bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occluded Fronts and the Occlusion Process: A Fresh Look at Conventional Wisdom
Authors: Schultz David M. , Vaughan Geraint 
Published: December 2010

Traditionally, the formation of an occluded front during the occlusion process in extratropical cyclones has been viewed as the catch-up of a faster-moving cold front to a slower-moving warm front separating the warm-sector air from the low center, as first described in the Norwegian cyclone model over 90 yr ago. In this article, the conventional wisdom, or the commonly held beliefs originating from the Norwegian cyclone model, about occluded fronts and the occlusion process are critically examined. The following four tenets of this conventional wisdom are addressed. First, the occlusion process is better described not by catch-up, but by the wrapping up and lengthening of the warm-air tongue as a result of deformation and rotation around the low center. Second, the merger of the cold front and warm front does not result in the frontal zone with the warmer air ascending over the other frontal zone. Instead, the occluded frontal zone tilts over the more statically stable frontal zone. Because a warmfrontal zone tends to be more stable than a cold-frontal zone, this process usually produces a warm-type occlusion, confirming that cold-type occlusions are less common than warm-type occlusions. Third, occlusion does not mean that the cyclone has stopped deepening, because many cyclones continue to deepen 10–30 mb for 12–36 h after the formation of the occluded front. Fourth, clouds and precipitation associated with occluded fronts differ from their widespread stratiform depiction in textbooks. Embedded precipitation bands may be parallel to the front, and little relationship may exist between the fronts and the cloud mass. These four tenets help to explain anomalies in the Norwegian cyclone model, such as how occluded fronts that spiral around the low center do not require catch-up to form, how Shapiro–Keyser cyclones undergo occlusion, why some cyclones do not form occluded fronts, how some cyclones deepen after occlusion, why few cold-type occlusions have been observed, and why occluded cyclones are often associated with heavy precipitation. This reexamination of conventional wisdom leads to a new paradigm for occluded fronts and occluded cyclones.
A supplement to this article is available online:
DOI: 10.1175/2010BAMS3057.2
Impacts of Climate Change and the End of Deforestation on Land Use in the Brazilian Legal Amazon
Authors: Lapola David Montenegro , Schaldach Ruediger , Alcamo Joseph , Bondeau Alberte , Msangi Siwa , Priess Joerg A. , Silvestrini Rafaella , Soares-Filho Britaldo Silveira 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Climate change scenarios vary considerably over the Amazon region, with an extreme scenario projecting a dangerous (from the human perspective) increase of 3.8°C in temperature and 30% reduction in precipitation by 2050. The impacts of such climate change on Amazonian land-use dynamics, agricultural production, and deforestation rates are still to be determined. In this study, the authors make a first attempt to assess these impacts through a systemic approach, using a spatially explicit modeling framework to project crop yield and land-use/land-cover changes in the Brazilian Amazon by 2050. The results show that, without any adaptation, climate change may exert a critical impact on the yields of crops commonly cultivated in the Amazon (e.g., soybean yields are reduced by 44% in the worst-case scenario). Therefore, following baseline projections on crop and livestock production, a scenario of severe regional climate change would cause additional deforestation of 181 000 km2 (+20%) in the Amazon and 240 000 km2 (+273%) in the Cerrado compared to a scenario of moderate climate change. Putting an end to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon forest by 2020 (and of the Cerrado by 2025) would require either a reduction of 26%–40% in livestock production until 2050 or a doubling of average livestock density from 0.74 to 1.46 head per hectare. These results suggest that (i) climate change can affect land use in ways not previously explored, such as the reduction of yields entailing further deforestation, and (ii) there is a need for an integrated/multidisciplinary plan for adaptation to climate change in the Amazon.
