bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Passive Anaphylaxis following the immediate injection of Antigen after Antiserum
Authors: Dean H. R. , Williamson R. , Taylor G. L. 
Published: May 2009

1. Our experiments show that an intravenous injection of antigen immediately after an intravenous injection of antiserum in the guinea-pig were followed by:(a) Acute shock and death within 5 min. The signs and post-mortem appearances were indistinguishable from acute anaphylactic shock as typically seen in the guinea-pig. Some control animals injected with antiserum only died in a way similar to those which received both antiserum and antigen. These are discussed in detail in the body of the paper.(b) Delayed shock and death some hours later. The post-mortem appearances were those of gastro-intestinal congestion and haemorrhage resembling the changes seen in dogs dying of anaphylactic shock. Such changes were never seen in the control animals.(c) Recovery. Practically all the animals which recovered had symptoms of respiratory embarrassment immediately following the injections of anti-serum and antigen and many had later symptoms of abdominal shock. The animals which were given an injection of antiserum only rarely had any symptoms and never abdominal symptoms.2. It is necessary to test the antisera used by control inoculation since some antisera aretoxic.
A comparative study of the reaction in vivo and in vitro of rabbit tissues to infection with bovine tubercle bacilli: Part I. Observations on rabbit spleen infected in vitro
Authors: Fell Honor B. , Brieger E. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The effect of virulent bovine tubercle bacilli on rabbit tissue in vitro was studied.2. When normal spleen cultures were infected in vitro the cells actively phago- cyted the bacilli. At first the phagocytes tolerated the organisms, and in the course of their wanderings spread the infection throughout the tissue. Some infected cells even underwent mitotic division.3. Eventually the infected cells broke down, and the freed bacilli continued to grow in the tissue. Fourteen days after infection, outgrowth had usually ceased and the explants were almost completely replaced by bacilli.4. Actively growing spleen cultures were unable to suppress even a slight infection with virulent bovine bacilli.5. No tubercles were formed in the cultures.6. There were no indications ofan exotoxic action of the bacilli on the cells in tissue culture, an densely infiltrated explants were often surrounded by a large zone ofoutgrowth.
Strain differences in the Newcastle disease virus
Authors: Macpherson L. W. , Swain R. H. A. 
Published: May 2009

The biological characters of eight strains of the Newcastle disease virus, isolated in different parts of the world between 1933 and 1951, have been studied and compared in detail.Two types of the virus have been distinguished, one from the Newcastle disease prevalent in Europe and Australia, the other from that occurring in the United States of America.Viruses of the first type are highly virulent, multiply rapidly and successively develop the properties of infectivity, haemagglutination and haemolysis. Their haemagglutination pattern is constant and wide; they profoundly modify human group O erythrocytes, and they are antigenically homogeneous.Viruses of the second type are of weaker virulence. They grow at a slower rate in the allantoic cavity of the chick embryo, and the development of their characters is retarded; they have a reduced haemagglutination pattern and only a minimum capacity to modify human group O cells. Antigenically strains of the second type are homogeneous.From haemagglutination inhibition and absorption studies it is concluded that major antigens are shared by both types, and that the first type possesses one or more antigens lacking in the second.The highly virulent Canadian TWISS strain possesses the characters of the first type and an antigenic constitution with features of both types.The significance of the results is discussed in relation to the ecology of Newcastle disease.
Infectivity titrations of myxoma virus in the rabbit and the developing chick embryo
Authors: Fenner Frank , McIntyre G. A. 
Published: May 2009

