bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Potential Therapeutic Effect of Sesame Oil and Peanut Oil against Acute Monocrotaline (Crotalaria) Poisoning in a Rat Model
Authors: Srinivasan P. , Liu M.‐Y. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundManyCrotalariaplant species contain hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (such as monocrotaline) that can cause acute and chronic poisoning in cattle and other animals.HypothesisPeanut oil, atropine sulfate, and antidiarrheal agents are used to treat acute monocrotaline poisoning. The effect of sesame on acute monocrotaline poisoning has never been investigated.AnimalsFifty maleSprague‐Dawley rats were used for toxicity studies.MethodsExperiment 1:GroupI, control.GroupsII–IVwere given monocrotaline (205.2 mg/kg) and euthanized 6, 12, and 24 hours later.Experiment 2:GroupI, control.GroupIImonocrotaline alone (205.2 mg/kg).GroupsIII–VIwere given monocrotaline (205.2 mg/kg) and 1 hour later,GroupsIIIandIVwere given sesame oil (1 and 2 mL/kg) and GroupsVandVIwere given peanut oil (1 and 2 mL/kg).ResultsMonocrotaline significantly decreased (P < .05) serum amylase activity, but, over time, increased (P < .05) pancreatic and lung injury.ASTandALTactivity and liver injury peaked at 24 hours. Sesame oil and peanut oil (P < .05) inhibited the changes in all tested parameters in acute monocrotaline poisoning. Although peanut oil inhibited acute monocrotaline poisoning, it induced steatosis, but sesame oil did not.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceWe hypothesize that early pancreatic and lung injury and late liver injury contribute to acute monocrotaline poisoning and that sesame oil is more efficacious than peanut oil against acute monocrotaline poisoning in rats. However, additional studies are needed to confirm that these oils have the same effects in cattle and other animals.
On the Volume Fraction
Effects of Inertial Colliding Particles in Homogeneous Isotropic
Turbulence
Authors: Ernst Martin , Sommerfeld Martin 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The main objective of the present study is the investigation of volume fraction effects on the collision statistics of nonsettling inertial particles in a granular medium as well as suspended in an unsteady homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow. For this purpose, different studies with mono-disperse Lagrangian point-particles having different Stokes numbers are considered in which the volume fraction of the dispersed phase is varied between 0.001 and 0.01. The fluid behavior is computed using a three-dimensional Lattice-Boltzmann method. The carrier-fluid turbulence is maintained at Taylor microscale Reynolds number 65.26 by applying a spectral forcing scheme. The Lagrangian particle tracking is based on considering the drag force only and a deterministic model is applied for collision detection. The influence of the particle phase on the fluid flow is neglected at this stage. The particle size is maintained at a constant value for all Stokes numbers so that the ratio of particle diameter to Kolmogorov length scale is fixed at 0.58. The variation of the particle Stokes number was realized by modifying the solids density. The observed particle Reynolds and Stokes numbers are in between [1.07, 2.61] and [0.34, 9.79], respectively. In the present simulations, the fluid flow and the particle motion including particle-particle collisions are based on different temporal discretization. Hence, an adaptive time stepping scheme is introduced. The particle motion as well as the occurrence of inter-particle collisions is characterized among others by Lagrangian correlation functions, the velocity angles between colliding particles and the collision frequencies. Initially, a fluid-free particle system is simulated and compared with the principles of the kinetic theory to validate the implemented deterministic collision model. Moreover, a selection of results obtained for homogeneous isotropic turbulence is compared with in literature available DNS and LES results as well. According to the performed simulations, the collision rate of particles with large Stokes numbers strongly depends on the adopted volume fraction, whereas for particles with small Stokes numbers the influence of particle volume fraction is less pronounced.
