bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The benefits of legal psychology: Possibilities, practice and dilemmas
Authors: Lloyd‐Bostock Sally 
Published: April 2011

The law is in some ways an obvious area where psychology could be of benefit. Many of the problems the law and legal procedures deal with are essentially psychological in nature. Law, like psychology, is fundamentally concerned with how people think, feel and behave; with the causes and modification of behaviour; and with the processes of perception, memory and decision theory. At the same time, law is a particularly difficult area for psychologists to tackle, not only for scientific, but also for ethical and political reasons. The role and functions of legal institutions such as juries and courts are by no means straightforward and the prima facie relevance of psychology can be deceptive. Moreover, even when psychology clearly has a relevant contribution to make, attempts to exert real influence on legal decisions or policy can be frustrating. A certain amount of scepticism on the part of lawyers is healthy. But the influence of psychology in legal contexts frequently has less to do with the quality of the psychology than with professional, political and organizational considerations.Given the breadth of the field, this article is inevitably selective in the research and practice discussed. I shall not attempt to offer a comprehensive review of current work and its possible benefits. Rather, I aim to illustrate the range of topics, and the possibilities and difficulties in legal psychology using examples of recent research and attempts to influence legal decisions and legal policy. I first sketch briefly the growth of legal psychology.
Repetition priming of face recognition in a serial choice reaction‐time task
Authors: Roberts Tony , Bruce Vicki 
Published: April 2011

Marshall & Walker (1987) found that pictorial stimuli yield visual priming that is disrupted by an unpredictable visual event in the response‐stimulus interval. They argue that visual stimuli are represented in memory in the form of distinct visual and object codes. Bruce & Young (1986) propose similar pictorial, structural and semantic codes which mediate the recognition of faces, yet repetition priming results obtained with faces as stimuli (Bruce & Valentine, 1985), and with objects (Warren & Morton, 1982) are quite different from those of Marshall & Walker (1987), in the sense that recognition is facilitated by pictures presented 20 minutes earlier.The experiment reported here used different views of familiar and unfamiliar faces as stimuli in a serial choice reaction‐time task and found that, with identical pictures, repetition priming survives an intervening item requiring a response, with both familiar and unfamiliar faces. Furthermore, with familiar faces such priming was present even when the view of the prime was different from the target. The theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
Articulatory coding in prose reading: Evidence from braille on changes with skill
Authors: Millar Susanna 
Published: April 2011

The role of speech‐based strategies in prose reading was tested in two experiments with braillists at different levels of proficiency. Subjects read prose texts in silent and oral control conditions, under articulatory suppression, and while making non‐speech movements during silent and oral reading, respectively.Experiment 1 used relatively difficult braille texts and showed that articulatory suppression reduced comprehension significantly compared to the other conditions. Speed (syllables per minute) was not significantly reduced under articulatory suppression, although two subjects were unable to read at all in that condition.Experiment 2 used easy texts and included beginning readers. Proficiency levels interacted significantly with experimental conditions for both speed and comprehension. The best readers showed no effect of articulatory suppression on either speed or comprehension with easy texts. Beginners showed significantly reduced speed and comprehension (or failed to score at all) under articulatory suppression, despite good comprehension in control conditions. For subjects in the middle groups, articulatory suppression had some effect on comprehension, but speeded rather than slowed reading, if anything.The results suggest that articulatory suppression can affect input strategies as well as comprehension, but that the strategies which underly it vary with skill and text conditions. It was argued that suppression taps important but changing strategies in prose reading.
Quantitative science and the definition of measurement in psychology
Authors: Michell Joel 
Published: April 2011

