bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Air Pollution on Maryland (Type 32) Tobacco
Authors: Menser H. A. , Hodges G. H. , McKee C. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSix Maryland tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivars were tested for resistance to air pollutants. Fumigation chamber tests disclosed that ozone used at 5 pphm for 6 hours destroyed about 10% of the leaves of ‘Catterton’, and injured 5 to 8% of the leaves of other cultivars. Ozone administered for three hours at 15 pphm damaged about one‐third of the leaves and injured about two‐thirds of the leaf surfaces when the concentration was increased to 30 pphm. When plants were exposed to 22 pphm for 3 hours, injury was 2 to 8% greater than was observed at 15 pphm. ‘Wilson’ was more resistant to ozone than ‘Maryland 10’, ‘Maryland 59’, ‘Maryland 64’, ‘Maryland 609’, and Catterton. Maryland 10 and Maryland 59 tended to be as ozone‐susceptible as Catterton. Maryland 64 and Maryland 609 resembled the ozone response of Wilson. None of the differences in susceptibility were statistically significant except between Catterton and Wilson.Ozone and sulfur dioxide mixtures acted synergistically to inflict ozone‐type symptoms on all Maryland cultivars. No injury resulted when plants were fumigated singly for 4 hours with ozone at 3 to 3.5 pphm and sulfur dioxide at 45 to 50 pphm. The combination of these gases at the same concentrations and time interval produced 5 to 15% leaf injury. Twice as much injury occurred when mixed gases were used for 2 hours at 10 to 12 pphm ozone and 45 to 50 pphm sulfur dioxide. Sulfur dioxide injury thresholds were barely reached by a 3‐hour exposure at 150 pphm. Estimated injury ranged from 2 to 6%.Stomatal characteristics of the six cultivars varied within a 3 cm2 area of a leaf at prime ozone susceptibility. Stomatal frequency may have been a more important factor controlling ozone injury than the diameter of apertures. Catterton and Maryland 10 showed almost 10 stomata/field compared to 6 stomata/field on leaves of Wilson.Field studies in the five‐county Southern Maryland District disclosed a general correlation between resistance to ozone and resistance to weather fleck. Wilson, Maryland 64, and Maryland 609 were more fleck tolerant than Maryland 10, Maryland 59, and Catterton. Fleck was more severe in counties that were adjacent to Washington, D. C., and Baltimore, Maryland. Extensive fleck damage occurred, however, at a location 42 miles south/southeast of the District of Columbia. The severity of symptoms on Maryland cultivars and on such fleck‐susceptible cultivars as ‘BeI‐W3’, ‘Burley 21’, and ‘Havana 142’ suggested that during periods of air stagnation, oxidants probably exceed 10 pphm (Mast) throughout most of the Type 32 area, and are responsible for most of the fleck damage.
Responses of Plant Parasitic and Saprophytic Nematode Populations to Composted Municipal Refuse
Authors: Hunt P. G. , Hortenstine C. C. , Smart G. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effective disposal of composted municipal refuse poses important ecological problems. Efforts to recycle this material must be guided by knowledge of its ecological impact upon a natural environment. The influence on nematode populations of incorporating composted municipal refuse in Leon fine sand was investigated over a period of 2 years. This study was a randomized complete block experiment with oat (Avena sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) used as test crops. Mineral fertilizer (10‐4.4‐8.3) applied at the rate of 0.9 tons/ha was compared with compost applied at rates of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, or 32 tons/ha. Populations of Helicotylenchus spp., plant parasitic nematodes, were highest in the fertilized and lowest in the 8, 16, and 32 tons/ha compost plots. Populations of another parasitic nematode, Criconemoides spp., were not greatly reduced by compost. Populations of cephalobids and rhabditids (saprophagous nematodes) were highest in the soil receiving 32 tons/ha of compost.
Suppression of Ozone Injury to Phaseolus vulgaris L. with Thiophanate Ethyl and its Methyl Analogue
Authors: Seem R. C. , Cole H. , Lacasse N. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo systemic fungicides, 1,2‐bis (3‐ethoxycarbonyl‐2‐thioureido) benzene (thiophanate ethyl) and 1,2‐bis (3‐methoxycarbonyl‐2‐thioureido) benzene (thiophanate methyl) were tested for their ability to suppress ozone injury to Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Pinto III’ bean seedlings in greenhouse‐grown plants fumigated with air containing 25–35 pphm of ozone for 4 hours. Treatments included foliar sprays of 100, 500, and 1,000 µg fungicide/ml of spray solution and soil amendments of 50, 100, 200, and 500 µg/g soil. Thiophanate ethyl resulted in significant reduction of injury at foliar spray dosages as low as 500 µg per ml solution and soil amendment levels as low as 100 µg per g soil. Nearly complete protection was achieved at 200 µg/g soil. Thiophanate methyl provided significant protection as a foliar spray at dosages of 500 and 100 µg/ml spray solution; when used as a soil amendment, results were inconsistent. Internode shortening with a mottled greening and yellowing effect was noted at the higher levels of thiophanate methyl foliar sprays and soil amendments.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticide Residues in Crops and Soil
Authors: Nash Ralph G. , Harris William G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of small Congaree sandy loam field plots at Beltsville, Maryland, were treated with 0, 56 or 112, and 224 kg/ha of aldrin, dieldrin, isodrin, endrin, heptachlor, chlordane, BHC, toxaphene, or Dilan in 1951. Sixteen years later the parent compounds were still detectable with mean total residues of 29 (pure aldrin), 35 (technical aldrin), 23, 16, 39, 10, 9, 7, 49, and 15%, respectively, remaining. Aldrin, isodrin, and heptachlor had oxidized primarily to their epoxide.Soybeans (Glycine max L., Merr.), corn (Zea mays L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown consecutively in the plots beginning 15 years after treatment. Soybean seeds contained dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor epoxide, and alpha and gamma BHC; endrin transformation products, which include endrin aldehyde, endrin alcohol, and endrin ketone; and a gamma BHC degradation product, pentachlorocyclohexene. Only BHC and dieldrin were found in crop seeds other than soybeans, and no aldrin, isodrin, heptachlor, chlordane, toxaphene, or Dilan were detected in the seeds of any crop.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Composition of Surface Runoff as Affected by Tillage Method
Authors: Römkens M. J. M. , Nelson D. W. , Mannering J. V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of tillage methods on the N and P composition in runoff water and runoff sediment from corn (Zea mays L.) plots was studied on Bedford silt loam soil by applying simulated rainstorms. Five tillage‐planting systems were compared: coulter‐plant, till‐plant, chisel‐plant, disk and coulter‐plant, and conventional‐plant. The coulter and chisel systems controlled soil loss, but runoff water contained high levels of soluble N and P from surface‐applied fertilizer. The disk and till systems were less effective in controlling soil erosion, but had lower concentrations of soluble N and P in runoff water. Conventional tillage, in which fertilizers were plowed under, had the highest losses of soil and water but small losses of soluble N and P. However, high percentages of the total nutrients removed by runoff were components of the sediment from all treatments.
Long‐Term Effects of Manure, Fertilizer, and Plow Depth on Chemical Properties of Soils and Nutrient Movement in a Monoculture Corn System
Authors: Vitosh M. L. , Davis J. F. , Knezek B. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn evaluation of soil chemical properties, organic matter and nutrient accumulations, and nutrient movement and recovery after 6 and 9 years of annual fertilizer and manure applications to continuous corn (Zea mays L.) was conducted on two soil types (Conover‐Hodunk loam and Metea sandy loam). Plow depths of 18 versus 30 cm had little or no effect on soil test values or nutrient accumulation patterns in the surface of a Conover‐Hodunk loam soil. The pH value of both soils decreased slightly more than 0.1 pH unit per year with the annual application of 168 kg of N/ha as ammonium sulfate.Soil organic matter, available P, and exchangeable K, Ca, and Mg increased with increasing rates of manure. The organic matter content of the Metea sandy loam soil increased about 0.1% each year by the yearly application of 67.2 metric tons/ha (fresh wt.) cattle manure. The differential removal of nutrients by grain and silage had no effect on soil available P. Soil test changes for K, Ca, and Mg were proportional to the net addition of each nutrient; but less than 30% of the net nutrients added could be accounted for in surface samples from the silage area where 67.2 tons of manure was annually applied.The most favorable rate of manure for the Metea sandy loam soil was found to be 22.4 metric tons/ha (10 tons/acre). Larger applications caused a significant buildup of exchangeable K in the surface and subsurface horizons and resulted in inefficient use of all nutrients. The K buildup was less critical on the loam soil or where silage rather than grain was removed.
Dissipation and Phytotoxicity of Dicamba Residues in Water
Authors: Scifres C. J. , Allen T. J. , Leinweber C. L. , Pearson K. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe herbicide, 3‐6‐dichloro‐o‐anisic acid (dicamba), dissipated most rapidly from water under non‐sterile, lighted conditions. Pond sediment evidently contained microbial populations capable of decomposing the herbicide. Temperature was crucial in dicamba dissipation, especially in the presence of sediment. Influence of sediment on dissipation rate of dicamba was apparently augmented by light in some cases. Under summer conditions, dicamba at 4.4 kg/ha per surface area of ponds dissipated at about 1.3 ppm/day. Dicamba dissipated as a logarithmic function of concentration with time. Reaction of seedling crops to irrigation water containing dicamba varied among species and cultivars. Relative tolerance from these studies was ranked from most to least tolerant as follows: sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. ‘RS‐626’ and ‘Pioneer 820’] > cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Blightmaster’ > ‘Paymaster’ > ‘Dunn’) > cucumbers (Cucumis sativa L. ‘Straight eight’).
Agriculture's Place in the Environment: Considerations for Decision Making
Authors: Garman Willard H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChemical elements at or near the earth's surface and in the air are in a continuing state of movement or subject to forces which can cause movement. The outstanding characteristic is that outgo of inorganic elements (including plant nutrients) from land to water greatly exceeds input over most land surfaces of the earth. Nutrients have been accumulating under water along the shorelines of the world for ages of time.When man entered the geological picture, this movement (or water‐enrichment process) became more active as the soil was worked to grow food. This caused more soil particles, nutrients, and organic matter to move into water bodies.Eutrophication is nature's age‐old geological process of utilizing these nutrients and the sun's energy for the accumulation of organic matter in aqueous environments. Without eutrophication, there would be no marine life or coal, oil, or muck deposits on our planet.All bodies of water have four stages of life: birth, existence, old age, and disappearance. Examples of each stage are found in the USA, Canada, Siberia, Brazil, and Africa, in surroundings practically untouched by man and certainly untouched by agriculture.Only very small quantities of nitrates and mineral nutrients are necessary to sustain luxuriant growth of aquatic plants. Most water bodies contain ample amounts for this purpose. Few situations likely can ever be found where stopping agricultural's contribution would stop eutrophication. Slowing the process of eutrophication will be difficult because it will require control over C inputs. Organic matter from sewage, manure runoff, industrial waste, or wildlife is utilized by bacteria, which evolve CO2 for promoting the growth of aquatic plants. Once the process is in operation, it is difficult to control because photosynthesis releases oxygen to stimulate bacteria. When they and other plants die, their C and nutrients are consumed by more bacteria, which in turn, evolve more CO2 to grow more algae, thus continuing the cycle. Although details of this symbiosis are not fully understood, enough is known to realize that removing P or N from city effluents or from farm fertilizers will not control growth of aquatic vegetation in natural or man‐made bodies of water.
Leaf Pubescence of Field Grown Wheat: A Deterrent to Oviposition by the Cereal Leaf Beetle
Authors: Gallun R. L. , Roberts J. J. , Finney R. E. , Patterson F. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaf pubescence, a deterrent to oviposition by the cereal leaf beetle [Oulema melanopus (L.) Diptera Cecidomyiidae], is being bred into wheats in an attempt to replace insecticides as a means of controlling damage by this insect pest. Experimental wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) having more than 71 trichomes/mm2 of flag leaf surface were nonpreferred for oviposition by the cereal leaf beetle compared with Arthur wheat which has 28 trichomes/mm2. The leaf pubescence of three Purdue wheats was responsible for over 94% reduction in the number of eggs that were laid by the beetle and the number of leaves damaged by feeding larvae.
Mineralization and Gaseous Loss of Nitrogen in Soil‐Applied Liquid Sewage Sludge
Authors: King Larry D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause of the current interest in land disposal of sewage sludge, experiments were conducted to determine the rate of N mineralization in sludges. Sludge applications can then be adjusted to supply adequate N for maximum crop production but prevent excessive applications which would lead to NO3‐N pollution of ground water.A 2.5‐inch depth of liquid sewage sludge was either surface applied or incorporated with a quantity of soil and incubated under laboratory conditions. At the end of 18 weeks, NO3‐N accumulation was 22% of the applied N when the sludge was applied to the soil surface and 38% when the sludge was incorporated with the soil. Gaseous N losses ranged from 16 to 22% of the applied N in the incorporated treatment and 21 to 36% in the surface‐applied treatment. Only a small part of the gaseous N loss resulted from NH3 volatilization.
Absorption of Mercuric Cation by Tannins in Agricultural Residues
Authors: Waiss A. C. , Wiley M. E. , Kuhnle J. A. , Potter A. L. , McCready R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo common environmental pollutants are agricultural residues (skins, pits, husks, tannin bark, grape pomace) and waste streams of water containing only traces of heavy metals (such as mercury at 10 or more ppb) from mining or manufacturing operations. Agricultural residues contain tannins, polyphenolic substances, pectin, and other polymers—all with chemically reactive groups that can chelate, reduce, oxidize, demonstrate ion exchange properties, and aid in removing traces of heavy metals from dilute waste water streams at low cost.Finely ground and water‐washed agricultural residues were slurried in water and packed into columns for absorption tests with heavy metals. Solutions of known concentrations of heavy metals were passed through the packed columns which were then eluted with water or with alkaline or acidic solutions. The fractions and the column absorbents were then analyzed by standard atomic absorption methods.The nature of the physical and chemical forces that are effective in metal absorption from agricultural residues is not clear.
Injury to Sweet Corn Inbreds and Hybrids by Air Pollutants in the Field and by Ozone Treatments in the Greenhouse
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Taylor O. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive inbreds of Zea mays L. and three of their F1 hybrids were grown in the field under natural summer air pollution conditions in 1971. During the following fall, four of the inbreds and two hybrids were grown in greenhouses and received controlled ozone treatments. The cultivars showed highly significant differences in injury under field conditions, but much smaller differences in the greenhouse tests. In the field, four inbreds were relatively resistant; the fifth was highly susceptible. The three hybrids showed some correlation with the resistance of their parents. In the greenhouse, with repeated dosages of ozone, all tested inbreds showed substantial damage when 4 to 7 weeks old, but at flowering the field‐susceptible inbred was the most severely damaged. The hybrids also showed severe damage as young plants, while at flowering their damage from greenhouse treatments was related to their field susceptibility. Injury symptoms in the field were typical of the ozone injury in the greenhouse. In all cultivars, young leaves were less injured than fully mature leaves.
Reducing Mercury Pollution from Kjeldahl Determination of Total Nitrogen
Authors: Worsham H. M. , Blackmon B. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMercury as a digestion catalyst in Kjeldahl determination of nitrogen in soil and plant tissue is a potential pollutant if washed into laboratory drains. In an effort to reduce this pollution hazard, a study was conducted to develop a means of freeing Kjeldahl waste solutions of mercury. By using an inexpensive polyethylene trap, developed in our laboratory, and increasing the quantity of zinc in the distillation phase of the Kjeldahl procedure, more than 90% of the mercury was recovered and retained in the laboratory.
Land Disposal of Liquid Sewage Sludge: IV. Effect of Soil Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Sodium
Authors: King Larry D. , Morris H. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOver a 2‐year period a total of 6.93, 13.75, 20.0, and 40.0 cm of liquid sewage sludge (6.2% solids) was applied to Coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) on Cecil sandy clay loam (Typic Hapludult). The area was sod‐seeded to rye (Secale cereale L.) during the winter. A chemical fertilizer treatment supplied a total of 722‐177‐366 kg/ha of N‐P‐K to the bermudagrass and rye during the experimental period. Sludge applications resulted in increased Na but decreased the dilute acid‐extractable K, Ca, and Mg and had no effect on P. Chemical fertilizer increased P, decreased K, and did not affect Ca and Mg. Results indicate that additions of dolomitic limestone and supplemental K fertilization would be required for sustained productivity of soils receiving sewage sludge.
Interaction of S‐2,3,3‐trichloroallyl N,N‐diisopropylthiolcarbamate (Triallate) with Montmorillonite
Authors: Khan S. U. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption of S‐2,3,3‐trichloroallyl N,N‐diisopropylthiolcarbamate (triallate) by montmorillonite saturated with various cations was studied by infrared spectroscopy. The coordination of triallate to the exchangeable cations on the clay occurred through the oxygen of the carbonyl group. The triallate‐montmorillonite complexes were stable even on heating to 50C for 15 days, but when shaken with distilled water, the herbicide was completely displaced from the clay.
Soil‐Plant Response to Surface‐Applied Mercury
Authors: Estes G. O. , Knoop W. E. , Houghton F. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMercury from an organomercurial fungicide accumulated in surface soils, with negligible lateral migration, following annual applications of 2.10 kg/ha over a period of 15 years. No toxicity was apparent from relatively high soil levels of Hg (455 ppm) on the growth of velvet bentgrass (Agrostis canina L.). Elemental composition of turf plants showed 1.68 ppm Hg with normal levels of other transition elements (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn).
Plant Nutrient Concentrations in Runoff from Fertilized Cultivated Erosion Plots and Prairie in Eastern South Dakota
Authors: White E. M. , Williamson E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRunoff waters from fertilized erosion plots and from native prairie in South Dakota were compared to determine the effect agriculture has had on water quality. Calcium, Mg, K, Na, total P, PO4‐P, NO3‐N , and NH4‐N contents were found to be similar in runoff from the erosion plots and from the prairie. The elemental contents in runoff from erosion plots planted to oats (Avena sativa L.), corn (Zea mays L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) or fallowed were not distinctly different and varied from year to year. Variations in the ions in water collected from different basins in the prairie may be caused by differences (i) in the prairie vegetation and mulch in the drainage basins, (ii) in the time the runoff has to dissolve ions because of different overland flow distances, and (iii) in the dilution of the runoff by precipitation that falls directly into the basin. Losses of plant nutrients in soil eroded from cultivated land may be similar to average losses that would occur naturally if the area were in pristine prairie that was periodically subjected to fire.
Minimizing Nitrate Seepage from the Hula Valley into Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee): I. Enhancement of Nitrate Reduction by Sprinkling and Flooding
Authors: Raveh A. , Avnimelech Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDecomposition of organic matter in the drained soils of the Hula Valley leads to the accumulation of nitrates. These are leached during the rainy season to the Jordan River and endanger Lake Kinneret. Field studies have shown that nitrates can be reduced through the use of the irrigation systems exisitng in the area. A treatment of either sprinkling or flooding by raising the water table reduced the nitrate concentration to about half of its original amount. Both treatments induced anaerobic conditions in the soil and reduced the nitrate contents, probably by denitrification. The efficiency of the reduction depends on the existence of labile organic substrates in the soil.
Agricultural Chemicals in Surface Runoff, Ground Water, and Soil: I. Endrin
Authors: Willis G. H. , Hamilton R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEndrin (1,2,3,4,10,10‐hexachloro‐6,7‐epoxy‐1,4, 4a,5,6,7,8,8aoctahydro‐1,4‐endo, endo‐5,8‐dimethanonapthalene) was surface applied at a rate of 0.337 kg/ha to sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) plots instrumented to sample surface runoff and ground water. Runoff, ground water, and soil sampleswere collected over a 2‐year period and analyzed for endrin. Only small amounts of endrin were lost annually in runoff (less than 0.2% of that applied), and little endrin accumulated in soil. Trace amounts of endrin appeared to move through soil in the plots but not through soil columns. A delay of 72 hours between application and rainfall decreased the amount of endrin in runoff, ground water, and soil.
The Influence of Manure Slurry Irrigation on the Survival of Fecal Organisms in Scranton Fine Sand
Authors: Dazzo Frank , Smith Paul , Hubbell David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of Scranton fine sand obtained from established fields of millet (Pennisetum typhoides) receiving 0, 1.27, 2.54, and 5.08 cm of cow manure slurry irrigation per week were inoculated with either a culture of Salmonella enteritidis serotype Enteritidis or fresh slurry containing fecal coliforms. The numbers of viable enteric organisms per gram of soil (dry weight) were determined at various times after inoculation. An inverse relationship was observed between death rates of the fecal organisms and the previous rate of slurry irrigation. Salmonella and fecal coliforms had a higher death rate in soil samples which had previously received 0 or 1.27 cm of slurry irrigation per week than in soil samples which had previously received higher irrigation rates.