bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genotype and Phenotypes of an Intestine-Adapted Escherichia coli K-12 Mutant Selected by Animal Passage for Superior Colonization
Authors: Fabich Andrew J. , Leatham Mary P. , Grissom Joe E. , Wiley Graham , Lai Hongshing , Najar Fares , Roe Bruce A. , Cohen Paul S. , Conway Tyrrell 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

We previously isolated a spontaneous mutant of
Escherichia coli
K-12, strain MG1655, following passage through the streptomycin-treated mouse intestine, that has colonization traits superior to the wild-type parent strain (M. P. Leatham et al., Infect. Immun.
73:
8039–8049, 2005). This intestine-adapted strain (
E. coli
MG1655*) grew faster on several different carbon sources than the wild type and was nonmotile due to deletion of the
flhD
gene. We now report the results of several high-throughput genomic analysis approaches to further characterize
E. coli
MG1655*. Whole-genome pyrosequencing did not reveal any changes on its genome, aside from the deletion at the
flhDC
locus, that could explain the colonization advantage of
E. coli
MG1655*. Microarray analysis revealed modest yet significant induction of catabolic gene systems across the genome in both
E. coli
MG1655* and an isogenic
flhD
mutant constructed in the laboratory. Catabolome analysis with Biolog GN2 microplates revealed an enhanced ability of both
E. coli
MG1655* and the isogenic
flhD
mutant to oxidize a variety of carbon sources. The results show that intestine-adapted
E. coli
MG1655* is more fit than the wild type for intestinal colonization, because loss of FlhD results in elevated expression of genes involved in carbon and energy metabolism, resulting in more efficient carbon source utilization and a higher intestinal population. Hence, mutations that enhance metabolic efficiency confer a colonization advantage.
Phagocytic Receptors Dictate Phagosomal Escape and Intracellular Proliferation of Francisella tularensis
Authors: Geier Henriette , Celli Jean 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTFrancisella tularensis, the causative agent of tularemia, survives and proliferates within macrophages of the infected host as part of its pathogenic strategy, through an intracellular life cycle that includes phagosomal escape and extensive proliferation within the macrophage cytosol. Variousin vitromodels ofFrancisella-macrophage interactions have been developed, using either opsonic or nonopsonic phagocytosis, and have generated discrepant results on the timing and extent ofFrancisellaphagosomal escape. Here we have investigated whether either complement or antibody opsonization of the virulent prototypical type A strainFrancisella tularensissubsp.tularensisSchu S4 affects its intracellular cycle within primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. Opsonization of Schu S4 with either human serum or purified IgG enhanced phagocytosis but restricted phagosomal escape and intracellular proliferation. Opsonization of Schu S4 with either fresh serum or purified antibodies redirected bacteria from the mannose receptor (MR) to the complement receptor CR3, the scavenger receptor A (SRA), and the Fcγ receptor (FcγR), respectively. CR3-mediated uptake delayed maturation of the earlyFrancisella-containing phagosome (FCP) and restricted phagosomal escape, while FcγR-dependent phagocytosis was associated with superoxide production in the early FCP and restricted phagosomal escape and intracellular growth in an NADPH oxidase-dependent manner. Taken together, these results demonstrate that opsonophagocytic receptors alter the intracellular fate ofFrancisellaby delivering bacteria through phagocytic pathways that restrict phagosomal escape and intracellular proliferation.
Diverse Requirements for Src-Family Tyrosine Kinases Distinguish Chlamydial Species
Authors: Mital Jeffrey , Hackstadt Ted 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Chlamydiae are well known for their species specificity and tissue tropism, and yet the individual species and strains show remarkable genomic synteny and share an intracellular developmental cycle unique in the microbial world. Only a relatively few chlamydial genes have been linked to specific disease or tissue tropism. Here we show that chlamydial species associated with human infections,
Chlamydia trachomatis
and
C. pneumoniae
, exhibit unique requirements for Src-family kinases throughout their developmental cycle. Utilization of Src-family kinases by
C. trachomatis
includes tyrosine phosphorylation of the secreted effector Tarp during the entry process, a functional role in microtubule-dependent trafficking to the microtubule organizing center, and a requirement for Src-family kinases for successful initiation of development. Nonhuman chlamydial species
C. caviae
and
C. muridarum
show none of these requirements and, instead, appear to be growth restricted by the activities of Src-family kinases. Depletion of Src-family kinases triggers a more rapid development of
C. caviae
with up to an 800% increase in infectious progeny production. Collectively, the results suggest that human chlamydial species have evolved requirements for tyrosine phosphorylation by Src-family kinases that are not seen in other chlamydial species. The requirement for Src-family kinases thus represents a fundamental distinction between chlamydial species that would not be readily apparent in genomic comparisons and may provide insights into chlamydial disease association and species specificity.

IMPORTANCE
Chlamydiae are well known for their species specificity and tissue tropism as well as their association with unique diseases. A paradox in the field relates to the remarkable genomic synteny shown among chlamydiae and the very few chlamydial genes linked to specific diseases. We have found that different chlamydial species exhibit unique requirements for Src-family kinases. These differing requirements for Src-family kinases would not be apparent in genomic comparisons and appear to be a previously unrecognized distinction that may provide insights to guide research in chlamydial pathogenesis.
Paediatric road traffic injuries in urban Ghana: a population-based study
Authors: Guerrero Alejandro , Amegashie Justice , Obiri-Yeboah May , Appiah Noble , Zakariah Ahmed 
Published: March 2011

Objective/settingTo provide a population-based analysis of childhood road traffic injuries (RTI) in two communities of the greater Accra region of Ghana, with the goal of establishing an RTI incidence baseline in these communities and to identify RTI characteristics in order to model a targeted injury prevention programme.Study designGeographical cluster sampling was performed in two separate communities with household surveys administered in person to determine a denominator. The guardian responsible for any household members below the age of 15 years involved in an RTI within the previous 12 months received an in-depth questionnaire. Demographics, incident characteristics, medical attention, injuries and disability days were noted. These are described and compared with injury severity and age-specific tendencies.Results5128 children were interviewed in 60 clusters. Of them, 172 were involved in an RTI within the previous 12 months. This resulted in a rate of 34 RTI/1000 person-years, and 43 RTI/1000 person-years in the 5–14-year-old age group. RTI involving a mini-bus taxi, as a pedestrian, correlated with a disability of greater than 30 days, as did fractures. 35.8% of injuries occurred at sunset. Most RTI occurred on a highway and involved the lower extremities. There were two deaths resulting in an incidence of 39.0/100 000 person-years.ConclusionChildhood RTI in this urban west African setting are a major source of disability. Specific injury circumstances are reviewed in detail. This study provides baseline incidence data that may be used to measure injury prevention efforts and to validate secondary data sources.
Chlamydia screening by community pharmacists: a qualitative study: Table 1
Authors: Dabrera Gavin , Pinson David , Whiteman Steve 
Published: March 2011

Background and methodologyThe National Chlamydia Screening Programme offers opportunistic screening for genitalChlamydia trachomatisinfection to young people aged 15–24 years in England. Screening packs are available in many different settings, including community sexual health clinics, colleges and community pharmacies. This article focuses on screening through community pharmacies. Currently, pharmacies provide only a small proportion of screening nationally despite the assumption that community pharmacies are an ideal location to undertake chlamydia screening. This article reports on semistructured interviews undertaken with a sample of 10 pharmacists offering chlamydia screening in Greenwich, London, UK in order to understand the issues facing pharmacists in offering chlamydia screening.ResultsParticipants had good awareness of the importance of chlamydia infection and the need for screening. The majority were supportive of it, although some were concerned about approaching some younger individuals. Many pharmacists only raised opportunistically the provision of free chlamydia screening when customers were attending for emergency hormonal contraception. The pharmacists felt it was more difficult to discuss the subject of chlamydia screening with customers attending for non-sexual health-related services. The local chlamydia screening programme had undertaken other initiatives including mail outs. Some pharmacists had broached the subject of chlamydia screening but had discovered customers already had a screening pack at home.Discussion and conclusionsThese findings have highlighted challenges in opportunistically offering chlamydia screening to young people in community pharmacies. These challenges can be overcome through a combination of training and service innovation, in order to capitalise on the potential of community pharmacies to contribute to this important sexual health service.
Attitudes towards human papillomavirus vaccination: a qualitative study of vaccinated and unvaccinated girls aged 17–18 years
Authors: Williams Kate , Forster Alice , Marlow Laura , Waller Jo 
Published: March 2011

