bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What do glaciers tell us about climate variability and climate change?
Authors: Roe Gerard H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGlaciers respond to long-term climate changes and also to the year-to-year fluctuations inherent in a constant climate. Differentiating between these factors is critical for the correct interpretation of past glacier fluctuations and for the correct attribution of current changes. Previous work has established that century-scale, kilometre-scale fluctuations can occur in a constant climate. This study asks two further questions of practical significance: how likely is an excursion of a given magnitude in a given amount of time, and how large a trend in length is statistically significant? A linear model permits analytical answers wherein the dependencies on glacier geometry and climate setting can be clearly understood. The expressions are validated with a flowline glacier model. The likelihood of glacier excursions is well characterized by extreme-value statistics, although probabilities are acutely sensitive to some poorly known glacier properties. Conventional statistical tests can be used for establishing the significance of an observed glacier trend. However, it is important to determine the independent information in the observations which can be effectively estimated from the glacier geometry. Finally, the retreat of glaciers around Mount Baker, Washington State, USA, is consistent with, but not independent proof of, the regional climate warming that is established from the instrumental record.
Icequakes coupled with surface displacements for predicting glacier break-off
Authors: Faillettaz Jérome , Funk Martin , Sornette Didier 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA hanging glacier at the east face of Weisshorn, Switzerland, broke off in 2005. We were able to monitor and measure surface motion and icequake activity for 25 days up to 3 days prior to the break-off. The analysis of seismic waves generated by the glacier during the rupture maturation process revealed four types of precursory signals of the imminent catastrophic rupture: (1) an increase in seismic activity within the glacier; (2) a change in the size–frequency distribution of icequake energy; (3) a modification in the structure of the waiting-time distributions between two successive icequakes; and (4) a correlation between the seismic activity and the log-periodic oscillations of the surface velocities superimposed on the global acceleration of the glacier during the rupture maturation. Analysis of the seismic activity led us to identify two regimes: a stable phase with diffuse damage and an unstable and dangerous phase characterized by a hierarchical cascade of rupture instabilities where large icequakes are triggered.
The atmospheric snow-transport model: SnowDrift3D
Authors: Schneiderbauer Simon , Prokop Alexander 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSnowDrift3D, a high-resolution, atmospheric snow-transport model, is presented for the first time. In contrast to most state-of-the-art snowdrift models, atmospheric particle transport, i.e. saltation and suspension, is accounted for by one passive transport equation. The model uses unsteady wind fields (spatial resolution of up to 2 m) computed with an atmospheric computational fluid dynamics model that is directly connected to the numerical weather prediction model ALADIN. Sensitivity runs show that (1) the saltation mass flux is a function of cubic shear velocity, , (2) the model is marginally sensitive to the grid spacing at high resolutions (up to 2 m), (3) the model computes the redistribution of snow at high resolution in real time on dual core personal computers and (4) the changing topography of the snow cover should be included in cases of local erosion or deposition of a large amount of snow. Finally, we present a comparison of modeled and measured snow distributions obtained by terrestrial laser scanning showing area-wide linear correlation up to R = 0.33.
Glide avalanche response to an extreme rain-on-snow event, Snoqualmie Pass, Washington, USA
Authors: Stimberis John , Rubin Charles M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRain-on-snow events trigger immediate and delayed avalanches as liquid water penetrates the snowpack. We present results from an extreme rain-on-snow event that triggered a glide avalanche near Snoqualmie Pass, Washington, USA. Snoqualmie Pass recorded 463 cm of snowfall from 13 December 2008 to 6 January 2009. This period of snowfall was followed by a strong southwesterly tropical flow that resulted in an extreme rain-on-snow event. Sensors at Snoqualmie Pass recorded 285 mm of precipitation over a 52 hour period. Flooding, slush flows, landslides and avalanches resulted from the influx of precipitation. Snow heights decreased rapidly over the period, with settlement rates approaching 80 mm h−1. Liquid water infiltrated and flowed through the snowpack within a few hours of the arrival of rain, yet many of the major avalanches occurred 12–30 or more hours after the onset of rain and water outflow. A glide avalanche occurred ∼30 hours after the onset of rain and the establishment of drainage through the snowpack. Increasing glide rates correlate with periods of rapid snow settlement. Here glide rates approached 670 mm h−1. Although glide and settlement rates increased during periods of intense precipitation, glide failure occurred 8 hours after peak precipitation and outflow.
Is Small Artery Elasticity Decreased Prior to Intima-Media Thickening in Patients with Longstanding Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Authors: HINKEMA HELMY J. , NIENHUIS HANS L.A. , de GROOT LODEWIJK , SMIT ANDRIES J. , van ROON ARIE M. , BIJL MARC , POSTHUMUS MARCEL D. 
Published: August 2011

Objective.To determine small artery elasticity (SAE) in patients with longstanding rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in comparison to healthy controls, and to investigate its relation to markers of endothelial cell activation, disease activity, joint damage, and the presence of atherosclerosis.Methods.Forty-nine patients with RA and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were studied. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors and disease-related factors were recorded. SAE was measured noninvasively by pulse-wave analysis (PWA). Endothelial activation was assessed by measuring levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) and von Willebrand factor (vWF). Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), as an indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis, was assessed using ultrasonography.Results.Patients with RA had higher body mass index, blood pressure, and triglyceride levels and were more often cigarette smokers compared to controls. SAE was decreased in RA patients compared to controls and was inversely related with age, smoking, blood pressure, vWF, sVCAM-1, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and IMT. Presence of RA was independently related to SAE in multivariate linear regression analysis. SAE was inversely related with the Health Assessment Questionnaire score. No correlation was found between SAE and other disease activity markers and damage. IMT in patients and controls was not different.Conclusion.Small artery elasticity was decreased in patients with longstanding RA. The presence of RA was independently associated with SAE. Whereas IMT in patients with RA was not increased, we hypothesize that endothelial dysfunction, reflected by decreased SAE, is present prior to IMT thickening in these patients.
Clinical and Serological Hallmarks of Systemic Sclerosis Overlap Syndromes
Authors: PAKOZDI ANGELA , NIHTYANOVA SVETLANA , MOINZADEH PIA , ONG VOON H. , BLACK CAROL M. , DENTON CHRISTOPHER P. 
Published: August 2011

Objective.To determine the prevalence of systemic sclerosis (SSc) overlap syndrome and autoantibody profile in a large single-center cohort.Methods.SSc diagnoses, subsets, and autoantibody profiles were obtained from clinical records of patients attending the Centre for Rheumatology, Royal Free Hospital, between September 1999 and February 2007.Results.In total, 332 (20%) of 1700 patients with SSc had overlap syndrome. This comprised myositis (42.8%), rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 32%), Sjögren’s syndrome (SS; 16.8%), and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; 8.4%). Antinuclear antibody was positive in 96.6% of patients. Anticentromere antibody (ACA) was exclusively present in limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc) overlap cases (22%), and more common in SSc/SS overlap (44.7%), whereas no difference was found in the prevalence of Scl-70 autoantibody between lcSSc and diffuse cutaneous SSc overlap groups. U1RNP was more frequent in SSc/SLE (44%), while Ro antibody was more likely to be found in SSc/SS (29.8%). ACA was absent and anti-Scl-70 was infrequent in SSc/myositis; polymyositis-scleroderma antibody was more frequent in this group (33.1%). About 50% of patients had raised rheumatoid factor (RF), with no difference between overlap groups irrespective of RF titer. In contrast, anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody was more frequent in patients with RA features.Conclusion.About one-fifth of SSc cases had overlap features. There were distinct serological features that may predict specific clinical presentation and disease course.
Cystatin C, Renal Function, and Atherosclerosis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: LERTNAWAPAN RATCHAYA , BIAN AIHUA , RHO YOUNG HEE , KAWAI VIVIAN K. , RAGGI PAOLO , OESER ANNETTE , SOLUS JOSEPH F. , GEBRETSADIK TEBEB , SHINTANI AYUMI , STEIN C. MICHAEL 
Published: August 2011

