bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iran at the Crossroads
Authors: BANI‐SADR ABOLHASSAN 
Published: January 2010

As the confrontation between the West and Iran over uranium enrichment comes to a head, the internal confrontation in Iran between the partisans of divine sovereignty, allied with the Revolutionary Guard, and popular sovereignty continues to simmer.In this section, the first president of the Islamic Republic, a leading cleric of the opposition, the Iranian human rights activist and Nobel Laureate Shirin Ebadi and a former British intelligence agent ponder what lies ahead.
Growth of Arterioles in Chronically Stimulated Adult Rat Skeletal Muscle
Authors: HANSEN‐SMITH FAY , EGGINTON S. , HUDLICKA O. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that capillary growth induced by chronic electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle is accompanied by the growth of small arterioles.Methods: Lower limb flexor muscles of Sprague‐Dawley rats were stimulated by electrodes implanted in the vicinity of the peroneal nerve at 10 Hz for 8 h/d for 2 and 7 days. Cryostat sections from the proximal, middle, and distal regions of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) were fluorescently immunolabeled with α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and myosin heavy chain (MHC) to identify mature (αSMA and MHC‐positive) and immature (αSMA‐positive, MHC‐negative) arterioles. The fluorescent derivative of the lectin Griffonia simplicifolia I (GSI) was used to identify all microvessels, including arterioles, capillaries, and venules.Results: The number of vessels positive for GSI or αSMA surrounding muscle fibers was similar in all three muscle regions (proximal, middle, distal). The mean values ±SEM for GSI‐positive vessels from all regions were similar in control (4.3 ± 0.07) and 2‐day stimulated (4.7 ± 0.08) but higher in 7‐day stimulated muscles (6.7 ± 0.1, p < 0.05), thus confirming the previous findings on capillary growth. A similar increase was found in the number of αSMA‐positive vessels ≤10 µm outer diameter (1.3 ± 0.09 versus 0.4 ± 0.03 around muscle fibers in controls). The density of terminal arterioles (≤10 µm) was slightly but not significantly higher after 2 days of stimulation (19.5 ± 4 versus 15.6 ± 2 profiles/mm2 in control muscles) and significantly higher after 7 days (33 ± 7). While a similar increase was observed in the density of preterminal arterioles >10 µm (17 ± 3 control, 22 ± 3 at 2 days and 40 ± 5 at 7 days), the density of MHC‐positive vessels muscles stimulated for 7 days was unchanged. Seven‐day stimulated muscle also had a fivefold higher density of microvessel profiles <10 µm that were only partially surrounded by αSMA. This considerably exceeds the relative increase in the number of capillaries and thus supports the concept of arteriolar growth by transformation from capillaries.Conclusions: Chronic electrical stimulation results in an early increase in the number of immature (MHC‐negative), but not mature (MHC‐positive) arterioles, a process that accompanies the increase in capillarization. The great increase in the number of microvessels only partially covered by αSMA suggests arteriolization of capillaries as a contributing mechanism in this growth.
Angiogenesis in P‐ and E‐Selectin‐Deficient Mice
Authors: HARTWELL D.W. , BUTTERFIELD C.E. , FRENETTE P.S. , KENYON B.M. , HYNES R.O. , FOLKMAN J. , WAGNER DENISA D. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives: Several observations reported earlier indicated that the selectins, in particular E‐selectin, might be involved in angiogenesis; however, mice deficient in the endothelial selectins develop normally. To clarify the role of endothelial selectins in angiogenesis, we have studied experimentally induced angiogenesis in selectin‐deficient mice.Methods: Hydron pellets containing either basic fibroblast growth factor or the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α were implanted into the corneas of wild‐type and P‐ and/or E‐selectin‐deficient mice.Results: The lengths and circumferential range of the newly formed blood vessels in the corneas of the endothelial selectin‐deficient mice were similar to those of wild‐type mice.Conclusion: The endothelial selectins are not essential in experimentally induced angiogenesis in vivo.
Heel‐Skin Microvascular Blood Perfusion Responses to Sustained Pressure Loading and Unloading
Authors: MAYROVITZ HARVEY N. , SMITH JOSHUA 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTObjective: Sustained heel pressure during surgery and during acute and longterm care residence can cause heel blood flow deprivation sufficient to cause pressure ulcers. Because little is known about the amount and distribution of heel blood perfusion changes under these conditions, the aim of this study was to characterize the main features of these changes.Methods: Heel blood perfusion by laser Doppler imaging (LDI, 40 × 40 mm scans) was measured in 11 vascularly normal persons before (10 minutes), during heel loading (40 minutes) and after off‐loading (20 minutes). Loading was done with subjects supine and one heel on a transparent plate through which LDI data were obtained during loading. Analysis were on progressively increasing areas around the central compression site using 10 × 10, 20 × 20 × 20, 30 × 30, and 40 × 40 mm assay areas at each of multiple time points during the 70‐minute test.Results: (1) Heel perfusion is rapidly and significantly reduced on loading (P < 0.01) with the greatest reduction within the central heel area; (2) perfusion remains uniformly depressed throughout the loading interval; (3) off‐loading is associated with a rapid onset, specially heterogeneous hyperemia which exceeds baseling (P < 0.01) for 10 minutes.Conclusions: The present seminal findings may serve as a guide to develop sorely needed microvascular tests to help classify heel breakdown risk on a patient‐by‐patient basis.
A New In Vivo Microvascular Preparation of the Hamster Ovary
Authors: SWEENEY TERRENCE E. , BONADIO JASON A. , FREIMAN MICHAEL A. , GETTS ROGER T. , LLOYD BENJAMIN T. , MCKEOWN KYLE , PLATT MICHAEL P. , WON JULIE H. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTOvarian function in the cycling female is intimately related to and dependent upon significant microvascular regulation and restructuring. To enable investigation of the microvascular determinants of ovarian function, we present an in vivo preparation of the golden hamster ovary. The preparation does not compromise the ovarian vascular supply. The viability and responsiveness of the preparation were confirmed by quantifying arteriolar responses to vasoactive agents in 17 hamsters. Small surface arterioles (mean diameter 15–16 µm) responded with statistically significant changes in diameter to adenosine and oxygen and showed significant, dose‐dependent constriction in response to norepinephrine and the NO synthase inhibitor l‐NAME. Other key findings included extremely high microvascular permeability that varied with the day of the estrous cycle and functionally significant architectural features of the utero‐ovarian vascular network. Potential applications of the preparation include elucidation of the role of the microvasculature in follicular development and luteal regression, investigation of utero‐ovarian crossregulation, and development of a model for the study of ovarian angiogenesis and vascular regression.
α4β1‐Integrin Activation Is Necessary for High‐Efficiency T‐Cell Subset Interactions with VCAM‐1 under Flow
Authors: LIM YAW‐CHYN , WAKELIN MATTHEW W. , HENAULT LORI , GOETZ DOUGLAS J. , YEDNOCK TED , CABAÑAS CARLOS , SANCHEZ‐MADRID FRANCISCO , LICHTMAN ANDREW H. , LUSCINSKAS FRANCIS W. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between α4β1‐integrin state of activation on CD4+ T‐cell subsets and their adhesive interaction to VCAM‐1 under flow.Methods: Human CD4+ memory and naive T‐cells were freshly isolated and effector‐helper T‐cell subsets, Th1 and Th2 cells, were differentiated in vitro from CD4+ naive T‐cells. The expression of activation/ligand induced epitopes on β1‐integrins of each T‐cell subset was assessed using mAb HUTS21 and mAb 15/7. T‐cell subsets attachment and rolling on VCAM‐1 was determined under defined flow conditions and the rates of attachment (ka), accumulation, and instantaneous rolling velocities were correlated to their β1‐integrin activation epitope expression.Results: A subset of memory T‐cells constitutively express activation/ligand induced epitopes on β1‐integrins recognized by mAb HUTS21 and 15/7, whereas expression levels on naive T‐cells is low or not detectable. Consistent with an activated phenotype, memory T‐cells exhibit significantly higher rates of attachment and accumulation on VCAM‐1 under flow as compared to naive T‐cells. Interestingly, the expression of activation/ligand induced epitopes on β1‐integrins on Th2 cells and the ability of these cells to interact with VCAM‐1 are comparable to memory T‐cells. In contrast, Th1 cells did not interact as efficiently with VCAM‐1, which correlated with lower expression of activation/ligand induced epitopes on these cells. VCAM‐1 interactions are inhibited completely by pretreatment of the T‐cells with blocking mAb to α4‐integrins or β1‐integrins, indicating that α4β1 is the predominant T‐cell integrin involved.Conclusions: Memory T‐cells express constitutively active α4β1‐integrins, as compared to naive T‐cells, which mediate high rates of initial attachment and sustained high‐affinity adhesive interactions with VCAM‐1 under flow conditions in vitro. Similarly, in vitro differentiated Th2 cells but not Th1 cells, which also express elevated levels of activated α4β1‐integrins, are capable of sustaining high‐affinity adhesive interactions with VCAM‐1. The differences observed in β1‐integrin activation on T‐cell subsets may underlie selective recruitment patterns of T‐cell subsets in vivo. Microcirculation (2000) 7, 201–214.
