bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVALUATION OF NITROGENOUS COMPOUNDS IN LIGHT PRATO‐TYPE CHEESE WITH WHEAT FIBER, GELATIN AND ADJUNCT CULTURE (LACTOBACILLUS RHAMNOSUS) DURING RIPENING
Authors: VALDUGA EUNICE , RAUBER FERNANDA FÁTIMA , GHISLENI CILDA PICCOLI , TIGGEMANN LÍDIA , COLET ROSICLER , TREICHEL HELEN , CICHOSKI ALEXANDRE JOSÉ 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the addition of the gelatin, the wheat fiber and the Lactobacillus rhamnosus in the proteolysis of the light Prato‐type cheese during ripening (60 days). The total nitrogen values differed significantly (P < 0.05), with the decrease in casein nitrogen conten and showed a significant increase in amoniacal nitrogen, aminoacid nitrogen, total soluble nitrogen and nonprotein nitrogen (NNP) content, indicating the occurrence of proteolysis. The addition of probiotic culture (L. rhamnosus) in storage for 30 and 60 days over the NNP fraction presented a positive effect in the NNP fraction.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe industry of functional food has been increasingly exploiting new processes and broadening the diversity of product offerings, in consequence of the increasing interest of consumers towards their health, leading to the search of food that is not only healthy but also capable of preventing disease. The popularity of functional food containing probiotic is increasing in developed countries because of advances in the development of new products, resulting in the incorporation of probiotic to dairy products as well as to beverages, cereals and even to meet products. The literature is scarce in information regarding the employment of gelatin, wheat fiber and probiotic into dairy products, especially cheese.
EXTRACTION OF HYPERFORIN AND HYPERICIN FROM ST. JOHN'S WORT (HYPERICUM PERFORATUM L.) WITH DIFFERENT SOLVENTS
Authors: COSSUTA DÁNIEL , VATAI TÜNDE , BÁTHORI MÁRIA , HOHMANN JUDIT , KEVE TIBOR , SIMÁNDI BÉLA 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThe extraction of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) was carried out with different solvents to obtain valuable components and natural agents rich extracts. Further aim of this study was to compare the raw materials that were gathered at the beginning and the end of the blossoming.For the laboratory Soxhlet extraction of St. John's wort four different solvents (n‐hexane, ethyl acetate, 2‐propanol, ethanol) were applied. Increasing the polarity of solvents higher extraction yields were achieved (43–360 g/kg). Pilot plant experiments were performed in a 5·10
‐

3 m3 volume Soxhlet extractor with ethanol and in a 5·10
‐

3 m3 volume high‐pressure vessel at 313K and 45 MPa with supercritical CO2. The extract samples were analyzed by UV‐visible spectrophotometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography methods.The effective extraction of both main compounds (hypericin and hyperforin) was achieved. The sample gathered at the end of the blossoming extracted with nonpolar solvent (sc‐CO2) at mild temperature (∼313K) provided stable hyperforin rich extract. The sample gathered at the begining of the blossoming extracted with polar solvent (ethanol) at mild temperature (∼313K) provided stable hypericin rich extract.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSHypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) is among the favorite herbal drugs, and is the only herbal alternative to classical synthetic antidepressants, in the therapy of mild‐to‐moderate depression. Several studies describe that the active ingredients in St. John's wort are hypericin and hyperforin, which inhibit the reuptake of monoamines, including serotonin, noradrenalin and dopamine, as well as the amino acid neurotransmitters γ‐aminobutiric acid and glutamate. The results from this study can be used for produce a stable hyperforin‐rich extract and a stable hypericin rich extract. These extracts can be utilized for a production of food supplement herbal preparations which standardized on both main compounds.
Valuing amenity: public perceptions of sustainable drainage systems ponds
Authors: Bastien N. R. P. , Arthur S. , McLoughlin M. J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUnderstanding the potential concerns and needs of residents is key to achieving good acceptability of sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). This paper highlights, through the application of a structured questionnaire, the potential value to residents of living in close proximity to a SuDS pond. The results show that although the pond's characteristics are not the main factor influencing the choice to move into an area, its effect is markedly positive. Contingent valuation of the benefits is used to show that the additional value brought by SuDS amenity, when monetised, can offset a pond's initial construction costs and ongoing maintenance, hence ensuring the return on investment for developers. By building on existing research, this paper highlights major changes in the perception and valuation of pond structures.
