bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age at Onset of Type 1 Diabetes in Parents and Recurrence Risk in Offspring
Authors: Harjutsalo Valma , Lammi Niina , Karvonen Marjatta , Groop Per-Henrik 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to study the recurrence risk of type 1 diabetes in the offspring of parents with adult-onset (15–39 years) type 1 diabetes and to evaluate the transmission of diabetes within a continuum of parental age at onset of diabetes from childhood to adulthood.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Diabetes status of all offspring (n = 9,636) in two Finnish cohorts of parents with type 1 diabetes was defined until the end of year 2007. Cumulative incidences of type 1 diabetes among the offspring were estimated, and several factors contributing to the risk were assessed.

RESULTS
During 137,455 person-years, a total of 413 offspring were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. The cumulative incidence by 20 years was 4.0% (95% CI 3.1–4.8) for the offspring of parents with adult-onset diabetes. The risk was equal according to the sex of the parents. The cumulative incidence decreased in parallel with the increase in age at onset of diabetes in the fathers. In the offspring of diabetic mothers, the risk was equal regardless of the age at onset of diabetes. However, the reduced risk in the maternal offspring was most pronounced in the daughters of the mothers with a diagnosis age &lt;10 years.

CONCLUSIONS
Type 1 diabetes transmission ratio distortion is strongly related to the sex and age at onset of diabetes in the diabetic parents.
Chronic Peripheral Hyperinsulinemia in Type 1 Diabetic Patients After Successful Combined Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation Does Not Affect Ectopic Lipid Accumulation in Skeletal Muscle and Liver
Authors: Stadler Marietta , Anderwald Christian , Pacini Giovanni , Zbýň Štefan , Promintzer-Schifferl Miriam , Mandl Martina , Bischof Martin , Gruber Stephan , Nowotny Peter , Luger Anton , Prager Rudolf , Krebs Michael 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
So far it is unclear whether chronic peripheral hyperinsulinemia per se might contribute to ectopic lipid accumulation and consequently insulin resistance. We investigated the effects of systemic instead of portal insulin release in type 1 diabetic patients after successful pancreas-kidney transplantation (PKT) with systemic venous drainage on the intracellular lipid content in liver and soleus muscle, endogenous glucose production (EGP), and insulin sensitivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In nine PKT patients and nine matching nondiabetic control subjects, intrahepatocellular lipids (IHCLs) and intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) were measured using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Fasting EGP was measured using d-[6,6-2H2]glucose tracer dilution. A 3-h 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) allowed us to assess kinetics of glucose, free fatty acids, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations in plasma and to calculate the clamp-like index (CLIX) for insulin sensitivity and the hepatic insulin resistance (HIR) index.

RESULTS
The PKT patients displayed approximately twofold increased fasting insulin (20 ± 6 vs. 9 ± 3 μU/ml; P &lt; 0.0002) compared with that in nondiabetic control subjects and ∼10% increased fasting glucose (P &lt; 0.02) concentrations, but during the OGTT areas under the concentration curves of C-peptide and insulin were similar. IHCL (PKT, 2.9 ± 2.5%; nondiabetic control subjects, 4.4 ± 6.6%), IMCL (PKT, 1.0 ± 0.4%; nondiabetic control subjects, 1.0 ± 0.5%), CLIX (PKT, 8 ± 2; nondiabetic control subjects, 7 ± 3), HIR (PKT, 25.6 ± 13.2; nondiabetic control subjects, 35.6 ± 20 [mg · min−1 · kg−1] × [μU/ml]), and EGP (PKT, 1.6 ± 0.2; nondiabetic control subjects, 1.7 ± 0.2 mg · min−1 · kg−1) were comparable between PKT patients and nondiabetic control subjects. IHCL was negatively correlated with CLIX in all participants (r = −0.55; P &lt; 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
Despite fasting peripheral hyperinsulinemia because of systemic venous drainage, type 1 diabetic patients after PKT show similar IHCL, IMCL, insulin sensitivity, and fasting EGP in comparison with nondiabetic control subjects. These results suggest that systemic hyperinsulinemia per se does not cause ectopic lipid accumulation in liver and skeletal muscle.
Nephrin Is Expressed on the Surface of Insulin Vesicles and Facilitates Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Release
Authors: Fornoni Alessia , Jeon Jongmin , Varona Santos Javier , Cobianchi Lorenzo , Jauregui Alexandra , Inverardi Luca , Mandic Slavena A. , Bark Christina , Johnson Kevin , McNamara George , Pileggi Antonello , Molano R. Damaris , Reiser Jochen , Tryggvason Karl , Kerjaschki Dontscho , Berggren Per-Olof , Mundel Peter , Ricordi Camillo 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Nephrin, an immunoglobulin-like protein essential for the function of the glomerular podocyte and regulated in diabetic nephropathy, is also expressed in pancreatic β-cells, where its function remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate whether diabetes modulates nephrin expression in human pancreatic islets and to explore the role of nephrin in β-cell function.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Nephrin expression in human pancreas and in MIN6 insulinoma cells was studied by Western blot, PCR, confocal microscopy, subcellular fractionation, and immunogold labeling. Islets from diabetic (n = 5) and nondiabetic (n = 7) patients were compared. Stable transfection and siRNA knockdown in MIN-6 cells/human islets were used to study nephrin function in vitro and in vivo after transplantation in diabetic immunodeficient mice. Live imaging of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-nephrin–transfected cells was used to study nephrin endocytosis.

