bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Productive and adaptive trait differences of Simmental, Hereford and Africander × Hereford cattle
Authors: Burns B. M. , Vercoe J. E. , Holmes C. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAdaptive and productive traits were studied in three genotypes of cattle, Simmental (≥ 7/8 Simmental with residual Hereford) (S), Hereford (H) and F2et seq. Africander × Hereford (AH), selected from the 1985 and the 1986 branded steer groups (Years 1 and 2, respectively) fed low- and high-quality diets.There were significant (P < 0·01) differences between years, breeds and diets for the two groups for live weights at the beginning and end of the feeding period, voluntary feed intake and fasting heat production. However, there was no breed × year interaction except in heat production per unit live weight because the AH had a higher heat production per kg than the H in Year 1 but lower in Year 2. Significantly lower values for feed intake (P < 0·01) and heat production (P <0·01) were recorded for S relative to AH and H when expressed on a live-weight basis; however, the ratio of intake to heat production was similar for all breeds.The S breed had the heaviest birth weights and highest pre-weaning weight gains (P < 0·01) and the AH, despite having birth weights similar to that of the H, had higher pre-weaning live-weight gains (P < 0·01). There were significant (P < 0·01) breed differences for adaptive traits (except for the estimate of helminth resistance), with the AH being more tick- and heat-resistant and having sleeker coats than the other breeds.There were no significant correlations between any adaptive trait and pre-weaning gain despite the fact that ticks, helminths and heat loads were evident.This experiment shows that provided a low plane of nutrition is the only stress imposed on growing cattle, breeds such as the S will perform similarly to British breeds and may perform slightly better.
Post-weaning growth of Hereford and first-cross heifers grazing three pasture systems
Authors: Hearnshaw Helen , Darnell R. E. , Barlow R. , Finch Virginia 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe post-weaning growth, frame size and body condition of Hereford (H × H), Brahman × Hereford (B × H), Simmental × Hereford (S × H) and Friesian × Hereford (F × H) heifers were evaluated on three pasture systems in each of five years. One group of heifers was grown from weaning (at 8 months of age) to 18 months on the high-pasture system, which included supplementation with grain, while the other two groups were grown to 30 months on pastures of medium or low quality. Pasture effects were large compared with differences between years, with average daily gains between weaning and 18 months of 552, 275 and 97 g/day on high, medium and low pastures, respectively. Genotype had a significant effect on all measurements. Pasture × genotype interaction was significant in most instances. While crosses grew faster and were heavier than H × H on all pastures, S × H were heaviest by 18 months on high pasture, with B × H heaviest at all ages up to 30 months on both medium and low pastures. There was little difference in live weight between B × H and F × H on high pasture, or between S × H and F × H on medium pasture, whereas F × H was heavier than S × H on low pasture. There were concomitant differences in measures of skeletal size, but when adjusted allometrically to a common live weight, pasture effects were removed, while differences between genotypes remained. At a common live weight F × H had the largest height, length and pelvic area, but shared the lowest body condition with S × H. Pelvic height was greatest among B × H heifers, but this cross had similar body length, condition and subcutaneous fat cover to H × H. The pattern of genotype × pasture interaction observed in this study was similar to that observed by Darnell, Hearnshaw & Barlow (1987) for growth rate among contemporary steers located in different environments.
Effects of foliar-applied sulphur and nitrogen on grain growth, grain sulphur and nitrogen concentrations and yield of winter wheat
Authors: Griffiths M. W. , Kettlewell P. S. , Hocking T. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYElemental sulphur (32 kg S/ha) and urea (30 kg N/ha) were applied to the foliage of different winter wheat cultivars, halfat flag leaf emergence and halfat ear emergence, in factorial experiments in 1986, 1987 and 1988. There were no clear visual symptoms of S deficiency, but there was evidence from soil analysis, grain S concentration and grain N:S ratio that the crops were marginally deficient in sulphur. Disease severity was generally negligible. Leaf senescence at the end of grain growth was delayed by sulphur in two of the three years, both with and without urea in 1987, but only with urea in 1988. Sulphur, both alone and mixed with urea, increased grain S concentration from early grain growth in 1986 and 1987, but not until the end of grain growth in 1988. Urea alone reduced yield in 1986 and 1987, but mixing S with the urea compensated for this phytotoxic effect. Yield was not significantly increased by S when compared with plots receiving neither urea nor S.
Prediction of the excretion of allantoin and total purine derivatives by sheep from the ‘creatinine coefficient’
Authors: Faichney G. J. , Welch R. J. , Brown G. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe urinary excretions of creatinine, allantoin and total purine derivatives by Merino ewes were compared with predictions based on the assumptions that creatinine excretion scaled to liveweight (the creatinine coefficient) was constant and was not affected by diet. The creatinine coefficient varied between individuals and was found to be affected by diet (P<0·01). As a result, there were systematic deviations (p<0·01) in the predictions of allantoin and total purine derivative excretion. If predictions of purine derivative excretion are to be made for individual animals in the absence of total urine collections, prior determination of individual creatinine coefficients is required and predictions may be confounded by diet effects on creatinine excretion. Predictions for groups on the basis of general relationships between the creatinine coefficient and liveweight may be subject to errors between diets of > 10%.
Assessments of visible mechanical damage to barley grain and its effect on seed germination and seedling vigour
Authors: Whytock Gillian P. , Powell Alison A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryDamage to barley grain cv. Golden Promise was induced in the laboratory by putting seed at 8·7, 14, 18, 22, 26 and 35% moisture content (MC) through a mechanical laboratory thresher for 10, 20 or 45 sec. The extent of visible external damage was greatest at 8·7 and 14% MC with reduced and similar levels of damage after handling at 18–35% MC. At moisture contents up to and including 26%, seeds could tolerate extensive mechanical damage with little effect on seed quality. Seed germination and seedling vigour were, however, reduced after handling at 35% MC despite similar levels of external damage to those seeds handled at 18, 22 and 26% MC. Samples of grain of cv. Triumph produced by whole-crop harvesting included mainly slightly damaged seeds with little effect of harvest moisture content, which ranged from 22·5 to 44%, on the incidence of damage. Seed germination and seedling vigour increased when seeds were harvested at progressively lower moisture contents, with the largest increase between 36% MC (56% germination, 6·1 vigour rating) and 29·5% MC (94% germination, 7·8 vigour rating). The seed quality of whole-crop harvested seed at 29% MC was similar to that of combined seed harvested at the same moisture content. It is suggested that 30 % is the maximum harvest moisture content at which commercially acceptable seed may be produced by the whole-crop harvesting method.
Effect of seed rate and row spacing on the performance of early and late maturing rice cultivars in mixed crop systems under intermediate deepwater conditions (15–50 cm)
Authors: Sharma A. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted in 1990 and 1991 under intermediate deepwater conditions (15–50 cm) at Cuttack, India with two rice cultivars - Banaprabha, a semi-tall (130 cm), short duration (95 days), upland cultivar and Gayatri, a photosensitive, semi-dwarf (100 cm), lowland cultivar of long duration (170 days). The cultivars were direct-sown either in pure stands using 400 seeds/m2 at 20 cm row spacing or in mixed stands composed of alternate rows sown with 200, 300 or 400 seeds/m2 each at 10, 15 or 20 cm inter-row spacing. Mixed-row cropping of Banaprabha and Gayatri produced 17–21% higher grain yield than a pure crop of Gayatri. Panicles/m2 increased with higher seed rate and decreased with wider row spacing but a reverse trend was observed in panicle weight. Maximum grain yield was obtained at a row spacing of 15 cm but the effect of varying seed rates at each row spacing was non-significant. Gayatri produced up to 82% of its pure crop yield and contributed up to 70% of the total yield in the mixed crop system. Therefore, the yield advantage under mixed cropping was due to the late maturing cultivar benefitting from the increased area available after the harvest of the early cultivar. A crop stand using 200–300 seeds/m2 of each cultivar at a 15 cm row spacing was found to achieve the optimum productivity from the mixed cropping system.
Contemporary Protocols for Evaluating Cochlear Implant Candidacy of Children
Authors: Zwolan Teresa A. , Thomas Ellen 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Candidacy criteria for determination of cochlear implantation for children have changed significantly since cochlear implants were first introduced. The contemporary evaluation process includes initial consultation, audiological assessment, speech and language assessment, preoperative counseling, selection of the ear to implant, medical evaluation, and additional assessments as needed. Ideally, an interdisciplinary team of professionals is involved in this evaluation process. The following article discusses procedures used in our clinic to determine a child's candidacy for a cochlear implant.
Endogenous oestrogens predict 4‐year decline in verbal fluency in postmenopausal women: the Rancho Bernardo Study
Authors: Laughlin Gail A. , Kritz‐Silverstein Donna , Barrett‐Connor Elizabeth 
Published: March 2009

SummaryObjective  Despite overwhelming biological plausibility, evidence for a protective effect of oestrogen on cognitive function in postmenopausal women is inconsistent. This study examines the association between endogenous oestrogen levels and subsequent 4‐year decline in cognitive function test performance in community‐dwelling older women.Design  Longitudinal cohort study.Participants  Three hundred and forty‐three postmenopausal women (median age 70 years).Measurements  Between 1984 and 1987, serum for measurement of sex hormones was obtained along with relevant covariates. Cognitive function was assessed in 1988–1991 and again in 1992–1996 using the Category Fluency test, the Mini‐Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and Trail Making Test B (Trails B).Results  Women in the highest tertile of oestrone and bioavailable oestradiol had respectively 1·75 (95% CI 1·02, 3·07) and 1·79 (95% CI 1·04, 3·10) higher odds of 4 year decline in Category Fluency, a test of frontal lobe function, compared to those in the lowest tertile, independent of age and education. The 20% of women with highest tertile levels of both oestrone and bioavailable oestradiol had a twofold higher odds of verbal fluency loss (OR = 2·17; 95% CI 1·21, 3·89). Adjustment for testosterone levels or for obesity‐related factors associated with high endogenous oestrogens (higher body mass index, waist girth, and triglycerides and lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol) did not alter results. Neither oestrogen was associated with change in MMSE or Trails B scores.Conclusions  Higher endogenous oestrogen levels were associated with a greater decline in verbal fluency in postmenopausal women. This association was not explained by elevated androgens or by obesity or obesity‐related factors.
Children with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at greater risk of macrovascular complications
Authors: Shiga Kentaro , Kikuchi Nobuyuki 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground:  Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a risk factor for macrovascular complications in adults. Recently young‐onset type 2 DM has increased worldwide and the increase of macrovascular complications in the young is worrisome.Methods:  Plasma values for plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) as a marker for promotion, and adiponectin as a marker for inhibition of atherosclerosis, were compared in 33 patients with type 1 DM (16 boys, 17 girls; age 14.9 ± 3.7 years, mean ± standard deviation) with those of 43 patients with type 2 DM (15 boys, 28 girls; age 16.5 ± 3.5 years).Results:  The PAI‐1 level was significantly higher (19.3 ± 8.1 vs 32.9 ± 17.2 ng/ml; P < 0.001) and the adiponectin level was significantly lower (10.1 ± 3.8 vs 7.4 ± 3.7 µg/ml; P < 0.005) in the type 2 DM group. In obese patients, the PAI‐1 level was significantly higher (P < 0.005) and the adiponectin level was lower (P= 0.15) in the type 2 DM group. Also, in the non‐obese subjects, the PAI‐1 level was significantly higher (P < 0.05) and the adiponectin level was lower (P= 0.11) in the type 2 DM group.Conclusions:  Even in young patients, type 2 DM is a risk factor for macrovascular complications compared with type 1 DM.
The Cost Effectiveness of Duplicate Genotyping for Testing Genetic Association
Authors: Tintle Nathan , Gordon Derek , Van Bruggen Dirk , Finch Stephen 
Published: March 2009

SummaryWe consider a modification to the traditional genome wide association (GWA) study design: duplicate genotyping. Duplicate genotyping (re‐genotyping some of the samples) has long been suggested for quality control reasons; however, it has not been evaluated for its statistical cost‐effectiveness. We demonstrate that when genotyping error rates are at least m%, duplicate genotyping provides a cost‐effective (more statistical power for the same price) design alternative when relative genotype to phenotype/sample acquisition costs are no more than m%. In addition to cost and error rate, duplicate genotyping is most cost‐effective for SNPs with low minor allele frequency. In general, relative genotype to phenotype/sample acquisition costs will be low when following up a limited number of SNPs in the second stage of a two‐stage GWA study design, and, thus, duplicate genotyping may be useful in these situations. In cases where many SNPs are being followed up at the second stage, duplicate genotyping only low‐quality SNPs with low minor allele frequency may be cost‐effective. We also find that in almost all cases where duplicate genotyping is cost‐effective, the most cost‐effective design strategy involves duplicate genotyping all samples. Free software is provided which evaluates the cost‐effectiveness of duplicate genotyping based on user inputs.
Comparison of three management strategies for patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, after six months delay: A three‐year experience in an Iranian university hospital
Authors: YARANDI Fariba , SHOJAEI Hadi , EFTEKHAR Zahra , IZADI‐MOOD Narges 
Published: March 2009

Background: A Pap test result of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) presents a clinical challenge. Only 5–10% of women with ASCUS harbour serious cervical disease.Methods: We screened 3619 women, who attended to Mirza Koochak Khan Hospital at Tehran University of Medical Sciences with Pap smears, of whom 100 returned with ASCUS. After six months, each subject underwent a standard cytology (conventional Pap smear), human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing (identifying high‐risk HPV types with polymerase chain reaction) and colposcopy with multiple cervical biopsies.Results: Mean age was 44.09 ± 8.6 years. The estimated prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II or higher was 4%. When histologically verified high‐grade lesions (≥ CIN II) were observed, the relative sensitivity of HPV DNA testing was 100% compared with conventional Pap smear, which performed 75% versus 100% relative sensitivity, respectively, using cytological diagnosis high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, or low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) as the cut‐off. Negative and positive predictive values (NPV and PPV) of Pap test were 98.9% and 100%. The NPV and PPV of HPV DNA testing were 100%.Conclusions: Although less complicated than colposcopy, the repeat Pap smear triage algorithm for ASCUS may underdiagnose some women with high‐grade CIN, when compared with colposcopy. Considering the high sensitivity of HPV testing, it may be useful as an alternative to the current policy of six‐month repeat cytology for women with ASCUS results.
The Cycle of Life in Ecclesiastes
Authors: Dell Katharine 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn exploration of the way the voice of the earth is heard in a cyclical view of nature presented in Ecclesiastes, notably in passages such as Eccl. 1:4-7 and 11:3-5. Also an investigation into the way imagery is used from the natural world in the book as a whole, looking especially at the use of animal imagery, as from members of the earth community outside the human and yet integrally related to the human. The argument is pursued that instead of simply illustrating human life as part of the dualistic worldview of the book, e.g. in 3:18-21, that in many ways the earth and its creatures define human life within the context of the earth's character, cycles and abundance.
Proteome analysis of the hyaluronic acid-producing bacterium, Streptococcus zooepidemicus
Authors: Marcellin Esteban , Gruber Christian W , Archer Colin , Craik David J , Nielsen Lars K 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Background

Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus (S. zooepidemicus) is a commensal of horses and an opportunistic pathogen in many animals and humans. Some strains produce copious amounts of hyaluronic acid, making S. zooepidemicus an important industrial microorganism for the production of this valuable biopolymer used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. Encapsulation by hyaluronic acid is considered an important virulence factor in other streptococci, though the importance in S. zooepidemicus remains poorly understood. Proteomics may provide a better understanding of virulence factors in S. zooepidemicus, facilitate the design of better diagnostics and treatments, and guide engineering of superior production strains.

Results
Using hyaluronidase to remove the capsule and by optimising cellular lysis, a reference map for S. zooepidemicus was completed. This protocol significantly increased protein recovery, allowing for visualisation of 682 spots and the identification of 86 proteins using mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF); of which 16 were membrane proteins.

Conclusion
The data presented constitute the first reference map for S. zooepidemicus and provide new information on the identity and characteristics of the more abundantly expressed proteins.
RIKEN Gas-filled Recoil Ion Separator (GARIS) as a Promising Interface for Superheavy Element Chemistry—Production of Element 104, 261Rf, Using the GARIS/Gas-jet System—
Authors: Haba Hiromitsu , Kaji Daiya , Komori Yukiko , Kudou Yuki , Morimoto Kouji , Morita Kosuke , Ooe Kazuhiro , Ozeki Kazutaka , Sato Nozomi , Shinohara Atsushi , Yoneda Akira 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
An isotope of element 104, rutherfordium (261Rf), produced in the 248Cm(18O, 5n)261Rf reaction was successfully extracted to a chemistry laboratory using a gas-jet transport system coupled to the RIKEN gas-filled recoil ion separator GARIS. The present system is a promising interface to explore new frontiers in superheavy element chemistry.
Variation of the Common Shrew (Sorex Araneus L.) Dentition
Authors: Moska Magdalena , Laskowska Małgorzta , Kosowska Barbara , Strzała Tomasz , Marszałek-Kruk Bożena 
Published: March 2009

Variation of the Common Shrew (Sorex AraneusL.) DentitionVariation of the upper arch dentition was studied in 162 individuals ofSorex araneus.Seven types of dentition were observed. Type V dentition was the most common (constituting 54.2% of the analysed dental rows), while type VII2was the rarest (1.4%). Dental anomalies, i.e. retention or polyodontia, were not found in the analysed material.
Clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in the UK. Part 2: Epidemiological studies on the potential relationships between different dental disorders, and between dental disease and systemic disorders
Authors: du TOIT N. , BURDEN F. A. , DIXON P. M. 
Published: March 2009

Summary Reasons for performing study: Dental disease has been shown to be a risk factor for weight loss and colic in horses. No extensive clinical studies in donkeys have investigated the potential relationship between different dental disorders, or between dental disease and systemic disorders. Objectives: To determine possible associations between dental disease and body condition score, weight loss, the need for supplemental feeding and prevalence of colic in donkeys of all ages, and to gain a better understanding of the pathogenesis of dental disease by the determination of associations between different dental disorders. Methods: A prospective cross‐sectional analysis of clinical dental examinations of 357 donkeys in The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth was performed. Other epidemiological factors such as estimated age group, body condition score, weight loss, medical history and supplemental feeding were also recorded, and multiple regression analyses were performed to determine possible associations. Results: Donkeys from older age groups were more likely to have dental disease, poor body condition score and suffered previous colic episodes. The presence of dental disease was also significantly associated with weight loss, colic, low body condition score and the need for supplemental feeding. The presence of diastemata, periodontal disease, wave mouth, smooth mouth and step mouth are frequently associated with the presence of other dental disorders. Conclusions: In addition to oral‐related pain, dental disease can cause significant systemic disorders and so has increased welfare implications in donkeys. Some dental disorders promote the development of other types of dental abnormalities and thus increase the severity of dental disease in individual animals. Potential significance: Effective treatment of dental disorders slows down the progression of dental disease and decreases the risk of developing some medical disorders such as colic and weight loss that are associated with dental disease.
Delivery of Two‐Part Self‐Healing Chemistry via Microvascular Networks
Authors: Toohey Kathleen S. , Hansen Christopher J. , Lewis Jennifer A. , White Scott R. , Sottos Nancy R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMultiple healing cycles of a single crack in a brittle polymer coating are achieved by microvascular delivery of a two‐part, epoxy‐based self‐healing chemistry. Epoxy resin and amine‐based curing agents are transported to the crack plane through two sets of independent vascular networks embedded within a ductile polymer substrate beneath the coating. The two reactive components remain isolated and stable in the vascular networks until crack formation occurs in the coating under a mechanical load. Both healing components are wicked by capillary forces into the crack plane, where they react and effectively bond the crack faces closed. Healing efficiencies of over 60% are achieved for up to 16 intermittent healing cycles of a single crack, which represents a significant improvement over systems in which a single monomeric healing agent is delivered.