bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Headache Among Nigerian University Students
Authors: Ogunyemi A.O. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISUsing a questionnaire, the prevalence of headache as a primary symptom was investigated amongstudents of University of Ilorin. A total of 448 female and 1308 male students who constitute 72% and 69%respectively of the entire female and male student population of the University were studied.61% of the females and 69% of the males suffered from recurrent headache. Classical migraine wasfound among 5.1% of the female and 3.4% of the male students respectively. Common migraine occurredabout 3 times as frequently as classical migraine. Muscle contraction ‐ Vascular headache was thecommonest type of headache and was diagnosed in 24% of the female and 33% of the male students.Tension headache affected 16.5% and 9.9% of the female and male students respectively, while clusterheadache was the affliction of 3 male students who constitute about 0.2% of the male student population.The commonest precipitating factors for the headache were mental and physical exhaustion, heat andmental stress for female students, and for male students, they were mental stress and alcohol. It isconcluded that recurrent headache is a very common symptom among the University students of Nigeria.
Raynaud's Phenomenon Complicated by Recurrent Brain Infarction
Authors: Levy A. , Kuritzky A. , Salamon F. , Aderka D. , Matz S. , Zoldan J. , Bechar M. , Pinkhas J. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISA young patient with a family history of migraine, livedo reticularis and recurrent transient episodes of neurologic deficits is presently reported. It is possible that all three conditions are a single clinical syndrome of generalized arterial vasospasm.
Intravenous Chlorpromazine ‐ Preliminary Results In Acute Migraine
Authors: Lane RL. , Ross R. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISAcute migraine headache is a common presentation in the Emergency Department. Patients have usually taken a variety of prescription and non‐prescription medications prior to presentation ‐ narcotics, ergotamine preparations, etc. Because of the side effects and addictive potential of narcotics, an alternative was sought. Because of some theoretical attractions and encouraging early results, intravenous chlorpromazine (CPZ) was used, in small bolus injections into an established line. A retrospective analysis was conducted. This involved 40 patients, and a total of 52 emergency department visits, with a discharge diagnosis of migraine. Dose of CPZ required varied from 5–50 mg., with a mean of 21.7 mg. The therapy was completely effective on 38/52 occasions, left very mild residual headache on 11/52 occasions, and provided only mild relief on the other 3/52 occasions. Adverse effects were minimal, with most patients reporting some drowsiness and 10/52 patients reporting symptoms of hypotension. This cleared with bedrest and a short bolus of IV fluids. This degree of efficacy would appear superior to the alternative modes of therapy available, although few reports exist. It is concluded that a controlled trial is needed to fully establish this new mode of therapy.
Migraine, as Compared to Other Headaches, Is Worse During Midnight‐Sun Summer Than During Polar Night. A Questionnaire Study in an Arctic Population
Authors: Salvesen Rolf , Bekkelund Svein I. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.—To investigate potential seasonal variation of migraine and other headaches in an Arctic population where light conditions are extreme during both winter and summer.Background.—Due to the immense seasonal variation in sunlight, focus on seasonal migraine variation in a population living in an Arctic area is interesting even from a theoretical point of view.Methods.—Northern Norway comprises the three Norwegian counties north of the Arctic Circle. There are three neurology centers in this region, which provide service for approximately half a million people. During a 2‐year period, 1403 patients (0.3% of the population) were referred to these centers for a specialist assessment of their headache. A questionnaire was mailed to all these patients; the questionnaire included questions on headache characteristics to make it possible to identify migraine according to the International Headache Society criteria. Questions on seasonal variation of headache were also included.Results.—One thousand fifty‐two patients (75%) returned the questionnaire. Nineteen percent reported that their headaches clearly did vary with season; 11% experienced more headache during polar night, while 7% had more symptoms during midnight sun season. When the migraine and nonmigraine groups were compared, significant differences were demonstrated. Patients with nonmigrainous headache were more likely to have increased headaches during the dark winter season, while patients with migraine experienced more headache during the summer (P = .002).Conclusions.—Patients with migraine were more likely to have headache during the bright Arctic summer season, and this distinguishes migraine from other headaches in this study. This observation may pertain to the increased light sensitivity and recently demonstrated cortical hyperexcitability in patients with migraine, and may perhaps suggest a role of the hypothalamus and/or melatonin secretion in migraine pathophysiology.
