bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Transgenerational Difference Principle
Authors: Attas Daniel 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCan Rawls's theory provide a framework for assessing obligations to future generations? Extending the veil of ignorance so that participants in the original position do not know to which generation they belong appears to fail in this endeavour. Earlier generations cannot improve their situation by ‘cooperating’ with later generations. Such circumstances, lacking mutuality, leave no room for an agreement or contract. Nevertheless, the original position can be reconstructed so as to model relations of mutuality between generations even if these are absent from the real world. This chapter assesses earlier attempts to do this and provides a rationale for viewing the just savings principle as a clause in the full formulation of the difference principle.
‘To Link or not to Link?’ The Problem of the Multinational Enterprise Group Business Structure
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough enterprise groups are usually comprised of a bundle of separate legal entities, the traditional company law concepts of separate personality and limited liability might not match the economic reality of how groups operate. The question is therefore whether in dealing with group issues entity separateness should be kept for all purposes (adopting ‘entity law’) or whether in some circumstances ‘enterprise law’ should prevail, linking between the group members. This chapter overviews group problems as might arise in different areas of the law. It then considers the opposing views of entity and enterprise law proponents, appreciating the economic essence of legal separateness but also its limitations in the group context. It examines legal regimes' approaches to the group problem. It concludes by suggesting that the law should seek to balance between entity and enterprise law when proposing group solutions taking into account the objectives of the relevant area of the law and the type of group in hand.
Responsibility for Debts of MEG Members and Vulnerability of Intra-group Transactions
Authors: Mevorach Irit 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the issue of group opportunism and examines the desirability of imposing various remedies in the course of insolvency within MEGs which could combat such behaviour and enhance fairness in distribution. It starts by examining the particular consideration that should be taken in regard to intra-group transactions in the vicinity of insolvency. It suggests that it should be possible to reverse intra-group transactions where these were detrimental to the affiliate in hand; yet such reversal of transactions should be avoided where in terms of economic realities the affiliate was not injured by the transaction. The chapter also considers the need for creditor protection from mismanagement by group members when insolvency is anticipated considering measures such as lifting the veil, wrongful trading, subordination and contribution orders, and their application in the international insolvency case.
Recognition and response to microbial infection in Drosophila
Authors: Broderick Nichole A. , Welchman David P. , Lemaitre Bruno 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses the mechanisms whereby Drosophila recognize foreign microbes, the signalling systems that regulate adapted responses against them, and the effector mechanisms used to control them. It first focuses on the so-called systemic antimicrobial response. The second section of the chapter looks at local immune response, particularly gut epithelial immunity. The final section of the chapter discusses current research themes exploring the integration of local and systemic immunity, as well as their integration in host physiology.
Partial Intentionalism
Authors: Livingston Paisley 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter defends a partial intentionalist approach that is distinct from the strongest forms of actualist intentionalism as well as the kind of conditionalist intentionalism advocated by some of the advocates of philosophically motivated interpretations of art, such as Thomas Wartenberg. The chapter argues that partial intentionalism is not vulnerable to the objections leveled against other versions of intentionalism. One of those objections hinges on the fallibility of intentions and of the art-making actions related to them. This chapter responds to this problem by discussing the conditions under which intentions are successfully realized in the work. Different approaches to this question are surveyed with reference to the work of H. P. Grice and his followers. The chapter defends a proposal involving a ‘meshing’ or congruence relation between intentions and features of the audio-visual display. The application of this type of success condition is illustrated in a discussion of the determination of the fictional content of Carl Theodor Dreyer's 1943 film, Day of Wrath.
Malebranche and the Cognitive Model of Causation
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDrawing on Descartes's “little souls” argument, Malebranche claims that attributing causal powers to bodies is in effect a category mistake. According to the cognitive model of causation Malebranche develops, only minds can have the kind of directedness causal powers require. This is not a rejection of the scholastic notion of power so much as a transformation of that notion in light of ontological mechanism. This chapter argues that many of Malebranche's most important arguments, including the famous “no necessary connection” argument, come into focus only when we have a firm grasp of Malebranche's intentionality requirement.
