bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION OF NAVIGATION AND ROBOTIC SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER ASSISTED ORTHOPEDIC SURGERY: STATE-OF-ART AND PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: REN HONGLIANG , MENG MAX Q.-H. 
Published: October 2009

In order to help surgeons improve tool insertion accuracy in pelvic-acetabular surgery, it is very important to take advantage of the emerging navigation, guidance and robotics technologies. The computer integrated surgical system is promising for pelvic-acetabular surgery. In most of the procedures of pelvic-acetabular surgery, such as drilling or milling operations, there are many delicate operations involving inserting the tools accurately and precisely in a confined workspace. This article mainly investigates the most important two subsystems: navigation and robotic system, which perform sensing and actuating tasks, respectively. For navigation subsystem, a remark is made between the state-of-art optical tracking systems (OTS). A hybrid tracking method is proposed to integrate optical tracking and inertial sensing techniques, and some preliminary results are given through the proof-of-concepts experiments. For robotics subsystem, we survey the existing studies on the orthopedic compliant robot arms, together with our proposals for the pelvic surgery. We investigate some of the industrial robotics arms with good repeatability and dexterity while positioning the surgical tools.
Presence of the Carcinogen N′-Nitrosonornicotine in the Urine of Some Users of Oral Nicotine Replacement Therapy Products
Authors: Stepanov Irina , Carmella Steven G. , Briggs Anna , Hertsgaard Louise , Lindgren Bruce , Hatsukami Dorothy , Hecht Stephen S. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) is a strong carcinogen present in unburned tobacco and cigarette smoke. We here analyze data obtained in two studies, in which a biomarker of exposure to NNN—the sum of NNN and its pyridine-N-glucuronide, called total NNN—was quantified in the urine of people who had stopped smoking and used various nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products. In 13 of 34 nicotine gum or lozenge users from both studies, total NNN at one or more time points after biochemically confirmed smoking cessation was comparable with, or considerably higher than, the baseline levels. For most of the subjects who used the nicotine patch as a smoking cessation aid, urinary total NNN at all post–quit time points was &lt;37% of their mean baseline levels. These results indicate that endogenous formation of significant amounts of NNN may occur sporadically in some users of oral NRT. Given the carcinogenicity of NNN and the frequent use of nicotine gum as a smoking cessation aid, further studies are needed so that preventive measures can be developed. [Cancer Res 2009;69(21):8236–40]
Whole-Body Sleeping Beauty Mutagenesis Can Cause Penetrant Leukemia/Lymphoma and Rare High-Grade Glioma without Associated Embryonic Lethality
Authors: Collier Lara S. , Adams David J. , Hackett Christopher S. , Bendzick Laura E. , Akagi Keiko , Davies Michael N. , Diers Miechaleen D. , Rodriguez Fausto J. , Bender Aaron M. , Tieu Christina , Matise Ilze , Dupuy Adam J. , Copeland Neal G. , Jenkins Nancy A. , Hodgson J. Graeme , Weiss William A. , Jenkins Robert B. , Largaespada David A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system has been used as a somatic mutagen to identify candidate cancer genes. In previous studies, efficient leukemia/lymphoma formation on an otherwise wild-type genetic background occurred in mice undergoing whole-body mobilization of transposons, but was accompanied by high levels of embryonic lethality. To explore the utility of SB for large-scale cancer gene discovery projects, we have generated mice that carry combinations of different transposon and transposase transgenes. We have identified a transposon/transposase combination that promotes highly penetrant leukemia/lymphoma formation on an otherwise wild-type genetic background, yet does not cause embryonic lethality. Infiltrating gliomas also occurred at lower penetrance in these mice. SB-induced or accelerated tumors do not harbor large numbers of chromosomal amplifications or deletions, indicating that transposon mobilization likely promotes tumor formation by insertional mutagenesis of cancer genes, and not by promoting wide-scale genomic instability. Cloning of transposon insertions from lymphomas/leukemias identified common insertion sites at known and candidate novel cancer genes. These data indicate that a high mutagenesis rate can be achieved using SB without high levels of embryonic lethality or genomic instability. Furthermore, the SB system could be used to identify new genes involved in lymphomagenesis/leukemogenesis. [Cancer Res 2009;69(21):8429–37]
