bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The external morphology and life history of the pseudoscorpion Roncus lubricus
Authors: Gabbutt Peter D. , Vachon Max 
Published: August 2009

The external morphology of all stages of Roncus lubricus L. Koch is described. The morphogenesis of characters of taxonomic importance has been followed through all the nymphal stages to the adults. The observation on the chaetotaxy of the body and the appendages, and the variation in the measurements and ratios of various structures of the British specimens suggests that Beier's (1963) key to the European members of this genus can only be used with extreme caution at the subspecific level.The life history, based on a quantitative sampling technique, is described from data from a single site. The seasonal variations in the densities of each of the nymphs and the adults observed over a two‐year period, suggests that one generation is produced each year. The problems of the low densities of protonymphs, of winter migration into the soil and of the shortage of females during the summer are discussed in relation to the sampling and extraction techniques.Le présent travail fait partie d'un ensemble de recherches poursuivies depuis plusieurs années sur le développment post‐embryonnaire des Pseudoscorpions britanniques et leur cycle vital. L'un des buts de ces recherches est de découvrir les modifications que subit la morphologie depuis le stade protonymphal jusqu'au stade adulte, surtout en ce qui concerne les caractères utilisés par les systématiciens et qui servent à la distinction des espèces et des sous‐espèces.La chaetotaxie du corps, des appendices et du flagelle chélicérien, les rapports morphométriques, ont été relevés à tous les stades et sur de nombreux exemplaires de l'espèce commune; Roncus lubricus L. Koch; les limites de leurs variations sont fixées par des formules ou des tableaux. Les spécimens britanniques de Roncus lubricus possèdent des caractères particuliers mais leur dénomination sous‐spécifique ne sera envisagée qu'une fois terminées les recherches de morphologie dynamique entreprises sur la faune britannique des Pseudoscorpions. De toute manière, il apparaît qu'il faut être très prudent dans l'emploi des caractères actuellement utilisés dans les tableaux de détermination et notamment dans ceux de Max Beier (1963).Le cycle vital de Roncus lubricus est étudié par la méthode des prélèvements. Celle‐ci permet de connaitre le nombre des spécimens de chaque stade tout au long de deux années consécutives. Les problèmes de la rareté des protonymphes, du sex‐ratio, des migrations hivernales sont etudies et commentés.
Supernumerary deciduous incisors and the order of eruption of the incisor teeth in the albino ferret
Authors: Berkovitz B. K. B. 
Published: August 2009

A radiological study of the developing dentition of the domestic albino ferret has revealed the presence of four upper and three lower deciduous functionless incisor teeth in each half of the jaw. The presence of the additional upper incisor tooth can only be accounted for in two ways:(1) It arose as the result of a gene mutation within the closed colony.(2) It is indicative of the fact that at some early date in the evolution of the Carnivora, four deciduous incisors were functional in each half of the jaw.
The reproductive system of male rock hyrax (Procavia and Heterohyrax)
Authors: Glover T. D. , Sale J. B. 
Published: August 2009

The male genitalia of the rock hyrax (Procavia and Heterohyrax) are described. Features of the gross anatomy and histology of the testes and male accessory organs are presented, and comparison is made between the sexually active and sexually quiescent animal.Microscopical observations have revealed the main area of storage of spermatozoa in this mammal and partly on these grounds, a new nomenclature for different parts of the reproductive system is proposed. Seasonal variations in male sexual activity in these mammals are also discussed, in addition to anatomical considerations.
The functional morphology of the digestive system in the carnivorous intertidal isopod Eurydice
Authors: Jones D. A. 
Published: August 2009

