bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cluanie igneous intrusion, Inverness-Shire And Ross-Shire
Authors: Leedal Geoffrey Philip 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Rocks of the Moine Series occurring in the Cluanie area are divided into three main groups, namely : Upper Psammitic, Pelitic, and Lower Psammitic. This general succession is similar to that in the Morar area and maintains throughout the southern portion of the Northern Highlands.
Most of the country in the vicinity and to the east of the Cluanie intrusion is composed of rocks of the Upper Psammitic Group which almost invariably show gentle dips. To the west of the intrusion the Moine rocks are generally highly inclined. Nappe structures are present.
Prior to or during early Caledonian folding the Moine Series was intruded by basic sheets and dykes now represented by amphibolites and hornblende-schists. Regional injection by trondhjemitic material, and, slightly later, localized intrusion of granodioritic to adamellitic orthogneiss, occurred contemporaneously with the folding.
The Cluanie igneous intrusion is one of the “Newer Granites”. It cuts the regional injection and is clearly later than it. The intrusion consists of only one major rock type, namely a porphyritic hornblende-biotite-granodiorite which is cut by E.-W. trending dykes of microdiorite, quartz-microdiorite and trondhjemite-porphyrite and aplite. Round much of the margin of the intrusion the strike and dip of the Moine rocks conforms to the attitude of the igneous contact. This is a characteristic feature of other Caledonian “granites” and indicates that strong magma pressure accompanied their intrusion.
The granodiorite and other minor intrusions have been metasomatically altered by hydro thermal solutions rich in alkalis. During the alteration, which may be described as albitization, quartz was replaced by felspar and the plagioclase became progressively more sodic. Cleavelandite was commonly formed at a late stage in the albitization. Solutions causing the albitization in the main followed lines of intense jointing trending between north-north-east and north-north-west, though in some cases no such relationship between jointing and albitization occurs, the solutions having apparently percolated upwards through solid granodiorite or trondhjemite.
The injection complex and the Cluanie granodiorite are considered to have been formed by the rise of granitic material and magma consequent upon melting of the acid crust at depth during the Caledonian orogeny.
The Entomoconchacea; a new superfamily of macroscopic ostracods of Upper Palaeozoic Age
Authors: Sylvester-Bradley Peter Colley 
Published: October 2009

