bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of hypochlorites for aerial disinfection
Authors: Baker A. H. , Finn S. R. , Twort C. C. 
Published: May 2009

A commercial preparation of sodium hypochlorite dispersed in the form of a mist has been tested for germicidal action on bacteria suspended in the air.The relative merits of acid, neutral and alkaline solutions have been discussed.A maximum of efficiency dependent on dilution has been shown to exist, and experiments with water and glycerol as diluents have been performed.The value of hypochlorous acid gas and chlorine as aerial bactericides has been tested, and experimental evidence advanced to show that while these are to some extent effective as gases, the acid, at any rate, is more lethal in solution as a mist.Further evidence of the importance in aerial disinfection of size and evaporation rate of mist particles has been obtained.Objections have been raised to the proprietary use of the preparation on account of the liberation of chlorine, and its high salt content, but the necessity for the presence of a certain amount of salt has been shown.Decrease in germicidal activity of the mists when required to sterilize atomized salivas has been indicated.The active persistence of sodium hypochlorite mists has been shown to be short.A few notes on the use of ultra-violet light and nitration methods for combating aerial infections have been added.It was found that the greater part of a magnesium oxide smoke inhaled by mice was retained in the upper respiratory passages.
Nosocomial infections in children's wards
Authors: Wright Joyce 
Published: May 2009

1. During a period of 1 year the incidence of infection with haemolytic streptococci was determined among children on admission to, and during residence in, the children's wards of University College Hospital, London.2. The increased incidence among those in residence, 13·1% of whom acquired haemolytic streptococci during their stay, was due principally to outbreaks of infection by these organisms. By the slide agglutination method the majority of strains could be assigned to one or other of Griffith's thirty types and the presumed path of their spread studied.3. The source of the infection in most of the outbreaks was not ascertain-able from the data collected, but in general it did not appear to be in the patients themselves.4. With a few exceptions, isolation by cubicles was an effective measure in preventing the spread of haemolytic streptococci.5. In general the haemolytic streptococci seemed to spread from patient to patient, though the exact mode of spread was not ascertained.6. The clinical manifestations of infection by any one type of haemolytic streptococcus was varied, e.g. wound suppuration, sore throat, pyrexia, otitis media. Many of the infections were “latent”.7. In addition to the haemolytic streptococcal outbreaks, there were two outbreaks of diphtheria (fifteen patients), two of Bact. sonnei dysentery (ten patients and one nurse), one of catarrhal jaundice (one patient and three nurses), six cases of intercurrent gastro-enteritis of infancy and one case of measles.8. In all, at least 104 (or 18·9%) of the 551 patients of these wards developed intercurrent infections, manifest or latent, during their stay in hospital.
Inoculation and immunity experiments on calves with the vole strain of acid-fast bacillus
Authors: Griffith A. Stanley , Dalling T. , Pagel W. 
Published: May 2009

Both controls became infected, the glands of the alimentary tract showing widespread lesions and some dissemination, slight in one, a little more extensive in the other.Of the nine vaccinated calves, five were found to have trivial tuberculous lesions in the glands adjoining the alimentary tract and four showed no macroscopic lesions, either in the glands of the alimentary tract or elsewhere.Living bovine tubercle bacilli were not present in emulsions of mesenteric or thoracic glands of two of the four no-lesion calves and were demonstrated in the mesenteric glands but not in a bronchial gland of a third. The pooled glands of the fourth no-lesion calf caused general tuberculosis in two guinea-pigs.Living bovine bacilli were very sparse in the thoracic glands of two of the calves with trivial lesions in the head or mesenteric glands and were not present in a bronchial gland of a calf which showed a few foci in the mesenteric glands.Living bovine bacilli were present in lymphatic glands of one calf, but which were the glands that contained them could not be stated, as these were pooled before injection. The mesenteric glands only of the remaining calf were tested and proved infective.No lesions were found after single vaccinations in three instances (two intravenous and one subcutaneous) and after two vaccinations in one instance, the periods between the single vaccinations and the resistance tests ranging from 2 to 6 months. There seems no advantage, therefore, in giving more than one dose of vole bacilli. The intravenous is, however, preferable to the subcutaneous method, because the former method does not produce an unsightly local lesion.
Seasonal fluctuations of the vitamin A and C content of Palestinian milks
Authors: Guggenheim Karl 
Published: May 2009

1. The vitamin A and vitamin C contents of Palestinian fresh milk from three different sources were determined at regular intervals during the period February 1938 to March 1939. Between October 1938 and March 1939, these contents were also determined in Jerusalem pasteurized milk.2. The carotene and vitamin A content of Palestinian milk corresponds to that of American and European stable milk. This is due to insufficiency of green fodder in the diet of Palestinian cattle.3. Emek milk from the Valley of Jezreel contains more carotene and vitamin A than does the Kiryath Anavim milk from a hill district, owing to the better supply of green fodder in the valley. Milk from a Jerusalem dairy contains less carotene and vitamin A than does the milk from the nearby Kiryath Anavim settlement.4. All the milks examined show seasonal fluctuations in the carotene and vitamin A content. These variations are in direct relation to the supply of green fodder. The secretion of carotene begins to increase in January to April, according to the source of the milk, and begins to fall in August.5. The average percentage of carotene to the total vitamin A substances (carotene and vitamin A) ranges between 38 and 50. The ratio carotene to total vitamin A varies seasonally and otherwise in accordance with the total vitamin A in the milk.6. The vitamin C content of Palestinian milk lies in the same range as that of European and American milks.7. All milks examined contained considerably more vitamin C during the second than during the first half of the year with a peak in June and July. This increase does not seem to bear any relation to feeding practice.8. The losses of vitamin A and vitamin C found in pasteurized milk correspond with those given by European and American authors.9. Transportation of milk over long distances may cause almost complete loss of vitamin C.
The neutralization of pox viruses II. Relationships betweenvaccinia, rabbitpox, cowpox and ectromelia
Authors: McNeill T. A. 
Published: May 2009

Plaque neutralization on HEp 2 cells was used to determine the relationship between vaccinia, rabbitpox, cowpox and ectromelia using both 7 S and 19 S antibody. It was shown that for the strains of virus used vaccinia and rabbitpox were very similar but cowpox and particularly ectromelia were clearly distinguishable. The cross-titration relationships were the same for 7 S and 19 S antibody.The titration slopes and kinetics of cross-neutralizations were interpreted on the basis of a hypothesis of antibody competition put forward in the preceding paper. It was tentatively concluded that these four viruses share a common critical antigen for neutralization and that differences in the structure or presentation of neighbouring antigens could give rise to some of the observed effects.
Antistreptolysin O titres amongst children in a rural area of Ceylon
Authors: Gunatillake P. D. P. , Perera T. D. S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAntistreptolysin O titres in the sera of children in a rural population of Ceylon were determined, to establish the upper limit of the normal ASO titres in nonrheumatic children, and to compare these ASO titres with results of surveys done in other countries.Swabs were taken from throats and ulcers of the children examined and cultured specifically for group A haemolytic streptoccoci. Of a total of 257 children, 29·5 % had ASO titres of over 166 Todd units. The greatest number of children showed ASO values between 100 and 166 units. The percentage of children showing values over 166 units increased with age until a maximum of 54 % was reached between 9 and 10 years. Group A haemolytic streptococci were isolated from five throat swabs, but there were no isolations from ulcers. The values obtained from this survey have been compared with those from a few other developing countries.
Growth in chick chorioallantoic membranes of strains of Newcastle disease virus of differing virulence
Authors: Reeve P. , Rosenblum Margaret , Alexander D. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe growth of eight strains of Newcastle disease virus in chick embryo chorioallantoic membranes was studied by comparing, at different times after infection, the amounts of haemagglutinin released into the allantoic fluid (extracellular haemagglutinin) with that associated with the membrane (cell-associated haemagglutinin). The virulence of the strains examined differed in that some killed chick embryos more rapidly than others. All strains released similar amounts of extracellular haemagglutinin and maximum titres were achieved about 12 hr. after infection. With virulent strains cell-associated haemagglutinin titres increased exponentially until the death of the host and maximum titres were much higher than those of extracellular haemagglutinin. With avirulent strains cell-associated haemagglutinin titres increased exponentially for only a limited time and titres were always lower than the titres of extracellular haemagglutinin.Similar results were obtained when the titres of neuraminidase and viral ribonucleoprotein were measured during the growth of two virulent and two avirulent strains. Virulence appears to be associated with the continued intracellular accumulation of viral antigens.
The platelet aggregation test in group B arbovirus infections
Authors: Penttinen K. , Saikku P. , Myllylä G. , Brummer-Korvenkontio M. , Oker-Blom N. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryA new serological method, the platelet aggregation (PA) test, was used to study Group B arbovirus infections, which are often associated with thrombocytopenia. The method is based on the interaction of antigen-antibody complexes with platelets. The PA test was nearly as good as the haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test for epidemiological studies of tick-borne encephalitis (16 out of 18 HI positive sera) and was superior to the complement-fixation test which was positive in 10 out of 18 HI positive sera. The PA test could be used in the serological diagnosis of Group B arbovirus infection. The titres with the PA test were of the same magnitude as the HI titres, and about ten times higher than the CF titres. Two pairs of dengue haemorrhagic fever sera showed high initial PA titres. The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of haemorrhagic fevers is discussed.
Soluble antigens obtained from influenza virus by treatment with non-ionic detergent
Authors: Corbel M. J. , Rondle C. J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryHighly purified influenza virus was degraded using anionic and non-ionic detergents. Best results were obtained using the non-ionic detergent Triton N101. Tests showed that virus extracts contained neuraminidase and a substance that reacted specifically with rabbit antibody to virus haemagglutinin (specific serum blocking substance). Haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody was produced when virus extracts were inoculated into guinea-pigs. Immunodiffusion tests showed that extracts were complex. Host-specific material was regularly found. Under appropriate conditions S-antigen was detected as a single line pattern component. Two or more virus-specific materials were also present. One of these was probably neuraminidase and the other the specific serum blocking substance.
Distribution of mercury resistance among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from a hospital community
Authors: Hall Barbara M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryResults from clinical isolations confirmed that mercury resistance is common among antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus present in a large general hospital although the correlation is not as high as that found by Moore (1960).The distribution of mercury-resistant strains among infections and carriers in surgical, medical, obstetric and geriatric patients and staff was studied. Attention was directed to the distribution among carriers since there are fewer extraneous factors operating among them, and a statistical analysis was made on the total number of mercury-resistant strains and the number of non-endemic strains; this latter figure was obtained by subtracting the dominant type 80/81, which is nearly always mercury-resistant and antibiotic-resistant, from the total. Analysis showed the geriatric patients to have a significantly higher proportion of mercury-resistant strains in both cases, and obstetric patients to have a significantly lower proportion when the total number of mercury-resistant strains was considered. Among the surgical, medical and staff categories, no significant difference in proportions could be found although a trend, in that order, of decreasing proportions of mercury-resistant strains present was noted.In those cases infected on admission with tetracycline-resistant strains, although mercury-resistant strains still predominate, mercury-sensitive strains make a sizeable contribution. This is a reflexion of their dominance in the non-hospital environment.
The effects of UK 2054 on the multiplication of influenza viruses
Authors: Barry R. D. , Davies Patricia 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe isoquinoline compound UK 2054 prevents the uptake of influenza virus by susceptible cells. Pre-incubation of virus particles with 500μg./ml. UK 2054 at 37°C. for 2 hr. does not reduce virus infectivity. Host cells vary in their responsiveness to the inhibitory effect of UK 2054; virus multiplication is inhibited in chick allantoic cells by lower concentrations than those required to inhibit virus growth in chick embryo fibroblasts. The effectiveness of UK 2054 is reduced by the presence of serum.It is concluded that inhibition of influenza virus multiplication by UK2054 might result from interaction of the inhibitor with both virus and cells. Any direct combination between inhibitor and virus is completely reversible.
In vitromethod for safety testing of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines
Authors: Anderson E. C. , Capstick P. B. , Mowat G. N. , Leech F. B. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe susceptibility of the tissue culture system to small amounts of residual live virus was not influenced by the inactivated antigen present. The depth of inoculum over the cell sheet did not affect results. Negative cultures frequently gave positive first (but not second or later) sub-cultures.Baby hamster kidney cells were always more sensitive than cattle tongues to infection with any of the strains used.Confidence in the safety test depends on the number of vaccination doses used; the tissue culture test can be made much more reliable than the cattle test because it is not limited to the 15 ml. of inoculum that restricts the cattle test.
The relevance of the anti-human globulin (Coombs) test and the complement-fixation test in the diagnosis of brucellosis
Authors: McDevitt D. G. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe relationship between the serological findings for brucellosis and the epidemiological factors has been studied in veterinary surgeons in Northern Ireland. The anti-human globulin (Coombs) test and the complement-fixation test for brucella were used in two groups of veterinary surgeons, those self-employed and those employed by the Ministry of Agriculture.Significant serological differences were found to exist between the two groups. Those in private practice showed changes related to age, cattle skin rash, reactions to S. 19 vaccine accidents and symptoms suggestive of brucellosis in the past or the last year. But those working for the Ministry only showed titre changes related to the length of their private practice experience before joining the Ministry. In neither group was there a relationship between serological findings and the type of milk drunk or any particular group of symptoms suggestive of brucellosis.The findings indicate that high titres to brucella by the Coombs and complement-fixation test can occur in people repeatedly exposed to infection at work. Titres which would be of diagnostic importance in the rest of the population may be of little diagnostic significance even when they are as high as 160 Coombs and 128 complement fixation.
Studies on the 1967–8 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic: The relation of weather to the spread of disease
Authors: Hugh-Jones M. E. , Wright P. B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn analysis of the 1967–8 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic with reference to the initial spread, the origin of outbreaks more than 60 km. from the main epidemic area, the series of outbreaks near Worcester, a specific case history and the daily rate of spread of the epidemic, strongly suggests that the weather played a major part in the spread of disease. The two main factors involved in this type of spread are wind and precipitation. It is noted that after the epidemic had been checked, following anticyclonic weather, the association between the weather and the spread of disease was less apparent.
An adhesive surface sampling technique for airborne viruses
Authors: Thomas G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA mixture of sucrose, glycerol and bovine serum albumin produces a stable coating in a Petri dish which remains adhesive for up to an hour when exposed in a slit sampler. Virus aerosols can be collected on this surface followed the direct addition of cell cultures to demonstrate the presence of viable virus. The technique is applicable to the Andersen sampler. A modified version of this sampler has been produced with the same particle collection efficiency as the standard Andersen sampler. The plaque counts obtained the adhesive surface sampling technique are believed to give an indication of the number of particles collected bearing viable virus.
Observations on the nasopharyngeal carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b in children in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Mpairwe Y. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYHaemophilus influenzae type b was isolated from 4·5% of outpatient children living in various parts of Kampala city and its surroundings. In contrast, this serotype was carried by up to 53 % (average 29 %) of 14 to 18 children living as a group in an orphanage. This finding indicates that the high carriage rate for this serotype demonstrated by Turk (1963) in a group of orphanage infants in Jamaica was not an isolated finding, and that it may be expected where large groups of children live together.H. influenzae type b did not appear to be a readily transmitted organism even in that group of children with a high carriage rate. This suggests that in ordinary open communities the transmission of this serotype from one household to another may be an extremely rare event.
Bordetella pertussis isolation in general practice: 1977–79 whooping cough epidemic in West Glamorgan
Authors: Kwantes B. W. , Joynson D. H. M. , Williams W. O. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSome of the factors influencing the isolation rate of Bordetella pertussis during a whooping cough epidemic in West Glamorgan, Wales, are reported. The organism was isolated from 39% of patients with clinical whooping cough, pernasal swabbing being much more successful than cough plates. Isolation rates were increased in the non-immunized, particularly in the first year of life. Erythromycin and co-trimoxazole significantly reduced the isolation rate of B. pertussis but this did not occur with penicillin. In this study 20 % of patients were culture positive 6 weeks after the onset of their infection. It is suggested that the Department of Health and Social Security recommendation of a minimum period of three weeks exclusion of children from school is inadequate. During the epidemic, the proportion of strains of B. pertussis containing antigen 2 more than doubled.
A study of the specific IgM antibody response inMycoplasma pneumoniaeinfection in man
Authors: Chamberlain P. , Saeed A. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSera from 96 patients withMycoplasma pneumoniaeinfection were examined for specific IgM antibody. The complement fixation test was used to measure the IgM after separation by ultracentrifugation through sucrose density gradients. Of patients under the age of 20 years 78 % displayed positive specific IgM titres. In older patients only 34% were IgM positive. The specific IgM remained detectable, but at decreasing levels, during the follow-up period of 5 months. This diagnostic technique appears to be of value in children and young adults experiencing primary infection withM. pneumoniae.
Citrobacter koseri(syn.C. diversus): biotype, serogroup and drug resistance patterns of 517 strains
Authors: Gross R. J. , Rowe B. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe namesCitrobacter koseriandC. diversusare synonyms for a species of enterobacterium with a particular ability to cause neonatal meningitis. 517 strains belonging to this species were examined using biotyping and serotyping techniques. 40 % of the strains belonged to serogroups O2 and O1 and 72 % belonged to biotypes d and a. Strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid belonged to several different serogroups and biotypes but serogroups O2 and O3 and biotypes d and e were the most common. All the strains were resistant to ampicillin, 42 % were resistant to neomycin/kanamycin and 38 % were resistant to cephaloridine. 37 % of the strains were resistant to three or more drugs.
The stability of ergocalciferol in rodenticidal baits
Authors: MacNicoll A. D. , Simpson W. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYConcentrations of the rodenticide ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) in samples of rodent baits laid in foodstores and in the laboratory were monitored over several months. Bait samples were solvent extracted and ergocalciferol concentration determined by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ergocalciferol levels were constant for more than 21 days in dry samples and did not fall by more than 30% in 100 days. When water (10% w/w) was added to the baits in the laboratory the ergocalciferol concentration fell by approximately 30 % in 30 days. In these wet laboratory samples there was a rapid visible growth of fungus and in normal rodent control use baits should have been replaced when such deterioration became evident.