Statistical Comparisons of Watershed-Scale Response to Climate Change in Selected Basins across the United States
Authors: Risley John , Moradkhani Hamid , Hay Lauren , Markstrom Steve 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
In an earlier global climate-change study, air temperature and precipitation data for the entire twenty-first century simulated from five general circulation models were used as input to precalibrated watershed models for 14 selected basins across the United States. Simulated daily streamflow and energy output from the watershed models were used to compute a range of statistics. With a side-by-side comparison of the statistical analyses for the 14 basins, regional climatic and hydrologic trends over the twenty-first century could be qualitatively identified. Low-flow statistics (95% exceedance, 7-day mean annual minimum, and summer mean monthly streamflow) decreased for almost all basins. Annual maximum daily streamflow also decreased in all the basins, except for all four basins in California and the Pacific Northwest. An analysis of the supply of available energy and water for the basins indicated that ratios of evaporation to precipitation and potential evapotranspiration to precipitation for most of the basins will increase. Probability density functions (PDFs) were developed to assess the uncertainty and multimodality in the impact of climate change on mean annual streamflow variability. Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests showed significant differences between the beginning and ending twenty-first-century PDFs for most of the basins, with the exception of four basins that are located in the western United States. Almost none of the basin PDFs were normally distributed, and two basins in the upper Midwest had PDFs that were extremely dispersed and skewed.
‘Generative Identity’ and Diversity of Desire
Authors: Raphael-Leff Joan 
Published: December 2010

In this article, some elusive early sources of desire are explored, stressing the dialogical nature of desire’s formation and the impossibility of its fulfilment. It is argued that emotional schemata and body-image are socially constructed, systematically filtered through others’ representations of desire. Furthermore, as inter-generational transmissions consist of unsymbolized affects—a child’s unconscious identifications retain implicit traces of the parent’s ‘contagious arousal’. The author introduces her concept of ‘generative identity’, proposing a further psychic construction beyond one’s core gender sense of femaleness or maleness; beyond psychosocial feminine or masculine configurations and psychosexual articulation of erotic desire— of oneself as potential (pro)-creator. Generative identity pivots on acceptance of fundamental restrictions of gender, genesis, generation and generativity that puncture a toddler’s omnipotence. Reworked in adolescence, these are further linked to ‘genitive’ issues of arbitrariness, irreversibility and finitude. Through creative agency in psychoanalytic work and/or disciplined distillation of subsymbolic experience in Art, aspects of desire are generatively articulated. By contrast, some contemporary biotechnological actualisations bypass limitations and psychic work, rendering desire realisable, however farfetched the fantasy.
Genetic variation in the renin—angiotensin system, use of renin—angiotensin system inhibitors and the risk of myocardial infarction
Authors: Maitland-van der Zee Anke-Hilse , van Wieren-de Wijer Diane BMA , de Boer Anthonius , Kroon Abraham A , de Leeuw Peter W , Schiffers Paul , Janssen Rob GJH , Psaty Bruce M , van Duijn Cornelia M , Stricker Bruno HCh , Klungel Olaf H 
Published: December 2010

Introduction. This study investigated whether variation in the genes encoding for ACE, AGT and AGTR1 modifies the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) related to ACE inhibitors and AT II antagonists. Methods. A nested case-control study among users of antihypertensive drugs, in whom the polymorphisms ACE-G4656C, ACE-T3892C, AGT-C235T and AGTR1-A1166C were genotyped. Results. Among 613 cases and 3630 controls, the risk of MI was significantly lower among users of ACE inhibitors compared with that in users of other antihypertensives (adjusted OR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63—0.97). In patients using ACE inhibitors the largest risk reduction was found in patients carrying the ACE-4656-G allele (GC and GG genotypes) compared with patients carrying the CC genotype (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53—0.86 and OR, 1.26, 95% CI, 0.78—2.02, respectively). The synergy index for this interaction was statistically significant (SI, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.35—0.95). The risk of MI was reduced in those who were current users of ACE inhibitors those who had been prescribed dosages lower than the equivalent of 1 defined daily dose (DDD) and those having the AGTR1-1166AC or AA genotype compared with that in users of ACE inhibitors with the AGTR1-1166CC genotype (SI, 3.67; 95% CI,1.18—11.4). None of the polymorphisms modified the effectiveness of AT II antagonists regarding the risk of MI. Conclusion. This study shows an interaction between the use of ACE inhibitors and ACE-G4656C polymorphism, and in low doses also with AGTR1-A1166C polymorphism, in the prevention of MI.
