bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antagonism of 5‐hydroxytryptamine by LSD 25 in the central nervous system: a possible neuronal basis for the actions of LSD 25
Authors: BOAKES R. J. , BRADLEY P. B. , BRIGGS I. , DRAY A. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA), glutamate, d,l‐homocysteic acid (DLH), glycine and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) were applied to single neurones in the brain stem of decerebrate cats by microiontophoresis. The abilities of d‐lysergic acid diethylamide tartrate (LSD 25), methysergide maleate (UML 491) and 2‐bromo‐lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL 148) to antagonize the actions of these compounds were studied.
LSD 25 antagonized 5‐HT excitation of single neurones when applied iontophoretically or administered intravenously. LSD 25 also antagonized glutamate excitation of neurones which could be excited by 5‐HT. Inhibitory effects of 5‐HT, the action of glutamate on neurones which could be inhibited by 5‐HT and the actions of all the other compounds tested were unaffected by LSD 25.
Iontophoretically applied UML 491 was also a specific antagonist to 5‐HT and glutamate excitation but was less potent than LSD 25, and BOL 148 rarely exhibited antagonism.
It is suggested that antagonism to 5‐HT and glutamate excitation of brain stem neurones may be the basis of the psychotomimetic action of LSD 25. It is also suggested that there may be similarities in the mechanisms by which 5‐HT and glutamate produce excitation where they act on the same neurone.
A central site for the hypothermic effects of (+)‐amphetamine sulphate and p‐hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide in mice
Authors: McCULLOUGH DEBORAH O. , MILBERG JANE N. , ROBINSON S. M. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
In unanaesthetized mice, weighing 20–30 g, the effect of (+)‐amphetamine sulphate and p‐hydroxyamphetamine hydrobromide on rectal temperature was examined. The drugs were injected intraperitoneally or into the cerebral ventricles.
Amphetamine produced hypothermia when injected intraperitoneally in doses of 1–5 mg/kg and intraventricularly in doses of 0.5 to 25 μg. Injections of larger doses—10 mg/kg intraperitoneally and 400 μg intraventricularly—resulted in hyperthermia followed by hypothermia.
Hydroxyamphetamine produced hypothermia only when given by the intraventricular route; the effect was obtained with 0.5 to 25 μg. An intraventricular injection of 200 μg resulted in hyperthermia followed by hypothermia. When injected intraperitoneally the sole effect on temperature was hyperthermia, and this response was obtained with 5 and 10 mg/kg.
Hydroxyamphetamine injected intraperitoneally or intraventricularly in doses which produced hyperthermia reduced the noradrenaline but not the dopamine content of the brain. When injected intraventricularly in smaller doses which produced hypothermia no reduction in the noradrenaline content of the brain was obtained.
The hypothermia is attributed to an action on the anterior hypothalamus, and the possibility is discussed that it is brought about indirectly by the release of noradrenaline. The hyperthermia on the other hand is probably a peripheral effect.
Enhancement by potent diuretics of renal tubular necrosis induced by cephaloridine
Authors: DODDS M. G. , FOORD R. D. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Administration of frusemide or ethacrynic acid to cephaloridine‐treated mice increased both the incidence and extent of proximal renal tubular necrosis compared with that obtained in cephaloridine‐treated control mice.
Administration of frusemide to cephaloridine‐treated rats produced significant changes in urine output, electrolyte excretion and proteinuria, and plasma urea nitrogen and creatinine values were significantly increased compared with controls or rats that received frusemide or cephaloridine alone.
Histological examination of the kidneys showed a higher incidence and greater extent of tubular necrosis in rats that received both frusemide and cephaloridine.
It is suggested that this adverse drug interaction may have contributed to the deterioration in renal function observed in some patients treated with diuretics and cephaloridine concurrently.
Facilitation of the flexor reflex in the cat by intrathecal injection of catecholamines
Authors: DHAWAN B. N. , SHARMA J. N. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Effects of some α‐ and β‐adrenoceptor stimulants and antagonists were investigated on flexor reflex (FR) in chloralosed cats.
Noradrenaline (NA) produced facilitation of FR which was dose‐dependent and reproducible and was blocked by α‐adrenoceptor blocking agents.
Strychnine also produced facilitation of FR but the response was unaffected by α‐adrenoceptor blocking agents.
