bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of tilted, optimized, non-saturating excitation pulses in 3D magnetic resonance angiography of the abdominal aorta and major branches in volunteers
Authors: Roditi G H , Smith F W , Redpath T W 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Ten normotensive volunteers were imaged with FISP-3D (Fast Imaging Steady Precession) pulse sequences (a steady state gradient recalled echo, SS-GRE, technique) without and with modification by tilted, optimized non-saturating excitation (TONE) customized radio frequency (RF) pulses, for evaluation of the abdominal aorta—in particular the renal arteries. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) angiograms were constructed for each sequence in each volunteer; 15 observers “blinded” to sequence type preferred the images generated from the TONE applied sequence. Analysis showed that this preference was significant.
Phosphorus-31 metabolism of human breast—an in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopic study at 1.5 Tesla
Authors: Twelves C J , Lowry M , Porter D A , Dobbs N A , Graves P E , Smith M A , Richards M A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have studied the metabolism of compounds containing 31P in normal breast using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Spectra were acquired from non-lactating pre-menopausal breast (n = 14 women), lactating breast (n = 8) and post-menopausal breast (n = 8). The standard acquisition protocol used a 5.5 cm surface coil with the volunteer prone to minimize chest wall signal contamination. In pre-menopausal non-lactating women the phosphocreatine (PCr) peak area, expressed relative to the sum of all 31P peak areas, was negatively correlated with breast size (r = −0.56,p = 0.02) suggesting that much of the PCr signal originated from the chest wall. The phosphodiester (PDE) relative peak area was positively correlated with breast size (r = 0.71; p = 0.002). Spectra could be acquired at all phases of the menstrual cycle. In sequential examinations of five women not taking the oral contraceptive pill (OCP), phosphomonoester (PME) relative peak area was significantly lower on Week 2 than other weeks of the cycle (p = 0.03). Among pre-menopausal women no clear difference was apparent between the spectra from women taking the OCP and those not taking the OCP. Lactating breast had significantly higher PME relative peak area than non-lactating pre-menopausal breast (p = 0.02), probably reflecting the higher proportion of epithelial tissue in lactation; the lower PCr relative peak area in lactating breast (p = 0.05) is probably due to the greater size of the breast during lactation. Spectra were acquired from post-menopausal women but with a relatively low signal-to-noise ratio. The only significant difference between 31P relative peak areas of breast spectra acquired from pre- and post-menopausal women was that less PCr was detected in the post-menopausal volunteers (p = 0.03), probably as a result of differences in breast size.
Plain film diagnosis in intussusception
Authors: Meradji M , Hussain S M , Robben S G F , Hop W C J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In early childhood intussusception a characteristic gas pattern is often visible on plain radiographs which can be used for diagnosis. To test this hypothesis, radiographs of 163 children with intussusception, and as many controls, were reviewed. By using multivariable analysis, it appeared that five out of seven parameters (reduced amount of gas in the jejunum; lateralization of the ileum; indiscernible caecum; reduced amount of faeces in the colon; and visibility of the intussusceptum) had discriminatory value. For each parameter a weighting (in points) was derived and the patients were classified: the higher the score the more likely that an intussusception was present. A sensitivity of 90% and a specificity of 90% were obtained.
Multiparametric classification of muscle T
1, and T
2 relaxation times determined by magnetic resonance imaging. The effects of dynamic exercise in trained and untrained subjects
Authors: Le Rumeur E , Carré F , Bernard A-M , Bansard J-Y , Rochcongar P , De Certaines J D 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Muscle relaxation times can now be measured accurately with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), distinguishing working muscles from non-working muscles. A correlation between T 2 increase and work intensity has been shown in healthy volunteers. The small amount of data on T 1 relaxation times is contradictory. In addition, all the published studies have concerned short-duration exercise in subjects of unknown training level. The goals of this study were (i) to determine T 1 and T 2 variations in thigh muscles after long dynamic exercise, (ii) to analyse the effects of training and (iii) to determine the relationship between power output and relaxation times after exercise. Sedentary men, soccer players and triathletes performed submaximal dynamic exercise at a constant heart rate for 15 min. MRI was performed before and 5 min after the end of exercise. The results showed (i) that T 1 increased in parallel to T 2 in anterior thigh muscles and (ii) that multiple correspondence analysis and hierarchical ascending classification can discriminate three subject classes according to power output, training level and relaxation times, which fitted well with our three groups of subjects.
An investigation of spinal bone mineral density measured laterally: a normal range for UK women
Authors: Lilley J , Eyre S , Walters B , Heath D A , Mountford P J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A UK normal range for 250 volunteers was established for bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (L2–L4) measured laterally in the decubitus position. Two software defined regions of interest (“Body” and “Mid”) within the vertebral body were analysed throughout. As expected, a negative correlation of BMD with age was found for Body (r = −0.55, p &lt; 0.001) and Mid (r = −0.56, p &lt; 0.001). The age related bone loss from young to old (20–80 years) was 40% in L3 (Body) and 45% in L3 (Mid). In 22% of the cases only L3 could be measured owing to the influence of rib over L2 and interference of the iliac crest over L4. Age related normal ranges (± 2 standard deviations) for the three lumbar vertebra L2, L3, L4 for young normals (age 19–39 years) were found to be 0.54 to 1.02, 0.49 to 1.05 and 0.5 to 1.14 g cm−2 respectively for the Body region and 0.49 to 0.97, 0.45 to 1.01 and 0.45 to 1.13 g cm−2 respectively for the Mid region. These ranges can now be used as reference values for patients with suspected osteoporosis and possibly for future fracture prediction. The in vivo precision in 19 volunteers was found to be 4.2% and 5.6% on Body and Mid respectively. The short term (less than 1 week) in vitro precision was 3.1% and 2.7% respectively. From these data it appears that there is a greater measured age related drop in BMD in the vertebral body (measured laterally) than in the entire vertebra (measured anterior-posteriorly) indicating that the lateral measurement may prove to be more sensitive in predicting fracture. The precision of these results indicates that lateral measurements of the spine are not yet useful for monitoring individuals over short term periods and are less useful for studying the effects of drug treatment than the more traditional anterior-posterior measurement of the spine and femur.
Resistance and pulsatility Doppler indices: how accurately do they reflect changes in renal vascular resistance
Authors: Robbins M E C 
Published: July 2009

We very much appreciate the comments of Dr Hilson regarding the underlying assumptions made by ourselves and other workers using 131I-Hippuran for the serial measurement of renal blood flow.
We certainly agree with all the reservations make by Dr Hilson; indeed we were aware of these prior to the studies on resistance and pulsatility indices. Unfortunately we did not make any measurements of the extraction efficiencey of 131I-Hippuran during the course of this study.
Relationship of computed tomography tumour volume to patient survival in carcinoma of the cervix treated by radical radiotherapy
Authors: Collins C D , Constant O , Fryatt I , Blake R , Parsons C A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In this retrospective study tumour volume was calculated by two different methods from the staging computed tomographic scans obtained in 1987 of 20 patients with carcinoma of the cervix. All patients underwent treatment by radical radiotherapy and the survival figures at 5 years were analysed. The aim was to identify the nature of the relationship between the true tumour volume and tumour volume obtained by measuring the maximum dimensions in each plane (“cuboid” volume). Significant correlation between the product of height × width × depth and true tumour volume was demonstrated (r = 0.983). A multivariate analysis of survival demonstrated a significantly increased relative risk for positive nodes (p &lt; 0.03) and tumour depth &gt; 3.8 cm (p &lt; 0.04) or tumour width &gt; 5.0 cm (p &lt; 0.03). A significant difference (p &lt; 0.02) between the median tumour volumes for early and late stage disease was present irrespective of the method used to calculate tumour volume. This study demonstrates that cuboid tumour volume can be a good reflection of the true volume; in addition, positive nodes, tumour depth and tumour width are significant determinants of survival.
The development of an interdepartmental audit as part of a physics quality assurance programme for external beam therapy
Authors: Bonnett D E , Mills J A , Aukett R J , Martin-Smith P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A cost-effective audit system has been developed that will both detect systematic error in data and procedures and evaluate the quality assurance programme provided by a physics department for radiotherapy. The audit has been developed for external beam radiotherapy and assesses one modality and one treatment machine per year. The audit is carried out on an interdepartmental basis and can be undertaken by two physicists from each department in one working day. The method of assessing the quality assurance programme and the schedule of measurements are described. The process is illustrated using the results of trial audits between the medical physics departments at Coventry and Leicester.
Biokinetics and dosimetry for [methyl-11C]thymidine
Authors: Thierens H , van Eijkeren M , Goethals P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The uptake and retention of [methyl-11C]thymidine in organs and tissues after intravenous injection were studied using positron emission tomography scanning of patients. In addition, clearance of 11C-activity from the blood was determined directly by measurements of blood-samples. 5 min after administration the activity level was already reduced to 5% of the initial activity after injection. Preferential uptake of 11C-activity was present in the liver and kidneys. A less pronounced uptake was observed in the skeletal muscle tissue, heart wall, lungs and salivary glands. The retention in these organs and tissues has a long half-life compared with the physical half-life of 11C. The absorbed dose per unit activity administered was calculated for all critical organs following the Medical Internal Radiation Dose Committee formalism. Averaging over the patients, values of 37 and 28 μGy MBq−1 were obtained for the liver and the kidneys respectively. The committed effective dose after a [methyl-11C]thymidine scan with 740 MBq, a commonly applied amount of activity for this type of scan, is 2.8 mSv.
Comparison of two methods for assessing patient dose from computed tomography
Authors: Geleijns J , van Unnik J G , Zoetelief J , Zweers D , Broerse J J 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Radiation exposure of the patient during routine computed tomography (CT) examinations is known to be relatively high. In this study organ doses were determined using two methods and these served as a basis to calculate the effective dose. Thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLDs) were used to measure organ doses in an anthropomorphic Rando Alderson phantom. In addition organ doses were obtained from measurement of the computed tomography dose index (CTDI) and the application of published organ dose conversion factors. Effective dose values obtained with the Rando phantom for CT head examinations are about 1–2 mSv. For CT examinations of thorax and abdomen the estimation of effective doses with the Rando phantom yielded values of 18 and 24 mSv respectively. Effective doses determined from CTDI values were similar for CT head examinations (1–2 mSv) but were smaller for the CT thorax scan (11–15 mSv) and the CT abdomen scan (15–20 mSv). In this study effective dose values are relatively high compared with the results of other investigators who indicate effective doses and effective dose equivalents of 7–9 mSv for CT of the thorax and of 4–16 mSv for CT of the abdomen. Discrepancies between our results and those from other studies could be attributed to differences in the selected CT protocols and to differences in the phantoms employed. Measurements in an anthropomorphic phantom were laborious and time-consuming. Assessment of organ doses from CTDI values and organ dose conversion factors will therefore be the preferable method for future dose intercomparisons at different locations in The Netherlands. It should be realized, however, that this method tends to yield up to 40% lower effective dose values compared with the assessment of effective dose with a Rando phantom.
Myeloma of the breast—appearances on ultrasound and colour Doppler
Authors: Collins C D , Kedar R P , Cosgrove D O 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Multiple myeloma may on rare occasions involve the breast. We report a case where a predominantly echopoor solid mass was present on breast ultrasound in a patient under treatment for multiple myeloma. There was evidence of neovascularization on colour Doppler allowing a provisional diagnosis of carcinoma to be made. Fine needle aspiration cytology, however, demonstrated numerous mononuclear cells characteristic of myeloma. The appearances on ultrasound of this lesion have not been previously described.
Imlink and continuing medical education: the use of an image transfer system to broadcast teaching cases nationally
Authors: Briley M S , Hoare M , Dobson D , Anslow P L 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Imlink, a personal computer based image storage and transfer system, has been used regularly in Oxford since 1989, primarily to transmit computed tomography (CT) brain scans to the regional neurosurgery centre for management advice. Recently this system has been used to send a weekly educational programme (CT and magnetic resonance imaging neuroradiology cases) to district general hospitals.
A comparison of radiation dose in examination of the abdomen using different radiological imaging techniques
Authors: Marshall N W , Faulkner K , Busch H P , Marsh D M , Pfenning H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Typical radiation doses for abdominal examinations were determined for field sizes and entrance doses commonly selected on image intensifier based digital radiographic systems. In addition, measurements were also performed using conventional film–screen methods, a 100 mm camera combination and a phosphor storage computed radiography system. Both antero-posterior and postero-anterior projections were assessed. An anthropomorphic phantom loaded with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters was used to measure entrance surface doses. Organ equivalent doses, deduced using normalized organ dose data, were used to calculate effective dose and effective dose equivalent. A comparison of the imaging techniques on the basis of effective dose indicated that significant dose reductions (by approximately a factor of 3) may be expected if the abdomen is imaged using a postero-anterior rather than an antero-posterior projection for a given imaging system. If digital imaging systems are used instead of a conventional film–screen technique,patient effective dose for a given projection can be lower by at least a factor of 5.
Book review
Authors: Bentley B 
Published: July 2009

This is the fifth edition of a very well known and respected text. Reviewing this book stimulated me to look back at the original concept. How things have changed since the first edition in 1969. That consisted of 1160 pages by 18 contributors with a 25 page index. It was sold at £15 and its title omitted “imaging”.
The fifth edition comprises 1587 pages in two volumes with 38 authors, a 76 page index and comprehensive references. It is fascinating to compare the two, and it emphasizes the enormous changes that the last 24 years have brought to our specialty.
Rectal infarction after abdominal aortic surgery
Authors: Mackay C , Murphy P , Rosenberg I L , Tait N P 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Full thickness ischaemic colitis complicates approximately 1–2% of abdominal aortic procedures. Ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery and hypotension are recognized as causative factors. It is not, however, widely appreciated that ischaemic proctitis may also rarely complicate aortic surgery, especially after complex procedures or if there has been additional interruption to the internal iliac circulation. We report a case of rectal necrosis following repair of a thrombosed aortic aneurysm in which plain X-ray appearances aided the diagnosis.
Salvage fractionated high dose rate afterloading brachytherapy in the treatment of a recurrent tumour in the middle ear
Authors: Hammer J , Eckmayr A , Zoidl J P , Moser G , Seewald D H , Track C 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Re-irradiation of previously irradiated head and neck sites is associated with a high complication rate. In an attempt to reduce this complication risk, multiple fractions of high dose rate (HDR) intracavitary irradiation were used in a young patient who had developed recurrent transitional cell carcinoma in the tympanic cavity one year after radical radiotherapy. After gross surgical removal of the tumour, an afterloading probe was placed into the middle ear by a surgical approach. In 11 treatments of 3 Gy each over 4 days, a total dose of 33 Gy was delivered to a spherical volume, 1.7 cm in diameter. The patient was 24 months free of disease at the start of 1993. Audiometry shows no severe deterioration of hearing. We concluded that fractionated HDR brachytherapy can be used to achieve local control in small volume recurrences at previously irradiated sites, without the inevitability of complications.
The selection of age groupings for the results of radiation dose surveys in paediatric radiology
Authors: Gallacher D J , Baldock C 
Published: July 2009

We have read with interest the recent paper in the September issue by Chappie et al [1] and also their previous paper [2] on doses to paediatric patients undergoing radiological examinations. In both of these papers the age groups chosen to present the survey data were as follows: less than 1 year, 1–5 years and 6–18 years.
