bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A reactive assimilation model for regional-scale cordierite-bearing granitoids: geochemical evidence from the Late Variscan granites of the Central Iberian Zone, Spain
Authors: Ugidos J. M. , Stephens W. E. , Carnicero A. , Ellam R. M. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTRegional scale biotite and cordierite-bearing granites (s.l.) in the Variscan of the Central Iberian Zone (CIZ) are spatially closely associated with cordierite-rich nebulites and cordierite-bearing two-mica granites, and with cordierite-rich high grade hornfelses and cordieritites (>60% cordierite) that are relatively common in the aureoles of these granites. Building on published field evidence, petrological data are presented which, combined with new chemical and isotopic (Sr–Nd) modelling, indicate that the cordierite-bearing granites cannot be derived by simple anatexis of regional sedimentary protoliths; but the data are consistent with a process of reactive assimilation that involves the interaction of biotite granite magma with high-grade host rocks ranging from cordierite nebulites to andalusite-bearing cordieritites. The contribution of the postulated cordierite-rich contaminants to the diversity of cordierite granite compositions is modelled using the compositions of regional Lower Cambrian–Upper Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks that are generally chemically mature (CaO very rarely exceeds 1·4%). These rocks include specific horizons in which extreme chemical alteration is attributable to sediment reworking during eustatic falls in sea level. Such compositions may account for the presence of the high concentrations in Al that later produced cordieritites. Fractional crystallisation is also important, particularly in generating the more evolved cordierite granite and cordierite biotite muscovite granite compositions. Although assimilation in situ is normally regarded as a minor contributor volumetrically to evolving plutons, in this instance the emplacement of large volumes of granite magma into a high-T–low-P environment significantly increased the potential for reactive assimilation.
Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-supported organoplatinum antitumour agents
Authors: Howell B. A. , Fan D. 
Published: November 2009

While numerous water-soluble biocompatible polymers have been utilized for the construction of drug conjugates that offer significant advantages for drug delivery, poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers are superior in many ways for this purpose. They display nanoscale size, uniform shape, excellent water solubility, low toxicity and high surface functionality. In an attempt to circumvent the toxic side effects associated with the administration of organoplatinum drugs, a polymeric prodrug has been prepared from the treatment of a generation 4.5 PAMAM dendrimer with diaquo(1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II). A well-defined dendrimer–platinum conjugate containing 40 (1,2-diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) units coordinated to the dendrimer surface
via
carboxylate groups is formed. This adduct is well behaved, water soluble, contains a high loading of platinum moieties and displays sustained release of active platinum species over a 24 h period under physiological conditions.
(−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate induces Du145 prostate cancer cell death via downregulation of inhibitor of DNA binding 2, a dominant negative helix‐loop‐helix protein
Authors: Luo Katherine L. , Luo Jian‐Hua , Yu Yan P. 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 707–712)(−)‐Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) is one of the major polyphenol components in green tea. It effectively induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. The anticancer effect of this reagent is appealing because it is a natural component of a popular daily beverage that has proven harmless for thousands of years, making it a good candidate chemopreventive agent. EGCG suppresses cell growth and causes cell death, but the mechanisms are not well characterized, especially in androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells. In the present study, using Affymetrix genechip Hu133 2.0, we analyzed the gene expression patterns of the androgen‐independent prostate cancer cell line Du145, treated with or without EGCG, and found 40 genes whose expression levels were altered (>twofold, either upregulated or downregulated, P < 0.01) upon treatment with EGCG. These gene products are involved in the functions of transcription, RNA processing, protein folding, phosphorylation, protein degradation, cell motility, and ion transport. Among them, inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (ID2), known as a dominant anti‐retinoblastoma (Rb) helix‐loop‐helix protein, was found to be downregulated fourfold by EGCG treatment. Forced expression of ID2 in Du145 cells reduced apoptosis and increased cell survival in the presence of EGCG, and knockdown ID2 expression in Du145 cells using a morpholino oligonucleotide specific for ID2 mimicked the apoptosis effect generated by EGCG treatment, although it was milder. To our knowledge, this is the first report indicating that ID2 is one of the critical factors in the signaling pathway of Du145 cell death induced by EGCG.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG induces tumor regression in mice bearing orthotopic bladder tumors
Authors: Seow Shih Wee , Cai Shirong , Rahmat Juwita N. , Bay Boon Huat , Lee Yuan Kun , Chan Yiong Huak , Mahendran Ratha 
Published: November 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 751–758)The present gold standard for bladder cancer is Mycobacterium bovis, Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) immunotherapy. But it has a non‐responder rate of 30–50% and side effects are common. Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota has been reported to reduce the incidence of recurrence in bladder cancer patients and to cure tumor‐bearing mice. Our aim was to determine if Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) could be as efficacious as BCG in a murine model of bladder cancer. MB49 bladder cancer cells secreting human prostate‐specific antigen were implanted orthotopically in female C57BL/6 mice and urinary prostate‐specific antigen levels were used as a marker of tumor growth. Mice were treated with either live or lyophilized LGG given via intravesical instillation, or both oral and intravesical LGG given once a week for a period of 6 weeks starting at day 4 after tumor implantation. A comparison of LGG and BCG immunotherapy was also carried out. LGG therapy (live or lyophilized) significantly (P = 0.006) increased the number of cured mice. Cytokine arrays and immune cell recruitment analysis revealed differences between untreated, treated, cured, and tumor‐bearing mice. LGG therapy restored XCL1 levels to those in healthy bladders. LGG also recruited large numbers of neutrophils and macrophages to the tumor site. Intravesical LGG and BCG immunotherapy had cure rates of 89 and 77%, respectively, compared with 20% in untreated mice. LGG has the potential to replace BCG immunotherapy for the treatment of bladder cancer.
Evaluation of the GlideScope® for tracheal intubation in patients with cervical spine immobilisation by a semi‐rigid collar
Authors: Bathory I. , Frascarolo P. , Kern C. , Schoettker P. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryApplication of cervical collars may reduce cervical spine movements but render tracheal intubation with a standard laryngoscope difficult if not impossible. We hypothesised that despite the presence of a Philadelphia Patriot® cervical collar and with the patient’s head taped to the trolley, tracheal intubation would be possible in 50 adult patients using the GlideScope® and its dedicated stylet. Laryngoscopy was attempted using a Macintosh laryngoscope with a size 4 blade, and the modified Cormack–Lehane grade was scored. Subsequently, laryngoscopy with the GlideScope was graded and followed by tracheal intubation. All patients’ tracheas were successfully intubated with the GlideScope. The median (IQR) intubation time was 50 s (43–61 s). The modified Cormack–Lehane grade was 3 or 4 at direct laryngoscopy. It was significantly reduced with the GlideScope (p < 0.0001), reaching grade 2a in most patients. Tracheal intubation in patients wearing a semi‐rigid collar and having their head taped to the trolley is possible with the help of the GlideScope.
Atomised lidocaine for airway topical anaesthesia in the morbidly obese: 1% compared with 2%*
Authors: Woodruff C. , Wieczorek P. M. , Schricker T. , Vinet B. , Backman S. B. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryAirway anaesthesia using atomised lidocaine for awake oral fibreoptic intubation in morbidly obese patients was evaluated using two doses of local anaesthetic. In this randomised, blinded prospective study, 40 ml of atomised 1% (n = 11) or 2% (n = 10) lidocaine was administered with high oxygen flow as carrier. Outcomes included time for intubation, patient tolerance to airway manipulation, haemodynamic parameters, the bronchoscopist’s overall satisfaction, and serial serum lidocaine concentrations. Patients receiving lidocaine 1% had a longer mean (SD) time from the start of topicalisation to tracheal tube cuff inflation than those receiving lidocaine 2% (8.6 (0.9) min vs 6.9 (0.5) min, respectively; p < 0.05). Patients in the 1% cohort demonstrated increased responses to airway manipulation (p < 0.0001), reflecting lower bronchoscopist’s satisfaction scores (p < 0.03). Haemodynamic responses to topicalisation and airway manipulation were similar in both groups. Peak plasma concentration was lower in the 1% group (mean (SD) 1.4 (0.3) and 3.8 (0.5) μg.ml−1, respectively; p < 0.001). Airway anaesthesia using atomised lidocaine for awake oral fibreoptic intubation in the morbidly obese is efficacious, rapid and safe. Compared with lidocaine 1%, the 2% dose provides superior intubating conditions.
