bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peirce, Hegel, and the Category of Firstness
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter concerns Peirce's claim that Hegel neglected to give sufficient weight to what Peirce called ‘Firstness’, by which Peirce meant immediacy or individuality. Peirce's concerns are compared to a worry that surfaces in the German Idealist tradition with the later Schelling, and goes on to play a crucial role in the thought of many of Hegel's subsequent critics, from Kierkegaard to Deleuze: namely, has Hegel succeeded in addressing Jacobi's worry that our relation to the world must involve an immediacy that cannot be grasped in conceptual terms? Where Peirce's position is interesting, however, is that while he wants to do justice to this concern, he also wants to balance it with a commitment to what he calls Thirdness, and thus to mediation and generality, so that (this chapter argues) Peirce's outlook cannot represent a complete break with Hegel (as Peirce himself thought), but may rather provide a model for thinking about what a properly Hegelian treatment of this issue should really be.
Individual Existence and the Philosophy of Difference
Authors: Stern Robert 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores Hegel's account of the ‘concrete universal’ as a distinctive metaphysical response to the problem of individuality, which concerns what makes something an individual. It is argued that Hegel introduced his notion of the concrete universal to avoid Platonism on the one hand (which leaves insufficient room for individual particulars) and nominalism on the other (which reduces that particularity to an empty haecceity or ‘thisness’). Important challenges to Hegel's position within the continental tradition are then considered, particularly that offered by Gilles Deleuze.
Identity and Obligation in a Transgenerational Polity
Authors: Thompson Janna 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMembers of a political society typically regard themselves as participating in intergenerational relationships of obligation and entitlement. They value the inheritance they received from past generations, regard themselves as indebted to their forebears, and accept an obligation to pass on their heritage to their descendants. Liberalism, with its emphasis, on rights, contracts, and welfare of existing people, does not provide an adequate basis for intergenerational obligations. Communitarianism, by stressing communal values of the embedded self, is in a better position to explain why obligations in respect to the past as well as the future should play a central role in conceptions of justice. This chapter critically examines communitarian approaches to intergenerational obligations, and argues for an account of the self in which lifetime-transcending interests play an important role. It presents a theory of intergenerational obligations which makes use of communitarian insights but is also compatible with basic assumptions of liberalism.
Wronging Future People: A Contractualist Proposal
Authors: Kumar Rahul 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The discussion of obligations to future generations often assumes that though the global poor can be wronged because there are obligations the affluent owe to them, those who will live in the further future can't. They can't be wronged, the thought goes, because though we have obligations with regard to future generations, they aren't obligations owed to them. This chapter argues that the assumption is mistaken. Adopting a Scanlonian contractualist account of what it is for one person to wrong another, it turns out that there is no good reason to think that those who will live in the further future can't be wronged by the choices we make now. This conclusion, it is suggested, has importance for how we understand the normative basis of claims to reparations for past injustice.
Insolvency within Multinational Enterprise Groups
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractInsolvency within multinational enterprise groups (MEGs) raises complex issues due to the foreign elements of the case and the multiplicity of debtors. The key problem is deciding to what extent and in which ways should there be ‘linkage’ between the entities in the course of their insolvency in order to promote insolvency goals. Historically the issue has been neglected both in national and international regimes. However, new initiatives are currently developing. In order to deal with this issue this book provides a theoretical framework, suggesting a balance between Entity-Enterprise issues (drawn from company law theory and the problem of enterprise groups) and Universality-Territoriality issues (drawn from cross-border insolvency and conflict of laws theory). This is further assisted by a taxonomy describing prototypical scenarios of MEGs and their insolvency. The theoretical framework and prototypical scenarios are the basis for critical analyses of various tools for ‘linking’ between different components of MEGs in the course of their insolvency and the degree to which they fit with a series of insolvency goals. Thus, the book suggests a comprehensive approach for dealing with insolvency within MEGs which can be used not only within the current cross-border insolvency frameworks (e.g., UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, EC Regulation on Insolvency Proceedings) but also as a definitive guideline for future reform. It argues that a global group-wide perspective for MEG insolvencies can be desirable if its application is limited to appropriate types of cases where unduly defeat of entity law and territoriality concerns can be minimized.
Introduction
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets the scope and focus of this work. It explains that the book deals with multinational enterprise groups (MEGs) and the event of their financial distress, and it delineates the key complexities involved with this issue. It explains that the book attempts to offer a framework for critically analysing means of treating insolvencies within MEGs, and that it also applies this framework when examining possible rules and procedures for dealing with MEG insolvencies. It explains that the works takes a multi-tiered approach considering for any insolvency mechanism how it fits with problems of insolvency, company law theory (the problem of groups), and of private international law. The chapter also delineates the structure of the book.
