bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly efficient multiplex PCR of noninvasive DNA does not require pre‐amplification
Authors: SKRBINŠEK TOMAŽ , JELENČIČ MAJA , WAITS LISETTE , KOS IVAN , TRONTELJ PETER 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAmong the key issues determining success of a study employing molecular genetics tools in wildlife monitoring or research is a large enough set of highly informative genetic markers and a reliable, cost effective method for their analysis. While optimized commercial genotyping kits have been developed for humans and domestic animals, such protocols are rare in wildlife research. We developed a highly optimized multiplex PCR that genotypes 12 microsatellite loci and a sex determination locus in brown bear (Ursus arctos) faecal samples in a single multiplex PCR and a single sequencer run. We used this protocol to genotype 1053 faecal samples of bears from the Dinaric population, and obtained useful genotypes for 88% of the samples, a very high success rate. The new protocol outperformed the multiplex pre‐amplification strategy used in a previous study of 473 faecal samples with a 78.4% success rate. On a subset of 182 samples we directly compared the performance of both approaches, and found no advantage of the multiplex pre‐amplification. While pre‐amplification protocols might still improve PCR success and reliability on a small fraction of low‐quality samples, the higher costs and workload do not justify their use when analysing reasonably fresh non‐invasive material. Moreover, the high number of multiplexed loci in the new protocol makes it comparable to commercially developed genotyping kits developed for domestic animals and humans.
Introduction to Cognition in Science and Technology
Authors: Gorman Michael E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCognitive studies of science and technology have had a long history of largely independent research projects that have appeared in multiple outlets, but rarely together. The emergence of a new International Society for Psychology of Science and Technology suggests that this is a good time to put some of the latest work in this area intotopiCSin a way that will both acquaint readers with the cutting edge in this domain and also give them a hint of its history. One core theme includes how scientists, inventors, and engineers represent and solve problems; another, related theme is the extent to which they distribute and share cognition. Methodologies include fine‐grained studies of historical records, protocols of working scientists, observations and comparisons of engineering science laboratories, and computational simulations designed both to serve as research tools and also to improve scientific problem‐solving. The series of articles will conclude with the Associate Editor’s suggestions for future research.
Risk axis: Implementation of structured clinical guidelines for the assessment and management of risk in psychiatry
Authors: Kumar Shailesh , Lutchman Raksha , Stewart Alistair W. , Burrett Vanessa M. , Gordon Breanne P. , Boer Douglas P. , Mellsop Graham W. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntroduction: Mental health clinicians routinely assess risk in three domains: suicide, violence and self neglect. While the published work on the assessment of these risks has increased, concerns are often expressed that assessment alone does not lead to management of the identified risk. Not all axes of multiaxial classificatory systems are used by clinicians to the same extent, despite their proven usefulness. It is possible that a dedicated axis for risk management as a part of a multiaxial classificatory system could align risk assessment with management and increase utility of multiaxial classificatory systems.Methods: Based on our earlier work we developed a comprehensive risk management axis (RMA), which was then further refined by conducting a pilot study and then used to collect data retrospectively from the case notes of 100 patients consecutively discharged from a general psychiatric ward.Results: Common association between risk factors and three risk domains were as follows. Violence: active symptoms of major mental illness, employment problems, and major mental illness; Suicide: history of abuse, clinically significant depressive symptoms, and alcohol and drug use; Self neglect: neglect of home, personal safety, noncompliance with treatment, male gender, and low income. We also investigated whether the presence of a particular risk factor acted as a barrier or prompt for clinicians to address management factors in the RMA.Discussion: It is possible to assess risk across the three domains and to derive management plans by using the proposed RMA. Minimal clinical background is necessary for collecting data retrospectively. It should be possible to apply this axis prospectively.
Preliminary study of stress in undergraduate nursing students in Singapore
Authors: Lim Chi Ching , Chua Tse Lert , Creedy Debra K. , Chan Moon Fai 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntroduction: Stress experienced by nursing students may adversely affect academic achievement, personal wellbeing and long‐term professional capabilities. The current study is the first to report levels and sources of stress among Singaporean students undertaking a pre‐registration baccalaureate nursing degree.Methods: An exploratory survey was conducted with students from all three year levels (n=112, 65% response rate) using the Stress in Nursing Students (SINS) scale. Use of this tool also enabled a regional comparison of results with published data from a nursing cohort in Hong Kong. Perceptions of support were measured using the Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS). It was hypothesized that students with higher levels of social support would report less stress.Results: In comparison to other year levels, Year 3 students reported higher levels of overall, clinical, and financial stress. There were statistical differences between Year 3 and Year 1 students in relation to clinical and financial stressors, but not with Year 2, nor were relationships found across year of study and confidence and education subscales. Level of stress was lower compared to Hong Kong nursing students. There were statistically significant differences on stress associated with clinical (P<0.01) and confidence (P<0.001) domains between datasets, but no differences on subscale scores for education and financial stressors. Social support was not statistically associated with stress.Discussion: Student stress increased throughout the program and was not mediated by social support. Awareness of types and progression of stress can inform professional development activities to bolster coping, and minimize adverse psychological, academic and professional consequences.
