bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ecstacy‐induced delayed rhabdomyolysis and neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with a novel variant in the ryanodine receptor type 1 gene
Authors: Russell T. , Riazi S. , Kraeva N. , Steel A. C. , Hawryluck L. A. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryWe present the case of a 20‐year‐old woman who developed rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and multi‐organ failure induced by ecstasy. Following initial improvement, she developed delayed rhabdomyolysis then haloperidol‐induced neuroleptic malignant syndrome, which was treated with a total of 50 mg.kg−1 dantrolene. Subsequent genetic testing revealed a novel potentially pathogenic variant in the ryanodine receptor type 1 gene. However, caffeine‐halothane contracture testing of the patient's mother who carried the same gene variant was negative for malignant hyperthermia.
Quantitative analysis of changes in blood concentrations and ‘presumed effect‐site concentration’ of sevoflurane during one‐lung ventilation
Authors: Matsuse S. , Hara Y. , Ohkura T. , Yahagi N. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryDuring one‐lung ventilation, ventilation‐perfusion mismatch decreases the arterial concentration of inhaled anaesthetics due to the arterial‐to‐venous concentration difference. This study tested the hypothesis that in humans, the ‘presumed effect‐site concentration’ (taken as the mid‐point between the arterial and superior jugular venous concentrations) of inhaled anaesthetic falls during one‐lung (vs two‐lung) ventilation. Four patients scheduled for elective prostatectomy (two‐lung ventilation) and four patients for elective thoracotomy (one‐lung ventilation) were randomly selected and assigned to receive sevoflurane (vaporiser‐dial setting, 1.5%). Sevoflurane concentrations were measured periodically from radial artery and superior jugular vein (via a catheter advanced cephalad from the jugular vein). During one‐lung ventilation, the end‐expiratory sevoflurane concentration was stable at ∼1.3% but the mean (SD) presumed effect‐site concentration declined initially from 58 (6.7) to 43 (4.7) μg.ml−1 (p = 0.011) before slowly recovering. A period of insufficient depth of anaesthesia is thus a risk during one‐lung ventilation.
Duration of anticoagulant therapy for venous thromboembolism: balancing benefits and harms on the long term
Authors: de Jong Paulien G. , Coppens Michiel , Middeldorp Saskia 
Published: June 2012

SummaryVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is effectively treated with anticoagulant therapy. After an initial treatment phase, extended treatment is effective to prevent recurrence after a first event but this is at the expense of a continued risk of bleeding. Ideally, patients at a high risk of recurrence and low risk of bleeding continue anticoagulant therapy, and for those at low risk of recurrence the duration of treatment can be limited. Identifying these patients, however, is difficult. Duration of treatment after a first VTE provoked by a transient risk factor should be limited to 3 months. Although guidelines suggest extended treatment for all patients after unprovoked VTE unless bleeding risk is high, we emphasize that the long‐term risks of recurrent VTE off anticoagulation are uncertain whereas the risk of bleeding associated with anticoagulant therapy increases with age. In the absence of evidence of replaced mortality or improved quality of life with extended anticoagulant treatment, we suggest a limited duration for most patients after a first VTE. Extended treatment can be considered, based mainly on patient preference.
Developments in the prevention of transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Fast Loren D. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe transfusion of blood products can result in a variety of consequences, including transfer of pathogens and the induction of immune responses, such as the almost invariably fatal transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (TA‐GVHD). Exposure of blood products to γ‐irradiation is currently the standard of care for the prevention of TA‐GVHD. Regulatory, technical and clinical challenges associated with the use of γ‐irradiators are driving efforts to develop alternatives. Initially, pathogen reduction methods were developed to reduce the risk of microbial transmission by blood components. Through modifications of nucleic acids, these technologies interfere with the replication of both pathogens and leucocytes. These methods have been found to be as effective as γ‐irradiation in preventing T lymphocyte proliferation and TA‐GVHD responses. Additional benefits of pathogen reduction protocols potentially include inhibition of antigen presentation, cytokine production and activation of lymphocytes.
Outcome of children with refractory anaemia with excess of blast (RAEB) and RAEB in Transformation (RAEB‐T) in the Japanese MDS99 study
Authors: Kikuchi Akira , Hasegawa Daisuke , Ohtsuka Yoshitoshi , Hamamoto Kazuko , Kojima Seiji , Okamura Jun , Nakahata Tatsutoshi , Manabe Atsushi ,   On behalf of the Japanese Paediatric Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) Study Group
Published: June 2012

SummaryWe report the outcome of 16 children with refractory anaemia with excess of blasts (RAEB; n = 4) and RAEB in transformation (RAEB‐T; n = 12) following induction therapy with etoposide, cytarabine and mitoxantrone (ECM) prior to haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The median observation period was 77 months (range 5–123). Complete remission rate was 81% following induction; no toxic deaths occurred. Eight‐year event‐free survival and overall survival was 50% and 56%, respectively. None of the three patients with a complex karyotype survived, suggesting karyotype is a crucial prognostic factor for survival. This study indicates the safety and high remission rate of ECM and high survival rates after HSCT for paediatric RAEB and RAEB‐T.
Turned on by danger: activation of CD1d‐restricted invariant natural killer T cells
Authors: Lawson Victoria 
Published: June 2012

SummaryCD1d‐restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells bear characteristics of innate and adaptive lymphocytes, which allow them to bridge the two halves of the immune response and play roles in many disease settings. Recent work has characterized precisely how their activation is initiated and regulated. Novel antigens from important pathogens have been identified, as has an abundant self‐antigen, β‐glucopyranosylcaramide, capable of mediating an iNKT‐cell response. Studies of the iNKT T‐cell receptor (TCR)–antigen–CD1d complex show how docking between CD1d–antigen and iNKT TCR is highly conserved, and how small sequence differences in the TCR establish intrinsic variation in iNKT TCR affinity. The sequence of the TCR CDR3β loop determines iNKT TCR affinity for ligand–CD1d, independent of ligand identity. CD1d ligands can promote T helper type 1 (Th1) or Th2 biased cytokine responses, depending on the composition of their lipid tails. Ligands loaded into CD1d on the cell surface promote Th2 responses, whereas ligands with long hydrophobic tails are loaded endosomally and promote Th1 responses. This information is informing the design of synthetic iNKT‐cell antigens. The iNKT cells may be activated by exogenous antigen, or by a combination of dendritic cell‐derived interleukin‐12 and iNKT TCR–self‐antigen–CD1d engagement. The iNKT‐cell activation is further modulated by recent foreign or self‐antigen encounter. Activation of dendritic cells through pattern recognition receptors alters their antigen presentation and cytokine production, strongly influencing iNKT‐cell activation. In a range of bacterial infections, dendritic cell‐dependent innate activation of iNKT cells through interleukin‐12 is the dominant influence on their activity.
Activation of Anorexigenic Pro‐Opiomelanocortin Neurones during Refeeding is Independent of Vagal and Brainstem Inputs
Authors: Fekete C. , Zséli G. , Singru P. S. , Kádár A. , Wittmann G. , Füzesi T. , El‐Bermani W. , Lechan R. M. 
