bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect transmission of bovine viral diarrhoea virus at calving and during the postparturient period
Authors: Lindberg A. , Stokstad M. , Løken T. , Alenius S. , Niskanen R. 
Published: October 2010

Two trials were designed to investigate whether bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) could be transmitted after the birth of persistently infected calves, even if they were removed immediately after birth. In trial 1, 11 calves were actively exposed to fetal fluids and uterine lochia collected from cows that had delivered calves persistently infected with type 1 BVDV. One calf that was exposed to a sample taken on the day of calving seroconverted. In trial 2, six calves were housed in stables where persistently infected calves were being born and then removed immediately from their dams and from the stable unit within two to three hours. One of four calves in close contact with the cows after delivery seroconverted and one of two calves housed within the same stable unit became infected.
Implementation of the ‘Three Rs’ in biomedical research
Authors: Carlsson H‐E. , Hagelin J. , Hau J. 
Published: October 2010

A systematic sample of 2800 articles published between 1970 and 2000 in 14 major biomedical journals was analysed to assess the implementation of the ‘Three Rs’ (replacement, reduction and refinement) in biomedical research. During this period the total number of articles published annually by the journals more than doubled, but the proportion of studies using animals decreased by 30 per cent. There was a significant increase, from 21 per cent to 35 per cent, in the proportion of animal studies which made use of untreated euthanased animals as donors of biological materials, a gradual decrease in the number of chronic studies on animals, and a 50 per cent decrease in the average number of animals used per published paper. There was an improvement in the reporting of the specification of the animals' husbandry, conditions of care and environment. Parameters of importance for the evaluation of the scientific quality of the research and the welfare of the animals were generally poorly reported, but the proportion of papers with adequate information on most of the parameters analysed increased between 1970 and 2000.
Changes in the feed intake, pH and osmolality of rumen fluid, and the position of the abomasum of eight dairy cows during a dietinduced left displacement of the abomasum
Authors: Van Winden S. C. L. , Muller K. E. , Noordhuizen J. P. T. M. , Schonewille J. Th. , Beynen A. C. , Brattinga C. R. 
Published: October 2010

During the last six weeks of the dry period, eight Holstein‐Friesian cows were fed a restricted amount of grass silage; after calving, a mixture of maize silage and concentrates was offered in a feeding regimen designed to induce a displacement of the abomasum. In the first month after calving, the cows were monitored for the following variables: feed intake and composition, milk production, the position of the abomasum, and the pH and osmolality of the rumen contents. In five of the eight cows, a left displacement of the abomasum occurred between four and 21 days after calving in the absence of other diseases. The displacement was temporary, lasting between five and 36 consecutive hours and one or two days in two of the cows (floaters), and for three or more days in the other three. Before these three cows developed the displacement, their abomasum was 4.3 to 7.9 cm higher, its contents had a higher mean osmolality (+19.2 mosmol/kg), and the ratio of roughage to concentrates in their feed was lower (−0.87) than in the three cows that did not develop clinical signs of a displaced abomasum. There were no significant differences in these variables between the floaters and the healthy cows.
Efficacy of danofloxacin in the treatment of respiratory disease in European cattle
Authors: Rowan T. G. , Sunderland S. J. , Smith D. G. , Sarasola P. , Giles C. J. 
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of an injectable formulation of danofloxacin (180 mg/ml) in the treatment of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease was evaluated in field studies on farms in France, Ireland and the United Kingdom. Cattle aged one week to 15 months with clinical respiratory disease were randomly allocated to treatment with 6 mg/kg danofloxacin or 10 mg/kg tilmicosin, administered by a single subcutaneous injection on day 0. A second injection of danofloxacin was administered on day 2, only if predefined clinical criteria were met.Mannheimia haemolytica,Pasteurella muftocidaandHaemophilus somnuswere isolated from pretreatment nasopharyngeal swabs taken on all the farms. After the treatment, there was a more rapid improvement in the clinical response of the 178 animals treated with danofloxacin by day 2 (P<0·01) than in the 90 treated with tilmicosin. For both treatments, there were similar significant (P<0·001) reductions in the mean rectal temperature and severity of clinical signs of abnormal respiration and depression, on days 4 and 10 compared with day 0; 78·1 per cent of the animals treated with danofloxacin and 78·5 per cent of those treated with tilmicosin completed the studies. Danofloxacin 18 per cent was clinically safe and as effective as tilmicosin in the treatment of bovine respiratory disease.
Use of antimicrobial drugs in Swedish dairy calves and replacement heifers
Authors: Ortman K. , Svensson C. 
Published: October 2010

A total of 3081 heifer calves in 122 Swedish dairy herds were monitored from birth to first calving, and all their diseases and treatments were recorded. There were 1268 cases of infectious diseases, of which 335 (26.4 per cent) were treated with antimicrobial drugs. Just over 90 per cent of the treatments were given during the first 210 days of the calves' lives, but only 61.8 per cent of the total quantity of antimicrobial drugs was consumed during this period. The most common diseases from birth until 210 days were respiratory diseases and diarrhoea; treatments for mastitis and interdigital phlegmon (foul in the foot) were more common after 420 days of age. Slightly more than 60 per cent of the treatments were given by the farmers without prior consultation with a veterinary surgeon.
Molecular characterisation of a field strain of bubaline herpesvirus isolated from buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis ) after pharmacological reactivation
Authors: De Carlo E. , Re G. N. , Letteriello R. , Del Vecchio V. , Giordanelli M. P. , Magnino S. , Fabbi M. , Bazzocchi C. , Bandi C. , Galiero G. 
Published: October 2010

Two healthy buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis ) in a herd which had not been vaccinated against infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), were selected for their seropositivity for anti‐bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV‐1) glycoprotein E antibodies, and injected intramuscularly daily with dexamethasone for five consecutive days (day 1 to day 5) to reactivate any latent herpesvirus. Blood samples and nasal and vaginal swabs were collected daily from day 5 to day 15 from each buffalo for virological examination. All the vaginal swabs and blood samples were negative, but 13 of the 22 nasal swabs were positive; a cytopathic effect was observed in primary cultures of bovine fetal lung cells, and the viral isolates were identified as a herpesvirus by PcR. The viral strains were characterised by the sequence analysis of the genes coding for glycoproteins D and B, and the gene sequences were then used for phylogenetic analysis. The isolates from both buffaloes appeared identical at the level of the two genes, and were more closely related to bovine herpesvirus type 5 than to BoHv‐1.
Prediction from ultrasonographic measurements of the expected delivery date in two species of bottlenosed dolphin (Tursiops truncatus and Tursiops aduncus )
Authors: Lacave G. , Eggermont M. , Verslycke T. , Brook F. , Salbany A. , Roque L. , Kinoshita R. 
Published: October 2010

Ultrasonographic measurements were made at least once a month during 14 gestations in seven Tursiops truncatus and 12 gestations in five Tursiops aduncus (bottlenosed dolphins). The 121 measurements of the fetal biparietal diameter and 139 measurements of the fetal thoracic diameter in T truncatus and the 97 measurements of the biparietal diameter and 97 measurements of the thoracic diameter in T aduncus were used to establish regression lines for the increases in the diameter of the head and thorax of the fetus with time. From these relationships an easy‐to‐use computer program was developed to predict the date of birth of the two species of bottlenosed dolphin, and its predictions were compared with the actual dates of birth of other calves of both species. The births occurred within the range of predicted dates, and even when only a few measurements were available, the program provided accurate predictions.
Natural infections ofCrenosoma vulpisandAngiostrongylus vasorumin dogs in Atlantic Canada and their treatment with milbemycin oxime
Authors: Conboy G. 
Published: October 2010

Milbemycin oxime was used to treat dogs with natural infections of the fox lungworm,Crenosoma vulpisand the French heartworm,Angiostrongylus vasorum. Crenosomosis was identified in 42 of 202 dogs with clinical signs of coughing, dyspnoea or exercise intolerance by a Baermann analysis of faecal samples taken between October 2000 and October 2001. It occurred throughout Atlantic Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island). The clinical signs resolved and shedding of larvae in faeces ceased in all 32Crenosoma‐infected dogs given a single oral dose of 0‐5 mg/kg milbemycin oxime for which the results of faecal examinations were available. Angiostrongylosis was identified in 16 of the 202 dogs and was restricted to the Avalon peninsula of Newfoundland, where 67 dogs were tested. The clinical signs resolved and shedding of larvae ceased in 14 of the 16 dogs treated with four, weekly oral doses of 0.5 mg/kg milbemycin oxime. One dog with severe clinical signs died during the course of treatment and one owner failed to provide a faecal sample from their dog but reported that the clinical signs had resolved.
Echocardiographic examinations of 60 African grey parrots and 30 other psittacine birds
Authors: Pees M. , Straub J. , Krautwald‐Junghanns M‐E. 
Published: October 2010

