bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Halogenation of Dibenzoselenophene and Dibenzo[1,2]diselenine
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Scherr Matthias 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe syntheses of the selenium containing heterocycles dibenzoselenophene (1 ≡ biphenSe) and dibenzo[1,2]diselenine (2 ≡ biphenSe2) were optimized. The halogenation reactions of 1 and 2 with XeF2, SO2Cl2, Br2 and I2 were performed and the corresponding products characterized. In the case of 1, the selenium(IV) dihalogenides, biphenSeF2 (3), biphenSeCl2 (4), biphenSeBr2 (5), and the adduct biphenSe·I2 (6), were isolated and identified. The extremely sensitive selenium(IV) difluoride 3 slowly formed significant amounts of an adduct with HF of the corresponding selenium(IV) oxide biphenSeO·HF (3a) upon storage in glass vessels at low temperatures. In the case of 2, the selenium(IV) trihalogenides, biphen(SeHal3)2 (Hal = F, Cl, Br), were found to be extremely labile (Hal = F) or not detectable (Hal = Cl, Br). Instead, as decomposition products, the selenium chloride species Se2Cl2, SeCl4 and 1 were detected. In the case of Hal = I, the stable adduct biphenSe2·I2 (7) was isolated. In addition to characterization by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, several molecular structures of biphen‐selenium substituted halogenides were determined.
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Monitoring During Esophagectomy and Mediastinal Lymph Node Dissection
Authors: Gelpke Hans , Grieder Felix , Decurtins Marco , Cadosch Dieter 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundPatients who undergo surgery to the esophagus and lungs are in jeopardy of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) damage during the procedure. This study was designed to investigate the feasibility of intraoperative monitoring of the RLN for single‐lung ventilation esophagus and lung surgery.MethodsTwelve consecutive patients booked for esophagus or lung surgery were included in this prospective, observational study. Six patients underwent transthoracic esophagectomy for carcinoma of the esophagogastric junction or lower esophagus, five had a lobectomy, and one underwent a pneumonectomy for lung carcinoma. Intraoperative, noninvasive RLN identification and monitoring was performed unilaterally (n = 8) or bilaterally (n = 4) using a handheld stimulator and a laryngeal surface electrode. The correct functioning of the nerve monitoring system was tested directly at the vagus nerve. Diagnosis of postoperative RLN paralysis was performed using indirect laryngoscopy.ResultsDuring the surgical procedures, we monitored a nerve signal in all 12 patients. In one patient with lower esophagus carcinoma, a nerve signal could be detected only on one side. Postoperative indirect laryngoscopy showed normal vocal cord movement in all patients.ConclusionsIntraoperative RLN identification and monitoring during single‐lung ventilation surgery is technically feasible, easy, and reliable. The introduction of standardized RLN monitoring during this type of surgery may reduce the incidence of permanent RLN paralysis.
Fruit fall in tropical and temperate forests: implications for frugivore diversity
Authors: Hanya Goro , Aiba Shin‐ichiro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThere have been few attempts to compare fruit productivity throughout the world, although this is indispensable for understanding the global variations in frugivore diversity. The purposes of this study are (1) to reveal the patterns in fruit fall in tropical and temperate forests, (2) to examine the environmental factors (location, climate, and total litterfall) affecting these patterns, and (3) to assess the effect of fruit fall on frugivore diversity by using bird and primate data. Fruit fall was compared among 53 forests, from around the equator to the cool‐temperate zone at 62°N, in Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Australia. Average ± SD of fruit fall (kg/ha/year) was 454 ± 258 in tropical, and 362 ± 352 in temperate forests. Fruit fall was exceptionally high in Australia (812 ± 461). When Australia was excluded, fruit fall significantly decreased with increasing absolute latitude and altitude, and fruit fall in tropical forest was 1.7 times larger than that in temperate forests (265 ± 227). Total litterfall affected fruit fall significantly, explaining 32, 28, and 64% of the variations of fruit fall in the entire data, tropical data, and temperate data, respectively. The fruit fall/litterfall ratio did not differ between temperate and tropical forests but was significantly higher in Australia than in other regions. Among climatic parameters (annual temperature, precipitation, actual evapotranspiration), a positive relationship was found between temperature and fruit fall in the entire dataset and within temperate forests. Fruit fall seemed to explain the temperate/tropical difference in frugivorous primate diversity to some extent, but not for frugivorous bird diversity. This study shows that the difference in fruit fall in tropical and temperate forests is smaller than that in frugivore diversity, and that it could explain at least part of the frugivore diversity.