Pegylated Kunitz Domain Inhibitor Suppresses Hepsin-Mediated Invasive Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Li Wei , Wang Bu-Er , Moran Paul , Lipari Terry , Ganesan Rajkumar , Corpuz Racquel , Ludlam Mary J.C. , Gogineni Alvin , Koeppen Hartmut , Bunting Stuart , Gao Wei-Qiang , Kirchhofer Daniel 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The transmembrane serine protease hepsin is one of the most highly upregulated genes in prostate cancer. Here, we investigated its tumor-promoting activity by use of a mouse orthotopic prostate cancer model. First, we compared the tumor growth of low hepsin-expressing LnCaP-17 cells with hepsin-overexpressing LnCaP-34 cells. After implantation of cells into the left anterior prostate lobe, LnCaP-34 tumors not only grew faster based on increased serum prostate-specific antigen levels but also metastasized to local lymph nodes and, most remarkably, invaded the contralateral side of the prostate at a rate of 100% compared with only 18% for LnCaP-17 tumors. The increased tumor growth was not due to nonspecific gene expression changes and was not predicted from the unaltered in vitro growth and invasion of LnCaP-34 cells. A likely explanation is that the in vivo effects of hepsin were mediated by specific hepsin substrates present in the tumor stroma. In a second study, mice bearing LnCaP-34 tumors were treated with a PEGylated form of Kunitz domain-1, a potent hepsin active site inhibitor derived from hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor-1 (Kiapp 0.30 ± 0.02 nmol/L). Treatment of established tumors with PEGylated Kunitz domain-1 decreased contralateral prostate invasion (46% weight reduction) and lymph node metastasis (50% inhibition). Moreover, serum prostate-specific antigen level remained reduced during the entire treatment period, reaching a maximal reduction of 76% after 5 weeks of dosing. The findings show that hepsin promotes invasive prostate tumor growth and metastasis and suggest that active site-directed hepsin inhibition could be effective in prostate cancer therapy. [Cancer Res 2009;69(21):8395–402]
Host Lymphodepletion Enhances the Therapeutic Activity of an Oncolytic Vaccinia Virus Expressing 4-1BB Ligand
Authors: Kim Hong Sung , Kim-Schulze Seunghee , Kim Dae Won , Kaufman Howard L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Oncolytic viral vectors have shown promise as antitumor therapeutic agents but their effectiveness is complicated by induction of antiviral antibody responses and rapid host clearance of recombinant vectors. We developed a recombinant oncolytic vaccinia virus expressing the 4-1BBL T-cell costimulatory molecule (rV-4-1BBL) and showed modest tumor regression in the poorly immunogenic B16 murine melanoma model. To improve the therapeutic potential of this vector, we tested the antitumor activity of local intratumoral injection in the setting of host lymphodepletion, which has been shown to augment vaccination and adoptive T-cell therapy. In this model, rV-4-1BBL injection in the setting of lymphodepletion promoted MHC class I expression, reduced antiviral antibody titers, promoted viral persistence, and rescued effector-memory CD8+ T cells, significantly improving the therapeutic effectiveness of the oncolytic vector. These data suggest that vaccination with rV-4-1BBL in the setting of host nonmyeloablative lymphodepletion represents a logical strategy for improving oncolytic vaccination in melanoma, and perhaps other cancers as well. [Cancer Res 2009;69(21):8516–25]
Morphological and molecular characterisation of Pratylenchus araucensis n. sp. (Pratylenchidae), a root-lesion nematode associated with Musa plants in Colombia
Authors: Múnera Gladis E. , Bert Wim , Decraemer Wilfrida 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Pratylenchus araucensis n. sp., a root-lesion nematode from Musa plants in
Colombia, is described and illustrated. The new species is characterised by
a combination of the following features: female small to medium sized
(376-511 μm) with slender body, lip region with two lip annuli, sometimes an
incomplete third annulus, face view characterised by complete fusion of the
lip sectors to each other and to oral disc, resulting in a plain and smooth
face, anterior surface of the oral disc may be low-conical or flat with
rounded edges, short and robust stylet (mean 15.3 μm), short pharyngeal
glands (mean 24.2 μm), lateral field with four parallel, non-equidistant
lines and middle ridge narrower than outer ones, outer lines with partial
areolation and lines converging posterior to the phasmid which is located at
mid-tail, vulva located at 78% of total body length and lips well developed,
often protruding, posterior uterine sac short (mean 18.1 μm), oval to
slightly round spermatheca filled with round sperm, tail clearly conoid in
half of population but subcylindrical (25%) or continuous grading from
conical to subcylindrical in rest of population, tail terminus variable in
shape, mostly conical rounded or rounded; males abundant, spicule 19 μm
long. The sequence comparison of the D2D3 rDNA expansion region clearly
separates in different clades the new species from P. jaehni, P. loosi and
P. coffeae, the only three described species of Pratylenchus that also
reproduce by amphimixis and which have lip regions with two lip annuli and a
smooth face. Clear autapomorphic characters were present in the D2D3
expansion region of 28S rDNA in all specimens analysed and for both clades
of P. araucensis n. sp. and its sister species P. jaehni.
