bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Algae
Authors: Levine Ira A. 
Published: January 2011

Algae have been and are used as a source of: food, industrial and fine chemicals, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmaceuticals, animal fodder, energy, effluent bioremediation, and fertilizer for the past five thousand years. Algal utilization as a feedstock for biofuel development is not a new concept having been initiated over the past forty years utilizing both macro and microalgae. Utilization of algae as a potential biofuel feedstock, reducing global reliance on petroleum-based transportation fuels, has attracted significant attention. Algal-based biofuels represents many different forms of liquid transportation fuel or energy source including: alkanes, biobutanol, biodiesel, bioethanol, biohydrogen, biomethane, gasoline, green diesel, and jet fuel.
Microalgae or phytoplankton have rapidly gained acceptance as a significant feedstock second-generation biofuel feedstock. Several advantages of microalgae over terrestrial crops include: Large areal productivities and yields (estimates 5000-7000 gallons/acre/year); Short lifecycle; Use of marginal, non-arable land; and Avoidance of feedstock vs. food conflict. Macroalgae or seaweeds represent an alternative to microalgal cultivation as a source of algal-based biofuels exhibiting several advantages including harvesting ease and long-established farming efforts and yielding ∼16 million wet tons per year. Algal-based biofuels stands ready to take its place amongst the evolving second-generation biofuel feedstocks. Incremental biological and technological enhancements along with the development of new methodologies will drive the commercialization of this nascent industry to realize its fullest potential; a significant source of biologically-based transportation fuels.
Satellites and fisheries: a personal view
Authors: Koeller Peter 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Koeller, P. 2011. Satellites and fisheries: a personal view. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: . Satellite remote-sensing data have become indispensable in fishery oceanography, but are rarely used in applied fishery science, i.e. stock assessment. However, they are likely to be a key data source in the implementation of ecosystem approaches to fisheries management.
Photosynthesis-Dependent But Neochrome1-Independent Light Positioning of Chloroplasts and Nuclei in the FernAdiantum capillus-veneris
Authors: Sugiyama Yuka , Kadota Akeo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChloroplasts change their positions in the cell depending on the light conditions. In the dark, chloroplasts in fern prothallia locate along the anticlinal wall (dark position). However, chloroplasts become relocated to the periclinal wall (light position) when the light shines perpendicularly to the prothallia. Red light is effective in inducing this relocation in Adiantum capillus-veneris, and neochrome1 (neo1) has been identified as the red light receptor regulating this movement. Nevertheless, we found here that chloroplasts in neo1 mutants still become relocated from the dark position to the light position under red light. We tested four neo1 mutant alleles (neo1-1, neo1-2, neo1-3, and neo1-4), and all of them showed the red-light-induced chloroplast relocation. Furthermore, chloroplast light positioning under red light occurred also in Pteris vittata, another fern species naturally lacking the neo1-dependent phenomenon. The light positioning of chloroplasts occurred independently of the direction of red light, a response different to that of the neo1-dependent movement. Photosynthesis inhibitors 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea or 2,5-dibromo-3-isopropyl-6-methyl-p-benzoquinone blocked this movement. Addition of sucrose (Suc) or glucose to the culture medium induced migration of the chloroplasts to the periclinal wall in darkness. Furthermore, Suc could override the effects of 3-(3,4 dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea. Interestingly, the same light positioning was evident for nuclei under red light in the neo1 mutant. The nuclear light positioning was also induced in darkness with the addition of Suc or glucose. These results indicate that photosynthesis-dependent nondirectional movement contributes to the light positioning of these organelles in addition to the neo1-dependent directional movement toward light.
