bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutting Edge: Generation of Colitogenic Th17 CD4 T Cells Is Enhanced by IL-17+ γδ T Cells
Authors: Do Jeong-su , Visperas Anabelle , Dong Chen , Baldwin William M. , Min Booki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTh 17 cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of colitis; however, a cellular mechanism by which colitogenic Th17 immunity arises in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we report that a subset of IL-17+ γδ T cells plays a crucial role in enhancing in vivo Th17 differentiation and T cell-mediated colitis. TCRβ−/− mice were highly susceptible to T cell-mediated colitis, whereas TCRβδ−/− mice were resistant to the disease. Importantly, cotransfer of IL-17+ but not of IL-17− γδ T cells with CD4 T cells was sufficient to enhance Th17 differentiation and induce full-blown colitis in TCRβδ−/− recipients. Collectively, our results provide a novel function of IL-17+ γδ T cell subsets in supporting in vivo Th17 differentiation and possibly in fostering the development of intestinal inflammation.
Tendencias actuales en la estructura y contenidos de los informativos de televisión
Authors: Pestano Rodríguez José 
Published: March 2011

En la televisión convencional se exponen los contenidos mediante el empleo de una serie de códigos expresivos característicos de la comunicación audiovisual que han sido negociados durante mucho tiempo con las audiencias con el fin de conseguir una descodificación adecuada. Los informativos forman parte de este proceso de negociación y ritualización en el que prima la linealidad temporal del discurso, presente tanto en el conjunto como en cada una de sus partes o piezas. Estas estructuras han ido cambiando hasta adoptar las formas que exponemos aquí, en las que se aprecian variaciones y similitudes entre las diferentes cadenas, al tiempo que intentamos esbozar los cambios más significativos que pueden tener estas estructuras ante la utilización de otras formas de televisión digital, como puede ser la televisión interactiva.
Algunos usos de las formulaciones en la entrevista en las noticias
Authors: Roca Cuberes Carles 
Published: March 2011