Metaraminol and α‐methyl‐noradrenaline had little effect on FR but blocked the NA response.
β‐adrenoceptor stimulants and antagonists had neither any effect on FR nor modified the NA response.
Vasopressin and histamine also failed to modify FR.
Possibility of α‐adrenoceptors in the neurones integrating FR is suggested.
A method of stimulating different segments of the autonomic outflow from the spinal column to various organs in the pithed cat and rat
Authors: GILLESPIE J. S. , MACLAREN A. , POLLOCK D. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
A simple method of stimulating different segments of the autonomic outflow from the spinal column in the pithed cat and rat is described.
Using a movable Teflon‐shielded electrode inserted into the vertebral canal and an indifferent electrode under the skin, reproducible responses were obtained from the adrenals, the bladder, the blood vessels, the colon, the heart and the vas deferens. The level and number of segments stimulated was altered by varying the depth of insertion of the Teflon tube and the length of central steel electrode protruding from it.
The degree of localization of the stimulus seemed satisfactory since it was possible by stimulating the sacral parasympathetic outflow to the bladder and colon or the lumbar sympathetic outflow to the vas deferens, to elicit responses from these organs with little effect on the cardiovascular system. Stimulation at higher levels of the thoracic sympathetic outflow permitted discrimination between the pressor and cardio‐accelerator responses.
Hexamethonium (1 mg/kg) inhibited all the responses, but the colonic response, which occurred only after a latent period, was especially sensitive to ganglion blockade. Atropine (1 mg/kg) inhibited the bladder response by 50% but only prolonged the latency of the colonic response without affecting its magnitude. Physostigmine (1 mg/kg) enhanced the bladder and colonic responses and reversed the effects of hexamethonium on these organs. Phentolamine (1 mg/kg) abolished the pressor responses to stimulation of the thoracolumbar sympathetic outflow but did not affect the cardio‐accelerator response.
Synaptic potentials recorded by the sucrose‐gap method from the rabbit superior cervical ganglion
Authors: KOSTERLITZ H. W. , LEES G. M. , WALLIS D. I. 
Published: July 2012

Summary
Compound ganglionic potentials evoked by stimulation of the preganglionic nerves to the superior cervical ganglion of the rabbit were recorded by the sucrose‐gap method.
When the distal part of the ganglion was bathed in flowing isotonic sucrose solution or sodium‐deficient solutions, ganglionic action potentials were no longer evoked, only large synaptic potentials.
The compound synaptic potential, which remained unaltered for more than 1 h, originated in a population of cells at the interface between the Krebs and sucrose solutions. Hexamethonium reduced the size but did not alter the time course of the synaptic potential.
It is suggested that a higher concentration of sodium ions is required for the generation of ganglionic action potentials than for either conduction in the postganglionic axons or production of synaptic potentials.
When lithium replaced sodium in the solution bathing the distal part of the ganglion, the synaptic potential was greatly reduced in amplitude. Impulse propagation in the postganglionic axons was only slightly impaired when lithium replaced sodium in the solution bathing the axons.
A quantitative assessment of the potency of the ganglion‐blocking drugs nicotine, pentolinium, hexamethonium and pempidine was made by measuring the depression of the synaptic potentials produced by bathing the distal part of the ganglion in flowing isotonic sucrose solution. The concentrations which produced a 50% depression were 8.1 μM nicotine, 26.5 μM pentolinium, 111 μM hexamethonium and 22.2 μM pempidine.
Effect of anti‐proteases and hexadimethrine bromide on the release of a bradykinin‐like substance during heating (46° C) of rat paws
Authors: LEME J. GARCIA , HAMAMURA L. , SILVA M. ROCHA E 
Published: July 2012

Summary
The conditions in which the release of an active, bradykinin‐like agent occurred when rat paws were heated to 46° C were studied by means of the double coaxial perfusion of the subcutaneous spaces.
The active material thus released stimulated the isolated rat uterus, produced a relaxing effect on the isolated rat duodenum, was destroyed by incubation with chymotrypsin and was potentiated by bradykinin‐potentiating factor. LSD‐25, in doses sufficient completely to block 5‐hydroxytryptamine, did not affect the responses of the isolated uterus to the active material.
The effects on this release of anti‐proteases and hexadimethrine bromide, atropine and diphenhydramine were studied.
