bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The EU health claim regulation in international comparison: review of the possible impact on food marketing and consumer protection.
Authors: Aschemann-Witzel J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Nutrition and health claims are voluntary claims on food indicating favourable nutritional content or health benefits of the food. Nutrition and health claims on food are increasingly regulated in the world market. This process is accompanied by intensive stakeholder discussions on the possible impact on consumer protection and food marketing effectiveness. This article reviews literature on regulations in the major food markets in comparison with the EU regulation. The focus is on identifying characteristics of regulations that are expected to have an impact on consumer protection and food marketing. The EU regulation is regarded as focusing relatively strongly on precaution and consumer understanding. The extent to which this hampers food innovations is in dispute. It is suggested that using marketing measures in favour of scientifically approved claims as well as stakeholder cooperation could help resolve this trade-off. Not only the EU regulation but also other frameworks have been criticized for vagueness and lack of transparency. Despite country-specific differences in regulation and enforcement, there is a high degree of similarity of the regulations for the fully approved claims. There are attempts to further harmonize the frameworks.
Macroalgae and their potential for biofuel.
Authors: John R. P. , Anisha G. S. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Green technologies are in demand worldwide to meet the fuel needs of the increasing population together with combating global warming. Although biofuels from conventional energy crops and lignocellulosic biomass can substitute for fossil fuels, there is much controversy over questions raised regarding impacts on food supply and security and their cost effectiveness. A high photosynthetic efficiency and production rate confer algae with attractive credentials for third-generation biofuels. Algae (both microalgae and macroalgae) represent an economical and environmentally sustainable renewable source of biomass for the production of biofuels. Algal biofuels are attractive in that they do not compromise food supplies and arable land. Microalgae have hitherto received more attention than macroalgae. Nevertheless, the latter can also serve as a viable option for biofuel generation. Carbohydrates obtained from macroalgal biomass can be used for fermentative production of bioethanol. Macroalgal biomass can store large amounts of oil which can be exploited for the production of biodiesel. Methane and hydrogen can readily be produced from macroalgal biomass through biologically mediated degradation. The biorefinery approach, integrating bioprocessing and low-environmental-impact chemical technologies, would be more pertinent in effecting maximum and efficient utilization of macroalgal biomass through the generation of diverse products from a single biomass feedstock. This review encompasses the potential and prospects of macroalgae as sources for biofuels and the role of biorefinery approach in invigorating macroalgal fuel economy.
Prevention of Rotavirus‐induced Diarrhea by Preferential Secretion of IgA in Breast Milk via Maternal Administration of Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055
Authors: Kadooka Yukio , Tominari Kazue , Sakai Fumihiko , Yasui Hisako 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTObjectives:Rotavirus (RV)‐induced diarrhea poses a major health problem, particularly to infants. An effective measure to prevent RV infection is to consume breast milk with higher levels of protective IgA. We therefore examined whether Lactobacillus gasseri SBT2055 (LG2055) could augment immumoglobulin (Ig) A levels and reduce the incidence of diarrhea in a mouse model of RV infection.Methods:Female BALB/c mouse dams were fed a diet containing 0.1% heat‐treated LG2055 or a control, beginning 4 weeks before mating with male mice and continuing until the experiment ended. One week after mating, female dams were immunized orally with simian RV SA‐11. Five days after birth, mouse pups were infected orally with RV and the incidence of diarrhea was determined 4 days later. RV‐specific and total IgA were quantified by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results:LG2055‐fed dams immunized with RV (LG2055/RV) secreted breast milk that significantly lowered the incidence of RV‐induced diarrhea in their pups as compared with dams immunized with RV alone (C/RV). The LG2055/RV dams also produced a significantly greater amount of RV‐specific IgA in breast milk obtained from the pups' stomach, but not in feces or Peyer's patch cell cultures. In addition, LG2055 stimulated total IgA production in splenocyte cultures from Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐4‐knockout mice, but not those from TLR‐2‐knockouts.Conclusions:LG2055‐fed dams reduced RV infection in their pups and elevated RV‐specific IgA levels in breast milk of stomach origin, the possible mechanism of which may be TLR‐2 stimulation by LG2055.
