bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interlaboratory CEC and Exchangeable Cation Study of Bentonite Buffer Materials: II. Alternative Methods
Authors: Dohrmann Reiner , Genske Dieter , Karnland Ola , Kaufhold Stephan , Kiviranta Leena , Olsson Siv , Plötze Michael , Sandén Torbjörn , Sellin Patrik , Svensson Daniel , Valter Martin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBentonites are candidate materials for encapsulation of radioactive waste. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) has proven to be one of the most sensitive parameters for detecting changes in mineral properties in bentonite-alteration experiments. An interlaboratory study of CECs and exchangeable cations for three reference bentonite buffer materials that were used in the Alternative Buffer Material test (ABM) project in Äspö, Sweden, was conducted to create a suitable database. The present study focused on CEC accuracy and compared CEC methods where care was taken to prevent dissolution of soluble minerals such as calcite and gypsum. The overall quality of the CEC and exchangeable cation values measured using non-Cu-trien CEC methods were good, with CECs of 74–91±0.5–3.3 meq/100 g and exchangeable cation values of 22–61±1.2–3.9 meq/100 g Na+, 7–23±0.8–1.5 meq/100 g Mg2+, and 19–39±0.8–1.6 meq/ 100 g Ca2+. The precision was comparable to the standard Cu-trien method even for exchangeable Ca2+, although the laboratories used different solution/solid ratios and reaction-time parameters for Cu-trien which affect carbonate dissolution. The MX80 and Dep.CAN bentonite exchangeable Ca2+ values were more accurate than standard-Cu-trien values. Using the optimized methods of this study, MX80 and Dep.CAN exchangeable Ca2+ values averaged 20.2±1.6 and 38.8±1.4 meq/100 g which amounts to ~70% of the inflated Cu-trien values. A more complex analysis of the CEC data using different methods, anion analyses, and mineralogical analysis is necessary to obtain plausible and accurate CEC values. Even with a more complicated analytical procedure, the CEC and exchangeable cation values were still not accurate enough because of excess anions. Chloride, sulfate, and dolomite might have increased the exchangeable Na+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ values.
Tritium Content of Clay Minerals
Authors: Marston Thomas M. , Parry W. T. , Bowman John R. , Solomon D. Kip 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe presence, percentage, origins, and rate of formation of clay minerals have been important components in studies involving the geochemical and structural composition of waste-rock piles. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of tritium as an indicator of the origin of clay minerals within such piles. Tritium values in pore water, interlayer water, and structural hydroxyl sites of clay minerals were examined to evaluate the origins of clay minerals within waste-rock piles located near Questa, New Mexico. Five clay minerals were identified: kaolinite, chlorite, illite, smectite, and mixedlayer illite-smectite, along with the hydrous sulfate minerals gypsum and jarosite. Analysis of waters derived from clay minerals was achieved by thermal reaction of dry-sieved bulk material obtained from the Questa site. In all Questa samples, the low-temperature water derived from pore-water and interlayer sites, as well as the intermediate-temperature water derived from interlayer cation sites occupied by hydronium and structural hydroxyl ions, show tritium values at or near modern levels for precipitation. Pore water and interlayer water ranged from 5.31 to 12.19 tritium units (TU) and interlayer hydronium and structurally derived water ranged from 3.92 to 7.93 TU. Tritium levels for local precipitation ranged from ~4 to 8 TU. One tritium unit (TU) represents one molecule of 3H1HO in 1018 molecules of 1H1HO. The elevated levels of tritium in structural sites can be accounted for by thermal incorporation of significant amounts of hydronium ions in interlayer cation sites for illite and mixed-layer clays, both common at the Questa site. In low-pH environments, such as those found within Questa waste-rock piles (typically pH ~3), the hydronium ion is an abundant species in the rock-pile pore-water system.
Experimental Study of the Stability and Phase Relations of Clays at High Temperature in a Thermal Gradient
Authors: Vidal O. , Baldeyrou A. , Beaufort D. , Fritz B. , Geoffroy N. , Lanson B. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractClays are involved in a variety of natural and managed processes, and calculation of their stability conditions is important. Such calculations are still fraught with large uncertainties owing to the lack of experimental constraints on the thermodynamic properties of clays, and bracketing of equilibrium reactions at low temperature is barely possible. Experiments aimed at studying the thermal stabilities of, and composition-temperature relations among, smectite, illite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, mica, and chlorite at different levels of SiO2, K2O, MgO, and Al2O3 species in solution were conducted under a strong thermal gradient in the simple K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (KASH), MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O (MASH), and KMASH systems. The crystallization series observed in the different experiments match to some degree those observed in active geothermal systems where clay minerals precipitate from oversaturated solutions. Smectite and/or ordered mixed-layer materials, smectite-donbassite, or possibly pyrophyllite-donbassite were observed to crystallize in both KASH and MASH experiments. Similar crystallization sequences and clay composition variations with temperature were observed in most cases when the relative positions of the starting solids were switched. The experimental results were used to refine the thermodynamic properties of K- and Mg-smectite. Stability diagrams calculated by energy minimization and activityactivity diagrams are consistent with the experimental mineral variations, suggesting that smectite is thermodynamically stable at temperatures as high as 300°C in the presence of diluted water and quartz and K-feldspar-free systems.
Assessing Collapse Risk in Evaporite Sinkhole-prone Areas Using Microgravimetry and Radar Interferometry
Authors: Paine Jeffrey G , Buckley Sean M , Collins Edward W , Wilson Clark R 
Published: June 2012

Geophysical and remote-sensing methods were applied to better understand sinkhole precursor movement and assess the potential for sinkhole development in evaporitic areas. The approach is illustrated with two examples over bedded salt deposits and a salt dome in Texas, USA. Large sinkholes (90 to 200 m in diameter) formed over Permian bedded salt near Wink in western Texas in June 1980 and May 2002, and on the flank of a coastal-plain salt dome in Daisetta in May 2008. Residents, government officials, and industry representatives wish to better understand the potential for sinkhole formation and growth in both areas. At Wink, limited spatial and temporal data on vertical ground movement from standard surveying has been greatly extended by satellite-based radar interferometry, which was used to delineate areas having recent movement and determine rates of movement. Results from interferometry guided site-specific investigations that included acquisition of high-resolution gravity data, which identified shallow-source mass deficits that indicate potential for continued subsidence or sinkhole formation. At Daisetta, interferometry was used to determine that no detectable subsidence preceded sinkhole collapse (indicating sudden collapse once the upward-migrating void reached a depth that allowed the cohesiveness of overlying semiconsolidated sediments to be overcome), and gravimetry was used to identify other areas where shallow mass deficits exist across the salt dome. Data from both areas can be used to construct risk maps, design comprehensive subsurface investigations, and develop monitoring programs based on repeat radar interferometry and geodetic GPS measurements.
Next-Generation Winterized Emulsion Polymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery, Stimulation, and Production
Authors: Kolla Harsha , Watson Philip , Wu Yongfu , Patel Aditya , Robinson Ronald , Jackson Logan , Nair Mohan 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
High molecular weight polyacrylamides are key components in oil recovery, particularly in the stimulation, production, and enhanced oil recovery of oil and gas wells. These polymers can be divided into three broad classes based on their physical state: dry polyacrylamides (DPAMs), emulsion polyacrylamides (EPAMs) and solution polyacrylamides (SPAMs). While the molecular weights of these polymers can range from 1 million to more than 30 million Daltons, molecular weight is limited by physical state. In general, EPAMs can reach higher molecular weights and consequently exhibit better performance than DPAMs and SPAMs. However, standard EPAMs exhibit poor freeze tolerance and irreversible inversions, while DPAMs suffer from extremely slow dissolution rates and require additional capital expenses such as makedown and storage equipment.
Next-generation winterized EPAMs have been developed that are capable of withstanding temperatures down to −35 °C without freezing. These polymers invert rapidly, reaching complete dissolution within 60 seconds in fresh water, hard water, and other concentrated brines, allowing for higher throughput and overall energy savings. The new EPAMs were compared to commercially available EPAMs used in friction reduction and EOR applications. The emulsion stability was assessed by freeze-thaw and rheological measurements, while stimulation and EOR performance were characterized using a friction loop and core flooding apparatuses. These next-gen EPAMs demonstrate values for viscosities, shear resistance, inversion times, freeze tolerance, and filterability that make them superior to commercially available dry and emulsion polyacrylamides. Furthermore, these polymers are formulated to be environmentally friendly and readily biodegradable.
A family of emulsion polymers has been developed that exhibits low-temperature tolerance, increased dissolution rates and biodegradability without sacrificing EOR and stimulation performance in various brines. The modular nature of these products has led to the creation of a flexible polymer platform that allows for customizing products for specific application needs.
Speak Up or Shut Up? The Moderating Role of Credibility on Auditor Remedial Defense Tactics
Authors: Grenier Jonathan , Pomeroy Bradley , Reffett Andrew 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARY
In cases of alleged audit failure, auditors can make general statements regarding the quality of their work, or other statements intended to decrease juror assessments of auditor negligence. In this study, we examine how the perceived credibility of these remedial defense tactics moderates their effect on juror assessments of auditor negligence in cases of undetected fraud. We predict and find experimental evidence that remedial tactics result in lower negligence assessments when such tactics are perceived to be credible, but “backfire” (i.e., result in higher negligence assessments) when perceived as not credible. We also predict and find that credibility is compromised either when client importance is high, or when a remedial tactic is implemented by an audit firm's local (as opposed to national) office. As such, we find that remedial tactics result in lower negligence assessments when client importance is low and the tactics are implemented by a firm's national office, but result in higher negligence assessments when client importance is high, irrespective of the tactic's source (local versus national).
Data Availability: Available upon request.
An Improved Plant Regeneration of Vanilla planifolia Andrews
Authors: Tan Boon Chin , Chin Chiew Foan , Alderson Peter 
Published: June 2012

Multiple shoots of Vanilla planifolia were induced from nodal explants under influence of different concentrations of plant growth regulators and coconut water (CW). A comparison of shoot regeneration between semi solid and liquid culture media was also investigated. Ninety seven per cent of the explants produced a mean number of 9.6 shoots with a mean shoot length of 4.70 cm when cultured on liquid MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAP in combination of 15% CW. Shoots generated were rooted with frequency of 93% on MS supplemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA with a mean number of 2.9 roots per shoot and mean length of 4.0 cm within four weeks. The plantlets were transferred to sand : compost mixture (1 : 2) with 85.0% survival rate recorded after four weeks of acclimation. Key words: Regeneration, coconut water, nodal culture, vanilla D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9560 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 27-33, 2011 (June)
Effect of Mannitol and Sodium Chloride on Some Total Secondary Metabolites of Fenugreek Calli Cultured In vitro
Authors: Hussein Esam A. , Aqlan Esam M. 
Published: June 2012

Hypocotyls of Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) were cut into 5 mm long segments and used as explants. For obtaining callus under various water and salt stress levels, MS supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BA and 1.0 mg/l NAA was prepared; then divided into nine portions, the first of which was kept as control while to the other portions mannitol (0.1 and 0.3% w/v) and sodium chloride (0.1 and 0.3% w/v) were added separately and interacted. Callus formation was allowed to take place for a period of six weeks in the dark at 250C. Calli from various treatments were then harvested and subjected to growth, total phenolics, total flavonoids and total tannin contents determinations. Results of the present study have shown that the lower concentration of mannitol enhanced growth while the higher concentration enhanced growth, total phenolics and total flavonoid contents in comparison to the control. Mild salt stress which was created by the lower sodium chloride concentration reduced growth with concomitant increase in total phenolics, total flavonoids and total tannins while the higher salt concentration significantly decreased growth and secondary metabolite accumulation as well. Interaction treatments between mannitol and sodium chloride exhibited various effects on calli growth and secondary metabolites levels. This study throws some light on the behavior of cultured fenugreek cells grown under water and salt stress. Key words: Trigonella foenum-gaecum, callus, abiotic stress, secondary metabolites D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9561 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 35-43, 2011 (June)
Correlation of Angiographic Findings between Right (V1 to V3) versus left (V4 to V6) Precordial ST Segment Depression in Acute Inferior Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Hossain Ahmed Shafiqul , Siddique Md Abu , Rahman Md Mokhlasur , Rahman Md Mukhlesur , Ahmed Md Khurshed , Roy Gobinda Chandra , Rahman Md Mostafizur , Haque Md Mustashirul , Bari Md Nasimul , Rafiq Ayesha , Islam Md Sirajul , Rahman Golam , Rahman Iftesam , Ahmed Sheik Foyez , Sultan Md Ashraf Uddin , Mahmood Manzoor 
