and have been very effective in most cases in identifying or confirming kicks much faster than conventional means. In Managed Pressure Drilling operations, Coriolis meters are frequently used for delta flow kick detection purposes since the system is in a closed loop and it is not possible to perform a conventional flow check. Unfortunately, Coriolis flow meters are sensitive to gas entrainment and also need to be properly maintained to ensure they are always in good working order. The constant bottomhole pressure (BHP) calculation and control system of the Dynamic Annular Pressure Control (DAPC) system has been modified to provide an effective means of accurately detecting an influx without a Coriolis flow meter and then controlling the unplanned event, which significantly reduces influx volume and shut-in time, as well as eliminating the cost and complexity of using a Coriolis flow meter. Mud losses during drilling can also be confirmed. The modified DAPC system has been adapted to shut-in the well whenever the rig pumps are turned off. By observing the choke position it is possible to determine if the well is unexpectedly flowing and at what rate. If the well is shut-in, the system can monitor the choke position and identify additional flow out. In addition, the system can be configured to account for normal back flow to reduce the occurrence of false alarms and, in the event the well is flowing and the system’s warning is overlooked, the system can be programmed to automatically increase shut-in pressure to stop the influx. Recent tests performed at the Louisiana State University PERTT facility proved the system’s ability to reliably identify unplanned flow events. The system has also been field tested. Test results will be shown and ways in which the system can easily be installed on a rig will be discussed.
Underbalanced Drilling Challenges in a High-Pour-Point Oil Reservoir in Sepanjang Island, Indonesia
Authors: Kitamura Tomoyuki , Zaki Hasan , Akbar Kitos , Palao Felbert B. , Sosa Julius Ceazar , Toralde Julmar Shaun , Nas Steve 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The oil from the Ngimbang Carbonate reservoir in Sepanjang Island, East Java, Indonesia is composed mostly of heavy black oil with a pour point of 120°F and a wax content of 24.89%. Its specific and API gravity are 0.8574 and 33, respectively, and the bottomhole temperature is 223 °F.
Underbalanced drilling (UBD) operations in this high-pour-point oil marginal reservoir, for two wells, SED-3 and SED-4, were planned to achieve the main goals of improving reservoir productivity, avoiding reservoir damage, enabling fracture identification, and making testing while drilling possible. Secondary benefits expected by employing underbalanced drilling techniques included avoiding drilling fluid losses, increasing the rate of penetration, and minimizing drilling problems.
This paper presents the details as to how the challenges of drilling in UBD mode in a reservoir with high-pour-point and waxy oil were addressed in the planning stage and how the UBD program was implemented in the field. The circulating system for the UBD operation was designed with the capability to heat the fluid system to above the pour point to avoid solidification of the fluid. The drilling fluid was to be heated to 160°F and kept at this temperature to prevent damage to the drilling elastomers. Agitators were installed on all the tanks to prevent wax formation. The effectiveness of these measures and the lessons learned from the UBD operations on these two wells are presented. The paper provides an overview of the achieved well objectives and show that UBD in a heavy oil marginal reservoir is beneficial.
Overcoming Drilling Challenges in Northwest China using an Innovative MPD Technique
Authors: McMillan Scott , An Wen Hua , Zhang Yao Ming , Xu Zhi Xiong , Lovorn Randy , Ospina Jenny , Saeed Saad 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
PetroChina’s Tarim Oilfield Company (TOC) operates the Tazhong field, which is located in the central part of the Taklimakan Desert in the Tarim basin of Xinjiang, China. The Tazhong Field is a marginally over-pressured, fractured limestone reservoir that produces sour oil and gas from depths ranging between 4000 to 6500 m.
Conventionally drilled wells in this field frequently experience severe lost circulation, which leads to significant reservoir damage due to the drilling fluid, and often, suspension of drilling operations due to the loss of measurement/logging-while-drilling (M/LWD) signals and directional drilling control. Additionally, frequent gas-kick events create high-risk well control situations, and often, they require drilling operations to be terminated earlier than planned. Additionally, the large amount of non-productive time (NPT) and associated costs combined with the incapability to deliver the proposed laterals negatively impacts the economics of the project and recovery of reserves.
Recently, a new managed pressure drilling (MPD) system designed to resolve the drilling challenges of critical pressure environments was applied in the Tazhong Field. The technology provides the capability to maintain a constant bottomhole pressure (BHP) throughout all of the drilling stages, and enables rapid, automatic BHP adjustments according to well conditions. The advantages reduce the risk of combined losses and kick situations while drilling through narrow pressure-margin zones. The application of this new MPD technique in the Tazhong field has had an immediate impact on drilling operations, and its successful implementation in this field will be described in this paper.
The automated MPD System deployed in this project included a rotating control device and an autochoke system, a backpressure pump (BPP) to maintain back pressure and constant bottomhole pressure (BHP) while rig pumps are turned off, a pressure-while-drilling (PWD) sensor for real-time downhole pressure and temperature readings, and non-return valves (NRV) in the bottomhole assembly (BHA) to prevent backflow during MPD operations using a statically underbalanced mud system.
This paper will discuss the challenges, drivers for MPD, pre-well engineering, equipment, execution, and best practices derived from the implementation of this new closed-loop, pressure-optimization MPD system.
Assessment On The Performance Of Hollow Glass Microspheres In Low Density Fluids For Workover Programs In Fractured Basement Reservoir At The White Tiger Oil Fields, Cuu Long Basin, Vietnam
Authors: Ovcharenko A.V. , Devadass Melvin 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the benefits of using hollow glass microspheres as a low density additive in fluids formulated for use in workover of wells operating under depleted pressure conditions as found in JV “Vietsovpetro” White Tiger (Bach Ho) Oil Fields, Cuu Long Basin in Vietnam. The paper details the requirements on hollow glass microsphere selection process as a function of bottom hole hydrostatic pressure and fluid density. Assessments on cost of fluids of different densities are also made on the basis of microsphere selection and concentration for the workover program in the White Tiger Oil Field. The paper proposes options to bring fluid costs to more economical levels based on microsphere regeneration. Detailed analysis has been made on all operating JV “Vietsovpetro” wells calculating the required amount of microspheres for workover in accordance with the selected grades. The data reported in this paper can be used for mud design and to provide technical support for well workovers whenever low density fluids (less than 1 g/cm3) are considered. In addition to mud properties and formulating practices, the paper also provides useful tips in the preparation, handling, and waste management of low density fluids for workover programs.
The relation between delivery type and cord blood levels of chitotriosidase and Troponin T
Authors: Tunc Turan , Demirkaya Erkan , Kul Mustafa , Yaman Halil , Karadeniz Sinan , Gungor Tayfun , Alpay Faruk , Kurt Ismail 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The operative deliveries can expose the fetus to acute and systemic hypoxia along with an increase in perinatal morbidity. The aim of this study was to reveal any relationship between delivery type and Chitotriosidase and Troponin T levels in cord blood. Ninety babies born in Ankara Etlik Maternity and Women’s Health Teaching Hospital were involved in the study. The babies were divided into three groups; Group 1: Normal vaginal; Group 2: Caesarean section; Group 3: Forceps application. Cord blood samples were drawn from umbilical arteries of the babies soon after the birth. Chitotriosidase enzyme activities in group 3 (141 nmol/ml/h (0–246)) were found higher than groups 1 (100 nmol/ml/h (0–208)) and 2 (91 nmol/ml/h (0–202)) (p<0.01 and p<0.03 respectively). Although cardiac Troponin T levels were higher in group 3, the difference among groups was not statistically significant (p=0.79). Acute or systemic hypoxic exposure of the organism gives rise to a microvascular response characterized by interactions between leukocytes and endothelium. We are hypothesizing that the high levels of chitotriosidase found in the forceps group were due to hypoxia, and that chitotriosidase level can be used as a marker of acute and systemic hypoxia.
COMPARATIVE KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE RANGE OF MOVEMENT OF A NORMAL HUMAN KNEE JOINT, STANDARD ARTIFICIAL KNEE AND NOVEL ARTIFICIAL HIGH FLEXION KNEE
Authors: Rajkumar Sam Prasanna , Sivarasu Sudesh , Mathew Lazar 
Published: February 2010

Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) using standard artificial knee implant has a limitation in restriction in the range of motion and freedom of movements'. This study was worked out to compare the kinematics of a reconstructed 3D knee with standard and high flexion artificial knee designs. A CT bone model reconstructed with MIMICS for a 3D normal knee joint and the simulation was done for normal knee, standard version of artificial knee as well as the high flexion knee designs. The results of the analyses, provides us an insight that high flexion designs were most suited and gives increased range of motion and also provides an additional degree of freedom so that it almost mimics the normal knee movement. The high flexion design when tested under simulated environment provided a better functionality and increased movements. It was concluded that the normal knee has 6 degrees of freedom (DOF); the standard version has 1 rotation and 1 translation. The high flexion design provides 2 rotations and 1 translation.
Functionalized Multi‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes for Lipase Immobilization
Authors: Pavlidis I. V. , Tsoufis T. , Enotiadis A. , Gournis D. , Stamatis H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe examine the immobilization of lipase B from Candida antarctica on functionalized multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) through physical adsorption. MWCNTs functionalized with carboxyl‐, amine‐ and ester‐ terminal groups on their surface are used as immobilization carriers. Dispersion of the nanotubes and the immobilization procedure take place in aqueous and low‐water media. High enzyme loadings are attained, up to 25% of the weight of the carbon nanotubes. These novel biomaterials are characterized though FT‐IR and Raman spectroscopy. The MWCNT–lipase bioconjugates exhibit high catalytic activity and increased storage and operational stability. The biomaterials retain more than 55% of their initial activity after 6 months at 4 °C, while they retain approximately 25% of their initial activity after 30 d of incubation in hexane at 60 °C. The catalytic behaviour of the immobilized enzyme depends on the terminal group of the carbon nanotubes, the concentration of the enzyme and the immobilization method employed.
Vertically Aligned Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Chemical Assembly – Methodology, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Diao Peng , Liu Zhongfan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSingle‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), as one of the most promising one‐dimension nanomaterials due to its unique structure, peculiar chemical, mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties, have long been considered as an important building block to construct ordered alignments. Vertically aligned SWNTs (v‐SWNTs) have been successfully prepared by using direct growth and chemical assembly strategies. In this review, we focus explicitly on the v‐SWNTs fabricated via chemical assembly strategy. We provide the readers with a full and systematic summary covering the advances in all aspects of this area, including various approaches for the preparation of v‐SWNTs using chemical assembly techniques, characterization, assembly kinetics, and electrochemical properties of v‐SWNTs. We also review the applications of v‐SWNTs in electrochemical and bioelectrochemical sensors, photoelectric conversion, and scanning probe microscopy.