bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations on the Extraction and Migration behavior of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) from Cured Rubber Formulations Containing Carbon Black as Reinforcing Agent
Authors: Hamm Stephan , Frey Thomas , Weinand Rudolf , Moninot Gilles , Petiniot Nicole 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Potential release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from cured rubber materials containing carbon black as reinforcing agent was studied on the basis of seven standard formulations prepared with different loadings of a carbon black grade specifically selected for its high PAH content. A specific test method involving Soxhlet extraction with toluene was developed and validated for quantification of the US-EPA and EU priority PAHs in the rubber materials containing up to 350 ppm of these compounds. PAH migration into aqueous media was assessed by total immersion of rubber sheets into drinking water, artificial sweat, saliva and rainwater for 7 days at 30 °C. GC/MS and internal deuterated standards were applied for PAH determination in all tests. Migration of PAHs from the cured rubber into aqueous media was not detected for the EU PAHs including benzo(a)pyrene and proved to be very low for the combined US-EPA PAHs, not exceeding 1.2 µg/dm2. Migration-derived PAH concentrations for drinking water were at least 105 lower than those in the rubber compounds. This study demonstrates that once incorporated into a rubber matrix, the PAHs originating from carbon black are scarcely available to aqueous media. These results should be considered while developing PAH exposure assessments for rubber articles.
Nitrogen Inflation of Tires
Authors: Waddell Walter H. , Napier R. Christopher , Tracey Donald S. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Inflation pressure retention (IPR as a loss rate) is a key predictive parameter to improving tire durability. Improved Tire IPR, manifested as reduced percent pressure loss per month values, has statistically been shown to be a direct result of innerliner compounds made with increasing amounts of halobutyl rubber when used as a direct replacement for natural rubber if other variables are constant. Roadwheel performance of tires is highest when using 100-phr of halobutyl rubber in the innerliner compound. This affords a tire with desirably low IPR loss rate values, desirably low tire intracarcass pressure (ICP) values, and increased tire durability as measured in hours until failure on laboratory roadwheels. The use of nitrogen gas in tires in severe service conditions is known, and a variety of benefits have been claimed for use in passenger car tires. In order to test specific claims, tires with innerliners having a 100-phr bromobutyl rubber, and 80/20 and 60/40 bromobutyl/natural rubber blends were studied using three filling gases: dry, pure nitrogen (99.4%), dry air and a 50/50 mixture of dry nitrogen/oxygen (49.8%). Performance was measured for new and oven-aged tires. It is shown that the direct benefits of using nitrogen are in reducing the Tire IPR loss rate values, and in reducing aging since oxygen gas has been initially excluded. Other claimed benefits are found to be a secondary result of the lower Tire IPR loss rate values. Use of nitrogen as the inflation gas does not benefit the measured cavity gas temperature or tire rolling resistance, both of which are shown to be tire pressure dependent, but not dependent upon the filling gas when measured at equal tire inflation pressures.
