bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intake and utilization of food by growing sheep with abomasal damage caused by daily dosing with Ostertagia circumcincta larvae
Authors: Sykes A. R. , Coop R. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour groups of eight sheep, 4 months of age and reared parasite-free from birth, were used to investigate the effect of the abomasal parasite Ostertagia circumcincta on the intake and efficiency of utilization of food. One group (CI) was killed initially as control. Two further groups (ALC and ALI) were offered ad libitum a complete ruminant diet. The ALI group was dosed daily for 14 weeks with 4000 infective larvae. Sheep in a further group (PF) were individually paired to members of the ALI group and offered the same amount of food as was consumed by their pair. Balances of N, Ca and P, and the digestibility of energy and N were determined for the ALI and PF groups during weeks 2–3, 7–8 and 12–13. After 14 weeks of dosing the sheep were killed and the bodies of these and the CI sheep analysed for water, fat, N, Ca and P contents.Parasitism caused a 20% reduction of food intake by week 2 which was maintained throughout the experiment. Apparent digestibility of nitrogen was reduced from 60 to 44% at weeks 2—3 but subsequently showed a gradual recovery. Nitrogen balances of infected sheep were inferior to those of controls which, with the exception of the first trial during which urinary N excretion of infected sheep was increased, was entirely related to the reduced digestibility. Energy digestibility was reduced by 2 percentage units during all trials.Weight gain of ALI sheep was only 80% of that of PF sheep. Nitrogen anabolism was reduced by parasitism, but pair-feeding showed that reduced food intake rather than a specific effect on protein metabolism was responsible. Fat deposition was markedly reduced. It was calculated that the gross efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy for growth was reduced by 30% compared with either ALC or PF controls.Mineral deposition (Ca or P) in the skeleton of the ALI sheep was reduced to about 35 and 50% of that in ALC and PF groups, respectively.
Oil content of cotton seed in Northern Nigeria: 2. varietal and environmental variation
Authors: Gridley H. E. , Smithson J. B. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDifferences between sites accounted for a large proportion of the variation in the oil percentage of cotton seed from variety and agronomic trials conducted in Northern Nigeria but were not consistent between seasons. Reduced oil percentages from the drier areas of the north and from later sowings suggested that length of season is an important factor but insect attack and differences in the amounts of nitrogen, potash and boron applied to the soil also contributed to the variation. Application of insecticide, potash and boron increased and nitrogen decreased oil percentages. The latter effect usually resulted from an increase in seed size without a corresponding increase in oil content. The variation in the oil percentages of commercial varieties derived from the same Nigerian Allen stock and the relatively small interactions between varieties and environments suggested that this character might be improved by selection.
Effect of varying the time of the first harvest, and of late planting, on double-harvest yield of yam (Dioscorea rotundata) in field plots
Authors: Onwueme I. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSetts of white yam (cv. Ogojo) each weighing 225 g were planted in mid·February. They were double-harvested, first in early August, early September or early October, and second in early November. The control was single-harvested in early November. The later the time of the first harvest, the greater the first-harvest yield and the higher the percentage of mature and marketable tubers. Delaying the first harvest, however, led to decreasing yields from the second harvest. Double harvesting never gave a significantly higher yield than that obtained from a single harvest. When the first harvest was taken in September, the combined yield from double harvesting was significantly lower than that of the single November harvest. In a study of the effect of sowing date on yield, late planting (April) resulted in lower first harvest and total yields than early (February) planting, but the second-harvest yield was the same. Supplementary watering of early yam plantings did not markedly accelerate emergence or increase yield.
