bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Cytobrush®, dermatological curette and oral CDx® brush test as methods for obtaining samples of RNA for molecular analysis of oral cytology
Authors: Reboiras‐López M. D. , Pérez‐Sayáns M. , Somoza‐Martín J. M. , Gayoso‐Diz P. , Barros‐Angueira F. , Gándara‐Rey J. M. , García‐García A. 
Published: March 2011

M. D. Reboiras‐López, M. Pérez‐Sayáns, J. M. Somoza‐Martín, P. Gayoso‐Diz, F. Barros‐Angueira, J. M. Gándara‐Rey and A. García‐GarcíaComparison of the Cytobrush®, dermatological curette and oral CDx® brush test as methods for obtaining samples of RNA for molecular analysis of oral cytologyObjective:  Interest in oral exfoliative cytology has increased with the availability of molecular markers that may lead to the earlier diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. This research aims to compare the efficacy of three different instruments (Cytobrush, curette and Oral CDx brush) in providing adequate material for molecular analysis.Methods:  One hundred and four cytological samples obtained from volunteer healthy subjects were analysed using all three instruments. The clinical and demographical variables under study were age, sex and smoking habits. The three instruments were compared for their ability to obtain adequate samples and for the amount of RNA obtained using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR‐qRT) analysis of the Abelson (ABL) housekeeping gene.Results:  RNA of the ABL gene has been quantified by number of copies. Adequate samples were more likely to be obtained with a curette (90.6%) or Oral CDx (80.0%) than a Cytobrush (48.6%); P < 0.001. Similarly, the RNA quantification was 17.64 ± 21.10 with a curette, 16.04 ± 15.81 with Oral CDx and 6.82 ± 6.71 with a Cytobrush. There were statistically significant differences between the Cytobrush and curette (P = 0.008) and between the Cytobrush and OralCDx (P = 0.034). There was no difference according to the demographical variables.Conclusions:  Oral exfoliative cytology is a simple, non‐invasive technique that provides sufficient RNA to perform studies on gene expression. Although material was obtained with all three instruments, adequate samples were more likely to be obtained with the curette or Oral CDx than with a Cytobrush. The Oral CDx is a less aggressive instrument than the curette, so could be a useful tool in a clinical setting.
Evolutionary ecology of plant defences against herbivores
Authors: Johnson Marc T. J. 
Published: March 2011

Summary 1. Herbivores consume a large portion of the biomass produced by plants in virtually all ecosystems, which has dramatic effects on both the ecology and evolution of plants. In response to this threat, plants have evolved a diverse arsenal of direct and indirect defences to reduce herbivory and the impacts of damage on plant performance. 2. This special feature is a broad synthesis of the evolution and ecology of plant defences. The first objective of this special feature is to provide a review of what we have learned about plant defences against herbivores. The second objective is to stimulate debate and sow fresh ideas for the future research. 3. The 11 articles in this issue address three fundamental questions: (i) How do plants defend themselves against a diverse array of enemies? (ii) Why do plant species vary in defence? And (iii) What are the ecological and ecosystem‐level consequences of plant defence? In addressing these questions the articles cover the interdisciplinary nature of plant–herbivore evolutionary ecology, from genes to global patterns. 4. The articles contained in the special feature question existing paradigms and provide new analyses of data. In some cases, influential hypotheses are firmly supported with new analyses (e.g. the Resource Availability Hypothesis), whereas in other instances conventional wisdom is called into question (e.g. the importance of secondary metabolites in the microevolution of resistance) and popular hypotheses are rejected (e.g. the Apparency Hypothesis, the Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis). 5. This is an exciting time for research on the evolutionary ecology of plant defences. The articles in this special feature provide a guide to how we can move forward in resolving existing problems and tackling new questions.
Synergies and trade‐offs between insect and pathogen resistance in maize leaves and roots
Authors: ERB MATTHIAS , BALMER DIRK , DE LANGE ELVIRA S. , VON MEREY GEORG , PLANCHAMP CHANTAL , ROBERT CHRISTELLE A. M. , RÖDER GREGORY , SOBHY ISLAM , ZWAHLEN CLAUDIA , MAUCH‐MANI BRIGITTE , TURLINGS TED C. J. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTDetermining links between plant defence strategies is important to understand plant evolution and to optimize crop breeding strategies. Although several examples of synergies and trade‐offs between defence traits are known for plants that are under attack by multiple organisms, few studies have attempted to measure correlations of defensive strategies using specific single attackers. Such links are hard to detect in natural populations because they are inherently confounded by the evolutionary history of different ecotypes. We therefore used a range of 20 maize inbred lines with considerable differences in resistance traits to determine if correlations exist between leaf and root resistance against pathogens and insects. Aboveground resistance against insects was positively correlated with the plant's capacity to produce volatiles in response to insect attack. Resistance to herbivores and resistance to a pathogen, on the other hand, were negatively correlated. Our results also give first insights into the intraspecific variability of root volatiles release in maize and its positive correlation with leaf volatile production. We show that the breeding history of the different genotypes (dent versus flint) has influenced several defensive parameters. Taken together, our study demonstrates the importance of genetically determined synergies and trade‐offs for plant resistance against insects and pathogens.
The intramolecular 13C‐distribution in ethanol reveals the influence of the CO2‐fixation pathway and environmental conditions on the site‐specific 13C variation in glucose
Authors: GILBERT ALEXIS , SILVESTRE VIRGINIE , SEGEBARTH NICOLAS , TCHERKEZ GUILLAUME , GUILLOU CLAUDE , ROBINS RICHARD J. , AKOKA SERGE , REMAUD GÉRALD S. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTEfforts to understand the cause of 12C versus 13C isotope fractionation in plants during photosynthesis and post‐photosynthetic metabolism are frustrated by the lack of data on the intramolecular 13C‐distribution in metabolites and its variation with environmental conditions. We have exploited isotopic carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C NMR) spectrometry to measure the positional isotope composition (δ13Ci, ‰) in ethanol samples from different origins: European wines, liquors and sugars from C3, C4 and crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants. In C3‐ethanol samples, the methylene group was always 13C‐enriched (∼2‰) relative to the methyl group. In wines, this pattern was correlated with both air temperature and δ18O of wine water, indicating that water vapour deficit may be a critical defining factor. Furthermore, in C4‐ethanol, the reverse relationship was observed (methylene‐C relatively 13C‐depleted), supporting the concept that photorespiration is the key metabolic process leading to the 13C distribution in C3‐ethanol. By contrast, in CAM‐ethanol, the isotopic pattern was similar to but stronger than C3‐ethanol, with a relative 13C‐enrichment in the methylene‐C of up to 13‰. Plausible causes of this 13C‐pattern are briefly discussed. As the intramolecular δ13Ci‐values in ethanol reflect that in source glucose, our data point out the crucial impact on the ratio of metabolic pathways sustaining glucose synthesis.
Current evidence of skin barrier dysfunction in human and canine atopic dermatitis
Authors: Marsella Rosanna , Olivry Thierry , Carlotti Didier‐Noel ,   for the International Task Force on Canine Atopic Dermatitis
Published: March 2011

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifaceted disease resulting from a complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors. Both of these factors can shape skin barrier function and the immunological response of predisposed patients. There is increasing evidence that an impaired skin barrier plays a role in both human and canine AD. Although many primary skin barrier defects had already been documented in the past in humans, the recent identification of the filaggrin mutations and the fact that such mutations are now considered the most important risk factor for development of AD have further emphasized the relevance of epidermal dysfunction in human AD. Much less is known in veterinary medicine, but evidence is rapidly building to support a role for skin barrier dysfunction in canine AD. Canine AD shares many clinical and immunological similarities with its human counterpart. The similar distribution of clinical lesions and the importance of the epicutaneous route of allergen exposure provided the incentive to investigate the role of skin barrier impairments in canine AD. The purpose of this comparative review is to present the current evidence of barrier dysfunction in both human and canine AD.
