bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations of the structure of turbulent mixing across the Kuroshio
Authors: Kaneko Hitoshi , Yasuda Ichiro , Komatsu Kosei , Itoh Sachihiko 
Published: June 2012

The mean structure of turbulence intensity across the Kuroshio in spring is presented by compositing microstructure profiles on a stream coordinate. The composite mean of turbulent energy dissipation rate
was high near fronts on both cyclonic and anticyclonic sides. On the cyclonic side,
> 10−8 W kg−1 (vertical diffusivity of > 3 × 10−5 m2 s−1) was observed in the region of strong vertical shear of geostrophic velocity. Depth‐averaged
within the depth range 50–150 m (150–250 m) was significantly higher at 0 to 50 km (−25 to 50 km) compared with >50 km from the axis. Although lower than on the cyclonic side,
at depths of 50–150 m on the anticyclonic side near the front was again enhanced. On this side, the total vertical shear of horizontal velocity was strong, whereas the geostrophic shear was weak.
Younger Dryas cooling and the Greenland climate response to CO
2
Authors: Liu Zhengyu , Carlson Anders E. , He Feng , Brady Esther C. , Otto-Bliesner Bette L. , Briegleb Bruce P. , Wehrenberg Mark , Clark Peter U. , Wu Shu , Cheng Jun , Zhang Jiaxu , Noone David , Zhu Jiang 
Published: June 2012

Greenland ice-core δ
18
O-temperature reconstructions suggest a dramatic cooling during the Younger Dryas (YD; 12.9–11.7 ka), with temperatures being as cold as the earlier Oldest Dryas (OD; 18.0–14.6 ka) despite an approximately 50 ppm rise in atmospheric CO
2
. Such YD cooling implies a muted Greenland climate response to atmospheric CO
2
, contrary to physical predictions of an enhanced high-latitude response to future increases in CO
2
. Here we show that North Atlantic sea surface temperature reconstructions as well as transient climate model simulations suggest that the YD over Greenland should be substantially warmer than the OD by approximately 5 °C in response to increased atmospheric CO
2
. Additional experiments with an isotope-enabled model suggest that the apparent YD temperature reconstruction derived from the ice-core δ
18
O record is likely an artifact of an altered temperature-δ
18
O relationship due to changing deglacial atmospheric circulation. Our results thus suggest that Greenland climate was warmer during the YD relative to the OD in response to rising atmospheric CO
2
, consistent with sea surface temperature reconstructions and physical predictions, and has a sensitivity approximately twice that found in climate models for current climate due to an enhanced albedo feedback during the last deglaciation.
Migrations of Common Snook from a Tidal River with Implications for Skipped Spawning
Authors: Trotter Alexis A. , Blewett David A. , Taylor Ronald G. , Stevens Philip W. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCommon snook Centropomus undecimalis support a recreational fishery that contributes greatly to Florida's economy and have been the subject of many diverse studies in which aspects of their life history, reproductive biology, and fishery dynamics have been defined. The current stock assessment contains assumptions based on historical reproductive schedules measured at the population level during the early 1990s. Recent research, however, suggests our understanding of habitat residency and spawning schedules may be overly generalized. We used acoustic telemetry to study the movements and migrations of common snook from the tidal reaches of the Caloosahatchee River, a major tributary of Charlotte Harbor, for 3 years (2005–2007). During this period, 60% of the tagged snook left the study area during at least one spawning season, presumably to enter higher salinity waters where they spawn. The onset and duration of these annual migrations are similar to those reported in previous reproductive studies of snook, but individual dynamics varied. Unexpectedly, 40% of tagged snook remained within the monitored portion of the river for up to three spawning seasons, providing initial evidence for skipped spawning. These detailed data indicate differential individual contributions to total spawning biomass. If further investigation confirms skipped spawning in common snook and shows similar rates of skipped reproduction throughout the snook population, this information should be incorporated into future stock assessments.
Spring and Summer Distribution and Habitat Use by Adult Threatened Spotted Gar in Rondeau Bay, Ontario, Using Radiotelemetry
Authors: Glass W. R. , Corkum L. D. , Mandrak N. E. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe spotted gar Lepisosteus oculatus is designated as threatened in Canada under the federal Species at Risk Act. Identification and protection of critical habitat is an important component of recovering species at risk. To understand the habitat utilization of the adult life stage of the spotted gar in Rondeau Bay, a shallow coastal wetland of Lake Erie, external radio transmitters were surgically attached to 37 specimens in May 2007. These individuals were tracked at 224 discrete locations throughout the spring and summer of 2007. Aquatic macrophytes were present at 201 (90%) of these sites. Habitat and water chemistry data were collected at all tracked locations occupied by spotted gars. On the basis of electivity indices, in spring spotted gars showed a strong preference for shallow (<0.5‐m) and deep (>2.5‐m) waters with pH values <8.5. In summer, strong preference was shown for areas with mixed macrophyte beds. Spotted gars were found to relate to specific depths and cover rather than to shoreline features in Rondeau Bay. The study results are being used by the spotted gar Recovery Team to identify critical habitat in Rondeau Bay. This critical habitat designation will be used to ensure the protection of habitat needed to preserve the species in Canada, in part by curtailing the removal of aquatic vegetation in Rondeau Bay.
Temperature Affects Growth and Tissue Fatty Acid Composition of Juvenile Atlantic Spadefish
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T , Schwarz Michael H , Bowzer John C , Gause Brian R , Fenn Teresa , Delbos Brendan C 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The Atlantic spadefish Chaetodipterus faber holds potential as an aquaculture species, but successful intensive production of this species will depend on the identification of proper husbandry methods, including the use of optimal water temperatures. Accordingly, we evaluated the growth performance and tissue composition of juveniles (37.8 ± 0.5 g [mean ± SE]) reared at 20, 25, or 30°C in indoor recirculation systems (three 100-L tanks per temperature, five fish per tank) for 8 weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and feed intake were significantly affected by water temperature, and increasing temperature yielded greater feed intake and growth rates as well as lower feed conversion values. Although performance observed at 25°C was statistically similar, growth and growth efficiency were nonetheless marginally superior within the 30°C treatment group. Fish exhibited differences in the fatty acid composition of neutral and polar lipid fractions of gill and muscle tissue that were broadly consistent with homeoviscous adaptation to cooler or warmer water temperatures; specifically, increasing proportions of unsaturated and longer-chain fatty acids were observed in fish from cooler water temperatures. This suggests that unsaturates, particularly long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids that are associated with maximum membrane fluidity at cold temperatures, are critical in the diet of Atlantic spadefish depending on culture conditions.
Message from the Editor
Authors: Thomas Paul 
Published: June 2012

