bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prime Minister’s Dilemma
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the tumultuous history of women and politics in Iran, starting with the poet Tahereh Qurrat al-Ayn, a progressive religious thinker and leading figure in the new Bābi faith, who cast aside her veil while speaking to a gathering of her male followers, causing one of them to slit his own throat. Tahereh was later hanged for heresy—that is, for daring to think, to voice her beliefs, and to lead. The author describes Ayatollah Khomeini’s response to the 1963 White Revolution reforms, the most dangerous and repugnant of which to Khomeini’s concept of social organization was the extension of the franchise to women. This undermined Khomeini’s view of societal organization, founded on women’s role as complementary to men in the family and society and on men’s role as guardians of women. Khomeini declared that giving women the right to vote was tantamount to an “expansion of prostitution” and issued a fatwa calling all believers to the streets to express their opposition. The author recounts different personalities in the cabinet and the difficulties of being the only woman in an otherwise all-male cabinet.
Exile
Authors: Afkhami Mahnaz 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Told that she was on the revolutionaries’ death list if she returned to Iran, the author began her life in exile in the US, as she pledged to continue her work for the women of Iran for the rest of her life. Her long-time friends Senator Jacob and Marion Javits became her American family in exile. The author stood by Princess Ashraf, who had been publicly vilified and abandoned by friends. Prime Minister Hoveyda and others had been executed by firing squads after their secret trials by an Islamic revolutionary court had ended with death sentences; while the shah, ill with cancer, was forced to move from country to country. In 1979 the author received a message to urge her husband Gholam to leave Iran, which he did, via a clandestine border crossing. Gholam secured a position at Stanford, where he wrote The Iranian Revolution: Thanatos on a National Scale, while the author deliberated on the next steps in her life.
Something in These Hills
Authors: Coggeshall John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
What is the “something in these hills” that ties mountain families to family land in the southern Appalachians? This ethnographic examination challenges contemporary theory and explores two interrelated themes: the duality of the southern Appalachians as both a menacing and majestic landscape and the emotional relationship to family land characteristic of long-term residents of these mountains. To most outsiders, the area conjures images of a beautiful yet dangerous place, typified by the movie Deliverance. To long-term residents, these mountains have a fundamental emotional hold so powerful that many mourn the sale or loss of family land as if it were a deceased relative. How can the same geographical space be both? Using a carefully crafted cultural lens, John M. Coggeshall explains how family land anthropomorphizes, metaphorically becoming another member of kin groups. He establishes that this emotional sense of place existed prior to recent land losses, contrary to some contemporary scholars. Utilizing the voices and perspectives of long-term residents, the book provides readers with a more fundamental understanding of the “something in these hills” that holds people in place.
Opening the Black Box of Landscape
Authors: Coggeshall John M. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the literature on the Southern Appalachians. The author discusses the ambiguity of a frontier, the evolution of Appalachian stereotypes, materialist and postmodern views of Appalachia’s contested spaces, globalized capitalism, and place, and then a critique and revision of that idea. The author also refines “insiders” and “outsiders” to “inhabitants” and “residents,” and describe my methodology of ethnographic fieldwork to interpret the landscape of Southern Appalachia.
Institutions
Authors: Mims La Shonda 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Urban institutions often controlled the popular presentations of queer life in the New South. Activist communities evolved differently in Atlanta and Charlotte but often in relation to the development of urban institutions. Local policing fueled queer perceptions of safety and protection in each city. Queer groups grappled with racism and sexism as they tried to find a middle ground between organizing events like the National Lesbian Conference in Atlanta, while advocating for political visibility. Universities provided sustenance and space for queer students to connect with social and political groups beyond the campus environment. Corporate support for Pride events and corporate benefits for lesbian and gay employees altered the climate for queer life in each city. The arrival of national sports teams in Charlotte resulted in new social spaces for lesbians, while the presence of the Olympic Games in Atlanta threatened the safety of lesbian social space. Religious institutions in each city shaped political decision making and national perceptions of urban identity.
¡Que Viva Cerro de San Pedro!
Authors: Studnicki-Gizbert Daviken 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the growing numbers of social movements that emerged across Latin America and at the Cerro de San Pedro to defend life and territory from the harms wrought by open-pit mining. Their opposition generated what became known as socio-ecological or environmental justice conflicts. By focusing on the case of Cerro de San Pedro, the chapter provides an interior account of the inception and development of one of the earliest environmental justice movements to emerge around mining on the continent.
