bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Foundations for Verb Learning: Celebrating the Event
Authors: Pulverman Rachel , Hirsh-Pasek Kathy , Golinkoff Roberta M. , Pruden Shannon , Salkind Sara J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter evaluates whether difficulty in analyzing and conceptualizing nonlinguistic events contributes to the documented difficulty in verb learning. It shows that not only can infants discriminate between events based on these components but that they are also capable of forming some categories of events along these lines. Furthermore, there is a relationship between infants' ability to see certain distinctions in non-linguistic events and their level of language development. Infants can look within motion events to find the primitives that form the basis for verb learning and can even form categories based on these primitives.
When Is a Grasp a Grasp? Characterizing Some Basic Components of Human Action Processing
Authors: Loucks Jeffery T. , Baldwin Dare 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers whether infants focus on superficial, perceptual aspects of events, or if they analyze what they see in conceptual ways. It reviews work on how infants (and adults) find units in the stream of action in the world, units which will have relevance for the learning of verbs. It raises the possibility that action analysis can actually be hierarchical, analogous to the organization of language. Thus, it can occur at a number of levels, from noting rapid changes in movement or so-called featural information (e.g. a unit might occur when the woman bends to pick up the towel), to analyzing the inferred intentions of the actors or what they call configural information, or global relations among motion elements (e.g. she wanted to rehang the towel). The chapter examines how infants form categories of action, relying on the established literature on face processing as a guide to the questions research might consider.
Are Nouns Easier to Learn Than Verbs? Three Experimental Studies
Authors: Childers Jane B. , Tomasello Michael 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A current controversy in the study of word learning is whether it is conceptually easier to learn nouns as compared to verbs early in development. This chapter describes three experiments which address the noun-verb question in different ways. In the first experiment, researchers asked how many times (and on how many days) does a 2-year-old need to hear a word to be able to learn it, and does this differ for nouns and verbs? This second study investigates whether — when nouns and verbs are presented in comparable sentence contexts, controlling the number of exposures, and presenting a dynamic event in both the noun and verb conditions — nouns are easier to learn than are verbs. In Study 3, researchers compared children's ability to learn intransitive and transitive verbs and their ability to understand verbs for self-action as opposed to other action, to determine whether some of these verb and referent types are learned more quickly than are others.
Elders Living in Poverty
Authors: Biegel David E. , Leibbrandt Sylvia 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Despite the advent of various federal-level income support and social service programs that have had positive effects in reducing the extent of poverty among older adults, poverty among the elderly is still a significant problem. Given the heterogeneity of the elderly population, poverty is of particular concern among elderly women, elders who are 75 years and older, elders of color, and elderly persons living in rural communities. This chapter reviews the extent of poverty among the elderly and discusses the characteristics and needs of vulnerable older populations. Of significant concern to social workers is the underutilization of health, mental health, and social services by older people, especially by those at-risk populations most in need. A framework for conceptualizing service delivery barriers is presented, and the literature concerning the nature and extent of these barriers is reviewed. Practice and service delivery recommendations to address the identified barriers are then presented and discussed.
The Oldest Old
Authors: Dunkle Ruth E. , Jeon Hae-Sook 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
As the demographic landscape of the world changes, people are curious about those who live well beyond their life expectancy; those people referred to as the oldest old. Their chronological age has been a fascination to researchers and practitioners. This chapter reports findings in the main areas of function and well-being, sociodemographic factors, mental health, social support, and health. Where possible, findings regarding the very old (85+) are compared and contrasted with those on the young old (65-75 years of age) and the old (75-85 years of age). Racial and ethnic variations are addressed, as well as caregiving and service delivery issues, and culturally competent care for the very old.
Older African Americans and Other Black Populations
Authors: Chadiha Letha A. , Brown Edna , Aranda Maria P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The Black elderly population (i.e. African Americans, Caribbean and African immigrants) aged 65 years or older comprises the largest group of elders of color in the United States. Growth in population size, as well as in age and cultural diversity, of the Black elderly population, presents both challenges and opportunities for effective service delivery by social workers to these Americans. This chapter addresses the special concerns of social work practice with older Blacks while taking into account the ethnic diversity within the U.S. Black elderly population. In order to address such concerns, it is essential to preface them with a discussion on certain salient issues in empirical literature on the older Black population. These issues, which form major subheadings in this chapter, include: the expansion and subsequent cultural heterogeneity of the older Black population; social, demographic, and economic characteristics; physical health and mental health status, as well as access to health care; and family, church, and religion as sources of informal support to older Blacks.
Older Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Transgender Persons
Authors: Butler Sandra S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Although the experience of aging for gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender (GLBT) individuals is in many regards indistinguishable from that of their non-GLBT counterparts, there are nonetheless special circumstances and a history of discrimination that bear noting when working with this population. There is considerable diversity within the GLBT community itself. Gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender elders vary in characteristics such as cultural, ethnic, or racial identity; physical ability; income; education; history of marriage and/or child rearing; and place of residence. They also vary in terms of the degree to which their GLBT identities are central to their own self-definition, and their level of affiliation with other GLBT individuals and organizations. This chapter examines social work practice with GLBT older adults. The purpose is to introduce practitioners to information and resources so that they might better serve older GLBT individuals. It begins by tracing some of the historical events and circumstances that have shaped the lives of the current cohort of GLBT elders. The invisibility of GLBT elders will be discussed next, a phenomenon that has resulted from a history of discrimination and oppression. GLBT elders bring certain unique strengths to the aging process; they also face some particular challenges. These are outlined, along with suggested practice guidelines.
Older Adults as Caregivers to Persons With Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Mccallion Philip 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The success that the aging of persons with developmental disabilities (DD) represents also means challenges for families who must provide longer term and new forms of care. In addition, traditional views of family caregivers, particularly older parents as caregivers, must be expanded to include other relatives, such as siblings and grandparents. The aging of persons with DD and their caregivers requires all social workers to renew perspectives, tools, and approaches. The increasing complexity of life history and experiences, health needs, and life transitions also require that a holistic and multidisciplinary perspective be embraced. Drawing on the related research and practice literatures, this chapter outlines key demographic issues for adults with DD and their families, and describes changing family caregiving constellations. Suggestions are offered for the assessment and management of life transitions, and of grief and bereavement issues that are increasingly a feature of the older years of both caregivers and persons with DD.
Older Latino Family Caregivers
Authors: MagaÑA Sandra 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter deals with aging Latino family caregivers. Latinos are currently the largest minority group in the United States. Therefore, the unique caregiving challenges and resources of this group warrant investigation. The chapter explores five themes: (1) the well-being of Latino family caregivers, including the high rates of depression that they experience; (2) stress and coping processes, including the role of religion and spirituality in this group; (3) family support and the cultural value of familism, as the individual is strongly influenced by family well-being; (4) service utilization patterns, as Latinos underutilize services, possibly because of culturally insensitive services; and (5) interventions, which must be adapted for Latino family caregivers.
Rural African American Caregiving
Authors: Carlton-Laney Iris 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines rural African American caregivers. These individuals face critical and potentially life threatening problems, including poverty, lack of transportation, inadequate child care, substandard housing, inadequate heath care, and insufficient child care. Although these challenges are formidable, rural African American caregivers can also draw on unique cultural resources, including the mutual-aid system that permeates African American culture, the importance of extended family, including fictive kin, religion, and the value of neighbors and the local geographic community. In this population, social support and caregiving are overlapping concepts. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Home Care Settings
Authors: Benjamin A. E. , Naito-Chan Edna 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of social work practice in home care, including a historical perspective on this practice arena, social work's current role and functions, and government policies and funding mechanisms for home care that have both shaped and constrained social work practice. It concludes with a brief discussion of some challenges involved in enhancing the visibility and role of social workers in home care, and suggests some possible solutions.
Services to Support Caregivers of Older Adults
Authors: Crewe Sandra Edmonds , Chipungu Sandra Stukes 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In 1988, the U.S. Administration on Aging reported that for the first time in history, couples had more parents than children to care for. In addition, the report indicated that women would spend 18 years caring for aging parents, as compared to 17 years caring for children. By the year 2040, the older population is expected to more than double, and the number of people age 85 and older will triple, and one half of them are likely to require assistance with one or more activities of daily living. The unprecedented growth of older persons, and in particular the projected increase in the 85-and-older population to 8.5 million by 2030, make it urgent for the nation to aggressively plan and develop caregiving resources. This chapter discusses the background and prevalence of family caregivers, the definition and profile of family caregivers, the legal authority for services to family caregivers, social work roles and practices with family caregivers, support services available to family caregivers, and the next generation of family caregiver resources.
