bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide over Transition Metal Oxides
Authors: Royer Sébastien , Duprez Daniel 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOxidation into CO2is a major solution to CO abatement in air depollution treatments. The development of catalytic converters led to an extraordinary high number of publications on metal catalysts during the last fifty years. Due to the increasing price of noble metals and to remarkable progresses in oxide syntheses, catalytic oxidation of carbon monoxide over oxide catalysts has recently gained in interest, even if some oxides are known to present remarkable activity since the beginning of the 20thcentury. In this Review, the kinetics and mechanism of CO oxidation on single and mixed oxides are examined, alongside the catalyst structures.
Chlorchemie – Fluch oder Segen ?
Authors: Reineke Verena 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn diesem Artikel wird eine Unterrichtseinheit vorgestellt, in der das komplexe und zunächst recht alltagsferne Thema Chlorchemie für Schüler der 9. Klasse so reduziert ist, dass das Zusammenspiel von chemischen Inhalten und gesellschaftlicher Relevanz erhalten bleibt. Verschiedene Positionen zur Chlorchemie, die in Deutschland kontrovers diskutiert wurden bzw. werden, kommen zu Wort. So eingebettet, können ausgewählte Kompetenzen der beiden Bereiche Kommunikation und Bewertung gezielt aufgebaut werden. Die Schüler tauschen sich über die gesellschaftlichen Positionen aus und gelangen auf der Basis von Fachwissen zu einer eigenen Meinung. Viele Vorgänge und Probleme der Chlorchemie erfordern vertiefte Kenntnisse z. B. zur chlororganischen Chemie, die in der 9. Klasse noch nicht vermittelbar sind, sodass hierfür im Rahmen einer zweiten Staatsexamensarbeit verschiedene Materialien entwickelt und in der hier vorgestellten Unterrichtseinheit erfolgreich erprobt wurden. Die Materialien sind im Internet auf der Homepage der Universität Oldenburg (http://www.chemie.uni‐oldenburg.de/didaktik/24890.html) verfügbar.
Eine kategoriegestützte Übersicht von Lernervorstellungen zum Löslichkeitsbegriff
Authors: Grüß‐Niehaus Thomas , Schanze Sascha 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUnter Lernervorstellungen werden Konzepte verstanden, die nicht mit den wissenschaftlich akzeptierten einher gehen. Lernervorstellungen zum Löslichkeitskonzept sind international empirisch sehr gut erfasst. Dieser Beitrag stellt den Stand der Forschungsergebnisse der letzten drei Jahrzehnte zusammen. Insgesamt 41 Studien wurden dafür ausgewertet und gefundene Lernervorstellungen kategorisiert. Mit dieser Zusammenstellung liegt zum einen eine Grundlage für weitere Forschungsarbeiten im Bereich der Schülervorstellungsforschung zum Löslichkeitskonzept vor. Zum anderen dient sie Lehrkräften der Antizipation möglicher Verständnisschwierigkeiten und somit einer an die Bedürfnisse der Lernenden angepassten Unterrichtsvorbereitung.
Analytical and Chemometric Evaluation of the Situation of Waterbodies in the Polish Tatra Mountains
Authors: Prikler Simon , Chęsy Paulina , Parczewski Andrzej , Einax Jürgen W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractChemometric methods are powerful in finding hidden structures and latent information in environmental and other analytical datasets. This work shows the application of cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and support vector machines for the evaluation of waterbodies in the Polish Tatra Mountains. After the analysis of in situ parameters and the determination of concentrations of cations and anions, cluster analysis shows that the previous separation into Western Tatras and High Tatras should be reconsidered, as the Bystra stream in the border region might have been incorrectly assigned to the Western Tatras up to now. Discriminant analysis not only confirms the geographical separation of waterbodies, but also the fact that the sampling time is a crucial factor in environmental analysis. Samples taken in different months do not result in a homogenous object of investigation. A uniform date should therefore be chosen so that the results will be comparable. The influence of the sampling month on the classification of samples is also approved by support vector machines.
Homo‐FRET Imaging as a Tool to Quantify Protein and Lipid Clustering
Authors: Bader Arjen N. , Hoetzl Sandra , Hofman Erik G. , Voortman Jarno , van Bergen en Henegouwen Paul M. P. , van Meer Gerrit , Gerritsen Hans C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHomo‐FRET, Förster resonance energy transfer between identical fluorophores, can be conveniently measured by observing its effect on the fluorescence anisotropy. This review aims to summarize the possibilities of fluorescence anisotropy imaging techniques to investigate clustering of identical proteins and lipids. Homo‐FRET imaging has the ability to determine distances between fluorophores. In addition it can be employed to quantify cluster sizes as well as cluster size distributions. The interpretation of homo‐FRET signals is complicated by the fact that both the mutual orientations of the fluorophores and the number of fluorophores per cluster affect the fluorescence anisotropy in a similar way. The properties of the fluorescence probes are very important. Taking these properties into account is critical for the correct interpretation of homo‐FRET signals in protein‐ and lipid‐clustering studies. This is be exemplified by studies on the clustering of the lipid raft markers GPI and K‐ras, as well as for EGF receptor clustering in the plasma membrane.
The Role of the Ethynyl Substituent on the π–π Stacking Affinity of Benzene: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Lucas Xavier , Quiñonero David , Frontera Antonio , Deyà Pere M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHerein, we report a high‐level theoretical study (SCS‐RI‐MP2(full)/aug‐cc‐pVTZ) examining the stacking affinity of 1,3,5‐triethynylbenzene. The stacking properties of this compound are compared to those of benzene and 1,3,5‐trifluorobenzene. The results indicate that the ethynyl substituent improves the stacking affinity of the arene, since the binding energies for the stacked ethynyl‐substituted arene dimers are higher than those of both benzene and the fluoro‐substituted arene. This interesting behaviour has been studied by examining the energetics, geometries and electron charge density features of the complexes. A query in the Cambridge Structural Database returned several X‐ray crystal structures containing π–π stacking interactions of 1,3,5‐triethynylaryls that strongly agree with the theoretical results.
Phosphotungstic Acid Encapsulated in Metal–Organic Framework as Catalysts for Carbohydrate Dehydration to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Zhang Yanmei , Degirmenci Volkan , Li Can , Hensen Emiel J. M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMIL‐101, a chromium‐based metal–organic framework, is known for its very large pore size, large surface area and good stability. However, applications of this material in catalysis are still limited. 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) has been considered a renewable chemical platform for the production of liquid fuels and fine chemicals. Phosphotungstic acid, H3PW12O40 (PTA), encapsulated in MIL‐101 is evaluated as a potential catalyst for the selective dehydration of fructose and glucose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural. The results demonstrate that PTA/MIL‐101 is effective for HMF production from fructose in DMSO and can be reused. This is the first example of the application of a metal–organic framework in carbohydrate dehydration.
Production and Detection of H Atoms and Vibrationally Excited H2 Molecules in CVD Processes
Authors: Umemoto Hironobu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractRadical species, including atomic hydrogen, play an important role in the CVD process to prepare high‐quality thin solid films. Detailed information on the absolute densities of these radicals under various conditions is needed in order to understand the chemical kinetics involved and to control the deposition processes. This article reviews the production mechanisms and the gas‐phase diagnostic techniques for H atoms in catalytic CVD (also called hot‐wire CVD) and plasma‐enhanced (PE)CVD processes. Experimentally determined absolute H‐atom densities in typical CVD processes are compiled in a table. Under suitable conditions, the steady‐state H‐atom density can be increased up to 1017 cm−3. Procedures for producing and detecting vibrationally excited H2 molecules, which can be another active species in CVD processes, are also discussed.
