bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Insights into the Pathophysiology of Sickle Cell Disease-Associated Priapism
Authors: Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Musicki Biljana , Kutlu Omer , Burnett Arthur L. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Priapism is defined as an erectile disorder, in which erection persists uncontrollably without sexual purpose. The precise mechanisms involved in the development of sickle cell disease-associated priapism are ill defined.

Aim
To summarize the recent developments that increase our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of priapism.

Methods
This article reviews the literature (Medline search 2000–2010) that relates the key molecular signaling pathways that contribute to the development of priapism associated with sickle-cell disease. It focuses on basic science investigations using multiple animal models.

Main Outcome Measures
The reader will be informed of the most current research regarding the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), adenosine, RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK), and opiorphins in the pathophysiology of priapism.

Results
New concepts in the field of priapism research suggest that priapism often results from altered vascular homeostatic actions in the penis and is associated with deficient erection control mechanisms on a molecular level. A leading proposal in this regard is the notion of aberrant signaling of the endothelium-derived nitric oxide and PDE5 signal transduction pathway in the penis. Additionally, dysfunctional regulatory control of signal transduction systems which interact with this pathway such as adenosine and RhoA/Rho-kinase may contribute to the development of priapism. Recent investigations of opiorphins also demonstrate a role in regulating corporal smooth muscle tone and thereby dysregulation of erection physiology in priapism. These advances have paved the way for understanding this disorder as having a molecular pathogenesis.

Conclusions
As the science underlying priapism further emerges, increasingly effective therapeutics for sickle cell disease-associated priapism is certain to follow.
CandidaSpecies Isolated from Urban Bats of Londrina‐Paraná, Brazil and their Potential Virulence
Authors: Botelho N. S. , de Paula S. B. , Panagio L. A. , Pinge‐Filho P. , Yamauchi L. M. , Yamada‐Ogatta S. F. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe aim of this study was to isolate yeasts from the faeces of urban bats inhabiting the city of Londrina, Paraná, Brazil and to determine their potential virulence attributes. Seven (12.3%) of 57 bats screened in this study showed yeasts in their faeces. Five species of the genusCandidawere isolated:C. guilliermondii,C. krusei,C. lusitaniae,C. parapsilosis, andC. pelliculosa. No phospholipase activity was detected in the egg yolk plate assay; however, all isolates demonstrated protease secretion in skim milk agar. Yeasts isolated from bats produced biofilm on the surface of polystyrene plates and all were classified as intermediate biofilm producers. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for fluconazole in the yeasts varied according to the species. Only one isolate (M34– C. lusitaniae) was considered susceptible dose‐dependent to fluconazole. The yeasts were injected intravenously into Swiss mice, and at 15 days post‐infection, the animals were killed and portions of their kidneys cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar medium. All tissues analysed showed positive cultures ofCandidaspp. This is the first study evaluating the presence of fungi in the faeces of bats in an urban region, where the yeast species found were shown to be potentially pathogenic. As bats are commonly found in cities, these findings indicate the need for continuous surveillance concerning environmental contamination by their excreta.
Retrospective study on 30 horses with chronic proliferative pododermatitis (canker)
Authors: Oosterlinck M. , Deneut K. , Dumoulin M. , Gasthuys F. , Pille F. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe medical records of 30 horses (18 Warmbloods, 7 draught horses, 3 other breeds and 2 of unknown origin) with chronic proliferative pododermatitis (canker) were reviewed and long‐term outcome was obtained by telephone questionnaire. In 28/30 cases, the owner was the first to discover the problem. The disease was initially recognised as canker in only 5/28 cases, whereas in 10/28 cases a treatment for thrush had been continued for several months before referral. There was a similar prevalence in the fore (41) and hind (44) hooves; 13/30 horses had 4 hooves affected. Treatment consisted of surgical debridement and hoof care. Duration of hospitalisation was significantly decreased in horses receiving oral prednisolone for 3 weeks compared to those without this additional systemic treatment (mean ± s.d. 24 ± 5 days, n = 7 vs. 40 ± 19 days, n = 19, respectively). Long‐term follow‐up ranged from 3 months to 6 years (36 ± 22 months) and was available for 24 horses. No recurrence was reported in 10 horses. In 14 horses problems recurred within the first year, and 6 had been subjected to euthanasia for this reason specifically, whereas the others were managed by regular trimming. There was no significant association between recurrence and the number of affected hooves or the use of any systemic treatment. Horses with delayed referral because of preceding treatments had significantly more chance to develop recurrence, highlighting the need for prompt diagnosis and subsequent treatment.
Osseous metaplasia in the conjunctiva of a horse presenting with recurrent ulcerative keratitis
Authors: Donaldson D. , Matas M. , Stewart J. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryA 13‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding presented with a 6 month history of recurrent conjunctivitis, dacryocystitis and corneal ulceration affecting the left eye (OS). Treatment had included multiple topical antibiotic and anti‐inflammatory preparations, nasolacrimal system flushing and an injection of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) (Depomedrone)1 administered subconjunctivally into the left lower eyelid. No mechanical cause for the ulcerative keratitis could be visualised but digital palpation revealed a firm linear structure in the central palpebral conjunctiva of the lower eyelid. An excisional biopsy was performed and histopathological examination revealed the lesion to be a region of osseous metaplasia. Following excision of the lesion, the corneal ulcer resolved and the eye remained disease free over a 4 year follow‐up period. A causal link between the osseous metaplasia and the recurrent ulcerative keratitis was therefore suspected. This report describes the management of this case and discusses the pathogenesis of osseous metaplasia and the use of subconjunctival corticosteroids.
Regulation of the Edwardsiella ictaluri Type III Secretion System by pH and Phosphate Concentration through EsrA, EsrB, and EsrC
Authors: Rogge Matthew L. , Thune Ronald L. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

