bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
V.—Theoretical Remarks on the Gravel and Drift of the Fenlands
Authors: Seeley Harry G. 
Published: May 2009

Summary1. The brown Boulder-clay corresponds with the brown Clay of the Eastern counties, and is oldest.2. Then the hill gravel, the blue Boulder-clay, and perhaps the shell bed of March corresponds to the contorted drift.3. As elevation progressed, the Fenlands would become one great fiord, ramifying at the Cambridge end up the southern valleys in the Chalk. First the coarse gravels of low levels were formed, and finally, during a long period—for the flints are wonderfully worn—the fine gravel of the plains. After which the country was elevated, and the sea denuded the superficial beds and retired. This corresponds to the Upper Boulder-clay and coarse gravel of the Norfolk section.4. Now rivers cut their channels, and there commenced luxuriant vegetable growth, which corresponds with the excavation of the Mundesley river and the Mundesley peat.5. Then a depression, during which was formed the Buttery-clay the Fens. This corresponds with the Upper Sands and Gravel of Mundesley.6. And, finally, comes the second peat and the present state of nature.I believe this succession is true for a far larger area than the Fenlands, perhaps for all Great Britain.
II.—A New Variety of the Ammonite Cœloceras Davæi, from the Lower Lias, Dorset
Authors: Wingrave Wyatt 
Published: May 2009

Quenstedt described three distinct varieties of Ammonites Davœi, with nine illustrations. They all belonged to the 7 zone of Lower Lias:—1. Ammonites Davœi, whose tubercles are somewhat clavate and with unsymmetrical prorsiradiate ribs.2. A. Davœi enodis is continental. It is a small specimen without tubercles, with fine symmetrical and prorsiradiate ribs.3. A. Davœi nodosissimus is also continental. This variety shows nine large bullate tubercles on each whorl, with close, fine, and symmetrically disposed flexiradiate ribs.
I.—Notes on new or imperfectly known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M. 
Published: May 2009

Zoarium unilaminate, adherent.Zoœcia fairly large, with very little external front wall; areas widely elliptical, flattened for a short way at the upper end and surrounded by a slender rim, average length ·5 mm., breadth ·35 to ·4 mm.
Role of the lens in controlling water uptake in seeds of twoFabaceae(Papilionoideae) species treated with sulphuric acid and hot water
Authors: Hu Xiao Wen , Wang Yan Rong , Wu Yan Pei , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAlthough many studies have been conducted on seeds with a water-impermeable seed or fruit coat (physical dormancy), the primary site of water entry into these seeds after dormancy-breaking treatments is still controversial. Thus, the role of lens, hilum, micropyle and extrahilar regions in water uptake of seeds treated to break physical dormancy was examined inVigna oblongifoliaandSesbania sesban(Fabaceae) following pretreatment with sulphuric acid and hot water. Morphology of seed surfaces in treated versus non-treated seeds of both species was examined with scanning electron microscopy. Most seeds ofV. oblongifoliafirst cracked in the hilum when pretreated with sulphuric acid, but they cracked in both the hilum and extrahilar regions when pretreated with hot water. However, inS. sesbanseeds, a crack formed only in the lens following either acid scarification or hot-water treatments, and the seeds imbibed water only through the lens. These results indicate that the primary site of water entry into seeds following physical dormancy break can vary with species and treatments. Slow, early imbibitionviathe hilum, and subsequent rapid imbibitionviathe lens, may not be detected unless seeds are monitored for several days. Time allowed for imbibition studies may, at least in part, explain various interpretations about the role of the lens in physical dormancy reported in the literature.
Brassica rapa L. seed development in hypergravity
Authors: Musgrave M.E. , Kuang A. , Allen J. , Blasiak J. , van Loon J.J.W.A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPrevious experiments had shown that microgravity adversely affected seed development in Brassica rapa L. We tested the hypothesis that gravity controls seed development via modulation of gases around the developing seeds, by studying how hypergravity affects the silique microenvironment and seed development. Using an in vitro silique maturation system, we sampled internal silique gases for 16 d late in the seed maturation sequence at 4 g or 1 g. The carbon dioxide level was significantly higher inside the 4-g siliques, and the immature seeds became heavier than those maturing at 1 g. Pollination and early embryo development were also studied by growing whole plants at 2 g or 4 g for 16 d inside chambers mounted on a large-diameter centrifuge. Each day the rotor was briefly stopped to permit manual pollination of flowers, thereby producing cohorts of same-aged siliques for comparison with stationary control material. The loss of starch and soluble carbohydrates during seed development was accelerated in hypergravity, with seeds developing at 4 g more advanced by 2 d than those at 1 g. Seeds produced at 4 g contained more lipid than those at 1 g. Taken together, these results indicate that hypergravity enhances gas availability to the developing embryos. Gravity's role in seed development is of importance to the space programme because of the plan to use plants for food production and habitat regeneration in extraterrestrial settings. These results are significant because they underscore the tight co-regulation of Brassica seed development and the atmosphere maintained inside the siliques.
Household food insecurity is a risk factor for iron-deficiency anaemia in a multi-ethnic, low-income sample of infants and toddlers
Authors: Park Kyong , Kersey Margaret , Geppert Joni , Story Mary , Cutts Diana , Himes John H 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe present study examines the relationships of household food security status with Fe deficiency (ID) and Fe-deficiency anaemia (IDA) among children less than 3 years of age, and associated factors that contribute to ID and IDA.DesignCross-sectional study and chart review. The US Food Security Survey Module was administered to adult caregivers as part of the Children’s Sentinel Nutrition Assessment Project (C-SNAP). Haematological data were obtained from medical records.SettingA large metropolitan medical centre in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.SubjectsA multi-ethnic sample of 2853 low-income children aged <36 months who received care at the medical centre.ResultsAmong the caregivers, 23·3 % reported low household food security and 11·6 % reported very low household food security (VLFS). After controlling for background factors, children from households with VLFS were almost twice as likely to have IDA than were children from households with high or marginal food security (OR = 1·98, 95 % CI 1·11, 3·53); the corresponding associations for ID were not statistically significant.ConclusionsThe prevalence of IDA in early childhood is significantly larger in low-income infants and toddlers living in VLFS households. Asian, Hispanic and African-American children have elevated prevalences of ID and IDA. Breast-feeding may be associated with elevated ID and IDA, while participation in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) may be protective for ID.
Effects of Robust Vocabulary Instruction and Multicultural Text on the Development of Word Knowledge Among African American Children
Authors: Lovelace Sherri , Stewart Sharon R. 
Published: May 2009

Purpose
To examine the effect of a systematic vocabulary instructional technique in African American 2nd-grade children with below average vocabulary skills. An additional goal was to examine the role of book type in the retention of novel vocabulary words.

Method
Using an adapted alternating treatments design, storybooks were used as a source for contextualizing vocabulary words in the context of robust vocabulary training. Five children’s productive definitions were used to assess developing word knowledge using a 4-stage continuum ranging from no knowledge to full concept knowledge.

Results
Superior word learning for instruction words in comparison with control words replicated across children provided evidence of behavior change that was attributable to robust vocabulary instruction. Gains in word learning were maintained 2 weeks following conclusion of the study. Use of storybooks that displayed sociocultural images and experiences that were similar to versus different from their own did not have a reliable effect on word learning among these African American children.

Conclusions
The findings demonstrate the potential impact of robust vocabulary instruction for facilitating vocabulary development in children with below average vocabulary skills. Analysis of the results indicates that the use of the African American book was not a potent influence in facilitating retention of words.
Fundamental Frequency Variation With an Electrolarynx Improves Speech Understanding: A Case Study
Authors: Watson Peter J. , Schlauch Robert S. 
Published: May 2009

Purpose
This study examined the effect of fundamental frequency (F0) variation on the intelligibility of speech in an alaryngeal talker who used an electrolarynx (EL).

Method
One experienced alaryngeal talker produced variable F0 and a constant F0 with his EL as he read sentences aloud. As a control, a group of sentences with variable F0 was flattened at a constant F0. Twenty listeners heard these sentences in background noise and wrote down what they heard.

Results
Speech understanding was on average 14% better with variable F0 controlled by the talker than the sentences produced with a constant F0 and the control sentences resynthesized with flattened F0.

Conclusions
Variable F0 contributes to speech understanding in noise. Because speech produced by an EL is considered to have poorer intelligibility in relation to other alaryngeal methods, training alaryngeal talkers to use variable F0 may prove to be of significant benefit for communication for those who use electrolarynges.
Prolonged use of intrauterine contraceptive device as a risk factor for tubo‐ovarian abscess
Authors: CHARONIS GEORGIOS , LARSSON PER‐GÖRAN 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective. The intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) is the most preferred method of reversible contraception in the world today. The Swedish Medical Products Agency currently recommends that women who had a copper IUCD inserted around age 40 do not need to have it extracted until one year after the menopause. Design. Retrospective study. Setting. Skövde Central Hospital, Sweden. Population. All 114 women receiving in‐patient treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) over five years between January 2001 and December 2005. Methods. Comparison between cases of tubo‐ovarian abscesses and salpingitis with focus on the effects of IUCDs used continually for >5 years after insertion. Main outcome measures. Age‐adjusted risk of PID within or after five years of use, microbiological findings in blood, intraabdominal pus, cervical secretions or on extracted IUCDs. Results. There were 31 cases of tubo‐ovarian abscesses, 63 of salpingitis, four of endometritis, and 16 of mild genital infection. When comparing women with the same IUCD > 5 years to women having the same IUCD ≤ 5 years, the risk of tubo‐ovarian abscess was higher than the risk of salpingitis (OR 19.7; 95% CI 4.5–87.2). The risk remained significant after adjustment for age, both on multiple regression analysis (OR 13.5; 95% CI 2.5–72.9) and in stratified analysis for the age group 35–50 years (OR 12.0; 95% CI 1.8–81.7). Blood or abdominal cultures from patients operated upon were positive in 47.7% of the sampled cases. Intestinal tract microbes and upper respiratory tract microbes were more common than sexually transmitted infection microbes. Conclusions. The current Medical Products Agency recommendation that a woman nearing the end of her reproductive phase can safely use the same IUCD for a period exceeding five years is challenged.
Uterine artery Doppler ultrasound in postpartum women with retained placental tissue
Authors: MULIC‐LUTVICA AJLANA , EURENIUS KARIN , AXELSSON OVE 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWe measured prospectively uterine artery Doppler flow resistance indices and looked for hyper‐vascular areas in 20 patients who were to undergo surgical evacuation due to clinical and ultrasound‐based suspicion of retained placental tissue (RPT). We compared these findings with those of the normal puerperium. All 20 patients underwent surgical procedures. Placental tissue was histologically confirmed in 19 patients. Mean pulsatility and mean resistance values were below the 10th percentile for eight and seven women, respectively, but overlapping was extensive. A hyper‐vascular area was observed in 12 patients with histological confirmation. In eight cases, six of them with histological confirmation, no hyper‐vascular area was observed. Although RPT is associated with lower resistance indices in the uterine arteries, this knowledge has limited value as a diagnostic tool for RPT. Absence of a hyper‐vascular area in the myometrium does not exclude RPT, but its presence is common finding associated with RPT and should not be misinterpreted as an arterio‐vascular malformation.
Herring and ICES: a historical sketch of a few ideas and their linkages
Authors: Sinclair Mike 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Sinclair, M. 2009. Herring and ICES: a historical sketch of a few ideas and their linkages. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1652–1661. This introduction to the Symposium on “Linking Herring” sketches the development of some ideas generated from herring research within an ICES context. The work of Committee A (1902–1908), under the leadership of Johan Hjort, led to a paradigm shift from “migration thinking” to “population thinking” as the interpretation of fluctuations in herring landings. From the 1920s to the 1950s, the focus on forecasting services for the herring fisheries, although ultimately unsuccessful, had the unintended consequence of generating ideas on recruitment overfishing and the match–mismatch hypothesis. The collapse of the East Anglian fishery led, in 1956, to considerable debate on its causes, but no consensus was reached. Three consecutive symposia dealing with herring (1961, 1968, and 1970) reveal a changing perspective on the role of fishing on recruitment dynamics, culminating in Cushing’s 1975 book (“Marine Ecology and Fisheries”, referred to here as the “Grand Synthesis”), which defined the concept of recruitment overfishing and established the future agenda for fisheries oceanography. The 1978 ICES “Symposium on the Assessment and Management of Pelagic Fish Stocks” is interpreted as the “Aberdeen Consensus” (i.e. without effective management, recruitment overfishing is to be expected). In conclusion, herring research within ICES has led to many ideas and two major paradigm shifts.
Particle Segregation Within a Pile of Bulk Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS) and Variability of Nutrient Content
Authors: Clementson C. , Ileleji K. E. , Stroshine R. L. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTPiling Dried Distillers's Grains with Solubles (DDGS) using gravity discharge is common in the corn‐ethanol industry. This study investigated the occurrence of particle segregation within piles of DDGS formed by gravity discharge and subsequent spatial nutrient variability. Particle segregation tests were performed in a laboratory study where piles of DDGS were formed using samples collected from two fuel ethanol plants (an “old” and a “new” generation plant), and a plant study performed on piles of DDGS formed at the same two fuel ethanol plants. In both the laboratory and plant studies, the piles were formed by gravity‐driven discharge and sampled at various categorized sections from the center of the pile to the periphery. Our results gave similar conclusions to a prior bench‐scale study and confirmed that particle segregation does result in significant differences in particle size at the sampled locations of the pile. Particle size expressed as the geometric mean diameter (dgw) increased from the core of the pile to the periphery. Of all the nutrient composition tested, only crude protein and moisture correlated with particle size. While the correlation of crude protein with particle size was not consistent and clearly discernible in all the piles sampled in both the bench‐scale and plant studies, the correlation of particle size with moisture showed a strong positive correlation. Based on these findings, we recommend the development of a standard sampling protocol following good sampling practices for bulk granular solids.
