bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The lithospheric structure of the Central and Southern Tien Shan: MTS data correlated with petrology and laboratory studies of lower-crust and upper-mantle xenoliths
Authors: Batalev V.Yu. , Bataleva E.A. , Egorova V.V. , Matyukov V.E. , Rybin A.K. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Magnetotelluric soundings (MTS) in the Kyrgyz Tien Shan along 74° and 76° E profiles reveal conductors in the crust which delineate the boundaries of the At-Bashi accretionary-collisional zone and the Issyk-Kul microcontinent. Correlated to earthquake converted-wave patterns (vP) along the MANAS profile collected in 2007, the geoelectric model for the At-Bashi zone lends support to the hypothesis that the position and dip of large thrust sheets, as well as the way and direction of exhumation of eclogites in this zone, are similar to those in Northwest China. Petrological analysis, geothermobarometry, and elastic P-wave velocities measured in laboratory on lower-crust and upper-mantle xenoliths indicate that at the time when the xenoliths were dragged to the surface about 70 Ma ago, the Moho was 20 km shallower than now (35 km against 55 km) and the heat flux was 20 mW/m2 higher (80 against 60 mW/m2).
The junction of the eastern Central Asian Fold Belt and the Siberian Platform: deep structure and Mesozoic tectonics and geodynamics
Authors: Shevchenko B.F. , Goroshko M.V. , Didenko A.N. , Gur’yanov V.A. , Starosel’tsev V.S. , Sal’nikov A.S. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The tectonic structure of the junction of the eastern Central Asian Fold Belt and the Siberian Platform, along with the deep structure of the Earth’s crust and lithosphere in this region, has been described on the basis of new geological and geophysical data (seismic, geoelectric, and space-structural studies as well as new-generation geological maps), combined with new interpretation techniques (processing of the previous data by special software). The data suggest the existence of oblique collision during the convergence of the tectonic plates and, correspondingly, tectonic units composing these plates, when the Mongol–Okhotsk paleobasin closed. Such a scenario within the Aldan–Stanovoi Shield is evidenced by areas of syn- and postcollisional magmatism, with their deep-level and geochemical characteristics, and by the presence of a Late Mesozoic fold–thrust zone. Deep “traces” of these tectonomagmatic events, detected in the course of geological and geophysical modeling, are manifested in inclined deep boundaries between the crustal and lithospheric blocks. On the Earth’s surface, they correspond to large fault systems: the Dzheltulak, North and South Tukuringra, Gulyui, and Stanovoi. It has been found that the influence of collision decreases northward with distance from the junction of the eastern Central Asian Fold Belt and the Siberian Platform (Dzheltulak and North Tukuringra transcrustal faults).
Managing Setbacks for the International Criminal Court in Africa
Authors: Keppler Elise 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe International Criminal Court (ICC) suffered two notable setbacks in Africa in 2010: the African Union's (AU) renewed call for members not to cooperate in executing ICC arrest warrants for Sudanese President al-Bashir; and the president's first visits to the territory of ICC states parties since warrants were issued in 2009 and 2010. Factors surrounding these developments suggest they do not represent the predominant view or approach to the court in Africa, where there is considerable backing for the ICC among African government officials and civil society. African ICC states parties and civil society should enhance initiatives to demonstrate the support that exists for the court, and to ensure that attacks on it are understood as limited efforts that emanate more from criticisms of the UN Security Council than of the court. Developments in 2011 reinforce these assessments.
A double refresh rate sonar ring with FPGA-based continuous matched filtering
Authors: Browne Damien C. , Kleeman Lindsay 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYExisting sonar rings are limited in their refresh rate to the transmit echo rate, that is, waiting for maximum range echoes to arrive before transmitting again. This paper presents a sonar ring refreshing at 60 Hz for 5.7-m range, which is twice the transmit echo rate, and this leads to lower latency, denser measurements. Two custom Field Programmable Gate Array signal processors provide real time continuous match filtering with dynamic templates. A new method is implemented to select the transmit time from a random set based on minimizing interference. Experiments demonstrate the increased refresh rate, interference rejection, and maps generated by the sonar ring.
Cyanolichens: a link between the phosphorus and nitrogen cycles in a Hawaiian montane forest
Authors: Benner Jon W. , Vitousek Peter M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract:Low phosphorus (P) supply frequently has been shown to limit the abundance and activity of nitrogen (N)-fixing organisms, potentially constraining N inputs to ecosystems. Previous research in a montane Hawaiian forest has shown that ground-level P-fertilization led to significant increases in the population size of epiphytic N-fixing lichens (cyanolichens), as well as a shift in community composition from crustose to leafy species. In this study, we ask whether these changes in the cyanolichen community have resulted in increased N inputs to the forest, and also whether the very high levels of P in the canopy of P-fertilized forest stimulate individual lichen fixation rates over those of lichens from a nearby unfertilized reference forest. We used acetylene reduction (AR) assays to measure the fixation rates of 14 cyanolichen species from P-fertilized forest, and calibrated these rates by measuring15N2fixation incorporation in four species. We found that the ratio of acetylene reduced to N fixed ranged from 2.4 ± 0.4 inPseudocyphellaria crocatato 9.3 ± 2.4 inLeptogium denticulatum. Nitrogen fixation rates in the P-fertilized forest ranged from 0.64 ± 0.05 nmol N cm−2h−1inNephroma helveticumto 3.97 ± 1.48 nmol N cm−2h−1inParmeliella nigrocincta. Fixation rates did not vary greatly among species from P-fertilized forest. We compared these P-fertilized rates to those of 10 species from the reference forest, and found that mass-based fixation rates of P-fertilized lichens were not greater than those of lichens from the unfertilized forest. Using the measured AR rates, we estimate that the P additions increase cyanolichen N inputs to the forest 30-fold, from ~0.3 kg N ha−1y−1to ~9 kg N ha−1y−1. These results suggest that P additions to this ecosystem increase N inputs primarily by increasing the abundance of cyanolichens, and that shifts in cyanolichen community composition and changes in individual fixation rate were of lesser importance in determining ecosystem N inputs.
Dengue: a newly emerging viral infection in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
Authors: CHAAITHANYA I. K. , BHATTACHARYA D. , MURUGANANDAM N. , THAMIZHMANI R. , BABU B. V. SURESH , SUNDARAM S. G. , MATTA M. , SINGH S. S. , VIJAYACHARI P. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYPrior to 2009 dengue fever had not been reported in the Andaman and Nicobar archipelago. In 2009, a few patients with dengue fever-like illness were reported, some of whom tested positive for dengue antibodies. In 2010, 516 suspected cases were reported, including some with dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS); 80 (15·5%) were positive for dengue antibodies. DENV RNA was detected in five patients and PCR-based typing showed that three of these belonged to serotype 1 and two to serotype 2. This was confirmed by sequence typing. Two clones of dengue virus, one belonging to serotype 1 and the other to serotype 2 appeared to be circulating in Andaman. Emergence of severe diseases such as DHF and DSS might be due to recent introduction of a more virulent strain or because of the enhancing effect of sub-neutralizing levels of antibodies developed due to prior infections. There is a need to revise the vector-borne disease surveillance system in the islands.
AnHcp100gene fragment revealsHistoplasma capsulatumpresence in lungs ofTadarida brasiliensismigratory bats
Authors: GONZÁLEZ-GONZÁLEZ A. E. , ALIOUAT-DENIS C. M. , CARRETO-BINAGHI L. E. , RAMÍREZ J. A. , RODRÍGUEZ-ARELLANES G. , DEMANCHE C. , CHABÉ M. , ALIOUAT E. M. , DEI-CAS E. , TAYLOR M. L. 
