bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silicon quantum dot based solar cells: addressing the issues of doping, voltage and current transport
Authors: Conibeer Gavin , Green Martin A. , König Dirk , Perez‐Wurfl Ivan , Huang Shujuan , Hao Xiaojing , Di Dawei , Shi Lei , Shrestha Santosh , Puthen‐Veetil Binesh , So Yong , Zhang Bo , Wan Zhenyu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSilicon quantum dot (Si QD) solar cells offer the potential to tune the effective band gap through quantum confinement and hence allow fabrication of optimised tandem devices in one growth run in a thin film process. Previous work in our group has shown how such cells can be fabricated by sputtering of thin layers of silicon rich oxide sandwiched between a stoichiometric oxide that on annealing crystallise to form Si QDs of uniform and controllable size. Doping multilayers with P and B allows formation of a rectifying junction with an effective band gap of 1.8 eV, which can give an open circuit voltage (VOC) of almost 500 mV. However, the doping behaviour of P and B in these QD materials is not well understood. In addition P and B have big but opposite effects on QD crystallisation, with P(B) forming larger (smaller) QDs than for undoped material. Two possible models for the doping mechanisms in these materials are explored: one relying on doping of a sub‐oxide region around the Si QDs and the other based on the differing nucleation effects of P and B. In addition initial results on hetero‐interfaces in the QD superstructure are assessed as a means to improve vertical current transport, and the effects of hydrogenation on improving VOC by passivating defects. Routes to incorporating these explanations for doping and other structural improvements are discussed as means of optimising the performance of these Si QD cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of preferential orientation of microcrystalline silicon and its impact on solar cell performance
Authors: Saito Kimihiko , Kondo Michio 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe significance of preferential orientation in microcrystalline silicon for its post‐oxidation properties and solar cell performance has been investigated in the high crystalline volume fraction range. The degree of <110> preferential orientation can be varied by changing hydrogen/silane ratio in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, and the crystalline volume fraction is lowered for a <110> oriented sample at the low hydrogen dilution ratio. In this study, we have improved the volume fraction by a seeding method, and, even under low hydrogen dilution, we have successfully controlled the preferential orientation of the samples with equivalently high crystalline‐volume‐fraction. Films in strong <110>‐preferential‐orientation show little amount of post‐oxidation, and the sharp signal at around 2100 cm−1 in the infrared (IR) absorption spectrum appears as the preferential orientation turns from the <110> to the <111> direction. The solar cell performance well agrees with the post‐oxidation properties. The origin of these preferential orientation impacts on post‐oxidation and on solar cell performance is discussed in terms of amorphous silicon passivation on the grain boundaries (GBs) presumably influenced by hydrogen/silane ratio. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy level tuning of polythiophene derivative by click chemistry‐type postfunctionalization of side‐chain alkynes
Authors: Yuan Yuping , Michinobu Tsuyoshi 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA polythiophene derivative substituted with electron‐rich alkynes as a side chain was synthesized using the Suzuki polycondensation reaction. The electron‐rich alkynes underwent the “click chemistry”‐type quantitative addition reaction with strong acceptor molecules, such as tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), resulting in the formation of donor–acceptor chromophores. All polymers showed excellent solubilities in the common organic solvents as well as good thermal stabilities with their 5% decomposition temperatures exceeding 230 °C. The TCNE‐/TCNQ‐adducted polymers displayed well‐defined charge‐transfer (CT) bands in the low energy region. The CT energy of the TCNE‐adducted polymer was 2.56 eV (484 nm), which was much greater than that of the TCNQ‐adducted polymer [1.65 eV (750 nm)]. This result was supported by the electrochemical measurements. The electrochemical band gaps of the TCNE‐adducted polymers were much greater than those of the corresponding TCNQ‐adducted polymers. Furthermore, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, determined from the first oxidation and first reduction peak potentials, respectively, decreased with the increasing acceptor addition amount. All these results suggested that the energy levels of the polythiophene derivative can be tuned by varying the species and amount of the acceptor molecules using this postfunctionalization method. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Shear band formation and mode II fracture of polymeric glasses
Authors: Archer Jared S. , Lesser Alan J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMode I and II fracture studies were performed from quasistatic to low velocity impact rates on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polycarbonate (PC). Mode II tests used an angled double‐edge notched specimen loaded in compression. The shear banding response of PMMA is shown to be highly sensitive to rate, with diffuse shear bands forming at low rates and sharp distinct shear bands forming at high rates. As the rate increases, shear deformation becomes more localized to the point where Mode II fracture occurs. PC is much less rate dependent and stable shear band propagation is observed over the range of rates studied with lesser amounts of localization. A new theory is formulated relating orientation in a shear band to intrinsic material properties obtained from true‐stress true‐strain tests. In a qualitative sense the theory predicts the high rate sensitivity of PMMA. A kinematic limit for orientation within a shear band is also derived based on entanglement network parameters. Mode II fracture in PMMA is shown to occur at this kinematic limit. For the case of PC, the maximum impact rates were not high enough to reach the kinematic limit. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
