bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design, implementation and verification of MILS systems
Authors: Delange Julien , Pautet Laurent , Kordon Fabrice 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYSafety‐critical systems are used in many domains (military, avionics, aerospace, etc.) and handle critical data in hostile environments. To prevent data access by unauthorized subjects, they must protect and isolate information so that only allowed entities can read or write information. However, because of their increased number of functionalities, safety‐critical systems design becomes more complex; this increases difficulties in the design and the verification of security functions and potential error in their implementation. The multiple independent levels of security (MILS) approach introduces rules and guidelines for the design of secure systems. It isolates data according to their security levels, reducing system complexity to ease development. However, there is no approach addressing the whole development of MILS systems from high‐level specification (application components with their security levels) to the final implementation (code that executes application functions and provide security mechanisms). This paper presents a complete development approach for the design, verification and implementation of MILS architectures. It aims at providing a complete framework to build secure applications based on MILS guidelines. We describe security concerns using a modeling language, verify security requirements and automatically implement the system code generation techniques and a MILS‐compliant operating system that provides security functions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In search of proof‐of‐concept: gene therapy for glycogen storage disease type Ia
Authors: Koeberl Dwight D. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe emergence of life threatening long‐term complications in glycogen storage disease type Ia (GSD‐Ia) has emphasized the need for new therapies, such as gene therapy, which could achieve biochemical correction of glucose‐6‐phosphatase deficiency and reverse clinical involvement. We have developed gene therapy with a novel adeno‐associated virus (AAV) vector that: 1) prevented mortality and corrected glycogen storage in the liver, 2) corrected hypoglycemia during fasting, and 3) achieved efficacy with a low number of vector particles in G6Pase‐deficient mice and dogs. However, the gradual loss of transgene expression from episomal AAV vector genomes eventually necessitated the administration of a different pseudotype of the AAV vector to sustain dogs with GSD‐Ia. Further preclinical development of AAV vector‐mediated gene therapy is therefore warranted in GSD‐Ia.
Genetic differences among VietnameseHaplorchis taichuipopulations using the COI genetic marker
Authors: Dung D.T. , Hop N.T. , Thaenkham U. , Waikagul J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAdults of the fish-borne intestinal trematode speciesHaplorchis taichuiwere collected from humans in three provinces of Vietnam: Ha Giang, Thanh Hoa and Quang Tri. Genetic analysis revealed three groups of the parasite from clustering dendrograms, correlating with the localities in which they were collected. Measurements of evolutionary divergence over sequence pairs were greater between the different populations than within them, which indicated that the three populations were genetically different. The significance (Fst= 0.73;Pvalue < 0.05) of the genetic variation of the three studied populations implied that genetic separation of the populations had already occurred, which may have been caused by a low gene flow among the differentH. taichuipopulations. Factors contributing to the low gene flow may include isolation resulting from the intermediate-host fish rarely being sold outside of the rural commune where they are raised and the enclosed aquacultural areas themselves.
Stomach contents of small cetaceans stranded along the Sea of Oman and Arabian Sea coasts of the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Ponnampalam Louisa S. , Collins Tim J.Q. , Minton Gianna , Schulz Isabelle , Gray Howard , Ormond Rupert F. G. , Baldwin Robert M. 
Published: February 2012

This study examined the stomach contents of 11 bottlenose dolphins (Tursiopssp.), five Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and two spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) that were found stranded along the Omani coastline. Across the three species examined, a total of 4796 fish otoliths and 214 cephalopod beaks were found, representing at least 33 species in 22 families. Prey item importance was calculated using the percentage by number and percentage by frequency of occurrence methods, and a modified index of relative importance. The fish families Apogonidae, Carangidae and Scombridae were the most numerically important prey of the bottlenose dolphins. Sciaenidae was the most numerically important fish family for the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins. The myctophidBenthosema pterotumformed the majority of the prey items of spinner dolphins. Cephalopod remains found in the stomach samples were represented by the families Sepiidae, Loliginidae and Onychoteuthidae. The known depth distribution of prey items of bottlenose dolphins indicated that the animals fed in a wide variety of habitats. Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin prey items indicated feeding in shallow coastal areas. Spinner dolphins appear to have exploited the upper 200 m of the water column for food, where their vertically migrating mesopelagic prey are found at night. Most prey species found in the stomach contents do not appear to be of current commercial importance in Oman. However, the findings here indicated that all three species of dolphins were feeding in areas where artisanal and/or commercial fishing occurs and has conservation implications.