Causation and Explanation
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThese two analyses of law, while consistent, allow us to explain Malebranche's complex attitude toward the connection between causation and explanation. Taken as summaries of God's volitions, laws cannot serve as explanations, since all bodily events have one and the same cause, namely, God. Taken, however, as conditionals, which themselves are made true in virtue of God's volitional activity, such laws can serve as explanations (though they can for that reason no longer be genuine causes).
Necessity
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Among Hume's most famous arguments, we find his own version of Malebranche's “no necessary connection” argument: roughly, if x had the power to produce y, it should be impossible to conceive of x without y. But since it is always possible to do this, there cannot be any real (mind‐independent) causal connections. This chapter shows how the argument comes into focus only when seen as an episode in the larger argument from nonsense. Although the conception of causation as logical necessitation, which forms the target of Hume's argument, has its source in the scholastics, it lives on in the cognitive and geometrical models. The chapter shows just how Hume's argument applies to these models and points toward Hume's own subjective account of necessity as the felt determination of the mind to form one perception on the basis of another.
CCHMM_PROF: a HMM-based coiled-coil predictor with evolutionary information
Authors: Bartoli Lisa , Fariselli Piero , Krogh Anders , Casadio Rita 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Motivation:The widespread coiled-coil structural motif in proteins is known to mediate a variety of biological interactions. Recognizing a coiled-coil containing sequence and locating its coiled-coil domains are key steps towards the determination of the protein structure and function. Different tools are available for predicting coiled-coil domains in protein sequences, including those based on position-specific score matrices and machine learning methods.
Results: In this article, we introduce a hidden Markov model (CCHMM_PROF) that exploits the information contained in multiple sequence alignments (profiles) to predict coiled-coil regions. The new method discriminates coiled-coil sequences with an accuracy of 97% and achieves a true positive rate of 79% with only 1% of false positives. Furthermore, when predicting the location of coiled-coil segments in protein sequences, the method reaches an accuracy of 80% at the residue level and a best per-segment and per-protein efficiency of 81% and 80%, respectively. The results indicate that CCHMM_PROF outperforms all the existing tools and can be adopted for large-scale genome annotation.
Availability: The dataset is available at http://www.biocomp.unibo.it/∼lisa/coiled-coils. The predictor is freely available at http://gpcr.biocomp.unibo.it/cgi/predictors/cchmmprof/pred_cchmmprof.cgi.
Contact: piero@biocomp.unibo.it
Claude Elwood Shannon 30 April 1916 — 24 February 2001
Authors: James Ioan 
Published: September 2009

According to an anonymous obituary in The Times newspaper on 12 March 2001, Claude Shannon was
[a] playful genius who invented the bit, separated the medium from the message, and laid the foundations for all digital communications. … [He] single-handedly laid down the general rules of modern information theory, creating the mathematical foundations for a technical revolution. Without his clarity of thought and sustained ability to work his way through intractable problems, such advances as e-mail and the World Wide Web would not have been possible.
the great breakthroughs in understanding which heralded the convergence of computing and communications. To colleagues in the corridors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology who used to warn each other about the unsteady advance of Shannon on his unicycle, it may have seemed improbable that he could remain serious for long enough to do any important work. Yet the unicycle was characteristic of his quirky thought processes, and became the topsy-turvy symbol of unorthodox progress towards unexpected theoretical insights.
The ability to make astonishing leaps beyond the intellects of his colleagues (all the more remarkable at MIT, the forcing house of technological theory) had to be acknowledged as genius, and Claude Shannon was recognised as a giant throughout the industry.
