bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 by wildfowl: dispersal ranges and rates determined from large‐scale satellite telemetry
Authors: Gaidet Nicolas , Cappelle Julien , Takekawa John Y. , Prosser Diann J. , Iverson Samuel A. , Douglas David C. , Perry William M. , Mundkur Taej , Newman Scott H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Migratory birds are major candidates for long‐distance dispersal of zoonotic pathogens. In recent years, wildfowl have been suspected of contributing to the rapid geographic spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus. Experimental infection studies reveal that some wild ducks, geese and swans shed this virus asymptomatically and hence have the potential to spread it as they move. 2. We evaluate the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 viruses by wildfowl through an analysis of the movement range and movement rate of birds monitored by satellite telemetry in relation to the apparent asymptomatic infection duration (AID) measured in experimental studies. We analysed the first large‐scale data set of wildfowl movements, including 228 birds from 19 species monitored by satellite telemetry in 2006–2009, over HPAI H5N1 affected regions of Asia, Europe and Africa. 3. Our results indicate that individual migratory wildfowl have the potential to disperse HPAI H5N1 over extensive distances, being able to perform movements of up to 2900 km within timeframes compatible with the duration of asymptomatic infection. 4. However, the likelihood of such virus dispersal over long distances by individual wildfowl is low: we estimate that for an individual migratory bird there are, on average, only 5–15 days per year when infection could result in the dispersal of HPAI H5N1 virus over 500 km. 5. Staging at stopover sites during migration is typically longer than the period of infection and viral shedding, preventing birds from dispersing a virus over several consecutive but interrupted long‐distance movements. Intercontinental virus dispersion would therefore probably require relay transmission between a series of successively infected migratory birds. 6. Synthesis and applications. Our results provide a detailed quantitative assessment of the dispersive potential of HPAI H5N1 virus by selected migratory birds. Such dispersive potential rests on the assumption that free‐living wildfowl will respond analogously to captive, experimentally‐infected birds, and that asymptomatic infection will not alter their movement abilities. Our approach of combining experimental exposure data and telemetry information provides an analytical framework for quantifying the risk of spread of avian‐borne diseases.
The origin and temporal development of an ancient cultural landscape
Authors: Fletcher Michael‐Shawn , Thomas Ian 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim To reconstruct the Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation history of western Tasmania and to test the long‐held notion of a replacement of forest by moorland during the mid to late Holocene in western Tasmania, Australia.Location Western Tasmania, Australia.Methods Fossil pollen data were screened with a modern pollen dataset using detrended correspondence analysis and charcoal data were analysed using significance tests.Results At the landscape scale, the distribution of vegetation types in western Tasmania has remained remarkably stable through the post‐glacial period. Open moorland has dominated the landscape since the Late Glacial, while rain forest expanded at that time in to areas which it occupies today. Vegetation development in the Holocene is markedly different and charcoal values are significantly higher when compared with those in previous interglacial periods.Main conclusions The dominant paradigm of a replacement of rain forest by moorland across western Tasmania during the mid to late Holocene is not supported by this regional analysis. The arrival of humans in Tasmania during the Last Glacial Stage provided an ignition source that was independent of climate, and burning by humans through the Late Glacial period deflected vegetation development and facilitated the establishment of open moorland in regions occupied by rain forest during previous interglacial periods. It is concluded that the present dominance of the landscape of western Tasmania by open moorland is the direct result of human activity during the Late Glacial and that this region represents an ancient cultural landscape.
Gradient based intensity normalization
Authors: SINTORN I.‐M. , BISCHOF L. , JACKWAY P. , HAGGARTY S. , BUCKLEY M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIntensity normalization is important in quantitative image analysis, especially when extracting features based on intensity. In automated microscopy, particularly in large cellular screening experiments, each image contains objects of similar type (e.g. cells) but the object density (number and size of the objects) may vary markedly from image to image. Standard intensity normalization methods, such as matching the grey‐value histogram of an image to a target histogram from, i.e. a reference image, only work well if both object type and object density are similar in the images to be matched. This is typically not the case in cellular screening and many other types of images where object type varies little from image to image, but object density may vary dramatically. In this paper, we propose an improved form of intensity normalization which uses grey‐value as well as gradient information. This method is very robust to differences in object density. We compare and contrast our method with standard histogram normalization across a range of image types, and show that the modified procedure performs much better when object density varies between images.
