bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of diet and genetic constitution on growth curves and efficiency in rats
Authors: Lozano Susana Calderari de 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYEquations relating biomass to cumulative food ingested ad libitum were defined in rats from weaning to 200 days of age. Two inbred lines of the IIM strain: α, of medium adult weight, and b, of low adult weight, were fed on two different diets, × and Z. The following groups were formed: αX, αZ, bX and bZ. Body weight and food intake were recorded over a 1-day period every second day. For each of the four groups, body weight, W, could be described as a function of cumulative food intake (F) by the equation:Each exponential term was assumed to measure the behaviour of a portion of the biomass. The first exponential term implied an intense growth and a high initial efficiency, which became effectively zero by about 100 days of age. The second exponential term implied a weak growth and a low but significant efficiency of food utilization. Type of diet influenced level of intake and was important at early ages (<100 days). At 46 days of age, animals of both lines were heavier and more efficient when fed on diet Z. The genetic influence determining final adult weight becomes evident after 46 days of age.
The effect of the physical form of the diet on the consumption of solid food by calves, and the distribution of food residues in their alimentary tracts
Authors: Hodgson J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. British Friesian male calves were offered, in two experiments, either chopped, or ground and pelleted dried grass diets to appetite. In one experiment the pelleted diet was also given in restricted quantities. The calves were slaughtered without being fasted, 6 to 9 weeks after weaning, and detailed measurements were made of the weights and volumes of the sections of the alimentary tract and its contents, and of other abdominal organs.2. Grinding and pelleting the diet reduced mean retention time by approximately 50% and digestibility by 6 to 8 units, and increased dry-matter intake in the two experiments by 55 or 32% respectively, and growth rate by 53 and 69% respectively.3. The ground and pelleted diets resulted in a smaller quantity of fluid digesta in the rumen, and a much greater quantity in the abomasum and small intestine.4. There were smaller differences between diets in the quantity of digesta in the combined caecum and colon, or in the total volume of the organs of the abdomen, than in the amount of digesta in the rumen. It is suggested that further critical studies are required upon the importance of the contents of the alimentary tract, or of the abdomen as a whole, in the control of voluntary food intake in ruminants.
A note on a urea-containing molassed sugar beet pulp product as a protein concentrate for intensively-fed Friesian steers
Authors: Fishwick G. , Fraser J. , Hemingway R. G. , Parkins J. J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYA molassed sugar beet product with 32% crude protein and containing added urea (8%), dicalcium phosphate, trace elements and vitamins was evaluated in two experiments as a protein source for intensively-fed 100 kg British Friesian steers. Comparison was made with an equal amount of crude protein supplied as a mixture of decorticated groundnut and cottonseed meals.Both forms of supplementation equally and significantly increased live-weight gains and improved food conversion ratios compared with those recorded when the basal diet consisted of barley with no protein supplement.
A note on the effect of urea contained in a molassed sugar beet pulp cube on the voluntary intake and digestibility of oat straw by steers
Authors: Fishwick G. , Hemingway R. G. , Parkins J. J. , Ritchie N. S. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. The effects of 0·9 to 1·0 kg molassed sugar beet pulp cubes, supplemented with minerals and vitamins and with either 0, 3·0 and 7·8% urea, on the voluntary intake of oat straw (either 2·0 or 3·0% crude protein) were measured in two experiments with 250 to 300 kg British Friesian steers.2. Straw intake was increased by a maximum of about 20% when a total of about 165 g crude protein was supplied by the urea-containing sugar beet products.3. In one digestibility trial conducted with 385 kg steers, the inclusion in sugar beet pulp of urea equivalent to 89 g and 169 g crude protein/day comparably and significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter and crude fibre.
A note on the effects of frequency and method of feeding milk substitute on the performance of Friesian and Ayrshire calves
Authors: Broadbent P. J. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARY1. Forty British Friesian and 33 Ayrshire male calves were reared on one of three treatments differing in frequency and method of feedingwhole milk and milk substitute.2. The calves were introduced to their treatments on arrival. The Ayrshire calves were offered whole milk for 24 days as two feeds of up to 1·42 litres warm milk each (2W), or one feed of up to 2·84 litres warm milk (1W) daily, or cold milk ad libitum (AC). Thereafter they received milk substitute on one of the following regimes which were applied to the Friesian calves from arrival. The regimes were 454 g milk-substitute powder reconstituted at the rate of 158 g per litre warm water (approximately blood temperature) given in two feeds of 227 g per day (2W) or one feed of 454 g per day (1W), and milk-substitute powder reconstituted with cold water at the rate of 100 g per litre offered ad libitum (AC).3. Calves on treatment AC had higher live-weight gains and consumed more whole milk, milk substitute and less concentrates than those on other treatments. These differences were significant. There were differences in drinking behaviour on treatment AC between Friesian and Ayrshire calves which may have been due to differences in age at the start of the experiment. Solid food intake was affected by both level and pattern of liquid milk consumption. The practical and financial implications of treatment AC are discussed.
Sire evaluation and estimation of genetic gain in Israeli dairy herds
Authors: Bar-Anan R. , Sacks J. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe Israeli procedure for measuring sire breeding values and genetic progress due to selection is described. The estimate of sire breeding value has two components, the current contemporary comparison (CC) and an adjustment for the average genetic deviation of the contemporaries from the original base population. The combined value is called the cumulative difference (CD). For practical purposes the CD was found to be free of the time trends observed for CC, and the residual variances of the two measures were approximately equal. The relative genetic level in any given time interval was measured by the average CD of all sires used during the period October 1964 o t January 1971 in Israel. The analysis indicates that essentially all of the progress in 122-day FCM yields was due to sire selection, whereas 60% of the progress in 305-day FCM yields was due to selection and 40% to improved management.
A note on the recovery of polyethylene particles from faeces an d rumen contents of steers
Authors: Fordyce J. , Kay M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYTwo experiments were conducted with three types of polyethylene particles to establish their retention time in castrated male cattle (steers) offered diets which contained predominantly cereals ad libitum. The particles were (1) ‘Ruff Tabs’, a corrugated particle of dimension 1·27 × 0·63 × 0·95 cm3 and subsequently referred to as RT and (2) and (3) plain plastic rods of 1·27 cm length and 0·32 cm (BP) or 0·63 cm (RBP) diameter.In the first experiment with steers weighing 170 or 260 kg, 1 kg of RT particles were excreted in the faeces at a similar rate by the steers of different weights whereas BP particles passed out in the faeces more slowly in the lighter steer.In the second experiment 30 steers weighing 440 kg were slaughtered at 7, 14, 28 and 42 days after dosing with 1 kg of BP, RT or RBP. The recovery of RT was significantly lower (P < 0·05) than that of BP 7 days after dosing and this difference was also found at 14 and 28 days. RBP behaved like BP up to 14 days but thereafter the rate of passage of RBP was faster than tha t of BP and recovery from the rumen approached that of RT.
The effects on growth, food intake and rumen volume of including untreated or ammonia-treated barley straw in a complete diet for weaning calves
Authors: Williams P. E. V. , Innes G. M. , Brewer A. , Magadi J. P. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted using British Friesian bull calves to determine the effects on growth, food intake and rumen volume of including 0, 150, 200 or 250 g ammonia-treated (35 g/kg dry matter (DM)) or untreated barley straw per kg pelleted concentrate based on cereal. All calves received once daily 440 g milk replacer powder reconstituted in 3 1 warm water, were weaned at 56 days of age and given one of the seven pelleted diets to appetite from 14 days of age. In experiment 1, the seven diets were allocated at random to 70 calves. Food intake was increased by the inclusion of straw but there was no effect on intake of the increased concentration of straw; daily DM intake from 14 to 77 days of age was 1·36 and 1·77 kg/day respectively for diets with or without straw. From 14 to 56 days of age intake of concentrate was increased by the addition of straw but was negatively correlated with the concentration of straw in the diet. After weaning inclusion of straw, whilst increasing total intake, tended to depress intake of cereal. Treatment with ammonia increased the nitrogen concentration in the straw but had no effect on the digestibility or amount of diet consumed. After adjustment was made for gut fill, the increases in weight between 4 and 84 days of age of calves given 150, 200 or 250 g straw per kg food were 6·6, 1·2 and 1·0 kg respectively greater than those that occurred when there was no straw in the diet. DM digestibility of all diets was above 0·67 but the mean digestibility of acid detergent fibre was low (0·19). The pH and ammonia concentration of rumen liquor were low and below the optimum for cellulose digestion. In experiment 2, rumen volume was measured in vivo in a group of 24 calves given the same diets as in experiment 1. Rumen volume was increased two fold at 42 days of age by the addition of straw to the diet (5·6v.2·6 1,P< 0·001), by 87 days of age the difference was increased to 7·11, (19·0v.11·9 1,P< 0·01). When all calves were given the same diet from 91 days of age, there was no effect of previous treatment on intake or rumen volume at 147 days of age.
Fat partitioning and tissue distribution in crossbred ewes following different growth paths
Authors: Butler-Hogg B. W. , Johnsson I. D. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTForty Hampshire Down × Mule (Blue-faced Leicester cf × Swaledale 2) ewe lambs, obtained within a week of birth, were reared on milk replacer and from 6 weeks of age on a complete pelleted diet. Food intake of individual lambs was controlled to produce periods of high (H: ca. 210 g/day) and low (L: ca. 110 g/day) rates of live-weight gain from 4 to 20 and 20 to 36 weeks of age. Groups of eight lambs were slaughtered and dissected at 20 weeks having followed either growth paths H or L, and at 36 weeks having followed growth paths LL, HL or LH.Growth path had little effect on the lean or bone content of the carcass, but had a significant effect on carcass fat content and distribution. At the same carcass weight, the ratio of intermuscular to subcutaneous fat was higher in leaner carcasses. When compared at the same weight (ca. 35 kg) but different ages (H, 20 weeks; LL 36 weeks), the slower growing LL lambs contained 1·22 kg more fat than the H lambs, primarily in the intermuscular and subcutaneous depots but also in the internal omental depot. At the same age and weight (ca. 36 weeks and 48 kg), lambs which had followed the growth path LH contained 2·5 kg more fat than lambs which had followed the HL path. These differences in fatness are thought to have come about through changes in the effective protein:energy ratio of the diet, induced by the manipulation of food intake.Carcasses of HL lambs would be of more value to the meat trade compared with LH, since they would require less fat trimming before retail sale.
Amino acid and energy interactions in growing pigs 2. Effects of food intake, sex and live weight on responses to lysine concentration in barley-based diets
Authors: Giles L. R. , Batterham E. S. , Belinda Dettmann E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe responses of growing pigs to dietary lysine concentration, as influenced by food intake, sex (entire male and female) and live weight were investigated in an experiment involving 128 pigs. The basal barley-soya-bean diet (14·2 MJ digestible energy (DE) per kg) was offered either ad libitum or according t o a restricted feeding scale to both sexes from 20 to 85 kg live weight. The eight dietary lysine concentrations ranged from 8·0 to 12·2 g/kg during the 20 to 50 kg phase and from 6·4 to 9·8 g/kg during the 50 to 85 kg live-weight phase. Performance was assessed by response-surface analysis based on data from successive 10-kg live-weight intervals. Regression analysis was used to assess the response of carcass lean content after slaughter at 85 kg live weight.Daily gain of females fed ad libitum was curvilinear up to maxima of 0·72 and 0·69 g lysine per MJ DE during the 20 to 50 and 50 to 85 kg growth phases respectively. Daily gain response was small but linear up to the maximum dietary lysine concentration for all other combinations of sex and food intake.The response of carcass lean for males given food at a restricted level was linear up to the maximum dietary lysine concentration. For males given food ad libitum, carcass lean response was curvilinear with maximum lean content attained with 0·73 and 0·59 g lysine per MJ DE during the 20 to 50 and 50 to 85 kg live-weight phases respectively. Carcass lean content of females was not affected by lysine concentration within the range used.
A note on the use of a categorical variable to explain seasonality deviation from the lactation curve
Authors: Goodall E. A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe addition of a categorical variable to the lactation model of Wood (1967) has been shown to be useful in the explanation of seasonality of milk production using data from an experimental herd. The technique is further investigated using monthly milk-yield data from 43 commercial herds in Northern Ireland in the years 1978 to 1982. Coefficients, d, of the categorical variable were estimated for each month of calving. The maximum value of d was 0·256 for the month of October and the minimum value was 0·022 for the month of March.
The effects of a combined androgenic-oestrogenic anabolic agent in steers and bulls 1. Growth and carcass composition
Authors: Fisher A. V. , Wood J. D. , Whelehan O. P. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTwenty-one pairs of male cattle twins, 10 of which were monozygotic, were used in a study of the effects of a combined implant of trenbolone acetate (140 mg) and oestradiol-17B (20 mg) on growth and carcass composition. There were three comparisons within pairs: (1) between bulls and steers (no implants); (2) between bulls and implanted steers; and (3) between bulls and implanted bulls.Implants were given twice, at 44 to 73 days and at 300 days of age. Animals were slaughtered at 400 days following recorded consumption of a complete pelleted diet given ad libitum. Carcasses were separated into tissues and lean and fat were chemically analysed. The effects of castration and/or implantation on growth and carcass composition were assessed by comparison with the untreated (control) bull values within each group and expressed as a ratio (treatedxontrol). These ratios were then compared between groups.Bulls were significantly heavier than steers at slaughter (29·6 kg, P < 0·05), but were not heavier than implanted steers. Implantation of steers tended to increase appetite; it proportionately increased lean and protein production by about 0·1, and partly reversed the effects of castration on the length of limb bones and the weights of reproductive organs and hide. The proportions of carcass tissues were very similar in the untreated and implanted steers. In bulls, implantation increased the weight of fatty tissue in the subcutaneous and intermuscular depots, but it had small effects on other carcass characteristics.
