Centrifugation Options for Production of Dry Stackable Tailings in Surface- Mined Oil Sands Tailings Management
Authors: Mikula R.J. , Munoz V.A. , Omotoso O. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Water availability is beginning to impact oil sands development and, as a result, several technologies to increase the percentage of recycled water are being evaluated. One such option being re-evaluated is the use of centrifuges to produce dry tailings that can accommodate overburden and soil replacement. Previous evaluations of centrifuge performance to capture water from the clay and silt tailings (mature fine tailings) components demonstrated some success but, at the time, at unacceptable costs. A better appreciation of the long-term costs of mature fine tailings storage has prompted a re-evaluation of centrifuge technology. The use of additives to improve centrifuge performance has significantly improved the results that can be achieved. Aside from the obvious positive environmental benefit of reclaiming the fluid fine (mature fine) tailings, the increase in the amount of water recycled will reduce the demand for fresh water from the Athabasca River. This paper discusses a laboratory-scale study of the water chemistry and clay/silt feed properties affecting centrifuge performance, as well as the results of a 20 tonne per hour pilot.

Introduction
The term dry stackable tailings is commonly used in oil sands tailings management to mean a mineral stream left over from the bitumen extraction process which can be stored without the need for dikes or other fluid containment structures. The use of water in the bitumen extraction process results in mineral tailings streams in the form of slurries or suspensions that require containment. In general, surface mined oil sands tailings fall into three categories: sand tailings, fine tailings and froth treatment tailings. Although the froth treatment tailings have important environmental implications due to their contamination with solvents or diluents from the froth treatment process, they are generally combined with the other tailings prior to discharge into the recycle water area (tailings settling pond). It is typically a straightforward process to create dry stackable tailings from the sand tailings, and they are often used to build the containment for the remaining fluid fine tailings.
Another common practice in the surface mined oil sands industry is to define sand as mineral particles larger than 44 micrometres (µm). Fines are therefore smaller than 44 µm, and this definition can be useful when discussing the long-term tailings properties during mine planning. It has been demonstrated very clearly, however, that it is the clay content that determines all of the important properties of the fine tailings or fluid fine tailings (or mature fine tailings when the solids content exceeds about 25 wt%)(1–3). Over the entire mine, of course, the average clay-to-fines ratio is fixed and the fines content can be a useful approximation tool for large-scale planning purposes and the prediction of sand volumes and the fine tailings volume that may require containment.
The clay content, often expressed as a clay-to-fines ratio, can vary across an oil sands lease by as much as a factor of four. It is therefore essential that the clay content, clay-to-water ratio or clay-to-fines ratio be understood in order to predict the properties of the fluid fine tailings on a daily or monthly basis.