bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Motility‐induced but not vasoactive intestinal peptide‐induced increase in luminal alkalinization in rat duodenum is dependent on luminal Cl−
Authors: Pihl L. , Sjöblom M. , Seidler U. , Sedin J. , Nylander O. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  To investigate whether the motility‐ and the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)‐induced increase in luminal alkalinization in the duodenum is dependent on luminal Cl−.Methods:  Experiments were performed in anaesthetized rats in vivo. The proximal duodenum was perfused luminally with an isotonic solution, containing zero or low Cl− and the effects on luminal alkalinization, motility, fluid flux and epithelial permeability were determined. Parecoxib, a COX‐2 inhibitor, was used to induce duodenal contractions.Results:  Control rats lacked duodenal wall contractions while parecoxib‐treated ones exhibited contractions throughout the experiment. Most animals had a net fluid absorption during the perfusion with isotonic NaCl. Luminal alkalinization was about 100% higher in parecoxib‐treated rats than in controls. Cl−‐free solutions did not affect epithelial permeability or motility but decreased luminal alkalinization by ≥50% and decreased net fluid absorption in both control and parecoxib‐treated animals. Reduction in luminal Cl− decreased alkalinization in a concentration‐dependent manner. The parecoxib‐induced increase in alkalinization was markedly reduced in the absence of luminal Cl−. VIP increased luminal alkalinization and induced fluid secretion. The lack of luminal Cl− did not affect the VIP‐induced increase in alkalinization but reduced fluid secretion.Conclusions:  The parecoxib‐induced increase in luminal alkalinization is highly dependent on luminal Cl− and it is proposed that COX‐2 inhibition, via induction of duodenal motility, enhances HCO3− efflux through stimulation of apical Cl−/HCO3− exchange in duodenal epithelial cells. Although the VIP‐induced stimulation of fluid secretion is partly dependent on luminal Cl−, the VIP‐induced increase in luminal alkalinization is not.
Repellent efficacy of wood vinegar against Culex pipiens pallens and Aedes togoi (Diptera: Culicidae) under laboratory and semi‐field conditions
Authors: KIARIE‐MAKARA Martha W. , YOON Hae‐Soon , LEE Dong‐Kyu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe repellent efficacy of wood vinegar was assessed against mosquitoes under laboratory conditions at 1, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80% concentrations. The study evaluated whether wood vinegar is able to repel Culex pipiens pallens Coquillet and Aedes togoi (Theobald) from the human body and if so at what concentrations. The tests were conducted using the arm‐in‐cage method in 80 × 40 × 40 cm screened mosquito cages. The data were analyzed and compared with those of N,N‐Diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide (deet) at 10.3% concentration. The results showed that wood vinegar provided mosquito repellence of varying degree depending on the concentration used. The observed repellence averaged from as low as 39.6% at 5.0% concentration to as high as 100% at 80% concentration against Ae. togoi. Repellence against Cx. pipiens pallens was high being 90.3% at 20% concentration, 92.2% at 40% concentration, 93.9% at 60% concentration and 100% at 80% concentration. The duration of protection time tests showed that the 40% and 60% concentrations of the wood vinegar give protection from landing of Ae. togoi for a period of up to 7 h, though the lower concentration gave lower protection after the first five hours. The results indicated that wood vinegar has mosquito repellent characteristics that tend to vary with the concentration used and the species of mosquitoes. Wood vinegar in this case was very effective in repelling Cx. pipiens pallens, even at lower concentrations while higher concentrations were required to repel Ae. togoi.
Population‐based surveillance for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus in Guatemala, 2009
Authors: Reyes Lissette , Arvelo Wences , Estevez Alejandra , Gray Jennifer , Moir Juan C. , Gordillo Betty , Frenkel Gal , Ardón Francisco , Moscoso Fabiola , Olsen Sonja J. , Fry Alicia M. , Lindstrom Steve , Lindblade Kim A. 