The Black Queen Hypothesis: Evolution of Dependencies through Adaptive Gene Loss
Authors: Morris J. Jeffrey , Lenski Richard E. , Zinser Erik R. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Reductive genomic evolution, driven by genetic drift, is common in endosymbiotic bacteria. Genome reduction is less common in free-living organisms, but it has occurred in the numerically dominant open-ocean bacterioplankton
Prochlorococcus
and “
Candidatus
Pelagibacter,” and in these cases the reduction appears to be driven by natural selection rather than drift. Gene loss in free-living organisms may leave them dependent on cooccurring microbes for lost metabolic functions. We present the Black Queen Hypothesis (BQH), a novel theory of reductive evolution that explains how selection leads to such dependencies; its name refers to the queen of spades in the game Hearts, where the usual strategy is to avoid taking this card. Gene loss can provide a selective advantage by conserving an organism’s limiting resources, provided the gene’s function is dispensable. Many vital genetic functions are leaky, thereby unavoidably producing public goods that are available to the entire community. Such leaky functions are thus dispensable for individuals, provided they are not lost entirely from the community. The BQH predicts that the loss of a costly, leaky function is selectively favored at the individual level and will proceed until the production of public goods is just sufficient to support the equilibrium community; at that point, the benefit of any further loss would be offset by the cost. Evolution in accordance with the BQH thus generates “beneficiaries” of reduced genomic content that are dependent on leaky “helpers,” and it may explain the observed nonuniversality of prototrophy, stress resistance, and other cellular functions in the microbial world.
Synaptic Polarity Depends on Phosphatidylinositol Signaling Regulated bymyo-Inositol Monophosphatase inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Kimata Tsubasa , Tanizawa Yoshinori , Can Yoko , Ikeda Shingo , Kuhara Atsushi , Mori Ikue 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAlthough neurons are highly polarized, how neuronal polarity is generated remains poorly understood. An evolutionarily conserved inositol-producing enzyme myo-inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) is essential for polarized localization of synaptic molecules in Caenorhabditis elegans and can be inhibited by lithium, a drug for bipolar disorder. The synaptic defect of IMPase mutants causes defects in sensory behaviors including thermotaxis. Here we show that the abnormalities of IMPase mutants can be suppressed by mutations in two enzymes, phospholipase Cβ or synaptojanin, which presumably reduce the level of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). We also found that mutations in phospholipase Cβ conferred resistance to lithium treatment. Our results suggest that reduction of PIP2 on plasma membrane is a major cause of abnormal synaptic polarity in IMPase mutants and provide the first in vivo evidence that lithium impairs neuronal PIP2 synthesis through inhibition of IMPase. We propose that the PIP2 signaling regulated by IMPase plays a novel and fundamental role in the synaptic polarity.
Comparison of Microbial Changes in Early Redeveloping Biofilms on Natural Teeth and Dentures
Authors: Teles F.R. , Teles R.P. , Sachdeo A. , Uzel N.G. , Song X.Q. , Torresyap G. , Singh M. , Papas A. , Haffajee A.D. , Socransky S.S. 
Published: March 2012

Background: Surfaces and fluids can affect oral bacterial colonization. The aim of this study is to compare redeveloping biofilms on natural teeth and dentures.Methods: Supragingival plaque samples were taken from 55 dentate individuals and the denture teeth of 62 edentulous individuals before and after professional cleaning. Also, samples from seven “teeth” (samples included dentures) in randomly selected quadrants were collected after 1, 2, 4, and 7 days of no oral hygiene. Samples were analyzed using checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization. Counts and proportions of 41 bacterial taxa were determined at each time point, and significant differences were determined using the Mann‐Whitney U test. Ecological succession was determined using a modified moving window analysis.Results: Mean total DNA probe counts were similar precleaning but were higher in dentate individuals at all post‐cleaning visits (P <0.01). Precleaning edentate biofilms had higher counts and proportions of Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, and Streptococcus mutans, whereas dentate individuals had higher proportions of Tannerella forsythia, Selenomonas noxia, and Neisseria mucosa. By day 2, mean counts of all taxa were higher in natural teeth, and most remained higher at day 7 (P <0.01). Succession was more rapid and complex in dentate individuals. Both groups demonstrated increased proportions of S. mitis and S. oralis by day 1. N. mucosa, Veillonella parvula, and Eikenella corrodens increased in both groups, but later in samples from edentate individuals.Conclusions: “Mature” natural and denture teeth biofilms have similar total numbers of bacteria but different species proportions. Post‐cleaning biofilm redevelopment is more rapid and more complex on natural teeth than on denture teeth.