Chemical Mapping of Rubbers and Polymers via Confocal Raman Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Cherney Daniel P. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Confocal Raman Spectroscopic Imaging has been demonstrated as a non-destructive technique to determine the spatial and chemical content of rubbers and polymers. Raman spectroscopy is a particularly useful tool for characterizing chemicals and mixtures because each chemically-distinct species has a unique Raman spectrum. The addition of confocal optics to the microscope greatly improves both the lateral and axial spatial resolution of the instrument. The lateral resolution of the instrument is less than one-third of a micron. The axial resolution, the resolution in the direction of incident light propagation, is as good as two microns with an air objective and on the order of a micron for an oil immersion objective. The vast enhancement of resolution provided by the confocal optical arrangement allows rubber and polymer mixtures to be mapped in multiple dimensions with excellent spatial, chemical, and morphological specificity. Confocal Raman microscopy is a rapid technique that should be considered as an alternative, or in addition, to analysis that requires other microscopic techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Novel Polyisobutylene-Based Biocompatible TPE Nanocomposites
Authors: Lim Goy Teck , Foreman-Orlowski Elizabeth A. , Porosky Sara E. , Pavka Paul , Puskas Judit E. , Götz Christian , Altstädt Volker 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The tensile and thermal properties of linear poly(styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene) (L_SIBS) and styrenic copolymers with a dendritic polyisobutylene core (D_SIBS) filled with 10 – 30 wt% of organophilic montmorillonite nanoclays (Cloisite(®)-20A) via solution blending were investigated. D_SIBS polymers were successfully reinforced by the clays without additional compatibilizers to show increase in both modulus and ultimate tensile strength. The clay platelets were well dispersed in the polymer matrix as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). However, L_SIBS composites displayed decreasing tensile strength with increasing clay loading. TEM found clay agglomerates in L_SIBS composites that can act as “hotspots” for premature failure of the material. D_SIBSs loaded with 60 phr (37.5 wt%) carbon black (N234) also showed significant reinforcement. Interestingly, a D_SIBS with 17 wt% hard phase content reinforced with 60 phr carbon black exhibited an increase in the glass transition temperature of the hard phase from 116 °C to 126 °C. This will make steam sterilization of the material possible for biomedical applications.
Quantifying Compound Aging Resistance at Service (Ambient) Temperatures
Authors: Terrill Edward R. , Lewis James T. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Oxygen consumption rates were measured on natural rubber compounds with varying levels of a standard antioxidant package. The oxygen consumption rate measurements were performed at temperatures between 20 °C and 80 °C. The results elucidated the mechanism of antioxidants, including their pro-oxidant effects. The pro-oxidant effect dwindled with time. Integrated oxygen uptake results were calculated from repetitive oxygen consumption rate measurements. Integrated oxygen uptake time temperature master curves with empirical shift factors were combined with elongation-tobreak data to monitor the extent of aging. The stability of the compounds at service life temperatures could be quantified by combining the integrated oxygen uptake shift factors with the tensile elongation-to-break data; thereby to produce an elongation-to-break master curve at service life temperatures.
Computed Dependence of Rubber'S Fatigue Behavior on Strain Crystallization
Authors: Mars W. V. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
This work explores the consequences of strain crystallization on rubber's fatigue crack nucleation behavior over an extensive space of operating conditions, including tension and compression loading states, and relaxing and non-relaxing cycles. The study considers, via computation, how the nonlinear elastic stress-strain behavior, the fatigue crack growth characteristics, and the damage accumulation law combine to produce the Haigh diagram and the Cadwell diagram. Four hypothetical materials are studied, which differ in their crystallization and associated fatigue crack growth behavior. The calculations demonstrate that a relatively simple idealization can credibly predict the unique shape and sensitivities of observed fatigue behavior over a wide range of conditions. They also clarify how features of the Haigh and Cadwell diagrams are linked to the occurrence of crystallization and to parameters such as the power-law slope and the fatigue threshold.
Translucent Thermoplastic Elastomers
Authors: Ellul Maria D. , Hazelton D. R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Thermoplastic elastomer vulcanizates, TPVs, having the property of optical translucence have been prepared by dynamic vulcanization. The new materials are based on a polypropylene homopolymer principally containing propylene units of exactly alternating configuration and having a syndiotactic pentad fraction of at least 0.86. The dispersed elastomer phase consists of a crosslinked ethylene propylene copolymer rubber having an ethylene content of at least 74 weight %. These thermoplastic elastomer compositions have significantly lowered Gardner haze values, while maintaining the desirable properties of low compression set and thermal stability. The compositions have utility in molded mechanical rubber goods as well as extruded articles for fluid delivery applications.
Rigid‐Rod Polymers
Authors: Wang David H. , Jiang Hao , Wade Adams W. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPursuing high strength and high modulus polymer fibers and novel electrooptical properties have motivated much research activity in rigid‐rod polymers in the past 40 years. In this review, we examine the synthesis, structures, and properties of rigid‐rod polymers with emphasis on polybenzobisoxazoles (PBO), polybenzobisthiazoles (PBZT) and polybenzimidazoles (PBI), beginning with their solution properties, especially lyotropic liquid crystallinity. High performance fibers spun from lyotropic liquid crystalline polyphosphoric acid (PPA) solution are described. The characterization of fiber properties including mechanical, thermal, electrical, and optical properties is summarized. PBO (Zylon) and PIPD (M5) fibers were successfully commercialized in high strength applications such as body armor, ropes, cables, and recreational equipment in the last 10 years, and we discuss the possible causes of rapid degradation of some PBO fibers. The concepts of molecular composites and nanocomposites provide new applications in antiballistic materials, fire protection, athletic equipment, cables, strings, ropes, cordage, sails, multilayer circuits, and catalyst supports. Recently, rigid‐rod polymer films have drawn attention in the electrooptical fields, especially for phosphoric acid (PA)‐doped PBI membranes (Celtec MEAs) in the applications of high temperature fuel cells. Computer simulation has been employed as a powerful tool to predict the properties of the rigid‐rod polymers.
Azo Compounds
Authors: Sheppard C. S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAzo compounds are organo‐nitrogen derivatives with the characteristic NN functionality and the general formula RNNR′, where R and R′ can be the same or different organic groups. In the polymer industry, azo compounds are used as dyes, blowing agents, and free‐radical polymerization initiators. This article describes the azo compounds used as free‐radical initiators.
Casein
Authors: Schrieke R. R. , Winter G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCasein is the main protein of milk, constituting approximately 3% of cow's milk. The two types, acid and rennet, are precipitated from skim milk. The term casein usually applies to the acid form; the industrial use of rennet casein is small. Physical and chemical properties, as well as other uses, test methods, and manufacturing are reviewed.
Sheeting
Authors: Mackenzie K. J. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Sheeting or sheet is defined as shaped plastic having a large width and length in relation to the thickness, with a thickness greater than 250 µm. Plastic films are differentiated from sheet only in thickness (less than 250 µm). Sheeting is formed from synthetic polymers, including polyolefins, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polyesters, cellulosic esters, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), and polycarbonate resins. Cross‐linked or thermoset resins, including reinforced composite materials, can be formed into sheet structures; foamed plastic sheeting is also produced. Laminar sheet materials are important, with many market opportunities.
Greater likelihood of remission in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated earlier in the disease course: Results from the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry
Authors: Furst Daniel E. , Pangan Aileen L. , Harrold Leslie R. , Chang Hong , Reed George , Kremer Joel M. , Greenberg Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether disease duration is an independent predictor of achieving remission in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients initiating therapy.MethodsRA patients in the Consortium of Rheumatology Researchers of North America registry newly prescribed a nonbiologic disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) or anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) with at least one followup visit were identified. Achievement of remission was defined using the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI; score ≤2.8) and 28‐joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28; score <2.6) at any followup visit within one year; sustained remission was defined as remission during any two successive visits. Likelihood of remission was examined through logistic regression based on 5‐year increments of disease duration, adjusting for baseline covariates.ResultsAmong the 1,646 nonbiologic DMARD initiators, CDAI remission occurred in 21.3% of those with ≤5 years of disease duration, 19.6% with 6–10 years, and 13.5% with ≥11 years (P < 0.001); sustained remission occurred in 10.2%, 8.8%, and 2.5%, respectively (P < 0.001). Results were similar among the 3,179 anti‐TNF initiators (CDAI remission in 22.3%, 17.7%, and 12.8%, respectively [P < 0.001]; CDAI sustained remission in 9.7%, 9.5%, and 4.2%, respectively [P < 0.001]). DAS28 results were similar in both groups. In adjusted analyses, an increase of disease duration by 5 years was associated with a reduced likelihood of CDAI remission in nonbiologic DMARD (odds ratio [OR] 0.91, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.83–0.99) and anti‐TNF initiators (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.83–0.94). A similar result was seen for sustained remission using the CDAI (nonbiologic DMARD: OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48–0.76; anti‐TNF: OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75–0.97).ConclusionEarlier treatment was associated with a greater likelihood of remission.
Very High Performance Alkali Anion‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuya , Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Yanagi Hiroyuki , Nakashima Naotoshi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAnion‐exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have emerged as an alter‐native technology to overcome the technical and cost issues of proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this study, we describe a new electrocatalyst for AEMFCs composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), KOH‐doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) and platinum nanoparticles (Pt), in which the CNTs are wrapped by KOH‐doped PBI at a nanometer thickness and Pt is efficiently loaded on the wrapping layer. In the electrocatalyst, it is revealed that the CNTs and the KOH‐doped PBI layer function as electron‐ and hydroxide‐conductive paths, respectively, and the large exposed surface of the Pt allows an effective access of the fuel gas. Quantitative formation of the well‐defined interfacial structure formed by these components leads to an excellent mass transfer in the catalyst interface and realizes a high fuel‐cell performance. Membrane electrode assemblies fabricated with the electrocatalyst show a high power density of 256 mW cm−2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest value for AEMFC systems measured in similar experimental conditions.
Compact and Stable Quantum Dots with Positive, Negative, or Zwitterionic Surface: Specific Cell Interactions and Non‐Specific Adsorptions by the Surface Charges
Authors: Park Joonhyuck , Nam Jutaek , Won Nayoun , Jin Ho , Jung Sungho , Jung Sungwook , Cho So‐Hye , Kim Sungjee 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new type of quantum dot (QD) ligand chemistry is introduced that can provide positive, negative, or zwitterionic surface QDs. CdSe/CdZnS core‐shell QDs are decorated with ligands, and the non‐specific and specific interactions of the QDs through their surface charge are investigated with the focus on cellular adsorptions and endocytosis. Zwitterionic QDs are compact with a ligand hydrodynamic thickness of less than 2 nm, they are colloidally very stable over a broad pH range and even in saturated NaCl solution, and they show minimal non‐specific adsorptions. Positive and negative QDs show a very different behavior for cellular adsorption and subsequent incorporation, suggesting mostly energy‐independent pathways for positive QDs and exclusively adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐dependent pathways for negative QDs. The zwitterionic QD surface ligands can also be used in conjunction with other functional groups, which allows simple conjugations for highly specific targeting whereas retaining the advantages of a zwitterionic QD surface. This QD surface chemistry can provide highly specific and very sensitive imaging with very low background level. Using the mixed QD surface ligand system, we demonstrated streptavidin and antibody QD conjugates that show a signal‐to‐noise ratio that is over 4000 times higher than the unconjugated mixture, which was used as a control case. The QD chemistry reported herein can be easily extended to other functional groups, such as alkynes, azides, or other amines, and can be further used in many future applications, including single‐QD level experiments, sensitive assays, or in vivo applications using anti‐fouling QD probes.
Ultrasonic Cavitation at Solid Surfaces
Authors: Shchukin Dmitry G. , Skorb Ekaterina , Belova Valentina , Möhwald Helmuth 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn spite of the great potential of applying high‐intensity ultrasound, which enables high‐temperature and high‐pressure chemistry with a reactor near room temperature and ambient pressure, sonochemistry at solid surfaces is at a weak stage of understanding with regards to the development of new materials and composite nanostructures. The science towards a quantitative understanding is only now emerging. On the other hand, in many applications an ultrasonic bath is used without thinking of the mechanism. Often surfaces are exposed to ultrasound for cleaning. Since ultrasonic treatment is not an exotic process and applicable even on large scale in industrial manufacturing, controlling the process may lead to new applications making use of the specially designed surface. This review is intended to summarize recent progress in this field and to point out most promising directions of ultrasound application for the development of new materials with functional surfaces.
Oculoectodermal syndrome with coarctation of the aorta and moyamoya disease: Expanding the phenotype to include vascular anomalies
Authors: Horev Liran , Lees Melissa M. , Anteby Irene , Gomori John M. , Gunny Roxana , Ben‐Neriah Ziva 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOculoectodermal syndrome (OES, OMIM 600268) is characterized by discrete areas of alopecia of the scalp and epibulbar dermoids which are present from birth, with additional variable anomalies. We describe two patients, one of whom has been reported [Lees et al. (2000); Am J Med Genet 91:391–395], who both had coarctation of the descending aorta and moyamoya disease, and developed epilepsy, recurrent transient ischemic attacks, and cerebrovascular accidents during early childhood. We suspect that the vascular findings are an integral part of the syndrome. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CNS imaging is a key diagnostic tool in the evaluation of patients with CFC syndrome: Two cases and literature review
Authors: Papadopoulou Eleftheria , Sifakis Stavros , Sol‐Church Katia , Klein‐Zighelboim Eva , Stabley Deborah L. , Raissaki Maria , Gripp Karen W. , Kalmanti Maria 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCardio‐facio‐cutaneous (CFC) syndrome is characterized by a variable degree of cognitive impairment, and multiple congenital anomalies including characteristic facies, cardiac, and ectodermal abnormalities. CFC syndrome is caused by mutations in the genes BRAF, MEK1, or MEK2. Here we provide a follow‐up report on two patients presenting distinct facial appearance and other features of the syndrome, and we present the first molecular evidence of paternal origin for a CFC‐causing germline mutation. Brain imaging revealed a lipoma of the corpus callosum and periventricular leukoencephalopathy as well as a hypoplastic corpus callosum, and defects in myelinization, in each patient, respectively. A review of the literature showed that, although non‐specific, ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, and cortical atrophy represent the most frequent imaging findings of brain anomalies in CFC syndrome. CNS abnormalities are significant diagnostic features of CFC syndrome and a brain MRI is recommended in individuals diagnosed with CFC or suspected of having CFC syndrome. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiosarcoma in a patient with immunodeficiency, centromeric region instability, facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome
Authors: van den Brand Michiel , Flucke Uta E. , Bult Peter , Weemaes Corry M.R. , van Deuren Marcel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe Immunodeficiency, Centromeric region instability, and Facial anomalies (ICF) syndrome (OMIM #242860) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by defective DNA methylation. Hematological disease and malignancy (macrophage activation syndrome, myelodysplastic syndrome, and Hodgkin lymphoma) have been reported in three patients. To date, there have been no reports of either epithelial or mesenchymal malignancies. We present a patient with all clinical and laboratory findings of the ICF syndrome who died of a metastatic angiosarcoma of the liver. This is the first report of a non‐hematological malignancy in the ICF syndrome. The young age at which our patient developed an angiosarcoma suggests an effect of the defective DNA methylation observed in the ICF syndrome. Therefore, with improvement of recognition and treatment of the ICF syndrome, malignancy could become more common in this condition. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associated malformations among infants with neural tube defects
Authors: Stoll Claude , Dott Beatrice , Alembik Yves , Roth Marie‐Paule 
Published: February 2011

AbstractInfants with neural tube defects (NTDs) often have associated congenital anomalies. The reported frequency and types of associated malformations vary between different studies. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the frequency and types of associated malformations among infants with NTDs in a geographically well‐defined population from 1979 to 2008 of 402,532 consecutive births. Of the 441 infants with NTDs born during this period, 20.4% had associated malformations. Infants with associated malformations were divided into those with recognizable conditions [11 (2.5%) infants with chromosomal and 23 (5.2%) with non‐chromosomal conditions], and those without recognizable conditions [56 (12.7%) infants with multiple malformations]. Associated malformations were more frequent among infants with encephalocele (36.8%) than those with anencephaly (11.5%) or spina bifida (23.8%). Oral clefts and malformations in the musculoskeletal, renal and cardiovascular systems were the most commonly observed associated anomalies. The frequency of associated malformations in infants with NTDs emphasizes the need for a thorough investigation of these infants. Routine screening for other malformations, especially facial clefts and musculoskeletal, renal and cardiac anomalies, may need to be considered in infants with NTDs, and referral of these infants for genetics evaluation and counseling seems warranted. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.