bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maxillary incisor root resorption induced by ectopic canines
Authors: Bjerklin Krister , Guitirokh Chanelle Houmet 
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate the long-term clinical and radiographic effects of maxillary incisor root resorption in cases of ectopic canines treated during the late 1970s and 1980s in Jönköping, Sweden.

Subjects and Methods:
The material comprised 55 incisors in 38 subjects. The posttreatment follow-up time was 13 to 28 years. All subjects underwent intraoral radiography, 33 were referred for computed tomography or cone beam computed tomography, and 24 also underwent clinical examination. The severity of incisor root resorption was correlated with clinical characteristics. Radiographs of the resorptive lesions were documented in detail and compared with intraoral radiographs taken immediately posttreatment.

Results:
Four incisors in three subjects had been lost, in part because of root resorption. Of the 36 incisors with root resorption, the lesions were unchanged in 26 teeth, improved in three teeth, and exacerbated in seven. In one case the resorption had progressed to pulpal exposure, necessitating endodontic treatment. For most of the incisors, the periodontal ligament was more clearly defined and the lamina dura showed improved trabeculation. The clinical characteristics of the incisors with resorption were not significantly different from those of sound incisors.

Conclusions:
In this long-term follow-up, most cases of incisor root resorption induced by ectopic maxillary canines did not progress and teeth with root resorption showed no clinically relevant symptoms. The prognosis for long-term survival of teeth with resorbed roots is good, but in cases where extraction is indicated, lateral incisors with severe root resorption should be extracted in favor of healthy premolars.
Writing the Wolf: Canine Tales and North American Environmental-Literary Tradition
Authors: Jones Karen 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This article considers the construction of the wolf in North American environmental literature and history. Emphasis is placed on illustrating how writings about Canis lupus relate to shifting evaluations of wild nature and ethical responsibilities towards the non-human. It further reflects upon the limits to 'knowing' other species, as well as the struggle between amateurs and professionals in the quest to be seen as authorities in zoological expertise. An intensely symbolic animal, the wolf has always been a popular character in folklore, a creature representative of our fears and our idealisations of wilderness. Although the rehabilitation of the wolf in twentieth-century America is conventionally framed in terms of the rise of ecological science, of the wolf as a keystone predator and integral part of a healthy ecosystem, the naturalist tradition of storytelling remains another key element in this development. Under scrutiny here are those nature stories that have encouraged a positive attitude towards wolves in North America - from Ernest Thompson Seton in the late 1800s to Asta Bowen a century later. Such works suggest an important role for the storyteller as an educator in environmental values and contest the dominant paradigm of scientific observation as the 'saviour' of the wolf.
'At this point, the lichens in the trees are their only means of survival':A History of Tree Cutting for Winter Reindeer Fodder by Sami People in Northern Sweden
Authors: Berg Anna , Gunnarsson Bjorn , Ostlund Lars 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The importance of land use history and its impact on ecological systems has recently been recognised, primarily because most 'natural areas' have been found to have experienced greater human interference than previously assumed. The extent of forest exploitation in pre-industrial times, especially by native people, has been consistently underestimated. In northern Sweden all the reindeer are herded by the native Sami people. During the winter, reindeer usually feed on ground lichens, which they dig for under the snow. Traditionally, trees with arboreal lichens were cut to provide supplementary food when adverse snow conditions prevented grazing. The stumps from such cuttings are commonly known as 'lichen-stumps' and they can be found in the few remaining unmanaged forest areas. In this study we examine the history, ecology and extent of this specific aspect of forest use by using an integrated approach involving both historical records and field studies. We found that the cutting of trees for lichens was a widespread practice during harsh winters, that significant numbers of trees were cut and that it ceased at the end of the nineteenth century, coinciding with large-scale changes in the land use of northern Scandinavia.
Violence Against People and the Land: The Environment and Refugee Migration from China's Henan Province, 1938-1945
Authors: Muscolino Micah S. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This article examines interrelationships between environmental change and refugee displacement in North China's Henan province during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945. Henan had a larger displaced population than any part of China during World War II, with most refugees migrating due to war-induced disasters that were the second-order effects of warfare. The Chinese Nationalist military's blasting of the Yellow River dikes to block a Japanese military advance in June 1938 displaced millions, forcing them to seek livelihoods in areas away from their home villages. In 1942-1943 Yellow River flooding combined with inclement weather conditions and heavy military grain exactions to create a famine of massive proportions in Henan, leading millions more residents to flee. The most severe ecological damage took place in areas of Henan that flood and famine refugees left, as labour shortages led to neglect and decline of human-constructed environments. Hydraulic infrastructure collapsed, agricultural cultivation came to a standstill and previously settled areas became desolate wastelands. Environmental degradation occurred on a more limited scale in areas of in-migration, as refugees heightened pressure on resources. In Shaanxi province, China's wartime state resettled refugees and mobilised them to reclaim land, leading to deforestation and accelerated soil erosion. The article engages with previous literature on the environmental consequences of refugee migration, questioning the notion that refugees have an unmediated impact on the environment. It is argued that refugee migration is impossible to isolate from other factors that lead to ecological damage in wartime settings.
Intercontinental Transport of Dust: Science and Policy, pre-1800s to 1967
Authors: Wilkening Ken 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
I begin with this paper a history of science and policy related to intercontinental transport of air pollution, starting with long-range atmospheric transport of dust from the pre-1800s to 1967. Dust is spotlighted because it was the first trace substance ('pollutant') recognised to travel intercontinental and global distances and because long-range transport in some locations of the world was eventually seen to be associated with large-scale environmental problems. Based on data gathered from primary and secondary written source materials, I conclude that, relative to sustainability, the outstanding achievement between 1800 and 1967 was development of an Earth-spanning conceptual structure that fused scientific knowledge, environmental ethics and options for political action, what I call a dust-related 'Earth system problem-framework'. Specifically, scientists outlined a world dust-system framework with a land ethic at its core. The arduous path to this accomplishment highlights the large-scale, long-term, multidisciplinary effort required to create holistic, whole-Earth conceptual structures for global environment governance.
La Bibliographie internationale (1891-1991), témoin d'un siècle de géographie : quelques enseignements d'analyse formelle
Authors: Robic Marie-Claire 
Published: April 2011

The International Geographical Bibliography (IGB), 1891-1991, a testimony of a century of geography : some results of a formal analysis. The durability of the Bibliographie, which was created by the Annales de Géographie as the major document of a scientific scheme, shows the relatively good success of French academic geography for the past century. Its history follows the evolution of the institutionalization of geography. Strong and lasting ties with the publishing house Armand Colin were developed ; the Bibliographie started out as part of the Annales de Géographie ; then, in 1921 it became a publication of the Association de géographes français. The Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) progressively took it over in the fifties. The international network of academics that contributed to the reviews has been relayed since 1976 by the INTERGEO CNRS team. The Bibliographie has now become a database. For the last few years the INTERGEO team has been collaborating with a national center of documentation, the Institut de l'information scientifique et technique (INIST). A work of French geographers at first, the Bibliographie has always received international support, as it is testified by the patronage of the IGU in the thirties when it became the Bibliographie géographique internationale (1932).
Thus the history of the journal shows a remarquable institutional continuity, in spite of the changes that go with the transformations of scientific research during the 20th century. Selected recension is still the aim ; there has been a great stability in the editorship and in the classification scheme for at least three quarters of a century. Still several periods can be pointed out. They show recent changes in documentary methods on one hand, and a chronology truly epistemological on the other hand. Following the decisive innovations of the end of the 19th century that give way to stability for half a century, the fifties are a time of adjustments, while the seventies undertake a reorganisation of the geographic material.
Les villes moyennes européennes et l'échéance de 1993
Authors: Bouinot Jean 
Published: April 2011

