bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tectonic tremor and deep slow slip on the Alpine Fault
Authors: Wech A. G. , Boese C. M. , Stern T. A. , Townend J. 
Published: April 2012

Tectonic tremor is characterized by persistent, low‐frequency seismic energy seen at major plate boundaries. Although predominantly associated with subduction zones, tremor also occurs along the deep extension of the strike‐slip San Andreas Fault. Here we present the first observations of tectonic tremor along New Zealand's Alpine Fault, a major transform boundary that is late in its earthquake cycle. We report tectonic tremor that occurred on the central section of the Alpine Fault on 12 days between March 2009 and October 2011. Tremor hypocenters concentrate in the lower crust at the downdip projection of the Alpine Fault; coincide with a zone of high P‐wave attenuation (low Qp) and bright seismic reflections; occur in the 25–45 km depth range, below the seismogenic zone; and may define the deep plate boundary structure extending through the lower crust and into the upper mantle. We infer this tremor to represent slow slip on the deep extent of the Alpine Fault in a fluid‐rich region marked by high attenuation and reflectivity. These observations provide the first indication of present‐day displacement on the lower crustal portion of the Australia–Pacific transform plate boundary.
Amplification of wet and dry month occurrence over tropical land regions in response to global warming
Authors: Lintner Benjamin R. , Biasutti Michela , Diffenbaugh Noah S. , Lee Jung‐Eun , Niznik Mattie , Findell Kirsten L. 
Published: April 2012

Quantifying how global warming impacts the spatiotemporal distribution of precipitation represents a key scientific challenge with profound implications for human welfare. Utilizing monthly precipitation data from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3) climate change simulations, the results here show that the occurrence of very dry (<0.5 mm/day) and very wet (>10 mm/day) months comprises a straightforward, robust metric of anthropogenic warming on tropical land region rainfall. In particular, differencing tropics‐wide precipitation frequency histograms for 25‐year periods over the late 21st and 20th centuries shows increased late‐21st‐century occurrence of histogram extremes both in the model ensemble and across individual models. Mechanistically, such differences are consistent with the view of enhanced tropical precipitation spatial gradients. Similar diagnostics are calculated for two 15‐year subperiods over 1979–2008 for the CMIP3 models and three observational precipitation products to assess whether the signature of late‐21st‐century warming has already emerged in response to recent warming. While both the observations and CMIP3 ensemble‐mean hint at similar amplification in the warmer (1994–2008) subinterval, the changes are not robust, as substantial differences are evident among the observational products and the intraensemble spread is large. Comparing histograms computed from the warmest and coolest years of the observational period further demonstrates effects of internal variability, notably the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, which appear to oppose the impact of quasi‐uniform anthropogenic warming on the wet tail of the monthly precipitation distribution. These results identify the increase of very dry and wet occurrences in monthly precipitation as a potential signature of anthropogenic global warming but also highlight the continuing dominance of internal climate variability on even bulk measures of tropical rainfall.
Different molecular bases underlie the mitochondrial respiratory activity in the homoeothermic spadices of Symplocarpus renifolius and the transiently thermogenic appendices of Arum maculatum
Authors: Kakizaki Yusuke , Moore Anthony L. , Ito Kikukatsu 
Published: April 2012

Symplocarpus renifolius and Arum maculatum are known to produce significant heat during the course of their floral development, but they use different regulatory mechanisms, i.e. homoeothermic compared with transient thermogenesis. To further clarify the molecular basis of species-specific thermogenesis in plants, in the present study we have analysed the native structures and expression patterns of the mitochondrial respiratory components in S. renifolius and A. maculatum. Our comparative analysis using Blue native PAGE combined with nano LC (liquid chromatography)-MS/MS (tandem MS) has revealed that the constituents of the respiratory complexes in both plants were basically similar, but that several mitochondrial components appeared to be differently expressed in their thermogenic organs. Namely, complex II in S. renifolius was detected as a 340 kDa product, suggesting an oligomeric or supramolecular structure in vivo. Moreover, the expression of an external NAD(P)H dehydrogenase was found to be higher in A. maculatum than in S. renifolius, whereas an internal NAD(P)H dehydrogenase was expressed at a similar level in both species. Alternative oxidase was detected as smear-like signals that were elongated on the first dimension with a peak at around 200 kDa in both species. The significance and implication of these data are discussed in terms of thermoregulation in plants.
The crystal structure of human α1-microglobulin reveals a potential haem-binding site
Authors: Meining Winfried , Skerra Arne 
Published: April 2012

