bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Origen’s Christian Approach to the Song of Songs
Authors: B. Decock Paul 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis essay attempts to understand and appreciate what Origen was aiming at in his commentary on the Song of Songs. Origen “imagined” the purpose of reading the Scriptures as the transformation of the reader into the “likeness of God”. He viewed the Song of Songs as the climax of all songs of Scripture and therefore, “learning to sing that song” expressed the highest stage of Christian growth. As the subject matter of the Song of Songs is love, it is clear that perfection in love is indeed the ultimate goal of human life. However, understanding love is difficult and many go astray, because, in fact, as God is love, understanding love and loving is as profound as God Self. It is through the Logos at work in the Scriptures as well as within us and in the whole of the created reality that we are empowered for loving and understanding love. Origen describes the action of the Logos with the image of a “saving wound caused by the arrow of the divine eros”. Origen’s perspective is not that of working towards a fusion of horizons between a human author in the past and a present-day reader, but of working towards an ascent from the level of the “letter” to the level of the “spirit”.
Sin as Slavery and/or Slavery as Sin? On the Relationship between Slavery and Christian Hamartiology in Late Ancient Christianity
Authors: de Wet Chris L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis study explores the relationship between slavery and the theological concept of original sin in late ancient Christianity. The link is discussed in terms of three intersections, namely “nature”, or “naturalness” and “unnaturalness”, domination, and kinship. These intersections shed light on the very conceptualization of the sin-as-slavery concept, and show that in many instances late ancient thinking differed considerably from classical conventions. Even though sin was considered as slavery, it took more than a millennium for the church to realize that slavery is sin.
A New Reading of Acts 18:24‐19:7Understanding the Ephesian Disciples Encounter as Social Conflict
Authors: Hedlun Randall J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article analyses the social function of glossolalia in the narrative world reflected in Acts 18:24‐19:7. In so doing, it begins to address the lack of scholarship related to treating glossolalic references from a social scientific perspective. No treatment of this pericope succeeds to fully integrate it into a Lukan narrative programme. Through application of Berger and Luckmann’s sociology of knowledge models, this essay argues that reading Luke-Acts as the author’s legitimation of the Jesus movement’s social world is a valid, even preferred reading of this literature. Purity-related conflicts between circumcision loyalists and Jesus followers from the Gentile world dominate the second half of Acts and drive Luke’s legitimation programme. Based on Luke’s demonstration in the Cornelius episode of glossolalia as a divinely initiated marker of Gentile purity status, new social boundaries emerge that supersede circumcision. These new social boundaries represent an integral component of the Jesus movement’s revised purity map, relative to temple-centred Yahwism. This study argues that the events narrated in this passage represent a continuing social conflict between circumcision loyalists and Gentile converts. Luke narrates the events in Acts 18:24‐19:7 in order to correct a deviant baptism teaching (John’s baptism) that was propagated with the intent, based on purity concerns and prejudice, to marginalize Gentiles from full social integration into the Jesus community. Demonstrating that glossolalia functions as a social boundary marker that supersedes circumcision and that this best informs our interpretation of the Ephesian disciples pericope fully integrates this narrative event into Luke’s literary programme.
Inhalation exposure to nanosized and fine TiO2 particles inhibits features of allergic asthma in a murine model
Authors: Rossi Elina M , Pylkkänen Lea , Koivisto Antti J , Nykäsenoja Heli , Wolff Henrik , Savolainen Kai , Alenius Harri 
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Background
Nanotechnology and engineered nanomaterials (ENM) are here to stay. Recent evidence suggests that exposure to environmental particulate matter exacerbates symptoms of asthma. In the present study we investigated the modulatory effects of titanium dioxide particle exposure in an experimental allergic asthma.

Methods
Nonallergic (healthy) and ovalbumin-sensitized (asthmatic) mice were exposed via inhalation to two different sizes of titanium dioxide particles, nanosized (nTiO2) and fine (fTiO2), for 2 hours a day, three days a week, for four weeks at a concentration of 10 mg/m3. Different endpoints were analysed to evaluate the immunological status of the mice.

Results
Healthy mice elicited pulmonary neutrophilia accompanied by significantly increased chemokine CXCL5 expression when exposed to nTiO2. Surprisingly, allergic pulmonary inflammation was dramatically suppressed in asthmatic mice which were exposed to nTiO2 or fTiO2 particles - i.e. the levels of leucocytes, cytokines, chemokines and antibodies characteristic to allergic asthma were substantially decreased.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that repeated airway exposure to TiO2 particles modulates the airway inflammation depending on the immunological status of the exposed mice.
The value of correlation of serum 20S proteasome concentration and percentage of lymphocytic apoptosis in critically ill patients: a prospective observational study
Authors: Yousef Ayman A , Suliman Ghada A , Mabrouk Maaly M 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Introduction
Sepsis in critically ill patients is almost associated with bad prognosis and its early detection may improve the prognosis. However, it is difficult to monitor the immunological state of these patients depending on the traditional markers of infection or inflammatory mediators. Accelerated lymphocyte death may reflect good idea about the prognosis especially when combined with 20S proteasome determinations, a recently discovered marker for muscle degradation in patients with sepsis. The hypothesis of the present study is to evaluate the role of serum 20S proteasome at early diagnosis of sepsis and its correlation with lymphocyte apoptosis to predict prognosis and consequently the early interference in critically ill patients suffering from a broad range of diseases in the intensive care unit.

Methods
Sixty-seven critically ill adult intensive care patients were divided into two groups, 32 septic critically ill patients (sepsis group) and 35 non-septic critically ill patients (non-sepsis group), in addition to 33 apparently healthy subjects from the out patient clinic (control group). Patients were tested for serum values of 20S proteasome using ELISA and for percentage of lymphocyte death using annexin V and 7-aminoactinomycin D dye by flow cytometry.

Results
Measured median value of serum 20S proteasome was significantly higher in septic patients compared with both the non-septic and control groups. A significant increase in the percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes was detected in septic patients when compared with the non-sepsis and control groups. The correlation of both 20S proteasome and percentage of apoptotic lymphocytes was found to be significantly positive in both septic and non-septic patients.

Conclusions
The correlation of median values of 20S proteasome and the percentage of apoptotic lymphocyte median values could be a good indicator of patient prognosis and survival in critically ill patients.
The Versatile Chemistry of Disilenides: Disila Analogues of Vinyl Anions as Synthons in Low-valent Silicon Chemistry
Authors: Scheschkewitz David 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Since the first isolation of a disila analog to vinyl anion synthons, namely lithium disilenide Tip2Si=Si(Tip)Li (Tip: 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl), the number of available disilenides and their synthetic applications have rapidly expanded. Derivatives with aryl, silyl, alkyl, and hydrogen substituents have been reported and even one cyclic derivative is available. Disilenides can be used to introduce the Si=Si unit to a variety of organic and inorganic substrates. Depending on whether products feature sufficiently reactive residual functionality, the Si=Si bond is either retained or undergoes further (so far intramolecular) transformations. Heteroatom-substituted disilenes are easily accessible via disilenides. Using Tip2Si=Si(Tip)Li as a starting material, for instance, a variety of otherwise inaccessible compounds can be prepared: conjugated systems with more than one Si=Si unit, η1-transition-metal complexes, functional homo- and heteronuclear silacycles, and molecular silicon clusters with substituent-free vertices. In this review article, an account on the chemistry of disilenides is given.
Helicity Induction and Memory of Syndiotactic Poly(methyl methacrylate) Assisted by Optically Active Additives and Solvents and Chiral Amplification of Helicity
Authors: Kitaura Atsushi , Iida Hiroki , Kawauchi Takehiro , Yashima Eiji 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (st-PMMA) was found to fold into a preferred-handed helix with amplification of helicity assisted by chiral additives and solvents and further encapsulated fullerenes within its helical cavity whose helicity was memorized after removal of the chiral molecules.
Serum Soluble CD163 Predicts Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the General Population
Authors: Møller Holger J , Frikke-Schmidt Ruth , Moestrup Søren K , Nordestgaard Børge G , Tybjærg-Hansen Anne 
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND
Activation of adipose tissue macrophages with concomitant low-grade inflammation is believed to play a central role in the development of type 2 diabetes. We tested whether a new macrophage-derived biomarker, soluble CD163 (sCD163), identifies at-risk individuals before overt disease has developed.

METHODS
A prospective cohort study of 8849 study participants from the general population, the Copenhagen City Heart Study, was followed for 18 years for incidence of type 2 diabetes. Risk of disease was calculated according to age- and sex-adjusted percentile categories of serum sCD163 concentrations: 0%–33%, 34%–66%, 67%–90%, 91%–95%, and 96%–100%.

RESULTS
A total of 568 participants developed type 2 diabetes. The cumulative incidence increased with increasing baseline sCD163 (trend P &lt; 0.001), and sCD163 was strongly associated with known risk factors such as physical inactivity, body mass index, C-reactive protein, and triglycerides (all P &lt; 0.001). Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for type 2 diabetes were 1.4 (95% CI, 1.0–1.9), 2.4 (1.8–3.2), 3.8 (2.6–5.5), and 5.2 (3.6–7.6) for categories 34%–66%, 67%–90%, 91%–95%, and 96%–100%, respectively, vs the 0%–33% category. In overweight men 50–70 and &gt;70 years of age, serum sCD163 concentrations in the top 5% group predicted an absolute 10-year risk of type 2 diabetes of 29% and 36% vs 7% and 8% in the lowest percentile group. Equivalent values in women were 19% and 24% vs 4% and 5%.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased concentrations of sCD163 predict increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population and may be useful for identification of high-risk overweight individuals.
Dynamics of Network Formers and Modifiers in Mixed Cation Silicate Glasses
Authors: Sunder Kirsten , Grofmeier Michael , Staskunaite Rasa , Bracht Hartmut 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Conductivity measurements and diffusion studies with radioactive and stable isotopes were performed to investigate the diffusion of both network modifiers (alkali (A) and alkaline-earth (M) ions) and network formers (oxygen (O) and silicon (Si)) in various mixed-cation silicate glasses below the respective glass transition temperatures. The dynamics of the network modifiers A and M were studied in bulk glasses prepared from the melt and in sol–gel derived glass films. The diffusion anneals were performed under air and under reducing conditions in forming gas. No impact of the glass preparation on the diffusion of the network modifiers was found. However, the diffusion of the alkaline-earth ions is affected by additional defects formed under reducing conditions. The dynamics of the network formers O and Si was investigated against the type of alkali and alkaline-earth ions, their composition ratio, and the number of non-bridging oxygens. We found that Si diffusion is directly related to the rigidity of the glass. Combining the data on O diffusion with previous results on the diffusion of alkaline-earth ions M in glasses of the same composition, we conclude that the diffusion of O is likely assisted by M via the formation of O–M pairs.
Computer simuations for the nano-scale
Authors: Štich I. 
Published: November 2010

Computer simuations for the nano-scaleA review of methods for computations for the nano-scale is presented. The paper should provide a convenient starting point into computations for the nano-scale as well as a more in depth presentation for those already working in the field of atomic/molecular-scale modeling. The argument is divided in chapters covering the methods for description of the (i) electrons, (ii) ions, and (iii) techniques for efficient solving of the underlying equations. A fairly broad view is taken covering the Hartree-Fock approximation, density functional techniques and quantum Monte-Carlo techniques for electrons. The customary quantum chemistry methods, such as post Hartree-Fock techniques, are only briefly mentioned. Description of both classical and quantum ions is presented. The techniques cover Ehrenfest, Born-Oppenheimer, and Car-Parrinello dynamics. The strong and weak points of both principal and technical nature are analyzed. In the second part we introduce a number of applications to demonstrate the different approximations and techniques introduced in the first part. They cover a wide range of applications such as non-simple liquids, surfaces, molecule-surface interactions, applications in nanotechnology, etc. These more in depth presentations, while certainly not exhaustive, should provide information on technical aspects of the simulations, typical parameters used, and ways of analysis of the huge amounts of data generated in these large-scale supercomputer simulations.
Introduction to integrable many-body systems I
Authors: Šamaj Ladislav 
Published: November 2010

