bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting μc‐Si:H crystal orientation from Raman measurement under polarized light
Authors: Agbo S. N. , van Swaaij R. A. C. M. M. , Zeman M. , Sutta P. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe determination of the dominant crystal orientation is of great importance in gaining insight into the growth mechanisms of hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon (μc‐Si:H). However, for this purpose most techniques are time‐consuming, expensive and destructive. In this contribution, a new approach is investigated to determine crystal orientation in μc‐Si:H films from Raman spectrum. Raman measurements have been applied under varying polarization angles to a series of samples of varying crystalline volume fraction (fc) covering the transition from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon regime. First, the dependence of the Raman intensity of the 520 cm–1 TO peak on polarization angle is measured on [100], [110], and [111] single‐crystalline silicon wafers. We found distinct patterns for these reference wafers and have used these patterns as a fingerprint for a specific crystal orientation in μc‐Si:H. Subsequently, we measured the Raman intensity of the TO peak as a function of polarisation angle on the μc‐Si:H films and compared the obtained patterns with that of the references. For most of the rf PECVD μc‐Si:H samples we obtained a dominant crystal orientation of [111]. We found that the dominant crystal orientation is independent of the crystalline volume fraction of the μc‐Si:H. The inferred crystal orientation will be compared with XRD results. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of chemical composition of SiOx films on rapid formation of Si nanocrystals induced by thermal plasma jet irradiation
Authors: Okada Tatsuya , Higashi Seiichiro , Kaku Hirotaka , Makihara Katsunori , Furukawa Hirokazu , Hiroshige Yasuo , Miyazaki Seiichi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSi nanocrystal floating gate MOS capacitors were formed on p‐Si (100) wafers by thermal plasma jet (TPJ) annealing of SiO2/SiOx /SiO2/Si(100) stacked structure. The chemical composition of SiOx layer was controlled by changing the SiH4, He, and O2 gas flow ratio during plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition. The MOS capacitors showed clear hysteresis in capacitance‐voltage (CV) characteristics after TPJ annealing. The hysteresis width shows maximum value when initial composition x =1.7, which shows the maximum photoluminescence (PL) intensity. The maximum hysteresis width of 6.8 V was observed with gate voltage swept between 20 and ‐20 V in x = 1.7 sample. The result means 7.4 × 1012 cm‐2 carriers are injected to or emitted from Si nanocrystals. The duration of 1 V shift in flatband voltage was ∼0.1 ms with 20 V pulse, and charged carriers were stably maintained for ∼2 hours. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
GaSb film growth by liquid phase epitaxy
Authors: García‐Cruz M. L. , Martínez‐Juárez J. , López‐Salazar P. , Díaz G. Juárez 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDoped GaSb (Gallium Antimonide) films on p‐GaSb substrates have been obtained by means of a low‐cost and fast‐growth method: the liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) technique. The growth temperature was 400 °C, and the growth time was varied between1 and 5 min. Characterization of the films was performed by means of high resolution X‐ray Diffraction, low temperature‐photoluminiscence and current‐voltage curve measurements. The X‐ray diffraction pattern confirms a zincblende‐type crystal structure with a high‐thin peak centred at 30.36°. The PL spectra at 27 K allowed to confirm the band‐gap energy to be 0.8 eV and the I‐V curves presented a PN junction behavior which corresponds to the obtained structured. Metal contacts of Au‐Zn and Au‐Ge were placed to perform electrical characterization (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Investigation of electric charge transport in conjugated polymer P3HT: PCBM solar cell with temperature dependent current and capacitance measurements
