bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance, carcass, gastrointestinal tract and meat quality traits, and selected blood parameters of broilers fed diets supplemented with humic substances
Authors: Ozturk Ergin , Ocak Nuh , Turan Alev , Erener Guray , Altop Aydin , Cankaya Soner 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: The effects of humic substances (HS) on quality traits (colour, water‐holding capacity, and pH) of breast and thigh meats and on blood minerals (calcium and phosphorus) and on metabolites (glucose, total protein, triglyceride and cholesterols) as well as on the performance, carcass, and gastrointestinal tract (gut) traits of broilers were studied. In total, 480 male chicks (ROSS 308) were allocated to four treatments, each with five replicates containing 24 birds. While control birds were fed a diet (mash form) with no additives (0 HS), other treatment birds were fed with diets containing HS at 0.5 (0.5 HS), 1.0 (1 HS) or 1.5 (1.5 HS) g kg−1 from 1 to 42 days of age.RESULTS: The body and carcass weights and feed efficiency increased (P < 0.05) by 1.5 HS, and blood cholesterol decreased (P < 0.05) by 1 HS and 1.5 HS compared to 0 HS. The 0.5 HS decreased (P < 0.10) low‐density lipoprotein compared to 0 HS. The 0.5 HS resulted in thigh meat and breast meat that were lighter and darker than those found in the other groups and 1.5 HS respectively (P < 0.01).CONCLUSION: Feeding with a diet containing HS caused a measurable variation in the meat quality and blood cholesterol as well as the performance, carcass, and gut traits of broilers. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Early stages of the recovery stroke in myosin II studied by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Baumketner Andrij , Nesmelov Yuri 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe recovery stroke is a key step in the functional cycle of muscle motor protein myosin, during which pre‐recovery conformation of the protein is changed into the active post‐recovery conformation, ready to exersice force. We study the microscopic details of this transition using molecular dynamics simulations of atomistic models in implicit and explicit solvent. In more than 2 μs of aggregate simulation time, we uncover evidence that the recovery stroke is a two‐step process consisting of two stages separated by a time delay. In our simulations, we directly observe the first stage at which switch II loop closes in the presence of adenosine triphosphate at the nucleotide binding site. The resulting configuration of the nucleotide binding site is identical to that detected experimentally. Distribution of inter‐residue distances measured in the force generating region of myosin is in good agreement with the experimental data. The second stage of the recovery stroke structural transition, rotation of the converter domain, was not observed in our simulations. Apparently it occurs on a longer time scale. We suggest that the two parts of the recovery stroke need to be studied using separate computational models.
Execution profiling blueprints
Authors: Bergel Alexandre , Bañados Felipe , Robbes Romain , Binder Walter 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYAlthough traditional approaches to code profiling help locate performance bottlenecks, they offer only limited support for removing these bottlenecks. The main reason is the lack of detailed visual runtime information to identify and eliminate computation redundancy. We provide three profiling blueprints that help identify and remove performance bottlenecks. The structural distribution blueprint graphically represents the CPU consumption share for each method and class of an application. The behavioral distribution blueprint depicts the distribution of CPU consumption along method invocations and hints at method candidates for caching optimizations. The behavioral evolution blueprint compares profiles of different versions of a software system and highlights performance‐critical changes in the system. These three blueprints helped us to significantly optimize Mondrian, an open source visualization engine. Our implementation is freely available for the Pharo development environment and has been evaluated in a number of different scenarios. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Industrial Experiment of Steelmaking in a Top‐Bottom‐Side Blown Converter with Slag Splashing Process
Authors: Zhong Liangcai , Zhou Xiaobin , Zhu Yingxiong , Chen Boyu , Huang Biaocai , Ke Jianxiang 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA side purging tuyere was applied in the bath side wall in a top and bottom blown converter to form a top‐bottom‐side(TBS) blown converter and side gas was injected into the converter through the side tuyere during steelmaking process with slag splashing. The metallurgical results from the TBS converter were compared with those from another top and bottom blown converter in the same workshop in the industrial experiment. It is found from the results that consumption of ferrous charges can be reduced and lime consumption of a ton of molten steel can be decreased by about 3 kg in the TBS blown converter. It can enhance dephosphorization capability and lower oxidization of slag and liquid steel. The average [%C] × [%O] at tapping is 0.0025 in the TBS converter, which increases yielding rates of alloy elements.
