bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Neodiprion swainei Middleton (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) in the Province of Quebec
Authors: Tripp H. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe seasonal development of N. swainei was recorded in northwestern Quebec for six consecutive years from 1956 to 1961. Larvae normally spun cocoons during September when temperatures were usually below the optimum for survival. An earlier and more favourable spinning period depended principally upon an early adult emergence which, in turn, was governed by prevailing temperatures, the degree of shading of the humus, the presence of encapsulated tachinid parasites, the prior period spent in prolonged diapause, and the geographic origin of the specimens. It was concluded that early emergence of adults followed by rapid development of the immature stages for successive years are prerequisites for epidemics of N. swainei in northwestern Quebec, and are unlikely in very dense jackpine stands.
Revision of the Genus Aquanirmus (Mallophaga: Philopteridae), Parasitic on Grebes (Podicipidae)
Authors: Edwards Robert L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe mallophagan genus Aquanirmus, parasitic on grebes (Podicipidae), is revised. Four new species and one new subspecies are described: emersoni ex Podiceps grisegena, occidentalis ex Aechmophorus occidentalis, podilymbus ex Podilymbus podiceps, bucomfishi ex Podiceps auritus, and bahli chamberlini ex Poliocephalus dominicus. The geographic and host distributions of the parasites are discussed. It is pointed out that geography plays an important role in the distribution of the species of Aquanirmus.
Some Factors that Reduce the Reproductive Rate of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) at High Adult Population Densities
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractReproductive rate of the parasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) on pupae of the housefly, Musca domestica L., measured by the number of mature progeny produced per female in 18 hours, decreased with increasing parasite:host ratios. This decrease resulted partly because each female laid fewer eggs, and partly because of increased larval mortality caused by superparasitism. The average number of eggs laid per female was reduced because the parasites wasted relatively more time drilling into unsuitable (i.e. parasitized and previously drilled) hosts on which they subsequently laid few or no eggs; and because the females interfered more with each other while ovipositing. Incidence of superparasitism was greater at higher parasite:host ratios because, in spite of increased interference among the females, there were more simultaneous attacks by two or more females on each fly pupa.
Mating and Oviposition of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the Laboratory
Authors: Jacobson L. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the laboratory 90.7% of both sexes of moths of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison, emerged from pupae between noon and midnight; almost half emerged between 2 and 4 p.m. Mating, evidenced by spermatophores in the bursa copulatrix, occurred almost always at night, within 3 days of emergence, and at temperatures between 5 and 35 °C. Most females mated only once. Multiple matings, with a maximum of 3 times, occurred in less than 20% of females. Males mated with a maximum of three females. Eggs developed during the pupal stage and were ready for fertilization when the moths emerged. Oviposition began on the first or second day after mating, peaked soon after, and continued until just prior to death of females. Maximum oviposition by one female was 564 eggs, with means from 90 to 342. Oviposition occurred at all temperatures from 5 to 35 °C. with an optimum between 10 and 25 °C. More eggs were laid in the dark or in subdued light than in continuous bright light. Females when unfed could oviposit but when fed water or sugar solutions they laid more eggs. Longevity varied directly with feeding and inversely with temperature. Mean longevity of moths fed honey solution in the laboratory was 12 days for both sexes. A diurnal rhythm of oviposition occurred with distinct peaks; 80% or more of the eggs were laid between noon and early evening. Rhythm of oviposition was apparently initiated by light and could be reversed by reciprocal light regimens but was maintained in continuous dark or light. The maximum distance flown on a flight mill was 14.7 miles for males and 3.5 miles for females. Speed varied from less than 1 to almost 3 m.p.h.
The Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Biology and Behavior of Adult Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Wood D. L. , Stark R. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSterilization of male and female Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) exposed to gamma radiation (Co60) as newly emerged adults was almost complete at levels exceeding 7500 r and 10,000 r, respectively. Mating behavior of males as expressed by sperm transfer was unaffected by dosages up to 60,000 r. The capacity of beetles of either sex to establish galleries was not affected significantly below this dosage, but female gallery pattern was altered above 15,000 r. Longevity was reduced at levels greater than 5000 r. LD50 for males occurred at 11.5 days at 7500 r and 29 days in the controls. Mortality of progeny resulting from males irradiated at substerilization levels was higher than in the controls. The dosage to achieve significant population reduction with minimum effect on longevity and other biological activity is estimated to lie between 6000 and 7500 r.These studies indicate that this sterilization technique may have promise in the control of bark beetles. The necessity for rearing large numbers on artificial media could be circumvented by mass trapping utilizing their natural sex attractant and by mass rearing in cut host material in the laboratory.
