bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE BIOLOGY OF NEODIPRION NIGROSCUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Becker G. C. , Benjamin D. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe specific status of Neodiprion nigroscutum Middleton is firmly established by new data. The adult female is mostly black and brown. The second annulus of the lancet is generally weakly developed ventrally. The larvae have black head capsules in the first instar, but this coloration usually changes to reddish brown in the later instars. The third, fourth, and fifth feeding-instar larvae have unbroken subdorsal and supraspiracular lines, and broken postepipleural lines, but lack an epiproctal spot. The nonfeeding-instar larvae often have a pink body color. The egg mass of most females is green. Jack pine is the preferred host. The fecundity is approximately 100 eggs, but they are typically distributed over many branches, usually in one needle on each branch. Larval colonies composed of first- through fourth-instar larvae usually contain 3–10 larvae, while colonies of fifth-instar larvae usually contain 1–6 larvae. There are two generations per year in southern Wisconsin. Feeding-instar larvae are present in late May and June, and again (second generation) in August and September. The species is distributed throughout the jack pine stands of Wisconsin. Phenological data and notes on parasites are presented.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VIRUS DISEASE OF NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe effect of temperatures on the development of a virus disease of Neodiprion swainei Midd. was studied at constant temperatures of 30° and 12 °C., and under fluctuating temperatures (15°–20 °C.) in the laboratory and outdoors. Viral concentrations of 30 × 106 polyhedra per ml. and 1 × 106 polyhedra per ml. were used. Only the higher concentration of virus was effective at 30 °C. At 12 °C. the incubation period of the disease was prolonged and mortality caused by the virus was considerably reduced for both viral concentrations. Mortality due to the virus was similar at both viral concentrations for the fluctuating temperatures which were within the optimum temperature range for larval development.
EFFECTS OF FARNESYL METHYL ETHER ON THE REPRODUCTION OF THE WESTERN TENT CATERPILLAR, MALACOSOMA PLUVIALE: SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL, ECOLOGICAL, AND PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Wellington W. G. , Maelzer D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemale pupae of Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar) treated externally with 80 μl of farnesyl methyl ether during their second day retained most of their original lipid content on the seventh day, when the eggs were maturing. Control pupae lost nearly half their original score in the same interval. In contrast to controls, pupae treated with 40–80 μl (4th–6th days) developed fewer, lighter eggs, and their adults lived longer, were more active, and less inhibited in egg-laying. But the egg masses from treated individuals contained scattered, tumbled eggs and were oversupplied with spumaline.When eggs were incubated in April, those from individuals treated with ≥ 40 µl failed to hatch. Eggs from females that had received < 40 μl hatched, bur the resulting colonies died before their second instar in their normal habitat, whereas control colonies survived. Hatching of treated stock could be induced by premature incubation in January, but the numbers and quality of the emerging larvae were greatly reduced in comparison with controls.The results provide further evidence that behavioral types in M. pluviale are mainly nutritional products. Because of the treatment, developing eggs were deprived of nutrients during the pupal stage and developing adult tissues were oversupplied. Farnesyl methyl ether may have exerted its effect by acting like an excess of juvenile hormone during that part of the pupal stage in which the normal level of activity of the true juvenile hormone is thought to be very low.Field evidence suggests that an equivalent humoral imbalance sometimes may occur naturally, and thus affect a generation's reproductive capacity, especially near a peak in abundance. Hormonal mimics therefore might be used to manipulate pest populations, but this suggestion includes a cautionary note.
BIOLOGY AND INITIAL DISPERSAL OF OLESICAMPE (HOLOCREMNUS) SP. NR. NEMATORUM (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH SAWFLY RECENTLY ESTABLISHED IN MANITOBA
Authors: Muldrew J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOlesicampe (Holocremnus) sp. nr. nematorum (Tschek) has become established at two locations in Manitoba, and has built up rapidly in both. In 1965 at Pine Falls, where it was released in 1961, 61% of the hosts were parasitized in the vicinity of the release point, and at Riverton, where it was released in 1962–1963, 87% were parasitized. A number of characteristics seem to endow this parasite with a marked ability to act against the larch sawfly. These include good synchronization, longevity and searching capacity; low superparasitism; absence of hyperparasitism, and lack of host resistance by encapsulation. O. sp. nr. nematorum has dispersed at least one mile at Riverton and one-half mile at Pine Falls. The percentage parasitism decreases rapidly from the release points to these limits.
