bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Sit Where Anybody Wants To”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Eight recounts how, over the course of five months, Black protestors boycotted Druid City Transit, given that several Black bus passengers had been shot at, intimidated, or assaulted by white drivers and passengers. In addition to these alarming occurrences, Black passengers were still regularly forced to sit at the back of the bus, or use the side door to the bus—despite the recent passage of integrationist and civil rights laws and policies. The boycotters demanded an end to violence against and harassment of Black passengers, as well as hiring of Black bus drivers. The bus company adamantly refused and was eventually forced out of the city. At the same time, the Ku Klux Klan’s power over local politics was steadily declining, thanks in part to the role of the FBI and Justice Department in the fight against segregation, and the ongoing presence of the Defenders, the armed Black self-defense group. Though Reverend Rogers did not realize it at the time, breaking DCT was TCAC’s most impressive victory. It would never again successfully mount such a wide-ranging campaign, nor land such a swift and conclusive blow against segregation.
“The Voices of Dissent Must Be Heard”
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter Nine examines the legacy of Bloody Tuesday and the long fight for civil rights after 1964. Several optimistic developments—Black students enrolling at Alabama universities, the return of the NAACP to Montgomery, and Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr. winning the Nobel Peace Prize—gave the Black population of Tuscaloosa hope. But these gains were met by a backlash in the form of a rise in organizations celebrating the Confederacy and romanticizing the era of slavery. Black efforts to integrate city schools were also met with fierce white resistance, as whites withdrew their children and sent them to Tuscaloosa County Schools with strong histories of Klan activity and supported the growth of a new segregation academy, Tuscaloosa Academy. White leaders refused to integrate the Tuscaloosa City Commission and Tuscaloosa County Board of Revenue until forced by the courts to do so. Nationally, the murder of Reverend King, debates between civil rights leaders over nonviolence as the best tactic for social change and the legitimacy of white leadership within the organization, and the growth of the Black Panther Party made it difficult to identify common goals and tactics among civil rights organizations. The death of Reverend Rogers under suspicious circumstances only exacerbated the uncertainty about the next chapter in the struggle.
Global Sweatshops
Authors: Müller Mirjam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Why are sweatshops so resistant to emancipatory transformation? How should we think about the relationship between class, gender, and race on the factory floor of sweatshops? What insights can be drawn from this for understanding the systematic relation between capitalism, gender oppression, and racial oppression? Does sweatshop labour raise distinct normative concerns compared to other forms of wage labour? This book answers these questions by developing a feminist critique of working conditions in the global textile industry that draws on work in feminist, Marxist, post-/decolonial, and critical race theory. It shows how sweatshop labour is embedded in historically specific structures of global capitalism that raise unique normative concerns. It provides a normative and practical account that highlights spaces of resistance as well as the responsibility of actors implicated in sweatshop labour relations to work towards structural change.
Introduction
Authors: Müller Mirjam 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The book starts with a description of the first factory strike in the United States, in 1824. This protest, led by female garment workers, stands as a link with the ongoing protests of sweatshop workers today. The protests of garment workers from the early days of industrialization to their globalized form today make salient a specific critique that entails several different but related demands. Workers reject low wages, working conditions that severely affect their health and wellbeing, abusive supervisory tactics that control their every move, and, perhaps more fundamentally, the precarious situation that leads them to accept these jobs in the first place. This book aims to develop a theoretical foundation of this critique from an intersectional feminist perspective.
Bias, Misinformation, and the Democratic System
Authors: Benson Jonathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 responds to claims that citizens are hopelessly biased political reasoners and that democracies will be plagued by misinformation. The first half of the chapter considers how knowledge claims can be evaluated in a democratic system and argues that prominent approaches to deliberative democracy face problems in this respect. While these views prioritize impersonal deliberation about truth, it is argued much political knowledge can only be assessed by considering the trustworthiness of its source. The second half of the chapter then asks whether citizens can make effective trust judgements. It argues that the evidence for political bias and misinformation is less definitive than democratic sceptics claim and that such problems can be further reduced through group deliberation. This then allows for a division of labour within a democratic system, where the errors produced in the open public sphere can be corrected by more formal and structured cites of deliberation.
