bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The history and composition of the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Authors: Dayal Manisha R. , Kegley Anthony D.T. , Štrkalj Goran , Bidmos Mubarak A. , Kuykendall Kevin L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons (Dart Collection) is housed in the School of Anatomical Sciences at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, and comprises one of the largest documented cadaver‐derived human skeletal assemblages in the world. This collection originated in the early 1920s as a result of the efforts of Raymond Dart and continues to grow. The skeletons included represent varied indigenous and immigrant populations from southern Africa, Europe and Asia. This contribution documents the history of the collection and provides an updated inventory and demographic assessment of this valuable research collection. According to a recent inventory the Dart Collection currently comprises 2,605 skeletons representing individuals from regional SA African (76%), White (15%), Coloured (4%) and Indian (0.3%) populations. A large proportion of the skeletons (71%) represent males. The recorded ages at death range from the first year to over 100 years of age, but the majority of individuals died between the ages of 20 and 70. The Dart Collection has been affected by collection procedures based on availability. All of the cadavers collected before 1958, and large proportions subsequently, were derived from unclaimed bodies in regional South African hospitals. Some details of documentation (age at death, population group) are estimates and some aspects of the collection demographics (sex ratios) do not closely reflect any living South African population. Our inventory and analysis of the Dart Collection is aimed to assist researchers planning research on the materials from this collection. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Cyclic Hexanuclear Heterometalladithiolene Cluster [{(Cp*Rh)2Mo(μ‐CO)2(CO)}2(S2C6H2S2)2] with Two π‐Conjugated S2C6S2 Bridges: Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties
Authors: Zhu Bao‐Hua , Shibata Yusuke , Muratsugu Satoshi , Yamanoi Yoshinori , Nishihara Hiroshi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractZwei Drachen spielen Ball: Die Bildung einer direkten Metall‐Metall‐Bindung mithilfe eines π‐konjugierten zweikernigen Metalladithiolenkomplexes mit zwei Elektronenmangel‐Metallzentren als Bausteinen führt zu einem cyclischen doppelt dreikernigen Heterometalladithiolencluster mit zwei parallelen flachen Brücken (siehe Struktur; Rh rosa, Mo grün, S gelb, C grau, O rot).magnified image
Synthesis and properties of novel polyvinyl alcohol–lactic acid gels
Authors: Onyari John Mmari , Huang Samuel J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article describes a process for esterifying polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with L‐lactide (LLA) and D,L‐lactic acid (LA), using ethyl acetate and N,N′‐dimethyl formamide at temperatures varying from 120 to 150°C. The grafting process was carried out under nitrogen to avoid possible oxidation or other degradation of the process ingredients and product. Lower Tg values were obtained for the PVA/LLA graft copolymers of higher LLA content suggesting some compatibility in the amorphous phase. Higher Tg values were observed for PVA/LA graft copolymers that yielded tough polymer films. The structure of the copolymers was studied by solid‐state 13C‐NMR, infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The PVA/LA films exhibited melt processability and good mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile energy at break, modulus, and elongation at break. The polymer films produced through compression molding at 100°C showed good swelling properties. The transport coefficient (n) values determined from the plot of log(Mt/M∞) vs. log t indicate Fickian behavior, and they are consistent with the reported literature values for other PVA systems. The nature of water in gels [bound water (Wb), freezing (Wf), and freezing bound (Wfb), and water content (Wt)] was evaluated from DSC data. The results demonstrate that PVA/LA hydrogels with good combination of thermal, physicomechanical, and swelling properties can be prepared via the lactic acid esterification of PVA polymer process described. Besides being melt processable, the PVA/LA gels exhibit a melting point, which indicates possibly use of higher temperatures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and characterization of PEG/MDI/PVA copolymer as solid–solid phase change heat storage material
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐Ming 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn this article, a novel solid–solid phase change heat storage material was synthesized via a two‐step condensation reaction of high molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG4000) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). To characterize the resulting product in comparison with pristine PEG4000, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, and polarization optical microscopy measurements were employed to investigate functionality, thermal properties, and crystalline behavior. The results indicated that the crosslinking phase change material showed typical solid–solid phase transition properties, and its phase change enthalpy reached 72.8 kJ/kg. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
The investigation of melamine polyphosphate flame retardant polyamide‐6/inorganic siliciferous filler with different geometrical form
Authors: Liu Yuan , Li Jie , Wang Qi 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMelamine polyphosphate (MpolyP) was used to flame retard polyamide‐6 filled with siliciferous fillers including fibrous wollastonite, laminar talc, and spherical glass bead. The mechanical performance, flame retardancy of these flame retarded materials, and the influence of these fillers on charring behavior were investigated. The results show that wollastonite/MpolyP/PA6 system has the best mechanical properties as compared with talc/MpolyP/PA6 and glass bead/MpolyP/PA6 system due to good reinforcing effects of the fibrous filler in resin matrix. Otherwise, the char morphology observation shows that spherical glass beads separates from the char matrix during the expansion of the char layer, which hardly improves the char quality. However, fibrous wollastonite and laminar talc can well combine with the char layer, thus enhancing the flame retardancy as a part of the charred layer. It is proved that the laminar talc favors the formation of more condensed char because of its barrier effects, and the fibrous wollastonite with quite high aspect ratio can effectively reinforce both the resin and the charred layer, which leads to the remarkable improvement of the flame retardancy. Consequently, polyamide‐6/MpolyP/wollastonite system shows the best flame retardancy among the above systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Self sanction and regulative sanction against copyright infringement: A comparison between U.S. and China college students
Authors: Gerlach James H. , Kuo Feng‐Yang Bob , Lin Cathy S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWorldwide losses due to the copyright infringement of intellectual property such as PC software, music recordings, and motion pictures continue at epidemic proportions in emerging countries. This article develops a research model for analyzing individual ethical decision making that is influenced simultaneously by two chief forces: regulative sanction and self sanction. In particular, we report on the differences between 241 U.S. and 277 China college students' self‐reported copyright infringement behaviors and attitudes. The analysis shows that the China subjects exhibit less concern about being prosecuted and penalized, but are equally responsive to social sanctions as U.S. subjects, strongly suggesting that stricter enforcement of copyright law in China will reduce copyright violations. However, the results show that self‐regulatory efficacy is the primary determinant of copyright adherence for the U.S. subjects. For the China subjects, while self‐regulatory efficacy is shown to significantly predict copyright infringement behaviors, it exists at lower levels and plays a lesser role in ethical decision making when compared to the U.S. subjects. Overall, the results indicate that normative and cultural‐cognitive changes in China that go beyond regulative enforcement may be required if significant reductions in copyright infringement are to be expected.
Elements of a computational model for multi‐party discourse: The turn‐taking behavior of Supreme Court justices
Authors: Hawes Timothy , Lin Jimmy , Resnik Philip 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis work explores computational models of multi‐party discourse, using transcripts from U.S. Supreme Court oral arguments. The turn‐taking behavior of participants is treated as a supervised sequence‐labeling problem and modeled using first‐ and second‐order conditional random fields (CRFs). We specifically explore the hypothesis that discourse markers and personal references provide important features in such models. Results from a sequence prediction experiment demonstrate that incorporating these two types of features yields significant improvements in accuracy. Our experiments are couched in the broader context of developing tools to support legal scholarship, although we see other natural language processing applications as well.
A new IR technique for monitoring low cloud properties using geostationary satellite data
Authors: Han Qingyuan , Brenguier Jean‐Louis , Kuo Kuo‐Sen , Naeger Aaron 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA new technique of using satellite infrared radiance data for retrieving cloud properties is developed and applied to SEVIRI data, which is based on direct radiative transfer calculations, not on the emissivity approximation as used by other satellite IR only techniques. Instantaneous atmospheric profiles are used in the new technique for improving the accuracy of retrievals. Comparison of the retrieved results with coincident observations of CloudSat and CALIPSO shows excellent agreement for low clouds. This study shows that, using only IR radiances, the single layer assumption would significantly underestimate cloud optical depth when multilayered cloud system is presented. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Radiative cooling effect of Hurricane Florence in 2006 and precipitation of Typhoon Matsa in 2005
Authors: Liu Quanhua , Weng Fuzhong 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe increasing strength of tropical cyclones may be a response of the Earth's interaction between natural variability and human activities. Negative effects of the severe storms, such as flooding, landslides, damage to properties, and even a number of human casualties, have been reported many times. This study reported other aspects on Hurricanes and Typhoons, which may be beneficial to the world. We found that Hurricane Florence in 2006 decreased radiation energy by − 0.5 × 1020 J to the Earth‐atmospheric system, about 10% of the annual global energy consumption. If the amount of energy uniformly distributes over the whole Earth surface and over 1‐year time, it corresponds to a power of − 0.003 W m−2 The total forcing power on climate change is 0.24 W m−2, if we only take account for the stored fluxes in water, atmosphere, continents, and heat required to melt glaciers and sea ice. Thus, the shielding effect of solar radiation by tropical storms could contribute to ease global warming. In addition, hurricane and typhoon can ease drought sometimes. This study found that the total rainwater carried by Typhoon Matsa in August 2005 into China's inland amounts to about 135 billion tons. The rainfall over the northern China eased severe drought in summer 2005. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Trends and abrupt changes of precipitation maxima in the Pearl River basin, China
Authors: Zhang Q. , Xu C.‐Y. , Becker S. , Zhang Z. X. , Chen Y. D. , Coulibaly M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe applied the Mann‐Kendall (MK) test and Bayesian model to systematically explore trends and abrupt changes of the precipitation series in the Pearl River basin. The results showed that no significant trends were detected for annual precipitation and summer or winter precipitation totals. Significant negative trends were identified for the number of rainy days across the Pearl River basin; significant positive trends were observed regarding precipitation intensity (PI). In particular, the precipitation totals and frequencies of extremely high precipitation events are subject to significant positive trends. In addition, the number of extremely low precipitation events was also increasing significantly. Factors affecting the changes in precipitation patterns are the weakening Asian monsoon and consequently increasing moisture transport to Southern China and the Pearl River basin. In summary, the main findings of this study are: (1) increased precipitation variability and high‐intensity rainfall was observed though rainy days and low‐intensity rainfall have decreased, and (2) the amount of rainfall has changed little but its variability has increased over the time interval divided by change points. These finds indicate potentially increased risk for both agriculture and in locations subject to flooding, both urban and rural, across the Pearl River basin. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluating advisors: A policy‐capturing study under conditions of complete and missing information
Authors: Bonaccio Silvia , Dalal Reeshad S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDecision‐makers' relative preferences for various advisor characteristics were investigated in two multilevel policy‐capturing studies. The characteristics under consideration were: advisor expertise, advisor confidence, advisor intentions, and whether that advisor was the sole available source of advice. In Study 1, decision‐makers had access to all relevant information about the advisors. In contrast, some relevant information about the advisors was systematically made unavailable in Study 2, which allowed an investigation of the effect of missing information on decision‐makers' evaluations of advisors. Results from both studies indicated that advisor expertise and intentions were most important in promoting decision‐makers' positive evaluations of advisors, that this effect was even more pronounced under conditions of missing information, and that advisor expertise and intentions also interacted synergistically. Given that expertise and good intentions are determinants of an advisor's trustworthiness, the results highlight the interpersonal nature of advice giving and taking. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Important roles for epithelial cell peptides in hydra development
Authors: Takahashi Toshio , Fujisawa Toshitaka 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIt has been convincingly shown that peptides play important roles in the regulation and maintenance of a variety of tissues and organs in living animals. However, little is known concerning the potential role of peptides as signaling molecules in developmental processes. In Hydra, there is circumstantial evidence that small diffusible molecules act as morphogens in the regulation of patterning processes. In order to view the entire spectrum of peptide signaling molecules, we initiated a project aiming at the systematic identification of peptide signaling molecules in Hydra. In this review, we describe three peptide signaling molecules and one family of peptides that function as signaling molecules in the processes of axial pattern formation and neuron differentiation in Hydra. These peptides are produced by epithelial cells and are therefore termed “epitheliopeptides”. We discuss the importance of epitheliopeptides in developmental processes within a subset of hydrozoans.
An unstructured protein with destructive potential: TPPP/p25 in neurodegeneration
Authors: Ovádi Judit , Orosz Ferenc 
Published: April 2009

AbstractTPPP/p25 is a recently discovered, unstructured protein involved in brain function. It is found predominantly in oligodendrocytes in normal brain but is enriched in neuronal and glial inclusions of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. Its physiological function seems to be the dynamic stabilization of microtubular ultrastructures, as well as the projections of mature oligodendrocytes and ciliary structures. We reappraise the earlier belief that TPPP/p25 is a brain‐specific protein. We have identified and cloned two shorter (N‐terminal‐free) homologs of TPPP/p25 that behave differently from each other and from TPPP/p25. Two unique cell models have been established and used to study the effect of the unstructured protein on the energy metabolism and the formation of pathological aggregates. Our data suggest that the intracellular level of TPPP/p25 influences the cell differentiation, proliferation and the formation of protein aggregates, and consequently, the etiology of central nervous system diseases.
Josephin domain of ataxin‐3 contains two distinct ubiquitin‐binding sites
Authors: Nicastro Giuseppe , Masino Laura , Esposito Veronica , Menon Rajesh P. , De Simone Alfonso , Fraternali Franca , Pastore Annalisa 
Published: April 2009

AbstractJoseph‐Machado is an incurable neurodegenerative disease caused by toxic aggregation of ataxin‐3, a ubiquitin‐specific cysteine protease, involved in the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway and known to bind poly‐ubiquitin chains of four or more subunits. The enzymatic site resides in the N‐terminal josephin domain of ataxin‐3. We have characterized the ubiquitin‐binding properties of josephin and showed that, unexpectedly, josephin contains two contiguous but distinct ubiquitin‐binding sites. One is close to the enzymatic cleft and exploits an induced fit mechanism, which involves a flexible helical hairpin; the other overlaps with the site involved in recognition of HHR23B, a protein involved in delivering proteolytic substrates to the proteasome. To gain a structural description of the system, we had to overcome the nontrivial problem of dealing with a weak ternary complex. This was done by designing josephin mutants, which retain only one binding site and by characterizing the complexes with complementary computational and experimental techniques. The presence of two ubiquitin‐binding sites explains how ataxin‐3 binds poly‐ubiquitin chains and provides new insights into the molecular mechanism of ubiquitin recognition. © Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 1203–1214, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Study on the inhibitory mechanism and binding mode of the hydroxycoumarin compound NSC158393 to HIV‐1 integrase by molecular modeling
Authors: Liu Ming , Cong Xiao Jing , Li Ping , Tan Jian Jun , Chen Wei Zu , Wang Cun Xin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase (IN) is an essential enzyme in the life cycle of this virus and also an important target for the study of anti‐HIV drugs. In this work, the binding modes of the wild type IN core domain and the two mutants, that is, W132G and C130S, with the 4‐hydroxycoumarin compound NSC158393 were evaluated by using the “relaxed complex” molecular docking approach combined with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Based on the monomer MD simulations, both of the two substitutions affect not only the stability of the 128–136 peptides, but also the flexibility of the functional 140s loop. In principle, NSC158393 binds the 128–136 peptides of IN; however, the specific binding modes for the three systems are various. According to the binding mode of NSC158393 with WT, NSC158393 can effectively interfere with the stability of the IN dimer by causing a steric hindrance around the monomer interface. Additionally, through the comparative analysis of the MD trajectories of the wild type IN and the IN‐NSC158393 complex, we found that NSC15893 may also exert its inhibitory function by diminishing the mobility of the function loop of IN. Three key binding residues, that is, W131, K136, and G134, were discovered by energy decomposition calculated with the Molecular Mechanics Generalized Born Surface Area method. Characterized by the largest binding affinity, W131 is likely to be indispensable for the ligand binding. All the above results are consistent with experiment data, providing us some helpful information for understanding the mechanism of the coumarin‐based inhibitors. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 700–709, 2009.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Teaching fundamentals of robotics to computer scientists
Authors: Aliane Nourdine 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis article presents a methodology to reinforce the teaching of fundamentals of robotics to computer scientists. The pedagogical basis is focused on engaging students in an in‐depth study of the subject using computing in a substantive way. The approach consists in complementing the lectures by programming assignments focused on giving students a deeper understanding of how robotic systems work from the inside. This article presents the author's experience in the use of this approach, as well as a set of proposed assignment projects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 615–620, 2011
Antioxidant effect of diphenyl diselenide on oxidative stress caused by acute physical exercise in skeletal muscle and lungs of mice
Authors: Prigol Marina , Luchese Cristiane , Nogueira Cristina Wayne 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis study was designed to examine if diphenyl diselenide (PhSe)2, an organoselenium compound, attenuates oxidative stress caused by acute physical exercise in skeletal muscle and lungs of mice. Swiss mice were pre‐treated with (PhSe)2 (5 mg kg‐1 day‐1) for 7 days. At the 7th day, the animals were submitted to acute physical exercise which consisted of continuous swimming for 20 min. The animals were euthanized 1 and 24 h after the exercise test. The levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), non‐protein thiols (NPSH) and ascorbic acid and the activity of catalase (CAT) were measured in the lungs and skeletal muscle of mice. Glycogen content was determined in the skeletal muscle of mice. Parameters in plasma (urea and creatinine) were determined. The results demonstrated an increase in TBARS levels induced by acute physical exercise in the skeletal muscle and lungs of mice. Animals submitted to exercise showed an increase in non‐enzymatic antioxidant defenses (NPSH and ascorbic acid) in the skeletal muscle. In lungs of mice, activity of CAT was increased. (PhSe)2 protected against the increase in TBARS levels and ameliorated antioxidant defenses in the skeletal muscle and lungs of mice submitted to physical exercise. These results indicate that acute physical exercise caused a tissue‐specific oxidative stress in the skeletal muscle and lungs of mice. (PhSe)2 protected against oxidative damage induced by acute physical exercise in mice. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for Pseudoknot Formation of Class I preQ1 Riboswitch Aptamers
Authors: Rieder Ulrike , Lang Kathrin , Kreutz Christoph , Polacek Norbert , Micura Ronald 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAll in a knot. The smallest riboswitch forms a pseudoknot in solution. This is demonstrated for preQ1 class I aptamers by mutational analysis in combination with 1H NMR‐based structure probing. How pseudoknot formation mediates the mRNA response through its expression platform is now open for investigation.magnified image