bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing headings for communicating the personal health record: comparison from the recipients’ perspective
Authors: Bowns I. R. , Newton P. , Long S. , Walters S. , Rector A. , Conway J. V. 
Published: April 2009

In the spring of 1998, 16 general practitioners and 16 community psychiatric nurses participated in a study to test a draft set of headings for communicating clinical summaries. Eight anonymized psychiatric discharge summaries were used to assess the impact of the presentational format on the time taken by professionals to read the summaries and to answer a series of standard questions about each of them. Respondents also completed a questionnaire on their opinions of the headings. There was considerable variation between individuals in the times taken to read the summaries and answer the questions, but no evidence that any of the formats was associated with decreased reading time or with improvement in retrieving information. Most respondents preferred information structured using the headings rather than the original semi-structured discharge summaries, and information on paper rather than on computer screen. Respondents were guardedly supportive of the particular draft headings presented. A weak preference was expressed for locally defined headings, with some recognition of advantages in widely agreed headings. There was a view that there were too many headings, and there was overlap between specific heading pairs (for example, ‘aim’ and ‘goal’). Concerns were expressed about specific headings, particularly the ‘softer’ headings, such as ‘informing’ and ‘communicating’.
Have the completeness and accuracy of computer medical records in general practice improved in the last five years? The report of a two-practice pilot study
Authors: Thiru K. , de Lusignan S. , Hague N. 
Published: April 2009

Through its involvement in primary care groups (PCGs) general practice is destined to play a major role in the commissioning of UK National Health Service (NHS) services. If this objective is to be achieved then data will be required at PCG level from electronic patient records (EPRs). The aim of this study was to examine the completeness and accuracy of GP computer records over the last five years in two computerized practices. The objectives were: to establish whether data recording has improved; to discover whether cross-platform data extraction using MIQUEST (Morbidity Information Query Export Syntax) has advantages over the different in-system search tools provided in the EMIS and Meditel systems in our pilot practices; and to suggest how the potential of GP databases to be sources of valid data might be realized. We have demonstrated that high standards of data quality can be achieved in general practice and that there are benefits in using the cross-platform data extraction tool MIQUEST. While being vigilant of coding practices that may introduce systematic errors, data extractors should focus on data validation. We surmise that there are both human and technical barriers to achieving high quality data recording that need further research.
Knowledge, Truth and Reflexivity
Authors: Taylor Carolyn , White Susan 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: The authors argue that social work is as much a practical-moral activity as it is a technical-rational one. In order to pursue these themes, they explore the place of realist knowledge in social work and their alternative position on the complexities and ambiguities of practice. • Findings: Social work has long been troubled by the adequacy of its claims to professional status and about its possession of appropriate levels of knowledge and expertise. The dominant responses to this have been managerialist and procedural, or rational and technical, as represented in the evidence-based practice movement. This article acknowledges the contribution of such approaches, but argues that they are unrealistic in that they fail to recognize the practical-moral dimensions of social work and the role of emotion and normative judgement in assessment and intervention. • Applications: The problem of judgement is an essential area for exploration. The range of rationalities upon which social workers depend in making their judgements requires rigorous analysis and debate within the profession. This article opens up a discursive space in which to rethink our understanding of knowledge making in social work.
Female Juvenile Offenders Incarcerated as Adults
Authors: Pomeroy Elizabeth C. , Green Diane L. , Kiam Risa 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: A pilot study was conducted which examined the development and implementation of a psychoeducational group intervention for young female offenders incarcerated in adult jail. The purpose of the group intervention was to reduce levels of depression, anxiety and trauma symptoms among the female juveniles. T-test analyses were utilized to examine differences between pre-tests and post-tests on the three outcome variables. • Findings: Findings indicated that the group intervention may be effective in alleviating depression and trauma symptoms among young female offenders. No significant differences between pre-test and post-test were found for anxiety. • Applications: Due to large caseloads and lack of mental health professionals in the jails and prisons in the United States, young offenders receive little or no mental health treatment when they are incarcerated in the adult jail system. The group intervention described in the current study holds promise for providing a cost-effective and efficient technique for delivering mental health services to this young population of offenders incarcerated in adult jail. If we are concerned about curbing the rising tide of violence among juveniles, we must develop innovative rehabilitation programs to meet the needs of this population of inmates in our jail and prison systems.
An International Social Work Perspective on Drug Misuse Problems and Solutions
Authors: Keene Jan 
Published: April 2009

Summary: This article examines the problems facing social workers working with drug misusers throughout all modern societies and considers possible social work perspectives and solutions. It examines the limitations for social workers of internationally accepted medical and disease models of drug use and considers the implications of moving from medical to social work perspectives. To do this it clarifies the three main treatment models and reviews literature on their basic assumptions and effectiveness. It then examines the range of social and psychological problems associated with different types of drug misuse from a social work perspective and analyses the implications for social work practice. Findings: The article concludes that whilst the relationship between social work and drug treatment is influenced by the dominant treatment philosophy in any one country, social work models can be an effective alternative to, or addition to, treatment models as a whole. Applications: The limitations of treatment models for social work practice and the applications of social work models to drug problems are examined.
Social Work in Health Care
Authors: Auslander Gail 
Published: April 2009

Summary: Social work in health care has been established for more than 100 years and has developed into a major sector of the profession in countries around the world. This article reports on a Delphi exercise aimed at exploring the achievements of social work in health care in a variety of countries, as judged by a team of expert practitioners and academics. Findings: Twenty key accomplishments were identified. Two of them received particularly high ratings: achieving recognition and legitimacy, and effecting a change in the models of illness and health. Three others - knowledge development, direct interventions with patients and development of culturally appropriate interventions - also received high marks. Applications: The findings are quite consistent with the social work literature, indicating the benefits to be gained from international cooperation and collaboration.
The Role of Science in Social Work
Authors: Reid William J. 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: The age-old debate about the role of science in social work has intensified with the growth of scientific activities and the emergence of philosophically-based criticisms of prevailing scientific paradigms. Issues have included: constructionist challenges to the role of research in validating social work knowledge; divisions over whether there is enough credible scientific knowledge to make a difference in practice; disputes over whether such knowledge can be adequately disseminated and properly utilized; and controversies about the utility of applying research methods (e.g. single-case evaluations) in practice. • Findings: Scientific methods are likely to provide superior knowledge, because they have evolved to become humankind’s most powerful form of enquiry. Enough research-based knowledge does exist to make a difference in practice, and there are means to enable its dissemination and utilization. Moreover, a number of these methods can be productively used in practice. • Applications: Practice based on research knowledge and strengthened by selective use of research methods should become a growing force in social work. Emphasis on methodological pluralism in research, and the development of common standards for the appraisal of knowledge, may further rapprochement among different factions in the debate over the role of science in social work.
Interrogating Person-centred Dementia Care in Social Work and Social Care Practice
Authors: Parker Jonathan 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: Traditional approaches to the understanding and organization of dementia care, often drawn from medical perspectives, are examined. Alternative understandings based around the conception of ‘personhood’ are critically considered. Some of the philosophical challenges and practical difficulties raised by this debate are explored in the context of care management in the UK. • Findings: The concept of personhood presents a challenge to traditional thought and has been influential in promoting the ‘new culture’ of dementia care within health and social service settings. It is crucial in contemporary social and health care to retain a clear sense of the person with whom we are working at any point in time. Medical, sociological and psychological approaches to dementia should not be seen as mutually exclusive. • Applications: A shift in culture and thinking does not deny the importance of medical advance but adds a holistic and human element that brings back the person with dementia to centre stage. While the diseases underlying the personal and mental deterioration are important, it is equally important to consider how the disease and its characteristics are interpreted by the person with dementia, their carers, professionals and wider society.
Researching Field Practice in Social Work Education
Authors: Noble Carolyn 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: This article reports on a research project with final year social work students on placement from a University in Sydney which, as part of developing a more critically reflective pedagogy, asked students to write narratives about placement experiences. The richness of these narratives makes them useful for developing a critically reflective process for application in practice teaching, in both Australia and the UK, where critical reflection is increasingly being incorporated in the field placement curriculum. • Findings: The use of narratives is found to represent a way of knowing and thinking that is particularly suited to identifying the issues which students on placement have to confront. • Applications: Used in the context of a critically reflective framework, student-centred narratives provide practice-based teachers with an opportunity to develop critically reflective processes as part of curriculum scholarship; overcoming, rather than reinforcing, the potential division between theory and practice strands.
Public Law Protection of Vulnerable Adults
Authors: Williams John 
Published: April 2009

