bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S13-02 - Outcome in Treated Violent and Sex Offenders
Authors: Endrass J. , Rossegger A. 
Published: June 2010

The aim of the “Therapy Evaluation Project” was to examine the therapy outcomes of all violent and sex offenders treated by the Zurich Criminal Justice System between January 1997 and the 31st of December 2005.This included all the court-ordered therapies at the prisons of the Canton of Zurich as well as outpatient treatments that were carried out after release from detention (or instead of detention). The final treatment sample consisted of N=222 treated violent and sex-offenders. A representative sample of untreated violent and sex-offenders served as a control group.After a mean time at risk of six years, the recidivism rates of the offenders were reviewed. Two types of recidivism were defined:(1)The listing of a new conviction in the criminal record or(2)offense relevant behaviour documented by the therapists, the probation services and/or other authorities.The recidivism rate for treated violent and sex-offender was 12% compared to 20% for the untreated controls. By juxtaposing the various criteria/definitions of recidivism, the standards for evaluating the effectiveness of therapy will be debated.
S18-02 - Gene-Environment Interaction: 5-HT2A AA Genotype and Childhood Emotional Abuse Upturn Suicide Risk in Male Prisoners
Authors: Sarchiapone M. , Vladimir C. 
Published: June 2010

Suicide is the leading cause of death in prisons. Number of studies has indicated disturbances in serotonin neurotransmission in persons displaying suicide behaviour and depression. We hypothesized that 5-HT2A -1438G/A polymorphism would modulate the influence of childhood trauma on suicide and depression among prisoners in a gene-environment-dependent manner.Study participants were 427 male prisoners detained in jails of the District of Abruzzo-Molise in Italy. All were assessed through psychiatric interview, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD-21 items) and Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). The component structure of the 21 HRSD items was determined using principal component analysis with varimax rotation and three components were extracted. We proposed a new gxe model with all components dichotomised at the median and used as dependent variables when creating logistic regression.Significant interactions were found with the suicide/insomnia component only. The major findings were: 1)emotional abuse during childhood interacts with 5-HT2A AA genotype to increase the risk for later-life suicide and insomnia,2)5-HT2A AA genotype and childhood traumas (emotional abuse and physical neglect) independently of each other increased the risk for later-life suicide and insomnia,3)5-HT2A AG and GG genotypes might be protective against suicide and insomnia, even when in interaction with childhood traumas.Our results add evidence to the fact that suicide and insomnia are both complex traits shaped by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. These factors might interact dynamically throughout prenatal and postnatal periods, thus shaping the brain development and leaving long-term consequences on adult behaviour.
S23-02 - In Search of Optimal Lithium Levels in the Long-Term Treatment of Bipolar Disorders
Authors: Severus E. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionLithium is generally regarded as a first-line option for the long-term treatment (ie, maintenance treatment, prophylactic treatment) of bipolar disorders. However, there is a substantial amount of uncertainty regarding the most efficacious plasma concentration of this drug for this indication.AimsTo allow clinical psychiatrists to practice evidence-based medicine when it comes to decide which lithium levels to target in the long-term treatment of their patients with bipolar disorders.MethodsWe will present the available evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) explicitly addressing the issue of optimal lithium levels, show new data from post-hoc analyses of more recent approval-seeking RCTs including lithium as a comparator drug, discuss the methodological limitations and pitfalls inherent in all these studies and address open questions still waiting to be answered.ResultsThe available evidence suggests that lithium levels ≥0.6 mmol/L will be necessary for optimal protection against both manic/mixed and depressive episodes. For most patients an increase in lithium levels beyond 0.8 mmol/L will not be associated with superior efficacy against either manic/mixed or depressive episodes. In contrast, lithium levels between 0.4 - 0.6 mmol/L may be sufficient, at least for some patients, for optimal protection against pure depressive episodes.ConclusionLithium levels between 0.6 - 0.8 mmol/L seem to be associated with optimal protection against both manic/mixed and depressive episodes in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorders.