Nociceptive Blink Reflex and Visual Evoked Potential Habituations Are Correlated in Migraine
Authors: Di Clemente Laura , Coppola Gianluca , Magis Delphine , Fumal Arnaud , De Pasqua Victor , Schoenen Jean 
Published: August 2010

Background.—Lack of habituation, as reported in migraine patients between attacks for evoked cortical responses, was also recently found for the nociceptive blink reflex (nBR) mediated by brainstem neurons. It is not known if both brain stem and cortical habituation deficits are correlated in the same patient, which would favor a common underlying mechanism.Objective.—To search for intraindividual correlations between habituation of pattern reversal‐visual evoked potentials and that of the nociception‐specific blink reflex in migraineurs and in healthy volunteers (HV).Methods.—We recorded 15 HV and 15 migraine without aura patients between attacks. Habituation for visual evoked potentials was measured by comparing the N1–P1 amplitude change (%) between the first and sixth block of 100 sequential averaged responses. Habituation for the nBR was defined as the percentage change of the R2 response area between the 1st and 10th block of five averaged EMG responses, elicited by stimulating the right side every 2 minutes for 32 minutes. We also calculated the slope of N1–P1 amplitude and R2 response area changes from the first to the last response and the correlation with attack frequency.Results.—A significant habituation deficit in both cortical and brain stem evoked activity characterized on average the group of migraineurs compared to controls. In migraine patients, but not in HV, we found a significant positive correlation between habituation of pattern reversal‐visual evoked potentials and that of the nociception‐specific blink reflex both for the degree of habituation between first and last blocks of averagings (r = 0.703; P= .003) and for the habituation slope (r = 0.751; P= .001). Moreover, nBR habituation was positively correlated with attack frequency (r = 0.548; P= .034).Conclusion.—The positive correlation between visual evoked potential and nBR habituations is consistent with the idea that in migraine the same neurobiological dysfunction might be responsible for the habituation deficit both in cortex and brain stem. As nBR habituation increases with attack frequency, its interictal deficit is unlikely to be due to trigeminal sensitization.
Reversible Anorgasmia With Topiramate Therapy for Headache: A Report of 7 Patients
Authors: Sun Christina , Lay Christine , Broner Susan , Silberstein Stephen , Tepper Stewart , Newman Lawrence 
Published: August 2010

Objective.—To describe 7 patients who developed new onset anorgasmia while using topiramate therapy for migraine prophylaxis.Background.—Topiramate is an effective drug for the prevention of migraine headaches. Though it is generally well tolerated, it may be associated with a dose‐related anorgasmia.Methods.—Case reportsResults.—Seven patients (5 women, 2 men), between the ages of 40 and 62, developed anorgasmia while using topiramate for headache prevention. Four women and 2 men had migraine without aura, and 1 woman had migraine with aura. None had a prior history of anorgasmia or sexual dysfunction. Doses associated with this side effect ranged from 45 to 200 mg daily. All subjects had symptom resolution. Six patients had resolution within 7 days of discontinuing or decreasing the medication; the exact time frame of resolution for the seventh patient is unknown.Conclusion.—In our series, anorgasmia was a reversible, dose‐related adverse effect of topiramate. Physicians need to be aware of the potential for topiramate to cause sexual side effects, and should inquire about these symptoms in patients for whom this agent has been prescribed.
