bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity of Acetes chinensis peptic hydrolysate and its antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Zhang Chaohua , Cao Wenhong , Hong Pengzhi , Ji Hongwu , Qin Xiaoming , He Jinfeng 
Published: September 2009

SummaryPeptic hydrolysate with angiotensin I‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was prepared from Acetes chinensis. The 3 kDa ultrafiltration filtrates (UF‐IV) of the desalted hydrolysate exerted a potent ACE inhibitory activity with IC50 being 0.67 mg mL−1. The fractions with molecular weight located between 611 and 240 Da achieved a total percentage of 63.6% in the UF‐IV, with a mean peptide length of about 5.6–2.1. Gastrointestinal digestions were simulated on the hydrolysate and UF‐IV and addressed their effect on the ACE inhibitory activity. The ACE inhibitory activity of the UF‐IV could survive or be maintained in active form by simulated gastrointestinal digestion. Furthermore, the UF‐IV exerted potent antihypertensive effect after oral administrations were given to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) at a dose of 900 mg kg−1 body weight. In conclusion, the UF‐IV could serve as useful antihypertensive peptides in the prevention and treatment of hypertension and other associated disorders.
Harvest parameters to optimise storage life of European plum ‘Oullins Gage’
Authors: Casquero Pedro Antonio , Guerra Marcos 
Published: September 2009

SummaryEuropean plum (Prunus domestica L.) cv. ‘Oullins Gage’ was harvested according to firmness on five harvest dates. Fruit was analysed at harvest and during storage for weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and skin colour before and after a 3‐day shelf‐life period at 20 °C. Significant differences were found among harvest dates in fruit mass, skin colour, firmness, TSS and TA. Fruit mass, TSS and colour b* increased, whereas firmness and TA decreased significantly during the harvesting period. Firmness parameter as a maximum maturity index and TSS:TA (or b* colour, a non‐destructive measurement) as a minimum maturity index could be used to distinguish maturity at harvest. It is suggested that the best post‐storage quality of ‘Oullins Gage’ plums would be obtained when fruit is harvested with TSS:TA >9 or b* colour >30, but with a firmness >20N to assure a long storage life.
Classic metapopulations are rare among common beetle species from a naturally fragmented landscape
Authors: Driscoll Don A. , Kirkpatrick Jamie B. , McQuillan Peter B. , Bonham Kevin J. 
Published: September 2009

Summary1. The general importance of metacommunity and metapopulation theories is poorly understood because few studies have examined responses of the suite of species that occupy the same fragmented landscape. In this study, we examined the importance of spatial ecological theories using a large‐scale, naturally fragmented landscape.2. We measured the occurrence and abundance of 44 common beetle species in 31 natural rainforest fragments in Tasmania, Australia. We tested for an effect on beetle distribution of geographic variables (patch area, patch isolation and amount of surrounding habitat) and of environmental variables based on plant species, after first accounting for spatial autocorrelation using principal coordinates of neighbour matrices. The environmental variables described a productivity gradient and a post‐fire succession from eucalypt‐dominated forest to late‐successional rainforest.3. Few species had distributions consistent with a metapopulation. However, the amount of surrounding habitat and patch isolation influenced the occurrence or abundance of 30% of beetle species, implying that dispersal into or out of patches was an important process.4. Three species showed a distribution that could arise by interactions with dominant competitors or predators with higher occurrence in small patches.5. Environmental effects were more commonly observed than spatial effects. Twenty‐three per cent of species showed evidence of habitat‐driven, deterministic metapopulations. Furthermore, almost half of the species were influenced by the plant succession or productivity gradient, including effects at the within‐patch, patch and regional scales. The beetle succession involved an increase in the frequency of many species, and the addition of new species, with little evidence of species turnover. Niche‐related ecological theory such as the species‐sorting metacommunity theory was therefore the most broadly applicable concept.6. We conclude that classic and source‐sink metapopulations are probably rare in this large‐scale, naturally fragmented system, although dispersal processes like those occurring in metapopulations may have a substantial influence on community composition. However, deterministic processes (niche specialisation, species‐sorting metacommunities and deterministic metapopulations) drive the occurrence or frequency of the majority of species. We urge further research into the prevalence of spatial ecological processes in large‐scale natural ecosystems to expand our understanding of the processes that may be important in nature.
Population structure on breeding grounds of Lake Malawi’s ‘twilight zone’ cichlid fishes
Authors: Genner Martin J. , Nichols Paul , Shaw Paul W. , Carvalho Gary R. , Robinson Rosanna L. , Turner George F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAim  Free‐ranging benthopelagic fishes often have large population sizes and high rates of dispersal. These traits can act to homogenize population structure across the distributional range of a species and to reduce the likelihood of allopatric speciation. The apparent absence of any barriers to gene flow among populations, together with prior molecular evidence for panmixia across the ranges of three species, has resulted in Diplotaxodon, a genus of benthopelagic cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi, being proposed as a candidate case of sympatric speciation. Our aim was to further investigate this possibility by testing for intraspecific genetic subdivision among breeding populations, and intraspecific differences in breeding habitat.Location  Lake Malawi, central‐east Africa.Methods  We analysed eight microsatellite DNA loci to test for spatial genetic differences among populations on breeding grounds of eight Diplotaxodon species. We also tested for temporal population genetic differences within breeding grounds of three species. Records of ripe Diplotaxodon encountered during sampling were analysed to test if spatial variation in assemblage structure was linked to nearshore water depth and geographic proximity of sampling sites.Results  Consistent with previous molecular evidence, within four of the eight species tested we found no evidence of spatial genetic structuring among breeding populations. However, within the other four species we found slight yet significant spatial genetic differences, indicating restricted gene flow among breeding grounds. There was no evidence of temporal genetic differences within sites. Analyses of the distributions of ripe Diplotaxodon revealed differences in assemblage structure linked to nearshore water depth.Main conclusions  Together, these results demonstrate both the evolution of fidelity to deep‐water breeding locations in some Diplotaxodon species, and differences in breeding habitat among species. These findings are consistent with a role for divergence of breeding habitat in speciation of these cichlids, possibly promoted by dispersal limitation among geographically segregated spawning aggregations.
Mesenchymal stem cells and cartilage in situ regeneration
Authors: Richter W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.Cartilage repair is a very successful pioneering area of regenerative medicine in which techniques of in situ regeneration and cell and tissue transplantation dominate over cell‐free approaches to generate durable neocartilage. This review concentrates on advantages and limitations of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)‐based cartilage repair strategies induced by marrow stimulation. Detailed knowledge on the biology of MSC will be discussed in light of the requirements for MSC recruitment, retention, proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation. An improved microenvironment with timely correlated signals from biomaterials, growth factors, proteases, adjacent cartilage and subchondral bone may be key to a third generation of techniques to regenerate hyaline cartilage.
Regenerative medicine: a 2009 overview
Authors: Andersson E. R. , Lendahl U. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.The rapidly evolving field of regenerative medicine holds much promise for cell‐based therapies for a range of debilitating conditions from spinal cord injury to haematological and neurological diseases. The groundbreaking discovery of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has offered new perspectives on disease progression and the possibility of patient‐specific cell transplants. In this review we first give a brief history of the field of regenerative medicine and then discuss the current state of regenerative medicine with a focus on embryonic stem cells and iPS cells. In order to keep abreast with this rapidly developing field, the Journal of Internal Medicine organized a 2‐day Symposium, on March 12–13th 2009, at the Karolinska Insitute in Stockholm, which featured talks by 19 leading scientists in the field of regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the Symposium and introduce six accompanying review articles, by Symposium speakers, which focus on some of the topics discussed at the meeting.
Skeletal muscle stem cells in developmental versus regenerative myogenesis
Authors: Tajbakhsh S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract.Tissue and organ regeneration proceed in a coordinated manner to restore proper function after trauma. Vertebrate skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to regenerate after repeated and complete destruction of the tissue, yet limited information is available on how muscle stem and progenitor cells, and other nonmuscle cells, reestablish homeostasis after the regenerative process. The genetic pathways that regulate the establishment of skeletal muscle in the embryo have been studied extensively, and many of the genes that govern muscle stem cell maintenance and commitment are redeployed during adult homeostasis and regeneration. Therefore, correlates can be made between embryonic muscle development and postnatal regeneration. However, there are some important distinctions between prenatal development and regeneration – in the context of the cells, niche, anatomy and the regulatory genes employed. The similarities and distinctions between these two scenarios are the focus of this review.