A genetic study of four Belgian pig populations by means of seven microsatellite loci
Authors: van Zeveren A. , Peelman L. , van de Weghe A. , Bouquet Y. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryGenetic variability within four Belgian pig breeds, (Landrace (BL), Negative (BN), Piétrain (P), and Large White (LW)) was investigated using seven microsatellite loci. Differences in allele frequencies indicate each breed's particular identity. Computation of polymorphism information contents (PIC), theoretical heterozygosities, effective numbers of alleles, and probabilities of encountering, at random, two identical individuals in each breed revealed a variability, decreasing in the order LW, BN, BL, and P. Five types of genetic distance between the breeds were also calculated. Two‐by‐two breed comparisons indicated some distances to be rather important, confirming the breeds' morphological differences. BL and BN show the closest resemblance, while P is the most distant breed. The chances of encountering, at random, two identical individuals among two breeds are small, and confirm the conclusions resulting from the genetic distances. The efficiency of the microsatellites in parentage control is high.Zusammenfassung7 Microsatellitsystemen studiert in 4 Belgische SchweinerassenAnhand von 7 Microsatellitsystemen wurde die genetische Variabilität innerhalb 4 Belgischer Schweinerassen (Landrasse [BL], Negativ [BN], Pietrain [P] und Large White [LW] untersucht. Unterschiede in Allelhäufigkeiten deuten auf die besondere Identität jeder einzelnen Rasse. Berechnung von Polymorphismus, Informationsinhalt (PIC), theoretischer Heterozygotiewerte, wirksamer Anzahl von Allelen und Wahrscheinlichkeit zweier identischer Individuen in jeder Rasse brachte Hinweise auf abnehmende Variabilität in der Reihenfolge von LW, BN, BL und P. Ausserdem wurden 5 Arten genetischer Distanzen zwischen den vier Schweinerassen berechnet. Bei paarweisem Vergleich zeigten diese Distanzen sich als ziemlich gross, so dass damit die morphologischen Differenzen zwischen den Rassen bestätigt werden. BL und BN haben die engste Verwandtschaft und P ist am weitesten entfernt von BL, BN und LW. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, zufällig zwei identische Tiere in zwei Rassen zu finden, fehlt praktisch und bestätigt die Schlussfolgerungen, die sich aus den genetischen Distanzen ergeben. Die Microsatelliten sind sehr zweckmässig anwendbar in der Abstammungskontrolle.
Paternal effects on the parent‐offspring correlation for body‐weight traits in mice
Authors: Bünger L. , Renne U. , Dietl G. , Pirchner F. 
Published: March 2011

SummarySexual dimorphism in some growth or behavioural traits in mice has led to a search for its Y‐chromosomal correlates. The existence of some Y‐chromosome‐linked loci, influencing the growth of mice directly or by a modifying action, should result in different correlations between father: son and father: daughter pairs. Two sets of data, obtained from investigation in an outbred strain of laboratory mice (Fzt: DU), were used to estimate correlations between father: son; father: daughter, mother: son, and mother: daughter pairs, and then estimate genetic parameters, such as h2, and a maternal and paternal coefficient. Set 1 comprised 145 complete data records for body weights at 10, 21, 42, and 63 days, and the corresponding gains, Set 2 comprised more than 4 000 data records for the body weight at 63 days. Due to the relatively large standard errors in set 1, only some of the interesting correlations and differences between correlations were significant. Set 2 showed an evident paternal contribution to the BW63. The heritability was equal to 0.27, the maternal and the paternal coefficients were 0.12 and 0.08, respectively.ZusammenfassungPaternaler Einfluß auf Eltern‐Nachkommen Korrelationen für Körpergewichte bei MäusenZahlreiche Untersuchungen nahmen dem bekannten Geschlechtsdimorphismus in Wachstums‐ und Verhaltensmerkmalen bei Labormäusen zum Ausgangspunkt, um nach molekulargenetischen Korrelaten auf dem Y‐Chromosom zu suchen. Y‐Chromosom gekoppelte Loci, die das Wachstum von Mäusen direkt oder über eine modifizierende Wirkung beeinflussen, sollten sich in unterschiedlichen Korrelationen zwischen Vater: Sohn und Vater: Tochter Paaren niederschlagen.Zwei Datensets, die in einem Auszuchtstamm von Labormäusen (Fzt:DU) erhoben wurden, dienten der Schätzung von Korrelationen zwischen Vater: Sohn‐, Vater:Tochter‐, Mutter:Sohn‐ und Mutter: Tochter‐Paaren für Wachstumsmerkmale. Diese erlaubten die Schätzung von Heritabilitäts‐ und von paternalen und maternalen Koeffizienten. Set 1: 145 komplette Datensätze für die Körpermasse bei 10, 21, 42 und 63 Lebenstagen und die entsprechenden Zuwachsraten.Set 2: >4 000 Datensätze für die Körpermasse am 63. Lebenstage. Wegen des relativ großen Standardfehlers im Set 1 erweisen sich dort nur einige der interessierenden Korrelationen bzw. Differenzen zwischen den Korrelationskoeffizienten als signifikant. Die Analyse des Set 2 ergab einen deutlichen paternalen Einfluß auf die Körpermasse am 63. Lebenstag; h2 betrug 0, 27 und der maternale bzw. paternale Koeffizient 0, 12 bzw. 0, 08.
Maternal swine trait genetic parameter estimates measured on Landrace females with known porcine stress syndrome genotypes
Authors: Stalder K. J. , Christian L. L. , Rothschild M. F. , Lin E.‐C. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryReproductive genetic parameter estimates from American Landrace sows were evaluated when two different methods of accounting for various environmental effects (parity, number after transfer, etc.) were used to pre‐adjust data prior to analyses. Additionally, the environmental effects were included in the models used for analysis and their solutions obtained directly. Data utilized in this study were obtained on American Landrace females with known porcine stress syndrome genotypes. Use of the Landrace breed specific adjustments (Brubaker et al. 1994) generally increase heritability and their use may more accurately reflect the true impact of each environmental factor and thus should result in a faster improvement of the trait through traditional selection methods. Additionally, applying environmental adjustments to the data prior to their evaluation reduces the model complexity and may be particularly useful to reduce the time and computer hardware requirements to analyse large data sets. Service sire and permanent environment‐repeated record accounted for small amounts of total variance and thus their inclusion in future analysis is questionable. More research needs to be conducted to compare general and breed‐specific environmental adjustments factors to achieve more accurate genetic evaluations of other pure breeds and synthetic lines of swine.ZusammenfassungSchätzungen genetischer Parameter für maternale Merkmale von Landrassesauen mit bekannten Porcinen Stress‐GenotypenGenetische Parameterschätzungen für Reproducktionsmerkmale amerikanischer Landrassesauen wurden unter Vergleich zweier verschiedener Methoden von Korrekturen für Umwelteinflüsse (Wurffolge, Zahl nach Ferkeltransfer, etc) verglichen. Darüber hinaus wurden Umwelteinflüsse in analytischen Modellen berücksichtigt und ihre Schätzwerte direkt berechnet. Die Daten stammten von Sauen mit bekannten Stressgenotypen. Landrasse‐spezifische Korrekturen (Brubaker 1994) führten zu höheren Heritabilitätswerten und dürften die tatsächlichen Umwelteinflüsse besser wiedergeben. Dies sollte zu rascherem genetischen Fortschritt mittels traditionellet Zuchtmethoden führen. Korrekturen vor der Auswertung reduzieren Komplexität der Modelle und führen damit zur Reduktion von Zeit‐ und Computerbedarf bei umfangreichen Daten. Einflüsse von Besamungseber und permanente Umweltwirkung bei wiederholten Leistungen verursachen wenig Variabilität, sodaß ihre Berücksichtigung fraglich sein sollte. Die Bewertung allgemeiner und rassenspezifischer Korrekturfaktoren bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen.