Clinicians’ justification of imaging: do radiation issues play a role?
Authors: Borgen Lars , Stranden Erling , Espeland Ansgar 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Objective
To explore clinicians’ knowledge and consideration of radiation, in relation to their referral practice and use of referral guidelines for imaging.

Methods
A questionnaire was handed out to 213 clinicians in Norway; all responded: 77 general practitioners, 71 hospital physicians and 65 non-physicians (55 manual physiotherapists, 10 chiropractors). Questions concerned weighting of radiation dose, guideline use, referrals unlikely to affect treatment, doses from imaging procedures, ranking of imaging as radiation source, and deterministic and stochastic effects. For radiation knowledge, a total score was aggregated.

Results
The mean radiation knowledge score was 30.4/71. Most respondents underestimated doses from high-dose imaging, e.g., barium enema (94.7%), chest CT (57.7%) and abdominal CT (52.7%). Limited radiation knowledge was not compensated by using guidelines. Only 20% of physicians and 72% of non-physicians used referral guidelines. Non-physicians weighted radiation dose as being more important than physicians when referring; they also reported fewer referrals as being unlikely to affect treatment. Such referrals and not using guidelines were related to lower weighting of radiation dose but not to radiation knowledge.

Conclusion
Limited radiation knowledge and guideline use indicate suboptimal justification of referrals. When justifying imaging, weighting of radiation dose may play a larger role than detailed radiation knowledge.
Driving and Reintegration Into the Community in Patients After Stroke
Authors: Finestone Hillel M. , Guo Meiqi , O'Hara Paddi , Greene‐Finestone Linda , Marshall Shawn C. , Hunt Lynn , Biggs Jennifer , Jessup Anita 
Published: June 2010

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between driving versus not driving and community integration after stroke. Much research on patients who drive after experiencing a stroke has focused on driving assessment protocols; little attention has been given to the implications of assessment outcomes.DesignProspective study.SettingSix driving evaluation centers in Ontario, Canada.ParticipantsFifty‐three community‐dwelling patients who were referred for a driving assessment after they experienced a stroke.MethodsData on demographics, living circumstances, health status, driving habits, and driving history were gathered via a semistructured interview and various questionnaires administered on 3 occasions: study entry (≥1 month after stroke; n = 53), 3 months (n = 44), and 1 year (n = 43).Main Outcome MeasurementReintegration into the community at 1 year, as evaluated with the Reintegration to Normal Living Index (RNLI).ResultsThe participants had sustained a stroke an average of 12.3 months before study entry. Two subjects were driving at study entry. At 1 year, 28 (65%) of 43 subjects had passed their driving test and had resumed/continued driving. Nondrivers had a significantly lower mean RNLI score than drivers. Subjects who were not driving at study entry but had resumed driving by 1 year had a significant increase in RNLI score (P = .011). Driving was significantly associated with community integration after adjustment for concomitant health status (P < .001). Driving and health status were associated with community integration at 1 year, accounting for 32% of the variance in RNLI score.ConclusionsDriving after stroke was significantly associated with community integration in patients after adjustment for health status (P < .001). Community decision‐makers may decide to use the study results when determining the transportation needs of stroke survivors who self‐limit their driving because of weather, time of day, or distance concerns.
The effect of the crystal size in sample on the trace-element concentration
Authors: Tauson V.L. , Pastushkova T.M. , Babkin D.N. , Krasnoshchekova T.S. , Lustenberg E.E. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The dependence of trace-element concentration on the size of crystal in sample is experimentally studied by the example of gold distribution among single crystals of different sizes of hydrothermally grown pyrite, As-pyrite, and magnetite. The effect is modeled on the assumption that the Au uptake is due to a nonautonomous phase (NAP) at crystal surface. The structurally bound gold admixture is estimated from the dependence of the average content of evenly distributed gold on the specific surface of average crystal (1.5, 0.5, and 0.7 ppm for pyrite, As-pyrite with 0.02–0.08 wt.% As, and magnetite, respectively). The gold concentrations in hypothetical “pure” NAPs have been estimated by the extrapolation of the concentration dependence to the characteristic size of an NAP. The coefficients of fractionation of Au into an NAP relative to the bulk phase are 1.1 × 103, 3.5 × 103, and 2.4 × 103 for pyrite, As-pyrite, and magnetite, respectively. Thus, the above effect is comparable in magnitude with the known effect of trace-element trapping by defects of crystal structure. Arsenic admixture favors the fractionation of gold into an NAP. We also considered other manifestations of this effect and its significance for solving problems of experimental geochemistry and analytical chemistry of trace elements and mineral processing. The data obtained substantiate the new mechanism of uptake of incompatible elements (including noble metals) during endogenic ore formation as more common and more effective than classical adsorption, including reducing adsorption of mercury and noble metals on mineral phases.
CENTRALIZERS IN THE SEMIGROUP OF INJECTIVE TRANSFORMATIONS ON AN INFINITE SET
Authors: KONIECZNY JANUSZ 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFor an infinite setX, denote by Γ(X) the semigroup of all injective mappings fromXtoX. Forα∈Γ(X), letC(α)={β∈Γ(X):αβ=βα} be the centralizer ofαin Γ(X). For an arbitraryα∈Γ(X), we characterize the elements ofC(α) and determine Green’s relations inC(α), including the partial orders of ℒ-, ℛ-, and 𝒥-classes.
ON A CLASS OF GENERALIZED FERMAT EQUATIONS
Authors: DĄBROWSKI ANDRZEJ 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe generalize the main result of the paper by Bennett and Mulholland [‘On the diophantine equation xn+yn=2αpz2’, C. R. Math. Acad. Sci. Soc. R. Can.28 (2006), 6–11] concerning the solubility of the diophantine equation xn+yn=2αpz2. We also demonstrate, by way of examples, that questions about solubility of a class of diophantine equations of type (3,3,p) or (4,2,p) can be reduced, in certain cases, to studying several equations of the type (p,p,2).
Images of the World: Studying Abroad and Chinese Attitudes towards International Affairs
Authors: Han Donglin , Zweig David 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSince the late 19th century many Chinese leaders have studied abroad, mostly in Japan, the US or the former Soviet Union. Recently, thousands are returning from studying overseas. Is this new cohort of returnees more internationalist than Chinese who do not study abroad? If their values differ and they join China's elite, they could influence China's foreign policy. Drawing on surveys of returnees from Japan and Canada over the past 15 years, we compare their views on “co-operative internationalism” and “assertive nationalism” with the attitudes of China's middle class drawn from a nationwide survey in 2006. Our returnees are both more “internationalist” than the middle class and less nationalistic. So they are likely to support China's increasing international role and perhaps constrain China's growing nationalist sentiment.
