bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emergency Management
Authors: Bellomo Angelo J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses emergency management in schools. The development of a comprehensive emergency response plan is key to ensuring a rapid and effective response to school emergencies. The Incident Command System (ICS) used by fire and law enforcement authorities throughout the U.S. is easily adaptable to school use. This system can substantially improve the response capabilities of a school through the effective organization and management of personnel, and provides a framework from which school staff are assigned to work on several defined emergency teams.
Safe School Travel
Authors: Robertson H. Douglas , Tsai Jeffrey C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The trip to school is very much a part of the school environment. Two aspects of this trip bear directly on children's health and safety: the risk of injuries during the journey and the opportunity for health promotion through physically active travel such as walking and bicycling. This chapter addresses the first set of concerns. It briefly describes the risks of school travel and offers suggestions for reducing or minimizing them. The emphasis is on “getting it right” by those who are involved. Several checklists are offered for consideration of the types of actions that might reduce the risks associated with the most common means of school travel. Much of the information in the chapter is drawn from a report published by the Transportation Research Board (TRB) of the National Research Council, titled The Relative Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment.
The Economics of Safe and Healthy Schools
Authors: Mudarri David 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The operation of schools can be viewed as a complex business operation that requires smooth functioning, good staff, sound and healthy facilities, customer satisfaction, productive outcomes, and room for creativity and ingenuity. This chapter makes the “business case” for safe and healthy schools. The first section deals with the economic evaluation of projects, policies, or proposals, and provides a review of basic concepts and analytic techniques used to conduct economic evaluations. The second section introduces some basic concepts of economic behavior and the analysis of economic demand. The chapter concludes with three case studies (two real and one hypothetical) that help illustrate the principles described here.
Care of Asthmatic and Allergic Students
Authors: Teague W. Gerald 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses issues associated with the care of children with asthma by school personnel. A close partnership built on open communication and preparedness is necessary among school personnel, parents, and health professionals in order to optimize outcomes for children with asthma in the school environment. School personnel should be able to recognize the signs and symptoms of an asthma attack, assess its severity, and initiate treatment. Children with asthma must have ready access to a reliever (rescue) medication that is inhaled to relieve symptoms. School professionals also have a role in prevention.
Infectious Disease in Schools
Authors: Keyserling Harry 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
School environments provide ideal conditions for transmission of infectious diseases. This chapter discusses the prevention and control of infectious diseases in schools. Because infectious diseases are transmitted primarily by direct contact with hands, a stringent hand-washing program can be effective in reducing transmission. The most effective prevention strategies must also encompass regular environmental cleaning, comprehensive animal policies, immunizations, isolation of infected people, and mass prophylaxis in some cases.
Occupational Health and Safety for Faculty and Staff
Authors: Alexander Darryl 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA comprehensive occupational health and safety approach to identifying, preventing, and eliminating hazardous exposures will go a long way to protecting and promoting the health of teachers and other school personnel. This chapter describes a range of occupational health concerns, some that potentially affect all staff members and some that are specific to certain job categories. It offers recommendations for a model occupational health program in a school setting.
2 Rationality and Rational Psychotherapy: The Heart of REBT
Authors: Still Arthur 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn 1958 Albert Ellis published “Rational Psychotherapy,” a brief paper marking the beginning of cognitive therapies. As the therapy developed and he gained followers, he changed the name to “rational-emotive therapy,” and then to “rational-emotive behavior therapy” (REBT). This chapter looks at the logical and historical background to Ellis's use of rational, and why this use is so relevant in understanding the distinctive importance of REBT. It starts by exploring the different uses of the word that give rise to its different meanings. It then brings out two fundamental and apparently contrasting usages, referred to here as disciplinary and emancipatory rationality. Finally, it draws on the tension between these usages to display the full complexity of Ellis's use of the word rational, and to put some of the philosophical criticisms of Ellis and REBT into perspective.
3 Social and Cultural Aspects of Rational and Irrational Beliefs: A Brief Reconceptualization
Authors: David Daniel , DiGiuseppe Raymond 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reconceptualizes the way we typically think about the role that culture and environment play in shaping rational and irrational beliefs. It presents three main arguments. First, a description of the differences between two groups or categories such as rational and irrational beliefs, does not explain the differences. Stating that culture explains or determines these differences contributes little to knowledge (i.e., cognitive profit), the question still remains why do these differences exist? Second, specific mechanisms that mediate the ability to learn, for example, are inherent to human nature (e.g., evolution-based), and go a long way to account for cultural differences. Third, culture is not an independent causal agent, divorced from individuals. Thus, it is important not to ignore the role of evolution in creating, maintaining, transmitting, and changing culture.
5 The Behavioral Consequences of Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Szentagotai Aurora , Jones Jason 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the relation between rational/irrational thinking and behavior. It reviews studies assessing the irrational beliefs-dysfunctional/maladaptive behavior relationship, and focused mainly on research that evaluates the four types of beliefs separately, rather than global irrationality. Despite an obvious degree of specificity in the behavioral consequences of individual irrational beliefs, there is also an overlap in their effects (e.g., the aggressive expression of anger is related to high levels of low frustration tolerance, self-downing, and demandingness). This is not surprising considering the hypothesized mutual interdependence among diverse irrational beliefs.
8 Rational and Irrational Beliefs and Psychopathology
Authors: Browne Christopher M. , Dowd E. Thomas , Freeman Arthur 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews research on the association between irrational beliefs (IBs) and general psychiatric symptoms including depression, anxiety, assertiveness problems, and Type A coronary-prone behavior. Increased levels of IBs are associated with emotional disturbances. Now that this relationship appears to be established, several directions for future REBT research are proposed.
12 Irrational and Rational Beliefs and Physical Health
Authors: Schnur Julie B. , Montgomery Guy H. , David Daniel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter proposes a theoretical model that could potentially increase our understanding of the effects of irrational beliefs on health outcomes. It has been written that REBT “is perhaps the only therapeutic system that directly tackles our confrontation with reality.” Also as humans cannot help but be all too aware, physical suffering is an inextricable part of reality. REBT arms us in our struggle with this aspect of reality by providing us with two weapons: a willingness to accept reality, combined with an unwillingness to accept our irrational interpretations of that reality.
13 Coping and Catastrophic Thinking: The Experience and Treatment of Chronic Pain
Authors: Ehde Dawn M. , Jensen Mark P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the theory, research, and practice of cognitive therapy for pain. It begins with a summary of cognitive-behavioral theory of pain, followed by a description of pain-specific beliefs thought to influence adaptation to chronic pain. Given the saliency of catastrophizing cognitions to the experience of pain, the “pain catastrophizing” literature will be emphasized, followed by a discussion of assessment of beliefs and cognitions. A description of cognitive therapy for pain is then provided, followed by ideas for future directions for advancing the theory, research, and practice of cognitive therapy for pain.
14 Irrational Beliefs Stemming from Judgment Errors: Cognitive Limitations, Biases, and Experiential Learning
Authors: Ruscio John 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways that judgment errors can lead to suboptimal decisions, and describes ways to prevent this from happening. Among these are scrutinizing similarity-based arguments, conceptualizing problems in multiple ways, formulating and testing multiple working hypotheses, and recognizing that personal experience is anecdotal evidence.
15 The Five Great Myths of Popular Psychology: Implications for Psychotherapy
Authors: Lilienfeld Scott O. , Lynn Steven Jay , Beyerstein Barry L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that misconceptions concerning the human mind are legion even among highly intelligent and well-educated members of the general public, and that these misconceptions can interfere with effective treatment planning and execution. These misconceptions can impede effective coping with everyday life problems outside of the therapy room and contribute to a search for futile solutions to psychological distress. It is further argued that the best remedy for combating these misconceptions in clinical settings is straightforward: education. Psychotherapists must often do more than administer efficacious treatments. In many instances, they must also function as good teachers of psychology, disabusing their clients of misconceptions concerning the human mind and imparting correct information in its stead.
Physical Activity Surveillance
Authors: Kohl III Harold W. , Kimsey Jr. C. Dexter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews key components of physical activity surveillance, describes the main physical activity surveillance tools in the United States, illustrates (through case examples) issues in physical activity surveillance, and discusses future needs in physical activity surveillance. It argues that physical activity surveillance will continue to grow in prominence and importance in the foreseeable future. Policy development and research progress will depend on consistent, understandable assessments of prevalence, and trends in physical activity and inactivity behavior.
Physical Activity, Fitness, and Delayed Mortality
Authors: Lamonte Michael J. , Blair Steven N. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA large amount of evidence from observational studies indicates that low levels of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with increased mortality risk. This chapter draws from selected epidemiological studies to illustrate broadly this line of research and to discuss specific issues that must be considered when interpreting and generalizing existing study findings. It summarizes available data on physical activity, CRF, and mortality risk in several population subgroups according to their demographic and health status.
Physical Activity and Weight Control
Authors: Jakicic John M. , Otto Amy D. , Polzien Kristen , Davis Kelliann 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews studies on the role of physical activity in weight control. Excess body weight is linked to increased risk of numerous chronic diseases, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and several forms of cancer. Physical activity is an important lifestyle behavior that can result in favorable changes to body weight, body composition, and related health risks. However, to achieve favorable changes in body weight, an adequate dose of physical activity is required.
Risk of Acute Cardiac Events With Physical Activity
Authors: Lee I-Min , Sattelmair Jacob 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses adverse effects associated with physical activity, focusing on acute cardiac events, including acute myocardial infarction (MI), sudden cardiac death (SCD), and sudden death. It begins by reviewing studies in adults, examining the risk of acute cardiac events related to vigorous physical activity and discussing relevant methodological factors pertinent to the interpretation of data from these studies. It then looks at studies of SCD among young athletes.
How Can We Increase Physical Activity Levels?
Authors: Bauman Adrian , Phongsavan Philayrath 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe development of interventions to measure the efficacy and effectiveness of programs to increase physical activity provides information that will ensure that limited resources are appropriately channeled to where they are most needed. Identifying effective approaches to increasing physical activity remains a public health challenge. This chapter discusses the methodological and epidemiological issues in developing and evaluating physical activity programs.
Integrating Connectionist Learning and Dynamical Systems Processing: Case Studies in Speech and Lexical Development
Authors: McMurray Bob , Horst Jessica S. , Toscano Joseph C. , Samuelson Larissa K. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines the interplay of dynamical systems and connectionism at the level of both theory and computation. It begins with a discussion of developmental mechanism focusing on two particular processes—one typically associated with connectionist approaches and one typically associated with dynamical systems. It then illustrates potential hybrid approaches with case studies from the field of language acquisition. The first—a model of speech category learning—illustrates how a dynamical systems perspective may inform a classic connectionist mechanism (i.e., statistical learning). The second—a model of early word learning—combines connectionist and dynamical systems principles. Both suggest that we can no longer treat these two paradigms as independent.
Soft-Assembled Mechanisms for the Unified Theory
Authors: Kloos Heidi , Van Orden Guy C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that connectionist and dynamic systems models complement each other and collectively move toward a unified theory of development if they subscribe to the second view of mechanism—one that treats behavior as soft assembled in the immediate context. The chapter is organized as follows. It first addresses why models aimed at reducing behavior to cognitive components cannot make clear headway. The argument is that a reduction of behavior requires human performance to be relatively context free. However, it is shown with the example of balance task performance that human performance is highly context dependent, even in the sterile laboratory context of balance experiments. The chapter then elaborates on what such context dependence could mean. The chapter reviews more pointed evidence for soft assembly and discusses why models that take soft assembly seriously—connectionist or dynamic systems—anticipate the unified theory.
A Developmental Systems Theory Perspective on Psychological Change
Authors: Johnston Timothy D. , Lickliter Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter draws attention to some aspects of development that are considered underrepresented in both dynamic systems theory (DST) and connectionism. The approach taken is that of developmental systems theory, which shares with DST a focus on the whole organism in its environment, and with connectionism a focus on the biological support for psychological change. It adds to those perspectives, a concern with more levels of biological analysis (including genetics), the incorporation of comparative, animal-based research, and attention to evolutionary considerations in the analysis of psychological change.
The Structure of Law in Public Health Systems and Practice
Authors: Goodman Richard A. , Kocher Paula L. , O’Brien Daniel J. , Alexander Frank S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the structure of law underlying U.S. public health practice by focusing on the statutory basis of the federal and state/local infrastructure of the U.S. public health system, including the creation of federal agencies having public health or related responsibilities and powers under the U.S. Constitution and, similarly, state and local agencies with public health roles, responsibilities, and powers. It describes the structure of law and the statutory basis of public health systems and practice in two main sections. The first of these sections examines the statutory basis of public health practice at the federal level. The second section explores this for state-level public health systems and practice. These sections also implicate certain key foundational legal concepts, including federalism and preemption, that are highly relevant to understanding the interplay between legislative enactments and public health practice at all levels.
Regulating Public Health: Principles and Application of Administrative Law
Authors: Jacobson Peter D. , Hoffman Richard E. , Lopez Wilfredo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the key aspects and requirements of public health regulation. It focuses on how state and local public health practitioners can translate legal authority into effective public health practice and management. The chapter aims to set forth the mechanics of the administrative process; and to provide a practical context for using the administrative process to the practitioner's advantage. Understanding and effectively using the administrative process will both facilitate public health practice and invite public support for public health policies.
Public Health and the Judiciary
Authors: Stier Daniel D. , Nicks Diane M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter explores the relations between public health and the judiciary, defined broadly as the U.S. court system, essential functions of the court system, essential people within the court system (e.g., judges and juries), and procedural rules and customs under which the courts resolve disputes and operate. It introduces the structure and function of federal and state courts, and describes how federalism requires state and federal courts to share power. It then discusses several public health law-related cases decided by courts. While showing that courts generally grant broad deference to officials endeavoring to protect the public's health, the cases also illustrate judicial insistence on the existence of underlying legal authority; the attention paid by courts to the facts on which public health actions are based; the judicial balancing of protection of public health and individual rights; the impact of federalism on judicial decisions; and the potential for judicial interpretation to change over time. Finally, the chapter addresses the emerging issue of the courts' roles in and preparedness needs for public health emergencies.
Ethics and the Practice of Public Health
Authors: Bernheim Ruth Gaare , Nieburg Phillip , Bonnie Richard J. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter illustrates how ethical analysis can be a helpful tool, along with legal analysis, to support and enrich public health decision making. It provides n overview of the complementary roles of public health ethics and law; an approach to public health ethics, including a framework to guide ethical reflection, deliberation, and justification in practice; examples of common ethical themes and tensions between individual and collective interests; an understanding of the role of professional ethics, as expressed in the new public health code of ethics; and an outline of ways to integrate ethics into practice within public health organizations.
International Considerations
Authors: Fidler David P. , Cetron Martin S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter seeks to remedy the neglect of international considerations in the analysis of U.S. public health law. The first section focuses on the legal structure and sources of public health law viewed from an international perspective. It then reviews U.S. participation in international health diplomacy. The next two sections address the law relevant to public health problems that U.S. public health officials and practitioners may face: public health threats that originate outside the United States but come into the United States through people, animals, or goods and flow out of the United States toward other countries. The chapter also addresses public health controversies that result from the U.S. pursuit of liberalization in international trade and foreign investment through international law. It concludes with thoughts on the future importance of international considerations in U.S. public health law.
Legal Counsel to Public Health Practitioners
Authors: Lopez Wilfredo , Frieden Thomas R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter provides a practical framework for understanding and guiding the relationship between public health practitioners and legal counsel. It first suggests issues to be reviewed when a public health practitioner and his or her legal counsel initially meet or when the legal counsel writes the practitioner an introductory memo. It then describes in detail the different roles and responsibilities of the legal counsel in relation to the practitioner-client. For simplicity, the chapter focuses primarily on the relationship between the head of a state or local health agency and its chief legal officer who supervises an internal counsel's office. Legal citations focus on New York City and New York State to accommodate the authors' areas of expertise and to emphasize that the heart of public health law and practice is at the local and state levels.
Identifiable Health Information and the Public's Health: Practice, Research, and Policy
Authors: Hodge, Jr. James G. , Hoffman Richard E. , Tress Deborah W. , Neslund Verla S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines some of the difficult issues at the intersection of public health, data uses, and individual interests. It describes some of the fundamental uses and disclosures of identifiable health data for public health practice and public health research, and presents legal structures and challenges that underlie public health data uses and disclosures. It briefly explores relevant constitutional sources of public health powers and privacy. Core statutory and regulatory legal protections for data uses related to public health research (i.e., federal, state, and local human subjects research protections) and public health privacy (i.e., privacy laws at the federal, state, and local levels) are examined. This includes a core analysis of the public health implications of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Privacy Rule. The chapter concludes by addressing one of the key questions critical to each of these legal approaches: What are the distinctions between public health practice and research activities? It sets forth enhanced methodology on the basis of a 2004 report of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) for distinguishing these activities.