bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wilson films — Hemiballism
Authors: Lozano Andres M. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe case presented involves an 88‐year‐old woman with sudden onset of right‐sided hemiballism that persisted for an amazing 15 years. The video demonstrates wide amplitude choreic movements of the proximal and distal limbs of the right side, as well as of the axial musculature. Classical teaching dictates that this patient has a lesion in the subthalamic nucleus. Here then is a prime example where classical teaching is wrong! © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Multinational Corporations and Political Risk in the Persian Gulf
Authors: Kennedy Charles R. 
Published: December 2011

On New Year's Eve, before the tumultuous events of 1978–79, President Jimmy Carter, while toasting the Shah in Tehran, referred to Iran as an “island of stability” in the Persian Gulf. President Carter's remarks reflected the consensus opinion about Iran not only among United States government officials but among most business firms operating in Iran as well. A typical U.S. corporate attitude was represented by a 1975 Business International (hereafter BI) report about business prospects in the Middle East.These characteristics (infrastructure development, population size and high absorptive capacity), which favorably distinguish Iran from the Arab Middle East, make the country the prime market in the area for many Western exporters. Political stability, the government's benevolent attitude toward private enterprise, and a well-protected internal market give Iran a similar edge in the eyes of foreign investors. Few international companies will thus want to stand aside as Iran races toward its goal of becoming the Japan of the Middle East.1
“He was the Muhammad 'Abduh of Syria” A Study of Tāhir Al-Jazā'irī and His Influence
Authors: Escovitz Joseph H. 
Published: December 2011

Muhammad Kurd 'Alī referred to his teacher and close friend, Sheikh Tāhir al-Jazā'irī, as the Muhammad 'Abduh of Syria. Kurd 'Alī, however, was not alone in remarking upon the impact that al-Jazā'irī had in Syria during the lete nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Albert Hourani also mentioned him in comparison to 'Abduh:Ideas such as those of 'Abduh were “in the air” in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. We find similar groups of reformers in all the more advanced Muslim countries, and perhaps it is too simple to explain them in terms of the influence of al-Afghānī and 'Abduh. It could be said…that al-'Urwa al-wuthqacould only have had its influence because there were already little groups of Muslims thinking on the lines which made it popular… In Syria similar men can be found in all the great centers of Muslim learning… Among those whom were roughly contemporary with 'Abduh and had some contact with him, was Tāhir al-Jazāir'ī,… a writer on literary and linguistic subjects, he had a wider importance through his work for the establishment of modern schools and the preservations of ancient books.
The Naim-Andonian Documents on the World War I Destruction of Ottoman Armenians: The Anatomy of a Genocide
Authors: Dadrian Vahakn N. 
Published: December 2011

The protracted Turko-Armenian conflict, marked by intermittent massacres, was violently resolved during World War I. By governmental decree the bulk of the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire was uprooted from its ancestral territories and was committed to a process of deportation that became a process of destruction. The provinces in the interior of Turkey with heavy concentrations of Armenians were thus completely denuded of their indigenous population.Volumes have been produced regarding the instruments and dimensions of this destruction. The carnage was attested to by multitudes of Armenian survivors; by German, Swiss, and American missionaries; and by European and American consuls in the provinces and their ambassadors in Istanbul, the Ottoman capital. The testimony of Austrian and German officers of all ranks who fought in and directed that war alongside the Turks as political and military allies is even more striking.
Who “Invented” Egyptian Arab Nationalism?
Authors: Coury Ralph M. 
Published: December 2011

A number of writers on Egyptian Arab nationalism have maintained that this nationalism originated in religious motives, that it was initially exploited by the Palace and its allies and only then reluctantly adopted by the Wafd for primarily party purposes. In an essay entitled “Pan Arabism and British Policy” Kedourie links the initiation of an active pan-Arab policy to King Faruq and his “coadjutors and instruments” Ali Mahir and Abd al-Rahman Azzam, who in the late thirties “invented and propagated pan-Arabism as a policy for Egypt” and who “conceived the dream of an authoritarian Muslim state in Egypt embracing gradually all the Arabs and perhaps in the fullness of time all the Muslims.” He acknowledges that the Wafd and not the Palace entourage negotiated the Arab League but he attributes al-Nahhas's acquiesence to personal and party interests. “We do not yet know what convinced al-Nahhas that pan-Arabism was a paying policy,” he writes, “but no doubt the desire to please the King, to dish his opponents by adopting their policy, the dislike of Iraq's aggrandisement should Nuri al-Said's [Fertile Crescent unity] scheme be realized, the approval of the British, and visions of future grandeur had their part to play.” Egypt, he claims, had never manifested any interest in Arabism before the 1943–1945 negotiations leading to the Arab League.Kedourie presents the fullest, most explicit, and baldest statement of this interpretation but it is found, or reflected, variously, in other well-known works, including Heyworth-Dunne'sReligious and Political Trends in Modern Egyptin which it seems to have been first formulated, as well as Safran'sEgypt in Search of Political Communityand Mitchell's TheSociety of the Muslim Brothers
Egypt's Open Door Economic policy: An Attempt at Economic Integration in the Middle East
Authors: Hamed Osama 
Published: December 2011

