bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term hydrochemical monitoring in an Oyasan Experimental Forest Watershed comprised of two small forested watersheds of Japanese cedar and Japanese cypress
Authors: Urakawa Rieko , Toda Hiroto , Haibara Kikuo , Aiba Yoshinori 
Published: February 2012

AbstractForest ecosystems are self‐fertilizing systems, and development of forest stands depends on nutrient supply via biogeochemical cycling within the ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to clarify the nutrient cycle mediating growth and development. In addition, long‐term hydrochemical monitoring is needed to understand the influence of environmental changes on biogeochemical cycling in forest ecosystems. The Oyasan Experimental Forest Watershed (OEFW) is located in the Field Museum Oyasan, the university forest of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, in Gunma prefecture, Japan. OEFW comprises two small adjacent forested watersheds—A‐watershed and B‐watershed—with respective areas of 1.3 and 1.8 ha. A‐watershed is a reestablished forest planted with sugi (Japanese cedar; Cryptomeria japonica) and hinoki (Japanese cypress; Chamaecyparis obtusa) in 1976, and has been managed intensively with fertilizer application. By contrast, B‐watershed is an established forest planted with sugi and hinoki in 1907. No forest practices have been carried out except for thinning of suppressed trees in 1983. However, the sugi plantation on the lowest slope (18% of the watershed area) was cut in 2000, and sugi was replanted the following year. In this data paper, we present data on the daily precipitation, discharge, pH, and concentrations of major nutrients (Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, NH4+, Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−) in rainwater and stream water since November 1978. The arithmetical mean pH of precipitation, stream water in A‐ and B‐watershed from the beginning of the monitoring to the present were 4.77 ± 0.67, 6.85 ± 0.41 and 6.88 ± 0.36 (average ± SD), respectively. The arithmetical mean concentrations in precipitation in mmolc L−1 were 0.030 ± 0.030 for Ca2+, 0.010 ± 0.011 for Mg2+, 0.009 ± 0.013 for K+, 0.020 ± 0.024 for Na+, 0.035 ± 0.041 for NH4+, 0.026 ± 0.029 for Cl−, 0.033 ± 0.038 for NO3−, and 0.046 ± 0.043 for SO42−. The mean concentrations in stream water in A‐watershed were 0.180 ± 0.032 for Ca2+, 0.073 ± 0.013 for Mg2+, 0.018 ± 0.009 for K+, 0.182 ± 0.024 for Na+, 0.010 ± 0.010 for NH4+, 0.060 ± 0.008 for Cl−, 0.111 ± 0.038 for NO3−, and 0.074 ± 0.012 for SO42−; whereas for B‐watershed the mean concentrations were 0.169 ± 0.025 for Ca2+, 0.079 ± 0.016 for Mg2+, 0.018 ± 0.005 for K+, 0.192 ± 0.026 for Na+, 0.010 ± 0.010 for NH4+, 0.065 ± 0.010 for Cl−, 0.093 ± 0.025 for NO3−, and 0.087 ± 0.011 for SO42−.
Nano-Mechanical Transduction of Polymer Micro-Cantilevers to Detect Bio-Molecular Interactions
Authors: Urwyler Prabitha , Köser Joachim , Schift Helmut , Gobrecht Jens , Müller Bert 
Published: February 2012

Using variothermal polymer micro-injection molding, disposable arrays of eight polymer micro-cantilevers each 500 μm long, 100 μm wide and 25 μm thick were fabricated. The present study took advantage of an easy flow grade polypropylene. After gold coating for optical read-out and asymmetrical sensitization, the arrays were introduced into the Cantisens® Research system to perform mechanical and functional testing. We demonstrate that polypropylene cantilevers can be used as biosensors for medical purposes in the same manner as the established silicon ones to detect single-stranded DNA sequences and metal ions in real-time. A differential signal of 7 nm was detected for the hybridization of 1 μM complementary DNA sequences. For 100 nM copper ions the differential signal was found to be (36 ± 5) nm. Nano-mechanical sensing of medically relevant, nanometer-size species is essential for fast and efficient diagnosis.