RESULTS
Nephrin was found at the plasma membrane and on insulin vesicles. Nephrin expression was decreased in islets from diabetic patients when compared with nondiabetic control subjects. Nephrin transfection in MIN-6 cells/pseudoislets resulted in higher glucose-stimulated insulin release in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into immunodeficient diabetic mice. Nephrin gene silencing abolished stimulated insulin release. Confocal imaging of GFP-nephrin–transfected cells revealed nephrin endocytosis upon glucose stimulation. Actin stabilization prevented nephrin trafficking as well as nephrin-positive effect on insulin release.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data suggest that nephrin is an active component of insulin vesicle machinery that may affect vesicle-actin interaction and mobilization to the plasma membrane. Development of drugs targeting nephrin may represent a novel approach to treat diabetes.
Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Higher Intramyocellular Triglycerides in Type I but Not Type II Myocytes Concomitant With Higher Ceramide Content
Authors: Coen Paul M. , Dubé John J. , Amati Francesca , Stefanovic-Racic Maja , Ferrell Robert E. , Toledo Frederico G.S. , Goodpaster Bret H. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
We tested the primary hypotheses that sphingolipid and diacylglycerol (DAG) content is higher within insulin-resistant muscle and that the association between intramyocellular triglycerides (IMTG) and insulin resistance is muscle fiber type specific.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A nested case-control analysis was conducted in 22 obese (BMI &gt;30 kg/m2) women who were classified as insulin-resistant (IR; n = 12) or insulin-sensitive (IS; n = 10), determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (&gt;30% greater in IS compared with IR, P &lt; 0.01). Sphingolipid and DAG content was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Fiber type–specific IMTG content was histologically determined. Gene expression was determined by quantitative PCR.

