bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Variation in the Colour of certain Species ofArctocorisa(Hemiptera, Corixidse) and its Significance
Authors: Popham E. J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The scores obtained by the three colours of insects “n,”“l” and “i” on background “n” are 163, 271 and 376 respectively, and show that insects differing greatly from the colour of the background are destroyed, while those agreeing with it are preserved. Insects coloured “l” are only partial misfits and occupy an intermediate condition. These conclusions are confirmed by the experiments on background “i,” where the order of destruction is reversed. The scores of 270, 284, 278 and 274 obtained by insects coloured “1” on backgrounds “a” to “g” respectively suggest that these differences have no significance, but are fluctuations about a mean value (probably 270). The scores obtained by insects coloured “n,” 362, 300, 282 and 270 for back‐grounds “g” to “a” respectively, show that on passing to the lighter backgrounds the scores approximate more and more to those of insects coloured “1.” The insects coloured “i” obtained scores of 174, 232, 244 and 270 for backgrounds “g” to “a,” and show a similar tendency. As the difference between the colour of the background and the insects increases, any variation in the colour of the latter is rendered more and more inconspicuous, and in consequence the fish find more difficulty in distinguishing between the three types of prey. One advantage of the Ostwald Colour Chart is that there is a constant apparent difference between two adjacent standards, and, therefore, the predators must experience the same difficulties in distinuishing between insects coloured “1” and “i” on background “a” as between insects coloured “n” and “1” on background “c.” This means that the scores of 270 obtained by insects coloured “1” and “i” on background “a” are a measure of the extent to which the predator is able to distinguish between the two types of prey differing from the background by four and five standards, and these can therefore be added to the scores of 282 and 284 obtained by insects coloured “n” and “1” on background “c.” Combining these two sets of figures, it will be seen that the scores of 552 and 554 were obtained by insects differing in colour from he background by five and four standards respectively. Experiments performed with greater accuracy might show that predators can distinguish between these two types of prey. Even if the results obtained from the original set of experiments on background “a” are combined with the above figures, the scores are increased to 7718 and 784 respectively, still failing to give any evidence of selection. Another advantage of the constant apparent difference between any two adjacent standards is that it is possible to compare the results of any one set with those of the next, and so combine all the sets and deduce the results which might be obtained were seven sets of insects (coloured. “a” to “n”) used on backgrounds (‘i “and’(n.” The calculations are very simple, as the probable results would be in proportion to the differences between the figures already obtained. The results are given in Table XVI.
Translocations of the Organizer in the Gastrula of Discoglossus.
Authors: Waddington C. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. Translocations of different regions of the organizer were carried out in young gastrulae of Diacoglossus pictus. In one series of experiments the presumptive anterior mesoderm was exchanged with presumptive posterior mesoderm; in another set the anterior‐posterior axis of the presumptive axial mesoderm was reversed.2. The translocated pieces retained their original potentialities for gastrula‐tion movements, both in magnitude and direction.3. The gastrulation movements of the host and of the graft were such that only very incomplete mingling of anterior and posterior regions was brought about; and, perhaps for this reason, little evidence was seen of any inductive interactions between different regions.4. There was very complete regulation of the host to form a complete embryo within which the graft lay as a more or less independent mass of tissue.
Plasmodium struthionis, sp. n., from Sudanese Ostriches and Sarcocystis salvelini, sp. n., from Canadian Speckled Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), together with a record of a Sarcocystis in the Eel Pout (Zoarces angularis).
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The morphology of Plasmodium struthionis, sp. n., parasitic in Sudanese ostriches, Struthio camelus, is described and figured. It is shown to differ morphologically from the species now considered valid, and also is smaller and different from the unnamed Plasmodium from the emu, described shortly by Carini and Maciel. The hosts belong to nearly related families and the parasites may eventually prove to belong to a small natural group.The occurrence of Sarcosporidia in fishes is recorded for the first time. Sarcocystis salvelini, sp. n., parasitic in the abdominal muscles of Canadian speckled trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, is described and illustrated. A different species of Sarcocystis is notified from the eel pout, Zoarces angularis, obtained in Montreal.
SWIMMING AND FEEDING IN CRUSTACEAN LARVAE: THE NAUPLIUS LARVA
Authors: GAULD D. T. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYAn account is given of swimming and feeding in the nauplii of Artemia, Balanus, Calanus and Oithona, with observations on other nauplii. Previous work is reviewed.In all cases the antennae are the principal locomotion organs. The antennules may play little or no part in locomotion and are mainly balancing organs.In Artemia the antennae are also the chief food collecting organs. Particles are swept into the oral region by the antennal setae and then carried to the mouth by spines on the reduced mandibles.In Balanus and most planktonic copepods, the principal food collecting appendage is the mandible; particles are swept into the oral region by its long ventral setae and passed to the mouth by spines like those of Artemia.The nauplii of Penaeidea and Euphausiacea and of Euchaeta (Calanoida) do not feed.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUPHAUSIACEA (CRUSTACEA) ESPECIALLY THAT OF MEGANYCTIPHANES NORVEGICA (M. SARS)
Authors: MAUCHLINE J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe larval development of Meganyctiphanes norvegica in the Clyde sea area has been investigated and found to be different from that described by Macdonald (1927 b). The conclusion is reached that it can be divided into four phases, these being termed furcilia I, II, III and IV. A few notes on larval ecology are presented.The facts required to elucidate the course of development in any one euphausiid species are discussed. It is pointed out that the environmental conditions appear to affect the development.
SPHAERONELLA SEROLIS MONOD, AND A NEW SPECIES OF RHIZORHINA, COPEPODS PARASITIC ON THE ISOPOD SEROLIS BROMLEYANA SUHM (CRUSTACEA)
Authors: GREEN J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe male and female of Rhizorhina serolis sp. n. are described and figured. This copepod is parasitic on the isopod Serolis bromleyana, from Chatham Rise, between Chatham Island and New Zealand. Sphaeronella serolis Monod is recorded from the same host and locality. The hitherto unknown larva and male pupa of S. serolis are figured.The male of Rhizorhina shows a great similarity to the larva of Sphaeronella, and is considered to be neotenic.
PNEUMATIC OSTEOLYSIS IN THE ELEPHANT SKULL
Authors: CAVE A. J. E. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The occurrence is reported of infranarial pseudo‐ossicles in mature Asiatic and African elephant skulls.
The nature of these formations is shown to result from pneumatic osteolysis.
The effects of maxillary sinus enlargement upon maxilla and premaxilla are detailed.
THE MATERNAL AND NEONATAL WEIGHTS OF SOME MAMMALIA
Authors: LEITCH I. , HYTTEN F. E. , BILLEWICZ W. Z. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYWhen a comparison is made between maternal weight and weight of young in mammals the significant relation is of maternal weight to total weight of young at a birth.A collection of data for 114 species is presented. The logarithms of maternal and newborn weights have a straight line relation from bats to whales. Relatively the larger mammals carry a smaller weight of young.Sources of variation in the ratio of weight of young to weight of mother are discussed and a brief comparison is made with the results of Heinroth's analysis of weights of birds and their eggs.
THE FEEDING HABITS OF THE WATER SHREW, NEOMYS FODIENS BICOLOR SHAW, IN CAPTIVITY AND THE EFFECT OF ITS ATTACK UPON ITS PREY
Authors: CRANBROOK THE EARL OF 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA poison is known to be secreted by the submaxillary gland of the European Water Shrew but this does not affect small mammals or frogs when injected subcutaneously. The feeding habits of a captive water shrew are described and it is suggested that this poison, transmitted by its bite, enabled it to minimise the struggles of its larger invertebrate prey. The bites of a common shrew and of a mole have no such effect.
THE ANCYLIDAE OF LAKE OCHRID AND THEIR BEARING ON INTRALACUSTRINE SPECIATION
Authors: HUBENDICK BENGT 
Published: August 2010

The endemic Ancylidae of Lake Ochrid (three species of Ancylus and two species of Acroloxus), have been described conchologically and anatomically. One of the species, Ancylus lapicidus, is new. Another of the species, Acroloxus macedonicus, occurs in separated populations with different morphological characteristics. These characteristics are concluded to be genotypical. Two species are confined to the shore zone, three to the shell zone. These two depth zones are separated by the intermediary Chara zone. The occurrence of the ancylid populations is spotted.The distribution of the ancylid species in Lake Ochrid is discussed; the spotted distribution of their populations, and the occurrence of Ancylidae in the Palearctic region in general leads to the conclusion that intralacustrine speciation is probable among Ancylidae in Lake Ochrid.It is pointed out that the term “spatial isolation” is much to be preferred to “geographical isolation” in confined areas and therefore would have a more universal applicability.
TUBERCULOSIS OF A PUMA CUB (FELIS CONCOLOR) ACCOMPANIED BY SKELETAL DEFORMITIES RESEMBLING RICKETS
Authors: T‐W‐FIENNES R. N. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

A case of bovine tuberculosis is described in a ten month old captive puma which was born at Whipsnade Zoo.
The organs affected were the liver, kidneys, and left adrenal gland.
The disease was associated with severe symptoms of rickets which are supposed to have been secondary to tuberculosis of the kidneys. It was thus a case of osteodystrophia fibrosa of renal origin.
THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF EQUATORIAL VERTEBRATES: REPRODUCTION OF THE LIZARD AGAMA AGAMA LIONOTUS BOULENGER AT LAT. 0·01′ N.
Authors: MARSHALL A. J. , HOOK RAYMOND 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY

The equatorial lizard Agama agama Eionotus possesses a distinct breeding period which occurs during the peak of the seasonal harvest of protein animal food that follows the so‐called “long rains”. The males contain bunches of spermatozoa throughout the year.
As the proportion of ingested animal food increases, the sexual condition of the females heightens. There is a concurrent growth of large leaf‐shaped abdominal fat bodies. Widespread egg‐laying occurs during four months of the year (June‐September inclusive), the peak being in July and early in August.
During the height of reproduction three distinct phases of egg development can be seen macroscopically: 1, a layer of colourless ovarian eggs surmounted by 2, a series of yolked eggs and 3, a clutch of ten to twelve shelled oviducal eggs. This device enables quick and repeated ovulation during the period of the maximum insect harvest.
During the period of study one ovulation only was recorded after the so‐called “short rains”. This occurred in February and after unusually heavy precipitation during the, previous December.
Any possibility of the photoperiodic control of reproduction was eliminated by the choice of the collecting locality. It is suggested that the sexual cycle of Agama agama is timed not by rainfall but by the seasonal appearance of proteinous insect food. Vegetable food of various kinds seems to be relatively abundant throughout the year. It is not known whether widespread reproduction after the secondary “short rains” is inhibited by a relative lack of protein food or, perhaps more probably, by the comparatively low night temperatures that occur from December to February inclusive.
A. agama is almost omnivorous, feeding on grass, berries, seeds, flowers, caterpillars, beetles, spiders, ants, Hymenoptera and the eggs of smaller reptiles.
KEYS TO THE ETHIOPIAN TACHINIDAE—III MACQUARTIINAE
Authors: EMDEN F. I. VAN 
Published: August 2010

[The present ieport was completed by Dr van Emden with the exception of one description, of the figures (to which, however, he had made reference in the appropriate places) and of the section dealing with the biology of the group. The biological data have kindly been summarised by Dr S. V. Peris, of the Instituto de Edafologia, Madrid, and the bibliographical references at the end of the paper were provided to support this part.It had been ran Emden's intention to include a paragraph of thanks in ths introduction. This was not completed, but acknowledgments of help received are given at various places in the text, and on his behalf thanks are here tendered to the authorities of the British Museum for the facilities which they have so kindly afforded.The present annotator is responsible for the description of Marshalloniyia and its single speries, for the text figures and for following the original orthography of the generic namcs Acemya, Linnaeniya and Echinomya. As both forms of the latter part of each of these names (rnyia, mya) are given in the lexicon and as the original orthography corresponds with one of them, there is no evidence of positive error. Kone of the subsequent emendations has been placed on the Official List of Generic Names and all must be held to be invalid.‐R. G. Fennah.]
DEGENERATIVE ARTERIAL DISEASE OF ANIMALS IN CAPTIVITY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: RIGG KATHLEEN J. , FINLAYSON R. , SYMONS C. , HILL K. R. , T‐W‐Fiennes R. N. 
Published: August 2010

A study has been made of the morbid anatomy and histology of aortic lesions found at post‐mortem of seventy‐one animals at the London Zoological Garden, with special reference to the relationship between these lesions and atherosclerosis in Man.In this small series the type of lesion found most commonly in the aorta resembled human atherosclerosis in many respects. Twenty‐two per cent of the animals were so affected; the incidence being higher in birds than mammals. Atherosclerotic lesions were not seen in the few reptiles examined.The literature on the comparative pathology of atherosclerosis is reviewed briefly. It would appear that degenerative arterial disease is increasing in frequency in animals but, unlike in Man, thrombotic complications are uncommon.It is thought that extension of this preliminary survey to include a larger number of animals, together with a detailed study of their age, life history and diet, would be a valuable method of advancing knowledge of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BANDED ANT‐EATER MYRMECOBIUS F. FASCIATUS WATERHOUSE (MARSUPIALIA), WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO ITS FOOD HABITS
Authors: CALABY J. H. 
Published: August 2010

New observations are recorded on the banded ant‐eater or numbat (Myrmecobius f. fasciatus Waterhouse), of south‐western Australia. It lives in shrub woodland in which the majority of trees are eucalypts (chiefly E. redunca Schau. var. elata Benth.), the heartwood of most of which are eaten out by the termito, Coptotermes acinaciformis (Frogg.). The woodland floor is strewn with fallen hollow limbs and logs with which the animal is associated and runs to when disturbed.The past and present geographical distribution has been examined, showing a considerable shrinkage of range since European occupation. The subspecies M. f. rufus Wood Jones is recorded in Western Australia for the first time.The nominate race is diurnal and in general is solitary, and observations suggest that it holds some sort of territory. Its general daily behaviour and feeding methods are described. The food habits were determined chiefly from seat analysis. It lives largely on termites scratched from the soil, but ants make up about 15 per cent of its diet. All species of termites are eaten, roughly in proportion to their abundance and availability, but the bulk of ants eaten are the small predatory species. The numbat probably does not search for ants but these are ingested incidentally when they swarm in to prey on the exposed termites.The young, of which there are normally four, are born from summer to autumn or early winter (January to April or May) and are carried or nursed by the mother through the winter. There is evidence of a seasonal cycle of fertility in the male.Observations are also given on growth of young, voice, adult weight, parasites, possible predators, and other subjects.The reasons for the numbat's decline are discussed and some suggestions are given regarding its conservation.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TECTIBRANCH RINGICULA BUCCINEA (BROCCHI)
Authors: FRETTER VERA 
Published: August 2010

Ringicula buccinea is an opisthobranch mollusc with a comparatively large external shell which burrows in muddy sand using its foot and cephalic disc. The latter helps to exclude sand from the mantle cavity, is produced into an inhalant siphon dorsally and is fused with the foot laterally. The gill is reduced and the main pallial water current is an exhalant one. There is no exogyrous caecum.Glands open just within the lips and the buccal cavity contains paired jaws and a reduced buccal mass and radula. Into it open the small salivary glands. The oesophagus has neither glands nor crushing plates. The stomach is large with the oesophagus, intestine and liver ducts opening close together to a thin‐walled anterior chamber, whereas a larger posterior chamber has thick, muscular walls and a cuticularized epithelium. Interstitial copepods and Foraminifera are collected for food and crushed in the triturating region.The rectum and pallial genital oviduct lie in the floor of the mantle cavity. A single duct carries both sperm and ova to the mouth of the cavity a bursa copulatrix and receptaculum are associated with it. The penis is retracted into a sheath which opens on the head and is associated with a prostate gland.Discussion of these aspects of the animal's structure confirms its position as a primitive tectibranch which is specialized for burrowing and also shows affinities with the basommatophoran pulmonates.
THE BREEDING SEASONS OF SLUGS IN GARDENS
Authors: BETT JANE A. 
Published: August 2010

