bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AGE CHANGES IN THE BASICRANIAL AXIS OF THE ANTHROPOIDEA
Authors: ASHTON E. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A study has been made of post‐natal growth changes in the basicranial axis of the baboon (thirty‐five skulls), the rhesus monkey (forty‐eight skulls), the orang‐utan (thirty‐nine skulls), the gorilla (sixty‐five skulls) and the chimpanzee (sixty‐six skulls).
In both monkeys and apes:

The basicranial axis and its anterior extension to the nasion continue to grow until maturity is reached.
The posterior extension to the opisthion attains adult size by the time the first permanent molars are in line.
The spheno‐ethmoidal angle continues to increase throughout post‐natal development.
The foramino‐basal angle becomes more acute as the permanent teeth erupt.

The slight differences that exist between the growth patterns of the basicranial axes of monkeys, apes and man can be related to variations in relative size of the cranium and facial skeleton.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE OLIVE COLOBUS MONKEY, PROCOLOBUS VERUS (van BENEDEN)
Authors: BOOTH A. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The Olive Colobus is a unique African member of the Colobidae, in that it is dull in colour, the sexes are equal in size, and it is monotypic over a wide range.
It is a leaf‐eater in low levels of the stratified High Forest zone of West Africa, showing a marked tendency to feed, move and sleep in dense foliage. Consequently, it is, though fairly common, difficult to observe.
Troops are small, and leadership by a dominant male, common in other species, is not observable.
There is a marked tendency to aggregate at feeding‐places with other species of different dietary habits. This appears to be a protective habit.
The young infant is carried in the mouth, an unusual habit among monkeys.
It is possible that many of the characteristics of the Olive Colobus, and some of those of the Red Colobus, may be explained by an abnormal hormone balance, involving high concentrations of oestrogens.
Review article: stem cell therapies for inflammatory bowel disease – efficacy and safety
Authors: García‐Bosch O. , Ricart E. , Panés J. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 939–952SummaryBackground  Drugs available for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease fail to induce and maintain remission in a significant number of patients.Aim  To assess the value of stem cell therapies for treatment of inflammatory bowel disease based on published studies.Methods  Publications were identified through a MEDLINE search using the Medical Subject Heading terms: inflammatory bowel diseases, or Crohn’s disease, or ulcerative colitis, and stem cell, or stromal cell or transplant.Results  Haematopoietic stem cell therapy as a primary treatment for inflammatory bowel disease was originally supported by animal experiments, and by remissions in patients undergoing transplant for haematological disorders. Later, transplantation specifically performed for patients with refractory Crohn’s disease showed long‐lasting clinical remission and healing of inflammatory intestinal lesions. Use of autologous nonmyeloablative regimens and concentration of the procedures in centres with large experience are key in reducing treatment‐related mortality. Initial trials of mesenchymal stem cell therapy with local injection in Crohn’s perianal fistulas had positive results.Conclusions  Autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplant changes the natural course of Crohn’s disease, and may be a therapeutic option in patients with refractory disease if surgery is not feasible due to disease location or extension.
