bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect on Water Resources from Upstream Water Diversion in the Ganges Basin
Authors: Adel Miah M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBangladesh faces at least 30 upstream water diversion constructions of which Farakka Barrage is the major one. The effects of Farakka Barrage on water resources, socioeconomy, and culture have been investigated downstream in the basins of the Ganges and its distributaries. A diversion of up to 60% of the Ganges water over 25 yr has caused (i) reduction of water in surface water resources, (ii) increased dependence on ground water, (iii) destruction of the breeding and raising grounds for 109 species of Gangetic fishes and other aquatic species and amphibians, (iv) increased malnutrition, (v) deficiency in soil organic matter content, (vi) change in the agricultural practices, (vii) eradication of inland navigable routes, (viii) outbreak of water‐borne diseases, (ix) loss of professions, and (x) obstruction to religious observances and pastimes. Further, arsenopyrites buried in the prebarrage water table have come in contact with air and formed water‐soluble compounds of arsenic. Inadequate recharging of ground water hinders the natural cleansing of arsenic, and threatens about 75000000 lives who are likely to use water contaminated with up to 2 mg/L of arsenic. Furthermore, the depletion of surface water resources has caused environmental heating and cooling effects. Apart from these effects, sudden releases of water by the barrage during the flood season cause devestating floods. In consideration of such a heavy toll for the areas downstream, strict international rules have to be laid down to preserve the riparian ecosystems.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Cattle Feedlot Manure Composting
Authors: Hao Xiying , Chang Chi , Larney Francis J. , Travis Greg R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThe emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) during feedlot manure composting reduces the agronomic value of the final compost and increases the greenhouse effect A study was conducted to determine whether GHG emissions are affected by composting method. Feedlot cattle manure was composted with two aeration methods—passive (no turning) and active (turned six times). Carbon lost in the forms of CO2 and CH4 was 73.8 and 6.3 kg C Mg−1 manure for the passive aeration treatment and 168.0 and 8.1 kg C Mg−1 manure for the active treatment. The N loss in the form of N2O was 0.11 and 0.19 kg N Mg−1 manure for the passive and active treatments. Fuel consumption to turn and maintain the windrow added a further 4.4 kg C Mg−1 manure for the active aeration treatment. Since CH4 and N2O are 21 and 310 times more harmful than CO2 in their global warming effect, the total GHG emission expressed as CO2–C equivalent was 240.2 and 401.4 kg C Mg−1 manure for passive and active aeration. The lower emission associated with the passive treatment was mainly due to the incomplete decomposition of manure and a lower gas diffusion rate. In addition, turning affected N transformation and transport in the windrow profile, which contributed to higher N2O emissions for the active aeration treatment. Gas diffusion is an important factor controlling GHG emissions. Higher GHG concentrations in compost windrows do not necessarily mean higher production or emission rates.
Solid‐State Nitrogen‐15 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Analysis of Biologically Reduced 2,4,6‐Trinitrotoluene in a Soil Slurry Remediation
Authors: Knicker Heike , Achtnich Christof , Lenke Hiltrud 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTSoil contaminated with 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and spiked with [14C]‐ and [15N3]‐TNT was subjected to an anaerobic–aerobic soil slurry treatment and subsequently analyzed by radiocounting and solid‐state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This treatment led to a complete disappearance of extractable radioactivity originating from TNT and almost all of the radioactivity was recovered in the insoluble soil fraction. As revealed by solid‐state 15N NMR, a major fraction of partially reduced metabolites of TNT was immobilized into the soil during the early stage of the anaerobic treatment, although some of the compounds (i.e., aminodinitrotoluenes and azoxy compounds) were extractable by methanol. Considerable 15N intensity was assigned to condensation products of TNT metabolites. A smaller signal indicated the formation of azoxy N. This signal and the signal for nitro groups were not observed at the end of the anaerobic phase, revealing further reduction and/or transformation of their corresponding compounds. An increase of the relative proportion of the condensation products occurred with increasing anaerobic incubation. Aerobic incubation resulted in a further decrease of aromatic amines, presumably due to oxidative transformations or their involvement in further condensation reactions. The results of the study demonstrate that the anaerobic–aerobic soil slurry treatment represents an efficient strategy for immobilizing reduced TNT in soils.
