bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial Function, Inflammation, Fat and Bone in HIV Lipoatrophy: Randomized Study of Uridine Supplementation or Switch to Tenofovir
Authors: McComsey Grace A , O'Riordan MaryAnn , Choi Julia , Libutti Daniel , Rowe David , Storer Norma , Harrill Danielle , Gerschenson Mariana 
Published: October 2011

Background Lipoatrophy modestly improves when the thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (tNRTI) is removed. In vitro, uridine (Nucleo-maxX®; Pharma Nord, Vojens, Denmark) reversed tNRTI mitochondrial toxicity. Methods All patients had lipoatrophy on a tNRTI-containing regimen with HIV RNA<400 copies/ml. A randomized 48-week study switched patients from tNRTI to tenofovir (TDF) or added uridine (continuing tNRTI). End points were changes in limb fat (DEXA), subcutaneous abdominal fat mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA), inflammation markers (soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors, high-sensitivity C reactive protein [hsCRP], interleukin-6 [IL-6], soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1), bone mineral density (BMD) of the hip and spine, HIV-1 RNA, CD4+ T-cells and fasting metabolic parameters. Results Fifty patients were enrolled ( n=24 TDF switch; n=26 uridine); median age 48 years; 54% white; 86% male; limb fat 4,494 g. Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. In the NucleomaxX® arm, mtRNA increased (all P<0.001), hsCRP and IL-6 increased (both P=0.02), whereas fat mtDNA decreased without changes in limb fat. In the TDF-switch arm, fat mtDNA and inflammation markers did not change; however, significant increases in mtRNAs ( P<0.001), limb fat (409 g; IQR -59– 1,155) and CD4+ T-cell count ( P=0.03), and decreases in total and hip BMD (median -3.3%; IQR -5.1–0; P=0.005) were observed. Between-group changes were significant for fat mtDNA, hsCRP, IL-6, limb fat and hip BMD. No correlation was found between changes in limb fat and those of fat mtRNA, inflammation markers or protease inhibitor duration. Conclusions In HIV lipoatrophy, NucleomaxX® improved mtRNA, but worsened inflammation markers and fat mtDNA without changes in limb fat. Switching from a tNRTI to TDF for 48 weeks increased limb fat and fat mtRNA. Large decreases in total and hip BMD were seen after TDF switch. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00119379.
Sourds et médecins au xixe siècle : deux regards opposés sur la surdité
Authors: Encrevé Florence 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Au xix e siècle, les médecins pensent que la surdité est une maladie, qu’il faut essayer de guérir et ils voient la langue des signes comme un palliatif incomplet de la langue française. À l’inverse, les sourds considèrent qu’ils ne sont pas malades ; ils regardent la langue des signes comme une langue qui permet de tout dire et son utilisation comme la condition de leur accès à l’égalité avec les entendants. Autant dans la première moitié du siècle ces deux visions sont considérées de manière égale, autant à partir de 1870 la conception médicale prend le dessus, notamment en raison de l’évolution de la société française.
La méthode skinnerienne ou ce que l'histoire nous apprend sur le concept de liberté
Authors: Matonti Frédérique 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Cet article a un double propos. D'une part, il s'agit d'analyser la définition que donne Skinner de la liberté, en se centrant sur sa propre distinction entre « liberté néo-romaine » et « liberté gothique ». Trois moments historiques et idéologiques sont plus particulièrement évoqués ­ le pré-humanisme italien, l'humanisme florentin, et la Révolution anglaise ­ tandis que sont privilégiés ces derniers livres. D'autre part, l'article s'intéresse à la méthodologie de Skinner et insiste plus particulièrement sur son enracinement dans la philosophie analytique.
