bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A screening algorithm for HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Cysique LA , Murray JM , Dunbar M , Jeyakumar V , Brew BJ 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundHIV physicians have limited time for cognitive screening. Here we developed an extra‐brief, clinically based tool for predicting HIV‐associated neurocognitive impairment (HAND) in order to determine which HIV‐positive individuals require a more comprehensive neurological/neuropsychological (NP) assessment.MethodsNinety‐seven HIV‐positive individuals with advanced disease recruited in an HIV out‐patient clinic received standard NP testing. A screening algorithm was developed using support vector machines, an optimized prediction procedure for classifying individuals into two groups (here NP‐impaired and NP‐normal) based on a set of predictors.ResultsThe final algorithm utilized age, current CD4 cell count, past central nervous system HIV‐related diseases and current treatment duration and required approximately 3 min to complete, with a good overall prediction accuracy of 78% (against the gold standard; NP‐impairment status derived from standard NP testing) and a good specificity of 70%.ConclusionThis noncognitive‐based algorithm should prove useful to identify HIV‐infected patients with advanced disease at high risk of HAND who require more formal assessment. We propose staged guidelines, using the algorithm, for improved HAND therapeutic management. Future larger, international studies are planned to test the predictive effect of nadir CD4 cell count, hepatitis C virus infection, gender, ethnicity and HIV viral clade. We recommend the use of this first version for HIV‐infected Caucasian men with advanced disease.
The effect of wealth and real income on wildlife consumption among native Amazonians in Bolivia: estimates of annual trends with longitudinal household data (2002–2006)
Authors: Godoy R. , Undurraga E. A. , Wilkie D. , Reyes‐García V. , Huanca T. , Leonard W. R. , McDade T. , Tanner S. , Vadez V. ,   TAPS Bolivia Study Team
Published: April 2010

AbstractOver the last decades, native Amazonians have put increasing pressure on animal wildlife owing to growth in demand. Across societies, household monetary income and wealth shape food consumption; hence, so it is natural to ask what effect might these variables have on the demand for wildlife consumption among native Amazonians, particularly as they gain a stronger foothold in the market economy and increasing de jure stewardship over their territories. Prior estimates of the effects of household monetary income and household wealth on wildlife consumption among native Amazonians have relied on cross‐sectional data and produced unclear results. The goal of this research was to improve the precision of previous estimates by drawing on a larger sample and on longitudinal data. The analysis draws on a dataset composed of five consecutive annual surveys (2002–2006, inclusive) from 324 households in a native Amazonian society of foragers and farmers in Bolivia (Tsimane'). Multiple regression analysis is used to estimate the association between wildlife consumption and monetary income and wealth. Wildlife consumption bore a positive association with the level of household wealth and no significant association with household monetary income. Among Tsimane', the main internal threat to wildlife conservation in the short run will likely arise from increases in wealth, probably from the enhanced capacity that selected physical assets (e.g. guns) have in the capture of animal wildlife.
Auto‐fluorescence emitted from the cell residues preserved in human tissues of medieval Korean mummies
Authors: Lim Do‐Seon , Oh Chang Seok , Lee Sang Jun , Shin Dong Hoon 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAs a significant association has been established between residual ancient DNA (aDNA) and histological preservation, the morphological identification or confirmation of preserved cell residue in ancient tissues would greatly facilitate aDNA studies and enhance the definitiveness of their conclusions. However, morphological differentiation of cell residue from other tissue structures has always been difficult, even for experienced histologists, due to the severe degradation of cells over long burial durations. In the present study, using a fluorescence microscopy equipped with a specific type of filter set (excitation filter, 510–550 nm; dichroic mirror, 570 nm; emission filter, ∼590 nm), we found that certain structures in well‐preserved mummified tissues emitted auto‐fluorescence. Those structures were actually cell residues (e.g. fragmented DNA), laser capture microdissection and Quantifiler kit analysis having shown that preservation of nuclear DNA correlates with auto‐fluorescence emission in laser capture microdissection‐captured areas. Detection of auto‐fluorescence could be an effective means of identifying cell residues in ancient tissue, enabling selection of the well‐preserved samples necessary in successful aDNA studies.
