bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Psychostimulants in Patients with Dementia
Authors: Dolder Christian R , Nicole Davis Lauren , McKinsey Jonathan 
Published: August 2010

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of psychostimulants for negative behavioral symptoms (ie, apathy, excessive daytime sedation) and cognition in patients with dementia. Data Sources: Literature was accessed through PubMed and MEDLINE (1966–June 2010), using the terms stimulant, psychostimulant, methyiphenidate, dexmethylphenidate, amphetamine, dextroamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine. atomoxetine, modafinil, armodafinil, dementia, Alzheimer disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, mixed dementia, frontotemporal dementia, therapy, treatment, and therapeutic. Additional references identified from the initial search were reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All relevant clinical trials published in English and involving primarily older adults with dementia were included. Case reports, review articles, and other preclinical literature were included as appropriate. Data Synthesis: Psychostimulants have been employed as a treatment for cognitive and behavioral symptoms in dementia for decades, but the literature has lagged behind this practice. Eight reports on use of psychostimulants as a treatment of apathy in dementia were reviewed. Methyiphenidate was the most frequently studied medication and improvements in apathy were consistently noted; however, the magnitude and duration of effect remain unclear. Six studies examining the cognitive effects of a variety of psychostimulants in patients with dementia were reviewed; psychostimulants had little to no effect on cognition. A lack of studies exists to draw conclusions about the use of psychostimulants for the treatment of excessive daytime sedation in dementia. The possibility of psychostimulants to increase blood pressure; elevate heart rate; and lead to irritability, agitation, and psychosis makes careful patient selection critical, especially in older adults with severe cardiovascular disease or other underlying cardiac abnormalities. Conclusions: Based on limited studies, methyiphenidate is a possible treatment for apathy in patients with dementia. Psychostimulants, as a group, do not appear to be broadly effective treatments for behavioral or cognitive symptoms of dementia. The potential utility of psychostimulants must be balanced with careful patient selection.
Immunochemical and Mass-Spectrometry–Based Serum Hepcidin Assays for Iron Metabolism Disorders
Authors: Kroot Joyce JC , Laarakkers Coby MM , Geurts-Moespot Anneke J , Grebenchtchikov Nicolaï , Pickkers Peter , van Ede Annelies E , Peters Hilde PE , van Dongen-Lases Edmée , Wetzels Jack FM , Sweep Fred CGJ , Tjalsma Harold , Swinkels Dorine W 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND
Hepcidin is an iron-regulatory peptide hormone that consists of 3 isoforms: bioactive hepcidin-25, and inactive hepcidin-22 and hepcidin-20. Hepcidin is instrumental in the diagnosis and monitoring of iron metabolism disorders, but reliable methods for its quantification in serum are sparse, as is knowledge of their relative analytical strengths and clinical utility.

METHODS
We developed a competitive (c)-ELISA and an immunocapture TOF mass-spectrometry (IC-TOF-MS) assay. Exploiting these 2 methods and our previously described weak cation exchange (WCX)-TOF-MS assay, we measured serum hepcidin concentrations in 186 patients with various disorders of iron metabolism and in 23 healthy controls.

RESULTS
We found that (a) the relative differences in median hepcidin concentrations in various diseases to be similar, although the absolute concentrations measured with c-ELISA and WCX-TOF-MS differed; (b) hepcidin isoforms contributed to differences in hepcidin concentrations between methods, which were most prominent in patients with chronic kidney disease; and (c) hepcidin concentrations measured by both the c-ELISA and IC-TOF-MS correlated with ferritin concentrations &lt;60 μg/L, and were suitable for distinguishing between iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and the combination of IDA and anemia of chronic disease.

CONCLUSIONS
c-ELISA is the method of choice for the large-scale quantification of serum hepcidin concentrations, because of its low limit of detection, low cost, and high-throughput. Because of its specificity for bioactive hepcidin-25, WCX-TOF-MS can be regarded as a valuable special-purpose assay for disorders with variable concentrations of hepcidin isoforms, such as chronic kidney disease.
The Spatial Representation of Musical Form
Authors: Bonds Mark Evan 
Published: August 2010

Musical form can be conceptualized in two basic ways, temporally or spatially. The temporal approach conceives of form diachronically, as a series of events that unfold through time, whereas the spatial approach conceives of form synchronically, as a synoptic design in which the relationship of the individual parts to the whole is apparent at once. These two modes are interdependent and by no means mutually exclusively. Indeed, virtually every account of musical form—either in the abstract or as applied to a specific work—draws on both concepts to varying degrees. Narrative accounts that relate a series of events often rely on spatial imagery, and the formal diagrams that are a standard feature of analytical discourse nowadays almost invariably reflect the progression of music through time.
Not until 1825, however, did any critic or theorist attempt to represent musical form in an essentially spatial, synoptic manner. Antoine Reicha's diagrams of binary, ternary, and rondo forms in his Traité de haute composition musicale, moreover, found little resonance among his contemporaries. Even the simplest formal diagrams would remain a rarity for another seventy-five years and would not become a standard element of theoretical accounts of form until the early twentieth century. Spatial representations of form were slow to emerge and gain acceptance, at least in part because of a broader reluctance to accept the premise of depicting linear time in two-dimensional space.
Debussy's Legacy: The Controversy over the Ode à la France
Authors: Wheeldon Marianne 
Published: August 2010