Rapid decline of PCR amplification from genomic extracts of DESS-preserved, slide-mounted nematodes
Authors: Bik Holly M. , Hawkins Lawrence E. , Hughes J. Alan , Lambshead John D. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Many studies use integrative methods to study both morphology and gene
sequences of nematode species, yet there is little evidence to indicate the
optimum criteria for merging taxonomic and molecular protocols. Preliminary
evidence suggests that standard methods of desiccation and slide mounting
nematode specimens in glycerin can sporadically result in degradation of
genomic DNA. A time series experiment was constructed in order to assess
whether this degradation of genomic DNA could be recorded and quantified.
Two groups of nematode specimens were desiccated, mounted on slides, and
stored at either 4°C or at room temperature for specified time intervals.
Genomic DNA was extracted and PCR was conducted to amplify a section of the
18S rRNA gene at each time point. The resulting gel photographs were used to
record the outcome of PCR and quantify the strength of amplification if
successful. Results from slide-mounted specimens were compared to PCR
products derived from unmounted nematodes extracted directly from the
preservative solution at specified time intervals. The desiccation and slide
mounting process appears to reduce overall band intensity after 1 day in
slide mounts. Unmounted specimens consistently exhibit high success rates of
PCR and a high overall DNA content per band at all time points, whereas
slide-mounted nematodes show a decrease in the number of successful PCRs and
weakening band intensity as time progresses. Results clearly indicate a
steady degradation of genomic DNA in nematodes stored in slide mounts for
more than 2 weeks, whereas unmounted specimens extracted from preservative
solution showed no decline in PCR success or quality. We suggest a maximum
storage period of 2 weeks on slides if mounted nematodes are to be used for
molecular analyses.
Nematicidal activity of compounds extracted from medicinal plants against the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus
Authors: Nguyen Dang-Minh-Chanh , Nguyen Van-Nam , Seo Dong-Jun , Park Ro-Dong , Jung Woo-Jin 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
To investigate in vitro nematicidal activity against the pine wood nematode,
Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, plant methanolic extracts were obtained from 26
medicinal plants and herbs in Vietnam. Of the plant extracts tested, a 10 mg
ml−1 concentration of Cinnamomum cassia bark extract showed the highest
level of nematicidal activity against juvenile and adult B. xylophilus after
treatment for 7 h. The remainder of the plant extracts had little or no
effect on juveniles or adults. Four solvents, n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl
acetate and n-butanol, were used initially to partition the compounds
obtained from C. cassia extracts. The compound (5 mg ml−1) in the n-hexane
fraction showed the highest nematicidal activity at 60 min after treatment.
Compounds III and IV were then separated from the n-hexane fraction using
silica gel plates. These compounds showed very similar activity against the
pine wood nematode. However, treatment with different concentrations of
these compounds resulted in a significant difference in their effects on the
mortality of the pine wood nematode, with greater concentrations leading to
increased mortality after the same exposure time. Overall, treatment with 3
mg ml−1 of compounds III and IV resulted in greater than 95% mortality
against juvenile and adult B. xylophilus at 50 min after treatment.
Intestine ultrastructure of the facultative parasite Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda: Panagrolaimidae)
Authors: Fonderie Pamela , Willems Maxime , Bert Wim , Houthoofd Wouter , Steel Hanne , Claeys Myriam , Borgonie Gaëtan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Halicephalobus gingivalis, classified as a free-living nematode, is a known
facultative parasite of horses, zebras and humans. However, detailed
information concerning its internal morphology is lacking, especially in
relation to possible adaptations to its lifestyle as a facultative parasite.
The research presented here uses TEM and PI staining to analyse the
morphology of the intestine of H. gingivalis. Specimens cultured under
different conditions were included to determine if differences in
ultrastructure are induced by culturing method. TEM analysis revealed that
the intestinal tract comprises a single layer of cells in which nine pairs
of nuclei can be distinguished. Further, unusual dichotomously and
trichotomously branched microvilli were observed next to finger-like
cylindrical microvilli, the latter being the most commonly described form in
nematodes. Finally, three different types of secretion vesicles, i.e.,
spherical (type I), thread-like (type II) and enlarged globular (type III),
occurred independently from each other along the intestinal tract. The
relationship of morphological adaptations of the microvilli to parasitism in
nematodes is discussed.
A phylogenetic tree of nematodes based on about 1200 full-length small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences
Authors: van Megen Hanny , van den Elsen Sven , Holterman Martijn , Karssen Gerrit , Mooyman Paul , Bongers Tom , Holovachov Oleksandr , Bakker Jaap , Helder Johannes 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
As a result of the scarcity of informative morphological and anatomical
characters, nematode systematics have always been volatile. Differences in
the appreciation of these characters have resulted in numerous
classifications and this greatly confuses scientific communication. An
advantage of the use of molecular data is that it allows for an enormous
expansion of the number of characters. Here we present a phylogenetic tree
based on 1215 small subunit ribosomal DNA sequences (ca 1700 bp each)
covering a wide range of nematode taxa. Of the 19 nematode orders mentioned
by De Ley et al. (2006) 15 are represented here. Compared with Holterman et
al. (2006) the number of taxa analysed has been tripled. This did not result
in major changes in the clade subdivision of the phylum, although a decrease
in the number of well supported nodes was observed. Especially at the family
level and below we observed a considerable congruence between morphology and
ribosomal DNA-based nematode systematics and, in case of discrepancies,
morphological or anatomical support could be found for the alternative
grouping in most instances. The extensiveness of convergent evolution is one
of the most striking phenomena observed in the phylogenetic tree presented
here – it is hard to find a morphological, ecological or biological
characteristic that has not arisen at least twice during nematode evolution.
Convergent evolution appears to be an important additional explanation for
the seemingly persistent volatility of nematode systematics.
Differential requirement for Gata1 DNA binding and transactivation between primitive and definitive stages of hematopoiesis in zebrafish
Authors: Belele Christiane L. , English Milton A. , Chahal Jagman , Burnetti Anthony , Finckbeiner Steven M. , Gibney Gretchen , Kirby Martha , Sood Raman , Liu P. Paul 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe transcription factor Gata1 is required for the development of erythrocytes and megakaryocytes. Previous studies with a complementation rescue approach showed that the zinc finger domains are required for both primitive and definitive hematopoiesis. Here we report a novel zebrafish gata1 mutant with an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea–induced point mutation in the C-finger (gata1T301K). The Gata1 protein with this mutation bound to its DNA target sequence with reduced affinity and transactivated inefficiently in a reporter assay. gata1T301K/T301K fish had a decreased number of erythrocytes during primitive hematopoiesis but normal adult hematopoiesis. We crossed the gata1T301K/T301K fish with those carrying the R339X mutation, also known as vlad tepes (vlt), which abolishes DNA binding and transactivation activities. As we reported previously, gata1vlt/vlt embryos were “bloodless” and died approximately 11 to 15 days after fertilization. Interestingly, the gata1T301K/vlt fish had nearly a complete block of primitive hematopoiesis, but they resumed hematopoiesis between 7 and 14 days after fertilization and grew to phenotypically normal fish with normal adult hematopoiesis. Our findings suggest that the impact of Gata1 on hematopoiesis correlates with its DNA-binding ability and that primitive hematopoiesis is more sensitive to reduction in Gata1 function than definitive hematopoiesis.
