bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palatal Volume Following Rapid Maxillary Expansion in Mixed Dentition
Authors: Gracco Antonio , Malaguti Andrea , Lombardo Luca , Mazzoli Alida , Raffaeli Roberto 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate volumetric variations in the palate following rapid expansion, both immediately after treatment and over time.
Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 30 patients in early mixed dentition treated with a Haas-type device cemented onto the primary second molars. The mean age of the patients upon commencement of expansion was 7 years and 6 months (standard deviation [SD], 12 months). Measurement of palatal volume was conducted via 3D acquisition of plaster models using laser scanning before treatment (T1), upon device removal (T2), and 2.6 years afterward (T3).
Results: The volume of the palate increased in a statistically significant fashion from T1 to T2 and from T1 to T3, and it decreased in a nonsignificant fashion from T2 to T3.
Conclusions: Palatal volume significantly increases with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) treatment with insignificant relapse. The use of virtual 3D models with the aid of Apposite software permits evaluation of the morphologic and volumetric changes induced by orthodontic treatment.
Long-Term Effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion Followed by Fixed Appliances
Authors: Gurel Hakan Gurcan , Memili Badel , Erkan Mustafa , Sukurica Yusuf 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the long-term changes in maxillary arch widths, overjet, and overbite in patients who were treated with rapid maxillary expansion (RME) followed by edgewise appliances.
Materials and Methods: The material for the study consisted of study casts taken from 41 patients (19 males, 22 females) on four different occasions (before treatment, T1; after RME, T2; after treatment, T3; and during follow-up period, T4). The upper intercanine, interpremolar, and intermolar widths and overjet and overbite were measured on each set of study casts. Mean age of the subjects was 13.2 ± 1.3 years (range, 11.2–16.9 years) at T1, 13.3 ± 1.3 years (range, 11.3–17 years) at T2, 15.5 ± 1.4 years (range, 13.1–18.8 years) at T3, and 20.4 ± 1.6 years (range, 17.9–24.8 years) at T4.
Results: The net increase in intercanine width, interpremolar width, intermolar width, overjet, and overbite was 1.4 ± 2.4 mm, 4.6 ± 2.6 mm, 4.3 ± 2.5 mm, 0.1 ± 0.6 mm, and 0.2 ± 0.6 mm, respectively, and the relapse rates were 37% for intercanine width, 19% for interpremolar width, and 17% for intermolar width at the end of the follow-up period.
Conclusions: A significant amount of relapse occurred in maxillary arch widths at the postretention assessment, the greatest being in intercanine width. RME significantly decreased overbite and increased overjet, and a statistically significant decrease was observed in both overbite and overjet at the postretention assessment.
Forces of Various Nickel Titanium Closed Coil Springs
Authors: Maganzini Anthony Louis , Wong Alan M. , Ahmed Mairaj K. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective: To compare the forces generated by 14 different 9 mm springs supplied by five different companies.
Materials and Methods: Five replicates of 14 different 9 mm springs were evaluated, resulting in 70 total specimens. Each was extended once from its resting length to 12 mm and then was deactivated. All tests were performed in a 37°C water bath. Forces were recorded at the 12 mm extension and deactivation distances of 9 mm, 6 mm, 3 mm, and 1 mm using an MTS force gauge. Data were collected with Testworks software, version 4.0, and were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with one factor alternated.
Results: Mean peak load forces at 12 mm were significantly different between springs, and these forces varied from 147 to 474 grams. Mean unload forces measured at 9 mm, 6 mm, and 3 mm of deactivation values were highly variable, and only 6 of the 14 springs exhibited a “physiologic” mean unload force of 50 grams or less over the total deactivation range.
Conclusions: Few springs tested exhibited physiologic peak load forces and constant deactivation forces. This study suggests that labeling of nickel titanium closed coil springs is confusing and misleading.
A Photographic System for the Three-Dimensional Study of Facial Morphology
Authors: de Menezes Marcio , Rosati Riccardo , Allievi Cristina , Sforza Chiarella 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objectives: To test whether digital photographs supported by three-dimensional (3D) software are suitable for measuring the facial soft tissues of healthy subjects as compared with data obtained by a certified 3D computerized electromagnetic digitizer.
Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained from the faces of 15 healthy young adults, using a 3D computerized electromagnetic digitizer and a new low-cost photogrammetry system. Twelve linear and 18 angular measurements were computed. Errors between methods and repeatability of the new method were calculated.
Results: Systematic errors between methods were found for only two distances and three angles (paired t-test, P &lt; .05). The mean absolute differences between methods were always lower than 3 mm and 3 degrees. Repeated digitization of photographs showed that the method was repeatable (no systematic differences; random errors lower than 1.6 mm and 3 degrees). Repeated sets of photographs showed random errors of up to 5.3 mm and 5.6 degrees, without systematic biases.
Conclusion: The 3D photogrammetry system can provide reliable facial measurements. The method is relatively fast and requires only inexpensive equipment. It is simple to use for private practice, research, or other practice.
Effects of Low-Level Laser Therapy and Orthodontic Tooth Movement on Dental Pulps in Rats
Authors: Abi-Ramia Luciana Baptista Pereira , Sasso Stuani Andrea , Sasso Stuani Adriana , Sasso Stuani Maria Bernadete , de Moraes Mendes Alvaro 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectives: To describe the microscopic pulpal reactions resulting from orthodontically induced tooth movement associated with low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in rats.Materials and Methods: Forty-five young male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups. In group I (n = 20), the maxillary right first molars were submitted to orthodontic movement with placement of a coil spring. In group II (n = 20), the teeth were submitted to orthodontic movement plus LLLT at 4 seconds per point (buccal, palatal, and mesial) with a GaAlAs diode laser source (830 nm, 100 mW, 18 J/cm2). Group III (n = 5) served as a control (no orthodontic movement or LLLT). Groups I and II were divided into four subgroups according to the time elapsed between the start of tooth movement and sacrifice (12 hours, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days).Results: Up until the 3-day period, the specimens in group I presented a thicker odontoblastic layer, no cell-free zone of Weil, pulp core with differentiated mesenchymal and defense cells, and a high concentration of blood vessels. In group II, at the 12- and 24-hour time points, the odontoblastic layer was disorganized and the cell-free zone of Weil was absent, presenting undifferentiated cells, intensive vascularization with congested capillaries, and scarce defense cells in the cell-rich zone. In groups I and II, pulpal responses to the stimuli were more intense in the area underneath the region of application of the force or force/laser.Conclusions: The orthodontic-induced tooth movement and LLLT association showed reversible hyperemia as a tissue response to the stimulus. LLLT leads to a faster repair of the pulpal tissue due to orthodontic movement.
The Validity of In Vivo Tooth Volume Determinations From Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Liu Yi , Olszewski Raphael , Alexandroni Emanuel Stefan , Enciso Reyes , Xu Tianmin , Mah James K. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective: To determine the accuracy of volumetric analysis of teeth in vivo using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
Materials and Methods: The physical volume (Vw) of 24 bicuspids extracted for orthodontic purposes (16 were imaged with the I-CAT and 8 with the CB MercuRay) were determined using the water displacement technique. Corresponding pretreatment CBCT image data were uploaded into Amira 4.0 for segmentation and radiographic volume (Va). All measurements were performed twice by two observers. The statistical difference between Vw and Va was assessed using a paired t-test. The intraobserver and interobserver reliability were determined by calculating Pearson correlation coefficients and intraclass correlation coefficients.
Results: The overall mean Vw of teeth specimens was 0.553 ± 0.082 cm3, while the overall mean Va was 0.548 ± 0.079 cm3 (0.529 ± 0.078 cm3 for observer 1 and 0.567 ± 0.085 cm3 for observer 2). There were statistically significant differences between Va and Vw (P &lt; .05). Between observer 1 and observer 2, Va measurements were statistically significantly different (P &lt; .05). The interobserver and intraobserver correlation coefficient for Vw was high. Lastly, surface smoothing reduced the volume by 3% to 12%.