« Medium-sized towns and the opening up of the european market in 1993. » — The building of a united Europe, and in particular the perspective of a single European market in 1993, bring specific threats to bear on the future of the Community's medium-sized towns.
Certain factors penalize medium-sized towns in general : for example, the construction of a single financial market results in economies of scale in management costs which are only to the advantage of major towns. Other factors have a more selective effect : for instance, when firms join forces to ensure competitivity at European level this leads to the geographical concentration of their production and distribution sites, thus increasing disparities in tax resources between towns.
The local politicians questioned in seven of the E.E.C. countries are, on the whole, aware of these threats. Nevertheless, their comments and expectations reveal that the largest of the medium-sized towns are those in the best position to take up the challenge that the building of a united Europe offers them, since they are the ones most actively developing policies of cooperation in a climate of incrased competitivity.
Les deltas et leur aménagement
Authors: Verger Fernand 
Published: April 2011

Deltas are measured by length, width, surface and protruding area. The fundamental geomorphometrical property of a delta can be expressed by the protuberance index proposed here as the ratio of the two latter parameters.
In the delta seen as river ending, the radial distribution of the hydrographie network will be simple, cross-connected or tree-structured depending on different river discharge partitionnings. In the delta seen as a coastline, the layout is concentric with a succession disposal of sandy bars and shallow depressions usually briny or saline.
The relative influences of tide, waves and river discharge are used to define a classification of embouchures based on W.G. Galloway's and extended to many cases.
Delta resource management can be broken down into the river streams and the deltas themselves. In the latter areas, resources can be developed without altering the geomorphometrical and hydrological environment (fishing, hunting, extensive cattle farming...), with some environmental changes (rice fields, irrigated agriculture, salt flats...) or completely obliterating the natural features (industrial land reclamation, deep-water harbours...).
Decreased Mitochondrial Dna Content in Subcutaneous Fat from HIV-Infected Women Taking Antiretroviral Therapy as Measured at Delivery
Authors:   Group the Target Study, Nasi Milena , Pinti Marcello , Chiesa Elisabetta , Fiore Simona , Manzini Serena , Giovane Cinzia Del , D'Amico Roberto , Palai Nicoletta , Campatelli Carlo , Sabbatini Francesca , Roccio Marianna , Tibaldi Cecilia , Masuelli Giulia , Mussini Cristina , Ferrazzi Enrico , Monforte Antonella d'Arminio , Cossarizza Andrea 
Published: April 2011

Background Increasing numbers of pregnant HIV- positive women are receiving combination antiretroviral regimens for preventing mother-to-child virus transmission or for treating the infection itself. Several studies have demonstrated that nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) induce mitochondrial toxicity by several mechanisms, including depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). By the quantification of mtDNA levels, we studied mitochondrial toxicity in HIV-positive women at delivery and the possible correlations with antiretroviral regimens, viroimmunological and metabolic parameters. Methods We analysed 68 HIV-positive women enrolled in the Italian Prospective Cohort Study on Efficacy and Toxicity of Antiretroviral in Pregnancy (TARGET Study); all were taking ≥1 NRTI. We quantified mtDNA copies per cell in subcutaneous fat samples collected during delivery. At the 3rd, 6th and 9th month of pregnancy, we collected data concerning CD4+ T-cell count, plasma HIV RNA, total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose and triglycerides. As a control, we analysed mtDNA levels in abdominal subcutaneous fat samples from 23 HIV-seronegative women at delivery. Results mtDNA content was significantly lower in HIV-infected women when compared with HIV-negative controls. mtDNA content varied independently from viroimmunological, lipid and glucose parameters at the different months, with the exceptions of triglycerides at the 9th month and of HDL at the 6th month of pregnancy. Conclusions In subcutaneous tissue from women taking NRTI-based antiretroviral regimens, we observed a signifcant decrease of mtDNA content, compared with uninfected women not on antiviral treatment. Moreover, a significant correlation was noted between mtDNA content and HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
Laïcité, islam politique et démocratie conservatrice en Turquie
Authors: Billion Didier 
Published: April 2011