Introduction to integrable many-body systems IThis is the first volume of a three-volume introductory course about integrable (exactly solvable) systems of interacting bodies. The aim of the course is to derive and analyze, on an elementary mathematical and physical level, the Bethe ansatz solutions, ground-state properties and the thermodynamics of integrable many-body systems in many domains of physics: Nonrelativistic one-dimensional continuum Fermi and Bose gases; One-dimensional quantum models of condensed matter physics like the Heisenberg, Hubbard and Kondo models; Relativistic models of the (1+1)-dimensional Quantum Field Theory like the Luttinger model, the sine-Gordon model and its fermionic analog the Thirring model; Two-dimensional classical models, especially the symmetric Coulomb gas. In the first part of this volume, we deal with nonrelativistic one-dimensional continuum Fermi and Bose quantum gases of spinless (identical) particles with specific types of pairwise interactions like the short-range δ-function and hard-core interactions, and the long-range 1/
Dengue infections during pregnancy: case series from a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka
Authors: Kariyawasam Sampath , Senanayake Hemantha 
Published: November 2010

Introduction: Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne disease in Sri Lanka, leading to more than 340 deaths during the last outbreak (≈35,000 reported cases) starting in mid April 2009. The predominant dengue virus serotypes during the last few years have been DENV-2 and DENV-3. Dengue infection in pregnancy carries the risk of hemorrhage for both the mother and the newborn. Other risks include premature birth, fetal death, and vertical transmission. We report clinical and laboratory findings and outcomes in pregnant women hospitalized with dengue infection during pregnancy. Methodology: Clinical, laboratory, maternal/fetal outcomes and demographic data were collected from patients with confirmed dengue infections during pregnancy treated at De Soysa Maternity Hospital, Sri Lanka from 1 May 2009 to 31 December 2009. Results: Fifteen seropositive dengue infected pregnant women were diagnosed in the period. Multiorgan failure leading to intrauterine fetal and maternal death occurred in one case of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) IV. One patient with DHF III had a miscarriage at the 24th week of gestation. Perinatal outcomes of the other cases were satisfactory. One woman developed dengue myocarditis but recovered with supportive treatments. No cases of perinatal transmission to the neonate occurred. Conclusion: Dengue in pregnancy requires early diagnosis and treatment. A high index of clinical suspicion is essential in any pregnant woman with fever during epidemic. Further studies are mandatory as evidence-based data in the management of dengue specific for pregnancy are sparse.
Akt Contributes to Activation of the TRIF-Dependent Signaling Pathways of TLRs by Interacting with TANK-Binding Kinase 1
Authors: Joung Sun Myung , Park Zee-Yong , Rani Shilpa , Takeuchi Osamu , Akira Shizuo , Lee Joo Young 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) is an adaptor molecule that is recruited to TLR3 and -4 upon agonist stimulation and triggers activation of IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and expression of type 1 IFNs, which are critical for cellular antiviral responses. We show that Akt is a downstream molecule of TRIF/TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and plays an important role in the activation of IRF3 by TLR3 and -4 agonists. Blockade of Akt by a dominant-negative mutant or by short interfering RNA decreased IRF3 activation and IFN-β expression induced by polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], LPS, TRIF, and TBK1. Association of endogenous TBK1 and Akt was observed in macrophages when stimulated with poly(I:C) and LPS. In vitro kinase assays combined with reversed-phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis showed that TBK1 enhanced phosphorylation of Akt on Ser473, whereas knockdown of TBK1 expression by short interfering RNA in macrophages decreased poly(I:C)- and LPS-induced Akt phosphorylation. Embryonic fibroblasts derived from TBK1 knockout mice also showed impaired Akt phosphorylation in response to poly(I:C) and LPS. To our knowledge, our results demonstrate a new regulatory mechanism for Akt activation mediated by TBK1 and a novel role of Akt in TLR-mediated immune responses.
