bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potenzial und Herausforderungen der personalisierten Genomik und des 1000-Genom-Projekts
Authors: Stütz A.M. , Korbel J.O. 
Published: June 2010

Zusammenfassung
Vor Kurzem hat die Sequenzierung individueller menschlicher Genome mittels neuartiger Technologien ein neues Kapitel in der Humangenetik eingeläutet. So hat das 1000-Genom-Projekt (1000GP) die Genomanalyse in 2500 Individuen zur Aufgabe und wird unser Wissen über genetische Variationen durch die Erstellung einer hochauflösenden Karte im Menschen maßgeblich erweitern. So sollen im 1000GP sowohl Einzelnukleotidpolymorphismen als auch strukturelle Variationen mittels Sequenzierung in mehreren ethnischen Gruppen identifiziert werden. Außerdem werden die verwendeten Technologien auf ihre Eignung für Projekte dieses Maßstabs getestet. Letztlich sollen auch neue bioinformatische Lösungen erarbeitet werden, um die 1000GP-Daten effizient für die Forschung aufarbeiten zu können. Dieser neue Katalog an häufigen und seltenen genetischen Varianten wird in naher Zukunft die Entwicklung verbesserter Methoden zur Phänotypassoziation und zur Ermittlung der molekularen Ursache verschiedener Krankheiten ermöglichen.
The pedestrian behaviour of Spanish adolescents
Authors: Sullman M.J.M. , Gras M.E. , Font‐Mayolas S. , Masferrer L. , Cunill M. , Planes M. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTAdolescent pedestrians are a particularly vulnerable group of road users. This research tested the applicability of the recently developed Adolescent Road user Behaviour Questionnaire (ARBQ) amongst a sample of 2006 Spanish adolescents. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the full scale found that the original three factors did not adequately fit the data, but an acceptable fit was obtained for the shortened 21‐item version of the scale. In line with research from the UK, the present study found that males reported more unsafe road crossing behaviour and playing on the roads, but there was no gender difference for engaging in planned protective behaviour. This research also confirmed that unsafe road crossing behaviour increased with age, while dangerous playing on the road and planned protective behaviours both decreased with age. The present study also confirmed that the ARBQ is a useful tool for investigating the safety‐related behaviour of adolescents on the road.
How to improve clinical practice on involuntary hospital admissions of psychiatric patients: Suggestions from the EUNOMIA study
Authors: Fiorillo A. , De Rosa C. , Del Vecchio V. , Jurjanz L. , Schnall K. , Onchev G. , Alexiev S. , Raboch J. , Kalisova L. , Mastrogianni A. , Georgiadou E. , Solomon Z. , Dembinskas A. , Raskauskas V. , Nawka P. , Nawka A. , Kiejna A. , Hadrys T. , Torres-Gonzales F. , Mayoral F. , Björkdahl A. , Kjellin L. , Priebe S. , Maj M. , Kallert T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNumber and procedures of involuntary hospital admissions vary in Europe according to the different socio-cultural contexts. The European Commission has funded the EUNOMIA study in 12 European countries in order to develop European recommendations for good clinical practice in involuntary hospital admissions. The recommendations have been developed with the direct and active involvement of national leaders and key professionals, who worked out national recommendations, subsequently summarized into a European document, through the use of specific categories. The need for standardizing the involuntary hospital admission has been highlighted by all centers. In the final recommendations, it has been stressed the need to: providing information to patients about the reasons for hospitalization and its presumable duration; protecting patients’ rights during hospitalization; encouraging the involvement of family members; improving the communication between community and hospital teams; organizing meetings, seminars and focus-groups with users; developing training courses for involved professionals on the management of aggressive behaviors, clinical aspects of major mental disorders, the legal and administrative aspects of involuntary hospital admissions, on communication skills. The results showed the huge variation of involuntary hospital admissions in Europe and the importance of developing guidelines on this procedure.