Electronic Cigarettes vs Varenicline for Smoking Cessation in Adults
Authors: Tuisku Anna , Rahkola Mikko , Nieminen Pentti , Toljamo Tuula 
Published: June 2024

ImportanceLittle is known about the relative effectiveness of nicotine-containing electronic cigarettes (ECs) compared with varenicline as smoking cessation aids.ObjectiveTo determine the relative effectiveness of ECs in smoking cessation.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis randomized placebo-controlled single-center trial was conducted in northern Finland. Participants aged 25 to 75 years who smoked daily and had volunteered to quit smoking were recruited from August 1, 2018, to February 20, 2020, via local media. The trial included 52 weeks of follow-up. All data analyses were conducted from September 1, 2022, to January 15, 2024. The participants, study nurses, and researchers were masked to group assignment.InterventionThe participants were assigned by block randomization to receive 18 mg/mL of nicotine-containing ECs together with placebo tablets, varenicline with standard dosing together with nicotine-free ECs, or placebo tablets together with nicotine-free ECs, all combined with a motivational interview, with the intervention phase lasting for 12 weeks.Main Outcome and MeasureThe primary outcome was self-reported 7-day conventional cigarette smoking abstinence as confirmed by the exhaled carbon monoxide level on week 26. The analysis followed the intent-to-treat principle.ResultsOf the 561 recruited participants, 458 (81.6%) eligible participants (257 women [56%]; 201 men [44%]; mean [SD] age, 51 [11.6] years) were randomized. The primary outcome occurred in 61 of 152 participants (40.4%) in the EC group, 67 of 153 (43.8%) in the varenicline group, and 30 of 153 (19.7%) in the placebo group (P &amp;lt; .001). In the pairwise comparison, placebo differed statistically significantly from ECs (risk difference [RD], 20.7%; 95% CI, 10.4-30.4; P &amp;lt; .001) and varenicline (RD, 24.1%; 95% CI, 13.7-33.7; P &amp;lt; .001), but the difference was statistically insignificant between ECs and varenicline (RD, 3.4%; 95% CI, −7.6 to 14.3; P = .56). No serious adverse events were reported.ConclusionsThis randomized clinical trial found that varenicline and nicotine-containing ECs were both effective in helping individuals in quitting smoking conventional cigarettes for up to 6 months.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03235505
Interfacial Electronic Modification of Nickel Phosphide via Iron Doping: An Efficient Bifunctional Catalyst for Water/Seawater Splitting
Authors: Muthurasu Alagan , Ko Tae Hoon , Kim Tae Woo , Chhetri Kisan , Kim Hak Yong 
Published: June 2024

AbstractSeawater electrolysis is an innovative technique that can potentially transform hydrogen production and contribute to environmental redemption. However, the lack of good bifunctional electrocatalysts may hinder further development of this technology. Herein, nickel hydroxide nanosheets can be employed as a precursor to producing a 3D Prussian blue analogue (PBA) with a distinct dimensional structure. Nickel hydroxide nanosheets are formed within a nickel foam and undergo a reaction with potassium ferricyanide (K3[Fe(CN)6]). The nickel hydroxide structure is sheets‐like and well‐preserved, containing a multitude of PBA nanocubes. Following phosphidation at 350 °C, the iron‐doped nickel phosphide (Fe‐doped Ni2P (1.0 mM) nanosheets) demonstrates remarkable potential as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for total water/seawater splitting. This electrocatalyst demonstrates exceptional performance in overall water splitting, achieving current densities of 100 and 500 mA cm−2 in 1.0 M KOH at remarkably low voltages of 1.65 and 2.06 V, respectively. Additionally, its improved ability to resist corrosion and its hydrophilic surface makes it suitable for the seawater splitting process. The material can generate current densities of 100 to 500 mA cm−2 in seawater with 1.0 M KOH, resulting in voltages of 1.74 and 2.32 V. These outstanding results, together with its durability, indicate the material's strong potential for practical seawater electrolysis.
