bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permit Markets, Seller Cartels and the Impact of Strategic Buyers
Authors: Godal Odd , Meland Frode 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The literature on emissions trading and strategic behavior under the Kyoto Protocol typically claims that a sellers' cartel featuring countries of the former Soviet Union can be quite profitable for its members. Using a Cournot-type quota exchange model, we show that this conclusion is sensitive to the assumption that large permit buyers, like the EU and Japan, are supposed to behave as price takers. Our result is driven by the same mechanisms as those found in Salant, Switzer and Reynolds (1983). We also discuss alternative models of permit exchange.
Multifunctional PEG-grafted chitosan copolymer possessing amino and carboxyl (or formyl) groups
Authors: Liu Chengbin , Wu Yulin , Wang Xiaojian , Hu Zhang , Luo Shenglian 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
New multifunctional PEG-grafted chitosan copolymers possessing both amino and carboxyl (4) or formyl (5) groups were synthesized by the grafting reaction method between chitosan and heterobifunctional PEG from anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide. Completion of the reactions and characterization of the resulting polymers were demonstrated by 1H NMR, FT-IR and GPC studies. The multifunctional polymers may have potential utility in gene/drug co-delivery or heterogeneous catalysis.
Female reproductive characteristics of the Balkan wall lizard (Podarcis taurica) in the northwestern periphery of its range
Authors: Ljubisavljević Katarina , Džukić Georg , Kalezić Miloš 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe present data on the female reproductive traits of the Balkan wall lizard in the Deliblato Sand, a large continental sandland in the Pannonian area in the northwestern periphery of the species range. The clutch and egg characteristics of the population were investigated on the basis of clutches laid in laboratory conditions by gravid females captured in one locality. Balkan wall lizards produced at least two clutches in a breeding season. Individual females laid clutches of commonly two (range 1–4) eggs. The female body size had no effect on clutch and egg size. There was no trade-off between egg size and clutch size.
Soil CO2 flux affected by Aporrectodea caliginosa earthworms
Authors: Šimek Miloslav , Pižl Václav 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe effects of Aporrectodea caliginosa earthworms on both carbon dioxide (CO2) accumulation in and emissions from soil, as well as the simultaneous impact of earthworms on soil microbiological properties were investigated in a microcosm experiment carried out over 5.5 months. Concentration of CO2 in soil air was greater at a depth of 15 cm when compared with a depth of 5 cm, but varied during the season both in control and earthworm-inhabited chambers. Peaks of CO2 concentrations at both depths occurred in both treatments during August, approximately 80 days after the experiment started. Generally, the presence of earthworms increased the CO2 concentration at 15-cm depth. Larger CO2 emissions were consistently recorded in conjunction with higher amounts of CO2 in soil air when chambers were inhabited by earthworms. The total CO2 emissions during the experimental period covering 161 days were estimated at 118 g CO2-C m−2 and 99 g CO2-C m−2 from chambers with and without earthworms respectively. Moreover, the presence of earthworms increased microbial biomass in the centre and at the bottom of chambers, and enhanced both dehydrogenase activity and nitrifying enzyme activity in the soils. We suggest that the effect of earthworms on both the enhanced soil accumulation of CO2 as well as emissions of CO2 was mostly indirect, due to the impacts of earthworms on soil microbial community.
Pulmonary complications related to heroin overdose and some changes in immune reactivity
Authors: Radenkova-Saeva Julia , Kostadinova Rositza , Michova Antoaneta , Petrunov Bogdan 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
To examine the clinical spectrum of complications in pulmonary system and changes of some parameters of humoral and cell mediated immunity related to heroin overdose. The study includes 16 patients who are long-term heroin abusers with acute heroin and mixed with other psychoactive drugs intoxications with an average age of 21,5 ± 5.04 years (12 men and 4 woman). All patients were hospitalized in the Clinic of Toxicology, MHATEM “N.I.Pirogov”, Sofia. We have used clinical, clinico-laboratory, immunological, chimicotoxicological, instrumental methods. In severe intoxications with heroin and other psychoactive drugs, we observed pulmonary system complications, i.e. pneumonia, aspiration of gastric contents, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema (NCPE) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS.). Of the 16 patients in our study, 3 patients died due to complications. Some changes in the immune reactivity observed in the study were (1) statistically significant lower mean levels of IgG and (2) tendency to lower mean levels of IgA, IgM and complement components — C3 in the studied patients in comparison with the values in healthy people. The changes were more demonstrative in the group with pulmonary complications compared to the group without pulmonary complications. We observed that the CD4 lymphocytes were significantly less in the studied patients; in addition, a lower level of CD56-bearing lymphocytes (natural killer /NK/ cells) was observed in comparison to healthy controls. The results show that the mixture of acute heroin with other psychoactive drugs leads to complications in the pulmonary system and changes of some parameters of cell-mediated and humoral immunity.
Combined treatment and survival of medullary thyroid carcinoma patients
Authors: Baranauskas Zenonas , Valuckas Konstantinas , Smailyte Giedre 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the impact of combined treatment (thyroidectomy and radiotherapy and radioactive iodine treatment) on patients’ long-term survival with medullary thyroid carcinoma. This is a retrospective study of 59 patients treated from 1977 to 2006 for medullary carcinoma at the Institute of Oncology in Vilnius, Lithuania. Survival was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to explore the association of prognostic factors with long-term survival. The survival of MTC patients was 88.0% (95% CI 68.0–88.9), 67.9% (95% CI 52.3–79.4) and 60.5% (95% CI 43.2–74.0), respectively, 5, 10 and 15 years after diagnosis. In survival analysis, only the type of surgery and lymph node involvement were found to be significant prognostic factors. The results of this study suggest that treatment with radioiodine and external beam radiotherapy do not improve significantly the long-term survival of surgically treated MTC patients.
A Comparison of Disease Assessment Methods for Southern Stem Rot of Peanut
Authors: Rideout S. L. , Brenneman T. B. , Stevenson K. L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Southern stem rot (caused by the soilborne fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) traditionally has been assessed based on the percentage of infected 30.5-cm row segments, commonly referred to as disease incidence. Several alternative disease assessment methods were evaluated in four fungicide trials during the growing season (aboveground ratings) and immediately after peanut inversion (belowground ratings). Pearson's correlation coefficients compared disease assessments and yields for all trials. Across all disease assessment methods, belowground assessments at inversion showed a stronger correlation with yield than in-season aboveground assessments. Several of the alternative assessment methods showed a stronger negative correlation with yield than did the traditional disease incidence rating. However, none of the alternative methods were consistently more precise across all assessment dates and trials. There was a significant positive correlation between many of the alternative methods and the traditional disease incidence method. Furthermore, none of the alternative methods was better than the traditional method for detecting differences among fungicide treatments when subjected to ANOVA and subsequent Waller-Duncan mean separation tests (k-ratio = 100). Based on comparisons of the time required to assess disease intensity, the traditional disease assessment method was found to be the most time efficient method of those tested in this study.
Customs and Traditions as Folklorism
Authors: Poljak Istenič Saša 
Published: April 2010