Titrations of the same preparations of myxoma virus have been made on the chorioallantoic membranes of developing chick embryos and by the intradermal inoculation of rabbits. Six strains of widely differing virulence for the rabbit were used.No differences were found in the infectivity of different strains for either the rabbit or the egg, even though the severity of the symptoms produced in the rabbit varied greatly with different strains; and although some had never previously been inoculated in eggs and one had been subjected to seventy-five serial passages on the chorioallantoic membrane.The egg was less sensitive than the rabbit, the mean number of infections per dose for rabbits relative to eggs being 2.46, taken over all strains. This ratio did not differ significantly between strains of myxoma virus.There was evidence of some host variation in rabbit susceptibility and a great deal of variation in egg susceptibility. The maximum value for the average probability that an infectious unit would produce a lesion in the rabbit skin was about 0.6, and the maximum value for the average probability that an infectious unit would produce a pock on the chorioallantoic membrane was 0.25.Titration of several closely spaced dilutions of different strains of the virus on the chorioallantoic membrane showed a reasonably close approximation to a proportional relationship between the pock count and the virus dilution. The change with dilution in the proportion of failures to infect rabbits approximated to expectation. Both lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that a pock or skin lesion is initiated by one infective unit of virus, and that the infective unit is stable with dilution.
The use of live vaccines in experimental Salmonella gallinarum infection in chickens with observations on their interference effect
Authors: Smith H. Williams 
Published: May 2009

1. A good immunity was produced in chickens against oral infection with Salm. gallinarum by the use of either of two live attenuated vaccines, one smooth, 9S and one rough, 9R. Dead vaccines had little or no effect.2. The immunity possessed by chickens vaccinated with 9R at 7 weeks of age commenced to wane 12 weeks later. Chickens similarly vaccinated with 9S were completely immune 4, 12 and 34 weeks later. When tested during the active laying period (at 20 weeks after vaccination) their immunity, although substantial, was not complete.3. Vaccine 9R did not produce demonstrable agglutinins against smooth Salm. gallinarum in chickens. It was non-lethal to 1-day-old chicks and was never found to revert to the smooth virulent form in vitro or in vivo. By contrast, vaccine 9S produced agglutinins and was lethal for 1-day-old chicks, its virulence not being increased by passage. No deaths were ever observed when this vaccine was used in either chickens of 5–12 weeks old or laying hens.4. Although both vaccines produced a good immunity when employed in laying hens, vaccination with 9S was accompanied by a marked reduction in egg production; this was not the case with 9R.5. An immunity of the interference type was also evoked by both live vaccines. This immunity was still produced to some extent in chickens injected with 9S, 2 days after they were infected with Salm. gallinarum by mouth.6. The interference effect could not be produced by the use of either dead Salm. gallinarum vaccines or certain non-specific substances. The intravenous injection of indian ink had a marked adverse effect on the course of the disease. Injecting chickens with a virulent strain of Bacterium coli at the same time as they were infected with Salm. gallinarum resulted in the latter infection running a milder course than would normally have been expected.
The Part Played by Woodland Mosquitoes of the Genus Aëdes in the Transmission of Myxomatosis in England
Authors: Muirhead-Thomson R. C. 
Published: May 2009

1. Myxomatosis was first recorded in England in October 1953 and persisted over the following winter. It was anticipated that an epizootic, similar to those in Australia, would develop during the spring or summer of 1954 and that mosquitoes might be the principal vectors. A study of the sylvan mosquitoes in the area of the first myxomatosis outbreak was therefore made, from April 1954 onwards.2. These mosquitoes (Aëdes spp.) overwinter as larvae, pupate in early May and are adult from mid-May to September. Throughout this period, in 1954, myxomatosis spread slowly in the study area and infected rabbits were abundant.3. Despite the presence of large numbers of Aëdes (particularly A. cartans and A. annulipes) and their persistent attacks upon man, the mosquitoes (except in one case) were not attracted to healthy domestic rabbits exposed in the woods. Aëdes can have little, if any, part in the spread of myxomatosis. Observations made in the cool summer of 1954 were confirmed in the hot summer of 1955.4. Engorged mosquitoes (apart from those which had just fed on the human collector) were never found, so precipitin tests could not be made. The source from which these woodland mosquitoes normally obtain their blood meals remains a mystery.5. In the laboratory, the Aëdes were reluctant to feed on normal, healthy rabbits but fed readily (round the eyes and on the nose) on normal anaesthetized rabbits or comatose myxomatous rabbits. Biting experiments indicated that Aëdes may remain infective for up to 36 days after an infective blood meal.6. Infected Aëdes were recovered from woods containing myxomatous rabbits, and tame rabbits infected by the bites of these mosquitoes developed myxomatous tumours on the nose. Although some Aëdes were thus feeding on wild myxomatous rabbits, the evidence that the mosquitoes did not feed on healthy rabbits indicates that Aëdes were of negligible importance as vectors of myxomatosis.
Solubility of Vi Antigen ofSalmonella Typhi
Authors: Chu David C. Y. , Hoyt Robert E. , Pickett M. J. 
Published: May 2009

