bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritive Value of Alfalfa Selected for Saponin1
Authors: Anderson M. J. , Pedersen M. W. , Waldo Dale R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies have shown that saponin concentration is affected by alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) variety and is highly heritable. The study herein reconsidered chemical composition of strains selected for different saponin contents and considered the influence of saponin concentration on in vitro dry matter disappearance.Eighteen strains of alfalfa were harvested three times during the growing season. These strains had been selected within six varieties (‘DuPuits,’ ‘Ladak,’ ‘Lahontan,’ ‘Ranger,’ ‘Uinta,’ and ‘Vernal’) to decrease or increase saponin content. Six replicates were employed. Samples were analyzed for in vitro dry matter disappearance (DMD), crude protein, cell wall constituents, acid detergent fiber, and acid detergent lignin. Highly significant differences (P<.01) in DMD were observed for strains, cuttings, and cuttings × strains. Correlations between saponin and DMD were overall (−.20), common within variety (−.25), and common within cutting (.19). These low correlations ascribe saponin only a very minor role in affecting the digestibility component of nutritive value.
Photosynthetic Efficiency of Sorghum Genotypes After Head Emergence1
Authors: Krishnamurthy K. , Rajashekara B. G. , Jagannath M. K. , Gowda A. Bomme , Raghunatha G. , Venugopal N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe three growth parameters measured after heademergence, net assimilation rate (NAR) based on total dry matter and leaf area/plant, leaf area duration (D), and grain‐leaf ratio (G), were studied in several field experiments on sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] to evaluate their relationship to yield. Each growth component was correlated with grain yield. Both D and G were found to vary with genotype, as well as with changes in plant population and levels of nitrogen. Grain‐leaf ratio was found to be greater in a new cross, MS 2219 × IS 3541, than in hybrid CSH‐1. ‘Swarna,’ a genotype with erect leaves, was found to have higher G than CSH‐1. Increasing the plant population from 133,000 to 177,000 plants/ha increased D, but reduced G. Increasing the levels of nitrogen from 60 to 120 and 180 kg/ha increased only D. Both G and D were correlated with grain yield. Nevertheless, the high multiple correlation of yield with G and NAR stressed the importance of NAR.
Influence of Water Management Through Irrigation and a Subsurface Asphalt Layer on Seasonal Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Corn1
Authors: Robertson W. K. , Hammond L. C. , Saxena G. K. , Lundy H. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the past 5 years improved water management of droughty sandy soils has been attained by constructing, at a depth of 60 cm in the soil profile, a continuous layer of asphalt about 0.3 cm thick. Plots (60.9 × 60.9 m) on a Typic Quartzipsamment (Lakeland fine sand) were treated in 1967 and used in 1970 and 1971 to measure seasonal growth and nutrient uptake of corn (Zeamays L.) in response to the following water management treatments: check, irrigation, asphalt layer, and irrigation with asphalt layer. Responses to fertilizer rate and plant population were also obtained.The asphalt layer increased corn fodder yields above the check and irrigation treatments during the first 11 weeks when moisture stress was moderate. At this time an 11‐day drought caused a severe water stress on the check and asphalt layer treatments resulting in grain yields of 5140 and 5020 kg/ha, respectively, whereas the irrigated and irrigated with asphalt layer treatments produced 7590 and 8164 kg/ha, respectively. The aphalt layer reduced the need for supplemental water and maintained or improved the N and K contents of corn fodder during periods of moderate stress. Fertilizer rates did not affect corn grain yield significantly. The lowest rate, 224‐73‐187 kg/ha of N‐P‐K, produced 6378 kg/ha. The highest yield, 681.5 kg/ha of grain, was obtained for the plant population density of 47,000 plant/ha as compared to 5994 kg/ha and 6552 kg/ha for 32,000 and 81,000 plants/ha, respectively.The seasonal response of corn to water management showed that the asphalt layer system was effective in increasing water use efficiency in well‐drained sandy soils.
Postfertilization Changes in Concentration of Nitrate Nitrogen in Kentucky Bluegrass and Tall Fescue Herbage1
Authors: Hojjati S. M. , Templeton W. C. , Taylor T. H. , McKean H. E. , Byars J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA continuing deterrent to increased use of N fertilizers on humid‐zone grasslands is the possibility of deleterious nutritive effects resulting from ingestion by animals of herbage high in nitrate. Studies were initiated to obtain data on the pattern of NO3‐N accumulation and disappearance in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) herbage following spring fertilization with four levels of N.Identical experiments of split‐plot design were conducted on adjacent areas of the two grasses. Ammonium nitrate was applied to supply 50, 100, 150, or 200 kg/ha of N. The N treatments were replicated hi time, with a spacing of 3 weeks between replications. Herbage samples were collected at weekly intervals for a period of 6 weeks following fertilization. Dry matter yields and concentration of total N and NO3‐N in the herbage were determined.The pattern of accumulation and disappearance of NO3‐N appeared to be similar for the two grasses. Accumulation peaks were almost always reached within 14 days following fertilization, after which the values gradually declined. Length of time required for dissipation of the effect of N application on NO3‐N levels was directly related to quantity of fertilizer used but also appeared to be dependent on the species of grass. In two of the three growth periods, for example, the concentrations of NO3‐N in Kentucky bluegrass receiving 200 kg/ha of N decreased to values below 2,000 ppm within 4 weeks after fertilization. In contrast, tall fescue herbage consistently contained 2,000 ppm or more of NO3‐N 6 weeks after fertilization at the 200 kg/ha rate.Coefficients of variation for ppm of NO3‐N were 22.5% for Kentucky bluegrass and 21.1% for tall fescue; the C.V. for percent total N was 4.4% in bluegrass and 4.3% in fescue. Peak NO3‐N levels and maximum total‐N values occurred at essentially the same time.Some implications of the findings are discussed with respect to utilization of N‐fertilized grasslands and the use of herbage NO3‐N levels for predicting response of grasslands to N fertilization.
Effect of Rate and Date of Seeding Shoshoni Winter Wheat on Soil Moisture Depletion1
Authors: Kolp B. J. , Sackett R. G. , Bohnenblust K. E. , Roehrkasse G. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome growers in southeastern Wyoming plant winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 2 weeks earlier than the recommended planting date, a procedure that utilizes more moisture than necessary for stand establishment. This experiment was designed to determine the extent to which high rates and early planting of winter wheat depleted soil moisture.‘Shoshoni’ winter wheat was planted at seeding rates of 17, 34, 50, and 67 kg/ha on four seeding dates, August 19, August 26, September 4, and September 11, 1965. In mid‐August, November, April, and after harvest soil moisture was measured to a depth of 122 cm using the neutron probe. Moisture depletion during the fall, winter, and spring growing periods was calculated.During stand establishment, the wheat planted August 19 depleted soil moisture significantly more than wheat planted September 4 and 11, and the wheat seeded at the rates of 34, 50, and 67 kg/ha depleted soil moisture significantly more than that at the 17 kg/ha rate.Kernel protein content of wheat harvested from planting dates August 19, August 26, September 4, and September 11 was 12.2, 13.3, 13.2, and 14.2% respectively. There were no significant differences in grain yield attributed to planting dates or rates.During the test period adequate spring moisture was received. During years of low spring precipitation, conservation of moisture by planting on the recommended date or later could be important.
Establishment of Centipedegrass and St. Augustine Grass with the Aid of Chemicals1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe establishment of Centipedegrass (Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.) and St. Augustine grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze) is often slow because weed competition may be severe. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of single and repeated treatments of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine) and simazine (2‐chloro‐4,6‐bis(ethylamino)‐s‐triazine) on the establishment of these two species. Single treatments of simazine and atrazine at 1.12 kg/ha applied immediately following sprigging satisfactorily controlled grassy weeds and increased percent ground cover. Except for atrazine on St. Augustine grass, herbicide treatments caused early growth retardation without reducing ground cover at the end of the season. The desirability in appearance of the turf was not generally affected by either chemical at the rates used.
