bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteriologic and Nutritional Evaluation of a Commercial Raw Meat Diet as Part of a Raw Meat Safety Program
Authors: Singleton Cora , Wack Raymund , Larsen R. Scott 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study evaluated selected bacteriologic and nutritional components of a commercially prepared ground raw horsemeat diet as part of a raw meat safety program. Six lots of meat were analyzed in triplicate. Frozen meat samples were thawed for 44 hr at 5°C. Meat samples were tested at three times during thawing (t= 0, 24, 44 hr) for selected bacteria. Samples were screened forSalmonellasp. using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Escherichia coliand total coliform bacteria were quantified using a ready‐made culture medium system. Proximate, energy, macro and trace mineral composition was determined at a reference laboratory.Salmonellasp. antigen was detected in one sample of meat att= 0 hr. Frozen meat samples had low average maximum expected numbers ofE. coliand coliforms. The average maximum number ofE. colidid not change significantly att= 24 or 44 hr, but the average maximum number of coliforms increased significantly byt= 44 hr. These bacteriologic tests were easily incorporated into a raw meat safety program. Median concentrations of moisture, dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, ash, calcium, and phosphorus conformed to the guaranteed analysis but median crude fiber exceeded the guaranteed maximum. Median magnesium, potassium, and sodium concentrations conformed to the approximate nutrient content. Median concentrations of copper exceeded, whereas iron, zinc, and manganese fell below, the approximate nutrient content. Median copper and manganese concentrations exceeded the National Research Council's recommendation for adult domestic cats, whereas iron and zinc were below the National Research Council's recommendations for adult cats. Zoo Biol 31:574‐585, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of Karoubi's regulator and the p-adic Borel regulator
Authors: Tamme Georg 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn this paper we prove the p-adic analogue of a result of Hamida [11], namely that the p-adic Borel regulator introduced by Huber and Kings for the K-theory of a p-adic number field equals Karoubi's p-adic regulator up to an explicit rational factor.
Growth, clinical chemistry and immune function in domestic piglets fed varying ratios of arachidonic acid and DHA
Authors: Tyburczy Cynthia , Kothapalli Kumar S. D. , Park Woo Jung , Blank Bryant S. , Liu Ying-Chun , Nauroth Julie M. , Paul Zimmer J. , Salem Norman , Thomas Brenna J. 
Published: November 2011

In the USA, infant formulas contain long-chain PUFA arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA in a ratio of 2:1 and comprise roughly 0·66 g/100 g and 0·33 g/100 g total fatty acids (FA). Higher levels of dietary DHA appear to provide some advantages in visual or cognitive performance. The present study evaluated the effect of physiologically high dietary ARA on growth, clinical chemistry, haematology and immune function when DHA is 1·0 g/100 g total FA. On day 3 of age, formula-reared (FR) piglets were matched for weight and assigned to one of six milk replacer formulas. Diets varied in the ratio of ARA:DHA as follows (g/100 g FA/FA): A1, 0·1/1·0; A2, 0·53/1·0; A3-D3, 0·69/1·0; A4, 1·1/1·0; D2, 0·67/0·62; D1, 0·66/0·33. A seventh group was maternal-reared (MR) and remained with the dam during the study. Blood collection and body weight measurements were performed weekly, and piglets were killed on day 28 of age. No significant differences were found among any of the FR groups for formula intake, growth, clinical chemistry, haematology or immune status measurements. A few differences in clinical chemistry, haematology and immune function parameters between the MR pigs and the FR groups probably reflected a difference in growth rate. We conclude that the dietary ARA level up to 1·0 g/100 g total FA is safe and has no adverse effect on any of the safety outcomes measured, and confirm that DHA has no adverse effect when ARA is at 0·66 g/100 g FA.
Comparison of standardised dietary folate intake across ten countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Park Jin Young , Nicolas Genevieve , Freisling Heinz , Biessy Carine , Scalbert Augustin , Romieu Isabelle , Chajès Véronique , Chuang Shu-Chun , Ericson Ulrika , Wallström Peter , Ros Martine M. , Peeters Petra H. M. , Mattiello Amalia , Palli Domenico , María Huerta José , Amiano Pilar , Halkjær Jytte , Dahm Christina C. , Trichopoulou Antonia , Orfanos Philippos , Teucher Birgit , Feller Silke , Skeie Guri , Engeset Dagrun , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Crowe Francesca , Khaw Kay-Tee , Vineis Paolo , Slimani Nadia 
Published: November 2011

