bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography in the differentiation of retinal detachment and vitreous membrane in dogs and cats
Authors: Labruyere J. J. , Hartley C. , Holloway A. 
Published: October 2011

Objectives: To evaluate contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography (CEU) and colour Doppler imaging (CDI) for detection of persistent vascularisation in retinal detachment.Methods: In 22 eyes, retinal detachment (n=13) and vitreous membranes (n=9) were confirmed by ophthalmological examination, during cataract surgery, by histopathology or after vitreoretinal surgery. Tentative diagnosis of retinal detachment or vitreous membrane was made using grey‐scale B‐mode ultrasonography. Assessment of retinal detachment was based on the presence or absence of vascularisation in the membranous structure using CDI and CEU.Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive‐predictive value and negative‐predictive value of grey‐scale ultrasonography in differentiating retinal detachment from vitreous membrane were 92·3%, 66·6%, 80% and 85·7%. In 91% of eyes, colour Doppler assessment was unsuccessful due to the movement of the eye. Persistent vascularisation was demonstrated in all cases of retinal detachments with CEU. CEU was 100% accurate for detection and differentiation between retinal detachment and vitreous membrane.Clinical Significance: CEU is a useful clinical tool for the diagnosis of retinal detachment and vitreous membrane in dogs and cats.
Canine hip dyslasia: the significance of the Norberg angle for healthy breeding
Authors: Comhaire F. H. , Schoonjans F. A. 
Published: October 2011

Objectives: To assess the reproducibility of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) classification over time, and between assessors and to evaluate the benefit of computer‐assisted measurement of the Norberg angle and of its percentile ranking by breed for the diagnosis of canine hip dysplasia, and for the selection of couples for breeding.Methods: During the time period of 2006 to 2010, 5094 hip radiographs were evaluated according to the FCI rules, and 4400 have been submitted for statistical analysis. A system of computer‐assisted image analysis (Digimizer®, MedCalc Software Ltd, Mariakerke, Belgium) was used to measure the Norberg angle. The Norberg angle value of individual dogs was expressed as percentile rank by breed.Results: The agreement between individual assessors was highly significant (P<0·001), but there were important variations over time of the ratio of classes A or B. The Norberg angle and the percentile rank accurately discriminated between dogs with or without canine hip dysplasia, with positive and negative likelihood ratios of 6·31 and 0·21, respectively, for the Norberg angle at criterion value of 102·2°, and 4·21 and 0·18 for the percentile rank at criterion value of the 25th percentile.ClinicalSignificance: The percentile rank of the Norberg angle may be a valuable tool for breeding selection.
Is There a Right Way to Nudge? The Practice and Ethics of Choice Architecture
Authors: Selinger Evan , Whyte Kyle 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCass Sunstein and Richard Thaler’s Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness presents an influential account of why ‘choice architecture’ should be used to ‘nudge’ people into making better decisions than they would otherwise make. In this essay we: (1) explain the main concepts that Thaler and Sunstein rely upon to defend their project; (2) clarify the main conceptual problems that have arisen in discussions about nudges; (3) clarify practical difficulties that can arise during nudge practice; (4) review the main ethical and political objections that have been raised against nudging; and (5) clarify why issues related to meaning can pose methodological problems for creating effective choice architecture.
Risk Assessment Tools and Racial/Ethnic Disparities in the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Moore Lori D. , Padavic Irene 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis paper addresses the possible consequences for racial and ethnic disparities of the growing reliance on risk assessment tools for sentencing in juvenile justice systems. These tools consider both legal factors (i.e. criminal history) and personal background factors (e.g. household composition, parents’ arrest history, the youth’s mental health, attitudes, school status, and current employment status) to predict the likelihood of recidivism, which then informs punishment decisions. Because they decontextualize race, the associations between race and risk factors linked to race could possibly create higher risk scores and harsher punishments for minority youth.
Higher concentration local anaesthetics causing prolonged anaesthesia. Do they? A literature review and case reports
Authors: Kingon A , Sambrook P , Goss A 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHigher concentration dental local anaesthetics (3% and 4%) have become more available in Australia in recent years. Benefits claimed include a faster onset of anaesthesia and improved success with injections compared to 2% solutions. Recent reports suggest that the higher concentration carries a greater risk of prolonged anaesthesia to the mandibular and particularly the lingual nerves. The literature was reviewed and those studies which demonstrated adverse effects of different concentrations of local anaesthetics were analysed. Recent cases are presented. There is an extensive international literature which confirms increased concentration of local anaesthetic does show an increased risk, by about ×6, of prolonged anaesthesia. Five case reports illustrate the impact of this complication on patients’ quality of life. Careful consideration needs to be given before using higher concentration local anaesthetic agents for mandibular and lingual blocks as lower concentration local anaesthetics are safer. If acceptable to individual patients, avoidance of block injections or any local anaesthetic for minor restorative tasks could be encouraged given the severity of the complication. It is safe to use the higher concentration agents for infiltrations away from major nerves.
Site‐occupancy modelling as a novel framework for assessing test sensitivity and estimating wildlife disease prevalence from imperfect diagnostic tests
Authors: Lachish Shelly , Gopalaswamy Arjun M. , Knowles Sarah C. L. , Sheldon Ben C. 
Published: October 2011

Summary1. Reliable assessments of infection status and population prevalence are critical for epidemiological modelling and disease management, but can be greatly biased when disease state is determined from imperfect diagnostic tests. Available statistical methods to adjust test‐based prevalence estimates by correcting for test accuracy demand that many stringent requirements and assumptions be met (knowledge about underlying population prevalence or multiple diagnostic methods), limiting their utility for wildlife disease surveys.2. In this paper, we present site‐occupancy modelling as a flexible approach to derive estimates of population prevalence and test sensitivity under imperfect pathogen detection without a need for restrictive requirements or assumptions. We extend the utility of the standard site‐occupancy framework for pathogen detection data by novel application of abundance‐induced heterogeneity (AIH) models (Royle & Nichols 2003) that allow test sensitivity to vary with host pathogen load or infection intensity.3. We demonstrate the utility of this approach for wildlife disease studies by applying site‐occupancy models to a data set consisting of replicate quantitative (q)PCR diagnoses of malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) in blood samples from wild blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus).4. Model selection revealed that Plasmodium detection rates by qPCR were strongly dependent on host parasite load. Estimates of parasite detection rates revealed the qPCR assay to be highly sensitive, with accordingly, a very low probability of false negative diagnosis for the majority of infected hosts in our population and little bias in naive estimates of population prevalence, although this will be a system‐specific result.5. Our results demonstrate the utility of a site‐occupancy approach for deriving estimates of population prevalence under imperfect pathogen detection and reveal that accounting for host variation in pathogen load allows a more accurate assessment of diagnostic test sensitivity.6. By identifying factors that influence pathogen detection rates, and revealing optimal protocols for obtaining unbiased prevalence estimates, while minimising the probability of false negative diagnoses, we also show that this approach can enhance both diagnostic accuracy and cost‐efficiency in wildlife disease surveys.
INVESTIGATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs) REMOVAL BY SIGNAL WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES: STUDIES
Authors: MAHDAVIAN LEILA 
Published: October 2011

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are highly toxic and widespread pollutants due in part to their resistance to biodegradation. In water, their breakdown and analysis are low, but are readily adsorbed by fish and microscopic organisms, and these substances accumulate in the food chain and end up in human bodies when people consume sea food. The elimination of chemical pollutants from a contaminated environment is one of the most important steps toward achieving the goal of environment protection. Using single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) has shown the efficiency to remove PCBs from air and water. There are four situations for PCBs and SWNTs (6, 6) that we have investigated passing them between nanotubes. The thermodynamic properties are calculated for passing PCBs between them by DFT methods. This passing has a low potential energy in the middle of nanotubes, as the thermodynamic properties show; this passing is spontaneous and favorable because ΔG ele (MJ/mol) is negative for them.
