bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian preschool children
Authors: Cunha Bonini Gabriela Azevedo de Vasconcelos , Marcenes Wagner , Oliveira Luciana Butini , Sheiham Aubrey , Bönecker Marcelo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract –  Objective: The aim of this paper was to report trends in traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in preschool children in Brazil between 2002 and 2006, and assess whether gender, family structure, and socio‐economic differences in TDI are significant, and confirm the relationship between TDI and anatomic predisposing factors such as overjet and lip coverage.Methods:  Three cross‐sectional surveys were conducted in 2002, 2004 and 2006 in Diadema using the same protocol. It was estimated that a minimum sample size of 778 5–59 months old children was required to achieve a level of precision with a standard error of <2% Participants were systematically selected from all children attending the National Day of Children’s Vaccination carried out in the city of Diadema. The criteria used to assess TDIs were a modified version of Ellis’ classification.Results:  There was a significant increase in TDIs between 2002 and 2006 (47.9%, P = 0.002). The prevalence of TDIs was 9.4% (95% CI 7.63, 11.42) in 2002, 12.9% (95% CI 11.06, 14.96) in 2004, and 13.9% (95% CI 12.03, 15.84) in 2006 in 5–59 months old children and the treatment of TDI was seriously neglected. There was no significant gender, family structure, and socio‐economic differences in the prevalence of TDIs. The relationship between TDI and anatomic predisposing factors such as overjet, lip coverage, and anterior overbite was highly statistically significant (P < 0.01).Conclusion:  The prevalence of TDIs in preschool children in Diadema increased between 2002 and 2006, the treatment of TDIs was neglected, thus it is crucial to generate considerable efforts to implement health promotion strategies to reverse the observed trends and to provide treatment to TDIs to prevent their biologic and psychologic consequences.
Microcystic adnexal carcinoma – aggressive infiltrative tumor often with innocent clinical appearance
Authors: Hamsch Corinna , Hartschuh Wolfgang 
Published: September 2009

SummaryMicrocystic adnexal carcinoma is a rare sweat gland malignancy, characterized by slow, but aggressive infiltrative growth. Histologic characteristics are follicular and glandular differentiation, as well as bland cytologic features. The benign histologic appearance, particularly in the upper level of the tumor, can be confused with syringoma or benign follicular neoplasm. Thus the risk of misdiagnosis is considerable, especially if only superficial biopsies are provided. We report two patients with microcystic adnexal carcinoma, using them as a basis to discuss, pathogenesis, diagnosis, histology and therapy of the tumor.
Participation of Endogenous Opioids in the Inhibition of the Spinal Generator for Ejaculation in Rats
Authors: Carro-Juárez Miguel , Rodríguez-Manzo Gabriela 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
A spinal pattern generator controls the expression of ejaculation. When this ejaculation generator is activated it can be phasically controlled, at a spinal level, by intrinsic mechanisms that eventually lead to the establishment of both short- and long-lasting inhibitory processes.

Aim
To evaluate the hypothesis that endogenous opioids participate in the control of ejaculation by exerting an inhibitory influence upon the spinal generator for ejaculation.

Main Outcome Measures
Electromyographic recordings of the ejaculatory motor pattern recorded in the bulbospongiosus muscles were obtained as physiological markers of ejaculation.

Methods
By using a model for the study of ejaculation in spinal male rats, we analyze the effects of the intravenous injection of the opioid agonist morphine and the opioid antagonist naloxone on the expression of the ejaculatory motor pattern. In addition, the effect of pre-treatment with systemic naloxone on the establishment of the inhibition of the ejaculatory motor pattern resulting from its repeated sensory-induced elicitation was evaluated.

Results
Data obtained show that: (i) the i.v. injection of morphine (1–10 µg/rat) inhibits whereas that of naloxone (1–10 µg/rat) induces the expression of the genital ejaculatory motor pattern; (ii) naloxone pretreatment dose-dependently blocks the inhibitory effects of the high dose of morphine upon the rhythmic motor pattern of ejaculation; (iii) the inhibition of the ejaculatory response induced by repeated urethral stimulation can be delayed, and the ejaculatory capacity augmented, by naloxone injection (10 µg/rat).