Folate plays an important role in the synthesis and methylation of DNA as a cofactor in one-carbon metabolism. Inadequate folate intake has been linked to adverse health events. However, comparable information on dietary folate intake across European countries has never been reported. The objective of the present study was to describe the dietary folate intake and its food sources in ten countries in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 36 034 participants (aged 35–74 years) who completed a single 24 h dietary recall using a computerised interview software program, EPIC-Soft®(International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon). Dietary folate intake was estimated using the standardised EPIC Nutrient DataBase, adjusted for age, energy intake, weight and height and weighted by season and day of recall. Adjusted mean dietary folate intake in most centres ranged from 250 to 350 μg/d in men and 200 to 300 μg/d in women. Folate intake tended to be lower among current smokers and heavier alcohol drinkers and to increase with educational level, especially in women. Supplement users (any types) were likely to report higher dietary folate intake in most centres. Vegetables, cereals and fruits, nuts and seeds were the main contributors to folate intake. Nonetheless, the type and pattern of consumption of these main food items varied across the centres. These first comparisons of standardised dietary folate intakes across different European populations show moderate regional differences (except the UK health conscious group), and variation by sex, educational level, smoking and alcohol-drinking status, and supplement use.
Algebraic integers as special values of modular units
Authors: Koo Ja Kyung , Shin Dong Hwa , Yoon Dong Sung 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLet $\varphi(\tau)=\eta(\tfrac12(\tau+1))^2/\sqrt{2\pi}\exp\{\tfrac14\pi\ri\}\eta(\tau+1)$, where η(τ) is the Dedekind eta function. We show that if τ0 is an imaginary quadratic argument and m is an odd integer, then $\sqrt{m}\varphi(m\tau_0)/\varphi(\tau_0)$ is an algebraic integer dividing $\sqrt{m}$ This is a generalization of a result of Berndt, Chan and Zhang. On the other hand, when K is an imaginary quadratic field and θK is an element of K with Im(θK) > 0 which generates the ring of integers of K over ℤ, we find a sufficient condition on m which ensures that $\sqrt{m}\varphi(m\theta_K)/\varphi(\theta_K)$ is a unit.
Efficacy of albendazole combined with a marine fungal extract (m2-9) against Angiostrongylus cantonensis-induced meningitis in mice
Authors: Li Z.-Y. , Sun R. , Li J. , Song Y.-X. , Lin Y.-C. , Zeng X. , He H.-J. , Wei J. , Yang F. , Zheng H.-Q. , Lv Z.-Y. , Wu Z.-D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe pathogenesis of angiostrongyliasis, resulting from Angiostrongylus cantonensis invasion of the human central nervous system, remains elusive. Anthelmintics are usually used to kill worms, although dead worms in the brain may cause severe inflammation which will lead to central nervous system damage. Therefore, combination therapy with anthelmintics and anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of human angiostrongyliasis needs further study. To evaluate the efficacy of albendazole combined with a marine fungal extract (m2-9) in A. cantonensis infection, BALB/c mice infected by the third-stage larvae of A. cantonensis were divided into three groups: mice treated with albendazole or m2-9 alone or in combination from day 5 post-inoculation (PI). Several efficacy parameters were recorded, including weight change, worm recovery, neurological function, behavioural analysis, eosinophil and leucocyte counts. The results showed that combination therapy increased body weight, reduced worm burden, improved learning ability, memory and action, decreased neurological dysfunction and leucocyte response in these mice. The combination of albendazole and m2-9 treatment significantly decreased leucocyte response and increased the frequency of rearing, compared to infected mice treated with either drug alone. Therefore, m2-9 is a natural product with potentially significant therapeutic value for angiostrongyliasis and is worthy of further study.
Stabilization of magnetic curvature-driven Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities
Authors: ONISHCHENKO O. G. , POKHOTELOV O. A. , STENFLO L. , SHUKLA P. K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) stabilization of the magnetic curvature-driven Rayleigh–Taylor (MCD RT) instability in a low beta plasma with nonzero ion temperature gradient is investigated. Finite electron temperature effects and ion temperature perturbations are incorporated. A new set of nonlinear equations for flute waves with arbitrary wavelengths as compared with the ion Larmor radius in a plasma with curved magnetic field lines is derived. Particular attention is paid to the waves with spatial scales of the order of the ion Larmor radius. In the linear limit, a Fourier transform of these equations yields an improved dispersion relation for flute waves. The dependence of the MCD RT instability growth rate on the equilibrium plasma parameters and the wavelengths is studied. The condition for which the instability cannot be stabilized by the FLR effects is found.
An ideal combination for marine turtle conservation: exceptional nesting season, with low nest predation resulting from effective low-cost predator management
Authors: Engeman Richard , Martin R. Erik , Woolard John , Stahl Margo , Pelizza Charles , Duffiney Anthony , Constantin Bernice 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe examined impacts from effective predator management on nesting success of marine turtles in an exceptional nesting year at Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge, Florida, USA, a beach with a high density of nesting marine turtles that has a history of severe nest predation. Historically up to 95% of nests were predated, primarily by raccoonsProcyon lotorand, more recently, armadillosDasypus novemcinctus. Predator control was identified as the most important conservation tool for marine turtle reproduction. Predator management by refuge staff as ancillary duties typically only held predation levels to c. 50%. However, when experts in predator control were employed predation was substantially reduced. An extraordinary opportunity to evaluate the biological and economic benefits of this management approach occurred in 2008, a year with exceptionally heavy nesting. Loggerhead turtleCaretta carettanesting resurged, greenChelonia mydasand leatherbackDermochelys coriaceaturtles nested in record numbers, producing twice or more than their median number of nests, and the first Kemp’s ridleyLepidochelys kempiinest was observed. Overall predation was 14.7%, resulting in an estimated > 128,000 additional hatchlings emerging compared to estimates had no predator management been in place and historical predation rates occurred, and > 56,000 hatchlings more than expected had predator management been conducted as ancillary duties rather than by experts. The USD 12,000 investment for expert predator management equated to only USD 0.09 spent for each additional hatchling produced compared to the scenario of no predator control and only USD 0.21 compared to the scenario of predator control as ancillary duties.
Circle diffeomorphisms forced by expanding circle maps
Authors: HOMBURG ALE JAN 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWe discuss the dynamics of skew product maps defined by circle diffeomorphisms forced by expanding circle maps. We construct an open class of such systems that are robustly topologically mixing and for which almost all points in the same fiber converge under iteration. This property follows from the construction of an invariant attracting graph in the natural extension, a skew product of circle diffeomorphisms forced by a solenoid homeomorphism.
A diagram of the minimum necessary internal force required to resist external forces on two-point-grasped objects in two-dimensional space
Authors: Ito Satoshi , Tanaka Kohta , Sasaki Minoru 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThis paper considers the magnitude of the gripping power, i.e., the internal force that depends on the grasping posture or object orientation in a two-dimensional grasp by two contact points with friction. Expressing the effect of variations in the object posture as the direction of an external force, we propose an “internal force diagram.” The internal force necessary to create a statically stable grasp is depicted in the object coordinate frame. Then, a polar coordinate system is introduced in which the orientation represents the direction of the external force, while the distance from the origin represents the minimum necessary internal force. We demonstrate a method based on friction cone configurations to manually draw the internal force diagram, using only a ruler and a compass. The validity of this drawing method is confirmed by a comparison with computer-generated plots. Finally, the characteristics of the internal force diagram are discussed.
Bacterial aetiology of diarrhoeal diseases and antimicrobial resistance in Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2005–2008