Secrets of the subterranean pathosystem ofArmillaria
Authors: BAUMGARTNER KENDRA , COETZEE MARTIN P. A. , HOFFMEISTER DIRK 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYArmillaria root disease affects fruit and nut crops, timber trees and ornamentals in boreal, temperate and tropical regions of the world. The causal pathogens are members of the genusArmillaria(Basidiomycota, Physalacriaceae). This review summarizes the state of knowledge and highlights recent advances inArmillariaresearch.Taxonomy:Armillariaincludes more than 40 morphological species. However, the identification and delineation of species on the basis of morphological characters are problematic, resulting in many species being undetected. Implementation of the biological species' concept and DNA sequence comparisons in the contemporary taxonomy ofArmillariahave led to the discovery of a number of new species that are not linked to described morphological species.Host range:Armillariaexhibits a range of symbioses with both plants and fungi. As plant pathogens,Armillariaspecies have broad host ranges, infecting mostly woody species.Armillariacan also colonize orchidsGaleolaandGastrodiabut, in this case, the fungus is the host and the plant is the parasite. Similar to its contrasting relationships with plants,Armillariaacts as either host or parasite in its interactions with other fungi.Disease control:Recent research on post‐infection controls has revealed promising alternatives to the former pre‐plant eradication attempts with soil fumigants, which are now being regulated more heavily or banned outright because of their negative effects on the environment. New study tools for genetic manipulation of the pathogen and characterization of the molecular basis of the host response will greatly advance the development of resistant rootstocks in a new stage of research. The depth of the research, regardless of whether traditional or genomic approaches are used, will depend on a clear understanding of where the different propagules ofArmillariaattack a root system, which of the pathogen's diverse biolymer‐degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites facilitate infection, and how the course of infection differs between resistant and susceptible hosts.
Pubarche and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels in children with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Siemensma Elbrich P. C. , de Lind van Wijngaarden Roderick F. A. , Otten Barto J. , de Jong Frank H. , Hokken‐Koelega Anita C. S. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryContext  Premature pubarche (PP) is reported in children with Prader–Willi Syndrome (PWS). Pubarche is preceded by adrenarche – an increase in serum levels of adrenal androgens, most specifically dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS).Objectives  To assess DHEAS levels, the age at and progression of pubarche and the prevalence of PP in children with PWS.Design/Patients  In the Dutch PWS Cohort Study, 120 children (6 months–17 years) are prospectively followed. Their age at onset of pubarche and various pubic hair stages and prevalence of PP were determined. Serum DHEAS levels were assessed in 97 children.Results  Median serum DHEAS levels were significantly higher in children with PWS than in healthy age‐matched controls at ages 3–6 years (girls: P = 0·004 and boys: P = 0·010) and 6–10 years (girls: P = 0·045 and boys: P = 0·001). Age and gender significantly influenced DHEAS levels in children with PWS. The median [P10–P90] age at onset of pubarche in children with PWS was significantly younger than in healthy peers, 9·04[6·75–11·84] years in PWS girls (P < 0·0001) and 10·31 [8·65–12·29] years in PWS boys (P = 0·003). The prevalence of PP in children with PWS was 30·0% in girls and 16·1% in boys.Conclusions  Compared to healthy children, children with PWS have significantly higher DHEAS levels from 3 to 10 years of age. They are younger at onset of pubarche and have a higher prevalence of premature pubarche. DHEAS levels in PWS are influenced by age and gender. Our findings indicate earlier maturation of the zona reticularis of the adrenal glands in children with PWS.
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis evolution was not modified by multiple infections with Strongyloides venezuelensis
Authors: CHIUSO‐MINICUCCI F. , VAN D. BUI , ZORZELLA‐PEZAVENTO S. F. G. , PERES R. S. , ISHIKAWA L. L. W. , ROSA L. C. , FRANÇA T. G. D. , TURATO W. M. , AMARANTE A. F. T. , SARTORI A. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryAccording to the hygiene hypothesis, the increased incidence of allergic and autoimmune diseases in developed countries is mainly explained by the decreased contact between the human population and certain environmental agents as lactobacillus, mycobacteria and helminths. In this study, we evaluated the effect of multiple infections with Strongyloides venezuelensis on the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Multiple infections before EAE induction were not able to change the evolution of the disease. No alterations were observed in weight loss, clinical score and inflammation intensity at the central nervous system. The presence of significant levels of parasite‐specific IgG1 but not IgG2b suggested a Th2 polarization. However, the percentage and absolute number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells were not changed, being their levels in the spleen and lymph nodes of infected rats comparable to the ones found in normal animals. These results suggest that a Th2‐polarized response without concomitant expansion of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells was not able to modify EAE progression. Even though these results do not threaten the hygiene hypothesis, they suggest that this paradigm might be an oversimplification. They also emphasize the need of a study to compare the immunoregulatory ability associated with different helminth spp.
