bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppression of fibrotic scar formation promotes axonal regeneration without disturbing blood‐brain barrier repair and withdrawal of leukocytes after traumatic brain injury
Authors: Yoshioka Nozomu , Hisanaga Shin‐Ichi , Kawano Hitoshi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe fibrotic scar containing type IV collagen (Col IV) formed in a lesion site is considered as an obstacle to axonal regeneration, because intracerebral injection of 2,2′‐dipyridyl (DPY), an inhibitor of Col IV triple‐helix formation, suppresses fibrotic scar formation in the lesion site and promotes axonal regeneration. To determine the role of the fibrotic scar on the healing process of injured central nervous system (CNS), the restoration of blood‐brain barrier (BBB) and withdrawal of inflammatory leukocytes were examined in mice subjected to unilateral transection of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and intracerebral DPY injection. At 5 days after injury, destruction of BBB represented by leakage of Evans blue (EB) and widespread infiltration of CD45‐immunoreactive leukocytes was observed around the lesion site, whereas reactive astrocytes increased surrounding the BBB‐destroyed area. By 2 weeks after injury, the region of EB leakage and the diffusion of leukocytes were restricted to the inside of the fibrotic scar, and reactive astrocytes gathered around the fibrotic scar. In the DPY‐treated lesion site, formation of the fibrotic scar was suppressed (84% decrease in Col IV‐deposited area), reactive astrocytes occupied the lesion center, and areas of both EB leakage and leukocyte infiltration decreased by 86%. DPY treatment increased the number of regenerated dopaminergic axons by 2.53‐fold. These results indicate that suppression of fibrotic scar formation does not disturb the healing process in damaged CNS, and suggest that this strategy is a reliable tool to promote axonal regeneration after traumatic injury in the CNS. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3867–3881, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of hypophysiotropic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH)‐synthesizing neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus of the mouse
Authors: Kádár Andrea , Sánchez Edith , Wittmann Gábor , Singru Praful S. , Füzesi Tamás , Marsili Alessandro , Larsen P. Reed , Liposits Zsolt , Lechan Ronald M. , Fekete Csaba 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHypophysiotropic thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) neurons, the central regulators of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis, are located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in a partly overlapping distribution with non‐hypophysiotropic TRH neurons. The distribution of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in the rat PVN is well understood, but the localization of these neurons is unknown in mice. To determine the distribution and phenotype of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in mice, double‐ and triple‐labeling experiments were performed on sections of intact mice, and mice treated intravenously and intraperitoneally with the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold. TRH neurons were located in all parts of the PVN except the periventricular zone. Hypophysiotropic TRH neurons were observed only at the mid‐level of the PVN, primarily in the compact part. In this part of the PVN, TRH neurons were intermingled with oxytocin and vasopressin neurons, but based on their size, the TRH neurons were parvocellular and did not contain magnocellular neuropeptides. Co‐localization of TRH and cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript (CART) were observed only in areas where hypophysiotropic TRH neurons were located. In accordance with the morphological observations, hypothyroidism increased TRH mRNA content of neurons only at the mid‐level of the PVN. These data demonstrate that the distribution of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in mice is vastly different from the pattern in rats, with a dominant occurrence of these neurosecretory cells in the compact part and adjacent regions at the mid‐level of the PVN. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that the organization of the PVN is markedly different in mice and rats. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3948–3961, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural architecture of the primary gustatory center of Drosophila melanogaster visualized with GAL4 and LexA enhancer‐trap systems
Authors: Miyazaki Takaaki , Ito Kei 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGustatory information is essential for animals to select edible foods and avoid poisons. Whereas mammals detect tastants with their taste receptor cells, which convey gustatory signals to the brain indirectly via the taste sensory neurons, insect gustatory receptor neurons (GRNs) send their axons directly to the primary gustatory center in the suboesophageal ganglion (SOG). In spite of this relatively simple architecture, the precise structure of the insect primary gustatory center has not been revealed in enough detail. To obtain comprehensive anatomical knowledge about this brain area, we screened the Drosophila melanogaster GAL4 enhancer‐trap strains that visualize specific subsets of the gustatory neurons as well as putative mechanosensory neurons associated with the taste pegs. Terminals of these neurons form three branches in the SOG. To map the positions of their arborization areas precisely, we screened newly established LexA::VP16 enhancer‐trap strains and obtained a driver line that labels a large subset of peripheral sensory neurons. By double‐labeling specific and landmark neurons with GAL4 and LexA strains, we were able to distinguish 11 zones in the primary gustatory center, among which 5 zones were identified newly in this study. Arborization areas of various known GRNs on the labellum, oesophagus, and legs were also mapped in this framework. The putative mechanosensory neurons terminate exclusively in three zones of these areas, supporting the notion of segregated primary centers that are specialized for chemosensory and mechanosensory signals associated with gustatory sensation. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:4147–4181, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How the primate fornix is affected by age
Authors: Peters Alan , Sethares Claire , Moss Mark B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe effects of age on nerve fibers and neuroglial cells in the fornix were examined in 25 rhesus monkeys between 4 and 33 years of age. There is no age‐related change in the cross‐sectional area of the fornix, but there is a significant loss of myelinated nerve fibers. The loss of myelinated nerve fibers is accompanied by a significant increase in the numbers of nerve fibers that show degeneration of their axons and alterations in myelin sheaths. Aging also brings about an increase in the frequency of profiles of paranodes, indicating that some of the nerve fibers are being remyelinated. Aging also affects neuroglial cells. Each type shows inclusions in their perikarya, and in the case of astrocytes and microglial cells some of these inclusions are phagocytosed myelin. Numbers of astrocytes and microglial cells do not appear to increase with age, but there is a 20% increase in oligodendrocytes. When correlations with cognitive impairments displayed by individual monkeys are examined, the decreased packing density of nerve fibers and the increasing frequency of nerve fibers with degenerating axons and of nerve fibers with altered myelin sheaths all correlate with increasing cognitive impairment. It is suggested that these correlations result from some disconnection of the hippocampus from the thalamus, septal nuclei, and medial frontal cortex and from reductions in the conduction velocity brought about by the shorter internodal lengths of remyelinated nerve fibers in the fornix. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3962–3980, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central respiratory chemoreception
Authors: Guyenet Patrice G. , Stornetta Ruth L. , Bayliss Douglas A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBy definition central respiratory chemoreceptors (CRCs) are cells that are sensitive to changes in brain PCO2 or pH and contribute to the stimulation of breathing elicited by hypercapnia or metabolic acidosis. CO2 most likely works by lowering pH. The pertinent proton receptors have not been identified and may be ion channels. CRCs are probably neurons but may also include acid‐sensitive glia and vascular cells that communicate with neurons via paracrine mechanisms. Retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) neurons are the most completely characterized CRCs. Their high sensitivity to CO2 in vivo presumably relies on their intrinsic acid sensitivity, excitatory inputs from the carotid bodies and brain regions such as raphe and hypothalamus, and facilitating influences from neighboring astrocytes. RTN neurons are necessary for the respiratory network to respond to CO2 during the perinatal period and under anesthesia. In conscious adults, RTN neurons contribute to an unknown degree to the pH‐dependent regulation of breathing rate, inspiratory, and expiratory activity. The abnormal prenatal development of RTN neurons probably contributes to the congenital central hypoventilation syndrome. Other CRCs presumably exist, but the supportive evidence is less complete. The proposed locations of these CRCs are the medullary raphe, the nucleus tractus solitarius, the ventrolateral medulla, the fastigial nucleus, and the hypothalamus. Several wake‐promoting systems (serotonergic and catecholaminergic neurons, orexinergic neurons) are also putative CRCs. Their contribution to central respiratory chemoreception may be behavior dependent or vary according to the state of vigilance. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3883–3906, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal DNA content variation (DCV) with regional and individual differences in the human brain
Authors: Westra Jurjen W. , Rivera Richard R. , Bushman Diane M. , Yung Yun C. , Peterson Suzanne E. , Barral Serena , Chun Jerold 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIt is widely assumed that the human brain contains genetically identical cells through which postgenomic mechanisms contribute to its enormous diversity and complexity. The relatively recent identification of neural cells throughout the neuraxis showing somatically generated mosaic aneuploidy indicates that the vertebrate brain can be genomically heterogeneous (Rehen et al. [2001] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:13361–13366; Rehen et al. [2005] J. Neurosci. 25:2176–2180; Yurov et al. [2007] PLoS ONE:e558; Westra et al. [2008] J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1944–1951). The extent of human neural aneuploidy is currently unknown because of technically limited sample sizes, but is reported to be small (Iourov et al. [2006] Int. Rev. Cytol. 249:143–191). During efforts to interrogate larger cell populations by using DNA content analyses, a surprising result was obtained: human frontal cortex brain cells were found to display “DNA content variation (DCV)” characterized by an increased range of DNA content both in cell populations and within single cells. On average, DNA content increased by ∼250 megabases, often representing a substantial fraction of cells within a given sample. DCV within individual human brains showed regional variation, with increased prevalence in the frontal cortex and less variation in the cerebellum. Further, DCV varied between individual brains. These results identify DCV as a new feature of the human brain, encompassing and further extending genomic alterations produced by aneuploidy, which may contribute to neural diversity in normal and pathophysiological states, altered functions of normal and disease‐linked genes, and differences among individuals. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:3981–4000, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of Two Theories for the Relativistic Self Focusing of Laser Beams in Plasma
Authors: Walia K. , Singh A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn the present paper, self‐focusing of laser beams in relativistic plasmas is studied by the moment theory approach. The equilibrium beam radius of the self‐trapped laser beams is also derived. Results are compared with the paraxial ray theory. It is observed from the analysis that at higher intensities, the equilibrium beam radius increases in case of the paraxial ray theory, whereas it becomes independent of the beam intensity in case of the moment theory. Analysis also confirms the role of relativistic electrons travelling with the light pulse in (3D PIC) simulation studies (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High Energy Density Physics Studies at the Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research: the HEDgeHOB Collaboration
Authors: Tahir N.A. , Shutov A. , Lomonosov I.V. , Piriz A.R. , Redmer R. , Stöhlker T. , Geissel H. , Deutsch C. , Fortov V.E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe forthcoming Facility for Antiprotons and Ion Research (FAIR) at Darmstadt, is going to be a unique accelerator facility that will deliver high quality, strongly bunched, well focused, intense beams of heavy ions that will lead to unprecedented specific power deposition in solid matter. This will generate macroscopic samples of High Energy Density (HED) matter with fairly uniform physical conditions. These samples can be used to study the thermophysical and transport properties of HED matter. Extensive theoretical work has been carried out over the past decade to design numerous dedicated experiments to study HED physics at the FAIR, which has provided the basis for the HEDgeHOB (High Energy Density Matter Generated by Heavy Ion Beams) scientific proposal. This work is still in progress as the feasibility studies for more experimental schemes are being carried out.Another, very important research area that will benefit tremendously from the FAIR facility, is the production of radioactive beams. A superconducting fragment separator, Super–FRS is being designed for the production and separation of rare radioactive isotopes. Unlike the HED targets, the Super–FRS production target should not be destroyed or damaged by the beam, but should remain intact during the long experimental campaign. However, the high level of specific power deposited in the production target by the high intensity ion beam at FAIR, could cause serious problems to the target survival. These HED issues related to the Super–FRS production target are also discussed in the present paper (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Increase of Kinetic Energy of Dusty Cluster Particles Due to Parametric Instability Caused by Nanosecond Electric Pulses
Authors: Vasilyak L.M. , Fortov V.E. , Morfill G.E. , Ivlev A.V. , Pustylnik M.Y. , Polyakov D.N. , Thomas H.M. , Vetchinin S.P. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractExperimental investigations of high voltage nanosecond pulses influence on charged dust particles in low pressure rf–plasma were carried out. Application of repetitive pulses leads to the vertical oscillations of the mi‐croparticles. Evolution of the total kinetic energy for the cluster consisting of 14 particles is investigated. Flat clusters exhibit parametric instabilities of horizontal modes. In the initial phase the kinetic energy oscillates around a certain value and its amplitude grows very slowly. At a certain moment during the instability it goes into the exponential growth phase and then saturates under the effect of repetitive pulses. It is possible if the eigenfrequency is the function of height and the dust particle oscillates vertically in the non uniform electric field (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
New Model of Dusty Plasma Particles Interaction
Authors: Baimbetov F. B. , Davletov A. E. , Kudyshev Zh. A. , Mukhametkarimov E. S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe main goal of this report is to obtain the macropotentials of dusty plasma particles interactions which account for the collective events in the medium and, then, to analyze their dependence on plasma parameters. It is shown that the attraction between conductive dust grains turns possible due to the polarization phenomenon (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Large Hadron Collider and the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN as tools to Generate Warm Dense Matter and Non–Ideal Plasmas
Authors: Tahir N.A. , Schmidt R. , Shutov A. , Lomonosov I.V. , Gryaznov V. , Piriz A.R. , Deutsch C. , Fortov V.E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe largest accelerator in the world, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, has entered into commissioning phase. It is expected that when this impressive machine will become fully operational, it will generate two counter rotating 7 TeV/c proton beams that will be made to collide, leading to an unprecedented luminosity of 1034 cm–2s–1. Total energy stored in each LHC beam is about 362 MJ, sufficient to melt 500 kg copper. Safety of operation is a very critical issue when working with such extremely powerful beams. It is important to know the consequences of an accidental release of the beam energy in order to design protection system for the equipment. For this purpose we have carried out extensive numerical simulations of the interaction of one full LHC beam with copper and graphite targets which are materials of practical importance. Our calculations have shown that the LHC protons will penetrate up to about 35 m in solid copper and 10 m in solid graphite. A very interesting outcome of this work is that the impact of the LHC beam on solid matter will generate Warm Dense Matter (WDM) and Strongly Coupled Plasmas (SCP).The beams for the LHC are pre‐accelerated in the SPS (Super Proton Synchrotron) to 450 GeV/c and transferred to LHC via two beam lines. Several SPS cycles are required to fill the LHC, in one cycle a batch with up to 288 bunches can be accelerated. From the safety point of view it is also very important to study the damage caused to the equipment in case of an accident involving an uncontrolled release of the SPS beam. For this purpose we have also carried out detailed numerical simulations of the impact of the full SPS beam on solid copper and tungsten targets. These simulations have shown that the targets are severely damaged by the beam. It is also interesting to note that also in this case, a large part of the target material is converted into WDM and SCP. This study, therefore, shows that the LHC and the SPS have the potential to be used for studying these important fields of research. However, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to advance this work by designing dedicated experiments. This work is in progress (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
