bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intonational Differences between L1 and L2 English in South Africa
Authors: Swerts Marc , Zerbian Sabine 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that characteristics of a person’s first language (L1) may transfer to a second language (L2). The current study looks at the extent to which this holds for aspects of intonation as well. More specifically, we investigate to what extent traces of the L1 can be discerned in the way intonation is used in the L2 for two functions: (1) to highlight certain words by making them sound more prominent and (2) to signal continuation or finality in a list by manipulating the speech melody. To this end, the article presents an explorative study into the way focus and boundaries are marked prosodically in Zulu, and it also compares such prosodic functions in two variants of English in South Africa, i.e., English spoken as an L1, and English spoken as an L2/additional language by speakers who have Zulu as their L1. The latter language is commonly referred to as Black South African English. This comparison is interesting from a typological perspective, as Zulu is intonationally different from English, especially in the way prosody is exploited for signalling informationally important stretches of speech. Using a specific elicitation procedure, we found in a first study that speakers of South African English (as L1) mark focused words and position within a list by intonational means, just as in other L1 varieties of English, whereas Zulu only uses intonation for marking continuity or finality. A second study focused on speakers of Black South African English, and compared the prosody of proficient versus less proficient speakers. We found that the proficient speakers were perceptually equivalent to L1 speakers of English in their use of intonation for marking focus and boundaries. The less proficient speakers marked boundaries in a similar way as L1 speakers of English, but did not use prosody for signalling focus, analogous to what is typical of their native language. Acoustic observations match these perceptual results.
A Laryngographic and Laryngoscopic Study of Northern Vietnamese Tones
Authors: Brunelle Marc , Nguyên Duy Duong , Nguyên Khac Hùng 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
A laryngographic and laryngoscopic study of tone production in Northern Vietnamese, a language whose tones combine both fundamental frequency (f0) modulations and voice qualities (phonation types), was conducted with 5 male and 5 female speakers. Results show that the f0 contours of Northern Vietnamese tones are not only attributable to changes in vocal fold length and tension (partly through changes in larynx height), but that f0 drops are also largely caused by the glottal configurations responsible for the contrastive voice qualities associated with some of the tones. We also find that voice quality contrasts are mostly due to glottal constriction: they occasionally involve additional ventricular fold incursion and epiglottal constriction, but these articulations are usually absent.
Urban Modification of Thunderstorms: An Observational Storm Climatology and Model Case Study for the Indianapolis Urban Region
Authors: Niyogi Dev , Pyle Patrick , Lei Ming , Arya S. Pal , Kishtawal Chandra M. , Shepherd Marshall , Chen Fei , Wolfe Brian 
Published: October 2010

AbstractA radar-based climatology of 91 unique summertime (May 2000–August 2009) thunderstorm cases was examined over the Indianapolis, Indiana, urban area. The study hypothesis is that urban regions alter the intensity and composition/structure of approaching thunderstorms because of land surface heterogeneity. Storm characteristics were studied over the Indianapolis region and four peripheral rural counties approximately 120 km away from the urban center. Using radar imagery, the time of event, changes in storm structure (splitting, initiation, intensification, and dissipation), synoptic setting, orientation, and motion were studied. It was found that more than 60% of storms changed structure over the Indianapolis area as compared with only 25% over the rural regions. Furthermore, daytime convection was most likely to be affected, with 71% of storms changing structure as compared with only 42% at night. Analysis of radar imagery indicated that storms split closer to the upwind urban region and merge again downwind. Thus, a larger portion of small storms (50–200 km2) and large storms (>1500 km2) were found downwind of the urban region, whereas midsized storms (200–1500 km) dominated the upwind region. A case study of a typical storm on 13 June 2005 was examined using available observations and the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5), version 3.7.2. Two simulations were performed with and without the urban land use/Indianapolis region in the fourth domain (1.33-km resolution). The storm of interest could not be simulated without the urban area. Results indicate that removing the Indianapolis urban region caused distinct differences in the regional convergence and convection as well as in simulated base reflectivity, surface energy balance (through sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and virtual potential temperature changes), and boundary layer structure. Study results indicate that the urban area has a strong climatological influence on regional thunderstorms.