• Summary: This article examines the need for a new public law designed to protect vulnerable adults who are being abused. It considers the impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the debate on the need for a new law, and considers developments in the USA and proposals for reform in Scotland. Social workers are frequently in the position of having to deal with the abuse of adults, without a clear legal framework that empowers them to act to protect the person being abused. • Findings: The article concludes that there is a need for some form of public law designed to protect vulnerable adults. Existing law, which is mainly judge-made, is inappropriate and lacks the required predictability and procedural safeguards. The article argues that the European Convention on Human Rights imposes a duty on states to protect vulnerable adults; however, in devising such a law, regard must be had to the right under the convention to a private life. Any new law must carefully balance these two (often competing) rights. Further difficulties may arise when seeking to define ‘vulnerable adult’ and to identify the precise moment of intervention. The term ‘vulnerable adult’ should include in its definition not only people who lack capacity, but others who are extremely vulnerable and at grave risk. • Applications: Existing provisions do not provide adequate protection for abused vulnerable adults. The governments in Wales and England need to learn from the US experience and also look at the Scottish Law Commission’s proposals. The current soft-law approach is no longer adequate; new legislation is urgently needed. Social workers should consider their professional response to the current situation.
Dual role of collagen in factor XII–dependent thrombus formation
Authors: van der Meijden Paola E. J. , Munnix Imke C. A. , Auger Jocelyn M. , Govers-Riemslag José W. P. , Cosemans Judith M. E. M. , Kuijpers Marijke J. E. , Spronk Henri M. , Watson Steve P. , Renné Thomas , Heemskerk Johan W. M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn vivo mouse models have indicated that the intrinsic coagulation pathway, initiated by factor XII, contributes to thrombus formation in response to major vascular damage. Here, we show that fibrillar type I collagen provoked a dose-dependent shortening of the clotting time of human plasma via activation of factor XII. This activation was mediated by factor XII binding to collagen. Factor XII activation also contributed to the stimulating effect of collagen on thrombin generation in plasma, and increased the effect of platelets via glycoprotein VI activation. Furthermore, in flow-dependent thrombus formation under coagulant conditions, collagen promoted the appearance of phosphatidylserine-exposing platelets and the formation of fibrin. Defective glycoprotein VI signaling (with platelets deficient in LAT or phospholipase Cγ2) delayed and suppressed phosphatidylserine exposure and thrombus formation. Markedly, these processes were also suppressed by absence of factor XII or XI, whereas blocking of tissue factor/factor VIIa was of little effect. Together, these results point to a dual role of collagen in thrombus formation: stimulation of glycoprotein VI signaling via LAT and PLCγ2 to form procoagulant platelets; and activation of factor XII to stimulate thrombin generation and potentiate the formation of platelet-fibrin thrombi.
Discerning regulation of cis- and trans-presentation of CD8+ T-cell epitopes by EBV-encoded oncogene LMP-1 through self-aggregation
Authors: Smith Corey , Wakisaka Naohiro , Crough Tania , Peet Jesse , Yoshizaki Tomokazu , Beagley Leone , Khanna Rajiv 
Published: April 2009

AbstractActivation of the nuclear factor–κB pathway by Epstein-Barr virus–encoded latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) leads to an up-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class I antigen–processing pathway. Paradoxically, LMP-1 itself induces a subdominant CD8+ T-cell response and appears to have evolved to avoid immune recognition. Here we show that, although expression of LMP-1 in human cells dramatically enhanced the trans-presentation of CD8+ T-cell epitopes, cis-presentation of LMP-1–derived epitopes was severely impaired. Testing of a series of LMP-1 mutants revealed that deletion of the first transmembrane domain of LMP-1, which prevented self-aggregation, significantly enhanced cis-presentation of T-cell epitopes from this protein, whereas it lost its ability to up-regulate trans-presentation. Interestingly, we also found that cis-presentation of LMP-1 epitopes was rescued by blocking the proteasome function. Taken together, these results delineate a novel mechanism of immune evasion, which renders a virally encoded oncogene inaccessible to the conventional major histocompatibility complex class I pathway limiting its cis-presentation to effector cells.
Role of the 2 zebrafish survivingenes in vasculo-angiogenesis, neurogenesis, cardiogenesis and hematopoiesis
Authors: Delvaeye Mieke , De Vriese Astrid , Zwerts Femke , Betz Inge , Moons Michael , Autiero Monica , Conway Edward M 
Published: April 2009

Abstract

Background
Normal growth and development of organisms requires maintenance of a dynamic balance between systems that promote cell survival and those that induce apoptosis. The molecular mechanisms that regulate these processes remain poorly understood, and thus further in vivo study is required. Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, that uniquely also promotes mitosis and cell proliferation. Postnatally, survivin is hardly detected in most tissues, but is upregulated in all cancers, and as such, is a potential therapeutic target. Prenatally, survivin is also highly expressed in several tissues. Fully delineating the properties of survivin in vivo in mice has been confounded by early lethal phenotypes following survivin gene inactivation.

Results
To gain further insights into the properties of survivin, we used the zebrafish model. There are 2 zebrafish survivin genes (Birc5a and Birc5b) with overlapping expression patterns during early development, prominently in neural and vascular structures. Morpholino-induced depletion of Birc5a causes profound neuro-developmental, hematopoietic, cardiogenic, vasculogenic and angiogenic defects. Similar abnormalities, all less severe except for hematopoiesis, were evident with suppression of Birc5b. The phenotypes induced by morpholino knockdown of one survivin gene, were rescued by overexpression of the other, indicating that the Birc5 paralogs may compensate for each. The potent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) also entirely rescues the phenotypes induced by depletion of either Birc5a and Birc5b, highlighting its multi-functional properties, as well as the power of the model in characterizing the activities of growth factors.

