bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Government by Contract
Authors: Collins Hugh 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the regulation of contracts used by governments for the delivery of public services. Although these contracts provoke many of the distributive issues already considered, such as relations of domination, unfairness, and poor quality, they also present particular difficulties for adequate self-regulation by parties. The chapter addresses the question of what kind of legal regulation can best assist governments in the use of markets to deliver services to the public.
Introduction: Alternatives to the Democratic Polis
Authors: BROCK ROGER , HODKINSON STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief background of the organization of the Leeds–Manchester Greek History Research Seminar, which sought ‘to give the variety and plurality their due by examining alternatives (theoretical and actual) to the polis and/or to democracy in archaic, classical, and early hellenistic Greece’. In short, the goal was to provide a counterbalance to the then current democracy celebrations, to redirect attention to the range of political systems and communities beyond that of the democratic polis, and particularly Athenian dēmokratia, and to encourage a more rounded analysis of Greek political life. The chapter then discusses how Athens was unrepresentative of ancient Greek poleis, the range of constitutions found in classical Greece, and various kinds of communities in Greek antiquity of which the polis was only one form, and amphiktyonies and confederacies.
Theognis: An Alternative to Democracy
Authors: FOX ROBIN LANE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Many Greek alternatives to democracy have been discussed, from confederacy to monarchy, but none has considered trampling it underfoot. Trampling, however, is the recommended treatment for the ‘empty-headed dēmos’ in verses ascribed to the poet Theognis (847-50). Trample on them, poke them with a sharp goad, burden them with a heavy yoke, and in the Theognidean view, you will never find a ‘dēemos’ so fond of its master. This chapter addresses two questions: was the author of this poetry voicing an ‘alternative to democracy’ and, if not to democracy, to what? Secondly, did his poetry live on and contribute to such an alternative anywhere after his lifetime? The second question is one of reception, but there is a time and place in which there is evidence to make it worth asking.
Exchange and Stasis in Archaic Mytilene
Authors: SPENCER NIGEL 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The papers presented in the Leeds–Manchester seminar series, which constitute the chapters of this volume, are an indication of the increasing debate in recent years concerning the plurality of constitutional forms in ancient Greece. Scholars have signalled a growing awareness that in certain regions developed social and political systems which might have fundamentally differed from one another, with the discussions trying to assess what these differences might have meant in terms of an area's settlement and society. This chapter also focuses upon this theme of variation in state-forms, but does so on a scale different from many other studies, comparing not simply states from different regions, but also neighbouring ones within the same region. In the same way that few people now would assume that a polis (or indeed an ethnos) in one region of Greece was necessarily like another elsewhere, it is proposed that no such assumption should be made simply because the geographical scale is smaller and one is dealing with independent polities which shared borders, in this case within a single island, Lesbos in the north-east Aegean. Using archaeology as well as historical sources, the chapter suggests that one polis in the island (Mytilene) actually seems to have differed fundamentally from the others, and goes on to suggest why this might have been the case.
Oligarchs in Athens
Authors: RHODES P. J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter looks for oligarchs, and more generally for opponents of democracy, in Athens; to see who they were, what opinions and objectives they held, and why. It begins with men better described as ur-oligarchs, those who were active before the concepts of democracy and oligarchy were formulated in the first half of the 5th century, but who were on the side of the upper class and were opposed to developments which would be detrimental to their power and position.
Life on the Waterfront
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the Customs House along with the Excise Office, the Bank of England, and the Stock Exchange Building lay at the heart of the state's fiscal success. The London Custom House was designed by Christopher Wren and built of brick and stone. It had two stout Tuscan wings designed by Thomas Ripley, while large ionic columns supported its upper storey and overwhelmed its surroundings. Beneath each side was the belly, consisting of large warehouses for the reception of goods, and entrances that led through into the narrow, damp, malodorous streets on the north side. The whole edifice extended 189 feet along the riverfront.
Measurement, Instrumentation, and Alcohol Standards
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the economic implications and impact of the hydrometer can only be understood by examining the work that went into making it robust and trusted. The focus is on the impact of gauging by this instrument on the constitution and production of spirits. The story of the development and adoption of the hydrometer by the Board of Excise reveals that instruments designed for economic purposes are not unproblematic and need to be considered along with traditional factors such as the profundity of political debates, government policies, the actions of interest groups, and the pattern of social relations when accounting for social, economic, or technological change.
