bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of HPV infection among female university students in Honduras via Roche linear array
Authors: Ferrera Annabelle , Tábora Nelba , Flores Yensi , Zelaya Arnoldo , Massuger Leon , Melchers Willem J.G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of specific types of human papillomavirus (HPV), and the association with possible risk factors, among female university students at university in Honduras.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional study, cervical samples from 400 women aged 18–35 years were tested using a Roche HPV linear array to differentiate 37 genotypes of HPV. Associations with risk factors were assessed.ResultsOf the 400 participants, 393 completed the study. HPV DNA was detected in 45% of these women, of whom 73% were infected with high‐risk types of HPV and 46% had multiple infections. Overall, 36 HPV genotypes were identified, of which HPV types 16, 51, 84, 66, and 39 were the most common. There was a marked decrease in the prevalence of multiple and high‐risk infections with age. The factors that were independently associated with risk of being infected were related to sexual behavior and smoking habits.ConclusionThe study showed that genital HPV infection is common among sexually active women at university in Honduras. In addition, the Roche linear array was shown to be a valuable tool for HPV genotyping, which will be useful for monitoring the future effectiveness of an HPV vaccine in the population.
Hydrological response of a dryland ephemeral river to southern African climatic variability during the last millennium
Authors: Benito G. , Thorndycraft V.R. , Rico M.T. , Sánchez-Moya Y. , Sopeña A. , Botero B.A. , Machado M.J. , Davis M. , Pérez-González A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA long-term flood record from the Buffels River, the largest ephemeral river of NW South Africa (9250 km2), was reconstructed based on interpretation of palaeoflood, documentary and instrumental rainfall data. Palaeoflood data were obtained at three study reaches, with preserved sedimentary evidence indicating at least 25 large floods during the last 700 yr. Geochronological control for the palaeoflood record was provided by radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating. Annual resolution was obtained since the 19th century using the overlapping documentary and instrumental records. Large floods coincided in the past within three main hydroclimatic settings: (1) periods of regular large flood occurrence (1 large flood/~30 yr) under wetter and cooler prevailing climatic conditions (AD 1600–1800), (2) decreasing occurrence of large floods (1 large flood/~100 yr) during warmer conditions (e.g., AD 1425–1600 and after 1925), and (3) periods of high frequency of large floods (~ 4–5 large floods in 20–30 yr) coinciding with wetter conditions of decadal duration, namely at AD 1390–1425, 1800–1825 and 1915–1925. These decadal-scale periods of the highest flood frequency seem to correspond in time with changes in atmospheric circulation patterns, as inferred when comparing their onset and distribution with temperature proxies in southern Africa.
Effects of α-ketoglutarate on energy status in the intestinal mucosa of weaned piglets chronically challenged with lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Hou Yongqing , Yao Kang , Wang Lei , Ding Binying , Fu Dabo , Liu Yulan , Zhu Huiling , Liu Jian , Li Yongtang , Kang Ping , Yin Yulong , Wu Guoyao 
Published: February 2011

