bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying Iranian Gum Tragacanth to Improve Textural Properties of Maltodextrin Microcapsules
Authors: Saffari Mohammad Mahdi , Farzi Mina , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra , Moini Sohrab , Mohammadifar Mohammad Amin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe effects of adding one of the species of Iranian gum tragacanth, Astragalus compactus, to maltodextrin solutions used for microencapsulation of 2‐methylbutyl acetate (water‐soluble flavoring compound of strawberry) were studied. Initial emulsions were evaluated regarding rheological behavior and particle size distribution. The resulted microcapsules were also analyzed for particle size distributions, glass transition temperature Tg, the morphology of the capsules and the rate of release from them. The results showed that addition of 0.5% w/w A. compactus gum to maltodextrin solutions (14.5% w/w) can increase the viscosity and Tg
to an optimum level and can prevent stickiness. Also this species of gum tragacanth had an interesting effect in reducing physical defects of microcapsules and eliminated ruptures significantly. It was also showed that the rate of release of 2‐methylbutyl acetate decreased by incorporating gum tragacanth in the wall material.Practical ApplicationsMicroencapsulation is of great interest in preservation of flavoring compounds. One of the most important wall materials is maltodextrin, which has several defects to protect flavorings. This study proposes the use of a new material, Iranian gum tragacanth from Astragalus compactus, to overcome these defects. It was found that new microcapsules did not undergo rupture and could retain the flavoring well.
OPTIMIZATION OF A LIQUID IMPROVER FOR BARBARI BREAD: STALING KINETICS AND RELATIONSHIP OF TEXTURE WITH DOUGH RHEOLOGY AND IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: POURFARZAD AMIR , HABIBI‐NAJAFI MOHAMMAD BAGHER 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe effect of liquid improver components on texture of Barbari flat bread was examined. Glycerol, sodium stearoyl‐2‐lactylate (SSL) and enzyme‐active soy flour (ESF) were evaluated as improver constituents. Texture characteristics were further correlated with dough rheology, quality, image features and shelf life of bread. Statistical analysis suggests that more than 50% of the whole structural variance existing between bread samples could be interpreted by texture parameters. The optimum improver combination was found to be 1.27% of glycerol, 0.41% of SSL and 1.59% of ESF when desirable function method was applied. The variations of hardening rates with time were used to test 11 different models. In studying the consistency of each model, some statistical tests, such as reduced χ2, mean bias error and root mean square error were also used as well as correlation coefficients. The results of these tests have also confirmed the consistency of the Rational model.Practical ApplicationThis methodology simplifies the study of bread textural parameters during storage and the result interpretation. The correlation analysis has demonstrated that the number of textural parameters of breads to study can be reduced.
UVB Radiation Affects Growth, Reproduction and Tissue Structure of Daphnia magna Across Several Temperatures
Authors: Huebner Judith D. , Loadman Nancy L. , Wiegand Murray D. , Huebner Erwin , Palitsky Daniel J. , Husarewycz William H. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe examined the effects of daily exposure to UVB on growth, reproduction and histological characteristics of Daphnia magna over two generations at 20, 22, 25 and 30°C. Animals were exposed to 16 h of UVA and photosynthetically active radiation daily. Treated animals received 6 h of UVB during the light phase. Parental (P) generation growth and reproduction was impaired by exposure to UVB at all temperatures, with the poorest production at 30°C. First brood size decreased with UVB exposure; it was lowest at 30°C. Although F1 length at birth increased with P generation age, F1 produced by UVB‐exposed mothers were smaller at all temperatures. The F1 generation was followed at 20 and 25°C; at both temperatures UVB exposure reduced F1 growth and reproduction. F1 growth and F2 production were lowest when both P and F1 generations were exposed to UVB. UVB exposure damaged ovarian and gut tissue at both 25 and 30°C; the consequences of this exposure were more severe at 30°C. The observed tissue damage may relate directly to the UVB‐induced impairment of growth and reproduction. This study provides new insights into the effects of UVB on an important component of the pelagic zooplankton.