Proteomics on the rims: insights into the biology of the nuclear envelope and flagellar pocket of trypanosomes
Authors: FIELD MARK C. , ADUNG'A VINCENT , OBADO SAMSON , CHAIT BRIAN T. , ROUT MICHAEL P. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYTrypanosomatids represent the causative agents of major diseases in humans, livestock and plants, with inevitable suffering and economic hardship as a result. They are also evolutionarily highly divergent organisms, and the many unique aspects of trypanosome biology provide opportunities in terms of identification of drug targets, the challenge of exploiting these putative targets and, at the same time, significant scope for exploration of novel and divergent cell biology. We can estimate from genome sequences that the degree of divergence of trypanosomes from animals and fungi is extreme, with perhaps one third to one half of predicted trypanosome proteins having no known function based on homology or recognizable protein domains/architecture. Two highly important aspects of trypanosome biology are the flagellar pocket and the nuclear envelope, wherein silicoanalysis clearly suggests great potential divergence in the proteome. The flagellar pocket is the sole site of endo- and exocytosis in trypanosomes and plays important roles in immune evasionviavariant surface glycoprotein (VSG) trafficking and providing a location for sequestration of various invariant receptors. The trypanosome nuclear envelope has been largely unexplored but, by analogy with higher eukaryotes, roles in the regulation of chromatin and most significantly, in controlling VSG gene expression are expected. Here we discuss recent successful proteomics-based approaches towards characterization of the nuclear envelope and the endocytic apparatus, the identification of conserved and novel trypanosomatid-specific features, and the implications of these findings.
Castrating parasites and colonial hosts
Authors: HARTIKAINEN H. , OKAMURA B. 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYTrajectories of life-history traits such as growth and reproduction generally level off with age and increasing size. However, colonial animals may exhibit indefinite, exponential growth via modular iteration thus providing a long-lived host source for parasite exploitation. In addition, modular iteration entails a lack of germ line sequestration. Castration of such hosts by parasites may therefore be impermanent or precluded, unlike the general case for unitary animal hosts. Despite these intriguing correlates of coloniality, patterns of colonial host exploitation have not been well studied. We examined these patterns by characterizing the responses of a myxozoan endoparasite,Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae,and its colonial bryozoan host,Fredericella sultana, to 3 different resource levels. We show that (1) the development of infectious stages nearly always castrates colonies regardless of host condition, (2) castration reduces partial mortality and (3) development of transmission stages is resource-mediated. Unlike familiar castrator-host systems, this system appears to be characterized by periodic rather than permanent castration. Periodic castration may be permitted by 2 key life history traits: developmental cycling of the parasite between quiescent (covert infections) and virulent infectious stages (overt infections) and the absence of germ line sequestration which allows host reproduction in between bouts of castration.
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis: a critical but neglected factor influencing school participation of Aboriginal children in rural Malaysia
Authors: AHMED ABDULHAMID , AL-MEKHLAFI HESHAM M. , AZAM MOHAMMAD NURUL , ITHOI INIT , AL-ADHROEY ABDULELAH H. , ABDULSALAM AWATIF M. , SURIN JOHARI 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYSoil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH), among the most common neglected tropical diseases, is a major public health problem in Malaysia with a possible impact on the nutritional status and school participation of rural children. This study was carried out among Aboriginal schoolchildren, living in an endemic area for STH in Malaysia, to determine the possible relationship between intestinal helminthiasis and school absenteeism. We also evaluated whether successful treatment of the infection will affect school attendance among the subjects. Stool analysis revealed that more than 90% of the subjects were infected with at least 1 helminth species, with Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura infections being most prevalent. Infection of moderate-to-heavy worm burdens, low level of fathers' education and anaemia were identified as the significant predictors of high absenteeism among the subjects (P<0·05). Following treatment of the infected children, it was found that school absenteeism was reduced significantly (P<0·01). In conclusion, STH continues to have significant impacts on public health, particularly in rural communities with a negatively significant effect on the school participation of Aboriginal children. A school-based de-worming programme should be introduced and incorporated in the current educational assistance targeted towards the Aboriginal communities, under the auspices of the government.
