bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preinjury and Postinjury Running Analysis Along With Measurements of Strength and Tendon Length in a Patient With a Surgically Repaired Achilles Tendon Rupture
Authors: Grävare Silbernagel Karin , Willy Richard , Davis Irene 
Published: February 2012

Study Design Case report. Background The Achilles tendon is the most frequently ruptured tendon, and the incidence of Achilles tendon rupture has increased in the last decade. The rupture generally occurs without any preceding warning signs, and therefore preinjury data are seldom available. This case represents a unique opportunity to compare preinjury running mechanics with postinjury evaluation in a patient with an Achilles tendon rupture. Case Description A 23-year-old female sustained a right complete Achilles tendon rupture while playing soccer. Running mechanics data were collected preinjury, as she was a healthy participant in a study on running analysis. In addition, patient-reported symptoms, physical activity level, strength, ankle range of motion, heel-rise ability, Achilles tendon length, and running kinetics were evaluated 1 year after surgical repair. Outcomes During running, greater ankle dorsiflexion and eversion and rearfoot abduction were noted on the involved side postinjury when compared to preinjury data. In addition, postinjury, the magnitude of all kinetics data was lower on the involved limb when compared to the uninvolved limb. The involved side displayed differences in strength, ankle range of motion, heel rise, and tendon length when compared to the uninvolved side 1 year after injury. Discussion Despite a return to normal running routine and reports of only minor limitations with running, considerable changes were noted in running biomechanics 1 year after injury. Calf muscle weakness and Achilles tendon elongation were also found when comparing the involved and uninvolved sides. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2012;42(6):521–529, Epub 25 January 2012. doi:10.2519/jospt.2012.3913
A model to calculate the viscosity of silicate melts
Authors: Kim Wan-Yi , Pelton Arthur D. , Decterov Sergei A. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Our recently developed model to describe the viscosity of silicate melts is extended to describe and predict the viscosities of alkali-rich silicate melts. The model requires one additional binary parameter for each M
2O–SiO2 system, where M is an alkali metal, to a total of three binary parameters per binary system alkali oxide – silica. In addition to unary and binary parameters, the model requires two ternary parameters for each alumina-containing ternary system MOx–Al2O3 –SiO2, where MOx is a basic oxide, to describe the viscosity maxima in these ternary systems due to the Charge Compensation Effect. The viscosity of multicomponent melts and of ternary melts MOx–NOy–SiO2, where MOx and NOy are basic oxides, is predicted by the model solely from the unary, binary and ternary parameters. The available viscosity data for the alkali-containing subsystems of the Al2O3–CaO–MgO–Na2O–K2O–SiO2 system are reviewed. The model reproduces the experimental data for binary and ternary melts and predicts the viscosities of multicomponent melts within experimental error limits. In particular, the viscosities of glass melts and melts of importance for petrology are well predicted by the model.
Effect of reaction media on the formation of CdS nanorods
Authors: Rajendran Varadharajan , Sridevi Durai 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Cadmium sulfide nanorods were synthesized via a simple non ionic surfactant assisted hydrothermal method. Thioacetamide was selected as the sulfur source to maintain the homogeneity of the reaction environment and condition. Each of the nanorods is single crystalline. The length direction is along the c-axis of the crystal. The composition and purity of the samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images indicate that the surfactant, PEG 400, and reaction media played a key role in the formation of CdS nanorods. The formation of nanorods depends on the reaction media. Nanorods were formed in diluted strong acid solution media such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid and not in acetic media. PEG assisted nanorods showed large aspect ratios and uniform faces compared with the sample prepared in the absence of PEG. The optical properties of the products were studied using photoluminescence spectroscopy.
Effects of preparation methods on color properties of ZnO-based nano-crystalline green pigments
Authors: Rasouli Sousan , Safi Mahdi 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Zn0.9Co0.1O green pigments, with crystallite sizes from 29 to 181 nm, were synthesized via solid state reaction and solution combustion using different fuels. The effects of experimental conditions on the color properties of the pigments were investigated by means of the spectral diffuse reflectance and the color coordinates determination. The results showed that the maximum perceptible color depth was obtained for the combustion method with citric acid. The calculated color properties as well as the hue angle values around 1578 confirmed a similar green shade with lightness ranging from 34 to 62. A good accordance was demonstrated between the results of the color properties in terms of the adsorption parameter of K/S and the crystallite size variations. K and S are the coefficients of absorption and scattering of monochromatic light of an opaque substrate. The optimum color characteristics were obtained for the combustion synthesized sample by using citric acid as fuel.
Phase diagram of the Sb–Te–I system and thermodynamic properties of SbTeI
Authors: Aliev Ziya S. , Babanly Mahammad B. , Shevelkov Andrei V. , Babanly Dunya M. , Tedenac Jean-Claude 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The Sb–Te–I system was investigated by using differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and electromotive force measurements with an antimony electrode. A number of polythermal sections and the projection of the liquidus surface were constructed. The fields of the primary crystallization, as well as the types and coordinates of nonand monovariant equilibriums were determined. It is shown that the quasi-binary sections SbI3–Sb2Te3, SbI3–Te, and SbI3–TeI4 triangulate the Sb–Te–I system, leading to four independent subsystems. From the electromotive force measurements, the partial molar functions of antimony as well as the standard integral thermodynamic functions of SbTeI were calculated. The latter were found to have the following values: ΔG0
f,298 = −55.77 ± 1.7 kJ · mol−1; ΔH0
f,298 = −55.72 ± 1.39 kJ · mol−1; S0
298 = 153.5 ± 2.8 J · K−1 · mol−1.
Morphological characterization of the Al–Ag–Cu ternary eutectic
Authors: Genau Amber , Ratke Lorenz 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Ternary eutectic microstructures have a level of complexity far exceeding that of binary eutectics. As there is currently no detailed description of ternary eutectic structures in the literature, we have undertaken a systematic investigation of the structures formed by directional solidification of the ternary eutectic Al–Ag–Cu. Using a constant temperature gradient of 3 K mm−1 and solidification velocities between 0.2 and 5 μm s−1, we are able to observe different forms of the eutectic structure with varying degrees of alignment. We describe these structures both qualitatively and quantitatively, using measures including the volume fraction and composition of all phases, the distribution of interphase separations, and the number of nearest neighbor phases. The effects of solid-state transformations on the microstructure are also discussed.
Twenty years of cold surface layer thinning at Storglaciären, sub-Arctic Sweden, 1989-2009
Authors: Gusmeroli Alessio , Jansson Peter , Pettersson Rickard , Murray Tavi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper presents the changes in the thermal structure of the polythermal glacier Storglaciären, northern Sweden, over the 20 year period 1989-2009 derived by comparing maps of the depth of the englacial transition between cold ice (permanently frozen) and temperate ice (which contains water inclusions). The maps are based on interpreted ice-penetrating radar surveys from 1989, 2001 and 2009.Complex thinning of the cold layer, first identified between 1989 and 2001, is still ongoing. A volume calculation shows that Storglaciären has lost one-third of its cold surface layer volume in 20 years, with a mean thinning rate of 0.80 ± 0.24 m a-1. We suggest that the thinning of the cold layer at Storglaciären is connected to the climatic warming experienced by sub-Arctic Scandinavia since the 1980s and we argue that repeated ice-penetrating radar surveys over the ablation area of polythermal glaciers offer a useful proxy for evaluating glacier responses to changes in climate.
