bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationships between Behaviour and Antler Cycle Timing in Red Deer
Authors: Bartoš Luděk 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe factors affecting the stag social hierarchy and antler cycle timing in a herd of red deer were analysed. The analysis was based on behaviour records of the herd between 1972 and 1983.The alpha stag was not usually the oldest stag present. Changes in rank were commoner in periods of hard antler than during velvet periods. The frequency of rank changes was correlated with the number of stags present but not with the number of hinds; it was also positively related to indicators of the level of aggression such as the incidence of antler breakage, the number of harem‐holding stags per rut and the incidence of post‐casting rank loss. The number of stags killed in fights was not correlated to any of the indicators of aggression except the number of harem‐holders per rut.Rank loss after antler casting and the change of harem‐holding stags during the rut were both relatively rare events indicating year‐round, stable social relationships in the herd.The relationships between rank and casting date and between rank and cleaning date previously reported were related to the level of aggression among the deer. The higher the level of aggression, the closer the relationship between rank and the timing of the antler cycle. The small difference in the level of aggression between the periods of casting and cleaning is thought to be the result of the seasonally different social background.The number of hinds present did not appear to affect antler casting, antler cleaning or the general indicators of the level of aggression. It is concluded that the results support the previously advanced hypothesis that behaviour modulates antler cycle timing in Cervids.
Cues Used for Localizing Food by the Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis)
Authors: McQuade Denise B. , Williams Ernest H. , Eichenbaum Howard B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe compared the use of olfactory, visual, and spatial cues for learning the location of stored food by gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). All experimental cues were extrinsic, that is, they originated from the environment around the food rather than from the food itself. In training trials, artificial caches with one of two odors, one of two colors, and six of 12 spatial locations contained sunflower seeds. In experimental trials, the odors, colors, and sets of spatial locations associated with food were reversed one at a time, so that only two of the three training cues gave evidence of the food rewards. Consequent declines in food localization by the squirrels revealed differential use of particular cue modalities. The data show that squirrels used visual cues the most and olfactory cues the least with this design. These results, along with other evidence, suggest that gray squirrels use spatial memory in food recovery.
Mating and Residence Patterns of Male Patas Monkeys
Authors: Chism J. B. , Rowell T. E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA longterm study of a population of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kenya indicated fluid male residence patterns. While a single adult male was present in each of the two main study groups for most of each year, several males were present and mating in groups during some conception periods. Tenures of males in heterosexual groups were generally short; some males were resident in both groups and some had more than one tenure in the same group. When not in heterosexual groups, males lived as solitaries or in all‐male associations.
An Analysis of Snake‐Scent Application Behaviour in Siberian Chipmunks (Eutamias sibiricus asiaticus)
Authors: Kobayashi Tomomichi , Watanabe Munetaka 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSome rodents assault live snakes by mobbing. Another snake‐directed behaviour is shown by Siberian chipmunks, Eutamias sibiricus asiaticus, when encountering a dead snake. They approach the carcass cautiously, gnaw the snake skin, and chew and apply the gnawed bits to their body fur. We have termed this behaviour “Snake‐Scent Application” (SSA). SSA behaviour is also elicited by snake urine and feces. Chemicals in snake skin and rectal and cloacal sacs release SSA. Snake urine applied to dead mice tends to suppress ingestion by snakes.
Lek Mating System and Large Male Aggressive Advantage in a Gall‐forming Tephritid Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Dodson Gary 
Published: May 2010

AbstractField and laboratory studies revealed that the mating system of a tephritid fly, Procecidochares sp., meets even the most stringent definition of lekking behavior. Mark‐recapture and plant‐preference experiments confirmed that newly emerged adult Procecidochares sp. left their larval host plant (Chrysothamnus nauseosus) and flew to Atriplex canescens. The flies used A. canescens solely as a mate encounter site. Sex ratios of emerging flies did not differ from unity, but sex ratios at the leks were extremely male‐biased. An advantage for larger individuals in male‐male aggressive encounters was quantified and observations suggested that females might be choosing mates based on outcomes of fights. Lekking behavior, previously reported among polyphagic tephritids, is considered exceptional for a monophagous species. Factors favoring a lek mating system in this species are discussed.
Yawning as a Stereotyped Action Pattern and Releasing Stimulus
Authors: Provine Robert R. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractYawning was induced by instructing subjects to “think about yawning.” Yawns were consistent in duration (X = 5.9 s), periodic (X interyawn interval = 68.3 s), and within‐subject stability in yawn duration and frequency was maintained for at least several weeks. These and other characteristics qualified yawning as a stereotyped action pattern. Although visually observed yawns were potent yawn releasing stimuli, “thinking about” or reading about yawning also elicited yawning and were additional vectors for its “infectiousness.” The respiratory, stretching and “imitative” aspects of yawning were also evaluated.
