bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Goods and States: The Political Logic of State-Socialist Material Culture
Authors: Fehérváry Krisztina 
Published: March 2009

In the two decades since the fall of state socialism, the widespread phenomenon ofnostalgiein the former Soviet satellites has made clear that the everyday life of state socialism, contrary to stereotype, was experienced and is remembered in color. Nonetheless, popular accounts continue to depict the Soviet bloc as gray and colorless. As Paul Manning (2007) has argued, color becomes a powerful tool for legitimating not only capitalism, but democratic governance as well. An American journalist, for example, recently reflected on her own experience in the region over a number of decades:It's hard to communicate how colorless and shockingly gray it was behind the Iron Curtain … the only color was the red of Communist banners. Stores had nothing to sell. There wasn't enough food… . Lines formed whenever something, anything, was for sale. The fatigue of daily life was all over their faces. Now… fur-clad women confidently stride across the winter ice in stiletto heels. Stores have sales… upscale cafés cater to cosmopolitan clients, and magazine stands, once so strictly controlled, rival those in the West. … Life before was so drab. Now the city seems loaded with possibilities (Freeman 2008).
Predictors of stillbirth among HIV‐infected Tanzanian women
Authors: KUPKA ROLAND , KASSAYE TARIK , SAATHOFF ELMAR , HERTZMARK ELLEN , MSAMANGA GERNARD I. , FAWZI WAFAIE W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective. To determine maternal risk factors for stillbirth among pregnant HIV‐infected women in sub‐Saharan Africa. Design. Prospective cohort study nested within a micronutrient trial. At enrollment, maternal sociodemographic, obstetric, immunologic, clinical, and nutritional variables were measured. Women were followed through monthly clinic visits until delivery. Multivariate predictors of stillbirth were identified in Poisson regression models. Setting. Antenatal clinic in a tertiary care hospital in urban Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Population. N = 1,078 women enrolled between 12 and 27 weeks of gestation. Main outcome measures. Stillbirth (delivery of dead baby ≥ 28 weeks’ gestation), fresh stillbirth, and macerated stillbirth. Results. Among 1,017 singleton pregnancies, there were 49 stillbirths, yielding a stillbirth risk of 50.0 per 1,000 deliveries (95% Confidence Interval(CI) = 37.2, 65.6). Of stillbirths with known type, 53.7% were fresh and 46.3% macerated. In multivariate analyses, baseline measures of late (≥ 21 weeks’ gestation) study entry (Relative Risk (RR) = 2.13, 95% CI = 1.17, 3.87), CD3 count ≥ 1,179 cells/ml (RR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.16, 4.01), stillbirth history (RR = 3.53, 95% CI = 1.30, 9.59), primiparity (RR = 3.65, 95% CI = 1.83, 7.29), and syphilis infection (RR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.09, 3.88) predicted increased stillbirth risk. Late study entry, illiteracy, stillbirth history, primiparity, CD3 count ≥ 1,179 cells/ml, gonorrhea infection, and previous hospitalization predicted increased risk of fresh stillbirth, while living alone and syphilis infection predicted increased risk of macerated stillbirth. Conclusions. Applying antenatal screening and preventive tools for the socioeconomic, obstetric, immunologic, and clinical risk factors identified may assist in reducing the high incidence of stillbirth among HIV‐infected women in urban sub‐Saharan Africa.
Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2 Causes Tropical Losses and Temperate Anxieties
Authors: Champoiseau Patrice G. , Jones Jeffrey B. , Allen Caitilyn 
Published: March 2009

R. solanacearum Race 3 biovar 2, which causes potato brown rot and Southern wilt of geranium, is a high-consequence quarantine pathogen in Europe and North America and causes large crop losses in tropical highlands. This practical review emphasizes prevention, detection, diagnosis, and effective management of diseases caused by this destructive pathogen. Accepted for publication 17 January 2009. Published 13 March 2009.
