bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young people's evaluation of a nurse‐led bladder training service: working towards developing a patient reported experience and outcome measure
Authors: Sanders Caroline , Bray Lucy 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe attainment of urinary continence is usually achieved in early childhood, however, many children and young people can experience challenges to their urinary continence during childhood and into adolescence. Urinary incontinence has been linked to physiological comorbidities such as constipation and urinary tract infections and can also affect the social confidence and quality of life for children and young people. The aim of this study was to develop an experience and outcome measure for children and young people who experience lower urinary tract symptoms. A questionnaire‐based evaluation to directly consult with young people attending a nurse‐led bladder training clinic was used, pre and post treatment session, to evaluate their experiences and reported outcomes. The findings demonstrated that many of the young people reported a good response to bladder training as a resolution or reduction in their urinary symptoms; however, some young people remained reluctant to discuss their continence problems in clinic. The questionnaires highlighted the value they placed on the psychosocial support from the nurses in the clinic and how this in turn influenced their reported self‐confidence and ability to manage their condition. Exploring reported experiences and outcomes can be helpful in determining what is important to young people attending a bladder training clinic. This has also highlighted the specific contribution nurses make in the assessment, intervention and management of this group.
Validation of Brief Questionnaire Measures of Sun Exposure and Skin Pigmentation Against Detailed and Objective Measures Including Vitamin D Status
Authors: Cargill Jessica , Lucas Robyn M. , Gies Peter , King Kerryn , Swaminathan Ashwin , Allen Martin W. , Banks Emily 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSelf‐reported sun exposure is commonly used in research, but how well this represents actual sun exposure is poorly understood. From February to July 2011, a volunteer sample (n = 47) of older adults (≥45 years) in Canberra, Australia, answered brief questions on time outdoors (weekdays and weekends) and natural skin color. They subsequently maintained a sun diary and wore an ultraviolet radiation (UVR) digital dosimeter for 7 days. Melanin density was estimated using reflectance spectrophotometry; lifetime sun damage was assessed using silicone casts of the back of the hand; and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentration was assayed. Questionnaire‐reported time outdoors correlated significantly with diary‐recorded time outdoors (Spearman correlation rs = 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.80; P < 0.001) and UVR dosimeter dose (rs = 0.46; 95% CI 0.18, 0.68; P = 0.003), but not 25(OH)D concentration (rs = 0.24; 95% CI −0.05, 0.50; P = 0.10). Questionnaire‐reported untanned skin color correlated significantly with measured melanin density at the inner upper arm (rs = 0.49; 95% CI 0.24, 0.68; P < 0.001). In a multiple linear regression model, statistically significant predictors of 25(OH)D concentration were self‐reported frequency of physical activity, skin color and recent osteoporosis treatment (R2 = 0.54). In this study, brief questionnaire items provided valid rankings of sun exposure and skin color, and enabled the development of a predictive model for 25(OH)D concentration.
Density Functional Theory Calculations on Rhodamine B and Pinacyanol Chloride. Optimized Ground State, Dipole Moment, Vertical Ionization Potential, Adiabatic Electron Affinity and Lowest Excited Triplet State
Authors: Delgado Juan C. , Selsby Ronald G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe ground state configuration of the gas phase cationic dyes pinacyanol chloride and rhodamineBare optimized withHF/6–311 + G(2d,2p) method and basis set.B3PW91/6–311 + G(2df,2p) functional and basis set is used to calculate the Mulliken atom charge distribution, total molecular energy, the dipole moment, the vertical ionization potential, the adiabatic electron affinity and the lowest excited triplet state, the last three as an energy difference between separately calculated open shell and ground states. The triplet and extra electron states are optimized to find the relaxation energy. In the ground state optimization of both dyes the chloride anion migrates to a position nearthe centerof the chromophore. For rhodamine B the benzoidal group turns perpendicular to the chromophore plane. For both dyes, theLUMOis mostly of π character associated with the aromatic part of the molecule containing the chromophore. The highest occupiedMOsconsist of three almost degenerate eigenvectors involving the chloride anion coordinated with σ electrons in the molecular framework. The fourth highestMOis of π character. For both molecules in the gas phase ionization process the chloride anion loses the significant fraction of electric charge. In electron capture, the excess charge goes mainly on the dye cation.
Evaluation of a new rapid anti‐HbF FITC assay, Trillium QuikQuant, for detection and quantitation of foetomaternal haemorrhage
Authors: Fong E. A. , Finlayson J. , Robins F. , Davies J. , Joseph J. , Rossi E. , Grey D. E. 
Published: August 2012

SummaryIntroductionThis study evaluated a new product for flow cytometric foetomaternal haemorrhage (FMH) quantitation, Trillium QuikQuant anti‐HbF FITC kit (Trillium Diagnostics, USA), in comparison with the Millipore anti‐HbF FITC method.MethodsBlood from 67 antenatal or postpartum RhD‐negative women together with 108 samples spiked with 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 2%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 8% and 10% of foetal red cells were analysed by both methods.ResultsResults for both methods were linear to 10% foetal red cells. Analysis using the Wilcoxon test found that there was no difference between the paired results of Trillium QuikQuant and the expected values of the spiked samples (P = 0.48). In contrast, Millipore anti‐HbF FITC gave statistically higher results compared with both the expected values and Trillium QuikQuant anti‐HbF FITC (P = 0.0003 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The Bland–Altman plot for Trillium QuikQuant showed a mean difference of only 0.06% below the expected values, whilst Millipore was 0.13% above. The analysis time with Trillium QuikQuant was approximately 40 min, requiring significantly less hands‐on time than the Millipore method that required an additional four wash steps.ConclusionTrillium QuikQuant is a new precise, accurate and rapid flow cytometric kit method for the quantitation of FMH in both the antenatal and postpartum period.
Effects of Syzygium aromaticum‐derived oleanolic acid on glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in the rat small intestine (丁香衍生物齐墩果酸对大鼠小肠中的葡萄糖转运以及糖原合成的影响)
Authors: KHATHI Andile , MASOLA Bubuya , MUSABAYANE Cephas T. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractBackground:  In the present study, we investigated the effects of oleanolic acid (OA), which has hypoglycemic properties, on glucose transport and glycogen synthesis in the small intestine, an organ that secretes enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.Methods:  The OA was isolated from Syzygium aromaticum ethyl acetate‐soluble fractions followed by recrystallization with ethanol. It was diluted to required concentrations in freshly prepared dimethyl sulfoxide (2 mL) and normal saline (19 mL) before being administered to rats (p.o.). Glycogen concentrations were determined in isolated small intestines from fasted and non‐fasted non‐diabetic and streptozotocin‐diabetic rats after 18 h treatment with 80 mg/kg, p.o., OA or standard hypoglycemic drugs (i.e. 100 μg/kg, s.c., insulin; 500 mg/kg, p.o., metformin). In a separate series of experiments, the effects of 30‐min incubation with graded concentrations of OA (0.82–6.56 mmol/L) on d‐glucose were evaluated by monitoring changes in glucose concentrations inside and outside of intestinal sacs isolated from fasted, non‐diabetic rats and mounted in an organ bath containing Krebs–Henseleit bicarbonate buffer.Results:  All in vivo treatments increased the glycogen concentration in rat small intestine, although the effects of metformin treatment in non‐fasted diabetic rats failed to reach statistical significance. In vitro, both OA (1.64–6.56 mmol/L) and phlorizin (10−5–10−3 mol/L) decreased glucose transport from the mucosa to the serosa.Conclusion:  The data suggest that OA may be a potential alternative drug treatment for postprandial hyperglycemia because of its inhibition of glucose uptake across the small intestine and its concomitant conversion of glucose to glycogen in the intestinal wall.
Embodied Cognition for Autonomous Interactive Robots
Authors: Hoffman Guy 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIn the past, notions of embodiment have been applied to robotics mainly in the realm of very simple robots, and supporting low‐level mechanisms such as dynamics and navigation. In contrast, most human‐like, interactive, and socially adept robotic systems turn away from embodiment and use amodal, symbolic, and modular approaches to cognition and interaction. At the same time, recent research in Embodied Cognition (EC) is spanning an increasing number of complex cognitive processes, including language, nonverbal communication, learning, and social behavior.This article suggests adopting a modern EC approach for autonomous robots interacting with humans. In particular, we present three core principles from EC that may be applicable to such robots: (a) modal perceptual representation, (b) action/perception and action/cognition integration, and (c) a simulation‐based model of top‐down perceptual biasing. We describe a computational framework based on these principles, and its implementation on two physical robots. This could provide a new paradigm for embodied human–robot interaction based on recent psychological and neurological findings.
Why ordinary people comply with environmental laws: A structural model on normative and attitudinal determinants of illegal anti‐ecological behaviour
Authors: Martín Ana M. , Hernández Bernardo , Frías‐Armenta Martha , Hess Stephany 
Published: August 2012

Purpose. The aim of this study is to propose and test a comprehensive model of compliance with environmental law (EL). The legal and psychosocial peculiarities of environmental transgressions suggest that the nature and relative impact of the determinants of ordinary people's compliance with EL may differ from those involved in compliance with ordinary laws.Method. A total of 439 university students of Law, Psychology, Pedagogy, and Speech Therapy majors, aged between 18 and 58, took part in the study. Participants answered a questionnaire assessing illegal anti‐ecological behaviour (IAEB), legal‐sanction‐related variables, injunctive and prescriptive social norms, personal norms, and sustainability attitudes. The data from all participants were processed using structural equation analysis to test the hypothesized model.Results. The main antecedents of IAEB are personal norms and, to a lesser extent, sustainability attitudes and descriptive social norms. Personal norms on IAEB are influenced by injunctive social norms and also by sustainability attitudes. Legal‐sanction‐related variables affect personal norms and IAEB, but only by indirectly influencing social norms.Conclusions. Although legal‐sanction‐related variables and norms have been traditionally used to explain illegal behaviour, the legal and psychosocial peculiarities of IAEB are reflected in the process of compliance with environmental protection laws. Results allow for a refinement of the relationship between personal and social norms, showing that the main determinants of IAEB is personal norm, but that descriptive social norms also directly affect behaviour, and that sustainability attitudes play an unquestionable role in compliance with ELs.
Chronic periodontitis and the subsequent risk of trigeminal neuralgia: a 5‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Keller Joseph J. , Sheu Jau‐Jiuan , Lin Herng‐Ching 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAimThis study set out to explore the possibility that chronic periodontitis (CP) may also be a condition that could potentially result in secondary or symptomatic trigeminal neuralgia (TN) by utilizing a population‐based dataset and cohort study design in Taiwan.Materials and MethodsWe included 110,104 subjects with CP in our study cohort, and randomly selected 110,104 subjects without a history of CP as a comparison cohort. We individually tracked each patient in this study for a 5‐year period to identify those who received a subsequent diagnosis of TN.ResultsThe incidence rate of TN during the 5‐year follow‐up period was 4.40 (95% CI = 3.87–4.98) per 10,000 person‐years for subjects with CP, and 2.60 (95% CI = 2.20‐3.05) per 10,000 person‐years in comparison subjects. Cox proportional analysis revealed that the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of TN during the 5‐year follow‐up period for subjects with CP was 1.65 (95% CI = 1.34–2.03) times higher than that of comparison subjects. However, the study subjects who had undergone a gingivectomy or periodontal flap operation did not have a higher adjusted risk of TN than comparison subjects (HR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.54–1.61).ConclusionOur study detected a greater risk for TN among patients with CP than matched comparison subjects.
A new conceptual paradigm for the haemodynamics of salt‐sensitive hypertension: a mathematical modelling approach
Authors: Averina Viktoria A. , Othmer Hans G. , Fink Gregory D. , Osborn John W. 
Published: August 2012

Key points
Causes of chronically‐elevated arterial blood pressure (hypertension) are highly debated and difficult to study experimentally. Mathematical models can help elucidate potential causes of hypertension that are experimentally inaccessible.
All current models are based on one key assumption that long‐term regulation of blood pressure depends on sodium excretion by the kidney. This assumption leads to the conclusion that hypertension must be caused by kidney dysfunction.
However, some experimental evidence suggests that kidney function can remain normal and that instead elevated neural activity to the vasculature causes hypertension.
We developed a mathematical model where sodium excretion is independent of blood pressure and neural activation to the vasculature triggers hypertension. Our model reproduces the solutions of earlier models, yet still shows the empirically well‐established correlation between changes in sodium excretion and blood pressure.
Thus the model provides a novel platform for studying non‐kidney based theories of hypertension aetiology.
Abstract  A conceptually novel mathematical model of neurogenic angiotensin II‐salt hypertension is developed and analysed. The model consists of a lumped parameter circulatory model with two parallel vascular beds; two distinct control mechanisms for both natriuresis and arterial resistances can be implemented, resulting in four versions of the model. In contrast with the classical Guyton–Coleman model (GC model) of hypertension, in the standard version of our new model natriuresis is assumed to be independent of arterial pressure and instead driven solely by sodium intake; arterial resistances are driven by increased sympathetic nervous system activity in response to the elevated plasma angiotensin II and increased salt intake (AngII‐salt). We compare the standard version of our new model against a simplified Guyton–Coleman model in which natriuresis is a function of arterial pressure via the pressure–natriuresis mechanism, and arterial resistances are controlled via the whole‐body autoregulation mechanism. We show that the simplified GC model and the new model correctly predict haemodynamic and renal excretory responses to induced changes in angiotensin II and sodium inputs. Importantly, the new model reproduces the pressure–natriuresis relationship – the correlation between arterial pressure and sodium excretion – despite the assumption of pressure‐independent natriuresis. These results show that our model provides a conceptually new alternative to Guyton's theory without contradicting observed haemodynamic changes or pressure–natriuresis relationships. Furthermore, the new model supports the view that hypertension need not necessarily have a renal aetiology and that long‐term arterial pressure could be determined by sympathetic nervous system activity without involving the renal sympathetic nerves.
