bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UN'INFANZIA DIFFICILE: LA TEORIA DELLA DISSOCIAZIONE ELETTROLITICA NEL XIX SECOLO
Authors: MAIOCCHI ROBERTO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The theory of electrolytic dissociation represented the main chapter of modern chemistry-physics born in the last decades of 19th century. It was vigorously supported, in particular by Ostwald, Arrhenius and Nerst, but it was also harshly criticised. This paper reconstructs the theorical and empirical arguments, which were proposed for and against this theory. Namely, it shows on the one hand the great difficulties, that the supporters of the theory were faced with, and on the other hand the strategies that they adopted in order to overcome these problems. The final part discusses how certain models for a philosophical reconstruction of science shed light on this historical case.
ESAME OTTICO DEI CANNOCCHIALI DI GALILEO*
Authors: QUERCIOLI FRANCO , MOLESINI GIUSEPPE , GRECO VINCENZO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The results of a series of optical tests recently performed on the Galileo's telescopes are reported. In particular, evidence is given of the interferometric quality of the lenses, nearly attaining optical perfection.
LE IMMAGINI DELLA NATURA: SCALE, MAPPE, ALBERI 1700-1800
Authors: BARSANTI GIULIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The eighteenth century images of nature do not all refer to the traditional « scale » model but they rather belong to three distinguished types.The concept of the « scale » was reformulated by some very important philosophers between the seventeenth and the eighteenth century (Locke, Leibniz) and spread by the most eminent naturalists (Tyson, Vallisnieri, Bonnet). It is based on the continuity and fullness of nature and consists in lining up bodies, from the simplest to the most complex, according to an order that is also hierarchical. The popularity of the scale starts decreasing in the first half of the eighteenth century; around 1770 the scale loses all its morphological characteristics and ideological functions and it disappears within a few years.The « map », as the first alternative to the scale, was conceived and put forth by Donati and Linnaeus around 1750. From the empirical point of view it represents the discovery that nature is a much more complex field than was traditionally assumed and, in particular, it shows that the multiple and differentiated affinities existing between living bodies make it necessary to group them " in bunches ". From the theoretical point of view, the map that was popular in the second half of the eighteenth century is the two-dimensional image of any possible type of element, according to the principle that « all what can be, is » (Buffon).The « tree » is different from both the previous images; its history is more complex also because, unlike the scale and the map, the principles it is based upon and the concepts it suggests are different and sometimes in contrast with the previous ones. It was conceived by Pallas (1766) to represent the discontinuity of nature and the separation of the biological world. It became the « genealogical tree » only with great difficulty in 1801, that is the three-dimensional image of evolution: it was Lamarck who, after rejecting the « scale » and the « map », definitively decreed its success in the nineteenth century.
PER UN ARCHIVIO DELLA CORRISPONDENZA DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI
Authors: DE GREGORIO MARIO 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The inventory of Giorgio Santi's correspondance preserved in the Public Library of Siena shows the many relations of this tuscan chemist, botanist and naturalist, from 1776 to 1822. He grew in France in close contact with the new theories put forward by Buffon and Lavoisier. He was Professor at the University of Pisa and since 1782 director of the botanical gardens of this town. Santi is one of the most interesting italian scientific personalities between eighteenth and nineteenth century, an important representative of that Tuscan group that worked towards the achievement of the great program of the Grand Duke Pietro Leopoldo, and then persued the goal under the new French administration.
GALILEO'S ACCOUNT OF ASTRONOMICAL MIRACLES IN THE BIBLE: A CONFUSION OF SOURCES
Authors: GOLDSTEIN BERNARD R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>Nella sua Lettera alla Granduchessa Cristina Galileo considerava due miracoli astronomici della Bibbia (il sole immobile davanti a Giosuè, e l'ombra solare che si muove a ritroso sui passi [cioè la meridiana] d'Achaz), citando alcune discussioni di questi passi nella letteratura precedente. Dopo aver esaminato le relazioni tra questi testi e altri commenti antichi della Bibbia da cui essi dipendono, l'Autore dimostra che Galileo non ha probabilmente esaminato tutti e sette i testi in prima persona, ma che la sua fonte era in realtà il commento di Magalhaens al libro di Giosuè, pubblicato nel 1612 (il più recente dei sette in cui gli altri sei sono citati); e che, oltre alla confusione già esistente nei testi citati, Galileo ha ulteriormente confuso i riferimenti testuali.
THE BOLOGNA STONE AND THE NATURE OF LIGHT
Authors: GOMEZ SUSANA 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>La pietra di Bologna fu nel XVII e XVIII secolo uno dei più bei regali che uno scienziato potesse ricevere. Il suo potere di emanare luce nell'oscurità era in quell'epoca un fenomeno difficile da spiegare. Come tante altre «curiosità naturali» il fosforo diventò un esempio spirituale delle diverse teorie della luce e della materia. Alchimisti, chimici, cartesiani e newtoniani interpretarono la fosforescenza della pietra di Bologna con i loro diversissimi modelli esplicativi. In particolar modo all'Accademia delle Scienze di Bologna il fosforo costituì nel XVIII secolo un eccellente esempio della diffusione del newtonianesimo e nello stesso tempo del metodo sperimentale a cui si dovevano sottoporre tutte le teorie scientifiche.
SULLA TEORIA DELLE PROPORZIONI NEL SEICENTO
Authors: PALLADINO FRANCO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>The classical definitions of ratio (otherwise: λγo&sigmav;, proportio, respect, reason) and proportion (otherwise: αναλoγία, rationes similes, rationes aequales, rationes eaedem, proportionalitas and also proportio, analogy, proportionality), defined respectively by the third and the fifth definitions of the V Book of Euclid's Elements (see I. L. Heiberg, Elementa, vol. II, pp. 2-3), were subjected to a rigorous examination in the Seventeenth century: Among the critics and revisers of those definitions, in this paper we deal with Giovanni Alfonso Borelli and Andre Tacquet (whose definition of «equal reasons» has inspired generations of mathematicians: see Appendixes). Borelli and Tacquet devised refined procedures to figure out the «equality of reasons» by approximation.
I RAPPORTI TRA SPALLANZANI E GIRARDI E LE «OSSERVAZIONI ANATOMICHE INTORNO AI PIPISTRELLI» DI MICHELE GIRARDI
Authors: CASTELLANI CARLO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>Among the manuscripts of L. Spallanzani preserved at the «A. Panizzi» Library in Reggio Emilia there is an unsigned paper entitled «Osservazioni anatomiche intorno ai Pipistrelli» («Anatomical Observations on Bats»). Its examination proved that it is not by Spallanzani, but by the anatomist Michele Girardi, who studied the subject with particular attention to the nervous system of the cheiroptera at the request of L. Spallanzani, who developed an interest in the matter in the course of his research on the blind flight of these animals. Having established the authorship of the manuscript and reconstructed the circumstances in which the article was prepared, we analyse it briefly and reproduce a complete transcription of this unpublished text.
MELCHISEDECH THEVENOT, THE BUBBLE LEVEL, AND THE ARTIFICIAL HORIZON
Authors: TURNER A. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> RIASSUNTO </title>La livella a bolla e l'orizzonte artificiale non sono stati studiati dettagliatamente nei testi moderni sulla strumentaria. L'articolo esamina il contesto in cui Thévenot ideò i due strumenti e analizza il primo sviluppo della livella a bolla. Si cerca così di dimostrare che, contrariamente a quanto si asserisce, l'uso di tale strumento non fu poco diffuso. Infine se ne discute l'impiego come orizzonte artificiale mettendolo in relazione con il contesto che lo produsse.
REPORT ON THE CONFERENCE «NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION IN SCIENCE PRIOR TO 1900» (Trento, lst-3rd October 1991)
Authors: CIANCIO LUCA 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>This report is intended to give information about an international conference which was held in Trento (1-3 October 1991) on the theme «Non-verbal Communication in Science Prior to 1900». After a short introduction to the general topic, short accounts of the papers presented at the conference are given. Finally, an announcement regarding a three-day workshop sheduled on 23-25 September 1992 is provided.
CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, PAOLO DAL POZZO TOSCANELLI AND FERNO DE RORIZ: NEW EVIDENCE FOR A FLORENTINE CONNECTION
Authors: APFELSTADT ERIC 
Published: April 2012

Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Si ritiene che Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli abbia mandato tre lettere in Portogallo tra il 1474 e il 1482: una, comprendente una mappa, indirizzata ad un canonico di Lisbona chiamato Fernando Martins; un'altra, contenente copie della prima lettera e della carta, a Cristoforo Colombo; e una terza ancora a Colombo. Sebbene l'autenticit delle tre lettere sia stata accettata dalla maggior parte degli studiosi colombiani, l'intera corrispondenza stata negata da alcuni, e le due lettere a Colombo da altri. In giuoco almeno una parte della stima per la scoperta del Mondo Nuovo. Martins stato spesso identificato col canonico portoghese Fernando de Roritz, che stato testimone al testamento di Niccol di Cusa insieme con Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli, ma nessun'altra prova della sua conoscenza con Toscanelli stata finora conosciuta. Nuovi documenti adesso confermano la presenza del Roritz a Firenze nel 1459, quando egli ha servito accanto al Toscanelli come medico del cardinale Giacomo di Portogallo ed stato testimone al testamento del cardinale, e di nuovo nel 1466, quando stato testimone all'atto di dote della cappella del cardinale in San Miniato al Monte.
«COMMERCIO DI LIBRI E PRODUZIONI NATURALI»
Authors: ABBRI FERDINANDO 
Published: April 2012

Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>At the end of the eighteenth century the great Swedish botanist Carl Peter Thunberg (1743-1828) established some cultural relationships with the Tuscan naturalists. Here Giovanni Mariti's and Attilio Zuccagni's letters to Thunberg are published.The present essay is a further contribution to the history of the Italian-Swedish relationships during the Enlightenment.
The aging Canadian population and hospitalizations for acute myocardial infarction: projection to 2020
Authors: Rawson Nigel SB , Chu Rong , Ismaila Afisi S , Terres Jorge Alfonso Ross 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
The risk of experiencing an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) increases with age and Canada's population is aging. The objective of this analysis was to examine trends in the AMI hospitalization rate in Canada between 2002 and 2009 and to estimate the potential increase in the number of AMI hospitalizations over the next decade.

Methods
Aggregated data on annual AMI hospitalizations were obtained from the Canadian Institute for Health Information for all provinces and territories, except Quebec, for 2002/03 and 2009/10. Using these data in a Poisson regression model to control for age, gender and year, the rate of AMI hospitalizations was extrapolated between 2010 and 2020. The extrapolated rate and Statistics Canada population projections were used to estimate the number of AMI hospitalizations in 2020.

Results
The rates of AMI hospitalizations by gender and age group showed a decrease between 2002 and 2009 in patients aged ≥ 65 years and relatively stable rates in those aged < 64 years in both males and females. However, the total number of AMI hospitalizations in Canada (excluding Quebec) is projected to increase by 4667 from 51847 in 2009 to 56514 in 2020, a 9.0% increase. Inflating this number to account for the unavailable Quebec data results in an increase of approximately 6200 for the whole of Canada. This would amount to an additional cost of between $46 and $54 million and sensitivity analyses indicate that it could be between $36 and $65 million.

Conclusions
Despite projected decreasing or stable rates of AMI hospitalization, the number of hospitalizations is expected to increase substantially as a result of the aging of the Canadian population. The cost of these hospitalizations will be substantial. An increase of this extent in the number of AMI hospitalizations and the ensuing costs would significantly impact the already over-stretched Canadian healthcare system.
The effectiveness of financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy: is it from being paid or from the extra aid?
Authors: Mantzari Eleni , Vogt Florian , Marteau Theresa M 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Financial incentives appear to be effective in promoting smoking cessation in pregnancy. The mechanisms by which they might operate however, are poorly understood. The present study examines how financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy may work, by exploring pregnant women's experiences of trying to stop smoking, within and outside of a financial incentives scheme.

