bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CDK8 expression in 470 colorectal cancers in relation to β‐catenin activation, other molecular alterations and patient survival
Authors: Firestein Ron , Shima Kaori , Nosho Katsuhiko , Irahara Natsumi , Baba Yoshifumi , Bojarski Emeric , Giovannucci Edward L. , Hahn William C. , Fuchs Charles S. , Ogino Shuji 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlterations in the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway define a key event in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. We have recently shown that CDK8, the gene encoding a cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) component of the Mediator complex, acts as a colon cancer oncogene that is necessary for β‐catenin activity. Here, we tested the hypothesis that colorectal cancers with CDK8 expression have distinct clinical, prognostic and molecular attributes. Among 470 colorectal cancers identified in 2 prospective cohort studies, CDK8 expression was detected in 329 (70%) tumors by immunohistochemistry. Cox proportional hazards model and backward stepwise elimination were used to compute hazard ratio (HR) of deaths according to CDK8 status, initially adjusted for various patient and molecular features, including β‐catenin, p53, p21, p27 (CDK inhibitors), cyclin D1, fatty acid synthase (FASN), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), microsatellite instability (MSI), CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), LINE‐1 methylation, and mutations in KRAS, BRAF and PIK3CA. CDK8 expression in colorectal cancer was independently associated with β‐catenin activation (p = 0.0002), female gender (p < 0.0001) and FASN overexpression (p = 0.0003). Among colon cancer patients, CDK8 expression significantly increased colon cancer‐specific mortality in both univariate analysis [HR 1.70; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.03–2.83; p = 0.039] and multivariate analysis (adjusted HR 2.05; 95% CI, 1.18–3.56; p = 0.011) that was adjusted for potential confounders including β‐catenin, COX‐2, FASN, LINE‐1 hypomethylation, CIMP and MSI. CDK8 expression was unrelated with clinical outcome among rectal cancer patients. These data support a potential link between CDK8 and β‐catenin, and suggest that CDK8 may identify a subset of colon cancer patients with a poor prognosis.
Residence time distribution and oxygen transfer in a novel constructed soil filter
Authors: Nemade P. D. , Dutta S. M. , Shankar H. S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The constructed soil filter (CSF), also known as soil biotechnology is a system for water renovation, which makes use of formulated media, culture of soil micro‐ and macro‐organisms, additives and plantation to purify water and wastewater. The process gives benefits in terms of applicability across very small to large scale, natural aeration, absence of moving parts, no biological sludge generation, odor free green aesthetic ambience.RESULTS: Residence time distribution (RTD) studies were carried out using laboratory scale CSF. Pulse potassium bromide tracer tests were carried out to determine RTD, and the Peclet number found to be 9–13 for a 2 m bed, and 2–3 for a 0.30 m bed with oxygen transfer of 0.08 h−1.CONCLUSION: The two‐channel dispersion model for flow behavior shows a good fit to the experimental data, indicating a reactor Peclet number 9–13 for a 2 m bed and 2–3 for a 0.3m bed. Oxygen transfer studies carried out using various methods gave an oxygen transfer coefficient of about 0.08 h−1. Wastewater purification studies indicate overall COD removal rate of around 50 mg L−1 h−1, suggesting that highly aerobic conditions are prevalent in the CSF system. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic appearance of focal fatty infiltration of the pancreas
Authors: Yang Dal Mo , Kim Hyun Cheol , Ryu Jung Kyu , Joo Kwang Ro , Ahn Kyu Jeong 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe report the sonographic, CT, and MRI findings in a case of focal fatty infiltration of the pancreas. Sonography revealed an echogenic mass in pancreas head. On CT, the mass was hypodense. The mass showed same signal intensity to the surrounding normal pancreas on in‐phase T1‐weighted MR images and a loss of signal intensity on opposed‐phase MR images. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Living in times of solidarity: Fair trade and the fractured life worlds of Guatemalan coffee farmers
Authors: Arce Alberto 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the social effects of fair trade transactions emerging from policies to expand the market around the globe. Focusing on the case of coffee farmers in Guatemala, it examines tensions that are created in local organisational networks linked to production, processing and certification of fair trade organic coffee and how these tensions fracture and fragment the life worlds of these coffee farmers. While the fair trade market has provided positive opportunities for rural producers the research finds that network separation and market exclusion are also social expressions of involvement in fair trade. It is argued that fair trade policies need to reflect a more nuanced understanding of household and community level consequences of production for the fair trade market. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responsible retailing: Regulating fair and ethical trade
Authors: Robinson Pamela K. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDeregulation in the 1980s and 1990s reaffirmed a market approach to the global trading of goods. Suggestions that this contributed to unfair terms of trade and poor labour conditions led to calls for greater corporate accountability. Following pressure to improve conditions, companies embraced a range of voluntary initiatives under the umbrella of fair and ethical sourcing. This article examines these commitments on the ground, in a global banana supply chain. Taking the case of bananas is significant because the major corporations at each end of the chain are in a potential position to orchestrate fair and ethical trade. Despite this potential for standards to be upheld, the case of bananas suggests that whilst supermarkets continue to drive down consumer prices, voluntary initiatives will fall short of their guarantees. This leads the paper to consider the policy implications of a more regulated approach to fair and equitable trade in the world's supply chains. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of solar erythemal ultraviolet radiation in the tropics: a case study at four stations in Thailand