Effects of Myocardial Edema on the Development of Myocardial Interstitial Fibrosis
Authors: DAVIS K.L. , LAINE G.A. , GEISSLER H.J. , MEHLHORN U. , BRENNAN M. , ALLEN S.J. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTObjective: The mechanism by which chronic myocardial edema causes cardiac dysfunction is poorly understood. We hypothesized that myocardial edema triggers cardiac fibrosis development resulting in cardiac dysfunction. Since collagen is the most abundant constituent of the interstitial matrix, we examined the effects of edema development on cardiac collagen metabolism.Methods: We utilized a chronic pulmonary artery banded rat model that produces right ventricular hypertrophy with myocardial edema and left ventricular edema without hypertrophy or hyperplasia. Wet to dry ratios (index of edema), collagen type I and III concentrations, prolyl 4‐hydroxylase (P4‐H) and collagen type I and III mRNA levels, collagenase activity and transforming growth factor‐β were measured in both ventricles.Results: Right and left ventricular wet to dry ratios were significantly elevated from 1 to 28 days after pulmonary artery banding compared to sham rats. Right and left ventricular collagen types I and III and P4‐H mRNA levels increased significantly at 3 days followed by significant increases in right and left ventricular collagen concentration 7 days after pulmonary artery banding. Right ventricular collagenase activity increased at 3 days while left ventricular collagenase activity decreased 7 days after PA banding.Conclusions: We conclude that myocardial edema preceded the observed increase in collagen deposition and that edema may have triggered increased collagen synthesis by fibroblasts, leading to fibrosis development.
Localized Adenovirus‐Mediated Gene Transfer Into Vascular Smooth Muscle in the Hamster Cheek Pouch
Authors: FRAME MARY D. , MIANO JOSEPH M. , YANG JAY , RIVERS RICHARD J. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTObjective: Our purpose was to develop a method for adenovirus delivery to the hamster cheek pouch to experimentally target gene transfer in tissue used for microvascular studies.Methods: Separate constructs were tested with transgenes for lacZ or green fluorescent protein (GFP) driven by three promoters: RSV, CMV, and SM22. With university approval, adenovirus was delivered in anesthetized (pentobarbital, 70 mg/kg) hamsters (n = 28) by using either a vascular systemic injection or tissue infiltration (interstitial space behind the pouch). During 3 days, animals receiving infiltration gained the expected weight, whereas those receiving vascular injection lost weight; no other behavior changes were noted.Results: On day 3 postadenoviral delivery (infiltration), expression of lacZ (histology, β‐galactosidase) or GFP (fluorescence microscopy) was confirmed across the tissue (CMV and RSV promoters) and exclusively in vascular smooth muscle cells (specific SM22 promoter), without evidence of tissue inflammation. In vitro microvascular experiments verified normal responses in the cheek pouch of day 3 postadenoviral delivery animals. We tested local dilation to methacholine, adenosine, remote dilation to methacholine, adenosine, nitroprusside, and LM609 (αvβ3 integrin agonist), flow‐dependent dilation, and flow recruitment.Conclusions: Thus, this method enables targeted, cell‐specific gene transfer to one tissue important for microvascular studies, without significant systemic exposure and without adverse inflammation.
