bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glial responses after chorda tympani nerve injury
Authors: Bartel Dianna L. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe chorda tympani (CT) nerve innervates lingual taste buds and is susceptible to damage during dental and inner ear procedures. Interruption of the CT results in a disappearance of taste buds, which can be accompanied by taste disturbances. Because the CT usually regenerates to reinnervate taste buds successfully within a few weeks, a persistence of taste disturbances may indicate alterations in central nervous function. Peripheral injury to other sensory nerves leads to glial responses at central terminals, which actively contribute to abnormal sensations arising from nerve damage. Therefore, the current study examined microglial and astrocytic responses in the first central gustatory relay, the nucleus of the solitary tract (nTS), after transection of the CT. Damage to the CT resulted in significant microglial responses in terms of morphological reactivity and an increased density of microglial cells from 2 to 20 days after injury. This increased microglial population resulted primarily from microglial proliferation from 1.5 to 3 days, which was supplemented by microglial migration within subdivisions of the nTS between days 2 and 3. Unlike other nerve injuries, CT injury did not result in recruitment of bone marrow‐derived precursors. Astrocytes also reacted in the nTS with increased levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by 3 days, although none showed evidence of cell division. GFAP levels remained increased at 30 days, by which time microglial responses had resolved. These results show that nerve damage to the CT results in central glial responses, which may participate in long‐lasting taste alterations following CT lesion. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2712–2729, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intercage Electron Transfer Driven by Electric Field in Robin–Day‐Type Molecules
Authors: Wang Yin‐Feng , Li Ying , Zhou Zhong‐Jun , Li Zhi‐Ru , Wu Di , Huang Jiangen , Gu Feng Long 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA new class of isomers, namely, intercage electron‐transfer isomers, is reported for fluorinated double‐cage molecular anion e−@C20F18(NH)2C20F18 with C20F18 cages: 1 with the excess electron inside the left cage, 2 with the excess electron inside both cages, and 3 with the excess electron inside the right cage. Interestingly, the C20F18 cages may be considered as two redox sites existing in a rare nonmetal mixed‐valent (0 and −1) molecular anion. The three isomers with two redox sites may be the founding members of a new class of mixed‐valent compounds, namely, nonmetal Robin–Day Class II with localized redox centers for 1 and 3, and Class III with delocalized redox centers for 2. Two intercage electron‐transfers pathways involving transfer of one or half an excess electron from one cage to the other are found: 1) Manipulating the external electric field (−0.001 a.u. for 1→3 and −0.0005 a.u. for 1→2) and 2) Exciting the transition from ground to first excited state and subsequent radiationless transition from the excited state to another ground state for 1 and 3. For the exhibited microscopic electron‐transfer process 1→3, 2 may be the transition state, and the electron‐transfer barrier of 6.021 kcal mol−1 is close to the electric field work of 8.04 kcal mol−1.
Cytotoxic functions and susceptibility to apoptosis of human CD56bright NK cells differentiated in vitro from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors
Authors: Zamai Loris , Del Zotto Genny , Buccella Flavia , Galeotti Laura , Canonico Barbara , Luchetti Francesca , Papa Stefano 
Published: February 2012

AbstractCytotoxic functions and susceptibility to apoptosis are crucial aspects of NK cells suitable to counter cancer after infusion in oncologic patients. To test the feasibility and the usefulness of infusing in vitro generated NK cells, these two features were investigated in NK cells developed in vitro from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. Purified CD34+ cells were cultured for 15–30 days with FLT‐3 ligand (FLT3‐L) and IL‐15 with or without IL‐21. To induce terminal differentiation, NK cells were cultured for further 15 days with IL‐15, IL‐21, or their combination. A CD56dim/CD16+ NK subset, expressing high level of perforin, granzymes, and LFA‐1, appeared early in cultures with FLT3‐L, IL‐15, and IL‐21, but it quickly died, indicating its predisposition to apoptosis. On the contrary, CD56bright NK cells generated after 30 days of culture with FLT3‐L plus IL‐15 did not show a considerable apoptosis, nevertheless only a subset of these cells expressed granzyme‐B, perforin, LFA‐1, and CD94‐CD159a heterodimer, indicating a functional immaturity. Interestingly, further 15 days of culture with IL‐21 plus IL‐15 did not induce the generation of CD56dim cells from the CD56bright subset and actually inhibited IL‐15‐induced maturation/activation of this latter subset. In fact, IL‐15 alone upregulated granzyme‐B, TRAIL, Fas ligand, CD94‐CD159a, LFA‐1, CD16, KIRs, and TRAIL‐R2 on CD56bright NK cells. Our results suggest that during differentiation CD56bright NK cells, similarly to mature activated NK cells, become highly cytotoxic and are relatively resistant to apoptosis induced by TNF family members. © 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Association of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D with type 2 diabetes and markers of insulin resistance in a general older population in Finland
