bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The concealed Caledonides of eastern England: preliminary results of a multidisciplinary study
Authors: Pharaoh T. C. , Merriman R. J. , Webb P. C. , Beckinsale R. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
New petrological, geochemical and isotopic age data have been obtained from concealed Precambrian and Lower Palaeozoic rocks in eastern England. The geochemical data suggest that concealed felsic volcanic rocks are petrogenetically unrelated to the Charnian igneous suites, while new isotopic data suggest that the former are probably of late Ordovician age. The concealed volcanic rocks probably occur as a stratigraphic unit (or units) within a Lower Palaeozoic sedimentary sequence, as in Wales and Belgium.
These data, together with structural and geophysical evidence and results from mica crystallinity studies of pelitic rocks, suggest that much of eastern England is underlain by a concealed NW-SE trending Caledonide deformation belt. Pelitic rocks show a low-grade metamorphic zonation, with grade increasing from diagenetic conditions on the Midlands Microcraton, through anchizonal to epizonal (greenschist facies) conditions in the internal zone of the belt beneath the Wash. The structure and stratigraphy of this Caledonide belt are poorly known at present, but are likely to be as complex as those of the Welsh Caledonides, of which the concealed Caledonides of eastern England appear to form a mirror image. The key to the stratigraphy of this belt is probably to be found in the Brabant and Ardennes Massifs of Belgium. The Caledonide Midlands Microcraton is now seen as a restricted wedge-shaped area, underlain throughout by Precambrian crust, and forming a rigid indenter within the Caledonide Orogen of Britain.
The intrusion of the Carrock Fell Gabbro Series (Cumbria) as a sub-horizontal tabular body
Authors: Harris P. , Dagger G. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The existence of grain size and modally graded layering in the Carrock Fell Gabbro Series is recorded and evidence relating to the original emplacement attitude reviewed. Reinterpretation of the palaeomagnetic data and the structural and geological history are considered, together with isotopic dating, field relationships, gabbroic layering, xenolith distribution and geochemical evidence. All this evidence, in conjunction with the grain size and modally graded layering, is found to be consistent with the intrusion of the Gabbro Series as a sub-horizontal tabular body which has subsequently been rotated into its present-day orientation. This conclusion is contrary to previous interpretations, which have favoured a sub-vertical intrusion.
Field relationships, mineralogy and chemistry of the greisens and related rocks associated with the Eskdale Granite, Cumbria
Authors: Young B. , Ansari S. M. , Firman R. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Greisens in the Eskdale Granite are shown to be far more numerous, widespread and variable than was hitherto suspected. Most are quartz-mica, quartz-topaz or quartz greisens and occur near the granite margins. An exceptional facies of quartz-topaz greisen containing andalusite occurs on Water Crag, Devoke Water, from where a unique quartz-andalusite rock is described. Greisens away from the granite contact differ in several mineralogical and chemical respects. Eskdale greisens differ from those in Cornwall and elsewhere in being impoverished in lithium; their nearest analogue appears to be the Grainsgill Greisen associated with the Skiddaw Granite. Field and petrochemical evidence is consistent with metasomatic alteration of granite, but the origin of the quartz-andalusite rock remains enigmatic.
A review of the latest Triassic succession in the U.K. sector of the Southern North Sea Basin
Authors: Lott G. K. , Warrington G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Well-log criteria are used to redefine the base of the Late Triassic ‘Winterton Formation’ in the U.K. Southern North Sea Basin. In a cored offshore succession the redefined formation is lithostratigraphically and biostratigraphically correlatable with the Penarth Group of onshore U.K. sequences. It is proposed that the use of the term Penarth Group is extended to the offshore area and that ‘Winterton Formation’ is abandoned.
Palynological assemblages from Lower Carboniferous deposits, Burntisland district, Fife, Scotland
Authors: Brindley S. , Spinner E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Palynological assemblages are recorded from Lower Carboniferous sediments of the Burntisland district which indicate that the strata can be assigned to the NM, VF and NC zones of Neves
et al.
