bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mimicry between unequally defended prey can be parasitic: evidence for quasi‐Batesian mimicry
Authors: Rowland Hannah M. , Mappes Johanna , Ruxton Graeme D. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: October 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1494–1502AbstractThe nature of signal mimicry between defended prey (known as Müllerian mimicry) is controversial. Some authors assert that it is always mutualistic and beneficial, whilst others speculate that less well defended prey may be parasitic and degrade the protection of their better defended co‐mimics (quasi‐Batesian mimicry). Using great tits (Parus major) as predators of artificial prey, we show that mimicry between unequally defended co‐mimics is not mutualistic, and can be parasitic and quasi‐Batesian. We presented a fixed abundance of a highly defended model and a moderately defended dimorphic (mimic and distinct non‐mimetic) species, and varied the relative frequency of the two forms of the moderately defended prey. As the mimic form increased in abundance, per capita predation on the model–mimic pair increased. Furthermore, when mimics were rare they gained protection from predation but imposed no co‐evolutionary pressure on models. We found that the feeding decisions of the birds were affected by their individual toxic burdens, consistent with the idea that predators make foraging decisions which trade‐off toxicity and nutrition. This result suggests that many prey species that are currently assumed to be in a simple mutualistic mimetic relationship with their co‐mimic species may actually be engaged in an antagonistic co‐evolutionary process.
Why Do EPS Forecast Error and Dispersion Not Vary with Scale? Implications for Analyst and Managerial Behavior
Authors: CHEONG FOONG SOON , THOMAS JACOB 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTWe document a counter‐intuitive finding regarding analyst forecasts of quarterly earnings per share (EPS): magnitudes of deviations from benchmarks—individual forecasts versus consensus (dispersion) and consensus versus actual (forecast error)—do not vary with scale. Seasonally differenced EPS, or time‐series forecast error, also exhibits substantial lack of variation with scale, but only for firms followed by analysts. This lack of variation with scale is not observed for analyst and time‐series forecasts for (a) EPS for some countries, (b) sales and cash flows for all countries, and (c) stock splits. We propose and investigate different explanations for these puzzling regularities that have important implications for practice and research. We believe the cause is managerial smoothing of EPS designed to reduce across‐firm variation in EPS volatility.
Interaction of prostanoid EP3and TP receptors in guinea‐pig isolated aorta: contractile self‐synergism of 11‐deoxy‐16,16‐dimethyl PGE2
Authors: Jones RL , Woodward DF 
Published: October 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSESurprisingly high contractile activity was reported for 11‐deoxy‐16,16‐dimethyl prostaglandin E2(DX‐DM PGE2) on pig cerebral artery when used as a selective EP3receptor agonist. This study investigated the selectivity profile of DX‐DM PGE2, focusing on the interaction between its EP3and TP (thromboxane A2‐like) agonist activities.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHContraction of guinea‐pig trachea (EP1system) and aorta (EP3and TP systems) was measured in conventional organ baths.KEY RESULTSStrong contraction of guinea‐pig aorta to sulprostone and 17‐phenyl PGE2(EP3agonists) was only seen under priming with a second contractile agent such as phenylephrine, histamine or U‐46619 (TP agonist). In contrast, DX‐DM PGE2induced strong contraction, which on the basis of treatment with (DG)‐3ap (EP3antagonist) and/or BMS‐180291 (TP antagonist) was attributed to self‐synergism arising from co‐activation of EP3and TP receptors. EP3/TP self‐synergism also accounted for contraction induced by PGF2αand its analogues (+)‐cloprostenol and latanoprost‐FA. DX‐DM PGE2also showed significant EP1agonism on guinea‐pig trachea as defined by the EP1antagonists SC‐51322, (ONO)‐5‐methyl‐1 and AH‐6809, although AH‐6809 exhibited poor specificity at concentrations ≥3 µM.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSEP3/TP self‐synergism, as seen with PGE/PGF analogues in this study, may confound EP3agonist potency comparisons and the characterization of prostanoid receptor systems. The competitive profile of a TP antagonist may be distorted by variation in the silent/overt contraction profile of the EP3system in different studies. The relevance of self‐synergism toin vivoactions of natural prostanoid receptor agonists is discussed.
Convergence and divergence in regional agricultural productivity growth: evidence from Italian regions, 1951–2002
Authors: Esposti Roberto 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article analyzes long‐term agricultural Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth at regional level by testing its time‐series properties and identifying factors associated with divergence as opposed to convergence. The empirical application concerns Italian regions over the 1951–2002 time period. TFP growth decomposition ultimately attributes the observed productivity growth performance to these contrasting (convergence vs. divergence) forces. We find that technological spillovers are the key convergence force regardless of how the spillover effects are computed. At the same time, forces favoring convergence are almost offset by divergence forces (mainly scale or learning effects). This decomposition may explain the persistence of TFP growth rate differences in Italian agriculture, and could be applicable elsewhere.
Do native and invasive labels affect consumer willingness to pay for plants? Evidence from experimental auctions
Authors: Yue Chengyan , Hurley Terrance M. , Anderson Neil 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOrnamental plant sales have been identified as an important vector for the introduction of invasive plants. Increased concerns about the economic and ecological costs of invasive plants have spawned interest in identifying strategies to curtail introductions. One possible strategy is labeling plants based on whether they are invasive or native. The primary purpose of this paper was to explore how labeling plants based on invasive and native attributes might affect consumer demand. To accomplish this objective, a second price auction was used to elicit the willingness to pay (WTP) for plants with and without labels. On average, we found a $0.35 premium for plants labeled as noninvasive and native and a $1.01 to $1.66 discount for plants labeled as invasive. The size of these premiums and discounts differed in relation to various demographic, attitudinal, and preference‐related factors. Overall, our results suggest that labeling plants as invasive or native could be a viable strategy for reducing the introduction of invasive plants.
Returns to spending on agricultural extension: the case of the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) program of Uganda†
Authors: Benin Samuel , Nkonya Ephraim , Okecho Geresom , Randriamamonjy Joseé , Kato Edward , Lubade Geofrey , Kyotalimye Miriam 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to assess the direct and indirect impacts of the agricultural extension system of Uganda, the National Agricultural Advisory Services (NAADS) program, on household agricultural income. Data from two rounds of surveys of Ugandan rural farm‐households conducted in 2004 and 2007, as well as different program evaluation methods and model specifications, are used to estimate impacts and compute a rate of return. The direct and indirect impact of the program is estimated at 37–95% and 27–55% increase in per capita agricultural gross revenue between 2004 and 2007 for households participating directly and indirectly in the program, respectively, compared to nonparticipants. The rate of return on the program's expenditures is estimated at 8–49%. The program has been relatively more effective among male‐headed, larger, and asset‐poor households, as well as those taking up noncrop high‐value enterprises and living further away from financial services, all‐weather roads, and markets or located in the Eastern and Northern Regions. Policy implications of the results are drawn.
Oxygen tension modulates the cytokine response of oral epithelium to periodontal bacteria
Authors: Grant Melissa M. , Kolamunne Rajitha T. , Lock Frances E. , Matthews John B. , Chapple Iain L.C. , Griffiths Helen R. 
Published: October 2010

