bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bleaching of a discoloured non‐vital tooth: use of a sodium perborate/water paste as the bleaching agent
Authors: MACEY‐DARE L. V. , WILLIAMS B. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Bleaching materials containing hydrogen peroxide have been used successfully for the treatment of discoloured non‐vital teeth; however, their use has occasionally been associated with external root resorption. Some evidence exists that sodium perborate mixed with water is as effective as sodium perborate mixed with hydrogen peroxide. A case is presented which supports this and a step‐by‐step technique is described.Résumé.Blanchin ent de dents non‐vitales décolorées: utilisation d'une pâte eau/perborate de sodium comme agent blanchissantLes produits blanchissants contenant du peroxyde d'hydrogéne ont été utilisés avec succès pour le traitement des dents non‐vitales décolorées; mais leur utilisation a été quelquefois associée à des résorptions externes des racines. Il semble que le perborate de sodium mélangé à l'eau est aussi efficace que le perborate de sodium mélangé a l'eau est aussi efficace que le perborate de sodium mélangé au peroxyde d'hydrogéne. Le cas présenté conforte cette hypothèse et le pas‐à‐pas de cette technique est décrit.Zusammenfassung.Das Bleichen von verfärbten devitaler Zähne mit einer Paste aus Natriumperborate und WasserBis anhin wurde Wasserstoffsu‐peroxyd erfolgreich als Bleichungsmittel devitaler Zähne angewendet, obwohl diese Methode von Zeit zur Zeit zu externen Wurzelresorbitionen führte. Es gibt Beweise, dass Natrium‐perborat gemischt mit Wasser ebenso wirksam ist. Ein Fall wird vorgestellt welcher diese These unterstüzt. Eine schrittweise Technik wird beschrieben.Resumen.Blancqueamiento de un diente no vital descolorado: el uso de una pasta de perborato sÓdico/agua como agente blanqueadorLos materiales blanqueadores conteniendo perÓxido de hidrÓgeno han sido utilizados con mucho éxito para el tratamiento de dientes no vitales descolorados; sin embargo, su uso ha sido ocasionalmente asociado a reabsorciones radiculares externas. Existe evidencia de que el perborato sÓdico mezclado con agua es tan efectivo como el perÓxido de hidrÓgeno. Se presenta un caso el cual dá soporte a este material y se describe la técnica paso a paso.
Testing alternate ecological approaches to seagrass rehabilitation: links to life‐history traits
Authors: Irving Andrew D. , Tanner Jason E. , Seddon Stephanie , Miller David , Collings Greg J. , Wear Rachel J. , Hoare Sonja L. , Theil Mandee J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Natural resources and ecosystem services provided by the world’s major biomes are increasingly threatened by anthropogenic impacts. Rehabilitation is a common approach to recreating and maintaining habitats, but limitations to the success of traditional techniques necessitate new approaches. 2. Almost one‐third of the world’s productive seagrass meadows have been lost in the past 130 years. Using a combined total of three seagrass species at seven sites over 8 years, we experimentally assessed the performance of multiple rehabilitation methods that utilize fundamentally different ecological approaches. 3. First, traditional methods of transplantation were tested and produced varied survival (0–80%) that was site dependent. Secondly, seedling culture and outplanting produced poor survival (2–9%) but reasonable growth. Finally, a novel method that used sand‐filled bags of hessian to overcome limitations of traditional techniques by facilitating recruitment and establishment of seedlings in situ produced recruit densities of 150–350 seedlings m−2, with long‐term survival (up to 38 months) ranging from 0 to 72 individuals m−2. 4. Results indicate that facilitating seagrass recruitment in situ using hessian bags can provide a new tool to alleviate current limitations to successful rehabilitation (e.g. mobile sediments, investment of time and resources), leading to more successful management and mitigation of contemporary losses. Hessian bags have distinct environmental and economic advantages over other methods tested in that they do not damage existing meadows, are biodegradable, quick to deploy, and cost less per hectare (US$16 737) than the estimated ecosystem value of seagrass meadows (US$27 039 year−1). 5. Synthesis and applications. This research demonstrates how exploring alternate ecological approaches to habitat rehabilitation can expand our collective toolbox for successfully re‐creating complex and productive ecosystems, and alleviate the destructive side‐effects and low success rates of more traditional techniques. Moreover, new methods can offer economic and environmental solutions to the restrictions placed upon managers of natural resources.
