bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum biochemical reference intervals for wild dwarf ornate wobbegong sharks (Orectolobus ornatus)
Authors: Otway Nicholas M. , Ellis Megan T. , Starr Rod 
Published: July 2011

Background: Sharks are important to sport and commercial fishing, public aquaria, and research institutions. However, serum biochemical reference values have been established for few species.Objective: The aim of this study was to establish serum biochemical reference intervals for wild‐caught dwarf ornate wobbegong sharks (Orectolobus ornatus).Methods: Fifty wobbegongs were caught, and their health status, sex, length, and weight were evaluated and recorded. Following collection of blood, serum biochemical analytes were measured and analyzed using standard analytical and statistical methods. Combined samples generated means, medians, and reference intervals.Results: For the measured analytes, means (reference intervals) were as follows: sodium 287 (284–289) mmol/L, chloride 277 (274–280) mmol/L, potassium 5.2 (5.0–5.3) mmol/L, total calcium 4.6 (4.5–4.7) mmol/L, magnesium 1.9 (1.7–2.0) mmol/L, inorganic phosphate 1.8 (1.7–1.9) mmol/L, glucose 2.6 (2.4–2.8) mmol/L, total protein 46 (45–47) g/L, urea 396 (392–401) mmol/L, creatinine ≤0.02 mmol/L, total bilirubin 2.0 (1.9–2.1) μmol/L, cholesterol 1.3 (1.2–1.4) mmol/L, triglyceride 0.5 (0.4–0.6) mmol/L, alkaline phosphatase 24 (21–28) U/L, alanine aminotransferase 3 U/L, aspartate aminotransferase 28 (25–31) U/L, creatine kinase 49 (38–59) U/L, and osmolarity 1104 (1094–1114) mmol/L. Serum values were not affected by sex, length, or weight.Conclusions: Established reference values will assist with clinical evaluation and treatment of dwarf ornate wobbegongs in aquaria, research institutions, and the wild.
Erbium‐Doped Fluoroborate Glasses for Near Infrared Broadband Amplifiers
Authors: Saleem Shaik Abdul , Jamalaiah Bungala Chinna , Sasikala Thammisetty , Mohan Babu Asanapuram , Jayasimhadri Mula , Rama Moorthy Lalapet 
Published: July 2011

Erbium (Er3+)‐doped alkali lead tellurofluoroborate (RLTB) glasses were prepared and characterized systematically through optical absorption and emission measurements. The emission spectra in the range 450–900 and 1400–1800 nm were recorded by exciting the samples with 532 nm (Nd : YVO4 crystal) and 514.5 nm (Ar+ laser), respectively. Applying Judd–Ofelt analysis, the intensity parameters have been determined using experimental oscillator strengths of absorption bands. From the Judd–Ofelt intensity parameters, some important fluorescence properties such as spontaneous transition probabilities, radiative lifetimes and luminescence branching ratios for the 4S3/2→4I15/2 (0.55 μm), 4S3/2→4I13/2 (0.85 μm), and 4I13/2→4I15/2 (1.54 μm) emission transitions of Er3+ ion in RLTB glasses have been calculated. The continuous pumping of the samples results in fast nonradiative decay through 2H11/2→4F9/2 (~3500 cm−1) transition, which in turn causes the population of Er3+ ions from 2H11/2 state to the higher 4F3/2 state. The emission cross sections determined for the 4I13/2→4I15/2 (1.54 μm) transition using the McCumber theory are in good agreement with the values obtained from the Judd–Ofelt analysis. From evaluated radiative parameters, it is suggested that these RLTB glasses are more suitable candidates for 0.85 and 1.54 μm broadband optical amplifiers.
Nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in 142 horses (2000–2009): Analysis of factors associated with decision of treatment and short‐term survival
Authors: LINDEGAARD C. , EKSTRØM C. T. , WULF S. B. , VENDELBO J. M. B. , ANDERSEN P. H. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:Previous studies indicate similar overall survival of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon (NSE), regardless of treatment strategy. Short‐term survival of a primarily conservative treatment strategy without rolling under general anaesthesia (GA) and a low proportion of surgical intervention as well as indicators of short‐term nonsurvival has not been documented.Objectives:To document short‐term survival of horses with NSE treated in a university referral hospital with a low rate of surgical interventions and to determine factors associated with the decision of treatment and short‐term nonsurvival.Methods:A retrospective review of medical records of 142 horses diagnosed with NSE between January 2000 and October 2009 was undertaken. Case details and clinical parameters from the initial examination, treatment and outcome were recorded. Factors associated with decision of treatment and short‐term survival were identified by multiple logistic regression analysis.Results:Warmblood breeds were over‐represented in comparison to the general colic population. Overall short‐term survival was 91.5% (130/142) which is similar to previous studies. Three horses considered to be in need of surgery were subjected to euthanasia for economical reasons before treatment. Of 114 conservatively treated horses, 110 (96.5%) survived, as did 20/25 (80%) of surgically treated horses. Nine conservatively managed horses were treated with phenylephrine. Gastric reflux (P = 0.0077), pain (P = 0.024) and abdominal distension (P = 0.05) were associated with the decision to treat surgically. Increased heart rate (P<0.001), and surgery (P = 0.032) were associated with reduced likelihood of short‐term survival.Conclusions and potential relevance:Overall short‐term survival was similar to that reported in previous studies with higher proportions of surgically managed cases. Consequently, horses with NSE should be managed by a primarily conservative treatment strategy, with the decision to treat surgically based on specific evidence based criteria.
Multiple small intestinal pseudodiverticula associated with lymphoma in three horses
Authors: MAIR T. S. , PEARSON G. R. , SCASE T. J. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryThree mature horses presented with progressive weight loss, inappetence, ventral abdominal oedema and lethargy. Two of the animals had intermittent signs of low grade abdominal pain. At presentation, all 3 had hypoalbuminaemia; 2 had hyperfibrinogenaemia and the other had neutrophilia. An oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 2 cases, both of which demonstrated impaired glucose absorption. One pony treated with corticosteroids failed to improve and developed peritonitis and was subjected to euthanasia after 2 weeks. One pony had small intestinal biopsies obtained via a standing flank laparotomy, which revealed a mainly mononuclear cell infiltrate of the mucosa. It failed to respond to treatment with antibiotics and corticosteroids and, after 2 months, developed sternal oedema in addition to the ventral abdominal oedema and peritonitis and was subjected to euthanasia. The remaining pony deteriorated despite symptomatic therapy and was subjected to euthanasia after one week. Atpost mortemexamination, all 3 animals had multifocal lesions of small intestinal wall thickening, mucosal ulceration, pseudodiverticula and enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. One pony also had a multinodular mass at the root of the mesentery, a mediastinal mass and a lung mass. Histological examination confirmed the presence of lymphoma of the intestinal wall atpost mortemexamination in each case and immunohistochemistry (including retrospective evaluation of the intestinal biopsies obtained from the pony that underwent a flank laparotomy) indicated that the lymphomas were of T cell origin.
Recurrent colic in the horse: Incidence and risk factors for recurrence in the general practice population
Authors: SCANTLEBURY C. E. , ARCHER D. C. , PROUDMAN C. J. , PINCHBECK G. L. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:The frequency of recurrent colic in the UK equine general practice population is previously unreported. Elucidating risk factors for recurrent colic could provide a basis for clinical decision making and interventions.Objectives:To determine the incidence rate of and risk factors for recurrent colic.Hypotheses:Horse management, prophylactic health care and innate behaviour contribute to the risk of recurrent colic.Methods:A cohort of 127 horses was enrolled at the point of a veterinary‐diagnosed medical colic episode. Participating owners completed a baseline and 3 follow‐up telephone questionnaires over one year. Clinical details of each colic episode were collected with data on management, behaviour and preventive healthcare. Incidence was calculated using time at risk data; non‐time varying covariates were assessed for association with recurrent colic using multivariable logistic regression.Results:The recurrence rate was 50 colic events/100 horse years at risk (HYAR). Including only veterinary attended recurrent colic episodes the incidence was 35 colic events per 100 HYAR. A multivariable logistic regression model was built to explore non‐time varying risk factors for recurrence collected from baseline data. The model showed that horses that have a known dental problem (OR 5.5, 95% CI 1.3, 23.1) or crib‐bite/windsuck (OR 12.1, 95% CI 1.4, 108.1) were at increased risk of recurrence during the year following a colic event.Conclusions and potential relevance:The incidence of recurrence in horses following a medical episode of colic is high in this population and represents a welfare concern. The incidence rate can be used to compare intervention efficacy in similar populations. Identified risk factors could provide the basis for management interventions or highlight at risk individuals.