Authors: Janjai Serm , Kirdsiri Keerati , Masiri Itsara , Nunez Manuel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractOur study examines a 5‐year data set of erythemal ultraviolet radiation (EUV) collected at four locations in Thailand: Chiang Mai (18.78°N, 98.98°E), Ubon Ratchathani (15.25°N, 104.87°E), Nakhon Pathom (13.82°N, 100.04°E) and Songkhla (7.20°N, 100.60°E). Seasonal changes are strongly influenced by the wet and dry season in this tropical environment, with maximum daily and noontime irradiances being reached in April or May, prior to the onset of the wet season. Transmission by aerosols, estimated by comparison of cloudless measured irradiance with a cloudless sky model, ranges from 51% at Chiang Mai to 83% at Songkhla during the dry season. By contrast, higher transmissions characterise the wet season when values around 90% are reached. Cloud cover further depletes the EUV irradiance and wet season transmissions range from 68% at Chiang Mai to 79% at Songkhla. Three of the four stations record increases in EUV irradiance over the study period. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Local atmospheric decoupling in complex topography alters climate change impacts
Authors: Daly Christopher , Conklin David R. , Unsworth Michael H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCold air drainage and pooling occur in many mountain valleys, especially at night and during winter. Local climate regimes associated with frequent cold air pooling have substantial impacts on species phenology, distribution and diversity. However, little is known about how the degree and frequency of cold air drainage and pooling will respond to a changing climate. Evidence suggests that, because cold pools are decoupled from the free atmosphere, these local climates may not respond in the same way as regional‐scale climates estimated from coarse‐grid general circulation models. Indeed, recent studies have demonstrated that historical changes in the frequency of synoptic conditions have produced complex spatial variations in the resulting climatic changes on the ground. In the mountainous terrain of the Oregon Cascades, we show that, at relatively exposed hill slope and ridge top locations, air temperatures are highly coupled to changes in synoptic circulation patterns at the 700‐hPa level, whereas in sheltered valley bottoms, cold air pooling at night and during winter causes temperatures to be largely decoupled from, and relatively insensitive to, 700‐hPa flow variations. The result is a complex temperature landscape composed of steep gradients in temporal variation, controlled largely by gradients in elevation and topographic position. When a projected climate warming of 2.5 °C was combined with likely changes in the frequency distribution of synoptic circulation, modelled temperature changes at closely spaced locations diverged widely (by up to 6 °C), with differences equalling or exceeding that of the imposed regional temperature change. Because cold air pooling and consequent atmospheric decoupling occur in many mountain valleys, especially at high latitudes, this phenomenon is likely to be an important consideration in understanding the impacts of climate change in mountainous regions. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Study of water stress and droughts with indicators using daily data on the Bani river (Niger basin, Mali)
Authors: Roudier Philippe , Mahe Gil 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAs in most parts of Africa, the Bani basin (Niger River, Mali) is threatened by climate changes. This study focuses on drought hazards and its indicators as derived from the climatic moisture index using the monthly data for the period (1963–2000) in order to examine the Bani basin's vulnerability to water stress. In this study, water deficit (drought) was logically addressed using the standardized precipitation index on a 10‐day time step. The inadequacies in the standardized precipitation index while estimating water deficit within the basin based on technical issues result in the usage of the effective drought index (EDI). This robust index is specially designed for daily data computation and uses daily data efficiently while estimating water deficit. Three regions were identified to be threatened by droughts (length, number, and evolution in time) within the basin, using EDI as a tool of investigation. It also shows that droughts seem to be less frequent but of a longer duration due to the increasing trend of total dry days over the study period. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
An analysis of mid‐summer rainfall occurrence in eastern China and its relationship with large‐scale warming using generalized linear models
Authors: Wang Yi , Yan Zhongwei , Chandler Richard E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDaily rainfall occurrence in mid‐summer (July and August) in eastern China was analyzed using binomial generalized linear models based on observations at 303 stations during 1961–2007. The models include an intraseasonal variation, previous days' rainfall to represent the Markov chain structure of daily rainfall occurrence, and the south–north thermal gradient in eastern China, expressed by a zonal mean temperature difference in the region, to represent a large‐scale climate background. The zonal temperature difference between south and north China exhibits a strong effect on the regional pattern of rainfall occurrence at an inter‐annual timescale. A weakened thermal gradient in association with large‐scale warming can thus be linked with more frequent precipitation in southern China but less in northern China during the last few decades. The zonal temperature difference was also found to modulate the local autocorrelation of rainfall occurrence. In particular, a weakened thermal gradient (1° reduction) leads to an increase of about 10% in the probability of rain following a dry day in southern China, but a decrease of more than 10% in northern China. Consequently, current large‐scale warming and hence a decreased zonal temperature difference in eastern China has prolonged (shortened) the duration of dry spells in northern (southern) China by about 20% (15%). Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Climatological radar delineation of urban convection for Atlanta, Georgia