Species recruitment in alpine plant communities: the role of species interactions and productivity
Authors: Klanderud Kari 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. It is not clear how local and regional processes influence plant species recruitment. Local abiotic factors are predicted to constrain recruitment under harsh environmental conditions and low productivity, whereas the role of seed availability may be more important at intermediate productivity. The role of establishment limitation (local interactions) is predicted to increase under high productivity due to competition.2. This study examined the effects of local biotic interactions, such as competition and facilitation from the resident vegetation, on alpine plant species recruitment, and investigated whether the role of species interactions depended on productivity. All naturally emerging seedlings were recorded in plots with intact vegetation and where vegetation had been removed, in a natural low‐productivity alpineDryasheath and in plots where productivity had increased after fertilizing.3. Positive effects of vegetation removal on seedling emergence suggested that competition from neighbour vegetation may have an important role for recruitment in alpine plant communities. The role of competitive release increased with productivity. Productivity increased short‐term, but not long‐term seedling recruitment, likely due to increased competition from re‐growth over time. There was no effect of productivity on species richness recovery after vegetation removal.4. There was a positive relationship between neighbour species richness and seedling density in the low‐productivity plots, but not in the high‐productivity plots. Local seed production was the major seed source in both parts of the heath, but in the high‐productivity plots, the high abundance of a few species in the species pool was more important for seedling recruitment than species richness.5. Synthesis. Competition may play a significant role for plant species recruitment in environmentally harsh habitats of low productivity, where abiotic factors or facilitation traditionally are predicted to be more important ecological filters. Climate warming and increased nitrogen deposition may result in higher productivity of tundra plant communities, which may increase the role of competition, and the identity of neighbour species may become more important for recruitment than species richness.
Reviewing methodologically disparate data: a practical guide for the patient safety research field
Authors: Brown Katrina F. , Long Susannah J. , Athanasiou Thanos , Vincent Charles A. , Kroll J. Simon , Sevdalis Nick 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article addresses key questions frequently asked by researchers conducting systematic reviews in patient safety. This discipline is relatively young, and asks complex questions about complex aspects of health care delivery and experience, therefore its studies are typically methodologically heterogeneous, non‐randomized and complex; but content rich and highly relevant to practice. Systematic reviews are increasingly necessary to drive forward practice and research in this area, but the data do not always lend themselves to ‘standard’ review methodologies. This accessible ‘how‐to’ article demonstrates that data diversity need not preclude high‐quality systematic reviews. It draws together information from published guidelines and experience within our multidisciplinary patient safety research group to provide entry‐level advice for the clinician‐researcher new to systematic reviewing, to non‐biomedical research data or to both. It offers entry‐level advice, illustrated with detailed practical examples, on defining a research question, creating a comprehensive search strategy, selecting articles for inclusion, assessing study quality, extracting data, synthesizing data and evaluating the impact of your review. The article concludes with a comment on the vital role of robust systematic reviews in the continuing advancement of the patient safety field.