PBX1: A Novel Stage-Specific Regulator of Adipocyte Development
Authors: Monteiro Miguel C. , Sanyal Mrinmoy , Cleary Michael L. , Sengenès Coralie , Bouloumé Anne , Dani Christian , Billon Nathalie 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlthough adipocyte terminal differentiation has been extensively studied, the early steps of adipocyte development and the embryonic origin of this lineage remain largely unknown. Here we describe a novel role for the pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor one (PBX1) in adipocyte development using both mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and human multipotent adipose-derived stem (hMADS) cells. We show that Pbx1−/− mESCs are unable to generate adipocytes, despite normal expression of neuroectoderm and neural crest (NC) markers. Early adipocyte lineage markers are not induced in Pbx1−/− mESCs, suggesting that Pbx1 controls the generation and/or the maintenance of adipocyte progenitors (APs) from the NC. We further characterize the function of PBX1 in postnatal adipogenesis and show that silencing of PBX1 expression in hMADS cells reduces their proliferation by preventing their entry in the S phase of the cell cycle. Furthermore, it promotes differentiation of hMADS cells into adipocytes and partially substitutes for glucocorticoids and rosiglitazone, two key proadipogenic agents. These effects involve direct modulation of PPARγ activity, most likely through regulation of the biosynthesis of PPARγ natural endogenous ligand(s). Together, our data suggest that PBX1 regulates adipocyte development at multiple levels, promoting the generation of NC-derived APs during embryogenesis, while favoring APs proliferation and preventing their commitment to the adipocyte lineage in postnatal life.
Diatomaceous earth as a protective vehicle for bacteria applied for self-healing concrete
Authors: Wang J Y , De Belie N , Verstraete W 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Crack repair is crucial since cracks are the main cause for the decreased service life of concrete structures. An original and promising way to repair cracks is to pre-incorporate healing agents inside the concrete matrix to heal cracks the moment they appear. Thus, the concrete obtains self-healing properties. The goal of our research is to apply bacterially precipitated CaCO3 to heal cracks in concrete since the microbial calcium carbonate is more compatible with the concrete matrix and more environmentally friendly relative to the normally used polymeric materials. Diatomaceous earth (DE) was used in this study to protect bacteria from the high-pH environment of concrete. The experimental results showed that DE had a very good protective effect for bacteria. DE immobilized bacteria had much higher ureolytic activity (12–17 g/l urea was decomposed within 3 days) than that of un-immobilized bacteria (less than 1 g/l urea was decomposed within the same time span) in cement slurry. The optimal concentration of DE for immobilization was 60% (w/v, weight of DE/volume of bacterial suspension). Self-healing in cracked specimens was visualized under light microscopy. The images showed that cracks with a width ranging from 0.15 to 0.17 mm in the specimens containing DE immobilized bacteria were completely filled by the precipitation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) were used to characterize the precipitation around the crack wall, which was confirmed to be calcium carbonate. The result from a capillary water absorption test showed that the specimens with DE immobilized bacteria had the lowest water absorption (30% of the reference ones), which indicated that the precipitation inside the cracks increased the water penetration resistance of the cracked specimens.