The role of intracellular symbiotic bacteria in the amino acid nutrition of embryos from the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae
Authors: Bermingham J. , Wilkinson T. L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAphids are well‐known for their symbiotic relationship with intracellular bacteria of the genus Buchnera (γ‐Proteobacteria). The symbiosis has a nutritional basis in that the bacteria supplement the aphid diet of phloem sap through the provision of essential amino acids. To date, few studies have considered the spatial complexity of the association, particularly the delineation of the symbiosis into embryo and maternal compartments. Here, we generate aposymbiotic (bacteria‐free) embryos of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae (Scopoli) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), as our experimental model and demonstrate that embryos reared in culture media require an external supply of essential amino acids. Analysis of individual amino acid deletions from the culture medium indicate that the key individual amino acids for embryo growth are phenylalanine and valine derived from the maternal tissues, and tryptophan derived from Buchnera. These results are discussed in relation to our current limited understanding of nutrient supply to aphid embryos.
Host plant species affects the quality of the generalist Trichoplusia ni as a host for the polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum
Authors: Lampert Evan C. , Bowers M. Deane 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDiet of herbivorous insects can influence both the herbivores and their natural enemies. We examined the direct and indirect effects of diet on the interactions between the polyphagous herbivore Trichoplusia ni Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). To determine how host plant species and host plant iridoid glycoside content affect host caterpillars and their parasitoids, parasitized and unparasitized T. ni were given leaves of either Plantago lanceolata L., which contains the iridoid glycosides aucubin and catalpol, Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae), which contains only aucubin, or Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg (Asteraceae), which contains neither. Survival of unparasitized T. ni was much lower when fed P. major compared with the other two host plants, whereas pupae were smallest when fed T. officinale and developed most slowly when fed P. lanceolata as larvae. Neither aucubin nor catalpol were detected in intact Plantago‐fed T. ni larvae or their hemolymph, and only trace amounts of aucubin were detected in frass, suggesting that these compounds are mostly metabolized in the midgut and are not encountered by the parasitoid. Copidosoma floridanum clutch size was almost doubled when reared from P. lanceolata‐fed T. ni compared with T. officinale‐fed larvae and tripled compared with P. major‐fed larvae, although the percent of parasitoids surviving to adulthood was uniformly high regardless of host diet. The observed variation in C. floridanum fitness among host diets is likely mediated by the effect of the diets on host quality, which in turn may be influenced more by other factors in the host plants than their iridoid glycoside profiles. Interactions between plant metabolites, generalist herbivores like T. ni, and their parasitoids may be predominantly indirect.
Tritrophic effects of organic and conventional fertilisers on a cereal‐aphid‐parasitoid system
Authors: Garratt Michael P. D. , Leather Simon R. , Wright Denis J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe impact of parasitoids on pests varies between conventional and low‐intensity agricultural systems. Although the impacts on parasitoid natural enemies of many practices within these agricultural systems are well understood, the role of fertilisers has been less well studied. The effects of organic‐based and conventional fertilisers on Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), the aphid Metopolophium dirhodum Walker (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and its parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was investigated using cage release experiments and measures of aphid and parasitoid fitness were taken. Barley tiller number and aphid weight were increased by fertilisers, particularly under conventional treatments. Adult parasitoid size correlated positively with that of the host, M. dirhodum, whereas percentage parasitism was not affected by fertiliser treatment or host size. The results suggest that the increased parasitoid impact observed in some low‐intensity or organic systems is not a direct result of fertiliser treatment. Our results indicate that fertiliser treatments that improve cereal‐aphid fitness will improve parasitoid fitness as measured by parasitoid size but may not influence percentage parasitism.
