bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Improved Method for Growing Mature Corn (Zea Mays L.) by Solution Culture1
Authors: Osmond C. A. , Clark R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for growing corn (Zea mays L.) plants to maturity in nutrient solutions is described. Plants were grown in 18‐liter polyethylene containers, and held upright by wires extending from a center dowel which was securely fastened to the tight‐fitting container lid. Ease, simplicity, and flexibility made it convenient to use. No special equipment was required. The method overcame many of the problems inherent with sand and gravel cultures.
Effect of a Plastic Barrier under the Nitrate Band on Nitrogen Uptake by Plants1
Authors: Parks C. L. , White A. W. , Boswell F. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted on a Cecil sandy loam (Typic Hapludults) to test the effectiveness of a physical barrier (plastic trough) placed immediately beneath a band of nitrate fertilizer in preventing loss of fertilizer N from the root zone by leaching, as measured by plant growth and N uptake. Rye (Secale cereale) and corn (Zea mays) were used as test plants to evaluate the effect of the physical barriers upon fall and spring applied N. A split plot design was used for each experiment. Rye was harvested in December, March, and when the grain was in the dough stage. Eight corn plants were harvested from each plot 30, 37, 44, 52, 65, and 88 days after plant emergence. The total N content of plant samples taken at each harvest date was determined.The applied N recovered in the rye forage was 76, 63, and 47% for the 45, 90, and 180 kg/ha rates of N, respectively. The applied N recovered in the corn grain was 33, 25, and 20% for the 68, 136, and 272 kg/ha rates of N, respectively. Placing a physical barrier immediately beneath the fertilizer band did not significantly (P < .05) increase the uptake of N by the plants or the plants' recovery of the fertilizer N.
Effect of Temperature and Ultraviolet Radiation on the Persistence of Methyl Parathion and DDT in Soils1
Authors: Baker R. D. , Applegate H. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of temperature and ultraviolet (uv) radiation on the persistence of methyl parathion (o,o‐dimethylo, p‐nitrophenyl phosphorothionate) and DDT [2,2 bis(pchlorophenyl)‐l,l,l‐trichloroethane] in soils was studied using controlled environmental conditions. Biologically effective uv radiation (300 to 400 nm) was used. Three alkaline soil types were used in the study: Houston Black clay, Pima silty clay, and Pinal gravelly loam.Soils in petri dishes were treated with a mixture of methyl parathion and DDT at 5, 20, or 1,000 µg/g. The 5 and 20 µg/g treatments were used to quantitate the amount of pesticide remaining in the soils at periodic intervals. The 1,000 #g/g treatment was used for qualitative studies of breakdown products. Standard samples of pesticides were irradiated with uv radiation for qualitative studies.The results indicated that both temperature and uv radiation accelerated the loss of pesticides from soils. Temperature appeared to play a more important role in the loss of DDT than in methyl parathion. At each temperature (30 and 50 C) the addition of uv radiation accelerated the loss of both methyl parathion and DDT. There was a 29% or greater loss of DDT (depending upon the soil type), above that observed in the 50 treatment not receiving uv radiation.The only identifiable breakdown product of DDT in the soil extracts was DDE [2,2 bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐l,1‐ dichloroethylene]. There were no breakdown products for methyl parathion in the soil extracts. The breakdown products from the irradiated standard samples of DDT and DDE were numerous. For DDT they included DDE, DDD [2,2 bis (p‐chlorophenyl)‐l,l‐dichloroethane], DBP (4,4'‐dichlorobenzophenone), and DDMU [1‐chloro‐ 2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene]. The oxon derivative methyl parathion. At each temperature (30 and 50 C) the addition of uv radiation accelerated the loss of both methyl parathion and DDT. There was a 29% or greater loss of DDT (depending upon the soil type) above that observed in the 50 C treatment not receiving uv radiation.The only identifiable breakdown product of DDT in the soil extracts was DDE [2,2 bis(p‐chlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dichloroethylene]. There were no breakdown products for methyl parathion in the soil extracts. The breakdown products from the irradiated standard samples of DDT and DDE were numerous. For DDT they included DDE, DDD [2,2 his (p‐chlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dichloroethane], DBP (4,4'‐dichlorobenzophenone), and DDMU [1‐chloro‐2,2‐bis(p‐chlorophenyl)ethylene]. The oxon derivative of methyl parathion was tentatively identified as a break‐down product of methyl parathion.