Grant MM, Kolamunne RT, Lock FE, Matthews JB, Chapple ILC, Griffiths HR. Oxygen tension modulates the cytokine response of oral epithelium to periodontal bacteria. J Clin Periodontol 2010; doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01622.x.AbstractBackground: There is an inverse relationship between pocket depth and pocket oxygen tension with deep pockets being associated with anaerobic bacteria. However, little is known about how the host tissues respond to bacteria under differing oxygen tensions within the periodontal pocket.Aim: To investigate the effect of different oxygen tensions upon nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB) activation and the inflammatory cytokine response of oral epithelial cells when exposed to nine species of oral bacteria.Materials and Methods: H400 oral epithelial cells were equilibrated at 2%, 10% or 21% oxygen. Cells were stimulated with heat‐killed oral bacteria at multiplicity of infection 10:1, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (15 μg/ml) or vehicle control. Interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and NF‐κB activation was measured by reporter vector or by immunohistochemical analysis.Results: Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia elicited the greatest epithelial NF‐κB activation and cytokine responses. An oxygen‐tension‐dependent trend in cytokine production was observed with the highest IL‐8 and TNF‐α production observed at 2% oxygen and lowest at 21% oxygen.Conclusions: These data demonstrate a greater pro‐inflammatory host response and cell signalling response to bacteria present in more anaerobic conditions, and hypersensitivity of epithelial cells to pro‐inflammatory stimuli at 2% oxygen, which may have implications for disease pathogenesis and/or therapy.
In vivo biofilm formation on a soft denture liner in elderly patients with controlled diabetes
Authors: Faccio Daniela R. , Pereira‐Cenci Tatiana , Cenci Maximiliano S. , Demarco Flávio F. , Moraes Rafael R. , Boscato Noéli 
Published: October 2010