Phosphorus status of the Nigerian coastal plain sands
Authors: Udo E. J. , Dambo V. I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe phosphorus status of five Nigerian coastal plain sands was evaluated by determining the relative abundance of the various P forms and the P adsorption capacities of the soils. Total P ranged from 4460 to 1129 mg/kg. Organic P had a range of 23–232 mg/kg and formed below 30% of total P in four of the profiles but above 50% in the hydromorphic Otegbo profile. The relative distribution of the various inorganic forms was in the increasing order of residual P, active P and occluded P, except in the Onne profile in which the residual P was relatively the least abundant. The relative distribution of the active P forms was in the decreasing order of Fe-P, Al-P and Ca-P.The adsorption capacity varied widely among the soils. The amount adsorbed from the addition of 150 mg/100 g of soil ranged from 40–2 to 86–2 mg/100 g and was related to the clay content. The adsorption at 0–3 mg/1 P in equilibrium solution ranged from 19 to 265 mg/kg. The subsoils generally adsorbed more P than the surface soils. The P requirements of the soils estimated from the sorption capacities were in the low and medium ranges.
The growth and development of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) under tropical field conditions: 1. Leaf area
Authors: Littleton E. J. , Dennett M. D. , Elston J. , Monteith J. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe pattern of leaf growth and death was followed in stands of cowpea grown in the field at Ibadan, Nigeria. Temperature affected this pattern. Leaf area index increased quicker and leaf death started sooner during warm seasons. Individual leaves died while pods at the same node were filling. The rate of leaf appearance increased with temperature and the duration of expansion of individual leaves decreased so that a constant number of leaves were expanding at one time. The mean rate of expansion of individual leaves increased with temperature proportionately more than the duration decreased, hence final leaf size increased with temperature. Base temperatures for leaf appearance and leaf expansion were 16 and 20 °C respectively.
Influence of temperature on growth and nitrogen fixation in cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L., inoculated with Rhizobium
Authors: Graham P. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGrowth and nitrogen fixation of three cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L., inoculated with strain CIAT 161 of R. phaseoli, were compared at day-night temperatures of 36–25, 30–20 and 26–15 °C.Temperature affected the duration and magnitude of N2 (C2H2) fixation. Maximum fixation increased from 33·8 μmol C2H4 produced/plant/h at 35–25 °C to 73·0 μmol C2H4 produced/plant/h at 25–15 °C, but the peak in fixation was increasingly delayed as growth temperature was reduced. In the 25–15 °C treatment this delay in the onset of fixation led to decreasing leaf nitrogen concentrations and visible N-deficiency symptoms at the 28 day harvest.Varietal differences in response to temperature were not marked, though one cultivar achieved greater nodule development at 35–25 °C than the others. This earlyflowering cultivar again appeared weak in N2 (C2H2) fixation with low specific nodule activity at all temperatures studied.Results are related to bean production in Latin America, and to the possible need for ‘starter’ nitrogen in the cooler bean-producing regions.
Nutrient relations of winter wheat: 1. Accumulation and distribution of Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S and N
Authors: Gregory P. J. , Crawford D. V. , McGowan M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMaris Huntsman winter wheat was sown on 30 October 1974 and grown under typical farming conditions. Between sowing and harvest (5 August 1975), the crop was sampled on 23 occasions and dried samples of individual plant components were analysed for Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, S and N composition.The concentration of nutrients within the whole plant generally decreased throughout growth but different parts of the plant varied in their behaviour. Uptake of all nutrients ceased at, or shortly after, anthesis in mid-June while dry-matter accumulation continued slowly for a further 2–3 weeks and almost stopped 4 weeks before harvest. The major period of nutrient uptake occurred between mid-April and mid June coincident with the period of rapid shoot growth. Large amounts of potassium and sulphur (almost 50% of the plant's anthesis content) and lesser amounts of calcium (15%) were lost from the plant after anthesis and efflux from the roots into the soil appeared to be the most likely pathway of removal.Accumulation of nutrients in the ear occurred throughout grain-filling by translocation from other parts of the plant, particularly the leaves and stems: the effects of this redistribution on the production of dry matter after anthesis are discussed.
Studies on lucerne and lucerne-grass leys. I. Summer and autumn management of a lucerne-grass mixture grown on heavy land
Authors: Barker M. G. , Hanley F. , Ridgman W. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. Some earlier work concerning the management of lucerne is discussed.2. Two experiments, designed to compare cutting and grazing the second (July) crop, and cutting and grazing the third crop at two different dates (September and October) each year on the yield and botanical composition of a lucerne-grass (mainly cocksfoot) ley, are described and the results discussed.3. The method of defoliating both the second and the third crops had very little lasting effect on yield or composition of the ley, though some temporary effects, depending on season, were found.4. It is shown that date of defoliating the third (autumn) crop of a lucerne-grass mixture may influence the yield of oven-dried produce from an individual crop. Late autumn defoliation led to a greater yield of lucerne and a greater proportion of lucerne in the produce, but since the opposite effect was found in the yield of grass there was no overall effect on the total yield of oven-dried produce over a 3-year period.5. In these experiments it appeared that lack of winter cover had no adverse effect on the productivity or persistence of lucerne in the lucerne-grass mixture studied.
Effect of environmental temperature on suckling pigs and a study of the milk yield of the sow
Authors: Gill J. C. , Thomson W. 
Published: March 2009

1. A study was made of the performance of eight litters of pigs housed under two widely different levels of ambient temperature during the suckling period and under uniform conditions from weaning to 200 lb. live weight.2. There was no significant treatment difference in the amount of milk suckled, but the pigs exposed to the lower temperature consumed more solid food before weaning.3. Up to weaning those kept at the higher temperature were the more efficient converters of milk and solid food into live weight.4. There was a highly significant correlation between milk suckled and live-weight gain.5. Probably through excessive handling, the pigs were under weight at weaning, but the postweaning performance appeared to be unaffected by the pre-weaning treatment.6. The average milk yield of six sows from the 3rd to the 56th day of lactation was 275 kg. 605 lb.) (variations 202–347 kg. (445–764 lb.)). Yields have been compared with others published.7. After allowing for maintenance requirements and weight gain or loss it is estimated that the sows required 412 Calories of net energy to produce 1 lb. of milk.
Influence of partial defoliation on dry-matter production and seed yield of urd bean (Vigna mungo L. Hepper)
Authors: Pandey R. K. , Singh V. B. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryField investigations were carried out to study the effect of partial defoliation on dry-matter production and seed yield of urd bean. Partial defoliation during the vegetative and/or reproductive phase reduced seed yield. The severity of yield reduction was dependent on the stage of crop development and the degree of defoliation. The reduction of total dry-matter production by defoliation was accompanied by a decrease in crop growth rate and leaf/plant weight ratio. The net assimilation rate was higher in defoliated plants from 40 to 60 days after sowing. The reduction in seed yield due to defoliation was highly due to a reduction in the number of pods per plant, and also sometimes in the number of seeds per pod and in 100-seed weight.
The effect of three levels of intake of Ostertagia Circumcincta Larvae on growth rate, food intake and body composition of growing lambs
Authors: Coop R. L. , Sykes A. R. , Angus K. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYForty-eight 4-month-old lambs, reared worm-free from birth, were allocated to six groups and offered ad libitum a complete diet containing 139 g crude protein/kg D.M. One group was killed at the outset as initial control (CI). Further groups, ALC, 1, 2, 3 and 4 were dosed daily for 84 days with zero, 1000, 3000, 5000 and 5000 larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta, respectively. Lambs in group 4 also received anthelmintic (fenbendazole, 5 mg/kg) on days 21, 42, 63 and 84. Lambs were killed after 98 days and their carcasses and those of the initial controls analysed for fat, protein and mineral contents.
The effects of phosphate and soil moisture on the nodulation and growth of Phaseolus vulgaris
Authors: Bonetti R. , Montanheiro Maria Nazareth S. , Saito Siu M. T. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAn examination of the effects of adding phosphorus to the soil on nodulation and P utilization in Phaseolus vulgaris L. showed a positive response in plant weight to increasing rates of phosphorus (32P) when water tension was low in the pots.The efficiency of the utilization of fertilizer-P was directly influenced by the water content of the soil, showing increasing P accumulation after flowering.A highly positive interaction between P addition, water content and nodulation was observed. Nodules were shown to have a high P requirement, with phosphorus (32P) contributing to an increase in the number and size of nodules.
Fungicide effects on light leaf spot, canker, crop growth and yield of winter oil-seed rape
Authors: Rawlinson C. J. , Muthyalu G. , Cayley G. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryField experiments with rape ovs Primor, Jet Neuf and Norli during 1979–83 tested the effects of benomyl, prochloraz, imazalil, thiabendazole, metalaxyl or triadimefon sprays applied at different times on disease, crop growth and yield. The principal disease in all experiments was light leaf spot (Pyrenopeziza brassicae).A single spray in autumn of benomyl or prochloraz at 0·5 kg a.i./ha consistently decreased incidence and severity of light leaf spot and sometimes decreased stem canker (Leptosphaeria macvlans). Under severe disease conditions in cv. Primor an autumn spray of fungicide contributed more to disease control than a spray in spring; a decrease in light leaf spot incidence was detectable up to 8 months after application. The autumn spray maintained plant population density, increased leaf area index, dry matter, crop growth rate, earliness of flowering, and yield by up to 0·69 t/ha; an autumn + spring spray increased yield by up to 0–83 t/ha. Effects on crop growth and yield were due to disease control not direct chemical stimulation of growth. Measurements of crop growth and population per unit area revealed the effects of fungicides more clearly than traditional disease assessments based solely on randomly selected plants.Triadimefon sprayed on rape stubble at high dose rate (1 kg a.i./ha) decreased incidence and severity of light leaf spot throughout the growing season of a subsequent rape crop, with beneficial effects on plant population density, growth, flowering and yield.Electrostatically charged rotary atomizer and conventional hydraulic spray applications of fungicide were equally effective in disease control. A reduction to one quarter in dose rate of prochloraz and 100–fold reduction in amount of water carrier (125 g a.i. in 4·3 1/ha) when applied electrostatically in autumn or autumn + spring had similar effects on disease, crop growth and yield to those obtained with a conventional sprayer delivering 500 g a.i. prochloraz in 410 1/ha.Fungicides, spray timing and methods of application are discussed in relation to the epidemiology of light leaf spot and canker and the economics of disease control.
A stochastic model of the reproductive performance of dairy herds
Authors: Morant S. V. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA model of reproductive performance in dairy herds is described. The model relies upon no empirical relationships but is constructed from a series of simple stochastic processes involving only three principal parameters: ovulation detection rate, pregnancy rate and embryo loss rate. The model shows how the complex interactions between these parameters and management policy concerning the definition of the service period are generated.
The effect of delayed harvest and leaching on the morphine concentration of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) capsules
Authors: Laughlin J. C. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn a series of field experiments over four seasons, in the north-west region of Tasmania, poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) capsules were harvested at various intervals after dry maturity (12% moisture in capsules). Reductions in the relative morphine concentration of capsules were closely associated with rainfall after dry maturity. These values ranged from a reduction of 0·92 to 0·82% over 5 weeks with 13 mm of rain to a reduction of 0·95 to 0·31% over 6 weeks with 79 mm of rain.In a simulated leaching experiment ground capsules were leached with 50 mm of water. Morphine was detected in the leachate and after being held for 10 days the morphine concentration of the ground capsules had decreased from 0·56 to 0·22%.Intact capsules from glasshouse grown plants were harvested at 2 weeks (T1, 4 weeks (T2), and 6 weeks (dry maturity T3) after full bloom. At each time of harvest they were immersed in distilled water for four different lengths of immersion time: zero (L0), 6·7 min (L1, 44·8 min (L2), and 300 min (L3). After immersion both the immersion water and the capsules were analysed for morphine. Morphine was readily detected in the immersion water with more at T3 than T2 and the amount of morphine increased as the length of immersion time increased. This latter process was greater at T3 than T2. At both T2 and T3 here was a trend for capsule morphine to decrease as immersion time increased.
Milking at three eight-hour intervals as a means of investigating variations in the fat and solids-not-fat
Authors: Campbell K. W. D. 
Published: March 2009

It has been shown that in this trial the increase in milk yield of the nine cows considered as a herd is within the limits normally expected in the case of thrice-daily milking.The increase in the case of the heifers is below expectation, and the probable reasons for this are indicated.The effect of three 8-hour intervals on butter-fat percentage has been studied, and it is shown that as far as the individual cows are concerned there is little difference between the number of low fats produced under thrice milking at equal intervals and twice milking at unequal intervals in the case of the herds specified. It is shown that the reason for the bulk milk of the thrice-milked cattle maintaining a high standard of fat percentage at each milking is that each individual cow maintains a fairly high level consistently at one specific milking, and that this is not the same milking for each cow.
Migration of pedigree Ayrshire cattle in Great Britain
Authors: Wiener G. 
Published: March 2009

Migration of pedigree Ayrshire cattle in the British Isles is estimated for 1927 and 1946 from samples of herd-book registrations. Most migration is from Scotland, particularly Ayrshire, to England, but considerable numbers were also transferred between regions within Scotland or England. A larger proportion of bulls than of cows was moved in this way. Only a small proportion of animals had two parents bred in the same herd as themselves. If the males and females registered from England in 1946 were the sole parents of the next generation, the latter would still have more than half Scottish blood.The amount of movement of Ayrshire cattle shown by these data virtually precludes genetic differences between regions, but not perhaps between herds. Other implications of movement are discussed.
American hybrid maize for silage in the south of England Part I. The yield and composition with special reference to plant population and nitrogenous fertilizer
Authors: Castle M. E. , Foot A. S. , Rowland S. J. 
Published: March 2009

For three consecutive years American hybrid maize was grown, under replicated experimental conditions, in the south of England. Each season, the influence of the spacing of the plants and the use of nitrogenous fertilizer on the yield and composition of the crop and of its separate portions of leaf, stem and cob was investigated.The growth of the maize, and especially its yield of dry matter, were influenced by the weather conditions during the season. The weight of fresh crop varied, with season and treatment, from 126 to 278 (averaging 209), and of dry matter from 20 to 70 (averaging 50) cwt./acre.Thinning below the established plant populations of up to 30,000 plants per acre regularly reduced these yields. Top-dressing with sulphate of ammonia increased them in 1947 and 1949, but decreased them in 1948.The yield of crude protein varied from 2.2 to 5.0, and of soluble carbohydrates from 12 to 46 cwt./acre. The top-dressing increased the protein content of all portions of the plant.The cob contributed, on a weight basis, 46% of the fresh crop, 49% of its dry matter, 54% of its crude protein and 54% of its soluble carbohydrates. Details are given of the chemical composition of the whole plant, and of its separate leaf, cob and stem, for each season and treatment.A later paper will deal with the making of silage from the maize crops and with the yield, composition and nutritive value of the silage.
Composition of beef carcasses:II. The use of regression equations to estimate total tissue components from observations on intact and quartered sides and partial dissection data
Authors: Williams D. R. , Pomeroy R. W. , Harries J. M. , Ryan P. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe data described in Part I of this series (Pomeroy et al. 1974) were analysed by regression methods, to see how, and how well, estimation of total carcass composition (simplified to bone, lean and fat) can be achieved in situations where the beef side cannot be fully dissected, but can be measured as an intact side, quartered and the cut surface photographed, or where sample joints can be dissected. Equations are given, based on the largest group (Group II, 72 animals) of the three previously described, and the advantages to be gained from quartering the carcass, photographing the cut surface, and dissecting a sample joint are quantified. These equations have been tested by applying them to the other two groups, I and III of 30 and 43 animals.