Authors: Hurskainen Anne‐Riina , Virtanen Jyrki K. , Tuomainen Tomi‐Pekka , Nurmi Tarja , Voutilainen Sari 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackgroundVitamin D insufficiency and type 2 diabetes are both common in Finland, and low vitamin D status has been suggested as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Our aim was to study the associations between serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], a marker of vitamin D status, and glucose homeostasis and type 2 diabetes in a general population sample in Eastern Finland.MethodsCross‐sectional analysis in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study. A total of 850 men and 906 women, aged 53–73 years, were analysed. Relative risk (RR) of prevalent diabetes was estimated as odds ratios by logistic regression. Associations between serum 25(OH)D and markers of impaired glucose metabolism in tertiles of serum 25(OH)D concentration were assessed by linear regression.ResultsThe mean serum 25(OH)D concentration was 43.4 nmol/L (SD 17.6, range 8.5–122.8 nmol/L) in the study population. Serum 25(OH)D concentration <50 nmol/L were observed in 65.5% of the participants. Serum 25(OH)D was inversely associated with fasting serum insulin, fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 2‐h glucose levels after adjustment for age, gender and examination year. Association with the OGTT 2‐h glucose remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustments. The RR (95% confidence interval) for type 2 diabetes in tertiles of serum 25(OH)D were 1, 1.26 (0.86, 1.85) and 1.44 (0.96, 2.15) after multivariate adjustments (p for trend = 0.08).ConclusionsOur results suggest that low serum 25(OH)D is associated with impaired glucose and insulin metabolism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Yttrium and Europium(+3) Alkoxides Bearing Thiophene Units: Syntheses, Crystal Structure Determinations and Physico‐Chemical Properties
Authors: Veith Michael , Belot Céline , Huch Volker 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe synthesis, structural characterization, electrochemistry and luminescence properties of a series of new yttrium and europium(+3) alkoxides bearing thiophene moieties are presented. The yttrium compounds were obtained by the reaction between Y[N(SiMe3)2]3 and the tertiary alcohols HO–C(C16H13S) (2), HO–C(C17H15S) (3), HO–C(C14H11S2) (4) and HO–C(C16H13S) (5) in thf or in a mixture of toluene and pyridine. The X‐ray crystal diffraction measurements show a five‐coordinated yttrium atom in distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry. The metal centres are surrounded by threemethoxido ligands in equatorial positions and two tetrahydrofuran [for {Y[OC(C16H13S)]3(thf)2}·toluene (8), {Y[OC(C17H15S)]3(thf)2}·toluene (10) and {Y[OC(C14H11S2)]3(thf)2}·1/2 toluene (12)] or two pyridine [for {Y[OC(C16H13S)]3(py)2}·toluene (9) and {Y[OC(C17H15S)]3(py)2}·toluene (11)] molecules in axial positions. The compounds Y[OC(C14H11S2)]3(py)2 (13) and Y[OC(C16H13S)]3(py)2 (14) were identified by NMR spectroscopy. In addition, a novel europium(+3) alkoxide {Eu[OC(C4H3S)3]3(thf)3}·thf (15) was synthesized by the reaction between Eu[N(SiMe3)2]3 and the tertiary alcohol HO–C(C4H3S)3 (1) in thf. The molecular structure of this compound reveals an approximately octahedral coordination sphere around the europium(+3) metal centre with three methoxido ligands and three facially arranged tetrahydrofuran molecules. The cyclic voltammograms of the yttrium alkoxides indicate that the electrochemical properties are essentially dominated by the organic ligands. The electrochemical properties of {Eu[OC(C4H3S)3]3(thf)3}·thf (15) are dominated by the oxidation of the thienyl moieties and in addition a reduction wave due to the reduction of Eu3+ to Eu2+ is visible. In comparison to the carbinols, the oxidation peak potentials of the thienyl units for the yttrium and europium(3+) alkoxides are marginally shifted towards higher values. The emission spectra of the carbinols and their derived yttrium compounds display broad bands attributed to the π*→π transitions of the aromatic ligands. Luminescence studies performed on compound 15 reveal the typical f–f transitions of the Eu3+ ions and suggest that an energy transfer from the ligand to the metal atom operates.
Structural Diversity and Magnetic Properties of the Manganese(II)/Carbazol‐9‐ylacetate/N,N′‐Donor Reaction System
Authors: Ma Yun‐Sheng , Tang Xiao‐Yan , Xue Feng‐Feng , Chen Bin , Dai Yao‐Liang , Yuan Rong‐Xin , Roy Soumyajit 
Published: February 2012

AbstractFour manganese‐based carbazol‐9‐ylacetato complexes [Mn2(cabo)4(2,2′‐bpy)2] (1), [Mn2(cabo)2(2,2′‐bpy)4](ClO4)2 (2), [Mn(cabo)2(CH3OH)2]n (3), and [Mn(cabo)2(4,4′‐bpy)2]n (4) (cabo– = carbazol‐9‐ylacetate, 2,2′‐bpy = 2,2′‐bipyridine, 4,4′‐bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) have been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structure of 1 consists of a symmetrical dimeric MnII carboxylato paddle‐wheel unit, whereas dinuclear 2 consists of a dimeric unit with two MnII ions bridged by two carboxylato ligands. Compounds 3 and 4 present comparable 1D structures with MnII ions bridged by carboxylato ligands. Magnetic‐property studies show that antiferromagnetic exchange interactions propagate among the MnII ions in 1, 2, and 3.
Glycolipids improve lutein bioavailability and accumulation in eyes in mice
Authors: Gorusupudi Aruna , Vallikannan Baskaran 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntestinal carotenoid absorption is greatly affected by dietary factors. In this study, it was hypothesized that lipids with varying functional groups may influence differentially lutein bioavailability. Hence, the influence of glyco‐, phospho‐, neutral, crude (mixture of lipids) lipids, or mixed micelles (control) on the percent lutein micellarization in vitro and its postprandial plasma, liver, and eye response in mice were investigated. Results show that the percent micellarization of lutein with crude lipids and glycolipids were higher (91.4 and 45.7%) than control, while no significant difference was found between phospho‐ and neutral lipids. The mean plasma response of lutein was higher for crude‐ (6 times), glyco‐ (3 times), phospho‐ (2.7 times), and neutral (2 times) lipid than control (12.4 ± 1.18 nmol/mL 8 h−1) group. Lutein levels (pmol/g) in liver were higher in crude (7.4 ± 1) and phospho‐ (3.6 ± 0.8) lipid groups while in eyes it was higher in glyco‐ (54.0) and neutral (21.2) lipid groups than control. The influential effect of glyco‐ and phospholipids may be due to smaller micellar size (glyco‐upto 3.43 µm, phospho‐ upto 5.78 µm) than the neutral lipids (upto 66 µm). Ingestion of lutein with glycolipid or phospholipids may improve lutein bioavailability.Practical applications: The findings of the present study will be useful in nutritional and biomedical applications for feeding lutein with specific lipid combinations to achieve enhanced lutein absorption. Specifically, feeding diet/emulsion with lutein and glyco‐ and phospholipid combination may reduce the risk of macular degeneration, owing to the influential effect of these lipids on intestinal absorption of lutein.
A novel conversion of sesamolin to sesaminol by acidic cation exchange resin
Authors: Huang Jinian , Song Guohui , Zhang Lixia , Sun Qiang , Lu Xin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seed and its oil contain abundant lignans, including sesamin, sesamolin, sesamol, sesaminol, and their glycosides. In the present study, a novel reaction pathway, using an anhydrous solvent system, cation exchange resin catalyst, and HPLC for detection, was employed for the conversion of sesamolin into sesaminol. Under optimal conditions of 5 mL toluene, 90°C, initial sesamolin concentration of 6 mM, and catalyst dosage of 16.66 g/mmol of sesamolin, a 75.0% yield of sesaminol was achieved. The reaction mechanism was inferred to be that of a Friedel–Crafts reaction, with the catalyst showing remarkable catalytic activity and producing only slightly decreased yield after reuse in five subsequent batches. Owing to excellent reusability, low cost, and ready availability, this catalyst provides a very satisfactory option for converting sesamolin to sesaminol.Practical applications: Sesaminol is a potential natural antioxidant for use as a food additive and in medicinal applications, but it is a naturally occurring trace compound, and could be transformed from sesamolin under proper, specific conditions. The cation exchange resin 732 provides a satisfactory option for catalyzing the conversion of sesamolin into sesaminol. This suggests encouraging prospects for practical or industrial applications utilizing its notable catalytic performance, reusability, low cost, and easy availability.
Suzuki–Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions in a Solkane365/227/Ethanol Blend at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Xu Xiu‐Hua , Azuma Ayaka , Kusuda Akihiro , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shibata Norio 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn environmentally benign solvent system, Solkane365/227/ethanol blend, was developed for Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of aryl boronic acids and aryl halides. The reaction is quite general and gives excellent yields for various aryl, heteroaryl, and fluoroaryl boronic acids or halides. Interestingly, this system also allows the synthesis of polyaryls.
Effect of carrier frequency offset and symbol timing offset on the performance of FMT over time‐frequency selective channels
Authors: Zheng Jing , Wang Zulin 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the effects of carrier frequency offset (CFO) and symbol timing offset (STO) in filtered multitone (FMT) systems over time and frequency selective multipath fading channels. The analysis is based on an FMT system using a square‐root raised cosine pulse. The performance of FMT systems in the presence of CFO and STO over different fading channels are derived and compared with that of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. The offsets degrade the performance of the FMT systems because they cause filter mismatch. The CFO changes the amplitude frequency characteristic of the receiver filter, while the STO changes the phase frequency characteristic of the receiver filter. The simulations are conducted over different fading channels. To achieve signal‐to‐interference ratio above 20 dB, over a flat static channel, the frequency offset relative to symbol duration must be less than 5% in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system, while the upper limit is 8% in the FMT system. The simulation results also show that the FMT system is less sensitive to CFO in time frequency selective channels. The signal‐to‐interference ratio expressions help predict the bit‐error‐rate performance of FMT with single tap subchannel equalization. The analysis also helps synchronization algorithm design after analyzing the synchronization offset effect in FMT systems under certain channel conditions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial heterogeneity in hyper‐arid vegetation of the South Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Sheded Mohamed Gabr , Radwan Usama Ahmed , Taher Mostafa Ahmed , Springuel Irina 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA vegetation survey of 124 stands in the South Western Desert of Egypt identified 79 species of angiosperms belonging to 25 families. 54 species (68.3%) are annuals (including one hydrophyte) and 25 species (31.7%) are perennials. Grasses (Poaceae or Gramineae) contributed 21.5% of the total flora, considered the most dominant family in the South Western Desert. Two herbaceous species were recorded for the first time in this region: Eragrostis lepida and Enarthrocarpus pterocarpus. Eleven vegetation clusters were obtained and categorized into five distinct groups according to soil composition and chemical characteristics. The large number of weeds appears in the extreme arid desert due to the recent extensive and intensive anthropogenic effects. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Regulation of CCL20 expression in astrocytes by IL‐6 and IL‐17
Authors: Meares Gordon P. , Ma Xiangyu , Qin Hongwei , Benveniste Etty N. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAstrocytes have an important role in the regulation of inflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). In neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, numerous cytokines and chemokines are elevated including IL‐6, IL‐17, and CCL20. IL‐17 enhances IL‐6 signaling and subsequent IL‐6 expression in astrocytes. CCL20 is a CC motif chemokine that functions as a chemoattractant to facilitate the recruitment of CCR6‐expressing cells, including Th17 cells. In this study, we examined the role of IL‐6 and IL‐17 on CCL20 production in primary murine astrocytes. IL‐6 in combination with the IL‐6 soluble receptor (sIL‐6R) stimulated CCL20 expression in part through STAT3 activation, whereas IL‐17 alone had no effect. However, the combination of IL‐6, sIL‐6R, and IL‐17 led to a robust increase in CCL20 production. IL‐17 increased the activation‐associated phosphorylation of NF‐κB, and inhibition of the NF‐κB pathway significantly inhibited the enhancement of CCL20 expression by IL‐17. In addition, chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that stimulation of primary astrocytes with IL‐6 plus the sIL‐6R induced STAT3 binding to the CCL20 promoter. Combined stimulation with IL‐6, sIL‐6R, and IL‐17 increased the recruitment of phosphorylated NF‐κB to the CCL20 promoter, increased binding of coactivators such as p300 and CBP, and enhanced H3 and H4 histone acetylation, consistent with a transcriptionally active gene. The astrocyte‐produced CCL20 increased T cell migration as determined by transwell migration assay. Collectively, these results suggest that astrocytes, in response to IL‐6, sIL‐6R, and IL‐17, may shift chemokine production to that favoring T cell recruitment to the CNS. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
(σ3,λ5)‐phosphoranes versus (σ3,λ3)‐thiaphosphiranes: Quantum chemical investigation of products of phosphaalkene sulfurization
Authors: Turcheniuk K. V. , Rozhenko A. B. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBy sulfurization of phosphaalkenes (a) either (σ3,λ5)‐phosphoranes (b) or (σ3,λ3)‐thiaphosphiranes (c) are formed. In this study, Density Functional Theory (DFT) and coupled cluster (CCSD(T)) calculations have been carried out for model and experimental structures of (σ3,λ5)‐phosphoranes and (σ3,λ3)‐thiaphosphiranes to elucidate the factors influencing relative stabilities of b and c. According to the results of quantum chemical calculations, sterically bulky substituents make the phosphorane form more favored. Conversely, electronic effects of the most substituents provide higher stability for thiaphosphirane isomers. The only exception has been found in the cases where the substituent at the phosphorus atom possesses π‐donor and σ‐acceptor properties (e.g., in the case of amino group) and the substituents at carbon atom exhibit σ‐donor/π‐acceptor effects (e.g., silyl groups). The stability of the cyclic form c decreases further, if the substituents at the carbon atom are amino groups. In this case, a quite unusual structure has been theoretically predicted, which is considerably different from those of the hitherto known phosphoranes. It indicates a pyramidal configuration at the phosphorus atom and can be conventionally presented as a donor–acceptor adduct of diaminocarbene with thioxophosphine. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Platinum Complexes of 4‐Hydoxy‐1,5‐naphthyridines as Emitting Dyes
Authors: Chien Ching‐Ting , Shiu Jin‐Ruei , Chang Chih‐Ping , Hon Yung‐Son , Huang Duo‐Fong , Chou Po‐Ting , Liu Ching‐Yang , Chow Tahsin J. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract4‐Hydoxy‐1,5‐naphthyridines (HNt) are derivatives of 8‐hydroxyquinolines, yet possess a wider HOMO and LUMO band gap than the latter. The cyclometalated complex of platinum(II) with Nt exists in a square planner geometry, and has a high tendency to aggregate in condensed media. Such a phenomenon was verified by examining its photo‐luminescence spectra in different concentrations. In a dilute solution, it exhibits a yellow phosphorescence centered at 530∼555 nm, yet red‐shifted to ∼660 nm in a concentrated solution or in the solid state. This series of compounds can be used as emitting dyes in light‐emitting diodes (LED). The LED devices with a configuration ITO/NPB/dye (6%) in CBP/BCP/AlQ3 or TPBI/LiF/Al displayed a yellow to red color, where NPB, CBP, BCP, AlQ3 and TPBI denote 4,4′‐bis[N‐(1‐naphthyl),N‐phenylamino]biphenyl, 4,4′‐bis(carbazol‐9‐yl)biphenyl, 2,9‐dimethyl‐4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline, tris(8‐hydoxyquinolinato)aluminium, and 2,2′,2″‐(1,3,5‐benzenetriyl)tris(1‐phenyl‐1H‐benzimidazole), respectively. The maximal light intensity exceeds 2.6 × 104 cd/m2 with an external quantum efficiency up to 5.8%.
Photodegradation of four fluoroquinolone compounds by titanium dioxide under simulated solar light irradiation
Authors: Li Weihong , Guo Changsheng , Su Bin , Xu Jian 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUND; In this study, simultaneous photocatalytic degradation of four fluoroquinolone (FQ) compounds (i.e. ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin) was investigated in TiO2 suspensions under simulated solar light irradiation. Effects of experimental variables including pH, TiO2 dosage, initial substrate concentration and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the degradation processes were also investigated.RESULTS: The antibiotics degradation was pH‐influenced. The photocatalytic reaction followed the pseudo‐first‐order model, with reaction rate constants (k) 0.026, 0.027, 0.022 and 0.026 min−1 for ofloxacin, norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, respectively. Complete elimination of four FQs was achieved in a reaction system composed of 0.5 g L−1 of TiO2 and 82.5 mg L−1 of H2O2 at pH 6 after 90 min irradiation. Mineralization of FQs during TiO2 photocatalysis was slower than the FQs conversion, and the antibacterial activity of the four FQs was completely removed by TiO2 under simulated solar light irradiation.CONCLUSION: The four FQs can be simultaneously degraded and mineralized with commercially available TiO2 under simulated solar light irradiation. Microbiological analysis showed that the antibacterial activity of the four FQs was completely removed. These results are helpful for antibiotics removal in the environment, and for exploring new technology for wastewater treatment. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry