bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetic characterization and modeling simplification of an anaerobic sulfate reducing batch process
Authors: Torner‐Morales Francisco J. , Buitrón Germán 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: A series of kinetic experiments for a sulfate reducing process was carried out in a batch laboratory reactor that allowed simplification of a model initially proposed for this system enabling establishment of the kinetic parameters.RESULTS: It was found that an incomplete oxidation of lactate is the most significant bio‐reaction occurring in the reactor; this fact led to model simplifications that allowed determination of the kinetic parameters. Sulfide and pH inhibition can be described using one inhibition term within the model equation, given the fact that sulfide inhibition is not present in the system. Kinetic parameters were obtained, yielding a maximum specific rate (µmax/Y) of 2.17 ± 0.08 mg sulfate mg−1 VSS min−1. A zero‐order kinetics with respect to sulfate and a Monod affinity constant of 142.7 ± 64.9 mg L−1 for the lactate were found.CONCLUSIONS: The final model for the process can be described by a single Monod term involving the lactate. This model resulted from the lack of sulfide inhibition in the system and the predominance of the partial lactate oxidation to acetate reaction over the complete lactate and acetate oxidation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A two liquid phase partitioning bioreactor system for the biodegradation of pyrene: Comparative evaluation and cost–benefit analysis
Authors: Mahanty Biswanath , Pakshirajan Kannan , Dasu Veeranki Venkata 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Biodegradation of pyrene, a novel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) of environmental concern, was investigated employing a two‐liquid phase partitioning bioreactor (TPPB) using Mycobacterium frederiksbergense. After initial screening of solvents, silicone oil was chosen as the biocompatible and economic solvent for use in this TPPB system with an initial pyrene concentration of 400 mg L−1. The efficiency of the TPPB system developed was also compared with the results of pyrene degradation by the microorganism in slurry phase and surfactant‐aided systems. A cost–benefit analysis comparison of the three systems evaluated in the work further revealed very good potential of the TPPB system in pyrene biodegradation.RESULTS: Using silicone oil as the non‐aqueous phase liquid in the TPPB system, pyrene was found to be completely degraded by M. frederiksbergense within 6 days with a degradation rate of 140 mg L−1 d−1, which was at least seven times more than the values obtained in the slurry phase or surfactant‐aided systems. Further cost–benefit analysis comparison of the three systems revealed TPPB to be the most effective with a minimum cost of $ 0.62 per mg of pyrene degraded.CONCLUSION: Performance of TPPB system, in terms of both efficiency and economics of pyrene degradation by M. frederiksbergense was found to be superior to slurry phase or surfactant aided systems. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of an original approach to evaluate effects of surfactants, biomass and pollutants on the scaling‐up of a two‐phase partitioning bioreactor
Authors: Aldric Jean‐Marc , Gillet Sébastien , Delvigne Frank , Thonart Philippe 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Two‐phase partitioning bioreactors (TPPBs) are considered as a new technology for xenobiotic degradation in gaseous effluents. However, there is still a need for more knowledge on how to design and scale up TPPBs. The partitioning of the two phases remains a misunderstood method of research. In particular, the impact of pollutant (isopropylbenzene), biomass and surfactant extract needs to be better evaluated.RESULTS: An adapted scale‐down apparatus has been developed in order to quantify the speed of phase partitioning (SPP) into a plug flow section. First, it was shown that isopropylbenzene (IPB) does not destabilise the system more significantly. Second, respectively 0.5 g L−1 and 0.05 g L−1 of biomass and surfactant extract, separately or in mixture, were sufficient to ensure the stability of the two‐phase system. Finally, a 100 m3 limit of scaling‐up was suggested on the basis of the circulation time comparison.CONCLUSION: The scaling up of an aqueous–silicone oil TPPB was found to be definitely conceivable when the presence of biotic compounds were considered. However, further considerations are needed to verify our assumptions, in particular by taking into account the velocity field pattern in full‐scale bioreactors and reproduce it in laboratory‐scale apparatus. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficient aerobic oxidation of hydrocarbons with O2 catalyzed by DDQ/NHPI