An update on cyathostomins: Anthelmintic resistance and diagnostic tools
Authors: STRATFORD C. H. , McGORUM B. C. , PICKLES K. J. , MATTHEWS J. B. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryCyathostomins represent a potential cause of equine morbidity and have become the main focus of endoparasite control in managed horses. All grazing horses are at risk of infection with cyathostomins; therefore, the application of appropriate management measures is essential. Anthelmintics currently comprise the main method of control for equine nematodes and the ready availability of these products in some countries has resulted in their use becoming dissociated from veterinary involvement. This is concerning given the levels of anthelmintic resistance that have been recorded in cyathostomin populations. It is important that veterinarians re‐establish control over the implementation of parasite control programmes, a major objective of which should be the preservation of anthelmintic efficacy. This article details the principles of cyathostomin control in horses with particular reference to anthelmintic resistance, and the use and interpretation of diagnostic tests for detecting cyathostomins and identifying anthelmintic resistance.
Cardiovascular effects of N‐butylscopolammonium bromide and xylazine in horses
Authors: MORTON A. J. , VARNEY C. R. , EKIRI A. B. , GROSCHE A. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study:N‐butylscopolammonium bromide (NBB) and xylazine are commonly used medications for the treatment of spasmodic colic and other forms of abdominal pain in horses. Both NBB and xylazine exert significant effects on the cardiovascular system and other vital systems of horses.Objective:To evaluate the effects of i.v. administration of NBB, xylazine, and the combination of NBB and xylazine on heart rate, other commonly measured physiological parameters, cardiac rhythm and blood pressure.Methods:Six mature horses of mixed breed were used. In a random cross‐over design, each horse was given 0.3 mg/kg bwt of NBB i.v., 0.25 mg/kg bwt xylazine i.v., and a combination of 0.3 mg/kg bwt NBB and 0.25 mg/kg bwt xylazine. Heart rate, physiological parameters, cardiac rhythm and indirect blood pressure were recorded at timed intervals before and 60 min following administration.Results:Heart rate and blood pressure were significantly elevated immediately following administration of NBB or NBB with xylazine. Administration of NBB with xylazine resulted in significantly greater initial and peak blood pressure values than with NBB alone. Administration of xylazine resulted in a decrease in heart rate, with an initial increase in blood pressure followed by a decrease in blood pressure. Sinus tachycardia was seen with NBB, and NBB and xylazine administration. First and second degree atrioventricular block was identified with xylazine administration. Ventricular tachycardia was identified in one horse following NBB and xylazine administration.Conclusions:Results of this study suggest that the effects of administration of NBB alone or in combination with xylazine to horses with colic, especially to those with systemic cardiovascular compromise, should be considered carefully to assess condition and predict prognosis accurately, and to avoid potential adverse effects.
Ultrastructural changes in the equine colonic mucosa after ischaemia and reperfusion
Authors: GROSCHE A. , MORTON A. J. , GRAHAM A. S. , SANCHEZ L. C. , BLIKSLAGER A. T. , POLYAK M. M. R. , FREEMAN D. E. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReason for performing study:Ultrastructural changes in the epithelium can provide information on early changes in barrier properties, repair and inflammation in equine colon after ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R).Objectives:To describe the morphology and ultrastructure of the epithelium in equine large colonic mucosa after I/R, and the response of inflammatory cells to injury.Methods:Ischaemia was induced for 1 h followed by 4 h of reperfusion in a 40 cm segment of the pelvic flexure in 6 horses. Mucosal biopsies before and after ischaemia, and after 1, 2 and 4 h of reperfusion were fixed in glutaraldehyde/paraformaldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and embedded in epon. Morphological and ultrastructural changes were evaluated in toluidine blue‐stained semithin sections by light microscopy and in thin sections stained with uranyl acetate/lead citrate by transmission electron microscopy.Results:Ischaemia caused swelling of epithelial cells and their organelles, opening of tight junctions, detachment from the basement membrane, early apoptosis and single cell necrosis. Autophagy was a prominent feature in epithelial cells after ischaemia. Reperfusion was characterised by apoptosis, epithelial regeneration and restoration of apical cell junctions. Phagocytic‐like vacuoles containing cellular debris and bacteria were evident in epithelial cells after reperfusion. Paracellular and subepithelial clefts formed, accompanied by infiltration of neutrophils, lymphocytes and eosinophils into the epithelium. Subepithelial macrophages and luminal neutrophils had increased phagocytic activity.Conclusions:Ischaemia caused ultrastructural damage to the colonic epithelium, but epithelial cells recovered during reperfusion.Potential relevance:Transmission electron microscopy can demonstrate subtle ultrastructural damage to epithelial cells and evidence of recovery after I/R in equine colon.
