bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of rigid, low‐density, flame‐retardant polyurethane foams from whey permeate
Authors: Viswanathan Tito , Burrington D. , Richardson T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe disposal of whey and whey permeate derived from the cheese industry is a serious economic and environmental problem. Lactose in whey permeate was used to synthesise polyether polyols from which rigid, low‐density polyurethane foams were prepared. Resultant foams were comparable to those made from commercially available sucrose‐based polyether polyols. Brown‐coloured lactose polyether polyols are characterised by low viscosity and high carbonyl content. Urea incorporated into these polyether polyols yields flame retardant (self‐extinguishing) foams. Urea also reduced the amount of phosphorus and/or halogen based fire retardants needed to make the foams non‐burning. A preliminary economic analysis indicates that whey‐based polyether polyols can be prepared at a cost savings of up to 36% compared to the sucrose counterparts.
Effect of external mass transfer in a packed bed reactor system for a reversible enzyme reaction
Authors: Park Young H. , Han Moon H. , Rhee Hyun‐Ku 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mathematical model was developed to describe the effect of external mass transfer for a packed‐bed enzyme reactor in which a reversible, one‐substrate, two‐intermediate enzyme reaction took place. The model equation was applied to the analysis of an immobilized glucose isomerase reactor system. A Colburn‐type mass transfer correlation was obtained from the Colburn j‐factor versus Reynolds number plot: i.e., jD = 0.045NRe−0.48. The values of mass transfer coefficient for the system under study ranged from 0.01 to 0.1 cm h−1 depending on the substrate flow rate. Very good agreements were observed between the computer simulation using a plug flow reactor model with the derived mass transfer correlation and the experimental results obtained from the packed‐bed reactor operation.
Fermentation inhibitors in wood hydrolysates derived from the softwood Pinus radiata
Authors: Clark Thomas A. , Mackie Keith L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSugar solutions obtained by dilute acid hydrolysis of the softwood Pinus radiata contain various wood‐derived components which are inhibitory to the ethanolic fermentation by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A detailed examination of these compounds indicated that a range of low molecular weight phenolics, related in structure to ‘Hibberts ketones’, may be identified as the most inhibitory materials. These lignin‐based compounds, although present at low levels compared with the carbohydrate‐degradation compounds, are approximately 10 times more inhibitory.
Studies on the contamination of feed molasses for continuous ethanol production in an immobilised yeast cell reactor
Authors: Varma R. , Baliga B. A. , Chatterjee S. K. , Ghosh B. K. , Dalai P. M. , Srivastava A. K. , Karanth N. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith the present world problem of fossil fuel limitations, alcohol production from renewable resources such as sugar cane molasses, particularly by continuous processes, has become important. In continuous processing, feed contamination problems could become critical. A useful inexpensive technique, which can minimise these problems when molasses is used as the substrate, is to ensure that the time period elapsing after dilution of molasses and before feeding to the reactor is minimal. Experiments were conducted to determine how long the clarified molasses feed solution could be kept under non‐sterile conditions without affecting the performance of an immobilised whole cell reactor for alcohol production. For this purpose, the fastest growing contaminant (under the prevailing conditions) present in molasses feed solution was isolated by plating technique. From the initial total number of contaminant microorganisms in the feed solution, and from the experimentally determined generation time of the fastest growing contaminant cells, the safe period of storage of diluted molasses was calculated. This value was in reasonable agreement with the experimental observations.
Measurement of oxygen transfer coefficient under growth conditions by dynamic model moment analysis
Authors: Mignone Carlos F. , Ertola Rodolfo J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid and reliable method of Kla estimation under growth condition, based on the first moment analysis, is proposed. The method consists of a sudden change of agitation speed while the aeration rate is held constant: the first moment method of response curve analysis is used for estimating Kla. With the proposed method, it is not necessary to consider the gas kinetics because the composition of the gas phase remains constant.