Northern Exposure: Cross-Regionalism and the China–Iceland Preferential Trade Negotiations
Authors: Lanteigne Marc 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn increasingly visible facet of China's commercial diplomacy has been its pursuit of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with small and medium-sized economies outside Asia. China's PTAs, completed or under negotiation, have indicated both a conservative approach and an increasing comfort level with cross-regional trade negotiations. The China–Iceland PTA negotiations since 2006 illustrate this new thinking. Although the island state has a considerably smaller economy, China has perceived the negotiations as being undertaken between equals as well as an important bilateralism model. A successful deal will further demonstrate a new stage in Chinese commercial diplomacy and its approach to bilateral trade as well as a determination to engage the European economy even through a “side door” approach. However, in light of Iceland's banking crisis and deep recession in late 2008, Beijing has also had to address the uncertainties of negotiating with small states in a time of global economic uncertainty.
The Anti–Unity Sect Campaign and Mass Mobilization in the Early People's Republic of China
Authors: Hung Chang-tai 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe anti-Unity Sect campaign (1949–53), a precursor to the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries (thezhenfanmovement), was one of the Chinese Communists' most violent policies to root out a perceived evil cult in China. This article argues that the drive was never simply a religious crusade. It was essentially a mass mobilization for the purpose of consolidating the Communists' power and legitimacy. Through a host of propaganda channels, including media attacks and public trials, the Communists dealt a crippling blow to the sect. The mobilization campaign turned many citizens into supporters and agents of the government, and its tactics would soon be mimicked in subsequent political movements.
Morphological Fractal Analysis of Shape in Cancer Cells Treated with Combinations of Microtubule-Polymerizing and -Depolymerizing Agents
Authors: Uppal Sonal O. , Voronine Dmitri V. , Wendt Elizabeth , Heckman Carol A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe current prognostic parameters, including tumor volume, biochemistry, or immunohistochemistry, are not sufficient to reflect the properties of cancer cells that distinguish them from normal cells. Our focus is to evaluate the effects of a combination of microtubule-polymerizing Taxol® and -depolymerizing colchicine on IAR20 PC1 liver cells by measuring the surface fractal dimension as a descriptor of two-dimensional vascular geometrical complexity. The fractal dimension offers a rapid means of assessing cell shape. Furthermore, we show correlations of fractal dimensions of cell contours with the latent factors from our previously employed cell shape analysis.
Three-Dimensional Imaging in Aberration-Corrected Electron Microscopes
Authors: Xin Huolin L. , Muller David A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article focuses on the development of a transparent and uniform understanding of possibilities for three-dimensional (3D) imaging in scanning transmission and confocal electron microscopes (STEMs and SCEMs), with an emphasis on the annular dark-field STEM (ADF-STEM), bright-field SCEM (BF-SCEM), and ADF-SCEM configurations. The incoherent imaging approximation and a 3D linear imaging model for ADF-STEM are reviewed. A 3D phase contrast model for coherent-SCEM as well as a pictorial way to find boundaries of information transfer in reciprocal space are reviewed and applied to both BF- and ADF-SCEM to study their 3D point spread functions and contrast transfer functions (CTFs). ADF-STEM is capable of detecting the depths of dopant atoms in amorphous materials but can fail for crystalline materials when channeling substantially modifies the electron propagation. For the imaging of extended (i.e., nonpointlike) features, ADF-STEM and BF-SCEM exhibit strong elongation artifacts due to the missing cone of information. ADF-SCEM shows an improvement over ADF-STEM/BF-SCEM due to its differential phase contrast eliminating slowly varying backgrounds, an effect that partially suppresses the elongation artifacts. However, the 3D CTF still has a cone of missing information that will result in some residual feature elongation as has been observed in A. Hashimoto et al., J Appl Phys160(8), 086101 (2009).
“You can only take so much, and it took everything out of me”: Coping strategies used by parents of children with cancer
Authors: Miedema Baukje , Hamilton Ryan , Fortin Pierrette , Easley Julie , Matthews Maria 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective: This study qualitatively assesses the coping strategies of parents who care for a child with cancer.Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 French and English families who had had a child diagnosed with cancer in the last ten years in two Eastern Canadian provinces. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded with a focus on parental coping strategies.Results: Using coping behaviors as described and categorized in the Family Adjustment and Adaptation Response (FAAR) model as a foundation, we found that families used a variety of appraisal-, emotion-, and problem-focused coping. Appraisal-focused coping strategies involved trying to stay “positive” and “making positive comparisons.” Problem-focused coping involved behaviors such as being an advocate for the child and seeking information. The majority of parents, however, described using emotion-focused coping behaviors such as trying to avoid “feeling too much” by hiding difficult emotions and “escaping” from problems. Others used more positive emotion-focused coping behaviors such as humor, seeking support (informal or formal), or writing diaries. A small group of parents used ineffective coping strategies (alcohol abuse, misdirected anger) that added to family stress. These ineffective strategies have led to a modification of the FAAR model indicating that not all coping behaviors are beneficial to family adjustment in crisis. Overall, many parents felt that their coping strategies were effective; however, a few described having a complete “coping breakdown”.Significance of results: Parents used a range of coping strategies of which emotion-focused coping was the most prominent. We have enhanced the FAAR model by including additional coping behaviors as well as a description of how some coping behaviors add to the daily stressors for parents dealing with a child's illness. Professional health care providers need to understand the variability of the coping behaviors in order to appropriately assist parents to avoid coping breakdowns.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and assisted ventilation: How patients decide
Authors: Lemoignan Josée , Ells Carolyn 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground: Throughout the course of their illness, people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) must make many treatment decisions; however, none has such a significant impact on quality of life and survival as decisions about assisted ventilation.Objective: The purpose of this study was to better understand the experience of decision-making about assisted ventilation for ALS patients.Methods: Using qualitative phenomenology methodology, 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted with persons with ALS and their caregivers to elicit factors that are pertinent to their decision-making process about assisted ventilation.Results: Six main themes emerged from the interviews. (1) the meaning of the intervention — participants made a sharp distinction between non-invasive ventilation, which they viewed as a means to relieve symptoms of respiratory failure, and invasive ventilation, which they viewed as taking over their breathing and thereby saving their life when they otherwise would die, (2) the importance of context — including functional status, available supports, and financial implications, (3) the importance of values — with respect to communication, relationships, autonomy, life, and quality of life, (4) the effect of fears — particularly respiratory distress, chocking, running out of air, and the process of death itself, (5) the need for information — how use of assisted ventilation would impact daily life, how death from respiratory failure would occur, how caregivers and persons with ALS differ in their information needs and common misconceptions, and (6) adaptation to or acceptance of the intervention — a lengthy process that involved gradual familiarization with the equipment and its benefits.Significance of the research: People with ALS and caregivers value autonomy in decision-making about assisted ventilation. Their decision-making process is neither wholly rational nor self-interested, and includes factors that health professionals should anticipate and address. Discussions about assisted ventilation and timing should be tailored to each individual and undertaken periodically.
Pay scheme preferences and health policy objectives
Authors: Abelsen Birgit 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper studies the preferences among healthcare workers towards pay schemes involving different levels of risk. It identifies which pay scheme individuals would prefer for themselves, and which they think is best in furthering health policy objectives. The paper adds, methodologically, a way of defining pay schemes that include different levels of risk. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 1111 dentists. Respondents provided information about their current and preferred pay schemes, and indicated which pay scheme, in their opinion, would best further overall health policy objectives. A total of 504 dentists (45%) returned the questionnaire, and there was no indication of systematic non-response bias. Allpublicdentists had a current pay scheme based on a fixed salary and the majority of individuals preferred a pay scheme with more income risk. Their preferred pay schemes coincided with the ones believed to further stabilise healthcare personnel. The predominant current pay scheme amongprivatedentists was based solely on individual output, and the majority of respondents preferred this pay scheme. In addition, their preferred pay schemes coincided with the ones believed to further efficiency objectives. Both public and private dentists believed that pay schemes, furthering efficiency objectives, had to include more performance-related pay than the ones believed to further stability and quality objectives.