bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE PLIGHT OF HIGH SCHOOL PHYSICS
Authors: Brown H. Emmett 
Published: March 2010

…The school is simply that form of community life in which all those agencies are concentrated that will be most effective in bringing the child to share in the inherited resources of the race, and to use his own powers for social ends.…Most people never find out from the science teaching to which they are exposed why they do not share adequately the obvious benefits of science. Many acquire deep feelings of resentment and hostility toward this “science” which does indeed create new kinds of gadgets and comforts and jobs, but which also arouses desires doomed to disappointment and creates unemployment, insecurity, and bewilderment. Science promises everything, but leaves the individual in many cases empty handed.
Book Reviews
Authors: Gross E. Wayne 
Published: March 2010

Book reviewed in this article:Learning to Use Arithmetic Series, by F. Lynwood Wren, J. Wayne Wrightstone, Joseph H. Randall, Agnes G. Gunderson, Joseph J. Urbancek, and George E. Hollister. D. C.Principles in Biology, Second Edition, by W. Gordon Whaley, Professor of Botany, University of Texas; Osmond P. Breland, Professor of Zoology, University of Texas; Charles Heimsch, Professor of Botany, University of Texas; A. R. Schrank, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Texas; and Austin Phelps, Associate Professor of Zoology, University of Texas.Algebra, Book One, Revised Edition, by A. M. Welchons, W. R. Krickenberger, and Helen R. Pearson, The Arsenal Technical High School, Indianapolis, Indiana.Algebra, Book Two, Revised Edition, by A. M. Welchons, W. R. Krickenberger, and Helen R. Pearson, The Arsenal Technical High School, Indianapolis, Indiana.Teaching of Science in the Secondary School, by R. Will Burnett, Professor of Science Education, University of Illinois.
The semisimplicity conjecture for A-motives
Authors: Stalder Nicolas 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe prove the semisimplicity conjecture for A-motives over finitely generated fields K. This conjecture states that the rational Tate modules V𝔭(M) of a semisimple A-motive M are semisimple as representations of the absolute Galois group of K. This theorem is in analogy with known results for abelian varieties and Drinfeld modules, and has been sketched previously by Tamagawa. We deduce two consequences of the theorem for the algebraic monodromy groups G𝔭(M) associated to an A-motive M by Tannakian duality. The first requires no semisimplicity condition on M and states that G𝔭(M) may be identified naturally with the Zariski closure of the image of the absolute Galois group of K in the automorphism group of V𝔭(M). The second states that the connected component of G𝔭(M) is reductive if M is semisimple and has a separable endomorphism algebra.
On some generic very cuspidal representations
Authors: DeBacker Stephen , Reeder Mark 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLet G be a reductive p-adic group. Given a compact-mod-center maximal torus S⊂G and sufficiently regular character χ of S, one can define, following Adler, Yu and others, a supercuspidal representation π(S,χ) of G. For S unramified, we determine when π(S,χ) is generic, and which generic characters it contains.
Complement-Dependent Cytotoxicity Assay for Differentiating West Nile Virus from Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infections in Horses
Authors: Kitai Yoko , Kondo Takashi , Konishi Eiji 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
A complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) assay was established to measure antibodies to the West Nile virus (WNV) nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) in horses. Sera collected from a WNV-infected horse mediated lysis of WNV NS1-expressing cells in a dose-dependent manner at higher percentages than sera from a Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)-infected horse. The percentages of specific lysis for sera diluted 1:10 to 1:80 were <19.8% (assay cutoff) for almost all of the 100 JEV-infected or uninfected horses tested, in contrast to 55 to 76% in WNV-infected horses. Experimental infection revealed that horses became anti-WNV NS1 antibody positive 10 days after WNV infection. This study demonstrated the utility of this assay for differentiating WNV from JEV infections in horses.
