bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of individuals: intraspecific diversity of mycorrhizal plants and fungi in ecosystems
Authors: Johnson David , Martin Francis , Cairney John W. G. , Anderson Ian C. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryA key component of biodiversity is the number and abundance of individuals (i.e. genotypes), and yet such intraspecific diversity is rarely considered when investigating the effects of biodiversity of mycorrhizal plants and fungi on ecosystem processes. Within a species, individuals vary considerably in important reproductive and functional attributes, including carbon fixation, mycelial growth and nutrient utilization, but this is driven by both genetic and environmental (including climatic) factors. The interactions between individual plants and mycorrhizal fungi can have important consequences for the maintenance of biodiversity and regulation of resource transfers in ecosystems. There is also emerging evidence that assemblages of genotypes may affect ecosystem processes to a similar extent as assemblages of species. The application of whole‐genome sequencing and population genomics to mycorrhizal plants and fungi will be crucial to determine the extent to which individual variation in key functional attributes is genetically based. We argue the need to unravel the importance of the diversity (especially assemblages of different evenness and richness) of individuals of both mycorrhizal plants and fungi, and the need to take a ‘community genetics’ approach to better understand the functional significance of the biodiversity of mycorrhizal symbioses.

Contents

Summary
614

I.
Introduction
615

II.
The potential importance of intraspecific diversity in ecosystems
615

III.
How diverse are mycorrhizal plant and fungal populations in ecosystems?
615

IV.
What is the magnitude of physiological variation within species?
617

V.
The need to understand links between mycorrhizal plant and fungal traits
618

VI.
How do assemblages of individuals affect ecosystems?
619

VII.
How do interactions between mycorrhizal plants and fungi affect intraspecific diversity?
620

VIII.
Can we predict the conditions when intraspecific diversity matters most for regulating ecosystem processes?
621

IX.
Population genomics: the future to understanding the importance of fungal intraspecific diversity?
621

X.
Conclusion: the need for a ‘community genetics’ approach in future mycorrhizal symbiosis research
624

Acknowledgements
625

References
625
Understanding health behaviours in a cohort of pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: an observational study
Authors: Harrison CL , Lombard CB , Teede HJ 
Published: March 2012

Please cite this paper as: Harrison C, Lombard C, Teede H. Understanding health behaviours in a cohort of pregnant women at risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: an observational study. BJOG 2012;119:731–738.Objective  To assess health behaviours, physical activity levels, weight gain and development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in high‐risk women.Design  An observational sub‐study of a larger randomised controlled trial.Setting  A large tertiary hospital in Australia.Population  Ninety‐seven women (mean age 31.7 ± 4.5 years; body mass index 30.3 ± 5.9 kg/m2) at risk of developing GDM.Methods  Women were identified as at risk of GDM based on a validated screening tool. Baseline measures were completed at 12–15 weeks of gestation and repeated at 26–28 weeks of gestation.Main outcome measures  Anthropometric (weight and height) and physical activity assessment (Yamax pedometer and International physical activity questionnaire), questionnaires (self‐efficacy) and GDM screening.Results  By 28 weeks of gestation, there was a high GDM prevalence of 26% using the recent International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group criteria. Weight gain in overweight (body mass index 25–29.9 kg/m2) and obese (body mass index >30.0 kg/m2) women exceeded minimum total weight gain recommendations set by the Institute of Medicine (P < 0.01). Physical activity levels were low and declined during pregnancy (5437 ± 2951 steps/day to 4096 ± 2438 steps/day, respectively, P < 0.001). Despite reduced activity levels, increased weight gain and high GDM incidence many women did not accurately perceive GDM risk and were confident in their ability to control weight. A significant association with physical activity, weight and GDM outcome was not observed.Conclusions  Overweight and obese pregnant women at risk for developing GDM demonstrate excessive weight gain and a reduced level of physical activity observed from early pregnancy to 28 weeks of gestation. Results highlight the need for targeted intervention in women at risk for developing GDM. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry Number: ACTRN12608000233325.
Ethanol triggers sphingosine 1‐phosphate elevation along with neuroapoptosis in the developing mouse brain
Authors: Chakraborty Goutam , Saito Mitsuo , Shah Relish , Mao Rui‐Fen , Vadasz Csaba , Saito Mariko 
Published: March 2012

J. Neurochem. (2012) 121, 806–817.AbstractOur previous studies have indicated that de novo ceramide synthesis plays a critical role in ethanol‐induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the 7‐day‐old mouse brain. In this study, we examined whether the formation of sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P), a ceramide metabolite, is associated with this apoptotic pathway. Analyses of basal levels of S1P‐related compounds indicated that S1P, sphingosine, sphingosine kinase 2, and S1P receptor 1 increased significantly during postnatal brain development. In the 7‐day‐old mouse brain, sphingosine kinase 2 was localized mainly in neurons. Subcellular fractionation studies of the brain homogenates showed that sphingosine kinase 2 was enriched in the plasma membrane and the synaptic membrane/synaptic vesicle fractions, but not in the nuclear and mitochondrial/lysosomal fractions. Ethanol exposure in 7‐day‐old mice induced sphingosine kinase 2 activation and increased the brain level of S1P transiently 2–4 h after exposure, followed by caspase 3 activation that peaked around 8 h after exposure. Treatment with dimethylsphingosine, an inhibitor of sphingosine kinases, attenuated the ethanol‐induced caspase 3 activation and the subsequent neurodegeneration. These results indicate that ethanol activates sphingosine kinase 2, leading to a transient increase in S1P, which may be involved in neuroapoptotic action of ethanol in the developing brain.
To provide care and be cared for in a multiple‐bed hospital room
Authors: Persson Eva , Määttä Sylvia 
Published: March 2012

Aims:  To illuminate patients’ experiences of being cared for and nurses’ experiences of caring for patients in a multiple‐bed hospital room.Background:  Many patients and healthcare personnel seem to prefer single‐bed hospital rooms. However, certain advantages of multiple‐bed hospital rooms (MBRs) have also been described.Method:  Eight men and eight women being cared for in a multiple‐bedroom were interviewed, and two focus‐group interviews (FGI) with 12 nurses were performed. A qualitative content analysis was used.Results:  One theme –Creating a sphere of privacy– and three categories were identified based on the patient interviews. The categories were: Being considerate, Having company and The patients’ area. In the FGI, one theme – Integrating individual care with care for all – and two categories emerged: Experiencing a friendly atmosphere and Providing exigent care. Both patients and nurses described the advantages and disadvantages of multiple‐bed rooms. The patient culture of taking care of one another and enjoying the company of room‐mates were considered positive and gave a sense of security of both patients and nurses. The advantages were slight and could easily become disadvantages if, for example, room‐mates were very ill or confused. The patients tried to maintain their privacy and dignity and claimed that there were small problems with room‐mates listening to conversations. In contrast, the nurses stressed patient integrity as a main disadvantage and worked to protect the integrity of individual patients. Providing care for all patients simultaneously had the advantage of saving time.Conclusions:  The insights gained in the present study could assist nurses in reducing the disadvantages and taking advantage of the positive elements of providing care in MBRs. Health professionals need to be aware of how attitudes towards male and female patients, respectively, could affect care provision.
CYP3A‐dependent drug metabolism is reduced in bacterial inflammation in mice
Authors: Gandhi AS , Guo T , Shah P , Moorthy B , Chow DS‐L , Hu M , Ghose R 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gene expression of Cyp3a11 is reduced by activation of Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) by Gram‐negative or Gram‐positive bacterial components, LPS or lipoteichoic acid (LTA) respectively. The primary adaptor protein in the TLR signalling pathway, TIRAP, plays differential roles in LPS‐ and LTA‐mediated down‐regulations of Cyp3a11 mRNA. Here, we have determined the functional relevance of these findings by pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) analysis of the Cyp3a substrate midazolam in mice. Midazolam is also metabolized by Cyp2c in mice.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult male C57BL/6, TIRAP+/+ and TIRAP−/− mice were pretreated with saline, LPS (2 mg·kg−1) or LTA (6 mg·kg−1). Cyp3a11 protein expression, activity and PK/PD studies using midazolam were performed.KEY RESULTS Cyp3a11 protein expression in LPS‐ or LTA‐treated mice was reduced by 95% and 60% compared with saline‐treated mice. Cyp3a11 activity was reduced by 70% in LPS‐ or LTA‐treated mice. Plasma AUC of midazolam was increased two‐ to threefold in LPS‐ and LTA‐treated mice. Plasma levels of 1′‐OHMDZ decreased significantly only in LTA‐treated mice. Both LPS and LTA decreased AUC of 1′‐OHMDZ‐glucuronide. In the PD study, sleep time was increased by ∼2‐fold in LPS‐ and LTA‐treated mice. LTA‐mediated decrease in Cyp3a11 protein expression and activity was dependent on TIRAP. In PK/PD correlation, AUC of midazolam was increased only in LPS‐treated mice compared with saline‐treated mice.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS LPS or LTA altered PK/PD of midazolam . This is the first study to demonstrate mechanistic differences in regulation of metabolite formation of a clinically relevant drug by Gram‐negative or Gram‐positive bacterial endotoxins.
Adrenergic stimulation‐released 5‐HT stored in adrenergic nerves inhibits CGRPergic nerve‐mediated vasodilatation in rat mesenteric resistance arteries
Authors: Fujii Hirohito , Takatori Shingo , Zamami Yoshito , Hashikawa‐Hobara Narumi , Miyake Natsuki , Tangsucharit Panot , Mio Mitsunobu , Kawasaki Hiromu 
Published: March 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE5‐HT is taken up by and stored in adrenergic nerves and periarterial nerve stimulation (PNS) releases 5‐HT to cause vasoconstriction in rat mesenteric arteries. The present study investigated whether PNS‐released 5‐HT stored in adrenergic nerves affects the function of perivascular calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐containing (CGRPergic) nerves.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHRat mesenteric vascular beds without endothelium and with active tone were perfused with Krebs solution. Changes in perfusion pressure in response to PNS and CGRP injection were measured before (control) and after perfusion of Krebs solution containing 5‐HT (10 µM) for 20 min. Distributions of 5‐HT‐ and TH‐immunopositive fibres in mesenteric arteries were studied using immunohistochemical methods.KEY RESULTSPNS (1–4 Hz) frequency dependently caused adrenergic nerve‐mediated vasoconstriction followed by CGRPergic nerve‐mediated vasodilatation. 5‐HT treatment inhibited PNS‐induced vasodilatation without affecting exogenous CGRP‐induced vasodilatation, while it augmented PNS‐induced vasoconstriction. Guanethidine (adrenergic neuron blocker), methysergide (non‐selective 5‐HT receptor antagonist) and BRL15572 (selective 5‐HT1D receptor antagonist) abolished inhibition of PNS‐induced vasodilatation in 5‐HT‐treated preparations. Combined treatment with 5‐HT and desipramine (catecholamine transporter inhibitor), but not fluoxetine (selective 5‐HT reuptake inhibitor), did not inhibit PNS‐induced vasodilatation. Exogenous 5‐HT inhibited PNS‐induced vasodilatation, which was antagonized by methysergide. In immunohistochemical experiments, 5‐HT‐immunopositive nerves, colocalized with adrenergic TH‐immunopositive nerves, were observed only in 5‐HT‐treated mesenteric arteries, but not in control preparations or arteries co‐treated with desipramine.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSThese results suggest that 5‐HT can be taken up by and released from adrenergic nerves in vitro by PNS to inhibit CGRPergic nerve transmission in rat mesenteric arteries.
Scenario Analysis of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions Reduction Potential in China's Iron and Steel Industry
Authors: Ma Shuhua , Wen Zongguo , Chen Jining 
Published: March 2012

SummaryAcid rain remains an important environmental problem. The Chinese steel industry is becoming a key domestic emitter of sulfur dioxide (SO2), the central molecular component of acid rain. In this study SO2 emission potential is assessed by developing a material flow analysis (MFA) model and generating four different SO2 industry emission scenarios from 2006 to 2030, with each scenario representing a possible development path for the industry. When SO2 emission factors in every unit of steel production are presumed to remain constant through 2030, scenario analysis results show that under a business‐as‐usual (BAU) scenario SO2 emissions will experience sustained growth to a peak value of 1.73 million metric tons (megatons, Mt) through 2020, approximately 52% higher than that in 2006, and that this trend is unlikely to be reversed. The high scenario and medium scenario demonstrate that it is difficult to control SO2 emissions to an acceptable level by only upgrading technology and making industrial structural adjustments. Yet through the incorporation of sintering gas desulfurization, the low scenario can smoothly bridge the gap between the simulative SO2 emissions and the envisioned value, since sintering is the biggest emitter in this industry. Once the desulfurization rate of sintering gas reaches 60%, SO2 emissions will be less than the level of 0.60 Mt in 2030 and will also meet the reduction goals. Moreover, scenario analysis suggests that single terminal control cannot solve the problem of high SO2 emissions. Therefore, in order to control the total SO2 emissions of the steel industry it is imperative that two or more measures be combined.
Material Flows and Material Productivity in China, Australia, and Japan
Authors: Schandl Heinz , West James 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThis article presents material flows and material productivity data and indicators for Australia, China, and Japan for the period 1970 to 2005. The main data used come from a new material flows database for the Asia‐Pacific region that was assembled using up‐to‐date standardized methodologies of material flow accounting and significantly extends the knowledge base available for studies on resource use dynamics in the region. We show that the three nations studied here have diverging patterns of resource use, and that these patterns can be linked to interdependencies between them and the very different roles each nation plays within a globalized system of natural resource exploitation. We also conduct a brief analysis of the most important drivers of changes in their resource use over the period, using an IPAT framework (Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology). The fundamentally different economic structures and trading roles of each country, that is, primary resource provider (Australia), mature and advanced manufacturer (Japan), and rapidly industrializing developing country (China), lead to starkly different contexts in which appropriate policies to encourage sustainable resource use must be formulated.
Construction Matters: Comparing Environmental Impacts of Building Modular and Conventional Homes in the United States
Authors: Quale John , Eckelman Matthew J. , Williams Kyle W. , Sloditskie Greg , Zimmerman Julie B. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryModular construction practices are used in many countries as an alternative to conventional on‐site construction for residential homes. While modular home construction has certain advantages in terms of material and time efficiency, it requires a different infrastructure than conventional home construction, and the overall environmental trade‐offs between the two methods have been unclear. This study uses life cycle assessment to quantify the environmental impacts of constructing a typical residential home using the two methods, based on data from several modular construction companies and conventional homebuilders. The study includes impacts from material production and transport, off‐site and on‐site energy use, worker transport, and waste management. For all categories considered, the average impacts of building the home are less for modular construction than for conventional construction, although these averages obscure significant variation among the individual projects and companies.
Arthroscopic Findings in 32 Joints Affected by Severe Elbow Incongruity with Concomitant Fragmented Medial Coronoid Process
Authors: Samoy Yves , Van Vynckt Delphine , Gielen Ingrid , van Bree Henri , Duchateau Luc , Van Ryssen Bernadette 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveTo report arthroscopic findings in dogs with severe elbow incongruity combined with fragmented medial coronoid process (FCP) and compare these findings in normal joints and congruent joints affected byFCP.Study designClinical study.AnimalsDogs with elbow lameness (n = 40) and purpose bred dogs (5; controls).Materials and MethodsArthroscopic features of 32 severely incongruent joints with concomitantFCPwere compared with 32 congruent elbow joints affected withFCPand 10 normal joints. A radioulnar step of ≥3 mm on radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans was the selection criterion for a severely incongruent joint. Intraarticular structures were visually assessed at various sites within the joint. Regions of interest were: the radioulnar transition, humeroradial and humeroulnar joint space, trochlear notch, primary and secondary lesions of the medial coronoid process, and radial head.ResultsIncongruent joints had a radioulnar step and changes at the cartilage in the center of the trochlear notch, an irregular radioulnar transition, and an abnormal surface of the radial head. Coronoid pathology was present in every pathologic joint.ConclusionArthroscopy allowed detection of several features that were signs or consequences of severe elbow incongruity or accompanying inflammation. After a prominent radioulnar step, cartilage changes involving the radial head and trochlear notch were most frequently seen.
Tailoring the Magnetic and Optical Characteristics of Nanocrystalline BiFeO3 by Ce Doping
Authors: Bhushan Bhavya , Wang Zhenxing , van Tol Johan , S. Dalal Naresh , Basumallick Amitava , Vasanthacharya Nagasampagi Y. , Kumar Sanjay , Das Dipankar 
Published: March 2012

