bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision-Making Environments
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The surround is the environment of the agency and its inspectors, in which both predictable and unexpected events occur. It has political, economic, and social facets. There may be naturally occurring undesired events, but in their response to disaster, change in public or political attitudes, or to shifts in the economic climate, government and media also become features in a regulatory agency's surround. The surround may be remote, but it may also be local. This chapter illustrates the properties of the local surround by reference to features connected with the construction and chemicals industries, notably their prosperity, invisibility, instability, and transience. The character of features in the remote and local surround profoundly influences changes in enforcement policy and practice.
Symbols and Images
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Prosecution is a communicative device and regulatory bureaucracies are actors on the public stage. This chapter discusses the implications of prosecution as a public act. HSE has both general and special audiences for its activities: audiences that create expectations among inspectors and HSE about action in appropriate circumstances. Prosecution conveys messages to audiences about values of commensurability, consistency, and accountability. The public character of prosecution allows the manufacture of certain appearances to HSE's audiences, intended to present an outward impression of the general character of the regulatory organization, three of the most important being fairness, activity, and credibility. A concern for the symbolism and imagery implicated in prosecution is most prominent where egregious events are concerned. Finally, the chapter discusses how regulators respond to their vulnerability to criticism and complaint. Selective symbolic action maintains the legitimacy of the regulatory organization, while placating its opposition.
Enforcers’ Theories of Compliance and Punishment
Authors: Hawkins Keith 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with an analysis of decision-makers' frames: how they make sense of the problems they encounter, what they define as relevant, and how they reason about them. Framing is a prerequisite to deciding whether, how, and why to act. There is discussion of enforcement officials' theorizing about why people comply with or violate the law. The ‘theories’ of rule breaking ‘explain’ non-compliance and suggest what form of enforcement or sanction may be appropriate. Enforcers believe compliance generally either to be principled, a matter of instrumental calculation, of self-interest, or the result of customary behaviour. Non-compliance is regarded as a result of self-interested calculation, organizational mismanagement, or occupational culture. In creating these theories, enforcers rely on a conception of business character influenced by firm size, type of business, enforcement history, or the character of the business contact.
Res Gestae Diυi Saporis: Greek and Sasanian Anti-Roman Propaganda
Authors: RUBIN ZEEV 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Res Gestae Diυi Saporis (RGDS) is an extraordinary inscriptional document, an account given by the Sasanian king Shāpūr I (240-271) of his empire, its extent and structure, of some of his exploits, mainly his wars against the Romans, and of some honours bestowed on distinguished members of the royal court, both living and dead. The name Res Gestae is therefore far from being an accurate description of the nature of this document, since it is appropriate only for one part of it, which by no means intends to cover the whole extent of the king’s exploits. The inscription was set up in three languages: Middle Persian (now much mutilated), Parthian, and Greek. This chapter examines who the Greek-reading destinees of Sasanian royal propaganda in the district of Stakhr were supposed to be and the implications of the use of the Greek language on a royal monument erected at a spot beyond the range of Greek civilisation.
Responding to Pressure at the Turn of the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Stone David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The profitability of direct cultivation at Wisbech was severely reduced in the late 14th and early 15th centuries as agricultural prices fell and wages rose. But unlike many other landlords, who increasingly turned to leasing at this time, the bishop of Ely kept this demesne in hand, largely, this chapter argues, because he could still rely on the services of highly skilled and capable reeves. These men were willing to experiment, not least with crop rotations, and managed the farm with impressive tightness, especially in terms of assessing which crops were best suited to the production of a marketable surplus and the effective integration of arable and pastoral husbandry. Farm management here became more proficient as the economy worsened. Concomitantly, inputs were reduced and productivity fell, a relationship that is particularly clear in sheep husbandry, where fleece weights declined because of the spread of contagious disease.
The Nature of Arguments about the Nature of Law
Authors: ALEXY ROBERT 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Law is a highly complex entity. This is the reason why, as Joseph Raz puts it, the list of the essential properties of law is indefinite. This chapter identifies the main problems concerning the nature of law and then concentrates on certain aspects of these problems. Three problems that define the problem of the nature of law can be identified. The first problem addresses the question: In what kind of entities does the law consist, and how are these entities connected such that they form the overarching entity we call ‘law’? The second problem concerns the social reality of law, that is, the real or factual dimension of law. The third problem concerns the correctness or legitimacy of law. Here the main question is the relationship between law and morality. The problem of the relationship between law and coercion or force is also discussed, along with argument from coercion, correctness, and extreme injustice.
Stronger Reasons
Authors: BITTNER RÜDIGER 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It is commonly believed that reasons are normative, which seems to entail: ‘What you have reason to do, you ought to do’. This may be amended to: ‘What you have strongest reason to do, you ought to do’. The emphasis is on strongest reason, not the strongest reason. One may have the strongest reason (among all the reasons available) for doing one thing, but he or she has strongest reason to do another. The idea is that in this case, one ought to take the latter course of action. However, it is not clear what the sentence ‘What you have strongest reason to do, you ought to do’ means. This chapter discusses Joseph Raz's explication of this and argues that it is not satisfactory. It then offers a better one and discusses its implications for the supposed normativity of reasons. Harry Frankfurt's ideas about caring are also considered, along with issues of conflict and incommensurability with respect to reasons.
Liberal Theories of Multiculturalism
Authors: KYMLICKA WILL 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The last ten years have seen a remarkable upsurge in interest amongst political philosophers in the rights of ethnocultural groups within Western democracies. Joseph Raz's writings, particularly his article on ‘Multiculturalism: A Liberal Perspective’, have played an important role in this debate. This chapter presents an overview of the philosophical debate so far, and suggests how Raz's theory fits into the larger debate. There are three broad positions in the debate over multiculturalism or minority rights. The first position viewed multiculturalism as a form of, or application of, communitarianism. The second stage of the debate is related to the question: what is the possible scope for minority rights within liberal theory? The third stage views minority rights as a response to nation-building. This chapter also discusses the effect of nation-building on national minorities and immigrants as well as Raz's views on nationalism and nation-building.
Prologue: Antioquia and its People
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the topography of Antioquia and its divisions. It then talks about the historical demography of the people of Antioquia. It explains that the Indian and the Negroes were some of first settlers of Antioquia. It adds that Englishmen, North Americans, Germans, Spaniards, and Frenchmen, were the most numerous. It narrates that foreigners were hired for the mines of the region. This chapter also examines the occupations and ways of life of the people of Antioquia. It explains that occupation became an identifying factor of the social status in the region. It also analyses the crimes that have occurred in Antioquia.
The Original ToBi System and the Evolution of the ToBi Framework
Authors: Beckman Mary E. , Hirschberg Julia , Shattuck-Hufnagel Stefanie 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the original ToBI system. It reviews the design of the original ToBI system and its foundations in basic and applied research. It describes the inter-disciplinary community of users and uses for which the system was intended, and it outlines how the consensus model of American English intonation and inter-word juncture was achieved by finding points of useful intersection among the research interests and knowledge embodied in this community. It thus identifies the practical principles for designing prosodic annotation conventions that emerged in the course of developing, testing, and using this particular system. The chapter also describes how the original ToBI conventions have been evolved to be the general annotation conventions for several other English varieties and for a number of other languages.
Intonational Analysis and Prosodic Annotation of Greek Spoken Corpora
Authors: Arvaniti Amalia , Baltazani Mary 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of the prosodic and intonational structure of Greek within the autosegmental/metrical framework of intonational phonology, and presents Greek ToBI (GRToBI), a system for the annotation of Greek spoken corpora based on this analysis. Both the analysis and the annotation system have largely been developed on the basis of a corpus of spoken Greek. The analysis posits five pitch accents (H*, L*, H*+L, L*+H, L+H*), and two levels of phrasing, the intermediate phrase (ip) and the intonational phrase (IP), which are tonally demarcated by three types of phrase accent (H-, L-, !H-) and three types of boundary tone (H%, L%, !H %) respectively. Unlike the original ToBI, GRToBI has five tiers: the Tone Tier, the Words Tier, the Break Index Tier, the Miscellaneous Tier, and the Prosodic Words Tier (a phonetic transcription of prosodic words).
An Autosegmental-Metrical Analysis and Prosodic Annotation Conventions for Cantonese
Authors: Wong Wai Yi P. , Chan Marjorie K. M. , Beckman Mary E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces the C-ToBI (Cantonese Tones and Break Indices) conventions for modern Cantonese. These conventions are designed for use in annotating tone and juncture phenomena in spoken Cantonese corpora. Tone and juncture phenomena of special interest for prosodic typology include: the rather strict monosyllabicity of Cantonese word forms; the absence of contrast between ‘stressed’ and reduced (‘neutral tone’) syllables; and the extremely dense syntagmatic tonal specification, including non-segmental boundary tones. All three characteristics set Cantonese apart from Mandarin Chinese. Another phenomenon of interest is that, despite the existence of syllable fusion in Cantonese, there seems to be no reliable categorical markings of intermediate levels of prosodic grouping between the syllable and the intonational phrase. The C-ToBI conventions proposed here are intended to facilitate the development of the large prosodically-annotated speech corpora that are needed to address these issues and the many questions concerning the prosodic structure of modern Cantonese.
Intonational Phonology of Chickasaw
Authors: Gordon Matthew K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes and analyses the intonational phonology of Chickasaw, an endangered Muskogean language spoken in Oklahoma. Topics covered include prosodic constituency, degree of disjuncture between adjacent words, boundary tones associated with various utterance types, and nuclear pitch accent placement. Some of the principal findings are as follows. Chickasaw utterances may be broken down into successively smaller constituents, defined in terms of tonal, durational, and accentual properties. Statements end in a rise in fundamental frequency, phonologically a H% boundary tone; whereas both yes/no and wh-questions end in a fall in fundamental frequency, reflecting a L% boundary tones. Each Intonational Phrase has a nuclear pitch accent that falls on the last syllable in statements, but typically falls on a syllable to the left of the final one in questions. In addition, phonologically predictable nuclear pitch accents are suppressed when adjacent to the morpholexical pitch accent found in certain words.
Natural Property Rights and Labour
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers whether there are moral property rights to ownership falling within the sixth of the seven categories of property rights set out in section (ii) of Chapter 10 — that is, moral standing to claim that a person or group ought to be vested with an ownership interest over some specific resource. Topics discussed include natural property rights, self-ownership, creation-without-wrong, desert and justice, and desert and property.
Efficiency, utility and wealth maximization
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that two states of affairs, S' and S, can be Kaldor-Hicks efficient to each other (the Scitovsky paradox), whereas S' and S cannot each contain more utility than the other. So from the fact that S' is Kaldor-Hicks efficient to S, it cannot be inferred that S' increases utility over S. This leads to the contradictory conclusion that S and S' increase utility with respect to each other. Based on the fact that a social state, S, is Pareto optimal, no inference about whether the move to it from a previous social state increases utility can be warranted — at least not without a standard of interpersonal comparability. The chapter goes on to show that only Pareto superiority bears the desired relationship to utilitarianism; that is, if S' is Pareto superior to S, then S' increases utility with respect to S. The rest of the chapter discusses at length various lines of defense for normative economic analysis.
Efficiency and market failure
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that the relevant notion of market failure is not well understood or analyzed. There are important conceptual and normative differences between the practice of rectifying market failures and promoting efficient outcomes. Strictly defined, promoting efficiency as such cannot be defended within any rational choice framework. Individual rational choice theory sanctions only moves to the northeast in utility space, whereas not every efficient point will be to the northeast of the point of no agreement for all agents. Understanding legal rules facilitating markets rather than producing efficient outcomes helps avoid this problem. Moreover, markets are defensible in liberal political theory in a way in which efficiency strictly construed may not be.
Safeguarding
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that rational contractors seek to create mutually advantageous, enforcable agreements. Doing so requires that they satisfy three independent rationality conditions: joint, concession, and individual rationality. A process of rational bargaining can satisfy these conditions but still fail to reach fruition because of uncertainty deriving from incomplete or imperfect information, or from potential defection. Creating safeguards requires parties to incur three distinct kinds of cost corresponding to the phases in contracting: search costs (pre-phase), decision costs (negotiation phase), and monitoring costs (post-phase). The ways in which the social environment can be altered to reduce uncertainty thereby increasing the possibility of rational cooperation, are discussed.
Causation, responsibility, and strict liability
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theory of strict liability as a way of eliminating tort's reliance on the fault principle. The theory holds that (1) liability and recovery are matters of justice for all and only losses result from the invasion of rights; (2) compensation can never be a matter of justice in the absence of a right; and (3) compensation in torts is always for action contrary to rights.
Product liability
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter departs from the structure of the preceding chapters. Instead of trying to unpack product liability law in search of its underlying commitments, it seeks to provide a strategy of reform consistent with the arguments presented in Parts II and III of the book. It argues that tort allows for significant departures from its corrective justice core, and, more importantly, in doing so is defensible. Tort law is a mixture of markets and morals.
Limits to Religious Freedom
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers the approach to limits to religious liberty, together with the questions of clashes between religious liberty and other constitutional or human rights and the application of religious liberty between private parties. There are various ways that religious freedom can be restricted to more ‘manageable’ proportions. There are at least five such limiting strategies, four of which involve making a distinction between the realm that is unhampered by the law and the restricted realm by focusing on the type of belief or the consequences of the action involved. These are the belief-action distinction; distinction between other-regarding and self-regarding acts; distinction between religiously compelled and religiously motivated acts; and distinction between core and peripheral beliefs. After explaining and critiquing each one, a fifth strategy, reasonable limitation, is discussed along with the reasons why this strategy is preferable over the others.
Education
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the protection of religious freedom in both private and state schools. As an important aspect of human societies, religious education obviously features in the educational curriculum. More contentious, however, is the question of whether schools should themselves foster or permit opportunities for religious practice. Less obviously, but no less contentious, are issues concerning the content of the ‘secular’ curriculum in areas such as science or sex education. The material taught may sometimes conflict with the religious beliefs of a pupil or his/her parents. The chapter looks at an issue that is fundamental to understanding the ongoing controversies surrounding all these questions: the conflict between liberalism and Christianity about the very purpose of education.
Religious Group Autonomy
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines religious group autonomy which comprises the right of religious communities to determine and administer their own internal religious affairs without interference from the state. The importance of religious group autonomy (or church autonomy, to use the traditional label) to any overall scheme of religious liberty has rightly been described as ‘critical’ and ‘exceptionally high’. This chapter begins with a brief survey of the law’s recognition of religious group autonomy and religious freedom, then contrasts a liberal understanding of religious autonomy with that of the religious communities themselves. Three illustrative matters of concern in this area are considered: the right of religious groups to select their own religious leaders and ministers, the right of groups to assemble for worship in buildings and locations of their choosing, and the right of religious communities to determine for themselves who they will marry within the rites of their communities.
Pedestrian Fatalities: The Prosaics of Death in Herodotus
Authors: Boedeker Deborah 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMany warriors die in both Herodotus' Histories and the Iliad, but their deaths are treated very differently, even when the mode of death is the same (as with Ilioneus in Il. 14.489-502 and Masistios in Hist. 9.22, both killed by a spear to the eye). Homeric epic typically highlights the pathetic and subjective experience of an individual's death, and thus the fragility of human life, whereas Herodotus' narrative is more interested in the strategy behind the killing and an external, civic-oriented evaluation of the dead. These narrative differences point to a contrast between the more monologic perspective in the Iliad, with its commitment to heroic honor, and the profound heteroglossia, or multiplicity of voices that characterizes the Histories. In Mikhail Bakhtin's terms, this contrast results from an ideological distinction between ‘poetic’ or ‘closed’ vs. ‘prosaic’ or ‘open-ended’ texts.
The Oldest ‘New’ Military Historians: Herodotos, W. G. Forrest, and the Historiography of War
Authors: Kiesling Eugenia C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlthough neither Herodotus nor George W. G. Forrest is a military historian, both offer valuable models for that discipline. This chapter surveys key moments in the historiography of war, explaining why early military historians tended to misuse Herodotus and later ones to ignore him. Three trends in late 20th-century military history — the ‘new military history’, John Keegan's battle history, and the Thucydides revival in professional military education — would have benefited from consideration of Herodotus' work. On reflection, Herodotus turns out to have been a better military historian than generally acknowledged, while Thucydides, as Forrest himself pointed out in a little-known paper, has been overrated. Both were ahead of their peers in humanizing military history, and it is no accident that so many ancient military historians were students of Forrest.
‘Prophecy in reverse’? Herodotus and the Origins of History
Authors: Harrison Thomas 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter does not aim to not to review (still less to seek to replace) earlier treatments of the ‘origins of history’. Rather, it suggests a different — broader — approach to such a question, and to offer another, complementary answer. In particular, the hypothesis will be advanced that the origins of history writing were (to a significant degree) theological. It argues that Herodotus' beliefs, convictions, and attitudes concerning the divine — far from consisting in a series of isolated and discrete passages — inform his Histories much more broadly. Herodotus' principles of selection, his organisation of his narrative, his presentation of causation, and finally (what we might term) his ‘aims and objectives’: all these can be seen to be underpinned by theological assumptions.