bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vakuumtrocknung in der Industrie
Authors: Keichel Wolfgang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie Trocknung unter einem gegenüber dem Atmosphärendruck verminderten Systemdruck eignet sich in erster Linie für die Behandlung temperaturempfindlicher oder leicht zersetzbarer Güter, weil hierbei die Siedetemperatur der aufzutrocknenden Flüssigkeit entsprechend dem Verlauf der Dampfdruckkurve herabgesetzt werden kann. Die Vakuumtrocknung kann nach individuellen Temperatur‐ und Druckprofilen gefahren werden, so daß eine Verdampfungstrocknung mit kurzen Trocknungszeiten bei relativ niedrigen Temperaturen möglich ist.Anlaß für technische Neu‐ und Weiterentwicklungen von Vakuumtrocknern sind die Bemühungen der Apparatebauindustrie, die vielseitigen Anforderungen der Anwender von vakuumtechnischen Trocknungsverfahren mit betriebssicheren und wirtschaftlichen Konstruktionen zu erfüllen. Hierzu gehören im wesentlichen die Führung des Trocknungsprozesses den unterschiedlichen Gutseigenschaften anzupassen, Gutsschädigungen zu vermeiden, die Trocknungszeiten zu verkürzen und die Prozeßstufe auf zweckmäßige Weise in den Produktionsablauf einzufügen.
Kurzwegdestillation
Authors: Stahl Bernhard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUnter mehreren Verfahren der Vakuum‐Destillation hat sich für Bedürfnisse des Labors, des Versuchsbetriebes und der Produktion die sogenannte Kurzweg‐Destillation als das wirkungsvollste Verfahren erwiesen. Besonders dort, wo z.B. in Pharmazie, im Kosmetikbereich oder bei den Kunstharzen temperaturlabile Stoffgemische thermisch getrennt werden müssen, hat sich die Vakuum‐Destillation — in ihrer Variante der Kurzweg‐Destillation — als Verfahren unentbehrlich gemacht.
Einführung in die industrielle Dichtheitsprüftechnik
Authors: Fuhrmann Wolfgang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie industrielle Dichtheitsprüftechnik beruht heute im wesentlichen auf dem Verfahren der Testgas‐Massenspektrometer‐Prüfmethoden und in anderen Spezifikationsbereichen auf der Methode der Druckmeßverfahren — Luftmeßtechniken (δp‐Druckanstieg, — Druckabfall, —Druckdifferenz usw.).Die Maschinen der industriellen Dichtheitsprüftechnik werden ausschließlich nach Kunden‐ und Produktspezifikationen gebaut und dienen zum Prüfen von Bauteilen und Baugruppen, die im Bereich der Investitionsgüterindustrie in hohen Stückzahlen (pro Tag z.T. mehrere 1000 Einheiten) hergestellt werden.Die Maschinen müssen nach strengen Industrienormen und z.T. umfangreichen Vorschriften der Betreiber gebaut werden, sodaß sich im Laufe der Jahre ein sehr spezieller Bereich der Prüf‐ und Meßtechnik in Zusammenarbeit mit dem einschlägigen Maschinenbau entwickelt hat.Als typische Beispiele werden zwei vollautomatische industrielle Dichtheitsprüfmaschinen vorgestellt— Vollautomatische Dichtheitsprüfanlage zum Prüfen von Hermetik‐Kältekompressoren im 12 s‐Produktionstakt.— Vollautomatische industrielle Dichtheitsprüfanlage zum Prüfen von Fässern im 5 s‐Produktionstakt.
„Moderne Bildröhrenfertigung mit Turbo‐Molekularpumpen”︁
Authors: Urban Dietrich 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn diesem Artikel wird über den Einsatz von Turbo‐Molekularpumpen bei der Endevakuierung von Bildröhren berichtet. Dabei wird auf das Anforderungsprofil eingegangen. Des weiteren werden die Vorteile im Vergleich zum herkömmlichen Diffusions‐Pumpensystem aufgezeigt.Turbo‐Molekularpumpen haben bei der Fertigung von Bildröhren entscheidende Vorteile hinsichtlich der Produktqualität und der Wirtschaftlichkeit, die sich in der Praxis eindrucksvoll bestätigen.Damit hat sich für die Turbo‐Molekularpumpen eine weitere Industrieanwendung unter erschwerten Bedingungen eröffnet.
