bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of dust around galaxies: an analytic model
Authors: Masaki Shogo , Yoshida Naoki 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT
We develop an analytic halo model for the distribution of dust around galaxies. The model results are compared with the observed surface dust density profile measured through reddening of background quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) reported by Ménard et al. We assume that the dust distribution around a galaxy is described by a simple power law, similar to the mass distribution, but with a sharp cut-off at αRvir, where Rvir is the galaxy's virial radius and α is a model parameter. Our model reproduces the observed dust distribution profile very well over a wide range of radial distance of 10–104h−1 kpc. For the characteristic galaxy halo mass of 2 × 1012h−1 M⊙ estimated for the SDSS galaxies, the best-fitting model is obtained if α is greater than unity, which suggests that dust is distributed to over a few hundred kiloparsecs from the galaxies. The observed large-scale dust distribution profile is reproduced if we assume the total amount of dust is equal to that estimated from the integrated stellar evolution over the cosmic time.
Influenza serological studies to inform public health action: best practices to optimise timing, quality and reporting
Authors: Laurie Karen L. , Huston Patricia , Riley Steven , Katz Jacqueline M. , Willison Donald J. , Tam John S. , Mounts Anthony W. , Hoschler Katja , Miller Elizabeth , Vandemaele Kaat , Broberg Eeva , Van Kerkhove Maria D. , Nicoll Angus 
Published: May 2012

Please cite this paper as: Laurie et al. (2013) Influenza serological studies to inform public health action: best practices to optimise timing, quality and reporting. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(2) 211–224.Background  Serological studies can detect infection with a novel influenza virus in the absence of symptoms or positive virology, providing useful information on infection that goes beyond the estimates from epidemiological, clinical and virological data. During the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic, an impressive number of detailed serological studies were performed, yet the majority of serological data were available only after the first wave of infection. This limited the ability to estimate the transmissibility and severity of this novel infection, and the variability in methodology and reporting limited the ability to compare and combine the serological data.Objectives  To identify best practices for conduct and standardisation of serological studies on outbreak and pandemic influenza to inform public policy.Methods/Setting  An international meeting was held in February 2011 in Ottawa, Canada, to foster the consensus for greater standardisation of influenza serological studies.Results  Best practices for serological investigations of influenza epidemiology include the following: classification of studies as pre‐pandemic, outbreak, pandemic or inter‐pandemic with a clearly identified objective; use of international serum standards for laboratory assays; cohort and cross‐sectional study designs with common standards for data collection; use of serum banks to improve sampling capacity; and potential for linkage of serological, clinical and epidemiological data. Advance planning for outbreak studies would enable a rapid and coordinated response; inclusion of serological studies in pandemic plans should be considered.Conclusions  Optimising the quality, comparability and combinability of influenza serological studies will provide important data upon emergence of a novel or variant influenza virus to inform public health action.
CHARACTERIZATION OF A TREE BY MEANS OF COEFFICIENTS OF THE CHROMATIC POLYNOMIAL*
Authors: Eisenberg Bernard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLetbe the chromatic polynomials of a graph G on n nodes in standard and factorial forms where Λ(r) = Λ(Λ − 1)(Λ − 2) … (Λ ‐ r + 1). It is shown that G is a tree if, and only if (iff), a1 0 andar = for some one r in the range 1 ≤ r < n. In particular, G is a tree iff a1 = 1. Likewise, a connected graph G is a tree iff br = S(n − 1, r − 1) for some r in the range 3 ≤ r < n where S(n − 1, r − 1) is a Stirling number of the second kind.
A PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY OF BYSSINOSIS IN COLONIAL AMERICA*
Authors: Bouhuys Arend , Mitchell Charles A. , Schilling R. S. F. , Zuskin Eugenija 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe assessed the acute effects of inhalation of flax dust, produced during processing of flax fibers under conditions similar to those in colonial America. Exposure to this dust, for about 5 hours, caused minor symptoms of chest tightness in five healthy persons, accompanied by decreases of maximum expiratory flow rates, indicating acute small airway obstruction. Measurements of flow rates on partial expiratory flow‐volume (PEFV) curves were more sensitive than flow rates on MEFV curves and FEV1.0 in assessing constrictor effects of flax dust, even though flow rates on flow‐volume curves are more variable under control conditions than the FEV1.0. Thus, acute symptoms of byssinosis may have been prevalent among early settlers in America who processed flax in their barns. Since these barns were used for many other purposes as well, children and other farm workers were probably also at risk.Ramazzini's observations on the flax and hemp workers of Northern Italy were, for obvious reasons, not accompanied by objective evidence concerning the effects of flax and hemp dust on the lungs. Since 17th‐century working conditions are being recreated in historical restoration projects, and modern function tests are available, such objective evidence can now be obtained. With the revival of primitive crafts in our times, this is of some practical importance.The primitive methods used for fiber processing in Ramazzini's time are demonstrated every day at Philipsburg Manor, North Tarrytown, New York. Philipsburg Manor is a restoration project, dedicated to a historical interpretation of life among early Dutch settlers in the Hudson Valley. A recent field study on this site provided an opportunity to assess the acute effects of flax dust on the lungs of people who process flax fibers with primitive methods and on the lungs of others who are exposed to flax dust in the same environment.
SELECTIVE INDUCTION OF ANERGY TO COCCIDIOIDIN OR TUBERCULIN WITH ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM†
Authors: Ibrahim Ali Bin 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSpecific anergy to coccidioidin or tuberculin was affected in coccidioidin‐ and tuberculin‐sensitive guinea pigs by repeated skin‐testing the animals with either antigen followed by antilymphocyte serum administration at six‐hour intervals. This anergic state to either antigen was lost in about ten days. Further skin‐testing of these animals with either antigen followed by ALS injection resulted in a temporary unresponsiveness to the respective antigen lasting for about ten days.
CHEMOSTERILANT ACTIVITY OF ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS
Authors: Chang S. C. , Bořkovec A. B. , Braun B. H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThirty‐five antineoplastic agents were administered to adult house flies, Musca domestica L., by feeding or injection, and effects of the treatment on the flies' reproductive capacity were determined. For both sexes of the insect the most effective sterilants were alkylating agents; none of the hormonal drugs were active, but one antimetabolite sterilized females only. The category of miscellaneous antineoplastic agents contained several chemosterilants including l‐asparaginase, the only known enzyme with insect‐sterilizing effects.
BUCKLING AND INITIAL POSTBUCKLING OF OVAL CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER COMBINED AXIAL COMPRESSION AND BENDING*
Authors: Kempner Joseph , Chen Youl‐Nan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBuckling and initial postbuckling of an oval cylindrical shell under pure bending and under combined uniform axial compression and bending is investigated. The first‐ and second‐order stability equations are developed from the Donnell‐type equations that are shown to be appropriate. The solution of these two sets of equations determines, respectively, the buckling characteristics and a “sensitivity parameter.” The buckling loads are found to be in good agreement with the engineering approximation based on the assumption that buckling occurs when the local axial stress equals that corresponding to the classical buckling stress of a locally equivalent circular cylindrical shell under uniform axial compression. Results also show that an oval cylinder can be stronger or weaker than the equivalent circular cylinder, depending on the orientation of the couples. However, in any case the oval shell is always found to be sensitive to imperfections; the greater the load‐carrying capacity, the greater the sensitivity.Furthermore, in contrast to the behavior of the circular and weak oval cylinders, buckling of the strong oval cylinder need not initiate at the position of maximum compressive stress.
MEANING AND FORM*
Authors: Bolinger Dwight 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRecent work in linguistics has assumed that “surface” differences in syntax do not necessarily reflect differences in “deep” structure, i.e., there are differences in form without differences in meaning. But in many, perhaps in all, instances where the assumption has been adopted in practice, an unsuspected difference in meaning can be found. It is a safer working hypothesis that linguistic economy requires all differences in form to be correlated with differences in meaning.
ON THE INDEPENDENCE NUMBERS OF COMPLEMENTARY GRAPHS
Authors: Chartrand Gary , Schuster Seymour 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA set of vertices (edges) is called independent if no two vertices (edges) in the set are adjacent. The independence number β(G) (edge independence number β1(G)) is the maximum number of elements in an independent set of vertices (edges) of G. It is shown for any graph G of order p ≥ 3, having complement Ḡ, that [p/2] ≤ β1(G) + β1(Ḡ) ≤ 2[p/2]. From this, upper and lower bounds for β1(G) · β1(Ḡ) are determined. All four bounds are shown to be best possible. It is verified that for every graph G of order p, the bounds β(G) + β(Ḡ) ≤ p + 1 and β(G) · β(Ḡ) ≤ [(p + 1)/2] · {(p + 1)/2} hold and are best possible. Lower bounds for β(G) + β(Ḡ) and β(G) · β(Ḡ) are considered and are shown to be related to Ramsey numbers.
BACTERIOPHAGE INTERACTIONS WITH HIGHER ORGANISMS
Authors: Merril Carl R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBacteriophages were discovered 59 years ago. Despite the widespread distribution of these viruses, the extent of their interaction with higher organisms, including man, is still largely unknown. Recently, it has been shown that some phages carry genes that code for toxins, as in the case of phage β, which codes for diphtheria toxin. There have also been reports of phage genome transcription and translation in in vitro eukaryotic systems. The word bacteriophage conveys the historical nature of the discovery of this class of viruses, it does not define the limits of the viruses effects or host range. The recent discoveries of bacteriophage in commercial fetal calf serum and human vaccines should stimulate efforts to learn of phage interactions with eukaryotic systems.
UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN POLYMER PROCESSING*
Authors: Chung Chan I. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPolymer processing consists of basically three functional steps: plasticization of a solid polymer, forming of the plasticized polymer into a desired shape, and solidification of the formed polymer. Polymer processing requires a good knowledge in the melt rheology, morphology, mechanochemistry, melting and crystallization behavior of the polymer as well as engineering knowledge in heating, cooling and deformation processes. Thus, it presents an unusual challenge to polymer engineers and scientists. The gap between theory and practice is extremely large in polymer processing. In spite of extensive fundamental knowledge, many problems in the procedure still remains “practically” unsolved. In this paper, three important examples of the unsolved problems in polymer processing—namely, screw extrusion process, weld‐line (self‐diffusion) behavior of polymer melt, and temperature build‐up in capillary flow—are discussed in detail.
ETHANOL PREFERENCE IN THE RAT FOLLOWING INHIBITION OF LIVER ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE AND S‐ADENOSYL METHIONINE*
Authors: Geller Irving 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA preference for alcohol was established in laboratory rats offered a choice of water or an alcohol solution and kept in constant darkness. They were administered pyrazole, an inhibitor of liver alcohol dehydrogenase (LADH) or homocysteine or homoserine, inhibitors of S‐adenosyl methionine (SAM). These agents reduced alcohol intake in varying degrees. Similarly, a reduction of alcohol drinking occurred following simultaneous administration of ineffective doses of pyrazole with homocysteine or homoserine.
SOME CULTURAL, IMMUNOLOGICAL, AND BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF PROGENITOR CRYPTOCIDES*
Authors: Livingston Virginia Wuerthele‐Caspe , Livingston Afton Munk 
Published: May 2012

AbstractGuinea pigs became skin‐positive to test doses of PPD (purified protein derivative‐Seibert) and to other related PPD preparations in various degrees following immunization with phenolized cultures of Progenitor cryptocides, an intermittently acid‐fast pleomorphic filterable Actinomycete isolated from human cancer patients. This reactivity, indicative of the relationship to M. tuberculosis as well as to several other related microbes, may account for the effective treatment of some types of human cancer with BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guérin). Another property of P. cryptocides is the production in vitro of a parahormone immunologically and biologically related to human chorionic gonadotropin. Since the cancer patient often exhibits various types of hormonal imbalance, the microbic exogenous production of this hormone may explain the neoplastic parahormone syndrome in man. There are some biological differences in experimental animals between the microbic and human chorionic gonadotropin, but the in vitro and radioimmunological tests are identical. The microbic hormone appears to play an important role in human cancer, since it not only is present in tumors, body tissues, and fluids but may be excreted in large amounts in the urine. The amount excreted is variable, depending upon the rate of microbic production of the hormone in vivo and the resistance of the host as expressed through immunological and metabolic degradation systems.
