bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal Percoll concentration facilitates flow cytometric analysis for annexin V/propidium iodine‐stained ischemic brain tissues
Authors: Juan Wei‐Sheng , Lin Hsiao‐Wen , Chen Ying‐Hsin , Chen Hung‐Yi , Hung Yu‐Chang , Tai Shih‐Huang , Huang Sheng‐Yang , Chen Tsung‐Ying , Lee E‐Jian 
Published: February 2012

AbstractWe sought to determine the optimal Percoll concentration for ischemic rat brain prepared for flow cytometric (FC) measurements. Animals were subjected to the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, and were euthanized at 3, 12, 24, and 72 h after reperfusion onset. The brains were processed by different concentrations (unisolated, 20, 25, 30, or 40%) of Percoll and stained with annexin V/propidium iodine (PI). Ischemic brain damage was evaluated by FC analysis and image analysis for histologic sections. The relative susceptibility of different phenotypes of cells to necrotic and apoptotic damage were evaluated by the FC analyses for the immunohistochemistry, PI, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick‐end labeling (TUNEL)‐processed brain tissues. Our results showed that FC analysis effectively detected the extent and maturation of apoptotic/necrotic brain damage, and the results were consistent with those determined from histologic brain sections. Neuron was more vulnerable to apoptosis than glia, whereas both cellular phenotypes were compatible in susceptibility for necrotic cell death. Percoll at a low concentration (20%) could effectively remove tissue debris without affecting membranous integrity of the injured neurons. Conversely, high percentages of Percoll (30–40%) substantially increased membranous damage for the injured cells. These results supported the application of FC to determine the extent and progression in time, as well as relative phenotypes of apoptotic/necrotic cell deaths following ischemic damage. We highlighted the use of Percoll at low percentages to facilitate the removal of tissue debris and to improve membrane integrity preservation for the injured neurons. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Distributed key management scheme for peer‐to‐peer live streaming services
Authors: Li Jung‐Shian , Hsieh Che‐Jen , Wang Yu‐Kai 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYLive media streaming over peer‐to‐peer (P2P) network structures is commonplace nowadays. However, with the large number of users in a typical P2P system, it is impractical to use the central server to process the key information update requests of all the users Accordingly, the present study proposes a distributed key management scheme in which the server is only required to transmit the key update information to a limited number of users. To further reduce the load on the server, the update information is distributed using a hop‐by‐hop approach. An effective method is proposed for protecting the key update information as it is propagated through the network. In addition, a technique is presented for ensuring the security of the certificates used in the system It is shown that the distributed key management scheme and authentication procedure ensure an efficient and secure P2P live streaming performance even in the event of high churn rates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bis‐ and Tris‐Alkyne Phosphoramidites for Multiple 5′‐Labeling of Oligonucleotides by Click Chemistry
Authors: Ligeour Caroline , Meyer Albert , Vasseur Jean‐Jacques , Morvan François 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThree new phosphoramidites exhibiting two or three alkyne functions were prepared and introduced at the 5′ end of oligonucleotides. The resulting bis‐ and tris‐alkyne oligonucleotides were conjugated with acetylthiohexyl, ferrocenecarboamide hexyl, or carbohydrate‐propyl azides by using click chemistry (CuAAC) to afford polyconjugated oligonucleotides. Conjugations were performed either in solution or on solid support with high efficiency.
A Mercury‐Free Sensor to Control Trace Metal Ionization Used to Treat Pathogens in Water Distribution Systems
Authors: Voccia Diego , Laschi Serena , Palchetti Ilaria , Marrazza Giovanna , Mascini Marco 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe specific aim of this work was the development of an electroanalytical method, based on a mercury‐free sensor, for the determination of silver(I) and copper(II) used to treat pathogens in water distribution systems. Analysis of the two metals was performed in 0.1 M ammonia solution pH 9.0 using Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). The proposed method is based on the determination of copper, the addition of a masking agent (EDTA) to the solution and afterwards the determination of silver. A detection limit of 23 µg/L and 6 µg/L for 60 s of deposition time was obtained for copper and silver, respectively. Analysis of water samples was also reported.
