bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sea ice protects the embryos of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri from oxidative damage due to naturally enhanced levels of UV-B radiation
Authors: Lister Kathryn N. , Lamare Miles D. , Burritt David J. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
The ‘ozone hole’ has caused an increase in ultraviolet B radiation (UV-B, 280–320 nm) penetrating Antarctic coastal marine ecosystems, however the direct effect of this enhanced UV-B on pelagic organisms remains unclear. Oxidative stress, the in vivo production of reactive oxygen species to levels high enough to overcome anti-oxidant defences, is a key outcome of exposure to solar radiation, yet to date few studies have examined this physiological response in Antarctic marine species in situ or in direct relation to the ozone hole. To assess the biological effects of UV-B, in situ experiments were conducted at Cape Armitage in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica (77.06°S, 164.42°E) on the common Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri Meissner (Echinoidea) over two consecutive 4-day periods in the spring of 2008 (26–30 October and 1–5 November). The presence of the ozone hole, and a corresponding increase in UV-B exposure, resulted in unequivocal increases in oxidative damage to lipids and proteins, and developmental abnormality in embryos of S. neumayeri growing in open waters. Results also indicate that embryos have only a limited capacity to increase the activities of protective antioxidant enzymes, but not to levels sufficient to prevent severe oxidative damage from occurring. Importantly, results show that the effect of the ozone hole is largely mitigated by sea ice coverage. The present findings suggest that the coincidence of reduced stratospheric ozone and a reduction in sea ice coverage may produce a situation in which significant damage to Antarctic marine ecosystems may occur.
Exceptional high-frequency hearing and matched vocalizations in Australian pygopod geckos
Authors: Manley Geoffrey A. , Kraus Johanna E. M. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
We describe exceptional high-frequency hearing and vocalizations in a genus of pygopod lizards (Delma) that is endemic to Australia. Pygopods are a legless subfamily of geckos and share their highly specialized hearing organ. Hearing and vocalizations of amniote vertebrates were previously thought to differ clearly in their frequency ranges according to their systematic grouping. The upper frequency limit would thus be lowest in chelonians and increasingly higher in crocodilians, lizards, birds and mammals. We report data from four Delma species (D. desmosa, D. fraseri, D. haroldi, D. pax) from the Pilbara region of Western Australia that were studied using recordings of auditory-nerve compound action potentials (CAP) under remote field conditions. Hearing limits and vocalization energy of Delma species extended to frequencies far above those reported for any other lizard group, 14 kHz and &gt;20 kHz, respectively. Their remarkable high-frequency hearing derives from the basilar papilla, and forward masking of CAP responses suggests a unique division of labor between groups of sensory cells within the hearing organ. These data also indicate that rather than having only strictly group-specific frequency ranges, amniote vertebrate hearing is strongly influenced by species-specific physical and ecological constraints.
The importance of leading edge vortices under simplified flapping flight conditions at the size scale of birds
Authors: Hubel Tatjana Y. , Tropea Cameron 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYOver the last decade, interest in animal flight has grown, in part due to the possible use of flapping propulsion for micro air vehicles. The importance of unsteady lift-enhancing mechanisms in insect flight has been recognized, but unsteady effects were generally thought to be absent for the flapping flight of larger animals. Only recently has the existence of LEVs (leading edge vortices) in small vertebrates such as swifts, small bats and hummingbirds been confirmed. To study the relevance of unsteady effects at the scale of large birds [reduced frequency k between 0.05 and 0.3, k=(πfc)/U∞; f is wingbeat frequency, U∞ is free-stream velocity, and c is the average wing chord], and the consequences of the lack of kinematic and morphological refinements, we have designed a simplified goose-sized flapping model for wind tunnel testing. The 2-D flow patterns along the wing span were quantitatively visualized using particle image velocimetry (PIV), and a three-component balance was used to measure the forces generated by the wings. The flow visualization on the wing showed the appearance of LEVs, which is typically associated with a delayed stall effect, and the transition into flow separation. Also, the influence of the delayed stall and flow separation was clearly visible in measurements of instantaneous net force over the wingbeat cycle. Here, we show that, even at reduced frequencies as low as those of large bird flight, unsteady effects are present and non-negligible and have to be addressed by kinematic and morphological adaptations.
