bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis – a powerful model system for plant cell wall research
Authors: Liepman Aaron H. , Wightman Raymond , Geshi Naomi , Turner Simon R. , Scheller Henrik Vibe 
Published: March 2010

SummaryPlant cell walls are composites of various carbohydrates, proteins and other compounds. Cell walls provide plants with strength and protection, and also represent the most abundant source of renewable biomass. Despite the importance of plant cell walls, comparatively little is known about the identities of genes and functions of proteins involved in their biosynthesis. The model plant Arabidopsis and the availability of its genome sequence have been invaluable for the identification and functional characterization of genes encoding enzymes involved in plant cell‐wall biosynthesis. This review covers recent progress in the identification and characterization of genes encoding proteins involved in the biosynthesis of Arabidopsis cell‐wall polysaccharides and arabinogalactan proteins. These studies have improved our understanding of both the mechanisms of cell‐wall biosynthesis and the functions of various cell‐wall polymers, and have highlighted areas where further research is needed.
Spread of ropivacaine by a weight‐based formula in a pediatric caudal block: a fluoroscopic examination
Authors: KOO B.‐N. , HONG J.‐Y. , KIL H. K. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Caudal block is the most common regional technique to provide post‐operative analgesia in pediatric infra‐umbilical surgery. This study was designed to define how many spinal segments would be covered by the weight‐based dosage of caudally administered 0.2% ropivacaine in children using the fluoroscopic method.Methods: After an approval from the institutional human research review board, in 83 ASA I boys undergoing day‐case urological surgery, the distribution of ropivacaine mixed with a radioactive dye in relation to the volume injected caudally was studied. Three groups were studied: for perineal surgery 0.5 ml/kg (group C0.5), for inguinal hernia repair 1 ml/kg (group C1.0), and for orchiopexy 1.25 ml/kg (group C1.25). The dose of 0.2% ropivacaine containing radiopaque dye at a ratio of 1 : 4 was injected at a rate of 1 ml 3 s−1. Fluoroscopic examination was performed immediately to define the level of the drug spread within the extradural space.Results: The highest spinal levels [median with ranges] of spread were L2 [L4‐T12] in group C0.5, T12 [L1‐T8] in group C1.0, and T10 [L2‐T7] in group C1.25. Analysis by age distribution (infants: <12 months; toddlers: 12–36 months; and children: >36 months) revealed a larger spread in younger patients.Conclusions: Based on the fluoroscopic findings, the weight‐based doses for caudally administered 0.2% bupivacaine suggested by Armitage are also useful for ropivacaine to block the spinal level required for the different types of surgeries studied.
The relative position of ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric nerves in different age groups of pediatric patients
Authors: HONG J.‐Y. , KIM W. O. , KOO B. N. , KIM Y. A. , JO Y. Y. , KIL H. K. 
Published: March 2010