Peritoneal macrophage priming in cirrhosis is related to ERK phosphorylation and IL‐6 secretion
Authors: Ruiz‐Alcaraz Antonio J. , Martínez‐Esparza María , Caño Rocío , Hernández‐Caselles Trinidad , Recarti Chiara , Llanos Lucía , Zapater Pedro , Tapia Ana , Martín‐Orozco Elena , Pérez‐Mateo Miguel , Such José , García‐Peñarrubia Pilar , Francés Rubén 
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 8–15AbstractBackground  Bacterial infections are common complications arising in patients with cirrhosis and ascites. Translocation of bacterial DNA is a dynamic process that is associated with an increased inflammatory response and a poor prognosis in this setting. The aim of this study was to study whether peritoneal macrophages remain in a chronic primed status to allow a rapid response to subsequent events of bacterial translocation.Patients and methods  Peritoneal monocyte‐derived macrophages were isolated from 25 patients with cirrhosis and non‐infected ascites and compared with donor’s blood monocytes. Activation cell‐surface markers were screened using flow‐cytometry, and the phosphorylation state of ERK 1/2, p38 MAP Kinase, PKB/Akt and transcription factors c‐Jun and p65 NFκB were evaluated using Western blot. Synthesis of tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) at baseline and in response to bacterial stimuli was evaluated using ELISA.Results  A high expression of CD54, CD86 and HLA‐DR at baseline was displayed by peritoneal macrophages. Increased phosphorylated levels of ERK1/2, protein kinase B (PKB) and c‐Jun, together with IL‐6 production, were observed in peritoneal macrophages at baseline compared with donors’ blood monocytes. A positive correlation was established between basal IL‐6 levels and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation in peritoneal macrophages from patients with cirrhosis (r = 0·9; P = 0·005). Addition of lipopolysaccharide induced higher phosphorylation levels of all studied signalling intermediates than synthetic‐oligodeoxydinucleotides, but similar end‐stage p65 NFκB.Conclusions  A sustained immune response is present in ascitic fluid of cirrhotic patients, even in the temporal absence of bacterial antigens. This would facilitate a fast response, probably controlled by IL‐6, against repeated bacterial‐DNA translocation or in liver chronic inflammation.
VEGF and nitric oxide synthase immunoexpression in Down’s syndrome amniotic fluid stem cells
Authors: Salvolini Eleonora , Orciani Monia , Lucarini Guendalina , Vignini Arianna , Tranquilli Andrea Luigi , Di Primio Roberto 
Published: August 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 41 (1): 23–29AbstractBackground  It has been previously observed that the amniotic fluid obtained from Down’s syndrome (DS) pregnancies showed lower levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and higher levels of nitric oxide (NO) with respect to the controls, suggesting the presence of an imbalance between placental vascularization and altered endothelial function. The aim of our study was to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression and localization of VEGF and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in cultured amniotic fluid mesenchymal stem cells (AF‐MSCs) isolated from normal euploid pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by trisomy 21. In addition, we measured the VEGF and NO content in cell culture supernatants to analyse their production by AF‐MSCs.Materials and methods  AF‐MSCs were obtained from women with foetal DS and controls matched for age and gestation, and expanded in culture. The cells were then evaluated for the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF and NOS isoforms, as well as for the release of VEGF and NO.Results  Our analyses showed that both the VEGF expression and production were significantly lower in DS‐AF‐MSCs with respect to the controls. As regards NOS, immunohistochemical expression of eNOS was significantly reduced in DS‐AF‐MSCs, whereas the nNOS and iNOS were similarly immunoexpressed in both groups of cells. Moreover, we observed that the NO content was significantly higher in medium derived by DS‐AF‐MSCs.Conclusions  Our study shows, for the first time, the differences between AF‐MSCs isolated from control and trisomy 21 pregnancies and suggest an involvement of NO and VEGF in the physiopathological mechanisms associated with DS pregnancy.
Canal and isthmus debridement efficacies of two irrigant agitation techniques in a closed system
Authors: Susin L. , Liu Y. , Yoon J. C. , Parente J. M. , Loushine R. J. , Ricucci D. , Bryan T. , Weller R. N. , Pashley D. H. , Tay F. R. 
Published: August 2010

Susin L, Liu Y, Yoon JC, Parente JM, Loushine RJ, Ricucci D, Bryan T, Weller RN, Pashley DH, Tay FR. Canal and isthmus debridement efficacies of two irrigant agitation techniques in a closed system. International Endodontic Journal.AbstractAim  To compare canal and isthmus debris debridement efficacies of the manual dynamic irrigation (MDI) and apical negative pressure (ANP) techniques in the mesial root of mandibular first molars with narrow isthmi, using a closed canal design.Methodology  Micro‐computed tomography was employed to select 20 teeth, each containing a narrow isthmus. Each root was sealed at the apex with hot glue and embedded in polyvinylsiloxane to simulate a closed canal system. The teeth were submitted to a standardized instrumentation protocol. Final irrigation was performed with either the MDI or the ANP technique using the EndoVac system (N = 10). Masson trichrome‐stained sections were prepared from completely demineralized roots at 10 canal levels between 1 and 2.8 mm of the anatomical apices. Areas occupied by canals and isthmus of each root and debris in the corresponding regions were digitized by the NIH Image J software and statistically analysed using two‐way repeated measures anova.Results  For the instrumented canals, there were no differences between the two groups (P = 0.131) in the area occupied by debris at all canal levels (P = 0.343). Conversely, for the isthmus, less debris was found in the ANP group (P < 0.001) but no differences were seen in each group with respect to the 10 canal levels (P = 0.352).Conclusion  Neither technique completely removed debris from the isthmus regions. However, the EndoVac system, which encompasses the ANP concept, removed considerably more debris from narrow isthmi in mandibular mesial roots.
