bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Are the Features of Objects Integrated into Perceptual Wholes That Are Selected by Attention?
Authors: Reynolds John H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter outlines recent progress in our understanding of how the brain compensates for the limited capacity of the visual system, and emphasizes limitations of this understanding. Competitive selection mechanisms have been identified in extrastriate visual cortex that can be biased in favor of behaviorally relevant stimuli. These mechanisms subserve selection by ensuring that neurons that encode features of behaviorally relevant stimuli remain active and are, therefore, able to transmit information about the selected stimulus to other areas of the brain associated with behavioral control.
Where Are the Switches on This Thing?
Authors: Abbott L F. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Self-regulated switching is vital to the operation of complex machines such as computers. The essential building block of a computer is a voltage-gated switch, the transistor, that is turned off and on by the same sorts of currents that it controls. By analogy, this calls attention to neural pathways that not only carry the action potentials that arise from neural activity, but are switched off and on by neural activity as well. This chapter discusses three biophysical mechanisms—neuromodulation, inhibition, and gain modulation—and assess the merits and short-comings of each of them.
What Are the Neuronal Correlates of Consciousness?
Authors: Crick Francis C. , Koch Christof 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter attempts to discover the minimal neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one conscious sensation or percept, the neuronal correlates of consciousness (NCC). It raises a series of questions which cover some of the subproblems that are likely to bear on the NCC, and focuses on the visual system of humans and macaque monkeys.
Neuroplasticity and Aggression: An Interaction Between Vasopressin and Serotonin
Authors: Ferris Craig F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on two neurochemical signals that control aggression—serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) and vasopressin (VP). 5-HT and VP appear to play significant roles in the regulation of impulsivity and aggression. 5-HT reduces aggressive responding, while VP enhances arousal and aggression in a context-dependent manner. The interaction between the brain and the environment is regulated, in part, by changes in gonadal and adrenal steroids. The stress of social subjugation alters the levels of testosterone and stress hormones, affecting gene transcription and translation. The VP/5-HT systems are sensitive to changes in these steroid hormones linking the neurochemical regulation of aggression to environmental events.
Stress and Aggressive Behaviors
Authors: Blanchard D. Caroline , Blanchard Robert J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers the relationships of stress to offensive and defensive aggression. It argues that stress defined in terms of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity is relatively uninformative with reference to either the antecedents or the consequences of aggression. Stress defined in terms of threat is also insufficiently specific for understanding the two types of aggression. The incidence and specific elicitors of offensive aggression may be very different for mammalian species, depending on their social and physical environments. The prevalence of defensive threat/attack and their position in the defense pattern also change systematically with group social structure, environmental constraints, and the size and defensive capabilities of the animal relative to major predators for each species.
A Multimodal Analysis of Structure and Function in Broca’s Region
Authors: Amunts Katrin , Zilles Karl 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe term “Broca region” is used inconsistently in the literature with respect to the underlying microstructure. It is often applied as a clinical and/or historical concept of a center of language processing without keeping in mind a certain microstructurally defined cortical area. However, it appears yet undecided whether the concept of “Broca region” is more than a historical one or an imprecise descriptor of a language center, that is, whether a functionally and/or anatomically defined unit is beyond the term. Thus, it seems to be reasonable, at least, to investigate this question using a combination of anatomical approaches (multimodal analysis of microstructure) with functional analysis of language (psycholinguistics) and, finally, clinical studies. This chapter focuses on the microstructure of the putative Broca region and how this anatomical information can be used for the interpretation of data from functional imaging studies (fMRI, positonemission tomography (PET)) of language-related tasks.
Weak Syntax
Authors: Avrutin Sergey 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter outlines a new approach to the investigation of aphasics' linguistic errors. The model represents a further development of ideas outlined in Avrutin (1999). It shows that damage to Broca's region diminishes the amount of resources necessary for conducting operations involving narrow syntax. This causes a slowdown in the process of speech production. Moreover, reduced power of this system (a direct consequence of diminished resources) may result in the situation where alternative systems become more powerful and therefore are used for the purposes of building information structure in comprehension or encoding a message. Impairment in Broca's aphasia is not limited to structures involving constituent movement (e.g., passive constructions, object relative clauses). Comprehension of pronouns and other determiners causes difficulties as well. Slow, effortful, telegraphic speech is characteristic of the same patients who demonstrate problems with comprehension of certain elements.
Evaluating Deficit Patterns of Broca Aphasics in the Presence of High Intersubject Variability
Authors: Drai Dan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractA hypothesis about the existence of a computation for which Broca's area is indispensable would take the following form: identify two classes of sentences such that one involves the relevant computation and the other does not, then form a motivated prediction on the way a deficit in this computation should affect the performance of the Broca aphasics. The concluding step would be to evaluate the prediction in light of the empirical record of performances of Broca aphasics. This chapter is mainly concerned with this last step. It looks for a way of modeling the data that leaves room for sharp statistical claims, such as: “The performances of Broca aphasics on sentences of type A are significantly different from their performances on sentences of type B” while taking into account the high variability of the data. The chapter reports on the principles that have guided the compilation of performance data to which the methodology will be applied. It then briefly explains the trace deletion hypothesis (TDH) and its prediction concerning patterns of performance of Broca aphasics. It also presents a very simple stochastic model for the performances of a given subject and deduce a way of summarizing one individual's performance on a set of sentences. The chapter then illustrates the high individual variability of performance data viewed through the above statistics and presents a model for evaluating group performances (the beta binomial). Finally it applies the described framework to the evaluation of the TDH, showing a contrast in accordance with the prediction of TDH.
Broca’s Region: A Speech Area?
Authors: Fadiga Luciano , Craighero Laila , Roy Alice 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews some literature data and presents some experimental results showing that, in addition to speech-related tasks, Broca's area is also significantly involved during tasks devoid of verbal content. The first part reviews a series of recent brain imaging studies that report, among others, the activation of areas 44/45. In consideration of the large variety of experimental paradigms inducing such activation, the chapter makes an interpretative effort by presenting neurophysiological data from the monkey homologue of BA44/BA45. Finally, it reports electrophysiological data on humans which connect speech perception to the more general framework of other's action understanding.
The Role of Broca’s Area in Sign Language
Authors: Emmorey Karen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBroca's area (Brodmann areas 44/45) and the immediately surrounding cortex have been shown to play a role in several aspects of linguistic, as well as nonlinguistic, processing. Given the similarities between signed and spoken languages for phonology and syntax (two domains of processing implicated as functions of Broca's area), this chapter examines whether there is any evidence that Broca's area is involved in these aspects of sign language processing and whether this involvement mirrors that found for spoken languages. It shows that the functions associated with Broca's area for spoken language parallel those for signed language. With respect to language production, imaging data indicate a critical role for Broca's area (particularly BA 45) in lexical retrieval and/or selection. More posterior cortex (BA 44) appears to be involved in the coordination of linguistic articulation, regardless of whether the articulators are manual-brachial or orofacial.
On Broca, Brain, and Binding
Authors: Hagoort Peter 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by distinguishing between Broca's area in neuroanatomical, neuropsychological, and functional terms. It addresses the question: Is Broca's area a natural kind? That is, does it carve brain and mind at its joints? The chapter then presents a proposal about the role of the left inferior frontal cortex, which contains Broca's area as classically defined.
On Aphasia (1885)
Authors: Lichtheim Ludwig 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper published by Ludwig Lichtheim in 1885. The paper on aphasia contained diagrams of the cerebral representation of language processing. All of these schema and diagrams were inspired by Wernicke's ideas and hypotheses about how the brain has nodes and connections, and about how these can be injured to produce the various types of aphasia. These diagrams are still widely used in behavioral neurology and aphasia research.
Contributions to a Histological Localization of the Cerebral Cortex. Communication: The Division of the Human Cortex (1908)
Authors: Brodmann Korbinian 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper published by Korbinian Brodmann in 1908, which contains the first complete description of a parcellation of the whole cortical surface, one that is still widely used today. The paper is a shorter version of Brodmann's famous 1909 book.
The Cytoarchitectonics of the Fields Constituting Broca’s Area (1931)
Authors: Riegele Ludwig 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper published by Ludwig Riegele in 1931. Riegele worked at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Brain Research in Berlin, which was one of the most advanced centers for neuroscience featuring a modern multidisciplinary approach to the brain that consisted of europathology, psychiatry, electrophysiology, comparative anatomy, and genetics. Many of Riegele's criteria for cytoarchitectonic borders can still be used in mapping efforts today.
Electrophysiology: Microelectrode Recordings
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of common experimental paradigms or approaches employed for electrophysiological recordings. It then presents a brief review of neuronal biophysics related to microelectrode recordings followed by a discussion of different measurement techniques and their associated noise sources. Finally, analysis methods for voltage time series recorded from microelectrodes are discussed.
Spike Sorting
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe point process component of an extracellular recording results from the spiking activity of neurons in a background of physical and biological noise. When a recording electrode measures action potentials from multiple cells, these contributions must be disentangled from the background noise and from each other before the activity of individual neurons can be analyzed. This procedure of estimating one or more single cell point processes from a noisy time series is known as spike sorting. When it succeeds, it can transform a weakness of extracellular recording, namely the inability to isolate changes in the firing rate of single neurons into one of its strengths—simultaneous measurement from multiple cells. A range of different approaches have been used to address this problem. Although the algorithmic approaches vary in their assumptions about noise statistics, incorporation of domain knowledge specific to the recording area, and the criteria for identifying single cells, most can be viewed as different implementations of a common series of steps. This chapter develops a framework for these steps and discusses the practical considerations of each level without reference to a specific computational approach. The transformations of the data are illustrated by an idealized example modeled on recordings taken from the mammalian retina.
PET and fMRI
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe development of positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as noninvasive methods for measuring brain activity has given rise to a relatively new field of neuroscience research in recent decades. This chapter presents a brief overview of the biophysical bases of PET and fMRI, followed by a survey of experimental and analysis protocols. The analysis procedures discussed focus largely on fMRI rather than PET, since the former give rise to longer time series data sets to which the methods described in this book may be applied.
The Developing Adolescent Brain in Socioeconomic Context
Authors: Farah Martha J. , Noble Kimberly G. , Hurt Hallam 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter aims to understand the neurocognitive basis of the influence of socioeconomic status (SES) on adolescent development. It shows that both executive and language function vary with SES. Working memory and cognitive control have the strongest relationship to SES. The chapter concludes that there is no detectable relationship between SES and reward processing, another form of executive function that is predictive of real-world life outcomes.
The Christian Community in China: The Leaven Effect
Authors: Kim‐Kwong Chan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter assesses the impact of the expansion of the Christian community on current sociopolitical development in China and it particularly looks at democratization, including the development of civil society, social identity, sociopolitical influence, and the political involvement of the communities studied. The chapter is organized as follows. The first section examines government religious policy, the governmental apparatus on religious affairs, the regime's political objectives toward Christians, and the restrictions with which the Christian community has to live. It also describes the institutional structures of the Christian community and church-state relations in China. The second section examines leavening effects in seven Christian communities—some urban, some rural. Most are government-recognized; a few are nonregistered, illegal groups. Each community manifests faith differently and displays the wide range of interactions between church and society that may affect the shape of Chinese democratization. The final section sums up and classifies the cases, relating these findings to general sociopolitical trends in China.
Evangelicals and Politics in Indonesia: The Case of Surakarta
Authors: Bambang Budijanto 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines how socioeconomic and political instability affected Indonesian evangelical perspectives and engagement in politics from the early 1990s onward, focusing on the Surakarta region. The study employs in-depth interviews with key academics, historians, and NGO activists and with thirty-five evangelical leaders and pastors, who constitute approximately 40% of religious leaders in Surakarta. Interviews were conducted in January 2001, during the Wahid government, and in July 2001, just after Wahid's fall, as Megawati formed a new government.
CHAPTER 2 American Moral Exceptionalism
Authors: Uhlmann Eric Luis , Poehlman T. Andrew , Bargh John A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe judgments and actions of contemporary Americans reflect the implicit influence of America’s Puritan-Protestant heritage. Americans valorize individual merit, a residue of the Protestant emphasis on a personal relationship with God and earthly rewards and punishments. The United States has remained deeply religious and traditional in the face of enormous prosperity, at least in part attributable to the founding influence of the Puritan-Protestants. Americans, but not members of comparison cultures, implicitly link work and divine salvation and display other judgmental biases consistent with implicit Puritanism. As predicted by theories of implicit social cognition, which hold that the influence of traditional cultural values is strongest at an implicit level, less religious and non-Protestant Americans are just as likely to display such effects as devout American Protestants.
CHAPTER 8 The Social Psychology of Uncertainty Management and System Justification
Authors: van den Bos Kees 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews research findings on the social psychology of uncertainty management processes and the role these processes have in explaining system justification and other human reactions (such as people's behavioral reactions to homeless individuals and how people respond toward messages that violate or support their religious worldviews). The chapter holds that uncertainty management (at least occasionally) may better explain people's responses than does terror management theory. The chapter also focuses on the social psychological processes underlying uncertainty management effects and argues that personal uncertainty has strong effects on human reactions, because personal uncertainty involves affective-experiential processes and typically constitutes an alarming experience to people. The chapter suggests that the social psychology of uncertainty management and system justification involve processes of "hot cognition" and not "cold cognition." The chapter closes with a discussion of the implications for the psychology of system justification and people's beliefs in a just world.
CHAPTER 9 Political Ideology in the 21st Century: A Terror Management Perspective on Maintenance and Change of the Status Quo
Authors: Anson Jacqueline M. , Pyszczynski Tom , Solomon Sheldon , Greenberg Jeff 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter uses terror management theory to explore the psychological functions of political ideology and factors that produce stability and change in ideologically relevant attitudes and behaviors. Terror management theory perspectives are compared and contrasted with system justification theory, and points of agreement and disagreement between these conceptualizations are discussed. The relationship is explored between "external" cultural ideologies and individual interpretations and how such external belief systems interact with psychological forces to create individualized cultural worldviews. The impact of individual ideological changes on the collective mainstream worldview of a culture is explored. Also discussed is the possibility that some ideological positions may be better at providing existential comfort than others, and the conditions under which this is likely to be the case, as well as conservative and liberal ideological shifts. The chapter concludes with a consideration of variables that determine which aspects of a particular worldview people gravitate toward when their need for protection is aroused.
CHAPTER 13 Statewide Differences in Personality Predict Voting Patterns in 1996–2004 U.S. Presidential Elections
Authors: Rentfrow Peter J. , Jost John T. , Gosling Samuel D. , Potter Jeffrey 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPolitical regionalism is commonly attributed to differences in historical settlement patterns, social class, and racial diversity. This book provides evidence for the importance of another factor—state-level personality—in understanding regional differences in political ideology. Drawing on research in personality and social psychology, the chapter proposes that geographical differences in voting patterns partially reflect differences in the psychological characteristics of individuals living in different states. Specifically examined are associations between state-level personality scores and voting patterns in the 1996, 2000, and 2004 U.S. Presidential elections. Results show that mean levels of openness and conscientiousness within a state predict the percentage of votes for Democratic and Republican candidates. Furthermore, state-level personality scores account for unique variance in voting patterns, even after adjusting for standard socio-demographic and political predictors. This chapter demonstrates the value of investigating psychological variables at a regional level to better understand political culture and ideology.
CHAPTER 15 Planet of the Durkheimians, Where Community, Authority, and Sacredness Are Foundations of Morality
Authors: Haidt Jonathan , Graham Jesse 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMost academic efforts to understand morality and ideology come from theorists who limit the domain of morality to issues related to harm and fairness. For such theorists, conservative beliefs are puzzles requiring nonmoral explanations. In contrast, this chapter presents moral foundations theory, which broadens the moral domain to match the anthropological literature on morality. The theory is extended by integrating it with a review of the sociological constructs of community, authority, and sacredness, as formulated by Emile Durkheim and others. Data are presented to support the theory, which also show that liberals misunderstand the explicit moral concerns of conservatives more than conservatives misunderstand liberals. The chapter suggests that what liberals see as a nonmoral motivation for system justification may be better described as a moral motivation to protect society, groups, and the structures and constraints that are often (although not always) beneficial for individuals. Also outlined are the possible benefits of a moral foundations perspective for system justification theory, including better understandings of (a) why the system justifying motive is palliative despite some harmful effects, (b) possible evolutionary origins of the motive, and (c) the values and worldviews of conservatives in general.