bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the retreat of Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, in a changing climate
Authors: Jouvet Guillaume , Huss Matthias , Funk Martin , Blatter Heinz 
Published: December 2011

AbstractFor more than a century Alpine glaciers have been retreating dramatically, and they are expected to shrink even more quickly over the coming decades. This study addresses the future evolution of Grosser Aletschgletscher, Switzerland, the largest glacier in the European Alps. A three-dimensional combined surface mass-balance and glacier dynamics model was applied. The ice flow was described with the full Stokes equations. The glacier surface evolution was obtained by solving a transport equation for the volume of fluid. Daily surface melt and accumulation were calculated on the basis of climate data. The combined model was validated against several types of measurements made throughout the 20th century. For future climate change, scenarios based on regional climate models in the ENSEMBLES project were used. According to the median climatic evolution, Aletschgletscher was expected to lose 90% of its ice volume by the end of 2100. Even when the model was driven using current climate conditions (the past two decades) the glacier tongue experienced a considerable retreat of 6 km, indicating its strong disequilibrium with the present climate. By including a model for the evolution of supraglacial debris and its effect in reducing glacier melt, we show that this factor can significantly slow future glacier retreat.
Subsurface hydrology of an overdeepened cirque glacier
Authors: Dow Christine F. , Kavanaugh Jeffrey L. , Sanders Johnny W. , Cuffey Kurt M. , MacGregor Kelly R. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTo investigate the subsurface hydrological characteristics of an overdeepened cirque glacier, nine boreholes were drilled to the bed of West Washmawapta Glacier, British Columbia, Canada, in summer 2007. All holes were surveyed with a video camera, and four were subsequently instrumented with a combination of pressure transducers, thermistors and conductivity sensors. Diurnal pressure and temperature records indicate the presence of a hydraulically connected subglacial drainage system towards the northern glacier margin. Hydraulic jacking in the overdeepening, controlled by changing water volume in the marginal zone, potentially impacts basal ice flow and erosion. The presence of a sediment layer underlying the glacier also likely impacts hydrology and ice dynamics. Influx of warm groundwater into the basal system raises subglacial water temperatures above the pressure-melting point (pmp) and induces diurnal water temperature fluctuations of as much as 0.8°C; water temperatures above the pmp could affect basal melt rates and the development of subglacial drainage systems. These observations suggest that the characteristics of the subglacial drainage system substantially affect patterns of flow and erosion by this small cirque glacier.
A new laboratory device for study of subglacial processes: first results on ice–bed separation during sliding
Authors: Iverson Neal R. , Petersen Ben B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA new ring-shear device allows basal slip and related processes to be studied in laboratory experiments for the cases of hard or soft beds. The device rotates a confined ring of ice (0.9 m outside diameter) across a horizontal bed at a constant velocity or drag, while a vertical stress is applied and basal water pressure is controlled. A bath with circulating fluid regulated to ∼0.01°C surrounds the ice chamber and keeps the ice at its pressure-melting temperature. In a first experiment with a stepped rigid bed and zero basal water pressure, steady lengths of step cavities depended upon slip velocity raised to a power of 0.59, in general agreement with the square-root dependence of some models of sliding and linked-cavity hydraulics. Transient cavity growth after slip velocity increases was not monotonic, with damped volume oscillations that converged to a steady value. Once ice separated from lee surfaces, drag on the bed was constant and independent of slip velocity and cavity size, consistent with a shear-stress upper bound like that indicated by sliding models. Shear strains near the bed exceeded 30 and ice developed multiple-cluster c-axis fabrics similar to those of sheared ice in temperate glaciers.
The Inference of Phased Haplotypes for the Immunoglobulin H Chain V Region Gene Loci by Analysis of VDJ Gene Rearrangements
Authors: Kidd Marie J. , Chen Zhiliang , Wang Yan , Jackson Katherine J. , Zhang Lyndon , Boyd Scott D. , Fire Andrew Z. , Tanaka Mark M. , Gaëta Bruno A. , Collins Andrew M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The existence of many highly similar genes in the lymphocyte receptor gene loci makes them difficult to investigate, and the determination of phased “haplotypes” has been particularly problematic. However, V(D)J gene rearrangements provide an opportunity to infer the association of Ig genes along the chromosomes. The chromosomal distribution of H chain genes in an Ig genotype can be inferred through analysis of VDJ rearrangements in individuals who are heterozygous at points within the IGH locus. We analyzed VDJ rearrangements from 44 individuals for whom sufficient unique rearrangements were available to allow comprehensive genotyping. Nine individuals were identified who were heterozygous at the IGHJ6 locus and for whom sufficient suitable VDJ rearrangements were available to allow comprehensive haplotyping. Each of the 18 resulting IGHV│IGHD│IGHJ haplotypes was unique. Apparent deletion polymorphisms were seen that involved as many as four contiguous, functional IGHV genes. Two deletion polymorphisms involving multiple contiguous IGHD genes were also inferred. Three previously unidentified gene duplications were detected, where two sequences recognized as allelic variants of a single gene were both inferred to be on a single chromosome. Phased genomic data brings clarity to the study of the contribution of each gene to the available repertoire of rearranged VDJ genes. Analysis of rearrangement frequencies suggests that particular genes may have substantially different yet predictable propensities for rearrangement within different haplotypes. Together with data highlighting the extent of haplotypic variation within the population, this suggests that there may be substantial variability in the available Ab repertoires of different individuals.
The Influence of Environment on Clinical Practice: Unspoken Rules
Authors: Krusen Nancy 
Published: December 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore organisational social processes as an environmental contributor to the professional culture of practice. Occupational therapy practitioners are expected to be adaptable, responding to ever-changing demands of health care organisations. Occupational therapy students are expected to integrate into multiple settings during their practice education; however, the distinctive culture of organisations is often unspoken, making acculturation difficult. Method: This study examined four representative practice settings in the United States through institutional ethnography. Findings: Analysis revealed complex, interlaced, poorly documented social processes at immediate, local and external organisational levels. Occupational therapy practitioners revealed that these social processes influenced the ways in which they provide health services, perceive change and respond to change. They also revealed that newcomers, including practitioners and students, must learn to fit in by the sink-or-swim method. Conclusion: The findings of the study suggest possible changes in didactic, practical and continuing education to facilitate adaptation to increasingly complex health care systems. Further research is recommended to determine practitioner and student perceptions of hierarchical social processes, commonalities and differences of practice environments, the influence of different environments on practice, and strategies of adaptation.
Mental Health Day Services in the United Kingdom from 1946 to 1995: An ‘Untidy Set of Services’
Authors: Bryant Wendy 
Published: December 2011

Introduction: The evolution of mental health day services in the United Kingdom from the 1940s provides a historical context for the recent modernisation policy. Method: This critical review was conducted to inform local responses to modernisation. A wide range of contemporary and retrospective published accounts was critically analysed. Findings: Since the first reported mental health day hospital opened in 1946, researchers and practitioners have described and evaluated the services, increasingly involving service users. The importance of social contact, structured occupations and community links has been emphasised throughout. Locations and functions of day services have shifted in response to health and social care policies, and occupational therapists have initiated and evaluated services in further response. Service users have consistently valued day services. Criticisms have indicated issues of insufficient resources and too broad a remit, making services difficult to categorise and evaluate systematically. Tensions throughout have been concerned with the location of services and the scope for user involvement in service provision and evaluation. Conclusion: Recognising the origins of these tensions could enhance current approaches to modernisation. Combining social and occupational perspectives would enhance understanding and indicate future directions for day services.
Convergent Validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST) with Two other Cognitive-Perceptual Tests
Authors: Brown Ted , Mapleston Jennifer , Nairn Allison 
Published: December 2011

Background: It is common for individuals with a neurological impairment, such as a stroke, to present with cognitive-perceptual impairments. The early identification of such problems can assist with rehabilitation efforts. Standardised cognitive and perception tests are often used by practitioners to make such identifications; therefore, it is important to examine the measurement properties of these tests. Objective: This study investigated the convergent validity of the Occupational Therapy Adult Perceptual Screening Test (OT-APST) with two other cognitive-perceptual tests: the Neurobehavioural Cognitive Status Examination (Cognistat) and the Developmental Test of Visual Perception — Adolescent and Adult (DTVP-A). The Cognistat is primarily a test of cognition but has some subscales that evaluate perceptual skills. The convergent validity between the Cognistat and the DTVP-A was also investigated. It is imperative that tests used by therapists have documented validity to ensure that the results obtained actually measure the skills and abilities that the tests claim they measure. Method: Thirty-two adult patients, ranging in age between 46 and 91 years (mean = 73, SD = 4.6) with a primary diagnosis of stroke, completed the OT-APST, the Cognistat and the DTVP-A. Spearman's rho was used to analyse the correlations between the tests' subscales. Results: Three of the Cognistat subscales were significantly correlated with OT-APST subscales: Cognistat Constructional Ability and OT-APST Body Scheme; Cognistat Memory and OT-APST Functional Skills; and Cognistat Calculations and OT-APST Body Scheme. Only one of the OT-APST subscales, Body Scheme, had statistically significant correlations with the DTVP-A's Figure-Ground, Visual-Motor Search and Visual Closure subscales. There were significant correlations between the Cognistat's Constructional Ability and Judgment subscales and five of the six DTVP-A's subscales. Conclusion: Given that only a few of the subscales from the Cognistat and DTVP-A were significantly correlated with those of the OT-APST, this indicates that many of the constructs assessed by the three tests are not associated; hence, limited convergent validity evidence for the OT-APST was present. Further inquiry is required because it is important that such instruments are assessing what they purport to test, particularly when they are used to determine clients' strengths and weaknesses in clinical practice.
Time Use following Spinal Cord Injury: An Examination of the Literature
Authors: Barclay Linda , Callaway Libby , McDonald Rachael , Farnworth Louise , Brown Ted , Broom Lisa 
Published: December 2011

