bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Solidarity through the Lens of Critical Social Ontology
Authors: Gould Carol C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The resurgence of (putatively) solidaristic but harmful nationalist groups—White supremacists or neo-Nazis—poses the question of whether such groups really display solidarity, if it is understood as a norm involving a virtuous practice of mutual aid. How can a conception of solidarity that wants to remain sensitive to justice rule out such perverse manifestations of group commitment? This chapter suggests that a critical social ontology, which incorporates an emphasis on power and on emergent social practices, can shed light on this question. The chapter distinguishes between two ideal types of solidarity—the unitary and the networking—and considers the normativity they involve and the way that standing with and aiding others can be considered a virtue of individuals or groups. It then discusses how the practices of some solidarity groups involve differential power and hierarchy, which helps to understand what is wrong with gangs, neo-Nazi groups, and other problematic cases.
A Tale of Two Tenths
Authors: Shelby Tommie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles one of the biggest challenges to contemporary black political solidarity in the United States: class differences among blacks people Although they favor class-based solidary, many Marxists are sharply critical of race-based solidarity and antiracist identity politics. They believe, for example, that this form of politics largely serves the interests of the black professional-managerial class. The black working class should, these leftists think, seek allies among the broader multiracial working class and in the labor movement. Such Marxists also maintain that race-based politics wrongly subordinates class to race, rather than viewing race and class as inextricably related and fundamentally structured by capital-labor relations. The author of this chapter shares some of the skepticism that thinkers on the left have toward identity politics and antiracist activism but insists that they often take their criticisms too far. The author offers a partial vindication of black solidarity by responding to what he takes to be the most powerful Marxist critiques of it.
What Passed for Internet Governance
Authors: Shackelford Scott J. , Bradner Scott O. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes a brief history of attempts to govern the Internet, focusing on the period from APRANET in the 1970s through the establishment of ICANN in the late 1990s. It then discusses the wider implications such as China’s Digital Silk Road, digital isolation in the aftermath of the war in Ukraine, and even the rollout of an Interplanetary Protocol. Many scholars and policymakers viewed the Internet and cyberspace as borderless, self-governing, and devoid of authority. An important component of Internet governance is the development of norms for Internet operators and content providers, as well as technical standards underpinning internetworked systems. There are three key forces in the history of Internet governance: (1) influential network engineers and the organizations they developed, (2) commercial success of the Internet and the “digital divide” between open and closed networks, and (3) the increasing role of nations in Internet governance.
Taking Stock
Authors: Shackelford Scott J. , Bradner Scott O. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter distills lessons learned from the common threads of these forks in the digital road. It then moves in a normative direction to discuss not the Internet that exists, but the one that the world deserves, including the prospects for cyber peace, and how these insights can be deployed to ensure that the right digital forks are taken given new technologies such as the Internet of Things, and the Metaverse. The chapter maps the topics and trends of the key decision points from the past to contemporary debates about how to better manage cybersecurity, privacy, disinformation, and critical infrastructure. Reflecting on those past choices can help inform how to build a global culture of cybersecurity, along with whether and how to regulate artificial intelligence. Applying lessons learned from the 20th century can chart a path toward a more sustainable, secure, and equitable Internet for the 21st century.
The Social Epidemiology of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Marmot Sir Michael 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has become and remains a major acute global public health threat. COVID-19 is a severe and complex respiratory disease caused by a highly contagious coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2. The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed everything from daily routines to global supply chains and has had devastating impacts on populations around the world. At the time of this writing, over 1 million deaths due to COVID-19 have been recorded in the United States alone, along with almost 100 million cases of COVID-19 in the country. However, the pandemic has differentially impacted structurally marginalized populations in scope and magnitude. For example, the mortality rate for Black Americans is 2.3 times that of their White American counterparts, and incarcerated people have 5.5 times the case rate and 3 times the mortality rate of the general population. Other social dimensions such as income, gender, sexuality, employment sector, and immigration status have also played a significant role in COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, and mortality. The COVID-19 vaccine roll-out is also socially patterned in the United States and abroad, where there is an even more limited supply of the vaccine. This book describes and explains the COVID-19 pandemic through the lens of social epidemiology, investigating the social and structural factors that determine how COVID-19 differentially impacts various communities. The book focuses on the United States, but the chapters touch on the global COVID-19 story as well.
Religion, Spirituality, and COVID-19
Authors: Ransome Yusuf , Taggart Tamara , Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on religion and COVID-19 health outcomes, including summarizing the accumulating literature on religion, spirituality, and COVID-19, as well as discussing pathways to inform intervention development and implementation. For example, higher levels of religious service attendance could provide more opportunities to establish social relations and receive whatever goods are produced through the social network, especially if goods come from one’s own neighborhood or across neighborhoods, but they also may increase risk of infection. Religion may contribute to higher SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality given various religious practices within specific traditions, such as the Eucharist, Communion, and other rituals, and choir singing. While religious service attendance has been the most popular indicator within the multidimensional construct of religiosity and is characterized by observable organizational aspects, COVID-19 has raised questions about the relevance of that indicator. This chapter also discusses other indicators, including private religiosity or non-organizational aspects, which are activities practiced outside the purview of spectators and includes reading scriptures or other religious texts, praying in private, and meditation. Lastly, this chapter explores the ways in which technology has played an increasingly important role in how religion is practiced (including funerals and mourning) and the implications for post-COVID-19 religious effects on health.
COVID-19, Welfare States, and Social Policies
Authors: Karim Wasie , Courtin Emilie , Muennig Peter 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on pandemic preparedness from a cross-national policy perspective. How are some societies able to weather the crisis (in terms of mitigating health inequalities) relative to others? For example, U.S. law does not guarantee even a single day of paid sick leave for workers, thereby increasing the risk of “sickness presenteeism” among low-wage workers. Childcare was unaffordable for the most vulnerable workers, even before they were closed down by the COVID crisis, forcing workers to rely on informal arrangements (e.g., grandparents looking after young children). In the United States, laid-off workers have been steered toward filing for unemployment benefits, forcing them to choose between losing their benefits versus risking exposure to infection when their employers called them back to work. This contrasts with other countries, such as Germany, which rely on a system of government payments to businesses to keep their employees on their payroll. This chapter also includes a summary of federal assistance programs, such as school lunch programs, SNAP, the impact of border closures (north and south) and the impact of those policies on their communities also are discussed.
The State of Play
Authors: Hirst Aggie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out the current state of play of wargaming in the field of IR and the US military. It begins by tracing the role and function of games in the field of IR from the mid-twentieth century to the early twenty-first, reconstructing a hitherto neglected history. It then traces a wargaming renaissance beginning in 2014, inaugurated by Department of Defense–wide memos sent by then Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel and Deputy Defense Secretary Bob Work, and made manifest through the Defense Innovation Initiative and Third Offset Strategy. Central to these developments, the chapter shows, was a demand for a better grasp of the “human dimension,” encompassing critical thinking, the ability to navigate complexity, and improved decision-making skills. The chapter concludes by setting out the methodological dissensus surrounding whether wargaming should be understood as an art or a science, and showing how the wargaming renaissance reflects the beginning of a paradigm shift from quantitative to qualitative approaches.
For the Win
Authors: Hirst Aggie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that in wargames, the imperative to win—that is, the pursuit of victory conditions—is crucial. The chapter opens by examining what is fun about wargaming. From there, it turns to the place of winning and competition in US military culture. Having established prevailing naturalist assumptions in the CoP that view the winning imperative as a feature of human nature, the chapter demonstrates that wargames work by producing and harnessing precisely these tendencies in players as part of the games’ subjectifying capacity. It shows how wargames use systems of reward and punishment, forms of loss and failure, and systematic iterative irresolution, which at once incentivize, preclude, and devalue winning. While the attainment of a win state is broadly immaterial to a wargame’s success or failure, players are kept in the dark about this and are strongly encouraged to strive to achieve victory. This makes wargames perpetual-motion learning machines.
Intimacy and the Public Sphere
Authors: Jeske Diane 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The civil institution of marriage grants the people who enter it a special status with many accompanying benefits and privileges. Society more generally celebrates marriage and singles it out as representing a relationship of unique importance to individual lives. This chapter argues that there are harmful effects to individuals that result from the legal and social primacy of marriage and marriage-like relationships. Philosophical attempts to show that the marital relationship has a unique significance are uncompelling, and an examination of spousal support law shows that our thinking about the institution is not ultimately coherent. We need to encourage greater diversity in the structuring of our intimate lives if we want to ensure that all individuals are able to incorporate this value into their life in the way best suited to them.