Authors: AHMED D. , HOQUE A. , ELAHI M. S. B. , ENDTZ H. P. , HOSSAIN M. A. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYInfectious diarrhoea caused by bacterial pathogens contributes to the high level of mortality in developing countries like Bangladesh. Following standard bacteriological procedures, a total of 14 428 bacterial pathogens were isolated from 56 132 stool samples and rectal swabs collected from diarrhoeal patients between 2005 and 2008. The rate of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility data were retrospectively analysed for these isolates and among themVibriospp. (42·9%) were the most predominant, followed byShigellaspp. (20·3%),Aeromonasspp. (12·8%) andSalmonellaspp. (6·4%). A decreasing trend in isolation ofVibriospp. (P<0·001) andSalmonellaspp. (P<0·001) was observed. WhileVibrio choleraeisolates remained susceptible to ciprofloxacin, an increase in resistance was observed inCampylobacterspp. andShigella flexneri. Variations in susceptibility to other tested antibiotics were observed among the isolated pathogens. Access to this current data will help in understanding the local burden of diarrhoeal disease and contribute to better design of prevention programmes.
An investigation of amino-acid neurotransmitters as potential predictors of clinical improvement to ketamine in depression
Authors: Salvadore Giacomo , van der Veen Jan Willem , Zhang Yan , Marenco Stefano , Machado-Vieira Rodrigo , Baumann Jacqueline , Ibrahim Lobna A. , Luckenbaugh David A. , Shen Jun , Drevets Wayne C. , Zarate Carlos A. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Amino-acid neurotransmitter system dysfunction plays a major role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). We used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) to investigate whether prefrontal levels of amino-acid neurotransmitters predict antidepressant response to a single intravenous infusion of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine in MDD patients. Fourteen drug-free patients with MDD were scanned 1–3 d before receiving a single intravenous infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg). We measured gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, and Glx/glutamate ratio (a surrogate marker of glutamine) in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VM-PFC) and the dorsomedial/dorsal anterolateral prefrontal cortex (DM/DA-PFC). Correlation analyses were conducted to determine whether pretreatment GABA, glutamate, or Glx/glutamate ratio predicted change in depressive and anxiety symptoms 230 min after ketamine administration. Pretreatment GABA or glutamate did not correlate with improved depressive symptoms in either of the two regions of interest (p&gt;0.1); pretreatment Glx/glutamate ratio in the DM/DA-PFC was negatively correlated with improvement in depressive symptoms [rs(11)=−0.57, p&lt;0.05]. Pretreatment glutamate levels in the VM-PFC were positively correlated with improvement in anxiety symptoms [rs(11)=0.57, p&lt;0.05]. The findings suggest an association between lower Glx/glutamate ratio and greater improvement in response to ketamine treatment. Because glutamine is mainly contained in glia, the decreased Glx/glutamate ratio observed in this study may reflect the reduction in glial cells found in the same regions in post-mortem studies of individuals with MDD, and suggests that the presence of this neuropathological construct may be associated with antidepressant responsiveness to ketamine.
Expressiveness of communication in answer set programming
Authors: BAUTERS KIM , SCHOCKAERT STEVEN , JANSSEN JEROEN , VERMEIR DIRK , DE COCK MARTINE 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAnswer set programming (ASP) is a form of declarative programming that allows to succinctly formulate and efficiently solve complex problems. An intuitive extension of this formalism is communicating ASP, in which multiple ASP programs collaborate to solve the problem at hand. However, the expressiveness of communicating ASP has not been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we present a systematic study of the additional expressiveness offered by allowing ASP programs to communicate. First, we consider a simple form of communication where programs are only allowed to ask questions to each other. For the most part, we deliberately consider only simple programs, i.e. programs for which computing the answer sets is in P. We find that the problem of deciding whether a literal is in some answer set of a communicating ASP program using simple communication is NP-hard. In other words, due to the ability of these simple ASP programs to communicate and collaborate, we move up a step in the polynomial hierarchy. Second, we modify the communication mechanism to also allow us to focus on a sequence of communicating programs, where each program in the sequence may successively remove some of the remaining models. This mimics a network of leaders, where the first leader has the first say and may remove models that he or she finds unsatisfactory. Using this particular communication mechanism allows us to capture the entire polynomial hierarchy. This means, in particular, that communicating ASP could be used to solve problems that are above the second level of polynomial hierarchy, such as some forms of abductive reasoning as well as PSPACE-complete problems such as STRIPS planning.
Where Is Scientific Evidence in Support of Refuge Size Reduction for Pyramided Bt Crops?
Authors: Alyokhin Andrei 
Published: November 2011