The influence of degree of adaptation to tether-housing by sows in relation to behaviour and energy metabolism
Authors: Cronin G. M. , van Tartwijk J. M. F. M. , van der Hel W. , Verstegen M. W. A. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIn response to tethering, many sows develop seemingly non-functional repetitive behaviour (stereotypies), which may be performed for several hours in a day.The quality and quantity of activity performed by sows with different degrees of adaptation to tethering was studied in relation to energy expenditure. Three groups of five sows were recognized: (1) High, sows which showed a high incidence of stereotyped activity after prolonged tethering; (2) T/Low, sows with limited experience of tethers; and (3) G/Low, the same sows as in group 2 after regrouping.High sows were about three times more active than T/Low sows: the proportions of time involved in 24 h were 0·35 and 0·13 respectively. Most of the former sows' activity was in the form of sterotypies. The activity level of the G/Low sows was between that of the two tether treatments (proportionately 0·17 of 24 h). Both tethered treatments spent proportionately about 0·05 of 24 h in using drinkers compared with proportionately less than 0·02 of the time for the G/Low sows.High sows produced proportionately 0·36 more heat than T/Low sows during the 12-h light period in each day. During this period, proportionately 0·40 and 0·20 of heat production from High and T/Low sows was associated with activity. The diurnal activity of the G/Low sows was associated with proportionately 0·24 of heat production.Stereotypies and excessive drinker use accounted for proportionately 0·86, 0·52 and 0·24 of the activity of High, T/Low and G/Low sows. The proportions of metabolizable energy intake required for these activities were 0·23, 0·07 and 0·04 respectively for the three treatments. The study concludes that tethering is stressful when sows develop, and then indulge in frequent coping behavioural patterns which increase metabolic rate.
A note on the supplementation of low-protein, maize-soya-bean meal diets with lysine, tryptophan, threonine and methionine for growing pigs
Authors: Russell L. E. , Easter R. A. , Gomez-Rojas V. , Cromwell G. L. , Stahly T. S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAn experiment conducted at two experimental stations was designed to identify the limiting amino acids in maize-soya-bean meal diets with 120 g crude protein per kg given ad libitum to pigs from 20 to 40 kg body weight. The effects of additions of tryptophan and of tryptophan plus threonine in both the presence and absence of added methionine were studied. The responses to supplemental amino acids were not significantly different at the two stations (P > 0·10). The addition of tryptophan tended to improve growth rate. However, significant improvements in rate and efficiency of gain were not realized until both tryptophan and threonine were added (P < 0·05). Interactive effects between supplemental amino acids on pig performance were not detected. Thus, the maize-soya-bean meal diet with 120 g crude protein per kg and given ad libitum to 20-kg pigs appeared to be limiting in lysine, tryptophan, threonine and possibly methionine.
Heterogeneity of variance amongst herds for milk production
Authors: Brotherstone Susan , Hill W. G. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTEstimates were obtained of the variability among herds of dairy cattle of the standard deviation (s.d.) and coefficient of variation (CV) of milk, fat and protein yield. For fat yield, for example, the mean s.d. within herds for heifers was about 30 kg, the s.d. among herds was 5·2 kg and the mean and s.d. of CV were 0·15 and 0·026, respectively. Correlations of both s.d. and CV were high between both heifers and cows in the same herd and year and between heifers or cows in the same herd in successive years, showing that variability was consistent over time and over age groups.Ways of correcting for the heterogeneity of variance for use in cow index calculations are suggested; because CVs are heterogeneous, simple log transformation is not sufficient.
Cereal grains in complete diets for dairy cows: a comparison of rolled barley, wheat and oats and of three methods of processing oats
Authors: Moran J. B. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described in which dairy cows in early lactation were individually offered ad libitum complete diets containing firstly rolled barley, wheat or oats comprising proportionately 0·6 of the total dry matter (DM) and seeondly, whole oats, rolled oats or whole oats soaked in sodium hydroxide comprising proportionately 0·5 of the total DM. Organic-matter (OM) digestibility was measured using chromium III oxide as an external faecal marker and production of milk, milk fat and milk protein were monitored. Rumen digestion rates of each grain type were measured in sacco using non-lactating cows.In the first experiment, voluntary DM intakes did not differ between diets, OM digestibilities were, in decreasing order, wheat > barley > oats, and faecal starch concentrations were, in decreasing order, barley > wheat > oats. Cows given oats produced the most milk and milk fat while cows given wheat produced the most milk protein. Digested OM was used most efficiently by cows given oats and their greater productivity was attributed partly to higher levels of dietary fibre and lipid.In the second experiment, cows fed alkali-treated oats had higher (though non-significant) DM intakes and produced the most milk, milk fat and milk protein. Excretion rates of whole grain from cows given treated or untreated whole oats did not differ, but grain weight loss in transit through the gut was higher with the alkali-treated grain. Food intakes and yields of milk and milk solids were similar in cows given either whole untreated or coarsely rolled oats.