bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formulation of Two‐Dimensional Transport in Tokamak Plasmas for Integrated Analysis of Core and Edge Plasmas
Authors: Seto H. , Fukuyama A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFor integrated modeling of both core and edge plasmas, a two‐dimensional description of transport phenomena over the entire tokamak is desirable and is becoming feasible owing to recent progress in computational performance. A set of two‐dimensional transport equations that allow for dependence on the poloidal angle is formulated from Braginskii's equations and neoclassical theory and is coupled to a set of electromagnetic equations in order to develop an integrated two‐dimensional transport simulation code. The set of transport equations consist of equations for particle density and pressure, equations for force balance in the radial direction, and equations for momentum in the parallel and toroidal directions, for both electrons and ions. The set of electromagnetic equations consist of an equation for the static electric field, the magnetic diffusion equation, and the Grad‐Shafranov equation (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerical Modeling of the Impact of Geometry and Wall Components on Transport in the Tokamak Edge
Authors: Serre E. , Bufferand H. , Paredes A. , Schwander F. , Ciraolo G. , Ghendrih Ph. , Tamain P. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe SOLEDGE suite of codes has been specially designed to model the transition region from the hot core plasma to the first wall of tokamak, through the Last Closed Flux Surface (LCFS). It is designed to model electrostatic fluid turbulence for an isothermal plasma or for a plasma with temperature variations. Dedicated discretization algorithms have been implemented to handle equations for ion density, electron/ion temperatures and parallel momentum, both for the realistic cross‐section of a diverted tokamak and for a three‐dimensional cylindrical annulus. The efficient penalization method introduced in Ref. [5] has been implemented, allowing straightforward handling of solid obstacles by treating them as sink regions corresponding to strong plasma recombination in the solid state material. The SOLEDGE capability is exemplified here by simulating two equilibria: (i) a 3D cylindrical annulus and (ii) the cross‐section of a diverted tokamak. In the annulus, the analysis of the impact of a secondary discrete limiter shows that the toroidal symmetry usually assumed for density and Mach profiles is broken. The density exhibits significant variations in the toroidal direction that extend over a large region of the scrape‐off layer where magnetic field lines are connected to a secondary limiter. In the diverted geometry, computations show a transition from subsonic to supersonic flow in the vicinity of the X‐point that is related to the location of particle sources and sinks between the edge connected region and the divertor region (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Flow cytometry analysis of murine hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Mayle Allison , Luo Min , Jeong Mira , Goodell Margaret A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remain the most well‐characterized adult stem cell population both in terms of markers for purification and assays to assess functional potential. However, despite over 40 years of research, working with HSCs in the mouse remains challenging because of the relative abundance (or lack thereof) of these cells in the bone marrow. The frequency of HSCs in murine bone marrow is about 0.01% of total nucleated cells and ∼5,000 can be isolated from an individual mouse depending on the age, sex, and strain of mice as well as purification scheme utilized. Adding to the challenge is the continual reporting of new markers for HSC purification, which makes it difficult for the uninitiated in the field to know which purification strategies yield the highest proportion of long‐term, multilineage HSCs. In this updated version of our review from 2009, we review different strategies for hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell identification and purification. We will also discuss methods for rapid flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood cell types, and novel strategies for working with rare cell populations such as HSCs in the analysis of cell cycle status by BrdU, Ki‐67, and Pyronin Y staining. The purpose of updating this review is to provide insight into some of the recent experimental and technical advances in mouse hematopoietic stem cell biology. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Standardized methods for acute and semichronic toxicity tests with the copepod Acartia tonsa
Authors: Gorbi Gessica , Invidia Marion , Savorelli Federica , Faraponova Olga , Giacco Elisabetta , Cigar Monica , Buttino Isabella , Leoni Tristano , Prato Ermelinda , Lacchetti Ines , Sei Sandra 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The availability of standardized protocols for both organism culture and bioassay with ecologically relevant species is of great concern in ecotoxicology. Acartia tonsa represents an important, often dominant, member of zooplankton communities and meets all the practical criteria suggested for model species. New standardized procedures for laboratory culturing of the copepod A. tonsa and standardized methods for acute (24- and 48-h) and semichronic (7-d, static-renewal) toxicity tests with the nauplius stage are described. In both cases, eggs are the starting stage, and nauplius immobilization is the endpoint. The methods were the object of an intercomparison test involving nine laboratories, and nickel was the reference toxicant. Relative reproducibility was 24, 25, and 34% for 24-h, 48-h, and 7-d tests, respectively. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2023–2028. © 2012 SETAC
