bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Making of Modern Icons: Three Actresses of the Lianhua Film Company
Authors: Kerlan-Stephens Anne 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBetween 1930 and 1937, the Lianhua Film Company was one of the major studios in China, and in many ways was a symbol of modernity. The policy of the Company towards its actors was quite new and contributed to the creation of a new social status for this group, especially for the women. This paper focuses on three female stars (Wang Renmei, Chen Yanyan and Li Lili,) who worked for the Lianhua Film Company. Through a detailed analysis of the photos published in its magazine, Lianhua Huabao, as well as feature films produced by the Company, we will study Lianhua's strategies to transform these women into professional actresses. Their image was created by the entanglement of three spheres: their private lives, their public lives and their fiction lives played on screen. We will consider the sometimes conflicting relationships between these spheres by looking at the visual sources (photos and feature films) in conjunction with the actresses' biographies and movie roles. This will underline the complexity and ambiguity of a process understood by the Lianhua Film Company not only as the making of professional actresses but also as the creation of a new, modern Chinese woman.
Fama e rEputação: the Provincial Portuguese Nobility, the Challenges of the Restoration Era, and Imperial Service in the Estado Da India, Ca. 1661-1683
Authors: Ames Glenn J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBased on extensive archival research in Lisbon and Goa, this article examines the symbiotic relationship between the newly independent Portuguese Crown and the rising provincial nobility in Portugal during the late seventeenth century. The provincial nobility had been a prime supporter of João, duke of Braganza, in his revolution against Habsburg Spain in 1640. Thereafter, the new dynasty and the provincial nobility assisted each other in meeting the political, military, economic, and imperial challenges of the post-1640 period. By examining the careers of roughly a dozen nobles originally from the pre-1640 provincial nobility, the article shows that this relationship proved to be mutually beneficial and advantageous. The house of Braganza preserved its independence and was able to overcome many daunting challenges, in particular stabilizing the precarious position of the Asian empire, the Estado da India, during these years. At the same time, the members of the provincial nobility, through their serice to the Crown at home and in the empire, were able to rise in the social hierarchy, sometimes entering the lofty ranks of the titulares or "titled ones" in the process.
The Army, Provincial Urban Communities, and Loyalist Cultures in England, c. 1714-50
Authors: Smith Hannah 
Published: March 2012

AbstractProfessional armies were unpopular in early eighteenth century England, the professional soldier being seen as an agent of political tyranny. However, there also existed an alternative rhetoric, which portrayed him as a soldier-citizen, who fought to defend his country’s liberties. The article begins by exploring these characterizations of professional soldiers, and goes on to examine civic-military relations in English cities and towns during the reigns of George I and George II. A culture of political loyalism, focusing on the early Georgian kings, may have assisted attempts at coexistence between soldiers and citizens in communities where the inhabitants shared a commitment to the Protestant Succession with the soldiers in their midst. Polite sociability, and all that it implied, might also act as a medium for non-confrontational interaction between the urban elites and officer corps.
Jewish Society in the Land of Israel and the Challenge of Music in the Roman Period
Authors: Friedheim Emmanuel 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
During the Second Temple period, music had an important role in Jewish society. Alongside it was Greek music, which at times made inroads into Jewish cultural life. However, the Jewish institutions of the time managed to filter out the religious and cultural influences of this foreign musical tradition. After the destruction of the Temple, by contrast, Hebrew sources point to pagan ritual music that had significant, damaging influence on Jewish society. The sages tried to counter this influence through sermons, but, surprisingly, not by absolute prohibition. The influences of pagan music increased in the Talmudic period, even as the halakhic prohibitions waned. This paradox requires an explanation. This article suggests that the way the sages treated pagan music was an aspect of their complex attitude toward the Greco-Roman culture, one that alongside prohibitions increasingly tended toward leniency once it became clear that prohibitions did not provide a defense against pagan cultural influences.
Theological Roots of Pentecostalism
Authors: Dayton Donald W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPentecostalism has been with us now for three quarters of a century. But in spite of the scholarship of recent years, the origins and background of this movement are still unclear. This is in part due to the fact that most interpretations-whether historical, theological, psychological, or sociological-have focused on Pentecostalism's most distinctive feature, the practice of "speaking in tongues" or "glossolalia." This orientation not only obscures the fact that Pentecostalism asserts a distinctive gestalt of broader theological ideas, but makes difficult any effort to contextualize the movement-whether historically or theologically.
The New Order of the Latter Rain
Authors: Holdcroft L. Thomas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe movement that was known as the New Order of the Latter Rain is one of the few elements of the twentieth century Pentecostal revival for which Canada, for better or worse, must accept primary responsibility. Not only did the movement begin in Canada, but in Western Canada specifically. Therefore, a consideration and review of its nature and effects is particularly relevant on this occasion of the convening of the Pentecostal World Conference on Canada's west coast. In this paper we will first review some of the historical backgrounds of the movement, and then we will make an attempt to understand it and evaluate its influence upon the thinking and practices of Pentecostal Christians. In the matter of terminology, the expressions "New Order," and "Latter Rain," as well as "New Order of the Latter Rain" were variously applied by the movement to itself in its formative years. Today's writers from within the movement's ranks now use terms such as "the move," or "the Move of the Spirit," or "the move of 1948." In this paper we will use the older terms.
The Indwelling, Baptism, and Infilling With the Holy Spirit: a Differentation of Terms
Authors: Arrington French L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe baptism with the Holy Spirit is the most distinctive and disputed doctrine of Pentecostalism. The hallmark of Pentecostalism has been the distinction made between the first and subsequent works of the Spirit in the believer. The chief aim here is the examination of the Biblical teaching of the indwelling, baptism, and infilling with the Holy Spirit. While the study of these theological concerns is only cursory, I do propose to draw some observations from our investigation of the Pentecostal doctrine of the baptism with the Holy Spirit and show its relation to the indwelling and infilling with the Spirit.
The Convention on the Conservation and Management of Fishery Resources in the South East Atlantic Ocean, 2001: an Introduction
Authors: Jackson Andrew 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe SEAFO Convention, signed in April 2001, is one of the first new conventions to create a regional fisheries management organisation since the adoption of the UN Fish Stocks Agreement. The negotiating history of the convention, and the way the SEAFO participants dealt with key issues in the international fisheries management, illustrates effective use of the Agreement, even before the entry into force of the Agreement, and while it remains uncertain whether all SEAFO participants will also be bound by the Agreement when it is in force. The SEAFO Convention also deals with discrete high seas stocks, not covered by the Agreement.
The New Timor Sea Arrangement 2001: Is Joint Development of Common Offshore Oil and Gas Deposits Mandated under International Law?
Authors:   Ong
Published: March 2012

AbstractA new Timor Sea Arrangement is to be adopted by Australia and East Timor upon East Timor's full independence. It is a potentially significant achievement in the prospects for joint development of the petroleum resources in the Timor Gap. This article analyses the legal implications of this latest development in the Timor Gap saga. The new Arrangement implements a modified version of the joint development principle enshrined by the earlier 1989 Timor Gap Treaty much more favourably to the imminent East Timor state. However, the uncertain legal status of the new Arrangement raises questions as to its continuing viability following East Timor's independence. Analysis of this Arrangemcnt suggests that it is sufficiently robust to stand the test of time. More generally, it can now be argued that joint development is mandated under international law as a viable legal alternative to straightforward continental shelf boundary delimitation in the presence of common hydrocarbon deposits.
Are Twentieth-Century Marine Conservation Conventions Adaptable to Twenty First Century Goals and Principles?: Part II
Authors: Birnie Patricia 
Published: March 2012

AbstractPart II examines the impacts on the interpretation and application of the International Convention for Regulation of Whaling 1946 and the London Dumping Convention 1972 of the new concepts, principles and developments in international law outlined in Part I (1997) 12 IJMCL 307-39, including resultant legal disputes and the actions taken to settle them. It considers why parties to such conventions do not invoke binding dispute settlement procedures, even if established, but prefer to resolve the legal arguments by negotiation within the fora provided by these conventions, if necessary over long periods of time.
Estuaries in European Community Law: Defining Criteria
Authors: Sands Philippe , Blatch Caroline 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn 1996, the English High Court quashed the Secretary of State's decisions to designate the Humber and Severn bridges as the outer limits of the Humber and Severn Estuaries, for the purposes of implementing the 1991 EC Directive on Urban Waste Water Treatment. The judicial review centred around the meaning of the term "estuary" which, although well established in scientific literature, has apparently never been subject to judicial consideration in EC or international law. In the absence of a clear definition of an estuary, the court held that in designating these bodies of water under the Directive, the government must take into account all the relevant circumstances relating to their objective characteristics-including salinity and topography-having regard to the purpose of the Directive. Economic considerations may not, however, be taken into account in this exercise, in the absence of express provision in the Directive to that effect.