Conclusions
Together, these evidences support the notion that endogenous opioids modulate the activity of the spinal generator for ejaculation by exerting an inhibitory influence.
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHATES TREATMENT ON THE QUALITY OF FROZEN‐THAWED FISH SPECIES
Authors: KILINC BERNA , CAKLI SUKRAN , DINCER TOLGA , CADUN ASLI 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT The influence of dipping frozen‐thawed fish species (saithe and sea bass) fillets for 10 min in 5% solutions containing sodium monophosphate, sodium diphosphate and sodium triphosphate on microbiological, chemical, color, cooking loss, water‐holding capacity, and textural and sensory analyses of fish fillets was assessed. Dipping frozen‐thawed fish species (sea bass and saithe) in 5% phosphates improved the quality when compared with the control group. Sodium triphosphate‐treated fillets were lighter than the control group but phosphate treatments did not affect the a* and b* values. Dipping frozen‐thawed fish species in 5% phosphates reduced microbiological (the total viable, psychrotrophic, coliform bacteria) counts and also chemical values (total volatile basic nitrogen, trimethylamine, thiobarbituric acid). Therefore, it can be concluded that the treatment of 5% sodium tripolyphosphate solution is the most effective to reduce the bacterial loads when compared with other phosphate groups. Phosphate treatment can be an alternative way to improve the quality of frozen‐thawed fish.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONThere is a possibility of increasing the quality of frozen‐thawed fish species by using phosphate treatment. For this purpose, the quality attributes of frozen‐thawed fish species were determined after treated with sodium monophosphate, sodium diphosphate and sodium triphosphate. Phosphate treatments can be an alternative way to improve the quality of frozen‐thawed fish.
Radicalization of U.S. prisoners
Authors: Useem Bert , Clayton Obie 
Published: September 2009

Research SummaryConcern has been expressed that prisoner radicalization poses a high probability threat to the safety of the United States. Although the threat of terrorist acts planned in prison is known to be above zero because of a nearly executed terrorist plot hatched in a state prison, the central finding of this research is that the actual probability is modest. The reasons for a modest probability are fourfold: Order and stability in U.S. prisons were achieved during the buildup period, prison officials successfully implemented efforts to counter the “importation” of radicalism, correctional leadership infused antiradicalization into their agencies, and inmates' low levels of education decreased the appeals of terrorism.Policy ImplicationsThe prison environment permits a great deal of information to be collected on the activities and, more difficult to detect, planned activities of inmates after they are released. This environment requires the attentive observation of staff, collection of information from inmates, and efforts at different levels of a correctional agency to assemble, collate, and assess information; much of it is likely to be false and some will be vital.
Laryngeal epithelial thickness: a comparison between optical coherence tomography and histology
Authors: Kaiser M.L. , Rubinstein M. , Vokes D.E. , Ridgway J.M. , Guo S. , Gu M. , Crumley R.L. , Armstrong W.B. , Chen Z. , Wong B.J.F. 
Published: September 2009

Objectives:  Optical coherence tomography, an imaging modality using near‐infrared light, produces cross‐sectional tissue images with a lateral pixel resolution of 10 μm. However, normative data is first needed on epithelial thickness for lesion characterisation, and, to date, little exists. The purpose of our study is to measure normal laryngeal epithelial thickness by in vivo optical coherence tomography, and compare these values to those obtained from fixed ex‐vivo laryngectomy specimens.Design and Setting:  Prospective at a single medical center in California, United States.Participants: A total of 116 patients undergoing operative endoscopy.Main outcome measures:  Optical coherence tomography images of clinically normal laryngeal subsites were selected. Calibrated measurements of epithelial thickness at various laryngeal subsites were recorded. Measurements of epithelial thickness from corresponding areas were obtained using optical micrometry on histologically normal regions of 15 total laryngectomy specimens. Descriptive statistics were performed.Results:  Mean epithelial optical coherence tomography thicknesses were: true vocal cords (81 μm), false vocal cords (78 μm), subglottis (61 μm), aryepiglottic folds (111 μm), laryngeal epiglottis (116 μm) and lingual epiglottis (170 μm). Epithelial thicknesses in fixed tissues were: true vocal cords (103 μm), false vocal cords (79 μm), aryepiglottic folds (205 μm) subglottis (61 μm), laryngeal epiglottis (38 μm) and lingual epiglottis (130 μm).Conclusions:  Optical coherence tomography does not have the artifacts associated with conventional histologic techniques. The inevitable development of office‐based optical coherence tomography devices will increase the precision of laryngeal measurements and contribute to the clinical application of this technology in diagnosing laryngeal disease.
A Novel Method for Air Drying Aloe Leaf Slices by Covering with Filter Papers as a Shrink‐Proof Layer
Authors: Kim S.A. , Baek J.H. , Lee S.J. , Choi S.Y. , Hur W. , Lee S.Y. 
Published: September 2009

ABSTRACT: To prevent the shrinkage of aloe vera slices during air drying, a method utilizing a shrink‐proof layer was developed. The sample was configured of whole leaf aloe slices, where 1 side or both sides were covered with filter papers as shrink‐proof layers. After air drying by varying the air temperature and the slice thickness, the drying characteristics, as well as several quality factors of the dried aloe vera leaf slices, were analyzed. In the simulation of the drying curves, the modified Page model showed the best fitness, representing a diffusion‐controlled drying mechanism. Nonetheless, there was a trace of a constant‐rate drying period in the samples dried by the method. Shrinkage was greatly reduced, and the rehydration ratios increased by approximately 50%. Scanning electron microscopic analysis revealed that the surface structure of original fibrous form was well sustained. FT‐IR characteristics showed that the dried samples could sustain aloe polysaccharide acetylation. Furthermore, the functional properties of the dried slices including water holding capacity, swelling, and fat absorption capability were improved, and polysaccharide retention levels increased by 20% to 30%. Therefore, we concluded that application of shrink‐proof layers on aloe slices provides a novel way to overcome the shrinkage problems commonly found in air drying, thereby improving their functional properties with less cost.Practical Application: This research article demonstrates a novel air drying method using shrink‐proof layers to prevent the shrinkage of aloe slices. We analyzed extensively the characteristics of shrinkage mechanism and physical properties of aloe flesh gels in this drying system. We concluded that this method can be a beneficial means to retain the functional properties of dried aloe, and a potential alternative to freeze drying, which is still costly.
Evaluation of the implementation of new traceability and food safety requirements in the pig industry in eastern Australia
Authors: Hernández‐Jover M , Schembri N , Toribio J‐A , Holyoake PK 
Published: September 2009

Objectives  To evaluate the implementation and barriers to adoption, among pig producers, of a newly introduced traceability and food safety system in Australia.Procedure  Implementation of the PigPass national vendor declaration (NVD) linked to an on‐farm quality assurance (QA) program was evaluated in May and December 2007 at saleyards and abattoirs in New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland. Four focus group discussions with saleyard producers were held between April and July 2007.Results  Implementation of the PigPass system in terms of accurate completion of the form and QA accreditation was higher at the export abattoir than at the regional saleyard at the first audit (P < 0.01). Implementation increased at the second audit at the abattoirs, but little change with time was observed at saleyards. Approximately half of the producers at saleyards used photocopied PigPass forms, made at least one error (>64%), and many vendors did not appear to be QA‐accredited. During focus groups, producers expressed the view that PigPass implementation improved animal and product traceability. They identified the associated costs and a perceived lack of support by information providers as obstacles for adoption.Conclusion  Improvement in the implementation of PigPass among producers marketing pigs at export abattoirs was observed during the 8‐month period of the study. There is a need for a more uniform message to producers from government agencies on the importance of the PigPass NVD and QA and extension and education targeted toward producers supplying pigs to saleyards and domestic abattoirs to ensure compliance with the traceability requirements.
Overexpression of EphA2, MMP‐9, and MVD‐CD34 in hepatocellular carcinoma: Implications for tumor progression and prognosis
Authors: Yang Pu , Yuan Weijie , He Jiantai , Wang Jiwei , Yu Li , Jin Xin , Hu Yu , Liao Mingmei , Chen Zihua , Zhang Yangde 
Published: September 2009

Aim:  To investigate the expression of erythropoietin‐producing hepatocellular (Eph)A2 receptor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9, and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in order to reveal their expression correlations with tumor invasion, metastasis, and prognosis.Methods:  From January 2000 to June 2003, 129 specimens of resected tumors from the patients with HCC were obtained. Corresponding pericarcinomatous liver tissues were also obtained and selected as a control group. Expressions of EphA2, MMP‐9, and CD34 were detected with immunohistochemical staining. Microvascular density (MVD) was calculated with counting of CD34‐positive vascular endothelial cells.Results:  The expressions of EphA2, MMP‐9, and MVD in the HCC tissues were significantly higher than those in the pericarcinomatous liver tissues (P < 0.01). Statistical analysis showed there were significant correlations between the expressions of EphA2, MMP‐9 and MVD in some classicclinicopathological parameters (i.e. tumor nodule, vein invasion, tumor, node, metastasis stages, extrahepatic metastasis; P < 0.05). The correlation between EphA2 and MMP‐9 expression was positive (r = 0.625, P = 0.011). Tumor MVD was closely associated with EphA2 (r = 0.281, P = 0.01) and MMP‐9 (r = 0.319, P < 0.01) expressions. In particular, EphA2, MMP‐9, and MVD expressions levels were found to be independent prognostic factors after HCC resection.Conclusions:  Overexpressions of EphA2 and MMP‐9 relate to tumor progression, metastasis, and prognosis in HCC. The present study suggests that EphA2 is associated with key mediators of angiogenesis and invasion.
Effects of structural variations of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B genes in chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Abe Hiromi , Ochi Hidenori , Maekawa Toshiro , Hatakeyama Tsuyoshi , Tsuge Masataka , Kitamura Shosuke , Kimura Takashi , Miki Daiki , Mitsui Fukiko , Hiraga Nobuhiko , Imamura Michio , Fujimoto Yoshifumi , Takahashi Shoichi , Nakamura Yusuke , Kumada Hiromitsu , Chayama Kazuaki 
Published: September 2009

Aim:  Human APOBEC3 deaminases induce G to A hypermutation in nascent DNA strand of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genomes and seem to operate as part of the innate antiviral immune system. We analyzed the importance of APOBEC3A (A3A) and APOBEC3B (A3B) proteins, which are potent inhibitors of adeno‐associated‐virus and long terminal repeat (LTR)‐retrotransposons, in chronic HBV infection.Methods:  We focused on the common deletion polymorphism that spans from the 3′ part of A3A gene to the 3′ portion of A3B gene. An association study was carried out in 724 HBV carriers and 469 healthy control subjects. We also analyzed hypermutated genomes detected in deletion and insertion (non‐deletion) homozygous patients to determine the effect of APOBEC3 gene deletion. Further, we performed functional analysis of A3A gene by transient transfection experiments.Results:  The association study showed no significant association between deletion polymorphism and chronic HBV carrier state. Context analysis also showed a negligible effect for the deletion. Rather, mild liver fibrosis was associated with APOBEC gene deletion homozygosity, suggesting that A3B deletion is not responsible for chronic HBV infection. Functional analysis of A3A showed that overexpression of A3A induced hypermutation in HBV genome, although the levels of hypermutants were less than those introduced by A3G. However, overexpression of A3A did not decrease replicative intermediates of HBV.Conclusion:  These results suggest that A3A and A3B play little role in HBV elimination through anti‐viral defense mechanisms. The significance of hypermutation induced by A3A should be investigated further.
Prolonged treatment with pegylated interferon α 2b plus ribavirin improves sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients with late response in a clinical real‐life setting in Japan
Authors: Watanabe Sumio , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Koike Kazuhiko , Izumi Namiki , Takikawa Hajime , Hashimoto Etsuko , Moriyasu Fuminori , Kumada Hiromitsu , Imawari Michio ,   PERFECT Study Group
Published: September 2009

Aim:  This study was conducted to clarify the factors related to sustained virological response (SVR) to pegylated interferon α 2b (PEG‐IFN) plus ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy administered for 48 weeks in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (CHCV) and to evaluate the usefulness of prolonged treatment in patients with late virological response (LVR).Methods:  Of 2257 patients registered at 68 institutions, those with genotype 1 and high viral load were selected to participate in two studies. Study 1 (standard 48‐week group, n = 1480) investigated SVR‐determining factors in patients who received the treatment for ≤52 weeks, whereas study 2 compared SVR rates between patients with LVR who received treatment for either 36–52 weeks (48‐week group, n = 223) or 60–76 weeks (72‐week group, n = 73).Results:  In study 1, SVR rate was 44.9%; that in male subjects (50.4%) was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher than in female subjects (36.4%). SVR rate significantly (P < 0.0001) decreased with 10‐year age increments in both sexes. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age, F score, platelet count, and HCV load were SVR‐related factors. In study 2, SVR rate in the 72‐week group (67.1%) was significantly (P = 0.0020) higher than in the 48‐week group (46.2%).Conclusions:  Patients with CHCV genotype 1 infection should be treated with PEG‐IFN plus ribavirin combination therapy as early as possible, and 72 weeks' treatment is recommended in patients with LVR regardless of age.
Hematoporphyrin derivative‐mediated photodynamic therapy inhibits tumor growth in human cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Cao Liang‐qi , Xue Ping , Lu Hai‐wu , Zheng Qiang , Wen Zi‐long , Shao Zhi‐jian 
Published: September 2009

Aim:  To investigate the effects of hematoporphyrin derivative‐mediated photodynamic therapy (HPD‐PDT) on cell growth in human cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo, as well as the underlying mechanisms of these effects.Methods:  3‐(4,5‐Dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate growth status of human cholangiocarcinoma cell line (QBC939). Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry assays were applied to determine cell apoptosis. Western blotting analysis was performed to detect the release of cytochrome c in QBC939 cells, and caspases enzymatic assay was used to investigate the activation of caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9. Further, tumor growth after subcutaneous implantation of QBC939 cells in nude mice was monitored.Results:  HPD‐PDT inhibits QBC939 cell growth via cell apoptosis in vitro, and initiates cell mitochondria apoptosis pathway by the release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase‐9 and ‐3. Moreover, HPD‐PDT also inhibits subcutaneous tumor growth of QBC939 cells and reduces tumor cell mitosis in nude mice.Conclusion:  HPD‐PDT inhibits tumor growth of human cholangiocarcinoma, suggesting that HPD‐PDT is useful in cholangiocarcinoma therapy.
Compartmentalization and its implication for peripheral immunologically‐competent cells to the liver in patients with HBV‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Zou Zhengsheng , Xu Dongping , Li Baosen , Xin Shaojie , Zhang Zheng , Huang Lei , Fu Junliang , Yang Yongping , Jin Lei , Zhao Jing‐Min , Shi Ming , Zhou Guangde , Sun Yanling , Wang Fu‐Sheng 
Published: September 2009

Aims:  This study attempts to characterize the feature of immunologically competent cells (ICCs) and evaluate its clinical implication in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) in relation to chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.Methods:  Circulating ICCs were examined in ACLF patients (n = 75), as well as in patients with hepatitis B (CHB, n = 31), CHB‐related liver cirrhosis (LC, n = 36), and normal controls (NC, n = 30). Intrahepatic ICCs in some patients were further analyzed via immunohistochemical and flow cytometric assays.Results:  Total lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells in circulation were numerically lower in the ACLF and LC groups compared to the CHB and NC groups. Importantly, the number of these cells was significantly lower in non‐surviving ACLF patients compared with surviving ACLF patients. In comparison to NC, ACLF patients displayed a significantly higher ratio of liver‐infiltrating CD4+ T‐cell frequency than its circulating counterpart, suggesting that the possiblility of the ICCs compartmentalization from the peripheral blood into the liver in ACLF. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that intrahepatic CD4+ cells, CD8+ cells, and CD56+ cells were significantly higher in the ACLF group compared with the other three groups, suggesting a stronger cellular immune response‐mediated inflammation in ACLF group than other patient groups.Conclusions:  The abnormal prevalence of circulating and intrahepatic ICCs possibly acts as an important factor that may drive the progression of HBV‐related ACLF.