bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The glucose lowering effect of an oral insulin (Capsulin) during an isoglycaemic clamp study in persons with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Luzio S. D. , Dunseath G. , Lockett A. , Broke‐Smith T. P. , New R. R. , Owens D. R. 
Published: September 2009

Aim: Randomized, open, single‐centre, two‐way crossover study comparing the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of subcutaneous (sc) regular human insulin (Actrapid) and oral insulin in a capsule form (Capsulin). Methods: Sixteen persons (12 males) with type 2 diabetes on oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHAs) participated. Mean (s.d.) age 60.2 (5.5) years, BMI 28.3 (3.4) kg/m2, haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 7.4% (1.1). Two 6‐h isoglycaemic glucose clamp studies were conducted 11 days apart. All subjects received in random order 12U sc Actrapid on one clamp study day and either 150U or 300U Capsulin (Cap) on the other day. Glucose infusion rates (GIRs), plasma insulin and C‐peptide concentrations were determined throughout each 6‐h isoglycaemic clamp. Between the clamp study days, all patients received 150U Capsulin twice daily, dropping all their standard OHAs apart from metformin. Self‐monitored blood glucose (SMBG) levels were taken four times a day between the clamp study days. Results: Administration of either Actrapid or Capsulin (150 and 300U) increased GIRs reaching a maximum values at approximately 280–330 min. Overall values for maximum GIR values were higher for Actrapid than either dose of Capsulin (p < 0.05). The significantly greater systemic insulin concentrations following Actrapid were reflected in the AUC0–6 h (910 ± 270 vs. 472 ± 245 pmol h/L; 950 ± 446 vs. 433 ± 218 pmol h/L; both p < 0.05 for Actrapid vs. 150U Capsulin and 300U Capsulin respectively). No difference was observed between 150U and 300U Capsulin. During the repeat‐dosing period, good safety and tolerability were observed with Capsulin, and SMBG levels remained stable. At the poststudy visit, significant falls in HbA1c, weight and triglycerides were observed. Conclusions: Administration of the oral insulin Capsulin preparation demonstrated a significant hypoglycaemic action over a period of 6 h associated with only a small increase in circulating plasma insulin concentrations.
UNDERSTANDING LABOUR MARKET FRICTIONS: AN ASSET PRICING APPROACH
Authors: Basu Parantap 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTLabour market friction is viewed in terms of the market value of an employed worker as opposed to the position of the Beveridge curve. This market value of an installed worker, which I call Tobin's Q of a worker, is inversely proportional to the average quality of the match between employers and workers. Based on this measure, I find that the labour market friction rises during a period of productivity boom. This phenomenon is indirectly supported by the data where it is found that the relative value of a worker with respect to tangible capital shows a positive association with the total factor productivity. The model suggests that firms may be compromising the quality of a skill match during a period of tight labour market conditions.
Time‐Adaptive Lines for the Interactive Visualization of Unsteady Flow Data Sets
Authors: Cuntz N. , Pritzkau A. , Kolb A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe quest for the ideal flow visualization reveals two major challenges: interactivity and accuracy. Interactivity stands for explorative capabilities and real‐time control. Accuracy is a prerequisite for every professional visualization in order to provide a reliable base for analysis of a data set. Geometric flow visualization has a long tradition and comes in very different flavors. Among these, stream, path and streak lines are known to be very useful for both 2D and 3D flows. Despite their importance in practice, appropriate algorithms suited for contemporary hardware are rare. In particular, the adaptive construction of the different line types is not sufficiently studied. This study provides a profound representation and discussion of stream, path and streak lines. Two algorithms are proposed for efficiently and accurately generating these lines using modern graphics hardware. Each includes a scheme for adaptive time‐stepping. The adaptivity for stream and path lines is achieved through a new processing idea we call ‘selective transform feedback’. The adaptivity for streak lines combines adaptive time‐stepping and a geometric refinement of the curve itself. Our visualization is applied, among others, to a data set representing a simulated typhoon. The storage as a set of 3D textures requires special attention. Both algorithms explicitly support this storage, as well as the use of precomputed adaptivity information.
Geometry Images of Arbitrary Genus in the Spherical Domain
Authors: Gauthier M. , Poulin P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWhile existing spherical parameterization algorithms are limited to genus‐0 geometrical models, we believe a wide class of models of arbitrary genus can also benefit from the spherical domain. We present a complete and robust pipeline that can generate spherical geometry images from arbitrary genus surfaces where the holes are explicitly represented. The geometrical model, represented as a triangle mesh, is first made topologically equivalent to a sphere by cutting each hole along its generators, thus performing genus reduction. The resulting genus‐0 model is then parameterized on the sphere, where it is resampled in a way to preserve connectivity between holes and to reduce the visual impact of seams due to these holes. Knowing the location of each pair of boundary components in parametric space, our novel sampling scheme can automatically choose to scale down or completely eliminate the associated hole, depending on geometry image resolution, thus lowering the genus of the reconstructed model. We found our method to scale better than other geometry image algorithms for higher genus models. We illustrate our approach on remeshing, level‐of‐detail rendering, normal mapping and topology editing.
Tranching and Rating
Authors: Brennan Michael J. , Hein Julia , Poon Ser‐Huang 
Published: September 2009

Abstract In this paper we analyse the source and magnitude of marketing gains from selling structured debt securities at yields that reflect only their credit ratings, or specifically at yields on equivalently rated corporate bonds. We distinguish between credit ratings that are based on probabilities of default and ratings that are based on expected default losses. We show that subdividing a bond issued against given collateral into subordinated tranches can yield significant profits under the hypothesised pricing system. Increasing the systematic risk or reducing the total risk of the bond collateral increases the profits further. The marketing gain is generally increasing in the number of tranches and decreasing in the rating of the lowest rated tranche.
Social Capital Investment and Immigrant Economic Trajectories: A Case Study of Punjabi American Taxi Drivers in New York City
Authors: Mitra Diditi 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough the scholarship on social capital and immigrant economic incorporation has sufficiently documented how immigrants mobilize social capital in their search for employment which often leads to the formation of immigrant niches, how social capital is processed after immigrants acquire employment and its significance for the preservation of immigrant employment niches is less well explored. This paper addresses this gap in the literature with a case study of immigrant Punjabi taxi drivers in the New York metropolitan area. In particular, this study shows how a group of immigrant Punjabi taxi drivers mobilized social capital via embeddedness in co‐ethnic social networks and improved their working conditions – a process that must be considered in explanations of the Punjabi niche in the taxi industry for more than two decades. The study has implications for the relationship between social capital and the structure of the workplace or industry where immigrants are incorporated and its subsequent impact on immigrant economic trajectories. Further, this study contributes to the debate on the usefulness of ethnic communities for the adaptation of immigrant groups. Additionally, this research is relevant to the scholarship on the economic adaptation of South Asian (a subset of Asian Americans) immigrants, an understudied immigrant group in the United States.
The NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium is also a potent inhibitor of cholinesterases and the internal Ca2+pump
Authors: Tazzeo T , Worek F , Janssen LJ 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose: Diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) is often used as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, but is increasingly being found to have unrelated side effects. We investigated its effects on smooth muscle contractions and the related mechanisms.Experimental approach: We studied isometric contractions in smooth muscle strips from bovine trachea. Cholinesterase activity was measured using a spectrophotometric assay; internal Ca2+pump activity was assessed by Ca2+uptake into smooth muscle microsomes.Key results: Contractions to acetylcholine were markedly enhanced by DPI (10−4 M), whereas those to carbachol (CCh) were not, suggesting a possible inhibition of cholinesterase. DPI markedly suppressed contractions evoked by CCh, KCl and 5‐HT, and also unmasked phasic activity in otherwise sustained responses. Direct biochemical assays confirmed that DPI was a potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (IC50∼8 × 10−6 M and 6 × 10−7 M, respectively), following a readily reversible, mixed non‐competitive type of inhibition. The inhibitory effects of DPI on CCh contractions were not mimicked by another NADPH oxidase inhibitor (apocynin), nor the Src inhibitors PP1 or PP2, ruling out an action through the NADPH oxidase signalling pathway. Several features of the DPI‐mediated suppression of agonist‐evoked responses (i.e. suppression of peak magnitudes and unmasking of phasic activity) are similar to those of cyclopiazonic acid, an inhibitor of the internal Ca2+pump. Direct measurement of microsomal Ca2+uptake revealed that DPI modestly inhibits the internal Ca2+pump.Conclusions and implications: DPI inhibits cholinesterase activity and the internal Ca2+pump in tracheal smooth muscle.
Vasodilator efficacy of nitric oxide depends on mechanisms of intracellular calcium mobilization in mouse aortic smooth muscle cells
Authors: Van Hove CE , Van der Donckt C , Herman AG , Bult H , Fransen P 
Published: September 2009

Background and purpose: Reduction of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is an important mechanism by which nitric oxide (NO) dilates blood vessels. We investigated whether modes of Ca2+mobilization during SMC contraction influenced NO efficacy.Experimental approach: Isometric contractions by depolarization (high potassium, K+) or α‐adrenoceptor stimulation (phenylephrine), and relaxations by acetylcholine chloride (ACh), diethylamine NONOate (DEANO) and glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and SMC [Ca2+]i(Fura‐2) were measured in aortic segments from C57Bl6 mice.Key results: Phenylephrine‐constricted segments were more sensitive to endothelium‐derived (ACh) or exogenous (DEANO, GTN) NO than segments contracted by high K+solutions. The greater sensitivity of phenylephrine‐stimulated segments was independent of the amount of pre‐contraction, the source of NO or the resting potential of SMCs. It coincided with a significant decrease of [Ca2+]i, which was suppressed by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ATPase (SERCA) inhibition, but not by soluble guanylyl cylase (sGC) inhibition. Relaxation of K+‐stimulated segments did not parallel a decline of [Ca2+]i. However, stimulation (BAY K8644) of L‐type Ca2+influx diminished, while inhibition (nifedipine, 1–100 nM) augmented the relaxing capacity of NO.Conclusions and implications: In mouse aorta, NO induced relaxation via two pathways. One mechanism involved a non‐cGMP‐dependent stimulation of SERCA, causing Ca2+re‐uptake into the SR and was prominent when intracellular Ca2+was mobilized. The other involved sGC‐stimulated cGMP formation, causing relaxation without changing [Ca2+]i, presumably by desensitizing the contractile apparatus. This pathway seems related to L‐type Ca2+influx, and L‐type Ca2+channel blockers increase the vasodilator efficacy of NO.
Predictors of Mortality in Patients with Lower Extremity Peripheral Arterial Disease: 5‐Year Follow‐up
Authors: JAFFERY ZEHRA , GREENBAUM ADAM B. , SIDDIQUI MOHAMMAD F. , MAHENDRAKER NEETU , GUPTA VIKESH , MOKKALA VIDU , KANAKADANDI UDAY , ROBBINS ANDREW , MCCORD JAMES 
Published: September 2009

Background: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with increased mortality. Lower extremity (LE) revascularization improves symptoms, but less is known about long‐term survival benefits of LE arterial revascularization.
Methods: Two hundred and eighty‐three patients with an ankle brachial index (ABI) ≤0.9 were identified at the Veterans Administration Hospital, Danville, Illinois, and rates of LE arterial revascularization and all‐cause mortality were measured at 5 years.
Results: Of 283 patients identified, 42 (15%) underwent LE revascularization including 39 surgical procedures and 18 percutaneous interventions for symptomatic PAD. Eleven (26%) patients underwent repeat procedures over the 5 years of follow‐up. Those undergoing revascularization were more often Caucasian (95% vs. 79%, P = 0.01) and had lower ABIs (ABI ≤ 0.4, 45% vs. 17%, P = <0.001). At 44 ± 19 months follow‐up, there were fewer deaths in patients that underwent revascularization compared to patients who did not undergo revascularization; 10/42 (24%) versus 107/241 (44%) patients, P = 0.012. In a multivariate model LE arterial revascularization was associated with a trend toward lower all‐cause mortality (HR 0.51 [95% CI 0.26–1.02], P = 0.056). Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥65 years (HR 2.42 [95% CI 1.52–3.85], P < 0.001), history of coronary artery disease (HR 1.67 [95% CI 1.13–2.46], P = 0.010), chronic kidney disease (HR 1.75 [95% CI 1.15–2.67], P = 0.010), and an ABI ≤ 0.4 (HR 1.88 [95% CI 1.19–2.96], P = 0.006).
Conclusion: Few patients at this center with LE‐PAD underwent arterial revascularization. After adjusting for baseline differences, there is a trend toward lower 5‐year mortality in those undergoing LE arterial revascularization when compared to those who do not.
Co‐expression of Hif1α and CAIX is associated with poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Eckert A. W. , Lautner M. H. W. , Schütze A. , Bolte K. , Bache M. , Kappler M. , Schubert J. , Taubert H. , Bilkenroth U. 
Published: September 2009

J Oral Pathol Med (2010) 39: 313–317Background:  This study investigates the prognostic impact of the expression of hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (Hif1α) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) detected by immunohistochemistry in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).Methods:  Statistical analysis of immunohistochemical results with clinical parameters including survival outcomes was performed for 80 OSCC patients.Results:  Patients with a low expression of both proteins survived on average 54.8 months, whereas those with an increased expression of Hif1α in their tumors combined with a low expression of CAIX survived on average only 37.6 months (P = 0.026). In multivariate Cox’s regression hazard analysis, again patients with a low expression of Hif1α/CAIX had the best prognosis, whereas patients with increased Hif1α and low CAIX expression carried a 4.97‐fold increased risk of tumor‐related death (P = 0.042).Conclusion:  A co‐detection of low Hif1α/CAIX expression is significantly correlated with a better prognosis for OSCC patients, which may have implications for therapy options for these patients.
A PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PREPARATION AND MEAT PRESERVATION BY REFRIGERATION OR FREEZING OF THE LAND SNAIL (HELIX ASPERSA MÜLLER)
Authors: MEZQUITA PEDRO CEREZAL , MADARIAGA PAULA ESCOBAR , SEGOVIA YANINA MARIN 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACTHelix aspersa Müller is one of the few land snails suitable for preparation for human consumption, and constitutes an important potential alternative for mass production of animal protein. High‐quality meat obtained from this snail can compete with cattle, swine and poultry because of its comparatively lower production costs of infrastructure, labor and feeding. The objective of the study is to present information on initial processing steps for this product, where mucus (“slime”) is eliminated from the snails. Concentrations of salt and vinegar over periods of time required for elimination of slime after the purging step were determined, permitting uninterrupted continuation of the preparation process before its refrigeration and freezing storage. Optimal slime elimination was achieved by following a statistical design based on a 23 factorial scheme as a variable response to weight loss, indicating elimination of the slime. The results obtained showed the best concentration of salt to be 7.5% and vinegar 10%, with an immersion time of 45 min. Moreover, some preliminary aspects related to refrigeration and freezing rate process are also delivered.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe results of this study indicate that there is a practical way to eliminate the Helix aspersa Müller slime in order to obtain a cleaner meat, using acid salt solutions at room temperature with low‐cost additives, including common salt and white vinegar, allowing the low‐ and median‐capacity industries to have access to a simple technology in the preliminary operations of the production process. Furthermore, the product obtained could undergo the preservation processes with or without the shell, where the boiling‐in‐water operation could be included or not. Finally, it could be preserved by refrigeration or freezing.
RESEARCH NOTE: A COMPARISON OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF ZANDER (SANDER LUCIOPERCA) LIVING IN DIFFERENT LAKES OF TURKEY
Authors: ÖKSÜZ ABDULLAH , KÜÇÜKGÜLMEZ AYGÜL , DİLER ABDULLAH , ÇELİK MEHMET , KOYUNCU ESRA 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT In the present work, the proximate compositions, minerals and trace element contents of zander (Sander lucioperca) caught from two lakes (Beyşehir Lake and Seyhan Dam Lake) of Turkey were compared. There were significant differences between moisture and lipid contents, although there were no statistically significant differences between crude protein and ash contents. The mineral and trace elements determined were Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb and Se. Although Na and Fe contents of zanders in two different lakes were different from each other (P < 0.01), we found no statistically significant differences in terms of Mg, Ca, P, Cu, Pb, Se, Zn contents (P > 0.01). Among the minerals analyzed, K was the highest followed by P, Ca, Na and Mg. The most abundant trace elements were Zn, Fe, Cu, Se followed by Pb, and these elements were below the limits proposed by Turkish Food Codes for human consumption in the meat of zander.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis present study includes information about the nutritional value of zander, which lives in the fresh water lakes of our country and of which people are fond and is being exported. The comparison of the proximate, mineral and trace element contents of the same species which are caught in two different lakes has been made. In the scope of human nutrition, in accordance with the minerals which have got much importance, it involves useful information about what the position of this fish is, and whether it contains any risk due to trace elements. Furthermore, concerning this subject, it will also light the way for studies to be made in the future.
THE EFFECT OF VACUUM AND MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON GROWTH OF LISTERIA IN RAINBOW TROUT (ONCORHYNCHUS MYKISS) FILLETS
Authors: YILMAZ MEHTAP , CEYLAN ZIYA GOKALP , KOCAMAN MAHMUT , KAYA MUKERREM , YILMAZ HATICE 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets stored at 4 ± 1C were analyzed with respect to properties of microbiological (Listeria monocytogenes, total aerobic mesophilic count, psychrotrophic bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae) and chemical (pH, total volatile bases nitrogen) under air (control), vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with various gas mixture (50% CO2 : 50% N2, 80% O2 : 20% CO2 and 2.5% O2 : 7.5% N2 : 90% CO2). The minimum L. monocytogenes counts were determined in the samples packaged with MAP, and no significant differences were found among them. It was determined that the effect of different atmosphere conditions and storage time on total aerobic bacteria count, psychrotrophic bacteria count and Enterobacteriaceae count were significantly different (P < 0.01). The maximum total volatile bases nitrogen value was determined from the control group. The effects of atmosphere condition on pH values were significant (P < 0.05).PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSFresh fish are highly susceptible to spoilage due to postmortem microbial growth and biochemical reactions under refrigerated storage conditions. Therefore, the fish‐processing industry has been motivated to investigate methods for maintaining products freshness. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) has become a useful preservation technique for prolonging the shelf time of perishable products. MAP is capable of inhibiting aerobic and anaerobic microbial growth and can be explained by the growth profiles of aerobes and anaerobes. Despite the advantages of modified atmosphere packaging, caution should be taken since improper handling and or extended storage might pose a public health hazard due to survival microorganisms, such as Listeria monocytogenes. Considering this fact, the establishment of the gas mixtures related to the target product is very important. Thus, the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of air (control), vacuum and MAP with various gas mixtures on microbiological and chemical changes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets during storage at 4 ± 1C.