Avtorica v prispevku na primeru raziskav šeg in navad predstavi poglede na folklorizem na podlagi treh vidikov: 1. s stališča pogleda na teorijo oz. na raziskovalce, ki uporabljajo »folklorizem« kot koncept ali vsaj terminus technicus (v tem okviru je predstavljen razvoj koncepta v tujini in v Sloveniji); 2. s stališča raziskovalcev in njihove raziskovalne prakse, v kateri gre za (ne)zavedanje folklorizma pri obravnavi šeg in navad oz. (ne)aplikacijo koncepta v raziskave na Slovenskem, in 3. s stališča raziskovancev, ki razgrinjajo nagibe za uporabo šeg in navad in drugih elementov dediščine v turizmu na izbranem območju.
***
This article uses examples of studies on customs and traditions to present views on folklorism from three perspectives: (1) the view of the theory and researchers that use “ folklorism” as a concept or at least as a technical term (the development of this concept in Slovenia and abroad is presented within this framework); (2) the viewpoint of researchers and their research practice, which devotes more or less attention to this phenomenon or even overlooks it when addressing customs and traditions (and in this case also demonstrates the lack of use and reflection upon this concept in Slovenian research); and (3) the viewpoint of those studied, who reveal their motives for using customs and traditions as well as other heritage elements in tourism in the selected area.
Mobile School Service
Authors: Vucetic Zoran , Odadzic Borislav 
Published: April 2010

What is in common for the majority of young people? Mobile phone.
In epoch of rapid development of information technologies the time came in which only few people do not have mobiles, especially among young people in high schools. Researches which we made in our school say that this percentage (rate) is really high 99,23% at this moment. The educational institutions should use this opportunity. In aim to improve the success of students the mobile service is developed, which will be described in this work.
This is first result which provides a cognitive tool which is supporting the independent learning by applying mobile phones with wireless communication technology to extend learning outside of the classroom in Serbia.
The service was developed during times when we didnâ??t know anything about how much and in which way m-learning was being used in the world.
A Steady State of CD4+ T Cell Memory Maturation and Activation Is Established during Primary Subtype C HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Maenetje Pholo , Riou Catherine , Casazza Joseph P. , Ambrozak David , Hill Brenna , Gray Glenda , Koup Richard A. , de Bruyn Guy , Gray Clive M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The functional integrity of CD4+ T cells is crucial for well-orchestrated immunity and control of HIV-1 infection, but their selective depletion during infection creates a paradox for understanding a protective response. We used multiparameter flow cytometry to measure activation, memory maturation, and multiple functions of total and Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in 14 HIV-1– and CMV- coinfected individuals at 3 and 12 mo post HIV-1 infection. Primary HIV-1 infection was characterized by elevated levels of CD38, HLA-DR, and Ki67 in total memory and Gag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In both HIV-infected and 15 uninfected controls, the frequency of activated cells was uniformly distributed among early differentiated (ED; CD45RO+CD27+), late differentiated (CD45RO+CD27−), and fully differentiated effector (CD45RO−CD27−) memory CD4+ T cells. In HIV-1–infected individuals, activated CD4+ T cells significantly correlated with viremia at 3 mo postinfection (r = 0.79, p = 0.0007) and also harbored more gag provirus DNA copies than nonactivated cells (p = 0.04). Moreover, Gag-specific ED CD4+ T cells inversely associated with plasma viral load (r = −0.87, p &lt; 0.0001). Overall, we show that low copy numbers of gag provirus and plasma RNA copies associated with low CD4 activation as well as accumulation of ED HIV-specific CD4+ memory. Significant positive correlations between 3 and 12 mo activation and memory events highlighted that a steady state of CD4+ T cell activation and memory maturation was established during primary infection and that these cells were unlikely to be involved in influencing the course of viremia in the first 12 mo of HIV-1 infection.
Multidimensional Exponential Inequalities with Weights
Authors: Luor Dah-Chin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractWe establish sufficient conditions on the weight functionsuandvfor the validity of the multidimensional weighted inequalitywhere 0 <p,q< ∞, Φ is a logarithmically convex function, andTkis an integral operator over star-shaped regions. The condition is also necessary for the exponential integral inequality. Moreover, the estimation ofCis given and we apply the obtained results to generalize some multidimensional Levin–Cochran-Lee type inequalities.
Density of Polynomial Maps
Authors: Chuang Chen-Lian , Lee Tsiu-Kwen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractLet R be a dense subring of End(DV), where V is a left vector space over a division ring D. If dimDV = ∞, then the range of any nonzero polynomial ƒ (X1, … , Xm) on R is dense in End(DV). As an application, let R be a prime ring without nonzero nil one-sided ideals and 0 ≠ a ∈ R. If a f (x1, … , xm)n(xi) = 0 for all x1, … , xm ∈ R, where n(xi ) is a positive integer depending on x1, … , xm, then ƒ (X1, … , Xm) is a polynomial identity of R unless R is a finite matrix ring over a finite field.
Microbial growth and macromolecular synthesis in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean1
Authors: Cuhel Russell L. , Jannasch Holger W. , Taylor Craig D. , Lean David R. S. 
Published: April 2010

Simultaneous time‐course measurements of 35SO42−, 32PO43−,15NH4+ and [14C]acetate, glucose, and glutamate uptake were made at three stations in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, using water samples taken from well below the euphotic zone. Marked deviations from linearity were observed in 14 of the 15 cases. At the two most inshore stations uptake of 15NH4+ or incorporation of 35SO42− into protein was undetectable for 16–30 h, followed by very rapid increases in the rates of activity. The sudden burst of SO42− and NH4+ uptake was accompanied by a major increase in the incorporation of 32P into RNA and lipid fractions of the microbial population at a continental slope station. At a station in the Sargasso Sea, all substrates were taken up without lag. Extended incubations led to a growth plateau which may be a measure of the total biologically labile organic nutrient supply. In all cases tested, chloramphenicol severely restricted uptake.One of the inshore stations was revisited a year later with similar results. The combined data demonstrate the utility of using inorganic nutrient uptake and subcellular incorporation patterns to measure microbial growth and metabolism and stress the necessity of time‐course rather than end‐point incubations.
Sinking rates of organic particles1
Authors: Lorenzen Carl J. , Welschmeyer Nicholas A. , Copping Andrea E. , Vernet Maria 
Published: April 2010

The flux of organic particles collected by sediment traps decreases in a nonlinear fashion with depth. This implies a loss of organic carbon with time as the particles sink. Samples of such particles held in the laboratory or left in situ do in fact decay, showing a significant loss of carbon.Particles were collected in the upper 1,000 m of the water column with sediment traps south of the Hawaiian Islands. Aliquots from the traps were placed in combusted glass bottles and returned to the depths from which they were collected. After 5 days the bottles were recovered and the carbon content determined. On the average, about 30% of the particulate carbon was lost during the experiment.With this knowledge of the decay rate, one can estimate the expected change in “apparent carbon flux” with time. This in combination with the measured vertical flux can be used to calculate the depth interval required for this change to occur. Average sinking rates of 92 m · d1 were thus estimated.
The prediction of internal phosphorus load in lakes with anoxic hypolimnia1
Authors: Nürnberg Gertrud K. 
Published: April 2010

Lakes with anoxic hypolimnia (anoxic lakes) have significantly lower values for phosphorus retention than do lakes with aerobic hypolimnia (oxic lakes). This difference may reflect an increased internal phosphorus load from the anoxic hypolimnia.Two models are given to predict internal phosphorus load (Lint) in such lakes. The first predicts internal load as the difference between the observed phosphorus retention in anoxic lakes and that predicted (Rpred) by a formula that adequately describes phosphorus retention in oxic lakes. The second predicts internal load as the product of an average rate of phosphorus release from anoxic sediments, the surface area of the anoxic sediment, and the period of anoxia. Predictions of the first model compare favorably with 17 observed values of internal load; further data are required to test the second model. These models suggest that mean phosphorus concentration (TP) in anoxic lakes can be predicted in two ways. One can use whole‐lake phosphorus budget models which implicitly incorporate internal phosphorus load, because they include a measurement of phosphorus retention. Alternatively, a term to account for the internal load can be added to current models based on external load (Lext) and predicted retention (Rpred) where qs is areal water load:

urn:x-wiley:00243590:media:lno19842910111:lno19842910111-math-0001
The role of sedimentary organic matter in bacterial sulfate reduction: The G model tested1
Authors: Westrich Joseph T. , Berner Robert A. 
Published: April 2010