Orbitofrontal morphology in people at high risk of developing schizophrenia
Authors: Chakirova G. , Welch K.A. , Moorhead TWJ , Stanfield A.C. , Hall J. , Skehel P. , Brown V.J. , Johnstone E.C. , Owens DGC , Lawrie S.M. , McIntosh A.M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundAbnormalities of orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) sulcogyral patterns have been reported in schizophrenia, but it is not known if these predate psychosis.MethodsHundred and forty-six subjects at high genetic risk of schizophrenia, 34 first episode of schizophrenia patients (SZ) and 36 healthy controls were scanned and clinically assessed. Utilising the classification system proposed by Chiavaras, we categorised OFC patterns and compared their distribution between the groups, as well as between those high risk subjects who did, and did not develop schizophrenia. The relationship between OFC pattern and schizotypy was explored in high risk subjects.ResultsWe refined Chiavaras’ classification system, with the identification of a previously unreported variant of OFC surface structure. There were significant differences in distribution of OFC patterns between high risk subjects who did or did not develop schizophrenia as well as between the first episode of schizophrenia group and healthy controls. Within the high risk group, possession of OFC Type III was associated with higher ratings on the Structured Inventory for Schizotypy (SIS) psychotic factor.ConclusionsOur results suggest that OFC Type III is associated with psychotic features before the development of schizophrenia. Characterisation of OFC morphology may have a role in the identification of those at greatest risk of developing schizophrenia.
Prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in schizophrenia remains stable with short-term quetiapine
Authors: Molina V. , López D.E. , Villa R. , Pérez J. , Martín C. , Ballesteros A. , Cardoso A. , Sancho C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPurposeTo study the short-term effect of treatment with quetiapine on prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits of the startle reflex in schizophrenia patients.Subjects and methodsUsing PPI, we studied a group of 21 schizophrenia patients and 16 controls. Seventeen of the patients were re-tested with PPI after 21 days of treatment with quetiapine.ResultsAt baseline, an almost significant decrease in PPI was found in the patients as compared to the controls. PPI measurements did not change in the patients after 21 days of treatment with quetiapine, despite their clinical improvement.ConclusionOur results suggest that short-term quetiapine treatment may not modify PPI measures in schizophrenia patients.
Short‐term type‐specific HPV persistence and its predictors in an asymptomatic general female population in Zhejiang, China
Authors: Ye Jing , Cheng Xiaodong , Chen Xiaojing , Ye Feng , Lu Weiguo , Xie Xing 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo study short‐term type‐specific human papillomavirus (HPV) persistence and associated predictors in an asymptomatic general female population in Zhejiang, China.MethodsPersistence was evaluated in women who were HPV positive at enrollment and who returned within 6–14 months. Liquid‐based cytology screening was encouraged for returning women.ResultsPersistence was evaluated in 548 women. Overall persistence was 49.1%, and established high‐risk HPV persistence was 54.5%. The types associated with the highest level of persistence were HPV‐52, HPV‐58, HPV‐56, and HPV‐16—most of which belong to α9 species. In total, 252 women refused cytology screening. No differences were found regarding HPV persistence and other variables among women who returned for follow‐up, women who accepted cytology screening, and women who refused cytology screening. Among women aged 35 years or older, there were no differences between those with normal cytology and those with abnormal cytology in the short‐term persistence of HPV types, except for HPV‐58 (P < 0.01) and HPV‐81 (P = 0.04). Established high‐risk HPV persistence increased with age, low income, and early sexual experience.ConclusionThe data support close surveillance of older women with established high‐risk HPV infections, and conservative management of women with non‐α9 HPV and no risk factors.