Dynamic Downscaling of the North American Monsoon with the NCEP–Scripps Regional Spectral Model from the NCEP CFS Global Model
Authors: Chan Steven C. , Misra Vasubandhu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The June–September (JJAS) 2000–07 NCEP coupled Climate Forecasting System (CFS) global hindcasts are downscaled over the North and South American continents with the NCEP–Scripps Regional Spectral Model (RSM) with anomaly nesting (AN) and without bias correction (control). A diagnosis of the North American monsoon (NAM) in CFS and RSM hindcasts is presented here. RSM reduces errors caused by coarse resolution but is unable to address larger-scale CFS errors even with bias correction. CFS has relatively weak Great Plains and Gulf of California low-level jets. Low-level jets are strengthened from downscaling, especially after AN bias correction. The RSM NAM hydroclimate shares similar flaws with CFS, with problematic diurnal and seasonal variability. Flaws in both diurnal and monthly variability are forced by erroneous convection-forced divergence outside the monsoon core region in eastern and southern Mexico. NCEP reanalysis shows significant seasonal variability errors, and AN shows little improvement in regional-scale flow errors. The results suggest that extreme caution must be taken when the correction is applied relative to reanalyses. Analysis also shows that North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) NAM seasonal variability has benefited from precipitation data assimilation, but many questions remain concerning NARR’s representation of NAM.
The Boundary Layer Response to Recent Arctic Sea Ice Loss and Implications for High-Latitude Climate Feedbacks
Authors: Kay J. E. , Raeder K. , Gettelman A. , Anderson J. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
This study documents and evaluates the boundary layer and energy budget response to record low 2007 sea ice extents in the Community Atmosphere Model version 4 (CAM4) using 1-day observationally constrained forecasts and 10-yr runs with a freely evolving atmosphere. While near-surface temperature and humidity are minimally affected by sea ice loss in July 2007 forecasts, near-surface stability decreases and atmospheric humidity increases aloft over newly open water in September 2007 forecasts. Ubiquitous low cloud increases over the newly ice-free Arctic Ocean are found in both the July 2007 and the September 2007 forecasts. In response to the 2007 sea ice loss, net surface [top of the atmosphere (TOA)] energy budgets change by +19.4 W m−2 (+21.0 W m−2) and −17.9 W m−2 (+1.4 W m−2) in the July 2007 and September 2007 forecasts, respectively. While many aspects of the forecasted response to sea ice loss are consistent with physical expectations and available observations, CAM4’s ubiquitous July 2007 cloud increases over newly open water are not. The unrealistic cloud response results from the global application of parameterization designed to diagnose stratus clouds based on lower-tropospheric stability (CLDST). In the Arctic, the well-mixed boundary layer assumption implicit in CLDST is violated. Requiring a well-mixed boundary layer to diagnose stratus clouds improves the CAM4 cloud response to sea ice loss and increases July 2007 surface (TOA) energy budgets over newly open water by +11 W m−2 (+14.9 W m−2). Of importance to high-latitude climate feedbacks, unrealistic stratus cloud compensation for sea ice loss occurs only when stable and dry atmospheric conditions exist. Therefore, coupled climate projections that use CAM4 will underpredict Arctic sea ice loss only when dry and stable summer conditions occur.
Trends in Precipitation Extremes in the Zhujiang River Basin, South China
Authors: Gemmer Marco , Fischer Thomas , Jiang Tong , Su Buda , Liu Lü Liu 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
Spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation trends in the Zhujiang River basin, South China, are analyzed. Nonparametric trend tests are applied to daily precipitation data from 192 weather stations between 1961 and 2007 for the following indices: annual, monthly, and daily precipitation; annual and monthly number of rain days and precipitation intensity; annual and monthly maximum precipitation; 5-day maximum precipitation, number of rainstorms with &gt;50 mm day−1, and peaks over thresholds (90th, 95th, and 99th percentile).
