bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2IIIB Infecting Potato Stems and Stolons in the United States
Authors: Woodhall J. W. , Belcher A. R. , Peters J. C. , Kirk W. W. , Wharton P. S. 
Published: November 2011

Rhizoctonia solani is an important pathogen of potato (Solanum tuberosum) causing qualitative and quantitative losses. It has been associated with black scurf and stem canker. Isolates of the fungus are assigned to one of 13 known anastomosis groups (AGs), of which AG3 is most commonly associated with potato disease (2,4). In August 2011, diseased potato plants originating from Rupert, ID (cv. Western Russet) and Three Rivers, MI (cv. Russet Norkotah) were received for diagnosis. Both samples displayed stem and stolon lesions typically associated with Rhizoctonia stem canker. The presence of R. solani was confirmed through isolation as previously described (4) and the Idaho and Michigan isolates were designated J11 and J8, respectively. AG was determined by sequencing the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region using primers ITS5 and ITS4 (3). The resulting sequences of the rDNA ITS region of isolates J8 and J11 (GenBank Accession Nos. HE608839 and HE608840, respectively) were between 97 and 100% identical to that of other AG2-2IIIB isolates present in sequence databases (GenBank Accession Nos. FJ492075 and FJ492170, respectively). Koch's postulates were confirmed for each isolate by carrying out the following protocol. Each isolate was cultured on potato dextrose agar for 14 days. Five 10-mm agar plugs were then placed on top of seed tubers (cv. Maris Piper) in 1-liter pots containing John Innes Number 3 compost (John Innes Manufacturers Association, Reading, UK). Pots were held in a controlled environment room at 18°C with 50% relative humidity and watered as required. After 21 days, plants were removed and assessed for disease. Typical Rhizoctonia stem lesions were observed and R. solani was successfully reisolated from symptomatic material. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AG2-2IIIB causing disease on potatoes in the United States. In the United States, AGs 2-1, 3, 4, 5, and 9 have all been previously implicated in Rhizoctonia potato disease (2). AG2-2IIIB should now also be considered a potato pathogen in the United States. Knowledge of which AG is present is invaluable when considering a disease management strategy. AG2-2IIIB is a causal agent of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) root rot in Idaho (1). Sugar beet is commonly grown in crop rotation with potato and such a rotation could increase the risk of soilborne infection to either crop by AG2-2IIIB. References: (1) C. A. Strausbaugh et al. Can. J. Plant Pathol. 33:210, 2011. (2) L. Tsror. J. Phytopatol. 158:649, 2010. (3) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1990. (4) J. W.Woodhall et al. Plant Pathol. 56:286, 2007.
Functional Profiling Identifies Genes Involved in Organ-Specific Branches of the PIF3 Regulatory Network in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sentandreu Maria , Martín Guiomar , González-Schain Nahuel , Leivar Pablo , Soy Judit , Tepperman James M. , Quail Peter H. , Monte Elena 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The phytochrome (phy)-interacting basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors (PIFs) constitutively sustain the etiolated state of dark-germinated seedlings by actively repressing deetiolation in darkness. This action is rapidly reversed upon light exposure by phy-induced proteolytic degradation of the PIFs. Here, we combined a microarray-based approach with a functional profiling strategy and identified four PIF3-regulated genes misexpressed in the dark (MIDAs) that are novel regulators of seedling deetiolation. We provide evidence that each one of these four MIDA genes regulates a specific facet of etiolation (hook maintenance, cotyledon appression, or hypocotyl elongation), indicating that there is branching in the signaling that PIF3 relays. Furthermore, combining inferred MIDA gene function from mutant analyses with their expression profiles in response to light-induced degradation of PIF3 provides evidence consistent with a model where the action of the PIF3/MIDA regulatory network enables an initial fast response to the light and subsequently prevents an overresponse to the initial light trigger, thus optimizing the seedling deetiolation process. Collectively, the data suggest that at least part of the phy/PIF system acts through these four MIDAs to initiate and optimize seedling deetiolation, and that this mechanism might allow the implementation of spatial (i.e., organ-specific) and temporal responses during the photomorphogenic program.
