bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hong Kong influenza in the Royal Air Force 1968–70
Authors: Miller D. L. , Reid D. , Diamond Judith R. , Pereira Marguerite S. , Chakraverty Pratima 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA prospective serological and clinical study of the epidemics due to the A2/Hong Kong/68 influenza virus was made during the winters 1968–9 and 1969–70 in volunteer subjects in the Royal Air Force. In October 1968 nearly all subjects had haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) antibody to the A2/Singapore/57 virus and more than half had antibody to strains more recently prevalent in Britain. The proportion with HI antibody to A2/Hong Kong/68 increased from 31% in October 1968 (most at low titres) to 44% after the first epidemic and 72% after the second (most at high titres). Serological infection rates were much lower in those who had detectable antibody at the beginning of each winter than in those who did not. Respiratory illnesses coupled with serological evidence of influenza infection during the winter were rare in persons with an initial titre of HI antibody of 1/40 or more. Infection in the first winter conferred complete protection against infection, with or without illness, in the second. In both epidemics about half those with serological evidence of infection had no reported illness.
The fate of a toxigenic strain ofStaphylococcus aureusin vacuum-packaged bacon
Authors: Dempster J. F. , Kelly W. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPork was cured by (a) the Wiltshire method and (b) a hygienic sweet cure process. Representative samples of both bacons were inoculated at ‘low’ density (103 organisms/g.) and ‘high’ density (106 organisms/g.) with a toxin-producing strain ofStaphylococcus aureus, ‘High’ and ‘low’ density samples of both bacons were each stored at 5° C. for 42 days and 15° C. for 21 days.Results indicated that the test organism at high inoculum density grew slowly in both bacons at 5° C. The organism survived at 5° C. in both ‘low density’ bacons. At 15° C. the test organism grew; growth being more pronounced in the ‘hygienic’ than in Wiltshire bacon.
The production and preliminary investigation of Burulin, a new skin test reagent for Mycobacterium ulcerans infection
Authors: Stanford J. L. , Revill W. D. L. , Gunthorpe W. J. , Grange J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe preparation of a skin test antigen from Mycobacterium ulcerans by ultrasonic disintegration and filtration is described. The reagent, called Burulin, was tested in Africa in normal school children, and in patients with leprosy, tuberculosis or M. ulcerans disease. Those with tuberculosis or M. ulcerans disease were simultaneously tested with Tuberculin PPD. Burulin was found to be highly specific for patients in the reactive stage of M. ulcerans disease, and there was no cross-reaction in patients with other mycobacterioses. On the other hand, the majority of patients with M. ulcerans disease reacting to Burulin also produce positive reactions to Tuberculin PPD.
The effect of storage in slurry on the virulence of Salmonella dublin
Authors: Jones P. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe mouse was used as a model to determine whether storage of Salmonella dublin in slurry and in broth reduces the virulence of the organism. No reduction in virulence of S. dublin stored in slurry for 36 days or in maintenance broth for 70 days was observed. The disease hazard involved in pasture-spreading of slurry contaminated with salmonellas is related to factors other than virulence.
The water agar test: a new test to measure the bacteriological quality of cream
Authors: Taylor Margaret M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA new test, the water agar test, is described that gives a qualitative index of the presence of bacteria that indicate contamination of the cream, poor storage conditions or both of these factors. The method is simple and requires little equipment. The bacteria grow in a film of diluted cream adsorbed on the surface of a non-nutrient base. After incubation at 30 ± 0.5° C. for 18–20 hr., a proteolytic and mucoid colony count is obtained which has the same percentage coefficient of variance as a standard plate count.An examination of the effect of storage at different temperatures on the types of bacteria present in cream showed that of all the tests done initially, only the water agar test could predict subsequent bacterial growth with any consistency. The multiplication of presumptive coliform organisms occurred even at 3.5° C. Irrespective of the colony count, the methylene blue reduction time was not shorter than 7½ hr. unless the bacteria were in the logarithmic phase of growth when sampled.A survey was made of the bacterial flora of 188 retail samples of double cream of 15 different brands. The age of the samples varied from freshly separated cream to cream that had been kept in the shop for a day longer than that recommended for sale. The water agar test was compared with the colony count, the presumptive coliform test, a confirmatory coliform count in violet red-bile agar, a lipolytic colony count, a staphylococcal count and the methylene blue reduction test.