The aim of this study was to establish reference values for the assessment of cardiac function in birds by measuring structures in the heart of healthy psittacine birds; 60 grey parrots, 10 Amazon parrots, 10 cockatoos and 10 Senegal parrots were anaesthetised with isoflurane and examined echocardiographically. The heart was visualised in two planes (vertical and horizontal views). Depending on the quality of the images, several dimensions of the heart could be measured and various parameters calculated. On the basis of these values, it was possible to establish reference values for each parrot genus. Some relative parameters showed no significant difference between the genera, independent of the bird's size.
Effects of supplementing pregnant heifers with methionine or melatonin on the anatomy and other characteristics of their lateral hind claws
Authors: Galbraith H. , Rae M. , Omand T. , Hendry K. A. K. , Knight C. H. , Wilde C. J. 
Published: October 2010

Three groups of four primiparous Holstein‐Friesian heifers were fed throughout pregnancy either a control diet or that diet supplemented with either 5 to 6 g per day of rumen‐protected intestinally available methionine or 25 mg melatonin. They were euthanased three days after calving. The dietary supplements had no effect on the impression hardness or the concentrations of cysteine and methionine in samples of claw horn collected from a range of sites, or on the areas of erosion in the sole and heel. Significant differences were recorded for the hardness of the horn in the order wall>sole>heel. These differences were associated with higher concentrations of cysteine and lower concentrations of methionine in samples of horn from the dorsal wall than in samples from the prebulbar region of the sole. There were no significant differences attributable to the dietary supplements in the soft tissue anatomy of the solear dermis and epidermis.
Endoscopic examination of snakes by access through an air sac
Authors: Jekl V. , Knotek Z. 
Published: October 2010

Sixteen boa constrictors (Boa constrictor), three royal pythons (Python regius) and 15 Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) were examined endoscopically by access through the air sac. The snakes were immobilised in a ventral position using a half‐open anaesthetic system with assisted ventilation and a mixture of isoflurane and oxygen. The rigid endoscope was introduced percutaneously and the internal structure of the lungs and the air sac, and the shape, size and external surface of the liver were visible in the cranial direction. In the smaller snakes the bifurcation and caudal part of the trachea could be viewed, provided the endoscope was positioned in a retrograde orientation. The caudal orientation of the endoscope made it possible to view the gall bladder and the size, shape and surface of the spleen. In some cases, the pancreas and the surface of the stomach and colon could be monitored. Endoscopy through the air sac also made it possible to check the major veins in the coelom. The snakes were monitored for at least 30 days after the intervention and no changes in their respiratory function or general health were observed.
Seasonal variations in the developmental competence of bovine oocytes matured in vitro
Authors: Silva C. C. , Rosa H. J. D. , Knight P. G. 
Published: October 2010

Ovaries were collected over a period of two years from heifers slaughtered at under 30 months of age and used to harvest 1757 oocytes. After in vitro maturation, fertilisation and culture, the proportions of oocytes and cleaved embryos that developed to blastocysts were significantly higher (P<0·01) in the autumn, from September to November, than in the spring, from March to May. In contrast, embryo development, as assessed by oocytes that developed to eight or more cells and blastocysts, was lowest (P<0·01) in the spring. These results were consistent during the two‐year study, indicating a seasonal fluctuation in oocyte competence.
Herd‐level risk factors for the mortality of cows in Danish dairy herds
Authors: Thomsen P. T. , Kjeldsen A. M. , Sørensen J. T. , Houe H. , Ersbøll A. K. 
Published: October 2010