Ex vivo comparison of three hand sewn end‐to‐end anastomoses in normal equine jejunum
Authors: SHERLOCK C. , LEE W. , MUELLER P. O. E. , EGGLESTON R. , EPSTEIN K. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: Although single layer techniques are preferred in man and small animals for small intestinal end‐to‐end anastomoses, double layer techniques are more popular in equine surgery. This study was undertaken to evaluate the ex vivo characteristics of 2 single layer anastomoses in comparison to the traditionally performed double layer anastomosis in equine jejunum.Objectives: To compare ex vivo: 1) construction time; 2) bursting pressure; and 3) lumen size reduction of 3 suture patterns (double layer simple continuous/Cushing pattern [2C]; single layer Lembert pattern [1L]; and single layer Cushing pattern [1C]) for end‐to‐end equine jejunojejunostomies.Methods: End‐to‐end jejunojejunostomies were constructed using 2C (n = 7), 1L (n = 7) and 1C (n = 7) in harvested equine jejunum and construction times were recorded. Anastomosed and control segments were distended with gas until failure. Intraluminal pressure at failure and mode of failure were recorded. Lumen size reduction was calculated as a percentage decrease from control jejunum. Results were compared using an ANOVA and P<0.05 was considered significant.Results: The 1C anastomoses were faster to construct than the 1L anastomoses, which were faster to construct than the 2C anastomoses. There were no differences in bursting pressures between the different anastomoses and control jejunum. All anastomoses decreased lumen size from control values but there were no differences in lumen reduction between types of anastomoses.Conclusions: Single layer anastomoses are faster to construct than double layer anastomoses, with the 1C being fastest. Single layer anastomoses are as strong and result in comparable lumen size reduction as traditional 2C anastomoses.Potential relevance: As the 1C anastomosis results in less exposed potentially adhesiogenic suture material than the 1L while providing adequate strength and similar luminal size reduction, the 1C may be better for equine small intestine anastomosis and further in vivo studies are warranted.
Pharmacokinetics of Ethionamide in Children
Authors: Thee S. , Seifart H. I. , Rosenkranz B. , Hesseling A. C. , Magdorf K. , Donald P. R. , Schaaf H. S. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

Ethionamide (ETH), a second-line antituberculosis drug, is frequently used in treating childhood tuberculosis. Data supporting ETH dose recommendations in children are limited. The aim of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters for ETH in children on antituberculosis treatment including ETH. ETH serum levels were prospectively assessed in 31 children in 3 age groups (0 to 2 years, 2 to 6 years, and 6 to 12 years). Within each age group, half received rifampin (RMP). Following an oral dose of ETH (15 to 20 mg/kg of body weight), blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h following 1 and 4 months of ETH therapy. The maximum serum concentration (
C
max
), time to
C
max
(
T
max
), and area under the time-concentration curve from 0 to 6 h (AUC
0–6
) were calculated. Younger children were exposed to lower ETH concentrations than older children at the same mg/kg body weight dose. Age correlated significantly with the AUC after both 1 month (
r
= 0.50,
P
= 0.001) and 4 months (
r
= 0.63,
P
= 0.001) of therapy. There was no difference in the AUC or
C
max
between children receiving concomitant treatment with RMP and those who did not. Time on treatment did not influence the pharmacokinetic parameters of ETH following 1 and 4 months of therapy. HIV infection was associated with lower ETH exposure. In conclusion, ETH at an oral dose of 15 to 20 mg/kg results in sufficient serum concentrations compared to current adult recommended levels in the majority of children across all age groups. ETH levels were influenced by young age and HIV status but were not affected by concomitant RMP treatment and duration of therapy.
Outcomes of Moderate-to-Severe Pneumocystis Pneumonia Treated with Adjunctive Steroid in Non-HIV-Infected Patients
Authors: Moon Song Mi , Kim Tark , Sung Heungsup , Kim Mi-Na , Kim Sung-Han , Choi Sang-Ho , Jeong Jin-Yong , Woo Jun Hee , Kim Yang Soo , Lee Sang-Oh 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACTWhile it is well-known that adjunctive corticosteroid use improves the outcome of moderate-to-severePneumocystis jiroveciipneumonia (PcP) in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there are limited data on its efficacy in non-HIV-infected patients with PcP. Patients undergoing fiber-optic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage for suspected PcP from January 2007 through December 2010 were reviewed retrospectively. We compared demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes in 88 non-HIV-infected patients with moderate-to-severe PcP with (n= 59) and without (n= 29) adjunctive corticosteroid use. Outcomes of PcP were assessed by respiratory failure and 30-day and 90-day all-cause mortality. Survival curves were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and estimated by the log rank test. All-cause mortality of moderate-to-severe PcP at 90 days was lower in the solid-organ transplant recipients than in all other patients (6/26 [23%] versus 34/62 [55%], respectively;P= 0.006), and mortality at 30 days was lower in patients with hematologic malignancies than in all other patients (4/26 [15%] versus 24/62 [39%], respectively;P= 0.03). The outcomes of PcP were not significantly different in moderate-to-severe PcP patients with and without adjunctive corticosteroid use, regardless of recent corticosteroid use. Survival analysis of PcP patients with and without corticosteroid use by the Kaplan-Meier method also did not reveal any difference (log rank test;P= 0.81). There again was no difference within the subgroup of PcP patients with solid-organ transplants. Adjunctive corticosteroid use may not improve the outcome of moderate-to-severe PcP in non-HIV-infected patients.
Extended-Spectrum AmpC Cephalosporinase in Acinetobacter baumannii: ADC-56 Confers Resistance to Cefepime
Authors: Tian Guo-Bao , Adams-Haduch Jennifer M. , Taracila Magdalena , Bonomo Robert A. , Wang Hong-Ning , Doi Yohei 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

ADC-56, a novel extended-spectrum AmpC (ESAC) β-lactamase, was identified in an
Acinetobacter baumannii
clinical isolate. ADC-56 possessed an R148Q change compared with its putative progenitor, ADC-30, which enabled it to hydrolyze cefepime. Molecular modeling suggested that R148 interacted with Q267, E272, and I291 through a hydrogen bond network which constrained the H-10 helix. This permitted cefepime to undergo conformational changes in the active site, with the carboxyl interacting with R340, likely allowing for better binding and turnover.
The Stringent Response Is Essential for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Virulence in the Rat Lung Agar Bead and Drosophila melanogaster Feeding Models of Infection
Authors: Vogt Stefanie L. , Green Christopher , Stevens Katarzyna M. , Day Brad , Erickson David L. , Woods Donald E. , Storey Douglas G. 
Published: July 2011

ABSTRACT

The stringent response is a regulatory system that allows bacteria to sense and adapt to nutrient-poor environments. The central mediator of the stringent response is the molecule guanosine 3′,5′-bispyrophosphate (ppGpp), which is synthesized by the enzymes RelA and SpoT and which is also degraded by SpoT. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that a
relA
mutant of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, the principal cause of lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients, was attenuated in virulence in a
Drosophila melanogaster
feeding model of infection. In this study, we examined the role of
spoT
in
P. aeruginosa
virulence. We generated an insertion mutation in
spoT
within the previously constructed
relA
mutant, thereby producing a ppGpp-devoid strain. The
relA spoT
double mutant was unable to establish a chronic infection in
D. melanogaster
and was also avirulent in the rat lung agar bead model of infection, a model in which the
relA
mutant is fully virulent. Synthesis of the virulence determinants pyocyanin, elastase, protease, and siderophores was impaired in the
relA spoT
double mutant. This mutant was also defective in swarming and twitching, but not in swimming motility. The
relA spoT
mutant and, to a lesser extent, the
relA
mutant were less able to withstand stresses such as heat shock and oxidative stress than the wild-type strain PAO1, which may partially account for the inability of the
relA spoT
mutant to successfully colonize the rat lung. Our results indicate that the stringent response, and SpoT in particular, is a crucial regulator of virulence processes in
P. aeruginosa
.