bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Purbeck Beds of the Vale of Wardour
Authors: Andrews W. R. , Jukes-Browne A. J. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
Although the Purbeck Beds of the Vale of Wardour have been noticed by many observers, and portions of them have been described by many writers from the time of Fitton downwards, no complete description of the whole series has yet been attempted, and a connected account of the Wiltshire Purbecks seems therefore to be a desideratum in geological literature.
Fitton gave some account of them in his classical memoir ‘On the Strata between the Chalk and the Oxford Oolite,’ published in 1836, mentioning quarries at Dallard's Farm, Dashlet, Chicksgrove Mill, and Wockley; but since his time the Wockley quarry has been cut back, so as to expose the beds which were then only visible at Chicksgrove. He made no attempt to establish any succession, and thought the total thickness of the series was not more than 60 feet.

The Rev. P. B. Brodie, in 1845, published a little book entitled ‘ A History of the Fossil Insects in the Secondary Rocks of England’ in which he gave some description of the Purbect Beds of Land’ in which he gave some description of the Purbeck Beds of the Vale of Wardour, and especially of two beds of limestone, one of which he called the ‘Isopod Limestone,’ because it contained
Archœniscus
, and the other the ‘Insect Limestone,’ from the abundance of insect-remains in it. Unfortunately, his reference to localities was not very explicit, but it is certain that the quarries “not far from the village of Dinton,” where he saw
The Geology of Bathurst (New South Wales)
Authors: Clunies Ross W. J. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
Bathurst may be regarded as the centre of a district of considerable geological importance, not alone as an isolated area in the Australian colonies, which might be considered of merely local interest, but because of its relationship to other areas. The solution of the problems connected with its stratigraphy and petrography may, therefore contribute in no small degree to decide the age and relative positions of many of the older rocks of New South Wales, and enable as to correlate them with those of Victoria, on the one side, and Queensland, on the other.
The late Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.R.S., long ago pointed out the fact that all the older stratified rocks of Eastern Australia have a general north-and-south strike, which can be traced from Victoria, through New South Wales, to Queensland. This important generalization is the key to much of Australian geology. When we ask, however, waht is knwon of the relationship of the rocks of the the various colonies, or even of different parts of the same colony, it must be admitted that much still remains to be done.
In Victoria, it is true, rocks belonging to the Lower and Upper Silurian have been recognized, and a thick series in Gippsland has been classed as Lower, Middle, and Upper Devonian by Mr. A. W. Howitt, F.G.S. In New South Wales the distinction between Silurian and Devonian rocks has not been so clearly made out, and over a large area the strata have been provissionally classified
Artesian Boring at New Lodge, near Windsor Forest (Berks)
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

Having availed myself of the opportunity offered by a few weeks' residence in the neighbourhood of Windsor Forest, during the summer of 1893, to visit a remarkable boring for water carried out at New Lodge in Berkshire, of which notices appeared in several newspapers some little time ago, I propose to lay before the Society the information obtained on the occasion referred to, Monday, the 28th August last.
The boring was carried down by means of the diamond drill at the rear of New Lodge, the residence of Mr. Van de Weyer, at a level of about 220 feet above Ordnance datum, and commences in the London Clay not far from the base of the Bagshot Sands, which set in a short distance southward in the direction of Windsor Forest. Without going into minute details of the boring, the following summary will suffice to show the nature of the strata passed through from the surface to the total depth of 1241 feet:—
On the Rhætic and some Liassic Ostracoda of Britain
Authors: Jones T. Rupert 
Published: October 2009

I. Published observations in chronological order.
The occurrence of small Ostracoda in the Rhætic strata of England has been known for about half a century, chiefly owing to the researches of the Rev. P. B. Brodie, F.G.S., who discovered them in the sections exposed at Wainlode, Westbury, Aust Passage, and elswhere.
1842–1845.—The Wainlode section is on the south side of the Severn, about halfway between Tewkesbury and Gloucester, and 3 miles W.S.W. from Coomb Hill. It was briefly described by H. E. Strickland, and more fully by the Rev. P. B. Brodie. Since then the Geological Surveyors and others have studied it in further detail.
This section shows:—
1, 2, 3. Black clay, limestone, and shale of the Lower Lias.

4 [Rhætic]. Insect-bed or
Monotis
bed containing “
Cypris
, apparently identical with that which marks the yello limestone (No. 6) below.” (‘Fossil Insects,’ etc., p. 59.)

5. Clay.

6. “Hard, yellow, nodular limestone, with small shells like
Cyclas
, a species of
Unio
, PLants (
Naiades
,
Cypris
, and very rarely scales of fish.’ (
Ibid.
)

7–14. Clays, shales,a dn Bone-bed.

“Mr. Strickland has found the yellow
Cypris
-limestone with
Cyclas
(?), the Pecten- and Bone-bed … at Dunhamstead, on the line of the Gloucester-and-Birmingham Railway, near the Droitwich Station’ (‘Fossil Insects,’ etc., p. 72); and at Evesham “are traces of the
Ostrea
-bed [Lias[ above and of the
Cypris
-bed and Plant-bed below” (
ibid.
)

Among the specimens kindly lent me by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, one piece of the ‘
Cypris
-bed,’ from the Wainlode Cliff, is a hard, sandy limestone, containing a ‘
Pteromya
.’
On the Discovery of Molluscs in the Upper Keuper at Shrewley in Warwickshire
Authors: Brodie P. B. 
Published: October 2009

Additional interest attaches to the green gritty marls containing remains of Cestraciont fishes at Shrewley, lately described in my paper read before this Society, owing to the recent discovery of lamellibranch molluscs at that place. Mr. E. P. Richards, a young geologist, while we were working together at the quarry, drew my attention to an impression that he had just found. Though only a mould, I felt certain that it must have belonged to a shell of some kind, and that it was something quite new in the British New Red Sandstone, and therefore of some value. On a later visit I obtained several specimens belonging apparently to more than one genus. I sent my collection, amounting to fourteen specimens, to my friend Mr. R. B. Newton, of the British Museum (Natural History), and I requested Mr. Richards also to forward his to the same gentleman. In consequence of this, Mr. Newton read a short paper at the meeting of the British Association at Nottingham about them, and he recognized three apparently marine forms, belonging, as he thinks, to three distinct genera.
As Mr. Newton points out, up to the present time, this is the only record of any true shells being found in the Keuper in this country, and this fact renders the discovery of greater interest and importance.

A shell resembling a
Modiola
was said, on good authority, to have been met with in the Upper Keuper at Pendock, in Worcestershire, many years ago, but it cannot now
The Ossiferous Fissures in the Valley of the Shode, near Ightham, Kent
Authors: Abbott W. J. Lewis 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
Doubless there are many geologists in common with myself who have recognized the fact that, if the surface of the Wealden area has been subject to the oscillations claimed for it, then, considering the unyielding nature of the lime- and sandstones, we ought to find innumerable fissures, and by the law of chances these cought sometimes to occur in positions favourable to the preservation of those heterogeneous colections of objects that find their way into the drainers of a country. These are few, perhaps, who realize what a motley group of curiosities are to be found in large streams, unless they have spent some considerable time in walking between the tide-marks of a river in its lower reaches. It is not often conceived how large a portion of the life of to-day could be rescued from such a wreck. Here may be found bones of animals by the cartload, and the hard parts and druit of vegetation, both terrestrial and aquatic. The principal non-marine mollusca are also represented, although the majority of shels are usually of aquatic species. To appreciate the profusion of these relics one need only travel for the same period over land-surfaces and note the difference of the result. I have frequently paced scores of miles over fields, foot by foot chiefly in search of implements, without finding a single bone of an animal of either terrestrial or aquatic habits.
It it extremely importat to bear these two conditions in mind when we try to account
The Waldensian Gneisses and their Place in the Cottian Sequence
Authors: Gregory J. W. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
The Cottian Alps consist of three main lines of mountains occupying an area roughly triangular in shape, and forming the extreme western segment of the great curve of the Western Alps. They may be divided into three groups: The Northern Cottians, running E.N.E. and W.S.W. from Roche Melon to Mont Thabor; the Western, running from Mont Thabor S.E. to Monte Viso; and the Eastern, which completes the triangle by continuing the line of the Graians southward from Roche Melon till it joins the Western chain at its southern end. Of these three ridges the Northern and the Western form of the main topographic chain, which connects the group of the Graians with the chain of the Maritimes. The arrangement of these two divisions of the Cottians is, to a large extent independent of their geological structure. Thus Mont Thabor is composed of Carboniferous and Triassic rocks; south-east of this we leave the Triassic limestones at Monte Chaberton and pass to the gabbros and variolitic series of Mont Genèvre, which are certainly not earlier than the Upper Mesozoic: to these succeed the calc-schists and mica-schists, and then a vast series of gabbros, serpentines, amphibolites (epidiorites, etc.), and glaucophane-schists, which extend from Bric Bouchet to the Viso. Along most of these Western Cottians the direction of the mountains does not agree with the strike of their constituent beds; branches from the main chain run off along a north-and-south line and show the efforts of the forces of elevation to adapt
Carrock Fell: a Study in the Variation of Igneous Rock-Masses—Part I. The Gabbro
Authors: Harker Alfred 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
During the last two years I have devoted some attention to the igneous rocks of Carrock Fell and the hills west of that well-known summit. Occurring in a somewhat critical situation on the border of the English Lake District, they were examined by Mr. J. E. Marr nd myself, partly with reference to their bearing on the general geology of the district; but, apart from this, they offer in themselves some features which are of sufficient interest to be worthy of record. I have had the advantage of my colleague's co-operation, more especially in the field-work, and take this opportunity of acknowledgeging my indebtedness to him.
The earliest connected account of the Carrock Fell rocks was given by the late Mr. Clifton Ward in 1876.He recognized three general types of igneous rocks in the district:

(
a

Spherulittic felsite of Carrock Fell and Great Lingy;

(
b

Diorite (?) of Miton Hill and Round Knott;

(
c

Hypersthenite of Mosedale Crags and Langdale.

He gave a brief account of their characters in the field and under the microscope, with chemical analyses od the first and last, and put forward a view and their mutual relations and mode of origin. In his opinion the several types pass into one another in the field, and he regarded them as produced by the metamorphism of part of the volcanic series, on the stroke of which they occur.
Dr. C. O. Trechmann, in 1882, pointed out that the dominant pyroxene in the sol-callled hypersthenite is
On Deposits from Snowdrift, with especial Reference to the Origin of the Loess and the Preservation of Mammoth-remains
Authors: Davison Charles 
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The principal object of this paper is to draw attention to the occurrence of deposits from snowdrift, and to describe their nature and the conditions under which they are formed. The subject is a wide one, but in discussing it I have endeavoured to keep constantly in view its bearings on two geological problems, about which there has been, and still is, a considerable difference of opinion. These are the origin of the loess, and the destruction of the mammoth and preservation of its remains. The formation of underground-ice, observed by Dall and others on the northern coasts of America and Asia, will also be referred to.
When snow is driven by a strong wind, it is accompanied under certain conditions by a considerable quantity of dust. The snow and dust are deposited together in sheltered places, and, as the former disappears by melting and evaporation, the dust is left on its surface as a layer of mud, continually increasing in thickness as the snow wastes away. The views here advanced are, briefly, (1) that the loess is such a deposit from snowdrift, chiefly collected when the climate was much colder, but still very slowly growing; and (2) that the mammoth was frozen or suffocated in masses of drift-snow, and subsequently covered by the deposits formed from them, which in certain cases attained a thickness sufficient to prevent further melting of the snow beneath.

III. O
bservations
O
n
S
nowdrift
D
eposits
.

1. Snowdrift Deposits in England.
I will first give
The Igneous Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Builth
Authors: Woods Henry 
Published: October 2009

I. General Consierations
In a recent paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, a new and revolutionary hypothesis is put forward as to the age and position of certain well-known conglomerates and associated beds in North-western Caernarvonshire. The new explanation presents at once some difficulties, but these have been increased in number and gravity by a fresh study of the district. We selected those portions of it examined by Mr. Blake, in which the more critical sections occur, and tested with the microscope the questions raised by work in the field. The one or the other author was already in possesion of a fair number of slides from the district in dispute, and nearly fifty additional specimens have been expressly prepared for the present paper
According to the new hypothesis, the strata previously mapped and described from near Llyn Padarn and from neighbouring districts can be distingished into two groups separated by a strongly marked unconformity. While the one part is held by Mr. Blake to be of early Cambrian age, the other is ‘post-Llanberis’ sediments belong, and where in adjacent districts may we find beds that can be correlated with them? Of this problem Mr. Blake has not succeeded in offering a solution, but he evidently perceives that it is one which claims consideration
The new hypothesis, however, would involve two consequences of far-reaching import. The unconformity is described as being marked by nearly horizontal beds overlying earlier strata approximately vertical in position. Such an unconformity
On the Microscopical Structure of the Carboniferous Dolerites and Tuffs of Derbyshire
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H. 
Published: October 2009

I have, in the first place, to thank Mr. Teall for the suggestion that I should work out the Derbyshire loadstone by the modern petrographical methods. I am not aware that the results of any detailed examination of the rocks have been published. Mr. S. Allport described five specimens from Matlock Bath and one from Bonsall. I have examined his specimens and find them to be much more altered than the rock is in many places. The Cave Dale rock has been described and the Tideswell Dale rock has been both described and figured by Mr. Teall.
The first person who wrote about the rock and called attention to its igneous nature was, I believe, Whitehurst, the clockmaker of Derby. He considered it to be intrusive, but it is now generally admitted to be contemporaneous with the Carboniferous Limestone.
The rock occupied the attention of many writers previous to the use of the microscope in petrography, and various opinions have been expressed and statements made about the number of beds and the non-occurrence of lead ore in it. It should be pointed out, that owing o the vague use of the word ‘Toadstone’ is derived either from the supposed resemblance of the amygdaloidal varieties to the back of a toad, or the word is a corruption of the German ‘Todtstein’ (Deadstone) and so called because it was supposed that no lead ore wasfound in it.
Though a mineral-vein is often cut off by the Toadstone, there are some undoubted cases in
Notes on some Recent Sections in the Malvern Hills
Authors: Green A. H. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
main mass of the Malvern Hills consists, as is well known, of crystalline schists and massive igneous rocks which we may with safety admit have an Archaean aspect. These have been largely studied; but at one spot at least there are rocks of a very different character, which have hitherto received scant attention. They occur on the eastern side of the Herefordshire Beacon. The summit-line of the ridge runs generally north and south, but here it takes a bend away to the west, and encloses an amphitheatre-like recess, in which stands a group of lower hills known as Tinker's Hill, Broad Downy and Hangman's Hill, that are composed of the rocks in question.

It will be convenient to give them a name, and they maybe called shortly the ‘ Warren House Hocks,’ after a farm in the recess.
These rocks have not been altogether overlooked by former observers. Prof. Phillips must have been aware of their existence, for in the Oxford Museum I have found a few specimens of them collected by him. He realizes, but does not lay stress upon the fact that they differ in character from the rocks of the greater part of the Malverns.
The area which these rocks cover is correctly delineated by Dr. Holl; he describes them as ‘ Altered Primordial Eocks and Post-primordial Trap.’
Among the rocks analysed by the Rev. J. H. Timins are some belonging to this group.
Mr. Rutley has described some rocks from this group) He states in
The Denbighshire Series of South Denbighshire
Authors: Lake Philip 
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction

T
here
are few series of rocks in the southern half of Great Britain which have been so much neglected by geologists as the Denbighshire Grits and Flags; and the reason is not far to seek. As a rule, these rocks form rounded hills which are often completely covered with heather, and there are many square miles of country without a single exposure. The beds are frequently much folded and faulted, and it is often a work of great difficulty to make out their relations to each other. Fossils are by no means common, except in a few localities; and the most important are graptolites, which the earlier geologists considered to be of little value for stratigraphical purposes. Under such circumstances it is not surprising that these rocks have tempted few geologists to enter the field, and that the observations which have been made on them have in general been somewhat cursory.

The series, nevertheless, deserves more than a passing notice. It belongs to one of the most widely-spread facies of the Silurian in Britain ; and now that the stratigraphical value of graptolites is so generally recognized, it has become a matter of some interest to see how far these graptolite-bearing deposits correspond with those of other regions.
The area over which my observations have extended includes the whole of what may be called the Llangollen basin ; but the present paper is occupied chiefly with that part in which the beds are best exposed and in which
On the Eastern Limits of the Yorkshire and Derbyshire or Midland Coalfield
Authors: Gresley W. S. 
Published: October 2009

The Author attempts to throw light on the question of the easterly extension of the Yorkshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire coalfield beneath the newer rocks. He notices the general trend of the strata, the sizes of other British coalfields, the question of the origin of mountains, stratigraphical considerations, and the faults of the North of England. His object is rather to suggest what he believes to be novel ways of treating the subject than of reaching conclusions or locating limits.
The Author calls attention to the previously established fact that an anticlinal exists in the Secondary rocks near the southern end of the Lincolnshire Wolds. The existence of this anticlinal has been demonstrated by Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlix. 1893, p. 467). Following the reasoning of M. Marcel Bertrand, he infers that an anticlinal in the Carboniferous rocks probably underlies this, and that the easterly termination of productive Coal Measures under Lincolnshire may be formed by this anticlinal.
Carrock Fell: a Study in the Variation of Igneous Rock-Masses.—Part II. The Carrock Fell Granophyre. Part III. The Grainsgill Greisen
Authors: Harker Alfred 
Published: October 2009

9. I
ntroduction
.

I
n
a former paper I have given a general sketch of the geology T of the Carrock Fell district, and discussed the remarkable variations observed in the gabbro which is there exposed. The present communication deals with the granophyre, which is closely associated with that gabbro, and with another interesting acid rock, not far distant, but belonging to a different group of intrusions.

The granophyre occurs in several distinct masses, which, from their general eye-shaped outcrop and parallelism of strike with the adjacent rocks, must be regarded as laccolitic intrusions (see sketchmap, F1. IV.). The similarity of these neighbouring masses justifies us in considering them as a connected group. The one most easily studied is that which builds Carrock Fell itself, and extends westward in a tongue nearly as far as Round Knott. The exposures about: Rae Crags, farther north-west, probably belong to a mass distinct from the preceding, separated from it by diabase, and faulted ou the north against the Eycott Hill lavas and the Drygill Shales. Granophyre is seen at certain points o~ the moorland of which Great Lingy is the centre: if these outcrops belong to one connected mass, its extent from Roughten Gill eastward must be nearly 2 miles. There are smaller intrusions in Arm o' Grain and other gills, but we may confine our attention chiefly to the mass first indicated, which is well exposed about Carrock Fell and the Pike and in the cliffs known as the Scurth.
The question