First Report of a Decline and Wilt of Young Olive Trees Caused by Simultaneous Infections of Verticillium dahliae and Phytophthora palmivora in Sicily
Authors: Lo Giudice V. , Raudino F. , Magnano di San Lio R. , Cacciola S. O. , Faedda R. , Pane A. 
Published: October 2010

In summer 2008, leaf chlorosis, defoliation, exceptional fruit set, twig dieback, and wilt were observed on 4-year-old olive (Olea europea L.) trees cv. Tonda Iblea in a drip-irrigated orchard in eastern Sicily. Rot of fine roots was associated with these symptoms and on ~15% of symptomatic trees rot extended to the crown and basal stem. Trees declined slowly or collapsed suddenly with withered leaves still attached. Incidence of affected trees was ~10%. A fungus identified as Verticillium dahliae Kleb. was isolated from the xylem of main roots and basal stem. An oomycete identified as Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) Butler was isolated from roots and basal trunk bark. Both pathogens were recovered from symptomatic trees with mean frequency of positive isolations per tree of 80 and 30% for V. dahliae and P. palmivora, respectively. To isolate V. dahliae, wood chips were surface disinfested in 0.5% NaOCl for 1 min and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). The fungus was identified on the basis of microsclerotia, verticillate arrangement of phialides on conidiophores, and hyaline single-celled conidia. Ten monoconidial isolates were characterized by PCR using primer pairs INTND2f/INTND2r and DB19/espdef01 (3). Only 824-bp amplicons, diagnostic of the virulent, nondefoliating V. dahliae pathotype, were obtained. P. palmivora was isolated on selective medium (2) and pure cultures were obtained by single-hypha transfers. Colonies grew on PDA between 10 and 35°C (optimum at 27°C). Chlamydospores and elliptical to ovoid, papillate, caducous (mean pedicel length = 5 μm) sporangia (length/breadth ratio of 1.8) were produced on V8 juice agar. All isolates were paired with reference isolates of P. nicotianae and produced gametangia only with isolates of the A2 mating type. PCR amplicons of a representative isolate generated using primers ITS 6 and ITS 4 (1) were sequenced and found to be identical to those of a reference isolate of P. palmivora (GenBank No. AY208126). Pathogenicity of V. dahliae (IMI 397476) and P. palmivora (IMI 397475) was tested on 6-month-old rooted cuttings of olive cv. Tonda Iblea. Ten cuttings were transplanted into pots with steam-sterilized soil and inoculum of P. palmivora (4% vol/vol) produced on wheat kernels. Ten olive cuttings were inoculated with V. dahliae by injecting the stem with 150 μl of a conidial suspension (107 conidia ml–1) and 10 cuttings were stem inoculated with V. dahliae and transplanted into soil infested with P. palmivora. Controls were 10 noninoculated cuttings transplanted into steam-sterilized soil. Pots were kept in a greenhouse (25 ± 3°C) for 4 months. No aerial symptoms were observed on cuttings transplanted into soil infested with P. palmivora. However, root dry weight was reduced by 40% in comparison with the controls. Cuttings inoculated solely with V. dahliae had a 15% reduction in height compared with the controls but only four cuttings wilted. All cuttings inoculated with P. palmivora and V. dahliae wilted, indicating a synergism between the two pathogens. Controls remained healthy. Each pathogen was reisolated solely from inoculated cuttings and both pathogens were reisolated from cuttings with double inoculations. A similar syndrome ‘seca’ (drying) was reported in Spain (4). References: (1) D. E. L. Cooke et al. Fungal Genet. Biol. 30:17, 2000. (2) H. Masago et al. Phytopathology 67:425, 1977. (3) J. Mercado-Blanco et al. Plant Dis. 87:1487, 2003. (4) M. E. Sánchez-Hernández et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104:34, 1998.