bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Leaching of Elements from Municipal Solid Waste Compost
Authors: Tisdell Shawn E. , Breslin Vincent T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMunicipal solid waste (MSW) compost was collected from the St. Cloud, MN and Pembroke Pines, FL composting facilities on several occasions during 1990 to 1993. The total content, phase association, and water solubility of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) were determined using sequential chemical extraction (SCE) and synthetic acid rainwater cascade (SRC) extraction protocols to assess the environmental acceptability of MSW composts. The MSW composts are enriched with Pb (314–671 mg/kg), Cd (2.6–10.8 mg/kg), Cu (121–762 mg/kg), and Zn (540–2790 mg/kg). The SRC leachable fraction of Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Fe was <6% in the Pembroke Pines compost and <10% in the St. Cloud compost. Nickel solubility, however, was high and variable in the composts studied. The SRC‐extractable Ni ranged from 11.3% for Pembroke Pines compost to 56.2% for St. Cloud compost. The SCE‐exchangeable fraction of Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Fe in these composts was <4%. Cadmium was an exception, where 12.8 and 10.3% of the Cd was extracted from the SCE‐exchangeable phase of the St. Cloud and Pembroke Pines composts, respectively. Higher Cd contents of the SCE‐exchangeable phase extractions in comparison to the SAR leachates for these composts is attributed to the formation of soluble Cd complexes because of the use of MgCl2 as the SCE exchangable phase extraction fluid.
Modeling Adsorption‐Desorption Kinetics of Alachlor in a Typic Fragiudalf
Authors: Xue S. K. , Selim H. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption and desorption kinetics are essential components for modeling the fate of pesticides in soils. This study was conducted to characterize the kinetics of alachlor [2‐chloro‐N‐(2,6‐diethylphenyl)‐N‐(methoxymethyl) acetamide] adsorption and desorption in Gigger (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic Typic Fragiudalf) surface soil samples collected from long term no‐till and conventional tillage plots. A batch method was used to determine alachlor adsorption with time up to 528 h for a range of input concentrations from 0.5 to 50 mg/L. Successive dilution was used to quantify desorption kinetics following 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, and 512 h of adsorption. For both samples, alachlor time‐dependent results indicated initially fast adsorption followed by slow adsorption where kinetic reactions appeared dominant. Adsorption‐desorption showed extensive hysteretic behavior resulting from discrepancies between adsorption and desorption isotherms. Hysteresis was more pronounced with increased reaction time of adsorption. Four variations of a nonlinear multireaction kinetic model successfully described retention results. Adsorption and desorption, however, were best described by a model version incorporating nonlinear equilibrium, a kinetic reversible mechanism, and a consecutive irreversible mechanism. The model was successfully used in describing alachlor adsorption and desorption results. The model predicted the overall alachlor hysteresis satisfactorily except that, at large times, desorption isotherms were not considered adequate. The model also was capable of predicting alachlor desorption kinetics based solely on parameters obtained from adsorption experiments.
Mineralization and Leaching of Nitrogen in an Effluent‐Irrigated Pine Plantation
Authors: Polglase P. J. , Tompkins D. , Stewart L. G. , Falkiner R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Australia, irrigating tree plantations with domestic sewerage effluent is becoming an increasingly common and necessary alternative to disposal of effluent in rivers. This study estimated field rates of soil N mineralization and concentrations of N in soil solution under a newly established stand of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) to which secondary‐treated sewerage effluent was applied by spray‐irrigation at various rates. These rates nominally were: medium treatment (M) irrigated at the rate at which water was used by the plantation (allowing for inputs in rain); high treatment (H) irrigated at twice the rate M; low treatment (L) irrigated at half the rate M; and a bore‐water control (W, groundwater containing no N or P) irrigated at the rate of water use (less rainfall). Annual rates of in situ N mineralization were large in all treatments, ranging from 290 kg ha−1 in the L treatment to 410 kg ha−1 in the H treatment. The amount of soil N decreased, on average, by about 190 kg ha−1 during the first two irrigation seasons in the H, M, and W treatments. A total of 374 kg of N was added in effluent during the first three irrigation seasons in the H treatment. Despite this addition and the large amount of N mineralized, most of which was nitrified, leaching of NO3‐N (and of total N) was limited. During a 2‐yr sampling period, for example, the concentrations of NO3‐N leaching at 100 cm averaged only 1.1 mg L−1 across all treatments. Weed growth and weed management, in combination with irrigation and its effect on soil moisture availability can greatly influence soil N turnover and leaching in young tree plantations.
Dependence of Runoff Phosphorus on Extractable Soil Phosphorus
Authors: Sharpley Andrew N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sustainable management of fertilizer and manure P to minimize freshwater eutrophication requires identification of soil P levels that exceed crop P requirements and have the potential for P enrichment of runoff. Although several states have established such P levels, insufficient data are available to theoretically justify them. Thus, this study investigates the relationship between the concentrations of P in runoff and in soil. Surface samples (0–10 cm) of 10 Oklahoma soils were packed in 0.15 m2 boxes, incubated for 7 d with poultry litter (0–20 Mg ha−1) to obtain a range in Mehlich‐3 P contents (7–360 mg kg−1), and received five 30‐min rainfalls applied at 1‐d intervals. The concentration of dissolved, bioavailable, and particulate P in runoff was related (r2 > 0.90; P < 0.1) to the Mehlich‐3 P content of surface soil (0–1 cm), with regression slopes ranging from 2.0 to 7.2, increasing as soil P sorption maxima increased (r2 = 0.93). Two soils of 200 mg kg−1 Mehlich‐3 P supported a dissolved P concentration in runoff of 280 μg L−1 (San Saba clay; fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellustert) and 1360 μg L−1 (Stigler silt loam; fine, mixed, thermic Aquic Paleudalf). Thus, relationships between runoff and soil P will have to be soil specific for use in management recommendations. A single linear relationship described the dependence of dissolved (r2 = 0.86) and bioavailable P (r2 = 0.85) on soil P sorption saturation. The added complexity of the P saturation approach may limit its application; however, the approach integrates the effect of soil type with soil P content to better estimate the potential for P loss in runoff than soil P alone.
Agricultural Impacts on Bacterial Water Quality in Karst Groundwater
Authors: Pasquarell G. C. , Boyer D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 2‐yr study (1991–1992) was conducted in a karst region in southeast West Virginia to determine the impact of agriculture on groundwater quality. The primary agriculture is characterized by seasonal cattle grazing. Fecal coliform densities were measured weekly in the resurgences of three karst basins possessing different degrees of agricultural intensity (79, 51, and 16% land use in agriculture). Fecal coliforms were also measured in a creek at sites upstream and downstream of the known resurgences from the most agriculturally intensive (79%) basin. The fecal coliform densities in the resurgences peaked in the summer and declined in the fall, with a recovery in late winter before the introduction of new cattle. The timing of the recovery indicated that significant storage of fecal material had taken place, which was transported to the groundwater when soil water conditions permitted. For most of each year, soil water effects appeared to have a greater bearing on the fecal coliform densities than did the presence or absence of cattle. The data did not generally support a strong relationship with percent land use in agriculture. This was attributed to the high variability in the data and to low soil moisture during periods of recession that inhibited the transport of fecal material to the groundwater. The karst resurgence springs of the most intensively agricultural basin were contaminated with fecal bacteria. Fecal bacteria concentrations were observed to significantly increase, in the receiving surface stream, from a point upstream of the resurgence springs to a point downstream of the resurgence springs.
Prediction of Areas Where Irrigation Drainage May Induce Selenium Contamination of Water
Authors: Seiler Ralph L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe U.S. Department of the Interior has investigated 25 areas in the western USA to determine whether irrigation drainage has caused harmful effects on wildlife or has reduced subsequent beneficial uses of the water. A database of chemical analyses of water, sediment, and biota from the 25 areas was created and supplemented with geologic, climatologic, and hydrologic data. The data were evaluated to identify common features among study areas and principal factors that result in Se contamination of water in lakes, ponds, and streams downgradient of irrigated areas. From the analysis of data, a decision tree that uses readily available geologic, climatologic, and hydrologic data was derived for use by resource managers as a screening tool to predict the likelihood that irrigation drainage will result in Se contamination in areas of the western USA. Irrigation in areas that are not associated with marine sedimentary rocks of late Cretaceous age is unlikely to cause Se contamination. Irrigation in very arid areas that are associated with these Cretaceous sediments is almost certain to cause Se contamination if the irrigation water drains to terminal lakes and ponds. The likelihood that an area will be contaminated with Se because of irrigation drainage can change, particularly with changes in precipitation. During normal or wet periods, Se contamination may not occur in an area, even though it has seleniferous soils, but reduced water deliveries during a drought in such an area may result in Se contamination.
Heavy Metal Concentrations in Plants in Relation to Atmospheric Heavy Metal Deposition
Authors: Berthelsen B. O. , Steinnes E. , Solberg W. , Jingsen L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZinc, Cu, Pb, and Cd concentrations were examined in several plant species and corresponding organic topsoil collected in forest and on ombrotrophic bogs along a temporal (1982–1992) and a spatial (Southern Norway‐Central Norway) heavy metal deposition gradient. This allowed relations between metal concentrations in plants, soil/peat, and spatial and temporal changes in atmospheric deposition of heavy metals to be studied. Lead concentrations in plants decreased significantly from 1982 to 1992 both in Southern and Central Norway, while stable levels were observed in surface soil. These observations together with a decrease in atmospheric Pb deposition rates of about 70% both in Southern and Central Norway, suggests that direct atmospheric deposition strongly influenced Pb levels in vegetation. Lead concentrations in vegetation were significantly higher in Southern Norway than in Central Norway both in 1982 and 1992, evidently due to a more than 15 times higher Pb deposition in Southern Norway. Plant concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Cd were significantly higher in Southern Norway than in Central Norway, both in 1982 and 1992, most likely because of higher root uptake in Southern Norway due to distinctly higher surface soil levels of Zn, Cu, and Cd from air pollution in this region. No distinct changes in Zn, Cu, or Cd concentrations in plants, however, where observed from 1982 to 1992, even in Southern Norway where wet deposition of these elements decreased by about 26% (Zn), 40% (Cu), and 51% (Cd) during this period.
Minespoil Amendment with Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization By‐Products: Plant Growth
Authors: Stehouwer R. C. , Sutton P. , Dick W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOne potential use for alkaline, dry flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by‐products is in reclamation of acidic minespoils. Greenhouse column studies of 8‐mo duration investigated growth and tissue composition of plants grown on three acidic minespoils amended with two dry FGD by‐products (lime injection multistage burners, LIMB; and, pressurized fluidized bed combustion, PFBC). Amendment amounts ranged from 0 to 320 g kg−1 by dry weight. Two minespoils also were amended with sewage sludge at 60 g kg−1 by dry weight. Column mixes were planted with Kentucky 31 tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). After 92 d of growth, fescue was harvested every 30 d for a total of six harvests. Tissue composition was determined on material from the sixth harvest. Root growth was measured at the end of the experiment. Fescue growth was improved by FGD amendments of 30 to 120 g kg−1, but larger amendments caused high pH and cementation, which decreased fescue growth and limited rooting volume. Plant tissue composition was generally within sufficiency ranges for the elements analyzed. Tissue Ca, Mg, and S were increased by FGD amendment, while tissue concentrations of most trace elements were decreased. There was no increase in tissue B from PFBC, however, LIMB application caused B concentrations >100 mg kg−1, which could be toxic to less tolerant species. These results indicate that when applied in amounts equivalent to spoil neutralization needs, dry FGD by‐products can benefit acidic spoil revegetation with little potential for introduction of toxic elements into the food chain.
Paper Sludge Utilization in Agriculture and Container Nursery Culture
Authors: Bellamy K. L. , Chong C. , Cline R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the last 10 yr, research was established in the Niagara region of Ontario to assess the use of paper sludge on agricultural land. Compositionally, the sludges are relatively free of chemical contaminants. These sludges are used primarily as an organic amendment rather than as fertilizers, because of low mineral nutrient contents. Greenhouse, nursery container media, and field experiments showed increased growth and yield of various horticultural and agricultural crops, thus demonstrating the beneficial effects of paper sludges as organic amendments to potting media and field soils. Small to moderate deficiencies in N in certain sludges are readily compensated by adding fertilizer to soil or sludge. From field plot studies, increases in growth and yield for selected crops have been realized with a recommended sludge application rate of 12 dry Mg ha−1 provided sufficient N fertilizer is applied.
Pesticides in Near‐Surface Aquifers: An Assessment Using Highly Sensitive Analytical Methods and Tritium
Authors: Kolpin Dana W. , Goolsby Donald A. , Thurman E. Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn 1992, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) determined the distribution of pesticides in near‐surface aquifers of the midwestern USA to be much more widespread than originally determined during a 1991 USGS study. The frequency of pesticide detection increased from 28.4% during the 1991 study to 59.0% during the 1992 study. This increase in pesticide detection was primarily the result of a more sensitive analytical method that used reporting limits as much as 20 times lower than previously available and a threefold increase in the number of pesticide metabolites analyzed. No pesticide concentrations exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPAs) maximum contaminant levels or health advisory levels for drinking water. However, five of the six most frequently detected compounds during 1992 were pesticide metabolites that currently do not have drinking water standards determined. The frequent presence of pesticide metabolites for this study documents the importance of obtaining information on these compounds to understand the fate and transport of pesticides in the hydrologic system. It appears that the 56 parent compounds analyzed follow similar pathways through the hydrologic system as atrazine. When atrazine was detected by routine or sensitive analytical methods, there was an increased likelihood of detecting additional parent compounds. As expected, the frequency of pesticide detection was highly dependent on the analytical reporting limit. The number of atrazine detections more than doubled as the reporting limit decreased from 0.10 to 0.01 µg/L. The 1992 data provided no indication that the frequency of pesticide detection would level off as improved analytical methods provide concentrations below 0.003 µg/L. A relation was determined between groundwater age and the frequency of pesticide detection, with 15.8% of the samples composed of pre‐1953 water and 70.3% of the samples of post‐1953 water having a detection of at least one pesticide or metabolite. Pre‐1953 water is less likely to contain pesticides because it tends to predate the use of pesticides to increase crop production in the Midwest. Pre‐1953 water was more likely to occur in the near‐surface bedrock aquifers (50.0%) than in the near‐surface unconsolidated aquifers (9.1%) sampled.
Short‐Term Changes in the Molybdate Reactive Phosphorus of Stored Soil Waters
Authors: Haygarth P. M. , Ashby C. D. , Jarvis S. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrecise determination of molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) in waters is needed to accurately quantify sources of bioavailable phosphorus (P) entering into fresh water systems. Leachate waters from soils were collected from lysimeters to study the short‐term stability of MRP during sample storage from 2 h up to 32 d. The effects of different chemical preservatives (iodine, sulfuric acid, and mercury) were different in different soil water types, sometimes causing an increase in MRP a few days after storage. The effects of storage environment (refrigeration, freezing, outside, darkness, and in ambient laboratory conditions) also varied between soil types, with the least changes noted in samples stored in the ambient laboratory conditions and under refrigeration. Larger vessels (25 L) retained MRP more effectively than smaller vessels (30 mL) and teflon‐polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was the vessel material preferred to polyethylene and polythene. The mechanisms responsible for the changes are thought to be a complex interaction between biological (microbial incorporation/release), chemical (adsorption/desorption and hydrolysis), and physical (presence/absence of particle material) factors. The conclusions were that different waters behave differently, that losses are rapid (hours and days) and that rapid analysis is essential to provide a correct assessment of water quality.