In 1928 Debussy's Ode à la France was premiered at a gala commemorating the tenth anniversary of the composer's death. Unfinished in 1918, this patriotic cantata for soprano, chorus, and orchestra was intended to dramatize the execution of Joan of Arc using a libretto written by Debussy's friend, the music scholar Louis Laloy. Initially thought to be lost, the manuscript was later rediscovered by the composer's widow, Emma, who joined Laloy in contracting the pianist-composer Marius-François Gaillard to complete the work.
Prior to the concert, a committee of Debussy's friends published a letter of protest, dissociating itself from the premiere, and Emma Debussy immediately responded with a protest of her own, defending her involvement in the concert. With additional contributions from Léon Vallas, Emile Vuillermoz, and Louis Laloy, the conflict that thus emerged had the result of permanently affecting our understanding of the concert's featured work, the Ode à la France. By comparing the manuscript with the score published by Choudens (1928), it is possible to gain a better understanding of how Debussy's original conception of the Ode and its place in his oeuvre differed from that of Laloy, Gaillard, and others involved in the controversies surrounding the work's premiere.
Playing with Art: Musical Arrangements as Educational Tools in van Swieten's Vienna
Authors: Thormählen Wiebke 
Published: August 2010

Art played a significant part in the educational ideal promoted by German intellectuals in the late eighteenth century. Gottfried van Swieten, President of the Court Commission for Education in Vienna and librettist for The Creation, was instrumental in developing and promoting the role of art in the moral education of the individual. His encouragement of active engagement with art sheds new light on the common practice of arranging musical "classics"—in particular large-scale vocal works—for smaller instrumental forces around 1800. Van Swieten's writings suggest that such arrangements may be understood not merely as entertaining trifles but as the product of the sociopolitical mores of the Enlightenment.
Inviting the direct, interactive experience of art, the arrangement of Joseph Haydn's Creation for string quintet was particularly suited to the moral and social education of the individual. Grounded at least in part in archaic compositional practices, it demonstrated an artwork's adaptability to different circumstances of performance and to the different levels of education of its performers. Moreover, the act of playing the arrangement, one to a part, allowed for the honing of an individual's inner sociable sentiment through collaboration with fellow performers.
Thyroid hormone receptors are down-regulated in skeletal muscle of patients with non-thyroidal illness syndrome secondary to non-septic shock
Authors: Lado-Abeal J , Romero A , Castro-Piedras I , Rodriguez-Perez A , Alvarez-Escudero J 
Published: August 2010