A comparison of lenalidomide/dexamethasone versus cyclophosphamide/lenalidomide/dexamethasone versus cyclophosphamide/bortezomib/dexamethasone in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Khan Meaghan L. , Reeder Craig B. , Kumar Shaji K. , Lacy Marthy Q. , Reece Donna E. , Dispenzieri Angela , Gertz Morie A. , Greipp Phillip , Hayman Suzanne , Zeldenhurst Steven , Dingli David , Lust John , Russell Stephen , Laumann Kristina M. , Mikhael Joseph R. , Leif Bergsagel P. , Fonseca Rafael , Vincent Rajkumar S. , Keith Stewart A. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryNovel agents are considered standard components of induction therapy for newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma. We retrospectively compared the results of three consecutive phase 2 clinical trials; RD (lenalidomide/dexamethasone, n = 34), CRD (cyclophosphamide/lenalidomide/dexamethasone, n = 53) and CyBorD (cyclophosphamide/bortezomib/dexamethasone, n = 63) (N = 150). Response rates after four cycles of treatment were: ≥near complete response (nCR), 12% vs. 2% vs. 41%, P < 0·0001 and very good partial response or better, 35% vs. 30% vs. 65%, P = 0·0003, respectively. With all cycles of therapy considered, ≥nCR was 35%, 15% and 41%, P = 0·006. However, there is no evidence that one regimen produced superior progression‐free survival (PFS) (median: 3·2 vs. 2·3 vs. 2·7 years, P = 0·11) or overall survival (3‐year: 88% vs. 79% vs. 88%, P = 0·23). Transplantation did not impact PFS (median: 2·7 vs. 2·3 years, P = 0·41) but was associated with improved OS (3‐year: 93% vs. 75%, P ≤ 0·001). High genetic risk patients (n = 40) had earlier relapse despite lenalidomide or bortezomib (median: 2·1 vs. 2·7 years, P = 0·45). Grade 3/4 toxicities were least with CyBorD while CRD had most toxicity. In conclusion, CyBorD demonstrated superior responses and less frequent serious toxicity but more neuropathy when compared to RD and CRD. Importantly, 80% of patients treated with modern therapeutic approaches are alive at 4 years.
Laryngeal transplantation in minipigs: early immunological outcomes
Authors: Birchall M A , Ayling S M , Harley R , Murison P J , Burt R , Mitchard L , Jones A , Macchiarini P , Stokes C R , Bailey M 
Published: November 2011

SummaryDespite recent tissue-engineering advances, there is no effective way of replacing all the functions of the larynx in those requiring laryngectomy. A recent clinical transplant was a success. Using quantitative immunofluorescence targeted at immunologically relevant molecules, we have studied the early (48 h and 1 week) immunological responses within larynxes transplantated between seven pairs of National Institutes of Health (NIH) minipigs fully homozygous at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus. There were only small changes in expression of some molecules (relative to interindividual variation) and these were clearest in samples from the subglottic region, where the areas of co-expression of CD25+CD45RC-CD8- and of CD163+CD172+MHC-II- increased at 1 week after transplant. In one case, infiltration by recipient T cells was analysed by T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ spectratype analysis; this suggested that changes in the T cell repertoire occur in the donor subglottis mucosal tissues from day 0 to day 7, but that the donor and recipient mucosal Vβ repertoires remain distinct. The observed lack of strong immunological responses to the trauma of surgery and ischaemia provides encouraging evidence to support clinical trials of laryngeal transplantation, and a basis on which to interpret future studies involving mismatches.
New records for prehistoric introduction of Neotropical mammals to the West Indies: evidence from Carriacou, Lesser Antilles
Authors: Giovas Christina M. , LeFebvre Michelle J. , Fitzpatrick Scott M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAim This paper investigates the prehistoric introduction of five mammalian taxa to Carriacou (Lesser Antilles) and refines the known anthropogenic ranges for these fauna in the pre‐Columbian West Indies. The importance of such records for understanding the region’s historical biogeography and ecology is considered.Location Carriacou Island, Grenada (12°28′ N, 61°26′ W).Methods Zooarchaeological assemblages from Carriacou’s earliest documented prehistoric sites, Grand Bay and Sabazan, were analysed, and exotic taxa were identified and quantified. The timing of introductions was established based on multiple radiocarbon assays, including three new accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) direct dates obtained on the bone of exotic taxa. Source species and location(s) are considered and compared with known prehistoric records for the Caribbean to synthesize anthropogenic distributions for the pre‐Columbian period. The contexts of the zooarchaeological remains are evaluated to better understand the nature and purpose of introductions.Results Zooarchaeological investigation on Carriacou reveals the occurrence of multiple mammal introductions from South American betweenc. ad700 andad1400. This paper presents the first records for guinea pig (Caviasp.), armadillo (Dasypussp.), peccary (Tayassu/Pecarisp.), opossum (Didelphissp.) and agouti (Dasyproctasp.) from the island. Human‐mediated transport of these taxa is indicated by their absence from the record prior to human settlement of Carriacou. Several translocated species are either rare or entirely unknown for the region, and overall West Indian distributions are temporally and spatially discontinuous. Archaeological contexts indicate that mammalian introductions arose from human subsistence needs, but other social factors may have shaped the dispersal of these fauna.Main conclusions The taxonomic combination and richness of Carriacou’s introduced fauna are unusual within the region. Importantly, the new records significantly improve the known pre‐Columbian geographic range for peccary, guinea pig and armadillo. Integrated with regional records, these data augment our understanding of the Caribbean’s historical biogeography, and have the potential to improve our understanding of human mobility and anthropogenic environmental impacts in the West Indies prior to the arrival of Europeans.
