bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Service‐learning 2.0 for the twenty‐first century
Authors: Karakas Fahri , Kavas Mustafa 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce service‐learning 2.0 model based on four new paradigms in the global business landscape: connectivity, creativity, community, and complexity.Design/methodology/approachThe paper reviews four paradigm shifts and their effects on service‐learning practices and methodology: wikinomics and mass collaboration, collective intelligence and open innovation, appreciative inquiry and positive organizational scholarship (POS), and self‐organizing systems and the new sciences.FindingsService‐learning 2.0 can be used to develop our students' twenty‐first century thinking skills through applied community engagement projects, namely: interactivity and interconnectedness, innovation and insight, and inspiration and intuition, integrative and interdisciplinary thinking.Practical implicationsService‐learning 2.0 principles and pedagogy can help students appreciate and prepare for increasing complexity and paradox of management and organizations in the light of global, social and organizational changes of the twenty‐first century.Originality/valueService‐learning 2.0 model represents the pedagogy, principles, and processes that are better suited to the global, technological, and social changes and challenges of the 21st century.
Using service to transform learning: re‐scripted ABCs for our changing environment
Authors: de Janasz Suzanne C. , Whiting Vicki R. 
Published: March 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a re‐scripting of how it should educate students in light of a changing environment.Design/methodology/approachThis paper shares a conceptual framework and provide examples from the service learning (SL) courses and data from students (from course‐based reflection and evaluation) to support the framework and recommendations.FindingsThrough the experiences, SL to transform students' learning and ability to adapt to the changing, global marketplace has been found.Practical implicationsThe paper hopes that faculty and educational institutions will consider the outcomes and recommendations to challenge traditional modes of educating and utilize SL as one means for building competencies that facilitate personal and professional success in the current environment.Originality/valueThe paper challenges the prevailing wisdom about the role of curricula to focus primarily on knowledge and skills. The context of the unscripted future can quickly render knowledge and skill sets obsolete. Due to this age of uncertainty, it argues that curricula be built around capabilities (adaptability, behaving morally, cultural sensitivity) that enable students/future employees to adapt to a changing, global marketplace to leverage the knowledge base, and that SL be utilized as a meaningful pedagogical approach to instill this capability.
Influence of gastric mucosal status on success of stepwise acid suppressive therapy for dyspepsia
Authors: VAN MARREWIJK C. J. , VAN OIJEN M. G. H. , PALOHEIMO L. I. , FRANSEN G. A. J. , MUJAKOVIC S. , MURIS J. W. M. , NUMANS M. E. , DE WIT N. J. , GROBBEE D. E. , KNOTTNERUS J. A. , LAHEIJ R. J. F. , JANSEN J. B. M. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryBackground  The most effective initial treatment strategy of dyspepsia is still under debate. Individual biological characteristics, such as condition of gastric mucosa, might contribute to selection of the most appropriate acid suppression treatment strategy.Aim  To assess whether pre‐treatment testing of gastric mucosal status is relevant for treatment success in an RCT comparing step‐up and step‐down therapies in newly diagnosed dyspepsia patients.Methods  Baseline serum samples were collected to assess gastric mucosal status using serum levels of pepsinogens‐I&II, gastrin‐17, and Helicobacter pylori IgA/IgG‐antibodies. The 6‐month treatment success was compared between step‐up and step‐down for patients with serum diagnoses: normal; gastritis; corpus atrophy or antrum atrophy.Results  In all, 519 patients (M/F: 249/270, age: 47 (18–85) years, 29%H. pylori+) were randomized to step‐up (n = 293) or step‐down (n = 226). Normal mucosa, gastritis and corpus atrophy were diagnosed serologically in 70%, 28% and 2% of the patients, evenly distributed between the strategies (P = 0.65). Treatment success was achieved in respectively, 69%, 70% and 70% for the serum diagnosis groups, and did not differ between the strategies.Conclusions  Dyspepsia treatment success could not be predicted by gastric mucosal status. Therefore, serum diagnosis of gastric mucosal status is no useful tool for patient allocation to acid suppressive treatment strategies.