Arabidopsis LON2 Is Necessary for Peroxisomal Function and Sustained Matrix Protein Import
Authors: Lingard Matthew J. , Bartel Bonnie 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRelatively little is known about the small subset of peroxisomal proteins with predicted protease activity. Here, we report that the peroxisomal LON2 (At5g47040) protease facilitates matrix protein import into Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) peroxisomes. We identified T-DNA insertion alleles disrupted in five of the nine confirmed or predicted peroxisomal proteases and found only two—lon2 and deg15, a mutant defective in the previously described PTS2-processing protease (DEG15/At1g28320)—with phenotypes suggestive of peroxisome metabolism defects. Both lon2 and deg15 mutants were mildly resistant to the inhibitory effects of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) on root elongation, but only lon2 mutants were resistant to the stimulatory effects of IBA on lateral root production or displayed Suc dependence during seedling growth. lon2 mutants displayed defects in removing the type 2 peroxisome targeting signal (PTS2) from peroxisomal malate dehydrogenase and reduced accumulation of 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, another PTS2-containing protein; both defects were not apparent upon germination but appeared in 5- to 8-d-old seedlings. In lon2 cotyledon cells, matrix proteins were localized to peroxisomes in 4-d-old seedlings but mislocalized to the cytosol in 8-d-old seedlings. Moreover, a PTS2-GFP reporter sorted to peroxisomes in lon2 root tip cells but was largely cytosolic in more mature root cells. Our results indicate that LON2 is needed for sustained matrix protein import into peroxisomes. The delayed onset of matrix protein sorting defects may account for the relatively weak Suc dependence following germination, moderate IBA-resistant primary root elongation, and severe defects in IBA-induced lateral root formation observed in lon2 mutants.
Unique Features of Plant Cleavage and Polyadenylation Specificity Factor Revealed by Proteomic Studies
Authors: Zhao Hongwei , Xing Denghui , Li Qingshun Quinn 
Published: September 2009

AbstractCleavage and polyadenylation of precursor mRNA is an essential process for mRNA maturation. Among the 15 to 20 protein factors required for this process, a subgroup of proteins is needed for both cleavage and polyadenylation in plants and animals. This subgroup of proteins is known as the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF). To explore the in vivo structural features of plant CPSF, we used tandem affinity purification methods to isolate the interacting protein complexes for each component of the CPSF subunits using Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Landsberg erecta) suspension culture cells. The proteins in these complexes were identified by mass spectrometry and western immunoblots. By compiling the in vivo interaction data from tandem affinity purification tagging as well as other available yeast two-hybrid data, we propose an in vivo plant CPSF model in which the Arabidopsis CPSF possesses AtCPSF30, AtCPSF73-I, AtCPSF73-II, AtCPSF100, AtCPSF160, AtFY, and AtFIPS5. Among them, AtCPSF100 serves as a core with which all other factors, except AtFIPS5, are associated. These results show that plant CPSF possesses distinct features, such as AtCPSF73-II and AtFY, while sharing other ortholog components with its yeast and mammalian counterparts. Interestingly, these two unique plant CPSF components have been associated with embryo development and flowering time controls, both of which involve plant-specific biological processes.
The Metabolic Role of the Legume Endosperm: A Noninvasive Imaging Study
Authors: Melkus Gerd , Rolletschek Hardy , Radchuk Ruslana , Fuchs Johannes , Rutten Twan , Wobus Ulrich , Altmann Thomas , Jakob Peter , Borisjuk Ljudmilla 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough essential for normal seed development in the legumes, the metabolic role of the endosperm remains uncertain. We designed noninvasive nuclear magnetic resonance tools for the in vivo study of key metabolites in the transient liquid endosperm of intact pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. The steady-state levels of sucrose, glutamine, and alanine could be monitored and their distribution within the embryo sac visualized. Seed structure was digitalized as a three-dimensional model, providing volume information for distinct seed organs. The nuclear magnetic resonance method, combined with laser microdissection, isotope labeling, in situ hybridization, and electron microscopy, was used to contrast the wild-type endosperm with that of a mutant in which embryo growth is retarded. Expression of sequences encoding amino acid and sucrose transporters was up-regulated earlier in the endosperm than in the embryo, and this activity led to the accumulation of soluble metabolites in the endosperm vacuole. The endosperm provides a temporary source of nutrition, permits space for embryo growth, and acts as a buffer between the maternal organism and its offspring. The concentration of sucrose in the endosperm vacuole is developmentally controlled, while the total amount accumulated depends on the growth of the embryo. The endosperm concentration of glutamine is a limiting factor for protein storage. The properties of the endosperm ensure that the young embryo develops within a homeostatic environment, necessary to sustain embryogenesis. We argue for a degree of metabolite-mediated control exerted by the endosperm on the growth of, and assimilate storage by, the embryo.
A Small GTPase of the Rab Family Is Required for Root Hair Formation and Preinfection Stages of the Common Bean–RhizobiumSymbiotic Association
Authors: Blanco Flavio Antonio , Peltzer Meschini Eitel , Zanetti María Eugenia , Aguilar O. Mario 
Published: September 2009

AbstractLegume plants are able to establish a symbiotic relationship with soil bacteria from the genus Rhizobium, leading to the formation of nitrogen-fixing root nodules. Successful nodulation requires both the formation of infection threads (ITs) in the root epidermis and the activation of cell division in the cortex to form the nodule primordium. This study describes the characterization of RabA2, a common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cDNA previously isolated as differentially expressed in root hairs infected with Rhizobium etli, which encodes a protein highly similar to small GTPases of the RabA2 subfamily. This gene is expressed in roots, particularly in root hairs, where the protein was found to be associated with vesicles that move along the cell. The role of this gene during nodulation has been studied in common bean transgenic roots using a reverse genetic approach. Examination of root morphology in RabA2 RNA interference (RNAi) plants revealed that the number and length of the root hairs were severely reduced in these plants. Upon inoculation with R. etli, nodulation was completely impaired and no induction of early nodulation genes (ENODs), such as ERN1, ENOD40, and Hap5, was detected in silenced hairy roots. Moreover, RabA2 RNAi plants failed to induce root hair deformation and to initiate ITs, indicating that morphological changes that precede bacterial infection are compromised in these plants. We propose that RabA2 acts in polar growth of root hairs and is required for reorientation of the root hair growth axis during bacterial infection.
Specific Targeting of theArabidopsisResistance Protein RPW8.2 to the Interfacial Membrane Encasing the Fungal Haustorium Renders Broad-Spectrum Resistance to Powdery Mildew
Authors: Wang Wenming , Wen Yingqiang , Berkey Robert , Xiao Shunyuan 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPowdery mildew fungal pathogens penetrate the plant cell wall and develop a feeding structure called the haustorium to steal photosynthetate from the host cell. Here, we report that the broad-spectrum mildew resistance protein RPW8.2 from Arabidopsis thaliana is induced and specifically targeted to the extrahaustorial membrane (EHM), an enigmatic interfacial membrane believed to be derived from the host cell plasma membrane. There, RPW8.2 activates a salicylic acid (SA) signaling-dependent defense strategy that concomitantly enhances the encasement of the haustorial complex and onsite accumulation of H2O2, presumably for constraining the haustorium while reducing oxidative damage to the host cell. Targeting of RPW8.2 to the EHM, however, is SA independent and requires function of the actin cytoskeleton. Natural mutations that impair either defense activation or EHM targeting of RPW8.2 compromise the efficacy of RPW8.2-mediated resistance. Thus, the interception of haustoria is key for RPW8-mediated broad-spectrum mildew resistance.
