bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Induced Angiogenin Plays Roles in Latency via the Phospholipase Cγ Pathway: Blocking Angiogenin Inhibits Latent Gene Expression and Induces the Lytic Cycle
Authors: Sadagopan Sathish , Valiya Veettil Mohanan , Paudel Nitika , Bottero Virginie , Chandran Bala 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

During
de novo
infection of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-d), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) induced the multifunctional angiogenin (ANG) protein, which entered the nuclei and nucleoli of infected cells and stimulated 45S rRNA gene transcription, proliferation, and tube formation, which were inhibited by blocking ANG nuclear translocation with the antibiotic neomycin (S. Sadagopan et al., J. Virol.
83:
3342-3364, 2009). ANG was induced by KSHV latency protein LANA-1 (open reading frame 73 [ORF73]). Here we examined the presence and functions of ANG in KSHV-positive (KSHV
+
) primary effusion lymphoma (PEL/BCBL) cells. Significant ANG gene expression and secretion were observed in KSHV
+
(BCBL-1 and BC-3) and KSHV
+
and Epstein-Barr virus-positive (KSHV
+
EBV
+
) (JSC-1) PEL cells and in BJAB-KSHV cells but not in EBV
−
KSHV
−
lymphoma cells (Akata, Loukes, Ramos, and BJAB), EBV
+
lymphoma cells (Akata-EBV and Raji), and cells from an EBV
+
lymphoblastoid cell line, thus suggesting a specific association of ANG in KSHV biology. Inhibition of nuclear translocation of ANG resulted in reduced BCBL-1 and TIVE-LTC (latently infected endothelial) cell survival and proliferation, while EBV
−
and EBV
+
Akata cells were unaffected. Blocking nuclear transport of ANG inhibited latent ORF73 gene expression and increased lytic switch ORF50 gene expression, both during
de novo
infection and in latently infected cells. A greater quantity of infectious KSHV was detected in the supernatants of neomycin-treated BCBL-1 cells than 12-
O
-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-treated cells. Neomycin treatment and ANG silencing inhibited phospholipase Cγ (PLC-γ) and AKT phosphorylation, and in contrast, ANG induced ORF73 expression and PLC-γ and AKT phosphorylation. Further studies provided evidence that blockage of PLC-γ activation by neomycin appears to be mediating the inhibition of latent gene expression, since treatment with the conventional PLC-γ inhibitor U73122 also showed similar results. Silencing of ANG also resulted in reduced cell survival, reduced ORF73 gene expression, and lytic gene activation in BCBL-1 and TIVE-LTC cells and during
de novo
infection. Taken together, these studies suggest that KSHV has evolved to exploit ANG for its advantage via a so-far-unexplored PLC-γ pathway for maintaining its latency.
Identification and Sequencing of a Novel Rodent Gammaherpesvirus That Establishes Acute and Latent Infection in Laboratory Mice
Authors: Loh Joy , Zhao Guoyan , Nelson Christopher A. , Coder Penny , Droit Lindsay , Handley Scott A. , Johnson L. Steven , Vachharajani Punit , Guzman Hilda , Tesh Robert B. , Wang David , Fremont Daved H. , Virgin Herbert W. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTGammaherpesviruses encode numerous immunomodulatory molecules that contribute to their ability to evade the host immune response and establish persistent, lifelong infections. As the human gammaherpesviruses are strictly species specific, small animal models of gammaherpesvirus infection, such as murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (γHV68) infection, are important for studying the roles of gammaherpesvirus immune evasion genes inin vivoinfection and pathogenesis. We report here the genome sequence and characterization of a novel rodent gammaherpesvirus, designated rodent herpesvirus Peru (RHVP), that shares conserved genes and genome organization with γHV68 and the primate gammaherpesviruses but is phylogenetically distinct from γHV68. RHVP establishes acute and latent infection in laboratory mice. Additionally, RHVP contains multiple open reading frames (ORFs) not present in γHV68 that have sequence similarity to primate gammaherpesvirus immunomodulatory genes or cellular genes. These include ORFs with similarity to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I), C-type lectins, and the mouse mammary tumor virus and herpesvirus saimiri superantigens. As these ORFs may function as immunomodulatory or virulence factors, RHVP presents new opportunities for the study of mechanisms of immune evasion by gammaherpesviruses.
Efficacy of Vaccination with Different Combinations of MF59-Adjuvanted and Nonadjuvanted Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza Vaccines against Pandemic H1N1 (2009) Influenza Virus Infection in Ferrets
Authors: van den Brand Judith M. A. , Kreijtz Joost H. C. M. , Bodewes Rogier , Stittelaar Koert J. , van Amerongen Geert , Kuiken Thijs , Simon James , Fouchier Ron A. M. , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Rappuoli Rino , Rimmelzwaan Guus F. , Osterhaus Albert D. M. E. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT
Serum antibodies induced by seasonal influenza or seasonal influenza vaccination exhibit limited or no cross-reactivity against the 2009 pandemic swine-origin influenza virus of the H1N1 subtype (pH1N1). Ferrets immunized once or twice with MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine exhibited significantly reduced lung virus titers but no substantial clinical protection against pH1N1-associated disease. However, priming with MF59-adjuvanted seasonal influenza vaccine significantly increased the efficacy of a pandemic MF59-adjuvanted influenza vaccine against pH1N1 challenge. Elucidating the mechanism involved in this priming principle will contribute to our understanding of vaccine- and infection-induced correlates of protection. Furthermore, a practical consequence of these findings is that during an emerging pandemic, the implementation of a priming strategy with an available adjuvanted seasonal vaccine to precede the eventual pandemic vaccination campaign may be useful and life-saving.
Subcellular Localization and Rearrangement of Endoplasmic Reticulum by Brome Mosaic Virus Capsid Protein
Authors: Bamunusinghe Devinka , Seo Jang-Kyun , Rao A. L. N. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Genome packaging in the plant-infecting
Brome mosaic virus
(BMV), a member of the alphavirus-like superfamily, as well as in other positive-strand RNA viruses pathogenic to humans (e.g., poliovirus) and animals (e.g.,
Flock House virus
), is functionally coupled to replication. Although the subcellular localization site of BMV replication has been identified, that of the capsid protein (CP) has remained elusive. In this study, the application of immunofluorescence confocal microscopy to
Nicotiana benthamiana
leaves expressing replication-derived BMV CP as a green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion, in conjunction with antibodies to the CP and double-stranded RNA, a presumed marker of RNA replication, revealed that the subcellular localization sites of replication and CP overlap. Our temporal analysis by transmission electron microscopy of ultrastructural modifications induced in BMV-infected
N. benthamiana
leaves revealed a reticulovesicular network of modified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) incorporating large assemblies of vesicles derived from ER accumulated in the cytoplasm during BMV infection. Additionally, for the first time, we have found by ectopic expression experiments that BMV CP itself has the intrinsic property of modifying ER to induce vesicles similar to those present in BMV infections. The significance of CP-induced vesicles in relation to CP-organized viral functions that are linked to replication-coupled packaging is discussed.
Distinct Roles for the NF-κB RelA Subunit during Antiviral Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Basagoudanavar Suresh H. , Thapa Roshan J. , Nogusa Shoko , Wang Junmei , Beg Amer A. , Balachandran Siddharth 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACT

Production of type I interferons (IFNs; prominently, IFN-α/β) following virus infection is a pivotal antiviral innate immune response in higher vertebrates. The synthesis of IFN-β proceeds via the virus-induced assembly of the transcription factors IRF-3/7, ATF-2/c-Jun, and NF-κB on the
ifn
β promoter. Surprisingly, recent data indicate that the NF-κB subunit RelA is not essential for virus-stimulated
ifn
β expression. Here, we show that RelA instead sustains autocrine IFN-β signaling prior to infection. In the absence of RelA, virus infection results in significantly delayed
ifn
β induction and consequently defective secondary antiviral gene expression. While RelA is not required for
ifn
β expression after infection, it is nonetheless essential for fully one-fourth of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated genes, including several mediators of inflammation and immune cell recruitment. Further, RelA directly regulates a small subset of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Finally, RelA also protects cells from dsRNA-triggered RIP1-dependent programmed necrosis. Taken together, our findings suggest distinct roles for RelA in antiviral innate immunity: RelA maintains autocrine IFN-β signaling in uninfected cells, facilitates inflammatory and adaptive immune responses following infection, and promotes infected-cell survival during this process.
RECONCILING CONFLICTING COMBINATORIAL PREPROCESSORS FOR GEOMETRIC CONSTRAINT SYSTEMS
Authors: SITHARAM MEERA , ZHOU YONG , PETERS JÖRG 
Published: January 2011