Unraveling the Impact of Nitrogen Nutrition on Cooked Rice Flavor and Texture
Authors: Champagne Elaine T. , Bett‐Garber Karen L. , Thomson Jessica L. , Fitzgerald Melissa A. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the influences of amylose and protein contents on rice sensory properties is key to maintaining quality and providing consumers with rice with desired flavor and textural attributes. This research focused on delineating the effects of nitrogen nutrition on cooked rice texture and flavor. The sensory properties of cultivars grown in adjoining fields with differing rates of nitrogen fertilizer (to yield grains with a large spread in protein contents) were measured by a panel trained in descriptive analysis. Second, rice sensory properties were modeled using apparent amylose and protein data. Fertilizer level affected protein and apparent amylose contents and, in turn, cooked rice texture. Protein contents were significantly higher (P < 0.0007) and apparent amylose contents were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) at the higher fertilizer level. Models revealed a negative correlation of protein content with initial starchy coating, slickness, and stickiness between grains—three attributes that are perceived when cooked rice is first introduced into the mouth. Models for roughness, hardness, and moisture absorption—attributes representing three phases of evaluation in the mouth—showed a positive correlation with protein content. The models provide insight into the magnitude of change in protein content that is likely required to observe textural changes in cooked rice.
Factors Influencing β‐Glucan Levels and Molecular Weight in Cereal‐Based Products
Authors: Tiwari U. , Cummins E. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTThe beneficial role of soluble dietary fiber in human nutrition is well documented and has lead to a growing demand for the incorporation of β‐glucan, particularly from oats and barley, into foods. β‐Glucan with high solubility and high molecular weight distribution results in increased viscosity in the human intestine, which is desirable for increased physiological activity. Molecular weight, level, and solubility of β‐glucan are affected by genotype, environment, agronomic input, and the interactions of these factors and food processing methods. Available literature reveals that the level of β‐glucan in a finished product (e.g. bread, cake, muffins) depends upon several factors in the production chain, whereas food processing operations are major factors affecting molecular weight and solubility of β‐glucans. Therefore, to avail themselves of the natural bioactive compounds, food manufacturers must pay attention not only to ensure sufficient concentration of β‐glucan in the raw material but also to the processing methods and functional properties of β‐glucan, minimizing enzymatic or mechanical breakdown of the β‐glucans in end‐product and optimizing processing conditions. This review discusses the different sources of β‐glucan for use in human functional foods and factors affecting the levels and the molecular weight of β‐glucan at various pre‐ and postharvest operations.
The African Butterfly Bicyclus anynana: A Model for Evolutionary Genetics and Evolutionary Developmental Biology
Authors: Brakefield Paul M. , Beldade Patrícia , Zwaan Bas J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThe butterfly model based on laboratory stocks of the African species Bicyclus anynana provides a special system for several reasons. First, a range of phenotypes has proven to be amenable to examination in this system. These include wing color patterns (including eyespots), seasonal forms, male androconia (secondary sexual traits), and a range of life-history traits (relevant to aging research). These phenotypes have a clear ecological relevance that is associated with dramatic differences in ecological environments represented by the dry and wet seasons in East Africa. Second, the Bicyclus genus and closely related genera from independent radiations in Asia and Madagascar are highly speciose, thereby providing opportunities to explore diversity among species for wing patterning, life histories, and male secondary sexual traits. There are also rich opportunities for examining interactions among all of these phenotypes and both natural and sexual selection. Moreover, the size of the organisms provides important practical advantages. B. anynana individuals are small enough to be readily reared in large numbers, but big enough to allow marking and tracking and also to facilitate such manipulations as microsurgical procedures on developing wing discs and the noninvasive sampling of hemolymph. Here, we explore the characteristics of B. anynana that enable integrative research linking variations among genotypes via development and physiology to variations in phenotypes and variations in adaptation to natural environments.
Immunohistochemistry Staining of Wing Discs from the African Butterfly Bicyclus anynana
Authors: Brakefield Paul M. , Beldade Patrícia , Zwaan Bas J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes an immunohistochemical method for the detection of proteins in developing wings of the African butterfly Bicyclus anynana. The wing discs are stained with a primary antibody against a protein of interest, followed by a fluorescently labeled secondary antibody.
Fresh Weight, Dry Weight, and Fat Content of Adult African Butterflies Bicyclus anynana
Authors: Brakefield Paul M. , Beldade Patrícia , Zwaan Bas J. 
Published: May 2009

INTRODUCTIONFor many biological processes, such as metabolic rate, starvation resistance, and fecundity, knowledge of body composition is important. This protocol describes how to measure fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and fat-free dry weight (FFDW) of African butterfly Bicyclus anynana adults. From this, the weight of water and fat can be calculated, as well as water and fat fractions.