Decision Making and Assessment in the Fighting Behaviour of Nannacara anomala (Cichlidae, Pisces)
Authors: Enquist Magnus , Jakobsson Sven 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPredictions from ESS‐theory concerning assessment of fighting ability and decision making are tested using a cichlid fish Nannacara anomala. Pairs with a pronounced difference in weight were allowed to interact. Fight duration increased when the difference in weight between the contestants decreased and the probability of an escalation from tail‐beating to mouth‐wrestling also increased when the weight difference decreased. Despite the fact that weight difference very well predicts the outcome of fights in this species it was found that fishes weighing less than 50 % of the opponent engaged in fighting, which suggests that visual assessment alone provides only limited information about relative fighting ability. The possible functions of various behaviour patterns are discussed in relation to assessment and escalation.
Aggression in Tropical Orb‐weaving Spiders a Quest for Food?
Authors: Hoffmaster Debra K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study examines factors that influence aggression between orb‐weaving spiders in Panama. As a measure of a spider's tendency to invade, I randomly released 24 marked spiders near occupied webs. To assess aggression, I staged 150 interactions using 80 intruders of two species and 73 occupants of 12 species. Aggression was measured using a composite index resulting in a single measure for each combatant and each interaction. As anticipated, occupant and intruder aggression (measured by the aggressive index) were highly correlated. Surprisingly, no other variables were able to explain the remaining variation in either measure. Intruder prey deprivation, the presence or absence of prey at the beginning of the encounter and the presence or absence of mid‐sequence prey were each related to contest length. This relationship, between contest length and prey, indicates that prey are important in determining the combatants' persistence and suggests the existence of complex interrelationships between aggression and measures of prey availability.
The Feeding Behaviour of a Sit and Wait Predator Ranatra dispar (Heteroptera: Nepidae): The Effect of Prey Density and Age Structure on the Number of Prey Eaten
Authors: Bailey Paul C. E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFunctional response experiments were performed in the laboratory to examine the effect of prey density (as observed in the field) on feeding behaviour, and to measure handling‐times and attack‐rates for each instar and adult of Ranatra dispar Montandon (Heteroptera: Nepidae) feeding on five size‐classes of its common prey, Anisops deanei Brooks (Heteroptera: Notonectidae). The most generally applicable response was the Type 2, although for both the predator fifth instar and adult female and male feeding on the two smallest prey sizes, the asymptote or plateau was not observed even at the highest prey density given. Generally, the handling‐time increased as prey‐size increased, and decreased as the predator size increased. The attack‐rate surface was far more complex. For the first two predator instars (I and II), the maximum attack‐rate occurred on the smallest prey sizes (1 and 2). The maximum attack‐rate for predator instar III was almost the same for prey sizes 1 and 2, that of predator instar IV was greater for prey size 2, while in the three largest predator sizes (V, female and male), the maximum attack‐rate was found for prey size 3. Predator instar V had the largest attack‐rate values over all prey sizes, and both the predator adult female and male had lower attack‐rates for various prey sizes than instars V, IV and, to some degree, III. The results support the suggestion that small predator instars will usually compete with large instars for prey, unless they are spatially or temporally separated. Observations in the field indicate that a distinct age‐specific spatial distribution exists in R. dispar and the prey, A. deanei, with the smallest individuals being found predominantly in the shallow (littoral zone) water, while the larger individuals are found in the deeper water.
The Effects of Food Deprivation in Dyadic Encounters in Apodemus sylvaticus
Authors: Montgomery W. I. , Woods S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe nature of dominance in relationships among male Apodemus sylvaticus was investigated using multivariate analysis and by experimental manipulation of the behaviour of dominants. The behaviour of dominant mice was typified by greater frequencies and durations of exploration, approach and pursuit of subordinates in short encounters in a small arena. The direction of encounters normally remained constant over 48 h.When the dominant mouse in a dyad was deprived of food there was a change in its behaviour and an immediate change in the behaviour of the subordinate. Subordinates showed greater interest in starving, though known, dominants, explored more freely and indulged more in pursuit than control subordinate mice i. e. those matched with dominants on an adequate diet. Results suggest that in A. sylvaticus, dominance is associated with the inhibition of the activity of a subordinate and the relationship is maintained by the behaviour of the dominant rather than the deference of the subordinate.