1973. Comparisons of the assemblages with those previously described from the Midland Valley of Scotland, northern England and Northern Ireland indicate that the first appearance, followed by a quantitative significance in assemblages, of
Cingulizonates
cf.
capistratus
may be a valuable marker for strata of earliest Namurian age in northern Britain.
The late Permian palaeogeography of north-east England
Authors: Smith D. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
All available information has been used in the preparation of a series of palaeogeographical maps showing the evolution of north-east England at the end of the early Permian and at intervals throughout the late Permian. Most of the area initially lay near the western fringe of the Southern North Sea tropical desert basin, much of which was flooded at the beginning of the late Permian so as to create the epicontinental Zechstein Sea. With continually oscillating relative sea levels and episodic differential subsidence, contemporary coastlines fluctuated widely whilst successive progradational carbonate shelves were constructed in the first two of four main cyclic sequences; the deposition of thick salt at the end of the second main cycle almost filled the basin, eliminating most of the earlier depositional topography and ensuring that carbonates and evaporites of the third and fourth cycles were formed in a less diverse range of coastal plain to shallow marine environments.
Low grade metamorphism in the Lower Ordovician Skiddaw Group of the Lake District, England
Authors: Fortey N. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A white-mica crystallinity (illite crystallinity) survey of the Lower Ordovician Skiddaw Group of the Lake District has revealed a complex pattern in which Kubler Index values range from <0.21 Δ°2θ (low epizone) to >0.42 Δ°2θ (diagenetic), large areas of the outcrop having anchizonal values (0.21–0.42 Δ°2θ). The <2
μ
m mineralogy of the higher grade rocks is dominated by 2M
1
muscovite and chlorite, and interlayered paragonite-muscovite is common; lower grade rocks contain 1Md illite, chlorite and interlayered illite-smectite, in some cases accompanied by pyrophyllite and, rarely, kaolinite.

The pattern of variation can be related to the metamorphic history of the area in which anchizonal burial metamorphism during the Silurian was superseded by Lower Devonian (Acadian) upper anchizonal to epizonal regional metamorphism in areas in which slaty cleavage is relatively well developed. The contrast between these latter areas and those retaining the burial signature was heightened by late Devonian uplift and faulting. Sub-volcanic metamorphism during Caradocian volcanism is also considered likely to have attained anchizonal grades. Numerous additional variations within the pattern are related to interference with the 10Å muscovite diffraction peaks by interlayered paragonite and smectite, induration by minor intrusions and movement on Caledonian and post-Carboniferous faults.
Tree root structures on a Dinantian palaeokarst, Urswick Limestone, south Cumbria
Authors: Adams A. E. , Horbury A. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Circular to elliptical pits with raised rims, up to 80 cm across, occur on a palaeokarstic surface in the Asbian Urswick Limestone near Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria. The raised rims consist of laminated micritic carbonate resembling laminar calcrete but with sub-vertical laminae. The pits and their raised rims are interpreted as structures formed by tree roots (rhizocretions). Their presence indicates subaerial exposure for sufficient time and under conditions favourable for the growth of mature trees.
The Mercia Mudstone Group (Trias) of the East Irish Sea Basin
Authors: Wilson A. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Recent boreholes in the Fylde, Walney Island and the offshore Morecambe gas field have contributed to a greater understanding of the succession within the Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group, totalling up to 3700 m in thickness in the East Irish Sea Basin. The correlation is dependent on the distinctive colour-laminated Thornton Mudstones, now recognised in an area extending from Walney Island in the north, to Formby in the south and also probably offshore in well 110/8-2. Breccias of Triassic age are distinguished from more recent breccias. The more recent breccias contain porphyroblastic gypsum.
New bryozoan taxa from the Upper Permian Zechstein reef in N.E. England
Authors: Southwood D. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Two new fenestrate bryozoan taxa, from the Upper Permian Zechstein Reef in N.E. England, are described.
Ryhopora delicata,
gen. nov., sp. nov. is a delicate branching form with only two rows of autozooecial apertures on branches.
Penniretepora waltheri nodata,
subsp. nov. has a characteristic node on the reverse surface of the main branch and has relatively closely spaced secondary branches.