Background and methodologyThis study explored knowledge about human papillomavirus (HPV) and attitudes towards HPV vaccination among girls who were part of the ‘catch-up’ vaccination programme. Interviews were carried out between March and May 2009 with girls (aged 17–18 years) who had received HPV vaccine (n=5) and girls who had opted not to receive HPV vaccine (n=5). Interviews lasted approximately 25 minutes, were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analysed qualitatively using framework analysis.ResultsMost girls were aware that HPV is sexually transmitted, but beyond this had limited understanding of HPV and HPV vaccination, and expressed a desire for further information. Girls were uncertain about the need for the vaccine both in terms of perceived risk (e.g. because they were not sexually active) and because of its novelty. Some had concerns about the efficacy and safety of the vaccine, while others were mistrusting of the information provided. Being embarrassed about discussing the vaccine with parents and practical barriers to vaccination were also discussed.Discussion and conclusionsUnderstanding of HPV was poor, despite participants having been offered the vaccine. School-based interventions might be a useful supplement to leaflets, and should focus on improving knowledge of HPV and awareness of the purpose of HPV vaccination.
Comparison of varying injection rates of saline chasers on intravascular contrast enhancement for dynamic CT in cattle
Authors: Lee K. , Ikeo S. , Iwasaki T. , Yamada K. 
Published: March 2011

Dynamic CT was performed in five normal Holstein calves to investigate the effect of saline chasers on intravascular contrast enhancement when administered at three different rates. The five calves were imaged using dynamic CT in a crossover study design. Group A was administered only contrast medium (600 mg iodine/kg, 4 ml/s), while groups B, C and D were administered contrast medium at 30 per cent reduction followed by saline chasers injected at 2, 4 and 8 ml/s, respectively. Attenuation values were obtained from the right and left maxillary arteries and dorsal sagittal sinus. Maximum enhancement value and mean value of the enhancement plateau obtained from the maxillary arteries were significantly lower in group B than in the other groups. The duration of the enhancement plateau was longer in group C than in groups B and D (P<0.05).
On Approximate "Equation missing" -Ternary "Equation missing" -Homomorphisms: A Fixed Point Approach
Authors: Gordji MEshaghi , Alizadeh Z , Cho YJ , Khodaei H 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUsing fixed point methods, we prove the stability and superstability of "Equation missing"-ternary additive, quadratic, cubic, and quartic homomorphisms in "Equation missing"-ternary rings for the functional equation "Equation missing", for each "Equation missing".
2-Methoxyestradiol Analogue ENMD-1198 Reduces Breast Cancer-Induced Osteolysis and Tumor Burden BothIn VitroandIn Vivo
Authors: Snoeks Thomas J.A. , Mol Isabel M. , Que Ivo , Kaijzel Eric L. , Löwik Clemens W.G.M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt has been estimated that 70% of advanced breast cancer patients will face the complication of bone metastases. Three processes are pivotal during bone metastatic growth of breast cancer, namely, tumor cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and osteolysis. During tumor-induced osteolysis, a number of cytokines and growth factors are released from the degraded bone matrix. These factors stimulate further tumor growth, tumor angiogenesis, and tumor-induced osteolysis. New therapies should target all relevant processes to halt this powerful feedback loop. Here, we characterized the new 2-methoxyestradiol analogue ENMD-1198 and showed that it is cytotoxic to tumor cells. Moreover, ENMD-1198 showed both antiangiogenic and vascular disruptive properties and was capable of protecting the bone against tumor-induced osteolysis. We confirmed the in vitro data with a series of in vivo experiments showing the beneficial effects of ENMD-1198 and ENMD-1198–based combination treatments of metastatic breast cancer in bone both on tumor progression and on survival with long-term ENMD-1198 treatment. We confirmed the in vivo relevance of the ENMD-1198 protective effect on bone both with X-ray radiographs and microcomputed tomography. In addition, we combined ENMD-1198 treatment with low-dose metronomic cyclophosphamide and the bisphosphonate risedronic acid, leading to a mild increase in treatment efficacy. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(5); 874–82. ©2011 AACR.
Stent Thrombogenicity Early in High-Risk Interventional Settings Is Driven by Stent Design and Deployment and Protected by Polymer-Drug Coatings
Authors: Kolandaivelu Kumaran , Swaminathan Rajesh , Gibson William J. , Kolachalama Vijaya B. , Nguyen-Ehrenreich Kim-Lien , Giddings Virginia L. , Coleman Leslie , Wong Gee K. , Edelman Elazer R. 
Published: March 2011

