bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Low-Level HIV-1 Variants with Reverse Transcriptase Mutation K65R and the Effect of Antiretroviral Drug Exposure on Variant Levels
Authors: Kozal Michael J , Chiarella Jennifer , John Elizabeth P St , Moreno Elizabeth A , Simen Birgitte B , Arnold Todd E , Lataillade Max 
Published: July 2011

Background It has been reported that treatment-naive individuals infected with HIV-1 subtype C may be more likely to harbour viral variants possessing a K65R reverse transcriptase gene mutation. The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of low-level K65R variants within different HIV-1 subtypes and to assess the effects of antiretroviral exposure on K65R variant levels. Methods Treatment-naive individuals infected with different HIV-1 subtypes were genotyped by ultra-deep sequencing. Samples were evaluated for low-level variants to 0.4% or 1% levels depending upon viral load. Estimated mutational load was calculated by multiplying the percentage of the variant by the plasma viral load. Results A total of 411 treatment-naive individuals were evaluated by ultra-deep sequencing to 1% levels; 4 subjects (0.97%) had K65R variants at ≥1% or had a very high mutation load. All four subjects had variants with linked drug resistance mutations suggesting transmitted resistant variants. 147 ARV-naive subjects were sequenced to 0.4% levels; 8.8% (13/147) had K65R low-level variants identified: 2.2% (2/92) in subtype B, 35.7% (10/28) in subtype C ( P<0.001 for B versus C) and 3.7% (1/27) in non-B/C subtypes. The 13 ARV-naive subjects with K65R variants at <1% received tenofovir plus emtricitabine plus a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor (TDF+FTC+PI/r) and 5 subsequently experienced virological failure. There was no enhancement in K65R levels by percentage or mutational load compared to pre-therapy levels. Conclusions Low-level K65R variants were more frequently identified in subtype C. K65R variants at >1% levels likely represent transmitted resistant variants. The clinical implication of low-level K65R variants below 1% in treatment-naive subjects who receive TDF+FTC+PI/r remains to be determined as the majority are very low-level and did not increase after antiretroviral exposure.
Cross-linking in Progressive Keratoconus Using an Epithelial Debridement or Intrastromal Pocket Technique After Previous Corneal Ring Segment Implantation
Authors: Alió Jorge L. , Toffaha Bader T. , Piñero David P. , Klonowski Pawel , Javaloy Jaime 
Published: July 2011

PURPOSE:
To evaluate and compare the clinical and confocal microscopic outcomes achieved with two different procedures for cross-linking (CXL) in eyes with keratoconus: CXL with epithelial debridement and CXL with intrastromal pocket.

METHODS:
This retrospective study included 27 eyes of 21 patients (age range: 18 to 53 years) diagnosed with keratoconus who underwent implantation of intracorneal ring segments and CXL with two different techniques: CXL with previous epithelial debridement (classic group, 16 eyes) and CXL with intrastromal pocket for riboflavin infusion (pocket group, 11 eyes). Visual, refractive, topographic, aberrometric, and pachymetric data were evaluated during 12-month follow-up.

RESULTS:

No statistically significant differences between the classic and pocket groups were found in postoperative visual acuity (
P
≥.71), refraction (
P
≥.15), keratometry (
P
≥.28), corneal aberrations (
P
≥.13), or central pachymetry (
P
≥.21). A statistically significant improvement in uncorrected visual acuity found at 3 months postoperatively in both groups (
P
<.03) was consistent with a change in manifest sphere. Mean keratometric reduction at 12 months was 0.03 diopters (D) in the classic group (
P
=.55) and 0.40 D in the pocket group (
P
=.05). No significant changes in corneal higher order aberrations or central corneal thickness were found in either group (
P
≥.14).

CONCLUSIONS:
Cross-linking surgery with creation of an intrastromal pocket seems to provide similar clinical outcomes compared to the classic CXL technique.
To Determine the Influence of the Complete Denture Prosthesis on Masticatory Muscle Activity in Elderly Patients: An in vivo Study
Authors: Ashraf Haifa 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Mastication is a highly coordinated neuromuscular function involving fast effective movements of the jaw and continuous modulation of force. In older subjects these mechanisms act with marked differences. They have a reduced capacity in various functions of stomatognathic system.

Objectives
To evaluate the elevator and depressor muscle activity with and without complete denture prosthesis.

Materials and methods
For the purpose of the study 12 patients between the age of 40 and 70 years were selected. Surface electrodes from the electromyographic unit were placed in the region of right and left anterior temporal muscles, Masseter muscle and depressor muscle at the region of anterior belly of digastric and the electromyographic activity was recorded.

Results and discussion
The obtained values were subjected to statistical analysis. A paired t- test was performed to determine the difference between the subjects with and without denture prosthesis.

Conclusion
The elevator muscles showed higher activity in subjects wearing the denture prosthesis when compared to those without denture prosthesis. No significant change in muscle activity was seen on maximal opening of the depressor muscle between the subjects with and without denture prosthesis.
Rehabilitation of a Severely Worn Dentition using Fixed and Removable Partial Overdenture Prostheses
Authors: Jain Veena , Agnihotri Hema 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT
Planning and executing the restorative rehabilitation of a severely worn dentition is probably one of the most intellectually and technically demanding tasks faced by the restorative dentist. This article describes the rehabilitation of a 55-year-old male patient with severe loss of tooth structure. The maxillary arch was restored using fixed restorations and the mandibular arch using the integration of fixed and removable prosthodontics. The integration of fixed and removable prosthodontics in a partially dentate patient poses a challenge as well as an opportunity for the use of a partial overdenture.
A survey of key distribution in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chen Chi‐Yuan , Chao Han‐Chieh 
Published: July 2011

AbstractKey establishment is the most fundamental cryptographic primitive in all kinds of applications where security is a concern. However, the nature of limited resources on sensor nodes restricts the use of conventional key management techniques in wireless sensor networks. Many researchers have conducted different techniques to propose different types of key distribution schemes. In this paper, we survey the existing solutions and describe the state‐of‐the‐art techniques. We not only classify these proposals into location‐independent key distribution schemes and location‐dependent key distribution schemes but also provide a comparison table. We hope to attract more research attentions on this direction. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Production and Properties of Fuels from Domestic and Industrial Waste
Authors: John Ejae , Singh Kamel 
Published: July 2011

Waste is a byproduct of life and civilisation; it is the material that remains after a useful component has been consumed. From an economic perspective, waste is a material involved in life or technology whose value today is less than the cost of its utilisation. From a regulatory viewpoint, waste is anything discarded or can no longer be used for its original purpose. The term solid waste includes not only solid materials but also liquid and gases. If one reuses something, it may not be considered waste.
Domestic waste (also known as rubbish, garbage, trash, or junk) is unwanted or undesired material (although the old adage one man's waste is another man's treasure sometimes applies). Waste is the general term; though the other terms are used loosely as synonyms, they have more specific meanings: rubbish or trash are mixed household waste including paper and packaging; food waste or garbage (North America) is kitchen and table waste; and junk or scrap is metallic or industrial material. There are other categories of waste as well: sewage, manure, ash, and plant materials from garden operations, including grass cuttings, fallen leaves, and pruned branches.
Industrial waste is waste produced by factories, mills, and mines. Chemical waste and toxic waste (usually a subcategory of chemical waste) are two more specific designations of industrial waste.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) is a waste that includes predominantly household waste (domestic waste) with sometimes the addition of commercial waste collected by a municipality within a given area. They are in either solid or semisolid form and generally exclude industrial hazardous waste. The term residual waste relates to waste left from household sources containing materials that have not been separated out or sent for reprocessing.
In this chapter, the components of waste is be described. Then, the processes to generate fuels derived from various domestic, urban, forestry, farm, crop and agricultural wastes will be explained, and the associated fuels characterized.
Generalized analytic functions in magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Zabarankin Michael 
Published: July 2011

An approach of generalized analytic functions to the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) problem of an electrically conducting viscous incompressible flow past a solid non-magnetic body of revolution is presented. In this problem, the magnetic field and the body’s axis of revolution are aligned with the flow at infinity, and the fluid and body are assumed to have the same magnetic permeability. For the linearized MHD equations with non-zero Hartmann, Reynolds and magnetic Reynolds numbers (
M
,
Re
and
Re
m
, respectively), the fluid velocity, pressure and magnetic fields in the fluid and body are represented by four generalized analytic functions from two classes:
r
-analytic and
H
-analytic. The number of the involved functions from each class depends on whether the Cowling number S=
M
2
/(
Re
m

Re
) is 1 or is not 1. This corresponds to the well-known peculiarity of the case S=1. The MHD problem is proved to have a unique solution and is reduced to boundary integral equations based on the Cauchy integral formula for generalized analytic functions. The approach is tested in the MHD problem for a sphere and is demonstrated in finding the minimum-drag spheroids subject to a volume constraint for S<1, S=1 and S>1. The analysis shows that as a function of S, the drag of the minimum-drag spheroids has a minimum at S=1, but with respect to the equal-volume sphere, drag reduction is smallest for S=1 and becomes more significant for S≫1.
JAG1 mutations are found in approximately one third of patients presenting with only one or two clinical features of Alagille syndrome
Authors: Guegan K , Stals K , Day M , Turnpenny P , Ellard S 
Published: July 2011

Guegan K, Stals K, Day M, Turnpenny P, Ellard S. JAG1 mutations are found in approximately one third of patients presenting with only one or two clinical features of Alagille syndrome.Alagille syndrome is a multisystem disorder characterized by highly variable expressivity, most frequently caused by heterozygous JAG1 gene mutations. Classic diagnostic criteria combine the presence of bile duct paucity on liver biopsy with three of five systems affected; liver, heart, skeleton, eye and dysmorphic facies. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and distribution of JAG1 mutations in patients referred for routine clinical diagnostic testing. Clinical data were available for 241 patients from 135 families. The index cases were grouped according to the number of systems affected (heart, liver, skeletal, eye and facies) and the mutation frequency calculated for each group. JAG1 mutations were identified in 59/135 (44%) probands. The highest mutation detection rates were observed in patients with the most frequent presenting features of Alagille syndrome; ranging from 20% (one system) to 86% (five systems). The overall mutation pick‐up rate in a clinical diagnostic setting was lower than in previous research studies. Identification of a JAG1 gene mutation is particularly useful for those patients with atypical or mild Alagille syndrome who do not meet classic diagnostic criteria as it provides a definite molecular diagnosis and allows accurate genetic counselling for the family.
miR-22 Promotes HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Males
Authors: Jiang Runqiu , Deng Lei , Zhao Liang , Li Xiangcheng , Zhang Feng , Xia Yongxiang , Gao Yun , Wang Xuehao , Sun Beicheng 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Purpose: Previous reports have shown that IL-1α–MyD88–IL-6 signaling is essential in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development in a diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced mouse model. We aimed to determine whether interleukin (IL)-1α regulates HCC development in humans.
Methods: HBV-associated HCC tissue, corresponding adjacent tissue, and normal tissue samples were obtained from 80 male and 36 female patients. IL-1α, ERα, IL-6, and MyD88 were quantified by using real-time PCR and Western blot. Stem-loop PCR was used to quantify miR-22 expression. Luciferase reporter assays were used to study transcriptional regulation.
Results: IL-1α was highly expressed in male tumor adjacent tissue compared with normal tissue (P = 0.025); however, this was not the case for female subjects. A linear relationship was observed between increased IL-1α and decreased ERα expression in male tumor adjacent tissue (r = −0.616, P = 0.004). Our results also indicated that estrogen (E2) was suppressed upon IL-1α secretion in ERα-overexpressed HCC cells. We detected high expression of miR-22 in male tumor adjacent tissue compared with controls (P = 0.027); furthermore, we showed that miR-22 downregulates ERα transcription by targeting the 3′-untranslated region. In the DEN-induced model, IL-1α was highly expressed in sprouting tumors and gradually decreased in conjunction with HCC development.
Conclusion: Overexpression of miR-22 in male tumor adjacent tissue was associated with downregulated ERα expression, potentially by attenuating the protective effect of estrogen and causing increased IL-1α expression. These results may explain the high incidence of HBV-associated HCC in the male population. Clin Cancer Res; 17(17); 5593–603. ©2011 AACR.
Declining β-Cell Function Relative to Insulin Sensitivity With Escalating OGTT 2-h Glucose Concentrations in the Nondiabetic Through the Diabetic Range in Overweight Youth
Authors: Burns Stephen F. , Bacha Fida , Lee So Jung , Tfayli Hala , Gungor Neslihan , Arslanian Silva A. 
Published: July 2011

