bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is There a Place for Minorities' and Indigenous Peoples' Rights within ASEAN?: Asian Values, ASEAN Values and the Protection of Southeast Asian Minorities and Indigenous Peoples
Authors: de Vries Byung Sook , Meijknecht Anna 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSoutheast Asia is one of the most culturally diverse regions in the world. Nevertheless, unlike minorities and indigenous peoples in Western states, minorities and indigenous peoples in Asia have never received much attention from politicians or legal scholars. The level of minority protection varies from state to state, but can, in general, be called insufficient. At the regional level, for instance, within the context of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), there are no mechanisms devoted specifically to the protection of minorities and indigenous peoples. In December 2008, the ASEAN Charter entered into force. In July 2009 the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ASEAN Inter-Governmental Commission on Human Rights were adopted. Both the Charter and the ToR refer to human rights and to cultural diversity, but omit to refer explicitly to minorities or indigenous peoples. In this article, the extent to which this reticence with regard to the protection of minorities and indigenous peoples is dictated by the concept of Asian values and ASEAN values is explored. Further, it is analysed how, instead, ASEAN seeks to accommodate the enormous cultural diversity of this region of the world within its system. Finally, the tenability of ASEAN's policy towards minorities and indigenous peoples in the light of, on the one hand, the requirements of international legal instruments concerning the protection of minorities and indigenous peoples and, on the other hand, the policies of the national states that are members of ASEAN is determined.
The Newly Found Tomb-Stone of Sheikh Haydar the Safavid in Dagestan
Authors: Aytberov Temur 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe paper presents the Arabic epitaphs on the newly-found grave-stones of Sheikh Haydar the Safavid, the father of Shah Isma'il I, and Xwāĵa Jamšīd, supposedly, Sheikh Haydar's brother. Both inscriptions were recently discovered in Dagestan—in Tabasaran and in Kubachi, respectively.
The Dear One of Nasaf: 'Azīz Nasafī's “Epistle on Love”
Authors: Virani Shafique 
Published: February 2010

Abstract'Azīz Nasafī, the prominent 13th century Muslim mystic of Iran and Central Asia, was one of the first exponents of Islamic esoteric thought to draw the attention of western scholarship. Here, an introduction and translation of his impressive Persian “Epistle on Love” are presented. This epistle forms an important part of the author's Book of the Perfect Man (Kitāb Insān al-Kāmil).
Iranian Notes III
Authors: Asatrian Garnik 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper brings to light additional lexical material with regard to several items, primarily cultural terms, discussed already in the relevant literature. The material was recorded during recent field-work in various parts of the Iranian-speaking oikumene, including present-day Iran, western parts of Afghanistan, and Central Anatolia. The list of terms examined in this essay are: “bare-foot and naked”, “step-child”, “yawning”, “snow, sleet, and dew”, “threshing-floor”, “mortar and pestle”, “fork for winnowing grain”, “plough-handle”, “clothing, underwear, and shirt”, and “Rhubarb (Rheam L.) and Purslane (Portulaca L.)”.
Iran and Its Two Neighbours Armenia and Azerbaijan: Resuming Relationships under America's Suspicious Eyes
Authors: Zarifian Julien 
Published: February 2010

