bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Randomized controlled trial: Comparative efficacy for the treatment of facial telangiectasias with 532 nm versus 940 nm diode laser
Authors: Tierney Emily , Hanke C. William 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackgroundWhile the 532 nm wavelength has been demonstrated to be effective for facial telangiectasias, 940 nm is a novel wavelength which has only been reported in case reports. While both the 532 and 940 nm wavelengths are effective for facial telangiectasias, we lack evidence to support whether one wavelength is superior.Study DesignRandomized, blinded split‐faced trial for the 532 and 940 nm diode laser wavelengths. Side effects of erythema, crusting, swelling, and blistering (0–5 scale, 0 = not present, 1 = trace, 5 = severe) were assessed. Prior to treatment and at 2 months after a series of two treatments, telangiectasias were assessed (1–10 scale, 1 = focal telangiectasias, 10 = diffuse telangiectasias). Assessment of the degree of improvement in facial telangiectasias was performed by two blinded non‐treating physician evaluators from patient photographs.ResultsA total of 24 facial anatomic sites were treated with the 532 and 940 nm wavelengths. Presence and severity of side effects of erythema, crusting, swelling, blistering (0–5 scale, 0 = not present, 1 = trace, 5 = severe) were assessed. Pain associated with the laser treatment was rated as significantly less for the 940 nm wavelength relative to the 532 nm wavelength. Erythema post‐treatment was significantly less with 940 nm relative to 532 nm. Significant crusting and swelling were only reported with the 532 nm wavelength. The mean percentage improvement with the 940 nm wavelength (63.0%) was greater than that achieved with the 532 nm wavelength (47.8%) (P<0.05). On photographic evaluation, 940 nm was significantly more efficacious for larger caliber vessels than 532 nm. Both wavelengths were equally efficacious for smaller caliber vessels.ConclusionsWhile both 532 and 940 nm diode laser produced significant improvement in facial telangiectasias, greater efficacy was found with 940 nm as well as a significantly more tolerable side effect profile. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:555–562, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed dye laser‐induced inflammatory response and extracellular matrix turnover in rat vocal folds and vocal fold fibroblasts
Authors: Lin Ya , Yamashita Masaru , Zhang Jingxian , Ling Changying , Welham Nathan V. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDisruption of the vocal fold extracellular matrix (ECM) can induce a profound and refractory dysphonia. Pulsed dye laser (PDL) irradiation has shown early promise as a treatment modality for disordered ECM in patients with chronic vocal fold scar; however, there are limited data addressing the mechanism by which this laser energy might induce cellular and extracellular changes in vocal fold tissues. In this study, we examined the inflammatory and ECM modulating effects of PDL irradiation on normal vocal fold tissues and cultured vocal fold fibroblasts (VFFs).Study Design/Materials and MethodsWe evaluated the effects of 585 nm PDL irradiation on inflammatory cytokine and collagen/collagenase gene transcription in normal rat vocal folds in vivo (3–168 hours following delivery of ∼39.46 J/cm2 fluence) and VFFs in vitro (3–72 hours following delivery of 4.82 or 9.64 J/cm2 fluence). We also examined morphological vocal fold tissue changes 3 hours, 1 week, and 1 month post‐irradiation.ResultsPDL irradiation altered inflammatory cytokine and procollagen/collagenase expression at the transcript level, both in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, PDL irradiation induced an inflammatory repair process in vivo that was completed by 1 month with preservation of normal tissue morphology.ConclusionsPDL irradiation can modulate ECM turnover in phenotypically normal vocal folds. Additional work is required to determine if these findings extend to disordered ECM, such as is seen in vocal fold scar. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:585–594, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postural tremor in X‐linked spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy
Authors: Hanajima Ritsuko , Terao Yasuo , Nakatani‐Enomoto Setsu , Hamada Masashi , Yugeta Akihiro , Matsumoto Hideyuki , Yamamoto Tomotaka , Tsuji Shoji , Ugawa Yoshikazu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPostural tremor is a common initial symptom in spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), but its pathophysiological mechanisms remain to be studied. This study was undertaken to examine the physiological mechanisms underlying postural tremor in SBMA. For eight patients (36–63 years old) with genetically confirmed SBMA, we recorded surface electromyograms (EMGs) from the forearm muscles and hand movements with an accelerometer (ACC) while maintaining a posture with and without a weight load. We then analyzed their power spectra and coherence. The peak tremor frequency was 6–9 Hz in seven patients and 2–3 Hz in one patient. Oscillatory movements were associated with EMG activity in five patients, but not in three patients. Weight loads and postural changes affected the tremor frequency in all patients. Tremor was classified as “reflex tremor” in five patients and “mechanical tremor” in three patients. These results suggest that peripheral factors play important roles in tremor genesis in SBMA, although its clinical features resemble essential tremor. Subclinical sensory disturbance or a decrease of motor unit numbers might be candidates for such peripheral factors contributing to tremor genesis in SBMA. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
A π‐stacked and conjugated hybrid based on poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) postfunctionalized with terfluorene for stable deep‐blue hole‐transporting materials
Authors: Xie Ling‐Hai , Deng Xian‐Yu , Chen Lin , Chen Shu‐Fen , Liu Ran‐Ran , Hou Xiao‐Ya , Wong King‐Young , Ling Qi‐Dan , Huang Wei 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe combination of π‐stacked with π‐conjugated building blocks offers an essential strategy to construct multifunctional organic semiconductors (MOSs) with the unique optoelectrical properties. Covalent hybrids can efficiently avoid the intrinsic phase‐separation defects in corresponding blend system. In this contribution, poly(vinylcarbazole) tethered with terfluorene, PVK‐TF, as a double‐channeled π‐stacked and π‐conjugated hybrid (SCH), has been constructed via Friedal‐Crafts click postmodification (FCCP). The chemical structure and optoelectrical property were determined by GPC, UV–vis, PL, TGA, DSC, and CV. Its PL spectra in the annealing thin film at N2 atmosphere without low‐energy emission bands centered at the 530 nm indicates that no π‐stacks between carbazole and TF or among TFs dominate the whole condensed phase, which is in agreement with the intrachain T‐shaped π‐pitched motifs in molecular modeling simulation due to steric hindrance effect in complicated diarylfluorenes (CDAFs). A supporting prototype stable deep‐blue PLED was successfully obtained with an Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.20, 0.10) and a width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 60 nm at high current density of 100 mA/cm2 (35 V). Deep‐blue PVK‐TF is a promising MOS for hole‐transporting and host materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5221–5229, 2009
Role of dispersion stabilizer with hydroxy groups in preparation of monodisperse polylactide microspheres
Authors: Muranaka Makoto , Ono Tsutomu 
Published: September 2009

AbstractMonodisperse poly(D,L‐lactide) (PDLLA) microspheres were prepared by dispersion polymerization of D,L‐lactide in xylene/heptane (1/2, v/v) with poly[(dodecyl methacrylate)‐co‐(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)] (P(DMA‐co‐HEMA)) as a dispersion stabilizer. P(DMA‐co‐HEMA) contains hydroxy groups, which act as an initiation group for pseudoanionic dispersion polymerization. The best coefficient of variation (CV) values concerning particle diameter distribution and the particle diameter of obtained PDLLA microspheres were 3.7% and 5.3 μm, respectively. The particle diameter decreased with increasing concentration of P(DMA‐co‐HEMA) and HEMA maintained low CV (<10%) values. As a result, monodisperse PDLLA microspheres ranging from 1.3 to 5.3 μm were obtained. In addition, it was found that monodisperse PDLLA microspheres were obtained by sufficient capture of growing polymers and monomers in the particle growth stage. Therefore, the HEMA concentration in P(DMA‐co‐HEMA) strongly affecting the capturing capability is the most important factor. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5230–5240, 2009
Controlled vinyl‐type polymerization of norbornene with a Nickel(II) diphosphinoamine/methylaluminoxane catalytic system