We describe the 2.3 Å (1 Å=0.1 nm) X-ray structure of α1m (α1-microglobulin), an abundant protein in human blood plasma, which reveals the β-barrel fold typical for lipocalins with a deep pocket lined by four loops at its open rim. Loop #1 harbours the residue Cys34 which is responsible for covalent cross-linking with plasma IgA. A single disulfide bond between Cys72 and Cys169 connects the C-terminal segment to the β-barrel, as in many other lipocalins. The exposed imidazole side chains of His122 and His123 in loop #4 give rise to a double Ni2+-binding site together with a crystallographic neighbour. The closest structural relatives of α1m are the complement protein component C8γ, the L-prostaglandin D synthase and lipocalin 15, three other structurally characterized members of the lipocalin family in humans that have only distant sequence similarity. In contrast with these, α1m is initially expressed as a bifunctional fusion protein with the protease inhibitor bikunin. Neither the electron density nor ESI–MS (electrospray ionization MS) provide evidence for a chromophore bound to the recombinant α1m, also known as ‘yellow/brown lipocalin’. However, the three side chains of Lys92, Lys118 and Lys130 that were reported to be involved in covalent chromophore binding appear to be freely accessible to ligands accommodated in the hydrophobic pocket. A structural feature similar to the well-known Cys–Pro haem-binding motif indicates the presence of a haem-binding site within the loop region of α1m, which explains previous biochemical findings and supports a physiological role in haem scavenging, as well as redox-mediated detoxification.
Effects of doping and indium inclusions on the structural and optical properties of InN thin films grown by MOCVD
Authors: Liu H F , Liu W , Dolmanan S B , Tripathy S , Chua S J , Chi D Z 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
High-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXRD), Raman scattering and photoluminescence (PL) are used to investigate the structural and optical properties of InN thin films grown by metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). They reveal that the phonon frequency ϖ (in cm−1) of

varies with residual biaxial strains ε
xx
(in %) induced by Mg doping, Zn doping and In inclusions as ϖ = 488.9–43.9 × ε
xx
, relating to a Raman factor of 10.8 cm−1 GPa−1. They also reveal a strong correlation between PL energies and electron concentrations due to bandgap renormalization and band-filling effects. The evolution of HRXRD, due to chemical etching, provides evidence that the In inclusions not only appear on the surface and/or at grain boundaries but are also embedded in the InN crystals. Optical absorptions and PL spectra exhibit no apparent changes upon chemical etching, confirming the absence or minor effect of coupling on In-related plasmonic resonance and/or interband transitions, especially for those In inclusions present on the surface and/or at the grain boundaries of InN.
Optimum excitation photon energy for CdSe–ZnS core–shell quantum dot based luminescence imaging
Authors: Mukherjee Amlan , Ghosh Sandip 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The authors present a comparative study of photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and absorption spectra of CdSe–ZnS core–shell quantum dot ensembles, with mean core diameters ranging from 2.6 to 7.2 nm. The larger dots show a threshold phenomenon wherein for excitation photon energy greater than a value E
th, the PLE and absorption spectra diverge abruptly. Beyond E
th the PLE signal tends to decrease while absorption continues to increase. Results are compared with electronic structure calculations based on a spherical core–shell potential model. One finds that E
th matches with the minimum photon energy required to create holes with energy equal to the core–shell potential energy barrier for holes. These holes, more exposed to shell surface defects, are likely to be lost through non-radiative pathways thereby reducing luminescence. Part of the increase in absorption at higher energies can be attributed to normally forbidden transitions, whose oscillator strength is shown to increase with increase in the transition energy.
Growth competition between semiconducting Ge1−x
Mn
x
nanocolumns and metallic Mn5Ge3 clusters
Authors: Le Thi-Giang , Dau Minh-Tuan , Le Thanh Vinh , Nam D N H , Petit Matthieu , Michez Lisa A , Nguyen Van-Khiem , Nguyen Manh-An 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Structural and magnetic characterizations have been combined to investigate the growth kinetics of Ge
1−x

Mn

x
diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) on Ge(001) substrates by means of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). We have identified the growth process window allowing stabilization of a high Curie temperature (T

C
) nanocolumn phase and provide evidence that the growth of semiconducting Ge
1−x

