bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fragility fracture risk in cirrhosis: a comparison of the fracture risk assessment tool, British Society of Gastroenterology and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines
Authors: Ayres Lachlan Richard Owen , Clarke Shane , Digby-Bell Jonathan , Dhanda Ashwin Deep , Dharmasiri Suranga , Caddick Katharine , Collins Peter Lesley 
Published: July 2012

ObjectiveLow bone mineral density (BMD) is common in chronic liver disease and predisposes to fracture. We aimed to compare British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) osteoporosis guidelines with the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX). FRAX is a web-based algorithm used to estimate fracture risk with or without dual-emission x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Pre-BMD FRAX categorises patients to low, intermediate or high risk according to thresholds set by the National Osteoporosis Guidelines Group (NOGG) and recommends lifestyle advice, DXA or anti-osteoporosis treatment, respectively.DesignThe guidelines were applied to 132 patients with cirrhosis (91% Child–Pugh A). The number that would require DXA and be recommended treatment was determined. Using post-BMD FRAX/NOGG as a reference point, high-risk patients not recommended treatment and low-risk patients treated ‘unnecessarily’ were identified.ResultsBSG guidelines were applicable to 100% of the cohort, 88% required DXA and 30% would be recommended treatment. Equivalent figures for NICE guidelines were 30%, 17% and 12%, and for FRAX/NOGG guidelines were 78%, 27% and 15%, respectively. Using BSG guidance 8% of high-risk patients were not recommended treatment and 62% of those treated were low risk, compared with NICE: 3%, 60% and FRAX/NOGG: 13%, 40%, respectively.ConclusionFor patients with Child–Pugh A cirrhosis BSG guidelines are the most inclusive, but have high cost implications in terms of DXA scanning and unnecessary treatment. Risk stratification using FRAX requires fewer DXA scans with minimal impact in terms of missing high-risk patients, and yields a modest reduction in unnecessary treatment.
Diagnostic and prognostic relevance of Cullin1 expression in invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Min Kyueng-Whan , Kim Dong-Hoon , Do Sung-Im , Sohn Jin Hee , Chae Seoung Wan , Pyo Jung-Soo , Park Chan Heun , Oh Young-Ha , Jang Ki-Seok , Kim Hack-Lyoung , Kim Min 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundCullin1 (Cul1) is a matrix degrading enzyme known to be involved in the remodelling of extracellular matrix proteins. This enzyme has recently been reported to play a key role in tumour progression and its presence is associated with poor clinical outcome for several different types of tumours.Methods159 patients diagnosed with invasive ductal carcinoma between 2000 and 2005 were studied. Cul1 expression was analysed by immunohistochemical staining on a tissue microarray. The relationship between Cul1 expression and clinicopathological parameters was evaluated.ResultsTumour expression of Cul1 was correlated with prognostic factors such as high histological grade and p53 expression, and was also linked to negative ER and positive HER2 as therapeutic markers (all p<0.05). There was a significant association between poor overall survival and high Cul1 expression in both univariate and multivariate analyses (all p<0.05).ConclusionsCul1 expression was significantly associated with high-grade tumours and poor prognosis, suggesting that it may play a role in breast tumour progression. Cul1 expression may therefore be crucial for the prediction of disease outcome in breast cancer patients.
Electrochemical immunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen based on TiO2–graphene / thionine / gold nanoparticles composite
Authors: Huang Ke-Jing , Wu Zhi-Wei , Wu Ying-Ying , Liu Yan-Ming 
Published: July 2012

A novel multilayer film based on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), thionine (Thi), and TiO2–graphene (TiO2–Gr) was exploited to develop a highly sensitive amperometric immunosensor for detecting carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Firstly, Nafion–TiO2–Gr homogeneous composite was dropped on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Then Thi was chemisorbed by the TiO2–Gr–Nafion composite. Furthermore, the negative ly charged AuNPs were chemisorbed onto Thi film through the electrostatic force with the amino groups of Thi. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was employed to characterize the assembly process and the performance of the immunosensor. Because of the synergistic effect of the AuNPs, Thi, and the unique properties of TiO2–Gr, the obtained immunosensor exhibited a wide linear response to CEA in two ranges from 0.1 to 10.0 ng mL−1 and from 10.0 to 120.0 ng mL−1 with a relatively low detection limit of 0.01 ng mL−1 (S/N = 3), as well as good stability and repeatability.
mTags
Authors: de Oliveira Augusto Born , Saif Ur Rehman Ahmad , Fischmeister Sebastian 
Published: July 2012

In this work we propose mTags, an efficient mechanism that augments microkernel interprocess messages with lightweight metadata to enable the development of new, system-wide functionality without requiring modification of the application source code. As such it is well suited for systems with a large legacy code base or third-party applications like phone and tablet applications.
We explored mTags in a variety of different contexts in local and distributed system scenarios. For example, we detail use cases in areas including messaging-induced deadlocks and mode propagation. To demonstrate that mTags is technically feasible and practical, we implemented it in a commercial microkernel and executed multiple sets of standard benchmarks on two different computing architectures. The results clearly demonstrate that mTags has only negligible overhead and strong potential for many applications.
A Phase I Trial and Pharmacokinetic Study of Aflibercept (VEGF Trap) in Children with Refractory Solid Tumors: A Children's Oncology Group Phase I Consortium Report
Authors: Bender Julia Glade , Blaney Susan M. , Borinstein Scott , Reid Joel M. , Baruchel Sylvain , Ahern Charlotte , Ingle Ashish M. , Yamashiro Darrell J. , Chen Alice , Weigel Brenda , Adamson Peter C. , Park Julie R. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Aflibercept is a novel decoy receptor that efficiently neutralizes circulating VEGF. A pediatric phase I trial was conducted to define the dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), maximum tolerated dose (MTD), and pharmacokinetics (PK) of aflibercept.
Experimental Design: Cohorts of three to six children with refractory solid tumors received aflibercept intravenously over 60 minutes every 14 days, at 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 mg/kg/dose. PK sampling and analysis of peripheral blood biomarkers were conducted with the initial dose.
Results: Twenty-one eligible patients were enrolled; 18 were fully evaluable for toxicity. One of six patients receiving 2.0 mg/kg/dose developed dose-limiting intratumoral hemorrhage and two of six receiving 3.0 mg/kg/dose developed either dose-limiting tumor pain or tissue necrosis. None of the six patients receiving 2.5 mg/kg/dose developed DLTs, defining this as the MTD. The most common non-DLTs were hypertension and fatigue. Three patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoblastoma and clear cell sarcoma had stable disease for &gt;13 weeks. At the MTD, the ratio of free-to-bound aflibercept serum concentration was 2.10 on day 8 but only 0.44 by day 15. A rapid decrease in VEGF (P &lt; 0.05) and increase in placental growth factor (PlGF; P &lt; 0.05) from baseline was observed in response to aflibercept by day 2.
Conclusions: The aflibercept MTD in children of 2.5 mg/kg/dose every 14 days is lower than the adult recommended dose of 4.0 mg/kg. This dose achieves, but does not sustain, free aflibercept concentrations in excess of bound. Tumor pain and hemorrhage may be evidence of antitumor activity but were dose-limiting. Clin Cancer Res; 18(18); 5081–9. ©2012 AACR.
Climatology-Focused Evaluation of CMORPH and TMPA Satellite Rainfall Products over the Nile Basin
Authors: Habib Emad , ElSaadani Mohamed , Haile Alemseged Tamiru 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWith many operational satellite rainfall products being available for long periods, it is now possible to examine whether these products can reproduce climatologically known rainfall characteristics over large river basins that suffer from poor surface monitoring resources. Such assessment is a prerequisite for any further hydrologic applications that rely on these products. The current study evaluates two satellite rainfall products, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis research-grade product (TMPA-3B42) and the Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH), over the domain of the Nile basin in eastern Africa. The large latitudinal extent of the basin, its complex topography, and its diverse land use result in widely contrasting regimes and distributions of annual and seasonal rainfall. The results suggest that the two products are fairly successful in reproducing some of the region-specific rainfall patterns across climatologically different parts of the basin. However, significant overestimation and underestimation by CMORPH and TMPA-3B42, respectively, are clearly evident over the majority of the basin and can exceed 100% of the mean annual rainfall. The biases are also evident in the seasonal rainfall cycle. The bias shows a complex dependency, in terms of magnitude and sign, on topography and latitude, especially in the central parts of the basin and over the Ethiopian Highlands region. The performance of both products is better over the equatorial region of the basin. The significant underestimation by the gauge-adjusted TMPA-3B42 product relative to CMORPH is attributed to the sparsity in operational gauges, which can adversely affect bias adjustment procedures in the TMPA algorithm. Current and future algorithmic developments are expected to bring much-needed improvements for satellite rainfall products to see full operational utility in these regions of the world.