Use of Diammonium Phosphate to Reduce Heavy Metal Solubility and Transport in Smelter‐Contaminated Soil
Authors: McGowen S.L. , Basta N.T. , Brown G.O. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTPhosphate treatments can reduce metal dissolution and transport from contaminated soils. However, diammonium phosphate (DAP) has not been extensively tested as a chemical immobilization treatment. This study was conducted to evaluate DAP as a chemical immobilization treatment and to investigate potential solids controlling metal solubility in DAP‐amended soils. Soil contaminated with Cd, Pb, Zn, and As was collected from a former smelter site. The DAP treatments of 460, 920, and 2300 mg P kg−1and an untreated check were evaluated using solute transport experiments. Increasing DAP decreased total metal transported. Application of 2300 mg P kg−1was the most effective for immobilizing Cd, Pb, and Zn eluted from the contaminated soil. Metal elution curves fitted with a transport model showed that DAP treatment increased retardation (R) 2‐fold for Cd, 6‐fold for Zn, and 3.5‐fold for Pb. Distribution coefficients (Kd) increased with P application from 4.0 to 9.0 L kg−1for Cd, from 2.9 to 10.8 L kg−1for Pb, and from 2.5 to 17.1 L kg−1for Zn. IncreasedKdvalues with additional DAP treatment indicated reduced partitioning of sorbed and/or precipitated metal released to mobile metal phases and a concomitant decrease in the concentration of mobile heavy metal species. Activity‐ratio diagrams indicated that DAP decreased solution Cd, Pb, and Zn by forming metal–phosphate precipitates with low solubility products. These results suggest that DAP may have potential for protecting water resources from heavy metal contamination near smelting and mining sites.
Measurement and Modeling of Diclosulam Runoff under the Influence of Simulated Severe Rainfall
Authors: van Wesenbeeck I.J. , Peacock A.L. , Havens P.L. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTA runoff study was conducted near Tifton, GA to measure the losses of water, sediment, and diclosulam (N‐(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)‐5‐ethoxy‐7‐fluoro‐[1,2,4]triazolo‐[1,5c]‐pyrimidine‐2‐sulfonamide), a new broadleaf herbicide, under a 50‐mm‐in‐3‐h simulated rainfall event on three separate 0.05‐ha plots. Results of a runoff study were used to validate the Pesticide Root Zone Model (PRZM, v. 3.12) using field‐measured soil, chemical, and weather inputs. The model‐predicted edge‐of‐field diclosulam loading was within 1% of the average observed diclosulam runoff from the field study; however, partitioning between phases was not as well predicted. The model was subsequently used with worst‐case agricultural practice inputs and a 41‐yr weather record from Dublin, GA to simulate edge‐of‐field runoff losses for the two most prevalent soils (Tifton and Bibb) in the southeastern U.S. peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) market for 328 simulation years, and showed that the 90th percentile runoff amounts, expressed as percent of applied diclosulam, were 1.8, 0.6, and 5.2% for the runoff study plots and Tifton and Bibb soils, respectively. The runoff study and modeling indicated that more than 97% of the total diclosulam runoff was transported off the field by water, with <3% associated with the sediment. Diclosulam losses due to runoff can be further reduced by lower application rates, tillage and crop residue management practices that reduce edge‐of‐field runoff, and conservation practices such as vegetated filter strips.