Generalized life cycles of five slug species were ascertained from new data on weights of individual slugs together with information on the seasonal state of their genital organs in conjunction with Barnes & Weil's unpublished data on weights. Arion hortensis hatches mainly in January and February, grows through the summer months to become mature in September and October. These adults live through the winter, laying eggs and gradually losing weight and die before July of the following year.The eggs of Arion subfuscus are mainly laid in the autumn (late August and September) and hatch sporadically through the winter. The young slugs grow through the spring to become mature in July and the adults die soon after egg‐laying. Agriolimax reticulatus breeds throughout the year but the rate depends on the weather and each year there is a period of intense egg‐laying associated with the new spring vegetation, that results in a summer abundance of individuals. Milax budapestensis hatches during the autumn and winter, grows through the summer to become mature in late October and November when they mate and eggs are laid in the autumn and throughout the winter. The adults die before July of the following year. Milax sowerbii probably hatches in early spring, grows throughout the summer, becomes mature, mates and starts to lay eggs in September, October and November. The adults die soon after egg‐laying.
REPORT OF THE PATHOLOGIST FOR THE YEAR 1959
Authors: T.‐W.‐FIENNES R. N. 
Published: August 2010

An analysis is given of the causes of death and main infecting organisms amongst 494 mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians which died at the Regent's Park Gardens during the year 1959. A description is given of the post mortem findings in the more interesting cases.Progress reports are given on items of research into animal diseases carried out during the year.
RESPONSES TO DISTURBANCE OF THE PERIWINKLE LITTORINA PUNCTATA (GMELIN) ON A SHORE IN GHANA
Authors: EVANS FRANK 
Published: August 2010

Specimens of Littorina punctata (Gmelin), the common periwinkle of Ghana, were subjected to a series of simple tests to see how they behaved when disturbed. The results suggested the initial tracks of freshly displaced winkles are compounded of two components, one directed up or down the shore, the other directed up or down a slope. In winkles collected from a vertical surface the upshore component is dominant on slopes below 90°; above 90° (reverse slope) it is the up slope component. In those collected from the flat floor of a rock pool the down slope component is dominant on slopes of 30° or more; on a flat surface the upshore component is revealed. The upshore component is related to a visual response, the slope component is not.Results on a dark night with no moon do not differ from those in full sunlight. Visual responses depend on the use of terrestrial rather than astronomical beacons for at least part of the time. If winkles ever use the sun as a directional guide they allow for ephemeral changes in azimuth and also for change of transit bearing from north to south. A heavy swell can quickly alter the level at which the winkles are found and can temporarily affect some of their responses to disturbance.
THE FOOD OF THE PINE MARTENMARTES MARTESIN WEST ROSS‐SHIRE, SCOTLAND
Authors: LOCKIE J. D. 
Published: August 2010

This paper concerns the food of the pine martenMarles martesin the Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve, West Ross‐shire, between 1956 and 1958. The technique of studying food from droppings and the need for correction factors are discussed. The study is based on 337 droppings.The food eaten was varied both in size and nature but small rodents and small birds formed the bulk of the food at all times of the year. Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, carrion, fish and berries were eaten seasonally. Small prey appeared to be preferred. Ninety per cent of the small rodents eaten were short‐tailed volesMicrotus agrestisdespite the fact that bank volesClethrionomys glareolusand woodmiceApodemus sylvaticuswere probably more abundant and the martens' activity rhythm brought them into contact with all three species.