Conclusion
Overall, with the zebrafish model, we identify survivin as a key regulator of neurogenesis, vasculo-angiogenesis, hematopoiesis and cardiogenesis. These properties of survivin, which are consistent with those identified in mice, indicate that its functions are highly conserved across species, and point to the value of the zebrafish model in understanding the role of this IAP in the pathogenesis of human disease, and for exploring its potential as a therapeutic target.
Respiratory and haemodynamic changes during decremental open lung positive end-expiratory pressure titration in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Gernoth Christian , Wagner Gerhard , Pelosi Paolo , Luecke Thomas 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Introduction
To investigate haemodynamic and respiratory changes during lung recruitment and decremental positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration for open lung ventilation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) a prospective, clinical trial was performed involving 12 adult patients with ARDS treated in the surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital.

Methods
A software programme (Open Lung Tool™) incorporated into a standard ventilator controlled the recruitment (pressure-controlled ventilation with fixed PEEP at 20 cmH2O and increased driving pressures at 20, 25 and 30 cmH2O for two minutes each) and PEEP titration (PEEP lowered by 2 cmH2O every two minutes, with tidal volume set at 6 ml/kg). The open lung PEEP (OL-PEEP) was defined as the PEEP level yielding maximum dynamic respiratory compliance plus 2 cmH2O. Gas exchange, respiratory mechanics and central haemodynamics using the Pulse Contour Cardiac Output Monitor (PiCCO™), as well as transoesophageal echocardiography were measured at the following steps: at baseline (T0); during the final recruitment step with PEEP at 20 cmH2O and driving pressure at 30 cmH2O, (T20/30); at OL-PEEP, following another recruitment manoeuvre (TOLP).

Results
The ratio of partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) increased from T0 to TOLP (120 ± 59 versus 146 ± 64 mmHg, P < 0.005), as did dynamic respiratory compliance (23 ± 5 versus 27 ± 6 ml/cmH2O, P < 0.005). At constant PEEP (14 ± 3 cmH2O) and tidal volumes, peak inspiratory pressure decreased (32 ± 3 versus 29 ± 3 cmH2O, P < 0.005), although partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) was unchanged (58 ± 22 versus 53 ± 18 mmHg). No significant decrease in mean arterial pressure, stroke volume or cardiac output occurred during the recruitment (T20/30). However, left ventricular end-diastolic area decreased at T20/30 due to a decrease in the left ventricular end-diastolic septal-lateral diameter, while right ventricular end-diastolic area increased. Right ventricular function, estimated by the right ventricular Tei-index, deteriorated during the recruitment manoeuvre, but improved at TOLP.

Conclusions
A standardised open lung strategy increased oxygenation and improved respiratory system compliance. No major haemodynamic compromise was observed, although the increase in right ventricular Tei-index and right ventricular end-diastolic area and the decrease in left ventricular end-diastolic septal-lateral diameter during the recruitment suggested an increased right ventricular stress and strain. Right ventricular function was significantly improved at TOLP compared with T0, although left ventricular function was unchanged, indicating effective lung volume optimisation.
ERK Signaling in the Pituitary Is Required for Female But Not Male Fertility
Authors: Bliss Stuart P. , Miller Andrew , Navratil Amy M. , Xie JianJun , McDonough Sean P. , Fisher Patricia J. , Landreth Gary E. , Roberson Mark S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMales and females require different patterns of pituitary gonadotropin secretion for fertility. The mechanisms underlying these gender-specific profiles of pituitary hormone production are unknown; however, they are fundamental to understanding the sexually dimorphic control of reproductive function at the molecular level. Several studies suggest that ERK1 and -2 are essential modulators of hypothalamic GnRH-mediated regulation of pituitary gonadotropin production and fertility. To test this hypothesis, we generated mice with a pituitary-specific depletion of ERK1 and 2 and examined a range of physiological parameters including fertility. We find that ERK signaling is required in females for ovulation and fertility, whereas male reproductive function is unaffected by this signaling deficiency. The effects of ERK pathway ablation on LH biosynthesis underlie this gender-specific phenotype, and the molecular mechanism involves a requirement for ERK-dependent up-regulation of the transcription factor Egr1, which is necessary for LHβ expression. Together, these findings represent a significant advance in elucidating the molecular basis of gender-specific regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and sexually dimorphic control of fertility.