bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photodegradation of tetracyclines in aqueous solution by using UV and UV/H2O2 oxidation processes
Authors: López‐Peñalver Jesús J. , Sánchez‐Polo Manuel , Gómez‐Pacheco Carla V. , Rivera‐Utrilla José 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The objective of the present study was to analyse the kinetics of photodegradation of three antibiotics from the tetracycline group (tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC) and oxytetracycline (OTC)), and the influence of the operational variables: (1) initial concentration; (2) initial solution pH; (3) addition of hydrogen peroxide; (4) effect of the aqueous matrix (ultrapure water (UW), surface water (SW), groundwater (GW) and waste‐water (WW) on these processes.RESULTS: The results obtained show that the photodegradation of the three tetracyclines fits first‐order kinetics. The degradation rate depends on initial concentration and pH. Low concentrations of H2O2 markedly increased the efficacy of TC photolysis, with a linear relationship between degradation rate and H2O2 concentration for concentrations of 2 × 10−2 to 2 × 10−1 mmol L−1. The photodegradation rate is higher in real waters than in ultrapure water. The toxicity of oxidation by‐products formed during tetracyclines photooxidation process was determined by a bioluminescent test, showing that toxicity increases during the process.CONCLUSIONS: Oxidation of tetracyclines by UV radiation alone is slow due to the low quantum yield determined. The UV/H2O2 process is an interesting alternative to oxidise tetracyclines in aqueous solution, because this process decreases total organic carbon concentration and tetracyclines oxidation by‐products toxicity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Copper‐catalyzed alkyne cycloaddition on electron deficient azides via tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Nilsson Linda I. , Ertan Anne , Weigelt Dirk , Nolsöe Jens M. J. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
magnified image Tetrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines are capable of serving as masked azides in copper‐catalyzed Huisgen cyclization with a variety of terminal alkynes, providing a simple protocol for the generation of novel 4′‐substituted 2‐(1′,2′,3′‐triazol‐1′‐yl)pyrimidines. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Diuretic drug binding to human glutathione transferase P1‐1: potential role of Cys‐101 revealed in the double mutant C47S/Y108V
Authors: Quesada‐Soriano Indalecio , Parker Lorien J. , Primavera Alessandra , Wielens Jerome , Holien Jessica K. , Casas‐Solvas Juan M. , Vargas‐Berenguel Antonio , Aguilera Ana M. , Nuccetelli Marzia , Mazzetti Anna P. , Bello Mario Lo , Parker Michael W. , García‐Fuentes Luis 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe diuretic drug ethacrynic acid (EA), both an inhibitor and substrate of pi class glutathione S‐transferase (GST P1‐1), has been tested in clinical trials as an adjuvant in chemotherapy. We recently studied the role of the active site residue Tyr‐108 in binding EA to the enzyme and found that the analysis was complicated by covalent binding of this drug to the highly reactive Cys‐47. Previous attempts to eliminate this binding by chemical modification yielded ambiguous results and therefore we decided here to produce a double mutant C47S/Y108V by site directed mutagenesis and further expression in Escherichia coli and the interaction of EA and its GSH conjugate (EASG) examined by calorimetric studies and X‐ray diffraction. Surprisingly, in the absence of Cys‐47, Cys‐101 (located at the dimer interface) becomes a target for modification by EA, albeit at a lower conjugation rate than Cys‐47. The Cys‐47 → Ser mutation in the double mutant enzyme induces a positive cooperativity between the two subunits when ligands with affinity to G‐site bind to enzyme. However, this mutation does not seem to affect the thermodynamic properties of ligand binding to the electrophilic binding site (H‐site) and the thermal or chemical stability of this double mutant does not significantly affect the unfolding mechanism in either the absence or presence of ligand. Crystal structures of apo and an EASG complex are essentially identical with a few exceptions in the H‐site and in the water network at the dimer interface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial and temporal variability of precipitation concentration index, concentration degree and concentration period in Xinjiang, China
Authors: Li Xuemei , Jiang Fengqing , Li Lanhai , Wang Guigang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper studied the spatial and temporal variability of the statistical structures of precipitation across Xinjiang, China, by analysing the time series of daily precipitation from 50 weather stations during the period from 1961 to 2008. Three indices precipitation concentration index (CI), precipitation concentration degree (PCD) and precipitation concentration period (PCP) were used to detect precipitation concentrations and the associated spatial patterns. The results show that higher precipitation CI values were mainly observed in Southern Xinjiang, whereas lower precipitation CI values were mostly detected in Northern Xinjiang. The precipitation CI values are noticeably larger in places where both annual total precipitation and number of rainy days are lower. The Mann–Kendall trend test demonstrates that the most parts of Xinjiang are characterized by no significant trends of precipitation CI at the 0.05 significance level. The periodicity characteristic of precipitation CI time series in Xinjiang could be detected by wavelet power spectrum analysis, and significant periods of that in most of Xinjiang were concentrated on 2–5 years band. The results of PCP reveal that rainfall in Xinjiang mostly occurs in summer, and the rainy season arrives earlier in Eastern Xinjiang than Western Xinjiang, whereas the results of PCD indicate that the rainfall in Northern Xinjiang was more dispersed within a year than that in Southern Xinjiang. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Integration of satellite‐measured LST data into cokriging for temperature estimation on tropical and temperate islands
Authors: Park Sunyurp 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCokriging, a multivariate geostatistical interpolation method, uses elevation information as a secondary variable to improve the prediction accuracy of air temperature in mountainous areas. Although the secondary variable plays an important role in cokriging, the performance of interpolation largely depends on the amount of input data. The purpose of this study was to improve air temperature estimation by merging hypertemporal Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer land surface temperature (LST) data and ground observations as interpolation data. Two significantly different island environments, tropical Hawaii Island (USA) and temperate Jeju Island (Korea), were selected for interpolation experiments. Spatiotemporal characteristics of air temperature prediction were compared between three cokriging methods and the conventional inverse‐distance weighted interpolation. Due to the year‐round trade winds, there was significant difference in prediction errors between windward and leeward slopes of Hawaii Island. LST‐derived temperature was not regularly sampled from cloud‐prone, windward slopes. As a result, prediction reliability was lower on windward slopes than leeward slopes, and overall prediction accuracy decreased in the wet season. Jeju Island is a mid‐latitude volcanic island heavily influenced by the Asian monsoons. This climatic setting creates the seasonal variations of air temperature that is far greater than its spatial variations. The environmental lapse rate (ELR) of Jeju Island became much steeper in winter, and prediction accuracy and reliability were reduced due to an increase in the spatial variations of air temperature. With the addition of satellite‐derived air temperature data, the root mean square errors of cokriging decreased by 27.3–52.9% for Hawaii Island and 34.6–37.6% for Jeju Island depending on cokriging models. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Changes in in vivo knee loading with a variable‐stiffness intervention shoe correlate with changes in the knee adduction moment
Authors: Erhart Jennifer C. , Dyrby Chris O. , D'Lima Darryl D. , Colwell Clifford W. , Andriacchi Thomas P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractExternal knee adduction moment can be reduced using footwear interventions, but the exact changes in in vivo medial joint loading remain unknown. An instrumented knee replacement was used to assess changes in in vivo medial joint loading in a single patient walking with a variable‐stiffness intervention shoe. We hypothesized that during walking with a load modifying variable‐stiffness shoe intervention: (1) the first peak knee adduction moment will be reduced compared to a subject's personal shoes; (2) the first peak in vivo medial contact force will be reduced compared to personal shoes; and (3) the reduction in knee adduction moment will be correlated with the reduction in medial contact force. The instrumentation included a motion capture system, force plate, and the instrumented knee prosthesis. The intervention shoe reduced the first peak knee adduction moment (13.3%, p = 0.011) and medial compartment joint contact force (12.3%; p = 0.008) compared to the personal shoe. The change in first peak knee adduction moment was significantly correlated with the change in first peak medial contact force (R2 = 0.67, p = 0.007). Thus, for a single subject with a total knee prosthesis the variable‐stiffness shoe reduces loading on the affected compartment of the joint. The reductions in the external knee adduction moment are indicative of reductions in in vivo medial compressive force with this intervention. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1548–1553, 2010
Raman scattering features of lead pyroantimonate compounds: implication for the non‐invasive identification of yellow pigments on ancient ceramics. Part II. In situ characterisation of Renaissance plates by portable micro‐Raman and XRF studies
Authors: Rosi F. , Manuali V. , Grygar T. , Bezdicka P. , Brunetti B. G. , Sgamellotti A. , Burgio L. , Seccaroni C. , Miliani C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy (using a bench‐top system on standard pigments) for the characterisation of modified lead antimonate yellows was demonstrated in the already published Part I. The knowledge gained is employed here for the study of yellow glazes on genuine Renaissance plates with the aim of identifying non‐invasively lead pyroantimonate compounds by portable micro‐Raman equipment. The investigation was carried out directly on site, at the Victoria and Albert Museum (London, UK) and at the Museo Statale d'Arte Medievale di Arezzo (Arezzo, Italy), combining Raman and X‐ray fluorescence analyses. In addition to the spectral features of both unmodified Naples yellow and Sn‐ and Zn‐modified lead antimonate compounds, the Raman patterns related to partially modified pyrochlore structures were observed. For this reason, the possible Sn‐induced modification of Naples yellow by cassiterite (SnO2), present within the glaze as opacifier was explored on lead antimonate yellow glaze mock‐ups fired at different temperatures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid transcriptome and proteome profiling of a non‐model marine invertebrate, Bugula neritina
Authors: Wang Hao , Zhang Huoming , Wong Yue Him , Voolstra Christian , Ravasi Timothy , B. Bajic Vladimir , Qian Pei‐Yuan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNon‐model organisms represent the majority of life forms in our planet. However, the lack of genetic information hinders us to understand the unique biological phenomena in non‐model organisms at the molecular level. In this study, we applied a tandem transcriptome and proteome profiling on a non‐model marine fouling organism, Bugula neritina. Using a 454 pyrosequencing platform with the updated titanium reagents, we generated a total of 48M bp transcriptome data consisting of 131 450 high‐quality reads. Of these, 122 650 reads (93%) were assembled to produce 6392 contigs with an average length of 538 bases and the remaining 8800 reads were singletons. Of the total 15 192 unigenes, 13 863 ORFs were predicated, of which 6917 were functionally annotated based on gene ontology and eukaryotic orthologous groups. Subsequent proteome analysis identified and quantified 882 proteins from B. neritina. These results would provide fundamental and important information for the subsequent studies of molecular mechanism in larval biology, development, antifouling research. Furthermore, we demonstrated, for the first time, the combined use of two high‐throughput technologies as a powerful approach for accelerating the studies of non‐model but otherwise important species.
Fold versus sequence effects on the driving force for protein‐mediated electron transfer
Authors: Perrin Bradley Scott , Ichiye Toshiko 
Published: June 2010

AbstractElectron transport chains composed of electron transfer reactions mainly between proteins provide fast efficient flow of energy in a variety of metabolic pathways. Reduction potentials are essential characteristics of the proteins because they determine the driving forces for the electron transfers. As both polar and charged groups from the backbone and side chains define the electrostatic environment, both the fold and the sequence will contribute. However, although the role of a specific sequence may be determined by experimental mutagenesis studies of reduction potentials, understanding the role of the fold by experiment is much more difficult. Here, continuum electrostatics and density functional theory calculations are used to analyze reduction potentials in [4Fe‐4S] proteins. A key feature is that multiple homologous proteins in three different folds are compared: six high potential iron‐sulfur proteins, four bacterial ferredoxins, and four nitrogenase iron proteins. Calculated absolute reduction potentials are shown to be in quantitative agreement with electrochemical reduction potentials. Calculations further demonstrate that the contribution of the backbone is larger than that of the side chains and is consistent for homologous proteins but differs for nonhomologous proteins, indicating that the fold is the major protein factor determining the reduction potential, whereas the specific amino acid sequence tunes the reduction potential for a given fold. Moreover, the fold contribution is determined mainly by the proximity of the redox site to the protein surface and the orientation of the dipoles of backbone near the redox site. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Saxagliptin (Onglyza): new DPP‐4 inhibitor for type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chaplin Steve , Vora Jiten 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSaxagliptin (Onglyza) is a new DPP‐4 inhibitor licensed as add‐on therapy with metformin, a sulphonylurea or a thiazolidinedione in type 2 diabetes. In our New products review, Steve Chaplin presents the data relating to its efficacy and adverse effects as a component of dual therapy, and Professor Jiten Vora summarises the potential role of the DPP‐4 inhibitors.
Managing upper gastrointestinal disorders in older people
Authors: Haunton Victoria , Boovalingam Padmabushan , Lo Nelson 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOur series Prescribing in older people gives practical advice for successful management of the special problems face by this age group. Here, the authors describe the diagnosis and recommended management of gastro esophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Interface Ltd
Optical bandgap modeling of thermal annealed ZnO:Ga thin films using neural networks
Authors: Kim Chang Eun , Moon Pyung , Yun Ilgu , Kim Sungyeon , Myoung Jae‐Min , Jang Hyeon Woo , Bang Jungsik 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this paper, the thermal annealing process modeling for the optical bandgap of ZnO:Ga thin films for transparent conductive oxide was presented using neural network (NNets) based on error backpropagation (BPNN) algorithm and multilayer perceptron (MLP). The thermal annealing process of ZnO:Ga thin films were analyzed by general factorial experimental design. The annealing temperature and film thickness were considered as input factors. To model the nonlinear annealing process, 6 experiments were trained by BPNN which has 2‐4‐1 structures and 2 additional samples were experimented to verify the predicted models. The output response model on optical bandgap and carrier concentration of ZnO:Ga thin films trained by BPNN was represented by surface plot of response surface model. Based on the modeling results, NNets can provide sufficient correspondence between the predicted output values and the measured. The optical bandgap variation of ZnO:Ga thin films by annealing is due to increased carrier concentration and explained by Burstein–Moss effect. The thermal annealing process is nonlinear and complex but the output response can be predicted by the NNets model.
Optically active nanoparticles: Fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and metal nanoparticles
Authors: Hidalgo Francisco , Noguez Cecilia 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA brief topical review of the optical activity of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and metallic clusters, is given. Using a recently developed first‐principles formalism, the particular case of the optical activity of the chiral C84 fullerene with D2 symmetry is studied in detail. In particular, the optical activity of the four possible isomers with this symmetry is studied by calculating the electronic circular dichroism (CD) and compared with experimental data. Although a similar line shape is found for the lowest‐energy isomer, the width and intensity of the main experimental peaks are not well reproduced. On the other hand, it is found that the average CD of the mixture of the three lower‐energy isomers is in better agreement with experiments. It is expected that this review would be useful as an introduction to optical activity at the nanometer scale, and motivate further experimental studies and the interpretation of natural optical activity in nanoparticles. magnified image
Calculated CD of a mixture of different isomers of the fullerene C84 with D2 symmetry by using DFT and its comparison with experiment.
Vertical‐type InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes with high efficiency reflector ITO/APC alloy on p‐GaN
Authors: Hwang Sung Min , Cho Hyun Kyong , Kwon Ho Ki , Oh Tchang Hun 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe demostrate the efficient p‐type reflector for high performance vertical InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) with 1 × 1mm2 chip size. The reflector consists of Indium‐Tin‐Oxide (ITO) and Ag‐Pd‐Cu (APC) alloy. The ITO was inserted between p‐GaN layer and APC alloy using RF magnetron sputtering to prevent inter‐diffusion of APC into GaN layer. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) result shows that ITO plays an impotant role as a diffusion barrier to APC alloy. In addition, the contact resistivity of ITO to p‐GaN layer was measured to be 1.32 × 10‐3 Ωcm2 at annealing temperature of 600 °C for 1 minute. APC alloy was adpoted to acheive a higher reflectance for improvement of a light extraction efficiency. The APC alloy reflector appeared to have a higher reflectivity compared to conventional Ni/Ag film reflector. The verical LEDs with ITO/APC alloy reflectors showed the light‐output power of 295 mW at an injection current of 350 mA, which is 15% higher than that with Ni/Ag reflectors. The output power enhancement is attributed to the increase of light extraction efficiency due to high reflectivity of APC alloy (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characteristics of high Al‐content AlGaN/AlN quantum wells fabricated by modified migration enhanced epitaxy
Authors: Banal Ryan G. , Funato Mitsuru , Kawakami Yoichi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHigh‐quality AlxGa1‐xN/AlN multiple quantum wells (MQWs) with high‐Al content (x > 0.69) were fabricated by modified migration enhanced epitaxy (MEE), characterized by the repetition of simultaneous supply and alternating supply of group III and group V sources. The fabrication of MQWs was confirmed from x‐ray diffraction satellite peaks. With higher growth temperatures, the Al incorporation in the well layer increased. The surface was atomically smooth, and the photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed negligible deep‐level emission, attesting the high quality of the active layers. The ratio of low‐temperature and room‐temperature PL, which approximates the internal quantum efficiency, was as high as ∼36% at an emission wavelength of ∼240 nm. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical anisotropy in semipolar (Al,In)GaN laser waveguides
Authors: Scheibenzuber W. , Schwarz U. , Veprek R. , Witzigmann B. , Hangleiter A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this work, the optical eigenmodes of a semipolar (Al,In)GaN laser diode are calculated. A full vectorial one‐dimensional 4×4 transfer matrix method is used to correctly incorporate the influence of birefringence of the wurtzite crystal. Depending on the orientation of the laser waveguide relative to the c‐axis, the eigenmodes show TE/TM‐ or extraordinary/ordinary polarization. The polarization direction of the eigenmodes is crucial for the performance of the laser, as it determines the relevant interband matrix elements for the optical gain. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Immunomodulatory response of Cramoll 1,4 lectin on experimental lymphocytes
Authors: de Melo Cristiane Moutinho Lagos , de Castro Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz , de Oliveira Andresa Pereira , Gomes Fabiana Oliveira Santos , Pereira Valéria Rêgo Alves , Correia Maria Tereza Santos , Coelho Luana Cassandra Breitenbach Barroso , Paiva Patrícia Maria Guedes 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCramoll 1,4 is a lectin extracted fromCratylia mollisMart. seeds that has shown antitumor and lymphocyte mitogenic activities in other studies. The aim of this work was to investigate,in vitro, the immunomodulatory activity of Cramoll 1,4 on experimental cultures of mice lymphocytes through cytotoxic assays, nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and IL‐10 and IFN‐γ production. Cramoll 1,4 did not show cytotoxic activity at 1–25 μg/mL concentrations, similar results were observed with concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) lectins. The minimum production of IL‐10 was observed in splenocytes cultivated with Con A, PHA and Cramoll 1,4 lectins. However, splenocytes treated with Cramoll 1,4 showed higher IFN‐γ production in comparison with PHA and Con A (p< 0.05 for both). Production of NO was effectively suppressed in murine cells stimulated with the lectins and was only detected after 72 h for PHA in relation to non‐stimulated lymphocytes (p< 0.05). Cramoll 1,4 was not toxic to murine lymphocytes, induced Th1 response through IFN‐γ production and showed antiinflammatory activity through NO suppression. Therefore, Cramoll 1,4 can be considered a lectin with immunomodulatory activity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.