bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive leadership and the practice of medicine: a complexity‐based approach to reframing the doctor–patient relationship
Authors: Thygeson Marcus , Morrissey Lawrence , Ulstad Val 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  This paper applies the concepts of ‘adaptive leadership’, as developed by Ron Heifetz, MD, to the practice of medicine.Methods  Literature review and theory development.Results  Patients are complex adaptive systems facing both adaptive and technical health challenges. Technical health challenges are amenable to the simple or complicated expert‐mediated technical interventions that are common in modern medicine, but complex adaptive challenges can only be addressed by patients doing the adaptive work to learn new attitudes, beliefs and behaviours. In medicine, we often make the mistake of offering technical interventions in lieu of supporting patients' adaptive work. This error can result in poor clinical outcomes and wasted resources. Expecting simple or complicated technical ‘solutions’ to resolve complex adaptive health challenges is a failure of adaptive leadership and violates Ashby's law of requisite variety. Adaptive leadership behaviours correspond to and complement doctor practices that have been shown to improve health outcomes and doctor–patient communication.Conclusions  Adopting an adaptive leadership framework in the practice of medicine will require adaptive work on our part, but it promises to improve the doctor–patient relationship, increase our effectiveness as healers and reduce unnecessary health care utilization.
Comparison of the efficacy of three PubMed search filters in finding randomized controlled trials to answer clinical questions
Authors: Yousefi‐Nooraie Reza , Irani Shirin , Mortaz‐Hedjri Soroush , Shakiba Behnam 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective  The aim of this study was to compare the performance of three search methods in the retrieval of relevant clinical trials from PubMed to answer specific clinical questions.Methods  Included studies of a sample of 100 Cochrane reviews which recorded in PubMed were considered as the reference standard. The search queries were formulated based on the systematic review titles. Precision, recall and number of retrieved records for limiting the results to clinical trial publication type, and using sensitive and specific clinical queries filters were compared. The number of keywords, presence of specific names of intervention and syndrome in the search keywords were used in a model to predict the recalls and precisions.Results  The Clinical queries‐sensitive search strategy retrieved the largest number of records (33) and had the highest recall (41.6%) and lowest precision (4.8%). The presence of specific intervention name was the only significant predictor of all recalls and precisions (P = 0.016).Conclusion  The recall and precision of combination of simple clinical search queries and methodological search filters to find clinical trials in various subjects were considerably low. The limit field strategy yielded in higher precision and fewer retrieved records and approximately similar recall, compared with the clinical queries‐sensitive strategy. Presence of specific intervention name in the search keywords increased both recall and precision.
Turbiditic, clay‐rich event beds in fjord‐marine deposits caused by landslides in emerging clay deposits – palaeoenvironmental interpretation and role for submarine mass‐wasting
Authors: HANSEN LOUISE , L’HEUREUX JEAN SEBASTIEN , LONGVA ODDVAR 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDistinct, clay‐rich beds are common in fjord‐marine deposits in Trondheimsfjorden near the outlet of the Nidelva River. Their characteristic light‐grey colour makes the beds easily distinguishable from the surrounding brownish, bioturbated, muddy fjord sediments. The clay‐rich beds commonly display a clear stratification in clay, silt and very fine sand. The beds are interpreted as originating primarily from large quick‐clay landslides upstream along the Nidelva River. Such events resulted in a sudden increase in the supply of fines to the fjord from disintegrating landslide debris and heavily loaded effluent plumes, possibly favouring hyperpycnal flow. Typical beds can be divided into a clay‐rich lower section, reflecting an initial surge with high concentrations of suspended mud, and a sandier upper section reflecting pulses of higher energy. This development can be explained, for example, by a lowering in the supply of mud, an increasing activity of deltaic sediment gravity flows due to a higher availability of sandy sediments in the landslide‐affected river, and by flooding and/or breaching of landslide dams. The typical, stratified beds are interpreted as the result of one quick‐clay landslide, whereas exceptionally thick, less organized, stratified beds are possibly the result of several large and/or complex landslides. Radiocarbon dating of mollusc shells has helped to establish a chronology for major terrestrial landslides in the area. The frequency of landslides increases towards the end of the Holocene. This is explained by a progressively deeper incision of rivers during glacioisostatic rebound, possibly combined with a change to a wetter climate. The marine core record displays deformation structures and hiati representing submarine mass‐wasting events, and supports the evidence that the clay‐rich beds are weak layers in the fjord‐marine stratigraphy. The inherent weakness of these layers may be explained by their composition, immature texture, loose fabric and contrasting permeabilities in the deposits. Slide‐prone layers similar to the clay‐rich beds described here may be found in other comparable fjord‐marginal settings and are considered to be of importance for geohazard assessments.
The ultrafine component in Chinese loess and its variation over the past 7·6 Ma: implications for the history of pedogenesis
Authors: SUN DONGHUAI , SU RUIXIA , LI ZAIJUN , LU HUAYU 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGrain‐size data from different climatic zones across the Chinese Loess Plateau show that the loess generally contains an ultrafine component, which has a consistent modal grain size of ca 0·37 μm and a variable proportion of 4 to 10%. The variation of the ultrafine component through a loess section is characterized by a high proportion and fine grain size in palaeosols, and by a low proportion and coarse grain size in loess layers. Its proportional content in a stratum roughly increases from north‐west to south‐east across the Loess Plateau. Quantitative X‐ray diffraction analysis indicates that the ultrafine component is composed mainly of clay minerals (ca 70%), which are mostly illite (ca 80%), and with significant amounts of kaolinite (ca 8%) and chlorite (ca 2%). The temporal and spatial variations of the ultrafine component, and the degree of illite crystallinity, suggest that this component in aeolian sediments is linked closely to the process of pedogenesis. Weakly altered loess on the north‐western margin of the Loess Plateau contains considerable amounts of detrital clay minerals derived from the aeolian source areas. Results from a loess section with a basal age of 7·6 Ma in the central Loess Plateau show that the ultrafine component increased from 7·6 to 5 Ma, and progressively decreased thereafter. This trend was punctuated by two abrupt changes at 2·6 and 0·6 Ma. These variations reflect to a considerable extent the history of pedogenesis during the Late Cenozoic.
Windblown desert sands in coeval shallow marine deposits: a key for the recognition of coastal ergs in the mid‐Cretaceous Iberian Basin, Spain
Authors: Rodríguez‐López J.P. , De Boer P.L. , Meléndez N. , Soria A.R. , Pardo G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGrain size and SEM analyses suggest the presence of Cretaceous windblown desert sands in coeval shallow marine environments. Size distributions and microtexture data allowed us to infer a climate change to more arid conditions in the Iberian Basin during the mid‐Cretaceous. The grain size of the sands in the late Aptian to early Cenomanian shallow‐marine deposits in the western sub‐basins of the Maestrazgo Basin (Teruel, Spain) is almost exclusively in the range between 1.5 and 3 Φ (0.35–0.125 mm), reflecting a prolonged or at least recurrent preselection of aeolian sands. The palaeolatitude of 25°N showed a change from a warm humid climate during the Lower Cretaceous to an arid desert climate in the eastern sector of Iberia during the late Aptian–early Cenomanian. Winds supplied abundant desert sand to the estuarine and deltaic sedimentary environments where it was worked up in sandy sub‐ and intertidal facies with a striking absence of mud in cross‐bedded sets which otherwise clearly reflect the influence of a semi‐diurnal tidal system.
New ages from the Mauritanides Belt: recognition of Archean IOCG mineralization at Guelb Moghrein, Mauritania
Authors: Michael Meyer Franz , Kolb Jochen , Sakellaris Gregori Aarne , Gerdes Axel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe Guelb Moghrein Fe oxide–Cu–Au–Co (IOCG) deposit is located in the northern part of the Mauritanides chain at the western edge of the West African Craton. It is commonly held that the orogenic belt has experienced a polyphase tectonothermal evolution, including two Panafrican and one Variscan event. Dating of two distinct morphological types of hydrothermal monazite and xenotime from Guelb Moghrein yielded in situ U–Pb ages of 2492 ± 9 and 1742 ± 12 Myr respectively. Such ages have not been reported previously from the region which is conspicuous by the widespread occurrence of banded iron formations, more akin to Proterozoic or Archean than to Paleozoic settings. The supracrustal rocks are thought, therefore, to represent a greenstone terrane that was mineralized by hydrothermal fluids during the late Archean and reactivated by middle Proterozoic fluid flow. Final emplacement at the current position on the West African Craton was at ∼300 Ma during Gondwana–Laurentia collision.