The results show that few stations experienced trends in the precipitation indices on an annual basis. On a monthly basis, significant positive and negative trends above the 90% confidence level appear in all months except December. Trends in the indices of monthly precipitation, rain intensity, rain days, and monthly maximum precipitation show very similar characteristics. They experience the most distinct negative (positive) trends in October (January). A change of the mean wind direction by 50° from east-southeast to east-northeast explains the downward trend in precipitation in October. Dry October months (months with low precipitation indices) can be observed when the mean wind direction is east-northeast (arid) instead of the prevailing mean wind direction, east-southeast (moist). The former is typical for the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM). Nearly 90% of the driest October months can be explained by wind directions typical for the EAWM. The upward trend in precipitation indices in January cannot be explained by changes in large-scale circulation. The analysis of the precipitation indices delivers more detailed information on observed changes than other studies in the same area. This can be attributed to the higher station density, the quality of daily data, and the focus on monthly trends in the current study.
Interactions between Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations and Synoptic-Scale Disturbances over the Western North Pacific. Part II: Apparent Heat and Moisture Sources and Eddy Momentum Transport*
Authors: Hsu Pang-Chi , Li Tim 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The interactions between the boreal summer intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) and synoptic-scale variability (SSV) are investigated by diagnosing the atmospheric apparent heat source (Q1), apparent moisture sink (Q2), and eddy momentum transport. It is found that the synoptic Q1 and Q2 heating (cooling) anomalies are in phase with cyclonic (anticyclonic) vorticity disturbances, aligned in a southeast–northwest-oriented wave train pattern over the western North Pacific (WNP). The wave train is well organized and strengthened (loosely organized and weakened) during the ISO active (suppressed) phase. The nonlinearly rectified Q1 and Q2 fields due to the eddy–mean flow interaction account for 10%–30% of the total intraseasonal Q1 and Q2 variabilities over the WNP. During the ISO active (suppressed) phase, the nonlinearly rectified intraseasonal Q1 and Q2 heating (cooling) appear to the northwest of the ISO enhanced (suppressed) convection center, favoring the northwestward propagation of the ISO. A diagnosis of the zonal momentum budget shows that the eddy momentum flux convergence forces an intraseasonal westerly (easterly) tendency to the north of the ISO westerly (easterly) center during the ISO active (suppressed) phase. As a result, the eddy momentum transport may contribute to the northward propagation of the boreal summer ISO over the WNP.
Convective Control of ENSO Simulated in MIROC
Authors: Watanabe Masahiro , Chikira Minoru , Imada Yukiko , Kimoto Masahide 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The high sensitivity of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) to cumulus convection is examined by means of a series of climate simulations using an updated version of the Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC), called MIROC5. Given that the preindustrial control run using MIROC5 shows a realistic ENSO, the integration is repeated with four different values of the parameter, λ, which affects the efficiency of the entrainment rate in cumuli. The ENSO amplitude is found to be proportional to λ−1 and to vary from 0.6 to 1.6 K.
A comparison of four experiments reveals the mechanisms for which the cumulus convections control behavior of ENSO in MIROC as follows. Efficient entrainment due to a large λ increases congestus clouds over the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and reduces the vertical temperature gradient over the eastern Pacific, resulting in a wetter ITCZ and drier cold tongue via accelerated meridional circulation. The dry cold tongue then shifts the atmospheric responses to El Niño/La Niña westward, thereby reducing the effective Bjerknes feedback. The first half of these processes is identifiable in a companion set of atmosphere model experiments, but the difference in mean precipitation contrast is quite small. On one hand, the mean meridional precipitation contrast over the eastern Pacific is a relevant indicator of the ENSO amplitude in MIROC. On the other hand, the nonlinear feedback from ENSO affects the mean state, the latter therefore not regarded as a fundamental cause for different ENSO amplitudes.