Published: December 2011

SUMMARYHistoplasma capsulatumwas sampled in lungs from 87 migratoryTadarida brasiliensisbats captured in Mexico (n=66) and Argentina (n=21). The fungus was screened by nested-PCR using a sensitive and specificHcp100gene fragment. This molecular marker was detected in 81·6% [95% confidence interval (CI) 73·4–89·7] of all bats, representing 71 amplified bat lung DNA samples. Data showed aT. brasiliensisinfection rate of 78·8% (95% CI 68·9–88·7) in bats captured in Mexico and of 90·4% (95% CI 75·2–100) in those captured in Argentina. Similarity with theH. capsulatumsequence of a reference strain (G-217B) was observed in 71Hcp100sequences, which supports the fungal findings. Based on the neighbour-joining and maximum parsimonyHcp100sequence analyses, a high level of similarity was found in most Mexican and all Argentinean bat lung samples. Despite the fact that 81·6% of the infections were molecularly evidenced, only threeH. capsulatumisolates were cultured from all samples tested, suggesting a low fungal burden in lung tissues that did not favour fungal isolation. This study also highlighted the importance of using different tools for the understanding of histoplasmosis epidemiology, since it supports the presence ofH. capsulatuminT. brasiliensismigratory bats from Mexico and Argentina, thus contributing new evidence to the knowledge of the environmental distribution of this fungus in the Americas.
THE USDA GRADUATE SCHOOL: GOVERNMENT TRAINING IN STATISTICS AND ECONOMICS, 1921–1945
Authors: RUTHERFORD MALCOLM 
Published: December 2011

The USDA Graduate School was founded in 1921 to provide statistical and economic training to the employees of the Department of Agriculture. The school did not grant degrees, but its graduate courses were accepted for credit by a significant number of universities.In subsequent years, the activities of the school grew rapidly to provide training in many different subject areas for employees from almost all federal departments. The training in statistics provided by the school was often highly advanced (instructors included Howard Tolley and, later, Edwards Deming), while the economics taught displayed an eclectic mix of standard and institutional economics. Mordecai Ezekiel taught both economics and statistics at the school, and had himself received his statistical training there. Statistics instruction in 1936 and 1937 included seminar series from R.A. Fisher and J. Neyman, and courses on the probability approach to sampling involving Lester Frankel and William Hurwitz became important after 1939. The instruction in economics was noticeably institutionalist in the period of the New Deal. Towards the end of the period considered here, the instruction in economics became narrower and more focused on agricultural economics.The activities of the school provide a basis for understanding some of the sources of the relative statistical sophistication of agricultural economists and of the statistical work done in government in the interwar period. It is noteworthy than within the USDA Graduate School, and in contrast to the Cowles Commission, statistical sophistication coexisted with an approach to economics that was not predominantly neoclassical. It also provides a light on the place of institutional economics in the training of government economists through the same time span.
Discourse structure and language technology
Authors: WEBBER B. , EGG M. , KORDONI V. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn increasing number of researchers and practitioners in Natural Language Engineering face the prospect of having to work with entire texts, rather than individual sentences. While it is clear that text must have useful structure, its nature may be less clear, making it more difficult to exploit in applications. This survey of work on discourse structure thus provides a primer on the bases of which discourse is structured along with some of their formal properties. It then lays out the current state-of-the-art with respect to algorithms for recognizing these different structures, and how these algorithms are currently being used in Language Technology applications. After identifying resources that should prove useful in improving algorithm performance across a range of languages, we conclude by speculating on future discourse structure-enabled technology.