Scalable Nanoimprint Manufacturing of Functional Multilayer Metasurface Devices
Authors: Choi Shinhyuk , Zuo Jiawei , Das Nabasindhu , Yao Yu , Wang Chao 
Published: June 2024

AbstractOptical metasurfaces, consisting of subwavelength‐scale meta‐atom arrays, hold great promise of overcoming the fundamental limitations of conventional optics. Due to their structural complexity, metasurfaces usually require high‐resolution yet slow and expensive fabrication processes. Here, using a metasurface polarimetric imaging device as an example, the photonic structures and the Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) processes are designed, creating two separate NIL molds over a patterning area of > 20 mm2 with designed Moiré alignment markers by electron‐beam writing, and further subsequently integrate silicon and aluminum metasurface structures on a chip. Uniquely, the silicon and aluminum metasurfaces are fabricated by using the nanolithography and 3D pattern‐transfer capabilities of NIL, respectively, achieving nanometer‐scale linewidth uniformity, sub‐200 nm translational overlay accuracy, and <0.017 rotational alignment error while significantly reducing fabrication complexity and surface roughness. The micro‐sized multilayer metasurfaces have high circular polarization extinction ratios as large as ≈20 and ≈80 in blue and red wavelengths. Further, the metasurface chip‐integrated CMOS imager demonstrates high accuracy in broad‐band, full Stokes parameter analysis in the visible wavelength ranges and single‐shot polarimetric imaging. This novel, NIL‐based, multilayered nanomanufacturing approach is applicable to the scalable production of large‐area functional structures for ultra‐compact optic, electronic, and quantum devices.
Electrochemical Leaching of Ni Dopants in IrRu Alloy Electrocatalyst Boosts Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Xie Yuhua , Feng Yumei , Pan Shuyuan , Bao Haifeng , Yu Yingjie , Luo Fang , Yang Zehui 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe commercialization of water‐splitting technology strongly relies on the stable and high‐performance electrocatalyst for hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER‐OER). In this work, the nickel dopants in IrRu alloyed electrocatalyst for acidic water splitting activity are investigated. The incorporation of nickel dopants induces more oxygen atoms coordinating with Ir/Ru facilitating the formation of *OOH species via nucleophilic attack by H2O. Additionally, a fast surface reconstruction is achieved due to the electrochemical dissolution of Ni dopants; as a result, more oxygen species are incorporated, evidenced by in situ Raman spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Therefore, the mass activity for Ni@IrRu is enhanced by threefold than commercial IrO2 in acidic OER catalysis. Moreover, the nickel dopants balance the hydrogen binding strength; as a result, only 609 mV overpotential is demanded to reach 1 A cm−2 in acidic HER catalysis. The polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) test indicates only 1.87 V is required to attain 2 A cm−2, 160 mV lower than Pt/C‐IrO2 revealing its potential application in PEMWE.
Insight into the Interface Design for Li Metal Anode: Organic‐Rich or Inorganic‐Rich
Authors: Wang Yijia , Hou Hongyu , Tantratian Karnpiwat , Goncharova Lyudmila V. , Fu Bolin , Jin Enzhong , Pirayesh Parham , Abdolvand Hamid , Pang Xin , Chen Lei , Cao Changhong , Zhao Yang 
Published: June 2024

AbstractMicrocracks and surface heterogeneity in solid‐electrolyte interphase (SEI) induced by repeated plating/stripping of lithium (Li) metal exacerbate SEI fracture propagation and dendrite growth, which lead to unsatisfactory Coulombic efficiency and limited cycle life of Li metal anode. In this study, the hybrid artificial interfaces with controlled organic–inorganic ratios are designed and deep insight into their impacts on the electro‐chemo‐mechanical properties is obtained. The organic–inorganic ratios in the hybrid interfaces influence the mechanical properties, lithiophilicity, and diffusion kinetics of the interfaces, which in turn affect the nucleation, early growth, and repeated deposition/dissolution behavior of Li. It is found that increasing the inorganic ratio in the hybrid interface can realize significantly enhanced electrochemical performances. This work answers a key question for hybrid interfaces: should organic‐rich or inorganic‐rich be preferred in the hybrid interface? It is believed that this work will guide the future design of hybrid interfaces for Li metal anode and open up opportunities for the realization of next‐generation Li metal batteries.