Ultrasound cervical length measurement for prediction of delivery before 32 weeks in women with emergency cerclage for cervical insufficiency
Authors: Fuchs Florent , Bouyer Jean , Fernandez Hervé , Gervaise Amélie , Frydman René , Senat Marie‐Victoire 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of ultrasound cervical length for predicting delivery before 32 weeks among women with a threatened second trimester fetal loss treated by emergency cervical cerclage, and to compare it with prediction based on clinically‐assessed cervical dilation.MethodsRetrospective study (1997–2006) of 70 women with singleton pregnancies who underwent emergency cervical cerclage and ultrasound cervical length measurement between 15 and 26 weeks. The associations between cervical length and delivery before 32 weeks were studied with univariate and multivariate regression. ROC curves were used to determine the most discriminating cut‐off value.ResultsAlthough ultrasound cervical length measurement was significantly associated with early preterm delivery, its predictive accuracy was moderate with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.68 (95% CI, 0.54–0.82), which was similar (P = 0.43) to the AUC of cervical dilation of 0.73 (95% CI, 0.61–0.85). The best cut‐off value was 7 mm, corresponding to a doubled risk of delivery before 32 weeks. Its sensitivity was 52%, specificity 82%, PPV 62%, and NPV 76%. It was no more informative than cervical dilation of 3 cm.ConclusionUltrasound cervical length measurement does not predict early preterm birth better than clinically‐assessed cervical dilation in women with an emergency cerclage.
Availability and quality of emergency obstetric care in Shanxi Province, China
Authors: Gao Yu , Barclay Lesley 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the availability and quality of emergency obstetric care (EmOC) received by women in a rural Chinese province.MethodsThe study was conducted in 7 rural counties and townships in Shanxi Province, China. Data sources included interviews with 7 hospital leaders, 5 maternal and child health workers, and 7 obstetricians; 118 records of complicated delivery were audited, 21 Maternal and Child Health Annual Reports analyzed, and observations conducted of facilities and advanced labor care.ResultsThe number of comprehensive EmOC facilities was adequate in all counties. Three counties had fewer basic EmOC facilities than recommended and only 4 counties reached the recommended level. Most of the existing township hospitals did not provide birthing services. All the county hospitals could perform cesarean deliveries with rates from 6.8%–40.8%. The management of complications was not evidence‐based. For example, women with pre‐eclampsia and eclampsia were given too little magnesium sulfate; women were not closely monitored for hemorrhage after birth and the partograph was used incorrectly with consequences for obstructed labor.ConclusionBasic EmOC facilities are not adequate and township hospitals should be upgraded to provide birthing services. The quality of EmOC is poor and needs improvement.
A 40,000-yr record of environmental change from Burial Lake in Northwest Alaska
Authors: Abbott Mark B. , Edwards Mary E. , Finney Bruce P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBurial Lake in northwest Alaska records changes in water level and regional vegetation since ∼ 39,000 cal yr BP based on terrestrial macrofossil AMS radiocarbon dates. A sedimentary unconformity is dated between 34,800 and 23,200 cal yr BP. During all or some of this period there was a hiatus in deposition indicating a major drop in lake level and deflation of lacustrine sediments. MIS 3 vegetation was herb-shrub tundra; more xeric graminoid-herb tundra developed after 23,200 cal yr BP. The tundra gradually became more mesic after 17,000 cal yr BP. Expansions of Salix then Betula, at 15,000 and 14,000 cal yr BP, respectively, are coincident with a major rise in lake level marked by increasing fine-grained sediment and higher organic matter content. Several sites in the region display disrupted sedimentation and probable hiatuses during the last glacial maximum (LGM); together regional data indicate an arid interval prior to and during the LGM and continued low moisture levels until ∼ 15,000 cal yr BP. AMS 14C dates from Burial Lake are approximately synchronous with AMS 14C dates reported for the Betula expansion at nearby sites and sites across northern Alaska, but 1000–2000 yr younger than bulk-sediment dates.
Growth and physiological responses of the citrus rootstock Swingle citrumelo seedlings to partial rootzone drying and deficit irrigation
Authors: MELGAR J. C. , DUNLOP J. M. , SYVERTSEN J. P. 