AimNon-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is related to changes in thyroid hormone (TH) physiology. Skeletal muscle (SM) plays a major role in metabolism, and TH regulates SM phenotype and metabolism. We aimed to characterize the SM of non-septic shock NTIS patients in terms of: i) expression of genes and proteins involved in TH metabolism and actions; and ii) NFKB's pathway activation, a responsible factor for some of the phenotypic changes in NTIS. We also investigated whether the patient's serum can induce in vitro the effects observed in vivo.MethodsSerum samples and SM biopsies from 14 patients with non-septic shock NTIS and 11 controls. Gene and protein expression and NFKB1 activation were analyzed by quantitative PCR and immunoblotting. Human SM cell (HSkMC) cultures to investigate the effects of patient's serum on TH action mediators.ResultsPatients with non-septic shock NTIS showed higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines than controls. Expression of TRβ (THRB), TRα1 (THRA), and retinoid X receptor γ (RXRG) was decreased in NTIS patients. RXRA gene expression was higher, but its protein was lower in NTIS than controls, suggesting the existence of a post-transcriptional mechanism that down-regulates protein levels. NFKB1 pathway activation was not different between NTIS and control patients. HSkMC incubated with patient's serum increased TH receptor and RXRG gene expression after 48 h.ConclusionsPatients with non-septic shock NTIS showed decreased expression of TH receptors and RXRs, which were not related to increased activation of the NFKB1 pathway. These findings could not be replicated in cultures of HSkMCs incubated in the patient's serum.
Using Observed Interactions between Sea Turtles and Commercial Bottom-Trawling Vessels to Evaluate the Conservation Value of Trawl Gear Modifications
Authors: Haas Heather L. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The bycatch of sea turtles (order Testudines) in bottom-trawl fisheries is an important conservation issue currently being addressed by the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service and its stakeholders. The agency is considering the implementation of new sea turtle conservation regulations in several mid-Atlantic trawl fisheries, including the expanded use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs). The characteristics of observed sea turtle bycatch are used to calculate four conservation metrics. The lowest-level metric is simple to calculate but not informative of population impacts because it does not adequately incorporate the magnitude and demographics of the affected population. The highest-level metric incorporates both magnitude and demographics and is therefore more difficult to calculate but also more informative. Five size categories of turtles were evaluated with respect to the protection afforded by various TED configurations, and the conservation value of 12 bycatch mitigation alternatives was estimated using each of the four conservation metrics. The most informative metric was adult-equivalent bycatch mortality. A TED with a large escape opening had the highest estimated conservation value for loggerheads Caretta caretta. Up to 66 more adult-equivalent loggerheads were estimated to be protected by the large opening than by the standard opening. A similar number could be protected by extending TED use north of 37°N. The number of adult-equivalent loggerheads estimated to be protected by standard and wide-bar spacing is nearly the same. The percentage of encountered turtles caught in trawls is not an adequate proxy for the number of adult-equivalent mortalities caused by the fishery. Evaluating sea turtle bycatch using adult-equivalent mortalities facilitates comparisons across disparate bycatch mitigation alternatives and provides a meaningful way to assess the efficacy of bycatch mitigation alternatives for the recovery of sea turtle populations.
Effects of Catch-and-Release Angling on Salmonids at Elevated Water Temperatures
Authors: Boyd James W. , Guy Christopher S. , Horton Travis B. , Leathe Stephen A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Few studies have assessed catch-and-release mortality of salmonids at water temperatures of 23°C or above, despite predictions of warming stream temperatures due to climate change. The primary objective of this study was to measure the catch-and-release mortality of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, brown trout Salmo trutta, and mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni in three water temperature treatments, namely, when daily maximum water temperatures were cool (&lt;20°C), warm (20–22.9°C), and hot (≥23°C). A secondary objective was to assess the catch-and-release mortality of salmonids angled in morning and evening within the water temperature treatments. These objectives were related to Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks' drought fishing closure policy. Angling (fly-fishing only) occurred in the Gallatin and Smith rivers. All angled fish were confined to in-stream holding cages and monitored for mortality for 72 h. Mortality of rainbow trout peaked at 16% in the Gallatin River and 9% in the Smith River during the hot treatment. Mortality of brown trout was less than 5% in all water temperature treatments in both rivers. Mountain whitefish mortality peaked at 28% in the hot treatment in the Smith River. No mortality for any species occurred in either river when daily maximum water temperatures were less than 20°C. Mortality of rainbow trout peaked at 16% in the evening hot treatment in the Smith River. Mortality rates of brown trout and mountain whitefish were not related to time of day. The catch-and-release mortality rates presented here probably represent fishing mortality given that most anglers in southwestern Montana practice catch-and-release angling. The mortality values we observed were lower than predicted (&lt;30%) given reports in the literature. The difference is probably related to the in situ nature of the study and periods of cooler water temperatures between peaks, which facilitated recovery from thermal stress.
Comparisons of Haul Seine and Otter Trawl Catches of Black Crappie and the Evaluation of Haul Seines for Future Research
Authors: Tuten Travis , Strong Will A. , Nagid Eric J. , Hale Marty M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
