bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propofol and children – what we know and what we do not know
Authors: Rigby‐Jones Ann E. , Sneyd J. Robert 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe pharmacokinetics of propofol are relatively well described in the pediatric population. Recent work has confirmed the validity of allometric scaling for predicting propofol disposition across different species and for describing pediatric ontogenesis. In the first year of life, allometric models require adjustment to reflect ontogeny of maturation. Pharmacodynamic data for propofol in children are scarcer, because of practical difficulties in data collection and the limitations of currently available depth of anesthesia monitors for pediatric use. Hence, questions relating to the comparative sensitivity of children to propofol, and differences in time to peak effect relative to adults, remain unanswered. Keo half‐lives have been determined for pediatric kinetic models using time to peak effect techniques but are not currently incorporated into commercially available target‐controlled infusion pumps.
Temporal diabetes and diuresis‐induced alteration of nerves and vasculature of the urinary bladder in the rat
Authors: Liu Guiming , Li Mei , Vasanji Amit , Daneshgari Firouz 
Published: November 2010

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? Diabetes mellitus seriously affects urinary bladder function. Diabetes induces time‐dependent bladder hypertrophy and altered tissue composition. However, the alterations of the density of nerves and vasculatures in bladder under diabetes remains poorly studied.Diabetes induced time‐dependent changes of density of the nerves and vasculatures in the bladder tissues. In addition, diabetes‐related polyuria plays an important role in this alteration.OBJECTIVE

To characterize the temporal changes of the nerves and vasculature of the bladder in diabetic rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 36 Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into three groups: streptozotocin‐induced diabetics, 5% sucrose‐induced diuretics and age‐matched controls.
The characteristics of the nerves and vasculature in the equatorial cross‐sectional areas of the bladder were examined by immunofluorescence staining of their specific markers, neurofilament 200 (NF200) and CD31, at 1, 9 or 20 weeks after induction.
The distributions of the nerves and blood vessels were observed and the densities were quantified.

RESULTS

Diabetes caused a significant reduction in body weight. Bladder weight increased in diabetic and diuretic rats, but not in controls.
The total cross‐sectional wall area and detrusor muscle area at the equatorial midline were greater in bladders of diabetic and diuretic rats than in controls.
Neurofilament 200‐immunoreactive (NF200‐IR) nerves were mainly distributed in the detrusor muscle. CD31‐immunoreactive blood vessels were mainly distributed in the mucosa/submucosa.
There were no significant differences in the NF200‐IR nerve terminal area among control, diabetic and diuretic groups. However nerve density was decreased at 9 and 20 weeks in the muscle, and at 20 weeks in the mucosa/submucosa in diabetic and diuretic animals.
Blood vessel density decreased in the diabetic and diuretic groups at 20 weeks in the muscle.

CONCLUSIONS

Diabetes induced time‐dependent changes in the density of the nerves and vasculature in the bladder tissues.
Diabetes‐related polyuria plays an important role in these changes.
Tuberculosis in pregnancy
Authors: Mnyani CN , McIntyre JA 
Published: November 2010