Services for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Older Adults
Authors: Zodikoff Bradley D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of community-based social services for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) older adults. It focuses specifically on service delivery issues with respect to LGBT older adults. Beginning with a discussion of the specific service concerns of the LGBT older adult population, drawing from current research, the chapter describes the availability of services for LGBT older adults across the country, including information to assist providers in locating existing services in their own communities. It highlights key practice principles for working with LGBT older adults and for promoting LGBT-sensitive services within mainstream organizations. Finally, it identifies selected policy issues that directly affect the health and well-being of LGBT older adults and their families.
Services for HIV-Infected or HIV-Affected Older Adults
Authors: Emlet Charles , Poindexter Cynthia 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides human service practitioners with information related to service delivery systems and their legislative underpinnings, so that they can be more prepared to provide case management and referrals to older adults affected by HIV and AIDS. It outlines commonly available services as well as the roles that social work can play in these organizations. It discusses the ways in which such services can enhance quality of life and be culturally relevant.
Transitions From Nursing Homes to Community Settings
Authors: Mollica Robert L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes efforts to help nursing home residents return to the community. Consumer demands for services that enable them to live in the most integrated setting, the U.S. Supreme Court decision upholding the rights of individuals with disabilities to live in the community, and the rising cost of institutional care to state Medicaid budgets have led to increased efforts to help nursing home residents move to community settings. State Medicaid, aging, other agencies and independent living centers, and other community-based organizations are increasingly developing programs to promote community transitions.
Assisted Living Settings
Authors: Zimmerman Sheryl , Munn Jean , Koenig Terry 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Assisted living (AL) is a term applied to a wide array of residential facilities for older adults. In the broadest sense, AL includes all group residential programs not licensed as nursing homes, which provide personal care in activities of daily living and can respond to unscheduled needs for assistance. In a more restrictive sense, it refers to the values underlying the manner in which that care is provided. Thus, AL has come to refer to both a setting of long-term care that combines housing and supportive services in a homelike environment, and a distinct philosophy of residential care provision. This chapter discusses assisted living as a setting and a philosophy of care, assisted living regulation, assisted living funding, issues in assisted living, and the social worker in assisted living.
Private Retirement Benefits
Authors: Hudson Robert B. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews the place of private pensions in the overall retirement income picture, recent trends in private pension coverage, and the adequacy of private pensions in helping to meet the retirement needs of vulnerable populations. The last issue is of special importance to geriatric social workers, who must be aware of and knowledgeable about the income adequacy and security challenges that their clients are facing.
Policies Affecting Health, Mental Health, and Caregiving: Medicare
Authors: Lee Ji Seon 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Medicare, a program that was enacted as part of Title XVIII of the Social Security Act of 1965. It discusses Medicare's new policy developments, projected fiscal problems, limited long-term care coverage, and lack of mental health parity. It concludes with a review of social work's role in Medicare.
Policies Affecting Long-Term Care and Long-Term Care Institutions
Authors: Chen Li-Mei 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In recent decades, the development of the long-term care (LTC) policies in the United States has lagged behind the growing care needs of older persons with chronic illnesses and mental or physical disabilities, and their families. In most industrialized societies, the responsibilities for social policy and service delivery are seen as shared by the household, the state, and the marketplace. In these societies, an assurance of government involvement to protect an individual's minimum standard of living when the market fails to do so, is an important policy principle. A policy based on a balanced and complementary system between the private (market and household) and public sectors is often sought by progressive reformers. However, in the United States, LTC polices are lopsided, with the responsibility for LTC provision primarily placed on the elder's household. This chapter examines the development of federal and state policies affecting LTC, namely, nursing homes and other providers of such care. It presents relevant issues surrounding LTC vis-à-vis the political, social, and economic changes in U.S. society.
Policies Affecting Families of Older Adults With Care Needs
Authors: Li Lydia , Rafferty Jane A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes two federal programs that aim to support families of elderly persons with care needs: the Family and Medical Leave Act and the National Family Caregiver Support Program. It first presents the history, provision, and implementation of each program, then discusses their loopholes in addressing the needs of family caregivers and the implications for social work.