The present study determined whether α-ketoglutarate (AKG) might affect the expression of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and energy status in the intestinal mucosa of piglets challenged withEscherichia colilipopolysaccharide (LPS). A total of eighteen piglets (weaned at 21 d of age) were allocated to one of three treatments: (1) non-challenged (control); (2) LPS-challenged (LPS); (3) LPS+1 % AKG (LPS+AKG). Piglets in the control and LPS groups were fed a maize- and soyabean meal-based diet, and the LPS+AKG group was fed the basal diet supplemented with 1 % AKG. On days 10, 12, 14 and 16 of the trial, piglets in the LPS and LPS+AKG groups were challenged with LPS (80 μg/kg body weight), whereas piglets in the control group received the same volume of sterile saline. Pigs were euthanised 24 h after the last administration of LPS or saline to obtain intestinal mucosae for biochemical analysis. Compared with the control group, LPS administration decreased (P < 0·05) the oxidation of AKG, oleic acid, glutamine and glucose in enterocytes, decreased concentrations of ATP in the duodenal and jejunal mucosae and decreased adenylate energy charge (AMP:ATP ratio) in the jejunal and ileal mucosae. Additionally, LPS treatment reduced (P < 0·05) mucosal concentrations of phosphorylated AMPK in the jejunum and ileum as well as acetyl-CoA carboxylase in all segments of the small intestine. The adverse effects of LPS were reversed by AKG. Collectively, these results indicate that dietary supplementation with 1 % AKG beneficially modulates the AMPK signalling pathway to improve energy status in the small intestine of LPS-challenged piglets.
Widespread pyrethroid resistance in Australian diamondback moth,Plutella xylostella(L.), is related to multiple mutations in theparasodium channel gene
Authors: Endersby N.M. , Viduka K. , Baxter S.W. , Saw J. , Heckel D.G. , McKechnie S.W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPopulations ofPlutella xylostella, extending over 3800 km in southern Australia, show no genetic structure as assessed by microsatellite markers; yet outbreaks of pyrethroid resistance occur sporadically in cropping areas. Since mutations in theparavoltage-gated sodium channel gene have been implicated in pyrethroid resistance, we looked for DNA sequence variation at this target among Australian moths. We found two resistance mutations previously reported for this species (L1014F and T929I), as well as a novel substitution (F1020S). Of the eight possible haplotypes formed by combinations of these three biallelic polymorphisms, only four were found in Australian populations: thewild-typeallele (w), thekdrmutation allele (kdr) with only L1014F, thesuper-kdr-likecombination of L1014F and T929I (skdrl), and thecrashdownallele with only F1020S (cdr). Comparison of genotype frequencies among survivors of permethrin assays with those from untreated controls identified three resistant genotypes:skdrlhomozygotes,cdrhomozygotes and the corresponding heterozygote,cdr/skrdl– the heterozygote being at least as resistant as either homozygote. Spatial heterogeneity of allele frequencies was conspicuous, both across the continent and among local collections, consistent with reported spatial heterogeneity of pyrethroid resistance. Further, high resistance samples were sometimes associated with high frequency ofcdr, sometimes high frequency ofskdrl,or sometimes with a high combinedcdr+skdrlfrequency. Theskdrlandcdralleles explain a high proportion of the Australia-wide resistance variation. These data add to evidence that nerve insensitivity by mutations in thepara-sodium channelgene is a common pyrethroid resistance mechanism inP. xylostella.
Molecular analysis of predation by carabid beetles (Carabidae) on the invasive Iberian slugArion lusitanicus
Authors: Hatteland B.A. , Symondson W.O.C. , King R.A. , Skage M. , Schander C. , Solhøy T. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe invasive Iberian slug,Arion lusitanicus, is spreading through Europe and poses a major threat to horticulture and agriculture. Natural enemies, capable of killingA. lusitanicus, may be important to our understanding of its population dynamics in recently invaded regions. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study predation onA. lusitanicusby carabid beetles in the field. A first multiplex PCR was developed, incorporating species-specific primers, and optimised in order to amplify parts of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene of largeArionslugs, includingA. lusitanicusfrom the gut contents of the predators. A second multiplex PCR, targeting12S rRNAmtDNA, detected predation on smallerArionspecies and the field slugDeroceras reticulatum.Feeding trials were conducted to measure the effects of digestion time on amplicon detectability. The median detection times (the time at which 50% of samples tested positive) forA. lusitanicusandD. reticulatumDNA in the foreguts ofCarabus nemoraliswere 22 h and 20 h, respectively. Beetle activity-densities were monitored using pitfall traps, and slug densities were estimated using quadrats. Predation rates on slugs in the field byC. nemoralisin spring ranged from 16–39% (beetles positive for slug DNA) and were density dependent, with numbers of beetles testing positive being positively correlated with densities of the respective slug species.Carabus nemoraliswas shown to be a potentially important predator of the alienA. lusitanicusin spring and may contribute to conservation biological control.
Changing Frames of Reference and Regulatory Structures: French Airport Policy in Transition
Authors: Villard Philippe 
Published: February 2011

