bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the global heat transport and eddy‐mean flow interaction associated with weaker thermohaline circulation
Authors: Machado Jeferson Prietsch , Justino Flavio , Pezzi Luciano Ponzi 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study investigates the anomalous patterns of the oceanic and atmospheric heat transport, transient waves and the interaction between transient waves and the mean zonal flow. The evaluation is based on simulations performed with a coupled model forced by an increase of 1 Sverdrup of freshwater flux into the North Atlantic Ocean. It is found that an increase of freshwater flux in the North Atlantic leads to a weakening in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) oceanic heat transport by up to 1 Petawatt (1015) PW but results in an intensification of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) total heat transport. This inter‐hemispheric seesaw leads to substantial changes in transient wave activity which is associated with anomalous meridional temperature flux and eddy kinetic energy (EKE). During winter in the NH, weakening of the thermohaline circulation induces an increase in the storm track activity. However, a reduction in storm tracks is found over the extratropical regions of the SH. The correspondence between the anomalies of storm track intensity and Eady growth rate lead to the conclusion that changes in the transient eddy activity are mostly generated by changes in baroclinic conditions. Furthermore, calculations of the E vector show that interaction between transient and mean flow is most pronounced over the North Atlantic where stronger storm tracks enhance the mean westerlies, thus minimising the effect of changes in the oceanic heat transport. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Exposure to violence and PTSD symptoms among Somali women
Authors: de Jong Kaz , van der Kam Saskia , Swarthout Todd , Ford Nathan , Mills Clair , Yun Oliver , Kleber Rolf J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPosttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, exposure to traumatic stressors, and health care utilization were examined in 84 women attending a primary health care clinic in Mogadishu, Somalia. The Somalia‐Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale was used in this active warzone to measure symptoms. Nearly all women reported high levels of confrontations with violence; half described being exposed to a potentially traumatizing event. Nearly one third had significant PTSD symptoms. Compared to those who did not, women who reported exposure to a traumatic stressor reported more confrontations with violence (7.1 vs. 3.3; p < . 001), health complaints (3.8 vs. 2.9; p = .03), and nearly 3 times as much (p = .03) health service utilization. A potentially traumatizing event was found to be a simplified proxy for assessing mental health distress in women attending a primary health care facility in highly insecure, unpredictable, resource‐limited settings.
Sorafenib inhibits neuroblastoma cell proliferation and signaling, blocks angiogenesis, and impairs tumor growth
Authors: Kakodkar Nisha C. , Peddinti Radhika R. , Tian Yufeng , Guerrero Lisa J. , Chlenski Alexandre , Yang Qiwei , Salwen Helen R. , Maitland Michael L. , Cohn Susan L. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackgroundMore effective therapy for children with high‐risk neuroblastoma is desperately needed. Preclinical studies have shown that neuroblastoma tumor growth can be inhibited by agents that block angiogenesis. We hypothesized that drugs which target both neuroblastoma cells and tumor angiogenesis would have potent anti‐tumor activity. In this study we tested the effects of sorafenib, a multi‐kinase inhibitor, on neuroblastoma cell proliferation and signaling, and in mice with subcutaneous human neuroblastoma xenografts or orthotopic adrenal tumors.ProcedureMice with subcutaneous neuroblastoma xenografts or orthotopic adrenal tumors were treated with sorafenib, and tumor growth rates were measured. Blood vessel architecture and vascular density were evaluated histologically in treated and control neuroblastoma tumors. The in vitro effects of sorafenib on neuroblastoma proliferation, cell cycle, and signaling were also evaluated.ResultsSorafenib inhibited tumor growth in mice with subcutaneous and orthotopic adrenal tumors. Decreased numbers of cycling neuroblastoma cells and tumor blood vessels were seen in treated versus control tumors, and the blood vessels in the treated tumors had more normal architecture. Sorafenib treatment also decreased neuroblastoma cell proliferation, attenuated ERK signaling, and enhanced G1/G0 cell cycle arrest in vitro.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that sorafenib inhibits the growth of neuroblastoma tumors by targeting both neuroblastoma cells and tumor blood vessels. Single agent sorafenib should be evaluated in future phase II neuroblastoma studies. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012;59:642–647. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A pH‐sensitive, strong double‐network hydrogel: Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylates–poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Naficy Sina , Razal Joselito M. , Whitten Philip G. , Wallace Gordon G. , Spinks Geoffrey M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe here describe new double network (DN) hydrogels with excellent mechanical strength and high sensitivity to pH changes. The first polymer network has a bottle brush structure and is formed from oligo‐monomers of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA). Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is used as the second network. This double network features strong intermolecular interactions between the neutral poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) side chains of PPEGMA and the non‐ionized carboxylic acid groups of the PAA second network. When immersed in solutions with a pH below ∼4 the DN hydrogels have a low swelling ratio and are opaque as a result of solvent‐polymer phase separation driven by the formation of dense hydrogen‐bonded clusters. The compression strength (∼8 MPa) is at least 14 times higher than the analogous single networks. When immersed in solutions with a pH >4, the hydrogels are transparent and exhibit a high swelling ratio with a compression strength of ∼1 MPa. The PEG side chain length can be readily controlled without greatly altering the overall DN topology by choosing PEGMA monomers having different PEG side chain lengths. Longer PEG side branches give higher compression and tensile strengths at pH <4 when hydrogen bonded clusters form. The robust nature of these DN gels over a wide pH range may be useful for applications such as artificial muscles and controlled release devices. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Environmental effects on coral growth and recruitment in the Caribbean
Authors: Crabbe M. James C. 
Published: December 2011

Knowledge about factors that are important in coral reef growth help us to understand how reef ecosystems react following major anthropogenic and environmental disturbances. In addition, they may help the industry understand how aquarists can improve the health of their corals. I have studied environmental and climate effects on corals on fringing reefs in Jamaica. Radial growth rates (mm/yr) of non-branching corals calculated on an annual basis from 2000–2008 showed few significant differences either spatially or temporally along the north coast, although growth rates tended to be higher on reefs of higher rugosity and lower macroalgal cover. I have also reconstructed recruitment patterns, using growth modelling, for non-branching corals at sites on the north coast of Jamaica near Discovery Bay, and near Kingston Harbour, on the south coast. For all the sites, recruitment of non-branching corals was lowered due to hurricanes or severe storms. For 1560 non-branching corals at sites along the north coast of Jamaica, from Rio Bueno to Pear Tree, there was a significant difference in estimated coral recruitment in years when there were no storms or hurricanes by comparison to years when storms and hurricanes impacted the area. For 347 non-branching corals at sites in the Port Royal Cays on the south coast, there was a significant difference in estimated coral recruitment in years when there were no storms or hurricanes by comparison to years when storms and hurricanes impacted the area. Interestingly, recruitment of Siderastrea siderea on to the side of the ship channel at Rackham's Cay (~100 m from the path taken by large ships) outside Kingston Harbour had been consistent since its construction. These findings have important implications for better understanding the impacts of tropical storms on coral reefs and for aquarists to better maintain coral reef species in artificial environments.
Patterns of and hypotheses for infection-related cancers in a Chinese population with rapid economic development
Authors: CHUNG R. Y. , LEUNG G. M. , COWLING B. J. , SCHOOLING C. M. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYWith economic development, non-communicable diseases replace infectious diseases as the leading cause of death; how such transition occurs for infectious diseases with long latency has rarely been considered. We took advantage of a Chinese population with rapid economic development in the mid-20th century to study changing patterns of infection-related cancers. We used sex-specific Poisson regression to estimate age, period and cohort effects on adult deaths 1976–2005 from eight infection-related cancers in Hong Kong. Cervical, head and neck, and oesophageal cancers, associated with sexually transmitted infections, decreased for the first birth cohorts with sexual debut in a more developed environment. Leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, associated with vertically transmitted infections, decreased for the first cohorts born into a more developed environment. Birth cohort patterns were unclear for nasopharyngeal, stomach and liver cancers. Mortality rates for cancers related to early infections may depend on population history, with delayed reductions for some infection-related cancers.