Detailed Characterization of Solute Transport in a Heterogeneous Field Soil
Authors: Garrido Fernando , Ghodrati Masoud , Campbell Chris G. , Chendorain Michael 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTThere is a necessity for improved physical understanding of solute transport processes in heterogeneous soil systems. In situ nondestructive techniques like time domain reflectometry (TDR) and fiber optic miniprobes (FOMPs) permit the collection of unique measurements of solute transport processes in soils for the purposes of model development and validation. This study examined the application of TDR and FOMPs to measure solute transport at various points laterally and at two depths in a heterogeneous clay‐loam soil. A miscible displacement experiment was performed at a constant irrigation flux to examine the applicability of these probes to field soils. In their first application to a field soil, the FOMPs were successfully calibrated and performed well in measuring solute breakthrough curves. Two flow regimes were identified in the soil profile, the first where lateral spreading of the solute occurred in the surface horizon, followed by convergence into preferential flow pathways in the second transport zone. The measured transport response was heterogeneous with at least two identifiable vertical flow phases. It was demonstrated using transfer function modeling and data from a corresponding laboratory study that the FOMPs were measuring the slower phase, while the TDR probes captured a composite of the fast and slow phases. The combination of these two techniques may be a means to separate solute transport phases in heterogeneous media and relate laboratory column results to field studies.
SOIL–SOILN Simulations of Water Drainage and Nitrate Nitrogen Transport from Soil Core Lysimeters
Authors: Jabro J.D. , Stout W.L. , Fales S.L. , Fox R.H. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTWater resources protection from nitrate nitrogen (NO3–N) contamination is an important public concern and a major national environmental issue. The abilities of the SOIL–SOILN model to simulate water drainage and nitrate N fluxes from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were evaluated using data from a 3‐yr field experiment. The soil is classified as a Hagerstown silt loam soil (fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludalf). Nitrate losses below the 1‐m depth from N‐fertilized grazed orchardgrass were measured with intact soil core lysimeters. Five N‐fertilizer treatments consisted of a control, urine application in the spring, urine application in the summer, urine application in the fall, and feces application in the summer. The SOIL–SOILN models were evaluated using water drainage and nitrate flux data for 1993–1994, 1994–1995, and 1995–1996. The N rate constants from a similar experiment with inorganic fertilizer and manure treatments under corn (Zea mays L.) were used to evaluate the SOILN model under orchardgrass sod. Results indicated that the SOIL model accurately simulated water drainage for all three years. The SOILN model adequately predicted nitrate losses for three urine treatments in each year and a control treatment in 1994–1995. However, it failed to produce accurate simulations for two control treatments in 1993–1994 and 1995–1996, and feces treatments in all three years. The inaccuracy in the simulation results for the control and feces treatments seems to be related to an inadequate modeling of N transformation processes. In general, the results demonstrate the potential of the SOILN model to predict NO3–N fluxes under pasture conditions using N transformation rate constants determined through the calibration process from corn fields on similar soils.
Influence of Fly Ash on Soil Physical Properties and Turfgrass Establishment
Authors: Adriano Domy C. , Weber John T. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTA field study (1993–96) assessed the benefits of applying unusually high rates of coal fly ash as a soil amendment to enhance water retention of soils without adversely affecting growth and marketability of the turf species, centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.]. A Latin Square plot design was employed that included 0 (control, no ash applied), 280, 560, and 1120 Mg ha−1 application rates of unweathered precipitator fly ash. The fly ash was spread evenly over each plot area, rototilled, and allowed to weather under natural conditions for 8 mo before seeding. High levels of soluble salts, indicated by the electrical conductivity (EC) of soil extracts, in tandem with an apparent phytotoxic effect from boron (B), apparently inhibited initial plant establishment as shown by substantially lower germination counts in treated soil. However, plant height and rooting depth were not adversely affected, as were the dry matter (DM) yields throughout the study period. Ash treatment did not significantly influence water infiltration rate, bulk density, or temperature of the soil, but substantially improved water‐holding capacity (WHC) and plant‐available water (PAW). Enhanced water retention capacity improved the cohesion and handling property of harvested sod.
Hydrologic Behavior of Two Engineered Barriers following Extreme Wetting
Authors: Porro Indrek 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTMany engineered barriers are expected to function for hundreds of years or longer. Over the course of time, it is likely that some barriers will experience infiltration to the point of breakthrough. This study compares the recovery from breakthrough of two storage–evapotranspiration type engineered barriers. Replicates of test plots comprising thick soil and capillary–biobarrier covers were wetted to breakthrough in 1997. Test plots were kept cleared of vegetation to maximize hydrologic stress during recovery. Following cessation of drainage resulting from the wetting irrigations, water storage levels in all plots were at elevated levels compared with pre‐irrigation levels. As a result, infiltration of melting snow during the subsequent spring overloaded the storage capacity and produced drainage in all plots. Relatively rapid melting of accumulated snowfall produced the most significant infiltration events each year during the study. Capillary barriers yielded less total drainage than thick soil barriers. By limiting drainage, capillary barriers increased water storage in the upper portions of the test plots, which led to increased evaporation from the capillary barrier plots compared with thick soil plots. Increased evaporation in the capillary barrier plots allowed more water to infiltrate in the second season following the wetting tests without triggering drainage. All thick soil plots again yielded drainage in the second season. Within two years of intentionally induced breakthrough, evaporation alone (without transpiration) restored the capability of the capillary barrier covers to function as intended, although water storage in these covers remained at elevated levels.
Hydrologic Influence on Stability of Organic Phosphorus in Wetland Detritus
Authors: Pant H.K. , Reddy K.R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAccretion of organic matter in wetlands provides long‐term storage for nutrients and other contaminants. Water‐table fluctuations and resulting alternate flooded and drained conditions may substantially alter the stability of stored materials including phosphorus (P). To study the effects of hydrologic fluctuation on P mobilization in wetlands, recently accreted detrial material (derived primarily from Typha spp.) was collected from the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project (ENRP), a constructed wetland used to treat agricultural drainage water in the northern Everglades. The detrital material was subjected to different periods of drawdown and consecutive reflooding under laboratory conditions. The 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR) spectroscopy analysis revealed that sugar phosphate, glycerophosphate, polynucleotides, and phospholipids (glycerophosphoethanolamine and glycerophosphocholine) were the major forms of P in the detrital material. After 30 d of drawdown, polynucleotides were reduced to trace levels, whereas sugar phosphate, glycerophosphate, and phospholipids remained the major fractions of organic P. Microorganisms seemed to preferentially utilize nucleic acid P, perhaps to obtain associated nutrients including carbon and nitrogen. At the end of the 30‐d reflooding period, cumulative P flux from detritus to water column accounted for 3% of the total P (≤15 d of drawdown) and further decreased to 2% at 30 d of drawdown, but increased to 8% at 60 d of drawdown. The drawdown (≤30 d) not only reduced P flux to the water column, but also increased the humification and microbial immobilization of P. Excessive drawdown (60 d), however, triggered the release of P into the water column as the water content of detritus decreased from 95 to 11%.
Phosphorus Losses in Furrow Irrigation Runoff
Authors: Westermann D.T. , Bjorneberg D.L. , Aase J.K. , Robbins C.W. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTPhosphorus (P) often limits the eutrophication of streams, rivers, and lakes receiving surface runoff. We evaluated the relationships among selected soil P availability indices and runoff P fractions where manure, whey, or commercial fertilizer applications had previously established a range of soil P availabilities on a Portneuf silt loam (coarse‐silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid) surface‐irrigated with Snake River water. Water‐soluble P, Olsen P (inorganic and organic P), and iron‐oxide impregnated paper–extractable P (FeO‐Ps) were determined on a 0.03‐m soil sample taken from the bottom of each furrow before each irrigation in fall 1998 and spring 1999. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in a 0.45‐μm filtered runoff sample, and iron‐oxide impregnated paper–extractable P (FeO‐Pw), total P, and sediment in an unfiltered runoff sample were determined at selected intervals during a 4‐h irrigation on 18.3‐m field plots. The 1998 and 1999 data sets were combined because there were no significant differences. Flow‐weighted average runoff DRP and FeO‐Pwconcentrations increased linearly as all three soil P test concentrations increased. The average runoff total P concentration was not related to any soil P test but was linearly related to sediment concentration. Stepwise regression selected the independent variables of sediment, soil lime concentration, and soil organic P extracted by the Olsen method as related to average runoff total P concentration. The average runoff total P concentration was 1.08 mg L−1at a soil Olsen P concentration of 10 mg kg−1Soil erosion control will be necessary to reduce P losses in surface irrigation runoff.
