bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Biological Control of the Weed Clidemia hirta, D. Don., in Fiji
Authors: Simmonds Hubert W. 
Published: July 2009

The plant Clidemia hirta belongs to the natural order Melostomaceae. It is of shrubby growth, with a hard tough stem and produces quantities of dark purple berries, filled with minute seeds. These berries are much relished by certain birds, which feed upon them and distribute the seeds. The leaves are covered with fine hairs and the plant is not eaten by stock.The plant is a native of the West Indies, Central America and the Northern portion of South America. It is supposed to have been introduced into Fiji from British Guiana at some time prior to 1890. That this was the origin of the plant is supported by slight differences observed by the writer in the foliage of the Trinidad, Panama and British Guiana forms of the plant, the Fijian one closely resembling those of the last named country.In Fiji the plant was first observed along the fences of paddocks in the Waimanu Valley, whence it spread with great rapidity, quickly becoming a weed of major importance. By 1919, when the writer arrived in the country, thousands of acres were covered with it to the exclusion of almost all other growth. On good soil it formed a stand five or six feet high, through which the cattle were only able to keep open narrow paths. Not only did it rapidly occupy the open grass lands, particularly the rich dairying and fattening country, but it thrived almost equally well under the shade of coconut and rubber plantations, leading to loss of many fallen nuts and entailing greatly increased weeding costs.
A simple Method of collecting Thrips and other Insects from Blossom
Authors: Evans J. W. 
Published: July 2009

During the course of an investigation having as its object the control of Thrips imaginis, Bagnall, a pest of deciduous fruit blossom in Australia, it has been found necessary to make numerous counts of the number of these insects found infesting various flowers. These counts are made for two purposes, the principal one being the determination of the effect of attempted control measures. In addition, counts are taken every day throughout the year for the purpose of following the seasonal fluctuations of the numbers present in the field.At the beginning of the investigation, flowers were picked, placed in closed cardboard cylinders and taken into the laboratory. Each blossom was then examined separately for thrips, the insects being captured by means of a moistened camel-hair brush, with which they were transferred to a small dish of 70 per cent. alcohol. This method was slow and not particularly dependable, as on hot days when the thrips were active, as soon as a flower was placed on the laboratory bench, numbers of insects would leave it and make off in all directions, even taking to flight.As a result of the unsatisfactory nature of the procedure described above, an apparatus has now been devised which is saving both in time and patience, and gives reliable results (fig. 1). It consists of a glass cylinder 5 inches in diameter and 10 inches high. The top is closed with a close-fitting lid.
The Bionomics of Otiorrhynchus cribricollis, Gyll
Authors: Andrewartha H. G. 
Published: July 2009

(1) The history of Otiorrhynchus cribricollis in Australia is traced and records of its distribution in other countries are cited.(2) Methods used in the experiments are described.(3) The incubation period of the egg was found to vary between 14 and 37 days. The average was 22·3 days.(4) The habits of the larva are described. Dyar's Law was applied to determine the number of instars, which was found to be 10.(5) The normal duration of larval life is from May to October or a period of about 5 months.(6) About 10 per cent. of the larvae aestivate through one summer. These have a larval life of about 17 months.(7) Normal life of the adult is from November to April, about 5 months, but some (about 11 per cent.) hibernate through one winter and thus live 17 months.(8) The adults feed in two seasonal periods separated by an interval of about 6 weeks, during which time they are inactive.(9) The adults have been observed to feed upon 21 different plants, representing 12 different families.(10) Most of the eggs are laid in the autumn, but a few are laid in the spring.
Preliminary Experiments on the Annual Cycle of the Red Locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata, Serv.)
Authors: Uvarov B. P. 
Published: July 2009

Egg-pods of the Red Locust (Nomadacris septemfasciata, Serv.) deposited on the 17th January 1933 at Mazabuka, Northern Rhodesia, were kindly sent by air-mail to the Imperial Institute of Entomology by Mr. W. Allan. On their arrival 14 days later, the eggs were found to be perfectly healthy, apart from some having been damaged by pressure. Entire egg-pods, with the surrounding soil, were placed in wet sand in flower-pots and put in a glass cage. The temperature in the cage was kept at 100°F. during the day and 80°F. during the night, but that of the sand was probably somewhat lower. Hoppers began to hatch on the 2nd of March and were kept at the same temperatures, with a humidity as near the saturation point as could be maintained. The first adult appeared on 8th April, and the majority of hoppers became adult by the 18th of April, six and a half weeks after hatching. Owing mainly to cannibalistic habits of the hoppers, only about 40 adults were obtained.It was obviously impossible to plan any serious experiments with such a small number of locusts available, without risking the loss of the entire stock, and it was decided to use them for a preliminary experimental test of the conditions necessary for the sexual maturation. This particular problem is of great practical importance and no data bearing on it were available.