Prototypical Scenarios of Insolvency within Multinational Enterprise Groups
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter attempts to classify certain prototypes of MEG insolvency, hence, enabling some measure of generalization across cases and scenarios. The prototypes are described along three key factors identified in this chapter as relevant to the issue of insolvency within MEGs — the insolvency scenario dimension (i.e., which companies are involved in the process), the integration dimension (the level of inter-dependence among the group member) and the dimension of centralization (the extent to which the MEG was centrally managed and controlled). As the dimensions selected are first and foremost relevant for the issue of international insolvency of the MEG, the result is a suitable taxonomy that facilitates discussion in the subsequent chapters on desirable linking measures for insolvency within MEGs.
Preservation of the Estate, Maximization of Value, and Facilitation of Rescues
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the administration of MEG insolvencies and examines ‘linking tools’ which could enhance preservation of the estate, wealth maximization and rescues. It asks to what extent and in which circumstances a global unified approach should be applied. Measures such as procedural consolidation, cooperation, and coordination and substantive consolidation (on a global level) are examined in light of the goal of wealth maximization, considering to what extent they might defeat the benefits of entity law and concerns of territorialism. The chapter suggests that a global unified approach is desired for cases of ‘business integrated’ insolvent MEGs. Stronger ‘linking’ measures in the course of insolvency are proposed for centralized integrated MEGs where the entire process may be centralized and conducted in the group ‘home country’. Greater intervention with entity law by way of applying global substantive consolidation is suggested for ‘asset integrated’ insolvent MEGs.
Certainty and Predictability
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the possibility of the approach proposed in previous chapters to generate certain and predictable rules. It starts by demonstrating problems of unpredictability when applying existing frameworks for cross-border insolvency to the MEG case. It suggests that the model proposed in this work improves predictability. As the variety of linking mechanisms proposed is matched to typical cases of MEG insolvency, the possible solutions are sufficiently generalized and so improve clarity. It also makes the rules generally foreseeable by voluntary creditors. There are clear distinctions between the different linking mechanisms, mainly the procedural and substantive consolidation, and centralization versus other ‘lightweight’ global linking tools. Certainly, this should be accompanied by a clear standard for ascertaining the ‘home country’ of the MEG for the purpose of centralizing proceedings where appropriate. It is suggested that the operational head office as key factor produces a rather unequivocal and stable home country standard.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarizes the key proposals of this study. Crucially, the work suggested that when assessing insolvency within MEGs a special consideration should be given to its group aspect (balancing entity-enterprise conflicts) as well as to the multinational aspect (balancing universality-territoriality conflicts). In the course of the application of this framework to the questions at hand, it was revealed that certain insolvency measures can be beneficial (and sometimes critical) for the treatment of MEG insolvencies. The chapter also considers possible oppositions to the approach proposed. Finally, it suggests that current work undertaken by UNCITRAL Working Group V on the topic of enterprise group could be a step in the right direction in the development of practical solution for MEG insolvencies.
Roles of haemolymph proteins in antimicrobial defences of Manduca sexta
Authors: Ragan Emily J. , An Chunju , Jiang Haobo , Kanost Michael R. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses recent advances in our understanding of plasma proteins in the immune responses of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. It focuses on microbial pattern recognition proteins, and the complex interplay between proteinases, inactive homologues of proteinases, and proteinase inhibitors, all of which collaborate to regulate the proteolytic conversion of prophenoloxidase (proPO) to its active form, phenoloxidase (PO). It is becoming clearer that the proPO system is among the most rapidly deployed immune defences in insects. Its value to the host is shown by the fact that pathogens and parasites are frequently distinguished by the presence of anti-PO counter-adaptations. It is also especially interesting that vertebrate animals do not have a homologue of this system. The reason for this remains unknown.
Drosophila as a model for studying antiviral defences
Authors: Imler Jean-Luc , Eleftherianos Ioannis 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter reviews the progress made in the past few years on antiviral defence mechanisms in Drosophila melanogaster, and discusses the relevance of these findings for our understanding of the complex interaction of viruses with their invertebrate or mammalian hosts. Topics covered include models of Drosophila virus infection, Drosophila immune response against viruses, antiviral defences in other insect or invertebrate species, and comparison with mammalian antiviral defences.
Specificity of the innate immune system: a closer look at the mosquito pattern-recognition receptor repertoire
Authors: Das Suchismita , Dong Yuemei , Garver Lindsey , Dimopoulos George 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The insect innate immune system is encoded by three major functional categories of genes that are involved in (1) recognition of invading microbes; (2) immune-signal amplification and transduction; and (3) effector mechanisms that mediate the killing and clearance of infectious micro-organisms. Despite its lack of adaptive immune mechanisms and antibody-mediated defences similar to those found in vertebrates, the innate immune system in insects is quite specific in its antimicrobial action. Once invading microbes are recognized through specific interaction between pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), a variety of defence reactions can be activated. This chapter discusses the specificity of the innate immune responses at the level of PRRs, with a major focus on the mosquito Anopheles gambiae as a model system. It first provides a general overview of the insects' PRR repertoire and highlights some of its most interesting features with regard to antimicrobial defence. It then provides detailed molecular and functional descriptions of some of the best characterized PRR families.
Polydnaviruses as tools to deliver wasp virulence factors to impair lepidopteran host immunity
Authors: Moreau Sebastien , Huguet Elisabeth , Drezen Jean-Michel 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The associations between several thousands of parasitic wasps and viruses (polydnaviruses or PDVs) represent a unique example where a complex virus machinery has been domesticated by one organism (the parasitic wasp) to manipulate the physiology of another (the parasitized lepidopteran larval host). The viral machinery produces particles used to transfer and express virulence genes encoding factors that impair host immunity. PDV particles, injected along with parasite eggs into the host body, manipulate host immune defences and development, thus enabling wasp larvae to survive and develop in a potentially harmful environment. This chapter begins by presenting the characteristics of PDVs and the origin of the genes they encode. It then describes the general effect of PDVs on the insect immune system, and finally reviews functional analyses of PDV products.
Reproductive immunity
Authors: Siva-Jothy Michael T. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
One of the most predictable episodes of a female insect's life is the timing of mate-encounter and mating. This chapter proposes that females are often subjected to predictable wounding during mating and that this wounding provides opportunity for environmental microbes to enter the female's haemocoel, thereby presenting immunological costs. It argues that this combination of factors is likely to lead to reproduction being a period of heightened immunological activity that has resulted in specific immune defence mechanisms and management systems that function to minimize costs while maximizing immunological efficacy. If true, these phenomena may provide valuable insights into how organisms with mechanistically simple immune systems protect themselves against a complex pathogenic world, and may also provide logistic opportunities to better study immunity in the wild.
Cinema, Philosophy, Bergman
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The first part of this book critically assesses some of the bold claims that have been made about films' contributions to philosophy and defends a balanced perspective on the topic. It argues that in many cases, it is the philosophical commentator and not ‘the film itself’ that is the actual source of the philosophizing attributed to a movie. In some cases, however, it is the film-maker who, by working with a background of specific philosophical sources, creates a work that expresses philosophical ideas. With this possibility in mind, the second part of the book outlines a ‘partial intentionalist’ approach. In response to a series of objections, the book defends underlying assumptions about interpretation, expression, and authorship. The book's partial intentionalist approach is exemplified in the third part of the book, which focuses on the work of Ingmar Bergman. The book argues that Bergman was profoundly influenced by a Finnish philosopher, Eino Kaila. Bergman proclaimed that reading Kaila's book on philosophical psychology a tremendous philosophical experience for him and that he ‘built on this ground’. With reference to unpublished materials in the newly created Ingmar Bergman archive in Stockholm, the book shows how, in works such as Wild Strawberries, Persona, and In the Life of the Marionettes, the Swedish director took up and responded to Kaila's views on motivated irrationality, inauthenticity, ethics, and the problem of self-knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter identifies some influential contentions about film's contributions to philosophy and raises a number of basic questions about the source and nature of this cinematic philosophizing. Is it ‘the film itself’ that ‘does philosophy’, as has sometimes been claimed? Or is it the commentator who reads philosophical ideas into the film? Are there cases where it is the film-maker, or a group of collaborating film-makers, who intentionally raises and tries to answer philosophical questions in a film? What is the motivation for looking for philosophy in the cinema? A summary of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Arguing over Cinema as Philosophy
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter takes up two Hegel-inspired objections to moderate theses concerning film's philosophical value. One objection it that it is inappropriate to use art to advance ends other than those that are properly artistic. The second is a rationality objection inspired by Hegel's suggestion that it is an error to try to use a work of art to achieve an instrumental payoff whenever some more complete or effective means is available. By responding to these Hegel-inspired objections, the chapter strengthens the case for a moderate thesis concerning film's philosophical value. The chapter considers the conditions under which a sufficiently complex and determinate philosophical interpretation of an audio-visual display can be articulated. In one, non-intentionalist line of enquiry, it is the interpreter who shoulders the burden of creating or selecting assumptions and questions in relation to which claims about an audio-visual display's philosophical significance can be articulated. In the second type of approach, it is the film-maker whose ideas and questions are the target of the interpretation. The chapter applies results concerning the determination of a fictional film's content to the Hegel-inspired objections to the search for a film's philosophical significance.