Revenue, Metrology, and Casks
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines issues relating to metrology and the state. A uniform system of taxation meant accounting for foreign and domestic customary variations in weights, measures, and containers. As a result, the state's revenue activities gradually impinged upon the diversity of British and colonial metrological practices and containers/packaging, as it tried to recast such things to aid its own activities. Measurement was not the primary issue, rather, it was the fact that it was a state-defined version — increasingly alienated from the object being gauged — being implemented over local versions that really rattled dispersed communities. The state, after all, was hardly the most trusted agglomeration of institutions. Everyday folk may have been suspicious of state approaches to quantification, but they themselves lived by their own version, dominated by a local notion of a ‘just measure’.
Revenue, ‘Old Corruption’, and Manufacturing Interests
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that huge administrative expansion and the costs of the Napoleonic Wars had pumped the fiscal-military state to the point of bursting. The public was angry and no longer willing to shoulder the burden through taxation. This was coupled with the perception that much of the revenue was being squandered and that they were powerless to rectify the situation because they wielded no power. People from diverse backgrounds began expressing their concerns, which had far-reaching political, economic, and institutional implications.
Dormant Capabilities, Complex Organizations, and Renewal
Authors: Baden-Fuller Charles , Volberda Henk W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter uses case studies carried out over significant time periods to explore the process of competence building capable of supporting major change in large, complex, diversified organizations. Analysis of multiple units, multiple levels, and historic patterns within four firms showed that change and renewal in large corporations is possible and that managers often have considerable — though sometimes unrecognized — latitude for choice. This chapter introduces the concept of dormant capabilities that are available to business managers to regenerate old competences, to build new ones, and to overcome existing core rigidities. Temporally dormant capabilities are the result of organizational competences that were created previously but were rejected or ‘retired’ by the organization at some time in the past. The concept of organizationally separated capabilities that can be ‘imported’ (at least in part) from other units in a large firm is also considered. This chapter explains the concepts of core competences, core rigidities, and organizational change in complex organizations.
A Pragmatic Analysis of the Role of Management Systems in Organizational Learning
Authors: Lorino Philippe 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a pragmatic analysis of the role of management and control systems in organizational learning based on the case of a French computer company. The analysis starts with two premises: the capacity of an organization to learn is somehow related to the learning capacity of the individuals who belong to it, and any organization produces many kinds of formal representations of its own organizational action (action processes, objectives, results, and resources) in the form of explicit and supposedly shared mental models. Those formal representations include management systems for financial and management accounting, budgeting and planning, performance scorecards, investment and project management, task definition and so on. In particular, this chapter illustrates the interaction between formal management systems and individual mental schemes, viewed from a management perspective of interpreting organizational action as value-creating action. A pragmatic, interpretive, and instrumental theory of organizational learning is described and Charles S. Peirce's theory of triadic interpretation is used to represent the collective learning process as a constant interaction between formal representations and individual interpretation processes.
Eupolis, Poet of Old Comedy
Authors: Storey Ian C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Eupolis (fl. 429–411 BC) was one of the best-attested of Aristophanes' rivals, and a major figure in the history of Athenian comedy. No complete work by this lost master has survived, but of his fourteen plays we have 500 fragments. These include 120 lines of his best-known comedy, Demoi (The Demes), which were discovered and published in 1911. Even in fragmentary form, Eupolis' plays shed interesting light on the whole range of issues — political, poetic, and dramatic — that make Aristophanes so perennially fascinating. This book provides a new annotated translation of all the remaining fragments, as well as a separate chapter on each lost play. It discusses Eupolis' career, redates the plays, examines how Eupolis was known in the ancient world, explores his relationship with Aristophanes (as both rival and collaborator), and delineates the distinct nature of the comedy that this prizewinning poet created.
The Comedies of Eupolis
Authors: Storey Ian C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses several comedies created by Eupolis and provides necessary details about those comedies. It begins by examining the dates when Eupolis accomplished some of his literary works. It then discusses that a chorus of Goats is part of the familiar tradition of animal choruses in Old Comedy. It examines the structure and content of this chorus. It evaluates the possible similarities between Aiges and Clouds. It also discusses what Eupolis' plays are all about and tries to give dates when these literary works were created. It discusses that a fragment of Eupolis' work may be about an anti-war comedy. It gives a discussion of the Autolykos — another comedy of Eupolis — and its two versions. It argues that the word Baptai, found only in reference to the chorus and title of the play, was created by Eupolis for this play. It also provides discussions on what the play is all about and the date it was created. It examines several literary fragments and concludes that it belongs to Demoi. It provides a tentative reconstruction of Demoi. It notes that Heilotes was probably Eupolis' first comedy but presents an argument that this comedy may not be his.
8 Miscellaneous Contemporaries
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews other persons who appear in Gellius's work. The first is Peregrinus Proteus, a Cynic philosopher who railed against Herodes and whom others regarded as a charlatan; Gellius offers no hint of either fact, but presents him as a preacher of sound morality. There are two anonymous poets (one of whom may be Apuleius) and two named: the learned Julius Paulus and the author of light verse Annianus. Gellius is shown a Vergilian manuscript, allegedly autograph, by the grammarian Fidus Optatus, and finds fault with another, Aelius Melissus; the bad-tempered Domitius Insanus rebukes Favorinus for asking him about a Latin word. In addition, Gellius indulges in some name-dropping of public persons so as to bask in reflected glory.
9 Scholarly Reading
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gellius is acquainted with Greek scholarship, particularly on Homer, but pays it far less attention than he does Latin. In particular, he makes considerable use of Marcus Terentius Varro and Nigidius Figulus, who both flourished in the mid-first century BC; he is rather less impressed with later grammarians, more than once rejecting the opinions of Verrius Flaccus, with the marked exception of Marcus Valerius Probus, whose written works he knew and whose opinions were reported to him by his elders; Gellius never disagrees with him (as he sometimes does even with Varro), though he may deny the authenticity of a report. He also makes use of Pliny the Elder (not without sometimes unfair disparagement) and Suetonius.
11 Roman Orators and Poets
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers Gellius as a critic of Latin literature. He reviews the ascription of comedies to Plautus, but gives more attention to comparative reading: Gaius Gracchus is found wanting beside Cicero and Cato the Elder; Roman imitations of Greek are judged rather as exercises in translation than as creative literature. However, not only Cato and Cicero but also Vergil are vigorously defended against criticism; but unlike rhetoricians, Gellius is less interested in Cicero's courtroom tactics than in his mastery of language, and, unlike Fronto, he takes little notice of the letters. Vergil apart, he ignores Imperial literature, but finds much to praise in Republican orators and poets, not least love-poets, though his critical vocabulary (when he offers reasons) is restricted. He insists that archaisms should be admitted only if comprehensible.
12 Greek: Language, Poets, Orators
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gellius freely admits Greek words, phrases, and quotations to his text, but generally in relation to Latin. He has much to say about translation from Greek into Latin, and the limits to its possibility; he also sometimes employs unacknowledged calques of Greek words. A survey of his reading demonstrates the expected knowledge of Homer, and direct acquaintance with Aristophanes' Frogs, Menander's Plocion, Aeschines' In Timarchum, and Demosthenes' De corona; he is also the first author to quote any of the Anacreontea. Knowledge of other poems and speeches may be second-hand. The chapter compares Gellius's Greek reading and interests with those of Fronto, Marcus Aurelius, and Apuleius.
13 History
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter finds Antonine Latin culture uninterested in serious history, preferring piquant or improving anecdotes. Gellius follows suit, but has a love of facts; an interest in historiography is harder to substantiate. He knows certain passages of Herodotus, who was in fashion, and once quotes Thucydides; amongst Roman historians the most frequently cited is Claudius Quadrigarius, followed by Cato the Elder and Sallust. The basis of valuation is style; in accordance with Antonine taste, neither Livy nor any subsequent historian is ever mentioned. Gellius takes an interest in chronology, presenting a list of Graeco-Roman synchronisms down to the Second Punic War. Writing apolitically about politics, he admires great men for their words and deeds, but has no concern for their principles.
15 Other Sciences: Rhetoric, Law, Medicine
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Gellius takes an interest in real and potential controversiae, and in the fallacies exploited by rhetors; he cites Cicero's mature works on rhetoric, but neither his nor any other author's handbook. Despite being a judge, he is less concerned with the law of his own day than with that of the past; he names only one living jurist (Sextus Caecilius Africanus, not the most eminent) and most frequently cites the long-dead Masurius Sabinus. Writing at a time of heightened attention to health, Gellius offers some medical precepts, has read books on medicine, and takes an interest in physiology; several chapters have a sick-visit for their setting.
Freedom of Expression as a Human Right
Authors: ALEXANDER LARRY 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses views regarding freedom of expression. It determines the scope of freedom of expression, and discusses freedom of expression on Track Two. It explains that the Track Two analysis is a violation of the First Amendment. The chapter also discusses the regulator's purpose in regulating conduct, including within freedom of expression all conduct that is restricted for the purpose of affecting the messages that audiences receive. It investigates the ways in which the messages in content regulations directly cause harm. It provides a brief discussion of Track Three: the government speech and subsidies of approved expression. It presents a footnote on private regulation of speech and freedom of expression, and examines the philosophical foundations of freedom of expression that are liberalism, epistemic abstention, and rule-consequentialism. The chapter adds a topic regarding the governmental fallibility, democracy, and the right to speak the truth.
Human Rights, the Rule of Law, and American Constitutionalism
Authors: WEST ROBIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents a different understanding of the rule of law, one which is also well within the traditions of liberalism and American constitutionalism, but which is considerably less hostile to the broad understanding of positive rights at the heart of international human rights discourse. It examines the role of law in Thomas Hobbes's Leviathan. It discusses that Paine argued for a vision of law and constitutionalism that would enhance, rather than limit, both the democratic underpinning and the reach of political states. It concludes that neither liberal theory itself, nor the idea of American constitutionalism, at least as articulated by one of the fathers of liberalism and one of the most important American patriots, lend support to the view of the rule of law and of rights that constitute it, which has alienated the American community from the expansive conception of rights at the heart of public international law.
The HIPE Theory of Function
Authors: BARSALOU LAWRENCE , SLOMAN STEVEN , CHAIGNEAU SERGIO 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter proposes that function is a complex relational concept that draws on many conceptual domains for its content. According to the HIPE theory, these domains include History, Intentional perspective, the Physical environment, and Event sequences. The function of a particular entity does not have a single sense. Instead many different senses can be constructed that depend on the conceptualizer's current goal, setting, and personal history. On a given occasion, relevant knowledge is assembled across conceptual domains to construct a relevant sense, represented as a mental simulation and structured by a causal chain.
Is it in or is it on? The Influence of Geometry and Location Control on Children’s Descriptions of Containment and Support Events
Authors: RICHARDS LYNN , COVENTRY KENNY 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Spatial language comprehension and production is affected not only by where objects are positioned in space but also by what those objects are and how they are interacting with each other over time. This chapter examines children's production of spatial expressions to describe scenes involving containment and support events which manipulate both the relative positions of objects in those scenes and the dynamics in the scenes. The latter manipulation was a test of whether children's production spatial expressions is influenced by what has been termed location control. The chapter shows that even the youngest age group of children (from 3–4) modified the spatial expressions they produced in response to the presence or absence of location control in the scenes described.
Attention in Spatial Language: Bridging Geometry and Function
Authors: TERRY REGIER , LAURA CARLSON , BRYCE CORRIGAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that spatial language is determined in part by attentional deployment over objects. This attentional deployment may be driven by both geometry and habitual object function. Thus, geometric and functional influences in spatial language, while separate in origin, may act through the same psychological mechanism: attention. This argument is made concrete through a computational model of projective spatial terms — the Attentional Vector Sum (AVS) model. The chapter begins by reviewing the success of this model in accounting for some purely geometric aspects of spatial language, in terms of attention. It then presents a natural extension to the model, one that allows an influence of object function on attentional deployment, and thus on predicted spatial language use. It shows that this extended version of the model can account for data that indicate an influence of object function on spatial language. These results suggest that attention may serve as a unifying level of description in spatial language, bridging geometry and function.
Infants’ Attention to and Use of Functional Properties in Categorization
Authors: MADOLE KELLY , OAKES LISA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the development of infants' attention to object function and how function is used by infants in categorizing objects. It proposes a developmental progression wherein infants attend first to the structural properties of objects, then to both structural and functional properties, and finally to the correlation between structural and functional properties. Data is presented showing that infants are capable of categorizing objects based on structural properties prior to categorizing based on functional properties, and that infants treat functional properties of objects as more central to category membership than structural properties. Finally, the chapter reviews findings that infants' attention to structure-function correlations is initially ‘atheoretical’ and only later conforms to the kinds correlations found in the real world. The ages at which any changes are observed will depend on how categorization is assessed and the kinds of objects that infants are categorizing.