Clinical characteristics of patients who have recovered from schizophrenia: the role of empathy and positive‐self schema
Authors: Chung Young‐Chul , Kim Hyun‐Min , Lee Keon‐Hak , Zhao Tong , Huang Guang‐Biao , Park Tae‐Won , Yang Jong‐Chul 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAimThis article compares the socio‐demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with schizophrenia who recovered with those who achieved remission.MethodsParticipants were classified based on predetermined criteria for recovery and remission. Data on demographic characteristics, information on duration of untreated psychosis, and assessments of current and historical symptom profiles and socio‐occupational functioning emerged from careful chart review and direct interviews. Cross‐sectional assessments of clinical variables were derived from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, the Personal and Social Performance Scale, the Social Functioning Questionnaire, the Schizophrenia Cognition Rating Scale (ScoRS), the Basic Empathy Scale, and the Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS).ResultsWe found no significant differences between recovered and remitted groups with respect to demographic variables or duration of untreated psychosis. Cognitive and total empathy scores, positive‐self schema score on the BCSS, and global score on the ScoRS were significantly higher in the recovered than the remitted group. Furthermore, patients with good levels of empathy and positive‐self schema and intact neurocognitive functioning were more likely to achieve recovery.ConclusionThese results suggest that empathy, positive‐self schema and neurocognitive functioning may serve as important clinical characteristics distinguishing those patients who have recovered from those who have achieved only remission.
Attitudes, subjective norms, and intention to perform routine oral examination for oropharyngeal candidiasis as perceived by primary health‐care providers in Nairobi Province
Authors: Koyio Lucina N. , Kikwilu Emil , Mulder Jan , Frencken Jo E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectives: To assess attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions of primary health‐care (PHC) providers in performing routine oral examination for oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) during outpatient consultations.Methods: A 47‐item Theory of Planned Behaviour‐based questionnaire was developed and administered, in a cross‐sectional survey, to 216 PHC providers (clinical officers and nurses) working in 54 clinics, dispensaries, and health centers in Nairobi Province in January 2010. The constructs – attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control (dependent variables) – and their individual indirect (direct) items were analyzed for scores, internal validity, independent variables (district, gender, years of service, profession, and age), and contribution to intentions. Perceived behavioral control had low construct validity and was therefore removed from subsequent analyses.Results: The questionnaire was completed by 195 participants (90 percent response rate). PHC provider's attitudes, subjective norms, and intentions to perform an oral examination during outpatient consultations were highly positive, with mean scores of 6.30 (0.82), 6.06 (1.07), and 5.6 (1.33), respectively, regardless of sociodemographic characteristics. Indirect attitude and subjective norms were strongly correlated to their individual items (r = 0.63‐0.79, P < 0.05 and r = 0.78‐0.87, P < 0.05) and moderately to their direct items (r = 0.44, P < 0.0001 and r = 0.52, P < 0.0001). Attitudes (P = 0.0026) and subjective norms (P < 0.0001) were both predictive of intentions.Conclusions: PHC providers were willing to integrate patients' oral health care into their routine medical consultations. Emphasizing the importance of detecting other oral problems and of the fact that routine oral examination for OPC is likely to give patients' fulfillment will enhance PHC providers' morale in performing routine oral examinations. Winning support from policy makers, their supervisors, specialists, and colleagues is important for motivating PHC providers to perform routine oral examinations for OPC at their workplaces.
Naquite, FeSi, a New Mineral Species from Luobusha, Tibet, Western China
Authors: Nicheng SHI , Wenji BAI , Guowu LI , Ming XIONG , Jingsu YANG , Zhesheng MA , He RONG 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:A new mineral species, named naquite(FeSi), is found in the podiform chromitites of the Luobusha ophiolite in Qusong County, Tibet, China. The detailed composition is Fe 65.65, Si 32.57 and Al 1.78 wt%. The mineral is cubic, space group P213. The irregular crystals range from 15 to 50 μm in diameter and form an intergrowth with luobusaite. Naquite is steel grey in color, opaque, with a metallic lustre and gives a grayish‐black streak. The mineral is brittle, has a conchoidal fracture and no apparent cleavage. The estimated Mohs hardness is 6.5, and the calculated density is 6.128 g/cm3. Unit‐cell parameters are a 4.486 (4) Å, V 90.28 (6) Å3, Z= 4. The five strongest powder diffraction lines [d in Å (hkl) (I/I0)] are: 3.1742 (110) (40), 2.5917(111) (43), 2.0076 (210) (100), 1.8307 (211) (65), and 1.1990 (321) (36). Originally called ‘fersilicite’, the species and new name have now been approved by the CNMNC (IMA 2010–010).