S33-02 - Role of P-Glycoprotein for the Actions of Antidepressants
Authors: Carvalho L. 
Published: June 2010

Clinical studies have demonstrated an impairment of glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-mediated negative feedback on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in patients with major depression (GR resistance), and its resolution by antidepressant treatment. This GR impairment is driven by different pathophysiological mechanisms, including the effects of inflammatory mediators, changes in GR-associated proteins, reduction of intracellular access of glucocorticoid hormones, and GR gene variants. Our research has looked at the multitude of pathways affecting GR and MR function, using both clinical models and experimental systems, including most recently the use of prednisolone as a new neuroendocrine test, the in vitro evaluation of GR function in peripheral blood cells from depressed patients, the use of mice with knockout glucocorticoid transporter (p-glycoprotein) genes, and the examination of polymorphisms in inflammatory genes. This presentation will review our most important recent findings in this field, including:1)that GR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is resistant to the modulating effects of antidepressants in the context of increased activation and production of interleukin (IL)-6;2)that p-glycoprotein knockout animals have normal entry of corticosterone into the brain but do not show the effects of antidepressants on the HPA axis;3)that polymorphisms in the IL-6, IL-10, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes regulate the interaction between stress, inflammatory challenges and the development of mood and somatic symptoms; and4)that, in contrast to the GR, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) function remains intact in depression, except in a subgroup of individuals who do not respond to treatment.
S02-01 - Prevalence Rate and Comorbidity of Computer Addiction of Children in a German Psychiatry
Authors: Ammerschläger M. , Müller K. , Wölfling K. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesAt present, limited quantitative data about computer addiction of young people are available. The study was designed to obtain the prevalence rate of computer addiction of children. A further objective was to increase the know-how about cyber-related addictions and their comorbidity of mental disorders.MethodsSurvey among children/young people and their parents using questionnaires CBCL, YSR, CSVK, OSV and View. The children answered the questions of CSVK and OSV, adolescents over the age of 11 further filled in YSR. The parents were interviewed using CBCL and View.Data collection was in the paediatric psychiatry in Munich, data analysis in the University of Mainz.100 patients between 8 and 18 years of age, who asked for an outpatient or inpatient treatment of various mental disorders, filled in the questionnaires from July to November 2009 (63% male and 37% female).ResultsThe prevalence of computer addiction was 3%. The prevalence of computer abuse was 7%.The study exhibited a significant difference in gender: boys showed to be mainly addicted, girls mainly improper users.It was further observed that the young cyber junkies use games, chats, emails and communities more frequently than average users.In accordance with other studies it was determined that possible comorbidities are depression, anxiety disorders and aggressive behaviour.ConclusionsIn addition to other mental disorders, 3-6% of the patients in a German psychiatry were found to be computer addicted. It is important to do research for a better diagnostic and therapeutic treatment or implementation of preventive interventions.
S07-02 - Maternal Perinatal Depression: Impact on Infant Emotion Regulation and Later Toddler Behavior Problems
Authors: Muzik M. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionPre-and Post-natal maternal stress and/or psychopathology can have negative effects on infant temperament and later toddler behavior (Buitelaar, Huizink, Mulder, Robles de Medina, & Visser, 2003; Gutteling et al., 2005; Whitaker, Orzol, & Kahn, 2006). Infant temperamental difficulties, such as shyness or emotional lability, have been associated with later behaviors problems as children develop (Olson, Bates, Sandy, & Lanthier, 2000; Olson, Bates, Sandy, & Schilling, 2002). In particular, infant emotionality and emotional reactivity has been suggested as an early precursor to externalizing problems in children (Crockenberg, 2005).Objectives/aimsThe goal of this research study is to explore the links and potential pathways between maternal perinatal depression and adverse infant and toddler behavior problems.MethodsThe present study utilizes data from a high-risk community sample and explores the links between maternal stress and depression during pregnancy and postpartum predicting to their infants’ emotion regulation problems at 7 months of age. On a smaller subset we further explore the associations between early emotion regulation problems and subsequent development of pre-school behavior problems.ResultsWe found that both maternal postpartum depression and problematic bonding uniquely predict problematic infant temperament at 7-months, and that in turn, infant emotion regulation problems were predictive of higher scores of toddler behavior problems 12 months later.ConclusionsOur preliminary data confirms that infant emotionality (in the context of maternal psychopathology and problematic bonding) may be an early precursor to the development of later toddler behavior problems.