Pharmacokinetics and response of obese patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with different doses of PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD) (PEGASYS®)
Authors: Bressler Brian , Wang Ka , Grippo Joseph F. , Heathcote E. Jenny 
Published: March 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Obesity is a negative predictor of successful treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with peginterferon (PEG‐IFN) and ribavirin.• Obese patients may have suboptimal exposure of PEG‐IFN contributing to the poor responses seen in this patient population.• In non‐obese patients doses of PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD) up to 360 µg week−1 have shown dose proportional pharmacokinetics. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • Here we show that among obese patients treated with the standard dose of PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD) (180 µg week−1) drug exposure was lower than that found in a large set of unpublished data among non‐obese patients, but was generally similar to exposures found in a large set of unpublished data among similarly obese patients receiving the same dose of PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD).• By increasing the dose of PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD) from 180 µg week−1 to 270 µg week−1 one can increase PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD) exposure, thereby potentially compensating for the apparent reduction in drug exposure in obese patients.AIMS To evaluate whether higher doses of peginterferon α‐2a (40KD) [PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD)] can compensate for lower exposure observed among obese patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) treated with the standard dose of PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD).METHODS Noncirrhotic, obese (body mass index ≥30 kg m−2) patients with CHC participated in a single‐centre, open‐label study. Patients were randomized to 180 or 270 µg week−1 PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD) + ribavirin (1000/1200 mg day−1) for 48 weeks. Blood samples were collected predose and up to 168 h after the first dose and at week 12 for pharmacokinetic analysis. Trough serum concentrations (Ctrough) were determined up to week 24.RESULTS In the 180 µg week−1 group mean ± SD steady‐state (week 12) estimates of AUC0–168 (ng h−1 ml−1), Cmax (ng ml−1) and CL/F (l h−1) were 2154 ± 919, 13.8 ± 6.7 and 0.102 ± 0.051, respectively. In the 270 µg week−1 group, estimates were 3374 ± 1844, 23.4 ± 10.7 and 0.090 ± 0.042, respectively. The mean (range) Ctrough (ng ml−1) was 11.2 (4.4–18.5) in the 180 µg week−1 group and 16.1 (0.4–44.2) in the 270 µg week−1 group. Overall, 14 of 20 (70%) and 16 of 20 (80%) patients in the 180 µg week−1 and 270 µg week−1 groups were infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 or 4. In the 180 µg week−1 and 270 µg week−1 groups 14 of 20 (70%) and 15 of 19 (79%) patients, respectively, achieved a sustained viral response. Safety was similar between groups.CONCLUSIONS Mean PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD) exposure was dose proportional from 180 to 270 µg week−1. Increasing PEG‐IFN α‐2a (40KD) from 180 to 270 µg week−1 achieves higher serum drug exposure in obese patients.
A pharmacokinetic evaluation of five H1 antagonists after an oral and intravenous microdose to human subjects
Authors: Madan Ajay , O'Brien Zhihong , Wen Jianyun , O'Brien Chris , Farber Robert H. , Beaton Graham , Crowe Paul , Oosterhuis Berend , Garner R. Colin , Lappin Graham , Bozigian Haig P. 
Published: March 2009

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Human microdosing studies with novel drug candidates offer an opportunity to evaluate their pharmacokinetic (PK) behaviour early in drug development and before committing to the expense of clinical Phase I‐enabling activities.• Such studies assume linearity of exposure with dose all the way down to a subtherapeutic dose.• Previous studies have reported partial success in the use of this technique for assessing human PK of marketed drugs. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • The present study describes the application of the microdosing concept in early drug development for an H1 antagonist programme where having good estimates of human PK and information about the shape of the concentration–time curve was critical for compound selection.• Microdosing data were generated for four novel compounds and one reference compound, and the data were used for advancing the compound with the most favourable PK properties.• To our knowledge, this is the first example of the use microdosing technique for compound selection.AIMS To evaluate the pharmacokinetics (PK) of five H1 receptor antagonists in human volunteers after a single oral and intravenous (i.v.) microdose (0.1 mg).METHODS Five H1 receptor antagonists, namely NBI‐1, NBI‐2, NBI‐3, NBI‐4 and diphenhydramine, were administered to human volunteers as a single 0.1‐mg oral and i.v. dose. Blood samples were collected up to 48 h, and the parent compound in the plasma extract was quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography and accelerator mass spectroscopy.RESULTS The median clearance (CL), apparent volume of distribution (Vd) and apparent terminal elimination half‐life (t1/2) of diphenhydramine after an i.v. microdose were 24.7 l h−1, 302 l and 9.3 h, and the oral Cmax and AUC0–∞ were 0.195 ng ml−1 and 1.52 ng h ml−1, respectively. These data were consistent with previously published diphenhydramine data at 500 times the microdose. The rank order of oral bioavailability of the five compounds was as follows: NBI‐2 > NBI‐1 > NBI‐3 > diphenhydramine > NBI‐4, whereas the rank order for CL was NBI‐4 > diphenhydramine > NBI‐1 > NBI‐3 > NBI‐2.CONCLUSIONS Human microdosing provided estimates of clinical PK of four structurally related compounds, which were deemed useful for compound selection.