Pruritus: an overview of current concepts
Authors: Metz Martin , Grundmann Sonja , Ständer Sonja 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPruritus is an integral part of the patient's symptoms in numerous dermatological and systemic diseases in humans and animals. Comparable to chronic pain, pruritus can have a dramatic impact on the quality of life of the patient. In recent years, pruritus has been defined as an autonomous, pain‐independent sensation, and itch‐specific neurons, mediators, spinal neurons and cortical areas have been identified. These observations have not only improved our understanding of the neurobiology of itch but will also lead to improved diagnosis and to the development of new and more efficient therapeutic options. This article reviews the role of itch fibres and their response to various mediators of pruritus including histamine, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and substance P (SP), and opioids. Substances that may be involved in the induction or modulation of itch may be termed pruritogenic mediators and examples discussed include proteases, lipid mediators, neuropeptides, opioids and various cytokines. There is no single, generally accepted clinical classification of chronic pruritus. In the past pruritus has been classified on the basis of the neuroanatomical origin and on the potential underlying disease. Therapeutic options for the management of pruritus are discussed including topical and systemic therapies, assuming that trigger factors have been eliminated where possible. Topical agents may include capsaicin, the calcineurin inhibitors tacrolimus and pimecrolimus, and cannabinoid agonists such asN‐palmitoyl ethanolamine. Systemic therapies may include antihistamines, anticonvulsants, opiate receptor antagonist or agonists, antidepressants, ciclosporin, and UV light.
Role of the environment in the development of canine atopic dermatitis in Labrador and golden retrievers
Authors: Meury S. , Molitor V. , Doherr M. G. , Roosje P. , Leeb T. , Hobi S. , Wilhelm S. , Favrot C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCanine and human atopic dermatitis are multifaceted diseases whose clinical development may be influenced by several factors, such as genetic background, environment, secondary infections, food and psychological effects. The role of the environment has been extensively examined in humans but remains unclear in dogs. The aim of this study was to examine environmental factors in two genetically close breeds, Labrador and golden retrievers. Using standard criteria, atopic dogs in Switzerland and Germany were selected and compared with healthy individuals. Information on environmental factors was collected using a 46‐question survey encompassing date and place of birth, way of life at the breeder’s and owner’s home, food and treatments. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess the association between potential risk factors and disease status. The following parameters were associated with an increased risk of disease development: living in a shed during puppyhood, adoption at the age of 8–12 weeks and washing the dog regularly. In contrast, the following factors were associated with a lower risk: living in a rural environment, living in a household with other animals and walking in a forest. These associations do not prove causality but support the primary hypothesis that certain environmental factors may influence the development of canine atopic dermatitis. Further studies are warranted to confirm these results and conclusions.
In sacco, in vitro and in vivo digestibility and supplementary value of some tropical forage legume hays to sheep feeding on a basal diet of maize stover
Authors: Tolera A. , Said A. N. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe potential of Desmodium intortum, Macrotyloma axillare and Stylosanthes guianensis hays for improving the digestibility of a basal diet of maize stover was assessed using in sacco, in vitro and in vivo methods. In sacco degradability results showed that S. guianensis hay had higher potential and effective DM degradability than the other two legume hays. Stylosanthes guianensis hay also had higher (p < 0.05) in vitro DM digestibility compared to maize stover, D. intortum and M. axillare. In vitro DM digestibility was negatively correlated (r = −0.97) with ADF content of the feeds.The in vivo data showed that there were no significant differences (p > 0.05) among the different species of legume hay supplements and levels of supplementation in DM and OM digestibility. The NDF, ADF and CP digestibility were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in S. guianensis hay supplemented groups than in groups which were supplemented with the other two forage legume hays. This was associated with lower levels of ADF and lignin and higher CP content in S. guianensis hay than in the other two forage legume species. Thus, S. guianensis was better than the other two forage legumes in improving the nutrient (CP, NDF, ADF and estimated in vitro DM) digestibility of maize stover‐based diets which could be due to low fibre content and increased nitrogen availability and improved rumen microbial activity.ZusammenfassungIn sacco‐ in vitro‐ und in vivo Verdaulichkeit sowie Futterwert von einigen tropischen Heuarten für Schafe, bei Fütterung von MaishäckselMit Hilfe von in sacco‐, in vitro‐ und in vivo‐Methoden wurde das Fütterungspotential von Desmodium intortum‐, Macrotyloma axillare‐ und Stylosanthes guianensis‐Heu zur Verbesserung von Maishäckselrationen bei Schafen untersucht. Die in sacco Abbaubarkeit lag bei Stylosanthes guianensis höher als bei den anderen erwähnten Heuarten. Im Verglcich zu Maishäcksel wurde für Stylosanthes guianensis cine höhere (P < 0.05) in vitro Verdaulichkeit der Trockensubstanz als für Maishäcksel, D. intortum und M. axillare ermittelt. Die in vitro Trockensubstanz‐Verdaulichkeit war negativ (r = −0.97) mit dem ADF‐Gehalt der Futtermittel korreliert.
Effect of starvation for four days on antipyrine metabolism in calves
Authors: Janus K. , Suszycka J. , Muszczynski Z. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe effect of starvation for four days on the metabolism of antipyrine was studied in calves by measuring the antipyrine plasma clearance as well as the excretion of three major metabolites of antipyrine in urine.The study was carried out on 20 calves, females of the Holstein‐Friesian breed, (10 calves in a control group and 10 in an experimental group), aged 14–15 days. Antipyrine studies were performed in a experimental group before and after the 4 days of starvation.The starvation for four days was associated with a statistically significant (p < 0.01) increase in the plasma antipyrine elimination half‐life. In the starved calves the systemic clearance of antipyrine was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased. The excretion of the three major metabolites of antipyrine: 4‐hydroxyantipyrine, 3‐hydroxymethylantipyrine and norantipyrine in urine was significantly (p < 0.01) decreased after starvation. In the control group no significant differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters of antipyrine in 14–15 and 18‐19 day‐old calves were observed and the urinary profiles of antipyrine in calves from the control group did not differ significantly between 14–15 and 18–19 days of age.The data obtained from this study indicate that starvation for four days inhibits antipyrine elimination in calves.ZusammenfassungDer Einfluß einer viertägigen Hungerperiode auf den Antipyrinmetabolismus bei KälbernIn der vorliegenden Untersuchung sollte der Einfluß einer viertägigen Hungerperiode auf die Antipy‐rinclearance im Plasma, die Ausscheidung über die Nieren und die Nierenclearance von drei Antipyrin‐metaboliten bei Kälbern untersucht werden.Als Versuchstiere dienten 20 weibliche Holstein‐Friesian Kälber im Alter von 14–15 Tagen. Die Kälber wurden in zwei Grüppen eingeteilt (10 Kälber in der Kontrollgruppe und 10 Kälber in der Versuchsgruppe). Der Antipyrintest wurde 0 Tage und 4 Tage nach Nahrungsentzug durchgeführt.Nach viertägiger Hungerperiode war die Antipyrinhalbwertszeit (p < 0.01) wesentlich verlängert. Die Plasma‐Antipyrin‐Clearance, die Nierenausscheidung und die Nierenclearance der Antipyrin‐metabolite wurde (p < 0.01) bei viertägigem Nahrungsentzug bei den Kälbern deutlich reduziert. Aus der Kontrollgruppe geht hervor, daß sich hinsichtlich der Antipyrinhalbwertszeit, der Antipyrin‐clearance sowie der Nierenausscheidung keine wesentlichen Unterschiede zwischen 14–15 Tage alten und 18–19 Tage alten Kälbern (p > 0.05) zeigen.Ein viertägiger Nahrungsentzug reduziert demnach den Antipyrin‐Stoffwechsel wesentlich.
Estimation of digestible energy in dry extruded dog foods
Authors: Gröner T. , Pfeffer E. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryMultiple regression analysis was carried out for the results of digestibility determinations carried out with dogs fed 45 different dry extruded foods in which proximate nutrients, detergent fibre and α‐linked plus free glucose (a‐Glc) had been analysed. The following formula for estimating the digestible energy (DE) was found to be the most accurate:
image

Inclusion of detergent fibre did not improve the accuracy of estimation.ZusammenfassungSchätzung der Verdaulichen Energie in extrudiertem Trockenfutter für HundeMittels multipler Regressionsanalyse wurden die Ergebnisse von Verdaulichkeitsbestimmungen mit Hunden ausgewertet, in denen 45 verschiedene extrudierte Trockenfutter untersucht worden waren.In den Futtern wurden neben den Weender Rohnährstoffen noch NDF, ADF und alpha‐glucosidisch gebundene plus freie Glucose (a‐Glc) bestimmt. Folgende Schätzglcichung für die Verdauliche Energie wurde als empfehlenswert abgeleitet:
image

Hinzunahme von NDF oder ADF führte nicht zu Verbesserungen der Schätzgenauigkeit.
Candida albicansim elektronenoptischen Bild:Candida albicansin electronmicroscopical presentation
Authors: Müller Johannes 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung.Die Fülle der Informationen, welche die Elektronenmikroskopie zur Kenntnis vonCandida albicansund seinen Beziehungen zum menschlichen Wirt beigetragen hat, wird in dieser übersicht in Beispielen dargestellt.Summary.The multiplicity of information which electronmicroscopy has contributed to our knowledge ofCandida albicansand its relationship to the human host is reviewed and by means of examples presented.
Zur Taxonomie und Ökologie der Gattung Candida: Taxonomy and ecology of the genus Candida
Authors: Schauer Frieder , Hanschke R. 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung. Die imperfekte Hefegattung Candida, die etwa ein Viertel aller derzeit bekannten Hefearten einschließt, ist ein sehr heterogenes Taxon. Sie umfaßt verschiedenartige Organismen, die z. T. kaum miteinander verwandt sind. Neben einer hohen morphologischen und physiologischen Variabilität deutet u. a. das Vorkommen von vier unterschiedlichen Ubichinontvpen sowie die große Variationsbreite des G+ C‐Gehaltes der DNA von 30,0 bis 62,7 mol% auf die Heterogenität der Gattung hin.Die meisten Candida‐Arten sind mit Pflanzen, verrottenden pflanzlichen Materialien, mit Insekten, die sich von pflanzlichen Substraten ernähren, oder mit Lebensmitteln assoziiert. So können 71% der Arten Xylose verwerten (Holzabbau), 57% nutzen Cellobiose als Substrat (Zellulose‐Abbau), 29% können aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe oxydieren (Bestandteile der Pflanzenkutikula), 27% sind in der Lage, Stärke als pflanzlichen Speicherstoff abzubauen, und 7% können Methanol als alleinige C‐Quelle nutzen (Pektin‐Katabolismus). Darüber hinaus sind 85% der Candida‐Arten von Vitaminen abhängig, die vielfach in pflanzlichen Substraten enthalten sind.Die Besiedlung von Menschen oder Warmblütern scheint demgegenüber von sekundärer Bedeutung zu sein. So können 65% der Candida‐Arten bei 37°C nicht mchr wachsen. Nur 16% der vorhandenen Typus‐ und Vergleichsstämme aus Stammsammlungen (CSB) wurden aus menschlichem Material isoliert. Etwa 10% der Candida‐Arten sind potentiell humanpathogen, nur 5% der Arten treten häufiger in Erscheinung und sind als humanpathogene Hefen von Bedeutung.Summary. Candida is a heterogeneous genus which contains about a quarter of all yeast species. It includes not only species of uncertain affiliation but also unrelated strains whose phylogenetic relationships have not been resolved. A great variety of CoQ types are present in the genus, the mol % G+C ranges from 30–63%, and species that were found to sporulate have teleomorphic counterparts in 11 different genera.Candida species are mainly associated with plants, rotting vegetation, with insects which feed on plants or with food. In line with this, 71% of Candida species utilize xylose (wood degradation), 57 % of species use cellobiose (cellulose degradation), 29% oxidize aliphatic hydrocarbons (components of plant cuticula), 27% of species degrade starch as a plant storage material, and 7% utilize methanol as a possible metabolite from pectin catabolism. 85% of species require individual vitamins produced mainly in plant materials. 65% of Candida species are not able to grow at temperatures of 37 °C.In comparison only relatively few species occur normally in humans and other warm blooded animals. About 16% of type strains and selected strains for comparative purposes (CBS) were isolated from human specimens. Perhaps up to 10% of Candida species may be of medical importance, though this has so far only been clearly demonstrated for less than 5% of currently known species.