Evaluation of the Chief Nursing Officer's Review of mental health nursing in England: findings from case studies in mental health trusts
Authors: CALLAGHAN P. , REPPER J. , CLIFTON A. , STACEY G. , CARTER T. 
Published: November 2011

Accessible summary
The Chief Nursing Officer's Review of mental health nursing was published in 2006. This paper reports an evaluation of the implementation of the Review in mental health trusts.
There was widespread acceptance of the Review, but actions to implement the Review varied.
The lack of an evidence‐based implementation plan and a lack of strategic nursing leadership in many mental health trusts hampered the implementation.
The Review recommendations may become widespread by a systematic policy implementation plan from the centre, supported by local leadership in practice.
AbstractThis study is an evaluation of the implementation of the Chief Nursing Officer for England's Review of mental health nursing in mental health trusts (MHTs). The authors employed instrumental case studies in six MHTs. The results showed evidence of acceptance of the Review and some evidence of subsequent actions to implement the Review recommendations, but these were not widespread. A lack of an evidence‐based implementation plan hampered the implementation as did an apparent lack of strategic nursing leadership in many MHTs. In conclusion, the vision for mental health nursing reported in the Chief Nursing Officer Review prompted various changes, directly and indirectly, among mental health nurses and the development of areas of good practice in education, practice and leadership. The positive changes evident in some areas may become widespread by a systematic policy implementation plan from the centre, supported by local leadership in practice.
Nurses' attitudes towards breastfeeding among women with schizophrenia in southern Israel
Authors: ARTZI‐MEDVEDIK R. , CHERTOK I. R. A. , ROMEM Y. 
Published: November 2011

Accessible summary
Mothers' milk is the best source of nutrition for infants. Infant benefits from receiving mother's milk include neurological and cognitive development, as well as physical, physiological, immunological and emotional development.
Although approximately half of the schizophrenic women become mothers today, the issue of breastfeeding in this population is often overlooked. To date, there are no studies about the health‐care staff approaches to this issue.
It has been shown that the attitudes of nurses play an important role in educating and counselling mothers, and is likely to have a significant influence on the their decision whether to breastfeed.
The aim of this study was to survey the attitudes of nurses in southern Israel about breastfeeding by schizophrenic women. The study found that 70% of nurses hold positive attitudes towards breastfeeding among women with schizophrenia, at least on the declarative level. The results of the survey indicate that nurses can support and guide the mother with schizophrenia and her infant, for whom it is safe and appropriate to breastfeed.
AbstractBreastfeeding is the best source of nutrition for infants. Approximately half of women with schizophrenia become mothers, yet the issue of breastfeeding is often overlooked by the health professional community. The aim of this study was to survey attitudes among registered nurses regarding breastfeeding by schizophrenic women. Cross‐sectional descriptive design was used involving a sample of nurses (40 midwives, 37 psychiatric and 33 postpartum) in two medical centres in southern Israel. The validated semistructured questionnaire included sociodemographic and professional questions, personal and professional breastfeeding experience, attitudes and knowledge concerning schizophrenia and attitudes towards breastfeeding by schizophrenic women. The study results indicate that 70% of the respondents held positive attitudes towards breastfeeding in women with schizophrenia, although no significant differences were found between the different types of nurses. Multivariate analysis reveals that academic education was the only variable associated with positive attitudes, while negative feelings towards women with schizophrenia, and extensive knowledge regarding schizophrenia were negatively associated. This study can serve as a foundation for future research to further examine nurses' role in providing postpartum education and care for women with schizophrenia.
A conceptual model for the origin of worker behaviour and adaptation of eusociality
Authors: HUNT J. H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn a model based on the wasp family Vespidae, the origin of worker behaviour, which constitutes the eusociality threshold, is not based on relatedness, therefore the origin of eusociality does not depend on inclusive fitness, and workers at the eusociality threshold are not altruistic. Instead, incipient workers and queens behave selfishly and are subject to direct natural selection. Beyond the eusociality threshold, relatedness enables ‘soft inheritance’ as the framework for initial adaptations of eusociality. At the threshold of irreversibility, queen and worker castes become fixed in advanced eusociality. Transitions from solitary to facultative, facultative to primitive, and primitive to advanced eusociality occur via exaptation, phenotypic accommodation and genetic assimilation. Multilevel selection characterizes the solitary to highly eusocial transition, but components of multilevel selection vary across levels of eusociality. Roles of behavioural flexibility and developmental plasticity in the evolutionary process equal or exceed those of genotype.
