bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S
herif,
M
uzafer (1906–1988)
Authors: Lundin R.W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Muzafer Sherif received his BA from Izmir International College and his MA from Istanbul University. He came to the United States in 1929, where he entered Harvard University and earned a second MA in 1932. He returned to Turkey where he began work on norm formulation that eventually resulted in his doctoral dissertation. In 1935 he received his PhD from Columbia University. He returned to Turkey for a second time but found himself in conflict with the Turkish government and some officials at Ankara University over their pro‐Nazi attitudes. He was imprisoned and put in solitary confinement, but he was eventually released through the efforts of the U.S. State Department and a number of influential American psychologists with whom he had been associated at Columbia. He spent the next two years at Princeton University, where he collaborated with Hadly Cantril on
The Psychology of Ego‐Involvement
.
Single Parenthood
Authors: Nystul Michael S. , Devall Esther L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Rawlings and Saluter (1995) noted that single parenthood results when a parent divorces (57%), when a child's parents are not married (33%), or a parent becomes widowed (6%). The number of single‐parent families in the United States has increased from 9% of the general population in 1960 to 28% in 1990 and is expected to increase in relation to two‐parent families in the twenty‐first century. Research on single parenthood has tended to focus on the impact on children, impact on parents, and the impact on the parent–child relationship.
Sleeper Effect
Authors: Kumkale G. Tarcan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThesleeper effectrefers to a delayed increase in the impact of a persuasive message. It is said to occur when the delayed effect of the message is greater than its immediate effect. For instance, recipients of a message may disagree with the message and show little or no attitude change in response. Over time, however, attitudes may shift in the direction of advocacy, especially if the recipients remember the message well but forget the reason for discounting it in the first place. In everyday life, people receive hundreds of messages on a given day. Therefore, remembering the message, its source, and the features of the original learning context becomes quite difficult. Consequently, the sleeper effect should be widely observed in everyday life.
Social Climate Research
Authors: Bennett J. B. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Social climate (psychological climate, social context) is typically defined as the perceptions of a social environment that tend to be shared by a group of people. Climate is rooted in perception (“how I see the way things are done or how people treat each other around here”). Culture refers more to the beliefs, values, and norms that comprise the interdependent experiences and practices of larger collectives (“what we—as a group—should do and why and how we do it”) (Deninson, 1996; Schneider, 1990). Like meteorological or atmospheric climate, social climate is relatively distinctive across groups (as the tropics differ from the Himalayas), is dynamic or changeable within groups (like the seasons), and can influence behavior (like an individual's choice of clothing). Social climate research has grown considerably since White and Lippitt's (1960) early experiments comparing democratic, autocratic, and laissez‐faire leadership in small groups of children. The concept and measurement of social climate have since been applied across widely diverse disciplines both within and outside the field of psychology.
Social Neuroscience
Authors: Cacioppo John T. , Berntson Gary G. , Waytz Adam 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Social neuroscience is the study of the associations between social and neural levels of organization and the biological mechanisms underlying these associations. Neuroscientists have tended to focus on single organisms, organs, cells, or intracellular processes. Social species create emergent organizations beyond the individual. These emergent structures evolved hand in hand with neural and hormonal mechanisms to support them because the consequent social behaviors helped animals survive, reproduce, and care for offspring sufficiently long that they, too, reproduced. Social neuroscience, therefore, is concerned with how biological systems implement social processes and behavior. It capitalizes on concepts and methods from the neurosciences to inform and refine theories of social psychological processes, and it uses social and behavioral concepts and data to inform and refine theories of neural organization and function.
Social Phobia
Authors: Beidel Deborah C. , Wong Nina 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Since its official recognition in the third edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐III) in 1980, social phobia has been the subject of much empirical study. One of the most common disorders in the general population, social phobia is characterized by extreme social reticence, social isolation, social avoidance, and difficulty in social interaction. This article surveys the clinical syndrome, etiology, and treatment options for this chronic and debilitating disorder.