Effect of soil placement on the activity of herbicides on Cyperus rotundus L. *
Authors: RINCON D. J. , WARREN G. F. 
Published: September 2010

Summary:The effect of herbicide placemem in the soil on control of Cyperus rotundus L. was studied in the greenhouse with EPTC, alaehlor, norfiurazon, perlluidone, napropamide, trifluralin, and naptalam, EPTC was the mosl active herbicide, increasing the number of sprouts per tuber but inhibitmg bud development at an early stage of growth. The effect was greatest when EPTC was incorporated with the soil around the tubers. The effects of alaehlor were similar, but higher doses were required. Another active herbicide, norfiurazon, was taken up by the roots but its effect was to produce small, chlorotic leaves, Perfluidone was mosl effective when incorporated into the soil around the tubers or when placed in a layer 1 cm above them. Very little effect of napropamide trifluralin and naptalam was observed. In studies of growth and deveiopmenl with different planting depths, C. rotumtus produced basal bulbs, roots and most of its early reproductive parts in a layer of soil 1–3 cm from the surface, irrespective of the depth at which the tubers were planted. Shoots etncrged from 35 im deep but not from 50 cm.
Herbicidal control in relation to distribution of Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley and effects on cochineal populations
Authors: ZIMMERMANN H.G. 
Published: September 2010

Summary:Kivc main points have emerged from this study: (i) populations of the cactus Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley are highly aggregated; (ii) searching efficiency of spray teams applying herbicides is low because they fail to locate small isolated plants; (iii) searching efficiency is positively correlated with aggregation of the target plant; (iv) the presence of the cochineal Dactylopius austrinusDe Lotto is also positively associated with aggregations of the host plant and; (v) consequently, cochineal populations are selectively eliminated by current spraying techniques to the detriment of biological control. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to future strategies for chemical and biological control of the weed.
The mechanism of linuron phytotoxicity in maize
Authors: MUSCHINEK GY , GARAB GY. I. , MUSTÁRDY LA. , FALUDI‐DÁNIEL Á. 
Published: September 2010

Summary:The mechanism whereby Iinuron changes the functional and structural characteristics of chloroplast membranes was studied. The primary effect of the herbicide, the inhibition of phoiosynihetic electron transport results in an immuediatecessa‐tion of carbon dioxide fixation and alterations in the membrane energization. These are accompanied by secondary processes contributing to phytotoxicity. The fundamental action in its phytotoxicity, as shown in a model system of isolated chloro‐plasts, is the peroxidaiive breakdown of the polyunsaturated membrane lipids. This leads to destruction of the pigments, changes in the energy transfer, disorganization of the chloro‐plast membranes, and accumulation of toxic organic peroxides.
Effets non compétitifs entre le chénopode blanc (Chenopodium album L.) et le mai̇s (INRA 258)
Authors: CAUSSANEL J. P. 
Published: September 2010

Summary: Non‐competitive effects between lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album L.) and maize (INRA 25H)Maize is extremely sensitive to competition from weeds, lamb's quarters (C.alhum) often being particularly competitive, Under controlled conditions in a growth chamber short term bioassay methods techniques have shown that lamb's quarters exerted inhibiting influences on maize growth which were not attributable to competition alone. These non‐compctitive, specific influences became apparent mainly from the early flowering stage of lamb's quarters both in soil and in nutrient solution. With an identical concentration of lamb's quarters roots, the growth‐inhibiting effects are more marked when the soil structure is modified than when it is not, similarly when the aqueous extract is obtained by placing soils in suspension, the inhibiting effects are more marked than when it is obtained by percolation. Finally, water leached from the leaves, roots or seeds of lamb's quaners shows inhibiting effects proport ional to the concentration on root growth of maize. The presence of phytotoxins in the culture media of lamb's quarters is discussed.
Seasonal changes in the germination responses of buried Lamium amplexicaule seeds
Authors: BASKIN JERRY M. , BASKIN CAROL C. 