Auger‐Elektronenspektroskopie an Festkörperoberflächen Teil 2: Anwendungen
Authors: Viefhaus H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie im ersten Teil des Artikels über Auger‐elektronenspektroskopie (AES) behandelten theoretischen Grundlagen und experimentellen Voraussetzungen werden im zweiten Teil durch typische Anwendungsbeispiele für die AES‐Methode aus dem Bereich der Eisen‐ und Stahlforschung ergänzt. Aus dem Bereich der Grundlagenforschung werden AES‐Untersuchungen zur Oberflächensegregation, d.h. zur Elementanreicherung auf Metallproben durch Diffusion zur Oberfläche bei Temperaturerhöhung, diskutiert, sowie Beispiele zu den mehr praxisorientierten Korngrenzenanreicherungsphänomenen bei metallischen Legierungen. Neben Anwendungen der AES‐Methode zur Charakterisierung anfänglicher Oxidationszustände und der Haftung von Oxiden auf metallischen Legierungen werden abschließend oberflächenanalytische Untersuchungen an extrem dünnen organischen Beschichtungen auf Metallsubstraten behandelt.
Modeling vegetation and land use in models of the Earth System
Authors: Levis Samuel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLand surface modeling was invented to represent the atmosphere's lower boundary over continental areas in climate models. Mass, momentum, and energy cross this boundary via biogeochemical and biogeophysical processes often involving plants. Scientific research with models and in the field strives to refine how the changing face of the land interacts with climate change. Discussed here are methods by which we simulate the vegetation and land use in global models and ways by which vegetation and land use affect climate. Model simulations suggest that global land cover changes due to land use play a greater role in affecting 20th‐ and 21st‐century climate than changes in unmanaged vegetation. Among the biogeochemical and biogeophysical effects of land use, biogeochemical ones seem to dominate and enhance 20th‐ and 21st‐ century warming. Among the effects of natural vegetation, the positive biogeophysical snow‐vegetation‐albedo feedback of the high latitudes is expected to increasingly influence global climate in response to increasing vegetation density. Still, human or natural disturbances and other not well‐understood processes may alter expected outcomes. Interactive nitrogen is one of the newer additions to our models. Nitrogen is found to buffer the terrestrial biosphere's response to forcings, such as changing CO2 or climate. We still have much to learn about nitrogen's role in the Earth System. Yet, if land use dominates the effects of land cover change on climate, then human behavior will be our greatest uncertainty, which includes management choices that are not easy to predict, such as urbanization, deforestation and afforestation, crop expansion or abandonment, as well as crop rotation, irrigation, and fertilization. WIREs Clim Change 2010 1 840–856 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.83This article is categorized under:

Climate Models and Modeling > Earth System Models
Climate Models and Modeling > Model Components
Integrated Assessment of Climate Change > Integrated Assessment Modeling
Preparation, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Studies of Alkaline Earth Nitrocarboxylates
Authors: Srinivasan Bikshandarkoil R. , Shetgaonkar Santosh Y. , Näther Christian 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe preparation, crystal structures, and thermal properties of [Ca(pyr)2(4‐nba)2]n (1) (pyr = pyrazole; 4‐nba = 4‐nitrobenzoate) {[Ca(H2O)2(3‐npth)]·H2O}n (2) (3‐npth = 3‐nitrophthalate), [Mg(H2O)5(3‐npth)]·2H2O (3), and [Mg(H2O)4(2‐nba)2] (4) (2‐nba = 2‐nitrobenzoate) are reported. The anhydrous CaII compound 1 and the diaqua CaII‐3‐nitrophthalate monohydrate 2 are one‐dimensional coordination polymers containing a hexacoordinate CaII ion located on a center of inversion in 1 and a heptacoordinated CaII ion in 2. In 1, the 4‐nitrobenzoate moiety acts as a μ2‐bridging bidentate ligand, whereas the 3‐nitrophthalate anion exhibits a μ3‐bridging pentadentate coordination mode in 2. The hexacoordinate MgII‐containing compounds 3 and 4 do not contain a [Mg(H2O)6]2+ unit and the central MgII ion is coordinated to at least one monodentate carboxylate unit namely the monodentate 3‐npth molecule in 3 and two trans monodentate 2‐nba molecules in 4. Hydrogen bonding between the lattice water molecules results in the formation of a water dimer in 3. A comparative study of 17 alkaline earth nitrocarboxylates is described.
Synthesis, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Properties of RuII Polypyridyl Complexes Bridged with two Tetrapodal Symmetric and one Asymmetric Ligands
Authors: Cheng Feixiang , Chen Jishu , Sun Chengke , Tang Ning , Chen Longhai 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTwo symmetric tetrapodal ligands L1–2 and one asymmetric tetrapodal ligand L3 based on 4,5‐diazafluoren have been synthesized and characterized. Ligands L1–2 formed by the condensation of pentaerythrityl tetratosylate with 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐oxime and 9‐(4‐hydroxy)phenylimino‐4,5‐diazafluorene, respectively. L3 was prepared by two steps, 9‐(4‐hydroxy)phenylimino‐4,5‐diazafluorene reacted with pentaerythrityl tetratosylate affording 1,1′,1"‐tris[(4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐ylimino)phenoxymethyl]‐1"′‐(p‐tosyloxymethyl)‐methane, which reacted with 4,5‐diazafluoren‐9‐oxime affording the asymmetric ligand L3. Three tetranuclear RuII complexes [(bpy)8L1–3Ru4](PF6)8 (bpy = bipyridine) were obtained by the reaction of Ru(bpy)2Cl2·2H2O with ligands L1–3. Spectroscopic studies of these complexes exhibit metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer absorptions at 440–445 nm and emissions at 575–579 nm. The electrochemical behaviors of these complexes are consistent with one RuII‐based oxidation couple and three ligand‐centered reduction couples.
The High‐Pressure Phase of MgB2C2
Authors: Wörle Michael , Fischbach Urs , Widmer Daniel , Krumeich Frank , Nesper Reinhard , Evers Jürgen , Stalder Roland , Ulmer Peter 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA high‐pressure modification of MgB2C2 was synthesized and structurally characterized. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnnm, with the lattice parameters a = 7.19633(3) Å, b = 4.61791(13) Å and c = 2.77714(8) Å. The compound contains heterographene B–C nets, isoelectronic to graphite, just like the ambient pressure modification. The layers are intercalated by magnesium atoms, which are arranged in a chain‐like manner. According to Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the high‐pressure form of MgB2C2 is a semiconductor with a band gap of 1.02 eV. The compound does not undergo a superconducting transition down to 2 K.
CRIM‐negative infantile Pompe disease: 42‐month treatment outcome
Authors: Rohrbach Marianne , Klein Andrea , Köhli‐Wiesner Alice , Veraguth Dorothe , Scheer Ianina , Balmer Christian , Lauener Roger , Baumgartner Matthias R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPompe disease is a rare lysosomal glycogen storage disorder characterized by deficiency of acid α‐glucosidase enzyme (GAA) and caused by mutations in the GAA gene. Infantile‐type Pompe disease is a multiorgan disorder presenting with cardiomyopathy, hypotonia, and muscular weakness, which is usually fatal. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human GAA (rhGAA) has recently been shown to be effective and subsequently yielded promising results in cross‐reactive immunologic material (CRIM)‐positive patients. CRIM‐negative patients showed a limited response to ERT and died or were ventilator dependant. Over a period of 44 months, we monitored cognitive and motor development, behavior, auditory function, and brain imaging of a CRIM‐negative infantile Pompe disease patient on rhGAA and monoclonal anti‐immunoglobulin E (anti‐IgE) antibody (omalizumab) treatment due to severe allergic reaction. Cardiorespiratory and skeletal muscle response was significant, with almost normal motor development. Cognitive development—in particular, speech and language—deviated increasingly from normal age‐appropriate development and was markedly delayed at 44 months, unexplained by moderate sensorineural hearing impairment. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 18, 30, and 44 months of age revealed symmetrical signal alteration of the deep white matter. Titer values of IgG antibodies to rhGAA always remained <1:800. The potential role of omalizumab in immune modulation remains to be elucidated; however, this is the first report presenting a ventilator‐free survival of a CRIM‐negative patient beyond the age of 36 months. The central nervous system (CNS) findings are hypothesized to be part of a yet not fully described CNS phenotype in treated patients with longer survival.