The vesicular glutamate transporter VGLUT3 contributes to protection against neonatal hypoxic stress
Authors: Miot Stéphanie , Voituron Nicolas , Sterlin Adélaïde , Vigneault Erika , Morel Lydie , Matrot Boris , Ramanantsoa Nelina , Amilhon Bénédicte , Poirel Odile , Lepicard Ève , El Mestikawy Salah , Hilaire Gérard , Gallego Jorge 
Published: August 2012

Key points
Hypoxic stress is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in neonates.
We examined the role of VGLUT3, an atypical transporter of glutamate present in serotonergic neurons involved in breathing and heat production, in the response to hypoxia.
The respiratory responses to chemical stimuli and the turnover of serotonin in the brainstem were impaired in newborn mice lacking VGLUT3.
Under cold conditions, metabolic rate, body temperature, baseline breathing and the ventilatory response to hypoxia were disrupted.
Thus, VGLUT3 expression is required for optimal response to hypoxic stress in neonates.
Abstract  Neonates respond to hypoxia initially by increasing ventilation, and then by markedly decreasing both ventilation (hypoxic ventilatory decline) and oxygen consumption (hypoxic hypometabolism). This latter process, which vanishes with age, reflects a tight coupling between ventilatory and thermogenic responses to hypoxia. The neurological substrate of hypoxic hypometabolism is unclear, but it is known to be centrally mediated, with a strong involvement of the 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT, serotonin) system. To clarify this issue, we investigated the possible role of VGLUT3, the third subtype of vesicular glutamate transporter. VGLUT3 contributes to glutamate signalling by 5‐HT neurons, facilitates 5‐HT transmission and is expressed in strategic regions for respiratory and thermogenic control. We therefore assumed that VGLUT3 might significantly contribute to the response to hypoxia. To test this possibility, we analysed this response in newborn mice lacking VGLUT3 using anatomical, biochemical, electrophysiological and integrative physiology approaches. We found that the lack of VGLUT3 did not affect the histological organization of brainstem respiratory networks or respiratory activity under basal conditions. However, it impaired respiratory responses to 5‐HT and anoxia, showing a marked alteration of central respiratory control. These impairments were associated with altered 5‐HT turnover at the brainstem level. Furthermore, under cold conditions, the lack of VGLUT3 disrupted the metabolic rate, body temperature, baseline breathing and the ventilatory response to hypoxia. We conclude that VGLUT3 expression is dispensable under basal conditions but is required for optimal response to hypoxic stress in neonates.
Acid‐sensing ion channels contribute to chemosensitivity of breathing‐related neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract
Authors: Huda Rafiq , Pollema‐Mays Sarah L. , Chang Zheng , Alheid George F. , McCrimmon Donald R. , Martina Marco 
Published: August 2012

Key point
A subset of neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (nucleus tractus solitarius, NTS) show a response to changes in pH within the physiological range (7.4 to 7.0) that is mediated by acid sensing ion channels (ASICs).
These ‘responder neurons’ appear to cluster dorsally in the NTS.
ASIC1 and ASIC2 transcripts are expressed in the NTS.
NTS neurons projecting to the ventral respiratory column show ASIC‐mediated responses to mild pH challenges and may modulate the respiratory response to .
Injection of the ASIC inhibitor amiloride into the NTS transiently depresses breathing frequency in hypercapnic anaesthetized rats.
Abstract  Cellular mechanisms of central pH chemosensitivity remain largely unknown. The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) integrates peripheral afferents with central pathways controlling breathing; NTS neurons function as central chemosensors, but only limited information exists concerning the ionic mechanisms involved. Acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) mediate chemosensitivity in nociceptive terminals, where pH values ∼6.5 are not uncommon in inflammation, but are also abundantly expressed throughout the brain where pH is tightly regulated and their role is less clear. Here we test the hypothesis that ASICs are expressed in NTS neurons and contribute to intrinsic chemosensitivity and control of breathing. In electrophysiological recordings from acute rat NTS slices, ∼40% of NTS neurons responded to physiological acidification (pH 7.0) with a transient depolarization. This response was also present in dissociated neurons suggesting an intrinsic mechanism. In voltage clamp recordings in slices, a pH drop from 7.4 to 7.0 induced ASIC‐like inward currents (blocked by 100 μm amiloride) in ∼40% of NTS neurons, while at pH ≤ 6.5 these currents were detected in all neurons tested; RT‐PCR revealed expression of ASIC1 and, less abundantly, ASIC2 in the NTS. Anatomical analysis of dye‐filled neurons showed that ASIC‐dependent chemosensitive cells (cells responding to pH 7.0) cluster dorsally in the NTS. Using in vivo retrograde labelling from the ventral respiratory column, 90% (9/10) of the labelled neurons showed an ASIC‐like response to pH 7.0, suggesting that ASIC currents contribute to control of breathing. Accordingly, amiloride injection into the NTS reduced phrenic nerve activity of anaesthetized rats with an elevated arterial .