bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superior oblique myokymia as a migraine motor aura
Authors: KIRK A 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To do an epidemiological study of the proposal that superior oblique myokymia (SOM) is a migraine motor aura and propose a pathophysiological basis for the etiology of SOM. Migraine aura is a paroxysmal spreading depression of both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the brain. These may be sensory neurons (numbness), motor neurons (dysarthria) and inhibitory neurons (chorea). Superior oblique myokymia is bursts of very rapid, jerky contrations of a superior oblique muscle causing shaking of one eye. Interfunctioning of the cortex and basal nuclei maintains stability of eye movements. Spreading depression of the cortex would cause inhibition of the inhibitory GABAergic fibres from basal ganglia to the midbrain which could result in paroxysmal firing of the 4th nerve neurons in SOM. A finely‐tuned homeostatic balance of GABAergic interneuron tone controls excitatory activation of CNS motorneurons. Small changes in GABAergic inhibition have profound effects on excitability. SOM, like auras, usually spontaneously disappears for years or permanently, which may account for the "success" of surgical treatments. The most effective treatment of SOM is gabapentin, a congener of GABA which enhances its activity. Methods Thirty seven patients with superior oblique myokymia had detailed questioning about a history of migraine headaches and auras. Results Every one of 37 patients with superior oblique myokymia had a history of migraine symptoms fulfilling all International Headache Society criteria. Every one had a history of migraine visual auras and many had also had sensory and dysphasic auras. Conclusion Epidemiological correlation and a pathophysiological explanation support the proposal that superior oblique myokymia is a migraine motor aura.
Non‐viral strategies of intra‐ocular gene delivery
Authors: BEHAR‐COHEN F 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Systemic anti TNF strategies are efficient to treat intraocular inflammation but require repeated injections and are associated to severe systemic side effects. Our aim was to develop a non viral gene transfer method to produce locally anti‐inflammatory proteins in a sustained and minimally invasive manner in the ocular media. For this purpose, we have transformed the ciliary muscle into a bioreactor, using an electrically assisted gene transfer technique. Methods Electrotransfer (ET) of plasmids, encoding for different variants of TNF alpha soluble receptors, was performed in the ciliary muscle cells. Using toptimized conditions, soluble receptors were dosed in the ocular media up to 8 months after a single treatment. The technique has been applied in two models of intraocular inflammation: Endotoxin‐Induced Uveitis (EIU) and auto immune experimental uveitis (EAU) in rats. Results When performed 8 days or 3 months before the LPS challenge, ET significantly reduced both clinical and histological signs of EIU. Particularly, iNOS, IL6 and TNF were down regulated while IL10 was upregulated. Importantly, systemic TNF alpha was not decreased demonstrating a local effect of the treatment. In EAU, ET significantly delayed the onset of EAU and deceased its severity. Similarly, a switch towards a Th2 cytokines profile was observed in the ocular media without any effect on systemic TNF alpha. Conclusion ‐ ET is a safe and efficient non viral method to produce locally TNF alpha soluble receptors. ‐ Local anti TNF allows for a local intraocular immunomodulation, without affecting systemic TNF. ET could therefore be used to reduce systemic side effects of anti TNF and prevent repeated injections.
The effect of a yellow filter on visual performance of older subjects with low macular pigment optical density
Authors: PUELL MC , BARRIO AR , PEREZ‐CARRASCO MJ , PALOMO C 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Macular pigment (MP) filters short‐wave light and it has been suggested that MP is related to visual performance. To increase the filtering properties of the eye, especially in subjects with low MP density, we can use a yellow filter that absorbs the amount of blue light striking the retina. This study was performed to relate MP density levels to variations in the mesopic visual function and light scattering provoked by the yellow filter in old subjects. Methods Measurements were obtained from 88 healthy old subjects aged 70 ± 6.3 years. The optical density of the MP was estimated at the fovea using the Metropsis Test (Cambridge Research System). Two groups were established in function of the MP level: MP≤0.2(41 subjects)and MP>0.2(47 subjects. Visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and scattered light were measured in the right eye with and without a yellow filter under mesopic luminance conditions. Visual acuity was measured using high‐contrast (96%) and low‐contrast (5%) logMAR letter charts. Contrast sensitivity was determined using the Pelli‐Robson chart. Scattered light on the retina was measured using the C‐Quant straylight meter (Oculus). Results Mean foveal MP optical density was 0.22 density units (SD 0.13; range 0.0 to 0.64). Mean mesopic high‐contrast and low‐contrast visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and log scatter recorded with a yellow filter did not show any significant improvement or worsening compared with no filter condition in both MP groups. Conclusion In healthy old eyes with low macular pigment optical density mesopic visual function and intraocular light scattering did not improve from the use of a yellow filter.
Optical filters influence on pupil size according to their material and spectral characteristics
Authors: SANCHEZ RAMOS C , VINAS‐PENA M , PEREZ‐CARRASCO MJ , GOMEZ‐TORTUERO E , DIAZ‐SERRANO Y , SILLERO‐QUINTANA M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To evaluate pupil size variations induced by optical filter by using filters with different materials and spectral characteristics, focussing on UV and blue light transmission properties of the filters Methods 220 pupil measurements (20 eyes, 20‐55 years old) were made using the pupillometer Procyon P2000SA at high Mesopic level (4.0lux). 10 filters of varying transmittance (visible, 4%‐65%, 5 filters UV‐transmitting and 5 filters UV‐absorbing) were used in a randomised way. 5 filters (UV‐transmitting) were dye‐coated polyester films with a substrate of PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and the another 5 filters (UV‐absorbing) were Ophthalmic CR39 lenses with a tinted coating in order to get the same absorbing characteristics than the PET filters. Measurements in the absence of a filter served as control Results Significant results on pupil size variation were obtained with lower UV and blue light transmittance filters (F14, F15 and F16; p=0.00) for both materials, PET and CR39 (Mydriasis obtained: F14R=13.99%; F15R=17.57%; F16R=22.90%; F14E=23.95%; F15E=22.69%; F16E=29.87%). Also significant differences in mydriasis‐induced by the filter were obtained when materials and blue‐light transmission properties were compared for filters 14 and 16 (PET vs. CR39: F14 (p=0.006), F16 (p=0.0167) Conclusion Filters with similar visible but different UV and/or blue‐light transmission properties significantly produce variations in pupil size at high Mesopic condition (4.0lux). Differences obtained in mydriasis‐induced by the filter depend not only on the material of the filter, but also the UV and/or blue‐light transmitted by the filter
Validation of Modified Grating Test as a visual acuity test in low vision patients with retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: GEORGI T , IVASTINOVIC D , HORNIG R , BRANDNER M , LANGMANN A , WEDRICH A , VELIKAY‐PAREL M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose The Modified Grating Test is a newly designed test for visual acuity (VA) measurement in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with low vision. Freiburg Visual Acuity Test (FrACT) is a validated test for low vision, but no patients with RP were tested. In our study we tested RP patients investigating the consistency of the Modified Grating Test by comparing the results with those of the FrACT and the ETDRS charts. Methods 16 eyes of 8 patients were tested and divided into 3 groups depending on their VA. Group 1 had a VA of hand motion (HM, n= 6), group 2 counting fingers (CF, n=6) and group 3 better than CF (n=4). The Modified Grating Test consists of a circle with black and white bars of the same width in a decreasing logarithmic order covering the range from 2.7 to 0.3 logMAR. The FrACT is a computerized test with Landoldt C in different directions and in decreasing order. ETDRS charts were used at a distance of 0.5m. Each test was performed 4‐5 times. The data were normally distributed. To compare the values we used the paired samples t‐test. Results The mean VA in group 1 as measured by the Modified Grating Test was 1.3 logMAR and by FrACT 1.21 logMAR (p=0.21). In the group 2 the patients reached a mean VA of 0.7 logMAR with the Modified Grating Test and 0.6 logMAR with FrACT. 0.68 logMAR was measured with ETDRS charts (p=0.13). Conclusion Our preliminary data suggest that the Modified Grating Test is a suitable test for the low vision range and might be beneficial for the follow up in patients undergoing a retinal prosthesis implantation.