Authors: Yang Xiaomei , Wang Ying , Zhou Lipeng , Chen Chen , Zhang Wei , Xu Jie 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Organocatalysis, a promising strategy for the oxidation of organic compounds, does not involve the use of a catalytic metal. In this work, an efficient organocatalyst system consisting of 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐benzoquinone (DDQ) and N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) was studied.RESULTS: 72.2% conversion with 92.3% selectivity for acetophenone was obtained in ethylbenzene oxygenation catalyzed by DDQ/NHPI under 0.3 MPa of molecular oxygen at 80 °C for 10 h. In addition, other hydrocarbons were also oxidized with high efficiency using this catalyst system. UV/Vis spectroscopy of the catalytic system indicated that DDQ accelerated the generation of free radical phthalimido‐N‐oxyl (PINO) by abstracting a hydrogen atom from NHPI.CONCLUSION: An efficient organocatalyst system consisting of DDQ and NHPI for selective oxidation of hydrocarbons to corresponding ketones with molecular oxygen as oxidant is reported. DDQ promoted the generation of PINO from NHPI, and the oxidation reaction was accelerated via PINO. This organocatalyst system should be useful for the design of highly selective catalysts for hydrocarbon oxidation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Evidence for site‐specific intra‐ionic hydrogen/deuterium exchange in the low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation product ion spectra of protonated small molecules generated by electrospray ionisation
Authors: Holman Stephen W. , Wright Patricia , Wells Neil J. , Langley G. John 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe experimental investigation of site‐specific intra‐ionic hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange in the low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) product ion spectra of protonated small molecules generated by electrospray ionisation (ESI) is presented. The observation of intra‐ionic H/D exchange in such ions under low‐energy CID conditions has hitherto been rarely reported. The data suggest that the intra‐ionic H/D exchange takes place in a site‐specific manner between the ionising deuteron, localised at either a tertiary amine or a tertiary amine‐N‐oxide, and a γ‐hydrogen relative to the nitrogen atom. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy measurements showed that no H/D exchange takes place in solution, indicating that the reaction occurs in the gas phase. The compounds analysed in this study suggested that electron‐withdrawing groups bonded to the carbon atom bearing the γ‐hydrogen can preclude exchange. The effect of the electron‐withdrawing group appears dependent upon its electronegativity, with lower χ value groups still allowing exchange to take place. However, the limited dataset available in this study prevented robust conclusions being drawn regarding the effect of the electron‐withdrawing group. The observation of site‐specific intra‐ionic H/D exchange has application in the area of structural elucidation, where it could be used to introduce an isotopic label into the carbon skeleton of a molecule containing specific structural features. This could increase the throughput, and minimise the cost, of such studies due to the obviation of the need to produce a deuterium‐labelled analogue by synthetic means. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open blunt crush injury of different severity determines nature and extent of local tissue regeneration and repair
Authors: Stratos Ioannis , Graff Johannes , Rotter Robert , Mittlmeier Thomas , Vollmar Brigitte 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInsufficiency of skeletal muscle regeneration is often accompanied with functional deficiencies. The goal of our study was to assess the restoration of peripheral muscle upon injury of different severity. Blunt crush injury of the soleus muscle in rats was induced by a clamp and stepwise amplified in severity by rising the locking level of the clamp, resulting in three different groups (1× lock; 2× lock; 3× lock; n = 30 animals per group). After assessment of the fast twitch and tetanic contraction capacity at days 1, 4, 7, 14, and 42 postinjury sampling of muscle tissue served for analysis of cell proliferation, including satellite cells, apoptosis, and leukocyte infiltration. Contraction force analysis demonstrated significantly higher values of relative muscle strength in the 1× lock group compared to the two other groups over 42 days. Calculation of the twitch‐to‐tetanic force ratio revealed significantly higher mean values at days 1, 7, and 14 in the animals of group 2× lock and 3× lock, indicating a transformation toward a fast‐twitching muscular phenotype. Moreover, cell proliferation during the first 4 days was found dependent on the severity of muscle injury in that the higher the severity the higher the proliferation. At the same time, cell apoptosis was found increased, and at day 1 the local leukocyte infiltration was significantly higher in the 3× lock compared to the 1× lock group. These data indicate that severity of injury correlates with local repair responses, which, however, are not necessarily sufficient to fully restore muscle function. © 2010 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:950–957, 2010
Production of maize–bambara groundnut complementary foods fortified pre‐fermentation with processed foods rich in calcium, iron, zinc and provitamin A
Authors: Uvere Peter O , Onyekwere Eucharia U , Ngoddy Patrick O 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Maize–bambara groundnut complementary foods are deficient in calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A. Food‐to‐food fortification could be cheaper, safer and more easily adopted by local communities compared to the use of chemically pure compounds and vitamins to enrich such foods.RESULTS: Maize–bambara groundnut complementary foods fortified for iron, zinc, calcium and vitamin A by blending with a multi‐mix (1.41:1:2.25, w/w) of processed roselle calyces, cattle bones, and red palm oil in a 1:2.1 (w/w) ratio showed significant increases in calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A contents of 3.26–4.225, 0.083–0.134 and 0.015–0.017 g kg−1 and 4855.3–7493.7 µgRE kg−1, respectively.CONCLUSION: The maize–bambara groundnut foods had calcium, iron, zinc and vitamin A contents that satisfy the proposed nutrient requirements for infants. Only the maize–bambara groundnut and maize–bambara groundnut malt fermented by backslopping [(MB)b and (MBm)b] containing red palm oil emulsified with Brachystegia eurycoma had calcium contents significantly (P < 0.05) higher than Nutrend, a complementary food produced by Nestle (Nigeria) PLC. These products are from raw materials produced in commercial quantities by rural farmers using household level technologies which the rural and urban poor can more easily access in order to reduce micronutrient malnutrition. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of short‐term air storage after removal from controlled‐atmosphere storage on apple and fresh‐cut apple quality
Authors: Toivonen Peter MA , Wiersma Paul A , Hampson Cheryl , Lannard Brenda 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: One of the realities of apple distribution for long‐term stored fruit is that a controlled‐atmosphere (CA) storage room will be unsealed and fruit held in air storage and marketed over several weeks. This work was conducted to determine the effect of post‐CA air storage of whole fruit on potential shelf life for fresh‐cut apple slices.RESULTS: Fresh‐cut slices of ‘Spartan’ and ‘Delicious’ apples held in post‐CA air storage for 2 or 4 weeks showed the least changes in cut surface color as compared with those made from apples immediately on removal from CA. Shelf life was most improved by post‐CA air storage in the ‘Spartan’ apples, which were more advanced in maturity as compared with the ‘Delicious’ apples. Internal ethylene concentration, firmness, and respiration changed significantly with post‐CA air storage, suggesting a relationship between physiological status of the whole fruit and shelf life of slices made from that fruit.CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that apples had suppressed physiological activity in CA storage and are susceptible to accelerated deterioration upon cutting. Holding fruit for 2 weeks in air storage allowed recovery of physiological activity, which resulted in greater resistance to deterioration in response to fresh‐cut processing. Copyright © 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd
Polyphenol oxidase activity of two olive (Olea europaeaL.) cultivars as an early criterion of Mn toxicity
Authors: Chatzistathis Theocharis , Therios Ioannis , Diamantidis Gregorios 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The time course of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the leaves of two olive cultivars (Picual and FS‐17) irrigated with nutrient solutions differing in Mn concentration (0, 2 and 1280 µmol L−1) was studied under hydroponic conditions to determine whether PPO activity could be used as an early criterion of Mn status of olive plants, and to elucidate whether genotypic differences exist between the two olive cultivars studied, concerning the effect of Mn concentration on PPO activity.RESULTS:In all the Mn treatments, PPO activity was greater in Picual than in FS‐17. Under excess Mn (1280 µmol L−1), PPO activity gradually increased with time, starting from day 30 of the experiment in both cultivars, and this increase preceded