bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ammonia‐Oxidizing Bacteria Populations and Activities in Soils Irrigated with Municipal Waste Water Effluent
Authors: Chopp K. M. , Clapp C. E. , Schmidt E. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLand application of waste water when properly managed has the beneficial result of providing nutrients and water to crops without adverse environmental effects. Populations and activities of NH3‐oxidizing bacteria were studied during one growing season of corn (Zea mays L.) on soil irrigated with municipal waste‐water effluent. The method used to recover these bacteria from soil was shaking 1 hour in Soriano‐Walker medium. Soil populations of one serotype each of the genera Nitrosomonas, Nitrosolobus, and Nitrosospira were enumerated by the fluorescent antibody (FA) technique. Populations of the three genera peaked at different times, with “total FA‐detectable” populations fluctuating only slightly over the entire season. Higher effluent (220 cm, 470 kg N/ha) treatments tended to have slightly lower populations than either fertilized control (336 kg N/ha) or low effluent (120 cm, 250 kg N/ha) treatments. Ammonia‐oxidation activity was significantly (5% level) higher for soils treated with high rates of effluent. Soil N levels showed NH4‐N decreasing sharply when the population of NH3‐oxidizers peaked in June, but accumulating in the fall when populations declined. Concentrations of NO3‐N in soil were directly related to effluent and fertilizer applications. Nitrate concentrations in soil water and ground water peaked approximately 1 month after the maximum NO3‐N concentrations occurred in the soil.
Identification of Free Organic Chemicals Found in Composted Municipal Refuse
Authors: Gonzalez‐Vila F. J. , Saiz‐Jimenez C. , Martin F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractComposted municipal refuse can be considered as a low‐grade fertilizer, but its use on land is limited by the level of contamination from heavy metals and toxic chemicals. In order to evaluate the qualitative composition of the organic fraction of these materials, three Spanish refuse composts were analyzed.The samples were sequentially extracted with ether and ethanol, which constitute the total lipids extract. The nonsaponifiable fraction is made up of n‐alkanes, in the range of C18 to C32, as well as olefins. The saponifiable fraction contains n‐fatty acids from C14 to C26 and some branched fatty acids. The method used for separation and identification of specific organic compounds in sediments was adapted for municipal composts and the resulting methylene chloride extract subjected to gradient chromatography on alumina. The fractions eluted from the column with pentane, and pentane‐methanol contained aliphatic hydrocarbons; the benzene fraction was made up of phthalate esters, and the benzene‐methanol and methanol fractions contained a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, phthalate esters, n‐fatty acid methyl esters, and some individual compounds. The presence of aliphatic hydrocarbons and fatty acids in municipal composts suggested a microbial origin, while phthalate esters may arise from the debris of plastic packaging.
Disposal of Feedlot Lagoon Water by Irrigating Bromegrass: I. Crop Removal of Nitrogen
Authors: Olson R. V. , Terry R. V. , Powers W. L. , Swallow C. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBeef‐feedlot lagoon water was used to irrigate bromegrass (Bromus inermis) at four rates in three replications for 4 years to determine effectiveness of the grass in removing N. Microplots within the main plots of two treatments received lagoon water enriched with 15N. Bromegrass was harvested two or three times each year. Yields and total N uptake were determined for the main plots, and yields, total N uptake, and lagoon water N uptake for microplots.Yields and total N uptake increased with lagoon water rates, but declined with time on the main plots because of effects of excessive moisture on stands. In the microplots, reseeded to maintain stands, yields increased with time. With both main plots and microplots, more total N was removed by the hay than was applied with the 2.5‐ and 5.1‐cm treatments, but the opposite prevailed for 7.6‐ and 10.2‐cm irrigations.Uptake of lagoon water N was 1.8 times more for the 10.2‐ than for the 5.1‐cm treatment. The percentage of lagoon water N removed increased with time but seemed to be leveling off at about 40 after 4 years.Crop removal of N in waste water can be a major N disposal method if crop yields are high. Bromegrass is not the best crop because stands are reduced by excessive moisture. Low rates of lagoon water are more effective than high rates because they leave less lagoon water N in the soil and more total N is taken up than applied.