Authors: Yu Peiqing , Mencaraglia Denis , Darga Arouna , Migan Anne , Rabdbeh Roshanak , Ratier Bernard , Moliton André 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe investigated quantitatively the electronic transport properties of a bulk heterojunction polymer/fullerene solar cell, based on structure Glass/ITO/P3HT:PCBM/Al. The current‐voltage I‐V characteristics in the intermediate positive bias and temperature regime (0.2 V ≤ V ≤ 1.5 V, 180 K ≤ T ≤ 250 K) can be well fitted by a modified Poole‐Frenkel PF detrapping model. Combining these results with the high frequency capacitance measurements, we could then derive independently the absorber thickness and its dielectric constant. At low temperature (80 K ≤ T ≤ 170 K), the I‐V data can be well accounted for with Space Charge Limited Current (SCLC) regimes. At intermediate positive bias (1 V ≤ V ≤ 2.3 V), the current is dominated by the trapped space charges with an exponential traps distribution, while at high positive bias (2.5 V ≤ V ≤ 4 V), the space charges due to injected free carrier play an important role for the conduction. From the fits to the two different SCLC models, we could then extract the electrically active defects parameters controlling the transport. These parameters were confirmed by space charge capacitance spectroscopy (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polycrystalline Si films with unique microstructures formed from amorphous Si films by non‐thermal equilibrium flash lamp annealing
Authors: Ohdaira Keisuke , Nishikawa Takuya , Shiba Kazuhiro , Takemoto Hiroyuki , Matsumura Hideki 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFlash lamp annealing (FLA), with millisecond‐order duration, can crystallize amorphous silicon (a‐Si) films a few μm thick on glass substrates, resulting in formation of polycrystalline Si (poly‐Si) films with unprecedented periodic microstructures. The characteristic microstructure, formed spontaneously during crystallization, consists of large‐grain regions, containing relatively large grains more than 100 nm in size, and fine‐grain regions, including only 10‐nm‐sized fine grains. The microstructures results from explosive crystallization (EC), driven by heat generation corresponding to the difference of the enthalpies of meta‐stable a‐Si and stable crystalline Si (c‐Si) states, which realizes lateral crystallization velocity on the order of m/s. The lateral crystallization may stop when the temperature of a‐Si in the vicinity of c‐Si, which is decided by both homogeneous heating from flash irradiation and thermal diffusion from c‐Si, falls below a crystallization temperature. This idea is supported by the experimental fact that a lateral crystallization length decreases with decreasing pulse duration. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Hydromorphological alteration of a large Mediterranean river: Relative role of high and low flows on the evolution of riparian forests and channel morphology
Authors: Magdaleno Fernando , Fernández J. Anastasio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper evaluates the causes and effects of the hydrogeomorphological alteration of the central reach of the Ebro River (NE Spain). The Ebro River is one of the largest Mediterranean rivers. In this reach, it develops a meandering planform in a wide floodplain. Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses of historic aerial photographs, analysis of hydrologic data and measurement of various indicators linked to the fluvial morphology and the structure and distribution of the riparian vegetation led to the establishment of the prevailing processes in the dynamics of this river.Statistical analyses conducted on some of the main components of the flow regime, including floods, droughts and flow duration curves, showed a role for these components in river dynamics. Similarly, a thorough analysis of the evolution of the aforementioned indicators was performed to identify and measure the effects of the hydrological regulation of the river. These indicators were measured in 1927, 1956 and 2003 for a 106 km reach.The geomorphic dynamics of the Ebro River in its central reach reflect a remarkable tendency for stabilization and rigidification of the channel. The active river corridor has largely been modified, primarily in the second half of the twentieth century. The corridor lost a huge portion of its width and extension, the channel suffered an intense narrowing and the natural mobility of the meander train decayed proportionally. The structure and distribution of the riparian vegetation were completely transformed. The riparian forest lost its original function, behaving as a linear corridor and was notably continuous and very close to the channel thalweg. The vegetation colonized most of the previously active channel, contributing to the