bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2 Financial Governance in the Neo-liberal Era
Authors: Dymski Gary 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter assesses the governance problems associated with the macrostructural changes that have been at work in global financial markets since the dawn of the neoliberal era — that is, since the end of the Bretton Woods era. The argument proceeds in four steps. First, the chapter identifies and elaborates on the key macrostructural changes currently ongoing in contemporary markets for finance. Second, the chapter exposits the macrostructural changes that have arisen from the shifts in financial firms' and investors' structures, strategies, and behaviours during the neoliberal era. Third, the chapter describes how the interaction of geo-economic imbalances, strategic shifts, and new financial instruments have altered the landscape of financial risk. Finally the chapter delineates the implications of these shifts for the macro governance of risk in the financial system, using the most recent global financial crisis triggered by massive defaults and arrears on subprime mortgage debt in the U.S. as a case in point. The principal assertion of this final section is this: the complex and far-reaching transformation of risk and risky behaviour implies that the macro-governance of risk must encompass a range of instruments — oversight by national and international authorities, macroeconomic stabilization policy, and emergency interventions and guidance by international financial institutions. Because of new developments in financial markets, the difficulties of identifying the locus of risk, and of intervening in contemporary financial crises to the satisfaction of all the interests involved are greater than ever before.
6 The Role of Proximity in Secondary Equity Markets
Authors: Wójcik Dariusz 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyses the role of proximity between investors and corporations with equity traded on public secondary equity markets in financial risk management. Combining insights from recent research on home and local bias in financial economics, with economic geographical research on proximity and financial markets, that proximity, even if defined narrowly as geographical proximity, has significant implications for: investors (in terms of performance and trade-off with liquidity); the investment industry as a whole (in terms of size, structure, and strategy); issuers (in terms of access to capital and liquidity); communities (in terms of herd behaviour and financial literacy); and policy makers (in terms of market structure, competition, and international harmonization). The consideration for cognitive, social, organizational, and institutional proximity enriches the understanding of secondary equity markets, by complementing the analysis of geographical proximity, but does not make the latter redundant.
9 Managing Financial Risks in Urban Environments
Authors: Randalls Samuel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFinancial risks relating to the environment are frequently concentrated in cities, both in the source of risks and in the management of those risks. Urban areas are prone to a number of environmental concerns including brownfield biodiversity, flooding, and potential relations to climate change, and the effects of ‘everyday’ environmental changes, for example the weather, on productivity. Managing these risks will frequently be found in the city too through mainstream financial institutions like banks and insurers that seek both physical and financial protection for themselves and their clients from the worst environmental effects. One clear example is decision-making about the Thames Barrier in London, which aims to protect the financial heartland of the UK from severe flooding. At the same time, in nearby offices, a wide range of new products are being created to manage these urban environmental risks, including diverse catastrophe bonds, weather derivatives, and global warming indexes. This chapter explores the range of financial risks emerging from environmental changes and the ways in which these are being managed. This brings together both an appreciation of the nature of these risks as well as a financial focus on environmental risks. Relatively little has been written in geography on these products and this chapter provides an overview that is both introductory, but also based on contemporary research on these issues that addresses much deeper questions. If environmental risks are to be successfully managed, then it is clear that there will need to be an appreciation of the raft of financial responses, both current and potential, that will be introduced by companies to achieve this.
Divine Talk
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The corpus of the Attic orators has long been recognized as a source for information about the mindset and life of ordinary Athenians. This book contributes to a differentiated understanding of religion in the Athenian public discourse by studying the references to religion and the use made of them in the corpus; it explores how the prominent orators differ in the sets of motifs they employ, in their strategies of persuasion, and thus in the image they convey of themselves. Part I analyses the rhetorical strategies behind the employment of religion in each of Demosthenes' public forensic speeches and links them with their legal, historical, and social background, showing that argumentation based on religion is not used randomly. Part II deals with deliberative and private speeches, in which religion plays a much less prominent role, and orators dispense with denigration and most other open use of religious argumentation; in the assembly the use of religious ideas serves instead as a signal helping to characterize the political situation, whereas in the private speeches it is most prominently the religious form of procedural elements that is exploited. This book presents various factors that could influence the appropriateness of references to religion, showing that careful consideration e.g. of the public relevance of a case is necessary in the interpretation of speeches.
1 Against Midias (Or. 21)
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter deals with Demosthenes' public speeches shows how Demosthenes gradually introduces a religious component in or. 21, which appears not to have been the basis or a necessary element of the case. However, he does not use the religious aspect to portray Midias as an impious person to be condemned on these grounds; instead, the religious connotations of the offence contribute to characterizing his opponent as incompatible with society. Demosthenes avoids open religious accusation regarding the attack at the Dionysia, only to use it when he defends himself against similar accusations from Midias.
4 Demosthenes as Speechwriter
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that Demosthenes uses religion in a different way when he writes for delivery by other speakers. Of the three speeches on illegal proposals, in Against Aristocrates the Athenian rules on homicide procedures are characterized as in compliance with religious requirements and the opposite is accordingly accused of undermining these rules and exposing the city to pollution. Androtion is likewise accused of religious misconduct in the speeches against himself and Against Timocrates. In contrast to the speeches discussed in Chapters 1–3, the attacks made in Demosthenes' logographic speeches rely on their religious nature.
Conclusion I: The Importance of the Individual
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the results from the analysis of the public speeches. Speeches delivered by the same speaker prove similar in the selection of religious arguments; the same need not be true for speeches written by the same person. This suggests that there was a need for a consistent exploitation of a speaker's argumentation qua performer, i.e., a consistent ethos of the public speakers; the personal beliefs of speechwriters seem not to have any influence. Demosthenes dispenses with argumentation that works only on the religious level. Religion is rather exploited in its public role, as a force for social cohesion.
6 Demosthenes' Assembly Speeches
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the evidence for religious references in deliberative oratory before the Athenian assembly; outside speeches on religious matters, such references are mainly found in times of crisis. Demosthenes' practice is compared with the speeches in Thucydides and Xenophon; religious argumentation is prominent in his assembly speeches only as an appeal to use the god-sent opportunity, and only in a certain period, in the early 340s. This is interpreted as an attempt on Demosthenes' part to arouse attention to himself by the use of a particular motif; he thereby suggests to the Athenians that their city is in danger while they are inactive.
7 Against Leptines (Or. 20)
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The trial against the law of Leptines on tax exemption combines elements of assembly debate and public trials, with the former prevailing. In the speech Against Leptines this is reflected by the absence of (religious) denigration. Instead, propitious language is prominent. In two places religious concepts seem to be alluded to, used to hide flaws in the argument, but either not addressed explicitly or not turned into allegations of faulty religious behaviour.
8 Private Speeches I: Ritual Acts with Probative Force
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter outlines the use of religion in standard patterns in the private speeches. References to religious acts, in particular oaths, that form part of the procedure are more prominent than in public speeches because the aggressive use of religion as a means of accusation is normally dispensed with. The formal elements of the trial are not exploited for their religious content, whereas extra-judicial cult practices can be introduced exactly because of their religious significance.
9 Private Speeches II: Non‐Probative Arguments
Authors: Martin Gunther 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Few private speeches contain significant references to religious concepts that go beyond the procedural acts of the previous chapter. This chapter presents the most obvious examples from Demosthenes 47, 54, 57, and Isaeus 6. These instances partly start from ritual acts mentioned in Chapter 8, but are all close to motifs that have been found in the public speeches.
2 The eternal election of humanity in Jesus Christ (Barth)
Authors: Greggs Tom 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the implications for soteriology of Barth's doctrine of election. Following an introduction to the doctrine, this chapter reflects on criticism of Barth, and offers an analytical approach to the doctrine within the framework of the larger theme of universality in Christ. Primarily, it argues that the doctrine of election is the foundation of Barth's soteriology in terms of the eternal election of humanity in Christ. It is advocated that this doctrine tends very strongly in a universalist direction. However, the principal focus is to demonstrate that these universalist leanings do not in any way undermine particularity. This is demonstrated through a special focus on Barth's doctrine of eternity. This chapter provides part of the reflective theological material for the formative aspect of the book's interpretation of universal salvation in the Son in Chapter 4.
3 Pre‐existence and restoration: Logos and and Logika (Origen)
Authors: Greggs Tom 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to explore the relationship between pre-existence and restoration in Origen's soteriology. It considers how eschatology and protology are mutually self-determining in the Son. It does this by charting the journey of the soul in Origen's theology from pre-existence to restoration, considering the connection between Origen's two highly controversial doctrines of pre-existence and apokatastasis. It is considered that this connection is the foundation for speaking about Origen's soteriology, and marks Origen's way of discussing the chief concern of philosophy contemporary to him — the question of the relationship between God and humanity in providence. A special focus is Origen's notion of varied participation in the Logos which provides the means for particularity within a universalist schema. The material contained here will be developed creatively and formatively for the question of universal salvation in Chapter 4.
6 Spiritual growth: The work of the Spirit in the saints of God (Origen)
Authors: Greggs Tom 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter advocates that Origen achieves a place for Christian faith and practice through the person of the Holy Spirit within a theology which points towards universalism. The Spirit provides for the place of growth towards God in salvation, and for human involvement in God's saving act. While the end may well be as the beginning, the Spirit is the person who, after Christ has ascended to the Father, works between creation and the eschaton. The chapter considers the relationship between Spirit and Son in Origen's Trinitarian theology, and then moves to discuss the role of the Spirit in bringing Christ to humans and in establishing faith in Christ. The economic ‘remit’ of the Spirit is further considered with regard to sanctification in the present, through which the Spirit establishes Christian particularity. Concludes with a discussion of the role of human involvement in the economy of God's salvation.
7 Dialogue: Restoring particularity through the Holy Spirit
Authors: Greggs Tom 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe logic of universalism could at a superficial level lead one to ask why there is any need for faith. This chapter proposes a way through this seeming contradiction by considering the problem from the perspective of pneumatology. This helps to avoid speaking of salvation in the simple binary opposition of saved-damned. The Spirit allows for the continued particularity of the Christian and the non-Christian while retaining the possibility of universal salvation. Through the establishment of the church and the Christian by the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, the Christian and the non-Christian are enabled to be united in Christ precisely as Christian and non-Christian. The Spirit allows for human and Christian particularity without limiting God's work of salvation. The Spirit ever deepens God's love for humanity in the church and the individual lives of Christians without in any way detracting from the love of God for all creation.
Inherent Powers and Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Van Damme Isabelle 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the inherent powers of the Appellate Body, and how the availability and exercise of such powers influences the interpretation and application of procedural rules in WTO dispute settlement. The analysis in this chapter builds on the distinction, made in Chapter 4, between procedural and substantive silences in WTO treaty language and the Appellate Body's interpretation of those silences. The chapter helps to explain how and why the appreciation of the judicial function of the WTO Appellate Body is commonly too narrowly construed on the basis of the DSU.
WTO Treaty Interpretation Against the Background of Other International Law
Authors: Van Damme Isabelle 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter develops the argument that the influence of general international law and other fields of international law on the meaning of the WTO covered agreements does not depend only on the (implicit) application of Article 31(3)(c) VCLT. Relying on previous chapters, it posits that Article 31(3)(c) VCLT is only an ancillary justification for interpreting the WTO covered agreements against the background of international law.
14 Some Numismatic Approaches to Quantifying the Roman Economy
Authors: Howgego Christopher 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter outlines prospective numismatic contributions to the quantification of the Roman economy. Attention is drawn to the potential of the programme of metal analysis of the Roman silver coinage being undertaken by Ponting and Butcher. By way of example, four economic topics which may be illuminated by their work are identified: (1) the use of debasement as an indicator of the fiscal inadequacy of the Roman Empire; (2) the analysis of the extent to which price change was driven by monetary change; (3) the relevance to economic modelling of the extent to which monetary change proceeded in parallel across the Roman world; and (4) the significance of the maintenance of a fixed bimetallic system to our understanding of the Roman economy and its potential contribution to economic theory.
15 Earnings and Costs: Living Standards and the Roman Economy
Authors: Rathbone Dominic 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the few wheat prices known from the Roman Empire, military and some other official and private earnings, and a small selection of items from Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices. It attempts to assess our ability to determine whether there was an integrated market for goods and labour in the Roman Empire, what the living standards of different groups were, and whether significant changes across time are visible in market integration or living standards. The conclusion is that the Romans acted and thought as if the empire was an integrated market, although there are indications of regional zones of prices and, more sharply, wages, that the prices in Diocletian's Edict appear to be unhistorical, inconsistent and unreliable, and that there was a dramatic rise in the purchasing power of gold in late antiquity.
16 How Prosperous were the Romans? Evidence from Diocletian's Price Edict (AD 301)
Authors: Allen Robert C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter compares the standard of living of labourers in the Roman Empire in 301 AD with the standard of living of labourers in Europe and Asia from the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution. Roman data are drawn from Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices. The real wage of Roman workers was like that of their counterparts in the lagging parts of Europe and much of Asia in the middle of the 18th century. Roman workers earned just enough to buy a minimal subsistence consumption basket. Real wages were considerably higher in the advanced parts of Europe in the 18th century, as they had been in Europe generally following the Black Death in 1348–9.
Roman Rationale of the Civilian Distinction
Authors: Descheemaeker Eric 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter seeks to verify the hypothesis put forward at the end of the previous chapter. After looking at the concepts of dolus, culpa and casus, the chapter provides a systematic argument for the proposition that delicts squared in Roman law with fault (culpa)-based liability, while quasi-delicts corresponded to strict or situational liability. The troublesome case of the ‘judge who makes the case his own’ (iudex qui litem suam fecit) is given particular attention. Coupled with the historical development of the taxonomy of Roman law, this confirms the idea that the concept of delictum would have shrunk historically from an unlawful to a blameworthy civil act. A possible explanation for this development, as well as a parallel with the history of the lex Aquilia, are offered.
3 Landscaping
Authors: Mileson S. A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Many recent scholars have identified elements of design and aesthetic appreciation in the layout of medieval parks. This chapter explores the extent to which parks really were landscaped to provide a contrived stage for aristocratic living. The evidence for the use of parks to enhance the appearance of castles and manor houses is examined, as well as the utilization of parkland for leisure activities other than hunting. There is also an analysis of the relationship between parks and gardens. The lack of contemporary documentary as opposed to literary evidence for an interest in park landscaping is noted, as well as the practical limitations imposed by finite resources. It is concluded that any interest in landscaping was subsidiary to the desire to create a hunting reserve.
4 Status
Authors: Mileson S. A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter deals with the important question of how far parks were regarded as status symbols. It looks at the nature and significance of social competition within aristocratic society and at the particular features of parks which may have helped their creators to assert social leadership and high status. Existing ideas about the social role of hunting and the creation of hunting reserves are tested through a detailed analysis of the particular circumstances and characteristics of park-makers across the middle ages. In this way, the frequently asserted but little tested idea of parks as symbols of power and lordship is given greater depth and precision.
Conclusion
Authors: Mileson S. A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This concluding chapter provides a summation of the main findings of the book as a whole. Parks were much more important to the concerns of the aristocracy than has usually been suggested, and they had a strong, and often negative, effect on many rural communities and some urban ones. The central place of hunting in the creation of parks is emphasized, along with the significance of organized hunting as an expression of power and authority. It is also suggested that an interest in leisure, as expressed through the reservation of land for hunting, had an impact on the extent to which lords organized their estates in a commercial or market-focused way. The negotiations and confrontations that surrounded parks are shown to have been an important part of the early history of enclosure, a process that involved the shaping of social norms as well as of agrarian practices.
1 Why Can't We All Just Get Along with Each Other?
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A prominent theme in the mentality of modernity is that in situations of religious pluralism, determinate religion harbours coercion and violence, and that such religion must ‘shape up’ if it is to be compatible with liberal democracy. Different writers have proposed different ways of ‘shaping up’. This book argues that all such proposals are bound to fail, and that the relevant question is, accordingly, what are the structural principles concerning the relation between religion and the political order that a determinate religion must affirm if it is to accept liberal democracy. The book suggests a number of such principles.
2 Citizenship, Religion, and Political Liberalism
Authors: Plant Raymond 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the thought of the late John Rawls about the nature of the relationship between citizenship and religious belief and identity in liberal societies. In particular, it takes issue with Rawls's rejection of a teleological or perfectionist theory of citizenship, casting doubt on the success of political liberalism in rescuing the normative basis of citizenship from comprehensive theories that invoke some definite conception of the human good. Instead, the chapter suggests that a more promising approach is to be found in the ‘natural law’ thinking of Alan Gewirth and John Finnis, which argues for general human goods that are the common preconditions of any comprehensive doctrine.