bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monocyte and Neutrophil Isolation and Migration Assays
Authors: Yona Simon , Hayhoe Richard , Avraham‐Davidi Inbal 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis unit describes methods for isolating mouse monocytes and neutrophils, as well as in vitro protocols for measuring cell migration and polarization. The method employed here for the isolation of naïve phagocytes overcomes many of the difficulties previously encountered concerning phagocyte activation. Three in vitro protocols are provided for the analysis of cell migration, one requiring no specialized equipment, one requiring the modified Boyden chamber, and the other employing a flow chamber, which measures cell adhesion, rolling, and migration. Finally, a method is provided for imaging polarized cells by confocal microscopy. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 88:14.15.1‐14.15.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in the Mouse
Authors: Miller Stephen D. , Karpus William J. , Davidson Todd Scott 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis unit details the materials and methods required for both active induction and adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the SJL mouse strain using intact proteins or peptides from the two major myelin proteins: proteolipid protein (PLP) and myelin basic protein (MBP). Detailed materials and methods required for the purification of both PLP and MBP are also described. A protocol for isolating CNS‐infiltrating lymphocytes in EAE mice is included. Modifications of the specified protocols may be necessary for efficient induction of active or adoptive EAE in other mouse strains. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 88:15.1.1‐15.1.20. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Presenting Exogenous Antigen to T Cells
Authors: Harding Clifford V. , Ramachandra Lakshmi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAntigen processing and presentation experiments can be done with a wide variety of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs). Most experiments will use one of the “professional” APC types: dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B lymphocytes. Other types of cells may be used for antigen presentation in some circumstances. Each type of professional APC has an important antigen‐presentation function, but the different APC types contribute to different aspects of the immune response. Therefore, selection of an APC type for study must include consideration of the stage or aspect of immune response that is to be modeled in the experiment. An important technical distinction for some types of experiments is whether the APCs are adherent or nonadherent, since this dictates the procedures that must be used to wash the cells as the medium is changed. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 88:16.2.1‐16.2.18. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The MHC Motif Viewer: A Visualization Tool for MHC Binding Motifs
Authors: Rapin Nicolas , Hoof Ilka , Lund Ole , Nielsen Morten 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn vertebrates, the onset of cellular immune reactions is controlled by presentation of peptides in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules to T cell receptors. In humans, MHCs are called human leukocyte antigens (HLAs). Different MHC molecules present different subsets of peptides, and knowledge of their binding specificities is important for understanding differences in the immune response between individuals. Algorithms predicting which peptides bind a given MHC molecule have recently been developed with high prediction accuracy. The utility of these algorithms is hampered by the lack of tools for browsing and comparing specificity of these molecules. We have developed a Web server, MHC Motif Viewer, which allows the display of the binding motif for MHC class I proteins for human, chimpanzee, rhesus monkey, mouse, and swine, as well as HLA‐DR protein sequences. The binding motif for each MHC molecule is predicted using state‐of‐the‐art, pan‐specific peptide‐MHC binding‐prediction methods, and is visualized as a sequence logo, in a format that allows for a comprehensive interpretation of binding motif anchor positions and amino acid preferences. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 88:18.17.1‐18.17.13. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Role of community and individual characteristics in physician visits for persons with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Tonner Chris , Trupin Laura , Yazdany Jinoos , Criswell Lindsey , Katz Patricia , Yelin Edward 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effects of individual and local level socioeconomic status (SES) and health care access characteristics on the number of self‐report physician visits for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsData derived from 755 adult participants from the 2004 to 2007 Lupus Outcomes Study (LOS) resulted in a sample of 2,926 repeated‐measures observations. The outcome measure was the number of physician visits in the prior 12 months. Information on disease activity and manifestations, demographics, health insurance, and specialty of the participants' main SLE physician was collected through yearly LOS interviews. Local area measures including neighborhood poverty, the number of subspecialists per capita, and hospital market areas were added from secondary data sources. We used a mixed model with repeated measures to estimate the number of physician visits for SLE by SES and health care access characteristics, as well as the extent of concentrated poverty and number of subspecialists per capita in the local community, and whether these relationships varied by specific hospital market area. Multivariate models were adjusted for demographic and health status covariates.ResultsLOS respondents reported a mean ± SD of 11.8 ± 10.7 (range 0–52) physician visits for SLE. After adjustment, having less than a high school education, receiving care in a health maintenance organization, being treated by a generalist, and living in a community of concentrated poverty were associated with a significantly lower number of physician visits for SLE. These relationships varied by hospital market areas.ConclusionBeyond health status, the number of physician visits for SLE varies by SES, neighborhood poverty, and characteristics of the health care system.
Preparation and Characterization of a pH‐ and Thermally Responsive Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid)/Porous SiO2 Hybrid
Authors: Perelman Loren A. , Moore Troy , Singelyn Jennifer , Sailor Michael J. , Segal Ester 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA multifunctional nanohybrid composed of a pH‐ and thermoresponsive hydrogel, poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid) [poly(NIPAM‐co‐AAc)], is synthesized in situ within the mesopores of an oxidized porous Si template. The hybrid is characterized by electron microscopy and by thin film optical interference spectroscopy. The optical reflectivity spectrum of the hybrid displays Fabry–Pérot fringes characteristic of thin film optical interference, enabling direct, real‐time observation of the pH‐induced swelling, and volume phase transitions associated with the confined poly(NIPAM‐co‐AAc) hydrogel. The optical response correlates to the percentage of AAc contained within the hydrogel, with a maximum change observed for samples containing 20% AAc. The swelling kinetics of the hydrogel are significantly altered due to the nanoscale confinement, displaying a more rapid response to pH or heating stimuli relative to bulk polymer films. The inclusion of AAc dramatically alters the thermoresponsiveness of the hybrid at pH 7, effectively eliminating the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The observed changes in the optical reflectivity spectrum are interpreted in terms of changes in the dielectric composition and morphology of the hybrids.
Particle‐Stabilized Materials: Dry Oils and (Polymerized) Non‐Aqueous Foams
Authors: Murakami Ryo , Bismarck Alexander 
Published: February 2010

AbstractOil (liquids with low surface tension and practically immiscible with water) drops can be dispersed in air if relatively oleophobic particles are available. However, such particles with oil‐repellent surfaces cannot simply be prepared by controlling the particle surface chemistry alone. Herein the preparation of oil‐in‐air materials (oil marbles, dry oils) by changing the wetting behavior of particles by tuning the oil properties, which allows the formation of the metastable Cassie–Baxter wetting state of particle assemblies on oil drop surfaces, is presented. The oil‐in‐air materials can be converted to air‐in‐oil materials (non‐aqueous foams) by tailoring the oil properties, as the robustness of the metastable Cassie–Baxter state of the particle assemblies critically depends on the particle wettability. This conversion implies the phase inversion of dispersed systems consisting of air and oils. It is also shown that particle‐stabilized non‐aqueous foams can be utilized as template to produce macroporous polymers.
Multicomponent Reactions of 1,3‐Cyclohexanediones and Formaldehyde in Glycerol: Stabilization of Paraformaldehyde in Glycerol Resulted from using Dimedone as Substrate
Authors: Li Minghao , Chen Chang , He Fei , Gu Yanlong 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGlycerol has proved to be an effective promoting medium for many multicomponent reactions of 1,3‐cyclohexanediones and formaldehyde. Styrenes, amines, 2‐naphthol, 4‐hydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyrone and 4‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐2‐quinolone could easily react with 1,3‐cyclohexanediones and paraformaldehyde in glycerol under catalyst‐free conditions to afford a variety of complex skeletons in fair to excellent yields. In these reactions, glycerol not only showed a significant promoting effect on the reaction yields but also endowed the reaction system with many typical properties of green chemistry, such as cheap, renewable, recyclable and biodegradable solvent, good safety and easy separation of product. The promoting effect of glycerol for the three‐component reaction of styrene, dimedone and paraformaldehyde could be attributed to a restricted formation of the methylene intermediate in glycerol. During the reaction, a physical shell, which is mainly composed of a by‐product generated in the beginning of the reaction, might be formed in the surface of paraformaldehyde and plays a key role in controlling the formation of the intermediate by means of restricting the decomposition of paraformaldehyde.
Differential expression of specific microRNA and their targets in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Cammarata Giuseppe , Augugliaro Luigi , Salemi Domenico , Agueli Cecilia , Rosa Maria La , Dagnino Lea , Civiletto Gabriele , Messana Francesca , Marfia Anna , Bica Maria Grazia , Cascio Lucia , Floridia Pietro Michele , Mineo Angelo M. , Russo Mario , Fabbiano Francesco , Santoro Alessandra 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemia (AML) the most common acute leukemia in adults is characterized by various cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities. However, the genetic etiology of the disease is not yet fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs which regulate the expression of target mRNAs both at transcriptional and translational level. In recent years, miRNAs have been identified as a novel mechanism in gene regulation, which show variable expression during myeloid differentiation. We studied miRNA expression of leukemic blasts of 29 cases of newly diagnosed and genetically defined AML using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for 365 human miRNA. We showed that miRNA expression profiling reveals distinctive miRNA signatures that correlate with cytogenetic and molecular subtypes of AML. Specific miRNAs with consolidated role on cell proliferation and differentiation such as miR‐155, miR‐221, let‐7, miR‐126 and miR‐196b appear to be associated with particular subtypes. We observed a significant differentially expressed miRNA profile that characterizes two subgroups of AML with different mechanism of leukemogenesis: core binding factor (CBF) and cytogenetically normal AML with mutations in the genes of NPM1 and FLT3‐ITD. We demonstrated, for the first time, the inverse correlation of expression levels between miRNA and their targets in specific AML genetic groups. We suggest that miRNA deregulation may act as complementary hit in the multisteps mechanism of leukemogenesis offering new therapeutic strategies. Am. J. Hematol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laboratory evaluation of aspirin responsiveness
Authors: Smock Kristi J. , Rodgers George M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet medication. Laboratory monitoring of aspirin response has recently become a topic of interest due to potential impacts on patient management and clinical outcomes. This article summarizes available laboratory testing of aspirin response with focus on technical issues, limitations, and current opinion on the utility of routine patient testing. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sickle cell disease in the United States: Looking back and forward at 100 years of progress in management and survival
Authors: Prabhakar Hari , Haywood Carlton , Molokie Robert 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe past 100 years since James Herrick's first description of sickle cell disease in the United States have been characterized by the gradual development of management strategies. We review the progress in sickle cell disease management in the United States over the past 100 years, with emphasis on the diverse forces surrounding advances in disease management. Mortality and survival data are presented chronologically, with an attempt to highlight improvements in survival associated with specific advancements for pediatric and adult care. Finally, the future course for sickle cell disease management is explored, given the continued work in advancing the field. Am. J. Hematol. 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Humanities in Gross Anatomy Project: A novel humanistic learning tool at Des Moines University
Authors: Canby Craig A. , Bush Traci A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractGross anatomy affords physical therapy students an opportunity to discover human morphology by intimately studying the dead. Moreover, it also exposes future physical therapists to the humanistic aspects of the profession. In 2007, anatomy faculty decided to socialize students to the humanities with a new course requirement: Humanities in Gross Anatomy Project (HuGA) Project. At the end of the course, students, either individually or as a group, submitted a project that described how they had been personally touched by the donor's gift and how the gift contributed to their professional growth and education. The submission could be in the form of a narrative, poem, song, video, etc. All students met the three grading criteria that were established; thus taking the first step in socializing themselves to the humanistic domain of their professional education. In summary, the HuGA project is a novel educational tool that formally provided physical therapy students with humanistic learning opportunities in a gross anatomy course and appeared to facilitate reflective learning. The utilization of reflection as it relates to clinical decision making and patient interaction is critical for physical therapy practice. Anat Sci Educ 3: 94–96, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Binding Studies on CB[6] with a Series of 1‐Alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids in an Aqueous System
Authors: Zhao Nan , Liu Li , Biedermann Frank , Scherman Oren A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe host–guest chemistry between a series of 1‐alkyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazolium bromide ([Cnmim]Br) guests and the macrocyclic host molecule cucurbit[6]uril (CB[6]) in an aqueous system is systematically studied in neutral aqueous media. Both 1D and 2D NMR experiments in conjunction with isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) unveil the binding characteristics of the host–guest interaction. Solution binding constants (Ka) up to 105 M−1 are measured directly. Additionally, this [Cnmim]Br–CB[6] interaction was found to significantly increase the solubility of CB[6] in neutral water, in some cases by at least four orders of magnitude. From these studies, a detailed host‐guest binding model has been constructed and is fully discussed. In this model, the delocalized positive charge on the imidazolium ring becomes partially localized on either one of the nitrogen atoms upon complexation with CB[6]. Localization of the positive charge is directly related to the length of the “1‐alkyl” chain on the imidazolium ring, which causes an induced local dipole subsequently allowing for an ion–dipole interaction with the carbonyl portal of CB[6].