NOTES ON MATING BEHAVIOR AND OVIPOSITION OF CHRYSOCHARIS LARICINELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER (COLEOPHORA LARICELLA)
Authors: Quednau F. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz.) mated readily in the laboratory when several individuals of both sexes were held together in a vial. The courtship dance performed by the male is described. Parasite females develop mature eggs 3 days after emergence and are apparently capable of resorbing the eggs if hosts are not available, and to produce new ones after host-feeding. Storage of eggs in the ovary for 5 months at 55°F and sterility (phasic castration) of certain individuals is reported. Longevity of egg-laying females at 75°F was about 1 month less than that of parasites that had been denied contact with hosts. Odor apparently plays little or no role in the location of the larch casebearer larvae by C. laricinellae, but chemical surface stimuli seem to exist on the surface of a mine or case of Coleophora laricella (Hbn.). The parasite is also stimulated by vibrations of the host in its case. The oviposition and host-feeding pattern of C. laricinellae is described. Host-feeding on fourth-instar larvae of the larch casebearer contributed little to host mortality.
NOTES ON MATING, OVIPOSITION, ADULT LONGEVITY, AND INCUBATION PERIOD OF EGGS OF THE LARCH CASEBEARER, COLEOPHORA LARICELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE), IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Quednau F. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMating in Coleophora laricella (Hbn.) took place 1 or 2 days after emergence and was stimulated by decreasing light intensity ranging from 3000 ft-c to 200 ft-c within 2 hours. The female is pro-ovigenic, with peak opposition during the first week. Optimum temperature for egg laying was 70 to 80°F; the average number of eggs deposited was about 66; average longevity of female adults was about 10 days at room temperature, but considerably longer at lower temperatures. A few eggs were laid at 50° and 95°F. Incubation period of the eggs was 12 days at 80° to 85°F and 40 days at 55°F. Hatching of eggs did not occur above 85°F or below 55 °F.
THE POPLAR-AND-WILLOW BORER, STERNOCHETUS (= CRYPTORHYNCHUS) LAPATHI (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris John W. E. , Coppel Harry C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA study was made of the poplar-and-willow borer, Sternochetus (= Cryptorhynchus) lapathi (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in British Columbia between 1959 and 1964. The borer occurred principally south of 52 degrees north latitude. Willows were the preferred hosts. Ornamentals, hybrids in commercial plantings, and natural growing trees were attacked. The life cycle of the insect on southern Vancouver Island lasted up to 3 years; overwintering took place in early instar and adult stages. Eggs were laid in the bark; larvae mined first in the bark and then in the wood, where pupation took place. Few parasites and predators were found. DDT, dieldrin, and BHC killed adults; lindane (0.5% water emulsion), applied in the spring, caused larval mortality up to 96%.
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: I. SOME NEW FORMS OF CHORISTONEURA ALLIED TO C. FUMIFERANA
Authors: Freeman T. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChoristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) and C. pinus pinus Freeman are redescribed, and the following five forms are described as new: C. biennis, British Columbia; C. occidentalis, Washington; C. orae, British Columbia; C. viridis, California, Oregon; C. pinus maritima, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Kentucky.
ON CONIFEROPHAGOUS SPECIES OF CHORISTONEURA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA: III. SOME CHARACTERS OF IMMATURE FORMS HELPFUL IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES
Authors: Harvey G. T. , Stehr G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPigmentation of heads and prothoracic shields of last-instar larvae, colour of pupae, and frequencies of haemolymph colour morphs in fresh pupae are used to support the taxonomic differentiation of the following members of the genus Choristoneura: fumiferana, biennis, orae, occidentalis, viridis, subretiniana, pinus pinus, p. maritima, and lambertiana. These characters are statistical in nature and not competent to relate a single individual unequivocally to a taxonomic group; nevertheless, a key is developed to assist identification of populations on the basis of the characters described. Interspecific relationships within the genus are considered.
BIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOR OF ZIMMERMAN PINE MOTH, DIORYCTRIA ZIMMERMANI, IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Carlson R. B. , Butcher J. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper reports on studies of biology and life history of the Zimmerman pine moth, Dioryctria zimmermani (Grote), in southern Michigan.Adults emerged during the last 3 weeks of August and eggs hatched through mid-September. Eggs were laid almost entirely on the main stem and, upon hatching, the larvae entered recesses in the bark and spun hibernacula, ostensibly without feeding.Studies on the vertical distribution of larvae and pupae showed a fairly uniform distribution over the main stem in spring and early summer. In late summer, a larger percentage was found in middle whorls.Based on head capsule measurements, it is tentatively proposed that there are six larval stadia. Occurrence of parasitism in the last larval stadia is discussed, and a new egg parasite is reported.The presence of D. abietivorella Grote in the study areas is noted, and discussed briefly.
The Columbian Timber Beetle, Corthylus columbianus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): V. A Description of the Mycetangia
Authors: Giese Ronald L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe mycetangia of Corthylus columbianus Hopkins are described. These structures lay immediately below the integument of the pronotum, one in each ventrolateral region. Each mycetangium is a coiled tube 4.69 ± 0.35 mm. in length, cream colored, opening into the anterior coxal cavity. Mycetangia occur only in the male beetle and provide the overwintering storage site and transmission mechanism for associated microorganisms. Smears and cultures of the mycetangia were positive for ascospores and vegetative cells of a yeast, Pichia sp., which coincides with the microsymbiote dominant in developmental chambers of the larvae.
THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND FOOD SUPPLY ON RATE OF DEVELOPMENT AND DIAPAUSE IN COCCINELLA NOVEMNOTATA,
Authors: McMullen R. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe optimum temperature for rate of development and survival of immature stages of Coccinella novemnotata Herbst was found to lie between 70° and 80°F. Different photoperiods between 10 and 18 hours per day did not influence rate of development or survival. With a 16-hour photoperiod the mean number of eggs laid per female and mean longevity of females were greater at 70° than at 80°F, but not significantly so. At 90°F egg production was sharply curtailed and most eggs produced were infertile, probably due to inactivation of sperm in the male. Photoperiods of 10, 12, and 18 hours per day induced diapause in a large percentage of adult females; intermediate photoperiods of 14 and 16 hours per day were much less effective. Low temperature and lesser amounts of food available to adult females increased the effectiveness of the short and the long photoperiods for inducing diapause. The stage susceptible to induction of diapause, or conversely the initiation of gonad maturation, was determined to be the young adult from emergence to 7 days of age. The results of experimental data are related to a field study of the biology of this insect in California.
RANGE OF THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH, GRAPHOLITHA MOLESTA, IN APPLES AND PEACHES IN ONTARIO
Authors: Dustan G. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSurveys in unsprayed apple orchards indicated that the oriental fruit moth, whose principal hosts are peach and apple, does not occur in continuing populations on apple beyond the range of commercial peach orchards in Ontario. Moths released in an apple orchard 25 mi from the nearest peach orchard did not result in an infestation after the first winter. High winter mortality due to low temperatures and the unsuitability of apple for the first generation of the moth probably are the main reasons it does not establish continuing infestation on apple alone.
TAXONOMIC REVIEW OF THE RHYACIONIA FRUSTRANA GROUP OF PINE-TIP MOTHS, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: Miller William E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Rhyacionia frustrana group of pine-tip moths consists of at least three species: true R. frustrana (Comstock), which occurs from Central America and northern Florida north to Missouri and Massachusetts; R. sonia n. sp., present from southern Maine west to southern Manitoba; and R. bushnelli Busck, which occurs from New Mexico north to Nebraska and eastern Montana. Adults of all three species are superficially identical. A lectotype is designated to establish the identity of R. frustrana, and R. sonia is described as new to science on the basis of markedly differing genitalia. R. bushnelli, long regarded as a domestic introduction of R. frustrana, seems more likely a distinct species endemic to the western plains because of its differing overwintering habit and size.