Metal Concentrations in Tissues of Meadow Voles from Sewage Sludge‐Treated Fields
Authors: Anderson T. J. , Barrett G. W. , Clark C. S. , Elia V. J. , Majeti V. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFood‐chain uptake of Cd, Pb, Zn, and Cu by meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) was assessed in wheat (Triticum aestivum var. Ranger) and old‐field plant communities receiving sludge or fertilizer applications. Sixteen 0.1‐ha enclosures received either 8,963 kg ha−1 year−1 Milorganite (6‐2‐0, N‐P‐K) or 1,569 kg ha−1 year−1 ureaphosphate fertilizer (34‐11‐0), or were untreated (controls).Mean Cd concentrations in livers and kidneys of voles (all age/sex groups) from sludge‐treated fields in the second year of application were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than controls; in the first year only females from sludge‐treated wheat fields had higher levels than controls. Ranges of mean Cd concentrations in voles from sludge‐treated fields were 0.1–1.1 µg g−1 wet weight in liver samples and 0.4–6.6 µg g−1 in kidneys; ranges in controls were 0.01–0.04 µg g−1 in liver and 0.01–1.6 µg g−1 in kidneys. Cadmium concentrations in voles from fertilizer‐treated fields did not differ from controls.Liver and kidney Cu concentrations were elevated in some age/sex groups from sludge‐ and fertilizer‐treated fields. There were no treatment differences in Pb or Zn concentrations, nor in organ or whole‐body weights.Short‐term (2‐year) effects on mammals of sludge application to land appear to be benign, despite accumulation of metals in vital organs.
Ammonia and Amine Emissions from a Large Cattle Feedlot
Authors: Hutchinson G. L. , Mosier A. R. , Andre C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVolatilization of ammonia (NH3) and amines is widely recognized as an important mechanism for loss of feedlot waste nitrogen to air and water resources, but quantitative measurements of these emissions have not been made. We used a micrometeorological technique to determine vertical NH3 and amine flux densities above a large cattle feedlot in northeastern Colorado. The NH3 flux density averaged 1.4 ± 0.7 kg N/ha per hour in periodic measurements during the spring and summer of 1977, and was estimated to have a similar magnitude during the previous fall and winter. Somewhat lower fluxes were recorded when the feedlot surface was wet, but these were offset by higher‐than‐average fluxes as the surface dried. The amine‐N flux was < 1% as great as that of NH3‐N and made an insignificant contribution to the feedlot's N balance. Trimethylamine flux was always the highest and exceeded the sum of all other amine fluxes. Total NH3 and amine emissions represented about one‐half the rate of urinary N deposition, or about one‐fourth the rate of total N deposition, estimated for this feedlot. Our data support the hypothesis advanced by other authors that animal wastes are a major source of atmospheric NH3, and in some areas are the principal source.
Effect of Tile Drainage on Disposal of Septic Tank Effluent in Wet Soils
Authors: Wilson S. A. , Paeth R. C. , Ronayne M. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA field‐performance study was conducted to determine the feasibility of artificially draining wet soils to permit satisfactory operation of septic tank effluent disposal fields. Tile drains placed 1.2 and 1.8 m deep with 3‐ and 6‐m horizontal separations, respectively, around disposal fields were monitored during wet winter months. Ground‐water drawdown beneath septic tank disposal fields was measured and tile drainage water was analyzed for NO3‐N, total coliform, and fecal coliform.Tile placed at either depth lowered ground water sufficiently to prevent saturated soil conditions in disposal fields. Vertical mean groundwater separation distances of as little as 23 cm below disposal trench bottoms with a horizontal setback of 3 m between the tile drain and disposal field resulted in acceptable quality for drainage water discharges based on Oregon Department of Environmental Quality standards. Results indicated that design specifications were a practical means of overcoming wetness limitations for onsite sewage disposal on drainable soils in western Oregon.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Earthworms From Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge
Authors: Beyer W. Nelson , Chaney Rufus L. , Mulhern Bernard M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMetal concentrations in soil may be elevated considerably when metal‐laden sewage sludge is spread on land. Metals in earthworms (Lumbricidae) from agricultural fields amended with sewage sludge and from experimental plots were examined to determine if earthworms are important in transferring metals in soil to wildlife. Earthworms from four sites amended with sludge contained significantly (P < 0.05) more Cd (12 times), Cu (2.4 times), Zn (2.0 times), and Pb (1.2 times) than did earthworms from control sites, but the concentrations detected varied greatly and depended on the particular sludge application. Generally, Cd and Zn were concentrated by earthworms relative to soil, and Cu, Pb, and Ni were not concentrated. Concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb in earthworms were correlated (P < 0.05) with those in soil. The ratio of the concentration of metals in earthworms to the concentration of metals in soil tended to be lower in contaminated soil than in clean soil. Concentrations of Cd as high as 100 ppm (dry wt) were detected in earthworms from soil containing only 2 ppm Cd. These concentrations are considered hazardous to wildlife that eat worms. Liming soil decreased Cd concentrations in earthworms slightly (P < 0.05) but had no discernible effect on concentrations of the other metals studied. High Zn concentrations in soil substantially reduced Cd concentrations in earthworms.
Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Effects on Tall fescue: I. Growth and Yield Responses
Authors: Flagler R. B. , Youngner V. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of ozone (O3) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) on growth and yield components of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Alta’) were studied in a greenhouse experiment. Four O3 treatments ranging from 0 to 0.30 ppm in equally spaced intervals and two SO2 treatments, 0 and 0.10 ppm, were arranged factorially in a randomized complete block design utilizing three blocks. Each block was exposed to the pollutants 6 h/d, once a week, for 12 weeks. Statistical analysis was by analysis of variance and regression techniques.Ozone significantly affected root/shoot ratio and all dry weight fractions. A reduction of total dry weight of 52.5% was found due to 0.30 ppm O3. A cubic regression model of O3 concentration on total dry weight accounted for 93% of the variation in total dry weight. Partitioning the dry weight into shoot and root components revealed a reduction in shoot weight of up to 46% and a reduction in shoot weight of up to 46% and a reduction in root weight of up to 63.6% due to the high‐O3 treatment. Both variables had significant cubic regressions of O3 on dry weight with the cubic model accounting for 93 and 89% of the variation in shoot and root weights, respectively. Root/shoot ratio declined from 0.58 for control plants to 0.41 for plants exposed to 0.30 ppm O3. A significant cubic regression of O3 on root/shoot ratio accounted for 78% of the variation in this variable. Tiller weight was also affected adversely by O3 with a linear decrease (r2 = 0.85) of > 44% at the highest O3 level. SO2 also affected tall fescue, but not nearly as severely as O3. Total dry weight was reduced by 7.3% due to SO2. Root weight was decreased by 11%, but shoot weight was unaffected. Root/shoot ratio was lowered about 7% due to the pollutant. Weight per tiller was unaffected by SO2. Number of tillers was significantly reduced by an interaction of the two pollutants. Neither O3 or SO2 had an effect singly, but at the high O3 level, the addition of SO3 caused an 18.6% reduction in number of tillers. This was the only significant pollutant interaction noted.
A Bench‐Scale System to Study the Composting of Organic Wastes
Authors: Ashbolt N. J. , Line M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn an investigation of the composting of eucalypt bark, a bench‐scale composter was designed to provide strict control over air composition, moisture content, temperature, and mixing. The composter consisted of six 4‐L capacity gas‐tight units of PVC plastic, each of which was provided with a mixing paddle coupled to a common drive. Natural temperature rise was simulated by having the units immersed in a water bath, with the temperature increased at rates consistent with those observed in large‐scale compost heaps. This provided a comparatively inexpensive versatile system, with rates of CO2, NH3, CH4, and H2S production and O2 consumption manually monitored by gas chromatography. The reproducibility of the system was as good as the best reported.
Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Effects on Three Tall Fescue Cultivars
Authors: Flagler R. B. , Youngner V. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough many reports have been published concerning differential susceptibility of various crops and/or cultivars to air pollutants, most have used foliar injury instead of the marketable yield as the factor that determined susceptibility for the crop. In an examination of screening in terms of marketable yield, three cultivars of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), ‘Alta,’ ‘Fawn,’ and ‘Kentucky 31,’ were exposed to 0–0.40 ppm O3 or 0–0.50 ppm SO2 6 h/d, once a week, for 7 and 9 weeks, respectively. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Statistical analysis was by standard analysis of variance and regression techniques. Three variables were analyzed: top dry weight (yield), tiller number, and weight per tiller. Ozone had a significant effect on all three variables. Significant linear decreases in yield and weight per tiller occurred with increasing O3 concentrations. Linear regressions of these variables on O3 concentration produced significantly different regression coefficients. The coefficient for Kentucky 31 was significantly greater than Alta or Fawn, which did not differ from each other. This indicated that Kentucky 31 was more susceptible to O3 than either of the other cultivars. Percent reductions in dry weight for the three cultivars at highest O3 level were 35, 44, and 53%, respectively, for Fawn, Alta, and Kentucky 31. For weight per tiller, Kentucky 31 had a higher percent reduction than the other cultivars (59 vs. 46 and 44%). Tiller number was generally increased by O3, but this variable was not useful for determining diffferential susceptibility to the pollutant. Sulfur dioxide treatments produced no significant effects on any of the variables analyzed.
Relationship of the Nature of Suspended Clay Minerals to Hydrologic Conditions
Authors: Laird David , Harward M. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe clay mineralogy of sediments in suspended transport and their relationship to soils of a small agricultural watershed in western Oregon were evaluated. The clay fraction (<2 µm) was separated from suspended sediment and watershed surface soil samples by centrifugation in distilled water. Half of the clay fraction of each sample was Mg2+‐saturated and the other half was K+‐saturated. Slides of both the Mg2+‐ and K+‐saturated fractions were prepared and subjected to a sequence of characterization treatments. After each treatment the samples were analyzed using copper k‐alpha radiation on a Norelco x‐ray diffractometer.It was initially anticipated that the characteristics of sediments would change with progression of the rainfall season as downcutting began to erode material from the upper B horizon. However, no general seasonal trend in the nature of suspended clays was observed. Rather, the character of the entrained clay minerals was dependent on the type of hydrologic event. During high‐energy hydrologic conditions, the clay mineralogy of suspended sediments was similar to that of the upper horizons of the watershed soils. In low‐energy hydrologic conditions, the suspended sediments were enriched with well‐organized kaolinite and smectite and depleted of chloritic intergrades. Selective dispersion combined with preferential settling of “nondispersed” materials are thought to be the mechanisms involved with this phenomenon.
Fluoride‐Induced Mobilization and Leaching of Organic Matter, Iron, and Aluminum
Authors: Polomski Janina , Flühler H. , Blaser P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to demonstrate the effects of F‐induced leaching of organic matter, Al, and Fe, different soil samples were percolated under laboratory conditions at constant flow with distilled water and various solutions containing F or Cl, applied as NaF, KF, Na5Al3 F14, KCl, and NaCl, respectively.The three sets of experiments focus on the following questions: (i) Are the observed leaching losses primarily F‐induced? (ii) How do they relate to the F concentrations of the solutions? and (iii) To what extent are calcareous soils resistant to and acid soils prone to F‐induced leaching?Total organic carbon (TOC), Fe, and especially Al were leached more effectively when the percolating solution contained F instead of Cl. The cationic composition of the solution was definitely less important than the concentration of dissolved F. For instance, the F‐induced Al leaching loss from an acid clay soil was nine times larger than that of an equimolar NaCl solution. In the concentration range of 0 to 50 µg mL−1 dissolved F the peak concentrations of Al in the outflow samples varied from 0.2 to 26.0 µg Al mL−1. The leaching losses from the acid soil were significantly higher than those from the two calcareous soils. However, TOC leaching with distilled water was highest in the case of the severely F‐contaminated calcareous soil.