Le rapport à la laïcité en Turquie est souvent méconnu sinon caricaturé. C’est en particulier le cas de celui qu’entretiennent les kémalistes mais aussi le mouvement actuellement au pouvoir – le parti pour la Justice et le Développement (AKP) – dont la doctrine semble bien éloignée des différents avatars qui l’ont précédé dans la généalogie islamiste. Cet article permet de préciser ces positionnements. Il met également en exergue les termes actuels du débat sur le rapport entre sphères politique et religieuse ; même si ce débat retrouve une certaine acuité, celle-ci n’est pas pour autant annonciatrice d’une remise en question radicale d’un principe fondamental de la Turquie républicaine. Enfin, cet article permet de mieux appréhender la réalité doctrinale de l’AKP aujourd’hui, un exercice qui permet d’évaluer les contours de ses orientations stratégiques.
Iran - Liban : une relation stratégique ?
Authors: Hourcade Bernard 
Published: April 2011

Si l’Iran considère le Proche-Orient comme une dimension très importante de sa politique extérieure, les contradictions au sein de la classe politique et de la société civile peuvent la relativiser au profit d’autres priorités liées à la sécurité du pays et plus largement à sa place dans le monde. En ce sens, le voyage au Liban de Mahmoud Ahmanidejad en octobre 2010 qui fut un incontestable succès populaire est peut-être un chant du cygne. En tout cas, l’issue des relations entre l’Iran et cette région se trouve dans la compétition désormais ouverte pour l’élection présidentielle iranienne de mai 2013.
Le Hezbollah libanais et la résistance islamique au Liban : des stratégies complémentaires
Authors: Daher Aurélie 
Published: April 2011

Lorsque les troupes de Tel-Aviv envahissent le Liban pour la deuxième fois en juin 1982, la mobilisation d’une partie du monde militant chiite contre Israël se traduit par la création d’une nouvelle organisation militaire, la « Résistance islamique au Liban » (RIL). Quelques mois plus tard, celle-ci se dote d’un pendant civil chargé de défendre ses intérêts au sein de la société puis de la classe politique libanaises : le Hezbollah. Une répartition des rôles complémentaire est donc instaurée dès le début : la Résistance se charge de l’action extérieure, à travers le combat contre l’occupation israélienne, remplacé après la Libération de 2000 par une mission de défense du territoire contre les offensives en provenance du sud ; le Hezbollah, sur la scène intérieure, mobilise pour la RIL et désamorce les menaces qui proviendraient de la société – et surtout de l’équipe au pouvoir. Cet article étudie, période après période, comment ces stratégies jumelées font face aux impératifs des différents contextes, tout en restant perpétuellement ancrées dans la logique originelle qui définit les fonctions de chacune des deux formations.
Entretien avec Abed Al-Halim Fadlallah
Authors: Al-Halim Fadlallah Abed 
Published: April 2011

Cet entretien a été réalisé au moment où le Hezbollah était associé à un gouvernement d’union nationale réunissant les deux pôles du 14-Mars (majorité) et du 8-Mars (opposition). Depuis, la situation a changé : la défection de Walid Joumblatt et de certains de ses partisans de la coalition du 14 Mars puis la démission des ministres du 8-Mars (Hezbollah et aounistes notamment) ont eu raison du gouvernement d’alors. Un nouveau Premier ministre sunnite, Najib Mikati, plus tourné vers le compromis politique avec le Hezbollah, a été nommé le 25 janvier 2011. Malgré cette nomination, le Liban est toujours dans l’attente d’un nouveau gouvernement. Cet entretien demeure d’actualité car il dessine les contours de la stratégie interne du Hezbollah dont la présence au pouvoir est peut-être appelée à se renforcer avec l’arrivée de Najib Mikati. En 1992, votre parti a officiellement intégré l’espace politique libanais en acceptant alors la participation aux élections législatives. Depuis 2009, il est entré dans le gouvernement d’union nationale tout étant membre de l’opposition du 8 mars. Dès lors que vous êtes devenu un parti en responsabilité gouvernementale, quelles sont les priorités que vous voulez faire prévaloir sur le plan économique et social ?
L'islamisme algérien, vingt ans après
Authors: Labat Séverine 
Published: April 2011

