bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Diet on Development and Reproduction of Pezothrips kellyanus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Varikou K N , Tsitsipis I , Alexandrakis V 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The developmental time, fecundity, and longevity of Pezothrips kellyanus (Bagnall) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) encaged on lemon, Citrus limon (L.) Burm.f., leaves supplied with different food sources (pollen, sucrose, and honey) were compared at 25°C. Only the addition of pollen offered a nutritional benefit for this thrips species. Pollen to the lemon leaf reduced total developmental time from egg to adult from 12.42 to 9.68 d, increased survival from 22.6 to 80.6%, and increased fecundity. When sugar was offered, only 10% of larvae survived. P. kellyanus larvae were unable to grow on lemon leaves as well as when honey was supplied to the leaves (recorded survival was 22.6 and 42.86%, respectively), and adult females were slightly able to reproduce (1.4 and 4.2 larvae per female, respectively). Pollen and honey supplements fed to adults double and triple adult longevity, respectively.
Inheritance and Linkage Studies on Eye Color Mutations in Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Zepeda-Cisneros C S , Meza J S , Gálvez S , Ibañez J , Robinson A S 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Results of a study of the inheritance and linkage relationships of eye-color mutations in the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew) (Diptera: Tephritidae), are presented. The mutations white eyes (we) and yellow eyes (ye) are recessive and autosomal, whereas Red eyes (Re) and Violet eyes (Ve) are dominant, and the latter is homozygous lethal. The genes we and ye showed epistatic interaction, the first with ye, Re, and Ve, and the second with Re. The results of the various crosses suggest that only Ve and ye are linked, so the linkage groups have been designated as A- we, B- Ve-ye, and C- Re. Study of these mutants in A. ludens will serve as the basis for the development of a genetic map for this species. The mutations also will be useful for the development of a genetic-sexing method.
The Natural History and Unusual Mating Behavior ofEuxesta bilimeki(Diptera: Ulidiidae)
Authors: Brunel Odette , Rull Juan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe report results of a 2-yr study aimed at describing the natural history and mating behavior of Euxesta bilimeki (Hendel) (Diptera: Ulidiidae) a picture-winged fly species associated with Agave atrovirens Karw. ex Salm-Dyck (Agavaceae) in the Mexican altiplano. The study consisted of direct field observations and a year-long population survey in the field complemented with laboratory experiments and observations. E. bilimeki was found to be multivoltine, able to resist temperatures below freezing during winter, and it developed on rotting agave leaves in large larvalpupal aggregations. Adults fed on carbohydrate and protein sources found on the plant, where they could be sighted all year long. Courtship was based on a sequence of visual and tactile displays that could result in female rejection of courting males. Males constantly harassed females, who mated multiple times, but frequently expelled and consumed ejaculates after mating. We discuss hypotheses on the evolution of this rare behavior and highlight the value of performing descriptive studies on the natural history of poorly known taxonomic groups to foster understanding of the evolution of behavior.
Parathyroid Carcinoma: Current Understanding and New Insights into Gene Expression and Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Kinetics
Authors: Abdelgadir Adam Mohamed , Untch Brian R. , Olson John A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Discuss the association of parathyroid cancers with severe hypercalcemia and markedly elevated parathyroid hormone levels.Describe the effect of the risk factors, clinical presentation, and gene expression on diagnosis of parathyroid cancers.Analyze the probability of cure for parathyroid cancers with treatment by aggressive surgery with en bloc resection and lymph node dissection.CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.comParathyroid carcinoma is an indolent but ultimately life-threatening malignancy. Due to the lack of definitive diagnostic markers and overlapping clinical features of benign primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), this disease is often misdiagnosed as parathyroid adenoma. Therefore, a high index of suspicion preoperatively and early intraoperative recognition with en bloc surgical resection are crucial for favorable outcome. Owing to the rarity of the disease, little is known about the molecular pathogenesis of parathyroid carcinoma. Here, we review the literature to present current understanding of the disease and provide new information on gene expression and use of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring in the surgical management of this rare malignancy. Specifically, using microarray transcriptome analysis of an unequivocal case of parathyroid carcinoma and a biopsy from the same patient's normal parathyroid gland, we identify APP, CDH1, KCNJ16, and UCHL1 as differentially expressed genes in parathyroid carcinoma. Further, using case records from four cases of unequivocal parathyroid carcinoma, we compared intraoperative PTH kinetics of these patients to 475 patients with benign PHPT, and show that intraoperative PTH monitoring is accurate in predicting postoperative normocalcemia in initial en bloc operations for parathyroid carcinoma.