Este artículo se centra en el estudio del discurso en el medio televisivo. Para llevar a cabo tal estudio, éste se ha centrado en el análisis de la interacción que se produce en un programa televisivo concreto: las noticias. Este tipo de programa suele incluir con relativa frecuencia entrevistas, que constituyen el objeto fundamental del análisis. En este estudio se descubren aspectos pragmáticos, interaccionales y audiovisuales, específicos del ámbito del discurso mediático. Los mecanismos discursivos que se analizan son dos: por un lado las secuencias recurrentes pregunta-respuesta, y por otro el uso de un determinado tipo de ‘par adyacente’: las formulaciones. Los resultados del análisis de un fragmento de una entrevista en las noticias muestran, por un lado, que la implementación de secuencias pregunta-respuesta sirven para conceder al entrevistador el control de la agenda temática de la entrevista; por otro lado, se verifica que las formulaciones permiten al entrevistador alcanzar ciertos objetivos: clarificar, transformar y proponer alternativas a las afirmaciones del entrevistado, o desafiarlas. De esta manera, las formulaciones son útiles para lograr un estilo periodístico más penetrante, flexible, dinámico y vivo, que permite conectar mejor con la audiencia. La metodología cualitativa utilizada en este estudio es el análisis de la conversación.
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF FILLED RUBBER. PART II: PHYSICAL BASIS OF CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE MODEL
Authors: Ahmadi H. R. , Muhr A. H. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A relatively simple time-domain model is proposed with the scope to capture those aspects of the uniaxial stress–strain behavior of filled rubber that are most significant in engineering applications, and is discussed in the context of a literature review. Its performance is investigated in simple shear using analytical expressions. Attention has been given to assembling the model from separate physical contributions, each already established in the literature, so that not only is the number of parameters small but also they may be at least semi-quantitatively related to the formulation of the elastomer. The small number of parameters helps to keep tests for fitting them simple, while their connection to mechanisms also enables a degree of utility of the model even when extrapolated to situations beyond those covered by tests.
EFFECT OF COAGULATING SKIM NR PARTICLES AS NR–CLAY NANOCOMPOSITE: PROPERTIES AND STRUCTURE
Authors: NAMPITCH TARINEE , MAGARAPHAN RATHANAWAN 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
New materials of skim NR–clay nanocomposites were prepared by a coagulating method using several organoclays, i.e., dodecyl ammonium–montmorillonite, Cloisite 15A, Cloisite 20A, and Cloisite 25A, which were modified by dodecyl ammonium chloride, dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride, dimethyl dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium chloride, and dimethyl hydrogenated tallow 2 ethylhexyl quaternary ammonium methyl sulfate, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed that the intercalated nanocomposites were formed depending on the type and content of organoclays, and the excellent dispersion of clay in rubber matrix could be confirmed by transmission electron microscopy micrographs. In addition, thermal stability of the coagulated skim rubber–organoclay nanocomposites was improved as shown by the thermogravimetric analysis. The mechanical properties and dynamic-mechanical thermal analysis revealed that hardness and storage modulus of nanocomposites were improved and the glass transition temperature of nanocomposites increased as compared with that of the pure skim NR. Thus, not only recovery of this significant fraction of the lost rubber material but also reinforced skim rubber particles were obtained by the use of a coagulating method using several organoclays.
Preventing Disasters: Public Health Vulnerability Reduction as a Sustainable Adaptation to Climate Change
Authors: Keim Mark E. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTGlobal warming could increase the number and severity of extreme weather events. These events are often known to result in public health disasters, but we can lessen the effects of these disasters. By addressing the factors that cause changes in climate, we can mitigate the effects of climate change. By addressing the factors that make society vulnerable to the effects of climate, we can adapt to climate change. To adapt to climate change, a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction has been proposed. By reducing human vulnerability to disasters, we can lessen—and at times even prevent—their impact.Human vulnerability is a complex phenomenon that comprises social, economic, health, and cultural factors. Because public health is uniquely placed at the community level, it has the opportunity to lessen human vulnerability to climate-related disasters. At the national and international level, a supportive policy environment can enable local adaptation to disaster events. The purpose of this article is to introduce the basic concept of disaster risk reduction so that it can be applied to preventing and mitigating the negative effects of climate change and to examine the role of community-focused public health as a means for lessening human vulnerability and, as a result, the overall risk of climate-related disasters.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:140–148)
Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry: Metal‐containing Diagnostic Compounds
Authors: Thompson Katherine H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMetallopharmaceuticals designed for use in diagnostic compounds cover a broad spectrum of diagnostic modalities, starting with barium sulfate for enhanced X‐ray contrast, to the hugely successful gadolinium‐based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, to more recent advances in positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) requiring radiolabeled metal‐based diagnostic agents for image detection. In each case, the pharmacokinetics of tissue distribution and the thermodynamic stability of the metal‐ligand coordination complex are very important to the clinical utility of the particular compound. For radiolabeling, the speed and ease of radiolabel production are also key features of the metallodiagnostic agent's utility.
Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry: Sequestration or Removal in Metal Ion Overload Disorders
Authors: Thompson Katherine H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAll metal ions, whether essential or nonessential, are toxic when present in excess. Metabolic disorders in which metal ion overload is a key contributing factor include hemochromatosis, β‐thalassemia, Wilson's disease, Menkes syndrome, and Friedreich's ataxia. For some metal ions, overload conditions may come about as a result of excess oral, inhalation, or dermal exposure. In order to correct a metal ion overload condition, an appropriate ligand choice may speed up the elimination or safely sequester the excess metal ion, and may be the treatment of choice. A number of effective chelating agents are discussed, including desferrioxamine, deferiprone,D‐penicillamine, and copper– histidine chelate. Marginal overload conditions may lead to marginal deficiency of another metal ion, a result, paradoxically, from single metal ion supplementation. An example would be marginal iron overload, resulting from iron supplement use in excess of need, which leads to marginal manganese deficiency. Such effects are due to metal ion interaction effectsin vivo.
Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry: Using Toxicity to Advantage
Authors: Thompson Katherine H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe field of metal‐based compounds intended for treatment of cancer has long been dominated by cisplatin, first approved for clinical use in treating testicular cancer, in 1978. By all accounts, cisplatin has been a resounding success. Other platinum‐based compounds have been introduced since then, with carboplatin and oxaliplatin serving to broaden the range of tumors that can be effectively treated. Overcoming tumor cell resistance is an ongoing problem, and the target of many newer platinum‐based anticancer therapeutic agents. More recently, substitution of platinum with other metal ions, such as ruthenium, gallium, lanthanides, and arsenic, has expanded the array of potential metal‐based anticancer agents, with the arsenic trioxide having particular success against acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).A key feature of metal‐based anticancer therapeutic agents is that they are toxic by design: without toxicity, the tumor cells could not be eliminated. Similar strategies are useful for diseases such as malaria, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis, in which the target organisms are parasites. For parasitic diseases, as well as for resistant bacterial infections, or to stop tumor growth, the requirement for appropriate metallotherapeutic design is to minimize contact with healthy tissue, to target particular cells, and to avoid premature release of the metal ion.
Aminimide Polymers
Authors: Culbertson Bill M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractMonomers containing the trialkylamine acylimide moiety give polymer chemists the capability to prepare a large variety of unique, reactive polymers. Materials of this type have a large number of potential applications. The synthesis, chemical, and physical properties of several different types of ylids, commonly called aminimides, have been the subject of several reviews. Aminimide monomers and polymers have also received attention in reviews.
Dyeing
Authors: Kuehni Rolf G. , Henning Bunge H. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Dyeing describes the fashioning of a new and often permanent color, especially by impregnating with a dye. It is generally used in connection with textiles, paper, and leather. Printing may be considered a special dyeing process by which the dye is applied in locally defined areas in the form of a thickened solution and is then fixed. Topics covered in this article include theories, machinery, classification, fibers, plastics, techniques, test methods for plastics, and evaluation of dyes for textiles.
Hardness
Authors: Calleja F. J. Baltá , Flores A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA description of the hardness technique and its application to polymer systems is presented. The method is based on the local deformation produced on a material surface by an indenter upon application of a given load. Conventional methods based on the optical measure of the residual impression left behind upon load release represent a rather simple technique for a rapid evaluation of the surface mechanical properties. In the past two decades, depth‐sensing indentation devices based on the monitoring of the load and displacement throughout an indentation have progressively substituted traditional testers. Smaller loads can be applied capable of producing penetration depths in the nanoscale. Indentation hardness has nowadays gained widespread application in polymer science. Besides its aforementioned technical advantages, one has to add its extreme sensitivity to detect nanostructural changes occurring in polymer materials. Behind this ability is the intimate correlation between the mechanisms of local deformation and the polymer basic nanostructural entities. The present contribution intends to provide the reader a general overview of the state of the art of indentation hardness in relation to nanostructure and morphology in glassy and semicrystalline polymers including blends.
Cyclic Imino Ethers, Polymerization
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Saegusa Takeo 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Polymerized or copolymerized cyclic imino ether monomers are classified into monomers having the —NC—O— group in the ring (cyclic endo‐imino compounds) and cyclic monomers having an exo‐imino group. The polymerization of cyclic imino ethers is reviewed, as well as the chemistry of 2‐oxazolines and 5,6‐dihydro‐4
H
‐1,3‐oxazines.
Dielectric Heating
Authors: Wilson T. Lamont 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Heat transfer to materials that are poor thermal conductors is difficult. Surface overheating or even burning may occur. Dielectric heating can circumvent these problems. This phenomenon occurs when an electrical insulator is placed in a high frequency electric field. Because the electric field penetrates throughout the material, the heat is generated within, and penetration from without is not necessary.
Dielectric heating is clean, controllable, quick, and needs little warm‐up time. The equipment cools down quickly. Except for inevitable heat losses, a dielectric heater delivers heat with cool electrodes. External heat may be desirable in some cases, such as in drying processes, to supplement the dielectric heat or remove volatiles.
Machining
Authors: Kobayashi Akira 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Plastic parts are usually produced by molding processes, which make good use of the rheological characteristics of plastics, but additional machining operations are frequently required. Plastic parts used in precision machinery, electronics, and optics are produced by machining instead of molding processes because of the need for high accuracy, smooth surface, and lower cost. Figures, tables, and examples are included in order to discuss topics related to machining including cutting with a tool, chip formation, critical rake angle, ultraprecision diamond turning, drilling, cutting off, and more.
Metallizing
Authors: Krulik Gerald A. , Thornton John A. , Miller Walter J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPlastics can be coated with metals for decorative or functional purposes, or both. This article is broken down into four sections that are the four main techniques of metallizing: electroless plating, metal‐spraying, sputtering, and vacuum metallizing. The most important commercial process is electroless plating, which includes plating on plastics for automotive and decorative uses and the related technologies for printed circuits. Flame or arc spraying is mainly used for functional purposes such as radio‐frequency‐interference shielding. Sputtering and vacuum metallizing are widely used, often in continuous coating of plastic films where they are the predominant technologies. Other techniques such as metallic‐filled paints and hot stamping are also used. The beginning of these processes goes back 80–130 years, but many of these processes have only achieved commercial importance for coating of plastic materials relatively recently.
Measurement of Basic Electromagnetic Quantities
Authors: Kibble Bryan P. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Realizing the Base Units