Alkaptonuria in France: past experience and lessons for the future
Authors: Aquaron Robert Raphael 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlkaptonuria (AKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder due to homogentisate 1,2‐dioxygenase (HGD) deficiency in the liver and characterized by a triad of signs, according to chronology of appearance: homogentisic aciduria (HGA ) or alkaptonuria, ochronosis then ochronotic arthropathy. This inborn error of metabolism is caused by mutations in the HGD gene. In this work we report observations of 96 AKU French patients from 81 families collected in the literature since 1882 and from our personal contribution since 1986, giving an incidence of the disease of around 1:680,000 (96/64.106). As expected for an autosomal recessive disorder the main findings of this study were: a slight predominance of males (51/93, 54,8%) over females (42/93, 45,2%), a strong predominance of sibships with one affected individual (68/81, 84,0%) over sibships with two (11/81, 13.6%) and three(2/81, 2.4%) affected individuals. AKU families are scaterred among the French territory suggesting that most cases occured in non‐consanguineous unions. Consanguinity was only found in five families. Other peculiarities of this study were (a) ten of these families have both parents from a foreign geographical origin: Poland(3), Italy(3), Portugal(2), Ukraine(1) and India(1) and four families with only one foreign parent (Algeria, Armenia, Serbia, UK), (b) HGD mutations were found in 23 families, (c) four of theses 96 patients were seen by us respectively 28, 29, 39 and 45 years after their report in the literature and (d) seven patients present cardiac and/or renal complications.
Woodland Management in Hampshire, 900 to 1815
Authors: ALBERY ALAN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe coppice and underwood trades in north Hampshire lasted almost unchanged for over one thousand years, yet the conspicuously wooded landscape of today is no more than three hundred years old. The landscape is an outcome of the enclosure of the common fields and replacement of their temporary dead-hedges by permanent living hedges, together with a radical reorganisation of the methods by which both wood and timber were grown, managed and marketed. These processes abolished the old extensive, open landscape, comprised of coppices, underwood, timber and rough grazing: the land-use system now termed wood pasture. It created the closed landscape of intensively managed woodland that prospered between 1750 and 1870. Evidence is drawn from the records of Crown, church, college and lay estates, besides contemporary comment, interpreted in the light of experience in restoring and managing an area of wood pasture.
Establishing,versusMaintaining, Brain Function: A Neuro-computational Model of Cortical Reorganization after Injury to the Immature Brain
Authors: Varier Sreedevi , Kaiser Marcus , Forsyth Rob 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe effect of age at injury on outcome after acquired brain injury (ABI) has been the subject of much debate. Many argue that young brains are relatively tolerant of injury. A contrasting viewpoint due to Hebb argues that greater system integrity may be required for the initial establishment of a function than for preservation of an already-established function. A neuro-computational model of cortical map formation was adapted to examine effects of focal and distributed injury at various stages of development. This neural network model requires a period of training during which it self-organizes to establish cortical maps. Injuries were simulated by lesioning the model at various stages of this process and network function was monitored as “development” progressed to completion. Lesion effects are greater for larger, earlier, and distributed (multifocal) lesions. The mature system is relatively robust, particularly to focal injury. Activities in recovering systems injured at an early stage show changes that emerge after an asymptomatic interval. Early injuries cause qualitative changes in system behavior that emerge after a delay during which the effects of the injury are latent. Functions that are incompletely established at the time of injury may be vulnerable particularly to multifocal injury. (JINS, 2011,17, 1030–1038)
Sistan and Its Local Histories
Authors: Bosworth C. Edmund 
Published: September 2011

Today Sistan is an impoverished region of the Afghan-Persian borderland, the condition of whose economy and populace appeared excessively forlorn to the few European travellers and officials who visited it or who worked there in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Thus the Indian Army officer, boundary delimitation commissioner, and consul C. E. Yate, writing of his experiences in the 1890s, stated, “What with their debts to thekatkhudaswho advanced the grain, the cultivators and people of Sistan generally were in a wretched state of poverty. I do not think I ever saw a more miserable-looking lot.“ Yet Sistan, until later medieval times at least, had enjoyed a much more glorious past.“Sistan,” Middle Persian Sakastan “land of the Sakas,” whence Arabic Sijistan, is of course the more recent name in history for the Drangiana of the classical Greek geographers and historians.
The Caspian Provinces: A World Apart Three local histories of Mazandaran
Authors: Melville Charles 
Published: September 2011

Every ruler defeated by an enemy and unable to maintain himself in another country would come to this land for safety, and be untroubled by the schemes of his foe. The people of Tabaristan have no need of anything brought from another province, and everything that exists in the cultivated world for living a pleasant life can be obtained there. Winter is like autumn in other places and summer like spring; its land is covered with meadows and gardens, so that the eye rests on nothing but greenery. The air from the north is temperate and soft, but due to the proximity of the sea and the multitude of pools, fogs and clouds are sometimes more frequent than in other provinces.—Ibn Isfandiyar,Tārīkh-i Ṭabaristān,1:76, extractsIf anyone blessed with perceptiveness, intelligence, wisdom and an understanding of the times, after reading and contemplating this book, ponders with the eye of reflection and experience the tyranny, heretical innovations and contempt for others that the men of Gilan have constantly displayed, he will know for sure what consequences will follow from ingratitude for benefits received and from violation of the dues owed to an ancient benefactor.—ᶜAbd al-Fattah Fumani,Tārīkh-i Gīlān,5
Haft Qalam Ārāyish: Cosmetics in the Iranian World
Authors: Farmanfarmaian Fatema Soudavar 
Published: September 2011

The history of cosmetics in the Iranian world has suffered from neglect, perhaps because the subject has been deemed to be too frivolous for serious research. Yet, not only does the study of cosmetics shed light on the evolution of taste in fashions and canons of beauty, but more importantly it gives additional information on trade relations and cross-cultural influences. Conversely, the history of trade relations helps Us to clarify some elusive issues in the history of cosmetic fashions.In this article, a brief introductory section on the Iranian concept of haft qalam ārāyish (or “the seven items of cosmetics“) will be followed by a historical overview of the evolution of cosmetics in antiquity and the relevance of fashions in the Mediterranean world to those in pre-Islamic Iran. In the Islamic period the focus will be on the haft qalam ārāyish in Iran and in regions under the influence of Irano-Islamic culture.
Effect of weight loss on C3 and C4 components of complement in obese patients
Authors: Hernández‐Mijares Antonio , Bañuls Celia , Bellod Lorena , Jover Ana , Solá Eva , Morillas Carlos , Víctor Víctor M. , Rocha Milagros 
Published: September 2011

Eur J Clin Invest 2012; 42 (5): 503–509AbstractBackground  Circulating C3 levels are elevated in obese patients, but how this factor is affected after weight loss through diet is a question that is yet unanswered. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of weight loss on lipid and hydrocarbonated metabolism parameters and on the levels of C3 and C4 components of complement in obese patients.Design  This is a longitudinal intervention study based on a 6‐week very low‐calorie diet (VLCD), a liquid formula of 603 kcal/day. A total of 131 middle‐aged patients were distributed among grades II, III and IV of obesity. Anthropometric parameters, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDLc, apolipoproteins A‐I and B‐100, glucose, insulin, HOMA‐IR and C3 and C4 levels were evaluated at baseline and after 6 weeks of intervention.Results  After VLCD, the moderate weight loss was accompanied by a significant reduction in C3 levels in grade III and grade IV patients (10·2% and 15·4%, respectively; P < 0·001). C4 levels were not altered. Adherence to the diet improved anthropometric parameters and was accompanied by a significant decrease in all lipid profile parameters (P < 0·001). In addition, weight loss was associated with an improvement in hydrocarbonated metabolism as shown by the decrease in glucose levels and HOMA‐IR (P < 0·01).Conclusions  Our findings show that in severely obese patients following a VLCD for 6 weeks produces reductions in factor C3, a biomarker of cardiovascular disease, and a significant improvement in some features of metabolic syndrome. In this way, the abovementioned diet may represent an effective strategy for treating obesity and related cardiovascular risk factors.
