bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of liquid height for onset of slug flow
Authors: Vaze Mahesh J. , Banerjee Jyotirmay 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAn experimental investigation is carried out to study the transition from stratified to slug flow and the development of slug flow. The variation of Lockhart–Martinelli parameter with the non‐dimensional liquid height is established based on the experimental data. A correlation is developed for the liquid height as a function of superficial gas and liquid Reynolds number. The liquid height is observed to increase up to some level depending on the mass flow rate, beyond which there is a sudden jump in the height leading to the formation of slug. This critical liquid height is the limiting condition for the evolution of slug. Below the critical height a stable stratified flow is observed. The critical height for stability limit of stratified flow is established experimentally for various combinations of mass flow rates of the primary and secondary phases. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Deregulated microRNAs in multiple myeloma
Authors: Benetatos Leonidas , Vartholomatos George 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMicroRNAs are short noncoding RNAS involved in gene expression regulation under physiological and pathological situations. They bind to mRNA of target genes and are potential regulators of gene expression at a post‐transcription level through the RNA interference pathway. They are estimated to represent 1% to 2% of the known eukaryotic genome, and it has been demonstrated that they are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, metabolism disorders, and heart disease. MicroRNAs are known to act as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in cancer biology. The authors describe the current knowledge on microRNA involvement in regulatory pathways that characterize multiple myeloma pathogenesis gained from in vitro and in vivo studies. These small molecules interact with important factors such as p53, SOCS1, IGF‐1, IGF‐1R, vascular endothelial growth factor, NF‐κB, and others. As such, microRNAs represent an attractive therapeutic target in the context of multiple myeloma interfering with the myeloma regulatory networks. Further studies are needed to better understand their role in myelomagenesis and their therapeutic potential. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
New developments in mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors for the treatment of sarcoma
Authors: Agulnik Mark 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAlthough sarcomas account for a small portion of solid malignancies, currently, there are few treatment options for sarcomas, particularly for advanced disease. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine‐threonine protein kinase in the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/serine/threonine protein kinase Akt signaling pathway, has an important role in the regulation of protein synthesis, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Alterations of the mTOR signaling pathway are common in malignancies, including several types of sarcoma. Therefore, mTOR is a potentially important therapeutic target in these diseases. Rapamycin and its analogs (rapalogs) are effective anticancer agents in a broad range of preclinical models. Clinical trials with these agents alone and in combination with other anticancer agents, including chemotherapy and targeted therapies, have demonstrated potential clinical benefit in several types of sarcoma. The evidence from both preclinical and clinical studies supports further study of mTOR‐targeting rapalogs in the treatment of various subtypes of sarcoma. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Relative survival of childhood and adult medulloblastomas and primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs)
Authors: Smoll Nicolas R. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Medulloblastomas are 1 of the most common brain tumors in children but can affect individuals of all ages. For this report, the author investigated the impact of medulloblastomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) on the US population with a focus on age differences.METHODS:Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database were used to describe cumulative relative survival (CRS) using crude, period, and longitudinal period approaches for patients diagnosed with all medulloblastoma subtypes and PNETs. CRS estimates were obtained using SEER expected mortality data and the Ederer II method for expected survival estimation. These data were applied to the construction of rational follow‐up scheduling protocols.RESULTS:The 5‐year period CRS for all patients who were followed between 2001 and 2006 was 69%. Adults had a worse overall prognosis, but this difference in excess hazard rates appeared only after 4 years of follow‐up. Furthermore, the 5‐year and 10‐year CRS has improved a minimum of 11% in children, adolescents, and adults over the past 25 years.CONCLUSIONS:The survival difference between children, adolescents, and adults with medulloblastomas and PNETs depended on the length of follow‐up, which was described in this report as an age‐by‐follow‐up interaction and observed as a “fork” on Kaplan‐Meier curves. Differences in survival between children and adults emerged only 4 years after diagnosis, and adults fared worse. There has been significant improvement in survival from medulloblastomas/PNETs since the late 1970s and early 1980s. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Sarcomas in TP53 germline mutation carriers