Laboratory study of the bacterial decomposition of Long Island Sound plankton in oxygenated seawater over a period of 2 years shows that the organic material undergoes decomposition via first‐order kinetics and can be divided into two decomposable fractions, of considerably different reactivity, and a nonmetabolizable fraction. This planktonic material, after undergoing varying degrees of oxic degradation, was added in the laboratory to anoxic sediment taken from a depth of 1 m at the NWC site of Long Island Sound and the rate of bacterial sulfate reduction in the sediment measured by the 35S radiotracer technique. The stimulated rate of sulfate reduction was in direct proportion to the amount of planktonic carbon added. This provides direct confirmation of the first‐order decomposition, or G model, for marine sediments and proves that the in situ rate of sulfate reduction is organic‐matter limited. Slower sulfate reduction rates resulted when oxically degraded plankton rather than fresh plankton was added, and the results confirm the presence of the same two fractions of organic matter deduced from the oxic degradation studies.Near‐surface Long Island Sound sediment, which already contains abundant readily decomposable organic matter, was also subjected to anoxic decomposition by bacterial sulfate reduction. The decrease in sulfate reduction rate with time parallels decreases in the amount of organic matter, and these results also indicate the presence of two fractions of organic carbon of distinctly different reactivity. From plots of the log of reduction rate vs. time two first‐order rate constants were obtained that agree well with those derived from the plankton addition experiment. Together, the two experiments confirm the use of a simple multi‐first‐order rate law for organic matter decomposition in marine sediments.
Night synthesis of protein by algae1
Authors: Cuhel Russell L. , Ortner Peter B. , Lean David R. S. 
Published: April 2010

Dunaliella tertiolecta in culture showed rates of net protein synthesis at night nearly equal to those during the day. In night protein synthesis carbon stored in carbohydrates and metabolite pools was used, whereas sulfate was assimilated from the medium as needed. As a result, whole cell C:S ratios varied systematically over the diel cycle, while the C:S ratio of isolated protein remained constant. In the stationary phase, sulfate incorporation into protein, unlike carbon incorporation, measured net protein synthesis rather than turnover.Diel experiments with natural populations of marine and freshwater algae demonstrated that night protein synthesis is a general phenomenon in phytoplankton. For samples previously exposed to saturating light, day and night rates of protein synthesis were similar. The use of carbohydrate and metabolic pool carbon for night protein synthesis not only increased protein to the food web, but also altered ratios of protein, carbohydrate, and lipid to one another. The latter might result in changes in the nutritional value of phytoplankton to herbivores.
Biosynthesis of dimethylsulfide and dimethylpropiothetin by Hymenomonas carterae in relation to sulfur source and salinity variations
Authors: Vairavamurthy A. , Andreae M. O. , Iverson R. L. 
Published: April 2010

The marine coccolithophorid phytoplankton species Hymenomonas carterae (class Prymnesiophyceae) produces both dimethylpropiothetin (DMPT) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) in axenic cultures. The rate of DMS production is closely regulated by the cell; it remains independent of environmental sulfate concentration down to levels of 2.5% of the seawater value. Below this sulfate level, DMS production decreases with decreasing sulfate concentration, but significant amounts of DMS are released even under conditions of sulfate‐limited growth. Hymenomonas carterae can grow on sulfite, thiosulfate, and cysteine as sulfur sources, but not on methionine. The rate of DMS output is similar for the different sulfur sources.Both the intracellular concentration of DMPT and the rate of output of DMS by H. carterae increase with increasing salinity of the medium. This increase is observed when either salt or sucrose is used to control the osmolarity of the growth medium. Variations in DMPT levels and DMS output were observed within hours after transferring cells to a medium of different osmotic pressure. The intracellular DMPT concentration is of the order of 0.3 mole per liter and contributes significantly to the osmotic pressure in the cell. These results suggest that DMPT plays an important role in osmoregulation by H. carterae.