Authors: Vougioukalakis Georgios C. , Stamatopoulos Ioannis , Petzetakis Nikolaos , Raptopoulou Catherine P. , Psycharis Vassilis , Terzis Aris , Kyritsis Panayotis , Pitsikalis Marinos , Hadjichristidis Nikos 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA novel nickel‐based complex coordinated with an asymmetric diphosphinoamine ligand was synthesized and fully characterized. Single crystals of good quality were also obtained, and the solid‐state structure of the complex was studied via X‐rays diffraction. The catalytic activity of this Ni(II) complex in the vinyl‐type polymerization of norbornene was studied with methylaluminoxane (MAO) as the cocatalyst/activator. The influence of the reaction time, the equivalents of MAO used, and the concentration of the monomer on: (i) the activity of the catalytic system; (ii) the isolated yield of the polymer; and (iii) the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer were investigated. The isolated polynorbornene (PNB) yields are significantly higher compared with those reported for other similar nickel‐based systems. The as‐obtained PNBs are characterized by high molecular weights and relatively narrow and monomodal molecular weight distributions (amongst the narrowest reported in the literature). The linear dependence of the molecular weight of the obtained PNB on the concentration of norbornene points toward a controlled polymerization reaction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5241–5250, 2009
Synthesis, photopolymerization, and adhesive properties of new bisphosphonic acid monomers for dental application
Authors: Catel Yohann , Degrange Michel , Pluart Loïc Le , Madec Pierre‐Jean , Pham Thi‐Nhàn , Chen Fei , Cook Wayne D. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFour new monomers, 3‐(N‐methylacrylamido)propylidenebisphosphonic acid, 3‐(N‐propyl‐acrylamido)propylidenebisphosphonic acid, 3‐(N‐hexylacrylamido)propylidenebisphosphonic acid, and 3‐(N‐octylacrylamido)propylidenebisphosphonic acid, have been synthesized in good yields and fully characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and HRMS. The copolymerization of these monomers with N,N′‐diethyl‐1,3‐bis(acrylamido)propane (DEBAAP) has been investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. These mixtures show a higher reactivity than DEBAAP. New self‐etch dental primers, based on these acrylamide monomers, have been formulated. Dentin shear bond strength measurements have shown that primers based on these bisphosphonic acids assure a strong bond between the tooth substance and a dental composite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5258–5271, 2009
PVA networks grafted with PDMS branches
Authors: Subramanyam Ummadisetty , Kennedy Joseph P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe describe a simple and efficient synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) networks fitted with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) branches (PVAnetw‐g‐PDMS). The syntheses were achieved in two steps: (1) Grafting by urethane linking PDMS carrying NCO termini (PDMS‐NCO) onto PVA fitted with a few (∼4) photoreactive acryl amide groups (PVAAA), followed by (2) Photocrosslinking the PVAAA‐g‐PDMS to PVAnetw‐g‐PDMS. The use of the binary N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone/tetrahydrofuran (NMP/THF, 67/33) solvent system enabled the thermodynamically unfavorable mixing of hydrophobic PDMS branches with hydrophilic PVAAA backbones. The amphiphilic graft, PVAAA‐g‐PDMS, was characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy, and the final graft network, PVAnetw‐g‐PDMS, by FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, and equilibrium swelling. The grafting of sufficient volumes of PDMS branches onto PVAAA yields cocontinuous hydrophilic/hydrophobic PVA/PDMS domains, whose existence was demonstrated by swelling in both water and hexanes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5272–5277, 2009
A comprehensive investigation into “controlled/living” chain growth crosslinking copolymerization including a back to basics modeling
Authors: Poly Julien , Wilson D.James , Destarac Mathias , Taton Daniel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe mainstay of this description is a modeling of “controlled/living” chain growth crosslinking copolymerization (C/L CC) that is based on a simple equivalent kinetic scheme, resulting from assumptions consistent with an ideal C/L behavior. Analytical expressions of the double bond concentration according to reaction parameters are derived from the corresponding set of differential equations, and consideration of the respective values of the rate constants enables one to forecast the morphology of the branched polymers derived by C/L CC. The kinetic scheme is then enriched with a necessary distinction between intramolecular (cyclization) and intermolecular crosslinking which contribute to the formation of three‐dimensional structures and to the increase of molar masses, respectively. This consideration leads to a key‐equation governing C/L CC, which can be exploited in two ways. Its implicit integration coupled with a semi‐empiric methodology gives an easy access to all the characteristic magnitudes of the products at complete conversion of the double bonds. An alternative approach implying a supplementary modeling of local concentration effects enables its numerical resolution. Modeled trends and predicted characteristic values are then successfully compared with experimental data which relate to xanthate‐mediated radical CC. Specific reasons of dispersity related to the mechanism of CC are also discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5313–5327, 2009