Factors Affecting Alkalinity Generation by Successive Alkalinity‐Producing Systems: Regression Analysis
Authors: Jage C.R. , Zipper C.E. , Noble R. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTUse of successive alkalinity‐producing systems (SAPS) for treatment of acidic mine drainage (AMD) has grown in recent years. However, inconsistent performance has hampered widespread acceptance of this technology. This research was conducted to determine the influence of system design and influent AMD chemistry on net alkalinity generation by SAPS. Monthly observations were obtained from eight SAPS cells in southern West Virginia and southwestern Virginia. Analysis of these data revealed strong, positive correlations between net alkalinity generation and three variables: the natural log of limestone residence time, influent dissolved Fe concentration, and influent non‐Mn acidity. A statistical model was constructed to describe SAPS performance. Subsequent analysis of data obtained from five systems in western Pennsylvania (calibration data set) was used to reevaluate the model form, and the statistical model was adjusted using the combined data sets. Limestone residence time exhibited a strong, positive logarithmic correlation with net alkalinity generation, indicating net alkalinity generation occurs most rapidly within the first few hours of AMD–limestone contact and additional residence time yields diminishing gains in treatment. Influent Fe and non‐Mn acidity concentrations both show strong positive linear relationships with net alkalinity generation, reflecting the increased solubility of limestone under acidic conditions. These relationships were present in the original and the calibration data sets, separately, and in the statistical model derived from the combined data set. In the combined data set, these three factors accounted for 68% of the variability in SAPS systems performance.
Relationships between Biosolids Treatment Process and Soil Phosphorus Availability
Authors: Maguire R.O. , Sims J.T. , Dentel S.K. , Coale F.J. , Mah J.T. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTLaws mandating phosphorus (P)‐based nutrient management plans have been passed in several U.S. Mid‐Atlantic states. Biosolids (sewage sludge) are frequently applied to agricultural land and in this study we evaluated how biosolids treatment processes and biosolids P tests were related to P behavior in biosolids‐amended soils. Eight biosolids generated by different treatment processes, with respect to digestion and iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and lime addition, and a poultry litter (PL), were incubated with an Elkton silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Endoaquult) and a Suffolk sandy loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludult) for 51 d. The amended soils were analyzed at 1 and 51 d for water‐soluble phosphorus (WSP), iron‐oxide strip–extractable phosphorus (FeO‐P), Mehlich‐1 P and pH. The biosolids and PL were analyzed for P, Fe, and Al by USEPA 3050 acid–peroxide digestion and acid ammonium oxalate, Mehlich‐1, and Mehlich‐3 extractions. Biosolids and PL amendments increased extractable P in the Suffolk sandy loam to a greater extent than in the Elkton silt loam throughout the 51 d of the incubation. The trend of extractable WSP, FeO‐P, and Mehlich‐1 P generally followed the pattern: [soils amended with biosolids produced without the use of Fe or Al] > [PL and biosolids produced using Fe or Al and lime] > [biosolids produced using only Fe and Al salts]. Mehlich‐3 P and the molar ratio of P to [Al + Fe] by either the USEPA 3050 digestion or oxalate extraction of the biosolids were good predictors of changes in soil‐extractable P following biosolids but not PL amendment. Therefore, the testing of biosolids for P availability, rather than total P, is a more appropriate tool for predicting extractable P from the biosolids‐amended soils used in this study.