Endothelin receptor antagonists in preclinical models of pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Pullamsetti S. S. , Schermuly R. T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPulmonary hypertension (PH), a chronic disorder of the pulmonary vasculature, is characterized by progressive elevation in pulmonary artery pressure and the ultimate development of right‐sided heart failure and death. Being a rapidly progressive disease with limited therapeutic options, the pathogenesis of PH is complex and multifactorial. The pathogenesis may result from a combination of vasoconstriction, inward vascular wall remodelling andin situthrombosis that involves dysfunction of underlying cellular pathways and mediators. Among these, the activation of endothelin (ET) system has been shown to be important in the development and perpetuation of PH. Endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), a potent vasoconstrictor and mitogen, exerts its biological effects by binding to two G‐protein‐coupled receptor isoforms, endothelin A (ETA) receptor and endothelin B (ETB) receptor. These two receptors are nonredundant and unique because of distinct localization, unique binding locations and affinities for the endothelin peptide and activation of distinct signalling pathways. Importantly, there is now substantial evidence that direct antagonism of ET receptors that can block either ETA‐ or ETA‐ and ETB receptors can be beneficial for the treatment of PH in both preclinical and clinical setting. This review provides an overview of endothelin biology, various preclinical models that have been widely used to investigate the pathophysiology of PH as well as the individual roles of the ET receptors (ETA and ETB) and their regulation in disease pathogenesis. We also review current data on the use of selective and nonselective ET receptor antagonism in the preclinical PH models.
Endothelin receptor selectivity: evidence fromin vitroand pre‐clinical models of scleroderma
Authors: Shiwen X. , Leask A. , Abraham D. J. , Fonseca C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractScleroderma [systemic sclerosis (SSc)] is a spectrum of connective tissue diseases characterized by micro‐ and macro‐vasculopathy, inflammation and autoimmunity and tissue remodelling that often leads to excessive scarring and fibrosis in both interstitial and vascular compartments. Pre‐clinical investigations and gene association studies have led to improved understanding of the cell and molecular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis and to the identification of key molecular candidates that may represent potentially useful disease biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets. Studies on the endothelin (ET) system, pre‐dominantly ET‐1 and the cell surface receptors [type A (ETA)] and type B (ETB)], have provided evidence for an important role of this system in the vascular and fibrotic pathologies in SSc. To date, promising clinical results, utilizing dual/mixed ET receptor antagonism have been obtained in two of the vascular complications associated with SSc, ischaemic digital ulceration and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Evidence suggests that ET‐1 is able to activate and re‐program the functional phenotypes of vascular smooth muscle cells, microvascular pericytes and tissue fibroblasts into pro‐fibrogenic cell populations with myofibroblasts‐like properties. The impact of receptor‐selective, over mixed‐receptor, antagonism has also been studiedin vitrowith respect to cell differentiation and proliferation, extracellular matrix synthesis, production and deposition and in pathological cellular contraction. However, the complexity of the ET system, potential for receptor cross‐talk, interactions with down‐stream signal transduction cascades, as well as the potent inter‐relationships with other important ligand‐receptor pathways have madein vivostudies difficult to unravel. Moreover, little information is available on the role of the ET system and receptor selectivity in the recruitment and activation of mesenchymal progenitor cells in tissue remodelling and fibrosis or on the early inflammatory response. Here, we discuss the available pre‐clinical evidence for the role of the ET system in tissue repair, scarring and fibrosis, using the connective tissue diseases SSc and model systems of fibrogenesis.
The science of endothelin‐1 and endothelin receptor antagonists in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension: current understanding and future studies
Authors: Davie N. J. , Schermuly R. T. , Weissmann N. , Grimminger F. , Ghofrani H. A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractPathological vascular remodelling is a key contributor to the symptomatology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and reversing this process may offer the best hope for improving this debilitating condition. The vascular remodelling process is believed to be due to endothelial cell dysfunction and to involve altered production of endothelial cell‐derived vasoactive mediators. The observation that circulating plasma levels of the vasoactive peptide endothelin (ET)‐1 are raised in patients with PAH, and that ET‐1 production is increased in the pulmonary tissue of affected individuals, makes it a particularly interesting target for a therapeutic intervention in PAH. Clinical trials with ET receptor antagonists (ETRAs) show that they provide symptomatic benefit in patients with PAH, thereby proving the clinical relevance of the ET system as a therapeutic target. In this paper, we review the role of ET‐1 together with the available data on the roles of the specific ET receptors and ETRAs in PAH. In particular, we discuss the possible role of ET receptor selectivity in the vascular remodelling process in PAH and whether selective ETA or nonselective ETA/ETB blockade offers the greatest potential to improve symptoms and alter the clinical course of the disease.
Superhydrophobic surfaces: a model approach to predict contact angle and surface energy of soil particles
Authors: Bachmann J. , McHale G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryWettability of soil affects a wide variety of processes including infiltration, preferential flow and surface runoff. The problem of determining contact angles and surface energy of powders, such as soil particles, remains unsolved. So far, several theories and approaches have been proposed, but formulation of surface and interfacial free energy, as regards its components, is still a very debatable issue. In the present study, the general problem of the interpretation of contact angles and surface free energy on chemically heterogeneous and rough soil particle surfaces is evaluated by a reformulation of the Cassie‐Baxter equation, assuming that the particles are attached on to a plane and rigid surface. Compared with common approaches, our model considers a roughness factor that depends on the Young’s Law contact angle determined by the surface chemistry. Results of the model are discussed and compared with independent contact angle measurements using the Sessile Drop and the Wilhelmy Plate methods. Based on contact angle data, the critical surface tension of the grains were determined by the method proposed by Zisman. Experiments were made with glass beads and three soil materials ranging from sand to clay. Soil particles were coated with different loadings of dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS) to vary the wettability. Varying the solid surface tension using DCDMS treatments provided pure water‐wetting behaviours ranging from wettable to extremely hydrophobic, with contact angles > 150°. Results showed that the critical surface energy measured on grains with the highest DCDMS loadings was similar to the surface energy measured independently on ideal DCDMS‐coated smooth glass plates, except for the clay soil. Contact angles measured on plane surfaces were related to contact angles measured on rough grain surfaces using the new model based on the combined Cassie‐Baxter Wenzel equation, which takes into account the particle packing density on the sample surface.
Immunopathogenic competences ofLeishmania(V.)braziliensisandL.(L.)amazonensisin American cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: SILVEIRA F. T. , LAINSON R. , DE CASTRO GOMES C. M. , LAURENTI M. D. , CORBETT C. E. P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe immunopathogenic competences ofLeishmania (V.) braziliensisandL. (L.) amazonensiswere reviewed in the light of more recent features found in the clinical and immunopathological spectrum of American cutaneous leishmaniasis. It was shown a dichotomy in the interaction between theseLeishmaniaspecies and human T‐cell immune response; whileL. (V.) braziliensisshows a clear tendency to lead infection from the localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), a moderate T‐cell hypersensitivity form at the centre of the spectrum, toward to the mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) at the T‐cell hypersensitivity pole and with a prominent Th1‐type immune response,L. (L.) amazonensisshows an opposite tendency, leading infection to the anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (ADCL) at the T‐cell hyposensitivity pole and with a marked Th2‐type immune response. Between the central LCL and the two polar MCL and ADCL, the infection can present an intermediary form known as borderline disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis, characterized by an incomplete inhibition of T‐cell hypersensitivity but with a evident supremacy of Th1 over Th2 immune response (Th1 ≥ Th2). These are probably the main immunopathogenic competences ofL. (V.) braziliensisandL. (L.) amazonensisregarding the immune response dichotomy that modulates human infection outcome by theseLeishmaniaparasites.
Protein‐energy malnutrition as a risk factor for visceral leishmaniasis: a review
Authors: MALAFAIA G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe protein‐energy malnutrition (PEM) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are important problems of public health, which affect millions of people worldwide. Currently, it has been accepted that the immunity or susceptibility to infect‐parasitic diseases are directly related to the nutritional status of the host. However, the mechanisms that govern the relationship between the PEM and the course of the VL are multiple and little explained. In this study the current most important aspects and the synergism between these two illnesses were presented. Bibliographic search includes empirical reports, reviews, commentaries, reports from professional associations, books, editorials and annals of congress published in diverse languages between 1960 and January 2009. As much the PEM as the infections caused by parasites of the Leishmania genus are frequent problems in the current days. As new studies are developed on the subject, it becomes essential that the society knows them.
