bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Record of Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-1 on Ctenanthe oppenheimiana in India
Authors: Baiswar P. , Chandra S. , Kumar R. , Ngachan S. V. , Rosa D. D. 
Published: December 2009

Ctenanthe oppenheimiana (= Maranta oppenheimiana) is a common foliage plant also known as “never never” plant. Plants grow best in high-humidity conditions. Potted plants in Barapani, Meghalaya, India were found to be infected with a foliar disease. Initial symptoms were leaf margin necrosis that expanded to cover large areas of the leaf blade during March and April of 2007. Leaf portions from the margin of infected and healthy tissue were washed with sterile water and then surface sterilized with 4% sodium hypochlorite for 30 s. These bits were again washed twice with sterile water, blotted dry, plated on water agar, and maintained at 25°C. After 24 h, mycelial growth was transferred to potato dextrose agar. Fungal colonies were brown with fluffy, aerial mycelium Hypha was branched at 90° with lateral branches having constriction at the point of origin. Hyphal cells were determined to be multinucleate when stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. Sclerotia were 3 to 5.6 mm in diameter (average 4.1 mm) and were not differentiated into cortex and medulla. The above characteristics were consistent with a Rhizoctonia sp. (2). Anastomosis group (AG) was determined by pairing isolates with tester isolates of R. solani and its subgroups (AG 1-1A, AG 2-1, AG 2-2 IIIB, AG 3, AG 4HG-II, AG 5, AG 6, AG 7, AG 8, AG 9, AG 10, AG 11, AG 12, AG 13, and AG BI) and staining hyphae with Safranin-O 0.03% and KOH 3% solutions. Anastomosis was positive only between the Ctenanthe isolate and AG 2-1 tester strain. (1). The Ctenanthe isolate was grown on potato dextrose broth for 8 days. The broth culture was blended in a Waring blender for 2 min and 10 ml was mixed with 90 ml of sterile water. The mycelium suspension was sprayed on five healthy plants of C. oppenheimiana Noninoculated plants served as a control. Inoculated leaves developed initial symptoms of marginal leaf necrosis after 6 to 8 days and expanded leaf necrosis, similar to the original symptoms, after 12 to 15 days. No symptoms developed on noninoculated plants. R. solani was isolated from leaf lesions of the inoculated plants, confirming Koch's postulate To our knowledge, this is a new report from India. References: (1) G. C. MacNish et al. Phytopathology 83:922, 1993. (2) B. Sneh et al. Identification of Rhizoctonia species. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1991.
First Report of Target Leaf Spot Caused by Corynespora cassiicola on Balsam Pear in China
Authors: Li B.-J. , Zhao Y.-J. , Gao W. , Shi Y.-X. , Xie X.-W. 
Published: December 2009

Balsam pear (Momordica charantia L.) is an economically important vegetable in China with increasing interest as a medicinal plant. In December of 2006, a new foliar disease caused by Corynespora cassiicola was observed on balsam pear growing in greenhouses in Shouguang City, Shandong Province, China. The disease occurred on 35% or less of the plants. Leaves of affected plants developed off-white halos surrounding circular lesions that were 1 to 5 mm broad. The lesions became dark brown, necrotic with concentric rings, and up to 15 mm in diameter. Severely affected plants eventually wilted and defoliated. Pieces of tissue from the leading edges of lesions were disinfected in 1% NaOCl for 1 min, rinsed in sterile water, and plated on potato dextrose agar. Colonies of the fungus were gray to dark green. Conidiophores were erect and simple, pale brown to brown, and 100 to 450 μm long and 3 to 8 μm wide. Conidia were obclavate to cylindrical, pale olivaceous brown to dark brown, smooth, 35 to 100 × 8 to 12 μm, and were produced in chains. On the basis of these characteristics, the fungus was identified as Corynespora cassiicola (1). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and deposited in GenBank (Accession No. GQ381292). It was an exact match for a sequence of C. cassiicola previously deposited (Accession No. EU364555). To confirm pathogenicity, 30 1-month-old healthy seedlings of balsam pear were inoculated by spraying a suspension of conidia (1 × 105 conidia per ml) of one isolate of C. cassiicola until runoff. Ten seedlings were sprayed with sterile water as controls. Plants were kept in a humidity chamber at 27°C overnight and then placed in a growth chamber at 27°C. After 7 days, symptoms identical to those described above were observed, while no symptoms developed on the control plants. The pathogen was reisolated from inoculated leaves. C. cassiicola causes foliar diseases on many plants, including tomato, eggplant, soybean, and cucumber (2). There is one report on balsam pear in Korea (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of target leaf spot caused by C. cassiicola on balsam pear in China. References: (1) M. B. Ellis. CMI Mycol. Pap. No. 65, 1957. (2) M. B. Ellis et al. CMI Mycol. Pap. No. 303, 1971. (3) J. H. Kwon et al. Plant Pathol. J. 21:164, 2005.
