bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Survival amongsSOD‐1*Genotypes in Chinook Salmon
Authors: Hayes Michael C. , Reisenbichler Reginald R. , Rubin Stephen P. , Wetzel Lisa A. , Marshall Anne R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDifferential survival and growth were tested in Chinook salmonOncorhynchus tshawytschaexpressing two common alleles,*–100and*–260, at the superoxide dismutase locus (sSOD‐1*). These tests were necessary to support separate studies in which the two alleles were used as genetic marks under the assumption of mark neutrality. Heterozygous adults were used to produce progeny with–100/–100, –100/–260, and–260/–260genotypes that were reared in two natural streams and two hatcheries in the states of Washington and Oregon. The latter also were evaluated as returning adults. In general, the genotype ratios of juveniles reared at hatcheries were consistent with high survival and little or no differential survival in the hatchery. Adult returns at one hatchery were significantly different from the expected proportions, and the survival of the–260/–260genotype was 0.56–0.89 times that of the–100/–100genotype over four year‐classes. Adult returns at a second hatchery (one year‐class) were similar but not statistically significant: survival of the–260/–260genotype relative to the–100/–100genotype was 0.76. The performance of the heterozygote group was intermediate at both hatcheries. Significant differences in growth were rarely observed among hatchery fish (one year‐class of juveniles and one age‐class of adult males) but were consistent with greater performance for the–100/–100genotype. Results from two groups of juveniles reared in streams (one year‐class from each stream) suggested few differences in growth, but the observed genotype ratios were significantly different from the expected ratios in one stream. Those differences were consistent with the adult data; survival for the–260/–260genotype was 76% of that of the–100/–100genotype. These results, which indicate nonneutrality amongsSOD‐1*genotypes, caused us to modify our related studies and suggest caution in the interpretation of results and analyses in which allozyme marks are assumed to be neutral.
An Expanded Role for the Mailes Committee
Authors: Schulz Ann T. 
Published: September 2011

Seven years ago, a political report published by Echo of Iran raised the issue of the difficulty with which the Iranian political elite distinguishes between criticism and subversion. There is still only a hazy boundary separating treason from the lesser evil. Just one example of this level of debate was the suggestion by the “opposition” Mardom Party Newspaper that to attribute administrative misdemeanors to either ministers or to the Imperial Inspectorate was to commit treason.One of the distressing effects of the failure to make this distinction in contemporary Iran is that a generation may appear which is loyal to the monarchy but which holds attitudes counter-productive to the espoused long-run political goals of the Shah. The attitudes to which I refer include the rejection of policy-oriented political activity and a flexible bargaining stance in the resolution of social problems. This writer met a number of young people in Iran who saw general disorder as the only alternative to the tight rein with which the Shah attempts to guide political activity.
The Ornament of the Saints: The Religious Situation in Iran in Pre-Safavid Times
Authors: Schimmel Annemarie 
Published: September 2011

Shortly after the year 1000, Abū Nuᶜaym al-Iṣfahānī (948-1037), the author of a historical study about his hometown, called a ten volume work on Muslim hagiography with a poignant title, Ḥilyat al-auliyā, “The Ornament of the Saints.” At that moment, the learned and pious author, grandson of a noted aesthetic, could scarcely foresee that Iran would indeed deserve the epithet of being “decorated by saints” during the centuries to come even more than before Abū Nuᶜaym's lifetime. Therefore, it seems not improper to take this charming title as a starting point for some deliberations about the religious situation in early Muslim Iran.Abū Nuᶜaym was one of the numerous disciples of Ibn Khafīf, the great saint of Fars who died, a centenarian, in 982 in his hometown Shiraz. We may single out this mystic for our purpose to give a short survey of pre-Safavid religious life in Iran.
Economic Indicators and Political Violence in Iran: 1946–1968
Authors: Kazemi Farhad 
Published: September 2011

The relationship between economic factors and political development has received considerable attention from scholars, historians, and social scientists. The classical formulation of economic factors and political violence is to be found in the much-discussed and opposing views of Alexis deTocqueville and Karl Marx. These two views explain revolutions either through economic development or economic destitute. According to deTocqueville's analysis of the French Revolution, steady prosperity and general economic improvement were responsible for the onset of the revolution. The Marxist interpretation of revolution in capitalist societies sees it as the culmination of class warfare between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat—a process in which the proletariat and the masses find themselves increasingly impoverished and degraded.Numerous other studies of revolutions have elaborated or modified either the Marxist or the Tocquevillian hypotheses. Crane Brinton's investigation of revolutions indicates that revolutions tend to take place in societies undergoing economic growth.
Culture Traits, Fantasy, and Reality in the Life of Sayyid Jamāl Al‐Dīn Al‐Afghānī
Authors: Keddie Nikki R. 
Published: September 2011