The observations reported here show that the T Vi antigen is effective in stimulating antibodies when it is attached to the cells. It is also clear that the Vi antigen is readily removed in aqueous solutions, but in such organic solvents as acetone, chloroform, ether, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride and benzene it is retained by the cell. In alcohol-water mixtures the Vi antigen is progressively more soluble in those solutions where the alcohol concentration is less than 70 %. However, its solubility in water is limited, and by making progressively heavier suspensions it was found that a point is reached at which Vi antigen is retained by the cell, the suspending solution apparently being saturated. Such an aqueous suspension is able to stimulate the production of Vi antibody.The administration of dried organisms in peanut oil resulted in the production of antibodies against both O and Vi antigens. This was in contradistinction to the results obtained when mineral oil, mineral oil + saline, or peanut oil + saline were used: in these cases the O antibody titre was lower and Vi antibodies were produced in low titre or not at all. It seems clear that the presence of water in the vaccine has the effect of removing the antigenicity of the Vi hapten; water-free, vegetable-oil vaccine is suggested by these studies as an effective agent for immunizing against all of the antigens ofSalmonella typhi.The use of such a vaccine in producing active and passive immunity in animals is discussed in the paper which follows.
Infection of sheep and monkeys with Langat virus: cross-protection against other viruses of the Russian spring-summer complex
Authors: O'Reilly K. J. , Smith C. E. Gordon , McMahon Dolores A. , Wilson A. L. , Robertson J. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. The susceptibility of sheep to infection with Langat virus has been studied. No viraemia or symptoms were detected in sheep inoculated either subcutaneously or intracerebrally.2. Only those sheep inoculated intracerebrally with 106·0–108·0 mouse IC LD 50 of virus developed significant quantities of neutralizing antibody.3. Two-thirds of sheep vaccinated with varying doses of Langat virus withstood subcutaneous challenge of louping-ill virus followed by intracerebral starch. All the intracerebrally vaccinated sheep survived this form of challenge but no sheep, whether vaccinated subcutaneously or intracerebrally, withstood intracerebral challenge of louping ill.4. In a field trial, three of ten hoggs vaccinated with Langat virus and exposed to natural louping ill infection at Camlarg and Dalcairnie died of the disease compared with all eight of the non-vaccinated hoggs. At Knockgray, there was no louping ill infection, but 93% of the hoggs from this hirsel developed louping ill antibody after transfer to Camlarg.5. Monkeys infected intracerebrally, subcutaneously or orally with Langat virus showed a low titre viraemia without clinical symptoms or histological changes in the brain and developed high titres of antibody. Vaccinated monkeys challenged with either Central European tick-borne encephalitis or Kyasanur Forest disease viruses remained healthy compared with control monkeys which showed evidence of disease.
Wire mesh screening for the exclusion of houseflies
Authors: Busvine J. R. 
Published: May 2009

Control of houseflies by modern insecticides is becoming unreliable owing to emergence of resistant strains, so that some older measures deserve reconsideration. Exclusion of mosquitoes by gauze has been studied experimentally but not, apparently, of houseflies.Some simple tests show that a suitable gauze to exclude houseflies (and larger insects) would be 10 mesh 32 s.w.g. with an aperture 2·17 mm. square. This compares with a gauze recommended for excluding mosquitoes, 18 mesh and 32 s.w.g. with an aperture 1·16 mm. square.The advantages of the wider gauze for flies are admission of more light and air and lower cost. Some simple experiments on the relative air resistance of mosquito ind fly gauze were made by a method involving retardation of a pendulum by a gauze circle. The results suggest that the obstruction to ventilation is roughly proportional to the percentage obstruction (as with light) which was 20 % for the fly gauze and 36 % with the mosquito gauze.
Combined enteric and cholera vaccination by the intradermal route
Authors: Noble J. E. , Fielding P. 
Published: May 2009

