bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1 ‘Una República de Curas’: Church and Politics
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering local reactions to the return of the Jesuits in 1844, an event that defined some of the interests and positions that would emerge recurrently during the third quarter of the 19th century. It then examines the effect on the Antiqueño Church of two rounds of Liberal reforms introduced on a national scale. It comments on the local suspension of discord between Church and state achieved in Antioquia by Pedro Justo Berrio’s Conservative administration, ended by the national civil war of 1876-7. It explains that with the occupation of Antioquia by Liberal forces, the region’s clergy experienced another difficult period. It discusses the ideological ascendancy of the Church with the compliance of civil authorities, and the questioning to its authority posed by the new realities of the early 20th century.
2 Towards a Greater Presence of the Church
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the ecclesiastical structure, geography, and sociology of dioceses, churches, chapels, parishes, and clergy. It explains that ecclesiastical jurisdictions varied a great deal in physical extent from one diocese to another. It mentions several male as well as female orders established in Antioquia. It discusses that the positive local attitude towards religion not only influenced a fertile milieu for religious vocation, but also encouraged the lay citizens and authorities to sponsor the activities of the religious communities. It explains that the work of friars and nuns in education, catechising, social assistance, and missions was an important factor in the expansion of the institutional presence of the Catholic Church in the region. It adds that these congregations provided social coherence and, by offering instruction to people from all ranks, opened channels of upward mobility within the society of Antioquia.
3 Proliferation of Devotional Associations
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing that the number, variety, and importance of religious associations active in Antioquia steadily increased between 1850 to 1930. It explains that these associations were promoted mainly by parish priests and by the Jesuits, and to a lesser extent by the other congregations and the laity. It mentions some of the goals performed by these religious associations: caring for spiritual salvation of deceased brothers, honouring a particular saint, disseminating Catholic doctrine, sponsoring of charities. It notes that the peak of intense activity of religious organisations was during the 1970s. It also describes the development and achievements of the main religious organisations, following a chronological sequence according to the date of their foundation.
6 Developments and Achievements in Education
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the developments and achievements in education during the late 19th century and in the early decades of the 20th on a national scale in Antioquia. It also presents the social valuation of education in the region. It also mentions and investigates some educational institutions run by religious orders. It examines higher education and technical instruction institutions established in Antioquia.
7 New Cultural Societies
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the emergence of a wide range of cultural societies brought by the advances in formal education achieved in Antioquia from the middle of the 19th century to the 1920s. It adds that these cultural societies were classified as literary circles and artistic and theatrical groups; public libraries; scientific and pedagogical societies; civic and moral associations; bands, ensembles, orchestras, and academies of música culta, ‘civilised music’; temperance societies; and social clubs. It defines the words culture and civilised and investigates Antioquian culture and civilisation. It assesses in detail the classifications of cultural societies. It clarifies that most cultural entities and associations were the result of individual initiatives. It explains that a vigorous cultural dynamism was demonstrated by the upsurge of voluntary associations in Antioquia.
Final Comments
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing that in the recent past, numerous associations bind Antioquian people together across class, promoted either by individual initiative, by the Church, or by the government. It then explains that the dynamism and positive outlook of Antioquia, mirrored in the proliferation of these societies, coincided with the economic expansion of the region. It adds that by the 1920s, the region was the busiest economic nucleus in Colombia, and led the modernisation of the country. It notes that sociability did not abolish class distinctions. It argues that even after facing years of threats posed by the drugs trade and the growth of guerrilla and paramilitary numbers and activity, the Antioquian society demonstrated the degree of resistance and even the capacity to recover. It suggests that the region’s past has played a more important role than is now conventionally accepted in responding to challenges posed by recent difficulties.
Towards a Pan-Mandarin System for Prosodic Transcription
Authors: Peng Shu-hui , Chan Marjorie K. M , Tseng Chiu-yu , Huang Tsan , Lee Ok Joo , Beckman Mary E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the initial stages of development of a Pan-Mandarin ToBI system. It reviews the salient prosodic characteristics of Mandarin, such as lexical tones, tone sandhi, tonal neutralisation, stress patterns, pitch range effects, and prosodic groupings above the syllable level. Particular attention is paid to the range of variability within a common structural core, in addition to points of reference to other varieties of Chinese and to other languages. It then proposes a codification of conventions for marking prosodic structure and an inventory of tones in two standard varieties (i.e. Putonghua of Mainland China and Guoyu of Taiwan) and one regional variety of the language (i.e. Rugaohua, a Jianghuai Mandarin variety). Also built into the system is the capability to accommodate interactions, such as code-switching events, between different varieties of Mandarin and perhaps between Mandarin and other varieties of Chinese (and other languages) in different social contexts.
Intonation in Six Dialects of Bininj Gun-wok
Authors: Bishop Judith , Fletcher Janet 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It is particularly significant to examine the intonational systems of typologically diverse languages in light of renewed interest in ‘intonational universals’. As yet, only a handful of indigenous Australian languages possess significant intonational descriptions. This chapter examines the intonational phonology of six closely-related varieties of a Northern Australian language, Bininj Gun-wok, also known as Mayali. It then outlines transcription conventions that are designed to transcribe significant prosodic events in this language and its various dialects.
Intonational Variation in Four Dialects of English: the High Rising Tune
Authors: Fletcher Janet , Grabe Esther , Warren Paul 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter investigates phonetic and phonological aspects of rising tunes, and to a lesser extent, pitch accent realization in certain varieties of English, namely, General Australian English, New Zealand English, Glasgow English, and other Northern British English varieties. Differences among the varieties are also described relative to the typological framework outlined in Ladd (1996), whereby intonational differences are either semantic, systemic, phonetic, and phonotactic. The chapter also examines how transcription systems can deal with sociophonetic aspects of tonal variation within and among these varieties, focusing in particular on the ‘rising’ tunes that often accompany declarative statements in many of the above mentioned varieties. An example of one of these rising tunes is what is often referred to as the characteristic ‘HRT’ (high rising terminal) of Australian English and New Zealand English. Two approaches to the transcription of these differences are discussed.
Imaginary Societies
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses imaginary societies: Forest Land, Status Land, Red Land, Contract Land, Wood Land, and Pink Land. In Forest Land the members of a tribe live together in a communal dwelling constructed of wood, grass, and leaves. Status Land resembles Forest Land, except that its inter-personal and environmental rules are structured and interpreted around an organizing idea which the Forestlanders lack — the notion of status. Red Land is a modern country committed to the uncompromising socialization of all resources. Contract Land is like Red Land, except that the discharge of obligations and the allocation of good are not exclusively governed by the goals of collective living to which the citizens are committed. Wood Land is similar to Forest Land, except that its population has expanded, and its members have begun to range over wider areas to collect food and kill game, and it has evolved techniques for manufacturing some types of artifacts — weapons, traps, skinning tools, and grass ropes. Pink Land is similar to Red Land, except that the licenses to use scarce items are in different terms.
Ownership as a Principle
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines ownership as principle. It argues that invocations of ownership as principle differ from other aspects of juristic doctrine in that ‘ownership’, in common law systems, is not a term of art. Ownership interests derive their imprecise and fluctuating import from the wider culture of the community in which the property institution is situated. Ownership and trespassory rules, ownership and property limitation rules, and ownership and expropriation rules are discussed.
Private and Non-private Property
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Critics have seldom attempted any analysis of modern property institutions which exhibits that which unites, and that which divides, differing conceptions of property — in particular, what precisely is ‘ownership’ when ascribed to private persons or groups or to agencies discharging public functions. This chapter attempts this task. It shows that conceptions of private property are logically prior to conceptions of non-private property, and that justifications for the latter are parasitic on justifications or disjustifications for the former.
Natural Property Rights and the Assault Analogy
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
It was suggested at the beginning of Chapter 11 that natural rights are such rights as to follow from the interaction between the requirements of just treatment and the facts of the world. The third element of the minimalist conception of justice, set out in Chapter 10, is the prohibition of unprovoked invasions of bodily integrity. Assaults on the human being are natural wrongs. Could it be the case that — by virtue of a relationship that has arisen between an individual or a group and some physical or ideational resource — any intermeddling with that resource would, in practice, constitute an assault? It is possible to build, on the prohibition of invasions of bodily integrity to the point at which one has reach a natural property right? This chapter considers this possibility in the context of three kinds of relationship to resources: first occupancy, personhood-constituting, and privacy.
Property and Freedom
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers whether there are moral property rights falling within the last of the seven categories set out in section (ii) of Chapter 10 — that is the moral standing of a person or group to insist that a property institution of some kind be in place in a particular society. The liberal conception of ownership, Hegal and property freedoms, mere property freedoms, and property transmission freedoms are discussed.
Against Property Freedoms
Authors: HARRIS J. W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter considers various arguments against property freedoms. Topics discussed include interior and ulterior limitations, fetishism, disparities in wealth, and domination-potential. It shows that none of the anti-property-freedom arguments considered yields the conclusion that any of the freedoms vouchsafed by the ownership spectrum are, intrinsically, to be excluded from the just society. They are never sacrosanct, but as freedoms they have prima facie value.
Large Firms and Institutional Change
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Between 1980 and 1985, the French economy and industry faced a dramatic crisis; in the ten years that followed, it witnessed a remarkable revival. How did the French economy make this transition? While the state is still an important economic agent in France, and the market certainly has become more central in the organization of the French economy, both state- and market-centred perspectives fail to understand critical elements of this adjustment. Building on the new Varieties of Capitalism approach in political economy, which puts firms at the centre of the analysis, this book argues that the post-war, state-led system changed into a system organized by and around the large firms. Large firms have always been central in the French post-war economic development model. In the past, however, they adapted to patterns set by the central state. By exploiting the possibilities in government policies in different areas such as finance, labour relations, and regional policies, the large firms were able to induce their main interlocutors — the state, banks, labour unions, workers, and small firms — to adjust in a way that was congruent with their own interests. From subservient economic agents, they became the drivers of economic adjustment. Through this case study of readjustment in France, this book offers a critique of neo-institutionalist perspectives on firms. By analysing how large firms in France changed their institutional environment to fit their own needs, this book offers a perspective on the political economy of industrial and economic change.
3 Rethinking the French Political Economy: Bringing Firms Back In
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter develops the key argument of the book and sets the stage for the four detailed empirical case studies of company and industry level adjustment that follow. If the French economy appears neither blocked in reform, nor excessively dependent on the state, the focus on state and market as adjustment mechanisms needs to be replaced by a different focus. The chapter examines the role that large firms have played in corporate governance, labour relations, and industrial organization.
6 Grinding Vegetables—to a Halt: Delayed Adjustment in Moulinex
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The third case study is a case of delayed and ultimately failed reform. The consumer electronics and small kitchen appliances producer Moulinex entered a crisis like many other large companies in France in the 1980s, but failed to reorganize its corporate governance structure for a long time. Thus, the crisis was prolonged without clear direction for the company, and ultimately, Moulinex entered bankruptcy proceedings in the early 2000s.
Negative and positive positivism
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents and defends a version of legal positivism, relying on two distinctions: one between epistemic and ontological conceptions of the rule of recognition, and the other between negative and positive positivism. The chapter argues that positivism is committed to the rule of recognition as a semantic or ontological rule only, and that its essential positive claim is that the authority of law everywhere is a matter of social convention. These points, taken together, make legal positivism both interesting and defensible. Because negative positivism is essentially a negative thesis, it cannot be undermined by counter-examples, any one of which would show only that, in some community or other, morality is a condition of legality at least for some norms.
Rethinking the theory of legal rights
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the classical liberal theory of rights, which holds that rights protect or secure a domain of autonomy. To have a right is to have control or liberty over that to which one is entitled. Guido Calabresi and others working within an economic framework have argued that rights can be secured either by property rules or by liability rules. Property rules secure rights by entitling people who hold rights both to exclude others from making use of protected property and to transfer protected property on terms agreeable to them. Liability rules secure rights by giving non-entitled parties the freedom to take what right owners possess provided they compensate ex post. There is an apparent conflict, then, between liability rules and the classical liberal conception of rights. The chapter offers a way of thinking about legal rights in which both prima facie plausible claims must be abandoned.
Efficiency, auction and exchange
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between Pareto optimality, Pareto superiority, and Kaldor-Hicks efficiency, and provides an extended discussion of the Coase theorem. One of the central claims in this chapter is that the economic analysis of law relies largely on the Kaldor-Hicks criterion of efficiency, less on Pareto optimality, and almost not at all on Pareto superiority. This is important, especially from a normative point of view. What justifies the use of public power, that is, courts, legislatures and administrative agencies, in pursuing efficiency? In his essay Theory of Negligence, Richard Posner shows that a large number of negligence cases were decided along lines of economic efficiency.
The morality of strict tort liability
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that strict liability in torts is both defensible and central to all forms of tort liability. For example, the rule that injurers can be penalised only when they are at fault can be thought of as a form of strict victim liability. Under this rule, a victim bears a loss when an injurer's conduct is faultless, even though the victim may also have acted appropriately. In torts, then, the question is often which of two blameless parties ought to bear the costs of an accident; and so issues of strict liability, rather than being peripheral to tort law, are at its very core.
Corrective justice and wrongful gain
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter makes a distinction between two questions: what grounds a victim's claim to recovery, and what justifies holding an injurer liable for the harms his conduct occasions. That these two questions are distinct can be seen from the fact that a society could permit all victims to seek compensation for all injuries (other than injuries that are self-imposed) while providing that injurers can be held liable only when their conduct is faulty or negligent. Such an arrangement might be undesirable, but that would be a normative matter, not an analytic one. In other words, it is not analytic that compensation flows from an injurer to a victim. That is tort practice, one that needs a defense. By distinguishing between the grounds and modes of recognition, the chapter tries to show how a scheme of no-fault liability can be made consistent with the demands of justice in liability.
Justice in settlements
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the practice of settling disputes instead of fully litigating them. Since settlements often depart from the requirements of individual desert, the practice of encouraging settlements requires a defense. The chapter also points out that further questions of justice can arise after disputes settle, especially in certain categories of cases. The most important of these categories, the class action, is examined, specifically, whether compensatory or corrective justice demands that monies paid in settlement of class actions be distributed among class members, as the law currently requires. The chapter argues that in certain class actions called paradigm class actions, justice does not require this result. Instead, the principle that people should be compensated for wrongfully inflicted losses leaves open the possibility that monies paid in settlement of paradigm class actions could be used in other ways, including ways that deprive class members of benefits entirely.
Market contractarianism
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses two theories about legitimate political authority. The first is that political institutions are justified because they emerge as the outcome of a rational bargain among individuals who recognise the state of nature as a prisoners' dilemma. The state of nature thus constitutes a form of market failure, and coercive political institutions are justified as solutions to the problem of market failure. This is termed thin market contractarianism. In contrast, thick market contractarianism is the view that political authority is justified not only to rectify market failure, but also to make possible the conditions of market success in the classical economic sense. The chapter introduces a move from classical economic models to more general rational choice models, especially bargaining theory. What was once seen largely as market failure problems, are now bargaining problems embedded in prisoners' dilemmas.
Unanimity
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the view that, on both economic and moral grounds, unanimity is the preferable voting rule. Unanimity captures the essential Paretian and consensual features of market exchange, and is thus uniquely defensible on both market and moral grounds. Departures from unanimity are unavoidable but must be seen as necessary evils. The usual criticism of unanimity is that it unjustifiably favors the status quo. The chapter asks whether unanimity actually bears the relationship to market exchange that its proponents take to justify it uniquely.
Democracy and social choice
Authors: Coleman Jules L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The modern theory of social choice contains a number of attempts to develop a defence of particular voting or collective decision procedures by appeal to axioms aimed at characterising one or another aspect of procedural fairness. This chapter examines democracy and social choice based on the work of William Riker, who has argued that social choice theory undermines the coherence of populist democratic theory and makes plausible only a very weak form of Madisonian liberalism. In Riker's view, voting is legitimate and desirable only because it enables us to remove officials, thereby constraining their ability arbitrarily to constrain our liberty over time. Riker claims not only that attempts to justify decision rules on procedural or axiomatic grounds fail, but also that proceduralism is itself an inadequate basis for evaluating collective decision-making institutions.