bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Group actions on topological graphs
Authors: DEACONU VALENTIN , KUMJIAN ALEX , QUIGG JOHN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe define the action of a locally compact groupGon a topological graphE. This action induces a natural action ofGon theC*-correspondence ℋ(E) and on the graphC*-algebraC*(E). If the action is free and proper, we prove thatC*(E)⋊rGis strongly Morita equivalent toC*(E/G) . We define the skew product of a locally compact groupGby a topological graphEvia a cocyclec:E1→G. The group acts freely and properly on this new topological graphE×cG. IfGis abelian, there is a dual action onC*(E) such that$C^*(E)\rtimes \hat {G}\cong C^*(E\times _cG)$. We also define the fundamental group and the universal covering of a topological graph.
Path Dependence and the Modernisation of Agriculture: A Case Study of Aragon, 1955–85
Authors: CLAR ERNESTO , PINILLA VICENTE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper explains how technological developments and changes in production encouraged and drove the processes of agricultural modernisation that occurred in the second half of the twentieth century, taking the region of Aragon in north eastern Spain as a case study. The main agricultural macro-variables reveal a surge in output, coincident with a far-reaching restructuring of production, in which livestock and animal feeds played a key role. The relative success of this high speed agricultural transformation was largely due to technological progress and the development of Aragon's trade links before 1936. Meanwhile, the earlier development of irrigation schemes, the capitalisation of farms and experimentation with different seed varieties allowed the region to adapt quickly to the new Green Revolution technologies that came to the fore after 1950. At the same time, established trade links allowed a swift transition to livestock and related produce destined for fast developing agro-industrial regions, like Catalonia and Valencia. As in other countries, technological and trade path dependency also explain the polarisation of agricultural development within Aragon itself, and in particular the success of the provinces of Zaragoza and Huesca in contrast to failure and depopulation in Teruel. The experience of Aragon may thus be useful to understand the dynamics of other less developed regions currently in the throes of transformation.
Environmental standard and employment: impact of productivity effect
Authors: Sen Anindita , Acharyya Rajat 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis paper analyses the effect of environmental standards on aggregate employment in the presence of a productivity effect in a multi-sector general equilibrium framework of an open economy. The productivity effect is generated among the skilled and unskilled workers as an improvement in the environmental quality improves their health, leading to an increase in their productivity. Though the productivity effect initially lowers labour demand as labour requirement per unit of production falls, a standard may raise employment depending on the parametric configurations. In this paper, we identify the role of this productivity effect on the change in employment and show that it may actually improve the chances of an employment expansion.
Platelet Mitochondrial Dysfunction is Evident in Type 2 Diabetes in Association with Modifications of Mitochondrial Anti-Oxidant Stress Proteins
Authors: Avila C. , Huang R. , Stevens M. , Aponte A. , Tripodi D. , Kim K. , Sack M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in insulin responsive tissues is implicated in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Whether these perturbations extend to other tissues and contribute to their pathophysiology is less well established. The objective of this study was to investigate platelet mitochondria to evaluate whether type 2 diabetes associated mitochondrial dysfunction is evident in circulating cells.A pilot study of mitochondrial respiratory function and proteomic changes comparing platelets extracted from insulin sensitive (n=8) and type 2 diabetic subjects (n=7).
In-situ platelet mitochondria show diminished oxygen consumption and lower oxygen-dependent ATP synthesis in diabetic vs. control subjects. Mass spectrometric identification and confirmatory immunoblot analysis identifies induction of the mitochondrial anti-oxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase 2 and thioredoxin-dependent peroxide reductase 3 in platelets of diabetic subjects. As oxidative stress upregulates anti-oxidant enzymes we assessed mitochondrial protein carbonylation as an index of oxidative-stress. Platelets of diabetic subjects exhibit significantly increased protein carbonylation compared to controls.As platelets are anuclear fragments of megakaryocytes, our data suggest that the bone marrow compartment in type 2 diabetic subjects is exposed to increased mitochondrial oxidative stress with upregulation of nuclear-encoded antioxidant mitochondrial enzymes. This ‘stress-signature’ in platelets of diabetic subjects is associated with a diminution of their mitochondrial contribution to energy production and support that mitochondrial perturbations in type 2 diabetes extends beyond the classical insulin responsive tissues. Platelets, as “accessible human tissue”, may be useful to measure the mitochondrial modulatory effects of emerging anti-diabetic therapeutics.
The Histories of Herat
Authors: Paul Jürgen 
Published: September 2011

The biographical dictionary is perhaps the best known and commonest type of local history at least for the pre-Mongol period of Iranian history. It is well known that for quite a few Iranian cities, just as for cities, towns, and regions in other parts of the Islamic world, dictionaries of this type were written from the third/ninth to the seventh/thirteenth century. Until the seventh/thirteenth century, the standard language for this literary genre was Arabic even in non-Arabic-speaking countries. Later, starting with the seventh/thirteenth century, some of the works were translated into Persian. But the translators did not limit themselves to a more or less truthful rendering of the original text, but took many liberties with it. Thus, because of the often important changes introduced by the translators, it seems more appropriate to speak of Persian versions or adaptations rather than translations.In the first part of this article the books belonging to this genre known to be extant are presented, with a brief look at their translations.
Telomere length analysis in crustacean species: Metapenaeus macleayi, Sagmariasus verreauxi, and Jasus edwardsii
Authors: Godwin Rosamond M. , Frusher Stewart , Montgomery Steven S. , Ovenden Jennifer 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Godwin, R. M., Frusher, S., Montgomery, S. S., and Ovenden, J. 2011. Telomere length analysis in crustacean species: Metapenaeus macleayi, Sagmariasus verreauxi, and Jasus edwardsii. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 2053–2058. Estimates of age and growth in crustaceans have been historically problematic and presented significant challenges to researchers. Current techniques of age determination provide valuable data, but also suffer from disadvantages. Telomeric DNA has been proposed as an age biomarker because it shortens with age in some species. In this study, the feasibility of using telomere length (TL) to estimate age was examined in the school prawn Metapenaeus macleayi and the spiny lobsters Sagmariasus verreauxi and Jasus edwardsii. Carapace length (CL) was used as a surrogate for age, and terminal restriction fragment assays were used to test the relationship between TL and size. Degradation of telomeric DNA with time during storage significantly influenced TL estimates, particularly for M. macleayi. TLs obtained from species in this study were 10–20 kb. No relationship between CL and TL was detected for any of the test species, and TL did not differ between male and female M. macleayi. TLs of J. edwardsii pueruli were unexpectedly shorter than those of J. edwardsii adults. The suitability of TL as an age biomarker in crustaceans may be limited, but further research is needed to elucidate telomere dynamics in these species with their different life histories and lifespans.
Targeted Enhancement of Glutamate-to-γ-Aminobutyrate Conversion in Arabidopsis Seeds Affects Carbon-Nitrogen Balance and Storage Reserves in a Development-Dependent Manner
Authors: Fait Aaron , Nesi Adriano Nunes , Angelovici Ruthie , Lehmann Martin , Pham Phuong Anh , Song Luhua , Haslam Richard P. , Napier Johnathan A. , Galili Gad , Fernie Alisdair R. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In seeds, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) operates at the metabolic nexus between carbon and nitrogen metabolism by catalyzing the unidirectional decarboxylation of glutamate to form γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). To elucidate the regulatory role of GAD in seed development, we generated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transgenic plants expressing a truncated GAD from Petunia hybrida missing the carboxyl-terminal regulatory Ca2+-calmodulin-binding domain under the transcriptional regulation of the seed maturation-specific phaseolin promoter. Dry seeds of the transgenic plants accumulated considerable amounts of GABA, and during desiccation the content of several amino acids increased, although not glutamate or proline. Dry transgenic seeds had higher protein content than wild-type seeds but lower amounts of the intermediates of glycolysis, glycerol and malate. The total fatty acid content of the transgenic seeds was 50% lower than in the wild type, while acyl-coenzyme A accumulated in the transgenic seeds. Labeling experiments revealed altered levels of respiration in the transgenic seeds, and fractionation studies indicated reduced incorporation of label in the sugar and lipid fractions extracted from transgenic seeds. Comparative transcript profiling of the dry seeds supported the metabolic data. Cellular processes up-regulated at the transcript level included the tricarboxylic acid cycle, fatty acid elongation, the shikimate pathway, tryptophan metabolism, nitrogen-carbon remobilization, and programmed cell death. Genes involved in the regulation of germination were similarly up-regulated. Taken together, these results indicate that the GAD-mediated conversion of glutamate to GABA during seed development plays an important role in balancing carbon and nitrogen metabolism and in storage reserve accumulation.
Late endosomal Rab7 regulates lysosomal trafficking of endocytic but not biosynthetic cargo in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Silverman Jason S. , Schwartz Kevin J. , Hajduk Stephen L. , Bangs James D. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryWe present the first functional analysis of the small GTPase, TbRab7, in Trypanosoma brucei. TbRab7 defines discrete late endosomes closely juxtaposed to the terminal p67+ lysosome. RNAi indicates that TbRab7 is essential in bloodstream trypanosomes. Initial rates of endocytosis were unaffected, but lysosomal delivery of cargo, including tomato lectin (TL) and trypanolytic factor (TLF) were blocked. These accumulate in a dispersed internal compartment of elevated pH, likely derived from the late endosome. Surface binding of TL but not TLF was reduced, suggesting that cellular distribution of flagellar pocket receptors is differentially regulated by TbRab7. TLF activity was reduced approximately threefold confirming that lysosomal delivery is critical for trypanotoxicity. Unexpectedly, delivery of endogenous proteins, p67 and TbCatL, were unaffected indicating that TbRab7 does not regulate biosynthetic lysosomal trafficking. Thus, unlike mammalian cells and yeast, lysosomal trafficking of endocytosed and endogenous proteins occur via different routes and/or are regulated differentially. TbRab7 silencing had no effect on a cryptic default pathway to the lysosome, suggesting that the default lysosomal reporters p67ΔTM, p67ΔCD and VSGΔGPI do not utilize the endocytic pathway as previously proposed. Surprisingly, conditional knockout indicates that TbRab7 may be non‐essential in procyclic insect form trypanosomes.
Greater antioxidant and respiratory metabolism in field‐grown soybean exposed to elevated O3under both ambient and elevated CO2
Authors: GILLESPIE KELLY M. , XU FANGXIU , RICHTER KATHERINE T. , MCGRATH JUSTIN M. , MARKELZ R. J. CODY , ORT DONALD R. , LEAKEY ANDREW D. B. , AINSWORTH ELIZABETH A. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAntioxidant metabolism is responsive to environmental conditions, and is proposed to be a key component of ozone (O3) tolerance in plants. Tropospheric O3concentration ([O3]) has doubled since the Industrial Revolution and will increase further if precursor emissions rise as expected over this century. Additionally, atmospheric CO2concentration ([CO2]) is increasing at an unprecedented rate and will surpass 550 ppm by 2050. This study investigated the molecular, biochemical and physiological changes in soybean exposed to elevated [O3] in a background of ambient [CO2] and elevated [CO2] in the field. Previously, it has been difficult to demonstrate any link between antioxidant defences and O3stress under field conditions. However, this study used principle components analysis to separate variability in [O3] from variability in other environmental conditions (temperature, light and relative humidity). Subsequent analysis of covariance determined that soybean antioxidant metabolism increased with increasing [O3], in both ambient and elevated [CO2]. The transcriptional response was dampened at elevated [CO2], consistent with lower stomatal conductance and lower O3flux into leaves. Energetically expensive increases in antioxidant metabolism and tetrapyrrole synthesis at elevated [O3] were associated with greater transcript levels of enzymes involved in respiratory metabolism.