Summary

The morphology of the type species of the ostracod genera
Entomoconchus
McCoy (Carboniferous) and
Cyprosina
Jones (Devonian) is discussed and reinterpreted. Their characters are compared with those of recent and fossil Myodocopa. The family Entomoconchidae Brady is retained within the Myodocopa but referred to a new superfamily. The family Cyprosonidae Whidborne is also retained in the Myodocopa, and tentatively assigned to the same superfamily.
Arenaceous Foraminifera from the Upper Cretaceous of England
1
Authors: Barnard Tom , Banner Frederick T. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
A study of the arenaceous Foraminifera from the Chalk of England shows them to be useful stratigraphically. A range chart indicates that some species are of diagnostic value in age determination.
The problems of nomenclature and synonymy have been studied in an endeavour to delimit more precisely the stratigraphical range of the species. The internal structures of certain species have been studied in detail. Study of the structure of the initial part of the test and of the internal structure of later chambers has yielded information with a significant bearing on the relationship and the evolution of the various genera.
Problems and progress in volcanology
Authors: Williams Howel 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Volcanoes are, and always have been, concentrated chiefly along continental edges and within ocean basins. Volcanism is most nearly continuous in orogenic belts, other than those of Alpine-Himalayan type, and in the oceans; it is intermittent and short-lived adjoining orogenic belts and ceases for vey long periods only in continetal nuclei. More information is needed concerning the shapes and depths of volcanic reservoirs. Wedging, stoping and fluxing rather than explosive churning are the chief means by which vents are opened. The source and maintenance of heat are largely unsolved problems, but much of the requisite thermal energy probably comes from ascending juvenile gases. Among the factors that control volcanic behaviour one of the chief is the rate of vesiculation; magma composition, degree of crystallization, retrograde boiling and depth of magma chambers appear to be relatively unimportant. The origin of the water vapour given off by volcanoes remains in dispute, but in certain kinds of eruptions groundwater plays an important part. Many calderas and volcano-tectonic depressions owe their formation chiefly to large-scale subterranean migration of magma. methods of prediction are being improved; seismic and tilt measurements now offer the most reliable information, but magnetic and electric methods merit further trial.
The structure of the Neath disturbance between Bryniau Gleision and Glynneath, South Wales
Authors: Owen Thomas Richard 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The Neath disturbance is one of a number of compression belts which occur on the northern limb of the South Wales syncline, and caledonoid directions of which are at variance with the normal armoricanoid trend characteristic of South Wales structures.
The main structural elements of the disturbance are (1) impersistent, caledonoid folds; (2) charnoid shear-faults which separate areas of contrasting fold pattern; (3) normal charnoid faults, some of which do not break the continuity of the folds; (4) a caledonoid, sinistral, shear-fault—the Dinas fault; (5) a caledonoid, normal fault—the Coed-Hir fault.
In general, the caledonoid folds and accompanying charnoid shear-faults appear to have been formed before the Dinas fault. But local reversals of this general sequence and the partial or complete overlap of the phases indicate that they belong to a single period of earth-movement, believed to be of Armorican age. Subsequent vertical movements resulted in the formation of the Coed-Hir fault and some charnoid faults, and occurred also along the Dinas fault and many of the existing charnoid shear-faults.
The Neath disturbance is a product of the resolution of a major Armorican force from the south-south-west into a compressional force directed towards the north-north-west and a sinistral shearing force along the Dinas fault. Such a resolution was probably due to a control exerted by the sub-Devonian foundation. A similar control was being exerted during late Avonian times along part of the disturbed area.
The Geology of Isis Point, North-East Land (Spitsbergen)
Authors: Sandford Kenneth S. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Isis Point, a rocky island-promontory among the ice-cliffs forming the east coast of North-East Land, consists entirely of igneous and metamorphic rocks. On the north coast, as already known, metamorphosed sediments are intimately invaded by a grey granite; at Isis Point amphibolites are prominent among the metamorphic rocks and the stressed grey granite occurs.
Quartz-diorites, scarcely known elsewhere in North-East Land, occur as dykes and veins in the complex and are younger than it. Granodiorites, the now wellknown red and pink “granites” of North-East Land, have field relations similar to those of the diorites; aplite and pegmatite associated with the granodiorites cut the diorites. The granodiorites are younger than, or in part coeval with, the diorites; both are usually unstressed.
Evidence based on morainic material from Isis Point suggests that Upper Carboniferous rocks rest directly on the igneous and metamorphic complex nearby, overstepping the sediments of the Hecla Hoek Formation from west to east. Some of the rocks of Isis Point outcrop on the coast farther north and in Great Island and White Island to the north-east; it is logical to associate them with the “Archaean” basement of Barents Shelf. Eastward, the Upper Carboniferous sediments occur in Victoria Island.
The paper is a sequel to that by the author published in 1950.
I. Introduction
Two earlier papers describe rocks collected at Isis Point (Sandford 1926, 1950). The first mentions (p. 620) an isolated diorite, of which a specimen was brought back by a member of the 1924 Oxford expedition (Binney
The Structure and Stratigraphical Succession of the Moines of Fannich Forest and Strath Bran, Ross-Shire
Authors: Sutton John , Watson Janet 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The order of deposition of metamorphosed Moinian sediments in an area a few miles east of the Moine thrust has been determined with the aid of current-bedding. The previously accepted succession is seen to be incomplete and inverted, and the structural interpretation based on it is therefore largely invalid. Within a succession some 13,000 feet thick, rocks formerly regarded as inliers of Lewisian appear at two horizons. The lower, forming the supposed inliers of Scardroy and Achnasheen, contains abundant banded hornblendic rocks; the upper, the so-called Fannich inlier, is dominantly siliceous.
The major folds, with a wave-lenght of several miles, are overturned towards the west and are isoclinal only in the south. Their axes run, on the average, N.-S., but show much variation in the direction and angle of plunge. Relative variations in the plunge of an adjacent syncline cause the steep or inverted limb common to them both to change its thickness or even to disappear. Variations in plunge lead also to the formation of contemporaneous subsidiary flexures running NW.-SE. The relations of minor structures (small folds, cleavage and lineations) to the major fold system are discussed.
I. Introduction
The part of Wester Ross in the Northern Highlands of Scotland with which this paper deals (see Fig. 1) was mapped many years ago by the Geological Survey of Great Britain and described in two memoirs published in 1913 : one on the Fannich Mountains (explanation of sheet 92) and one on central Ross-shire (explanation of sheet 82). A small
The Palaeoecology of the Top Hosie Shale (Lower Carboniferous) at a Locality Near Kilsyth
Authors: Craig Gordon Younger 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The sizes, conditions of preservation and environment of some 5000 fossils collected from two feet (measured vertically) of a calcareous shale of Lower Carboniferous age are analysed and the lithology of the sediment described. Where possible, the modes of life of the fossil species are determined and ecological comparisons made with related living species. It is shown that many of the fossils are “drift” shells or fragments, which were washed into their present position in the shale. Some shells, however, have maintained the position occupied by the living animal.