Polynomial equation systems arising from real applications often have associated combinatorial information, expressible as graphs and underlying matroids. To simplify the system and improve its numerical robustness before attempting to solve it with numeric-algebraic techniques, solvers can employ graph algorithms to extract substructures satisfying or optimizing various combinatorial properties. When there are underlying matroids, these algorithms can be greedy and efficient. In practice, correct and effective merging of the outputs of different graph algorithms to simultaneously satisfy their goals is a key challenge. This paper merges and improves two highly effective but separate graph-based algorithms that preprocess systems for resolving the relative position and orientation of a collection of incident rigid bodies. Such collections naturally arise in many situations, for example in the recombination of decomposed large geometric constraint systems. Each algorithm selects a subset of incidences, one to optimize algebraic complexity of a parametrized system, the other to obtain a well-formed system that is robust against numerical errors. Both algorithms are greedy and can be proven correct by revealing underlying matroids. The challenge is that the output of the first algorithm is not guaranteed to be extensible to a well-formed system, while the output of the second may not have optimal algebraic complexity. Here we show how to reconcile the two algorithms by revealing well-behaved maps between the associated matroids.
LINKING TEMPORAL FIRST ORDER LOGIC AND HIDDEN MARKOV MODELS WITH ABSTRACT EVENTS
Authors: KATSIRI ELEFTHERIA , BACON JEAN , MYCROFT ALAN 
Published: January 2011

In previous work, we introduced a novel concept of a generalised event, an abstract event, which we define as a change of state of abstract predicates that represent knowledge about the surrounding world. Abstract predicates are defined by formulae in temporal first-order logic (Abstract Event Specification Language (AESL)) whose leaf predicates represent low-level sensor-derived knowledge. Abstract events are detected by Rete Networks structured as a deductive knowledge-base. Current Abstract Event detectors cannot express sufficiently well certain high-level situations, such activity derived from user trajectories. In this work we introduce a novel type of abstract event detector, a hidden Markov Model detector (hMM-detector). hMM-detectors are implemented as pattern recognition engines that use several stochastic models, hidden Markov Models (hMMs), in order to classify observed activities to the most likely activity class. We link hMM-detectors with AESL by specifying a new AESL operator for defining hMM-based Abstract Events, thus increasing AESL's expressive power. We describe the experimental evaluation of the above work that was carried out at the University of Cambridge. hMM-Detectors were trained and tested with real data from the Active BAT location system. We evaluate the expressiveness of the enhanced AESL by discussing three case studies in healthcare that relate to continuous monitoring of elderly or injured patients. We demonstrate that AESL can be used in order to improve the dependability of continuous monitoring of patients and the provision of high-quality healthcare.
The nature and origin of the Barrovian metamorphism, Scotland: diffusion length scales in garnet and inferred thermal time scales
Authors: Viete Daniel R. , Hermann Jörg , Lister Gordon S. , Stenhouse Iona R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:

In this paper we examine the length scales of major element diffusion in garnet during the Barrovian metamorphism. The role of diffusion in the flattening of Mn zoning profiles in garnet with increasing metamorphic grade across the Barrovian metamorphic series is ambiguous. However, the loss of distinct Mn-defined secondary compositional zoning in Barrovian garnets with increasing metamorphic grade and preservation of geochemical textures around Mn-free inclusions within high-grade Barrovian garnets provide robust evidence for
c
. 1000 μm Mn diffusion in sillimanite-zone garnets during the Barrovian regional metamorphism. Sillimanite-grade garnets from the Barrovian metamorphic series also preserve
c
. 100 μm Mn diffusion textures between sillimanite-grade rim domains and lower-grade cores. Bimodality in diffusion length scales requires bimodality in thermal time scales. Length scales of chemical diffusion are considered within the context of recent duration estimates for the Barrovian metamorphism of a few million years. We conclude that heat associated with the Barrovian regional metamorphism accumulated following numerous, short time-scale heating events responsible for the smaller-scale diffusion textures. This self-similar thermal regime was likely accommodated by the operation of shear zones in the highest-grade regions of the Barrovian metamorphic series, which concentrated small-scale episodic heat sources such as sheeted magmas, fluids and/or mechanical work.

Supplementary material:

A table of quantitative electron microprobe analyses, an example of the calibration curve used to produce quantitative electron microprobe maps from count maps, and Y maps are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18415
.
Evolution of the Archaean Karelian Province in the Fennoscandian Shield in the light of U–Pb zircon ages and Sm–Nd and Lu–Hf isotope systematics
Authors: Lauri Laura S. , Andersen Tom , Hölttä Pentti , Huhma Hannu , Graham Stuart 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:

In situ
Lu–Hf (laser ablation microprobe–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LAM-ICPMS)) and U–Pb (LAM-ICPMS, secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS)) analyses of zircon, and whole-rock Sm–Nd isotope analyses were performed on rocks formed during magmatic events in three Archaean complexes in the Karelian Province of Fennoscandia (Pudasjärvi, Koillismaa and Iisalmi). These complexes have U–Pb ages ranging from 3.5 to 2.6 Ga. In Pudasjärvi, sparse xenocrystic cores give ages of 3.6–3.7 Ga and initial
176
Hf/
177
Hf suggesting influence of a crustal component T ≥ 4.0 Ga (assuming a CHUR-like mantle source). Ages and Nd and Hf isotope patterns indicate magmatic events at 3.6–3.7 Ga (Siurua, Pudasjärvi with ≥4.0 Ga precursor), 3.2 Ga (Iisalmi, Koillismaa), 2.8 Ga (Pudasjärvi) and 2.7 Ga (Pudasjärvi, Iisalmi). In the Meso- and Palaeoarchaean events, there is no evidence of sources equivalent to present-day depleted mantle; such sources were, however, involved in the 2.8–2.7 Ga events. ε
Hf
and ε
Nd
are strongly correlated. Contrasts between the Archaean complexes indicate that they evolved separately until
c
. 2.7 Ga. The age and ε
Hf
pattern of ≤2.8 Ga rocks in the Karelian Province is compatible with a scenario in which the Karelia, Superior, Yilgarn and Slave cratons were part of a late Archaean supercontinent, but does not constitute proof of the existence of such a supercontinent.

Supplementary material:

U–Pb and Lu–Hf data are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18430
.
Onshore evidence for progressive changes in rifting directions during continental break-up in the NE Atlantic
Authors: Walker R.J. , Holdsworth R.E. , Imber J. , Ellis D. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:Current models for the Palaeogene-aged continental break-up in the North Atlantic invoke a NW–SE extension vector throughout the rift-to-drift process, accommodated by margin-parallel normal faults, and margin-oblique (strike-slip) transfer zones. However, Palaeogene and younger faults in the Faroe Islands provide evidence for a progressive anticlockwise rotation in extension vectors immediately prior to and following North Atlantic break-up. Six deformation stages are recognized: (1) east–west to NE–SW extension, accommodated by dip-slip north–south- and NW–SE-trending faults; (2) continued NE–SW extension accommodated by NW–SE- and NNE–SSW-oriented dykes; (3) north–south extension accommodated by ENE–WSW and ESE–WNW conjugate dykes; (4) crustal extrusion involving both east–west shortening and further north–south extension along ENE–WSW (dextral) and ESE–WNW (sinistral) conjugate strike-slip faults; (5) during the final stages of rifting, the regional extension vector became NW–SE and was accommodated predominantly by slip along NE–SW dextral oblique-slip faults; (6) pre-existing structures were locally reactivated as tensional and extensional–shear features, characterized by the entrainment of clastic material along fault planes. The present study reveals a distinct period of margin-parallel extension immediately prior to break-up that is not accounted for by existing models, illustrating the importance of conducting field-based studies to validate otherwise widely accepted margin-scale models worldwide.
Magnetotelluric constraints on the tectonic setting of Grenville-aged orogenesis in central Australia
Authors: Selway K.M. , Hand M. , Payne J.L. , Heinson G.S. , Reid A. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:
Magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected over a 480 km long profile in central Australia, extending from the Mesoarchaean–Palaeoproterozoic Gawler Craton into the Mesoproterozoic–Neoproterozoic Musgrave Province. The two regions have contrasting geological histories and many reconstruction models of Proterozoic Australia propose that they were juxtaposed during the Mesoproterozoic. Despite the significant differences in geological background between the Gawler Craton and the Musgrave Province, the MT data did not image an electrical structure, or any change in electrical character, between them. MT models suggest that southern–central Australia is electrically separated into two parts. The first, comprising the northernmost Gawler Craton and the Musgrave Province, has a 5 km thick layer of moderate resistivity overlying highly resistive crust. The second, comprising the central–northern Gawler Craton, displays moderate resistivity to the base of the crust. The lithospheric mantle underlying both electrical regions is uniformly highly resistive. Our results suggest that the Musgrave Province and Gawler Craton are more closely related than is currently recognized. We propose that the Gawler Craton forms basement to the Musgrave Province and that the Grenvillian Musgrave Orogeny was an intracratonic reworking event that overprinted the older basement.
Fold amplification history unravelled from growth strata: the Dorood anticline, NW Persian Gulf
Authors: Soleimany Bahman , Poblet Josep , Bulnes Mayte , Sàbat Francesc 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:

The origin and kinematic evolution of the Dorood growth anticline, a kilometre-scale fold located in the Iranian NW part of the Persian Gulf on the Zagros front, is discussed based on the geological interpretation of a seismic section and subsequent application of a number of techniques such as depth to detachment estimations, sequential cross-section restoration, estimations of crestal structural relief, shortening, wavelength and fold core area in various stages of fold amplification, and comparison between functions derived from the anticline analysis and functions for theoretical folds. Long-term fold growth rates indicate a slow amplification for
c
. 88.6 Ma punctuated by two periods of faster growth during the Late Cretaceous and from the Late Miocene to the present day. The kinematic evolution proposed involves vertical push related to reactivation of a basement fault during the oldest amplification event and fold tightening owing to buckling as a consequence of horizontal compression in the youngest event, both causing evaporite motion. Fold amplification took place by a combination of hinge migration and limb rotation.
Interpretation of the rupture history of a low slip-rate active fault by analysis of progressive displacement accumulation: an example from the Quaternary Eupcheon Fault, SE Korea
Authors: Kim Young-Seog , Kihm Jung-Hwi , Jin Kwangmin 
Published: January 2011

Abstract:

The Eupcheon Fault, one of more than 20 identified Quaternary faults recently reported in the area around the Yangsan and Ulsan faults, SE Korean Peninsula, was discovered during the construction of a primary school in an area close to a nuclear power plant. We analysed a trench excavated across the Eupcheon Fault with the aim of understanding its movement history and kinematics. The Eupcheon Fault is a reverse fault (strike/dip: N20°E/40°SE) that records 6–7 m of displacement (3–4 m vertical separation). The fault consists of a series of branch faults, associated fault-related folds, and rotated pebbles. A previous study reported that the fault originally recorded normal slip but was reactivated during the Quaternary as a reverse fault. We identified four or five Quaternary faulting events upon the fault based on an interpretation of the trench logs including an analysis of colluvial wedges, and measurements of displacement–distance (
d
–
x
) relationships along the fault. We used a quantitative analysis of
d
–
x
relationships, commonly used for consolidated sedimentary rocks, to interpret the deformation history of the fault. From this we estimated the amount of slip in the range of 0.7–1.8 m for each of the five identified faulting events and the earthquake magnitude in the range of M
w
5.4–7.4. We propose two ideal
d
–
x
profiles for syndepositional and post-depositional faulting, and a tectonic evolution model for the area around this fault. This approach may be applicable to analyses of earthquake hazards and studies of fault evolution elsewhere.