Eye-Safe Diode-Laser-Based Micropulse Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) for Water Vapor Profiling in the Lower Troposphere
Authors: Nehrir Amin R. , Repasky Kevin S. , Carlsten John L. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
A second-generation diode-laser-based master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) configured micropulse differential absorption lidar (DIAL) instrument for profiling of lower-tropospheric water vapor is presented. The DIAL transmitter is based on a continuous wave (cw) external cavity diode laser (ECDL) master oscillator that is used to injection seed two cascaded tapered semiconductor optical power amplifiers, which deliver up to 2-μJ pulse energies over a 1-μs pulse duration at 830 nm with an average power of ∼40 mW at a pulse repetition frequency of 20 kHz. The DIAL receiver utilizes a commercial 28-cm-diameter Schmidt–Cassegrain telescope, a 250-pm narrowband optical filter, and a fiber-coupled single-photon-counting Avalanche photodiode (APD) detector, yielding a far-field full-angle field of view of 170 μrad. A detailed description of the second-generation Montana State University (MSU) DIAL instrument is presented. Water vapor number density profiles and time–height cross sections collected with the water vapor DIAL instrument are also presented and compared with collocated radiosonde measurements, demonstrating the instruments ability to measure night- and daytime water vapor profiles in the lower troposphere.
A New Bulk Microphysical Scheme That Includes Riming Intensity and Temperature-Dependent Ice Characteristics
Authors: Lin Yanluan , Colle Brian A. 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
A new bulk microphysical parameterization (BMP) scheme is presented that includes a diagnosed riming intensity and its impact on ice characteristics. As a result, the new scheme represents a continuous spectrum from pristine ice particles to heavily rimed particles and graupel using one prognostic variable [precipitating ice (PI)] rather than two separate variables (snow and graupel). In contrast to most existing parameterization schemes that use fixed empirical relationships to describe ice particles, general formulations are proposed to consider the influences of riming intensity and temperature on the projected area, mass, and fall velocity of PI particles. The proposed formulations are able to cover the variations of empirical coefficients found in previous observational studies. The new scheme also reduces the number of parameterized microphysical processes by ∼50% as compared to conventional six-category BMPs and thus it is more computationally efficient.
The new scheme (called SBU-YLIN) has been implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and compared with three other schemes for two events during the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Observational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) over the central Oregon Cascades. The new scheme produces surface precipitation forecasts comparable to more complicated BMPs. The new scheme reduces the snow amounts aloft as compared to other WRF schemes and compares better with observations, especially for an event with moderate riming aloft. Sensitivity tests suggest both reduced snow depositional growth rate and more efficient fallout due to the contribution of riming to the reduction of ice water content aloft in the new scheme, with a larger impact from the partially rimed snow and fallout.
Diagnosing the Relative Impact of “Sneaks,” “Phantoms,” and Volatility in Sequences of Lagged Ensemble Probability Forecasts with a Simple Dynamic Decision Model
Authors: McLay Justin G. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractMonte Carlo simulation of sequences of lagged ensemble probability forecasts is undertaken using Markov transition law estimated from a reforecast ensemble. A simple three-state, three-action dynamic decision model is then applied to the Monte Carlo sequence realizations using a basket of cost functions, and the resulting expense incurred by the decision model is conditioned upon the structure of the sequence realizations. Findings show that the greatest average expense is incurred by “sneak” and “volatile” sequence structures, which are structures characterized by large and rapid increases in event probability at short lag times. These findings are simple quantitative illustration of the adage that large run-to-run variability of forecasts can be troublesome to a decision maker. The experiments also demonstrate how even small improvements in the amount of advance warning of an event can translate into a substantial reduction in decision expense. In general, the conditioned decision expense is found to be sensitive to sequence structure for a given cost function, to the parameters of a given cost function, and to the choice of cost function itself.
Of Jean Giono and Collaboration: A Response to Meaghan Emery
Authors: Golsan Richard J. 
Published: October 2010

Even though Jean Giono's admirers, including his biographer Pierre Citron, insist that Giono was neither a collaborator nor favorably disposed to Vichy's National Revolution and that he was in fact a resister, his activities and wartime writings confirm that he was not only sympathetic to the occupant's presence but also ideologically complicit with the principles of the National Revolution. Giono's Journal de l'Occupation as well as his prewar pacifist writings also reveal a dangerous historical nihilism that refused to recognize the bellicosity of Adolf Hitler's Germany. Giono's blindness in this instance lasted until the end of the war.