Studies on woloszynskioid dinoflagellates V. Ultrastructure of Biecheleriopsis gen. nov., with description of Biecheleriopsis adriatica sp. nov.
Authors: Moestrup Øjvind , Lindberg Karin , Daugbjerg Niels 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYAn isolate of the very small marine dinoflagellate Biecheleriopsis adriatica gen. et sp. nov. (12–15 µm long) has been examined by light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, combined with partial sequencing of nuclear‐encoded large subunit rRNA. Biecheleriopsis is a genus of thin‐walled dinoflagellates, related to Biecheleria and the taxonomic group of Polarella, Protodinium and Symbiodinium, the latter comprising mainly symbionts of marine invertebrates. The mixotrophic Biecheleriopsis adriatica is characterized by: (i) a special type of apical furrow apparatus; (ii) an eyespot of Type E sensu Moestrup and Daugbjerg; (iii) an unusual type of pyrenoid; and (iv) a spiny resting cyst. Thin sections showed the presence a fibrous connection between the flagellar apparatus and a finger‐like extension of the nucleus (‘rhizoplast’). It forms a physical connection between the flagella and the nucleus. This unusual structure has previously been considered to characterize the ‘true’ gymnodinioids, represented by Gymnodinium sensu Daugbjerg et al. and related forms. However, the apical furrow apparatus and the nuclear envelope of Biecheleriopsis are woloszynskioid rather than gymnodinioid. The related genus Biecheleria lacks a rhizoplast, and it also lacks a 51‐base pair fragment of domain D2 of the large subunit rRNA, which is present in other woloszynskioids. A physical connection between the flagellar apparatus and the nucleus mediated by a fibrous structure is known in other groups of protists, for example, the ‘rhizoplast’ of many heterokont flagellates, some green algal flagellates, etc. The phylogenetic significance of a rhizoplast in two groups of dinoflagellates that are only distantly related is presently difficult to assess.
Anatomy and physiology of the human eye: effects of mucopolysaccharidoses disease on structure and function – a review
Authors: Willoughby Colin E , Ponzin Diego , Ferrari Stefano , Lobo Aires , Landau Klara , Omidi Yadollah 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe current paper provides an overview of current knowledge on the structure and function of the eye. It describes in depth the different parts of the eye that are involved in the ocular manifestations seen in the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS). The MPS are a group of rare inheritable lysosomal storage disorders characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in cells and tissues all over the body, leading to widespread tissue and organ dysfunction. GAGs also tend to accumulate in several tissues of the eye, leading to various ocular manifestations affecting both the anterior (cornea, conjunctiva) and the posterior parts (retina, sclera, optic nerve) of the eye.
Hands on the future: facilitation of cortico‐spinal hand‐representation when reading the future tense of hand‐related action verbs
Authors: Candidi Matteo , Leone‐Fernandez Barbara , Barber Horacio A. , Carreiras Manuel , Aglioti Salvatore Maria 
Published: August 2010

AbstractReading action‐related verbs brings about sensorimotor neural activity, suggesting that the linguistic representation of actions impinges upon neural structures largely overlapping with those involved in actual action execution. While studies of direct action observation indicate that motor mirroring is inherently anticipatory, no information is currently available on whether deriving action‐related knowledge from language also takes into account the temporal deployment of actions. Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, here we sought to determine whether reading action verbs conjugated in the future induced higher cortico‐spinal activity with respect to when the same verbs were conjugated in the past tense. We recorded motor‐evoked potentials (MEPs) from relaxed hand and leg muscles of healthy subjects who were reading silently hand‐ or leg‐related action, sensorial (non‐somatic) and abstract verbs conjugated either in future or past tense. The amplitude of MEPs recorded from the hand was higher during reading hand‐related action verbs conjugated in the future than in the past. No future‐related modulation of leg muscles activity was found during reading leg‐related action verbs. In a similar vein, no future‐related change of hand or leg muscles reactivity was found for abstract or sensorial verbs. These results indicate that the anticipatory mirroring of hand actions may be triggered by linguistic representations and not only by direct action observation.