Food proteins: Sources and properties
Authors: West Stuart I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe three major functional proteins are casein, egg white and soya, and these have been used by the food industry of over 20 years. Many novel proteins have been suggested as alternatives, but only the proteins produced from cheese whey have gained widespread use. The others have failed to gain wide acceptance because of lack of functionality, off‐flavours and the presence of toxic compounds. It is suggested that there may be a switch away from trying to produce new low‐priced broad‐range functional proteins to high‐priced specialist proteins intended for specific tasks.
Precipitation of food proteins and their recovery by centrifuging and ultrafiltration
Authors: Hoare Michael , Dunnill Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFood proteins in solution and as precipitates are subjected to intense forces during industrial processing. Given proper equipment design, the individual protein molecules in solution are remarkably robust; this extends the potential range of conditions under which they can be processed. Protein precipitates are sensitive to shear fields, and this influences the design of precipitation reactors and recovery equipment. Ultrafilters represent an alternative to centrifuges for recovery and, with precipitated protein, can yield solids of comparable concentration. The properties of food protein precipitates can be improved, with respect to recovery, by acoustic conditioning. Detailed physical measurements of proteins in solution or when precipitated, and laboratory‐derived kinetic studies of precipitation, can yield information which may be applied directly to industrial operations.
Recovery and utilisation of by‐product proteins of the meat industry
Authors: Ledward David A. , Lawrie Ralston A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe methods available for the recovery and utilisation of proteins from blood and offals are reviewed: special reference is made to the use of controlled enzymic hydrolysis. The texturisation of these proteins into meat‐like analogues, by fibre spinning or thermoplastic extrusion, is discussed.
Microbial processes in mushroom cultivation; a large scale solid substrate fermentation
Authors: Wood David A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe microbial processes occurring during mushroom cultivation are amenable to analysis by a number of experimental approaches. The microbial flora of the composting stage can be examined by microbiological and microscopical methods. The quantity of microbial biomass accumulating in the substrate can be measured by biochemical or microscopical techniques. Biodegradation of the substrate during composting or colonisation by mushroom mycelium can be assessed by chemical methods, assay of degradative enzymes and by following the degradation rate of radiolabelled plant polymers. Analysis of these processes indicates that substrate preparation (composting) is amenable to further control by manipulation of substrate environment and ingredients. Improvement in substrate utilisation might be achieved by strain selection, and further analysis of substrate composition.
The preparative refinement of steroid specific antibodies by affinity chromatography combined with electrophoretic desorption. Apparatus and method
Authors: Müller Robert F. , Palluk Rainer , Kempfle Manfred A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe preparative refinement of antibodies to testosterone and 5α‐dihydrotestosterone was achieved by prepurification (filtration, fractionation with ammoniumsulphate), followed by affinity chromatography of the antiserum. The affinity sorbent was synthesised by coupling 5α‐dihydrotestosterone with Sepharose CL 6B. After elution of the interfering admixture, there was desorption by the use of an electric field, using a specially developed apparatus. This apparatus and the method employed provided preparative amounts of antibodies, without significant impairment of affinity. The interfering self fluorescence of the serum was greatly diminished by this refinement procedure. The refined antibodies obtained were suitable for use with sensitive fluorometric testings (i.e. homogeneous fluoroimmunoassay).
The recovery of uranium and lanthanides during the production of nitrophosphate fertilisers using tertiary amyl alcohol
Authors: Habashi Fathi , Awadalla Farouk T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen phosphate rock is dissolved in nitric acid, phosphoric acid and uranium can be selectively extracted by tertiary amyl alcohol; other impurities including the lanthanides remain in the aqueous phase. Uranium can be recovered from the alcohol phase by selective stripping and the lanthanides from the raffinate by extraction with tributyl phosphate.
The effect of a surfactant on mixer—settler operation
Authors: Horng Jiin‐Shiung , Maa Jer‐Ru 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA single stage mixer—settler was used to investigate the effect of surfactant on the mass transfer rate in the system water—HNO3—30 vol.% TBP/dodecane. The interfacial tension of this system first falls then rises with increasing sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) concentration. The addition of SLS makes the stage efficiency, which is closely related to kha, the product of the individual mass transfer coefficient of HNO3 in the aqueous phase, and average interfacial area per unit volume of mixing chamber, to increase significantly due to an increase in the value of a. A maximum kha value of 0.53 litres−1, a minimum value of interfacial tension, and phase inversion which converted the aqueous phase from continuous to dispersed were observed at around the critical micellar concentration (100 parts 10−6) of SLS in the system of an aqueous to organic phase ratio of 0.2.