A guide to using MapMan to visualize and compare Omics data in plants: a case study in the crop species, Maize
Authors: USADEL BJÖRN , POREE FABIEN , NAGEL AXEL , LOHSE MARC , CZEDIK‐EYSENBERG ANGELIKA , STITT MARK 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTMapMan is a software tool that supports the visualization of profiling data sets in the context of existing knowledge. Scavenger modules generate hierarchical and essentially non‐redundant gene ontologies (‘mapping files’). An ImageAnnotator module visualizes the data on a gene‐by‐gene basis on schematic diagrams (‘maps’) of biological processes. The PageMan module uses the same ontologies to statistically evaluate responses at the pathway or processes level. The generic structure of MapMan also allows it to be used for transcripts, proteins, enzymes and metabolites. MapMan was developed for use with Arabidopsis, but has already been extended for use with several other species. These tools are available as downloadable and web‐based versions. After providing an introduction to the scope and use of MapMan, we present a case study where MapMan is used to analyse the transcriptional response of the crop plant maize to diurnal changes and an extension of the night. We then explain how MapMan can be customized to visually and systematically compare responses in maize and Arabidopsis. These analyses illustrate how MapMan can be used to analyse and compare global transcriptional responses between phylogenetically distant species, and show that analyses at the level of functional categories are especially useful in cross‐species comparisons.
Evaluation of allergic sensitization and gastroesophageal reflux disease in children with recurrent croup
Authors: Arslan Zafer , Çipe Funda Erol , Özmen Serap , Kondolot Meda , Piskin I. Etem , Yöney Aysel 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground:  Croup, which is seen commonly in childhood, is a disorder that can be recurrent and progress to bronchial asthma. In the present study the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and atopy and the response to therapy were investigated in children with recurrent croup.Methods:  Between October 2003 and June 2004, 57 patients with acute stridor were admitted to the emergency room. The patients who had at least three croup episodes and patients with first croup episode were compared.Results:  Thirty‐two children had recurrent croup history, GER was found in of 62.5%, and atopy in 17.2%. Atopy was not found in any children with first croup episode. The difference was significant. In addition it was found that atopic dermatitis, previous history of wheezing and established atopy increased the risk of croup recurrence. Alone or combined inhaled corticosteroids and GER therapy were administered, and 77.7% of the patients responded very well.Conclusion:  GER and atopy should be investigated in patients with recurrent spasmodic croup. Recurrent croup is a non‐specific manifestation of atopy. Patients with atopy should be followed closely for developing bronchial asthma.
Structure and floristics of habitats associated with five rodent species in an agroecosystem in Central Argentina
Authors: Ellis B. A. , Mills J. N. , Childs J. E. , Muzzini M. C. , McKee K. T. , Enria D. A. , Glass G. E. 
Published: March 2009

Microhabitat use for five rodent species (Calomys musculinus, Calomys laucha, Akodon azarae, Oligoryzomys flavescensandBolomys obscurus) inhabiting agroecosystems of the central Argentine pampa was investigated for 17 months at six mark‐recapture grids. Thirteen vegetation variables were measured along 748 transects at trap stations where rodents were captured and 252 stations where no captures were made. Principal components analysis was used to describe physiognomic differences among crop and post‐harvest habitats, as well as the less‐disturbed borders of crop fields. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the significance of principal components in predicting the presence of rodent species. Associations of rodents with plant species in border habitats were explored with Two‐Way‐Indicator‐Species Analysis and correspondence analysis.Aerial coverage by vegetation, as well as ground cover by litter, and graminoid species richness, were important variables in predicting the presence of all rodent species, exceptC. laucha.Vertical vegetation density and maximum height were also important in determining the presence ofC. musculinusin soybean fields. Within border habitats,C. lauchawas found in lower quality microhabitats (increased bare ground, decreased vegetative cover, and decreased vertical vegetation density) and was associated with the invasive, introduced grass,Cynodon dactylon. C. lauchawas restricted to apparently sub‐optimal areas within border habitats during periods of high rodent density. These data indicate subtle differences in rodent‐plant associations among the members of the rodent assemblage and possible competitive exclusion ofC. lauchafrom stable habitats.Calomys musculinusis the principal reservoir for Junin virus, aetiological agent of Argentine haemorrhagic fever. These results have practical implications in helping define the risk of human disease on a fine scale and provide a theoretical basis for reservoir control and risk reduction.