Published: June 2010

SUMMARYThe effects of deficit irrigation (DI) and partial rootzone drying (PRD) on the growth and mineral nutrition of citrus rootstock seedlings in the glasshouse were determined, as well as the potential of DI and PRD to trigger root-to-shoot signalling of abscisic acid (ABA) to increase the growth per amount of water used (water use efficiency (WUE)). In the DI study, 3-month-old seedlings of the important citrus rootstock Swingle citrumelo with intact roots received three irrigation treatments: control (1·00 evapotranspiration (ET)), 0·75 ET and 0·50 ET. DI clearly decreased growth, the net assimilation of CO2(ACO2), WUE and the total content of N and K in leaves, even though concentrations of leaf N and K were increased in the drought-stressed smaller plants. Root K was not affected by DI treatments. Leaf ABA concentration increased linearly with DI. For the PRD study, root systems of 6-month-old Swingle citrumelo were split into half and allowed to become established in adjacent pots. There were three irrigation treatments: control (1·00 of the total crop ET, 0·50 in each pot), PRD 50-0 (0·50 ET by weight applied to only one-half of root zone) and DI 25-25 (0·50 ET in total, with 0·25 ET applied to each root half). Although the total root length was decreased by the DI 25-25 treatment, PRD 50-0 did not affect any growth characteristics compared to control plants. The dry root zone of the PRD 50-0 treatment had a higher specific root length, longer roots per dry weight, than the wet root zone. Leaf ACO2and WUE of the DI 25-25 treatment were significantly lower than control plants after 11 weeks. Although the total contents of N and K in leaves were not affected by either PRD treatment, the concentrations of N and K in leaves were increased by DI 25-25. Root K was decreased by PRD treatments. Leaf ABA concentration was increased by PRD 50-0 but not by DI 25-25. Although all drought stress treatments increased the levels of ABA in leaves, DI and PRD treatments did not affect the whole plant WUE. Compared to well-irrigated control plants, DI reduced growth, whereas PRD 50-0 did not.
Symposium – Accentuating the Positive: Directions in Pronunciation Research
Authors: Derwing Tracey M. , Munro Murray J. 
Published: June 2010

Held at the Association canadienne de linguistique appliquée/Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics Conference, Ottawa, Canada; 27 May 2009.Over the past few decades perspectives on second language (L2) pronunciation have evolved from pessimistic appraisals of the capabilities of L2 learners and doubts about the value of instruction to a view of pronunciation teaching as an effective and important part of language pedagogy. Earlier research on the teaching of pronunciation dwelt extensively on the identification of learners' errors (mainly consonants and vowels) through comparative analyses. Until recently, little had been established about the effectiveness of pronunciation teaching, and pedagogical techniques were based more on speculation and theoretical notions than on empirically well-justified principles. More recent work addresses a broader range of issues relating not only to L2 phonological acquisition, but to the social implications of speaking with an accent and engaging with interlocutors, both native and non-native speakers of the L2. Among these are the relationship between accent and intelligibility, cognitive processes underlying phonological learning, the evaluation of L2 speech using impressionistic and acoustic techniques, prosodic influences on perception of accented speech, the role of ethnic affiliation and identity in L2 speakers' oral production, and the identification of misguided applications of knowledge about pronunciation by businesses and governments. These lines of work, along with empirical investigations of pronunciation instruction, engender a more sophisticated view of L2 phonological learning and teaching. Though further research remains to be done, important achievements have been made in identifying reasonable, achievable goals in the pronunciation classroom, establishing appropriate instructional foci, and evaluating outcomes. The presenters in this colloquium highlighted the major achievements of recent years and identified some of the important problems that remain.
Bacterial morphologies supporting cometary panspermia: a reappraisal
Authors: Wickramasinghe Chandra 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIt is nearly 30 years since the first decisive evidence of microbial morphologies in carbonaceous chondrites was discovered and reported by Hans Dieter Pflug. In addition to morphology, other data, notably laser mass spectroscopy, served to confirm the identification of such structures as putative bacterial fossils. Recent examinations of cometary dust collected in the stratosphere and further studies of carbonaceous meteorites reaffirm the presence of putative microbial fossils. Since carbonaceous chondrites (particularly Type 1 chondrites) are thought to be extinct comets the data reviewed in this article provide strong support for theories of cometary panspermia.
