bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of Percolate Water After Treatment of a Municipal Wastewater Effluent by a Crop Irrigation System
Authors: Linden D. R. , Clapp C. E. , Larson W. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrop management effects on the renovation of municipal wastewater effluent were studied in a 6‐year field experiment. A randomized split‐plot block design was used, with corn (Zea mays L.) and forage grasses (reed canarygrass, Phalaris arundinacea L.) as crops and effluent application rates of none, ∼0.05, and ∼0.10 m week−1. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and chloride were measured in percolating soil water during 5 years under corn and 3 years under forage grasses to assess the quality of renovated wastewater. Nitrogen concentrations were generally below 10 mg L−1, with total applications ranging between 200 and 970 kg N ha−1 year−1. Nitrogen concentrations also were consistently lower under effluent treatments as compared with fertilized controls and lower under forage crops than under corn. Nitrogen levels increased significantly with increased application rates, especially under corn crops and only occasionally exceeded 10 mg L−1 during early and late season when applications surpassed crop uptake demands. Low P concentrations (< 0.05 mg L−1) in percolate water verified nearly complete removal by the soilcrop system except during the final 2 years under corn when concentrations increased about fivefold to 0.7 mg L−1. Potassium levels suggested a continuing removal from the effluent. Sodium and chloride concentrations began at low levels and increased during the first 1 to 2 years of irrigation until they approached the concentrations of the effluent. These results indicate that high N demand crops such as forage grasses have the potential for better renovation of effluent than corn at high application rates, but at lower rates corn will renovate effluent to acceptable N concentrations.
Effect of Sewage Sludge on the Adsorption of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Three New Mexico Soils
Authors: Fairbanks B. C. , O'Connor G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe adsorption of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) (54% CI) by three low‐organic matter New Mexico soils amended with sewage sludge was determined by batch equilibration. Adsorption isotherm data were described by the Freundlich equation. An increase in adsorption with increased organic C content was observed. However, for a given organic C content, adsorption in soils preconditioned with sewage sludge differed from soils amended with sludge at the time of adsorption analysis. Adsorption was greater in a clay soil than in two sandy loams. Differences in organic C content described 56.5% of the variance in the Freundlich K constants for PCB retention across all treatments. Incorporating the factor of clay content or specific surface area into the regression analysis accounted for 79.1% of the variance in K. Freundlich constants normalized for organic C content (Koc) were not constant across treatments.
Predicting the Temporal Relationship between Soil Cesium‐137 and Erosion Rate
Authors: Kachanoski R. G. , de Jong E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA model was developed that predicts the amount of 137Cs remaining in soil as a function of time and erosion rate. The model accounts for atmospheric deposition, radioactive decay, tillage dilution, and erosion transport of 137Cs, as well as seasonal differences in 137Cs deposition and erosion rates. The model was used to estimate minimum resolution of erosion estimates based on detection limits and accuracy of 137Cs measurement by gamma spectroscopy, as a function of time and erosion rate. The analysis showed that under Saskatchewan conditions, changes in 137Cs at a given site can be used to estimate erosion rates between 0.5 and 10 kg m−2 yr−1 with reasonable precision, provided the sampling interval is at least 15 yr. The relationship of fraction of 137Cs lost vs. erosion as predicted by the model was compared with other methods being used. The model was used to estimate erosion from selected Saskatchewan soils where 137Cs levels were measured in 1966 and again in 1981. Erosion rates calculated with the model varied from 1 kg m−2 yr−1 for a sandy loam soil in continuous forage to 19 kg m−2 yr−1 for a similar soil in a crop‐fallow rotation. Erosion estimates using the model were higher than those calculated by assuming that soil loss was directly proportional to 137Cs loss, especially when 137Cs loss was high.
Peak Nitrate‐Nitrogen Values in Surface Runoff from Fertilized Pastures
Authors: Owens L. B. , Edwards W. M. , Van Keuren R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPastured watersheds on hill slopes in eastern Ohio were fertilized with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) at two different levels for 5 years. The pastures were rotationally grazed during either the growing season (May–October) or the dormant season (November–April). Nitrate‐N concentrations were measured in surface runoff events > 0.1 mm from nine watersheds. During the 5‐year period, there were 890 runoff events. Sixty‐four of these events (7%) had NO3−‐N concentrations > 10 mg/L, and 48 of the 64 events occurred within a 30‐d period following fertilizer application. Ten events, < 2% of all of the runoff events, exceeded 30 mg/L NO3−‐N, and all of these were within 17 d of fertilization. Although all surface runoff events which closely followed fertilizer applications did not have high NO3−‐N concentrations, all surface runoff with high NO3−‐N was shortly preceded with a fertilizer application. The closeness of the high NO3−‐N concentration and fertilizations suggested that fertilizer was the major contributor to high NO3−‐N in runoff as opposed to animal waste.
Adsorption, Phytotoxicity, and Leaching of Bromacil in Some Israeli Soils
Authors: Angemar Y. , Rebhun M. , Horowitz M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour Isreali soils (Hula, Newe Ya'ar, Sa'ad, and Sharon) were studied in an attempt to identify factors affecting the behavior of bromacil (5‐Bromo‐3‐sec‐butyl‐6‐methyluracil) in a soil environment. Adsorption studies were performed by batch slurry experiments. Freundlich adsorption constants for two varieties of Hula soil and for Newe Ya'ar and Sa'ad soils were: 19.80, 5.05, 1.12, and 0.6, respectively. Experiments with oxidized Hula and oxidized Newe Ya'ar soils gave adsorption constants of 1.70 and 0.60.Bromacil phytotoxicity was studied by bioassay with black mustard (Brassica nigra L.). Phytotoxicity was expressed by ED50 values (the dose that reduces test plants' fresh weight by 50%), which were 0.4, 0.08, 0.06, and < 0.01 mg/kg soil for Hula, Newe Ya'ar, Sa'ad, and Sharon soils, respectively.Soil thick layer chromatography was used to determine bromacil leachability in the various soils. Ease of leachability in the four soils was in the decreasing order: Sharon > Sa'ad > Newe Ya'ar > Hula. The experiments showed that the soil organic matter content governed bromacil adsorption, phytotoxicity, and leachability in the various soils.
Evaluation of Methane Generator Sludge as a Soil Amendment
Authors: Atalay Asmare , Blanchar R. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSludge obtained from a methane generator charged with fescue hay (Festuca arundinacea L.) was evaluated as a potential soil amendment. The amounts of C, K, and Na were greater in the rescue hay than in the sludge. However, Ca, Mg, N, P, S, and Zn were more concentrated in the sludge than in the fescue hay.Air‐dried sludge was mixed with a Menfro silt loam soil (fine‐silty, mixed mesic Typic Hapludalfs) to give 10, 20, 40, and 80 g sludge/kg. Sludge addition had no consistent effect on seed germination. The number of seeds germinating in all treatments was: corn (Zea mays L.) 89 to 98%, sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) 94 to 97%, soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.] 90 to 97%, and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 98 to 100%.The addition of sludge increased the quantity of water held by the Menfro soil at matrix potentials of −10, −33, and −100 kPa. Available water held between −10 and −100 kPa matrix potential increased as the amount of sludge added increased. Nutrient uptake by wheat and sorghum showed that the addition of 80 g sludge/kg was equivalento adding 400 mg P/kg soil, but, due to the high C/N ratio, did not supply adequate N.
Pollutant Distribution and Effects in Forests Adjacent to Smelters
Authors: Hogan G. D. , Wotton D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPollutant levels were examined in a boreal forest system that had been exposed to smelter effluents for 50 yr. High levels of Zn, Cu, and Pb were found in the surface soils close to the source (< 10 km) and declined rapidly in a south‐southeast direction. Significant deposition of metals may be occurring at sites up to 35 km from the source. Positive correlations between metals found in the soil and distance from the source implicated the smelter as the source of the metal particulates. The most heavily impacted sites (> 4000 and 1000 mg/kg of Zn and Cu, respectively) showed significant accumulations of metal at lower soil depths. Extraction of soils with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) indicated that 50 to 60% and 18 to 36% of the and Cu, respectively, could be in a plant‐available form. Soil pH was not related to distance from the source, indicating that acidification had not taken place; this was confirmed by snow analysis. Data did not indicate that metal levels in the soil have affected the foliar nutrient levels of major tree species. Elevated S levels were found in the foliage of black spruce (Picea mariana Mill.) close to the source but were not apparent for jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.).
Influence of Mine Spoil Type, Fertilizer, and Mycorrhizae on Pines Seeded in Greenhouse Trays
Authors: Preve Ricardo E. , Burger James A. , Kreh Richard E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrowth and mycorrhizal colonization of surface‐seeded pine (Pinus sp.) as affected by two different mine spoil types (siltstone and sandstone), two fertilizer treatments (control and 100 kg/ha each of N, P, and K), and three mycorrhizal inoculation treatments [control, 56 kg/ha pine litter, and 250 g/ha Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker and Couch (PT) basidiospores] were evaluated in a greenhouse experiment. Emergence was highest (12, 55, and 34% for P. strobus, P. virginiana, and P. taeda, respectively) in nonfertilized siltstone, but growth performance was greatest in fertilized sandstone. Fertilization increased shoot weight of white, Virginia, and loblolly pine growing in sandstone spoil two‐, ten‐, and eightfold, respectively. Fertilization had no effect on seedlings growing in siltstone spoil. Mycorrhizal inoculation of Virginia pine was effective in sandstone but not in siltstone spoil. Addition of pine litter and Pisolithus tinctorius spores to sandstone spoil increased the percentage of colonized Virginia pines by 27 and 33%, respectively. Inoculation had no effect on the number of white and loblolly trees colonized.
Soil Depth Requirements for Revegetation of Surface‐Mined Areas in Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota
Authors: Barth Richard C. , Martin Brooks K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine depth of soil that should be applied over spoil to ensure adequate production of cool‐season grasses at surface mines in the Northern Great Plains. During a 6‐yr period, data were collected from 15 wedge plots and the response of perennial grass production to increasing soil depth was measured. Production responses were dependent on spoil traits and four spoil types were recognized: generic, sodic, acid, and soil‐like. Soil depth required for maximum production was 50 cm for generic spoil, 71 cm for sodic spoil, indeterminate for acid spoil, and 0 cm for soil‐like spoil. Root penetration into spoil appeared limited to ≤ 10 cm, except for soil‐like spoil where root penetration exceeded 110 cm. Native and introduced grasses responded in a similar manner to increasing soil depth, and precipitation had no significant effect on the depth of soil required for maximum grass production.
Nutrient Losses in Runoff from Conventional and No‐Till Corn Watersheds
Authors: Angle J. S. , Mc Clung G. , Mc Intosh M. S. , Thomas P. M. , Wolf D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA study was initiated to determine the quantity of nutrients and sediment in runoff from conventional and no‐till corn (Zea mays L.) watersheds. Runoff was collected with H‐type flumes and Coshocton wheels. Parameters measured in runoff included NH4+‐N, NO3−‐N, total N, ortho‐PO4, total soluble P, total P, suspended sediment, and soluble solids.There was a significant difference in total runoff between the conventional and no‐till watersheds. Over nine times more runoff originated from the conventional‐till watershed when compared with the no‐till watershed in 1982. A large difference between the two watersheds in suspended sediment content was also observed. Yearly sediment losses of 370 and 9 kg ha−1 from the conventional and no‐till watersheds, respectively, were found for 1982. There was also a significant difference in the loss of soluble solids between the two watersheds. For 1982, there was over a 29‐fold greater loss of soluble solids from the conventional‐till watershed than from the no‐till watershed.Losses of NH4+‐N, NO3−‐N, and total N from each watershed were very low, although large differences were observed between the two watersheds. In 1980, 271, 638, and 1199 g ha−1 of NH4+‐N, NO3−‐N, and total N, respectively, were lost from the conventional‐till watershed, while 2, 47, and 87 g ha−1, respectively, of the above parameters were lost from the no‐till watershed.The loss of all forms of P from each watershed was also very small. During 1982, 161 g ha−1 of total P were lost from the conventional‐till watershed while only 8 g ha−1 were lost from the no‐till watershed. The loss of ortho‐PO4 and total soluble P was not significantly different between the two tillage treatments.
Wheatgrass Response to Organic Amendments and Contour Furrowing on Coal Mine Spoil
Authors: Scholl David G. , Pase Charles P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEstablishment of perennial grasses on New Mexico's coal mine spoils is difficult because of the arid climate and saline or sodic spoils. Topsoiling alone may not be sufficient to establish the most productive grass stands. Treatments such as organic amendments or contour furrowing could be useful in establishing grass stands.The growth response of several wheatgrasses (Agropyron sp.) was tested on sodic and nonsodic coal spoils following amendments with pine bark (Pinus sp.) and barley straw (Hordeum vulgare L.). Bark and straw were incorporated into the spoil using a large disk harrow. Contour furrowing was also tested in combination with the amendments. Furrows were produced with the same disk harrow with alternate disk blades removed from the rear axles.Plant height and production were increased by the amendments, and to a lesser extent, by the contour furrowing. Production was greatest on the nonsodic spoils. Incorporation of straw into nonsodic spoil produced outstanding growth, which exceeded production on topsoiled areas.Soil bulk density was significantly reduced after incorporation of straw into nonsodic spoil and pine bark into sodic spoil. The straw and pine bark treatments in general improved soil water content at the end of the growing season. Contour furrowing in combination with pine bark produced higher water contents in 1 of the 2 yr.
Cuticular Behavior of Cadmium Studied using Isolated Plant Cuticles
Authors: Chamel Andre R. , Gambonnet Bernadette , Genova Claire , Jourdain Agnes 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cuticular retention and penetration of 115mCd (metastable cadmium‐115) were studied using isolated pear (Pyrus communis L. ‘Passe Crassane’) leaves, and apple (Malus pumila Mill. ‘Akane’) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruit cuticles to obtain a better understanding of the behavior of Cd deposited on the aerial parts of plants. Results show that Cd, as CdCl2, may be taken up by isolated cuticles. The mean value calculated from results obtained with different cuticular species was 1.4 µg Cd/cm2 with CdCl2 (11.8 mg Cd/L, pH ≈ 6). The cuticular retention depended greatly on the plant species when results are expressed on the basis of the dry weight. The study of the washing with water or exchange solutions suggests that the retention corresponds to a fraction sorbed as solute and to another fraction constituted by exchangeable Cd ions. At first it increased rapidly, then progressively tended to a saturation level as the concentration varied from 0.5 mg to 1.1 g Cd/L. It was observed with dewaxed cuticles that the cuticular matrix was predominantly implicated in the retention. There appeared an interaction with Zn, suggesting a competition for the same sites of fixation. It was possible to reveal the cuticular penetration of Cd through intact cuticles; it was very slow but was greater with diluted HCl than with pure water as a receiver. These results are consistent with data obtained from experiments on entire plants, showing that the greatest part of Cd deposited on leaves is recovered at the deposit place.
Toxicity, Uptake, and Elimination of the Herbicides Alachlor and Dinoseb in Freshwater Fish
Authors: Call D. J. , Brooke L. T. , Kent R. J. , Poirier S. H. , Knuth M. L. , Shubat P. J. , Slick E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) 30 d of age were exposed to technical grade alachlor [2‐chloro‐2′ ,6′‐diethyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and dinoseb (2‐sec‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenol) in flow‐through tests to determine acute toxicity. Median lethal concentrations (LC50 values) for alachlor were 9.9, 6.6, 5.0, and 3.0 mg L−1 at 24, 48, 96, and 192 h, respectively; and for dinoseb were 0.8, 0.7, 0.7, and 0.5 mg L−1, respectively. Early life‐stages of the fathead minnow (embryos, fry, and juveniles) were exposed to lower concentrations of each compound for a total of 64 d. The “no effect” concentration was estimated to lie between 0.52 and 1.10 mg L−1 for alachlor and between 14.5 and 48.5 µg L−1 for dinoseb. Neither herbicide was appreciably accumulated in fish tissue. Whole body bioconcentration factors for parent 14C‐alachlor and 14C‐dinoseb were 6.0 and 1.4, respectively. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) injected with radiolabeled herbicides eliminated ≥ 83% of the radioactivity within 24 h as a combination of parent compound and metabolites.These laboratory studies suggest that the accumulation of alachlor and dinoseb residues and the toxicity of alachlor do not present great environmental risks to fish. However, the toxicity of dinoseb may pose some risk.
Denitrification Associated with Stream Periphyton: Chamber Estimates from Undisrupted Communities
Authors: Duff J. H. , Triska F. J. , Oremland R. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUndisrupted periphyton communities from a N‐rich (NO3− = 63 µmol L−1) and pristine (NO3− = 2.9 µmol L−1) stream were assayed for denitrifying activity (acetylene‐blockage technique) in 40‐L chambers incubated at in situ temperature and nutrient concentrations. Nitrous oxide formation associated with periphyton from the N‐rich stream was immediate and linear (52.1 µmol N2O m−2 h−1) in the dark, anaerobic chamber (50 kPa C2H2). In the corresponding light, aerobic chamber (50 kPa C2H2), N2O production was inhibited by 82% (9.3 µmol N2O m−2 h−1). Nitrous oxide formation was not associated with periphyton from the pristine stream incubated in situ, either with or without NO3− amendment.Denitrification estimates made with undisrupted periphyton communities at in situ temperature and nutrient concentrations (40‐L chambers) were less variable than estimates made with periphyton “scrapings” in small flasks (room temperature). The calculated diel periphyton‐associated denitrification rate based on a 14‐h light‐10‐h dark day was 651 µmol N2O m−2 d−1. The data suggest denitrification within periphyton mats may contribute toward removal of NO3− from N‐rich fluvial environments.
Use of Peat for On‐Site Wastewater Treatment: II. Field Studies
Authors: Brooks J. L. , Rock C. A. , Struchtemeyer R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThree full‐size sphagnum (Sphagnum spp.) peat filter fields were monitored to determine the treatment levels after application of septic tank effluent (STE). Systems I and II were designed with a liner and had overboard discharges, whereas system III was constructed with a subsurface discharge. Gravity‐feed, dosed‐feed, and pressure distribution systems all provided excellent organic and 99% fecal coliform removal without additional disinfection.The 5‐day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) reduction exceeded 90% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction exceeded 80% in all three systems. Total suspended solids (TSS) measured 16 and 9 mg/L in the effluent from systems I and II, respectively. Systems I and II showed 58 and 62% total P reduction, respectively, while a total P reduction of 96% was obtained in system III. Nitrate‐N in the effluent from all three systems was < 4.5 mg/L, well below the recommended limit of 10 mg/L. The pH of the effluents ranged from 5.3 to 6.5 and color averaged 330 standard units. In Maine, or other areas where the natural waters tend to be both colored and slightly acidic, neither parameter would be problematic when using an overboard discharge. Effluent from the well‐aerated fields contained dissolved O2 averages of 4.6 and 6.7 mg/L for systems I and II.Annual variation in weather conditions, including prolonged cold, with and without snow cover, and extreme short‐term precipitation, had no adverse effects on the performance of the peat filter fields. The use of sphagnum peat for on‐site wastewater treatment seems to be an acceptable alternative for areas where conventional systems cannot be installed.
Weathering Processes in Relation to Leachate Properties of Alkaline Fly Ash
Authors: Warren C. J. , Dudas M. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults are presented for a column leaching experiment designed to evaluate the relationship among leachate properties, weathering processes, and solid phase characteristics of an alkaline fly ash. Fly ash was weathered with 0.005 mol/L H2SO4 in a series of five leaching columns. Acidification of the ash leachates occurred in a stepwise fashion involving three buffer stages. Chemical dissolution and mobilization of elements was greatest in the first column and decreased to minimal dissolution and maximum accumulation of weathered products in ash of the fifth column. Results indicated that unreacted fly ash consists of spherical micron‐sized particles composed of mullite enclosed in a two‐phase glassy matrix. The external glass was enriched in Ca, Mg, Fe, and Al. The interior glass matrix was composed primarily of Si and a major portion of the total Na and K. The ash also contained a highly reactive inorganic phase composed largely of submicron‐sized CaO fragments on the surfaces of ash particles. Initial dissolution characteristics were dictated by the reactions of the CaO fragments and surface‐associated soluble salts. Leachate characteristics were largely controlled by dissolution of the external glassy matrix after the rapid dissolution of surface salts. Solid state migration and removal of Na from the interior glassy matrix was active under acidic leaching conditions.