Early motor repertoire is related to level of self‐mobility in children with cerebral palsy at school age
Authors: BRUGGINK JANNEKE LM , CIONI GIOVANNI , EINSPIELER CHRISTA , MAATHUIS CAREL GB , PASCALE Rosa , BOS AREND F 
Published: March 2009

Aim  To determine the predictive value of the early motor repertoire for the level of self‐mobility in children with cerebral palsy (CP) at school age.Method  Video recordings were made at 11 to 17 weeks post‐term of 37 preterm infants (20 males, 17 females) who later developed CP. The early motor repertoire was assessed by obtaining a motor optimality score. At 6 to 12 years, children were classified according to the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS).Results  Of 37 children (mean gestational age 29.1wks, SD 1.9; mean birthweight 1273g, SD 324), nine had unilateral and 28 had bilateral spastic CP. Twelve children were in GMFCS level I, three level II, 10 level III, four level IV, and eight level V. The absence of the age‐adequate motor repertoire, a cramped motor repertoire, an abnormal kicking pattern, and a non‐flat supine posture were associated with lower levels of self‐mobility (χ2 for trend test, p<0.05). Predictive for a low level of self‐mobility was a cramped motor repertoire/non‐flat supine posture (positive predictive values [PPV] 100%, negative predictive values [NPV] 54%). Predictive for a high level of self‐mobility was a non‐cramped repertoire/flat supine posture (PPV 80%, NPV 74%).Interpretation  Several aspects of the motor repertoire at 11 to 17 weeks post‐term predicted the degree of functional limitations in children with CP at school age.
Motor testing at 1 year improves the prediction of motor and mental outcome at 2 years after perinatal hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy
Authors: VAN SCHIE PETRA EM , BECHER JULES G , DALLMEIJER ANNET J , BARKHOF FREDERIK , VAN WEISSENBRUCH MIRJAM M , VERMEULEN R JEROEN 
Published: March 2009

Aim  To investigate the predictive value of motor testing at 1 year for motor and mental outcome at 2 years after perinatal hypoxic‐ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE) in term neonates.Method  Motor and mental outcome at 2 years was assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, 2nd edition (BSID‐II) in 32 surviving children (20 males, 12 females; mean gestational age 40.2 wk, SD 1.4; mean birthweight 3217g, SD 435) participating in a prospective cohort study of HIE. The predictive value of three motor tests (Alberta Infant Motor Scale [AIMS], BSID‐II, and the Neurological Optimality Score [NOS]) at 1 year was analysed, in addition to predictions based on neonatal Sarnat staging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Poor motor test results were defined as an AIMS z‐score of <−2, a psychomotor developmental index of the BSID‐II of <70, or a NOS of <26. Poor motor and poor mental outcome at 2 years was defined as a psychomotor developmental index or mental developmental index of the BSID‐II of <70.Results  Twelve children, all with Sarnat grade II, had a poor motor outcome and 12 children, of whom one had Sarnat grade I, had a poor mental outcome at 2 years. Nine children had cerebral palsy, of whom five had quadriplegia, three had dyskinesia, and one had hemiplegia. Poor motor tests at 1 year increased the probability of a poor motor outcome from 71% (range 92 to 100%), and a poor mental outcome from 59% (range 77 to 100%) in children with Sarnat grade II and abnormal MRI, assessed with the AIMS and BSID‐II or NOS respectively.Interpretation  Additional motor testing at 1 year improves the prediction of motor and mental outcome at 2 years in children with Sarnat grade II and abnormal MRI.