Exosomes Containing Glycoprotein 350 Released by EBV-Transformed B Cells Selectively Target B Cells through CD21 and Block EBV Infection In Vitro
Authors: Vallhov Helen , Gutzeit Cindy , Johansson Sara M. , Nagy Noémi , Paul Mandira , Li Qin , Friend Sherree , George Thaddeus C. , Klein Eva , Scheynius Annika , Gabrielsson Susanne 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized membrane vesicles released from a wide variety of cells, formed in endosomes by inward budding of the endosomal limiting membrane. They have immune stimulatory-, inhibitory-, or tolerance-inducing effects, depending on their cellular origin, which is why they are investigated for use in vaccine and immune therapeutic strategies. In this study, we explored whether exosomes of different origins and functions can selectively target different immune cells in human peripheral blood. Flow cytometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and multispectral imaging flow cytometry (ImageStream) revealed that exosomes derived from human monocyte-derived dendritic cells and breast milk preferably associated with monocytes. In contrast, exosomes from an EBV-transformed B cell line (LCL1) preferentially targeted B cells. This was not observed for an EBV− B cell line (BJAB). Electron microscopy, size-distribution analysis (NanoSight), and a cord blood transformation assay excluded the presence of virions in our LCL1 exosome preparations. The interaction between LCL1-derived exosomes and peripheral blood B cells could be blocked efficiently by anti-CD21 or anti-gp350, indicating an interaction between CD21 on B cells and the EBV glycoprotein gp350 on exosomes. The targeting of LCL1-derived exosomes through gp350–CD21 interaction strongly inhibited EBV infection in B cells isolated from umbilical cord blood, suggesting a protective role for exosomes in regulating EBV infection. Our finding also suggests that exosome-based vaccines can be engineered for specific B cell targeting by inducing gp350 expression.
Stimulation of the Glucocorticoid-Induced TNF Receptor Family-Related Receptor on CD8 T Cells Induces Protective and High-Avidity T Cell Responses to Tumor-Specific Antigens
Authors: Côté Anik L. , Zhang Peisheng , O'Sullivan Jeremy A. , Jacobs Valerie L. , Clemis Carli R. , Sakaguchi Shimon , Guevara-Patiño José A. , Turk Mary Jo 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with a stimulatory Ab to glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related receptor (GITR) has previously been shown to elicit protective T cell responses against poorly immunogenic tumors. However, the role of GITR stimulation on CD8 T cells and the nature of tumor rejection Ags have yet to be determined. In this study, we show that a stimulatory mAb to GITR (clone DTA-1) acts directly on CD8 T cells, but not on CD4+CD25+ regulatory T (Treg) cells, in B16 tumor-bearing mice to induce concomitant immunity against secondary B16 tumors, as well as protective memory following surgical excision of the primary tumor. Melanoma growth itself induced GITR expression on tumor-specific CD8 T cells, providing a mechanism whereby these cells may respond to stimulatory anti-GITR. Unexpectedly, in contrast to Treg cell depletion therapy with anti-CD4, GITR stimulation induced very weak CD8 T cell responses to melanocyte differentiation Ags expressed by the tumor, and did not induce autoimmune vitiligo. Accordingly, GITR-stimulated hosts that were primed with B16 melanoma rejected B16, but not the unrelated JBRH melanoma, indicating that tumor rejection Ags are tumor-specific rather than shared. In support of this, we show that GITR stimulation induces CD8 T cell responses to a tumor-specific Ag, and that these responses are of higher functional avidity compared with those induced by Treg cell depletion. We conclude that stimulation of GITR on effector CD8 T cells results in high-avidity T cell responses to tumor-specific Ags, thereby inducing potent antitumor immunity in the absence of autoimmunity.