the appearance of Mn toxicity symptoms. In contrast, in the other two Mn treatments (0 and 2 µmol L−1) PPO activity increased and afterwards decreased during the experiment, but the trend was not clear. In the 1280 µmol L−1treatment, PPO activity linearly increased (R= 0.8836 for Picual and 0.943 for FS‐17) with the increase of Mn concentration in the leaves of both cultivars. In the 1280 µmol L−1Mn treatment, PPO activity was negatively related with Fe and Zn concentrations in the leaves, and positively in the 0 and 2 µmol L−1Mn treatments with the Ca, Mg and K concentrations.CONCLUSION:From the differential time course of PPO activity in the three Mn treatments (0, 2 and 1280 µmol L−1), it is concluded that periodic measurements of PPO activity in the leaves of the olive cultivars Picual and FS‐17 can be used for the early detection of Mn toxicity (before the appearance of symptoms). Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of mild temperature conditions during dehydration procedures on saffron quality parameters
Authors: del Campo C Priscila , Carmona Manuel , Maggi Luana , Kanakis Charalabos D , Anastasaki Eirini G , Tarantilis Petros A , Polissiou Moschos G , Alonso Gonzalo L 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The dehydration procedure is responsible for saffron sensorial properties: colour, taste and aroma. Changes in the compounds responsible for these characteristics have been studied when dehydration processes at high and low temperature are employed. However, the evolution of these changes at mild temperatures is not available in the current bibliography. In this paper the effect of different mild conditions (18–20 °C for 24 h, 40–50 °C for 75 min and 55 °C for 75 min) applied to 45 saffron samples with the same origin was investigated.RESULTS: Crocetin esters, the compounds responsible for saffron colour, increased their content with no significant differences from other processes when high temperatures (55 °C) were used, thus producing a noticeable increment in saffron colouring capability. Similar behaviour was obtained for picrocrocin, the compound responsible for saffron taste, with higher average content at the highest temperature (55 °C) but without significant differences with the inferior conditions (40–50 °C). However, more volatile compounds were generated, especially safranal,at higher temperatures, e.g. 55 °C, during the dehydration procedure.CONCLUSIONS: The results found support the idea for employing mild to high temperatures during the dehydration process of saffron. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Strategic capacity decision‐making in a stochastic manufacturing environment using real‐time approximate dynamic programming
Authors: Pratikakis Nikolaos E. , Realff Matthew J. , Lee Jay H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this study, we illustrate a real‐time approximate dynamic programming (RTADP) method for solving multistage capacity decision problems in a stochastic manufacturing environment, by using an exemplary three‐stage manufacturing system with recycle. The system is a moderate size queuing network, which experiences stochastic variations in demand and product yield. The dynamic capacity decision problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP). The proposed RTADP method starts with a set of heuristics and learns a superior quality solution by interacting with the stochastic system via simulation. The curse‐of‐dimensionality associated with DP methods is alleviated by the adoption of several notions including “evolving set of relevant states,” for which the value function table is built and updated, “adaptive action set” for keeping track of attractive action candidates, and “nonparametric k nearest neighbor averager” for value function approximation. The performance of the learned solution is evaluated against (1) an “ideal” solution derived using a mixed integer programming (MIP) formulation, which assumes full knowledge of future realized values of the stochastic variables (2) a myopic heuristic solution, and (3) a sample path based rolling horizon MIP solution. The policy learned through the RTADP method turned out to be superior to polices of 2 and 3. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2010
An approximate dynamic programing approach to the development of heuristics for the scheduling of impatient jobs in a clearing system