Published: March 2010

Please cite this paper as: Reyes et al. (2010) Population‐based surveillance for 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus in Guatemala, 2009. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 4(3), 129–140.Background  In April 2009, 2009 pandemic influenza A H1N1 (2009 H1N1) was first identified in Mexico but did not cause widespread transmission in neighboring Guatemala until several weeks later.Methodology and principle findings  Using a population‐based surveillance system for hospitalized pneumonia and influenza‐like illness ongoing before the 2009 H1N1 pandemic began, we tracked the onset of 2009 H1N1 infection in Guatemala. We identified 239 individuals infected with influenza A (2009 H1N1) between May and December 2009, of whom 76 were hospitalized with pneumonia and 11 died (case fatality proportion: 4·6%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2·3–8·1%). The median age of patients infected with 2009 H1N1 was 8·8 years, the median age of those hospitalized with pneumonia was 4·2 years, and five (45·5%) deaths occurred in children <5 years old. Crude rates of hospitalization between May and December 2009 were highest for children <5 years old. Twenty‐one (27·6%) of the patients hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 were admitted to the intensive care unit and eight (10·5%) required mechanical ventilation. Underlying chronic conditions were noted in 14 (18·4%) of patients with pneumonia hospitalized with 2009 H1N1 infection.Conclusions and significance  Chronic illnesses may be underdiagnosed in Guatemala, making it difficult to identify this risk group for vaccination. Children 6 months to 5 years old should be among priority groups for vaccination to prevent serious consequences because of 2009 H1N1 infection.
A Comparison of Web Sites Used to Manage and Present Home Blood Pressure Readings
Authors: Patel Birju , Turban Sharon , Anderson Cheryl , Charleston Jeanne , Miller Edgar R. , Appel Lawrence J. 
Published: March 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:389–395. ©2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Home blood pressure (HBP) monitoring is now recommended as a routine component of blood pressure management in patients with known or suspected hypertension. Over the last few years, a large number of Web sites, commonly termed Personal Health Records, have been developed so that patients can manage and present HBP readings. The objective of this report is to describe and compare these Web sites. A list of 33 desirable Web site features, organized into 4 categories, was developed. Between June and August of 2009, a total of 60 Web sites was identified, of which 20 were free or free to try. Each of the 20 Web sites displayed HBP readings in tabular and graphical formats, most offered an option to print results in tabular (70%) and graphical (70%) form, and many (47%) could download HBP data from Microsoft HealthVault. In contrast, none of the Web sites directly linked with common electronic medical records. Overall, Web sites offered between 41% and 77% of the 33 features considered desirable. In conclusion, there is considerable variation in available features on Web sites used to manage HBP data. Information presented in this report should be useful to physicians and patients in selecting a Web site for managing and presenting HBP readings and ultimately improving blood pressure control.
Validity and reliability study for the NEI‐VFO‐39 scale in chronic ophthalmic diseases – Turkish version
Authors: Iyigun Emine , Bayer Atilla , Tastan Sevinc , Demiralp Meral , Acikel Cengizhan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To test the reliability and validity of National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI‐VFQ‐39) in patients with glaucoma, cataract, diabetic retinopathy and age‐related macular degeneration.Methods:  The study was carried out on 210 patients and 51 control subjects. The data were collected by using a data collection form and NEI‐VFQ‐39. Statistical analyses were performed with spss for Windows version 15.0.Results:  Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.96 for the whole group. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was between 0.97 and 0.56 for the subscales. There was a strong relationship (r > 0.80) in 12.8% with dual correlation in NEI‐VFQ‐39 global scales and subscales and their correlations in all participant groups. There was a statistically significant difference for the NEI‐VFn global and subscale scores between the control and patient groups except for general health and ocular pain.Conclusions:  We found that the NEI‐VFQ‐39 was a valid and reliable scale to determine the quality of life in Turkish patients with chronic ophthalmic disease.