Learning to Avoid Dangerous Habitat Types by Aquatic Salamanders,Eurycea tynerensis
Authors: Mathis Alicia , Unger Shem 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere should be intense selection for predation avoidance mechanisms when prey live in close proximity to their predators. Prey individuals that can learn to associate habitat features with high levels of predation risk should experience increased survival if they subsequently avoid those habitats. We tested whether or not habitat learning occurred in a benthic stream community consisting of adult Oklahoma salamander (Eurycea tynerensis) prey and a syntopic predatory fish, the banded sculpin (Cottus carolinae). We exposed individual salamanders to chemical stimuli from sculpin, non‐predatory tadpoles, or a blank control in training tanks containing either rocks or grass. Two days later, the salamanders were tested in tanks that offered a choice of rocks or grass. Salamanders showed significant avoidance of the habitat where they had previously encountered chemical cues from sculpin in comparison to the non‐predatory controls. Learning to avoid dangerous habitats may be particularly important for prey whose predators are visually cryptic ambush foragers, such as sculpin.
Infant and toddler sleep in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Teng Arthur , Bartle Alex , Sadeh Avi , Mindell Jodi 
Published: November 2011

Aims:  To characterize sleep patterns and sleep problems in a large sample of young children (birth to 36 months) in Australia (AU) and New Zealand (NZ).Methods:  Parents and caregivers of 2154 infants and toddlers in AU and NZ completed an expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire.Results:  Overall, young children in AU and NZ go to bed relatively early (19:35), awaken on average 1.08 times per night for an average of 23 min, have a low likelihood of bed‐sharing with parents (7.2%) and obtain an average of 13.24 h total sleep. However, a significant percentage of parents perceive that their child has a sleep problem (30.69%). Sleep patterns in these children demonstrate clear developmental changes, including a decrease in daytime sleep and total sleep time, as well as consolidation of sleep during the night (decrease in night wakings and nocturnal wakefulness). Parents in AU and NZ are also highly likely to encourage independence and self‐soothing, especially after the age of 3 months.Conclusions:  These findings provide parents and professionals reference data for assessing sleep in young children, as well as common parenting practices related to sleep behaviours.
Georeferencing Incidents from Locality Descriptions and its Applications: a Case Study from Yosemite National Park Search and Rescue
Authors: Doherty Paul , Guo Qinghua , Liu Yu , Wieczorek John , Doke Jared 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Search and Rescue (SAR) of individuals who become lost, injured, or stranded in wilderness presents a unique and worthwhile spatiotemporal challenge to investigate. Once incidents are georeferenced they can be spatially queried and analyzed. However, one major challenge for evaluating SAR in a spatial context is the lack of explicitly spatial data (addresses or coordinates) for historic incidents; they must be georeferenced from textual descriptions. This study implemented two established approaches for georeferencing incidents, the ‘Point‐Radius’ and ‘Shape’ methods. Incorporating uncertainty measurements into a spatial database allows for more appropriate analyses of spatial dependence and the spatial distribution of incidents. From 2005–2010, 1,271 of 1,356 Yosemite Search and Rescue YOSAR incidents (93.7%) could be georeferenced using the Point‐Radius Method, with a mean uncertainty radius = 560 ± 51 m and mean uncertainty area of 3.60 ± 0.840 km2. However, when the Shape Method was applied to six case studies by considering the reference object shape, the uncertainty areas were reduced considerably (by up to 99.5% of the uncertain area generated by the Point‐Radius Method). This is the first spatially‐explicit study of SAR incidents and yields valuable insights into the role of georeferenced data in emergency preparedness.
Geocoding Recommender: An Algorithm to Recommend Optimal Online Geocoding Services for Applications
Authors: Karimi Hassan A. , Sharker Monir H. , Roongpiboonsopit Duangduen 
Published: November 2011

AbstractToday, many services that can geocode addresses are available to domain scientists and researchers, software developers, and end‐users. For a number of reasons, including quality of reference database and interpolation technique, a given address geocoded by different services does not often result in the same location. Considering that there are many widely available and accessible geocoding services and that each geocoding service may utilize a different reference database and interpolation technique, selecting a suitable geocoding service that meets the requirements of any application or user is a challenging task. This is especially true for online geocoding services which are often used as black boxes and do not provide knowledge about the reference databases and the interpolation techniques they employ. In this article, we present a geocoding recommender algorithm that can recommend optimal online geocoding services by realizing the characteristics (positional accuracy and match rate) of the services and preferences of the user and/or their application. The algorithm is simulated and analyzed using six popular online geocoding services for different address types (agricultural, commercial, industrial, residential) and preferences (match rate, positional accuracy).