Acanthamoebadifferentiation: a two-faced drama ofDr Jekyll and Mr Hyde
Authors: SIDDIQUI RUQAIYYAH , DUDLEY RICKY , KHAN NAVEED AHMED 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYThe ability of cyst-forming protists such asAcanthamoebato escape death by transforming into a cyst form, that is resistant to harsh physiological, environmental and pharmacological conditions, has continued to pose a serious challenge to human and animal health. A complete understanding of the fundamental principles of genome evolution and biochemical pathways of cellular differentiation offers unprecedented opportunities to counter detrimental outcomes.Acanthamoebacan elude inhospitable conditions by forming cysts. Here we unravel the processes involved in the phenotypic switching ofAcanthamoeba, which are critical in our efforts to find potential targets for chemotherapy.
The Impact of the Nicaragua Case on Matters of Evidence and Fact-Finding
Authors: REICHLER PAUL S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe Nicaragua case demonstrates the Court's competence in receiving and interpreting evidence, and in making reasoned findings of fact, even in the most complicated evidentiary context, as is often presented in cases involving use of force and armed conflict. The Court applied well-established standards for evaluating the conflicting evidence presented to it. In particular, the Court determined that greater weight should be given to statements against interest made by high-level government officials than to a state's self-serving declarations. The Court also determined that statements by disinterested witnesses with first-hand knowledge should receive greater weight than mere statements of opinion or press reports. In applying these guidelines, the Court found, correctly, that (i) the United States had used military and paramilitary force against Nicaragua both directly and indirectly, by organizing, financing, arming, and training the Contra guerrillas to attack Nicaragua; (ii) the evidence did not support a finding that the United States exercised direct control over the Contras’ day-to-day operations; and (iii) there was no evidence that Nicaragua supplied arms to guerrillas fighting against the government of El Salvador during the relevant period, or carried out an armed attack against that state. While Judge Schwebel's dissent criticized the last of these findings, in fact, the evidence fully supported the Court's conclusion. In subsequent decisions during the past 25 years, the Court has continued to rely on the approach to evidence first elaborated in the Nicaragua case and has continued to demonstrate its competence as a finder of fact, including in cases involving armed conflict (Bosnia Genocide) and complex scientific and technical issues (Pulp Mills).
Design of high transformation ratio millimeter-wave integrated transformers
Authors: Leite Bernardo , Kerhervé Eric , Bégueret Jean-Baptiste , Belot Didier 
Published: February 2012

A novel topology for millimeter-wave-integrated transformers is proposed. The windings are stacked and secondaries are designed with different trace widths and different diameters from that of the primary, in order to obtain relatively high-inductance transformation ratios. Measurement and simulation results of 65 nm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) and 130 nm combination of Bipolar and CMOS (BiCMOS) transformers present the impact of this structure on the inductances, quality factor, coupling coefficient, and minimum insertion loss. Within certain limits on the trace widths, it is shown that the proposed topology not only increases the transformation ratio but also improves its overall performance.
An A‐train and model perspective on the vertical distribution of aerosols and CO in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Ford Bonne , Heald Colette L. 