Heavy metals in the Humber estuary:
Scrobicularia
clay as a pre-industrial datum
Authors: Middleton R. , Grant A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A series of twenty-one samples of recently deposited sediments have been collected from both shores of the Humber estuary and analysed for a range of major and trace elements. Four samples of ‘prehistoric’
Scrobicularia
clay from Easington have been processed and examined in the same manner to provide a base-line datum for the estuary before the anthropogenic addition of inorganic pollutants. Many elements can be seen to be enriched in modern sediments compared to their prehistoric counterpart. Elements such as Fe, Ti, Nb and As can be directly linked to present-day industrial discharges. Other elements, including P, Pb, Zn, Cu, Cr and V, show varying degrees of enrichment but are probably being introduced from several sources. Mn concentration seems to be controlled largely by water salinity. The overall impression gained is that of a well mixed estuary with some local ‘hot-spots’.
Palynological evidence for the age of the Coal Measures of the Titterstone Clee Coalfield, Shropshire, England
Authors: Turner N. , Spinner E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Palynological assemblages are described from new exposures of Coal Measures in the Titterstone Clee Coalfield, Shropshire, England. The composition of taxa present in the assemblages is indicative of the presence of three miospore zones, SS, RA and NJ, forming part of the Langsettian and Duckmantian regional stages (Westphalian A — early Westphalian B age). The colour of the spores in the assemblages from strata immediately above the upper surface of the Titterstone Clee Dolerite compared with those of more widely separated assemblages indicates a marked thermal effect, confirming that the dolerite is intrusive.
Tricontactispora
, a new genus of megaspores from the Namurian of the southern Pennines, Derbyshire, England
Authors: Spinner E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A new genus of megaspores,
Tricontactispora,
is described with two new species,
Tricontactispora hirsuta
and
Tricontactispora tuberculata
from a coal of Marsdenian (R
2
) age, Namurian, Silesian, Derbyshire, England.
Depositional history and palaeoecology of the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary beds at South Ferriby, South Humberside
Authors: Wignall P. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The uppermost Ampthill Clay and lowermost Kimmeridge Clay are well exposed in a pit at South Ferriby. This provides an exceptional record of depositional conditions across the Oxfordian/Kimmeridgian boundary. These are investigated using a combined palaeoecological and taphonomic approach which reveals marked changes in the structural attributes of the benthic associations.

The Ampthill Clay contains a low-diversity fauna dominated by deep infaunal bivalves and epifaunal serpulids. Sedimentation rates may have been high and benthic oxygen levels moderately low. The faunas of the Kimmeridge Clay are distinctly more diverse and they suggest a range of substrate types from soft to firm. The presence of phosphatic nodules and high fragmentation indices attests to low sedimentation rates. The phosphatic nodules are reworked only in the Oxytoma Cementstone, which coincides with the base of the
baylei
Zone and is here taken as the base of the formation. Benthic diversity declines to zero in the topmost beds at South Ferriby. This is attributed to the rapid onset of bottom water anoxia at an earlier time in the Kimmeridgian than anywhere else in Britain, possibly due to rapid local subsidence.
The stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous Ferriby, Welton and Burnham formations north of the Humber, north-east England
Authors: Whitham F. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

New exposures in the Ferriby, Welton and Burnham formations of the Upper Cretaceous Chalk Group north of the Humber, north-east England, allow all but one of the gaps in the established lithostratigraphical sequence to be filled in. The lithological sequences logged here provide a firm framework for the first detailed account of the distribution of all major elements of the macrofauna. An informal subdivision of the
Hagenowia rostrata
Biozone is introduced.
A seismic refraction study of the upper crustal structure of the Derbyshire Dome
Authors: Rogers D. E. , Stuart G. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Results from four seismic refraction profiles crossing the Derbyshire Dome are described and interpreted in terms of their sub-Dinantian limestone structure. The apparently simple surface outcrop of the dome belies a more complex basement structure which is divided into a northern and southern province by the NW-SE trending Cronkston-Bonsall Fault Zone. To the north of the fault zone a Lower Palaeozoic refractor is identified beneath the Carboniferous rocks with a velocity of 5.53 km/s, which is tentatively correlated with Ordovician volcanics in the Woo Dale borehole. However, to the south the C4ronkston-Bonsall Fault Zone, a Charnian (Precambrian) basement is inferred, with a velocity of 5.7 km/s, which is downthrown to the north across the faults. This fault zone may represent the local surface expression of the north-eastern margin of the Midlands Microcraton.