Authors: Bentley Mace L. , Ashley Walker S. , Stallins J. Anthony 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe distribution of warm season (June through August) thunderstorm activity surrounding Atlanta, Georgia from 1997 to 2006 was determined utilizing composite reflectivity data obtained from the network of National Weather Service radars. The radar data, at 2 km and 5 min spatial and temporal resolutions, allows for high resolution analyses of urban convective trends when grid averaged over a 10‐year period.Maxima of medium‐ to high‐reflectivity episodes were identified to the north of and within downtown Atlanta and immediately east of the primary urban expansion of the central business district (CBD). Additional enhanced, high‐reflectivity areas are found in southern Fulton and Clayton counties, located south of downtown Atlanta. These regions are also collocated with high‐density urban expansion south of the Atlanta CBD. The research presented is the most comprehensive spatial and temporal analysis of grid averaged composite reflectivity data for urban convection conducted to date. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Long‐term hydrological changes of the Seine River flow (France) and their relation to the North Atlantic Oscillation over the period 1950–2008
Authors: Massei Nicolas , Laignel Benoit , Deloffre Julien , Mesquita Johanna , Motelay Anne , Lafite Robert , Durand Alain 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe variability of Seine River flow (France) was investigated using daily time series over the period of 1950–2008. The study aimed at characterizing the dominant modes explaining the variability of flow and at investigating their possible link with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) as the dominant climate regime in the region. The Seine River flow was affected by a statistically significant increasing trend across the period. The hydrologic regime of the Seine River was found to be highly variable and seem to occur later in the year, approximately, since the end of the 1980s. Annual minimum, maximum and mean flow time series exhibited an obvious change around 1970. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) of flow revealed energetic peaks highly localized in time, defining three time periods: before 1970, between 1970 and 1990 and after 1990. Two interannual modes (17 and 5–9 years) occur, respectively, around 1970 and in the early 1990s. The same observations on precipitation CWT ensure a climatic origin to these interannual modes. The annual oscillation was always strongly represented in flow and was affected by an increase in power from 1990 until the end of the time series. Comparison between NAO and annual flow anomalies revealed similar trend behaviour characterized by a change around 1970 towards more positive NAO indices and positive flow anomalies. In addition, CWT of NAO revealed similar modes of variability around 17 and 5–9 years as flow interannual modes. This highlighted a possible link between NAO and hydrometeorological processes in the region. The flow fluctuations (interannual modes and trend) expressing this potential link would explain approximately 23% of total variance of Seine River flow and would even reach 35% of the variance after removal of the annual cyclicity. These results would then emphasize the potential strong control of NAO on the variability of Seine River discharge. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Quantitative assessment of climate change and human impacts on long‐term hydrologic response: a case study in a sub‐basin of the Yellow River, China
Authors: Wang Jiahu , Hong Yang , Gourley Jonathan , Adhikari Pradeep , Li Li , Su Fengge 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn this study we developed an impact factor formula (IFF) to quantitatively attribute separately the impacts of climate change and local human activities on hydrological response (i.e. run‐off) in a sub‐basin of Yellow River for the period 1950–2000. Using the daily climatic data, we first calibrated and verified the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrological model to the baseline period 1955–1970. Then we developed the basin's natural run‐off for the following three decades (1971–2000) using the VIC model without considering local human impacts, as the VIC model is benchmarked by the 1960's hydrological regime.On the basis of observed precipitation, run‐off and reconstructed natural run‐off data from 1971 to 2000, we quantified their long‐term trend, decadal and annual variations. Using daily climatic observations, we showed that the precipitation and run‐off have decreased from the baseline decade, the 1960s, indicating a drier hydrological regime for recent decades. We further applied the IFF to quantitatively attribute separately the impacts of reduced precipitation and increased temperatures from climate change and then of local human activities on hydrological run‐off response. It was found that climate change has a greater impact than human activities on the basin's run‐off for the three consecutive decades. The pCC (percentage change of run‐off due to climate change impact) is found to be 89% followed by 66% and 56% in 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, respectively. Over the decades, pHA (percentage change of run‐off due to human activities) has continuously increased from 11% to 44%. If the trend continues, in future, the pHA is going to outweigh pCC in this basin. This study provides a quantitative assessment methodology for water resources managers to understand the changing process of the hydrological cycle and attribute its causative factors in a sub‐basin of the Yellow River. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Simulation of the intraseasonal and the interannual variability of rainfall over West Africa with RegCM3 during the monsoon period