Effect of retained fractured instruments on tooth resistance to vertical fracture with or without attempt at removal
Authors: Madarati A. A. , Qualtrough A. J. E. , Watts D. C. 
Published: August 2010

Madarati AA, Qualtrough AJE, Watts DC. Effect of retained fractured instruments on tooth resistance to vertical fracture with or without attempt at removal. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 1047–1053, 2010.AbstractAims  To investigate the effect of retained fractured endodontic instruments on root strength and to evaluate the effectiveness of several root filling materials in reinforcing roots that had undergone unsuccessful attempt at removal of fractured instruments.Methodology  Seventy five mandibular premolar roots were divided into five groups. In group A (control), canals were prepared to a size F5‐ProTaper instrument and filled with gutta‐percha and TubliSeal sealer fragments. In the experimental groups (B, C, D and E), 4 mm of F5‐ProTaper instruments were fractured in the apical one‐third of the canal and then treated as follows: in group B, the fragments were left in situ without attempt at removal, and canals were filled with gutta‐percha and TubliSeal sealer (GP No Removal). In groups C, D and E, an attempt at removal of the fragment was simulated by preparing a staging platform coronal to the fragment using modified Gates Glidden burs (No 2–5). Canals in group C were filled with gutta‐percha and TubliSeal sealer (GP Removal), group D filled with Resilon (Resilon Removal) and group E with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA Removal). Roots then underwent vertical fracture. Data were analysed using the one‐way anova at P < 0.05.Results  Roots in the GP Removal group had significantly lower values for mean force for fracture (404.9 N). There was no significant difference between the control group and GP No Removal (765.2 and 707.8, respectively). Resilon Removal and MTA Removal groups (577.3 and 566.6 N) were not significantly different from the GP No Removal group.Conclusions  Leaving fractured instruments in the apical one‐third of the canal does not appear to affect the resistance of the root to vertical fracture; Resilon and MTA appear to compensate for root dentine loss that occurred as a consequence of attempts at retrieval of fractured instruments when used as canal filling materials.
The conformation of a nascent polypeptide inside the ribosome tunnel affects protein targeting and protein folding
Authors: Peterson Janine H. , Woolhead Cheryl A. , Bernstein Harris D. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn this report, we describe insights into the function of the ribosome tunnel that were obtained through an analysis of an unusual 25 residue N‐terminal motif (EspP1‐25) associated with the signal peptide of the Escherichia coli EspP protein. It was previously shown that EspP1‐25 inhibits signal peptide recognition by the signal recognition particle, and we now show that fusion of EspP1‐25 to a cytoplasmic protein causes it to aggregate. We obtained two lines of evidence that both of these effects are attributable to the conformation of EspP1‐25 inside the ribosome tunnel. First, we found that mutations in EspP1‐25 that abolished its effects on protein targeting and protein folding altered the cross‐linking of short nascent chains to ribosomal components. Second, we found that a mutation in L22 that distorts the tunnel mimicked the effects of the EspP1‐25 mutations on protein biogenesis. Our results provide evidence that the conformation of a polypeptide inside the ribosome tunnel can influence protein folding under physiological conditions and suggest that ribosomal mutations might increase the solubility of at least some aggregation‐prone proteins produced in E. coli.
