bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Size and Shape of Austenite Grains on the Mechanical Properties of a Low‐Alloyed TRIP Steel
Authors: Davut Kemal , Zaefferer Stefan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effects of size and shape of austenite grains on the extraordinary hardening of steels with transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) have been studied. The deformation and transformation of austenite was followed by interrupted ex situ bending tests using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A finite element model (FEM) was used to relate the EBSD based results obtained in the bending experiments to the hardening behavior obtained from tensile experiments. The results are interpreted using a simple rule of mixture for stress partitioning and a short fiber reinforced composite model. It is found that both, the martensite transformation rate and the flow stress difference between austenite and martensite significantly influence the hardening rate. At the initial stage of deformation mainly larger grains deform, however, they do not reach the same strain level as the smaller grains because they transform into martensite at an early stage of deformation. A composite model was used to investigate the effect of grain shape on load partitioning. The results of the composite model show that higher stresses develop in more elongated grains. These grains tend to transform earlier as it is confirmed by the EBSD observations.
A Novel Zinc(II)‐Organic Coordination Framework Involving in situ Tetrazole Ligand Synthesis: Crystal Structure and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Sun Lin , Li Gui‐Zhu , Xu Mei‐Hua , Li Xiao‐Jian , Li Jian‐Rong , Deng Hong 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe compound [Zn(5‐(2‐M)ET)2]n (1) [5‐(2‐M)ET = 5‐(2‐methoxyl)ethyltetrazole] was obtained by reaction of ZnSO4, sodium azide, and 3‐methoxyl propionitrile via an in situ [2+3] cycloaddition under hydrothermal conditions. It was characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Compound 1 is a 3D coordination framework with diamond‐like topology that is built up by infinite helical chains, which are interconnected by tetrazole groups.
Cage Compounds of Phosphorus and the Heavier Group 14 Elements
Authors: Almstätter Stefan , Eberl Miriam , Balázs Gábor , Bodensteiner Michael , Scheer Manfred 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Sn/P cage compounds [Sn10(tBuP)4] (1) and [Sn10(tBuP)7Cl4] (2) were obtained by the reaction of LitBuPH with SnBr2 and SnCl2, respectively. Theoretical calculations confirm that the tin atoms in 2 feature different formal oxidation states. The reaction of PbCl2 with LitBuPH and LiPHSiiPr3 yields the Pb/P cage compounds [Pb7(tBuP)7] (3) and [Pb6(PSiiPr3)6] (4), respectively, that represent new derivatives of known polyhedrons of this class of compounds. The new products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis and partially by MS and MAS‐NMR spectroscopy.
Participation of Surgical Residents in Operations: Challenging a Common Classification
Authors: Bezemer Jeff , Cope Alexandra , Faiz Omar , Kneebone Roger 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackgroundOne important form of surgical training for residents is their participation in actual operations, for instance as an assistant or supervised surgeon. The aim of this study was to explore what participation in operations entails and how it might be described and analyzed.MethodsA qualitative study was undertaken in a major teaching hospital in London. A total of 122 general surgical operations were observed. A subsample of 14 laparoscopic cholecystectomies involving one or more residents was analyzed in detail. Audio and video recordings of eight operations were transcribed and analyzed linguistically.ResultsThe degree of participation of trainees frequently shifted as the operation progressed to the next stage. Participation also varied within each stage. When trainees operated under supervision, the supervisors constantly adjusted their degree of control over the resident’s operative maneuvers.ConclusionsClassifications such as “assistant” and “supervised surgeon” describing a trainee’s overall participation in an operation potentially misrepresent the varying involvement of resident and supervisor. Video recordings provide a useful alternative for documenting and analyzing actual participation in operations.
Can pollution bias peatland paleoclimate reconstruction?
Authors: Payne Richard J. , Mitchell Edward A.D. , Nguyen-Viet Hung , Gilbert Daniel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractPeatland testate amoebae are widely used to reconstruct paleohydrological/climatic changes, but many species are also known to respond to pollutants. Peatlands around the world have been exposed to anthropogenic and intermittent natural pollution through the late Holocene. This raises the question: can pollution lead to changes in the testate amoeba paleoecological record that could be erroneously interpreted as a climatic change? To address this issue we applied testate amoeba transfer functions to the results of experiments adding pollutants (N, P, S, Pb, O3) to peatlands and similar ecosystems. We found a significant effect in only one case, an experiment in which N and P were added, suggesting that pollution-induced biases are limited. However, we caution researchers to be aware of this possibility when interpreting paleoecological records. Studies characterising the paleoecological response to pollution allow pollution impacts to be tracked and distinguished from climate change.
A randomised study on the effects of fish protein supplement on glucose tolerance, lipids and body composition in overweight adults
Authors: Vikøren Linn A. , Nygård Ottar K. , Lied Einar , Rostrup Espen , Gudbrandsen Oddrun A. 
Published: May 2012

The popularity of high-protein diets for weight reduction is immense. However, the potential benefits from altering the source of dietary protein rather than the amount is scarcely investigated. In the present study, we examined the effects of fish protein supplement on glucose and lipid metabolism in overweight adults. A total of thirty-four overweight adults were randomised to 8 weeks' supplementation with fish protein or placebo tablets (controls). The intake of fish protein supplement was 3 g/d for the first 4 weeks and 6 g/d for the last 4 weeks. In this study, 8 weeks of fish protein supplementation resulted in lower values of fasting glucose (P< 0·05), 2 h postprandial glucose (P< 0·05) and glucose-area under the curve (AUC) (five measurements over 2 h, P< 0·05) after fish protein supplementation compared to controls. Glucose-AUC was decreased after 8 weeks with fish protein supplement compared to baseline (P< 0·05), concomitant with increased 30 min and decreased 90 min and 2 h insulin C-peptide level (P< 0·05), and reduced LDL-cholesterol (P< 0·05). Body muscle % was increased (P< 0·05) and body fat % was reduced (P< 0·05) after 4 weeks' supplementation. Physical activity and energy and macronutrients intake did not change during the course of the study. In conclusion, short-term daily supplementation with a low dose of fish protein may have beneficial effects on blood levels of glucose and LDL-cholesterol as well as glucose tolerance and body composition in overweight adults. The long-term effects of fish protein supplementation is of interest in the context of using more fish as a protein source in the diet, and the effects of inclusion of fish in the diet of individuals with low glucose tolerance should be evaluated.
Oviposition strategies of temporary pool mosquitoes in relation to weather, tidal regime and land use in a temperate wetland
Authors: Cardo M.V. , Vezzani D. , Carbajo A.E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWetlands have traditionally been associated with harbouring mosquitoes, a well-known nuisance and vectors of diseases. Within mosquito life cycle, oviposition is a determinant event by shaping their individual fitness and vectorial capacity. The study was conducted in one of the main temperate wetlands in South America. We used Generalized Linear Models to study the relation between temperature, precipitation, tidal regime, land use, microenvironment, and the occurrence of floodwater (OchlerotatusandPsorophoraspp.) and raft-laying (CulexandUranotaeniaspp.) mosquitoes using temporary pools as larval habitats. Pool occurrence was negatively associated with temperature, and positively related to precipitation and high tides. As regards the land use, it was lowest in domestic areas and plantations, intermediate in secondary forests, and highest in marshes. Each oviposition strategy was best modelled as a function of different environmental factors. The occurrence of floodwater mosquitoes was positively associated with high cumulative precipitation and low tide records. Raft-laying mosquitoes were related to low temperature records, while the effect of flooding varied with the land use. In view of these results, physical (water inputs and movement), chemical, and biological (egg and larval flushing, and predatory interactions) considerations are given to provide insight in the oviposition patterns of mosquitoes occurring in this complex wetland. We finally propose the generation of a tidal flow as a control measure against floodwater mosquitoes, which are the most anthropophilic in the study area.
Host feeding patterns ofCulicoidesspecies (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) within the Picos de Europa National Park in northern Spain
Authors: Calvo J.H. , Berzal B. , Calvete C. , Miranda M.A. , Estrada R. , Lucientes J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBlood meal identification can provide information about the natural host-feeding patterns or preferences ofCulicoidesspecies. Such information could indirectly provide data indicating which reservoirs are significant in associated vector-borne diseases.We positively identified the host species through DNA sequencing of thecytochrome bgene in 144 of the 170 (84.7%) blood meal specimens tested. In the remaining samples, identification of the blood-meal source was unsuccessful, possibly due to the post-ingestion time prior to sampling or the availability of the species-specificcytochrome bgene sequences in the database. The majority of identified blood meals were derived from mammalian blood (95.8%), and only six contained chicken blood. We identified five species as mammalian hosts forCulicoidesspp.: sheep (87.7%), human (6.5%), cattle (3.7%) and Savi's Pine Vole (Micrototus savii) (2.1%). The results suggested that large mammals, specifically ruminants, were most frequently fed upon by biting midges (Culicoidesspp.), but evidence of opportunistic feeding behaviour was also found. Host feeding behaviour ofCulicoidesspecies may also be influenced by the relative abundance of a particular host species in the area being studied. In this sense, Savi's Pine Vole, a wild species, was found to be a locally relevant host and a putative reservoir for viruses transmitted by species of biting midges belonging to theCulicoidesgenus.Finally, feeding on multiple potential host species was observed. One midge acquired blood meals from human and chicken hosts, while four other midges fed on two different sheep.
Addressing an Ambivalent Relationship: Policing and the Urban Poor in Mexico City
Authors: MÜLLER MARKUS-MICHAEL 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article analyses citizen–police relations in the marginalised Mexico City borough of Iztapalapa. It demonstrates that despite predominantly negative perceptions about and experiences with the police, local residents do not abandon state institutions as security providers. The article claims that as formal and informal access to the legal and coercive powers of the police provides an important resource for local residents needing to resolve individual or collective security problems and conflicts in their favour, local police forces continue to be addressed and imagined by residents as relevant security actors.
Impact Evaluation of Chile Solidario: Lessons and Policy Recommendations
Authors: LARRAÑAGA OSVALDO , CONTRERAS DANTE , RUIZ-TAGLE JAIME 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article evaluates the impact of the Chile Solidario anti-poverty programme. The evaluation is based on propensity score matching and a difference-in-difference estimator along with databases of Social Assistance Committee forms. The results show a positive but small impact on employment and housing along with a slightly negative impact on self-generated income. They also suggest that gains tend to be concentrated in the first phase, during which beneficiaries work with a family support professional, and that these benefits may not be sustainable. Participant families show absolute gains in income and employment, but these may be attributed to environmental conditions rather than the programme; this raises doubts about the premise that these families were initially marginalised from the economy and social networks.
“Justice to India – Prosperity to England – Freedom to the Slave!” Humanitarian and Moral Reform Campaigns on India, Aborigines and American Slavery
Authors: LAIDLAW ZOË 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis article considers British agitation against East India Company rule in India via an examination of the Aborigines Protection Society and the British India Society. Founded by humanitarians and moral reformers in the 1830s, these organisations placed India within a wide transnational context, which stretched from Britain's settler and plantation colonies to Liberia and the United States. However, in the wake of slave emancipation, British campaigners struggled to reconcile their universal understanding of humanity with their equally strong confidence in the benefits of ‘British civilisation’. Their nebulous and changeable programmes for reform failed to convince Britain's politicians and public that the challenges of free trade could be met by the exclusive use of free labour, or that all imperial subjects possessed equal rights. A fuller appreciation of these campaigns reveals the contradictions and occlusions inherent in mid-nineteenth century humanitarianism, and underscores the importance of a more geographically integrated approach to the history of opposition to Britain's empire.
Influence of overriding plate geometry and rheology on subduction
Authors: Butterworth N. P. , Quevedo L. , Morra G. , Müller R. D. 