Clinical characteristics and patterns of referral to a primary mental health team: A retrospective study
Authors: Jespersen Sean , Chong Terence , Gray Kelly , Carrin Deborah , Morton Laura , Robinson Timothy , Inglis Sandra 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntroduction: The Primary Mental Health Team (PMHT) initiative in Victoria began almost 10 years ago, but there has been little evaluation of this important strategy to improve integration between mental health services and primary care. The present study investigated the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients referred to a PMHT in order to guide development of the service and better meet the needs of primary care providers and their patients.Methods: The referral forms (n=153) and assessment records (n=89) of patients referred consecutively to a PMHT over a 12‐month period were investigated in a retrospective file review.Results: Most referrals were from general practitioners requesting consultations. Sixty‐five percent of patients were female, 41% were not in a relationship and 47% were unemployed. Fewer children and elderly people were referred. Illnesses tended to be chronic with multiple symptoms, and in half of those referred there had been a poor response to treatment in primary care. Many were victims of abuse and used substances. Medical illnesses were often present and levels of psychosocial stress and functional impairment were high. Referrers appeared to overestimate risk, over diagnose depression, and under diagnose personality disorders and mixed anxiety and depression. Psychotherapy was the most common recommendation made by the PMHT.Discussion: In spite of the limitations of this study the findings are a useful description of the PMHT experience. The review enabled the team to describe and better understand the needs of primary care providers and their patients, and had a significant impact on the subsequent development and expansion of the PMHT.
China–Australia–Hong Kong tripartite community mental health training program
Authors: Ng Chee Hong , Ma Hong , Yu Xin , Chiu Helen , Fraser Julia , Chan Sandra , Chiu Edmond , Jia Fu Jun 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe present paper describes the unique mental health training cooperation between two countries involving three training sites to facilitate the improvement of mental health care and service delivery in China. The priority is to build workforce capacity to deliver appropriate mental health care and rehabilitation in the community. In response to this challenge, a training program was collaboratively planned between partners in both countries to provide a comprehensive training program for multiskilled case workers for mainland China. The development and key activities of the training and exchange program correspond to a diverse range of training programs across multiple levels of staff and sectors. The tripartite training program represents a unique, large scale training program that has contributed significantly to developing one of the largest global national mental health program of reform and building a national community mental health service system for China. Over their many years of cooperation, the Australian and Chinese partners have developed a model for successful collaboration, one based on mutual respect, exchange of expertise and a deep appreciation of cultural difference and its influences on broad aspects of health system development.
How Thailand has modified the section on mental disorders in the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD‐10)*
Authors: Udomratn Pichet 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIntroduction: In 2000, the Thai Ministry of Public Health appointed a taskforce to revise the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Relate Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD‐10) to make it more suitable for use in Thailand: the ICD‐10 Thai Modification (ICD‐10 TM).Methods: The Royal College of Psychiatrists of Thailand appointed psychiatrists from various hospitals to form a working group on this matter. The ICD‐10 Australian Modification was used as an example and the ICD‐10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research was used as a reference book.Results: The fourth and fifth characters added are the major modifications of the ICD‐10 TM for the typing of an emotionally unstable personality disorder and treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. However, we could not add any specific codes for patients dependent on amphetamine‐type stimulant drugs.Discussion: The ICD‐10 TM has now been widely used throughout the country since 2003, with informal feedback suggesting that it is useful. Further research needs to be conducted into its impact on clinical care in Thailand.
Evaluation of Snow Albedo in Land Models for Weather and Climate Studies
Authors: Wang Zhuo , Zeng Xubin 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Snow albedo plays an important role in land models for weather, climate, and hydrometeorological studies, but its treatment in various land models still contains significant deficiencies. Complementary to previous studies that evaluated the snow albedo as part of an overall land model study, the snow albedo formulations as used in four major weather forecasting and climate models [European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) “Noah” land model, National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model (CLM3), and NCEP global model] were directly evaluated here using multiyear Boreal Ecosystem–Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) in situ data over grass and forest sites. First, four idealized cases over grass and forest sites were designed to understand better the different albedo formulations in these models. Then the BOREAS data were used to evaluate snow albedo and relevant formulations and to identify deficiencies of each model. Based on these analyses, suggestions that involve only minor changes in parameters or formulations were made to significantly reduce these deficiencies of each model. For the ECMWF land model, using the square root of snow water equivalent (SWE), rather than SWE itself, in the computation of snow fraction would significantly reduce the underestimation of albedo over grass. For the NCEP Noah land model, reducing (increasing) the critical SWE for full snow cover over short (tall) vegetation would reduce the underestimate (overestimate) of snow albedo over the grass (forest) site. For the NCAR CLM3, revising the coefficient used in the ground snow-fraction computation would substantially reduce the albedo underestimation over grass. For the albedo formulations in the NCEP global model, replacing the globally constant fresh snow albedo by the vegetation-type-dependent Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) maximum snow albedo would significantly improve the overestimation of model albedo over forest.
Dynamical Feedbacks and the Persistence of the NAO
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The persistence of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is studied using observations of the three-dimensional vorticity budget in the Atlantic sector. Analysis of the relative vorticity tendency equation shows that convergence of eddy vorticity flux in the upper troposphere counteracts the effect of anomalous large-scale divergence at the upper level. At low levels, the convergence associated with this large-scale vertical circulation cell maintains the relative vorticity anomaly against frictional drag. The eddy vorticity flux convergence thus acts to sustain the vorticity anomaly associated with the NAO against drag and increases the persistence of the NAO vorticity anomaly. The adiabatic cooling associated with the rising motion in the vorticity maximum sustains the thermal structure of the NAO anomaly, enhancing the baroclinicity, and thus eddy generation. This constitutes a positive eddy feedback that helps maintain the NAO. The positive eddy feedback occurs only in the midlatitude region and is strongest during the negative phase of the NAO when the Atlantic jet is displaced toward the equator, with a high pressure anomaly to the north and a low pressure anomaly to the south. The stronger feedback demonstrated during the negative phase is consistent with the greater persistence observed for this phase of the NAO. The positive feedback appears to be associated with anomalous northward eddy propagation away from the jet.
Cloud-Resolving Simulation of Low-Cloud Feedback to an Increase in Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Xu Kuan-Man , Cheng Anning , Zhang Minghua 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This study investigates the physical mechanisms of the low cloud feedback through cloud-resolving simulations of cloud-radiative equilibrium response to an increase in sea surface temperature (SST). Six pairs of perturbed and control simulations are performed to represent different regimes of low clouds in the subtropical region by specifying SST differences (ΔSST) in the range of 4 and 14 K between the warm tropical and cool subtropical regions. The SST is uniformly increased by 2 K in the perturbed set of simulations. Equilibrium states are characterized by cumulus and stratocumulus cloud regimes with variable thicknesses and vertical extents for the range of specified ΔSSTs, with the perturbed set of simulations having higher cloud bases and tops and larger geometric thicknesses. The cloud feedback effect is negative for this ΔSST range (−0.68 to −5.22 W m−2 K−1) while the clear-sky feedback effect is mostly negative (−1.45 to 0.35 W m−2 K−1). The clear-sky feedback effect contributes greatly to the climate sensitivity parameter for the cumulus cloud regime whereas the cloud feedback effect dominates for the stratocumulus regime. The increase of liquid water path (LWP) and cloud optical depth is related to the increase of cloud thickness and liquid water content with SST. The rates of change in surface latent heat flux are much higher than those of saturation water vapor pressure in the cumulus simulations. The increase in surface latent heat flux is the primary mechanism for the large change of cloud physical properties with +2 K SST, which leads to the negative cloud feedback effects. The changes in cloud fraction also contribute to the negative cloud feedback effects in the cumulus regime. Comparison of these results with prior modeling studies is also discussed.
U.K. HiGEM: Simulations of Desert Dust and Biomass Burning Aerosols with a High-Resolution Atmospheric GCM
Authors: Woodage M. J. , Slingo A. , Woodward S. , Comer R. E. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The atmospheric component of the United Kingdom’s new High-resolution Global Environmental Model (HiGEM) has been run with interactive aerosol schemes that include biomass burning and mineral dust. Dust emission, transport, and deposition are parameterized within the model using six particle size divisions, which are treated independently. The biomass is modeled in three nonindependent modes, and emissions are prescribed from an external dataset. The model is shown to produce realistic horizontal and vertical distributions of these aerosols for each season when compared with available satellite- and ground-based observations and with other models. Combined aerosol optical depths off the coast of North Africa exceed 0.5 both in boreal winter, when biomass is the main contributor, and also in summer, when the dust dominates. The model is capable of resolving smaller-scale features, such as dust storms emanating from the Bodélé and Saharan regions of North Africa and the wintertime Bodélé low-level jet. This is illustrated by February and July case studies, in which the diurnal cycles of model variables in relation to dust emission and transport are examined. The top-of-atmosphere annual mean radiative forcing of the dust is calculated and found to be globally quite small but locally very large, exceeding 20 W m−2 over the Sahara, where inclusion of dust aerosol is shown to improve the model radiative balance. This work extends previous aerosol studies by combining complexity with increased global resolution and represents a step toward the next generation of models to investigate aerosol–climate interactions.
Indian Ocean Dipole Response to Global Warming: Analysis of Ocean–Atmospheric Feedbacks in a Coupled Model*
Authors: Zheng Xiao-Tong , Xie Shang-Ping , Vecchi Gabriel A. , Liu Qinyu , Hafner Jan 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Low-frequency modulation and change under global warming of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) mode are investigated with a pair of multicentury integrations of a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model: one under constant climate forcing and one forced by increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In the unforced simulation, there is significant decadal and multidecadal modulation of the IOD variance. The mean thermocline depth in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean (EEIO) is important for the slow modulation, skewness, and ENSO correlation of the IOD. With a shoaling (deepening) of the EEIO thermocline, the thermocline feedback strengthens, and this leads to an increase in IOD variance, a reduction of the negative skewness of the IOD, and a weakening of the IOD–ENSO correlation.
In response to increasing greenhouse gases, a weakening of the Walker circulation leads to easterly wind anomalies in the equatorial Indian Ocean; the oceanic response to weakened circulation is a thermocline shoaling in the EEIO. Under greenhouse forcing, the thermocline feedback intensifies, but surprisingly IOD variance does not. The zonal wind anomalies associated with IOD are found to weaken, likely due to increased static stability of the troposphere from global warming. Linear model experiments confirm this stability effect to reduce circulation response to a sea surface temperature dipole. The opposing changes in thermocline and atmospheric feedbacks result in little change in IOD variance, but the shoaling thermocline weakens IOD skewness. Little change under global warming in IOD variance in the model suggests that the apparent intensification of IOD activity during recent decades is likely part of natural, chaotic modulation of the ocean–atmosphere system or the response to nongreenhouse gas radiative changes.
A Parsimonious Stochastic Water Reservoir: Schreiber’s 1904 Equation
Authors: Fraedrich Klaus 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
A parsimonious model is presented, leading to Schreiber’s aridity–runoff relation as equilibrium solution of the rainfall–runoff chain. The chain commences with a fast stochastic water reservoir of small capacity, representing interception and wetted ground in short time intervals. It feeds a slow (almost stationary) soil moisture reservoir of large capacity, balancing its runoff after long-term averaging. Parameterizing the fast reservoir’s capacity by the water equivalent of net radiation available for evaporation leads to a biased coin-flip surrogate for its “full” or “empty” states when rainfall is larger or smaller than the capacity. Rainfall surplus from the fast reservoir’s full state feeds the slow (almost stationary) soil moisture reservoir; with the residual evaporating the fast reservoir starts anew as empty. Rainfall below capacity evaporates completely and, leaving the energy surplus for sensible heat, the fast reservoir also starts anew as empty. Employing coin-flip occurrence probabilities from exponentially distributed precipitation yields Schreiber’s formula.
Characteristics of Mesoscale Eddies in the Kuroshio–Oyashio Extension Region Detected from the Distribution of the Sea Surface Height Anomaly
Authors: Itoh Sachihiko , Yasuda Ichiro 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
This study investigates the distribution of the sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) with the aim of quantifying the characteristics of mesoscale eddies in the Kuroshio–Oyashio extension region (KOER), where intense mesoscale eddies are commonly observed during hydrographic surveys. Dense distributions of both anticyclonic eddies (AEs) and cyclonic eddies (CEs) are detected for the first time in KOER with sufficient temporal and spatial coverage, using the Okubo–Weiss parameter without smoothing. Their contribution to the total SSHA variance is estimated to be about 50%. The zones of highest amplitudes are located north and south of the axis of the Kuroshio Extension (KE) for AEs and CEs, which represent warm-core and cold-core rings, respectively; the areas extend poleward along the Japan and Kuril–Kamchatka Trenches, especially for AEs. Eddies of both polarities and with moderate amplitudes are also recognized along the Subarctic Front (SAF). Eddies in areas north and south of the KE generally propagate westward, at a mean rate of 1–5 cm s−1; those along the trenches south of 46°N and along the SAF propagate poleward at mean rates of 1–2 and 0.5–1 cm s−1, respectively. Because of the asymmetric distribution of the AEs and CEs in the areas north and south of the KE, and the asymmetric amplitude of them along the Japan and Kuril–Kamchatka Trenches, there exist significant eddy fluxes of vorticity, heat, and salinity in these areas.