bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The function of moral norms in the legal system: The Krausists’s restoration of the fundamental concepts of law
Authors: Manzanero Delia , Vázquez Romero José 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
There are multiple and diverse voices of jurists who have expressed their fear of the unrestricted power of law enforcement and have announced the crisis of the formalist sense of Law. The widespread reaction against the abstract and formalist character of the positivist theory of law manifested itself as the Krausist philosophy of law and was backed by the philosophy of Krause, Schelling, Hegel and the most recent Natural Law theories that seek to establish substantial criteria for moral action. This distrust was caused by the heteronomy of modest and obedient civil servants of the judicial order that rely on political balance of power in which nothing depends on the human bottom of institutions. Let us consider briefly the impressive analyses performed by different thinkers on this issue, which they considered characteristic of their era, but that continues to constitute a difficulty that challenges contemporary society.
The basal roughness of Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica
Authors: Rippin D.M. , Vaughan D.G. , Corr H.F.J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe assess basal roughness beneath Pine Island Glacier (PIG), West Antarctica, based on a recent airborne radio-echo sounding dataset. We identify a clear relationship between faster ice flow and decreased basal roughness in significant parts of PIG. The central portion and two of its tributaries are particularly smooth, but the majority of the tributaries feeding the main trunk are rougher. We interpret the presence of a smooth bed as being a consequence of the deposition of marine sediments following disappearance of the West Antarctic ice sheet in the Pliocene or Pleistocene, and, conversely, a lack of marine sedimentation where the bed is rough. Importantly, we also identify a patchy distribution of marine sediments, and thus a bed over which the controls on flow vary. While there is a notable correspondence between ice velocity and bed roughness, we do not assume a direct causal relationship, but find that an indirect one is likely. Where low basal roughness results in low basal resistance to flow, a lower driving stress is required to produce the flux required to achieve mass balance. This, in turn, means that the surface in that area will be lower than surrounding areas with a rougher bed, and this will tend to draw flow into the area with low bed roughness. Since our studies shows that bed roughness beneath the tributaries of the trunk varies substantially, there is a strong likelihood that these tributaries will differ in the rate at which they transmit current velocity changes on the main trunk into the interior of the glacier basin.
The ice-dammed lake Isvand, West Greenland, has lost its water
Authors: Weidick Anker , Citterio Michele 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIsvand is an ice-dammed lake situated on the western flank of Kangiata Nunaata Sermia, a large ice stream from the Inland Ice, producing calf ice into Kangersuneq fjord at the head of Godtha˚bsfjord (Nuup Kangerlua), West Greenland (Fig. 1). This outlet of the Inland Ice is the only significant calving outlet of the ice sheet met with between 628 and 698 N.
Subgrain boundaries in Antarctic ice quantified by X-ray Laue diffraction
Authors: Weikusat Ilka , Miyamoto Atsushi , Faria Sérgio H. , Kipfstuhl Sepp , Azuma Nobuhiko , Hondoh Takeo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIce in polar ice sheets undergoes deformation during its flow towards the coast. Deformation and recrystallization microstructures such as subgrain boundaries can be observed and recorded using high-resolution light microscopy of sublimation-edged sample surfaces (microstructure mapping). Subgrain boundaries observed by microstructure mapping reveal characteristic shapes and arrangements. As these arrangements are related to the basal plane orientation, full crystallographic orientation measurements are needed for further characterization and interpretation of the subgrain boundary types. X-ray Laue diffraction measurements validate the sensitivity of different boundary types with sublimation used by microstructure mapping for the classification. X-ray Laue diffraction provides misorientation values of all four crystal axes. Line scans across a subgrain boundary pre-located by microstructure mapping can determine the rotation axis and angle. Together with the orientation of the subgrain boundary this yields information on the dislocation types. Tilt and twist boundaries composed of dislocations lying in the basal plane, and tilt boundaries composed of nonbasal dislocations were found. A statistical analysis shows that nonbasal dislocations play a significant role in the formation of all subgrain boundaries.
Size of snow particles in a powder-snow avalanche
Authors: Rastello Marie , Rastello Fabrice , Bellot Hervé , Ousset Frédéric , Dufour François , Meier Lorenz 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLittle quantitative information is available concerning the size of ice particles in the turbulent clouds of powder-snow avalanches. To quantify particle size distributions, we have developed an experimental device that collects particles in real-scale powder avalanches. The device was placed on the concrete bunker of the Swiss Vallée de la Sionne avalanche dynamics test site. On 31 January 2003, a large powder-snow avalanche struck the bunker and we were able to collect particle samples. The collected particles have been photographed and the pictures digitized. An image analysis tool allows us to determine an equivalent particle radius. The captured particles have a geometric mean of 0.16 mm; the largest particles were 0.8 mm in size and the smallest particles 0.03 mm.
Comment on Singh and others, ‘Hyperspectral analysis of snow reflectance to understand the effects of contamination and grain size’
Authors: Painter Thomas H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractImaging spectroscopy is emerging as a critical tool in our ability to move beyond simple detection of changes in cryosphere–climate interactions to attribution of these changes to forcings by changes in greenhouse gases and absorbing impurities (Dozier and others, 2009; Singh and others, 2010). Fresh in the growing literature related to imaging spectroscopy of snow and ice, Singh and others (2010) have explored the impact of dust on the hyperspectral reflectance of snow with the intent of understanding the capacity of imaging spectroscopy to quantify snow properties. The paper reaches relatively robust conclusions about the impact of soil on snow reflectance. As such, the efforts of the authors and the importance of their paper in providing foundational work on imaging spectroscopy of the cryosphere should be appreciated.
Extracting the temporal signal from a winter and summer mass-balance series: application to a six-decade record at Glacier de Sarennes, French Alps
Authors: Eckert N. , Baya H. , Thibert E. , Vincent C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTemporal trends related to recent climatic fluctuations are extracted from the longest glacier-wide winter and summer mass-balance series recorded in the Alps, at Glacier de Sarennes, France. For this, all point balances measured at the glacier surface are used, and different statistical models are developed and tested. First, Lliboutry’s linear variance analysis model is extended to the two seasonal components of the balance. The explicit modelling of variability sources and correlations is proved useful for appropriately quantifying uncertainties in the different components of the balance and estimating missing data. Next, a non-exchangeable structure is added to model the winter and summer balance time series. Two change points separating different underlying trends are thus detected. The first change was in 1976, with a shift of +23% in the winter balance. The second was in 1982 for the summer balance series. These systematic changes explain 20–30% of the variability of the different components of the balance, the rest being made up of random interannual fluctuations. Simplified and/or less physically based models are less efficient in capturing data variability. As a result, the cumulative glacier-wide balance shows systematic parabolic trends, which result in an accelerated mass loss for Glacier de Sarennes over the last 25 years.
Greenland ice sheet mass balance: distribution of increased mass loss with climate warming; 2003–07 versus 1992–2002
Authors: Zwally H. Jay , Li Jun , Brenner Anita C. , Beckley Matthew , Cornejo Helen G. , DiMarzio John , Giovinetto Mario B. , Neumann Thomas A. , Robbins John , Saba Jack L. , Yi Donghui , Wang Weili 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe derive mass changes of the Greenland ice sheet (GIS) for 2003–07 from ICESat laser altimetry and compare them with results for 1992–2002 from ERS radar and airborne laser altimetry. The GIS continued to grow inland and thin at the margins during 2003–07, but surface melting and accelerated flow significantly increased the marginal thinning compared with the 1990s. The net balance changed from a small loss of 7 ± 3 Gt a−1 in the 1990s to 171 ± 4 Gt a−1 for 2003–07, contributing 0.5 mm a−1 to recent global sea-level rise. We divide the derived mass changes into two components: (1) from changes in melting and ice dynamics and (2) from changes in precipitation and accumulation rate. We use our firn compaction model to calculate the elevation changes driven by changes in both temperature and accumulation rate and to calculate the appropriate density to convert the accumulation-driven changes to mass changes. Increased losses from melting and ice dynamics (17–206 Gt a−1) are over seven times larger than increased gains from precipitation (10–35 Gt a−1) during a warming period of ∼2 K (10 a)−1 over the GIS. Above 2000 m elevation, the rate of gain decreased from 44 to 28 Gt a−1, while below 2000 m the rate of loss increased from 51 to 198 Gt a−1. Enhanced thinning below the equilibrium line on outlet glaciers indicates that increased melting has a significant impact on outlet glaciers, as well as accelerating ice flow. Increased thinning at higher elevations appears to be induced by dynamic coupling to thinning at the margins on decadal timescales.
Ross Ice Shelf (Antarctica) in situ radio-frequency attenuation
Authors: Barrella Taylor , Barwick Steven , Saltzberg David 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe have measured the in situ average electric field attenuation length, 〈Lα〉, for radio-frequency signals broadcast vertically through the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica. We chose a location, Moore Embayment, south of Minna Bluff, known for its high reflectivity at the ice–sea interface. We confirmed specular reflection and used the return pulses to measure the average attenuation length from 75–1250 MHz over the round-trip distance of 1155 m. We find 〈Lα〉 to vary from ∼500 m at 75 MHz to ∼300 m at 1250 MHz, with an experimental uncertainty of 55–15 m.
Glacier subsurface heat-flux characterizations for energy-balance modelling in the Donjek Range, southwest Yukon, Canada
Authors: Wheler Brett A. , Flowers Gwenn E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe apply a point-scale energy-balance model to a small polythermal glacier in the St Elias Mountains of Canada in order to investigate the applicability and limitations of different treatments of the glacier surface temperature and subsurface heat flux. These treatments range in complexity from a multilayer subsurface model that simulates snowpack evolution, to the assumption of a constant glacier surface temperature equal to 0°C. The most sophisticated model includes dry densification of the snowpack, penetration of shortwave radiation into the subsurface, internal melting, refreezing of percolating meltwater and generation of slush layers. Measurements of subsurface temperature and surface lowering are used for model validation, and highlight the importance of including subsurface penetration of shortwave radiation in the model. Using an iterative scheme to solve for the subsurface heat flux as the residual of the energy-balance equation results in an overestimation of total ablation by 18%, while the multilayer subsurface model underestimates ablation by 6%. By comparison, the 0°C surface assumption leads to an overestimation of ablation of 29% in this study where the mean annual air temperature is about −8°C.
Modeling time series of microwave brightness temperature at Dome C, Antarctica, using vertically resolved snow temperature and microstructure measurements
Authors: Brucker Ludovic , Picard Ghislain , Arnaud Laurent , Barnola Jean-Marc , Schneebeli Martin , Brunjail Hélène , Lefebvre Eric , Fily Michel 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTime series of observed microwave brightness temperatures at Dome C, East Antarctic plateau, were modeled over 27 months with a multilayer microwave emission model based on dense-medium radiative transfer theory. The modeled time series of brightness temperature at 18.7 and 36.5 GHz were compared with Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer–EOS observations. The model uses in situ high-resolution vertical profiles of temperature, snow density and grain size. The snow grain-size profile was derived from near-infrared (NIR) reflectance photography of a snow pit wall in the range 850–1100 nm. To establish the snow grain-size profile, from the NIR reflectance and the specific surface area of snow, two empirical relationships and a theoretical relationship were considered. In all cases, the modeled brightness temperatures were overestimated, and the grain-size profile had to be scaled to increase the scattering by snow grains. Using a scaling factor and a constant snow grain size below 3 m depth (i.e. below the image-derived snow pit grain-size profile), brightness temperatures were explained with a root-mean-square error close to 1 K. Most of this error is due to an overestimation of the predicted brightness temperature in summer at 36.5 GHz.
A variationally derived, depth-integrated approximation to a higher-order glaciological flow model
Authors: Goldberg Daniel N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn approximation to the first-order momentum balance with consistent boundary conditions is derived using variational methods. Longitudinal and lateral stresses are treated as depth-independent, but vertical velocity gradients are accounted for both in the nonlinear viscosity and in the treatment of basal stress, allowing for flow over a frozen bed. A numerical scheme is presented that is significantly less computationally expensive than that of a fully three-dimensional (3-D) solver. The numerical solver is subjected to the ISMIP-HOM experiments and experiments involving nonlinear sliding laws, and results are compared with those of 3-D models. The agreement with first-order surface velocities is favorable down to length scales of 10 km for flow over a flat bed with periodic basal traction, and ∼40 km for flow over periodic basal topography.
Using High-Fidelity Simulation to Develop Nurse-Physician Teams
Authors: Klipfel Janee M. , Gettman Matthew T. , Johnson Kristine M. , Olson Marianne E. , Derscheid Della J. , Maxson Pamela M. , Arnold Jacqueline J. , Moehnke Darcie E. , Nelson Elise A. S. , Vierstraete Helen T. 
Published: April 2011