Application of (lamellar) keratoplasty and limbal stem cell transplantation for corneal clouding in the mucopolysaccharidoses – a review
Authors: Pinello Luisa , Busin Massimo , Fontana Luigi , Dua Harminder S 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCorneal clouding or opacification is a prominent feature of mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS), particularly in MPS I and VI. In patients with marked corneal clouding and visual impairment, penetrating keratoplasty may be considered to improve the patient's vision, functional capacity and quality of life. In MPS, glycosaminoglycans mainly accumulate in the corneal stroma and not in Descemet's membrane or the endothelium, therefore deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) may be preferred in these patients over penetrating keratoplasty. Although there are only limited data on the use of DALK in MPS (I and VI) patients, the results are generally favourable. Nonetheless, when deciding on whether to perform keratoplasty in patients with MPS, the risk of general anaesthesia due to potential concomitant cardio‐pulmonary problems and cervical spine instability, the potential presence of other ocular manifestations that also impair vision (e.g. glaucoma, retinal degeneration and optic atrophy) and/or complications such as allograft rejection and the risk of re‐opacification of the graft, all need to be taken into consideration. Limbal stem cell transplantation, which can be combined with keratoplasty, also holds potential promise in the treatment of these complex cases. A review of the indications, local and systemic risks, techniques of lamellar and penetrating keratoplasty, and the potential of limbal stem cell transplantation is provided in the context of corneal opacity in MPS.
Relationship of angiogenesis and p53 protein expression in colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Sarioglu S. , Sökmen S. , Terzi C. , Özer E. , Füzün M. , Küpelioglu A. 
Published: August 2010

ObjectiveRecently, new functions have been attributed to the p53 protein, particularly a prominent role in the regulation of angiogenesis. Tumours expressing mutant forms of p53 protein may be associated with increased angiogenesis. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between p53 protein expression and the quantitative expression of tumour angiogenesis in colorectal carcinomas.Patients and methodsSections from paraffin‐embedded blocks from 46 patients with primary colorectal carcinomas that had been completely removed were analysed. p53 protein expression and all vascular structures were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The vessel parameters of angiogenesis including vascular surface density (VSD), number of vessels per mm2 (NVES) and number of vessels in unit area (n) were assessed by morphometry. Mann–Whitney U‐test was used for comparing the extent of neovascularization in p53‐positive and ‐negative cases.ResultsTwenty‐four (52%) cases were p53+ and 22 (48%) were p53−. Mean VSD, NVES and n values for p53 protein‐positive and ‐negative groups were as follows: VSD 96.7 ± 65.4/mm vs 79.6 ± 45.24/mm; NVES 104.8 ± 97.5/mm2vs 62.2 ± 44.3/mm2; n 79.7 ± 74.2 vs 52 ± 35.7, respectively. There was no association between the angiogenesis parameters and p53‐positive and ‐negative cases, when VSD (P=0.226) or n (P=0.176) were considered, but a statistically significant difference was obtained for NVES values (P=0.035).ConclusionThe authors concluded that tumoural angiogenesis assayed by morphometric investigation in colorectal carcinomas might be related to p53 protein expression when NVES is considered. This finding supports the possible role of p53 protein in increased angiogenesis in colorectal tumours.
A multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with recurrence following surgery for Crohn’s disease
Authors: Platell C. , Mackay J. , Woods R. 
Published: August 2010

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the recurrence of Crohn’s disease (CD) after definitive surgery.Patients and methodsA retrospective review was conducted on 228 patients with histologically proven CD who had undergone surgery to remove macroscopic disease. Recurrence was defined as the requirement to undergo further surgery for symptomatic CD. Logistic linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between 16 independent variables and the incidence of recurrent disease.ResultsThe male to female ratio was 1:1.3, the mean age at operation was 32 years (range 11–93 years), and the patients were followed post‐operatively for a mean of 58 months (range 1–396 months). Survival analysis found that 29.2% of patients had a recurrence of CD at 5 years, and 46.0% at 10 years. Univariate analysis identified the following factors which were significant predictors for recurrence—an abscess as an indication for surgery, the absence of Mesalazine/Sulphasalazine therapy in the preoperative period, length of follow up, development of post‐operative septic complications (abscess, anastomotic leak, fistula formation), and the presence of anal disease (perianal fistula, abscess, rectovaginal fistula, anal ulceration). The only significant independent predictors for recurrence were follow‐up time (P=0.04, odds ratio (OR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.01) and the absence of preoperative Mesalazine/Sulphasalazine therapy (P=0.05, OR 2.02, 95% CI 0.99–4.13).ConclusionThe results suggest that the use of Mesalazine/Sulphasalazine before surgery influenced the subsequent recurrence of CD. The clinical relevance of this observation requires further validation.