Opposite effect of fluticasone and salmeterol on fibronectin and tenascin‐C expression in primary human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Degen M. , Goulet S. , Ferralli J. , Roth M. , Tamm M. , Chiquet‐Ehrismann R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBackground
Airway remodelling is a key feature of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The remodelling process involves the deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins within the airways. Current therapies for asthma and COPD consist of inhaled corticosteroids and long‐acting β2‐agonists (LABA). However, their effect on airway remodelling is not well understood so far.Objective
In this study we investigated the effect of fluticasone and salmeterol, either alone or in combination, on fibronectin and tenascin‐C protein, isoform, and mRNA levels in primary human lung fibroblasts.Methods
In our model, fibroblasts cultured in serum‐free medium represented a non‐inflammatory condition and stimulation with 5% fetal calf serum and/or TGF‐β1 mimicked a pro‐fibrotic environment with activation of tissue repair. Using these two different conditions, the effects of fluticasone and salmeterol on fibronectin and tenascin‐C protein and mRNA levels were analysed by immunoblotting and semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR.Results
In both conditions, fluticasone increased fibronectin transcript and protein levels, whereas it decreased those of tenascin‐C. Salmeterol neither affected fibronectin and tenascin‐C synthesis significantly nor did it influence the effect of fluticasone when applied in combination. Furthermore, we found that treatment with fluticasone had an opposite effect on extra domain A and B containing fibronectin isoforms generated by alternative splicing compared with total fibronectin transcript levels, whereas tenascin‐C isoforms were not differently modulated by fluticasone.Conclusions
Our results indicate that standard therapies for inflammatory lung disorders influence ECM protein composition and relative expression levels. In contrast to corticosteroids, LABA did not significantly alter the expression of tenascin‐C and fibronectin in cultures of primary human lung fibroblasts.
Sampling groundwater fauna: efficiency of rapid assessment methods tested in bores in eastern Australia
Authors: HANCOCK PETER J. , BOULTON ANDREW J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. Growing recognition of the ecological significance and biodiversity of groundwater fauna in Australia has led to statutory requirements for monitoring these communities prior to resource development. However, the efficiency of methods for assessing community composition and taxa richness remains untested, hampering the collection of reliable data for compliance.2. We assessed the efficiency of two commonly‐used methods to sample groundwater fauna (net hauls and pumping) in bores in two contrasting regions (Dubbo and upper Hunter Valley) of eastern Australia. Repeated sets of seasonal samples from the upper Hunter Valley bores were used to test whether once‐off sampling was sufficient for compliance purposes.3. All taxa collected by the net method were also captured in pump samples. In addition, pumping yielded more taxa, higher total abundances, and higher numbers of the two most common taxa (syncarids and copepods) than the net. Ten net hauls in the upper Hunter Valley bores collected, on average, 64% of the taxa and 44% of total abundance. When combined with the first 100 L from pumping, cumulative totals rose to 92.5% and 74.5% respectively. Similar trends occurred in bores near Dubbo, indicating that net hauls alone under‐sampled groundwater faunal communities. Multivariate analyses revealed substantial differences in community composition as each incremental subsample was added.4. Temporal changes in community composition in the Hunter Valley aquifer were marked yet inconsistent across the bores. Initial once‐off sampling collected 30–87% of the total taxa from each bore and new taxa were still being collected after four sampling periods in over half the bores. This shows that more than one sampling occasion is needed for comprehensive assessments of groundwater biodiversity.5. Successful compliance monitoring of groundwater fauna requires cost‐effective sampling that will not overlook potentially vulnerable taxa or miss ecologically relevant changes in community composition. Currently, a lack of suitable bores seems to be the main constraint on accurate assessment of groundwater invertebrate community composition in these two areas of eastern Australia.
Maternal age and spine development in the rotiferBrachionus calyciflorus: increase of spine length with birth orders1
Authors: SCHRÖDER THOMAS , GILBERT JOHN J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. Maternal effects have long been known to influence phenotypic plasticity in rotifers. Females inBrachionus calyciflorusand several other species produce long‐spined offspring when the predatory rotiferAsplanchnais present;B. calyciflorusalso develops short spines when food concentrations are low. These spines protect against predation and decrease food threshold concentrations.2. Some strains ofB. calyciflorusdevelop long spines even in the absence ofAsplanchnaand other environmental stimuli. We demonstrate in this study that spine length in such cases is dependent on the age of the mother.3. In strains from Florida and Georgia, offspring spine length increased significantly with birth order, sometimes to lengths formerly observed only in the presence ofAsplanchna. Significant variation in this trait was found among and within clones of a strain. Offspring body size also increased with maternal age. This is the first time maternal age has been shown to affect rotifer morphology.4. These birth‐order effects may have important ecological implications and explain phenotypic plasticity and polymorphism in body size and spine length in populations when predators are absent and food concentrations are high. They may be a bet‐hedging mechanism to assure adaptation to rapid changes in predation pressure or food conditions.
Assessing and conserving groundwater biodiversity: synthesis and perspectives
Authors: GIBERT JANINE , CULVER DAVID C. , DOLE‐OLIVIER MARIE‐JOSE , MALARD FLORIAN , CHRISTMAN MARY C. , DEHARVENG LOUIS 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. This paper is a synthesis of a special issue on groundwater biodiversity with a focus on obligate subterranean species, the stygobionts. The series of papers constitutes a great leap forward in assessing and understanding biodiversity patterns because of the use of large quantitative data sets obtained over a broad geographic scale. They also represent a conceptual shift, away from a purely taxonomic and phylogenetic focus to the analysis of whole groundwater assemblages.2. The general patterns emerging for groundwater fauna are: very high levels of endemism, low local diversity relative to regional diversity, a limited number of lineages, occurrence of many relicts, and truncated food webs with very few predators.3. β‐Diversity is at least as important as α‐diversity in determining total richness at different scales (aquifer, basin and region) and overall taxa richness increases across spatial scales.4. Advances in understanding groundwater biodiversity patterns further include identification of several important factors related to geology and hydrology that determine the composition of European stygobiotic assemblages.5. Important challenges for future research include improving sampling strategies, filling gaps in sampling coverage, intensifying research on theoretical and statistical models, and including functional and genetic diversity components in biodiversity assessments.6. Strategies are proposed for protecting groundwater biodiversity and an argument is made to integrate biodiversity in groundwater management. Applying principles such as complementarity and flexibility for groundwater biodiversity conservation is a major step toward delineating a reserve network that maximise species representation at the European scale.
Groundwater biodiversity patterns in the Lessinian Massif of northern Italy
Authors: GALASSI DIANA M. P. , STOCH FABIO , FIASCA BARBARA , DI LORENZO TIZIANA , GATTONE ENRICO 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. The distribution patterns of stygobiotic invertebrates were examined with a stratified sampling design at 197 sites selected among four hydrogeographic basins in the Lessinian Massif (northern Italy). The sites were approximately evenly distributed among four hydrogeological zones: unsaturated and saturated zone of karstic aquifers, and hyporheic and saturated zone of porous aquifers.2. Outlying Mean Index (OMI) analysis which assesses deviation of habitat conditions from reference conditions, was used to evaluate the importance of 14 selected environmental variables in shaping groundwater biodiversity patterns in the region (total of 89 stygobiotic species). The measured variables explained 80% of the variability in the data set.3. Sampling sites were distributed along the environmental gradients defined by OMI analysis. Significant differences were detected between karstic and porous site, as well as among sites located in the four hydrogeological zones. Differences among the four hydrogeographic basins were not observed.4. Ordination of stygobiotic species along the environmental gradients was best explained by historical variables (mainly Würmian glaciation and age of the underlying geological formation), while variables related to hydrogeology (mainly pH, calcium concentration and habitat fragmentation) influenced species distributions in the hydrogeological zones. An Environmental Integrity Index and nitrate concentration were significantly correlated with altitude, but appeared not to play a significant role in determining stygobiotic biodiversity patterns at the regional scale.5. Results of the OMI analysis were highly significant for all taxa, suggesting that stygobiotic species are sensitive to the environmental factors studied. Thirty‐five species showed high habitat specialisation (OMI index > 10). These species were usually rare and endemic to the Lessinian Massif. Most of them were found in a single hydrogeological zone.6. Quaternary glaciations appear not to have lowered stygobiotic species richness in the Lessinian Massif. This may be because of the marginal location of the region with respect to the Würmian glacier limit and because of extensive networks of fractures in the vadose zone of the karst, which may have allowed stygobionts to move deep down in the aquifers to seek refuge during surface freezing and to recolonise ancestral habitats after the glaciers retreated.
