bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RE‐EXAMINING THE IMPLICATIONS OF THE NEW CONSENSUS: ENDOGENOUS MONEY AND TAYLOR RULES IN A SIMPLE NEOCLASSICAL MACRO MODEL
Authors: Docherty Peter 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper re‐examines the impact of endogenous money in a neoclassical model with interest‐sensitive expenditures. It first outlines a benchmark model with exogenous money and the usual full employment and money growth‐determined inflation results. It then replaces exogenous money with endogenous money, which is shown to generate model indeterminacy. Two methods of resolving this indeterminacy are then explored: money illusion and a Taylor rule for monetary policy, a key feature of new consensus models. The paper concludes that endogenous money has negative implications for the behaviour and interpretation of neoclassical and new consensus models.
Neoliberalism and health care
Authors: McGregor Sue 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWithin the context of globalization, health care reform is occurring around the world. This paper explores the neoliberal mind set shaping health care reform in the UK, Canada, United States, Australia and New Zealand. Neoliberalism is comprised of three principles: individualism, free market via privatization and deregulation, and decentralization. After describing the nature of a health care system that is shaped by those embracing this mind set, an alternative approach is introduced that could bring dignity and a human face to health care. The basic premise of the paper is that we must broaden our analysis of health care by understanding and challenging the neoliberal mind set.
Multiple sclerosis patients as counsellors and evaluators of rehabilitation
Authors: Viitanen Elina , Piirainen Arja 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe article is concerned with multiple sclerosis (MS) patients’ experiences of rehabilitation services. Customers choose and assess the rehabilitation services they want. In the spring of 1999, group interview data were collected as part of an evaluation study of outpatient activities organized by the Finnish MS Society. Illness experience, changes in functional capacity and experience of health care services provided by both the public and voluntary sectors were all shown to have an effect on how customers chose services. When customers guide their own rehabilitation, their wishes and decisions concerning rehabilitation should be heard and respected. This indicates that customers make choices taking account of the opportunities provided by society.
Occludin oligomeric assemblies at tight junctions of the blood–brain barrier are altered by hypoxia and reoxygenation stress
Authors: McCaffrey. Gwen , Willis Colin L. , Staatz William D. , Nametz Nicole , Quigley Carolyn A. , Hom Sharon , Lochhead Jeffrey J. , Davis Thomas P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHypoxic (low oxygen) and reperfusion (post‐hypoxic reoxygenation) phases of stroke promote an increase in microvascular permeability at tight junctions (TJs) of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that may lead to cerebral edema. To investigate the effect of hypoxia (Hx) and reoxygenation on oligomeric assemblies of the transmembrane TJ protein occludin, rats were subjected to either normoxia (Nx, 21% O2, 60 min), Hx (6% O2, 60 min), or hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R, 6% O2, 60 min followed by 21% O2, 10 min). After treatment, cerebral microvessels were isolated, fractionated by detergent‐free density gradient centrifugation, and occludin oligomeric assemblies associated with plasma membrane lipid rafts were solubilized by perfluoro‐octanoic acid (PFO) exclusively as high molecular weight protein complexes. Analysis by non‐reducing and reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/western blot of PFO‐solubilized occludin revealed that occludin oligomeric assemblies co‐localizing with ‘TJ‐associated’ raft domains contained a high molecular weight ‘structural core’ that was resistant to disassembly by either SDS or a hydrophilic reducing agent ex vivo, and by Hx and H/R conditions in vivo. However, exposure of PFO‐solubilized occludin oligomeric assemblies to SDS ex vivo revealed the non‐covalent association of a significant amount of dimeric and monomeric occludin isoforms to the disulfide‐bonded inner core, and dispersal of these non‐covalently attached occludin subunits to lipid rafts of higher density in vivo was differentially promoted by Hx and H/R. Our data suggest a model of isoform interaction within occludin oligomeric assemblies at the BBB that enables occludin to simultaneously perform a structural role in inhibiting paracellular diffusion, and a signaling role involving interactions of dimeric and monomeric occludin isoforms with a variety of regulatory molecules within different plasma membrane lipid raft domains.
Phosphorylation of ATXN1 at Ser776 in the cerebellum
Authors: Jorgensen Nathan D. , Andresen J. Michael , Lagalwar Sara , Armstrong Ben , Stevens Sam , Byam Courtney E. , Duvick Lisa A. , Lai Shaojuan , Jafar‐Nejad Paymaan , Zoghbi Huda Y. , Clark H. Brent , Orr Harry T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSpinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one of nine inherited neurodegenerative disorders caused by a mutant protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. Phosphorylation of ataxin‐1 (ATXN1) at serine 776 is implicated in SCA1 pathogenesis. Previous studies, utilizing transfected cell lines and a Drosophila photoreceptor model of SCA1, suggest that phosphorylating ATXN1 at S776 renders it less susceptible to degradation. This work also indicated that oncogene from AKR mouse thymoma (Akt) promotes the phosphorylation of ATXN1 at S776 and severity of neurodegeneration. Here, we examined the phosphorylation of ATXN1 at S776 in cerebellar Purkinje cells, a prominent site of pathology in SCA1. We found that while phosphorylation of S776 is associated with a stabilization of ATXN1 in Purkinje cells, inhibition of Akt either in vivo or in a cerebellar extract‐based phosphorylation assay did not decrease the phosphorylation of ATXN1‐S776. In contrast, immunodepletion and inhibition of cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase decreased phosphorylation of ATXN1‐S776. These results argue against Akt as the in vivo kinase that phosphorylates S776 of ATXN1 and suggest that cyclic AMP‐dependent protein kinase is the active ATXN1‐S776 kinase in the cerebellum.
Depression‐like behavior in the forced swimming test in PACAP‐deficient mice: amelioration by the atypical antipsychotic risperidone
Authors: Hashimoto Hitoshi , Hashimoto Ryota , Shintani Norihito , Tanaka Kazuhiro , Yamamoto Akiko , Hatanaka Michiyoshi , Guo Xiaohong , Morita Yoshiko , Tanida Mamoru , Nagai Katsuya , Takeda Masatoshi , Baba Akemichi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with pleiotropic functions. We report here that PACAP‐deficient (PACAP−/−) mice showed increased immobility in a forced swimming test, which was reduced by the antidepressant desipramine, to a similar extent as in wild‐type mice. The atypical antipsychotic risperidone and the selective serotonin (5‐HT)2antagonist ritanserin normalized the depression‐like behavior in PACAP−/− mice. The 5‐HT2agonist (±)‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐iodoamphetamine‐induced 5‐HT syndrome was exaggerated in PACAP−/− mice, which suggests a 5‐HT2‐receptor‐dependent mechanism in the depression‐like behavior. The circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone and body core temperature was significantly flattened in the mutants. mRNA expression of glucocorticoid receptor was reduced in the mutant hippocampus. The present results suggest that alterations in PACAP signaling might contribute to the pathogenesis of certain depressive conditions amenable to atypical antipsychotic drugs.
The affects of artificial water availability on large herbivore ranging patterns in savanna habitats: a new approach based on modelling elephant path distributions
Authors: Shannon Graeme , Matthews Wayne S. , Page Bruce R. , Parker Guy E. , Smith Robert J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim  Artificial water points are often used in protected savanna ecosystems to maintain populations of large herbivores. However, these interventions lead to increased ranging and foraging pressure and can negatively impact important habitats and species. This study investigated the influence of artificial water provision on the foraging and movement paths of an African elephant population and modelled the impact of changing water availability on sensitive habitat types.Location  Tembe Elephant Park (TEP), KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.Methods  We mapped and classified 414 km of elephant movement and foraging paths in a 300‐km2 fenced protected area. The data were analysed to determine the relationship between path size, distribution and distance to water. We also used a logistic modelling approach to explore the predicted effects of removing artificial water points on path distribution.Results  Elephant paths were unevenly distributed throughout the habitats of TEP and the most established and heavily used paths were found closest to water. We also discovered a number of elephant ‘rest areas’ along the paths, which were distinct clearings that tended to be close to water and in sand forest habitat. Our model predicted that the removal of artificial water points would reduce the area crossed by elephant paths by 79%, leading to an 89% reduction in the presence of elephant paths in sand forest.Main conclusions  Our study provides further evidence that manipulating surface water availability can be a useful tool for managing large herbivore impacts on vegetation and acts as the basis for further research on the trade‐offs between conservation objectives.
The experience of therapy supervision within a UK multi‐centre randomized controlled trial
Authors: Cox Diane L. , Araoz Gonzalo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis study was set within the UK inter‐professional multi‐centre randomized controlled PACE Trial of manual‐based therapy (BMC Neurology, 2007, 7: 6). The aim of supervision within ‘the trial’ was to maintain specificity of manual‐based therapy, sustain retention of therapists, manage quality control and assurance of the therapy, monitor competence in delivering therapy and enhance professional development. The rationale for the study was that the approach to supervision within the trial appeared to be different from the previous experience of supervision for many of the therapists, especially occupational therapists and physiotherapists. A self‐report questionnaire utilizing survey methodology identified differences in therapists’ previous clinical supervision and current supervision experience within the trial. All respondents (n = 14) indicated that they liked and preferred supervision that was agenda structured, one to one and regular (at least once a month), interspersed with group (team supervision), peer support meetings, review of taped therapy sessions by supervisor and/or peer for feedback and competency rating. In the main this combination of supervision methods had not been previously experienced. This has implications for practice and future therapy research that both therapists and managers will need to consider. In particular the implementation of group supervision and review of audio taped therapy sessions for analysis, review and feedback in practice to enhance learning and client care.
Successful biphasic transthoracic defibrillation of a dog with prolonged, refractory ventricular fibrillation
Authors: Bright Janice M. , Wright Bonnie D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective
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To describe a case of spontaneous ventricular fibrillation in a dog in which biphasic defibrillation was life saving.Case Summary
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Ventricular fibrillation occurred in a 7‐year‐old female Australian Heeler during recovery from anesthesia following pacemaker implantation. Resuscitative efforts including immediate delivery of transthoracic monophasic defibrillation shocks of escalating energy and administration of vasopressors were unsuccessful. However, a single biphasic shock restored sinus rhythm despite prolonged duration of the arrhythmia.New or Unique Information Provided
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This case suggests greater efficacy of biphasic defibrillation compared with traditional monophasic defibrillation. In this dog the newer, biphasic technology was life saving after monophasic shocks failed repeatedly to terminate ventricular fibrillation.
Splenectomy as an adjunctive treatment for dogs with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia: ten cases (2003–2006)
Authors: Horgan Jason Elliott , Roberts Brian Keith , Schermerhorn Thomas 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective –To describe the patient population, disease severity, and outcome in dogs with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) that underwent splenectomy. To compare presurgical and postsurgical data.Design –Retrospective case series.Setting –Emergency clinic/referral hospital.Animals –Ten dogs diagnosed with IMHA.Interventions –Splenectomy in addition to standard medical management for IMHA.Measurements –Medical records of 10 dogs with IMHA, in which a splenectomy was performed were reviewed. The population was analyzed with regards to physical and clinicopathologic data, severity, treatment, and outcome. Outcome was defined as survival at 30 days, percentage of dogs on medications at 30 days, and number of relapses documented by 30 days. The presurgical and postsurgical PCV and transfusion requirements were documented and compared for each dog.Results –Nine of 10 dogs survived to 30 days. Four of the 9 that survived were not on any immunosuppressive medications. There were no relapses during the 30 days. The 3‐day postsplenectomy PCVs were significantly higher than presplenectomy. The number of transfusions administered postsplenectomy was significantly less than those administered presplenectomy.Conclusion –The use of splenectomy may be associated with an improved outcome in dogs with IMHA.
Effectiveness of an Intensive Multidisciplinary Headache Treatment Program
Authors: Gunreben‐Stempfle Birgit , Grießinger Norbert , Lang Eberhard , Muehlhans Barbara , Sittl Reinhard , Ulrich Kathrin 
Published: May 2009

Objective.— To investigate if the effectiveness of a 96‐hour multidisciplinary headache treatment program exceeds the effectiveness of a 20‐hour program and primary care.Background.— When dealing with chronic back pain, low‐intensity multidisciplinary treatment yields no significantly better results than standard care and monodisciplinary therapy; however, high‐intensity treatment does. For multidisciplinary headache treatment, such comparisons are not yet available. In a previous study undertaken by our Pain Center, the outcome of a minimal multidisciplinary intervention model (20‐hour) did not exceed primary care.Methods.— Forty‐two patients suffering from frequent headaches (20 ± 9 headache days/month; range: 8‐30) were treated and evaluated in a 96‐hour group program. The results were compared with the outcomes of the previous study. Subjects who had undergone either the 20‐hour multidisciplinary program or the primary care were used as historical control groups.Findings.— A significant reduction in migraine days (P < .001), tension‐type headache days (P < .001), frequency of migraine attacks (P = .004), and depression score (P < .001) was seen at the follow‐up after 22 (±2) weeks. Comparing the intensive multidisciplinary program with primary care, repeated measures ANOVAs revealed significant time × group interactions for migraine days (P = .020), tension‐type headache days (P = .016), and frequency of migraine attacks (P = .016). In comparison with the 20‐hour multidisciplinary program, the 96‐hour program showed significantly better effects only in the reduction of migraine days (P = .037) and depression score (P = .003). The responder‐rates (≥50% improvement) in the 96‐hour program were significantly higher than in the 20‐hour program (migraine days, P = .008; tension‐type headache days, P = .044) and primary care (migraine days, P = .007; tension‐type headache days, P = .003; tension‐type headache intensity, P = .037). The effect sizes were small to medium in the 96‐hour program. Particularly with the reduction of migraine symptomatology, the 96‐hour program performed better than the 20‐hour program, which produced only negligible or small effects.Conclusions.— Intensive multidisciplinary headache treatment is highly effective for patients with chronic headaches. Furthermore, migraine symptomatology responds especially well to this intensive treatment program, whereas effects on tension‐type headaches were realized by both multidisciplinary programs. Randomized controlled trials and subgroup analysis are needed to find out if these results can be replicated and which patient characteristics allow for sufficient improvements for headache sufferers even with less complex treatment.
Toward a Model of International Environmental Action: A Case Study of Japan's Environmental Conversion and Participation in the Climate Change Environmental Regime
Authors: Wu Joshua Su‐Ya 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article explains the empirical puzzle of Japan's green conversion from an environmental pariah to a leading player in the climate change environmental regime. My argument is that Japan pursued environmental action to reconstruct its international image and demonstrate itself to be a responsible global actor. Claiming that existing explanations fall short, I delineate an international environmental action model that incorporates a more comprehensive cost–benefit framework examining both real and ideational factors. To test the model, I examine four key episodes of Japan's participation in the climate change environmental regime. The empirical analysis reveals the relevancy of the environmental action model, as all four episodes are either fully or partially explained by the model's mechanisms. Finally, I provide some conclusions, suggest that this model fills in the gap in the literature on environmental foreign policy, and provide topics for future research.
European Climate Policy: Toward Centralized Governance?
Authors: Wettestad Jørgen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe EU emissions trading system (ETS) is the first large‐scale international emissions trading system and a “cornerstone” in EU climate policy. A key element in the ETS implementation process is deciding upon the ceiling (“cap”) for the emissions included in the ETS. Over time, a significant change and centralization of this model has taken place. In order to understand this development, we need to acknowledge the increasing acceptance of stronger centralized governance among the member states due to ETS pilot phase problems; take into consideration frustration in the European Commission over complex and differing National Allocation Plans; and add the fact that the Kyoto Protocol target was getting nearer and a good performance of the “flagship” ETS was becoming increasingly important. Hence, although the case supports the importance of acknowledging the multilevel character of the EU, it still emphasizes the key role of changes in member states' interests and positions for understanding outcomes.
Organizational Learning and the Development of a Networked Company
Authors: Bednar Deborah Hardy , Godkin Lynn 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThrough use of an exploratory case study, this research examines the concepts that distinguish a networked company from other organization models. These concepts are then applied in a field case study to a networked company called the Port Arthur Remediation Team (PART). PART was formed in 1996 by an integrated petroleum company, an environmental engineering concern, and a heavy construction firm to manage the remediation of an oil refining facility. How this networked firm learned to organize, coordinate activities, attain goals, and link its operational components in a useful way are described.
Expressing the Middle EnglishI
Authors: Davis Isabel 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article surveys the rich ways in which Middle English authors used the wordI, considering what it can tell us about the medieval conceptualizations of subjectivity. It argues against the idea of a sharp break between medieval and early modern accounts of selfhood, and in favour of a more sensitive understanding of the genres of medieval first‐person writing, suggesting reasons why those genres don't easily correspond to categories of modern life‐writing. This article considers allegory, the rhetorical device of the persona, and spiritual and allegorical ‘autobiographies’ in Middle English in order to arrive at an account of how medieval authors revised the influential accounts of subjectivity that they inherited from late Antique writers like Boethius and St Augustine and dramatized the subject as a site of competing psychological faculties which were in constant dialogue and distress. This article gathers its evidence from, and offers specific readings of a range of Middle English literature by Geoffrey Chaucer, John Gower, Thomas Usk, Thomas Hoccleve, Osbern Bokenham, Margery Kempe, Julian of Norwich, the York dramatist and, of course, Anon.
Estimation of reference intervals from small samples: an example using canine plasma creatinine
Authors: Geffré A. , Braun J.P. , Trumel C. , Concordet D. 
Published: May 2009

Background: According to international recommendations, reference intervals should be determined from at least 120 reference individuals, which often are impossible to achieve in veterinary clinical pathology, especially for wild animals. When only a small number of reference subjects is available, the possible bias cannot be known and the normality of the distribution cannot be evaluated. A comparison of reference intervals estimated by different methods could be helpful.Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare reference limits determined from a large set of canine plasma creatinine reference values, and large subsets of this data, with estimates obtained from small samples selected randomly.Methods: Twenty sets each of 120 and 27 samples were randomly selected from a set of 1439 plasma creatinine results obtained from healthy dogs in another study. Reference intervals for the whole sample and for the large samples were determined by a nonparametric method. The estimated reference limits for the small samples were minimum and maximum, mean ± 2 SD of native and Box–Cox‐transformed values, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles by a robust method on native and Box–Cox‐transformed values, and estimates from diagrams of cumulative distribution functions.Results: The whole sample had a heavily skewed distribution, which approached Gaussian after Box–Cox transformation. The reference limits estimated from small samples were highly variable. The closest estimates to the 1439‐result reference interval for 27‐result subsamples were obtained by both parametric and robust methods after Box–Cox transformation but were grossly erroneous in some cases.Conclusion: For small samples, it is recommended that all values be reported graphically in a dot plot or histogram and that estimates of the reference limits be compared using different methods.