Objective.We examined the hypothesis that cystatin C, a novel marker of renal function, is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is associated with inflammation and coronary atherosclerosis.Methods.We measured serum cystatin C, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 6 concentrations, coronary artery calcium score (CACS), and Modified Diet in Renal Disease estimated glomerular filtration rate in 167 patients with RA and 91 controls.Results.Cystatin C was higher in RA patients [median (IQR) 1.16 (0.99–1.35) mg/l] than controls [1.01 (0.90–1.19) mg/l; p < 0.001] and correlated positively with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.001), C-reactive protein (p = 0.01), 28-joint Disease Activity Score (p = 0.006), and Framingham risk score (FRS; p = 0.02). Cystatin C was correlated with CACS (p < 0.001) in RA, but this was not significant after adjustment for age, race, sex, and FRS (p = 0.44).Conclusion.Cystatin C concentrations are higher in RA than controls and may reflect inflammation and undetected subclinical renal dysfunction. Cystatin C provides information regarding the risk of atherosclerosis in RA, but this is not independent of the information provided by conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
Interpretation of microtremor 2D array data using Rayleigh and Love waves: the case study of Bevagna (central Italy)
Authors: Puglia R. , Tokeshi K. , Picozzi M. , D’Alema E. , Parolai S. , Foti S. 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTIn the last decades, geophysicists and seismologists have focused their attention on the inversion of empirical surface‐waves’ dispersion curves from microtremor measurements for estimating the S‐wave velocity structure at a site. This procedure allows a fast and convenient investigation without strong active sources, which are difficult to deploy especially in urban areas.In this study we report on a 2D seismic noise array experiment carried out at Bevagna (central Italy) near the station BVG of the Italian Accelerometric Network (RAN). The site was investigated within the DPC‐INGV S4 Project (2007‐2009). The Rayleigh‐ and Love‐waves dispersion characteristics were estimated using different methods. The inversion of the dispersion curves was then performed independently, obtaining two estimations for the S‐wave velocity profiles. The results of cross‐hole logging near the seismic station are used for a comparison.The shear‐wave velocity profiles estimated by microtremor analyses range up to 150 m depth. The two independent procedures provide consistent shear‐wave velocity profiles for the shallow part of the model (20–30 m in depth) in agreement with the results of the cross‐hole logging. Some problems arise between 30–40 m in depth in the profile estimated by surface waves. In this range cross‐hole logging evidences an inversion of the S‐wave velocity. Although the cross‐hole logging stops at 40 m of depth, we are confident about the results provided by the Rayleigh‐wave analysis below 40–50 m. This case study suggests that greater efforts should be devoted to exploit the potential of a coupled analysis of Rayleigh and Love waves from microtremor array measurements.
Should the UK be nominating More World Heritage Sites?
Authors: Norman Kirsty 
Published: August 2011

This article is an account of a challenge issued in a seminar at the Institute of Archaeology, UCL in October 2010: it looks at the changing political and economic context within which the UK nominates World Heritage Sites, and questions whether – practically, and even ethically – we should be continuing to submit sites to the World Heritage Committee for inclusion on the World Heritage List.Over the last few years, my work has provided me a with series of insights into particular aspects of the World Heritage question: an analysis of the Tentative List Review process for English Heritage, and of the responses to the “World Heritage for the Nation” consultation for the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), followed by a year of work on the UK’s latest World Heritage Site nomination of the Twin Monastery of Wearmouth and Jarrow, and on the management plan for the World Heritage Site of Ancient Merv (Turkmenistan). This cocktail of World Heritage research and practice has given me, like many, a respect for the concept and the ideals behind it, but doubts about the implementation. My conclusions are personal and partial, and if they generate further discussion I will have achieved my aim.
Degradation Models and Analyses
Authors: Meeker William , Hong Yili , Escobar Luis 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
For products/systems requiring high reliability or availability, reliability assessment and maintenance actions are often needed in a timely manner. For these systems/products, information on system state and performance can be collected over the system's operating time, providing what is known as degradation data. With appropriate models and data analysis techniques, degradation data are converted to system reliability information and this information is useful for short and long‐term reliability assessment and for planning maintenance actions. This article provides a review of degradation data models and methods that have been used successfully in this area. Commonly used methods for analyzing degradation data, general path models and stochastic models, are described in detail. Models and methods for analyzing data from accelerated degradation tests and accelerated destructive degradation tests are also introduced. Dynamic condition monitoring based on degradation data is covered. Examples are used to illustrate the models and methods covered in this article. The conclusion provides a discussion of test planning, software implementation and the future of degradation data analysis.
Statistical Models for Damage Accumulation
Authors: Castillo Enrique , Fernández‐Canteli Alfonso 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
As an initiation to the damage accumulation problem, different damage measures are presented, including a discussion of the properties that should be expected from these measures when not only mean values but uncertainties are required. Next, the role played by the Buckingham theorem and similarity and self‐similarity conditions in the process of building models is justified. Special attention is devoted to dynamic system based models, the assumptions of which are described and discussed together with the corresponding implications on the resulting models. Since building models based on their expected properties more than on artificial assumptions are defended, the technique of functional equations, a very innovative and powerful mathematical tool, is used to represent these properties and to obtain the resulting models. An illustration is given to derive the S‐N models that allow the effect of stress level and range on the fatigue life to be considered and the associated uncertainty to be defined. Similar procedures are applied to the derivation of crack growth and crack growth rate models. Due to the practical importance of the load history, the rainflow counting technique is described using the stress level to define the rainflow matrix. Finally, an example of application and final remarks are provided.
Step‐Stress Testing with Multiple Samples: The Exponential Case
Authors: Balakrishnan N. , Kamps Udo 
Published: August 2011

AbstractStep‐stress models are descriptions of special experiments in the field of accelerated life testing, where the test units are exposed to stress levels that change at intermediate time points during the experiment. The goal is to develop inference for the mean lifetime at each stress level. The time points of stress level change can either be fixed or random. Furthermore, the experiment can be terminated when a certain number of failures is reached or at a pre‐specified time point. These alternative assumptions of the type of the experiment lead to alternative models. Usually the step‐stress models are based on a single experiment. We develop inference for step stress models designed for multiple samples. The stress levels are the same applied to all samples but the duration of exposure under each stress level can vary among the experiments.The likelihood inference is then discussed in detail for the exponential case and different simple step‐stress experiments.
Pinch Technology
Authors: Heck Ludwig , Poth Nikolaus , Soni Vipasha 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Composite Curves and Energy Targets

3.