Among the factors influencing the psychology of historical individuals are the “great” cultural tradition in which he or she participates, the local expressions of this tradition, the sex roles defined by society, the traditions of one's economic class, the local child-rearing practices, and the personal history of the individual. For the Near East, the study of the influence of such factors on individuals is in its infancy, and any remarks made here will be tentative. After listing some cultural factors operative in Islamic and Iranian society, we shall look at one leader--Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī--who both reflects the interaction of some of these factors and shows some highly individual features.Islam as a comprehensive religio-political-legal theory inculcates considerable conformity of behavior--more of behavior than of belief, unlike some religions. The central importance of religious law and of conformity to it have frequently been noted.
Notes on the Origins and Development of Extra‐Economic Obligations of Peasants in Iran, 300–1600 A.D.
Authors: Nomani Farhad 
Published: September 2011

The major goal of this study is to examine the origins, development and peculiarities of the Iranian peasants’ extra-economic obligations to the landlords and the body representing them, the state, in the period between the fourth and the seventeenth centuries. Defining feudalism as a mode of production, it focuses only on the various obligations of the Iranian peasantry during this; period in an attempt to show that the feudal characteristics of servile obligations existed in Iran, reaching their heights under the Mongols in terms of legal attachment to the soil.Feudalism is viewed as a mode of production which has two complementary aspects: the productive forces and the relations of production. A feudal economy is marked by a more or less “static” pattern of reproduction since the surplus product is spent for non-productive purposes. The act of production is largely individual in character, and the division of labor is rudimentary. Feudalism is also identified with a natural economy, i.e., an economy in which the product is produced not for sale, but for personal use.
Nonfiction Fiction: Documentaries on Iran
Authors: Naficy Hamid 
Published: September 2011

Iran has often been the subject of many nonfiction films and television programs produced by Western countries, particularly Britain and the United States. Although these films about Iran were made by a diverse group of private and governmental agencies, overall they have tended both to emphasize the supremacy of West over the ancient, backward East and to support the evolving policies and ideologies toward Iran held by the Western governments and their multi-national corporations.Western audiences who viewed these films and programs as enployees of corporations, members of armed forces units, students in schools or the general public, must have experienced a certain self-congratulatory gratification with their own ideological and material conditions and a confidence in the policies espoused by their governments toward underdeveloped countries such as Iran. From the scant information available, it seems that the responses of the Iranian audiences (especially of those educated in the West and whose views of Iran, as we shall see later, partially coincided with those of Westerners) to these films were composed of a mixture of shame for their failure to modernize, and exasperation at being incorrectly or insufficiently represented.
The trial of Mihajlo Mihajlov
Authors: Anderson Melanie 
Published: September 2011

A year ago, in February 1975, the Yugoslav writer and university lecturer Mihajlo Mihajlov was sentenced by the District Court at Novi Sad to seven years' imprisonment on charges of ‘hostile propaganda’, arising out of the publication of a number of his articles in the West. It was his third conviction in 10 years on similar counts. The sentence also stipulates that he shall not publish any work in Yugoslavia for another four years after his release. The trial was attended by two Dutch and one British observer: Professor Riiter, head of the Department of Criminal Law, University of Amsterdam, and Dr Broekmeyer from the Institute of East European Studies of the same university, on behalf of Amnesty International; and Melanie Anderson for the International League for the Rights of Man in New York. What follows here is a part of her report on the proceedings. The Court consisted of the President, Dragomir Cvetković, another professional judge and four lay assessors. The Prosecution was led by Radovan Jozanov, while two lawyers defended the accused - Dr Jovan Barović, a wartime Partisan and former Party member expelled in the mid-1950s, and Dr Veljko Kovaĉević, both of whom conducted the Defence at the 1963 trial of Milovan Djilas. Mihajlov was sentenced under Article 118 (1). The seven-year term of imprisonment came as a shock, both to the onlookers present in Court and to Mihajlov and his counsel, says Melanie Anderson in her assessment of the trial, in which she points out that if Yugoslavia respected the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights, of which she was a signatory, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), which she had ratified, Mihajlov could neither have been charged nor sentenced for writing and publishing his articles No appeal was made against the sentence on the grounds that this was a political trial with a politically predetermined sentence that had little, if anything, to do with the proceedings in court, which were generally acknowledged to have been conducted with reasonable fairness and impartiality. In such circumstances, remission or release - will depend on political rather than judicial considerations.
Censorship: one or two points in favour and some against
Authors: Leighton J. M. 
Published: September 2011

Though devoted chiefly to the exposure of censorship, especially in its more brutal and senseless forms, Index is also ready to give space to anyone who puts forward an intelligent argument in its favour. This is what Professor Leighton did, though with important reservations, at a public symposium on the new South African censorship legislation, organised by the Artists' and Writers' Guild (from whose Newsletter No.4, July 1975 this paper is reprinted) in conjunction with the Independent Cultural Association. Professor Leighton is the head of the English Department at Rand Afrikaans University and served for four years (1969–73) as a member of the South African censorship body, the Publications Control Board.
The writer's focus
Authors: Kosinski Jerzy 
Published: September 2011

Jerzy Kosinski is the author of several novels, The Painted Bird ( awarded France's Prix du Meilleur Livre Etranger), Steps ( winner of the us National Book Award in Fiction), Being There, The Devil Tree, and the recently published Cockpit ( Houghton Mifflin Co.) . He recently retired after serving the maximum number of terms as the President of the American Center of thepen Club, 1973–5. Born of Russian parents in Poland, Jerzy Kosinski arrived in the United States in 1957. After finishing his graduate and post-graduate studies, he was a Ford and Guggenheim Fellow, and has been a recipient of the Award in Literature of the National Institute of Arts and Letters, as well as of the Humanitarian Freedom Award of Brith Sholom. Prior to his PEN Presidency, he taught English prose at Wesleyan, Princeton and Yale Universities. The following interview, directed mainly towards Kosinski's work for the American PEN Center, was recently recorded in New York by Lorrin P. Rosenbaum.
Commercial fisheries in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: possible implications for conservation management at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary
Authors: Levesque Juan C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Levesque, J. C. 2011. Commercial fisheries in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: possible implications for conservation management at the Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2175–2190. Marine resource managers designate marine protected areas (MPAs) to conserve, protect, and enhance fragile marine resources. A form of MPAs sometimes used by resource managers in the United States is a national marine sanctuary (NMS), and for all MPAs, managers need to use updated information during sanctuary management plan reviews (MPRs). In 2006, the Flower Garden Banks NMS (FGBNMS) began its first MPR by conducting public hearings and soliciting comments. Some 66% of comments were about the potential impacts fisheries posed to the sanctuary, so a description of commercial fishery activity in the NW Gulf of Mexico can help guide resource managers make sound, informed decisions. Despite limitations on data and knowledge of fishing effort spatially for the FGBNMS, commercial landings vary by Gulf state, area, and fishing gear, with most landings from the Louisiana and Texas coasts taken with trawls and nets. The main species landed from the NW Gulf of Mexico are shrimp, yellowfin tuna, and red snapper. Some conservation measures proposed for the FGBNMS will likely impact some commercial fisheries (hook and line, bottom longline), but not others (otter trawl, pelagic longline).
The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor MYC2 Directly RepressesPLETHORAExpression during Jasmonate-Mediated Modulation of the Root Stem Cell Niche inArabidopsis
Authors: Chen Qian , Sun Jiaqiang , Zhai Qingzhe , Zhou Wenkun , Qi Linlin , Xu Li , Wang Bao , Chen Rong , Jiang Hongling , Qi Jing , Li Xugang , Palme Klaus , Li Chuanyou 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe root stem cell niche, which in the Arabidopsis thaliana root meristem is an area of four mitotically inactive quiescent cells (QCs) and the surrounding mitotically active stem cells, is critical for root development and growth. We report here that during jasmonate-induced inhibition of primary root growth, jasmonate reduces root meristem activity and leads to irregular QC division and columella stem cell differentiation. Consistently, jasmonate reduces the expression levels of the AP2-domain transcription factors PLETHORA1 (PLT1) and PLT2, which form a developmentally instructive protein gradient and mediate auxin-induced regulation of stem cell niche maintenance. Not surprisingly, the effects of jasmonate on root stem cell niche maintenance and PLT expression require the functioning of MYC2/JASMONATE INSENSITIVE1, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that involves versatile aspects of jasmonate-regulated gene expression. Gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that MYC2 directly binds the promoters of PLT1 and PLT2 and represses their expression. We propose that MYC2-mediated repression of PLT expression integrates jasmonate action into the auxin pathway in regulating root meristem activity and stem cell niche maintenance. This study illustrates a molecular framework for jasmonate-induced inhibition of root growth through interaction with the growth regulator auxin.
Toward evidence‐based practice in acne: Consensus of an Asian Working Group