The Biology and Control of Asterolecanium coffeae, Newst., the Fringed Scale of Coffee, in Kenya Colony
Authors: James H. C. 
Published: July 2009

(1) Asterolecanium coffeae occurs in all the British East African Dependencies and has been the cause of much loss in certain low-lying coffee areas of Kenya. On the crop-bearing parts of the coffee tree (Coffea arabica) it inflicts injuries of an irreparable nature, and a heavy infestation is extremely difficult to eradicate.(2) A. coffeae is oviparous, and after deposition the eggs pass through a period of incubation within the “ test ” of the mother. The fecundity of the female is low compared with that of the common Lecaniine scales and mealybugs which infest coffee in Kenya. The average number of eggs produced by a single female is about 50. The male is extremely rare and fertilisation of the female must be a very infrequent occurrence.(3) The duration of development of the female from egg to egg varies between 60 and 70 days. The duration of the first stadium varies from 7 to 12 days, and that of the second stadium from 18 to 25 days. The pre-oviposition period is 28 days.(4) The various stages of the female scale are described.(5) Only one primary parasite of A. coffeae was obtained, namely, Metaphycus lounsburyi, How., and it is frequently abundant towards the close of the dry season, but its effectiveness is nearly always considerably reduced, by the high prevalence of a secondary parasite, Perissopterus busckii, How. A Coccinellid, Chilocorus angolensis, Crotch, preys upon the mobile first instar forms.(6) A. coffeae is not a honeydew secreting Coccid and is entirely ignored by ants.
Development of larvae of the whitefringed weevil,Graphognathus leucoloma(Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in northern Queensland
Authors: Gough N. , Brown J.D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGrowth of larvae of the whitefringed weevil,Graphognathus leucoloma(Boheman), was studied in the laboratory and on various crops in pots in a shadehouse at Kairi, on the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland. In the laboratory at 25.5 ± 1°C there were 11 instars for which head capsule widths and weights were recorded. The first instar weighed 0.14 mg. This was a non-feeding stage capable of prolonged survival, and after 10 weeks in soil without food 60% survived. When provided with carrot (Daucus carota) larvae grew to 2 or 3 mg after 6 to 7 weeks, then increased rapidly in weight reaching 140 mg after 120 days. At 25.5°C the average time from first instar to adult was 311 days, due in part to a long prepupal period. Larval growth was measured on the roots of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) plants in pots in summer and winter. Under summer conditions (mean soil temperature 23.3°C) larvae reached 140 mg in about 120 days, similar to that in the laboratory on carrot. These fully grown larvae remained in the pots over the mild winter without pupating. Larvae developing in autumn/winter grew more slowly, but the fully grown larvae were then exposed to high spring (early summer) temperatures and soon pupated, the average time from first instar to adult being 273 days. The indications are that temperatures above 25°C quickly precondition mature larvae from Tolga for pupation, thus explaining the broad timing of adult emergence in the field in north Queensland. On different plants common near Tolga, larvae grew most quickly on peanuts and on the pasture legumes dolichos (Lablab purpureus) and stylosanthes (Stylosanthes guianensis). Survival on maize equalled that on peanuts (46.5% in sterilized soil) but growth was less. Larval survival and growth on the grass crowsfoot (Eleusine indica), and (surprisingly) on the pasture legume glycine (Neonotonia wightii) was very poor.
Biochemical characterization of chlorphoxim resistance in adults and larvae of the Simulium damnosum complex (Diptera: Simuliidae)
Authors: Hemingway J. , Callaghan A. , Kurtak D.C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChlorphoxim resistance is found in forest strains of Simulium sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar, in some areas of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in West Africa. There is an increase in esterase activity in both adults and larvae in the resistant compared to the susceptible strain with the general esterase substrate 1-naphthyl acetate. This appears to be associated with the temephos and chlorphoxim resistance which are found in the same resistant strain. It is possible that one or more esterases are qualitatively and/or quantitatively changed in the resistant strain compared to the susceptible. Preliminary studies indicated that esteratic hydrolysis and oxidative cleavage were both involved in chlorphoxim metabolism in S. damnosum Theobald sensu latu. There was evidence of an increase in detoxication by both these routes in the resistant compared to the susceptible strain of the cytospecies S. sanctipauli. The increase in oxidative detoxication seen in the resistant strain was associated with a slight, but non-significant increase in cytochrome P450 as measured by the sodium dithionite reduced carbon monoxide difference spectra.
