bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring, Tuning, and Exploiting the Basicity of Hydrotalcites for Applications in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Debecker Damien P. , Gaigneaux Eric M. , Busca Guido 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBasic catalysis! The basic properties of hydrotalcites (see picture) make them attractive for numerous catalytic applications. Probing the basicity of the catalysts is crucial to understand the base‐catalysed processes and to optimise the catalyst preparation. Various parameters can be employed to tune the basic properties of hydrotalcite‐based catalysts towards the basicity demanded by each target chemical reaction.magnified imageHydrotalcites offer unique basic properties that make them very attractive for catalytic applications. It is of primary interest to make use of accurate tools for probing the basicity of hydrotalcite‐based catalysts for the purpose of 1) fundamental understanding of base‐catalysed processes with hydrotalcites and 2) optimisation of the catalytic performance achieved in reactions of industrial interest. Techniques based on probe molecules, titration techniques and test reactions along with physicochemical characterisation are overviewed in the first part of this review. The aim is to provide the tools for understanding how series of parameters involved in the preparation of hydrotalcite‐based catalytic materials can be employed to control and adapt the basic properties of the catalyst towards the basicity demanded by each target chemical reaction. An overview of recent and significant achievements in that perspective is presented in the second part of the paper.
Mental illness at work: An assessment of co‐worker reactions
Authors: Peters Heather , Brown Travor C. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGuided by Colella, Paetzold, and Belliveau (2004), we surveyed 305 employees on their reactions towards co‐workers with mental illness. Co‐workers were less likely to view longer/more frequent work breaks as appropriate accommodations for the mentally ill relative to flexible hours, banking of overtime hours, and counselling. Moreover, employees who believed that co‐workers with mental illness were being equitably (or fairly) treated at work were more likely to report that they would self‐disclose—and seek assistance for—a mental illness. Finally, employees with workplace contact with the mentally ill were more likely to support hiring people with mental illness. Copyright © 2009 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD modeling of a prismatic spouted bed with two adjustable gas inlets
Authors: Gryczka Oliver , Heinrich Stefan , Deen Niels G. , van Sint Annaland Martin , Kuipers Johannes A.M. , Mörl Lothar 
Published: March 2009

AbstractSince the invention of the spouted bed technology by Mathur and Gishler (1955), different kinds of apparatus design were developed and a huge number of applications in nearly all branches of industry have emerged. Modeling of spouted beds by means of modern simulation tools, like discrete particle models or continuum models, has become a precious opportunity to understand the complexity of multiphase flows in these apparatus. In this work, two‐dimensional continuum simulations of a novel kind of spouted bed apparatus with adjustable gas inlets are presented. Different gas–particle drag models are used to obtain a realistic flow structure. Simulated solid phase concentrations are compared with images taken during experiments. Furthermore, simulated and measured gas phase pressure fluctuations over the entire bed are contrasted allowing more accurate comparisons between the simulated and the real hydrodynamic behaviour of the spouted bed.
A discrete element study of wet particle–particle interaction during granulation in a spout fluidized bed
Authors: van Buijtenen Maureen S. , Deen Niels G. , Heinrich Stefan , Antonyuk Sergiy , Kuipers J. A. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article we study the effect of the inter‐particle interaction on the bed dynamics, by considering a variable restitution coefficient. The restitution coefficient is varied in time and space depending on the moisture content due to the particle–droplet interaction and evaporation. This study is done computationally, by using an extended discrete element model (DEM). The examined flow regimes comprise the intermediate/spout‐fluidization regime (B1), spouting‐with‐aeration regime (B2) and the jet‐in‐fluidized‐bed regime (B3). For all flow regimes, the averaged bed height increases with decreasing restitution coefficient. Moreover, the averaged bed height for a variable restitution coefficient is larger for all flow regimes compared to a case with a constant restitution coefficient, indicating that the distribution of the restitution coefficient influences the bed dynamics.The effect of evaporation on the distribution of the restitution coefficient is only observed for the jet‐in‐fluidized‐bed regime (B3), where the background velocity is relatively high leading to enhanced evaporation from the particles in the annulus region. This is reflected in the averaged bed height for the evaporation test case, which is larger compared to a test case without evaporation.A larger bed height for cases with variable restitution coefficient is due to the pressure build up in the spout region caused by the longer closing period of the spout channel. This is confirmed by the recorded pressure fluctuation signal and its root mean square which are larger for the cases with the variable restitution coefficient.
The Roles of Natriuretic Peptides in Pericardial Fluid in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Watanabe Masazumi , Kawaguchi Satoru , Nakahara Hideki , Hachimaru Tsuyoshi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundIt is well known that the plasma concentrations of atrial and brain natriuretic peptides, as cardiac hormones, are elevated in heart failure.HypothesisPericardial fluid in patients with various heart diseases contains both natriuretic peptides that are released into the pericardial fluid. However, it is unknown whether these peptides reflect cardiac function in patients with various heart diseases, more than both the peptides in blood.MethodsPlasma and pericardial fluid samples were obtained from 22 patients undergoing cardiac surgery for the measurement of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels in plasma and pericardial fluid.ResultsThe ANP levels in pericardial fluid were higher in patients with impaired left ventricular systolic function (ejection fraction < 50% versus ≥ 50%; 77.0 ± 4.9 versus 14.0 ± 50.9, p = 0.017), but not BNP.However, BNP levels in pericardial fluid were significantly higher in patients with left ventricle dilatation (left ventricular diastolic dimension ≤ 54 mm versus > 54 mm; 130.3 ± 68.9: 709.7 ± 324.7, p = 0.0168). Moreover, BNP levels in pericardial fluid were significantly higher in Grade III than Grade II and I (Grade I: echo‐free space < 5 mm, Grade II: 5–10 mm, Grade III: > 10 mm).ConclusionThese results suggest that BNP levels in pericardial fluid served as more sensitive and accurate indicators of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and that increased BNP levels in pericardial fluid may have an important pathophysiologic role in heart failure as a cardiocyte‐derived antifibrotic factor. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prolonged Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Improves Clinical Outcomes in High‐risk Patients Implanted with Sirolimus‐eluting Stents
Authors: Dean Jia , Yujie Zhou , Yingxin Zhao , Yuyang Liu , Yonghe Guo , Wanjun Cheng , Zheng Cao 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundAlthough a science advisory recommending 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy after drug‐eluting stents implantation was published recently, the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy has not yet been precisely determined.HypothesisProlonged dual antiplatelet therapy can improve clinical outcomes in high‐risk patients implanted with sirolimus‐eluting stents.MethodsThe patients implanted with sirolimus‐eluting stents were assigned into standard clopidogrel therapy group (clopidogrel 75 mg/d for 12 mo) and prolonged clopidogrel therapy group (clopidogrel 75 mg/d for 18 mo). Long‐term aspirin (100 mg/d) therapy was adopted in both groups. The primary endpoint was very late stent thrombosis.ResultsAfter 12 months, 24 patients were excluded because of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). Three hundred and thirty six patients surviving without MACEs were further followed up for 6 months. Between 12 and 18 months, in 160 patients with standard clopidogrel therapy, 5.6% had very late stent thrombosis. In contrast, in 176 patients with prolonged clopidogrel therapy, 1.1% had very late stent thrombosis (p < 0.01, versus standard clopidogrel therapy group).ConclusionsProlonged dual antiplatelet therapy may be beneficial to prevent very late stent thrombosis after sirolimus‐eluting stents implantation in high‐risk patients. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Sedentary Lifestyle in the Morbidly Obese
Authors: Vanhecke Thomas E. , Franklin Barry A. , Miller Wendy M. , deJong Adam T. , Coleman Catherine J. , McCullough Peter A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundSedentary lifestyles and poor physical fitness are major contributors to the current obesity and cardiovascular disease pandemic.HypothesisDaily physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness are correlated in morbidly obese individuals in their free‐living environment.MethodsTen morbidly obese participants continuously wore an activity sensor that measured caloric expenditure, minute‐by‐minute physical activity, and steps/day over a 72‐h period. Following collection of the device data, structured cardiorespiratory fitness testing was performed on each subject.ResultsMean caloric expenditure for all individuals was 2,668 ± 481 kcal/d. On average, subjects took 3,763 ± 2,223 steps. On average 23 h and 51.6 min per d were spent sleeping or engaged in sedentary activity (<3 metabolic equivalents [METs]) and the remaining 8.4 min were spent in moderate activity (3–6 METs). Average peak VO2 was 16.8 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min. Higher peak VO2 correlated with higher total caloric expenditure (TCE; r = 0.628, p = 0.05) and trended with higher steps/day (r = 0.591, p = 0.07).ConclusionsMost morbidly obese participants in this study were markedly sedentary. These study results may provide important links between obesity, poor fitness, and cardiovascular disease. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytoskeleton rearrangements during Listeria infection: Clathrin and septins as new players in the game
Authors: Mostowy Serge , Cossart Pascale 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe study of an infection process can reveal how microbes exploit the host, and can illuminate unknown host cellular functions. Invasive pathogens have evolved efficient strategies to promote their internalization within normally non‐phagocytic host cells. The so‐called “zippering” bacteria present to host cell receptors molecules that mimic endogenous ligands, thereby inducing specific intracellular signaling cascades ultimately resulting in actin polymerization and uptake. Here we review how the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes enters into cells, and present a series of studies revealing that in addition to actin rearrangements this bacterium exploits the clathrin‐mediated endocytosis machinery together with septins, a novel cytoskeleton element. The challenge is now to decipher how all of these components orchestrate themselves to permit entry into normally non‐phagocytic cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Carnosine Derivatives as Selective and Efficient Sequestering Agents of Cytotoxic Reactive Carbonyl Species
Authors: Vistoli Giulio , Orioli Marica , Pedretti Alessandro , Regazzoni Luca , Canevotti Renato , Negrisoli Gianpaolo , Carini Marina , Aldini Giancarlo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCarnosine aryl derivatives as sequestering agents of RCS: Reactive carbonyl species (RCS) are cytotoxic mediators representing a novel drug target, as they are presumed to play a pathogenic role in several diseases. Carnosine is a selective RCS‐sequestering agent, but is rapidly hydrolyzed by serum carnosinase. Herein we describe the in silico design, synthesis, and evaluation of a set of carnosine aryl derivatives.magnified imageReactive carbonyl species (RCS) are important cytotoxic mediators generated by lipid oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and represent a novel drug target, as they are presumed to play a pathogenic role in several diseases. L‐Carnosine (L‐CAR, β‐alanyl‐L‐histidine) is a specific detoxifying agent of RCS, but is rapidly hydrolyzed in human serum by carnosinase, a specific dipeptidase. Herein we describe the in silico design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of carnosine derivatives that are resistant to carnosinase and that have increased quenching efficacy. Stability against carnosinase‐mediated turnover was achieved by isomerization of the histidine residue, leading to D‐carnosine (D‐CAR, β‐alanyl‐D‐histidine), which maintains the same quenching activity of L‐carnosine. A molecular modeling approach was then used to design derivatives characterized by an increased quenching efficacy. The most promising candidates were synthesized, and their stability and quenching activity were evaluated. This study describes a set of aryl derivatives that are characterized by high stability in human plasma and a quenching activity toward 4‐hydroxy‐trans‐2‐nonenal (HNE), chosen as a model of RCS, up to threefold greater than D‐carnosine.
Understanding chemical shielding tensors using group theory, MO analysis, and modern density‐functional theory
Authors: Widdifield Cory M. , Schurko Robert W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIn this article, the relationships between molecular symmetry, molecular electronic structure, and chemical shielding (CS) tensors are discussed. First, a brief background on the CS interaction and CS tensors is given. Then, the visualization of the three‐dimensional nature of CS is described. A simple method for examining the relationship between molecular orbitals (MOs) and CS tensors, using point groups and direct products of irreducible representations of MOs and rotational operators, is outlined. A number of specific examples are discussed, involving CS tensors of different nuclei in molecules of different symmetries, including ethene (D2h), hydrogen fluoride (C∞v), trifluorophosphine (C3v), and water (C2v). Finally, we review the application of this method to CS tensors in several interesting cases previously discussed in the literature, including acetylene (D∞h), the PtX42− series of compounds (D4h) and the decamethylaluminocenium cation (D5d). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 91–123, 2009.
Racial differences in medical mistrust among men diagnosed with prostate cancer
Authors: Halbert Chanita Hughes , Weathers Benita , Delmoor Ernestine , Mahler Brandon , Coyne James , Thompson Hayley S. , Have Thomas Ten , Vaughn David , Malkowicz S. Bruce , Lee David 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Mistrust of healthcare providers and systems is a significant barrier to quality healthcare. However, limited empirical data are available on perceptions of medical mistrust among individuals who are diagnosed with cancer. The objective of this study was to identify sociodemographic, clinical, and cultural determinants of mistrust among men diagnosed with prostate cancer.METHODS:The authors conducted an observational study among 196 African‐American men (n = 71) and white men (n = 125) who were newly diagnosed with prostate cancer during 2003 through 2007.RESULTS:Race, education, healthcare experiences, and cultural factors had significant effects on mistrust. African‐American men (P = .01) and men who had fewer years of formal education (P = .001) reported significantly greater levels of mistrust compared with white men and men who had more education. Mistrust also was greater among men who had been seeing their healthcare provider for a longer period (P = .01) and among men with lower perceptions of interdependence (P = .01).CONCLUSIONS:The current findings suggested that efforts to enhance trust among men who are diagnosed with prostate cancer should target African‐American men, men with fewer socioeconomic resources, and men with lower perceptions of interdependence. Reasons for deterioration in trust associated with greater experience with specialty providers should be explored along with the effects of interventions that are designed to address the concerns of individuals who have greater mistrust. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Genetic polymorphism in chemokine CCL22 and susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection‐related gastric carcinoma
Authors: Wang Guanghai , Yu Dianke , Tan Wen , Zhao Dan , Wu Chen , Lin Dongxin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Gastric carcinoma is widely considered to be related to Helicobacter pylori infection, and the chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 22 (CCL22) plays an important role in suppressing immune responses against H. pylori and tumor cells. In this study, the authors examined the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CCL22 gene and the risk of gastric carcinoma.METHODS:Information on SNPs in the CCL22 coding region was obtained from the HapMap Project database. Genotypes were determined in a case‐control cohort that consisted of 1001 patients with gastric carcinoma and 1066 controls, and odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were computed by using a logistic regression model. Serum H. pylori antibody levels were measured by using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:The 16C→A SNP (reference SNP no. 4359426) in exon 1 of the CCL22 gene, which causes a 2 aspartate (2Asp) to 2 alanine (2Ala) substitution in the CCL22 protein, was associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric carcinoma. Individuals who were homozygous for the Ala/Ala genotype had an OR of 2.27 (95% CI, 1.28‐4.02) compared with individuals who had the Asp/Asp genotype. Stratification analysis indicated that the association was more pronounced among men (OR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.29‐5.41) and among younger individuals (OR, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.36‐5.96) compared with women and older individuals. Moreover, a multiplicative joint effect between the CCL22 SNP and H. pylori infection that intensified the risk was observed (OR for the presence of both Ala/Ala genotype and H. pylori infection, 18.37; 95% CI, 2.30‐146.67).CONCLUSIONS:The results from this study suggested that the CCL22 polymorphism is associated with an increase risk of developing H. pylori infection‐related gastric carcinoma. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Development and evaluation of BioScore
Authors: Parker Alexander S. , Leibovich Bradley C. , Lohse Christine M. , Sheinin Yuri , Kuntz Susan M. , Eckel‐Passow Jeanette E. , Blute Michael L. , Kwon Eugene D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:The authors previously showed that increased tumor expression levels of B7‐H1, survivin, and Ki‐67 are independent predictors of poor outcome for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). In the current study, they described the creation of a scoring system based on this panel of biomarkers that can be used in tandem with existing clinicopathologic features and algorithms to improve ccRCC outcome prediction.METHODS:The authors used immunohistochemistry to determine tumor expression levels of B7‐H1, survivin, and Ki‐67 for 634 consecutive ccRCC patients. A multivariate model verified that each biomarker was independently associated with RCC‐specific death after adjusting for the remaining 2. A biomarker‐based panel, termed BioScore, was generated to predict the likelihood of RCC‐specific death. BioScore was tested for its ability to enhance the performance of several clinicopathologic features and algorithms.RESULTS:Patients with high BioScores were 5 times more likely to die from RCC compared with patients with low BioScores (hazard ratio, 5.03; 95% confidence interval, 3.82‐6.61; P < .001). Multivariate adjustment for individual clinicopathologic features or existing prognostic algorithms failed to attenuate this positive association. Moreover, an examination of concordance indexes revealed that BioScore significantly enhanced the prognostic ability of each of the individual prognostic features or algorithms studied.CONCLUSIONS:The authors described the creation of BioScore, a biomarker‐based scoring system that can be used in tandem with established prognostic algorithms to further enhance ccRCC outcome prediction. The need for external validation notwithstanding, they envision that BioScore can be readily updated as new biomarkers are identified. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Benefit of postoperative adjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer
Authors: Vanderveen Kimberly A. , Chen Steven L. , Yin Daixin , Cress Rosemary D. , Bold Richard J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:Despite the recent completion of several trials of adjuvant therapy after resection for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, the absolute impact on survival and the identification of appropriate patients for treatment has remained controversial. In the current study, the authors sought to identify the impact of adjuvant therapy and factors associated with any improvement in survival after resection of pancreatic cancer.METHODS:Through the California Cancer Registry, all California residents diagnosed with pancreatic cancer between 1994 and 2002 were identified. Factors potentially impacting survival were analyzed, including patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment provided. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed by Kaplan‐Meier and Cox regression methods.RESULTS:A total of 26,518 patients were identified; 3196 (12.1%) underwent resection as their primary treatment. The median overall survival was 16 months for patients who underwent resection. Prognostic factors associated with better survival included negative lymph node status, well‐differentiated tumors, younger age, female sex, and the receipt of any adjuvant therapy. On multivariate analysis, adjuvant therapy demonstrated a statistically significant, although modest, impact on survival, with a hazards ratio of 0.79 (95% confidence interval, 0.72‐0.87; P < .001). The benefit of adjuvant therapy was only apparent in those patients with lymph node–positive or poorly differentiated tumors.CONCLUSIONS:Adjuvant therapy provided for a modest improvement in overall survival after surgical resection of pancreatic cancer. The absolute effect was most pronounced in those patients with poor prognostic indicators. To identify effective systemic therapy for this deadly cancer, future clinical trials of adjuvant therapy should focus on these groups of patients. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.