Callosal contribution to ocular dominance in rat primary visual cortex
Authors: Cerri Chiara , Restani Laura , Caleo Matteo 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOcular dominance (OD) plasticity triggered by monocular eyelid suture is a classic paradigm for studying experience‐dependent changes in neural connectivity. Recently, rodents have become the most popular model for studies of OD plasticity. It is therefore important to determine how OD is determined in the rodent primary visual cortex. In particular, cortical cells receive considerable inputs from the contralateral hemisphere via callosal axons, but the role of these connections in controlling eye preference remains controversial. Here we have examined the role of callosal connections in binocularity of the visual cortex in naïve young rats. We recorded cortical responses evoked by stimulation of each eye before and after acute silencing, via stereotaxic tetrodotoxin (TTX) injection, of the lateral geniculate nucleus ipsilateral to the recording site. This protocol allowed us to isolate visual responses transmitted via the corpus callosum. Cortical binocularity was assessed by visual evoked potential (VEP) and single‐unit recordings. We found that acute silencing of afferent geniculocortical input produced a very significant reduction in the contralateral‐to‐ipsilateral (C/I) VEP ratio, and a marked shift towards the ipsilateral eye in the OD distribution of cortical cells. Analysis of absolute strength of each eye indicated a dramatic decrease in contralateral eye responses following TTX, while those of the ipsilateral eye were reduced but maintained a more evident input. We conclude that callosal connections contribute to normal OD mainly by carrying visual input from the ipsilateral eye. These data have important implications for the interpretation of OD plasticity following alterations of visual experience.
Plasticity of hyperpolarization‐activated and cyclic nucleotid‐gated cation channel subunit 2 expression in the spinal dorsal horn in inflammatory pain
Authors: Papp Ildikó , Holló Krisztina , Antal Miklós 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA great deal of experimental evidence has already been accumulated that hyperpolarization‐activated and cyclic nucleotide‐gated cation channels (HCN) expressed by peripheral nerve fibers contribute to the initiation of nerve activities leading to pain. Complementing these findings, we have recently demonstrated that HCN subunit 2 (HCN2) channel protein is also widely expressed by axon terminals of substance P (SP)‐containing peptidergic nociceptive primary afferents in laminae I‐IIo of the spinal dorsal horn, and postulated that they may play a role in spinal pain processing. In the present study, we investigated how the expression of HCN2 ion channels in the spinal dorsal horn may change in inflammatory pain evoked by unilateral injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) into the hind paw of rats. We found that 3 days after CFA injection, when the nociceptive responsiveness of the inflamed hind paw had substantially increased, the numbers of HCN2‐immunolabeled axon terminals were also significantly augmented in laminae I‐IIo of the spinal dorsal horn ipsilateral to the site of CFA injection. The elevation of HCN2 immunoreactivity was paralleled by an increase in SP immunoreactivity. In addition, similarly to control animals, the co‐localization between HCN2 and SP immunoreactivity was remarkably high, suggesting that central axon terminals of nociceptive primary afferents that increased their SP expression in response to CFA injection into the hind paw also increased their HCN2 expression. The results indicate that HCN2 ion channel mechanisms may play a role in SP‐mediated spinal pain processing not only in naive animals but also in chronic inflammatory pain.
Iodine and Amphibian Metamorphosis
Authors: Spaul E. A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Free iodine is incapable of producing metamorphosis in Axolotls when administered alone, but, if thyroid extract is given as well, it is utilized producing greatly accelerated transformation. The rate of metamorphosis induced by thyroid and iodine is much greater and the period before completion shorter than that produced by thyroid alone, when the same dose is given.
The inetamorphic principle of the Anterior Pituitary does not utilize or combine with iodine to produce greater acceleration of metamorphosis.
The posterior lobe pituitary exerts an inhibitory influence on inetamorphic changes induced by thyroid and iodine.
On the Retarding Influence of the Posterior Lobe Pituitary upon the Development of Frog Tadpoles
Authors: Spaul E A. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The posterior lobe contains no metamorphic principle.
Injection of extracts of the posterior lobe pituitary inhibit the metamorphosis of normal frog tadpoles.
Injection of extracts of the posterior lobe pituitary retard the accelerated metamorphosis produced by iodine solution, but the effect decreases with increased concentration of iodine.
Injections of extracts of posterior lobe inhibit accelerated metamorphosis induced by thyroid or anterior pituitary extracts, the effectiveness depending on quantities administered.
32. On the Massing of the Ladybird, Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera), in the Yosemite Valley
Authors: Hawkes Onera A. Merritt 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
Crude experiments in the Yosemite Valley show that Hippodamia convergens responds by movement to both light and heat stimuli, whether separate, or combined. The optimum for each has yet to be determined.
The capacity to respond depends upon the length of time since hibernation began. A seasonal physiological insensitiveness to stimuli may be of considerable survival value.
Hippodamia convergens ate raisins, which they appeared to find by chance, and some continued to eat even when the low temperature had driven most to shelter.
Hippodamia convergens may be found hibernating in large masses at a variety of altitudes, but what determines that altitude is not yet known, or whether ladybirds which have grown in an altitude of, for example, 1000 feet would be physiologically capable of hibernating at an altitude of 7000 feet.
When biological forces have collected ladybirds in large numbers, then only, air‐currents may have considerable effect upon their distribution and the positions where they ultimately hibernate.
Air‐currents of great velocity might destroy ladybirds.
The effect of change of buoyancy upon ladybirds has yet to be determined.
The Reproductive Cycle of the Golden Hamster (Cricetus auratus).
Authors: Deanesly Ruth 
Published: August 2010

Summary..The Syrian Golden Hamster (Cricetus auratus) will breed freely in captivity. An account is given of its reproductive cycle and of the morphology of the reproductive organs, with particular reference to remarkable cyclic changes in the vaginal epithelium.I wish to express my thanks to Dr. M. Klein, with whom I was able to discuss the mucification of the vaginal epithelium, illustrated by his specially stained slides.
Studies of the Mammalian Dentition.–Differentiation of the Post‐canine Dentition
Authors: BUTLER P. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The theory is developed that teeth are repeated organs that occupy different positions in a continuous morphogenetic field. The field can undergo changes in structure and position in the course of evolution, and thus changes in the differentiation of the dentition may be explained.2. The differentiation of teeth in size seems to be to some extent independent of their differentiation in form.3. The characteristics of the field or gradient can be described by plotting dental form against the numerical position of the tooth in the series. Two main types of evolutionary change can be detected: (a) retardation of the gradient in the molar region, so that some mammals have more molariform teeth than others; (6) shifting of the molar region backwards and forwards along the dentition.4. The upper molar patterns of Cenozoic mammals are considered to be of four types–zalambdodont, dilambdodont, tritubercular, and quadrituber‐cular. The serial differentiation of a number of dentitions of which the molars belong to each of these types is described.5. Each element of the molar has its own peculiar mode of change as it is traced along the series of teeth, and different elements reach their maximum development on different teeth.6. Some variations are distributed along the gradient in such a way that they appear most frequently on certain teeth and less frequently on teeth lying farther away from the point of maximum incidence.7. Other variations, in form and dental formula, can be interpreted as due to changes in the degree and position of the gradient.8. In dentitions that differ in molar pattern, homologous (or homodynamous) elements show similar serial changes and the mode of serial change can be used as a test of homology (or homodynamy). Marsupials and Placentals are similar in this respect.9. In evolution the serial change of one element can get out of step with that of another, so that changes can take place at one point in the series that occurred at several different points in the ancestor and vice versa.10. In evolution, new types of change can be superimposed upon the old, e. g., the reduction of the paraconid in the lower molars.11. The premolars differ from the milk‐molars in a limited number of ways, and the relation between the two series can undergo evolutionary changes.12. The two jaws are usually similar in the degree of differentiation between corresponding adjacent teeth, and between the premolars and milk‐molars.13. A description of'Potamogale has necessitated certain corrections in the interpretation of the Centetoid molar pattern as described in the previous paper.14. This study makes very improbable the view that individual teeth are independent of each other in variation and evolution.