Duration of breast feeding and risk of developmental delay in Taiwanese children: a nationwide birth cohort study
Authors: Chiu Wan‐Chun , Liao Hua‐Fang , Chang Pei‐Jen , Chen Pau‐Chung , Chen Yi Chun 
Published: September 2011

SummaryChiu W‐C, Liao H‐F, Chang P‐J, Chen P‐C, Chen YC. Duration of breast feeding and risk of developmental delay in Taiwanese children: a nationwide birth cohort study. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2011; 25: 519–527.The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between duration of breast feeding and four developmental domains: gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal/social skills. This study included 14 621 infants from birth to 18 months of age. In the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study, four developmental screening items adapted from the Denver Development Screening Test were most appropriate for children aged 15 to 18 months. The proportion of young children who had mastered specific milestones increased consistently with longer duration of breast feeding. The adjusted odds ratios of the risk of developmental delay for the longest duration of breast feeding vs. never breast‐fed were 0.69 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57, 0.83] for gross motor, 0.64 [95% CI 0.53, 0.77] for fine motor, 0.74 [95% CI 0.60, 0.91] for language, and 0.76 [95% CI 0.64, 0.90] for personal/social skills. Regardless of when the mothers returned to work, duration of breast feeding was found to have an inverse association with developmental delay in young children. The protection against developmental delays remained significant for those children who were breast‐fed for more than 6 months. Children who were breast‐fed for longer than 6 months had a lower risk of developmental delay than those who were never breast‐fed. These data support the hypothesis that duration of breast feeding is positively related to young children's neurodevelopment.
Using a biochemical C4 photosynthesis model and combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to estimate bundle‐sheath conductance of maize leaves differing in age and nitrogen content
Authors: YIN XINYOU , SUN ZHOUPING , STRUIK PAUL C. , VAN DER PUTTEN PETER E. L. , VAN IEPEREN WIM , HARBINSON JEREMY 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTBundle‐sheath conductance (gbs) affects CO2 leakiness, and, therefore, the efficiency of the CO2‐concentrating mechanism (CCM) in C4 photosynthesis. Whether and how gbs varies with leaf age and nitrogen status is virtually unknown. We used a C4‐photosynthesis model to estimate gbs, based on combined measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence on fully expanded leaves of three different ages of maize (Zea mays L.) plants grown under two contrasting nitrogen levels. Nitrogen was replenished weekly to maintain leaf nitrogen content (LNC) at a similar level across the three leaf ages. The estimated gbs values on leaf‐area basis ranged from 1.4 to 10.3 mmol m−2 s−1 and were affected more by LNC than by leaf age, although gbs tended to decrease as leaves became older. When converted to resistance (rbs = 1/gbs), rbs decreased monotonically with LNC. The correlation was presumably associated with nitrogen effects on leaf anatomy such as on wall thickness of bundle‐sheath cells. Despite higher gbs, meaning less efficient CCM, the calculated loss due to photorespiration was still low for high‐nitrogen leaves. Under the condition of ambient CO2 and saturating irradiance, photorespiratory loss accounted for 3–5% of fixed carbon for the high‐nitrogen, versus 1–2% for the low‐nitrogen, leaves.
Hydraulic conductance of Acacia phyllodes (foliage) is driven by primary nerve (vein) conductance and density
Authors: SOMMERVILLE KATY E. , SACK LAWREN , BALL MARILYN C. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe determined effects of venation traits on hydraulic conductance of phyllodes (foliage), using an array of Acacia s.str. species with diverse phyllode morphologies as the source of variation. Measurements were made on phyllodes from 44 species, grown in common gardens but originating from different positions along a precipitation gradient. Kphyllode varied 18‐fold and was positively correlated with primary nerve hydraulic conductance, and with primary nerve (vein) density but not with minor nerve density, in contrast with previous studies of true leaves in other dicotyledons. Phyllodes with higher primary nerve density also had greater mass per area (PMA) and larger bundle sheath extensions (BSEs) from their minor nerves. We suggest that higher primary nerve conductivity and density may decrease the distance travelled in the high‐resistance extra‐xylem pathways of the phyllode. Further, larger BSEs may increase the area available for dispersion of water from the xylem to the extra‐xylem tissue. High PMA phyllodes were more common in acacias from areas receiving lower annual precipitation. Maximizing efficient water movement through phyllodes may be more important where rainfall is meagre and infrequent, explaining relationships between nerve patterns and the climates of origin in Australian phyllodinous Acacia.