Personal benefit, or benefiting others? Deciding whether to take part in clinical trials
Authors: Locock Louise , Smith Lorraine 
Published: December 2010

Background Participation in clinical trials is critical for the success of evidence-based healthcare. Much previous research suggests that people take part in clinical trials mostly for altruistic reasons, and that deriving personal benefit is a secondary consideration. Purpose To investigate patients’ reasons for deciding whether to take part in clinical trials and the extent to which personal benefit may be a motivating factor. Methods A qualitative study utilizing in-depth semi-structured interviews. Participants were 42 men and women who had been asked to participate in clinical trials testing a range of interventions in different conditions, including some who did not participate or withdrew. Trials were based in either primary or secondary care. Interviews were conducted at home. Results Reasons for taking part were complex and a wide variety of personal considerations were evident. Gaining some personal benefit emerged as an important primary motivation in this group of respondents, whereas altruistic considerations appeared to be largely subsidiary. People who decided not to take part were also mainly concerned about the balance of personal risk and benefit. Limitations Public dissemination of the results may have influenced participants’ responses. Conclusions Achieving target sample sizes for clinical trials may be enhanced by an understanding of what is likely to motivate patients to take part. In this study, respondents identified a range of attractive benefits, such as care in a specialist team with expert staff, active engagement in their health monitoring or care, more frequent or intensive monitoring, and information about the latest research into their condition.
Testing G-CSF responsiveness predicts the individual susceptibility to infection and consecutive treatment in recipients of high-dose chemotherapy
Authors: Straka Christian , Sandherr Michael , Salwender Hans , Wandt Hannes , Metzner Bernd , Hübel Kai , Silling Gerda , Hentrich Marcus , Franke Daniel , Schwerdtfeger Rainer , Freund Mathias , Sezer Orhan , Giagounidis Alexander , Ehninger Gerhard , Grimminger Wolfgang , Engert Andreas , Schlimok Günter , Scheid Christof , Hellmann Peter , Heinisch Harald , Einsele Hermann , Hinke Axel , Emmerich Bertold 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe individual risk of infection and requirements for medical treatment after high-dose chemotherapy have been unpredictable. In this prospective, multicenter, open-label study we investigated the potential of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) responsiveness as a predictor. A total of 168 patients with multiple myeloma or lymphoma received a single dose of subcutaneous G-CSF (lenograstim, 263 μg) after high-dose chemotherapy. Highly variable leukocyte peaks were measured and grouped as low (quartile 1; leukocytes 100-10 100/μL), medium (quartile 2; leukocytes > 10 100-18 300/μL), and high (quartiles 3/4; leukocytes > 18 300-44 800/μL). G-CSF responsiveness (low vs medium vs high) was inversely correlated with febrile neutropenia (77% vs 60% vs 48%; P = .0037); the rate of infection, including fever of unknown origin (91% vs 67% vs 54%; P < .0001); days with intravenous antibiotics (9 vs 6 vs 5; P < .0001); and antifungal therapy (P = .042). In multivariate analysis, G-CSF responsiveness remained the only factor significantly associated with infection (P = .016). In addition, G-CSF responsiveness was inversely correlated with grade 3/4 oral mucositis (67% vs 33% vs 23%; P < .0001). G-CSF responsiveness appears as a signature of the myeloid marrow reserve predicting defense against neutropenic infection after intensive chemotherapy. This study is registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01085058.