Methods
Thirty-six (n = 36) UK-based pregnant smokers (n = 36), offered standard NHS Stop-Smoking Services, of whom twenty (n = 20) were enrolled in a financial incentives scheme for smoking cessation (n = 20) and sixteen (n = 16) were not, were interviewed about (i) their motivation to stop smoking, and (ii) the factors they perceived as influencing their quitting efforts. Framework Analysis was used to analyse the data.

Results
Women in the two groups reported similar reasons for wanting to stop smoking during pregnancy. However, they described dissimilar experiences of the Stop-Smoking Services, which they perceived to have differentially influenced their quit attempts. Women who were incentivised reported using the services more than women who were not incentivised. In addition, they described the motivating experience of being monitored and receiving feedback on their progress. Non-incentivised women reported problems receiving the appropriate Nicotine Replacement Therapy, which they described as having a detrimental effect on their quitting efforts.

Conclusion
Women participating in a financial incentives scheme to stop smoking reported greater engagement with the Stop-Smoking Services, from which they described receiving more help in quitting than women who were not part of the scheme. These results highlight the complexity of financial incentives schemes and the intricacies surrounding the ways in which they operate to affect smoking cessation. These might involve influencing individuals' motivation and self-regulation, changing engagement with and provision of support services, or a combination of these.
Activating KIR/HLA complexes in classic Kaposi's Sarcoma
Authors: Guerini Franca R , Mancuso Roberta , Agostini Simone , Agliardi Cristina , Zanzottera Milena , Hernis Ambra , Tourlaki Athanasia , Calvo Maria G , Bellinvia Monica , Brambilla Lucia , Clerici Mario 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Classic Kaposi's Sarcoma (cKS) is a rare vascular tumor associated with Human Herpesvirus 8 (KSHV) infection, nevertheless not all KSHV-infected individuals have cKS.

Objective
We investigated whether particular KIR/HLA receptor/ligand genotypes would be preferentially present in KSHV-infected and uninfected individuals who have or have not developed cKS.

Methods
KIR/HLA genotypes were analyzed by molecular genotyping in 50 KSHV-infected individuals who did or did not have cKS and in 33 age-and sex-matched KSHV seronegative individuals.

Results
There was no association of individual KIR, HLA or receptor ligand combinations with KSHV infection. However, activating KIR and KIR/HLA genotypes were significantly more frequent in cKS cases, specifically KIR3DS1, KIR2DS1, and KIR2DS1 with its HLA-C2 ligand.

Conclusion
A nonspecific inflammatory response triggered by activation of NK cells upon KIR-HLA interaction could be associated with the pathogenesis of KS.
A comparative study of defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation performance during simulated cardiac arrest in nursing student teams
Authors: Eikeland Husebø Sissel I , Bjørshol Conrad A , Rystedt Hans , Friberg Febe , Søreide Eldar 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Background
Although nurses must be able to respond quickly and effectively to cardiac arrest, numerous studies have demonstrated poor performance. Simulation is a promising learning tool for resuscitation team training but there are few studies that examine simulation for training defibrillation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (D-CPR) in teams from the nursing education perspective. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent to which nursing student teams follow the D-CPR-algorithm in a simulated cardiac arrest, and if observing a simulated cardiac arrest scenario and participating in the post simulation debriefing would improve team performance.

Methods
We studied video-recorded simulations of D-CPR performance in 28 nursing student teams. Besides describing the overall performance of D-CPR, we compared D-CPR performance in two groups. Group A (n = 14) performed D-CPR in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario, while Group B (n = 14) performed D-CPR after first observing performance of Group A and participating in the debriefing. We developed a D-CPR checklist to assess team performance.

Results
Overall there were large variations in how accurately the nursing student teams performed the specific parts of the D-CPR algorithm. While few teams performed opening the airways and examination of breathing correctly, all teams used a 30:2 compression: ventilation ratio.
We found no difference between Group A and Group B in D-CPR performance, either in regard to total points on the check list or to time variables.

