bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recommended β-lactam regimens are inadequate in septic patients treated with continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Seyler Lucie , Cotton Frédéric , Taccone Fabio Silvio , De Backer Daniel , Macours Pascale , Vincent Jean-Louis , Jacobs Frédérique 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Introduction
Sepsis is responsible for important alterations in the pharmacokinetics of antibiotics. Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT), which is commonly used in septic patients, may further contribute to pharmacokinetic changes. Current recommendations for antibiotic doses during CRRT combine data obtained from heterogeneous patient populations in which different CRRT devices and techniques have been used. We studied whether these recommendations met optimal pharmacokinetic criteria for broad-spectrum antibiotic levels in septic shock patients undergoing CRRT.

Methods
This open, prospective study enrolled consecutive patients treated with CRRT and receiving either meropenem (MEM), piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP), cefepime (FEP) or ceftazidime (CAZ). Serum concentrations of these antibiotics were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography from samples taken before (t = 0) and 1, 2, 5, and 6 or 12 hours (depending on the β-lactam regimen) after the administration of each antibiotic. Series of measurements were separated into those taken during the early phase (< 48 hours from the first dose) of therapy and those taken later (> 48 hours).

Results
A total of 69 series of serum samples were obtained in 53 patients (MEM, n = 17; TZP, n = 16; FEP, n = 8; CAZ, n = 12). Serum concentrations remained above four times the minimal inhibitory concentration for Pseudomonas spp. for the recommended time in 81% of patients treated with MEM, in 71% with TZP, in 53% with CAZ and in 0% with FEP. Accumulation after 48 hours of treatment was significant only for MEM.

Conclusions
In septic patients receiving CRRT, recommended doses of β-lactams for Pseudomonas aeruginosa are adequate for MEM but not for TZP, FEP and CAZ; for these latter drugs, higher doses and/or extended infusions should be used to optimise serum concentrations.
Role of Glycated Hemoglobin in the Prediction of Future Risk of T2DM
Authors: Abdul-Ghani Muhammad A. , Abdul-Ghani Tamam , Müller Gabriele , Bergmann Antje , Fischer Sabine , Bornstein Stefan , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Schwarz Peter 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Aim:
The aim of this study was to assess the predictive power of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for future type 2 diabetes risk.

Research Design and Methods:
Six hundred eighty-seven subjects who were free of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participated in the study. Each subject received a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test at baseline and 624 received a repeat oral glucose tolerance test after 3.5 ± 0.1 yr of follow-up. Anthropometric measurements, lipid profile, and HbA1c were measured during the baseline visit. Logistic multivariate models were created with T2DM status at follow-up as the dependent variable and other parameters as the independent variables. The receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) was used to assess the predictive discrimination of the various models.

Results:
HbA1c was a significant predictor of future T2DM risk (area under the ROC curve = 0.73, P &lt; 0.0001). A HbA1c cut point of 5.65% had the maximal sum of sensitivity and specificity. Although the area under the ROC curve of HbA1c was smaller than the area under the ROC curve of both the 1-h plasma glucose concentration and a multivariate logistic model (including anthropometric parameters, lipid profile, and fasting plasma glucose), the addition of HbA1c to both the 1-h plasma glucose and the multivariate logistic model significantly increased their predictive power.

Conclusion:
Although HbA1c alone is a weaker predictor of future T2DM risk compared with the 1-h plasma glucose, it provides additive information about future T2DM risk when added to previously published prediction models.
Thrombocytopathy: an update1
Authors: Drogies Tim , Braunert Leanthe , Thiery Joachim , Brügel Mathias 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
“Thrombocytopathia” describes inherited or acquired functional disorders of platelets. The complexity of functional and metabolic processes in platelets is associated with a multitude of possible pathologic disturbances, showing a high variability in the clinical picture. The diagnosis of thrombocytopathies by existing laboratory methods is limited by variable sensitivities and specificities for various pathophysiologic backgrounds. Furthermore, the clinical evaluation of laboratory results is complex because of high intra- and interindividual variability of the platelet function. In daily routine diagnostics, a detailed patient history and clinical examination combined with aggregometry-based laboratory methods remains the central approach to diagnose a platelet function disorder.
Liraglutide as additional treatment for type 1 diabetes
Authors: Varanasi Ajay , Bellini Natalie , Rawal Deepti , Vora Mehul , Makdissi Antoine , Dhindsa Sandeep , Chaudhuri Ajay , Dandona Paresh 
Published: June 2011

ObjectiveTo determine whether the addition of liraglutide to insulin to treat patients with type 1 diabetes leads to an improvement in glycemic control and diminish glycemic variability.Subjects and methodsIn this study, 14 patients with well-controlled type 1 diabetes on continuous glucose monitoring and intensive insulin therapy were treated with liraglutide for 1 week. Of the 14 patients, eight continued therapy for 24 weeks.ResultsIn all the 14 patients, mean fasting and mean weekly glucose concentrations significantly decreased after 1 week from 130±10 to 110±8 mg/dl (P<0.01) and from 137.5±20 to 115±12 mg/dl (P<0.01) respectively. Glycemic excursions significantly improved at 1 week. The mean s.d. of glucose concentrations decreased from 56±10 to 26±6 mg/dl (P<0.01) and the coefficient of variation decreased from 39.6±10 to 22.6±7 (P<0.01). There was a concomitant fall in the basal insulin from 24.5±6 to 16.5±6 units (P<0.01) and bolus insulin from 22.5±4 to 15.5±4 units (P<0.01).In patients who continued therapy with liraglutide for 24 weeks, mean fasting, mean weekly glucose concentrations, glycemic excursions, and basal and bolus insulin dose also significantly decreased (P<0.01). HbA1c decreased significantly at 24 weeks from 6.5 to 6.1% (P=0.02), as did the body weight by 4.5±1.5 kg (P=0.02).ConclusionLiraglutide treatment provides an additional strategy for improving glycemic control in type 1 diabetes. It also leads to weight loss.
Rates of Parent-Centered Developmental Screening: Disparities and Links to Services Access
Authors: Bethell Christina , Reuland Colleen , Schor Edward , Abrahms Melinda , Halfon Neal 
Published: June 2011

BACKGROUND:
In 2006, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommended developmental screening of young children with a standardized screening tool as a routine component of well-child care.

OBJECTIVES:
To assess the national and state prevalence of standardized, parent-completed developmental screening (DS-PC) in the previous 12 months and evaluate associations between screening and receipt of an early-intervention plan or mental health services for children at higher risk.

METHODS:
Data from the 2007 National Survey of Children's Health were used. Nested t tests were used to compare each state to national prevalence. Logistic and multilevel regression models evaluated variations and associations with DS-PC.

RESULTS:
Nationally, 19.5% of children received a DS-PC in the previous 12 months, although the figure varied from 10.7% to 47% across the United States. Prevalence did not rise above 26.7% for any socioeconomic subgroup of children and was highest for younger, black, and publicly insured children and lowest for uninsured children and children with gaps in insurance coverage. Equally high-risk children varied twofold in their probability of receiving early intervention or needed mental health services according to whether they had received a DS-PC.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is a significant gap between the developmental screening that is recommended and what is reported nationally. When children are not screened consistently, opportunities for early identification, intervention, and treatment may be delayed. Gaps in screening and wide variations across states present considerable opportunities for cross-state learning to improve quality on this critical component of preventive pediatric care. Measurement systems for assessing prevalence and impact of screening require continued evaluation and development.
Sexual History Documentation in Adolescent Emergency Department Patients
Authors: Goyal Monika , McCutcheon Marin , Hayes Katie , Mollen Cynthia 
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the frequency of physician-documented sexual histories in female adolescents who presented to an emergency department (ED) with symptoms suggestive of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Our secondary objectives were to determine if physician-documented sexual history is associated with increased STI testing and to compare the concordance of physician-elicited sexual histories with patient-documented sexual histories by using confidential questionnaires.

METHODS:
We conducted a secondary analysis of a prospective study of female adolescents who presented to a pediatric ED with chief complaints of lower abdominal pain and/or genitourinary complaints. Patient charts were abstracted for the presence or absence of documented sexual histories and demographics. A subset of patients completed a questionnaire pertaining to sexual health.

RESULTS:
The study population comprised 327 patients; 269 (82%) patients had a physician-documented sexual history, of which 204 (76%) reported being sexually active to the physician. Patient age (odds ratio [OR]: 2.6 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3–5.3]) and black race (OR: 2.0 [95% CI: 1.1–3.7]) were associated with physician-documented sexual history. The documentation of a sexual history was associated with increased STI testing (OR: 3.9 [95% CI: 2.0–7.6]). In the patients (n = 109) who completed the questionnaire, physician-elicited sexual histories were highly concordant with patient-documented sexual histories on questionnaire (Spearman r = 0.90; P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSION:
These results indicate that ED physicians should obtain sexual histories from symptomatic patients, because it may increase STI testing and subsequent detection. In future studies factors should be evaluated that affect physicians' willingness to assess sexual history in the ED patient.
Academy of Pediatric Education and Leadership: Preparing Leaders for Educational Innovation
Authors: Hobson Wendy L. , Carey John C. , Bale James F. 
Published: June 2011

Faculty development has been identified as a critical need if we hope to advance competency-based education. Despite the small number of participants at a single institution, the model presented here has the possibility for making a significant contribution to future faculty development initiatives for two reasons. First, by supporting the time of the scholars, the program makes a statement about the value of medical education and the recognition that it requires a skill set to become an educator. While the need for requisite skill sets has long been recognized for training sub-specialists, this has not been the case for those taking on major roles in education and training. Second, despite a rich literature, little has been published about the effects on the learners of those who participated in the faculty development programs. By supporting a cadre of individuals to acquire the skills needed to be an educator as well as the skills needed to perform educational research to study the impact of applying those skills, this project serves as a model for developing a much needed community of medical education leaders.
Carol Carraccio, MD, MA
Thermoelectric properties of spark plasma sintered composites based on TiNiSn half-Heusler alloys
Authors: Gelbstein Yaniv , Tal Nadav , Yarmek Aviad , Rosenberg Yoav , Dariel Moshe P. , Ouardi Siham , Balke Benjamin , Felser Claudia , Köhne Martin 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Alternatives to Minimize Scale Precipitation in Carbonate Cores Caused by Alkalis in ASP Flooding in High Salinity/High Temperature Applications
Authors: Bataweel M. A. , Nasr-El-Din H. A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Studying formation damage caused by chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in a high-temperature/high-salinity (HT/HS) reservoir will help in developing guidelines to improve EOR performance during alkaline/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding by minimizing negative interactions between chemicals and reservoir components. Formation brines that have high concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ can interact with injected fluid and cause precipitation and loss of injectivity. Operators during some ASP field studies have noticed negative interactions between injected chemicals with formation rock and fluids that resulted in scaling after initiation of ASP flooding.
Several alkalis were evaluated to assess their scaling potential in high salinity formation brines and seawater as mixing brine at high temperatures. Four alkalis were evaluated; three inorganic alkalis sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, and sodium metaborate, and one organic alkali.
In this study we evaluate the application of two novel alkalis and include scale inhibitor in the chemical slug to minimize precipitation of the sodium carbonate (alkali) when mixed with formation brine. Using organic alkali eliminates the need to soften the mixing brine and will result in expanding the ASP application to more challenging applications and reduce the softening cost for the mixing water. Including the scale inhibitor did assist in reducing the permeability loss as expected.
Service for Dynamic Scale Removal of Barium Sulfate in Perforation Tunnels
Authors: Harive Kevin , Le Cam , Abdel Khalek Mohamed 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
There has been a substantial decline in production of wells drilled in Libya over the last 30 years. This sharp, early decline suggests that significantly increased drilling will be necessary in the near future to sustain the country's oil and gas production. With the increasing cost of drilling and completing new wells, attention was focused on the depletion rates and the reasons behind them.
Through offset well data and extensive field knowledge, the producer concluded that the most likely scenario was scale buildup. Data indicated that the scale was barium sulfate (BaSO4), which accumulated in the perforation tunnels, impeding the flow of the hydrocarbons to the production string and, in essence, to the surface facilities.
A cost-effective intervention method to restore the production to the previous producing rates was requested. The intervention would have to be done without suspending the well as well as have the ability to bring back samples of the scale for further testing.
This paper presents a case history of the successful removal of barium sulfate (BaSO4) without killing the well or costly chemical intervention. The method harnesses the effects of dynamic underbalance, sound engineering interpolation, and the versatility of the SurgePro™ software to optimize the job design.
The Effect of Fracture Face Matrix Damage on Productivity of Fractured Wells with Infinitive and Finite Fracture Conductivities in Shale Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Guo Boyun , Ganjy Ershad , Gao Deli , Ai Chi 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Producing natural gas from shale gas reservoirs presents a great challenge to the petroleum engineers because of the low permeability nature of this type of gas reservoirs. Large scale and expensive hydraulic fracturing operations are often required for enhancing gas well productivity. Due to the shally characteristics of the reservoir rock, the hydraulically fractured gas wells are very vulnerable to the damage by the fracturing fluids. However, the significance of the formation damage due to different causes in fractured wells is still not clear. It is highly desirable to have a simple method for predicting the degree of fracture face matrix damage and optimizing fracturing treatment. This paper fills the gap.
A new mathematical model was developed in this study to predict the effect of fracture face matrix damage on productivity of fractured gas wells in shale gas reservoirs. A unique feature of the new model is that it considers reservoir-fracture crossflow in finite conductivity fractures. Results of the model analyses were sensitized to reservoir properties and facture face matrix skin properties determined by the fracturing fluid properties and treatment conditions. Large ranges of possible leak-off coefficient and spurt-loss coefficient were investigated. We concluded that the significance of fracture face matrix damage to well productivity depends on reservoir properties (porosity and permeability) and fracturing fluid properties (leak-off coefficient, spurt loss coefficient, and viscosity). Reservoir properties determine the vulnerability of formation damage, while fluid properties controls the degree of formation damage. The productivity index ratio (PIR) for describing the significance of formation damage drops non-linearly with leak-off coefficient and damage permeability ratios. In the practical range of the leak-off coefficient, the PIR analysis reveals that well productivity should drop by less than 15% even the residual permeability is 5% of the virgin reservoir permeability in the damage zone. Accurate prediction of the effect of fracture face matrix damage on well productivity with this model requires conducting laboratory test to determine the residual permeability in the damaged zone for a given shale gas reservoir.
Comparison of Skin Factors for Perforated Completions Calculated with Computational Fluid Dynamics Software and a Semi-Analytical Model
Authors: Sun Datong , Li Baoyan , Gladkikh Mikhail , Satti Rajani , Evans Randy 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
There are many factors affecting flow performance of perforated completions. These factors include perforation tunnel geometry, drilling and perforation damage, formation anisotropy, etc. The combined effect of these factors is usually accounted for via a single parameter – total skin factor, which is an important input parameter for Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) prediction and reservoir simulation. The commonly used semi-analytical skin factor model assumes total skin factor can be expressed as a linear combination of horizontal skin, vertical skin considering anisotropy, perforation-damaged-zone skin, and other skins. The purpose of this study is to investigate the validity of the semi-analytical model in the realistic operational range of perforating parameter values.
For this purpose, we use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software to simulate the production flow of a cased-and-perforated well in a representative 3D geometric formation. We consider three effects: drilling damage, perforation damage (crushed zone around the perforation tunnel), and anisotropy, assuming no pressure drop along the interior of perforation tunnel. All combinations of the three effects are considered. Computed skins are compared with the semi-analytical skin model used in the industry.
Computed results show good comparisons between skin factors calculated using CFD software and the model for most cases. However, significant deviations in skin factor comparisons are observed when both perforation damage and formation anisotropy exist. We also conclude that an additional skin factor term, related to the ratio of modified wellbore radius to the original wellbore radius, should be explicitly listed in the model for the case of perforations tunnel extending beyond the drilling damage zone.
Calculated CFD skin factors can be used as a database for predictive pre-job analysis. Deviation between skin factors calculated using CFD and the model highlights the need for improving industry methods to estimate skin factor in perforated completions.
Optimizing Fracture Geometry and Productivity in High Permeability Reservoirs
Authors: Armirola F. , Pinto C. , Machacon M. , Lastre M. , Milne A. , Bravo O. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
In the Llanos basin of Colombia, there are shallow, highly permeable, poorly consolidated sandstone reservoirs close to oil-water contacts. The Carbonera formation is typical—several small, highly permeable (600 to 3000 mD) producing sands, with poorly defined barriers. High production rates and low bottom hole flowing pressures (BHFP) result in water coning and sand production. One solution is a stacked frac-pack completion.
In these applications, conventional cross-linked fracturing fluids have limitations. High polymer concentrations and viscosity are required to control fluid leak-off and create a sufficiently wide hydraulic fracture to admit proppant. High fluid viscosity has led to uncontrolled fracture growth into oil-water contacts, while the high polymer concentration decreases fracture conductivity and effective half-length.
A linear fluid comprised of polyacrylamide and polysaccharide polymers has proved an effective solution. The polyacrylamide greatly enhances fluid efficiency and elasticity, while reducing friction pressures and horsepower requirements. Fluid elasticity ensures adequate proppant transport. Fluid efficiency is determined by the polyacrylamide concentration and adjusted to achieve the required fracture geometry. The use of this fluid along with a geomechanical model and pseudo 3D fracturing simulator ensures that the propped fracture remains within the producing sand, with increased effective fracture half-length and conductivity. The polyacrylamide reduces the effective permeability to water and limits potential conning, when the well is produced.
Wells completed with frac-packs using the linear fluid produce an average of 1420 bbl/day of fluid with 20% water-cut. The fluid efficiency during the treatments varies between 30% and 15% as a function of permeability. Offset conventionally gravel packed wells with a lower bottom hole flowing pressure (BHFP) average 980 bbl/day of fluid with 60% water-cut.
Frac-packs, using an efficient linear fluid together with a geomechanical model and a pseudo 3D fracturing simulator have greatly improved the economics of producing these highly permeable reservoirs—maximizing production and recoverable reserves, while minimizing water production.