A detailed study of the diet of Eurydice pulchra Leach and Eurydice affinis Hansen, sand beach isopods, reveals that these species are almost wholly carnivorous. A description of the mouthparts, together with their mode of functioning, derived both by direct observation and an interpretation of their structure, shows how they are adapted for tearing and bolting animal food material.The gross morphology of the alimentary canal is described, including a detailed study of the foregut, which appears to be relatively simple in structure, lacking a cardiac region. An interpretation of the functioning of the foregut is given, from which it is apparent that this region serves to mix rapidly bolted food with digestive gland enzymes, and also to squeeze out liquid food matter which is channelled into the digestive glands. The bulk of the solid food is passed back into the distensible anterior hindgut, where it may be stored for up to three weeks undergoing gradual digestion. The hindgut lacks a peritrophic membrane, but anal irrigation occurs.The digestive system is compared with that of herbivorous and omnivorous isopods. It shows structural and functional modifications related to the carnivorous mode of life, which appear to be characteristic of Eurydice and are related to the general ecology of the genus.
Ten new species ofHaliotrema(Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) from Australian fish and a revision of the genus
Authors: Young P. C. 
Published: August 2009

Ten new species ofHaliotremafrom Australian fish are described and figured:H. cteno‐chaetisp. n.fromCtenochaetus strigosus; H. falcanalissp. n.fromTriacanthus falcanalis; H. lineatesp. n.fromAcanthurus lineatus; H. chrysotaeniaesp. n.fromLutjanuschrysotaenia; H. cromileptissp. n.fromCromileptis altivelis; H. epinephelisp. n.fromEpinephelus merraandE. fasciatus; H. holocentrisp. n.fromHolocentrus ruber; Haliotrema chrysostomisp. n.fromLethrinus chrysostomusandPlectorhinchus pictus; H. fletisp. n.n. fromL. fletusandL. chrysostomus; H. scarisp. N.fromScarus fasciatus.H. dempsteri(Mizelle & Price, 1964)comb. n.fromAcanthrus mata, A. dussumieriandA. xanthopterus: H. johnii(Tripathi, 1959)comb. n.fromLutjanus johniandL. fulviflamma: H. parahaliotrema(Mizelle & Price, 1964)comb. n.fromZebrasoma veliferumandA. grammoptilus:andH. obesa(Caballero, Bravo Hollis & Grocott, 1955)comb. n.fromTetraodon hispidusare redescribed and transferred from the generaParahaliotremaMizelle & Price, 1964,AncyrocephalusCreplin, 1839,Parahaliotrema, andTetrancistrumGoto & Kikuchi, 1917 respectively.H. brevis(Mizelle & Price, 1964)comb, n.,H. canescens(Mizelle & Price, 1964)comb. n.andH. zanclus(Mizelle & Price, 1964)comb. n.are transferred fromPseudohaliotremaYamaguti, 1953;H. eilatica(Paperna, 1965)comb. n.,H. teuthis(MacCallum, 1915)comb. n.,H. triacantha(Tripathi, 1959)comb. n.andH. lethrini(Yamaguti, 1937)comb. n.are transferred fromAncyrocephalusCreplin, 1839.The generic diagnosis is emended to include the above‐mentioned species and the taxonomy of the genus is discussed and the formation of six species groups is proposed.
The ecology of the Australian gecko, Gehyra variegata, in northern New South Wales
Authors: Bustard H. Robert 
Published: August 2009

A two year study was carried out on Gehyra variegata (Dumeril & Bibron) in the Pilliga Scrub by means of visits of six days duration in each month of the year. Animals were individually marked by toe‐clipping and a mark‐recapture programme was carried out throughout the study.This arboreal gecko lives below the bark of dead trees or stumps most commonly at a height of two to three feet from the ground.The mark‐recapture programme provided extensive data on the population, its movements, growth, tail loss and regeneration. Monthly samples were collected for intestinal analysis and for gonadal studies. These together with behavioural observations provided a well corroborated picture of the biology of this small gekkonid lizard.
A crocodile from the Upper Triassic of Lesotho
Authors: Nash Diane 
Published: August 2009

In 1963, a specimen of a small, armoured reptile was discovered in the Red Beds formation in the Qacha's Nek Province of Lesotho, southern Africa. Unfortunately, the matrix in which the specimen is embedded is particularly hard and resistant to chemical action. Preparation must therefore be by mechanical means and is not yet complete. However, certain features of the osteology of the skull and postcranial skeleton of the specimen are clear and are described below.In both skull and postcranial material, features indicating that this is a relatively advanced crocodilian form are present. It will be shown that on the basis of these characters, this form must be included within the order Crocodilia. It is proposed to name this specimen Ortho‐suchus stormbergi.The discovery of a specimen possessing many diagnostic crocodilian characteristics in Upper Triassic beds is remarkable since hitherto it has been considered that these forms did not appear before the Jurassic. Indeed, our knowledge of Jurassic crocodiles is mainly limited to the more aquatic members owing to the dearth of continental deposits.
Variation in the skull of the Long‐tailed field‐mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus in mainland Britain
Authors: Delany M. J. , Whittaker H. M. 
Published: August 2009

Nine skull measurements and a measure of age have been made on each of 613 specimens of Apodemus sylvaticus (L.). The mice were collected from 12 mainland and three island localities. From five of the localities they were obtained in more than one year; each year's collection was kept separate in the subsequent analysis.Unadjusted and adjusted (for age) means have been calculated for each character. Differences in both space and time are small for the mainland populations. A discriminant function analysis was undertaken with a view to accounting for the larger part of the variation using a limited number of linear combinations of the adjusted measurements. It was found that the greater part of the variation was contained in the first two canonical variates. Finally, the generalized distances were obtained.The multivariate analyses suggest that one island population (St Mary's) is quite distinct, the other two (Tresco, Mull) less so, that there is in any one locality little variation from year to year, that the Scottish mainland populations as a group display a small statistical divergence from the English mainland populations and that the former differ rather more from each other than do the latter.
The parasite fauna of the fish of the Shropshire Union Canal, Cheshire
Authors: Mishra T. N. , Chubb James C. 
Published: August 2009

A survey was made of the parasites of 603 roach Rutilus rutilus (L.), 15 bream Abramis brama (L.), 201 perch Perca fluviatilis L., 30 pike Esox lucius L. and four eels Anguilla anguilla (L.) caught in the Shropshire Union Canal at Backford, Cheshire from December 1964 to August 1966. Twenty‐seven species of parasites were found, 17 in roach, seven in bream, ten in perch, ten in pike and two in the eel. Two species of Protozoa, seven species of Monogenea, five species of Digenea, six species of Cestoda, two species of Nematoda, one species of Acanthocephala, two species of Hirudinea, one species of Crustacea and mollusc glochidia were recorded. The following parasites are believed to be new records for the British Isles: Henneguya oviperda (Cohn, 1895), Dactylogyrus suecicus Nybelin, 1936, D. wunderi Bykhovskii, 1931, Asymphylodora kubanicum (Isaichikov, 1923), and Philometra rischta Skryabin, 1917.One table shows the species of parasites found, together with data on the site of occurrence in the host, and the percentage and intensity of infection of the fish. A second table compares the occurrence of the parasites in four other localities in the British Isles, Loch Lomond Scotland, Llyn Tegid (Bala Lake), Merionethshire, Rostherne Mere, Cheshire and the River Lugg, Herefordshire. A further column gives the normal hosts in the U.S.S.R.A limited comparison is made of the numerical occurrence of six species of parasites in the canal, Llyn Tegid and Druzno Lake, Poland. It is concluded that unless relatively large samples of fish of all length groups are collected on a regular basis throughout the year such comparisons will have little meaning.The concept of the characterization of parasite faunas is briefly noted. It is suggested that the high degree of host specificity shown by many of the species of parasites is evidence in support of the concept.
Variations in the middle ear of the Mammalia
Authors: Hinchcliffe Ronald , Pye Ada 
Published: August 2009

The comparative morphology of mammalian middle ear structures has been studied by examining the histological sections of the ears of 144 specimens of mammals which had been collected, with a few exceptions, in two expeditions to the Caribbean area. Fifty‐four species of six orders of mammals were represented. Sixteen structural features or relationships were specifically studied and the bearing of taxonomic groupings on the variability was analysed.A taxonometric analysis using these middle ear features indicated that Microdipodops may lie nearer to Dipodomys than to Perognathus.A table presenting the detailed results has been deposited with the British Museum (Natural History).
The hunting‐web of the young spider Pisaura mirabilis
Authors: Lenler‐Eriksen Peter 
Published: August 2009

In the Pisauridae both web‐building and non web‐building spiders are present, the former building webs comparable to the funnel‐webs of the Agelenidae. Pisaura mirabilis has always been described as a non web‐building spider catching the prey by sight.However the sexually immature Pisaura mirabilis has been found to build a web in which the animal sits.The structure of this web is not directly comparable to any other type of web, but some kind of relationship to the funnel‐web of the Agelenidae may exist.Even if the young Pisaura mirabilis is capable of catching prey without using the web, detection of the prey seems to be a main function of this structure.
The morphology of the gut and a qualitative review of digestive enzymes in some New Zealand ophiuroids
Authors: Pentreath R. J. 
Published: August 2009

The structure of the gut of three New Zealand intertidal ophiuroids, Ophionereis fasciata, Ophiactis resiliens and Ophiopteris antipodum is described. The gut epithelium of all three species contains cells with granular inclusions and deposits of lipid. Glycogen is also detectable in Ophionereis fasciata.A wide range of digestive enzymes, particularly those hydrolysing glycosidic linkages, is recorded; a greater variety being present in the predominantly algal feeders Ophiactis resiliens and Ophiopteris antipodum. Tests for cellulases however proved negative with all three species.
The population ecology of the Australian gekkonid lizard Heteronotia binoei in an exploited forest
Authors: Bustard H. Robert 
Published: August 2009

The main factors affecting population size were investigated in a population of Heteronotia binoei the general biology of which was already well known. Population size fell by about 40% during a two year observation period and this appeared to have been due to adverse climatic effects greatly depressing egg incubation success. The effect of this was soon apparent as H. binoei is a short‐lived species.An upper limit to population size appears to be set by social behaviour (territoriality) acting in conjunction with the available home‐sites. When population size is large the effects of this are buffered to some degree by overspill into an inferior home‐site.
Character analysis: an empirical approach applied to advanced snakes
Authors: Marx Hymen , Rabb George B. 
Published: August 2009

Fifty characters of extant advanced snakes were selected for phyletic analysis, with the primary aim of determining evolutionary paths of the venomous taxa. The characters chosen showed roughly equivalent variation. States of characters were distinguished with reference to range of variation at species and generic levels. The heterogeneous, widespread and abundant family Colubridae was designated as representing the ancestral group. Direction of change in states was then determined by reference to colubrid conditions. Criteria used for judgement of direction were (1) uniqueness, (2) relative abundance, (3) correlation of derived states, (4) morphological specialization, (5) ecological specialization, (6) geographic restriction, (7) closely related taxa, and (8) correlation of applicable criteria. Two other criteria, (9) genetic structure and (10) fossil record, were not applicable.Characters used as examples of the approach are number of palatine teeth and the pattern of the head shields. In the latter, the derivative states are correlated with particular modes of life (aquatic, fossorial and terrestrial). The familial level taxa show rather different frequency distributions in respect to the four states of this character, with one derived state unique to the viperids.The second character, number of palatine teeth, was divided into classes by using a span covering most intraspecific variation. The resulting classes were lumped into four states emphasizing the classes of low numbers of teeth. The extreme derived states are correlated in the colubrids with distinctive modes of life (burrowing and digging) and with functional morphological specializations. The distribution of the states shows a trend toward low numbers of teeth in all the venomous families.
The setae of Austropotamobius pallipes (Crustacea: Astacidae)
Authors: Thomas W. J. 
Published: August 2009

The author presents here the results of an introductory study into the setal armature of the British species of crayfish, Austropotamobius pallipes (Lereboullet, 1858). Using an ordinary optical microscope, it is demonstrated that a considerable variety of setae exist on the body and appendages of A. pallipes. These setae are described, and their distribution indicated. The setae fall into two main groups:(1) Setae with relatively thick walls and inconspicuous ampulla, and having no basal septum.(2) Those setae with relatively thin walls, a well‐developed ampulla and basal septum. Further subdivisions of these two groups are made on the bases of outgrowths and outlines of the setal wall. Finally, the significance of the distribution and the variation, is discussed in relation to crayfish behaviour and function, linking the observed morphological facts with the results of some current electro‐physiological experiments performed on related decapods.
Breeding experiments to distinguish two sibling species of Halicarcinus (Crustacea, Brachyura)
Authors: Lucas J. S. 
Published: August 2009

Hybridization experiments and various salinities were used in investigating the status of two Halicarcinus lacustris‐like, forms, one of which has no free larval stages (direct‐development) and the other of which has normal larval stages (indirect‐development).Hybrids were produced, at least from indirect‐development female x direct‐development male crosses, but introgression of genetic material was limited to F2 hybrids from the female parental form. There were no intergrades between the two modes of development in F1 and F2 hybrids or as a response to salinity.These forms are established as sibling species. The name lacustris applies to the direct‐development form and the other is a new species, H. paralacustris, which is described. Hybridization in the field is unlikely due to geographical and reproductive isolating mechanisms. Contrary to a previous view, it seems that H. lacustris had a recent origin in Australia and transport by water birds is suggested as the mode of dispersal through south‐east Australasia.
The external morphology of the pseudoscorpion Dactylochelifer latreilki
Authors: Gabbutt Peter D. 
Published: August 2009

The external morphology of all stages of Dactylochelifer latreillei (Leach) is described. The morphogenesis of characters of taxonomic importance has been followed through all the nymphal stages to the adult. Comparison is made with the information given by Beier (1963) for the three subspecies of D. latreillei and also with Boissin's (1964) detailed description of Hysterochelifer meridianus (L. Koch) which belongs to the same family Cheliferidae.A linear relationship exists between the successive positions of trichobothria on the pedipalpal chela according well with the growth model proposed by Gabbutt (1969). The importance of the relative positions of trichobothria is discussed in relation to the systematics of the order.Notes are included on collection techniques and their possible bias, on the length of the breeding period as judged from the presence of females with broods and the relative abundance of the nymphs, and on the number and developmental condition of eggs carried by the females.
Oxygen consumption and body temperature of the Chuditch (Dasyurus geoffroii)
Authors: Arnold Jennifer , Shield John 
Published: August 2009

The average relation between O2 consumption rate and ambient temperature in the range 9–39°C for five adult litter‐mates was found to be y= 36.237–3.6821 x+ 0.26685 x2—0.0094468 x3+ 0.00011974 x4 where y is the O2 consumption rate in ml./kg min and x is the ambient temperature in °C. The O2 consumption rates of females showed a much greater variation about this regression than did the rates of males.This regression estimates the minimum O2 consumption to occur at an ambient temperature of 31.5°C but scatter diagrams show the thermal neutral range to extend from about 28 to 33°C.Twenty‐six oxygen consumption rates measured at 30°C (in the thermal neutral range) had a mean value of 67% of those predicted for eutherians of similar body weights but the range extended from 40 to 105%. Prolonged (13 to 28 hours) O2 consumption measurements at the same temperature show that, in the absence of activity, comparatively low O2 consumption rates are maintained for long periods.The linear regression equation relating simultaneous O2 consumption rates and colonic temperatures measured at an ambient temperature of 30°C estimates that O2 consumption will increase from 40 to 105% of that predicted when body temperature is raised from 34.5 to 38.7°C; and furthermore that an O2 consumption rate of 67% of the predicted should occur at a body temperature of 36.2°C.Animals kept in small cages at an ambient temperature of 30°C were found to have mean colonic temperatures of about 34.9°C during the day when they were resting and 37.4°C in the early evening when they were active. When kept at ambient temperatures lower than the thermal neutral a similar daily cycle in colonic temperature was found but the females showed a much larger variation about the daily trend than did males.The low O2 consumption rates maintained during inactivity and a lack of strict thermoregulation result in a relatively low body temperature and a considerable saving in metabolic energy is thereby effected. The higher colonic temperatures reached in the evening result mainly from the higher energy usage during acitvity.