CAUSAL AGENTS OF SILVER TOP AND OTHER TYPES OF DAMAGE TO GRASS SEED CROPS
Authors: Arnott D. A. , Bergis I. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudies during 1962–64 showed that the mites Siteroptes graminum (Reut.) and Aceria tulipae Keifer, thrips, and the fungus, Fusarium poae (Pk.) Wr., were not causal agents of silver top in the Peace River region, and indicated leafhoppers were probably not involved. The fact that silver top is controlled with insecticides, but not with miticides, constituted strong evidence for insects as causal agents. In 1963, extensive examination of grasses with silver top revealed minute, inconspicuous punctures, 0.01 to 0.04 mm in diameter through leaf sheaths which were typical of chose made by insects with piercing and sucking mouthparts such as plant bugs. In 1964, attempts to produce silver top by infesting grass plants with plant bugs, leafhoppers, and spittlebugs were unsuccessful for reasons in-explainable. Non-appearance of silver top in either infested or uninfested plants, however, indicated the causal agent was not present in the plants or attached soil when collecred from fields in mid-May. Further studies in 1965 showed that grasses affected by silver top were infested with the plant bugs Stenodema trispinosum Reut., S. vicinum (Prov.), Litomiris debilis Uhl., Capsus simulans Stal., and Trigonotylus ruficornis (Geof.). Experimental infestation of plants with these bugs showed that they fed on stems by puncturing through leaf sheaths and so damaging stem tissue as to cause silver top. In 1966, examination of grasses with silver top from southern Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Oregon revealed punctures in leaf sheaths opposite areas of stem injury, indicating that plant bugs probably cause silver top in these regions.
CATALOGUE OF THE SWAINE TYPES OF SCOLYTIDAE (COLEOPTERA) WITH DESIGNATIONS OF LECTOTYPES
Authors: Bright Donald E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe types of the species of North American Scolytidae (Coleoptera) described by J. M. Swaine are catalogued. Holotypes of 62 species are listed and 48 lectotypes are selected. All types, with a few noted exceptions, are in the Canadian National Collection, Ottawa.
POPULATION STUDIES OF THE GARDEN SYMPHYLAN, SCUTIGERELLA IMMACULATA (SYMPHYLA: SCUTIGERELLIDAE)
Authors: Waterhouse J. Stallard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe garden symphylan (Scutigerella immaculata Newport) population of a field of table beets, Beta vulgaris L., in northwestern Oregon, was studied. The number of symphylans from the samples ranged from 110 to 1131 per cubic foot with an average of 557. Several laboratory tests were conducted to study garden symphylan population increases in soil types treated differently. It was found that garden symphylans reproduce well in soil types such as Felida, Salkum, and Melbourne. Manure added to these soils increases their porosity, probably supplies additional foodstuff, and consequently provides the best rearing medium.
THE INFLUENCE OF HIVE POSITION AND ORIENTATION CUES ON THE DRIFTING OF HONEY-BEES (APIS MELLIFERA) IN A FLIGHT AND REARING ROOM
Authors: Nelson E. V. , Jay S. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDrifting of honey-bees in a bee flight and rearing room quickly results in imbalances in hive populations. Orientation cues (coloured walls, coloured boards over the hive entrances, symbols on the walls, and objects located in the room) do not reduce drifting. Hive position in the room affects the direction of drifting, with one colony gathering-in a high proportion of the drifting bees.
THE IMMATURE INSTARS OF ALBIA CAERULEA (ACARINA: AXONOPSIDAE), A WATER MITE PARASITIZING CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA)
Authors: Crowell Robert M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe water mite Albia caerulea Marshall, 1927, is reported from Lake Opinicon, Leeds Co., Ont. Descriptions and figures of larvae and of nymphs reared from them are presented. The occurrence of this mite on caddisflies (Leptocerus americanus (Banks), Trianodes sp., and Leptocella sp.) is recorded.
THE EGG-LAYING BEHAVIOR OF 11 SPECIES OF LYTTINAE (COLEOPTERA: MELOIDAE)
Authors: Church Norman Stanley 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBehavior patterns associated with egg-laying are proposed as a potentially valuable source of taxonomic characters for blister beetles that excavate oviposition chambers in the soil. Methods of digging the burrows and covering the eggs are complex and stereotyped and often differ considerably from one species to another. Relationships among species of Lytta, Linsleya, and Epicauta suggested by their nesting behavior are compared with those indicated by other characteristics.