Background:
This study was undertaken to determine whether interdisciplinary high-fidelity simulation training improves group cohesion in nurse-physician teams. In addition, perceptions of collaboration and satisfaction with patient care decisions were measured in nurse-physician participants.

Methods:
Clinical scenarios relevant to the general surgical urology inpatient unit were conducted in an interdisciplinary high-fidelity simulation center. Participants included physicians and staff nurses.

Results:
Participants reported a positive shift in group cohesion over time. In addition, the results suggested a positive shift in perceptions of collaboration and satisfaction with patient care decisions over time. The youngest participants (Millennial Generation, born in the 1980s and 1990s) showed the most significant growth in response to the training.

Conclusion:
This study provides evidence of benefits of high-fidelity simulation that extend beyond the training. Simulation training may be a strategy to build and strengthen relationships across nurse-physician teams. In addition, this type of training may positively affect collaboration and satisfaction with patient care decisions. When data were analyzed by generational grouping, the most significant growth occurred in the Millennial Generation participants. These influences need to be explored further.
Screening for Retinopathy of Prematurity in a Tertiary Hospital in Istanbul: Incidence and Risk Factors
Authors: Akçakaya Aylin Ardagil , Yaylali Sevil Ari , Erbil Hasan Hasbi , Sadigov Fariz , Aybar Asiye , Aydin Nihat , Akçay Güzide , Acar Hüseyin , Mesçi Cem , Yetik Hüseyin 
Published: April 2011

Purpose:To study the incidence and risk factors of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants examined in a tertiary hospital in Istanbul.Methods:Data of infants screened for ROP from April 2007 to September 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Possible risk factors and eye examinations were recorded and analyzed using the chi-square test and univariate and multivariate regressions.Results:ROP was detected in 177 (34.3%) of the 517 infants enrolled in the study; 64 had mild ROP (77.4%) and 38 had severe ROP (22.6%). The mean gestational age and birth weight of patients who were treated for ROP were 28.6 ± 2.3 and 1,143.5 ± 337.4, respectively. Two of these infants had a gestational age of 32 g or greater and three had a birth weight of 1,500 g or greater. The multivariate regression analyses showed gestational age, birth weight, sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, and length of oxygen therapy as independent predictors of ROP.Conclusion:The incidence of ROP observed in this study was higher than that in developed countries and relatively more mature infants were affected. Criteria including gestational age of less than 34 weeks or birth weight of less than 2,000 g would have identified all infants who were at risk.
Underacting Inferior Oblique Muscle Following Myectomy or Recession for Unilateral Inferior Oblique Overaction
Authors: Bhatta Sudipto , Auger Graham , Ung Tsiang , Burke John 
Published: April 2011

Purpose:
To assess the incidence and investigate the functional impact of postoperative overcorrection following primary unilateral inferior oblique muscle recession and myectomy for inferior oblique overaction.

Methods:
A retrospective study of 79 consecutive patients undergoing inferior oblique myectomy (43) or recession (36) with a minimum 6 months of postoperative follow-up. All underwent ocular motility examinations preoperatively and postoperatively at approximately 2 weeks and 6 months. The vertical deviation in primary position and on contralateral gaze and inferior oblique versions and ductions on contralateral elevation were analyzed.