S35-02 - Pharmacogenetic Studies of Treatment Response in First-Episode Psychosis
Authors: Reynolds G.P. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionAntipsychotic drugs are limited in their efficacy by the relatively poor response of negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia as well as by the substantial variability in response between patients. Although there is a substantial number of pharmacogenetic studies of antipsychotic drug response, relatively few have studied response in first-episode patients. Still fewer have separated effects on positive and negative symptoms, despite the established differences in response to drug treatment between these syndromes.ObjectivesTo identify genetic polymorphisms contributing to individual variability in the response of different symptoms to antipsychotic drug treatment of first-episode psychosis.MethodsFunctional polymorphisms in several candidate genes implicated in antipsychotic drug mechanisms have been investigated in first-episode psychosis patients and assessed for their association with response of different symptom subgroups.ResultsWe have identified the importance of a common functional polymorphism in the 5-HT1A receptor gene on response of negative and depressive symptoms in initially drug-naive psychotic patients; a longer term (one year) study of first-episode subjects demonstrated an association of the 5-HT transporter gene on negative symptom outcome. Despite the discrepancy between these and other reports, most findings are consistent with the conclusion that dopamine D2 and D3 receptor polymorphisms appear to relate to positive symptom response, while negative symptom improvement relates to polymorphisms of genes influencing 5-HT neurotransmission.ConclusionsIdentifying the genetic factors influencing initial symptom response to antipsychotic drugs may provide both an understanding of the underlying neurotransmitter mechanisms and an indication of the clinical utility of genetic testing.
S17-04 - Ageing, Care With Optimal QoL and End-of-Life Issues
Authors: Tataru N. 
Published: June 2010

After a conceptual definition of normal ageing and of active and successful ageing and their differentiation from morbid ageing, we try to consider not only the presence or absence of a disorder but also its impact in someone's quality of life. Impact of mental disorders on quality of life is one of the changes in criteria for public health priority. Nowadays, it is difficult enough to talk about quality of life of elderly with mental disorders. The psychiatrists and other health care providers have to face at serious medical and ethical challenges in caring the elderly mentally ill at the end-of-life, assuring them the best quality of life as it is possible. Knowledge of the persons’ past experiences and their current abilities could be used as a guide for making decisions affecting their QoL and also their end-of-life.Following the principles of Declaration of Paris, 2005, we can discuss about the quality of end-of-life of elderly mentally ill and stigma against them, in term of: the right to live versus the right to die; the right to be treated versus the right to refuse the treatment; the right to know versus the right to refuse to know the diagnosis; the valid consent of the person with the capacity to consent and the patient without this capacity. Respect for the individual's expressed wishes and interest, should guide all end-of-life care decisions. The aim of any mental healthy intervention for older adults is to preserve the human rights and patient best interest.
S39-03 - Risk Behavior in Adolescents: What We Need to Know
Authors: Becker K. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesKnowledge of the prevalence and the different types of risk behavior in adolescence is needed to prevent unwanted health consequences.MethodsIn general, risk behavior in adolescence is quite common. It comprises patterns such as smoking, alcohol consumption, hazardous driving, drug use, delinquency, dares, sporting risks, rebellious behavior, school-related risks, sexual intercourse as well as other socially inconspicuous behavior that nonetheless poses a risk to health (e.g. bad nutrition, lack of physical activity, or excessive sunbathing).ResultsThe different types of risk behavior are described also addressing the issues of gender differences and individual risk factors as well as protective factors. Temperament factors (novelty seeking) and peer group influences are discussed as well as genetic factors and brain maturation in adolescence.ConclusionsThe knowledge of adolescent risk behavior and the possible causes as well as prevention strategies is important for all professionals dealing with adolescents and young adults.
S22-01 - Preventive Monitoring of Psychiatric Patients at Risk for Compulsory Readmission: Preliminary Results of a Multi-Center RCT
Authors: Gallas C. , Dressing H. , Hess N. , Kief S. , Salize H.J. 
Published: June 2010

ObjectivesThis study aims at reducing the risk for compulsory readmission in psychiatric patients by a comprehensive intervention comprising psychoeducation on warning signs, crisis cards and a continuous telephone monitoring of the patients‘ mental health status and health care utilization over a two-year period. Beyond reducing involuntary admissions, further objectives of the intervention are to reduce number and duration of inpatient stays and to result in a more cost-effective service provision.MethodsPsychiatric inpatients suffering from schizophrenia or an affective disorder were randomly allocated to the intervention group or the control group (treatment as usual). Risk for compulsory readmission was defined by a current involuntary treatment episode or involuntary treatment within the previous 24 months. Both groups are assessed at baseline, at 12-month and 24-month follow-up. Interviewer ratings cover psychopathology (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Young Mania Rating Scale, Hamilton Depression Sale, Global Assessment of Functioning), psychopathy (Hare Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version) and risk for violence (HCR 20). Treatment satisfaction, empowerment and quality of life is measured by self-report questionnaires. Health care utilization and prescription of psychotropic medication is recorded continuously in the intervention group and over a 3-month period in the control group.ResultsPreliminary results of this ongoing study will be presented, illustrating sample characteristics and first results of the one year follow-up. Focusing on data of type, number and duration of inpatient stays, the potential of the intervention to reduce the risk for involuntary readmission to psychiatry will be discussed.
S22-02 - The Organization of the Psychiatric Service and Criminality Committed by the Mentally Ill
Authors: Kramp P. , Gabrielsen G. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionDuring the past 40 years there has been an increase in the number of mentally ill criminals. The purpose of this study is to analyse the correlations between the reorganisation of the psychiatric treatment system the growing number of forensic patients and the increase in serious crime, homicide and arson associated with the mentally ill.Materials and methodsWe estimated the annual positive or negative growth rate of consumed psychiatric beds and in social and community psychiatry (explanatory variables) and in prevalence and incidence of forensic patients, homicide and arson (response variables) from 1980 to 1997 for each of the 14 Danish counties. The long-term effect was analysed in the form of between-county analysis with both single and multiple regressions.ResultsBed closure had no immediate effect on either the number of forensic patients or serious criminality. Over time the (negative) growth rate in number of consumed beds is significantly correlated with the (positive) growth rates for forensic patients, homicide and arson. Social and community psychiatry have little effect, if any.DiscussionWe have used two sets of data firstly the number of forensic patients and, secondly the reported number of crimes associated with the mentally ill. The uniformity of the results leads us to consider that the decreasing effort invested in inpatient treatment is causing an increase in the crime rate among the mentally ill.ConclusionForensic patients are not only offenders, but also the victims of an inadequate treatment system. Modern inpatient treatment facilities should be established.
S22-04 - Community Psychiatry and Coercive Treatment: a Delicate Relationship
Authors: Schanda H. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionPsychiatry has always had a special position among the medical disciplines. Patients were perceived by the public as potentially dangerous, psychiatrists as representatives of an uncontrolled “total” institution. The mental health reforms initiated during the 2nd half of the 20th century focussed on a “normalization” of this special position by means of a reduction of coercion to the absolute minimum and to an adaptation of the principles of treatment and care to that of all other medical specialities.ResultsIn all European countries, the prevalence of mentally disordered offenders is on the rise. As, surprisingly, the same holds good for the rates of involuntary admissions to psychiatric hospitals, a supposed transfer of coercive measures from the civil to the penal law sector seems to be unlikely. According to epidemiologic data, there is also no direct relation with the reduction of general mental hospital beds or with the sometimes insufficient provision of community services. Rather, the changed attitude of mental health professionals in dealing with a subgroup of “difficult-to-treat” patients seems to be crucial factor.DiscussionRecent data confirm an association between psychosis and violence. Not least for that reason psychiatry does have - against all affirmations - a special position among the medical disciplines. The denial of this fact by the representatives of modern community psychiatry was not able to reduce coercive measures against mental patients - rather, coercion is now applied in a hidden way, obviously insufficient so damaging the reputation of both psychiatry and its patients.
S27-02 - Group Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for Insomnia, the Bristol UK Experience
Authors: Hicks J. , Green A. , Wilson S. 
Published: June 2010

It is now well established that CBT for chronic insomnia is as efficacious as hypnotic medication and is also likely to be better at maintaining improved sleep. Most studies have looked at the use of individual CBT; there have been only a few studies looking at CBT for insomnia given in a group format.For nearly ten years the Bristol Insomnia Group has offered cognitive behavioural management and support for people with chronic insomnia.The seven group sessions are led by up to three members of a team consisting of a doctor (sleep specialist), an occupational therapist and a research sleep scientist. Components of the group intervention include education about sleep science, information on insomnia medication, sleep hygiene, relaxation, and cognitive therapy. To assess efficacy participants complete sleep diaries, a quality of life scale (SF36) and the dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes scale (DBAS) pre and post group.Sleep diaries (n=68) showed significant differences in Total Sleep Time (TST), Sleep Onset Latency (SOL) and Sleep Quality (SQ). Approximately half of the participants had clinically significant improvements in their TST (increased by 30 minutes) and about a third had a clinically significant decrease (by 30 minutes) in their SOL. SF36 scores showed statistically improved scores in all nine domains, DBAS scores showed statistically significant decreased scores post group.These results demonstrate promising sleep parameter and quality of life improvements after attendance at the group. CBT for insomnia is a clinically and cost effective approach for the treatment of chronic insomnia.
S34-02 - Heritability of Cortical Thickness Change Over Time in Schizophrenia Patients and Their Discordant Co-Twins
Authors: van Haren N. , Brans R. , van Baal C. , Schnack H. , Kahn R. , Hulshoff Pol H. 
Published: June 2010

IntroductionStructural brain abnormalities have consistently been found in schizophrenia, with increased familial risk for the disease associated with these abnormalities. Some brain volume changes are progressive over the course of the illness.ObjectiveTo investigate whether these progressive brain volume changes are mediated by genetic or disease-related factors.MethodsWe carried out a 5-year follow-up study in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia (DISC) and healthy comparison (HC) twin pairs using brain magnetic resonance imaging. A total of 92 participants completed the study (DISC: 9 MZ and 10 DZ; HC: 14 MZ and 13 DZ). Percentage volume changes of the whole brain and cerebral gray and white matter were estimated. Structural equation modeling was applied to estimate contributions of additive genetic and common and unique environmental factors.ResultsSignificant decreases over time in whole brain volume was found in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected co-twins compared with control twins. Bivariate structural equation modeling using cross-trait/cross-twin correlations revealed significant additive genetic influences on the correlations between schizophrenia liability and progressive whole brain (66%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 51%-100%), frontal lobe (76%; 95% CI, 54%-100%), and temporal lobe (79%; CI, 56%-100%) volume change.ConclusionsThe progressive brain volume loss found in patients with schizophrenia and their unaffected co-twins is at least partly attributable to genetic factors related to the illness.