Quantitative analysis of neuropeptide Y receptor association with β‐arrestin2 measured by bimolecular fluorescence complementation
Authors: Kilpatrick LE , Briddon SJ , Hill SJ , Holliday ND 
Published: April 2010

Background and purpose: β‐Arrestins are critical scaffold proteins that shape spatiotemporal signalling from seven transmembrane domain receptors (7TMRs). Here, we study the association between neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptors and β‐arrestin2, using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) to directly report underlying protein–protein interactions.Experimental approach: Y1 receptors were tagged with a C‐terminal fragment, Yc, of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), and β‐arrestin2 fused with the complementary N‐terminal fragment, Yn. After Y receptor–β‐arrestin association, YFP fragment refolding to regenerate fluorescence (BiFC) was examined by confocal microscopy in transfected HEK293 cells. Y receptor/β‐arrestin2 BiFC responses were also quantified by automated imaging and granularity analysis.Key results: NPY stimulation promoted association between Y1–Yc and β‐arrestin2–Yn, and the specific development of BiFC in intracellular compartments, eliminated when using non‐interacting receptor and arrestin mutants. Responses developed irreversibly and were slower than for downstream Y1 receptor–YFP internalization, a consequence of delayed maturation and stability of complemented YFP. However, β‐arrestin2 BiFC measurements delivered appropriate ligand pharmacology for both Y1 and Y2 receptors, and demonstrated higher affinity of Y1 compared to Y2 receptors for β‐arrestin2. Receptor mutagenesis combined with β‐arrestin2 BiFC revealed that alternative arrangements of Ser/Thr residues in the Y1 receptor C tail could support β‐arrestin2 association, and that Y2 receptor–β‐arrestin2 interaction was enhanced by the intracellular loop mutation H155P.Conclusions and implications: The BiFC approach quantifies Y receptor ligand pharmacology focused on the β‐arrestin2 pathway, and provides insight into mechanisms of β‐arrestin2 recruitment by activated and phosphorylated 7TMRs, at the level of protein–protein interaction.
Promigratory Activity of Oxytocin on Umbilical Cord Blood‐Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Kim Yong Sook , Kwon Jin Sook , Hong Moon Hwa , Kim Jin , Song Chang Hun , Jeong Myung Ho , Cho Jeong Gwan , Park Jong Chun , Kang Jung Chae , Ahn Youngkeun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRecent studies show that oxytocin has various effects on cellular behaviors. Oxytocin is reported to stimulate cardiomyogenesis of embryonic stem cells and endothelial cell proliferation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used for cardiac repair, and we elucidated the effect of oxytocin on umbilical cord derived‐MSCs (UCB‐MSCs). UCB‐MSCs were pretreated with oxytocin (100 nM) and washed with saline prior to experiments. To evaluate their angiogenic potential and migration activity, tube formation assay and Boyden chamber assay were performed. For in vivo study, ischemia‐reperfusion was induced in rats, and UCB‐MSCs with or without oxytocin pretreatment were injected into the infarcted myocardium to evaluate the engraftment of injected cells. Histological and hemodynamic studies were performed. Oxytocin‐treated UCB‐MSCs showed a decrease in tube formation but a drastic increase in transwell migration activity. The transcription level of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐2 was increased in oxytocin‐treated UCB‐MSCs. Knock‐down of MMP‐2 by use of siRNA restored the tube formation, while reducing transmigration activity. In rats injected with oxytocin‐treated UCB‐MSCs, cardiac fibrosis and CD68 infiltration in the peri‐infarct zone were reduced, whereas cell engraftment and connexin43 expression were greater than in rats injected with untreated UCB‐MSCs. By contrast, angiogenesis did not differ significantly between the two groups. Cardiac contractility was higher in the group injected with oxytocin‐treated UCB‐MSCs than in the group injected with phosphate‐buffered saline alone. Collectively, oxytocin is an effective priming reagent for stem cells for application to damaged heart tissue.