Published: June 2012

After fasting, satiety is observed within 2 h after reintroducing food, accompanied by activation of anorexigenic, pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC)‐synthesising neurones in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), indicative of the critical role that α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone has in the regulation of meal size during refeeding. To determine whether refeeding‐induced activation of POMC neurones in the arcuate is dependent upon the vagus nerve and/or ascending brainstem pathways, bilateral subdiaphragmatic vagotomy or transection of the afferent brainstem input to one side of the ARC was performed. One day after vagotomy or 2 weeks after brain surgery, animals were fasted and then refed for 2 h. Sections containing the ARC from vagotomised animals or animals with effective transection were immunostained for c‐Fos and POMC to detect refeeding‐induced activation of POMC neurones. Quantitative analyses of double‐labelled preparations demonstrated that sham‐operated and vagotomised animals markedly increased the number of c‐Fos‐immunoreactive (‐IR) POMC neurones with refeeding. Furthermore, transection of the ascending brainstem pathway had no effect on diminishing c‐Fos‐immunoreactivity in POMC neurones on either side of the ARC, although it did diminish activation in a separate, subpopulation of neurones in the dorsomedial posterior ARC (dmpARC) on the transected side. We conclude that inputs mediated via the vagus nerve and/or arising from the brainstem do not have a primary role in refeeding‐induced activation of POMC neurones in the ARC, and propose that these neurones may be activated solely by direct effects of circulating hormones/metabolites during refeeding. Activation of the dmpARC by refeeding indicates a previously unrecognised role for these neurones in appetite regulation in the rat.
Modeling the direction of causation between cross‐sectional measures of disrupted sleep, anxiety and depression in a sample of male and female Australian twins
Authors: GILLESPIE NATHAN A. , GEHRMAN PHILIP , BYRNE ENDA M. , KENDLER KENNETH S. , HEATH ANDREW C. , MARTIN NICHOLAS G. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryThe direction of causation between measures of disrupted sleep, anxiety and depression is not well understood. Under certain conditions, cross‐sectional analysis based on genetically informative data can provide important information about the direction of causation between variables. Two community‐based samples of 7235 Australian twins aged 18–87 years were mailed an extensive questionnaire that covered a wide range of personality and behavioral measures. Included were self‐report measures of disrupted sleep, as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression. Among all females, modeling the direction of causation did not support the hypothesis of sleep having a direct causal impact on risk of anxiety or depression. Among older females, we found evidence that both anxiety and depression interact reciprocally with disrupted sleep, whereas among younger women both anxiety and depression appear to have a causal impact on sleep. Results for males were equivocal. The nosological implications of our findings are discussed.
The biogeography of mitochondrial and nuclear discordance in animals
Authors: TOEWS DAVID P. L. , BRELSFORD ALAN 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCombining nuclear (nuDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers has improved the power of molecular data to test phylogenetic and phylogeographic hypotheses and has highlighted the limitations of studies using only mtDNA markers. In fact, in the past decade, many conflicting geographic patterns between mitochondrial and nuclear genetic markers have been identified (i.e. mito‐nuclear discordance). Our goals in this synthesis are to: (i) review known cases of mito‐nuclear discordance in animal systems, (ii) to summarize the biogeographic patterns in each instance and (iii) to identify common drivers of discordance in various groups. In total, we identified 126 cases in animal systems with strong evidence of discordance between the biogeographic patterns obtained from mitochondrial DNA and those observed in the nuclear genome. In most cases, these patterns are attributed to adaptive introgression of mtDNA, demographic disparities and sex‐biased asymmetries, with some studies also implicating hybrid zone movement, human introductions and Wolbachia infection in insects. We also discuss situations where divergent mtDNA clades seem to have arisen in the absence of geographic isolation. For those cases where foreign mtDNA haplotypes are found deep within the range of a second taxon, data suggest that those mtDNA haplotypes are more likely to be at a high frequency and are commonly driven by sex‐biased asymmetries and/or adaptive introgression. In addition, we discuss the problems with inferring the processes causing discordance from biogeographic patterns that are common in many studies. In many cases, authors presented more than one explanation for discordant patterns in a given system, which indicates that likely more data are required. Ideally, to resolve this issue, we see important future work shifting focus from documenting the prevalence of mito‐nuclear discordance towards testing hypotheses regarding the drivers of discordance. Indeed, there is great potential for certain cases of mitochondrial introgression to become important natural systems within which to test the effect of different mitochondrial genotypes on whole‐animal phenotypes.
