bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal trends and anaemia-associated factors in 6- to 59-month-old children in Northeast Brazil
Authors: Leal Luciana Pedrosa , Batista Filho Malaquias , de Lira Pedro Israel Cabral , Figueiroa José Natal , Osório Mônica Maria 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the trends and factors associated with anaemia in 6- to 59-month-old children in Northeast Brazil.DesignCross-sectional study assessed information from the second and third Pernambuco State Health and Nutrition Surveys carried out in 1997 and 2006. A multiple regression analysis was performed from a conceptual model addressing biological and socio-economic factors, housing and sanitation conditions, maternal factors, health care and nutrition, consumption, morbidity and nutritional status. Poisson's regression with robust variance was used.SettingPernambuco, Brazil.SubjectsA total of 777 and 993 children, respectively, in the second and third Pernambuco State Health and Nutrition Surveys.ResultsThe prevalence of anaemia (Hb < 11 g/dl) decreased by 19·3 % (40·9 % down to 33·0 %) between surveys. Maternal education level (less than 8 years in school), households ranked in the lowest environmental index tertile and children between 6 and 23 months of age were the variables common to the final models in the surveys of 1997 and 2006. Elements like living in rural areas, household income less than two minimum official wages and low birth weight were still present in the final model of the 1997 survey. Households ranked in the lowest economic index tertile were associated with anaemia in the model of the 2006 survey.ConclusionsThe study results are quite encouraging from the perspective of reducing the prevalence of anaemia. Maternal education level, environmental conditions and child age were determinant factors in both surveys, and economic factors were determinant in 2006.
The density and porosity of lunar rocks
Authors: Kiefer Walter S. , Macke Robert J. , Britt Daniel T. , Irving Anthony J. , Consolmagno Guy J. 
Published: March 2012

Accurate lunar rock densities are necessary for constructing gravity models of the Moon's crust and lithosphere. Most Apollo‐era density measurements have errors of 2–5% or more and few include porosity measurements. We report new density and porosity measurements using the bead method and helium pycnometry for 6 Apollo samples and 7 lunar meteorites, with typical grain density uncertainties of 10–30 kg m−3 (0.3–0.9%) and porosity uncertainties of 1–3%. Comparison between igneous grain densities and normative mineral densities show that these uncertainties are realistic and that the helium fully penetrates the pore space. Basalt grain densities are a strong function of composition, varying over at least 3270 kg m−3 (high aluminum basalt) to 3460 kg m−3 (high titanium basalt). Feldspathic highland crust has a bulk density of 2200–2600 kg m−3 and porosity of 10–20%. Impact basin ejecta has a bulk density of 2350–2600 kg m−3 and porosity of ∼20%.
Desiccation Tolerance in a Wild Population of the Invasive Oriental Weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus in Idaho, USA
Authors: Koetsier Peter , Urquhart Alexander N. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe oriental weatherfish Misgurnus anguillicaudatus is a nonindigenous, cryptic species for which the currently invaded range spans 13 states in the USA as well as six other countries. Anecdotal evidence suggests that because they are facultative air‐breathers, oriental weatherfish can survive in the terrestrial environment and may move across land to colonize new water bodies. Given the lack of empirical research on this subject, we conducted an experiment with oriental weatherfish to determine their longevity under increasingly dry conditions and their tolerance to desiccation. We introduced the fish (obtained from a wild population in Idaho) into a series of tanks and allowed some of the tanks to dry out. Over the course of the experiment, we measured substrate moisture content and temperature in each tank, and we periodically removed some fish to determine changes in mass and to check the status (alive or dead) and viability of the fish. Some individuals survived for over 81 d in desiccated conditions with soil moisture content less than 3%; these fish lost over 25% of their body weight. No mortalities occurred in the control group, which lost no more than 20% of their body weight despite being unfed for nearly 90 d. Our findings add to a growing list of traits indicating that the oriental weatherfish fits the profile of a highly successful invader and therefore should be a species of concern.
Effect of Dietary Vitamin E on Cortisol and Glucose Responses to Handling Stress in Juvenile Beluga Huso huso
Authors: Falahatkar B. , Amlashi A. Safarpour , Conte F. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E on the physiological response to handling stress in juvenile beluga Huso huso. Fish were fed six experimental diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg Dl-all-rac-α-tocopherol acetate/kg diet. At the end of the experiment, the fish in each tank were subjected to acute handling and air exposure stress. Cortisol and glucose were measured as the primary hormonal and secondary metabolic responses to the stressors, both before and 3 h after application of the stressors. The growth parameters and feed utilization rates were significantly lower in fish fed the diet not supplemented with vitamin E than in fish fed diets supplemented with vitamin E. Cortisol concentration was not affected by dietary treatment but glucose concentration was. Fish fed vitamin E at 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg diet had higher concentrations of glucose than those fed vitamin E at 50 and 200 mg/kg. However, fish fed diets with 50 and 200 mg/kg exhibited higher growth rates. These results indicate that dietary vitamin E has some effect on plasma glucose but no effect on plasma cortisol. In general, when the stressors were applied to belugas, the glucose and cortisol responses were relatively low. This may be due to higher resistance and lower physiological responses to these types of stressors by this species or by chondrosteans in general.
Received January 10, 2011; accepted August 4, 2011
Toward a Posthuman Perspective: Feminist Rhetorical Methodologies and Everyday Practices
Authors: Hallenbeck Sarah 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis article considers the emergence of methodological patterns, or “sanctioned narratives,” within feminist rhetorical historiography, arguing that with just a few exceptions these patterns have anchored our work to conceptions of the woman-as-rhetor exercising deliberate, strategic agency against her world, rather than within it. While this conception has been enormously productive in redefining what “counts” in the history of rhetoric, it also constrains our attempts to pursue broader methodological projects that take as their subject the interworkings of rhetoric, power, and gender. After describing the ways that existing methodological patterns have become entrenched, this article offers one method for shifting our commitments, a feminist-materialist methodology. Influenced by theories of posthuman agency and by actor-network theory, this method can help feminist rhetoricians pursue broader conceptions of rhetoric that will allow us to intervene more effectively in the rhetorical production and transformation of gender relations and power dynamics.
Rethinking Feminist Rhetoric and Historiography in a Global Context: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Wang Bo 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTOver the past three decades, feminist scholars have collectively produced a coherent and substantial body of research and established feminist rhetoric as a discipline. This article argues for linking feminist rhetoric with comparative rhetoric so as to open up conversations about theories, methodologies, and processes between the two fields. Examining a hybrid feminist discourse through early-twentieth-century Chinese women's texts, the author suggests that we rethink feminist rhetoric and historiography from a cross-cultural perspective and that Chinese women's rhetorical practices—negotiating cultural flux in contact zones—can be used as a model for current feminist scholarship. As the discipline moves toward a new dialogic paradigm, such a cross-cultural frame can help us examine our assumptions, reconsider our priorities, and discover and develop multiple local terms and concepts in reading texts across various historical periods and social, cultural, and geopolitical boundaries.
Googling the Archive: Digital Tools and the Practice of History
Authors: Solberg Janine 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis article argues the digital tools and search environments that increasingly support historical scholarship in rhetoric and composition have material and epistemological implications for how we discover, access, and make sense of the past. In light of these changes, I suggest that more explicit reflection and discipline-specific conversation around the uses and shaping effects of these technologies is needed. Tracing my own digitally enabled search for information about an early-twentieth-century advice writer named Frances Maule, I describe how mass digitization has shifted conditions of findability. I conclude by outlining a heuristic for critical reflection—a “principle of proximity”—and urging rhetoric and composition historians to take a more active role in shaping the emerging landscape of digital research.
Decreased Resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Restriction of Ciprofloxacin in a Large Teaching Hospital's Intensive Care and Intermediate Care Units
Authors: Lewis G. Jonathan , Fang Xiangming , Gooch Michael , Cook Paul P. 
Published: March 2012

Objective.To examine the effect of restricting ciprofloxacin on the resistance of nosocomial gram-negative bacilli, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to antipseudomonal carbapenems.Design.Interrupted time-series analysis.Setting.Tertiary care teaching hospital with 11 intensive care and intermediate care units with a total of 295 beds.Patients.All nosocomial isolates of P. aeruginosa.Intervention.Restriction of ciprofloxacin.Results.There was a significant decreasing trend observed in the percentage (P = .0351) and the rate (P = .0006) of isolates of P. aeruginosa that were resistant to antipseudomonal carbapenems following the restriction of ciprofloxacin. There was also a significant decreasing trend observed in the percentage (P = .0017) and the rate (P = .0001) of isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant P. aeruginosa. The rate of cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates declined (P = .004 ) but the percentage of cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates did not change. There were no significant changes observed in the rate or the percentage of piperacillin-tazobactam-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates. There were no significant changes observed in the susceptibilities of nosocomial Enterobacteriaciae or Acinetobacter baumannii isolates that were resistant to carbapenems. Over the study period there was a significant increase in the use of carbapenems (P = .0134); the use of ciprofloxacin decreased significantly (P = .0027). There were no significant changes in the use of piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime.Conclusion.Restriction of ciprofloxacin was associated with a decreased resistance of P. aeruginosa isolates to antipseudomonal carbapenems and ciprofloxacin in our hospital's intermediate care and intensive care units. There were no changes observed in the susceptibilities of nosocomial Enterobacteriaciae or A. baumannii to carbapenems, despite increased carbapenem use. Reducing ciprofloxacin use may be a means of controlling multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa.
Parenteral to Oral Conversion of Fluoroquinolones: Low-Hanging Fruit for Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs?
Authors: Jones Makoto , Huttner Benedikt , Madaras-Kelly Karl , Nechodom Kevin , Nielson Christopher , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Neuhauser Melinda M. , Samore Matthew H. , Rubin Michael A. 
Published: March 2012

Objective.To estimate avoidable intravenous (IV) fluoroquinolone use in Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals.Design.A retrospective analysis of bar code medication administration (BCMA) data.Setting.Acute care wards of 128 VA hospitals throughout the United States.Methods.Data were analyzed for all medications administered on acute care wards between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2010. Patient-days receiving therapy were expressed as fluoroquinolone-days (FD) and divided into intravenous (IV; all doses administered intravenously) and oral (PO; at least one dose administered per os) FD. We assumed IV fluoroquinolone use to be potentially avoidable on a given IV FD when there was at least 1 other medication administered via the enteral route.Results.Over the entire study period, 884,740 IV and 830,572 PO FD were administered. Overall, avoidable IV fluoroquinolone use accounted for 46.8% of all FD and 90.9% of IV FD. Excluding the first 2 days of all IV fluoroquinolone courses and limiting the analysis to the non-ICU setting yielded more conservative estimates of avoidable IV use: 20.9% of all FD and 45.9% of IV FD. Avoidable IV use was more common for levofloxacin and more frequent in the ICU setting. There was a moderate correlation between avoidable IV FD and total systemic antibiotic use (r= 0.32).Conclusions.Unnecessary IV fluoroquinolone use seems to be common in the VA system, but important variations exist between facilities. Antibiotic stewardship programs could focus on this patient safety issue as a “low-hanging fruit” to increase awareness of appropriate antibiotic use.
Demonstration of the Weighted-Incidence Syndromic Combination Antibiogram: An Empiric Prescribing Decision Aid
Authors: Hebert Courtney , Ridgway Jessica , Vekhter Benjamin , Brown Eric C. , Weber Stephen G. , Robicsek Ari 
Published: March 2012