Voice disorders in children with classic galactosemia
Authors: Potter Nancy L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChildren with classic galactosemia are at risk for motor speech disorders resulting from disruptions in motor planning and programming (childhood apraxia of speech or CAS) or motor execution (dysarthria). In the present study of 33 children with classic galactosemia, 21% were diagnosed with CAS, 3% with ataxic dysarthria, and 3% with mixed CAS‐dysarthria. Voice disorders due to laryngeal insufficiency were common in children with dysarthria and co‐occurred with CAS. Most (58%) of the children with classic galactosemia had decreased respiratory‐phonatory support for speech, and 33% had disturbed vocal quality that was indicative of cerebellar dysfunction. Three children, two diagnosed with CAS and one not diagnosed with a motor speech disorder, had vocal tremors. Treatment of voice dysfunction in neurogenic speech disorders is discussed.
Highly Efficient Method for Preparing Homogeneous and Stable Colloids Containing Graphene Oxide
Authors: Yu Wei , Xie Huaqing , Wang Xinwei , Wang Xiaoping 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhase transfer method has been developed for preparing homogeneous and stable graphene oxide colloids. Graphene oxide nanosheets (GONs) were successfully transferred from water to n-octane after modification by oleylamine. Corrugation and scrolling exist dominantly in the modified GONs. GONs were single layered with the maximum solubility in n-octane up to 3.82 mg mL-1. Oleylamine molecules chemically attach onto the GONs. Compared with traditional strategies, the phase transfer method has the features of simplicity and high efficiency.
Radial Corrugations of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Driven by Inter-Wall Nonbonding Interactions
Authors: Huang Xu , Liang Wentao , Zhang Sulin 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
We perform large-scale quasi-continuum simulations to determine the stable cross-sectional configurations of free-standing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). We show that at an inter-wall spacing larger than the equilibrium distance set by the inter-wall van der Waals (vdW) interactions, the initial circular cross-sections of the MWCNTs are transformed into symmetric polygonal shapes or asymmetric water-drop-like shapes. Our simulations also show that removing several innermost walls causes even more drastic cross-sectional polygonization of the MWCNTs. The predicted cross-sectional configurations agree with prior experimental observations. We attribute the radial corrugations to the compressive stresses induced by the excessive inter-wall vdW energy release of the MWCNTs. The stable cross-sectional configurations provide fundamental guidance to the design of single MWCNT-based devices and shed lights on the mechanical control of electrical properties.
The Microscopic Origin of Residual Stress for Flat Self-Actuating Piezoelectric Cantilevers
Authors: Lee Jeong Hoon , Hwang Kyo Seon , Kim Tae Song 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
In this study, flat piezoelectric microcantilevers were fabricated under low-stress Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) film conditions. They were analyzed using the Raman spectrum and wafer curvature methods. Based on the residual stress analysis, we found that a thickness of 1 μm was critical, since stress relaxation starts to occur at greater thicknesses, due to surface roughening. The (111) preferred orientation started to decrease when the film thickness was greater than 1 μm. The d33 value was closely related to the stress relaxation associated with the preferred orientation changes. We examined the harmonic response at different PZT cantilever lengths and obtained a 9.4-μm tip displacement at 3 Vp-p at 1 kHz. These analyses can provide a platform for the reliable operation of piezoelectric microdevices, potentially nanodevice when one needs to have simultaneous control of the residual stress and the piezoelectric properties.
Physical and Chemical Processes to Enhance Oil Recovery from Condensed Corn Distillers Solubles
Authors: Majoni Sandra , Wang Tong , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOil recovery from corn fermentation co‐products can provide feedstock for biodiesel production. The effects of physical and chemical processes on oil recovery from condensed corn distillers solubles (CCDS) were investigated. Heating disrupted physical interactions in the CCDS and increased oil recovery by 2.5‐fold when temperature was increased from 25 to 59 °C. Oil recovery at acidic pH conditions was significantly greater than at alkaline pH. Oil recovery at alkaline pH was increased by heating and addition of the reducing agent, sodium metabisulfite. Oil extraction using polar solvents isopropanol and butanol achieved greater than 80% oil recovery. When oil was co‐extracted with zein using hexane and ethanol as co‐solvents, the greatest total oil recovery was achieved, 89%. Churning CCDS at pH 3.5, 50 °C for 3 h achieved up to 80% oil recovery. This study provides data for designing further effective methods for oil separation from corn ethanol co‐products.