Bien que ses admirateurs, y compris son biographe Pierre Citron, insistent sur le fait que Jean Giono n'était ni collaborateur ni favorable à la « Révolution nationale » de Vichy, et qu'il était effectivement un « résistant, » les activités aussi bien que les écrits de l'écrivain pendant l'Occupation confirment non seulement une sympathie à l'égard de l'occupant, mais une complicité idéologique avec les principes de la Révolution nationale. Son Journal de l'Occupation et ses essais pacifistes d'avant-guerre font preuve également d'un dangereux nihilisme historique refusant de reconnaître le bellicisme fondamental de la dictature nazie. Cette cécité de la part de Giono durera jusqu'à la fin de la guerre.
Triaxial Testing of Soft Rocks
Authors: Berre Toralv 
Published: October 2010

Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to describe the present practice for triaxial testing at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute with particular reference to testing of soft rocks from the oil reservoirs in the North Sea. The following aspects related to this testing are described: (a) testing equipment, (b) procedures for typical stages of the testing, (c) estimation of the allowable rate of loading to control excess pore pressures, (d) means to speed up the expulsion of pore liquid from low permeability rocks, (e) local measurements of strains with LVDTs, and (f) testing at high temperatures.
Formalizing non-standard arguments in second-order arithmetic
Authors: Yokoyama Keita 
Published: October 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the systems ns-ACA0and ns-WKL0of non-standard second-order arithmetic in which we can formalize non-standard arguments in ACA0and WKL0, respectively. Then, we give direct transformations from non-standard proofs in ns-ACA0or ns-WKL0into proofs in ACA0or WKL0.
Stable types in rosy theories
Authors: Hasson Assaf , Onshuus Alf 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe study the behaviour of stable types in rosy theories. The main technical result is that a non-þ-forking extension of an unstable type is unstable. We apply this to show that a rosy group with a þ-generic stable type is stable. In the context of super-rosy theories of finite rank we conclude that non-trivial stable types of Uþ-rank 1 must arise from definable stable sets.
Expansions of the real field by open sets: definability versus interpretability
Authors: Friedman Harvey , Kurdyka Krzysztof , Miller Chris , Speissegger Patrick 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn openU⊆ ℝ is produced such that (ℝ, +, ·,U) defines a Borel isomorph of (ℝ, +, ·, ℕ) but does not define ℕ. It follows that (ℝ, +, ·,U) defines sets in every level of the projective hierarchy but does not define all projective sets. This result is elaborated in various ways that involve geometric measure theory and working over o-minimal expansions of (ℝ, +, ·). In particular, there is a Cantor setE⊆ ℝ such that (ℝ, +, ·, ℕ) defines a Borel isomorph of (ℝ, +, ·, ℕ) and, for every exponentially bounded o-minimal expansionof (ℝ, +, ·), every subset of ℝ definable in (,E) either has interior or is Hausdorff null.
Consistency of strictly impredicative NF and a little more …
Authors: Tupailo Sergei 
Published: October 2010

AbstractAn instance of Stratified Comprehensionis calledstrictly impredicativeiff, under minimal stratification, the type ofxis 0. Using the technology of forcing, we prove that the fragment ofNFbased on strictly impredicative Stratified Comprehension is consistent. A crucial part in this proof, namely showing genericity of a certain symmetric filter, is due to Robert Solovay.As a bonus, our interpretation also satisfies some instances of Stratified Comprehension which arenotstrictly impredicative. For example, it verifies existence of Frege natural numbers.Apparently, this is a new subsystem ofNFshown to be consistent. The consistency question for the whole theoryNFremains open (since 1937).
Uniform model-completeness for the real field expanded by power functions
Authors: Foster Tom 
Published: October 2010

AbstractWe prove that given any first order formulaϕin the languageL′ = {+, ·, <,(fi)iЄI, (ci)iЄI}, where thefiare unary function symbols and theciare constants, one can find an existential formulaΨsuch thatφandΨare equivalent in anyL′-structure