A ‘rare biosphere’ microorganism contributes to sulfate reduction in a peatland
Authors: Pester Michael , Bittner Norbert , Deevong Pinsurang , Wagner Michael , Loy Alexander 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Methane emission from peatlands contributes substantially to global warming but is significantly reduced by sulfate reduction, which is fuelled by globally increasing aerial sulfur pollution. However, the biology behind sulfate reduction in terrestrial ecosystems is not well understood and the key players for this process as well as their abundance remained unidentified. Comparative 16S rRNA gene stable isotope probing (SIP) in the presence and absence of sulfate indicated that a Desulfosporosinus species, which constitutes only 0.006% of the total microbial community 16S rRNA genes, is an important sulfate reducer in a long-term experimental peatland field site. Parallel SIP using dsrAB (encoding subunit A and B of the dissimilatory (bi)sulfite reductase) identified no additional sulfate reducers under the conditions tested. For the identified Desulfosporosinus species a high cell-specific sulfate reduction rate of up to 341 fmol SO42− cell−1 day−1 was estimated. Thus, the small Desulfosporosinus population has the potential to reduce sulfate in situ at a rate of 4.0–36.8 nmol (g soil w. wt.)−1 day−1, sufficient to account for a considerable part of sulfate reduction in the peat soil. Modeling of sulfate diffusion to such highly active cells identified no limitation in sulfate supply even at bulk concentrations as low as 10 μm. Collectively, these data show that the identified Desulfosporosinus species, despite being a member of the ‘rare biosphere’, contributes to an important biogeochemical process that diverts the carbon flow in peatlands from methane to CO2 and, thus, alters their contribution to global warming.
[FeFe]-hydrogenase in Yellowstone National Park: evidence for dispersal limitation and phylogenetic niche conservatism
Authors: Boyd Eric S , Hamilton Trinity L , Spear John R , Lavin Matthew , Peters John W 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) has an important role in the anaerobic degradation of organic carbon and is the basis for many syntrophic interactions that commonly occur in microbial communities. Little is known, however, with regard to the biotic and/or abiotic factors that control the distribution and phylogenetic diversity of organisms which produce H2 in microbial communities. In this study, we examined the [FeFe]-hydrogenase gene (hydA) as a proxy for fermentative bacterial H2 production along physical and chemical gradients in various geothermal springs in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), WY, USA. The distribution of hydA in YNP geothermal springs was constrained by pH to environments co-inhabited by oxygenic phototrophs and to environments predicted to have low inputs of abiotic H2. The individual HydA asssemblages from YNP springs were more closely related when compared with randomly assembled communities, which suggests ecological filtering. Model selection approaches revealed that geographic distance was the best explanatory variable to predict the phylogenetic relatedness of HydA communities. This evinces the dispersal limitation imposed by the geothermal spring environment on HydA phylogenetic diversity even at small spatial scales. pH differences between sites is the second highest ranked explanatory variable of HydA phylogenetic relatedness, which suggests that the ecology related to pH imposes strong phylogenetic niche conservatism. Collectively, these results indicate that pH has imposed strong niche conservatism on fermentative bacteria and that, within a narrow pH realm, YNP springs are dispersal limited with respect to fermentative bacterial communities.
Experimental tests of the bacterial distance–decay relationship
Authors: Bell Thomas 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Community similarity declines with increasing geographic distance if species tend to be locally adapted or if they are dispersal limited. The distance–decay of similarity has been shown for bacteria previously, but distinguishing between these competing mechanisms is difficult from observational surveys. I found little evidence of a relationship between geographic distance and similarity in community composition in an aquatic bacterial community. When bacterial colonization occurred into initially identical sterile microcosms across a woodland, a strong distance–decay relationship was observed after 28 days, implying that dispersal limitation created a strong pattern in these communities in the absence of environmental differences. This conclusion was not supported by the results of a reciprocal transplant experiment. When microcosms at the extremities of the study area were transplanted to the opposite end of the study area, the communities converged on the community composition at the site to which they were transplanted. This convergence did not depend on whether colonization into the microcosms was prevented, implying a minor role for dispersal limitation over these spatial and temporal scales. Additional manipulations of colonization rates were consistent with the hypothesis that dispersal limitation structured these communities over short time scales (a few days), but that dispersal limitation had a minor role over longer time scales (&gt;7 days).