Sufficient Vitamin D from Casual Sun Exposure?
Authors: de Gruijl Frank R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNext to the adverse effects of solar UV exposure, the beneficial effects mediated by vitamin D3 have come into the limelight. The question then is “how much sun exposure do we actually need?” Estimates have been made, but the data are not quite adequate. The groups of Drs. Rhodes and Webb bridged the gap between experiments and everyday life by a study in which 109 volunteers were exposed in mid‐winter to simulated solar UV radiation in summertime clothing at dosages of 1.3 SED three times a week. Thus, 90% reached sufficiently high vitamin D statuses (>50 nmol L−1). In this issue, these researchers transpose these experimental exposures in a cabinet to summertime noon exposures of people walking around for about half an hour in open terrain on a clear day in Manchester, UK. This result is an improvement over earlier estimates and shows that casual mid‐day summer sun exposure should indeed suffice.
On the Binding of BODIPY‐GTP by the Photosensory Protein YtvA from the Common Soil Bacterium Bacillus subtilis†
Authors: Nakasone Yusuke , Hellingwerf Klaas J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe YtvA protein, which is one of the proteins that comprises the network carrying out the signal transfer inducing the general stress response in Bacillus subtilis, is composed of an N‐terminal LOV domain (that binds a flavin [FMN]) and a C‐terminal STAS domain. This latter domain shows sequence features typical for a nucleotide (NTP) binding protein. It has been proposed (FEBS Lett., 580 [2006], 3818) that BODIPY‐GTP can be used as a reporter for nucleotide binding to this site and that activation of the LOV domain by blue light is reflected in an alteration of the BODIPY‐GTP fluorescence. Here we confirm that BODIPY‐GTP indeed binds to YtvA, but rather nonspecifically, and not limited to the STAS domain. Blue‐light modulation of fluorescence emission of YtvA‐bound BODIPY‐GTP is observed both in the full‐length YtvA protein and in a truncated protein composed of the LOV‐domain plus the LOV‐STAS linker region (YtvA1–147) as a light‐induced decrease in fluorescence emission. The isolated LOV domain (i.e. without the linker region) does not show such BODIPY‐GTP fluorescence changes. Dialysis experiments have confirmed the blue‐light‐induced release of BODIPY‐GTP from YtvA.
The Elusive Experience of Agency
Authors: Briscoe Robert E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractI here present some doubts about whether Mandik’s (2010) proposed intermediacy and recurrence constraints are necessary and sufficient for agentive experience. I also argue that in order to vindicate the conclusion that agentive experience is an exclusively perceptual phenomenon (Prinz, 2007), it is not enough to show that the predictions produced by forward models of planned motor actions are conveyed by mock sensory signals. Rather, it must also be shown that the outputs of “comparator” mechanisms that compare these predictions against actual sensory feedback are also coded in a perceptual representational format.
Semantics and Metaphysics in Informatics: Toward an Ontology of Tasks
Authors: Figdor Carrie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article clarifies three principles that should guide the development of any cognitive ontology. First, that an adequate cognitive ontology depends essentially on an adequate task ontology; second, that the goal of developing a cognitive ontology is independent of the goal of finding neural implementations of the processes referred to in the ontology; and third, that cognitive ontologies are neutral regarding the metaphysical relationship between cognitive and neural processes.
Toward a Unified View of Cognitive Control
Authors: Salvucci Dario D. , Taatgen Niels A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAllen Newell (1973) once observed that psychology researchers were playing “twenty questions with nature,” carving up human cognition into hundreds of individual phenomena but shying away from the difficult task of integrating these phenomena with unifying theories. We argue that research on cognitive control has followed a similar path, and that the best approach toward unifying theories of cognitive control is that proposed by Newell, namely developing theories in computational cognitive architectures. Threaded cognition, a recent theory developed within the ACT‐R cognitive architecture, offers promise as a unifying theory of cognitive control that addresses multitasking phenomena for both laboratory and applied task domains.
The Evolutionary Origins of Cognitive Control
Authors: Hills Thomas T. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe question of domain‐specific versus domain‐general processing is an ongoing source of inquiry surrounding cognitive control. Using a comparative evolutionary approach, Stout (2010) proposed two components of cognitive control: coordinating hierarchical action plans and social cognition. This article reports additional molecular and experimental evidence supporting a domain‐general attentional process coordinating hierarchical action plans, with the earliest such control processing originating in the capacity of dynamic foraging behaviors—predating the vertebrate‐invertebrate divergence (c. 700 million years ago). Further discussion addresses evidence required for additional, domain‐specific, cognitive control processes, noting that proposed social processes may simply provide emotionally valenced representational information to the above hierarchical process.
Why Reject a Sensory Imagery Theory of Control Consciousness?
Authors: Mylopoulos Myrto I. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract Mandik (2010) defends a motor theory of control consciousness according to which nonsensory states, like motor commands, directly contribute to the awareness we have of ourselves as being in control of our actions. Along the way, he argues that his theory is to be preferred over Prinz’s (2007) sensory imagery theory, which denies that nonsensory states play any direct role in the generation of control consciousness. I argue that Mandik’s criticisms of Prinz’s theory fall short, but that nonetheless there are reasons to favor a motor theory of control consciousness over a sensory imagery theory.
Innate Immune Evasion Mediated by the Ambystoma tigrinum Virus Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2α Homologue
Authors: Jancovich James K. , Jacobs Bertram L. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Ranaviruses (family
Iridoviridae
, genus
Ranavirus
) are large, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses whose replication is restricted to ectothermic vertebrates. Many highly pathogenic members of the genus
Ranavirus
encode a homologue of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). Data in a heterologous vaccinia virus system suggest that the
Ambystoma tigrinum
virus (ATV) eIF2α homologue (vIF2αH; open reading frame [ORF] 57R) is involved in evading the host innate immune response by degrading the interferon-inducible, dsRNA-activated protein kinase, PKR. To test this hypothesis directly, the ATV vIF2αH gene (ORF 57R) was deleted by homologous recombination, and a selectable marker was inserted in its place. The ATVΔ57R virus has a small plaque phenotype and is 8-fold more sensitive to interferon than wild-type ATV (wtATV). Infection of fish cells with the ATVΔ57R virus leads to eIF2α phosphorylation, in contrast to infection with wtATV, which actively inhibits eIF2α phosphorylation. The inability of ATVΔ57R to prevent phosphorylation of eIF2α correlates with degradation of fish PKZ, an interferon-inducible enzyme that is closely related to mammalian PKR. In addition, salamanders infected with ATVΔ57R displayed an increased time to death compared to that of wtATV-infected salamanders. Therefore, in a biologically relevant system, the ATV vIF2αH gene acts as an innate immune evasion factor, thereby enhancing virus pathogenesis.
Human Papillomavirus Type 16 E5 Protein Induces Expression of Beta Interferon through Interferon Regulatory Factor 1 in Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Muto Valentina , Stellacci Emilia , Lamberti Angelo Giuseppe , Perrotti Edvige , Carrabba Aurora , Matera Giovanni , Sgarbanti Marco , Battistini Angela , Liberto Maria Carla , Focà Alfredo 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACT

Crucial steps in high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV)-related carcinogenesis are the integration of HR-HPV into the host genome and loss of viral episomes. The mechanisms that promote cervical neoplastic progression are, however, not clearly understood. During HR-HPV infection, the HPV E5 protein is expressed in precancerous stages but not after viral integration. Given that it has been reported that loss of HPV16 episomes and cervical tumor progression are associated with increased expression of antiviral genes that are inducible by type I interferon (IFN), we asked whether E5, expressed in early phases of cervical carcinogenesis, affects IFN-β signaling. We show that the HPV type 16 (HPV16) E5 protein expression
per se
stimulates IFN-β expression. This stimulation is specifically mediated by the induction of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) which, in turn, induces transcriptional activation of IRF-1-targeted interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) as double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase R (PKR) and caspase 8. Our data show a new and unexpected role for HR-HPV E5 protein and indicate that HPV16 E5 may contribute to the mechanisms responsible for cervical carcinogenesis in part via stimulation of IFN-β and an IFN signature, with IRF-1 playing a pivotal role. HPV16 E5 and IRF-1 may thus serve as potential therapeutic targets in HPV-associated premalignant lesions.