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00428.xIn vivo biofilm formation on a soft denture liner in elderly patients with controlled diabetesObjectives:  This in vivo study evaluated the influence of controlled diabetes on biofilm formation on a soft denture liner in elderly patients.Background:  Soft denture lining materials are more susceptible to microbial colonisation than denture base acrylic resins. Especially in the elderly, several predisposing factors may accumulate leading to an increased probability of biofilm development that may result in candidiasis, a significant clinical oral disease.Materials and methods:  Volunteers wearing complete dentures were divided into two groups (n = 20): diabetic patients with controlled glycaemia, and healthy patients. In both groups, a silicone‐based soft liner was placed in a recess created at the base of the maxillary dentures. Subjects cleaned the prosthesis three times a day. Biofilm formed on the liner was quantified at various time points (baseline, two, four and six weeks). Data were analysed by two‐way repeated measures anova and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05).Results:  There was no statistical difference in biofilm formation for any of the time points between controlled diabetes patients and healthy patients.Conclusion:  The results suggest that the control of diabetes in elderly patients provides the same levels of biofilm formation when compared to healthy individuals.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF COLLAGEN FIBER AND POWDER GELS
Authors: MAXIMO G.J. , CUNHA R.L. 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT Mechanical properties and water holding capacity (WHC) of collagen gels were evaluated using two ingredients with different particle size and shape. The variables evaluated were ingredient concentration (3, 5, and 10%, w/w), NaCl addition (0 and 2% w/w), heat treatment temperature (25, 60, and 90C), gel formation temperature (10 and 25C), and the soluble/insoluble protein ratio. The collagen ingredients produced strong, highly elastic gel networks with stress at fracture values from 0.4 to 68 kPa and values for the elasticity modulus from 1.4 to 17 kPa, for the range of variables studied. The gel network strength and WHC were enhanced by a decrease in particle size, lower incubation temperatures, and by increases in soluble protein, ionic strength of the medium and heat treatment temperature. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCollagen has a unique molecular structure that provides ingredients of interest for incorporation into food products and other biomaterials, showing different technological properties depending on the process conditions. Once the effect of size and shape of the particle, temperature, pH, and salt addition on the mechanical properties, water holding capacity and physico‐chemical characteristics of bovine collagen gels is known, process parameters and formulations can be optimized, in order to establish desirable texture properties for food products and other biomaterials.
Improving diabetes patient outcomes: Framing research into the chronic care model
Authors: Dancer Susan , Courtney Maureen (Reni) 
Published: October 2010

Abstract Purpose: To review recent research findings that improve outcomes for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and frame them within the chronic care model (CCM). Data sources: Published research studies and research reviews from multiple computerized databases were examined regarding care of patients with T2DM. Conclusions: Improving outcomes for patients with chronic diseases such as T2DM is a healthcare system imperative. Disease management must shift from an incomplete and scattered focus on episodic care to a comprehensive model of care such as offered by the CCM. This model emphasizes the essential elements of health organization, clinical information systems, decision support, delivery system design, self‐management support, and community required to effectively improve care for these patients. Implications for practice: Understanding the comprehensive elements needed for quality chronic disease care is essential to improving outcomes. As new interventions for improving T2DM outcomes become available, the nurse practitioner (NP) must be able to evaluate these as they relate to elements of care that comprise the CCM. Framing new research interventions into this model allows the NP to assume a multifaceted leadership role in improving the care and outcomes of these patients.
CAMBRIDGE, BLOOMSBURY AND PSYCHOANALYSIS
Authors: Pines Malcolm 
Published: October 2010