Please cite this paper as: Mnyani C, McIntyre J. Tuberculosis in pregnancy. BJOG 2011;118:226–231.Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important infection in women globally. It is responsible for 700 000 deaths annually and is a major contributor to maternal mortality. Mycobacterium tuberculosis/HIV co‐infection is common in areas of high HIV prevalence, and may be associated with significant perinatal and maternal morbidity. Improved diagnosis and treatment of TB in pregnant women are important interventions for both maternal and child health. Controlling TB in pregnancy in high‐prevalence areas requires a range of interventions, including active TB screening in pregnant women, TB preventative therapy for HIV‐infected pregnant women, treatment of active TB and linking mothers and children to TB care services.
Accruals and the Conditional Equity Premium
Authors: GUO HUI , JIANG XIAOWEN 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTAccruals correlate closely with the determinants of the conditional equity premium at both the firm and the aggregate levels. The common component of firm‐level accruals, which cannot be diversified away by aggregation, explains the positive relation between aggregate accruals and future stock market returns. The residual component, which accounts for most variation in firm‐level accruals, is responsible for the negative cross‐sectional relation between firm‐level accruals and future stock returns. Consistent with the risk‐based explanation, aggregate accruals, as a proxy for the conditional equity premium, forecast changes in aggregate economic activity. Moreover, we document a similar comovement of earnings with the conditional equity premium at both the firm and the aggregate levels, which helps explain the negative relation between changes in aggregate earnings and contemporaneous market returns.
Computational Evaluation of Platelet Activation Induced by a Bioprosthetic Heart Valve
Authors: Sirois Eric , Sun Wei 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIt is known that bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) have better hemodynamics and lower thromboembolic events compared with their mechanical counterparts; however, patients implanted with BHVs still face the potential of such complications. The risk of a clinical thromboembolism is on average 0.7% per year in patients with tissue valves in sinus rhythm. In this study, we developed a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model of a BHV implanted in an aortic root and investigated the BHV‐induced platelet activation using a damage accumulation model previously applied to mechanical valves. The CFD model was validated against published experimental data, including the flow velocity profile across the valve and the transvalvular pressure drop, and close matches were obtained. Hemodynamic performance measures such as flow velocity, turbulent kinetic energy, and wall shear stress were explored. Lagrangian particle tracking was used to calculate the extent of platelet activation for central bulk flow and flow in the vicinity of the leaflets. A peak flow of 2.22 m/s was observed at 40 msec after peak systole in the vicinity of a fold at the base of the leaflets. With the platelet activation expressed as 0–100% of activation threshold levels, mean damage on one pass was 2.489 × 10−7% and maximum damage on one pass was 8.778 × 10−4%. Our results suggested that the potential for BHV‐induced platelet activation was low and that the leaflet's fully open geometry might play a role in the extent of blood element damage.
Cycle Testing of the MagScrew Total Artificial Heart External Battery Pack: Update I
Authors: Casas Fernando , Weber Stephan , Klatte Ryan , Goel Vikash , Smith William A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMagScrew total artificial heart (TAH) external battery pack (EBP) cycle bench testing continued over a period of 18 months using two fresh Wilson Greatbatch lithium ion EBPs during continuous charge and discharge cycles under a simulated TAH system current requirement. The same electronic load developed for our initial testing was used to simulate the MagScrew current waveforms typically observed during nominal operation. The current load profiles for this test were modified from the ones previously described and applied to the EBP under test during a voltage‐defined discharge cycle. The test ended when EBP#2 reached end of life at 1450 cycles. At that point, EBP#1 remained healthy with a capacity of 175 min until full discharge. Performance of EBP#2 was still within expected ranges. Performance of EBP#1 exceeded expectations. These differences are probably caused by slight manufacturing changes. More tests will provide additional data to define a statistical distribution to better characterize EBP performance. In conclusion, endurance performance of the EBP remained satisfactory.
Bone Marrow Combined With Dental Bud Cells Promotes Tooth Regeneration in Miniature Pig Model
Authors: Kuo Tzong‐Fu , Lin Hsin‐Chi , Yang Kai‐Chiang , Lin Feng‐Huei , Chen Min‐Huey , Wu Chang‐Chin , Chang Hao‐Hueng 
Published: November 2010

AbstractGrowth factors and morphogens secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) of bone marrow fluid may promote tooth regeneration. Accordingly, a tissue engineering approach was utilized to develop an economical strategy for obtaining the growth factors and morphogens from BMSCs. Unerupted second molar tooth buds harvested from miniature pigs were cultured in vitro to obtain dental bud cells (DBCs). Bone marrow fluid, which contains BMSCs, was collected from the porcine mandible before operation. DBCs suspended in bone marrow fluid were seeded into a gelatin/chondoitin‐6‐sulfate/hyaluronan tri‐copolymer scaffold (GCHT scaffold). The DBCs/bone marrow fluid/GCHT scaffold was autografted into the original alveolar sockets of the pigs. Radiographic and histological examinations were applied to identify the structure of regenerated tooth at 40 weeks postimplantation. The present results showed that one pig developed a complete tooth with crown, root, pulp, enamel, dentin, odontoblast, cementum, blood vessel, and periodontal ligament in indiscriminate shape. Three animals had an unerupted tooth that expressed dentin matrix protein‐1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and osteopontin; and two other pigs also had dental‐like structure with dentin tubules. This study reveals that DBCs adding bone marrow fluid and a suitable scaffold can promote the tooth regeneration in autogenic cell transplantation.
Deficits in oculomotor performance in pediatric epilepsy
Authors: Asato Miya R. , Nawarawong Natalie , Hermann Bruce , Crumrine Patricia , Luna Beatriz 
Published: November 2010

