bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between CNDP1 Genotype and Diabetic Nephropathy Is Sex Specific
Authors: Mooyaart Antien L. , Zutinic Ana , Bakker Stephan J.L. , Grootendorst Diana C. , Kleefstra Nanne , van Valkengoed Irene G.M. , Böhringer Stefan , Bilo Henk J.G. , Dekker Friedo W. , Bruijn Jan Anthonie , Navis Gerjan , Janssen Bart , Baelde Hans J. , De Heer Emile 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
The 5-5 homozygous CNDP1 (carnosinase) genotype is associated with a reduced risk of diabetic nephropathy. We investigated whether this association is sex specific and independent of susceptibility for type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Three separate groups of 114, 90, and 66 patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy were included in this study and compared with 93 patients with type 2 diabetes for &gt;15 years without diabetic nephropathy and 472 population control subjects. The diabetes control group was used to determine an association in the three patient groups separately, and the population control group was used to estimate the genotype risk [odds ratio (CI)] for the population in a pooled analysis. The population control subjects were also compared with 562 patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic nephropathy to determine whether the association was independent of type 2 diabetes. The CNDP1 genotype was determined by fragment analysis after PCR amplification.

RESULTS
The frequency of the 5-5 homozygous genotype was 28, 36, and 41% in the three diabetic nephropathy patient groups and 43 and 42% in the diabetic and population control subjects, respectively. The 5-5 homozygous genotype occurred significantly less frequently in women in all three patient groups compared with diabetic control subjects. The genotype risk for the population was estimated to be 0.5 (0.30–0.68) in women and 1.2 (0.77–1.69) in men. The 562 patients with type 2 diabetes without diabetic nephropathy did not differ from the general population (P = 0.23).

CONCLUSIONS
This study suggests that the association between the CNDP1 gene and diabetic nephropathy is sex specific and independent of susceptibility for type 2 diabetes.
Physiologic and Pharmacologic Modulation of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide (GIP) Receptor Expression in β-Cells by Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor (PPAR)-γ Signaling
Authors: Gupta Dhananjay , Peshavaria Mina , Monga Navjot , Jetton Thomas L. , Leahy Jack L. 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
We previously showed that peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)-γ in β-cells regulates pdx-1 transcription through a functional PPAR response element (PPRE). Gene Bank blast for a homologous nucleotide sequence revealed the same PPRE within the rat glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIP-R) promoter sequence. We investigated the role of PPARγ in GIP-R transcription.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, siRNA, and luciferase gene transcription assay in INS-1 cells were performed. Islet GIP-R expression and immunohistochemistry studies were performed in pancreas-specific PPARγ knockout mice (PANC PPARγ−/−), normoglycemic 60% pancreatectomy rats (Px), normoglycemic and hyperglycemic Zucker fatty (ZF) rats, and mouse islets incubated with troglitazone.

RESULTS
In vitro studies of INS-1 cells confirmed that PPAR-γ binds to the putative PPRE sequence and regulates GIP-R transcription. In vivo verification was shown by a 70% reduction in GIP-R protein expression in islets from PANC PPARγ−/− mice and a twofold increase in islets of 14-day post-60% Px Sprague-Dawley rats that hyperexpress β-cell PPARγ. Thiazolidinedione activation (72 h) of this pathway in normal mouse islets caused a threefold increase of GIP-R protein and a doubling of insulin secretion to 16.7 mmol/l glucose/10 nmol/l GIP. Islets from obese normoglycemic ZF rats had twofold increased PPARγ and GIP-R protein levels versus lean rats, with both lowered by two-thirds in ZF rats made hyperglycemic by 60% Px.

CONCLUSIONS
Our studies have shown physiologic and pharmacologic regulation of GIP-R expression in β-cells by PPARγ signaling. Also disruption of this signaling pathway may account for the lowered β-cell GIP-R expression and resulting GIP resistance in type 2 diabetes.
Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D and Insulin Resistance, Metabolic Syndrome, and Glucose Intolerance Among Arab Americans
Authors: Pinelli Nicole R. , Jaber Linda A. , Brown Morton B. , Herman William H. 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
To describe 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-OH-D) levels and examine associations between 25-OH-D levels and insulin resistance (IR), metabolic syndrome (MS), and glucose intolerance in Arab Americans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Serum 25-OH-D levels were measured in a representative, cross-sectional sample of 542 Arab Americans with IR (46%), MS (33%), and glucose intolerance (42%).