The factors affecting the mortality of cows in Danish dairy herds were investigated by analysing data from 6839 herds. The mean risk of mortality during the first 100 days of lactation was 2·5 per cent. The risk of mortality increased with increasing herd size (odds ratio [OR] 1·05 for an increase in herd size of 50 cows), with the proportion of purchased cows (OR 1·05 for an increase in the proportion of purchased cows of 0·1), and with increases in the somatic cell count (OR 1·16 for an increase in average weighted mean somatic cell count of 100,000 cells/ml). The risk decreased with increasing average milk yield per cow (OR 0·93 for an increase in mean yield per cow‐year of 1000 kg). The risk was lower in free‐stall barns with deep litter (OR 0·79) than in barns with cubicles (OR 1) or tie‐stalls (OR 1·04). Herds with Danish Holstein (OR 1) or Danish Jersey (OR 0·93) cows as the predominant breed had a higher risk of mortality than herds of the Danish red dairy breed (OR 0·67). The risk of mortality was lower in organic herds (OR 1) than in conventional herds (OR 1·17), and lower in herds that grazed pasture during the summer (OR 0·78).
Pathological findings in a captive colony of maras (Dolichotis patagonum)
Authors: Rosas‐Rosas A. G. , Juan‐Sallés C. , Garner M. M. 
Published: October 2010

This paper describes the causes of death of 54 maras (Dolichotis patagonum) in a captive colony in Mexico over a period of seven years. There were 35 adults, 11 juveniles, five neonates, two fetuses and one stillbirth – 27 males, 21 females and six whose sex was not determined. Trauma was the cause of 25 deaths, and there were eight cases of fatal bacterial infection. Besnoitiosis was the only parasitic disease found frequently (13 cases), and was associated with fatal interstitial pneumonia in three juveniles. Right‐sided hypertrophic cardiomyopathy attributed to high altitude was observed in 26 maras, and in three cases death was attributed to acute cardiac dysfunction. Two maras died of disseminated histoplasmosis and two of hyperthermia. Additional causes of death included one case each of uterine torsion, intestinal intussusception, aspiration pneumonia and hydranencephaly. Gastric erosions with luminal haemorrhage were found in 27 of the maras and splenic lymphoid depletion in 20, changes that were attributed to stress.
Hypospadias in rams
Authors: Smith K. C. , Brown P. , Parkinson T. J. 
Published: October 2010

In an abattoir survey conducted in south‐west England, 15 of 6521 rams aged three to 12 months had hypospadias; in 27 others the scrotum was completely or partly divided, but they had no other abnormalities of the urinary or genital systems. The lesions observed in 11 of the rams in the abattoir survey, and in four young rams and one mature ram found during visits to farms, are described in detail. Five of them had periscrotal openings of the urethra and in the other 11 the openings were in a perineal position, close to the anus. In all of them the penis was underdeveloped, the prepuce had failed to fuse and the galea faced in a caudal direction. They all had completely or partially divided scrotums, and signs of urine scalding of the scrotum were visible.
Results of allergen‐specific immunotherapy in 117 dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Schnabl B. , Bettenay S. V. , Dow K. , Mueller R. S. 
Published: October 2010

The success of the treatment of 117 dogs with atopic dermatitis with allergen‐specific immunotherapy for up to 48 months was assessed. An excellent response (remission with exclusive immunotherapy) was recorded in 18 of the dogs, a good response (more than 50 per cent reduction in medication and improvement of clinical signs) was recorded in 57, a moderate response was recorded in 24 and a poor response in 18. The mould antigens in the allergen extract were stored in a separate vial before administration and the success rate of the immunotherapy including mould antigens was much higher than in an earlier study in which mould and pollen antigens had been stored in one vial. The success rate was not affected significantly by the age of the dogs when the disease developed, or by their age or the period for which they had shown clinical signs when the treatment began; it was also unaffected by whether pollens, moulds or dust mites were used as antigens, or by whether the offending allergens had been identified by intradermal testing or by serum testing for allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E.
Clinical application of parenteral nutrition in the treatment of five ponies and one donkey with hyperlipaemia
Authors: Durham A. E. 
Published: October 2010