abstractA vignette on the life of Adrian Stephen with whom I began an analysis in 1946, which ended with his death after 18 months. Adrian was the younger brother of Virginia Woolf, a member of the Bloomsbury Group many of whom had been Apostles at Cambridge. In the 1920s Adrian and his wife Karin qualified in medicine in order to train as psychoanalysts. He featured in a novel by Betty Miller, On the Side of the Angels. His biography is by Jean MacGibbon. Adrian was an important participant in the Freud/Klein Controversial Discussions.
LETTERS FROM BERLIN: ALIX STRACHEY'S VIEWS ON PRE‐FASCIST GERMANY 1924–1925
Authors: De Clerck Rotraut 
Published: October 2010

abstractTaking the correspondence between James and Alix Strachey 1924–1925 between London and Berlin as a starting‐point, the paper investigates the relationship between psychoanalysis and culture in the mid‐1920s in both capitals.
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF THE ASSOCIATION OF THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES
Authors: Kennard David 
Published: October 2010

abstractThe Association of Therapeutic Communities was born in 1972. I chart its development from vigorous debate in the 1970s to external achievements in the 1980s, near collapse and recovery in the 1990s and professional recognition in the 21st century. Lasting achievements include the journal Therapeutic Communities, a long‐running book series, the annual Windsor conference, regular training events and the Quality Network of Therapeutic Communities.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITIES: A PROBLEM OR A SOLUTION FOR PSYCHIATRY? A SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW
Authors: Manning Nick 
Published: October 2010

abstractThis paper reviews the place of the therapeutic community in the mental health field, using a sociological framework to understand some key factors that have shaped the field and its response to this approach to therapy. The therapeutic community treatment method in mental health has been contested over the years. It has challenged conventional professional frameworks, it has dealt with a difficult client group, and it has been hostile to or at least awkward about establishing its evidence base. In this paper I reflect on the ‘politics of evidence’ in contested fields. I draw on the analysis of ‘fields’ from the work of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, and the analysis of scientific knowledge from an area of the social study of science, ‘actor‐network theory’. I argue that evidence is not neutral in contested fields, and that the technology of trials is not balanced with a theoretically informed understanding of the phenomena under scrutiny (causality versus meaning).
ON BEING AN OBSERVING PARTICIPANT IN A THERAPEUTIC INSTITUTION
Authors: Skogstad Wilhelm 
Published: October 2010

abstractThe author builds on two areas of Bob Hinshelwood's work, the Cassel Hospital and institutional observation. He shows how being an observer of oneself and the institution one is working in may lead to a more balanced approach that acknowledges different levels of the organization and their tensions, instead of being caught up in them. He describes a crisis on his unit, the various institutional levels involved in generating the crisis and his way of dealing with it.
In vitro differentiation of retinal pigment epithelium from adult retinal stem cells
Authors: Aruta Claudia , Giordano Francesca , De Marzo Anna , Comitato Antonella , Raposo Graça , Nandrot Emeline F. , Marigo Valeria 
Published: October 2010

SummaryOne of the limitations in molecular and functional studies of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) has been the lack of an in vitro system retaining all the features of in vivo RPE cells. Retinal pigment epithelium cell lines do not show characteristics typical of a functional RPE, such as pigmentation and expression of specific markers. The present study was aimed at the development of culture conditions to differentiate, in vitro, retinal stem cells (RSC), derived from the adult ciliary body, into a functional RPE. Retinal stem cells were purified from murine eyes, grown as pigmented neurospheres and induced to differentiate into RPE on an extracellular matrix substrate using specific culture conditions. After 7–15 days of culture, pigmented cells with an epithelial morphology showed a polarized organization and a capacity for phagocytosis. We detected different stages of melanogenesis in cells at 7 days of differentiation, whereas RPE at 15 days contained only mature melanosomes. These data suggest that our protocol to differentiate RPE in vitro can provide a useful model for molecular and functional studies.
Population Pharmacokinetics of Nevirapine in HIV-1-Infected Pregnant Women and Their Neonates
Authors: Benaboud Sihem , Ekouévi Didier K. , Urien Saik , Rey Elisabeth , Arrivé Elise , Blanche Stéphane , Gray Glenda , Sim Kruy Leang , Avit Divine , McIntyre James , Nerrienet Eric , Dabis François , Tréluyer Jean-Marc , Hirt Déborah 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to describe the nevirapine (NVP) pharmacokinetics (PK) in pregnant women and their neonates and to evaluate the transplacental drug transfer and administration scheme for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Thirty-eight HIV-1-infected pregnant women were administered one tablet of NVP (200 mg) and two tablets of tenofovir-emtricitabine (Truvada) at the initiation of labor. Children were given NVP syrup (2 mg/kg of body weight) as a single dose (sdNVP) on the first day of life. By pair, NVP concentrations were measured in 11 maternal, 1 cord blood, and 2 neonatal plasma samples and analyzed by a population approach. A one-compartment model was used for mothers and neonates; the absorption rate constants for mothers and neonates were 0.95 h−1(intersubject variability, 111%) and 0.39 h−1, respectively; the apparent elimination clearances were 1.42 liter·h−1(intersubject variability, 22%) and 0.035 liter·h−1, respectively; and apparent volumes of distribution were 87.3 liters (intersubject variability, 25%) and 5.65 liters, respectively. An effect compartment was linked to maternal circulation by mother-to-cord and cord-to-mother rate constants of 1.10 h−1and 1.43 h−1, respectively. Placental transfer, expressed as the fetal-to-maternal area under the curve ratio, was 75%. Neonates had a very long half-lives (110 h) compared to adults. In the 38 mothers, the simulated median individual predicted time during which the NVP concentration remained above the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 13.2 days (range, 12 to 19.2 days). Thus, the administration of tenofovir-emtricitabine for at least 3 weeks after delivery should be considered to prevent the emergence of resistant viruses. The neonate must receive sdNVP immediately after birth when the infant is born less than 30 min after maternal drug intake to keep NVP concentrations above the IC50.
Tracking Origins and Spread of Sulfadoxine-Resistant
Plasmodium falciparum dhps
Alleles in Thailand
Authors: Alam Md Tauqeer , Vinayak Sumiti , Congpuong Kanungnit , Wongsrichanalai Chansuda , Satimai Wichai , Slutsker Laurence , Escalante Ananias A. , Barnwell John W. , Udhayakumar Venkatachalam 
Published: October 2010

ABSTRACT

The emergence and spread of drug-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
have been a major impediment for the control of malaria worldwide. Earlier studies have shown that similar to chloroquine (CQ) resistance, high levels of pyrimethamine resistance in
P. falciparum
originated independently 4 to 5 times globally, including one origin at the Thailand-Cambodia border. In this study we describe the origins and spread of sulfadoxine-resistance-conferring dihydropteroate synthase (
dhps
) alleles in Thailand. The
dhps
mutations and flanking microsatellite loci were genotyped for
P. falciparum
isolates collected from 11 Thai provinces along the Burma, Cambodia, and Malaysia borders. Results indicated that resistant
dhps
alleles were fixed in Thailand, predominantly being the S
GEG
A,
AGE
AA, and S
GNG
A triple mutants and the
AG
KAA double mutant (mutated codons are underlined). These alleles had different geographical distributions. The S
GEG
A alleles were found mostly at the Burma border, while the S
GNG
A alleles occurred mainly at the Cambodia border and nearby provinces. Microsatellite data suggested that there were two major genetic lineages of the triple mutants in Thailand, one common for S
GEG
A/S
GNG
A alleles and another one independent for
AGE
AA. Importantly, the newly reported S
GNG
A alleles possibly originated at the Thailand-Cambodia border. All parasites in the Yala province (Malaysia border) had
AG
KAA alleles with almost identical flanking microsatellites haplotypes. They were also identical at putatively neutral loci on chromosomes 2 and 3, suggesting a clonal nature of the parasite population in Yala. In summary, this study suggests multiple and independent origins of resistant
dhps
alleles in Thailand.