The Circumstances of Species Replacement Among Parasitic Hymenoptera
Authors: Flanders S. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSpecies replacement is most commonly observed among the parasitic Hymenoptera because of their dominance in biological control. Such replacement is necessarily a reproduction phenomenon involving interspecific competition in population-saturated areas. The competitive interactions of parasitic populations are differentiated into two types, “intrinsic” and “extrinsic”, with characteristic conditions and mechanisms.Intrinsic competition consists of interference between individuals of the interacting populations, being manifested by such factors as cannibalism, mutilation, starvation, suffocation, production of toxic or repellent excretions and secretions, and the differential susceptibility of individual hosts to parasitic attack.Extrinsic competition concerns the interaction of populations as groups and is manifested largely by host-habitat finding, host-finding, and host acceptance.Replacement through intrinsic competition takes place regardless of host abundance; replacement by extrinsic competition is an effect of decreased host abundance.
The Influence of a Virus Disease and Parasites on Spilonota ocellana in Apple Orchards
Authors: Jaques R. P. , Stultz H. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA nuclear-polyhedrosis virus disease of Spilonota ocellana (Denis and Schiffermüller) is described. The disease was found in the majority of the Nova Scotia apple orchards sampled in a nine-year survey. Under favorable conditions the disease caused high mortalities but usually less than 10 per cent of a host population was killed by the virus.Agathis laticinctus (Cresson) killed an average of 25 per cent of late-instar larvae.
Two Artificial (Oligidic) Media for the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Schmidt Fred H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo artificial (oligidic) media have been developed for the rearing of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae under xenic conditions. One medium composed of macerated, frozen inner bark of Douglas fir, brewers yeast, antimicrobial agents sorbic acid and sodium benzoate, and water, permitted 75.17%, ± 3.04 S.E., of newly hatched larvae to develop to the adult stage. A second medium, composed of powdered, lyophilized inner bark of Douglas fir, brewers yeast, sorbic acid, sodium benzoate, glucose, cellulose, water, and agar, permitted 41.72%, ± 3.14 S.E., of newly hatched larvae to develop to the adult stage. The rate of development on each medium to the fourth-instar, pupal, and adult stages was somewhat shorter than that in published developmental data for this species. Immature beetles appear to be tolerant of considerable variation in pH and physical consistency and palatability of food material but are relatively sensitive to moisture levels. The adults obtained from each of the two media appeared to be normal, and the females were capable of laying viable eggs.
Primary Odors and Insect Attraction
Authors: Wright R. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA statistical analysis of U.S.DA. studies of insect attractants provides the first direct evidence for the reality of "primary" odors (heretofore inferred indirectly from abstract principles). Molecules of a single substance may carry more than one primary osmic character and the presence of one does not preclude another, but some primaries may overlap others. Thus the molecular qualities responsible for osmic properties appear to be distributed along a continuum. Molecular vibrational frequencies are so distributed, and the far infrared absorption spectra of some attractant and non-attractant substances show correlations of the sort predicted by the theory.
Preliminary Results of a Serological Examination of Some Scolytidae and Curculionidae
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Krywienczyk J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe serological relationships of the larvae of a number of species of bark beetles and weevils were examined. There appeared to be no clear serological separation between the two families as represented by the test species. However, certain relationships indicated in this preliminary study suggest that more extensive testing might be useful in evaluating the current constitution of the families Curculionidae and Scolytidae. In the meantime, it is anticipated that this technique can be useful in several discrete taxonomic problems now being investigated in the family Scolytidae.
A Way to Distinguish Sex of Adult Hylobius Weevils in the Field
Authors: Wilson L. F. , Waddell C. D. , Millers I. 
Published: December 2009

The median depression on the last abdominal sternite is a useful character for distinguishing, in the field, the male from the female adult of all North American Hylobius species.Everett and Newsom (1964) used a midline depression or sulcus on the abdominal sternites to separate the sexes of the rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (Kushel), and other weevils that are not closely related to species of Hylobius in North America. The male of Hylobius abietis L., a European relative, is distinguished from the female by a saucerlilte depression on the last sternite (Anonymous 1952). Millers et al. (1963) state that the first and second visible abdominal sterna of the male H. rhizophagus Millers are concave, and the fifth has a slight median depression; the female sterna are convex.
The Lepidoptera of Greenland; Some Geographic Considerations
Authors: Downes J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFrom the revised list of the Lepidoptera of Greenland and from recent work in Ellesmere Island it is shown that almost all the species found in high arctic Canada occur also in Greenland, predominantly in the north, and that this high arctic element constitutes a large fraction of the fauna of Greenland as a whole. It is suggested that this part of the fauna originated entirely from the nearctic by the little-interrupted land route across the arctic islands. The poverty of southerly Lepidoptera in Greenland stands in sharp contrast. It is illustrated by a comparison with the vascular plants and by other comparisons with the Lepidoptera found in the corresponding life zones in North America, and this section of the paper includes the first published list of the Lepidoptera of Baffin Island. It is suggested that this southerly fauna is of adventitious origin, by casual dispersal from overseas (Labrador, Iceland) or perhaps in a few cases by introduction by man. Thus Greenland, in respect of its fauna of southerly type, is an oceanic island of post-glacial age. Similar evidence suggests that Iceland also has been populated mainly in the same way. The conclusions derived from the Lepidoptera apply to several other groups of insects and also to the mammals, including man.
The Influence of Date of Oviposition and Climatic Conditions on Hatching of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Pickford R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractField and laboratory hatching experiments were conducted from 1960 through 1963 with eggs of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) laid in field cages and collected at fortnightly intervals. Before freeze-up, embryonic development usually reached prediapause level in all eggs laid before the middle of August; these eggs were the first to hatch when incubated in the laboratory or when left in the soil outdoors. Eggs laid later than mid-August showed progressively less embryonic development and consequently hatched later. Viability was highest in eggs laid during the latter half of August; those laid early in the season often suffered from desiccation because of their long exposure to dry soil conditions; those laid towards the end of the season showed declining viability caused, apparently, by low temperatures. The percentage hatch was relatively high in eggs laid before the end of August but declined progressively thereafter; those laid in October rarely hatched. Seasonal hatching patterns were largely dependent upon weather conditions; such patterns were rapidly completed when an extended period of hot, dry weather continued through the hatching period, but often extended intermittently over a month or more when weather was unsettled. The typical diurnal hatching pattern, which also closely followed the temperature regime, commenced in the morning at 0900–1000 hours as soil temperatures exceeded 65°F., rising to a peak about 1100–1200 hours when temperatures reached 85°F., and then generally declined during the afternoon. However, during rapidly changing weather conditions hatching frequently started and stopped as skies cleared and again clouded over. Winter kill occasionally may be an important factor in reducing populations, especially when snow cover is removed by a mid-winter thaw and sub-zero temperatures follow.
Influence of New Growth on the Food Plant of the Host on Host-finding by Drino bohemica Mesnil (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Monteith L. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe parasitic tachinid Drino bohemica Mesn. preferred the odour of old to that of new growth on the food plant of its preferred host. The new growth directly and indirectly influenced host-finding and host selection by the parasite.
Description de la larve du Melanophila acuminata DeGeer et de quelques caractères distinctifs du Melanophila fulvoguttata (Harris) (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Benoit Paul 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA detailed description of the larva of Melanophila acuminata DeGeer is given with some distinctive characters of the larva of M. fulvoguttata (Harris). A list of the host plants is also given for both species.
New North American Trichoptera
Authors: Denning D. G. , Sykora Jan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe majority of caddisflies selected for discussion in this paper are from Mexico. The Mexican Trichopterous fauna should contain a large number of genera and species, however, relatively few have been recorded, or described from that country. The phylogeny of many nearctic species will be better understood when our knowledge of the Mexican fauna is more complete. With this as the objective, most of the new species selected for description herein will further elucidate our knowledge of the Trichoptera.One new species of Wormaldia, four new Polycentropus, two new Limnephilus and two new Oecetis have been selected for description. The unknown female of Limnephilus discolor is described. Types are in the senior author's collection unless otherwise indicated.
A Review of the Nearctic Genus Bothromus Townes and Townes, With a Description of One New Species (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Walley G. Stuart 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe species of Bothromus Townes and Townes are discussed from the standpoint of their taxonomy, distribution and hosts; and a revised key to species is presented. Bothromus bicolor n. sp. is described from Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, South Dakota and Washington.
A Revision of the Known Asiatic Sphenariini (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Pyrgomorphidae) With the Erection of a New Genus
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractKnown material of the subtribe Mekongianina is reviewed. The group comprises four little-known flightless, montane species from S.W. China and S.E. Tibet: Yunnanites coriacea and Mekongiana gregoryi, which are micropterous, and two apterous species, kingdoni and wardi, which are here transferred to a new genus, Mekongiella.
Seasonal Development of Foliage Infestations of Grape in Ontario by Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch) (Homoptera: Phylloxeridae)
Authors: Stevenson A. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario, leaf galls produced by fundatrices of the grape phylloxera, Phylloxera vitifoliae (Fitch), first appear soon after the beginning of shoot growth. The infestation builds up later as the result of almost continuous gall formation by at least four overlapping generations of gallicolae, until at the end of the growing season galls may be up to 2000 times more numerous than in the fundatrix generation. A portion of the first-instar crawlers hatched in leaf galls migrate, fall, or are blown from the foliage to the soil, beginning when second-generation gallicolae hatch, and reaching a maximum late in August, probably after the fourth-generation gallicolae begin to hatch.