Two benthonic fossil communities are recognized, comparable with the living benthonic communities described by C. G. J. Petersen (
Rep. Danish Biol. Stat.
1918). A mud-surface community, consisting principally of
Posidonia corrugata
, arenaceous foraminifera and the ostracod
Waylandella cuneola
, lived in the relatively quiet depositional environment of the basal four inches of shale. Increase in the strength of currents sweeping the substratum, as evidenced by coarser sediment and shell fragments, is correlated with the disappearance of this community and the introduction of a community of burrowing forms which characterize the following 20 inches of shale. This new community consists chiefly of the burrowers
Lingula squamiformis, Nuculopsis gibbosa
and
Sanguinolites costellatus
, certain surface animals more variable in abundance than the burrowers, and a microfauna similar to that of the
Posidonia
band.

I. Introduction
The work described in this paper was undertaken in an attempt to elucidate the palaeoecology of benthonic fossil communities, and to gain a better understanding of the depositional environment of
The Upper Carboniferous Rocks of the Ingleton Coalfield
Authors: Ford Trevor David 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The sequence and structure of the Millstone Grit and Coal Measures rocks in the Ingleton area are described in detail, and comparisons made with neighbouring areas in the Pennines.

The Millstone Grit succession exposed on the southern and western flanks of the coalfield syncline is shown by its contained faunas to be representative of the E
2
to G
1
stages inclusive, and is a complete but somewhat attenuated equivalent of the better known succession of the Yorkshire-Lancashire borders.

The Coal Measures are shown to consist of two series separated by an unconformity. The lower series, or Grey Measures, have yielded faunas and floras indicative of the
lenisulcata, communis
and part of the
modiolaris
zones. Workable coals are confined to the lower part of the
modiolaris
Zone. The Grey Measures are shown to be overlain unconformably by an upper series, or Red Measures, mainly of
phillipsii-tenuis
age. These are overlain unconformably by breccias probably of Permian age.

The structural development of the coalfield is described and the effects of intra-Coal-Measures and Permo-Carboniferous movements discussed.
I. Introduction
The greater part of the Ingleton Coalfield lies in the West Riding of Yorkshire with small areas in the adjacent counties of Lancashire and Westmorland, some 30 miles from the nearest parts of the Yorkshire and Lancashire coalfields and 50 miles from the Durham and Cumberland coalfields (Fig. I).
It consists of about 28 square miles of Coal Measures lying immediately south-west of the Craven faults and bounded on the south and west by the upper
The structure and stratigraphical succession of the Moines Fannich Forest and Strath Bran, Ross-shire
Authors: Sutton J. , Watson J. 
Published: October 2009

From
Dr. E. M. Anderson :—

In the discussion which followed this paper, one of the speakers announced that he was, at the time, engaged in the reinvestigation of the Monar and Glen Strathfarrar “inliers” of supposed Lewisian Gneiss, and that the Survey conclusions as to these inliers “had not been found to be true”. This was, in particular, with regard to the difference in character between the inliers and the surrounding Moine Schists.
As the member of the Survey staff who surveyed a large part of the Glen Strathfarrar inlier, perhaps I may be allowed to add the following notes. My description of the inlier itself is given in some detail in the Central Ross-shire Memoir, pp. 41–5, and that of the conglomerate which surrounds it in the same memoir, p. 67.
Except for the fact that I accepted, on Peach's authority, the identity of this inlier with the Lewisian Gneiss, my conclusions are certainly not “untrue”. Even in this respect it is possible that a case might be made out for Peach's view, but it is not my present purpose to do so. I wish rather to discuss the asserted identity of the rocks within the inlier with the surrounding schists.
To begin with the conglomerate, this has been photographed, and seen by several subsequent observers, none of whom for a moment doubted that this description of its nature is correct. It is perhaps the most striking conglomerate, in rocks in an equal grade of metamorphism, to be
The Carboniferous Rocks between the Ox Mountains and Donegal Bay
Authors: Oswald Desmond Henry 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The area covers an outcrop of some 230 square miles of Lower Carboniferous rocks in the counties of Sligo, Leitrim and southern Donegal. The strata were laid down in what became a deep basin of sedimentation floored by Dalradian and Moine Series between the Ox Mountains and the Donegal and Londonderry mountains in the north. They are folded into a gentle syncline—the Sligo syncline—with a NE.-SW. axis, and are bounded on the south by the Ox Mountains fault.
A conformable succession of nearly 4000 feet of very fossiliferous strata (calp overlain by massive limestone) is present. It is readily divisible into a series of litho-logical groups which exhibit a constant thickness except where the contemporaneous anticlinal effect of the Ox Mountains chain has reduced particularly the lower members. A fossiliferous reef limestone, which occurs as lenticular masses over large areas, is locally developed in the upper limestone : it exhibits a knoll topography at one locality and the Glenade Beds, which rest unconformably on it, appear to be banked round it.

The succession extends from C
2
S
1
to D
1
, mainly in a Caninia facies. The overlying Glenade shales and sandstones contain goniatites characteristic of P
1
and P
2
.
The Clacton (Essex) Channel Deposits
Authors: Warren S. Hazzledine 
Published: October 2009

Summary
New field evidence of the Clacton channel deposits i3 recorded. A general revision of the non-marine mollusca by the late A. S. Kennard and Mr. C. P. Castell points to the same invasion of Rhenish species that Kennard found in the middle of the Swanscombe sequence. The marine mollusca of the estuarine stage include nothing to distinguish them from the Holocene, although the rest of the biotope points to the mid-Pleistocene.
The erratic rocks are traced back by Mr. D. F. W. Baden-Powell to a stream of proto-Thames material from the west passing through mid-Essex to the gravel cliffs at Holland-on-Sea and Clacton. A few remains of Microtinae have been examined by Mr. M. A. C. Hinton and these tentatively suggest close comparison with Grays. The mammalian remains are not described in detail, but the finding of the remains of the food of Rhinoceros in the crevices of the molars is recorded.
The Clacton Stage is associated closely with the Early Taplow brickearth of Grays-Thurrock, and equally with the middle part of the Swanscombe sequence.
Carboniferous Main Limestone of the East Crop in South Wales
Authors: George T. Neville 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The East Crop in South Wales, between Blorenge and Risca, displays an incomplete Avonian sequence, Main Limestone in the northern outcrops suffering extinction by Namurian overstep.
The Main Limestone, where it occurs, consists almost unrelievedly of secondary dolomites, but in the Afon-Lwyd valley near Blaenafon the strata emerging from beneath the Millstone Grit are in places relatively unaltered and are composed of primary rock types&mainly shelly oolites&closely comparable with those of the Oolite Group of Breconshire. Thicknesses rarely exceed 150 feet, and all the beds appear to belong to lower Tournaisian Main Limestone. A comparable development is found for several miles south of Pontypool.
In the southernmost outcrops at Risca a greater thickness (about 360 feet) is preserved. Analogy with the sequence to the south-west suggests it may include upper Tournaisian beds, but the dolomitized rocks have most of their fossils obliterated, so that correlation is uncertain. The Visean stage is nowhere represented.
Isopachytes reveal an eastward thinning of the Main Limestone beneath the Millstone Grit at a rate of about 1 in 60 in the north, of about 1 in 12 near Risca. The trend of the isopachytes follows fairly closely the present strike (which between Blaenafon and Pontypool may also have been a depositional strike), and clearly displays the influence of a contemporary prototypic Usk anticline on Namurian overstep.
Isostatic Readjustment In The Theory Of Pediplanation
Authors: Pugh John Charles 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The principle of isostatic recovery is applied to the theory of landscape reduction by back-wearing of scarps. It is calculated that, following the disruption of major continents in the Cretaceous, major erosion surfaces can be expected within definite altitude ranges, and it is shown that in West Africa there is a marked correspondence . between calculated and observed heights. The development of the theory removes the necessity for intermittent uplift of the continents by unknown forces during the Tertiary.
A review of some problems of African carbonatites
Authors: Smith Walter Campbell 
Published: October 2009