Confluences a déjà publié cet article dans son numéro 68 (hiver 2009). Comme il reste toujours aussi pertinent, il nous a paru très utile de l’inclure dans ce dossier consacré aux stratégies islamistes. La problématique n’a donc pas changé. Vingt ans après l’irruption de l’islamisme et des islamistes dans l’espace public algérien, à la faveur de ce qui est désigné comme les « émeutes d’octobre 1988 », quelle lecture peut-on faire aujourd’hui de la séquence islamiste des années 1988-2008 ? Faut-il tenir que l’hypothèse d’une alternative islamiste au régime autoritaire en place depuis l’été 1962 est définitivement révolue ?
Les groupes islamistes se réclamant d'Al-Qaïda au Maghreb et au Nord de l'Afrique
Authors: Masson Michel 
Published: April 2011

Les groupes islamistes se réclamant d’Al Qaïda au Maghreb et au Nord de l’Afrique constituent aujourd’hui le principal acteur d’un terrorisme dont le périmètre d’action s’est élargi de l’Algérie au Sahel comme l’a encore montré une actualité toute récente. L’objet de cet article est d’analyser : 1) la genèse de la création et les formes d’organisation d’un groupe, l’AQMI, désormais liée à Al Qaïda ; 2) les éléments de la politique d’éradication de ce terrorisme mise en place notamment par le gouvernement algérien.
Electronic Conductivity and Defect Chemistry of Heterosite FePO4
Authors: Zhu Changbao , Weichert Katja , Maier Joachim 
Published: April 2011

AbstractElectrochemical investigations on polycrystalline orthorhombic FePO4 (heterosite), the lithium‐poor part of the LiFePO4/FePO4 redox couple, gives insight into its charge‐carrier chemistry. The material obtained by chemical delithiation exhibits a predominant electronic conductivity. A residual lithium content of 0.03 wt% was found and has to be considered as lithium interstitials in the FePO4 ground structure. Compensation by electrons induces n‐type conduction, confirmed by the pO2 dependence of the electronic conductivity. The pO2 dependence is primarily ascribed to the formation of an oxidic surface composition leading to bulk depletion of lithium, rather than to filling of oxygen vacancies.
Temperature Performance of Doping‐Free Top‐Gate CNT Field‐Effect Transistors: Potential for Low‐ and High‐Temperature Electronics
Authors: Pei Tian , Zhang Zhiyong , Wang Zhenxing , Ding Li , Wang Sheng , Peng Lian‐Mao 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHigh‐performance top‐gate carbon nanotube (CNT) field‐effect transistors (FETs) have been fabricated via a doping‐free fabrication process in which the polarity of the CNT FET is controlled by the injection of carriers from the electrodes, instead of using dopants. The performance of the doping‐free CNT FETs is systemically investigated over a wide temperature range, from very low temperatures of down to 4.3 K up to 573 K, and analyzed using several temperature‐dependent key device parameters including the ON/OFF state current and ratio, carrier mobility, and subthreshold swing. It is demonstrated that for ballistic and quasi‐ballistic CNT FETs, the operation of the CNT FETs is largely independent of the presence of dopant, thus avoiding detrimental effects due to dopant freeze‐out at low temperature and dopant diffusion at high temperature, and making it possible to use doping‐free CNT FETs in both low‐ and high‐temperature electronics. A new method is also proposed for extracting the band‐gap and diameter of a semiconducting CNT from the temperature dependent OFF‐state current and shown to yield results that are consistent with AFM measurements.