bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mast cells positive for cluster of differentiation 117 protein: are they players or conductor in the orchestra of cholesteatoma?
Authors: Calli A O , Sari A , Cakalagaoglu F , Altinboga A A , Calli C , Oncel S 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:The pathogenesis of cholesteatoma remains unclear, despite several theories. Alterations in the density of mast cells positive for cluster of differentiation 117 protein (also known as CD117) can be critical to cholesteatoma formation, due to the effect on keratinocyte growth factor production. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of these mast cells in cholesteatoma pathogenesis.Methods:The number and density of mast cells positive for cluster of differentiation 117 protein were immunohistochemically analysed in 52 patients: 22 with chronic otitis media alone (group one), 25 with chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma (group two) and five controls.Results:The number of these mast cells was much higher in group two (in cholesteatoma matrix tissue) than in group one (in chronic otitis media granulation tissue) or the controls (in normal post-auricular skin). The density of these mast cells was significantly greater in group two than in group one or the controls (p < 0.05). The number and density of these mast cells was much greater in group one than in controls (p < 0.01).Conclusion:Mast cells positive for cluster of differentiation 117 protein could play a role in cholesteatoma formation. Further investigation of the role of these mast cells in cholesteatoma may suggest new ways of addressing this disorder, and may enable the development of targeted treatments.
Obstructive sleep apnoea in a case of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma
Authors: See A X , Chua D Y K , Chan Y M , Goh C H K 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectives:To report a rare case of thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma which presented with obstructive sleep apnoea, and to highlight the difficulties in making this clinical diagnosis.Method:Case report and review of the English language literature concerning thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma.Results:Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma is a rare clinical entity found in only approximately 1 per cent of all patients operated upon for thyroglossal duct cyst. This condition usually presents in an identical manner to its benign counterpart; atypical presentations have not previously been reported. Our patient is the first reported case of a thyroglossal duct cyst carcinoma first presenting with symptoms of obstructive sleep apnoea, without a neck mass. Complete surgical excision with total thyroidectomy and lymph node clearance was performed, in view of the positive lymph node metastases (seen on imaging) and the need for post-operative radioiodine therapy.Conclusion:Thyroglossal duct cyst carcinomas may present atypically, posing a diagnostic dilemma for the clinician. For patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea, it is imperative that a thorough otolaryngological examination be performed to exclude any underlying pathology.
Moral Compromise
Authors: Archard David 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA moral compromise is a compromise on moral matters; it is agreement in the face of moral disagreement but where there is agreement on the importance of consensus – namely that it secures a morally desirable outcome. It is distinguishable from other forms of agreement, and an important distinction between moral compromise with public agreement and moral compromise with public disagreement is also made. Circumstances in which the former might be permissible are outlined, and the sense in which it is allowed all things considered to agree is made clear. The relevant discussions of Dan Brock and Mary Warnock on the role of the philosopher to public policy are critically reviewed. Finally, a brief list is offered of the considerations relevant to an estimation of whether and, if so, when such compromise is allowed.
Evidence of recursion in tool use
Authors: Barceló-Coblijn Lluís , Gomila Antoni 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe discuss the discovery of technologies involving knotted netting, such as textiles, basketry, and cordage, in the Upper Paleolithic. This evidence, in our view, suggests a new way of connecting toolmaking and syntactic structure in human evolution, because these technologies already exhibit an “infinite use of finite means,” which we take to constitute the key transition to human cognition.
Unique features of human movement control predicted by the leading joint hypothesis
Authors: Dounskaia Natalia 
Published: June 2012

AbstractVaesen suggests that motor control is not among the primary origins of the uniqueness of human tool use. However, recent findings show that cognitive processes involved in control of human limb movements may be much more sophisticated than it was believed previously. The sophistication of movement control may substantially contribute to the uniqueness of humans in tool use.
What exists in the environment that motivates the emergence, transmission, and sophistication of tool use?
Authors: Nonaka Tetsushi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn his attempt to find cognitive traits that set humans apart from nonhuman primates with respect to tool use, Vaesen overlooks the primacy of the environment toward the use of which behavior evolves. The occurrence of a particular behavior is a result of how that behavior has evolved in a complex and changing environment selected by a unique population.
The role of executive control in tool use
Authors: Stoet Gijsbert , Snyder Lawrence H. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractComparing cognitive functions between humans and nonhuman primates is helpful for understanding human tool use. We comment on the latest insights from comparative research on executive control functions. Based on our own work, we discuss how even a mental function in which non-human primates outperform humans might have played a key role in the development of tool use.
Neurocognitive anthropology: What are the options?
Authors: Vingerhoets Guy 
Published: June 2012

AbstractInvestigation of the cerebral organization of cognition in modern humans may serve as a tool for a better understanding of the evolutionary origins of our unique cognitive abilities. This commentary suggests three approaches that may serve this purpose: (1) cross-task neural overlap, referred to by Vaesen; but also (2) co-lateralization of asymmetric cognitive functions and (3) cross-functional (effective) connectivity.
So, are we the massively lucky species?
Authors: Penn Derek C. , Holyoak Keith J. , Povinelli Daniel J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe are in vehement agreement with most of Vaesen's key claims. But Vaesen fails to consider or rebut the possibility that there are deep causal dependencies among the various cognitive traits he identifies as uniquely human. We argue that “higher-order relational reasoning” is one such linchpin trait in the evolution of human tool use, social intelligence, language, and culture.
Policy formulation, governance shifts and policy influence: location and content in policy advisory systems
Authors: Craft Jonathan , Howlett Michael 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMost studies of policy formulation focus on the nature and kind of advice provided to decision-makers and think of this as originating from a system of interacting elements: a “policy advisory system”. Policy influence in such models has historically been viewed as based on considerations of the proximate location of policy advisors vis à vis the government, linked to related factors such as the extent to which governments are able to control sources of advice. While not explicitly stated, this approach typically presents the content of policy advice as either partisan “political” or administratively “technical” in nature. This article assesses the merits of these locational models against evidence of shifts in governance arrangements that have blurred both the inside vs outside and technical vs political dimensions of policy formulation environments. It argues that the growing plurality of advisory sources and the polycentrism associated with these governance shifts challenge the utility of both the implied content and locational dimensions of traditional models of policy advice systems. A revised approach is advanced that sees influence more as a product of content than location. The article concludes by raising several hypotheses for future research linking advisory system behaviour to governance arrangements.
Influence of carbon mapping and land change modelling on the prediction of carbon emissions from deforestation
Authors: GUTIERREZ-VELEZ VICTOR HUGO , PONTIUS ROBERT GILMORE 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYThe implementation of an international programme for reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) can help to mitigate climate change and bring numerous benefits to environmental conservation. Information on land change modelling and carbon mapping can contribute to quantify future carbon emissions from deforestation. However limitations in data availability and technical capabilities may constitute an obstacle for countries interested in participating in the REDD programme. This paper evaluates the influence of quantity and allocation of mapped carbon stocks and expected deforestation on the prediction of carbon emissions from deforestation. The paper introduces the conceptual space where quantity and allocation are involved in predicting carbon emissions, and then uses the concepts to predict carbon emissions in the Brazilian Amazon, using previously published information about carbon mapping and deforestation modelling. Results showed that variation in quantity of carbon among carbon maps was the most influential component of uncertainty, followed by quantity of predicted deforestation. Spatial allocation of carbon within carbon maps was less influential than quantity of carbon in the maps. For most of the carbon maps, spatial allocation of deforestation had a minor but variable effect on the prediction of carbon emissions relative to the other components. The influence of spatial carbon allocation reaches its maximum when 50% of the initial forest area is deforested. The method can be applied to other case studies to evaluate the interacting effects of quantity and allocation of carbon with future deforestation on the prediction of carbon emissions from deforestation.
Using in-situ techniques to probe high-temperature reactions: thermochemical cycles for the production of synthetic fuels from CO2 and water
Authors: Coker Eric N. , Rodriguez Mark A. , Ambrosini Andrea , Miller James E. , Stechel Ellen B. 
Published: June 2012

Ferrites are promising materials for enabling solar-thermochemical cycles. Such cycles utilize solar-thermal energy to reduce the metal oxide, which is then re-oxidized by H2O or CO2, producing H2 or CO, respectively. Mixing ferrites with zirconia or yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) greatly improves their cyclabilities. In order to understand this system, we have studied the behavior of iron oxide/8YSZ (8 mol-% Y2O3 in ZrO2) using in situ X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses at temperatures up to 1500 °C and under controlled atmosphere. The solubility of iron oxide in 8YSZ measured by XRD at room temperature was 9.4 mol-% Fe. The solubility increased to at least 10.4 mol-% Fe when heated between 800 and 1000 °C under inert atmosphere. Furthermore iron was found to migrate in and out of the 8YSZ phase as the temperature and oxidation state of the iron changed. In samples containing >9.4 mol-% Fe, stepwise heating to 1400 °C under helium caused reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 to FeO. Exposure of the FeO-containing material to CO2 at 1100 °C re-oxidized FeO to Fe3O4 with evolution of CO. Thermogravimetric analysis during thermochemical cycling of materials with a range of iron contents showed that samples with mostly dissolved iron utilized a greater proportion of the iron atoms present than did samples possessing a greater fraction of un-dissolved iron oxides.
X-ray measurements of nanometer-thick tantalum oxide and hafnium oxide films on silicon substrates for thickness and composition determination
Authors: Cadieu F. J. , Vander I. , Rong Y. , Zuneska R. W. 
Published: June 2012

The thicknesses and oxygen concentration of tantalum oxide (TaO) and hafnium oxide (HfO) films, prepared by magnetron sputtering Ta and Hf in oxygen onto heated silicon (100) substrates, were measured by three different techniques. The first method uses X-ray reflectivity, which yields a thickness value independent of the film composition. The second method uses the simultaneous measurement of Ta and Hf fluorescence counts. For these <200-nm-thick films there is very little matrix effect so that the Ta and Hf fluorescence counts are expected to, and are observed to, increase linearly with the film thickness. The third method uses the attenuation of the Si Kα X-ray line from the underlying Si excited by a glancing incident X-ray beam for measurement. The TaO and HfO films were observed to grow for the sputtering conditions employed, in an initial mode characterized by a high mass absorption times density product and then grow as characterized by a lower mass absorption times density product. This change over occurred for the HfO films, at a film thickness of 13 nm. The change over occurred for the TaO films at a film thickness of 23 nm. Pure Ta and Hf films were also made by magnetron sputtering from Ta and Hf targets in argon. All X-ray measurements, including the reflectivity measurements, were made, with the addition of an X-ray fluorescence detector, using a Panalytical MRD system.
Extended survival and re-hospitalisation among paediatric patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary cardiac dysfunction
Authors: Erwin Nicole , Zuk Jeannie , Kaufman Jon , Pan Zhaoxing , Carpenter Esther , Mitchell Max B. , da Cruz Eduardo M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackgroundAlthough survival to hospital discharge among children requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for medical and surgical cardio-circulatory failure has been reported in international registries, extended survival and re-hospitalisation rates have not been well described in the literature.Material and methodsThis is a single-institution, retrospective review of all paediatric patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for primary cardiac dysfunction over a 5-year period.ResultsA total of 74 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation runs in 68 patients were identified, with a median follow-up of 5.4 years from hospital discharge. Overall, 66% of patients were decannulated alive and 25 patients (37%) survived to discharge. There were three late deaths at 5 months, 20 months, and 6.8 years from discharge. Of the hospital survivors, 88% required re-hospitalisation, with 63% of re-admissions for cardiac indications. The median number of hospitalisations per patient per year was 0.62, with the first re-admission occurring at a mean time of 9 months after discharge from the index hospitalisation. In all, 38% of patients required further cardiac surgery.ConclusionsExtended survival rates for paediatric hospital survivors of cardiac extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support for medical and post-surgical indications are encouraging. However, re-hospitalisation within the first year following hospital discharge is common, and many patients require further cardiac surgery. Although re-admission hospital mortality is low, longer-term follow-up of quality-of-life indicators is required.
Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies
Authors: Li Guowei , Ma Defu , Zhang Yumei , Zheng Wei , Wang Peiyu 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveSeparate meta-analyses based on case–control and cohort studies have reported different results on the relationship between coffee consumption and colorectal cancer risk. To clarify the effect of coffee intake on colorectal cancer risk, we performed a meta-analysis based on both case–control and cohort studies.DesignReview study.SettingWe identified case–control and cohort studies related to coffee consumption and colorectal cancer risk listed on MEDLINE, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, EMBASE, Science Citation Index and PubMed (until May 2011).SubjectsResearch literature on the relationship between coffee consumption and colorectal cancer risk.ResultsTwenty-five case–control (15 522 cases) and sixteen cohort studies (10 443 cases) were included in the meta-analysis. Comparing the highest v. the lowest/non category of coffee consumption, the combined results from case–control studies showed a significant relationship with colorectal cancer (OR = 0·85, 95 % CI 0·75, 0·97) and colon cancer (OR = 0·79, 95 % CI 0·67, 0·95), but not rectal cancer (OR = 0·95, 95 % CI 0·79, 1·15). For cohort studies, there was a slight suggestion of an inverse association with colorectal cancer (relative ratio = 0·94; 95 % CI 0·88, 1·01) and colon cancer (OR = 0·93, 95 % CI 0·86, 1·01), rather than rectal cancer (OR = 0·98, 95 % CI 0·88, 1·09). In subgroup analyses using case–control studies, significant inverse associations were found in females for colorectal cancer and in Europe for colorectal and colon cancer, while the subgroup analyses of cohort studies found that coffee drinks substantially decreased risk of colon cancer only in Asian women.ConclusionsResults from case–control studies suggest coffee consumption can significantly decrease the risks of colorectal cancer and colon cancer, especially in Europe and for females.
Calcium Carbonate Mineralization: Involvement of Extracellular Polymeric Materials Isolated from Calcifying Bacteria
Authors: Ercole Claudia , Bozzelli Paola , Altieri Fabio , Cacchio Paola , Del Gallo Maddalena 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis study highlights the role of specific outer bacterial structures, such as the glycocalix, in calcium carbonate crystallizationin vitro. We describe the formation of calcite crystals by extracellular polymeric materials, such as exopolysaccharides (EPS) and capsular polysaccharides (CPS) isolated fromBacillus firmusandNocardia calcarea. Organic matrices were isolated from calcifying bacteria grown on synthetic medium—in the presence or absence of calcium ions—and their effect on calcite precipitation was assessed. Scanning electron microscopy observations and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis showed that CPS and EPS fractions were involved in calcium carbonate precipitation, not only serving as nucleation sites but also through a direct role in crystal formation. The utilization of different synthetic media, with and without addition of calcium ions, influenced the biofilm production and protein profile of extracellular polymeric materials. Proteins of CPS fractions with a molecular mass between 25 and 70 kDa were overexpressed when calcium ions were present in the medium. This higher level of protein synthesis could be related to the active process of bioprecipitation.
Involvement of CaMKIV in neurogenic effect with chronic fluoxetine treatment
Authors: Song Ning , Nakagawa Shin , Izumi Takeshi , Toda Hiroyuki , Kato Akiko , Boku Shuken , Inoue Takeshi , Sakagami Hiroyuki , Li Xiaobai , Koyama Tsukasa 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV (CaMKIV) is a protein kinase that has been suggested to participate in fluoxetine (FLX)-induced phosphorylation of cyclic AMP-response element binding protein (CREB). CREB is a key transcription factor in adult neurogenesis. The present study aimed at evaluating whether CaMKIV is involved in adult hippocampal neurogenesis with FLX treatment. Effects of chronic FLX on hippocampal cell proliferation, survival and phenotypes were assessed using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry or BrdU/neuronal nuclei (NeuN)/S100β immunofluorescence staining in wild-type (WT) and CaMKIV knockout (KO) mice. Expression and phosphorylation of CaMKIV and CREB were assessed using RT–PCR and Western blotting. The behavioural action with FLX was assessed in the novelty suppressed feeding test (NSF), which is considered neurogenesis-dependent. CaMKIV KO mice have reduced cell proliferation, but not survival in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus with chronic treatment of FLX when compared to wild littermates. Phenotype analysis showed that most newborn cells matured into neurons. Phosphorylation of CaMKIV was up-regulated in WT mice and phosphorylation of CREB was impaired in CaMKIV KO mice after FLX treatment. The behavioural effects of FLX in NSF were similar in both types. These data suggest that CaMKIV is involved in some aspects of FLX-promoting hippocampal neurogenesis.
Mutter-Kind-Interaktion bei Frühgeborenen
Authors: Lilienfeld Mirjam von , Wendrich Daniela , Ganseforth Catharina , Lehmkuhl Gerd , Roth Bernhard , Nußbeck Susanne , Mehler Katrin , Kribs Angela 
Published: June 2012

Die Mutter-Kind-Interaktion (MKI) Frühgeborener ist im Vergleich zu Reifgeborenen durch eine erhöhte mütterliche Intrusivität und Kontrolle gekennzeichnet. Analysiert wurde die MKI von Früh- und Reifgeborenen im Alter von 36 Monaten. 39 Frühgeborene < 1500 g (Studiengruppe) und 26 Reifgeborene (Kontrollgruppe) wurden im korrigierten Alter von 36 Monaten mittels Mannheimer Methode zur standardisierten Beobachtung der MKI im Kleinkindalter untersucht. Hierzu werden zwei fünfminütige Interaktionssituationen videographisch aufgezeichnet. Für die Lernsituation konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die Mütter Frühgeborener weniger supportiv, häufiger restriktiv und unangemessen steuern, „negativer“ auf ihre Kinder reagieren und häufiger „negative“ Interaktionsauffälligkeiten zeigen. In der Spielsituation zeigte sich, dass Mütter frühgeborener Kinder häufiger negative Interaktionsauffälligkeiten sowie eine höhere negative Gestimmtheit und eine unangemessenere Steuerung aufweisen. Die Lernsituation zeigte sich in der Gruppe der Frühgeborenen als die „schwierigere“ Interaktion. Die Problematik der Mutter- Kind-Interaktion Frühgeborener bedarf besonderer Beachtung sowie früher Interventionen.
A global comparison of GEOS‐Chem‐predicted and remotely‐sensed mineral dust aerosol optical depth and extinction profiles
Authors: Johnson Matthew S. , Meskhidze Nicholas , Praju Kiliyanpilakkil Velayudhan 
Published: June 2012

Dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) and vertical distribution of aerosol extinction predicted by a global chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) are compared to space‐borne data from the Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Multi‐Angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), and Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) for March 2009 to February 2010. Model‐predicted and remotely‐sensed AOD/aerosol extinction profiles are compared over six regions where aerosol abundances are dominated by mineral dust. Calculations indicate that over the regions examined in this study (with the exception of Middle Eastern dust sources) GEOS‐Chem predicts higher AOD values compared to MODIS and MISR. The positive bias is particularly pronounced over the Saharan dust source regions, where model‐predicted AOD values are a factor of 2 to 3 higher. The comparison with CALIPSO‐derived dust aerosol extinction profiles revealed that the model overestimations of dust abundances over the study regions primarily occur below ∼4 km, suggesting excessive emissions of mineral dust and/or uncertainties in dust optical properties. The implementation of a new dust size distribution scheme into GEOS‐Chem reduced the yearly‐mean positive bias in model‐predicted AOD values over the study regions. The results were most noticeable over the Saharan dust source regions where the differences between model‐predicted and MODIS/MISR retrieved AOD values were reduced from 0.22 and 0.17 to 0.02 and −0.04, respectively. Our results suggest that positive/negative biases between satellite and model‐predicted aerosol extinction values at different altitudes can sometimes even out, giving a false impression for the agreement between remotely‐sensed and model‐predicted column‐integrated AOD data.