Role of the Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Us3 Kinase Phosphorylation Site and Endocytosis Motifs in the Intracellular Transport and Neurovirulence of Envelope Glycoprotein B
Authors: Imai Takahiko , Arii Jun , Minowa Atsuko , Kakimoto Aya , Koyanagi Naoto , Kato Akihisa , Kawaguchi Yasushi 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTHerpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) Us3 protein kinase phosphorylates threonine at position 887 (Thr-887) in the cytoplasmic tail of envelope glycoprotein B (gB) in infected cells. This phosphorylation downregulates cell surface expression of gB and plays a role in viral pathogenesis in the mouse herpes stromal keratitis model. In the present study, we demonstrated that Us3 phosphorylation of gB Thr-887 upregulated the accumulation of endocytosed gB from the surfaces of infected cells. We also showed that two motifs in the cytoplasmic tail of gB, tyrosine at position 889 (Tyr-889) and dileucines at positions 871 and 872, were required for efficient downregulation of gB cell surface expression and upregulation of accumulation of endocytosed gB in infected cells. A systematic analysis of mutations in these three sequences in gB suggested that the expression of gB on the surfaces of infected cells was downregulated in part by the increase in the accumulation of endocytosed gB, which was coordinately and tightly regulated by the three gB trafficking signals. Tyr-889 appeared to be of predominant importance in regulating the intracellular transport of gB and was linked to HSV-1 neurovirulence in mice following intracerebral infection. These observations support the hypothesis that HSV-1 evolved the three gB sequences for proper regulation of gB intracellular transport and that this regulation plays a critical role in diverse aspects of HSV-1 pathogenesis.
ON A HYPERBOLIC–PARABOLIC SYSTEM MODELING CHEMOTAXIS
Authors: LI DONG , LI TONG , ZHAO KUN 
Published: March 2011

We investigate local/global existence, blowup criterion and long-time behavior of classical solutions for a hyperbolic–parabolic system derived from the Keller–Segel model describing chemotaxis. It is shown that local smooth solution blows up if and only if the accumulation of the L∞ norm of the solution reaches infinity within the lifespan. Our blowup criteria are consistent with the chemotaxis phenomenon that the movement of cells (bacteria) is driven by the gradient of the chemical concentration. Furthermore, we study the long-time dynamics when the initial data is sufficiently close to a constant positive steady state. By using a new Fourier method adapted to the linear flow, it is shown that the smooth solution exists for all time and converges exponentially to the constant steady state with a frequency-dependent decay rate as time goes to infinity.
DIFFERENT ANESTHESIA IN RAT INDUCES DISTINCT INTER-STRUCTURE BRAIN DYNAMIC DETECTED BY HIGUCHI FRACTAL DIMENSION
Authors: SPASIC SLADJANA , KESIC SRDJAN , KALAUZI ALEKSANDAR , SAPONJIC JASNA 
Published: March 2011

The complexity, entropy and other non-linear measures of the electroencephalogram (EEG), such as Higuchi fractal dimension (FD), have been recently proposed as the measures of anesthesia depth and sedation. We hypothesized that during unconciousness in rats induced by the general anesthetics with opposite mechanism of action, behaviorally and poligraphically controlled as appropriately achieved stable anesthesia, we can detect distinct inter-structure brain dynamic using mean FDs. We used the surrogate data test for nonlinearity in order to establish the existence of nonlinear dynamics, and to justify the use of FD as a nonlinear measure in the time series analysis. The surrogate data of predefined probability distribution and autocorrelation properties have been generated using the algorithm of statically transformed autoregressive process (STAP). FD then is applied to quantify EEG signal complexity at the cortical, hippocampal and pontine level during stable general anesthesia (ketamine/xylazine or nembutal anesthesia). Our study showed for the first time that global neuronal inhibition caused by different mechanisms of anesthetic action induced distinct brain inter-structure complexity gradient in Sprague Dawley rats. EEG signal complexities were higher at cortical and hippocampal level in ketamine/xylazine vs. nembutal anesthesia, with the dominance of hippocampal complexity. In nembutal anesthesia the complexity dominance moved to pontine level, and ponto-hippocampo-cortical decreasing complexity gradient was established. This study has proved the Higuchi fractal dimension as a valuable tool for measuring the anesthesia induced inter-structure EEG complexity.