Published: June 2012

The initial ECG in patients with acute inferior MI may have a great value to identify the subgroup of patients who are at high risk by predicting multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). These patients, therefore, may benefit from a more invasive approach. ST segment depression in leads V4 to V6 but not V1 to V3 confers a greater likelihood of multivessel CAD. The aim of the study to correlate between ST-depression in ECG on admission & severity of coronary lesion in angiogram in acute inferior MI. This study was undertaken in the department of cardiology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University and in Ibrahim Cardiac Hospital & Research Institute from March 2009 to October 2010. Patients (total 93) of acute inferior MI, who were presented within 12hrs of onset of symptoms and got intravenous thrombolytics were divided into three groups after initial ECG, group A-without precordial ST-segment depression, group B- maximal precordial STsegment depression in leads V1V3 and group C- maximal precordial ST-segment depression in leads V4 V6.CAG was done within six weeks of MI and findings of CAG were compared among the groups. Age, sex, distribution of risk factors were identical among the groups. Significant number (53.8%) of patients in group C had a lower ejection fraction (LVEF< 50%) than group B (30%) and group A (10.8%) (p=0.001). Patients of group C more often had double vessel disease (38.5% p=0.007) and triple vessel disease (30.8%) (p=0.014). In contrast, single vessel disease was more common in group B (80%) (p=0.001). Involvement of LAD was also significantly higher in group-C (73.1% p= 0.001). Left precordial ST depression (lead V4-V6) correlates with multivessel CAD, a trend toward a higher rate of LAD artery disease and is associate with LV dysfunction. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v7i2.10839 University Heart. Journal Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2011
Canine total knee replacement performed due to osteoarthritis subsequent to distal femur fracture osteosynthesis
Authors: Liska W. D. , Hyytiäinen H. K. , Hielm-Björkman A. , Eskelinen E. V. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryA 27-kg German Shorthaired Pointer was referred for evaluation due to the complaint of left pelvic limb lameness and signs of pain in the left stifle joint. Radiographs revealed signs of a healed supracondylar femoral fracture that had been previously repaired at another hospital with an intramedullary pin and two cross pins. In addition, there were signs of severe osteoarthritis (OA). The OA had been managed medically with administration of carprofen and nutraceuticals for nine months without any improvement. Left total knee replacement (TKR) surgery was performed to alleviate signs of pain. The patient was assessed preoperatively and at six months, one year, and two years after surgery using radiology, force platform analysis of gait, thigh circumference measures, goniometry, and lameness evaluation.Following surgery, the dog resumed normal activity without any signs of pain and a good quality of life at 3.5 months. Force plate analysis found that peak vertical force on the TKR limb was 85.7% of the normal contralateral limb after two years.Total knee replacement was a successful treatment to manage knee OA associated with a healed distal femoral fracture and internal fixation in this dog.
Apophyseal avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter of the femur in a Thoroughbred filly
Authors: Pepe M. , Nannarone S. , Tamantini C. , Gialletti R. , Beccati F. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe case report of a 14-month-old Thoroughbred filly with acute onset of severe right hindlimb lameness is presented. The horse had a severe and sudden abduction of the hindlimbs due to a side effect of an overdose of lidocaine, which had been administered in a constant rate infusion after a colic surgery. Transcutaneus ultrasonography and standing radiography of the pelvis revealed proximal and cranial displacement of the greater trochanter and free bone fragments consistent with an apophyseal avulsion fracture of the greater trochanter. The complete diagnosis was obtained with the horse in a standing position. The filly was euthanatized because of deterioration resulting from the colic condition and of the poor prognosis of the fracture of the greater trochanter. Postmortem evaluation confirmed an apophyseal avulsion fracture of the right greater trochanter. To the authors' knowledge, ultrasonographic and radiographic findings of this fracture have not been described in the standing horse. The diagnosis was reached quite easily with the horse in a normal standing position when the characteristic ultrasonographic and radiographic findings were detected.