The Farad, Realized by a Calculable Capacitor

The Ohm, Derived from the Farad

Realizing the Ohm via Measurements of the Fine‐Structure Constant

The Volt or Watt

The Watt Balance

Electrometers

Defining the Kilogram via Avogadro's Constant

Self‐Consistency of the
SI

Working Standards of Voltage and Resistance

A Standard for the Volt

A Standard for the Ohm

Conventional Values Adopted for K
J
R
K
to Represent the
SI
Volt and Ohm

Other Primary Standards of National Measurement Institutes

dc Voltage

dc Resistance

The ac Behavior of Standard Resistors

Capacitance

Inductance

The Frequency Dependence of Standard Inductors

Electric Fields and Dielectric Constants

Magnetic Quantities

Total Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux Density

ac Current and Voltage
Measurement of Mass and Density
Authors: Davis Richard S. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The principal analytical techniques for measuring mass and density are presented. These are put in the broader context of the meaning of these quantities and the units in which they are commonly measured. The importance of legal metrology to analytical weighing is emphasized. The basic features of servocontrolled analytical balances are presented, as well as precautions required to exploit these instruments to their full potential. These include the need to correct for air buoyancy, and to minimize extraneous effects of thermal gradients, air currents, and electrostatic and magnetic forces. Mass determinations far beyond the upper and lower ranges of analytical balances are also discussed briefly. Among the density techiques presented are hydrostatic weighing (two methods), various types of pycnometry including the vibrating‐tube densimeter, and methods based on neutral buoyancy.
Measurement and Instrumentation of Flow
Authors: Ruppel Francis R. , Hardy James E. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The measurement of flow has received much interest over the years by engineers, researchers, and scientists. Flowmeters, sensors, and instrumentation have been developed for measuring just about any kind of flow under any condition, including gases, vapors, liquids, solids, two‐phase flow, and even three‐phase flow. The selection of an appropriate flowmeter or sensor is both an art and a science. This article is a review of some of the more common flow measurement methods, their applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Additionally, some causes of measurement uncertainty as well as some calibration techniques are discussed. Most of the measurement methods covered are for closed‐pipe flow, with a brief discussion concerning open‐channel flow. The flow of solids and multiphase flow are not discussed.
Ultrasonics
Authors: Cantrell John H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe fundamental physical and technical principles of ultrasound in solids and fluids are developed with an emphasis on the underlying relationship with thermodynamics. The development of concepts relevant for understanding the technical and analytical applications of ultrasound is stressed throughout the article. The notions of stress (pressure), strain, and elastic constants are introduced via the thermodynamic state functions. The basic wave equations are obtained and solved for various modes of wave propagation in unbounded propagation media. The introduction of bounded media with appropriate boundary conditions leads variously to the consideration of wave reflection and refraction, resonance phenomena, surface waves, and guided waves. Ultrasonic attenuation is introduced as a manifestation of wave scattering, diffraction, and energy absorption. The effects of relaxation processes in solids, liquids, and gases on the ultrasonic wave velocity and attenuation are considered from the perspective of irreversible thermodynamics. The origin of wave dispersion is addressed and discussed in the context of its influence on ultrasonic measurement parameters and techniques. Both contacting and noncontacting means of generating and detecting ultrasound are reviewed. Representative pulse, continuous wave, and optical techniques for measuring ultrasonic velocity and attenuation are summarized. Applications of ultrasound are emphasized and discussed at appropriate places throughout the article as the subject is developed. The article concludes with an extended review of industrial, medical, microscopical, and underwater applications.
Units
Authors: Siebert Bernd R. L. , Stenger Jörn 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA generally accepted consistent system of dimensions and units is indispensable for trade, industrial production, communication in pure and applied science, and many other applications. Requirements on a system of units for expressing the values of quantities are presented and discussed.The International System of Units(SI), based on its recent eighth edition by the Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM), is presented as such a consistent system of units. Guidance on its use is given and its future development is discussed. Support for converting non‐SI units to SI units is provided in an appendix.
Fundamentals of Materials Measurement and Testing
Authors: Czichos Horst 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Scope of Materials Measurement and Testing

Overview on Materials and Their Characteristics

Nature of Materials

Types of Materials

Processing of Materials

Scale of Materials

Properties of Materials

Application of Materials

Categories of Materials Characterization Methods

Characterization of Materials Composition

Elemental Chemical Analysis

Compound and Molecular Specific Analysis

Surface Chemical Analysis

Metrology in Elemental Analysis—An Example to Establish Traceability

Characterization of Materials Microstructure

Microstructural Analysis

Surface Topography Analysis

Characterization of Materials Properties

Mechanical Properties

Thermal Properties

Electrical Properties

Magnetic Properties

Optical Properties

Characterization of Materials Performance

Influences on Materials Integrity

Materials Deterioration Analysis

Aging

Biogenic Impact

Corrosion

Wear

Fracture

Nondestructive Evaluation

Ultrasonic Evaluation

Magnetic and Electrical Evaluation

Radiological Evaluation

Computerized Tomography

Reference Materials and Reference Procedures

Acknowledgments