bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allozyme variation and an estimate of the inbreeding coefficient in the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Borsa Philippe , Gingerich D. Pierre 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSeven presumed Mendelian enzyme loci (Est-2, Est-3, Gpi, Idh-l, Idh-2, Mdh-2 and Mpi) were characterized and tested for polymorphism in coffee berry borers, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari), sampled in Côte d′Ivoire, Mexico and New Caledonia. The average genetic diversity was H = 0.080. Two loci, Mdh-2 and Mpi were polymorphic, and thus usable as genetic markers. The population structure of H. hampei was analysed using Weir & Cockerham's estimators of Wright's F-statistics. A high degree of inbreeding (f = 0.298) characterized the elementary geographic sampling unit, the coffee field. The estimate of gene flow between fields within a country was Nm = 10.6 and that between countries was Nm = 2. The population genetic structure in H. hampei could be related to its known population biological features and history.
Adult resting sites as a target for chemical control of the cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Malaysia
Authors: Day Roger K. , Mumford John D. , Hing Ho Shui 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe daytime resting sites of adult Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen), a serious pest of cocoa in south-east Asia, were identified as a possible target to which insecticide could be selectively applied. Field observations were made on 126 resting moths in a cocoa plantation in East Malaysia. All moths were found on the undersides of branches 45° or less from horizontal, and 1·5 cm or more in diameter; 90% were found in the lower half of trees. A field trial was conducted in which 25 ppm deltamethrin was applied with knapsack sprayers to these sites. Five applications were made at ten day intervals, each crop season (6 months), over a two year period. Mean estimated losses in the sprayed area were 12.1 to 33.7 percentage points lower than in the control area, giving an estimated net benefit of up to RM978 ha in one season, assuming a cocoa price of RM4000 per tonne. Losses in the sprayed area still ranged from 7.0% to 43·1% and did not decline over successive seasons. There was some evidence for immigration into the sprayed area, but it is suggested the rapid recovery of populations following spraying is also due to the high potential rate of increase of the insect in susceptible cocoa varieties. In susceptible cocoa varieties control is always likely to be difficult, but in less susceptible varieties, and with well maintained trees, chemical control by selective application to adult resting sites can be a practical component of integrated control.
Impact of the soil insects African black beetle, Heteronychus arator (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Whitefringed weevil, Graphognathus leucoloma (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), on potatoes and effects of soil insecticide treatments in south-western Australia
Authors: Matthiessen J.N. , Learmonth S.E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPopulations of the soil insects African black beetle, Heteronychus arator (Fabricius), and whitefringed weevil, Graphognathus leucoloma (Boheman), and the damage caused to potato crops in south-western Australia were measured with and without the insecticide chlorpyrifos incorporated into the soil prior to planting. Low populations of both insects were highly damaging. Destruction of stems by H. arator reduced tuber yield and both species damaged tubers from the time of their formation. Tuber damage increased with time because both insect species on average damaged multiple tubers and caused multiple attacks on tubers. Growth of G. leucoloma larvae caused increased abundance of the more damaging later instars in spring. The insecticide reduced resident H. arator abundance and hence damage to newly-emerging potato stems in summer, but had less effect on reducing attacks on tubers in summer crops because adult beetles flew into some crops during growth. Exceptionally high tuber damage per H. arator adult in winter crops was ascribed to enhanced activity during its spring breeding season. The insecticide was inconsistent in reducing the abundance of G. leucoloma larvae. Insecticidal effects were greatest near the soil surface, resulting in an increase in the relative proportion of both insects deeper in the soil. Since a greater proportion of the tubers occurred there, the resulting greater potential for the insects to cause tuber damage tended to outweigh reduction in their abundance.
