bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrient Manipulation to Control the Toxic Alga Prymnesium parvum: Verification of Treatments and Resolution of the Issue of Elevated pH
Authors: Kurten Gerald L , Barkoh Aaron , Begley Drew C , Fries Loraine T 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
In previous mesocosm experiments simulating aquaculture ponds, we found that fertilization with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) eliminated the toxigenic alga Prymnesium parvum. However, the effective inorganic fertilization regimes (three applications of 300 μg N/L plus 30 μg P/L or 117 μg N/L plus 15 μg P/L per week) produced high pH and un-ionized ammonia (UIA) levels known to reduce the survival of sensitive fish species. In follow-up studies, lower UIA levels were achieved, but the issue of high pH remained unresolved. In the present study, we used hatchery ponds to examine the effects of the most effective inorganic fertilization regimes in combination with a standard cottonseed meal fertilization regime on P. parvum, pH, water quality, chlorophyll a, and zooplankton. Cottonseed meal was used to counter the elevated pH caused by inorganic fertilization. The results confirmed the efficacy of inorganic fertilization in controlling P. parvum in ponds, but the effect was dependent on the doses of N and P. Ponds with the highest dose of N and P had the fastest decline in ichthyotoxicity and P. parvum density. The addition of inorganic fertilizers to the standard cottonseed meal regime also improved chlorophyll-a levels and zooplankton abundance. The amplitudes of diel dissolved oxygen concentration and the risk of low concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the morning were greater in these ponds than in ponds fertilized with cottonseed meal alone. Also, pH was not reduced to safe levels for Morone spp. fry and fingerlings. Reducing pH to levels that are safe for fish is still a challenge that has to be meet before implementing this P. parvum management technique in ponds where pH-sensitive fish are reared. The timing of pond filling and fertilization to achieve P. parvum control before stocking the fish also needs refinement under this management strategy.
Received May 6, 2010; accepted September 9, 2010
Dietary Calcein Marking of Shovelnose Sturgeon and the Effect of Sunlight on Mark Retention
Authors: Honeyfield Dale C , Kindschi Greg A , Bell Thomas A , Mohler Jerre W 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Calcein, a fluorochrome dye, is a potential fish-marking agent that has not been evaluated in sturgeon. Shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (average weight, 9.7 g) were fed calcein, immersed in a calcein bath, or left unmarked to determine calcein mark intensity. In the first study, six treatments were evaluated in a two-by-three factorial arrangement. Feed was formulated with 2.0 g of SE-MARK/kg either as powder or in an encapsulated form. Sturgeon were fed the test diets for 5, 10, or 15 d. They readily ate feed containing powdered or encapsulated calcein. Sturgeon fed powdered calcein had more brilliant marks than those fed encapsulated calcein (8.27 versus 4.66 lm; P &lt; 0.03) 6 months postexposure. Fish fed calcein for 15 d (11.26 lm) were more brilliant (P &lt; 0.002) than fish fed for either 5 d (3.02 lm) or 10 d (5.11 lm). Post hoc comparison of the three treatment groups showed that sturgeon fed powdered calcein for 15 d (14.06 lm) were brighter (P &lt; 0.01) than fish fed encapsulated calcein (8.46 lm) or fish immersed in calcein (9.68 lm). In the second study, previously marked sturgeon were exposed to sunlight for 14 months to determine their retention of calcein marks. Dorsal marks were no longer visible on fish exposed to 100% sunlight after 8 weeks. Most but not all fish exposed to 20% sunlight had no discernable dorsal marks after 8 weeks, but ventral marks at the pectoral fin girdle were present on all fish in the 0% and 20% sunlight exposure treatments. Feeding calcein for 15 d appears to have excellent potential for practical application, such as distinguishing hatchery-reared from wild fish. Ventral calcein marks remained visible after 14 months of exposure to 20% sunlight when sturgeon were reared in clear water.