On the so-called Logic of Practical Inference
Authors: Price A. W. 
Published: December 2011

Different questions generate different forms of practical reasoning. A contextually unrestricted ‘What shall I do?’ is too open to focus reflection. More determinately, an agent may ask, ‘Shall I do X, or Y?’ To answer that, he may need to weigh things up—as fits the derivation of ‘deliberation’ fromlibra(Latin for ‘scales’). Ubiquitous and indispensable though this is, I mention it only to salute it in passing. Or he may ask how to achieve a proposed end: if his end is to do X, he may ask ‘How shall I do X?’ Or he may ask how to apply a universal rule or particular maxim. Aristotle supplies examples inDe Motu Animalium(7.701a7 ff.), whose wording I freely adapt to my own purposes:A1 reasons to a necessary means to achieving an end:I will make a cloak.To make a cloak I must do A.So, I will do A.
Observations of the vertical structure of turbulent oscillatory boundary layers above fixed roughness beds using a prototype wideband coherent Doppler profiler: 1. The oscillatory component of the flow
Authors: Hay Alex E. , Zedel Len , Cheel Richard , Dillon Jeremy 
Published: December 2011

Results are presented from an experimental investigation of rough turbulent oscillatory boundary layers using a prototype wideband bistatic coherent Doppler profiler. The profiler operates in the 1.2 MHz to 2.3 MHz frequency band and uses software‐defined radio technologies for digital control of the frequency content and shape of the transmit pulse and for digital complex demodulation of the received signals. Velocity profiles are obtained at sub‐millimeter range resolution and 100 Hz profiling rates (each profile being an ensemble average of 10 pulse pairs). The measurements were carried out above beds of fixed sand or gravel particles, with median grain diameters of 0.37 mm and 3.9 mm, respectively, oscillating sinusoidally at a 10 s period through excursions of 0.75 m to 1.5 m. The resulting vertical profiles of horizontal velocity magnitude and phase, with the vertical axis scaled by ℓ = κu∗m/ω, are comparable to similarly scaled profiles obtained using laser Doppler anemometry by Sleath (1987) and Jensen (1988). A key objective of the comparisons between the previous experiments and those reported here was to establish how close to the bed reliable velocity measurements can be made with the sonar. This minimum distance above the bed is estimated to be 5 ± 1 mm, a value approaching the 3 to 4 mm limit set by the path of least time.
Thyroid status two decades after salt iodization: country‐wide data in school children from India
Authors: Marwaha Raman K. , Tandon Nikhil , Garg M. K. , Desai Ankush , Kanwar Ratnesh , Sastry Aparna , Narang Archna , Arora Saurav , Bhadra Kuntal 
Published: December 2011

SummaryObjective  Country‐wide evaluation of thyroid disorders in school children following two decades of universal salt iodization (USI) has not been carried out till date. This study was planned with aim to assess thyroid status of school children two decades after the launch of USI programme.Design  Population survey.Patients  We collected data from 25 schools in 19 cities across five different geographical zones of India. Those children who were evaluated for anthropometry, and goitre status by palpation formed ‘total population’. Children who consented to give blood samples were defined as ‘study population’.Measurements  Serum free T3, free T4, TSH, anti‐TPO antibody and thyroid ultrasound.Results  A total of 38 961 children aged 5–15 years formed total population. Goitre rate was 15·5% while thyroid hypoechogenicity was found in 4404 (11·3%) children. In the study population (13 790 children), 2258 (16·4%) had goitre, 505 (3·7%) had positive anti‐TPO antibody titres, 1001 (7·3%) had hypothyroidism (TSH > 5·2 μIU/ml) and 41 (0·3%) had thyrotoxicosis (TSH < 0·1 μIU/ml). Among goitrous children, 203 (9·0%) had anti‐TPO positivity, 365 (16·1%) had hypoechogenicity of thyroid and either of these were present in 488 (21·6%) children.Conclusions  Endemic goitre in school children persisted nationwide, despite more than two decades of USI programme. Thyroid autoimmunity only partially explains the increase in goitre prevalence.
Effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise programme on stress urinary incontinence among pregnant women
Authors: Sangsawang Bussara , Serisathien Yaowalak 
Published: December 2011

sangsawang b. & serisathien y. (2012) Effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise programme on stress urinary incontinence among pregnant women. Journal of Advanced Nursing68(9), 1997–2007.AbstractAim.  This article is a report of a study of the effects of a pelvic floor muscle exercise programme on the severity of stress urinary incontinence in pregnant women.Background.  Pregnancy is main risk factor for the development of stress urinary incontinence. Stress urinary incontinence can be cured by pelvic floor muscle exercise which is a safe inexpensive treatment with no complications and does not require the use of instruments.Methodology.  A quasi‐experimental study, pre–post test with control group design was used at the antenatal care unit in a tertiary care hospital between June and October of 2006. The participants were 66 pregnant women who had stress urinary incontinence with gestational ages of 20–30 weeks. The main outcome measure was severity of stress urinary incontinence which comprised frequency and amount of urine leakage and perceived severity of stress urinary incontinence.Results.  After the experimental group’s participation in the pelvic floor muscle exercise programme, the frequency and amount of urine leakage and the score of perceived stress urinary incontinence severity were significantly lower than the same scores before participation in the programme. In addition, women in the experimental group had frequency and volume of urine leakage, and score of perceived stress urinary incontinence severity after participation significantly lower than those in the control group.Conclusion.  The 6‐week pelvic floor muscle exercise programme was able to decrease the severity of symptoms in pregnant women with stress urinary incontinence.
Systematics of the Hipposideros turpis complex and a description of a new subspecies from Vietnam
Authors: THONG Vu Dinh , PUECHMAILLE Sebastien J. , DENZINGER Annette , BATES Paul J.J. , DIETZ Christian , CSORBA Gabor , SOISOOK Pipat , TEELING Emma C. , MATSUMURA Sumiko , FUREY Neil M. , SCHNITZLER Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
Hipposideros turpis is traditionally known as a species composed of three subspecies, H. t. turpis, H. t. alongensis and H. t. pendleburyi, distributed disjunctly in south‐west Japan, north‐east Vietnam and south‐west Thailand, respectively. Prior to the present study, the systematic status of forms within the species remained unclear.
Using morphological (external, bacular, cranial and dental characters), genetic and echolocation data, we demonstrate that turpis, alongensis and pendleburyi represent three distinct species, and that these species are endemic to Japan, Vietnam and Thailand, respectively. They are very distinct genetically and do not even form a monophyletic group.
We also prove that H. alongensis is composed of two subspecies, H. a. alongensis and H. a. sungi. The latter subspecies is described as new to science. To date, H. a. alongensis appears to be restricted to the Cat Ba Island of Cat Ba National Park, west Ha Long Bay, whereas H. a. sungi ssp. nov. is known from three localities in mainland northeast Vietnam. These two subspecies are distinguished by body size, molecular data and the frequency of the constant‐frequency component of their echolocation signals.
Search for poly(A) polymerase targets in E. coli reveals its implication in surveillance of Glu tRNA processing and degradation of stable RNAs
Authors: Maes Alexandre , Gracia Céline , Hajnsdorf Eliane , Régnier Philippe 
Published: December 2011

SummaryPolyadenylation is a universal post‐transcriptional modification involved in degradation and quality control of bacterial RNAs. In Escherichia coli, it is admitted that any accessible RNA 3′ end can be tagged by a poly(A) tail for decay. However, we do not have yet an overall view of the population of polyadenylated molecules. The sampling of polyadenylated RNAs presented here demonstrates that rRNA fragments and tRNA precursors originating from the internal spacer regions of the rrn operons, in particular, rrnB are abundant poly(A) polymerase targets. Focused analysis showed that Glu tRNA precursors originating from the rrnB and rrnG transcripts exhibit long 3′ trailers that are primarily removed by PNPase and to a lesser extent by RNase II and poly(A) polymerase. Moreover, 3′ trimming by exoribonucleases precedes 5′ end maturation by RNase P. Interestingly, characterization of RNA fragments that accumulate in a PNPase deficient strain showed that Glu tRNA precursors still harbouring the 5′ leader can be degraded by a 3′ to 5′ quality control pathway involving poly(A) polymerase. This demonstrates that the surveillance of tRNA maturation described for a defective tRNA also applies to a wild‐type tRNA.
Bitter taster status predicts susceptibility to vection‐induced motion sickness and nausea
Authors: Benson P. W. , Hooker J. B. , Koch K. L. , Weinberg R. B. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBackground  Sensitivity to bitter taste and susceptibility to nausea are both protective mechanisms that guard against toxin ingestion, and both these traits vary within and between populations. Thus, we postulated that they may have co‐evolved, such that they are associated.Methods  Bitter taster status was determined in 40 subjects (13 men, 27 women) by measuring the differential perceived taste intensity between salt and n‐propylthiouracil using a labeled magnitude scale; susceptibility to vection‐induced motion sickness and nausea was assessed using an optokinetic drum, a validated multi‐symptom scoring scale, and electrogastrography.Key Results  Taster status distribution was 25% non‐tasters (NT), 40% tasters (T), and 35% supertasters (ST). Gender had no impact on this distribution, but females had a higher mean maximum symptom score than males (12.4 ± 1.4 vs 7.3 ± 2.0). Non‐tasters displayed a faster and larger increase in mean symptom scores, had a higher percentage of subjects with high maximum symptom scores, and had a higher mean maximum score than T or ST, (14.8 ± 2.6 vs 7.1 ± 1.8, vs 9.8 ± 2.0). Taster status did not affect the gastric myoelectric frequency response to vection.Conclusions & Inferences  Non‐tasters are more susceptible to vection‐induced motion sickness and nausea than T or ST, suggesting these two traits may have co‐evolved in a reciprocal manner: in environments where the NT trait conferred an evolutionary advantage by enabling intake of fruits and vegetables containing bitter, yet beneficial, phytonutrients, increased nausea susceptibility may have arisen to maintain protection against ingested toxins.
Habitat heterogeneity influences cold‐seep macrofaunal communities within and among seeps along the Norwegian margin – Part 2: contribution of chemosynthesis and nutritional patterns
Authors: Decker Carole , Olu Karine 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe relative contribution of chemosynthesis in heterotrophic fauna at seeps is known to be influenced by depth and by habitat. Using stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen, we investigated macro‐ and megafaunal nutritional patterns in Norwegian margin cold seeps by comparing food webs both among habitats within a seep site and between different sites. The very active Håkon Mosby mud volcano (HMMV) is characterized by geochemical gradients, microbial activity and faunal zonation from the centre to the periphery. The Storegga Slide (600–900 m depth) has pockmarks with patchy less active seeps, and also shows concentric zonation of habitats but at much smaller spatial scale. The dominant carbon source for macrofaunal nutrition in both areas was chemosynthetically fixed and the bulk of organic carbon was derived from sulphur‐oxidizing bacteria. In HMMV, food chains were clearly separated according to habitats, with significantly lighter δ13C signatures on microbial mats and adjacent sediment (−33.06 to −50.62‰) than in siboglinid fields (−19.83 to −35.03‰). Mixing model outputs revealed that the contribution of methane‐derived carbon was small in siboglinid fields (0–17%) but significant (39–61%) in the microbial mats. Moreover, the variability of macrofauna signatures within this later habitat suggests the co‐occurrence of two food chains, one based on primary production via methanotrophy and the other via sulphide oxidation. The length of the food chains also varied among habitats, with at least one more trophic level in the siboglinid fields located at the periphery of the volcano. Conversely, in Storrega pockmarks, faunal δ13C signatures did not vary among habitats but among species, although separate food chains seem to co‐occur. The small size of the seepage areas and their lower fluxes compared to HMMV allow more background species to penetrate the seep area, increasing the range of δ15N and the trophic level number. Probably due to the higher flux of photosynthetic particulate organic carbon, the overall chemosynthesis‐based carbon contribution in invertebrate nutrition was lower than that in HMMV.