Pithanus maerkeli (Herrich-Schaffer) and Actitocoris signatus Reuter in North America (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPithanus maerkeli (H.-S.) and Actitocoris signatus Reut. are Holarctic in distribution, and the latter is recorded for the first time from North America.
Notes on Epinotia nanana Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae), and Keys to the Immature Stages of Four Needle Miners of Spruce in Ontario
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Harnden A. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe immature stages of Epinotia nanana Treitschke are described. Keys are presented for the eggs, larvae, and pupae of the four lepidopterous needle miners known on spruce in Ontario.
Morphology and Histology of the Neuroendocrine System of Bombus fervidus Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Crosswhite C. D. , Medler J. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe following organs were investigated histologically for evidence of neurosecretion during the adult life of Bombus fervidus queens: supra- and sub-oesophageal ganglia, frontal ganglion, ventral nerve cord, corpora cardiaca, and corpora allata. The anatomy and histology of these organs are described, along with the secretory products found in the median neurosccrerory cells. A type of neurosecretion that seems unique to Hymenoptera and that appears later in the life of the queen is discussed.
Nest Architecture as an Aid in Halictine Taxonomy (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Knerer G. , Atwood C. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA study of halictine nests in a habitat near Toronto leads to the discovery of an undescribed species of the genus Dialictus that shares morphological resemblances with Dialictus rohweri (Ellis) and architectural similarities with Augochlorella striata (Provancher).
Notes on the Biology of a Spruce Needle-miner, Pulicalvaria piceaella (Kearfott) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Authors: McLeod J. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIntensive studies on the biology of the spruce needle-miner, Pulicalvaria piceaella (Kft.), were carried out in the Province of Quebec between 1956 and 1959. The cycle is univoltine, larvae have five instars, and the insect overwinters in the larval stage. P. piceaella collected from the Gaspé Peninsula were significantly larger than those from southwestern Quebec, which in turn were larger than individuals from an incidental collection made near Syracuse, New York.Young larvae were most often found in foliage damaged by associated defoliating insects. In these circumstances, they mined needles adjacent to the damaged sites or fed partly on the damaged material and partly by mining needles, and in some cases fed exclusively on the dead foliage. The majority of larvae entered dormancy about the third week of September in all localities and in all years, an apparent diapause reaction to a critical photoperiod of approximately 12 hours. Resumption of feeding activity the following spring was apparently governed by temperature. In the spring, larvae transferred to new feeding sites, either to the current year's buds or to the previous year's foliage. In the Gaspé Peninsula the larvae migrated to buds, whereas in southwestern Quebec reinitiation of larval activity preceded the opening of the buds by almost a month, and larvae transferred to new sites on the previous year's growth where they mined needles. Pupae were often found in silken cells within the various feeding sites but most larvae probably dropped to the soil to pupate.Mating and oviposition habits of the moths are described. Mean fecundity was 22 as derived from dissections of gravid females, and mean number of eggs deposited per female averaged 11. Eggs were deposited singly and usually found in the same sites as young larvae.
Some Relationships Between Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) and Spruces in New Brunswick
Authors: Price Peter W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractComparative studies on breeding and survival of Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby) in black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP., red spruce, P. rubens Sarg, and white spruce, P. glauca (Moench) Voss, indicate that red spruce is the most favourable host. The thicker, more scaly bark of red spruce and the less frequent occurrence of competition for bark space and food by other organisms are considered as contributory to the success of beetles in this host tree.
The Housefly,Musca domesticaLinnaeus, as an Exotic Species in the Western Hemisphere Incites Biological Control Studies
Authors: Legner E. F. , McCoy C. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe significance of the housefly,Musca domesticaLinnaeus, as a probably introduced species in the Western Hemisphere is pertinent to a search for more exotic natural enemies in the Eastern Hemisphere. Avenues of entry into this hemisphere are discussed. A list is provided of the principal larval and pupal parasites found by the authors attackingM.domesticain North, Central, and South America and this is compared to species from the Eastern Hemisphere.
Distinguishing Adults of the Winter Moth Operophtera brumata (L.), and Bruce Spanworm O. bruceata (Hulst) (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Eidt D. C. , Embree D. G. , Smith C. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe winter moth, Operophtera brumata (L.), and the Bruce spanworm moth, O. bruceata (Hulst), may be readily distinguished by differences in the male genitalia and the length of the vestigial wings of the female.