bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The tension between holism and pluralism: Comment on ‘creative holism’
Authors: Dongping Fan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCreative holism of Michael C. Jackson provides an insightful and enlightening research framework in making suitable use of various systems methodologies in combination for complex management situations, especially its metamethodology and coherent pluralism, which is a unique holistic analysis for dealing with the relationship between paradigm diversity and theoretical pluralism. However, in order to insist on pluralism, creative holism pays the price for giving up metatheory. In fact, the integral unity and plurality of it are not in opposition or exclusion. There is a necessary tension between holism and pluralism. Therefore, creative holism may further improve the relationship between its theory and metamethodology to give more prominence to its theoretical feature and practical value. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagramming qualitative goals for multiobjective project selection in large‐scale systems
Authors: Martinez Lauro J. , Joshi Nilesh N. , Lambert James H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAllocating resources to competing projects is typically driven by multiple quantified objectives generated from the top‐level goals of a large‐scale system. Analytical tools to aid such allocations have a significant history with many existing methodologies, particularly for optimization and programming within a hierarchy of objective functions. However, the quantified objective functions are known to only partially represent the system goals, and significant challenges remain to preserve relevant considerations that resisted quantification. In particular, the patterns of allocation of resources across the goals may be important to decision‐makers, since they could thereby address known, quantifiable issues with some consideration of unknown and emergent issues. This paper develops decision‐aiding diagrams of top‐level goals and resources that complement the existing multiobjective combinatorial optimization models, to better refine and choose among the optimization‐generated portfolios of projects. Adapting existing path diagrams from the social sciences, the newly developed methodology can be subordinate to the generation of Pareto‐optimal solutions via the optimization model. The application of path diagrams is demonstrated through a case study of allocating resources to a large‐scale system of airports. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 14: 73–86, 2011
Simone Weil'sIliad: The Power of Words
Authors: Hammer Dean , Kicey Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSimone Weil's work has always been appreciated for its evocative beauty, but not always for its potential contributions to political thought. In this essay, we engage in a reappraisal of her political thought, and of her relevance to contemporary politics, by way of her discussion of the power of words. Weil shares much with contemporary approaches that view the world as a text to be interpreted. But for Weil, the power of interpretation carries with it an illusion, exemplified in Weil's example of Achilles watching over his war-work, in which the world can be seen, measured, and shaped according to one's will. For Weil, the illusion of control that accompanies this perspective is undermined by our encounter with a world of physical causes and sensations that impact us, quite without us being able to control them.
Regulatory Impact Assessment: Formal Institutionalization and Practice
Authors: STAROŇOVÁ KATARÍNA 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the last decade regulatory reforms have focused increasingly on efforts to improve regulatory quality. As part of that development policymakers have been encouraged to consider fiscal, socio-economic and administrative effects of proposed legislation when making policy choices. The Central and East European EU member states have adopted regulatory impact analysis (RIA) mechanisms but so far there has been little analysis of their implementation. This article first compares the manner in which RIAs have been institutionalised in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia. Second, it explores how differences in institutionalisation have affected RIA performance. The paper concludes that there are marked differences in the RIA quality across Central and Eastern Europe, notably as a consequence of national differences in institutional and administrative contexts and capacities.
Legislatures and Policy Uncertainty: Evidence from East Central Europe
Authors: ZUBEK RADOSLAW , STECKER CHRISTIAN 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRelying on social choice theory, this paper argues that uncertainty regarding future public policies is likely to be related to party institutionalization and legislative organization. The argument is evaluated using survey data from businesses in eight EU member states in East Central Europe. It finds that firms report lower concern over policy uncertainty in systems with higher party institutionalization. There is also some evidence, although less robust, that restrictive parliamentary agenda control leads to lower perceptions of policy uncertainty and this effect mediates the influence of party institutionalization. These results tend to hold if one controls for the effect of other national and firm-level factors.
Summary and meta-analysis of prospective studies of animal fat intake and breast cancer
Authors: Alexander Dominik D. , Morimoto Libby M. , Mink Pamela J. , Lowe Kimberly A. 
Published: February 2010

The objective of the present review was to examine the potential association between animal fat intake and breast cancer. We conducted a meta-analysis and review of epidemiological cohort studies, including data reported in the Pooling Project publication of Prospective Studies of Diet and Cancer. Random- and fixed-effects models were utilised to generate summary relative risk estimates (SRRE), and sensitivity and influence analyses were conducted. In the meta-analysis that included data reported in the Pooling Project publication of prospective cohorts (n8) and subsequent publications of cohort studies (n3), no significant association was observed comparing the highest category of animal fat intake with the lowest (SRRE 1·03; 95 % CI: 0·76, 1·40). Similarly, no significant association between a 5 % increment of energy from animal fat intake and breast cancer (SRRE 1·02; 95 % CI 0·97, 1·07) was observed in the meta-analysis of these studies. In conclusion, the results of the present quantitative assessment are not supportive of a positive independent association between consumption of animal fat and breast cancer, although findings may be sensitive to the type of dietary instrument used in cohort studies.
Asian knowledge and the development of calico printing in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
Authors: Riello Giorgio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFrom the seventeenth century, the brilliance and permanence of colour and the exotic nature of imported Asian textiles attracted European consumers. The limited knowledge of colouring agents and the general absence of textile printing and dyeing in Europe were, however, major impediments to the development of a cotton textile-printing and -dyeing industry in Europe. This article aims to chart the rise of a European calico-printing industry in the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by analysing the knowledge transfer of textile-printing techniques from Asia to Europe.
Empire and locality: a global dimension to the 1857 Indian Uprising
Authors: Carter Marina , Bates Crispin 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe Indian Uprising of 1857–59, during which thousands of Indian soldiers serving in the British army mutinied, joined by many civilians, led to the identification of a vast number of ‘rebels’ and discussions as to the most appropriate means of punishing them. The wholesale transportation of insurgents was considered a likely scenario in the charged atmosphere of late 1857. The uprising coincided with dramatic increases in the world market price for sugar, prompting British colonial producers to extend cultivation of cane and their political agents to suggest that the need for further plantation labour be met from among the likely Indian convict transportees. The empire-wide response to the events in India during 1857–59 is assessed in this article as an interesting case study of both reactions to a sensationalist news story and the manner in which British officials, keen to exploit the outcome of the revolt and to manipulate the labour market to the advantage of their respective colonies, competed with and contradicted one another. At the same time, the authors contend that arguably the more interesting aspects of the relationship between the Indian Uprising and the surge in numbers migrating to the sugar colonies were either neglected or carefully ignored by policy makers and commentators alike at the time, and have scarcely been investigated by historians since. The article suggests that many individuals who participated in the insurgency in India did indeed make their way overseas, quietly ignored, and only mentioned in subsequent decades when ‘scares’ about mutineer sepoys in their midst were raised in the colonial press as explanation for strikes and labour agitations on colonial sugar estates.
The global social insurance movement since the 1880s
Authors: Hu Aiqun , Manning Patrick 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis article analyses the patterns and dynamics of the global social insurance movement since the 1880s through the framework of ‘interactive diffusion’. It argues that two principal models of social insurance – the German capitalist and Soviet socialist – diffused around the world throughout the twentieth century. It contends that global forces conveyed basic ideas while national forces determined the timing and specifics of the adoption of global models. From the 1980s, however, a new global model of privatization emerged with the rise of neo-liberalism and support from the World Bank. Privatization partially replaced public pension systems in Latin America, then in the former socialist countries in Europe and in a few other countries. Nevertheless, national compulsory social insurance has remained the predominant form for social protection in the world.
Global history and the spatial turn: from the impact of area studies to the study of critical junctures of globalization
Authors: Middell Matthias , Naumann Katja 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGlobalization can be interpreted as a dialectical process of de- and re-territorialization. The challenges to existing borders that limit economic, socio-cultural, and political activities, and the establishment of new borders as the result of such activities, bring about certain consolidated structures of spatiality, while at the same time societies develop regulatory regimes to use these structures for purposes of dominance and integration. Global history in our understanding investigates the historical roots of those global conditions that have led to modern globalization and should therefore focus on the historicity of regimes of territorialization and their permanent renegotiation over time. There is, at present, a massive insecurity about patterns of spatiality and appropriate regulatory mechanisms. This article begins with a sketch of this current uncertainty and of two further characteristics of contemporary globalization. The second part examines discussions in the field of global history with regard to processes of de- and re-territorialization. In the third part, we suggest three categories that can serve both as a research agenda and as a perspective according to which a history of globalization can be constructed and narrated.
Chinese emigration in global context, 1850–1940
Authors: McKeown Adam 
Published: February 2010

AbstractChinese emigration was part of the global wave of mass migration in the nineteenth century. After establishing the main quantities, sources, destinations, and timing of emigration, this article analyses trends in return and female migration, two quantifiable phenomena that are often said to distinguish Chinese from other migrations. These trends are compared between different flows of Chinese migration, both overseas and to Manchuria, and with non-Chinese migrations. The most interesting conclusions have methodological implications: first, comparisons should be situated as historical trends to better understand patterns of convergence or divergence between flows; second, some cycles and patterns may grow more similar across migration flows even as others diverge; third, the results of comparison will change along with the scale of units being compared; and finally, both extensive comparisons of specific flows and an awareness of the global context are necessary to understand the patterns and causes of mass migration.
Metagenomic insights into evolution of a heavy metal-contaminated groundwater microbial community
Authors: Hemme Christopher L , Deng Ye , Gentry Terry J , Fields Matthew W , Wu Liyou , Barua Soumitra , Barry Kerrie , Tringe Susannah G , Watson David B , He Zhili , Hazen Terry C , Tiedje James M , Rubin Edward M , Zhou Jizhong 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Understanding adaptation of biological communities to environmental change is a central issue in ecology and evolution. Metagenomic analysis of a stressed groundwater microbial community reveals that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of heavy metals, nitric acid and organic solvents (∼50 years) has resulted in a massive decrease in species and allelic diversity as well as a significant loss of metabolic diversity. Although the surviving microbial community possesses all metabolic pathways necessary for survival and growth in such an extreme environment, its structure is very simple, primarily composed of clonal denitrifying γ- and β-proteobacterial populations. The resulting community is overabundant in key genes conferring resistance to specific stresses including nitrate, heavy metals and acetone. Evolutionary analysis indicates that lateral gene transfer could have a key function in rapid response and adaptation to environmental contamination. The results presented in this study have important implications in understanding, assessing and predicting the impacts of human-induced activities on microbial communities ranging from human health to agriculture to environmental management, and their responses to environmental changes.
PANGEA: pipeline for analysis of next generation amplicons
Authors: Giongo Adriana , Crabb David B , Davis-Richardson Austin G , Chauliac Diane , Mobberley Jennifer M , Gano Kelsey A , Mukherjee Nabanita , Casella George , Roesch Luiz F W , Walts Brandon , Riva Alberto , King Gary , Triplett Eric W 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
High-throughput DNA sequencing can identify organisms and describe population structures in many environmental and clinical samples. Current technologies generate millions of reads in a single run, requiring extensive computational strategies to organize, analyze and interpret those sequences. A series of bioinformatics tools for high-throughput sequencing analysis, including pre-processing, clustering, database matching and classification, have been compiled into a pipeline called PANGEA. The PANGEA pipeline was written in Perl and can be run on Mac OSX, Windows or Linux. With PANGEA, sequences obtained directly from the sequencer can be processed quickly to provide the files needed for sequence identification by BLAST and for comparison of microbial communities. Two different sets of bacterial 16S rRNA sequences were used to show the efficiency of this workflow. The first set of 16S rRNA sequences is derived from various soils from Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. The second set is derived from stool samples collected from diabetes-resistant and diabetes-prone rats. The workflow described here allows the investigator to quickly assess libraries of sequences on personal computers with customized databases. PANGEA is provided for users as individual scripts for each step in the process or as a single script where all processes, except the χ2 step, are joined into one program called the ‘backbone’.
Excess Costs and Utilization Associated with Methicillin Resistance for Patients with Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Authors: Filice Gregory A. , Nyman John A. , Lexau Catherine , Lees Christine H. , Bockstedt Lindsay A. , Como-Sabetti Kathryn , Lesher Lindsey J. , Lynfield Ruth 
Published: February 2010

Objective.To determine differences in healthcare costs between cases of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection in adults.Design.Retrospective study of all cases of S. aureus infection.Setting.Department of Veterans Affairs hospital and associated clinics.Patients.There were 390 patients with MSSA infections and 335 patients with MRSA infections.Methods.We used medical records, accounting systems, and interviews to identify services rendered and costs for Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center patients with S. aureus infection with onset during the period from January 1, 2004, through June 30, 2006. We used regression analysis to adjust for patient characteristics.Results.Median 6-month unadjusted costs for patients infected with MRSA were $34,657, compared with $15,923 for patients infected with MSSA. Patients with MRSA infection had more comorbidities than patients with MSSA infection (mean Charlson index 4.3 vs 3.2; P < .001). For patients with Charlson indices of 3 or less, mean adjusted 6-month costs derived from multivariate analysis were $51,252 (95% CI, $46,041–$56,464) for MRSA infection and $30,158 (95% CI, $27,092–$33,225) for MSSA infection. For patients with Charlson indices of 4 or more, mean adjusted costs were $84,436 (95% CI, $79,843–$89,029) for MRSA infection and $59,245 (95% CI, $56,016–$62,473) for MSSA infection. Patients with MRSA infection were also more likely to die than were patients with MSSA infection (23.6% vs 11.5%; P < .001). MRSA infection was more likely to involve the lungs, bloodstream, and urinary tract, while MSSA infection was more likely to involve bones or joints; eyes, ears, nose, or throat; surgical sites; and skin or soft tissue (P < .001).Conclusions.Resistance to methicillin in S. aureus was independently associated with increased costs. Effective antimicrobial stewardship and infection prevention programs are needed to prevent these costly infections.
Hand Hygiene Noncompliance and the Cost of Hospital-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection
Authors: Cummings Keith L. , Anderson Deverick J. , Kaye Keith S. 
Published: February 2010

Background.Hand hygiene noncompliance is a major cause of nosocomial infection. Nosocomial infection cost data exist, but the effect of hand hygiene noncompliance is unknown.Objective.To estimate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-related cost of an incident of hand hygiene noncompliance by a healthcare worker during patient care.Design.Two models were created to simulate sequential patient contacts by a hand hygiene-noncompliant healthcare worker. Model 1 involved encounters with patients of unknown MRSA status. Model 2 involved an encounter with an MRSA-colonized patient followed by an encounter with a patient of unknown MRSA status. The probability of new MRSA infection for the second patient was calculated using published data. A simulation of 1 million noncompliant events was performed. Total costs of resulting infections were aggregated and amortized over all events.Setting.Duke University Medical Center, a 750-bed tertiary medical center in Durham, North Carolina.Results.Model 1 was associated with 42 MRSA infections (infection rate, 0.0042%). Mean infection cost was $47,092 (95% confidence interval [CI], $26,040–$68,146); mean cost per noncompliant event was $1.98 (95% CI, $0.91–$3.04). Model 2 was associated with 980 MRSA infections (0.098%). Mean infection cost was $53,598 (95% CI, $50,098–$57,097); mean cost per noncompliant event was $52.53 (95% CI, $47.73–$57.32). A 200-bed hospital incurs $1,779,283 in annual MRSA infection-related expenses attributable to hand hygiene noncompliance. A 1.0% increase in hand hygiene compliance resulted in annual savings of $39,650 to a 200-bed hospital.Conclusions.Hand hygiene noncompliance is associated with significant attributable hospital costs. Minimal improvements in compliance lead to substantial savings.
Introduction
Authors: Richards John E. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief background of the term neoconstructivism, which was generated by combining neo, taken from the Greek neos, meaning “new,” and constructivism, taken from (among other sources) the pioneering theorist and researcher Jean Piaget. It then discusses the origins of this book, the idea of which was motivated in part by research on cognitive development.
Shape, Action, Symbolic Play, and Words: Overlapping Loops of Cause and Consequence in Developmental Process
Authors: Smith Linda B. , Pereira Alfredo F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHuman beings are remarkably inventive, possessing the ability to solve problems and to create novel things. This chapter focuses on an early form of inventiveness that has long intrigued developmentalists—what is sometimes called symbolic play, but more narrowly, is also known as “object substitution in play.” The specific phenomenon consists of young children using some object, not for what it is, but as a “stand in” for something else in play—a banana as a phone, a box as a doll bed, a shoe as a toy car. The chapter considers how and why these object substitutions may be linked to language.
Processing Constraints on Learning
Authors: Gómez Rebecca 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses three types of processing constraints on learning. The first type arises from the learning process itself. The other two constraints arise from two naturally occurring memory processes: consolidation and reconsolidation. With respect to learning constraints, the chapter discusses research suggesting that learning is a dynamically guided process, arising in the interaction of internal and external pressures, and one that is fairly robust with respect to noisy input. With respect to memory processes instrumental in learning, it describes findings that demonstrate a type of memory consolidation occurring with sleep; one that results in generalization to novel cases. Another set of findings demonstrates how the process of memory reconsolidation enables memory change. Both memory processes are important for understanding how children sustain sensitivity to prior knowledge while incorporating new information.