bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEWS
Authors: MATSUDA PAUL KEI 
Published: March 2011

TESOL Quarterly welcomes evaluative reviews of publications relevant to TESOL professionals. In addition to textbooks and reference materials, these include computer and video software, testing instruments, and other forums of nonprint materials.The Idea of English in Japan: Ideology and the Evolution of a Global Language Philip SeargeantGlobal English Teaching and Teacher Education: Praxis and Possibility Seran Dogancay‐Aktuna and Joel HardmanThe Psychology of Second Language Acquisition Zoltán Dörnyei
The Hemangioblast: From Concept to Authentication
Authors: Cao Nian , Yao Zhong‐Xiang 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe hemangioblast hypothesis has been hotly debated for over a century. Hemangioblasts are defined as multipotent cells that can give rise to both hematopoietic cells and endothelial cells. The existence of hemangioblasts has now been confirmed and many important molecules and several signaling pathways are involved in their generation and differentiation. Fibroblast growth factor, renin–angiotensin system and runt‐related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) direct the formation of hemangioblasts through highly selective gene expression patterns. On the other hand, the hemogenic endothelium theory and a newly discovered pattern of hematopoietic/endothelial differentiation make the genesis of hemangioblasts more complicated. But how hemangioblasts are formed and how hematopoietic cells or endothelial cells are derived from remains largely unknown. Here we summarize the current knowledge of the signaling pathways and molecules involved in hemangioblast development and suggest some future clinical applications. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the reproductive and developmental risks of caffeine
Authors: Brent Robert L. , Christian Mildred S. , Diener Robert M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA risk analysis of in utero caffeine exposure is presented utilizing epidemiological studies and animal studies dealing with congenital malformation, pregnancy loss, and weight reduction. These effects are of interest to teratologists, because animal studies are useful in their evaluation. Many of the epidemiology studies did not evaluate the impact of the “pregnancy signal,” which identifies healthy pregnancies and permits investigators to identify subjects with low pregnancy risks. The spontaneous abortion epidemiology studies were inconsistent and the majority did not consider the confounding introduced by not considering the pregnancy signal. The animal studies do not support the concept that caffeine is an abortafacient for the wide range of human caffeine exposures. Almost all the congenital malformation epidemiology studies were negative. Animal pharmacokinetic studies indicate that the teratogenic plasma level of caffeine has to reach or exceed 60 µg/ml, which is not attainable from ingesting large amounts of caffeine in foods and beverages. No epidemiological study described the “caffeine teratogenic syndrome.” Six of the 17 recent epidemiology studies dealing with the risk of caffeine and fetal weight reduction were negative. Seven of the positive studies had growth reductions that were clinically insignificant and none of the studies cited the animal literature. Analysis of caffeine's reproductive toxicity considers reproducibility and plausibility of clinical, epidemiological, and animal data. Moderate or even high amounts of beverages and foods containing caffeine do not increase the risks of congenital malformations, miscarriage or growth retardation. Pharmacokinetic studies markedly improve the ability to perform the risk analyses.Birth Defects Res (Part B)92:152–187, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bullying at school as a predictor of delinquency, violence and other anti‐social behaviour in adulthood
Authors: Bender Doris , Lösel Friedrich 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground Although bullying at school is an important topic, its long‐term relation to anti‐social development is rarely investigated.Aim To study the relation between bullying in youth and anti‐social outcomes in adulthood.Methods A group of 63 males (bullies and victims over‐sampled) from the Erlangen‐Nuremberg Bullying Study were investigated at ages 15 and 25. Bullying was assessed with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Outcome measures included self‐reported delinquency, violence, aggressiveness, drug use, impulsivity and psychopathy. In addition to bivariate correlations, hierarchical regressions were used to control for family and individual risk factors.Results Bullying was a strong predictor of nearly all anti‐social outcomes. Physical bullying was more predictive than verbal/indirect bullying. Controlling for family risks and externalising/internalising problems reduced effect sizes, but bullying remained a sound predictor. Victimisation was not related to anti‐social outcomes.Conclusions Bullying seems to be a key risk marker for anti‐social development. Therefore, studies on whole‐school anti‐bullying programmes and child‐oriented or family‐oriented strategies of crime prevention should be more integrated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bullying in early adolescence and its association with anti‐social behaviour, criminality and violence 6 and 10 years later
Authors: Renda Jennifer , Vassallo Suzanne , Edwards Ben 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackground Few longitudinal studies have examined the links between engagement in bullying and later anti‐social behaviour for both males and females.Aims This study aimed to examine the association between adolescent bullying behaviour and subsequent anti‐social behaviour, among a community sample of Australian males and females.Methods Regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between bullying perpetration at age 13–14 and anti‐social behaviour, criminal violence and contact with police or courts 6 and 10 years later among approximately 800 young adults participating in a 27‐year longitudinal study. The analyses controlled for known risk factors for anti‐social behaviour at age 13–14 years.Results Moderate significant associations were found between bullying perpetration and subsequent anti‐social behaviour. Associations were more powerful for males than females, and for short‐term than long‐term outcomes. Engagement in bullying remained a significant predictor of later anti‐social behaviour and contact with police or courts even after other risk factors were accounted for.Conclusions These findings suggest that bullying in adolescence may be a marker of risk for a continuing pattern of anti‐social behaviour, particularly among young males. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hasse diagram technique as exploratory tool in sediment pollution assessment
Authors: Tsakovski Stefan , Simeonov Vasil 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe present paper deals with the presentation of a new approach in sediment quality estimation. This approach studies the ranking toward ecotoxicity of lake sediment samples from Turawa Lake in Poland with respect to chemical pollutants such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals. The sediment quality estimation is done by combining Hasse diagram technique (HDT) with self‐organized maps (SOM). The classification abilities of SOM are used as preprocessing procedure of the initial data matrix before applying HDT. The Hasse diagram analysis shows two specific sediment pollution ‘patterns’. The Hasse diagram structure is discussed in relation to the environmental management of Turawa Lake region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micromixing in two‐phase (G‐L and S‐L) systems in a stirred vessel
Authors: Hofinger Julia , Sharpe Robert W. , Bujalski Waldemar , Bakalis Serafim , Assirelli Melissa , Eaglesham Archie , Nienow Alvin W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe literature on micromixing and local‐specific energy dissipation rate, (on which it depends), for two‐phase systems is limited and conflicting. Here, the competitive iodide/iodate reaction scheme has been used to study the effect of particles and gas flow rate on micromixing in a Rushton turbine agitated vessel. Gassing rates up to 1.5 vvm did not show any effect on product distribution compared to the ungassed at constant mean‐specific energy dissipation rate for a feeding near the impeller. Near the upper liquid surface, micromixing improved with increasing flow rate because it increased fluid turbulence. These results confirm the limited literature. With 500 µm glass beads at concentrations up to 2.5 wt.%, micromixing was unaffected near the impeller and near the surface. The related literature is very unclear and it is difficult to draw any precise conclusions. At ∼12 wt.% when cloud formation was observed, micromixing was significantly worse, especially, it is shown for the first time, in the clear layer above the cloud. The latter finding is significant for processes such as precipitation where micromixing determines the particle characteristics.