OBJECTIVE
Overweight in youth is associated with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. We hypothesized that β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity decreases with increasing 2-h glucose levels based on an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in overweight youth.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 147 overweight (BMI ≥85th percentile for age and sex) youth, aged 8 to &lt;20 years, undertook three tests: 1) a 3-h hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp; 2) a 2-h hyperglycemic clamp; and 3) a 2-h OGTT. Participants were categorically assigned to five groups according to their OGTT 2-h plasma glucose level, ranging from &lt;120 to ≥200 mg/dL. β-Cell function relative to insulin sensitivity, assessed by clamp disposition index (DI) and oral disposition index (DIO), were compared among groups.

RESULTS
Insulin sensitivity, first-phase insulin, and DI declined significantly as 2-h glucose concentrations increased. The highest DI was found in youth with 2-h plasma glucose concentrations &lt;120 mg/dL, with a significant decline of ~40% in those with glucose concentrations between 120 and &lt;140 mg/dL, and an ~75% decline, the lowest DI, in youth with glucose concentrations ≥200 mg/dL. Data were similar with regard to the OGTT DIO.

CONCLUSIONS
These data in overweight youth demonstrate that impairment in insulin secretion relative to insulin sensitivity is apparent even with normal glucose tolerance. Below the current cutoff of 140 mg/dL for impaired glucose tolerance, there is a &gt;30% decline in β-cell function relative to insulin sensitivity. Against this back drop of metabolically heightened risk for type 2 diabetes, preventive measures should target the β-cell alongside insulin sensitization.
Open Versus Closed Forms of Knowledge Assessment in a Blended Learning Ecosystem
Authors: Purg Peter 
Published: July 2011