Soy‐bean trypsin inhibitor and hexadimethrine bromide added to the perfusion fluid produced a potent and reversible inhibition of the release of the active material; aprotinin and Kunitz inhibitor caused a temporary block.
When administered intravenously, much larger doses of the substances were necessary to produce a similar block.
Pretreatment of the animals with atropine plus diphenhydramine did not affect the release of the active kinin(s).
Ligature of one iliac artery was followed by disappearance of the active material in the perfusate from the corresponding paw.
These facts suggest that heating elicits a process leading to plasma extravasation and that the subcutaneous tissue is the chief site of release of the active material.
The autophagic inhibitor 3‐methyladenine potently stimulates PKA‐dependent lipolysis in adipocytes
Authors: Heckmann Bradlee L , Yang Xingyuan , Zhang Xiaodong , Liu Jun 
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The class III PI3K inhibitor, 3‐methyladenine (3‐MA), is commonly used to selectively block autophagy. Recent findings suggest a strong relationship between autophagy and lipid turnover. Here, we explore the effect of 3‐MA on adipocyte lipolysis.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Assays were performed in 3T3‐L1 cells. Cells were treated with 3‐MA and wortmannin, a pan PI3K and autophagy inhibitor. Pharmacological and genetic manipulation of endogenous autophagic and lipolytic pathways was used to ascertain the contribution of 3‐MA to the observed effects on lipolysis.KEY RESULTS 3T3‐L1 cells that were exposed to 3‐MA showed a consistent increase in lipolysis, approximately 50% over basal levels. The effect of 3‐MA was not secondary to autophagic inhibition as treatment of 3T3‐L1 cells with wortmannin yielded no such changes. Dosing and time course experiments showed that 3‐MA's ability to activate lipolysis was more sensitive than its inhibitory effect on autophagy. Knockdown of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) negated the stimulatory effect of 3‐MA by >90%, indicating that 3‐MA enhanced ATGL‐dependent hydrolysis of triacylglycerols. Additionally, the lipolytic effect of 3‐MA was dependent on the activation of PKA and 3‐MA induced a rapid and potent elevation of intracellular cAMP levels in adipocytes.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cumulatively, we show that 3‐MA potently modulated a cellular mechanism and its underlying signalling pathways not associated with autophagy. Furthermore, we describe a novel stimulatory effect on a major signalling pathway. Our findings provide valuable information to studies employing 3‐MA as a specific inhibitor for PI3K and autophagy.
Heart repair and regeneration: Recent insights from zebrafish studies
Authors: Lien Ching‐Ling , Harrison Michael R. , Tuan Tai‐Lan , Starnes Vaughn A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. Failure to properly repair or regenerate damaged cardiac tissues after myocardial infarction is a major cause of heart failure. In contrast to humans and other mammals, zebrafish hearts regenerate after substantial injury or tissue damage. Here, we review recent progress in studying zebrafish heart regeneration, addressing the molecular and cellular responses in the three tissue layers of the heart: myocardium, epicardium, and endocardium. We also compare different injury models utilized to study zebrafish heart regeneration and discuss the differences in responses to injury between mammalian and zebrafish hearts. By learning how zebrafish hearts regenerate naturally, we can better design therapeutic strategies for repairing human hearts after myocardial infarction.