Butchery for Our Mothers
Authors: Haumesser Lauren N. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the Democratic response to John Brown’s abolitionist raid on Harpers Ferry. Northern Democrats blamed the raid on Republican radicalism. They hoped this would help them win back northern moderates after recent Republican victories in the North, and they hoped it would shore up support in the Border and Upper South. Southern Democrats in the Border and Upper South—including many white women—responded differently. They became more susceptible to secessionist fearmongering that emphasized the dangers of slave rebellion to white southern women and homes. Ultimately, Democrats’ racialized and gendered reactions to the raid deepened fissures within the party.
Conclusion
Authors: Haumesser Lauren N. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The conclusion argues that the gender tactics of 1856-61 guided northern and southern Democrats’ perceptions of their enemy and their prosecution of the war. Northern Democrats continued to push for compromise as an honorable war aim. They wanted a restrained war that would spare white southern men and their families the heaviest burdens of the conflict. And they opposed emancipation, even as a war measure. Southern Democrats, on the other hand, clung to their critique of a fanatical northern society. They continued to believe that seceding from the Union was the only way to protect southern society, white southern women, and slavery from northern fanaticism.
After Equiano
Authors: Hutchins Zachary McLeod 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
After the War of American Independence, the slave narrative underwent a transformation. Olaudah Equiano’s Interesting Narrative, which was published in 1789—the same year the Constitution of the United States was ratified, establishing a date for the termination of the transatlantic slave trade—was one of the last slave narratives to focus on the status of enslaved individuals as foreign nationals. After Equiano, instead of describing the life story of black Africans negotiating their freedom among foreign states, the slave narrative became a genre advocating for domestic political rights and the abolition of slavery. The newspaper remained an important repository for the accounts of Black Americans in the nineteenth century, who continued to use it as a tool of liberation, just as their black African forebears had in the eighteenth century.
Keeping Them in Their Place
Authors: Pearson Chad E. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a class analysis of the first Ku Klux Klan. Rather than depict the organization as a “hate group,” I describe them as a white supremacist employers’ association interested in exploiting the formerly enslaved population. Following the Civil War and the general strike of millions of enslaved people, downwardly-mobile Confederate veterans, including plantation owners, lawyers, merchants, and journalists, organized numerous Klan chapters in regions throughout the South. The Klan consisted of thousands of white people across class lines, but the “better classes” led Klan chapters. Klansmen engaged in numerous terrorist techniques, including kidnapping, whippings, and torching Black schoolhouses. They drove out white schoolteachers, terrorized insubordinate African Americans, and ultimately celebrated the defeat of Reconstruction. They wanted the formerly enslaved population to do nothing other than work during their waking hours.
North America
Authors: Adjetey Wendell Nii Laryea 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book maps racial formation and self-determination among North America’s mixed Black population of African Americans, African Canadians, and African Caribbean peoples from 1900 to 2000. It provides a framework that situates historical actors, ideas, associations, and events within a broad sociopolitical and geographic context. By examining cross-pollination among African peoples and the ways that they navigated the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, and sometimes Africa, this intervention—the first of its kind—excavates, recovers, and reconstructs the bones and anatomy of African Diaspora and Atlantic World history. A blend of urban, borderlands, transnational, and global history, this spatial body of knowledge is vital to understanding freedom and alternative notions of citizenship, not to mention a North American mentalité that galvanized twentieth-century African anti-colonialism.
Introduction
Authors: Lupien Pascal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter introduces the book’s focus on how Indigenous civil society organizations (CSOs) are adapting in a globalized, technology-centered world. Situating the research in the contemporary political landscape of Bolivia, Ecuador, and Chile, it introduces the book’s research questions: In what ways have social, political, and technological changes over the past decade influenced the evolution of Indigenous civil society? How and why have Indigenous CSOs’ strategies and tactics evolved over the past decade and what have been the most successful approaches? Why did Indigenous peoples return to large-scale resistance in the fall of 2019 after more than a decade of relative calm? How, and in what direction, do information and communications technologies (ICTs) shift the balance of power between Indigenous civil society and the state or other powerful actors? The chapter also introduces the methods and the data, including the comparative case study design and the community-based participatory research (CBPR) approach. It justifies the case selection and describes the data, including semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and online content analysis.
Ecuador
Authors: Lupien Pascal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During the era of popular President Rafael Correa (2007-2017), Indigenous CSOs in Ecuador were forced to adjust to a new political context and citizenship regime that simultaneously extended social citizenship and provided new opportunities for participation while imposing limitations on civil rights and restricting space for CSOs. They turned their attention to “civic” practices permitted by the state. When the gains they had achieved over the years were threatened, and the political opportunity structure shifted again, they were able to build on their experience to assume a leadership role within Ecuadorian civil society. The relatively solidarity and cohesive structure of Indigenous civil society, supported by the skillful use of ICTs, demonstrated that Indigenous CSOs remain a strong political force in Ecuador. They adapted their approach to political participation, resource mobilization, and communication, and they have continued to develop an expanding repertoire of tactics through multi-scalar positioning. The chapter also looks at how community work in the territories is used to gain support. Finally, it demonstrates that there is considerable variation with respect to use of digital technologies, but that they played a central role in the 2019 protests that threatened the survival of the government.
Indigenous Civil Society in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Lupien Pascal 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the key findings and looks to the future. It emphasizes the unique characteristics of Indigenous civil society and defines multi-scalar positioning, which Indigenous CSOs have pioneered. This involves participation from inside and outside of the system, service provision with a political dimension, utilizing participatory mechanisms, shaping local politics, collaborating with non-Indigenous sectors by aligning mutual demands, and navigating the complexities of cyberspace. Strategic adaptability hinges on mobilizing resources, leveraging political opportunities, and responding to threats to citizenship and social rights. Successful Indigenous groups demonstrate a nuanced understanding of when and how to adjust tactics, engaging in sustained efforts beyond protest cycles. The chapter stresses that social media and ICTs support CSO activities to some extent, but also pose challenges. Despite using ICTs, Indigenous CSOs differ from the "networked" movements identified in recent literature. Their strength lies in traditional features such as strong organizations, community decision-making, experienced leadership, in-person interaction, and ethnic identity. Indigenous CSOs challenge the conventional understanding of 21st-century collective action and offer valuable insights into effective political engagement. The chapter concludes that many challenges remain, but an ongoing, sustained multi-scalar positioning strategy will likely ensure the long-term integration of Indigenous demands into the political system.
Fit Citizens
Authors: Purkiss Ava 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
At the turn of the twentieth century, as African Americans struggled against white social and political oppression, Black women devised novel approaches to the fight for full citizenship. In opposition to white-led efforts to restrict their freedom of movement, Black women used various exercises—calisthenics, gymnastics, athletics, and walking—to demonstrate their physical and moral fitness for citizenship. Black women's participation in the modern exercise movement grew exponentially in the first half of the twentieth century and became entwined with larger campaigns of racial uplift and Black self-determination. Black newspapers, magazines, advice literature, and public health reports all encouraged this emphasis on exercise as a reflection of civic virtue. In the first historical study of Black women's exercise, Ava Purkiss reveals that physical activity was not merely a path to self-improvement but also a means to expand notions of Black citizenship. Through this narrative of national belonging, Purkiss explores how exercise enabled Black women to reimagine Black bodies, health, beauty, and recreation in the twentieth century. Fit Citizens places Black women squarely within the history of American physical fitness and sheds light on how African Americans gave new meaning to the concept of exercising citizenship.
Plenty of Good Exercise
Authors: Purkiss Ava 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between ideas of fatness, beauty, and Black womanhood between the 1910s and 1940. It argues that middle-class Black women used exercise to promote their ideals of beauty, slimness, and the respectable Black body during the interwar years. By identifying explicit historical examples of Black antifat bias, this chapter uses physical culture to challenge commonly-held ideas about beauty, Black women, and their bodies.
Battling the Kingdome
Authors: Johnson Diana K. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter foregrounds Asian-American-led activism against a major Seattle sports arena, the Kingdome during the early 1970s. In doing so, this chapter examines how Asian American activists, including cannery worker organizers stationed in Alaska and Seattle, spearheaded multiracial coalitions to challenge the construction of the Kingdome in the International District, the historical Asian American neighborhood of Seattle.