Clastics, coals, palaeodistributaries and mineralisation in the Namurian Great Cyclothem, Northern Pennines and Northumberland Trough
Authors: Hodge B. L. , Dunham Kingsley 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
As a result of mining for metals, spars and coal, more subsurface data are available for the Great Cyclothem than for any other in the pre-Westphalian Carboniferous. These data, combined with a resurvey of the entire outcrop, have been used to produce an isopach map of the beds between the Great and Little limestones. Three upward-coarsening minor cycles, culminating respectively in the Low, High and Tynedale-Fourstones coals are recognised, and it is claimed that the coals represent near-chronostratigraphic horizons. The continuity of these beds is interrupted by two narrow sub-parallel belts of thicker sandstones. One, pre-dating the High Coal, is interpreted as a major palaeodistributary system. The other could be a later avulsion of this system, but as the sandstone coarsens upward, the previous view that this belt is a palaeobar is accepted, though with reservations. The varying lithology of the upper part of the cyclothem has a significant effect, both negative and positive, upon the post-Westphalian Pb Zn F Ba mineralisation.
Stratigraphy, sedimentology and palaeontology of the Scarborough Formation (Middle Jurassic) at Hundale Point, North Yorkshire
Authors: Gowland S. , Riding J. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The depositional environment of the type section of the Scarborough Formation (Ravenscar Group) has been investigated through detailed sedimentological and palaeontological analyses. The lithostratigraphical framework of the formation is revised and three new members, the Helwath Beck, Hundale Sandstone and Bogmire Gill members, are introduced. The marine transgression recorded in the lower part of the Scarborough Formation (Helwath Beck Member) is attributed to the abandonment and compactional subsidence of the underlying Gristhorpe Member (Cloughton Formation) delta lobe. The overlying deepening-upward package of siliciclastic and carbonate shelf deposits (Hundale Shale — Ravenscar Shale members) reflects the extent to which eustatic sea level rise amplified the effects of the dominant tectonic and autocyclic controls within the basin. The Bogmire Gill Member has been convincingly attributed to progradation of a wave-dominated sandy shoreface. Given that recent palynological analyses fail to support the presence of a significant hiatus at the contact with the overlying Scalby Formation, it is suggested that the Bogmire Gill Member may constitute the wave-dominated coastal fringe of a Scalby Formation delta lobe.
The Great Whinscale Dacite — an enigmatic lava flow from the Borrowdale Volcanic Group, English Lake District
Authors: Kanaris-Sotiriou R. , Millward D. , Rundle C.C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The Great Whinscale Dacite (GWD) is a distinctive and important stratigraphic marker unit within the Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG) of the English Lake District. Many features of the GWD are compatible with the unit being a lava — the origin proposed here — but with a low aspect ratio (
c
.1: 100), a length of at least 13 km, and a minimum volume of 4 km
3
. The GWD is aphyric, remarkably homogeneous chemically, and is highly atypical of dacitic lavas in the BVG, which are distinctly porphyritic and of very restricted extent and volume. This paper presents field, petrographic, chemical and Rb-Sr isotopic age data from four transects through the GWD and one transect through a typical BVG dacite at Crowhow End for comparison. Sm-Nd isotope data are presented for selected samples. Although the overall chemistry of the GWD is very similar to other BVG dacites, the GWD has a distinctly more primitive Nd isotopic signature and is noticeably depleted in Ni and Cr. The aphyric nature of the GWD and its distinct chemical character may be attributed to an abnormally short crustal residence time for the GWD magma between source and eruption, and thus emplacement at a temperature above the liquidus. The implied short rise-time also resulted in a high effusion rate which controlled the unusual eruption geometry. Subsequently there were at least three distinct periods of isotopic and chemical disturbance.