Summary
Carbonatites ar known at many places in eastern and central Africa, from near Mount Elgon in Uganda to Spitzkop and Palabora in nort-eastern Transvaal. They reange in age from pre-Karroo, post-Waterbag in the south to Miocene—Pliocene in the north. Owing to this great age difference denudation has revealed carbonatites at various levels of erosion, the deepest corresponding perhaps with the carbonatites exposed at Alnö in Sweden and Fen in Norway.

The composition and structure of the carbonatites, the associated alkaline igneous rocks, and the altered country rocks known as fenites are all described. The carbonatites are mainly pure calcite but some are ankeritic and dolomitic and, locally, sideritic and manganiferous. They carry characteristics accessory minerals, particularly pyrochlore. The associated igneous rocks are ijolites with, less frequently, nephelinesyenite and at some centres pryoxenite. Fenitization results in the formation of aegirine-fėlspar rocks, nearly pure felspar rocks and felspathic breccia. Evidence as to chemical changes involved in fenitization is not always consistent, but addition of K or Na, or both, and loss of SiO
2
are satisfactorily demonstrated. Current theories are reviewed. The carbonatites are believed to owe their origin to concentration of carbon dioxide of or carbonatitic fluid of magmatic origin, derived perhaps from pyroxenite highly charged with volatiles, among which carbon dioxide played the most important part, associated with phosphoric acid, fluorine, water etc., and in which the elements niobium and cerium, among others, were also concentrated.
The stratigraphy and structure of the Hecla Hoek formation and its relationship to a subjacent metamorphic complex in North-East Land (Spitsbergen)
Authors: Sandford Kenneth S. 
Published: October 2009

Summary
The stratigraphical succession of the lower part of the Hecla Hoek Formation in North-East Land, previously known in regions separated one from another, is co-ordinated. The geology of Prins Oscars Land (Rrjps Peninsula), where A, E. Nordenskiöld made observations nearly a hundred years ago, is described and interpreted for the first time.
Except for eastward thinning out of basal volcanic and pyroclastic rocks, and their replacement by argillaceous beds, there are few facies changes; thicknesses remain fairly consistent across the strike for some sixty miles. The upper part of the formation is present only in north-western part of North-East Land and beneath the West Ice.
The sediments are thrown into successive plunging folds, which end in the east against a newly identified fracture belt, here called the Dove Bay fault, with strike parallel to the fold axes.
The structure of the metamorphic complex beneath the Hecla Hoek Formation is totally at variance with that of the overlying sediments, and the Dove Bay fault cuts the complex transversely. Verification of the disjunctive relationship of the Hecla Hoek sediments to the surface of the metamorphic complex, described in an earlier paper, is evident.
The stratigraphical and structural relationships of the unmetamorphosed Pre-Cambrian-Lower Palaeozoic Hecla Hoek with the metamorphic complex of the Barents Shield in North-East Land present analogies with those known in Norway and Great Britain, but the subject is not elaborated here.