SummaryPurpose:  Given evidence of limitations in neuropsychological performance in epilepsy, we probed the integrity of components of cognition—including speed of processing, response inhibition, and spatial working memory—supporting executive function in pediatric epilepsy patients and matched controls.Methods:  A total of 44 pairs of controls and medically treated pediatric epilepsy patients with no known brain pathology completed cognitive oculomotor tasks, computerized neuropsychological testing, and psychiatric assessment.Key Findings:  Patients showed slower reaction time to initiate a saccadic response compared to controls but had intact saccade accuracy. Cognitively driven responses including response inhibition were impaired in the patient group. Patients had increased incidence of comorbid psychopathology, but comorbidity did not predict worse functioning compared to patients with no Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Epilepsy type and medication status were not predictive of outcome. More complex neuropsychological performance was impaired in tasks requiring visual memory and sequential processing, which was correlated with inhibitory control and antisaccade accuracy.Significance:  Pediatric epilepsy may be associated with vulnerabilities that specifically undermine speed of processing and response inhibition but not working memory, and may underlie known neuropsychological performance limitations. This particular profile of abnormalities may be associated with seizure‐mediated compromises in brain maturation early in development.
Depressive Symptoms, Chronic Diseases, and Physical Disabilities as Predictors of Cognitive Functioning Trajectories in Older Americans
Authors: Chodosh Joshua , Miller‐Martinez Dana , Aneshensel Carol S. , Wight Richard G. , Karlamangla Arun S. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine the concurrent influence of depressive symptoms, medical conditions, and disabilities in activities of daily living (ADLs) on rates of decline in cognitive function of older Americans.DESIGN: Prospective cohort.SETTING: National population based.PARTICIPANTS: A national sample of 6,476 adults born before 1924.MEASUREMENTS: Differences in cognitive function trajectories were determined according to prevalence and incidence of depressive symptoms, chronic diseases, and ADL disabilities. Cognitive performance was tested five times between 1993 and 2002 using a multifaceted inventory examined as a global measure (range 0–35, standard deviation (SD) 6.0) and word recall (range 0–20, SD 3.8) analyzed separately.RESULTS: Baseline prevalence of depressive symptoms, stroke, and ADL limitations were independently and strongly associated with lower baseline cognition scores but did not predict future cognitive decline. Each incident depressive symptom was independently associated with a 0.06‐point lower (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.02–0.10) recall score, incident stroke with a 0.59‐point lower total score (95% CI=0.20–0.98), each new basic ADL limitation with a 0.07‐point lower recall score (95% CI=0.01–0.14) and a 0.16‐point lower total score (95% CI=0.07–0.25), and each incident instrumental ADL limitation with a 0.20‐point lower recall score (95% CI=0.10–0.30) and a 0.52‐point lower total score (95% CI=0.37–0.67).CONCLUSION: Prevalent and incident depressive symptoms, stroke, and ADL disabilities contribute independently to poorer cognitive functioning in older Americans but do not appear to influence rates of future cognitive decline. Prevention, early identification, and aggressive treatment of these conditions may ameliorate the burdens of cognitive impairment.
The Effect of Homebound Status on Older Persons
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Shmotkin Dov , Hazan Haim 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of homebound status of older persons in Israel on mortality, mental health and function, future homebound status, and institutionalization.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analysis using existing data sets of a national survey.SETTING: A national survey.PARTICIPANTS: The analyzed sample was drawn from a representative cohort of 1,191 older persons in Israel (mean age 83.1 ± 5.3) in the first wave of the Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Aging Study and 621 participants in the second wave of the study.MEASUREMENTS: Homebound status, health, function, environment, mental health, distal events, mortality, activities daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), Orientation‐Memory‐Concentration Test, and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Mortality data were recorded from the Israeli National Population Registry.RESULTS: Homebound participants had a significantly higher risk of mortality than their non‐homebound counterparts, even after controlling for background variables, health, and function (risk ratio=1.33, 95% confidence interval=1.08–1.63). In cross‐sectional analysis, homebound status was related to depressed affect even after controlling for demographics, health, and function. In longitudinal analysis, homebound status predicted future depressed affect and ADL and IADL difficulties when controlling for demographics and health, but only IADL prediction was statistically significant when baseline levels of the outcome variable were entered into the regression.CONCLUSION: The results highlight the detrimental effects of homebound status, underscoring the importance of preventing this state, of interventions to assist those who are homebound, and of future research to examine the efficacy and coverage of services to this population.
Cognition Moderates the Relationship Between Facility Characteristics, Personal Impairments, and Nursing Home Residents' Activities of Daily Living
Authors: Wang Jye , Chang Ling‐Hui , Eberly Lynn E. , Virnig Beth A. , Kane Robert L. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether cognition moderates the association between facility‐level characteristics and individual‐level impairments and activity of daily living (ADL) dependency.DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study.SETTINGS: Nursing homes (NHs) in Minnesota.PARTICIPANTS: Four thousand nine hundred forty‐two NH residents admitted to 377 Minnesota NHs during 2004 were followed for 4 to 8 months.MEASUREMENTS: According to the Minimum Data Set (MDS) Cognition Scale 3,132 residents had high cognitive function, and 1,810 had low cognitive function. Total ADL score and scores on three ADL tasks at follow‐up were used as outcome variables. MDS‐derived impairment measures at admission of pain, depression, incontinence, balance dysfunction, and fall history were used to predict ADL changes. Fifteen resident‐level and eight facility‐level control variables were included in all four ADL models.RESULTS: Effects of NHs and impairments on ADLs tended to be weaker for residents with low cognitive function. Bladder incontinence significantly predicted more dependence in total ADLs, toileting, and personal hygiene in both cognitive groups. Balance dysfunction significantly predicted worse total ADLs, toileting, and personal hygiene in the high‐cognition group but only worse toileting function in the low‐cognition group. In neither subgroup did any impairment predict worse eating function. Cognition did not modify the relationships between pain, depression, and recent falls and ADLs.CONCLUSION: Current NH environments and care processes may be inadequate to facilitate ADL changes for residents with severe cognitive impairment. More innovative structural designs, higher staffing levels, and better care processes may be indicated.
Correlates of Alcohol‐Related Discussions Between Older Adults and Their Physicians
Authors: Duru O. Kenrik , Xu Haiyong , Tseng Chi‐Hong , Mirkin Michelle , Ang Alfonso , Tallen Louise , Moore Alison A. , Ettner Susan L. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To identify predictors of alcohol‐related patient–physician discussions.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional study using baseline data from a randomized controlled trial.SETTING: Community‐based group practice.PARTICIPANTS: Thirty‐one physicians in Project Senior Health and Alcohol Risk Education and 3,305 of their patients aged 60 and older who use alcohol and completed a survey that included the Comorbidity Alcohol Risk Evaluation Tool (CARET).MEASUREMENTS: At study baseline, older adults were asked whether alcohol‐related discussions with a physician had occurred in the prior year. This outcome was modeled using logistic regression models with physician random effects. Predictor variables included patient‐level variables such as demographics and seven CARET‐defined risk factors, specifically a medical or psychiatric comorbidity that alcohol might worsen, a potentially alcohol‐related symptom, use of a medication that may interact negatively with alcohol, excessive quantity or frequency of alcohol use, binge drinking, concern from others about drinking, and drinking and driving. Physician‐level predictors (age, sex, years since graduation, specialty) were also included.RESULTS: The probability of reporting alcohol‐related discussions declined with patient age (e.g., odds ratio (OR)=0.40 for patients aged ≥80) and was significantly lower for Latinos (OR=0.38). Drinking and driving (OR=1.69) or concern from others (OR=6.04) were significantly associated with alcohol‐related discussions; having comorbidities or using medications that may interact with alcohol were not.CONCLUSION: Although patient demographics, including age and ethnicity, are associated with the occurrence of alcohol‐related discussions, clinical factors that may negatively interact with alcohol to increase risk are not. This suggests that physicians may not be attuned to the entire spectrum of alcohol‐related risks for older adults.
