bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cu2O Nanocrystal‐Templated Growth of Cu2S Nanocages with Encapsulated Au Nanoparticles and In‐Situ Transmission X‐ray Microscopy Study
Authors: Kuo Chun‐Hong , Chu Yi‐Ting , Song Yen‐Fang , Huang Michael H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCubic and octahedral Cu2O nanocrystals and Au–Cu2O core–shell heterostructures are used as sacrificial templates for the growth of Cu2S nanocages and Au–Cu2S core–cage structures. A rapid sulfidation process involving a surface reaction of Cu2O nanocrystals with Na2S, followed by etching of the Cu2O cores with HCl solution for ≈5 sec, results in the fabrication of Cu2S cages with a wall thickness of 10–20 nm. Transmission electron microscopy characterization reveals the formation of crystalline walls and the presence of ultrasmall pores with sizes of 1 nm or less. Formation of Cu2O–Cu2S core–shell structures and their conversion into Cu2S cages is verified by UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. X‐ray photoelectron spectra further confirm the composition of the cages as Cu2S. The entire hollowing process via the Kirkendall effect is recorded using in‐situ transmission X‐ray microscopy. After shell formation, continuous ionic diffusion removes the interior Cu2O. Intermediate structures with remaining central Cu2O portions and bridging arms to the surrounding cages are observed. The nanocages are also shown to allow molecular transport: anthracene and pyrene penetration into the cages leads to enhanced fluorescence quenching immediately upon adsorption onto the surfaces of the encapsulated gold nanocrystals.
A proposal for a policy on the ethical care and use of cadavers and their tissues
Authors: Champney Thomas H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRecent events have occurred that indicate the need for policies on the ethical care and use of cadavers and their tissues in the United States. At present, there are policies that address the procurement, handling and disposition of cadavers, but there are no national or society sponsored policies that clearly state the ethically appropriate use of cadavers. The ethical issues presented in this manuscript are meant to encourage thought and discussion on this topic. A proposed outcome would be the development of specific ethical guidelines that would be sponsored by national organizations, such as the American Association of Anatomists and/or the American Association of Clinical Anatomists, and would be adopted by institutions that use cadavers or their tissues. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
pH‐Responsive Poly(methacrylic acid)‐Grafted Hollow Silica Vesicles
Authors: Lay Chee Leng , Tan Hui Ru , Lu Xuehong , Liu Ye 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPoly(methacrylic acid)‐grafted hollow silica vesicles (PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles) were obtained through a grafting‐from approach. PMAA brushes were formed by performing atom‐transfer radical polymerisation of sodium methacrylate with an initiator attached to the hollow silica spheres. PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles were characterised by using TEM, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and FTIR spectroscopy. pH‐dependent ξ potential and 1H NMR spectra of PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles were measured, and the results indicated that MAA brushes in PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles had a lower ionisation degree and low solubility in acidic aqueous solution, for example, pH 3.4, but a higher ionisation degree and high solubility when the pH was higher than 7. Also it was demonstrated that calcein blue and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled dextran (Mn: 10 kDa) could be encapsulated in the interiors of the PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles with a negligible amount in PMAA brushes at pH 2, and pH‐triggered release of calcein blue and FITC‐labelled dextran from PMAA‐g‐hollow silica vesicles was observed at pH 7.4.
Enantioselective Organocatalytic Synthesis of Fluorinated Molecules
Authors: Valero Guillem , Companyó Xavier , Rios Ramon 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe enantioselective synthesis of fluorinated molecules has drawn much attention within the chemical community due to its unique stereoelectronic properties. The main aim of this review is to cover the most important organocatalytic enantioselective methodologies to obtain them. The review is divided into three parts: first, the direct introduction of a fluorine atom studied in the early 2000s. Second, the later use of Michael reactions to introduce fluorine‐containing synthons. Finally, the simultaneously‐developed trifluoromethylation reactions, giving the catalysts, mechanisms and reagents that have been used.