Received April 2, 2010; accepted September 22, 2010
Use of Corn Gluten Feed and Cottonseed Meal to Replace Soybean Meal and Corn in Diets for Pond-Raised Channel Catfish
Authors: Li Menghe H , Robinson Edwin H , Bosworth Brian G , Oberle Daniel F , Lucas Penelope M 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The prices of soybean meal and corn—the two most commonly used, traditional feed ingredients in channel catfish diets—have increased dramatically in recent years. Using less-expensive alternative feed ingredients to partially replace soybean meal and corn would reduce feed cost. The present study evaluated the use of corn gluten feed and cottonseed meal, two promising alternative feedstuffs, as replacements for soybean meal and corn in diets for pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Five isonitrogenous (28% crude protein) diets that used corn gluten feed and cottonseed meal (approximately 1:1 ratio) to replace 0, 25, 50, 75, or 100% of the soybean meal in the control diet were evaluated. The level of corn in the diet decreased as those of corn gluten feed and cottonseed meal increased. Stocker-size channel catfish (mean initial weight = 0.175 kg/fish) were stocked into twenty 0.05-ha earthen ponds at a rate of 14,830 fish/ha. Fish were fed once daily to apparent satiation over a growing season. Net yield, carcass and fillet yield, and fillet protein and fat levels decreased and the feed conversion ratio increased linearly as soybean meal replacement levels increased. These results demonstrate that a maximum of 50% of the soybean meal in channel catfish diets may be replaced (soybean meal was reduced from 51.4% to 25.7%) by a combination of corn gluten feed and cottonseed meal (up to 20% of each in the diet) without markedly affecting the physical quality of feed pellets, fish growth, processed yield, and body composition. The poor performance of diets containing high levels of corn gluten feed and cottonseed meal are probably a result of high fiber, low digestible energy, or both.
Received June 1, 2010; accepted October 1, 2010
Toxicity of Rotenone to Giant River Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Ogunsanya Tiffany , Durborow Robert M , Webster Carl D , Tidwell James H , Coyle Shawn , Thompson Kenneth , Jarboe Herman H , Straus David L , Wang Changzheng , Huang Lingyu 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Aquaculturists have often suffered predation losses in the production of freshwater giant river prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii due to the presence of wild fish species in culture ponds. The piscicide rotenone is widely used to remove undesirable fish species from ponds. Although evidence in the technical literature suggests that crustaceans generally have a higher tolerance to rotenone than fish, there are currently no data on the acute or chronic toxicity of rotenone to juvenile freshwater prawns. In this study, two static acute-toxicity bioassays (96 h) were conducted using Prentox Prenfish (5% active ingredient) rotenone to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) for juvenile freshwater prawns (average weight = 0.55 g, SD = 0.25; length = 41.43 mm, SD = 6.45). In bioassay 1, prawns were exposed to rotenone concentrations of 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mg/L. In bioassay 2, prawns were exposed to rotenone concentrations of 2.2, 3.6, 6.0, 10.0, and 16.7 mg/L. All rotenone concentrations used in the study were based on the total product of the commercial rotenone formulation. The LC50 calculated in bioassay 1 was 6.2 mg/L, and the LC50 calculated in bioassay 2 was 7.5 mg/L. Freshwater prawns were able to tolerate 3.0 to 3.6 mg/L of rotenone with no mortality or apparent adverse effects during the study. Prawns held at the end of each bioassay for 5 d showed no signs of delayed effects from rotenone exposure. Data from this study indicate that juvenile prawns should be able to tolerate the concentrations of rotenone required to eradicate certain problematic wild fish species.
Received April 29, 2010; accepted October 1, 2010
Effect of Juvenile Length on Chinook Salmon Survivals at Four Hatcheries in Washington State
Authors: Tipping Jack M 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
In 3 years at four Washington State hatcheries, a total of 10 groups of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were length-sorted and coded-wire-tagged before release via the AutoFish System (Northwest Marine Technology, Shaw Island, Washington). After tagging, the length-groups were combined at each hatchery and reared through spring release. The release groups comprised (1) lower Columbia River yearling spring Chinook salmon (four releases), (2) lower Columbia River fall Chinook salmon subyearlings (three releases), (3) mid-Columbia River fall Chinook salmon subyearlings (two releases), and (4) Puget Sound summer Chinook salmon subyearlings (one release). In three releases, large juveniles at tagging produced significantly more jack returns (recovered at the hatchery or on spawning grounds in the year of release or the following year) than did small juveniles, while in one release mid-sized and small juveniles each produced significantly more jack returns. In 7 of 10 releases, larger juveniles produced significantly more adult returns than smaller fish; there was no significant difference in 3 releases. If the smaller fish can be partitioned out and growth-accelerated as juveniles, and if they subsequently survive to adulthood at the same rate as their larger cohorts, there is potential to increase adult survival by about 33% at little additional cost.
Received May 18, 2010; accepted September 22, 2010
Broodstock Selection Criteria for Induced Spawning of Channel Catfish for the Production of Channel × Blue Catfish Hybrid Fry and the Influence of Temperature
Authors: Phelps Ronald P , Hastey Ryan , Broach Jason , Pendetar Alden , Linley Laban , Papanikos Nikolaos , Dunham Rex A 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Hybrid catfish (female channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus × male blue catfish I. furcatus) can be obtained by induced spawning and artificial fertilization; the results, however, are variable. A threshold degree of maturity must be reached before broodfish can be induced to spawn, but selection of such fish can be very subjective. In the present study, female brood channel catfish were classified subjectively as poor, fair, or good as well as on the basis of body weight, total body length, body width and girth, and the ratios of these measurements. Brood females were held at 24, 26, and 28°C in 100-L aquaria and injected with synthetic analogues of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone at 20 μg/kg, followed 12 h later by an additional injection of 100 μg/kg. Data were collected regarding spawning success, time to egg release following injection, fecundity, egg diameter, hatching, and survival rates. For the population as a whole at all three temperatures the spawning rate was 73.8%, but among females that met certain selection criteria greater spawning rates occurred. Females with a length: body width value of less than 5.5 had a spawning rate of 88.9%, and those subjectively classified as good had a spawning rate of 85.7%. The temperature at which broodstock were held affected the spawning rate; females classified as fair and good had spawning rates of 52.9, 82.4, and 95.5% at 24, 26, and 28°C, respectively. Females classified as good spawned earlier than lesser-quality fish. Likewise, females with length: girth values of 1.8 or less or length: width values of 5.0 or less spawned sooner than females with higher values. Brood selection criteria also resulted in selected subsets with greater fecundities, larger egg diameters, and, in some cases, an overall greater production of swim-up fry per kilogram of female.
Received August 13, 2010; accepted October 11, 2010
Selective Fatty Acid Metabolism, Not the Sequence of Dietary Fish Oil Intake, Prevails in Fillet Fatty Acid Profile Change in Sunshine Bass
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T , Gause Brian , Lewis Heidi A 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Increasing prices of fish oils (FOs) that are rich in long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have led to increased implementation of plant-derived oils in aquaculture feeds. Use of diets that contain alternative lipids will affect the fillet fatty acid (FA) profile; therefore, the fish may be “finished” to augment fillet LC-PUFA content before harvest. Understanding tissue FA profile change and selective metabolism of FAs in sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) may allow finishing strategies to be optimized for this taxon. We evaluated whether the sequence of dietary LC-PUFA provision affects tissue composition of sunshine bass and whether profile change is similar after a switch to or from an LC-PUFA-rich feed. Sunshine bass were fed practical feeds (∼45% protein, ∼14% lipid) containing FO (rich in LC-PUFAs) or corn oil (CO; rich in medium-chain [MC] PUFAs) according to four regimens: FO feed exclusively, CO feed exclusively, or switching from one feed to the other halfway through the trial (from CO to FO or from FO to CO). Administering the FO and CO feeds exclusively or in alternation did not significantly affect production performance. Fillet FA profile changed little for fish that received the exclusive FO and CO regimens and essentially became slightly more FO-like and CO-like, respectively. Fillet LC-PUFA and MC-PUFA levels were comparable in the alternating FO-to-CO and CO-to-FO groups at harvest. However, the relative change in profile differed considerably; the increase in fillet LC-PUFAs for the CO-to-FO group was significant, but the corresponding increase in MC-PUFAs for the FO-to-CO group was much greater. This suggested that certain PUFAs were actively included or retained (or both) within the fillet lipid, particularly 18:2(n-6) (abundant in CO), which can “outcompete” LC-PUFAs for fillet deposition. Although there appears to be selection for and against the incorporation of certain FAs into fillet tissue, whether these FAs are consumed earlier or later during juvenile growth appears to have little effect on final tissue composition.
Received January 16, 2010; accepted April 21, 2010
Differential Incorporation of Dietary Fatty Acids from Flax and Fish Oils into Lipid Classes of White Bass Ova
Authors: Lewis Heidi A , Trushenski Jesse T , Lane Ryan L , Kohler Christopher C 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The extent to which flax oil can replace fish oil in diets fed to female broodstock of white bass Morone chrysops was determined by evaluating growth performance and the fatty acid (FA) profile of ovum lipid classes. Four experimental diets containing increasing levels of flax oil as 0, 33, 67, and 100% replacement of menhaden (Brevoortia spp.) fish oil were fed to female white bass for 30 weeks prior to spawning. Overall, growth and survival were unaffected when flax oil replaced fish oil in the diets. However, ovum FA composition did differ by lipid class and according to dietary intake. The FA profile of the neutral lipid classes largely resembled dietary intake, resulting in monounsaturated FAs (MUFAs) and long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs; FAs with ≥20 carbons and ≥3 double bonds) as the most predominant FAs found within ova produced by 100% fish-oil-fed broodstock, while MUFAs and 18-carbon PUFAs dominated the ovum neutral lipid in females from the 100% flax oil treatment. Although the phospholipid fraction of ova produced by the 100% flax-oil-fed broodstock was also significantly enriched with 18-carbon PUFAs, accumulation of these FAs did not displace n-3 LC-PUFAs as comparable levels of n-3 LC-PUFAs were found in both the 100% fish oil and 100% flax oil treatments. Overall, flax oil has potential for use as an alternative to menhaden fish oil in diets for female white bass broodstock without altering phospholipid LC-PUFA content. However, further investigation is needed to determine how these modifications to ovum FA profile affect embryonic and larval survival.
Received January 19, 2010; accepted August 17, 2010
Classification and Quantification of Phospholipids and Dietary Effects on Lipid Composition in Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei
Authors: Ju Zhi Yong , Forster Ian , Dominy Warren , Lawrence Addison 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
The phospholipid (PL) composition of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and the diets on which they were reared during an 8-week indoor feeding trial was characterized. Nine PL classes, including phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylserine, were detected and quantified in shrimp, diets, and feed ingredients by high-performance liquid chromatography. Total PL comprised the majority of total lipid—over 69.5% in shrimp tail muscle and over 60.1% in the shrimp whole body. The PC, PE, and PI classes were the most abundant, comprising over 40, 35, and 15%, respectively, of the PL in shrimp tails. Cardiolipin and ceramides were also detected in the shrimp whole body. Dietary crude protein content (40% versus 35%) significantly affected the PL composition of the shrimp whole body. Addition of shrimp floc (suspended particles from shrimp culture) to a 40% crude protein diet yielded higher Pacific white shrimp growth and produced larger-sized shrimp but did not affect the composition of shrimp PL. These results demonstrate the contribution of PLs to the high nutritional value of shrimp meat.
Received January 19, 2010; accepted October 9, 2010
Skin Color Characterization in Rainbow Trout by Use of Computer-Based Image Analysis
Authors: Colihueque Nelson , Parraguez Margarita , Estay Francisco J , Diaz Nelson F 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Back, flank (reddish band along the lateral line and below the lateral line), and belly regions of cultured rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were characterized in terms of skin coloration, spottiness, and darkness by using computer-based image analysis as an approach to separate fish into desirable back color categories for market and export. Three highly represented colors were observed on the back (mean ± SE percentage of area covered by the given color): blue or sky-blue, 18.0 ± 1.8%; yellow, 13.4 ± 1.5%; and green, 66.1 ± 2.0%. Individuals with a high frequency of these colors on the back (at least 50% of area covered by a given color) were reclassified into groups exhibiting a yellowish back color (YB), a bluish back color (BB), or a greenish back color (GB) to determine whether the BB group presented differences in various skin color variables when compared with the other back color groups; an undefined back color (UB) group (fish for which all colors had less than 50% coverage) was also used in these comparisons. The number and size of dark spots (mean ± SE) on the back was significantly smaller in the BB group (2.3 ± 0.3 spots/cm2; 1.3 ± 0.2% of area covered by spots/cm2) than in the YB group (3.4 ± 0.2 spots/cm2; 1.9 ± 0.1% of area covered by spots/cm2); furthermore, skin darkening on the back as measured in grayscale space (where 0 = black, 255 = white) was slightly greater in the BB group (58.2 ± 3.9) than in the GB group (80.7 ± 2.8). In the lateral band along the flank, the percentage of area covered by purple was significantly lower in the BB group (7.1%) than in the UB group (27.5%). Skin darkening of the back and darkening of the belly demonstrated a significant positive correlation in the BB group (r = 0.558, P &lt; 0.05). Discriminant function analysis clearly distinguished the BB group from the other back color groups based on color profile. These results support the fact that the BB group, more commonly referred to as “blue back” rainbow trout, presents a color pattern of high commercial interest that can be used to improve the external appearance of farmed rainbow trout. Furthermore, computer-based image analysis was shown to be an effective technique for objectively measuring skin color to categorize rainbow trout into particular color patterns.
Chloramine-T Margin-of-Safety Estimates for Fry, Fingerling, and Juvenile Rainbow Trout
Authors: Bowker James D , Carty Daniel , Smith Charlie E , Bergen Silas R 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Chloramine-T (CLT) is a candidate for approval for use in U.S. aquaculture to control mortality in freshwater-reared salmonids caused by bacterial gill disease (causative agent, Flavobacterium branchiophilum). The proposed treatment regimen is to administer CLT at 12–20 mg/L in a static or flow-through bath for 60 min/d on three alternate or consecutive days. To estimate a CLT margin of safety, defined as the highest dosing regimen above the proposed maximum therapeutic regimen at which no adverse effects are observed, we conducted seven experiments with fry, fingerling, and juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss that examined mortality and an eighth experiment that examined mortality, gross pathology, and histopathology after CLT exposure. In each experiment, triplicate groups of fish were exposed to a range of CLT concentrations representing 0, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, or 5× the highest proposed dose (20 mg/L) for 3× the proposed treatment duration (60 min) on three alternate or consecutive days at 8°C or 14°C. The survival of fry and fingerlings was unaffected by exposure to CLT concentrations as high as 100 and 60 mg/L, respectively (survival = 97.3–100%). Although the survival of juvenile fish was unaffected by exposure to 20 mg/L, exposure to higher CLT concentrations significantly reduced survival (≤10.0% at 100 mg/L). Across experiments, 92% of all mortalities occurred within 20 h of the first exposure to CLT. The histopathological changes of most concern were associated with gill tissues, but these were evident only in moribund fish exposed to doses of 60 mg/L or higher. Based on analysis of the survival data, the margin-of-safety estimates were approximately 100 mg/L for rainbow trout fry, at least 60 mg/L for fingerlings, and 50–60 mg/L for juveniles. Tissue responses to CLT at these concentrations were minor and did not warrant decreasing these estimates.
Sex Determination of Yellow Perch by External Morphology
Authors: Malison Jeffrey A , Held James A , Kaatz Sarah E 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
We developed a method of using external morphological characteristics to determine the sex of yellow perch Perca flavescens. The characteristics used were (1) the shape of the urogenital opening, (2) the shape of the anterior edge of the urogenital opening when thumb pressure was applied to the abdomen just anterior to the anus, and (3) the presence or absence of swelling around the anus. In females, the urogenital opening was crescent or half-moon shaped, its anterior edge remained linear when pressure was applied to the abdomen, and a ring-shaped area of swelling was present around the anus. In males, the urogenital pore was circular, its anterior end distended to a V or U shape (pointed anteriorly) when the abdomen was pressed, and the area around the anus was not generally swollen. The accuracy of using this method was 97.4% for fish 190–280 mm total length, 93.1% for fish 111–150 mm, and 82.7% for fish 80–110 mm.