Background: Ilioinguinal nerve (IIN) and iliohypogastric nerve (IHN) blocks provide good perioperative pain relief for children undergoing inguinal procedures such as inguinal hernia repair, orchiopexy, and hydrocelectomy. The aim of this ultrasound imaging study is to compare the relative anatomical positions of IIN and IHN in different age groups of pediatrics.Methods: Two‐hundred children (aged 1–82 months, ASA I or II) undergoing day‐case surgery were consecutively included in this study. Following the induction of general anesthesia, an ultrasonographic exam was performed using a high‐frequency linear probe that was placed on an imaginary line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the umbilicus.Results: There were significant differences in ASIS–IIN (distance from ASIS to IIN), ASIS–IHN (distance from the ASIS to the IHN), and IIN–IHN (distance between IIN and IHN) between the age groups: <12 months (n=84), 12–36 months (n=80), and >37 months (n=36). However, IIN–Peritoneum (distances from IIN to peritoneum), skin–IIN, and skin–IHN (depth of IIN and IHN relative to skin) were similar in three groups. ASIS–IIN and ASIS–IHN showed significantly positive correlations with age.Conclusions: Age should be considered when placing a needle in landmark techniques for pediatric II/IH nerve blocks. However, needle depth should be confirmed by the fascial click due to the lack of predictable physiologic factors.
Anti‐Predator Behaviour in a Nocturnal Primate, the Grey Mouse Lemur (Microcebus murinus)
Authors: Rahlfs Moritz , Fichtel Claudia 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough one‐third of all primates are nocturnal, their anti‐predator behaviour has rarely been studied. Because of their small body size, in combination with their solitary and nocturnal life style, it has been suggested that they mainly rely on crypsis to evade predators. However, recent studies revealed that nocturnal primates are not generally cryptic and that they exhibit predator‐specific escape strategies as well as alarm calls. In order to add to this new body of research, we studied anti‐predator strategies of nocturnal grey mouse lemurs experimentally. In order to elicit anti‐predator behaviour and alarm calls, we conducted experiments with a carnivore‐, snake‐ and raptor model. We also conducted playback experiments with mouse lemur alarm calls to characterize their function. In response to predator models, they exhibited a combination of anti‐predator strategies: in response to carnivore and snake models, mouse lemurs monitored the predator, probably to assess the potential risk that emanates from the predator. In response to raptor models they behaved cryptically and exhibited freezing behaviour. All mouse lemurs, except one individual, did not alarm call in response to predator models. In addition, during playback experiments with alarm calls, recorded during real predator encounters, mouse lemurs did not emit alarm calls nor did they show any escape behaviour. Thus, as in other nocturnal primates/mammals, mouse lemurs do not seem to rely on routinely warning of conspecifics against nearby predators.
Relation between infusion rate of indomethacin and cerebral blood flow velocity
Authors: Kondo Masatoshi , Kunikata Tetsuya , Okazaki Kaoru , Yasuda Saneyuki , Isobe Kenichi , Itoh Susumu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackground:  Indomethacin is a very effective drug for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Decrease of cerebral blood flow, however, is an adverse effect of this drug. Differences in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) with the different administration periods and the relation between CBFV and plasma drug level were investigated with the aim of establishing an administration protocol.Methods:  The subjects were 14 neonates with PDA in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Ehime Prefectural Central Hospital who received indomethacin. They were divided into two groups: 10 min drug infusion (n= 8) and 120 min drug infusion (n= 6). CBFV and blood concentration of indomethacin were measured.Results:  CBFV in the10 min group was decreased significantly at 15 min and remained low until 120 min, but no significant change was seen in the 120 min group. The highest plasma levels in the 10 min group and 120 min group were 1257 ± 360 ng/mL and 819 ± 146 ng/mL, respectively. A comparison showed that the plasma level was significantly higher in the 10 min group, which had significantly lower CBFV. Changes in the plasma levels in the beta phase in the two groups were found to be almost the same. Ductus closure was confirmed in 13 of 14 neonates given indomethacin (10 min group, 7/8; 120 min group, 6/6).Conclusion:  Slow administration of indomethacin >2 h is thought to be safer from the perspective of CBFV even though the clinical effect was unchanged.
Following the chain to elusive anglers
Authors: Griffiths Shane P. , Pollock Kenneth H. , Lyle Jeremy M. , Pepperell Julian G. , Tonks Mark L. , Sawynok William 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObtaining reliable estimates of important parameters from recreational fisheries is problematic but critical for stock assessment and effective resource management. Sampling methodologies based on traditional design‐based sampling theory, is inadequate in obtaining representative catch and effort data, social or demographical characterization, or fisher behaviour from small hard‐to‐reach components within recreational fisheries (e.g. specialized sport fisheries) that may account for the majority of the catch for some species. A model‐based approach to sampling is necessary. Researchers in other disciplines including epidemiology and social sciences routinely survey rare or ‘hidden’ populations within the general community by penetration of social networks rather than by interception of individuals. We encourage fisheries researchers to rethink survey designs and consider the social elements of recreational fishing. Employing chain‐referral methods, such as respondent‐driven sampling (RDS), may be a statistically robust and cost‐effective option for sampling elusive sub‐elements within recreational fisheries. Chain‐referral sampling methodology is outlined and an example of a complemented ‘RDS‐recapture’ survey design is introduced as a cost‐effective application to estimating total catch in recreational fisheries.
Population‐Specific Susceptibility to Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis; Dominant and Recessive Relative Risks in the Japanese Population
Authors: Nakagome Shigeki , Takeyama Yasuaki , Mano Shuhei , Sakisaka Shotaro , Matsui Toshiyuki , Kawamura Shoji , Oota Hiroki 
Published: March 2010

SummaryCrohn's disease (CD), a type of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is commonly found in European and East Asian countries. The calculated heritability of CD appears to be higher than that of ulcerative colitis (UC), another type of IBD. Recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than thirty CD‐associated genes/regions in the European population. In the East Asian population, however, a clear association between CD and an associated gene has only been detected with TNFSF15. In order to determine if CD susceptibility differs geographically, nine SNPs from seven of the European CD‐associated genomic regions were selected for analysis. The genotype frequencies for these SNPs were compared among the 380 collected Japanese samples, which consisted of 212 IBD cases and 168 controls. We detected a significant association of both CD and UC with only the TNFSF15 gene. Analysis by the modified genotype relative risk test (mGRR) indicated that the risk allele of TNFSF15 is dominant for CD, but is recessive for UC. These results suggest that CD and UC susceptibility differs between the Japanese and European populations. Furthermore, it is also likely that CD and UC share a causative factor which exhibits a different dominant/recessive relative risk in the Japanese population.
Mother–child dyadic synchrony is associated with better functioning in hyperactive/inattentive preschool children
Authors: Healey Dione M. , Gopin Chaya B. , Grossman Bella R. , Campbell Susan B. , Halperin Jeffrey M. 
Published: March 2010

Background:  Hyperactive/inattentive (HI) behaviors are common in preschoolers, but they result in functional impairment and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnoses in only some children. We examined whether the quality of mother–child interaction accounts for variance in level of functioning among preschool children with elevated ADHD symptoms.Method:  Parent and teacher ADHD‐RS ratings were used to assess 126 HI preschoolers, and clinician Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) ratings were used to quantify level of functioning. Mother–child interactions during a 5‐minute free‐play and a 5‐minute structured task were coded for child, parent and dyadic behaviors.Results:  Partial correlations, controlling for symptom severity and IQ, revealed child and dyad factors that were related to children’s functioning. Regression analyses revealed that low dyadic synchrony accounted for additional unique variance in children’s functioning, above and beyond the influence of symptom severity and IQ.Conclusions:  Dyadic synchrony between mother and child plays a role in the functioning of preschool children displaying elevated symptoms of hyperactivity/inattention, and may represent a potential area for intervention that is not generally addressed in most parent management training programs.
Prospective effects of violence exposure across multiple contexts on early adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing problems
Authors: Mrug Sylvie , Windle Michael 
Published: March 2010

Background:  Violence exposure within each setting of community, school, or home has been linked with internalizing and externalizing problems. Although many children experience violence in multiple contexts, the effects of such cross‐contextual exposure have not been studied. This study addresses this gap by examining independent and interactive effects of witnessing violence and victimization in the community, home, and school on subsequent internalizing and externalizing problems in early adolescence.Methods:  A community sample of 603 boys and girls (78% African American, 20% Caucasian) participated in a longitudinal study of youth violence. During two assessments 16 months apart, adolescents reported on witnessing violence and victimization in the community, school, and home, and their internalizing and externalizing problems.Results:  Multiple regressions tested the independent and interactive effects of witnessing violence or victimization across contexts on subsequent adjustment, after controlling for initial levels of internalizing and externalizing problems and demographic covariates. Witnessing violence at school predicted anxiety and depression; witnessing at home was related to anxiety and aggression; and witnessing community violence predicted delinquency. Victimization at home was related to subsequent anxiety, depression, and aggression; victimization at school predicted anxiety; and victimization in the community was not independently related to any outcomes. Finally, witnessing violence at home was associated with more anxiety, delinquency, and aggression only if adolescents reported no exposure to community violence.Conclusions:  Violence exposure at home and school had the strongest independent effects on internalizing and externalizing outcomes. Witnessing community violence attenuated the effects of witnessing home violence on anxiety and externalizing problems, perhaps due to desensitization or different norms or expectations regarding violence. However, no comparable attenuation effects were observed for victimization across contexts.
Revisiting the latent structure of ADHD: is there a ‘g’ factor?
Authors: Martel Michelle M. , Von Eye Alexander , Nigg Joel T. 
Published: March 2010