Optimal Mate Searching Strategy in the Symbiotic Spider Crab Inachus phalangium (Decapoda)
Authors: Diesel Rudolf 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe reproductive strategy of the symbiotic spider crab, Inachus phalangium was studied from 1981 to 1983 in the natural environment. Main study focus was the efficiency of males in search of mates.I. phalangium females are site‐constant, and live in the protection of one anemone or group. Males travel frequently between anemones harbouring females due to spawn; they copulate and guard the females until spawning, after which the male leaves again. A male operates in a patrol area containing 3–8 anemone groups and up to 8 females, visiting each female in turn repeatedly just before it is due to spawn. Patrol areas of different males may overlap, with resulting competition to fertilize a female's next brood. Large males have higher reproductive success than small ones. Females live up to 8 months after the moult of puberty and hatch up to six broods, and males live up to 7 months as adults. A male could fertilize a calculated 26,000 eggs, whilst a female's reproductive potential is ca. 4,200 eggs. Mortality risks are higher for males than for females, probably because of increased predation while leaving the protection of anemones in order to visit females. Males learn the positions of anemones harbouring females in their patrol areas, and when these are due to spawn. This allows a male to travel with a target and arrive punctually to fertilize the next brood due in his circuit. I. phalangium is the first marine invertebrate reported to use a “schedule” of localities and times for visiting prespawning females. In this way males minimize searching time and mortality risk, and maximize the number of broods fertilized.
A Previously Undescribed Method of Song Matching in a Species with a Single Song “Type”, the Kentucky Warbler (Oporornis formosus)
Authors: MORTON EUGENE S. , YOUNG KIMBERLEY 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe song of male Kentucky warblers consists of several repetitions of syllables containing 2 to 7 elements within a frequency range from 1.8 to 6.0 kHz. Each male has a single, individually distinctive song type that spans part or all of this frequency range. Song responses to playbacks of songs artificially elevated or lowered in frequency by 200 Hz show that a bird is able to alter its song in two ways. It may lower or raise the frequency range of the song or put more energy into the lower or higher frequencies within the song's elements to more closely match the energy distribution of the playback song. The syllable or element structure of the song is kept constant with only the song's energy distribution among frequencies changing. Thus, Kentucky warblers are able to alter their single song type to “match countersing” in a way similar to that of species with song repertoires who switch song types to match those of rivals. The Kentucky warbler may have a single songtype because of its ability to change its song's energy distribution. This ability may perform the same functions as song matching does in species with larger repertoires. This finding is discussed in relation to ideas on the evolution of song repertoires in intrasexual competition.
Quantitative Aspects of Antenna Grooming in Bees (Apoidea: Hymenoptera)
Authors: SCHÖNITZER KLAUS 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAntenna grooming in more than 100 species of bees (Apoidea), representing 34 genera of the 7 major bee families is recorded and quantitatively analysed.Most species of bees fall into one of two groups with respect to repetitive antenna cleaning: “Uniscrapers” predominantly clean their antennae with one stroke, “biscrapers” mostly with two subsequent strokes. Uniscrapers are more consequent in their behaviour than biscrapers. Most biscrapers occasionally clean their antenna with one or three strokes. Individual variation in the ratio of stroke repetition is considerably larger in bi‐ than in uniscrapers. In several species males and females differ with respect to their antenna cleaning behaviour, females tend to be more uniscraping. Most species of the families Colletidae, Halictidae, and Andrenidae, as well as the species of the genera Ceratina and Nomada (Anthophoridae) are biscrapers. Almost all species of Melittidae, Megachilidae, Apidae, and Anthophoridae (except Ceratina and Nomada) are uniscrapers.Bees with an antenna cleaner with ancestral (plesiomorphic) morphology are mostly, but not always, biscrapers, those with a derived antenna cleaner are always uniscrapers.Bees with a derived antenna cleaner perform on average less cleaning actions and strokes than those with an ancestral antenna cleaner. Uniscrapers with an ancestral strigilis do on average more cleaning actions per minute than biscrapers, thus they compensate partly for the fewer number of strokes. But nevertheless the uniscrapers do fewer strokes than the biscrapers (both with an ancestral strigilis). Females clean their antennae on average more often than males.It is interpreted that the behaviour of uniscraping and a derived morphology of the antenna cleaner result in greater efficiency than the status which is ancestral for Apoidea (biscraping and a plesiomorphic antenna cleaner).
Employing an Ethogram to Detect Reactivity of Black Bears (Ursus americanus) to the Presence of Humans
Authors: JORDAN ROBERT H. , BURGHARDT GORDON M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere has been little quantitative research on the reactivity of non‐human species to either an observer or to the presence of humans in general. This study describes the responses of black bears (Ursus americanus) to the presence of humans. Two pairs (male‐female) and (female‐female) of same‐aged captive black bears kept at separate locations were observed in 60‐min sessions with their behavior scanned every 30 s. 146 h of systematic observation were completed over a 30‐month period.Data for each session were collapsed into 30 two‐min blocks and linear regression analysis was performed on the rates of various behavior patterns. At a relatively remote, undisturbed location rates of many behavior patterns and groupings by activity level were highly correlated with time period within the 60‐min session. Behaviors that indicated resting or “relaxed” behavior increased from beginning to end of a session while behaviors requiring more energy decreased. Such large changes in rates of some behaviors apparently involve habituation to the presence of the observer. At the other location there was far more stimulation from sources other than the observer (tourists), and the bears' behavior was less affected by both the observer and other humans. Reactivity has been well‐studied with humans, but more systematic studies are needed with all species to develop guidelines for both evaluating and countering reactivity.
