bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real or relevant beauty? Body shape and endorser effects on brand attitude and body image
Authors: D'Alessandro Steven , Chitty Bill 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEndorsements play an important role in marketing communications. For international marketing communications, marketers must be cognizant of how the portrayal of body ideals and cultural background of endorsers can affect marketing communications. Two experimental studies showed that body image comparisons and the effectiveness of endorsers varies according to the type of body shapes portrayed and the body mass index (BMI) of the respondents. In the first experiment, the success or failure of endorsements was found to be influenced by their body shape and to some extent the cultural background with respect to the type of product or service promoted. In a second experiment where more realistic or medium‐thin and medium‐fat body shapes were used, source attractiveness was not influenced by body shape, while interest in the advertised brand increased for a thinner model. This may have occurred because body image comparisons were more obtainable for those in the second study, where more realistic body shapes were viewed in advertisements. Body mass index (BMI) was also found to influence the results, particularly if a poor body shape comparison triggers a poor body image. Counterfactually, this seems to occur with women with lower BMIs who view advertisements for fatter women. It appears that the use of body image and ethnic type of models should be carefully considered by marketers so that they are relevant for their target audience. The use of more obtainable and ethnically relevant models may provide more effective advertising copy and be more socially responsible. In order to create interest in advertised brands, marketers may not need to use ultra‐thin models. Marketers must also balance the promotional effectiveness of the use of body shapes that may too thin or more realistic with the social outcomes and consider carefully the BMI of their target market. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Correlation of frataxin content in blood and skeletal muscle endorses frataxin as a biomarker in Friedreich ataxia
Authors: Nachbauer Wolfgang , Wanschitz Julia , Steinkellner Hannes , Eigentler Andreas , Sturm Brigitte , Hufler Kurt , Scheiber‐Mojdehkar Barbara , Poewe Werner , Reindl Markus , Boesch Sylvia 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackground:Friedreich ataxia is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the frataxin gene, leading to reduced levels of the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Assays to quantitatively measure frataxin in peripheral blood have been established. To determine the validity of frataxin as a biomarker for clinical trials, we assessed frataxin in clinically affected tissue.Methods:In 7 patients with Friedreich ataxia, frataxin content was measured in blood and skeletal muscle before and after treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin, applying the electrochemiluminescence immunoassay.Results:We found frataxin content to be correlated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and skeletal muscle in drug‐naive patients with Friedreich ataxia. The correlation of frataxin content in both compartments remained significant after 8 weeks of treatment. Skeletal‐muscle frataxin values correlated with ataxia using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia score.Conclusions:Our results endorse frataxin measurements in peripheral blood cells as a valid biomarker in Friedreich ataxia. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Lipid bodies in coral–dinoflagellate endosymbiosis: Proteomic and ultrastructural studies
Authors: Peng Shao‐En , Chen Wan‐Nan U. , Chen Hung‐Kai , Lu Chi‐Yu , Mayfield Anderson B. , Fang Lee‐Shing , Chen Chii‐Shiarng 
Published: June 2011

AbstractGastrodermal lipid bodies (LBs) are organelles involved in the regulation of the mutualistic endosymbiosis between reef‐building corals and their dinoflagellate endosymbionts (genus Symbiodinium). As their molecular composition remains poorly defined, we herein describe the first gastrodermal LB proteome and examine in situ morphology of LBs in order to provide insight into their structure and function. After tissue separation of the tentacles of the stony coral Euphyllia glabrescens, buoyant LBs of the gastroderm encompassing a variety of sizes (0.5–4 μm in diameter) were isolated after two cycles of subcellular fractionation via stepwise sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation and detergent washing. The purity of the isolated LBs was demonstrated by their high degree of lipid enrichment and as well as the absence of contaminating proteins of the host cell and Symbiodinium. LB‐associated proteins were then purified, subjected to SDS‐PAGE, and identified by MS using an LC‐nano‐ESI‐MS/MS. A total of 42 proteins were identified within eight functional groups, including metabolism, intracellular trafficking, the stress response/molecular modification and development. Ultrastructural analyses of LBs in situ showed that they exhibit defined morphological characteristics, including a high‐electron density resulting from a distinct lipid composition from that of the lipid droplets of mammalian cells. Coral LBs were also characterized by the presence of numerous electron‐transparent inclusions of unknown origin and composition. Both proteomic and ultrastructural observations seem to suggest that both Symbiodinium and host organelles, such as the ER, are involved in LB biogenesis.
Novel serum protein biomarkers indicative of growth hormone doping in healthy human subjects
Authors: Ding Juan , Okada Shigeru , Jørgensen Jens Otto Lunde , Kopchick John J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe detection of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is difficult due to its short half‐life; therefore, novel and robust biomarkers of rhGH abuse are needed. In this study, serum samples derived from subjects treated with rhGH in a randomized, double blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study were analyzed by 2‐DE coupled with MS. Eight healthy male subjects aged 23.2±0.6 years were injected with rhGH (2 mg/day) or saline for 7 days with serum samples drawn at days 0, 3, and 8. Protein intensities were quantified and analyzed for differences between rhGH and placebo treatments. Proteins that showed significant changes were identified and confirmed by Western blotting. These included specific isoforms of α‐1 antitrypsin and transthyretin that increased; and inter‐α‐trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H4, apolipoprotein A‐1, and hemoglobin β chain that decreased. These proteins represent novel biomarkers of short‐term rhGH exposure and may lead to a new method for detecting rhGH doping.
Sample preparation method for isolation of single‐cell types from mouse liver for proteomic studies
Authors: Liu Wei , Hou Yufang , Chen Huahai , Wei Handong , Lin Weiran , Li Jichang , Zhang Ming , He Fuchu , Jiang Ying 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIt becomes increasingly clear that separation of pure cell populations provides a uniquely sensitive and accurate approach to protein profiling in biological systems and opens up a new area for proteomic analysis. The method we described could simultaneously isolate population of hepatocytes (HCs), hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), Kupffer cells (KCs) and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) by a combination of collagenase‐based density gradient centrifugation and magnetic activated cell sorting with high purity and yield for the first time. More than 98% of the isolated HCs were positive for cytokeratin 18, with a viability of 91%. Approximately 97% of the isolated HSCs expressed glial fibrillary acidic protein with a viability of 95%. Nearly 98% of isolated KCs expressed F4/80 with a viability of 94%. And the purity of LSECs reached up to 91% with a viability of 94%. And yield for HCs, HSCs, LSECs and KCs were 6.3, 1.3, 2.6 and 5.0 million per mouse. This systematic isolation method enables us to study the proteome profiling of different types of liver cells with high purity and yield, which is especially useful for sample preparation of Human Liver Proteome Project.
Fluorinated AB diblock copolymers and their aggregates in organic solvents
Authors: Zhou Yin‐Ning , Cheng Hua , Luo Zheng‐Hong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis investigation reported the preparation of fluorinated and nonamphiphilic well‐defined poly(styrene)‐block‐poly(2,2,3,3,4,4,4‐heptafluorobutyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PHFBMA) diblock copolymers via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Their chemical composition, structure, and bulk morphology were thoroughly investigated. In addition, their self‐assembly behavior in a dilute organic mixture solution was investigated. It was found that that the ATRP could be used to prepare the well‐defined fluorinated and nonamphiphilic PS‐b‐PHFBMA diblock copolymers in a controlled manner. The results also showed that abundant morphologies including sphere, worm‐like structure, and vesicle could be formed with different volume ratios of these two solvents, which proves that the nonamphiphilic fluorinated diblock copolymers can self‐assemble in a dilute solution, and the aforementioned reason for self‐assembly was also discussed preliminarily in this work. Finally, the effect of temperature on the aggregates was investigated to verify whether the self‐assembly behavior was to some extent temperature sensitive. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Synthesis and photovoltaic properties of conjugated copolymers based on benzimidazole and various thiophene
Authors: Song Suhee , Kim Gi‐hwan , Kang Ilsoo , Jin Youngeup , Kim Il , Kim Jin Young , Suh Hongsuk 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA new accepter unit, dimethyl‐2H‐benzimidazole, was prepared and used for the synthesis of the conjugated polymers containing electron donor–acceptor pair for organic photovoltaics (OPVs). Dimethyl‐2H‐benzimidazole unit was designed to substitute the BT unit of poly(N‐9′‐heptadecanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole)) (PCDTBT). A series of new semiconducting polymers with 2,2‐dimethyl‐2H‐benzimidazole, 9‐heptadecanyl‐9H‐carbazole, and thiophene (or bithiophene) units was synthesized using Stille polymerization to generate PCDTMBIs (or PCBBTMBIs). In dimethyl‐2H‐benzimidazole, the sulfur at 2‐position of BT unit was replaced with dialkyl substituted carbon, while keeping the 1,2‐quinoid form, to improve the solubility of the polymers. The absorption spectra of PCDTMBIs with thiophene units exhibit two maximum peaks at about 430 and 613–645 nm in solution. The solutions of PCBBTMBIs show two absorption peaks at about 445–456 and 630–645 nm which is red‐shifted about 20 nm when compared with PCDTMBIs caused by the introduction of bithiophene units. In most efficient polymer PCBBTMBI3, the device annealed at 100 °C for 10 min demonstrated a VOC value of 0.60 V, a JSC value of 4.31 mA/cm2, and a FF of 0.35, leading to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.91%, under white light illumination (AM 1.5 G and 100 mW/cm2). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Chest radiographic presenting features and radiographic progression of pneumocystis pneumonia in South African children
Authors: Pitcher Richard D. , Daya Rupesh , Beningfield Stephen J. , Zar Heather J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPurposeTo describe the radiographic features of PCP in South African children, including the progression of changes and the impact of HIV‐infection and respiratory co‐infections. MethodsA paediatric radiologist blinded to clinical details retrospectively reported the chest radiographs of children diagnosed with PCP at a South Africa paediatric hospital between January 2003 and June 2006 inclusive. Radiographic features were correlated with clinical findings and compared using Fisher's exact test and Wilcoxon's ranks‐sum test. Institutional ethics approval was obtained. ResultsOf 113 cases of PCP, 110 (97.3%) had presenting and 96 (84.9%) follow‐up radiographs; 88 (82%) were HIV‐infected; 65 (59%) had respiratory co‐infection; 48 (43%) died in hospital. The commonest presenting radiographic findings were increased lung volumes (n = 86; 78%) and diffuse parenchymal opacification (n = 70; 64%); 89 (92.7%) ultimately progressed to diffuse alveolar opacification. Median time to maximum pulmonary opacification was 72 hours (inter‐quartile range (IQR): 24–144 hrs). Pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) developed in 33 patients (30%). There was no significant difference in the radiographic features of PCP when comparison was made between i) HIV‐infected and ‐uninfected children, ii) those with and without respiratory co‐infection and iii) fatal cases and survivors (P > 0.05 in all cases).ConclusionIncreased lung volumes and PIE should be recognised as features of PCP in South African children. HIV‐infection and respiratory co‐infections do not influence the radiographic features of PCP in our setting. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2011; 46:1015–1022. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An analysis of CSB investigation reports concerning the hierarchy of controls
Authors: Amyotte Paul R. , MacDonald Dustin K. , Khan Faisal I. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSixty‐three reports, studies, and bulletins resulting from process incident investigations conducted by the U.S. Chemical Safety Board (CSB) have been analyzed for evidence of examples related to inherent safety, passive and active engineered safety, and procedural safety. These risk reduction measures, which collectively form the hierarchy of safety controls, were also analyzed for their contribution to both incident prevention and consequence mitigation.Over 200 examples from the hierarchy of controls were identified with the following breakdown: inherent safety (36% of total overall examples), passive engineered safety (8%), active engineered safety (14%), and procedural safety (42%). Numerous examples for both prevention and mitigation measures were found during the CSB report review. Inherently safer design (ISD) items were observed to be nearly equally split among the four primary principles of minimization (25% of total ISD examples), substitution (22%), moderation (25%), and simplification (27%). Widely applicable process safety management elements (in terms of a link to the identified hierarchical safety measures) were determined to be process and equipment integrity, training and performance, process knowledge and documentation, capital project review and design procedures, and management of change. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2011.
Electro‐oxidation of ethanol and bioethanol in direct alcohol fuel cells by microparticulated amorphous Ni59Nb40Pt0.6Cu0.4 and Ni59Nb40Pt0.6Cu0.2Sn0.2 alloys
Authors: Barroso Javier , Pierna Ángel R. , Blanco Tamara C. , del Val Juan J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis work has focused on the development of metallic amorphous microparticulated alloys of composition Ni59Nb40Pt0.6Cu0.4 and Ni59Nb40Pt0.6Cu0.2Sn0.2, obtained by mechanical alloying (MA), for use as anodes in direct alcohol fuel cells (DAFCs). The addition of copper modifies the electronic properties of platinum due to its special electronic configuration (3d104s1), demonstrating a better performance for ethanol/bioethanol electro‐oxidation. Ni59Nb40Pt0.6Cu0.4 alloy provides higher current densities than Ni59Nb40Pt0.6Cu0.2Sn0.2 alloy. In spite of tin significantly improving the tolerance to different adsorbed species such as CO, its presence does not improve the electro‐oxidation reaction due to limit the distribution of platinum atoms by the ligand effect, avoiding the final oxidation to CO2. In both alloys higher current densities were obtained for bioethanol electro‐oxidation than ethanol, due mainly to the presence of acetaldehyde, formic acid and another organic compounds (ppb), which may contribute to improvement of catalytic results.
Calorimetric studies at low temperatures of glass‐forming 1‐butanol and 2‐butanol
Authors: Hassaine M. , Ramos M. A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe present calorimetric experiments and specific‐heat Cp(T) measurements of 1‐butanol (n‐butanol) and of one of its chemical isomers, the secondary alcohol 2‐butanol (sec‐butanol), around its glass transition Tg as well as at low temperatures (1.6–30 K). We have obtained and measured both the glass and crystalline states of 1‐butanol, and the glass state of 2‐butanol which is an even better glass former. In this work, we focus on the comparative study of the calorimetric or thermodynamic properties of the glassy states of these two isomers of butanol, determining their glass‐transition temperatures, their discontinuities in specific heat at Tg, and the corresponding enthalpy fictive temperatures. At temperatures below 10 K, both isomers present the typical broad maximum for glasses in Cp/T3, often called the boson peak, its magnitude being much larger in 2‐butanol than in 1‐butanol.
Effects of Li on electrical properties of (K0.47Na0.53)1−xLixNb0.94Sb0.06O3 lead‐free ceramics
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Xiao Dingquan , Wu Wenjuan , Liang Wenfeng , Zhu Jianguo 
Published: June 2011

Abstract(K0.47Na0.53)1−xLixNb0.94Sb0.06O3 (KNNS‐xLi, x = 0–0.08) lead‐free piezoelectric ceramics have been prepared by conventional solid‐state sintering process. The electrical properties of the ceramics were investigated. The coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal perovskite phases at room temperature results in enhancement of piezoelectric properties for the ceramics with 0.04≤x≤0.06. The ceramics with x = 0.06 possess optimum piezoelectric properties: d33∼255 pC/N, kp∼44.3%, and Tc∼350 °C. These results show that the (K0.47Na0.53)1−xLixNb0.94Sb0.06O3 ceramic can be a potential candidate for lead‐free piezoelectric materials.