Published: September 2010

Summary:Spring‐produced seeds of Lamium amplexicaule L. were buried in pots of soil in an unheated glasshouse in June 1978, and at 1–2‐month intervals, for 27 months, they were exhumed and tested for germination in light and darkness at temperatures simulating those in the habitat from early spring to late autumn. Freshly‐matured seeds were dormant, but by autumn 85% or more germinated in light at 15/6, 20/10, 25/15 and 30/15°C but only 7% or less in darkness. During late autumn and winter germination in light decreased at 25/15 and 30/15 °C but not at 15/6 and 20/10 °C, and germination in darkness increased at 15/6 and 20/10 °C. During late winter and early spring germination in light at 15/6 and 20/10 °C decreased, and seeds lost the ability to germinate in darkness. By the second autumn of burial, seeds germinated to near 100% in light at 15/6 to 30/15 °C and to 10–25% in darkness at 15/6 and 20/10 °C. The cycle of germination responses was repeated during the second winter and spring and the third summer of burial. Autumn‐produced seeds were dormant when buried in November 1979, but by spring they germinated to 81 and 36% at 15/6 and 20/10 °C, respectively, in light. These seeds afterripened further during summer. The consequence of seasonal changes in germination responses is that (1) seeds can germinate in the habitat in late summer, autumn and spring but not in early‐ to mid‐summer or in late autumn and winter and (2) during both germination seasons, seeds produced during the previous spring(s) and/or autumn(s) can germinate.
Aspects of the selective phytotoxicity of methazole. II. Behaviour in plants following root exposure
Authors: VERITY JULIE , WALKER ALLAN , DRENNAN DONALD S.H. 
Published: September 2010

Summary:The absorption, translocation and degradation of methazole were examined in onion, Stellaria media, Matricaria matricarioides and Veronica persica grown in culture solution. After a short period of initial rapid uptake, all four species absorbed herbicide and water in the same proportions. Translocation of herbicide to the shoots was directly proportional to transpiration, but the apparent solute concentration in the xylem was less than that in the external solution and varied between the species. A smaller percentage of the total absorbed herbicide was translocated to the shoot in V. persica, the most tolerant species. Methazole was relatively stable in M. matricariodes and was degraded slowly to 3‐(3,4‐dicnlorophenyl)‐1‐methylurea (DCPMU). It was degraded rapidly to DCPMU in the other three species and this accumulated in onion and S. media. In V. persica DCPMU was degraded further to 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU). Methazole was not an active inhibitor of photosynthesis by isolated spinach chloroplasts. Both DCPMU and DCPU inhibited photosynthesis but DCPMU was 200‐times more active than DCPU. Variations in the concentrations of DCPMU in the shoots of the different species largely accounted for the variations in their response to methazole applied pre‐emergence.
Aspects of the selective phytotoxicity of methazole. HI. Behaviour in plants following foliar treatment
Authors: VERITY JULI E , WALKER ALLAN , DRENNAN DONALD S.H. 
Published: September 2010

Summary:Absorption of methazole by leaves of onion (Allium cepa), Stellaria media, Matricaria matricarioides and Veronica persica was rapid for the first 24 h after treatment and continued at a slower rate for up to 6 days to reach a maximum of between 35 and 60% of the amount applied. Differences in absorption between species were generally small. Absorption by the cotyledon of onion was greater than absorption into true leaves. Methazole on the leaf surface degraded to 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methylurea (DCPMU) and small amounts of this degraded to 3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl) urea (DCPU). Methazole absorbed into leaves was relatively stable in M. matricarioides and DCPMU accumulated slowly. The rate of degradation was more rapid in the cotyledons than in the true leaves. Both in leaves and in cotyledons of onion and S. media, methazole degraded rapidly to DCPMU and this accumulated; in those of V. persica, DCPMU was degraded quickly to DCPU and unidentified products. The amount of DCPMU accumulated in the shoots was broadly correlated with the relative phytotoxicity of methazole to the different species, except for young seedlings of V. persica which contained no DCPMU but were susceptible to methazole.
Soil persistence of selected sugar‐beet herbicides and their combinations with lenacil
Authors: TENA M. , MAGALLANES M. , GARRIDO R. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryLaboratory studies on the degradation of several sugar‐beet herbicides both singly and in combination with lenacil were conducted in four soils. First‐order kinetics were used to describe the breakdown rates of lenacil, benzthiazuron, carbetamide, propham and phenmedipham, and their combinations with lenacil. Mean half‐lives of the herbicides ranged from 14 days for propham to 191 days for benzthiazuron. There were no significant differences between the herbicides applied singly or in combination.Persistance dans le sol de plusieurs herbicides de la betterave et leurs combinaisons avec le lenacilPour quatre types de sols, nous avons étudié, au laboratoire, la dégradation de plusieurs herbicides de la betterave appliqués seuls ou avec du lenacil. Des cinétiques de première ordre ont été utilisées pour calculer les taux de dégradation des herbicides suivants: lenacil, benzthiazuron, carbetamide, prophame, phenmediphame et de leurs combinaisons avec du lenacil. Les temps moyens de rémanence des herbicides se situaient entre 14 jours pour le prophame et 191 pour le benzthiazuron. Nous n'avons trouvé aucune difference significative entre les herbicides appliqués seuls et avec du lenacil.
Variabilité morphologique et enzymatique chez une population mixte d'Avena fatua L. et A. sterilis L.
Authors: VECCHIO V. , GASQUEZ J. , COMPOINT J. P. 
Published: September 2010

RésuméDans une population de folles avoines de l'Italie centrale, l'observation des caractéres diagnostiques a permis de reconnaitre l'existence de deux espéces, Avena fatua et Avena sterils, cette dernière représentée par deux sous espèces: A. Iludoviciana et A. macrocarpa. Ces différentes entités sont présentes dans des proportions trés différentes. De plus, il existe des individus difficiles à classifier. l'étude de caractères biochimiques: electrophorèse d'enzymes foliaires (estérases, peroxydases, GOT) et le traitement de ces données par une analyse factorielle des correspondances ont montré l'existence des mèmes groupes; cependant A. fatua est plus proche de A. ludoviciana que celle‐ci de A. macrocarpa. Entin les individus particuliers semblent, par leur position intermédiaire, descendre d'hybrides naturels entre les deux espèces.
Screening of Lycopersicon spp. for glyphosate and/or Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. resistance
Authors: FOY C. L. , JACOBSOHN R. , JAIN R. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryA major screening programme was conducted to determine which Lycopersicon spp. (if any) have practical levels of resistance to glyphosate; the same lines were also tested for resistance to Orobanche aegyptiaca. A majority of the lines investigated showed high susceptibility to glyphosate applied at 37⋅5 g a.i. ha−1 in a spray volume of 250 1 ha−1. Only 41 of 1457 lines screened showed fresh weights of treated plants not significantly different from those of untreated plants at a probability level of 80%. Repeated screening of some selected Lycopersicon lines in the greenhouse and the field, however, indicated that only a few had inherent partial resistance to glyphosate. Giyphosate was less toxic to the test plants with increases in spray volume. Among 1361 Lycopersicon lines tested for resistance to O. aegyptiaca, only minor differences in susceptibility were observed. All lines were susceptible to varying degrees. The chances, therefore, of finding complete resistance in tomato to either glyphosate or Orobanche spp. alone are small. However, combining partial resistance to glyphosate and O. aegyptiaca in a breeding programme to produce new varieties might still prove to be economically useful even in fields heavily infested with the parasite.
Morphological, cytological and ecological discrimination of Bromus rigidus from Bromus diandrus
Authors: GILL G. S. , CARSTAIRS S. A. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryMorphological characters of different populations of brome found in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia (Geraldton) pointed to the presence of Bromus diandrus and another taxon, most likely B. rigidus. This was later confirmed by the counts of somatic chromosomes made from root meristems of seedlings from different accessions. This is the first report of B. rigidus from Western Australia, and observations so far suggest that it is a serious weed of crops on the sandplains of the northern wheat‐belt. The accessions of B. diandrus exhibited a much faster loss of seed dormancy than B. rigidus. Such short duration of seed dormancy coupled with rapid germination of non‐dormant seeds of B. diandrus is likely to render it both more prone to premature germination following summer rainfall events and more susceptible to pre‐sowing cultural and herbicide treatments following break of the season. Bromus rigidus appears to be well adapted to the Mediterranean climate of the northern wheat‐belt of Western Australia, and is more likely to demonstrate seed carryover from one season to the next, thus making it a more troublesome weed.