bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A class IA PI3K controls inflammatory cytokine production in human neutrophils
Authors: Fortin Carl F. , Cloutier Alexandre , Ear Thornin , Sylvain‐Prévost Stéphanie , Mayer Thomas Z. , Bouchelaghem Rim , McDonald Patrick P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNeutrophils are generally the first leukocytes to arrive at sites of inflammation or injury, where they release a variety of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to shaping the ensuing immune response. Here, we show that in neutrophils exposed to physiological stimuli (i.e. LPS and TNF‐α), inhibition of the PI3K signaling pathway impairs the synthesis and secretion of IL‐8, Mip‐1α, and Mip‐1β. Further investigation showed that Mip‐1α and Mip‐1β gene transcription was similarly decreased, whereas IL‐8 transcription and steady‐state mRNA levels were unaffected. Accordingly, PI3K inhibition had no impact on NF‐κB or C/EBP activation, which are essential for IL‐8 transcription, but the basis for this selective inhibition of chemokine transcription remains elusive. We nevertheless identified translational targets of the PI3K pathway (S6, S6 kinase, 4E‐BP1). Inhibitor studies and overexpression experiments further established that the various effects of PI3K on chemokine production can be ascribed to p85α and p110δ subunits. Finally, we show that in LPS‐ and TNF‐activated neutrophils, PI3K acts downstream of the kinases p38 MAPK and TAK1. Given the importance of neutrophils and their products in numerous chronic inflammatory disorders, the PI3K pathway could represent an attractive therapeutic target.
Switched memory B cells maintain specific memory independently of serum antibodies: The hepatitis B example
Authors: Rosado M. Manuela , Scarsella Marco , Pandolfi Elisabetta , Cascioli Simona , Giorda Ezio , Chionne Paola , Madonne Elisabetta , Gesualdo Francesco , Romano Mariateresa , Ausiello Clara M. , Rapicetta Maria , Zanetti Alessandro R. , Tozzi Alberto , Carsetti Rita 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe immunogenicity of a vaccine is conventionally measured through the level of serum Abs early after immunization, but to ensure protection specific Abs should be maintained long after primary vaccination. For hepatitis B, protective levels often decline over time, but breakthrough infections do not seem to occur. The aim of this study was to demonstrate whether, after hepatitis B vaccination, B‐cell memory persists even when serum Abs decline. We compared the frequency of anti‐hepatitis‐specific memory B cells that remain in the blood of 99 children five years after priming with Infanrix®‐hexa (GlaxoSmithKline) (n=34) or with Hexavac® (Sanofi Pasteur MSD) (n=65). These two vaccines differ in their ability to generate protective levels of IgG. Children with serum Abs under the protective level, <10 mIU/mL, received a booster dose of hepatitis B vaccine, and memory B cells and serum Abs were measured 2 wk later. We found that specific memory B cells had a similar frequency in all children independently of primary vaccine. Booster injection resulted in the increase of memory B cell frequencies (from 11.3 in 106 cells to 28.2 in 106 cells, p<0.01) and serum Abs (geometric mean concentration, GMC from 2.9 to 284 mIU/mL), demonstrating that circulating memory B cells effectively respond to Ag challenge even when specific Abs fall under the protective threshold.
Memory T cells as an occupying force
Authors: Bevan Michael J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThere is debate over whether effective T‐cell mediated protection against a second infection, or post‐vaccination, is better done by central memory cells or effector memory cells. The former may have greater powers of expansion, whereas the latter may be closer to the site of pathogen entry and faster to respond. This review focuses on memory T cells which are not recirculating but which remain at the peripheral site of initial pathogen or vaccine encounter, so‐called tissue‐resident memory cells. They may play key roles in protection against re‐eruption of latent viral infections and at mucosal surfaces.
Mitochondria: Sovereign of inflammation?
Authors: Tschopp Jürg 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNLRP3 inflammasome‐dependent inflammatory responses are triggered by a variety of signals of host danger, including infection, tissue damage and metabolic dysregulation. How these diverse activators cause inflammasome activation is poorly understood. Recent data suggest that the mitochondria integrate these distinct signals and relay this information to the NLRP3 inflammasome. Dysfunctional mitochondria generate ROS, which is required for inflammasome activation. On the contrary, the NLRP3 inflammasome is negatively regulated by autophagy, which is a catabolic process that removes damaged or otherwise dysfunctional organelles, including mitochondria. In addition to the processing and secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐1β, NLRP3 inflammasome activation also influences cellular metabolic pathways such as glycolysis and lipogenesis. Mapping the connections between mitochondria, metabolism and inflammation is of great interest, as malfunctioning of this network is associated with many chronic inflammatory diseases.
Tris(2,6‐diisopropylphenolato)titanium(IV) Dihydridodiorganylborates: Synthesis and Structures
Authors: Knizek Jörg , Nöth Heinrich 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe reactions of tris(2,6‐diisopropylphenolato)titanium(IV) chloride with alkali‐metal dihydridodiorganylborates M(H2BR2) (M = Li, K; R = Me, C6H11, CMe3; BR2 = BC5H10, BC8H14) led to the corresponding titanium dihydridodiorganylborates. However, in almost all cases byproducts such as (2,6‐diisopropylphenolato)diorganylboranes, triorganylboranes, diorganylboranes, diborane and tetrakis(2,6‐diisopropylphenolato)titanium(IV) were also generated. (2,6‐iPr2C6H3O)3Ti(H2BR2) compounds also resulted from the interaction of methyltris(2,6‐diisopropylphenolato)titanium, for example, with catecholborane. In addition to the formation of tris(2,6‐diisopropylphenolato)catecholboratotitanium(IV), B‐methylcatecholborane was also formed The reaction of potassium dihydro‐9‐cyclooctylborate with 2,6‐bis(2,2‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl)pyridinetitanium dichloride (LTiCl2) led to the complex LTi(H2BC8H14)2. This compound showed no agostic C–H···Ti interaction in contrast to (2,6‐iPr2C6H3O)3TiH2BC8H14 and the corresponding titanium dihydridobis(cyclohexyl)borate.
Facile Solvothermal Synthesis of Uniform Iron Selenide Nanoplates
Authors: Chen Liqiao , Yang Xianfeng , Fu Xionghui , Wang Chaomin , Liang Chaolun , Wu Mingmei 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNanostructures of FeSex with a tetragonal PbO‐type phase have been grown through a new and simple solvothermal route. By adding polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a controlling reagent, the products change from nanoflowers to regular square nanoplates. Both the phase and structure are identified by powder X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy. The square nanoplates are revealed to be enclosed by two larger (001) planes and four equivalent smaller {100} side surfaces. The choice of the solvent is also important for the successful synthesis of the tetragonal PbO‐type phase. This growth approach is not only facile and mild, but is also more advantageous for obtaining uniform FeSex nanocrystals over other methods reported previously.
Graphene Electrochemistry: Surfactants Inherent to Graphene Can Dramatically Effect Electrochemical Processes
Authors: Brownson Dale A. C. , Metters Jonathan P. , Kampouris Dimitrios K. , Banks Craig E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSurfactants are routinely used in the production of graphene and additionally in their solubilisation with the aim of reducing the likelihood of coalescing. We demonstrate that surfactants, which are an inherent property of graphene, are a major contribution to the electrochemical performance. Using well characterised commercially available graphene we demonstrate that the surfactant may be detrimental in electrochemical processes, for example in the electrochemical oxidation of NADH, used prolifically as the basis of over 300 biosensors, and in the electrochemical oxidation of acetaminophen, an analgesic and antipyretic drug which requires routine monitoring in a plethora of areas. The use of control experiments in the form of surfactant modified carbon electrodes is particularly encouraged in de‐convoluting the origin of the electrochemical response of graphene modified electrodes.
Electrocatalyst Supporting Properties of Carbon Sphere Chains
Authors: Hamoudi Zéhira , El Khakani My Ali , Mohamedi Mohamed 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSolid carbon spheres chains (CSCs) are new carbon materials with unique physicochemical properties and original organization, they present a distinctive opportunity for creating novel multifunctional composites electrodes for a wide range of electrochemical applications. The electrocatalytic supporting of properties of these CSCs‐coated with a model catalyst that is Pt of different morphologies were studied for the oxidation of ferrocyanide to illustrate their use in electroanalytical applications, for the oxidation of methanol and the reduction of oxygen to exemplify their potential use in energy conversion devices such as fuel cells for instance. The very good catalytic supporting properties demonstrated here are due to the fact that CSCs possess multiple‐points of electrical connectivity and excellent dispersions characteristics for the catalyst that allow the latter to be largely accessible for electrocatalytic reactions.