Published: February 2012

We use A‐train satellite observations of aerosols and carbon monoxide (CO) (CALIOP, MODIS, and TES) with GEOS‐Chem model simulations to analyze long range transport in the Northern Hemisphere over 3 years (December 2006–November 2009), with a focus on the vertical distribution of pollutants. GEOS‐Chem underestimates TES observations of CO in all seasons (<25%) except winter. MODIS and GEOS‐Chem aerosol optical depths (AOD) are both generally biased high in comparison with CALIOP (0.042 over land/0.036 over ocean and 0.016 over land/−0.0071 over ocean, respectively; for spring seasons, but similar results for all seasons). Comparisons between GEOS‐Chem and CALIOP improve when the CALIOP detection limits are accounted for, and the bias over land in particular is reduced (0.010). However, we find that GEOS‐Chem with applied detection limits still overestimates the CALIOP observations of aerosol extinction over sources in Asia and Europe, but underestimates in marine environments and over North America in spring and summer. Vertical cross‐sections indicate that GEOS‐Chem may be removing aerosol too efficiently in the boundary layer in addition to underestimating marine aerosol sources. We show that mimicking the single aerosol type per layer retrieval of CALIOP with GEOS‐Chem could lower simulated AOD by 10–30% at midlatitudes. TES and CALIOP observations confirm that while CO is efficiently transported aloft (only 12% of the CO column is within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on average), the efficient removal of aerosol limits export and subsequent transport with over 50% of observed aerosol extinction occurring within the PBL.
Pentosan polysulfate increases affinity between ADAMTS-5 and TIMP-3 through formation of an electrostatically driven trimolecular complex
Authors: Troeberg Linda , Mulloy Barbara , Ghosh Peter , Lee Meng-Huee , Murphy Gillian , Nagase Hideaki 
Published: February 2012

The semi-synthetic sulfated polysaccharide PPS (pentosan polysulfate) increases affinity between the aggrecan-degrading ADAMTSs (adamalysins with thrombospondin motifs) and their endogenous inhibitor, TIMP (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases)-3. In the present study we demonstrate that PPS mediates the formation of a high-affinity trimolecular complex with ADAMTS-5 and TIMP-3. A TIMP-3 mutant that lacks extracellular-matrix-binding ability was insensitive to this affinity increase, and truncated forms of ADAMTS-5 that lack the Sp (spacer) domain had reduced PPS-binding ability and sensitivity to the affinity increase. PPS molecules composed of 11 or more saccharide units were 100-fold more effective than those of eight saccharide units, indicating the involvement of extended or multiple protein-interaction sites. The formation of a high-affinity trimolecular complex was completely abolished in the presence of 0.4 M NaCl. These results suggest that PPS enhances the affinity between ADAMTS-5 and TIMP-3 by forming electrostatically driven trimolecular complexes under physiological conditions.
Detection of Avian bornavirus 5 RNA in Eclectus roratus  with feather picking disorder
Authors: Horie Masayuki , Ueda Kengo , Ueda Akiko , Honda Tomoyuki , Tomonaga Keizo 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT Avian bornavirus (ABV) was discovered recently in parrots with proventricular dilatation disease (PDD), a fatal neurological disease. Although ABV has been shown to be a causative agent of PDD, its virological characteristics are largely unknown. Here we report the detection of ABV genotype 5 RNA in an Eclectus roratus with feather picking disorder (FPD). Interestingly, although the bird was persistently infected with ABV5 for at least 8 months, it had no clinical signs of PDD. Although it remains unclear whether ABV5 is associated with FPD, these findings raise the importance of epidemiological studies of birds with diseases other than PDD.
Atypical facial pain related to apical fenestration and overfilling
Authors: Pasqualini D. , Scotti N. , Ambrogio P. , Alovisi M. , Berutti E. 
Published: February 2012

Pasqualini D, Scotti N, Ambrogio P, Alovisi M, Berutti E. Atypical facial pain related to apical fenestration and overfilling. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 670–677, 2012.AbstractAim  To report a case of apical fenestration and overfilling in which unusual pain characteristics made differential diagnosis challenging.Summary  A 32‐year‐old woman with diffuse, spontaneous, moderate pain in the maxillary left posterior sector, exacerbated by masticatory and facial muscle movement, with intense sporadic electric‐shooting pain, underwent clinical examination and 3D cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Apical fenestration with protrusion of the mesial root of tooth 26 beyond the buccal cortical plate, extrusion of canal filling material into the soft tissues and a periosteal reaction were detected. Surgery was performed under the operating microscope. The filling material and surrounding fibrous tissue were located, dissected from healthy soft tissues and removed. The mesiobuccal root apex was resected with a bur to within the bony crypt. A root end was prepared and filled with Tech Biosealer RootEnd™ (Isasan, Como, Italy). At the 2‐week recall, the patient had complete resolution of the symptoms and good soft‐tissue healing. The 1‐year recall examination and intra‐oral radiography confirmed complete resolution of the symptoms and health of periradicular tissues.Key learning points
Apical fenestration may occur in 9% of cases and may be considered an anatomic predisposing factor for persistent pain after root canal treatment.
This complication provides a considerable differential diagnostic challenge and is often misdiagnosed and mistreated.
When correctly diagnosed through an accurate, multidisciplinary approach, it may be managed with a simple surgical procedure in which the endodontist should play a key role.
Misdiagnosis and over treatment of apical fenestration, through the surgical management of chronic facial pain conditions, could lead to severe exacerbation of chronic pain, which may potentially become persistent or, indeed, intractable.
Mastering improvement science skills in the new era of quality and safety: the Veterans Affairs National Quality Scholars Program
Authors: Estrada Carlos A. , Dolansky Mary A. , Singh Mamta K. , Oliver Brant J. , Callaway‐Lane Carol , Splaine Mark , Gilman Stuart , Patrician Patricia A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Healthcare professionals need a new skill set to ensure the success of quality improvement in healthcare. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) initiated the VA National Quality Scholars fellowship in 1998; its mission is to improve the quality of care, ensure safety, accelerate healthcare re‐design, and advance the improvement science by educating the next generation of leaders in quality and safety. We describe the critical need for leadership in quality and safety and interprofessional education, illustrate the curriculum, provide lessons learned by fellows, summarize key lessons learned from the implementation of an interprofessional education approach, and present most recent accomplishments.Methods  Narrative review.Results  As of 2011, 106 program alumni are embedded in the health care delivery system across the United States. Since 2009, when nurse fellows joined the program, of the first nine graduating interdisciplinary fellows, the tailored curriculum has resulted in five advanced academic degrees, 42 projects, 29 teaching activities, 44 presentations, 36 publications, six grants funded or submitted, and two awards.Conclusions  The VA National Quality Scholars program continues to nurture and develop leaders for the new millennium focusing on interprofessional education. The nations' health care systems need strong interdisciplinary leaders in advanced quality improvement science who are dedicated to improving the overall quality of health and health care.
Specificity of systemically released rice stem volatiles on egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead behaviour
Authors: Rani P. Usha , Sandhyarani K. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe yellow stem borer, Scirpophaga incertulas Walker (YSB), infested rice plants emit chemicals through the surface of their infested stems. These induce attractant activity and cause arrestment responses and ovipositional stimulation in its egg parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead. Laboratory experiments on short‐range host searching and oviposition were performed to assess the how these crude stem extracts and their fractions influence the biological control efficiency of Trichogramma. The activity of these chemicals as long‐range attractants was confirmed through wind tunnel bioassays. Stem borer‐infested plant extracts had enhanced the parasitization rate of T. japonicum, whereas host eggs treated with the extract from undamaged stems or solvent‐treated control failed to evoke changes in the parasitoid’s behaviour. A preliminary GC‐MASS analysis indicated the presence of several hydrocarbon compounds. The analysis also revealed qualitative and quantitative differences between the chemical profiles of the infested and non‐infested plants. We hypothesized that herbivore‐induced plant chemicals are released through the stem surfaces and attract T. japonicum, even over long distances. These cues elicit parasitoid arrestment on pest‐damaged plants and subsequently lead to the successful parasitization of the stem borer.