Perspectives on the Practicability of Li‐Rich NMC Layered Oxide Cathodes
Authors: Li Biao , Zhang Kun , Yang Yali , Zuo Yuxuan , Li Xiang , Xia Dingguo 
Published: June 2024

AbstractLi‐rich NMCs layered oxides, with the general formula of Li[LixNiyMnzCo1−x−y−z]O2, are known for their exceptionally high capacities but remain yet to be practicalized in the real world. They have attracted enormous research attention due to their complex structure and intriguing redox mechanisms, with a particular focus on anionic redox over the past decade. While fundamental understandings are fruitful, the practical considerations are emphasized here by providing perspectives on how Li‐rich NMCs are limited by practical roadblocks and guidelines on how to cope with these limitations. It is also demonstrated that, via a techno‐economic analysis, Li‐rich NMCs have material cost ($/kg) highly dependent on the lithium price, but still preserve the dominance of lower pack cost ($/kWh) than other cathode candidates principally owing to their larger material energy densities. In addition to their pure application in electric‐vehicle batteries, using them as “electrode additive” or “sacrificial agent” can further multiply their practicalities in assortment of scenarios, which is further discussed.
Epitaxial Growth of Large‐Area Monolayers and van der Waals Heterostructures of Transition‐Metal Chalcogenides via Assisted Nucleation
Authors: Rajan Akhil , Buchberger Sebastian , Edwards Brendan , Zivanovic Andela , Kushwaha Naina , Bigi Chiara , Nanao Yoshiko , Saika Bruno K. , Armitage Olivia R. , Wahl Peter , Couture Pierre , King Phil D. C. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThe transition‐metal chalcogenides include some of the most important and ubiquitous families of 2D materials. They host an exceptional variety of electronic and collective states, which can in principle be readily tuned by combining different compounds in van der Waals heterostructures. Achieving this, however, presents a significant materials challenge. The highest quality heterostructures are usually fabricated by stacking layers exfoliated from bulk crystals, which – while producing excellent prototype devices – is time consuming, cannot be easily scaled, and can lead to significant complications for materials stability and contamination. Growth via the ultra‐high vacuum deposition technique of molecular‐beam epitaxy (MBE) should be a premier route for 2D heterostructure fabrication, but efforts to achieve this are complicated by non‐uniform layer coverage, unfavorable growth morphologies, and the presence of significant rotational disorder of the grown epilayer. This work demonstrates a dramatic enhancement in the quality of MBE grown 2D materials by exploiting simultaneous deposition of a sacrificial species from an electron‐beam evaporator during the growth. This approach dramatically enhances the nucleation of the desired epi‐layer, in turn enabling the synthesis of large‐area, uniform monolayers with enhanced quasiparticle lifetimes, and facilitating the growth of epitaxial van der Waals heterostructures.
Eliminating Hole Extraction Barrier in 1D/3D Perovskite Heterojunction for Efficient and Stable Carbon‐Based CsPbI3 Solar Cells with a Record Efficiency
Authors: Lin Jiage , Huang Rong , Peng Xin , Zhang Jianxin , Zhang Guizhi , Wang Wenran , Pan Zhenxiao , Rao Huashang , Zhong Xinhua 
Published: June 2024

AbstractCarbon‐based perovskite solar cells (C‐PSCs) have the advantages of low‐cost and high‐stability, but their photovoltaic performance is limited by severe defect‐induced recombination and low hole extraction efficiency. 1D perovskite is proven to effectively passivate the defects on the perovskite surface, therefore reducing non‐radiative recombination loss. However, the unsuitable energy level of most 1D perovskite renders an undesired downward band bending for 3D perovskite, resulting in a high hole extraction barrier and reduced hole extraction efficiency. Therefore, rational design and selection of 1D perovskites as the modifiers are essential in balancing defect passivation and hole extraction. In this work, based on simulation calculations, thiocholine iodide (TchI) is selected to prepare 1D perovskite with high work function and then constructs TchPbI3/CsPbI3 1D/3D perovskite heterojunction. Experimental results show that this strategy eliminates the hole extraction barrier at the perovskite/carbon interface, which improves the hole extraction efficiency of corresponding devices. Meanwhile, the strong interaction between the thiol group and Pb suppresses defect‐induced recombination effectively and improves the stability of CsPbI3. The assembled C‐PSCs exhibit a champion efficiency of 19.08% and a certified efficiency of 18.7%. To the best of the knowledge, this is a new efficiency record for inorganic C‐PSCs.