Conclusion
We found that none of the nursing student teams achieved top scores on the D-CPR-checklist. Observing the training of other teams did not increase subsequent performance. We think all this indicates that more time must be assigned for repetitive practice and reflection. Moreover, the most important aspects of D-CPR, such as early defibrillation and hands-off time in relation to shock, must be highlighted in team-training of nursing students.
Bone formation rather than inflammation reflects Ankylosing Spondylitis activity on PET-CT: a pilot study
Authors: Bruijnen Stefan TG , van der Weijden Mignon AC , Klein Joannes P , Hoekstra Otto S , Boellaard Ronald , van Denderen J Christiaan , Dijkmans Ben AC , Voskuyl Alexandre E , van der Horst-Bruinsma Irene E , van der Laken Conny J 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

Introduction

Positron Emission Tomography - Computer Tomography (PET-CT) is an interesting imaging technique to visualize Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) activity using specific PET tracers. Previous studies have shown that the PET tracers [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 can target inflammation (synovitis) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and may therefore be useful in AS. Another interesting tracer for AS is [18F]Fluoride, which targets bone formation. In a pilot setting, the potential of PET-CT in imaging AS activity was tested using different tracers, with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and conventional radiographs as reference.

Methods

In a stepwise approach different PET tracers were investigated. First, whole body [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 PET-CT scans were obtained of ten AS patients fulfilling the modified New York criteria. According to the BASDAI five of these patients had low and five had high disease activity. Secondly, an extra PET-CT scan using [18F]Fluoride was made of two additional AS patients with high disease activity. MRI scans of the total spine and sacroiliac joints were performed, and conventional radiographs of the total spine and sacroiliac joints were available for all patients. Scans and radiographs were visually scored by two observers blinded for clinical data.

Results

No increased [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 uptake was noticed on PET-CT scans of the first 10 patients. In contrast, MRI demonstrated a total of five bone edema lesions in three out of 10 patients. In the two additional AS patients scanned with [18F]Fluoride PET-CT, [18F]Fluoride depicted 17 regions with increased uptake in both vertebral column and sacroiliac joints. In contrast, [18F]FDG depicted only three lesions, with an uptake of five times lower compared to [18F]Fluoride, and again no [11C](R)PK11195 positive lesions were found. In these two patients, MRI detected nine lesions and six out of nine matched with the anatomical position of [18F]Fluoride uptake. Conventional radiographs showed structural bony changes in 11 out of 17 [18F]Fluoride PET positive lesions.

Conclusions

Our PET-CT data suggest that AS activity is reflected by bone activity (formation) rather than inflammation. The results also show the potential value of PET-CT for imaging AS activity using the bone tracer [18F]Fluoride. In contrast to active RA, inflammation tracers [18F]FDG and [11C](R)PK11195 appeared to be less useful for AS imaging.
Intellectual disability and major psychiatric disorders: A continuum of neurodevelopmental causality
Authors: Owen Michael J. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryThere is accumulating evidence for shared genetic as well as environmental risk between intellectual disability and other conditions with a neurodevelopmental basis such as autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy and schizophrenia. These can be conceived as lying along a continuum of genetically and environmentally induced neurodevelopmental causality.
Safety Aspects of Processing Carbon Dioxide for CCS and CO2-EOR Projects
Authors: Saadawi Hisham 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a growing interest in the Gulf Region in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) as well as the use of Carbon Dioxide for Enhance Oil Recovery (CO2-EOR) in the Middle East Region.Unlike H2S, carbon dioxide does not support combustion. However, carbon dioxide can cause asphyxia if inhaled in large quantities. While many Middle Eastern oil producers have experience with sour oil and gas fields, there is little or no experience with CCS and CO2-EOR operation.For CCS and CO2-EOR projects, carbon dioxide is typically transported in pipelines at pressure above its critical pressure (73.82 bar). In the event of depressurization or loss of containment, the escaping CO2 will experience a sudden change in phase which may result in dry ice projectiles being expelled at very high velocities. Other hazards include cryogenic burns to the skin and catastrophic failure of carbon steel equipment due to low temperature metal embitterment.Dealing with CO2 presents oil producers with new safety challenges. This paper discusses the safety aspects of handling carbon dioxide in CCS and CO2-EOR projects.