It is argued that establishing quantitative science involves two research tasks: the scientific one of showing that the relevant attribute is quantitative; and the instrumental one of constructing procedures for numerically estimating magnitudes. In proposing quantitative theories and claiming to measure the attributes involved, psychologists are logically committed to both tasks. However, they have adopted their own, special, definition of measurement, one that deflects attention away from the scientific task. It is argued that this is not accidental. From Fechner onwards, the dominant tradition in quantitative psychology ignored this task. Stevens' definition rationalized this neglect. The widespread acceptance of this definition within psychology made this neglect systemic, with the consequence that the implications of contemporary research in measurement theory for undertaking the scientific task are not appreciated. It is argued further that when the ideological support structures of a science sustain serious blind spots like this, then that science is in the grip of some kind of thought disorder.…unluckily our professors of psychology in general are not up to quantitative logic…E. L. Thorndike to J. McK. Cattell, 1904
A comparison of the encoding of content and order in olfactory memory and in memory for visually presented verbal materials
Authors: White Theresa L. , Treisman Michel 
Published: April 2011

The claim that there is no olfactory short‐term memory store, as olfactory serial position (SP) effects are absent (Engen, 1987, 1989; Lawless & Engen, 1977), raises the issue whether memory for sensory qualities is differently organized from memories for more cognitive materials in vision and hearing. Early memory processing in olfaction is re‐examined by comparing the results of similarly designed experiments which examine short‐term memory for words and consonants, and for odours. Memory for content and memory for order were separately examined in each case.Serial position functions were obtained both for visually presented verbal materials and for odours. The serial position effects for content and order memory in both modalities are sufficiently similar in pattern to support the conclusion that short‐term memory processing of olfactory and verbal stimuli is conducted by analogous memory mechanisms.
Enhancement of Amoxicillin Resistance after Unsuccessful Helicobacter pylori Eradication
Authors: Nishizawa Toshihiro , Suzuki Hidekazu , Tsugawa Hitoshi , Muraoka Hiroe , Matsuzaki Juntaro , Hirata Kenro , Ikeda Fumiaki , Takahashi Masahiko , Hibi Toshifumi 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

A high rate of resistance (49.5 to 72.7%) to amoxicillin (AMX) was observed in
Helicobacter pylori
after two or three unsuccessful eradication attempts. Unsuccessful eradication regimens significantly increase resistance to not only clarithromycin (CLR) and metronidazole (MNZ) but also AMX.
Comparative Efficacies of Candidate Antibiotics against Yersinia pestis in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model
Authors: Louie Arnold , VanScoy Brian , Liu Weiguo , Kulawy Robert , Brown David , Heine Henry S. , Drusano George L. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Yersinia pestis
, the bacterium that causes plague, is a potential agent of bioterrorism. Streptomycin is the “gold standard” for the treatment of plague infections in humans, but the drug is not available in many countries, and resistance to this antibiotic occurs naturally and has been generated in the laboratory. Other antibiotics have been shown to be active against
Y. pestis in vitro
and
in vivo
. However, the relative efficacies of clinically prescribed regimens of these antibiotics with streptomycin and with each other for the killing of
Yersinia pestis
are unknown. The efficacies of simulated pharmacokinetic profiles for human 10-day clinical regimens of ampicillin, meropenem, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin were compared with the gold standard, streptomycin, for killing of
Yersinia pestis
in an
in vitro
pharmacodynamic model. Resistance amplification with therapy was also assessed. Streptomycin killed the microbe in one trial but failed due to resistance amplification in the second trial. In two trials, the other antibiotics consistently reduced the bacterial densities within the pharmacodynamic systems from 10
8
CFU/ml to undetectable levels (<10
2
CFU/ml) between 1 and 3 days of treatment. None of the comparator agents selected for resistance. The comparator antibiotics were superior to streptomycin against
Y. pestis
and deserve further evaluation.
Local Mobile Gene Pools Rapidly Cross Species Boundaries To Create Endemicity within Global Vibrio cholerae Populations
Authors: Boucher Yan , Cordero Otto X. , Takemura Alison , Hunt Dana E. , Schliep Klaus , Bapteste Eric , Lopez Philippe , Tarr Cheryl L. , Polz Martin F. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

