bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childbearing and mortality from cancer of the corpus uteri
Authors: Løchen Maja‐Lisa , Lund Eiliv 
Published: April 2011

Background. To investigate the mortality from cancer of the corpus uteri in relation to parity and age at first and last birth.Methods. A cohort of 431,604 married women aged 45–74 years at the Norwegian Census in 1970 was followed over 15 years. A total of 752 deaths from cancer of the corpus uteri were diagnosed during follow‐up.Results. All age groups showed significant trends of decreasing mortality rates with increasing number of children. The age‐adjusted reduction in mortality was 9.2% (95% CI 5.2–13.0) for each child. Women with 8–11 children had a relative risk of 0.35 (95% CI 0.14–0.85) compared to nulliparous women. For first birth at age >=35 years versus<=19 years, the relative risk was 0.53 (95% CI 0.34–0.83). No significant effect of age at last birth was found.Conclusions. This study supports the notion that high parity and postponing the first delivery may reduce the risk of uterine cancer death.
Folic acid rescue of ATRA‐induced cleft palate by restoring the TGF‐β signal and inhibiting apoptosis
Authors: Yao Zhaoyou , Chen Dan , Wang Anxun , Ding Xueqiang , Liu Zhonghua , Ling Li , He Qianting , Zhao Tingting 
Published: April 2011

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 40: 433–439Background:  Cleft palate is a frequent congenital malformation with a heterogeneous etiology, for which folic acid (FA) supplementation has a protective effect. To gain more insight into the molecular pathways affected by FA, TGF‐β signaling and apoptosis in mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells of all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA)‐induced cleft palate in organ culture were tested.Methods:  C57BL/6J mice embryonic palates were explanted on embryonic day 14 and cultured in DMEM/F12 medium with or without ATRA or FA for 72 h. The palatal fusion was examined by light microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect TGFβ3/TGF receptor II and caspase 9 in MEPM cells. TUNEL was used to detect apoptosis.Results:  Similar to development in vivo, palatal development and fusion were normal in control medium. ATRA inhibited palatal development and induced cleft palate, which can be rescued by FA. A higher apoptosis rate and caspase‐9 in MEPM cells were detected in the ATRA group than in the control or the ATRA + FA group. Compared with the control or the ATRA + FA group, ATRA had little effect on TGF‐β3 in MEPM cells but significantly inhibited TGF‐β receptor II.Conclusions:  Folic acid can rescue the cultured palates to continue developing and fusing that were inhibited and resulted in cleft palate by ATRA. Apoptosis and TGFβ signaling in MEPM cells were involved in folic acid rescued ATRA‐induced cleft palate.
Contraceptive Vaccines Targeting Factors Involved in Establishment of Pregnancy
Authors: Lemons Angela R. , Naz Rajesh K. 
Published: April 2011

Citation Lemons AR, Naz RK. Contraceptive vaccines targeting factors involved in establishment of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 66: 13–25Current methods of contraception lack specificity and are accompanied with serious side effects. A more specific method of contraception is needed. Contraceptive vaccines can provide most, if not all, the desired characteristics of an ideal contraceptive. This article reviews several factors involved in the establishment of pregnancy, focusing on those that are essential for successful implantation. Factors that are both essential and pregnancy‐specific can provide potential targets for contraception. Using database search, 76 factors (cytokines/chemokines/growth factors/others) were identified that are involved in various steps of the establishment of pregnancy. Among these factors, three, namely chorionic gonadotropin (CG), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), and pre‐implantation factor (PIF), are found to be unique and exciting molecules. Human CG is a well‐known pregnancy‐specific protein that has undergone phase I and phase II clinical trials, in women, as a contraceptive vaccine with encouraging results. LIF and PIF are pregnancy‐specific and essential for successful implantation. These molecules are intriguing and may provide viable targets for immunocontraception. A multiepitope vaccine combining factors/antigens involved in various steps of the fertilization cascade and pregnancy establishment may provide a highly immunogenic and efficacious modality for contraception in humans.