Five ponies and one donkey with hyperlipaemia that occurred secondarily to a variety of primary clinical conditions were treated with lipid‐free partial parenteral nutrition comprising equal volumes of 50 per cent glucose and 15 per cent amino acids. The infusion supplied energy and protein at rates of 2·6 kJ/kg per hour and 34·3 mg/kg per hour, respectively. In all six cases there was a prompt and sustained decrease in serum concentrations of triglyceride. In four of the six cases a good response to treatment of the primary condition was also seen and the subjects were discharged successfully. In the remaining two cases, poor clinical response of the primary condition resulted in euthanasia, although hyperlipaemia was nevertheless resolved. The main complication of parenteral nutrition was hyperglycaemia.
Geographical and age‐stratified distributions of foot‐and‐mouth disease virus‐seropositive and probang‐positive cattle herds in the Adamawa province of Cameroon
Authors: de C. Bronsvoort B. M. , Anderson J. , Corteyn A. , Hamblin P. , Kitching R. P. , Nfon C. , Tanya V. N. , Morgan K. L. 
Published: October 2010

Six of the seven known serotypes of foot‐and‐mouth disease (fmd) virus occur in Africa. This paper describes the results of a population‐based cross‐sectional study of the seroprevalence of fmd and the persistence of the virus in cattle herds and associated sheep flocks in the Adamawa province of Cameroon. Antibody titres measured by the virus neutralising test indicated that serotypes O, A and sat2 viruses had been circulating in the province. The estimates of apparent seroprevalence in cattle herds, based on five juvenile animals (eight to 24 months old) per herd, were 74·8 per cent for serotype sat2, 30·8 per cent for serotype A and 11·2 per cent for serotype O, indicating recent exposure; the estimates based on animals more than 24 months of age were 91·1 per cent for sat2, 83·6 per cent for A and 34·2 per cent for serotype O. Epithelial and oropharyngeal samples were collected from cattle and small ruminants, cultured and typed by elisa; serotypes A and sat2 were isolated from both types of sample. The herd‐level estimate of apparent prevalence of probang‐positive herds was 19·5 per cent and the animal‐level estimate of apparent prevalence was 3·4 per cent. The geographical distribution of the seropositive herds based on juveniles suggested that recent sat2 exposure was widespread and particularly high in the more northern and western parts of the province, whereas recent exposure to serotype A was patchy and more concentrated in the south and east. This distribution corresponded very closely with the distribution of herds from which virus was recovered by probang, indicating recent exposure or infection. No serotype O viruses were recovered from cattle, and the distribution of seropositive herds suggested very localised recent exposure. The apparent prevalence of probang‐positive animals declined with the age of the animal and the period since the last recorded outbreak in the herd.
Clinical and anti‐inflammatory effects of treating endotoxin‐challenged pigs with meloxicam
Authors: Friton G. M. , Schmidt H. , Schrödl W. 
Published: October 2010

The clinical and anti‐inflammatory effects of a single treatment of 0·4 mg meloxicam/kg bodyweight on pigs that had been challenged with Escherichia coli endotoxin were investigated. Significantly lower total clinical scores were recorded in pigs treated with meloxicam than in pigs treated with a placebo. Significantly higher mean serum concentrations of thromboxane B2 were also recorded in pigs treated with a placebo for up to 24 hours after the challenge. The serum concentrations of acute phase proteins and specific antibody titres to E coli lipopolysaccharide were unaffected by the meloxicam. The meloxicam treatment was well tolerated.
Slaughter of poultry during the epidemic of avian influenza in the Netherlands in 2003
Authors: Gerritzen M. A. , Lambooij E. , Stegeman J. A. , Spruijt B. M. 
Published: October 2010

During an outbreak of avian influenza in the Netherlands in spring 2003, the disease was controlled by destroying all the poultry on the infected farms and on all the farms within a radius of 3 km. In total, 30 million birds were killed on 1242 farms and in more than 8000 hobby flocks, by using mobile containers filled with carbon dioxide, mobile electrocution lines and by gassing whole poultry houses with carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide. Observations of these methods were used to compare their effectiveness and capacity, and their effects on the welfare of the birds. Gassing whole poultry houses had a much greater capacity than mobile equipment, and catching live birds to bring them to a mobile killing device caused extra stress and could cause pain due to injuries inflicted when catching and handling them. Gassing whole poultry houses with carbon monoxide requires strict safety regulations and, therefore, gassing with carbon dioxide was considered preferable. However, this method is not suited to all types of housing, and in these circumstances mobile killing devices were a useful alternative.