REGULATION BY SALT OF ACTIVITY OF CITRATE SYNTHASES FROM OSMOREGULATORS AND OSMOCONFORMERS*
Authors: Sarkissian Igor V. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractCitrate synthases from an osmoregulator and 2 osmoconforming animals were purified and studied with respect to interaction with salt levels. Catalytic activity of the shrimp (osmoregulator) citrate synthase was markedly affected by buffer concentrations, and its apparent Km with respect to acetyl coenzyme A was increased almost 60‐fold by increased concentration of salt. The osmoconformer citrate synthases showed slight effects of concentration of salt: the apparent Km of the sea anemone citrate synthase was increased fractionally by salt and about 6‐fold for citrate synthase of the oyster.Citrate synthase from the osmoregulator shrimp had the conventional hyperbolic kinetics of saturation by acetyl coenzyme A in the presence of moderate concentrations of any salt, but the sea anemone and oyster citrate synthases had sigmoid kinetics in the same saline environment. The oyster was shown to regulate the levels of magnesium, potassium, and chloride in its tissues.The ecoadaptive significance of these findings is discussed and the generally standing concern of investigators is supported that biologically and physiologically realistic interpretations of enzyme regulation by ionic strength and any other factors can be derived only from studies of enzyme activities in situ.
A GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION OF THE DIRICHLET KERNEL*
Authors: Levi Howard 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIf sin (x/2) ≠ 0 then 1/2 + cos x + cos 2x + … + cos nx = sin (n + ½)x/2 sin (x/2). This relation is fundamental in the theory of Fourier series. We define a geometric construction in the euclidean plane whose analysis leads to this and related trigonometric identities.
COMPOSITE MATERIAL MECHANICS: THERMOELASTIC MICROMECHANICS*
Authors: Bert Charles W. , Francis Philip H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper is a survey of the principal analytical and experimental developments in the field of composite material mechanics. Emphasis is placed on filamentary‐type composite materials. Topics covered are (1) elastic micromechanics, including a great variety of analytical approaches to the problem, and (2) thermal and other transport phenomena, including a number of useful analogies for such phenomena. The survey concludes with a brief discussion of future trends in the field.
Plasticity of spatial hearing: behavioural effects of cortical inactivation
Authors: Nodal Fernando R. , Bajo Victoria M. , King Andrew J. 
Published: May 2012

Key points
The cerebral cortex plays a critical role in perception and in learning‐induced plasticity.
We show that reversibly silencing any of the main regions of auditory cortex impairs the ability of adult ferrets to localize sound, with the largest deficit seen after deactivating the primary fields.
Although these animals had no trouble localizing longer sound bursts, their performance dropped considerably when auditory spatial cues were altered by occluding one ear with an earplug.
In contrast to control ferrets, which recovered their localization abilities with intensive training, adaptation to an earplug was impaired following cortical inactivation, with the greatest disruption in plasticity observed after silencing higher‐level cortical areas.
These findings imply regional differences in the processing of spatial information across the auditory cortex.
Abstract  The contribution of auditory cortex to spatial information processing was explored behaviourally in adult ferrets by reversibly deactivating different cortical areas by subdural placement of a polymer that released the GABAA agonist muscimol over a period of weeks. The spatial extent and time course of cortical inactivation were determined electrophysiologically. Muscimol‐Elvax was placed bilaterally over the anterior (AEG), middle (MEG) or posterior ectosylvian gyrus (PEG), so that different regions of the auditory cortex could be deactivated in different cases. Sound localization accuracy in the horizontal plane was assessed by measuring both the initial head orienting and approach‐to‐target responses made by the animals. Head orienting behaviour was unaffected by silencing any region of the auditory cortex, whereas the accuracy of approach‐to‐target responses to brief sounds (40 ms noise bursts) was reduced by muscimol‐Elvax but not by drug‐free implants. Modest but significant localization impairments were observed after deactivating the MEG, AEG or PEG, although the largest deficits were produced in animals in which the MEG, where the primary auditory fields are located, was silenced. We also examined experience‐induced spatial plasticity by reversibly plugging one ear. In control animals, localization accuracy for both approach‐to‐target and head orienting responses was initially impaired by monaural occlusion, but recovered with training over the next few days. Deactivating any part of the auditory cortex resulted in less complete recovery than in controls, with the largest deficits observed after silencing the higher‐level cortical areas in the AEG and PEG. Although suggesting that each region of auditory cortex contributes to spatial learning, differences in the localization deficits and degree of adaptation between groups imply a regional specialization in the processing of spatial information across the auditory cortex.
Human phase response curve to a 1 h pulse of bright white light
Authors: St Hilaire Melissa A. , Gooley Joshua J. , Khalsa Sat Bir S. , Kronauer Richard E. , Czeisler Charles A. , Lockley Steven W. 
Published: May 2012

Key points
The human circadian pacemaker generates near‐24‐h rhythms that set the timing of many physiological, metabolic and behavioural body rhythms, and is synchronized to environmental time primarily by the 24 h light–dark cycle.
The magnitude and direction of the resetting response of the pacemaker to light depends on the time of day of exposure, and the change in responses over the day is summarized in a phase response curve (PRC).
A previous PRC showed that a 6.7 h bright white light exposure maximally shifted the circadian pacemaker by over 3 h.
We show that a PRC to a 1 h bright white light pulse maximally shifted the circadian pacemaker by ∼2 h, despite representing only ∼15% of the exposure duration.
This study demonstrates that the circadian pacemaker is sensitive to short‐duration light pulses with a non‐linear relationship between light duration and the amount of resetting.
Abstract  The phase resetting response of the human circadian pacemaker to light depends on the timing of exposure and is described by a phase response curve (PRC). The current study aimed to construct a PRC for a 1 h exposure to bright white light (∼8000 lux) and to compare this PRC to a <3 lux dim background light PRC. These data were also compared to a previously completed 6.7 h bright white light PRC and a <15 lux dim background light PRC constructed under similar conditions. Participants were randomized for exposure to 1 h of either bright white light (n= 18) or <3 lux dim background light (n= 18) scheduled at 1 of 18 circadian phases. Participants completed constant routine (CR) procedures in dim light (<3 lux) before and after the light exposure to assess circadian phase. Phase shifts were calculated as the difference in timing of dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) during pre‐ and post‐stimulus CRs. Exposure to 1 h of bright white light induced a Type 1 PRC with a fitted peak‐to‐trough amplitude of 2.20 h. No discernible PRC was observed in the <3 lux dim background light PRC. The fitted peak‐to‐trough amplitude of the 1 h bright light PRC was ∼40% of that for the 6.7 h PRC despite representing only 15% of the light exposure duration, consistent with previous studies showing a non‐linear duration–response function for the effects of light on circadian resetting.
Systematic Analysis of Metallo-β-Lactamases Using an Automated Database
Authors: Widmann Michael , Pleiss Jürgen , Oelschlaeger Peter 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) are enzymes that hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics, resulting in bacterial resistance to these drugs. These proteins have caused concerns due to their facile transference, broad substrate spectra, and the absence of clinically useful inhibitors. To facilitate the classification, nomenclature, and analysis of MBLs, an automated database system was developed, the Metallo-β-Lactamase Engineering Database (MBLED) (
http://www.mbled.uni-stuttgart.de
). It contains information on MBLs retrieved from the NCBI peptide database while strictly following the nomenclature by Jacoby and Bush (
http://www.lahey.org/Studies/
) and the generally accepted class B β-lactamase (BBL) standard numbering scheme for MBLs. The database comprises 597 MBL protein sequences and enables systematic analyses of these sequences. A systematic analysis employing the database resulted in the generation of mutation profiles of assigned IMP- and VIM-type MBLs, the identification of five MBL protein entries from the NCBI peptide database that were inconsistent with the Jacoby and Bush nomenclature, and the identification of 15 new IMP candidates and 9 new VIM candidates. Furthermore, the database was used to identify residues with high mutation frequencies and variability (mutation hot spots) that were unexpectedly distant from the active site located in the ββ sandwich: positions 208 and 266 in the IMP family and positions 215 and 258 in the VIM family. We expect that the MBLED will be a valuable tool for systematically cataloguing and analyzing the increasing number of MBLs being reported.