AbstractGenetically modified plants expressing insecticidal Cry proteins originating from a soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) provide a powerful tool for managing insect pests. Unfortunately, insect ability to develop resistance to insecticidal proteins potentially jeopardizes its long-term efficiency. Review of registration materials submitted by plant biotech industry to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the existing scientific literature shows that currently available evidence in support of reducing refuge for the pyramided genetically modified corn plants to 5% of the total crop area is essentially limited to predictions of a single unpublished mathematical model developed “in-house” by the industry scientists. Additional research and a more extensive (and open) scientific discussion will be of great benefit for ensuring sustainable use of this technology.
Risk for Poor Performance on a Language Screening Measure for Bilingual Preschoolers and Kindergarteners
Authors: Peña Elizabeth D. , Gillam Ronald B. , Bedore Lisa M. , Bohman Thomas M. 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
This study documents the risk for language impairment in Latino children who had different levels of exposure to English and Spanish.

Method
A total of 1,029 preschool- and kindergarten-age children were screened in the domains of semantics and morphosyntax in both Spanish and English. Parent report was used to document current exposure to and use of Spanish and English, as well as year of first exposure to English. Risk for language impairment was compared for language group, year of first English exposure, age, and mother’s education.

Results
While bilingual children’s scores on each subtest were significantly lower compared to their functional monolingual peers, they were no more likely to fall in the at-risk range based on a combination of all 4 subtests. Maternal education and year of first English exposure were weakly associated with risk for language impairment but not with language group (via 5 levels of first and second language exposure).

Conclusions
Prevalence of risk for language impairment when both languages are tested is not related to language group.
Facilitating Children’s Ability to Distinguish Symbols for Emotions: The Effects of Background Color Cues and Spatial Arrangement of Symbols on Accuracy and Speed of Search
Authors: Wilkinson Krista M. , Snell Julie 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
Communication about feelings is a core element of human interaction. Aided augmentative and alternative communication systems must therefore include symbols representing these concepts. The symbols must be readily distinguishable in order for users to communicate effectively. However, emotions are represented within most systems by schematic faces in which subtle distinctions are difficult to represent. We examined whether background color cuing and spatial arrangement might help children identify symbols for different emotions.

Method
Thirty nondisabled children searched for symbols representing emotions within an 8-choice array. On some trials, a color cue signaled the valence of the emotion (positive vs. negative). Additionally, the symbols were either (a) organized with the negatively valenced symbols at the top and the positive symbols on the bottom of the display or (b) distributed randomly throughout. Dependent variables were accuracy and speed of responses.

Results
The speed with which children could locate a target was significantly faster for displays in which symbols were clustered by valence, but only when the symbols had white backgrounds. Addition of a background color cue did not facilitate responses.

Conclusions
Rapid search was facilitated by a spatial organization cue, but not by the addition of background color. Further examination of the situations in which color cues may be useful is warranted.