Ore Genesis of the Kalatongke Cu–Ni Sulfide Deposits, Western China: Constraints from Volatile Chemical and Carbon Isotopic Compositions
Authors: Piaoer FU , Qingyan TANG , Mingjie ZHANG , Zhaowei ZHANG , Liwu LI , Wenyuan LI 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:The Kalatongke Cu–Ni sulfide deposits located in the East Junggar terrane, northern Xinjiang, western China are the largest magmatic sulfide deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). The chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of the volatiles trapped in olivine, pyroxene and sulfide mineral separates were analyzed by vacuum stepwise‐heating mass spectrometry. The results show that the released volatiles are concentrated at three temperature intervals of 200–400°C, 400–900°C and 900–1200°C. The released volatiles from silicate mineral separates at 400–900°C and 900–1200°C have similar chemical and carbon isotopic compositions, which are mainly composed of H2O (av. ∼92 mol%) with minor H2, CO2, H2S and SO2, and they are likely associated with the ore‐forming magmatic volatiles. Light δ13CCO2 values (from –20.86‰ to –12.85‰) of pyroxene indicate crustal contamination occurred prior to or synchronous with pyroxene crystallization of mantle‐derived ore‐forming magma. The elevated contents of H2 and H2O in the olivine and pyroxene suggest a deep mantle‐originated ore‐forming volatile mixed with aqueous volatiles from recycled subducted slab. High contents of CO2 in the ore‐forming magma volatiles led to an increase in oxygen fugacity, and thereby reduced the solubility of sulfur in the magma, then triggered sulfur saturation followed by sulfide melt segregation; CO2 contents correlated with Cu contents in the whole rocks suggest that a supercritical state of CO2 in the ore‐forming magma system under high temperature and pressure conditions might play a key role in the assemblage of huge Cu and Ni elements. The volatiles released from constituent minerals of intrusion 1* have more CO2 and SO2 oxidized gases, higher CO2/CH4 and SO2/H2S ratios and lighter δ13CCO2 than those of intrusions 2# and 3#. This combination suggests that the higher oxidation state of the volatiles in intrusion 1# than intrusions 2# and 3#, which could be one of key ore‐forming factors for large amounts of ores and high contents of Cu and Ni in intrusion 1#. The volatiles released at 200–400°C are dominated by H2O with minor CO2, N2+CO and SO2, with δ13CCO2, values (–25.66‰ to –22.98‰) within the crustal ranges, and are considered to be related to secondary tectonic– hydrothermal activities.
Geology and Geochemistry of the Bianbianshan Au‐Ag‐Cu‐Pb‐Zn Deposit, Southern Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeastern China
Authors: Qingdong ZENG , Jianming LIU , Hongtao LIU 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:The Bianbianshan deposit, the unique gold‐polymetal (Au‐Ag‐Cu‐Pb‐Zn) veined deposit of the polymetal metallogenic belt of the southern segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, is located at the southern part of the Hercynian fold belt of the south segment of Da Hinggan Mountains mineral province, NE China. Ores at the Bianbianshan deposit occur within Cretaceous andesite and rhyolite in the form of gold‐bearing quartz veins and veinlet groups containing native gold, electrum, pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. The deposit is hosted by structurally controlled faults associated with intense hydrothermal alteration. The typical alteration assemblage is sericite + chlorite + calcite + quartz, with an inner pyrite – sericite – quartz zone and an outer seicite – chlorite – calcite – epidote zone between orebodies and wall rocks. δ34 S values of 17 sulfides from ores changing from –1.67 to +0.49‰ with average of –0.49‰, are similar to δ34 S values of magmatic or igneous sulfide sulfur. 206Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb and 208Pb/204Pb data of sulfide from ores range within 17.66–17.75, 15.50–15.60, and 37.64–38.00, respectively. These sulfur and lead isotope compositions imply that ore‐forming materials might mainly originate from deep sources. H and O isotope study of quartz from ore‐bearing veins indicate a mixed source of deep‐seated magmatic water and shallower meteoric water. The ore formations resulted from a combination of hydrothermal fluid mixing and a structural setting favoring gold‐polymetal deposition. Fluid mixing was possibly the key factor resulting in Au‐Ag‐Cu‐Pb‐Zn deposition in the deposit. The metallogenesis of the Bianbianshan deposit may have a relationship with the Cretaceous volcanic‐subvolcanic magmatic activity, and formed during the late stage of the crust thinning of North China.
Geophysical‐Geological Interpretation and Deep‐Seated Gold Deposit Prospecting in Sanshandong‐Jiaojia Area, Eastern Shandong Province, China
Authors: Mingchun SONG , Guopu WAN , Chunguo CAO , Chunyan HE 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Integrated gravitational, electrical‐magnetic surveys and data processing carried out in the Sanshandao–Jiaojia area, Eastern Shandong Province, northeast China, aim to illuminate the geological characteristics of this shallow‐covered area and delineate deep‐seated gold prospecting targets. In this region, altogether 12 faults exert critical control on distribution of three types of Early Precambrian metamorphic rock series, i.e. those in the metamorphic rock area, in the granitic rock area underlying the metamorphic rock, and in the remnant metamorphic rock area in granites, respectively. Additionally, the faults have major effects on distribution of four Mesozoic Linglong rock bodies of granite, i.e. the Cangshang, Liangguo, Zhuqiao‐Miaojia and Jincheng granites. The Sanshandao and Jiaojia Faults are two well‐known regional ore‐controlling faults; they have opposite dip direction, and intersect at a depth of 4500 m. Fracture alteration zones have striking geophysical differences relative to the surrounding county rocks. The two faults extend down along dip direction in a gentle wave form, and appear at some steps with different dips. These steps comprise favorable gold prospecting areas, consistent with a step metallogenic model. Six deep‐seated gold‐prospecting targets are delineated, i.e. Jincheng‐Qianchenjia, Xiaoxizhuang‐Zhaoxian, Xiyou‐Wujiazhuangzi, Xiangyangling‐Xinlicun, Panjiawuzi and Miaojia‐Pinglidian.
Geological Characteristics and Ore‐forming Time of the Dexing Porphyry Copper Ore Mine in Jiangxi Province
Authors: Shuo GUO , Yuanyi ZHAO , Huanchun QU , Dexin WU , Hong XU , Chao LI , Yan LIU , Xiaoyun ZHU , Zengke WANG 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:The Dexing porphyry copper ore mine is located in the Qin‐Hang metallogenic belt between the Yangtze block and the Cathaysia block. It is a giant porphyry copper mine in China, including 3 ore districts: Tongchang, Fujiawu and Zhushahong. Our analyses of Re in molybdenite indicate that the ore‐forming material of the copper ore deposits in Dexing should be mainly mantle‐derived. Our study fills in a gap in the study of formation time of the Dexing copper mine, and further proves that the copper ore deposits in the three ore districts should be formed simultaneously, about 170 Ma, belonging to the early Yanshan period, and that the formation time of the copper ore deposits should be consistent with the formation time of granodiorite porphyry in which the copper ore deposits are hosted. Promising areas for seeking porphyry copper ore deposits is predicated to be the west or southwest of Dexing.
Late Mesozoic Ore‐forming Events in the Ningwu Ore District, Middle‐Lower Yangtze River Polymetallic Ore Belt, East China: Evidence from Zircon U‐Pb Geochronology and Hf Isotopic Compositions of the Granodioritic Stocks
Authors: Chao DUAN , Yanhe LI , Kejun HOU , Shunda YUAN , Jialin LIU , Cheng ZHANG 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Late Mesozoic volcanic‐subvolcanic rocks and related iron deposits, known as porphyry iron deposits in China, are widespread in the Ningwu ore district (Cretaceous basin) of the middle—lower Yangtze River polymetallic ore belt, East China. Two types of Late Mesozoic magmatic rocks are exposed: one is dioritic rocks closely related to iron mineralization as the hosted rock, and the other one is granodioritic (‐granitic) rocks that cut the ore bodies. To understand the age of the iron mineralization and the ore‐forming event, detailed zircon U‐Pb dating and Hf isotope measurement were performed on granodioritic stocks in the Washan, Gaocun‐Nanshan, Dongshan and Heshangqiao iron deposits in the basin. Four emplacement and crystallization (typically for zircons) ages of granodioritic rocks were measured as 126.1±0.5 Ma, 126.8±0.5 Ma, 127.3±0.5 Ma and 126.3±0.4 Ma, respectively in these four deposits, with the LA‐MC‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb method. Based on the above results combined with previous dating, it is inferred that the iron deposits in the Ningwu Cretaceous basin occurred in a very short period of 131–127 Ma. In situ zircon Hf compositions of εHf(t) of the granodiorite are mainly from –3 to –8 and their corresponding 176Hf/177Hf ratio are from 0.28245 to 0.28265, indicating similar characteristics of dioritic rocks in the basin. We infer that granodioritic rocks occurring in the Ningwu ore district have an original relationship with dioritic rocks. These new results provide significant evidence for further study of this ore district so as to understand the ore‐forming event in the study area.
Geochronology of the Gabbro–mafic Microgranular Enclaves–granite Associations in the Gejiu District, Yunnan Province and Their Geodynamic Significance
Authors: Yanbo CHENG , Jingwen MAO 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:Many igneous rocks distribute in Gejiu tin polymetallic ore‐field at Yunnan province, rocks including basalt, gabbro, mafic microgranular enclaves, granites (porphyritic granite and equigranular granite) and akaline rocks. The ages of the granites and akaline rocks which are considered to have genetic connecting with the mineralization have been comfirmed, but the gabbro‐mafic microgranular enclaves‐granite assemblage's ages are still unknown. By means of LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U‐Pb dating, the data of Shenxianshui equigranular granite, the mafic microgranular enclave in Jiasha area, the host rock of the mafic microgranular enclaves and the Jiasha gabbro are around ∼80 Ma. Besides the above mentioned data, a group of new ages at ∼30 Ma were discovered in this study, which is from gabbro and mafic microgranular enclaves. Based on the previous data and the new data gained this time, we suggest the major geochronology framework of the magmatism and mineralization events in Gejiu area is ∼80 Ma, which is consistent with the Late Cretaceous magmatism and mineralization events in the whole southeast Yunnan and west Guangxi area and they were suggested to belong to the same geotectonic setting in late Yenshannian. And the new ages of the ∼30 Ma obtained in this study is considered to represent a responding to the complicate tectonic evolution history of the Tibetan orogenic events in Cenozoic.
Hydrothermal Sedimentary Mineralization of the Super‐large Bamianshan Fluorite Deposit in Zhejiang Province, China
Authors: Yuchuan HAN , Xuehui XIA , Siyu PANG , Shaokang XU 
Published: July 2012

Abstract:The Bamianshan fluorite deposit is a super‐large one recently discovered in Zhejiang Province of China. This paper presents an analysis of its geological background, orebody and ore characteristics, petrochemical characteristics of host rocks, rare earth elements (REE) of rocks and ores, fluid inclusions in fluorite and Sm‐Nd isotopic features in an effort to study its sedimentary mineralization. The result shows that the super‐large Bamianshan fluorite deposit is of hydrothermal sedimentation genesis, deformed by the later hydrothermal fluid. Integrated with host rocks and orebody characteristics, it is inferred that the deposit originates from the Cambrian sedimentary rocks. And the later magmatic activities deformed some orebodies in different degrees, forming steeply dipping vein orebodies in the tectonic belts regionally.
Diabetes mellitus: A significant co‐morbidity in the setting of lung cancer?
Authors: Washington Iman , Chino Junzo P. , Marks Lawrence B. , D'Amico Thomas A. , Berry Mark F. , Ready Neal E. , Higgins Kristin A. , Yoo David S. , Kelsey Chris R. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate the effect of diabetes mellitus (DM) on clinical outcomes in patients managed surgically for non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).Methods:  Patients who underwent surgery for pathological I‐IIIA NSCLC at Duke University from 1995–2005 were analyzed. Postoperative mortality was defined as any death occurring within 30 days of resection or during the initial hospitalization after surgery. Disease recurrence at the surgical margin, ipsilateral hilum, and/or mediastinum was considered a local/regional recurrence (LRR). Survival and LRR rates were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method and compared using a log rank test. A multivariate regression analysis assessed the association between candidate factors, including DM, and disease recurrence and survival.Results:  Of 957 patients, DM was present in 122 (13%). DM was associated with an increased risk of postoperative mortality (7.4% vs. 3.2%, P= 0.04). However, the proportion of patients undergoing sublobar resections, mediastinal lymph node dissection, and receiving adjuvant chemotherapy, was no different among patients with or without DM. Five‐year LRR rates were 27% in patients with DM, versus 21% in patients without DM (P= 0.23). Survival at five years was 43% for patients with DM, and 47% for patients without DM (P= 0.10). On multivariate analysis, DM was not independently associated with a higher risk of LRR (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33, P= 0.34), distant recurrence (HR 0.86, P= 0.58), or overall survival (HR 1.08, P= 0.63).Conclusions:  Although a higher risk of postoperative mortality was noted in patients with DM, a detriment in local or distant disease control or overall survival was not observed.