bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structured reporting: if, why, when, how—and at what expense? Results of a focus group meeting of radiology professionals from eight countries
Authors: Bosmans J. M. L. , Peremans L. , Menni M. , De Schepper A. M. , Duyck P. O. , Parizel P. M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Purpose
To determine why, despite growing evidence that radiologists and referring physicians prefer structured reporting (SR) to free text (FT) reporting, SR has not been widely adopted in most radiology departments.

Methods
A focus group was formed consisting of 11 radiology professionals from eight countries. Eight topics were submitted for discussion. The meeting was videotaped, transcribed, and analyzed according to the principles of qualitative healthcare research.

Results
Perceived advantages of SR were facilitation of research, easy comparison, discouragement of ambiguous reports, embedded links to images, highlighting important findings, not having to dictate text nobody will read, and automatic translation of teleradiology reports. Being compelled to report within a rigid frame was judged unacceptable. Personal convictions appeared to have high emotional value. It was felt that other healthcare stakeholders would impose SR without regard to what radiologists thought of it. If the industry were to provide ready-made templates for selected examinations, most radiologists would use them.

Conclusion
If radiologists can be convinced of the advantages of SR and the risks associated with failing to participate actively in its implementation, they will take a positive stand. The industry should propose technology allowing SR without compromising accuracy, completeness, workflows, and cost-benefit balance.

Main Messages

• Structured reporting offers radiologists opportunities to improve their service to other stakeholders.

• If radiologists can be convinced of the advantages of structured reporting, they may become early adopters.

• The healthcare industry should propose technology allowing structured reporting.

• Structured reporting will fail if it compromises accuracy, completeness, workflows or cost-benefit balance.
Adolescents’ financial literacy: The role of financial socialization agents, financial experiences, and money attitudes in shaping financial literacy among South Korean youth
Authors: Sohn Sang‐Hee , Joo So‐Hyun , Grable John E. , Lee Seonglim , Kim Minjeung 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to test the relationships between financial socialization agents, financial experiences, money attitudes, demographic characteristics, and the financial literacy of Korean adolescents. Using the 2006 Korean National Financial Literacy Test Survey for Adolescents (N = 1185), a series of regression analyses were performed to determine the factors related to financial literacy. It was found that those who chose media as their primary financial socialization agent, and those who had a bank account, exhibited higher levels of financial literacy. Among the sample, those who saw money as good or as a reward for efforts tended to report higher levels of financial literacy, while those perceiving money in terms of avoidance or achievement had lower levels of financial literacy. Students with mid‐range monthly allowances showed higher levels of financial literacy compared to the highest allowance group. Implications for financial educators, policy makers, and researchers are provided.
Diagnostic potential ofFasciola gigantica-derived 14.5 kDa fatty acid binding protein in the immunodiagnosis of bubaline fascioliasis
Authors: Allam G. , Bauomy I.R. , Hemyeda Z.M. , Diab T.M. , Sakran T.F. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe 14.5 kDa fatty acid binding protein (FABP) was isolated from the crude extract of adultFasciola giganticaworms. Polyclonal anti-FABP IgG was generated in rabbits immunized with prepared FABP antigen. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect coproantigen in stools and circulatingFasciolaantigen (CA) in sera of 126 water buffaloes by using purified and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-FABP IgG. Sandwich ELISA sensitivity was 96.97% and 94.95%; while specificity was 94.12% and 82.35% for coproantigen and CA detection, respectively. However, sensitivity and specificity of the Kato–Katz technique was 73.74% and 100%, respectively. The diagnostic efficacy of sandwich ELISA was 96.55% and 93.1% for coproantigen and CA detection, respectively. In contrast, the diagnostic efficacy of the Kato–Katz technique was 77.59%. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that the purified 14.5 kDa FABP provides a more suitable antigen for immunodiagnosis of early and current bubaline fascioliasis by using sandwich ELISA.
Temporal distribution of phytoplankton in the south-western Caspian Sea during 2009–2010: a comparison with previous surveys
Authors: Bagheri Siamak , Mansor Mashhor , Turkoglu Muhammet , Makaremi Marzieh , Babaei Hadi 
Published: March 2012

This study focuses on spatial and temporal distribution and species composition of phytoplankton in the south-western Caspian Sea between July 2009 and March 2010. Samples were collected from 11 stations along three transects: Lisar, Anzali and Sefidrood. Among 44 identified phytoplankton species, diatoms (70.2%) and cyanophytes (25.0%) were dominant. The average phytoplankton abundance was calculated as 1.085E + 05 cells l−1. Among the phytoplankton groups, diatom density was higher (70.2%) than two out of three of total abundance in density of 1.085E + 05 cells l−1. Cyanophytes were the second important group (25.0%) contributing to total phytoplankton. Dinoflagellates, chlorophytes and euglenoids were other contributors to total phytoplankton. DiatomsDactyliosolen fragilissimusandSkeletonema costatumand cyanophyteOscillatoriasp. numerically dominated in the system. There were major changes in phytoplankton composition and average phytoplankton density was higher than those documented in 1996–1997 and 2005. The average concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved inorganic silicate were 14.5 ± 6.32, 1.14 ± 0.44 and 5.10 ± 3.98 μM, respectively, and these concentrations were strikingly high. Increases in DIN and DIP concentrations were more than twofold compared to recorded values during the last 2 decades due to the eutrophication. Fluctuations in nutrients played an important role in the variation of phytoplankton composition and abundance. Chlorophyll-aconcentrations varied between 3.22 and 16.1 μg l−1and there was a significant increase in chlorophyll-a(8.13 ± 5.72 μg l−1) compared to the values in 1996–1997 (1.44 ± 1.48 μg l−1), 2001 (2.62 ± 1.48 μg l−1) and 2005 (2.14 ±1.94 μg l−1).
Light emission from particle beam induced plasma: An overview
Authors: Ulrich Andreas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractExperiments to study the light emission from plasma produced by particle beams are presented. Fundamental aspects in comparison with discharge plasma formation are discussed. It is shown that the formation of excimer molecules is an important process. This paper summarizes various studies of particle beam induced light emission and presents the first results of a direct comparison of light emission induced by electron- and ion beam excitation. Both high energy heavy ion beam and low energy electron beam experiments are described and an overview over applications in the form of light sources, lasers, and ionization devices is given.
Dynamic Asset Allocation Techniques
Authors: Jarvis S. , Lawrence A. , Miao S. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTInvestment strategy is often static, punctuated by infrequent reviews. For most long-term investors, this practice results in large risks being taken that could otherwise be managed with a more dynamic investment policy. The bulk of this paper is aimed at analysing and describing two multi-period investment strategy problems — in order to derive potential dynamic strategies. Along the way, we show how static investment strategies can fail to deliver an investor's long-term objectives and describe the relationship of our work to other areas of the finance literature. This paper does not cover trading strategies such as Tactical Asset Allocation.This paper sets out two main approaches to the multi-period problem. The first approach optimises a utility function. The second approach uses partial differential equation (PDE) technology to optimise a target statistic (in this case, TailVaR) subject to return and long-only constraints.
The U.K. With-Profits Life Insurance Industry: A Market Analysis
Authors: O'Brien C. D. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the market structure of the U.K. with-profits life insurance market and the potential effect on how life insurers operate. We consider the competitiveness of the market, quantifying the increase in the degree of concentration since 2000, and establishing that inherited estates may offer some protection from competition for incumbent firms. However, there is a significant degree of mobility in market positions of leading firms. Analysis of costs indicates some large differences between firms, with larger firms experiencing lower cost ratios, indicative of economies of scale. There are some marked differences in insurers' prices, the data showing that charges tend to be lower on unit-linked than on with-profits policies. The paper suggests that while there are potential concerns about how the market operates for consumers, the impact is limited by the dramatic reduction in new with-profits business.
Enterprise risk management for health insurance from an actuarial perspective
Authors: Orros G. C. , Smith J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper focuses on Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) and strategic business management for health insurance companies in our world of ‘unknown unknowns’ and the emergence of unexpected risks over time. It illustrates how Chief Risk Officers (CROs) can focus on ‘risk and opportunity management’ through an ERM framework, and thereby balance risks against opportunities, whilst being resilient against ‘unknown unknowns’ and their emergence over time as ‘known unknowns’ and ‘known knowns’. The paper has been designed to meet the broad requirements of health insurers that would like to implement an ERM framework for the effective risk management of their health insurance lines of business. Risk management for health insurers in the context of Solvency II and broader European Commission regulatory requirements is also discussed. The authors discuss how insurers can develop and apply risk management to build resilience in the face of the storms and shocks that may lie ahead.
Bioconjugated and Cross-Linked Bionanostructures for Bifunctional Immunohistochemical Labeling
Authors: Say Rıdvan , Kılıç Gözde Aydoğan , Özcan Ayça Atılır , Hür Deniz , Yılmaz Filiz , Denizli Adil , Ersöz Arzu 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe present study describes the development and use of a new bioconjugate combining targeted quantum dot labeling with an immunoperoxidase method and explores whether these bioconjugates could specifically and effectively label Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). The new bioconjugate is designed for the examination of samples both under fluorescent and bright-field microscopy at the same time. For this purpose chlorobis(2-2′-bipyridyl) methacryloyl tyrosine-ruthenium(II) and bis (2-2′-bipyridyl) methacryloyltyrosine-methacryloyltryptophan-ruthenium (II) photosensitive monomers and photosensitive poly(Bis (2-2′-bipyridyl)) methacryloyltyrosine-methacryloyltryptophan-ruthenium(II) were synthesized and characterized. The anti-SOD1 antibody and horseradish peroxidase (HRD) conjugated quantum dots were prepared by using this polymer. The anti-SOD1 antibody and HRD conjugated quantum dots were used in labeling and imaging of SOD1 in rat liver sections. Quantum dot particles were observed as a bright fluorescence in their specific binding locations inside the hepatocytes. The HRD-diaminobenzidine reaction product was observed as brown-colored particles at the same locations under bright-field microscopy. Structural details of the tissue sections could be examined at the same time. The conjugation protocol is simple; the bioconjugate is applicable for efficient cell labeling and can be adapted for imaging of other targets in different tissues. Also, the prepared nanobioconjugates have mechanic stability and can be used for a long period.
Geostationary magnetic field response to solar wind pressure variations: Time delay and local time variation
Authors: Jackel Brian J. , McKiernan Breege , Singer Howard J. 
Published: March 2012

The relationship between solar wind dynamic pressure changes and geosynchronous magnetic field response is studied using 15 years of OMNI2 and GOES data at 1‐minute resolution. Significant magnetospheric response to solar wind‐forcing is found to be most frequent near noon (30% of all intervals), and virtually absent on the night‐side. The strongest response occurs when IMF Bz is strongly northward and the effect of reducing IMF Bz is most pronounced in the dusk sector. Approximately 25% of dayside Bz variance for related intervals can be attributed to direct response from solar wind dynamic pressure forcing. Time lag between changes in the solar wind at the bow shock nose and similar fluctuations in the magnetosphere at geosynchronous orbit (6.6 Re) is typically 2 to 4 minutes, with responses occurring first in the post‐noon sector and approximately 2 minutes later near dawn. The OMNI2 HRO time‐shifting algorithm appears to be quite effective, with a slight (2 minute) systematic increase in lag and no increased scatter for the most distant upstream solar wind satellite location.
Explaining polarization reversals in STEREO wave data
Authors: Breneman A. , Cattell C. , Wygant J. , Kersten K. , Wilson L. B. , Dai L. , Colpitts C. , Kellogg P. J. , Goetz K. , Paradise A. 
Published: March 2012

Recently, Breneman et al. (2011) reported observations of large amplitude lightning and transmitter whistler mode waves from two STEREO passes through the inner radiation belt (L < 2). Hodograms of the electric field in the plane transverse to the magnetic field showed that the transmitter waves underwent periodic polarization reversals. Specifically, their polarization would cycle through a pattern of right‐hand to linear to left‐hand polarization at a rate of roughly 200 Hz. The lightning whistlers were observed to be left‐hand polarized at frequencies greater than the lower hybrid frequency and less than the transmitter frequency (21.4 kHz) and right‐hand polarized otherwise. Only right‐hand polarized waves in the inner radiation belt should exist in the frequency range of the whistler mode and these reversals were not explained in the previous paper. We show, with a combination of observations and simulated wave superposition, that these polarization reversals are due to the beating of an incident electromagnetic whistler mode wave at 21.4 kHz and linearly polarized, symmetric lower hybrid sidebands Doppler‐shifted from the incident wave by ±200 Hz. The existence of the lower hybrid waves is consistent with the parametric decay mechanism of Lee and Kuo (1984) whereby an incident whistler mode wave decays into symmetric, short wavelength lower hybrid waves and a purely growing (zero‐frequency) mode. Like the lower hybrid waves, the purely growing mode is Doppler‐shifted by ∼200 Hz as observed on STEREO. This decay mechanism in the upper ionosphere has been previously reported at equatorial latitudes and is thought to have a direct connection with explosive spread F enhancements. As such it may represent another dissipation mechanism of VLF wave energy in the ionosphere and may help to explain a deficit of observed lightning and transmitter energy in the inner radiation belts as reported by Starks et al. (2008).
Assessment of the ENSEMBLES regional climate models in the representation of precipitation variability and extremes over Portugal
Authors: Soares Pedro M. M. , Cardoso Rita M. , Miranda Pedro M. A. , Viterbo Pedro , Belo‐Pereira Margarida 
Published: March 2012

A new data set of daily gridded observations of precipitation, computed from over 400 stations in Portugal, is used to assess the performance of 12 regional climate models at 25 km resolution, from the ENSEMBLES set, all forced by ERA‐40 boundary conditions, for the 1961–2000 period. Standard point error statistics, calculated from grid point and basin aggregated data, and precipitation related climate indices are used to analyze the performance of the different models in representing the main spatial and temporal features of the regional climate, and its extreme events. As a whole, the ENSEMBLES models are found to achieve a good representation of those features, with good spatial correlations with observations. There is a small but relevant negative bias in precipitation, especially in the driest months, leading to systematic errors in related climate indices. The underprediction of precipitation occurs in most percentiles, although this deficiency is partially corrected at the basin level. Interestingly, some of the conclusions concerning the performance of the models are different of what has been found for the contiguous territory of Spain; in particular, ENSEMBLES models appear too dry over Portugal and too wet over Spain. Finally, models behave quite differently in the simulation of some important aspects of local climate, from the mean climatology to high precipitation regimes in localized mountain ranges and in the subsequent drier regions.
The Impact of Listening Condition on Background Noise Acceptance for Young Adults With Normal Hearing
Authors: Gordon-Hickey Susan , Moore Robert E. , Estis Julie M. 
Published: March 2012

Purpose
To evaluate the effect of different speech conditions on background noise acceptance. A total of 23 stimulus pairings, differing in primary talker gender (female, male, conventional), number of background talkers (1, 4, 12), and gender composition of the background noise (female, male, mixed) were used to evaluate background noise acceptance.

Method
A repeated measures research design was used. Participants were 15 female and 15 male young adults with normal hearing. Background noise acceptance was evaluated with the acceptable noise level (ANL).

Results
The results revealed main effects of primary talker gender, number of background talkers, and listener gender. ANL was lower for conditions of a female primary talker and for conditions with multitalker backgrounds. Male listeners had significantly lower ANLs than female listeners. An interaction occurred between primary talker and background noise composition. For female primary talker conditions, the male talker backgrounds produced the lowest ANLs. For male primary talker conditions, the lowest ANLs were obtained with the female and male background talker conditions.

Conclusions
Background noise acceptance depends on the listener and the stimulus condition. Stimulus selection can influence the measurement of ANL. The results support the use of the commercially available ANL materials.
Ethnobotany.
Authors: Perry L. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses the history of chilli (Capsicum species) utilization by man, presenting archaeobotanical evidence for the exploitation of these plants in the ancient Neotropics. A discussion of some of the uses of chilli in modern times is included, and an explanatory model for why chillies hold such an important place in the human diet is presented.
Transplant production.
Authors: Grey T. L. , Webster T. M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter discusses recent advances in various aspects of pepper (Capsicum spp.) seedling production under greenhouse and non-greenhouse (open beds or net houses) conditions, including seed production, seed priming, temperature and moisture regulation, selection of growing media and sowing method, fertilizer application, insect and fungi control, and hardening.
Weed control.
Authors: Webber C. L., III 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

This chapter briefly describes the impact of weeds on pepper (Capsicum spp.) in terms of competition for resources and allelopathy, and discusses cultural (such as mulching) and chemical methods used for the control of weeds of pepper (such as perennial weeds and weeds under Solanaceae). Herbicides for organic pepper production systems are presented.
Genetic Analysis Reveals Restricted Dispersal of Northern Rockfish along the Continental Margin of the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands
Authors: Gharrett Anthony J. , Riley Rachel J. , Spencer Paul D. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe effective conservation and management of a species require knowledge of its population structure and life history. Fish that are mobile, long‐lived, and abundant and that have pelagic larvae are often presumed to disperse over large geographic areas. However, if the individuals of such a species have limited dispersal, spatial scale must be considered when developing management plans. The economically and ecologically important northern rockfish Sebastes polyspinis, which is most abundant along the continental margin of the Aleutian Islands, has the potential to disperse widely during its life. The population genetic structure of a species provides a window into its demographic structure. Consequently, the variation at 11 microsatellite loci was used to characterize the geographic structure and connectivity of northern rockfish collected in 2004 along the continental margin of the Bering Sea slope and the Aleutian Islands. Significant genetic structure (FST = 0.0017) was detected, and a significant isolation‐by‐distance relationship indicated that there is limited lifetime dispersal (on the order of 100–200 km), which is much smaller than the scales used for sampling and management. In addition, the genetic divergence along the area sampled suggests decreased gene flow at Amchitka Pass and between the eastern Bering Sea and eastern Aleutian Islands.
Effect of Low‐Head Lock‐and‐Dam Structures on Migration and Spawning of American Shad and Striped Bass in the Cape Fear River, North Carolina
Authors: Smith Joseph A. , Hightower Joseph E. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAnadromous fish populations within the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, have declined substantially since the late 1800s. Three low‐head lock‐and‐dam (LD) structures on the river (LD‐1–3) contributed to this decline by limiting access to upstream spawning habitat. We used egg sampling and sonic telemetry to examine the effects of the LD structures on migration and spawning activity of American shad Alosa sapidissima and striped bass Morone saxatilis. Egg distribution and stage of development suggested that most of the American shad spawning took place downstream from the lowermost structure, LD‐1. The predicted mean density of stage‐1 American shad eggs at a water temperature of 21°C was 895 eggs/1,000 m3 (95% credible interval [CI] = 800–994) below LD‐1; 147 eggs/1,000 m3 (95% CI = 103–197) below LD‐2; and 32 eggs/1,000 m3 (95% CI = 17–49) below the uppermost structure, LD‐3. The probability of capturing a stage‐1 American shad egg was strongly dependent on water temperature and hour of egg collection. Transmitter detections for 20 sonic‐tagged American shad and 20 striped bass in 2008 showed that for both species, the majority of fish moved upstream of LD‐1; 35% of American shad and 25% of striped bass migrated upstream of LD‐3. Based on passage rates at the three LD structures, American shad would be expected to be most abundant downstream of LD‐1 and upstream of LD‐3. For striped bass, the river section between LD‐2 and LD‐3 had the highest egg collections and highest predicted proportion of the run. In combination, these results demonstrate that the locking program provides some access to historical spawning habitat, although further improvements in fish passage could benefit both species.