Nowcasting Rainfall Fields Derived from Specific Differential Phase
Authors: Ruzanski Evan , Chandrasekar V. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractShort-term automated forecasting (nowcasting) of precipitation has traditionally been done using radar reflectivity data; recent research, however, indicates that using specific differential phase Kdp has several advantages over using reflectivity for estimating rainfall. This paper presents an evaluation of the characteristics of nowcasting Kdp-based rainfall fields using the Collaborative Adaptive Sensing of the Atmosphere Kdp estimation and nowcasting methods applied to approximately 42 h of X-band radar network data. The results show that Kdp-based rainfall fields exhibit lifetimes of ~17 min as compared with ~15 min for rainfall fields derived from reflectivity Zh in a continuous (cross correlation based) sense. Categorical (skill score based) lifetimes of ~26 min were observed for Kdp-based rainfall fields as compared with ~30 min for Zh-based rainfall fields. Radar–rain gauge verification showed that Kdp-based rainfall estimates consistently outperformed Zh-based estimates out to a lead time of 30 min, but the difference between the two estimators decreased in terms of normalized standard error with increasing lead time.
Tropical Clouds and Circulation Changes during the 2006/07 and 2009/10 El Niños
Authors: Su Hui , Jiang Jonathan H. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Changes in tropical cloud vertical structure, cloud radiative forcing (CRF), and circulation exhibit distinctly different characteristics during the 2006/07 and 2009/10 El Niños, revealed by CloudSat and Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite (CALIPSO) observations and reanalysis data. On the tropical average, the 2009/10 has a decrease of clouds from 2 to 14 km, an increase of clouds in the boundary layer, and an increase of cirrus clouds above 14 km. The tropical-mean cloud anomalies in the middle to upper troposphere (6–14 km) for the 2006/07 El Niño are nearly opposite to those in 2009/10 El Niño. The tropical averaged net CRF anomaly at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) is 0.6–0.7 W m−2 cooling (0.02–0.5 W m−2 warming) for the 2009/10 (2006/07) El Niño. The 2009/10 El Niño is associated with a strengthening of tropical circulation, increased high (low) clouds in extremely strong ascending (descending) regimes, and decreased clouds in the middle and high altitudes in a broad range of moderate circulation regimes. The strengthening of tropical circulation is primarily caused by the enhancement of the Hadley circulation. The 2006/07 El Niño is associated with a weakening of the tropical circulation, primarily caused by the reduction of the Walker circulation. The cloud anomalies in each circulation regime are approximately opposite for these two El Niños. The analysis herein suggests that both the magnitude and pattern of sea surface temperature anomalies in the two events contribute to the differences in clouds and circulation anomalies, with magnitude playing a dominant role. The contrasting behaviors of the two El Niños highlight the nonlinear response of tropical clouds and circulation to El Niño SST forcing.
Radar-Based Quantitative Precipitation Estimation for the Cool Season in Complex Terrain: Case Studies from the NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed
Authors: Zhang Jian , Qi Youcun , Kingsmill David , Howard Kenneth 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
This study explores error sources of the National Weather Service operational radar-based quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) during the cool season over the complex terrain of the western United States. A new, operationally geared radar QPE was developed and tested using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Hydrometeorology Testbed executed during the 2005/06 cool season in Northern California. The new radar QPE scheme includes multiple steps for removing nonprecipitation echoes, constructing a seamless hybrid scan reflectivity field, applying vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) corrections to the reflectivity, and converting the reflectivity into precipitation rates using adaptive Z–R relationships. Specific issues in radar rainfall accumulations were addressed, which include wind farm contaminations, blockage artifacts, and discontinuities due to radar overshooting. The new radar QPE was tested in a 6-month period of the 2005/06 cool season and showed significant improvements over the current operational radar QPE (43% reduction in bias and 30% reduction in root-mean-square error) when compared with gauges. In addition, the new technique minimizes various radar artifacts and produces a spatially continuous rainfall product. Such continuity is important for accurate hydrological model predictions. The new technique is computationally efficient and can be easily transitioned into operations. One of the largest remaining challenges is obtaining accurate radar QPE over the windward slopes of significant mountain ranges, where low-level orographic enhancement of precipitation is not resolved by the operational radars leading to underestimation. Additional high-resolution and near-surface radar observations are necessary for more accurate radar QPE over these regions.
Validation of Satellite-Based Precipitation Products over Sparsely Gauged African River Basins
Authors: Thiemig Vera , Rojas Rodrigo , Zambrano-Bigiarini Mauricio , Levizzani Vincenzo , De Roo Ad 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Six satellite-based rainfall estimates (SRFE)—namely, Climate Prediction Center (CPC) morphing technique (CMORPH), the Rainfall Estimation Algorithm, version 2 (RFE2.0), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42, Goddard profiling algorithm, version 6 (GPROF 6.0), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation moving vector with Kalman filter (GSMap MVK), and one reanalysis product [the interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim)]—were validated against 205 rain gauge stations over four African river basins (Zambezi, Volta, Juba–Shabelle, and Baro–Akobo). Validation focused on rainfall characteristics relevant to hydrological applications, such as annual catchment totals, spatial distribution patterns, seasonality, number of rainy days per year, and timing and volume of heavy rainfall events. Validation was done at three spatially aggregated levels: point-to-pixel, subcatchment, and river basin for the period 2003–06. Performance of satellite-based rainfall estimation (SRFE) was assessed using standard statistical methods and visual inspection. SRFE showed 1) accuracy in reproducing precipitation on a monthly basis during the dry season, 2) an ability to replicate bimodal precipitation patterns, 3) superior performance over the tropical wet and dry zone than over semiarid or mountainous regions, 4) increasing uncertainty in the estimation of higher-end percentiles of daily precipitation, 5) low accuracy in detecting heavy rainfall events over semiarid areas, 6) general underestimation of heavy rainfall events, and 7) overestimation of number of rainy days in the tropics. In respect to SRFE performance, GPROF 6.0 and GSMaP-MKV were the least accurate, and RFE 2.0 and TRMM 3B42 were the most accurate. These results allow discrimination between the available products and the reduction of potential errors caused by selecting a product that is not suitable for particular morphoclimatic conditions. For hydrometeorological applications, results support the use of a performance-based merged product that combines the strength of multiple SRFEs.
The Vertical Structure of the Surface Wave Radiation Stress for Circulation over a Sloping Bottom as Given by Thickness-Weighted-Mean Theory
Authors: Aiki Hidenori , Greatbatch Richard J. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Previous attempts to derive the depth-dependent expression of the radiation stress have led to a debate concerning (i) the applicability of the Mellor approach to a sloping bottom, (ii) the introduction of the delta function at the mean sea surface in the later papers by Mellor, and (iii) a wave-induced pressure term derived in several recent studies. The authors use an equation system in vertically Lagrangian and horizontally Eulerian (VL) coordinates suitable for a concise treatment of the surface boundary and obtain an expression for the depth-dependent radiation stress that is consistent with the vertically integrated expression given by Longuet–Higgins and Stewart. Concerning (i)–(iii) above, the difficulty of handling a sloping bottom disappears when wave-averaged momentum equations in the VL coordinates are written for the development of (not the Lagrangian mean velocity but) the Eulerian mean velocity. There is also no delta function at the sea surface in the expression for the depth-dependent radiation stress. The connection between the wave-induced pressure term in the recent studies and the depth-dependent radiation stress term is easily shown by rewriting the pressure-based form stress term in the thickness-weighted-mean momentum equations as a velocity-based term that contains the time derivative of the pseudomomentum in the VL framework.