Loss of Cellulose Synthase-Like F6 Function Affects Mixed-Linkage Glucan Deposition, Cell Wall Mechanical Properties, and Defense Responses in Vegetative Tissues of Rice
Authors: Vega-Sánchez Miguel E. , Verhertbruggen Yves , Christensen Ulla , Chen Xuewei , Sharma Vaishali , Varanasi Patanjali , Jobling Stephen A. , Talbot Mark , White Rosemary G. , Joo Michael , Singh Seema , Auer Manfred , Scheller Henrik V. , Ronald Pamela C. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) is a cell wall polysaccharide containing a backbone of unbranched (1,3)- and (1,4)-linked β-glucosyl residues. Based on its occurrence in plants and chemical characteristics, MLG has primarily been associated with the regulation of cell wall expansion due to its high and transient accumulation in young, expanding tissues. The Cellulose synthase-like F (CslF) subfamily of glycosyltransferases has previously been implicated in mediating the biosynthesis of this polymer. We confirmed that the rice (Oryza sativa) CslF6 gene mediates the biosynthesis of MLG by overexpressing it in Nicotiana benthamiana. Rice cslf6 knockout mutants show a slight decrease in height and stem diameter but otherwise grew normally during vegetative development. However, cslf6 mutants display a drastic decrease in MLG content (97% reduction in coleoptiles and virtually undetectable in other tissues). Immunodetection with an anti-MLG monoclonal antibody revealed that the coleoptiles and leaves retain trace amounts of MLG only in specific cell types such as sclerenchyma fibers. These results correlate with the absence of endogenous MLG synthase activity in mutant seedlings and 4-week-old sheaths. Mutant cell walls are weaker in mature stems but not seedlings, and more brittle in both stems and seedlings, compared to wild type. Mutants also display lesion mimic phenotypes in leaves, which correlates with enhanced defense-related gene expression and enhanced disease resistance. Taken together, our results underline a weaker role of MLG in cell expansion than previously thought, and highlight a structural role for MLG in nonexpanding, mature stem tissues in rice.
A screw axis identification method for serial robot calibration based on the POE model
Authors: Wang Haixia , Shen Shuhan , Lu Xiao 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a screw axis identification (SAI) method based on the product of exponentials (POE) model, which is concerned with calibrating a serial robot with m joints equipped with a stereo‐camera vision system.Design/methodology/approachDifferent from conventional approaches, like the circle point analysis (CPA) or the system theoretic method which must collect a great deal of data, the identification of the joint parameters for the proposed method only needs to measure m+1 times for n (n≥3) target points mounted on the manipulator end‐effector.FindingsIn this approach, the joint parameter, called a screw or twist, together with the actual value of joint angle can be obtained by linearly solving a closed‐form expression. Further, this method avoids calibrating the hand‐eye relationship and the exterior parameter of the robot.Originality/valueFinally, the stability and accuracy of the SAI method are evaluated by simulation experiments, and it is also verified well in practical experiments.
UBot: a new reconfigurable modular robotic system with multimode locomotion ability
Authors: Zhao Jie , Cui Xindan , Zhu Yanhe , Tang Shufeng 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to introduce the design and the multi‐mode locomotion function of the new reconfigurable modular robotic system – UBot system – which combines the advantages from the chain‐based and lattice‐based self‐reconfigurable robots.Design/methodology/approachThe UBot modules the authors have designed are based on the universal joint and of cubic shape with two rotational joints and reliable automatic connecting mechanism. The modules are compact and flexible enough for locomotion and reconfiguration. The system can move in different modes to satisfy different terrains, through changing the modules' local connections and rotation of modules' joints.FindingsThe UBot system can flexibly move in the modes of cross, loop, quadruped, snake‐type and other type of locomotion modes. All the locomotion has been implemented in the physical experiments.Originality/valueThe UBot module is the new reconfigurable module which has two joints in one unit of regular cubic space and four reliable automatic connecting surfaces. A group of the modules is able to change its connective configuration by changing their local connections and has functionality of the corresponding traditional robotic system. Since it can travel through terrains that may not be fully characterized ahead of time, the system can be used in a large variety of tasks, such as transportation, assembly, inspection and exploration.
Ovine automation: robotic brisket cutting
Authors: Singh J. , Potgieter J. , Xu W.L. 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide details on implementation of inexpensive and accurate automation solution for performing brisket cutting while the sheep/lamb is hanging by forelegs.Design/methodology/approachThe system developed uses 6 Degree of freedom (DOF) industrial manipulator, custom build tool, sterilizer, and other off the shelf products to create a machine, all the parameters in the system are designed to ensure that the highest levels of safety and hygiene standards are met. The primary system has been developed for sheep/lamb.FindingsIt is shown that the system developed enhanced both the productivity and quality of the process, while adhering to the hygiene standard in the meat processing plants.Research limitations/implicationsThe process of precise brisket can be very challenging; the system designed uses customised tools to provide a good model for the trajectory planning.Originality/valueThe system developed uses statistical tools to calculate the correct trajectories.