We compared the size structure, estimated mean total length (TL) at age, and estimated mortality of black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus caught by otter trawl and haul seine at two Florida water bodies (Lakes Parker and Griffin) and used the capture data, estimates of gear-induced mortality, and fishing variables (i.e., fishing effort and volume sampled) to evaluate the efficacy of using haul seines in future projects. Haul seines captured a smaller size range of black crappie than did trawls, and black crappie did not appear to be recruited to the haul seines until they attained 209 mm TL. Haul seines tended to capture proportionally more large fish than did trawls, when considering individuals 210 mm or longer. Mean TL-at-age estimates tended to be larger for haul seines due to differences in gear selectivity. At Lake Parker, trawl captures produced a greater annual mortality estimate (A), and the differences between catch curve slopes were significant. At Lake Griffin, however, haul seines produced a larger value of A, but the differences between the two catch curve slopes were not significant. Gear-induced mortality estimates of sport fish (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, redear sunfish L. microlophus, and black crappie) captured with the haul seines ranged from 3.2% to 24.2% but varied with species, with black crappie mortality rates being the highest. Haul seines required a relatively high level of effort but provided a larger sample size of black crappie 210 mm or longer than did trawls because of extreme differences in the volume of water sampled and trawls' selectivity for smaller fish. A smaller-mesh haul seine would allow us to sample larger size ranges of fish and increase the number of age-classes captured by the gear, which may allow for more accurate estimates of the population size and age structures. However, the size selectivity patterns of black crappie captured by the haul seine are not known, and further research is recommended to evaluate haul seines with smaller mesh sizes.
Factors Affecting Recruitment of Age-0 Muskellunge in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin, 1987–2006
Authors: Eslinger Lawrence D. , Dolan David M. , Newman Steven P. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
We modeled variation in recruitment (R) of age-0 muskellunge Esox masquinongy to identify factors influencing their abundance in Escanaba Lake, Wisconsin. Muskellunge R declined over the study period and ranged from 0.00 to 1.85 age-0 fish/km of shoreline (mean = 0.42 age-0 fish/km of shoreline). A Ricker stock–recruitment model determined that the following factors explained 88% of the variation in annual R of age-0 muskellunge between 1987 and 2006: abundance and age structure of the adult muskellunge population, abundance of bluntnose minnow Pimephales notatus, abundance of age-3 and older (age-3+) walleyes Sander vitreus, abundance of age-0 white suckers Catostomus commersonii, and coefficient of variation (CV) of May water temperatures. Abundance of adult muskellunge (≥76.2 cm total length) accounted for only 1% of the variation in R and showed no significant relationship with R. Abundance of bluntnose minnow improved the model fit to 40% of the variation in R and indicated that higher R was achieved with greater numbers of bluntnose minnow. The average age of adult muskellunge further improved the model fit to 59% of the variation in R, suggesting that R increased when more young adults were present in the population. The abundance of age-3+ walleyes enhanced the model fit to 69% of the variation in R and indicated that greater R occurred with high numbers of walleyes. The abundance of age-0 white suckers improved the model to explain 77% of the variation in R and indicated that more recruits occurred when numbers of age-0 white suckers were low. Finally, the CV of May water temperatures further improved the model to explain 88% of the variation in R and signified that lower variability in May water temperatures was beneficial to recruitment success. We interpret the model results to mean that muskellunge R in Escanaba Lake is regulated by the reproductive potential of the adult muskellunge population, forage availability, variation in May water temperatures, and other community dynamics.
Comparison of Gears for Sampling Littoral-Zone Fishes in Floodplain Lakes of the Lower White River, Arkansas
Authors: Eggleton Michael A. , Jackson John R. , Lubinski Benjamin J. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Gear comparison studies are useful to fisheries managers because many aquatic systems require multiple gears to assess fish assemblages. Many previous studies have emphasized comparisons of catch per unit effort or basic community measures such as richness and diversity. Our objectives were to (1) compare fish assemblage richness, diversity, and evenness across sampling gears, (2) assess the similarity of fish assemblage structure as depicted by the different gears, and (3) compare fish assemblage–environment relationships depicted by the different gears. Assessments were conducted in littoral-zone areas of 16 floodplain lakes in the lower White River, Arkansas. Four sampling gears were used: 500-V, 60-Hz (high-pulse) and 1,000-V, 15-Hz (low-pulse) boat-mounted nighttime electrofishing, mini-fyke nets, and experimental gill nets. Species richness and diversity were significantly greater using boat-mounted electrofishing (both pulses) than the other gears. Experimental gill nets exhibited the lowest richness of all gears (&lt;50% of the other gears), and mini-fyke nets exhibited significantly lower evenness owing to the tendency for 1–2 species to dominate catches. Procrustean analyses indicated that the lake-specific fish assemblages depicted by the different gears were significantly different during all paired-gear comparisons except between the two electrofishing configurations. Regardless of gear, multivariate direct gradient analyses indicated that lake depth, water clarity, and morphoedaphic index were consistently important variables associated with the structuring of littoral-zone fish assemblages. The results support the idea that multiple-gear approaches are useful in assessing floodplain lake fish assemblages and that, in the case of lower White River floodplain lakes, the assemblage information collected from the different gears was not redundant. Additionally, if a large-river sampling program is using only one or two gears, major fish–environment relationships that are depicted may not be gear dependent.
A Comparison of Techniques Using Dorsal Spines to Estimate Sauger Age
Authors: Williamson Craig W. , Dirnberger Ryan R. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Fish age is useful to fishery managers when evaluating growth rates, mortality rates, and reproduction. Our objective was to determine whether two methods for estimating the age of saugers Sander canadensis using dorsal spines—side illumination and spine sectioning—resulted in similar age estimates at the same efficiency and cost. To do this, we determined whether the coefficients of variation (CV = 100 · SD/mean) differed between age estimates of fish using the two techniques in the Missouri River and a portion of the Kansas River. We found that the CVs did not differ significantly between techniques. While reader agreement did not differ significantly, side illumination took one-half as much time as sectioning. In addition, side illumination displayed outer annuli on older fish better than sectioning and did not require an expensive low-speed saw, microscope slides, or a mounting medium for processing. We conclude that side illumination is the most time- and cost-efficient method for estimating sauger ages from spines.