RESULTS
Vitamin D insufficiency (5 to &lt;20 ng/ml) was present in 75% and hypovitaminosis D (20 to &lt;40 ng/ml) in 24% of participants. In men, 25-OH-D levels were lower in those with glucose intolerance than normoglycemia (P = 0.01). No such difference was found in women. In men, 25-OH-D was negatively correlated with homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = −0.19; P = 0.0043), triglycerides (r = −0.18; P = 0.0069), fasting plasma glucose (r = −0.15; P = 0.027), and A1C (r = −0.14; P = 0.038). In women, 25-OH-D was positively correlated with HDL (r = 0.19; P = 0.0008).

CONCLUSIONS
Vitamin D insufficiency and hypovitaminosis D are extremely common among Arab Americans, and they are associated with IR, components of the MS, and glucose intolerance in men.
Novel Use of Glucagon in a Closed-Loop System for Prevention of Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Castle Jessica R. , Engle Julia M. , Youssef Joseph El , Massoud Ryan G. , Yuen Kevin C.J. , Kagan Ryland , Ward W. Kenneth 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
To minimize hypoglycemia in subjects with type 1 diabetes by automated glucagon delivery in a closed-loop insulin delivery system.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Adult subjects with type 1 diabetes underwent one closed-loop study with insulin plus placebo and one study with insulin plus glucagon, given at times of impending hypoglycemia. Seven subjects received glucagon using high-gain parameters, and six subjects received glucagon in a more prolonged manner using low-gain parameters. Blood glucose levels were measured every 10 min and insulin and glucagon infusions were adjusted every 5 min. All subjects received a portion of their usual premeal insulin after meal announcement.

RESULTS
Automated glucagon plus insulin delivery, compared with placebo plus insulin, significantly reduced time spent in the hypoglycemic range (15 ± 6 vs. 40 ± 10 min/day, P = 0.04). Compared with placebo, high-gain glucagon delivery reduced the frequency of hypoglycemic events (1.0 ± 0.6 vs. 2.1 ± 0.6 events/day, P = 0.01) and the need for carbohydrate treatment (1.4 ± 0.8 vs. 4.0 ± 1.4 treatments/day, P = 0.01). Glucagon given with low-gain parameters did not significantly reduce hypoglycemic event frequency (P = NS) but did reduce frequency of carbohydrate treatment (P = 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
During closed-loop treatment in subjects with type 1 diabetes, high-gain pulses of glucagon decreased the frequency of hypoglycemia. Larger and longer-term studies will be required to assess the effect of ongoing glucagon treatment on overall glycemic control.
Switching to Once-Daily Liraglutide From Twice-Daily Exenatide Further Improves Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Using Oral Agents
Authors: Buse John B. , Sesti Giorgio , Schmidt Wolfgang E. , Montanya Eduard , Chang Cheng-Tao , Xu Yizhen , Blonde Lawrence , Rosenstock Julio ,   for the Liraglutide Effect Action in Diabetes (LEAD)-6 Study Group
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate efficacy and safety of switching from twice-daily exenatide to once-daily liraglutide or of 40 weeks of continuous liraglutide therapy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
When added to oral antidiabetes drugs in a 26-week randomized trial (Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes [LEAD]-6), liraglutide more effectively improved A1C, fasting plasma glucose, and the homeostasis model of β-cell function (HOMA-B) than exenatide, with less persistent nausea and hypoglycemia. In this 14-week extension of LEAD-6, patients switched from 10 μg twice-daily exenatide to 1.8 mg once-daily liraglutide or continued liraglutide.

RESULTS
Switching from exenatide to liraglutide further and significantly reduced A1C (0.32%), fasting plasma glucose (0.9 mmol/l), body weight (0.9 kg), and systolic blood pressure (3.8 mmHg) with minimal minor hypoglycemia (1.30 episodes/patient-year) or nausea (3.2%). Among patients continuing liraglutide, further significant decreases in body weight (0.4 kg) and systolic blood pressure (2.2 mmHg) occurred with 0.74 episodes/patient-year of minor hypoglycemia and 1.5% experiencing nausea.

CONCLUSIONS
Conversion from exenatide to liraglutide is well tolerated and provides additional glycemic control and cardiometabolic benefits.
Parity, Breastfeeding, and the Subsequent Risk of Maternal Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Liu Bette , Jorm Louisa , Banks Emily 
Published: March 2010

OBJECTIVE
To examine the effect of childbearing and maternal breastfeeding on a woman's subsequent risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using information on parity, breastfeeding, and diabetes collected from 52,731 women recruited into a cohort study, we estimated the risk of type 2 diabetes using multivariate logistic regression.

RESULTS
A total of 3,160 (6.0%) women were classified as having type 2 diabetes. Overall, nulliparous and parous women had a similar risk of diabetes. Among parous women, there was a 14% (95% CI 10–18%, P &lt; 0.001) reduced likelihood of diabetes per year of breastfeeding. Compared to nulliparous women, parous women who did not breastfeed had a greater risk of diabetes (odds ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.26–1.73, P &lt; 0.001), whereas for women breastfeeding, the risk was not significantly increased.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with nulliparous women, childbearing women who do not breastfeed have about a 50% increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. Breastfeeding substantially reduces this excess risk.
Homologous liver parenchymal cell-cell adhesion mediated by an endogenous lectin and its receptor
Authors: Banerjee Saswati , Majumder Gopal 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMany studies have implicated cell-surface lectins in heterologous cell-cell adhesion, but little is known about the participation of lectins in cellular adhesion in homologous cells. Here, we show the development of a cell model for investigating the direct role of a cell-surface lectin in homologous cell-cell adhesion. Parenchymal cells were isolated from caprine liver using a perfusion buffer, and dispersed in a chemically defined modified Ringer’s solution. These cells undergo autoagglutination in the presence of Ca2+. The autoagglutinated cells can be dissociated specifically with D-galactose (50 mM), which also inhibits the liver cell autoagglutination event. The blood serum protein fetuin has no effect on liver cell autoagglutination, whereas desialylated fetuin (100 μM), with its terminal D-galactose residue, showed a high affinity for blocking the autoagglutination event. The data demonstrates the occurrence of a Ca2+-dependent D-galactose-specific lectin and a lectin receptor on the parenchymal cells. Furthermore, it shows that the observed autoagglutination event is caused by the interaction of the cell-surface lectin with its receptor on the neighbouring homologous cells. The data supports the view that homologous cell-cell contact in mammalian tissues is triggered by such lectin-receptor interaction and that the previously reported cell-surface adhesive proteins serve as a secondary force to strengthen cell adhesion. This cell model could be extremely useful for investigating the direct role of cell-surface lectin and its receptor in homologous cell adhesion in a variety of tissues under normal and pathological conditions.
The Western Pacific Working Group of the INQUA Loess Commission: expansion from Central Europe
Authors: Smalley Ian , O’Hara-Dhand Ken 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The INQUA Loess Commission expanded from its Central European base after the 1977 INQUA Congress. The first, furthest, and probably most successful expansion was the Western Pacific Working Group(WPWG). Co-operative loess research between China, Australia and New Zealand demonstrated the ideal working of a dedicated research group within the INQUA protocols. The WPWG functioned from 1978 to about 1988, a critical ten years during which China re-appeared on the world loess scene. The WPWG meeting in China in 1985 was a useful precursor to the INQUA Congress in Beijing in 1991. The main function of the WPWG turned out to be facilitating the return of China to the world of loess scholarship.
In-situ observation of creep damage evolution in Al–Al2O3 MMCs by synchrotron X-ray microtomography
Authors: Huppmann M. , Camin B. , Pyzalla A. R. , Reimers W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Creep damage by pore nucleation and growth limits the lifetime of components subjected to loading at high temperature. In this work, the creep damage evolution in the aluminium matrix composite AA6061 + 22 % (Al2O3)P is observed in-situ by the fast-tomography technique using a miniature creep device. Reconstructions of the gauge volumes of the creep samples show particle delamination, pore formation and growth at 300 °C and additional particle fracture at 200 °C during the creep process. The results reveal that both the number of pores and the total pore volume show exponential growth with creep time, whereas the average volume of individual pores remains almost constant. The total pore volume increases linearly with the creep strain with a stress-dependent factor of proportionality.