The performance evaluation and comparison based on enterprises passed or not passed with ISO accreditation
Authors: Wu Shwu‐Ing , Chen Jui‐Ho 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine whether passing ISO accreditation can effectively enhance business performance, and further to explore the major contributions of ISO accreditation for companies. Although there are some current debates on the effectiveness of ISO9000, for many companies having ISO9000 accreditation is mainly for marketing purposes. However, no company really knows the detailed performance effects of ISO accreditation. In this study, both the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and Activity Based Costing (ABC) methods are used to compare the direction and strength of each performance indicator for companies that have passed, or not passed, ISO accreditation.Design/methodology/approachCompanies in the manufacturing industry and service industry, with stocks listed in Taiwan's regular stock market and over‐the‐counter stock market, are selected as the research targets. A total of 212 valid questionnaires from the manufacturing industry and 120 from service industries are collected for further analysis of business performance using the BSC method. In addition, ABC measures are used to compare the performance difference through objective financial data.FindingsThrough qualitative and quantitative methods, this study develops key measurement indicators along four performance constructs based on the Balanced Scorecard. These include 38 indicators for the manufacturing industry and 32 indicators for the service industry. Through evaluation and comparison, the study shows that the pass of ISO accreditation by an enterprise can enhance its business performance and financial benefits. Higher effects are especially apparent in the manufacturing industry.Originality/valueThis study uses the concept of the BSC to construct performance measurement indicators and to evaluate the business performance of enterprises. In addition, the differences in business performance attributed to the pass or fail of ISO accreditation have been compared through BSC and ABC methods. From the performance analysis, it can clearly analyze the difference displayed by enterprises that have passed or not passed ISO accreditation. These results can be referenced by different industries when performing performance evaluation and strategy making.
Probabilistic priority numbers for failure modes and effects analysis
Authors: Parracho Sant'Anna Annibal 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a method, derived from numerical evaluations on the criteria of security, frequency and detectability, of Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA), a probabilistic priority measure for potential failures; and to evaluate the use of this method when combined with subjective evaluations to decide on improvement actions.Design/methodology/approachThe method proposed is based on treating the numerical initial measurements as estimates of location parameters of probability distributions. This allows for objectively taking into account the uncertainty inherent in such measurements and to compute probabilities of each potential failure being the most important according to each criterion. These probabilities are then combined into a global quality measure, which can be interpreted as a joint probability of choice of the potential failure.FindingsThe results obtained in the cases studied show the suitability of the changes proposed. Thresholds levels proposed for the discretization of the probabilistic scores are also shown to be able to allow for an efficient combination with experts' evaluations.Research limitations/implicationsThe approach here developed allows for the introduction of statistical parameters in the first stage of FMEA modeling. Employing a more complete model leads to greater reliability of the methodology.Practical implicationsThe more precise modeling asks for a certain degree of practical knowledge of the factors effectively introducing variability in the measurements. This need may be surpassed by the choice of distributions such as those here employed.Originality/valueThe evaluation of the potential failures by the probability of being the most important, according to each criterion, is new in FMEA.
Intuitive psychology, natural experiments, and the Greenspan‐Bernanke conceptual framework for responding to financial crises
Authors: Leathers Charles G. , Patrick Raines J. 
Published: March 2012

PurposeDuring the Greenspan‐Bernanke era, the responses of Federal Reserve officials to financial crises resulted in an extraordinary involvement of the US central bank in the non‐banking financial sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the informal and evolving conceptual framework that allows Federal Reserve officials to pursue a strategy of “constrained discretion” in responding to financial disturbances.Design/methodology/approachBehavioural economics relies on designed psychological and economic experiments to predict behavioural biases at the group level. As an analogue applicable to understanding biases in the intuitive judgments of individual policymakers, a naïve behavioural economics approach relies on intuitive or naive psychology and the interpretation of historical events as natural experiments to explain why intuitive judgments of Federal Reserve officials will contain biases.FindingsUnder the Greenspan‐Bernanke conceptual framework, Federal Reserve officials exercise “constrained discretion” in responding to disturbances arising from macro structural changes in the financial sector. The two key concepts are the Greenspan‐Bernanke doctrine on how the Federal Reserve officials respond to financial asset price bubbles and their collapses, and Bernanke's financial accelerator. Several examples are cited in which policy errors made by Alan Greenspan were attributable to identifiable biases in his intuitive judgment. In addition, Bernanke's response to the financial crisis of 2007‐2009 was based on his interpretation of the Great Depression as a natural experiment. But that interpretation was heavily biased by the influence of Milton Friedman on Bernanke's intuitive judgment. While Federal Reserve officials will need to exercise discretionary judgment in responding to financial crises, the potential for errors due to biases in that judgment can be reduced through regulatory reforms that lessen the potential for financial crises to occur.Originality/valueWhile quantitative analyses of the effects of the Federal Reserve's actions on non‐bank financial institutions and the financial markets are ongoing, little attention has been given to the psychological aspects of the intuitive judgment that influences the discretionary decisions of the policymakers.
