bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Signals in the Time Domain
Authors: Woschni Eugen Georg 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Signals can be mathematically described either in the frequency or in the time domain. Principal methods using the time domain are described here. Beginning with mean values, the generalization of the mean square value—known as
correlation function
—is introduced. This function is related to the power density function of the Wiener–Chinchine theorem. Practical investigations with examples of mean value and correlation functions are provided.
Systems in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Woschni Eugen Georg 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Systems can be described either in the time or in the frequency domains. Here methods using the frequency domain are treated, namely, frequency response, their representations as well as their relationships to the differential equation and the logarithmic characteristics of these leading to the Bode plot representation, transfer function, poles and zeros, and root locus representation. A typical simple example is given.
Characteristics of Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom
Authors: Ferris Timothy Lindsay John 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This article provides a definition and a discussion about each of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in the application of each term to measurement systems. The distinction between these elements in the representation of things is valuable because it assists one's thinking about the nature of the representation of observed phenomena that is available when the representation is available at one of these levels of a hierarchy of representation. The last section discusses the relationship between these elements. The purpose of this article is to enhance the reader's understanding of the issues introduced by the distinction between the elements, and thereby to improve the thinking of the reader when applying that understanding to particular cases.
Terminology and Classification of Measurement Systems
Authors: Sydenham Peter H. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This article is the starting point for those unsure about how to get started with a search. It discusses the difficulties that are faced when seeking published materials on measurement‐related topics. An example is given, showing how a topic can be placed in different places in the literature. Also given are lists of synonyms for ‘measuring’, keywords, Dewey index numbers where measurement will be found, and journal names for commonly seen measurement reports.
Genetically Engineered Phage Fibers and Coatings for Antibacterial Applications
Authors: Mao Joan Y. , Belcher Angela M. , Van Vliet Krystyn J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMultifunctionality can be imparted to protein‐based fibers and coatings via either synthetic or biological approaches. Here, potent antimicrobial functionality of genetically engineered, phage‐based fibers and fiber coatings, processed at room temperature, is demonstrated. Facile genetic engineering of the M13 virus (bacteriophage) genome leverages the well‐known antibacterial properties of silver ions to kill bacteria. Predominant expression of negatively charged glutamic acid (E3) peptides on the pVIII major coat proteins of M13 bacteriophage enables solution‐based, electrostatic binding of silver ions and subsequent reduction to metallic silver along the virus length. Antibacterial fibers of micrometer‐scale diameters are constructed from such an E3‐modified phage via wet‐spinning and glutaraldehyde‐crosslinking of the E3‐modified viruses. Silverization of the free‐standing fibers is confirmed via energy dispersive spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, showing ∼0.61 µg cm−1 of silver on E3–Ag fibers. This degree of silverization is threefold greater than that attainable for the unmodified M13–Ag fibers. Conferred bactericidal functionality is determined via live–dead staining and a modified disk‐diffusion (Kirby–Bauer) measure of zone of inhibition (ZoI) against Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. Live–dead staining and ZoI distance measurements indicate increased bactericidal activity in the genetically engineered, silverized phage fibers. Coating of Kevlar fibers with silverized E3 phage exhibits antibacterial effects as well, with relatively smaller ZoIs attributable to the lower degree of silver loading attainable in these coatings. Such antimicrobial functionality is amenable to rapid incorporation within fiber‐based textiles to reduce risks of infection, biofilm formation, or odor‐based detection, with the potential to exploit the additional electronic and thermal conductivity of fully silverized phage fibers and coatings.
Modeling of partial oxidation in gas–solids downer reactors
Authors: Vaishali S. , Roy Shantanu , Mills Patrick l. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSelective partial oxidations represent an important class of reactions in the process industry. Of particular interest is the partial oxidation of n‐butane to maleic anhydride (MAN), which is arguably the largest commercialized alkane partial oxidation process. Partial oxidation of n‐butane, which uses vanadium phosphorous oxide (VPO) as a heterogeneous catalyst, is believed to operate through a unique mechanism in which lattice oxygen oxidizes n‐butane selectively to MAN. Past work has shown that performing partial oxidation reactions in gas–solids riser configuration is realizable and commercially viable, which has lead to commercialization of this technology in the last decade. Though the riser configuration allows optimal and independent control of the oxidation and reduction steps, the riser unit suffers from solid backmixing at walls, which in turn result into lower conversion, nonoptimal selectivity and diminished overall yield of desired product. In recent years, there has been growing interest in downers involving cocurrent downflow of both solids and gas phases, hence offering relatively uniform flow characteristics. In this contribution, we explore through modeling the implications of effecting partial oxidation reactions in a downer (gas–solids cocurrent downflow) compared to that in a conventional riser reactor (gas–solids cocurrent up flow) operated under equivalent operating conditions. Further, we explore the operational space of downers for these reactions, suggesting ways for improving the productivity of downer for partial oxidation applications. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Treatment‐induced diabetic neuropathy: A reversible painful autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Gibbons Christopher H. , Freeman Roy 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the natural history, clinical, neurophysiological, and histological features, and outcomes of diabetic patients presenting with acute painful neuropathy associated with glycemic control, also referred to as insulin neuritis.MethodsSixteen subjects presenting with acute painful neuropathy had neurological and retinal examinations, laboratory studies, autonomic testing, and pain assessments over 18 months. Eight subjects had skin biopsies for evaluation of intraepidermal nerve fiber density.ResultsAll subjects developed severe pain within 8 weeks of intensive glucose control. There was a high prevalence of autonomic cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and sudomotor symptoms in all subjects. Orthostatic hypotension and parasympathetic dysfunction were seen in 69% of subjects. Retinopathy worsened in all subjects. Reduced intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) was seen in all tested subjects. After 18 months of glycemic control, there were substantial improvements in pain, autonomic symptoms, autonomic test results, and IENFD. Greater improvements were seen after 18 months in type 1 versus type 2 diabetic subjects in autonomic symptoms (cardiovascular p < 0.01; gastrointestinal p < 0.01; genitourinary p < 0.01) and autonomic function tests (p < 0.01, sympathetic and parasympathetic function tests).InterpretationTreatment‐induced neuropathy is characterized by acute, severe pain, peripheral nerve degeneration, and autonomic dysfunction after intensive glycemic control. The neuropathy occurred in parallel with worsening diabetic retinopathy, suggesting a common underlying pathophysiological mechanism. Clinical features and objective measures of small myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers can improve in these diabetic patients despite a prolonged history of poor glucose control, with greater improvement seen in patients with type 1 diabetes. ANN NEUROL 2010;67:534–541
Genetically Engineered Mesenchymal Stem Cells: The Ongoing Research for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Hong Dun , Chen Hai‐Xiao , Ge Renshan , Li Ji‐Cheng 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBone grafting is crucial in the surgical treatment of bone defects and nonunion fractures. Autogenous bone, allogenous bone, and biomaterial scaffold are three main sources of bone grafts. The biomaterial scaffold, both natural and synthetic, is widely accessible but weak in osteogenic potential. One approach to solve this problem is cell‐based bone tissue engineering (BTE), established by growing living osteogenic cells on scaffold in vitro to build up its osteoinducitive capability. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) is suitable for use in cell‐based BTE, but it remains a considerable challenge to induce MSCs to form solely bone and while preventing MSCs from differentiating into fats, muscles, and possibly neural elements in vivo. Recently, there is a drastic rise in use of genetically engineered MSCs, which can secrete growth factors or alter the transcription level, leading to osteoblast lineage commitment, bone formation, fracture repair, and spinal fusion. In this article, we reviewed the literatures regarding applications of genetically engineered MSCs in BTE. We addressed the currently applicable genes and candidate genes for MSCs modification, transduction efficiency and safety issues of the transfect vectors, and administration routes, and we briefly described in vivo tracking and potential clinical application of the genetically modified MSCs in BTE. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A choice prediction competition: Choices from experience and from description
Authors: Erev Ido , Ert Eyal , Roth Alvin E. , Haruvy Ernan , Herzog Stefan M. , Hau Robin , Hertwig Ralph , Stewart Terrence , West Robert , Lebiere Christian 
Published: December 2009

