bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rumpelstiltskin
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the year 1946 Philippa made a debut in the bizarre double role of composer and performer and competed in several national composition contests, and she performed throughout America. All of this helped her to cope with the aftermath of reading the scrapbooks and superficially recover from her depression. Her double debut happened at Lewisohn Stadium and many music critics, like Robert Hague, were amazed with her performance. She performed “Rumplestiltskin” twice, first at Carnegie Hall and second during the annual Festival of Music and Art at Fisk University. Philippa was also invited to become a junior advisory editor for Calling All Girls, having herself a social life. Yet, the Schuylers during this time were experiencing financial difficulties as a result of the rising cost of Philippa's training. In addition her mother was also living beyond her means with a new gaudy lifestyle.
What Is Africa to Me?
Authors: Talalay Kathryn 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the year 1959, clashes over race and politics surfaced in the Schuyler family. For George and Josephine, having a highly gifted and interracial child fulfilled their goal in life. However, though Philippa enjoyed her status as role model for many African Americans, she was unhappy and frustrated over the racial barriers she experienced in her career. While all of members of her family were conservative, significant differences existed between Philippa and her father in their attitudes toward events in Africa. Philippa had a love-hate relationship with Africa as she had been brought up to appreciate the contributions of the Negro race. But most important for her was the discovery of what she thought of her roots and she wrote to her mother that she felt that she was not African at all, she said, rather, that she felt Malay-American-Indian and European.
Impurity and Sin in Ancient Judaism
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractMuch has been written about ritual impurity in ancient Judaism, but the question of how the ancient Jews understood the relationship between defilement and sin has largely been ignored. This book offers a systematic exploration of the topic. The book takes the results of current research on the Hebrew Bible and applies them to early Jewish and Christian groups. The Bible, it shows, considers the moral impurity generated by sin to be entirely distinct from (but no less real than) the ritual impurity generated by bodily function such as menstruation. The book then traces the relationship between ritual and moral impurity from early Jewish sects through the New Testament and the theology of Saint Paul, and shows how Christian theology arrived at the point where the need for ritual purity was entirely rejected.
Moral Impurity in the Second Temple Period
Authors: Klawans Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter shows that the biblical idea of moral defilement persists into the second temple period. It studies selected passages from the books of Ezra and Nehemiah, the book of Jubilees, the Tempe Scroll, the Damascus Document, and other sundry texts. The analyzed passages have been understood to be concerned with ritual impurity. However, it is argued that they are best understood as articulations of the concept of moral impurity. It has been indicated that the idea of moral defilement was very much alive in the second temple period. Moreover, it examines a few Jewish texts from 1 Enoch, the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, and the Psalms of Solomon. These texts should suffice to make the point that sexual sins were perceived to defile the sanctuary, morally.
The Rise of Neo-Gricean Pragmatics
Authors: Atlas Jay David 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe parallel between saying something and articulating a more informative statement and saying something and articulating the more informative implies that such can apply for both positive and negative statements. Examining the parallelism of the implications brought about by scalar items and negation proves to be, however, somewhat deceptive since such examination may seem more informative than merely looking into the logical consequences of “what is said.” This chapter also looks into the “Horn Scale” which involves a condition in sentence construction that concerns the ordering of the words. Also, the chapter provides examples of sentences that exemplify the use of Grice's First Maxim of Quantity and the other Maxims of Quality.
Practice
Authors: Lehmann Andreas C. , Sloboda John A. , Woody Robert H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter studies the concept of practice as it applies to music. Practice is revealed to be a complex behavior influenced by a variety of factors, and it is studied in terms of its macro and micro perspectives. The chapter discusses several related points regarding the activity of practice. First is that the scientific notion of practice does not differentiate between its formal and informal types. Second, the ultimate objective and benefit of practice is the development of long-term skill-building in music rather than the learning of a single piece. Third, the continuous application of practice is critical to the success of a musician's performance and there are rarely any shortcuts to the acquisition of musical skill. Last, excluding the individual differences among musicians, several common “good practice” behaviors or activities are identified from the practices of experts in the field, which promote good habits.
The Heritage of the Church
Authors: Atkinson Charles M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the traditions and practices of the Christian church and some of the early attempts to develop a rational system of classification for its music. A great irony in the series of developments that led ultimately to a medieval theory of mode and tone-system is that one of the most important of those developments had nothing to do with either ancient or medieval conceptions of tonus, tropus, or modus—or, for that matter, with anything else that has been discussed thus far in this study. The development in question is the translation of the Roman liturgy into Francia and the concomitant suppression of the Gallican rite. That suppression began in 754 with the Masses said by Pope Stephen II (752–57) at the court of Pepin III (751–68) and at other Frankish churches. It was, for the most part, brought to completion under Charlemagne (768–814).
Alia musica
Authors: Atkinson Charles M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Alia musica, one of the most complex and perplexing of all medieval writings on music. Alia musica is actually a core treatise with succeeding layers of commentary on it, the commentators themselves drawing their material from various sources. Among the many questions that still surround the Alia musica are those of authorship and date. It is argued that there are five different conceptual “layers” of the treatise, and that there were at least four authors or commentators involved in the creation of the work.
Pseudo-Bernelinus, Bern of Reichenau, Pseudo-Odo, and Guido dʼArezzo
Authors: Atkinson Charles M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the relevant contributions of Pseudo-Bernelinus, Bern of Reichenau, Pseudo-Odo, and Guido dʼArezzo. As explained in chapter 5, Author δ of the Alia musica made a significant contribution to the theory of the church modes in distinguishing authentic from plagal modes via differences in their octave species. He made a further contribution to this theory in describing plainchant by means of species of fourths and fifths. Given the potency of this approach as an analytical tool, it should come as no surprise that the church modes themselves would soon be defined as a concatenation of species of fourths and fifths. The chapter begins by tracing this development from a small treatise that first appears among works attributed to Hucbald (d. 930) through the interpolated version of the Prologus in tonarium of Bern of Reichenau (d. 1048).
Adaptive Thinking
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWhere do new ideas come from? What is social intelligence? Why do social scientists perform mindless statistical rituals? This vital book is about rethinking rationality as adaptive thinking: to understand how minds cope with their environments, both ecological and social. The author proposes and illustrates a bold new research program that investigates the psychology of rationality, introducing the concepts of ecological, bounded, and social rationality. His path-breaking collection takes research on thinking, social intelligence, creativity, and decision-making out of an ethereal world where the laws of logic and probability reign, and places it into our real world of human behavior and interaction. This book is accessibly written for general readers with an interest in psychology, cognitive science, economics, sociology, philosophy, artificial intelligence, and animal behavior. It also teaches a practical audience, such as physicians, AIDS counselors, and experts in criminal law, how to understand and communicate uncertainties and risks.
AIDS Counseling for Low-Risk Clients
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe discrepancy between what clients believe a positive HIV test means and what it actually does mean seems to have cost human lives in addition to the toll the disease itself has taken. One of the goals of AIDS counseling is to explain the actual risk to the client. This chapter deals with pretest HIV counseling of low-risk clients about the meaning of a positive HIV test in German public AIDS counseling centers. This study shows, for a sample of public AIDS counseling centers in Germany, that counselors were not prepared to explain to a man with low-risk behavior what it would mean if he tested positive for HIV. When it came to explaining to the client the risk of being infected if he tests positive, there was a lack of information as well as a lack of knowledge of how to communicate risks.
Probabilistic Mental Models
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe cognitive bias research claims that people are naturally prone to making mistakes in reasoning and memory, including the mistake of over-estimating their knowledge. This chapter proposes a new theoretical model for confidence in knowledge based on the more charitable assumption that people are good judges of the reliability of their knowledge, provided that the knowledge is representatively sampled from a specified reference class. It claims that this model both predicts new experimental results and explains a wide range of extant experimental findings on confidence, including some perplexing inconsistencies. It consists of three parts: an exposition of the proposed theory of probabilistic mental models (PMM theory); a report of experimental tests confirming these predictions; and an explanation of apparent anomalies in previous experimental results by means of PMMs.
The Tenth Muse
Authors: La Cruz Sor Juana Inés De 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter surveys the autobiographical writings of Spanish America's most famous nun, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz. In a series of letters to New Spanish clergy from 1682 to 1691, Sor Juana used the epistolary genre, the letter, to define her role and beliefs about religious vocation. In the most famous of these letters, the Respuesta to the bishop of Puebla, Sor Juana combined the rhetorical possibilities of the letter with those of the confessional vida. She redefined the model nun to be one who used God's gifts, which in the case of the intellectually gifted meant following a life of study. Because the path to salvation required using one's gifts, the perfecta religiosa for Sor Juana became the religiosa letrada, a learned nun. This rewriting of the traditional ideology for nuns provoked a crisis.
The Lieutenant Nun
Authors: Erauso Catalina De 
Published: October 2011

AbstractCatalina de Erauso deliberately rejected the religious life: she escaped the convent, dressed as a man, became a soldier, and a murderer. Yet when her true identity was discovered by a bishop, she somehow avoided both religious and civil censure. Catalina's petitions to the Crown and pope, the autobiographical vida attributed to her, and several posthumous accounts serve as the sources for studying her seemingly paradoxical case. The autobiographical account attributed to her combines a portrait of the highly prized virginal women with that of a valiant soldier. She weaved into her identity the negative image of a rogue. She slipped through the cracks of Spanish society's roles for women and reemerged as a cultural phenomenon, due to her successful negotiation of institutionalized codes for behavior and the remoteness of the American frontier.
Statistical Physics and Economic Fluctuations
Authors: Stanley H. Eugene , Gabaix Xavier , Gopikrishnan Parameswaran , Plerou Vasiliki 
Published: October 2011

AbstractTo try to understand better puzzles regarding economic fluctuations, this chapter presents an overview of collaborative research between economists and physicists, which is focused on applying ideas of statistical physics. Describing outliers is one of the inquiries conducted to determine its existence. Outliers are phenomena that lie outside of patterns of statistical regularity. Evidence consistent with the possibility that such outliers may not exist is reviewed. This possibility is supported by the extensive numerical analysis of a huge database, containing every trade, which results in power-law descriptions of a number of quantities whose fluctuations are of interest. It is also supported by recent analysis of Plerou et al. of a database containing the bid, the ask, and the sale price of each trade of every stock. Further, the Plerou et al. analysis is consistent with a possible theoretical framework for understanding economic fluctuations.
Heterogeneity and Uniqueness in Interaction Games
Authors: Morris Stephen , Shin Hyun Song 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter observes that models of social interaction are a special case of a more general game-theoretic model wherein players respond to the distribution of their opponents' actions. This general class includes local interaction games, random matching games, and games of incomplete information. The chapter uses this analogy to explore important analytical issues common to all three frameworks, including the uniqueness of Nash equilibrium and multiplier effects in the presence of strategic complementarities.
Introduction
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the objective of this book, which is to answer American theologian H. Reinhold Niebuhr's question about the role of people for Jesus Christ in society. This book was inspired by the fact that many modern societies typically encounter one or both of only two models of serious Christian engagement with the world. It provides basic categories in which to consider the matters related to being Christian in the world today and examines the thoughts of C. S. Lewis, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer on the issue.
Method in Ethics
Authors: Stackhouse John G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines in what ways Christians should think about what it means to be Christian. It suggests that discipleship is a fundamental concept in the Christian ethos because it is the concept at the heart of the Great Commission. It explains the two axioms of Christian discipleship which include the importance of the primary calling of Christians to increase the knowledge and love of God and to do what he wants us to do, and the role of God in providing Christians with all that is needed to fulfill that calling.
Jonathan Swift in the Company of Women
Authors: Barnett Louise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBuilding upon recent research on the history of women, this book examines Swift, both as man and writer, in terms of women: women as intimates, acquaintances, subjects of satire, and those who wrote about Swift. The book considers women as mothers and nurses in Swift's personal life and his fictions, and it explores the issue that has persisted from the eighteenth century into our own time: the subject of misogyny in Swift's writings.
The Question of Misogyny
Authors: Barnett Louise 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe first case of misogyny given in the OED is from a dictionary called Glossographia, published in 1656. Here, it is defined as “the hatred or contempt of women,” a concise and reasonable definition, only it is necessary to ask what comprises hatred or contempt of women. The issue of misogyny can be more productively framed in terms of Swift's cultural and personal heritage to determine where we can accurately draw the line between the principle of female inferiority that almost everyone of his generation permitted and the hatred of women that values the misogyny label. If we were to create our own conventions retroactively, everything believed about women in Swift's time was misogynistic, starting with what John Essex characterizes as “a Fundamental Law between Man and Wife, that is very near as ancient as the World itself.”
Two Bands, Two Interactive Musical Networks
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this chapter, Alei Hazayit and Bustan Abraham serve as contrasting instances of small networks that formed and functioned within a particular set of circumstances. But first, three caveats regarding omniscience, representativeness, and balance. To document completely the microdynamics of these two bands, their members, and their interactions over a period of twelve years would be a gargantuan task, demanding omnipresence and omniscience, positions that are unattainable. Each band was a unique entity with a distinctive character, yet from a macroscopic viewpoint they represented different positions within a single field of cultural production and consumption that draws on local musical resources, and more geographically and culturally distant ones, to synthesize new means of musical expression. Taken together, these bands present a pair of contrasting possibilities for collaborations involving musicians coming from disparate social and musical backgrounds in the convoluted intersections of various Israeli and Palestinian worlds.
Representations of Place and Time
Authors: Brinner Benjamin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
With music, words, and images, the musicians in Israel's ethnic music scene map the past, present, and future of their cultural terrain. They refer to places, times, and heritages through their choices of titles for compositions, albums, and ensembles. The images in their publicity and CD covers are tools for evoking particular historical, geographical, and cultural associations, while the texts of publicity materials and liner notes convey more explicit messages that reiterate or augment these images. Compared to Alei Hazayit and Bustan Abraham, Yair Dalal has deployed the richest array of symbols with his lushly illustrated, multipage CD booklets, his numerous referential composition titles, and the press materials that adorn his Web site. Members of Bustan Abraham were strikingly wary of political interpretations. Their Live Concerts, issued two years after the group's demise, bears the trace of that sociopolitical reality on the band's oeuvre.
The Servant Son of Man
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
How confident can we be that the modern notion called “diakonia” corresponds to a notion entertained by early Christians? The best way to approach this question is to go to the only point in the early tradition where they have written expressly of Jesus as “serving”. At this point expert opinion should crystallize, and we can hope to arrive at an authentically Christian view of the service of Jesus. This chapter examines the various approaches to the interpretation of Mark 10:45 and its mention of the phrae “to serve”. The majority of writers work on the assumption that Mark's verb means in a quite general way “to serve” and that this service is directed either to one's fellow (the first, fifth, sixth, and seventh sections) or to God (the tenth section). Given the lack of consensus among commentators as to what the service of the Son of man consists in, we have reason enough to doubt that his service is the kind comprehended under the modern notion of “diakonia”.
Conclusion to Part I
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the second book of the Republic, Plato writes a few paragraphs on the place of trade and merchandising in society. His use of “diakonia” and its cognate words there is examined here in itself and then in association with usage in two other passages from the Politicus and Gorgias. Although the three passages discuss social functions, they use our words in quite different ways. Thus, in the first the word group provides a colorless term in the definition of a non-political function, in the second it denotes a function that is highly compatible with political activity, and in the third a function that exemplifies political ineptitude. If despite the differences of meaning that these uses imply, an aspect of meaning is nonetheless observable that is common to all three, a valuable insight will have been gained. This chapter discusses the functions of the subordinate and the go-between, the Greek god Hermes, and Greek slaves.
Deacons
Authors: Collins John N. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the gospels, the cognates for the word “diakonia” under discussion mainly designate menial attendance of one kind or another. The parable of the royal marriage feast includes “table attendants”—like those at the village marriage feast—who are distinguished from the “slaves” sent to bring the guests. The parable of the judgment of the peoples uses the verb in the wider sense of personal attendance on a master, again a royal person. In parables in Luke, the verb occurs in the sense of table attendance on the part of a slave in regard to his master and on the part of a master returning from a marriage feast in regard to his slaves. In regard to Jesus, the verb occurs in the same sense when angels ministered to him, when Peter's mother-in-law ministered to him, and when the women ministered to him; in Martha's ministering to Jesus, the verb is used absolutely, the latter passage including also the statement that she was preoccupied with much “waiting”.
Wilde and Gide in Algiers
Authors: Dollimore Jonathan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAndré Gide first met Oscar Wilde in Blidah, Algeria in January 1895. In a letter to his mother, Gide describes Wilde as a terrifying man, a ‘most dangerous product of modern civilisation’. A few days later Gide met him again in Algiers, a city which Wilde says he meant to demoralise. It is here that there happened the event which was to change Gide's life and radically influence his subsequent work. He was taken by Wilde to a cafe: ‘there suddenly appeared a marvellous youth. He stood there for a time, leaning with his raised elbow against the door-jamb, and outlined on the dark background of the night’. The youth joined them; his name was Mohammed. This instance confirms Gide's sexual nature. The very categories of identity which, through transgression, Wilde subjected to inversion and displacement, Gide reconstituted for a different transgressive aesthetic, or as it might now more suitably be called, in contra-distinction to Wilde, a transgressive ethic, which remained central to the unorthodoxy which characterised his life's work.