Surveillance colonoscopies for colorectal polyps – too often, too many! An Audit at a Large District General Hospital
Authors: John B. J. , Irukulla S. , Pilgrim G. , Swift I. , Abulafi A. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction  The British society of Gastroenterologists (BSG) have laid down guidelines for surveillance colonoscopies in patients with large bowel adenomatous polyps. However, numerous studies have shown the gross over‐utilization of colonoscopic services in their management. We audited our practice of polyp management and looked at guideline compliance amongst patients on our colonoscopic surveillance list.Method  All patients undergoing adenoma surveillance and those with newly detected adenomas over a 2‐month period were included in the first loop of the audit. Data on the colonoscopic findings, histology and management were retrieved from paper and on‐line records. The BSG guidelines were printed, laminated and displayed in the colorectal clinics. Following this, we re‐audited (second loop) our practice. In the second part of the study, we randomly retrieved 533/1800 case notes from our colonoscopic waiting list. Amongst those on surveillance for polyps, compliance was ascertained as regards need for procedure and appropriateness of surveillance interval.Findings  Fifty‐four patients were included in the first loop and 59 during the second loop of the audit. Guidelines were followed in 16% (4/25, 95% CI: 0.054–0.33) of patients in the first loop and 46.5% (13/28, 95% CI: 0.293–0.642) in the second loop (P = 0.017). Of the patients on our colonoscopic waiting list for adenomatous polyps, 17.7% satisfied guidelines, 23.4% did not require any further surveillance and 58.9% were booked for a procedure earlier than recommended.Conclusion  The mere framing of guidelines is insufficient to improve clinical practice. Strategies to improve implementation need to be explored. Audit of individual practice is recommended.
Operationalizing governability: a case study of a Lake Malawi fishery
Authors: Song Andrew Moonseok , Chuenpagdee Ratana 
Published: August 2010

AbstractGovernability is seen as an adjustment process between governing needs and governing capacities. Understanding these two aspects and the interplay between them in a governance setting would pave a way for managing the pervasive difficulties confronting fisheries. In this study, we demonstrate how to operationalize the concept of governability by applying governability assessment framework to an inland fishery in the Southeast Arm of Lake Malawi. First, the needs and the demands of the natural and socio‐economic aspects of the lake fishery system are examined according to four properties – diversity, complexity, dynamics and scale. Similarly, the capacities of the governing system are assessed. The characteristics of the governing interactions between these systems are next explored to provide a basis for improving governability. Assessment findings produce a systematic and holistic image of the fishery, and offer some insights into key governance issues and processes. In the Southeast Arm fishery, these include taking a close look at the internal, normative drivers of illegal fishing to ease the socio‐economic complexity and streamlining the institutional structure to boost governing capacity.
Teaching Quaternions is not Complex
Authors: McDonald J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Quaternions are used in many fields of science and computing, but teaching them remains challenging. Students can have a great deal of trouble understanding essentially what quaternions are and how they can represent rotation matrices. In particular, the similarity transform  which actually achieves rotation, can often be baffling even after students have seen a full derivation. This paper outlines a constructive method for teaching quaternions, which allows students to build intuition about what quaternions are, and why simple multiplication is not adequate to represent a rotation. Through a set of examples, it demonstrates exactly how quaternions relate to rotation matrices, what goes wrong when qv is naively used to rotate vectors, and how the similarity transform fixes the problem.