AbstractErev, Ert, and Roth organized three choice prediction competitions focused on three related choice tasks: One shot decisions from description (decisions under risk), one shot decisions from experience, and repeated decisions from experience. Each competition was based on two experimental datasets: An estimation dataset, and a competition dataset. The studies that generated the two datasets used the same methods and subject pool, and examined decision problems randomly selected from the same distribution. After collecting the experimental data to be used for estimation, the organizers posted them on the Web, together with their fit with several baseline models, and challenged other researchers to compete to predict the results of the second (competition) set of experimental sessions. Fourteen teams responded to the challenge: The last seven authors of this paper are members of the winning teams. The results highlight the robustness of the difference between decisions from description and decisions from experience. The best predictions of decisions from descriptions were obtained with a stochastic variant of prospect theory assuming that the sensitivity to the weighted values decreases with the distance between the cumulative payoff functions. The best predictions of decisions from experience were obtained with models that assume reliance on small samples. Merits and limitations of the competition method are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal designs for estimating the parameters in weighted power‐mean‐mixture models
Authors: Coetzer R. L. J. , Focke W. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the mixing of fluids, a mixture may be viewed conceptually as a hypothetical collection of fluid clusters. In this context, a mixture model is defined by prescriptions for (a) estimating fluid cluster properties and (b) combining them to yield an overall mixture property. A particular flexible form is obtained from using generalized weighted‐power‐means with the weighting based on global mole fractions${{x}_{i}, 0 \leq {{x}}_{{i}} \leq 1, \sum_{{i}} {{x}}_{{i}}=1, {{i}}=1,2,\ldots,{{q}}}$. Optimal designs for estimating the parameters in SchefféS‐ andK‐polynomials are well known. In this paper, we present optimal designs for estimating the parameters in the generalized weighted‐power‐mean mixture models, which may be nonlinear in the pure and binary interaction parameters. We illustrate the practical value of applying optimal designs for mixture variables through design efficiencies. The designs are derived for modeling viscosity from three‐component mixtures. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PPh3‐Catalyzed Reactions of Alkyl Propiolates with N‐Tosylimines: A Facile Synthesis of Alkyl 2‐[aryl(tosylimino)methyl]acrylate and an Insight into the Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Liu Huimin , Zhang QiongMei , Wang Limin , Tong Xiaofeng 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new PPh3‐catalyzed synthesis of alkyl 2‐[aryl(tosylimino)methyl]acrylates from propiolate and N‐tosylimine has been developed. Deuterium‐labelling experiments show that the reaction mechanism involves several hydrogen‐transfer processes, which are not the turnover‐limiting step and strongly rely on the nature of the reaction media. The stable phosphonium–enamine zwitterion, which was proven to play an important role in the catalytic cycle, has been isolated and characterised by X‐ray analysis.
Plasma N‐Terminal Protype‐B Natriuretic Peptide and Restrictive Mitral Flow to Risk‐stratify Patients with Stage B Heart Failure
Authors: Dini Frank L. , Whalley Gillian , Poppe Katrina , Fontanive Paolo , Rosa Gian Marco , Doughty Robert N. , Bello Vitantonio Di 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe prognostic role of echocardiography is well established in patients with previous or current symptoms of heart failure (HF). Less is understood about patients with stage B HF, who have structural heart disease but no symptoms at any stage. This study investigated the role of plasma N‐terminal protype‐B natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) and Doppler‐echo parameters of diastolic and systolic function for risk stratification in stage B HF patients.HypothesisWe investigated whether plasma NT‐proBNP and Doppler‐echo parameters of diastolic and systolic function have a role in risk stratification of stage B HF patients.MethodsDoppler echocardiography was performed in 155 outpatients with asymptomatic left ventricular (LV) dysfunction (ejection fraction [EF] < 50%) and comprised conventional diastolic variables, including pulsed‐Doppler mitral E‐wave deceleration time (EDT). Plasma NT‐proBNP was assessed at the time of the echocardiogram. The prespecified end point was cardiac death or HF hospitalization or any new HF episode requiring a change in medication.ResultsMean EF was 35% ± 7%. Median NT‐proBNP was 745 pg/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 442–1672). Patients with events at follow‐up (n = 46) had higher prevalence of risk factors for developing HF. Plasma NT‐proBNP, EDT, and EF were independently associated with cardiac events at multivariable analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine the optimal prognostic cut points for each: NT‐proBNP ≥ 831 pg/mL, EDT < 145 msec, and EF < 37%. When used in combination, event‐free survival was incrementally worse with each additional abnormality.ConclusionPlasma NT‐proBNP, EDT, and EF are independently useful for prognostic stratification of stage B HF patients and suggest an incremental prognostic deficit is associated with the combination of each. This study supports the complementary role of comprehensive echocardiography and natriuretic peptide assay in asymptomatic LV dysfunction. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ageing of spherulites of an industrial relevant aromatic amine derivative
Authors: Beck R. , Heskestad R. , Malthe‐Sørenssen D. , Häkkinen A. , Louhi‐Kultanen M. , Andreassen J.‐P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPolycrystalline spherulites of an aromatic amine derivative have been precipitated in a batch process by pH‐shift with hydrochloric acid from stirred aqueous solutions. The time dependent behaviour of the spherulites has been studied during crystallization in the temperature range from 5 °C to 60 °C. Cake resistance values have been obtained from batch filtration tests performed at 2 bar pressure difference at different stages of the crystallization process. The FBRM mean chord length of the crystals decreases with time as a result of crystal ageing into plate‐like crystals. The rate of the ageing process increases with temperature. XRD‐studies show no significant differences in the crystal structure during the ageing process, and the mechanism of the transformation was not established. The filterability of aromatic amine crystals deteriorates as the crystallization progresses. The decrease in the filterability is attributed to the appearance of small plate‐like crystals and a change in the interaction between the crystal surface and the solution, during the ageing of the particles. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sensor selection for source extraction in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks
Authors: Chen Hongbin , Feng Jiuchao , Tse Chi K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA sensor selection scheme for source extraction in heterogeneous wireless sensor networks is proposed. The proposed scheme selects the sensors corresponding to the reconstructed mixtures with the largest signal‐to‐noise‐ratios to transmit their data to a fusion center. It exploits the heterogeneity of the sensor observations and reduces the amount of transmissions. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms the full utilization scheme and the random selection scheme. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
User authentication schemes with pseudonymity for ubiquitous sensor network in NGN
Authors: Vaidya Binod , Rodrigues Joel J. , Park Jong Hyuk 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOwing to the ubiquitous nature, ease of deployment, and wide range of potential applications, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received a lot of attention recently. WSNs can be deployed in unattended environments; however, they have many challenges. It should be guaranteed that not only illegitimate users cannot login and access data in the network but also user privacy should be maintained. Since sensor nodes have limited computation power, storage, and energy, it is desirable for the authentication protocol to be simple and secure. In this paper, we propose two user authentication protocols that are variations of a recent strong‐password‐based solution. It uses one‐way hash functions and XOR operations to achieve lower computational and communication overheads. We have analyzed the performance of both the proposed authentication schemes in terms of various metrics. We have also provided security evaluation of the proposed protocols. Comparing with the previous schemes, our proposed schemes are more robust and provide better security. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The startle response: Developmental effects and a paradigm for children and adults
Authors: Quevedo Karina , Smith Tiffany , Donzella Bonny , Schunk Emily , Gunnar Megan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA film paradigm was developed to examine baseline and emotion modulated startle across a broad age range from preschool to adulthood. The paradigm was tested in children (3‐, 5‐, 7‐, and 9‐year‐olds) and adults (total N = 122). The paradigm elicited a similar startle potentiation pattern across age groups; however, baseline startle changed with age: 3‐ and 5‐year‐olds showed lower response probability and magnitude of baseline startle than adults. Females exhibited larger baseline startle response probability and overall magnitude than did males; however, no sex by emotion modulated startle interaction was noted. Anxiety measures were obtained for all children. Individual differences in anxiety were associated with baseline startle magnitude among older but not younger children. No association of anxiety with startle potentiation was noted. Overall the film paradigm was applicable across a wide developmental span, revealing potential developmental and gender differences in baseline startle magnitude and response probability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 78–89, 2010
Integration of human model neurons (NT2) into embryonic chick nervous system
Authors: Podrygajlo Grzegorz , Wiegreffe Christoph , Scaal Martin , Bicker Gerd 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPostmitotic neurons were generated from the human NT2 teratocarcinoma cell line in a novel cell aggregate differentiation procedure. Approximately a third of the differentiated neurons expressed cell markers related to cholinergic neurotransmission. To examine whether this human cell model system can be directed toward a motoneuronal fate, postmitotic neurons were co‐cultured with mouse myotubes. Outgrowing neuronal processes established close contact with the myotubes and formed neuromuscular junction‐like structures that bound α‐bungarotoxin. To determine how grafted precursor cells and neurons respond to embryonic nerve tissue, NT2 cells at different stages of neural development were injected into chick embryo neural tube and brain. Grafted NT2 neurons populated both parts of the nervous system, sometimes migrating away from the site of injection. The neural tube appeared to be more permissive for neurite extensions than the brain. Moreover, extending neurites of spinal grafts were approaching the ventral roots, thus resembling motoneuronal projections. Developmental Dynamics 239:496–504, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heat shock protein 2 promoter drives cre expression in spermatocytes of transgenic mice
Authors: Inselman Amy L. , Nakamura Noriko , Brown Paula R. , Willis William D. , Goulding Eugenia H. , Eddy Edward M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe generated transgenic mouse line C57BL/6‐Tg(Hspa2‐cre)1Eddy/J (Hspa2‐cre), which expresses cre‐recombinase under the control of a 907‐bp fragment of the heat shock protein 2 (Hspa2) gene promoter. Transgene expression was determined using Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1Sor/J (ROSA26) and Tg(CAG‐Bgeo/GFP)21Lbe/J (Z/EG) reporter strains and RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry assays. Hspa2‐cre expression mimicked the spermatogenic cell‐specific expression of endogenous HSPA2 within the testis, being first observed in leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes. Expression of the transgene also was detected at restricted sites in the brain, as occurs for endogenous HSPA2. Although the results of mating the Hspa2‐cre mice to mice with a floxed Cdc2a allele indicated that some expression of the transgene occurs during embryogenesis, the Hspa2‐cre mice provide a valuable new tool for assessing the roles of genes during and after meiotic prophase in pachytene spermatocytes. genesis 48:114–120, 2010. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.