The “Second-Best” Regime: Human Nature, Property, and Acquisitiveness
Authors: Balot Ryan K. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn Book 5 the Athenian begins to legislate for Magnesia. While exposing Magnesia’s limitations, he also illustrates the city’s superiority to its traditional counterparts. The Athenian explicitly legislates for a “second-best” regime, by contrast with the Callipolis of Plato’s Republic—specifically with reference to its property arrangements, the object of the “second wave” in the Republic. By focusing on both institutional arrangements and the education of desire, the Athenian imitates Socrates’ two-pronged strategy to limit materialistic acquisitiveness. Despite his emphasis on Magnesia’s limitations, he also stresses his frequently countercultural ambitions for the city, which can be realized by human beings as they are empirically found. As successful as the Athenian may be in achieving his ambitions, though, unsettling questions remain as to the motivations and quality of the Magnesians’ achievement of virtue. Those questions are intensified by the Athenian’s persistent emphasis on surveillance and punishment.
The Price of Recognition
Authors: Massad Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the liberal project of multiculturalism, diversity, and tolerance of difference, which claims to oppose conservative white European and US racism against non-Europeans, is just as white supremacist in both its concepts and its goals as the white supremacists whom these concepts purport to oppose. The chapter examines the similarities between liberal proponents and conservative opponents of this multicultural project. Specifically, the chapter examines the case of Islam and Muslim communities in Europe and the United States. These contexts demonstrate that both sides issue from the same premise—namely, the superiority of white European culture on a global scale.
“A Typical Crowded War Community”: Pascagoula, Mississippi
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Economic mobilization created rapid population growth in small towns and urban areas of the Deep South. As a result, problems developed in many areas, including housing, education, health care, and fears of an increase in crime and juvenile delinquency. This chapter explores the nature of these issues and the search for solutions in one war town: Pascagoula, Mississippi, site of the Ingalls shipyard. Finding answers to the complications created by economic mobilization in Pascagoula proved only partly successful, for several reasons. For one thing, the town’s primary employer, Ingalls Shipbuilding, did little to ease the difficulties created by the rapid expansion of the gigantic shipyard. Also any attempt to sort out the problems created as southern communities like Pascagoula mobilized for war had to contend with the entrenched negative attitudes that rural migrants held toward the federal government and urbanization, as well as their unwavering commitment to White supremacy.
Military Mobilization and Black Troops
Authors: Bolton Charles C. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how the military’s nondiscrimination directive in the Selective Training and Service Act of 1940 led to conflicts in the Deep South. Despite the nondiscrimination order, discrimination against Blacks in both selection and training proved routine. The US Army also preserved the system of racial segregation, although on its bases, it did not always enforce racial segregation or enforced it less arduously than White Southerners desired. Off-base, however, the military made little effort to enforce the principle of nondiscrimination, and communities in the areas near military facilities became the site of racial conflict. Overall, the training of Black and White troops at the same army camps unleashed a battle over the racial segregation the military had refused to abandon, yet officially pledged to replicate in a “fairer” manner.
Beauvoir and Belle
Authors: Belle Kathryn Sophia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Beauvoir and Belle: A Black Feminist Critique of The Second Sex examines feminist frameworks, discourses, and vocabularies of Black women and other Women of Color that existed prior to and have continued after The Second Sex. Black women and other Women of Color connections to and engagements with this text—e.g., Claudia Jones, Lorraine Hansberry, Audre Lorde, bell hooks, Angela Davis, Deborah K. King, Oyèrónké Oyěwùmí, Chikwenye Okonjo Ogunyemi, Mariana Ortega, Stephanie Rivera Berruz, Alia Al-Saji, and Kyoo Lee—are intentionally centered. This approach offers a corrective to some of the exclusionary tendencies in The Second Sex itself as well as replications of these exclusions in the secondary literature (e.g., not citing Black feminists and other Women of Color feminists who explicitly take up this text, or citing but not substantively engaging the arguments offered). The following main arguments are made about The Second Sex: despite its noteworthy contributions and insights, some of its limitations include the analogical approach to identity and oppression as well as the deployment of comparative and competing frameworks of oppression. At times Beauvoir suggests that sexism on the one hand, and racism, antisemitism, colonialism, and classism on the other hand, are comparative systems of oppression. But she also sets up competing frameworks of oppression, privileging gender difference and woman’s subordination as a more significant and constitutive form of oppression than racism, antisemitism, colonialism and/or class oppression. Beauvoir and Belle offers a critique of analogical approaches to identity and oppression, while presenting triple oppression, intersectionality, multiplicity, and decolonial feminism as viable alternatives.
The Perception of Promise
Authors: Haufe Chris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by unraveling the notion of promise itself, looking at the kind of features of paradigms upon which practitioners base their choices. Much of Kuhn’s vision in Structure depends on the idea that a paradigm is chosen because it solves an important outstanding problem. This chapter provides several examples of paradigms being chosen despite having been known to fail in their attempt to solve a problem. Thus, there must be something about the attempt itself which recommends that researchers adopt the style of problem solving of which that attempt is a sample. Our epistemology of science should reflect the fact that failed attempts often exert a profound influence on how community members believe they ought to do science.
Punishment for the Greater Good
Authors: Kolber Adam J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Over ten million people are incarcerated throughout the world, even though punishment theorists have struggled for centuries to morally justify the practice. Theorists usually address criminal justice under abstract, idealized conditions that assume away real-world uncertainty. We don’t have time, however, to wait for a perfect moral theory, and the history of philosophy suggests we will never find it. This book examines the justification of punishment in the here and now, recognizing that we are uncertain about matters of both fact and value. Retributivists believe offenders deserve punishment because of their wrongdoing. They treat deserved punishment as intrinsically valuable. Retributivism is too unfinished, however, to address punishment in the here and now, and the widely popular notion of proportional punishment at its core is both elusive and often undesirable. Rather than seeking retribution, we should reduce suffering by deterring crime and incapacitating and rehabilitating dangerous people. Though this consequentialist approach has fallen out of favor in recent decades, it is better suited to addressing punishment in the here and now than the approach commonly taken by retributivists. If consequentialism successfully justifies punishment, then contrary to some carceral abolitionists, at least some incarceration under some conditions is justified today. In the here and now, we will rarely know how to punish for the greatest good, but we can seek to punish for the greater good.
Sleep Problems
Authors: Palermo Tonya M. , Murray Caitlin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Children may have temporary disruptions to their sleep or show patterns of more persistent sleep problems related to how they fall asleep, what happens during sleep, or how they wake up in the morning. Different types of problems may be present across infancy to adolescence. Treatments for children’s sleep problems most typically involve education and behavioral strategies. Ensuring protected sleep time is an important goal for parents, so that they can promote an environment that is conducive to the child receiving enough sleep. Many resources are available to help parents learn more about children’s sleep and to provide instruction in behavioral strategies that can be carried out at home.
Separation and Divorce
Authors: Deutsch Robin M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Parental separation and divorce are a painful process for families. Children do best when their parents engage in minimal conflict and can be as attuned to their child’s needs as possible, while they themselves must find ways to move on. In this chapter the author discusses things to consider when parents separate, emphasizing that their attention should be directed to their children and not on their disappointment or anger with their co-parent. They should be especially attentive to the children’s age and developmental level, including how and when to tell them about the new family situation and what to consider when they develop a parenting plan.
Nurturing Resilience
Authors: Brooks Robert B. , Goldstein Sam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The concept of resilience and the ways in which children and adults cope effectively with adversity have become a prominent area of study during the past 40 years. This interest has intensified with the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, as well as unprecedented increases in incidents of angry, violent, and divisive actions worldwide. As such, there is even greater urgency for parents and other caregivers to consider practices that help children navigate stress and uncertainty, and that encourage them to be hopeful and resilient. In this chapter the authors highlight specific strategies to reinforce resilience during these very challenging times.
Alcohol and Drug Use
Authors: Miranda Robert 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The teenage years are an important developmental period for the initiation and escalation of alcohol and other substance use and the onset of substance use disorders. By 12th grade, most youth will have experimented with alcohol or another drug, and one out of every 20 teenagers has a diagnosable substance use disorder. Each day, an estimated 400 youths, age 12–17 years, are admitted to publicly funded substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States. For parents, knowing the warning signs of adolescent use and misuse and the steps to take to support their children when they struggle is critical for helping them remain healthy and successfully transition to adulthood. This chapter presents the latest information about teenage substance use and the types of help available for youth who struggle with the early stages of addiction.
Helping Children and Families Cope with Grief and Loss
Authors: Koocher Gerald P. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Adults struggle with the best ways to help their children cope with death and bereavement, whether the loss involves a beloved pet or a family member. The adult’s own grief may get in the way of assisting children. This chapter guides parents and other adult caregivers through strategies for helping based on developmental principles and common childhood worries. Readers will find many specific strategies and the use of teachable moments, as well as many potential children’s books and other resources.