Studies on the isolation of Salmonella dublin
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAbattoir drain swabs, bovine faeces and a few other veterinary samples were examined for the presence of Salmonella dublin. Three selective agar media and four enrichment broths were investigated. The two most efficient plating media were deoxycholate citrate agar and brilliant green MacConkey agar. Wilson and Blair's bismuth sulphite agar (de Loureiro's modification) was least successful. Selenite F broth, whether incubated at 37 or 43° C., was better than the other enrichment broths used which contained a triphenyl methane dye as one of the selective ingredients.
A programme for collaborative influenza surveillance
Authors:   P.H.L.S. Working Group
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA surveillance programme is described which is intended to assess the effects of influenza virus infections on communities at large by collating influenza virus isolations and consultations for respiratory infections from general practices with new claims for sickness benefit and deaths from all causes. Particular importance is attached to relating virus isolations to symptomatic respiratory disease seen in practices of known age and sex structure.
Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital: III. Transport of gaseous and airborne particulate material along ventilated passageways
Authors: Lidwell O. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA mathematical model is described for the transport of gaseous or airborne particulate material between rooms along ventilated passageways.Experimental observations in three hospitals lead to a value of about 0.06m.2/sec. for the effective diffusion constant in air without any systematic directional flow. The ‘constant’ appears to increase if there is any directional flow along the passage, reaching about 0.12 m.2/sec. at a flow velocity of 0.04 m./sec.Together with previously published methods the present formulae make it possible to calculate the expected average amounts of gaseous or particulate material that will be transported from room to room in ventilated buildings in which the ventilation and exchange airflows can be calculated.The actual amounts transported in occupied buildings, however, vary greatly from time to time.
Multiple skin testing in leprosy
Authors: Paul R. C. , Stanford J. L. , Carswell J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYGroups of patients with lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy and hospital staff from six leprosaria in East Africa and ‘non-contact’ groups of villagers or staff from general hospitals have been skin tested with 10 reagents. These were prepared by ultrasonic disintegration fromM. tuberculosis, M. duvalii, M. cheloneiand 7 other species identified in the Ugandan environment. Comparisons were made of the percentages of positive reactors in each study group for each reagent. The ‘specific’ defect of lepromatous patients was found to apply to a variable extent to six of the species tested, but not toM. tuberculosis, M. aviumorM. ‘A*’. The defect applied most noticeably toM. nonchromogenicumandM. vaccae, suggesting that they are more closely related toM. lepraethan are the other species tested. The reagent Chelonin produced unexpected and anomalous results in the lepromatous group. It is suggested that this was due to an unusually slow clearing of Arthus' reaction.
Streptococcal infection in young pigs: IV. An outbreak of streptococcal meningitis in weaned pigs
Authors: Windsor R. S. , Elliott S. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwenty-eight pigs died in an outbreak of streptococcal meningitis in an East Anglian herd. Most were 10–14 weeks old. The outbreak lasted from January to April and was finally controlled by antibiotic therapy. A similar number of losses had occurred in the previous year though no diagnosis had then been made.The causal agent appeared to be a haemolytic streptococcus belonging to group D and provisionally designatedStreptococcus suistype 2. It is probably identical with de Moor's group R streptococcus which causes a similar disease in the Netherlands. It is serologically distinct fromStreptococcus suistype 1 which causes meningitis in piglets. Type 2 infection in pigs appears to be widespread in England and Wales and to occur in animals up to the age of at least 14 weeks.A comparison is drawn betweenStr. suismeningitis in pigs and group B streptococcal meningitis in human infants.
Experimental model of oral antityphoid vaccination with live streptomycin-dependentSalmonella typhimuriumin C57BL/6 mice
Authors: Vladoianu I. R. , Dubini F. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe present experimental model offered the opportunity to study particular aspects concerning the avirulence stability of live streptomycin-dependent (Sm D)Salmonellavaccines, under conditions resembling human enteric fever. The results seem to indicate that, in practice, the risk of reversion to a virulent form during oral antityphoid vaccination with Sm D strains remains slight even after the interruption of concomitant streptomycin administration.
Observations on the epidemiology of ephemeral fever in Kenya.
Authors: Davies F. G. , Shaw T. , Ochieng P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYEphemeral fever antibody was found in domestic cattle in Kenya across a wide range of ecological zones, from highland forests and grasslands to desert and semidesert thorn scrub. Antibody was found in several species of game animals, notably waterbuck and buffalo, where over 50% of the samples showed antibody to EF. Evidence was obtained to show that the virus had been cycling in these wild ruminant populations between epizootics in domestic cattle.
Multiple skin testing of Kenyan schoolchildren with a series of new tuberculins
Authors: Paul R. C. , Stanford J. L. , Misljenóvic Ozrenka , Lefering Janna 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThis study on Kenyan schoolchildren aims to elucidate the effect of contact with environmental mycobacteria on the development of specific delayed hyper-sensitivity. A series of 12 skin test reagents was employed; eleven of them were prepared from extracts of living mycobacteria and the last was the P.P.D. RT 23. Eight of the new tuberculins were prepared from mycobacteria recovered from the East African environment. A total of 8641 tests were carried out on 4320 children between the ages of 6 and 17 years in four townships. Two of these townships were in fertile agricultural areas and two were in the desert. Just over 80% of the children had received BCG immunization.The results obtained showed that increasing age, geographical locality and BCG immunization all had a profound effect, and socioeconomic background had some effect, on the pattern of reactivity to the various reagents. The rationale behind the use of the series of new tuberculins and the results obtained with them are discussed in relation to the interacting effects of the factors complicating these results.
The effect of diet on intestinal Escherichia coli
Authors: Bettelheim K. A. , Cooke E. Mary , O'Farrell Sheila , Shooter R. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring an 8-week period all specimens of stool passed by six nurses were examined for the presence of Escherichia coli and all isolations of this organism were serotyped. During the middle 4 weeks of the period the nurses ate a sterile diet. A smaller number of serotypes was isolated during the period of sterile diet than during the period when normal food was eaten. This finding supports the view that normal food is a source of strains of E. coli present in the bowel. Some new serotypes of E. coli did appear during the period of sterile diet. The possible sources of these are discussed.
Protective efficacy of RIT 4025, a live attenuated influenza vaccine strain, and evaluation of heterotypic immunity to influenza A viruses in ferrets
Authors: Delem A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFerrets immunized with an H3N2 recombinant of A/PR/8/34 and A/Scotland/ 840f74 (RIT 4025 vaccine strain) were almost completely protected against a challenge with the homologous strain A/Scotland/ 840/ 74. The protection was lower but highly significant when the challenge was performed with the heterologous A/Victoria/3f75 wild strain. The protection afforded by the vaccine strain was measured by three indicators: absence of temperature rise, absence or reduction of virus shedding and absence or reduction of nasal protein increase when compared with uninoculated controls.Heterotypic immunity in this animal model was not significant when these three indicators were measured after a challenge inoculation performed 5 weeks after immunization.
Standard aeration for gas-sterilized plastics
Authors: White J. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn an effort to provide guidelines for standardizing aeration times for plastics sterilized with ethylene oxide, an Aeration Index has been developed. Based on the rate of diffusion of ethylene oxide in selected polymers, the Index provides an indication of the aeration time at ambient temperature (23°C) for the ethylene oxide concentration in freshly sterilized plastics to drop to 50 parts/106.
In vivotransfer of an R factor within the lower gastro-intestinal tract of sheep
Authors: Smith M. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe transfer of an R factor from donorE. coliintroduced into the rumen of adult sheep to strains of the coliform microflora resident post rumen in the lower gastro-intestinal tract was found to be greatly increased when the animals were subjected to a short period of starvation (ca. 24–48 h). This also resulted in coliform organisms containing the resistance determinants of the R factor being excreted for much longer periods, sometimes for months afterwards. As no antibiotic treatment was given to the animals during these experiments, possession of the R factor should have conferred no selective advantages on the host cells and other plasmids could possibly be transferred similarlyin vivoin sheep or other ruminants and perhaps also within the gut of monogastric animals.
Distribution and titres of rotavirus antibodies in different age groups
Authors: Elias M. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThree hundred and fifty-seven sera selected at random from hospital patients of all ages were examined for rotavirus antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence (FA) and complement fixation tests (CFT). Three hundred and fourteen of these were also tested for neutralizing antibodies to human rotavirus. Sera from patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis were excluded from this survey.FA antibodies were found in newborn infants but fell to undetectable titres at 3 months. The highest titres were found in children between the ages of one and three years. In older age groups, the modal titre fell gradually with increasing age until, in sera from those above 70 years of age, FA antibodies were almost undetectable. The same pattern was observed with neutralizing antibodies. A high modal titre of CF antibodies was only found in sera from those aged one to three years.
Bluetongue studies with sentinel cattle in Kenya
Authors: Davies F. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYBluetongue antibody of 19 different serological types was found in a group of sentinel cattle near Nairobi. A continuous challenge by these 19 strains occurred each year in this location. The sero-conversion rates were shown to vary from year to year and rainfall had no obvious effect upon the conversion rates.The 19 different strains of virus were also shown to be active at five widely scattered sites in different parts of the country.
Spread of Salmonella typhi in a maternity hospital
Authors: Ayliffe G. A. J. , Geddes A. M. , Pearson J. E. , Williams T. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn Asian patient with undiagnosed typhoid fever was admitted to a maternity hospital and delivered within 10 mm. Salmonella typhi (phage type D5) was isolated from her blood and from the faeces of her baby. Another woman in a different room of the labour suite at the same time acquired the same organism in her faeces; her brother was admitted to the Infectious Diseases Unit 5 weeks later with typhoid fever. Two babies, born over 60 h after the index case was delivered, became faecal excreters of the same strain and one of them also developed S. typhi osteitis of the hip. These two babies and their mothers were in the same ward as each other, but not that occupied by the infected mother and her baby. Nine other excreters in two of the families involved were identified. The index case and her baby were isolated immediately after delivery, and the relevant rooms in the labour suite were adequately disinfected. No evidence of undisinfected equipment used by the index case and the other infected patients was found, and no spread to staff was detected. The mode of spread remains unknown.
Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit, 2. Clothing routines in clinical use and the epidemiology of cross-colonization
Authors: Ransjö Ulrika 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYPrevious investigations have shown that cross-contamination in a burn unit is mainly clothes-borne. New barrier garments have been designed and tried experimentally. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different clothing routines on cross-contamination. In a long-term study, the rates and routes of colonizations withStaphylococcus aureus, Streptococcusgroups A, B, C, F, and G andPseudomonas aeruginosawere examined. The exogenous colonization rates were, withS. aureus77%, withStreptococcusspecies 52% and withPs. aeruginosa32%. The colonization rate withPs. aeruginosawas higher in patients with larger burns. Patients dispersedStreptococcusandPs. aeruginosaas well asS. aureusinto the air of their rooms in considerable amounts, but dispersers were not more important as sources of cross-colonization than non-dispersers. In comparison of clothing routines, there was no difference in overall colonization rates. The newly designed barrier garment that was made from apparently particle-tight material did not reduce the transfer of bacteria from patient to patient. A less rigid routine than that previously used did not increase the risk of cross-contamination. A thorough change of barrier dress after close contact nursing delayed the first exogenousS. aureuscolonization from day 6 to day 14 after admission. This routine might be recommended for clinical use. Otherwise, methods must be developed for adequate selection of materials intended for barrier garments.
A bacteriological investigation of two leisure centre swimming pools disinfected with ozone
Authors: Wyatt T. D. , Wilson T. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA bacteriological study was carried out on the first Leisure Centre swimming pools in the United Kingdom to be disinfected with ozone/chlorine. Results suggested that a free chlorine concentration of approximately 0·8 mg/l was necessary to maintain the pools in a bacteriologically satisfactory condition. This amount of free chlorine was similar to that required when the pool was disinfected with chlorine alone. However, the associated amount of combined chlorine was much lower when disinfection was by ozone/chlorine and this gave more acceptable bathing conditions. Implications for the management of pools disinfected by this method are discussed.
Evaluation of products for treating babies' napkins
Authors: Gaya H. , Thirlwall J. , Shaw Elizabeth J. , Hassam Zerha 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA test is described for assessing the sanitizing effect of napkin treatment products on naturally urine-wetted and faecally-contaminated napkins. This test defines in-use conditions which closely resemble typical domestic situations. One napkin treatment product (‘Napisan’), tested at two different concentrations and with challenges of different numbers of babies' napkins, performed satisfactorily under the conditions used.
Delayed antimicrobial effects of skin disinfection by alcohol
Authors: Lilly H. A. , Lowbury E. J. L. , Wilkins M. D. , Zaggy A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAqueous suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus were deposited on a Millipore filter and then exposed for a few seconds to 70 % ethyl alcohol. Viable counts of bacteria extracted from the filter immediately after exposure to alcohol, and, in replicate experiments, after a further period of 3 h, showed that the mean immediate reduction of 97·6 % in viable counts after treatment with alcohol was followed by a further mean reduction of 67· 1 % in the further 3 h holding time; the same bacterial suspensions allowed to dry on Millipore filters without exposure to alcohol showed a significantly smaller mean reduction in viable counts (34·3 %) during a further 3 h holding time. These findings support the view that the reported further fall in numbers of bacteria on hands while wearing gloves for 3 h after alcohol disinfection can be explained by sublethal damage to some of the bacteria, from which they can recover only if promptly inoculated on culture medium.
Studies on the estimation of the hygienic condition of frozen broiler chickens
Authors: van Schothorst M. , Northolt M. D. , Kampelmacher E. H. , Notermans S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYVarious sampling techniques to determine the aerobic,E. coliand Entero-bacteriaceae counts and to detect the presence of salmonellas were compared. As a simple method for the detection of salmonellas a modified Surkeiwicz procedure using both drip and rinse water is advocated. To evaluate hygiene during processing, determination of the number of Enterobacteriaceae in pieces of skin from the ventral, lateral and breast region is preferred.
Extraction methods and test techniques for detection of vegetable proteins in meat products:I. Qualitative detection of soya derivatives
Authors: Hyslop N. ST G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYExtracts of 3 soya bean preparations, used commercially in certain countries to replace part of the meat in popular meat products, were made by treatment with (i) sodium dodecyl sulphate, (ii) Triton-X100 or (iii) n–Butanol. Similar extracts were made from beef and pork.All extracts were examined by electrophoretic and immunological techniques. Stained polyacrylamide gels revealed distinctive protein bands after electrophoresis. The migration rates of corresponding bands differed between beef and pork extracts. However, the migration rates of vegetable bands revealed certain similarities, but differed very greatly from those of animal origin. Characteristic fast-migrating S-bands were distinguishable only in extracts of vegetable protein. Immunodiffusion tests, using antisera produced in rabbits against each extract, revealed varying degrees of similarity between extracts of vegetable origin, but the antisera were specific for either vegetable or animal protein.