RESULTS
Total (555 ± 53 vs. 293 ± 54 pmol/mg protein, P = 0.004), saturated (361 ± 29 vs. 179 ± 34 pmol/mg protein, P = 0.001), and unsaturated (198 ± 29 vs. 114 ± 21 pmol/mg protein, P = 0.034) ceramides were higher in IR compared with IS. DAG concentrations, however, were similar. IMTG content within type I myocytes, but not type II myocytes, was higher in IR compared with IS subjects (P = 0.005). Insulin sensitivity was negatively correlated with IMTG within type I myocytes (R = −0.51, P = 0.026), but not with IMTG within type II myocytes. The proportion of type I myocytes was lower (41 vs. 59%, P &lt; 0.01) in IR subjects. Several genes involved in lipid droplet and fatty acid metabolism were differentially expressed in IR compared with IS subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Human skeletal muscle insulin resistance is related to greater IMTG content in type I but not type II myocytes, to greater ceramide content, and to alterations in gene expression associated with lipid metabolism.
Low Muscle Glycogen and Elevated Plasma Free Fatty Acid Modify but Do Not Prevent Exercise-Induced PDH Activation in Human Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Kiilerich Kristian , Gudmundsson Mikkel , Birk Jesper B. , Lundby Carsten , Taudorf Sarah , Plomgaard Peter , Saltin Bengt , Pedersen Per A. , Wojtaszewski Jorgen F.P. , Pilegaard Henriette 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
To test the hypothesis that free fatty acid (FFA) and muscle glycogen modify exercise-induced regulation of PDH (pyruvate dehydrogenase) in human skeletal muscle through regulation of PDK4 expression.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
On two occasions, healthy male subjects lowered (by exercise) muscle glycogen in one leg (LOW) relative to the contra-lateral leg (CON) the day before the experimental day. On the experimental days, plasma FFA was ensured normal or remained elevated by consuming breakfast rich (low FFA) or poor (high FFA) in carbohydrate, 2 h before performing 20 min of two-legged knee extensor exercise. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained before and after exercise.

RESULTS
PDK4 protein content was ∼2.2- and ∼1.5-fold higher in LOW than CON leg in high FFA and low FFA, respectively, and the PDK4 protein content in the CON leg was approximately twofold higher in high FFA than in low FFA. In all conditions, exercise increased PDHa (PDH in the active form) activity, resulting in similar levels in LOW leg in both trials and CON leg in high FFA, but higher level in CON leg in low FFA. PDHa activity was closely associated with the PDH-E1α phosphorylation level.

CONCLUSIONS
Muscle glycogen and plasma FFA attenuate exercise-induced PDH regulation in human skeletal muscle in a nonadditive manner. This might be through regulation of PDK4 expression. The activation of PDH by exercise independent of changes in muscle glycogen or plasma FFA suggests that exercise overrules FFA-mediated inhibition of PDH (i.e., carbohydrate oxidation), and this may thus be one mechanism behind the health-promoting effects of exercise.
Hippocampal Volumes in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Hershey Tamara , Perantie Dana C. , Wu Jenny , Weaver Patrick M. , Black Kevin J. , White Neil H. 
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE
Hippocampal neurons in adult animals and humans are vulnerable to severe hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. Effects are hypothesized to be exacerbated during development, but existing studies on developing human brains are limited. We examined whether hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia experienced during brain development in humans affects hippocampal volumes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We analyzed T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in 95 youth with type 1 diabetes and 49 sibling control subjects aged 7–17 years. Youth with diabetes were categorized as having 0 (n = 37), 1–2 (n = 41), or 3 or more (3+; n = 17) prior severe hypoglycemic episodes. Hyperglycemia exposure was estimated from median lifetime A1C, weighted for duration of diabetes. Stereologic measurements of hippocampal volumes were performed in atlas-registered space to correct for whole brain volume.

RESULTS
Greater exposure to severe hypoglycemia was associated with larger hippocampal volumes (F [3,138] = 3.6, P = 0.016; 3+ larger than all other groups, P &lt; 0.05). Hyperglycemia exposure was not associated with hippocampal volumes (R2 change = 0.003, F [1,89] = 0.31, P = 0.58, semipartial r = 0.06; one outlier removed for high median A1C), and the 3+ severe hypoglycemia group still had larger hippocampal volumes after controlling for age of onset and hyperglycemia exposure (main effect of hypoglycemia category, F [2,88] = 6.4, P = 0.002; 3+ larger than all other groups, P &lt; 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Enlargement of the hippocampus may reflect a pathological reaction to hypoglycemia during brain development, such as gliosis, reactive neurogenesis, or disruption of normal developmental pruning.
Cloud point extraction and preconcentration of gold in geological matrices prior to flame atomic absorption determination
Authors: El-Naggar Wifky , Lasheen Taysseer , Nouh El-Said , Ghonaim Ahmed 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Brilliant green was used as a complexing agent in cloud point extraction (CPE) and applied for selective preconcentration of trace amounts of gold in geological matrices. The analyte in the initial aqueous solution was acidified with hydrochloric acid (0.1 M) and octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-114) was added as a surfactant. After phase separation, based on the cloud point separation of the mixture, the surfactant rich phase was diluted with methanol and the analyte determined in the surfactant rich phase by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). After optimization of the complexation and extraction conditions, a preconcentration factor of 31 was obtained for only 10 mL of sample. The analytical curve was linear in the range of 3–1000 ng mL−1 and the limit of detection was 1.5 ng mL−1. The proposed method was applied to the determination of gold in geological samples.
Metalloantibiotics: Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of bismuth-fluoroquinolone complexes against Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Shaikh Anwar , Giridhar Rajani , Megraud Francis , Yadav Mange 
Published: October 2009