Multitransition kinks and pulses for fourth order equations with a bistable nonlinearity
Authors: Bonheure Denis 
Published: February 2012

We study the existence of stationary solutions of a class of diffusion equations related to the so-called extended Fisher–Kolmogorov equation and the Swift–Hohenberg equation. We prove the existence of multitransition kinks and pulses. These solutions are obtained as local minima of the associated functional. For the Swift–Hohenberg equation, our result partially proves a numerical conjecture.

Résumé
Nous étudions l’existence de solutions stationnaires d’une classe d’équations de diffusion incluant l’équation de Fisher–Kolmogorov généralisée et l’équation de Swift–Hohenberg. Nous démontrons l’existence de solutions hétéroclines et homoclines à transitions multiples. Ces solutions sont des minima locaux de la fonctionnelle associée. Nos résultats couvrent partiellement une conjecture numérique concernant l’équation de Swift–Hohenberg.
Cyclic steps and roll waves in shallow water flow over an erodible bed
Authors: Balmforth N. J. , Vakil A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe St Venant equations in conjunction with a phenomenological law for erosion are used to explore the nonlinear dynamics of cyclic steps – linearly unstable bedform patterns which emerge when uniform flow over an erodible bed becomes supercritical. The instability saturates by blocking the overlying flow and creating hydraulic jumps just downstream of the steepest part of the steps. Near onset, steadily migrating, nonlinear step patterns are constructed and shown to suffer a short-wavelength secondary instability that ‘roughens’ the bed and renders the staircase patterns less regular and time-dependent. An eddy viscosity is needed to regularize both the onset of the primary steps and the secondary instabilities. Further beyond the critical Froude number, the steps block the flow sufficiently to arrest erosion significantly, creating complicated patterns mixing migrating steps and stationary bedforms. The reduction in flux also stabilizes roll waves – a second, hydrodynamic instability of uniform supercritical flow. It is further shown that roll waves are purely convective instabilities, whereas cyclic steps can be absolute. Thus, in the finite geometries of the laboratory or field, it may be difficult to excite roll waves. On the other hand, the complicated spatiotemporal patterns associated with the cyclic-step instability should develop naturally. The complicated patterns resulting from the secondary instability do not appear to have been observed experimentally, calling into question the validity of the model.
A fully adaptive wavelet-based approach to homogeneous turbulence simulation
Authors: De Stefano G. , Vasilyev O. V. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe ability of wavelet multi-resolution analysis to detect and track the energy-containing motions that govern the dynamics of a fluid flow offers a unique hierarchical framework for modelling and simulating turbulence. In this paper, the role of the wavelet thresholding level in wavelet-based modelling and simulation of turbulent flows is systematically examined. The thresholding level controls the relative importance of resolved energetic structures and residual unresolved background flow and, thus, the achieved turbulence resolution. A fully adaptive eddy capturing approach is developed that allows variable-fidelity numerical simulations of turbulence to be performed. The new method is based on wavelet filtering with time-varying thresholding. The thresholding level automatically adapts to the desired turbulence resolution during the simulation. The filtered governing equations supplemented by a localized dynamic energy-based closure model are solved numerically using the adaptive wavelet collocation method. The approach is successfully tested in the numerical simulation of both linearly forced and freely decaying homogeneous turbulence.