Sudangrass and Sudangrass Hybrids Responses to Row Spacing and Plant Maturity on Yields and Chemical Composition1
Authors: Worker George F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of row spacing and stage of maturity at harvest on dry matter production and the chemical composition under desert condition of Sudangrass [Sorghum Sudanese (Piper) Stapf., var. ‘Piper’], sorghum‐sudangrass hybrid [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum Sudanese (Piper) Stapf., var. ‘Sudax SX‐11’], and a Sudangrass hybrid (var. ‘Trudan 1’). The evaluation was made during a long growing season, 224 days, at four row spacings and two maturity stages, involving three and four cuttings at flowering stage and six and seven cuttings at pasture stage (1965 and 1966, respectively).Dry matter production by all cultivars at both harvest stages significantly decreased as row spacing was increased from 35.6 to 88‐9 cm. Total dry matter production was highest with harvest at the flowering stage, 27.47, 28.16, and 27.11 metric tons/ha for sudangrass, Sudangrass hybrid, and sorghum‐sudangrass hybrid, respectively. Dry matter at the pasture stage was significantly higher for the sudangrass variety than for the hybrids.Crude protein production increased with row spacing at the pasture stage and decreased with row spacing at the flowering stage. Row spacing did not affect fiber, fat or ash production. Fiber was higher when cut at the flowering stage and lowest in the sudangrass hybrid. Dry matter production of all cultivars significantly decreased as row spacing increased.
Use of Energy‐Absorbing Materials to Permit Turf Growth in Heavily Trafficked Areas1
Authors: Wood Glen M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil compaction, with leaf abrasion of secondary importance, was concluded to be primarily responsible for the inability of grass to survive in heavily travelled footpaths. Several materials were used in the construction of a grassed walk designed to absorb traffic energy, eliminate compaction and afford wear protection to intermingled grasses. Inverted Coke bottles, bricks, and crushed stone were the experimental materials. The growth of the p i s s was best in the bottle area. However, the bottles were slippery when wet and presented some hazard. Orientation of the bricks to direction of traffic was found to be important. Bricks perpendicular to direction of travel were much more satisfactory than those placed parallel. ‘Manhattan’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and ‘Merion,’ ‘Pennstar,’ ‘Nugget,’ and Fylking' bluegrasses (Poa pratensis L.) were evaluated as a mixture in these trials. An excellent sod was maintained with the bricks and bottles but not with the crushed stone.
Use of Pressure Bomb Measurements to Estimate Root Water Potentials1
Authors: Gee G. W. , Liu W. , Olvang H. , Janes B. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPressure bomb measurements were used to estimate root water potentials of soil‐grown pepper (Capsicum annum L. cv. ‘California Wonder’) plants. Bomb measurements taken on roots of wilted pepper plants in dry soil overestimated the water potential by as much as 8 bars when roots were known to be damaged. When plants were equilibrated at low water potentials (‐10 to ‐14 bars) and the roots were undisturbed, differences between water potentials in the plant roots and top were 0.4 bars or less.Increases in water potential with time were observed in both stressed and well‐watered plants where roots were not damaged but where there was no attempt to equilibrate the water potential gradient. Root resistance, root pressure and unsaturated conductivity of the soil all influence the tune dependence of root water potential.
Magnesium Concentration in Agropyron desertorum Fertilized with Mg and N1
Authors: Mayland H. F. , Grunes D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrass tetany, a Mg deficiency in ruminants, is responsible for large economic losses throughout temperate regions. Significant livestock losses occur in the semiarid western United States primarily when livestock are grazing the spring growth of Agropyron desertorum, an introduced grass species which provides much needed early spring forage.The objective of this study was to increase forage Mg to about 0.2% by Mg and N fertilization and thus meet animal needs and reduce losses from death. The field study was located on A. desertorum grassland which had previously produced grass tetany. Two calcareous aridisols were each fertilized with 0, 90, 200, and 600 kg Mp/ha as MgS04·7H2O, having split plots with 0 and 150 kg N/ha applied as NH4NO3. Forage was harvested at regular periods intended to bracket the spring occurrence of tetany for three seasons following fertilization.Fertilization with 600 kg Mg/ha was necessary to increase forage Mg to the recommended level (0.2%). Applying 150 kg N/ha increased forage Mg concentration as much as did 200 kg Mg/ha. The N and Mg fertilizers were additive in increasing forage Mg concentrations. Forage Mg concentrations decreased with increasing age of vegetatively growing grass, and the benefits from fertilization were less with each successive season following fertilization. Little residual effect of 600 kg Mg/ha or 150 kg N/ha fertilization on plant Mg concentration would be expected after 5 years. Rapid decreases in water‐soluble soil Mg with the resulting formation of some unknown insoluble phase, as well as high investment costs, preclude Mg fertilization of these ranges to meet Mg requirements of grazing animals.
Determining Moisture in Forages by Neutron Moderation1
Authors: Vanderlip R. L. , Owensby C. E. , Ball J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid, accurate method of determining forage moisture content would greatly facilitate forage research. Use of neutron moderation to determine moisture content of forages was studied using samples of corn (Zea mays L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.), bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) containing a wide range of moisture contents to obtain a calibration curve for relating counts per minute to amount of moisture in the forage. A single calibration curve could be used for all four species.
Effect of Lime, Inoculant, and Molybdenum Pelleting of Seed on Growth and Nitrogen Content of Crownvetch1
Authors: Sims J. L. , Sigafus Roy E. , Tiaranan Noi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere is a growing interest in the use of crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.) for hay or pasture. Crownvetch has been widely used on highway banks, but there have been problems with getting good stands. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of pelleting seed with lime, molybdenum, and inoculum on germination, growth, and N content of crownvetch.Gum arabic was used to secure materials to ‘Penngift’ crownvetch seed. A Culleoka silt loam soil with pH 5.0 and Grigg extractable Mo content of 0.56 kg/ha was used in greenhouse studies. Results showed that inoculant and Mo increased dry weight and N content of both tops and roots of crownvetch. Sodium molybdate at 70 g/ha was equally effective when pelleted to the seed or mixed uniformily with the soil. Neither pelleting nor uniform mixing of lime at the rate of 1.4 kg/ha influenced dry weights or N contents of roots or shoots in this soil, but uniform mixing of lime at the rate of 420 kg/ha significantly increased root weight. There was no significant treatment effect on germination but lime tended to reduce germination.Numbers of surviving rhizobia in laboratory tests varied with storage time and treatment. By three days after wetting with water and gum arabic many rhizobia had died. Greatest reductions in numbers occurred when sodium molybdate was present except when the inoculum was attached to the seed first and separated from the Mo by a layer of lime. Only small losses of rhizobia occurred from the third to the ninth day of storage.
Measurement of Dark Respiration, Evaporation, and Photosynthesis in Field Plots1
Authors: Peters D. B. , Clough B. F. , Garves R. A. , Stahl G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPresent techniques for measurement of respiration, evaporation, and photosynthesis do not permit evaluation of a large number of experimental variables. A field plot technique is described which enables precise measurement from a large number of plots. A device is used that produces a closed canopy over a field plot for a short time during which CO2 and H2O concentrations are measured. The procedure produces minimal disturbance of natural field conditions and can measure CO2 and H2O fluxes with high precision.
Effect of Fertilizer and Plant Population on Yield of Soybeans1
Authors: Fink R. J. , Posler G. L. , Thorup R. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe combined effects of fertilizer and plant population on the yield of soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) have not been defined clearly, because in practically all related studies, each has been investigated independently of the other. The present study was conducted to measure these combined effects on ‘Calland’ soybeans. Soybeans received 336 kg/ha N, 155 kg/ha P, and 279 kg/ha K in 1971, but no fertilizer applied in 1972. Plant populations were 100,000 plants/ha grown in 76‐cm rows both years, and 400,000 plants/ha grown in 76‐cm rows in 1971 and both 38‐ and 76‐cm rows in 1972.A significant yield response to directly applied fertilizer was obtained at a plant population of 400,000 in 1971, but not at 100,000. In 1972 the carry‐over fertilizer produced a significant yield response at 400,000 plant population in 38‐cm rows, but not in 76‐cm rows. However, there was a significant response (P = .10) at 100,000 plants/ha in 76‐cm rows. No significant yield differences were found among plant populations either year. The 38‐cm row spacing yielded significantly more than the 76‐cm row spacing at the 400,000 plant population where fertilizer was applied, but row spacing had no effect on yield of unfertilized soybeans.It was concluded that, although inconsistencies do occur, fertilizer can contribute significantly to higher soybean yields whether applied directly or utilized as a carry‐over from a previous crop, and that plant populations as low as 100,000 plants/ha can produce yields equal to those produced by a higher population (400,000 plants/ha) under both fertilized and unfertilized conditions.
Line Source Carbon Dioxide Release. I. Field Experiment1
Authors: Allen L. H. , Desjardins R. L. , Lemon E. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCarbon dioxide gas was released from one northeastsouthwest line in a corn (Zea mays L.) field during several days in August and September, 1969. CO2 concentration profiles were measured at 15 and 45 m downwind. The purposes of the releases were: (1) to study the micrometeorological transport processes in plant canopies using CO2, as a tracer, and (2) to determine the micrometeorological feasibility of CO2 enrichment under field conditions. The study showed that vertical turbulent diffusion and horizontal mass flow quickly diminished the concentration of CO2, downwind from the line source. High concentrations of CO2 could be maintained in the canopy only under a stable temperature stratification of the air which reduced vertical wind fluctuations. Short‐term eddies with CO2 concentrations in excess of 1,000 ppm were observed 30 m downwind from the release line at an analyzer height of 530 cm, but these were very infrequent. CO2 concentration profiles showed that CO2 tended to be turbulently diffused upward and wafted downwind, with some of the CO2 being again transported into the canopy. Turbulent diffusion in the canopy was usually too active to maintain a high CO2 concentration; however, this same effectiveness of turbulence assures an adequate supply of CO2 to plant canopies under typical field conditions. This study showed, from a micrometeorological viewpoint, that CO2 enrichment would not be practical under most natural field and crop conditions because of rapid gaseous exchange with the bulk atmosphere.
Application of Long‐Arc Xenon Lighting for Plant Growth Experiments1
Authors: Jarman G. D. , Barlow E. W. R. , Boersma L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe installation and use of a 2,500‐W xenon long‐arc lamp is described. Xenon arc lamps emit a high intensity radiant flux with a visible spectrum similar to that of unfiltered sunlight. These qualities make it desirable for use in laboratory studies of plant growth. Little published information describing the use of xenon lamps in such application is available. Many technical problems may be encountered in the installation of long‐arc xenon lamps because of the lack of adequate installation instructions. The information presented here was developed over a long period of time and particular emphasis is on safety and cooling requirements.Although this lamp is expensive to install and operate, the spectral distribution of its radiation within the visible (400 to 700 nm) and near infrared wavebands is closer to that of natural sunlight than any other lamp presently available. Within the photosynthetically active waveband the conversion factor from radiant to quantum flux was determined to be 4.56 μ Einstein s−1 m−2 per Wm−2 [Wm−2 = Watts per m,2. Diagrams were prepared showing the angular distribution of radiation from this lamp.
Goosegrass Control in Bermudagrass Turf with Combinations of MSMA and S‐Triazines1
Authors: Murdoch C. L. , Ikeda David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAnnual weed control in turf is difficult in tropical and subtropical regions because of year‐long growing seasons. Preemergence herbicides are ineffective because all growth stages are present and seed germination occurs throughout the year. Postemergence herbicides may control existing weeds, but they are soon replaced by germinating seeds.We conducted field and greenhouse experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of combinations of monosodium methane arsonate (MSMA) and s‐triazine herbicides for controlling goosegrass (Eleusine indica L.) in Hawaii. Excellent goosegrass control was obtained when s‐triazine herbicides were used, followed by two or three applications of MSMA. Three applications of MSMA alone was ineffective in controlling mature goosegrass. No phytotoxicity was observed from any herbicide treatment on common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) ‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon ✕ C. transvaalensis Burt‐Davy) was discolored by all herbicide treatments; however, the injury was of short duration.The increased control of goosegrass with combinations of MSMA and s.trlazines was attributed to increased herbicidal activity of the combinations as compared to that of either herbicide alone and to the long residual preemergence activity of s‐triazlnes which prevented reinfestation in the field experiment.