Brief training of HIV medical providers increases their frequency of delivering prevention counselling to patients at risk of transmitting HIV to others
Authors: Patel Shilpa N , Marks Gary , Gardner Lytt , Golin Carol E , Shinde Sanjyot , O’ Daniels Christine , Wilson Tracey E , Quinlivan E Byrd , Banderas Julie 
Published: July 2012

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether brief training of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) medical providers increased the frequency with which they routinely delivered prevention counselling to patients, and whether patient characteristics were associated with receipt of that counselling. Design: Longitudinal. Setting: Seven HIV clinics in the United States. Method: Medical providers received training to deliver counselling to their HIV-positive patients. The evaluation was conducted with a longitudinal cohort ( N = 729) of patients at baseline (before providers received training) and at six and 12 months after the intervention was initiated. Participants reported on receipt of routine counselling (at more than half of their primary care visits) about safer sex, disclosing HIV infection to sex partners, and alcohol/drug use. Logistic regression and generalized estimating equations (GEE) methods assessed changes in receipt of counselling over time. Results: The percentage of participants reporting routine safer-sex counselling increased significantly across time (b = 0.12, standard error [SE] = 0.04; p = 0.004), as did receipt of routine counselling about disclosing their HIV infection to sex partners (b = 0.21, SE = 0.05; p < 0.001). The trend was not significant for counselling about alcohol or drug use. Sub-group analysis indicated that the upward trend in routine safer-sex counselling was significant for men who have sex with men (MSM), for participants who had more than one sexual partner in the past three months, and for those who had a CD4 count of > 500cells/mm3. Conclusion: Brief training increased the frequency with which HIV medical providers routinely delivered prevention counselling to their patients at risk of transmitting HIV to others.
Investigation of carbon black and metakaolin cofillers content on mechanical and thermal behaviors of natural rubber compounds
Authors: Rohini Thimmaiah S. , Siddaramaiah  
Published: July 2012

A series of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates have been prepared by partially replacing the carbon black by metakaolin (MK). The effect of MK content on the physicomechanical properties and cure characteristics of NR composites was investigated. The effect of with and without silane (Si-69)-modified MK content on the mechanical behaviors of the NR systems has been reported. The physicomechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates were determined before and after heat aging at 90°C for 72 h and aging with brake fluid for 1 week. NR/MK composites exhibit increase in percentage elongation as increase in the MK filler content.
Alternative ways of expressing FEV1and mortality in elderly people with and without COPD
Authors: Pedone Claudio , Scarlata Simone , Scichilone Nicola , Forastiere Francesco , Bellia Vincenzo , Antonelli-Incalzi Raffaele 
Published: July 2012

Expressing forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) as % predicted relies on the assumption of proportional variability and generalisability of prediction equations that may be unrealistic, especially for elderly people. We evaluated the prognostic implications of alternative ways of expressing FEV1.We enrolled 318 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 475 controls in the Salute Respiratoria nell'Anziano (SARA) study. The risk for 5-, 10- and 15-year mortality associated with FEV1was studied by expressing FEV1% pred, standardised by height cubed (FEV1·Ht−3) and as a multiple of the sex-specific first percentile (FEV1quotient (FEV1Q)).In the group with COPD, the incidence rate ratio for the worstversusthe best quintile of FEV1Q was 4.65 (95% CI 2.33–10.37), compared to 2.98 (1.53–6.27) for FEV1% pred and 3.95 (2.01–8.45) for FEV1·Ht−3. The corresponding incidence rate ratios at 15 years were 4.52 (2.84–7.43), 3.16 (2.02–5.07) and 3.52 (2.25–5.63), respectively. In the control group, even moderate reduction of FEV1Q was associated with long-term mortality, while FEV1% pred was not associated with the outcome.FEV1Q may be more informative about prognosis in an elderly population compared to FEV1% pred.