Authors: ABAD‐CASINTAHAN Flordeliz , CHOW Steven K. W. , GOH Chee Leok , KUBBA Raj , MIYACHI Yoshiki , NOPPAKUN Nopadon , SEE JoAnn , SUH Dae Hun , YANG Li‐Cheng , KANG Sewon 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAcne vulgaris is common throughout the world and often perceived by both patients and clinicians as an inconsequential disease of adolescence. In reality, however, acne is a chronic medical disease that lasts for years and causes a considerable impact on quality of life. Many patients with acne experience emotional problems due to their disease, which can lead to reduced social interactions and even a lower likelihood of employment. Little has been written specifically about acne in Asian patients in the English‐language medical published work, perhaps due to an assumption that the management of acne is the same in all populations. A group of acne experts from nine Asian countries and the USA met to review and discuss acne care within the Asia–Pacific region, focusing on evidence‐based medicine. This group developed a care algorithm using results of clinical trials as well as knowledge of practice patterns.
Immunolocalization of aquaporin‐5 in normal human skin and hypohidrotic skin diseases
Authors: IIZUKA Takashi , SUZUKI Takao , NAKANO Kiyoko , SUEKI Hirohiko 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAquaporin (AQP)‐5 has been shown to be expressed in the secretory parts of mouse, rat and horse sweat glands. However, the precise localization of AQP‐5 in normal and diseased human skin has not been fully determined. The aim of the present study was to further clarify the immunolocalization of AQP‐5 in normal human skin and hypohidrotic skin diseases. Normal human scalp skin and biopsies from skin affected by hypohidrotic diseases were analyzed for AQP‐5 and/or dermcidin expression by immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and/or immunoelectronmicroscopy. AQP‐5 was expressed on the apical and basolateral plasma membranes of the clear cells in eccrine sweat coils, but not in ductal components or apocrine glands. Numbers of AQP‐5‐positive coils in the secretory part of eccrine sweat glands were decreased in Sjögren’s syndrome, but not in skin affected by idiopathic segmental anhidrosis or idiopathic pure sudomotor failure. AQP‐5 was mostly localized to the plasma membranes of clear cells in the secretory coils of eccrine sweat glands, suggesting that it plays a role in producing the primary sweat fluid.
Dermoscopy of the pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue
Authors: MUKAMAL Luana V. , ORMIGA Patrícia , RAMOS‐E‐SILVA Marcia 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis is the report of two patients with pigmented fungiform papillae of the tongue, a benign condition, more frequent in dark skinned patients. We present the dermoscopic findings of this condition, which resembled rose petals.
A modified regimen of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, bortezomib and dexamethasone (DVD) is effective and well tolerated for previously untreated multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Berenson James R. , Yellin Ori , Chen Chien‐Shing , Patel Ravi , Bessudo Alberto , Boccia Ralph V. , Yang Hank H. , Vescio Robert , Yung Elizabeth , Mapes Russell , Eades Benjamin , Hilger James D. , Wirtschafter Eric , Hilger Jacqueline , Nassir Youram , Swift Regina A. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe combination of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), bortezomib and dexamethasone has shown efficacy in the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) patients. Our earlier retrospective study suggested that modification of the doses, schedules and route of administration of these drugs appears to reduce toxicity without compromising anti‐MM activity. As a result, we evaluated this modified drug combination in the frontline setting in a prospective multicentre phase II trial. Thirty‐five previously untreated MM patients were enrolled. Dexamethasone IV 40 mg, bortezomib 1 mg/m2 and PLD 5 mg/m2 were administered on days 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a 4‐week cycle. Patients were treated to their maximum response plus two additional cycles. The treatment regimen was discontinued after a maximum of eight cycles. Our modified schedule and dosing regimen achieved a high overall response rate of 86%, while showing a marked decrease in the incidence and severity of peripheral neuropathy, palmar‐plantar erythrodysesthesia and myelosuppression compared to the standard dosing on a 3‐week cycle using these drugs. This modified regimen of dexamethasone, bortezomib and PLD shows improved tolerability and safety while maintaining a high response rate when compared to standard treatment with these agents in the frontline setting.
How I manage neonatal thrombocytopenia
Authors: Chakravorty Subarna , Roberts Irene 
Published: September 2011

SummaryAlthough neonatal thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150 × 109/l) is a common finding in hospital practice, a careful clinical history and examination of the blood film is often sufficient to establish the diagnosis and guide management without the need for further investigations. In preterm neonates, early‐onset thrombocytopenia (<72 h) is usually secondary to antenatal causes, has a characteristic pattern and resolves without complications or the need for treatment. By contrast, late‐onset thrombocytopenia in preterm neonates (>72 h) is nearly always due to post‐natally acquired bacterial infection and/or necrotizing enterocolitis, which rapidly leads to severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 50 × 109/l). Thrombocytopenia is much less common in term neonates and the most important cause is neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), which confers a high risk of perinatal intracranial haemorrhage and long‐term neurological disability. Prompt diagnosis and transfusion of human platelet antigen‐compatible platelets is key to the successful management of NAIT. Recent studies suggest that more than half of neonates with severe thrombocytopenia receive platelet transfusion(s) based on consensus national or local guidelines despite little evidence of benefit. The most pressing problem in management of neonatal thrombocytopenia is identification of safe, effective platelet transfusion therapy and controlled trials are urgently needed.