bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of animal viruses from farm livestock waste, soil and water
Authors: Derbyshire J. B. , Brown E. G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryTen porcine enteroviruses, 2 porcine adenoviruses and 1 coronavirus were isolated directly from 32 samples ofslurry collected from a pig fattening house. Concentration of the same samples by adsorption with the polyelectrolyte PE-60 yielded 24 porcine enteroviruses and 3 porcine adenoviruses. A porcine enterovirus was isolated, following PE-60 concentration, from 1 of 6 slurry samples from a sow farrowing house. No virus was isolated from 12 samples of slurry from dairy cows nor from 6 slurry samples from a calf-rearing unit. A porcine enterovirus was isolated from soil samples, after concentration with PE-60, collected 1, 2 and 8 days after pig slurry was spread on hay stubble. Two porcine enteroviruses were isolated by membrane filtration from 26 samples of surface run-off from land on which pig slurry was routinely spread, and 2 bovine enteroviruses were isolated from cattle feedlot run-off after adsorption to layers of talc and celite followed by hydroextraction. A porcine enterovirus was also isolated from 1 of 33 samples of surface water collected on farms on which pig slurry was routinely spread on the land, but no virus was isolated from 36 samples of ground water from the same farms. The surface water and ground water samples were concentrated by talc-celite adsorption and hydroextraction.
Salmonella pollution of surface waters
Authors: smith P. J. , Jones F. , Watson B. C. 
Published: May 2009

Summary Surface waters in 14 selected sites were examined for the presence of salmonella using modified Moore's swabs. The sites included an upland impounding reservoir, 3 rivers and 10 streams within Lancashire and Cheshire, selected because of their accessibility to farm livestock. Salmonellas were isolated from 22 out of the 57 swabs examined representing 10 sites. The probable source of pollution was shown to be sewage or farm effluent and an examination of sites over a wider area may be expected to produce similar results.The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the epidemiology of salmonella infections and the possible disinfection of effluent discharges.
Cholera: possible infection from aircraft effluent
Authors: Rondle C. J. M. , Ramesh B. , Krahn J. B. , Sherriff R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThis paper presents the hypothesis that some cases of cholera might be due to effluent discharge from aircraft. The theoretical case is borne out by inspection of data on the physical conditions pertaining between high altitudes and ground level. A study of the distribution of isolated outbreaks and single cases of disease and their relation to major airline routes showed a reasonable correspondence. Sporadic outbreaks of cholera in Europe between 1970 and 1975 were found to lie within the flight paths of regular airline services from Calcutta, where cholera is endemic, to the Northern Hemisphere. Laboratory studies on the stability of Vibrio cholerae to conditions likely to be encountered in droplets falling from high altitude to the ground suggested that significant numbers of organisms might survive. It should be noted that in this study no account was taken of the effect of ultra-violet light on viability and it is known that at high altitudes the ultraviolet light component of solar radiation is much higher than at ground level. Results of experiments where small numbers of organisms were inoculated into relatively poor media showed that rapid growth ensued and that sufficient organisms were produced to give an infective dose of Vibrio cholerae in 1–10 ml/fluid. It could be concluded that human infection could easily occur by ingestion of fluids such as milk or soup which had some time earlier received a fortuitous but slight contamination from the air. Investigation of one disinfectant (chloramine T) showed that it reacted rapidly and in a complex manner with peptone. One effect of this reaction was the elimination of bactericidal activity and it seems likely that, as at present employed, chloramine T is of doubtful value in aeroplanehygiene. One important conclusion that arises from this work is that if cholera can be spread, even only occasionally, by effluent from aircraft then close investigation should be made of the possibility of other bacteria and viruses being spread in a similar way.
Haemagglutination-inhibition test for the detection of rubella antibody
Authors:   The Public Health Laboratory Service Standing Advisory Committee On Viral Reagents
Published: May 2009

SummaryBetween 1969 and 1972 three quality control studies were set up to investigate the variation in results that was occurring between and within laboratories performing routine tests for the diagnosis of rubella infection. No attempt was made to standardize the test in these studies, and a wide range in titres of sera was reported. The aims of the present studies were:(i) to investigate in greater detail whether results were more reproducible between laboratories if test sera were compared with control sera of known potency and the results given in international units of activity, and(ii) to ascertain whether results between laboratories would be more reproducible if a standard test procedure was used.Eleven laboratories participated in testing 38 sera on three separate occasions by a prescribed standard technique and by that used routinely in each laboratory. Eight of the 38 sera consisted of four pairs of duplicate samples.Analysis of results of the study showed that the reproducibility between laboratories was substantially improved when the test sera were compared with a control serum of known potency and when a standard test procedure was used.Variation in results between laboratories was least when a control serum of low rather than high potency was used. Variation within laboratories can be reduced by increasing the number of times the control and test sera are tested.Since the rubella antibody content of the British Standard anti-rubella serum is expressed in international units, the potency of the control and results of test sera should also be expressed in such units.
The dimensions of skin fragments dispersed into the air during activity
Authors: Mackintosh C. A. , Lidwell O. M. , Towers A. G. , Marples R. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThere was a 1000-fold difference between the highest and the lowest mean rate of dispersal of bacteria-carrying particles during exercise among a group of three male and three female subjects. Differences in the numbers of skin fragments dispersed and in the proportion of these carrying bacteria were almost equally responsible for this. Since there is little difference between individuals in the rate of skin replacement the differences in the rates of dispersal of skin fragments during exercise must reflect large variations in the amount of skin surface removed in other ways. The skin fragments dispersed had a wide size range extending below 5 μm for the minimum projected diameter (MPD). The median MPD was about 20 μm with 7–10% less than 10 μm. Many of the particles could therefore pass freely through tightly woven fabrics with pores up to 10–15 μm which might seem to be impenetrable to whole corneocytes, typically larger than 30 × 40 μm in the hydrated state.
Immune response to virus-infection-associated (VIA) antigen in cattle repeatedly vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus inactivated by formalin or acetylethyleneimine
Authors: Pinto A. A. , Garland A. J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe results of experiments to investigate antibody to ‘virus infection associated’ (VIA) antigen in cattle repeatedly vaccinated with formalin- or acetylethyleneimine- (AEI) inactivated foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccines under laboratory conditions are reported. Results are also presented from some vaccinated animals subsequently exposed to FMD infection.Antibody against VIA was not detected before and after the first vaccination with formalin or AEI-inactivated vaccine but did develop in all animals after the second formalin vaccination and persisted throughout the experiment. After the second AEI vaccination, 4 of 12 animals developed antibody which persisted for at least 37 days. This transient response in some cattle was repeated after successive vaccinations but, in general, more animals responded as the number of vaccinations increased.After exposure to infection, a transient VIA antibody response was occasionally observed in immune AEI-vaccinated animals. Some immune repeatedly AEI-vaccinated cattle did not develop detectable VIA antibody after challenge despite the persistence of virus in oesophageal–pharyngeal (O/P) fluid.The presence of antibody to VIA antigen is not conclusive proof that vaccinated animals have been exposed to infection and field data must be interpreted with caution.
The influence of operating conditions of activated-sludge treatment on the behaviour of f2 coliphage
Authors: Balluz S. A. , Butler M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe behaviour of f2 coliphage during activated-sludge treatment was influenced by the temperature, flow-through-time, concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids and the virus load.The most sensitive way to detect behavioural changes was to examine the regression coefficients for the rate of uptake or loss of virus by the mixed liquor solids. This type of analysis revealed, for instance, high values when the solids concentration was high and even greater values occured when high inocula were used. At high temperature the rate of loss of virus titre after inoculation had stopped was greater than the rate of uptake of virus during inoculation although in all other conditions uptake occurred at a greater rate than the loss of virus. The coefficients were relatively low when the flow rate was increased, when the temperature was low or when the inoculum was small.The distribution of virus between the solids and liquid fractions of the mixed liquor varied somewhat for all conditions but was notably different when (a) the plant was incubated at 5 °C when there was much less virus in the solids fraction than usual, and (b) when the inoculum was low and a much higher proportion of virus was found in the solids.The efficiency with which virus was removed across the plant was the least-sensitive determinant of viral behaviour and the value was about the same for most treatment conditions. However, low or high inocula did result in some increased or decreased removal of virus, respectively.
Ecological effects of antibiotic production by dermatophyte fungi
Authors: Youssef Nagwan , Wyborn C. H. E. , Holt G. , Noble W. C. , Clayton Yvonne M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAntibiotic production by dermatophyte fungi has been demonstrated in vivo in the lesions of patients with dermatomycoses. Patients infected with antibiotic-producing strains more frequently carried cocci resistant to penicillin and other antibiotics than did patients infected with non-producer strains. The total bacterial load was less in lesions caused by producer fungi. In vitro studies demonstrated the selection of penicillin-resistant S. aureus from mixed populations of resistant and sensitive cells.
An inherited mild middle-aged adiposity in wild mice
Authors: Wallace Margaret E. , Macswiney Felicity M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn a warfarin-resistant population of wild mice reared in the laboratory, a dominant gene for adiposity, Ad, was found to segregate. The onset of obesity is at 4–6 months, and adipose mice suffer from hyperinsulinaemia; the sexes differ in penetrance, males having greater penetrance then females. Linkage backcrosses show the gene to be situated on chromosome 7 with about 25% recombination with the closely linked warfarin-resistance genes War, and frizzy, fr. The finding of adipose in two other wild populations also carrying War is discussed as an ecological and physiological problem.
Cross-contamination during the preparation of frozen chickens in the kitchen
Authors: De Wit Jacora C. , Broekhuizen G. , Kampelmacher E. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA study was made of the extent to which frozen broilers, contaminated with indicator organisms, can cause cross-contamination in the kitchen.In 60 kitchens a number of relevant objects were sampled during the preparation of contaminated frozen broilers. The results show that cross-contamination occurred in a high proportion of the kitchens examined. In many instances the indicator organism was still present on various objects even after rinsing, ‘clearing’ or washing up. In view of the possible risk of a cross-contamination withSalmonellaspp. the importance of instructing food preparers is emphasized.No salmonellas could be found in the sinks of the 60 kitchens examined.
Enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria in foods and outbreaks of food-borne diseases in Sweden
Authors: Danielsson M.-L. , Möllby R. , Brag H. , Hansson N. , Jonsson P. , Olsson E. , Wadström T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAll of 86 foods routinely examined for potentially pathogenic enteric bacteria were found to harbour one or more coliform species. None of the strains isolated produced heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) or showed invasive properties. The suckling mouse test indicated that one strain ofEscherichia coliproduced heat-stable enterotoxin (ST). Twelve incidents of suspected food poisoning were also investigated. In two of them the foods examined contained LT-producing strains ofE. coliand in two there were LT-producing strains ofKlebsiella pneumoniae. The counts of viable enterotoxigenic micro-organisms in these foods were 3000–30 000E. coli/g and 50 000 to 1 millionK. pneumoniae/g. The dominant symptom in all the incidents was watery diarrhoea. These seem to be the first reported cases of foodborne enterotoxigenic enteric bacteria in Europe. Though enterotoxigenicE. coliand related gram-negative enterotoxin-producing species are rare in correctly handled food in Sweden, these micro-organisms should be searched for when outbreaks of food poisoning are investigated.
The relationship between rainfall and well water pollution in a West African (Gambian) villaǵe
Authors: Barrell R. A. E. , Rowland M. G. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWater pollution was monitored in six Gambian village wells over a period of 8 months spanning the 5-month monomodal rains and the pre- and post-rains dry periods. Faecal coliform (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS) counts were high throughout and there was a massive increase associated with the onset of the rains, maximum counts exceeding 5 x 105/100 ml. This pattern was largely sustained throughout the rainy season. Some individual variations in patterns of pollution could be ascribed to well design, in particular lining of the shaft, but no well was protected from the seasonal increase in faecal pollution. The source of the increased pollution appeared to be a flushing in of faecal material of indeterminate or mixed human and animal origin, probably over considerable distances. Peaks of pollution not associated with rainfall episodes could have resulted from the practice of communal laundering in the near vicinity of the wells. Specific pathogens includingSalmonellaspp. were isolated only intermittently. Attention has been drawn to a problem complicating the standard method for assessing FC counts.
Clostridium botulinum in soil on the site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, London
Authors: Smith G. R. , Milligan R. A. 
Published: May 2009

summarySixty soil samples were collected from the redeveloped site of the former Metropolitan (Caledonian) Cattle Market, Islington, London. Of these, 15 (25%) contained Clostridium botulinum and no less than four types (B, C, D and E) were demonstrated.Early British soil surveys suggested that only 4–8% of samples contained Cl. botulinum (type A or B). Although there can be no absolute proof, it seems likely that the striking prevalence at the Market site was the result of faecal contamination by a small proportion of the many millions of farm animals brought there from elsewhere.The distribution of Clostridium tetani was uneven, but of 18 soil samples taken from one area of the Market site, 16 (89%) were positive.
Isolation, identification and characterization of camelpox virus in Iraq
Authors: Al Falluji M. M. , Tantawi H. H. , Shony M. O. 
Published: May 2009

summaryA virus was isolated from pox-like lesions in camels during an outbreak of camelpox disease which occurred in December 1977 in an area near the Iraqi–Iranian border. It was identified serologically as a virus of the Orthopoxvirus group. The biological properties of the isolate indicated that it was probably identical with strains of camelpox virus isolated from Iran, Egypt, Kenya and the U.S.S.R.
Myxomatosis: the release and spread of the European rabbit flea Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale) in the Central District of Victoria
Authors: Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Edmonds J. W. 
Published: May 2009

summaryThe European rabbit flea was first released in Victoria in August 1969 at Werribee. Releases were made on five different land forms. At one site the first flea was recovered 2 weeks after release. Fleas were recovered between 4 and 6 weeks after release at the other sites. Differences in establishment and spread on the different land forms were due to physically restricted movement of some rabbit populations. By June 1971 80% of rabbits were infested but an occasional young uninfested rabbit was still found in August 1978. Infestation numbers were higher than in the Mallee region especially on pregnant does.
Solid-phase radioimmunoassay techniques for the detection of African swine fever antigen and antibody
Authors: Crowther J. R. , Wardley R. C. , Wilkinson P. J. 
Published: May 2009

summaryA solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) has been successfully developed to measure both African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigen and antibody. Studies show that the assay is reproducible and will detect limiting antigen concentrations equivalent to 50–500 HAD50/ml. Both direct and indirect antibody RIA have been developed and have proved to be approximately 100 times more sensitive than the complement fixation test at present available and 1000 times more sensitive than the immuno-electro-osmophoresis test for the detection of ASFV antibody.
The occurrence and significance to animal health of salmonellas in sewage and sewage sludges
Authors: Jones P. W. , Rennison Lynne M. , Lewin V. H. , Redhead D. L. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA total of 882 samples of settled sewage, sewage sludges and final effluents from eight sewage treatment plants were examined for the presence of salmonellas. Of these samples 68% were positive, isolations being made most frequently from settled sewage (85%), raw sludge (87%) and anaerobically digested sludge (96%). Fewer isolations were made from final effluent (24%) and processed sludges (58%). Samples usually contained less than 200 salmonellas/100 ml and arguments are presented that such concentrations should not lead to disease in animals if suitable grazing restrictions are followed.
Laboratory evaluation of bromadiolone as a rodenticide for use against warfarin-resistant and non-resistant rats and mice
Authors: Redfern R. , Gill J. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYLaboratory feeding tests were carried out to determine the efficacy of the anticoagulant rodenticide bromadiolone against Rattus norvegicus, R. rattus and Mus musculus. Using 0·005% bromadiolone, complete kills of R. norvegicus and R. rattus not resistant to warfarin were obtained after exposure to the poison for 1 and 5 days respectively. Warfarin-resistant R. norvegicus were all killed in 4 days, and resistant M. musculus in 12 days. In general, the results resembled those obtained with difenacoum. Acceptance of bromadiolone was very good.
Evidence of infection by viruses in small British field rodents
Authors: Kaplan C. , Healing T. D. , Evans Nest , Healing Lesley , Prior Anne 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFour populations of small wild British rodents were studied by capture-re-capture methods over a period of three years. Samples of blood were taken from these animals and tested for antibodies to nine viruses. Animals were removed from another 11 sites around the UK, and immunosuppressed. Samples of tissue from these animals were tested for the presence of viruses by passage in laboratory mice and serum samples from some of them were tested for antibody to the nine viruses. Indications were found of the possible influence of epizootic outbreaks of certain diseases on animal populations.
A method for measuring the cleaning effect of flushing disinfectors
Authors: Cederberg Åke , Österberg Kai 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA method is presented with which the mechanical cleaning effect of flushing disinfectors can be estimated independently of the thermal disinfecting effect of the hot flushing water. This makes it possible to specify the demands to be placed on the disinfecting effect of flushing with water of 85°C or more.Bacillus stearothermophilus spores suspended in faeces were used as indicators because of their non-sensitivity to the hot-water temperature. Their elimination by flushing could thus be attributed to the mechanical effect of the water and not to the disinfecting effect of the temperature. A simple bacteriological technique was used, and the elimination factor (EF) was calculated as the ratio of the number of micro-organisms in the contamination before and after flushing. By using flushing water below 50°C for 130 s the EF on a bedpan was about 104–106. The effect of flushing with water of the same temperature for only half that time was somewhat weaker and when the temperature was raised to 85 °C after half the flushing time the effect was somewhat stronger.It can be presumed that the conventional disinfecting phase with hot (85 °C) water for about 45 s in the commonly used flushing units could be substantially shortened and the costs of their use thereby reduced.
Simulating strategies for control of Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis
Authors: Harris R. E. , Revfeim K. J. A. , Heath D. D. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA deterministic model to compare various control strategies for parasites having two hosts is presented. When applied to Echinococcus granulosus, Taenia hydatigena and T. ovis, the model shows that maximum progress would be achieved when both the difinitive and the intermediate host are treated simultaneously. This type of model may prove of value in studies on the control of other towhost parasites.
Growth ofSalmonellaon chilled meat
Authors: Mackey B. M. , Roberts T. A. , Mansfield J. , Farkas G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryGrowth rates of a mixture ofSalmonellaserotypes inoculated on beef from a commercial abattoir were measured at chill temperatures. The minimum recorded mean generation times were 8·1 h at 10 °C; 5·2 h at 12·5 °C and 2·9 h at 15 °C. Growth did not occur at 7–8 °C. From these data the maximum extent of growth ofSalmonelladuring storage of meat for different times at chill temperatures was calculated. Criteria for deciding safe handling temperatures for meat are discussed. Maintaining an internal temperature below 10 °C during the boning operation would be sufficient to safeguard public health requirements.