Mechanism of the Dehydrogenative Silylation of Alcohols Catalyzed by Cationic Gold Complexes: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Labouille Stéphanie , Escalle‐Lewis Aurélie , Jean Yves , Mézailles Nicolas , Le Floch Pascal 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe catalytic activity both of cationic [(XDPP)Au][X] (XDPP=bis‐2,5‐diphenylphosphole xantphos X=BF4) and of the isolated gold hydride complex [(XDPP)2Au2H][OTf] in the dehydrogenative silylation process is presented. A parallel theoretical study using density functional theory revealed a mechanism involving the counter anion as a co‐catalyst, which was experimentally confirmed by testing various counterions (X=OTf, NTf2, PF6). Finally, a “Au2H+” species was determined as the intermediate during the catalytic cycle, which correlates well with the experimental findings on the first example of catalytic activity of an isolated “AuH” complex.
Photochromic and Reductive Electrochemical Switching of a Dithiazolylethene with Large Redox Modulation
Authors: Léaustic Anne , Anxolabéhère‐Mallart Elodie , Maurel François , Midelton Stéphanie , Guillot Régis , Métivier Rémi , Nakatani Keitaro , Yu Pei 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new dipyridylthiazolylethene (1 a) and its dicationic analogue (2 a), with two N‐methylated pyridyl rings, have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Due to the N‐methylation of the pyridyl rings, 2 a displays not only very different photochromic properties, but also undergoes a reductive ring‐closing reaction to generate its closed‐ring isomer 2 b. Careful electrochemical studies coupled with EPR spectroscopy show that this reductive ring‐closing reaction takes place when 2 a is two‐electron reduced. DFT calculations suggest that such a ground‐state electrocyclization is driven by a very large stabilization of the reduced closed‐ring isomer 2 b relative to the reduced open‐ring isomer 2 a. In addition, 2 b exhibits two successive and reversible one‐electron reductions at half‐wave potentials of 0.04 and −0.14 V versus SCE and a redox modulation as large as 1 V is achieved when passing from 2 a to 2 b.
PdII and PtII Complexes of 2‐(2′‐Pyridyl)‐4,6‐diphenylphosphinine: Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity
Authors: Campos‐Carrasco Ariadna , Broeckx Leen E. E. , Weemers Jarno J. M. , Pidko Evgeny A. , Lutz Martin , Masdeu‐Bultó Anna M. , Vogt Dieter , Müller Christian 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe coordination chemistry of the bidentate P,N hybrid ligand 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐4,6‐diphenylphosphinine (1) towards PdII and PtII has been investigated. The molecular structures of the complexes [PdCl2(1)] and [PtCl2(1)] were determined by X‐ray diffraction, representing the first crystallographically characterized λ3‐phosphinine–PdII and –PtII complexes. Both complexes reacted with methanol at the P=C double bond at an elevated temperature, leading to the corresponding products [MCl2(1H⋅OCH3)]. The molecular structure of [PdCl2(1H⋅OCH3)] was determined crystallographically and revealed that the reaction with methanol proceeds selectively by syn addition and exclusively to one of the P=C double bonds. Strikingly, the reaction of [PdCl2(1H⋅OCH3)] with the chelating diphosphine DPEphos at room temperature in CH2Cl2 led quantitatively to [PdCl2(DPEphos)] and phosphinine 1 by elimination of CH3OH and rearomatization of the phosphorus heterocycle.
Assembly of a Self‐Complementary Monomer: Formation of Supramolecular Polymer Networks and Responsive Gels
Authors: Su Yong‐Sheng , Liu Jia‐Wei , Jiang Yi , Chen Chuan‐Feng 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSelf‐complementary monomer 1, which combines a macrotricyclic polyether and two dibenzylammonium ions together, was synthesized, and its self‐assembly into supramolecular polymer networks by host–guest interactions was studied. For the purpose of comparative study, two model molecules 2 and 3 were also prepared. It was found that model molecule 2 and dibenzylammonium ion 4 form a 1:2 complex in solution and in the solid state, which afforded a model system for the investigation of the assembly behavior of monomer 1. Consequently, the 1H NMR spectrum of 1 in CD3CN showed characteristic proton signals similar to the model system, which suggested that 1 self‐assembles into a supramolecular polymer network. Formation of the supramolecular polymer was further evidenced by the MALDI‐TOF MS spectrum, viscometry, and dynamic light‐scattering (DLS) experiments. Moreover, it was found that the decomposition and re‐formation of the supramolecular polymer could be chemically controlled by the use of triethylamine and trifluoroacetic acid. Interestingly, the supramolecular polymer forms an organogel both in CD3CN and in 1:1 (v/v) CDCl3/CD3CN, and reversible thermo‐ and pH‐induced gel–sol transitions were also found. The presented work will provide a new strategy for the construction of supramolecular polymers with specific structures and properties.
Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Zn/Co Carbamates: Single‐Source Precursors of Nanosized Magnetic Oxides Under Mild Conditions
Authors: Domide Dan , Walter Olaf , Behrens Silke , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTetrameric Zn alkyl carbamates [ZnR(O2CNR′2)]4 (R = Me or Et, R′ = iPr) have been synthesized from alkylzinc amides and CO2. The reaction of these carbamates with specially designed CoII complexes afforded new heterobimetallic (Zn/Co) carbamate complexes. The thermal decomposition of these single‐source precursors under mild conditions (200–300 °C) led to magnetic mixed‐metal oxide nanoparticles. Two phases were identified that are isostructural with ZnO (wurtzite phase) and CoO (cubic rock salt structure), but both contain Zn and Co in varying molar ratios. The particles with the ZnO‐type structure have a mean average size of 7.7 nm, whereas the particles with the CoO‐type structure are much larger (ca. 48 nm).
Function‐Oriented Synthesis of a Didesmethyl Triazacryptand Analogue for Fluorescent Potassium Ion Sensing
Authors: Carpenter Richard D. , Verkman Alan S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTriazacryptand (TAC)‐based fluorescent K+ sensors have broad biomedical utility, yet their advancement has been hindered because of their challenging synthesis. Herein, an efficient synthesis is reported that delivers a didesmethyl triazacryptand (ddTAC) K+ sensor in twofold fewer steps and ninefold higher overall yield than the original TAC synthesis. Our synthesis utilizes a C–O dianionic oxidative macrocyclization and reports new examples of aminoarylations and a microwave route to xanthythilium chromophores. The K+ sensitivity and selectivity of the ddTAC‐based sensor are comparable to the TAC‐based sensor.
Emulsion Drops with Complex Interfaces: Globular Versus Flexible Proteins
Authors: Erni Philipp , Windhab Erich J. , Fischer Peter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis study focuses on the flow behavior of emulsion drops with complex interfaces. The experimental approach includes three different length scales: (i) interfacial rheology is discussed for adsorbed proteins with different molecular structure (compact and globular for beta‐lactoglobulin versus flexible and random coil for beta‐casein); (ii) the flow of single drops with macromolecular adsorption layers is studied using optical flow cells; (iii) dilute emulsions are investigated using rheology and rheo‐small angle light scattering (rheo‐SALS). Different hydrodynamic models for drops with and without interfacial viscoelasticity are assessed. For the case of rigid interfacial layers, a comparison with capsule suspension models suggests that drops stabilized by adsorbed particles or globular proteins behave like “soft capsules” surrounded by a jammed shell. Their behavior on the single drop level is similar to the mechanics of red blood cells or vesicles. magnified image
On the phi and psi transforms of Frazier and Jawerth
Authors: Bui Huy‐Qui , Paluszyński Maciej 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this article we study the phi and psi transforms of Frazier and Jawerth when either phi or psi is not band‐limited. Our main result concerns the invertibility of these transforms and is used to show that certain affine system generated by the Mexican hat function is complete in Lebesgue and Hardy spaces. © 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim
Azide/Alkyne‐“Click”‐Reactions of Encapsulated Reagents: Toward Self‐Healing Materials
Authors: Gragert Maria , Schunack Marlen , Binder Wolfgang H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe successful encapsulation of reactive components for the azide/alkyne‐“click”‐reaction is reported featuring for the first time the use of a liquid polymer as reactive component. A liquid, azido‐telechelic three‐arm star poly(isobutylene) ($\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ = 3900 g · mol−1) as well as trivalent alkynes were encapsulated into micron‐sized capsules and embedded into a polymer‐matrix (high‐molecular weight poly(isobutylene), $\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ = 250 000 g · mol−1). Using (CuIBr(PPh3)3) as catalyst for the azide/alkyne‐“click”‐reaction, crosslinking of the two components at 40 °C is observed within 380 min and as fast as 10 min at 80 °C. Significant recovery of the tensile storage modulus was observed in a material containing 10 wt.‐% and accordingly 5 wt.‐% capsules including the reactive components within 5 d at room temperature, thus proving a new concept for materials with self‐healing properties. magnified image
Probing the early stages of solvent evaporation and relaxation in solvent‐cast polymer thin films by spectroscopic ellipsometry
Authors: López García Í. , Keddie J. L. , Sferrazza M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe formation of solvent‐cast, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films from dilute bromobenzene solutions was studied using an ellipsometry technique. Bromobenzene has a relatively high refractive index (compared to PMMA), which provides contrast in ellipsometry, allowing the concentration to be determined. The solvent also has a relatively low evaporation rate, which makes the film formation slow enough to capture via the technique. The formation of the glassy film is thus studied in situ, and information on solvent and void concentration in the thin film during the film formation process is obtained. There is evidence that nanovoids (representing intramolecular space) develop in the film when solvent evaporates. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic antidot arrays on alumina nanoporous membranes: Rutherford backscattering and magnetic characterization
Authors: Prieto P. , Pirota K. R. , Climent‐Font A. , Vazquez M. , Sanz J. M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHighly ordered antidot arrays of permalloy have been prepared by sputtering onto different nanoporous alumina membranes (NAMs) and characterized by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), SEM and Vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). RBS spectrometry combined with SEM image analysis provides information on the in‐depth composition and porosity of the different magnetic antidot nanostructures. The coercivity increases in the antidot nanostructures as compared with that of its parent continuous film. The saturation magnetization values of the antidot nanostructures are observed to increase with increasing pore size. Our results suggest an enhanced magnetization at the Fe20Ni80/Al2O3 interface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mobility Evaluation of <110> Twist Grain Boundary Motion from Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Zhou J. , Mohles V. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWith a new approach of driving force application, the relationship between grain boundary migration rate and driving force was found to be nonlinear as to be expected from rate theory for extremely large applied driving forces in molecular dynamics simulations. By evaluating grain boundary mobility non‐linearly, the simulated mobilities at different temperatures reveal that grain boundary migration is a thermally activated process. For a series of <110> twist grain boundaries, the resultant mobilities demonstrate that high‐angle grain boundaries move much faster than low‐angle grain boundaries.
Exact solution to the antiplane problem of doubly periodic conducting rigid line inclusions of unequal size in piezoelectric materials
Authors: Xiao J.H. , Xu Y.L. , Jiang C.P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe problem of a doubly periodic array of conducting rigid line inclusions in piezoelectric materials under far‐field antiplane mechanical load and inplane electric load is investigated, where the fundamental cell contains four rigid line inclusions of unequal size. An exact solution to the problem is presented by employing the conformal mapping technique and the elliptical function theory. The closed form formulae for the stress and electrical displacement intensity factors at the rigid line inclusion tip and the effective electroelastic moduli of such composites are derived. Many new and existing solutions can be regarded as the special or degenerated cases. Numerical examples are provided to show the interesting electroelastic interaction phenomenon induced by multiple rigid line inclusions. The present work is helpful in understanding the optimization mechanism of some naturally occurring composites and in designing novel materials by direct engineering of their microstructure.
Conclusions from a dynamic population model for tsetse: response to comments
Authors: Barclay Hugh J. , Vreysen Marc J. B. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe critique by Hargrove et al. (Popul Ecol, 2011) of our recently published paper on a tsetse population model (Barclay and Vreysen in Popul Ecol 53:89–110, 2011) has made some good points but has also misinterpreted the intent of some of our results as we presented them. Hargrove et al. rightly say that there is a mismatch between the size of the unit cells in the model (1 ha) and the iteration rate of the model (every 5 days), yielding too low a dispersal rate to simulate reality. However, they have misconstrued several of our results that we presented as examples to imply that those results were a necessary condition for control of tsetse, especially using traps and targets.