The harmonisation of longitudinal data: a case study using data from cohort studies in The Netherlands and the United Kingdom
Authors: BATH PETER A. , DEEG DORLY , POPPELAARS JAN 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a case study of the challenges and requirements associated with harmonising data from two independently-conceived datasets from The Netherlands and the United Kingdom: the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) and the Nottingham Longitudinal Study of Activity and Ageing (NLSAA). The objectives were to create equivalent samples and variables, and to identify the methodological differences that affect the comparability of the samples. Data are available from the two studies' 1992–93 surveys for respondents born during 1908–20, and the common data set had 1,768 records and enabled the creation of 26 harmonised variables in the following domains: demographic composition and personal finances, physical health, mental health and loneliness, contacts with health services, physical activity, religious attendance and pet ownership. The ways in which the methodological differences between the two studies and their different selective attrition might lead to sample differences were carefully considered. It was concluded that the challenges of conducting cross-national comparative research using independent datasets include differences in sampling, study design, measurement instruments, response rates and selective attrition. To reach conclusions from any comparative study about substantive socio-cultural differences, these challenges must first be identified and addressed.
The contribution of new technology to economic growth: lessons from economic history
Authors: Crafts Nicholas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper reviews the analysis of technological change by cliometricians. It focuses on lessons about total factor productivity (TFP) from growth accounting and on aspects of social capability that are conducive to the effective assimilation of new technology. Key messages are that when TFP growth is very rapid this typically involves reductions in inefficiency not just technological advance and that even really important new technologies have small initial effects on aggregate productivity. Incentive structures matter greatly for the adoption of new technology, but social capability is not independent of the technological epoch as the information and communications technology (ICT) era has emphasized to Europeans.
A Party for the Mezzogiorno: The Christian Democratic Party, Agrarian Reform and the Government of Italy
Authors: FORLENZA ROSARIO 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn the 1950s the Christian Democratic party turned its attention to agrarian reform projects and development funding for southern Italy. Its social and economic objectives were the destruction of latifundia, the creation of a class of small landowners, industrial and commercial development and the reduction of territorial inequalities. The ultimate goal, however, was political: to gain loyalty, allegiance and electoral consensus. To manage the economy and direct change, the party had to strengthen the organisation, form a ruling class, lay down territorial roots and widen the scope of its propaganda beyond anti-communism. Elections became the testing ground for the party's new reform strategies.
Development of a grazing-incidence insertion device X-ray beam position monitor at the Advanced Photon Source
Authors: Lee S. H. , Den Hartog P. , Yang B. X. , Decker G. 
Published: September 2010

Beam stability is always a concern in synchrotron light source facilities, and accurate and stable X-ray beam position monitors (XBPM) are key elements in obtaining desired user beam stability. Currently, Advanced Photon Source is preparing to upgrade its facility to increase productivity and to provide better beam stability. For better beam stability, a grazing-incidence insertion device X-ray beam position monitor (GRID-XBPM) is proposed for the insertion device beamline front ends instead of the current photoemission-based XBPM. The design and development of the GRID-XBPM are summarized in this paper including the thermal simulation results of the GRID-XBPM. Thermal and stress analyses show that it withstands the 21 kW total beam power and the peak heat flux of 1684 W mm−2 at a grazing incidence angle of 0.80° using a heat transfer coefficient of 0.010 Wmm−2 °C−1.
GLOOME: gain loss mapping engine
Authors: Cohen Ofir , Ashkenazy Haim , Belinky Frida , Huchon Dorothée , Pupko Tal 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
SUMMARY: The evolutionary analysis of presence and absence profiles (phyletic patterns) is widely used in biology. It is assumed that the observed phyletic pattern is the result of gain and loss dynamics along a phylogenetic tree. Examples of characters that are represented by phyletic patterns include restriction sites, gene families, introns and indels, to name a few. Here, we present a user-friendly web server that accurately infers branch-specific and site-specific gain and loss events. The novel inference methodology is based on a stochastic mapping approach utilizing models that reliably capture the underlying evolutionary processes. A variety of features are available including the ability to analyze the data with various evolutionary models, to infer gain and loss events using either stochastic mapping or maximum parsimony, and to estimate gain and loss rates for each character analyzed.
Availability: Freely available for use at http://gloome.tau.ac.il/
Contact: talp@post.tau.ac.il