AbstractImmediately after the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Iran sought to once again resume relationships with its two northern ex-Soviet neighbours, Armenia and Azerbaijan. In the context of the Karabakh conflict that pitted the two South Caucasian countries against one another, Iran, despite its Shi'a Muslim identity, decided to maintain a neutral stance. This was mostly due to the pro-Turkish and clearly anti-Iranian stance of the second Azeri president, A. Elchibey, and to the traditional close ties between Iran and Armenia. Since that time, Iranian-Armenian political, economic, and cultural relations have maintained themselves at a high level, while Iranian-Azerbaijani relations have improved, especially at the instigation of the Aliyev family in power in Baku. The difficulty for Yerevan and Baku is that they are both partners of the U.S., which, especially under G. W. Bush's presidency, has not been pleased by the good and fruitful relationships Azerbaijan and especially Armenia maintain with Tehran. The strained Iranian-American relationship puts Yerevan and Baku in an uneasy posture, and the U.S., particularly under G. W. Bush, applied relative pressure on both countries to make them ponder over their cooperation with Iran. The delicate task of Armenia and Azerbaijan is, therefore, to optimise their relationship with both the U.S. and Iran, two major actors, without hurting their respective feelings and, as much as possible, their respective interests.
Iranian Women from Private Sphere to Public Sphere, With Focus on Parliament
Authors: Koolaee Elaheh 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWomen in Iran have gained unprecedented experiences in the course of their fight for democracy and human rights. In the Pahlavi era, the modernisation model was based on Western patterns. With the Islamic Revolution, a new generation of Iranian women emerged in social arenas. Ayatollah Khomeini always emphasised women's prominent and important role in social life. His views shed light on potentials for women's rights, but the obstacle of old cultural and historical attitudes have made these ideas difficult to actualise. The weakness of civil organisations, including women's political and non-political organisations, has seriously affected the outcomes. Although a reformist government and the reinforcement of governmental institutions concerned with women's affairs can play a part in improving the situation of women, women's civil society organisations can assume responsibilities at social levels in order to complement the role of the representatives. The author discusses the process of women's entrance in the public sphere and efforts by the 6th parliament to protect their rights.
Monocyte activation state regulates monocyte-induced endothelial proliferation through Met signaling
Authors: Schubert Shai Y. , Benarroch Alejandro , Monter-Solans Juan , Edelman Elazer R. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Direct interaction of unactivated primary monocytes with endothelial cells induces a mitogenic effect in subconfluent, injured endothelial monolayers through activation of endothelial Met. We now report that monocytes' contact-dependent mitogenicity is controlled by activation-mediated regulation of hepatocyte growth factor. Direct interaction of unactivated monocytes with subconfluent endothelial cells for 12 hours resulted in 9- and 120-fold increase in monocyte tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA levels and bitemporal spike in hepatocyte growth factor that closely correlates with endothelial Met and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Once activated, monocytes cannot induce a second wave of endothelial cell proliferation and endothelial Met phosphorylation and soluble hepatocyte growth factor levels fall off. Monocyte-induced proliferation is dose dependent and limited to the induction of a single cell cycle. Monocytes retain their ability to activate other endothelial cells for up to 8 hours after initial interaction, after which they are committed to the specific cell. There is therefore a profoundly sophisticated mode of vascular repair. Confluent endothelial cells ensure vascular quiescence, whereas subconfluence promotes vessel activation. Simultaneously, circulating monocytes stimulate endothelial cell proliferation, but lose this potential once activated. Such a system provides for the fine balance that can restore vascular and endothelial homeostasis with minimal overcompensation.
Signatures of polycomb repression and reduced H3K4 trimethylation are associated with p15INK4b DNA methylation in AML
Authors: Paul Thomas A. , Bies Juraj , Small Donald , Wolff Linda 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
DNA hypermethylation of the p15INK4b tumor suppressor gene is commonly observed in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Repressive histone modifications and their associated binding proteins have been implicated in the regulation of DNA methylation and the transcriptional repression of genes with DNA methylation. We have used high-density chromatin immunoprecipitation-on-chip to determine the histone modifications that normally regulate p15INK4b expression in AML cells and how these marks are altered in cells that have p15INK4b DNA methylation. In AML patient blasts without p15INK4b DNA methylation, a bivalent pattern of active (H3K4me3) and repressive (H3K27me3) modifications exist at the p15INK4b promoter. AML patient blasts with p15INK4b DNA methylation lose H3K4me3 at p15INK4b and become exclusively marked by H3K27me3. H3K27me3, as well as EZH2, extends throughout p14ARF and p16INK4a, indicating that polycomb repression of p15INK4b is a common feature in all AML blasts irrespective of the DNA methylation status of the gene. Reactivation of p15INK4b expression in AML cell lines and patient blasts using 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (decitabine) and trichostatin A increased H3K4me3 and maintained H3K27me3 enrichment at p15INK4b. These data indicate that AML cells with p15INK4b DNA methylation have an altered histone methylation pattern compared with unmethylated samples and that these changes are reversible by epigenetic drugs.