Complications of oral and peri‐oral piercings: a summary of case reports
Authors: Hennequin‐Hoenderdos NL , Slot DE , Van der Weijden GA 
Published: April 2011

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene
9, 2011; 101–109 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00504.x Hennequin‐Hoenderdos NL, Slot DE, Van der Weijden GA. Complications of oral and peri‐oral piercings: a summary of case reports.Abstract:  Objective:  To systemically search the literature for case reports concerning adverse effects associated with oral and peri‐oral piercings on oral health and/or general health.Material and methods:  MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) were searched up through 1 April 2010 to identify appropriate studies.Results:  Independent screening of the titles and abstracts identified 1169 papers from MEDLINE and 73 papers from CENTRAL. Subsequently, 67 papers describing 83 cases were processed for data extraction. The case reports described complications in oral and general health. In this review, 96 complications were described for 83 cases. Of the 96 reported complications, 81% (n = 84) occurred in cases of tongue piercings, 20% (n = 21) in cases of lip piercings and 1% (n = 1) in cases of other oral piercings. In eight cases, subjects had two oral and/or peri‐oral piercings. Gingival recession was the most frequently described complication. Periodontitis and gingival recession were seen at the central mandibular incisors. Tooth fracture is mostly reported in subjects with tongue piercings.Conclusion:  Among the case reports, there were complications like normal post‐operative swelling and localized inflammation but also more serious complication that may even have been life threatening. Also in the long term, piercing may be associated with gingival recession and tooth fracture. Therefore, oral and/or peri‐oral piercings are not without risks. Patients considering a piercing should be made aware of this. Those patients wearing a piercing should be screened by a dental professional for possible complications on a regular basis.
Evaluating the impacts and conservation value of exotic and native tree afforestation in Cerrado grasslands using dung beetles
Authors: GRIES RITA , LOUZADA JULIO , ALMEIDA SABRINA , MACEDO RENAN , BARLOW JOS 
Published: April 2011

Abstract.  1. Although plantation forests are being established at an increasing rate, their effects on biodiversity are still debated.2. Native candeias [Eremanthus erythropappus (DC.) Mac Leish] and exotic eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp.) have recently been planted on Cerrado grasslands. The Cerrado is the second largest biome of Brazil and one of the most threatened savanna ecosystems.3. Here, we use dung beetles (Scarabaeinae) to investigate the effects of the land‐use changes associated to afforestation on Cerrado insect biodiversity. We sampled dung beetles in candeia (4‐ and 6‐year‐old) and eucalyptus plantations (1‐ and 4‐year‐old), natural candeia formations (candeiais), native grasslands and natural forests.4. Dung beetle diversity in plantations was lower than in grasslands and forests, but was not different from diversity in natural candeiais. Candeia and 1‐year‐old eucalyptus plantations, grasslands and natural candeiais all had similar community composition, distinct from natural forests. Four‐year‐old eucalyptus plantations were intermediate between those two groups. Overall, afforestation was detrimental for dung beetles.5. Differences between exotic and native plantations were only apparent in older plantations, and seemed to be due to differences associated to canopy openness rather than to the origin of the planted species. Candeia plantations were of better conservation value for open‐area species (62% species shared between grasslands and candeia plantation) whereas eucalyptus plantations were so for forest species (26% species shared between forests and eucalyptus plantations). We recommend considering this result before deciding where to plant which species.
Charisma and Space
Authors: Terlouw Kees 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis article uses Max Weber's analysis of charisma to differentiate types of symbolic places. Although Weber did not include the role of space in his analysis of charisma, we can construct different types of spatial charisma based on his distinction between traditional and bureaucratic regimes. Heritage sites and monuments are used by traditional regimes to legitimise their rule by looking back to their charismatic origins, while futuristic places are used to convince the population that bureaucratic regimes will provide a brighter future. In reality these ideal types of charismatic places are almost always mixed. Nation‐states combine both types of charismatic places. The analysis of the Zeche Zollverein in Essen, Germany shows that the meaning of a place can change and incorporate both types of spatial charisma at the same time and place. This was the consequence of a deliberate policy to legitimise a new economic regime in Germany's Ruhr area.