Diversity and Political Problem-Solving
Authors: Benson Jonathan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses popular epistemic defences of democratic deliberation which focus on its cognitive diversity. Most prominently, Hélène Landemore has argued that such diversity is central to the emergence of collective intelligence, and that inclusive forms of deliberation are therefore superior to the deliberations of even a more able elite. This chapter argues that Landemore’s approach—which is based on the diversity trumps ability theorem—underestimates the complexity of political problems and therefore struggles to apply to political deliberation. It then develops an alternative account—based on a relationship between cognitive diversity and diminishing returns to cognitive type—which draws on Landemore’s insights but better explains the epistemic benefits of cognitive diversity to political problem-solving. While this alternative suggests such diversity has value even under complexity, it also suggests that this value is on its own insufficient to defend the epistemic superiority of democratic deliberation.
Introduction
Authors: Mackaman Frank H. , Theriault Sean M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The media coverage of Trump would leave the consumer with the perspective that everything changed under a Trump presidency; including the Senate. This volume takes a more measured approach in examining the extent to which Trump changed the U.S. Senate. Each of the authors evaluate to what extent he disrupted the Senate. They do not agree on any one answer. In some respects, he simply accepted the baton that he had been given by Obama and ran with it. This volume highlights the importance of history and the rules in understanding the behavior of senators and how Trump could disrupt their lives, the institution in which they serve, and the outputs of their collective efforts. Once Trump left the White House, the senators did not revert back to their pre-Trump behaviors. He changed the way politics was played. Furthermore, even from Mar-a-Lago, he continues to disrupt their lives and their institution.
The Filibuster and the Trump Senate
Authors: Crespino Joseph 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The use of the filibuster to delay or obstruct the legislative process in the US Senate reached historic proportions during the Trump administration, marking the continuation of a trend dating to the 1970s. To understand how drastically the US Senate has changed in recent decades, this chapter revisits a notorious period in Senate history, Strom Thurmond’s filibuster of the 1957 Civil Rights bill, which remains the longest one-person speech in Senate history. A comparison of Thurmond’s filibuster to tactics and strategies today show that it is not only changes in Senate rules and norms, but also broader changes in American politics and media, that afford individual Senators powers to obstruct and delay in ways that would have been unimaginable to senators from Thurmond’s era. If Senators of that era had had the tools at their disposal that Senators today have, it is hard to imagine how the landmark civil rights legislation of the mid-twentieth century would have ever come to pass.
The Surprisingly Effective Lawmaking of Minority-Party Democrats in the Senate during the Trump Era
Authors: Volden Craig , Wiseman Alan E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Whereas past Senate control by Republicans seriously undermined lawmaking effectiveness by Democrats, this partisan advantage was notably diminished in the Senate during the Trump era. Indeed, for the first time in at least half a century, minority-party lawmakers introduced more bills than did the majority and achieved nearly comparable lawmaking success. While Republicans sought policy successes through judicial appointments and executive orders, Democrats focused on congressional lawmaking in attempts to address the pandemic and to counter threats they felt were arising from the Trump administration. Surprisingly, many of these efforts found success during the Trump years.
Leadership in the Modern Senate
Authors: Wallner James 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Senate dysfunction during the Trump presidency through the lens of the institution’s party leaders. It suggests that how the majority and minority leaders managed the Senate from 2009 to 2020 explains why the institution was mired in gridlock before, during, and immediately after Trump’s presidency better than Trump-centric explanations. This development is striking because rank-and-file senators initially empowered party leaders to make the Senate work. Almost all decisions are presently made off the Senate floor in bipartisan negotiations between the two leaders or held under their auspices. The result has been a significant diminution in the participation of senators in the legislative process and—paradoxically—a dramatic drop in the Senate’s legislative productivity. While recent scholarship has documented the centralization of power inside the Senate under its two leaders, scholars have not yet considered the consequences of that trend for the institution’s legislative productivity more generally.
Social Institutions and the Politics of Moral Education
Authors: Zhao Jingyi Jenny 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the implications of shame-related ideas for social solidarity and for the integration of the individual into society. It further seeks to explain the relative lack of concern for women in Aristotle’s and Xunzi’s discussion. In both bodies of texts, we find the individual implicated in the values of society; where individuals cannot be relied on to practise good actions and cultivate their own moral rectitude, social institutions (li 禮and fa 法 in Xunzi and nomos in the first instance in Aristotle) are introduced. By showing the multi-faceted ways in which Aristotle and Xunzi project the individual’s role within society, this chapter calls into question certain cultural stereotypes, such as the ‘shame culture’ versus ‘guilt culture’ dichotomy, as well as the commonly accepted ‘individualism’ of the ancient Greeks and the ‘collectivism’ of the Chinese.