A national survey of transfusion‐related acute lung injury risk reduction policies for platelets and plasma in the United States
Authors: Kleinman Steven , Grossman Brenda , Kopko Patricia 
Published: April 2010

BACKGROUND: Little information exists on the specific transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) risk reduction practices used by multiple blood collecting institutions in the United States.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An AABB‐appointed TRALI working group designed a set of questions about TRALI risk reduction for platelets (PLTs) and plasma. AABB member institutions were asked to respond via an Internet‐based survey during a 3‐week period in August through September 2009.RESULTS: Valid responses were received from 47 US blood centers (accounting for 1.57 million apheresis PLT units and 3.15 million whole blood–derived transfusable plasma units) and 56 hospital blood collectors. Among the blood centers, 87 and 98% had initiated some PLT and plasma risk reduction, respectively. HLA antibody testing of plateletpheresis donors was performed by 20 (43%) blood centers. There was substantial variation in the number of pregnancies (from one to more than four) that triggered testing and most centers did not screen based on a transfusion history. Almost all centers had policies to redirect HLA antibody–positive donors to whole blood donation and to potentially retest HLA antibody–negative donors. There were no blood centers performing HNA antibody testing. Sex‐based risk reduction policies for plasma included all male, or predominantly male, and never‐pregnant females; these varied by blood center, blood group, and method of plasma collection. A majority of centers indicated increased production of plasma frozen within 24 hours after phlebotomy.CONCLUSIONS: Almost 3 years after the publication of the initial AABB bulletin on this issue, TRALI risk reduction strategies are commonly employed at most US blood centers. However, procedures are not uniform.
Shifting Boundaries between the Public and Private Sectors: Implications from the Economic Crisis
Authors: Moulton Stephanie , Wise Charles 
Published: April 2010

What are the differences between the public and private sectors as well as their interrelationships in light of the recent financial crisis? Has the global economic crisis fundamentally shifted the boundaries between the two sectors? This essay examines the nature and extent of the shift. The authors present an analysis of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to highlight the massive transformations that are taking place and to introduce lessons for future policy initiatives.Between financial rescue missions and the economic stimulus program, government spending accounts for a bigger share of the nation’s economy—26 percent—than at any time since World War II. The government is financing 9 out of 10 new mortgages in the United States. If you buy a car from General Motors, you are buying from a company that is 60 percent owned by the government. If you take out a car loan or run up your credit card, the chances are good that the government is financing both your debt and that of your bank.—Edmund Andrews and David Sanger,New York Times, 2009
Recipes for Pork and Other Delicious Offerings for the New Administration
Authors: Kasdin Stuart 
Published: April 2010

Is pork produced by feeble budgetary processes? By fixing weak budgetary procedures, can wasteful spending and opportunities for corruption be reduced? This essay looks at three varieties of pork: earmarked, ad hoc, and presidential. What can be done to curb the excesses of each one? By examining the problem of congressional earmarking, this timely article proposes a new process for controlling “earmarked” pork by supporting a new (constitutional) presidential line‐item veto/reprogramming. “Ad hoc pork,” generated by emergency or stimulus bills, is also analyzed. Its downsides can be fixed, according to the essay, by creating a preapproved roadmap for the appropriations process, thereby enhancing the quality of spending oversight. Finally, “presidential pork” derives from chief executives rewarding congressional allies and from government agencies allocating program resources so as to engender support from congressional members. This third variety of pork can be controlled if agencies improve their operational transparency plus strengthen their procedures for selecting projects. What happens when you put good people in a bad place, good apples in a bad barrel? Do the apples change the barrel, or does the barrel change the apples? —Philip Zimbardo, 2008
Prospective Observations in the Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Intra‐Isthmus Reentry
Authors: YANG YANFEI , VARMA NIRAJ , BADHWAR NITISH , TANEL RONN E. , SUNDARA SIRISHA , LEE RANDALL J. , LEE BYRON K. , TSENG ZIAN H. , MARCUS GREGORY M. , KIM ALBERT M. , OLGIN JEFFREY E. , SCHEINMAN MELVIN M. 
