bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coastal and inland karst morphologies driven by sea level stands: a GIS based method for their evaluation
Authors: Canora Filomena , Fidelibus Dolores , Spilotro Giuseppe 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTSea level is the base level for groundwater circulation in coastal aquifers. The evolution of karst surface landforms and subsurface drainage systems in these aquifers has been conditioned in geological time by tectonics and glacio‐eustatic sea‐level changes. Present morpho‐structural settings and the type/distribution of karst surface and subsurface forms have developed in different carbonate formations according to differences in lithology, climate and exposure time, all driving the intensity of morphologic and karst processes. The repeated and significant changes of groundwater level linked to ‘sea‐level changes’ have had the most important role in driving the continuous evolution of karstic drainage systems, and has resulted in most cases in a multiphase karst. This study aims at defining a general method for identifying, in karst coastal settings, the elevations of flat or low topographic gradient surfaces (using morphometric analysis of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and geographical information systems (GISs), and their comparison with elevations of distinctive karstic levels (passages, lateral solution cavities) observed in vertical shafts and horizontal caves. Of the elevations of flat or low topographic gradient surfaces only those agreeing, within ±10 m or ±20 m, with elevation ranges marked by the high frequency of distinctive karst levels were considered as representative of the more probable past sea‐level stands. The method is applied to a regional coastal carbonate formation in southern Italy, by using a 10 m DEM and information on 140 complex caves and 85 shafts. Of the 15 elevations indicated by DEM analysis [620, 600, 470, 450, 425, 385, 355, 315, 270, 250, 205, 180, 150, 110, and 70 m above sea level (a.s.l.)], 13 match clearly those highlighted by significant frequencies of distinctive karstic levels. These elevations are validated by comparison to the elevation of terraces and karst plains indicated in the literature. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of U.S. EPA guidelines in a bioavailability-based assessment of ambient water quality criteria for zinc in freshwater
Authors: DeForest David K. , Van Genderen Eric J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (U.S. EPA) current ambient water quality criteria (AWQC) for zinc in freshwater are hardness-based and were last updated in 1995. The acute and chronic freshwater toxicity databases have since expanded substantially and the U.S. EPA's minimum phylogenetic diversity requirements for chronic zinc toxicity are now met (an acute:chronic ratio was previously required). Additionally, several acute and chronic biotic ligand models (BLMs) for zinc have since been developed and validated for freshwater organisms. Using the expanded toxicity database and existing BLMs, we developed a unified zinc BLM that could efficiently predict both acute and chronic toxicity over a wide range of zinc bioavailabilities. The unified BLM, developed by objectively averaging the biotic ligand binding constants for zinc (Zn2+) and competing cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, H+) from existing BLMs, performed better in predicting toxicity to a diverse set of organisms than any individual existing BLM. Performance of the unified BLM was further improved by optimizing the biotic ligand binding constant for the ZnOH+ species. The updated freshwater zinc toxicity database and unified BLM were then used to estimate the fifth percentiles of the acute and chronic species sensitivity distributions following the U.S. EPA guidelines for AWQC development. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1264–1272. © 2012 SETAC
Comparison of earthworm and chemical assays of the bioavailability of aged 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, and heavy metals in orchard soils
Authors: Gaw Sally , Northcott Grant , Kim Nick , Wilkins Alistair , Jensen Joanne 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Orchard soils can contain elevated concentrations of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDT), and heavy metals as a result of historical agrichemical applications. The bioavailability of p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, As, Cd, Cu, and Pb from five field-aged New Zealand orchards and three grazing soils was assessed by using a 28-d bioassay with Aporrectodea caliginosa and chemical assays. Significant relationships were found between total soil and earthworm tissue concentrations for p,p′-DDE (p &lt; 0.001), p,p′-DDT (p &lt; 0.001), Cu (p &lt; 0.001), and Pb (p &lt; 0.01). Two neutral salt solutions, 0.01 M CaCl2 and 1 M NH4NO3, were used as surrogate measures of the bioavailability of heavy metals. Copper was the only heavy metal for which significant correlations were found between neutral-salt-extractable and earthworm tissue concentrations (p &lt; 0.001). Up to 28% of the aged DDT residues were released from the soils by Tenax over a 24-h extraction period. Significant relationships (p &lt; 0.01) between the Tenax-extractable and earthworm tissue concentrations for p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT showed that Tenax provides a good surrogate measure of the bioavailability of these compounds to A. caliginosa. Surprisingly, there was a similarly significant relationship (p &lt; 0.001) between the total soil and earthworm tissue concentrations for p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT, suggesting that total soil concentrations alone were sufficient to predict uptake by A. caliginosa. These results demonstrate that the aged agrichemical residues in orchard soils, and particularly p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT, remain highly bioavailable to A. caliginosa despite decades of weathering and continue to present an environmental risk. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1306–1316. © 2012 SETAC
Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in plasma of five sea turtle species: Comparisons in concentration and potential health risks
Authors: Keller Jennifer M. , Ngai Lily , McNeill Joanne Braun , Wood Lawrence D. , Stewart Kelly R. , O'Connell Steven G. , Kucklick John R. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The authors compared blood plasma concentrations of 13 perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs) in five sea turtle species with differing trophic levels. Wild sea turtles were blood sampled from the southeastern region of the United States, and plasma was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the predominant PFC, increased with trophic level from herbivorous greens (2.41 ng/g), jellyfish-eating leatherbacks (3.95 ng/g), omnivorous loggerheads (6.47 ng/g), to crab-eating Kemp's ridleys (15.7 ng/g). However, spongivorous hawksbills had surprisingly high concentrations of PFOS (11.9 ng/g) and other PFCs based on their trophic level. These baseline concentrations of biomagnifying PFCs demonstrate interesting species and geographical differences. The measured PFOS concentrations were compared with concentrations known to cause toxic effects in laboratory animals, and estimated margins of safety (EMOS) were calculated. Small EMOS (&lt;100), suggestive of potential risk of adverse health effects, were observed for all five sea turtle species for immunosuppression. Estimated margins of safety less than 100 were also observed for liver, thyroid, and neurobehavorial effects for the more highly exposed species. These baseline concentrations and the preliminary EMOS exercise provide a better understanding of the potential health risks of PFCs for conservation managers to protect these threatened and endangered species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1223–1230. © 2012 SETAC
Microwave‐assisted phospha‐michael addition of dialkyl phosphites, a phenyl‐H‐phosphinate, and diphenylphosphine oxide to maleic derivatives
Authors: Bálint Erika , Takács Judit , Drahos László , Keglevich György 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA series of new >P(O)‐substituted succinic derivatives was synthesized by the microwave‐assisted phospha‐Michael addition of dialkyl phosphites, ethyl phenyl‐H‐phosphinate, and diphenylphosphine oxide to N‐phenyl and N‐methyl maleimide, as well as to maleic acid anhydride. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:235–240, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21007
Cell study of the three areas of the meniscus: Effect of growth factors in an experimental model in sheep
Authors: Esparza Raul , Gortazar Arancha R. , Forriol Francisco 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMeniscus had two areas with different vascular supply. Cells of the two areas and the synovium were monolayer cultivated. We analyzed the expression of genes of Col1, Col 2A, MMP‐2, MMP‐13, and aggrecan in a baseline state and after incubation with VEGF, TGF‐β, FGF, and IGF. We found that the growth factors used produced a major increase in the MMP‐13 in all three areas. In the vascular area, the stimulation of MMP‐3 was produced by FGF, while in the synovial and avascular areas, it was caused by TGF‐β. MMP‐2 was only stimulated in the synovial area by IGF. Col 2A was stimulated in the synovial area by VEGF, and in the avascular area by TGF‐β, FGF, and IGF, whereas Col 1 was stimulated in the avascular area by IGF, FGF, and VEGF. The vascular or avascular areas of the meniscus, behave differently in terms of repair, and their cells express different factors. The growth factors act in a different way in each meniscal area. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1647–1651, 2012
Management of chylous fistula after neck dissection using negative‐pressure wound therapy: A preliminary report
Authors: Kadota Hideki , Kakiuchi Yasunori , Yoshida Takamasa 
Published: March 2012

AbstractChylous fistula is a distressing complication resulting from thoracic duct injury during neck dissections. We have successfully managed chylous fistula using negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in a case where all conservative treatments failed. A 60‐year‐old man with tongue cancer underwent subtotal glossectomy and bilateral neck dissections. On postoperative day 4, a chylous fistula with large drainage developed in the right neck. Conservative treatments were not effective, therefore, NPWT was started from postoperative day 9. The drainage volume then began to decrease, and the chylous fistula was closed 6 days after starting NPWT. In our case, the effects of wound shrinkage and fluid removal by NPWT were considered to contribute to early closure. Although preliminary, NPWT can be an important treatment choice for the management of a chylous fistula after neck dissections.
Audiometric asymmetry and tinnitus laterality
Authors: Tsai Betty S. , Sweetow Robert W. , Cheung Steven W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To identify an optimal audiometric asymmetry index for predicting tinnitus laterality.Study Design:Retrospective medical record review.Methods:Data from adult tinnitus patients (80 men and 44 women) were extracted for demographic, audiometric, tinnitus laterality, and related information. The main measures were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.Results:Three audiometric asymmetry indices were constructed using one, two, or three frequency elements to compute the average interaural threshold difference (aITD). Tinnitus laterality predictive performance of a particular index was assessed by increasing the cutoff or minimum magnitude of the aITD from 10 to 35 dB in 5‐dB steps to determine its ROC curve. Single frequency index performance was inferior to the other two (P < .05). Double and triple frequency indices were indistinguishable (P > .05). Two adjoining frequency elements with aITD ≥ 15 dB performed optimally for predicting tinnitus laterality (sensitivity = 0.59, specificity = 0.71, and PPV = 0.76). Absolute and relative magnitudes of hearing loss in the poorer ear were uncorrelated with tinnitus distress.Conclusions:An optimal audiometric asymmetry index to predict tinnitus laterality is one whereby 15 dB is the minimum aITD of two adjoining frequencies, inclusive of the maximal ITD. Tinnitus laterality dependency on magnitude of interaural asymmetry may inform design and interpretation of neuroimaging studies. Monaural acoustic tinnitus therapy may be an initial consideration for asymmetric hearing loss meeting the criterion of aITD ≥ 15 dB.
Evaluation of endoscopic harmonic diverticulostomy
Authors: Whited Chad , Lee Walter T. , Scher Richard 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The purpose of this study is to review a consecutive series of patients with Zenker's diverticulum who were treated with endoscopic diverticulostomy using either the endoscopic stapler (ENDO GIA 30 Autosuture; Covidien, Dublin, Ireland) or Harmonic Ultrasonic Surgical Instrumentation (Ethicon Endo‐Surgery, Cincinnati, OH) to evaluate the safety and optimal application of Harmonic technology to the treatment of patients with Zenker's diverticulum.Study Design:This is a retrospective review at a tertiary academic hospital with institutional review board approval.Methods:All patients undergoing endoscopic repair of Zenker's diverticulum between April 1, 2009 and December 1, 2010 at a single institution were studied.Results:A total of 65 endoscopic diverticulostomies were performed: 24 Harmonic assisted, 41 stapler assisted. Average diverticulum size was 3.46 cm. There were two complications with staple‐assisted (pharyngeal leak and recurrence) and six complications with Harmonic‐assisted diverticulostomies (two pharyngeal leaks, two chest pains, one recurrence, and one subcutaneous emphysema). There was a statistically significant difference in the complication rates between the staple‐assisted (4.88%) and Harmonic‐assisted (25%) cohorts (P = .04). There were no complications with diverticula <2 cm.Conclusions:Endoscopic Harmonic esophagodiverticulostomy has been reported for the treatment of Zenker's diverticula. However, our data demonstrate a significantly higher complication rate with use of the Harmonic technology compared to the staple‐assisted method (P = .04). Additional evaluations are warranted to validate these findings and before Harmonic diverticulostomy can be recommended as treatment for the majority of cases.
Novel dialkyl vinyl ether phosphonate monomers: Their synthesis and alternated radical copolymerizations with electron‐accepting monomers
Authors: Iftene Fadela , David Ghislain , Boutevin Bernard , Auvergne Rémi , Alaaeddine Ali , Meghabar Rachid 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThree new vinyl ether monomers containing phosphonate moieties were synthesized from transetherification reaction. We showed that the yield was dependent on the spacer length between the vinyl oxy group and the phosphonate moieties: when the spacer is a single methylene side reaction may occur, leading to the formation of acetal compounds. Free‐radical copolymerizations of phosphonate‐containing vinyl ether monomers with maleic anhydride were carried out, leading to alternated copolymers of rather low molecular weights (from 1000 to 7000 g/mol). Both gel permeation chromatography and 31P NMR analyses enhanced possible intramolecular transfer reactions occurring from the phosphonate moieties. Kinetic investigation showed that the electron‐withdrawing character of the phosphonate moieties tends to decrease the rate of copolymerization. Nevertheless, almost complete monomers conversion was reached after 30 min of reaction with dimethyl vinyloxyethylphosphonate (VEC2PMe). Then, radical copolymerization of VEC2PMe with a series of electron‐accepting monomers, that is, dibutyl maleate, dibutylitaconate, itaconic anhydride, butyl maleimide, and methyl maleimide, led to a series of alternated copolymers. From kinetic investigation, we showed that the higher the electron‐accepting effect, the faster the vinyl ether consumption and the higher the molecular weights. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Polymerization of styrene in alcohol/water mediated by a macro‐RAFT agent of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) trithiocarbonate: From homogeneous to heterogeneous RAFT polymerization
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Xu Jianxiong , Zhang Yaoyao , Zhang Wangqing 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene in alcohol/water mixture mediated with the poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) trithiocarbonate macro‐RAFT agent (PNIPAM‐TTC) is studied and compared with the general RAFT dispersion polymerization in the presence of a small molecular RAFT agent. Both the homogeneous/quasi‐homogeneous polymerization before particle nucleation and the heterogeneous polymerization after particle nucleation are involved in the PNIPAM‐TTC‐mediated RAFT polymerization, and the two‐stage increase in the molecular weight (Mn) and nanoparticle size of the synthesized block copolymer is found. In the initial homogeneous/quasi‐homogeneous polymerization, the Mn and nanoparticle size slowly increase with monomer conversion, whereas the Mn and particle size quickly increase in the subsequent heterogeneous RAFT polymerization, which is much different from those in the general RAFT dispersion polymerization. Besides, the PNIPAM‐TTC‐mediated RAFT polymerization runs much faster than the general RAFT dispersion polymerization. This study is anticipated to be helpful to understand the polymer chain extension through RAFT polymerization under dispersion conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
1H‐NMR Spectroscopy as a New Tool in the Assessment of the Oxidative State in Edible Oils
Authors: Skiera Christina , Steliopoulos Panagiotis , Kuballa Thomas , Holzgrabe Ulrike , Diehl Bernd 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWithin the course of lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxides are formed as primary products. They can be used as analytical markers to assess the deterioration status of oils and fats. Here a new 1H‐NMR assay to determine the hydroperoxide amount in edible oils is presented. We were able to show that the analytical performance of the method is similar to that of the commonly used peroxide value (PV) according to Wheeler. A total of 290 edible oil samples were analyzed using both methods. For some oil varieties considerable discrepancies were found between the results obtained. In the case of black seed and olive oil, two substances could be identified that cause positive (black seed oil) and negative (olive oils) deviations from the theoretical PV expected from the NMR values.
Use of Vaccination against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish and Columnaris Disease by the U.S. Catfish Industry
Authors: Bebak Julie , Wagner Bruce 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy used for the protection of food animals against infectious diseases. A 2010 U.S. Department of Agriculture questionnaire examined U.S. catfish industry use (in 2009) of two commercial vaccines that provide protection against enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) and columnaris disease, catfish producers’ opinions regarding the percentage of vaccinated fish they expect to be protected, and producers’ general expectations regarding survival of vaccinated fish compared with unvaccinated fish. During 2009, 9.7% of the total fingerling operations used one or both vaccines; 12.3% of the total industry fry production was vaccinated against ESC, and 17.0% was vaccinated against columnaris disease. Of the producers who grew food-sized catfish to harvest, 6.7% used vaccinated catfish. The farms that did not use vaccinated fish for grow out had a mean size of 63.4 water surface hectares (156.6 water surface acres). The operations that used vaccinated fish were larger (mean size = 206.6 water surface hectares, or 510.6 water surface acres). The producers that stocked ESC-vaccinated fish for grow out represented 19.0% of the total water surface area of food fish production; producers that stocked columnaris-vaccinated fish represented 16.6% of the total area. Of the producers that stocked ESC-vaccinated catfish, 41.9% thought that survival was better in vaccinated fish than in unvaccinated fish; of the producers that stocked columnaris-vaccinated catfish, 46.2% thought that vaccinated fish displayed better survival. However, 37.5% of producers that used the ESC vaccine and 39.7% of producers that used the columnaris vaccine did not know whether vaccination improved survival rates. When all producers were asked about their expectations regarding the percentage of vaccinated fish that would be protected from disease, 52.4% responded that they expected 100% of their fish to be protected. More producer information about reasonable expectations regarding vaccine efficacy, the conditions under which immunosuppression and vaccine failure can occur, and assessment of vaccine performance may result in increased use of vaccination as a tool for the catfish industry.
Received February 8, 2011; accepted November 17, 2011.
Susceptibility of Pacific Herring to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Is Influenced by Diet
Authors: Beaulaurier J. , Bickford N. , Gregg J. L. , Grady C. A. , Gannam A. L. , Winton J. R. , Hershberger P. K. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Groups of specific-pathogen-free Pacific herring Clupea pallasii were highly susceptible to infection by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV); however, the level of mortality was influenced by diet during the 40–71 d before, during, and after the first exposure to the virus. Cumulative mortality was highest among the herring maintained on an experimental soy-based pellet, intermediate among those maintained on a commercially available fish-meal-based pellet, and lowest among those maintained on a second commercially available fish-meal-based pellet containing β-glucans. Additionally, the herring maintained on the experimental soy-based feed demonstrated less growth than those on the commercially available feeds. The results indicate the importance of standardizing diet during empirical determinations of disease susceptibility and provide insights into the risk factors affecting VHS susceptibility in wild populations.
Received August 26, 2011; accepted November 4, 2011