Rooting Ability of Merion Kentucky Bluegrass Sod Grown on Mineral and Muck Soil1
Authors: Dunn J. H. , Engel R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSods grown on mineral and muck soils in several Northeast and Midwest states were compared for rooting ability in three field tests with a pulling device designed to shear sod horizontally from the soil surface. Glassfaced root observation containers were used in one test to follow daily root development.Rooting ability of the sods varied more by sod source than by muck or mineral soil type. There was a negative correlation of early rooting of sods with well developed rhizome systems. Cutting sod thin (1.9 cm) gave better early rooting than thicker (3.8 cm) cut sods. There was no significant correlation between root weights and carbohydrate content of tops and roots of sods grown in root observation containers for 22 days.
Limited Removal of Po210 and Pb210 from Soil and Fertilizer by Leaching
Authors: Tso T. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRadioelements Po210 and Pb210 are known to be present in plants. They enter the plants primarily by root absorption. Heavy and continued fertilization increases the level of radio‐elements in soil and thus in crops so produced. Results obtained from laboratory experiments show that there is limited removal of Po210 and Pb210 by leaching from soil or from fertilizer. Mechanical agitation appeared to increase the leaching rate of these elements. Generally, Po210 was leached from soil or from soil‐fertilizer mixture much easier than Pb210, with or without agitation.
Key to Several Small Seeded Legumes for Use in a Student Laboratory Exercise1
Authors: Miller Dwane G. , Manning Clarence 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA dichotomous key using descriptive terms based primarily upon early structural development of leaflets and general leaf morphology has been designed to combine simplicity and precision. Because leaflet characteristics are relatively similar over environments, they serve as a reliable criteria for description without much deviation and allow a wide use of the key throughout the United States. The simple, concise format of the key is an advantage for use by persons with differing levels of knowledge about legumes. The descriptions in the key are organized to serve basically as an aid to legume identification in beginning agronomy or plant science courses. Because use of the key requires fresh growing plants, it eliminates the need for looking at dry mounted plants which are less than satisfactory for plant identification under most circumstances.
Varietal Differences in Crownvetch Cotyledon Size1
Authors: McKee G. W. , Risius M. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMeasurements of 7,439 cotyledons from a like number of seedlings from 49 seed lots of seven varieties and strains of crownvetch, Coronilla varia L., verified the existence of significant varietal differences in cotyledon length (L), width (W), and the derived quantity LW. Cotyledons of the variety ‘Chemung’ were significantly larger than those of the variety ‘Penngift’, with those of ‘Emerald’ being intermediate in size. Temperature, light intensity, and growing medium significantly affected cotyledon size; cotyledons were larger when grown under warm and shaded conditions than when grown under cool and unshaded conditions. Cotyledons had attained their maximum size by the time one to two trifoliolate leaves had expanded. Significant differences in cotyledon size between seed lots of the same variety suggested the influence of environmental conditions during seed development and maturation. Varietal differences in cotyledon size may be of possible competitive significance and of value in varietal characterization.
Evaluation of Selected Clones of Phalaris arundinacea L. I. In Vivo Digestibility and Intake1
Authors: Barnes R. F. , Mott G. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn vivo digestion and voluntary intake trials were conducted with sheep in digestion crates with selected clones of Phalaris arundinacea L. differing in palatability, as originally measured in cafeteria grazing trials with sheep. Palatable reed canarygrass clones were significantly greater in dry matter digestibility under ad libitum feeding than were unpalatable clones in three of four harvests studied. Dry matter digestibility, measured with intake restricted to 90% of ad libitum consumption, was significantly greater for palatable clones in only one harvest. Voluntary dry matter intake was also significantly greater for palatable clones in only one harvest.Original dry matter, crude protein, cellulose, acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, cell wall constituents, and mineral analyses showed no consistent relationship with palatability.Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and reed canarygrass showed very little difference in apparent digestion coefficients except for a lower digestion of cell wall constituents with alfalfa. Dry matter intake of alfalfa was consistently greater than that of reed canarygrass.
Effects of Ammonium on the Uptake of Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Rubidium by Corn1
Authors: Mamaril C. P. , Miller M. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour controlled environment experiments were conducted to further elucidate the influence of NH4+ on P absorption and to determine if this phenomenon is specific only to P.The variables investigated were concentrations of P and NH4+, proportion of soil treated, and proportion of root system exposed to treated soil. In one experiment 35S labelled (NH4)2SO4 and K2SO4 were applied to determine the effect of NH4+ on SO4= absorption. In another experiment 86RbCl was added as well as 32P labelled phosphate to determine whether the absorption of cations would be increased by NH4+ as is that of P.Concentration of P in the soil rather than the proportion of soil treated or the proportion of the root system exposed to the treated soil determined the influence of NH4+ on P absorption. The effect of NH4+ increased with increasing concentration of NH4+. The absorption of SO4= and Rb+ were not influenced by NH4+ to the same degree as was absorption of P.With the exception of one experiment, the effect of NH4+ on P absorption was much less pronounced than reported previously. The reason for this difference cannot be adequately explained.
Management of Land Diverted from Crop Production. II. Annual Cover Crops and Fallow1
Authors: Robinson R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCover crops belonging to the Cruciferae, Gramineae, and Leguminoseae families, summer fallow, and annual weed cover were compared in weed control and effect on the next year's corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crops.Corn yields were increased if legumes were present in the cover crop. Some grass‐legume mixtures gave more weed control at lower seed costs than pure legumes, and corn following some mixtures yielded as much as corn following pure legumes. Annual Cruciferae gave satisfactory performance at very low seed costs. Corn following most cover crops yielded considerably more than corn following annual weed cover. Sunflower yields following the cover crops did not differ significantly.Corn but not sunflower following summer fallow showed retarded growth and lighter green foliage than after cover crops. The symptoms disappeared in mid‐summer, but corn ear moisture was high at harvest. Concentrations of 14 chemical elements in corn and sunflower indicated that, except in P, composition of both crops responded similarly to cover crops and summer fallow. P concentration in corn plants after summer fallow was lower than after cover crops.
Chemical Composition and Yield of Corn as Affected by Deep Placement of Dolomitic Limestone1
Authors: Lutz J. A. , Jones G. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experiment was conducted on Tatum silt loam to measure the effects of placement of 0, 22.4, and 44.8 mt/ha of dolomitic limestone on the plow sole (30.5 cm) in the spring of 1968 on the yield and chemical composition of corn (Zea mays L.). Treatments consisted of 0, 12.2, 24.4, and 48.8 kg P/ha without K; 24.4 and 48.8 kg P/ha with 23 kg K/ha; and 48.8 and 97.6 kg P/ha with 46 kg K/ha with each rate of lime. The P and K treatments were surface applied and disced in.Placement of lime on the plow sole increased the yield of corn. The P, K, and Ca contents of corn leaves were increased, the Mg content decreased, and the N content was unaffected by deep lime placement. Corn yields were affected by P and K treatments.
Effects of Irrigation Water Temperature on Soil Temperature1
Authors: Wierenga P. J. , Hagan Robert M. , Greogory E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil temperatures were measured in fields irrigated with normal and cold water and in unirrigated soil, to study the effects of irrigation water temperature on soil temperature. Temperatures were measured with probes made of thermocouple wire enclosed in 3 mm O.D. stainlesssteel tubing. The probes were inserted vertically into the soil. Errors in temperature measurement resulting from heat conduction along the probes were on the order of 0.1 C or less. The effects of irrigation water temperature on soil temperature were small and of short duration. Differences in soil temperature resulting from irrigation with water of 27 and 14 C lasted for less than 24 hours at 5 and 10 cm, and for 60 hours at 30 cm. Irrigated soil temperatures were significantly reduced by evaporative cooling from the soil surface after irrigation in mid‐April, though not in mid‐February.
Split Appointments in Agronomy1
Authors: Robison L. R. , Fenster C. R. , Flowerday A. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA questionnaire on attitude toward split appointments was sent to 350 extension agronomists in the United States, Of those responding, 38.5% were on split appointments and 64.7% were in favor of them. Those respondents with a research division or who desired a research division indicated the necessity of technician and budget support for such an appointment to be successful.
Multidimensional Approaches in Autotutorial Teaching of the Crop Science Laboratory1
Authors: Burger A. W. , Everly J. C. , Steele J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn the summer of 1968, an undergraduate instructional award was granted for two courses in the Department of Agronomy at the University of Illinois (Urbana‐Champaign campus). Introductory Crop Science, a 4‐semester hour credit course was converted from 3 hours of lecture and 2 hours of laboratory to 2 hours of lecture and up to 2 hours of scheduled, programmed independent study per week in a constantly supervised carrel‐science laboratory environment. The crop science laboratory procedure incorporates bi‐weekly, 1‐hr discussions, completion of each student's assigned experiment reported in publishable form, and opportunity for bonus credit by completion of an open‐end experiment. Favorable student reaction to autotutorial instruction, the use of taped comments by a writing consultant to give the student sugestions on improving writing skills before submitting final report, and publication of every student's research report during three semesters involving 269 students were recorded.Freshmen, majors in agricultural communications, agricultural science (graduate training), and agronomy, and students earning grades of A and B, respectively, devoted more time to independent study than upperclassmen, students in other curricula, and students earning grades below B.
Incorporation of EPTC and Trifluralin for Weed Control in Field Beans1
Authors: Fenster C. R. , Flowerday A. D. , Robison L. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApplications of a,a,a‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropylp‐toluidine (trifluralin) at .56 and 1.12 kg/ha and S‐ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) at 1.68 and 3.36 kg/ha were incorporated before planting. Five different tillage implements were used to determine the influenc of incorporation on weed control effectiveness in field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivar ‘Great Northern UI 1140.’ Weed yields were lowest where .56 and 1.12 kg/ha of trifluralin and 3.36 kg/ha EPTC were used and incorporated 5.08 to 10.16 cm in the soil using the tandem disk. Bean seed and plant yields were significantly higher when herbicides were used.
Nitrogen Utilization in Blue Panicgrass1
Authors: Spiers J. M. , Holt E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBlue panicgrass (Panicum antidotale Retz) plants were grown in a sand culture, subjected to contrasting forms of nitrogen fertilization applied at differing rates, and harvested at varying intervals following fertilization. A determination of total nitrogen in plant material was used to evaluate uptake efficiency. Fractionations of the total nitrogen portion into insoluble, soluble, nitrate, and soluble reduced N forms were used to evaluate the metabolic effectiveness of this grass.Data indicate a ceiling rate of nitrogen uptake in blue panicgrass, but a high level of available nitrogen must be present in a growing medium to maintain a high level of uptake. Leaf samples contained a greater percentage of insoluble than soluble nitrogen with almost all of the soluble fraction made up of soluble reduced N compounds. Stem and root samples had less insoluble nitrogen than soluble. The ratio of nitrogen reaching the leaves to protein metabolism in the leaves remained relatively constant with no accumulation of nitrate in the leaves. In leaves, stems, and roots, there was a decline in protein N with time and a corresponding increase in the soluble N fraction. Nitrate‐N in stem and root samples decreased with time, with a corresponding increase in the soluble reduced fractions of these samples.
Modified Tube Solarimeters for Additive and Net Measurements of Visible, Infrared and Solar Radiation1
Authors: Luxmoore R. J. , Millington R. J. , Aston A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA tube solarimeter was modified to measure energy (310‐ to 2,700‐nm waveband) received on upper and lower surfaces to give either an additive or a net measurement. A glass filter fitted to a solarimeter provided an instrument sensitive to energy in the 700‐ to 2,750‐nm waveband. Visible energy (310‐ to 700‐nm waveband) may be measured by difference in readings of instruments without and with the filter. A solarimeter that directly measures energy in the 310‐ to 700‐nm waveband is described.
Vernonia anthelmintica: A Potential Seed Oil Source of Epoxy Acid. III. Effects of Line, Harvest Date, and Seed Storage on Germination1
Authors: White G. A. , Bass L. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPre‐ and post‐frost harvested seeds of three lines of Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. were stored for 96 weeks under combinations of cold (0.6 C with 30 to 35% R.H.), room (25 to 30 C with uncontrolled R.H.) and barn (ambient temperature and R.H.) conditions to determine the effects of storage conditions on germination. The seed yield from the pre‐frost harvest of VS63‐40 significantly exceeded that of PI 283729. Seed yields of both lines from the post‐frost harvest were very low because of shattering. Pre‐frost harvested seeds were very dormant with an initial germination of 8 to 12%. Tetrazolium tests indicated viabilities of 86 to 89% for the three lines. The average initial germination of post‐frost harvested seeds was 12% and the viability was less than 50%.Seeds in cold storage lost dormancy slowly, while seeds in room and barn storage reached maximum germination by 24 or 48 weeks. After this period, a gradual decline in germinability occurred. The best storage treatment used was 24 weeks at room conditions followed by cold storage. Seeds of VS63‐40 germinated higher than those of PI 283729 and VS65‐224. Seeds of VS65‐224 were the most dormant and were not suitable for planting without 48 weeks or more of room or barn storage. Seeds from frostkilled plants should not be used for planting purposes.
Effects of Seasonal Timing of Competition on Grain Yield Components of Winter Barley1
Authors: Green J. T. , Finkner V. C. , Duncan W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrain yield components in a bordered row of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare, L. emend. Lam.), and rows from which the borders were removed (by hoeing) at various times in the growing season, were compared for two cultivars. The yield component, number of spikelets per‐row‐length, was responsive to the more favorable environment, resulting from removed borders, until two or three weeks before head emergence. After that, stage removal of bordering rows produced no response. Weekly border‐row clipping, (removal of top growth and subsequent regrowth at weekly intervals), during the spring growing season did not increase this component. Only slight differences in average kernel weight resulted from different duration of border competition. Primary yield differences among treatments for both cultivars were due to number of heads per‐unit‐row‐length and this was related to tiller mortality rather than the total number of tillers.
Effect of Two Growth‐Regulating Chemicals on Yield and Water Use of Three Perennial Grasses1
Authors: Mathias E. L. , Bennett O. L. , Jung G. A. , Lundberg P. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowth responses of smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), Kentucky‐31 tall fescue (Festuca elatior L.), and common Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) to the growth‐regulating chemicals F‐529 (N‐pyrrolidinosuccinamic acid) and Cycocel (2‐chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride) were studied. Growth of grasses was reduced to near zero when Cycocel was applied at a concentration of 0.584M, with at least some retardation occurring up to 100 days after application.F‐529 was less effective than Cycocel in retarding grass growth. Maximum reduction occurred at the 0.45M concentration where growth was reduced to 35% of the control, and at 70 days following application there was no reduction. Recovery from both chemicals was generally followed by a period of stimulated growth.Water use, in general, was highly correlated with amount of top growth.Food reserves of plants as determined by eiolated growth were significantly reduced only at the 0.292M and 0.584M concentrations of Cycocel, where severe foliar damage had occurred.
Rt esponse of Cotton to Boron1
Authors: Murphy B. C. , Lancaster J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractField experiments were conducted with rates and methods of application of B to cotton. Broadcast was as effective as drilled, foliar application was as good as soil application, and there was no advantage to a combination of soil and foliar application. A highly soluble source of B was superior to a more slowly soluble one.Young leaves, the third or fourth node from the growing point, were found to have a critical level of about 15 ppm B. Mature leaves occurring at the fifth and sixth nodes from the growing point had a B content of 5 to 10 ppm higher. The critical level of hot‐water soluble B in the top 15 cm of soil was in the range of 0.10 to 0.16 ppm.