Structural Adjustment
Authors: Goodman Carly 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
At independence Ghana had invested in major infrastructure projects, such as the Akosombo dam, which would generate electricity for the country. School enrollments climbed, and access to health care increased. But soon authoritarian politics and practices of “kalabule” or profiteering undermined people’s sense that the nation was serving the public good. Once in power in the 1980s, Jerry John Rawlings worked with the International Monetary Fund to coordinate a structural adjustment program for Ghana. This neoliberal reform attracted loans and aid but reshaped its economic structures, diminished fuel and food subsidies, devalued the currency, and more. Rolling blackouts, or dumsor, hurt productivity and quality of life, and seemed to speak to the collapse of the promises of independence. By the 1990s, the people of Ghana were suffering the effects of these shifts, which would shape attitudes about emigration.
Introduction
Authors: Delehanty Jack 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to the world of faith-based community organizing. It previews the book’s arguments about moral citizenship, moral vocation, and relational practices, and grounds readers in the meanings of those terms while explaining how they combine to animate social change movements. In discussing the cultural dynamics at work in ELIJAH, the book’s focal case, this chapter also offers a preliminary statement of the book’s main argument: that religion’s primary contribution to contemporary social justice movement is not beliefs or doctrines, but a wellspring of internal motivation that skilled organizers can identify, develop, and ultimately transform into a commitment to pursue equality and justice for all members of society.
Relational Culture and Political Action
Authors: Delehanty Jack 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how the background cultural work explained earlier in the book -using relational practices to stoke moral vocations and anchor them to moral citizenship – infuses the more visible political mobilization that most people associate with activism groups. Case studies of campaigns to provide driver licenses to undocumented immigrants and to mandate paid sick time at the municipal level demonstrate how emphases on storytelling and relationships carry through into political action, leading ELIJAH to focus on long-term leadership development over short-term political wins. The result is a political culture devoted to fostering a broad commitment to social action writ large that transcends any one issue struggle.
Affirmative Actions
Authors: Bailey Beth 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
While racial violence in the enlisted ranks pushed the US Army to address its racial crisis, Army leaders recognized that problems in the enlisted ranks were exacerbated by the drastic shortage of Black officers. The shortage of senior officers (in 1968 only one of 521 Army generals was Black) was due to decisions made long before, but numbers of Black junior officers promised little improvement. At the direction of the Department of Defense during the Nixon administration, the US Army developed a program of affirmative actions, including admissions preferences, and reevaluated its officer evaluation processes. This chapter discusses the history of affirmative action at the US Military Academy at West Point and the history of racial discrimination that preceded it, the 1972 “Butler Report,” and rotc programs at HBCUs (historically Black colleges and universities).
The Big Picture Goals of Public History
Authors: Faulkenbury Evan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Halfway through Evan Faulkenbury’s fall 2019 introduction to public history course, he began emphasizing students’ Big Picture Goals. In addition to surveying public history’s multiple formats such as museums, historic sites, and oral history, Faulkenbury facilitated a partnership between his class, the Cortland County Historical Society, and the local tourism bureau. Their joint project used the digital platform Clio to create entries on fifty of Cortland County’s roadside historic markers. The project itself concluded with successes and failures, but the larger goal of making students aware of how public history can be a vehicle to accomplishing their own professional goals transformed the class in a positive way.
Upbuilding an Inclusive Future
Authors: Gatson Torren 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Torren Gatson commits his public history courses to exploring and advancing inclusivity and equity in the public history field. In the fall of 2019, he taught a museum and historic site interpretation course in which he and students partnered with the Historic Magnolia House, a hotel that was included in the Negro Motorist Guide and played a central part in the civil rights struggle in Greensboro. Gatson facilitated his course as an exercise in scholarly consciousness raising; in his words, students left the course with “awareness about issues of authority and culturally responsive pedagogy and awareness of white privilege and tearing down barriers within museums that allow for professionals to begin dismantling colonized spaces toward a more inclusive narrative.”
Bush’s Triumph
Authors: Fleegler Robert L. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Republican primary was not nearly as eventful as its Democratic counterpart. Bush and Kansas senator Bob Dole ran as moderate conservatives, attempting to move the party back toward the center after the Reagan years. New York representative Jack Kemp ran as Reagan-style tax cutter but did not get very far due to his relative lack of name recognition. Televangelist Pat Robertson, however, made a surprise impact, mobilizing social conservatives to finish a shocking second in Iowa, demonstrating the growing importance of the religious right to the modern GOP. And Donald Trump made a cameo appearance, briefly exploring a run while expressing many of the same themes he did when he ran in 2016. In the end, Bush soundly defeated Dole for the nomination, but only after losing to him in Iowa, then rallying to win New Hampshire over the Kansas senator.