Voluntary Intravenous Self‐Administration of Alcohol Detects an Interaction Between GABAergic Manipulation and GABRG1 Polymorphism Genotype: A Pilot Study
Authors: Plawecki Martin H. , Wetherill Leah , Vitvitskiy Victor , Kosobud Ann , Zimmermann Ulrich S. , Edenberg Howard J. , O'Connor Sean 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundOperant responding paradigms quantify a subject's motivation for reward, but such studies employing ingested alcohol cannot assure the same incremental increase in brain exposure to alcohol across subjects because of substantial variability in absorption kinetics. We developed a human progressive ratio (PR) paradigm using the computer‐assisted self‐infusion of ethanol (CASE) system that overcomes such variability and conducted a pilot study to assess its utility for detecting an interaction of subjects' GABRA2 or GABRG1 genotype and pretreatment with 1 mg of lorazepam (LZ) vs. placebo on their willingness to work for alcohol rewards.MethodsTwenty healthy, nondependent drinkers, aged 21 to 27, were balanced on rs279871 and rs2350439 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GABRA2 and GABRG1 genes, respectively. Subjects worked for alcohol, with water as an alternative reinforcer (AR), using a progressive schedule of a task that required constant attention and adapted to both fatigue and drug effects. Testing began 1 hour after pretreatment with 1 mg LZ or placebo in a crossover design.ResultsThe CASE system performed well, and the constant attention task was perceived as work by all subjects. GABRA2 homozygosity did not significantly predict either breakpoint or cumulative work, whereas a significant GABRG1 genotype by LZ pretreatment interaction for cumulative work was detected (p = 0.04). Breakpoint revealed a weak trend toward pretreatment drug effects (p = 0.11), and a somewhat stronger interaction of LZ pretreatment with GABRG1 genotype (p = 0.06). GABRG1 status revealed a more complex relationship with respect to motivation for alcohol with and without LZ pretreatment; AG and GG individuals worked more for alcohol under both pretreatment conditions, while AA individuals worked more for the AR.ConclusionsThe CASE PR paradigm shows promise as a laboratory method for use in drug development and phenotyping studies.
The Effect of Foreclosures on Crime in Indianapolis, 2003–2008*
Authors: Stucky Thomas D. , Ottensmann John R. , Payton Seth B. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveUntil recently, few studies have examined the relationship between home foreclosures and crime. Foreclosures are one major source of neighborhood instability and can be expected to affect crime from several theoretical perspectives. Some recent research has found conflicting results on whether foreclosures cause crime.MethodThis study examines whether foreclosures are a robust predictor of crime and whether the effect of foreclosures on crime varies across neighborhood contexts. We estimate fixed‐effects negative binomial models using geocoded Indianapolis foreclosure and crime data for 2003–2008 to predict crime counts in 1,000 feet × 1,000 feet square grid cells.ResultForeclosures exhibit consistent positive effects on indices of overall, property, and violent UCR‐reported (where UCR is Uniform Crime Report) offenses in a cell and rape, aggravated assault, and burglary counts. In addition, foreclosures had greater effects on reported UCR crimes in stable neighborhoods, especially those with more owner‐occupied homes.ConclusionForeclosures were a robust predictor of crime in the current study.
Home Foreclosures and Community Crime: Causal or Spurious Association?*
Authors: Kirk David S. , Hyra Derek S. 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveAggregate crime rates continue to decline in the United States despite the depth and breadth of the current foreclosure crisis. This trend calls into question conventional wisdom and prior research that suggest a causal, positive relationship between foreclosures and crime. The objective of this article is to consider an alternative argument, that foreclosures and crime are part‐and‐parcel of the same community‐level dynamics, and thus are not causally related.MethodsWe use random effects models to analyze community crime and foreclosure data from Chicago between 2004 and 2009.ResultsFindings reveal that crime and foreclosures are spuriously related; controlling for confounding factors such as concentrated disadvantage and the political hierarchy of communities renders the foreclosure‐crime association nonsignificant.ConclusionForeclosures and crime are each explained by antecedent community characteristics. To understand why social problems are unevenly distributed across geographic space, it is necessary to investigate why power and political influence are unevenly distributed.
Aquaporin‐4 Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Human Brain: First Report
Authors: Suzuki Yuji , Nakamura Yukihiro , Yamada Kenichi , Huber Vincent J. , Tsujita Mika , Nakada Tsutomu 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAquaporin 4 (AQP‐4) is the most abundant aquaporin isoform in the brain. Alterations in its expression and distribution have been correlated with the progression of several clinical disorders; however, the specific roles of AQP‐4 in those disorders are not well understood. Visualizing AQP‐4 in vivo is expected to provide fresh insights into its roles in disease pathology, as well as aiding the clinical assessment of those disorders.METHODSWe developed a 11C‐labeled analogue of the AQP‐4 ligand TGN‐020 (2‐nicotinamido‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole) suitable for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.RESULTSIn the present study, we report the first PET images of AQP‐4 in the human brain. The results unequivocally demonstrated a specific distribution pattern for AQP‐4 within the brain, namely, the subpial and perivascular endfeet of astrocytes. The choroid plexus, where both AQP‐4 and AQP‐1 are expressed, also showed substantial uptake of the ligand.CONCLUSIONSBased on these initial results, we believe [11C]TGN‐020 PET will be valuable in determining the role of AQP‐4 in disease progression, and for the clinical assessment of water homeostasis under various settings.