Acute toxicity of herbicide formulations and chronic toxicity of technical-grade trifluralin to larval green frogs (Lithobates clamitans)
Authors: Weir Scott M. , Yu Shuangying , Salice Christopher J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Fewer toxicity studies have been performed on herbicides than on insecticides despite heavier use of herbicides and evidence of herbicide formulation toxicity to amphibians. We conducted acute and chronic toxicity tests with the herbicide trifluralin (2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline) on tadpoles. Herbicide formulations had lower median lethal concentrations than an insecticide formulation and technical-grade trifluralin. Chronic trifluralin exposure resulted in significantly smaller tadpoles at low concentrations (20 µg/L) compared with controls and 200-µg/L treatments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2029–2034. © 2012 SETAC
Bioaccessible heavy metals-sediment particles from Reconquista River induce lung inflammation in mice
Authors: Ferraro Sebastián A. , Curutchet Gustavo , Tasat Deborah R. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The Reconquista River (RR), one of the most polluted watercourses in Argentina, receives effluent discharges from heavily industrialized and highly populated settlements. During winter and summer, the floodplain remains dry, producing the oxidation of sulfide and organic matter present in the sediment, making heavy metals more bioaccessible. Dispersion of this sediment occurs, and thus harmful effects on the pulmonary health of residents and workers inhabiting the RR bank may take place. The authors characterized the sediment particles of the RR (RR-PM) morphologically by scanning electron microscopy and its elemental composition by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction. Furthermore, the authors evaluated its biological impact on the respiratory system of BALB/c mice, generating four groups: control healthy, sensibilized with ovalbumin, exposed to particles, and sensibilized and exposed to particles. Sediment particles of the Reconquista River contained fine particulate matter, with a high concentration of bioaccessible Cu and Zn. The authors found that animal exposure to RR-PM caused polymorphonuclear cell lung infiltration, augmentation of O 2−, increase of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin-6 [IL-6]) and apoptosis. This adverse response was more dramatic in the sensibilized and exposed to particles group. Even more, they proved the bioaccessible fraction present in the RR-PM to be responsible for these harmful effects. The authors conclude that RR-PM produces an adverse biological impact on the airways of healthy animals, which is largely aggravated in previously sensibilized animals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2059–2068. © 2012 SETAC
An interlaboratory comparison study for the determination of dialkyl phthalate esters in environmental and biological samples
Authors: Ikonomou Michael G. , Kelly Barry C. , Blair Joel D. , Gobas Frank A.P.C. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A series of interlaboratory comparison exercises were conducted to assess the accuracy of dialkyl phthalate ester (DPE) concentration measurements in environmental and biological samples. Five laboratories participated in analyses to determine DPE concentrations in standard test solutions; marine sediments; three certified reference materials, including CARP-2 (fish muscle) and BCR-07 (fortified milk powder); and several livestock samples (sheep's milk, liver, and muscle). In addition, one laboratory determined DPE residue concentrations in 20 municipal sewage sludge samples, previously analyzed as part of the 2006/2007 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Targeted National Sewage Sludge Survey (TNSSS). The results showed relatively good interlaboratory agreement for analyses of di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP). Three independent laboratories (Labs A, B, and C) reported concentrations of DEHP (ng/g wet wt) in fish muscle (CARP-2) of 1,550 ± 148, 1,410 ± 193, and 1,380 ± 187, respectively. Similarly, DEHP concentration measurements in sewage sludge samples showed good agreement with those reported in the 2006/2007 TNSSS report. Measured concentrations of individual DPEs and C6–C10 isomeric mixtures in these samples of municipal sewage sludge, which have not been previously reported, ranged between 1 and 200,000 ng/g dry weight. The results demonstrate that environmental monitoring of DPEs is often hampered by high method detection limits (MDLs), due to contamination of procedural blanks. It is important to note, however, that when background contamination is minimized (&lt;10 ng/sample), relatively low MDLs (&lt;0.1 ng/g) can be achieved, allowing for low-level quantification of DPEs in environmental and biological samples. Future efforts to develop better protocols to lower MDLs, as well to develop reference materials, would greatly benefit future DPE monitoring initiatives. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1948–1956. © 2012 SETAC
Inorganic mercury accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Authors: Meng Bo , Feng Xinbin , Qiu Guangle , Wang Dingyong , Liang Peng , Li Ping , Shang Lihai 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
To investigate the source and process of inorganic mercury (IHg) accumulation in rice, we monitored the concentrations of IHg in tissues of rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) from four experimental plantation plots. Biweekly during the rice-growing season, tissues of rice plants, corresponding soil, precipitation, and irrigation water samples were collected. The sampling data support the following: (1) the atmosphere is the principal source of IHg to the aboveground parts of the rice plant; (2) both the atmosphere and soil contribute to IHg content in stalks, but the former source tends to be more important; and (3) soil is the major source of root IHg content. These observations and the fact that the gradually increasing concentration and mass of IHg in stalks and leaves during the rice-growing season suggested that atmospheric Hg could be absorbed by and incorporated into the aboveground parts of the rice plant and that limited or no Hg emission to the air or translocation to the soil occurred after deposition of atmospheric Hg. The root surface acted as a potential Hg barrier and consequently reduced the translocation of Hg ion mass through the root system to the aboveground parts. Accumulated IHg in aboveground parts of rice plants cannot be transported to seeds, which is completely different from the case of methylmercury. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2093–2098. © 2012 SETAC
Changes in benthic nutrient sources within a wetland after hydrologic reconnection
Authors: Kuwabara James S. , Topping Brent R. , Carter James L. , Wood Tamara M. , Cameron Jason M. , Asbill-Case Jessica R. , Carlson Rick A. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Removing dams and levees to restore hydrologic connectivity and enhance ecosystem services such as nutrient removal has been an increasingly common management practice. In the present study, the authors assessed geochemical and biological changes following engineered levee breaches that reconnected eutrophic Upper Klamath Lake and Agency Lake, Oregon, USA, to an adjacent, historic wetland that had been under agricultural use for the last seven decades. Over the three-year study, the reconnected wetland served as a benthic source for both macronutrients (dissolved organic carbon [DOC], soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP], and ammonia) and micronutrients (dissolved iron and manganese). The magnitude of those benthic sources was similar to or greater than that of allochthonous sources. The highest DOC benthic flux to the water column occurred immediately after rewetting occurred. It then decreased during the present study to levels more similar to the adjacent lake. Dissolved ammonia fluxes, initially negative after the levee breaches, became consistently positive through the remainder of the study. Nitrate fluxes, also initially negative, became negligible two years after the levee breaches. In contrast to previous laboratory studies, SRP fluxes remained positive, as did fluxes of dissolved iron and manganese. Our results indicate that the timescales of chemical changes following hydrologic reconnection of wetlands are solute-specific and in some cases extend for multiple years beyond the reconnection event. During the present study, colonization of the reconnected wetlands by aquatic benthic invertebrates gradually generated assemblages similar to those in a nearby wetland refuge and provided further evidence of the multiyear transition of this area to permanent aquatic habitat. Such timescales should be considered when developing water-quality management strategies to achieve wetland-restoration goals. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1995–2013. © 2012 SETAC
Thyroid endocrine dysregulation and erythrocyte DNA damage associated with PBDE exposure in juvenile crucian carp collected from an e-waste dismantling site in Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Song Yang , Wu Nanxiang , Tao He , Tan Yufeng , Gao Ming , Han Jianlong , Shen Haitao , Liu Kecheng , Lou Jianlin 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In the present study, 40 juvenile crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were caught from a river close to an electronic waste (e-waste) site (exposed group) and another located 80 km away from the e-waste site (control group) in Zhejiang, China. Results indicated that muscle levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (median PBDEs, 235.98 ng/g wet wt; range, 7.70–703.31 ng/g wet wt), serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (median TSH, 2.32 µIU/ml; range, 2.05–2.72 µIU/ml) and erythrocyte DNA damage level (median Olive tail movement, 16.27 µm; range, 4.28–27.51 µm) were higher in the exposed group than those in the control group (0.56 ng/g wet wt, range, 0.34–1.24 ng/g wet wt, p &lt; 0.01; 1.70 µIU/ml, range, 1.40–2.08 µIU/ ml, p &lt; 0.01; 6.06 µm, range, 2.01–10.72 µm, p &lt; 0.01, respectively). Thyroxine (T4) was significantly lower in the exposed group (8.97 µIU/ml) than in the control group (12.47 µIU/ml). In addition, thyroid endocrine disorder and erythrocyte DNA damage levels were significantly associated with polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure. Hence, PBDEs may affect wild fish populations in real ecosystems with thyroid endocrine disruption and DNA damage. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2047–2051. © 2012 SETAC
Photocatalytic reactive oxygen species production and phototoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles are dependent on the solar ultraviolet radiation spectrum
Authors: Ma Hongbo , Brennan Amanda , Diamond Stephen A. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) and its consequent phototoxicity to Daphnia magna were measured under different solar ultraviolet (UV) spectra by applying a series of optical filters in a solar simulator. Removing UV-B (280–320 nm) from solar radiation had no significant impact on photocatalytic ROS production of nano-TiO2, whereas removal of UV-A (320–400 nm) decreased ROS production remarkably. Removal of wavelengths below 400 nm resulted in negligible ROS production. A linear correlation between ROS production and D. magna immobilization suggests that photocatalytic ROS production may be a predictor of phototoxicity for nano-TiO2. Intracellular ROS production within D. magna was consistent with the immobilization of the organism under different solar UV spectra, indicating that oxidative stress was involved in phototoxicity. The dependence of nano-TiO2 phototoxicity on environmentally realistic variations in solar radiation suggests that risk assessment of these nanomaterials requires careful evaluation of exposure conditions in the environment. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2099–2107. © 2012 SETAC
Bioaccumulation and distribution of perfloroalkyl acids in seafood products from Bohai Bay, China
Authors: Yang Liping , Tian Shengyan , Zhu Lingyan , Liu Zhengtao , Zhang Yahui 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Ten perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) were measured in seafood collected from Bohai Bay, China in 2010. The summed concentrations of the PFAAs were in the ranges of not detected to 194 ng/g dry weight and 4.0 to 304 ng/g dry weight for invertebrates and fish, respectively. The levels of perflurooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the seafood were lower than those from North America, the Mediterranean Sea, and South Korea. Living habitat, trophic level, and feeding habits had important impacts on the bioaccumulation and distribution of PFAAs in the seafood. The species at higher trophic levels had the potential to accumulate more PFAAs than benthic invertebrates. Tidal-flat organisms tended to accumulate more PFOA than PFOS, whereas the opposite was seen for shallow-water species. For all the species, PFOS and PFOA were partitioned preferentially in the liver or viscera. Risk assessment indicated that the current level of PFAAs in the seafood of Bohai Bay does not represent an immediate source of harm to public health. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 1972–1979. © 2012 SETAC
A two‐step method for predicting time to flashover in room corner test fires using cone calorimeter data
Authors: Wang Zhaozhi , Hu Xiaoqin , Jia Fuchen , Galea Edwin R. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA method to predict time to flashover in ISO 9705 room corner fire tests based on cone calorimeter data is proposed in this paper. The method involves classification of materials and estimation of time to flashover as two steps in sequence. In the first step, the investigated material is classified into discriminating material groups. In the second step, the time to flashover is calculated with a derived formula for the corresponding material group, which contains material density, time to ignition and heat release rate collected from small‐scale experiments. Compared with two existing models, the proposed method has improved the prediction precisions in both the time to flashover and classification of material categories for a wide range of materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian networks in environmental and resource management
Authors: Barton David N , Kuikka Sakari , Varis Olli , Uusitalo Laura , Henriksen Hans Jørgen , Borsuk Mark , de la Hera Africa , Farmani Raziyeh , Johnson Sandra , Linnell John DC 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This overview article for the special series, “Bayesian Networks in Environmental and Resource Management,” reviews 7 case study articles with the aim to compare Bayesian network (BN) applications to different environmental and resource management problems from around the world. The article discusses advances in the last decade in the use of BNs as applied to environmental and resource management. We highlight progress in computational methods, best-practices for model design and model communication. We review several research challenges to the use of BNs in environmental and resource management that we think may find a solution in the near future with further research attention. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 418–429. © 2012 SETAC
Development and initial validation of an outcome measure for home visitation: The healthy families parenting inventory
Authors: Krysik Judy , Lecroy Craig W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe Healthy Families Parenting Inventory (HFPI) is a 63‐item outcome measure that was designed to examine change in nine parenting‐related domains. The HFPI was developed to respond to the need for an outcome measure for home visitation programs that is relevant to the intervention, sensitive to change, and appropriate with a diverse participant base, and would produce data that are immediately useful in practice. The authors detail the steps in the development and initial validation of the HFPI. The pattern of inter‐item and item‐to‐subscale correlations as well as an exploratory factor analysis and sensitivity to change analysis support the nine‐factor model of the HFPI.
Maternal attachment representations and the development of very low birth weight premature infants at two years of age
Authors: González‐Serrano Fernando , Lasa Alberto , Hernanz Manuel , Tapia Xabier , Torres Maria , Castro Carolina , Ibañez Berta 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThere is a consensus that prematurity could increase the risk of attachment impairment. We studied 90 premature children with very low birth weights (<1,500 g) and 96 healthy children born at term with similar age and sociodemographic characteristics. Our objective was to assess maternal stress and attachment representations, and compare development indices on both groups at 2 years of age. Premature infants had a medium‐to‐severe degree of immaturity and biological risk (M gestational age = 29.98 weeks; birth weight = 1,159.76 g), with 57% staying in the ICU ≥1 week. These children born prematurely had lower scores on the development indices within the normal range. Mothers of premature infants (n = 74) reported higher levels of stress during their first year of life (59%) than did controls (41%), but no significant differences were detected in maternal attachment discourse between the two groups. The findings confirm that premature birth has a great influence on maternal emotional responses and the health and development of children in the first years of life, and indicate that stress responses in parents and warning signs for attachment problems should be assessed as early as possible.