Predicting bite force in mammals: two-dimensionalversusthree-dimensional lever models
Authors: Davis J. L. , Santana S. E. , Dumont E. R. , Grosse I. R. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYBite force is a measure of whole-organism performance that is often used to investigate the relationships between performance, morphology and fitness. When in vivo measurements of bite force are unavailable, researchers often turn to lever models to predict bite forces. This study demonstrates that bite force predictions based on two-dimensional (2-D) lever models can be improved by including three-dimensional (3-D) geometry and realistic physiological cross-sectional areas derived from dissections. Widely used, the 2-D method does a reasonable job of predicting bite force. However, it does so by over predicting physiological cross-sectional areas for the masseter and pterygoid muscles and under predicting physiological cross-sectional areas for the temporalis muscle. We found that lever models that include the three dimensional structure of the skull and mandible and physiological cross-sectional areas calculated from dissected muscles provide the best predictions of bite force. Models that accurately represent the biting mechanics strengthen our understanding of which variables are functionally relevant and how they are relevant to feeding performance.
Indirect closing of the elytra in a cockchafer,Melolontha hippocastaniF. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Frantsevich Leonid 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYActuation of the closing of the elytra was previously ascribed to intrinsic muscles in the mesothorax. We investigated closing (1) by loading or arrest of some thoracic segments in a tethered flying beetle, (2) by animation, i.e. passive motion of preparations of the thorax simulating the action of some muscle, and (3) by excision of some parts of sclerites or cuts across certain muscles. We found out that depression of the prothorax, necessary to unlock the elytra, precedes their opening but elevation of the prothorax is synchronous with the closing. The closing is retarded if the elevation is retarded by loading; if the elevating prothorax is clamped, then the closing is also arrested or hindered; animation of the elevation of the prothorax in the dead animal is enough for the closing of the previously spread elytra; the closing is prevented if a piece at the hind edge of the pronotum, positioned in front of the root of an elytron, is excised. This excision also prevents closing in the in vivo experiments. Mechanical interaction between the elytron and the prothorax is limited to the contact point between the posterior edge of the pronotum and the lateral apophysis of the root. Thus, the elevation of the prothorax is the indirect and main mechanism of the closing in Melolontha.
Echolocation in sympatric Peale's dolphins (Lagenorhynchus australis) and Commerson's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) producing narrow-band high-frequency clicks
Authors: Kyhn L. A. , Jensen F. H. , Beedholm K. , Tougaard J. , Hansen M. , Madsen P. T. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARY
An increasing number of smaller odontocetes have recently been shown to produce stereotyped narrow-band high-frequency (NBHF) echolocation clicks. Click source parameters of NBHF clicks are very similar, and it is unclear whether the sonars of individual NBHF species are adapted to specific habitats or the presence of other NBHF species. Here, we test whether sympatric NBHF species sharing the same habitat show similar adaptations in their echolocation clicks and whether their clicks display signs of character displacement. Wide-band sound recordings were obtained with a six-element hydrophone array from wild Peale's (Lagenorhynchus australis) and Commerson's (Cephalorhynchus commersonii) dolphins off the Falkland Islands. The centroid frequency was different between Commerson's (133±2 kHz) and Peale's (129±3 kHz) dolphins. The r.m.s. bandwidth was 12±3 kHz for both species. The source level was higher for Peale's dolphin (185±6 dB re 1 μPa p.–p.) than for Commerson's (177±5 dB re 1 μPa p.–p.). The mean directivity indexes were 25 dB for both species. The relatively low source levels in combination with the high directivity index may be an adaptation to reduce clutter when foraging in a coastal environment. We conclude that the small species-specific shifts in distribution of centroid frequencies around 130 kHz may reflect character displacement in otherwise-stereotyped NBHF clicks.
Difficulties of tracing health research funded by the European Union
Authors: Ernst Kelly , Irwin Rachel , Galsworthy Michael , McKee Martin , Charlesworth Kate , Wismar Matthias 
Published: May 2010