Palynological evidence for the early Namurian age of the “Millstone Grit” and Upper Limestone Group around Longhoughton Steel, Northumberland
Authors: Turner N. , Spinner E. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Palynological assemblages are recorded from the Upper Limestone Group and “Millstone Grit” around Longhoughton Steel and Seaton Point, near Alnwick, north Northumberland. Miospore assemblages from below the Sugar Sands Limestone of the Upper Limestone Group are assigned to the
Stenozonotriletes triangulus
—
Rotaspora knoxi
(TK) Zone, and those from the Upper Foxton Limestone and “Millstone Grit” to the
Lycospora subtriquetra
—
Kraeuselisporites ornatus
(SO) Zone. Correlation of the zones with Namurian stages suggests an Arnsbergian age for the Upper Limestone Group, and a latest Arnsbergian or earliest Chokierian age for the “Millstone Grit”.

One new miospore genus,
Corrugitriletes
gen. nov., type species
C. radiatus
sp. nov., is described and the circumscriptions of some of the taxa recorded are commented upon.
The stratigraphy and petrology of Middle Jurassic (Ravenscar Group) sediments in cored boreholes from the north Yorkshire coast
Authors: Lott G. K. , Humphreys B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Scalby Ness [TA 0363 9108] and Castle Head [TA 0520 8892] boreholes drilled on the Yorkshire coast have provided a first opportunity to study the petrography of Ravenscar Group (Aalenian - Bathonian) sediments without the problems associated with the weathering that can occur in the sequences exposed in cliff sections. The cored sequence is a lithologically varied succession dominated by the paralic, siliciclastic sediments of the Cloughton and Scalby formations. This period of paralic sedimentation in the Cleveland Basin was interrupted by three marine incursions, two of which, represented by the limestone-dominated Millepore Bed and Scarborough Formation successions, were cored in the boreholes.
The diagenesis of the Ravenscar Group succession is complex, as would be expected in a lithologically heterogeneous sedimentary sequence, with a high proportion of disseminated organic detritus, that has undergone a long burial history. Contrasting original depositional environments appear to have exerted little control on the early diagenesis of the sandstones with, for example, pyrite and siderite present in both the marine and non-marine sequences. Although such early diagenetic cements are common in the succession, many of the authigenic cementation phases present probably began to develop during early diagenesis and continued into the late diagenetic, burial regime; for example, ferroan calcite, calcic ferroan dolomite, kaolinite and quartz cements.
The clay mineralogy (particularly the absence of a significant smectite component), moderate depths of burial and comparatively modest geothermal gradients achieved in the basin, suggest that clay mineral transformation reactions played only a partial role in supplying
Taxonomy and taphonomy of
Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus
(Plesiosauria, Reptilia) from the Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) of the Yorkshire coast
Authors: Taylor M. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The holotype skeleton of the large-headed, short-necked plesiosaur
Plesiosaurus zetlandicus
Phillips, in Anon., 1854 comes from the Toarcian of the Yorkshire coast and has been housed in the Yorkshire Museum since 1852. It is a pliosauroid of the genus
Rhomaleosaurus. Rhomaleosaurus zetlandicus
(Phillips, in Anon., 1854) is the earliest named valid species of any Toarcian pliosauroid. The skeleton is preserved in a pyritous nodule requiring mechanical preparation using tungsten carbide percussion tools, including electric engravers holding specially fabricated tungsten carbide needles. This technique is useful for similar material. The animal probably floated at the surface of the sea after death until rupture of the body cavity by decay or scavenging released the gases of putrefaction and the corpse sank upside down to the sea floor.
Potassium-argon isotopic age determinations from the metasomatic alteration of the Great Limestone, Northern Pennine Orefield
Authors: Davison J. M. , Ineson P. R. , Mitchell J. G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
K-Ar isotopic ages of illite-bearing iron carbonates associated with metasomatism of the Great Limestone are argued to relate to mineralisation which occurred between 252±5 and 240±6Ma. There is evidence that the ages of some of the illites investigated may have been partially reset by later hydrothermal events occurring between 240Ma and 160Ma. It is concluded that, after the iron-carbonate rocks were formed, certain vein systems were sealed from further fluid circulation.