Prevention of intra‐abdominal adhesions by using Seprafilm® in rats undergoing bowel resection and radiation therapy
Authors: Eroglu A. , Demirci S. , Kurtman C. , Akbay A. , Eroglu N. 
Published: August 2010

ObjectiveIntra‐abdominal adhesions are an important surgical problem. Colorectal operations are a major cause of adhesive obstruction. Radiation therapy (RT) is frequently used as an adjuvant therapy to surgery for rectal cancer, though its value for colon carcinoma remains unclear. Peritoneal injuries including the surgical trauma, tissue ischaemia as well as RT are associated with peritoneal fibrinolytic activity. A sodium hyaluronate and carboxymethylcellulose bioresorbable membrane (Seprafilm®) has been used to reduce intra‐abdominal adhesion formation. We have investigated the effect of Seprafilm® on intra‐abdominal adhesion in rats receiving RT after the resection of the left colon.Materials and methodsThirty‐two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=16), control (colon resection, no Seprafilm®); group 2 (n=16), study group (colon resection and Seprafilm®). All the rats received 50 Gy RT after left colon resection. Intra‐abdominal adhesions were evaluated by grading and measurement of tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA) as a tissue adhesion marker in peritoneal samples from the rats. tPA was determined using a commercially available ELISA kit.ResultsThe levels of tPA were significantly increased in group 2 rats compared with those in the control group (P=0.0276). It was also seen that adhesions in the rats receiving Seprafilm® were significantly less severe than those in the control group.ConclusionOur findings suggest that the intraperitoneal administration of Seprafilm® reduced the frequency and strength of adhesions.
The ileo neorectal anastomosis: an experimental study on development of the surgical technique and theoretical background
Authors: Van Laarhoven C. J. H. M. , Andriesse G. I. , Back W. A. , Schipper M. E. I. , Akkermans L. M. A. , Van Vroonhoven TH. J. M. V. , Gooszen H. G. 
Published: August 2010

ObjectiveThe keystones of surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis are resection of the diseased colon with either an ileostomy or restoration of oro‐anal continuity with an ileo‐anal pouch. The ileo pouch anal anastomosis however, has a 15–35% pouch‐related complication rate, 10% failure rate and is accompanied by an unpredictable functional outcome. In order to reduce these unfavourable rates and to improve functional results an alternative surgical technique, the ileo neorectal anastomosis (INRA), was developed experimentally.Materials and methodsIn an experimental study 12 Yorkshire‐Dutch landpigs had a subtotal colectomy and rectal mucosectomy. Subsequently a vascularized ileal mucosa sling was created and transposed on to the denuded rectal muscular cuff in eight. In another four animals a non‐vascularized mucosa sling was transposed. The covering ileostomy was closed after 3 weeks. Repeated endoscopies, histological examinations of mucosal biopsies and rectal compliance measurements were carried out to evaluate the functional result of the neorectum.ResultsThe surgical procedure of the INRA was technically successful in this animal study. Repeated endoscopy and histology showed complete ileal mucosa ingrowth in the neorectum without severe fibrosis in the group of animals with a vascularized sling. At follow up after 1 year no colonic metaplasia had occurred. Measurements of the neorectal reservoirs in the group of animals with a vascularized INRA procedure showed a median ‘maximum tolerated volume’ of 338 ml (range 300–410 ml).ConclusionThe INRA is technically feasible and reproducible. The histologically proven survival of the vascularized ileal mucosa and development of a compliant neorectal reservoir make the INRA an interesting alternative restorative procedure. Avoidance of the pouch‐related complications of the ileo pouch anal anastomosis by this procedure might herald a new era of restorative surgery.
Midline or transverse abdominal incision for right‐sided colon cancer—a randomized trial
Authors: Lindgren P. G. , Nordgren S. R. , Öresland T. , Hultén L. 
Published: August 2010

ObjectiveThe influence of the type of abdominal incision on post‐operative pain and pulmonary function was investigated in patients operated upon for a right‐sided cancer of the large bowel.Patients and methodsFifty‐three patients scheduled for a right hemicolectomy due to a right‐sided colon cancer were randomized to a median vertical (M) or a transverse incision (T). Forty patients, 23 with a M and 17 with a T incision, completed the study and could be evaluated. Pain at rest and after physical activity was assessed with a visual analogue scale, and was also measured as reflected in the need for analgesics. Respiratory function was assessed with pre‐ and post‐operative spirometry.ResultsPain after activity was significantly less in patients with a T incision. This group also needed less analgesia. Vital capacity (VC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV 1.0) were profoundly reduced after surgery in both groups of patients, but improvement of respiratory function was faster in patients with a transverse incision. No problem with access to the operative field was noted.ConclusionWe conclude that a transverse incision is preferable to a midline incision and should be used in right hemicolectomy. This abdominal incision reduces effort‐induced pain and interferes less with post‐operative pulmonary function, and may reduce the risk of pulmonary complications.
Anastomotic leakage, the search for a reliable biomarker. A review of the literature
Authors: Komen N. , De Bruin R. W. F. , Kleinrensink G. J. , Jeekel J. , Lange J. F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground  Colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL) is a severe complication leading to severe infection, sepsis and sometimes death. At present the diagnosis is made clinically, usually at 6–8 days after surgery. An objective biomarker reflecting the intra‐abdominal milieu surrounding the anastomosis would be a useful additional diagnostic tool to make the diagnosis of AL before its clinical presentation. This review aims to assess the current status of the search for such a biomarker in peritoneal fluid.Method  A literature search was carried out, using MEDLINE, PubMed and the Cochrane library, for all publications concerning human peritoneal fluid in relation to postoperative complications in general, and, more specific, anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery.Results  Analysis of several immune parameters, tissue repair parameters, parameters for ischaemia and microbiological composition of peritoneal fluid show that these can be determined reliably in the fluid, albeit with a large variance. Furthermore the data show that changes in concentration of these parameters precede AL and other postoperative complications by several days.Conclusion  The results of the review demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish between patients with and without AL by measuring biomarkers in fluid from the peritoneal drain. Prospective studies with larger numbers of patients should, however, be performed and additional biomarkers should be studied to explore the full diagnostic potential of this approach.
Assessing poverty in small‐scale fisheries in Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Onyango Paul , Jentoft Svein 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPoverty is a pervasive issue in small‐scale fisheries. Not only does it affect a substantial population, it is also a complex problem that is difficult to define, explain and solve. Thus, poverty in small‐scale fisheries constitutes what in the planning literature is sometimes identified as a ‘wicked problem’. This paper applies the interactive governance framework to identify the limits of, and conditions for, governability and how they affect poverty, using the Lake Victoria small‐scale fisheries in Tanzania as an illustrative case. More specifically, the paper first uses the three systems model of the interactive governance framework, i.e., the system‐to‐be‐governed, the governing system, and the governing interaction, to explore poverty as a ‘wicked problem’ involving challenges pertaining to governability. Secondly, the paper suggests ‘governance elements’ that are fundamental for addressing poverty through the first, second, and third orders of governance. The paper emphasizes the importance of social values as crucial entry points in addressing poverty in small‐scale fisheries.
Non‐nutrient causes of low‐grade, systemic inflammation: support for a ‘canary in the mineshaft’ view of obesity in chronic disease
Authors: Egger G. , Dixon J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA form of low‐grade, systemic inflammation (‘metaflammation’) is linked to many types of chronic disease. Initially, this was thought to be causally related to weight gain and obesity and a possible explanation of the link between obesity and disease. However, several lifestyle‐related inducers of such inflammation, some of which are associated with obesity, but some of which are not, have now been identified. The most common of these have been nutritive related, suggesting that there could still be a relationship, either directly or indirectly, with obesity. Here we provide evidence for non‐nutritive inflammatory inducers, providing further support for an earlier suggestion that while obesity, beyond a point, may have a direct link with disease, this may be neither necessary nor sufficient to explain the current epidemic of chronic disease. A more ubiquitous cause encompassing all inflammatory inducers is the modern, post‐industrial environment and lifestyles emanating from this. Obesity may thus be more of ‘a canary in the mineshaft’, warning of bigger global problems, than just a single pathway to modern environmentally driven disease.
Book Review
Authors: Humphrey Clare E. 
Published: August 2010

Privatisation in Bangladesh, Economic Transition in a Poor Country. Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford: Westview Press, 1990).World Development Report 1990 ‐ Poverty (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press for World Bank, 1990)Trade Policy and Corporate Business Decisions by Tamir Agmon and Christine Hekman (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989)International Commodity Markets Handbook 1990–91 by Philippe Chalmin and Jean Louis Gombeand (New York, London: Woodhead Faulkner, 1990)Panormnu o f EC Industry 1990 by The Commission of the European Communities (Brussels, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1990)
A novel anti‐ageing mechanism for retinol: induction of dermal elastin synthesis and elastin fibre formation
Authors: Rossetti D. , Kielmanowicz M. G. , Vigodman S. , Hu Y. P. , Chen N. , Nkengne A. , Oddos T. , Fischer D. , Seiberg M. , Lin C. B. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisDermal elastic fibres are extracellular matrix protein complexes produced by fibroblasts and involved in skin elasticity. Elastin fibres decrease with age as a result of reduced synthesis and increased degradation, resulting in skin sagging and reduced skin elasticity. In this study, we show that retinol (ROL), known to enhance dermal collagen production, is also enhancing elastin fibre formation. ROL induced elastin gene expression and elastin fibre formation in cultured human dermal fibroblasts. Topical treatment of cultured human skin explants with a low dose (0.04%) of ROL increased mRNA and protein levels of tropoelastin and of fibrillin‐1, an elastin accessory protein, as documented by QPCR and immunohistochemistry staining. Luna staining confirmed the increased elastin fibre network in the ROL‐treated skin explants, as compared with untreated controls. These data demonstrate that ROL exerts its anti‐ageing benefits not only via enhanced epidermal proliferation and increased collagen production, but also through an increase in elastin production and assembly.
Formulation of sunscreens with enhancement sun protection factor response based on solid lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Nesseem D. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisSolid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) was regarded as new topical delivery systems for pharmaceutical and cosmetic active ingredients. The purpose of this study is to develop carrier systems for organic and inorganic sunscreens based on a matrix composed of carnauba wax and decyl oleate. Formulae (F1–F7) were prepared using butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane and octyl methoxycinnamate as organic components, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) was used as inorganic component. Both types of sunscreens were incorporated into SLN formulations using classical method of preparation. To evaluate the effect of the pigments on the nanoparticles, particle size was measured using Mastersizer particle size analyser. UV‐protection abilities of formulations were investigated by the in vitro sun protection factor test (SPF). Further parameters determined were spreadability as well as viscosity. The rheological behaviour of the formulations was also carried out. From the plot of log of shear stress vs. log of shear rate, the slope of the plot representing flow index and ontology of the y‐intercept indicating consistency index was calculated. The formulae showed a flow index of 0.2074–0.4005 indicating pseudoplastic flow behaviour. Significant increases in SPF values up to about 50 were reported after the encapsulation by using organic and inorganic filters in Canada wax and decyl oleate. So, SLN could be appropriate vehicles to carry organic and inorganic sunscreens. The rational combination of cinnamates, titanium dioxide and Zinc oxide has shown a synergistic effect to improve the SPF of cosmetic preparations.