Competitiveness, productivity, competition and structural reforms: the Belgian case
Authors: Kegels Chantal , van der Linden Jan 
Published: October 2011

Résumé La compétitivité belge au regard de celle des pays voisins a été détériorée par une croissance des salaires horaires insuffisamment compensée par la croissance de la productivité. La croissance de la Productivité totale des facteurs (PTF) a été particulièrement moins soutenue que dans les pays voisins. Parmi les déterminants de la PTF, les conditions de concurrence peuvent avoir joué un rôle important et sont un élément intéressant pour la politique économique dans la mesure où l’amélioration de ces conditions n’est pas budgétairement coûteuse. Cet article explore la mesure des conditions de concurrence en analysant cinq méthodes utilisées dans la littérature économique. Ces méthodes sont les marges prix-coût, les entrées-sorties, la concentration du marché, la stabilité du marché et la sensibilité des bénéfices. Chaque méthode présente des limites, à la fois d’un point de vue théorique et empirique mais peut être utilisée comme une approximation de l’intensité et de l’évolution de la concurrence sous-jacente. Le résultat montre que la Belgique performe moins bien (selon trois méthodes) ou, au mieux, aussi bien (selon deux méthodes) que la moyenne des pays membres de l’Union européenne, mais certainement jamais mieux. L’intensité de la concurrence pourrait cependant s’être améliorée quelque peu. Même si l’article n’établit pas statistiquement de relation entre concurrence et PTF, les résultats suggèrent que la faible performance en termes de PTF pourrait être due à des conditions de concurrence défavorables. Codes JEL : D24, L11
Competition and price regulation of retail services in Belgium
Authors: Steenbergen Jacques , Walckiers Alexis 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le niveau élevé des prix des produits alimentaires transformés (ainsi que les importantes hausses de ces prix) ont stimulé les discussions politiques en Belgique. Il y a par exemple eu des propositions visant à renforcer la réglementation du commerce de détail, et même l’introduction d’une réglementation des prix des denrées jugées essentielles. Cet article examine la question de la réglementation insuffisante ou excessive du commerce de détail, et tente d’évaluer si les consommateurs pourraient bénéficier de la disparition de certaines exigences réglementaires en la matière. JEL : L11, H11, K21
La régulation des industries de réseau en Belgique
Authors: de Streel Alexandre , Gautier Axel , Wauthy Xavier 
Published: October 2011

Résumé Le bilan que l’on peut dresser concernant la libéralisation et le nouveau mode de régulation des industries de réseau en Belgique est assez mitigé. En particulier, les bénéfices issus de la libéralisation tardent à être transférés vers les utilisateurs finaux et le financement des investissements nécessaires aux gains d’efficacité dynamiques n’est parfois pas assez facilité par l’action des régulateurs. Dans cet article, nous analysons tout d’abord d’un point de vue général, les enjeux et les difficultés auxquels les autorités de régulation sont confrontés et ensuite nous identifions quelques éléments critiques, spécifiques à trois industries : l’électricité, les télécommunications et le transport de fret ferroviaire. En conclusion, nous insistons sur la nécessité d’une indépendance accrue des régulateurs, un énoncé plus clair de leurs orientations stratégiques et une simplification institutionnelle. Ces trois conditions nous semblent indispensables pour assurer la sécurité juridique nécessaire à la réalisation optimale des investissements nécessaires dans les infrastructures. Par ailleurs, dans certains cas, une intégration européenne plus poussée est justifiée. JEL : D43, K23, L51
De la périlleuse cachondez.Vieillesse et désirs vénériens selon les traités médiévaux
Authors: Alfonso Aitor 
Published: October 2011

Ce travail se propose d’étudier le concept de cachondez du point de vue linguistique et sémantique afin de dégager les considérations de genre qui le sous-tendent : la cachondez qui s’applique à l’origine à la femelle en chaleur en vient à désigner l’appétit sexuel féminin et plus particulièrement le désir des femmes âgées à l’égard des jeunes hommes. Ce glissement du sens et de la connotation du terme oriente notre travail vers une analyse de la représentation du désir des personnes âgées à l’aune de la poésie burlesque de la Renaissance espagnole et des traités médicaux d’une des plus grandes figures de l’humanisme de la première moitié du XVIe siècle : Francisco López de Villalobos. Cette verdura gérontologique, selon les propres termes du physicien, est considérée comme un danger sur le plan pathologique et moral et incite Villalobos à fonder en raison naturelle l’immortalité de l’âme.