Authors: Sylla M. B. , Dell'Aquila A. , Ruti P. M. , Giorgi F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIntraseasonal and interannual variability of rainfall is simulated using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) over West Africa. The intraseasonal variability of rainfall showing three distinct phases and the monsoon jump is well reproduced in the simulation. In addition, the regional model shows that while the monsoon rainbelt moves to the Sahel, the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) undergoes a northward migration and a weakening from June to August, when the core is at its northernmost location. This coexists with the appearance and the strengthening of the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ), the development and increased activity of the African Easterly Waves (AEWs), and the intensification and northward shift of the ascent between the AEJ and the TEJ core levels and axis. Similarly, the simulated interannual variability of rainfall over West Africa, the Guinea region, and the Sahel, as well as the variability of atmospheric features during contrasting wet and dry years, is also well captured. In fact, in the simulation during dry years the AEWs activity is decreased while the AEJ is strengthened and migrates southward, the TEJ becomes weaker, and the ascent between the levels of the AEJ and the TEJ decreases. The simulated rainfall variability and the behavior of the related features during the rainy season and during contrasting wet and dry years are in line with previous studies that used observations and reanalysis. We conclude that this model performance is of sufficient quality for application to the study of climate processes and mechanisms over West Africa. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of EUROSEM, WEPP, and MEDRUSH model calculations with measured runoff and soil‐loss data from rainfall simulations in Hungary
Authors: Centeri Csaba , Barta Károly , Jakab Gergely , Szalai Zoltán , Bíró Zsolt 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA useful method to evaluate the effectiveness of soil‐erosion models is to compare the models' soil‐loss and runoff calculations with measured data from experimental plots subjected to artificial rainfall. This study was conducted to develop a set of statistics to compare the performance of the soil‐erosion models EUROSEM, WEPP, and MEDRUSH. Rainfall (six rainfall intensities, two replicates), runoff, and soil‐loss data from artificial plots at two locations in Hungary were used to assess the accuracy of the different models. The soil types within the plots represented a wide range of soil properties and are soil types that are commonly used for agriculture. The results showed that the three soil‐erosion models performed with varying effectiveness dependent on basic soil properties. However, statistical analysis showed the EUROSEM model to be the best for estimating soil loss in Hungary.
Optimization of tip material and shape for near‐UV TERS in Si structures
Authors: Poborchii Vladimir , Tada Tetsuya , Kanayama Toshihiko , Geshev Pavel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHigh spatial resolution stress mapping of Si device structures is in high demand throughout electronic industry. This problem can be solved by application of the tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) to Si structures. This work involves searching for a suitable TERS material for the near‐UV spectral range that is favorable for Raman mapping of Si structures. We show both theoretically and experimentally that Al is a good Raman enhancer at the 363.8 nm wavelength. Taking into account Raman selection rules of Si and high dielectric contrast between Si and air, we employed an inclined Al‐coated Si atomic force microscope (AFM) tip that is also suitable for the top‐illumination geometry of the experiment. We succeeded in detecting of a weak TERS signal of strained Si. Possible ways of improvement of the Si TERS signal/noise ratio are discussed. An Al‐particle‐topped AFM tip is considered as a promising solution to the problem. A prototype tip was fabricated. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of pottery from Republic of Macedonia II. Raman and infrared analyses of glazed pottery finds from Skopsko Kale
Authors: Raškovska A. , Minčeva‐Šukarova B. , Grupče O. , Colomban Ph. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractByzantine and Ottoman pottery shards from Skopsko Kale, Republic of Macedonia (27 samples) were analyzed by infrared (IR) and micro‐Raman spectroscopies. IR spectroscopy provided data for assessing the firing temperature of the ceramic body as well as the basic mineralogical composition, while micro‐Raman spectroscopy was used for studying the glazes as well as for estimating the mineralogical composition of the ceramic body. The firing temperature of the Byzantine pottery was more uniform and ranged between 700 and 800 °C. In the case of the Ottoman pottery, a clear distinction between two different firing temperatures in the samples was made, thereby dividing them into two groups (700–800 and 800–900 °C). According to the previously established relationship between glaze composition and Raman parameters, the glazes in all analyzed samples were found to be lead‐based, with firing temperature below 700 °C. A total of 25 different mineral phases was identified in the body of the ceramics. Some pigments were also identified in the pottery glazes. Oleic acid (oil) and apatite residues (protein?) were identified in one sample. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.