Antagonistic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on the impaired reproductive system of male rats induced by local subchronic exposure to 60Co‐γ irradiation
Authors: Luo Qiong , Cui Xiaoyan , Yan Jun , Yang Mingliang , Liu Jun , Jiang Yuanhai , Li Jingjing , Zhou Yinzhu 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLycium barbarum, a famous Chinese medicinal herb, has a long history of use in traditional medicine as an antioxidant and to promote sexual fertility. Polysaccharides are the most important functional constituents in L. barbarum fruits. In this study, male rats were exposed to subchronic 60Co‐γ irradiation to investigate the effects of LBP on sperm quantity and motility, sexual ability, serum hormone levels, oxidative status and testicular tissue DNA damage on days 1, 7 and 14 of treatment. It was found that LBP significantly increased the sperm quantity and motility, shortened the erection, capture and ejaculation latencies, increased the number of captures and ejaculations, and improved the sexual ability of male rats. LBP also played a significant role in the recovery of serum testosterone levels, increased superoxide dismutase activity, decreased malondialdehyde levels, promoted oxidative balance and rescued testicular DNA damage. In conclusion, LBP has significant protective effects against damage induced by local subchronic exposure to 60Co‐γ irradiation, allowing rats to achieve near‐complete recovery with LBP treatment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unified security architecture and protocols using third party identity in V2V and V2I networks
Authors: Choi Jaeduck , Jung Souhwan 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTVANETs have been developed to improve the safety and efficiency of transportation systems (V2V communications) and to enable various mobile services for the traveling public (V2I communications). For VANET technologies to be widely available, security issues concerning several essential requirements should be addressed. The existing security architectures and mechanisms have been studied separately in V2V and V2I networks, which results in duplicated efforts, security modules, and more complex security architectures. In this paper, we propose a unified security architecture and its corresponding security protocols that achieve essential security requirements such as authentication, conditional privacy, non‐repudiation, and confidentiality. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first study that deals with the security protocol in V2V as well as the handover authentication in V2I communications. Our proposal is characterized by a low‐complexity security framework, owing to the design and unification of the security architectures and modules. Furthermore, the evaluation of the proposed protocols proves them to be more secure and efficient than existing schemes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streaming data
Authors: Szewczyk William 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAs the ability to collect data continues to outstrip the ability to process and analyze it, the age‐old paradigm of store‐and‐process is becoming untenable. Finding one or two interesting items in the midst of many possible signals depends on context which often changes over time. A new way to interact with data is needed to handle some of these challenges. The streaming data model is one such approach. In this article, we present the streaming data model as well as two approaches to designing algorithms to handle streaming data. The first, the single processor method, traces its heritage to database models. The second, the multi‐processor method, is more aligned with signal processing algorithms. We will close with a critique of the current approaches and some of the statistical challenges that streaming data pose. WIREs Comp Stat 2011 3 22–29 DOI: 10.1002/wics.130This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Algorithms
Data: Types and Structure > Streaming Data
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Streaming Data Mining
Construction of Candida albicans Tet‐on tagging vectors with a Ura‐blaster cassette
Authors: Lai Wei‐Chung , Tseng Tzu‐Ling , Jian Ting , Lee Tai‐Lin , Cheng Chun‐Wen , Shieh Jia‐Ching 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIt has been difficult to develop molecular tools for studying the fungal pathogen Candida albicans because this species uses a non‐standard genetic code and is diploid without a complete sexual cycle. Vector systems with regulatable promoters to produce conditional mutants, epitope tags for protein detection and recyclable selection markers are useful for functional study of genes. However, most currently available vectors contain only a subset of desired properties, which limits their application. To combine several useful properties in one vector, the vector pTET25 was initially modified into pTET25M, so that the URA3 gene flanked by dpl200 could be used repetitively. To enable more choices for cloning, a multiple cloning site was introduced at both ends of GFP in pTET25M. GFP expression was induced by doxycycline in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner when the plasmid was introduced into C. albicans with or without URA3. The applicability of the vectors was verified by constructing strains capable of expressing either the N‐terminal GFP fusion of Cdc10 or the C‐terminal GFP fusion of Cdc11. Additionally, by replacing the GFP gene of pTET25M with DNA sequence encoding Cdc10 with an epitope tag of six histidine residues at the C‐terminus, doxycycline‐induced expression of CDC10 was achieved when the expression vector was introduced into C. albicans. This new system allows for inducible expression of a desired C. albicans gene with the advantage of convenience of cloning. It also allows the presence of a recyclable URA3 marker and the detectable expression of fusion or epitope‐tagged protein. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adapting multiuser 3D virtual environments to heterogeneous devices
Authors: de Araujo Regina Borges , e Silva Alessandro Rodrigues , Todesco Glauco 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
With the growing dissemination and reliability of wireless networks and the emergence of devices with increasing processing and communication power, applications that up to now were restricted to the PCs are being envisaged to run on devices as heterogeneous as wrist clocks, refrigerators with access to the internet, mobile phones, PDAs, set-top-boxes, game consoles etc. Application development for this myriad of devices and networks with different capabilities requires special attention from the software programmers and designers -especially when these applications are shared among multiple users. Application adaptation, which allows a software to react to device and environment resource variations, is an important process to fit the application to a certain device configuration. A large amount of work has focused on the adaptation of multimedia such as text, images, audio and video. Less attention has been given to 3D media adaptation — firstly because of the complexity involved in the 3D application adaptation, and also because true marketing opportunities for 3D applications in heterogeneous devices have just began to emerge. This paper analyses 3D media adaptation as a nonfunctional requirement for 3D multiuser virtual environment applications. An adaptation framework is proposed that can be integrated to the MPEG-4 standard to offer a solution to the adaptation of 3D multiuser virtual environment applications, which can be accessed from heterogeneous devices with different capabilities. The advantages of integrating the framework to the MPEG-4 standard are twofold: it favors the creation of complex applications, with high degree of interaction, such as multiuser 3D collaborative environments; and makes easier to build these applications for heterogeneous devices (from cellular phones to PDAs and set-top-boxes) since MPEG-4 is aimed at small mobile devices and narrowband networks, such as some wireless networks.
A prototype implementation of a distributed Satisfiability Modulo Theories solver in the ToolBus framework
Authors: Déharbe David , Ranise Silvio , Vidal Jorgiano 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
An increasing number of verification tools (e.g., software model-checkers) require the use of Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) solvers to implement the back-ends for the automatic analysis of specifications and properties. The most prominent approach to build SMT solvers consists in integrating an efficient Boolean solver with decision procedures capable of checking the satisfiability of sets of ground literals in selected theories. Although the problem of checking the satisfiability of arbitrary Boolean combinations of atoms modulo a background theory is NP-hard, there is a strong demand for high-performance SMT-solvers.
In this paper, we describe the design and prototype implementation of—to the best of our knowledge—the first distributed SMT solver. The emphasis is on providing ways to reduce the implementation effort and to make the system easily extensible. This is achieved in two ways: (a) we re-use as much as possible the code of an available sequential SMT solver and (b) we adopt theToolBus architecture for rapid prototyping. The behavior of the distributed SMT solver was tested on a set of problems which are representative of those generated by software verification techniques. The experiments show the possibility to obtain super-linear speed-ups of the distributed SMT solver with respect to its sequential version.
Compositional abstraction ofCSP
Z processes
Authors: Farias Adalberto , Mota Alexandre , Sampaio Augusto 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Data abstraction is a powerful technique to overcome state explosion in model checking. For CSPZ (a formal integration of the well-known specification languages CSP and Z), current approaches can mechanically abstract infinite domains (types) as long as they are not used in communications. This work presents a compositional and systematic approach to data abstract CSPZ specifications even when communications are based on infinite domains. Therefore, we deal with a larger class of specifications than the previous techniques. Our approach requires that the domains (used in communications) being abstracted do not affect the behaviour of the system (data independence). This criteria is used to achieve an internal partitioning of the specification in such a way that complementary techniques for abstracting data types can be applied to the components of the partition. Afterwards, the partial results can be compositionally combined to abstract the entire specification. We propose an algorithm that implements the partitioning and show the application of the entire approach to a real case study.