IL-7 induces rapid clathrin-mediated internalization and JAK3-dependent degradation of IL-7Rα in T cells
Authors: Henriques Catarina M. , Rino José , Nibbs Robert J. , Graham Gerry J. , Barata João T. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInterleukin-7 (IL-7) is an essential cytokine for T-cell development and homeostasis. It is well established that IL-7 promotes the transcriptional down-regulation of IL7RA, leading to decreased IL-7Rα surface expression. However, it is currently unknown whether IL-7 regulates the intracellular trafficking and early turnover of its receptor on ligand binding. Here, we show that, in steady-state T cells, IL-7Rα is slowly internalized and degraded while a significant fraction recycles back to the surface. On IL-7 stimulation, there is rapid IL-7Rα endocytosis via clathrin-coated pits, decreased receptor recycling, and accelerated lysosome and proteasome-dependent degradation. In accordance, the half-life of IL-7Rα decreases from 24 hours to approximately 3 hours after IL-7 treatment. Interestingly, we further demonstrate that clathrin-dependent endocytosis is necessary for efficient IL-7 signal transduction. In turn, pretreatment of T cells with JAK3 or pan-JAK inhibitors suggests that IL-7Rα degradation depends on the activation of the IL-7 signaling effector JAK3. Overall, our findings indicate that IL-7 triggers rapid IL-7Rα endocytosis, which is required for IL-7–mediated signaling and subsequent receptor degradation.
Clonal expansions of cytotoxic T cells exist in the blood of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia but exhibit anergic properties and are eliminated by nucleoside analogue therapy
Authors: Li Jia , Sze Daniel M.-Y. , Brown Ross D. , Cowley Mark J. , Kaplan Warren , Mo Sui-Lin , Yang Shihong , Aklilu Esther , Kabani Karieshma , Loh Yen S. , Yamagishi Tetsuo , Chen Yuling , Ho P. Joy , Joshua Douglas E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractT cells contribute to host-tumor interactions in patients with monoclonal gammopathies. Expansions of CD8+CD57+ T-cell receptor Vβ–positive (TCRVβ+)–restricted cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) clones are found in 48% of patients with multiple myeloma and confer a favorable prognosis. We now report that CTL clones with varying TCRVβ repertoire are present in 70% of patients with Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM; n = 20). Previous nucleoside analog (NA) therapy, associated with increased incidence of transformation to aggressive lymphoma, significantly influenced the presence of TCRVβ expansions (χ2 = 11.6; P < .001), as 83% of patients without (n = 6) and only 7% with (n = 14) TCRVβ expansions had received NA. Clonality of CD3+CD8+CD57+TCRVβ+-restricted CTLs was confirmed by TCRVβ CDR3 size analysis and direct sequencing. The differential expression of CD3+CD8+CD57+TCRVβ+ cells was profiled using DNA microarrays and validated at mRNA and protein level. By gene set enrichment analysis, CTL clones expressed not only genes from cytotoxic pathways (GZMB, PRF1, FGFBP2) but also genes that suppress apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, arrest cell-cycle G1/S transition, and activate T cells (RAS, CSK, and TOB pathways). Proliferation tracking after stimulation confirmed their anergic state. Our studies demonstrate the incidence, NA sensitivity, and nature of clonal CTLs in WM and highlight mechanisms that cause anergy in these cells.
GCS-100, a novel galectin-3 antagonist, modulates MCL-1, NOXA, and cell cycle to induce myeloma cell death
Authors: Streetly Matthew J. , Maharaj Lenushka , Joel Simon , Schey Steve A. , Gribben John G. , Cotter Finbarr E. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGCS-100 is a galectin-3 antagonist with an acceptable human safety profile that has been demonstrated to have an antimyeloma effect in the context of bortezomib resistance. In the present study, the mechanisms of action of GCS-100 are elucidated in myeloma cell lines and primary tumor cells. GCS-100 induced inhibition of proliferation, accumulation of cells in sub-G1 and G1 phases, and apoptosis with activation of both caspase-8 and -9 pathways. Dose- and time-dependent decreases in MCL-1 and BCL-XL levels also occurred, accompanied by a rapid induction of NOXA protein, whereas BCL-2, BAX, BAK, BIM, BAD, BID, and PUMA remained unchanged. The cell-cycle inhibitor p21Cip1 was up-regulated by GCS-100, whereas the procycling proteins CYCLIN E2, CYCLIN D2, and CDK6 were all reduced. Reduction in signal transduction was associated with lower levels of activated IκBα, IκB kinase, and AKT as well as lack of IκBα and AKT activation after appropriate cytokine stimulation (insulin-like growth factor-1, tumor necrosis factor-α). Primary myeloma cells showed a direct reduction in proliferation and viability. These data demonstrate that the novel therapeutic molecule, GCS-100, is a potent modifier of myeloma cell biology targeting apoptosis, cell cycle, and intracellular signaling and has potential for myeloma therapy.
Social network types and functional dependency in older adults in Mexico
Authors: Doubova Svetlana Vladislavovna , Pérez-Cuevas Ricardo , Espinosa-Alarcón Patricia , Flores-Hernández Sergio 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
Social networks play a key role in caring for older adults. A better understanding of the characteristics of different social networks types (TSNs) in a given community provides useful information for designing policies to care for this age group. Therefore this study has three objectives: 1) To derive the TSNs among older adults affiliated with the Mexican Institute of Social Security; 2) To describe the main characteristics of the older adults in each TSN, including the instrumental and economic support they receive and their satisfaction with the network; 3) To determine the association between functional dependency and the type of social network.