The influence of temperature and precipitation on spring dispersal of Frankliniella fusca changes as the season progresses
Authors: Morsello Shannon C. , Beaudoin Amanda L. P. , Groves Russell L. , Nault Brian A. , Kennedy George G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEffects of temperature and precipitation on spring dispersal patterns of Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) caught on yellow sticky traps were estimated in central and eastern North Carolina and eastern Virginia, USA, from 1997 to 2001, and in 2004 and 2007. Data were collected from 44 sites within 14 locations over 7 years, resulting in 30 location‐year data combinations. The following independent variables were examined to determine their relationship to the number of F. fusca caught on sticky traps during specified time intervals: cumulative degree days (base 10.5 °C) from 1 November to the start of each trapping interval (DD), number of days with temperatures favorable for flight during each trapping interval (DTFF), and an index of rainfall during specific intervals prior to and during the trapping interval (RI). Regression models that contained various combinations of these variables explained 62, 79, 74, and 68% of the variation in the number of dispersing F. fusca captured during 1–15 April, 16–30 April, 1–15 May, and 16–31 May, respectively. The results provide strong evidence that the suppressive effects of precipitation on growth of local populations developing during late winter and early spring are subsequently manifest at the landscape scale as reductions in the populations of dispersing adults that may persist for as long as 5–6 weeks after the precipitation occurs.
Substrate selection by saprophagous wood‐borer larvae within highly variable hosts
Authors: Saint‐Germain Michel , Buddle Christopher M. , Drapeau Pierre 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn insects completing their larval development within a single host, oviposition site is seen as a major determinant of offspring performance. However, in previous studies, the saprophagous wood‐borer Anthophylax attenuatus (Haldeman) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) showed no strong response to between‐host variations in nutritional factors influencing larval growth and survival. To explain such weak selection in adults, we hypothesized that substrate selection occurs at a smaller scale by larvae within hosts showing high variability in substrate quality. In this study, we described within‐host variability in wood density and determined whether wood‐boring larvae were found more often than expected in specific decay types. We characterized the variability of decay in 24 snags by producing wood density profiles for each. We then collected larvae from the same snags through wood dissection, and associated a wood density value to each by taking a wood sample around each larva found. We then compared ratios of available and used substrate types defined by wood density. We observed substantial within‐snag variation in wood density. Middle decay class (0.275–0.375 g cm−3) was significantly overused by larvae, whereas more decayed wood was clearly avoided. High within‐host variability in substrate quality and active or passive selection by larvae of specific substrate types suggest that selection pressures on adult behaviour could be lower than expected for a parasitic species, and might be linked with the weak selection observed at a larger scale by ovipositing adults.
Potential for insecticide resistance in populations of Bactrocera dorsalis in Hawaii: spinosad susceptibility and molecular characterization of a gene associated with organophosphate resistance
Authors: Chou Ming‐Yi , Haymer David S. , Feng Hai‐Tung , Mau Ronald F. L. , Hsu Ju‐Chun 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe potential for populations to become resistant to a particular insecticide treatment regimen is a major issue for all insect pest species. In Hawaii, for example, organophosphate (OP)‐based cover sprays have been the chemical treatment most commonly applied against oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae), populations since the 1950s. Moreover, bait spray treatments using spinosad were adopted as a major control tactic in the Hawaii area‐wide fruit fly pest management program beginning in the year 2000. To determine the current level of spinosad and OP tolerance of wild B. dorsalis populations, bioassays were conducted on flies collected from a range of geographic localities within the Hawaiian islands. Adult B. dorsalis flies were tested (1) for the level of susceptibility to spinosad using LC50 diagnostic criteria, and (2) for the presence of alleles of the ace gene previously shown to be associated with OP resistance. Regarding spinosad tolerance, only flies from Puna, the one area lacking prior exposure to spinosad, showed any significant difference compared to controls, and here the difference was only in terms of non‐overlap of 95% fiducial limit values. With respect to OP tolerance, specific mutations in the ace gene associated with resistance to these insecticides were found in only two populations, and in both cases, these alleles occurred at relatively low frequencies. These results suggest that at the present time, populations of B. dorsalis in Hawaii show no evidence for having acquired resistance to the insecticides widely used in control programs.