Customary International Law
Authors: Fortin Katharine 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that custom has played a fundamental role in the making and shaping of international humanitarian law ever since the branch of law came into existence. It focuses on the relationship between treaty norms and customary norms today, in terms of the norms themselves and the methodology used to ascertain or interpret them. It reviews customary international humanitarian law’s influence on the manner in which customary international law is understood and ends by reflecting on the way in which customary international humanitarian law in this area might develop, considering some of the methodological challenges, puzzles, and dilemmas that it has faced over recent years.
The Development of International Humanitarian Law by the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Sivakumaran Sandesh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in the development of international humanitarian law. It explores the ICRC’s role in the creation and interpretation of conventional international humanitarian law, the identification of customary international humanitarian law, and the clarification of the law through publication of guidance and other documents. Running through the ICRC’s efforts in each of these areas is how it works alongside other actors, such as States, national Red Cross and Red Crescent societies, and experts; the importance of reactions to the ICRC’s work by these actors; and how the ICRC’s work not infrequently serves as a catalyst for States to develop and publish their own views on various questions of IHL.
Applying the Law of Armed Conflict in Domestic Courts: The Fusion of Domestic and International Law and the Question of IHL Expertise
Authors: Shereshevsky Yahli 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter addresses two issues that have been largely left outside the conversation about the interaction between domestic courts and international humanitarian law (IHL): the fusion of domestic and international law, and the role of (or lack of) expertise vis-à-vis the application of IHL by domestic courts. It identifies three types of domestic court decisions that fuse international and domestic law. The first is the application of international law as part of domestic law. The second is the direct application of domestic law doctrines to questions of international law. The third is when the legality under international law is dependent on an adequate regulation under domestic law. As to expertise, the chapter provides a thorough examination of domestic courts’ IHL expertise, and examines three techniques that they use to mitigate their insufficient expertise. Finally, it addresses the implications of the discussion on domestic courts role in the development of IHL.
The Novelty of Chief Executive Elections
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
New York’s 1792 gubernatorial election triggered the most serious ballot-counting dispute of the Founding Era. John Jay, the nation’s first chief justice, was the Federalist candidate for governor (showing the relative importance of the two offices at the time). Alexander Hamilton was, essentially, Jay’s campaign manager. The Federalists considered themselves cheated by how the state’s canvassing committee handled disputed ballots from Cooperstown. The committee was stacked with members of the party opposed to the Federalists, and the committee resolved the dispute along partisan lines. James Kent, a Federalist who would become one of the nation’s leading jurists, lamented that the committee was not “equally biased” between the two parties. Civil war almost erupted in the state, but Hamilton persuaded Jay to concede and run again in the next election. Massachusetts also had a fraught disputed gubernatorial election in 1806, with future Supreme Court justice Joseph Story playing a pivotal role.
Conclusion
Authors: Foley Edward B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Prior to 2020, one could assess the trajectory of America’s experience with disputed elections in a positive light. While numerous nineteenth-century episodes involved outbreaks of violence or serious threats of military confrontations and the courts were largely powerless to insist on electoral fairness, vote-counting disputes in the twentieth century were free of violence and courts increasingly asserted the power to adjudicate these disputes according to the basic requirement of electoral equality for all voters. When the Supreme Court decided Bush v. Gore, as controversial as that decision was, it suggested that the twenty-first century could continue the trajectory of increasing acceptance for the judiciary’s role in settling these disputes. Then, Donald Trump shattered that positive trajectory, and in the aftermath of 2020 and heading into 2024, it is uncertain whether America remains capable of deciding the outcome of a presidential election peacefully and pursuant to the rule of law.
Fundamental Properties of the Ckm Matrix
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The CKM matrix V is complex, but some of the phases in it do not have physical meaning. Indeed, one has the freedom to rephase the quark fields,row and an arbitrary column of V to be real non-negative; this is true for any number of families. Physically meaningful quantities must be invariant under a rephasing of the fields; only functions of V which are rephasing-invariant may be measurable. The simplest invariants are the moduli of the matrix elements.
Weak-Basis Invariants and Cp Violation
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the previous two chapters we have taken the usual path to CP violation in the SM. We have bi-diagonalized the quark mass matrices and noticed the appearance of a mixing matrix V in the charged-current interaction. We saw that, for three or more fermion generations, some of the phases in V cannot be removed by rephasing the quark fields; in general, some rephasing-invariant combinations of CKM matrix elements are not real. We have considered the CP transformations of the physical quark fields and have concluded that all rephasing-invariant combinations of CKM matrix elements must be real in order for CP symmetry to hold.
Mixing in the Bq0−Bq0¯ Systems
Authors: Branco Gustavo Castelo , Lavoura Luís , Silva João Paulo 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The combinations Ac and At of CKM-matrix elements now are and therefore much progress on the experimental side is still needed before we are able to vindicate theory. Inverting the argument, there is ample room for the discovery of new physics by observation of a branching ratio larger than the SM prediction. In the standard model CP. The argument leading to this conclusion still holds in many extensions of the SM (Grossman and Nir 1997). are the antiparticle of each other. This is a necessary condition for the final state to be an eigenstate of CP.
Introduction and Definitions
Authors: Lundmark Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter primarily provides succinct definitions of what the author of this book means when he employs various important terms (some would say ‘concepts’). A very important, frequently appearing, word is ‘argument’. As that term is used in this book, arguments are merely justifications—that is, articulated reasons—for decisions reached by judges and lawyers who are interpreting rules. This chapter also sketches the matrix of four categories of argument or justification that are extolled in this book. Readers are afforded two short illustrations of the usage of these arguments, one involving an interpreter who is not legally sophisticated (Simon) and the other involving a judge with years of experience (Solomon). Finally, the chapter makes clear that, while the author chronicles criticisms levelled at these arguments, he deliberately avoids making any claims as to the superiority of any particular argument over another. That being said, he will argue, in the final chapter of the book, for candour and transparency in judicial construction of statutes and of ‘pure’ common law, that is, law-making in the absence of statutes.
Rules from Statutes and Cases
Authors: Lundmark Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on the methodology of using rules from cases and exposes a lack of a comprehensive methodology for the use of ratios from statutory glosses and from pure common law (Richterrecht). It employs the Savigny canons of textual, historical, and purposive interpretation to justify different solutions to a simple factual scenario, showing that the approach is identical when employing a statutory and a judge-made rule. The chapter quotes a number of rules from German law to illustrate the indistinguishability between ratios and statutory rules. Statutory analogies are explained and illustrated with an example. Analogical arguments are those which identify a rule of decision that cannot be applied to the fact pattern before the court in a textual, historical, or purposive manner. Finally, the chapter discusses case-law analogies and the importance of facts in judicial decisions. The term ‘analogy’ is commonly used in legal writing to mean any comparison whatsoever, such as the Normsuche process of comparing the facts before the court to various rules in order to select the most appropriate rule, whether it be statutory or case-based. The facts of a precedential case may also be relevant to the ascertainment of the ratio. According to Lewis A. Kornhauser, one can expand or contract the ratio of a case depending on whether one chooses to use the result of the judicial decision (i.e. the fact-based holding), the rule as announced in the decision itself, or some broader principle under which the decision can be subsumed.
Historical Argument
Authors: Lundmark Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes, critiques, and illustrates the use of historical arguments used to justify the result that has been reached in a legal dispute. Historical arguments are those arguments that invoke the historical setting or insinuate that the drafter of the rule would agree with the result. Courts sometimes cite the legislative record or travaux préparatoires, to reinforce the strength of the results they had selected. And a handful of judges and academics profess that only those arguments are legitimate that seek to divine the ‘original intent’ of the drafters, but this stricture does not stretch to the original intent of the drafters of case decisions or even the drafters of statutes. The chapter discusses three cases in which judges employed historical arguments to reach results that were arguably at odds with the texts of the statutes being interpreted but which were argued to be in consonance with the will of the legislative bodies that drafted the statutes. Then two cases are examined in which courts in California and Germany employ similar historical arguments when interpreting judicial glosses that had been pronounced by supreme courts when construing their respective constitutions. The opinions in both cases suggest that the judges in the precedential cases would agree with their results. Finally, two cases concerning pure common law are analysed, where the judges in England and California suggested that the judges in the precedential cases from their jurisdictions would agree with the results that they reached.