CVD Nanocasting Routes to Zeolite‐Templated Carbons for Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Xia Yongde , Yang Zhuxian , Mokaya Robert 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe report on a systematic study of CVD‐based synthesis strategies for the nanocasting of zeolite‐templated porous carbon materials using commercially available zeolite Y as a hard template. Our findings clarify how the properties of the zeolite‐templated carbons and their hydrogen storage capacity are affected by (i) the nature of carbon precursor, (ii) the way the carbon precursor is introduced into the zeolite template pores, and (iii) the use of a single step versus two sequential CVD steps. Depending on the synthesis strategy used, the porous carbon materials exhibit variable structural ordering and tunable textural properties with surface area of 850 − 2160 m2 g−1 and pore volume of 0.87 − 1.26 cm3 g−1. A significant proportion of the porosity, i.e., up to 90% of the surface area and 80% of the pore volume, arises from micropores. The templated carbons exhibit hydrogen‐uptake capacity in the range 1.9–4.9 wt.‐% (at −196 °C and under 20 bar) which is determined by the textural properties, however all the carbon materials have similar hydrogen heat of adsorption of 8.5–9.0 kJ mol−1 due to their similar carbon framework.
Reactivity of Silicon Surfaces in the Presence of Adsorbed Hydrogen and Chlorine
Authors: Cavallotti Carlo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe desorption of hydrogen and hydrogen chloride from Si surfaces is the rate‐determining step of the low temperature CVD of silicon from both hydrogenated and chlorinated precursors. Thus, in order to model the deposition process, the rate of these reactions must be known to a high level of accuracy. In this work, the surface desorption kinetics of H2 and HCl from the Si(100)2 × 1 surface is investigated by modeling the surface through clusters of various dimensions (up to 60 Si atoms) and determining the reaction energies at the B3LYP, and coupled cluster methodology with inclusion of single, double and a perturbative estimation of triple excitations (CCSD(T)) levels. The investigated mechanisms are the pairwise intradimer and the 4H‐2H reaction pathways. The desorption activation energy (57.4 kcal mol−1) and adsorption barriers (15.9 kcal mol−1) calculated for H2 for the 4H and 2H pathways are in good agreement with experimental data, confirming that these are the H2 main desorption and adsorption routes. The reaction mechanism of HCl is different to that of H2. The calculations in fact indicate that the less activated desorption pathway (65.0 kcal mol−1) is the intradimer mechanism, followed by the 2H pathway (67.1 kcal mol−1), which might thus compete with the intradimer pathway at low surface coverage. The HCl adsorption barrier on Si dimers is small (0.6 − 4.8 kcal mol−1), confirming the high reactivity of HCl with Si surfaces.
Biased embryos: Prenatal Experience Alters the Postnatal Malleability of Auditory Preferences in Bobwhite Quail
Authors: Harshaw Christopher , Lickliter Robert 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMany precocial birds show a robust preference for the maternal call of their own species before and after hatching. This differential responsiveness to species‐specific auditory stimuli by embryos and neonates has been the subject of study for more than four decades, but much remains unknown about the dynamics of this ability. Gottlieb [Gottlieb [1971]. Development of species identification in birds: An enquiry into the prenatal determinants of perception. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.] demonstrated that prenatal exposure to embryonic vocalizations serves to canalize the formation of species‐specific preferences in ducklings. Apart from this, little is known about the features of the developmental system that serve to canalize such species‐typical preferences, on the one hand, and generate novel behavioral phenotypes, on the other. In the current study, we show that briefly exposing bobwhite quail embryos to a heterospecific Japanese quail (JQ) maternal call significantly enhanced their acquisition of a preference for that call when chicks were provided with subsequent postnatal exposure to the same call. This was true whether postnatal exposure involved playback of the maternal call contingent upon chick contact vocalizations or yoked, non‐contingent exposure to the call. Chicks that received both passive prenatal and contingent postnatal exposure to the JQ maternal call redirected their species‐typical auditory preference, showing a significant preference for JQ call over the call of their own species. In contrast, chicks receiving only prenatal or only postnatal exposure to the JQ call did not show this redirection of their auditory preference. Our results indicate that prenatal sensory stimulation can significantly bias postnatal responsiveness to social stimuli, thereby altering the course of early learning and memory. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:291–302, 2011.
Optimization of thin‐film configuration for light‐addressable stimulation electrode
Authors: Suzurikawa Jun , Kanzaki Ryohei , Nakao Masayuki , Jimbo Yasuhiko , Takahashi Hirokazu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLight addressing is an emerging technique to optically address a virtual electrode on a photoconductive substrate. A thinner photoconductive layer of a light‐addressable planar electrode can improve the spatial resolution of the light‐addressed electrode. Voltage application to the electrode, however, causes a strong electric field across the thin photoconductive layer with a significant avalanche effect, which induces an undesired increase of dark current. In order to overcome this problem, we investigated how photoconductive‐layer thickness and passivation‐layer conductivity affect voltage‐application‐induced bright and dark charge densities. Suppression of the dark charge density with a thick photoconductive layer and a low‐conductive passivation layer is found to be a key factor for optimization of the light‐addressable electrode. With this design strategy, we developed a novel light‐addressable electrode using titanium dioxide as a photoconductor. To suppress the avalanche effect, the thickness of the titanium‐dioxide layer was designed to be 1.5 μm. The fabricated electrode turned out to have sufficient photoelectric properties: the bright charge density reached 70 μC/cm2 and the bright‐to‐dark charge density ratio was greater than 10, which allows stimulation to cultured dissociated neurons. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 61–68, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10241
Discharge area constriction of La0.5Sr0.5CoO3as a cathode material
Authors: Ichibakase Tsuyoshi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractLa0.5Sr0.5CoO3was employed as a cathode for the first time when plasma display panels were used on handheld personal computers. It has favorable sputtering resistance and stable discharge characteristics in gases. A cathode made from La0.5Sr0.5CoO3has unique electrical characteristics in the period of continuous discharge. Its discharge voltage and luminance shift during an extended discharge, and the discharge voltage continues to increase in the later period of the continuous discharge. The discharge and luminescence area shift of the La0.5Sr0.5Co03were investigated by an analysis of a DC plasma panel made as a prototype. It is assumed that the discharge voltage and luminance shift were caused by the discharge and luminance area shift of the cathode surface, and that the current density shift was caused by discharge area constriction in the later periods of continuous discharge. In order to ascertain the mechanism, the discharge and luminance area shift process of the cathode surface were examined using a model. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 43–50, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10266
Generating stock trading rules using genetic network programming with flag nodes and adjustment of importance indexes
Authors: Mabu Shingo , Chen Yan , Hirasawa Kotaro 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGenetic network programming (GNP) is an evolutionary algorithm which represents its solutions by means of graph structures. Since GNP can create quite compact programs and has an implicit memory function, it works especially well in dynamic environments. In addition, a study of the creation of trading rules on stock markets using GNP with Importance Index (GNP‐IMX) has been made. The IMX is one of the criteria for decision making. However, the values of the IMXs must be determined by experience and knowledge. Therefore, in this paper, IMXs are adjusted appropriately during stock trading in order to predict the rise and fall of the stocks. In addition, newly defined flag nodes are introduced into GNP, which makes it possible to appropriately judge the current situation of the stock prices, and also contributes to the use of many kinds of nodes in the GNP program. In a simulation, programs were evolved using the stock prices of 20 companies. Then the generalization ability of the method was tested and compared with GNP without flag nodes, GNP without IMX adjustment, and Buy & Hold. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 25–33, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10269
Multiobjective optimization method for distribution system configuration using Pareto optimal solution
Authors: Hayashi Yasuhiro , Takano Hirotaka , Matsuki Junya , Nishikawa Yuji 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA distribution network has a huge number of configuration candidates because the network configuration is determined by the states of many sectionalizing switches (opened or closed) installed in terms of keeping power quality, reliability, and so on. Since the feeder current and voltage depend on the network configuration, the distribution loss, voltage imbalance, and bank efficiency can be controlled by changing the states of these switches. In addition, feeder currents and voltages change in response to the outputs of distributed generators (DGs) such as photovoltaic generation systems, wind turbine generation systems, and so on, that are connected to the feeder. Recently, the total number of DGs connected to distribution networks has increased drastically. Therefore, many configuration candidates of distribution networks must be evaluated multiply from various viewpoints such as distribution loss, voltage imbalance, bank efficiency, and so on, considering the power supply from the connected DGs. In this paper, the authors propose a multiobjective optimization method from three evaluation viewpoints, (1) distribution loss, (2) voltage imbalance, and (3) bank efficiency, using Pareto optimal solutions. In the proposed method, after several high‐ranking candidates with small distribution loss are extracted by combinatorial optimization, each candidate is evaluated from the viewpoints of voltage imbalance and bank efficiency using the Pareto optimal solution, after which the minimum‐loss configuration is chosen as the best configuration among these solutions. Numerical simulations were performed for a real‐scale system model consisting of 72 distribution feeders and 234 sectionalizing switches in order to examine the validity of the proposed method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(1): 7–16, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10271
Numerical study of plasma‐fluid behavior and generation characteristics of the closed‐loop MHD electrical power generator
Authors: Ohno Jun , Liberati Alessandro , Murakami Tomoyuki , Okuno Yoshihiro 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTime‐dependent r‐z two‐dimensional numerical simulations by the LES technique have been carried out in order to clarify the plasma fluid behavior and power generation characteristics of a disk MHD generator under the rated operating conditions demonstrated in the closed‐loop experimental facility at Tokyo Institute of Technology. The generator currently installed could suffer from nonuniform and low electrical conductivity and from boundary layer separation even under the rated operation conditions. The large amount of generated electric power is consumed in the boundary layer separation region, which reduces the net output power. Reducing the back pressure and improving the inlet plasma conditions reliably provides better generator performance. The influence of a 90° bend downstream duct on the generator performance is found not to be particularly great. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 37–44, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21041
Improvement of anode oxidation reaction of a fuel cell using ammonium formate with Pt‐Ir catalysis
Authors: Ohyama Kazutoshi , Sugino Takashi , Nitta Tomohiro , Kimura Chiharu , Aoki Hidemitsu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe have attempted to develop high‐performance and safe fuel cells by using ammonium formate as a solid (powder) fuel. This solid fuel has the potential of safer transportability than liquid fuels such as methanol from the viewpoint of toxicity and flammability. In order to make use of some of the advantages of ammonium formate, we investigated the oxidation characteristics of ammonium formate with respect to a Pt electrode. Cyclic voltammograms indicate that ammonium formate has high oxidation activity with respect to a Pt electrode. We have also found that the oxidation of ammonium formate can be improved by the addition of Ir to Pt catalysts. It is highly likely that ammonium formate will be useful as a solid (powder) fuel for polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. This new fuel will promote the development of safe fuel cells for PEM. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 45–50, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21043
Frequency domain analysis of beatless control method for converter‐inverter driving systems applied to AC electric cars
Authors: Kimura Akira 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn inverter‐converter driving systems for AC electric cars, the DC input voltage of an inverter contains a ripple component with a frequency that is twice the line voltage frequency, due to the use of a single‐phase converter. The ripple component of the inverter input voltage causes pulsations in the torque and current of driving motors. To decrease the pulsations, a beatless control method, which modifies the slip frequency depending on the ripple component, is applied to the inverter control. In the present paper, the beatless control method is analyzed in the frequency domain. In the first step of the analysis, transfer functions which revealed the relationship among the ripple component of the inverter input voltage, the slip frequency, the motor torque pulsation, and the current pulsation were derived with a synchronous rotating model of induction motors. An analytical model of the beatless control method was then constructed using the transfer functions. The optimal setting of the control method was obtained according to the analytical model. The transfer functions and the analytical model were verified by simulations. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(4): 51–57, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21050