Reliability of T‐gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Authors: Burnham Shawn D. , Bowen Ross , Willadsen Pete , Bracamontes Hector , Hashimoto Paul , Hu Ming , Wong Danny , Chen Mary , Micovic Miroslav 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFor the first time, we report on degradation mechanisms of short gate length (Lg = 0.15 µm) T‐gate AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, and compare to previously reported findings for GaN field plate devices of the same gate length. Both types of studied devices were subjected to temperature‐stress tests in air. T‐gate devices were stressed with a drain bias of 15 V, while field plate devices were stressed with a drain bias of 30 V. Some T‐gate devices were also stressed in dry nitrogen to observe any impact of the environment. The devices stressed in air failed faster and at a lower junction temperature than the devices stressed in nitrogen. FIB‐STEM, EDS and EELS analysis of devices that reached failure criteria revealed that the devices stressed in air may have failed faster due to an oxide formation. For a T‐gate device stressed in air, an oxide formation was observed directly underneath the gate foot in a TEM image. For a field plate device stressed in air, an oxide was observed at the interface between the gate foot metal and the field plate dielectric on the drain side of the gate in a TEM image. Gate sinking into the barrier was observed in a TEM image for a T‐gate device stressed in dry nitrogen, while no gate sinking was observed or has been reported for field plate devices. Physics‐based device modeling of the two structures at the different stress bias conditions reveals that the electric field under the gate is much higher for the T‐gate device compared to the field plate device, despite the much higher drain bias for the field plate device. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of efficiency droop and carrier localisation in an InGaN/GaN quantum well structure
Authors: Hammersley S. , Badcock T. J. , Watson‐Parris D. , Godfrey M. J. , Dawson P. , Kappers M. J. , Humphreys C. J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIt is well known that the efficiency of InGaN LEDs reduces significantly at high injection currents. To date there have been several explanations for this phenomena, although no consensus has emerged as to the controlling mechanism(s). In this paper we report on the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence emission from an InGaN/GaN quantum well structure as a function of excitation level. We have observed a reduction in the S‐shape temperature dependence of the peak of the emission spectrum at an excitation level that coincides with the onset of the efficiency droop. We suggest that both the efficiency droop and the reduction in the observed S‐shape temperature dependence are caused by saturation of the available localised states within the quantum well. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Temperature and time dependent threshold voltage characterization of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Tadjer Marko J. , Horcajo Sara Martín , Anderson Travis J. , Cuerdo Roberto , Hobart Karl D. , Calle Fernando 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHigh electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) based on the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure were fabricated with treatments of either CF4 plasma or 19F+ implantation prior to gate deposition. The post‐treatment threshold voltage VT was shifted positively from ‐4.06 V to 0.25 V and ‐0.34 V, respectively. Subsequent 400 °C, up to 10 min furnace annealing increased the transconductance gm in both samples, leading to a two order of magnitude increase in drain current density. The implanted sample improved its VT to ‐0.16 V, whereas the VT of the CF4 plasma‐treated one reverted to ‐1.95 V. Annealing a commercial power HEMT (EPC1012, Efficient Power Conversion Corp.) under identical conditions resulted in stable VT within 1.4% (VT,Rated = 1.4 V). As the ambient temperature was increased to 150 °C, VT of our samples remained within 10% of the room‐temperature values. Reliability stress measurements were performed by applying a VSTRESS of ±1 V or ±2 V for up to 10 minutes. VT of EPC HEMTs increased with temperature and stress polarity, but remained close to specification up to the maximum rated temperature (125 °C) (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoinduced dichroism and the lack of a field effect
Authors: Johanson Robert E. , Kowalyshyn Matthew , Kasap S. O. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe phenomenon of photoinduced dichroism in chalcogenide glasses requires a structural rearrangement of atoms in the localized region where the photon is absorbed. The structural change is facilitated by the energy released during electron‐hole recombination. The dichroism is induced because regions that preferentially absorb the incident polarization will be those that suffer the atomic rearrangements thus bleaching the material for that polarization. A strong electric field should break geminate pairs and transport the electron and hole away from the absorbing region which should quench the photoinduced dichroism. We have searched for such a field effect in glassy arsenic selenide at fields up to 10 V/μm. No decrease in the rate of induced dichroism is observed (the rate actually increases by about 10%) and no change is observed in the stretching parameter when the time dependence is fit to a stretched exponential. These results are consistent with those of other researchers who also failed to find a field effect. The implications of these results for the theory of photoinduced dichroism are discussed. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)