bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
83 Effect of stocking density on F1 gilt reproductive performance
Authors: Henry Clara K , Self Rachel , McNeil Brady , Cross Amanda , Stephenson Ethan , Mainquist-Whigham Christine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Replacement females are the future of a farm, and their development can impact production. Currently, replacement gilts are housed in many different environments. Stocking density of replacement females is one factor that varies across production systems. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different stocking densities on replacement gilt reproductive performance. At 10 wk of age, DNA L241 females (n = 824; DNA Genetics, Columbus, NE) were randomly allotted to finishing pens with 3 different stocking densities. Each stocking density consisted of 12 pens of 0.71 m2 (n = 360), 0.93 m2 (n = 264), and 1.25 m2 (n = 204). Heat detection started at 20 wk of age with fence line exposure for 2 wk at 15 minutes per pen. Within pen boar exposure occurred from 22 to 31 wk of age for a minimum of 10 min per pen. Starting at 20 wk of age, females that exhibited red and swollen vulvas or standing estrus were recorded. Body weight, backfat, and loin depth measurements were collected at estrus detection. A blood progesterone assay was performed on all females at 24 wk of age. Further blood progesterone assays were performed at 27, 29 and 31 wk of age on any female for which progesterone was not detected on previous assays. Females were mated on their 2nd estrus if they were at least 136 kg or on their first estrus if they were over 145 kg. Body weight was recorded at the time of mating. For females that cycled by 31 wk, females in the 0.71 m2 treatment cycled significantly earlier than the 0.93 m2 treatment, 147 vs 153 d post-weaning respectively (P &lt; 0.05). No difference was detected in age at mating; however, gilts in the 0.71 m2 treatment were 5.9 kg and 8.2 kg lighter than the 0.93 and 1.25 m2 treatments respectively (P &lt; 0.01). At 31 wk of age 60% of the 0.71 m2, 71% of the 0.93 m2, and 77% of the 1.25 m2 treatments had cycled according to visual heat detection. However, according to the progesterone assay, at 31 wk of age 75% of 0.71 m2, 81% of the 0.93 m2, and 84% of the 1.25 m2 had cycled. The accuracy of visual heat detection compared with progesterone assay were 79.4% for 0.71 m2, 77.3% for 0.93 m2, and 85.8% for 1.25 m2 treatments. Overall, the 1.25 m2 treatment resulted in heavier females at mating, a greater rate of females cycling, and a more accurate detection of females cycling than the 0.71 m2 treatment. Swine producers can improve the percentage of females detected in estrus and mated in the desired period by providing additional rearing space during gilt development.
92 Factors influencing bull selection in Illinois beef producers: Analysis of retained and non-retained ownership producers
Authors: Rincker Grace E , McCann Joshua C , Shike Daniel W W , Meteer William T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective was to understand decision-making factors for bull selection of producers participating in the Illinois Performance Tested (IPT) bull sale. The IPT bull sale has served Illinois beef producers for the last 54 yr offering around 50 bulls annually. A comprehensive survey targeted a diverse group of beef producers that had previously attended the IPT bull sale. The survey was developed through Qualtrics and provided to producers via email. The survey consisted of 40 questions based on four categories: farm location, herd demographics, bull selection criteria, and feedback from previous experiences at the IPT bull sale. There were a variety of question types including multiple choice, select all that apply, open-ended, ranking of importance, and select on a scale from one to ten. Specific responses on bull selection criteria focused on expected progeny differences and functional traits. Survey results were grouped based on whether producers retained ownership of feedlot cattle; regularly retained ownership (RET; n = 12) and never retained ownership (NRET; n = 15). Data were analyzed with the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4. For RET and NRET producers, there were no observed differences in mature cow body weight and herd size (P ≥ 0.42). Most producers responded that they calved in March and April. Producer groups did not differ (P = 0.99) in the percentage of respondents retaining replacement heifers, as 66% of RET and NRET producers retained replacements. However, RET producers tended to be more likely (P = 0.07) to regularly sell freezer beef. Specifically, 75% of RET producers regularly sell freezer beef compared with 13% of NRET producers. Additionally, RET producers tended to prioritize (P = 0.1) carcass trait expected progeny differences in bull selection more than NRET producers (66 vs 33%, respectively). There was no difference (P = 0.2) in the percentage of respondents that selected the weaning weight expected progeny difference in their top three traits. However, NRET producers were much more likely (P &lt; 0.01) to prioritize yearling weight expected progeny difference in their bull selection decisions. Specifically, 66% of RET producers used yearling weight expected progeny difference in their bull selection compared with 0% of NRET producers. Lastly, there was no difference (P = 0.61) in the percentage of respondents who included docility in their top three functional traits. In conclusion, bull buyers at the IPT bull sale that regularly retain ownership of feedlot cattle were more likely to prioritize expected progeny differences for yearling weight and carcass traits while functional traits priorities were similar to producers that did not retain ownership of feedlot cattle.
87 Evaluating the effects of an amino acid-formulated diet on ruminal fermentation in vitro
Authors: Merritt McKenna , Linder Haley F , Cecava Michael J , McCann Joshua C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of an amino acid-formulated diet on ruminal fermentation in vitro. While most amino acid-formulated diets focus on improving the amino acid composition of rumen undegradable protein, additional benefits to microbial fermentation within the rumen are unknown. The experiment was a completely randomized design with a factorial treatment arrangement (2 donor diets and 2 substrates). Four ruminally cannulated steers were fed one of two donor diets: control (CON; 55% dry rolled corn, 20% corn silage, 15% dry distiller’s grain, and 10% supplement) and amino acid-formulated (AAF; 51% dry rolled corn, 15% corn silage, 14% dry distillers grain, 10% heat-treated soybean meal, and 10% supplement). After a 30-d diet adaptation period, rumen fluid was collected and pooled by donor diet for the in vitro fermentation. Additionally, two different substrates were used to represent each donor diet. Flasks contained 2.5 g dry matter (DM) of substrate and 150 mL of rumen fluid mixture (2 McDougall’s buffer:1 rumen fluid). Treatments were evaluated in triplicate flasks in two replicated runs for a total of six observations per treatment. Four sealed Ankom F57 bags were filled with 0.25 g DM of substrate each to facilitate measuring in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD). Flasks were incubated at 39°C with sample aliquots collected at h 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 to determine pH, ammonia, and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with a repeated measures analysis. Ammonia, pH, and VFA were analyzed with effects of donor diet, substrate, time, and all interactions. A treatment by hour interaction was detected (P &lt; 0.01) for pH; fluid from steers fed CON was greater than AAF at h 4, 8, 12, and 24. A treatment by hour interaction was also detected (P = 0.02) for ammonia; fluid from steers fed CON was greater than AAF at h 24, but was not different at other time points. Total VFA was affected by hour (P &lt; 0.01) as it increased over time, but substrate did not have an effect (P = 0.21). A treatment by hour interaction (P = 0.06) tended to be observed for molar proportions of acetate as AAF and CON were similar at h 0 but AAF was increasing greater than CON over time. A treatment by hour interaction was observed (P = 0.01) for molar proportions of propionate; at h 4 at 8, CON was greater than AAF. No effect (P ≥ 0.32) of donor diet, substrate or their interaction were observed on IVDMD. Overall, an amino acid-formulated diet for cannulated steers did impact ruminal fermentation in vitro, mostly altering molar proportions of volatile fatty acids and ammonia release from protein degradation.
84 Evaluating the effects of hind gut acidosis in sheep on rumen fermentation ex vivo
Authors: Prybylski Emma G , Linder Haley F , McCann Joshua C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of hindgut acidosis in sheep on rumen fermentation ex vivo. Eleven ruminally and cecally cannulated ewes [body weight (BW) = 49 ± 4 kg] were assigned to one of two treatments: a constant infusion of deionized water (CON; 26 mL/kg BW per 24 h) or starch solution (STA; 3 g wheat starch/kg BW per 24 h) in the cecum to induce hindgut acidosis. Rumen fluid was collected from each ewe on the d before and four d after the start of cecal infusion for an ex vivo fermentation. There were four flasks for each ewe with two flasks per substrate. The two substrates were forage-based (FB; 40% grass hay pellet, 35% whole shell corn, 15% dried distiller’s grain, and 10% alfalfa cubes) and concentrate-based (CB; 75% whole shell corn, 15% dried distiller’s grain, and 10% alfalfa cubes). Flasks contained 2.5 grams of substrate and 150 mL of inoculum (2:1 ratio of McDougall’s buffer and rumen fluid). Four sealed ANKOM F57 bags were filled with 0.25g DM of substrate and placed into flasks to determine in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). The flasks were incubated at 39°C for 24 h, with sample aliquots collected at h 0, 8, and 24 to determine pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ammonia. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. For all response variables, values from the run before cecal infusion initiation were included in the model as a covariate. Ammonia, pH, and VFA were analyzed with the effects of treatment, time, and their interaction. For the CB substrate, there was no effect (P = 0.90) of cecal infusion on ammonia concentration; however, there was a time effect (P = 0.01) with h 24 having a greater ammonia concentration than h 8. For the FB substrate, there was a tendency for STA to have lesser (P = 0.10) ammonia than CON. There was no effect (P ≥ 0.78) of cecal infusion treatment on pH for both substrates; however, there was a time effect (P = 0.01) with pH decreasing over time. In both substrates, there were no effects (P ≥ 0.23) of cecal infusion treatment on IVDMD, VFA concentration, acetate, or propionate molar concentration. However, butyrate molar concentration tended to be less (P = 0.07) for STA ewes for the CB substrate. No treatment differences were observed in butyrate for the FB substrate (P = 0.35). Results indicate that induced hindgut acidosis in sheep did not affect rumen fermentation ex vivo.
PSII-4 Temperature preference of nursery pigs housed in groups by weaning weight quartile
Authors: Morris Jenny , Ellis Mike , Shull Caleb M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There is a lack of recent research investigating the temperature requirements of pigs housed in groups with the genetics and management practices currently being used in commercial production. The objective of this study was to establish the preferred temperature of pigs housed in groups with uniform body weight (BW) over the first 4 wk after weaning (at 21 ± 1 d). The study involved 320 newly-weaned pigs that were kept in mixed-sex pens (barrows and gilts) of 20. Three temperature treatments were compared: 26°C vs. 30°C vs. 34°C. The temperature treatments were created in 3 distinct zones of each pen using a heat lamp suspended over an insulated mat and pigs had free access to each zone. Room temperature was set at 22°C for the duration of the study. The population of pigs was divided into weaning-weight quartiles (Quartile 1, 2, 3, and 4, lightest to heaviest; initial BW 4.5, 5.6, 6.5, and 7.7 ± 0.4 kg, respectively; final BW 12.8, 14.4, 16,3, and 18.2 ± 2.0 kg, respectively). The weight quartiles were kept in different pens. The pigs had ad libitum access to nursery diets throughout the study period formulated to meet the requirements proposed by NRC (2012). Cameras captured images of the pen area every 15 min during the study period. The location (in the temperature treatment zones or other areas of the pen) and posture (lying, sitting, and standing) of every pig in the pen were recorded from the images. The ambient temperature in the temperature treatment zones and other areas of the pen were recorded every 2 h throughout the study period using a thermal camera. The preferred temperature was calculated by weighting the percentage of observations of pigs located within each temperature treatment zone and the other areas of the pen by the average temperature in each zone and area. The percentage of observations of pigs in the 26, 30, and 34°C temperature treatment zones for the overall period were: Quartile 1 (15.3, 15.2, and 42.9%, respectively), Quartile 2 (5.3, 23.1, 39.8%, respectively), Quartile 3 (8.5, 15.7, and 41.2%, respectively), and Quartile 4 (5.0, 34.0, and 25.9%, respectively). The calculated preferred temperatures for the weight quartiles for each week of the study are summarized in Table 1. The preferred temperature for the overall period was 30.0, 30.3, 29.3, and 28.6°C for Quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The impact of housing nursery pigs at these temperatures on pig performance needs to be established.
PSII-5 Temperature preference of nursery pigs housed in groups with mixed body weight
Authors: Morris Jenny , Ellis Mike , Shull Caleb M 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Current recommendations for ambient temperatures for newly weaned pigs are based on historical research carried out many years ago. Since that time, significant changes have occurred in the genotype of the pigs, as well as in management and housing conditions. The objective of this study was to establish the preferred temperature of groups of pigs, with typical variation in body weight (BW), over the first 4 wk after weaning (at 21 ± 1 d). The study involved 120 newly weaned pigs housed in mixed-sex pens (barrows and gilts) of 20. Three temperature treatments were compared: 26°C vs. 30°C vs. 34°C; the 3 treatments were available to the pigs within each pen. The temperature treatments were created in 3 distinct zones of the pen using a heat lamp suspended over an insulated mat. Room temperature was set at 22°C for the duration of the study. Initial and final BW were 6.2 ± 0.9 kg and 15.3 ± 2.4 kg, respectively. Throughout the study period, the pigs had ad libitum access to nursery diets formulated to meet NRC (2012) requirements. Images of the pen area were captured every 15 min during the study period. The location (in the temperature treatment zones or other areas of the pen) and posture (lying, sitting, or standing) of every pig in the group were recorded from the images. The ambient temperature in the temperature treatment zones and other areas of the pen were recorded every 2 h throughout the study period using a thermal camera. The preferred temperature was calculated by weighting the percentage of observations of pigs located within each temperature treatment zone and the other areas of the pen by the average temperature in each zone and area. The percentage of observations of pigs in the 26, 30, and 34°C temperature treatments areas were: Wk 1 [10.5, 23.1, and 44.2% (SEM 10.70), respectively], Wk 2 [7.8, 25.8, and 44.6% (SEM 5.00), respectively], Wk 3 [7.6, 24.0, and 34.1% (SEM 4.89), respectively], and Wk 4 [12.3, 21.2, and 26.8% (SEM 4.28), respectively]. The calculated preferred temperatures were 31.1, 31.7, 29.6, and 27.7°C for week 1, 2, 3, and 4 post-weaning, respectively. The impact of housing nursery pigs at these temperatures on pig performance needs to be established.
PSII-1 Bacillus-based probiotic supplementation to sows and weaned progeny help to support live performance and manage gross lung lesions in a nursery H1N2 Influenza challenge
Authors: Kinsley Keith P , Mueller Adam , Bertram Mark J , Hansen Lea Hubertz B , Lerner Steve P 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that providing an effective probiotic to dams and their progeny allows the pigs to respond more favorably to viral challenges (Lerner et al., 2020; Bertram et al., 2022). Sixteen pregnant dams (parity 1 to 5) allotted by gestation pen were exposed to one of two treatments: Control (CON) where dams consumed a standard, non-probiotic containing, gestation and lactation diet or Bacillus (BAC) where dams consumed standard diets with a daily top dress applied to achieve 1.65 x 106 CFUs of Bacillus/gram of complete feed from 5 weeks before farrowing through lactation. Ninety-six nursery pigs were allotted (48 per treatment group) to the nursery portion of this study at weaning. The CON pigs selected for the nursery received non-probiotic containing feed and BAC pigs selected for the nursery received 1.10 x 106 CFUs Bacillus/gram of complete feed for the 3-wk nursery period of the study. Pigs were separated into 8 pens with 6 pigs per pen by treatment. Individual pig body weights and pen feed intakes were recorded on d 0, 7, 14, and 21. Following 14-d of feed acclimatization post-weaning, all pigs received an H1N2 Influenza viral challenge via intratracheal gavage (Haesebrouck et al., 1986). Clinical signs, including rectal temperatures, respiratory score, abdominal score, and demeanor score we collected daily beginning 1 d before challenge (d 13) through the end of the study. On d 21, following body weight collection, all pigs were euthanized, lungs were removed, and each of seven lung lobes (right and left cranial, right and left middle, accessory, and right and left caudal) were scored on percentage of lobes bearing gross (visible) lung lesions (Halbur et al., 1996). Pigs in the BAC group had better F:G ratios during the pre-challenge (1.177 vs. 1.309, P &lt; 0.01), post-challenge (1.418 vs. 1.633, P &lt; 0.01), and entire growth (1.287 vs. 1.464, P &lt; 0.001) periods, compared with those of the CON group. The percentage of pigs in the BAC group with gross lung lesions in the left and right cranial, accessory, and left and right caudal lung lobes was less than those of the CON group (Table 1). Additionally, total lung lobes with lesions per pig (4.1 vs. 5.3, P &lt; 0.001) were lower in pigs in the BAC group. These data indicate that application of a Bacillus-based probiotic (in this case BioPlus 2B) to sows and subsequently their weaned progeny is associated with better feed efficiency and fewer lung lesions following a challenge with H1N2 Influenza.
PSII-6 The interactive effects of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on gut integrity and inflammation in IPEC-J2 cells
Authors: Lu Hang , Simmons Julie , Woodward Adrienne , Horn Nathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of this research is to investigate the interactive effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) on gut integrity and inflammation using porcine intestinal epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). Three experiments were conducted in this study: Exp 1: cells were treated with control, DON (0.5 ppm) or LPS (10 ug/mL) individually and combination of DON and LPS for 24 h, then measure the Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and interleukin 8 (IL8) production in medium and measure the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran passage rate at the end of each experiment. 2) Treat the cells with control or DON for 24 h, then split the two groups for control or LPS treatment for additional 24 h; same measurements were taken as in experiment 1; 3) Treat the cells with control or LPS for 24 h, then split the two groups for control or DON treatment for additional 24 h; same measurements were taken as in previous experiments. In each experiment, six replications were done. Data were analyzed for the effect of DON, LPS and their interaction. Treatments did not affect the LDH in all experiments except for the high LDH release in the treatment of LPS followed by DON in experiment 3. In experiment 1, DON, LPS or combination of DON and LPS significantly reduced the TEER value by 15.1%, 21.7% and 23.9% respectively with only DON has effect on FITC-dextran passage rate (P &lt; 0.001). LPS significantly increased IL8 secretion in the medium (P &lt; 0.001). In experiment 2, DON or LPS decreased TEER value whereas the cells treated with DON before were more susceptible to LPS (23.6% more reduction compared without DON treatment before). Similarly, the FITC-dextran passage rate was also increased by LPS in the cells exposed to DON before (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, LPS significantly increased IL8 secretion no matter the cells was exposed to DON before. In experiment 3, DON or LPS decreased TEER value (P &lt; 0.05) and cells treated with LPS before were more susceptible to DON (11.8% more reduction compared with no LPS treatment before). However, only DON increased FITC-dextran passage rate. The secretion of IL8 increased by DON or LPS with greatest secretion when cells treated with DON which exposed to LPS before (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, the results suggested that cells were more susceptible to LPS when the cells were exposed to DON before or vice versa, and the synergetic effect is limited when LPS and DON were added to cells simultaneously.