Electrokinetic techniques applied to electrochemical DNA biosensors
Authors: Mir Mònica , Martínez‐Rodríguez Sergio , Castillo‐Fernández Oscar , Homs‐Corbera Antoni , Samitier Josep 
Published: March 2011

AbstractElectrokinetic techniques are contact‐free methods currently used in many applications, where precise handling of biological entities, such as cells, bacteria or nucleic acids, is needed. These techniques are based on the effect of electric fields on molecules suspended in a fluid, and the corresponding induced motion, which can be tuned according to some known physical laws and observed behaviours. Increasing interest on the application of such strategies in order to improve the detection of DNA strands has appeared during the recent decades. Classical electrode‐based DNA electrochemical biosensors with combined electrokinetic techniques present the advantage of being able to improve the working electrode's bioactive part during their fabrication and also the hybridization yield during the sensor detection phase. This can be achieved by selectively manipulating, driving and directing the molecules towards the electrodes increasing the speed and yield of the floating DNA strands attached to them. On the other hand, this technique can be also used in order to make biosensors reusable, or reconfigurable, by simply inverting its working principle and pulling DNA strands away from the electrodes. Finally, the combination of these techniques with nanostructures, such as nanopores or nanochannels, has recently boosted the appearance of new types of electrochemical sensors that exploit the time‐varying position of DNA strands in order to continuously scan these molecules and to detect their properties. This review gives an insight into the main forces involved in DNA electrokinetics and discusses the state of the art and uses of these techniques in recent years.
Design and research of UHV AC substation
Authors: Yi‐qiong Wu , Hai‐yan Chen , Bao‐jin Li , Jing Fang 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYThousand kilovolts of AC transmission has the highest operation voltage and the most advanced technology in the world. Based on 1000 kV Changzhi–Nanyang–Jingmen UHV AC Demonstration Project in China, this paper presents the main design principles and key technical schemes in UHV substation design, including the main electrical connection, the selection of major UHV equipments, overvoltage and insulation coordination, 1100 kV GIS layout, insulator strings design, environmental impact control and seismic design. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of power quality disturbances using quantum neural network and DS evidence fusion
Authors: He Zhengyou , Zhang Haiping , Zhao Jing , Qian Qingquan 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYA novel classifier based on Quantum Neural Network (QNN) and Dempster‐Shafer (DS) evidence theory to recognize the types of power quality (PQ) disturbances is presented. According to the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and S‐transform (ST) algorithms, three kinds of feature vectors extracted from the original signals are used to train three different quantum neural networks, then DS evidence theory is used for global fusion at the decision level to gain a unified classification result from the outputs of QNNs. Ten types of disturbances are considered for the classification problem. Simulation results indicate that the classification performance of QNN is better than back propagation neural network (BPNN). The recognition capability of the QNN‐DS classifier is compared with BPNN‐DS, probabilistic neural network with voting rules (PNN‐VR) at the decision level, and only one QNN with information fusion at the feature level. It shows that the proposed classifier has good performance on recognizing single and multiple disturbances under different situations and can achieve a highest accuracy of all. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental study on fire hazard of typical curtain materials in ISO 9705 fire test room
Authors: Li Liming , Zhang Heping , Xie Qiyuan , Chen Long , Xu Chunming 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYCurtain materials are commonly used as decoration, shade, or screen. They are flammable and are usually across a large part of a room, leading to the risk of a high fire hazard. Once ignited, the upward fire spread would accelerate the fire development in an enclosure. In this paper, fire hazard of three typical curtain materials with different pleat rates were tested in an ISO 9705 fire test room. Fire parameters such as temperature field, flame spread rate, heat release rate (HRR), and emitted gases, and the influences of pleat rate and cotton content on flame spread rate were investigated. The correlation between flame spread rate and HRR was discussed. The results show that the upward flame spread has an accelerating rate, and an inverted‐triangle burning area would emerge during the combustion. Some horizontal fibrillar structures appear in this burning area. Pleat rate and cotton content have considerable influence on the curtain fire behavior. The flame spread rate shows a linear response to HRR at the early stage. In addition, a function between average flame spread rate and pleat rate for engineering estimation is proposed, and a linear relationship between HRR/mCO and m/mCO has been obtained. The study results provide valuable reference to building fire simulation and safety design. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinctive features of Egr transcription factor regulation and DNA binding activity in CA1 of the hippocampus in synaptic plasticity and consolidation and reconsolidation of fear memory
Authors: Cheval Hélène , Chagneau Carine , Levasseur Grégoire , Veyrac Alexandra , Faucon‐Biguet Nicole , Laroche Serge , Davis Sabrina 
Published: March 2011

AbstractActivity‐dependent regulation of Egr1/Zif268, a transcription factor (TF) of the Egr family, is essential for stabilization of dentate gyrus synaptic plasticity and consolidation and reconsolidation of several forms of memory. The gene can be rapidly induced in selective brain circuits after certain types of learning or after recall. Here, we focused on area CA1 and examined regulation of Egr1, Egr2, and Egr3 mRNA and protein, and their DNA binding activity to the Egr response element (ERE) at different times after LTP in vivo and after learning and recall of a fear memory. We found LTP in CA1 leads to rapid induction of the three Egrs, however only Egr1 protein was overexpressed without a co‐ordinated change in binding activity, indicating a fundamental difference between CA1 and dentate gyrus LTP. Our investigations in fear memory reveal that both learning and retrieval lead to an increase in binding of constitutively expressed Egr1 and Egr3 to the ERE, but not Egr2. Memory recall was also associated with increased Egr1 protein translation. The nature and temporal dynamics of these changes and tests for interactions between TFs suggest that in addition to ERE‐mediated transcription, Egr1 in CA1 may interact with the TF c‐Fos to regulate genes via other DNA response elements. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Advances in metals classification under the united nations globally harmonized system of classification and labeling
Authors: Skeaff James , Adams William J , Rodriguez Patricio , Brouwers Tony , Waeterschoot Hugo 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
This article shows how regulatory obligations mandated for metal substances can be met with a laboratory-based transformation/dissolution (T/D) method for deriving relevant hazard classification outcomes, which can then be linked to attendant environmental protection management decisions. We report the results of a ring-test at 3 laboratories conducted to determine the interlaboratory precision of the United Nations T/D Protocol (T/DP) in generating data for classifying 4 metal-bearing substances for acute and chronic toxicity under the United Nations Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling (GHS) criteria with respect to the aquatic environment. The test substances were Ni metal powder, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) powder, tricobalt tetroxide (Co3O4) powder, and cuttings of a NILO K Ni–Co–Fe alloy. Following GHS Annex 10 guidelines, we tested 3 loadings (1, 10, and 100 mg/L) of each substance at pH 6 and 8 for 7 or 28 d to yield T/D data for acute and chronic classification, respectively. We compared the T/DP results (dissolved metal in aqueous media) against acute and chronic ecotoxicity reference values (ERVs) for each substance to assess GHS classification outcomes. For dissolved metal ions, the respective acute and chronic ERVs established at the time of the T/D testing were: 29 and 8 µg/L for Cu; 185 and 1.5 µg/L for Co; and 13.3 and 1.0 mg/L for Fe. The acute ERVs for Ni were pH-dependent: 120 and 68 µg/L at pH 6 and 8, respectively, whereas the chronic ERV for Ni was 2.4 µg/L. The acute classification outcomes were consistent among 3 laboratories: cuprous oxide, Acute 1; Ni metal powder, Acute 3; Co3O4 and the NILO K alloy, no classification. We obtained similar consistent results in chronic classifications: Cu2O, Ni metal powder, and Co3O4, Chronic 4; and the NILO K alloy, no classification. However, we observed equivocal results only in 2 of a possible 48 cases where the coefficient of variation of final T/D concentrations masked clear comparisons with ERVs. Results support the validity and interlaboratory precision of the United Nations T/DP in establishing GHS classification outcomes for metals and metal compounds and support its use in regulatory hazard-based systems. Drawing on T/D data derived from laboratory testing of the metal-bearing substance itself, the T/D approach can be applied to establish scientifically defensible decisions on hazard classification proposals. The resulting decisions can then be incorporated into environmental management measures in such jurisdictions as the European Union. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2011;7:559–576. © 2011 SETAC
Protective effects of enalapril in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rat: studies of DNA damage, apoptosis and expression of CCN2 in the heart, kidney and liver
Authors: Kushwaha S. , Vikram A. , Jena G. B. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTDiabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia, which induces oxidative stress and perturbs a number of pathways, leading to tissue injury. One of the pathological responses to tissue injury is the development of fibrosis and cell death. Enalapril is a non‐thiol angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor that is commonly used in the treatment of diabetes‐associated hypertension. The present study examines the possible beneficial effects of enalapril on the development of diabetes associated fibrosis and DNA damage in rats. Sprague–Dawley rats (250 ± 10 g) were used in the study. Enalapril (10 mg kg−1 per oral) was administered for four consecutive weeks to the streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic rats. After 4 weeks, all the animals were sacrificed and comet assay (normal and modified) was performed to detect the normal as well as oxidative DNA damage. Expression of profibrotic marker CCN2 and fibrosis was examined in the heart, kidney and liver of diabetic rats. Enalapril treatment significantly restored the malondialdehyde and glutathione content as well as the DNA damage in the heart, kidney and liver of diabetic rat. Significant decrease in the expression of CCN2 was observed in the heart, kidney and liver of diabetic rat receiving enalapril treatment as compared with the diabetic group. Further, the enalapril treatment led to significant decrease in the fibrosis and CCN2 expression in the diabetic group as compared with control. The results of the present study clearly demonstrate that enalapril ameliorates the DNA damage, cell death and expression of CCN2 in the heart, kidney and liver of the STZ‐induced diabetic rat. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of imaging depth in turbid media using a wide area detector
Authors: Crosignani Viera , Dvornikov Alexander S. , Gratton Enrico 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe depth of two‐photon fluorescence imaging in turbid media can be significantly enhanced by the use of the here described fluorescence detection method that allows to efficiently collect scattered fluorescence photons from a wide area of the turbid sample. By using this detector we were able to perform imaging of turbid samples, simulating brain tissue, at depths up to 3 mm, where the two‐photon induced fluorescence signal is too weak to be detected by means used in conventional two‐photon microscopy. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Characterization of factors that determine lentiviral vector tropism in skin tissue using an ex vivo model
Authors: Kunicher Nikolai , Tzur Tomer , Amar Dalit , Chaouat Malka , Yaacov Barak , Panet Amos 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundLentiviral tropism to a solid tissue may be determined by receptor availability, the differentiation state of cells and the three‐dimensional architecture of the tissue.MethodsUsing skin organ cultures, lentiviral vector tropism was compared with that of keratinocytes in cell culture. Furthermore, the tropism of lentiviral vector to mouse and human tissues was compared ex vivo, in attempt to validate the mouse skin as an experimental system for human gene therapy of skin diseases.ResultsThe results obtained indicated that although early progenitor keratinocytes (keratin 15+ and p63+), when grown in culture are permissive to lentiviral vector, they are resistant to transduction in their native ‘niche’ in the skin tissue. Transiently amplifying keratinocytes (keratin 14+) on the other hand, are permissive to lentiviral vector transduction, in cell culture and in the skin, after separation of the epidermis from the dermis layer. Keratinocytes (keratin 14+) in the hair follicle of human skin are resistant to lentiviral transduction, even after partial digestion of the extracellular matrix collagen. By contrast, collagenase pretreatment of mouse tissue facilitated transduction of keratinocytes within the hair follicle. Because lentivirus pseudotyped by two envelopes (amphotropic murine leukemia virus and vesicular stomatitis virus G glycoprotein) display the same tropism, we suggest that receptor availability is not the critical factor in the pattern of skin tissue transduction.ConclusionsTaken together, the results obtained in the present study indicate that lentiviral vector tropism in the three‐dimensional skin tissue is distinct from the tropism to keratinocytes in culture and is dependent on a complex interplay of extracellular restrictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.