Preparation of nanocomposites by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization from the surface of quantum dots in miniemulsion
Authors: Esteves Ana Catarina C. , Hodge Philip , Trindade Tito , Barros‐Timmons Ana M. M. V. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractHerein, we report the synthesis of quantum dots (QDs)/polymer nanocomposites by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in miniemulsions using a grafting from approach. First, the surfaces of CdS and CdSe QDs were functionalized using a chain transfer agent, a trisalkylphosphine oxide incorporating 4‐cyano‐4‐(thiobenzoylsulfanyl)pentanoic acid moieties. Using a free radical initiator (AIBN) to activate the RAFT process, a polystyrene (PS) block was grafted from the surface of the QDs. Quantum confinement effects were identified for the nanocomposite obtained, so attesting to the integrity of the QDs after the polymerization. Free PS chains were also present in the final nanocomposite, indicating that the RAFT polymerization from the surface of the QDs was accompanied by conventional free radical polymerization. After isolating the nanocomposite particles, a second poly(n‐butyl acrylate) block was tentatively grown from the initial PS block. The first results indicated a successful polymerization of the second polymer and show the potential of the current strategy to prepare block copolymers from the surface of the RAFT‐modified QDs. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5367–5377, 2009
Near‐infrared electrochromic poly(aryl ether)s based on isolated electroactive tetraphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine moieties
Authors: Liou Guey‐Sheng , Yen Hung‐Ju , Chiang Ming‐Che 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA series of near‐infrared (NIR) electrochromic aromatic poly(aryl ether)s containing N,N,N′,N′‐tetraphenyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (TPPA) moieties in the backbone were prepared from the high‐temperature polycondensation reactions of a biphenol monomer, 2,5‐bis(diphenylamino)hydroquinone, with difluoro compounds. The obtained polymers were readily soluble in many organic solvents and showed useful levels of thermal stability associated with high glass‐transition temperatures (182–205 °C) and high char yields (higher than 40% at 800 °C in nitrogen). The polymer films showed reversible electrochemical oxidation with high contrast ratio both in the visible range and NIR region, and also exhibited high coloration efficiency (CE), low switching time, and stability for electrochromic operation. The polyether TPPA‐a thin film revealed good CE in visible (CE = 217 cm2/C) and NIR (CE = 192 cm2/C) region with reversible electroactive stability (over 500 times within 5% loss relative to its initial injected charge). © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5378–5385, 2009
Aqueous RAFT polymerization of 2‐aminoethyl methacrylate to produce well‐defined, primary amine functional homo‐ and copolymers
Authors: Alidedeoglu Alp H. , York Adam W. , McCormick Charles L. , Morgan Sarah E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe report the direct homopolymerization and block copolymerization of 2‐aminoethyl methacrylate (AEMA) via aqueous reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The controlled “living” polymerization of AEMA was carried out directly in aqueous buffer using 4‐cyanopentanoic acid dithiobenzoate (CTP) as the chain transfer agent (CTA), and 2,2′‐azobis(2‐imidazolinylpropane) dihydrochloride (VA‐044) as the initiator at 50 °C. The controlled “living” character of the polymerization was verified with pseudo‐first order kinetic plots, a linear increase of the molecular weight with conversion, and low polydispersities (PDIs) (<1.2). In addition, well‐defined copolymers of poly(AEMA‐b‐HPMA) have been prepared through chain extension of poly(AEMA) macroCTA with N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (HPMA) in water. It is shown that the macroCTA can be extended in a controlled fashion resulting in near monodisperse block copolymers. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5405–5415, 2009
Synthesis, characterization, and photoresponsive behavior of new azobenzene‐containing polyethers
Authors: Peris Sergio , Tylkowski Bartosz , Carles Ronda Joan , Garcia‐Valls Ricard , Reina José Antonio , Giamberini Marta 
Published: September 2009

AbstractTwo new polyethers, bearing azobenzene moiety in the side chain, were synthesized in excellent yields by means of anionic polymerization of 4‐glycidyloxyazobenzene and 4‐cyano‐4′‐glycidyloxyazobenzene (leading to azo‐P1 and azo‐P2 polymers, respectively) with the system polyiminophosphazene base t‐Bu‐P4/3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenol as initiator. The polymers were characterized with respect to their molecular weights, structure, and calorimetric features. The polyether bearing cyanoazobenzene group in the side chain was found to exhibit nematic phase up to 200 °C. E–Z isomerization of both polymers in tetrahydrofuran solution, after irradiating with UV light at 364 nm for 15 min, was investigated by means of UV–visible absorption spectroscopy. In the case of glycidylic monomers as well as the resulting polymers, E–Z isomerization was also investigated by means of 1H NMR, by direct irradiation in the NMR probe in deuterated 1,1,2,2‐tetrachloroethane solution. By this technique, in the case of 4‐cyano‐4′‐glycidyloxyazobenzene, it was found that irradiation led to a photostationary state corresponding to an amount of Z isomer equal to 25%. For azo‐P1 polymer, Z–E or “reverse” isomerization was investigated at 60, 70, or 80 °C directly in the NMR probe; as expected, the process followed a first‐order rate law. The kinetic constants as well as the activation energy for the process were determined in this temperature range. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5426–5436, 2009
Michael addition for crosslinking of poly(caprolactone)s
Authors: Ozturk Gozde , Long Timothy E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPoly(caprolactone) (PCL) networks have received significant attention in the literature because of many emerging potential applications as biodegradable materials. In this study, the Michael addition reaction was used for the first time to synthesize biodegradable networks using crosslinking of acetoacetate‐functionalized PCL (PCL bisAcAc) oligomers with neopentyl glycol diacrylate. Hydroxyl‐terminated PCL telechelic oligomers with number‐average molecular weights ranging from 1000 to 4000 g/mol were quantitatively functionalized with acetoacetate groups using transacetoacetylation. In addition to difunctional PCL oligomers, hydroxyl‐terminated trifunctional star‐shaped PCL oligomers were functionalized with acetoacetate groups. Derivatization of the terminal hydroxyl groups with acetoacetate groups was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy, 1H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and base titration of hydroxyl end groups. PCL bisAcAc precursors were reacted with neopentyl glycol diacrylate in the presence of an organic base at room temperature. The crosslinking reactions yielded networks with high gel contents (>85%). The thermomechanical properties of the networks were analyzed to investigate the influence of molecular weight between crosslink points. The glass transition and the extent of crystallinity of the PCL networks were dependent on the molecular weight of the PCL segment. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that the plateau modulus of the networks was dependent on the molecular weight of PCL, which was related to the crosslink density of the networks. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5437–5447, 2009
Synthesis of gradient copolymers with complexing groups by RAFT polymerization and their solubility in supercritical CO2
Authors: Ribaut Tiphaine , Lacroix‐Desmazes Patrick , Fournel Bruno , Sarrade Stéphane 
Published: September 2009

AbstractWe report the synthesis of new gradient fluorinated copolymers with complexing groups and soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Poly(1,1,2,2‐tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate‐co‐acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(FDA‐co‐AAEM)) and poly(1,1,2,2‐tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate‐co‐vinylbenzylphosphonic acid diethylester) (poly(FDA‐co‐VBPDE)) gradient copolymers were synthesized by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in α,α,α‐trifluorotoluene. Poly(1,1,2,2‐tetrahydroperfluorodecyl acrylate‐co‐vinylbenzylphosphonic diacid) (poly(FDA‐co‐VBPDA)) gradient copolymer was efficiently obtained by cleavage of the phosphonic ester groups of poly(FDA‐co‐VBPDE). The cloud points of these gradient copolymers in dense CO2 were measured in a variable volume view cell at temperatures between 25 and 65 °C. The gradient copolymers show very good solubility in compressed CO2 with the decreasing order: poly(FDA‐co‐AAEM) ≈ poly(FDA‐co‐VBPDE) > poly(FDA‐co‐VBPDA). Following a green chemistry strategy, poly(FDA‐co‐AAEM) gradient copolymer was successfully synthesized in scCO2 with a good control over number‐average molecular weight and composition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5448–5460, 2009