When presenting the results of patient dose surveys in paediatric radiology it is necessary to sort the dose survey data into distinct age bands because the different age ranges correspond to certain ranges of body size and weight. Body size will affect the dose received in any given radiological procedure.
The safety of outpatient arteriography using 3F catheters
Authors: Reidy J F , Ludman C 
Published: July 2009

We are very pleased to have the chance to clarify and enlarge upon the practical aspects of using 3F catheters for intraarterial digital studies. There are of course limitations of 3F catheters and we have not denied that there have been some problems with the 3F catheter sets.
In our technical note we detailed limitations of 3F catheters but despite this we feel that they have significantly reduced the invasiveness of the procedure and now allow us to carry out virtually all arteriography for peripheral vascular disease and renovascular disease as a true outpatient procedure.
Cellular sensitivity and low dose-rate recovery in Fanconi anaemia fibroblasts
Authors: Burnet N G , Wurm R , Tait D M , Peacock J H 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare inherited condition characterized by developmental abnormalities and progressive bone marrow failure, which requires bone marrow transplantation for successful treatment. This involves the use of alkylating agents and total body or thoraco-abdominal irradiation. Both chemical clastogens and irradiation cause increased chromosome damage in FA cells compared with controls. In some studies FA fibroblasts have been found to be more radiosensitive than normal. From these data it has been inferred that patients with FA might be more sensitive than normal to radiotherapy. However, increased radiosensitivity of FA fibroblasts has not been a uniform finding. The radiosensitivity of fibroblasts from two FA patients was studied at high and low dose-rate (LDR), and their sensitivity compared with normal strains. Both FA strains fell at the sensitive end of the range, but both demonstrated marked dose-rate sparing, with D0.0l recovery factors of 1.23 and 1.27, similar to the normal strains. These recovery factors are inconsistent with the suggestion that FA patients are recovery deficient. The data indicate that at least some FA strains are capable of LDR recovery, and imply that these patients would probably have a clinical benefit from fractionated or low dose-rate total body irradiation.
Cachexia of the kidney—a cause of pseudo-hydronephrosis
Authors: Kedar R P , Collins C D , Cosgrove D O 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Various pitfalls in diagnosing early hydronephrosis on ultrasound (US) have been recognized. We present a case where the appearances on US mimicked bilateral hydronephrosis in a patient undergoing treatment for recurrent colonic carcinoma. Comparison with a previous ultrasound examination demonstrated marked loss of renal sinus fat. Doppler studies demonstrated normal venous flow within each portion of the “dilated collecting system”. In oncology, renal cachexia should be remembered as one of the causes of pseudo-hydronephrosis.
Magnetic resonance imaging of agarose gel phantom for assessment of three-dimensional dose distribution in linac radiosurgery
Authors: Rousseau J , Gibon D , Sarrazin Th , Doukhan N , Marchandise X 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An agarose gel phantom is used to evaluate the spatial distribution of the dose delivered by a linac radiosurgery device. Dependence of the absorbed dose on the T 1 relaxation time is checked. T 1 magnetic resonance images show the close correspondence between the actual absorbed dose distribution and the dose distribution expected by the treatment planning.
Organ absorbed doses in intraoral dental radiography
Authors: Ramsey L J 
Published: July 2009

I refer to the interesting and useful article by Lecomber and Faulkner [1]which appeared in the November 1993 issue of the BJR.
However, some statements on the subject of the radiographic technique used and the consequent radiographic quality appear to be incorrect.
They state that the use of a bisected angle technique “will produce an isometric image on the film free from distortion”.
If it is agreed that distortion means a different degree of magnification of the image from one part to another then with any angle (excepting only 0 or 180 degrees) between film and tooth no manipulation of the central ray angulation will produce an undistorted image.