bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incoherent Nature of M2 Internal Tides at the Hawaiian Ridge
Authors: Zilberman N. V. , Merrifield M. A. , Carter G. S. , Luther D. S. , Levine M. D. , Boyd T. J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Moored current, temperature, and conductivity measurements are used to study the temporal variability of M2 internal tide generation above the Kaena Ridge, between the Hawaiian islands of Oahu and Kauai. The energy conversion from the barotropic to baroclinic tide measured near the ridge crest varies by a factor of 2 over the 6-month mooring deployment (0.5–1.1 W m−2). The energy flux measured just off the ridge undergoes a similar modulation as the ridge conversion. The energy conversion varies largely because of changes in the phase of the perturbation pressure, suggesting variable work done on remotely generated internal tides. During the mooring deployment, low-frequency current and stratification fluctuations occur on and off the ridge. Model simulations suggest that these variations are due to two mesoscale eddies that passed through the region. The impact of these eddies on low-mode internal tide propagation over the ridge crest is considered. It appears that eddy-related changes in stratification and perhaps cross-ridge current speed contribute to the observed phase variations in perturbation pressure and hence the variable conversion over the ridge.
Directional Calibration of Wave Reanalysis Databases Using Instrumental Data
Authors: Mínguez R. , Espejo A. , Tomás A. , Méndez F. J. , Losada I. J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Wave reanalysis databases (WRDBs) offer important advantages for the statistical characterization of wave climate (continuous time series, good spatial coverage, constant time span, homogeneous forcing, and more than a 40-yr-long time series) and for this reason, they have become a powerful tool for the design of offshore and coastal structures. However, WRDBs are not quantitatively perfect and corrections using instrumental observations must be addressed before they are used; this process is called calibration. The calibration is especially relevant near the coast and in areas where the orography is complex, since in these places the inaccuracy of WRDB is evident because of the bad description of the wind fields (i.e., insufficient forcing resolution). The quantitative differences between numerical and instrumental data suggest that different corrections should be applied depending on the mean direction of the sea state. This paper proposes a calibration method based on a nonlinear regression problem, where the corresponding correction parameters vary smoothly along the possible wave directions by means of cubic splines. The correction of significant wave height is performed using instrumental data: (i) buoy records and/or (ii) satellite data. The performance of the method is illustrated considering data from different locations around Spain.
A Framework for the Statistical Analysis of Large Radar and Lightning Datasets: Results from STEPS 2000
Authors: Lang Timothy J. , Rutledge Steven A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA framework for the statistical analysis of large radar and lightning datasets is described and implemented in order to analyze two research questions in atmospheric electricity: storms dominated by positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) lightning and estimating the probability of lightning in convection. The framework—a collection of computer programs running in series—is fully modular, allowing the analysis of a variety of datasets based on a study’s objectives, including radar observations, lightning data, observations of meteorological environments, and other data. The framework has been applied to over 2 months of observations of 28 463 cells. The results suggest that +CG-dominated cells contain midlevel positive charge (−10° to −30°C), in contrast to cells dominated by −CG lightning, which typically had positive charge at upper (near −40°C) and lower levels (0° to −10°C). The +CG cells also were larger and more intense, and were associated with environments that were more convectively favorable—in terms of increased moisture, shear, and especially instability—when compared to −CG cells. The framework was also used to examine the probability of lightning occurrence for a spectrum of radar structures. The existence of 30-dBZ echo above the freezing altitude is a “necessary” condition (in ~90% of cases) for lightning occurrence. A “sufficient” condition (in ~90% of cases) is 40-dBZ echo breaching the freezing altitude. Altitude or volume of 40-dBZ echo was the superior estimator for the occurrence of lightning, while 30 dBZ was better for inferring the lack of lightning.
On the Characteristic Height Scales of the Hurricane Boundary Layer
Authors: Zhang Jun A. , Rogers Robert F. , Nolan David S. , Marks Frank D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn this study, data from 794 GPS dropsondes deployed by research aircraft in 13 hurricanes are analyzed to study the characteristic height scales of the hurricane boundary layer. The height scales are defined in a variety of ways: the height of the maximum total wind speed, the inflow layer depth, and the mixed layer depth. The height of the maximum wind speed and the inflow layer depth are referred to as the dynamical boundary layer heights, while the mixed layer depth is referred to as the thermodynamical boundary layer height. The data analyses show that there is a clear separation of the thermodynamical and dynamical boundary layer heights. Consistent with previous studies on the boundary layer structure in individual storms, the dynamical boundary layer height is found to decrease with decreasing radius to the storm center. The thermodynamic boundary layer height, which is much shallower than the dynamical boundary layer height, is also found to decrease with decreasing radius to the storm center. The results also suggest that using the traditional critical Richardson number method to determine the boundary layer height may not accurately reproduce the height scale of the hurricane boundary layer. These different height scales reveal the complexity of the hurricane boundary layer structure that should be captured in hurricane model simulations.
Impact of CASA Radar and Oklahoma Mesonet Data Assimilation on the Analysis and Prediction of Tornadic Mesovortices in an MCS
Authors: Schenkman Alexander D. , Xue Ming , Shapiro Alan , Brewster Keith , Gao Jidong 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The impact of radar and Oklahoma Mesonet data assimilation on the prediction of mesovortices in a tornadic mesoscale convective system (MCS) is examined. The radar data come from the operational Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and the Engineering Research Center for Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere’s (CASA) IP-1 radar network. The Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS) model is employed to perform high-resolution predictions of an MCS and the associated cyclonic line-end vortex that spawned several tornadoes in central Oklahoma on 8–9 May 2007, while the ARPS three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system in combination with a complex cloud analysis package is used for the data analysis. A set of data assimilation and prediction experiments are performed on a 400-m resolution grid nested inside a 2-km grid, to examine the impact of radar data on the prediction of meso-γ-scale vortices (mesovortices). An 80-min assimilation window is used in radar data assimilation experiments. An additional set of experiments examines the impact of assimilating 5-min data from the Oklahoma Mesonet in addition to the radar data.
Qualitative comparison with observations shows highly accurate forecasts of mesovortices up to 80 min in advance of their genesis are obtained when the low-level shear in advance of the gust front is effectively analyzed. Accurate analysis of the low-level shear profile relies on assimilating high-resolution low-level wind information. The most accurate analysis (and resulting prediction) is obtained in experiments that assimilate low-level radial velocity data from the CASA radars. Assimilation of 5-min observations from the Oklahoma Mesonet has a substantial positive impact on the analysis and forecast when high-resolution low-level wind observations from CASA are absent; when the low-level CASA wind data are assimilated, the impact of Mesonet data is smaller. Experiments that do not assimilate low-level wind data from CASA radars are unable to accurately resolve the low-level shear profile and gust front structure, precluding accurate prediction of mesovortex development.
Performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model for Month-Long Pan-Arctic Simulations
Authors: Cassano John J. , Higgins Matthew E. , Seefeldt Mark W. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The performance of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was evaluated for month-long simulations over a large pan-Arctic model domain. The evaluation of seven different WRF (version 3.1) configurations for four months (January, April, July, and October 2007) indicated that WRF produces reasonable simulations of the Arctic atmosphere. Ranking of the model error statistics, calculated relative to the NCEP/Department of Energy Global Reanalysis 2 (NCEP-2), for sea level pressure, 500- and 300-hPa geopotential height, 2-m air temperature, and precipitation identified the model configurations that consistently produced the best pan-Arctic simulations. For all WRF configurations considered, large errors in circulation are evident in the North Pacific. The errors in the North Pacific are manifested as an overly weak and westward-shifted Aleutian low and overly strong subtropical Pacific high simulated by WRF. These circulation errors are nearly barotropic, with a slight increase in magnitude with height, and they vary slightly in magnitude and position as the WRF physics options and domain size are changed. It is concluded that the circulation errors are likely due to errors in the treatment of the model-top boundary. The use of a higher model top (10 hPa rather than 50 hPa) or spectral nudging of wavenumbers 1–3 in the top half of the model domain results in significantly reduced circulation biases. Simulations with WRF version 3.2 also show reduced errors.
Diagnosing the Sensitivity of Binary Image Measures to Bias, Location, and Event Frequency within a Forecast Verification Framework
Authors: Schwedler Benjamin R. J. , Baldwin Michael E. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
While the use of binary distance measures has a substantial history in the field of image processing, these techniques have only recently been applied in the area of forecast verification. Designed to quantify the distance between two images, these measures can easily be extended for use with paired forecast and observation fields. The behavior of traditional forecast verification metrics based on the dichotomous contingency table continues to be an area of active study, but the sensitivity of image metrics has not yet been analyzed within the framework of forecast verification. Four binary distance measures are presented and the response of each to changes in event frequency, bias, and displacement error is documented. The Hausdorff distance and its derivatives, the modified and partial Hausdorff distances, are shown only to be sensitive to changes in base rate, bias, and displacement between the forecast and observation. In addition to its sensitivity to these three parameters, the Baddeley image metric is also sensitive to additional aspects of the forecast situation. It is shown that the Baddeley metric is dependent not only on the spatial relationship between a forecast and observation but also the location of the events within the domain. This behavior may have considerable impact on the results obtained when using this measure for forecast verification. For ease of comparison, a hypothetical forecast event is presented to quantitatively analyze the various sensitivities of these distance measures.
Dynamic drape property evaluation of natural fiber woven fabrics using a novel automatic drape-measuring system
Authors: Wang Pin-Ning , Cheng Kou-Bin 
Published: May 2011

Quantifying the dynamic drape properties of woven fabrics is an important factor in representing the actual qualities of wearing different materials. While static drape tests are not fully sufficient for measuring the real drapable nature of fabric, performing dynamic drape tests of woven fabric has been a very challenging task for the textile industry. In order to overcome this problem, this study developed an automatic drape-measuring system for woven fabrics. In this study, static and dynamic drapability testing values of spring/summer natural fiber woven fabrics are analyzed. The weights of the tested fabrics range from 11.0 to 18.3 mg/cm 2. The ‘Four-in-One’ Automatic Measuring System for Dynamic Drape is used to measure fabric drapability. The drape-testing instrument is employed with forward rotation, reciprocating motion, and swinging motion, simulating the changes in the dynamic drape of fabric when people walk at different speeds. The results of this study indicate that the dynamic drape coefficient (Dc) and dynamic drape coefficient of fabric in forward rotation (Dcr) can be used to determine the dynamic drape liveliness of four types of natural fiber woven fabrics in forward rotation, the dynamic drape coefficient with reciprocating motion (Dd) can be used to determine the dynamic drape liveliness of the four fabrics in reciprocating motion, and the dynamic drape coefficient with swinging motion (Dsr) can be used to determine the dynamic drape liveliness of the four fabrics in swinging motion.
Anterior Knee Laxity Increases Gapping of Posterior Horn Medial Meniscal Tears
Authors: Dürselen Lutz , Vögele Stefan , Seitz Andreas M. , Ignatius Anita , Friederich Niklaus F. , Bauer Gerhard , Majewski Martin 
Published: May 2011

Background Meniscal tears often occur in association with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesions or in chronically lax knees. It is also known that meniscal repairs are less likely to heal in ACL-deficient knees. Purpose To test the effect of different knee joint motion and loading conditions on the gapping behavior of longitudinal posterior horn meniscal tears in stable and ACL-deficient knee joints. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Longitudinal tears of 3 cm were set in the posterior horn of the medial menisci in 10 human cadaveric joints. The medial plateau of the knees was replaced by a transparent replica, and an arthroscope was placed underneath to observe the gapping phenomenon of the meniscal tears. The maximum gap width occurring during flexion-extension under various motion and loading situations was registered in intact and ACL-deficient joints before and after meniscal repair with FasT-Fix suture anchors. Results Longitudinal meniscal tears gapped significantly wider after ACL transection under 30-N axial joint load ( P < .05). Increasing the axial load to 200 N or applying external moments to the knee did not lead to further alterations in the gap size. Gapping was significantly reduced after meniscal repair ( P < .01). However, after meniscal repair, gapping under 30-N and 200-N axial joint load was still increased significantly after ACL transection compared with the ACL-intact state ( P < .05). Conclusion Anterior knee laxity increases gapping across both unrepaired and repaired vertical peripheral medial meniscal posterior horn tears. Clinical Relevance Repairing such meniscal tears without reconstructing the ACL may affect meniscus healing rates or increase the risk of retears. Moderate rehabilitation regimens can be recommended, allowing at least for partial weightbearing and knee motion from extension to 120° of flexion in a stable knee. However, caution should be recommended if meniscal repair is performed in a knee joint with persistent anterior laxity due to ACL deficiency.
Decreased hippocampal volume, indirectly measured, is associated with depressive symptoms and consolidation deficits in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Kiy Gevrey , Lehmann Pia , Hahn Horst K , Eling Paul , Kastrup Andreas , Hildebrandt Helmut 
Published: May 2011

Background: The human hippocampus plays a role in episodic memory and depression. Recently, it has been shown, using manual tracings, that the hippocampus is smaller in volume in MS patients compared with healthy controls, and that, at least for depression, hippocampal atrophy correlates with symptom severity. Methods: Because manual tracing of the hippocampus is time consuming, we used a semi-automatic procedure for temporal horn volumetry in 72 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and 16 control subjects as an indirect measure of hippocampal volume. We analysed memory performance with the California Verbal Learning Test (using separate indices for encoding, consolidation and retrieval) and depressive mood with the Beck’s Depression Inventory (distinguishing between psychic and somatic aspects). Results: MS patients had significantly larger temporal horn volumes and volume correlated with psychic symptoms of depressive mood. Temporal horn volume was also associated with consolidation, in particular in the most impaired group. Conclusions: Temporal horn volume can be measured relatively easily and appears to correlate with two major clinical problems in MS patients: memory performance and depressive mood. The link between temporal horn volume, consolidation and depression may be hippocampal atrophy, as suggested by their adjacent neuroanatomical localization, and by the similarity in functional loss following impairment of these two structures.
Association of angiotensin I converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism with breast cancer: a meta-analysis
Authors: Sun Meili , Liu Chuanyong , Wei Fang , Zhong Jie , Sun Yuping 
Published: May 2011

Background: Polymorphisms of angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene have been inconsistently associated with breast cancer risk. We examined these associations by performing a meta-analysis. Materials and methods: Four studies (cases: 1422; controls: 3044) testing the association between ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism and breast cancer were examined. The analyses were performed using the Review Manager 5.0.25 software package. Results: The combined results based on the above four studies showed that there was no significant difference in genotype distribution (DD, ID or II) between breast cancer patients and controls, with the odds ratio (OR) (1.00; 0.94; 1.11) and 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.76 to 1.33; 0.83 to 1.07; 0.96 to 1.28) for DD, ID and II genotype respectively. Conclusion: The meta-analysis suggests that ACE I/D polymorphism may not be a genetic risk factor for breast cancer.
Symptom burden and quality of life in patients with follicular lymphoma undergoing maintenance treatment with rituximab compared with observation
Authors: Walker Mark S. , Stepanski Edward J. , Reyes Carolina , Satram-Hoang Sacha , Houts Arthur C. , Schwartzberg Lee S. 
Published: May 2011

Background: The impact on health related quality of life (HRQoL) of rituximab maintenance (R-M) versus observation (OBS) after induction for treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL) is unclear. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 137 patients (53% female, 87% White, age 61.0 ± 12.4 years) who received either R-M ( n = 53) or OBS ( n = 84) after chemotherapy induction for newly diagnosed FL at community oncology practices within the US. Patients (65% with advanced disease; 48% with a high FLIPI score [3–5]) had completed ≥1 Patient Care Monitor HRQoL survey in the period following front-line therapy, and were excluded if they had progressed during front-line therapy. Results: Linear mixed models showed that postinduction, most symptoms were stable, with patients on R-M reporting HRQoL that was equal to that reported by OBS patients. Conclusions: Among R-M patients, receipt of rituximab was associated with improved psychological symptoms.
Fast experimental identification of suspension models for control design
Authors: Crivellaro C , Donha D C 
Published: May 2011

This paper presents both the theoretical and the experimental approaches of the development of a mathematical model to be used in multi-variable control system designs of an active suspension for a sport utility vehicle (SUV), in this case a light pickup truck. A complete seven-degree-of-freedom model is successfully quickly identified, with very satisfactory results in simulations and in real experiments conducted with the pickup truth. The novelty of the proposed methodology is the use of commercial software in the early stages of the identification to speed up the process and to minimize the need for a large number of costly experiments. The paper also presents major contributions to the identification of uncertainties in vehicle suspension models and in the development of identification methods using the sequential quadratic programming, where an innovation regarding the calculation of the objective function is proposed and implemented. Results from simulations of and practical experiments with the real SUV are presented, analysed, and compared, showing the potential of the method.
Mitochondrial targeting of human NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2) and its association with early-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy
Authors: Liu Hsin-Yu , Liao Pin-Chao , Chuang Kai-Tun , Kao Mou-Chieh 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background
NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2), containing one iron sulfur cluster ([2Fe-2S] binuclear cluster N1a), is one of the core nuclear-encoded subunits existing in human mitochondrial complex I. Defects in this subunit have been associated with Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Bipolar disorder, and Schizophrenia. The aim of this study is to examine the mitochondrial targeting of NDUFV2 and dissect the pathogenetic mechanism of one human deletion mutation present in patients with early-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy.

Methods
A series of deletion and point-mutated constructs with the c-myc epitope tag were generated to identify the location and sequence features of mitochondrial targeting sequence for NDUFV2 in human cells using the confocal microscopy. In addition, various lengths of the NDUFV2 N-terminal and C-terminal fragments were fused with enhanced green fluorescent protein to investigate the minimal region required for correct mitochondrial import. Finally, a deletion construct that mimicked the IVS2+5_+8delGTAA mutation in NDUFV2 gene and would eventually produce a shortened NDUFV2 lacking 19-40 residues was generated to explore the connection between human gene mutation and disease.

Results
We identified that the cleavage site of NDUFV2 was located around amino acid 32 of the precursor protein, and the first 22 residues of NDUFV2 were enough to function as an efficient mitochondrial targeting sequence to carry the passenger protein into mitochondria. A site-directed mutagenesis study showed that none of the single-point mutations derived from basic, hydroxylated and hydrophobic residues in the NDUFV2 presequence had a significant effect on mitochondrial targeting, while increasing number of mutations in basic and hydrophobic residues gradually decreased the mitochondrial import efficacy of the protein. The deletion mutant mimicking the human early-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy lacked 19-40 residues in NDUFV2 and exhibited a significant reduction in its mitochondrial targeting ability.

Conclusions
The mitochondrial targeting sequence of NDUFV2 is located at the N-terminus of the precursor protein. Maintaining a net positive charge and an amphiphilic structure with the overall balance and distribution of basic and hydrophobic amino acids in the N-terminus of NDUFV2 is important for mitochondrial targeting. The results of human disease cell model established that the impairment of mitochondrial localization of NDUFV2 as a mechanistic basis for early-onset hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and encephalopathy.