Due to a processing error, this article was omitted from the printed copy of volume 52, issue 4 of Nuclear Fusion. The missing editorial is as follows:
Whilst travelling to Vienna to hand over the Editorship of Nuclear Fusion to Ron Stambaugh, I jotted down a few ideas to put in a farewell message. Somewhat unsurprisingly, I find them almost identical to the remarks that Chris Schueller made in handing over to me five years ago. Both of us served in this role for five years, which seems like a good timescale to replace presidents and editors alike; just to allow a fresh approach. In addition, since I have been directly involved in ITER, I have found it increasingly difficult, due to time pressure, to give the journal the attention that it deserves. Therefore, I am very pleased that Ron Stambaugh has agreed to take over as Editor. Not only does he bring the experience as a leading figure in the US fusion programme but, in addition, he has all the contacts, worldwide, from his leadership of the ITPA. I am completely assured that the journal is in a highly competent pair of hands.
Such a farewell should not lack my heartfelt thanks to all of those who have made being Editor of Nuclear Fusion so enjoyable and stimulating; readership, authors, referees, the Editorial Board and the NF Office alike. I wish Ron all the best for his tenure and have offered such help and support as I am able to give.
Factors Affecting Admission to Anesthesiology Residency in the United States
Authors: de Oliveira Gildàsio S. , Akikwala Tulsi , Kendall Mark C. , Fitzgerald Paul C. , Sullivan John T. , Zell Christopher , McCarthy Robert J. 
Published: June 2012

Background
Admission to an anesthesiology residency in the United States is competitive, and the odds associated with a successful match based on the applicants' characteristics have not been determined. The objective of this study was to examine factors associated with admission to anesthesiology residency in the United States.

Methods
The study was a retrospective cohort evaluation of the 2010 to 2011 residency applicants. Applicants' characteristics and objective factors used to select trainees were extracted. The primary outcome was a successful match to an anesthesiology residency. Data were analyzed using conditional inference tree analysis and propensity score matching.