Invisible institutional repositories
Authors: Arlitsch Kenning , O'Brien Patrick S. 
Published: March 2012

PurposeGoogle Scholar has difficulty indexing the contents of institutional repositories, and the authors hypothesize the reason is that most repositories use Dublin Core, which cannot express bibliographic citation information adequately for academic papers. Google Scholar makes specific recommendations for repositories, including the use of publishing industry metadata schemas over Dublin Core. This paper aims to test a theory that transforming metadata schemas in institutional repositories will lead to increased indexing by Google Scholar.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted two surveys of institutional and disciplinary repositories across the USA, using different methodologies. They also conducted three pilot projects that transformed the metadata of a subset of papers from USpace, the University of Utah's institutional repository, and examined the results of Google Scholar's explicit harvests.FindingsRepositories that use GS recommended metadata schemas and express them in HTML meta tags experienced significantly higher indexing ratios. The ease with which search engine crawlers can navigate a repository also seems to affect indexing ratio. The second and third metadata transformation pilot projects at Utah were successful, ultimately achieving an indexing ratio of greater than 90 percent.Research limitations/implicationsThe second survey is limited to 40 titles from each of seven repositories, for a total of 280 titles. A larger survey that covers more repositories may be useful.Practical implicationsInstitutional repositories are achieving significant mass, and the rate of author citations from those repositories may affect university rankings. Lack of visibility in Google Scholar, however, will limit the ability of IRs to play a more significant role in those citation rates.Social implicationsTransforming metadata can be a difficult and tedious process. The Institute of Museum and Library Services has recently awarded a National Leadership Grant to the University of Utah to continue SEO research with its partner, OCLC Inc., and to develop a toolkit that will include automated transformation mechanisms.Originality/valueLittle or no research has been published about improving the indexing ratio of institutional repositories in Google Scholar. The authors believe that they are the first to address the possibility of transforming IR metadata to improve indexing ratios in Google Scholar.
Invisible communication: a challenge to established marketing communication
Authors: Finne Åke , Strandvik Tore 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the concept of invisible communication and its implications in marketing communication. It defines invisible communication and proposes an analytic framework enabling an expanded view of marketing communication.Design/methodology/approachBy explicitly adopting a customer‐oriented perspective, combined with insights from service marketing and relationship communication, the paper extends current models of marketing communication.FindingsThe paper identifies different types of invisible communication and presents new perspectives on marketing communication. The authors outline a framework for understanding how the company can/cannot control different forms of marketing communication and discuss the implications of this.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper concentrates on a conceptual analysis, offering a number of practical illustrations. The conceptual development creates new research issues that should lead to a deeper understanding of customers' meaning creation, actions and reactions.Practical implicationsInvisible communication constitutes a managerial challenge as it is often unrecognized by the management. The paper points to the need to develop methods to reveal the existence and effects of invisible communication as well as to create guidelines for managerial response.Originality/valueThe customer‐based perspective and the focus on invisible communication provide a new approach to analysing and understanding marketing communication. The paper contributes to service marketing and marketing communication research by introducing conceptualisations of invisible communication that have an interest for both academic research and practitioners.
The status of working capital and its relationship with sales
Authors: Panda Aruna 
Published: March 2012

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the status of gross and net working capital and their association with sales of Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Ltd, with reference to the Indian paper industry over a decade, from 1999 to 2008.Design/methodology/approachThe research is mainly based on secondary financial data obtained from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE). It focused on the size, character, and annual growth rates of gross and net working capital of the company. In addition, it analyzed the growth trends of gross and net working capital of the company in relation to sales. With the help of the Karl Pearson's correlation model, the inter‐relationship between sales and working capital has been identified. Then the strength and significance of such a relationship has been tested with the use of other statistical tools such as coefficient of determination and Student's t‐test.FindingsThe major findings of the research showed that while there was an increase in sales positively, strongly, and significantly associated with an increase in gross working capital for both the company and the industry, its association with net working capital was negative, poorly related, weak, and insignificant for the company under study.Originality/valueThere is a dearth of studies in the world literature that discuss the relationship that exists between sales and working capital in India's paper industry, in general and Andhra Pradesh Paper Mills Ltd in particular, and therefore this research is expected to add significant value to exploring the said linkage.