Validation of a novel fibreoptic intubation trainer
Authors: Williams D. J. , Byrne A. J. , Bodger O. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThe aim of this study was to validate a novel inexpensive training device as a means of improving the psychomotor skills involved in the manipulation of a fibreoptic endoscope. Seventy‐five subjects attempted to pass a fibreoptic endoscope through the device five times, with each attempt timed to the nearest second. Although prior clinical experience of fibreoptic intubation was associated with better performance, all groups showed improvement with each attempt. Qualitative feedback indicated that the device required subjects to use similar skills to those used in clinical practice. This study supports the use of such a device in training and assessment although further studies will be required to determine whether the skills learned on the device can be transferred to the clinical environment.
Patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia have an expanded population of CD4+ perforin expressing T cells enriched for human cytomegalovirus specificity and an effector‐memory phenotype
Authors: Walton James A. , Lydyard Peter M. , Nathwani Amit , Emery Vincent , Akbar Arne , Glennie Martin J. , Porakishvili Nino 
Published: November 2009

SummaryWe have previously shown an expansion of cytotoxic antigen‐experienced CD4+T cells (CTLs) that express perforin (PF) in the peripheral blood of patients with B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL). Increased frequencies of CD4+CTLs have since been attributed to chronic viral infections, particularly, human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The present study examined the involvement of CD4+CTLs in responses to HCMV in B‐CLL, and characterized their differentiation. We studied 36 HCMV seropositive (SP) and seronegative B‐CLL patients and 20 healthy age‐matched individuals. The HCMV reactivity of CD4+PF+ and CD4+PF− cells was determined by interferon‐gamma expression, and expression of CD45RA and CCR7 was assessed by flow cytometry. Fluorescence in‐situ hybridization was used to measure relative telomere lengths. CD4+PF+T cell expansion in B‐CLL patients and controls was strongly associated with HCMV seropositivity. CD4+PF+ compared to CD4+PF− cells from SP B‐CLL patients elicited major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II‐restricted responses to HCMV. CD4+PF+T cells from patients and controls were enriched with highly differentiated T‐effector/memory (CCR7−) and revertant (CCR7−CD45RA+) phenotype. CD4+PF+T cells from B‐CLL patients had shorter telomeres than CD4+PF−T cells, indicating an extensive replicative history. We conclude that persistent exposure to HCMV antigens in SP B‐CLL patients leads to an expansion of the circulating MHC class II‐restricted CD4+PF+T cell population with effector/memory phenotype.
Cytomegalovirus‐specific CD8+ T cells targeting different HLA/peptide combinations correlate with protection but at different threshold frequencies
Authors: Giest Sandra , Grace Sarah , Senegaglia Alexandra C. , Pasquini Ricardo , Gonzalo‐Daganzo Rosa M. , Fernández Manuel N. , Mackinnon Stephen , Madrigal J. Alejandro , Travers Paul J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryCytomegalovirus (CMV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in patients after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Due to limitations of current antiviral therapies, alternative approaches, involving transfer of donor‐derived CMV‐specific CD8+ T cells, have been considered. Levels of such cells correlating with protection against CMV infection and disease have only been reported in patients expressing HLA‐A*0201 and HLA‐B*0702. This is despite an increasing number of reports describing cells targeting CMV peptides presented by other human leucocyte antigens (HLAs). Considering several frequent HLA alleles, our findings suggest that HLA‐A*2402/pp65 (341‐349)‐ and HLA‐B*3501/pp65 (123‐131)‐specific CD8+ T cells correlate with protection from CMV reactivation at significantly lower cell levels than HLA‐A*0101/pp50 (245‐253)‐ and HLA‐A*0201/pp65 (495‐503)‐specific CD8+ T cells, both in HSCT recipients post‐transplant and in healthy CMV seropositive volunteers. This may result from a differing efficiency of the responses restricted by the two sets of HLA alleles. These findings add to the knowledge of immunodominance and differences in antigen processing that are coordinated in individuals with different HLA alleles and have direct implications for therapy and monitoring in patients.