The influence of selection on reaction to stress in mice V. The effect of starvation and glutathione injection on the activity of N‐acetyl‐beta‐glucosaminidase and the level of glutathione in the liver
Authors: Witek B. , Kołataj A. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryThe experiment was conducted on 40 6‐week‐old mice selected for a high rate of body weight gain and 40 unselected controls. Model stressors were used: starvation for 24 h, injection of glutathione and both stressors jointly. Measurements were made of N‐acetyl‐beta‐glucosaminidase (NAGL) activity and the level of non‐protein sulfhydryl groups in the liver. Starvation, glutathione injection and starvation with glutathione injection jointly caused an increase of NAGL activity, which was more marked in the selected mice. Starvation caused a decrease of glutathione level, glutathione injection and both stressors jointly caused an increase in the level of glutathione. The reactions of selected mice were stronger in comparison with unselected ones. The results suggest that the mice selected for a high rate of body weight gain were less resistant to starvation and glutathione injection than the unselected mice.ZusammenfassungDer Einfluβ der Selektion auf die N‐Azetyl‐β‐glukosaminidase Aktivität und Glutathionniveau in der Leber der MäuseEs wurden 40 Mäuse im Alter 6 Wochen einer Selektionslinie auf Körpergewicht und 40 Mäuse der Kontrolle untersucht. Den Tieren der Versuchsgruppe wurden die Nahrung 24 Stunden entzogen. Die Glutathioninjektion und Hungern zusammen mit Glutathioninjektion wurde auch eingesetzt. Es wurde Leber zur Bestimmung der Aktivität von N‐Azetyl‐β‐glukosaminidase und des Glutathionniveau entnommen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daβ selektierte Tiere empfindlicher als Kontrolltiere gegen Belastungen gewesen sind.
Reproductive performance of dairy cattle at Asella livestock farm, Arsi, Ethiopia. I: Indigenous cows versus their F1 crosses
Authors: Negussie E. , Brännäng E. , Banjaw K. , Rottmann O. J. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIn this study the reproductive performance of indigenous Ethiopian cows and their F1 crosses was evaluated and factors affecting reproductive performance were assessed, based on crossbreeding data collected from Asella Livestock Farm, Ethiopia.Age at first calving, number of services per conception, days open, gestation length and calving interval were considered in the evaluation of reproductive performance.Results obtained showed that genetic (breed) group was a significant source of variation for almost all of reproductive performance traits studied. First (F1) crosses were found to be better than the indigenous cows. Among the first crosses, Jersey crosses were the best. They had a lower age at first calving, required less number of services per conception, shorter days open and calving intervals than the rest of the genetic groups.Under the prevailing conditions (feeding, management, etc.), upgrading indigenous cows with Jersey inheritance would be recommendable provided that sound breeding programmes are established to maintain the merits of first crosses.ZusammenfassungDie Untersuchung wertet Daten über die Reproduktionsleistung äthiopischer Rassen und ihrer Kreuzungsnachkommen aus und schätzt genetische und nicht‐genetische Einflüsse auf die Fortpflanzung. Die Aufzeichnungen stammen von der Asella‐Livestock‐Farm, Arsi, Aüthiopien.Verwendet wurden die Fruchtbarkeitsmerkmale Erstkalbealter, Besamungsindex, Güstzeit, Trächtig‐keitsdauer und Zwischenkalbezeit. Die Ergebnisse zeigen die genetische Gruppe (Rasse) als signifikante Variationsursache für fast alle untersuchten Merkmale. F1‐Kreuzungstiere waren den einheimischen Rassen überlegen. Dabei hatten Jersey‐Kreuzungstiere bessere Leistungen als Holstein‐Kreuzungen. Bei ersteren war ein geringeres Erstkalbealter festzustellen, sie hatten einen niedrigeren Besamungsindex, und kürzere Güst‐ und Zwischenkalbezeiten als alle andern genetischen Gruppen. Unter den vorherrschenden Bedingungen hinsichtlich Futterangebot, Management usw. empfiehlt sich die Kreu‐zungzucht mit Jersey unter der Voraussetzung, daß fundierte Zuchtprogramme die überlegenheit der F1‐Tiere erhalten.
Polymorphisms of Hae II and Msp I growth hormone genes in commercial hybrid pigs with different RYR1 genotypes
Authors: Kuciel J. , KŘenková L. , Urban T. 
Published: March 2011

SummaryIn commercial hybrid pigs (n = 95) of Large White (LW), Landrace (L), Piétrain (Pn) and Hampshire (H) breeds, the genotypes of the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) and of growth hormone (GH) were determined from blood samples by DNA test, using the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism methods. The polymorphism of the RYR1 gene was found from the mutation in the 1843rd nucleotide by digestion with restriction enzymes Hha I and Hgi AI. Genotypes of GH were established using restrictases Hae II and Msp I. In the two hybrid groups, respectively, the frequencies of the RYR1 genotypes were N/N = 0.62; N/n = 0.37 and n/n = 0.01; GH (Msp I) ‐/‐ = 0.15; +/‐ = 0.58 and +/+ = 0.27 and GH (Hae II) ‐/‐ = 0.16; +/‐ = 0.58 and +/+ = 0.26. Their distributions corresponded with genotypic Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium status. Interactions between genotypes of RYR1 and GH (Msp I) and RYR1 and GH (Hae II) genes, evaluated by means of Cramer's V contingency coefficient (c.c) were c.c = 0.21 and c.c = 0.29, respectively; the corresponding correlation between GH (Msp I) and GH (Hae II) was c.c = 0.31 (p < 0.01). There was a highly significant difference in the frequency of RYR1 genotypes in two hybrid groups, i.e. (LW × L) × (Pn × H) and (LW × L) × (H); the corresponding differences for GH (Msp I) were significant (p ≤ 0.05) and those for the GH (Hae II) was not significant.ZusammenfassungPolymorphisms von Hae II und Msp I Schnittstellen des Wachstumshormongenes in Hybridschweinen unterschiedlicher RYR1 GenotypenDie Genotypen an Ryanodin und Wachstumshormon‐Loci wurden mittels PCR und RFLP Methoden bei 95 Hybridschweinen bestimmt. Der Polymorphismus des RYR1 Genes am Nukleotid 1843 wurde mittels Digestion mit Restriktionsenzymen Hha I und Hgi AI ermittelt. Die GH Genotypen wurden mittels Restriktasen Hae II und Msp I bestimmt. Die RYR1 Genotypfrequenzen waren: 0.62, 0.37, 0.01 für N/N, N/n, n/n; die von GH (Msp I) 0.15, 0.58, 0.27; die von GH (Hae II) 0.16, 0.58, 0.26, jeweils von ‐/‐, ‐/+, +/+. Die Verteilungen entsprechen dem Hardy‐Weinberg Äquilibrium, die Interaktionen zwischen RYR1 und den beiden GH Genotypen waren c.c. = 0.21 und c.c. = 0.29 (Cramer's Kontingenz Koeffizienten) und die Korrelationen zwischen letzteren 0.31 (p < 0.01). Die beiden Hybridgruppen (LW × L) × (Pn × H) und (LW × L) × H sind hochsignifikant unterschiedlich hinsichtlich RYR1 Genotypen, signifikant bezüglich GH (Msp I) (p ≤ 0.05) und insignifikant für GH (Hae II).