Tone Mapping Operators on Small Screen Devices: An Evaluation Study
Authors: Urbano C. , Magalhães L. , Moura J. , Bessa M. , Marcos A. , Chalmers A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract In the last decade, an increasing number of techniques have been developed to reproduce high dynamic range imagery on traditional displays. These techniques, known as Tone Mapping Operators (TMOs), have been compared and ranked in different ways according to several image characteristics. However, none of these algorithms has been developed specifically for small screen devices (SSD). In this paper, we present an evaluation of currently used TMOs to show that SSDs with limited size, resolution and colour depth require specific research to find or create an appropriate solution. The research described in this paper is based on psychophysical experiments; using three different types of displays (CRT, LCD and SSD). The obtained results show that rankings obtained are similar for the LCD and CRT but are significantly different for the SSD. Furthermore, these rankings show additionally that some characteristics of TMOs need to be emphasized to obtain better high‐fidelity mapped images for SSDs.
THE WHITE PAPER ON INDUSTRIAL AND LABOUR POLICY
Authors: BURCHARDT. F. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWe may summarize as follows the main conclusions arising from this discussion of the White Paper:(1) The drift of inflation can be stopped by general rationing. Wage increases are the result rather than the cause of inflation. A pegging of wages by the State would impair the war effort and would not stop a further rise in prices in the near future.(2) The democratic machinery for settling labour questions could be fully maintained, if the principle of general rationing were accepted. Bargaining would be for a fair share in the present—more or less fixed—supply of consumers' goods by strictly designed rationing and for a fair share in national savings which Mr. Keynes has termed ‘deferred consumption. ’(3) To secure the best managers for the real resources of the country ‘Rationalization Councils’ could be set up to transfer wasteful or non‐co‐operative managers to other employment and to give scope to good managers irrespective of property or other established privileges.(4) In order to avoid an extension of methods of compulsion, considerations should be given to obtain the fullest co‐operation of labour in the war effort through suitable organizations agreed upon by trade unions and the Government. They might stand a greater chance of success than similar attempts in 1917‐18 if the unsettling effects of the vicious spiral which made a rational solution of labour questions impossible in the last war and up till now in this war, are broken by general rationing. Once this fundamental issue of our war economic order has been settled, all other labour questions will become manageable and can be solved in a democratic way by consent.
The Importance of Northern Ireland for Criminal Justice Research in Great Britain
Authors: Pease Ken , Morrissey Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper introduces the special Ulster issue of the Journal. It argues that Ulster offers enough similarities with other jurisdictions in the British Isles to enable comparison, and enough distinctive features to make such comparison interesting. The papers in the issue are briefly commented upon. This paper goes on to identify a number of topics not dealt with in this issue where comparative research may be fruitful. These include: conditional release from prison; trends in crime reporting and clear‐up rates; the problems of maintaining civil rights at times of civil conflict; and the role of private security services in law enforcement.
Temporal expression of calcium/calmodulin‐dependent adenylyl cyclase isoforms in rat articular chondrocytes: RT‐PCR and immunohistochemical localization
Authors: Memon Ismail , Khan Khalid M. , Siddiqui Sammer , Perveen Siddiqa , Ishaq Muhammad 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA multitude of signalling cascades are implicated in the homeostasis of articular chondrocytes. However, the identity of these signalling pathways is not fully established. The 3, 5′‐cyclic AMP‐mediated signalling system is considered to be a prototype. Adenylyl cyclase (AC) is an effector enzyme responsible for the synthesis of cAMP. There are 10 mammalian AC isoforms and some of these are differentially regulated by calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM). Ca2+ is known to play an important role in the development and maintenance of skeletal tissues. Ca2+/CaM‐dependent AC isoforms and their temporal expression in articular chondrocytes in rats were identified using RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry techniques. All Ca2+/CaM‐dependent AC isoforms were expressed in chondrocytes from all age groups examined. Each isoform was differentially expressed in developing and adult articular chondrocytes. Generally, expression of AC isoforms was observed to increase with age, but the increase was not uniform for all Ca2+/CaM‐dependent AC isoforms. Expression of Ca2+/CaM‐dependent AC isoforms along with other signalling molecules known to be present in articular chondrocytes indicate complicated and multifactorial signalling cascades involved in the development and homeostasis of articular cartilage. The significance of these findings in terms of articular chondrocyte physiology is discussed.