Nuclear, compared with combined nuclear and cytoplasmic expression of maspin, is linked in lung adenocarcinoma to reduced VEGF‐A levels and in Stage I, improved survival
Authors: Frey Amy , Soubani Ayman O , Adam Abdulgadir K , Sheng Shijie , Pass Harvey I , Lonardo Fulvio 
Published: March 2009

Aims:  To evaluate whether there is a correlation between the subcellular localization of maspin and the histological, molecular and biological features of pulmonary adenocarcinoma, particularly addressing the hypothesis that the tumour inhibitor properties of maspin may be linked to a nuclear, compared with a combined nuclear and cytoplasmic expression pattern.Methods and results:  The subcellular expression of maspin was determined in 80 resected pulmonary adenocarcinomas (Stage I, 46; Stage II, 10; Stage III, 20; Stage IV, 4) and correlated with histological grade, proliferative rate, p53 expression, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐A levels, and prognosis (mean follow‐up of 41.5 months). Cases with nuclear (N) maspin (n = 47), compared with the [N + cytoplasmic (C)] group (n = 28), showed lower (P ≤ 0.05): histological grade, proliferative rate, p53 expression and VEGF‐A levels. Cox multivariate analysis revealed in stage I adenocarcinomas (N) maspin as the only predictor of improved survival.Conclusions:  (N) maspin selects lung adenocarcinomas with distinct molecular and clinical features, supporting the hypothesis that its tumour inhibitor properties may be linked to its nuclear localization.
Non‐target effects of broadleaf herbicide on a native perennial forb: a demographic framework for assessing and minimizing impacts
Authors: Crone Elizabeth E. , Marler Marilyn , Pearson Dean E. 
Published: March 2009

Summary

Invasive species are one of the leading threats to biodiversity worldwide. Therefore, chemical herbicides are increasingly used to control invasive plants in natural and semi‐natural areas. Little is known about the non‐target impacts of these chemicals on native species.
We conducted an experiment to test the demographic effects of the herbicide picloram on a native dominant forb, arrowleaf balsamroot Balsamorhiza sagittata. As reported in earlier studies, picloram did not change leaf area of balsamroot in the short term (5 years). However, a single application of picloram dramatically reduced flowering and seed set, and these effects have persisted for at least 4 years after spraying.
Matrix population models based on these data suggest that arrowleaf balsamroot is slowly declining in the presence of weeds, rapidly declining in the presence of herbicide, but might experience a release period after the herbicide decays and before weeds reinvade.
Therefore, from the perspective of persistence of this native wildflower, herbicide use can be beneficial or detrimental, depending on how often a site is sprayed and how long the herbicide persists in the soil. In this system, spraying intervals of more than 10 years may be beneficial, but intervals of less than 5 years will be detrimental. In general, our results emphasize the importance of finding ways to combine herbicide use with other weed control techniques to maximize return intervals and minimize non‐target impacts.
Synthesis and applications. Herbicide use in natural areas differs fundamentally from herbicide use in agricultural areas, because the non‐target species are not directly under management control. Herbicides inevitably will impact non‐target species due to limitations in selectivity. Herbicide persistence and reapplication intervals are key factors determining the demographic impacts of herbicides on native plants. Understanding how persistence and reapplication timing interact with native plant demography allows us to develop management prescriptions that minimize non‐target effects in natural areas. To date, this interface of ecology and management has received little attention from practitioners or researchers.