bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial analysis ofLeishmania donovaniexposure in humans and domestic animals in a recent kala azar focus in Nepal
Authors: KHANAL BASUDHA , PICADO ALBERT , BHATTARAI NARAYAN RAJ , VAN DER AUWERA GERT , DAS MURARI LAL , OSTYN BART , DAVIES CLIVE RICHARD , BOELAERT MARLEEN , DUJARDIN JEAN-CLAUDE , RIJAL SUMAN 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major public health problem in the Indian subcontinent where theLeishmania donovanitransmission cycle is described as anthroponotic. However, the role of animals (in particular domestic animals) in the persistence and expansion of VL is still a matter of debate. We combined Direct Agglutination Test (DAT) results in humans and domestic animals with Geographic Information System technology (i.e. extraction maps and scan statistic) to evaluate the exposure toL. donovanion these 2 populations in a recent VL focus in Nepal. A Poisson regression model was used to assess the risk of infection in humans associated with, among other factors, the proportion of DAT-positive animals in the proximities of the household. The serological results showed that both humans and domestic animals were exposed toL. donovani. DAT-positive animals and humans were spatially clustered. The presence of serologically positive goats (IRR=9·71), past VL cases (IRR=2·62) and the proximity to a forest island dividing the study area (IRR=3·67) increased the risk of being DAT-positive in humans. Even if they are not a reservoir, domestic animals, and specially goats, may play a role in the distribution ofL. donovani, in particular in this new VL focus.
Age- and puberty-dependent association between IQ score in early childhood and depressive symptoms in adolescence
Authors: Glaser B. , Gunnell D. , Timpson N. J. , Joinson C. , Zammit S. , Smith G. Davey , Lewis G. 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundLower cognitive functioning in early childhood has been proposed as a risk factor for depression in later life but its association with depressive symptoms during adolescence has rarely been investigated. Our study examines the relationship between total intelligence quotient (IQ) score at age 8 years, and depressive symptoms at 11, 13, 14 and 17 years.MethodStudy participants were 5250 children and adolescents from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and their Children (ALSPAC), UK, for whom longitudinal data on depressive symptoms were available. IQ was assessed with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children III, and self-reported depressive symptoms were measured with the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ).ResultsMulti-level analysis on continuous SMFQ scores showed that IQ at age 8 years was inversely associated with depressive symptoms at age 11 years, but the association changed direction by age 13 and 14 years (age–IQ interaction,p<0.0001; age squared–IQ interaction,p<0.0001) when a higher IQ score was associated with a higher risk of depressive symptoms. This change in IQ effect was also found in relation to pubertal stage (pubertal stage–IQ interaction, 0.00049<p⩽0.038). At age 17 years, however, sex-specific differences emerged (sex–age squared–IQ interaction,p=0.0075). Whilst the risk effect of higher childhood IQ scores for depressive symptoms declined in females, and some analyses even supported an inverse association by age 17 years, it persisted in males.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the association between cognitive ability in childhood and depressive symptoms in adolescence varies according to age and/or pubertal stage.
Altered microstructure integrity of the amygdala in schizophrenia: a bimodal MRI and DWI study
Authors: Tomasino B. , Bellani M. , Perlini C. , Rambaldelli G. , Cerini R. , Isola M. , Balestrieri M. , Calì S. , Versace A. , Pozzi Mucelli R. , Gasparini A. , Tansella M. , Brambilla P. 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundThe amygdala plays a central role in the fronto-limbic network involved in the processing of emotions. Structural and functional abnormalities of the amygdala have recently been found in schizophrenia, although there are still contradictory results about its reduced or preserved volumes.MethodIn order to address these contradictory findings and to further elucidate the possibly underlying pathophysiological process of the amygdala, we employed structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), exploring amygdalar volume and microstructural changes in 69 patients with schizophrenia and 72 matched healthy subjects, relating these indices to psychopathological measures.ResultsMeasuring water diffusivity, the apparent diffusion coefficients (ADCs) for the right amygdala were found to be significantly greater in patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls, with a trend for abnormally reduced volumes. Also, significant correlations between mood symptoms and amygdalar volumes were found in schizophrenia.ConclusionsWe therefore provide evidence that schizophrenia is associated with disrupted tissue organization of the right amygdala, despite partially preserved size, which may ultimately lead to abnormal emotional processing in schizophrenia. This result confirms the major role of the amygdala in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and is discussed with respect to amygdalar structural and functional abnormalities found in patients suffering from this illness.
Abuse and dependence on prescription opioids in adults: a mixture categorical and dimensional approach to diagnostic classification
Authors: Wu L.-T. , Woody G. E. , Yang C. , Pan J.-J. , Blazer D. G. 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundFor the emerging DSM-V, it has been recommended that dimensional and categorical methods be used simultaneously in diagnostic classification; however, little is known about this combined approach for abuse and dependence.MethodUsing data (n=37 708) from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), DSM-IV criteria for prescription opioid abuse and dependence among non-prescribed opioid users (n=3037) were examined using factor analysis (FA), latent class analysis (LCA, categorical), item response theory (IRT, dimensional), and factor mixture (hybrid) approaches.ResultsA two-class factor mixture model (FMM) combining features of categorical latent classes and dimensional IRT estimates empirically fitted more parsimoniously to abuse and dependence criteria data than models from FA, LCA and IRT procedures respectively. This mixture model included a severely affected group (7%) with a comparatively moderate to high probability (0.32−0.88) of endorsing all abuse and dependence criteria items, and a less severely affected group (93%) with a low probability (0.003−0.16) of endorsing all criteria. The two empirically defined groups differed significantly in the pattern of non-prescribed opioid use, co-morbid major depression, and substance abuse treatment use.ConclusionsA factor mixture model integrating categorical and dimensional features of classification fits better to DSM-IV criteria for prescription opioid abuse and dependence in adults than a categorical or dimensional approach. Research is needed to examine the utility of this mixture classification for substance use disorders and treatment response.
Design for independent living: activity demands and capabilities of older people
Authors: SEIDEL DAVID , RICHARDSON KATHRYN , CRILLY NATHAN , MATTHEWS FIONA E. , CLARKSON P. JOHN , BRAYNE CAROL 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTThe ability to perform the instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) is an important focus for the promotion of independent living in old age. If strategies to enable older people to remain in their own homes are to be developed, advances must be made in understanding the demands associated with IADLs. This paper reports on a study of how activity demands – the body postures, actions and hand functions involved in cooking, housework, laundering and shopping – relate to the capabilities of a sample of older people in Great Britain. Task data were analysed for 4,886 community-dwelling 55–93-year-olds who were enrolled in a follow-up survey to the 1996/97 Family Resources Survey. Logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios for associations between functional limitations and IADL difficulty. Attributable fraction estimates were also used to assess the population impact of the functional limitations. Comparable effect sizes were observed across activities for limitations in body postures (standing, reaching and bending/stooping), actions (lifting/lowering and holding/carrying) and hand functions. Most of the difficulties were attributable to limitations in body postures, primarily bending/stooping, whereas actions and hand functions accounted for much less difficulty. We present a matrix of the potential impact that design changes to alleviate each limitation would have on the ability to perform the activities studied. This can help to prioritise interventions aimed at supporting continued independent living.
Instance-based natural language generation
Authors: VARGES S. , MELLISH C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe investigate the use of instance-based ranking methods for surface realization in natural language generation. Our approach to instance-based natural language generation (IBNLG) employs two components: a rule system that ‘overgenerates’ a number of realization candidates from a meaning representation and an instance-based ranker that scores the candidates according to their similarity to examples taken from a training corpus. We develop an efficient search technique for identifying the optimal candidate based on a novel extension of theA* algorithm. The rule system is produced automatically from a semantically annotated fragment of the Penn Treebank II containing management succession texts. We detail the annotation scheme and grammar induction algorithm and evaluate the efficiency and output of the generator. We also discuss issues such as input coverage (completeness) and fluency that are relevant to surface generation in general.
HOMOGENEOUS AND H-CONTACT UNIT TANGENT SPHERE BUNDLES
Authors: CALVARUSO G. , PERRONE D. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe prove that all g-natural contact metric structures on a two-point homogeneous space are homogeneous contact. The converse is also proved for metrics of Kaluza–Klein type. We also show that if (M,g) is an Einstein manifold and $\tilde G$ is a Riemannian g-natural metric on T1M of Kaluza–Klein type, then $(T_1 M,\tilde \eta ,\tilde G)$ is H-contact if and only if (M,g) is 2-stein, so proving that the main result of Chun et al. [‘H-contact unit tangent sphere bundles of Einstein manifolds’, Q. J. Math., to appear. DOI: 10.1093/qmath/hap025] is invariant under a two-parameter deformation of the standard contact metric structure on T1M. Moreover, we completely characterize Riemannian manifolds admitting two distinct H-contact g-natural contact metric structures, with associated metric of Kaluza–Klein type.
Querying incomplete data over extended ER schemata
Authors: CALÌ ANDREA , MARTINENGHI DAVIDE 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSince Chen's Entity-Relationship (ER) model, conceptual modeling has been playing a fundamental role in relational data design. In this paper we consider an extended ER (EER) model enriched with cardinality constraints, disjointness assertions, and is a relations among both entities and relationships. In this setting, we consider the case of incomplete data, which is likely to occur, for instance, when data from different sources are integrated. In such a context, we address the problem of providing correct answers to conjunctive queries by reasoning on the schema. Based on previous results about decidability of the problem, we provide a query answering algorithm that performs rewriting of the initial query into a recursive Datalog query encoding the information about the schema. We finally show extensions to more general settings.
The EuropaBio approach to general surveillance for cultivation of GM crops
Authors: Wandelt Christine , Alcalde Esteban , Hayter Katrina , Legris Gaston , Patterson Beth , Tinland Bruno , Windels Pieter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe objective of general surveillance is to identify the occurrence of unanticipated adverse effects of GM crops on human health or the environment that were not covered in the environmental risk assessment. EuropaBio is harmonizing an approach to non-hypothesis driven post-market environmental monitoring relating to the cultivation of different GM crops, comprising a farmer questionnaire, existing surveillance systems as well as other data sources. As an unanticipated adverse effect is most likely to occur where the level of environmental exposure is highest, general surveillance focuses on the agricultural environment and those agronomic zones that are representative of commercial GM crop cultivation. The farmer questionnaire is one element of the general surveillance approach, and is largely based on routine observations by farmers cultivating GM crops. It aims at recording data and observations capturing the interaction of one GM event with the agricultural environment. Due to its modular structure, the farmer questionnaire can be used for different GM crops and traits as well as combinations of traits. Existing surveillance systems, which are not GM crop focused, are another element of the harmonized approach to general surveillance and provide information based on e.g. plant health and soil surveys, ecological and environmental observations. The aforementioned elements, in association with the assessment of results from research projects published in peer reviewed publications relating to the environmental safety of GM crops, individual company stewardship activities and issue alerts complete the EuropaBio approach which should allow for the identification of any potential adverse effects arising from the presence of GM crops.
Local environment and valence state of iron in microinclusions in fibrous diamonds: X-ray Absorption and Mössbauer data
Authors: Shiryaev Andrei 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIron valence state and local environment in a set of fibrous diamonds from Brazilian and Zairean placers were investigated using X-ray Absorption and Mössbauer spectroscopies. It is shown that the diamonds could be divided into two main groups, differing in the type of dominant Fe-bearing inclusions. In the first group Fe is mostly trivalent and is present in octahedral coordination; diamonds from the second group contain a mixture of Fe^2+^ and Fe^3+^, most likely with Fe^2+^ in dodecahedral coordination. A few other diamonds contain iron in a more reduced state: the presence of metallic Fe and Fe~3~O~4~ is inferred from XAS measurements. Spatially resolved XANES and Mössbauer measurements on polished diamond plates show that in some cases the Fe valence state may change considerably between the core and rim, whereas in other cases Fe speciation and valence remain constant. It is shown that Fe valence does not correlate with water and/or carbonate content or ratio, suggesting that iron is a minor element in the growth medium of fibrous diamonds and plays a passive role. This study suggests that, when present, evolution of the C isotopic composition with diamond growth is largely due to changes in chemistry of the growth medium and not due to variations of fO~2~.
Introduction: At the Intersection of Truth and Falsity
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents basic conceptual and logical tools involved in the debate over non-contradiction. Some elementary definitions and distinctions are provided, and a basic paraconsistent logic is presented (with the presentation presupposing little background beyond an acquaintance with classical propositional logic). All of this serves as background to the main chapters of the book.
What's So Bad About Contradictions?
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter sets up the debate for the rest of the book. It discusses and rejects five objections to accepting (some) contradictions: (i) that contradictions entail everything (Explosion); (ii) that contradictions cannot be true (Law of Non-Contradiction); (iii) that contradictions cannot be believed rationally; (iv) that if contradictions can be accepted, beliefs cannot be revised rationally; and (v) that if it is possible to accept contradictions, nothing can be denied.
Laws of Non-Contradiction, Laws of the Excluded Middle, and Logics
Authors: Restall Greg 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
There is widespread acknowledgement that the law of non-contradiction (LNC) is an important logical principle. However, there is less-than-universal agreement on exactly what the law amounts to. This lack of clarity is brought to light by the emergence of paraconsistent logics in which contradictions are tolerated: from the point of view of proofs, not everything need follow from a contradiction. From the point of view of models, there are ‘worlds’ in which contradictions are true. In this sense, the LNC is violated in these logics. However, in many paraconsistent logics, statement &lt;(A & &lt;A) (it is not the case that A and not-A) is still provable. In this sense, the LNC is upheld. This chapter attempts to clarify the different readings of the LNC, in particular taking cues from the tradition of relevant logics. A further guiding principle will be the natural duality between the LNC and rejection on the one hand and the law of the excluded middle and acceptance on the other.
Option Negation and Dialetheias
Authors: Sainsbury R. M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces a hitherto unnoticed conception of negation, based on the de-selection of options facing an agent: option negation. This conception has a role to play in understanding some of the things we say (e.g., ‘It's not a car, it's a Volkswagen’), and is arguably not reducible to the classical conception of negation. There are three consequences for dialetheism. One is that using a framework containing option negation in place of classical negation enables a dialetheist to present her thesis in a determinate way. If we think of ‘true-and-false’ as a semantic verdict competing with ‘true’, ‘false’, and ‘neither’, and these verdicts as potential inputs to option negation, the verdict ‘true’ precludes any subsequent addition like ‘and also (by the way) not true’. A second consequence is that there could be dialetheias without there being true contradictions. A third consequence is that utterances that seem to commit to dialetheism (like Plotinus's ‘The One is all things, and no one of them’) may alternatively be understood as fully consistent applications of option negation.
Conjunction and Contradiction
Authors: Varzi Achille C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere are two ways of understanding the notion of a contradiction: as a conjunction of a statement and its negation, or as a pair of statements, one of which is the negation of the other. Correspondingly, there are two ways of understanding the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC), i.e. the law that says that no contradictions can be true. This chapter offers some arguments to the effect that, on the first (collective) reading, LNC is non-negotiable, but on the second (distributive) reading, it is perfectly plausible to suppose that LNC may, in some rather special and perhaps undesirable circumstances, fail to hold.
Diagnosing Dialetheism
Authors: Armour-Garb Bradley 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
According to dialetheists, the ‘liar paradox’ constitutes a sound argument to a true contradiction. But in the standard view, a paradox is an apparently unacceptable conclusion derived from apparently acceptable premises by apparently acceptable reasoning. So, in what sense can the dialetheist take the liar paradox to be just that: a paradox? This chapter raises and replies to a putative problem for dialetheism: the problem of diagnosing the liar paradox. It shows that dialetheism offers a way of rethinking the nature of paradox and, with it, a rethinking of the rules that govern it.
Revising Logic
Authors: Resnik Michael D. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter separates questions about revising our inferential practice (revising our logic) from those about revising LOGIC (theories of inference). It focuses on revising (lower case) logic. By tradition, logic is a branch of methodology. Worries about revising logic are a special case of the worries about revising some methodological norms while working within the very system of norms to which they belong. The chapter denies that revising norms comes about through acquiring normative knowledge. However, revising can arise through normative argument, which can lead us to change our values, goals, and priorities. But sometimes we change these in an unreflective response to changes in our circumstances. Inference-making is a social enterprise. Just as we carry out this practice largely without thinking, we also revise it without thinking. Like changes in a language, certain inferential practices may slowly and quietly become obsolete and new ones may unceremoniously evolve.
Realism and Dialetheism
Authors: Kroon Frederick 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Dialetheists think that their rejection of ex falso quodlibet means that they cannot be saddled with the claim that anything whatsoever is true. But what precisely is wrong with trivialism, as Priest calls the position that everything is indeed true (and also false)? Might not the actual world be trivial, even if we are constrained (as Priest argues) to think that it is not? But such a dialetheist realism is one that most philosophers would find intolerable, and this paper argues that, to the extent that arguments for dialetheism prove hard to resist, they therefore provide a reason for being anti-realist about discourse capable of expressing dialetheia. In particular, they provide a reason for adopting a fictionalist version of dialetheism in which it is only fictional that a word like ‘true’ stands for a genuine property.
Ramsey's Dialetheism
Authors: McGee Vann 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
For accommodating defective utterances within compositional semantics, truth-value gaps (Kleene's 3-valued logic) and gluts (Priest's LP) are equally efficient, but in terms of classical logic gaps yield harmless incompleteness, whereas gluts precipitate collapse; ex contradictione quodlibet. The discrepancy is less deep than first appears, however. A dialetheist dual to van Fraassen's supervaluationism, implicit in Ramsey's ‘Theories,’ counts sentences true if they are true in at least one acceptable model. Divergent illucutionary norms compensate for differing semantics. Subvaluationists (so-called by Varzi) replace the supervaluationist maxim, ‘Do not assert what is untrue,’ by ‘Do not assert what is false.’ Both predict the same verbal behavior.
The Barber, Russell's Paradox, Catch-22, God and More: A Defence of a Wittgensteinian Conception of Contradiction
Authors: Goldstein Laurence 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Although he toyed with the idea that contradictions in mathematics are harmless, Wittgenstein did not subscribe to the claim that they are true. He took the highly distinctive line that contradictions are neither true nor false, a view he defended early and late. He argued that contradictions are not statements and hence are not in the true/false game; this appears to be Aristotle's view too. This chapter considers a variety of paradoxes, including the Barber, Russell's paradox, Catch-22, the lawyer paradox involving Protagoras and Euathlus, the paradox of the stone, the Liar and Yablo's paradox. What the examination of these paradoxes reveals is that a satisfyingly unified treatment of them can be had if we have in place a principled denial of the assumption that contradictions and biconditionals of the form p, if and only if not-p are necessarily false. It is the latter that Wittgenstein supplies.