Subsurface Mobility of Metribuzin as Affected by Crop Residue Placement and Tillage Method
Authors: Dao Thanh H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe role of crop residues as a sorptive layer for herbicides applied in conservation tillage systems is not well understood. The organic mulch may retain herbicides and decrease chemical mobility and off‐site transport. Field and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of surface placement of crop residues on herbicide mobility in Norge silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Udic Paleustoll). In the field, four treatments were established that included no‐till plots with all crop residues removed (NTRR), residues left standing (NTRS), residues cut and laid flat on ground (NTRF), and plots that were moldboard plowed to incorporate residues (MT). An application of 1.15 kg ha−1 of metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐(1,1‐dimethyl‐ethyl)‐3‐(methylthio)‐1,2,4‐triazine‐5(4H)‐one] and 50 kg ha−1 of potassium bromide was made. Soil cores were taken to 1‐m depth following an initial sprinkler irrigation and natural rainfalls. Wheat residues intercepted metribuzin and attenuated subsurface movement in NT soils. Standing crop residues or residues placed flat on the soil surface resulted in more metribuzin in the near‐surface zone; centers of mass of concentration distributions in NTRS and NTRF soils showed that metribuzin moved only 47 to 62% of the distance observed in MT soil after 45 and 175 mm of precipitation, respectively. Addition of straw matter to soil and elevated organic C concentrations in the near‐surface zone of no‐till soils resulted in two‐ to fivefold increase in metribuzin retention. Therefore, placement geometry of crop residues and the retention capacity of the near‐surface zone could be managed to attenuate metribuzin mobility in the field to achieve optimal herbicidal functions and dissipation.
Sewage Sludge and Heavy Metal Effects on Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation of Legumes
Authors: Ibekwe A. M. , Angle J. S. , Chaney R. L. , van Berkum P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffects of sludge‐borne heavy metals on plant growth, nodulation, and nitrogen (N2) fixation of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) were examined. Plants were grown in the greenhouse in pots containing soil (Typic Paleudults) obtained from plots where heat‐treated and Nu‐Earth sludges were applied in 1976 and 1978, respectively. Two soil pH regimes (low and high) were examined for each of the treatments. Nitrogen fertilizer (NH4NO3) was applied to one‐half the pots and each legume was inoculated with the appropriate Rhizobium culture. Soil pH and sludge type significantly affected uptake of metals with phytotoxicity observed in the Nu‐Earth, low pH soil. Nodulation was reduced, but not always completely eliminated in all low pH treatments, including the controls. Symbioses were generally ineffective in low pH treatments. In soils where pH was above 6.0, there was a significant increase in shoot weight and total shoot N with sludge addition. Plants derived significant quantities of N from soil, where sludge was applied many years ago. When pH was maintained at 6.0 or higher the results show that heavy metals in soil, and the resulting concentration in plants, had no effect on any of the parameters examined.
Synthetic Ion‐Exchange Resins: Soil and Environmental Studies
Authors: Skogley Earl O. , Dobermann Achim 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of synthetic ion‐exchangers (commonly referred to as resins) to study natural media has steadily increased. These materials allow new and different ways to solve problems that cannot be resolved through usual approaches. A lack of knowledge or limited experience, however, has led to apparent confusion concerning appropriate use of resins for soil and environmental studies. The objective of this paper was to provide basic information on ion‐exchange resins, their physical and chemical properties, and to review how resins have been used to expand our understanding of soils and other environmental media. A review of the literature is presented as an aid to better understanding, and to provide additional sources for details concerning resin applications. A classification scheme for resin systems is presented, with the intent that it will assist in the development of more uniformity and comparability in the use of resins for soil and environmental studies. Applications of various systems and their limitations are discussed, including a system developed to provide universal adsorption of ions and bioavailability indexes from tests run either in the laboratory or in situ.