Adaptive significance of changes in morph production during the transition from parthenogenetic to sexual reproduction in the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Austin A.B.M. , Tatchell G.M. , Harrington R. , Bale J.S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMany aphid species have life cycles which alternate between asexual reproduction during spring and summer and sexual reproduction in autumn. This paper describes the sequences of morphs produced by clones of Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) in response to a range of photoperiods and temperatures in the laboratory, and under semi-natural conditions at the time of year when the transition from parthenogenetic to sexual reproduction occurs. By using similarities in the order in which the various morphs were born, clones of R. padi were found to produce eight progeny sequence types. A clone of R. padi will produce these sequence types sequentially as it changes from parthenogenetic to fully sexual reproduction. The progeny sequence produced by clones under conditions corresponding to those of spring and summer consist of parthenogenetic females only. During late summer, production of parthenogenetic females is followed by males. Later in the year, a clone produces progeny sequences consisting of parthenogenetic females, gynoparae and males. The asexual phase of reproduction is terminated in late autumn when only gynoparae and males are born. A minority of clones terminate parthenogenetic reproduction by producing only gynoparae. The function of these changes in progeny sequence in maximizing the reproductive success of a clone of R. padi is discussed.
The foraging behaviour of redlegged earth mite,Halotydeus destructor(Acarina: Penthaleidae), in an annual subterranean clover pasture
Authors: Gaull K.R. , Ridsdill-Smith T.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe foraging behaviour of the redlegged earth mite,Halotydeus destructor(Tucker), in annual pasture was documented and the relative numbers of individuals foraging on subterranean clover,Trifolium subterraneum(Leguminosae), capeweed,Arctotheca calendula(Compositae) and grasses (mainlyLolium rigidum(Gramineae)), estimated in winter and spring in south-western Australia. The main feature ofH. destructorforaging behaviour was the presence of aggregations ranging in size from 3–36 individuals on the adaxial surfaces of the upper canopy of the pasture. Most aggregating individuals were feeding, while most solitary and paired individuals were searching. There was no evidence that individuals aggregated for reproductive behaviour; the adult sex ratio was similar to that of the population even though immatures were under-represented in aggregations. During winter the distribution of numbers ofH. destructoron subclover, capeweed and grasses in the upper canopy of pasture was similar to the estimated ground cover of these plant species. However, individuals showed host-plant selection for subclover when feeding. During spring, when the pasture plants were flowering, there were moreH. destructorin capeweed flowers than in aggregations on subclover foliage. The capeweed flowers were shown to enhance the rate ofH. destructorreproduction in a laboratory experiment. MostH. destructorwere on or near the soil surface, with 10% at any one time on the upper canopy of the pasture.H. destructoris polyphagous, and behaved in pasture as a selective opportunist feeder.
Toxic effects of leaves ofRicinus communis(Euphorbiaceae) to laboratory nests ofAtta sexdens rubropilosa(Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Hebling Maria José A. , Maroti Paulo Sérgio , Bueno Odair Correa , da Silva Osvaldo Aulino , Pagnocca Fernando Carlos 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory nests of the leaf-cutting antAtta sexdens rubropilosaForel fed daily with leaves ofRicinus communisshowed a gradual decrease in fungal garden volume, a higher ant mortality rate, and fungal garden extinction after 6 weeks. The mean oxygen consumption rate of these ants was higher than that of control ants collected from nests fed with leaves ofEucalyptus alba(Myrtaceae) suggesting one or more components of the leaves ofR. communishad a direct physiological effect on the ants, in addition to inhibiting fungal garden growth.