Published: May 2012

Subduction dynamics is strongly dependent on the geometry and rheology of the subducting slab and adjacent plates, as well as on the induced mantle flow driven by the evolution of tectonic configurations along subduction zones. However, these processes, and the associated plate tectonic driving forces, are difficult to study using time‐dependent 3‐dimensional computer simulations due to limitations in computing resources. We investigate these phenomena with a novel numerical approach, using BEM‐Earth, a Stokes flow solver based on the Boundary Element Method (BEM) with a Fast‐Multipole (FM) implementation. The initial BEM‐Earth model configurations self‐consistently determine the evolution of the entire lithosphere‐mantle system without imposing additional constraints in a whole‐Earth spherical setting. We find that models without an overriding plate overestimate trench retreat by 65% in a 20 m.y. model run. Also, higher viscosity overriding plates are associated with higher velocity subducting slabs, analogue to faster oceanic plates subducting beneath more rigid continental lithosphere. In our models poloidal flows dominate the coupling between the down‐going and overriding plates, with trench‐orthogonal length variations in overriding plates inducing flows at least ∼2× stronger than trench‐parallel width variations. However, deformation in the overriding plate is related to its length and width, with narrower and longer plates extending more than wider and shorter plates.
Cross‐shore decay of cliff top ground motions driven by local ocean swell and infragravity waves
Authors: Young Adam P. , Guza R. T. , Adams Peter N. , O'Reilly William C. , Flick Reinhard E. 
Published: May 2012

Ground motions at the frequencies (between 0.01 and 0.1 Hz) of ocean infragravity and swell waves were observed on a cross‐shore transect extending landward from the edge of a southern California coastal cliff. Cliff top ground motions are coherent and in phase with water level fluctuations at the cliff base. Vertical ground motions at infragravity and single frequencies decay rapidly with inland distance from the cliff edge (e‐folding scale is about 12 m), and at the edge decrease by several orders of magnitude between high tide when waves reach the cliff base, and low tide when the waterline is about 50 m from the cliff base. The observed cross‐shore decay scales are qualitatively consistent with gravitational loading and attraction of water waves at tidally modulated distances from the cliff base. At approximately constant distance from the waterline, ground motions vary roughly linearly with nearshore swell wave energy. In contrast to these locally forced ground motions, double frequency band (0.1–0.2 Hz) cliff top vertical ground motions are remotely generated with spatially uniform magnitudes approximately equal to those observed 14 km inland. Near the cliff edge, ground tilt dominates the observed large (relative to vertical) cross‐shore acceleration at infragravity frequencies, contributes significantly to cross‐shore acceleration at swell frequencies, and is a small fraction of cross‐shore acceleration at higher frequencies.
Pilot Study on the Detection of Simulated Lesions Using a 2D and 3D Digital Full-Field Mammography System with a Newly Developed High Resolution Detector Based on Two Shifts of a-Se
Authors: Schulz-Wendtland R. , Bani M. , Lux M. , Schwab S. , Loehberg C. , Jud S. , Rauh C. , Bayer C. , Beckmann M. , Uder M. , Fasching P. , Adamietz B. , Meier-Meitinger M. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose: Experimental study of a new system for digital 2D and 3D full-field mammography (FFDM) using a high resolution detector based on two shifts of a-Se. Material and Methods: Images were acquired using the new FFDM system Amulet® (FujiFilm, Tokio, Japan), an a-Se detector (receptor 24 × 30 cm2, pixel size 50 µm, memory depth 12 bit, spatial resolution 10 lp/mm, DQE > 0.50). Integrated in the detector is a new method for data transfer, based on optical switch technology. The object of investigation was the Wisconsin Mammographic Random Phantom, Model 152A (Radiation Measurement Inc., Middleton, WI, USA) and the same parameters and exposure data (Tungsten, 100 mAs, 30 kV) were consistently used. We acquired 3 different pairs of images in the c-c and ml planes (2D) and in the c-c and c-c planes with an angle of 4 degrees (3D). Five radiologists experienced in mammography (experience ranging from 3 months to more than 5 years)
analyzed the images (monitoring) which had been randomly encoded (random generator) with regard to the recognition of details such as specks of aluminum oxide (200–740 µm), nylon fibers (0.4–1.6 mm) and round lesions/masses (diameters 5–14 mm), using special linear glasses for 3D visualization, and compared the results. Results: A total of 225 correct positive decisions could be detected: we found 222 (98.7 %) correct positive results for 2D and 3D visualization in each case. Conclusion: The results of this phantom study showed the same detection rates for both 2D and 3D imaging using full field digital mammography. Our results must be confirmed in further clinical trials.
Cosmological Surveys with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
Authors: Duffy A. R. , Moss A. , Staveley-Smith L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis is a design study into the capabilities of the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder in performing a full-sky low redshift neutral hydrogen survey, termed WALLABY, and the potential cosmological constraints one can attain from measurement of the galaxy power spectrum. We find that the full sky survey will likely attain 6 × 105 redshifts which, when combined with expected Planck CMB data, will constrain the Dark Energy equation of state to 20%, representing a coming of age for radio observations in creating cosmological constraints.
Transiently populated intermediate functions as a branching point of the FF domain folding pathway
Authors: Korzhnev Dmitry M. , Religa Tomasz L. , Kay Lewis E. 
Published: May 2012

Studies of protein folding and the intermediates that are formed along the folding pathway provide valuable insights into the process by which an unfolded ensemble forms a functional native conformation. However, because intermediates on folding pathways can serve as initiation points of aggregation (implicated in a number of diseases), their characterization assumes an even greater importance. Establishing the role of such intermediates in folding, misfolding, and aggregation remains a major challenge due to their often low populations and short lifetimes. We recently used NMR relaxation dispersion methods and computational techniques to determine an atomic resolution structure of the folding intermediate of a small protein module—the FF domain—with an equilibrium population of 2–3% and a millisecond lifetime, 25 °C. Based on this structure a variant FF domain has been designed in which the native state is selectively destabilized by removing the carboxyl-terminal helix in the native structure to produce a highly populated structural mimic of the intermediate state. Here, we show via solution NMR studies of the designed mimic that the mimic forms distinct conformers corresponding to monomeric and dimeric (
K
d
= 0.2 mM) forms of the protein. The conformers exchange on the seconds timescale with a monomer association rate of 1.1·10
4
M
-1
s
-1
and with a region responsible for dimerization localized to the amino-terminal residues of the FF domain. This study establishes the FF domain intermediate as a central player in both folding and misfolding pathways and illustrates how incomplete folding can lead to the formation of higher-order structures.
Separate and combined influence of posture and sprint running on plasma volume changes
Authors: Tsampoukos Antonios , Stokes Keith , Nevill Mary 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIt is currently unknown whether any changes in plasma volume (PV) after sprint running are inherent to sprint running per se or are due to other confounding factors such as changes in posture. The purpose of the present study was to examine the independent effects of sprint running on PV changes. Eight females completed two trials on separate days: (1) a 30‐s sprint on a non‐motorised treadmill and (2) a control trial where no exercise was undertaken but blood samples were taken at identical time points as in the exercise trial. Changes in PV were calculated using haematocrit and haemoglobin. Post‐sprint PV reductions were greater in the sprint than the control trial (mean: −17.7, SD=3.1% vs. mean: −7.5, s = 4.9, P<0.05, n=8). There were greater changes in PV in the sprint than the control trial in most sampling points. These data show that sprint running of only 30 s induces transient reductions in PV independently of posture change. The present findings suggest that PV changes due to sprint running should be routinely reported as well as the posture and the exact time in this posture.
Foreign Exchange and Money Markets
Authors: Smith Roy C. , Walter Ingo , Delong Gayle 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of two essential markets to global banks. Foreign exchange markets allow for the trading of foreign currencies, using instruments such as spot transactions, futures, forwards, and swaps. Money markets link international lenders of short-term funds with borrowers using instruments such as Eurocurrencies and Eurobonds. Such loans are priced using the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). The chapter details how the money markets froze up during the global financial crisis in 2008 and explains why the foreign exchange market stayed liquid.