bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Interpretation: Originalism
Authors: Goldsworthy Jeffrey 
Published: June 2009

AbstractConstitutional interpretation is problematic because it can be difficult to distinguish legitimate interpretation from illegitimate change. The distinction depends largely on what a constitution is. A constitution, like any other law, necessarily has a meaning, which pre‐exists judicial interpretation: it is not a set of meaningless marks on paper. Any plausible constitutional theory must offer an account of the nature of that meaning. In doing so, it must address two main questions. The first is whether the meaning of the constitution is given solely by its words, or also by additional evidence of underlying intentions, purposes or values. The second question is whether, in either case, its meaning is determined by the original meanings, intentions, purposes or values of the founding generation, or by contemporary meanings, intentions, purposes or values. This question divides so‐called ‘originalists’ from ‘non‐originalists’. This article discusses all these alternatives, and the main arguments for and against them. It is subtitled ‘Originalism’ because it defends a moderate version of that position; however, it is argued that this is equivalent to a moderate version of non‐originalism.
Forearm and leg amino acid metabolism in the basal state and during combined insulin and amino acid stimulation after a 3‐day fast
Authors: Gjedsted J. , Gormsen L. , Buhl M. , Nørrelund H. , Schmitz O. , Keiding S. , Tønnesen E. , Møller N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim:  Fasting is characterized by a progressive loss of protein, but data on protein kinetics are unclear and few have studied the effects of re‐feeding. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a combined infusion of insulin and amino acids after fasting would induce compensatory increases in protein synthesis and reductions in protein breakdown at the whole body level and in muscle.Methods:  We included 10 healthy male volunteers and studied them twice: (1) in the post‐absorptive state and (2) after 72 h of fasting. Amino acid kinetics was measured using labelled phenylalanine and tyrosine, whole body energy expenditure was assessed and urea nitrogen synthesis rates were calculated.Results:  After fasting we observed an increase in arterial blood concentration of branched chain amino acids and a decrease in gluconeogenic amino acids (P < 0.05). Isotopically determined whole body, forearm and leg phenylalanine fluxes were unaltered apart from a 30% decrease in phenylalanine‐to‐tyrosine conversion (2.0 vs. 1.4 μmol kg−1 h−1, P < 0.01). During infusion of insulin and amino acids, amino acid concentrations increased.Conclusion:  Our data indicate that after a 72‐h fast basal and insulin/amino acid‐stimulated regional phenylalanine fluxes in leg and forearm muscle are unaltered. During fasting concentrations of gluconeogenic amino acids decrease and hepatic and/or renal phenylalanine‐to‐tyrosine conversion decreases. Thus, as opposed to glucose and lipid metabolism, fasting does not induce insulin resistance as regards amino acid metabolism.
Evidence against a sexual dimorphism in glucose and fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle cultures from age‐matched men and post‐menopausal women
Authors: Rune A. , Salehzadeh F. , Szekeres F. , Kühn I. , Osler M. E. , Al‐Khalili L. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAim:  In vivo whole body differences in glucose/lipid metabolism exist between men and women. Thus, we tested the hypothesis that intrinsic sex differences exist in skeletal muscle gene expression and glucose/lipid metabolism using cultured myotubes.Methods:  Myotube cultures were prepared for gene expression and metabolic studies from vastus lateralis skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from age‐matched men (n = 11; 59 ± 2 years) and post‐menopausal women (n = 10; 60 ± 1 years).Results:  mRNA expression of several genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism was higher in skeletal muscle biopsies from female vs. male donors, but unaltered between the sexes in cultured myotubes. Basal and insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, as well as glucose incorporation into glycogen, was similar in myotube cultures derived from male vs. female donors. In males vs. females, insulin increased glucose uptake (1.3 ± 0.1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.1‐fold respectively) and incorporation into glycogen (2.3 ± 0.3 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3‐fold respectively) to the same extent. Basal fatty acid oxidation and rate of uptake/accumulation was similar between sexes. In response to the 5′AMP‐activated protein kinase activator AICAR, lipid oxidation was increased to the same extent in myotubes established from male vs. female donors (1.6 ± 0.6 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3‐fold respectively). Moreover, the AICAR‐induced rate of uptake/accumulation was similar between sexes.Conclusion:  Differences in metabolic parameters and gene expression profiles between age‐matched men and post‐menopausal women noted in vivo are not observed in cultured human skeletal muscle cells. Thus, the sexual dimorphism in glucose and lipid metabolism is likely a consequence of systemic whole body factors, rather than intrinsic differences in the skeletal muscle proper.
Exploring Personality with the Interpersonal Circumplex
Authors: Gurtman Michael B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe interpersonal circumplex can serve as both companion and guide for those interested in exploring the interpersonal domain of personality. This article offers a relatively nontechnical overview of the model and its various applications in the study of personality. I begin by defining the interpersonal circumplex, its structure and in what sense it is ‘interpersonal’. As part of that, I will briefly consider how circumplex measures of personality, such as the Interpersonal Adjective Scales, are typically evaluated for fit to the model. I will next describe applications of the model for exploring both the idiographic (person‐centered) and nomothetic (variable‐centered) realms of personality. In person‐centered research, the circumplex leads to useful ways of summarizing the basic interpersonal features of a given individual. In variable‐centered research, the circumplex can help elucidate the essential interpersonal meaning of personality constructs such as traits, problems, and motives. To explain how the circumplex can help us explore personality – idiographically and nomothetically – I will draw on a variety of studies, including several recent studies that extend the model in new ways.
Once upon a Time: Explaining Cultural Differences in Episodic Specificity
Authors: Wang Qi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractResearch has generated converging evidence of cross‐cultural differences in episodic specificity, whereby Western children and adults exhibit greater abilities to recall specific past events and event‐specific details than their Asian counterparts. Are the cultural differences a result of methodological artifacts or the true work of ‘culture?’ This article addresses this question by critically evaluating recent cross‐cultural data. The analysis based on extant work suggests that culture shapes episodic remembering through two intrapersonal variables – self‐construal and emotion knowledge – and one interpersonal variable – parent–child reminiscing. The role of culture is discussed in a larger theoretical context pertaining to human memory and cognition and future directions are suggested.
MEASURING INFLATION CREDIBILITY: RESULTS OF A FIRST REPRESENTATIVE SOUTH AFRICAN SAMPLE
Authors: Rossouw Jannie , Padayachee Vishnu 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis study reports the measurement of inflation credibility of a representative sample of the South African population in terms of an inflation credibility barometer. The barometer is an instrument measuring the degree of acceptance of the accuracy of historic inflation figures. These research results serve as a benchmark for South Africa, as similar measurement of a representative sample has not been undertaken before. The sampling results show little public understanding of the rate of inflation and its measurement of average price increases experienced by an average household. As generally accepted international benchmarks for successful central‐bank communication strategies do not exist, the application of the methodology reported in this paper can improve the effectiveness of central bank communication aimed at improving the general knowledge about inflation.
AIDS, Citizenship and Global Funding: A Gambian Case Study
Authors: Cassidy Rebecca , Leach Melissa 
Published: June 2009

SummaryMaking sense of an HIV‐positive diagnosis is often a struggle. Across Africa this is mediated by a new globalism in public health; the last decade has seen an array of new international initiatives and funding mechanisms. These dimensions of governance exemplify, in the health sector, an intensified move away from forms of authority based on the pre‐eminence of nation states in global arenas, towards an array of new arrangements including global public‐private‐philanthropic partnerships. This Gambian case study unpicks the picture of an emergent ‘therapeutic citizenship’(Nguyen 2005) in this context – of condom demonstrations and public disclosures – looking to the strands of authority and governance linked to an epistemic structure initiated by the Global Fund, but that works through a complex web of other organisations and agencies. This suggests that in Gambia in the period up to the end of 2006, the focus of this paper, a local‐global axis which constructed HIV related problems, solutions and related notions of identity and political affiliation had come into being. For people living with HIV in the Gambia, making claims based on their status in this field has been problematic, and their ability to shape proactively what goes on and assert their felt needs often rather limited.
Magnetohydrodynamic Convective Heat and Mass Transfer Flow Due to a
Rotating Disk With Thermal Diffusion Effect
Authors: Maleque Kh. Abdul 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Considering the importance of mass transfer in a magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) convective flow, a numerical solution is obtained for a steady three-dimensional MHD convective mass transfer flow in an incompressible fluid due to a rotating disk with thermal diffusion. The governing partial differential equations of the MHD convective mass transfer flow are reduced to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by introducing suitable similarity transformations. The nonlinear similarity equations are then solved numerically by Nachtsheim–Swigert iteration technique. The results of the numerical solution are then presented graphically in the form of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The corresponding skin-friction coefficients, the Nusselt number, and the Sherwood number are also calculated and displayed in tables showing the effects of various parameters on them. A good comparison between the present numerical predictions and the previously published data (Sparrow, and Gregg, 1959, “Heat Transfer From a Rotating Disk to Fluids of Any Prandtl Number,” ASME J. Heat Transfer, 8, pp. 249–251; Benton, 1966, “On the Flow Due to a Rotating Disc,” J. Fluid Mech., 24, pp. 781–800) has been achieved.
Development of an
mlrA
Gene-Directed TaqMan PCR Assay for Quantitative Assessment of Microcystin-Degrading Bacteria within Water Treatment Plant Sand Filter Biofilms
Authors: Hoefel Daniel , Adriansen Caroline M. M. , Bouyssou Magali A. C. , Saint Christopher P. , Newcombe Gayle , Ho Lionel 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

We report for the first time a quantitative
mlrA
gene-directed TaqMan PCR assay for the rapid detection of microcystin-degrading bacteria. This was applied, in combination with 16S ribosomal DNA-directed quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, to study virgin sand filter column biofilm development and to correlate
mlr
A
gene abundance with microcystin removal efficiency.
Photoheterotrophic Microbes in the Arctic Ocean in Summer and Winter
Authors: Cottrell Matthew T. , Kirchman David L. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTPhotoheterotrophic microbes, which are capable of utilizing dissolved organic materials and harvesting light energy, include coccoid cyanobacteria (SynechococcusandProchlorococcus), aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic (AAP) bacteria, and proteorhodopsin (PR)-containing bacteria. Our knowledge of photoheterotrophic microbes is largely incomplete, especially for high-latitude waters such as the Arctic Ocean, where photoheterotrophs may have special ecological relationships and distinct biogeochemical impacts due to extremes in day length and seasonal ice cover. These microbes were examined by epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and quantitative PCR (QPCR) assays for PR and a gene diagnostic of AAP bacteria (pufM). The abundance of AAP bacteria and PR-containing bacteria decreased from summer to winter, in parallel with a threefold decrease in the total prokaryotic community. In contrast, the abundance ofSynechococcusorganisms did not decrease in winter, suggesting that their growth was supported by organic substrates. Results from QPCR assays revealed no substantial shifts in the community structure of AAP bacteria and PR-containing bacteria. However, Arctic PR genes were different from those found at lower latitudes, and surprisingly, they were not similar to those in Antarctic coastal waters. Photoheterotrophic microbes appear to compete successfully with strict heterotrophs during winter darkness below the ice, but AAP bacteria and PR-containing bacteria do not behave as superior competitors during the summer.
Worldwide Prevalence of Class 2 Integrases outside the Clinical Setting Is Associated with Human Impact
Authors: Rodríguez-Minguela Carlos M. , Apajalahti Juha H. A. , Chai Benli , Cole James R. , Tiedje James M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

An
intI
-targeted PCR assay was optimized to evaluate the frequency of partial class 2-like integrases relative to putative, environmental IntI elements in clone libraries generated from 17 samples that included various terrestrial, marine, and deep-sea habitats with different exposures to human influence. We identified 169 unique IntI phylotypes (≤98% amino acid identity) relative to themselves and with respect to those previously described. Among these, six variants showed an undescribed, extended, IntI-specific additional domain. A connection between human influence and the dominance of IntI-2-like variants was also observed. IntI phylotypes 80 to 99% identical to class 2 integrases comprised ∼70 to 100% (
n
= 65 to 87) of the IntI elements detected in samples with a high input of fecal waste, whereas IntI2-like sequences were undetected in undisturbed settings and poorly represented (1 to 10%;
n
= 40 to 79) in environments with moderate or no recent fecal or anthropogenic impact. Eleven partial IntI2-like sequences lacking the signature ochre 179 codon were found among samples of biosolids and agricultural soil supplemented with swine manure, indicating a wider distribution of potentially functional IntI2 variants than previously reported. To evaluate IntI2 distribution patterns beyond the usual hosts, namely, the
Enterobacteriaceae
, we coupled PCR assays targeted at
intI
and 16S rRNA loci to G+C fractionation of total DNA extracted from manured cropland. IntI2-like sequences and 16S rRNA phylotypes related to
Firmicutes
(
Clostridium
and
Bacillus
) and
Bacteroidetes
(
Chitinophaga
and
Sphingobacterium
) dominated a low-G+C fraction (∼40 to 45%), suggesting that these groups could be important IntI2 hosts in manured soil. Moreover, G+G fractionation uncovered an additional set of 36 novel IntI phylotypes (≤98% amino acid identity) undetected in bulk DNA and revealed the prevalence of potentially functional IntI2 variants in the low-G+C fraction.
Identification of an Arsenic Resistance and Arsenic-Sensing System in
Campylobacter jejuni
Authors: Wang Liping , Jeon Byeonghwa , Sahin Orhan , Zhang Qijing 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Arsenic is commonly present in the natural environment and is also used as a feed additive for animal production. Poultry is a major reservoir for
Campylobacter jejuni
, a major food-borne human pathogen causing gastroenteritis. It has been shown that
Campylobacter
isolates from poultry are highly resistant to arsenic compounds, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance have not been determined, and it is unclear if the acquired arsenic resistance affects the susceptibility of
Campylobacter
spp. to other antimicrobials. In this study, we identified a four-gene operon that contributes to arsenic resistance in
Campylobacter
. This operon encodes a putative membrane permease (ArsP), a transcriptional repressor (ArsR), an arsenate reductase (ArsC), and an efflux protein (Acr3). PCR analysis of various clinical
C. jejuni
isolates indicated a significant association of this operon with elevated resistance to arsenite and arsenate. Gene-specific mutagenesis confirmed the role of the
ars
operon in conferring arsenic resistance. It was further shown that this operon is subject to regulation by ArsR, which directly binds to the
ars
promoter and inhibits the transcription of the operon. Arsenite inhibits the binding of ArsR to the
ars
promoter DNA and induces the expression of the
ars
genes. Mutation of the
ars
genes did not affect the susceptibility of
C. jejuni
to commonly used antibiotics. These results identify the
ars
operon as an important mechanism for arsenic resistance and sensing in
Campylobacter
.
Biochemical Characterization of Haloalkane Dehalogenases DrbA and DmbC, Representatives of a Novel Subfamily
Authors: Jesenská Andrea , Monincová Marta , Koudeláková Táňa , Hasan Khomaini , Chaloupková Radka , Prokop Zbyněk , Geerlof Arie , Damborský Jiří 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on two representatives of experimentally uncharacterized haloalkane dehalogenases from the subfamily HLD-III. We report biochemical characterization of the expression products of haloalkane dehalogenase genes
drbA
from
Rhodopirellula baltica
SH1 and
dmbC
from
Mycobacterium bovis
5033/66. The DrbA and DmbC enzymes show highly oligomeric structures and very low activities with typical substrates of haloalkane dehalogenases.
Cellular Responses of the Late Blight Pathogen
Phytophthora infestans
to Cyclic Lipopeptide Surfactants and Their Dependence on G Proteins
Authors: van de Mortel Judith E. , Tran Ha , Govers Francine , Raaijmakers Jos M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Oomycete pathogens cause major yield losses for many crop plants, and their control depends heavily on agrochemicals. Cyclic lipopeptides (CLPs) were recently discovered as a new class of natural compounds with strong activities against oomycetes. The CLP massetolide A (Mass A), produced by
Pseudomonas fluorescens
, has zoosporicidal activity, induces systemic resistance, and reduces late blight in tomato. To gain further insight into the modes of action of CLPs, the effects of Mass A on pore formation, mycelial growth, sporangium formation, and zoospore behavior were investigated, as was the involvement of G proteins in the sensitivity of
Phytophthora infestans
to Mass A. The results showed that Mass A induced the formation of transmembrane pores with an estimated size of between 1.2 and 1.8 nm. Dose-response experiments revealed that zoospores were the most sensitive to Mass A, followed by mycelium and cysts. Mass A significantly reduced sporangium formation and caused increased branching and swelling of hyphae. At relatively low concentrations, Mass A induced encystment of zoospores. It had no effect on the chemotactic response of zoospores but did adversely affect zoospore autoaggregation. A loss-of-function transformant of
P. infestans
lacking the G-protein α subunit was more sensitive to Mass A, whereas a gain-of-function transformant required a higher Mass A concentration to interfere with zoospore aggregation. Results indicate that Mass A disturbs various developmental stages in the life cycle of
P. infestans
and suggest that the cellular responses of
P. infestans
to this CLP are, in part, dependent on G-protein signaling.
Involvement of Cell Surface Structures in Size-Independent Grazing Resistance of Freshwater
Actinobacteria
Authors: Tarao Mitsunori , Jezbera Jan , Hahn Martin W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

We compared the influences of grazing by the bacterivorous nanoflagellate
Poterioochromonas
sp. strain DS on ultramicrobacterial
Actinobacteria
affiliated with the Luna-2 cluster and ultramicrobacterial
Betaproteobacteria
of the species
Polynucleobacter cosmopolitanus
. These bacteria were almost identical in size (<0.1 μm
3
) and shape. Predation on a
Polynucleobacter
strain resulted in a reduction of >86% relative to the initial bacterial cell numbers within 20 days, while in comparable predation experiments with nine actinobacterial strains, no significant decrease of cell numbers by predation was observed over the period of ≥39 days. The differences in predation mortality between the actinobacterial strains and the
Polynucleobacter
strain clearly demonstrated size-independent grazing resistance for the investigated
Actinobacteria
. Importantly, this size-independent grazing resistance is shared by all nine investigated Luna-2 strains and thus represents a group-specific trait. We investigated if an S-layer, previously observed in an ultrastructure study, was responsible for the grazing resistance of these strains. Experiments aiming for removal of the S-layer or modification of cell surface proteins of one of the grazing-resistant strains by treatment with lithium chloride, EDTA, or formaldehyde resulted in 4.2- to 5.2-fold higher grazing rates in comparison to the levels for untreated cells. These results indicate the protective role of a proteinaceous cell surface structure in the size-independent grazing resistance of the actinobacterial Luna-2 strains, which can be regarded as a group-specific trait.
Coastal Strains of Marine
Synechococcus
Species Exhibit Increased Tolerance to Copper Shock and a Distinctive Transcriptional Response Relative to Those of Open-Ocean Strains
Authors: Stuart Rhona K. , Dupont Chris L. , Johnson D. Aaron , Paulsen Ian T. , Palenik Brian 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Copper appears to be influencing the distribution and abundance of phytoplankton in marine environments, and cyanobacteria are thought to be the most sensitive of the phytoplankton groups to copper toxicity. By using growth assays of phylogenetically divergent clades, we found that coastal strains of marine
Synechococcus
species were more tolerant to copper shock than open-ocean strains. The global transcriptional response to two levels of copper shock were determined for both a coastal strain and an open-ocean strain of marine
Synechococcus
species using whole-genome expression microarrays. Both strains showed an osmoregulatory-like response, perhaps as a result of increasing membrane permeability. This could have implications for marine carbon cycling if copper shock leads to dissolved organic carbon leakage in
Synechococcus
species. The two strains additionally showed a common reduction in levels of photosynthesis-related gene transcripts. Contrastingly, the open-ocean strain showed a general stress response, whereas the coastal strain exhibited a more specifically oxidative or heavy-metal acclimation response that may be conferring tolerance. In addition, the coastal strain activated more regulatory elements and transporters, many of which are not conserved in other marine
Synechococcus
strains and may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Thus, tolerance to copper shock in some marine
Synechococcus
strains may in part be a result of a generally increased ability to sense and respond in a more stress-specific manner.