Visual symptomology associated with workers using VDT: a review in the last decade
Authors: SEGUI CRESPO MM , LOPEZ NAVARRO A , RONDA PEREZ E 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Reviewing epidemiological studies concerning the visual symptomology associated with workers using VDT. Methods A literature search was carried out of articles published 1999‐2008 in the databases: MEDLINE, Biological Abstracts, INSPEC, PsycINFO, FSTA, CINAHL, CC Search, FRANCIS and The Cochrane Library. Papers published in Spanish, English, French and Italian was reviewed. The search procedure combined the MeSH descriptors asthenopia, computer terminals and work in addition the open expressions visual fatigue and computer vision syndrome. Various search equations were established, using Boolean operators, truncation and filters. Inclusion and exclusion criteria related to the target population, the research aims, and type of publication was defined. Research quality was assessed. A data collection protocol was developed in order to analyse the contents of the publications selected. Results Sixteen original cross‐sectional articles were included. In 9 of these the term asthenopia was used to refer to this symptomology. A high level of repetition could be observed in the selection of symptoms but there was no agreement on definition of scores or global criteria for establishing whether a worker was suffering from asthenopia or not. Conclusion It is necessary to develop an instrument capable of assessing occupational asthenopia associated with VDT which includes all of the ocular and visual symptoms found during the review. However, it is also necessary to carry out research to analyse the association between symptoms and exposure, thus justifying the greater importance given to some symptoms rather than others when deciding whether asthenopia is present or absent in these workers.
Morphofunctional changes of macular area in diabetic macular edema
Authors: SHAMSHINOVA AM , MANSURINA NB , ARAKELYAN MA 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To investigate the electrogenesis in the L‐ and S‐cone system of the retina and their role in diagnosis of focal and diffuse macular edema (ME) in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods 30 patients with diabetes mellitus type II were tested. All patients had ME: focal – 24 eyes, diffuse – 21. ISCEV Standard electroretinography (ERG) tests and additional chromatic macular ERG (M‐ERG) were used. Psychophysical test was presented by screening a topography of contrast and color sensitivity of the cone system. OCT was used to confirm macular edema that was found ophthalmoscopically. Results In focal and diffuse ME a similar decrease of amplitude (?=6 mv; norm M=18 mv) and prolonged latency of b‐wave (M=58 ms; norm M=54 ms) to red stimuli were registered. M‐ERG to blue stimuli was subnormal in all cases: b‐wave amplitude in focal ME was M=23 mv, in diffuse M=26 mv (norm ?=62 mv). The b‐wave latency of M‐ERG to blue (norm ?=62 mv) was prolonged mostly in focal (M=80 ms) than in diffuse ME (M=76 ms). Campimetry for color sensitivity to red and blue stimuli revealed significant changes in all patients, dark channels affected earlier than light. Conclusion In focal and diffuse ME similar changes of chromatic M‐ERG to red and blue stimuli are an evidence of cone function suppression. Prolonged b‐wave latency is due to excitation delay from photoreceptors to ganglion cells as a result of neuronal damage. Decreased sensitivity of dark and light channels with dominant localization of pathological process in macular area were found. The functionally revealed changes in focal ME may reflect the extensiveness and prevalence of retinal damage unlike the clinical picture.