The protection afforded by a combined enteric and cholera vaccine administered by the intradermal route, and demonstrated by active and passive mouse protection tests and agglutination titres, is excellent and equal to that given individually by the component TAB and cholera vaccines.In order to reduce the number of injections required and the unpleasant reactions provoked it is suggested that combined enteric and cholera vaccine administered by the intradermal route is of value, where appropriate, for the vaccination of travellers, and for the rapid protection of non-immune persons in the event of natural disasters or mobilization.
Observations on photodynamic inactivation of vaccinia virus and its effect on immunogenicity
Authors: Turner G. S. , Kaplan C. 
Published: May 2009

Photoinactivation of vaccinia virus sensitized by methylene blue had parameters similar to those observed with other viruses. Thus inactivation proceeded exponentially to completion, was irreversible, independent of temperature and the intensity of illumination. Inactivation was dependent on the dose of illumination and the concentrations of both methylene blue and hydrogen ions. The effects of pH appeared to be primarily concerned with the tenacity of dye-virus binding. Inactivation was inhibited by small amounts of nucleic acid but not by their bases or pentoses. Inactivation was only affected by the presence of extraneous protein in relatively high concentration: it was not affected by the enzymes catalase or peroxidase. Attempts to obtain direct chemical evidence of the participation of viral nucleic acid in photoinactivation were unsuccessful.Recombination experiments strongly indicated the involvement of viral protein in photoinactivation. Immunogenicity was not impaired since good responses of neutralizing antibody were obtained in rabbits immunized with vaccines photoinactivated over a wide range of exposure times.
The progression of herpes simplex virus to the central nervous system of the mouse
Authors: Wildy Peter 
Published: May 2009

1. The strain HFEM of herpes simplex virus is highly virulent for the 5-week-old mouse when inoculated intracerebrally; the LD50 and the ID50 both being close to the egg infectious unit. It is also virulent when given intraspinally.2. When inoculated peripherally it seldom causes nervous symptoms in the normal mouse but regularly does so if inoculated into skin which has previously been given a subcutaneous injection of 10% sodium chloride.3. After intradermal inoculation of pretreated mice with strain HFEM, the paralysis is preceded by the appearance of infective virus in the blood, the sciatic nerve and the central nervous system. Invasion of the central nervous system is prevented by interruption of the local peripheral nerve.4. There is no evidence that virus enters the central nervous system by way of the lymphatics or by direct extension through the tissues.5. After intravenous inoculation virus does not invade the central nervous system unless (a) massive inocula are used or (b) the brain is traumatized by injecting sterile saline. After peripheral inoculation insufficient virus to infect even traumatized brain seems to circulate in the cerebral vessels. Paralysis and invasion of the central nervous system are not prevented by circulating neutralizing antibody given 18 hours after inoculation.It therefore appears that invasion of the central nervous system takes place only by way of the peripheral nerve.
Mercury resistance and tetracycline resistance inStaphylococcus aureus
Authors: Williams R. Fraser 
Published: May 2009

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline to 256 tetracycline-resistant strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswere determined. M.I.C.'s tetracycline were appreciably higher among mercury resistant than among mercury sensitive strains.Mercury resistant strains representing various M.I.C.'s tetracycline grew significantly better in peptone water containing a therapeutic concentration of tetracycline than mercury sensitive strains representing the same range of resistance. The experiment was repeated after both groups had been adapted—or ‘trained’—to grow on agar containing tetracycline, 100µg./ml. The mercury sensitive strains now grew better than the mercury resistant group.The significance of these findings is discussed. It is concluded that tetracycline resistance is more stable and efficient in mercury resistant strains, and that it is probably genetic in origin—the result of mutation and selection. Tetracycline resistance in mercury sensitive strains is possibly the result of ‘training’.The associations and significance of both mercury resistance and tetracycline resistance inStaphylococcus aureusare discussed.
The incidence ofHerpesvirus hominisantibody in the population
Authors: Smith Isabel W. , Peutherer J. F. , MacCallum F. O. 
Published: May 2009

Sera from 1029 individuals, 864 from Edinburgh and 165 from Oxford, have been examined for the presence of antibodies toHerpesvirus hominis. The results of the smaller Oxford survey did not reveal a higher incidence of antibody where direct comparison was possible with those from Edinburgh.The incidence of both complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies in the sera from 710 people in Edinburgh with ages varying from 1 month to 92 years was compared with the more complete of the earlier surveys, and in particular with that of Holzelet al.(1953) in Manchester, England. This comparison revealed a lower incidence of antibody in people under 25 in Edinburgh in 1965.Results obtained with sera from medical students in Oxford and Edinburgh and from nurses in Edinburgh were in agreement with those of previous surveys. The low incidence of antibody in these young people emphasized the possible occupational risk of infection from patients and that primary herpetic infection might be encountered more frequently than before in teenagers and young adults.
The occurrence of neutralizing and complement fixing antibodies in rubella
Authors: Field Anne M. 
Published: May 2009

Neutralization and complement-fixation tests to detect rubella antibody are described. Results of such tests show that between 80 and 95% of adults in England and Wales have neutralizing antibody. The presence of complement-fixing antibody indicates recent infection with rubella virus.Results are presented showing the development of neutralizing and complement-fixing antibody after rubella.Antibody tests on children with congenital rubella and their mothers are detailed. It is noted that higher neutralizing antibody titres are found in this group than in the general population.
Carriage ofStaphylococcus aureusin random samples of a normal population
Authors: Noble W. C. , Valkenburg H. A. , Wolters Caroline H. L. 
Published: May 2009

Nose, throat and finger carriage ofStaphylococcus aureuswas investigated in a series of random samples from a normal European population.No evidence for a seasonal trend in carriage was found but the intersample variation between successive random samples was obtained. The mean nasal carrier rate was 29 % with a standard deviation of 7 %.No association was found between nasal or throat carriage of staphylococci and stay in hospital or antibiotic therapy but respondents with penicillin-resistant staphylococci in the nose had skin infections more frequently than those with penicillin-sensitive strains.Evidence was obtained for a family, perhaps genetic, ‘predisposition’ to carry staphylococci in the nose.
The virulence of T-mycoplasmas, isolated from various animal species, assayed by intramammary inoculation in cattle
Authors: Howard C. J. , Gourlay R. N. , Brownlie J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe virulence of T-mycoplasmas for cattle was tested by examining their ability to produce mastitis in cows. It was found that both virulent and avirulent strains of T-mycoplasmas can be isolated from cattle. All of four strains from pneumonic calf lungs and a strain from a case of bovine kerato-conjunctivitis caused mastitis but only two of four strains isolated from the urogenital tract of cows were virulent. None of the human, simian or canine T-mycoplasmas examined were able to cause mastitis in cattle. However, a bovine strain was found to be capable of causing mastitis in goats. Virulent and avirulent strains from the same and different species contain common antigens detected by the metabolic inhibition test. Pathogenicity could not be shown to be characteristic of any particular serotype. The possibility is raised of some species barrier being responsible for the inability of non-bovine strains to infect cattle.
Interactions of TRIC agents with macrophages and BHK-21 cells observed by electron microscopy
Authors: Lawn A. M. , Blyth W. A. , Taverne Janice 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTRIC agents do not multiply in mouse peritoneal macrophages in culture but have a toxic effect on them, whereas they multiply readily in BHK-21 cells. Sections of macrophages and of BHK-21 cells fixed during the first 90 min after inoculation were examined by electron microscopy. Macrophages ingested all forms of the organism, which were eventually degraded in lysosomes. However, elementary bodies were distinguished from other TRIC particles by the delay in their transfer to lysosomes. BHK-21 cells ingested elementary bodies selectively, and in these cells the organisms were neither found in lysosomes nor degraded. Instead they showed morphological changes that probably represented an early stage of development.