Habitat conditions and host tree properties affect the occurrence, abundance and fertility of the endangered lichenLobaria pulmonariain wooded meadows of Estonia
Authors: JÜRIADO Inga , KARU Leelia , LIIRA Jaan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe assessed multiple environmental factors that might influence the population vitality of the epiphytic lichenLobaria pulmonariaat the individual tree and habitat levels in partially overgrown wooded meadows in Estonia. A total of 301 trees of four species were sampled at nine study plots, using a stratified factorial scheme, 151 colonized byL. pulmonariaand 150 not colonized byL. pulmonariaforming the control group. We used the Generalized Linear Models (GLZ) to identify a complex of factors which predicts the probability of the lichen occurring on tree trunks and the presence of apothecia on its individuals. We employed the General Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) to study the relationship between cover ofL. pulmonariaand environmental factors. The occurrence probability ofL. pulmonariaon tree trunks increased with increasing light availability and height of deciduous shrubs near the trunk, and decreased with increasing distance to the nearest colonized tree. The host tree species and its trunk properties were also of importance, particularly the facilitating effect of the cover of bryophytes uponL. pulmonaria. The probability of occurrence of apothecia increased with maximum values of bark pH and cover ofL. pulmonariaon the trunk. We conclude that partially overgrown wooded meadows are suitable habitats forL. pulmonaria. However, to maintain the vitality of these populations, a specific management scheme, preventing development of a dense stand, should be applied. Management requirements would include 1) selective cutting of overgrowing coniferous trees (particularly spruce), 2) preservation of adult and younger potential host trees within 10–20 m of colonized trees, 3) preservation of scattered deciduous shrubs in the vicinity of the host trees.
The influence of health education on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a low-income community of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil
Authors: PEREIRA A. P. M. F. , ALENCAR M. F. L. , COHEN S. C. , SOUZA-JÚNIOR P. R. B. , CECCHETTO F. , MATHIAS L. S. , SANTOS C. P. , ALMEIDA J. C. A. , DE MORAES NETO A. H. A. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYIn a recent study by our group on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and on the knowledge, attitudes and practices of local residents of Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, we observed that about 50% of the inhabitants were parasitized and had some knowledge of intestinal parasitic infections but did not apply this knowledge in daily practice. We were thus motivated to implement strategies in health education to promote preventive measures in the locality. The goal of the present work was to evaluate the influence of health education on the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the region in an effort to strengthen public policies for controlling these diseases in Brazil. The methodology adopted was based on action-research and a theoretical framework of health promotion. Our results demonstrate that the study population exhibited an enhanced awareness of the importance of disease from intestinal parasitic infections. Attitudes and practices related to prevention were significantly improved after the shared health education. In conclusion, this study allowed the shared construction of knowledge that reflected the true needs of the residents.
High cold tolerance through four seasons and all free-living stages in an ectoparasite
Authors: HÄRKÖNEN LAURA , KAITALA ARJA , KAUNISTO SIRPA , REPO TAPANI 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYOff-host stages of temperate parasites must cope with low temperatures. Cold tolerance is often highest in winter, as a result of diapause and cold acclimation, and low during the active summer stages. In some blood-feeding ectoparasites, offspring provisioning determines cold tolerance through all the non-feeding, off-host stages. Large size increases survival in the cold, but so far seasonal variation in within-female offspring size has not been associated with offspring cold tolerance. The deer ked (Lipoptena cervi) reproduces on cervids from autumn to spring. Newborn pupae drop off the host, facing frosts without any acclimation. We examined cold tolerance through 4 seasons and from birth to adulthood by means of short- and long-term frost exposure. We expected females to produce more tolerant offspring in winter than in spring. Large spring pupae survived prolonged frosts better than did small winter pupae. Thus more tolerant offspring were not produced when the temperature outside the host is at its lowest. Unexpectedly, the freezing points were −20°C or below all year round. We showed that high cold tolerance is possible without acclimation regardless of life stage, which presumably correlates with other survival characteristics, such as the starvation resistance of free-living ectoparasites.
An epidemiological survey of children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in regions with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province, China
Authors: Lv Shengmin , Zhao Jun , Xu Dong , Chong Zhengshui , Jia Lihui , Du Yonggui , Ma Jing , Rutherford Shannon 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo identify children's iodine nutrition and goitre status in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water.DesignA cross-sectional survey. Probability proportional to size sampling was employed to randomly select children from thirty townships where the median iodine content in drinking water ranged from 150 to 300 μg/l; their urinary iodine concentrations were determined and their thyroid volumes were measured by ultrasound. Drinking water samples and salt samples from the villages where the children lived were collected using a systematic sampling method.SettingHebei Province of China.SubjectsA total of 1259 children aged 8–10 years (621 boys and 638 girls).ResultsChildren's median urinary iodine concentration was found to be 418·8 μg/l, and the iodine concentration was >300 μg/l for 68·3 % (248/363) of the urine samples. Children's median urinary iodine concentration in villages with median salt iodine >10 mg/kg was significantly higher than that in villages with median salt iodine <5 mg/kg (442·9 μg/l v. 305·4 μg/l, P ≈ 0). The goitre rate of 1259 children examined by ultrasound was 10·96 %.ConclusionsThe iodine intake of children living in areas with mildly excessive iodine in drinking water in Hebei Province was found to be excessive. The measured iodine excess in the sampled children is exacerbated by consumption of iodized salt. Goitre was identified in these areas; however, due to the limitation of the current criteria for children's thyroid volume, a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of goitre in these regions could not be made and further study is required.
Two Wide‐Angle Imaging Neutral‐Atom Spectrometers and Interstellar Boundary Explorer energetic neutral atom imaging of the 5 April 2010 substorm
Authors: McComas D. J. , Buzulukova N. , Connors M. G. , Dayeh M. A. , Goldstein J. , Funsten H. O. , Fuselier S. , Schwadron N. A. , Valek P. 
Published: February 2012

This study is the first to combine energetic neutral atom (ENA) observations from Two Wide‐Angle Imaging Neutral‐Atom Spectrometers (TWINS) and Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX). Here we examine the arrival of an interplanetary shock and the subsequent geomagnetically effective substorm on 5 April 2010, which was associated with the Galaxy 15 communications satellite anomaly. IBEX shows sharply enhanced ENA emissions immediately upon compression of the dayside magnetosphere at 08:26:17+/−9 s UT. The compression drove a markedly different spectral shape for the dayside emissions, with a strong enhancement at energies >1 keV, which persisted for hours after the shock arrival, consistent with the higher solar wind speed, density, and dynamic pressure (∼10 nPa) after the shock. TWINS ENA observations indicate a slower response of the ring current and precipitation of ring current ions as low‐altitude emissions ∼15 min later, with the >50 keV ion precipitation leading the <10 keV precipitation by ∼20 min. These observations suggest internal magnetospheric processes are occurring after compression of the magnetosphere and before the ring current ions end up in the loss cone and precipitate into the ionosphere. We also compare MHD simulation results with both the TWINS and IBEX ENA observations; while the overall fluxes and distributions of emissions were generally similar, there were significant quantitative differences. Such differences emphasize the complexity of the magnetospheric system and importance of the global perspective for macroscopic magnetospheric studies. Finally, Appendix A documents important details of the TWINS data processing, including improved binning procedures, smoothing of images to a given level of statistical accuracy, and differential background subtraction.
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Surgical Cytoreduction Induces an Increase in Serum Calcitonin and Carcinoembryonic Antigen Doubling Times
Authors: Papapetrou P. , Polymeris A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSerum calcitonin (Ct) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) doubling times (DT) are considered to be strong prognostic markers in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). The Objective of this work is to study the effect of MTC debulking on Ct and CEA DTs. 4 patients with MTC are presented who after an initial neck operation had residual disease were followed-up with serial measurements of serum Ct and CEA for several years before and after a secondary incomplete removal of involved cervical lymph nodes.The patients received no other treatment for MTC. Ct and CEA DTs were determined after fitting the Ct or CEA values to an exponential growth equation.In patient A, Ct DT increased from 1.45 years (1.17–1.89, 95% CI) preoperatively, to 5.72 (3.22–25.77) postoperatively. In patient B, Ct DT was 1.63 years (1.36–2.02) preoperatively, and very long (serum Ct practically ceased increasing) postoperatively. In patient C, Ct DT was 4.03 years (2.22–21.58) before, and very long after the operation. In patient D, Ct DT from 1.16 years (0.82–1.99) before, increased to 4.21 years (3.04–6.86) after the operation. The changes in CEA DTs were similar to those of Ct DTs in 2 patients in whom the tumor was apparently producing the protein.In conclusion, surgical MTC cytoreduction in 4 patients caused an increase in the Ct and CEA DTs, and the patients could be reclassified in new Ct DT-based strata with better prognosis than before the operation. We hypothesize that such tumor burden reduction may slow the growth of any residual MTC and we discuss mechanisms that could be responsible for this phenomenon.