Three years experience of Quantiferon®Gold testing
Authors: JAKOB E , MACKENSEN F , BECKER MD , MAX R , DALPKE A , ZIMMERMANN S 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To give an overview of the results for Quantiferon® Gold (QFT) testing on uveitis patients in an interdisciplinary setting for a period of three years. Methods Database search of all the patients tested for tuberculosis (Tb) with a full blood gamma interferon release essay, QFT, the result of the testing and analysis of uveitis subtypes involved. Results From March 2006 until April 2009 294 patients have been tested, overall 62 (21.8%) were positive and 220 (74.8%) negative (in 2 the result was unclear). 101 patients were male, 193 female, age mean was 49 (13 – 86) years in the whole cohort and 50 (22‐80) years in the QFT+ group. Looking at anatomic localization they were distributed (in brackets % of QFT+ tests) as anterior n=46 (9%), intermediate n=68 (26%), posterior n=87 (26%), and pan n=38 (32%). In 26 QFT+ patients we presumed a diagnosis of Tb due to other clinical findings. In 14 patients a final diagnosis of Tb associated uveitis was postulated and treated with full therapy following WHO recommendations. Conclusion QFT testing gives surprisingly high numbers of positives in uveitis patients, especially in the subgroup of intermediate, posterior and panuveitis. This is not sufficiently explained by immigrant status of the patients. The frequency of positives is a lot higher than in other cohorts as healthy hospital personel (4.8%, own data) or inflammatory arthritis patients (9.8%*). This opens important questions regarding treatment implications. *Martin J,et al.Ann Rheum Dis. 2009 Jan 30.
Which place for surgery for macular edema due to diabetic retinopathy ?
Authors: JONAS JB 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To present treatment options for macular edema Methods The various types of macular edema will briefly be discussed and available and potentially future treatment strategies will be presented. Results The results of the current multicenter trials as well as the findings of previous studies using different medical agents for the treatment of diabetic macular edema will be compared. Conclusion It may still be unclear which treatment strategy appears to be the best for which type of diabetic macular edema.
Commercial interest
Is there still a place for vitrectomy in the treatment of macular edema due to venous occlusion ?
Authors: POURNARAS CJ 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose Persistent macular edema (ME) is the main cause of poor visual outcome in either non‐ischemic BRVO or CRVO. Among multiples treatment approaches, vitreoretinal surgery with the goal to achieve the recanalisation of the occluded vessels and/or the resolution of ME, were proposed. Methods Vitrectomy with peeling of the posterior hyaloid and/or the internal limiting membrane,asociated to intravitreal (IVT) triamcinolone , neurotomy, sheathotomy, intravascular rtPA injection were studied in numerous nonrandomized cases series. Results Pars plana vitrectomy has been shown to reduce macular oedema and restore the normal foveal contour without significant change in best corrected visual acuity. In contrast, visual improvement occurs after vitrectomy for vitreous haemorrhage, epiretinal membrane formation and retinal detachment complicating BRVO. Evidence to date does not support any therapeutic benefit from radial optic neurotomy, optic nerve decompression, arteriovenous crossing sheathotomy or intravascular rtPA. Vitrectomy combined with IVT triamcinolone, induces a ME decrease rapidly and durably, without any improvement in visual acuity. Conclusion Vitrectomy with IVT triamcinolne seems to have a more durable effect than IVT triamcinolone alone.Vitrectomy, A‐V sheathotomy combined with intravenous t‐PA may offer benefits in BRVO. Despite uncertainty and open questions, surgical interventions are likely to be a therapeutic option for RVO in the future. Randomized and controlled studies are needed to confirm these results and to compare them to the natural course of the disease.
Ultrastructure of anterior lens capsule in uveitic cataract
Authors: STUNF S , HVALA A , VIDOVIC VALENTINCIC N , KRAUT A , HAWLINA M 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the ultrastructure changes of anterior lens capsule in patients with different forms of uveitis, who underwent cataract surgery at the University Eye Clinic Ljubljana, Slovenia between years 2001 and 2007. Methods Anterior lens capsules were obtained during cataract surgery, fixated and prepared for semi‐thin sections technique and transmission electron microscopy. Results 22 uveitic cataract were studied (idiopathic anterior uveitis‐9, Fuchs‐5, panuveitis‐5, HSV‐1, toxoplasmosis‐1, uveitis in RA‐1). The cataract was mature‐1, cortical‐14, fibrotic‐1 or nuclear‐6. The anterior capsule thickness showed irregularity in and between the cases spanning from 8,8 to 25,2 μm (average 16,33, SD 4,85μm). In 12 samples intrusions of capsule at the capsule‐epithelial border embedding cellular material were found. Capsule itself showed ultrastructure changes in 18 samples, including: filaments, rarefication of capsule or its anterior chamber boarder, and lamellae. In 5 samples the amorphous material at the anterior chamber boarder was seen. Epithelial changes were observed in all 22 samples, including: vacuolisation, multilayered epithelium, detached epithelium, intercellular space, star‐shaped nuclei, necrotic cells, lipofucsin granules. In 4 samples the epithelium was unrecognizable due to extensive fibrosis or necrosis. Conclusion All studied uveitic cataracts showed epithelial and most also capsular changes. Some capsules showed extensive changes with unrecognizable structures. The findings did not correlate to clinical appearance or diagnosis and most probably resulted from nonspecific response to inflammation. Amorphous depositions could be inflammatory debris. Further studies need to be done to explain the underlying processes.