Social Skills Training
Authors: Mueser Kim T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Social skills training is a widely used method in clinical, counseling, and educational psychology for teaching people more effective interpersonal skills. For example, goals such as having rewarding conversations, making friends, resolving conflict, resisting pressure from others, handling social situations at work or school, and getting one's needs met during a visit to the doctor can all be accomplished through the use of social skills training. In order to teach these skills, complex social behaviors are first broken down into smaller component skills. Four broad types of component skills include nonverbal skills (e.g., facial expression, body language), paralinguistic features (e.g., voice tone and loudness), verbal content (the actual words spoken), and interactive balance (e.g., amount of time each person talks, latency to respond to the other person's verbalization). Breaking complex skills into simpler ones makes it easier for people to gradually learn them through focusing on small, incremental changes, much like the old saying, “Rome wasn't built in a day.”
Society for Consumer Psychology
Authors: Campeau Larry D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The Society for Consumer Psychology (Division 23, American Psychological Association [APA]) represents the interests of social scientists in the fields of psychology, marketing, advertising, communication, consumer behavior, and other related areas. Each year the Society sponsors a national conference program (February), an Advertising and Consumer Psychology conference (May), and a national conference program in conjunction with the annual meeting of the APA (August). The Society publishes the
Journal of Consumer Psychology,
the Advertising and Consumer Psychology Book Series, conference proceedings, and
The Communicator
(a newsletter published online).
Society for General Psychology
Authors: Wertheimer Michael , Dewsbury Donald A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
When in 1945, a little over a half century after it was founded, the American Psychological Association (APA) reorganized itself to include the perspectives of the American Association of Applied Psychology and other groups, it inaugurated a division structure that has been an integral part of the APA ever since. The various divisions were intended to appeal to special interests (e.g., teaching, clinical psychology, experimental psychology, testing, counseling, personality). The exception was the first of the now more than 50 divisions, the Division of General Psychology. The mission of this division was and is overarching and integrative; it became a microcosm of the entire APA, endeavoring to deal with the “general problems of psychology considered both as science and as a profession,” as well as with the “relationship among specialties in psychology” and the “relationships of psychology to other areas of human knowledge.” In 1998, the division's name was changed to the Society for General Psychology in order to provide “greater recognition and authority outside of APA and give the integrative, synthesizing discipline ‘General Psychology' greater identity and visibility.”
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology
Authors: Tetrick Lois E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) is Division 14 of the American Psychological Association (APA) and an organizational affiliate of the Association for Psychological Science (APS). The mission of SIOP is “to enhance human well‐being and performance in organizational and work settings by promoting the science, practice, and teaching of industrial‐organizational psychology” (
http://www.siop.org/siophoshin.aspx
). Industrial organizational psychology (IO) applies psychological principles to the development of strategies that build better organizations that contribute to the health and well‐being of both individual employees and the organizations for which they work.
Society for Personality and Social Psychology
Authors: Reis Harry T. , Dunning David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Society for Personality and Social Psychology (SPSP), the world's largest and most influential organization dedicated to personality and social psychology, was founded in 1976. SPSP has grown to more than 5,000 members, predominantly from North America but with significant international representation from Europe and Asia as well. Although most of SPSP's members are personality or social psychologists, SPSP also counts among its members individuals from most other disciplines of psychological science.
Society for Research in Child Development
Authors: Sherrod Lonnie R. , Pacynski Steven R. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) was established in 1933 by the National Research Council of the National Academies of Science. The history of the society's origin and evolution parallels that of the academic specialty of child development. To realize its original mission, SRCD has recently developed a strategic plan to guide its future. This plan outlines five primary goals for the society that represent a broad vision for the organization and a commitment to the long‐term planning that is required to meet the challenges inherent in the present‐day situation of children and families. The society will remain a central professional organization for researchers and practitioners in all aspects of infant, child, and adolescent development. It will more extensively incorporate international perspectives in its organization, activities, and membership. Reflecting the fact that an understanding of development requires multiple perspectives and methods of research, it will broadly pursue multidisciplinary perspectives and incorporate cultural and contextual diversity in all its activities. Finally, SRCD strives to be recognized for its dissemination of research‐based knowledge that informs research priorities, public policy, professional and educational practice, and the broader public.
Society for the History of Psychology
Authors: Johnson Deborah F. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Society for the History of Psychology (SHP) serves to foster an awareness of and appreciation for the history of psychology among members of the American Psychological Association (APA) and other scientists, scholars, and teachers. SHP, which is Division 26 of the APA and formerly named History of Psychology, was organized first and foremost to encourage original scholarship in the history of psychology. However, the division is also committed to extending awareness of that history to the psychological community in order to foster a better understanding of the aims of contemporary psychology, its relation to other scientific and scholarly fields, and its role in society.
Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues
Authors: Frieze Irene Hanson , Perlman Daniel 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI) is an organization of social scientists that has historically brought research to bear on a wide array of societal problems. SPSSI was organized during the Depression of the 1930s in an attempt to bring together a national group of socially minded psychologists to address social and economic issues. While maintaining its status as an independently incorporated society, SPSSI also became an affiliated organization of the American Psychological Association (APA) from 1937 to 1945 and has been Division 9 of the APA from 1945 to the present.
Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues
Authors: Kimmel Douglas C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Society for the Psychological Study of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Issues was approved as Division 44 of the American Psychological Association (APA) by the APA Council of Representatives on August 26, 1984, by a vote of 80 to 26, with 8 abstentions (some of the other abstaining votes had left the room because a vote of two‐thirds approval was required) (Kimmel & Browning, 1999).
Society of Consulting Psychology
Authors: Cooper Stewart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The history of Division 13 of the American Psychological Association (APA) and how it became the Society of Consulting Psychology (SCP) are articulated in a 1999
Consulting Psychology
article by Ann O'Roark, the SCP President at that time (O'Roark, 1999). Division 13 began with a charge from the APA governance in 1920 to identify the competencies of
consulting
psychologists. Preexisting roots were the 1915 Whipple Resolution, which created the need to determine essential qualifications for psychological examiners, especially in the areas of assessment of intelligence and special abilities. In 1924, the APA‐charged group adopted its first bylaws and became the Division of Consulting Psychology. The history reveals extended discussions over many years of who was eligible to be a member of this division. In fact, up until 1963, eligibility required being a fellow of some other APA division. Work in mental health and organizational consulting has been a focus of the division from that time to the present. The current SCP owes its foundation to organizational work beginning in 1999 that included a series of strategic planning meetings, followed by changes in the organization's structure and processes, as well as programs and services. Part of these efforts led to the development and APA endorsement in 2007 of the
Guidelines for Education and Training at the Doctoral and Postdoctoral Levels in Consulting Psychology/Organizational Consulting Psychology
(APA, 2007). The current organization and its programs, services, and governance structure are markedly different from those of the past.
Somatoform Disorders
Authors: Watson William H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

In the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000), the class of mental disorders involving symptoms pertaining primarily to the body are designated somatoform disorders (in Greek,
soma =
body). All somatoform disorders are marked either by the presence of medically unexplained symptoms driven at least in part by psychological processes or by anxious preoccupation with the body. Somatoform patients have significantly higher utilization of outpatient and inpatient care compared to nonsomatizing patients. They generally seek care from medical rather than mental health providers. As a result, mental health practitioners often have the mistaken impression that somatoform disorders are exceedingly rare.
Somatosensory Function
Authors: Puce Aina , Carey Leeanne 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Somatosensory function is the ability to interpret bodily sensation. Sensation takes a number of forms, including touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, itch, tickle, and pain. The somatosensory system allows us to interpret sensory messages received from our body and consists of sensory receptors located in the skin, tissues, and joints; the nerve cell tracts in the body and spinal cord; and brain centers that process and modulate incoming sensory information (Figure 1).
Spain, Psychology in
Authors: Prieto JosÉ M. , Blasco Ricardo D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The first chair of experimental psychology in Spain was created at the Complutense University of Madrid in 1900, followed by another in advanced psychology in 1923. This university led a postgraduate program that continued until the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), when many professors and researchers on psychology went into exile. In 1952, new chairs were appointed in Madrid, Barcelona, and Valencia, and the Spanish Psychological Society (SPS) was founded. In 1953, institutes of applied psychology emerged as state agencies.
Stanford‐Binet Intelligence Scales
Authors: Kamphaus Randy W. , Juechter Julia I. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Originally released in 1905 by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon, the Binet‐Simon Intelligence Scale marked the beginning of a new era in the measurement of intelligence. Initially designed as a diagnostic system primarily for identifying children with mental retardation, the first edition of the Binet‐Simon Intelligence Scale included 30 pass‐fail items such as word problems, paper cutting, and repeating sentences and digits. The original concepts, such as presenting items of varying levels of difficulty, the use of age‐graded norms to predict mental age, and the provision of standardized instructions for administration, set the precedent for the development of future measures of intelligence.