Pinch Principle

4.

Utility Optimization and Energy‐Capital Trade‐off

5.

Process Modifications

6.

Energy Efficient Process Design

7.

Process Optimization

8.

Perspectives
Eulerian Path and Tour Problems
Authors: Mohan Srimathy 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
A fundamental problem in arc or edge routing is determining an Eulerian path or tour in the underlying graph. An Eulerian tour is a traversal that visits every edge of the graph exactly once and every node at least once. This paper presents the history of the Eulerian tour problem; the main algorithms to find Eulerian tours in directed, undirected, and mixed Eulerian graphs; and the ongoing research topics.
Preparative Uses of Organoselenium and Organotellurium Compounds
Authors: Nomoto Akihiro , Ogawa Akiya 
Published: August 2011

AbstractOrganoselenium and organotellurium compounds are important not only for synthetic organic chemistry but also materials science or pharmacology. Attentions are mainly focused on the reactivity of selenium and tellurium reagents on electrophilic, nucleophilic, radical, transition‐metal‐catalyzed, reduction, and oxidation reaction. Organoselenium and organotellurium have unique reactivities, and their radical reactions and the transition‐metal‐catalyzed reactions have been developed recently. This chapter deals with the recent advances in the preparative uses of organoselenium and organotellurium compounds.
Controlled Delivery of Gentamicin Antibiotic from Bioactive Electrospun Polylactide‐Based Ultrathin Fibers
Authors: Torres‐Giner Sergio , Martinez‐Abad Antonio , Gimeno‐Alcañiz Jose V. , Ocio Maria J. , Lagaron Jose M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to generate ultrathin fibers based on polylactide (PLA) biopolyester with antimicrobial controlled release capacity to treat bacterial infections. To achieve this objective, gentamicin antibiotic was encapsulated into pure PLA fibers, a blend of PLA–collagen and coaxial fibers containing a skin of PLA and a core of collagen using the electrospinning technique. The morphology of the gentamicin‐loaded fibers and the antibiotic distribution within the fibers were examined by SEM and TEM. The drug delivery profile of the different electrospun fibers was analyzed using a spectrophotometric method. The performance for treating common possible post‐surgical infections was investigated against Staphylococcus epidermis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. The morphology of the electrospun fibers as well as the hydrophilicity of the polymer blends ultimately determined the antibiotic release characteristics. The results indicated that such drug‐loaded fibers can serve as advanced delivery platforms with strong and timing controllable antibacterial properties.
Thienoacene‐Based Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Takimiya Kazuo , Shinamura Shoji , Osaka Itaru , Miyazaki Eigo 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThienoacenes consist of fused thiophene rings in a ladder‐type molecular structure and have been intensively studied as potential organic semiconductors for organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) in the last decade. They are reviewed here. Despite their simple and similar molecular structures, the hitherto reported properties of thienoacene‐based OFETs are rather diverse. This Review focuses on four classes of thienoacenes, which are classified in terms of their chemical structures, and elucidates the molecular electronic structure of each class. The packing structures of thienoacenes and the thus‐estimated solid‐state electronic structures are correlated to their carrier transport properties in OFET devices. With this perspective of the molecular structures of thienoacenes and their carrier transport properties in OFET devices, the structure–property relationships in thienoacene‐based organic semiconductors are discussed. The discussion provides insight into new molecular design strategies for the development of superior organic semiconductors.
Extracting the optimal sampling frequency of applications using spectral analysis
Authors: Casas Marc , Servat Harald , Badia Rosa M. , Labarta Jesús 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe research community have agreed on several applications as benchmarks to evaluate the adequateness of architectures and high performance computing infrastructures. The performance of these benchmarks is used to determine the weaknesses and strengths of novel designs. Therefore, the performance evaluation of benchmarks is a key factor in the process of designing new architectures. In this paper, we propose a new method based on spectral analysis that allows to perform an automatic analysis of benchmarks' executions. The output of the new method is a representative segment of the benchmarks' executions. Given the nature of the method, the optimal sampling interval length of applications is obtained. This method complements and improves existing techniques focused on the reduction of the application's instruction execution stream of sequential benchmarks and enables the extraction of significant performance information of parallel benchmarks without executing the whole application. The results obtained with the SPEC CPU2000 and the NAS Parallel Benchmarks demonstrate the efficiency and benefits of the approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.