loss of the natural dynamics of the river.The hydrological analyses suggest that the large morphological modification of the river planform and the parallel alteration of the riparian forests are not to be seen as a consequence of a loss of the attributes of natural floods. On the contrary, these extreme hydrological events only generate slight alterations due to river regulation and are not capable of enhancing the aforementioned evolution. Nevertheless, a profound change in the attributes of the low (summer) flows was found. The modification of the low flows was studied through its relationship with the global evolution of the geomorphic indicators and the riparian forest indicators. The results show the relative role played by high and low flows in the evolution of the river dynamics. These results are used to propose a future scenario of ecohydrological management in the central reach of the Ebro River. This scenario is intended to improve its ecological status and recover, at least partially, its natural dynamics. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition effect of cerium in hybrid sol–gel films on aluminium alloy AA2024
Authors: Paussa L. , Rosero‐Navarro N. C. , Andreatta F. , Castro Y. , Duran A. , Aparicio M. , Fedrizzi L. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAluminium alloys such as AA2024 are susceptible to severe corrosion attack in aggressive solutions (e.g. chlorides). Conversion coatings, like chromate, or rare earth conversion coatings are usually applied in order to improve corrosion behaviour of aluminium alloys. Methacrylate‐based hybrid films deposited with sol–gel technique might be an alternative to conversion coatings. Barrier properties, paint adhesion and possibly self‐healing ability are important aspects for replacement of chromate‐based pre‐treatments. This work evaluates the behaviour of cerium as corrosion inhibitor in methacrylate silane‐based hybrid films containing SiO2 nano‐particles on AA2024. Hybrid films were deposited on aluminium alloy AA2024 by means of dip‐coating technique. Two different types of coating were applied: a non‐inhibited film consisting of two layers (non‐inhibited system) and a similar film doped with cerium nitrate in an intermediate layer (inhibited system). The film thickness was 5 µm for the non‐inhibited system and 8 µm for the inhibited system. Film morphology and composition were investigated by means of GDOES (glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy). Moreover, GDOES qualitative composition profiles were recorded in order to investigate Ce content in the hybrid films as a function of immersion time in 0.05 M NaCl solution. The electrochemical behaviour of the hybrid films was studied in the same electrolyte by means of EIS technique (electrochemical impedance spectroscopy). Electrochemical measurements provide evidence that the inhibited system containing cerium displays recovery of electrochemical properties. This behaviour is not observed for the non‐inhibited coating. GDOES measurements provide evidence that the behaviour of inhibited system can be related to migration of Ce species to the substrate/coating interface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and deviancy training in after‐school programs
Authors: Rorie Melissa , Gottfredson Denise C. , Cross Amanda , Wilson Denise , Connell Nadine M. 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTEvidence regarding the effectiveness of after‐school programs (ASPs) for reducing problem behaviors is mixed. Unstructured ASPs may increase antisocial behavior by increasing “deviancy training” opportunities, when peers reinforce deviant attitudes and behaviors. This research analyses approximately 3000 five‐minute intervals from 398 observations of activities delivered as part of an ASP in five public middle schools. Analyses of peer and group leader responses to deviant behavior in the context of ASP activities indicated that while peer responses are generally reinforcing, group leaders typically do not respond to deviance. Multi‐level analyses of the association between activity structure and deviant behavior indicate that higher levels of structure in the activity as a whole decrease levels of violence and counternormative behavior. As the level of structure in five‐minute intervals within the activity increases, the level of violent behavior declines, but violent talk (e.g., threats to commit violence) increases. Implications for after‐school programming are discussed.
Impact of pretreatment nasal symptoms on treatment outcome in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Kirtsreesakul Virat , Chansaksung Prichaya , Ruttanaphol Suwalee 
Published: February 2010

ObjectiveThe Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) classification of allergic rhinitis (AR) is based on the severity and duration of nasal symptoms. Whether nasal symptoms have an impact on treatment outcome is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between pretreatment nasal symptoms and therapeutic response in AR.Study DesignCase series with planned data collection.SettingTertiary medical center.Subjects and MethodsSixty‐nine AR patients were classified according to ARIA class: mild or moderate‐severe intermittent AR (MIAR or MSIAR) and mild or moderate‐severe persistent AR (MPAR or MSPAR). All patients were treated over 28 days with 220 μg of intranasal triamcinolone acetonide once daily. Nasal symptoms, peak expiratory flow index, and global symptom control were used to evaluate treatment outcome.ResultsAt 28 days after treatment, MSPAR patients showed the worst global symptom control, followed by MSIAR, MPAR, and MIAR (mean global symptom controls were 76.5%, 83.8%, 87.7%, and 89.0%, respectively). Pretreatment total nasal symptom score was inversely correlated with global symptom control (ρ = −0.405, P < 0.001), but positively correlated with percent total nasal symptom score and peak expiratory flow index improvements (ρ = 0.271, P = 0.024; and ρ = 0.371, P = 0.002, respectively). Blocked nose had the best inverse correlation with global symptom control (ρ = −0.389, P = 0.001).ConclusionA worse treatment outcome despite more clinical improvements during the treatment period in a higher severity score suggests the therapeutic predictive value of pretreatment nasal symptom scoring and the need for more dosing and continuing medication in higher scores, especially in blocked nose.
Experience with endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy using four methods
Authors: de Souza Chris , Nissar Jayesh 
Published: February 2010

ObjectiveEvaluation of four methods of endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (EDCR) for treating chronic dacryocystitis.Study DesignCase series with chart review.Materials and MethodsA total of 1450 patients underwent EDCR for epiphora, chronic dacryocystitis, and blocked nasolacrimal ducts. Relief from epiphora, dacryocystitis, and patency of the fistula for all four techniques was compared. A total of 292 patients underwent incision and drainage, 343 patients had grommets inserted, 258 had silastic lacrimal stents inserted, and 557 had the medial wall of the lacrimal sac (LS) removed. Parameters of success were 1) resolution of epiphora, 2) no further attacks of dacryocystitis, and 3) patency of the new fistula.ResultsSixty‐five percent failed the incision method, and 68 percent of the patients who underwent the grommet method failed. All 258 patients with lacrimal stents experienced success while the stent remained in situ. Ten patients required removal because the stents created corneal opacities. One required removal because of a foreign body granuloma at the punctum. Only eight (1.4%) patients with removal of the LS failed. On multivariate analysis, female sex (OR = 5.6) was found to be associated with a higher rate of failure. Incision and drainage (OR = 100.1) and grommet insertion (OR = 60.6) were associated with increased risk of failure. Removal of the medial wall of the LS (OR = 0.069) and findings of a clear sac (OR = 0.001) or mucus (OR = 0.204) were associated with success.ConclusionThe best EDCR results are achieved by stenting or removal of the medial wall of the LS. In our experience, excision of the medial wall of the LS was as successful as insertion of silastic lacrimal intubation stents, without the disadvantage of causing corneal opacities.
Factoring Information into Returns
Authors: Easley David , Hvidkjaer Soeren , O’Hara Maureen 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe examine the potential profits of trading on a measure of private information (PIN) in a stock. A zero-investment portfolio that is size-neutral but long in high PIN stocks and short in low PIN stocks earns a significant abnormal return. The Fama-French, momentum, and liquidity factors do not explain this return. However, significant covariation in returns exists among high PIN stocks and among low PIN stocks, suggesting that PIN might proxy for an underlying factor. We create a PIN factor as the monthly return on the zero-investment portfolio above and show that it is successful in explaining returns to independent PIN-size portfolios. We also show that it is robust to inclusion of the Pástor-Stambaugh liquidity factor and the Amihud illiquidity factor. We argue that information remains an important determinant of asset returns even in the presence of these additional factors.
The Impact of the Euro on Equity Markets
Authors: Cappiello Lorenzo , Kadareja Arjan , Manganelli Simone 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates whether comovements between euro area equity returns at national and industry level changed after the introduction of the euro. By adopting a regression quantile-based methodology, we find that after 1999 the degree of comovements among euro area national equity markets was augmented. By explicitly controlling for the impact of global factors, we show that this result cannot be explained by recent worldwide trends. A more refined analysis based on an industry breakdown suggests that the increase in national index comovements is mainly driven by financial, industrial, and consumer services sectors.
Do Musical Works Contain an Implied Listener? Towards a Theory of Musical Listening
Authors: Butt John 
Published: February 2010

ABSTRACTThis study presents the sketch of a theory of musical listening based on historical considerations of the role of music in Western culture. A universal element of musical listening might lie in the notion that all music is the product of a fundamental human capacity to hear, harnessed in countless ways by diverse cultures. Secondly, there is the type of music, covering very broad historical and cultural boundaries, that presupposes attentive listening or even a participating audience; this is perhaps the simplest and most familiar category, at least in the West. Finally, there is the range of music that might contain an ‘implied listener’, something which I suggest is much more elusive, with specific historical and cultural boundaries within Western modernity. While this sense of the implied listener – someone developing the sense of a consistent and unitary self over time – is understandable today and might well still be employed in a broad range of new music, I would suggest that it now reflects only one way of being human among an alarmingly broad array of choices.
Impact of frost and plant age on compensatory growth in timothy and perennial ryegrass during winter
Authors: Østrem L. , Rapacz M. , Jørgensen M. , Höglind M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTwo cultivars of each of two contrasting grass species, timothy (Phleum pratense L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), sown either in May or July, were sampled for dry matter (DM) weight of roots and herbage in late October (end of main growing season) and examined for regrowth when exposed to a frost treatment (−8 to −10°C in darkness for 48 h) in late January, early March and late April. The frost treatment caused compensatory root and herbage growth, and regrowth of roots in March and April was greater than regrowth of herbage. Early‐sown plants had higher DM weights of roots and herbage than late‐sown plants in October but had the lowest survival rate when exposed to the frost treatment in April. Compensatory growth of root and herbage in response to moderate frosts occurred in January and March in all cultivars, and in the most frost‐resistant timothy cultivar in April. Concentration of total carbohydrates increased from October to March with the greatest increase in the most winter‐hardy cultivar of each species, and then decreased in April. An indirect correlation between concentration of total carbohydrates and tolerance to moderate frost was indicated, and plant survival and ability for compensatory growth were also associated with differences in adaptation related to winter survival in the cultivars tested.
Rensch’s rule inverted – female‐driven gigantism in nine‐spined stickleback Pungitius pungitius
Authors: Herczeg Gábor , Gonda Abigél , Merilä Juha 
Published: February 2010

Summary 1. Allometric scaling of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) with body size is a commonplace occurrence in intraspecific or interspecific comparisons. Typically, SSD increases with body size when males, and decreases when females are the larger sex – a pattern known as Rensch’s rule. Intraspecific studies of Rensch’s rule in vertebrates are extremely scarce. 2. In an allometric SSD–body size relationship, the sex with the larger body size variation is the driver of size divergence whereas the other sex is following it owing to correlational selection. Hence, one can test which sex is responsible for the observed body size divergence within this framework. 3. Nine‐spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) provides an excellent model to study intraspecific variation in SSD owing to the large interpopulation variation in mean body size. Using data on body size variation in 11 nine‐spined stickleback populations covering the full known size range of the species, we investigated: (i) whether variation in SSD scales allometrically with mean body size across the populations; (ii) which sex is driving the allometric relationship and (iii) whether the observed pattern is likely to have a genetic component. In addition, we analysed the size dependency of female reproductive output. 4. We found strong support for an inverse of Rensch’s rule: level of female‐biased SSD increased with increasing mean size while females were the more variable sex. Results from a common garden experiment supported the pattern found in the wild. Females from giant populations had 2–3 times larger reproductive output than normal‐sized females. 5. The fact that females were the more variable sex indicates that the evolution of gigantism in nine‐spined sticklebacks is driven by females, and the 2–3 times larger reproductive output per clutch of giant vs. normal‐sized females suggests fecundity selection to have an important role in it. Our results oppose the commonly held view that males drive the evolution of SSD as a result of sexual selection favouring larger males.