bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical polymorphisms in South African freshwater fish. Isoenzyme patterns in fish of the families Cyprinidae and Salmonidae
Authors: Hof J. Op't , Schoeman S. M. , le Grange L. , Osterhoff D. R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIsoenzyme patterns were studied in local populations of the carp (Cyprinus carpio) and the bream (Sarotherodon mossambicus) of the Cyprinid family. and in the trout (Sabno giardneri) of the family Salmonidae. Homogenates of heart muscle extracts were used in the identification of PGI. NADP‐IDH. PGM and 6‐PGD.Polymorphisms found and gene frequencies obtained are discussed separately for each enzyme and species or population.In the bream, variation was found only at the PGI locus. In the carp only the PGM locus was polymorphic whereas both PGM and IDH showed variation in the trout. The variation at the PGM locus in the trout cannot support the three locus model suggested elsewhere and clearly indicates a single locus for the mo‐nomeric enzyme.The large variety of NADP‐IDH types in trout not only illucidates the complexity of this locus but confirms a disomic mode of inheritance. Genetic differences in the trout populations could be related to possible advantages for management purposes.
Electrophoretic analysis of Antarctic fish from South Georgia
Authors: Anderson R. C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWhite muscle samples of Antarctic fish (Notothenia rossii, N., neglecta. N. gibbe‐rifrons and Chaenocephalus (aceratus) were subjected to electrophoretic tests. lsoelectric focusing of general muscle proteins provides a quick method of iden‐tyfying species. Six muscle enzymes were resolved by horizontal starch gel clectrophoresis. These are presumed to be the products of ten independent gene loci. Coefficients of genetic distance were calculated and substantially agree with the conventional taxnomy. Levels of genetic variability are within the normal range for marine teleosts. Two polymorphic enzymes. GPI and PGM. might prove useful as ‘genetic tags’ for stock identification.
Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes in the mouse: Genetic regulation, allelic variation among inbred strains and sex differences of liver and kidney A2 isozyme activity
Authors: Holmes Roger S. , Duley John A. , Imai S. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryGenetic analysis of a proposed cis‐acting temporal locus (Adh‐3t), which regulates alcohol dehydrogenase C2 (ADH‐C2) acitivity in mouse epididymis extracts, among F1 (ddN × BALB/c) × ddN male backcross progeny provided evidence for genetic distinctness between the structural (Adh‐3) and temporal (Adh‐3t) loci on chromosome 3. Genetic analysis also confirmed the close, linkage of Adh‐1 (encoding liver and kidney ADH‐A2) and Adh‐3 (encoding stomach ADH‐C2) to within 0.3 centimorgans on the mouse genome. Evidence is presented for a proposed closely linked cis‐acting temporal locus (designated Adh‐1t) for the A2 isozyme (encoded by Adh‐1) controlling the activity of this enzyme in mouse kidney extracts, but having no apparent affect on liver and intestine ADH‐A2 activities. An extensive survey of the distribution ofAdh‐1, Adh‐3 and Adh‐3t alleles among 65 strains of mice is reported — with the exception of two Japanese strains (ddN and KF), linkage disequilibrium between Adh‐3 and Adh‐3t was observed. Sex differences in mouse liver and kidney ADH‐A2 activities were observed, with male/female ratios of approximately 0.6 and 3 respectively for these tissue extracts.
On the bovine F blood group system
Authors: Larsen Bent 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe F system of three Danish cattle breeds as determined by four specific anti‐sera is described. In the Jersey breed three alleles are recognised. In the Danish cattle breeds there was no indication of a null allele. However, the phenotypes observed in zebu cattle by means of four reagents suggest the presence of at least six alleles in the bovine F system. Furthermore, the data show that the factors V1 and V2 do not form a linear subtype system in all cattle breeds.
Genetic variation of the sixth component of complement (C6) in the Manx shearwater (Puffinus p. puffinus)
Authors: Whitehouse D. B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA polymorphism in the sixth complement component (C6) has been investigated by isoelectric focusing. The results indicate that C6 is coded by genes at a single autosomal locus. Six structural alleles have been identified, a null allele is also postulated. Five island colonies of Shearwater were investigated, two alleles C6 A and C6 B predominate in all sites.The ability of rabbit C5 and C7 to combine successfully with avian C6 indicates the functional sites of these molecules are highly conserved.
Quantification of antigens with haemolysing antibodies exemplified by the bovine J blood group system*
Authors: Oulevey Jacques , Wagner Rolf , Thiele Otto Wolfgang 
Published: August 2010