Visual function, ocular motility and ocular characteristics in patients with mitochondrial complex I deficiency
Authors: Fahnehjelm Kristina Teär , Olsson Monica , Naess Karin , Wiberg Maria , Ygge Jan , Martin Lene , von Döbeln Ulrika 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  The aims of the present study were to investigate visual function, ocular motility and ocular characteristics in children and young adults with complex I deficiency.Material and Methods:  In a prospective study with longitudinal follow‐up, the visual and ocular outcome in 13 patients with deficiency in complex I [nicotine‐amide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase] in the mitochondrial respiratory chain is presented. The patients were diagnosed during 1995–2007 and assessed during 1997–2009 at a median age of 12.8 years (range 3.1–23.4).Results:  Twelve of 13 patients had visual impairment and/or ocular pathology. Four of 10 patients who co‐operated in visual assessment had a best corrected decimal visual acuity of ≤0.5 in one or both eyes. Cataract surgery was performed in one patient and another patient showed retinal pigmentations and ptosis. Eleven patients demonstrated ocular motility problems, mainly saccade deficiencies. Five patients had optic atrophy (OA), which was bilateral in four patients. In four siblings, the OA showed a similarity to Leber’s Hereditary Optic Neuropathy. These patients also had the 11778 G→A mutation in mitochondrial DNA. Only one patient had normal visual acuity and ocular outcome including refraction and visual fields. Follow‐up time was median 3.0 years (range 0–11).Conclusion:  Visual impairment, ocular motility problems and OA are common in children and young adults with complex I deficiency and should prompt the paediatric ophthalmologist to consider mitochondrial disorders.
Factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph parameters to glaucomatous progression in disc photographs
Authors: Saarela Ville , Falck Aura , Airaksinen P. Juhani , Tuulonen Anja 
Published: March 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the stereometric optic nerve head (ONH) parameters of the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) to glaucomatous progression in stereoscopic ONH photographs.Methods:  The factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the vertical cup : disc ratio, the cup : disc area ratio, the cup volume, the rim area and a linear discriminant function to progression were analysed. These parameters were the best indicators of progression in a retrospective study of 476 eyes. The reference standard for progression was the masked evaluation of stereoscopic ONH photographs.Results:  The factors having the most significant effect on the sensitivity and specificity of the stereometric ONH parameters were the reference height difference and the mean topography standard deviation (TSD), indicating image quality. Also, the change in the TSD and age showed consistent, but variably significant, influence on all parameters tested. The sensitivity and specificity improved when there was little change in the reference height, the image quality was good and stable, and the patients were younger. The sensitivity and specificity of the vertical cup : disc ratio was improved by a large disc area and high baseline cup : disc area ratio. The rim area showed a better sensitivity and specificity for progression with a small disc area and low baseline cup : disc area ratio.Conclusion:  The factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of the stereometric ONH parameters to glaucomatous progression in disc photographs are essentially the same as those affecting the measurement variability of the HRT.
Low prevalence of Salmonella enterica in Australian wildlife
Authors: Parsons Sandra K. , Bull C. Michael , Gordon David M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA total of 2489 wildlife hosts from Australia were sampled in order to determine the fraction of hosts that harboured Salmonella enterica as a dominant member of the host's enteric community. Hosts sampled included fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals from the four main climatic regions of Australia: desert, grassland, temperate and tropical. Salmonella enterica was predominately isolated from reptiles, in particular, lizards. It was also isolated from mammals, though not from any fish, frog or bird host. Salmonella enterica was more likely to be isolated from lizards living in desert or grassland regions of Australia compared with lizards inhabiting tropical or temperate regions. The low prevalence of S. enterica isolated from wildlife hosts in Australia indicates that Australian wildlife are unlikely to play a large role in disseminating S. enterica to humans and livestock.
Mission Theology of the Church
Authors: Kim Kirsteen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article on the mission theology of the church, a personal perspective by the vice‐moderator of CWME, draws on documentation produced by the commission and also responds to the Faith and Order document, The Nature and Mission of the Church. It is based on the trinitarian paradigm of mission referred to as missio Dei, which emphasizes the priority of God's sending activity in the world, by the Son and the Spirit, and the contingency of the church and its mission activities upon that. Therefore, it is concerned with the participation of the church in God's mission to and in the world, and from this perspective, has a particular interest with the actual, empirical church rather than the ideal church, recognizing that the church exists in many different forms in particular social, cultural, economic and political contexts. The article argues that the church is “missionary by its very nature”. Both theologically and empirically, it is impossible to separate the church from mission. Indeed mission is the very life of the church and the church is missionary by its very nature the Spirit of Christ breathed into the disciples at the same time as he sent them into the world. The mission theology of the church as it has developed in ecumenical discussion over the 20th and early 21st centuries is discussed in terms of the relationship of the church to the three persons of the Trinity: as foretaste of the kingdom of God; as the body of Christ; and as a movement of the Spirit. The article shows that being in mission is to cross the usual boundaries and bring new perspectives from outside to bear, and this is a never‐ending, enriching process.
Newbigin's Trinitarian Missiology: The Doctrine of the Trinity as Good News for Western Culture
Authors: Dodds Adam 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis paper explores Newbigin's trinitarian missiology by first evaluating its theological basis, and then looking at the practical implications for the church's mission within Western culture today. Newbigin claimed that “the doctrine of the Trinity … is the necessary starting point of preaching”. This statement actually involves two mutually related claims that are discussed using the resources of recent trinitarian theology. First, evangelism begins with describing the triune God, and second, the triune nature of God is irreducibly bound up with the substance of the gospel. This discussion evaluates these bold claims using the resources of trinitarian theology, taking the claims in reverse order because the second impinges upon the first. The second part of this paper applies the fruits of this discussion to the church's mission within Western culture. It briefly articulates a relational ontology based on the doctrine of the Trinity, and then describes a relational anthropology based on the imago Dei. Next it explores Newbigin's theology of the inter‐relatedness of all life as the clue to understanding missional election. The practical implications this has for ecclesiology and missiology vis‐à‐vis Newbigin's understanding of the congregation as the hermeneutic of the gospel conclude this exploration. They demonstrate the abiding significance of Lesslie Newbigin for continued theological, missiological, and practical reflection.
Lumbosacral spinal cord somatosensory evoked potentials for quantification of nociception in horses
Authors: Van LOON J. P. A. M. , Van OOSTROM H. , DOORNENBAL A. , HELLEBREKERS L. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:There is a need for objective evaluation and quantification of the efficacy of analgesic drugs and analgesic techniques in horses.Objectives:To determine whether lumbosacral spinal cord somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) can be a useful and reliable tool to assess nociception in equines.Methods:SSEPs and electromyograms (EMG) from the epaxial muscles were recorded simultaneously, following electrical stimulation applied to the distal hindlimb in lightly anaesthetised Shetland ponies (n = 7). In order to validate the model, the effect of increasing stimulus intensity was documented and the conduction velocities (CV) of the stimulated nerves were calculated. The effect of epidurally applied methadone (0.4 mg/kg bwt) in a randomised, crossover design was investigated.Results:Two distinct complexes (N1P1 and N2P2) were identified in the SSEP waveform. Based on their latency and conduction velocity and the depressant effect of epidurally applied methadone, the SSEP N2P2 was ascribed to nociceptive Aδ‐afferent stimulation. The SSEP N1P1 originated from non‐nociceptive Aβ‐afferent stimulation and was not influenced by epidurally applied methadone.Conclusions and potential relevance:The nociceptive Aδ component of the SSEP, the N2P2 complex, is presented as a valid and quantitative parameter of spinal nociceptive processing in the horse. Validation of the equine SSEP model enables the analgesic effects of new analgesics/analgesic techniques to be quantified and analgesia protocols for caudal epidural analgesia inequidaeimproved.
How to extrapolate a withdrawal time from an EHSLC published detection time: A Monte Carlo simulation appraisal
Authors: TOUTAIN P.‐L. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryReason for performing study: For legitimate medications, veterinarians must advise the owners or trainers of horses on appropriate withholding times after a treatment, to avoid the risk of incurring a positive drug test.Objective: To explore the safety span to select that a veterinarian may extrapolate a tailored withdrawal time (WT) from a generic detection time (DT) as published by the European Horserace Scientific Liaison Committee (EHSLC).Methods: Using Monte Carlo simulations, it was shown that for a low variability of pharmacokinetic parameters (CV = 20%), an uncertainty span of about 40% may be selected to transform a mean DT into a WT (i.e. WT = 1.4 DT), which covers 90% of the horse population. In contrast for a highly variable drug (CV = 40%), an uncertainty factor of about 2.1–2.2 needs to be selected, i.e. a WT that is twice the DT.Results: The relative impact of the different factors of variability on the final WT was documented by a so‐called sensitivity analysis. It was shown that the parameters that have the greatest influence on the value of a DT are those that control the terminal half‐life of the drug disposition. In contrast, parameters controlling the level of urine (or plasma) concentrations (i.e. the actual administered dose, the urine‐to‐plasma ratio and the bioavailability) collectively have a minimal influence on the DT.Conclusions and potential relevance: In practice, this means that the main sources of uncertainty are of biological origin and cannot be reduced by any managerial options. The influence of the number of experimental horses that are used by EHSLC to establish a DT was shown that with the standard EHLSC protocol of 6 horses, half of the trials lead to a proposed DT that is equal to or higher than the population 90th percentile. Increasing the number of investigated horses to 8 and 10 would increase this last probability to 85 and 90%, respectively.
Mutant Prevention Concentrations of Four Carbapenems against Gram-Negative Rods
Authors: Credito Kim , Kosowska-Shick Klaudia , Appelbaum Peter C. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

We tested the propensities of four carbapenems to select for resistant
Escherichia coli
,
Klebsiella pneumoniae
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, and
Acinetobacter baumannii
mutants by determining the mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) for 100 clinical strains with various ß-lactam phenotypes. Among the members of the
Enterobacteriaceae
family and
A. baumannii
strains, the MPC/MIC ratios were mostly 2 to 4. In contrast, for
P. aeruginosa
the MPC/MIC ratios were 4 to ≥16. The MPC/MIC ratios for β-lactamase-positive
K. pneumoniae
and
E. coli
isolates were much higher (range, 4 to >16 μg/ml) than those for ß-lactamase-negative strains.
Novel Synthetic, Salt-Resistant Analogs of Human Beta-Defensins 1 and 3 Endowed with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Scudiero Olga , Galdiero Stefania , Cantisani Marco , Di Noto Rosa , Vitiello Mariateresa , Galdiero Massimiliano , Naclerio Gino , Cassiman Jean-Jacques , Pedone Carlo , Castaldo Giuseppe , Salvatore Francesco 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
Human beta-defensins (hBDs) are antimicrobial peptides of human innate immunity. The antibacterial activities of hBDs 1, 2, and 4 but not the activity of hBD3 are impaired by high salt levels. We have designed and synthesized seven novel hBD analogs, constituted by different domains of hBD1 (which is constitutively expressed in humans) and of hBD3 (which is induced by microorganisms and inflammatory factors in humans), that would maintain and potentially increase the wild-type antimicrobial activities and be salt resistant. We have compared the antibacterial, antiviral, and chemotactic activities of the analogs with those of hBD1 and hBD3. We show that the hBD1 internal region and the hBD3 C-terminal region are critical for antibacterial activity also at high salt concentrations, whereas deletion of the N-terminal region of hBD3 results in an increase in antibacterial activity. All analogs inhibited herpes simplex virus; antiviral activity was enhanced by the hBD1 internal region and the hBD3 C-terminal region. Wild-type and analog peptides were chemotactic for granulocytes and monocytes, irrespective of the salt concentrations. These new peptides may have therapeutic potential.
Susceptibility of Recently Collected Spanish Pneumococci Nonsusceptible to Oral Penicillin from Serotypes Not Included in the 7-Valent Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Fenoll Asunción , Aguilar Lorenzo , Giménez María-José , Vicioso María-Dolores , Robledo Olga , Granizo Juan-José , Coronel Pilar 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

The susceptibilities of pneumococci recently collected (up to June 2009) in Spain (500 isolates nonsusceptible to oral penicillin and 150 susceptible isolates) from serotypes not included in the conjugate vaccine were determined. Most nonsusceptible isolates (53.6%) belonged to serotype 19A. Susceptibility rates in serotype 19A penicillin-intermediate (
n
= 201)/penicillin-resistant (
n
= 67) isolates were <33%/≤6.0% (erythromycin and oral cephalosporins with defined breakpoints), 85.1%/11.9% (amoxicillin), and 96.0%/52.2% (cefotaxime), respectively. Low susceptibility to common oral β-lactams was also found in serotypes 11A (95.5% susceptibility to cefotaxime and erythromycin) and 35B.