bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN THE GROWTH RATE OF GASTROPODS: FIVE HYPOTHESES
Authors: Shibata Diane M. , Rollo C. David 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGastropods commonly show enormous variation in growth rate, even among identically reared siblings. This was investigated using a small isolated population of Deroceras laeve (Müller) — a species with low genetic variability. A high degree of variation in growth rate was evident, even among offspring from unmated mothers. This confirmed our hypothesis that this variation does not require high genetic polymorphism. Four additional hypotheses concerning the causal mechanism(s) for this variation were investigated: (1) Maternal influence through variation of egg quality was rejected as a possible cause for the variation since animals from mothers raised on either high- or low-quality diets did not differ significantly in growth or maturation rates (when egg size was controlled). (2) The possibility that animals might have their growth trajectory fixed by early nutritional experience was tested by initially rearing slugs on either high- or low-quality diets, and then reversing their food. Such "nutritional imprinting" was not supported. (3) Intraspecific interaction among individuals was not supported as a cause of variation either since stunted slugs did not show improved growth when isolated from conspecifics, and there was equal variation among individuals reared from the egg in isolation. (4) Variation in the egg size was the only characteristic investigated that significantly changed rates of juvenile growth and the timing of maturation. Larger eggs produced slower-growing slugs that matured later, and egg size seemed to account for the full range of observed variation. The ultimate function of the mechanism remains to be determined, but possibilities include adjusting the performance of offspring to resource supply, ensuring availability of mature individuals to breed during favourable microclimates, reducing competition among members of a cohort, or ensuring sexual heterogeneity for hermaphroditic breeding.
LIFE HISTORY TRAITS OF AQUATIC ARTHROPODS IN SPRINGS
Authors: Williams D. Dudley 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSprings are especially useful for examining questions related to life history because they are widespread, and because they include not only the most predictable of freshwater habitats but also the most adverse (hot springs). Permanent springs tend to be stable environments, particularly in terms of temperature, discharge, and substrate. Extreme habitats such as hot springs can be ideal for studying biotic responses to environmental features because they vary little in certain factors and so do not conceal the mechanisms at work. This paper reviews the known life history and associated community traits of spring arthropods in terms of broad categories of selection forces thought to be acting in these habitats, and also examines the biotic consequences of stable environmental temperature. The data, although limited, show most support for the deterministic view of life history evolution in that traits of cold and hot permanent spring faunas tend to conform to those of K- and A-selected species, respectively. Nonconformities exist however, and data are totally lacking for springs that flow intermittently. A model continuum of spring types from the stable to the unstable and from the benign to the adverse is proposed which predicts the biological properties of communities living in little-studied spring types. The stable and/or adverse temperature regimens of springs are thought to impinge on many aspects of the biology of their faunas but most relationships (e.g. physiological, phenological) are based on data that are correlative, circumstantial, or laboratory based. Manipulative field tests are advocated to establish definite causative links. Wide scope exists for further research on the life history and community traits of spring arthropods.
CUTWORM SYSTEMATICS: CONFUSIONS AND SOLUTIONS
Authors: Lafontaine J.D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractConfusion in cutworm systematics pervades every level of their classification ranging from problems in defining them as a monophyletic group to problems with defining species. Classification provides the primary means of communication and prediction and is most effective when names are stable, and the classification is widely accepted and used, and reflects natural relationships. In cutworms, these requirements are not met: cutworm classification is not stable and use of names in different parts of the world is inconsistent; furthermore, the present cutworm classification does not reflect natural relationships. Instability in cutworm classification can be attributed to several factors: inconsistency in characters used to define groupings such as tribes and subfamilies; problems with defining species; and poor communication among workers. Problems with cutworm classification and progress being made in resolving these difficulties are discussed.
HYMENOPTERA OF THE WAGNER NATURAL AREA, A BOREAL SPRING FEN IN CENTRAL ALBERTA
Authors: Finnamore Albert T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Wagner Natural Area, located 8 km west of Edmonton, Alberta (53°34′N 113°47′W), contains a boreal spring fen estimated to be 4700 years old. The site was selected in 1985 for a survey of its arthropod fauna. A transect of the site from marl pools through fen, edge effect, and treed swamp was sampled for arthropods using pan and Malaise traps. Specialized microhabitats outside the transect were identified and sampled using pan traps. The Wagner fen samples contain 2181 species of arthropods contributing to a total known biota of 2905 species in the peatland. Of those, 1410 are Hymenoptera. Although seven other peatland studies are known, the inability of systematists to name most species prevents direct comparisons among peatlands. Data obtained from the Hymenoptera collections at Wagner demonstrate a progression in species richness as one approaches the forest–fen edge from either fen or forest. A large proportion [30% (382 species)] of Hymenoptera species, termed the aerial component, is active both in the forest–fen edge and in the fen. The aerial component is a highly mobile, at least locally transient, but often uncollected component of peatland ecosystems. Presence of the aerial component is probably associated with habitat structure. Those peatlands possessing more complex vegetation architecture have greater proportions of aerial species. About 80% of Hymenoptera at Wagner are parasitoids, most of which attack larva of holometabolous hosts. Based on the host groups sought by parasitoids and the ratio of parasitoid species per host species, the fen is estimated to contain about 6000 species of arthropods.
SURVEYS FOR FUNGAL PATHOGENS OF LOCUSTS AND GRASSHOPPERS IN AFRICA AND THE NEAR EAST
Authors: Shah P.A. , Kooyman C. , Paraïso A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA total of 181 isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, M. flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Sorosporella sp. was found in a survey of Orthoptera in West Africa, Madagascar, Oman, and Pakistan between 1990 and 1993. Prior to this survey, there were only 28 isolates of hyphomycete fungi from Orthoptera held in international culture collections. Seventeen of the recently acquired Metarhizium isolates have been determined to be highly virulent during screening tests as part of a research programme for the development of a microbial insecticide against locusts and grasshoppers in Africa. Ninety-five isolates came from Benin which was the country where survey activities were most concentrated, and 63 of these isolates were found in Malanville, northern Benin, between 1991 and 1992 during an epizootic of M. flavoviride. Recordings from Oman and Pakistan represent the first specimens from these countries to be deposited in international culture collections. No deductions can be made on the best method for survey; both incubation of live grasshoppers and field searches for cadavers yielded results. Soil baiting with Orthoptera was used with some success. Limited soil screening using selective agar media was not found to be particularly useful.
DEVELOPMENT OFBEAUVERIA BASSIANAFOR CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS
Authors: Jaronski Stefan T. , Goettel Mark S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractRecognition of the potential ofBeauveria bassiana(Balsamo) Vuillemin as a control agent of grasshoppers and locusts occurred as early as 1936, in South Africa. Field testing ofB.bassianaas an inundative control agent of grasshoppers and locusts has been facilitated by development of a solid substrate method for mass-production of the fungus and has resulted in the registration of a strain against grasshoppers in the United States. In some, but not all field trials, application has resulted in substantial reductions in grasshopper populations. Numerous environmental constraints, including temperature and ultraviolet (UV) radiation, may limit field efficacy of the fungus. Laboratory studies suggest that low humidity does not limit the ability of the fungus to initiate disease. Sunlight is the major cause of mortality of conidia on leaf surfaces. The incorporation of UVB protectants in formulations can increase conidial survival; however, these have not yet been evaluated for their effects on field efficacy ofB.bassianaagainst insects. Thermoregulation by grasshoppers has been implicated in resistance to mycosis. Results of laboratory studies indicate that grasshoppers infected withB.bassianapreferentially seek temperatures between 40 and 42 °C and these temperatures are inhibitory to disease development. In field-cage trials, a higher prevalence and more rapid development of disease were observed in grasshoppers placed in shaded cages than in grasshoppers placed in cages exposed to full sunlight. In laboratory experiments simulating grasshopper thermoregulation during daylight periods, application of bothMetarhizium flavovirideGams and Rozsypal andB.bassianasimultaneously resulted in a final prevalence of disease that was greater thanM.flavoviridealone in the hot temperature environment, and equal toB.bassianaalone in the cool temperature environment. Incorporation of sublethal levels of Dimilin with conidia ofB.bassianaincreased efficacy of the fungus against grasshoppers in laboratory and field trials. Once environmental constraints are better quantified, it may be possible to overcome them through improved formulation, strain selection, genetic or phenotypic manipulation, and inoculum targeting. Ultimately, success ofB.bassianaas a microbial control agent will depend on our ability to overcome environmental and other constraints and/or to predict its efficacy under various environmental conditions.
METARHIZIUM FLAVOVIRIDE (FI985) AS A PROMISING MYCOINSECTICIDE FOR AUSTRALIAN ACRIDIDS
Authors: Milner Richard J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOnly one isolate of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Roszypal group 3 has been isolated from a field-infected acridid in Australia. This is isolate FI985 (ARSEF 324) obtained from a spur-throated locust, Austracris guttulosa (Walker), near Rockhampton, Queensland, in 1979. In terms of conidial size and shape as well as phialide morphology, FI985 is intermediate between Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and M. flavoviride. It has been compared with other group 3 isolates using RAPDs and sequence analysis of the ITS region and found to be very similar. However the analysis shows that these group 3 isolates are genetically closer to M. anisopliae than to M. flavoviride sensu stricto. Laboratory bioassays have shown that FI985 is virulent for five species of acridid pests in Australia. Comparative bioassays with other isolates of Metarhizium, including other group 3 isolates from Africa and Asia, have not yet revealed any isolate more virulent than FI985. This isolate is amenable to mass-production on rice and has been formulated in oil as a mycoinsecticide. The results from six field tests, mostly against wingless grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (SjÖstedt), using doses of 2–7 × 1012 conidia per hectare and plot sizes up to 50 ha are summarized. These trials (with the exception of the first against the Australian plague locust) have given high levels of disease-related mortality in caged samples of the target collected within 3 days of spraying. In the four trials with wingless grasshopper, population reductions were detected 10–30 days after application; however these reductions were much less than suggested by cage samples as a result of movement of the target acridids. In contrast, positive control plots sprayed with fenitrothion gave a very high initial kill (>90% in 1 day) but were then more rapidly reinvaded. Consequently, 3–4 weeks after spraying the density in the plots treated with chemical insecticide and those treated with mycoinsecticide were similar. Further field trials are needed especially against the Australian plague locust and evaluating lower doses. The results obtained to date show that a mycoinsecticide based on FI985 is likely to be effective over a wide range of target acridids and weather conditions.
FIELD AND LABORATORY EVALUATIONS OF LEADING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA CAPITO SAUSS IN MADAGASCAR
Authors: Delgado F.X. , Britton J.H. , Lobo-Lima M.L. , Razafindratiana E. , Swearingen W. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThree leading entomopathogens isolated from Madagascar's migratory locust, Locusta migratoria capito Sauss, were evaluated in field and laboratory tests. In a field trial in Madagascar in 1994, two isolates of Metarhizium flavoviride Gams and Rozsypal (SP3 and SP9) and an isolate of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin (SP16) were tested against L. migratoria capito. Locusts from field plots treated with SP9 experienced 100% mortality in 8 days, a higher death rate than that found in locusts treated with M. flavoviride SP3 or B. bassiana SP16. However, locusts treated with M. flavoviride SP3 or B. bassiana SP16 had significantly higher mortality than did the untreated controls. In separate field and laboratory trials in Cape Verde in 1994, SP9 was also tested against the Senegalese grasshopper, Oedaleus senegalensis Krauss. Oedaleus senegalensis treated in small-scale field plots with SP9 experienced 100% mortality in 8 days, a significantly higher death rate than that of the untreated controls. An extensive laboratory bioassay with SP9 revealed a dose–response for rate of mortality to O. senegalensis. Results from these trials in Madagascar and Cape Verde suggest that one or more of the Malagasy strains evaluated have good potential for biocontrol of locusts and grasshoppers.
Olfactory activity of ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate on adult oriental fruit moths
Authors: Molinari Fabio , Anfora Gianfranco , Schmidt Silvia , Villa Michela , Ioriatti Claudio , Pasqualini Edison , De Cristofaro Antonio 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe investigated whether or not pear ester (ethyl (E,Z)-2,4-decadienoate) attracted adult oriental fruit moths, Cydia molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). The electroantennographic responses of C. molesta to pear ester were recorded and dose–response curves calculated. In laboratory bioassays, the attractiveness of different dosages was assessed in a dual-choice olfactometric arena. The responses of virgin males and females to pear ester in the presence and absence of pear (Pyrus communis L.), peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.), and apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) (Rosaceae) shoots were evaluated. Electroantennographic recordings demonstrated that both male and female C. molesta were able to detect the pear ester. In our bioassay, however, pear ester readily attracted males but attracted very few females. The response of males was dose-dependent and they preferred pear ester over apple- and pear-shoot volatiles, whereas no apparent preference between pear ester and peach-shoot volatiles was observed. Therefore, this kairomonal compound could be more effective in attracting C. molesta when applied in orchards of secondary host plants, like apple or pear, than in peach orchards.
Is soybean oil an effective repellent against Aedes aegypti?
Authors: Campbell Cory , Gries Gerhard 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSoybean oil (SO) is considered an active ingredient in commercial BiteBlocker™ insect-repellent products. Our objective was to test mechanisms by which SO exhibits repellency, using the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae), as a representative blood-feeding insect. In dual-port glass-cage olfactometers, human hands treated with SO at various concentrations attracted as many mosquitoes as did untreated hands, indicating that SO has no long-range repellent effect. In contrast, hands treated with N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) attracted significantly fewer mosquitoes than did untreated control hands. In cage experiments, treating an area of a human forearm exposed to A. aegypti with SO provided no protection against bites, whereas treating it with DEET did. These results indicate that SO has no short-range or contact repellent properties. Both DEET and the BiteBlocker™ product conferred protection for periods similar to those previously reported. Based on our data, classification of SO as an active mosquito repellent should be reconsidered.
Baited pheromone traps track changes in populations of western blackheaded budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Silk P. , Turnquist R. , Wu J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractPheromone lures for eastern and western blackheaded budworms, Acleris variana (Fernald) and A. gloverana (Walsingham), were synthesized and deployed in traps at locations with decreasing and increasing populations of western blackheaded budworms in British Columbia, Canada. Traps baited with these lures caught comparable numbers of moths at all sites tested in each year. The lures were sensitive to changes in density of budworm populations below observable damage levels, and numbers of moths in traps were strongly correlated with independent estimates of egg densities in the same year. The results confirm the qualitative similarity of the sex pheromones in eastern and western species of blackheaded budworm and demonstrate their utility as a tool for monitoring population trends, including increases in populations to damaging levels.
Molecular and biometric assessment of Myzodium mimulicola (Hemiptera: Aphididae), with new synonymy and host and distributional data
Authors: Pike K.S. , Graf G. , Foottit R.G. , Maw H.E.L. , Miller G.L. , Harpel J. , Pantoja A. , Hagerty A. , Emmert S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA molecular and biometric assessment and redescription of Myzodium mimulicola (Drews and Sampson) are provided. New North American host and distributional data are presented, including the first record from Alaska. Myzodium knowltoni (Smith and Robinson) is a junior subjective synonym of M. mimulicola, based on molecular-sequence and morphological evidence. A key to the known Myzodium species (apterae and alatae) is included.
A new species of Androprosopa from Mexico (Diptera: Thaumaleidae)
Authors: Sinclair Bradley J. , Huerta Herón 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTwo species of Androprosopa Mik are reported from Mexico, one of which is newly described (A. zempoalasp. nov.). This new species is related to a small group of western Nearctic species defined by a pair of posterolateral hook-like epandrial processes.
Welfare of farmed silver foxes (Vulpes vulpes) housed in sibling groups in large outdoor enclosures
Authors: Ahola L. , Harri M. , Mononen J. , Pyykönen T. , Kasanen S. 
Published: April 2011

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of housing farmed silver foxes in large outdoor enclosures with less abundant human contacts on some behavioural and physiological welfare parameters. Farmed silver fox cubs were housed either singly in traditional fox cages or in sibling groups in enclosures. Mass of adrenals, serum cortisol level after adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) administration and stress-induced hyperthermia, as well as 24-h activity measures and the number of bite scars, were used to draw conclusions on the welfare effects of housing farmed silver foxes in the two experimental housing systems. The housing system had significant effects neither on the serum cortisol level after ACTH administration nor on the mass of adrenals. This result shows that intra-group social tension and non-habituation to humans, both leading to increased long-term stress in foxes housed in large outdoor enclosures, can be partly overcome by, respectively, altering the group composition and keeping the cubs for a longer time in cage conditions with close human contact. However, a large number of bite scars and increased stress-induced hyperthermia (SIH) in the foxes housed in enclosures, indicating an acute stress response to the presence of humans, may not be overcome. Furthermore, the 24-h activity rhythm changed in the foxes housed in large enclosures resembling, especially in November, the nocturnal activity pattern of the wild red fox, indicating that the foxes in enclosures became at least to some extent feral. Key words: Activity rhythm, aggression, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, human-animal relation, stress-induced hyperthermia, Vulpes vulpes
Breeding potential of the backcross progenies of a hybrid between Trifolium medium × T. pratense to T. pratense
Authors: Isobe Sachiko , Sawai Akira , Yamaguchi Hidekazu , Gau Mitsuru , Uchiyama Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2011

In this study, T. medium (zigzag clover, 2n = 80 and T. pratense (red clover, 2n = 28) were hybridized and backcrossed four times to T. pratense (BC1, BC2, BC3and BC4), and the seed production and vigor of the backcross progenies were assessed under field conditions. Both female and pollen fertility of the backcross progenies increased as the backcross generations advanced. Female and pollen fertility of BC4 were 21.3 and 65.3%, respectively. When honeybees were used as pollinators, almost all BC4 plants produced mature seeds in the field. Most of the BC1, BC2, and BC3 plants died by the end of the fourth year in the field, whereas 61% of the BC4 plants survived for 4 yr. The number of chromosomes in 79% of the BC4 plants was more than 28, which is greater than that of T. pratense. Differences in leaflet size and shape between BC4 plants and T. pratense suggest that genes from T. medium were expressed in the BC4 plants. These results indicate that BC4 plants may be useful for the improvement of the persistence of T. pratense. Key words: Backcross progeny, breeding material, interspecific hybridization, Trifolium medium, Trifolium pratense