Evaluation of Human Papilloma Virus Diagnostic Testing in Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Sensitivity, Specificity, and Prognostic Discrimination
Authors: Schache Andrew G. , Liloglou Triantafilos , Risk Janet M. , Filia Anastasia , Jones Terence M. , Sheard Jon , Woolgar Julia A. , Helliwell Timothy R. , Triantafyllou Asterios , Robinson Max , Sloan Philip , Harvey-Woodworth Colin , Sisson Daniel , Shaw Richard J. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Human papillomavirus-16 (HPV16) is the causative agent in a biologically distinct subset of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) with highly favorable prognosis. In clinical trials, HPV16 status is an essential inclusion or stratification parameter, highlighting the importance of accurate testing.
Experimental Design: Fixed and fresh-frozen tissue from 108 OPSCC cases were subject to eight possible assay/assay combinations: p16 immunohistochemistry (p16 IHC); in situ hybridization for high-risk HPV (HR HPV ISH); quantitative PCR (qPCR) for both viral E6 RNA (RNA qPCR) and DNA (DNA qPCR); and combinations of the above.
Results: HPV16-positive OPSCC presented in younger patients (mean 7.5 years younger, P = 0.003) who smoked less than HPV-negative patients (P = 0.007). The proportion of HPV16-positive cases increased from 15% to 57% (P = 0.001) between 1988 and 2009. A combination of p16 IHC/DNA qPCR showed acceptable sensitivity (97%) and specificity (94%) compared with the RNA qPCR “gold standard”, as well as being the best discriminator of favorable outcome (overall survival P = 0.002). p16 IHC/HR HPV ISH also had acceptable specificity (90%) but the substantial reduction in its sensitivity (88%) impacted upon its prognostic value (P = 0.02). p16 IHC, HR HPV ISH, or DNA qPCR was not sufficiently specific to recommend in clinical trials when used in isolation.
Conclusions: Caution must be exercised in applying HPV16 diagnostic tests because of significant disparities in accuracy and prognostic value in previously published techniques. Clin Cancer Res; 17(19); 6262–71. ©2011 AACR.
Descartes Meets Edgar Rice Burroughs: Beating the Rationalist Equations in Zamiatin's We
Authors: Slusser George 
Published: October 2011

AbstractZamiatin's We presents a totalitarian world founded on an extreme application of the quantifying logic of Western rationalism. Everywhere in the rhetoric of D-503, spokesman for the One State, we hear echoes of Descartes, Leibniz, Spinoza, Pascal. Even so, from his very first utterances we see mind unable to control passions, to separate itself from the res extensa relegated beyond the Green Wall. In this “war of rhetorics” for the narrator's soul, we recognize the reason's antagonist to be pulp science fiction – the lurid purple prose and “pink Venusians” displayed on the covers of pulp SF magazines current in France and England at the time of World War I, unruly visions inspired by Verne and the American dime novel. From the evidence in his text, Zamiatin knew these magazines from his stay in England. Irrational numbers are not enough to break down the dreaded equations of rational control. For D-503, the square root of -1 is the unruly forces of pulp prose and images, the way in which mind and body free themselves to explore the “irrational” world of material phenomena, worlds of imagination without end. Pulp becomes Zamiatin's “Dionysian” element. In using it as such, however, Zamiatin makes an important connection. For science fiction itself is a literature born of Descartes's call for mind to master nature, of Pascal's claim that human reason in unique, and alone, in his infinite spaces. But since its own rationalist origins, science fiction itself has struggled against rationalist closure, seeking ways to free mind and body – science and the human condition – for open-ended exploration of worlds beyond logic.
Targeted delivery of TLR ligands to human and mouse dendritic cells strongly enhances adjuvanticity
Authors: Tacken Paul J. , Zeelenberg Ingrid S. , Cruz Luis J. , van Hout-Kuijer Maaike A. , van de Glind Gerline , Fokkink Remco G. , Lambeck Annechien J. A. , Figdor Carl G. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractEffective vaccines consist of 2 components: immunodominant antigens and effective adjuvants. Whereas it has been demonstrated that targeted delivery of antigens to dendritic cells (DCs) improves vaccine efficacy, we report here that co-targeting of TLR ligands (TLRLs) to DCs strongly enhances adjuvanticity and immunity. We encapsulated ligands for intracellular TLRs within biodegradable nanoparticles coated with Abs recognizing DC-specific receptors. Targeted delivery of TLRLs to human DCs enhanced the maturation and production of immune stimulatory cytokines and the Ag-specific activation of naive CD8+ T cells. In vivo studies demonstrated that nanoparticles carrying Ag induced cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses at 100-fold lower adjuvant dose when TLRLs were co-encapsulated instead of administered in soluble form. Moreover, the efficacy of these targeted TLRLs reduced the serum cytokine storm and related toxicity that is associated with administration of soluble TLRLs. We conclude that the targeted delivery of adjuvants may improve the efficacy and safety of DC-based vaccines.
Gemcitabine Alone Versus Gemcitabine Plus Radiotherapy in Patients With Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer: An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial
Authors: Loehrer Patrick J. , Feng Yang , Cardenes Higinia , Wagner Lynne , Brell Joanna M. , Cella David , Flynn Patrick , Ramanathan Ramesh K. , Crane Christopher H. , Alberts Steven R. , Benson Al B. 
Published: October 2011

Purpose The purpose of this trial was to evaluate the role of radiation therapy with concurrent gemcitabine (GEM) compared with GEM alone in patients with localized unresectable pancreatic cancer. Patients and Methods Patients with localized unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were randomly assigned to receive GEM alone (at 1,000 mg/m2/wk for weeks 1 to 6, followed by 1 week rest, then for 3 of 4 weeks) or GEM (600 mg/m2/wk for weeks 1 to 5, then 4 weeks later 1,000 mg/m2 for 3 of 4 weeks) plus radiotherapy (starting on day 1, 1.8 Gy/Fx for total of 50.4 Gy). Measurement of quality of life using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–Hepatobiliary questionnaire was also performed. Results Of 74 patients entered on trial and randomly assigned to receive GEM alone (arm A; n = 37) or GEM plus radiation (arm B; n = 34), patients in arm B had greater incidence of grades 4 and 5 toxicities (41% v 9%), but grades 3 and 4 toxicities combined were similar (77% in A v 79% in B). No statistical differences were seen in quality of life measurements at 6, 15 to 16, and 36 weeks. The primary end point was survival, which was 9.2 months (95% CI, 7.9 to 11.4 months) and 11.1 months (95% CI, 7.6 to 15.5 months) for arms A and B, respectively (one-sided P = .017 by stratified log-rank test). Conclusion This trial demonstrates improved overall survival with the addition of radiation therapy to GEM in patients with localized unresectable pancreatic cancer, with acceptable toxicity.
Axial-selectivity in Prins Cyclization Reaction: Synthesis of 4-Iodotetrahydropyrans
Authors: Saikia Anil K , Bondalapati Somasekhar , Indukuri Kiran , Gogoi Paramartha 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Trimethylsilyl triflate and tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) effectively mediate the Prins cyclization of homoallylic alcohols and aldehydes to give 4-iodotetrahydropyrans with axial selectivity and good yields.
Expeditious Modular Assembly of Multisubstituted Cyclohexanes via Dioxanone–Dienes
Authors: Aoki Yoshifumi , Mochizuki Yuta , Yoshinari Tomohiro , Ohmori Ken , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
An effective route to multisubstituted cyclohexanes has been developed by exploiting the Diels–Alder reaction of easily available dienes within a dioxanone moiety with electron-deficient dienophiles.
Ring Expansion of Cyclopropylbenzocyclobutenes En Route to Benzocycloheptenes
Authors: Fukui Nobuaki , Hamura Toshiyuki , Ohmori Ken , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Ring expansion of benzocyclobutenes bearing a cyclopropane ring to benzocycloheptenes is described, which allows facile construction of highly functionalized seven-membered ring compounds.
10% Efficiency Dye-sensitized Solar Cells Using P25 TiO2 Nanocrystalline Electrode Prepared by a Bead-milling Method
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuhiro , Kawaraya Masahide , Segawa Hiroshi , Uchida Satoshi , Kano Junya , Saito Fumio , Tsujimoto Kazuki , Saito Tsubasa , Ito Seigo 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Dispersions of TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared from titania powder (P25, Degussa) using a bead-mill method. The dispersion was controlled by the mixing time and was observed using dynamic laser-light scattering. TiO2 screen-printing pastes were prepared from the TiO2 dispersions for application as photoelectrodes in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The coated nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a haze meter. The shape and crystallinity of the TiO2 nanoparticles were not changed, but the transparency was improved by the bead-milling process. However, aluminum contamination on the TiO2 surface was found to increase with bead-milling time. A TiO2 paste prepared from an optimized dispersion was used to fabricate a DSSC with 10% photoenergy-conversion efficiency.
Use of outcomes in monitoring healthcare – how many outcome measures are needed in monitoring diabetes in primary care?
Authors: Suleman Javid , Anwar Mohammed Saqib , Weston Claire , Baker Richard 
Published: October 2011

Objectives To investigate the relationship between patient experience assessed through surveys of random samples of practice populations and intermediate outcome targets in those patients with diabetes, collected in the Quality and Outcomes Framework pay-for-performance scheme. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The East Midlands region of England. Participants Six hundred and twenty-nine general practices. Main outcome measures Logistic regression models were used to assess whether practice-level reports of patient experience of access and consultations were associated with achievement of treatment targets (HbA1c of 7.5% and 10% or lower, BP 145/85 mmHg or lower, and cholesterol 5 mmol/L or lower) in people with diabetes. Survey respondent characteristics (ethnicity, age, sex) and practice size, deprivation, and prevalence of diabetes and obesity were also assessed within the models. Results Patient experience of practice populations explained little of the variation in diabetes treatment targets. In the practice survey, the proportion of respondents who had seen a nurse in the last 6 months was associated with increased likelihood of achieving HbA1c of 7.5%, and being involved in decision-making or having tests and treatment explained were associated with achievement of HbA1c of 10% or less, cholesterol of 5 mmol/L or less, and BP of 145/85 or less. Conclusions Although patient experience at practice level should be included in monitoring outcomes, it should not replace monitoring clinical outcomes in diabetes. A mix of clinical and patient experience measures will have to be used to monitor outcomes in general practice.
Femoral component loosening in high-flexion total knee replacement
Authors: Bollars P. , Luyckx J.-P. , Innocenti B. , Labey L. , Victor J. , Bellemans J. 
Published: October 2011

High-flexion total knee replacement (TKR) designs have been introduced to improve flexion after TKR. Although the early results of such designs were promising, recent literature has raised concerns about the incidence of early loosening of the femoral component. We compared the minimum force required to cause femoral component loosening for six high-flexion and six conventional TKR designs in a laboratory experiment. Each TKR design was implanted in a femoral bone model and placed in a loading frame in 135° of flexion. Loosening of the femoral component was induced by moving the tibial component at a constant rate of displacement while maintaining the same angle of flexion. A stereophotogrammetric system registered the relative movement between the femoral component and the underlying bone until loosening occurred. Compared with high-flexion designs, conventional TKR designs required a significantly higher force before loosening occurred (p < 0.001). High-flexion designs with closed box geometry required significantly higher loosening forces than high-flexion designs with open box geometry (p = 0.0478). The presence of pegs further contributed to the fixation strength of components. We conclude that high-flexion designs have a greater risk for femoral component loosening than conventional TKR designs. We believe this is attributable to the absence of femoral load sharing between the prosthetic component and the condylar bone during flexion.