Objective: European Union (EU) information from research projects, including key findings, should be available on the European Commission's Community Research and Development Information Service (CORDIS) database. We describe the results of the Health Research for Europe (HR4E) project which aimed to synthesize results of health research from the EU's Fifth and Sixth Framework Programmes (FP5 and FP6) of research. Methods: Screening of titles and abstracts of all projects funded within FP5 and FP6 to identify health-related projects followed by allocation of such projects to one of the 47 themes of the European Union's Health Portal. Extraction of key findings relevant for policy and practice from data on the CORDIS database and, in a subset of 182 projects selected from five themes, attempted contact with project co-ordinators to obtain missing information. Results: The information held on CORDIS was inadequate, with many fields not completed. Data were rarely updated after the project had been funded. Of the 182 attempts to contact co-ordinators, useful information was obtained in only 17% of cases, with many contact details missing or unverifiable. Conclusions: CORDIS does not meet its stated objectives of facilitating and disseminating EU research. There is a clear need to review the systems designed to manage the CORDIS platform.
Acceptability of Community Pharmaceutical Care in Portugal: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Guerreiro Mara , Cantrill Judith , Martins Paula 
Published: May 2010

Objectives: In developed countries, community pharmacists are increasingly involved in clinical care. This study aimed to explore the acceptability to users of pharmaceutical care (drug therapy monitoring and management) provided in Portuguese community pharmacies, thereby informing future practice, policy and research. Methods: Qualitative semi-structured telephone interviews with a maximum variability sample of 21 service users. Interviews were audio-taped with permission of interviewees, transcribed verbatim and analysed using the ‘framework approach’ with the help of NVIVO® software. Results: A perception of convenient access is one of the key themes associated with acceptability to users. Four factors are central in understanding this perception: shorter waiting time; flexibility of appointments; service organization; and proximity to home. Data analysis suggests that these factors have different weights. Another key theme underpinning user acceptability is the formation of a therapeutic relationship with the pharmacist. Patients’ accounts provide evidence of a trusting and collaborative relationship where the pharmacist is seen as a health care provider. Recognition of interpersonal and technical skills were associated with the formation of this relationship. Although patients generally trusted the pharmacist's ability to help, patients were unable to voice clear expectations about the service, either in terms of the pharmacist's role or expected outcomes. Conclusions: Acceptability to patients is mainly determined by perceptions of convenient access and the development of a therapeutic relationship with the pharmacist. Patients’ expectations concerning the service are not well developed, but not necessarily low.
Diagnosing diabetes in disadvantaged populations: The role of social participation
Authors: Baig Arshiya , Escarce José 
Published: May 2010

Objective: Extensive social networks improve health and reduce mortality. Our aim was to investigate the effect of social participation on the probability that people with diabetes are diagnosed by health care providers and whether these effects differ in disadvantaged populations. Methods: Using the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) 1988-1994, we included 1642 adults with diabetes. Diagnosed people with diabetes reported a provider diagnosis of diabetes; undiagnosed people with diabetes had a fasting plasma glucose over 125 mg/dl. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the effect of social participation on diabetes diagnosis. Results: Increased social participation led to a higher probability of being diagnosed among people with diabetes who were low-income (OR 5 1.19, P < 0.10) and who did not graduate from high school (OR 5 1.21, P < 0.05). Conclusions: People with diabetes who had low incomes and who did not graduate from high school were more likely to know they had diabetes if they had more frequent social interaction. Clarifying the mechanisms through which social participation affects the diagnosis of diabetes may help in developing strategies to improve diabetes identification.
Reduction in Specimen Labeling Errors After Implementation of a Positive Patient Identification System in Phlebotomy
Authors: Morrison Aileen P. , Tanasijevic Milenko J. , Goonan Ellen M. , Lobo Margaret M. , Bates Michael M. , Lipsitz Stuart R. , Bates David W. , Melanson Stacy E.F. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Ensuring accurate patient identification is central to preventing medical errors, but it can be challenging. We implemented a bar code–based positive patient identification system for use in inpatient phlebotomy. A before-after design was used to evaluate the impact of the identification system on the frequency of mislabeled and unlabeled samples reported in our laboratory. Labeling errors fell from 5.45 in 10,000 before implementation to 3.2 in 10,000 afterward (P = .0013). An estimated 108 mislabeling events were prevented by the identification system in 1 year. Furthermore, a workflow step requiring manual preprinting of labels, which was accompanied by potential labeling errors in about one quarter of blood “draws,” was removed as a result of the new system. After implementation, a higher percentage of patients reported having their wristband checked before phlebotomy. Bar code technology significantly reduced the rate of specimen identification errors.
Clinical correlates of olfactory hallucinations in schizophrenia
Authors: Langdon Robyn , McGuire Jonathan , Stevenson Richard , Catts Stanley V. 
Published: May 2010

