bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Totally Endoscopic Robotic Ventricular Septal Defect Repair
Authors: Gao Changqing , Yang Ming , Wang Gang , Wang Jiali , Xiao Cangsong , Zhao Yue 
Published: August 2010

Objective Recent advances in robotic instrumentation have facilitated totally endoscopic intracardiac procedures. However, totally endoscopic robotic ventricular septal defect (VSD) repair has not been reported in the literatures to our knowledge. We report our first three cases of closed chest VSD repair using da Vinci S Surgical System. Methods Three female patients underwent totally endoscopic robotic VSD repair. Echocardiography demonstrated that the perimembranous VSD sizes in three patients were 6, 8, and 8 mm, respectively, and a patent foramen ovale in one patient. Results All the VSD repair and right atrial closure were completed with the da Vinci robot. Mean cardiopulmonary bypass and mean cross-clamp times were 70 and 22 minutes, respectively. No blood transfusions were received. Postoperative transesophagel echocardiogram (TEE) demonstrated intact ventricular septum. The mean hospital stay was 5 days. The patients returned to normal function without any complications. Conclusions With a limited number of cases, the study showed that totally endoscopic robotic VSD repair in adult patients is feasible and safe.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray studies of a galactose-specific lectin from the seeds of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia)
Authors: Chandran Thyageshwar , Sharma Alok , Vijayan M. 
Published: August 2010

A galactose-specific lectin from the seeds of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a four-chain type II ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP) resulting from covalent association through a disulfide bridge between two identical copies of a two-chain unit. The available structural information on such four-chain RIPs is meagre. The bitter gourd lectin was therefore crystallized for structural investigation and the crystals have been characterized. It is anticipated that the structure of the orthorhombic crystals will be analysed using molecular replacement by taking advantage of its sequence, and presumably structural, homology to normal two-chain type II RIPs.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of PaaAC, the main component of the hydroxylase of theEscherichia coliphenylacetyl-coenzyme A oxygenase complex
Authors: Grishin Andrey M. , Ajamian Eunice , Zhang Linhua , Cygler Miroslaw 
Published: August 2010

TheEscherichia coli paaoperon encodes enzymes of the phenylacetic acid-utilization pathway that metabolizes phenylacetate in the form of a coenzyme A (CoA) derivative. The phenylacetyl-coenzyme A oxygenase complex, which has been postulated to contain five components designated PaaABCDE, catalyzes ring hydroxylation of phenylacetyl-CoA. The PaaAC subcomplex shows low sequence similarity to other bacterial multicomponent monooxygenases (BMMs) and forms a separate branch on the phylogenetic tree. PaaAC, which catalyzes the hydroxylation reaction, was purified and crystallized in the absence of a bound ligand as well as in complexes with CoA, 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, benzoyl-CoA and the true substrate phenylacetyl-CoA. Crystals of the ligand-free enzyme belonged to space groupP212121and diffracted to 2.65 Å resolution, whereas complexes with CoA and its derivatives crystallized in space groupP41212 and diffracted to ∼2.0 Å resolution. PaaAC represents the first crystallized BMM hydroxylase that utilizes a CoA-linked substrate.
Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the ArsM arsenic(III)S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase
Authors: Marapakala Kavitha , Ajees A. Abdul , Qin Jie , Sankaran Banumathi , Rosen Barry P. 
Published: August 2010

Arsenic is the most ubiquitous environmental toxin and carcinogen and consequently ranks first on the Environmental Protection Agency's Superfund Priority List of Hazardous Substances. It is introduced primarily from geochemical sources and is acted on biologically, creating an arsenic biogeocycle. A common biotransformation is methylation to monomethylated, dimethylated and trimethylated species. Methylation is catalyzed by the ArsM (or AS3MT) arsenic(III)S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase, an enzyme (EC 2.1.1.137) that is found in members of every kingdom from bacteria to humans. ArsM from the thermophilic algaCyanidioschyzonsp. 5508 was expressed, purified and crystallized. Crystals were obtained by the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. The crystals belonged to the monoclinic space groupC2, with unit-cell parametersa= 84.85,b= 46.89,c= 100.35 Å, β = 114.25° and one molecule in the asymmetric unit. Diffraction data were collected at the Advanced Light Source and were processed to a resolution of 1.76 Å.