Alcohol Use Trajectories in Two Cohorts of U.S. Women Aged 50 to 65 at Baseline
Authors: Bobo Janet Kay , Greek April A. , Klepinger Daniel H. , Herting Jerald R. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVES: To examine drinking trajectories followed by two cohorts of older women over 8 to 10 years of follow‐up.DESIGN: Longitudinal analyses of two nationally representative cohorts using semiparametric group‐based models weighted and adjusted for baseline age.SETTING: Study data were obtained from detailed interviews conducted in the home or by telephone.PARTICIPANTS: One cohort included 5,231 women in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) aged 50 to 65 in 1996; the other included 1,658 women in the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) aged 50 to 65 in 1995.MEASUREMENTS: Both cohorts reported any recent drinking and average number of drinks per drinking day using similar but not identical questions. HRS women completed six interviews (one every other year) from 1996 to 2006. NLS women completed five interviews from 1995 to 2003.RESULTS: All trajectory models yielded similar results. For HRS women, four trajectory groups were observed in the model based on drinks per day: increasing drinkers (4.9% of cohort), infrequent and nondrinkers (61.8%), consistent drinkers (25.9%), and decreasing drinkers (7.4%). Corresponding NLS values from the drinks per day model were 8.8%, 61.4%, 21.2%, and 8.6%, respectively. In 2006, the average number of drinks per day for HRS women in the increasing drinker and consistent drinker trajectories was 1.31 and 1.59, respectively. In 2003, these values for NLS women were 0.99 and 1.38, respectively.CONCLUSION: Most women do not markedly change their drinking behavior after age 50, but some increase their alcohol use substantially, whereas others continue to exceed current recommendations. These findings underscore the importance of periodically asking older women about their drinking to assess, advise, and assist those who may be at risk for developing alcohol‐related problems.
A cluster of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 recombinant form escaping detection by commercial genomic amplification assays
Authors: Foglieni Barbara , Candotti Daniel , Guarnori Irene , Raffaele Livia , Berzuini Alessandra , Spreafico Marta , Orani Anna , Rossotti Roberto , Rossi Davide , Allain Jean‐Pierre , Prati Daniele 
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND: Nucleic acid testing (NAT)‐based methods for the detection and quantification of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) RNA are used to increase transfusion safety and to diagnose and manage HIV‐1‐infected patients. We describe a novel HIV‐1 recombinant form associated with lack of reactivity or substantial underestimation of viral load by commercial NAT assays.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We observed a repeat blood donor seroconverting to anti‐HIV in whom HIV RNA was initially undetectable with routine NAT was observed. During donor follow‐up, HIV RNA became detectable, but the viral load was 2 to 3 log lower than measured with other NATs targeting different genome regions. Genome sequencing revealed a novel B/F recombinant with mutations affecting primers and probe annealing accounting for the poor performance of routine NAT. A total of 553 HIV‐1‐infected patients attending the hospital clinic were subsequently tested prospectively using the routine assay and an in‐house assay specifically designed to detect the B/F strains.RESULTS: The routine assay substantially underestimated viremia (1‐5 log) in 19 cases (3.5%), 11 (58%) of which were infected with the same B/F strain observed in the index donor samples. Two other non‐B circulating recombinant forms of HIV‐1 (A/G, B/G subtypes) were identified as poorly detected. Newly introduced NATs targeting two HIV‐1 regions improved assay performance.CONCLUSION: HIV‐1 increasing heterogeneity affects the efficiency of NATs and consequently the safety of the blood supply as well as diagnosis and patient management.