Background:  Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is presumed to be heterogeneous, but the best way to describe this heterogeneity remains unclear. Considerable evidence has accrued suggesting that inattention versus hyperactivity‐impulsivity symptom domains predict distinct clinical outcomes and may have partially distinct etiological influence. As a result, some conceptualizations emphasize two distinct inputs to the syndrome. Yet formal testing of models that would accommodate such assumptions using modern methods (e.g., second‐order factor and bifactor models) has been largely lacking.Methods:  Participants were 548 children (321 boys) between the ages of 6 and 18 years. Of these 548 children, 302 children met DSM‐IV criteria for ADHD, 199 were typically developing controls without ADHD, and 47 were classified as having situational or subthreshold ADHD. ADHD symptoms were assessed via parent report on a diagnostic interview and via parent and teacher report on the ADHD Rating Scale.Results:  A bifactor model with a general factor and specific factors of inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity fit best when compared with one‐, two‐, and three‐factor models, and a second‐order factor model.Conclusions:  A bifactor model of ADHD latent symptom structure is superior to existing factor models of ADHD. This finding is interpreted in relation to multi‐component models of ADHD development, and clinical implications are discussed.
Down‐regulation of Na+‐coupled glutamate transporter EAAT3 and EAAT4 by AMP‐activated protein kinase
Authors: Sopjani Mentor , Alesutan Ioana , Dërmaku‐Sopjani Miribane , Fraser Scott , Kemp Bruce E. , Föller Michael , Lang Florian 
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)113, 1426–1435.AbstractThe glutamate transporters EAAT3 and EAAT4 are expressed in neurons. They contribute to the cellular uptake of glutamate and aspartate and thus to the clearance of the excitatory transmitters from the extracellular space. During ischemia, extracellular accumulation of glutamate may trigger excitotoxicity. Energy depletion leads to activation of the AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), a kinase enhancing energy production and limiting energy expenditure. The present study thus explored the possibility that AMPK regulates EAAT3 and/or EAAT4. To this end, EAAT3 or EAAT4 were expressed inXenopusoocytes with or without AMPK and electrogenic glutamate transport determined by dual electrode voltage clamp. In EAAT3‐ and in EAAT4‐expressing oocytes glutamate generated a current (Ig), which was half maximal (KM) at 74 μM (EAAT3) or at 4 μM (EAAT4) glutamate. Co‐expression of constitutively activeγR70QAMPK or of wild type AMPK did not affectKMbut significantly decreased the maximalIgin both EAAT3‐ (by 34%) and EAAT4‐ (by 49%) expressing oocytes. Co‐expression of the inactive mutantαK45RAMPK [α1(K45R)β1γ1] did not appreciably affectIg. According to confocal microscopy and chemiluminescence co‐expression ofγR70QAMPK or of wild type AMPK reduced the membrane abundance of EAAT3 and EAAT4. The observations show that AMPK down‐regulates Na+‐coupled glutamate transport.
Transcriptome profiling analysis reveals region‐distinctive changes of gene expression in the CNS in response to different moderate restraint stress
Authors: Wang Ke , Xiang Xiao‐Hui , He Fei , Lin Li‐Bo , Zhang Rong , Ping Xing‐Jie , Han Ji‐Sheng , Guo Ning , Zhang Qing‐Hua , Cui Cai‐Lian , Zhao Guo‐Ping 
Published: March 2010

J. Neurochem.(2010)113, 1436–1446.AbstractIt is generally believed that temporary moderate stress to a living organism has protective and adaptive effects, but little is known about the responses of CNS to the moderate stresses at molecular level. This study aims to investigate the gene expression changes induced by moderate stress in CNS stress‐ and nociception‐related regions of rats. Moderate restraint was applied to rats for 50 min and cDNA microarrays were used to detect the differential gene expression in different CNS regions. Transcriptome profiling analysis showed that at acute stage stress‐related genes were up‐regulated in arcuate nucleus; fight‐or‐flight behavior‐related genes were up‐regulated in periaqueductal gray, while nitric oxide and GABA signal transmission‐related genes were up‐regulated in spinal dorsal horn. In addition, immune‐related genes were broadly regulated, especially at the late stage. These results suggested that specific genes of certain gene ontology categories were spatiotemporally regulated in specific CNS regions related to relevant functions under moderate external stimuli at acute stage, while immune response was broadly regulated at the late stage. The co‐regulated genes among the three different CNS regions may play general roles in CNS when exposed to moderate stress. Furthermore, these results will help to elucidate the physiological processes involved in moderate stress in CNS.
The Predictors of Patient–Physician Race and Ethnic Concordance: A Medical Facility Fixed‐Effects Approach
Authors: Traylor Ana H. , Schmittdiel Julie A. , Uratsu Connie S. , Mangione Carol M. , Subramanian Usha 
Published: March 2010

