bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liturgical Theology
Authors: Harmon Steven R. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Liturgical theology is the branch of Christian theological studies that seeks to articulate afresh the theological significance of the acts of Christian worship and to inform theologically the process of liturgical renewal in the church. As such it draws not only on the history of Christian worship and the disciplines of dogmatic and systematic theology, but also on the contributions of biblical studies that shed light both on the earliest history of Jewish and Christian worship and on the literary function of the canon of Scripture as a liturgical text.
L
lull,
R
amon (
c
.1235–1315)
Authors: Montgomery John Warwick 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Llull — or Lullius (the Latin form of his name) — was a contemporary of Thomas Aquinas. Like Aquinas, he was a theologian in what James Walsh, one of the Roman Church's eulogists, has termed the “greatest of centuries,” since it was then that the church's enduring systematic theological formulations were developed.
Logos
Authors: Lamp Jeffrey S. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Logos
is a common Greek term with a wide range of meanings, typically with reference to communication, and so is frequently understood in the sense of “word, utterance,” and so on. In the Septuagint
logos
typically translates the Hebrew
dābār
, where
dābār
as “word” serves as an extension of the person who utters it. Thus the “word” of God is virtually coterminous with God's own personhood and connotes a revelatory act on the part of God toward human beings.
Lollards
Authors: Hill Bracy V. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Literary references to “Lollards” may appear as early as 1382. Origin of the derogatory term is uncertain, although it has been attributed to a Middle Dutch reference to mumbling and possibly to a Latin word for “tares.” In the early years, notable persons were accused of Lollardy including Sir Richard Stury, Sir John Montagu, Margery Kempe, Sir John Oldcastle, and Sir John Cheyne. After 1401, Lollards from the spectrum of society were condemned and executed; however, after 1430, most accused Lollards were artisans and tradespersons.
L
ombard,
P
eter (
c
.1095–1160)
Authors: Beiting Christopher J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The
Sentences
of Peter Lombard, theologian and Bishop of Paris, became the de facto textbook on theology for the medieval period. Producing a commentary on it was the starting point for most of the great theologians of the Middle Ages. Born in Lombardy, Peter studied there (possibly at Bologna) and then at Rheims and Paris in France. In Paris he eventually taught at the cathedral school at Notre Dame, ultimately becoming a canon. At the end of his life, he was appointed Bishop of Paris.
L
uther,
M
artin (1483–1546)
Authors: Schmidt Alvin J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Martin Luther was born in Eisleben in Saxony, Germany, on November 10, 1483. His father wanted him to study law, so in 1501 he sent him to study at the University of Erfurt. Four years later on a sultry day in July, 1505, a storm arose and a flash of lightning struck him to the ground. This prompted him to say, “St. Anne help me! I will become a monk.” Soon after, he enrolled in the Augustinian Cloister in Erfurt. Being religiously devout, he found that no matter how hard he tried to please God with his behavior, he still saw himself as an unforgiven sinner vis‐à‐vis a righteous God.
Magisterium
Authors: Coulter Michael 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The term “Magisterium” comes from the Latin
magister
, meaning “master” or “teacher.” The term is primarily used to describe the teaching authority of the Catholic Church. The First Vatican Council's 1870 Dogmatic Constitution on the Church of Christ,
Dei Filius
, speaks of those things which must be “believed with divine and Catholic faith” and says that they come from “the word of God, whether in Scripture or Tradition,” and they “are proposed by the Church, either by a solemn decision or by the ordinary and universal Magisterium.”
M
alankara Orthodox
S
yrian Church
Authors: Childers J. W. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The story of Christianity on the Indian subcontinent is a long and complex one, rich with ancient tradition and marked by modern complexities. The name
Malankara
(or Malabar) designates a region on the southwest coast of India in the modern state of Kerala. According to Keralite tradition, Christianity came to the region through the preaching of the Apostle Thomas in the 1st century. Heirs to this tradition call themselves St. Thomas Christians and value their common history and Syriac liturgical legacy. Yet, due largely to the influence of non‐Indian churches in the wake of the Reformation, the community has become fragmented into several different denominations, with various Catholic, Protestant, and Oriental Orthodox affiliations.