Espace, codes et désir de transgression : l’impossible unité du Bel Inconnu
Authors: Bonansea Marion 
Published: October 2011

Renaud de Beaujeu, auteur du Bel Inconnu, roman arthurien en vers de la fin du xiie siècle, joue dans son œuvre avec les conventions implicites du genre. Ce travail étudie ce jeu du point de vue du traitement de la clôture : clôture spatiale sur le plan de la diégèse, toujours source d’insatisfaction pour le héros ; clôture narrative également, dans la mesure où l’achèvement du roman est normalement corrélé à la réalisation d’un espace un et homogène, devenu impossible dans le Bel Inconnu. L’auteur exhibe les limites formelles des lieux et des codes, empêchant l’harmonie rêvée par l’univers courtois, laissant ainsi toujours vivace le désir du héros et du lecteur de combler l’absence.
Quelques remarques à propos de la géographie culturelle
Authors: Collignon Béatrice 
Published: October 2011

Le 3 novembre 1997 s´est tenu à Paris un colloque organisé par le CNRS autour des travaux de la "section 39". Au cours de celui-ci la question "géographie et cultures" a donné lieu à un vif débat entre les deux rapporteurs chargés de faire le point sur l´orientation des travaux en cours, débat prolongé ensuite par les réactions non moins vives du public, constitué en grande majorité de chercheurs et enseignants chercheurs en géographie humaine.Le texte qui suit a été écrit en réaction aux propos tenus alors. Il souligne l´urgente nécessité de dépasser les oppositions méthodologiques, qui ne constituent pas, quoiqu´on en dise, le fond du problème ; tente d´expliquer le malaise grandissant des jeunes générations face à des oppositions qui semblent pour une bonne part héritées d´une époque révolue ; s´interroge sur les origines des spécificités de la géographie culturelle "à la française" (patrimoniale et historique) et appelle à un effort de formalisation méthodologique de la part des tenants de la démarche empirique.
Inhibition of Autoimmune Diabetes by TLR2 Tolerance
Authors: Kim Do-Hoon , Lee June-Chul , Kim Sunshin , Oh Seung Hoon , Lee Moon-Kyu , Kim Kwang-Won , Lee Myung-Shik 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We have reported that apoptotic β cells undergoing secondary necrosis, called “late apoptotic (LA) β cells,” stimulated APCs and induced diabetogenic T cell priming through TLR2, which might be one of the initial events in autoimmune diabetes. Indeed, diabetogenic T cell priming and the development of autoimmune diabetes were significantly inhibited in TLR2-null NOD mice, suggesting the possibility that TLR2 blockade could be used to inhibit autoimmune diabetes. Because prolonged TLR stimulation can induce TLR tolerance, we investigated whether repeated TLR2 administration affects responses to LA β cells and inhibits autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice by inducing TLR2 tolerance. Treatment of primary peritoneal macrophages with a TLR2 agonist, Pam3CSK4, suppressed cytokine release in response to LA insulinoma cells or further TLR2 stimulation. The expression of signal transducer IRAK-1 and -4 proteins was decreased by repeated TLR2 stimulation, whereas expression of IRAK-M, an inhibitory signal transducer, was enhanced. Chronic Pam3CSK4 administration inhibited the development of diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetogenic T cell priming by dendritic cells and upregulation of costimulatory molecules on dendritic cells by in vitro stimulation were attenuated by Pam3CSK4 administration in vivo. Pam3CSK4 inhibited diabetes after adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T cells or recurrence of diabetes after islet transplantation by pre-existing sensitized T cells. These results showed that TLR2 tolerance can be achieved by prolonged treatment with TLR2 agonists, which could inhibit priming of naive T cells, as well as the activity of sensitized T cells. TLR2 modulation could be used as a novel therapeutic modality against autoimmune diabetes.
Why the Profession of Occupational Therapy Will Flourish in the 21st Century
Authors: Nelson David L. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The use of occupation as a therapeutic method is the essence of the profession of occupational therapy. This core of therapeutic occupation is flexible across cultures, times, health care environments, and different philosophies of the nature of the human being. Given this adaptability, the profession espouses diverse models of practice—the multiple frames of reference that guide therapeutic occupation for different populations in different settings. Across the history of the profession, therapeutic occupation has been the common core of otherwise different approaches to intervention. Although each of the many past and current models of practice has a different viewpoint, the common factor is the synthesis of occupational forms designed to elicit meaningful and purposeful occupational performance. Occupational synthesis is the essential act of the occupational therapist. It is necessary that occupational therapists confirm the power of therapeutic occupation through research that examines the profession’s central principles. Occupational therapists are also urged to use the term occupation consistently and proudly in their interactions with recipients of therapy, fellow health care professionals, and each other. The profession of occupational therapy will flourish because occupation, its core, is so basic to human health yet so flexible, depending on the needs of the individual human being.
Equivalence Reliability of the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFIM®) Administration Methods
Authors: Sperle Patricia A. , Ottenbacher Kenneth J. , Braun Susan L. , Lane Shelly J. , Nochajski Susan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. This study examined the equivalence reliability of two administration methods for the Functional Independence Measure for Children (WeeFlM®). The two methods were direct observation of child performance and parental interview.
Method. Thirty children between the ages of 19 months and 71 months with identified developmental disabilities were included in this study. The direct observation and interview methods were administered in random order to each subject within a 3-week period. The direct observation was completed in the educational setting, and the WeeFIM interview was obtained by either in-person interview or telephone interview with the parent.
Results. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for total WeeFIM ratings was .93, indicating consistency between the two administration methods. Analysis of the WeeFIM Motor (13 items) and Cognitive (5 items) domains yielded ICC values of .93 and .75, respectively, suggesting greater consistency for items measuring motor related skills.
Conclusion. The results demonstrate good agreement for total ratings when the WeeFIM is administered by direct observation and by interview with a parent. The findings establish the clinical usefulness of information collected by clinical interview.
The Model of Functional Deficits Associated With Hallucinations
Authors: MacRae Anne 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. The Model of Functional Deficits associated with hallucinations is used as part of the clinical documentation in the San Jose State University Psychosocial Occupational Therapy Clinic. On the basis of this model, hallucinations are classified according to functional deficits and whether the deficits are a result of the content or intrusiveness of the hallucinations. This classification is important because it helps occupational therapists know the full extent of the dysfunction through understanding the underlying pathology. The purpose of this classification is to assist in the development of clinical treatment plans that incorporate techniques for coping with hallucinations.
Method. The sample included 39 clients seen in the clinic over a 4-year period. Student occupational therapists were responsible for documenting the classifications using the Model of Functional Deficits associated with hallucinations. The clients’ charts were then reviewed retrospectively to classify the hallucinations according to the clients’ functional deficits. The classification system ranged from Class 0, insufficient information, to Class VI, persistent hallucinations with profound functional deficits. With these classifications, interventions were planned with the clients in order for them to practice coping mechanisms (e.g., self instruction, decreased stimulation, increased stimulation) to maintain function during their hallucinations.
Results. The findings indicated that 54% of the clients continued to experience hallucinations (i.e., Class II–Class V), although all received psychotropic medication, thus necessitating continuing therapeutic intervention.
Conclusion. This model helps identify specific client experiences that can then be used to develop occupational therapy interventions.
The Impact of the Classroom Environment on Defining Function in School-Based Practice
Authors: Orr Catherine , Schkade Janette 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. Whether the environment is stressed in function–dysfunction decisions appears to depend on where in the hierarchy of components of complex tasks and of role skills the evaluating therapist is focused. This study examined the intervention planning decisions of occupational therapists who used the Model of Student Role Adaptation, which emphasizes the complex tasks involved in the student role. The purpose of the study was to determine whether these therapists were responding to environmental demands in planning their interventions.
Method. Special education teachers selected tasks that they believed were the most essential for student functioning within their classroom environments. These selections were compared with the goals and objectives developed by occupational therapists who serve children in these settings.
Results. Chi square analysis indicated a significant relationship between tasks designated by the teacher participants as environmental demands and those included in occupational therapy intervention planning.
Conclusion. The results suggest that the occupational therapist participants were responding to the environmental demands of the classroom when constructing their intervention plans.
The Interest Checklist: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Klyczek James P. , Bauer-Yox Nancy , Fiedler Roger C. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the 80 items on the Interest Checklist empirically cluster into the five categories of interests described by Matsutsuyu, the developer of the tool.
Method. The Interest Checklist was administered to 367 subjects classified in three subgroups: students, working adults, and retired elderly persons. An 80-item correlation matrix was formed from the responses to the Interest Checklist for each subgroup and then used in factor analysis model to identify the underlying structure or domains of interest.
Results. Results indicated that the Social Recreation theoretical category was empirically independent for all three subgroups; the Physical Sports and Cultural/Educational theoretical categories were empirically independent for only the college students and working adults; and the Manual Skills theoretical category was empirically independent for only the working adults.
Conclusion. Although therapists should continue to be cautious in their interpretation of patients’ Interest Checklist scores, the tool is useful for identifying patients’ interests in order to choose meaningful activities for therapy.
Therapists’ Consistency in Following Their Treatment Plans for Sensory Integrative and Perceptual-Motor Therapy
Authors: Humphries Thomas W. , Snider Laurie , McDougall Beth 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Objectives. Treatment integrity is concerned with whether treatment conditions as provided are consistent with specifications for the treatment. Therapists’ consistency in following their treatment plans that called for the use of sensory integrative and perceptual-motor techniques was evaluated.
Method. Three occupational therapists were rated on their consistency in 46 sessions each of sensory integrative and perceptual-motor therapy. Ratings were made both earlier (1 month) and later (4 months) in treatment. Consistency was rated with a five-point scale for 10 categories of the treatment plans.
Results. Overall consistency did not differ significantly (86% for sensory integrative techniques and 79% for perceptual-motor techniques). Perceptual-motor activities showed less consistency early in treatment but approached the level for sensory integrative techniques by later treatment sessions. Consistency differed significantly among therapists for sensory integrative activities that addressed tactile defensiveness and perceptual-motor activities associated with fine coordination and dexterity.
Conclusion. Despite the less structured, more child-centered nature of sensory integrative techniques, consistency in using these techniques was as high as that found for more scripted, program-centered, perceptual-motor techniques. Therapists reported that gaining the interest and attention of some children with the more structured perceptual-motor activities was more difficult early in treatment but could be achieved with time. Differences in consistency among therapists require verification with a larger sample.
Geriatric Occupational Therapy: The Uncertain Ideology of Long-Term Care
Authors: Hasselkus Betty Risteen , Dickie Virginia Allen , Gregory Cynthia 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The search for the good life is used as a framework for understanding the meaning of geriatric practice to occupational therapists. Data consisted of a subset of phenomenological interviews drawn from a nationwide study of 148 occupational therapists in all areas of practice. Narratives of satisfying and dissatisfying experiences with older clients were analyzed to understand the uniqueness of therapists’ lived experiences in geriatrics. The realities of practice with older clients— the settings, the meanings and symbols of continuity in old age, and the older client’s uncertain future—merge to create an uncertain ideology in geriatric occupational therapy. We suggest that a fundamental task of occupational therapists in geriatrics, as they seek the good life for themselves and their older clients, is to reconcile the realities of practice with traditional rehabilitation ideologies by redefining themselves and their roles in practice.
Occupation as Spiritual Activity
Authors: Howard Brenda S. , Howard Jay R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Although spirituality is rarely explicitly mentioned in the occupational therapy literature, it is implied as an interwoven part of the human system. This article explores the meaning of occupation in the context of sociological and Judeo–Christian theological frameworks and the meaning of spirituality in the occupational therapy clinic. A case is made for acknowledging spirituality in clinical reasoning as a centralizing component of the patient’s motivation and assignment of meaning to life.