Range persistence during the last glacial maximum: Carex macrocephala was not restricted to glacial refugia
Authors: KING MATTHEW G. , HORNING MATTHEW E. , ROALSON ERIC H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe distribution of many species inhabiting northwestern North America has been heavily influenced by the climatic changes during the late Pleistocene. Several studies have suggested that species were restricted to glacial refugia north and/or south of the continental ice sheet front. It is also hypothesized that the coast of northwestern North America could have been a prime location for glacial refugia because of the lowering of the eustatic sea level and the concomitant rise of the continental shelf because of tectonic rebound. Alternatively, some coastal species distributions and demographics may have been unaffected in the long‐term by the last glacial maximum (LGM). We tested the glacial refugium hypothesis on an obligate coastal plant species, Carex macrocephala by sampling 600 individuals from 41 populations with 11 nuclear microsatellite loci and the rpL16 plastid intragenic spacer region. The microsatellite data sets suggest a low level of population differentiation with a standardized G′ST = 0.032 and inbreeding was high with an F = 0.969. The homogenization of the populations along the coast was supported by a principal coordinate analysis, amovas and samova analyses. Analyses using the rpL16 data set support the results of the microsatellite analyses, with a low FST of 0.042. Coalescent and mismatch analyses using rpL16 suggest that C. macrocephala has not gone through a significant bottleneck within the past 100 000 years, although a much earlier population expansion was indicated by the mismatch analysis. Carex macrocephala exhibits the characteristics of metapopulation dynamics and on the basis of these results, we concluded that it was not restricted to glacial refugia during the LGM, but that it existed as a large metapopulation.
Case studies and mathematical models of ecological speciation. 3: Ecotype formation in a Swedish snail
Authors: SADEDIN S. , HOLLANDER J. , PANOVA M. , JOHANNESSON K. , GAVRILETS S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFormation of partially reproductively isolated ecotypes in the rough periwinkle,Littorina saxatilis, may be a case of incipient nonallopatric ecological speciation. To better understand the dynamics of ecotype formation, its timescale, driving forces and evolutionary consequences, we developed a spatially explicit, individual‐based model incorporating relevant ecological, spatial and mate selection data for SwedishL. saxatilis. We explore the impact of bounded hybrid superiority, ecological scenarios and mate selection systems on ecotype formation, gene flow and the evolution of prezygotic isolation. Our model shows that ecotypes are expected to form rapidly in parapatry under conditions applicable to SwedishL. saxatilisand may proceed to speciation. However, evolution of nonrandom mating had complex behaviour. Ecotype evolution was inhibited by pre‐existing mating preferences, but facilitated by the evolution of novel preferences. While in many scenarios positive assortative mating reduced gene flow between ecotypes, in others negative assortative mating arose, preferences were lost after ecotype formation, preferences were confined to one ecotype or the ancestral ecotype became extinct through sexual selection. Bounded hybrid superiority (as observed in nature) enhanced ecotype formation but increased gene flow. Our results highlight that ecotype formation and speciation are distinct processes: factors that contribute to ecotype formation can be detrimental to speciation and vice versa. The complex interactions observed between local adaptation and nonrandom mating imply that generalization from data is unreliable without quantitative theory for speciation.
Relative contribution of contemporary pollen and seed dispersal to the effective parental size of seedling population of California valley oak (Quercus lobata, Née)
Authors: GRIVET DELPHINE , ROBLEDO‐ARNUNCIO JUAN J. , SMOUSE PETER E. , SORK VICTORIA L. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFor plant populations, gene movement through pollen and seed dispersal governs the size of local genetic neighbourhoods and shapes the opportunities for natural selection and genetic drift. A critical question is how together these two processes influence the evolutionary dynamics of local populations. To assess the respective contributions of pollen and seed flow, we propose a novel indirect assessment of the separate male and female gametic contributions to total effective parental size (Ne), based on parental correlations estimated via kinship coefficients, that can be applied to data sets that include unambiguous genotypes for male and female gametic contributions. Using the endemic Californian valley oak (Quercus lobata) as our study species, we apply this method to a set of microsatellite genotypes for two distinct ecological sets of naturally recruiting seedlings with acorns attached. We found that the effective numbers of contributing male parents (Nep) exceed effective numbers of female parents (Nem) for seedlings established beneath adult trees (Nep = 8.1 and Nem = 1.1), as well as for seedlings established away from adult trees (Nep = 15.4 and Nem = 2.7), illustrating that seed dispersal enhances pollen dispersal and increases the effective number of seed sources in open seedling patches. The resulting effective parental size of seedling populations translates into smaller effective numbers of parents for undispersed vs. dispersed seedlings (Ne = 3.6 and Ne = 6.7, respectively). This study introduces a novel statistic method and provides important new evidence that, on a short‐term temporal scale, seed dispersal shapes the local neighbourhood size of new recruits.