Vibrio cholerae
represents both an environmental pathogen and a widely distributed microbial species comprised of closely related strains occurring in the tropical to temperate coastal ocean across the globe (Colwell RR, Science 274:2025–2031, 1996; Griffith DC, Kelly-Hope LA, Miller MA, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 75:973–977, 2006; Reidl J, Klose KE, FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 26:125–139, 2002). However, although this implies dispersal and growth across diverse environmental conditions, how locally successful populations assemble from a possibly global gene pool, relatively unhindered by geographic boundaries, remains poorly understood. Here, we show that environmental
Vibrio cholerae
possesses two, largely distinct gene pools: one is vertically inherited and globally well mixed, and the other is local and rapidly transferred across species boundaries to generate an endemic population structure. While phylogeographic analysis of isolates collected from Bangladesh and the U.S. east coast suggested strong panmixis for protein-coding genes, there was geographic structure in integrons, which are the only genomic islands present in all strains of
V. cholerae
(Chun J, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:15442–15447, 2009) and are capable of acquiring and expressing mobile gene cassettes. Geographic differentiation in integrons arises from high gene turnover, with acquisition from a locally cooccurring sister species being up to twice as likely as exchange with conspecific but geographically distant
V. cholerae
populations.

IMPORTANCE
Functional predictions of integron genes show the predominance of secondary metabolism and cell surface modification, which is consistent with a role in competition and predation defense. We suggest that the integron gene pool’s distinctness and tempo of sharing are adaptive in allowing rapid conversion of genomes to reflect local ecological constraints. Because the integron is frequently the main element differentiating clinical strains (Chun J, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 106:15442–15447, 2009) and its recombinogenic activity is directly stimulated by environmental stresses (Guerin E, et al., Science 324:1034, 2009), these observations are relevant for local emergence and subsequent dispersal.
Quality of Reporting on Randomised Controlled Trials of Auriculotherapy for Pain
Authors: Asher Gary N , Motsinger-Reif Alison A , Jonas Daniel E , Viera Anthony J 
Published: April 2011

Objective The authors investigated the quality of reporting for randomised controlled trials of auriculotherapy for pain before and after the implementation of the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) and Standards for Reporting Interventions in Controlled Trials of Acupuncture (STRICTA) guidelines. Methods The authors identified randomised controlled trials of auriculotherapy that measured pain or pain medication use as a primary outcome and were published in English in peer-reviewed journals. Proportions of studies that reported STRICTA and CONSORT items were compared for the years before and after implementation of STRICTA (2001) using Fisher's exact tests. Global differences across all study factors were investigated using hierarchical clustering and principle component analysis (PCA). Results 15 studies met our inclusion criteria. On average, 11 studies (74%) reported STRICTA items and eight studies (54%) reported CONSORT items. Differences in reporting between pre and post-STRICTA studies were found for two CONSORT items (randomised sequence and treatment provider) but no STRICTA items. However, the results of cluster analysis and PCA detected global differences over time for both STRICTA and CONSORT items. Conclusion Quality of reporting for studies of auriculotherapy for pain appears to have generally improved since the implementation of STRICTA and CONSORT guidelines.
Electroacupuncture Improves Voiding Function in Patients with Neurogenic Urinary Retention Secondary to Cauda Equina Injury: Results from a Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Liu Zhishun , Zhou Kehua , Wang Yang , Pan Yanxia 
Published: April 2011

Objective To report the therapeutic effectiveness and feasibility of electroacupuncture (EA) treatment in patients with urinary retention which is caused by cauda equina injury and refractory to conventional conservative treatments. Methods From 9 August 2007 to 10 May 2010 prospective evaluation was carried out in 15 patients with neurogenic urinary retention secondary to cauda equina injury who underwent EA treatment at bilateral points BL32, BL33 and BL35. All patients received five sessions of EA treatment each week for the first 4 weeks, three sessions a week for the following 2 weeks, and then were followed up for 6 months. Voiding abilities, postvoiding residual urine volume (RUV) and maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) were documented as outcome measures. Results After 6 weeks’ EA treatment, 10/15 enrolled patients regained their self-voiding ability, and the mean postvoiding RUV for all patients decreased by 303.6±148.8 ml. In nine patients with documented data, Qmax increased by 11.0±6.3 ml/s. In nine patients, voiding difficulties changed from severe to mild. At the end of 6 months’ follow-up, 8/10 patients retained their regained self-voiding ability, whereas two patients had lost their voiding ability again. Conclusion The results indicate that the EA treatment may have longlasting therapeutic effectiveness in the management of neurogenic urinary retention secondary to cauda equina injury.
A pyrosequencing-based test for detection and relative quantification of theBCR-ABL1T315I point mutation
Authors: Schumacher Jonathan A , Szankasi Philippe , Bahler David W , Ho Albert K , Kelley Todd W 
Published: April 2011

AimsTheBCR-ABL1T315I mutation imparts resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors currently available for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Thus, quantitative monitoring of the emergence and expansion of T315I-positive subclones may be clinically useful. The goals of this study were to retrospectively review the authors' experience with Sanger sequencing-basedBCR-ABL1kinase domain mutation testing, paying particular attention to the T315I mutation, and to develop an alternative test for relative quantification of T315I using pyrosequencing.MethodsThe performance of a new T315I pyrosequencing assay was evaluated. Total RNA was isolated from whole blood and reverse-transcribed. The resulting cDNA was subjected to an initial round of PCR across theBCR-ABL1breakpoint followed by a second round to amplify the sequence flankingABL1codon 315. The final PCR product was pyrosequenced to detect and quantify the T315I point mutation. Additional experiments were carried out to determine the effects of background untranslocatedABL1on assay sensitivity in samples with low tumour burden.ResultsThe results show that T315I was the most commonly detected kinase domain mutation and was persistent in follow-up testing. All 26 specimens that tested positive by Sanger sequencing for the T315I mutation were also positive using the pyrosequencing test. Relative quantification data derived from pyrosequencing matched the approximate wild-type/mutant ratios found by Sanger sequencing. Serial dilution experiments show sensitivity to 5% mutant allele. The authors also quantitatively assessed the influence of untranslocatedABL1in the sample background on the assay and found that it occurred at levels not likely to influence performance.ConclusionThe described test is useful for detection and relative quantification of the T315I point mutation in chronic myelogenous leukaemia in a sensitive, specific and reproducible manner.
Humanized Bone Marrow Mouse Model as a Preclinical Tool to Assess Therapy-Mediated Hematotoxicity
Authors: Cai Shanbao , Wang Haiyan , Bailey Barbara , Ernstberger Aaron , Juliar Beth E. , Sinn Anthony L. , Chan Rebecca J. , Jones David R. , Mayo Lindsey D. , Baluyut Arthur R , Goebel W Scott , Pollok Karen E 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPurpose: Preclinical in vivo studies can help guide the selection of agents and regimens for clinical testing. However, one of the challenges in screening anticancer therapies is the assessment of off-target human toxicity. There is a need for in vivo models that can simulate efficacy and toxicities of promising therapeutic regimens. For example, hematopoietic cells of human origin are particularly sensitive to a variety of chemotherapeutic regimens, but in vivo models to assess potential toxicities have not been developed. In this study, a xenograft model containing humanized bone marrow is utilized as an in vivo assay to monitor hematotoxicity.Experimental Design: A proof-of-concept, temozolomide-based regimen was developed that inhibits tumor xenograft growth. This regimen was selected for testing because it has been previously shown to cause myelosuppression in mice and humans. The dose-intensive regimen was administered to NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIL2rgtm1Wjl/Sz (NOD/SCID/γchainnull), reconstituted with human hematopoietic cells, and the impact of treatment on human hematopoiesis was evaluated.Results: The dose-intensive regimen resulted in significant decreases in growth of human glioblastoma xenografts. When this regimen was administered to mice containing humanized bone marrow, flow cytometric analyses indicated that the human bone marrow cells were significantly more sensitive to treatment than the murine bone marrow cells and that the regimen was highly toxic to human-derived hematopoietic cells of all lineages (progenitor, lymphoid, and myeloid).Conclusions: The humanized bone marrow xenograft model described has the potential to be used as a platform for monitoring the impact of anticancer therapies on human hematopoiesis and could lead to subsequent refinement of therapies prior to clinical evaluation. Clin Cancer Res; 17(8); 2195–206. ©2011 AACR.