Characteristics of Migraine Attacks and Responses to Almotriptan Treatment: A Comparison of Menstrually Related and Nonmenstrually Related Migraines
Authors: Diamond Merle L. , Cady Roger K. , Mao Lian , Biondi David M. , Finlayson Gary , Greenberg Steven J. , Wright Pamela 
Published: August 2010

Objectives.— To compare the clinical characteristics of menstrually related migraines (MRMs) and nonmenstrually related migraines (nonMRMs) and to investigate the efficacy of almotriptan in the treatment of these migraine subtypes.Design/Methods.— These are post hoc analyses of data from the AXERT® Early miGraine Intervention Study (AEGIS), a multicenter, double‐blind, parallel‐group trial that evaluated adults with IHS‐defined migraine with and without aura. Patients were randomized 1 : 1 to treat 3 consecutive headaches with almotriptan 12.5 mg or matching placebo at the first sign of headache typical of their usual migraine, at any level of pain intensity but within 1 hour of onset. MRMs were defined as those occurring ±2 days of the first day of menstrual flow. Post hoc analyses to describe headache characteristics pooled all migraine attacks experienced by patients who reported ≥1 menses during the study regardless of assigned treatment group. The post hoc efficacy analyses included outcomes of almotriptan treatment compared with placebo treatment for all migraines in patients with a menstrual record.Results.— Of the 275 women in the AEGIS intent‐to‐treat population, 190 (69.1%; 97 almotriptan, 93 placebo; aged 18‐54 years) reported ≥1 menses during the trial. Of the 506 migraines reported by these patients, 95 (18.8%) occurred ±2 days of the first day of menstrual flow and were defined as MRM. Aura was associated with 11.7% of MRM and 15.0% of nonMRM. Allodynia‐associated symptoms were present with 62.8% of MRM and 57.0% of nonMRM. Prior to treatment, 19.1% of MRM were associated with normal functional ability, 68.1% with disturbed functional ability, and 12.8% required bed rest compared with 18.9%, 68.8%, and 12.3%, respectively, of nonMRM. Pretreatment pain intensity was mild in 40.0%, moderate in 47.4%, and severe in 12.6% of MRM compared with 43.6%, 47.2%, and 9.2%, respectively, of nonMRM. Almotriptan treatment efficacy outcomes for MRM vs nonMRM, respectively, were: 2‐hour pain relief, 77.4% vs 68.3%; 2‐hour pain free, 35.4% vs 35.9%; and sustained pain free, 22.9% vs 23.8%. Almotriptan was similarly effective in relieving migraine‐associated symptoms and improving functional disability associated with both MRM and nonMRM.Conclusions.— Prior to treatment, the presence of migraine‐associated characteristics including aura, allodynia‐associated symptoms, photophobia, phonophobia, and nausea were similar for both MRM and nonMRM attacks. The pretreatment levels of pain intensity and functional disability were likewise similar across the migraine subtypes. Almotriptan was equally effective in the treatment of both MRM and nonMRM attacks and was associated with an adverse event profile that was similar to placebo treatment.
SB 242084: A Selective 5‐HT2CReceptor Antagonist
Authors: Di Matteo Vincenzo , Di Giovanni Giuseppe , Esposito Ennio 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSB 242084 is the most potent and selective 5‐HT2Creceptor antagonist thus far available. Thus, SB 242084 has high affinity for the cloned human 5‐HT2Creceptor with a pKiof 9.0, a much lower affinity for the human cloned 5‐HT2B(pKi7.0) and 5‐HT2A(pKi6.8) receptors, and low affinity for other 5‐HT, dopamine, and adrenergic receptors. In the 5‐HT‐stimulated PI hydrolysis model of 5‐HT2Creceptor function, SB 242084 was found to be a competitive antagonist with a pKBof 9.3. A series ofin vivostudies have shown that SB 242084 is a very effective antagonist of behavioral responses mediated by 5‐HT2Creceptors such as penile erections, and the hypophagic and hypolocomotor effect of mCPP in rats. In addition, this compound has anxiolytic‐like properties. Moreover, SB 242084 increases the basal activity of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA and thein vivoDA release in the nucleus accumbens, and it is capable of blocking the inhibitory effects of mCPP and RO 60‐0175 on mesolimbic dopaminergic activity. These data are consistent with the evidence that 5‐HT2Creceptors exert an inhibitory control upon the mesolimbic dopaminergic system.Taken togheter, the available data on SB 242084 might have implication for the possible use of this compound in the treatment of anxiety, depression, and the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Ion Channel Diseases of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Li Ming , Lester Henry A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTIn the last decade, advances in molecular genetics and cellular electrophysiology have increased our understanding of ion channel function. A number of diseases termed “channelopathies” have been discovered that are caused by ion channel dysfunction. Channelopathies can be caused by autoimmune, iatrogenic, toxic or genetic mechanisms. Mutations in genes encoding ion channel proteins that disrupt channel function are now the most commonly identified cause of channelopathies, perhaps because gene disruption is readily detected by the methods of molecular genetics. Ion channels are abundant in the central nervous system (CNS), but CNS channelopathies are rare; however, they overlap with some important neurological disorders, such as epilepsy, ataxia, migraine, schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. It is possible that more CNS channelopathies will be discovered when additional ion channels are characterized and the complex mechanisms of brain function are better understood. At present, increased knowledge of the identity, structure and function of ion channels is facilitating diagnosis and treatment of many channelopathies.
Fluvoxamine as an Adjunctive Agent in Schizophrenia
Authors: Silver Henry 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSchizophrenia is a common mental disorder that has an early onset and rates high as a cause of medical disability. Antipsychotic agents are the mainstay of treatment but response is often inadequate. Negative symptoms (disturbances in volition, social interaction and affective functions) are particularly difficult to treat and form a major obstacle to rehabilitation. A promising approach to improve response of negative symptoms has been to add a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant to antipsychotic treatment. This review examines evidence pertaining to the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of the SSRI fluvoxamine, combined with antipsychotic agents, in the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Important methodological issues, such as differentiating primary and secondary negative symptoms, are discussed. The balance of available evidence indicates that fluvoxamine can improve primary negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia patients treated with typical antipsychotic s and suggests that it may also do so in some patients treated with clozapine. This combination is generally safe and well tolerated although, as antipsychotic drug concentrations may be elevated, attention to dose and drug monitoring should be considered appropriately. Combination with clozapine may require particular caution because of potential toxicity if serum clozapine levels rise steeply. The fluvoxamine doses effective in augmentation are lower than those usually used to treat depression. Evidence regarding the use of fluvoxamine augmentation to treat phenomena, such as obsessions and aggression, which may be associated with Schizo Prenia, is also examined. An impartant goal of future studies will be to define which patint groups can benefit from combined treatment.
YM872: A Selective, Potent and Highly Water‐Soluble α‐Amino‐3‐Hydroxy‐5‐Methylisoxazole‐4‐Propionic Acid Receptor Antagonist
Authors: Takahashi Masayasu , Kohara Atsuyuki , Shishikura Jun‐ichi , Kawasaki‐Yatsugi Sachiko , Ni Jian Wei , Yatsugi Shin‐ichi , Sakamoto Shuichi , Okada Masamichi , Shimizu‐Sasamata Masao , Yamaguchi Tokio 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis review focuses on thein vitroandin vivoneuropharmacology of YM872, a potential neuroprotective agent currently undergoing clinical trials in the United States (trial name: AMPA Receptor Antagonist Treatment in Ischemic Stroke — ARTIST). Its neuroprotective properties in rats and cats with induced focal cerebral ischemia are described. YM872, [2,3‐dioxo‐7‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl)‐6‐nitro‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoxalin‐1‐yl]‐acetic acid monohydrate, is a selective, potent and highly water‐soluble competitive α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptor antagonist. YM872 has a potent inhibitory effect on [3H]AMPA binding with aKivalue of 0.096 μM. In contrast, YM872 has very low affinity for other ionotropic glutamate receptors. The solubility of YM872 is approximately 500 to 1000 times higher than that of the other competitive AMPA antagonists: YM90K, NBQX, or CNQX. The neuroprotective efficacy of YM872 was investigated in rats and cats subjected to permanent occlusion of the left middle cerebral artery. The animals were assessed either histologically or neurologically following ischemia. In rats with occluded middle cerebral artery (MCAO) YM872, by i.v. infusion, significantly reduced infarct volume measured at 24 h and 1 week after ischemia. Significant neuroprotection was maintained even when drug administration was delayed for up to 2 h after ischemia. In addition, YM872 significantly improved neurological deficit measured at 1 week after ischemia. In cats with MCAO YM872, by i.v. infusion, dose‐dependently reduced infarct volume at 6 h after ischemia. YM872 produced no behavioral abnormalities and was not nephrotoxic. The evidence for the neuroprotective efficacy of YM872 suggests its therapeutic potential in the treatment of acute stroke in humans.
Dihydroetorphine: A Potent Analgesic: Pharmacology, Toxicology, Pharmacokinetics, and Clinical Effects
Authors: Ohmori Satoshi , Morimoto Yasunori 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDihydroetorphine (DHE) is one of the strongest analgesic opioid alkaloids known; it is 1000 to 12,000 times more potent than morphine. Severalin vitroandin vivostudies have shown that DHE is a selective μ‐opioid receptor (OP3) agonist that also binds and activates all human recombinant μ‐, δ‐, and k‐opioid receptors (OP3, OP1, and OP2). The onset of the analgesic effect of DHE in rodents is rapid, 5 to 15 min after parenteral administration; the duration of action is short, the analgesic effect disappears within 120 min after administration. By oral administration much higher doses of DHE are required to produce analgesic effects. These characteristics are accounted for by the pharmacokinetic properties of DHE in the rat, namely, by rapid distribution of DHE from the injection site to the brain and rapid metabolism by glucuronidation in the gut and liver followed by elimination into the bile. Continuous infusion and repeated administration of DHE lead to the development of tolerance to analgesia, physical dependence, and a rewarding effect in normal rats but not in animals with formalin‐induced inflammation. Although formalin‐induced inflammation is only one type of pain stimulus, these findings suggest that DHE addiction would be observed only in the case of pain‐free conditions. Clinical reports in China show that sublingual doses of DHE, 20 to 180 μg, produce a potent analgesic effect with only mild side effects, including dizziness, somnolence, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and shortness of breath. To improve the short‐lasting effect following sublingual administration, transdermal delivery of DHE via a patch has been investigated. The patch formulation of DHE produces continuous analgesic effect with minimal physical dependence and rewarding effect in rats suffering from chronic pain. This patch formulation, which is very suitable for DHE, may be viable for the treatment of severe pain and is likely to improve patients' quality of life.
BAY 38–7271: A Novel Highly Selective and Highly Potent Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Mauler Frank , Horváth Ervin , De Vry Jean , Jäger Rainer , Schwarz Thomas , Sandmann Steffen , Weinz Corinna , Heinig Roland , Böttcher Michael 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of mortality and morbidity in adults under 40 years of age in industrialized countries. Worldwide the incidence is increasing, about 9.5 million people are hospitalized per year due to TBI, and the death rate is estimated to be more than one million people per year. Recently BAY 38–7271 has been characterized as a structurally novel, selective and highly potent cannabinoid CB1/CB2receptor agonistin vitroandin vivowith pronounced neuroprotective efficacy in a rat traumatic brain injury model, showing a therapeutic window of at least 5 h. Furthermore, neuroprotective efficacy was also found in models of transient and permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and brain edema models as well. In this article we review thein vitroandin vivopharmacology of BAY 38–7271, the results from acute and subacute toxicity studies, pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism in animals and healthy male volunteers. In phase I studies BAY 38–7271 was safe and well tolerated when administered by i.v. infusion for either 1 or 24 h.As the doses of BAY 38–7271 in animals needed for maximal neuroprotective efficacy were significantly lower than those inducing typical cannabinoid‐like side effects, it is to be expected that the compound will offer a novel therapeutic approach with a favorable therapeutic window for the treatment of TBI or cerebral ischemia.