Money Laundering - A Newly Emerging Topic on the International Agenda
Authors: Unger Brigitte 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Money laundering - bringing illicit proceeds from drugs, fraud and other crime, back into the legal economy - has become an issue of international concern only in the last twenty years. Since 9/11 it has figured as a prominent issue of national and international safety on the agenda of international organizations such as the Financial Action Task Force, the IMF, the United Nations, the Bank of International Settlement, and the European Union. Since then, the need to know more about the volume of laundering and laundering techniques, about the behavior of launderers, the effects of laundering on crime and on the economy, and the potential for successful anti-money laundering policy, has dramatically increased. So far, the academic field of the economics of crime has not devoted much attention to financial crime. And the economics of finance has not dealt with criminal behavior The first three papers presented in this issue will show three very different ways of making use of economics to estimate money laundering. The last three papers show how the law and economics literature especially can be used to analyze the role of anti-money laundering policy.
Measuring Global Money Laundering: "The Walker Gravity Model"
Authors: Walker John , Unger Brigitte 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Measuring global money laundering, the proceeds of transnational crime that are pumped through the financial system worldwide, is still in its infancy. Methods such as case studies, proxy variables, or models for measuring the shadow economy all tend to under- or overestimate money laundering. The model presented here is a gravity model which makes it possible to estimate the flows of illicit funds from and to each jurisdiction in the world and worldwide. This “Walker Model” was first developed in 1994, and used and updated recently. We show that it belongs to the group of gravity models which have recently become popular in international trade theory. Using triangulation, we demonstrate that the original Walker Model estimates are compatible with recent findings on money laundering. Once the scale of money laundering is known, its macroeconomic effects and the impact of crime prevention, regulation and law enforcement effects on money laundering and transnational crime can also be measured.
Trade-Based Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing
Authors: Zdanowicz John S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Money laundering can be defined, generally, as the process of concealing the existence, illegal source, or application of income derived from a criminal activity, and the subsequent disguising of the source of that income to make it appear legitimate. Deception is the heart of money laundering. The use of international trade to move money, undetected, from one country to another is one of the oldest techniques used to circumvent government scrutiny. International trade as a means of laundering money is also a technique generally ignored by most government law enforcement agencies. This article details how false international trade invoicing is used to move money across borders, undetected. This research details how the statistical analysis of the U.S. trade database can assist in measuring illegal money flows. It also details some statistical techniques that may be used to detect and monitor these abnormal transactions.
The Economics of Crime and Money Laundering: Does Anti-Money Laundering Policy Reduce Crime?
Authors: Ferwerda Joras 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Anti-money laundering policy has become a major issue in the Western world, especially in the United States after 9-11. Basically, all countries in the world are more or less forced to cooperate in the global fight against money laundering. In this paper, the criminalization of money laundering is modelled, assuming rational behavior of criminals, following the law and economics strand of the literature described as the economics of crime. The theoretical model shows that a) the probability of being caught for money laundering, b) the sentence for money laundering, c) the probability of being convicted for the predicate crime, and d) the transaction costs of money laundering are negatively related to the amount of crime. Under the assumption that these factors are all positively influenced by a stricter anti-money laundering policy, the hypothesis empirically tested in this paper is that anti-money laundering policy deters potential criminals from illegal behavior and therefore lowers the crime rate. Since the data on anti-money laundering policy used in the literature thus far is not all-embracing, a unique indicator is constructed using information from the mutual evaluation reports on money laundering of the FATF, IMF and World Bank. This unique dataset is used in an empirical estimation based on a Mundlak specification to test the effect of anti-money laundering policy on the crime rate. Among the four policy areas measured – the role of law, the institutional framework, the duties of the private sector in law enforcement, and international cooperation – the latter turned out to be the policy area that is associated with a lower crime rate. This result should be an extra incentive for countries and international organizations to continue their efforts to promote and develop international cooperation in the fight against money laundering.