Objective. To examine the predictors of patient–physician race/ethnicity concordance among diabetes patients in an integrated delivery system.Data Source. Kaiser Permanente's Northern California Diabetes Registry of 2005.Study Design. Logistic regression predicted concordance for each racial/ethnic group. Availability of a concordant physician, whether a patient chose their physician, and patient language were main explanatory variables.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. The study population consisted of 109,745 patients and 1,750 physicians.Principal Findings. Patients who chose their physicians were more likely to have a same race/ethnicity physician with OR of 2.2 (95 percent CI 1.74–2.82) for African American patients, 1.71 (95 percent CI 1.44–2.04) for Hispanic patients, 1.11 (95 percent CI 1.04–1.18) for white patients, and 1.38 (95 percent CI 1.23, 1.55) for Asian patients. Availability of a same race/ethnicity physician was also a predictor of concordance for African American patients (OR 2.7; 95 percent CI 2.45–2.98) and marginally significant for Hispanic patients (OR 1.02; 95 percent CI 1.01–1.02), white patients (OR 1.02; 95 percent CI 1.00–1.04), and Asian patients (OR 1.05; 95 percent CI 1.03, 1.07). Limited English language was a strong predictor of concordance for Hispanic patients (OR 4.81; 95 percent CI 4.2–5.51) and Asian patients (OR 9.8; 95 percent CI 7.7, 12.6).Conclusion. Patient language, preferences, and the racial composition of the physician workforce predict race/ethnicity concordance.
The Relationship between Organizational Leadership for Safety and Learning from Patient Safety Events
Authors: Ginsburg Liane R. , Chuang You‐Ta , Blair Berta Whitney , Norton Peter G. , Ng Peggy , Tregunno Deborah , Richardson Julia 
Published: March 2010

Objective.To examine the relationship between organizational leadership for patient safety and five types of learning from patient safety events (PSEs).Study Setting.Forty‐nine general acute care hospitals in Ontario, Canada.Study Design.A nonexperimental design using cross‐sectional surveys of hospital patient safety officers (PSOs) and patient care managers (PCMs). PSOs provided data on organization‐level learning from (a) minor events, (b) moderate events, (c) major near misses, (d) major event analysis, and (e) major event dissemination/communication. PCMs provided data on organizational leadership (formal and informal) for patient safety.Extraction Methods.Hospitals were the unit of analysis. Seemingly unrelated regression was used to examine the influence of formal and informal leadership for safety on the five types of learning from PSEs. The interaction between leadership and hospital size was also examined.Principal Findings.Formal organizational leadership for patient safety is an important predictor of learning from minor, moderate, and major near‐miss events, and major event dissemination. This relationship is significantly stronger for small hospitals (<100 beds).Conclusions.We find support for the relationship between patient safety leadership and patient safety behaviors such as learning from safety events. Formal leadership support for safety is of particular importance in small organizations where the economic burden of safety programs is disproportionately large and formal leadership is closer to the front lines.
The ‘Us’ in Trust: Who Trusts Northern Ireland's Political Institutions and Actors?
Authors: Gormley-Heenan Cathy , Devine Paula 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis article examines levels of interest and trust among the public in relation to Northern Ireland's newly established political institutions and actors, through an analysis of the results of the 2007 Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (NILT). It is important to reveal the specific groups of people with the highest levels of political disenchantment, particularly in the context of the longer-term stability of the Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive, since the willingness of the electorate to have faith and trust in the workability of these political institutions and in the various political actors in whose custody they lie is considered vital.