Neotectonic constraints on the Gaxun Nur inland basin in north-central China, derived from remote sensing, geomorphology and geophysical analyses
Authors: Hartmann Kai , Wünnemann Bernd , Hölz Sebastian , Kraetschell Anna , Zhang Hucai 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The endorheic Gaxun Nur Basin (GNB, local name: Ejina basin), which is located north of the Tibetan Plateau between the tectonic stress fields of the Qilian Shan and the Gobi-Tienshan, has evolved as a large inland basin filled with deltaic sediments during the past 250 ka. Here we present selected examples of geomorphological, sedimentological and geophysical evidence of tectonic activity and discuss a possible time frame of selected occurrences.
We used medium-scale geomorphological mapping supported by analyses of Landsat ETM images, Corona images and an Aster Digital Terrain Model (Aster-DTM), combined with field surveys, dated sediment sections, and geophysical investigations using electromagnetic methods.
The spatio-temporal distribution of radiocarbon-dated lake sediments within the northern GNB indicates a non-even distribution of neotectonic activity with west–east increasing amplitude of subsidence rates from 0.8–1.1 m/ka in the western part and more than three times higher rates in the eastern part.
Our data indicate that tectonic has strongly amplified climate-induced environmental changes and may be regarded as an example of non-climatic pulses affecting lake-hydrology and basin development.
Rock type, precipitation, and the steepness of Himalayan threshold hillslopes
Authors: Korup Oliver , Weidinger Johannes T. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Studies on the dynamic coupling between tectonics, climate, and erosion at the margins of the Tibetan Plateau entail the notion of widely occurring threshold hillslopes along the southern Himalayan front. Here we show that differences in major lithological units are sufficient to explain trends in topographical relief and mean slope gradients across the eastern Nepal Himalaya. This lithological control is manifest in modal slope gradients that serve as proxies of peak rock-mass strength, and remain strikingly invariant per rock type on both sides of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) despite comparably high amounts of monsoon precipitation. We infer that lithology rather precipitation patterns plays an important though hitherto largely neglected role in modulating threshold hillslope steepness. A nonlinear relationship between mean slope gradients and relief further indicates that significant steepening of threshold hillslopes through relief increases is more readily facilitated in low-relief terrain. Most evidence of large (>10
8
m
3
) bedrock landslides in the Himalaya clusters where topographical relief >2 km, and slope gradients are above average. This provides the mechanism necessary for rapidly lowering drainage divides and limiting hillslope heights, were the steepness of threshold hillslopes to decline via relief destruction.
PrLZ Protects Prostate Cancer Cells from Apoptosis Induced by Androgen Deprivation via the Activation of Stat3/Bcl-2 Pathway
Authors: Zhang Dong , He Dalin , Xue Yan , Wang Ruoxiang , Wu Kaijie , Xie Hongjun , Zeng Jin , Wang Xinyang , Zhau Haiyen E. , Chung Leland W.K. , Chang Luke S. , Li Lei 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
PrLZ/PC-1 is a newly identified, prostate-specific and androgen-inducible gene. Our previous study showed that PrLZ can enhance the proliferation and invasive capability of LNCaP cells, contributing to the development of prostate cancer. However, its potential role in androgen-independent processes remains elusive. In this study, we showed that PrLZ enhanced in vitro growth and colony formation of prostate cancer cells on androgen deprivation as well as tumorigenicity in castrated nude mice. In addition, PrLZ stabilized mitochondrial transmembrane potential, prevented release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to cytoplasm, and inhibited intrinsic apoptosis induced by androgen depletion. Mechanistically, PrLZ elevated the phosphorylation of Akt and Stat3 and upregulated Bcl-2 expression. Our data indicate that PrLZ protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis and promotes tumor progression following androgen deprivation. In summary, we propose that PrLZ is a novel antiapoptotic gene that is specifically activated in prostate cancer cells escaping androgen deprivation may offer an appealing therapeutic target to prevent or treat advanced prostate malignancy. Cancer Res; 71(6); 2193–202. ©2011 AACR.