Leibniz's Two Realms Revisited
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLeibniz speaks, in a variety of contexts, of there being two realms—a “kingdom of power or efficient causes” and “a kingdom of wisdom or final causes.” This essay explores an often overlooked application of Leibniz's famous “two realms doctrine.” The first part turns to Leibniz's work in optics for the roots of his view that nature can be seen as being governed by two complete sets of equipotent laws, with one set corresponding to the efficient causal order of the world, and the other to its teleological order. The second part offers an account of how this picture of lawful over‐determination is to be reconciled with Leibniz's mature metaphysics. The third addresses a line of objection proposed by David Hirschmann to the effect that Leibniz's doctrine undermines his stated commitment to an efficient, broadly mechanical account of the natural world. Finally, the fourth part suggests that Leibniz's thinking about the harmony of final and efficient causes in connection with corporeal nature may help to shed light on his understanding of the teleological unfolding of monads as well.
On What it Takes for There to Be No Fact of the Matter
Authors: Azzouni Jody , Bueno Otávio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPhilosophers are very fond of making non‐factualist claims—claims to the effect that there is no fact of the matter as to whether something is the case. But can these claims be coherently stated in the context of classical logic? Some care is needed here, we argue, otherwise one ends up denying a tautology or embracing a contradiction. In the end, we think there are only two strategies available to someone who wants to be a non‐factualist about something, and remain within the province of classical logic. But one of these strategies is rather controversial, and the other requires substantially more work than is often supposed. Being a non‐factualist is no easy business, and it may not be the most philosophically perspicuous way to go.
Normative Conflicts and The Logic of ‘Ought’
Authors: Goble Lou 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOn the face of it, normative conflicts are commonplace. Yet standard deontic logic declares them to be logically impossible. That prompts the question, What are the proper principles of normative reasoning if such conflicts are possible? This paper examines several alternatives that have been proposed for a logic of ‘ought’ that can accommodate normative conflicts, and finds all of them unsatisfactory as measured against three criteria of adequacy. It then introduces a new logic that does meet all three criteria, and so allows for the possibility of genuine normative conflicts.
The Ontology of Epistemic Reasons
Authors: Turri John 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEpistemic reasons are mental states. They are not propositions or non‐mental facts. The discussion proceeds as follows. Section 1 introduces the topic. Section 2 gives two concrete examples of how our topic directly affects the internalism/externalism debate in normative epistemology. Section 3 responds to an argument against the view that reasons are mental states. Section 4 presents two problems for the view that reasons are propositions. Section 5 presents two problems for the view that reasons are non‐mental facts. Section 6 argues that reasons are mental states. Section 7 responds to objections.
Geographies of Subcontracting
Authors: Neo Harvey 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAt its simplest, ‘subcontracting’ occurs when a company outsources some of its operations and functions to others. These contracts include production, service support, and in some cases, research and design. Yet, the nature of subcontracting as a mode of economic production varies dramatically across different industries, spatial scales, places, and impacts. In view of the immense scope of this topic, in this article, I hope to highlight and illuminate a few significant strands and key contentions of the subcontracting literature. First, I will illustrate the varieties and increasing complexity of subcontracting since its early roots in the pre‐industrialization era. Second, I will attempt to explain why firms choose to subcontract. Third, I will also mention briefly other cognate concepts (e.g. ‘trust’ and ‘agglomeration’) which play a role in explaining the nature of subcontracting relationships. Where possible, I will also discuss the extent to which subcontracting relationships are inequitable. Finally, I will use the case study of contract farming in the livestock industry to illustrate the various contentions surrounding subcontracting as a form of economic production and organization.
The Internationalisation of Managerial Environmentalism: Globalisation, Diffusion and Territorialisation
Authors: Perkins Richard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA remarkable feature of the past half century has been the emergence, diversification and diffusion of managerial environmentalism across large parts of the globe. This article examines how globalisation has been implicated in these internationalisation processes and outcomes. A central theme is that the ways in which aspects of managerial environmentalism have diffused are complex, multi‐dimensional and defy simple generalisations about the constituent mechanisms and spatialities. Moreover, the international diffusion of environmental innovations has been shaped by the domestic geographies of place, resulting in uneven and hybrid patterns of managerial environmentalism across space.
Development, Application and Place of Neutral Theory in Ecology and Biogeography
Authors: Perry George L.W. , Groeneveld Jürgen , Miller Ben P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractClassical ecological theory predicts that ecological communities should only contain as many species as there are resources. Many ecosystems, however, seem to contain many more species than classical theory allows. Understanding this paradox is central to community ecology and biogeography. Niche‐based models consider that differences and trade‐offs between species’ life history traits stabilise species interactions and so allow coexistence. In stark contrast, neutral models assume that individuals at the same trophic level interact identically with conspecifics and heterospecifics (i.e. all species are equivalent), and this equivalence allows coexistence. Despite it seeming unlikely that species are equivalent, neutral models do predict some of the macroscopic properties of ecological communities surprisingly well. Although there are many neutral models, the best‐known neutral model in the context of community ecology is that described by Hubbell (2001) in the Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity. We review the development of neutral theory in ecology and biogeography, consider its predictions and how they can be evaluated, and look at how neutral theory may develop in the future. This article focuses on species‐rich plant communities, as they are, for the most part, the test‐bed for the recent development and application of neutral models, but we also consider the application of neutral approaches to other taxonomic groups and ecosystem types.
The Geography of Insurgency
Authors: Lohman Andrew D. , Flint Colin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn recent years geographers and scholars from other disciplines have made substantial contributions to the literature on political violence, civil war and conflict within states through asking spatial questions: where is conflict likely to occur and how will it spread or diffuse? In this article, we provide a survey of the approaches, theories and methodologies used to address these questions and suggest avenues for advancing the spatial analysis of conflict. We argue that such conflicts are best conceived as an insurgency, defined as a violent political process to assert power and control over territorial space. After exploring the contributions of qualitative approaches (critical and feminist geopolitics) to our spatial understandings of these political processes, we examine quantitative research addressing these spatial questions. Specifically, we suggest that a network approach provides a useful perspective for understanding the power relations and spatial contestation of an insurgency. This approach also differentiates between escalation and diffusion, which are often treated synonymously in the literature.
Fire in the American South: Vegetation Impacts, History, and Climatic Relations
Authors: Lafon Charles W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFire plays a key role in many ecosystems of the southeastern U.S. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) and Table Mountain pine‐pitch pine (P. pungens–P. rigida) forests along with other ecosystems – including oak (Quercus) forests, grasslands, and spruce‐fir (Picea‐Abies) forests – illustrate the range of fire effects and plant persistence strategies in the American South. Fire history research reveals that fires and fire‐associated vegetation were common before the fire exclusion of the past century. Both lightning and anthropogenic ignitions (caused by American Indians or European settlers) contributed to burning, but their relative importance is debated. The humid climate constrains burning, especially by lightning‐ignited fires, which often occur during moist conditions. Studies of fire climatology indicate the importance of dry conditions (e.g. drought years and relatively dry areas) for widespread burning in this humid region. Landscape fragmentation also influences burning. In the past some fires also likely grew much larger than today because they were unimpeded by roads, farms, and other barriers.
Defining Hyporheic Zones – Advancing Our Conceptual and Operational Definitions of Where Stream Water and Groundwater Meet
Authors: Gooseff Michael N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThere is a growing recognition of the importance of connections between streams and adjacent alluvial aquifers. The exchange of water, mass, and energy between these locations influences stream ecosystem structure and function by facilitating nutrient cycling, respiration, stream temperature buffering, and survival of macroinvertebrates. Near‐surface aquifers that interact with surface water have been termed ‘hyporheic zones’, yet there are several accepted definitions of this term (biological, geochemical, and hydrological definitions), which do not necessarily agree with each other. Biologists refer to it as the subsurface inhabited by hyporheos (‘stream’ macroinvertebrates observed in the subsurface). Hydrologists support a conceptual model that suggests a ‘flow‐through’ subsurface region containing flowpaths that originate and terminate at the stream. Geochemical definition suggests that the hyporheic zone is a mixing zone between surface water and deep‐sourced groundwater, with intermediate conditions between these end members. Temporal and spatial scales over which we seek to define hyporheic zones constrain our ability to do so. It is recognized that stream water exchanges through the subsurface over many timescales. Proposed here is a definition based on the timescale of flow through the hyporheic zone, in which residence times of interest are explicitly distinguished and referred to – e.g. ‘the 24‐h hyporheic zone’. Thus the ‘component’ of the hyporheic zone that is of interest can be related to specific rates of processes of interest (e.g. denitrification rate). Adoption of this approach will reduce ambiguity in hyporheic science and hopefully contribute to interdisciplinary scientific advancements.
Precipitation Measurement and the Advancement Toward Global Observations
Authors: Durkee Josh 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPrecipitation is an important variable in the global hydrologic cycle that helps to sustain life, influences a variety of daily activities, and plays a critical role in the Earth’s energy balance. Our understanding of precipitation, especially in forecast applications, hazards mitigation, and water resources are among the leading challenges in the scientific community. Over the last 50 years, the science of precipitation observation and measurement, particularly at fglobal scales, has advanced quite rapidly since the age of basic precipitation collection at the surface. Scientists have developed numerous techniques to estimate precipitation at the surface and from space, but not without their drawbacks. This article presents an overview of the advantages and limitations of some of the more mainstream techniques of precipitation measurement, and the march toward a relatively high quality, full global precipitation observation network.
Geography and the Politics of Climate Policy
Authors: Bailey Ian , Compston Hugh 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDespite widespread recognition that many of the severest obstacles to climate policy are political (in the form of resistance from political parties, business groups and electorates) rather than scientific, technological or economic and a growing literature on the spatial dimensions of climate governance, geographical research has yet systematically to address how geographical thinking can inform the development of political strategies to assist governments to overcome political opposition to climate policy. In this article we argue for, and explore the outlines of, such a geographical contribution to understanding and reinvigorating the politics of climate change. We particularly draw attention to the importance of context and of how geographical theorisations on the politics of scale and networks can assist in evaluating future political strategies for climate policy.
Remote Sensing as a Tool for Tropical Ecology
Authors: Balzotti Chris S. , Petersen Steven L. , Terry Richard E. , Scherer Andrew K. , Golden Charles 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTropical forests provide important habitat for a tremendous diversity of plant and animal species. However, limitations in measuring and monitoring the structure and function of tropical forests has caused these systems to remain poorly understood. Remote‐sensing technology has provided a powerful tool for quantification of structural patterns and associating these with resource use. Satellite and aerial platforms can be used to collect remotely sensed images of tropical forests that can be applied to ecological research and management. The purpose of this article is to highlight the resources available for tropical forest remote sensing and to present a case‐study that demonstrates its application to a neotropical forest located in the Petén region of northern Guatemala.
Racial Quotas and the Culture War in Brazilian Academia
Authors: Bailey Stanley R. , Peria Michelle 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDozens of Brazilian universities recently adopted racial quotas for negros, read Afro‐Brazilians, in higher education. Anyone familiar with the Brazilian context will recognize this step as a paradigm shift in the state’s approach to ‘race’. State discourse in past decades touted a mixed‐race population not beset by overt discriminatory practices. In response to this new approach, two well‐defined clusters of professors in Brazil’s universities authored several dueling manifestos supporting and opposing race‐based affirmative action. This article suggests a ‘culture war’ framing of the debate and delineates the contrasting historic ideologies of racialism and antiracialism that inform the divergent racial worldviews of each academic camp. It then explores four points of contention from the manifestos that characterize their conflicting perspectives. They differ in terms of (1) their images of the Brazilian nation, (2) their diagnoses of the mechanisms behind non‐white underrepresentation in Brazilian universities, (3) their prognoses for a remedy via racial quotas, and (4) their motivations for entering the debate. At the same time, the article locates some possible common ground.
Inequalities in Transnational Families
Authors: Dreby Joanna , Adkins Timothy 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOver the past two decades, interest in the transnational lifestyles of contemporary migrants has grown significantly. In this article, we focus not on transnational identities, processes or structures, but rather on the emergent literature on transnational families in the context of migration to the United States. Transnational family studies broadly fall into two thematic camps: 1) those that describe transnational households as cooperative units in the face of economic, political and legal constraint and 2) those that show how the conditions that lead family members to live apart exacerbate and create new sources of conflict within families. Whether highlighting family conflict or cooperation, contemporary transnational family studies differ theoretically from prior research on immigrant families. Instead of focusing on immigrant incorporation, this literature demonstrates how global structures of inequality at the macro‐level affect the everyday lives of transnational family members, as well as how individual action reproduces or challenges these broader social inequalities.
Art as Propaganda: Bringing Du Bois into the Sociology of Art
Authors: Kidd Dustin , Jackson Christina 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe examine WEB Du Bois's writings about the arts in the NAACP journalThe Crisisfrom 1910–1934 in order to construct a Du Boisian social theory of the arts. The key elements of this theoretical framework are: artists, money, freedom, organization, truth, beauty, and propaganda. The most surprising element is propaganda, which for Du Bois meant that art needs to address racial politics. There is a strong sense in Du Bois's writings that art can and should have socially transformative effects. Comparing Du Bois's work to current theories from the sociology of art, we find that Du Bois emphasizes the role of art in social change, while current work treats art primarily as a tool for social reproduction. We argue for expanding the theoretical toolbox of the sociology of the arts through greater consideration of Du Bois's propaganda concept.
Aesthetic Capital: A Research Review on Beauty Perks and Penalties
Authors: Anderson Tammy L. , Grunert Catherine , Katz Arielle , Lovascio Samantha 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe presence of aesthetically based cultural goods and their ever‐increasing influence in modern society may pose a new conceptual opportunity to sociology. Specifically, how can the discipline forge an understanding of how value associated with beauty returns forms of individual wealth? A new term, i.e. aesthetic capital, might be an answer. Such a concept, we maintain, covers the privileges and wealth people receive from aesthetic traits, such as their face, hair, body, clothes, grooming habits and other markers of beauty. The purpose of our paper is to review the kinds of perks, and penalties, people receive from being deemed beautiful. Our review shows that visually appealing traits greatly impact our lives, in matters of modest importance (friend selection) to great importance (e.g. getting a job and career mobility). Thus, the promise of an aesthetic capital concept lies in enabling sociology to better understand inequality and the socially based forms of wealth available to individuals in modern society.