AbstractChanges in the regulatory state, the privatization of network industries in Europe and in air transport have led to a redefinition of how airports are regulated. The French model of state ownership and regulation of airports became progressively out of step with a broader European market-oriented frame of reference. A new French sectoral frame of reference was developed and became public policy in 2005. A cognitive analysis identifies the key factors and actors responsible for this shift. This article explores the nature of the changes made to adapt the French model to a European framework and examines the influence of foreign models of regulation on the design of the French model. Finally, it suggests that features of the European frame of reference for regulatory structures have been adapted within France.
The influence of retinal illuminance on L- and M-cone driven electroretinograms
Authors: KREMERS JAN , PARRY NEIL R.A. , PANORGIAS ATHANASIOS , MURRAY IAN J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe electroretinographic response to L- and M-cone isolating stimuli was measured at different luminance levels to study the effect of retinal illuminance on amplitude and phase, and how this may influence estimates of L:M ratios in the retina. It was found that the amplitude of L- and M-cone driven responses increases differently with increasing retinal illuminance: L-cone responses increase more quickly than those of M-cones. The L:M ratio does not change strongly with retinal illuminance. The phase of both L- and M-cone driven responses advances with increasing retinal illuminance. There is considerable interindividual variability in the phase difference between the two, but generally M-cone driven responses are phase advanced.
Comme distraction les devoirs c'est barbantLes constructions disloquées en(X) c'est Adj comme N
Authors: MOLINE ESTELLE 
Published: February 2011

RÉSUMÉCet article est consacré à la description des constructions de formeC'est Adj,comme N, considérées par Lambrecht comme étant caractéristiques du français oral spontané. L'examen de données attestées montre cependant l'existence de ces tournures à l'écrit. Ces constructions sont analysées ici comme étant constituées de trois termes (X, c'est Adj comme N). A l'écrit, le segment encomme Nest régulièrement utilisé pour restreindre le domaine de validité de l'évaluation (X c'est Adj). A l'oral, il peut être utilisé pour identifier le référent dénoté parce. Le pronom démonstratif présente le référent comme étant non classifié, etcomme Ncontribue à sa classification.
The World Bank and the politics of productivity: the debate on economic growth, poverty, and living standards in the 1950s
Authors: Alacevich Michele 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAccording to most reconstructions of development debates, poverty and social issues were not part of the development agenda until the late 1960s. In contrast, this article shows that development practitioners and institutions were already addressing poverty and social issues in the late 1940s and early 1950s. However, economic multilateral organizations soon marginalized those inclusive views and focused exclusively on economic growth. This article discusses those early policy options and why they were marginalized. It argues that this happened for ideological reasons, specifically because of the ideological anti-New Deal post-war backlash and the adhesion of Western countries and multilateral organizations to what Charles Maier defined as the politics of productivity. This ideological backlash explains the rise and early demise of Keynesian ideas in international organizations, and, conversely, their stronger influence in developing countries, where the direct influence of the US and Bretton Woods organizations was somewhat mitigated.
Neo-Malthusianism and development: shifting interpretations of a contested paradigm
Authors: Frey Marc 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis article focuses on the connection between the ideology of neo-Malthusianism and development theory and practice from the mid 1940s to the present. First identified by a few demographic experts, population policies and family planning gradually turned into a global movement for the control of world population. From the beginning, population discourses and policies were intertwined with strategies of socioeconomic development. They were also a reflection of strategic concerns and deliberations about the role of the West in the Cold War and vis-à-vis the emerging Global South. Focusing on the collective impact of individual choices, population controllers assumed that top-down approaches could swiftly change reproductive behaviour. They gave priority to preventing births over health, education, and female empowerment. Family planning began to shift its emphasis from the collective to the individual only in response to outright coercive actions and with the emergence of new actors, most notably feminists, from the late 1970s on.
Periplasmic vestibule plays an important role for solute recruitment, selectivity, and gating in the Rh/Amt/MEP superfamily
Authors: Akgun Ugur , Khademi Shahram 
Published: February 2011

AmtB, a member of the Rh/Amt/MEP superfamily, is responsible for ammonia transport in
Escherichia coli
. The ammonia pathway in AmtB consists of a narrow hydrophobic lumen in between hydrophilic periplasmic and cytoplasmic vestibules. A series of molecular dynamics simulations (greater than 0.4 μs in total) were performed to determine the mechanism of solute recruitments and selectivity by the periplasmic vestibule. The results show that the periplasmic vestibule plays a crucial role in solute selectivity, and its solute preferences follow the order of

