bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embedding consumer culture in health and social care education – a university office's perspective
Authors: Ward Lisa J. , Rhodes Christine A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHealth and social care services are changing – and this change is radical. Service user and carer involvement has been a key aspect of health and social care policy for a number of years. In terms of the National Health Service (NHS), this has been significantly strengthened by the report ‘High Quality Care for All’. The NHS will no longer be a monolith dictating what services it offers. It is beginning to take seriously the views of its consumers: the patients, service users and carers. The NHS is starting to put the patient experience at the centre of everything it does, and its regulators are asking for evidence of public and patient involvement. This process may yet prove to be one of the NHS' greatest challenges as it transforms to prioritize the consumer viewpoint. Social care, though further down the line in relation to involvement, is now responding to the relatively new personalization agenda.This paper will consider what the university sector can do to embed the consumer and service culture within the education of health and social care professionals. It looks at the challenges of involvement and required culture change, highlighting the key points to address in the early and middle stages of involvement from a university office's perspective. It includes examples of consumer involvement in teaching, assessment and the selection of students and how their input is starting to make a difference.Finally, the paper outlines what is needed in a development office to establish and support effective service user and carer involvement on health and social care courses in higher education. The article concludes by acknowledging that there is much more work that needs to be done in this field to embed the work of a development office, but that early steps have been promising.
α‐Synuclein expression is induced by depolarization and cyclic AMP in enteric neurons
Authors: Paillusson Sébastien , Tasselli Maddalena , Lebouvier Thibaud , Mahé Maxime Michaël , Chevalier Julien , Biraud Mandy , Cario‐Toumaniantz Chystelle , Neunlist Michel , Derkinderen Pascal 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 694–706.AbstractAccumulated evidence emphasizes the importance of α‐synuclein expression levels in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. PD is a multicentric disorder that affects the enteric nervous system (ENS), whose involvement may herald the degenerative process in the CNS. We therefore undertook the present study to investigate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of expression of α‐synuclein in the ENS. The regulation of α‐synuclein expression was assessed by qPCR and western blot analysis in rat primary culture of ENS treated with KCl and forskolin. A pharmacological approach was used to decipher the signaling pathways involved. Intraperitoneal injections of Bay K‐8644 and forskolin were performed in mice, whose proximal colons were further analyzed for α‐synuclein expression. Depolarization and forskolin increased α‐synuclein mRNA and protein expression in primary cultures of ENS, although L‐type calcium channel and protein kinase A, respectively. Both stimuli increased α‐synuclein expression through a Ras/extracellular signal‐regulated kinases pathway. An increase in α‐synuclein expression was also observed in vivo in the ENS of mice injected with Bay K‐8644 or forskolin. In conclusion, we have identified stimuli leading to α‐synuclein over‐expression in the ENS, which could be critical in the initiation of the pathological process in PD.
Presynaptic calcium channels and α3‐integrins are complexed with synaptic cleft laminins, cytoskeletal elements and active zone components
Authors: Carlson Steven S. , Valdez Gregorio , Sanes Joshua R. 
Published: August 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)115, 654–666.AbstractAt chemical synapses, synaptic cleft components interact with elements of the nerve terminal membrane to promote differentiation and regulate function. Laminins containing the β2 subunit are key cleft components, and they act in part by binding the pore‐forming subunit of a pre‐synaptic voltage‐gated calcium channel (Cavα) (Nishimuneet al.2004). In this study, we identify Cavα‐associated intracellular proteins that may couple channel‐anchoring to assembly or stabilization of neurotransmitter release sites called active zones. Using Cavα‐antibodies, we isolated a protein complex from Torpedo electric organ synapses, which resemble neuromuscular junctions but are easier to isolate in bulk. We identified 10 components of the complex: six cytoskeletal proteins (α2/β2 spectrins, plectin 1, AHNAK/desmoyokin, dystrophin, and myosin 1), two active zone components (bassoon and piccolo), synaptic laminin, and a calcium channel β subunit. Immunocytochemistry confirmed these proteins in electric organ synapses, and PCR analysis revealed their expression by developing mammalian motor neurons. Finally, we show that synaptic laminins also interact with pre‐synaptic integrins containing the α3 subunit. Together with our previous finding that a distinct synaptic laminin interacts with SV2 on nerve terminals (Sonet al.2000), our results identify three paths by which synaptic cleft laminins can send developmentally important signals to nerve terminals.
Contact allergy to fragrances: current patch test results (2005–2008) from the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology*
Authors: Uter Wolfgang , Geier Johannes , Frosch Peter , Schnuch Axel 
Published: August 2010

Background: Contact sensitization to fragrances is common both in clinical and in population samples. The spectrum of allergens is broad and diverse, and to some extent covered by a set of screening agents. Objectives: To examine the current frequency of contact sensitization to fragrance allergens in patients routinely patch tested for suspected allergic contact dermatitis with the baseline series and special series. Patients and methods: Between 2005 and 2008, 40 709 patients were patch tested in the departments of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (http://www.ivdk.org). Results with selected fragrances were analysed. Results: Of all patients tested with the German baseline series, 15.1% reacted positively to fragrance mix (FM) I (6.6% positive), FM II (4.6% positive) or Myroxylon pereirae resin (balsam of Peru, 6.8% positive). Among the single constituents of FM I, Evernia prunastri [oak moss absolute (abs.)] was the leading allergen, and amyl cinnamal the least frequent allergen. Among fragrances not included in FM I or FM II, Evernia furfuracea (tree moss abs.) was the most common allergen. Conclusions: For diagnostic purposes, it is necessary to combine several screening agents. The frequency of contact sensitization differs greatly between single fragrances.
Standardized tape stripping prior to patch testing induces upregulation of Hsp90, Hsp70, IL‐33, TNF‐α and IL‐8/CXCL8 mRNA: new insights into the involvement of ‘alarmins’
Authors: Dickel Heinrich , Gambichler Thilo , Kamphowe Jeanette , Altmeyer Peter , Skrygan Marina 
Published: August 2010

Background: The strip patch test is recommended if patch test results are presumed to be false‐negative. It is under discussion whether the cutaneous inflammation induced by tape stripping is a pivotal element in enhancing the allergic contact dermatitis response. Objectives: To investigate epidermal mRNA expression of mediators implicated in the regulation of inflammation induced by tape stripping according to our standardized protocol in human skin. Patients/Methods: Thirty‐one healthy volunteers (median age 26 years, range 18–62 years) participated in the study. We measured epidermal mRNAs coding for cytokines [tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ), interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1β, IL‐33, IL‐10, IL‐8/CXCL8, chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2)/MCP‐1 (monocyte chemotactic protein‐1), chemokine (C–C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5)/RANTES (regulated upon activation normal T‐cell expressed, and presumably secreted), IL‐6, granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF)], an adhesion molecule [intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (ICAM‐1)], heat shock proteins (Hsp27, Hsp70 and Hsp90), and the inflammasome complex [NACHT‐LRR‐PYD‐containing protein‐3 (NALP3), apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD (ASC)/CARD5 (caspase recruitment domain‐containing protein‐5) and caspase‐1] in tape‐stripped skin of the upper back relative to untreated skin of the upper back, using quantitative real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction technology. Results: Epidermal mRNA expression levels of TNF‐α, Hsp90, Hsp70, IL‐33, and IL‐8/CXCL8 were significantly upregulated, whereas CCL5/RANTES expression was significantly downregulated 6 hr after standardized tape stripping. Conclusions: Tape stripping the skin according to our standardized protocol shows immunostimulatory effects, with induction of keratinocyte‐derived ‘alarmins’ and cytokines mounting an immune response, which may contribute to the increased sensitivity of the strip patch test versus the patch test.
Preservatives in cosmetics: reactivity of allergenic formaldehyde‐releasers towards amino acids through breakdown products other than formaldehyde*
Authors: Kireche Mustapha , Gimenez‐Arnau Elena , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2010

Background: Compounds slowly releasing formaldehyde, the so‐called formaldehyde‐releasers, are commonly employed as preservatives in cosmetics instead of free formaldehyde, which is a strong skin sensitizer. It has been long accepted that formaldehyde‐releaser sensitization is attributable to released formaldehyde. However, clinical studies show the existence of patients allergic to formaldehyde‐releasers but not to formaldehyde itself. Objectives: To prove that, for certain formaldehyde‐releasers, reactive intermediates other than formaldehyde could be involved in the formation of the hapten–protein antigenic complex, a key step of the sensitization process, thus explaining their sensitizing potential. Materials/Methods: DMDM hydantoin, 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol and methenamine were synthesized, 13C‐labelled at the position(s) precursor of formaldehyde. Their reactivity towards amino acids was followed by one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance. Results: Many adducts formed by reacting formaldehyde‐releasers with amino acids resulted from a direct interaction of the releaser or from reaction of a breakdown product, and not from a reaction involving simply released formaldehyde. DMDM hydantoin was reactive per se, and 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol and methenamine decomposed in water, producing bromoethanol and diaminomethane, respectively, which were reactive towards some of the amino acids tested. Conclusion: The reactivity of distinctive formaldehyde‐releasers towards amino acids is not limited to formaldehyde release.
Ethosome formulation of contact allergens may enhance patch test reactions in patients*
Authors: Madsen Jakob Torp , Vogel Stefan , Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Simonsson Carl , Johansen Jeanne Duus , Andersen Klaus E. 
Published: August 2010

Background: Ethosomes and liposomes are ultra‐small vesicles capable of encapsulating drugs and cosmetic ingredients for topical use, thereby potentially increasing bioavailability and clinical efficacy. So far, few reports have suggested that formulation of cosmetic ingredients in vesicular carrier systems may increase the allergenicity potential. Objectives: To investigate the effect of ethosome formulation of isoeugenol and methyldibromo glutaronitrile on the elicitation response under patch test conditions and by repeated open applications. Patients/Materials/Methods: A total of 27 volunteer patients with a previous positive patch test reaction to either isoeugenol or methyldibromo glutaronitrile were included in the study. In all patients, a serial dilution patch test was performed with the allergen in question formulated in ethosomes and in an ethanol/water solution. In addition, a repeated open application test (ROAT) was performed in a subset of 16 patients, and lag time until a positive response was recorded. Results: Both contact allergens encapsulated in ethosomes showed significantly enhanced patch test reactions as compared with the allergen preparation in ethanol/water without ethosomes. No significant difference in the median lag time was recorded between preparations in the ROAT. Conclusions: Encapsulating potential contact allergens in ethosomes may increase the challenge response as compared with the same concentrations in an ethanol/water base without ethosomes.
UHECRs from magnetic reconnection in relativistic jets
Authors: Giannios Dimitrios 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) may be produced in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) or gamma-ray burst (GRB) jets. I argue that magnetic reconnection in jets can accelerate UHECRs rather independently of physical processes in the magnetic dissipation region. First-order Fermi acceleration can efficiently take place in the region where the unreconnected (upstream) magnetized fluid converges into the reconnection layer. I find that protons can reach energies up to E ∼ 1020 eV in GRB and powerful AGN jets while iron nuclei can reach similar energies in AGN jets of more moderate luminosity.
The magnetic field and the evolution of element spots on the surface of the HgMn eclipsing binary ARAur
Authors: Hubrig S. , Savanov I. , Ilyin I. , González J. F. , Korhonen H. , Lehmann H. , Schöller M. , Granzer T. , Weber M. , Strassmeier K. G. , Hartmann M. , Tkachenko A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The system AR Aur is a young late B-type double-lined eclipsing binary with a primary star of HgMn peculiarity. We applied the Doppler imaging method to reconstruct the distribution of Fe and Y over the surface of the primary using spectroscopic time series obtained in 2005 and from 2008 October to 2009 February. The results show a remarkable evolution of the element distribution and overabundances. Measurements of the magnetic field with the moment technique using several elements reveal the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field of the order of a few hundred gauss in both stellar components and a quadratic field of the order of 8 kG on the surface of the primary star.
High Prevalence of Liddle Syndrome Phenotype Among Hypertensive US Veterans in Northwest Louisiana
Authors: Tapolyai Mihály , Uysal Aşkin , Dossabhoy Neville R. , Zsom Lajos , Szarvas Tibor , Lengvárszky Zsolt , Fülöp Tibor 
Published: August 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).Liddle syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant disorder due to a gain‐of‐function mutation in the epithelial Na+ channel and is perceived to be a rare condition. A cross‐sectional study of 149 hypertensive patients with hypokalemia (<4 mmol/dL) or elevated serum bicarbonate (>25 mmol/dL) was conducted at a Veterans’ Administration Medical Center Hypertension Clinic in Shreveport, LA. Data on demographics, blood pressure, and select blood tests were collected and expressed as percentages for categoric variables and as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for continuous variables. Patients were diagnosed with likely LS when the plasma renin activity (PRA) was <0.35 μU/mL/h and the aldosterone was <15 ng/dL and likely primary hyperaldosteronism (PHA) with PRA <0.35 μU/mL/h and aldosterone level >15 ng/dL. The cohort included predominantly elderly (67.1±13.4 years), male (96%), and Caucasian (57%) patients. The average blood pressure was 143.8/79.8 mm Hg±27.11/15.20 with 3.03±1.63 antihypertensive drugs. Based on the above criteria, 9 patients (6%) satisfied the criteria for likely LS and 10 patients (6.7%) were diagnosed with likely PHA. In this hypothesis‐generating study, the authors detected an unusually high prevalence of biochemical abnormalities compatible with likely LS syndrome from Northwestern Louisiana, approaching that of likely PHA. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:856–860.
Rationale for Triple‐Combination Therapy for Management of High Blood Pressure
Authors: Gradman Alan H. 
Published: August 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).The goals of antihypertensive therapy include optimal reduction in blood pressure (BP) while providing a favorable tolerability profile that promotes long‐term adherence to treatment. For most patients with hypertension, these treatment goals cannot be achieved with monotherapy. When instituted early, however, combination therapy results in more rapid control of BP. This approach may facilitate improvements in long‐term clinical outcomes, compared with more traditional and time‐consuming stepped care and add‐on algorithms for the management of hypertension. This review summarizes the rationale behind combination therapy, specifically triple‐combination therapy, and discusses which combinations are most likely to result in better BP control, fewer side effects, and reduced risk of target organ damage. Supporting evidence from recent triple‐combination therapy trials also is included in the review. Finally, the role of single‐pill (fixed‐dose) combination therapy in enhancing patient adherence is also discussed. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:869–878.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Diagnostic accuracy of mammography readers and their memory performance have no correlation with each other
Authors: Kok P , Pitman AG , Cawson JN , Gledhill S , Kremer S , Lawson J , Mehta K , Mercuri V , Shnier D , Taft R , Zentner L 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction:  The study aims to determine if any association exists between visual memory performance and diagnostic accuracy performance in a group of radiologist mammogram readers.Materials and Methods:  One hundred proven mammograms (23 with cancers) were grouped into 5 sets of 20 cases, with sets being of equal difficulty. Pairs of sets were presented in 5 reads (40 cases per read, order random) to a panel of 8 radiologist readers (either present or past screening readers, with experience range from <1 year to >20 years). The readers were asked to either ‘clear’ or ‘call back’ cases depending on need for further workup, and at post‐baseline reads to indicate whether each case was ‘new’ or ‘old’ (i.e. remembered from prior read). Two sets were presented only at baseline (40 cases per reader), and were used to calculate the reader's false recollection rate. Three sets were repeated post‐baseline once or twice (100 cases per reader). Reading conditions were standardised.Results:  Memory performance differed markedly between readers. The number of correctly remembered cases (of 100 ‘old’ cases) had a median of 10.5 and range of 0–58. The observed number of false recollections (of 40 ‘totally new’ cases) had a median of 2 and range of 0–17. Diagnostic performance measures were mean (range): sensitivity 0.68 (0.54–0.81); specificity 0.82 (0.74–0.91); positive predictive value (PPV) 0.55 (0.50–0.65); negative predictive value (NPV) 0.89 (0.86–0.93) and accuracy 0.78 (0.76–0.83). Confidence intervals (CIs; 95%) for each reader overlapped for all the diagnostic parameters, indicating a lack of statistically significant difference between the readers at the 5% level. The most sensitive and the most specific reader showed a trend away from each other on sensitivity, specificity, NPV and PPV; their accuracies were 0.76 and 0.82, respectively, and their accuracy 95% CIs overlapped considerably. Correlation analysis by reader showed no association between observed memory performance and any of the diagnostic accuracy measures in our group of readers. In particular, there was no correlation between diagnostic accuracy and memory performance.Conclusion:  There was no association between visual memory performance and diagnostic accuracy as a screening mammographer in our group of eight representative readers. Whether a radiologist has a good or a bad visual memory for cases, and in particular mammograms, should not impact on his or her performance as a radiologist and mammogram reader.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Pilot comparison of 18F‐fluorocholine and 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose PET/CT with conventional imaging in prostate cancer
Authors: Beauregard J‐M , Williams SG , DeGrado TR , Roselt P , Hicks RJ 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction:  Conventional imaging (CI) is known to have limitations with respect to staging of patients with primary or relapsed prostate cancer. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) with 18F‐flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) is also often suboptimal because of low tracer avidity, but 18F‐fluorocholine (FCH) appears to be a promising alternative molecular imaging probe. We report a prospective pilot study of PET/CT comparing both tracers for staging and restaging of patients with prostate cancer.Methods:  Sixteen prostate cancer patients were evaluated (7 for staging and 9 for restaging). All patients also underwent CI, comprising at least an abdominopelvic CT and a bone scan. All imaging results and other relevant data were extracted from the imaging reports and medical charts.Results:  Based on all imaging‐detected disease sites, both FCH‐PET/CT and FDG‐PET/CT (79%) were more sensitive than CI (14%), with the highest number of sites of nodal and distant disease on FCH PET/CT. FCH‐PET/CT alone would have provided sufficient clinical information to form an appropriate management plan in 88% of cases, as compared with 56% for CI.Conclusion:  FCH‐PET/CT has the potential to impact on the management of patients with prostate cancer significantly more often than CI.
TECHNICAL ARTICLE: Fusion of high b‐value diffusion‐weighted and T2‐weighted MR images improves identification of lymph nodes in the pelvis
Authors: Mir N , Sohaib SA , Collins D , Koh DM 
Published: August 2010

SummaryAccurate identification of lymph nodes facilitates nodal assessment by size, morphological or MR lymphographic criteria. We compared the MR detection of lymph nodes in patients with pelvic cancers using T2‐weighted imaging, and fusion of diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and T2‐weighted imaging.Twenty patients with pelvic tumours underwent 5‐mm axial T2‐weighted and DWI (b‐values 0–750 s/mm2) on a 1.5T system. Fusion images of b = 750 s/mm2 diffusion‐weighted MR and T2‐weighted images were created. Two radiologists evaluated in consensus the T2‐weighted images and fusion images independently. For each image set, the location and diameter of pelvic nodes were recorded, and nodal visibility was scored using a 4‐point scale (0–3). Nodal visualisation was compared using Relative to an Identified Distribution (RIDIT) analysis. The mean RIDIT score describes the probability that a randomly selected node will be better visualised relative to the other image set.One hundred fourteen pelvic nodes (mean 5.9 mm; 2–10 mm) were identified on T2‐weighted images and 161 nodes (mean 4.3 mm; 2–10 mm) on fusion images. Using fusion images, 47 additional nodes were detected compared with T2‐weighted images alone (eight external iliac, 24 inguinal, 12 obturator, two peri‐rectal, one presacral). Nodes detected only on fusion images were 2–9 mm (mean 3.7 mm). Nodal visualisation was better using fusion images compared with T2‐weighted images (mean RIDIT score 0.689 vs 0.302).Fusion of diffusion‐weighted MR with T2‐weighted images improves identification of pelvic lymph nodes compared with T2‐weighted images alone. The improved nodal identification may aid treatment planning and further nodal characterisation.
CASE REPORT: The CT and 18F‐FDG PET/CT appearance of primary renal malignant fibrous histiocytoma
Authors: Hwang SS , Park SY , Park YH 
Published: August 2010

SummaryRenal malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) is a rare, primary renal tumour. Imaging findings of renal MFH, including ultrasound, CT and MRI, have, however, been reported. As to the best of our knowledge 18F‐FDG PET/CT imaging of renal MFH has not been previously reported, we present the CT and 18F‐FDG PET/CT appearance of a pathologically proven primary renal MFH.