bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frost Heaving of Soil and Plants. I. Incidence of Frost Heaving of Forage Plants and Meteorological Relationships1
Authors: Portz H. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrost‐heave ratings ranging from minimum to severe were determined from historical data on over‐wintering forage condition for a 50‐year period in Illinois. Field observations of both plant and dowel uplift were made on frost‐susceptible claypan soils in southern Illinois from 1958 to 1966. Associated meteorological and soil conditions were studied to better define and predict the frostheaving action. The 30 winters of moderate to severe winter damage to legumes in southern Illinois occurred on imperfectly drained claypan soils under conditions of high October to January precipitation accompanied by moderate winter temperatures. In central and northern Illinois, only 11 such winters were recorded. Alfalfa varieties differed in their frost‐heave susceptibility in 1958 to 1962, ranging from 1.5 cm to over 5 cm of uplift. Soil moisture under a bare‐cultivated surface treatment remained near or above field capacity throughout the winter; whereas under tall fescue, the soil moisture in the 15.2− and 30.5− cm layers was below 30% most of the winter. Dowel uplift was 3.3 cm and 0.3 cm in the respective plots. Movement of wooden dowels was compared to alfalfa and red clover seedlings with dowels averaging 2.36 cm and the legume plants 1.16 cm of frost heave. On soils susceptible to frost‐heaving antecedent precipitation (Oct. through Jan.) was found to be the major requisite for frost heave. When antecedent precipitation was less than the long‐term average, 32.61 cm (12.84 inches) at Mt. vernon, Ill., there were only 2 winters out of 50 in which severe frost heaving occurred. A final predictive index of antecedent precipitation multiplied by temperature factors gave the best indication of frost‐heaving incidence and could be used in assessing winter damage to certain forages in the absence of historical field records.
Effects of Defoliation on the Longevity of Stand, Dry Matter Yields and Forage Quality of Tall Wheatgrass, Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beauv.1
Authors: Stroh James R. , Law Alvin G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTall wheatgrass was subjected to three defoliation frequencies at three clipping heights to determine the degree of defoliation the grass would withstand under optimum fertility and supplemental irrigation.At the most intense defoliation treatment (6‐week interval) yield and persistence were directly related to cutting height. At the less intense defoliation treatments (boot stage plus aftermath and flower stage) yield was highest at the 5‐cm stubble height the first 2 years, but by the third year density of the plants had declined to less than 50% of the original. The 5‐cm stubble height was too low for tall wheatgrass at three intensities of use. The 15‐cm cutting height was optimum at low cutting frequencies and the 25‐cm cutting height was optimum at high intensities. Harvesting tall wheatgrass at the boot stage was detrimental to the stand at all three cutting heights.Forage quality, expressed in percentage crude protein, crude fiber, lignin, fat, and ash, was increased under high intensity defoliation. Production of total digestible nutrients (TDN) per hectare was directly proportional to the amount of dry matter produced under the several treatment levels. Frequency of defoliation had more effect on forage quality and production of TDN than did height of defoliation.
Castorbean Production as Related to Length of Growing Season I. Effect of Date of Plant Desiccation1
Authors: Kittock D. L. , Williams J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCastorbean plants (Ricinus communis L.) were killed by chemical desiccant at weekly intervals during the fall in four tests in 2 years in Nebraska. Effects of desiccation on total yield and germination were determined. Yield, weight per 100 seeds, and germination were also determined for sequential racemes. Natural freeze was the check treatment. Yield increased at a uniform rate with delay of desiccation except in one test severely affected by Alternaria leaf spot disease. The average weekly increase in yield for the four tests was 199 kg per ha. Primary racemes were mature at the time of first treatments. The contribution of secondary, tertiary and quaternary racemes to yield increased during the entire course of the treatments.Seed weight from secondary and tertiary racemes increased with maturity. Germination was positively and significantly correlated with seed weight. The highest percentage germination was obtained from late September and early October desiccation treatments. Freezing of immature seeds and weathering of mature seeds reduced germination. Drying of seed following plant desiccation required about 10 days and did not reduce germination. Yield loss from 10 days' growth prior to freeze was calculated to be 284 kg per ha. On basis of low seed germinations obtained in these tests, the feasibility of castorbean production for seed in Nebraska would be questioned.
Effect of Nitrogen on Winter Root Growth of Bentgrass1
Authors: Powell A. J. , Blaser R. E. , Schmidt R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffect of cool season N applications on root growth of bentgrass was studied under putting green conditions.Roots grew rapidly during fall and spring. Winter root growth was highest when N had been applied in October, October‐December, or October‐December‐February. When N was not supplied or high rates were applied monthly, winter root growth was very low or even negative. It was suggested that the root growth reduction with the high rates of N fertilization could be associated with low carbohydrates since sugars needed for root growth were probably utilized in increased rates of N metabolism. Lack of winter root growth when N was not applied was associated with low metabolic activity.
Effects of Irrigation Intensity and Nitrogen Level on the Performance of Eight Varieties of Upland Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L.1
Authors: Jackson E. B. , Tilt P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of four irrigation treatments and two levels of nitrogen on the performance of eight varieties of upland cotton were studied over a 3‐year period on Glendale silty clay loam at Yuma, Arizona.The varieties (‘Acala 44‐10,’ ‘Deltapine Smooth Leaf,’ ‘DeKalb 220,’ ‘Stoneville 7‐A,’ California Strains A and A‐65, and Arizona Experimentals 221 and 6010) tended to respond similarly to the irrigation treatments. Highest yields were obtained from all varieties under irrigations spaced 14 to 21 days apart with totals of 102 to 119 cm of applied water per season. Much lower yields were obtained from the “dry” irrigation treatments which approached depletion of the available soil moisture before each irrigation, with totals of 84, 84, and 64 cm of applied water, respectively, for the 3 years. Irrigation every 7 days, in 1963 and 1964, with totals of 147 and 160 cm of applied water produced yields of seed cotton almost as low as those from the dry treatments.Under the 14‐ and 21‐day irrigation schedules, application of ammonium sulfate at the rate of 224 kg N/ha, when compared with no applied nitrogen and with 84 kg N/ha, increased yields of seed cotton in all varieties. In 1963, application of 112 kg N/ha in midseason was equal to 224 kg N/ha applied before the first postemergence irrigation. Nitrogen level had no effect on yield under the dry 28‐day irrigation schedule. Under the wet 7‐day irrigation schedule, yields of Acala 44‐10 and Arizona Experimental 221 were reduced by high nitrogen while yields from the other varieties were unaffected or slightly increased.There was no consistent treatment effect on lint percentage or fiber properties.
Phytotoxicity of Plant Materials on Seed Germination of Crownvetch, Coronilla varia L.1
Authors: Bieber G. L. , Hoveland C. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhytotoxic potential of six crop and four weed species was determined on crownvetch. Water extracts of Virginia pepperweed, evening primrose, crabgrass, and crownvetch were most toxic to seed germination. Tall fescue and weeping lovegrass were least toxic. Extracts from aerial portions were more inhibitory than those from roots. Crown vetch was less tolerant of high osmotic pressure than was crimson clover, but this did not explain the strong inhibition of the former species by certain plant extracts. Pepperweed residues incorporated into soil for 10 weeks were toxic to crownvetch seed germination. Kobe lespedeza residues incorporated into soil did not affect percent germination but decreased seedling growth.Pepperweed extract inhibited seed germination of tall fescue, ball clover, sericea, and Kobe lespedeza. It was toxic to crownvetch at a dilute concentration of 1:150 (w/v). The toxic substance occurred in all parts of the plant and was not affected by drying temperature. Pepperweed extract was toxic to five fungi. The phyto‐ and fungitoxicity of pepperweed may be of significance in competition with other plant species.
Effect of Cropping Systems on Soil Physical Properties and Irrigation Requirements
Authors: Carreker John R. , Bertrand Anson R. , Elkins Charles B. , Adams William E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe irrigation requirements for the period May‐August were investigated in relation to some physical properties of Cecil soil as affected by eight cropping systems. These systems ranged from corn grown continuously with stalks removed to sod continuously. The cropping systems had no effect on particle size distribution and total porosity, but crust strength decreased and aggregate stability and infiltration rates increased as the quantity of plant material returned to the soil was increased. The increased water intake was offset by increased deep drainage from the root zone, so there was no change in subsequent irrigation requirements
Nitrate and Nutrient Accumulation in Two Varieties of Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) as Influenced by Soil‐Applied Fertilizer Nutrients1
Authors: Lovelace Dale A. , Holt Ethan C. , Anderson W. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo varieties of bermudagrass were grown in a green‐house to determine differences in nitrate‐nitrogen content due to soil texture, nitrogen fertilization, and various mineral nutrient treatments. Nitrate‐N content of ‘NK‐37’ bermudagrass was twice as high as that of ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass across all treatments. Soil texture influenced nitrate‐N levels within each variety more than did rate of N fertilization. Mineral nutrient application did not significantly alter nitrate‐N levels in the plant tissues. Dry matter yields were increased by nitrogen fertilization, but not by mineral nutrient application. Zinc was the only mineral nutrient which increased within the plant tissues due to mineral application. All nutrients were as high or higher in NK‐37 than in Coastal except for Mn.
Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization, Irrigation, and Clipping Interval on Chemical Composition of Coastal Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.). I. Total Available Carbohydrates1
Authors: Hojjati S. M. , McCreery R. A. , Adams W. E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Coastal’ bermudagras(Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) with and without supplemental irrigation on Cecil sandy loam fertilized with seven N:K treatments (224:224, 224:112; 224:37, 672:672, 672:336, 672:112, 1120:560 kg/ha per year) was clipped at 2‐, 4‐, and 6‐week frequencies. Analyses of the forage for TAC (Total Available Carbohydrates) as measured by the soluble plus hydrolyzable (2% v/v H2SO4) carbohydrates, showed that irrigation and fertilization decreased the percentage TAC but increased the total TAC production per hectare due to higher yields. Extending the clipping interval increased both the percentage and yield per hectare of TAC.
Potassium Movement in Fallowed Soils1
Authors: Boswell Fred C. , Anderson O. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe rate and depth movement pattern of K, applied as KNO3, was studied on two widely different fallowed soils under field conditions. Results indicate: (a) 5 weeks after treatment, the applied K was in the top 15 cm of both the Davidson scl and the Marlboro ls after 4.6 and 3.3 cm of rainfall, respectively; (b) after 14 weeks and 43 cm of rainfall on the scl soil and 17 weeks and 26 cm of rainfall on the ls soil, virtually all of the applied K was found in the top 30 cm of both soils except for the high K‐rate on the loamy sand; (c) both soil texture and amount of rainfall influenced K movement; (d) the high rate of K tended to move faster and to greater depths as compared with the moderate rate; (e) irrespective of the application rate, the highest concentration of K was found in the 15 to 30 cm layer of both soils 76 weeks after application, even though above normal rainfall occurred; and (f) these data indicate that a normal application of K will not leach beyond the root zone in soils, similar to those used in these tests, during the growing season of most field crops.
Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Levels and Clipping Frequency on the Forage Yield and Protein, Carotene, and Xanthophyll Content of Coastal Bermudagrass1
Authors: Burton Glenn W. , Wilkinson W. S. , Carter R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOmitting P and K from fertilizer that supplied 672 kg/ha of N to ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) growing on a Tifton loamy sand of medium‐available P and low‐available K content reduced forage yield 45% without affecting the protein, carotene, and xanthophyll content of the grass. Increasing the ratio of P and K to N above a 4‐1‐2 (N‐P2O5‐K2O) fertilizer ratio failed to increase protein, carotene, and xanthophyll contents except at very high N rates (1,008 kg/ha). Excellent yields of carotene (4,838 g/ha) and xanthophyll (7,649 g/ha) were obtained from Coastal bermuda fertilized with 672 kg/ha of N with P2O5 and K2O to make a 4‐1‐2 ratio and cut at 21‐day intervals. This forage averaged 18.0% protein.
Nitrogen‐Sulfur Relationships in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Corn (Zea mays), and Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)1
Authors: Stewart B. A. , Porter L. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe nitrogen‐sulfur ratios in the tops and roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum), corn (Zea mays), and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were studied in relation to N and S supplies in soil. Greenhouse studies showed that when S became limiting, additional N did not affect either the yield or protein level of the plants, but the nonprotein N (nitrates, amides, and amino acids) increased. There was a close relationship between the amounts of N and S metabolized in the plants. The data indicated that one part sulfur was required for every 12 to 15 parts nitrogen to insure maximum production of both dry matter and protein. As the use of nitrogen fertilizers increases, the possibility that S may become limiting also increases, and adequate consideration of S becomes necessary. This is especially true in greenhouse studies, where S may become limiting very quickly.
Effect of Soil Moisture Regime and Row Spacing on Grain Sorghum Production1
Authors: Plaut Z. , Blum A. , Arnon I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEffect of soil moisture regime and row spacing on grain yield of RS‐610 sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) was investigated under semi‐arid conditions in 1964 and 1965. Most grain resulted with three irrigations or with two irrigations when the second was applied between heading and milk stage. The latter gave highest water use efficiency. One irrigation, applied at heading, was better than a single application made earlier or later.Main yield component affected by irrigation was the 1,000‐grain weight. One year this was significantly correlated with leaf area duration (LAD). Total evapotranspiration increased from 270 mm without irrigation to as much as 530 mm with three irrigations.There was a sigmoid relationship between yield and total evapotranspiration. Total stover production per unit area increased linearly as evapotranspiration increased. Decreasing the number of irrigations increased water depletion by causing greater depth of root development.Decreasing row spacing from 70 to 45 cm had hardly any positive effect on yield.
Defoliation Effects on Different Corn (Zea mays, L.) Hybrids as Influenced by Plant Population and Stage of Development1
Authors: Hanway J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of 50 and 100% defoliation at different stages of development of early, midseason, and late maturing corn hybrids grown at three plant populations were studied in a field experiment. The relative reduction in grain yield due to defoliation was different for hybrids, stages of development when defoliated, and degrees of defoliation, but was not influenced by differences in plant population density. Loss in grain yield due to defoliation was associated primarily with a reduced rate of dry matter accumulation in the grain during grain formation.
Vapor Losses Through Soil Mulch at Different Wind Velocities1
Authors: Acharya C. L. , Prihar S. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRates of water vapor loss, E, through surfactant treated soil mulch of varying porosity and thickness were measured in pots exposed to various wind velocities under a wide range of evaporative demand. Empirical values of constant ‘BD’ obtained from the relation Eo/E = 1+BDZn (where Eo is the potential evaporation from the medium and Zn is the thickness of mulch) were expressed in terms of wind velocity (X1) and porosity mulch (X2). Multiple regression of the type BD = q + q1X1 + q2X2 was used to express BD as a function of wind velocity and porosity of mulch within the range of linearity of the relation Eo/E = f (Zn).
Zinc Seed Treatment as a Source of Zinc for Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)1
Authors: Rasmussen P. E. , Boawn L. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractZinc uptake by bean plants from zinc materials applied to the seed coat was evaluated as a substitute for zinc fertilization and as a means of eliminating the temporary early season zinc deficiency which commonly occurs even after fields have received zinc fertifizafion.Zinc seed treatment was not an effective substitute for zinc fertilization, since zinc uptake was insufficient to meet plant needs beyond the three‐compound‐leaf stage of growth even though the amount of zinc applied through seed treatment exceeded total zinc upake requirements for the entire growth cycle.When used in conjunction with zinc fertilization, zinc seed treatment completely eliminated the temporary scattered zinc deficiency which occurred when beans received only a 11.2 kg Zn/ha soil application. However, no significant yield increase or hastened maturity occurred as a result of elimination of these early season zinc deficiency symptoms. The only apparent benefit of zinc seed treatment in this instance was promotion of more uniform maturity.The zinc polyflavonoid was superior to ZnSO4 and ZnEDTA compounds when used as the zinc source in seed Treatment materials.