Manichaeism
Authors: Woods Ryan T. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe most extensively diffused species of Irano‐Gnosticism, Manichaeism emerged from 3rd century Mesopotamia to include adherents from Europe, Central Asia, and China — “the only Gnostic system which became a broad historical force” (Jonas 1963: 206). It was also perhaps the most broadly stigmatized heresy in the history of religions, eliciting denunciations from Iranian clerics, a Roman emperor, Catholic bishops, and a Chinese emperor.
M
antegna,
A
ndrea (1431–1506)
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Italian painter. A prodigy, he set himself up as an independent painter at the age of 17. His first major work was the
Life of St. James and St. Christopher
in the Ovetari Chapel of the Church of the Eremitani in Padua, which was completed in 1459 (and largely destroyed in 1944). His altarpiece for St. Zeno in Verona is a sacra conversazione,
Madonna and the Saints
, which unifies the traditional triptych into a single space. His most important surviving religious works are
Madonna and the Saints
,
the Martyrdom of St. Sebastian
,
Madonna della Vittoria
, and smaller Madonnas. His panels on the
Life of the Virgin
at the ducal palace in Florence are meticulous miniatures. His love of strong perspective comes through in his
Dead Christ
(1480), where Christ is bewailed by Mary and another of the holy women from the bottom of the cross. The frescoes Mantegna painted in the Belvedere for Pope Innocent VIII have been lost. By the time of his death he was widely honored and he had profound influence on later artists such as Bellini and Durer.
M
artin of Tours (C.316–397)
Authors: Gallagher Robert L. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
A monk and bishop who pioneered Western monasticism in Gaul, Martin of Tours was born at Sabaria in Pannonia (present‐day Hungary), the son of a Roman tribune. At Pavia in northern Italy he became a catechumen at 10, and at 15 was enlisted by his father in the Roman army, where he served in Emperor Julian's bodyguard. Three years later, while a calvary officer stationed at Amiens in Gaul (present‐day France), he cut and gave half his military cloak to a beggar at the city gates. In a dream he saw Christ wearing the half cloak he had given to the poor man. This incident moved him to be baptized and to serve as a soldier of Christ.
M
arulus,
M
arcus (1450–1524)
Authors: Posset Franz 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Marko Marulić, or Marulich, or Pecinić. Croatian. Born in Split, Croatia, on August 18, 1450 to a noble family. Split then belonged to the Republic of Venice. He attended the local school led by humanist laymen and may have had some training in law as he performed some administrative work in the community while mostly writing historical and religious works in Latin. As a bachelor he lived most of his life at the family estate. He was friends with Italian humanists and was influenced also by the
Devotio moderna
. He translated the
Imitation of Christ
(attributed to Thomas à Kempis) into Croatian. As a theological autodidact he worked on his
Repertorium
prior to 1500, a large collection of excerpts from classical authors, the Bible, and early Christian writers. From 1496 to 1499 he worked on the
Instruction on How to Lead a Virtuous Life Based on the Examples of Saints
, published in Latin in 1507. This work established his fame throughout Europe, as it was translated into Italian, German, Portuguese, French, and Czech, all prior to 1686. St. Francis Xavier carried this book with him on his mission journeys to the Far East. Further research will have to determine whether excerpts were translated into Japanese by Paulo Yôhô‐ken (1510–1599) and his son in the book
Sanctos no go‐sagyô no uchi nukigakkan dai‐ ichi
(Extracts from the Acts of the Saints, vol. 1), published by the Jesuit Mission Press in Japan, in 1591. His Latin
Carmen about the teaching of our Lord Jesus Christ
(usually part of the
Instruction
) was edited separately at Erfurt, Germany, in 1514. In 1510 he wrote
The Deeds of the Kings of Dalmatia and Croatia,
and
Fifty Parables
, and in 1513
The Life of St. Jerome
. His
Evangelistarium
, a moral‐theological compendium of biblical texts, is known in a print of 1516, re‐edited in 1519 by the German humanist Sebastian Münster. The
Evangelistarium
was used by Thomas More and King Henry VIII. In 1518 he wrote
On the Humility and Glory of Christ
and
An Account of Illustrious Men of the Old Testament
, and in 1520–1521 on
The Last Judgment of Christ.
For his epic
Judith
of 1521 he earned the honorific title “Father of Croatian Literature.” He called upon Pope Adrian VI for help against the Ottoman armies. His
Davidias
tells the story of the biblical David in verse form, first edited in 1954. His
Praise of Hercules
was published posthumously in 1524. In it he lets the followers of Hercules compete with the followers of Christ. He was interested in local and national history, being a collector of inscriptions from cities in Italy and Croatia. His overall goal remained the renewal of Christianity, as he admired Erasmus of Rotterdam. As a lay theologian he became one of the great figures of European Renaissance Humanism. He died in Split on January 5, 1524 and is buried in the church of St. Francis.
M
asaccio (1401–1428)
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Real name: Tommaso Giovanni di Mone. The greatest painter of the Italian Renaissance, who died very young. His fame rests on five surviving works. The first two are the triptych
Madonna and Child with the Saints
(1422), painted for the country church of San Giovenale in Cascia, and the
Madonna and Child with St. Anne
(1424–1425), both in Uffizi. Here Mary appears as
Theotokos
or Mother of God but the nude child highlights his human nature. The halo of the Madonna is the traditional plate behind her head but that of the child hovers over his head. The fresco of the Trinity implies that Adam was buried in Golgotha, below the Cross. It is the traditional form of the Seat of Mercy flanked by the Virgin and St. John. The fresco cycle in the Brancacci Chapel occupies both sides of the chapel and the altar wall on two levels. One of the scenes is the
Expulsion from Paradise.
The rest of the cycle is devoted to St. Peter. The
Tribute Money
in the upper left register is a perfect example of continuous representation. Below the
Tribute Money
is the
Raising of the Prefect's Son
and
St. Peter Enthroned
. On the upper right of the altar is the
Baptism of the Neophytes
and on the lower section on either side are
The Distribution of Goods
,
Death of Ananias
, and
Peter's Shadow Healing the Sick
. In addition to manipulating the viewer's perception of space and time, Masaccio introduced a mood of emotional intensity into his scenes. Among his contemporaries he was closest in spirit to Donatello.
M
ason,
C
.
H
. (1866–1961)
Authors: Weaver Elton H. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Charles Harrison Mason is the founder of North America's largest African American Pentecostal denomination; the Church of God in Christ (COGIC). He has been described as one of the “greatest African American organizers” of the 20th century. A son of emancipated slaves Jeremiah and Eliza Mason, Charles Mason was born September 8, 1866 in Bartlett, Tennessee, near Shelby County. Mason was raised in the African American Baptist church. His early religious preparation and experiences came from his mother, “mother Eliza”; she was a product of the slaves' “underground church” and the first spiritual person to impact his life. His mother's prayers, her spiritual power, and strong dedication to God allowed young Mason to witness the inner workings of black folk religion. In 1878, after a devastating yellow fever epidemic hit Shelby County, Mason's family moved to Plumerville, Arkansas where Mason and his brothers worked as sharecroppers with their father. In 1880 Mason fell sick with tuberculosis and later claimed that God miraculously healed him. Afterward Mason said he dedicated his life to the service of God. At age 14 Mason was baptized, ordained, and licensed to preach in the black Baptist church by his half brother Rev. Israel Nelson, a Baptist preacher pastoring Mt. Olive Missionary Baptist church near Plumerville, Arkansas. In the 1890s Mason and his colleague Charles Price Jones established a holiness association of churches. Mason and Jones' association later became the Church of God in Christ.
M
auriac,
F
rançois
C
harles (1885–1970)
Authors: Jeffrey David Lyle 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Perhaps the premier French novelist and journalist, winner of the Grand Prize from
L'academie française
in 1925, elected member of the French Academy in 1933, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1952, François Mauriac is one of the leading Catholic writers of the 20th century. Among the four most widely read canonical authors in the French curriculum (the others are Camus, Sartre, and Ionesco), he stands out not so much as an existentialist but as a deeply troubled Christian moralist.
Megachurches
Authors: Sobukwe Sharon Gramby 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA megachurch is a church with 2,000 or more worshipers who attend weekly services. The rapid growth and proliferation of megachurches internationally, their common characteristics, and the networks of affiliation they form suggest that the world is witnessing a megachurch movement. Most research suggests that this church movement is encouraged, for good and bad, by the features of the globalization since the 20th century.
M
ercersburg Theology
Authors: Caldwell Robert W. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
A school of theology originating at the German Reformed seminary, Mercersburg, Pennsylvania in the 1840s and 1850s, the Mercersburg Theology was a creative, high church, and Reformed response to American revivalistic Protestantism. Led by theologian John Williamson Nevin (1803–1886) and church historian Phillip Schaff (1819–1893), the Mercersburg Theology emphasized a “catholic” form of Reformed Protestantism, including a deeply christological understanding of the church, the centrality of the sacraments, a deep aversion to revivalism and sectarianism, and the importance of church history to church life.
M
erton,
T
homas (1915–1968)
Authors: S.J. Harvey D. Egan 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Thomas Merton was born of a New Zealand father and an American mother in the Midi region (Prades) of France. Merton was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1938, while he was a student at Columbia. Three years later he became a Trappist monk at the abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani in Kentucky. His autobiography,
The Seven Storey Mountain
(1948), became an international success not only because of its significant statement about monastic spirituality but also because of its telling account of the spiritual condition of the times.
M
essiaen,
O
livier (1908–1992)
Authors: Watkins Daniel 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Born in Avignon, France on December 10, 1908 as Olivier Eugène Prosper Charles Messiaen and baptized into the Roman Catholic Church on December 25 of the same year, he was one of the most influential composers of the 20th century. Initially self‐taught on the piano, Messiaen eventually spent around a decade studying at the Paris Conservatoire under such notable professors as Jean Gallon and Paul Dukas. Upon completing his formal education in music, he accepted the substantial post of organist at the Église de la Saint‐Trinité in Paris. On June 22, 1932, he married Claire Delbos, the daughter of a notable professor at the Sorbonne, and five years later on July 14, 1937 they had a child whom they named Pascal.
Messianic Judaism
Authors: Yeats John M. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Attempts to recapture the religious practices of the first Jewish followers of Jesus through integrating Judaism and the teachings of Jesus while fulfilling Biblical prophecy and maintaining an evangelistic focus on the Jewish community. From early church movements such as the Ebionites and the Nazarenes, throughout the history of Christianity many groups attempted to maintain the Jewishness of Jesus and his followers within the practice of Christianity. Even the New Testament captures the strained dynamics between the first Jewish followers of Christ and the rapidly expanding Gentile population of the embryonic church as believers struggled to define exactly how Jewish the followers of Christ were supposed to be (see Acts 15; Gal. 5; Eph. 2; Col. 2–3; Heb.).
Methodism
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Methodism represents one of the largest Protestant denominations in the world with an estimated 50 million members. It traces its origins back to John Wesley and the religious societies he founded during his crusades in the 18th century. It began as a movement in the Church of England for leading Christians toward the scriptural goal of holiness but became a denomination in 1797. According to John Wesley, a Methodist is one who lives according to the method laid down in the Bible.
Methodist Churches
Authors: Turner Michael K. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Methodism is one of the most widespread and influential Protestant groups in the world. The term Methodism does not refer to an individual denomination but to a large gathering of denominations sharing the same origins. At the present time, it is comprised of 76 denominations in 132 countries with 75 million members worldwide. The Methodists have been particularly influential in the United States; the Methodist church was the largest religious organization in that country until the Catholics displaced it in the 20th century.
M
exican Christianity
Authors: Castelo Daniel 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Consistent with the Latin American experience, the history of Mexican Christianity began with conquest. Christianity arrived in Mexico at the hands of the
conquistadores
and priests associated with the subjugating Spanish culture. After the exploratory efforts of Francisco de Córdoba (1517) and Juan de Grijalva (1518), Hernán Cortés attempted a more extensive expedition in 1519, which saw him land on the island of Cozumel and subsequently the mainland, first on the Yucatan Peninsula, then Cholula, and finally the capital of the Aztec empire, Tenochtitlán. During his first encounters with the Amerindian cultures, Cortés insisted that the natives accept Christianity; when they refused, Cortés and his men tore down their idols and replaced them with crosses and images of the Virgin Mary. Such demands stemmed partly from the idolatry the Europeans saw among the natives as well as the loathsome characteristics of some of their practices, especially human sacrifice. Given Spain's experience with the Moors, however, it is clear that Cortés was using the church to promote the kind of cultural hegemony that he thought necessary in the establishment of what would be known as “New Spain.” In short, Christianity became the default religion that went hand in hand with the experience of conquest for Mesoamerican life from the 16th century onwards.
Miaphysitism
Authors: Farag Lois 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Miaphysite means “one nature” (Greek,
mia
= one;
physite
= nature) and refers to the one‐nature Christology of Cyril of Alexandria articulated in his famous dictum, “one nature of God the Word Incarnate.” The miaphysites base their Christology on the theology of both Cyril and his predecessor Athanasius.
Michelangelo (1475–1564)
Authors: Thomas David Andrew 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Italian. Born Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti in Caprese, Republic of Florence, Tuscany, on March 6, 1475. The second of five sons, his father was Lodovico di Leonardo di Buonarotti di Simoni, a local magistrate, and his mother was Francesca di Neri del Miniato di Siena. A prodigy from his youth, Michelangelo came to embody the Renaissance ideal, mastering the disciplines of sculpture, painting, architecture, and poetry. The majority of his works are religious in nature and serve not only as the epitome of Renaissance beauty but also as the ideal representation of the biblical characters they portray.
M
ilton,
J
ohn (1608–1674)
Authors: Kurian George Thomas 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

English poet, author of the last and greatest epic poem in English,
Paradise Lost
. Milton was born in Cheapside, London, as the son of John Milton, a successful scrivener. He was a precocious child, fluent in ancient and modern languages. He took his Master's from Cambridge in 1632. He planned to be a minister, but since he was a Puritan, did not want to serve the Anglican Church. While in school, Milton started writing poetry, mostly in Latin. In 1629, just after his 21st birthday, he wrote his first poem, “On the Morning of Christ's Nativity,” which signaled his promise as a poet.
Ministry to the Persecuted
Authors: Nettleton P. Todd 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
“If the world hates you, keep in mind that it hated me first. If you belonged to the world, it would love you as its own. As it is, you do not belong to the world, but I have chosen you out of the world. That is why the world hates you. Remember the words I spoke to you: ‘No servant is greater than his master.’ If they persecuted me, they will persecute you also. If they obeyed my teaching, they will obey yours also. They will treat you this way because of my name, for they do not know the One who sent me” (John 15:18–21).
Missiology
Authors: Klaus Byron D. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The term used to describe a discipline is no small matter. The term missiology is not new. With the Jesuit and Carmelite orders of monks in the 16th century, the term
missio
surfaces in the works of Ignatius Loyola and Jacob Loyenz. A great variety of names for what we now term missiology have been proposed. Gustav Warneck used the term
missionslehre
(theory of missions) to describe the course of study he led at Free University in Amsterdam. Abraham Kuyper used the word
prosthetics
, a derivative of the Greek verb
prostithestai
, “to add to the community” as used in Acts 2:41, 5:14 and 11:24. Other 19th century scholars like J. I. Doedes attempted to use the word
halieutics
, “to fish for men.” Nineteenth and 20th century Dutch scholars used the term theology of the apostolate or the science of missions. American Robert Speer used the descriptor “missionary principles and practice” in the early 20th century.