The 1995 United Nations Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement: Management, Enforcement and Dispute Settlement
Authors: Örebech Peter , Sigurjonsson Ketill , McDorman Ted L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe 1995 UN Straddling and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks Agreement is designed to implement the management principles of the LOS Convention applicable to these stocks. This contribution focuses upon those aspects of the 1995 Agreement related to surveillance and enforcement, dispute settlement and the role and competence of regional fisheries management organisations (RFOs). The Agreement seeks to delegate fisheries management authority over straddling stocks to the RFOs. A key issue that will confront an RFO will be compatibility of management measures inside and outside the 200-nautical mile zone. An RFO will have to choose between a "top down" (the RFO managing the entire stock) or a "bottom up" (the coastal state having independent authority within 200 nautical miles) approach. While the 1995 Agreement is careful not to trample upon coastal state jurisdiction within 200 nautical miles, the preferred resource management approach supported by the 1995 Agreement and this contribution is the "top down" model.
The Spratly Islands Dispute: Rethinking the Interplay of Law, Diplomacy, and Geo-politics in the South China Sea
Authors: Joyner Christopher C. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe Spratly Islands archipelago has become pivotal as a strategic, economic and political asset in the South China Sea. This situation has become particularly evident since the end of the Cold War, as the Spratlys have been used by six littoral states as legal basepoints to project claims over strategic sea-lanes, fishery waters and submarine hydrocarbon resources in the South China Sea. The claimant state having predominant military and economic influence in the region is China, which has used military force on occasion to substantiate its claims. It is not inconceivable that the dispute over the Spratlys could lead to military conflict. Successful settlement of sovereignty disputes for the Timor Gap area, Antarctica and the Svalbard archipelago provide models for creating a joint resource development authority to promote regional co-operation among Spratly claimants. The most critical ingredient for mitigating tensions in the South China Sea is the political willingness of Spratly claimants, especially China, to make dispute settlement happen.
The Janus-Head of Human Rights and Climate Change: Adaptation and Mitigation
Authors: Pedersen Ole W. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines the role human rights instruments play when states seek to adopt regulatory initiatives in the name of addressing climate change. The article argues that a series of important restrictions exist. Governments responding to climate change need to take into account existing human rights. This observation is particularly relevant for countries implementing Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD) projects and for countries taking part in Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects under the Kyoto Protocol. The article likewise argues that special human rights obligations arise in relation to the risks associated with climate change. These place on states a responsibility to secure risk assessment and risk communication while taking steps to mitigate climate change-associated risks. While the article considers these requirements to constitute an absolute minimum, it is argued that they can offer a way of securing that national governments are accountable when it comes to climate change responses. On the other hand, it will be shown that these human rights restrictions will sometimes have the potential to run counter to the adoption of effective climate change responses.
Attitudes Towards Human Rights Among South African Youth
Authors: Pieterse HENDRIR J C , Dreyer Jaco S , Van Der Ven Johannes A 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn this article we examine the attitudes towards human rights of a group of 538 Grade 11 students from Anglican and Catholic church-affiliated schools in the Johannesburg/Pretoria region. A distinction is made between civil, political and judicial (first generation') human rights, socio-economic ('second generation') rights, and environmental ('thirdgeneration') rights. The frame of reference is Ricoeur's theory of human rights. This forms part of his institution theory, which in its turn is embedded in his moral theory of the good life. The students displayed positive attitudes towards socio-economic and environmental rights, ambivalent attitudes towards civil and political rights, and negative attitudes towards judicial rights. The question about where one should look for more positively, more ambivalently and more negatively oriented students, what their characteristics are, and whether religion plays any role in this regard will be explored in the next article.
Toward a Theological Theory of Everything
Authors: Barrett Peter 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe emergence of a new scientific world-picture during the course of the 20thcentury has created the challenge to theology, as in the time of Aquinas, to act as the great integrating discipline, drawing upon the full range of knowledge to formulate a grand narrative of the evolving cosmos. First, key questions of the science-theology debate of the past three decades are outlined, with emphasis on the epistemic aspects. George Ellis's theistic cosmology is then presented briefly, as an example of a limited integration that brings together the realms of the physical and the moral. Using the same hypothetico-deductive approach, an axiomatic framework is proposed as a way of extending his model into a more comprehensive scheme - one that is based on a fundamental idea of trinitarian theology, the kenosis of God. This is then linked to the traditional triad of transcendental values - truth, goodness and beauty - with reference on the one hand to the neglect of beauty in modern culture, and on the other hand to the role of the Holy Spirit as the One who affirms particularity and inspires beauty.
The EU, Counter-Terrorism and the Protection of Muslims as European Minorities
Authors: Ahmed Tawhida 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines the EU’s promotion of the religious identity of Muslims within the context of European counter-terrorism measures. Counter-terrorism laws of the EU and its Member States impact on the religious identity of Muslims. They have an arguably disproportionate effect on the civil rights of individuals in the quest to combat terrorism and can be seen to increase Islamophobia in two ways: a rise in general discrimination against Muslims and a requirement on Muslims to distance their connection to Islamic practice and traditions. EU law dealing with terrorist offences speak little of this backlash that Muslims face in European countries. Although the EU has somewhat of a framework in place which concerns the protection of Islamic identity, the reluctance of the EU to take a determined stance on the issue of the protection of religious identity is illustrated through the ambiguous nature of its legislation.
The Notion of good in Hobbes' system
Authors: Lukac De Stier MARÍA L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGenerally, the topic of Hobbes's ethics that has received little attention is the "good"1, probably because the critical viewpoint has almost always been from politics and social philosophy; their focus is the justification of rules, obligation, the relationship between natural law and civil law and so on. This paper intends to consider different approaches to the theme of "good" given in the complete works of Hobbes, and not just the politically focused works, to explain the apparent contradictions.
Hobbes'forgotten Natural Histories
Authors: Bunce Robin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThomas Hobbes' natural philosophy is often characterised as rationalistic in opposition to the emerging inductivist method employed by Francis Bacon and fellows of the Gresham College - later the Royal Society. Where as the inductivists researched and published a multitude of natural histories, Hobbes' mature publications contain little natural historical information. Nonetheless, Hobbes read numerous natural histories and incorporated them into his works and often used details from these histories to support important theoretical moves. He also wrote a number of natural histories, some of which remain either unpublished or untranslated. Hobbes' own mature statements about his early interest in natural histories are also misleading. This article attempts to review Hobbes' early writings on natural histories and argues that his works of the 1630s and 1640s owe a significant debt to the natural histories of Francis Bacon, Hobbes' one-time patron.
The making of the Bear: Further thoughts on the printing of the second edition of Leviathan
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: March 2012

AbstractIn a previous study the author proposed that the second edition of Leviathan (the 'Bear') arose from an abortive attempt to print the text in London in 1670, and consisted partly of sheets salvaged from that attempt, and partly of new sheets printed in Amsterdam later in the 1670s. This article defends and amplifies that account of the printing. It responds to the alternative account presented by the late Karl Schuhmann, noting some problematic features of his theory; it considers the evidence of misprints and typographical changes in the Bear; it offers an analysis of the skeleton formes, which, combined with the evidence of misprints, confirms the scenario previously presented; and it also presents some new external evidence which helps to identify the publishers of the Bear edition.
Hobbes' Dialogue of the Common Laws and the difference between "natural" and "civil philosophy"
Authors: Saccone Giuseppe Mario 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article explains the apparent tension between Hobbes' late work A Dialogue between A Philosopher and A Student of the Common Laws of England and his avowed goal of a deductive philosophy which eschews rhetoric and history, by analysing the difference between Hobbes' civil and natural philosophy. A Dialogue's simultaneous use of deduction, rhetoric, and historical citation is congruent with the method applied by Hobbes in Leviathan in order to construct his "civil philosophy". This highlights Hobbes' awareness increasing with the years of the difference between the teachings of "natural philosophy" which are understood by demonstration, and once this is done are evident per se, and those of politics and jurisprudence which in order to make the people obey the sovereign maintaining peace and security, may require employing the language of persuasion before and after being demonstrated. However, I have argued that the awareness of this difference does not undermine the general unity of his philosophical system and in particular of his notion of science.
Microfinance in Yanchi, Ningxia: The Social Enterprise Perspective
Authors: Jing Peng , Donglin Li 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Social enterprise is gradually transcending the category of nonprofits; they have risen rapidly with society’s rapid growth. This article examines the case of the Ningxia Center for Environment and Poverty Alleviation [sic] and introduces its development into a social enterprise through provision of microloans. This non-governmental and public-interest form of organization combines the spirits of innovation and enterprise into one and offers a new way of thinking about resolving market failures.
Operating Mechanism of Social Capital: Perspectives from the Theory of Communicative Action
Authors: Yubao Wang 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Social Capital is used by Putnam as a key conception to explain the social change in Italy and America. But the Operating Mechanism of Social Capital is not presented clearly. This article tries to explain this mechanism in a new way by using Habermas’ theory of communicative action. Two levels (Communicative Rationality and Critical Theory) and three aspects (The Lifeworld and The Two Major Systems, Political and Economic) are provided here to reach the root substance of social capital and its Operating Mechanism. And further study on Chinese society today should be carried on in the future.