The Ce‐doped BiFeO3 (BFO) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized using a facile sol–gel route with varying Ce concentrations in the range of 1–5 mol%. Ferroelectric transition temperature was found to shift from 723°C ± 5°C for pristine BFO NPs to 534°C ± 3°C for 5 mol% Ce‐doped BFO NPs. UV–Vis absorption spectra of BFO NPs showed a significant blue shift of ~100 nm on Ce doping. The Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectrum centered ~ 550 cm−1 becomes considerably broadened on Ce doping which is due to additional closely spaced vibrational peaks as revealed by the second derivative FTIR analysis. High‐frequency EPR measurements indicated that clustering occurs at high dopant levels, and that Fe is present as Fe3+, corroborating Mössbauer measurements. The values of saturation and remanent magnetization for 3% Ce‐doped BFO NPs are 3.03 and 0.49 emu/g, respectively, which are quite significant at room temperature, making it more suitable for technological applications.
Evaluation of 96 SNPs in 14 Populations for Worldwide Individual Identification*
Authors: Zeng Zhaoshu , Wang Li , Feng Qingchuan , Zhang Lirong , Lee Li , Wang Lei , Yue Yangli , Fang Yu , Yang Weihong , Qiu Hanmei , Dong Ziming 
Published: March 2012

Abstract:  Great advances have been made recently in searching for individual identification single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (IISNPs or IDSNPs). Such SNPs as suggested by SNPforID scientists and by Pakstis et al., are promising, although they were selected from older or smaller databases rather than the most recent database. Here, we describe a new computational strategy for developing IDSNPs based on HapMap. We searched through HapMap r27 for SNPs having minor allele frequencies ≥0.30 in all its 11 populations and found more than 1881 qualified SNPs. We examined 96 of them with 183 DNA samples from three Chinese populations using Illumina arrays. The average allele frequency for these 96 SNPs among the three populations was 0.495/0.505, the average number of identical SNP genotypes shared by two individuals among the 14 populations (three Chinese and 11 HapMap) was 37.9, and the random matching probability for two unrelated Hans to match in all 96 genotypes was 9.793 × 10−39. Thus, most of these 96 SNPs are universally applicable.
Expression of T‐cell receptor‐γδ in normal human skin, inflammatory dermatoses and mycosis fungoides
Authors: Hocker Thomas L. , Wada David A. , el‐Azhary Rokea , Gibson Lawrence E. 
Published: March 2012

Background: T cells expressing the γδ T‐cell receptor (TCR) (γδ T cells) are found in normal epithelial tissues such as the skin. However, the proportions of γδ T cells that may be observed in commonly encountered cutaneous diseases with a prominent lymphocytic infiltrate have not been elucidated.Methods: Our pathology database was searched for cases of mycosis fungoides, erythema multiforme, graft‐versus‐host disease, lichen planus, lupus panniculitis and spongiotic dermatitis. Immunostaining for CD3, βF1 and the TCR γ chain was performed on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded specimens retrieved from these cases to determine the normal range of γδ T cells in these diseases.Results: In 100 of the 101 cases studied (99.0%), γδ T cells accounted for less than 10% of the T‐cell infiltrate. Furthermore, γδ T cells were essentially absent in 74 cases (73.3%).Conclusions: These results suggest that γδ T cells very rarely account for more than 10% of the lymphocytic infiltrate in common inflammatory or infiltrative processes of the skin. Any case of suspected mycosis fungoides or interface dermatitis that possesses more than 10% γδ T cells should raise consideration for further investigation.Hocker TL, Wada DA, el‐Azhary R, Gibson LE. Expression of T‐cell receptor‐γδ in normal human skin, dermatitis and mycosis fungoides.