The Risk-Based Approach in the New European Anti-Money Laundering Legislation: A Law and Economics View
Authors: Dalla Pellegrina Lucia , Masciandaro Donato 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In 2005 the European Commission adopted the Third Directive on Anti-Money Laundering (AML), which was to be implemented into national laws at the latest by December 2007. The key feature that characterizes the Third Directive is the idea that the regulatory framework should be risk-based (RBA). The aim of this regulation is to elicit a high level of outcome in terms of AML effectiveness from self-interested financial institutions (FIs) who hold private information. In this paper we study how to increase the effectiveness of AML rules, using a principal-agent framework to describe the regulatory setting in which an RBA is applied. We focus on incentive problems arising in a three-layer hierarchy, which includes public authorities (policymakers), financial institutions, and supervisors.
Evaluating the Economic Performance of Property Systems
Authors: Bessen James 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
How should the economic performance of property systems be evaluated? Benefit-cost analysis is widely used to evaluate non-market based regulation when prices are not available. Market prices provide better information for property systems, but market prices are not necessarily socially optimal when property rights are imperfect. This paper discusses two practical approaches to evaluating the performance of property systems, one based on an analysis of institutional performance, the other based on measuring incentives. As an illustration, I show how these approaches might be used to evaluate the US patent system.
A Cautious Defense of Intellectual Oligopoly With Fringe Competition
Authors: Lemley Mark A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In a 2008 paper, Michele Boldrin and David Levine offer a strong attack on intellectual property. While Boldrin and Levine make a plausible case, it is an exaggeration to say as they do that patents and copyrights are intellectual monopolies and are not necessary to encourage invention or creation. More significant is their claim that competition, not monopoly, drives innovation. Boldrin and Levine overstate the case for competitive innovation and understate the case for innovation driven by either market power or the prospect of acquiring market power through patent innovation. They are correct that we will get some innovation in many industries, and even the same level of innovation in some industries, without IP protection. But for most types of invention and creation we just can’t be confident that IP isn’t driving at least some innovation. On balance, IP protection will give us more benefit in the industries in which it spurs competitive innovation and fringe competition than the harm it causes in raising prices and constraining downstream innovation. It is, as Mike Scherer puts it, “a system that, despite its manifest imperfections, has worked tolerably well.” Nonetheless, Boldrin and Levine do point the way toward needed reforms of the IP system short of its abolition.
Does Intellectual Monopoly Help Innovation?
Authors: Boldrin Michele , Levine David K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In this paper, we begin our analysis of copyrights and patents by asking: why should creators have the right to control how purchasers make use of an idea or new good? This gives creators a monopoly over the idea. We refer to this right as “intellectual monopoly,” to emphasize that it is this monopoly over all copies of an idea that is controversial, not the right to buy and sell copies. The government does not ordinarily enforce monopolies for producers of other goods. This is because it is widely recognized that monopoly creates many social costs. Intellectual monopoly is no different in this respect. The question we address is whether it also creates social benefits commensurate with these social costs.
Copyright Abolition and Attribution
Authors: Depoorter Ben , Holland Adam , Somerstein Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
An increasing number of scholarly voices challenge the balance between incentives and deadweight losses created by intellectual property rights. In their book Against Intellectual Monopoly (2008), Boldrin and Levine) move beyond pragmatic calls to fine-tune the scope of intellectual property rights to question the very premises of the quid pro quo underlying the intellectual property rights system. In this brief essay, we contemplate the effects of removing traditional copyright protection. We draw upon the available literature in economic theory and copyright scholarship to examine the likely incentive effects of copyright abolition on authors, while considering the available non-legal forms of remuneration for authors. Furthermore, we contemplate a version of copyright protection grounded and limited to a mandatory right of attribution.
The Design, Synthesis and Antiviral Evaluation of a Series of 5-trimethylsilyl-1-β-d-(arabinofuranosyl) uracil phosphoramidate ProTides
Authors: Mehellou Youcef , Balzarini Jan , McGuigan Christopher 
Published: January 2010

Background: Nucleoside analogues always require phosphorylation to be active. This appears to be a particular limitation for uridine-based nucleosides. Our ProTide method allows the direct use of masked membrane-soluble preformed nucleoside phosphates, bypassing the need for the initial phosphorylation step. We herein applied it to some novel 5-trimethylsilyl arabinosyl uridines. Methods: 5-Trimethylsilyl-1-β-d-(arabinofuranosyl)uracil was prepared in six steps starting from uridine, and five phosphoramidate ProTide derivatives were synthesized. These compounds were investigated for activity against a range of DNA and RNA viruses, including herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2, vaccinia virus and HIV. Results: Overall, these compounds did not show significant antiviral activity against any of the viruses tested. Conclusions: The inactivity of the ProTides of this nucleoside could correspond with poor ProTide activation in vitro, poor onward metabolism or low activity of the putative monophosphate metabolite.