High‐Precision Equation‐of‐State Formalisms for Solar and Stellar Modeling
Authors: Däppen Werner 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFor solar and stellar modeling, a high‐quality equation of state is crucial. In addition, however, helioseismic and asteroseismic observations put constraints on the physical formalisms. Thus they effectively turn the Sun and the stars into laboratories for dense plasmas. Currently, the main astrophysical beneficiary of a good equation of state is the seismic determination of the chemical composition of the interior of the Sun and stars (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electric Microfield Distributions in Alkali Plasmas with Account of the Ion Structure in a Moderately Coupled Approximation
Authors: Sadykova S. P. , Ebeling W. , Sokolov I. M. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe electric microfield distributions (EMD) have been calculated at the location of an ion for Alkali plasmas (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+) using a coupling parameter integration technique originally developed by Ortner et al. for point‐like (structureless) ions [1]. EMD are studied in a frame of the Hellmann‐Gurskii‐Krasko (HGK) pseudopotential model, taking into account the quantum‐mechanical effects and the ion shell structure [2]. For determination of the radial distribution function the screened HGK pseudopotential in a moderately coupled approximation, based on a chain of Bogoljubow equations for the equilibrium distribution functions [3], taking into account not only the quantum‐mechanical effects, the ion shell structure but screening field effects has been used [4]. The new expressions for the screened HGK potential have been derived. At the derivation the electron‐electron corrected Kelbg micropotential instead of earlier applied Deutsch potential has been used. The results obtained for the EMDs in the Hellmann‐Gurskii‐Krasko moderately coupled approximation for a moderately coupled plasma in a framework of the Ortner model show a considerable improvement of the results obtained in the Debye screening approximation (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Use of Pulsed Radiography for Investigation of Equations of State of Substances at Megabar Pressures
Authors: Egorov N. I. , Boriskov G. V. , Bykov A. I. , Kuropatkin Yu. P. , Lukyanov N. B. , Mironenko V. D. , Pavlov V. N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA method of density measurement for substances that are isentropically compressed up to megabar pressures is described in the paper. Measurement results for condensed hydrogen isotopes and aluminum are presented. These results, afterwards, are used for construction of hydrogen isotopes “cold” isentropes. Experimental x‐ray images of the facilities with the hydrogen isotopes, compressed up to several megabars are presented in the paper (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transport Coefficients in Dense Plasmas Including Ion‐Ion Structure Factor
Authors: Karakhtanov V. S. , Redmer R. , Reinholz H. , Röpke G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWithin linear response theory, a general approach to the thermoelectric transport coefficients for fully ionized hydrogen‐type plasma has been given. Different approximations for the collision integral are considered. Particular attention is given to dynamical screening and the ion‐ion structure factor. Results are presented for the electrical conductivity, the thermal conductivity, and the thermopower in the non‐degenerate limit (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantum Color Dynamic Simulations of the Strongly Coupled Quark‐Gluon Plasma
Authors: Filinov V. S. , Bonitz M. , Ivanov Y. B. , Skokov V. V. , Levashov P. R. , Fortov V. E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA strongly coupled plasma of quark and gluon quasiparticles is studied by combination of Path integral Monte Carlo and quantum Wigner dynamics simulations. This method extends previous classical nonrelativistic simu‐lations based on a color Coulomb interaction to the quantum regime. First results for the momentum‐momentum autocorrelation function and diffusion constant are presented (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nuclear genome size: Are we getting closer?
Authors: Doležel Jaroslav , Greilhuber Johann 
Published: May 2010

AbstractCorrect information on genome size is important in many areas of research. For a long time, scientists have been struggling to understand the reason for the huge variation in eukaryotic genome size and its biological significance. More recently, the knowledge on genome size has become important to structure genome sequencing projects as their scale and cost depend on genome size. Despite the fact that the first estimates of genome size in eukaryotes were made more than 50 years ago, we are still not quite sure about the exact genome size in practically all animal and plant species. Moreover, different estimates continue to be published for the same species. These discrepancies compromise data comparison and interpretation and point to methodological problems, which include standardization. This article assesses the current state of DNA reference standards for flow cytometry and the issues related to their calibration. © 2010 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry