bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Moving and Fixed Bed Combustion
Authors: Peters Bernhard , Raupenstrauch Harald 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOwing to declining sources of primary energy and a demand for sustainability, solid fuels and their use for generation of energy have gained a growing attraction during recent years. In particular, biomass is considered as an alternative source because it contributes to reduced net emissions of carbon dioxide. To understand the conversion behavior of solid fuels, both experimental and theoretical investigations were initiated. This chapter deals with the modeling aspect of solid fuel combustion in fixed and moving beds. The conversion of both a fixed and moving bed is a rather complex process involving various thermodynamic, fluid dynamic, physical, and chemical aspects and their interactions. Thus, the relevance of each aspect will be described within this chapter and moreover their dependence on each other. Major processes during solid fuel combustion include, in general, heating, drying, pyrolysis, devolatilization, gasification and perhaps combustion. These processes of thermal conversion involve chemical reaction processes that consume or generate energy. In moving beds, the redistribution of the solid fuel particles has to be taken into account additionally. All these aspects may be represented by models of different levels of accuracy, whereby the models may be divided into the continuum mechanics and the discrete approach. The first approach treats solid fuel as a continuum for which characteristics such as size or shape disappear due to the averaging process. However, the discrete approach takes all these characteristics into account on a particle level, and therefore, offers a priori a higher degree of accuracy.
Waste Combustion,MSW, Sewage Sludge, Hazardous, Grate and Rotary Kiln
Authors: Seifert Helmut , Vehlow Jürgen 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWaste incineration is the preferred practice of thermal treatment of municipal and of industrial waste. The objectives and basic principles of waste incineration as well as the various types of grate systems are described in detail. Special interest is attached to the characterization of municipal solid waste and waste based fuels. Their combustion properties, first of all the calorific value, are important parameters for furnace design. The biogenic energy share in municipal solid waste worldwide is roughly 50%, meaning that waste‐to‐energy strategies contribute significantly to the reduction of fossil CO2emissions. The quality of air emissions is dealt with in view of the respective legislative regulations and the environmental impact. Of particular interest in this respect is the role of dioxins.Solid residues from waste are partly used as secondary building materials while filter ashes and gas cleaning residues are classified as hazardous waste. Whereas municipal solid waste is mainly incinerated in grate systems the preferred combustion technology for sewage sludge is fluidized bed furnaces. Industrial and hazardous waste is preferentially burnt in rotary kilns, which are typically followed by high temperature combustion chambers. In recent years various alternative thermal treatment systems, mainly combinations of pyrolysis, gasification, and combustion, have been developed in Europe and Japan. Several such systems are in operation in Japan but have not yet made it to market in other countries.
Gasification and Pyrolysis of Coal
Authors: Luckos Adam , Shaik Mohammed N. , van Dyk Johan C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNowadays, concerns about global climate change and rising prices of crude oil and natural gas make the need for clean energy from coal more important than ever. Gasification of coal is a major clean coal technology that will play a significant role in the coming decades, both for power generation and for the production of chemicals and synthetic fuels.Gasification is a technology in which coal is reacted with air, oxygen, steam, carbon dioxide, or a mixture of these gases to yield a gaseous product (called syngas) consisting of carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and some methane and carbon dioxide. After cleaning, syngas can be used either as raw material for the synthesis of liquid fuels and chemicals coal‐to‐liquids technologies, as a reductant in pyrometallurgical processes (e.g. direct reduction of iron), or as a source of energy for the generation of electric power (in integrated gasification combined cycle systems) or a combination of these products.This chapter provides an overview on the pyrolysis and gasification chemistry and the current status of coal gasification technologies.
Fluidized Beds
Authors: Bis Zbigniew 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Theory

Average Particle Size

Parameters of a Bed of Solids

Critical Fluidization Velocities

Structure of Fluidized Bed

Heat Transfer in Fluidized Bed

Application in Industry

Introduction

Fundamental Rules in Designing and Operating the Fluidized Bed Boilers

Outlook

Summary
Modeling of Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
Authors: Wang Wei , Li Jinghai 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCirculating fluidized bed (CFB) combustion has found increasing industrial applications worldwide. Good design, operation and scale‐up of CFB combustors rely on thorough understanding of the complex multiphase fluid dynamics as well as the coupling between flow, heat/mass transfer, and reaction kinetics over a wide range of scales as to time and space. Simulation of these coupled processes play an important role that is complementary to experiments. This chapter reviews the currently available modeling approaches for CFB combustion, including various correlations, as well as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based approaches, with emphasis on the so‐called multiscale CFD approach. Some basic issues of the multiscale CFD approach, concerning drag force closure, mass transfer coefficients, and mass conservations are addressed with appropriate solutions. A general scheme towards multiscale modeling of CFB combustion, together with a simulation example for a 150 MWe boiler, is recommended finally for future practices.
Ash‐Forming Matter and Ash‐Related Problems
Authors: Zevenhoven Maria , Yrjas Patrik , Hupa Mikko 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDeposit formation, that is, fouling and slagging, corrosion, and sintering are often cause for unwanted shutdowns of boilers. These problems are ash related. The composition and physical state of ash determines if problems may occur and where and when.Ash properties depend on the way ash‐forming matter is present in a fuel, how it is released from the fuel, and process conditions in the furnace.This chapter is dedicated to the more challenging fuels like biomass‐derived fuels that nowadays are used as a replacement for coal. Examples are taken from 92 fuels extracted from the Åbo Akademi fuel database, a collection of fuel analyses carried out at Åbo Akademi University during the last decade.Fuel characterization and analysis of ash‐forming matter in fuels will be discussed. Here, the analyses of the association of ash‐forming matter by chemical fractionation are emphasized. Release of ash‐forming matter and the formation of ash will be examined. Here, knowledge obtained from the fuel analyses plays an important role. Formed ash may cause deposits on heat exchanger surfaces, agglomeration of bed material in a fluidized bed, or corrosion. Nowadays, biomass fuels are often co‐fired, either with positive or negative effects on boiler availability. All these above‐mentioned phenomena can be seen from a chemistry point of view, where understanding of interaction of ash forming and melting behavior of ashes is seen to be vital.
Co‐Firing Biomass with Coal in Fluidized Bed Combustion Systems
Authors: Selçuk Nevin , Gogebakan Zuhal 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis chapter overviews direct co‐firing applications of agricultural and forestry residues with coal in fluidized bed combustion (FBC) systems, which is the most promising technology due to its fuel flexibility and high efficiency. Similarities and differences in characteristics of biomass and coal are summarized. Issues on operational problems and their possible solutions in FBC systems firing biomass only are identified. Among the available solutions to these problems, co‐firing biomass with coal is the most effective and simple option. Experiences obtained from several biomass/coal blends in FBC systems, ranging from laboratory rigs to large‐scale utility boilers, are presented to emphasize the impact of co‐firing on combustion efficiency, emissions and ash‐related operational problems.
Co‐utilization of Biomass Based Fuels in Pulverized Coal Power Plants in
E
urope
Authors: Grammelis Panagiotis , Agraniotis Michalis , Kakaras Emmanuel 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses various issues related to the co‐firing of biomass‐based secondary fuels in existing coal‐fired power plants. The main objective is to present the current situation of co‐firing technology in Europe and its future developments, as well as the most applied technological co‐firing options in large‐scale pulverized fuel boilers. Co‐firing can be accomplished either via the direct or indirect approach. The first option is the most common trend in co‐firing owing to time saving for installation, fewer modifications, shorter shutdown periods, and lower investment cost. To co‐utilize biomass in an existing coal fired power plant some form of retrofitting is needed. Although no two plants are the same, the practical considerations for retrofitting and co‐firing can be generalized into four areas of interest: fuel availability, plant modification, legislative framework on environmental issues, and financial evaluation. Technical constraints in a co‐firing project include a potential increase in slagging and fouling, pollutant formation, ash deposition, and utilization of solid by‐product, whilst the non‐technical barriers mainly concern fuel supply and financial issues. A review on co‐firing experience at the European level, mainly focusing on the utilization of novel solid biofuels such as solid recovered fuels (SRF) is also presented. In summary, co‐firing with limited biomass shares is technically feasible and has been demonstrated in several European countries. Research efforts are now focused on the deployment of co‐firing applications in even more power plants and the increase of solid biofuels shares in the mixture. For this reason, solid biofuel qualities have to be standardized for their use in the power sector and new fuel markets should be established.
Corona, Spark, and Electrothermal‐Chemical Plasma Ignition Systems
Authors: Das Malay K. , Thynell Stefan T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPlasma Fundamentals and ClassificationsCorona and Spark DischargeCorona and Spark IgnitionElectrothermal‐Chemical IgnitionApplications in IndustryOutlookSummary
Plasma‐Assisted Ignition and Combustion
Authors: Starikovskaia Svetlana M. , Starikovskii Andrey Yu. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGeneral PrinciplesCombustion Initiation and Plasma: FundamentalsPlasma Used for Combustion InitiationExperimental Evidences and Analysis of MechanismIgnition by Plasma under Conditions of Supersonic FlowsDischarges in Low Speed Gas Flows: Sustaining CombustionDischarge behind the Reflected Shock Wave: Decrease of Ignition Delay TimeKinetic Analysis: Available Experiments and Numerical ModelingOutlookSummaryAcknowledgments
Combustion Enhancement and Stabilization: Principles of Plasma Assistance and Diagnostics Tools
Authors: Vincent‐Randonnier Axel 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDiagnostics Applied to Plasma‐Assisted CombustionImagingSchlieren Flow VisualizationInterferometrySpectroscopyLaser‐Induced FluorescenceCoherentanti‐StokesRaman Scattering ThermometryThomson ScatteringGas ChromatographyEffect of the Plasma Assistance on CombustionGeneral ConsiderationsExperiments and InterpretationsPlasma Assistance Applied to Non‐Premixed or Partially Premixed CombustionPlasma Assistance Applied to Premixed CombustionPlasma Assistance Applied to Supersonic CombustionNumerical SimulationOutlookSummaryAcknowledgments
Staged Combustion and Exhaust Gas Recirculation in Fluidized Beds
Authors: Bolhàr‐Nordenkampf Markus 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGeneral Aspects of CombustionExcess AirFormation of Nitrogen OxidesStaged Combustion and Flue‐Gas Recirculation in Gas‐ and Oil‐Fired ApplicationsLow Excess AirStaged CombustionFlue‐Gas RecirculationReburningStage Combustion in Modern Grate‐Fired ApplicationsAdvanced Secondary Air SupplyStage Combustion and Flue‐Gas Recirculation in Modern Bubbling Fluidized‐Bed Boiler ApplicationsStaged CombustionBed FluidizationBed TemperatureOutlookSummary
Hetero‐/Homogeneous Combustion
Authors: Mantzaras John 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fundamentals of Catalytic Combustion

Reactor Thermal Management

Hetero‐/Homogeneous Combustion in Power Generation

Hetero‐/Homogeneous Kinetics

Fuel‐Lean Methane Combustion on Platinum

Catalytic Kinetics

Gas‐Phase Kinetics

Hetero‐/Homogeneous Chemistry Coupling

Fuel‐Lean Hydrogen Combustion on Platinum

Fuel‐Rich Methane Combustion on Rhodium

Application to Practical Systems

Turbulent Hetero‐/Homogeneous Combustion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Fluidized Bed Combustion of Natural Gas and other Hydrocarbons
Authors: Laviolette Jean‐Philippe , Sotudeh‐Gharebagh Rahmat , Mabrouk Rachid , Patience Gregory S. , Chaouki Jamal 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionHeterogeneous and Homogeneous KineticsMixing in Gas/Solid Fluidized Beds MixingFluidized Bed CombustionFluidized Bed Combustion ModelingHeterogeneous and Homogeneous KineticsHomogeneous KineticsGlobal Homogeneous Combustion KineticsMicrokinetic Combustion ModelsReducedGRIMechanismCombined Homogeneous and Heterogeneous KineticsInert ParticlesKinetics for Methane Combustion in Inert ParticlesCombustion CatalystsOxygen CarriersMixing in Gas/Solid Fluidized BedsSuperficial Gas Velocity and Bubble SizeParticle SizeEffect of BafflesSparger Flow Pattern for Non‐Premixed OperationMethane Fluidized Bed CombustionInert ParticlesFluidized Bed TemperatureBubble Size and Air‐to‐Fuel RatioFluidization RegimeCOFormationNOxFormationParticle Type and SizeCombustion CatalystsOxygen Carriers/Chemical‐Looping CombustionFluidized Bed Combustion ModelingSingle‐Phase ModelsTwo‐Phase ModelsModel ofDavidson andHarrisonBubbling Bed ModelsBubble Assemblage ModelsMultiple Region ModelsKinetic Models
MILDCombustion
Authors: de Joannon Mariarosaria , Sabia Pino , Cavaliere Antonio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDefinition and PropertiesMain Effects of Operative ConditionsCombustion Chamber PropertiesPollution Reduction/Abatement‐Effect of Diluent NatureIdentification of Basic Processes in MILD CombustionApplications in IndustryEnergy Conversion PlantsMaterial TreatmentPollution AbatementSummary and Outlook
Underground Coal Gasification: A Clean Coal Technology
Authors: Aghalayam Preeti 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionBrief Overview ofUCGField Trials and PracticeMathematical Models forUCGFundamental Studies Related toUCGChemical ReactionsThermomechanical Spalling and Cavity GrowthFlow Patterns in theUCGCavityProcess Models forUCGReactions‐Based ModelsFlow Pattern Based ModelsCombination ModelsOutlookSummaryAcknowledgments
Energy from Aquatic Biomass
Authors: Aresta Michele , Dibenedetto Angela 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAquatic biomass includes microalgae, macroalgae, and plants, each with peculiar properties. In general, aquatic biomass presents a large distribution entropy of products. The chemical composition may vary according to the strain and the growing conditions of each strain. The latter is a positive aspect as it is possible to govern the product distribution entropy by maximizing the yield of one of the products. Although aquatic biomass is ubiquitous and grows in different climatic conditions, the use of local species‐strains more than exogenous species‐strain is, in general, a good option for maximizing production yield.Aquatic biomass is considered as a second (or third) generation option for the production of biofuels. The best utilization option for energy purposes is not its direct combustion. Several technologies are available for the extraction of compounds that may find application for the production of gaseous fuels (biogas, hydrogen) or liquid fuels (ethanol, biooil, biodiesel).In total, if used in a clever way, aquatic biomass may become an interesting source of chemicals and fuels in the very near future, contributing significant to the production of transport fuels.Implementation of the biorefinery concept may maximize the economic and energetic value of the biomass.
Flameless Pulverized Coal Combustion
Authors: Stadler Hannes , Kneer Reinhold 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDevelopment of Flameless Pulverized Coal CombustionTheoryAerodynamic AspectsTemperature DistributionCharacterization of the Reaction ZoneBurnoutNOxEmissionsFuel‐NOThermal NOReburning of NORadiationDefinition of Flameless CombustionFields of Application of Flameless Coal CombustionSingle Burner SystemsNovel Furnace Designs for Flameless Coal CombustionFlameless Coal Combustion in Reburning FurnacesFlameless Coal Combustion in a O2/CO2AtmosphereSummary
Warm Discharges for Fuel Conversion
Authors: Gutsol Alexander 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionFuel ConversionThermal, Cold, and Warm PlasmaIndustrial Fuel Conversion Using Thermal PlasmaWarm Plasma for Plasma‐Assisted Partial Oxidation (PAPO)Low current (Gliding) Arcs and Glow DischargesMicrowave Discharges forPAPOand Plasma CatalysisWarm Plasma for Other Fuel Conversion ProcessesOutlookSummary
Metal–Halocarbon Pyrolant Combustion
Authors: Koch Ernst‐Christian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionCharacterization of PyrolantsThermochemical Properties of ConstituentsPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Poly(Carbon Monofluoride) (PMF)Vinylidene Fluoride Based CopolymersHexachloroethane (HC) and Hexachlorobenzene (HCB)Thermochemistry of PyrolantsIgnition and PropagationIgnitionPropagationCombustion Phenomenology and SpectroscopyTechnical ApplicationsSHSIRCM– FlaresMetal–Halocarbon ObscurantsSafetyOutlookAcknowledgment
Control of Acoustically Coupled Combustion Instabilities
Authors: Ducruix Sébastien , Schuller Thierry , Durox Daniel , Candel Sébastien 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis chapter reviews control methods for combustion instability. It specifically considers the rather general situation where instabilities are coupled by acoustic modes. The chapter begins with fundamental acoustic principles for reactive flows, leading to the acoustic energy balance equation. This equation is used to describe the three main control strategies that can be envisaged for combustion instabilities: (i) passive control methods (PCM); (ii) flame dynamic control methods (FDCM); (iii) active control methods (ACM). These schemes are considered successively. The survey begins with passive control methods (PCM) in which the dissipation of acoustic energy is augmented byad hocsystems (acoustic liners, Helmholtz resonators, quarter wave cavities, and various other devices), which enhance absorption of acoustic energy. It is shown that such devices can be effectively used to modify the impedance of a boundary and that this can change the resonance properties of the combustor. Control of injection and flame dynamics is then envisaged. For this second group of methods (FDCM) it is shown that the flame geometry has a profound effect on the combustion response to incoming perturbations. The modification of the flow and flame configurations can thus be used to control the system response. It is then indicated that the dynamics of the injection system can be designed to decouple the system from the manifold feeding reactants into the combustor. Recent work indicates that the flame dynamics can be modified so that the combustion region becomes less susceptible to perturbations impinging on the flame. Finally, active control methods (ACM) are considered, and their application to combustion instability reduction is described. Implementation in the form of a closed loop control aims at modifying the feedback mechanism to hinder the resonant coupling between unsteady combustion dynamics and system acoustics. ACMs have been developed using various strategies, ranging from the control of injection parameters (fuel flow, air flow, secondary jets, etc.) to the active modulation of acoustic boundary conditions up‐ and downstream of the combustion chamber. Under application of the active control system, instabilities can be totally suppressed and the instability‐related flame extinctions are eliminated.
CO2Sequestration from Combustion Sources
Authors: Rayalu Sadhana S. , Jadhav Pravin , Labhasetwar Nitin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPreambleSources ofCO2EmissionsCO2Inventory and Emission ProjectionsGlobalCO2Emission ScenarioCO2Emissions Scenario inIndiaEmissions from Combustion SourcesImpacts of IncreasedCO2Emissions (Global Warming, Climate Change, and Related Impacts)CO2Capture from Combustion SourcesCO2Capture MethodsPre‐Combustion CaptureOxy‐Fuel CombustionPost CombustionCO2Capture TechniquesCO2Emissions from the Transport SectorCO2SequestrationImportance of Carbon SequestrationGeological SequestrationMineral CarbonationResearch Interests in Mineral CarbonationInjection into Active Oil WellsCO2Sequestration through ForestsSoil SequestrationOceanic SequestrationShallow Ocean SequestrationDeep Ocean SequestrationIndustrial Use ofCO2Biological Conversion into FuelEnhanced Natural Sequestration ProcessesEnhanced HumificationMarine SequestrationBiomimetic Sequestration ofCO2BiomineralizationBiomass to Pyrogenic Carbon and HydrogenNiche Technologies for Carbon SequestrationBiomass ManagementCatalytic and Photocatalytic Conversion ofCO2Biocatalysts forCO2TransformationCCSGuidelinesCarbon Capture and Sequestration and Clean Development MechanismSummary andR&DOpportunitiesImproved Mineral CarbonationEnhancing the Natural Terrestrial SequestrationSequestration in the OceansSequestration in Geologic FormationsAdvanced Bioengineering ProcessesAdvanced Nanotechnological and Chemical ApproachesConclusion
Overview of Oxy‐Combustion Technologies with Pure Oxygen and Chemical Looping Combustion
Authors: Anthony Ben , Hoteit Ali 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionChemical Looping CombustionCLCTheory and ApplicationsCLCOutlookPotential for Oxy‐fuel in Fluidized Bed CombustionBrief Overview ofFBCTechnology DevelopmentsAdvantages of Oxy‐fuel TechnologyOxy‐fuelFBCPilot Plant DevelopmentsEarly Lessons from Pilot Plant UnitsNOxEmissions from theCanmetEnergy TestsOther Lessons fromCanmetEnergyR&Don Oxy‐fuel FiringFuture Demonstration ProjectsConclusionsAcknowledgment