Prostaglandin E2 and cysteinyl leukotriene concentrations in sputum: association with asthma severity and eosinophilic inflammation
Authors: Aggarwal S. , Moodley Y. P. , Thompson P. J. , Misso N. L. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground
Inflammation of the airways in asthma is associated with the production of cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLT), prostaglandin (PG)E2, 8‐isoprostane, nitric oxide and other mediators. However, the relationship between asthma severity or eosinophilic inflammation and the concentrations of mediators in sputum is unclear.Objective
To assess sputum PGE2, cysLT, 8‐isoprostane and nitrate concentrations, as well as urinary leukotriene (LT)E4 and 9α,11β‐prostaglandin (PG)F2 concentrations, in patients with differing severities of asthma and eosinophilic or non‐eosinophilic airway inflammation.Methods
Inflammatory cells in sputum were assessed in 12 patients with mild, 14 with moderate and 12 with severe persistent asthma, as well as in 13 control subjects. Asthmatic patients were categorized into those with eosinophilic or non‐eosinophilic airway inflammation. Sputum PGE2, cysLT and 8‐isoprostane, and urinary LTE4 were extracted on immunoaffinity sorbents, and the concentrations of all mediators were measured using enzyme immunoassays. Sputum nitrate concentrations were measured on a chemiluminescence analyzer.Results
Sputum PGE2 concentrations were higher in both moderate (1710 pg/mL) and severe asthmatic (1590 pg/mL) compared with control subjects (827 pg/mL) (P<0.05). CysLT concentrations were higher in moderate asthmatic compared with control or severe asthmatic subjects (P<0.05). Sputum PGE2 concentrations were lower in patients with eosinophilic (1180 pg/mL) compared with non‐eosinophilic airway inflammation (2520 pg/mL) (P=0.02). In contrast, sputum cysLT and urinary LTE4 concentrations were higher in those with eosinophilic airway inflammation (P<0.05). Forced expiratory volume in 1 s was inversely correlated with sputum eosinophils in all asthmatic patients (rs=−0.5, P=0.002). There were no significant differences in sputum 8‐isoprostane or nitrate concentrations.Conclusions
Increased airway concentrations of PGE2 are consistent with the hypothesis that PGE2 has a bronchoprotective and anti‐inflammatory role in patients with more severe asthma. A reduced PGE2 to cysLT ratio in the airways may adversely affect lung function and contribute to persistence of symptoms and airway remodelling in patients with eosinophilic airway inflammation. Cite this as: S. Aggarwal, Y. P. Moodley, P. J. Thompson and N. L. Misso, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 85–93.
Asthma tests in the assessment of military conscripts
Authors: Miedinger D. , Mosimann N. , Meier R. , Karli C. , Florek P. , Frey F. , Scherer K. , Surber C. , Villiger B. , Michel F. , Leuppi J. D. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryBackground
Respiratory diseases such as asthma may affect individuals' fitness for military service. In order to assess fitness for military service in subjects with asthma symptoms at conscription, objective and reliable tests are needed.Objective
To prospectively determine the diagnostic value of the mannitol and methacholine bronchial provocation test (BPT) as well as exhaled nitric oxide in assessing physician‐diagnosed asthma in a group of Swiss Armed Forces conscripts.Methods
Questionnaire, spirometry, BPT with methacholine and mannitol, exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and skin prick testing were conducted in 18–20‐year‐old male conscripts. Asthma was diagnosed by a military physician not involved in this study according to the medical record, results of BPT, current respiratory symptoms and use of asthma medication.Results
Two hundred and eighty four subjects participated in the study. Complete data for the BPT with methacholine, mannitol and measurement of FeNO were available on 235 subjects. Forty‐two conscripts (17.9%) had physician‐diagnosed asthma. The sensitivity/specificity of mannitol to identify physician‐diagnosed asthma was 41%/93% and for methacholine it was 43%/92%. Using a cut‐off point of 36.5 p.p.b., FeNO had a similar negative predictive value to rule out physician‐diagnosed asthma as BPT with mannitol or methacholine.Conclusion
BPT with mannitol has a sensitivity and specificity similar to methacholine for the diagnosis of physician‐diagnosed asthma in military conscripts but is less costly to perform without the need to use and maintain a nebulizer. Cite this as: D. Miedinger, N. Mosimann, R. Meier, C. Karli, P. Florek, F. Frey, K. Scherer, C. Surber, B. Villiger, F. Michel and J. D. Leuppi, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 224–231.