Properties of copper composites strengthened by nano- and micro-sized Al2O3 particles
Authors: Rajkovic Viseslava , Bozic Dusan , Jovanovic Milan T. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Electrolytic copper powder, inert gas atomized prealloyed copper powder containing 3.5 wt.% Al, and a mixture of copper and commercial Al2O3 powder particles (4 wt.% Al2O3) were milled separately in a high-energy planetary ball mill for up to 20 h in air. The milling was performed in order to strengthen the copper matrix by grain size refinement and Al2O3 particles. Milling in air of prealloyed copper powder promoted formation of fine dispersed Al2O3 particles by internal oxidation. Hot-pressing (800 °C for 3 h in argon at a pressure of 35 MPa) was used for compaction of milled powders. Compacts from 5 and 20 h milled powders were additionally subjected to high temperature exposure (800 °C for 1 and 5 h in argon) in order to examine their thermal stability and electrical conductivity. The effect of different size and the amount of Al2O3 particles on strengthening, thermal stability and electrical conductivity of the copper-based composites was studied. The results were discussed in terms of the effects of the grain size refinement along with micro- and nano-sized Al2O3 particles on the strengthening of the copper matrix.
The effect of grain refiner and combined electro-magnetic field on grain evolution of horizontal direct chill casting 7075 aluminum alloy
Authors: Zhu Qingfeng , Zhao Zhihao , Zuo Yubo , Wang Xiangjie , Cui Jianzhong 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of increasing the amount of added grain refiner (Al-5Ti-B) and combined electromagnetic field on grain size and morphology has been investigated in horizontal direct chill casting of 7075 aluminum alloy. The results show the grain size and the grain morphology are both changed with increasing the amount of Al-5Ti-B added. The grain size continuously decreased with increasing the addition of grain refiner. The slope of the grain size versus grain refiner content curve changes at the point of 0.1 wt.% Al-5Ti-B, and the slope coefficient before the point is larger than that of after the point. The results related to the conglobulation of the nuclei. Without grain refiner additions, an obvious transition in grain size and morphology is observed with the application of combined electromagnetic field. The grain refining efficiency of combined electromagnetic field decreases with increasing the amount of grain refiner. However, even when the addition of grain refiner is 2 wt.% Al-5Ti-B, 24 % grain size reduction is still observed due to the effect of the combined electromagnetic field. This result shows that the combined electromagnetic field can enhance the grain refining efficiency of grain refiner.
On the composition and pressure dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient in liquid metals
Authors: Beke Dezsö L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
It is shown that a minimum derivation of the recently published unified equation for the temperature dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient in liquid metals can be also obtained from the similarity of interatomic potentials, using dimensional analysis. This relation is extended for the determination of the pressure and composition dependence of the self-diffusion coefficients by the use of pressure and composition dependent scaling parameters (melting point, atomic volume and mass).
The effect of grain size on the corrosion inhibitor adsorption of nanocrystalline iron metal
Authors: Afshari Vahid , Dehghanian Changiz 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The effect of grain size reduction on the corrosion inhibitor adsorption of nanocrystalline Fe produced by pulse electrodeposition was characterized using tafel polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The grain size of a nanocrystalline surface was determined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The tests were carried out in 0.1 M sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and 0.1 M sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) aqueous solutions separately. Results obtained revealed that the inhibition effect and corrosion protection of sodium nitrite inhibitor in near-neutral aqueous solutions increased as the grain size decreased from microcrystalline to nanocrystalline. This was attributed to the increased number of the active sites caused by nanocrystalline surface.
Unilateral Idiopathic Macular Telangiectasia with Choroidal Neovascularization
Authors: Mezad-Koursh Daphna , Zayit-Soudry Shiri , Barak Adiel , Loewenstein Anat 
Published: March 2010

A 40-year-old man with decreasing visual acuity in his left eye over 1 year, diagnosed elsewhere as vein occlusion and treated unsuccessfully by systemic steroids was reported. Retrospective analysis of available previous imaging studies was undertaken, and a retrospective diagnosis of idiopathic macular telangiectasia (IMT) was made. Examination revealed subfoveal neovascularization and retinochoroidal anastomosis (RCA) in his left eye with macular edema and exudates surrounding it. The right eye was normal. Current fluorescein angiography (FA) confirmed the presence of choroidal neovascularization and RCA, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) demonstrated cystoid macular edema and subfoveal neovascularization.
The patient was diagnosed with unilateral idiopathic macular telangiectasia complicated by subretinal neovascularization. The presences of a choroidal neovascularization process and an RCA have not, to our knowledge, been reported in this type of IMT.
CD22 Expression Mediates the Regulatory Functions of Peritoneal B-1a Cells during the Remission Phase of Contact Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Nakashima Hiroko , Hamaguchi Yasuhito , Watanabe Rei , Ishiura Nobuko , Kuwano Yoshihiro , Okochi Hitoshi , Takahashi Yoshimasa , Tamaki Kunihiko , Sato Shinichi , Tedder Thomas F. , Fujimoto Manabu 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Although contact hypersensitivity (CHS) has been considered a prototype of T cell-mediated immune reactions, recently a significant contribution of regulatory B cell subsets in the suppression of CHS has been demonstrated. CD22, one of the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins, is a B cell-specific molecule that negatively regulates BCR signaling. To clarify the roles of B cells in CHS, CHS in CD22−/− mice was investigated. CD22−/− mice showed delayed recovery from CHS reactions compared with that of wild-type mice. Transfer of wild-type peritoneal B-1a cells reversed the prolonged CHS reaction seen in CD22−/− mice, and this was blocked by the simultaneous injection with IL-10 receptor Ab. Although CD22−/− peritoneal B-1a cells were capable of producing IL-10 at wild-type levels, i.p. injection of differentially labeled wild-type/CD22−/− B cells demonstrated that a smaller number of CD22−/− B cells resided in lymphoid organs 5 d after CHS elicitation, suggesting a defect in survival or retention in activated CD22−/− peritoneal B-1 cells. Thus, our study reveals a regulatory role for peritoneal B-1a cells in CHS. Two distinct regulatory B cell subsets cooperatively inhibit CHS responses. Although splenic CD1dhiCD5+ B cells have a crucial role in suppressing the acute exacerbating phase of CHS, peritoneal B-1a cells are likely to suppress the late remission phase as “regulatory B cells.” CD22 deficiency results in disturbed CHS remission by impaired retention or survival of peritoneal B-1a cells that migrate into lymphoid organs.
Measuring Progressive Independence With the Resident Supervision Index: Empirical Approach
Authors: Kashner T. Michael , Byrne John M. , Chang Barbara K. , Henley Steven S. , Golden Richard M. , Aron David C. , Cannon Grant W. , Gilman Stuart C. , Holland Gloria J. , Kaminetzky Catherine P. , Keitz Sheri A. , Muchmore Elaine A. , Kashner Tetyana K. , Wicker Annie B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundA Resident Supervision Index (RSI) developed by our research team quantifies the intensity of resident supervision in graduate medical education, with the goal of testing for progressive independence. The 4-part RSI method includes a survey instrument for staff and residents (RSI Inventory), a strategy to score survey responses, a theoretical framework (patient centered optimal supervision), and a statistical model that accounts for the presence or absence of supervision and the intensity of patient care.MethodsThe RSI Inventory data came from 140 outpatient encounters involving 57 residents and 37 attending physicians during a 3-month period at a Department of Veterans Affairs outpatient clinic. Responses are scored to quantitatively measure the intensity of resident supervision across 10 levels of patient services (staff is absent, is present, participated, or provided care with or without a resident), case discussion (resident-staff interaction), and oversight (staff reviewed case, reviewed medical chart, consulted with staff, or assessed patient). Scores are analyzed by level and for patient care using a 2-part model (supervision initiated [yes or no] versus intensity once supervision was initiated).ResultsAll resident encounters had patient care supervision, resident oversight, or both. Consistent with the progressive independence hypothesis, residents were 1.72 (P  =  .019) times more likely to be fully responsible for patient care with each additional postgraduate year. Decreasing case complexity, increasing clinic workload, and advanced nonmedical degrees among attending staff were negatively associated with supervision intensity, although associations varied by supervision level.ConclusionsThese data are consistent with the progressive independence hypothesis in graduate medical education and offer empirical support for the 4-part RSI method to quantify the intensity of resident supervision for research, program evaluation, and resident assessment purposes. Before informing policy, however, more scientific research in actual teaching settings is needed to better understand the relationships among patient outcomes, clinic workload, case complexity, and graduate medical education experience in resident supervision and professional development.