bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early undernutrition increases glycogen content and reduces the activated forms of GSK3, AMPK, p38 MAPK, and JNK in the cerebral cortex of suckling rats
Authors: Lizárraga‐Mollinedo Esther , Fernández‐Millán Elisa , De Miguel‐Santos Laura , Martínez‐Honduvilla Carlos José , Alvarez Carmen , Escrivá Fernando 
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 123–133.AbstractExposure to maternal undernutrition during development increases the risk for neurological and cognitive defects. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms involved. Peripheral responses to insulin are increased following food‐restriction, thus the possibility arises that brain insulin actions are affected by undernutrition, causing damages to the higher cerebral functions. In this study, we examined the effects of early undernutriton on molecular targets of insulin actions such as glucose transporters, glycogen, glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3) and mitogen‐activated protein kinases, as well as proteins involved in apoptosis in the cortex from 10‐day‐old rats. We show that undernutrition results in an enhanced glycogen content which is confined to astrocytes, according to our histochemical approaches. Cortical phospho‐GSK3 is also increased. In addition to glycogen synthesis, GSK3 regulates crucial cellular processes. Therefore, its elevated degree of phosphorylation may have an impact on these processes and, consequently, on the cortical development. Phospho‐p38 and both total JNK and phospho‐JNK, which regulate apoptosis, are reduced following undernutrition. However, cleaved caspase 3 is not altered, which suggests that this condition does not induce extensive modifications to the cortical apoptosis. Thus, our results indicate that undernutrition gives rise to molecular alterations that may have repercussions on cerebral cortex development and functions.
Protein aggregation in neurons following OGD: a role for Na+ and Ca2+ ionic dysregulation
Authors: Chen Xinzhi , Kintner Douglas B. , Baba Akemichi , Matsuda Toshio , Shull Gary E. , Sun Dandan 
Published: October 2009

J. Neurochem. (2010) 112, 173–182.AbstractIn this study, we investigated whether disruption of Na+ and Ca2+ homeostasis via activation of Na+‐K+‐Cl− cotransporter isoform 1 (NKCC1) and reversal of Na+/Ca2+ exchange (NCXrev) affects protein aggregation and degradation following oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD). Cultured cortical neurons were subjected to 2 h OGD and 1–24 h reoxygenation (REOX). Redistribution of ubiquitin and formation of ubiquitin‐conjugated protein aggregates occurred in neurons as early as 2 h REOX. The protein aggregation progressed further by 8 h REOX. There was no significant recovery at 24 h REOX. Moreover, the proteasome activity in neurons was inhibited by 80–90% during 2–8 h REOX and recovered partially at 24 h REOX. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of NKCC1 activity significantly decreased accumulation of ubiquitin‐conjugated protein aggregates and improved proteasome activity. A similar protective effect was obtained by blocking NCXrev activity. Inhibition of NKCC1 activity also preserved intracellular ATP and Na+ homeostasis during 0–24 h REOX. In a positive control study, disruption of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ with thapsigargin triggered redistribution of free ubiquitin and protein aggregation. We conclude that overstimulation of NKCC1 and NCXrev following OGD/REOX partially contributes to protein aggregation and proteasome dysfunction as a result of ionic dysregulation.
The Utility of the State Buy‐In Variable in the Medicare Denominator File to Identify Dually Eligible Medicare‐Medicaid Beneficiaries: A Validation Study
Authors: Koroukian Siran M. , Dahman Bassam , Copeland Glenn , Bradley Cathy J. 
Published: October 2009

Objective. To compare the adequacy of the state buy‐in variable (SBI) in the Medicare denominator file to identify dually eligible patients.Data Source/Study Settings. We used linked Medicare and Medicaid data from Michigan and Ohio for elders diagnosed with incident breast, prostate, or colorectal cancer between 1996 and 2001.Study Design. Using the Medicaid enrollment file as the “gold standard,” we assessed the number of duals from Medicare files in cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. Data for the study population were linked with Medicare and Medicaid files using patient identifiers.Principal Findings. Sensitivity was low (74.2 percent, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]: 72.7, 75.6 and 80.8 percent, 79.7, 81.9, in Michigan and Ohio, respectively). PPV was above 95 percent in Michigan and 88.8 percent in Ohio. Both sensitivity and PPV varied between and within the states. Both in Michigan and in Ohio, we observed limited agreement on the length of enrollment in Medicaid between the two data sources.Conclusions. Except to examine disparities by dual status at a very broad level, the SBI variable alone may be inadequate to identify duals. The findings call for improvements in Medicare and Medicaid information management systems and for uniformity in database linking strategies.
SCHIP's Impact on Dependent Coverage in the Small‐Group Health Insurance Market
Authors: Seiber Eric E. , Florence Curtis S. 
Published: October 2009

Objective. To estimate the impact of State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) expansions on public and private coverage of dependents at small firms compared with large firms.Data Sources. 1996–2007 Annual Demographic Survey of the Current Population Survey (CPS).Study Design. This study estimates a two‐stage least squares (2SLS) model for four insurance outcomes that instruments for SCHIP and Medicaid eligibility. Separate models are estimated for small group markets (firms with fewer than 25 employees), small businesses (firms under 500 employees), and large firms (firms 500 employees and above).Data Collection/Extraction Methods. We extracted data from the 1996–2007 CPS for children in households with at least one worker.Principal Findings. The SCHIP expansions decreased the percentage of uninsured dependents in the small group market by 7.6 percentage points with negligible crowd‐out in the small group and no significant effect on private coverage across the 11‐year‐period.Conclusions. The SCHIP expansions have increased coverage for households in the small group market with no significant crowd‐out of private coverage. In contrast, the estimates for large firms are consistent with the substantial crowd‐out observed in the literature.
THE PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SOCIETY: 1952–2001
Authors: Atkinson K. B. , Newton I. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA scholarly account of the formative discussions, the founding and the first 20 years of the Photogrammetric Society was published in 1971 and republished in 1974. This present review concentrates on the latter years of the life of the Photogrammetric Society prior to its merger with the Remote Sensing Society in 2001.The authors joined the Photogrammetric Society in 1960 and were conspicuous in its affairs for many years. Although both occupied the Society's presidential chair, they also fulfilled several other roles in its efficient management. Atkinson's first contribution to the Photogrammetric Record was published in 1968 and Newton's in 1971.RésuméOn a publié en 1971 un compte‐rendu détaillé des 20 premières années de la “Photogrammetric Society”, à commencer par les discussions qui présidèrent è sa fondation. Ce récit fut republié en 1974. On se focalise dans cet article sur les dernières années d'activité de la “Photogrammetric Society” qui aboutirent à sa fusion avec la “Remote Sensing Society” en 2001.Les deux auteurs adhérèrent à la “Photogrammetric Society” en 1960 et y furent d‘éminents animateurs pendant de nombreuses années. Tous deux occupèrent le poste de président de cette Association mais remplirent égulement plusieurs autres fonctions qui contribuèrent à une gestion efficace. La première intervention d'Atkinson dans le Photogrummetric Record remonte à 1968, et celle de Newton à 1971.ZusummenfussungEine wissenschaftliche Abhandlung über die Diskussionen zur Gründung, die Gründung selbst und die ersten 20 Jahre der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft wurde in 1971 publiziert und in 1974 wiederholt. Dieser aktulle Rückblick konzentriert sich auf die darauffolgenden Jahre der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft bis hin zur Vereinigung mit der Gesellschaft für Fernerkundung in Jahre 2001.Die Autoren wurden 1960 Mitglieder in der Photogrammetrischen Gesellschaft und trugen viele Jahre massgeblich zu deren Aktivitäsidenten der Gesellschaft auch verschiedene andere Aufgaben im Management wahrgenommen. Der erste Beitrag von Atkinson im Photogrammetric Record erschien 1968, der erste von Newton in 1971.
Pseudo History/Weird History: Nationalism and the Internet
Authors: Melleuish Greg , Sheiko Konstantin , Brown Stephen 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOne of the most important developments in the production of history in the early twenty‐first century has been the capacity of ‘weird history’ or ‘pseudo history’ to have a large impact on the public sphere. Pseudo history mimics professional history in the way that it presents itself to the public but its arguments defy any reasonable assessment of the evidence. In this paper, we examine the phenomenon of pseudo history through a consideration of its origins in travellers’ tales and its current manifestation with particular reference to two practitioners: Anatolii Fomenko and Gavin Menzies. One can attribute much of their popular success to their capacity to appeal to both democratic principles and nationalism, and to make effective use of new media, especially the internet.
Increase in CD230 (cellular prion protein) fluorescence on blood lymphocytes in bovine spongiform encephalopathy–infected nonhuman primates
Authors: Holznagel Edgar , Yutzy Barbara , Schulz‐Schaeffer Walter , Hanschman Kay‐Martin , Stuke Andreas , Hahmann Uwe , Törner Mechthild , Coulibaly Cheick , Hoffmann Andreas , Hunsmann Gerhard , Löwer Johannes 
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND: The cellular prion protein (PrPc) plays a central role in prion diseases such as variant Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease. This disease can be transmitted by blood transfusion. However, the exact kinetics of blood infectivity and the blood fraction carrying infectivity have not yet been identified.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Simian PrPc epitopes were mapped by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs). A whole blood/no wash protocol was established, validated, and applied to investigate peripheral blood cell–associated PrPc expression profiles in bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)‐infected cynomolgus monkeys and age‐/sex‐matched controls. In addition, physiologic expression patterns on blood cells and in lymphoid tissues were determined.RESULTS: In BSE‐infected macaques, blood lymphocyte–associated PrPc fluorescence gradually increased years before the onset of clinical signs (pF test < 0.0001). The increase in fluorescence intensity was detectable with MoAb 12F10, whereas we failed to detect an increase with 3F4. In parallel, plasma concentrations of soluble CD230 also increased. Centrifugation of lymphocytes almost completely eliminated differences between infected and noninfected animals, most likely caused by a partial loss in cell‐associated CD230 into the plasma supernatant.CONCLUSION: Blood lymphocytes from asymptomatically infected as well as diseased macaques were characterized by increased CD230 fluorescence, and phosphatidylinositol‐phospholipase C–resistant PrP molecules contributed at least partially to this increase. Conformational changes within PrPc molecules may be the underlying mechanism for the increased PrPc fluorescence. This cell‐associated phenomenon contributed at least partially to an increase in soluble plasma‐derived PrPc levels. It is not yet known whether these changes reflect infectivity.
Following the Rules? Candidate Strategy in Presidential Primaries*
Authors: Ridout Travis N. , Rottinghaus Brandon , Hosey Nathan 
Published: October 2009

Objectives. The competitiveness of the 2008 presidential primaries in both the Republican and Democratic parties has prompted a reconsideration of the role of delegate‐selection rules in influencing the strategic behavior of presidential candidates. Using advertising and candidate state‐visit data from the 2004 and 2008 presidential nominating campaigns, we reexamine the strategies presidential candidates use when competing for the nomination of their party.Methods. Using the Wisconsin Advertising Project Data from 2004 and 2008, we estimate several multiple regressions designed to analyze the factors predicting candidate visits and advertising.Results. We find that, to a large extent, the rules of the game help predict where candidates allocate their political advertising and campaign stops; candidates consider whether a contest is a primary or caucus, they pay attention to how many delegates are at stake, and they consider whether a state's delegate‐allocation method is largely proportional or winner take all. Yet we also find some differences in how the rules influence frontrunners and long‐shot candidates, and we discover how other factors, including a candidate's access to financial resources, influence the allocation of ads and visits.Conclusion. Our findings offer some of the first empirical evidence for the idea that a state's delegate‐allocation method influences candidates' resource‐allocation behavior. That these rules matter at all is somewhat of a surprise given that the delegate‐allocation methods used by states have become more homogenous within each party.
Presentation of Partisanship: Constituency Connections and Partisan Congressional Activity*
Authors: Meinke Scott R. 
Published: October 2009

Objectives. This article explores how House members relate their involvement in partisan Washington activity to constituency representation.Methods. Building on Fenno's familiar conception of home style, I argue that certain House members have an incentive to develop a partisan home style that emphasizes party activity in Washington. I examine this relationship by studying the extended party leadership (party committees and whip networks), looking for connections between member/constituency characteristics and extended leaders' choices to advertise partisan leadership activity on their official websites. Logit models are used to test for relationships between these variables.Results. Members vary widely in whether and how they communicate their partisan activity, with constituency factors, career stage, and majority party status all affecting the choice.Conclusions. House members make strategic choices about incorporating partisan Washington activity into their home style.
Personal Values and Public Opinion*
Authors: Kilburn H. Whitt 
Published: October 2009

Objective. Social science considers values a key motivator of human behavior, yet studies of values in public opinion have tended to focus on more limited political values. I investigate how a general theory of human values (Schwartz, 1992) shapes public opinion. In one dimension, individuals are motivated by a desire for independent thought and action versus conformity to traditional social norms; in the second, individuals are motivated by a desire to care for others versus control or achieve superior social status over them.Methods. Statistical analysis of the European Social Survey, nationally representative surveys in 15 western European nations.Results. Human values are systematically related to a citizen's left‐right self‐identification, displaying appropriate sensitivity to party system context in Scandinavia, and explaining attitudes toward ethnic minority immigration, even when controlling for reasonable alternate explanations.Conclusion. Personal values along these two dimensions of social conflict merit further attention as sources of public opinion.
Institutional Incentives and Trust: Marginalized Groups and the Creation of Trust in Local Government*
Authors: Richey Sean , Ikeda Ken'ichi 
Published: October 2009

Objectives. There is an important theoretical debate concerning whether institutional trust can be created. Since very few governments actually try to promote trust directly, it has been difficult to test this debate empirically. To investigate this debate, we examine an innovative new program in Japan that is specifically designed to promote trust in institutions—community currencies.Methods. We use propensity score matching to determine if community currency program participation in Japan increases institutional trust.Results. We find that participation increases institutional trust. Additionally, we find that supporters of political parties with little political power receive a greater impact from program participation.Conclusions. These results show that institutional trust can be increased by participation in incentive programs of cooperation, and suggest that members of marginalized groups will benefit more from program participation.
Presidential Direct Action and Policy Continuity: The Case of U.S. International Population Policy*
Authors: Gupta Debasree Das , Rozell Mark J. 
Published: October 2009

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to describe and analyze the modern practice of unilateral presidential policy making in the area of U.S. international population policy. The analysis focuses on the implications of this practice in a constitutional system intended to limit and constrain direct presidential action in policy making.Methods. The authors conduct their analysis using a variety of qualitative sources, including leading studies on the topics of presidential direct action and U.S. international population policy, and government documents.Conclusions. Policy development in this area has been marked by dramatic back‐and‐forth shifts due to the modern practice of presidents making many decisions without legislative involvement. Although not the only policy area in which this practice has become the norm, the case study of U.S. international population policy reveals the pitfalls of deviating from the constitutional design of a system of balanced and constrained powers.
Public Perception of Environmental Issues in a Developing Setting: Environmental Concern in Coastal Ghana*
Authors: White Michael J. , Hunter Lori M. 
Published: October 2009

Objective. Balancing environmental quality with economic growth in less developed settings is clearly a challenge. Still, surprisingly little empirical evidence has been brought to bear on the relative priority given environmental and socioeconomic issues among the residents themselves of such settings. This research explores such perceptions.Methods. We undertake survey research with 2,500 residents of coastal Ghana on policy issues, focusing on environmental topics.Results. Our analyses reveal a significant amount of environmental awareness, with education and political engagement consistently predicting higher levels of concern. In addition, environmental issues are deemed important even when considered relative to other socioeconomic issues.Conclusion. In the end, we argue that our work sheds light on global environmentalism and the ways local populations in less developed settings prioritize social and environmental concerns. This work also has important policy implications since insight on local perceptions may help buttress policy responses designed to cope with global change.
International comparison of blood pressure and BMI values in schoolchildren aged 11–16 years
Authors: Baráth Á , Boda K , Tichy M , Károly É , Túri S 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAims:  This study comprised part of a larger cross‐sectional survey performed in Hungary in the period 2005–2006, which was designed first to reveal the representative age‐, gender‐ and height‐specific percentile values for the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in Hungarian children aged 11–16 years. The second aim was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity.Methods:  Analyses were performed on 14 290 Hungarian children aged 11–16 years. All blood pressure (BP) measurements were made with a validated, automated, digital device. The criteria recommended by international guidelines were used.Results:  The prevalence of overweight and obesity among the Hungarian children was found to be 23.4% (3347 adolescents; International Obesity Task Force criteria). Previous studies have reported that the strongest correlation is observed between the BP values and weight, and our results are in accordance with this.Conclusions:  Regional differences in morphometry (different prevalences of overweight and obesity) and the genetic background, disparate eating habits and other cultural factors may account for the differences in BP levels during childhood. As the prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing worldwide, it is important that countries carefully monitor the weight and BP status of their children and adolescents.
Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in ribosomal protein L27a gene with marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle
Authors: YAMADA Takahisa , SASAKI Seiki , SUKEGAWA Shin , MIYAKE Takeshi , FUJITA Tatsuo , KOSE Hiroyuki , MORITA Mitsuo , TAKAHAGI Youichi , MURAKAMI Hiroshi , MORIMATSU Fumiki , SASAKI Yoshiyuki 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTMarbling, defined by the amount and distribution of intramuscular fat, is an economically important trait of beef cattle in Japan. The c2‐11#2 expressed sequence tag (EST) has been previously shown to possess expression difference in musculus longissimus muscle between low‐marbled and high‐marbled steer groups, and to be located within genomic region of a quantitative trait locus for marbling. Thus, the ribosomal protein L27a (RPL27A) gene containing the c2‐11#2 EST sequence was considered as a positional candidate for the gene responsible for marbling. In the present study, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the RPL27A, referred to as g.3109537C>T, was detected between the 2 steer groups. The SNP was associated with the predicted breeding value for beef marbling standard number by the analyses using Japanese Black beef cattle population. The effect of genotypes of the SNP on the predicted breeding value for subcutaneous fat thickness was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that the RPL27A SNP may be useful for effective marker‐assisted selection to increase the levels of marbling in Japanese Black beef cattle.