A detailed 2840 year record of explosive volcanism in a shallow ice core from Dome A, East Antarctica
Authors: Jiang Su , Cole-Dai Jihong , Li Yuansheng , Ferris Dave G. , Ma Hongmei , An Chunlei , Shi Guitao , Sun Bo 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA detailed history of volcanism covering the last 2840 years is reconstructed from the top 100.42 m of a 109.91 m ice core from Dome A (DA2005 ice core), East Antarctica. Using two known volcanic stratigraphic markers, the mean accumulation rate during the period AD 1260-1964 is found to be 23.2 mmw.e. a-1, consistent with the previously reported accumulation rate at Dome A. This mean accumulation rate is used to date the entire core. Volcanic eruptions in the period 840 BC-AD1998 are detected as outstanding sulphate events. Seventy-eight eruptions are identified, with a mean of 2.7 eruptions per century. Comparisons with previous Antarctic ice-core volcanic records are made to assess the quality of this new DA2005 record. In terms of dates for volcanic events, the DA2005 record is in good agreement with previous records in the second millennium ad (ad 1000-1998). A series of volcanic signatures found in both the DA2005 record and several other Antarctic ice-core records in the first millennium ad (ad 1-1000) appear to validate the DA2005 record during this time period. For the older periods, direct comparisons are difficult between the DA2005 record and other Antarctic ice-core records due to the lack of well-dated stratigraphic horizons.
Temporal evolution of the structural properties of seasonal sea ice during the early melt season
Authors: Ishii Haruki , Toyota Takenobu 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDuring the early melt season, when sea-ice extent begins to retreat due to increasing heat absorption from the atmosphere and ocean, the sea ice becomes porous and weakens. This induces the break-up of ice floes and accelerates the melting process substantially. Determining how sea-ice structure evolves during this season is important for understanding the melting process on a global scale. We investigated this issue using field observations, laboratory experiments and numerical modeling, focusing on the effect of the C-shaped temperature profile on the internal structure of sea ice. Field observations were conducted to examine this effect on ~0.3 m thick ice on Lake Saroma, located at the coast of Hokkaido, Japan. To test the generalization from these observational case studies, laboratory experiments were conducted using a tank with 0.12 m thick ice. Additionally, evolution of ice structure from winter to early spring was numerically analyzed using meteorological data. From these studies, we find that the heat convergence, caused by the C-shape temperature profile, is essential to the internal melting particularly in the upper layer. This increases the porosity of the sea ice, leading to a rapid decrease in its flexural strength during the season.
The Development of Colitogenic CD4+ T Cells Is Regulated by IL-7 in Collaboration with NK Cell Function in a Murine Model of Colitis
Authors: Yamaji Osamu , Nagaishi Takashi , Totsuka Teruji , Onizawa Michio , Suzuki Masahiro , Tsuge Naoto , Hasegawa Atsuhiko , Okamoto Ryuichi , Tsuchiya Kiichiro , Nakamura Tetsuya , Arase Hisashi , Kanai Takanori , Watanabe Mamoru 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
We previously reported that IL-7−/−RAG−/− mice receiving naive T cells failed to induce colitis. Such abrogation of colitis may be associated with not only incomplete T cell maintenance due to the lack of IL-7, but also with the induction of colitogenic CD4+ T cell apoptosis at an early stage of colitis development. Moreover, NK cells may be associated with the suppression of pathogenic T cells in vivo, and they may induce apoptosis of CD4+ T cells. To further investigate these roles of NK cells, RAG−/− and IL-7−/−RAG−/− mice that had received naive T cells were depleted of NK cells using anti-asialo GM1 and anti-NK1.1 Abs. NK cell depletion at an early stage, but not at a later stage during colitogenic effector memory T cell (TEM) development, resulted in exacerbated colitis in recipient mice even in the absence of IL-7. Increased CD44+CD62L− TEM and unique CD44−CD62L− T cell subsets were observed in the T cell-reconstituted RAG−/− recipients when NK cells were depleted, although Fas, DR5, and IL-7R expressions in this subset differed from those in the CD44+CD62L− TEM subset. NK cell characteristics were the same in the presence or absence of IL-7 in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that NK cells suppress colitis severity in T cell-reconstituted RAG−/− and IL-7−/−RAG−/− recipient mice through targeting of colitogenic CD4+CD44+CD62L− TEM and, possibly, of the newly observed CD4+CD44−CD62L− subset present at the early stage of T cell development.