State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory
Authors: Spielberger Charles D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In 1872, Darwin (1965) observed that anger (rage) was a powerful emotion that motivated “animals of all kinds, and their progenitors before them, when attacked or threatened by an enemy, to fight and protect themselves” (p. 74). Anger is reflected in facial expressions (e.g., reddened face, clenched teeth), muscular tension, and accelerated heart rate, and it differs from rage “only in degree, and there is no marked distinction in their characteristics” (Darwin, 1965, p. 244).
Stress Consequences
Authors: Anisman Hymie 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Stressors promote behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and biological changes, many of which are essential to contend with the ongoing challenge. The biological changes introduced by stressors are a cascade of neuronal, hormonal, and immunological alterations that are thought to serve in an adaptive capacity. They may prepare the organism to cope with the challenge, blunt the psychological impact of the stressor, limit excessive activation of biological systems that might otherwise produce adverse outcomes, and diminish the influence of foreign pathogens (McEwen, 2000; Sapolsky, Romero, & Munck, 2005).
Striate Cortex
Authors: Wong‐Riley Margaret T. T. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The striate cortex, also known as the primary visual cortex, area 17, or V1, is involved in conscious visual perception. It is located in the occipital pole of the cerebral cortex, where much of it is deep within the calcarine fissure. There is a precise, retinotopic representation of the contralateral visual field in each hemisphere. The vertical meridian is represented at the border between V1 and V2 (the secondary visual cortex), and the horizontal meridian bisects it midway. The contralateral lower and upper visual fields are represented in the cuneus and lingual gyrus, respectively. The map is skewed because a much larger proportion of the striate cortex is devoted to the processing of the central visual field than to the periphery. The magnification therefore changes from about 4 mm of cortex per degree of visual field to about 0.5 mm/degree as the representation moves from 1° to 25° away from the center of gaze. In humans, approximately 53% of striate cortex is devoted to the representation of the central 15° of the visual field.
Student's

t

Statistic
Authors: Coladarci Theodore 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
At the dawn of the twentieth century, a young scientist faced the limitations of existing statistical theory when applied to research involving small samples. He worked for the Guinness brewery in Dublin, and his investigations of the quality of raw ingredients, the nature of the production process, and the resulting quality of the end product—beer—often entailed decidedly small samples of 10 or fewer experiments. The scientist was William Sealy Gosset (1876–1937). He is better known by his pseudonym “Student,” which, for proprietary reasons, his employer required him to use when publishing.
Sublimation
Authors: Graebner William 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFreud brought the termsublimationinto psychoanalytic discourse in an 1897 letter to Wilhelm Fliess, in which he described culture and the libidinal drive as essentially antagonistic and conceptualized sublimation as a filter for primal memories. However, the concept, as well as the word, has significant pre‐Freudian origins. The idea that the containment of desire might yield cultural fruit dates at least to the Greeks, and the understanding of sublimation as a transformation of one substance into another is derived from ancient Egyptian and medieval alchemy (and resembles Wilhelm Ostwald's turn‐of‐the‐century ideas about the transformation of energy). Although Freud's goal in developing sublimation was to bridge mind and culture, his interest in the concept also was an expression of the anxieties about sexuality that were common in the Victorian era and that shaped the lives and work of, among others, Henry James, G. Stanley Hall, Thomas Mann, and Gaston Leroux, the author of the 1910 novelThe Phantom of the Opera.
Supportive Psychotherapy
Authors: Bloch Sidney 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe derivation of the word “support” illuminates the treatment under consideration:supportare: sup _ sub _ portare—to carry (Oxford English Dictionary, 1978). In essence, the therapist helps to sustain people who are so affected by a mental disorder or personality dysfunction that they depend on that assistance, over an extended period, to function adequately. Piper, Joyce, McCallum, Azim and Ogrodniczak (2002) put it this way: “supportive therapy is…principally focused on strengthening mental structures that are actively or chronically deficient…”
Sympathetic Nervous System
Authors: Quigley Karen S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is one of the divisions of the autonomic nervous system that controls the function of organs and glands in the body (efferent portion) and senses changes in these visceral systems (afferent portion). The other division of the autonomic nervous system is the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The neurons comprising the efferent SNS arise from the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord (with the SNS also called the thoracolumbar division). Sympathetic fibers originating from the thoracic cord innervate organs of the head, neck, chest, and upper abdomen. Sympathetic fibers originating from the lumbar cord innervate the lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract and organs of the pelvis.