How I treat hairy cell leukemia
Authors: Grever Michael R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe description of hairy cell leukemia as a specific clinical entity was published 50 years ago. The clinical outcome for patients was hampered by ineffective chemotherapy, and splenectomy was the major therapeutic approach to improve peripheral blood counts. The median survival after diagnosis was 4 years. With the introduction of α-interferon in 1984, marked improvements in patient responses were observed. Shortly thereafter, the introduction of the purine nucleoside analogs transformed this disease into a highly treatable form of leukemia, and patients with the classic form of this rare leukemia now have a near-normal life expectancy. However, other clinical entities mimicking this disease do not respond; thus, accurate diagnosis is important. Immunophenotypic features in classic hairy cell leukemia show that the leukemic cells express CD11c, CD25, CD103, and CD123 and display bright CD20. Despite the high percentage of durable complete remissions with modern therapy, the long-term disease-free survival curves have not reached a plateau. Many patients who achieve a complete remission by morphologic criteria have minimal residual disease demonstrable by either flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining, and this population may be at higher risk for earlier relapse. Continued clinical research is essential to optimize therapy for this disease.
Brief Communication: Economic Comparison of Opportunistic Infection Management With Antiretroviral Treatment in People Living With HIV/AIDS Presenting at an NGO Clinic in Bangalore, India
Authors: John KR , Rajagopalan Nirmala , Madhuri Nirmala 
Published: October 2009

ContextHighly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) usage in India is escalating. With the government of India launching the free HAART rollout as part of the “3 by 5” initiative, many people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) have been able to gain access to HAART medications. Currently, the national HAART centers are located in a few district hospitals (in the high‐ and medium‐prevalence states) and have very stringent criteria for enrolling PLHA. Patients who do not fit these criteria or patients who are too ill to undergo the prolonged wait at the government hospitals avail themselves of nongovernment organization (NGO) services in order to take HAART medications. In addition, the government program has not yet started providing second‐line HAART (protease inhibitors). Hence, even with the free HAART rollout, NGOs with the expertise to provide HAART continue to look for funding opportunities and other innovative ways of making HAART available to PLHA. Currently, no study from Indian NGOs has compared the direct and indirect costs of solely managing opportunistic infections (OIs) vs HAART.ObjectiveCompare direct medical costs (DMC) and nonmedical costs (NMC) with 2005 values accrued by the NGO and PLHA, respectively, for either HAART or exclusive OI management.Study designRetrospective case study comparison.SettingLow‐cost community care and support center ‐ Freedom Foundation (NGO, Bangalore, south India).PatientsRetrospective analysis data on PLHA accessing treatment at Freedom Foundation between January 1, 2003 and January 1, 2005. The HAART arm included case records of PLHA who initiated HAART at the center, had frequent follow‐up, and were between 18 and 55 years of age. The OI arm included records of PLHA who were also frequently followed up, who were in the same age range, who had CD4+ cell counts < 200/microliter (mcL) or an AIDS‐defining illness, and who were not on HAART (solely for socioeconomic reasons). A total of 50 records were analyzed. Expenditures on medication, hospitalization, diagnostics, and NMC (such as food and travel for a caregiver) were calculated for each group.ResultsAt 2005 costs, the median DMC plus NMC in the OI group was 21,335 Indian rupees (Rs) (mean Rs 24,277/‐) per patient per year (pppy) (US $474). In the HAART group, the median DMC plus NMC was Rs 18,976/‐ (mean Rs 21,416/‐) pppy (US $421). Median DMC plus NMC pppy in the OI arm was Rs 13623.7/‐ paid by NGO and Rs 1155/‐ paid by PLHA. Median DMC and NMC pppy in the HAART arm were Rs 1425/‐ paid by NGO and Rs 17,606/‐ paid by PLHA.ConclusionGood health at no increased expenditure justifies providing PLHA with HAART even in NGO settings.