Methods
Secondary data analysis of the 2006 Survey of Autonomy and Dependency (N = 3,348). The TSNs were identified using the structural approach and cluster analysis. The association between functional dependency and the TSNs was evaluated with Poisson regression with robust variance analysis in which socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle and medical history covariates were included.

Results
We identified five TSNs: diverse with community participation (12.1%), diverse without community participation (44.3%); widowed (32.0%); nonfriends-restricted (7.6%); nonfamily-restricted (4.0%). Older adults belonging to widowed and restricted networks showed a higher proportion of dependency, negative self-rated health and depression. Older adults with functional dependency more likely belonged to a widowed network (adjusted prevalence ratio 1.5; 95%CI: 1.1-2.1).

Conclusion
The derived TSNs were similar to those described in developed countries. However, we identified the existence of a diverse network without community participation and a widowed network that have not been previously described. These TSNs and restricted networks represent a potential unmet need of social security affiliates.
Consuming cassava as a staple food places children 2-5 years old at risk for inadequate protein intake, an observational study in Kenya and Nigeria
Authors: Stephenson Kevin , Amthor Rachel , Mallowa Sally , Nungo Rhoda , Maziya-Dixon Busie , Gichuki Simon , Mbanaso Ada , Manary Mark 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBackgroundInadequate protein intake is known to be deleterious in animals. Using WHO consensus documents for human nutrient requirements, the protein:energy ratio (P:E) of an adequate diet is > 5%. Cassava has a very low protein content. This study tested the hypothesis that Nigerian and Kenyan children consuming cassava as their staple food are at greater risk for inadequate dietary protein intake than those children who consume less cassava.MethodsA 24 hour dietary recall was used to determine the food and nutrient intake of 656 Nigerian and 449 Kenyan children aged 2-5 years residing in areas where cassava is a staple food. Anthropometric measurements were conducted. Diets were scored for diversity using a 12 point score. Pearson's Correlation Coefficients were calculated to relate the fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava with protein intake, P:E, and dietary diversity.ResultsThe fraction of dietary energy obtained from cassava was > 25% in 35% of Nigerian children and 89% of Kenyan children. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.0 in Nigerian children and 4.5 in Kenyan children, although the mean number of different foods consumed on the survey day in Nigeria was greater than Kenya, 7.0 compared to 4.6. 13% of Nigerian and 53% of Kenyan children surveyed had inadequate protein intake. The fraction of dietary energy derived from cassava was negatively correlated with protein intake, P:E, and dietary diversity. Height-for age z score was directly associated with protein intake and negatively associated with cassava consumption using regression modeling that controlled for energy and zinc intake.ConclusionsInadequate protein intake was found in the diets of Nigerian and Kenyan children consuming cassava as a staple food. Inadequate dietary protein intake is associated with stunting in this population. Interventions to increase protein intake in this vulnerable population should be the focus of future work.
Hypofractionated radiotherapy for lung tumors with online cone beam CT guidance and active breathing control
Authors: Shen Yali , Zhang Hong , Wang Jin , Zhong Renming , Jiang Xiaoqing , Xu Qinfeng , Wang Xin , Bai Sen , Xu Feng 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
To study the set-up errors, PTV margin and toxicity of cone beam CT (CBCT) guided hypofractionated radiotherapy with active breathing control (ABC) for patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or metastatic tumors in lung.