Results
Data available from 1,976 applications were examined corresponding to 58% of the national sample. The odds (99% CI) for successful match were 3.6 (3.1-4.2) for U.S. medical school graduates, 2.6 (2.3 to 3.0) for applicants with United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 scores more than 210, and 1.2 (1.1 to 1.3) for female applicants. The odds (99% CI) for a successful match for international and U.S. graduate applicants younger than 29 yr was 3.3 (2.0-5.4) and (1.9 to 4.2), respectively, even after propensity matching for medical school, exam scores, and gender. The average applicant had no peer-reviewed scholarly productivity.

Conclusion
Although anesthesiology residency acceptance was primarily associated with U.S. medical school attendance and United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 scores, our study suggest an influence of age and gender bias in the selection process. Peer-reviewed scholarly production among applicants and prior graduate education did not appear to influence candidate selection.
Cutaneous Vasoconstriction Affects Near-infrared Spectroscopy Determined Cerebral Oxygen Saturation during Administration of Norepinephrine
Authors: Sørensen Henrik , Secher Niels H. , Siebenmann Christoph , Nielsen Henning B. , Kohl-Bareis Matthias , Lundby Carsten , Rasmussen Peter 
Published: June 2012

Background
Perioperative optimization of spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy determined cerebral frontal lobe oxygenation (scO2) may reduce postoperative morbidity. Norepinephrine is routinely administered to maintain cerebral perfusion pressure and, thereby, cerebral blood flow, but norepinephrine reduces the scO2. We hypothesized that norepinephrine-induced reduction in scO2 is influenced by cutaneous vasoconstriction.

Methods
Fifteen healthy male subjects (25 ± 5 yr, mean ± SD) were studied during: hyperventilation (1.5 kPa end-tidal PcO2 reduction), whole-body heating, administration of norepinephrine (0.15 μg · kg · min; with and without end-tidal carbon dioxide correction), and hypoxia (FiO2: 0.12%). Arterial (saO2), skin, and internal jugular venous oxygen saturations (sjO2) were recorded, and the average cerebral capillary oxygen saturation (scapO2) was calculated.

Results
This study indicates that scO2 is influenced by skin oxygen saturation because whole-body heating increased scO2 by 3.6% (2.1-5.1%; 95% CI) and skin oxygen saturation by 3.1% (1.3-4.9%), whereas scapO2 remained unaffected. Conversely, hyperventilation decreased scO2 by 2.1% (0.4-3.7%) and scapO2 by 5.3% (3.8-6.9%), whereas skin oxygen saturation increased 1.8% (0.5-3.1%). In response to hypoxia, scO2 (10.2%; 6.6-13.7%), scapO2 (7.9%; 6.4-9.4%), and skin oxygen saturation (8.9%; 6.3-11.6%) all decreased. With administration of norepinephrine there was a 2.2% (1.0-4.3%) decrease in skin oxygen saturation and scO2 decreased 6.2% (4.2-8.0%), with scapO2 remaining unaffected.

Conclusion
The results confirm that spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy detects cerebral deoxygenation with systemic hypoxic exposure and hyperventilation. However, a commonly used vasopressor norepinephrine disturbs skin oxygen saturation to an extent that influences scO2.
Volatile Anesthetics Reduce Invasion of Colorectal Cancer Cells through Down-regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9
Authors: Müller-Edenborn Björn , Roth-Z'graggen Birgit , Bartnicka Kamila , Borgeat Alain , Hoos Alexandra , Borsig Lubor , Beck-Schimmer Beatrice 
Published: June 2012

Background
Invasion of extracellular matrix is a hallmark of malignant tumors. Clamping maneuvers during cancer surgery reduce blood loss, but trigger reperfusion injury (RI). RI increases cancer recurrence in the reperfused organ through up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). Interleukin-8 is an important cytokine in RI promoting accumulation of neutrophils, a major source of MMP-9. Volatile anesthetics were demonstrated to reduce RI. We hypothesized that these anesthetics might attenuate MMP-9 up-regulation and consequently tumor cell invasion in RI.