Accumulation of Airborne Fluoride in Soils
Authors: Polomski Janina , Flühler H. , Blaser P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil contamination by atmospheric fluorides was studied in the vicinity of an aluminum smelter. Soil profiles at various distances from the emission source were sampled and the samples analyzed for total and water‐extractable F. Both measurements, in particular the water‐extractable fraction, reflected the gradient of F exposure. The F concentration of the soil solution exhibited a similar dependence upon distance from the emission source. Over a distance of 8.8 km the total F concentration decreased from 2,700 to 616 µg F g−1, the water‐extractable fraction from 292 to 10 µg F g−1, and the F concentration in the soil solution from 8.2 to 0.3 µg F mL−1.Within an extensively sampled profile, the total F concentration was more‐or‐less constant, whereas the water‐extractable fraction increased significantly with depth.A soil column experiment was conducted in the field in order to estimate the rate of F accumulation and translocation. The F fluxes into and out of the main root zone were estimated to be in the order of 7.7 ± 3.5 and 5.4 ± 2.1 g F m−2 year−1, respectively, which is roughly an equivalent of 5% of the F stored in a comparable uncontaminated profile.
Plutonium Contents and Fluxes in a Soybean Crop Ecosystem Near a Nuclear Fuel Chemical Separations Facility
Authors: Adriano D. C. , Pinder J. E. , Mc Leod K. W. , Corey J. C. , Boni A. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA soybean (Glycine max) crop was grown in fields within 1 km of a nuclear fuel chemical separations plant at the Savannah River Plant, S.C. Aerial releases of 238Pu and 239,240Pu have been occurring at various rates during the past 25 years and have produced characteristic Pu isotopic ratios (ISR) in various environmental matrices. This unique situation, along with pot studies and a farm site receiving only global fallout, provided the opportunity to study various biological and physical processes that determine Pu contamination of ecosystems and their components.Contamination of the external surfaces of the soybeans contributed more to Pu contamination than did root uptake and translocation. Contamination of beans harvested with a combine was also mostly surficial, indicating that physical processes are more important than biological processes in this “real‐world” situation. Pu‐bearing particles directly deposited from the point source (62‐m stack) and soil‐surface resuspendible materials were the primary contaminants for the vegetation, while resuspension and transfer of Pu‐bearing particles from vegetative surfaces were the dominant ones for the harvested beans. The Pu input from this particular chemical separations facility to the foodstuff (soybean beans) contributed little to radiation dose to humans compared with the natural background radiation.
Bioavailability of Phosphorus Inputs to Lakes
Authors: Sonzogni W. C. , Chapra S. C. , Armstrong D. E. , Logan T. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInterpretation of the potential bioavailability of phosphorus forms and fractions indicates some of the P entering lakes may have a limited effect on lake productivity. Some P sources, such as land runoff, are often high in particulate P, significant portions of which cannot be utilized in the growth of algae and higher plants. Based on existing information (mostly from Great Lakes studies), potentially bioavailable P in tributaries generally does not exceed 60% of the total P and is often considerably less. Potentially bioavailable P is shown to correspond to the dissolved reactive P (DRP) plus the fraction of particulate inorganic P obtained by extraction with 0.1N NaOH. Whether potentially bioavailable particulate P actually becomes available in a receiving water depends on factors such as the receiving‐water DRP concentration and the position (location) of the particle in the water. A mathematical model, combining two classical modeling approaches, is used to illustrate the importance of positional limitation. Consideration of bioavailability in eutrophication‐control strategies should lead to more cost‐effective management.
A Proposed Classification System for Coal Fly Ash in Multidisciplinary Research
Authors: Roy W. R. , Griffin R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA classification system for coal fly ash has been developed to provide the basis for a uniform nomenclature that can be used by investigators in different disciplines to describe samples of coal fly ash. This system is based on chemical composition, hydration pH, and particle‐size distribution. Seven taxonomic groups are generated by the distribution of the sialic (SiO2 + Al2O3 + TiO2), ferric (Fe2O3 + SO3), and calcic (CaO + MgO + Na2O + K2O) components of the fly ashes. Prefixes and suffixes denoting hydration pH, elevated trace and minor element concentrations, and texture are added to the group names to further describe the sample. Classifications of several samples reported in the literature are included and possible applications of the classification system are discussed.