Conclusions: In vivo determination of tooth volumes from CBCT data is feasible. The measurements slightly deviate from the physical volumes within −4% to 7%. Smoothing operations reduce volume measurements. Currently, no requirements for accuracy of volumetric determinations of tooth volume have been established.
Prognostic factors for dogs with mammary inflammatory carcinoma: 43 cases (2003–2008)
Authors: Marconato Laura , Romanelli Giorgio , Stefanello Damiano , Giacoboni Claudio , Bonfanti Ugo , Bettini Giuliano , Finotello Riccardo , Verganti Sara , Valenti Paola , Ciaramella Luigia , Zini Eric 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective—To describe clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of dogs with inflammatory carcinoma (IC) and identify patient-, tumor-, and treatment-related factors associated with overall survival time.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—43 client-owned dogs.
Procedures—Records of dogs with a clinical diagnosis of IC that had histologic evidence of dermal lymphatic invasion were reviewed. Data on clinical staging, treatment, toxicoses, response, and survival time were retrieved.
Results—26 (60%) dogs had primary IC and 17 (40%) had secondary IC. Thirty-five (81%) dogs had distant metastases and 2 (5%) had local metastases at the time of initial examination. Six of 29 (21%) dogs had a coagulopathy. Sixteen (37%) dogs did not receive specific treatment for IC, 24 (56%) received medical treatment only, 2 (5%) underwent surgical excision and received medical treatment, and 1 (2%) underwent surgical excision only. Forty-one (95%) dogs had progressive disease, and 2 (5%) had stable disease. Mean survival time for all dogs was 60 days (range, 1 to 300 days). Dogs with a coagulopathy survived a significantly shorter time than did dogs without a coagulopathy (odds ratio, 0.28), and dogs that received medical treatment survived significantly longer than dogs that did not (odds ratio, 2.54).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that mammary IC is a biologically aggressive condition in dogs associated with a guarded prognosis. In addition, results suggested that medical treatment may improve outcome, thereby supporting its use in dogs with IC.
Serum antibody titers following routine rabies vaccination in African elephants
Authors: Miller Michele A. , Olea-Popelka Francisco 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate serum antibody titers in captive African elephants (Loxodonta africana) following routine vaccination with a commercially available, inactivated rabies vaccine.
Design—Seroepidemiologic study.
Animals—14 captive African elephants from a single herd.
Procedures—Elephants were vaccinated as part of a routine preventive health program. Initially, elephants were vaccinated annually (2 mL, IM), and blood was collected every 4 or 6 months for measurement of rabies virus–neutralizing antibody titer by means of the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. Individual elephants were later switched to an intermittent vaccination schedule to allow duration of the antibody response to be determined.
Results—All elephants had detectable antibody responses following rabies vaccination, although there was great variability among individual animals in regard to antibody titers, and antibody titers could be detected as long as 24 months after vaccine administration. Young animals were found to develop an antibody titer following administration of a single dose of the rabies vaccine. Age and time since vaccination had significant effects on measured antibody titers.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that African elephants developed detectable antibody titers in response to inoculation with a standard large animal dose of a commercially available, inactivated rabies vaccine. The persistence of detectable antibody titers in some animals suggested that vaccination could be performed less frequently than once a year if antibody titers were routinely monitored.
Development and physicochemical evaluation of pharmacosomes of diclofenac
Authors: Semalty Ajay , Semalty Mona , Singh Devendra , Rawat M. 
Published: October 2009

Development and physicochemical evaluation of pharmacosomes of diclofenacPharmacosomes are amphiphilic lipid vesicular systems that have shown their potential in improving the bioavailability of poorly water soluble as well as poorly lipophilic drugs. Diclofenac is a poorly water soluble drug and also causes gastrointestinal toxicity. To improve the water solublity of diclofenac, its pharmacosomes (phospholipid complex) have been prepared and evaluated for physicochemical analysis. Diclofenac was complexed with phosphatidylcholine (80%) in equimolar ratio, in the presence of dichloromethane, by the conventional solvent evaporation technique. Pharmacosomes thus prepared were evaluated for drug solubility, drug content, surface morphology (by scanning electron microscopy), phase transition behaviour (by differential scanning calorimetry), crystallinity (by X-ray powder diffraction) andin vitrodissolution. Pharmacosomes of diclofenac were found to be irregular or disc shaped with rough surfaces in SEM. Drug content was found to be 96.2 ± 1.1%. DSC thermograms and XRPD data confirmed the formation of the phospholipid complex. Water solubility of the prepared complex was found to be 22.1 μg mL-1as compared to 10.5 μg mL-1of diclofenac. This improvement in water solubility in prepared pharmacosomes may result in improved dissolution and lower gastrointestinal toxicity. Pharmacosomes showed 87.8% while the free diclofenac acid showed a total of only 60.4% drug release at the end of 10 h of dissolution study.
Effects of drug solubility on the release kinetics of water soluble and insoluble drugs from HPMC based matrix formulations
Authors: Chakraborty Santanu , Khandai Madhusmruti , Sharma Anuradha , Patra Ch. , Patro V. , Sen Kalyan 
Published: October 2009

Effects of drug solubility on the release kinetics of water soluble and insoluble drugs from HPMC based matrix formulations
The purpose of the present research work was to observe the effects of drug solubility on their release kinetics of water soluble verpamil hydrochloride and insoluble aceclofenac from hydrophilic polymer based matrix formulations. Matrix formulations were prepared by the direct compression method. The formulations were evaluated for various physical parameters. Along with the dynamics of water uptake and erosion, SEM and in vitro drug release of the tablets were studied. Applying an exponential equation, it was found that the kinetics of soluble drug release followed anomalous non-Fickian diffusion transport whereas insoluble drug showed zero-order release. SEM study showed pore formation on the tablet surface that differed depending on drug solubility. t-Test pointed to a significant difference in amount of both drugs released due to the difference in solubility. Solubility of the drug effects kinetics and the mechanism of drug release.
Butyl acrylate/4-acryloyloxy benzophenone copolymers as photoreactive UV-crosslinkable pressure-sensitive adhesives
Authors: Czech Zbigniew , Butwin Agnieszka 
Published: October 2009

Butyl acrylate/4-acryloyloxy benzophenone copolymers as photoreactive UV-crosslinkable pressure-sensitive adhesives
It has previously been shown that copolymers of butyl acrylate with 4-acryloyloxy benzophenone can be used as pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs). This paper presents the synthesis and application of a solvent-borne polymer system for the preparation of photoreactive UV-crosslinkable acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. Butyl acrylate/benzophenone copolymers with molecular mass in the range 180 000 to 480 000 Dalton were prepared by carrying out free-radical solution polymerization. These copolymers were found to be tacky but in some cases to possess insufficient cohesive strength after UV-crosslinking to be useful as PSAs. The other copolymers resulted in materials with the balance of cohesive and adhesive characteristics required of good PSAs. Some of the parameters affecting the pressure-sensitive adhesive properties of the copolymers are the concentration of 4-acryloyloxy benzophenone, the molecular mass of the polymeric components, the UV-reactivity, and properties such as tack, peel adhesion, and cohesion.
The location of the grounding zone of Evans Ice Stream, Antarctica, investigated using SAR interferometry and modelling
Authors: Sykes Helena J. , Murray Tavi , Luckman Adrian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEvans Ice Stream, West Antarctica, has five tributaries and a complex grounding zone. The grounding zone of Evans Ice Stream, between the landward and seaward limits of tidal flexing, was mapped using SAR interferometry. The width of the mapped grounding zone was compared with that derived from an elastic beam model, and the tidal height changes derived from interferometry were compared with the results of a tidal model. Results show that in 1994 and 1996 the Evans grounding zone was located up to 100 km upstream of its location in the BEDMAP dataset. The grounding line of Evans Ice Stream is subjected to 5 m vertical tidal forcing, which would clearly affect ice-stream flow.
Anti-hepatitis C Virus Activity of Novel β-D-2′-C-methyl-4′-azido Pyrimidine Nucleoside Phosphoramidate Prodrugs
Authors: Rondla Ramu , Coats Steven J , McBrayer Tamara R , Grier Jason , Johns Melissa , Tharnish Phillip M , Whitaker Tony , Zhou Longhu , Schinazi Raymond F 
Published: October 2009

Background: 2′- C-methyl and 4′-azido nucleosides have previously demonstrated inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase NS5B. In an effort to discover new and more potent anti-HCV agents, we envisioned synthesizing nucleoside analogues by combining the 2′- C-methylmoiety with the 4′-azido-moiety into one molecule. Methods: 2′- C-methyl-4′-azido pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized by first converting 2′- C-methyl ribonucleosides to the corresponding 4′-exocyclic methylene nucleosides. Treatment with iodine azide, benzoylation of the 2′- and 3′-hydroxy groups, oxidative displacement of the 5′-iodo group with meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, and debenzoylation gave the desired 2′- C-methyl-4′-azido uridine and thymidine analogues in good yield. Standard conversion of uridine to cytidine via the 4-triazole yielded 2′- C-methyl-4′-azido cytidine. In addition, 5′-phosphoramidate derivatives of 2′-C-methyl-4′-azido uridine and cytidine were synthesized to bypass the initial phosphorylation step. Results: The prepared nucleosides and their 5′-monophosphate prodrugs were evaluated for their ability to inhibit replication of the hepatitis C virus in a subgenomic replicon cell based assay. Cytotoxicity in Huh7 cells was determined simultaneously with anti-HCV activity by extraction and amplification of both HCV RNA and ribosomal RNA. Among the newly synthesized compounds, only the 5′-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs had modest and selective anti-HCV activity. All prepared pyrimidine nucleosides and 5′-monophosphate nucleoside prodrugs displayed no evidence of cytotoxicity at high concentrations. Conclusions: This work is the first example of both inactive uridine and cytidine analogues of a nucleoside being converted to active anti-HCV nucleosides via 5′-monophosphate prodrugs.
Ethnic Differences in Pediatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: HIRAKI LINDA T. , BENSELER SUSANNE M. , TYRRELL PASCAL N. , HARVEY ELIZABETH , HEBERT DIANE , SILVERMAN EARL D. 
Published: October 2009

Objective.Prevalence and severity of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in adults is suggested to be distinctly different between ethnic groups. The impact of ethnicity is not as well delineated in pediatric SLE (pSLE). We compared prevalence and extent of major organ involvement, disease activity, and damage in pSLE between different ethnic groups.Methods.Ethnic demographic profiles of an inception cohort of 265 patients with pSLE followed at Sick Kids Hospital in Toronto were determined and compared to the Metropolitan Toronto at-risk population. Patients were categorized into ethnic subsets based on self-designated ethnic origins. Disease characteristics including major organ involvement, disease activity, and damage measures were longitudinally determined and compared among ethnic groups.Results.Ethnicity data were available on 259/265 pSLE patients (99.6%); the majority were non-Caucasian (60%) compared to the Metropolitan Toronto at-risk population (40%) (p < 0.0001). Non-Caucasian patients were younger at diagnosis than Caucasian patients, Black patients being the youngest at diagnosis (12.6 vs 14.6 yrs; p = 0.007). Renal disease was significantly more common in non-Caucasian than in Caucasian pSLE patients (62% vs 45%; p = 0.01). There was a trend toward increased prevalence of central nervous system disease in Black patients compared to Asian patients (p = 0.108). There was no difference in gender ratio, SLE Disease Activity Index, or damage scores between ethnic groups.Conclusion.Non-Caucasian ethnicity is associated with increased pSLE disease prevalence. Non-Caucasian pSLE patients were significantly younger and more likely to have nephritis. However, disease activity and damage were strongly associated with major organ disease independent of the patient’s ethnicity.