Male Calling Behavior and Female Choice in the Neotropical Treefrog Hyla microcephala
Authors: SCHWARTZ JOSHUA J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe effect of stimulus call complexity and calling rate on the vocal responses of males and female mate choice was studied in Hyla microcephala in Panama. Males increased the number of notes in their calls in response to increases in stimulus call complexity during both playback of 1 to 8‐note advertisement calls and during natural interactions. However, precise matching of the number of notes in stimuli and responses did not occur consistently. Males also increased calling rates if stimuli were presented above prestimulus rates. Two‐stimulus choice experiments demonstrated that females prefer both higher calling rates and greater call complexity, indicating that the ways males change their vocal behavior during interactions increases their attractiveness to potential mates. Tests in which the relative intensity of a high and low rate stimulus was varied indicated that females prefer stimuli with higher total sound energy. In a natural chorus, it is likely that females simply approach males giving the most conspicuous calls.
Exploring the Social Environment: a Developmental Study of Teasing in Chimpanzees
Authors: ADANG OTTO M. J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractLong‐term data on the occurrence of “teasing” in young chimpanzees living in the Arnhem Zoo chimpanzee colony are presented. They strengthen the hypotheses—presented in earlier papers—concerning the existence of two functional forms of this so‐called quasi‐aggressive behaviour and provide insight into the way in which they develop. Developmental changes are visible both in the performance of quasi‐aggressive behaviour and in the effects evoked by the behaviour. The purpose of the reducing uncertainty type of quasi‐aggressive behaviour, performed by male and female youngsters towards adult females, is to obtain more predictable responses. As youngsters grow older, they engage in this behaviour also to gain control over the responses of the target animals. Eventually, the quasi‐aggressive behaviour of male youngsters develops into adult‐like bluff and attack behaviour the purpose of which is to establish dominance relationships. The investigating authority type of quasi‐aggressive behaviour, directed towards adult males, is associated increasingly with the exercise of power by the target males. The youngsters increasingly behave submissively towards the males and direct quasi‐aggressive behaviour especially towards the alpha‐male at moments when he is bluffing or involved in other conspicuous social interactions. These and other changes in the relationship between adult males and male youngsters are already visible well before the onset of puberty in the youngsters.It is discussed in how far the development of these exploratory aggression types involves social learning processes and how this fits in with current concepts concerning the development of aggressive behaviour.
Locale‐specific Vocal Behaviour of the Tamarin (Saguinus I. labiatus)
Authors: Maeda Tomoko , Masataka Nobuo 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA quantitative acoustic analysis of long calls of red‐chested moustached tamarins (Saguinus l. labiatus) was undertaken after capture in the primary forest of Northwestern Bolivia, comparing two populations. Two acoustic parameters are statistically significantly different. Acoustic properties distinguishing individual heterogeneity are quite consistent between the groups and completely different from cues separating population variability. As these two study groups were only 27 km apart when trapped, and as no geographical barriers prevented genetic exchanges between them, we assume populational vocal variability comparable to dialects in birds.
Constraints on the Structure of Combinatorial “Chick‐a‐dee” Calls
Authors: Hailman Jack P. , Ficken Millicent S. , Ficken Robert W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract“Chick‐a‐dee” calls of the black‐capped chickadee (Parus atricapillus) constitute a combinatorial system of animal communication, apparently the only such system yet described. Four note‐types, which may be omitted or repeated a variable number of times, occur in a fixed sequence (A–B–C–D) to constitute calls. Quantitative analyses determining the nature of departures from first‐order transitional probabilities between successive notes revealed a variety of results that point consistently to two underlying features of calls. (1) Some constraint operates to limit the length of calls, as manifest in shortening of repetition‐strings and omitting of note‐types expected to follow. (2) There is an opposing tendency to include at least one or two D‐notes at the end of a call, regardless of the overall length. The second feature suggests important semantic properties of D‐notes, especially the ratio of D s to other note‐types and the flock‐specific acoustical structure of D‐notes. The constraint on length of call does not appear intimately related to semantic causes, but may instead be determined by the maximum duration of continuous phonation, in parallel with the fundamental breath‐group of human speech. In this respect, a “chick‐a‐dee” call resembles an entire “natural sentence” of spoken human language.