Open Versus Closed Forms of Knowledge Assessment in a Blended Learning EcosystemThe article investigates whether two opposite assessment methods, open wiki (online text-and-media collaboration) and closed multiple-choice test, can together assure a balanced addressing of the learner both as an information processor and a social entity. Comparing students' experience and satisfaction with collective knowledge construction in a moderated wiki on the one hand and knowledge testing in an online multiple choice test on the other hand, the research differentiates full-time and part-time students of a blended course. This is presented upon broader data on comparable students' populations who were assessed with open-ended oral exam questions, regular homework tasks and seminar work papers. An updated notion of media ecology conceives knowledge testing and instructional feedback as parts of an informational ecosystem: only a coherent yet internally differentiated learning environment can accurately define significant educational trends and recommendations - such that question assessment methods and signpost the development of education towards sustainability.
Synthesis of Cyclopentadienyl Capped Polyethylene and Subsequent Block Copolymer Formation Via Hetero Diels‐Alder (HDA) Chemistry
Authors: Espinosa Edgar , Glassner Mathias , Boisson Christophe , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , D'Agosto Franck 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the current contribution it is demonstrated – for the first time – that poly(ethylene) ($\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ = 1 400 as well as 2 800 g  ·  mol−1, PDI = 1.2) can be readily equipped with highly reactive cyclopentadienyl (Cp) end groups. The Cp terminal poly(ethylene) can subsequently be reacted in an efficient hetero Diels‐Alder (HDA) reaction with macromolecules (poly(isobornyl acrylate) ($\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ = 4 600 g  ·  mol−1, PDI = 1.10) and poly(styrene) ($\overline {M} _{{\rm n}} $ = 6 300 g  ·  mol−1, PDI = 1.13) featuring strongly electron withdrawing thiocarbonyl thio end groups, prepared via reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization employing benzylpyridin‐2‐yldithioformate (BPDF) as transfer agent. The resulting block copolymers have been analyzed via high‐temperature size exclusion chromatography (SEC) as well as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The current system allows for the removal of the excess of the non‐poly(ethylene) containing segment via filtration of the poly(ethylene)‐containing block copolymer. However, the reaction temperatures need to be judiciously selected. Characterization of the generated block copolymers at elevated temperatures can lead – depending on the block copolymer type – to the occurrence of retro Diels‐Alder processes. The present study thus demonstrates that RAFT‐HDA ligation can be effectively employed for the generation of block copolymers containing poly(ethylene) segments.magnified image
Intra‐Articular Injection and Driving Advice: A Survey of UK Rheumatologists' Current Practice
Authors: Price Zoe , Murphy Daniel , Mackay Kirsten 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the current practice of UK rheumatologists regarding driving advice and intra‐articular injection. A secondary objective was to clarify legal advice on driving after intra‐articular injection.MethodsA link to an online questionnaire was sent out via the British Society of Rheumatology (BSR) monthly e‐newsletter to all BSR members in January 2010. In addition, we contacted the Medical Defence union (MDU), Medical Protection Society (MPS), Driving and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) and insurance companies for statements regarding legal advice.ResultsA total of 134 responses were obtained. These were collected on a web‐based database. The majority of forms returned were from consultant rheumatologists. Fifty‐six per cent of respondents said that they routinely asked patients about driving prior to joint injection. Seventy‐six respondents (57%) considered driving to be an issue when injecting joints. If a patient had driven to clinic, 30% of respondents said that they would inject as normal, 28% opting to inject but ask the patient to wait following injection. Only 12% (16 respondents) said that they would not undertake an injection if the patient was driving. Sixty‐one (46%) respondents did not run an injection clinic. Of those who did (71 respondents) 55% pre‐warned patients not to drive.ConclusionThere is no clear consensus among rheumatologists as to practice regarding driving following an intra‐articular injection. Medico‐legally, there is no absolute bar to driving following an intra‐articular injection, and guidance points to clinicians' own judgement as to the safety of driving. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of laser pulse time profile on its absorption by argon clusters
Authors: Mishra Gaurav , Holkundkar Amol R. , Gupta N.K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe interaction of medium sized Argon clusters (30 Å) with high-intensity femtosecond laser pulses (806 nm, 8 × 1016 W/cm2) of durations ranging from 10 fs to 120 fs have been studied using a three-dimensional relativistic time dependent molecular dynamic approach. The dynamics of cluster expansion is explained in terms of temporal evolution of electron population in the cluster and snapshots of particle positions at various times. The effects of inter-cluster distance on ionization dynamics are presented. It is observed that the collisional ionization increases with decreasing inter-cluster distance. The effect of pulse duration on laser energy absorption is also studied. For a laser pulse of gaussian time profile, there exists an optimum pulse duration for maximum absorption. No such optimum exists for a nearly flat top (super-gaussian) laser pulse. Results indicate the existence of resonance absorption inside the cluster. It is also observed that the high energy component of ion emission from cluster is anisotropic, showing a preferential direction of emission along laser polarization while the low energy ions emerge almost isotropically.
A Statistical Framework to Identify the Influence of Large-Scale Weather Events on Regional Air Pollution
Authors: Singh Angadh , Palazoglu Ahmet 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRegional air pollution episodes occur as a result of increased emissions and prevalence of conducive meteorological conditions. The frequency of occurrence of such favorable conditions on a regional scale may be influenced by large-scale climatic events like ENSO and the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO). The scarcity of measurements of criteria pollutants, especially ozone and particulate matter (PM), prior to the last 10–15-yr period, limits the scope of observing the influence of climate variability during recent decades on regional pollution levels. The authors propose a novel statistical framework to utilize available measurements and characterize synoptic influences on regional PM pollution in California’s Central Valley during 1998–2008. The identified target conditions are used to develop a classification scheme to scan historical climate datasets dating back to 1948. The procedure identifies exceedance-conducive days during 1950–98, when no PM2.5 measurements were available. Temporal patterns in seasonal frequency of these identified exceedance-conducive days are investigated for temporal patterns driven by ENSO and PDO.