Light‐harvesting antenna composition controls the macrostructure and dynamics of thylakoid membranes in Arabidopsis
Authors: Goral Tomasz K. , Johnson Matthew P. , Duffy Christopher D. P. , Brain Anthony P. R. , Ruban Alexander V. , Mullineaux Conrad W. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryWe characterized a set of Arabidopsis mutants deficient in specific light‐harvesting proteins, using freeze‐fracture electron microscopy to probe the organization of complexes in the membrane and confocal fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to probe the dynamics of thylakoid membranes within intact chloroplasts. The same methods were used to characterize mutants lacking or over‐expressing PsbS, a protein related to light‐harvesting complexes that appears to play a role in regulation of photosynthetic light harvesting. We found that changes in the complement of light‐harvesting complexes and PsbS have striking effects on the photosystem II macrostructure, and that these effects correlate with changes in the mobility of chlorophyll proteins within the thylakoid membrane. The mobility of chlorophyll proteins was found to correlate with the extent of photoprotective non‐photochemical quenching, consistent with the idea that non‐photochemical quenching involves extensive re‐organization of complexes in the membrane. We suggest that a key feature of the physiological function of PsbS is to decrease the formation of ordered semi‐crystalline arrays of photosystem II in the low‐light state. Thus the presence of PsbS leads to an increase in the fluidity of the membrane, accelerating the re‐organization of the photosystem II macrostructure that is necessary for induction of non‐photochemical quenching.
Estimation of base temperature for Sorghum halepense rhizome sprouting
Authors: LODDO D , MASIN R , OTTO S , ZANIN G 
Published: September 2011

Loddo D, Masin R, Otto S & Zanin G (2011). Estimation of base temperature for Sorghum halepense rhizome sprouting. Weed Research 52, 42–49.SummarySorghum halepense is a rhizomatous perennial summer weed. It spreads by seeds and rhizomes that form ramets. The development of predictive models for ramet emergence (RE) from rhizomes may provide important information about their seasonal dynamics and consequently for the timing of control operations. The aim of this work was to analyse the effect of temperature on S. halepense rhizome sprouting (RS) and to estimate its base temperature, which is the first step for creating mathematical models to predict RE. Rhizomes collected from two North Italian populations were incubated at several constant temperatures. The total number of ramets, sprouted rhizomes and their ratio (ramet/sprouted rhizome) were calculated. The influence of temperature on sprouting performances was analysed. Base temperature was calculated using two methods: the reciprocal time of 50% RS (method) and RE (method). Confidence limits (at 0.95 level) were defined for each estimated base temperature using a bootstrap method. Base temperatures were compared to verify whether there were differences between populations and methods. Results indicated a significant stimulating effect of temperature on S. halepense rhizome performances. Estimated base temperatures did not differ between populations, nor between methods within a population (Padova RS 9.7 ± 1.25°C (confidence limits), RE 10.0 ± 1.28°C, Mantova RS 8.0 ± 1.89°C and RE 9.7 ± 1.23°C). The same thresholds may consequently be adopted for thermal time models for the two populations. These results also suggest that both methods (RE and RS) can be used without distinction to estimate the rhizome base temperature.
Multiple extramedullary relapses without bone marrow involvement after second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Yoo Sang Woo , Chung Eun Jin , Kim Sun Young , Ko Jeong Hee , Baek Hey Sung , Lee Hyun Ju , Oh Sung Hee , Jeon Seok Cheol , Lee Woong Soo , Park Chan Kum , Lee Chul Hoon 
Published: September 2011

Yoo SW, Chung EJ, Kim SY, Ko JH, Baek HS, Lee HJ, Oh SH, Jeon SC, Lee WS, Park CK, Lee CH. Multiple extramedullary relapses without bone marrow involvement after second allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukemia.Abstract:  EMR without BM involvement after allogeneic HSCT is extremely rare, especially in children; only a few cases have been reported. A two‐yr‐old boy was diagnosed with AML (M4) and underwent allogeneic HSCT in first complete remission with BM from HLA‐matched unrelated donor without GVHD. Four yr later, he had a BM relapse and after induction and consolidation chemotherapy, he received a second HSCT from an unrelated donor using peripheral blood stem cells. His second post‐transplant course was complicated by extensive chronic GVHD involving the skin, oral cavity, and lungs, which was treated with tacrolimus and corticosteroid. Two yr later, he noticed a mild swelling in the right cheek area. The BM showed a complete remission marrow and a soft tissue biopsy was compatible with granulocytic sarcoma. PET‐CT showed multifocal bone involvements. He received chemotherapy, and the chloromas decreased in size. We report a case of diffuse EMR of AML without BM involvement after a second allogeneic HSCT.
Pediatric liver retransplantation from living donors can be considered as a therapeutic option for patients with irreversible living donor graft failure
Authors: Urahashi T. , Mizuta K. , Sanada Y , Wakiya T. , Umehara M. , Hishikawa S. , Hyodo M. , Sakuma Y. , Fujiwara T. , Yasuda Y. , Kawarasaki H. 
Published: September 2011

Urahashi T, Mizuta K, Sanada Y, Wakiya T, Umehara M, Hishikawa S, Hyodo M, Sakuma Y, Fujiwara T, Yasuda Y, Kawarasaki H. Pediatric liver retransplantation from living donors can be considered as a therapeutic option for patients with irreversible living donor graft failure. Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 798–803. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Liver retransplantation (re‐LT) is required in patients with irreversible graft failure, but it is a significant issue that remains medically, ethically, and economically controversial, especially in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome, morbidity, mortality, safety and prognostic factors to improve the outcome of pediatric living donor liver retransplantation (re‐LDLT). Six of 172 children that underwent LDLT between January 2001 and March 2010 received a re‐LDLT and one received a second re‐LDLT. The overall re‐LDLT rate was 3.5%. All candidates had re‐LDLT after the initial LDLT. The overall actuarial survival of these patients was 83.3% and 83.3% at one and five yr, respectively. These rates are significantly worse than the rates of pediatric first LDLT. Vascular complications occurred in four patients and were successfully treated by interventional radiologic therapy. There were no post‐operative biliary complications. One case expired because of hemophagocytic syndrome after re‐LDLT. Although pediatric re‐LDLT is medically, ethically, and economically controversial, it is a feasible option and should be offered to children with irreversible graft failure. Further investigations, including multicenter studies, are therefore essential to identify any prognostic factors that may improve the present poor outcome after re‐LDLT.
The 2‐week wait referral system does not improve 5‐year colorectal cancer survival
Authors: Zafar A. , Mak T. , Whinnie S. , Chapman M. A. S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  The aim of this study was to compare 5‐year survival rates in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who underwent potentially curative surgery before and after the introduction of the 2‐week wait (2WW) referral system.Method  Data were collected retrospectively from a prospectively maintained cancer database for CRC patients who underwent surgery in 1999 (pre‐2WW group, n = 150) and 2002 (post‐2WW group, n = 126). Patients who presented as an emergency, those who died within 30 days of surgery and those who presented with incurable CRC were excluded. We used the Kaplan–Meier method to plot survival curves and the log rank test to compare survival rates between the two groups.Results  The 5‐year survival rates in the pre‐2WW and post‐2WW groups did not differ significantly (71%vs 72%, respectively; P = 0.880). The number of CRC patients who presented via urgent pathways was higher in the post‐2WW group than in the pre‐2WW group (77%vs 38%, P < 0.001). Further, owing to this change in the referral pattern, the overall delay between referral and treatment was significantly lower in the post‐2WW group than in the pre‐2WW group (median 76 days vs 115, P = 0.009).Conclusion  The 2WW referral system for patients with symptoms of CRC does not translate into improved survival. However, more patients with symptomatic CRC are being referred via urgent pathways.
Low rates of local recurrence after surgical resection of rectal cancer suggest a selective policy for preoperative radiotherapy
Authors: Senapati A. , O’Leary D. P. , Flashman K. G. , Parvaiz A. , Thompson M. R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  Preoperative short‐course radiotherapy (SCRT) is increasingly recommended to reduce local recurrence after surgery for rectal cancer. Its avoidance may be beneficial, however, if the risk of local recurrence is low. We report a single centre experience which suggests that selective rather than uniform use of SCRT may be the best approach.Method  Analysis was carried out on a prospectively collected unselected series of 1606 patients with rectal cancer treated in one centre. Follow‐up was 97% complete. SCRT was performed selectively and all patients had a mesorectal excision.Results  Among 940 patients undergoing a potentially curative major resection the operative mortality was 4.6%, the permanent stoma rate 23% and the crude 5‐year survival 61%. The local recurrence rate after curative anterior resection was 2.9% and 7.7% after abdominoperineal excision. The overall local recurrence rate after a potentially curative major resection was 4.0%.Conclusion  The routine use of preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer is probably not justified where local recurrence after curative rectal resection is uncommon.