A recently described
Edwardsiella ictaluri
type III secretion system (T3SS) with functional similarity to the
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 2 T3SS is required for replication in channel catfish head-kidney-derived macrophages (HKDM) and virulence in channel catfish. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting identified low pH and phosphate limitation as conducive to expression of the
E. ictaluri
T3SS, growth conditions that mimic the phagosomal environment. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that expression is under the control of the EsrAB two-component regulatory system. EsrB also induces upregulation of the AraC-type regulatory protein EsrC, which enhances expression of the EscB/EseG chaperone/effector operon in concert with EsrB and induces expression of the pEI1-encoded effector, EseH. EsrC also induces expression of a putative type VI secretion system translocon protein, EvpC, which is secreted under the same low-pH conditions as the T3SS translocon proteins. The pEI2-encoded effector, EseI, was upregulated under low-pH and low-phosphate conditions but not in an EsrB- or EsrC-dependent manner. Mutations of EsrA and EsrB both resulted in loss of the ability to replicate in HKDM and full attenuation in the channel catfish host. Mutation of EsrC did not affect intracellular replication but did result in attenuation in catfish. Although EsrB is the primary transcriptional regulator for
E. ictaluri
genes within the T3SS pathogenicity island, EsrC regulates expression of the plasmid-carried effector
eseH
and appears to mediate coordinated expression of the T6SS with the T3SS.
SclR, a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor, Regulates Hyphal Morphology and Promotes Sclerotial Formation in Aspergillus oryzae
Authors: Jin Feng Jie , Takahashi Tadashi , Matsushima Ken-ichiro , Hara Seiichi , Shinohara Yasutomo , Maruyama Jun-ichi , Kitamoto Katsuhiko , Koyama Yasuji 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTMost known basic-region helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins belong to a superfamily of transcription factors often involved in the control of growth and differentiation. Therefore, inappropriate expression of genes encoding bHLH proteins is frequently associated with developmental dysfunction. In our previously reported study, a novel bHLH protein-encoding gene (AO090011000215) ofAspergillus oryzaewas identified. The gene-disrupted strain was found to produce dense conidia, but sparse sclerotia, relative to the parent strain. Here, to further analyze its function, we generated an overexpressing strain using theA. oryzaeamyBgene promoter. Genetic overexpression led to a large number of initial hyphal aggregations and then the formation of mature sclerotia; it was therefore designatedsclR(sclerotiumregulator). At the same time, thesclR-overexpressing strain also displayed both delayed and decreased conidiation. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the aerial hyphae of thesclR-overexpressing strain were extremely branched and intertwined with each other. In the generation of the SclR-enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression strain, the SclR-EGFP protein fusion was conditionally detected in the nuclei. In addition, the loss ofsclRfunction led to rapid protein degradation and cell lysis in dextrin-polypeptone-yeast extract liquid medium. Taken together, these observations indicate that SclR plays an important role in hyphal morphology, asexual conidiospore formation, and the promotion of sclerotial production, even retaining normal cell function, at least in submerged liquid culture.
Live Imaging of Disseminated Candidiasis in Zebrafish Reveals Role of Phagocyte Oxidase in Limiting Filamentous Growth
Authors: Brothers Kimberly M. , Newman Zachary R. , Wheeler Robert T. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTCandida albicansis a human commensal and a clinically important fungal pathogen that grows in both yeast and hyphal forms during human infection. AlthoughCandidacan cause cutaneous and mucosal disease, systemic infections cause the greatest mortality in hospitals. Candidemia occurs primarily in immunocompromised patients, for whom the innate immune system plays a paramount role in immunity. We have developed a novel transparent vertebrate model of candidemia to probe the molecular nature ofCandida-innate immune system interactions in an intact host. Our zebrafish infection model results in a lethal disseminated disease that shares important traits with disseminated candidiasis in mammals, including dimorphic fungal growth, dependence on hyphal growth for virulence, and dependence on the phagocyte NADPH oxidase for immunity. Dual imaging of fluorescently marked immune cells and fungi revealed that phagocytosed yeast cells can remain viable and even divide within macrophages without germinating. Similarly, although we observed apparently killed yeast cells within neutrophils, most yeast cells within these innate immune cells were viable. Exploiting this model, we combined intravital imaging with gene knockdown to show for the first time that NADPH oxidase is required for regulation ofC. albicansfilamentationin vivo. The transparent and easily manipulated larval zebrafish model promises to provide a unique tool for dissecting the molecular basis of phagocyte NADPH oxidase-mediated limitation of filamentous growthin vivo.
The Lysis-Lysogeny Decision of Bacteriophage 933W: a 933W Repressor-Mediated Long-Distance Loop Has No Role in Regulating 933W P
RM
Activity
Authors: Bullwinkle Tammy J. , Koudelka Gerald B. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Our data show that unlike bacteriophage λ, repressor bound at O
L
of bacteriophage 933W has no role in regulation of 933W repressor occupancy of 933W O
R
3 or the transcriptional activity of 933W P
RM
. This finding suggests that a cooperative long-range loop between repressor tetramers bound at O
R
and O
L
does not form in bacteriophage 933W. Nonetheless, 933W forms lysogens, and 933W prophage display a threshold response to UV induction similar to related lambdoid phages. Hence, the long-range loop thought to be important for constructing a threshold response in lambdoid bacteriophages is dispensable. The lack of a loop requires bacteriophage 933W to use a novel strategy in regulating its lysis-lysogeny decisions. As part of this strategy, the difference between the repressor concentrations needed to bind O
R
2 and activate 933W P
RM
transcription or bind O
R
3 and repress transcription from P
RM
is <2-fold. Consequently, P
RM
is never fully activated, reaching only ∼25% of the maximum possible level of repressor-dependent activation before repressor-mediated repression occurs. The 933W repressor also apparently does not bind cooperatively to the individual sites in O
R
and O
L
. This scenario explains how, in the absence of DNA looping, bacteriophage 933W displays a threshold effect in response to DNA damage and suggests how 933W lysogens behave as “hair triggers” with spontaneous induction occurring to a greater extent in this phage than in other lambdoid phages.
Genome Sequence of the Abyssomicin- and Proximicin-Producing Marine Actinomycete Verrucosispora maris AB-18-032
Authors: Roh Hanseong , Uguru Gabriel C. , Ko Hyeok-Jin , Kim Sujin , Kim Byung-Yong , Goodfellow Michael , Bull Alan T. , Kim Kyoung Heon , Bibb Mervyn J. , Choi In-Geol , Stach James E. M. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Verrucosispora maris
AB-18-032 is a marine actinomycete that produces atrop-abyssomicin C and proximicin A, both of which have novel structures and modes of action. In order to understand the biosynthesis of these compounds, to identify further biosynthetic potential, and to facilitate rational improvement of secondary metabolite titers, we have sequenced the complete 6.7-Mb genome of
Verrucosispora maris
AB-18-032.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. chinensis Strain CT-43
Authors: He Jin , Wang Jieping , Yin Wen , Shao Xiaohu , Zheng Huajun , Li Mingshun , Zhao Youwen , Sun Ming , Wang Shengyue , Yu Ziniu 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Bacillus thuringiensis
has been widely used as an agricultural biopesticide for a long time. As a producing strain,
B. thuringiensis
subsp.
chinensis
strain CT-43 is highly toxic to lepidopterous and dipterous insects. It can form various parasporal crystals consisting of Cry1Aa3, Cry1Ba1, Cry1Ia14, Cry2Aa9, and Cry2Ab1. During fermentation, it simultaneously generates vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3Aa10 and the insecticidal nucleotide analogue thuringiensin. Here, we report the finished, annotated genome sequence of
B. thuringiensis
strain CT-43.
Intracranial carotid artery stent placement causes delayed severe intracranial hemorrhage in a patient with moyamoya disease: Figure 1
Authors: Eicker Sven , Etminan Nima , Turowski Bernd , Steiger Hans-Jakob , Hänggi Daniel 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundMoyamoya disease (MMD) is a rare cerebrovascular disease usually characterized by progressive bilateral distal internal carotid artery stenosis or occlusion and its consequences. Direct (ie, extracranial–intracranial bypass) or indirect cerebral revascularization procedures are the most established and effective treatment strategies for MMD. The case history is presented of a patient with MMD with delayed severe intracranial and subarachnoid hemorrhage following intracranial carotid artery stent placement.Clinical presentationAn 18-year-old women presented with a history of seizures, recurrent episodes of transient right hemiparesis and aphasia. Cerebral catheter angiography and perfusion CT scan with azetozaolamide challenge confirmed impaired left hemispheric perfusion due to severe bilateral carotid artery stenosis combined with pathological collaterals, consistent with moyamoya disease. Endovascular stenting of the left supraclinoidal internal cerebral artery was performed uneventfully. Five hours after treatment the patient presented with sudden headache, nausea and speech disorders and a CT scan revealed intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Due to further rapid clinical deterioration, surgical removal of the hematoma and decompression were required. The patient’s poor neurological outcome did not improve during the 2-year follow-up period.ConclusionThis case report illustrates a severe intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage following intracranial stenting of the internal carotid artery in a young patient with MMD. Potentially this complication could be attributed to high perfusion pressure breakthrough phenomenon, a known complication after cerebral high-flow bypass surgery. The role of intracranial stenting, despite established revascularization procedures in patients with MMD, therefore remains highly questionable.
Efficacy of halofuginone lactate in the prevention of cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves
Authors: Trotz‐Williams L. A. , Jarvie B. D. , Peregrine A. S. , Duffield T. F. , Leslie K. E. 
Published: May 2011

To evaluate the efficacy of halofuginone lactate (Halocur; Intervet) when used prophylactically against cryptosporidiosis in dairy calves, 513 Holstein heifer calves were randomly distributed between two experimental groups. Those in the treatment group (n=259) received 0.1 mg halofuginone base per kg bodyweight daily in a 10 ml solution, for the first seven days following birth, while those in the control group (n=254) received an equal volume of a placebo solution. Faecal samples were collected weekly from all calves until three weeks of age to test for Cryptosporidium oocysts and to assess the diarrhoeal status. Growth parameters of the calves were also recorded at approximately four months of age. Calves that received halofuginone were significantly less likely to shed Cryptosporidium oocysts during the course of the study than placebo‐treated calves (odds ratio 0.6, 95 per cent confidence interval 0.4 to 0.9, P=0.009). Mean growth measurements of calves in the treated group were consistently higher than those of the control calves (hipometer‐derived P=0.052, wither height P=0.097) and mortality was lower in the treated group (P=0.07). However, these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). No association was found between the prophylactic use of halofuginone and the incidence of calf diarrhoea.
Lines of heavy elements and Fe ii in the UV of CS 31082-0011This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Barbuy B. , Siqueira Mello C. , Spite M. , Spite F. , Bonifacio P. , Hill V. , Primas F. , Plez B. , Cayrel R. , François P. , Sneden C. , Beers T.C. , Andersen J. , Nordström B. , Molaro P. 
Published: May 2011

The abundance of heavy r-elements may provide a better understanding of the r-process, and the determination of several reference r-elements should allow a better determination of a star's age. The space UV region (λ < 3000 Å) presents a large number of lines of the heavy elements, and in the case of some elements, such as Bi, Pt, Au, detectable lines are not available elsewhere. The extreme “r-process star” CS 31082–001 ([Fe/H] = –2.9) was observed in the space UV to determine abundances of the heaviest stable elements, using STIS on board Hubble Space Telescope.
The 3s23p3d 3Fo term in the Si-like spectrum of Fe (Fe XIII)1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Träbert Elmar , Ishikawa Yasuyuki , Santana Juan A. , Del Zanna Giulio 
Published: May 2011

The structure of Si-like ions is discussed for the example of iron (spectrum Fe XIII). The 3s23p3d 3Fo term with its three fine structure levels of very different lifetimes has eluded the early observations. Meanwhile, complementary experimental techniques have permitted to track these levels. Theory has also evolved from approximate techniques to accurate ab initio calculations, the results of which cast doubt on some earlier Fe XIII line identifications and guide the search for and the identification of the correct lines in solar corona spectra.
Semi-empirical branching fractions of the 3s23p2–3s3p3 J = 2 transition array in P II1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Bancroft Brown J. , Brown M.S. , Cheng S. , Curtis L.J. , Ellis D.G. , Federman S.R. , Irving R.E. 
Published: May 2011

A semi-empirical method is used to characterize the 3s23p2–3s3p3 J = 2 transition array in P II. In this method Slater, spin–orbit, and radial parameters are fitted to experimental energy levels to obtain a description of the array in terms of LS-coupling basis vectors. The intermediate coupling (IC) and configuration interaction (CI) amplitudes so obtained are then used to predict the branching fractions of transitions within the array. These two configurations are particularly interesting because the 3s23p2 has been shown to be virtually free of CI, but affected by IC, whereas the 3s3p3 is virtually free of IC, but affected by CI.
Hyperfine quenching of the metastable 4s4p 3P0 and 3P2 states of Zn-like ions1This article is part of a Special Issue on the 10th International Colloquium on Atomic Spectra and Oscillator Strengths for Astrophysical and Laboratory Plasmas.
Authors: Chen M.H. , Cheng K.T. 
Published: May 2011

The hyperfine-induced 4s4p 3P0,2–4s2 1S0 transition rates for Zn-like ions with Z = 30–66 are calculated using a large scale relativistic configuration-interaction method. Comparisons are made between different approaches to hyperfine quenching studies, and discussions are given to the significance of various contributions. For the 3P0 state, the effect of the 1P1 state on hyperfine quenching is found to be quite substantial and cannot be ignored in spite of the large energy separation. For the 3P2 state, hyperfine quenching leads to different decay rates to the ground state for different hyperfine levels and the induced decays can dominated over the unperturbed M2 transition. The present results are compared with the other theoretical predictions, and reasons for the discrepancies are discussed.