Dysregulation of CD4+CD25+CD127lowFOXP3+ regulatory T cells in HIV-infected pregnant women
Authors: Kolte Lilian , Gaardbo Julie C. , Karlsson Ingrid , Sørensen Anna Louise , Ryder Lars P. , Skogstrand Kristin , Ladelund Steen , Nielsen Susanne D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPregnancy represents a major challenge to immunologic tolerance. How the fetal “semiallograft” evades maternal immune attack is unknown. Pregnancy success may involve alteration of both central (thymic) and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. HIV infection is characterized by CD4+ T-cell depletion, chronic immune activation, and altered lymphocyte subsets. We studied immunologic consequences of pregnancy in 20 HIV-infected women receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and for comparison in 16 HIV-negative women. Lymphocyte subsets, thymic output, and cytokine profiles were measured prospectively during pregnancy and postpartum. A significant expansion of CD4+CD25+CD127lowFoxP3+ regulatory T cells indicating alteration of peripheral tolerance was seen during second trimester, but only in HIV-negative women. HIV-infected women had lower CD4 counts, lower thymic output and Th-2 cytokines, and more immune activation at all time points compared with controls. Immune activation was decreased in HIV-infected patients during pregnancy. In contrast, CD4 counts were increased in both groups. In conclusion, the study does not indicate that pregnancy adversely affects the immunologic course of HIV infection. However, despite HAART during pregnancy, HIV-infected women display different immunologic profiles from HIV-negative women, which may have importance for the induction of fetal-maternal tolerance and in part explain the increased risk of abortion in HIV-infected women.
Life and Death of a Child With Down Syndrome and a Congenital Heart Condition: Experiences of Six Couples
Authors: Reilly Deirdre , Huws Jaci , Hastings Richard , Vaughan Frances 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIndividuals with Down syndrome are at increased risk of congenital heart conditions (CHCs), and mortality is higher in people with Down syndrome and a CHC than those without (J. C. Vis et al., 2009). As a consequence, parents of children with Down syndrome and a CHC are more likely to outlive their child. In this research, semistructured interviews were used to explore the experiences of 6 couples whose child with Down syndrome and a CHC had died. The interviews were analyzed qualitatively using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), and 4 themes emerged: dilemmas associated with the dual diagnosis; treatment decisions during the life and the death of their child (“We had to make a decision”); ways couples coped when bereaved (“We weren't really going through it together”); and ripples from the child's life. There was a high degree of similarity of experience within couples. Differences between couples existed in their experiences of coping and supporting each other. Practical implications include the importance of considering the specific needs of couples, individuals, and fathers within partnerships.
Introduction
Authors: Hoagland Alison K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Once designated, historic districts are often more noted for their architecture, due to legal requirements and aesthetic concerns, than their history, which can be difficult to convey to the public. This article sets forth the administrative structure of historic districts in the U.S. and introduces several papers that deal thoughtfully with the various issues raised by how history is and can be conveyed in historic districts.
Adventures in Public History
Authors: Hochschild Adam 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The author surveys three times and places where the public history of certain events has changed radically over time. The mass killings and arrests of the Stalinist Soviet Union were deliberately ignored for decades afterwards, then drew intense attention in the Gorbachev years. The end of British Empire slavery was for a century or more ascribed to British virtue and generosity; today we pay far more attention to the role of slave revolts. And Belgium officially ignored the murderous slave labor regime King Leopold II imposed on the Congo in the late nineteenth century until the last decade or so.
Maxillary Sinus Augmentation With Autogenous Tibial Bone Graft as an In-Office Procedure
Authors: Peysakhov Dmitry , Ferneini Elie M. , Bevilacqua Richard G. 
Published: December 2010

This retrospective study evaluates the efficacy of maxillary sinus grafting using autologous tibial bone in an outpatient setting. Twenty-seven patients undergoing lateral proximal tibial bone graft with subsequent sinus lifts were involved in this study. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon in a private practice setting. A total of 28 tibial bone grafts and sinus lifts were performed on 27 patients. All subjects had minimal morbidity without any major complications. At the 1-year follow-up all implants that were placed into the grafted sites maintained stability, and no implants were lost. Two patients complained of hypertrophic scars at the site of bone harvesting (7.4%). One patient complained of leg pain for 10 weeks after the procedure, which resolved completely (2.7%). Overall complication rate was 10.1%. We conclude that the surgical harvesting of proximal tibial bone is associated with a low incidence of overall complications, mild postoperative pain, relative ease of harvest, minimal operative time, immediate ambulation, and rapid recovery, which make it an ideal office procedure when a significant amount of corticocancellous bone is required for maxillary sinus grafting.
Evaluation of a Social Marketing Campaign to Support Mexico City's Comprehensive Smoke-Free Law
Authors: Thrasher James F. , Huang Liling , Pérez-Hernández Rosaura , Niederdeppe Jeff , Arillo-Santillán Edna , Alday Jorge 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We aimed to assess the level of awareness and impact of a social marketing campaign to promote Mexico City's 2008 comprehensive smoke-free law.Methods. Four months after the smoke-free law was implemented but before the campaign launch, we collected data from a population-based, random sample of 961 inhabitants of Mexico City. We analyzed data from 786 respondents who completed follow-up at the end of the campaign to determine campaign exposure and the association between campaign exposure and changes in campaign-targeted knowledge and attitudes.Results. Recall of any of the 5 campaign materials was 69%, with a uniform distribution of exposure to 1, 2, and 3 or more campaign materials (25%, 25%, and 19%, respectively). Exposure to a greater number of campaign materials was associated in a monotonic relation with campaign-targeted knowledge of ammonia and arsenic in cigarette smoke. In models assessing support for, perceived benefits of, and perceived right to smoke-free places, campaign exposure accounted for a positive change in half of the indicators within each of these domains.Conclusions. Social marketing campaigns can reinforce knowledge and attitudes that favor smoke-free laws, thereby helping to establish smoke-free norms.
Socioeconomic Gradients in Chronic Disease Risk Factors in Middle-Income Countries: Evidence of Effect Modification by Urbanicity in Argentina
Authors: Fleischer Nancy L. , Diez Roux Ana V. , Alazraqui Marcio , Spinelli Hugo , De Maio Fernando 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We investigated associations of socioeconomic position (SEP) with chronic disease risk factors, and heterogeneity in this patterning by provincial-level urbanicity in Argentina. Methods. We used generalized estimating equations to determine the relationship between SEP and body mass index, high blood pressure, diabetes, low physical activity, and eating fruit and vegetables, and examined heterogeneity by urbanicity with nationally representative, cross-sectional survey data from 2005. All estimates were age adjusted and gender stratified. Results. Among men living in less urban areas, higher education was either not associated with the risk factors or associated adversely. In more urban areas, higher education was associated with better risk factor profiles (P < .05 for 4 of 5 risk factors). Among women, higher education was associated with better risk factor profiles in all areas and more strongly in more urban than in less urban areas (P < 0.05 for 3 risk factors). Diet (in men) and physical activity (in men and women) were exceptions to this trend. Conclusions. These results provide evidence for the increased burden of chronic disease risk among those of lower SEP, especially in urban areas.
The Effect of Tobacco Outlet Density and Proximity on Smoking Cessation
Authors: Reitzel Lorraine R. , Cromley Ellen K. , Li Yisheng , Cao Yumei , Dela Mater Richard , Mazas Carlos A. , Cofta-Woerpel Ludmila , Cinciripini Paul M. , Wetter David W. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives. We examined the influence of tobacco outlet density and residential proximity to tobacco outlets on continuous smoking abstinence 6 months after a quit attempt. Methods. We used continuation ratio logit models to examine the relationships of tobacco outlet density and tobacco outlet proximity with biochemically verified continuous abstinence across weeks 1, 2, 4, and 26 after quitting among 414 adult smokers from Houston, Texas (33% non-Latino White, 34% non-Latino Black, and 33% Latino). Analyses controlled for age, race/ethnicity, partner status, education, gender, employment status, prequit smoking rate, and the number of years smoked. Results. Residential proximity to tobacco outlets, but not tobacco outlet density, provided unique information in the prediction of long-term, continuous abstinence from smoking during a specific quit attempt. Participants residing less than 250 meters (P = .01) or less than 500 meters (P = .04) from the closest tobacco outlet were less likely to be abstinent than were those living 250 meters or farther or 500 meters or farther, respectively, from outlets. Conclusions. Because residential proximity to tobacco outlets influences smoking cessation, zoning restrictions to limit tobacco sales in residential areas may complement existing efforts to reduce tobacco use.