Background—
Stent thrombosis is a lethal complication of endovascular intervention. Concern has been raised about the inherent risk associated with specific stent designs and drug-eluting coatings, yet clinical and animal support is equivocal.

Methods and Results—

We examined whether drug-eluting coatings are inherently thrombogenic and if the response to these materials was determined to a greater degree by stent design and deployment with custom-built stents. Drug/polymer coatings uniformly reduce rather than increase thrombogenicity relative to matched bare metal counterparts (0.65-fold;
P
=0.011). Thick-strutted (162 μm) stents were 1.5-fold more thrombogenic than otherwise identical thin-strutted (81 μm) devices in ex vivo flow loops (
P
<0.001), commensurate with 1.6-fold greater thrombus coverage 3 days after implantation in porcine coronary arteries (
P
=0.004). When bare metal stents were deployed in malapposed or overlapping configurations, thrombogenicity increased compared with apposed, length-matched controls (1.58-fold,
P
=0.001; and 2.32-fold,
P
<0.001). The thrombogenicity of polymer-coated stents with thin struts was lowest in all configurations and remained insensitive to incomplete deployment. Computational modeling–based predictions of stent-induced flow derangements correlated with spatial distribution of formed clots.

Conclusions—
Contrary to popular perception, drug/polymer coatings do not inherently increase acute stent clotting; they reduce thrombosis. However, strut dimensions and positioning relative to the vessel wall are critical factors in modulating stent thrombogenicity. Optimal stent geometries and surfaces, as demonstrated with thin stent struts, help reduce the potential for thrombosis despite complex stent configurations and variability in deployment.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Classification of Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Authors: Gupta Sachin , Rohatgi Anand , Ayers Colby R. , Willis Benjamin L. , Haskell William L. , Khera Amit , Drazner Mark H. , de Lemos James A. , Berry Jarett D. 
Published: March 2011

Background—
Cardiorespiratory fitness (fitness) is associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. However, the extent to which fitness improves risk classification when added to traditional risk factors is unclear.

Methods and Results—

Fitness was measured by the Balke protocol in 66 371 subjects without prior CVD enrolled in the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study between 1970 and 2006; follow-up was extended through 2006. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the risk of CVD mortality with a traditional risk factor model (age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, and smoking) with and without the addition of fitness. The net reclassification improvement and integrated discrimination improvement were calculated at 10 and 25 years. Ten-year risk estimates for CVD mortality were categorized as <1%, 1% to <5%, and ≥5%, and 25-year risk estimates were categorized as <8%, 8% to 30%, and ≥30%. During a median follow-up period of 16 years, there were 1621 CVD deaths. The addition of fitness to the traditional risk factor model resulted in reclassification of 10.7% of the men, with significant net reclassification improvement at both 10 years (net reclassification improvement=0.121) and 25 years (net reclassification improvement=0.041) (
P
<0.001 for both). The integrated discrimination improvement was 0.010 at 10 years (
P
<0.001), and the relative integrated discrimination improvement was 29%. Similar findings were observed for women at 25 years.

Conclusions—
A single measurement of fitness significantly improves classification of both short-term (10-year) and long-term (25-year) risk for CVD mortality when added to traditional risk factors.
Association of DASH Diet With Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Liese Angela D. , Bortsov Andrey , Günther Anke L.B. , Dabelea Dana , Reynolds Kristi , Standiford Debra A. , Liu Lenna , Williams Desmond E. , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Bell Ronny , Marcovina Santica 
Published: March 2011

Background—
We have shown that adherence to the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet is related to blood pressure in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We explored the impact of the DASH diet on other cardiovascular disease risk factors.

Methods and Results—

Between 2001 and 2005, data on total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein particle density, apolipoprotein B, body mass index, waist circumference, and adipocytokines were ascertained in 2130 youth aged 10 to 22 years with physician-diagnosed diabetes mellitus. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire, categorized into the DASH food groups, and assigned an adherence score. Among youth with type 1 diabetes mellitus, higher adherence to the DASH diet was significantly and inversely associated with low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio and A
1c
in multivariable-adjusted models. Youth in the highest adherence tertile had an estimated 0.07 lower low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein ratio and 0.2 lower A
1c
levels than those in the lowest tertile adjusted for confounders. No significant associations were observed with triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein particle density, adipocytokines, apolipoprotein B, body mass index
Z
score, or waist circumference. Among youth with type 2 diabetes mellitus, associations were observed with low-density lipoprotein particle density and body mass index
Z
score.

Conclusions—
The DASH dietary pattern may be beneficial in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disease risk in youth with diabetes mellitus.
Do Postmarketing Surveillance Studies Represent Real-World Populations?
Authors: Yeh Robert W. , Kennedy Kevin , Spertus John A. , Parikh Sahil A. , Sakhuja Rahul , Anderson H. Vernon , White Christopher J. , Rosenfield Kenneth 
Published: March 2011

Background—
To evaluate outcomes after carotid artery stenting in larger real-world populations, the Food and Drug Administration mandated that companies conduct postmarketing surveillance (PMS) studies of approved stent systems. Whether PMS studies are representative of carotid artery stenting in routine clinical practice has not been established.

Methods and Results—

Within the National Cardiovascular Database Registry–Carotid Artery Revascularization and Endarterectomy (NCDR CARE) Registry, we compared patient and procedural characteristics, in-hospital outcomes, and subsequent all-cause mortality after carotid artery stenting in PMS study participants and nonparticipants. We conducted both crude and propensity score–adjusted comparisons for all outcomes between groups. Compared with nonparticipants, participants in PMS studies had lower rates of symptomatic carotid artery disease within the preceding 6 months, prior stroke, and acute evolving stroke at baseline. The PMS study participants had lower unadjusted rates of combined in-hospital death, stroke, or myocardial infarction (2.3% versus 4.1%;
P
<0.001), driven by lower rates of stroke (1.7% versus 2.7%;
P
=0.005) and death (0.3% versus 1.4%;
P
<0.001). Differences in survival persisted after propensity score adjustment (odds ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.21 to 0.95;
P
=0.04 for in-hospital mortality; and hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.66 to 0.97;
P
=0.02 for 2-year mortality). Baseline differences in neurological history explained the largest proportion of the difference in outcomes between groups.

Conclusions—
Participants in PMS studies for carotid artery stenting have different clinical and procedural characteristics and lower mortality compared with nonparticipants. Extrapolating results from PMS studies of carotid artery stenting to larger real-world settings should be done only with great caution.