Social Determinants of Infant Mortality in a Historical Swedish Cohort
Authors: Sovio Ulla , Dibden Amanda , Koupil Ilona 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:  Infant mortality rates have fallen considerably in the past decades. However, because of sparseness of historical data, it is unclear how social differences in infant mortality have changed over time.Methods:  The aim of this study was to assess the association between prenatal social determinants and infant mortality in a Swedish cohort of 13 741 singletons born between 1915 and 1929. Associations and potential mediation of these determinants through other maternal and birth factors were studied using Cox regression. Analyses were repeated for deaths within the neonatal and post‐neonatal periods.Results:  Mother's single marital status, high parity, low birthweight (LBW), low gestational age and male sex were associated with infant mortality in fully adjusted models, whereas the associations of maternal social class, region of residence and maternal age appeared to be largely mediated through other variables. Contrary to studies reporting a ‘LBW paradox’, no interactions between gestational age or birthweight and maternal social characteristics on infant mortality were observed in this study. High maternal age, LBW and low/high gestational age were associated with neonatal mortality, whereas single marital status, high parity, LBW, low gestational age and male sex were associated with post‐neonatal mortality. An association of family social class with post‐neonatal mortality was largely mediated by other maternal variables.Conclusions:  Our findings of determinants of neonatal and post‐neonatal mortality in 1915–1929 are strikingly consistent with results from contemporary cohorts. On the other hand, contrary to most recent findings, there is no evidence of a LBW paradox in this historical cohort.
Error processing and response inhibition in excessive computer game players: an event‐related potential study
Authors: Littel Marianne , van den Berg Ivo , Luijten Maartje , van Rooij Antonius J. , Keemink Lianne , Franken Ingmar H. A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractExcessive computer gaming has recently been proposed as a possible pathological illness. However, research on this topic is still in its infancy and underlying neurobiological mechanisms have not yet been identified. The determination of underlying mechanisms of excessive gaming might be useful for the identification of those at risk, a better understanding of the behavior and the development of interventions. Excessive gaming has been often compared with pathological gambling and substance use disorder. Both disorders are characterized by high levels of impulsivity, which incorporates deficits in error processing and response inhibition. The present study aimed to investigate error processing and response inhibition in excessive gamers and controls using a Go/NoGo paradigm combined with event‐related potential recordings. Results indicated that excessive gamers show reduced error‐related negativity amplitudes in response to incorrect trials relative to correct trials, implying poor error processing in this population. Furthermore, excessive gamers display higher levels of self‐reported impulsivity as well as more impulsive responding as reflected by less behavioral inhibition on the Go/NoGo task. The present study indicates that excessive gaming partly parallels impulse control and substance use disorders regarding impulsivity measured on the self‐reported, behavioral and electrophysiological level. Although the present study does not allow drawing firm conclusions on causality, it might be that trait impulsivity, poor error processing and diminished behavioral response inhibition underlie the excessive gaming patterns observed in certain individuals. They might be less sensitive to negative consequences of gaming and therefore continue their behavior despite adverse consequences.
Volatile induction of infected and neighbouring uninfected plants potentially influence attraction/repellence of a cereal herbivore
Authors: Piesik D. , Pańka D. , Jeske M. , Wenda‐Piesik A. , Delaney K. J. , Weaver D. K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPathogen infection can induce plant volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We infected ‘McNeal’ wheat and ‘Harrington’ barley with aFusariumspp. blend (F. graminearum,F. avenaceumandF. culmorum). Both cereals had the greatestVOCinduction 14 days after pathogen innoculation, only slightly lower induction occurred at 7 days, but displayed no induction at 1 days. The inducedVOCbouquet for both cereals included six green leaf volatiles (GLVs; e.g. (Z)‐3‐hexenol and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate), four terpenes (linalool, linalool oxide, (Z)‐β‐ocimene and (E)‐β‐caryophyllene) and benzyl acetate. Neighbouring, uninfected individuals of both cereals had significantVOCinduction when exposed to an infected, conspecific plant. The temporal pattern andVOCblend were qualitatively similar to infected plants but with quantitative reductions for all inducedVOCs. The degree of neighbouring, uninfected plant induction was negatively related to distance from an infected plant. PlantVOCinduction in response to pathogen infection potentially influences herbivore attraction or repellency. Y‐tube tests showed that herbivorous female and maleOulema cyanellaVoet. (Chrysomelidae:Coleoptera) were significantly attracted to (Z)‐3‐hexenal and (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate at 300 and 1500 ng/h but were repelled by bothGLVs as well as (Z)‐β‐ocimene and linalool at 7500 ng/h. TheseO. cyanellabehavioural responses were significantly at higher concentrations than those emitted by single plants with pathogen‐inducedVOCs, so adults might only be able to respond to a dense group of infected plants. Also,O. cyanelladose responses differ from the previously tested congenericO. melanopus(cereal leaf beetle), which was attracted to threeVOCs induced byFusariuminfection of maize, barley and wheat. Future behavioural tests may indicate whether different herbivore dose responses measured with eachVOCsingly can help to predict attraction or repellency to injured and uninjuredVOCbouquets from different host plant species.
Algivory in hawksbill turtles: Eretmochelys imbricata food selection within a foraging area on the Northern Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Bell Ian 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper describes the food selection of hawksbill turtles, Eretmochelys imbricata, using reefs of the Far Northern Section of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (nGBR) during 2006 and 2007. A total of 467 gastric lavage and 71 buccal cavity ingesta items were collected from 120 individual E. imbricata, comprising adult female and immature turtles of both sexes. Nineteen E. imbricata that were captured in 2006 were recaptured and sampled again in 2007. Within the total pooled buccal and lavage sample (n = 538), the occurrence of food items was dominated (72.7%) by only three algal taxonomic divisions: Rhodophyta (red algae; 53.7%, n = 289); Chlorophyta (green algae; 11.0%, n = 59) and algae from the division of Phaeophyceae (brown algae; 8.0%, n = 43). The remaining total (buccal and lavage) ingesta sample comprised sponges (10.4%, n = 56), soft corals and a wide variety of possibly nutritionally important invertebrate species (12.6%, n = 68), and a small percentage (5.4%, n = 22) of inorganic material. Generally, E. imbricata were considered to be primarily a sponge‐feeding specialist and secondarily an omnivorous species; within coral reef habitats and in various parts of the world this is the case. However, this study has shown that E. imbricata found foraging on reefs of the nGBR are primarily algivorous and secondarily omnivorous. A feeding strategy that relies on a predominantly algal diet may infer important benefits to the species if the impacts of climate change and ocean acidification inhibit coral growth, while promoting algal density and distribution within the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem.
Psychosocial functioning of children with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Louthrenoo Orawan , Krairojananan Jomkwan , Chartapisak Wattana , Opastirakul Sauwalak 
Published: June 2012

Aims:  Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic illness in children. Involvement of multiple systems; the chronicity, as well as the treatment, has had great impact on children and their families. The objective of this study was to assess emotional and behavioural problems in childhood lupus during disease remission.Methods:  Children with SLE and healthy controls, aged 8–15 years, were studied. Disease remission was confirmed by using the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). The Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) were rated by the children themselves. The Child Behaviour Checklist was completed by their parents.Results:  The sample included 40 children with SLE and 40 controls. Their mean age was 12.9 ± 2.1 and 12.1 ± 1.8 years in the SLE and control groups, respectively. The average duration of the disease was 2.6 years. The SLEDAI in the SLE group ranged from 0–1, indicating inactive disease. The mean CDI scores were 8.9 and 10.9 in lupus children and controls, respectively. The mean MASC score was 44.7 in children with SLE and 48.4 in controls. The internalizing, externalizing and total behavioural scores were not significantly different in both groups (9.0 vs. 10.6; 6.6 vs. 8.1; 27.3 vs. 32.5). Only the social competence score was lower in children with SLE (P= 0.03).Conclusions:  SLE is a multi‐system involvement disease with wide ranging effects on children's physical and psychosocial functioning. However, children with SLE, during inactive disease, were not found to be at increased risk of psychosocial dysfunctions.