Although some may assert that it is too early to assess the impact of Anwar al-Sadat's liberalization policies on the Egyptian economy, I believe there is enough evidence to measure the important trends that have arisen in their wake. And while the statistics and conclusions may be regarded as tentative, they delineate a picture.“There is a smell of money around this place.” With this sentence J. R. Frickers, head of Mobil Oil in Egypt, gives us a feeling for the atmosphere that prevailed in Egypt in 1974. The oil price hike of December 23, 1973, created billions of-dollars in surplus funds for Saudi Arabia and the other Arab oil-producing states.
General practitioners' versus consultants' perspective on indications for paediatric tonsillectomy: current trends
Authors: Manickavasagam J , Ali S , Quraishi M S 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAims:We undertook a study to ascertain what factors general practitioners consider important when referring children for tonsillectomy, and to compare these views with those of consultant ENT surgeons.Methods:Web-based questionnaire study.Results:A total of 141 general practitioners and 146 consultants responded. Tonsillectomy in children was regarded as a useful operation by 65 per cent of general practitioners and 98 per cent of consultant ENT surgeons. This difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001, chi-square test). In 1994, Donnelly et al. found that 92 per cent of general practitioners considered tonsillectomy in children a useful operation; our results were significantly different (p < 0.001, chi-square test).Conclusions:There is a good level of awareness and agreement on the currently accepted indications for paediatric tonsillectomy in both groups. However, there were important areas of difference between the two groups with regard to ‘glue ear’, recurrent ear infections and snoring. Standardised indications for tonsillectomy should be effectively disseminated to general practitioners.
Manila Clam (Ruditapes Philippinarum) Culture in Oyster Bags: Influence of Density on Survival, Growth and Biometric Relationships
Authors: Cigarría J. , Fernández J. 
Published: December 2011

In order to establish the suitability of oyster bags as a method for Manila clam culture, Ruditapes philippinarum (Mollusca: Bivalvia), five batches of clams (mean live weight 0·55 g) were placed on the ground in the intertidal zone of Eo Estuary in March 1993. Four batches were sown in bags at different densities (100, 250, 500 and 1000 clams per bag) and one sown at 160 clams per m2 in sand–gravel bed covered with plastic netting.In August 1993 and April 1994 all batches were picked up and survival, live weight, length, height and thickness recorded. Survival of clams at the highest density was significantly lower than survival at lower densities in August 1993 (60·5%) and April 1994 (26·7%), but no differences were found among the other treatments. In addition, we found differences in growth between sets in both dates, with the best growth in the lower densities and reduced, density-dependent growth in the bags. Biometric relationships were also affected by density at the end of the experiment. High density had a greater influence on reducing shell height than on length or thickness.It was concluded that traditional ground culture in Europe is, from both the biological and the economical viewpoints, more efficient than oyster bag culture. However, oyster bags may be useful for temporary storage or as nursery system for clams.
On the Occurrence of Kyphosus Sectator (Osteichthyes: Kyphosidae) in the Western Mediterranean
Authors: Merella Paolo , Massutí Enric , Deudero Salud 
Published: December 2011

The capture of a single specimen of Kyphosus sectator (Osteichthyes: Kyphosidae) is reported from the island of Mallorca. It represents the first record of this species in the Balearic Sea (western Mediterranean). Some aspects relative to its distribution and ecology are also given.On 16 September 1996, a single specimen of Bermuda sea chub, Kyphosus sectator (Linnaeus, 1766) (Osteichthyes: Kyphosidae), was caught with a surrounding purse seine by an artisanal fishing vessel involved in the dolphin-fish (Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758) fishery carried out in Mallorcan waters (western Mediterranean) (Massutí & Morales-Nin, 1995). The set was made around drifting wooden flotsam, in waters approximately 600 m deep, and 9 nautical miles from the eastern coast of Mallorca (Figure 1). The surface temperature was approximately 23°C throughout the thermocline, down to a depth of 40 m (S. Devdero, unpublished data).
A new species ofRimicaris(Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea: Alvinocarididae) from hydrothermal vent fields on the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre, Caribbean
Authors: Nye Verity , Copley Jon , Plouviez Sophie 
Published: December 2011

Rimicaris hybisaesp. nov. is described from hydrothermal vent fields on the world's deepest seafloor spreading centre, the Mid-Cayman Spreading Centre (MCSC), Caribbean, at depths of 2300–4960 m. The new species is described and illustrated on the basis of 17 specimens. Brief notes on the distribution and habitat of the new species are provided. Molecular phylogenetic data from mitochondrial COI (460 base pair (bp)), 16S ribosomal RNA (549 bp) and nuclear 18S ribosomal RNA (576 bp) regions is used to complement the description. Morphological variation withinR. hybisaesp. nov. and morphological affinities with previously described species are discussed. Based on morphological and molecular evidence, the new species is provisionally assigned to the genusRimicaris, and differs from all known species in the genus by a distinctive pair of ‘pores' on the posterior lobes of its four-lobed dorsal organ. An emended diagnosis forRimicarisis provided.Rimicaris hybisaesp. nov. is the first taxon to be described from MCSC vent fields. This record extends the known geographical range ofRimicarisinto the Caribbean Sea and constitutes the deepest documented occurrence of alvinocaridid shrimp.
Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in the general population
Authors: Chapman C. , Mills K. , Slade T. , McFarlane A. C. , Bryant R. A. , Creamer M. , Silove D. , Teesson M. 
Published: December 2011

BackgroundFew studies have focused on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) remission in the population, none have modelled remission beyond age 54 years and none have explored in detail the correlates of remission from PTSD. This study examined trauma experience, symptom severity, co-morbidity, service use and time to PTSD remission in a large population sample.MethodData came from respondents (n=8841) of the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHWB). A modified version of the World Health Organization's World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) was used to determine the presence and age of onset of DSM-IV PTSD and other mental and substance use disorders, type, age, and number of lifetime traumas, severity of re-experiencing, avoidance and hypervigilance symptoms and presence and timing of service use.ResultsProjected lifetime remission rate was 92% and median time to remission was 14 years. Those who experienced childhood trauma, interpersonal violence, severe symptoms or a secondary anxiety or affective disorder were less likely to remit from PTSD and reported longer median times to remission compared to those with other trauma experiences, less severe symptoms or no co-morbidity.ConclusionsAlthough most people in the population with PTSD eventually remit, a significant minority report symptoms decades after onset. Those who experience childhood trauma or interpersonal violence should be a high priority for intervention.
GENOCIDE AND CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY: DISPELLING THE CONCEPTUAL FOG
Authors: Altman Andrew 
Published: December 2011

AbstractGenocide and crimes against humanity are among the core crimes of international law, but they also carry great moral resonance due to their indissoluble link to the atrocities of the Nazi regime and to other egregious episodes of mass violence. However, the concepts of genocide and crimes against humanity are not well understood, even by the international lawyers and jurists who are most concerned with them. A conceptual fog hovers around the discussion of these two categories of crime. In this paper, I draw a number of distinctions aimed at clarifying the concepts. I distinguish three concepts of genocide, two legal and one moral, and two concepts of crimes against humanity, a legal and a moral one. I criticize the current legal concept of genocide and, using the idea of discrimination, propose a model for developing a more adequate legal concept and for better understanding the moral concept. I also criticize the moral concept of crimes against humanity, which many thinkers have conflated with the legal concept of such crimes.
POLITICAL LIBERTY: WHO NEEDS IT?
Authors: Brennan Jason 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis paper concerns the question of whether the political liberties tend to be valuable to the people who hold them. (In contrast, we might ask whether the liberties are valuable in the aggregate or are owed to people as a matter of justice, regardless of their value.) Philosophers have argued that the political liberties are needed or at least useful to lead a full, human life, to have one's social status and the social bases of self-respect secured, to make the government responsive to one's interests and generate preferred political outcomes, to participate in the process of social construction so that one can feel at home in the social world, to live autonomously as a member of society, to achieve education and enlightenment and take a broad view of the world and of others' interests, and to express oneself and one's attitudes about the political process and current states of affairs. I argue that for most people, the political liberties are not valuable for these reasons.
HARM AND THE VOLENTI PRINCIPLE
Authors: Dworkin Gerald 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis is an essay on the limits of the Criminal Law. In particular, it is about what principles, if any, determine whether it is legitimate for the state to criminalize certain conduct. Joel Feinberg in his great work on the moral limits of the criminal law argues that we need only two principles. One is a principle regulating harm to other people and the other is an offense principle regulating certain kinds of offensive conduct. I explore various aspects of his argument. In particular I concentrate on his use of the Volenti Principle: He who consents cannot be wrongfully harmed by conduct to which he has fully consented. Feinberg uses the principle to argue that certain kinds of consensual conduct cannot be forbidden unless we adopt some kind of legal moralism, i.e., conduct can be forbidden on the grounds that it is immoral even though the conduct harms no other person. I explore the possibility of avoiding legal moralism by limiting the use of the Volenti Principle.
STATE COERCION AND FORCE
Authors: Morris Christopher W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractState power is widely thought to be coercive. The view that governments must wield force or that their power is necessarily coercive is widespread in contemporary political thought. John Rawls is representative in claiming that (political power is always coercive power backed up by the government(s use of sanctions, for government alone has the authority to use force in upholding its laws.( This belief in the centrality of coercion and force plays an important but not well appreciated role in contemporary political thought. I wish to challenge this belief and the considerations that motivate it. States are not necessarily coercive or coercive (by definition.( Their claimed authority is prior to the force they wield. Legitimate states should need to resort to coercion and force much less than other states, and that fact seems unappreciated in contemporary political thought.
Tetralogy of Fallot in men: quality of life, family, education, and employment
Authors: Bygstad Elisabeth , Pedersen Lia C. V. M. , Pedersen Thais A. L. , Hjortdal Vibeke E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIntroductionLittle is known about the quality of life, health, family, education, and employment status among adult men with repaired tetralogy of Fallot.Material and methodsA total of 68 men who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot between 1971 and 1991 were studied. Fifty-three patients answered the SF-36 health survey and additional questions regarding offspring, education, and employment status. The men with repaired tetralogy of Fallot were compared with 32 healthy men and 40 women who also underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot in the same period.ResultsThe patients scored lower than healthy men in the SF-36 categories physical functioning, general health, and physical component summary. There were no statistically significant differences in the scores from male and female patients except a lower score in bodily pain among women. Educational level for men operated for tetralogy of Fallot was similar to the general male population, whereas fewer were employed and more were retired, undergoing rehabilitation or receiving social benefits. The reproduction rate was lower compared with the general population (0.65 versus 1.02 children per man) but relatively higher than the rate among women with tetralogy of Fallot (0.88 versus 1.84 children per woman). The risk of having a child with congenital heart disease was 8.3%.ConclusionMen operated for tetralogy of Fallot have good quality of life and educational status. They start a family, although their reproduction rate is two-thirds that of the general population. The risk of having a child with congenital heart disease is higher compared with the background population. The overall quality of life is similar for men and women operated for tetralogy of Fallot.
Foreword: Mediterranean diet and climatic change
Authors: Serra-Majem Lluís , Bach-Faig Anna , Miranda Gemma , Clapes-Badrinas Carmen 
Published: December 2011

AbstractChanges in diet, reducing animal products and increasing consumption of vegetables can not only benefit human health and the overall use of land, but can also play a decisive role in the politics of climate change mitigation. In this sense, the Mediterranean diet (MD) is presented as a sustainable cultural model, respectful of the environment, whose adherence in Mediterranean countries should contribute to mitigating climate change. The recognition of the MD as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2010 obliges the Mediterranean Diet Foundation to continue waging this recovery process and to promote our ancient food traditions in a prism of sustainability and commitment to the environment.
Comparison and evaluation of the reliability of indexes of adherence to the Mediterranean diet
Authors: Milà-Villarroel Raimon , Bach-Faig Anna , Puig Josep , Puchal Anna , Farran Andreu , Serra-Majem Lluis , Carrasco Josep Lluis 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare and evaluate the reliability of several indexes of adherence to the Mediterranean diet.DesignThe ten indexes included in the analysis were: Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), Mediterranean Score (MS), Dietary Score (DS), Mediterranean-Dietary Quality Index (Med-DQI), Mediterranean Dietary Pattern adherence index (MDP), Mediterranean Adequacy Index (MAI), Mediterranean Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS), Mediterranean food pattern PREDIMED Study (MeDiet-PREDIMED), relative Mediterranean diet (rMED) and Cardioprotective Mediterranean diet index. Factor analysis using the correlations between indexes was applied. The correlation with factors and the reliability coefficient were calculated.SettingA total of 324 healthy undergraduates at the University of Barcelona, Spain, were surveyed.ResultsThe highest correlations were observed between MDP adherence index and MAI (0·82); MAI and MSDPS (0·80); and MDS and rMED (0·77). Factor analysis showed a hidden common factor that explained over 70 % of the variability (71·03 %). This factor is understood as ‘adherence to the Mediterranean diet’. The indexes that showed the highest correlation with this factor were Med-DQI (0·85), MDS (0·84), rMED (0·80) and MAI (0·80). These indexes showed acceptable performance in measuring the adherence to the Mediterranean diet. The components that correlated strongly with this factor were monounsaturated-to-saturated fatty acid ratio (MS ratio), fruit and vegetables. Furthermore, a second common factor was found explaining 18 % of the variability. This second factor is highly positive related to dairy products and lean meat, and negative related to MS ratio.ConclusionsThe indexes showed satisfactory performance in assessing adherence to the Mediterranean diet. However, in order to improve the reliability and concordance between the indexes, further studies are required to select the components, the number of components, and the scoring criteria of the indexes to improve their internal consistency.