One-Year Duration of Immunity Induced by Vaccination with a Canine Lyme Disease Bacterin
Authors: LaFleur Rhonda L. , Callister Steven M. , Dant Jennifer C. , Jobe Dean A. , Lovrich Steven D. , Warner Thomas F. , Wasmoen Terri L. , Schell Ronald F. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTLaboratory-reared beagles were vaccinated with a placebo or a bacterin comprised ofBorrelia burgdorferiS-1-10 andospA-negative/ospB-negativeB. burgdorferi50772 and challenged after 1 year withB. burgdorferi-infectedIxodes scapularisticks. For the placebo recipients, spirochetes were recovered from 9 (60%) skin biopsy specimens collected after 1 month, and the organisms persisted in the skin thereafter. Ten (67%) dogs also developed joint infection (3 dogs), lameness or synovitis (7 dogs), orB. burgdorferi-specific antibodies (8 dogs). For the vaccine recipients, spirochetes were recovered from 6 (40%) skin biopsy specimens collected after 1 month. However, subsequent biopsy specimens were negative, and the dogs failed to develop joint infection (P= 0.224), lameness/synovitis (P= 0.006), or Lyme disease-specific antibody responses (P= 0.002). The bacterin provided a high level of protection for 1 year after immunization, and the addition of the OspC-producingB. burgdorferi50772 provided enhanced protection.
Inhibition of Dengue Virus Polymerase by Blocking of the RNA Tunnel
Authors: Niyomrattanakit Pornwaratt , Chen Yen-Liang , Dong Hongping , Yin Zheng , Qing Min , Glickman J. Frasier , Lin Kai , Mueller Dieter , Voshol Hans , Lim Joanne Y. H. , Nilar Shahul , Keller Thomas H. , Shi Pei-Yong 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral pathogen in humans. Neither vaccine nor antiviral therapy is currently available for DENV. We report here that
N
-sulfonylanthranilic acid derivatives are allosteric inhibitors of DENV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). The inhibitor was identified through high-throughput screening of one million compounds using a primer extension-based RdRp assay [substrate poly(C)/oligo(G)
20
]. Chemical modification of the initial “hit” improved the compound potency to an IC
50
(that is, a concentration that inhibits 50% RdRp activity) of 0.7 μM. In addition to suppressing the primer extension-based RNA elongation, the compound also inhibited
de novo
RNA synthesis using a DENV subgenomic RNA, but at a lower potency (IC
50
of 5 μM). Remarkably, the observed anti-polymerase activity is specific to DENV RdRp; the compound did not inhibit WNV RdRp and exhibited IC
50
s of >100 μM against hepatitis C virus RdRp and human DNA polymerase α and β. UV cross-linking and mass spectrometric analysis showed that a photoreactive inhibitor could be cross-linked to Met343 within the RdRp domain of DENV NS5. On the crystal structure of DENV RdRp, Met343 is located at the entrance of RNA template tunnel. Biochemical experiments showed that the order of addition of RNA template and inhibitor during the assembly of RdRp reaction affected compound potency. Collectively, the results indicate that the compound inhibits RdRp through blocking the RNA tunnel. This study has provided direct evidence to support the hypothesis that allosteric pockets from flavivirus RdRp could be targeted for antiviral development.
Ogbu Kalu and Africa’s Christianity: A Tribute
Authors: Clarke Clifton R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn this review article some of the key ideas presented in the scholarship of Ogbu Kalu on African Christianity generally, and African Pentecostalism specifically, are discussed. The review commends Professor Kalu for broadening the historiography of Pentecostalism beyond North America and Europe to global phenomena with multiple access points. It further praises Kalu for pioneering the role of cultural moorings upon the shape of African Christianity. The review however highlights the limitations of a purely contextual and historiographical approach, and invites the discourse to participate in the broader global historical and theological Pentecostal conversation.
The Prophecy and Passion of al-Hārit b. Sa'īd al-Kaddāb: Narrating a Religious Movement from the Caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwān
Authors: Anthony Sean 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis study examines the historical reports on the 'false prophet (kaddāb)' known as al-Hāritb. Sa'īd from both a historical and literary perspective. From the historical perspective, I investigate how a Syrian mawlā began a prophetic movement in the Umayyad mosque of Damascus during the caliphate of 'Abd al-Malik, which subsequently spread throughout the caliph's army. My study then follows the second phase of al-Hārit's career in which he flees Damascus to initiate an underground movement in Jerusalem where, once uncovered and captured, the would-be prophet is crucified on a cross. By examining al-Hārit's alleged associations and followers, such as Umm al-Dardā' al-Suġrā and Ġaylān al-Dimašqī, I attempt to gauge the scope and subsequent influence of al-Hārit's brief prophetic career. From the literary perspective, my study argues that one of the principal transmitters of the ahbār on al-Hārit's prophetic career, Abū Bakr b. Abī Haytama (d. 279/892), considerably doctored the early accounts in order to fashion a parodic, expanded narrative largely of his own making. I thus contend that Ibn Abī Haytama, by culling tropes and anecdotes from sīra- and qisas-material on the lives of Muhammad and Jesus, constructed a biography of al-Hārit that cast him as a farcical version of a genuine prophet.
Dialects of Written Arabic: Syntactic differences in the treatment of object pronouns in Egyptian and Levantine newspapers
Authors: Wilmsen David 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDespite the notion that written Arabic is invariable across the Arab world, a few researchers, using large corpora to discover patterns of usage, have demonstrated regional differences in Arabic writing. While most such research has focussed upon the lexicon, this corpus-based study examines a syntactic difference between Egyptian and Levantine writing: the treatment of object pronouns. A search of an entire year of writing in regional newspapers found that Levantine writers tend to use the free object pronoun iyyā-, placing the direct object after the indirect, about twice as often as Egyptian writers do, who for their part prefer to place the direct object before the indirect. A proposed reason for this is that the free object pronoun is used to mark the direct object in spoken Levantine vernaculars but not in Egyptian. This seems to indicate that local spoken vernaculars exert a fundamental influence on writing.
Michael of Rhodes and the Birth of the Mariner’s Manual
Authors: Stahl Alan M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Book of Michael of Rhodes, recently discovered and edited, stands near the beginning of a series of compilations of nautical information stretching from the fourteenth century into the modern age. It was written in the Venetian language by a non-noble sailor, apparently of Greek origin, who served aboard Venetian galleys from 1401 through 1443. This essay explores the composition of the manuscript in the context of the maritime life of fifteenth-century Venice and the individual who wrote it and discusses the other Venetian maritime manuals that preceded it or appear to derive from it.
SUNCT syndrome with paroxysmal mydriasis: Clinical and pupillometric findings
Authors: Antonaci F , Sances G , Loi M , Sandrini G , Dumitrache C , Cuzzoni MG 
Published: March 2010

SUNCT syndrome (short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing) is a primary headache characterised by a high frequency of attacks associated with marked autonomic periocular signs and symptoms. Activation of the hypothalamus via the superior salivary nucleus is probably responsible for some of the autonomic involvement observed during SUNCT attacks. We describe a case of SUNCT with unusual autonomic features (e.g., mydriasis) and early onset. Pupillometric studies were performed both in a basal condition (without anisocoria) and after instillation of phenylephrine (a drug with direct sympathomimetic activity) and pilocarpine (a parasympathetic agonist). The findings in this patient seem to indicate involvement of the ocular sympathetic supply in SUNCT, responsible for the mydriasis, and seem to strengthen the possibility that the autonomic phenomena in this syndrome vary with different levels of pain severity.
Intranasal sumatriptan powder delivered by a novel breath-actuated bi-directional device for the acute treatment of migraine: A randomised, placebo-controlled study
Authors: Djupesland PG , Dočekal P ,   the Czech Migraine Investigators Group
Published: March 2010

Introduction: Intranasal sumatriptan is an option for the treatment of migraine; however, nasal delivery using conventional spray pumps is suboptimal. Methods: Adult subjects ( n = 117) with migraine were enrolled in a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study. A single migraine attack was treated in-clinic with sumatriptan 10 mg, sumatriptan 20 mg or placebo administered intranasally by a novel bi-directional powder delivery device when migraine was moderate or severe. Results: A greater proportion of subjects who received sumatriptan were pain-free at 120 minutes compared with those who received placebo (10 mg/20 mg sumatriptan vs. placebo = 54%/57% vs. 25%, P < .05). Significant benefits were also observed for pain relief at 120 minutes (84%/80% vs. 44%, P < .001/.01) and as early as 60 minutes (73%/74% vs. 38%, P < .01) and for 48 hours sustained pain-free ( P < .05). Treatment-related adverse events were rare, with a metallic taste being the most commonly reported (10%/13%). Conclusions: Sumatriptan nasal powder administered using the new device during a migraine attack was effective and well tolerated.
OnabotulinumtoxinA for treatment of chronic migraine: Results from the double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase of the PREEMPT 2 trial
Authors: Diener HC , Dodick DW , Aurora SK , Turkel CC , DeGryse RE , Lipton RB , Silberstein SD , Brin MF 
Published: March 2010

Objectives: This is the second of a pair of studies designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®) for prophylaxis of headaches in adults with chronic migraine. Methods: PREEMPT 2 was a phase 3 study, with a 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase, followed by a 32-week, open-label phase. Subjects were randomized (1:1) to injections of onabotulinumtoxinA (155U–195U; n = 347) or placebo ( n = 358) every 12 weeks for two cycles. The primary efficacy endpoint was mean change in headache days per 28 days from baseline to weeks 21–24 post-treatment. Results: OnabotulinumtoxinA was statistically significantly superior to placebo for the primary endpoint, frequency of headache days per 28 days relative to baseline (−9.0 onabotulinumtoxinA/−6.7 placebo, p < .001). OnabotulinumtoxinA was significantly favoured in all secondary endpoint comparisons. OnabotulinumtoxinA was safe and well tolerated, with few treatment-related adverse events. Few patients (3.5% onabotulinumtoxinA/1.4% placebo) discontinued due to adverse events. Conclusions: The results of PREEMPT 2 demonstrate that onabotulinumtoxinA is effective for prophylaxis of headache in adults with chronic migraine. Repeated onabotulinumtoxinA treatments were safe and well tolerated.
Fast evolving 18S rRNA sequences from Solenogastres (Mollusca) resist standard PCR amplification and give new insights into mollusk substitution rate heterogeneity
Authors: Meyer Achim , Todt Christiane , Mikkelsen Nina T , Lieb Bernhard 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
The 18S rRNA gene is one of the most important molecular markers, used in diverse applications such as molecular phylogenetic analyses and biodiversity screening. The Mollusca is the second largest phylum within the animal kingdom and mollusks show an outstanding high diversity in body plans and ecological adaptations. Although an enormous amount of 18S data is available for higher mollusks, data on some early branching lineages are still limited. Despite of some partial success in obtaining these data from Solenogastres, by some regarded to be the most "basal" mollusks, this taxon still remained problematic due to contamination with food organisms and general amplification difficulties.

Results
We report here the first authentic 18S genes of three Solenogastres species (Mollusca), each possessing a unique sequence composition with regions conspicuously rich in guanine and cytosine. For these GC-rich regions we calculated strong secondary structures. The observed high intra-molecular forces hamper standard amplification and appear to increase formation of chimerical sequences caused by contaminating foreign DNAs from potential prey organisms. In our analyses, contamination was avoided by using RNA as a template. Indication for contamination of previously published Solenogastres sequences is presented. Detailed phylogenetic analyses were conducted using RNA specific models that account for compensatory substitutions in stem regions.

Conclusions
The extreme morphological diversity of mollusks is mirrored in the molecular 18S data and shows elevated substitution rates mainly in three higher taxa: true limpets (Patellogastropoda), Cephalopoda and Solenogastres. Our phylogenetic tree based on 123 species, including representatives of all mollusk classes, shows limited resolution at the class level but illustrates the pitfalls of artificial groupings formed due to shared biased sequence composition.
Anti-infective activity of apolipoprotein domain derived peptides in vitro: identification of novel antimicrobial peptides related to apolipoprotein B with anti-HIV activity
Authors: Kelly Bridie A , Harrison Ian , McKnight Áine , Dobson Curtis B 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Previous reports have shown that peptides derived from the apolipoprotein E receptor binding region and the amphipathic α-helical domains of apolipoprotein AI have broad anti-infective activity and antiviral activity respectively. Lipoproteins and viruses share a similar cell biological niche, being of overlapping size and displaying similar interactions with mammalian cells and receptors, which may have led to other antiviral sequences arising within apolipoproteins, in addition to those previously reported. We therefore designed a series of peptides based around either apolipoprotein receptor binding regions, or amphipathic α-helical domains, and tested these for antiviral and antibacterial activity.

Results
Of the nineteen new peptides tested, seven showed some anti-infective activity, with two of these being derived from two apolipoproteins not previously used to derive anti-infective sequences. Apolipoprotein J (151-170) - based on a predicted amphipathic alpha-helical domain from apolipoprotein J - had measurable anti-HSV1 activity, as did apolipoprotein B (3359-3367) dp (apoBdp), the latter being derived from the LDL receptor binding domain B of apolipoprotein B. The more active peptide - apoBdp - showed similarity to the previously reported apoE derived anti-infective peptide, and further modification of the apoBdp sequence to align the charge distribution more closely to that of apoEdp or to introduce aromatic residues resulted in increased breadth and potency of activity. The most active peptide of this type showed similar potent anti-HIV activity, comparable to that we previously reported for the apoE derived peptide apoEdpL-W.

Conclusions
These data suggest that further antimicrobial peptides may be obtained using human apolipoprotein sequences, selecting regions with either amphipathic α-helical structure, or those linked to receptor-binding regions. The finding that an amphipathic α-helical region of apolipoprotein J has antiviral activity comparable with that for the previously reported apolipoprotein AI derived peptide 18A, suggests that full-length apolipoprotein J may also have such activity, as has been reported for full-length apolipoprotein AI. Although the strength of the anti-infective activity of the sequences identified was limited, this could be increased substantially by developing related mutant peptides. Indeed the apolipoprotein B-derived peptide mutants uncovered by the present study may have utility as HIV therapeutics or microbicides.
Lovastatin induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and synergizes with doxorubicin: potential therapeutic relevance
Authors: Martirosyan Anna , Clendening James W , Goard Carolyn A , Penn Linda Z 
Published: March 2010

Abstract

Background
Ovarian carcinoma is a rarely curable disease, for which new treatment options are required. As agents that block HMG-CoA reductase and the mevalonate pathway, the statin family of drugs are used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and have been shown to trigger apoptosis in a tumor-specific manner. Recent clinical trials show that the addition of statins to traditional chemotherapeutic strategies can increase efficacy of targeting statin-sensitive tumors. Our goal was to assess statin-induced apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells, either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutics, and then determine these mechanisms of action.

Methods
The effect of lovastatin on ovarian cancer cell lines was evaluated alone and in combination with cisplatin and doxorubicin using several assays (MTT, TUNEL, fixed PI, PARP cleavage) and synergy determined by evaluating the combination index. The mechanisms of action were evaluated using functional, molecular, and pharmacologic approaches.

Results
We demonstrate that lovastatin induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells in a p53-independent manner and synergizes with doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic agent used to treat recurrent cases of ovarian cancer. Lovastatin drives ovarian tumor cell death by two mechanisms: first, by blocking HMG-CoA reductase activity, and second, by sensitizing multi-drug resistant cells to doxorubicin by a novel mevalonate-independent mechanism. This inhibition of drug transport, likely through inhibition of P-glycoprotein, potentiates both DNA damage and tumor cell apoptosis.

Conclusions
The results of this research provide pre-clinical data to warrant further evaluation of statins as potential anti-cancer agents to treat ovarian carcinoma. Many statins are inexpensive, off-patent generic drugs that are immediately available for use as anti-cancer agents. We provide evidence that lovastatin triggers apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells as a single agent by a mevalonate-dependent mechanism. Moreover, we also show lovastatin synergizes with doxorubicin, an agent administered for recurrent disease. This synergy occurs by a novel mevalonate-independent mechanism that antagonizes drug resistance, likely by inhibiting P-glycoprotein. These data raise important issues that may impact how statins can best be included in chemotherapy regimens.