Inpatient costs and predictors of costs in the psychosomatic treatment of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Haas Laura , Stargardt Tom , Schreyoegg Jonas , Schlösser Rico , Danzer Gerhard , Klapp Burghard F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjective:In German inpatient psychosomatics per diem lump sums will be introduced as reimbursement rates by 2013. It was the aim to calculate total inpatient costs per case for the psychosomatic treatment of patients with anorexia nervosa and to identify cost predictors.Method:The sample comprised of 127 inpatients. Cost calculation was executed from the hospital's perspective, mainly using microcosting. Medical records provided data on patient characteristics and individual resource use. Two generalized linear models with gamma distribution and log link function were estimated to determine cost predictors by means of demographic data, comorbidities, and body‐mass‐index at admission.Results:Inpatient costs amounted to 4,647 €/6,831 US$ per case (standard deviation 3,714 €/5,460 US$).The admission BMI and “Disorders of Adult Personality and Behavior” were significant cost predictors (p < 0.05).Discussion:The formation of patient groups within the diagnosis anorexia nervosa should be oriented towards the determined cost predictors. © 2011 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Toxic effects of dietary methylmercury on immune function and hematology in American kestrels (Falco sparverius)
Authors: Fallacara Dawn M , Halbrook Richard S , French John B 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Fifty-nine adult male American kestrels (Falco sparverius) were assigned to one of three diet formulations including 0 (control), 0.6, and 3.9 µg/g (dry wt) methylmercury (MeHg). Kestrels received their diets daily for 13 weeks to assess the effects of dietary MeHg on immunocompetence. Immunotoxic endpoints included assessment of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) using the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin-swelling assay and primary and secondary antibody-mediated immune responses (IR) via the sheep red blood cell (SRBC) hemagglutination assay. Select hematology and histology parameters were evaluated to corroborate the results of functional assays and to assess immunosuppression of T and B cell-dependent components in spleen tissue. Kestrels in the 0.6 and 3.9 µg/g MeHg groups exhibited suppression of CMI, including lower PHA stimulation indexes (p = 0.019) and a 42 to 45% depletion of T cell-dependent splenic lymphoid tissue (p = 0.006). Kestrels in the 0.6 µg/g group exhibited suppression of the primary IR to SRBCs (p = 0.014). MeHg did not have a noticeable effect on the secondary IR (p = 0.166). Elevation of absolute heterophil counts (p &lt; 0.001), the heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (p &lt; 0.001), and total white blood cell counts (p = 0.003) was apparent in the 3.9 µg/g group at week 12. Heterophilia, or the excess of heterophils in peripheral blood above normal ranges, was apparent in seven of 17 (41%) kestrels in the 3.9 µg/g group and was indicative of an acute inflammatory response or physiological stress. This study revealed that adult kestrels were more sensitive to immunotoxic effects of MeHg at environmentally relevant dietary concentrations than they were to reproductive effects as previously reported. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2011; 30:1320–1327. © 2011 SETAC
Morbidity of supraomohyoidal and modified radical neck dissection combined with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. A prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Ahlberg Alexander , Nikolaidis Polymnia , Engström Therese , Gunnarsson Karin , Johansson Hemming , Sharp Lena , Laurell Göran 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to show the investigated impact of supraomohyoidal neck dissection and modified radical neck dissection, both combined with radiotherapy, on cervical range of motion (CROM), mouth opening, swallowing, lymphedema, and shoulder function.MethodsOne hundred eight patients who had neck dissections and 98 patients who had non‐neck dissections were evaluated in a prospective, nonselective, longitudinal cohort study by a physiotherapist and a speech‐language pathologist (SLP) before the start of radiotherapy and up to 12 months after treatment.ResultsThe incidence of shoulder disability after neck dissection was 18%. Supraomohyoidal neck dissection had no significant effect on the evaluated parameters at any time point. Modified radical neck dissection significantly reduced CROM and mouth opening 2 months after treatment, but after 12 months only cervical rotation was still significantly reduced.ConclusionIn patients treated with external beam radiation (EBRT), modified radical neck dissection induced additional morbidity regarding CROM but not regarding mouth opening, swallowing, and lymphedema 1 year after treatment. Both modified radical neck dissection and supraomohyoidal neck dissection induced shoulder disability. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
The shape of change: A memetic analysis of the definitions of poverty from the 1970s to the 2000s
Authors: Misturelli Federica , Heffernan Claire 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe authors illustrate how notions of poverty are constructed around specific ‘memes’, or replicating units of cultural information, around which concepts and ideas develop and change. Three ‘memes’ characterising definitions of poverty over the previous years were identified: ‘basic needs’, ‘multidimensional’ and ‘deprivation’. The analysis illustrated the semantic space in which each term was utilised and to the extent it changed and modified over time by different actors. The results revealed how ‘memes’ compete with one another across the discourse. Within this competition, older concepts are almost never fully abandoned, but rather repackaged and reutilised. Thus, new definitions of poverty are less innovative than portrayed in the wider literature. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic imino ethers — Polymerization chemistry and polymer characteristics
Authors: Saegusa Takeo , Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper describes recent developments in polymerization of cyclic imino ethers, 2‐oxazolines and 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐oxazines, which have been performed mainly in our laboratory. Cationic ring‐opening polymerizations of these two kinds of monomers gave poly(N‐acylethylenimine)s and poly(N‐acyltrimethylenimine)s, whose hydrolysis produced linear poly‐ethylenimine and poly(trimethylenimine), respectively. The mechanism of the polymerization is mainly governed by the nature of monomer and of the counter anion derived from initiator. There are two types of stable propagating species; cyclic onium species and covalent alkyl halide species. In a specific case, e.g., the polymerization of 5‐methyl‐2‐oxazoline with MeI initiator, both ionic and covalent species are involved in equilibrium and propagate concurrently. Then, a new terminology of “Electrophile Polymerization” has been proposed as a broader expression including cationic and covalent propagating species. By utilizing living nature of the cyclic imino ether polymerization, block copolymerizations between these monomers were performed. A poly(cyclic imino ether) chain becomes hydrophilic or lipophilic depending on the monomer. Product AB and ABA type block copolymers were soluble in water and showed excellent surface properties reflected by values of surface tension (γ), when A (or B) and B (or A) are hydrophilic and lipophilic. Thus, various nonionic polymer surfactants of block and graft type have been prepared from cyclic imino ethers. Finally, poly(N‐acetylethylenimine) chain showed good compatibility with poly(vinyl chloride). Cellulose diacetate and poly(vinyl chloride) are not miscible, but cellulose diacetate g‐poly(N‐acetylethylenimine) is miscible with poly(vinyl chloride), the graft chain acting as a “compatibilizer”.
Energy absorbing polymer‐based composites
Authors: Hull Derek 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe ability of polymer‐based fibre reinforced composite materials to absorb energy when subjected to high stress depends on the micromechanics of deformation and fracture of the individual laminae and the interaction between laminae. The micromechanismsdepend on the properties of the matrix, fibres and fibre‐matrix interface. The capacity of material to absorb energy is important in many applications and particular reference is made to the response of structures to impact.
Ferroelectric polymers and applications
Authors: Hicheron François 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper reviews the general features of ferroelectricity in polyvinylidene fluoride and related polymers; ferroelectricity is shown as the origin of piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity and high dielectric permittivity. Preparation technologies are discussed, and applications are presented, with special attention to capacitor dielectrics and piezoelectric transducers.
Stiff chain persistence lengths in liquid crystalline copolyesters
Authors: Blackwell John , Biswas Amit 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper describes a continuation of our X‐ray diffraction work on the structure of the mesomorphic copolyesters prepared from p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 2‐hydroxy‐6‐naphthoic acid (HNA). The X‐ray patterns of meltspun fibers of these copolymers show a series of aperiodic meridional maxima, and these are predicted by a model consisting of stiff extended chains of completely random copolymer sequence. The calculated intensity data are independent of the chain length for the model, except that the width of the peak at d≃2.1Å decreases with increasing chain length. For 58/42 copoly(HBA/HNA) the best agreement obtained is for a chain length of 11 monomers, and this corresponds to a correlation or persistence length for the stiff chain conformation in the solid state. This effect has been modeled for an infinite chain by deriving experimental monomer length distribution functions, from a survey of the conformations of models of typical random chain sequences. The distribution function is then incorporated into the intensity calculations and leads to prediction of peak widths that are comparable to those observed.
Solid state polymerization of new polyesters containing diacetylenic groups
Authors: Lescano G. R. , Rau N. O. , Schulz R. C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSynthesis and properties of some new polyesters of 10, 12‐docosadiyn‐1, 22‐diol are described. The diyn‐polyesters as films became coloured polydiacetylenic films on exposure to UV radiation and their properties were studied.
Ring‐chain competition kinetic models for linear and nonlinear step‐reaction copolymerizations
Authors: Sarmoria Claudia , Vallés Enrique , Miller Douglas R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMathematical models of kinetically controlled random copolymerizations with intramolecular reactions have been developed for A2 + B2 and A3 + B2 type reactions, in which the B2 monomer is long and flexible enough to have a Gaussian end‐to‐end distance. Concentrations of different molecular species are calculated, as well as weight‐average molecular weight, gel point and various network parameters. The calculations show the influence of the molecular weight and the concentration of reactants on the amount of intramolecular reaction. The results indicate that the main deviations from ideality are due to the smaller rings.
Newer concepts on the acid catalyzed degradation of cellulose according to kinetic investigations in the high, medium and low molecular weight range
Authors: Marx‐Figini M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA survey is given on recent kinetic investigations on the acid catalyzed degradation of cotton cellulose covering the high, medium and low molecular weight range. As it is revealed, there can be distinguished four subsequent particular stages according to the molecular weight range in which the degradation takes place. Possible interpretations of this phenomenon are discussed taking into account, besides of the kinetic data, the behaviour with time of degradation of the molecular weight distribution, the degree of substitution arising through nitration, and the portion of material dissolved in the acid medium.
The amylose triiodide‐iodine complex: Its dependence with the degree of polymerization
Authors: Benegas Julio C. , Ripoll Daniel , Reyes Eduardo , Cesaro Attilio 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAn extension of the Statistical‐Mechanics model for the inclusion complex of amylose with iodine is developed to take into account the influence of the degree of polymerization (x) of the polysaccharide. Good agreetment is found with the experimental data, in particular the iodine binding capacity (IBC) vs x is well reproduced by the model.
X‐ray studies on phospholipid bilayers. VI. Comparative hydration effects on oriented films
Authors: Suwalsky Mario , Tapia Jaime , Knight Elizabeth , Duk Leonora , Seguel Carmen G. , Neira Fernando 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOriented films of three diacylphosphatidylethanolamines containing 12, 14 and 16 methylene groups in their hydrocarbon chains and one 14 carbon chain lecithin were studied by X‐ray fiber diffraction. Their molecular conformations, packing arrangement, crystallographic and physico‐chemical parameters as a function of hydration were determined. Basically the four phospholipids exhibit a common bilayer structure. However, they also present some interesting differences which might be relevant to their biological functions.
Morphology of integral (structural) polymer foams
Authors: Shutov Fyodor A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe survey deals with the fundamental morphological parameters of integral (structural) polymer foams, which have a specific structure: a cellular core that gradually turns into a solid skin. Attempts are made to evaluate the effect and the contribution of the main parameters (the core, the skin, and the intermediate zone) on the strength properties of these foams. Further problems in the morphology of integral foams are discussed.
Pressure crystallized and solid‐state extruded poly ‐ ethylene. Precision determination of lattice parameters
Authors: De Micheli R. E. , Vidal H. M. , Macchi E. M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPrecision determination of high density polyethylene unit‐cell dimensions are reported. The crystallographic analysis was carried out on pressure crystallized and subsequently solid‐state extruded samples respectively, by means of x‐ray photographic and diffractometric procedures. In all cases the crystal data was derived from a large number of independent reflections. It was shown that the unit‐cell dimensions and the corresponding crystallographic densities of all the specimens are invariant with respect to either crystallization pressure or nominal draw ratio. The effects of deformation on macroscopic density are attributed, therefore, to changes of the degree of crystallinity and to an increase of the density of the amorphous phase. This interpretation is consistent with the experimental data in the framework of the two‐phase model of polymer morphology.