Examination of the involvement of mechanical strength in antixenotic resistance of subterranean clover cotyledons to the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor) (Acarina: Penthaleidae)
Authors: Jiang Y. , Ridsdill-Smith T.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResistance involving penetrability of cotyledons of subterranean clover Trifolium subterraneum (Leguminosae) by the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor Tucker, was examined in this study using several approaches. Values of penetrability, presented as mechanical strength measured with a penetrometer with a tubulated probe, of cotyledons tested 11–13 days after seeding, from nine varieties of two subspecies of subterranean clover (T. subterraneum subsp. yanninicum and subsp. brachycalicinum) were negatively correlated with feeding damage caused by H. destructor in both 3 h pairwise choice tests in a Petri dish with detached cotyledons, and in 2 week multiple choice tests in containers with seedlings. Simulation tests with different artificial membranes (Parafilm and Gladwrap) making up sachets, containing 5% glucose as a feeding stimulant, indicated that within 3 h H. destructor preferred membranes with lower strength. Field-collected young adults had significantly higher physical fitness to feed and/or gather on the artificial membrane sachet containing 5% glucose, than those from the laboratory culture, when the sachet was compared with cotyledons of either resistant (DGI007) or susceptible (Dalkeith) varieties in the choice tests. Electron microscopic observations of mite infested cotyledons of the resistant variety (DGI007) reveal that upper epidermal cell walls around penetration holes are bent inwards. Anticlinal cell walls of palisade cells appear buckled following attack by H. destructor. The results from these studies were taken as further evidence for the involvement of mechanical factors in antixenotic resistance of subterranean clover cotyledons to H. destructor.
Evaluation of sticky panels to monitor populations of Glossina austeni (Diptera: Glossinidae) on Unguja island of Zanzibar
Authors: Vreysen Marc J.B. , Khamis Issa S. , Vloedt André M.V. Van der 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMonitoring of Glossina austeni Newstead populations in the forested areas of Unguja island of Zanzibar has since November 1990 routinely been carried out with the sticky panel trap because commonly used tsetse traps (Biconical, Epsilon, F3) have proved to be unsuccessful in catching G. austeni. Initial studies on the catching ability of various types of sticky panels for G. austeni indicated that the monopanel was as efficient in catching flies as the 3-dimensional version and the smaller legpanel. No significant differences in catch rate and sex ratio were observed with monopanels in various colours and colour combinations. Legpanels coloured white on one panel side and blue on the other side caught significantly more flies compared with other colour combinations, but female flies were under-sampled (32%). The type of sticky material applied on the panel influenced significantly the catch rate and female ratio. During long-term trapping with baby blue and white monopanels, females were under-sampled (38–46%) except when polyisobutyleneLMW was used as sticky material. Analysis of the age composition of the sampled G. austeni females revealed that tenerals and nulliparous were well represented (11–24%). More than 20% of the trapped females were older flies, i.e. females with four or more ovulations, but this percentage dropped to 10% when Tanglefoot was used as sticky material.
Feeding by Distantiella theobroma (Dist.) (Heteroptera, Miridae) on Cocoa. I.—The effects of water stress in the plant
Authors: Gibbs D. G. , Pickett A. D. 
Published: July 2009

Data were obtained on survival and development of larvae of Distantiella theobroma (Dist.) on cocoa seedlings maintained under three water régimes, high (HW), intermediate (IW) and low (LW). Recorda were taken of plant growth and damage by feeding. The water régimes of some plants were reversed in the latter part to the experiment.Larvae soon completed development on HW plants, but on LW plants a large number died, possibly because they were unable to take up fluid fast enough to offset loss by evaporation. There was intermediate mortality on IW plants.Larvae took longer to develop on IW than on HW plants, probably because they imbibed nutrients at a reduced rate.More larvae survived on LW plants that were regenerating after increase in water status than on plants that had received abundant water continuously. They fed mainly on the old wood and very little on the soft regenerative shoots, so were apparently favoured by some change in the peripheral tissues of the main stem.On HW plants, nearly all feeding took place on woody or partially hardened tissue; newly flushing tissue was not fed on if it was growing normally. On IW plants, the expansion of new terminal leaves was often slow, and these tissues were then attacked by young larvae. This happened much more on LW plants, where the apical region was killed by persistent feeding. On all plants larvae older than second instar fed only on hard tissues.Later effects of feeding were splitting of the wood where lesions had been made and sometimes the development of fungal infecdtions. The most severe infections occurred when the upper part of the old stem died back on LW plants that were regenerating after increase in water status.
A leaf-mining scuttle fly (Diptera: Phoridae) as a pest of chickpeas (leguminosae) in Yugoslavia
Authors: Čakar Lj. , Disney R.H.L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMegaselia arietina Disney sp. n. is described from Yugoslavia and Israel. Its larva leaf-mines chickpeas, Cicer arietinum. In Macedonia, recorded rates of infestation varied from 48.5–74.8% of the available leaves on a plant, with more than 60% of the leaves in a plot being typical. These levels of infestation seem to be related to the poor yields from the affected plots. The leaf-spot fungus Ascochyta rabiei (Coelomycetes) and the rust fungus Uromyces ciceri arietini (Uredinales) contribute to these reduced yields. The Uromyces spores are ingested by the female flies, but they are carried on the labella of the males without being ingested.
The Preference shown by Myzus persicae (Sulz.) for Brassica Plants sprayed with Wetting Agents
Authors: Heathcote G. D. , Ward J. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryWinged and wingless individuals of Myzus persicae (Sulz.), when offered a choice between unsprayed cauliflower seedlings and seedlings sprayed with a 0·1 per cent. aqueous solution of Lissapol N (a non-ionic wetting agent), preferred Lissapol-treated plants. This effect was statistically significant.Further experiments showed that Aphids similarly preferred treated turnip seedlings to untreated seedlings. The preference for sprayed cauliflower seedlings was also shown when an anionic, a cationic and a mixed wetting agent were used.
Preliminary Note on the Biology of Glossina vanhoofi Henrard
Authors: Van Den Berghe L. , Lambrecht F. L. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryGlossina vanhoofi Henrard has been found at the I.R.S.A.C. field station at Irangi in the Belgian Congo in dense rain-forest. The fly does not normally attack man and was collected only by looking for it in its resting places. The fly rests on small saplings, head down, at an average height of about 133 cm. A three-months' survey on a fly-round transecting three valleys and two hill-tops showed that the resting density (defined as the total number of resting flies observed per 10,000 metres of path) was correlated with the profile of the transect, the hill-tops yielding more flies than the valleys. The fly-round was worked three times a day and showed the highest density during early morning in all three months; in two of them there was little difference between midday and evening catches. The resting height varied in much the same way in all the sections of the fly-round and the average height remained virtually constant during the three months of the survey. There was a slight difference between the sexes as regards average resting height, the females perching somewhat lower than the males. The sex ratio of about 1:1 was very constant throughout the day and the period of the observations.There is some evidence which seems to indicate that this species is strongly attracted to possible host-animals by a sense of smell.Puparia have been found in “classical” sites, but the proportion containing living pupae was small. The duration of the pupal period is about 35 days under laboratory conditions at 26°C. and 90 per cent. relative humidity.G. vanhoofi in captivity feeds readily on the porcupine, Atherurus africanus.
The Productivity of various Mosquito Breeding Places in the Swamps of Uganda
Authors: Goma L. K. H. 
Published: July 2009

Six types of habitat in papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) swamps in Uganda were studied with regard to the production of mosquito larvae. A classification, of the types is given, which was largely based on the lapse of time since temporary clearing by cutting or burning had been carried out.Altogether a total of 5,781 larvae belonging to 17 species was studied. Culex (Culex) guiarti Blanch., C. (C.) univittatus Theo. and C. (Neoculex) rubinotus Theo. were the dominant species, comprising together 78 per cent. of the total number of larvae. Anopheles gambiae Giles was not recorded. Samples of larvae were taken at intervals between mid-January and early April 1957. The sampling method used was unsuitable for those species of which the larvae obtain air from roots or stems of submerged vegetation, and these were excluded from the present study.There was considerable variation in species and numbers of larvae and in their frequency in the different types of habitat.It is concluded that (a) peripheral zones, especially in natural untouched swamps, are much more productive than the interior, (b) where swamps have been altered by cutting and by burning of papyrus and other vegetation, burnt habitats, whether recently or after the lapse of up to four or five months, have a very low productivity, (c) of the six chemical factors investigated (pH, K, Na, absorbed oxygen, free and saline ammonia and albuminoid ammonia) only the quantity of soluble organic matter, indicated by absorbed oxygen, and albuminoid ammonia, showed any relation to productivity, the least productive habitats containing the smallest quantity of organic matter.Other possible factors in swamp water, which were not investigated, are mentioned. These are (a) the nature of soluble oxidisable organic matter, (b) conductivity, (c) ferruginous surface films and (d) iron in solution.
Studies on the Chemical Control of Wireworms (Agriotes spp.). II.—The direct and residual Effects of BHC, DDT, Aldrin and Chlordane
Authors: Raw F. , Potter C. 
Published: July 2009

An experiment on Geescroft field, Rothamsted, from 1951 to 1954, tested the direct and residual effects of BHC, DDT, aldrin and chlordane applied to control wireworms (Agriotes spp.) in wheat.The treatments applied were BHC seed dressing at 2 oz./bushel of a dressing containing 20 per cent. γ isomer of BHC; BHC 3·5 per cent. dust, combine-drilled to give 3·8–4·0 oz. γ isomer per acre; DDT 5 per cent. dust, combine-drilled to give 7·5 lb./acre technical DDT; aldrin 1·78 per cent. dust, combine-drilled to give 3·56 lb./acre technical aldrin, and chlordane 5 per cent. dust, combine-drilled to give 5 lb./acre chlordane.In the year of application, the first out of old grass, when wireworm attack was slight, the plots treated with BHC, aldrin and chlordane, combine-drilled, gave significantly greater yields than the control plots. In the following year, when wireworm attack was heavier, residual effects on yield were observed on plots initially treated with BHC, DDT, aldrin and chlordane, combine-drilled. In the third year, residual effects on yield were observed on the plots initially treated with BHC, aldrin and chlordane, combine-drilled.No direct or residual effect of BHC seed dressing was observed.The residual effects are closely associated with the effect of the treatments on the wireworm population.The results are compared with those of previous experiments and the increases in yield from the various treatments are discussed briefly.
Studies of British Anthomyiid Flies. VIII.—The Carnation Fly, Hylemyia brunnescens (Zett.)
Authors: Miles Mary 
Published: July 2009

The Carnation Fly, Hylemyia brunnescens (Zett.), which attacks cultivated species of Dianthus, has been studied in detail because the account given by Bruneteau (1930) was incomplete and that given by Séguy (1932) of two flies (H. brunnescens and H. cardui (Mg.)) on carnations was also incomplete and the identities of the stages studied were not fully established. For the first time, the development of H. brunnescens from egg to adult has been completed under observation and bred adults have been maintained in captivity until eggs were laid. The eggs, larvae and adults are described.Eggs were laid in autumn. Oviposition began in the field on 7th September 1954 and on 12th September 1955 and eggs were present until early November. The behaviour of flies in captivity confirmed that eggs were laid only in autumn.The larvae mined in the leaves and shoots. Early larvae finished feeding in November and entered the soil. Late larvae remained on the plants and fed intermittently through January and February, whenever the temperature was suitable. Mature and immature larvae on the plants survived exposure to severe frosts. Hibernation took place in the larval stage in the soil or in the feeding sites. Pupation occurred from mid-March to mid-April and the pupal stage lasted about eight weeks.The emergence period for 122 flies was 4th–20th June 1955 with a peak period from 6th–12th June; other observed emergence periods were 30th May–4th June (1950), 2nd–9th June (1953) and 16th–26th May (1954). Captive flies lived from two to four months. They were active during the summer but they did not reach sexual maturity and begin to lay eggs until late August. There is thus only one generation a year and the slow development to sexual maturity ensures that the larval period occurs in autumn when the foliage of the host-plants is freshest and most abundant.