Summary

The J blood group activity of red cells is measured in terms of 50 % haemolysis (‘direct test’), that of dissolved or suspended samples in terms of 50 % haemolysis inhibition (‘indirect test’) in a standardized bovine J system.
The volume of J‐containing sample required for a 50% haemolysis inhibition decreases with increasing J activity.
The volume of anti‐J required for a 50% haemolysis of J‐positive erythrocytes also decreases with increasing J activity.
The use of antigen units (UAg) was introduced to serve as a measure of J activity of dissolved or suspended samples.
Antigen units were also used to characterize J‐containing red cells. This was made possible by measuring the relation of the direct test (on red cells). Thus, a relatively simple method of determination of red cell UAg is obtained.
It was confirmed by absorption experiments that erythrocytes containing high concentrations of antigen require relatively low amounts of antibody to bring about a 50 % haemolysis, but are able to bind a relatively high excess of antibody.
The inactivation of the bovine J blood group substance by the periodate ion
Authors: Oulevey Jacques , Thiele Otto Wolfgang 
Published: August 2010

Summary

Treatment of J‐positive (JR) bovine erythrocytes with periodate (0.25 mmol/1 final concentration, 1 hour, room temperature) has no effect on the J activity. Higher periodate concentrations cause spontaneous haemolyses.
Treatment of the lipids extracted from (and containing all J activity of) Jcs erythrocytes with periodate leads to a decrease of J activity even with lower periodate concentrations.
Treatment of the stroma prepared from Jcs erythrocytes with periodate demonstrated the relative stability of the J antigen up to 0.25 mmol/l periodate. At the same time the sialic acid concentration of stroma is reduced to about 13 % of the initial concentration.
Desialylation of Jcs erythrocytes or Jcs stroma with sialidase does not affect the J activity thus confirming previous findings. On the other hand, the J activity of desialylated Jcs stroma is much more susceptible to periodate.
It is concluded that membrane‐bound sialic acid shields the membrane‐bound J antigen from being attacked by periodate.
Preparation and properties of monoclonal antibodies against cell surface polymorphic or allelic determinants: Their use in blood typing and the study of cell differentiation1
Authors: Longenecker B. Michael 
Published: August 2010