Methods
32 tumors in 20 patients were treated. Based on the location of tumor, dose per fraction given to tumor was divided into three groups: 12 Gy, 8 Gy and 6 Gy. ABC is applied for every patient. During each treatment, patients receive CBCT scan for online set-up correction. The pre- and post-correction setup errors between fractions, the interfractional and intrafractional, set-up errors, PTV margin as well as toxicity are analyzed.

Results
The pre-correction systematic and random errors in the left-right (LR), superior-inferior (SI), anterior-posterior (AP) directions were 3.7 mm and 5.3 mm, 3.1 mm and 2.1 mm, 3.7 mm and 2.8 mm, respectively, while the post-correction residual errors were 0.6 mm and 0.8 mm, 0.8 mm and 0.8 mm, 1.2 mm and 1.3 mm, respectively. There was an obvious intrafractional shift of tumor position. The pre-correction PTV margin was 9.5 mm in LR, 14.1 mm in SI and 8.2 mm in AP direction. After CBCT guided online correction, the PTV margin was markedly reduced in all three directions. The post-correction margins ranged 1.5 to 2.1 mm. The treatment was well tolerated by patients, of whom there were 4 (20%) grade1-2 acute pneumonitis, 3 (15%) grade1 acute esophagitis, 2 (10%) grade1 late pneumonitis and 1 (5%) grade 1 late esophagitis.

Conclusion
The positioning errors for lung SBRT using ABC were significant. Online correction with CBCT image guidance should be applied to reduce setup errors and PTV margin, which may reduce radiotherapy toxicity of tissues when ABC was used.
A modular positive feedback-based gene amplifier
Authors: Nistala Goutam J , Wu Kang , Rao Christopher V , Bhalerao Kaustubh D 
Published: February 2010

Abstract

Background
Positive feedback is a common mechanism used in the regulation of many gene circuits as it can amplify the response to inducers and also generate binary outputs and hysteresis. In the context of electrical circuit design, positive feedback is often considered in the design of amplifiers. Similar approaches, therefore, may be used for the design of amplifiers in synthetic gene circuits with applications, for example, in cell-based sensors.

Results
We developed a modular positive feedback circuit that can function as a genetic signal amplifier, heightening the sensitivity to inducer signals as well as increasing maximum expression levels without the need for an external cofactor. The design utilizes a constitutively active, autoinducer-independent variant of the quorum-sensing regulator LuxR. We experimentally tested the ability of the positive feedback module to separately amplify the output of a one-component tetracycline sensor and a two-component aspartate sensor. In each case, the positive feedback module amplified the response to the respective inducers, both with regards to the dynamic range and sensitivity.

Conclusions
The advantage of our design is that the actual feedback mechanism depends only on a single gene and does not require any other modulation. Furthermore, this circuit can amplify any transcriptional signal, not just one encoded within the circuit or tuned by an external inducer. As our design is modular, it can potentially be used as a component in the design of more complex synthetic gene circuits.