Objectives. Olfactory hallucinations (OHs) are underrepresented in conventional clinical instruments, infrequently researched, and poorly understood. To advance understanding of OHs, we examined their past‐month prevalence and co‐occurring symptoms in two datasets. Design. One dataset comprised categorical codes and was examined using homogeneity analysis and logistic regression; the other dataset comprised numeric ratings and was examined using principal components analyses and linear regression. Method. The two datasets included: (1) 962 cases with Present State Examination – 9th Edition (PSE‐9), codes (recoded present/absent) from the World Health Organization 10 Country (WHO‐10) Study and (2) 265 cases with ratings on Scales for Assessing Positive/Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia (SAPS/SANS). Two PSE‐9 items (external‐ and self‐smells) were recoded into a single OH item to examine consistency with the SAPS/SANS dataset, which contained a single OH item. Results. Prevalence of OHs and hallucinations in other modalities differed according to the WHO‐10 international centre. Across centres, OHs were present in 13% of the WHO‐10 dataset, similar to the 17% prevalence rate in the SAPS/SANS dataset. Referential/control delusions and other hallucinations (particularly, somatic/tactile/gustatory hallucinations) were significant independent correlates of OHs in both datasets. OHs also co‐occurred with social anxiety and depression in the WHO‐10 dataset, with self‐smells being particularly associated with self‐depreciation. Conclusions. Sociocultural factors may modulate the self‐reporting and/or detection of OHs and hallucinations in other modalities. Referential/control delusions promote the generation and/or maintenance of OHs independent of factors shared with other hallucinations. OHs and hallucinations of taste, touch, and bodily sensation frequently co‐occur. Self‐smells warrant sensitive probing.
Prospective Evaluation of Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and Carbohydrate Antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) in Patients with Primary Locoregional Breast Cancer
Authors: Molina Rafael , Auge Jose M , Farrus Blanca , Zanón Gabriel , Pahisa Jaume , Muñoz Montserrat , Torne Aureli , Filella Xavier , Escudero Jose M , Fernandez Pedro , Velasco Martin 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Background: The utility of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 15.3 (CA 15.3) as prognostic factors in primary breast cancer is unclear.
Methods: We prospectively studied CEA and CA 15.3 in the sera of 2062 patients with untreated primary breast cancer diagnosed between 1984 and 2008.
Results: Increased CEA (&gt;5 μg/L) and CA 15.3 (&gt;30 kU/L) concentrations were found in 12.7% and 19.6% of the patients, respectively, and 1 or both tumor markers were increased in 28% (570 of 2062). Increases in each tumor marker correlated with larger tumor sizes and nodal involvement. Tumor size, estrogen receptor (ER), and CEA were independent prognostic factors by multivariate analysis in the total group [disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS)] as well as in node-positive (NP) and node-negative (NN) patients. Nodal involvement and histological grade were independent prognostic factors in the total group as well as in NP patients. By contrast, adjuvant treatment and CA 15.3 were independent prognostic factors only in NN patients (DFS and OS). All patients with CEA &gt;7.5 μg/L had recurrence during follow-up. Use of both tumor markers allowed discrimination of the groups of risk in T1 NN patients: 56.3% of recurrences were seen when 1 or both tumor markers were increased, whereas only 9.4% of recurrences were seen in T1 NN patients without increases of either marker.
Conclusions: CEA and CA 15.3 are useful prognostic factors in NP and NN breast cancer patients. CEA &gt;7.5 μg/L is associated with a high probability of subclinical metastases.
C-Reactive Protein Adversely Alters the Protein–Protein Interaction of the Endothelial Isoform of Nitric Oxide Synthase
Authors: Valleggi Simona , Devaraj Sridevi , Dasu Mohan R , Jialal Ishwarlal 
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND
C-reactive protein (CRP) inhibits the activity of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) via uncoupling of the enzyme both in vitro and in vivo. eNOS activity appears to be related in part to its interaction with other cellular proteins, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), caveolin-1, and porin. In this study, we examined the effect of CRP treatment of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) on eNOS interaction with caveolin-1, Hsp90, and porin.

METHODS
We incubated HAECs with CRP (0, 12.5, and 25 mg/L) for 1, 6, or 24 h and assessed the interaction of these proteins with eNOS by immunoprecipitation and western blotting.

RESULTS
CRP treatment (12.5 and 25 mg/L) of HAECs for 24 h significantly increased eNOS binding to caveolin-1 (40% and 54% increase, respectively; P &lt; 0.05) and decreased binding to Hsp90 (33% and 66% decrease, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). CRP (25 mg/L) also significantly decreased the binding of porin to eNOS (11% decrease, P &lt; 0.05). Similar results were seen when HAECs were treated with CRP for 6 h.

CONCLUSIONS
These negative protein–protein interactions of eNOS were able to partly explain the CRP-induced decreases in the activity of this critical enzyme, which caused endothelial dysfunction.
Development of a Standard Flammability Test for Water-Based Hydraulic Fluids
Authors: Khan Mohammed M. , Chatterjee Prateep , de Ris John L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This paper is a review of the development of a standard flammability test method for hydraulic fluids since the 1970s. Over the past years, the test methodology for qualifying hydraulic fluids has been transformed from a qualitative assessment to a quantitative and model based assessment. The present standard test method deals with the calorimetric measurement of heat release rate of a highly atomized spray fire, fire point temperature measurement, and the determination of adiabatic flame temperature utilizing an existing NASA Combustion Equilibrium and Application Code. In this paper, we have emphasized on the detailed development of evaluating water-based hydraulic fluids.