bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimum Position for an Antisiphon Device in a Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt System
Authors: Tokoro Kazuhiko , Chiba Yasuhiro 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects on shunt flow from the position of an antisiphon device (ASD) and from changes in posture in hydrocephalic patients were examined. Fifty patients with hydrocephalus (including 36 with normal pressure hydrocephalus) were investigated, using quantitative radionuclide shuntography (99mtechnetium-pertcchnetate) in the supine, sitting, and standing positions. The types of shunt valve used were as follows: Mishler dual chamber low pressure without ASD (16 cases), with ASD 40 cm below the level of the foramen of Monro (three cases), and with ASD 10 cm below the level of the foramen of Monro (12 cases); low pressure with integral ASD (14 cases); and medium pressure with integral ASD (five cases). In patients with a low pressure valve without ASD, shunt flow was least in the supine position (0.0011 ml/min) but increased significantly in the sitting position (0.4381 ml/min, P &lt; 0.001) because of the siphon effect. Conversely, in patients with a low pressure valve with integral ASD, shunt flow was maximal in the supine position (0.1056 ml/min) and decreased significantly in the sitting position (0.0017 ml/min, P &lt; 0.001), indicating overfunction of the ASD. Intracranial pressure (ICP) in the supine position increased significantly compared with patients with a low pressure valve without ASD (93.6 and 20.7 mm H2O. respectively, P &lt; 0.01). Intermediate values for shunt flow in the supine and sitting positions (0.0279 and 0.0896 ml/min, respectively) and for ICP (55.8 mm H2O) were obtained with patients with a low pressure valve with the ASD 10 cm below the level of the foramen of Monro P &lt; 0.05). Shunt flow in the supine position correlated negatively with the log of the shunt flow in the sitting position (P &lt; 0.025). Shunt flow in the sitting position correlated positively with the distance between the ASD and the level of the foramen of Monro (P &lt; 0.01). ICP in the supine position correlated negatively with the distance between the ASD and the level of the foramen of Monro (P &lt; 0.025). Shunt flow and ICP are significantly affected by the position of the ASD and the patient's posture. The optimum position for the ASD appears to be 10 cm downstream; the resulting hydrostatic column helps initiate flow when the patient assumes the sitting and standing positions.
Effects of Nitrous Oxide on Motor Evoked Potentials Recorded from Skeletal Muscle in Patients under Total Anesthesia with Intravenously Administered Propofol
Authors: Jellinek David , Platt Michael , Jewkes Doreen , Symon Lindsay 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effect of nitrous oxide (N2O) on motor evoked potentials (MEPs) recorded from human subjects under total intravenous anesthesia with propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) was studied. MEPs were recorded from the 1st dorsal interosseous muscle of the foot in nine subjects; in two of these, simultaneous recordings were made from the 2nd dorsal interosseous muscle of the hand and from the deltoid muscle. Single transcranial electrical stimuli were used in recording the MEPs. The effects of N2O were studied at concentrations from 20 to 70%. Increasing concentrations of N2O caused a progressive increase in onset latency and a fall in the peak-to-peak amplitude of the MEPs recorded from the foot. Latency values showed a significant increase above the baseline at concentrations of N2O greater than 20% (Pvalues, 0.05-0.005). The response amplitude showed a significant decrease from the baseline at concentrations of N2O greater than 50% (P values, 0.05-0.005). The 2nd dorsal interosseous muscle of the hand demonstrated a pattern of sensitivity to N2O similar to that of the 1 st dorsal interosseous muscle of the foot. The onset latency and initial peak-to-peak amplitude of the deltoid muscle were insensitive to N2O at the concentrations used. We conclude that N2O can be used as an anesthetic adjunct without a significant deleterious effect on MEPs during intraoperative monitoring in patients under propofol anesthesia, providing concentrations are maintained below 50%.
Facial Reanimation after Facial Nerve Injury
Authors: Rosenwasser Robert H. , Liebman Emil , Jimenez Fernando D. , Buchheit William A. , Andrews David W. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Patients with facial paralysis are often seen in neurosurgical practice. Obtaining full facial symmetry and function after facial nerve damage presents the neurosurgeon with a difficult challenge. Various surgical techniques have been developed to deal with this problem. These include primary nerve repair, nerve to nerve anastomosis, nerve grafting, neurovascular pedicle grafts, regional muscle transposition, microvascular muscle transfers, and nerve transfers. Patient selection, timing of surgery, and details of surgical technique are discussed. The results of hvpoglossal-facial anastomosis in 24 patients are described.
Percutaneous Radiofrequency Neurolysis Guided by Computed Tomography for the Treatment of Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Authors: Arbit E. , Krol G. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The technique of radiofrequency neurolysis guided by computed tomography for the treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia is described. This technique has the advantage of being performed in a neutral head position, affording excellent visualization of the jugular foramen, and also of simulating radiographically the precise trajectory of the electrode. This procedure is of particular value in treating patients with neoplastic disease and those in whom the outlines of the jugular foramen are poorly visualized on fluoroscopy or plain radiography.
Axis Fracture in Ankylosing Spondylitis: Case Report
Authors: Gartman John J. , Bullitt Elizabeth , Baker Mary Lee 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis is a chronic inflammatory disease that results in the slow progressive transformation of the normal spine into a rigid and brittle tube containing the normal neural elements. This pathological condition predisposes the patient to fractures of this structure and a potential for neurological damage greater than that of the normal population. We present a spontaneous fracture of the C1-C2 complex through the base of the dens, with impending neurological deficits in such a patient. We have reviewed the pertinent literature and emphasized several points relative to the management of similar patients.
Stereotactic Intratumoral Photodynamic Therapy for Recurrent Malignant Brain Tumors
Authors: Powers Stephen K. , Cush Sharon S. , Walstad Diana L. , Kwock Lester 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using purified hematoporphyrin derivative and stereotactic intratumorally implanted optical laser fiber(s) was used to treat patients with recurrent malignant gliomas and metastatic melanoma of the brain. Tumor response to PDT was evaluated by recording changes in the volume and pattern of tumor enhancement between computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging scans done before and after PDT, metabolic changes in tumor tissue by31 P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and patient outcome. Toxicity of PDT to brain was evaluated on the basis of changes in the patients' neurological examinations and correlated with changes in brain adjacent to tumor seen on postoperative imaging studies. Dramatic tumor responses to PDT were seen in all gliomas, but no response of tumor to treatment was seen with melanoma. Transient signs and symptoms of increased peritumoral cerebral edema caused by PDT were seen in all patients. Two patients suffered permanent neurological sequelae, monocular blindness and a partial visual field defect, as a result of treatment. Two patients with recurrent anaplastic astrocytomas remain in remission at 45 and 35 weeks after PDT. We conclude that intratumoral photoradiation therapy of hematoporphyrin derivative-photosensitized malignant gliomas effectively produces necrosis of the solid component of malignant gliomas: however, intratumoral photoradiation may not reach the portion of tumor that invades normal brain.
Surgical Considerations in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Authors: Leblanc Richard , Preul Mark , Robitaille Yves , Villemure Jean-Guy , Pokrupa Ronald 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In cerebral amyloid angiopathy, the contractile elements of the leptomeningeal and cortical arteries are replaced by noncontractile amyloid beta protein. The incidence of amyloid angiopathy increases with advancing age. It is associated with Alzheimer's disease and spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage. The latter can have the characteristic acute computed tomographic appearance of a hematoma at the cortex-white matter junction with extension of blood into the subarachnoid, subdural, and intraventricular spaces. Multiple hemorrhages are frequent. Additional bleeding can occur after evacuation of the hematoma, and postoperative hemorrhage can occur after cortical biopsy. To elucidate the role of surgery in this condition, we have reviewed 20 consecutive operated cases of cerebral amyloid angiopathy. A first group of 8 patients with senila dementia underwent cortical biopsy without resultant hemorrhage. A second group of 6 patients in good clinical condition had delayed evacuation of a spontaneous cerebral hematoma from cerebral amyloid angiopathy because of the radiological misdiagnosis of a hemorrhage within a tumor. One patient died of a pulmonary embolism, and another had subsequent multiple hemorrhages that were ultimately fatal. A third group of 6 patients in poor neurological condition had the acute evacuation of a spontaneous cerebral hematoma to relieve intracranial hypertension. All died or were severely disabled. One had repeated hemorrhages which added a progressively more severe organic dementia onto an initial hemiplegia. We conclude that acute evacuation of a spontaneous cerebral hematoma from amyloid angiopathy patients in poor clinical condition results in a high mortality and morbidity, that delayed surgery in patients in good condition is better tolerated, and that cortical surgery in the absence of a cerebral hemorrhage can be accomplished relatively safely with meticulous attention to hemostasis. The outcome of surgery is a function of both the severity of the cerebral amyloid angiopathy and the extent of the hemorrhage that it produces, especially as it involves multiple lobes and extends into the ventricles or subdural space. Survivors remain at risk for hemorrhages that are progressively more disabling.
The Dorsolateral, Suboccipital, Transcondylar Approach to the Lower Clivus and Anterior Portion of the Craniocervical Junction
Authors: Bertalanffy Helmut , Seeger Wolfgang 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The authors review their experience with a dorsolateral approach to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum and adjacent region. The operative technique includes exposure of the vertebral artery at C1, partial resection of the occipital condyle and lateral atlantal mass, and extradural drilling of the jugular tubercle. This approach has been applied in six patients who harbored intradural space-occupying lesions located ventral to the lower brain stem. Excision of the neoplasm was virtually total in all but one patient, in whom biopsy was the primary goal of the intervention. No morbidity and no mortality were associated with this approach. The main advantage of the dorsolateral, suboccipital, transcondylar route is the direct view it offers to the anterior rim of the foramen magnum without requiring brain stem retraction.
The Use of Stable Xenon-Enhanced Computed Tomographic Studies of Cerebral Blood Flow to Define Changes in Cerebral Carbon Dioxide Vasoresponsivity Caused by a Severe Head Injury
Authors: Marion Donald W. , Bouma Gerrit J. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Previous studies using the xenon-133 cerebral blood flow (CBF) method have documented the impairment of CO2vasoresponsivity after a severe head injury, but only global values can be obtained reliably with this technique. We studied CO2vasoresponsivity using the stable xenon-enhanced computed tomographic CBF method, which provided information about well-defined cortical regions and deep brain structures not available with the xenon-133 method. In 17 patients with admission Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 8 or less, hemispheric CO2vasoresponsivity ranged from 1.3 to 8.5% per mm Hg change in partial CO2pressure. Lobar, cerebellar, basal ganglia, and brain stem CO2vasoresponsivity frequently varied from the mean global value by more than 25%. In all but one patient, local CO2vasoresponsivity in one or more of these areas differed from the mean global value by more than 50%. The greatest variability occurred in patients with acute subdural hematomas and diffuse (bihemispheric) injuries. This variability in CO2vasoresponsivity has important implications for the effective and safe management of intracranial hypertension that frequently accompanies severe head injury.
A “PICA Communicating Artery” Aneurysm: Case Report
Authors: Hlavin Mary Louise , Takaoka Yoshiro , Smith Alison S. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We present an unusual case of an aneurysm of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). The aneurysm was associated with a unilateral PICA that supplied both cerebellar hemispheres and arose from an anastomotic vessel to the contralateral circulation, a branch of the contralateral PICA. Such an aneurysm has not been reported previously. The association of vascular anomalies with aneurysms of the PICA is discussed.
Avant-Garde Poetry as Subcultural Practice: Mailer and Di Prima’s Hipsters
Authors: Lee Benjamin 
Published: April 2011

This essay returns us to the moment when white hipsterism was first being named as a subculture and structure of feeling and was beginning to shape the poetry and prose of writers like Diane di Prima and Norman Mailer. I examine the differences between hipsterism in Mailer and di Prima, hoping to expand overwhelmingly masculine histories of “cool.” I also underscore the influence that new vernacular practices like hipness and camp exerted on American poetry—and U.S. culture more broadly—in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Subcultural practices, I argue, in fact constitute the quintessential avant-garde gesture of the mid to late-twentieth century.
Prognostic Utility of ST2 in Patients with Acute Dyspnea and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction
Authors: Shah Keyur B , Kop Willem J , Christenson Robert H , Diercks Deborah B , Henderson Sue , Hanson Karen , Li Shu-Ying , deFilippi Christopher R 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND
Soluble ST2 (sST2), an interleukin-1 receptor family member, is an emerging risk indicator for patients with cardiovascular disease. We evaluated the prognostic role of sST2 for patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnea, with a focus on those with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≥50%), as risk stratification is often most complex in this subgroup.

METHODS
We conducted a post hoc analysis of 387 patients [39% female, mean (SD) age 57.6 (14.5) years] presenting to the emergency department with dyspnea and followed for 1 year (97% complete follow-up). We examined clinical data, concentrations of serum biomarkers [sST2, amino-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)], and transthoracic echocardiography.

RESULTS
Patients had a median sST2 concentration of 38.4 U/mL [interquartile range (IQR) 25.5–64 U/mL]. Forty-six patients (12%) died during follow-up. Log sST2 [hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) 2.85 (2.04–3.99), P &lt; 0.001rsqb] and log NT-proBNP [1.28 (1.13–1.45), P &lt; 0.001] concentrations were significant predictors of mortality at 1 year. After multivariate adjustment, only sST2 remained predictive of mortality [per log: 2.14 (1.37–3.38), P = 0.001]. In the subpopulation of individuals with normal systolic function (n = 200), only sST2 continued to predict mortality after multivariate adjustment [per log: 2.57 (1.12–5.91), P = 0.03]. Only NT-proBNP, but not sST2, concentrations correlated with multiple echocardiographic indices of left ventricular diastolic function.

CONCLUSIONS
sST2 is a strong predictor of mortality in patients presenting with acute dyspnea, particularly those with preserved LVEF, and may be useful for triage and risk stratification of this challenging group.
Diabetic Visceral Hypersensitivity Is Associated With Activation of Mitogen-Activated Kinase in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia
Authors: Grabauskas Gintautas , Heldsinger Andrea , Wu Xiaoyin , Xu Dabo , Zhou ShiYi , Owyang Chung 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVEDiabetic patients often experience visceral hypersensitivity and anorectal dysfunction. We hypothesize that the enhanced excitability of colon projecting dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons observed in diabetes is caused by a decrease in the amplitude of the transient A-type K+ (IA) currents resulting from increased phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and reduced opening of Kv4.2 channels.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe performed patch-clamp recordings of colon projecting DRG neurons from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic (STZ-D) rats. Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry studies were used to elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways that modulate the IA current. In vivo studies were performed to demonstrate that abnormal MAPK signaling is responsible for the enhanced visceromotor response to colorectal distention in STZ-D rats.RESULTSPatch-clamp studies demonstrated that IA current was diminished in the colon projecting DRG neurons of STZ-D rats. Western blot analysis of STZ-D DRG neurons revealed increases in phosphorylated MAPK and KV4.2. In diabetic DRG neurons, increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), protein kinase C (PKC), and MAPK were involved in the regulation of IA current through modulation of Kv4.2. Hypersensitive visceromotor responses to colorectal distention in STZ-D rats were normalized by administration of MAPK inhibitor U0126.CONCLUSIONSWe demonstrated that reduction of the IA current in STZ-D DRG neurons is triggered by impaired [Ca2+]i ion homeostasis, and this in turn activates the PKC-MAPK pathways, resulting in decreased opening of the Kv4.2 channels. Hence, the PKC-MAPK–Kv4.2 pathways represent a potential therapeutic target for treating visceral hypersensitivity in diabetes.
Partial Reversibility of Hypothalamic Dysfunction and Changes in Brain Activity After Body Mass Reduction in Obese Subjects
Authors: van de Sande-Lee Simone , Pereira Fabrício R.S. , Cintra Dennys E. , Fernandes Paula T. , Cardoso Adilson R. , Garlipp Célia R. , Chaim Eliton A. , Pareja Jose C. , Geloneze Bruno , Li Li Min , Cendes Fernando , Velloso Licio A. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
Inflammation and dysfunction of the hypothalamus are common features of experimental obesity. However, it is unknown whether obesity and massive loss of body mass can modify the immunologic status or the functional activity of the human brain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of body mass reduction on brain functionality.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In humans, changes in hypothalamic activity after a meal or glucose intake can be detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Distinct fMRI analytic methods have been developed to explore changes in the brain’s activity in several physiologic and pathologic conditions. We used two analytic methods of fMRI to explore the changes in the brain activity after body mass reduction.