The first keratoprosthesis implantation 1n 1955
Authors: DE LA PAZ MF , BARRAQUER J 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose to describe the Barcelona experience with the different types of keratoprosthesis for end‐stage cicatricial corneal disease. Methods We present 6 cases showing various types of keratoprosthesis which we have used at the Barraquer Eye Center from the 1950´s up to the present. Results We describe the first keratoprosthesis ever implanted in Spain, on a case of severe chemical burn on a young lady. We implanted a Dorzee acrylic keratoprosthesis in 1955. 5 years later she had extrusion of the prosthesis and superior retinal detachment. The second case describes the Dorzee‐Barraquer‐Cardona acrylic implant implanted in 1958 on a patient with end‐stage glaucoma. Patient had good anatomical retention until his death in 1970. The third case describes the use of the Cardona keratoprosthesis in 1960. Patient had good anatomical and functional results for 8 years until suffering from an acute endophthalmitis. The fourth case demonstrates the expulsion of a Teflon‐supported keratoprosthesis designed by Girard. The fifth case describes the first implantation of an osteo‐odontokeratoprosthesis designed by Strampelli on a blast injury showing good results for 10 years. The last case shows our experience on the Boston keratoprosthesis which we started using in 2006. Finally, we present our technique of the osteo‐odontokeratoprosthesis and a summary of our clinical results from 1970´s to the present. Conclusion Our clinical experience for more than 50 years on the use of keratoprosthesis shows that while the surgical technique, design and post‐operative treatment of both biological and non‐biological keratoprosthesis have improved thru the years, the anatomical and functional success remains a challenge for the KPro surgeon.
Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome: A case with scleritis
Authors: KARAMPATAKIS V , HATZISTILIANOU M , KORDALI P , BISMPAS I 
Published: September 2009

Abstract Purpose To present a case of scleritis in a patient with Wiskott‐Aldrich primary immunodeficiency. Methods An 18 year old male presented with red left eye. The patient received immunoglobulins for his immunodeficiency regularly. Dexamethasone eye drops were prescribed. In two days the redness increased and the eye became painful mainly nasally with a slight diminution of visual acuity(VA). Results Aqueous flare and cells were detected. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was 12 mmHg. Steroid eye drops (dexamethasone) in frequent instillation and diclofenac eye drops were administered. Acyclovir (per os 800mgrx5) was added. Seven days later the redness increased and gradually the eye became more painful (nasally). Prednisolone 2, 5 % (1x1 at night) was added and also naproxen tablets (250mgrx3). Within 2 days the aqueous flare and cells ameliorated. Four days later a marginal corneal infiltration appeared nasally. Within the next week an increase of the lateral scleral involvement appeared (the nasal part was obviously better) and this lateral scleral area became painful. The fundus examination revealed chorioretinal involvement corresponding to the lateral scleral painful area. The visual acuity and the IOP remained normal. The patient was instructed to continue his therapy. He also received gamma globulins regularly (100mg/Kg/week). Only after the lateral deterioration of scleritis an additional dose was added in the middle of the week. The laboratory findings were indicative of inflammation. Conclusion The topical treatment with dexamethasone, diclofenac and prednisolone in conjuction with acyclovir and naproxen per os was proved adequate treatment for this particular patient who also received gammaglobulins.