Effect of Crop Row Spacing on Erosion and Infiltration1
Authors: Mannering J.V. , Johnson C.B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSimulated rain tests were applied during four cropstage periods to corn (Zea mays L.) row spacings of 51, 76, and 102 cm and to soybean (Glycine max (L). Merr.) row spacings of 18, 51, and 102 cm. Infiltration and soil loss were measured 2 to 3 weeks, 4 to 5 weeks, and 7 to 8 weeks after planting and after harvest. Corn row spacing had little effect on ground cover or erosion during the first 5 weeks after planting. At 7 to 8 weeks, ground cover was increased slightly and erosion was reduced 24% by the narrow row (51‐cm) spacings. Narrow row spacings (18 and 51 cm) for soybeans significantly increased ground cover as early as 3 to 4 weeks after planting. Major changes in infiltration and erosion resulting from narrow row soybeans, however, were largely restricted to the last half of the growing season. During this period, infiltration was 24% greater and soil loss 35% less from narrow rows (51‐cm) than from wide rows (102‐cm). From the erosion control standpoint, the use of narrow rows for soybeans would appear to be more beneficial than narrow row corn because of the comparatively greater soil‐loss reductions.
Relative Photosynthetic Potential for Grain Yield of Various Leaf Canopy Levels of Corn1
Authors: Pendleton J. W. , Hammond J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDefoliation treatments were applied to individual plants of Zea mays L. surrounded by normal plants in the field at Urbana, Ill. over a 3‐year period to determine the Relative Photosynthetic Potential (RPP) of various leaf canopy levels and final grain yield. RPP was found to be approximately twice as high in leaves in the top third of the canopy as the middle leaves, and five times as high as leaves in the bottom third. There was also a linear decrease in RPP as defoliation treatments were applied at weekly intervals following tasseling. At extremely low plant populations (4,942 plants/ha), middle canopy areas were most important, whereas at intermediate or high plant populations the top canopy areas were the prime grain yield contributors. Defoliation comparisons of a tolerant vs. intolerant hybrid (at high plant populations) indicated great difference in RPP.
Distribution of Rhizobium japonicum Serogroups in Soybean Nodules as Affected by Planting Dates1
Authors: Caldwell B. E. , Weber D. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe soybean variety ‘Lee’ was planted at different dates for 3 successive years in Codorus silt loam soil containing an established population of Rhizobium japonicum. The soil was not reinoculated. Nodules were collected from each of the treatments and classified into the appropriate serogroup. The occurrence of specific serological groups was influenced by planting date. Serogroup c3 was greater in the late planting dates in 2 years and serogroup c2 increased the third year. Serogroup 110, and the composite serogroups 122 to 125 were at their maximum for the earliest planting dates. The serological distribution also differed when nodules were sampled from plants at different stages of development. The serological variation in planting date was attributed to the different soil and climatic environments and indicated the influence of the environments on the ecology of the Rhizobium.
Interaction of Gas Composition and Salinity upon Root Cell Division of Vicia faba L.1
Authors: Mohamed S. A. , Williamson R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe responses of Vicia faba L. seedlings to treatments consisting of combinations of O2, CO2, and N2 gases in the root environment were determined by microscopic examination of root tips at several times during and after treatment. Superimposed on the gaseous treatments were three nutrien solution salinity levels of 2.95, 5.95, and 8.95 mmho/cm. The plants were grown in an artificially lighted, controlled environment room with roots in airtight chambers. Roots in the chambers were sprayed intermittently (1 min/5 min) with one of the nutrient solutions.When roots were continually in air, the number of dividing cells in secondary root tips decreased linearly as the salinity level increased. The N2, treatment drastically reduced the number of dividing cells at all salinity levels; but during the recovery period, the numbers of dividing cells were 70, 80, and 100% of the controls at low, medium, and high salinity, respectively. Carbon dioxide levels of 3.5% and 6.0% with O2 at 17.5% and 15.0%, respectively, considerably reduced the number of dividing cells at a low salinity level and the number of dividing cells did not return to normal during recovery. At a medium salinity level 6.0% CO2 plus 15.0% O2 reduced the number of dividing cells, but 3.5% CO2 plus 17.5% O2 did not. During recovery following treatment with 6.0% CO2 plus 15% O2 at the medium salinity level, the number of dividing cells returned to that of the control. At the highest salinity level mitotic divisions in root tips were stimulated by CO2 treatments. These daa suggest that short periods of inundation or overirrigation may be less injurious to roots in saline than in nonsaline soil.