. Based on our results,

recruitment is initiated by its interaction with either E70 or E225, highly conserved residues located at the entrance of the vestibule. Subsequently, the backbone carbonyl groups at the periplasmic vestibule direct

to the conserved aromatic cage at the bottom of the vestibule (known as the Am1 site). The umbrella sampling simulations suggest that the conserved residue D160 is not directly involved in the ammonia conduction; rather its main function is to keep the structure of periplasmic vestibule intact. The MD simulations also revealed that two partially stacked phenyl rings of F107 and F215, separating the periplasmic vestibule from the hydrophobic lumen, flip open and closed simultaneously with a frequency of approximately 10
8
flipping events per second. These results show how the periplasmic vestibule selectively recruits

to the Am1 site, and also that the synchronized flipping of two phenyl rings potentially facilitates the solute transition from the periplasmic vestibule to the hydrophobic lumen in the Rh/Amt/MEP superfamily.
Activatable aptamer probe for contrast-enhanced in vivo cancer imaging based on cell membrane protein-triggered conformation alteration
Authors: Shi Hui , He Xiaoxiao , Wang Kemin , Wu Xu , Ye Xiaosheng , Guo Qiuping , Tan Weihong , Qing Zhihe , Yang Xiaohai , Zhou Bing 
Published: February 2011

Aptamers have emerged as promising molecular probes for in vivo cancer imaging, but the reported “always-on” aptamer probes remain problematic because of high background and limited contrast. To address this problem, we designed an activatable aptamer probe (AAP) targeting membrane proteins of living cancer cells and achieved contrast-enhanced cancer visualization inside mice. The AAP displayed a quenched fluorescence in its free state and underwent a conformational alteration upon binding to target cancer cells with an activated fluorescence. As proof of concept, in vitro analysis and in vivo imaging of CCRF-CEM cancer cells were performed by using the specific aptamer, sgc8, as a demonstration. It was confirmed that the AAP could be specifically activated by target cancer cells with a dramatic fluorescence enhancement and exhibit improved sensitivity for CCRF-CEM cell analysis with the cell number of 118 detected in 200 μl binding buffer. In vivo studies demonstrated that activated fluorescence signals were obviously achieved in the CCRF-CEM tumor sites in mice. Compared to always-on aptamer probes, the AAP could substantially minimize the background signal originating from nontarget tissues, thus resulting in significantly enhanced image contrast and shortened diagnosis time to 15 min. Furthermore, because of the specific affinity of sgc8 to target cancer cells, the AAP also showed desirable specificity in differentiating CCRF-CEM tumors from Ramos tumors and nontumor areas. The design concept can be widely adapted to other cancer cell-specific aptamer probes for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer.
Molecular basis of substrate-induced permeation by an amino acid antiporter
Authors: Kowalczyk Lukasz , Ratera Mercè , Paladino Antonella , Bartoccioni Paola , Errasti-Murugarren Ekaitz , Valencia Eva , Portella Guillem , Bial Susanna , Zorzano Antonio , Fita Ignacio , Orozco Modesto , Carpena Xavier , Vázquez-Ibar José Luis , Palacín Manuel 
Published: February 2011

Transporters of the amino acid, polyamine and organocation (APC) superfamily play essential roles in cell redox balance, cancer, and aminoacidurias. The bacterial L-arginine/agmatine antiporter, AdiC, is the main APC structural paradigm and shares the “5 + 5 inverted repeat” fold found in other families like the Na
+
-coupled neurotransmitter transporters. The available AdiC crystal structures capture two states of its transport cycle: the open-to-out apo and the outward-facing Arg
+
-bound occluded. However, the role of Arg
+
during the transition between these two states remains unknown. Here, we report the crystal structure at 3.0 Å resolution of an Arg
+
-bound AdiC mutant (N101A) in the open-to-out conformation, completing the picture of the major conformational states during the transport cycle of the 5 + 5 inverted repeat fold-transporters. The N101A structure is an intermediate state between the previous known AdiC conformations. The Arg
+
-guanidinium group in the current structure presents high mobility and delocalization, hampering substrate occlusion and resulting in a low translocation rate. Further analysis supports that proper coordination of this group with residues Asn101 and Trp293 is required to transit to the occluded state, providing the first clues on the molecular mechanism of substrate-induced fit in a 5 + 5 inverted repeat fold-transporter. The pseudosymmetry found between repeats in AdiC, and in all fold-related transporters, restraints the conformational changes, in particular the transmembrane helices rearrangements, which occur during the transport cycle. In AdiC these movements take place away from the dimer interface, explaining the independent functioning of each subunit.
Picking winners: W. H. and W. L. Bragg at the Royal Institution
Authors: Thomas Sir John Meurig 
Published: February 2011

Apart from their extraordinary skills in attracting and nurturing outstanding co-workers and technical staff, W. H. Bragg and W. L. Bragg were extremely successful, as were some of their predecessors (notably Faraday, Dewar and Rideal) in attracting Friday Evening Discourse and other speakers to the Royal Institution. An examination of the names and subjects of the talks given in the Bragg eras shows how well their programme of events reflected the intellectual life of the nation.
Polymethylated Myricetin in Trichomes of the Wild Tomato Species Solanum habrochaites and Characterization of Trichome-Specific 3′/5′- and 7/4′-Myricetin O-Methyltransferases
Authors: Schmidt Adam , Li Chao , Shi Feng , Jones A. Daniel , Pichersky Eran 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of metabolites found in many plant species. They have been reported to serve several physiological roles, such as in defense against herbivores and pathogens and in protection against harmful ultraviolet radiation. They also serve as precursors of pigment compounds found in flowers, leaves, and seeds. Highly methylated, nonglycosylated derivatives of the flavonoid myricetin flavonoid, have been previously reported from a variety of plants, but O-methyltransferases responsible for their synthesis have not yet been identified. Here, we show that secreting glandular trichomes (designated types 1 and 4) and storage glandular trichomes (type 6) on the leaf surface of wild tomato (Solanum habrochaites accession LA1777) plants contain 3,7,3′-trimethyl myricetin, 3,7,3′,5′-tetramethyl myricetin, and 3,7,3′,4′,5′-pentamethyl myricetin, with gland types 1 and 4 containing severalfold more of these compounds than type 6 glands and with the tetramethylated compound predominating in all three gland types. We have also identified transcripts of two genes expressed in the glandular trichomes and showed that they encode enzymes capable of methylating myricetin at the 3′ and 5′ and the 7 and 4′ positions, respectively. Both genes are preferentially expressed in secreting glandular trichome types 1 and 4 and to a lesser degree in storage trichome type 6, and the levels of the proteins they encode are correspondingly higher in types 1 and 4 glands compared with type 6 glands.
The Pea SAD Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase: Quinone Reduction, Tissue Distribution, and Heterologous Expression
Authors: Scherbak Nikolai , Ala-Häivälä Anneli , Brosché Mikael , Böwer Nathalie , Strid Hilja , Gittins John R. , Grahn Elin , Eriksson Leif A. , Strid Åke 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The pea (Pisum sativum) tetrameric short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein (SAD) family consists of at least three highly similar members (SAD-A, -B, and -C). According to mRNA data, environmental stimuli induce SAD expression. The aim of this study was to characterize the SAD proteins by examining their catalytic function, distribution in pea, and induction in different tissues. In enzyme activity assays using a range of potential substrates, the SAD-C enzyme was shown to reduce one- or two-ring-membered quinones lacking long hydrophobic hydrocarbon tails. Immunological assays using a specific antiserum against the protein demonstrated that different tissues and cell types contain small amounts of SAD protein that was predominantly located within epidermal or subepidermal cells and around vascular tissue. Particularly high local concentrations were observed in the protoderm of the seed cotyledonary axis. Two bow-shaped rows of cells in the ovary and the placental surface facing the ovule also exhibited considerable SAD staining. Ultraviolet-B irradiation led to increased staining in epidermal and subepidermal cells of leaves and stems. The different localization patterns of SAD suggest functions both in development and in responses to environmental stimuli. Finally, the pea SAD-C promoter was shown to confer heterologous wound-induced expression in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), which confirmed that the inducibility of its expression is regulated at the transcriptional level.