Women's Experiences and Behaviour at Onset of Symptoms of ST Segment Elevation Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Herning Margrethe , Hansen Peter R. , Bygbjerg Birgitte , Lindhardt Tove 
Published: November 2010

Background: Minimizing time from onset of symptoms to treatment (treatment delay) is crucial for patients with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI), and one of the great challenges is to reduce the delay relating to the prehospital behaviour of the patient (patient delay). Studies indicate that women delay longer than men and insights into this area could lead to improved health education programmes aimed at reducing patient delay in women with STEMI. Method: Open interviews with 14 women with STEMI were held during their hospital stay from June to September 2009. The interviews were aimed at exploring determinants of treatment delay, and were carried out and analysed within a phenomenological framework. Findings: Three themes emerged important for the delay in seeking medical assistance: (1) Knowledge and ideas of AMI symptoms and risks. (2) Ambivalence whether to call for medical assistance or to cope with the situation. (3) Actions and strategies taken after onset of symptoms. Conclusions: Three factors determined whether women showed appropriate behaviour for reduced patient delay after onset of symptoms: (1) identifying the symptoms as being of cardiac origin, (2) having a prepared action plan in case of an emergency situation, and (3) living with someone or contacting other persons.
Laboratory studies of Blattisocius keegani (Fox) (Acari: Ascidae) reared on eggs of navel orangeworm: potential for biological control
Authors: Thomas H.Q. , Zalom F.G. , Nicola N.L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBlattisocius keegani (Fox) is a predatory mite in the family Ascidae (Acari), noted for potential biological control of Coleopteran stored product pests. Performance of B. keegani on eggs of navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was investigated. Mites completed development from egg to adult in 9.2±0.22 days at 25°C and 50–60% relative humidity, and in 6.33±0.29 days at 32.2°C, 30% relative humidity. Mites provisioned with three or five eggs consumed a median of 1.25 to 1.5 eggs, with a maximum of three eggs consumed over 24 h. Regression analyses indicated egg-laying by B. keegani was significantly correlated with the number of A. transitella eggs consumed, and female mites laid an average of 5.82±0.44 eggs over 72 h. Blattisocius keegani, developed on fresh and frozen eggs, laid significantly more eggs when provided with fresh eggs (F3,26=6.16, P=0.0026) and were able to develop on frozen Ephestia kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs as an alternative host. Mites were equally fecund when fed eggs stored at 0° or −20°C. Provisioning of adult moth bodies in addition to egg prey items increased mite fecundity, although it was demonstrated that B. keegani are phoretic on adult moths as well. The results are the first experimental evidence of B. keegani as a predator of Lepidopteran eggs, as a phoretic species, and of their potential for biological control of navel orangeworm.
Closed Einstein–Weyl structures on compact Sasakian and cosymplectic manifolds
Authors: Matzeu Paola 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe study closed Einstein–Weyl structures on compact K-contact, Sasakian and cosymplectic manifolds. In particular we prove that compact Sasakian and cosymplectic manifolds endowed with a closed Einstein–Weyl structure are η-Einstein.
THE BOUNDARIES OF JUSTICIABILITY
Authors: McGoldrick Dominic 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis article examines the application of the principle of justiciability principally where it has been invoked in the context of claims in the UK courts related to foreign affairs or public international law. It is submitted that the modern judicial trend is to find that issues are justiciable and focus instead on the degree and intensity of the review exercised. The trend is directed and supported by the growing importance of human rights and the rule of law.
TEN YEARS OF EUROPEAN FAMILY LAW: RETROSPECTIVE REFLECTIONS FROM A COMMON LAW PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Shúilleabháin Máire Ní 
Published: November 2010

AbstractCouncil Regulation 1347/2000 (the ‘Brussels II Regulation’) marked the beginning of the ‘Europeanization’ of family law. This article analyses the development of EU family law policy over the last decade, with particular focus on the common law perspective. It is argued that the Brussels II Regulation and the ensuing EU family law measures have had (and will have) a significant negative impact in English and Irish law, clashing with internal legal policy and sitting uneasily alongside existing legal structures.