Published: April 2010

ECG and EGM of IIR. Introduction: Intra‐isthmus reentry (IIR) is a circuit within the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI). The purpose of this study is to prospectively define the electrogram and surface ECG characteristics of IIR, and its clinical implications. Methods and Results: Fourteen patients underwent electrophysiological studies and were found to have IIR. Detailed electrogram mapping of the CTI was available in all, electroanatomic mapping (EAM) in 8 of 14 (57%) patients. In all, entrainment mapping during tachycardia proved reentry, and showed that the anteroinferior CTI was out of the circuit and the septal CTI was in the circuit in 12 of 14 patients, whereas in 2, the circuit was confined within the mid and/or anteroinferior CTI. Fractionated potentials (FPs) spanning 34–71% of the tachycardia cycle length were recorded within the CTI in all, and double potentials were inscribed in 10 of 14 (71%). Analysis of the tricuspid annulus electrograms showed spontaneous shifts from a counterclockwise (CCW) to clockwise or fusion patterns. Surface ECGs showed either typical CCW pattern (12 patients) or atypical patterns (3 patients). The EAMs showed a focal pattern in 3, a CCW pattern in 5. The successful ablation site always occurred at the area with maximal FP duration. Over the same period, 33 of 384 (9%) patients who underwent ablation for CTI‐dependent flutter had prior successful CTI ablation, 7 of 33 (21%) were found to have IIR during the redo procedure. Conclusions: (1) Electrogram and ECG patterns of IIR frequently show atypical flutter. (2) IIR was successfully ablated in an area of the CTI associated with maximal duration of FPs. (3) IIR is a significant cause of “recurrent flutter” in patients with prior CTI ablation. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 1099‐1106)
Understanding foreign direct investment in the southern African development community: an analysis based on project‐level data
Authors: Mhlanga Nomathemba , Blalock Garrick , Christy Ralph 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article uses a uniquely rich project‐level data set to analyze determinants and trends of foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to the Southern African Development Community region. We control for the source of the investment, the sector in which the investment is undertaken, and the investment type in addition to project size. The results indicate market size to have a positive impact on FDI flows under all specifications—a result consistent with earlier studies. Other variables are unstable depending on specification and the subset of the data used. Furthermore, we find no significant differences in factors that drive FDI flows by source country, while greenfield investments are seen to respond more to the growth potential of the market relative to other forms of investment. In general, we find macroeconomic variables to be poor at explaining project‐level FDI in the region. The descriptive analysis of the data points us more in the direction of the gravity model, with factors such as colonial ties and proximity of the investing country appearing to matter. Limited flows and minimal sectoral diversity call for enhanced investment promotion and collaborative efforts among member states.
Conservation agriculture, organic marketing, and collective action in the Honduran hillsides
Authors: Wollni Meike , Lee David R. , Thies Janice E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractConservation agriculture (CA) is often perceived to provide “win‐win” outcomes for farmers leading to reduced erosion and off‐site sedimentation, as well as improved soil fertility and productivity. However, adoption rates for CA in many regions of the world remain below expected levels. This article looks at the effects of participation in organic markets and farmers' organizations on the adoption of soil conservation practices. Based on original survey data from 241 small‐scale farm households in Honduras, we find that both participation in organic markets and farmer‐based groups have positive effects on the number of soil conservation practices adopted. The results indicate that besides supply‐oriented policy measures, such as the provision of technical assistance and extension, demand‐related factors are likely to play an important role in sustainable soil management. Demand‐oriented policy measures include support for labeling initiatives and consumer education to facilitate value‐added product differentiation and market segmentation.
The linear rms—flux relation in an ultraluminous X-ray source
Authors: Heil L. M. , Vaughan S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
We report the first detection of a linear correlation between rms variability amplitude and flux in the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) NGC 5408 X-1. The rms–flux relation has previously been observed in several galactic black hole X-ray binaries (BHBs), several active galactic nuclei (AGN) and at least one neutron star X-ray binary. This result supports the hypothesis that a linear rms–flux relation is common to all luminous black hole accretion and perhaps even a fundamental property of accretion flows about compact objects. We also show for the first time the cross-spectral properties of the variability of this ULX, comparing variations below and above 1 keV. The coherence and time delays are poorly constrained but consistent with high coherence between the two bands, over most of the observable frequency range and a significant time delay (with hard leading soft variations). The magnitude and frequency dependence of the lags are broadly consistent with those commonly observed in BHBs, but the direction of the lag is reversed. These results indicate that ULX variability studies, using long X-ray observations, hold great promise for constraining the processes driving ULXs behaviour, and the position of ULXs in the scheme of black hole accretion from BHBs to AGN.
Stability problem in the dynamo
Authors: Reshetnyak M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
It is shown that the saturated α-effect taken from the non-linear dynamo equations for the thin disc can still produce exponentially growing magnetic field in the case when this field does not feed back on the α. For negative dynamo number (stationary regime) stability is defined by the structure of the spectra of the linear problem for the positive dynamo numbers. The stability condition for the oscillatory solution (positive dynamo number) is also obtained and related to the phase shift of the original magnetic field, which produced saturated α and magnetic field in the kinematic regime. The results can be used to explain the similar effect observed in shell model simulations as well as in 3D dynamo models in the plane layer and sphere.
Unilateral choroidal excavation in the macula detected by spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography
Authors: Wakabayashi Yuka , Nishimura Akira , Higashide Tomomi , Ijiri Shigeyuki , Sugiyama Kazuhisa 
Published: April 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To report clinical findings of three patients with unilateral peculiar choroidal excavation in the macula detected by spectral‐domain (SD) optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods:  Three cases with unilateral choroidal excavation in the macula detected by SD OCT. Fluorescein angiography (FA), indocyanine green angiography (IA), ultrasonography, visual field tests and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) were performed.Results:  Although all three patients complained of metamorphopsia, visual acuity and central visual field were normal in the affected eyes. SD OCT demonstrated choroidal excavation in the macula despite a normal foveal contour along the inner retinal surface. The excavation involved the outer retinal layers up to the external limiting membrane in cases 1 and 2, while only the retinal pigment epithelium was involved in case 3. The excavation corresponded to foveal pigment mottling in cases 1 and 2 and to a parafoveal yellowish fusiform lesion in case 3. The lesions appeared hypoautofluorescent and unremarkable in FA except for circumferential hyperfluorescence in case 3 and hypofluorescent in IA. B‐scan ultrasonography was unremarkable. MfERG in cases 1 and 2 was normal.Conclusions:  SD OCT demonstrated two types of choroidal excavation in the macula. More case accumulation and a longer follow‐up will elucidate the pathogenesis and prognosis of the lesions.
Tests of a Deferred Tax Explanation of the Negative Association between the LIFO Reserve and Firm Value*
Authors: DHALIWAL DAN S. , TREZEVANT ROBERT H. , WILKINS MICHAEL S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGuenther and Trombley (1994) and Jennings, Simko, and Thompson (1996) document a negative association between a firm's last‐in, first‐out (LIFO) reserve and the market value of its equity. In this paper, we test a deferred tax explanation of this negative association. Specifically, we argue that investors, conditional on adjusting inventory to as‐if first‐in, first‐out (FIFO), estimate a firm's future LIFO liquidation tax burden as its LIFO reserve multiplied by the appropriate corporate tax rate and include this tax‐adjusted LIFO reserve in the valuation of a LIFO firm's net assets. On the basis of this argument, the tax‐adjusted LIFO reserve is in effect an estimate of an off‐balance‐sheet deferred tax liability and, as a result, we predict a negative association between the tax‐adjusted LIFO reserve and market value of equity. We test our deferred tax explanation by estimating a valuation model in which a firm's market value of equity is expressed as a function of the firm's assets, liabilities, deferred tax liability, and tax‐adjusted LIFO reserve; the model is estimated separately in years preceding and following the reduction of tax rates mandated by the US Tax Reform Act of 1986. Test results provide strong support for the deferred tax explanation of the negative association between a firm's LIFO reserve and the market value of its equity.