Adsorption of reaction species for hydrogenation of o‐nitrotoluene on copper chromite under catalytic conditions
Authors: Choudhary Vasant R. , Sansare Subhash D. , Thite Gandhali A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption of reaction species involved in vapour phase hydrogenation of o‐nitrotoluene (viz. o‐nitrotoluene, o‐toluidine and water) on copper chromite in presence of an inert gas (He) or hydrogen (which is one of the reactants) at temperature (473‐560 K) and partial pressures at which the catalytic reaction is carried out has been investigated using the gas chromatographic pulse technique. The presence of hydrogen was found to cause a very significant decrease in the adsorption of toluidine but a little effect on the adsorption of water. The adsorption data for all the reaction species could be fitted to the Freundlich adsorption equation. The isoteric heats of adsorption obtained from the adsorption isotherm indicated that o‐toluidine and water are physically absorbed, whereas o‐nitrotoluene is chemisorbed on the catalyst. The heat of adsorption of water and o‐nitrotoluene was found to decrease with the increase in the surface coverage, indicating repulsive interactions between the adsorbed species. On the other hand the heat of adsorption of o‐toluidine (in presence or absence of H2) was found to increase with the increase in the surface coverage, suggesting attractive interactions between the absorbed species.
Esterification of phthalic anhydride with 2‐ethylhexanol
Authors: Bhutada S. R. , Pangarkar V. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of esterification of phthalic anhydride with 2‐ethylhexanol has been studied using the following catalysts‐tetrabutyl titanate (TBT), tetrabutyl zirconate (TBZ) and paratoluene sulphonic acid (PTSA). In each case the kinetic parameters (rate constant, order with respect to various reactants and catalyst, activation energy, collision frequency) have been determined. The titanates and zirconates have been found to be better than the conventionally used acidic catalysts to produce di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate.
Flotation of metal hydroxide precipitates. I. Flotation of copper hydroxide
Authors: Basak Sergiusz , Charewicz Witold A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFlotation of copper hydroxide precipitate has been investigated at total initial copper concentration 10−2M with sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate (DBSNa) and dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium bromide (DDMBABr), both at initial concentration 10−4M. In particular, granulometric analysis of the precipitate and measurement of its electrokinetic potential were carried out over a wide range of the acidity of aqueous precipitate suspension in order to establish essential factors governing flotation of the precipitate. Moreover, adsorption of the flotation collectors by the precipitate as well as the rate of precipitate sedimentation were measured. The cationic collector (DDMBABr) neither influenced the electrokinetic potential of copper hydroxide precipitate nor adsorbed on its surface. Consequently, no flotation of copper hydroxide was observed with (DDMBABr). On the other hand, the anionic collector (DBSNa) influenced the electrokinetic potential of copper hydroxide within the same pH range where adsorption of DBSNa on the precipitate was observed and flotation was effective. The rate of flotation varied with the pH of the aqueous suspension. This dependence was irregular and presumably governed by the aggregation of precipitate grains since the rate of flotation increased with the size of the aggregates.
Extraction of copper from dilute solutions by LIX 64N. Effect of dekalin and tetralin as diluents on the equilibrium and rate of mass transfer
Authors: Pazos Carmen , Ma Díaz Ramona , Coca José 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid‐liquid equilibrium data and mass transfer rates for the extraction of copper from dilute aqueous sulphate solutions by LIX 64N with dekalin (decahydronaphthalene) and tetralin (1,2,3,4‐tetrahydronaphthalene) as diluents are reported. The stripping of copper from the organic phase was also studied. For an initial copper concentration of 1.5 g dm−3 extraction efficiency decreases as the concentration of tetralin increases in the diluent mixtures of dekalin‐tetralin. This behaviour is explained as a result of the formation of oxime aggregates and the interaction between the oxime and the diluent. Initial rates of extraction and stripping were determined by the single drop technique. The linear relation between initial rates of extraction and the difference of interfacial tension between the extractant in the diluent and the diluent itself holds for the system under investigation.
Effect of the degree of crosslinking on the selectivity of ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Jackson Mervyn B. , Pilkington Norman H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMost of the literature states that increasing the degree of crosslinking of an ion‐exchange resin increases the selectivity of the resin for the preferred ion. Further examination of the data for ions where complex formation is insignificant suggests that such generalisations are frequently invalid. The effect of the degree of crosslinking on the selectivity for divalent over univalent ions is trivial over the range of crosslinking from 1 to 16% divinylbenzene in cation exchange resins based on sulphonated polystyrene. Similar behaviour holds for anion exchange systems.
Studies on oxidative dehydrogenation of n‐butane on bismuth molybdate‐aluminium phosphate catalysts. I. Catalyst characterisation
Authors: Shenoy Subhash C. , Rao Musti S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present investigation has been to develop a suitable catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of n‐butane to butenes and 1,3‐butadiene. Preliminary experiments showed that molybdic oxide‐aluminium phosphate catalysts were effective for the dehydrogenation of n‐butane. In order to improve the activity of the molybdic oxide‐aluminium phosphate catalyst, bismuth was introduced in the catalyst, and the catalyst activity was investigated further. Three types of bismuth molybdates, Bi2O3.MoO3 (γ‐phase), Bi2O3.2MoO3 (β‐phase), and Bi2O3.3MoO3 (β‐phase), were chosen to vary the Bi/Mo ratio in the catalysts. The catalysts, in turn, were characterised using X‐ray diffraction, infrared, and differential thermal analyses. These studies revealed that both Bi2O3.MoO3 and Bi2O3.2MoO3, containing corner‐shared Mo‐O octahedra, are suitable catalysts for the oxidative dehydrogenation of n‐butane.
Interactions of CO and NO with the perovskite‐type oxide larho3
Authors: Tascón Juan M. C. , Olga Oliván A. M. , Tejuca Luis G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome aspects of the interactions of CO and NO with LaRhO3 have been studied. The reduction of this oxide with CO occurs where the contracting sphere model is of perovskite structure stable up to a concentration of anion vacancies of ca. 2e− per molecule. By reduction of LaRhO3 at 817 K, rhodium was obtained, highly dispersed on a matrix of La2O3. After a reduction‐oxidation cycle at 871 K the particle size of the perovskite decreased drastically. The activation energy of the reduction (67 kJ mol−1) was significantly lower than that of other LaMO3 oxides of group‐VIII metals. Coverages of CO(θCO) and NO(θNO) at room temperature were lower than 3%, θNO being substantially higher than θCO. The reversibly adsorbed fractions of CO and NO underwent a remarkable decrease after preadsorbing NO and CO, respectively. This competitive adsorption is assumed to be associated with the adsorption of CO and NO on metallic sites. NO preadsorption inhibited the total adsorption of CO more severely than the reverse, indicating that NO is bound more strongly than CO to the LaRhO3 surface.
Chemical aspects of nuclear fuel fabrication processes
Authors: Naylor Arthur , Ellis John F. , Watson Ronald H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractProcesses used by British Nuclear Fuels plc for the conversion of uranium ore concentrates to uranium metal and uranium hexafluoride, are reviewed. Means of converting the latter compound, after enrichment, to sintered UO2 fuel bodies are also described. An overview is given of the associated chemical engineering technology.