First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum on Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) in Italy
Authors: Troisi M. , Bertetti D. , Garibaldi A. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: December 2009

Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) is one of the top 10 economically important flower crops in Europe as well as the United States. The acreage devoted to this crop continues to increase especially for use in landscape typologies. Abundant flowering from spring until autumn allows the use of this plant to decorate gardens, terraces, and borders. During the summer of 2009, an outbreak of a previously unknown powdery mildew was observed on potted gerbera ‘Mini Yellow’ growing in a private garden in Turin (northern Italy). Adaxial leaf surfaces were covered with white mycelium and conidia, and as the disease progressed, infected leaves turned yellow and died. Conidia were hyaline, ellipsoid, borne in chains (three conidia per chain), and measured 16 to 45 × 10 to 30 μm. Conidiophores measured 109 to 117 × 11 to 13 μm and had a foot cell measuring 72 to 80 × 11 to 12 μm followed by two shorter cells measuring 19 to 29 × 11 to 14 and 20 to 32 × 12 to 14 μm. Fibrosin bodies were absent and chasmothecia were not observed in the collected samples. On the basis of its morphology, the pathogen was identified as Golovinomyces cichoracearum. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. BLASTn analysis of the 548-bp fragment showed an E-value of 0.0 and a percentage homology of 99% with G. cichoracearum isolated from Coreopsis leavenworthii (Accession No. DQ871605) confirming diagnosis inferred by morphological analysis. The nucleotide sequence has been assigned GenBank Accession No. GQ870342. Pathogenicity was confirmed through inoculation by gently pressing diseased leaves onto leaves of three healthy potted plants of Gerbera ‘Mini Yellow’. Three noninoculated plants served as the control. Plants were maintained in a greenhouse at temperatures ranging between 20 and 30°C. Inoculated plants developed signs and symptoms after 8 days, whereas control plants remained healthy. The fungus present on inoculated plants was morphologically identical to that originally observed on diseased plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of powdery mildew caused by G. cichoracearum on gerbera in Italy. Specimens are available at the Agroinnova Collection at the University of Torino. Gerbera is also susceptible to different powdery mildews. Powdery mildew of Gerbera jamesonii caused by Sphaerotheca fusca was reported in Italy (4). G. cichoracearum on Gerbera jamesonii was reported in North America (2), Argentina (3), and Switzerland (1). References: (1) A. Bolay. Cryptogam. Helv. 20:1, 2005. (2) M. Daughtrey et al. Page 39 in: Compendium of Flowering Potted Plant Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society, St Paul, MN, 1995. (3) R. Delhey et al. Schlechtendalia 10:79, 2003. (4) F. Zaccaria et al. Ann. Fac. Agrar. Univ. Stud. di Napoli Federico II 34:44, 2000.
First Report of Phytophthora Root Rot Caused by Phytophthora cryptogea on Spinach in California
Authors: Koike S. T. , Martin Frank N. 
Published: December 2009

In 2006 and 2007, commercially grown spinach (Spinacia oleracea) in California's coastal Salinas Valley (Monterey County) was affected by an unreported root rot disease. Disease was limited to patches along the edges of fields. Affected plants were stunted with chlorotic older leaves. As disease progressed, most of the older foliage first wilted and then turned tan and dry; youngest leaves remained green but were stunted and leathery in texture. Plants most severely affected died. Symptoms on roots were mostly restricted to the distal portion of the root system, where feeder roots and the main taproot turned black. Isolations from root lesions consistently resulted in the recovery of a Phytophthora sp. The isolates were heterothallic, and on the basis of morphological and cytochrome oxidase 2 gene sequence data (GenBank Accession No. GQ984233), the pathogen was identified as Phytophthora cryptogea. To evaluate pathogenicity, individual inocula of four isolates were prepared by incubating colonized 6-mm-diameter V8 agar plugs in filtered soil extract for 2 days at 20°C to induce sporangia production. These cultures were then chilled at 4°C for 20 min and returned to room temperature for 1 h to induce zoospore release (4). Four-week-old spinach plants (cv. Bolero) were uprooted, soaked in suspensions of 1.0 × 105 zoospores/ml for 10 min, and repotted. After treatment, pots were placed in shallow trays of water for 24 h to saturate the root zone, then were removed from trays and incubated in a greenhouse. After 9 days, inoculated plants showed foliar wilting and chlorosis similar to that observed in the field; after 13 days, roots were examined and found to show the black necrosis as seen in the field. P. cryptogea was isolated from all inoculated plants. Control spinach plants, treated with soil extract only, did not develop disease. This experiment was completed two times and the results were similar. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora root rot of spinach caused by P. cryptogea in California. This finding is significant because spinach in California is subject to root rots caused by three other pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium spp., and Rhizoctonia solani) (1); symptoms from these root rots are very similar to those caused by P. cryptogea, thereby complicating diagnosis. This pathogen has been documented on spinach in Germany and Sweden (2,3). References: (1) S. T. Koike et al. Vegetable Diseases: A Color Handbook. Manson Publishing LtD. London, 2007. (2) H. Krober and E.-O. Beckmann. Phytopathol. Z. 78:160, 1973. (3) M. Larsson and J. Olofsson. Plant Pathol. 43:251, 1994. (4) S. A. Tjosvold et al. Plant Dis. 93:371, 2009.
First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum acutatum on Mung Bean Sprouts in Taiwan
Authors: Shen Y. M. , Liu H. L. , Chang S. T. , Chao C. H. 
Published: December 2009

Mung bean sprouts (Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek) are a commonly consumed vegetable in Asian countries. Anthracnose lesions on mung bean sprouts (cv. You-lu-dou from Mayamar) were found in an indoor sprouting facility in Taichung County, Taiwan in May of 2009. The incidence of disease exceeded 90% in some lots. Infected hypocotyls had smooth, diamond-shaped to fusiform brown spots, which became further depressed and enlarged with age. A fungus was isolated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) from symptomatic hypocotyls after surface sterilization in 0.6% NaOCl. Fungal colonies were initially salmon to orange in color and became greenish gray on the surface within a week. Setae were not produced in acervuli that developed on PDA. Conidia in the acervuli were one-celled, cylindrical, and hyaline with an average length and width of 14.8 (7.0 to 23.7) × 4.9 (3.3 to 6.7) μm (n = 53). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was amplified with primers ITS1 and ITS4 (4). The sequence was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. GQ889269). The sequence was 99% identical to that of ATCC 56816 strain of Glomerella acutata (Guerber & J. C. Correll), the teleomorph of Colletotrichum acutatum (J. H. Simmonds) over a 522-bp alignment. Thus, the mung bean pathogen was identified as C. acutatum based on morphological (1) and molecular characters. Pathogenicity of the strain was determined by inoculating mung bean seeds from I-Mei Foods Co. (imported from Australia). The seeds were disinfested in 0.6% NaOCl for 10 min, rinsed with sterile distilled water twice, and immersed in a conidial suspension (1.5 × 104 conidia/ml) of C. acutatum for 10 min. Fifteen inoculated seeds were placed on moistened paper towels, distributed into three flasks, and stored in the dark at 32°C. Symptoms similar to those observed on the original sprouts appeared 3 days later on the hypocotyls of the seedlings and all seedlings were infected by day five. Conidia of C. acutatum were produced on all lesions and colonies of C. acutatum were recovered from symptomatic tissues, fulfilling Koch's postulates. Controls (seed immersed in water) remained symptomless. The pathogenicity test was repeated with similar results. The pathogen has been recorded on mung bean sprouts in Korea (2) and on other Vigna spp. in India (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of sprout rot of mung bean caused by C. acutatum in Taiwan. References: (1) B. J. Dyko and J. E. M. Mordue. No. 630 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria. CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1979. (2) D. K. Kim et al. Plant Pathol. J. 19:203, 2003. (3) K. P. R. Prasanna. Seed Sci. Technol. 13:821, 1985. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, New York, 1990.
First Report of Limber Pine Dwarf Mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum) on Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana) from California
Authors: Mathiasen R. , Daugherty C. 
Published: December 2009

Limber pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium cyanocarpum (A. Nelson ex Rydberg) Coulter & Nelson; Viscaceae) severely parasitizes limber pine (Pinus flexilis James) and several other white pines, including western white pine (P. monticola Dougl. ex D. Don) and whitebark pine (P. albicaulis Engelm.), over an extensive geographic range in the western United States (1). However, limber pine dwarf mistletoe has not been previously reported on sugar pine (P. lambertiana Dougl.), another white pine found within the range of limber pine dwarf mistletoe (1). In August 2009, we found a sugar pine infected with limber pine dwarf mistletoe approximately 0.8 km northeast of Tahquitz Peak in the San Jacinto Mountains, California (33°45′24′′N, 116°40′24′′W; elevation 2,640 m). The infected sugar pine was 13 inches (33 cm) in diameter and had 13 infections on five of its lower branches. Ten of the infections were producing mature male and female mistletoe plants with open flowers or developing fruits, respectively. Two of the infected branches were forming witches' brooms in response to infection by limber pine dwarf mistletoe. The infected sugar pine was growing within 3 m of four limber pines severely infected with limber pine dwarf mistletoe. The male and female plants produced on the infected sugar pine were morphologically identical to those growing on the infected limber pines. Limber pine dwarf mistletoe can be distinguished from sugar pine dwarf mistletoe (A. californicum Hawksw. & Wiens), the principal dwarf mistletoe parasitizing sugar pine in California, by its smaller plants (mean height 3 cm versus 8 cm) and flowering period (August to September versus June to July). In an attempt to determine the relative susceptibility of sugar pine to limber pine dwarf mistletoe, we conducted a survey of the infested limber pine stand. Because there were no additional sugar pines growing in the area, it was impossible to assess the general susceptibility of sugar pine to limber pine dwarf mistletoe, but the production of many mature plants from 10 of the infections on the sugar pine suggests this tree species may be highly susceptible. However, this is currently the only known location where sugar pine co-occurs with limber pine dwarf mistletoe (1), so assessing the susceptibility of sugar pine to this dwarf mistletoe will depend on locating additional sites where they co-occur. It should be noted also that previous surveys in the San Jacinto Mountains failed to detect infection by limber pine dwarf mistletoe on sugar pine (1). Specimens of limber pine dwarf mistletoe on sugar pine were collected and deposited at the Deaver Herbarium (ASC), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff (Accession No. 92697). To our knowledge, this is the first report of limber pine dwarf mistletoe parasitizing sugar pine. References: (1) F. G. Hawksworth and D. Wiens. USDA For. Serv. Agric. Handb. 709, 1996.
Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma: An update focusing on risk factors
Authors: Shin Hai‐Rim , Oh Jin‐Kyoung , Masuyer Eric , Curado Maria‐Paula , Bouvard Veronique , Fang Yue‐Yi , Wiangnon Surapon , Sripa Banchob , Hong Sung‐Tae 
Published: December 2009

(Cancer Sci2010; 101: 579–585)Cholangiocarcinoma is relatively rare, but high incidence rates have been reported in Eastern Asia, especially in Thailand. The etiology of this cancer of the bile ducts appears to be mostly due to specific infectious agents. In 2009, infections with the liver flukes,Clonorchis sinensisorOpistorchis viverrini,were both classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer for cholangiocarcinoma. In addition, a possible association between chronic infection with hepatitis B and C viruses and cholangiocarcinoma was also noted. The meta‐analysis of published literature revealed the summary relative risks of infection with liver fluke (bothOpistorchis viverriniandClonorchis sinensis), hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus to be 4.8 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 2.8–8.4), 2.6 (95% CI: 1.5–4.6), and 1.8 (95% CI: 1.4–2.4), respectively – liver fluke infection being the strongest risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma. Countries where human liver fluke infection is endemic include China, Korea, Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. The number of infected persons withClonorchis sinensisin China has been estimated at 12.5 million with considerable variations among different regions. A significant regional variation inOpistorchis viverriniprevalence was also noted in Thailand (average 9.6% or 6 million people). The implementation of a more intensive preventive and therapeutic program for liver fluke infection may reduce incidence rates of cholangiocarcinoma in endemic areas. Recently, advances have been made in the diagnosis and management of cholangiocarcinoma. Although progress on cholangiocarcinoma prevention and treatment has been steady, more studies related to classification and risk factors will be helpful to develop an advanced strategy to cure and prevent cholangiocarcinoma.
‘Pains of imprisonment’: narratives of the women partners and children of the incarcerated
Authors: Chui Wing Hong 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper focuses on an important line of inquiry in contemporary criminal justice social work research: the collateral consequences of incarceration in the Chinese context. It gives an insight into the impact of incarceration on families from an insider's perspective. An analysis of interviews with 10 partners and 10 children yielded three major themes concerning the impact of imprisonment: the problems associated with the imprisonment of a family member, the coping strategies used and views on the importance of maintaining family ties. It is hoped that this study will give practical guidance regarding what should be done, and how, to reduce the negative consequences brought about by the absence (temporary or permanent) of the imprisoned on their families, including both their partners and vulnerable children.
Administration of a probiotic associated with nasal vaccination with inactivated Lactococcus lactis-PppA induces effective protection against pneumoccocal infection in young mice
Authors: Vintiñi E , Villena J , Alvarez S , Medina M 
Published: December 2009

Summary
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries, where available vaccines are not part of the vaccination calendar. We evaluated different respiratory mucosa immunization protocols that included the nasal administration of Lactococcus lactis-pneumococcal protective protein A (PppA) live, inactivated, and in association with a probiotic (Lc) to young mice. The animals that received Lc by the oral and nasal route presented the highest levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)A and IgG anti-PppA antibodies in bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) and IgG in serum, which no doubt contributed to the protection against infection. However, only the groups that received the live and inactivated vaccine associated with the oral administration of the probiotic were able to prevent lung colonization by S. pneumoniae serotypes 3 and 14 in a respiratory infection model. This would be related to a preferential stimulation of the T helper type 1 (Th1) cells at local and systemic levels and with a moderate Th2 and Th17 response, shown by the cytokine profile induced in BAL and by the results of the IgG1/IgG2a ratio at local and systemic levels. Nasal immunization with the inactivated recombinant strain associated with oral Lc administration was able to stimulate the specific cellular and humoral immune response and afford protection against the challenge with the two S. pneumoniae serotypes. The results obtained show the probiotic-inactivated vaccine association as a valuable alternative for application to human health, especially in at-risk populations, and are the first report of a safe and effective immunization strategy using an inactivated recombinant strain.
Flk-1+ mesenchymal stem cells aggravate collagen-induced arthritis by up-regulating interleukin-6
Authors: Chen B , Hu J , Liao L , Sun Z , Han Q , Song Z , Zhao R C 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe immunomodulatory ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be used to develop therapies for autoimmune diseases. Flk-1+ MSCs are a population of MSCs with defined phenotype and their safety has been evaluated in Phase 1 clinical trials. We designed this study to evaluate whether Flk-1+ MSCs conferred a therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of rheumatic arthritis, and to explore the underlying mechanisms. Flk-1+ MSCs, 1–2 × 106, were injected into CIA mice on either day 0 or day 21. The clinical course of arthritis was monitored. Serum cytokine profile was determined by cytometric bead array kit or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Flk-1+ MSCs and splenocytes co-culture was conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms. Flk-1+ MSCs did not confer therapeutic benefits. Clinical symptom scores and histological evaluation suggested aggravation of arthritis in mice treated with MSCs at day 21. Serum cytokine profile analysis showed marked interleukin (IL)-6 secretion immediately after MSC administration. Results of in vitro culture of splenocytes confirmed that the addition of Flk-1+ MSCs promoted splenocyte proliferation and increased IL-6 and IL-17 secretion. Moreover, splenocyte proliferation was also enhanced in mice treated with MSCs at day 21. Accordingly, MSCs at low concentrations were found to promote lipopolysaccharide-primed splenocytes proliferation in an in vitro co-culture system. We propose that Flk-1+ MSCs aggravate arthritis in CIA model by at least up-regulating secretion of IL-6, which favours Th17 differentiation. When Flk-1+ MSCs are used for patients, we should be cautious about subjects with rheumatoid arthritis.