DISPOSABLE CAGE AND POT FOR VIRUS TRANSMISSION STUDIES WITH LEAFHOPPERS
Authors: Richardson H. P. , Westdal P. H. 
Published: December 2009

The cage and pot described here were used successfully in extensive studies on the transmission of aster yellows virus by the six spotted leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons (Stål) (Richardson 1966). The use of this composite unit results in a saving of labour, cost, and greenhouse space.The materials for the testing unit consist of a round peat pot, 3 in. in diameter and 3 in. deep, and a 1-lb polyethylene bag approximately 8 in. long, with an opening 3 in. in diameter. The seedling growing in the pot is covered by the inverted bag and the mouth of the bag is then pulled down over the rim of the pot and secured with a rubber band (Fig. 1). Several hundred small holes are made in the bag to permit air exchange.
POPULATION STUDIES OF PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES AND PREDATORS ON APPLE IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Parent B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEcological studies, undertaken to determine the fluctuations of phytophagous mites and predators in apple orchards, were conducted in 1955, 1956, and 1957 at Rougemont, Que., in two plots sprayed only with fungicides for the control of apple scab, Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint., and in a third one sprayed, in addition to fungicides, with all insecticides needed for the control of destructive insects. Phytophagous mites were more numerous in the plot sprayed with insecticides than in plots sprayed only with fungicides, and densities of the mites in the latter plots were inversely proportional to densities of predators. A similar relationship existed in the insecticide plot between the amount of chemicals used and numbers of predators present. The principal mite predators were Typhlodromus rhenanus (Oudms.), most effective against the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, and Mediolata mali (Ewing), most effective against the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch).
THE WINTER MOTH, OPEROPHTERA BRUMATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE), A NEW PEST ATTACKING APPLE ORCHARDS IN NOVA SCOTIA, AND ITS COLDHARDINESS
Authors: MacPhee A. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), a recent introduction to North America, is a serious pest of apple in Nova Scotia. Natural controls, mainly the parasite Cyzenis albicans (Fall.), reduce its rate of increase, and selective chemical controls are applied to maintain economic levels. Its maximum density is limited by its food supply in neglected orchards. The mean freezing point of O. brumata winter eggs is −31°F. Egg mortality increases appreciably with increase of duration of exposure to low temperatures in the −26°F to −34°F vulnerable range. It seems probable that winter moth will continue to spread slowly over much of Eastern North America.
FOOD SOURCES AND PREFERENCES OF ADULTS OF A PARASITE, SCAMBUS BUOLIANAE (HYM.: ICHN.), AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Leius K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of Scambus buolianae did not lay eggs when deprived of food in the form of host tissues throughout adult life. Greatest egg-production and longest life resulted when that food was continuously available. Average egg-production was reduced to under one-third, and longevity reduced to two-thirds or one-half, in females that were permitted to feed on host body fluids only intermittently or that were deprived of them after the first 15 days of adult life. No eggs were laid by females deprived for the first 20 days, and longevity was reduced to one-third. However, absence of host body fluid as food during the first 15 days only did not significantly reduce egg-production or length of life. Tests showed females of S. buolianae have distinct and similar relative preferences for different host species as sources of body tissues for food. Both sexes showed distinct and similar preferences for species of wild flowers as sources of carbohydrate. The results support earlier findings and show that the presence or absence of suitable foods for the adults may determine whether or not an introduced parasite can establish itself, and can influence the effectiveness of existing parasites as biological control agents.
THE FLYING SEASON AND EMERGENCE PERIOD OF ANAX JUNIUS IN ILLINOIS (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)
Authors: Young Allen M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe flying season (sensu lato) and emergence period of Anax junius Drury were determined by routine counts of adults and exuvial collections at a small woodland pond m northern Illinois. The flying season, in this case including activity of apparently young adults, was from April to mid-November. Emergence listed 55 days (26 August to 19 October 1965), the pattern being of the "summer" species type. Before emergence began all adults appeared to be mature and oviposition was often seen. After emergence began, apparently young adults predominated and no oviposition was seen.