Credentialing Opportunities for Social Workers in Aging
Authors: Golden Robyn , White Monika 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses credentialing for social workers with older adults, with an emphasis on care management, as it is the only possible current credentialing opportunity addressing social work with older adults and their families. Following an overview of credentialing is a discussion of the case management knowledge and skills needed to provide services for a growing number of older persons and their families. Social work with older adults, especially with those who are frail and at risk, has become more complex in recent years because of fragmented health and social welfare policies, programs, and services, problematic legal and financial structures, and shrinking public resources. Given this, effective case management skills are critical.
Infants’ Causal Learning
Authors: Meltzoff Andrew N. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that the perception of others' actions and production of self-action are mapped onto commensurate representations starting from birth. This allows infants not only to learn interventions through their own manipulations but also to multiply greatly their learning opportunities by observing the manipulations of others and profiting from them. Infants imitate but do not blindly copy everything they see. First, they make creative errors. Second, they skip over the literal behavior they see and choose to duplicate inferred interventions: what the adult meant to do, not what the adult did do. Third, when causal relations are difficult, as in the rake case for younger infants, observation alone does not seem to guarantee success; older infants glean more from the modeling than do younger ones.
Detecting Causal Structure
Authors: Sommerville Jessica A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that infants' experience of their own actions and the consequences that these actions have on the world play an important role in their developing understanding of causal relations. Recent philosophical theories of causation take an interventionist perspective on causality: If manipulations on one factor (interventions) are associated with a change in a second factor, then the first causes the second. In addition, empirical evidence suggests that both adults and young children readily learn causal structure from enacting and observing interventions. This chapter presents evidence that infants' developing ability to act on the world is intimately linked to their causal understanding. Infants' interventions may enable them to evaluate causal hypotheses and to detect the causal structure of various events in the world.
Causal Reasoning Through Intervention
Authors: Hagmayer York , Sloman Steven , Lagnado David , Waldmann Michael R. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
In causal reasoning, the observation of an event supports different inferences than an intervention that generates the event. An intervention breaks the connection between the manipulated event and its normal causes. Therefore, in contrast to an observation, an intervention prevents diagnostic inferences about the causes of the event. This chapter shows how causal Bayes nets can be used to model observations and interventions. Empirical findings are then presented demonstrating that people are highly sensitive to this distinction: (i) Their inferences conform to the distinction when reasoning counterfactually; (ii) they derive different predictions for novel observations and previously unobserved interventions when the underlying causal model entails different outcomes; and (iii) their decisions differ depending on whether an evidential statistical relation between an action and an outcome will be sustained if the action is deliberately chosen (i.e. intervened on). Other non-causal theories of learning and reasoning are not able to explain these findings.
On the Importance of Causal Taxonomy
Authors: Hitchcock Christopher 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Using a standard counterexample to probabilistic theories of causation as an illustration, this chapter argues that there are a number of questions which one might ask about a putative causal relationship: Is it causal at all? What is the direction of the relationship? What is its strength? How does the cause compare with various alternatives? How stable is it under changes in background conditions? What are the pathways responsible for it? Many approaches in philosophy and psychology run these questions together. Together, the answers to these questions can provide a taxonomy of different kinds of causal relationships. By keeping these questions separately, we are able to clarify both philosophical applications of causation, and psychological claims about causal learning.
Why Represent Causal Relations?
Authors: Strevens Michael 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Why do we represent the world around us using causal generalizations rather than, say, purely statistical generalizations? Do causal representations contain useful additional information, or are they merely more efficient for inferential purposes? This chapter considers the second kind of answer: it investigates some ways in which causal cognition might aid us not because of its expressive power, but because of its organizational power. Three styles of explanation are considered. The first, building on the work of Reichenbach, points to causal representation as especially efficient for predictive purposes in a world containing certain pervasive patterns of conditional independence. The second, inspired by the work of Woodward and others, finds causal representation to be an excellent vehicle for representing all-important relations of manipulability. The third, based in part on the author's own work, locates the importance of causal cognition in the special role it reserves for information about underlying mechanisms.