Neonatal Rhinovirus Infection Induces Mucous Metaplasia and Airways Hyperresponsiveness
Authors: Schneider Dina , Hong Jun Y. , Popova Antonia P. , Bowman Emily R. , Linn Marisa J. , McLean Alan M. , Zhao Ying , Sonstein Joanne , Bentley J. Kelley , Weinberg Jason B. , Lukacs Nicholas W. , Curtis Jeffrey L. , Sajjan Uma S. , Hershenson Marc B. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Recent studies link early rhinovirus (RV) infections to later asthma development. We hypothesized that neonatal RV infection leads to an IL-13–driven asthma-like phenotype in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RV1B or sham on day 7 of life. Viral RNA persisted in the neonatal lung up to 7 d postinfection. Within this time frame, IFN-α, -β, and -γ peaked 1 d postinfection, whereas IFN-λ levels persisted. Next, we examined mice on day 35 of life, 28 d after initial infection. Compared with sham-treated controls, virus-inoculated mice demonstrated airways hyperresponsiveness. Lungs from RV-infected mice showed increases in several immune cell populations, as well as the percentages of CD4-positive T cells expressing IFN-γ and of NKp46/CD335+, TCR-β+ cells expressing IL-13. Periodic acid-Schiff and immunohistochemical staining revealed mucous cell metaplasia and muc5AC expression in RV1B- but not sham-inoculated lungs. Mucous metaplasia was accompanied by induction of gob-5, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and IL-13 mRNA. By comparison, adult mice infected with RV1B showed no change in IL-13 expression, mucus production, or airways responsiveness 28 d postinfection. Intraperitoneal administration of anti–IL-13 neutralizing Ab attenuated RV-induced mucous metaplasia and methacholine responses, and IL-4R null mice failed to show RV-induced mucous metaplasia. Finally, neonatal RV increased the inflammatory response to subsequent allergic sensitization and challenge. We conclude that neonatal RV1B infection leads to persistent airways inflammation, mucous metaplasia, and hyperresponsiveness, which are mediated, at least in part, by IL-13.
High-Frequency and Low-Magnitude Whole Body Vibration with Rest Days is More Effective in Improving Skeletal Micro-Morphology and Biomechanical Properties in Ovariectomised Rodents
Authors: Ma Renshi , Zhu Dong , Gong He , Gu Guishan , Huang Xu , Gao Jia zi , Zhang Xizheng 
Published: February 2012

We explored the optimal regime in preventing or treating bone loss, using ovariectomised rodents loaded by mechanical stimuli with rest days during the loading cycle. Eighty-four Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 6 months, were randomly divided into 7 groups after bilateral ovariectomy. Mechanical vibration with 1-day rest (ML1R), with 3-day rest (ML3R), with 5-day rest (ML5R), with 7-day rest (ML7R), daily loading (DL), comparing the ovariectomised group (OVX) with baseline (BCL) measurements. After a recovery of one week, all the rodents were loaded daily by whole body vibration at 35 Hz and 0.25 g for 15 minutes. Eight weeks later, a three-point bending test of the radius and micro-CT scanning of the femoral head were performed after animal sacrifice. Large improvements in biomechanical properties occurred in all the experimental groups for failure load, elastic modulus and deflection, while a significantly enhanced efficacy was detected in ML7R compared with daily loading (p<0.05). In micro-CT scanning, bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness, number and separation were improved by the regime in all experimental groups, while ML7R showed a significant improvement over daily loading (p<0.05). Early bone loss in human subjects may be improved by high-frequency and low-magnitude whole body vibration with rest days or daily stimuli. Mechanical stimulus with a 7-day rest was more effective in improving biomechanical properties and micro-morphology compared with daily loading. This may have clinical implications in relation to the prevention and treatment of hip fractures, and in postoperative management following hip arthroplasty.
The use of limericks to engage student interest and promote active learning in an undergraduate course in functional anatomy
Authors: Carnegie Jacqueline A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe study of anatomy is a content‐dense discipline with a challenging vocabulary. A mnemonic is a series of letters, a word, a phrase, or a rhyme that students can use when studying to facilitate recall. This project was designed to promote active learning in undergraduate students studying anatomy and physiology by asking them to create limericks based on course content and then to evaluate the limericks written by their peers for learning value, accuracy, style, and adherence to limerick characteristics. Students (278 and 288, respectively, in the 2009 and 2010 sections of ANP1107) worked in groups of three to create a total of 242 limericks. Peer evaluation was accomplished in two stages using a 20‐point marking rubric. In Stage 1, students were randomly divided into 10 groups (n = 23 ± 2 students) with each group member evaluating the same 12 ± 1 limericks. In Stage 2, the top 19% of limericks were reevaluated by all students so that the best three could be chosen. In each of the two years, 60% of students completed all parts of the assignment. Higher percentages (75–80%) participated in limerick writing and one of the two assessment stages. A positive association was noted between level of student participation in the limerick assignment and final course marks. Limerick creation and evaluation can be used to promote active learning by encouraging students to review functional‐anatomy‐based content to create limericks with good learning value and to provide valid assessments of limericks written by their peers. Anat Sci Educ. © 2012 American Association of Anatomists.
Understanding physiological responses to pre‐treatment inhibitors in ethanologenic fermentations
Authors: Taylor Mark P. , Mulako Inonge , Tuffin Marla , Cowan Don 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAlcohol‐based liquid fuels feature significantly in the political and social agendas of many countries, seeking energy sustainability. It is certain that ethanol will be the entry point for many sustainable processes. Conventional ethanol production using maize‐ and sugarcane‐based carbohydrates with Saccharomyces cerevisiae is well established, while lignocellulose‐based processes are receiving growing interest despite posing greater technical and scientific challenges. A significant challenge that arises from the chemical hydrolysis of lignocellulose is the generation of toxic compounds in parallel with the release of sugars. These compounds, collectively termed pre‐treatment inhibitors, impair metabolic functionality and growth. Their removal, pre‐fermentation or their abatement, via milder hydrolysis, are currently uneconomic options. It is widely acknowledged that a more cost effective strategy is to develop resistant process strains. Here we describe and classify common inhibitors and describe in detail the reported physiological responses that occur in second‐generation strains, which include engineered yeast and mesophilic and thermophilic prokaryotes. It is suggested that a thorough understanding of tolerance to common pre‐treatment inhibitors should be a major focus in ongoing strain engineering. This review is a useful resource for future metabolic engineering strategies.
Determination and control of low‐level amino acid misincorporation in human thioredoxin protein produced in a recombinant Escherichia coli production system
Authors: Harris Robert P. , Mattocks Jo , Green Philip S. , Moffatt Frank , Kilby Peter M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractEscherichia coli is used extensively in the production of proteins within biotechnology for a number of therapeutic applications. Here, we discuss the production and overexpression of the potential biopharmaceutical human thioredoxin protein (rhTRX) within E. coli. Overexpression of foreign molecules within the cell can put an enormous amount of stress on the translation machinery. This can lead to a misfiring in the construction of a protein resulting in populations differing slightly in amino acid composition. Whilst this may still result in a population of active molecules being expressed, it does present significant problems with molecules that are destined for clinical applications. Amino acid misincorporation of this subset could potentially result in antibodies being raised to these unnatural proteins. Cross‐reaction with a patient's endogenous thioredoxin could then lead to an autoimmune phenomena and serious health implications. Generally, the issue of misincorporation appears not to be a routine regulatory concern (see ICH Q6B guidelines). Therefore, amino acid misincorporation may not have been detected, much less explored in the clinic as the occurrence or absence of these random errors is not routinely reported. Using current technologies based on proteomics, the ability to find misincorporation critically depends upon the criteria for matching theoretical and experimental mass spectrometry data. Additionally, isolation and extraction of these mistranslated proteins from the production process is both difficult and expensive. Therefore, it is advantageous to find routes for removing their production during the upstream phase. In this study, we show how modern proteomic technology can be used to identify and quantify amino acid misincorporation. Using these techniques we have shown how manipulation of gene sequence and scoping of fermentation media composition can lead to the reduction and elimination of these misincorporations in rhTRX. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1987–1995. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.