Cerebral Embolus Following Chiropractic Manipulation in a Patient with a Calcified Carotid Artery
Authors: Dandamudi Venkata S. , Thaler David E. , Malek Adel M. 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEDissection of the cervicocranial vessels is the principal cause of ischemic brain injury following cervical spinal manipulation. Cervical spinal manipulation leading to cerebral embolus in the absence of dissection is not described in the literature. Current case documents cerebral embolism originating from extensively calcified internal carotid artery immediately following cervical spinal manipulation in the absence of dissection.METHODSWe describe a case and imaging findings of a 63‐year‐old male who underwent cervical spinal manipulation and developed sudden onset of left‐arm numbness and weakness.RESULTSComputed tomography angiography demonstrated extensively calcified right internal carotid artery at the site of redone carotid endarterectomy as well as calcified embolus in the right inferior middle cerebral artery.CONCLUSIONSCalcified carotid artery may be at risk for embolization following cervical spinal manipulation. Our recommendation is that, patients with extensively calcified carotid arteries should refrain from aggressive neck maneuvers and cervical spine manipulation therapy to avoid liberation of cerebral embolus.
Dentin Bond Strengths of Four Adhesion Strategies after Thermal Fatigue and 6‐Month Water Storage
Authors: SEZINANDO ANA , PERDIGÃO JORGE , REGALHEIRO RITA 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTStatement of Problem:  The stability of current dental adhesives after artificial aging may depend on the adhesion strategy.Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of thermal fatigue and water storage on the dentin microtensile bond strengths (µTBS) of four adhesion strategies.Materials and Methods:  Forty‐eight human molars were assigned to four dentin adhesives: FL—OptiBond FL (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA, USA); SOLO—OptiBond SOLO Plus (Kerr Corporation); XTR—OptiBond XTR (Kerr Corporation); and AIO—OptiBond All‐in‐One (Kerr Corporation). Teeth were restored with a hybrid composite, and sectioned to obtained bonded beams. For each adhesive, one‐third of the central and peripheral beams were assigned to one of three aging conditions: (1) kept in distilled water for 24 hours (24h); (2) thermocycled (TC) for 20,000 cycles; and (3) stored in distilled water for 6 months (6M). Beams were tested in tension mode. Statistical analysis (p < 0.05) was computed using Analysis of Variance and Fisher's Least Significant Difference post hoc test.Results:  The highest mean µTBS for 24h, TC, and 6M were obtained with XTR, but only the 6M mean µTBS were significantly higher than those of the other three adhesives. For FL, mean µTBS decreased significantly from 24h to TC. For SOLO, mean µTBS remained stable over the three aging conditions. Mean µTBS for AIO decreased significantly from 24h to 6M.Conclusion:  The self‐etch adhesives XTR and AIO performed similarly or better than the etch‐and‐rinse adhesives FL and SOLO for all three testing conditions. Their aging stability seems to be material‐dependent.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe dentin bonding ability of the newest self‐etch adhesives has improved compared with other similar materials, including etch‐and‐rinse adhesives. Adhesives that contain a hydrophobic resin (FL and XTR) tend to be more stable in water storage.(J Esthet Restor Dent ••:••–••, 2012)
The Role of Cultural Factors in the Development of Latino Preschoolers' Self‐Regulation
Authors: Li‐Grining Christine Pajunar 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis review summarizes the literature on factors that contribute to individual differences in Latino preschool‐aged children's self‐regulation, which is defined here as the ability to manage one's behavior, emotions, and attention, voluntarily and adaptively. Because Latino children are more likely to live in low‐income families, existing studies have embedded developmental models of Latino preschoolers' self‐regulation in socioeconomic contexts. However, scholars also highlight the importance of situating ethnic minority children's self‐regulation in sociocultural contexts. Existing studies have investigated both mean differences in children's self‐regulation by race and ethnicity and the moderating role of race and ethnic group. Also, extant research has begun examining mean differences in children's socioemotional adjustment by immigrant status. Still, the literature has not extensively studied the moderating roles of acculturation or cultural values such as familism in the socialization of Latino preschool‐aged children's self‐regulation. This article takes a first step toward identifying different types of interaction effects involving familism and acculturation, and concludes with recommendations for future research.