Authors: Ognjanovic Simona , Olivier Magali , Bergemann Tracy L. , Hainaut Pierre 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Sarcoma is the index diagnosis of Li‐Fraumeni syndrome (LFS), a familial predisposition to cancer that also includes brain cancer, breast cancer, and adrenal cortical carcinoma. Germline mutations in the TP53 gene are detected in approximately 80% of families that fulfill LFS criteria and in 15% to 25% of families that fulfill criteria for Li‐Fraumeni‐like syndrome (LFS), a group of related syndromes with broader clinical criteria.METHODS:The authors of this report used the International Agency for Research on Cancer TP53 database to analyze the types, age at onset and mutation patterns of sarcoma in TP53 mutation carriers. Those data were compared with sarcoma types in the general population of Caucasians using data from the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program.RESULTS:Overall, sarcomas represented 25% of tumors in TP53 mutation carriers, and 95.6% occurred before age 50 years compared with 38.3% before age 50 years in the SEER data set. Sarcomas were more likely to be rhabdomyosarcoma in carriers aged <5 years (odds ratio [OR], 11.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1‐21.9) and osteosarcoma in carriers at any age (aged <20 years: OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.02‐1.94; age >20 years: OR, 4.61; 95% CI, 2.72‐7.83). Early sarcoma (at age <20 years) was associated with missense mutations in exons encoding the DNA‐binding domain of p53 protein. Conversely, p53 null mutations (frameshift, splice sites, nonsense) and mutations outside the DNA‐binding domain were associated with leiomyosarcoma (OR, 10.1; 95% CI, 3.4‐29.9), a type of sarcoma that occurred after age 20 years.CONCLUSIONS:The current results further demonstrated genotype‐phenotype correlations and age‐dependent variations in sarcoma types in carriers of germline TP53 mutations. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Intracranial hemangiopericytoma
Authors: Rutkowski Martin J. , Jian Brian J. , Bloch Orin , Chen Cheng , Sughrue Michael E. , Tihan Tarik , Barani Igor J. , Berger Mitchel S. , McDermott Michael W. , Parsa Andrew T. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractINTRODUCTION:Intracranial hemangiopericytoma (HPC) is a malignant meningothelial tumor. Because of its rarity, few guidelines exist for optimal management.METHODS:University of California at San Francisco patients managed for intracranial HPC were compiled into a single database based on a retrospective review of patient records. Univariate and multivariate regression was performed to determine factors that independently predicted treatment outcomes.RESULTS:A total of 40 patients with intracranial HPC were treated from 1989 to 2010. Treatment and follow‐up information was available for analysis on 35 patients. The median survival for all patients was 16.2 years after date of diagnosis, with 1‐year, 5‐year, and 10‐year survival rates of 100%, 92%, and 68%, respectively. Nineteen patients (54%) had HPC recurrence. The median time until recurrence was 5 years, with 1‐year, 5‐year, and 10‐year progression‐free survival rates of 96%, 49%, and 28%, respectively. Seven patients (20%) developed extracranial metastasis. Tumor characteristics associated with earlier recurrence included size ≥6 cm (log‐rank, P < .05) and nonskull base location (log‐rank, P < .05). Strategies combining adjuvant radiation with tumor resection appeared to hinder tumor progression, but had no effect on overall survival or the development of metastasis. Greater extent of resection was associated with increased overall survival (log‐rank, P < .05).CONCLUSIONS:Adjuvant radiation may show promise in preventing tumor progression, but recurrence remains a common treatment outcome regardless of initial strategy. When safe and feasible, gross total resection should be pursued as an initial surgical strategy to maximize overall survival. The propensity of these tumors to metastasize makes detailed staging imaging necessary. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Systemic therapy for advanced soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Riedel Richard F. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSoft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a rare, heterogeneous group of solid tumors in need of improved therapeutic options. First‐line chemotherapy is considered the current standard of care for patients with advanced, symptomatic STS, but the median survival is only 8 to 12 months. Efforts to increase response rates by using combination or dose‐dense regimens have largely failed to improve patient outcomes. However, increasing evidence supports the use of specific treatments for certain histological subtypes of STS, and novel therapies, including tyrosine kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, are currently under active investigation. In addition, novel treatment approaches (such as maintenance therapy) designed to prolong the duration of response to chemotherapy and delay disease progression are being explored. This article provides an overview of current systemic therapies for patients with advanced STS and discusses ongoing efforts designed to improve patient outcomes through the use of novel therapeutic agents and treatment strategies. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Human mu‐opioid receptor gene A118G polymorphism predicts the efficacy of tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets (ultracet) in oxaliplatin‐induced painful neuropathy
Authors: Liu Yu‐Chang , Wang Wei‐Shu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The A118G polymorphism of the mu‐opioid receptor gene (OPRM1), resulting in the substitution of an amino acid, has been found to be associated with functional effects and response to opioid treatment. The purpose of this study was to assess whether this polymorphism contributes to the variability in response to tramadol/acetaminophen combination tablets (Ultracet) for treating oxaliplatin‐induced painful neuropathy.METHODS:A total of 96 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum (n = 84), or stomach (n = 12) who had developed oxaliplatin‐induced painful neuropathy were enrolled. Ultracet was administered at 1 tablet every 6 hours, and pain was assessed and scored using a visual analog scale (VAS). The OPRM1 A118G polymorphism was examined with a polymerase chain reaction‐direct sequencing method.RESULTS:The allelic frequency of variant (118G) allele was 39.6%, and the prevalence of OPRM1‐118 AA, AG, and GG genotypes was 31.3% (n = 30), 58.3% (n = 56), and 10.4% (n = 10), respectively. For all patients, the mean pre‐treatment and post‐treatment VAS scores were 3.1 and 2.1, respectively (P < .001). Patients with AA genotype had a better analgesic effect than those with G allele variants (AG or GG genotypes). Pre‐treatment and post‐treatment VAS scores for patients with G allele variants were 3.1 and 2.6, respectively; however, for patients with AA genotype, pre‐treatment and post‐treatment VAS scores were 3.0 and 0.9, respectively (P < .001). The requirement for rescue analgesia was also higher for patients with G allele variants (P = .01).CONCLUSIONS:These data suggest that Ultracet is effective in the management of oxaliplatin‐induced painful neuropathy. A118G polymorphism of OPRM1, by altered function of the mu‐opioid receptor and consequential analgesic effect on opioid agents, could be a key determinant for decreased response to Ultracet. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 is a novel prognostic biomarker in nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Huqun  , Ishikawa Rinako , Zhang Jialing , Miyazawa Hitoshi , Goto Yoshiya , Shimizu Yoshihiko , Hagiwara Koichi , Koyama Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) epigenetically silences many genes through the trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 and is implicated in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. However, its role in lung cancer has not been well characterized. The objective of the current study was to elucidate the role of EZH2 in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by investigating both clinical samples and cell lines.METHODS:An immunohistochemical analysis of EZH2 expression was performed in samples from patients with stage I NSCLC to investigate the association of EZH2 expression levels with clinicopathologic variables. An in vitro cell growth assay and a Matrigel invasion assay also were conducted in the EZH2‐expressing NSCLC cell lines A549 and H1299 after knocking down EZH2 expression by using an EZH2‐specific short‐hairpin RNA.RESULTS:The immunohistochemical analysis classified stage I NSCLC samples (n = 106) into a negative EZH2 expression group (n = 40; 37.7%) and a positive EZH2 expression group (n = 66; 62.3%). Positive EZH2 expression was associated significantly with larger tumor size (P = .014). Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses and log‐rank tests demonstrated that patients whose samples were classified into the positive EZH2 expression group had a significantly shorter overall survival (P = .015). Experiments in the NSCLC cell lines revealed that the knockdown of EZH2 expression reduced the tumor growth rate and invasive activity.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that EZH2 promotes progression and invasion of NSCLC, and its expression is a novel prognostic biomarker in NSCLC. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
11C‐methionine uptake and intraoperative 5‐aminolevulinic acid‐induced fluorescence as separate index markers of cell density in glioma
Authors: Arita Hideyuki , Kinoshita Manabu , Kagawa Naoki , Fujimoto Yasunori , Kishima Haruhiko , Hashimoto Naoya , Yoshimine Toshiki 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The extent of tumor resection is acknowledged as 1 of the prognostic factors for glioma. 5‐Aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA)‐induced fluorescence guidance and neuronavigation integrated with 11C‐methionine positron emission tomography (PET) are widely utilized under the expectation of improving the extent of resection. These 2 novel approaches are beneficial for glioma resections, and the combination of these approaches appears rational. However, biological characteristics reflecting 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence and 11C‐methionine uptake have not been clearly elucidated, and studies about the relationship between 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence and 11C‐methionine uptake have been limited. The present study aimed to clarify this issue.METHODS:Data from 11 consecutive patients harboring astrocytic tumors were analyzed: 2 grade II and 2 grade III, and 7 grade IV tumors were included. Thirty samples from these patients were obtained from the relative periphery of each tumor. Relationships among histology, 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence and 11C‐methionine uptake were analyzed by stereotactic sampling and image analysis.RESULTS:Uptake of 11C‐methionine correlated with cell density (R2 = 0.322, P = .0059). Cell density was higher in fluorescence‐positive areas than in negative areas (2760 ± 1080 vs 1450 ± 1380/mm2, P = .0132). Although both 11C‐methionine uptake and fluorescence seemed to correlate with cell density, no significant difference in 11C‐methionine uptake was seen between fluorescence‐positive and ‐negative areas (P = .367). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed 11C‐methionine uptake and 5‐ALA‐induced fluorescence as independent indices for tumor cell density.CONCLUSIONS:These results indicate that 5‐ALA fluorescence and 11C‐methionine PET image are separate index markers for cytoreduction surgery of gliomas. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway is activated and associated with adverse prognosis in soft tissue leiomyosarcomas
Authors: Setsu Nokitaka , Yamamoto Hidetaka , Kohashi Kenichi , Endo Makoto , Matsuda Shuichi , Yokoyama Ryohei , Nishiyama Kenichi , Iwamoto Yukihide , Dobashi Yoh , Oda Yoshinao 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway mediates cell survival and proliferation and contributes to tumor progression. Soft tissue leiomyosarcoma continues to show poor prognosis, and little is known about its mechanisms of tumor progression. Here the authors investigated the significance of activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway in soft tissue leiomyosarcomas.METHODS:The phosphorylation status of Akt, mTOR, S6, and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E‐binding protein (4E‐BP1) and the protein expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) were assessed by immunohistochemistry in 145 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples of soft tissue leiomyosarcoma including 129 primary tumors. The expression of phosphorylated Akt and mTOR in comparison with their total forms was assessed by Western blot analysis in 13 frozen samples, which were paired with normal tissue samples. Moreover, 39 frozen tumor samples were analyzed for PIK3CA and AKT1 gene mutation.RESULTS:Immunohistochemically, phosphorylated forms of Akt, mTOR, S6, and 4E‐BP1 were positive in 78.3%, 72.6%, 74.5%, and 70.5% of the samples, respectively. These results were correlated with each other, and associated with higher mitotic activity and adverse prognosis. Decreased expression of PTEN was recognized in only 19.7% and had no statistically significant correlation with Akt or other molecules. Immunoblotting showed a high degree of Akt and mTOR phosphorylation in tumor samples compared with that in non‐neoplastic tissue. Mutational analysis failed to reveal any PIK3CA or AKT1 mutations around the hot spots.CONCLUSIONS:The Akt/mTOR pathway was activated in most cases of soft tissue leiomyosarcoma and associated with worse clinical behavior and aggressive pathological findings. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Clinical behavior and treatment outcome of primary nasal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Lu Ning‐Ning , Li Ye‐Xiong , Wang Wei‐Hu , Jin Jing , Song Yong‐Wen , Zhou Li‐Qiang , Wang Shu‐Lian , Liu Yue‐Ping , Liu Xin‐Fan , Yu Zi‐Hao 
Published: August 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Nasal diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is rare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical features and treatment outcomes of patients with nasal DLBCL.METHODS:Twenty‐five patients were included in the study. All patients received combination chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy.RESULTS:Patients with nasal DLBCL usually were older and were predominantly men with early stage disease, low frequency of B symptoms and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), good performance status, and a low‐risk international prognostic index (IPI) score. The overall response rate after initial treatment was 76%, the 3‐year overall survival (OS) rate for the whole group was 44%, and the median OS was 35 months. Performance status and IPI were significant prognostic factors for OS. For patients with IPI scores of 0 or 1, the 3‐year OS rate was 54%, and the median OS was 52 months compared with 17% and 11 months, respectively, for patients with IPI scores of 2 or 3 (P = .033). The prognosis for patients who achieved a complete response (CR) was significantly better than that for patients who did not achieve a CR. Extranodal spread was the primary pattern of failure.CONCLUSIONS:The current results indicated that primary nasal DLBCL appears to have distinct clinical features; its poor outcome and propensity for extranodal failure illustrate the need for innovative therapies. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Color–emotion associations in the pharmaceutical industry: Understanding Universal and local themes
Authors: Lechner Anat , Simonoff Jeffrey S. , Harrington Leslie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe strong shift toward operating in global markets has posed enormous adaptation challenges for product marketing especially with regard to universality and consistency of brand design decisions. The color‐in‐product design decision is also susceptible to this global–local tension. A pharmaceutical film coating formulator supplier to leading local and global pharmaceutical companies was interested in developing a solid validated global color preference database to enable informed brand decision making for its customers. The following study reports results from a global survey that examined the color–brand attribute associations within the global pharmaceutical industry. Data were collected from a multigeography gender and age balanced sample of 2021 subjects, revealing a strikingly powerful color language comprised of universally consistent associations and local contextual patterns that are each critical to global brand decision makers within this industry. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Col Res Appl, 2012;
Life‐history traits maintain the genomic integrity of sympatric species of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) group on an isolated forest island
Authors: Lumley Lisa M. , Sperling Felix A.H. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIdentification of widespread species collected from islands can be challenging due to the potential for local ecological and phenotypic divergence in isolated populations. We sought to determine how many species of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana) complex reside in Cypress Hills, an isolated remnant coniferous forest in western Canada. We integrated data on behavior, ecology, morphology, mitochondrial DNA, and simple sequence repeats, comparing Cypress Hills populations to those from other regions of North America to determine which species they resembled most. We identifiedC. fumiferana,C. occidentalis,C. lambertiana, and hybrid forms in Cypress Hills. Adult flight phenology and pheromone attraction were identified as key life‐history traits involved in maintaining the genomic integrity of species. Our study highlights the importance of extensive sampling of both specimens and a variety of characters for understanding species boundaries in biodiversity research.