Charring rates for double beams made from laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
Authors: Tsai Kevin , Carradine David , Moss Peter , Buchanan Andrew 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThis paper examines charring rates for different cross‐sections of single and double timber beams made from laminated veneer lumber, with nailed, screwed or glued connection types for the double beams. Charring rates and burning characteristics were examined both in a small furnace and in a larger pilot furnace. The bottom charring rates were sometimes greater than the side charring rates for very narrow beams dominated by corner effects and for double beams where the two components could separate during the fire exposure. The nail‐connected double laminated veneer lumber beams experienced the largest separation, leading to charring between the two components. The best performance was from the glued connection, which showed similar charring rates as a solid timber beam. Both the large‐scale and small‐scale testing showed that suitably placed screws (preferably full‐length threaded) can be used to give almost the same performance as a glued connection. Experimental findings were compared with results from a finite element analysis. There was reasonable agreement while the char layer was small, but less agreement in later stages as the char layer increased in thickness. Experimental findings were used to modify a spreadsheet design tool that predicts the fire resistance of a timber–concrete composite floor. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VALUING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF COMPLEX INTERVENTIONS: WHEN MAXIMISING HEALTH IS NOT SUFFICIENT
Authors: Payne Katherine , McAllister Marion , Davies Linda M. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTComplex interventions, involving interlinked packages of care, challenge the application of current methods of economic evaluation that focus on measuring only health gain. Complex interventions may be problematic on two levels. The complexity means the intervention may not fit into one of the current appraisal systems, and/or maximising health is not the only objective. This paper discusses the implications of a programme of work that focused on clinical genetics services, as an example of a complex intervention, and aimed to identify the following: the attributes that comprise both health and non‐health aspects of benefits and whether it is possible to evaluate such an intervention using current National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence appraisal processes. Genetic services and tests are a good example of a complex intervention and have broader objectives than just health gain, which may usefully be measured using the concept related to capability, which we have called ‘empowerment’. Further methodological work is required to identify the trade‐off between non‐health (empowerment) and health benefits for other complex interventions. We do not advocate a move away from QALY maximisation but do suggest that there is a need for a more considered approach that can take account of the perceived value for non‐health attributes for some complex interventions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serial suture ligation glossectomy for squamous cell carcinoma in the setting of a massive lymphovascular malformation
Authors: Chien Wade , Lin Harrison W. , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundWe describe a novel surgical technique for resection of squamous cell carcinoma in the setting of a massive tongue lymphovascular malformation (LVM).Methods and ResultsA 75‐year‐old man with a history of long‐standing massive LVM of the tongue presented with a 4‐cm squamous cell carcinoma of the involved oral tongue. Given the aberrant vascular anatomy of this lesion, traditional surgical treatment could not be undertaken. Therefore, serial suture ligation was performed over a 2‐week period, allowing complete excision of the squamous cell carcinoma and a large portion of the tongue LVM with minimal morbidity. Return to preoperative functional status was likewise achieved.ConclusionSerial suture ligation glossectomy is a simple and effective technique for treating the uncommon case of squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue in the setting of a massive LVM. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Significant overexpression of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) large T antigen in Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Erovic Boban M. , Al Habeeb Ayman , Harris Luke , Goldstein David P. , Ghazarian Danny , Irish Jonathan C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine the expression pattern of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) large T‐protein antigen in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma.MethodsA tissue microarray (TMA) containing 30 specimens was constructed and stained for the MCPyV large T protein. Immunohistochemical expression was determined semiquantitively and was compared to patients' outcome.ResultsNuclear expression of MCPyV large T protein was detected in 29 of 30 specimens (97%). In particular, 60% to 100%, 30% to 60%, and 10% to 30% of tumor cells were positive in 27 specimens (90%), 1 (3%), and 1 (3%), respectively. There was no difference in positivity between primary and metastatic lesions. Clinical data could not be correlated to MCPyV large T‐protein expression.ConclusionMCPyV large T protein was significantly overexpressed in 97% of all specimens. Although we could not demonstrate a predictive effect, MCPyV large T protein may represent a molecular marker with utility in pathological diagnosis as well as a potential new therapeutic target in patients with Merkel cell carcinoma. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Stage grouping in tumors of the ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity using the sixth edition of the UICC classification of malignant tumors
Authors: Kreppel Matthias , Scheer Martin , Beutner Dirk , Drebber Uta , Semrau Robert , Zöller Joachim E. , Guntinas–Lichius Orlando 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic impact of the sixth edition of the Union Internationale Contre le Cancer (UICC) classification and different TNM‐based stage groupings for malignant tumors of the ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of 98 patients with malignant tumors of the ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity between 1967 and 2003. The UICC classification of the sixth edition and the T and N Integer Score (TANIS) and Hart were tested for their prognostic significance.ResultsIn univariate analysis, all stage groupings revealed discriminatory power for overall survival (OS;p< .05), however, in multivariate analysis only the UICC‐stage grouping (p= .033) and the TANIS‐8 scheme (p= .044) predicted OS. The TANIS did not have a better prognostic quality than the sixth edition of the UICC classification.ConclusionThe UICC‐stage grouping of the sixth edition is a good prognostic index for malignant tumors of the ethmoid sinuses and the nasal cavity. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Bicyclo[2.2.2]octene‐Based Molecular Tweezers and Cyclophanes
Authors: Chou Teh‐Chang , Liao Kung‐Ching , Hwa Ching‐Lun , Tseng Jui‐Chang 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe U‐shaped, tetraetheno‐bridged dicyclopenta[b,i]anthracenediol 1 was utilized as a platform molecule to construct molecular tweezers via bis‐esterification with benzoic acid and 9‐fluorenone‐2‐carboxylic acid using Yamaguchi protocol, affording the respective bis‐benzoate 3 (96%) and bis‐9‐fluorenone‐2‐carboxylate 6 in 59% yield. The latter bis‐esterification was accompanied by producing a mixed diester 7 (30%) and bis‐2,4,6‐trichlorobenzoate 8 (8%). Via bis‐O‐alkylation of diol 1 with ortho‐, meta‐, or para‐α,α′‐dibromoxylene, the corresponding cyclophanes formed by the modes of [1+1] and [2+2] were obtained. Single‐crystal X‐ray structures of molecular tweezers 3, 6, 7, [1+1]cyclophanes 11‐m and 11‐p, and [2+2]cyclophane 12‐o were obtained and described.
FTIR analysis of lignin regenerated from Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus woods dissolved in imidazolium‐based ionic liquids
Authors: Casas Ana , Alonso María Virginia , Oliet Mercedes , Rojo Ester , Rodríguez Francisco 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The dissolution of wood and the regeneration of compounds such as cellulose and lignin is one of the challenges currently facing biorefineries. Lignin can be processed and employed for value‐added products; therefore, environmentally friendly methods for wood solubilization and lignin regeneration are required and ionic liquids (ILs) offer an attractive alternative approach.RESULTS: Dissolution of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus globulus woods in imidazolium‐based ILs (1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate, 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride) was studied as well as the regeneration of lignin from wood liquors. The dissolution of wood in ILs was verified using an optical microscope to select the most appropriate ILs and the best experimental time and temperature conditions. Lignin was regenerated from wood dissolved in 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride after 24 h at 150 °C by precipitation with an antisolvent. The regenerated solid was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and compared with Indulin AT (reference). Furthermore, the influence of the wood dissolution time, the antisolvent employed and the antisolvent/wood solution ratio in the lignin recovery was studied.CONCLUSIONS: The current study shows that 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride can be employed effectively to dissolve wood at 150 °C for 24 h and lignin can be regenerated using methanol or ethanol as antisolvents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of styrene from dilute gaseous waste streams using a trickle‐bed bioreactor: kinetics, mass transfer and modeling of biodegradation process
Authors: Kasperczyk Damian , Bartelmus Grażyna , Ga̧szczak Agnieszka 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: The removal of styrene from air streams in a co‐current gas‐liquid downflow trickle‐bed bioreactor (TBB) inoculated with Pseudomonas sp. E‐93486 strain was studied experimentally. The experiments were conducted to determine such parameters of the bioprocess as gas and liquid flow rates and specific styrene loading for which maximum elimination capacity was achieved.RESULT: The effect of inlet styrene concentration in gas phase on its degradation was studied in the range from 0.08 to 1.1 g m−3. The recirculation rate of the liquid medium was changed from 0.17 to 0.35 m3 h−1 whereas the gas flow rate was changed in the range from 1.2 to 6 m3 h−1. The treatment of air streams contaminated with styrene in a trickle‐bed bioreactor was described with a mathematical model. The model incorporates mass transfer in both the gas and liquid phases and a biological reaction in biofilm. The rate of the partial stages of the process was determined experimentally. Microbial growth tests in the presence of styrene as the sole carbon and energy source were performed both in batch and continuous cultures. The Haldane model was used to describe Pseudomonas sp. E‐93486 strain growth kinetics on styrene.CONCLUSION: The experiments conducted showed high activity of the examined bacterial strain in the styrene biodegradation process and relatively low sensitivity to inhibition of its growth at higher concentrations of styrene in the solution. The results of the experiments carried out in TBB were compared with the values obtained from a mathematical model. Satisfactory compatibility of the calculated and experimental data was obtained. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Body Size on Expression of Manduca sexta Midgut Genes
Authors: YEOH AARON J. , DAVIS KYLE , VELA‐MENDOZA ALLISON V. , HARTLAUB BRADLEY A. , GILLEN CHRISTOPHER M. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTIsometric growth of larval insect midgut predicts that the ratio of midgut surface area to body mass decreases as larvae grow. Gut tissue and gut content masses were measured in first through fifth instar Manduca sexta larvae. Wet mass of gut tissue increased in relationship to body mass with a scaling exponent of 0.85 compared to an exponent of 1.33 for gut content mass, suggesting that surface area becomes increasingly limiting in larger larvae. To test the hypothesis that compensation for the decrease in relative surface area of the midgut occurs by increased expression of membrane proteins, we compared midgut mRNA expression in fourth and fifth instar. Surveyed genes encoded apical membrane proteins with diverse functions, including the potassium amino acid transporter KAAT1, ion channel CAATCH1, aminopeptidase msAPN3, V‐type H‐ATPase E subunit, and cation chloride cotransporter masBSC. KAAT1 was expressed 300‐ to 1500‐fold higher in middle and posterior midgut compared to anterior midgut. Expression of msAPN3 was approximately 200‐fold higher in posterior midgut than middle midgut. Expression of KAAT1 was 2.3‐ to 3.1‐fold higher in fifth compared to fourth‐instar larvae, and masBSC expression was 1.3‐ to 1.9‐fold higher in fifth‐instar larvae. Expression of msAPN3 and V‐ATPase, but not KAAT1, decreased as body mass increased within the fifth instar. Although the increased expression of KAAT1 and masBSC in fifth‐instar larvae supports the hypothesis of increased membrane protein expression in larger larvae, results from the other genes do not support this hypothesis. J. Exp. Zool. 317:141–151, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fourth‐order finite‐difference time‐domain method based on error‐controlling concepts
Authors: Zygiridis Theodoros T. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYConventional finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) methodologies incorporate discrete operators with the smallest truncation errors, as those are determined from the application of Taylor expansions. It is generally accepted that such choices, although quite efficient, do not necessarily provide optimum solutions when simulating electromagnetic wave phenomena. With the aim at improving accuracy without increasing the involved computational burden, the present paper is concerned with the development of a higher‐order FDTD algorithm, which, in contrast to classic trends, is primarily based on the application of error‐controlling ideas to its difference approximations. In essence, a fourth‐order scheme is presented, whose spatial expressions are designed to remedy the leading terms of suitable error formulae. The latter can be easily extracted for each operator, given that the general nature of the expected solutions is known in advance. A correction factor is next added to the temporal operators to compensate for remaining errors at a selected wavelength. Unlike other approaches with single‐frequency optimization, our technique is not strictly narrowband but capable of outperforming the conventional fourth‐order FDTD algorithm in wideband simulations as well, without further modifications. The properties of the proposed scheme are verified through theoretical studies, as well as harmonic and multifrequency numerical tests, where comparisons with other standard techniques are performed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of organic farming and genotype on alimentary and nutraceutical parameters in tomato fruits
Authors: Migliori Carmela , Di Cesare Luigi F , Lo Scalzo Roberto , Campanelli Gabriele , Ferrari Valentino 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: In recent years there has been growing interest in the influence of sustainable cultivation systems on the biochemical quality of vegetables. In this study, two genotypes of tomato, Giulianova and Perbruzzo, were grown in both organic (Or) and conventional (Conv) systems for three years and harvested at commercial ripening in each year. The Conv system was established according to traditional techniques and the Or system according to current EU regulations. Samples were evaluated for volatile substances, sugars, organic acids, dry matter, pH and lycopene.RESULTS: During the three years, volatile substances increased in Or samples of Giulianova, while this response was less evident in Perbruzzo. Other parameters of both genotypes were not influenced by Or cultivation. Lycopene content in both Conv‐cultivated genotypes was constant during the whole experimental period. In Or samples, lycopene content was lower than in Conv samples during the first and second years. In the last year, lycopene content in Or samples of Giulianova was similar to that in Conv samples, while lycopene content in Or samples of Perbruzzo was higher than that in Conv samples.CONCLUSION: Changes in biochemical parameters of tomato fruits could be affected by both cultivation system and genotype, with a significant increase in both volatile substances and lycopene in the 2010 crop. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Variation in concentrations of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits and macropolymers in wheat grains of a recombinant inbred lines population and in two contrasting eco‐sites in China
Authors: Li Xiangnan , Cai Jian , Liu Fulai , Bo Yun , Qi Zengjun , Dai Tingbo , Cao Weixing , Jiang Dong 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND: Concentrations of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits and macropolymers in wheat grains are important indicators of grain quality, which are genetically determined and affected by environmental factors. The 6 VS·6AL translocation chromosome segment is reported to own high powdery mildew and yellow rust resistance genes of Pm21 and Yr26. This study investigated the variation in concentrations of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS) and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) in response to the 6 VS·6AL translocation segment and the two contrasting sites.RESULTS: Large variations in concentrations of HMW‐GS and GMP were observed within lines containing different HMW‐GS compositions and between the contrasting eco‐sites. However, 6 VS·6AL chromosome translocation segment showed no significant effects on concentrations of HMW‐GS and GMP. In addition, HMW‐GS concentration was also found to be significantly correlated with the GMP concentration.CONCLUSION: Concentrations of HMW‐GS and GMP are largely affected by the eco‐sites and the composition of HMW‐GS, whilst not by the presence of 6 VS·6AL chromosome segment translocation. The 6 VS·6AL translocation is suggested as potential donor for breeding wheat cultivars for high resistence to powdery mildew and yellow rust with less risk of undesirable effects on grain quality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry