bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astrocyte expression of D2-like dopamine receptors in the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Mladinov Mihovil , Mayer Davor , Brčić Luka , Wolstencroft Elizabeth , Man Nguyen , Holt Ian , Hof Patrick , Morris Glenn , Šimić Goran 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe dopaminergic system is of crucial importance for understanding human behavior and the pathogenesis of many psychiatric and neurological conditions. The majority of studies addressing the localization of dopamine receptors (DR) examined the expression of DR in neurons, while its expression, precise anatomical localization and possible function in glial cells have been largely neglected. Here we examined the expression of D2-like family of DR in neuronal and glial cells in the normal human brain using immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence. Tissue samples from the right orbitomedial (Brodmann’s areas 11/12), dorsolateral (areas 9/46) and dorsal medial (area 9) prefrontal cortex were taken during autopsy from six subjects with no history of neurological or psychiatric disorders, formalin-fixed, and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained using novel anti-DRD2, anti-DRD3, and anti-DRD4 monoclonal antibodies. Adjacent sections were labeled with an anti-GFAP (astroglial marker) and an anti-CD68 antibody (macrophage/microglial marker). The pyramidal and non-pyramidal cells of all three regions analyzed had strong expression of DRD2 and DRD4, whereas DRD3 were very weakly expressed. DRD2 were more strongly expressed in layer III compared to layer V pyramidal neurons. In contrast, DRD4 receptors had a stronger expression in layer V neurons. The most conspicuous finding was the strong expression of DRD2, but not DRD3 or DRD4, receptors in the white matter fibrous astrocytes and in layer I protoplasmic astrocytes. Weak DRD2-immunoreactivity was also observed in protoplasmic astrocytes in layers III and V. These results suggest that DR-expressing astrocytes directly participate in dopaminergic transmission of the human prefrontal cortex.
The discovery of the subpial granular layer in the human cerebral cortex
Authors: Judaš Miloš , Pletikos Mihovil 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe subpial granular layer (SGL) is a transient accumulation of tangentially migrating small granular neurons in the marginal zone of the developing fetal neocortex. It has recently attracted attention as a possible additional source of future cortical interneurons, or even as a putative precursor pool for generation of Cajal-Retzius cells. The discovery of the SGL is generally attributed to Otto Ranke and it is usually claimed that the SGL is specific for human brain. The aim of this review is: (1) to demonstrate that the first to observe SGL in the human cerebral cortex was not Otto Ranke in 1910, but Franz Boll in 1874; (2) to provide an English translation of Ranke’s original description of the SGL and thus demonstrate that he described the SGL in both human and animal brain; and (3) to provide a concise review of current studies concerning the developmental fate and possible functions of the transient fetal SGL.
Recombinant human TSH versus hypo thyroidism
Authors: Busemeyer S. , Kobe C. , Schmidt M. , Theissen P. , Schicha H. , Dietlein M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe primary aim of this study was to compare pharmacoeconomic effects of hypothyroidism secondary to hormone withdrawal (THW) and recombinant human TSH (rhTSH) for followup WBS in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The second aim was to determine patients' preference for one procedure or the other. Patients, methods: This retrospective survey included 327 patients with DTC who underwent at least one in-hospital WBS with rhTSH between 1999 and 2006. They had also undergone THW for WBS. Patients received a two-page questionnaire via mail addressing five symptoms and ten items regarding managing their daily life which was answered by 61.6%. The responder group did not differ from the entire group. The medical and societal cost of both procedures for diagnostic WBS was calculated including direct and all ascertainable indirect cost for the reference year 2005. A sensitivity analysis included the German DRG system of 2007 and 2010. Results: After THW, 94% of patients reported hypothyroid symptoms. Using rhTSH, symptoms occurred significantly less. As a result, 97% of patients favored rhTSH over THW. Mean absence from salaried work was 12.3 days after THW compared to 4 days with rhTSH. Family members of salaried employees missed 3 and 0.7 workdays after THW and rhTSH, respectively. Almost twice as often, medical attention was sought after THW (36%) compared to rhTSH (19 %). Undergoing THW, 48% of patients still used their car while hypothyroid. Our cost calculation revealed a slight benefit of about 89.00 Euro in favour of rhTSH stimulation. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism after THW causes significant morbidity and safety risks. The clinical and societal benefits associated with rhTSH are roughly gained at equivalent overall cost to that of THW.
Quantitative variation for apomictic reproduction in the genus Boechera (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Aliyu Olawale M. , Schranz M. Eric , Sharbel Timothy F. 
Published: September 2010

• Premise of the study: The evolution of asexual seed production (apomixis) from sexual relatives is a great enigma of plant biology. The genus Boechera is ideal for studying apomixis because of its close relation to Arabidopsis and the occurrence of sexual and apomictic species at low ploidy levels (diploid and triploid). Apomixis is characterized by three components: unreduced embryo‐sac formation (apomeiosis), fertilization‐independent embryogenesis (parthenogenesis), and functional endosperm formation (pseudogamy or autonomous endosperm formation). Understanding the variation in these traits within and between species has been hindered by the laborious histological analyses required to analyze large numbers of samples.• Methods: To quantify variability for the different components of apomictic seed development, we developed a high‐throughput flow cytometric seed screen technique to measure embryo:endosperm ploidy in over 22000 single seeds derived from 71 accessions of diploid and triploid Boechera.• Key results: Three interrelated features were identified within and among Boechera species: (1) variation for most traits associated with apomictic seed formation, (2) three levels of apomeiosis expression (low, high, obligate), and (3) correlations between apomeiosis and parthenogenesis/pseudogamy.• Conclusions: The data presented here provide a framework for choosing specific genotypes for correlations with large “omics” data sets being collected for Boechera to study population structure, gene flow, and evolution of specific traits. We hypothesize that low levels of apomeiosis represent an ancestral condition of Boechera, whereas high apomeiosis levels may have been induced by global gene regulatory changes associated with hybridization.
Correction of Astigmatism During Cataract Surgery: Toric Intraocular Lens Compared to Peripheral Corneal Relaxing Incisions
Authors: Poll Jed T. , Wang Li , Koch Douglas D. , Weikert Mitchell P. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose:
To compare the efficacy of astigmatic correction achieved at the time of cataract surgery using toric intraocular lens (IOL) implantation versus peripheral corneal relaxing incisions.

Methods:
A retrospective review assessed the outcomes of phacoemulsification cataract surgery performed between January 2006 and January 2008 by a single surgeon. Patients receiving a toric IOL (toric IOL group) or peripheral corneal relaxing incisions (relaxing incisions group) were included in the study. Main outcome variables included postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) and manifest refractive cylinder. Each treatment modality was stratified by amount of preoperative keratometric astigmatism into three groups (low, moderate, and high astigmatism) for comparative analysis.

Results:

A total of 192 eyes were included in the study; 77 received a toric IOL and 115 received peripheral corneal relaxing incisions. Preoperative data were not significantly different between the two groups except regarding keratometric astigmatism, which was higher in the toric IOL group (
P
<.05). Average postoperative astigmatism was 0.42 diopters (D) and 0.46 D in the toric and relaxing incisions groups, respectively. In subgroup analysis, no statistical significance separated the two treatment options in terms of amount of surgically induced astigmatism or residual astigmatism. Eyes with astigmatism ≥2.26 D were more likely to achieve 20/40 UDVA from a toric IOL.

Conclusions:
Toric IOL implantation and peripheral corneal relaxing incisions yielded similar results regarding surgical correction of astigmatism at the time of phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Both treatment modalities achieved comparable results with mild-to-moderate astigmatism. Higher degrees of astigmatism favor use of a toric IOL.
Wavefront-Guided Photorefractive Keratectomy with the VISX Platform for Myopia
Authors: Bababeygy Simon R. , Manche Edward E. 
Published: September 2010

Purpose:
To evaluate the safety, efficacy, and clinical outcome of wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for the treatment of low to moderate and high myopia and compound myopic astigmatism.

Methods:
This retrospective study included 174 eyes of 102 patients with low to moderate (−0.125 to <−6.50 diopters [D]) and high (≥−6.50 D) myopia treated with wavefront-guided PRK using the VISX CustomVue S4 IR (Abbott Medical Optics) excimer laser. Eyes were analyzed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. At 3 months, 174 eyes of 102 patients were evaluated, and at 12 months, 146 eyes of 75 patients were evaluated. No eyes were retreated in the study.

Results:
Mean patient age was 38.3±8.76 years (range: 20 to 66 years), and mean preoperative manifest refraction spherical equivalent (MRSE) was −5.60±2.58 D (range: −0.13 to −10.50 D). At 12 months postoperative, MRSE was −0.16±0.45 D (range: −1.50 to 1.38 D); 96.6% of eyes were within ±1.00 D of intended correction, whereas 81.5% were within ±0.50 D of intended correction. For all eyes, the safety and efficacy indexes were 1.01 and 1.02, respectively.

Conclusions:
These data support the safety and efficacy for the correction of low to moderate and high myopia and compound myopic astigmatism using wavefront-guided PRK.
Laboratory Measurement of the Absorption Coefficient of Riboflavin for Ultraviolet Light (365 nm)
Authors: Iseli Hans Peter , Popp Max , Seiler Theo , Spoerl Eberhard , Mrochen Michael 
Published: September 2010

Purpose:
Corneal cross-linking (CXL) is an increasingly used treatment technique for stabilizing the cornea in keratoconus. Cross-linking (polymerization) between collagen fibrils is induced by riboflavin (vitamin B2) and ultraviolet light (365 nm). Although reported to reach a constant value at higher riboflavin concentrations, the Lambert–Beer law predicts a linear increase in the absorption coefficient. This work was carried out to determine absorption behavior at different riboflavin concentrations and to further investigate the purported plateau absorption coefficient value of riboflavin and to identify possible bleaching effects.

Methods:
The Lambert–Beer law was used to calculate the absorption coefficient at various riboflavin concentrations. The following investigated concentrations of riboflavin solutions were prepared using a mixture of 0.5% riboflavin and 20% Dextran T500 dissolved in 0.9% sodium chloride solution: 0%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.08%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%, and were investigated with and without aperture plate implementation. An additional test series measured the transmitted power at selected riboflavin concentrations over time.

Results:
In diluted solutions, a linear correlation exists between the absorption coefficient and riboflavin concentration. The absorption coefficient reaches a plateau, but this occurs at a higher riboflavin concentration (0.1%) than previously reported (just above 0.04%). Transmitted light power increases over time, indicating a bleaching effect of riboflavin.

Conclusions:
The riboflavin concentration can be effectively varied as a treatment parameter in a considerably broader range than previously thought.
Endophthalmitis Caused by
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia
Authors: Chen Kuan-Jen , Wang Nan-Kai , Sun Ming-Hui , Chen Tun-Lu , Lai Chi-Chun , Wu Wei-Chi , Tan Hsin-Yuan 
Published: September 2010

Background and Objective:

The authors investigate clinical settings, antibiotic susceptibility and resistance patterns, and visual outcomes associated with endophthalmitis caused by
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
.

Patients and Methods:

Records of six patients with
S. maltophilia
endophthalmitis between January 1, 1998, and December 31, 2007, were reviewed.

Results:
Clinical settings included post-trauma (2 eyes), post-cataract extraction (2 eyes), post-keratoplasty with keratitis (1 eye), and post-vitreous lavage (1 eye). Presenting visual acuity ranged from counting fingers to no light perception. Final visual acuity ranged from 10/20 to no light perception. Initial treatment included pars plana vitrectomy in 4 eyes and tap in 2 eyes. Most isolates were susceptible to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or moxifloxacin) and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim; however, they were resistant to ceftazidime and aminoglycosides.

Conclusion:

S. maltophilia
is an uncommon causative agent of endophthalmitis and is resistant to commonly used antibiotics, such as ceftazidime and aminoglycosides. Based on in vitro antibiotic susceptibility testing, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim and new-generation fluoroquinolones may be preferable in the treatment of endophthalmitis caused by
S. maltophilia.
Valosin-Containing Protein Cleavage by Granzyme K Accelerates an Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Leading to Caspase-Independent Cytotoxicity of Target Tumor Cells
Authors: Guo Yuming , Chen Jun , Shi Lei , Fan Zusen 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Granzyme K (GzmK) highly expressed in NK and NKT cells. We recently demonstrated that GzmK induces rapid caspase-independent cell death with ssDNA nicks. Little is known about its molecular mechanisms to mediate caspase-independent cell death. In this study, we found the valosin-containing protein (VCP) is a physiological substrate of GzmK. GzmK cleaves VCP at residue Arg713 in the D2 domain and abrogates its ATPase activity. GzmK can also target other endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation complex components Ufd1 and Npl4. Disruption of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation pathway after GzmK treatment initiates ubiquitinated protein accumulation leading to xbp1 splicing. These indicate that ubiquitinated protein accumulation triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress in target cells. In support of this, target tumor cells with silenced VCP expression are more sensitive, whereas cells overexpressing VCP are more resistant to GzmK-mediated cytotoxicity.
Joint Tissues Amplify Inflammation and Alter Their Invasive Behavior via Leukotriene B4 in Experimental Inflammatory Arthritis
Authors: Chen Mei , Lam Bing K. , Luster Andrew D. , Zarini Simona , Murphy Robert C. , Bair Angela M. , Soberman Roy J. , Lee David M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Mechanisms by which mesenchymal-derived tissue lineages participate in amplifying and perpetuating synovial inflammation in arthritis have been relatively underinvestigated and are therefore poorly understood. Elucidating these processes is likely to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a potent proinflammatory lipid mediator that initiates and amplifies synovial inflammation in the K/BxN model of arthritis. We sought to elucidate mechanisms by which mesenchymal-derived fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) perpetuate synovial inflammation. We focused on the abilities of FLSs to contribute to LTB4 synthesis and to respond to LTB4 within the joint. Using a series of bone marrow chimeras generated from 5-lipoxygenase−/− and leukotriene A4 (LTA4) hydrolase−/− mice, we demonstrate that FLSs generate sufficient levels of LTB4 production through transcellular metabolism in K/BxN serum-induced arthritis to drive inflammatory arthritis. FLSs—which comprise the predominant lineage populating the synovial lining—are competent to metabolize exogenous LTA4 into LTB4 ex vivo. Stimulation of FLSs with TNF increased their capacity to generate LTB4 3-fold without inducing the expression of LTA4 hydrolase protein. Moreover, LTB4 (acting via LTB4 receptor 1) was found to modulate the migratory and invasive activity of FLSs in vitro and also promote joint erosion by pannus tissue in vivo. Our results identify novel roles for FLSs and LTB4 in joints, placing LTB4 regulation of FLS biology at the center of a previously unrecognized amplification loop for synovial inflammation and tissue pathology.
Cutting Edge: CD49d+ Neutrophils Induce FcεRI Expression on Lung Dendritic Cells in a Mouse Model of Postviral Asthma
Authors: Cheung Dorothy S. , Ehlenbach Sarah J. , Kitchens Robert T. , Riley Desiré A. , Thomas Larry L. , Holtzman Michael J. , Grayson Mitchell H. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The increasing prevalence of atopy and asthma remains unexplained but may be due to infection with respiratory viruses. In support of this hypothesis, we showed that experimental asthma after viral infection in mice depended on type I IFN-driven upregulation of FcεRI on conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) in the lung. In this article, we demonstrate that FcεRI expression on lung cDCs depends on an unexpected activity of a CD49d+ subset of polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) that are found in the lungs of wild-type C57BL6 but not mice deficient in type I IFNR. Expression of FcεRI depends in part on a CD11b-dependent interaction between PMNs and cDCs. This study demonstrates a PMN–cDC interaction in the lung that is necessary for the ability of viral infection to induce atopic disease.
From Student to Therapist: Exploring the First Year of Practice
Authors: Tryssenaar Joyce , Perkins Janice 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objectives. The transition from classroom to clinical practice challenges many health professional students. This study used a phenomenological approach to explore the lived experience of rehabilitation students during their final placement and first year of practice.
Method. Students (n = 6) in occupational therapy and physical therapy wrote reflective journals every 2 weeks during their final fieldwork placement and first year of practice. The researchers independently analyzed the journals for common themes. An independent peer completed a blind analysis of two journals. Data were also compared with published first-person accounts of novice practitioners.
Results. The lived experience of the first year of practice included four consecutive stages: Transition, Euphoria and Angst, Reality of Practice, and Adaptation. Themes from the journals included great expectations, competence, politics, shock, education, and strategies.
Conclusion. Recognizing the stages in the process of transition from student to therapist may assist in educational curriculum development and clinical support and supervision for new graduates. Educators need to continue to make education practice relevant while maintaining a theoretical perspective.
Variables Affecting the Competency Maintenance Behaviors of Occupational Therapists
Authors: Lysaght Rosemary M. , Altschuld James W. , Grant H. Kay , Henderson Janet L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between work environment and the competency maintenance activities of occupational therapists.
Method. A survey of 121 occupational therapists in three states and interviews with 8 occupational therapists in Ohio were used.
Results. Analysis of survey data indicated that workplace support and the degree of competency monitoring are significant determinants of competency maintenance behavior. State continuing education requirements had no impact on reported levels of competency maintenance. Personal motivation of the therapist emerged as a potentially important moderator of the relationship between environment and competency maintenance.
Conclusions. Although environmental factors enhance competency maintenance activities, active participation in competency maintenance is also related to the personal commitment of the individual therapist. Strategies that reduce barriers to effective competency maintenance and promote a culture of continuing competency in the profession merit further investigation.
Occupational Therapy Goal Achievement for Persons With Postacute Cerebrovascular Accident in an On-Campus Student Clinic
Authors: Lavelle Patsy , Tomlin George S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objectives. A retrospective study was conducted to determine to what extent persons with postacute cerebrovascular accident (CVA) made progress toward rehabilitation goals during occupational therapy treatment and whether age and time since CVA onset affected the rate of goal achievement.
Method. Data were collected from the admission and discharge records of persons with CVA who had received occupational therapy at a university clinic, who were at least 8 months post CVA, and who had not received therapy in the community for at least 6 months. The treatment was provided by occupational therapy students under supervision and had a mean length of 12 1-hr sessions over one semester. A sample size of 85 was obtained from 13 years of clinic records.
Results. All patients in the sample except one made progress toward at least one of their selected rehabilitation goals. The group mean score for goal progress indicated that as a whole, the patients made significant gains. In addition, independent t tests showed no significant differences in mean scores between younger and older patients, between longer and shorter times since onset, between men and women, or between right and left CVA. There was no significant linear association between mean score and the number of treatments received.
Conclusion. Patients with CVA showed progress toward rehabilitation goals during postacute treatment. Patients with recent CVA onset or of younger age did not achieve goals at a significantly higher rate than those with less recent onset or of greater age.
The Comparison of Motor Performance Between Part and Whole Tasks in Elderly Persons
Authors: Ma Hui-ing , Trombly Catherine A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. When teaching clients a multistep functional task, therapists tend to break down the task into part tasks with discrete movements. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinematic performance between part and whole tasks in elderly persons.
Method. A counterbalanced repeated-measures design was used. Twenty elderly persons without motor problems (7 men, 13 women) performed a signature task in two conditions. For the part-task condition, the participants did the task in a step-by-step manner: (a) reach for a pen, (b) bring the pen to the paper, and (c) sign the name. For the whole-task condition, the participants performed the task in an integrated continuous flow. Kinematic performances for two movement segments (i.e., reaching for the pen, bringing the pen to the paper) were compared between conditions.
Results. Generally, the whole-task condition elicited a more efficient, more forceful, and smoother movement than the part-task condition.
Conclusion. The results suggest the importance of keeping a multistep functional task whole.