Quadriceps Tendon Injuries
Authors: Hak David J. , Sanchez Anthony , Trobisch Per 
Published: January 2010

Educational Objectives

1.
Explain the etiology, epidemiology and clinical presentation of quadriceps tendon injuries.

2.
Describe the role of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of quadriceps tendon ruptures.

3.
Discuss the surgical techniques for management of acute and chronic quadriceps tendon ruptures.

4.
Restate the complications and outcomes following repair of quadriceps tendon ruptures.
New Apparatuses and Rearing Techniques for the Study of Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) in Organic Soils of Southwestern Quebec
Authors: Lafrance J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractRearing techniques were developed and apparatuses built for biological studies on the Elateridae in the organic soils of southwestern Quebec. Adults attracted to heap-traps are normally mixed with a large quantity of hay trash which makes the recovery of beetles tedious and difficult. To facilitate this work, an insect sorting box was designed and built and proved quite satisfactory. A flight-trap was also designed for obtaining information on adult species concerning their period of emergence, peak and length of emergence, and height and direction of flight. Adequate techniques for the incubation of wireworm eggs and the rearing of larvae under constant supply of water through capillary action were developed. A large field cage was designed and built to study under natural conditions the complete life-cycle of the species of elaterids found in organic soils.
The Effect of Predator Age and Prey Defense on the Functional Response of Podisus maculiventris Say to the Density of Hyphantria cunea Drury
Authors: Morris R. F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractExperiments were designed to find the functional response (response per predator) of the pentatomid Podisus maculiventris to the population density of larvae of the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea. The response was measured in confined universes, (glass jars), representing webworm nests, and it was found permissible to vary universe size, within certain limits, in order to obtain a wide range of prey densities without handling large numbers of larvae. The “disc equation” proposed by Holling (1959) was found to describe the response curves, except at very high prey densities, and to provide a satisfactory biological explanation for their decreasing slopes. P. maculiventris ingests about 84% of its own weight for each fifth-instar larva of H. cunea attacked successfully, and the time spent in feeding and becoming hungry enough to make another attack reduces very substantially the time devoted to searching activities. Both prey defense (Fig. 1) and the age of the adult predator (Fig. 2) have very important effects on the functional response curves and on the values of the parameters, a and b, of the disc equation. These effects are explained. The “rate of discovery”, a, is contrasted to Nicholson's (1933) “area of discovery” and it is shown why the former is more likely to be independent of prey density than the latter.In view of the population of webworm larvae in the average nest, it is concluded that the functional response of the various predators inside the nest is probably not important, and that attention should be devoted instead to the functional and numerical responses of predators and parasites to the density of nests per unit area. Because of the vigorous defense exhibited by fifth-instar webworm larvae, predation by timid predators like P. maculiventris is selective and larvae whose development is delayed by parasitism are likely to suffer more predation than healthy larvae.
Life History and Habits of a Midge, Contarinia washingtonensis Johnson (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in Douglas-fir Cones
Authors: Hedlin Alan F. , Johnson Norman E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe midge Contarinia washnigtonensis Johnson is capable of causing serious seed loss in Douglas-fir in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon. The female lays its eggs from late May until early July in the young cones. When the eggs hatch larvae feed in the cone scales, sometimes causing direct damage to seeds and often killing scales before cone maturity. When larvae have completed feeding they leave the cone scales in late summer and autumn to drop to the ground where they spin cocoons and remain overwinter in the litter.
A New Genus of Rhagionidae (Diptera) with Notes and Descriptions of Bolbomyia Loew
Authors: Chillcott J. G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLitoleptis alaskensis, a new genus and species from Alaska, and Bolbomyia melanderi, a new species from the Appalachians, are described. Cekendia wuorentausi is redescribed, and the genus synonymyzed with Bolbomyia. Further records of the Nearctic species of Bolbomyia are given. A generic group composed of Hilarimorpha, Litoleptis, Bolbomyia, Archicera and Austroleptis is proposed.