Reductive Benzylation of Dimetallo Hexaaryl[70]Fullerenes on the Equatorial Region
Authors: Fujita Takeshi , Matsuo Yutaka , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDianions of dimetallic hexa(organo)[70]fullerene [(C5R5)2Ru2C70Ar6]2− (R=H, Me; Ar=Ph, 4‐MeC6H4, 4‐tBuC6H4) react with benzylic bromide to yield the dibenzylated product dimetallic octa(organo)[70]fullerene (C5R5)2Ru2C70Ar6(CH2Ar′)2 (Ar′=Ph, 4‐MeO2CC6H4), where the benzylic groups are attached to the equatorial belt region of [70]fullerene; this region is generally considered to be rather unreactive. This unusual structure was unambiguously determined by X‐ray crystallography. Theoretical studies on the electronic properties of the monoanionic intermediate indicated that the highest spin density resides on the two carbon atoms in the belt region; one of them then couples with a benzylic radical to yield the octa(organo)fullerene product after ionic substitution of the fullerene anion with a benzylic bromide. Electrochemical analysis of the hexa(organo) and octa(organo) ruthenium complexes suggests that the modification of the belt region does not affect the electronic communication between the two metal centers.
Langjährige Erfahrungen des Tragverhaltens von Bewehrte‐Erde‐Brückenwiderlagern
Authors: Brüggemann Marko 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDas Bauverfahren &&num;8222;Bewehrte Erde&&num;8220; wurde nach der Einführung in den frühen 60‐er Jahren des letzten Jahrhunderts zum Bau von zahlreichen Stützwänden und Brückenwiderlagern angewandt. Der Beginn der Erforschung des Tragverhaltens von Bewehrte‐Erde‐Brückenwiderlagern liegt mehr als 40 Jahre zurück. Seitdem sind durch Modellversuche, Messungen an Test‐ und reellen Bauwerken zahlreiche Verbesserungen und Optimierungen am entwickelten Berechnungsverfahren erreicht worden. Dieser Beitrag soll Bauherren, Ingenieurbüros und bauausführenden Firmen für den Anwendungsfall &&num;8222;Brückenwiderlager&&num;8220; im Bauverfahren &&num;8222;Bewehrte Erde&&num;8220; sensibilisieren und daran erinnern, dass, bedingt durch seine zahlreichen technischen und ökonomischen Vorteile, dieses Bauverfahren bei unseren europäischen Nachbarn sowie weltweit für Brückenwiderlager nahezu als Standardbauweise gilt.A long experience in structural behaviour of Reinforced Earth for the application of bridge abutments. Since Reinforced Earth was invented in the early 60s of the last century, many retaining walls and bridge abutments had been erected using this technique. The main research of the load bearing behaviour of reinforced earth bridge abutments started more than 40 year ago. Since that many improvements by exploring scale models, measurements on test and real structures had been executed. This article shall remind clients, contractors and engineers the Reinforced Earth is combining technical and economical advantages for the application of bridge abutments.
Verformungsverhalten weicher Böden im spannungsgesteuerten Kompressionsversuch
Authors: Soumaya Bassem , Kempfert Hans‐Georg 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAnhand von spannungsgesteuerten Kompressionsversuchen kann das Verformungsverhalten weicher Böden wirklichkeitsnäher beschrieben werden, da durch die Wahl einer geeigneten Spannungsrate eine Ähnlichkeit zu den Belastungsbedingungen in situ vorliegt. Die Versuchsergebnisse werden in kontinuierlichen Kurven dargestellt, die eine lückenlose Interpretation der Versuchsergebnisse ermöglichen. Die Versuchsdauer wird dabei maßgeblich reduziert.Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die mathematischen Grundlagen in kontinuierlichen Kurven dargestellt, die eine lückenlose Interpretation der Versuchsergebnisse ermöglichen. Außerdem werden die Versuchsdauer, labor‐ und bodenmechanischen Grundlagen zur Ausführung von spannungsgesteuerten Kompressionsversuchen dargestellt. Versuchsergebnisse von aufbereiteten Kaolin‐ und ungestörten Seetonproben werden ebenfalls präsentiert und mit den Ergebnissen des Standardkompressionsversuchs verglichen. Schließlich wird eine Modellierung des geschwindigkeitsabhängigen Kompressionsverhaltens vorgestellt.Constant rate of loading consolidation tests on soft soils. The one‐dimensional consolidation tests under constant rate of loading (CRL‐test) have the ability to describe the behaviour of soft soils realistically because of its similarity to the field loading conditions. The test results can be presented in continues curves, which enable a steeples Interpretation of the test results. Moreover the testing time will be enormously reduced.In the present paper the mathematical and the procedural basics are presented in order to carry out the CRL‐test. Test results of remoulded kaolin as well as undisturbed lacustrine clay are shown and compared to the results from the incremental loading consolidation tests (IL‐Test). Finally a modelling of the compressibility behaviour depending on the loading rate will be presented.
Einheit von Wissenschaft und Kunst im Brückenbau: Hellmut Homberg (1909&&num;8211;1990) &&num;8211; Das Werk (Teil III)
Authors: Kurrer Karl‐Eugen , Pelke Eberhard , Stiglat Klaus 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDas Werkverzeichnis des leidenschaftlichen Brückenbauers Hellmut Homberg ist umfassend und facettenreich. Anhand kennzeichnender Bauwerke wird seine konstruktive Entwicklung transparent. Sein Werk entsteht im Wettbewerb zu anderen großen beratenden Ingenieuren und in der Zusammenarbeit mit ausführenden Baufirmen.Harmony between science and art in bridge‐building: Hellmut Homberg (1909&&num;8211;1990) &&num;8211; his work (part III). The Catalogue Raisonné of this impassionate bridge engineer Hellmut Homberg is comprehensive and multi facetted. Distinguished bridge structures make his structural development transparent. His work evolves in cooperation with construction companies, competing with consulting engineers.
Formulation and biopharmaceutical evaluation of a transdermal patch containing letrozole
Authors: Li Li , Fang Liang , Xu Xinlan , Liu Yu , Sun Yinghua , He Zhonggui 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to formulate a drug‐in‐adhesive (DIA) transdermal patch containing letrozole, a third generation aromatase inhibitor for the treatment of breast cancer, using pressure‐sensitive‐adhesives (PSAs) and to evaluate the percutaneous penetration and pharmacokinetics of letrozole after transdermal administration, compared with that for the oral route. The formulation factors for such a patch, including the PSAs, enhancers and amount of drug loaded were investigated. Among the tested preparations, the formulation with DURO‐TAK 87‐4098, Azone and propylene glycol showed the highest letrozole permeation. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of an optimized DIA patch containing letrozole were determined using rats, while orally administered letrozole in solution was used as a control. The pharmacokinetic parameter, such as the mean residence time (MRT) was significantly (p<0.05) different following transdermal administration compared with oral administration. The in vivo results observed with the patches in rats were in good agreement with the plasma concentrations predicted from the in vitro penetration data. As a patient‐friendly, convenient, high local drug concentration and sustained dosing therapeutic system, the transdermal patches incorporating letrozole provide a useful strategy for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.