‘Papa’– Nursultan Nazarbayev and the Discourse of Charismatic Leadership and Nation‐Building in Post‐Soviet Kazakhstan
Authors: Isaacs Rico 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTaking a critical perspective on the Weberian concept of charisma this article examines elite and citizen discourse regarding the perceived charismatic leadership and nation‐building achievements of the post‐Soviet president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. Using a number of ideal type features of charismatic leadership based on the typology developed by Roger Eatwell, the article argues that Nazarbayev's leadership does not fit neatly the concept of charisma. Rather, in this instance, Nazarbayev's perceived charismatic leadership as the father of the Kazakhstani nation, and the single politician capable of meeting the challenges of post‐Soviet nation‐building, is a constructed discursive force projected from above at the elite level, which resonates with public attitudes towards him at the societal level. Charisma represents a discursive mechanism that emphasises President Nazarbayev's centrality to the unity, prosperity, and stability of the nation. This charismatic discourse has aided Nazarbayev in consolidating his authoritarian regime and illustrates the existence of a distinct form of post‐Soviet charisma.
Napoleon and the Poets: The Poetic Origins of the Concept of Charisma
Authors: Decherf Jean‐Baptiste 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe legend of Napoleon has been widely studied by historians; however, little has been written analysing the ways in which this legend brings something new to the history of political ideas. The poets who yielded to a fascination with the dead emperor offered him ‘acceptance by his peers’, thus creating a typically Romantic new conception of the great man. But Napoleon, as presented by many of the great Romantic writers, was also the object of an extraordinary collective love and enthusiasm. He was, in the words of Balzac, ‘the god of the people’ (1935, vol. 8: 448). In other words, what is new, in the poets' idealised memory of Napoleon, is the idea of ‘extraordinary domination’ (Weber), a domination whose mainspring is radically different from that of conventional domination.
An Emissary of the Golden Age: Manekji Limji Hataria and the Charisma of the Archaic in Pre‐Nationalist Iran
Authors: Zia‐Ebrahimi Reza 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEarly nationalist thought in nineteenth‐century Iran emphasised the lost glories of the Zoroastrian pre‐Islamic past, which it held for a utopian society of refinement, progress, and power destroyed by the advent of Islam. This article aims to show the prominence of this archaistic movement in the early phase of Iranian nationalism by highlighting the impact of an Indian Parsi traveller named Manekji Limji Hataria on nationalist intellectuals. Because of his religious background as a Zoroastrian, Manekji came to be perceived as an emissary of Iran's Golden Age. Fully aware of the potential influence this perception granted him, Manekji endeavoured to disseminate neo‐Zoroastrian, pre‐Islamic‐centred, and frankly anti‐Arab/anti‐Islamic readings of history among intellectuals, and thus succeeded in having a disproportionate influence on the nationalist definition of Iranian history and identity.
N. F. S. Grundtvig: Charismatic Poet and Prophet, Pedagogical Pioneer, and Politician
Authors: Dyce John 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe article evaluates the life and work of N. F. S. Grundtvig as a charismatic leader who played and continues to play a highly significant role in shaping the national life of Denmark. Grundtvig was a Lutheran clergyman and an important writer of hymns, songs, and poetry. Though a key figure in Denmark, he was something of an outsider and prophet in his life and work. Through his public speaking, he challenged Denmark in a time of territorial loss, cultural weakness, and constitutional change to define its identity, to find strength, and to develop fresh approaches to its national life. The article considers his personal gifts and circumstances as factors that led to him becoming a towering figure in nineteenth‐century Danish society but argues that his polymath nature and consequent engagement across a range of aspects of Danish society enabled his influence to be embedded deeply in the Danish psyche and life.
Abba Hillel Silver and David Ben‐Gurion: A Diaspora Leader Challenges the Revered Status of the ‘Founding Father’
Authors: Shiff Ofer 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDuring the years immediately preceding Israel's founding, Abba Hillel Silver was considered the most powerful leader of American Zionism. His leadership was viewed by numerous admirers as epitomising the yearning of the Jewish people after the Holocaust. However, almost immediately after Israel's foundation, he was relegated to the margins of Zionist politics; the more important reasons for this development being his status vis‐à‐vis the leader of the pre‐state Jewish community, David Ben‐Gurion, who was elevated to the revered status of the ‘founding father’ of the recently established state. This article discusses how Silver coped with this new situation, where only his great rival could legitimise him. After realising the futility of challenging Ben‐Gurion directly, Silver decided to elevate Ben‐Gurion in his speeches to the status of the ideal philosopher‐king. The question is whether by doing so Silver accepted the incontestability of Ben‐Gurion's charismatic leadership, or whether he was merely attempting to reinterpret Ben‐Gurion's new revered status in a way that legitimised his own Diaspora leadership, thus reinforcing a very different national ideology from the Israelocentric one represented by Ben‐Gurion.
Foodborne Outbreak of Salmonella Subspecies IV Infections Associated with Contamination from Bearded Dragons
Authors: Lowther S. A. , Medus C. , Scheftel J. , Leano F. , Jawahir S. , Smith K. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryApproximately 1.4 million Salmonella infections and 400 deaths occur annually in the United States. Approximately 6% of human Salmonella cases are thought to be associated with reptiles; Salmonella enterica subspecies IV is primarily reptile‐associated. During 1–4 December, 2009, three isolates of Salmonella IV 6,7:z4,z24:– with indistinguishable pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were identified through Minnesota Department of Health laboratory‐based surveillance. None of the three patients associated with the isolates reported reptile contact; however, all had attended the same potluck dinner. Dinner attendees were asked questions regarding illness history, foods they prepared for and consumed at the event, and pet ownership. Cases were defined as illness in a person who had eaten potluck food and subsequently experienced fever and diarrhoea (three or more loose stools in 24 h) or laboratory‐confirmed infection with Salmonella IV matching the outbreak PFGE subtype. Nineteen days after the event, environmental samples were collected from a food preparer’s house where two pet bearded dragons were kept. Sixty‐six of 73 potluck food consumers were interviewed; 19 cases were identified; 18 persons reported illness but did not meet the case definition. Median incubation period was 19 h (range: 3–26 h). Median duration of illness was 5 days (range: 1–11 days). Consumption of gravy, prepared by the bearded dragons’ asymptomatic owner, was associated with illness (16/32 exposed versus 1/12 unexposed; risk ratio: 6.0; exact P = 0.02). Salmonella Labadi was recovered from 10 samples, including from one bearded dragon, the bathroom door knob and sink drain, and the kitchen sink drain. The outbreak PFGE subtype of Salmonella subspecies IV was isolated from vacuum‐cleaner bag contents. This foodborne outbreak probably resulted from environmental contamination from bearded dragons. Reptiles pose a community threat when food for public consumption is prepared in households with reptiles.
Contentious Strategies for Stimulating Development in the Region: From National Models to Regional Paradigms
Authors: Morales Isidro 
Published: April 2011

A regional‐based, postnational paradigm of economic, political, and social governance has emerged in the Americas. In contrast to the state‐centered, ideologically driven models that prevailed in Latin America and the Caribbean until the late 1980s, a new paradigm of development that presupposes open markets, democracy, social equality, and more recently security—articulated and monitored by regional or multilateral institutions—seems to be gaining consensus in the Americas. The eventual consolidation of this new strategy of governance will have consequences for the future of inter‐American relations, for the social and political actors involved, and for the social struggles to come.Un nuevo paradigma regional, post‐nacional, de gobernanza económica, política y social ha surgido en las Américas. En contraste con los modelos de inspiración ideológica y centrados en torno al estado que prevalecieron en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) hasta finales de la década de 1980, un nuevo paradigma de desarrollo que presupone la apertura comercial, la democracia, la igualdad social y, más recientemente la seguridad, articulado y monitoreado por instituciones regionales o multilaterales, parece ganar consenso en las Américas. La consolidación eventual de esta nueva estrategia de gobernanza tendrá consecuencias para el futuro de las relaciones inter‐americanas, para los actores sociales y políticos involucrados y para las luchas sociales por venir.
A Two‐Headed Monster: Bicaudillismo in Nicaragua
Authors: Telleria Gabriel M. 
Published: April 2011

Since Spanish colonial times, Latin America has lived under the shadow of caudillismo. Today, caudillismo takes on a different form. I refer to this new phenomenon as “bicaudillismo”—a state of affairs in which two caudillos control and share extensive political power. Current President Daniel Ortega and former President Arnoldo Alemán spearhead the two largest and most powerful Nicaraguan political parties in caudillo‐like fashion, exerting control over their respective parties, as well as over government institutions and individuals. The power held by Alemán and Ortega reached new highs in early 2000. In what Nicaraguans commonly refer to as “the pact,” Alemán and Ortega colluded with one another to back a series of constitutional reforms to the electoral law, resulting in a repartition of judicial, legislative, and electoral power. In this article I argue that, under the pact, Alemán and Ortega share political power in a fashion similar to two that of duopolistic firms in a market situation. Power is channeled through tit‐for‐tat strategies in which the actors engage in “signaling,” much as duopolistic firms do in a market situation.Desde la época de la colonia española, América Latina vive bajo la sombra del caudillismo. Hoy, el caudillismo toma una nueva forma. Me refiero a este nuevo fenómeno como “bicaudillismo”—una situación en la que dos caudillos controlan y comparten un extenso poder político. El actual presidente Daniel Ortega y el expresidente Arnoldo Alemán dirigen los dos más grandes y más poderosos partidos políticos en forma caudillista, al ejercer control sobre sus respectivos partidos así como sobre los individuos y otras instituciones gubernamentales. El poder que Alemán y Ortega tienen llegó a nuevos horizontes en el 2000. En lo que los nicaragüenses conocen como “el pacto”, Alemán y Ortega se confabularon para apoyar una serie de reformas constitucionales a la ley electoral, lo que resultó en la repartición de poder judicial, legislativo y electoral. En este artículo argumento que bajo el pacto, Alemán y Ortega comparten el poder político en una forma similar a la de dos empresas duopólicas en una situación de mercado. El poder se canaliza mediante estrategias de represalias mutuas donde los actores participan como emisores de “señales”, parecido a como lo hacen las empresas duopólicas en una situación de mercado.
The Evaluation of Tragacanth by Means of the Apparent Viscosity Determined in a Standard U-Tube Viscometer: Part II.–Whole Gum
Authors: Chambers W P 
Published: April 2011

Summary
A method is described for the routine comparison of the apparent viscosity of whole gum. When determined in a U-tube viscometer, mucilages prepared from whole gum reach maximum hydration, and therefore maximum viscosity, after storage for 48 hours at a temperature of 40°C. With shorter periods at lower temperatures hydration is not complete and the viscosity is below the maximum, while with higher temperatures over the same period, although hydration is complete, the viscosity is reduced by virtue of the destructive effect of the higher temperatures. At the same concentration, mucilages of whole gum yield higher viscosities than when commercially powdered, thereby indicating a loss of quality mainly due to grinding.
The Chemical Estimation of Digitalis and Strophanthus Glycosides
Authors: Canbäck Teodor 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Certain glycosides of plant origin possess valuable cardiotonic properties. The Families Scrophulariaceae and Apocynaceae are the plant orders which contain most members furnishing drugs of therapeutic value. If in this connection the toad poisons are included, the heart-active substances from a chemical viewpoint may be subdivided into three large groups: the digitalis-strophanthus group, the scilla-helleborus group and the nitrogenous venoms secreted by the parotid glands of toads. The chief differences between the groups are: the members of the first group are glycosides, the aglucones of which contain a five-membered lactone ring, the members of the second group are glycosides, the aglucones of which contain a six-membered lactone ring and the members of the last group are suberylarginine derivatives of acetylated hydroxylactones more closely related to the scilla group than to the digitalis group.