Causation and Laws of Nature in Early Modern Philosophy
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Some philosophers think physical explanations stand on their own: what happens, happens because things have the properties they do. Others think that any such explanation is incomplete: what happens in the physical world must be partly due to the laws of nature. This book follows the debate between these views from Descartes to Hume. The book argues that the competing models of causation in the period grow out of the scholastic notion of power. On this Aristotelian view, the connection between cause and effect is logically necessary. Causes are “intrinsically directed” at what they produce. But when the Aristotelian view is faced with the challenge of mechanism, the core notion of a power splits into two distinct models, each of which persists throughout the early modern period. It is only when seen in this light that the key arguments of the period can reveal their true virtues and flaws. To make this case, the book explores such central topics as intentionality, the varieties of necessity, and the nature of relations. Arguing for controversial readings of many of the canonical figures, the book also focuses on lesser‐known writers such as Pierre‐Sylvain Régis, Nicolas Malebranche, and Robert Boyle.
Themes
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces the four main themes of the book: 1.1 The Origin and Status of Laws of Nature. Canvassing the contemporary literature, this section shows just how differently early modern thinkers conceived of laws of nature. Descartes transfers a notion from divine command theory to the physical realm, and it retains some of the features of its ancestor. In particular, Descartes's notion still implies that the law is determined by a lawgiver, and not by its subjects. 1.2 The Ontology of Powers. Many figures still wish to retain the bottom‐up conception, however. To do this, they had to resurrect the core scholastic notion Descartes jettisons: power. Régis, Locke, and Boyle all seek to recast this notion in mechanistic terms. 1.3 Necessity. The argument here is that scholastic views take causation to be logical necessitation, and that modern philosophy never really breaks free from this analysis. 1.4 Models of Causation. Confronted with the mechanist ontology, the scholastic notion of power splits in two: a cognitive model, which locates causal power in the intentional states of a divine mind, and a geometrical model, which accounts for the directedness of causal powers in terms of the mechanical properties of bodies.
The Aristotelian Background
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBefore turning to Descartes, we must first know something of the view he seeks to supplant. This chapter argues in detail that Aristotelian causation is logical necessitation. Even on the concurrentist picture, it is logically impossible for all of the requisite powers, plus God's concurrence, to obtain, and yet the effect not result. This chapter defends this interpretation from charges of triviality and historical anachronism. Next, it moves on to the ontology of relations, establishing a key feature of scholastic powers: their esse‐ad, or directedness. Finally, the chapter explains the contrast between manifest and occult qualities by way of showing how the scholastics link perceivability and intelligibility in their physics.
What Mechanism Isn't
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
There are two ways to understand early modern mechanism: first, as the view that what happens in the natural world is a result of the mechanical properties of bodies (call this “course‐of‐nature mechanism”), and second, as the view that the only properties bodies have are mechanical properties (“ontological mechanism”). In the work of Descartes and Malebranche, the two kinds of mechanism are starkly opposed: it is because they accept ontological mechanism (and so must reject scholastic powers) that these figures cannot endorse course‐of‐nature mechanism.
The Nude Wax: Cartesian Ontology
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBefore confronting Descartes's positive views on causation and laws of nature, we first have to grasp his underlying ontology. This chapter argues that Descartes conceives of the substance–mode distinction as a kind of determinable–determinate distinction. This will be shown below to have consequences for the concurrentist reading of his work.
Occasionalism
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe top‐down nature of Descartes's view commits him to occasionalism, at least where body–body causation is concerned. This chapter rounds out the argument for this reading, appealing chiefly to the laws of nature: given their status as divine commands, Cartesian laws must be implemented at every moment by God himself. There is no sense to be made of the laws operating independently of God's activity. This reading is then defended against the concurrentist interpretation of Descartes.