Results:
At 6 months, 51 patients had no inferior oblique underaction (group 1), 23 of 28 who had developed inferior oblique underaction were asymptomatic (group 2), and the remaining 5 were symptomatic (group 3). The mean preoperative hyperdeviation was 12.9 (group 1), 13.1 (group 2), and 15 (group 3) prism diopters (PD) in primary position. Postoperatively, these measured 3.8 (group 1), 3.8 (group 2), and −7.8 (group 3) PD (- indicates deviation reversal). The mean preoperative and postoperative inferior oblique versions for these three groups were +2.7, +2.2, +2.2 units and +0.9, −1.0, −1.4 units, respectively.

Conclusion:
Inferior oblique underaction was common (28 patients, 35.4%), generally mild, persistent, and usually asymptomatic 6 months following surgery. Although uncommon (5 patients, 6.3%), symptomatic inferior oblique underaction required further surgery with a successful outcome. They included 2 patients with a history of head or orbital trauma and one with masked and one with highly asymmetric bilateral inferior oblique overaction.
Initial Visual Field as a Predictor of Recurrence and Postoperative Visual Outcome in Children With Craniopharyngioma
Authors: Lee Min Joung , Hwang Jeong-Min 
Published: April 2011

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to investigate the significance of the initial visual field as a predictor of recurrence of craniopharyngioma and postoperative visual outcome in children with craniopharyngioma.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis was performed on 27 children 15 years of age or younger with craniopharyngioma. Records of clinical features including ocular and systemic symptoms, optic disc findings, and size of the tumor were analyzed according to preoperative visual field. Postoperative visual acuities, visual fields, and recurrence rates were also evaluated.

Results:

Preoperatively, 13 patients had a normal visual field and 14 patients had various visual field defects. The size of the tumor was not correlated with the preoperative visual field defects (
P
= .15). Preoperative visual field defects were associated with polyuria and polydipsia (
P
= .01), higher recurrence (
P
< .001), and poorer postoperative visual acuities (
P
< .001).

Conclusion:
Preoperative visual field can be a reliable clinical indicator of systemic manifestations, recurrence, and postoperative visual outcome in children with craniopharyngioma.
Phakic Intraocular Lens Implantation for Treatment of Anisometropia and Amblyopia in Children: 5-year Follow-up
Authors: Alió Jorge L. , Toffaha Bader T. , Laria Carlos , Piñero David P. 
Published: April 2011

PURPOSE:
To evaluate the safety and efficacy during 5-year follow-up of phakic intraocular lens (PIOL) implantation to correct high anisometropia in amblyopic children who were non-compliant with traditional medical treatment including spectacles or contact lenses.

METHODS:
Retrospective study of 10 eyes of 10 children with high anisometropia who underwent PIOL implantation (9 with an iris-supported IOL and 1 with a posterior chamber IOL). Patient age at the time of implantation ranged from 2 to 15 years. Mean preoperative spherical equivalent refraction was −10.14±6.96 diopters (D) (range: +8.00 to −18.00 D). Mean logMAR corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) was 0.84±0.52. Postoperative data at 6, 24, and 60 months were evaluated.

RESULTS:

Corrected distance visual acuity improved in all children. At 24 months, logMAR CDVA was 0.39±0.35 and at 5 years was 0.36±0.38 (range for both: 0.1 to 1.0) (
P
=.01). Improvement of more than three logMAR lines of CDVA was achieved in all children except for one (one line improvement) who was implanted with a posterior chamber PIOL. No loss of CDVA was detected in any patient. Five years after surgery, endothelial cell count was >2000 cells/mm
2
in eight (80%) patients; for the remaining two patients, one reported frequent eye rubbing and the other suffered ocular trauma.

CONCLUSIONS:
Phakic IOL implantation in children with anisometropic amblyopia showed a positive long-term impact on visual acuity.