bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantity and Frequency of Trickle and Furrow Irrigation for Efficient Cabbage Production1
Authors: Bucks Dale A. , Erie Leonard J. , French Orrin F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTrickle irrigation, with its capability of small, frequent irrigation applications, has aroused considerable interest because of possible increased production and decreased water requirements. For this reason, a replicated field investigation was conducted to evaluate quantity and frequency of trickle, modified‐furrow, and standard‐furrow irrigations on the growth of cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata), using a moderately saline water on a fine‐textured soil. Trickle and modified‐furrow irrigations were scheduled to supply various quantities of water based on ratios of the plant's estimated consumptive use at frequencies of 3, 6, and 12 days. The modified furrow was a small furrow constructed in the center of the bed to simulate a field practice comparable to trickle irrigation. The standard‐furrow irrigation was based on plant symptoms and on soil‐moisture depletaion criteria. Consumptive‐use measurements were made by gravimetric soil‐moisture sampling on the standard‐furrow irrigation. Recorded data included yield, quality of production, and water‐use efficiency.Results indicated that the consumptive‐use requirement (38 cm of water in 1972) for high production of cabbage was about the same for all irrigation methods. Maximum production was almost identical for all methods, whereas the application of irrigation water at less than the consumptive‐use rate decreased production for the trickle and modified‐furrow irrigations. Increasing the frequency of trickle irrigations decreased production when the amount of applied irrigation water was near or less than the consumptive‐use rate. Therefore, frequent trickle irrigations may not necessarily be advantageous for cabbage on this soil. Trickle and modified‐furrow irrigation, however, did reduce the irrigation water requirement as compared with the standard‐furrow irrigation, showing that higher irrigation efficiencies can be attained with these new irrigation methods as opposed to conventional methods. Trickle or modified‐furrow irrigation methods have the potential to reduce irrigation water requirements but not consumptive use under many field conditions.
Effect of Disulfoton, Diazinon, and Fensulfothion on Atrazine Absorption by Soybean1
Authors: Penner Donald 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOrganophosphate insecticides are frequently applied in combination with 2‐chloro‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine (atrazine) to corn (Zea mays L.). The objective of this study was to examine the possible interaction of the organophosphate insecticides with s‐triazine absorption and distribution in the plant. Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) were selected for study because they do not rapidly metabolize atrazine. This facilitates measurement of possible interaction effects on absorption and movement from root to shoot in the plant. Combination effects resulting in altered phytotoxicity were measured by preemergence and postemergence application of O, O‐diethyl S‐2‐(ethylthio) ethyl phosphorodithioate (disulfoton) and O, O‐diethyl O‐(2‐isopropyl‐4‐methyl‐6‐pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate (diazinon) to soybeans grown in the greenhouse in the presence of a 1.7 kg/ha preemergence application of atrazine. Preemergence applications of disulfoton increased, whereas post‐emergence applications of disulfoton and diazinon decreased atrazine injury. The effect of disulfoton, diazinon, and O, O‐diethyl O‐(P‐(methylsulfinyl)phenyl phosphorothioate (fensulfothion) on the absorption and translocation of 14C‐atrazine was measured in 7‐day‐old soybean seedlings in nutrient culture following a 4‐hour treatment period. Diazinon and fensulfothion reduced the concentration of 14C‐atrazine in the shoots, primarily the stems, of control plants which received the insecticides and atrazine only during the 4‐hour treatment period. Under these conditions movement of 14C in the primary leaves was enhanced by all three insecticides. None of the soybean seedlings grown in 10−5 M atrazine together with an organophosphate insecticide and then treated with 14C‐atrazine plus insecticide for 4 hours showed greater atrazine uptake than the control. Under these conditions diazinon reduced the atrazine concentration in the roots. Combination effects of Organophosphate insecticides and atrazine on phytotoxicity appear to involve an effect of the insecticides on herbicide absorption and distribution in the plant.
Penetration of Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Corn Canopies1
Authors: Sinclair T. R. , Lemon E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe penetration and distribution of light in leaf canopies are essential data to understanding the photosynthetic productivity of a crop. Light sensors which measure photosynthetically active radiation were constructed and traversed through the leaf canopies of six types of corn (Zea mays L.) to observe radiation penetration. Under clear sky conditions two major irradiance levels were observed in the corn canopies. One irradiance level was slightly less than the total radiation above the crop and represented the occurrence of sunflecks penetrating into the canopy. The second irradiance level was much less than the first and was comprised of sky radiation and radiation scattered by leaves. However, a decrease in the amount of direct solar radiation by either an overcast sky or a low sun angle resulted in a single, broad‐band irradiance level.The data on sunfleck penetration also provided a basis for testing two physical models of light penetration in leaf canopies. Data from corn planted in a uniform, hexagonal pattern was in good agreement with the Poisson model which assumes a random leaf distribution. However, the Markov chain model which introduces a frequency gap parameter, λ, to account for nonuniform leaf distribution was required to obtain good agreement with data recorded in the canopy of corn planted in rows 76‐cm apart. This was especially true for the top part of the row‐planted corn where small, short leaves resulted in large gaps for radiation penetration. The Markov model would be necessary, for instance, to determine the penetration of photosynthetically active radiation to the leaves in the middle of the canopy. Nevertheless, the Poisson model gave good agreement with the measured values for radiation intercepted by the entire canopy of the row‐planted crop.
Effect of Fertilizer and Irrigation on Nitrate‐Nitrogen and Total Nitrogen in Potato Tubers1
Authors: Carter J. N. , Bosma S. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effect of N fertilizer and irrigation management on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber NO3‐N levels and the relationship to the potential health hazard created by high nitrate levels in food products.‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes grown using different N fertilizer rates, methods of application, and irrigation levels were analyzed for NO3‐N concentration. The NO3‐N concentration in the tubers on a wet weight basis varied from 36 to 131, 34 to 75, and 25 to 50 ppm in the 3 years of this study. The NO3‐N concentration for each year of study was found to be directly related to the level of applied N fertilizer. The initial concentration and increase in NO3‐N due to N fertilizer varied with the season. The addition of manure did not increase the NO3‐N level above those to be expected from similar quantities of inorganic sources of N. Phosphorus fertilizer did not increase the NO3‐N level. The NO3‐N concentration in the tubers where more water was applied at each irrigation was less than on the lower level of applied water at each N rate. These data indicate that greater NO3‐N levels in the tubers will result by increasing N fertilization rates. The levels of NO3‐N obtained in this study were not expected to contribute substantially to the methemoglobinemia health hazard.
Responses of Sunflower Genotypes to Aluminum in Acid Soil and Nutrient Solution1
Authors: Foy C. D. , Orellana R. G. , Schwartz J. W. , Fleming A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe overall objective of this research is to develop plant genotypes for better adaptation to acid soil stress factors, such as Al toxicity in subsoils, which cannot be economically corrected by conventional means. The specific objective of the work reported here was to determine the range of A1 tolerance available within the sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) species.Thirteen sunflower genotypes were grown for 23 days in greenhouse pots (1.82 kg) of fertilized, acid, Al‐toxic Bladen soil treated either with no lime or with 3,000 ppm CaCO3. With vegetative growth as an index, the genotypes differed widely in tolerance to the acid soil. For example, on the unlimed soil (pH 4.1) the top yield of ‘CM‐2,’ ‘Manchurian,’ ‘Greystripe,’ ‘Peredovik,’ and ‘Romania HS‐52’ were 42, 38, 27, 23, and 11%, respectively, of those on the limed soil (pH 5.5). Corresponding relative root yields (no lime/lime %) were 69, 55, 50, 29, and 7%. The differential Bladen soil tolerance of the Manchurian and Romania HS‐52 genotypes was confirmed in three additional experiments.The Manchurian genotype was also significantly more tolerant to excess Al in nutrient solutions than Romania HS‐52. For example, with 2, 4, and 6 ppm Al added at initial pH 4.6, the relative top yields (Al/no Al %) were 64, 28, and 28% for Manchurian and 64, 18, and 15% for Romania HS‐52. Corresponding relative root yields were 65, 28, and 21% for Manchurian and 59, 16, and 8% for Romania HS‐52.The greater acid soil sensitivity of the Romania HS‐52 genotype was associated with a chlorosis of young leaves which did not occur in Al‐toxic nutrient solutions. The stems of Bladen sensitive Romania HS‐52 plants accumulated significantly higher concentrations of Zn than did those of the more tolerant Manchurian genotypes when both were grown on the unlimited Bladen soil. Genotypic differences in Bladen soil sensitivity or susceptibility to the symptoms of leaf chlorosis were not related to any significant differences in the concentrations of Al, Ca, P, Fe, Mn, Cu, or Ni in the plant tops. Fertilization of the unlimed Bladen soil with Mo reduced the chlorosis in Bladen‐sensitive Romania HS‐52 but did not increase growth.Results of these studies suggest the possibility of breeding genotypes with greater tolerance to acid subsurface soils and the subsequent expansion of sunflower acreage into soil regions where the crop previously has not been successful.
Cool‐Season Perennials vs Cool‐Season Annuals Sod Seeded into a Bermudagrass Sward1
Authors: Decker A. M. , Retzer H. J. , Dudley F. R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Midland’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pets.) is an excellent producer of summer forage in Maryland, but this advantage of high summer yields is reduced by a relatively short growing season in the northern edge of the bermudagrass belt. Cool‐season annuals sod seeded into bermudagrass to extend the pasture season are well documented. However, this requires a seeding each fall which adds to production costs. Theoretically, cool‐season perennials could be substituted for these annuals to eliminate this annual expense.The present study compared total forage yields and forage distribution of bermudagrass sod seeded with cool‐season annuals [rye (Secale cereale L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth)] vs cool‐season perennials [orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.)].Although the perennials significantly increased total forage yields, production was highest when annuals were seeded. It was difficult to maintain uniform mixtures of cool‐ and warm‐season perennials in the same field. The annuals were superior primarily because competition between bermudagrass and the cool‐season perennials was much greater than that between bermudagrass and the cool‐season annuals.When hairy vetch was seeded with the cereals, yields were increased; at the same time, forage distribution and quality were improved with only half as much nitrogen.When all factors are considered, bermudagrass plus sod‐seeded, cool‐season annuals was superior to bermudagrass plus sod‐seeded, cool‐season perennials.
Effect of Soil Water and Aeration on Fe and Mn Utilization by Flax1
Authors: Olomu M. O. , Racz G. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFlax (Linum usitatissimum) plants usually become chlorotic when grown on wet or waterlogged Manitoba soils. Chlorosis has been associated with Fe and Mn concentrations in plants. Reports on levels of Fe and Mn in chlorotic flax plants or factors affecting the utilization of these nutrients by flax were not found in the literature. Thus, experiments were conducted to determine the effects of soil water and aeration on yield and Fe and Mn concentrations in the plant. Plants were grown at 100 and 150% of field capacity. Flax plants became chlorotic on four of six soils when grown at 150% of field capacity. Chlorotic plants had lower yields, contained lower concentrations of iron and higher concentrations of Mn than did non‐chlorotic plants. The ratio of Mn to Fe in chlorotic plants was four or greater. Yields of flax, measured after 35 days of growth decreased with increase in Mn concentration and Mn:Fe ratio of plants. The r values for the relation between yield and Mn concentration and yield and Mn:Fe ratio were −0.73 and −0.76, respectively. Yield of flax increased with increases in the Fe concentration of the plants (r = 0.57).The effect of soil water (100, 120 or 150% of field capacity) and aeration (soil at 100 or 150% of field capacity with N2, air or no N2 or air passed through the soil) on the Fe and Mn concentrations of flax tops and roots were also investigated. Irrespective of treatment exceedingly large amounts of Fe and only small amounts of Mn accumulated in flax roots. Fe concentration or uptake was not directly related to aeration or oxygen supply in the soil. The ratio of the concentration of Fe in the roots to tops of flax grown on a soil showing chlorosis was lower at field capacity than at 150%. of field capacity. Thus, the reduction in translocation of Fe from roots to tops contributed to chlorosis when soil water content was increased.
Influence of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Applications on Stalk Quality Characteristics and Yield of Corn1
Authors: Arnold J. M. , Josephson L. M. , Parks W. L. , Kincer H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConsiderable work has been reported on the influence of fertilizer elements, particularly potassium, on yields and lodging of corn (Zea mays L.). Additional information is needed on the influence of other nutrients and different genotypes on stalk quality characteristics and yield. This paper reports the influence of four levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium on the percent of senescent stalks, crushing strength, rind thickness, stalk lodging, and yield of the six F1 hybrids of a four‐parent diallel of inbreds T101, T105, Till, and T115. The data were obtained using three independent experiments; one associated with each fertility element for 3 years. Nitrogen and phosphorus had little or no influence on stalk characteristics. Potassium additions reduced the percent of senescent stalks and stalk lodging and increased crushing strength and rind thickness. The influence of potassium on senescent stalks was dependent on the hybrid involved. Yield increased with additions of nitrogen and potassium, but phosphorus had little influence.
Effects of Fall Weathering on Yield and Composition of Grain Sorghum Stover1
Authors: Martin Neal P. , Wedin W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIncreased utilization of grain sorghum (Sorghum hicolor (L.) Moench) stover by livestock maintained for reproductive purposes is suggested, based on its availability. There is little data available, however, on the nutritional value of stover as influenced by fall weathering. We evaluated the dry matter (DM) yield, percentage crude protein (CP), and percentage in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of stover, stalks, and leaves in late fall and early winter in Iowa. Two combine‐type cultivars, ‘Nebraska 505’ and ‘RS 610,’ were grown at three populations (128,500; 192,700; and 257,000 plants/ha) from which stover was sampled six different times between September 27 and December 22, 1969, and September 19 and December 28, 1970.Dry matter yields increased (4.59 to 4.90 metric tons/ha) between grain harvest and killing frost, gradually decreased until late November (3.78 metric tons/ha), and remained unchanged in late December. Percentage CP in the stover gradually increased (6.1 to 6.9%) from grain harvest until late December. Stover IVDMD varied little (57.1 to 56.4%) before frost after which a low of 50.9% resulted in late November. Percentage IVDMD of the leaves dropped from 58.9 to 54.6% between grain harvest and frost.Stover of RS 610 ranked above Nebraska 505 in DM, CP, and IVDMD yields. Increasing plant population above 128,500 plants/ha increased stover yields slightly. The stover percentage CP and IVDMD obtained before frost suggested adequacy as a ration for ruminants being maintained for reproductive purposes while some supplementation would likely be required later depending on length of postfrost time before harvest or grazing.
Comparative Anatomical and Ginning Characteristics of Two Upland Cotton Cultivars1
Authors: Morey P. R. , Wanjura D. F. , Baker R. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA large amount of vegetable trash including stems and bracts is collected along with burcotton during stripper harvesting. A substantial amount of this trash is then pulverized during cleaning, both at the gin and at the textile mill, and emitted into the air as microscopic dust. The objective of this study was to determine if variation in bract and pedicel structure occurred in Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars which differed quantitatively in the amount of trash contained in harvested burcotton after machine stripping. Tests in 1972 and 1973 showed that ‘Tamcot SP 21’ had lower levels of sticks and stems and fine trash in machine stripped burcotton and a lower nonlint content in the lint after ginning than ‘Dunn 119’. Anatomical analysis in 1973 revealed significant differences between the same cultivars in the amount of vascular tissue in the pedicel and bract.
Method of Correcting for the Effect of Shaking Time on the Bray P1 Test1
Authors: Hassett J. J. , Walker W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe amount of P extracted from soils by 0.025 N HCI+ 0.03 N NH4F (Bray P1 extractant) can be dependent on shaking time. This dependence on shaking time has lead to the use of different shaking times in soil test labs in different states. It was found in this study that a shaking time of 1 or 5 min resulted in extraction of a higher proportion of extractable P from soils with low P1 tests than from soils with high P1 tests.This report presents a method of estimating an equilibrium P1 test value (Peq) that is independent of shaking time. The Peq value of a soil can be calculated from three or more shaking tunes. The calculated Peq value represented the same proportion of total extractable P in soils with high and low P1 tests. Hence, Peq, values may be better estimates of available P from high P1 test soils than P1 tests based on 1 or 5‐min shaking time.
Cation‐Anion Balance of Field‐Grown Crops. I. Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization1
Authors: Banwart W. L. , Pierre W. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPlant species differ in their cation‐anion balance, but there are rather substantial variations in the contents of organic anions (C–A) and excess–base (EB), and in the EB/N ratio of plants of a given species when grown under widely different conditions. The causes of such variation within a species are of interest because of the relationship of the C–A in plants to crop growth and the effect of the EB/N ratio of harvested crops in modifying the acidity produced by N fertilizers. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of a wide range in amounts of N fertilizer on the C–A and EB/N of several crop species grown under field conditions.Leaf samples of corn (Zea mays L.) and above‐ground plant samples of corn, oats (Avena sativa L.), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were taken for analysis from plots of field experiments on several soil types that received different amounts of N fertilizer.Nitrogen fertilization increased the C–A, EB, and N contents of corn leaves, oats, and orchardgrass. For example, the addition of 358 kg/ha N in one experiment increased the average N content of corn leaves 89 meq/ 100 g or 106% and the EB and C–A contents 36 and 37 meq/100 g or 50 and 52%, respectively (Table 3). Likewise, in an experiment with oats, the addition of N up to 101 kg/ha increased the average EB and C–A 17 and 15 meq/100 g, respectively. The increase in C–A normally associated with an increase in N was much less where large amounts of K fertilizers were applied and was counteracted when moderate amounts of nitrate accumulated in the plants. No consistent effect on the C–A and EB of corn plants was obtained from N fertilization.Nitrogen fertilizers markedly lowered the EB/N ratio of the three crops studied. In one experiment, the EB/N of corn plants was decreased from an average of 0.91 to 0.53. An EB/N of 0.91 means that 91% of the theoretical acidity from nitrification (of that N removed in the crop) would be expressed, whereas an EB/N of 0.53 means that only 53% of the acidity from nitrification would result.
Metal Halide Lamps for Supplemental Lighting in Greenhouses: Crop Response and Spectral Distribution1
Authors: Duke William B. , Hagin Roger D. , Hunt Julian F. , Linscott Dean L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLight intensity levels and plant growth under metal halide (MH) and fluorescent‐incandescent (FI) lamps were compared.When crop plants were exposed to the higher light energy (380 to 750 nm, measured) of the MH lighting system, dry weight over a 6‐week period averaged 38% more than for plants exposed to the FI lighting system. Reduced hypocotyl and cotyledon elongation was the initial effect of the MH lamps. Plants under the MH lamps remained darker green, had larger leaves and thicker stems than plants under FI lamps. For one crop, soybeans, total dry matter increased, and the height of the plants was reduced by 33% under MH lamps relative to FI lamps. All plants under the MH lighting systems were sturdier and closely resembled field‐grown plants.
Temperature and Zinc Interactions on Cotton Growth1
Authors: Joham H. E. , Rowe Viola 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe have been obtaining variable results with respect to the effects of high levels of substrate zinc on the growth and development of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). The present investigations were made to study the possibility that the observed Zn effects were subject to modification by changes in temperature.Cotton, ‘Deltapine 16,’ was grown in the greenhouse and supplied various levels of substrate Zn. The minimum greenhouse temperature in each experiment was controlled at 15, 19 or 23 C. A Zn‐temperature interaction was apparent in the control of flowering and fruiting. Increasing the minimum temperature from 15 to 23 C and increasing substrate Zn from 1 to 25 ppm at 15 C caused a shift in flowering from an indeterminant to a more determinant pattern and increased fruit production. Increasing temperature from 15 to 23 C eliminated the effect of substrate Zn concentration on flowering and yield. Maximum fruit production in the low, medium and warm temperature experiments were obtained with the 25, 5, and 1 ppm Zn treatments, respectively. The critical concentration of Zn in the leaves (that concentration above which toxic effects are obtained) was observed to be between 200 to 300 ug/g at the 54‐day harvest and decreased with age to a level between 100 to 200 ug/g by the 130‐day harvest.Thus, high levels of substrate Zn, which promote tissue concentrations just below the critical levels, may have a beneficial effect on the yield of cotton grown under low temperature conditions.