RESULTS
Obese patients present distinct functional activity patterns in selected brain regions compared with lean subjects. On massive loss of body mass, after bariatric surgery, increases in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-6 are accompanied by changes in fMRI patterns, particularly in the hypothalamus.

CONCLUSIONS
Massive reduction of body mass promotes a partial reversal of hypothalamic dysfunction and increases anti-inflammatory activity in the CSF.
DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, HEMEROCAMPA PSEUDOTSUGATA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Mason Richard R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMethods were developed to standardize sampling of the Douglas-fir tussock moth. Population density was estimated in terms of the number of eggs or larvae per 1,000 sq. in. of branch area of Abies concolor (Gord. and Glend.) Lindl. The density of eggs and larvae varied significantly in different parts of the tree crown. In an outbreak, egg masses were concentrated on inside branches near the bottom of the crown, but in light populations they were most common on outside branches in the top of the crown. Larvae were found over the entire tree, but they were especially concentrated on foliage in the top. Mean density of larvae in the middle crown was representative of the whole tree. Egg density is estimated from whole branches sampled representatively from three crown levels; however, density of larvae is estimated accurately from 17-in. twig samples taken from just the middle crown. Because eggs are clumped in masses and larvae are dispersed over the foliage, larval density can be estimated with much less sampling than can egg density for the same precision.
OVIPOSITION RESTRAINT OFNASONIA VITRIPENNIS(HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON HOSTS PARASITIZED BY OTHER HYMENOPTEROUS SPECIES
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFemales ofNasonia vitripennis(Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) discriminate between unparasitized housefly pupae (Musca domesticaL.) and those parasitized by eitherMuscidifurax raptorG. & S. orSpalangia cameroniPerk. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and lay fewer eggs on parasitized hosts. Oviposirion restraint is more pronounced towards hosts attacked byM.raptorthan towards those attacked byS.cameroni, but less than that exhibited towards pupae previously parasitized byN.vitripennis. Damage to the fly pupae, from piercing by the female’s ovipositor and probably also from a "venom" injected by the female, is responsible for inter- as well as ultra-specific discrimination and restraint.
EFFECTS OF INSECT DEVELOPMENTAL INHIBITORS ON THE APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TRYPETIDAE)
Authors: Pree D. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractFour insect developmental inhibitors were tested against different stages of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). ZR515 was the most effective compound, completely inhibiting adult development from larvae and pupae treated at concentrations of 10 μg. Larvae were more susceptible than pupae. Sensitivity declined as pupae aged. Dissection of puparia showed a pupal/adult intermediate, usually with some adult characters developed in the thoracic region. ZR512 inhibited adult movement from larvae or pupae exposed to concentrations of 1.0 mg whereas R20458 gave inhibition of adult development at 10 mg concentrations. RO 20-3600 inhibited adult development from larvae exposed to concentrations of 10 mg. ZR515 and ZR512 applied to fruit had little effect on larval development but numbers of adults emerging from pupae from treated fruit were reduced. Adults from all tests produced viable eggs in the following generation.
A METHOD RECOMMENDED FOR EVALUATING RESIDUAL PESTICIDES FOR COCKROACH CONTROL
Authors: Batth Surat S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA procedure is described for evaluating commercial residual pesticides commonly used for cockroach control. Tempered masonite panels, five per product and standard (3% chlordane), were treated uniformly on their smooth side and aged up to 5 weeks. During aging, these panels were tested at 1, 3, and 5 weeks after treatment for efficacy based on mortality of male cockroaches exposed to them for 48 h. A product is satisfactory if the average percentage kill obtained is equal to, greater than, or within 5 percentage points less than that of the standard tested in conjunction with it. A product meeting the first and third week mortality limits is also considered acceptable.