Metalloantibiotics: Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial evaluation of bismuth-fluoroquinolone complexes againstHelicobacter pyloriNovel organometallic compounds have been prepared by complexing the fluoroquinolones, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, lomefloxacin, pefloxacin and gatifloxacin, with bismuth. The complexes were characterized by UV, IR, atomic absorption spectroscopy, elemental analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectrometry. Their antibacterial potential againstHelicobacter pyloriand other microorganisms was investigated. These compounds were found to possess strong activity againstHelicobacter pyloriwith a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.5 mg L-1. They also exhibited moderate activity againstEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilusandStaphylococcus epidermidis.These bismuth-fluoroquinolone complexes have the potential to be developed as drugs againstH. pylorirelated ailments.
Catalytic performances of cross-linking humic acids supported Pd/Ni bimetallic catalyst for heck reaction
Authors: Xu Qijie , Zhang Lei , Shi Wenzhong , Cui Yuanchen 
Published: October 2009

Catalytic performances of cross-linking humic acids supported Pd/Ni bimetallic catalyst for heck reaction
The cross-linking humic acids (CL-HAs), epichlorohydrin as the cross-linking reagent and the supported Pd/Ni bimetallic catalysts (CL-HAs-Pd/Ni) were prepared and characterized by IR, AAS, XPS, TEM. The effects of reaction time, temperature, base, solvent and the amount of catalyst on the properties of the catalyst were studied. These catalysts could catalyze the Heck reaction of aryl halides and substituted aryl halides with acrylic acids or styrene successfully; the yields were all above 95%.
Gait Variability Detects Women in Early Postmenopause With Low Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Palombaro Kerstin M. , Hack Laurita M. , Mangione Kathleen Kline , Barr Ann E. , Newton Roberta A. , Magri Francesca , Speziale Theresa 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundWomen in early postmenopause and with low bone mineral density (BMD) may exhibit early markers for physical frailty as a result of sarcopenia and osteopenia.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to determine whether women in early postmenopause and with low BMD exhibit decreased physical performance and differences in gait variability and fall and fracture rates.DesignThis study was an observational cohort design with participants assigned to groups on the basis of BMD status.MethodsFifty-four women, 31 with low BMD and 23 with normal BMD, participated. This study was conducted in a university research facility. Physical performance was measured by assessment of dynamic balance (timed backward tandem walk test), strength (handheld dynamometry of isometric quadriceps muscle force production), and free gait speed. Gait variability was assessed on the basis of the coefficient of variation for temporal-spatial gait characteristics. Falls and fractures were assessed for the year after initial testing.ResultsSignificant between-group differences were found for step time and stance time variability.LimitationsThe limitations of this study included group assignment on the basis of the results of the most recent bone density scan within the preceding 2 years.ConclusionsWomen in early postmenopause and with low BMD exhibited increased gait variability in step time and stance time but did not exhibit differences in balance, strength, or gait speed. Gait variability may be more sensitive for detecting differences in women in early postmenopause and with or without low BMD than more typical measures of physical performance.
Factors Affecting Predation of Red Foxes Vulpes vulpes on Brown Hares Lepus europaeus During the Breeding Season in Poland
Authors: Panek Marek 
Published: October 2009

The aim of my study was to estimate the effect of brown hare Lepus europaeus density, vole abundance and habitat diversity on the occurrence of hares in the diet of red fox Vulpes vulpes during the breeding season in agricultural landscapes. I used the average number of adult hares found among food remains scattered around a number of breeding dens of foxes (10–24/year), and analysed its temporal variation during 1997–2006 in an area located in western Poland; furthermore, I analysed the spatial variation based on results from 21 areas in various other regions of the country. Spring hare density, vole abundance index (logarithm of the number of burrow entrances/km) and habitat diversity (number of structural elements/km) were estimated using line transects of 20–61 km. In the low hare density area (5–10 individuals/km2) in western Poland, the number of hares/fox den was influenced by hare density rather than by vole abundance. In the various areas with high hare densities (11–28 individuals/km2), multiple regression analysis showed a positive effect of hare density (R2=40%) and a negative effect of vole abundance index (R2=24%) on the number of hares/fox den, whereas the effect of habitat diversity index (R2=13%) was only close to being significant. In the case of low hare density range (1–10 individuals/km2), the number of hares/fox den decreased with the habitat diversity index (R2=56%). Therefore, proper habitat management in agricultural areas should lead to a reduction of red fox pressure on brown hare, especially in areas with low‐density hare populations.
Wildlife Community Patterns in Relation to Landscape Structure and Environmental Gradients in a Swedish Boreal Ecosystem
Authors: Wallgren Märtha , Bergström Roger , Danell Kjell , Skarpe Christina 
Published: October 2009

Many environmental patterns that may have profound effects on wildlife communities occur at the landscape scale, e.g. habitat fragmentation, human demography and distribution of various resources. In order to understand how alterations of such patterns could influence e.g. wildlife species occurrences and community composition, it is important to first study these relationships empirically and at the appropriate scale. We surveyed the wildlife community in a boreal ecosystem in central Sweden using pellet group counts, while walking ‘wildlife triangles’. Our main aim was to investigate how the distribution of medium‐ and large‐sized wild mammals and large‐sized forest birds were affected by environmental variables at the landscape scale. In 2001–2003, pellet groups of mammals and forest birds were counted on 211 triangular routes with a perimeter of 4+4+4 km. The pellet groups which had accumulated after leaf fall were counted in spring. The environmental properties of each triangle, including information on latitude, altitude, infrastructure, land cover, forest type and forest stage, were determined using GIS maps. Statistical analyses involved mainly ordination (Principal Component Analysis, PCA). Significant environmental variables explaining the wildlife community composition and distribution in the boreal ecosystem were altitude, clear‐felling and infrastructure. Our conclusion, however, is that most boreal mammal and forest bird species are habitat generalists and show little spatial pattern in distributions at the landscape scale. This indicates that habitat selectiveness probably occurs at a local scale in the boreal forest. Ultimately, our conclusion provides important direction for e.g. conservation measures and wildlife management.
Comparison of Grizzly Bear Ursus arctos Demographics in Wilderness Mountains Versus a Plateau with Resource Development
Authors: Ciarniello Lana M. , Boyce Mark S. , Seip Dale R. , Heard Douglas C. 
Published: October 2009

We studied migration, birth rate and death rate of 59 grizzly bears Ursus arctos on a plateau (N = 29) with extensive forestry activities, and adjacent relatively undeveloped mountains (N = 30) during 1998–2003, to examine population parameters and/or limiting factors that might have contributed to a large difference in grizzly bear density between landscapes. Female bears in our low‐density area (i.e. plateau) were heavier, in better condition, and more often accompanied by cubs than their mountain counterparts. Survival rates were comparable for adult bears but were significantly lower for subadult bears on the plateau. All deaths of bears which lived on the plateau for which cause of death was identified were human‐caused as compared with one of three in the mountains. Plateau bear deaths were highest in fall coinciding with people hunting other species. Density‐dependent factors appeared to be more important to mountain bear demographics, whereas bears on the plateau appeared to be limited by human‐caused bear mortality. Forest harvest did not appear to have negative effects on reproductive parameters of female bears, but associated towns and roads allowed for high human‐caused bear mortality. We did not record female dispersal between landscapes leading us to conclude that dispersal from the mountains is unlikely to offset human‐caused mortality on the plateau.