Diagnostic intra-articular anaesthesia of the elbow in dogs with medial coronoid disease
Authors: Verhoeven G. , Saunders J. , Polis I. , Samoy Y. , Verschooten F. , Van Ryssen B. , Van Vynckt D. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryObjective: Assessment of the effect of intraarticular anaesthesia on lameness caused by medial coronoid disease.Methods: This study included 90 dogs that were evaluated for the complaint of unilateral forelimb lameness. All dogs were suspected of having an elbow problem for which orthopaedic examination and radiographs showed inconclusive findings. Following a short sedation, mepivacaine was injected intra-articularly to determine whether lameness was caused by a suspected elbow problem. This effect was compared with the final diagnosis based on computed tomography and arthroscopy.Results: Out of 90 dogs, 78 (87%) dogs had an improvement of lameness after injection of the local anaesthetic, which confirmed the elbow joint as the primary source of lameness. A positive response was seen in all types of medial coronoid lesions. A false negative result was observed in 12 dogs (13%).Clinical relevance: Medial coronoid disease is represented by different types of pathologic lesions including chondromalacia, fissures, fragments, and medial compartment disease. Diagnosis may be difficult because of limited clinical or radiographic signs or a combination of both. Intra-articular anaesthesia can be a helpful diagnostic tool to localize the problem by eliminating pain and reducing lameness to a great extent in all types of coronoid lesions.
Frontal Sinolith
Authors: Jagannath B , Smitha SG 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
Calcified bodies in paranasal sinuses are very rare. Sinolith reported in literature are mainly of maxillary sinus. Only two cases of frontal sinolith have been reported uptodate. To our knowledge this is the third case of frontal sinolith which is reported in world literature. We present this case for its rarity.

How to cite this article
Jagannath B, Smitha SG, Bhardwaj S. Frontal Sinolith. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):28-29.
Myoepithelial Carcinoma in Maxilla: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Majumder Aniruddha , Singh Mukesh Kumar , Das Chiranjib , Das Soumik , Hazra Tapan Kanti 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
Myoepithelial carcinoma (MC) is an extremely rare neoplasm of salivary gland. It is usually found in parotid gland. Here, we report a rare case of myoepithelial carcinoma of maxillary sinus along with discussion of clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of this rare disease.

How to cite this article
Das C, Singh MK, Majumder A, Das S, Hazra TK. Myoepithelial Carcinoma in Maxilla: A Rare Case Report. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):35-37.
A Rare Cause of Frontal Sinusitis
Authors: Kumar Madhumita , Sadasivan Anjana , Viswam Vineeth , Menon Unnikrishnan 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
Actinomycosis is a granulomatous and fibrosing disease caused by a Gram-positive, anaerobic, nonacid fast bacterium of the genus Actinomyces.
We report an unusual presentation of actinomycosis that involved the frontal sinus. Clinical features, diagnostic criteria, treatment and follow-up are presented.

How to cite this article
Kumar M, Sadasivan A, Viswam V, Menon U. A Rare Cause of Frontal Sinusitis. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):41-43.
Nasal Glioma: An Unusual Presentation in Adult
Authors: Kalsotra Gopika , Gupta Rijuneeta 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTThe nasal glioma is a rare congenital nasal abnormality, which manifests as a mass of extracranial cerebral tissue unconnected with the brain. The clinical entity is challenging for several reasons. Their diagnosis may not be immediately obvious at presentation. It is important to exclude an intracranial extension, and for this some have suggested a craniotomy. We report a case of extranasal glioma with intracranial extension was removed successfully by combined extracranial and endoscopic approach without craniotomy. Intranasal endoscopic surgery is a less invasive and safe procedure for the management of nasal glioma and does not result in postoperative facial scarring and deformity. Endoscopic techniques provide excellent visualization and are preferable to the classic frontal craniotomy to exclude intracranial extension of nasal glioma. In this report, the management and the benefits of endoscopy in cases with nasal glioma are discussed.How to cite this articleKalsotra G, Gupta AK, Bansal S, GuptaR. Nasal GliomaAn Unusual Presentation in Adult. Clin Rhinol Int J 2012;5(1):49-52.