Do insects lose flight before they lose their wings? Population genetic structure in subalpine stoneflies
Authors: McCULLOCH GRAHAM A. , WALLIS GRAHAM P. , WATERS JONATHAN M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWing reduction and flightlessness are common features of alpine and subalpine insects, and are typically interpreted as evolutionary adaptations to increase fecundity and promote local recruitment. Here, we assess the impact of wing reduction on dispersal in stoneflies (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae: Zelandoperla) in southern New Zealand. Specifically, we present comparative phylogeographic analyses (COI; H3) of strong‐flying Zelandoperla decorata (144 individuals, 63 localities) vs. the co‐distributed but weak‐flying Zelandoperla fenestrata species group (186 individuals, 81 localities). The latter group exhibits a variety of morphotypes, ranging from fully winged to completely wingless. Consistent with its capacity for strong flight‐mediated dispersal, Z. decorata exhibited no substantial phylogeographic differentiation across its broad South Island range. Conversely the weak‐flying fenestrata species group exhibited substantial genetic structure across both fine and broad geographic scales. Intriguingly, the variable degrees of wing development observed within the fenestrata species group had no apparent impact on levels of phylogeographic structure, which were high regardless of morphotype, suggesting that even fully winged specimens of this group do not fly. This finding implies that Zelandoperla flight loss occurs independently of wing loss, and might reflect underlying flight muscle reduction.
Pneumonia in severely malnourished children in developing countries – mortality risk, aetiology and validity of WHO clinical signs: a systematic review
Authors: Chisti Mohammod Jobayer , Tebruegge Marc , La Vincente Sophie , Graham Stephen M. , Duke Trevor 
Published: September 2009

SummaryObjectives  To quantify the degree by which moderate and severe degrees of malnutrition increase the mortality risk in pneumonia, to identify potential differences in the aetiology of pneumonia between children with and without severe malnutrition, and to evaluate the validity of WHO‐recommended clinical signs (age‐specific fast breathing and chest wall indrawing) for the diagnosis of pneumonia in severely malnourished children.Methods  Systematic search of the existing literature using a variety of databases (Medline, EMBASE, the Web of Science, Scopus and CINAHL).Results  Mortality risk: Sixteen relevant studies were identified, which universally showed that children with pneumonia and moderate or severe malnutrition are at higher risk of death. For severe malnutrition, reported relative risks ranged from 2.9 to 121.2; odds ratios ranged from 2.5 to 15.1. For moderate malnutrition, relative risks ranged from 1.2 to 36.5. Aetiology: Eleven studies evaluated the aetiology of pneumonia in severely malnourished children. Commonly isolated bacterial pathogens were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Haemophilus influenzae. The spectrum and frequency of organisms differed from those reported in children without severe malnutrition. There are very few data on the role of respiratory viruses and tuberculosis. Clinical signs: Four studies investigating the validity of clinical signs showed that WHO‐recommended clinical signs were less sensitive as predictors of radiographic pneumonia in severely malnourished children.Conclusions  Pneumonia and malnutrition are two of the biggest killers in childhood. Guidelines for the care of children with pneumonia and malnutrition need to take into account this strong and often lethal association if they are to contribute to the UN Millennium Development Goal 4, aiming for substantial reductions in childhood mortality. Additional data regarding the optimal diagnostic approach to and management of pneumonia and malnutrition are required from regions where death from these two diseases is common.
Susceptibility to chemical insecticides of two Brazilian populations of the visceral leishmaniasis vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae)
Authors: Alexander B. , Barros V. C. , De Souza S. F. , Barros S. S. , Teodoro L. P. , Soares Z. R. , Gontijo N. F. , Reithinger R. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryObjectives  To investigate the insecticide susceptibility of two geographically separated Lutzomyia longipalpis populations (Lapinha and Montes Claros) with different histories of insecticide exposure (i.e. no exposure and repeated exposure, respectively).Methods  (i) Bioassay monitoring of sand fly survival over time when exposed to a range of insecticides; and (ii) analysis of the level of insecticide detoxification enzymes in individual sand flies caught at both study sites. Insecticides tested were the organophosphates malathion and fenitrothion and the pyrethroids λ‐cyhalothrin, permethrin and deltamethrin.Results  Survival analyses showed that whilst there was no overall significant difference in susceptibility of both populations to organophosphates, Lapinha sand flies were significantly more susceptible to pyrethroids than those from Montes Claros. Multiple regression analyses also showed that insecticide susceptibility in both locations varied with sand fly sex. The relative susceptibilities of the two sand fly populations to tested insecticides were also compared. Thus, Montes Claros sand flies were most susceptible to malathion, followed by fenitrothion, deltamethrin and permethrin. Those from Lapinha were most susceptible to λ‐cyhalothrin, followed by malathion, permethrin, deltamethrin and fenitrothion. Biochemical analyses demonstrated that Montes Claros sand flies had significantly lower insecticide detoxification enzyme activity than Lapinha sand flies.Conclusions  Our results are the first record of significantly reduced susceptibility to the insecticides used in control of wild populations of Lu. longipalpis. They demonstrate the importance of evaluating chemicals against this species by conventional bioassay and microplate assays before and during spraying programmes.