A study of the parasitoid complex of the European fir budworm, Choristoneura murinana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and its relevance for biological control of related hosts
Authors: Mills N.J. , Kenis M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe parasitoid complex and apparent parasitism of Choristoneura murinana Hübner were investigated in relation to the relative abundance of budworm larvae at several sites in Europe. A single outbreak population was sampled, while other sites supported varying but much lower host population abundance. Sampling at Sion in Switzerland from 1984–89, indicated that the species richness of the parasitoid complex was correlated with relative host abundance and in general more polyphagous parasitoids were represented in sites with greater budworm abundance. Of the specialized parasitoids, Apanteles murinanae Čapek & Zwölfer (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was dominant in less abundant host populations and both Cephaloglypta murinanae (Bauer) and Dirophanes maculicornis (Stephens) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were supported only at greater budworm abundance. These findings are discussed in relation to the use of Choristoneura murinana parasitoids in the biological control of native Choristoneura spp. pests in other continents.
Factors affecting invasion of Varroa jacobsoni (Acari: Varroidae) into honeybee, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae), brood cells
Authors: Boot Willem J. , Sisselaar David J.A. , Calis Johan N.M. , Beetsma Joop 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo study the rate of invasion into brood cells, a group of varroa mites, Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans, was introduced into honeybee colonies, Apis mellifera Linnaeus. For each experiment one or two otherwise comparable colonies was treated, and the effect on the rate of invasion was assessed. The results showed that the rate of invasion increases with the number of available brood cells, and decreases with the size of the honeybee population. This is expected when the rate of invasion is limited because the bees have to carry the mites close to a brood cell for invasion to occur, and only alimited number of honeybees can come close enough to a brood cell simultaneously. In addition, the rate of invasion decreased when young brood was present. This counterintuitive result may arise because the mites prefer young honeybees, young honeybees are likely to stay in the brood nest area, and young honeybees in the brood nest are divided over areas with brood cells that are suitable for invasion and over areas with brood cells that are unsuitable for invasion by mites. Hence, an increase in the amount of young brood, which is not yet suitable for invasion by mites, may decrease the invasion rate. Differences in the period during which brood cells suitable for mite invasion were available to the mites, appeared not to affect the rate of invasion.
A molecular diagnostic for endosulfan insecticide resistance in the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: ffrench-Constant R.H. , Steichen J.C. , Brun L.O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) has recently evolved high levels of resistance to endosulfan and other cyclodiene-type insecticides in New Caledonia. During population outbreaks this has contributed to levels of infestation of coffee berries reaching up to 90%. Using degenerate primers in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we have amplified a section of the cyclodiene resistance gene Rdl from H. hampei. This gene codes for a γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) gated chloride ion channel. Here we report that resistant strains of H. hampei carry exactly the same single amino acid replacement (alanine to serine) as that found in resistant Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). A molecular diagnostic based upon PCR-mediated amplification of specific alleles (PASA) is described. This technique is capable of detecting resistance or susceptibility in adults, larvae or eggs but not in susceptible females carrying resistant sperm. Its potential use in field monitoring is discussed.
Migrating moths collected in tower-mounted light traps in northern New South Wales, Australia: influence of local and synoptic weather
Authors: Gregg P.C. , Fitt G.P. , Coombs M. , Henderson G.S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCatches of moths in tower-mounted light traps in northern New South Wales were analysed in relation to local and synoptic weather. Catches were correlated with windspeed, relative humidity and possibly rainfall. No correlations were obtained with temperature or moon phase. Catches were more likely to occur when winds were from the east, and were associated with wind shifts. There was a significant association with the passage of depressions or troughs, but not cold fronts. The traps were considered to be poor indicators of migration associated with fronts, because these were accompanied by high winds in which trap efficiency was reduced. Stepwise multiple regressions using temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and windspeed accounted for only about 25% of the variance, much lower than in comparable studies with ground level light traps. These results are thought to indicate that the trap catches were reflecting long-distance migration, which was usually associated with disturbed weather. Back tracking with upper wind data was used to define probable sources of moths. In the spring and early summer, these sources were predominantly to the north and west of the traps, in semi-arid pastoral and subhumid cropping zones. In the late summer and autumn they were predominantly to the south and east, in the humid pastoral and forest zone. These results are discussed in relation to the migratory strategies of several important agricultural pest species.
Determination of the role of elevated B2 esterase in insecticide resistance in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) from studies on the purified enzyme
Authors: Jayawardena K.G.I. , Karunaratne S.H.P.P. , Ketterman A.J. , Hemingway J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method for the purification of elevated esterase B2 from the Sri Lankan Pel RR strain of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say) has been developed, using sequential column chromatography. The pure enzyme is stable, with no decrease in specific activity after several months, if stored in the presence of 25 mM dithiothreitol and 50% glycerol at –20°C. The enzyme has a pl of 5 and an estimated molecular weight for the monomeric enzyme of 63 kD from SDS-PAGE. In all Culex strains with elevated B2, another esterase (A2) is always co-elevated. The strains with these esterases are resistant to a broad range of organophosphorus insecticides. The previous purification and characterization of A2 from Pel RR indicated that the role of this enzyme was primarily to sequester rather than metabolize organophosphates. Purified B2, rapidly binds malaoxon, the activated form of malathion, but not malathion itself. The turnover rate of bound malaoxon is slow, suggesting that the role of this esterase in malathion resistance is also sequestration. The similar bimolecular rate constants for both A2 and B2 with malaoxon suggest both esterases are important in resistance, which may explain the almost complete linkage disequilibrium that the elevated forms of these two esterases are maintained in when under pesticide selection pressure.
A morphometric comparison of aphid mummies containing diapausing vs. non-diapausing larvae of Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae)
Authors: Krespi Liliane , Dedryver Charles A. , Rabasse Jean Michel , Nénon Jean Pierre 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe morphology and ultrastructure of aphid mummies formed by diapausing and non-diapausing larvae of Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani Perez, are described. Two types of silk thread were present in both types of cocoons: well-structured rounded threads, and flat threads which form a gum coating. Differences in thecocoon weight were observed depending on parasitoid development. A morphometric characterization of the two groups of mummies is given.
Assessment of the behaviour patterns of the lemon leaf-cutting ant, Atta sexdens rubropilosa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), to natural sources of allelochemicals
Authors: Sales Fernando J.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractReactions of the lemon leaf-cutting ant, Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, to natural sources of allelochemicals has been investigated at the University of Southampton. A linear hypothesis model in a randomized block design of a factorial experiment was utilized to assess the responses of the ants to the treatment combinations. When workers were offered flowers and leaves of the specified plant species simultaneously with mesocarp and endocarp of orange, they exhibited a consistent preference for the flowers. Flower fragments comprised 93.64% of the experimental material brought to the nest, leaves 6.20%, orange mesocarp 0.04% and orange endocarp 0.12%. Deterrent effects were noticed in leaves of Scilla spp. (Liliaceae) and the ants were chemically stimulated to explore, cut and transport the highly attractive flowers of Mahonia aquifolium (Berberidaceae).
Multiple mating in female mosquitoes—evidence from a field population of Anopheles freeborni (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Yuval B. , Fritz G.N. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe determined how frequently multiple mating occurs in a field population of Anopheles freeborni Aitken. We used enzyme electrophoresis to analyse field collected females and their offspring, and determined the parity rates of females mating in swarms. The genotypes of progeny in one of the 36 families examined showed conclusive evidence of two sires. 4·3% (n═93) of females mating in swarms were parous, as opposed to 33·9% of host seeking females (n═103). We conclude that multiple mating in A. freeborni occurs at low frequency in the field, and may be ascribed to incomplete transfer of sperm or male accessory gland substance, rather than to routine renewal of receptivity by females.
The role of the plant in host acceptance by the parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
Authors: Braimah H. , van Emden H. F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFemale Aphidius rhopalosiphi De Stefani Perez reared on Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus) made equal numbers of encounters with another suitable host aphid (Sitobion avenae (Fabricius (both Homoptera: Aphididae))) in arenas where the aphids were on either pieces of wheat leaf or moist filter paper. However, the number of oviposition stabs made in arenas with wheat was far higher than with filter paper, demonstrating the importance of host-plant cues in the acceptance of the aphids by the parasitoid. Diet reared aphids (even if subsequently fed on wheat) appeared to be accepted more readily than totally wheat reared individuals. In another arena experiment, there were more encounters with and more stabs made into both S. avenae and a non-host aphid (Myzus persicae (Sulzer)) on wheat than on Brussels sprouts (a host plant of M. persicae), again showing the over-riding importance of host-plant cues.
Review of the internal classification of the genusAnopheles(Diptera: Culicidae): the foundation for comparative systematics and phylogenetic research
Authors: Harbach Ralph E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a thorough review and a complete amalgamation, with some modification, of the internal classification of the genusAnopheles. Both formal and informal taxa are included. The classification is intended to aid researchers and students who are interested in analysing species relationships, making group comparisons and testing phylogenetic hypotheses. The genus includes 458 formally named and provisionally designated species divided among six subgenera. The largest subgenera,Anopheles, CelliaandNyssorhynchus, are further divided into various descending informal groupings down to species level. These groupings include Sections, Series, Groups, Subgroups and Complexes. Other terms applied by some authors to levels of classification represented by these categories have been changed in order to establish a degree of uniformity in the application of informal group names within the genus. A few changes involving groups and species assignments have been made to eliminate duplicity or clarify concepts.