Novel Praziquantel Treatment Regime for Controlling Asian Tapeworm Infections in Pond-Reared Fish
Authors: Iles Alison C , Archdeacon Thomas P , Bonar Scott A 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The Asian tapeworm Bothriocephalus achelognathii is an intestinal fish parasite that is nonnative to but widespread throughout the southwestern United States. Praziquantel is an anthelminthic drug commonly used to treat fish for Asian tapeworm; however, it does not kill tapeworm eggs, so the water in ponds used for fish rearing must be exchanged after treatment. Our objective was to determine whether a system containing both an intermediate copepod host and a definitive fish host for Asian tapeworm could be treated without exchanging the water by using a follow-up treatment for any tapeworms that developed from eggs released before or during the first treatment. Here, we have described a new praziquantel treatment regimen to control Asian tapeworm infections in freshwater-reared fish. To evaluate the efficacy of this regimen, we stocked 50 red shiners Cyprinella lutrensis and an intermediate copepod host, Cyclops vernalis, into each of six pond mesocosms containing artificial macrophytes, sand, and gravel to simulate natural pools and provide suitable substrate for the copepod's life history. The test fish population had been naturally infected with B. achelognathii and had an initial infection prevalence of 14% and an infection intensity of 2.14 ± 2.19 (mean ± SD) worms per fish. Three mesocosms were treated twice, each with 2.5 mg/L praziquantel; 19 d passed between treatments to allow for possible reinfection to occur. After a 2.5-month posttreatment period to allow any remaining tapeworms to reestablish themselves, we killed and dissected all of the remaining fish. No worms were found in treated fish; however, the control group had an infection prevalence of 18 ± 6% and an infection intensity of 3.45 ± 2.1 worms per fish. Based on these results, we concluded that the praziquantel treatment regime administered was efficacious and suggest testing it on a larger scale. We caution that praziquantel has not been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use on fish but can be used legally in some situations.
WaVPeak: picking NMR peaks through wavelet-based smoothing and volume-based filtering
Authors: Liu Zhi , Abbas Ahmed , Jing Bing-Yi , Gao Xin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractMotivation: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has been widely used as a powerful tool to determine the 3D structures of proteins in vivo. However, the post-spectra processing stage of NMR structure determination usually involves a tremendous amount of time and expert knowledge, which includes peak picking, chemical shift assignment and structure calculation steps. Detecting accurate peaks from the NMR spectra is a prerequisite for all following steps, and thus remains a key problem in automatic NMR structure determination.Results: We introduce WaVPeak, a fully automatic peak detection method. WaVPeak first smoothes the given NMR spectrum by wavelets. The peaks are then identified as the local maxima. The false positive peaks are filtered out efficiently by considering the volume of the peaks.WaVPeak has two major advantages over the state-of-the-art peak-picking methods. First, through wavelet-based smoothing, WaVPeak does not eliminate any data point in the spectra. Therefore, WaVPeak is able to detect weak peaks that are embedded in the noise level. NMR spectroscopists need the most help isolating these weak peaks. Second, WaVPeak estimates the volume of the peaks to filter the false positives. This is more reliable than intensity-based filters that are widely used in existing methods.We evaluate the performance of WaVPeak on the benchmark set proposed by PICKY (Alipanahi et al., 2009), one of the most accurate methods in the literature. The dataset comprises 32 2D and 3D spectra from eight different proteins. Experimental results demonstrate that WaVPeak achieves an average of 96%, 91%, 88%, 76% and 85% recall on 15N-HSQC, HNCO, HNCA, HNCACB and CBCA(CO)NH, respectively. When the same number of peaks are considered, WaVPeak significantly outperforms PICKY.Availability: WaVPeak is an open source program. The source code and two test spectra of WaVPeak are available at http://faculty.kaust.edu.sa/sites/xingao/Pages/Publications.aspx. The online server is under construction.Contact: statliuzhi@xmu.edu.cn; ahmed.abbas@kaust.edu.sa; majing@ust.hk; xin.gao@kaust.edu.sa