Introduction: Meaningful time use provides an indicator of quality of life and is a key area of interest to occupational therapists. Spinal cord injury is a prevalent and catastrophic acquired neurological impairment, which occurs most commonly in early adulthood. Spinal cord injury has been found to have little impact on life expectancy, but has a profound influence on productivity and participation. Understanding how people with spinal cord injury use their time is imperative if rehabilitation and quality of life outcomes are to be influenced. Method: A systematic review was completed and relevant studies located. These studies were then rated to discern their level of evidence. Results: A total of four published articles, from two studies, were found that fitted the inclusion criteria. All published studies were cross-sectional surveys. The level of evidence provided in these studies is relatively low. Conclusion: There has been limited research completed in the area of time use following spinal cord injury. There is a need for high quality evidence to inform occupational therapists about how people with spinal cord injury spend their time and how satisfied they are with the occupations in which they engage.
How to Institutionalize Health Promotion Programs
Authors: Steckler Allan , Goodman Robert M. 
Published: December 2011

This article presents six implications for practice that suggest how to optimize the institutionalization of health promotion programs. These six implications were derived from a study of ten health promotion programs funded by the Virginia State Health Department and operated by local schools- and community health agencies. Institutionalization refers to the long-term survival of health promotion programs, i.e., survival well beyond an initial grant funding period. To generate the implications for practice, a multiple case design for cross-case comparisons was applied to the ten health promotion programs. In brief, the six practice implications are: 1) cultivating a “program champion”; 2) favoring organizations with mature “subsystems”; 3) favoring organizations in which health promotion “fits” with the organization's mission; 4) avoiding brokering relationships; 5) altering lengths of funding periods; and 6) funding existing worthy programs. The significance of these practice implications for both funding and implementing agencies is briefly discussed.
Design, implementation, and evaluation of a postgraduate diploma in Surgical Anatomy
Authors: Stringer Mark D. , Lyall Patrick 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAfter careful planning, a postgraduate Diploma in Surgical Anatomy was launched in 2009. This report describes the structure of the program, the challenges encountered in implementing and running the course, and results of evaluations. The qualification is targeted at junior doctors intending to become surgeons or radiologists and aims to equip them with a sound understanding of regional anatomy relevant to common diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, together with an understanding of common/important anatomical variations. The course is delivered by: (1) 24 weeks' distance learning, comprising selected readings, podcasts, multiple choice questions (MCQs), and research informed essays; and (2) two separate two‐week periods of intensive campus‐based learning and whole body dissection (four students per cadaver) assessed by oral examination, a class presentation of an anatomical variation, and formal MCQ examination. Campus‐based instruction is delivered by two surgical anatomists with additional input from a broad range of specialist surgeons and radiologists. Anonymous student evaluations over three successive courses show that all components of the course were highly rated. The success of the program may relate to several factors: an emphasis on clinically relevant anatomy, clear learning objectives, personalized student feedback, a low student to cadaver ratio, restricted class size, a wide range of supportive material, a dedicated team of surgical/radiological instructors, efficient course administration, and endorsement by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons. Establishing a Diploma in Surgical Anatomy program requires a dedicated team of individuals, the setting and maintenance of appropriate educational standards, and collaboration with the professional body regulating the training of surgeons. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Vibration characteristics of a suspension bridge under traffic and no traffic conditions
Authors: Apaydın Nurdan Memişoglu , Kaya Yavuz , Şafak Erdal , Alçık Hakan 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents the variations of vibration under different traffic conditions on the Fatih Sultan Mehmet suspension bridge in Istanbul, Turkey.The main intention is to determine the vibration amplifications under heavy‐traffic as opposed to no‐traffic conditions. This is the first study in this particular area that has been performed on this bridge, over which an average of 200,000 cars pass daily. Two full‐scale ambient vibration surveys were carried out on two different days to determine the response of the bridge to diverse traffic conditions. Initial measurements were taken as the bridge experienced heavy stress conditions caused by rush‐hour traffic. Secondary measurements were recorded after closing the bridge to traffic. The data were analyzed to gauge the vibration effects of heavy‐traffic conditions on the bridge and to determine the effects of different traffic conditions on the free vibration characteristics of the bridge. The analyses were performed utilizing different amplification methods. Results show that there are important differences in the amplifications of the vibration amplitudes. Especially heavy‐traffic on the bridge causes the vibration response of the bridge to be intensified in comparison to no‐traffic conditions. Additionally, predominant frequencies are shifted as a direct result of traffic load acting on the bridge. Even more importantly and is probably analogous for all long‐span bridges, is the fact that any movement causing vibration on the bridge is carried and amplified along its length. These significant amplifications indicate the important effect of varying traffic loads and how the bridge responds to the diverse movements it experiences. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A neuroimmunological perspective on anxiety disorders
Authors: Hou Ruihua , Baldwin David S. 
Published: December 2011

ObjectiveResearch into psychoneuroimmunology has led to substantial advances in our understanding of the reciprocal interactions between the central nervous system and the immune system in neuropsychiatric disorders. To date, the presence of inflammatory responses and the crucial role of cytokines in major depression have been addressed in numerous studies. However, neuroinflammatory hypotheses in anxiety disorders have been studied less extensively than in major depression. There is a high research need for better understanding of both the heterogeneous role of specific cytokines in the control of anxious states and in different anxiety disorders and of the immunomodulating effects of antidepressants on anxiety.MethodsRelevant literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE via PubMed. We discuss recent research on neuroimmunology in anxiety and make methodological recommendations for future investigation of neuroinflammatory hypotheses in anxiety disorders.ResultsSome accumulating evidence has indicated modulatory effects of cytokines on neuronal communication and anxiety; however, research has not revealed consistent reproducible findings.ConclusionsThe availability of inflammatory biomarkers may provide an opportunity to identify patients via specific pathophysiological processes and to monitor therapeutic responses within relevant pathways. Further understanding of the neuroimmunological mechanisms to untangle the reciprocal associations between inflammation and anxiety is warranted. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of the gas‐phase reactions of OH radicals with a series of trimethylphenols
Authors: Bejan Iustinian , Schürmann Anna , Barnes Ian , Benter Thorsten 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl (OH) radicals with 2,3,5‐trimethylphenol (235TMP), 2,3,6‐trimethylphenol (236TMP), 2,4,5‐trimethylphenol (245TMP), 2,4,6‐trimethylphenol (246TMP), and 3,4,5‐trimethylphenol (345TMP) have been investigated at 298 ± 2 K and atmospheric pressure of air using a relative rate method. The experiments were performed in a 1080 L volume photoreactor using in situ FTIR analysis to monitor the decay of the trimethylphenols and the reference compounds. The following rate coefficients (in cm3molecule−1s−1) were obtained at 298 ± 2 K and 1 atm of air:k(235TMP) = (1.48 ± 0.42) × 10−10;k(236TMP) = (1.35 ± 0.39) × 10−10;k(245TMP) = (1.23 ± 0.48) × 10−10;k(246TMP) = (1.67 ± 0.48) × 10−10;k(345TMP) = (1.55 ± 0.43) × 10−10. The present kinetic data are discussed in terms of OH addition reactivity trends, and comparisons are made with the reactivity trends observed for successive methylation of benzene and phenol and successive hydroxylation of benzene. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 44: 117–124, 2012
High iNOS mRNA and protein localization during late pregnancy suggest a role for nitric oxide in mouse pubic symphysis relaxation
Authors: Moro Camila Fernandes , Consonni Sílvio Roberto , Rosa Renata Giardini , Nascimento Maria Amália Cavinato , Joazeiro Paulo Pinto 
Published: December 2011

AbstractRemodeling and relaxation of the mouse pubic symphysis (PS) are central events in parturition. The mouse PS remodels in a hormone‐controlled process that involves the modification of the fibrocartilage into an interpubic ligament (IpL), followed by its relaxation prior to parturition. It is recognized that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and consequently nitric oxide (NO) generation play important roles in extracellular matrix modification, and may promote cytoskeleton changes that contribute to the remodeling of connective tissue, which precedes the onset of labor. To our knowledge, no studies thus far have investigated inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, protein localization, and NO generation in the mouse PS during pregnancy. In this work, we used a combination of the immunolocalization of iNOS, its relative mRNA expression, and NO production to examine the possible involvement of iNOS in remodeling and relaxation of the mouse IpL during late pregnancy. The presence of iNOS was observed in chondrocytes and fibroblast‐like cells in the interpubic tissues. In addition, iNOS mRNA and NO production were higher during preterm labor on Day 19 of pregnancy (D19) than NO production on D18 or in virgin groups. The significant increase in iNOS mRNA expression and NO generation from the partially relaxed IpL at D18 to the completely relaxed IpL at D19 may indicate that NO plays an important role in late pregnancy during relaxation of the mouse IpL. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 79: 272–282, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.