The Swedish Deep Drilling Program: the quest for the Earth's inner secrets
Authors: Lorenz Henning ,   the SDDP Working group
Published: November 2009

The Swedish Deep Drilling Program (SDDP) has been initiated to study fundamental problems of the dynamic Earth system, its natural history and evolution. Many key scientific questions can be addressed through in situ investigations only, requiring deep continental drilling. Some are unique to Scandinavia, most are of international interest and significance. At present, five core projects (Fig. 1) with international teams are integrating scientific problems with societal and industrial applications. If SDDP succeeds to attract the funding required, Sweden will have a number of world‐class boreholes at key locations by 2020.Locations of SDDP drilling project proposals. PFDP—Postglacial Fault Drilling Project; PaMVAS—Palaeoproterozoic mineralized volcanic arc systems: the Skellefte District; COSC—Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides; DRL—The Dellen Impact Crater, a geoscientific deep rock laboratory; SELHO—Svecofennian accretion, an example of the early structural evolution in a large hot orogen; CISP—Concentric Impact Structures in the Palaeozoic: the Lockne and Siljan craters. Background and inset image from Blue Marble Next Generation data set (NASA Earth Observatory, http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/BlueMarble/).image
Visualizing recall immune responses with multi‐photon microscopy
Authors: Yates Andrew 
Published: November 2009

SummaryMulti‐photon microscopy has increased our understanding of T‐cell behaviour during the initiation of primary immune responses. In this issue of Immunology a study uses real‐time imaging of lymph nodes to observe and compare the early events in naive, tolerized and primed CD4 T‐cell responses.
Dust mite infestation of flour samples
Authors: Yi F. C. , Chen J. Y. , Chee K. K. , Chua K. Y. , Lee B. W. 
Published: November 2009

Background:  Ingestion of flour contaminated with dust mite may trigger severe anaphylaxis in tropical and sub‐tropical regions.Aims:  This study aimed to evaluate environmental factors that affect dust mite propagation in the tropics.Materials & Methods:  Dust mites were introduced to a variety of flour samples and incubated at two different environmental conditions.Results: It was found that dust mites populations flourished best in wheat flour compared to other varieties of flour, and at ambient temperatures with high humidity instead of the air conditioned environment.Conclusion:  Dust mite infestation of flour is dependent on the presence of wheat and high ambient temperature in the tropics.
MICApolymorphisms and haplotypes withHLA‐BandHLA‐DRB1in Koreans
Authors: Sohn Y.‐H. , Cha C.‐H. , Oh H.‐B. , Kim M. H. , Choi S.‐E. , Kwon O.‐J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain‐related gene A (MICA) is located within the human MHC, centromeric toHLA‐Band telomeric toHLA‐DRB1. The location ofMICAin the MHC indicates the presence of linkage disequilibrium with human leukocyte antigen (HLA). Like HLA,MICAis highly polymorphic; however, the information available forMICApolymorphisms is not as comprehensive as that for HLA polymorphisms. We estimated the allelic frequencies ofMICAand haplotypes withHLA‐BandHLA‐DRB1at high‐resolution in a population of 139 unrelated Korean individuals by applying the newly developed method of sequence‐based typing (SBT). A total of 17MICAalleles were identified. The most frequent allele was MICA*010 (19.4%), followed by alleles *00201 (17.6%), *00801 (14.7%), *01201 (9.4%), *004 (8.3%) and *049 (7.9%). The most common two‐ and three‐locus haplotypes were HLA‐B*1501‐MICA*010 (10.4%), MICA*010‐HLA‐DRB1*0406 (5.8%) and HLA‐B*1501‐MICA*010‐HLA‐DRB1*0406 (5.8%). This is the first study to provide such high‐resolution information on the distribution of haplotypes comprisingMICA,HLA‐BandHLA‐DRB1in Korean individuals, a level of resolution made possible by use of the SBT method. The results of this study should help determine the mechanisms underlying diseases associated withMICApolymorphisms in Korean individuals.