Authors: Li Dong , Glazebrook Kevin D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA single server is faced with a collection of jobs of varying duration and urgency. Each job has a random lifetime during which it is available for nonpreemptive service. Should a job's lifetime expire before its service begins then it is lost from the system unserved. The goal is to schedule the jobs for service to maximize the expected number served to completion. Two heuristics have been proposed in the literature. One (labeled πS) operates a static priority among the job classes and works well in a “no premature job loss” limit, whereas the second (πM) is a myopic heuristic which works well when lifetimes are short. Both can exhibit poor performance for problems at some distance from the regimes for which they were designed. We develop a robustly good heuristic by an approximative approach to the application of a policy improvement step to the asymptotically optimal heuristic πS, in which we use a fluid model to obtain an approximation for the value function of πS. The performance of the proposed heuristic is investigated in an extensive numerical study. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2010
Exposure of adolescents and young adults to alcohol advertising in Brazil
Authors: Pinsky Ilana , Jundi Sami A. R. J. El , Sanches Marcos , Zaleski Marcos J. B. , Laranjeira Ronaldo R. , Caetano Raul 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWith the objective of examining adolescents' and young adults' exposure to alcohol advertising in Brazil as well as the relationship between exposure and heavy alcohol consumption, 3007 subjects were selected through a multistage cluster sample procedure from households in 143 municipalities in all Brazilian states and interviewed between November 2005 and April 2006. Data presented here come from a subsample of 1091 interviews with adolescents (661 with 14–17 years old) and young adults (430 with 18–25 years old), and were collected on sociodemographic characteristics, alcohol consumption, alcohol advertising exposure and exposure to prevention messages. The authors observed that 61% of the sample reported exposure to alcohol advertising in different media, from ‘almost every day’ to ‘more than once a day’ in the previous month. 12% reported seeing an alcohol prevention message. Participating in alcohol promotions in pubs, restaurants or the internet was reported by 10.7% of the adolescents and was significantly associated with patterns of high intensity drinking. Adolescents were as exposed as, and sometimes more, than young adults, leading the authors to conclude that youngsters were heavily exposed to alcohol marketing messages.Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymeric dopant effects of bent‐core covalent‐bonded and hydrogen‐bonded structures on banana‐shaped liquid crystalline complexes
Authors: Yang Po‐jen , Wang Ling‐yung , Tang Chieh‐yin , Lin Hong‐Cheu 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTwo series of banana‐shaped liquid crystalline (LC) H‐bonded complexes HPm/CBn (i.e., bent‐core H‐bonded side‐chain homopolymer HP mixed with bent‐core covalent‐bonded small molecule CB) and CPm/HBn (i.e., bent‐core covalent‐bonded side‐chain homopolymer CP mixed with bent‐core H‐bonded small molecular complex HB) with various m/n molar ratios were developed. The bent‐core covalent‐ and H‐bonded structural moieties were homopolymerized in the banana‐shaped LC H‐bonded complexes HPm/CBn and CPm/HBn, respectively. The influences of m/n molar ratios (polymeric moieties vs. small molecular moieties) on the mesomorphic and electro‐optical properties of both banana‐shaped LC H‐bonded complexes HPm/CBn and CPm/HBn were investigated. The polar smectic phases could be achieved and stabilized by smaller contents of polymeric dopants in banana‐shaped LC H‐bonded complexes, such as HP1/CB10, HP1/CB15, CP1/HB10, and CP1/HB15, which possessed tunable spontaneous polarization (Ps) values according to the molar ratios of m/n, that is, lower Ps values obtained in H‐bonded complexes HPm /CBn and CPm / HBn with higher ratios of H‐bonded moieties (larger m/n molar ratios), respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 764–774, 2010
The power of thiol‐ene chemistry
Authors: Kade Matthew J. , Burke Daniel J. , Hawker Craig J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAs a tribute to Professor Charlie Hoyle, we take the opportunity to review the impact of thiol‐ene chemistry on polymer and materials science over the past 5 years. During this time, a renaissance in thiol‐ene chemistry has occurred with recent progress demonstrating its unique advantages when compared with traditional coupling and functionalization strategies. Additionally, the robust nature of thiol‐ene chemistry allows for the preparation of well‐defined materials with few structural limitations and synthetic requirements. To illustrate these features, the utility of thiol‐ene reactions for network formation, polymer functionalization, dendrimer synthesis, and the decoration of three‐dimensional objects is discussed. Also, the development of the closely related thiol‐yne chemistry is described. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 743–750, 2010