GETTING READY FOR THE MARRIAGE MARKET? A RESPONSE
Authors: LUNDBORG PETTER , NYSTEDT PAUL , LINDGREN BJÖRN 
Published: January 2011

SummaryOverweight and obesity constitute a major and increasing health and welfare problem throughout the world. Assessing the multifaceted mechanisms – biological, environmental and behavioural – behind this development is a crucial task in medical, social and economic sciences. We are, therefore, grateful to have been given the opportunity to, once again, discuss whether the risk of divorce may be one of the factors influencing the incentives of becoming overweight or obese and, hence, ultimately the physical appearance among the married. In this Debate, colleagues Schneider and Grimps present the results of a multilevel analysis, in which they could not identify any statistically significant association between body mass index (BMI) and divorce risk among married people. Thus, they question the findings, previously published in this Journal (Lundborget al., 2007). The Schneider and Grimps arguments are not convincing, however. So, we still claim that the statistical material at hand does, indeed, imply that divorce risk at the national level may well influence the weight of the married.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in a resistant versus a susceptible blueberry cultivar after infection by Colletotrichum acutatum
Authors: MILES TIMOTHY D. , DAY BRAD , SCHILDER ANNEMIEK C. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYAnthracnose fruit rot, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum acutatum, is an important disease of blueberry worldwide. The cultivar Elliott is resistant, severely restricting fungal growth and sporulation relative to the susceptible cultivar Jersey. The objectives of this research were as follows: (i) to analyse pre‐penetration events in ‘Elliott’ and ‘Jersey’ at different stages of fruit development; (ii) to identify putative defence genes in ‘Elliott’ fruit; and (iii) to monitor the timing of the oxidative burst in both cultivars. Light microscopy revealed no differences in the pre‐penetration activities of C. acutatum on the immature fruit of both cultivars. However, at fruit ripening, conidia germinated and formed appressoria more rapidly on ‘Jersey’ than on ‘Elliott’ fruit. Using suppression subtractive hybridization, 37 differentially expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were detected in ‘Elliott’ versus ‘Jersey’ upon infection. Several of the ESTs had homology to known plant defence genes, such as a class II chitinase, pathogenesis‐related protein 10 (PR10) and β‐1,3‐glucanase. Two putative genes involved in oxidative stress were identified: a metallothionein‐like protein and monodehydroascorbate reductase. ESTs of fungal origin were also detected. Many ESTs had no homology to known genes. Using semi‐quantitative and quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), the expression of most of the candidate genes was detected earlier in ‘Elliott’ than in ‘Jersey’, some within 24 h post inoculation (hpi). Monitoring of the oxidative burst showed that the overall H2O2 concentration was two to three times higher in ‘Elliott’ than in ‘Jersey’ at 24 hpi. The elucidation of the basis of resistance to C. acutatum in blueberry will facilitate the development of new anthracnose fruit rot‐resistant cultivars.
Mapping of fertility traits in Finnish Ayrshire by genome‐wide association analysis
Authors: Schulman N. F. , Sahana G. , Iso‐Touru T. , McKay S. D. , Schnabel R. D. , Lund M. S. , Taylor J. F. , Virta J. , Vilkki J. H. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryA whole‐genome scan using single marker association was used to detect chromosome regions associated with seven female fertility traits in Finnish Ayrshire dairy cattle. The phenotypic data consisted of de‐regressed estimated breeding values for 340 bulls which were estimated using a single trait model. Genotypes were obtained with the Illumina BovineSNP50 panel and a total of 35 630 informative, high‐quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers were used. The association analysis was performed using a mixed‐model approach which fitted a fixed effect for each SNP and a random polygenic effect. We detected eleven genome‐wide significant associations on eight different chromosomes. With at least chromosome‐wise significance after Bonferroni correction, sixteen SNPs on nine chromosomes showed significant associations with one or more fertility traits. The results confirmed quantitative trait loci on three chromosomes (1, 2 and 20) for fertility traits previously reported for the same breed and one on chromosome four previously detected in Holstein cattle.