bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insufficient Activation of Autophagy Allows Cellular Damage to Accumulate in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Vanhorebeek Ilse , Gunst Jan , Derde Sarah , Derese Inge , Boussemaere Magaly , Güiza Fabian , Martinet Wim , Timmermans Jean-Pierre , D'Hoore André , Wouters Pieter J. , Van den Berghe Greet 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Context:
Responses to critical illness, such as excessive inflammation and hyperglycemia, may trigger detrimental chain reactions that damage cellular proteins and organelles. Such responses to illness contribute to the risk of (nonresolving) multiple organ dysfunction and adverse outcome.

Objective:
We studied autophagy as a bulk degradation pathway able to remove toxic protein aggregates and damaged organelles and how these are affected by preventing hyperglycemia with insulin during critical illness.

Design and Setting:
Patients participated in a randomized study, conducted at a university hospital surgical/medical intensive care unit.

Patients:
We studied adult prolonged critically ill patients vs. controls.

Interventions:
Tolerating excessive hyperglycemia was compared with intensive insulin therapy targeting normoglycemia.

Main Outcome Measures:
We quantified (ultra)structural abnormalities and hepatic and skeletal muscle protein levels of key players in autophagy.

Results:
Morphologically, both liver and muscle revealed an autophagy-deficiency phenotype. Proteins involved in initiation and elongation steps of autophagy were induced 1.3- to 6.5-fold by critical illness (P ≤ 0.01), but mature autophagic vacuole formation was 62% impaired (P = 0.05) and proteins normally degraded by autophagy accumulated up to 97-fold (P ≤ 0.03). Mitophagy markers were unaltered or down-regulated (P = 0.05). Although insulin preserved hepatocytic mitochondrial integrity (P = 0.05), it further reduced the number of autophagic vacuoles by 80% (P = 0.05).

Conclusions:
Insufficient autophagy in prolonged critical illness may cause inadequate removal of damaged proteins and mitochondria. Such incomplete clearance of cellular damage, inflicted by illness and aggravated by hyperglycemia, could explain lack of recovery from organ failure in prolonged critically ill patients. These data open perspectives for therapies that activate autophagy during critical illness.
Parametrischer Entwurf dynamischer Ausgangsrückführungen für reguläre Deskriptorsysteme
Authors: Manderla Maximilian , Konigorski Ulrich 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag beschreibt ein neues Verfahren zur Synthese konstanter statischer und dynamischer Ausgangsrückführungen für reguläre lineare zeitinvariante Deskriptorsysteme. Neben der Vorgabe der Regelungseigenwerte und der Sicherstellung der Regularität des geschlossenen Regelkreises können sämtliche Entwurfsfreiheitsgrade und deren Auswirkung auf die Dynamik des geschlossenen Regelkreises in expliziter Form angegeben werden. Der Entwurf erfolgt durch die Aufspaltung des Problems in zwei duale Teilprobleme. Vollständige Steuer- und Beobachtbarkeit werden nicht gefordert.
Preparation and evaluation of hydrous titanium oxide as a high affinity adsorbent for molybdenum (99Mo) and its potential for use in 99mTc generators
Authors: Qazi Q. M. , Ahmad Mushtaq 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Hydrous titanium oxide was prepared and its affinity as an adsorbent for molybdenum ( 99Mo) and its potential for use in 99mTc generators were evaluated. Adsorption behavior of molybdate on hydrous titanium oxide was studied at boiling water bath temperature (∼100 °C) using radiotracer technique. Various parameters affecting the adsorption of molybdenum, such as pH, amount of molybdenum, incubation period etc. , were determined. Technetium-99m generators were prepared by adsorbing low specific activity Molybdenum-99 (∼230 mg) on 1 g hydrous titanium oxide. Elutions were carried out with normal saline. Performance of the generators, such as 99Mo breakthrough, titanium content, pH, elution profile, radiochemical purity and labeling efficiency of kits, was checked.
Separation of lanthanides and actinides on a bistriazinyl pyridine coated reverse phase column
Authors: Deepika P. , Sivaraman N. , Sabharwal K. N. , Srinivasan T. G. , Vasudeva Rao P. R. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The retention behaviour of uranium, thorium, americium and lanthanides has been investigated, using a reverse phase C18 column modified with 2,6-bis(5,6-dipropyl-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)pyridine (n-Pr-BTP) with the aim of investigating rapid lanthanide-actinide separations by HPLC technique. Nitric acid and α-hydroxy isobutyric acid (α-HIBA) have been employed as the mobile phase. The influence of mobile phase pH and concentration on the retention of metal ions has been studied. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of BTP coated reverse phase columns as analytical columns for the fast separation of the minor actinides from the lanthanides in the high-level waste (HLW), and to explore whether such columns can be used on a preparative scale for the purification and the recovery of minor actinides from the high-level waste (HLW). It was observed that reverse phase columns modified with BTP showed greater affinity for actinides but exhibited no retention for lanthanides and the lanthanide-actinide separations could be achieved in nitric acid mobile phase, without the need for complexing agents. Americium was separated from the lanthanides with good peak profile and baseline resolution in both nitric acid as well as α-HIBA as the mobile phase. Based on this, the separation of americium from the lanthanides in the HLW was also demonstrated. The retention of a significant amount of thorium by the column in breakthrough studies also indicated that these columns can be used for preparative scale purification of the actinides.
Konformitätsrisiken bei der Messung der Maschenweiten von Drahtgewebe- und Drahtgitterprodukten
Authors: Hinrichs Wilfried 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung
In einem Forschungsprojekt wurde durch eine Analyse von Herstellungs- und Messdaten aus der Produktion von Drahtgeweben und Drahtgittern festgestellt, dass die Maschenweiten in Kettrichtung eher beta- als normalverteilt sind. Diese Erkenntnis kann einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Konformitätsbewertung haben, weil davon sowohl die Konformitätswahrscheinlichkeiten als auch die Anbieter- und Abnehmerrisiken betroffen sind. In Modellrechnungen hat sich gezeigt, dass diese Werte in den praxisrelevanten Bereichen deutlich geringer sind, als bei der Annahme von Normalverteilungen. Dieser Vorteil wird allerdings dadurch relativiert, dass es höherer Aufwendungen für Messungen bedarf, um solide und produktspezifische Kennwerte für die Betaverteilung zu erzeugen.
Messung dynamischer Deformationen und Schwingungen schnell drehender Rotoren
Authors: Pfister Thorsten , Günther Philipp , Dreier Florian , Czarske Jürgen 
Published: January 2011

Zusammenfassung
Zur Steigerung der Betriebssicherheit und der Energieeffizienz von Motoren und Turbomaschinen ist die genaue Kenntnis des dynamischen Verhaltens des Rotors im Betrieb erforderlich. Dies ist eine große Herausforderung für die Messtechnik, da die Form der schnell bewegten rauen Objektoberfläche mit Mikrosekunden Zeitauflösung und gleichzeitig mit Mikrometerpräzision erfasst werden muss. In diesem Beitrag wird dargestellt, wie diese anspruchsvolle Messaufgabe mit einem nicht-inkrementellen Laser-Doppler-Distanzsensor, der eine geschwindigkeitsunabhängige Messunsicherheit bietet, gelöst werden kann.
Post-HAART Outcomes in Pediatric Populations: Comparison of Resource-Limited and Developed Countries
Authors: Peacock-Villada Elizabeth , Richardson Barbra A. , John-Stewart Grace C. 
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT:
No formal comparison has been made between the pediatric post–highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) outcomes of resource-limited and developed countries.

OBJECTIVE:
To systematically quantify and compare major baseline characteristics and clinical end points after HAART between resource-limited and developed settings.

METHODS:
Published articles and abstracts (International AIDS Society 2009, Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections 2010) were examined from inception (first available publication for each search engine) to March 2010. Publications that contained data on post-HAART mortality, weight-for-age z score (WAZ), CD4 count, or viral load (VL) changes in pediatric populations were reviewed. Selected studies met the following criteria: (1) patients were younger than 21 years; (2) HAART was given (≥3 antiretroviral medications); and (3) there were &gt;20 patients. Data were extracted for baseline age, CD4 count, VL, WAZ, and mortality, CD4 and virologic suppression over time. Studies were categorized as having been performed in a resource-limited country (RLC) or developed country (DC) on the basis of the United Nations designation. Mean percentage of deaths per cohort and deaths per 100 child-years, baseline CD4 count, VL, WAZ, and age were calculated for RLCs and DCs and compared by using independent samples t tests.

RESULTS:
Forty RLC and 28 DC publications were selected (N = 17 875 RLCs; N = 1835 DC). Mean percentage of deaths per cohort and mean deaths per 100 child-years after HAART were significantly higher in RLCs than DCs (7.6 vs 1.6, P &lt; .001, and 8.0 vs 0.9, P &lt; .001, respectively). Mean baseline CD4% was 12% in RLCs and 23% in DCs (P = .01). Mean baseline VLs were 5.5 vs 4.7 log10 copies per mL in RLCs versus DCs (P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Baseline CD4% and VL differ markedly between DCs and RLCs, as does mortality after pediatric HAART. Earlier diagnosis and treatment of pediatric HIV in RLCs would be expected to result in better HAART outcomes.
Hearing Screening in a Well-Infant Nursery: Profile of Automated ABR-Fail/OAE-Pass
Authors: Berg Abbey L. , Prieve Beth A. , Serpanos Yula C. , Wheaton Melissa A. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVES:
The goals were to examine the prevalence of a screening outcome pattern of auditory brainstem response fail/otoacoustic emission pass (ABR-F/OAE-P) in a cohort of infants in well-infant nurseries (WINs), to profile children at risk for auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder, and to compare inpatient costs for 2 screening protocols using automated auditory brainstem response (ABR) and otoacoustic emission (OAE) screening.

METHODS:
A total of 10.6% (n = 2167) of 20 529 infants admitted to WINs in 2006–2009 were screened for auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder risk by using an experimental protocol (automated ABR testing first, followed by OAE testing if the automated ABR test was not passed). A second WIN cohort (n = 281) was screened by using the standard WIN protocol for the facility (OAE testing first, followed by automated ABR testing if the OAE test was not passed). Comparisons were made regarding preparation and testing times and personnel costs.

RESULTS:
The ABR-F/OAE-P outcome was found for 0.92% of infants in WINs in inpatient testing and none in outpatient rescreening. The time for test preparation was 4 times longer and that for test administration was 2.6 times longer for the experimental protocol, compared with the standard protocol. Inpatient costs for the experimental protocol included 3 times greater personnel time costs.

CONCLUSIONS:
Less than 1% of infants in WINs had ABR-F/OAE-P screening outcomes as inpatients and none as outpatients. These results suggest that prevalence is low for infants cared for in WINs and use of OAE testing as a screening tool in WINs is not unreasonable.
Noninvasive Ventilation for Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Meneses Jucille , Bhandari Vineet , Guilherme Alves Joao , Herrmann Delia 
Published: January 2011

CONTEXT:
Strategies for reducing exposure to endotracheal ventilation through the use of early noninvasive ventilation has proven to be safe and effective, but the option with the greatest benefits needs to be determined.

OBJECTIVE:
To determine, in infants with respiratory distress syndrome, if early nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) compared with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) decreases the need for mechanical ventilation.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
In this single-center, randomized controlled trial, infants (gestational ages 26 to 3367 weeks) with respiratory distress syndrome were randomly assigned to receive early NIPPV or NCPAP. Surfactant was administered as rescue therapy. The primary outcome was the need for mechanical ventilation within the first 72 hours of life.

RESULTS:
A total of 200 infants, 100 in each arm, were randomly assigned. Rates of the primary outcome did not differ significantly between the NIPPV (25%) and NCPAP (34%) groups (relative risk [RR]: 0.71 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.48–1.14]). In posthoc analysis, from 24 to 72 hours of life, significantly more infants in the NIPPV group remained extubated compared with those in the NCPAP groups (10 vs 22%; RR: 0.45 [95% CI: 0.22–0.91]). This difference was also noted in the group of infants who received surfactant therapy, NIPPV (10.9%), and NCPAP (27.1%) (RR: 0.40 [95% CI: 0.18–0.86]).

CONCLUSIONS:
Early NIPPV did not decrease the need for mechanical ventilation compared with NCPAP, overall, in the first 72 hours of life. However, further studies to assess the potential benefits of noninvasive ventilation are warranted, especially for the most vulnerable or preterm infants.
Chlamydia Screening Among Young Women: Individual- and Provider-Level Differences in Testing
Authors: Wiehe Sarah E. , Rosenman Marc B. , Wang Jane , Katz Barry P. , Fortenberry J. Dennis 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE:
We assessed differences in chlamydia screening rates according to race/ethnicity, insurance status, age, and previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) or pregnancy.

METHODS:
A retrospective cohort study was performed using electronic medical record and billing data for women 14 to 25 years of age in 2002–2007, assessing differences in the odds of a chlamydia test being performed at that visit.

RESULTS:
Adjusted odds of a chlamydia test being performed were lower among women 14 to 15 years of age (odds ratio: 0.83 [95% confidence interval: 0.70–1.00]) and 20 to 25 years of age (20–21 years, odds ratio: 0.78 [95% confidence interval: 0.70–0.89]; 22–23 years, odds ratio: 0.76 [95% confidence interval: 0.67–0.87]; 24–25 years, odds ratio: 0.64 [95% confidence interval: 0.57–0.73]), compared with women 18 to 19 years of age. Black women had 3 times increased odds (odds ratio: 2.96 [95% confidence interval: 2.66–3.28]) and Hispanic women nearly 13 times increased odds (odds ratio: 12.89 [95% confidence interval: 10.85–15.30]) of testing, compared with white women. Women with public (odds ratio: 1.74 [95% confidence interval: 1.58–1.91]) and public pending (odds ratio: 6.85 [95% confidence interval: 5.13–9.15]) insurance had increased odds of testing, compared with women with private insurance. After first STI diagnosis, differences according to race/ethnicity persisted but were smaller; after first pregnancy, differences persisted.

CONCLUSIONS:
Despite recommendations to screen all sexually active young women for chlamydia, providers screened women differently according to age, race/ethnicity, and insurance status, although differences were reduced after first STI or pregnancy.
Effects of Recombinant Human Prolactin on Breast Milk Composition
Authors: Powe Camille E. , Puopolo Karen M. , Newburg David S. , Lönnerdal Bo , Chen Ceng , Allen Maureen , Merewood Anne , Worden Susan , Welt Corrine K. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE:The objective of this study was to determine the impact of recombinant human prolactin (r-hPRL) on the nutritional and immunologic composition of breast milk.METHODS:We conducted 2 trials of r-hPRL treatment. In the first study, mothers with documented prolactin deficiency were given r-hPRL every 12 hours in a 28-day, open-label trial. In the second study, mothers with lactation insufficiency that developed while they were pumping breast milk for their preterm infants were given r-hPRL daily in a 7-day, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Breast milk characteristics were compared before and during 7 days of treatment.RESULTS:Among subjects treated with r-hPRL (N = 11), milk volumes (73 ± 36 to 146 ± 54 mL/day; P &lt; .001) and milk lactose levels (155 ± 15 to 184 ± 8 mmol/L; P = .01) increased, whereas milk sodium levels decreased (12.1 ± 2.0 to 8.3 ± 0.5 mmol/L; P = .02). Milk calcium levels increased in subjects treated with r-hPRL twice daily (2.8 ± 0.6 to 5.0 ± 0.9 mmol/L; P = .03). Total neutral (1.5 ± 0.3 to 2.5 ± 0.4 g/L; P = .04) and acidic (33 ± 4 to 60 ± 6 mg/L; P = .02) oligosaccharide levels increased in r-hPRL-treated subjects, whereas total daily milk immunoglobulin A secretionwas unchanged.CONCLUSIONS:r-hPRL treatment increased milk volume and induced changes in milk composition similar to those that occur during normal lactogenesis. r-hPRL also increased antimicrobially active oligosaccharide concentrations. These effects were achieved for women with both prolactin deficiency and lactation insufficiency.
Impact of Rotavirus Vaccination on Hospital-Acquired Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Children
Authors: Anderson Evan J. , Rupp Angela , Shulman Stanford T. , Wang Deli , Zheng Xiaotian , Noskin Gary A. 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVE:
Data show that after the implementation of routine rotavirus vaccination for infants in the United States, community-acquired (CA) rotavirus cases declined substantially in the 2007–2008 season. The impact of community-based rotavirus vaccination on the substantial burden of hospital-acquired (HA) rotavirus has not been documented.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:
We assessed CA and HA rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza infections at Children's Memorial Hospital for 5 winter seasons (defined as occurring from September through May) from 2003 to 2008. We also report rotavirus data from the 2008–2009 season.

RESULTS:
A similar dramatic decline (&gt;60% compared with the median of previous seasons) occurred in the rates of cases of both CA (P &lt; .0001) rotavirus hospitalizations and HA (P &lt; .01) rotavirus infections in the 2007–2008 season compared with previous seasons, whereas the rates of CA and HA influenza and respiratory syncytial virus, respectively, remained stable. Improvements in hand-hygiene compliance did not correlate with a reduction in the transmission rate of rotavirus in the hospital. Both CA and HA rotavirus rates remained much lower in the 2008–2009 than in the 2003–2007 seasons.

CONCLUSIONS:
Community-based rotavirus vaccination is associated with a substantial reduction in the number of children who are admitted with rotavirus. These data also indicate that routine community-based rotavirus infant vaccination protects hospitalized children from acquiring rotavirus. Vaccination efforts should be encouraged as a strategy to affect the substantial burden of HA rotavirus.
Intima-Media Thickness and Flow-Mediated Dilatation in the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults
Authors: Hovi Petteri , Turanlahti Maila , Strang-Karlsson Sonja , Wehkalampi Karoliina , Järvenpää Anna-Liisa , Eriksson Johan G. , Kajantie Eero , Andersson Sture 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND:
Adults born at a very low birth weight (VLBW) (&lt; 1500 g), compared with those born at term, bear risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including higher blood pressure and insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVE:
We studied, in young adults born at a VLBW, early signs of an accelerated atherosclerotic process and the relationship of these signs with postnatal growth.

METHODS:
We compared 92 with a VLBW with 68 who were born at term. At age 18 to 27, we measured stiffness and intima-media thickness (IMT) of the right carotid artery and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the right brachial artery.

RESULTS:
Those with a VLBW had 1.1% units higher FMD (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.0–2.2) (P = .06) and 0.5% units higher IMT relative to lumen size (95% CI: 0.1–0.9). IMT or FMD, when analyzed as the absolute change in millimeters, and carotid stiffness in the groups were similar. Among those with a VLBW, each 100-g-greater weight gain during the first 2 postnatal weeks predicted 1.1% units higher FMD (95% CI: 0.2–2.0) in adulthood.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although young adults born at VLBWs, compared with those born at term, have higher levels of risk factors for cardiovascular disease, we found no clear evidence for elevated early markers of atherosclerosis. However, in relation to artery lumen diameter, IMT in the participants who had a VLBW was higher than in those who were born at term. In our study, weight gain during the first postnatal weeks had no harmful effect on the arteries in young adulthood.
Early Experiences and Predictors of Recruitment Success for the National Children's Study
Authors: Trasande Leonardo , Andrews Howard F. , Goranson Christopher , Li Wenhui , Barrow Elise C. , VanderBeek Suzette B. , McCrary Brittany , Allen Suzannah B. , Gallagher Kathleen D. , Rundle Andrew , Quinn James , Brenner Barbara 
Published: January 2011

OBJECTIVES:
We aimed to describe 17 months of experience with household recruitment of live births for the National Children's Study in Queens, a highly urban, diverse borough of New York City (NYC), and to assess predictors of recruitment success.

METHODS:
Recruitment data (enumeration, pregnancy screening of age-eligible women, identification of pregnancies, and consent) for the period of January 2009 through May 2010 were calculated. Geographic information systems were used to create 11 community-level variables for each of the 18 study segments where recruitment occurred, using US Census, NYC Office of Vital Statistics, NYC Department of City Planning, and NYC Police Department data. Recruitment yields were analyzed with respect to these variables at the segment level.

RESULTS:
Enumeration identified 4889 eligible women, of whom 4333 (88.6%) completed the pregnancy screener. At least 115 births were lost because of an inability of the pregnancy screener to identify pregnant women, whereas another 115 could be expected to be lost because of missed enumerations and pregnancy screeners. The consent rate was 60.3%. Segments with higher percentages of low birth weight had higher enumeration, pregnancy screening, and consent rates.

CONCLUSIONS:
In a highly immigrant, urban setting, households could be approached for recruitment of women to participate in the National Children's Study with consent rates equal to those experienced in clinical settings. Refinement of the pregnancy screener and other recruitment materials presents an opportunity to optimize recruitment, improve the representativeness of study participants, and improve the cost-effectiveness of study execution.