bearded-earEncodes a MADS Box Transcription Factor Critical for Maize Floral Development
Authors: Thompson Beth E. , Bartling Linnea , Whipple Clint , Hall Darren H. , Sakai Hajime , Schmidt Robert , Hake Sarah 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAlthough many genes that regulate floral development have been identified in Arabidopsis thaliana, relatively few are known in the grasses. In normal maize (Zea mays), each spikelet produces an upper and lower floral meristem, which initiate floral organs in a defined phyllotaxy before being consumed in the production of an ovule. The bearded-ear (bde) mutation affects floral development differently in the upper and lower meristem. The upper floral meristem initiates extra floral organs that are often mosaic or fused, while the lower floral meristem initiates additional floral meristems. We cloned bde by positional cloning and found that it encodes zea agamous3 (zag3), a MADS box transcription factor in the conserved AGAMOUS-LIKE6 clade. Mutants in the maize homolog of AGAMOUS, zag1, have a subset of bde floral defects. bde zag1 double mutants have a severe ear phenotype, not observed in either single mutant, in which floral meristems are converted to branch-like meristems, indicating that bde and zag1 redundantly promote floral meristem identity. In addition, BDE and ZAG1 physically interact. We propose a model in which BDE functions in at least three distinct complexes to regulate floral development in the maize ear.
Evolution ofAGL6-likeMADS Box Genes in Grasses (Poaceae): Ovule Expression Is Ancient and Palea Expression Is New
Authors: Reinheimer Renata , Kellogg Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAGAMOUS-like6 (AGL6) genes encode MIKC-type MADS box transcription factors and are closely related to SEPALLATA and AP1/FUL-like genes. Here, we focus on the molecular evolution and expression of the AGL6-like genes in grasses. We have found that AGL6-like genes are expressed in ovules, lodicules (second whorl floral organs), paleas (putative first whorl floral organs), and floral meristems. Each of these expression domains was acquired at a different time in evolution, indicating that each represents a distinct function of the gene product and that the AGL6-like genes are pleiotropic. Expression in the inner integument of the ovule appears to be an ancient expression pattern corresponding to the expression of the gene in the megasporangium and integument in gymnosperms. Expression in floral meristems appears to have been acquired in the angiosperms and expression in second whorl organs in monocots. Early in grass evolution, AGL6-like orthologs acquired a new expression domain in the palea. Stamen expression is variable. Most grasses have a single AGL6-like gene (orthologous to the rice [Oryza sativa] gene MADS6). However, rice and other species of Oryza have a second copy (orthologous to rice MADS17) that appears to be the result of an ancient duplication.
Measuring irritable bowel syndrome patient‐reported outcomes with an abdominal pain numeric rating scale
Authors: SPIEGEL B. , BOLUS R. , HARRIS L. A. , LUCAK S. , NALIBOFF B. , ESRAILIAN E. , CHEY W. D. , LEMBO A. , KARSAN H. , TILLISCH K. , TALLEY J. , MAYER E. , CHANG L. 
Published: September 2009

SummaryBackground  Controversy exists on how to measure patient‐reported outcomes in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) clinical trials effectively. Pain numeric rating scales (NRS) are widely used in the non‐IBS pain literature. The Food and Drug Administration has proposed using the NRS in IBS.Aim  To test the psychometrics of an abdominal pain NRS in IBS.Methods  We analysed data from a longitudinal cohort of Rome III IBS subjects. At entry, subjects completed a 10‐point NRS, bowel symptoms, IBS severity measurements (IBS‐SSS, FBDSI), health‐related quality of life indices (IBS‐QOL, EQ5D), and the Worker Productivity Activity Index (WPAI). We repeated assessments at 3 months along with a response scale to calculate the minimal clinically important difference.Results  There were 277 subjects (82% women; age = 42 ± 15) at baseline and 90 at 3 months. The NRS correlated cross‐sectionally with IBS‐SSS (r = 0.60; P < 0.0011), FBDSI (r = 0.49; P < 0.0001), IBS‐QOL (r = 0.43; P < 0.0001), EQ5D (r = 0.48; P < 0.0001), presenteeism (r = 0.39; P < 0.0001), absenteeism (r = 0.17; P = 0.04) and distension (r = 0.46; P < 0.0001), but not stool frequency or form. The minimal clinically important difference was 2.2 points, correlating with a 29.5% reduction over time.Conclusions  An abdominal pain NRS exhibits excellent validity and can be readily interpreted with a minimal clinically important difference in patients with IBS. These data support the use of the NRS in IBS clinical trials.