Methods
Isolated human neutrophils (n = 6) were preconditioned with sevoflurane or desflurane, followed by stimulation with interleukin-8, phorbol myristate acetate, or chemokine CXC-ligand 1 (CXCL1) to differentiate intracellular pathways. MMP-9 release and activity were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and zymography, respectively. CXC-receptor-2 (CXCR2) expression and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 were assessed by flow cytometry. The impact of MMP-9 on the invasion of neutrophils and MC-38 colon cancer cells was assessed using Matrigel-coated filters (n = 6).

Results
Preconditioning reduced interleukin-8-induced MMP-9-release by 41% (±13, 5%, sevoflurane) and 40% (±13%, desflurane). This was also evident following stimulation of CXCR2 with CXCL1. No impact on phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 and MMP-9 release was observed with receptor-independent stimulation of protein kinase C with phorbol myristate acetate. Preconditioning reduced transmigration of neutrophils and MC-38 tumor cells to baseline levels.

Discussion
Volatile anesthetics impair neutrophil MMP-9 release and interfere with pathways downstream of CXCR2, but upstream of protein kinase C. Through down-regulation of MMP-9, volatile anesthetics decrease Matrigel breakdown and reduce subsequent migration of cancer cells in vitro.
In Vitro Hemostatic Properties of French Lyophilized Plasma
Authors: Martinaud Christophe , Civadier Corinne , Ausset Sylvain , Verret Catherine , Deshayes Anne-Virginie , Sailliol Anne 
Published: June 2012

Background
French lyophilized plasma (FLyP) is used routinely by the French Armed Forces in war settings. The authors compared concentrations of coagulation proteins and global in vitro hemostatic properties in FLyP and in the same plasma before lyophilization to assess the impact of lyophilization on coagulation properties.

Methods
Twenty-four batches of plasma before and after lyophilization were tested for coagulation proteins. Thrombin generation time, thrombin antithrombin concentration, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, and thromboelastography were assessed. Finally, the efficiencies of FLyP and plasma before lyophilization were compared on a hemorrhagic shock hemodilution model and tested on TEG(Haemoscope Corporation, Glenview, IL).

Results
Prothrombin time ratio (1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1) and activated partial thromboplastin time (35 ± 1.3 vs. 39 ± 2.4 s) were significantly increased in FLyP (8 ± 3%, P < 0.05 and 11 ± 5%, P < 0.001, respectively). Activity of factors V (85 ± 18 vs. 51 ± 16 UI/ml) and VIII (0.77 ± 0.11 vs. 0.62 ± 0.10 UI/ml) was also diminished (25 ± 12% and 20 ± 7%, respectively); however, activity of other factors was preserved. The authors observed no alteration in the thromboelastographic parameters. Thrombin generation was preserved when induced with 5 pM tissue factor in vitro but significantly reduced when using 1 pM tissue factor. The thrombin-antithrombin complex and prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 attested for the absence of coagulation activation. This hemodilution model showed no significant difference before and after lyophilization.

Conclusions
The study results account for a significant decrease of factors V and VIII in FLyP. However, the global capacity to induce clot formation in vitro seems to be preserved. The clinical relevance of these decreased factors is not known.
Differential Effects of Peripheral versus Central Coadministration of QX-314 and Capsaicin on Neuropathic Pain in Rats
Authors: Shen Jun , Fox Lyle E. , Cheng Jianguo 
Published: June 2012

Background
Neuropathic pain is common and difficult to treat. Recently a technique was developed to selectively inhibit nociceptive inputs by simultaneously applying two drugs: capsaicin, a transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor-1 channel activator, and QX-314, a lidocaine derivative that intracellularly blocks sodium channels. We used this technique to investigate whether transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1-expressing nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain.

Methods
The rat chronic constriction injury model was used to induce neuropathic pain in order to test the analgesic effects of both peripheral (perisciatic) and central (intrathecal) administration of the QX-314/capsaicin combination. The Hargreaves and von Frey tests were used to monitor evoked pain-like behaviors and visual observations were used to rank spontaneous pain-like behaviors.

Results
Perisciatic injections of the QX-314/capsaicin combination transiently increased the withdrawal thresholds by approximately 3-fold, for mechanical and thermal stimuli in rats (n = 6/group) with nerve injuries suggesting that peripheral transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1-expressing nociceptors contribute to neuropathic pain. In contrast, intrathecal administration of the QX-314/capsaicin combination did not alleviate pain-like behaviors (n = 5/group). Surprisingly, intrathecal QX-314 alone (n = 9) or in combination with capsaicin (n = 8) evoked spontaneous pain-like behaviors.

Conclusions
Data from the perisciatic injections suggested that a component of neuropathic pain was mediated by peripheral nociceptive inputs. The role of central nociceptive terminals could not be determined because of the severe side effects of the intrathecal drug combination. We concluded that only peripheral blockade of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1-expressing nociceptive afferents by the QX-314/capsaicin combination was effective at reducing neuropathic allodynia and hyperalgesia.
Antiinflammation Effect of Human Placental Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Mediated by Prostaglandin E2 via a Myeloid Differentiation Primary Response Gene 88-dependent Pathway
Authors: Chen Chie-Pein , Tsai Pei-Shan , Huang Chun-Jen 
Published: June 2012

Background
We sought to elucidate the antiinflammation effect of human placental multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hPMSCs) and the possible molecular mechanisms.

Methods
Immortalized murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells), with or without hPMSCs coincubation, were treated with endotoxin to induce expression of the relevant molecules.

Results
The peak concentrations (means ± SD) of inflammatory molecules in endotoxin-activated macrophages with hPMSCs coincubation were significantly lower than those in endotoxin-activated macrophages without hPMSCs coincubation (tumor necrosis factor-α: 9.4±0.8 vs. 13.0±1.1 ng/ml; interleukin-6: 0.8±0.1 vs. 1.2±0.1 ng/ml; macrophage inflammatory protein-2: 345±30 vs. 666±51 ng/ml; intercellular adhesion molecule 1: 1.4±0.1 vs. 1.7±0.1 ng/ml; prostaglandin E2: 5.7±0.3 vs. 8.5±0.6 ng/ml; all P<0.008). Data of the activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases as well as the interaction between toll-like receptor 4 and myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 paralleled those of the inflammatory molecules. In contrast, the endotoxin binding and toll-like receptor 4/myeloid differential-2 complex activation in endotoxin-activated macrophages with hPMSCs coincubation were comparable with those in endotoxin-activated macrophages without hPMSCs coincubation. As our data revealed that hPMSCs could induce low-grade prostaglandin E2 expression in macrophages, we also employed the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 to further elucidate the possible role of prostaglandin E2. Our data revealed that the above-mentioned hPMSC-triggered inhibitory effects were significantly reversed by NS-398.

Conclusions
The antiinflammation effect of human placental multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells is mediated, at least in part, by prostaglandin E2 via a myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88-dependent pathway.
The Light-Response BTB1 and BTB2 Proteins Assemble Nuclear Ubiquitin Ligases That Modify Phytochrome B and D Signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Christians Matthew J. , Gingerich Derek J. , Hua Zhihua , Lauer Timothy D. , Vierstra Richard D. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Members of the Bric-a-Brac/Tramtrack/Broad Complex (BTB) family direct the selective ubiquitylation of proteins following their assembly into Cullin3-based ubiquitin ligases. Here, we describe a subfamily of nucleus-localized BTB proteins encoded by the LIGHT-RESPONSE BTB1 (LRB1) and LRB2 loci in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) that strongly influences photomorphogenesis. Whereas single lrb1 and lrb2 mutants are relatively normal phenotypically, double mutants are markedly hypersensitive to red light, but not to far-red or blue light, and are compromised in multiple photomorphogenic processes, including seed germination, cotyledon opening and expansion, chlorophyll accumulation, shade avoidance, and flowering time. This red light hypersensitivity can be overcome by eliminating phytochrome B (phyB) and phyD, indicating that LRB1/2 act downstream of these two photoreceptor isoforms. Levels of phyB/D proteins but not their messenger RNAs are abnormally high in light-grown lrb1 lrb2 plants, implying that their light-dependent turnover is substantially dampened. Whereas other red light-hypersensitive mutants accumulate phyA protein similar to or higher than the wild type in light, the lrb1 lrb2 mutants accumulate less, suggesting that LRB1/2 also positively regulate phyA levels in a phyB/D-dependent manner. Together, these data show that the BTB ubiquitin ligases assembled with LRB1/2 function redundantly as negative regulators of photomorphogenesis, possibly by influencing the turnover of phyB/D.