SummaryB‐G alloantigens are encoded by a sublocus of the chicken MHC, are highly polymorphic, and restricted in their expression to the erythroid line of differentiation. B‐G antigens are highly immunogenic in both chickens and mice in which a ‘pre‐existing’ high background response against polymorphic determinants on B‐G exists. B‐G antigens represent a strong barrier to the maintenance of erythrocytic chimaerism unless tolerance is induced early in embryonic development. Chimaeras established during later embryonic development break tolerance, produce anti‐donor B‐G antibodies followed by autoimmunity, lymphomas and death. The early murine immune response is directed preferentially against polymorphic determinants of B‐G antigens as well as polymorphic determinants of several other antigenic systems. ‘Natural’ antibody and background antibody producing clones mostly recognize polymorphic determinants. Mice produce a strong, specific response against ‘Private’ polymorphic. determinants 3 days after immunization with a bacterium against which they have no background immunity. The amount of ‘crossreactivity’ increased with increased background immunity as well as with hyperimmunization. An awareness of the level of pre‐existing, background immunity is essential when designing immunization protocols for the production of monoclonal antibodies (MCA) to polymorphic determinants. MCA can serve as ‘ideal’ typing reagents but great care should be taken in defining the assay conditions for each MCA, as the apparent specificity of MCA can change with changes in assay conditions.MCA can also be used as powerful probes for the identification and purification of specific subpopulations of cells and for the study of their role in cell differentiation.In this review I will first describe an interesting genetic locus, called B‐G, which is part of the chicken major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and some interesting immunological characteristics of the antigens specified by this locus. I will then discuss some interesting and unusual aspects of the immune response in the mouse to these antigens as well as to other polymorphic antigen systems. This will lead into a description of our experiences of making monoclonal antibodies (MCA) against polymorphic antigen systems and their use as typing reagents. Finally, I will illustrate how MCA to polymorphic determinants can be used as powerful probes to identify specific subpopulations of cells bearing these determinants and to study cell differentiation.
The genetic influence on serum haemolytic complement levels in cattle
Authors: Lie Ø. , Syed M. , Solbu H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTotal serum haemolytic complement (HC) activity has been determined in 130 young bulls of the Norwegian Red Cattle Breed (NRF). A highly significant sire effect (p < 0.01) on HC with a corresponding heritability of about 0.75 was estimated. Evidence of any simple mode of inheritance is not produced but the distribution patterns of HC indicate influences of relatively few genes.
Genetic polymorphism in Spanish Merino sheep
Authors: Morera L. , Llanes D. , Barbancho M. , Rodero A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA Spanish Merino sheep population is characterized, for the first time, according to its frequencies for a total of nine polymorphic loci: three blood group factor systems, A, B and C, and the following red cell or serum polymorphisms: haemoglobin (Hb), carbonic anhydrase (CA), ‘X protein’, transferrin (Tf), arylesterase (EsA) and albumin (Al). Another locus, amylase (Am), did not show polymorphism.
Characterisation of the α1‐protease inhibitor system in Thoroughbred horse plasma by horizontal two‐dimensional (ISO‐DALT) electrophoresis. 1. Protein staining
Authors: C. Pollitt C. , Bell K. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe isoelectric points and the molecular weights of the major components of the eight Thoroughbred protease inhibitor (Pi) types have been determined by polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and polyacrylamide gel pore gradient (ISO‐DALT) electrophoresis respectively. The major Pi proteins focus in the range pH 3.74–4.43 and have molecular weights ranging from 55 000–72 000 daltons. Using the ISO‐DALT method of electrophoresis, protein maps for the eight Thoroughbred Pi types have been presented for the first time. None of the homozygous Pi types are identical except for the types S1 and S2 which show partial identity. The results do not necessarily support. Juneja et al.s (1979) contention of two closely linked α1 Pi systems based on molecular weight differences. It is suggested that the traditional nomenclature originally proposed by Braend (1970) be maintained to describe the eight Pi alleles in Thoroughbred horse plasma. The ISO‐DALT method provides a sensitive technique which is superior to existing techniques for the analysis of the horse Pi system.
Joint report1 of the First International Workshop on Lymphocyte Alloantigens of the Horse held 24–29 October 1981
Authors: W. Bull R. 
Published: August 2010

SummarySix equine lymphocyte alloantigen (ELA) specificities were defined by an international antiserum comparison test and workshop held in 1981. Twelve laboratories from four countries submitted 195 antisera for analysis. The antisera were exchanged among the 12 laboratories and tested in a standard lymphocyte microcytoxicity assay against the isolated lymphocytes at 1009 horses of several breeds. The data was pooled and analysed by a single computer analysis. The calculated χ2values of all cells with all antisera provided comparisons between antisera. Fifteen antisera clusters were formed by this analysis, but only six of these clusters met the criteria established by the workshop for the identification of ELA antigens. No horses of the cell panel positively reacted with more than two of these six specificities. The consensus of the participants, although not substantiated in this workshop, was that these six clusters of antisera define alleles of a single genetic region, the ELA region, and it is likely that this genetic region is the major histocompatibility complex of the horse.
Relationship between esterase gene frequencies and length in juvenile snapper Chrysophrys auratus Forster
Authors: J. Smith P. , I. C. C. Francis R. 
Published: August 2010

SummarySamples of 0‐group snapper Chrysophrys auratus were collected in the Hauraki Gulf of New Zealand in 1979,1980 and 1981. Each fish was measured and the liver examined for an esterase polymorphism. A similar change in allele frequency with length was observed in each year class. In the total data set there is a significant relationship between allele frequency and length. The relationships between allele frequencies and temperature and growth, along with implications for genetic‐stock separation studies are discussed.
Recombination between the S and the Hblood group loci in Pigs
Authors: Hojný J. , Hradecký J. , Hruban V. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe investigation of A‐O blood group phenotypes in selected pig families confirms the existence of an S locus which specifically controls the expression of A and) alloantigens. Forty‐five informative litters were scored for linkage between the S gene and the H blood group locus. The recombination frequency in 345 offspring was estimated to be 9.56 % (33 cross‐overs). Specific difficulties involved in the determination of A‐O and H phenotypes and the importance of S and H polymorphisms for the determination of Hal genotypes are discussed.
Protein polymorphisms and their genetic control in the red‐backed vole, Clethrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae
Authors: Kawata Masakado , Ueda Junji 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTwenty enzymatic and non‐enzymatic proteins in a wild population of red‐backed voles, Cletrionomys rufocanus bedfordiae, were investigated by electrophoresis. Seven enzymatic and non‐enzymatic protein systems were found to be polymorphic. Breeding data indicated that the mode of inheritance of the enzyme systems ME‐1, ME‐2, GPD and EST were consistent with a Mendelian law. Two systems, 6 PGD and SOD, were estimated to be genetically controlled from the electrophoretic patterns and mother‐offspring comparison of phenotypes. In the Tf system two new additional phenotypes were observed, but their inheritance could not be elucidated. Gene frequencies at seven loci were also investigated in 88 animals. There was no significant deviation from Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium.
Genetic markers in the blood of Spanish goat breeds
Authors: Barbancho M. , Llanes D. , Morera L. , Garzón R. , Rodero A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBiochemical variation of four genetic markers (Hb, Al, Tf, ‘X’ protein) in the blood of four Spanish goat breeds was analysed with starch gel electrophoresis. The frequencies at all of these loci have been calculated for the Spanish goats and compared with some of the goat breeds studied so far by other authors.
Mapping of the gene for G blood group antigens to chromosome 15 in swine*
Authors: Fries R. , A. Rasmusen B. , L. Jarrell V. , R. Maurer R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryLinkage analysis between size variants of the centromeric region of chromosome 15 and G blood group alleles produced a lod score of 5.03. The maximum likelihood estimate of the recombination fraction is θ= 0.24 with a 95 % confidence interval of 0.08 < θ< 0.40. Since this is the second time that linkage between a chromosome 15 marker and the G blood group locus has been shown, the assignment of the G blood group locus to chromosome 15 is confirmed.
Comparison of bovine serum transferrin A and D2. I. Amino acid residue differences
Authors: Maeda K. , A. McKenzie H. , C. Shaw D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA comparison is made of single components of the homozygous variants A and D2 of bovine serum transferrin by tryptic, chymotryptic and cyanogen bromide digestion. It is concluded that there are three substitutions A:D2 ‐ Glu:Asp, Lys: Arg and Asp:Gly. In the light of the recent work of Brocket al. (1980) it is concluded that all three substitutions occur in the C‐terminal sequence of the chain. By homology with the sequence of human serum transferrin (MacGillivray et al., 1982) the Lys:Arg and Asp:Gly substitutions probably occur at residues 527 and 446, respectively, from the N‐terminus. The Asp:Gly substitution is considered more likely than our earlier conclusion (Maeda, McKenzie & Shaw, 1977) that there is a deletion in the chain of D2 (A:D2, Asp: —). The location of the Glu:Asp substitution is not known.
Procedure for simultaneous phenotyping of genetic variants in cow's milk by isoelectric focusing*
Authors: Seibert Brigitta , Erhardt G. , Senft B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA method is described which allows the simultaneous separation of all polymorphic protein fractions in cow's milk in one single run. The separation could be achieved by isoelectric focusing in ultrathin‐layer polyacrylamide gels. The method is especially suitable for screening purposes because it combines low costs, high resolution and short separation time.
Distribution of complement protein C4 concentrations in bovine plasma
Authors: Groth D.M. , Wetherall J.D. , Carrick M.J. , Townend D. , Lee I.R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryComplement component C4 concentrations were measured in 40 pure bred Hereford cattle and 40 cattle from a mixed breed herd. Significant differences were not observed between the two groups studied nor between bulls and cows. However, the distribution of C4 concentrations was relatively disperse and appeared polymodal suggesting the presence of two isotypes of C4. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitated bovine C4 showed many samples to have two C4 α chains differing in relative molecular mass by about 1800. Isoelectric focusing of bovine plasma in agarose gels followed by immunofixation with specific anti‐C4 antisera revealed two populations of native C4 differing in pI by about 0.3 pH unit. An association between the type of C4 α chain present and the pI of the native C4 molecule was observed. Collectively these findings indicate the presence of two structural C4 genetic loci in cattle.
Serum albumin polymorphism and its relationship to economic traits in crossbred cattle
Authors: Mandal B.K. , Dattagupta R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe serum albumin genotypes of 65 Jersey × Hariana (F1), 75 Holstein Friesian × Hariana (F1) and 47 Brown Swiss × Hariana (F1) crossbred cows were determined by starch gel electrophoresis. Two albumin alleles AlbF and Albs, but only either as AlbF homozygotes or AlbFs heterozygotes, were observed amongst these animals. There were no AlbS homozygotes or other genotypes. Highly significant relationships between albumin genotypes and both birth weights and first‐lactation milk yields of these cows were observed. The AlbF allele was associated with increased milk yield and greater birth weights.
Prevention of amlodipine absorption by activated charcoal: effect of delay in charcoal administration
Authors: Laine Kari , Kivistö Kari T. , Laakso Into , Neuvonen Pertti J. 
Published: August 2010

Aims The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of activated charcoal on the absorption of amlodipine, with special reference to delayed charcoal administration. Methods Thirty‐two healthy volunteers, eight subjects in four parallel groups, ingested 10 mg of amlodipine on an empty stomach. Activated charcoal (25 g in 300 ml of water) was ingested either immediately afterwards or 2 h or 6 h after amlodipine, or amlodipine was ingested with 300 ml of water only (control). Plasma concentrations and the cumulative excretion of amlodipine into urine were measured by GC‐MS for 96 h and 72 h, respectively. In addition, adsorption of amlodipine to charcoal was studied in vitro. Results Activated charcoal administered immediately after amlodipine reduced the amlodipine AUC(0,96 h) and the 72‐h urinary excretion by 99% (P<0.0005). After a delay of 2 h in charcoal administration the AUC(0,96 h) was reduced by 49% (P=0.001), but after a delay of 6 h the reduction was 15% only (P=NS). At a charcoal: drug ratio of 5:1, about 90% of amlodipine was adsorbed by charcoal in vitro; at ratios of 10:1 and 20:1, adsorption was practically complete. Conclusions Activated charcoal almost completely prevented amlodipine absorption when administered immediately after amlodipine ingestion. Charcoal also markedly reduced amlodipine absorption when given 2 h after amlodipine; in amlodipine overdose, administration of charcoal may be beneficial even later. We conclude that administration of activated charcoal is the method choice to prevent absorption of amlodipine in amlodipine overdose.
lntracellular thiopurine nucleotides and azathioprine myelotoxicity in organ transplant patients
Authors: Boulieu Roselyne , Lenoir Alain , Bertocchi Michele , Mornex Jean‐François 
Published: August 2010

Aim Despite widespread use of azathioprine in organ transplant recipients, the mechanism of its myelotoxicity remains unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of thiopunne metabolites on bone marrow toxicity. Methods We investigated the relationship between intracellular concentrations of 6‐thioguanine (bTGN), 6‐mercaptopunne (6‐MPN) and 6‐thioxanthine (6 TXN) nucleotides and the absolute count of white or red cells in forty‐seven lung or heart/lung transplant patients after oral administration of azathioprine. Results No significant correlation between red cell concentrations of 6‐TGN or total thiopurine metabolites and white or red cell counts was found, with no difference between the sexes. Likewise, high 6‐TGN levels were not related to bone marrow depletion. Conclusions These results suggest that red blood cell 6‐TGN alone do not predict the haematopoietic toxicity of azathioprine.