Mn

x
nanocolumns and metallic Mn
5
Ge
3 clusters is a competing process. Due to a continuous increase of the Mn concentration inside nanocolumns, induced by Mn segregation along the growth direction from the interface toward the film surface, nanocolumns become unstable when the Mn concentration reaches a value of ∼40 at.% then transform into Mn
5
Ge
3 clusters. We propose a real-time approach to realize stacked layers consisting of nanocolumns separated by a Ge barrier layer, allowing exploitation of the effect of giant magneto-resistance in multilayer structures
Synthesis of silver nanoparticle using D. carota extract
Authors: Umadevi M , Shalini S , Bindhu M R 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (NPs) using D. carota extract was investigated for various concentrations of D. carota extract. The aqueous silver ions were reduced into silver NPs when they interacted with D. carota extract. The silver NPs were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. XRD measurements show that the average size of silver NPs was 20 nm. UV-visible spectra show that the surface plasmon resonance peak of silver is observed at 415 nm. FTIR measurements indicate the presence in D. carota extract of ascorbic acid which is responsible for reducing and capping bioreduced silver NPs. TEM measurement shows that most silver NPs are spherical in shape.
Constraints and facilitators to participation in physical activity in teenagers with Developmental Co‐ordination Disorder: an exploratory interview study
Authors: Barnett A. L. , Dawes H. , Wilmut K. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackground  Despite their movement difficulties, youngsters with Developmental Co‐ordination Disorder (DCD) generally have sufficient capability for physical activity. However, they tend to be less physically active and less physically fit than their well co‐ordinated age peers. The aim of this study was to use qualitative research methods to understand which factors constrain and facilitate participation in physical activity in teenagers with DCD, in order to help inform future health promotion programmes.Method  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with eight teenagers with DCD (aged 13–15) and their parents. The interviews focused on how much physical activity was typically undertaken by the child and the perceived constraints and facilitators to being physically active. Interviews were transcribed and subjected to categorical‐content analysis.Results  Half of the children and all but one of the parents reported that the children did little physical activity. Although most children disliked competitive team games, they reported many physical activities that they did enjoy and they reported wanting to be more physically active. Perceived internal constraints to participation included poor motor skill, lack of motivation and reports of fatiguing easily. Perceived external constraints included difficulty travelling to activities, negative comments from peers and teachers' lack of understanding of DCD.Conclusions  Reports of low levels of physical activity support previous literature and are a cause for concern for this group. The teenagers expressed the desire to be more active, yet the interviews revealed both personal and environmental constraints to engagement in physical activity. It is clear that these factors interact in a dynamic way and that teachers, schools and communities play an important role in creating a motivational environment for youngsters with DCD to engage in physical activity and learn to maintain an active lifestyle as they move into adulthood.
Quality of life domains affected in children with developmental coordination disorder: a systematic review
Authors: Zwicker J. G. , Harris S. R. , Klassen A. F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe quality of life (QOL) of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is largely unknown, but evidence suggests that multiple QOL domains are affected by the disorder. While DCD is primarily considered a motor disorder, multiple studies have reported psychological and social concerns in children with this condition. Our primary aim was to present the current state of the evidence regarding the physical, psychological, and social QOL domains that can be affected in children with DCD. Systematic review of articles from seven databases through November 2010 (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC, CDSR, DARE) was conducted. Search terms included developmental coordination disorder, dyspraxia, quality of life, life satisfaction, well‐being, activities of daily living, and participation. Two independent reviewers screened titles, abstracts, and full‐text articles. Studies meeting the following criteria were selected: (1) sample comprised solely of individuals with coordination difficulties consistent with DCD; (2) outcome measures related to physical, psychological, or socials domains of QOL; and (3) articles published in English. Data were extracted by one author and verified by a second. Outcomes were categorized according to physical, psychological and social domains of QOL and study quality was rated by case definitions of DCD based on diagnostic criteria as per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual – 4th edition. Forty‐one articles were included. Most studies reported significantly poorer results in physical, psychological and social functioning in children with DCD compared with peers. Despite the impact of DCD on multiple domains, only one study used a QOL measure as an outcome. Although DCD impacts several QOL domains, the QOL of children with this disorder remains largely unknown. The next critical step is for clinicians and researchers to use QOL measures to gather information on how DCD may affect the QOL of children with this disorder.
CCR3 induced‐p42/44 MAPK activation protects against staurosporine induced‐DNA fragmentation but not apoptosis in airway smooth muscle cells
Authors: Markwick L. J. , Clements D. , Roberts M. E. , Ceresa C. C. , Knox A. J. , Johnson S. R. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundChemokine receptors (CCRs) are expressed on airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. As their ligands are present in the airways in asthma, we hypothesized that ASM CCR activation could promote the increase in ASM mass seen in patients with chronic asthma.ObjectiveTo determine which CCRs are expressed by ASM cells and their potential functional relevance to the chronic airway changes seen in asthma.MethodsCCR expression in primary ASM cell cultures and airway biopsies from patients with and without asthma was examined by RT‐PCR, fluorescence‐activated cell sorting and immunohistochemistry. ASM p42/44 MAPK activity, proliferation, migration and apoptosis were examined by western blotting, thymidine incorporation, transwell assay and TUNEL assay respectively.ResultsCCR3 was the most frequently expressed CCR protein and was present on 79 ± 14% of cells. CX3CR1 and CXCR6 were present on 6% and 11% of cells respectively. CCR3 ligands CCL11 and CCL24 caused rapid activation of p42/44 MAPK but not Akt. CCR3 activation did not affect ASM proliferation, migration or VEGF secretion. DNA fragmentation detected by TUNEL staining could be induced by staurosporine and Fas activation although only Fas activation resulted in caspase 3 cleavage. CCL11 and CCL24 protected ASM cells against DNA fragmentation dependent upon p42/44 MAPK activity only via caspase 3 independent pathways. CCR3 was expressed in the smooth muscle and epithelium in the airways of patients with and without asthma. Smooth muscle cell DNA fragmentation in the airways of patients with stable asthma and controls was very uncommon.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceCCR3 is strongly expressed by ASM cells in vitro and in vivo. Protection against cell death by CCR3 activation is dependent on p42/44 MAPK but does not affect caspase 3 mediated apoptosis.
Breeding for the future: what are the potential impacts of future frost and heat events on sowing and flowering time requirements for Australian bread wheat (Triticum aestivium) varieties?
Authors: Zheng Bangyou , Chenu Karine , Fernanda Dreccer M. , Chapman Scott C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractExtreme climate, especially temperature, can severely reduce wheat yield. As global warming has already begun to increase mean temperature and the occurrence of extreme temperatures, it has become urgent to accelerate the 5–20 year process of breeding for new wheat varieties, to adapt to future climate. We analyzed the patterns of frost and heat events across the Australian wheatbelt based on 50 years of historical records (1960–2009) for 2864 weather stations. Flowering dates of three contrasting‐maturity wheat varieties were simulated for a wide range of sowing dates in 22 locations for ‘current’ climate (1960–2009) and eight future scenarios (high and low CO2 emission, dry and wet precipitation scenarios, in 2030 and 2050). The results highlighted the substantial spatial variability of frost and heat events across the Australian wheatbelt in current and future climates. As both ‘last frost’ and ‘first heat’ events would occur earlier in the season, the ‘target’ sowing and flowering windows (defined as risk less than 10% for frost (<0 °C) and less than 30% for heat (>35 °C) around flowering) would be shifted earlier by up to 2 and 1 month(s), respectively, in 2050. A short‐season variety would require a shift in target sowing window 2‐fold greater than long‐ and medium‐season varieties by 2050 (8 vs. 4 days on average across locations and scenarios, respectively), but would suffer a lesser decrease in the length of the vegetative period (4 vs. 7 days). Overall, warmer winters would shorten the wheat season by up to 6 weeks, especially during preflowering. This faster crop cycle is associated with a reduced time for resource acquisition, and potential yield loss. As far as favourable rain and modern equipment would allow, early sowing and longer season varieties (i.e. in current climate) would be the best strategies to adapt to future climates.
High‐grade B cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with blastoid features: an unusual morphological subgroup associated frequently with BCL2 and/or MYC gene rearrangements and a poor prognosis
Authors: Kanagal‐Shamanna Rashmi , Medeiros L Jeffrey , Lu Gary , Wang Sa A , Manning John T , Lin Pei , Penn Gerald M , Young Ken H , You M James , Vega Francisco , Bassett Roland , Miranda Roberto N 
Published: April 2012

Kanagal‐Shamanna R, Medeiros L J, Lu G, Wang S A, Manning J T, Lin P, Penn G M, Young K H, You M J, Vega F, Bassett R & Miranda R N  (2012) Histopathology 61, 945–954High‐grade B cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with blastoid features: an unusual morphological subgroup associated frequently with BCL2 and/or MYC gene rearrangements and a poor prognosisAims:  A subset of B cell lymphomas with blastoid features do not fit either as B lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukaemia or blastoid mantle cell lymphoma. Their classification is challenging, even with complete clinicopathological and genetic information. At a haematopathology workshop, experts had suggested the term ‘high‐grade B cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with blastoid features’, and recommended further studies.Methods and results:  We describe the clinicopathological, immunophenotypic and cytogenetic findings of 24 high‐grade B cell lymphomas, unclassifiable, with blastoid features. Fifteen patients presented de novo and seven patients had a history of lymphoma. Twenty patients (83%) presented with nodal disease. All tumours expressed pan‐B cell antigens and 17 (89%) of 19 tumours assessed had a germinal centre B cell immunophenotype. Ten (63%) of 16 tumours assessed by fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH) had MYC rearrangement, 13 of 18 (72%) carried IGH‐BCL2 and nine of 15 (60%) had both (double‐hit lymphoma). The median overall survival was 1.1 years. Using 2008 World Health Organization criteria, 15 cases were classified as B cell lymphoma, unclassifiable, with features intermediate between diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and Burkitt lymphoma, and nine as DLBCL, small centroblastic variant.Conclusion:  High‐grade B cell lymphomas, unclassifiable, with blastoid features are clinically aggressive with poor survival. Most neoplasms have a germinal centre B cell phenotype. MYC rearrangements and IGH‐BCL2 are common, and ∼60% are double‐hit lymphomas.