Polymorphisms in the Endothelin-1 and Endothelin A Receptor Genes and Survival in Patients with Locoregionally Advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Wen Yue-Feng , Qi Bin , Liu Huai , Mo Hao-Yuan , Chen Qiu-Yan , Li Juan , Huang Pei-Yu , Ye Yan-Fang , Zhang Ying , Deng Man-Quan , Guo Xiang , Hong Ming-Huang , Cao Ka-Jia , Mai Hai-Qiang 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to investigate the prognostic role of endothelin-1 (EDN1) and endothelin A receptor (EDNRA) gene polymorphisms in patients with locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).
Experimental Design: Two hundred three consecutive patients with locoregionally advanced NPC were enrolled. Seven potentially functional polymorphisms in the EDN1 and EDNRA genes were determined by ligase detection reaction-PCR method from prospectively collected blood samples. The influence of the genetic polymorphisms on patient overall survival (OS) was analyzed using Cox proportional hazards model, Kaplan–Meier method, and the log-rank test.
Results: The 5-year OS in patients with EDNRA/H323H TT, TC, and CC genotypes were 81.3%, 62.1%, and 75.0%, respectively (P = 0.004). Patients carrying the heterozygous (TC) or homozygous variant (CC) genotype in EDNRA/H323H were combined for analysis, which revealed that the 5-year OS in patients with TC/CC genotypes was significantly lower than those with the wild-type TT genotype (63.2% vs. 81.3%; P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis showed that EDNRA/H323H polymorphism (HR: 1.95; 95% CI: 1.18–3.23; P = 0.009) and N classification (HR: 1.35; 95% CI: 1.03–1.79; P = 0.03) were independent significant prognostic factors for OS in patients with locoregionally advanced NPC. In contrast, the EDN1 polymorphisms revealed no prognostic value.
Conclusions: The EDNRA/H323H polymorphism was a novel and independent prognostic marker for patients with locoregionally advanced NPC. The analysis of EDNRA/H323H polymorphism may help identify patient subgroups at high risk for poor disease outcome. Clin Cancer Res; 17(8); 2451–8. ©2011 AACR.
Plasma Markers for Identifying Patients with Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Kluger Harriet M. , Hoyt Kathleen , Bacchiocchi Antonella , Mayer Tina , Kirsch Jonathan , Kluger Yuval , Sznol Mario , Ariyan Stephan , Molinaro Annette , Halaban Ruth 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Purpose: With the rising incidence of melanoma, more patients are undergoing surveillance for disease recurrence. Our purpose was to study levels of proteins that might be secreted in the blood of patients with metastatic melanoma that can be used for monitoring these individuals.
Methods: Genome-wide gene expression data were used to identify abundantly expressed genes in melanoma cells that encode for proteins likely to be present in the blood of cancer patients, based on high expression levels in tumors. ELISA assays were employed to measure proteins in plasma of 216 individuals; 108 metastatic melanoma patients and 108 age- and gender-matched patients with resected stage I/II disease split into equal-sized training and test cohorts.
Results: Levels of seven markers, CEACAM (carcinoembryonic antigen–related cell adhesion molecule), ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), osteopontin, MIA (melanoma inhibitory activity), GDF-15 (growth differentiation factor 15), TIMP-1 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1), and S100B, were higher in patients with unresected stage IV disease than in patients with resected stage I/II disease. About 81% of the stage I/II patients in the training set had no marker elevation, whereas 69% of the stage IV patients had elevation of at least one marker (P &lt; 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic curves for the markers in combination in these two patient populations had an area under curve (AUC) of 0.79 in the training set and 0.8 in the test set. A CART (Classification and Regression Trees) model developed in the training set further improved the AUC in the test set to 0.898.
Conclusions: Plasma markers, particularly when assessed in combination, can be used to monitor patients for disease recurrence and can compliment currently used lactate dehydrogenase and imaging studies; prospective validation is warranted. Clin Cancer Res; 17(8); 2417–25. ©2011 AACR.