Meat and milk intakes and toddler growth: a comparison feeding intervention of animal-source foods in rural Kenya
Authors: Long Jennifer K , Murphy Suzanne P , Weiss Robert E , Nyerere Susan , Bwibo Nimrod O , Neumann Charlotte G 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effects of animal-source foods on toddler growth.DesignA 5-month comparison feeding intervention study with one of three millet-based porridges randomized to eighteen feeding stations serving 303 children aged 11–40 months. Feeding stations served plain millet porridge (Plain group), porridge with milk (Milk group) or porridge with beef (Meat group). Anthropometry, morbidity and food intake were measured at baseline and regular intervals. Longitudinal mixed models were used to analyse growth.SettingEmbu, Kenya.SubjectsTwo hundred and seventy-four children were included in final analyses.ResultsLinear growth was significantly greater for the Milk group than the Meat group (P = 0·0025). Slope of growth of mid-arm muscle area of the Plain group was significantly greater than in the Meat group (P = 0·0046), while the Milk group's mid-upper arm circumference growth rate was significantly greater than the Meat group's (P = 0·0418). The Milk and Plain groups’ measures did not differ.ConclusionsMilk and meat porridges did not have a significantly greater effect on growth than plain porridge in this undernourished population. Linear growth was influenced by more than energy intakes, as the Plain group's total body weight-adjusted energy intakes were significantly greater than the Meat group's, although linear growth did not differ. Energy intakes may be more important for growth in arm muscle. The diverse age distribution in the study makes interpretation difficult. A longer study period, larger sample size and more focused age group would improve clarity of the results.
Temperature regulation of virulence factors in the pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus
Authors: Kimes Nikole E , Grim Christopher J , Johnson Wesley R , Hasan Nur A , Tall Ben D , Kothary Mahendra H , Kiss Hajnalka , Munk A Christine , Tapia Roxanne , Green Lance , Detter Chris , Bruce David C , Brettin Thomas S , Colwell Rita R , Morris Pamela J 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
Sea surface temperatures (SST) are rising because of global climate change. As a result, pathogenic Vibrio species that infect humans and marine organisms during warmer summer months are of growing concern. Coral reefs, in particular, are already experiencing unprecedented degradation worldwide due in part to infectious disease outbreaks and bleaching episodes that are exacerbated by increasing SST. For example, Vibrio coralliilyticus, a globally distributed bacterium associated with multiple coral diseases, infects corals at temperatures above 27 °C. The mechanisms underlying this temperature-dependent pathogenicity, however, are unknown. In this study, we identify potential virulence mechanisms using whole genome sequencing of V. coralliilyticus ATCC (American Type Culture Collection) BAA-450. Furthermore, we demonstrate direct temperature regulation of numerous virulence factors using proteomic analysis and bioassays. Virulence factors involved in motility, host degradation, secretion, antimicrobial resistance and transcriptional regulation are upregulated at the higher virulent temperature of 27 °C, concurrent with phenotypic changes in motility, antibiotic resistance, hemolysis, cytotoxicity and bioluminescence. These results provide evidence that temperature regulates multiple virulence mechanisms in V. coralliilyticus, independent of abundance. The ecological and biological significance of this temperature-dependent virulence response is reinforced by climate change models that predict tropical SST to consistently exceed 27 °C during the spring, summer and fall seasons. We propose V. coralliilyticus as a model Gram-negative bacterium to study temperature-dependent pathogenicity in Vibrio-related diseases.
Bacterial community dynamics in the hyporheic zone of an intermittent stream
Authors: Febria Catherine M , Beddoes Paul , Fulthorpe Roberta R , Williams D Dudley 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe dynamics of in situ bacterial communities in the hyporheic zone of an intermittent stream were described in high spatiotemporal detail. We assessed community dynamics in stream sediments and interstitial pore water over a two-year period using terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Here, we show that sediments remained saturated despite months of drought and limited hydrologic connectivity. The intermittency of stream surface water affected interstitial pore water communities more than hyporheic sediment communities. Seasonal changes in bacterial community composition was significantly associated with water intermittency, phosphate concentrations, temperature, nitrate and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. During periods of low- to no-surface water, communities changed from being rich in operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in isolated surface pools, to a few OTUs overall, including an overall decline in both common and rare taxa. Individual OTUs were compared between porewater and sediments. A total of 19% of identified OTUs existed in both porewater and sediment samples, suggesting that bacteria use hyporheic sediments as a type of refuge from dessication, transported through hydrologically connected pore spaces. Stream intermittency impacted bacterial diversity on rapid timescales (that is, within days), below-ground and in the hyporheic zone. Owing to the coupling of intermittent streams to the surrounding watershed, we stress the importance of understanding connectivity at the pore scale, consequences for below-ground and above-ground biodiversity and nutrient processing, and across both short- and long-time periods (that is, days to months to years).
Short-Term Response of Subadult White Sturgeon to Hopper Dredge Disposal Operations
Authors: Parsley Michael J. , Popoff Nicholas D. , Romine Jason G. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
The effect of dredged-material disposal operations on the behavior of seven white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus (50–101 cm fork length) was examined by analysis of the movements and depth use of these fish before, during, and after a series of hopper dredge disposal operations in the lower Columbia River. Analyses of fish locations showed that 12 flow-lane disposal operations within a 24-h period had minimal effect on subadult white sturgeon behavior; six of the seven fish showed slight attraction to the disposal area during disposals, and one fish increased its distance from the disposal area. The core area for all fish combined shifted toward the disposal area during disposals. In the 24 h after completion of the disposal operations the fish core areas shifted back toward those areas occupied before the disposals. The rates of movement, depths used, and diel movement patterns of the white sturgeon showed little change over all periods, suggesting that natural behaviors were not altered during and immediately after hopper dredge disposal operations.
Received June 9, 2010; accepted October 19, 2010
Do Alternative Leaders Affect Fish Catch in Pound Nets at the Mouth of Chesapeake Bay?
Authors: Schaffler Jason J. , Barco Susan G. , D’Eri Linda R. , Mark Swingle W. , Jones Cynthia M. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
More than 60 stranded bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus exhibiting marks consistent with interactions with pound nets have been documented in the lower Chesapeake Bay since 1997. Given this high rate of bycatch, action is needed to mitigate bottlenose dolphin mortality. However, for any such modification to the pound net to be acceptable to fishers, a clear demonstration of no reduction in the targeted finfish catch will be required. Working with fishers, we evaluated the effect of an experimental pound net leader on finfish catch. The experimental leader entailed similar or greater catches of finfish than did the traditional leader. Further, catches of Batoidea (cownose ray Rhinoptera bonasus, bullnose ray Myliobatis freminvillei, southern stingray Dasyatis americana and Atlantic stingray D. sabina) and clearnose skates Raja eglanteria were reduced with the experimental leader. This example demonstrates that working with fishers to devise alternative harvest strategies can result in the implementation of conservation measures. Although finfish catch was maintained with the experimental leader design, we must continue to monitor bottlenose dolphin bycatch to confirm that the use of the experimental leader reduces the bottlenose dolphin mortality associated with pound nets.
Received December 11, 2009; accepted December 10, 2010
Accuracy and Precision of Visual Estimates and Photogrammetric Measurements of the Length of a Small-bodied Fish
Authors: Bower Michael R. , Gaines Daniel B. , Wilson Kevin P. , Wullschleger John G. , Dzul Maria C. , Quist Michael C. , Dinsmore Stephen J. 
Published: December 2011

Abstract
We assessed the accuracy and precision of visual estimates from two divers and photogrammetric measurements from a diver-operated stereo-video camera system for determining the length of Saratoga Springs pupfish Cyprinodon nevadensis nevadensis (12–36 mm total length) under controlled conditions. Visual estimates by two divers differed significantly from true fish length (P &lt; 0.001) but were not significantly different from each other (P = 0.42). Levels of accuracy and precision were similar to those previously reported for visual estimates by divers. On average, the two divers underestimated fish length by 2.74 mm (11%) and 2.93 mm (12%). The magnitude of underestimation error increased with fish length. Photogrammetric measurements from a stereo-video camera system were more accurate and precise than diver estimates of fish length. Little to no bias was evident (mean error = 0.05 mm), and the level of precision (coefficient of variation of the difference between observed length and true length) was 4.5% for the photogrammetric measurements compared with 10% and 11% for the two divers’ estimates. In comparison with underwater visual surveys, surveys that use a stereo-video camera system may increase the consistency of long-term data sets and improve resolution to detect important length differences in small-bodied fishes. Managers must remain careful to avoid or correct sampling biases, which can affect underwater visual surveys and stereo-video surveys alike.
Received August 5, 2010; accepted December 6, 2010