Objective.Healthcare providers need a better empiric antibiotic prescribing aid than the traditional antibiogram, which supplies no information on the relative frequency of organisms recovered in a given infection and which is uninformative in situations where multiple antimicrobials are used or multiple organisms are anticipated. We aimed to develop and demonstrate a novel empiric prescribing decision aid.Design/Setting.This is a demonstration involving more than 9,000 unique encounters for abdominal-biliary infection (ABI) and urinary tract infection (UTI) to a large healthcare system with a fully integrated electronic health record (EHR).Methods.We developed a novel method of displaying microbiology data called the weighted-incidence syndromic combination antibiogram (WISCA) for 2 clinical syndromes, ABI and UTI. The WISCA combines simple diagnosis and microbiology data from the EHR to (1) classify patients by syndrome and (2) determine, for each patient with a given syndrome, whether a given regimen (1 or more agents) would have covered all the organisms recovered for their infection. This allows data to be presented such that clinicians can see the probability that a particular regimen will cover a particular infection rather than the probability that a single drug will cover a single organism.Results.There were 997 encounters for ABI and 8,232 for UTI. A WISCA was created for each syndrome and compared with a traditional antibiogram for the same period.Conclusions.Novel approaches to data compilation and display can overcome limitations to the utility of the traditional antibiogram in helping providers choose empiric antibiotics.
Antimicrobial Stewardship at a Large Tertiary Care Academic Medical Center: Cost Analysis Before, During, and After a 7-Year Program
Authors: Standiford Harold C. , Chan Shannon , Tripoli Megan , Weekes Elizabeth , Forrest Graeme N. 
Published: March 2012

Background.An antimicrobial stewardship program was fully implemented at the University of Maryland Medical Center in July 2001 (beginning of fiscal year [FY] 2002). Essential to the program was an antimicrobial monitoring team (AMT) consisting of an infectious diseases-trained clinical pharmacist and a part-time infectious diseases physician that provided real-time monitoring of antimicrobial orders and active intervention and education when necessary. The program continued for 7 years and was terminated in order to use the resources to increase infectious diseases consults throughout the medical center as an alternative mode of stewardship.Design.A descriptive cost analysis before, during, and after the program.Patients/Setting.A large tertiary care teaching medical center.Methods.Monitoring the utilization (dispensing) costs of the antimicrobial agents quarterly for each FY.Results.The utilization costs decreased from $44,181 per 1,000 patient-days at baseline prior to the full implementation of the program (FY 2001) to $23,933 (a 45.8% decrease) by the end of the program (FY 2008). There was a reduction of approximately $3 million within the first 3 years, much of which was the result of a decrease in the use of antifungal agents in the cancer center. After the program was discontinued at the end of FY 2008, antimicrobial costs increased from $23,933 to $31,653 per 1,000 patient-days, a 32.3% increase within 2 years that is equivalent to a $2 million increase for the medical center, mostly in the antibacterial category.Conclusions.The antimicrobial stewardship program, using an antimicrobial monitoring team, was extremely cost effective over this 7-year period.
Formation and growth of nanocavities and cavities induced by He+ implantation in silicon
Authors: Nguyen My Anh , Ruault Marie-Odile , Fortuna Franck 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Nanocavities and cavities are known to be efficient gettering sites for metallic impurities in silicon. Here, we report results from implanted 〈100〉 silicon at room temperature with 50 keV helium ions at a dose of 3×1016
cm
−2. Due to its low solubility, He segregates in gas-vacancy complexes and forms nanobubbles. Then, during an N
2 ambient annealing at 800 °C using either rapid thermal annealing (RTA) or conventional furnace annealing, nanobubbles grow and He is released from the nanobubbles by gas exodiffusion, leading to (nano)cavities’ formation. (Nano)cavities and residual defects were observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fraction of retained helium was shown to decrease with annealing time according to the first-order gas release model. Two nucleation-growth mechanisms involved in the growth of these (nano)cavities have been studied. A remarkable result shows evidence about the balance-time dependence of the two mechanisms involved in the growth process of (nano)cavities. At the very beginning (30 s) of the annealing, the main mechanism is the migration-coalescence including nanobubbles and vacancy-helium complexes leading to the cavities’ formation. Then, the Ostwald ripening mechanism, related to the helium exodiffusion, between the nanocavities and cavities appeared.
Nd–Fe–B-based anisotropic nanocrystalline hard magnetic alloys
Authors: Nguyen Huy Dan , Nguyen Hai Yen , Pham Thi Thanh , Huyen Nguyen Thi Thanh , Nguyen Huu Duc , Duong Dinh Thang , Dinh Hoang Long , Nguyen Van Duong , Tran Dang Thanh , Vu Hong Ky , Do Khanh Tung , Luu Tien Hung 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

Nd
10.5
Fe
83.5−x

Ga

x

B
6 (x=1.5, 3 and 4.5) ribbons were prepared by melt-spinning method with various wheel speeds from 5 to 40 m
s
−1. Strong crystallographic texture with c-axis of Nd
2
Fe
14
B crystallites along normal of the ribbon surface was observed. The texture degree can be enhanced by decreasing the quenching rate during solidification of the melt and by increasing the concentration of Ga. Preferred orientation of the nanocrystallites with their size of 10–30 nm is obtained not only by controlling the quenching rate of the melt during solidification but also by appropriately annealing the over-quenched ribbons. The texture of microstructure clearly affects magnetic anisotropy of the ribbons. With increasing concentration of Ga, the magnetic anisotropy of the ribbons is considerably increased. The coercivity above 6.5 kOe and maximum energy products larger than 15 MGOe can be achieved on the ribbons with Ga-concentration of 1.5%.
Crystallization and magnetic properties of amorphous iron–chromium oxide nanoparticles synthesized by sonochemistry
Authors: Nguyen Dang Phu , Tran Quoc Tuan , Trinh Xuan Sy , Hoang Thanh Cao , Nguyen Hoang Nam , Nguyen Hoang Hai 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Amorphous iron–chromium oxide Fe
2−x

Cr

x

O
3 (x=0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) nanoparticles were synthesized by sonochemical method at 80 °C. Crystallization process of the annealed samples showed a strong ferromagnetic behavior due to the existence of the maghemite phase. The effect of chromium replacing iron in the crystallization process of Fe
2−x

Cr

x

O
3 nanoparticles was systematically studied by adjusting initial concentration of Cr
3+. The activation energy of the samples deduced from thermal analysis and increased with doping chromium showed that the existence of chromium can significantly slow down the ageing effect of the amorphous iron oxide.
Screening to prevent heart failure (STOP‐HF): expanding the focus beyond asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Murtagh Gillian , Dawkins Ian R. , O'Connell Ronan , Badabhagni Mallikarjuna , Patel Anil , Tallon Elaine , O'Hanlon Rory , Ledwidge Mark T. , McDonald Kenneth M. 
Published: March 2012

AimsWe evaluated the extent to which left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) contributes to the high false‐positive rates observed when natriuretic peptides (NPs) are used to screen for left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), and the use of NPs in combination with electrocardiogram (ECG) to screen for pre‐clinical ventricular dysfunction (PCVD).Methods and resultsEight hundred and fourteen patients over 40 years of age and with at least one cardiovascular risk factor were recruited. Screening strategies for LVSD included brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) alone at cut‐offs of 20, 50, and 100 pg/mL, and BNP and abnormal ECG combined. Systolic and diastolic function was assessed by Doppler echocardiography. A left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of <50% was present in 33 (4.1%) of subjects, while 11 (1.4%) had LVEF <40%. At a cut‐off of 20, 50, and 100 pg/mL, sensitivity for BNP alone when screening for LVSD was 88, 70, and 45%, and specificity 46, 77, and 90%, respectively. Of those labelled ‘false positive’ in the 20, 50, and 100 pg/mL cut‐off groups, 26, 46, and 65%, respectively, were found to have significant LVDD (left atrial volume index >34 mL/m2). Optimal sensitivity (80%) and specificity (72%) for PCVD was obtained when BNP at a cut‐off of 50 pg/mL or an abnormal ECG were defined as a positive screen so that only this group would be sent for Doppler echocardiography.ConclusionsA significant number of patients at risk for LVSD and labelled false positive with screening were found to have LVDD. Identifying this at‐risk cohort may improve outcomes, but the clinical and economic benefit of this screening strategy requires formal assessment.