Thermal treatment of phlogopite and muscovite with calcium and magnesium compounds
Authors: Aitta Eero , Leskelä Markku , Lajunen Lauri H. J. , Jyrkäs Kauko , Seppälä Erkki 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe solid state reaction between mica (phlogopite, muscovite) and calcium or magnesium sulphates or chlorides has been studied at elevated temperatures. The aim of the work was to obtain potassium in a soluble form by exchanging it by alkaline earth metal in mica. The addition of CaO, CaCO3 or MgCO3 promoted the recovery of potassium. When phlogopite, gypsum and calcium oxide were fired at 1100°C for 30 min, almost 90% of the potassium could be obtained in solution. The recoveries obtained with muscovite were significantly lower than those with phlogopite. The greatest amounts of soluble potassium were obtained by exchanging K+ ions with Ca2+ ions using CaCl2. In separate experiments with different muscovites and experimental conditions, 34–69% of the potassium content reacted to give a soluble form. The effect of the experimental conditions (reaction time, temperature, particle sizes, amount of accelerator) on the exchange reaction have been investigated.
Adsorption of thiosemicarbazide on copper cathodes
Authors: Abdel‐Wahaab Saad M. , Gomma Gamal K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of thiosemicarbazide (TSC) on cathodically polarised copper is studied. The adsorption follows the Flory‐Huggins and the Bockris‐Swinkels isotherms with a standard free energy of adsorption of about 20kJmol−1. Four water molecules are displaced by each adsorbing TSC molecule. This is explained on the basis of molecular models.
A comparison of treatment methods for palm oil mill effluent (POME) wastes
Authors: Edewor J. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study of the operational variables involved in the treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was carried out. These included the acidic or alkaline nature of the POME discharged from the oil mills, the efficiency of the decay (or digestion) of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) contents of the POME, the economic benefits that could arise from the digested sludge and biogas and finally the net economic recovery abilities of the various treatment methods available. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) contents of the POME must be reduced to an acceptable level of 2000–3000 mg solids dm−3 of sludge before the latter can be used as a fertiliser material. In 10 days of operational periods various anaerobic digestion treatment methods gave COD reduction efficiencies of 76–96%, the batch pond anaerobic digestion mode gave an efficiency of 76.5%, the continuous pond modes 92.5–95.5% and the tank digester 93.8%. In all anaerobic operations the optimal pH values of the POME media were in the range 7.1–7.6 and a ratio of the volatile acids to the total alkalinity of the media (VA/TA) of 0.3 or less was found to enhance the performance of these digesters. Economic analyses carried out on all modes of treatment gave the following economic recovery abilities: the decanter/drier system gave a break‐even situation of 3 years, the tank digester system, 2 years, and the single stage anaerobic pond system, 6 years. The batch pond system appeared not to give a break‐even situation. Of the treatment methods examined the decanter/drier and tank digester systems were concluded to be optimal.
Synthesis of 2 and 6‐triazolylthiazolo[4,5‐b]quinoxaline derivatives and their application as fluorescent disperse dyes
Authors: Phadke Ravindra Chintaman , Rangnekar Dinesh Wamanrao 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSynthesis of 2‐triazolylthiazolo[4,5‐b]quinoxaline derivatives was achieved by diazotisation of 2‐aminothiazolo[4,5‐b]quinoxaline and its 6‐nitro derivative using orthophosphoric acid and sodium nitrite with a trace of nitric acid, coupling with suitable aromatic amines and subsequent cyclisation of the resulting ortho amino azo compounds. Diazotisation of 2,6‐diaminothiazolo[4,5‐b]quinoxaline with concentrated hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite and subsequent coupling and cyclisation resulted in the 6‐triazolylthiazolo[4,5‐b]quinoxaline derivatives. These compounds were applied on polyester as fluorescent disperse dyes.
Partial hydrogenation of benzene with ruthenium catalysts prepared by a chemical mixing procedure: Preparation and properties of the catalysts
Authors: Niwa Shu‐Ichi , Mizukami Fujio , Isoyama Shigemi , Tsuchiya Tohru , Shimizu Kazuo , Imai Sumi , Imamura Juichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRuthenium catalysts were prepared in different alcohols by a chemical mixing technique, characterised by the preparation of a homogeneous solution containing catalyst components, and the uniform coagulation of the solution through hydrolysis. The technique has the potential for controlling the surface area of the catalysts and for making them porous. The ruthenium catalysts were much more effective for the partial hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene (maximum cyclohexene yield, 31.4%) in the absence of any poison such as alkali metal hydroxide or transitional metal sulphate in the reaction solution.