bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Cytomegalovirus-Regulated Paxillin in Monocytes Links Cellular Pathogenic Motility to the Process of Viral Entry
Authors: Nogalski Maciej T. , Chan Gary , Stevenson Emily V. , Gray Scarlet , Yurochko Andrew D. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTWe have established that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection modulates the biology of target primary peripheral blood monocytes, allowing HCMV to use monocytes as “vehicles” for its systemic spread. HCMV infection of monocytes results in rapid induction of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase [PI(3)K] and NF-κB activities. Integrins, which are upstream of the PI(3)K and NF-κB pathways, were shown to be involved in HCMV binding to and entry into fibroblasts, suggesting that receptor ligand-mediated signaling following viral binding to integrins on monocytes could trigger the functional changes seen in infected monocytes. We now show that integrin engagement and the activation of the integrin/Src signaling pathway are essential for the induction of HCMV-infected monocyte motility. To investigate how integrin engagement by HCMV triggers monocyte motility, we examined the infected-monocyte transcriptome and found that the integrin/Src signaling pathway regulates the expression of paxillin, which is an important signal transducer in the regulation of actin rearrangement during cell adhesion and movement. Functionally, we observed that paxillin is activated via the integrin/Src signaling pathway and is required for monocyte motility. Because motility is intimately connected to cellular cytoskeletal organization, a process that is also important in viral entry, we investigated the role paxillin regulation plays in the process of viral entry into monocytes. New results confirmed that HCMV entry into target monocytes was significantly reduced in cells deficient in paxillin expression or the integrin/Src/paxillin signaling pathway. From our data, HCMV-cell interactions emerge as an essential trigger for the cellular changes that allow for HCMV entry and hematogenous dissemination.
Bacterial HA1 Vaccine against Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus: Evidence of Oligomerization, Hemagglutination, and Cross-Protective Immunity in Ferrets
Authors: Khurana Surender , Verma Swati , Verma Nitin , Crevar Corey J. , Carter Donald M. , Manischewitz Jody , King Lisa R. , Ross Ted M. , Golding Hana 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

The impending influenza virus pandemic requires global vaccination to prevent large-scale mortality and morbidity, but traditional influenza virus vaccine production is too slow for rapid responses. We have developed bacterial systems for expression and purification of properly folded functional hemagglutinin as a rapid response to emerging pandemic strains. A recombinant H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004) hemagglutinin globular domain (HA1) was produced in
Escherichia coli
under controlled redox refolding conditions. Importantly, the properly folded HA1(1-320), i.e., HA1 lacking amino acids 321 to 330, contained ≥75% functional oligomers without addition of foreign oligomerization sequence. Site-directed mutagenesis mapped the oligomerization signal to the HA1 N-terminal Ile-Cys-Ile residues at positions 3 to 5. The purified HA1 oligomers (but not monomers) bound fetuin and agglutinated red blood cells. Upon immunization of rabbits, the oligomeric HA1(1-320) elicited potent neutralizing antibodies against homologous and heterologous H5N1 viruses more rapidly than HA1(28-320) containing only monomers. Ferrets vaccinated with oligomeric HA1 (but not monomeric HA1 with the N terminus deleted) at 15 and 3 μg/dose were fully protected from lethality and weight loss after challenge with homologous H5N1 (A/Vietnam/1203/2004, clade 1) virus, as well as heterologous clade 2.2 H5N1 (A/WooperSwan/Mongolia/244/2005) virus. Protection was associated with a significant reduction in viral loads in the nasal washes of homologous and heterologous virus challenged ferrets. This is the first study that describes the presence of an N-terminal oligomerization sequence in the globular domain of influenza virus hemagglutinin. Our findings suggest that functional oligomeric rHA1-based vaccines can be produced efficiently in bacterial systems and can be easily upscaled in response to a pandemic influenza virus threat.
Functional Analysis of a Novel Motif Conserved across Geminivirus Rep Proteins
Authors: Nash Tara E. , Dallas Mary B. , Reyes Maria Ines , Buhrman Gregory K. , Ascencio-Ibañez J. Trinidad , Hanley-Bowdoin Linda 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Members of the
Geminiviridae
have single-stranded DNA genomes that replicate in nuclei of infected plant cells. All geminiviruses encode a conserved protein (Rep) that catalyzes initiation of rolling-circle replication. Earlier studies showed that three conserved motifs—motifs I, II, and III—in the N termini of geminivirus Rep proteins are essential for function. In this study, we identified a fourth sequence, designated GRS (
g
eminivirus
R
ep
s
equence), in the Rep N terminus that displays high amino acid sequence conservation across all geminivirus genera. Using the Rep protein of
Tomato golden mosaic virus
(TGMV AL1), we show that GRS mutants are not infectious in plants and do not support viral genome replication in tobacco protoplasts. GRS mutants are competent for protein-protein interactions and for both double- and single-stranded DNA binding, indicating that the mutations did not impair its global conformation. In contrast, GRS mutants are unable to specifically cleave single-stranded DNA, which is required to initiate rolling-circle replication. Interestingly, the Rep proteins of phytoplasmal and algal plasmids also contain GRS-related sequences. Modeling of the TGMV AL1 N terminus suggested that GRS mutations alter the relative positioning of motif II, which coordinates metal ions, and motif III, which contains the tyrosine involved in DNA cleavage. Together, these results established that the GRS is a conserved, essential motif characteristic of an ancient lineage of rolling-circle initiators and support the idea that geminiviruses may have evolved from plasmids associated with phytoplasma or algae.
Transmission of a 2009 Pandemic Influenza Virus Shows a Sensitivity to Temperature and Humidity Similar to That of an H3N2 Seasonal Strain
Authors: Steel John , Palese Peter , Lowen Anice C. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
In temperate regions of the world, influenza epidemics follow a highly regular seasonal pattern, in which activity peaks in midwinter. Consistently with this epidemiology, we have shown previously that the aerosol transmission of a seasonal H3N2 influenza virus is most efficient under cold, dry conditions. With the 2009 H1N1 pandemic, an exception to the standard seasonality of influenza developed: during 2009 in the Northern Hemisphere, an unusually high level of influenza virus activity over the spring and summer months was followed by a widespread epidemic which peaked in late October, approximately 2.5 months earlier than usual. Herein we show that aerosol transmission of a 2009 pandemic strain shows a dependence on relative humidity and temperature very similar to that of a seasonal H3N2 influenza virus. Our data indicate that the observed differences in the timings of outbreaks with regard to the seasons are most likely not due to intrinsic differences in transmission between the pandemic H1N1 and seasonal H3N2 influenza viruses.
Is consent for hip fracture surgery for older people adequate? The case for pre-printed consent forms
Authors: Rahman Luthfur , Clamp Jonathan , Hutchinson James 
Published: November 2010

OjectivesLow energy hip fractures are one of the greatest causes of morbidity and mortality in orthopaedics. This study aims to evaluate written consent forms with respect to basic standards as set out in the Good Practice in Consent Initiative. In particular the stated risks and benefits of each procedure were assessed.Methods100 consecutive consent forms were reviewed prospectively. The stated procedure, side and complications were recorded. Appropriate signature and legibility was assessed. 13 consultant orthopaedic surgeons were surveyed to identify what risks and benefits they thought should be stated.ResultsOf 100 consent forms, 31 were for patients who are unable to consent. All 100 consent forms were correctly filled in with patient details and signed. 98% were legible. All stated the side of the operation. The number of complications listed per form ranged from 4 to 11. Infection, bleeding and thromboembolic complications were stated in the majority of consent forms. In total, 30 different complications were recorded; some were only stated once.Discussion and ConclusionsThis work suggests consent forms are completed well with respect to patient identifiers, legibility and procedure. The variability of complications stated is vast. We suggest standard pre-printed consent forms containing risks and benefits should be used as this may improve standards of informed consent. This has also been recently supported by the British Orthopaedic Association.
Risk of lung cancer associated with quantitative beryllium exposure metrics within an occupational cohort
Authors: Schubauer-Berigan Mary K , Deddens James A , Couch James R , Petersen Martin R 
Published: November 2010

ObjectivesBeryllium has been identified as a human carcinogen on the basis of animal and epidemiological studies. The authors recently reported updated associations between lung cancer and beryllium exposure in a large, pooled occupational cohort. The authors conducted the present study to evaluate the shape of exposure–response associations between different exposure metrics and lung cancer in this cohort, considering potential confounders (race, plant, professional and short-term work status, and exposure to other lung carcinogens).MethodsThe authors conducted Cox proportional hazards regression analyses of lung cancer risk with cumulative, mean and maximum ‘daily weighted average’ (DWA) exposure among 5436 workers, using age-based risk sets. Different exposure–response curves were fitted to the exposure metrics, including categorical, power, restricted cubic spline and piecewise log-linear fits.ResultsThe authors found significant positive associations between lung cancer and mean (p<0.0001) and maximum (p<0.0001) exposure, adjusting for age, birth cohort and plant, and for cumulative (p=0.0017) beryllium exposure, adjusting for these factors plus short-term work status and exposure to asbestos. The best-fitting models were generally categorical or piecewise log-linear, with the steepest increase in lung cancer risk between 0 and 10 μg/m3for both mean and maximum DWA exposure and between 0 and 200 μg/m3-days for cumulative DWA exposure. The estimated mean DWA beryllium exposure associated with 10−3excess lifetime risk based on the piecewise log-linear model is 0.033 μg/m3.ConclusionThis study provides evidence that lung cancer risk is elevated at levels near the current US Occupational Safety and Health Administration beryllium exposure limit of 2.0 μg/m3DWA for workers.
"MOOD RINGS": A NEW METHOD OF OBJECTIVE CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF PERIPHERAL NERVE INJURIES
Authors: Ya'ish F. , Cooper J. P. , Craigen M. A. 
Published: November 2010

The clinical assessment of patients with peripheral nerve injury is primarily dependent on subjective clinical examination. We aimed to assess whether a thermotropic liquid crystal ring (TLC-ring) could provide the basis for an objective assessment of peripheral nerve injury by detecting temperature changes in the digits innervated by the damaged nerve. A group of patients with known median, ulnar or both digital nerve injuries were compared against a control group. TLC-rings, marketed to the general public as "mood rings", were applied to the affected and unaffected digits and the colour change recorded. Areas with nerve damage showed a statistically significant difference in colour response to those without damage. This study establishes the ability of TLCs to detect cutaneous temperature changes associated with peripheral nerve injuries. Further studies and improvements are needed to refine TLC as an acute assessment tool for peripheral nerve injuries.
SLAC WRIST IN THE ABSENCE OF RECOGNISED TRAUMA AND CPPD
Authors: Pollock J. , Giachino A. A. , Rakhra K. , DiPrimio G. , Hrushowy H. , Conway A. F. , Andreyechen M. 
Published: November 2010

Purpose: This comparative cohort study was designed to determine whether non-traumatic SLAC wrist exists, and is associated with abnormal carpal bone kinematics (specifically, decreased lunate flexion). Methods: SLAC patients with no recognised history of upper extremity trauma were prospectively compared with an age-matched control group. Results: Thirty-five subjects (69 wrists), included 33 non-traumatic SLAC wrists and 36 control wrists. The non-traumatic SLAC group had significantly different radiographic kinematic analysis compared to the control group. Flexion of the asymptomatic non-degenerative wrist of the non-traumatic SLAC group was distributed 70% through the lunocapitate (LC) joint and only 30% through the RL joint (p < 0.05). Conversely, flexion was more evenly distributed in the control group (48% LC and 52% RL). The non-traumatic SLAC group had abnormal wrist kinematics even in the non-involved side. Conclusions: This study suggests that non-traumatic SLAC does exist. We believe that non-traumatic SLAC begins with abnormal wrist kinematics and that the dorsal radiolunate ligament restricts lunate flexion but not scaphoid flexion, leading to increased SL angles and, with years, eventual attrition of the SL ligament. Type of Study/Level of Evidence: Prognostic, Level IV.
OBJECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE ALTERATIONS IN WRIST MOBILITY WITH THE FASTRAKⓇSYSTEM FOLLOWING DORSAL CAPSULODESIS
Authors: Jariwala A. C. , Scott I. , Arnold G. P. , Abboud R. J. , Wigderowitz C. A. 
Published: November 2010

The treatment for scapholunate dissociation is challenging and its management is varied depending on type, severity and duration of injury, and surgeon's preferred technique.This study aimed to objectively assess the variations in the range and patterns of wrist movements using the FastrakⓇsystem in patients having undergone Blatt's dorsal capsulodesis (BDC). The wrist movements were successively measured between the operated and unoperated wrists, while the patients performed set tasks.Seventeen patients agreed to participate in the study. Following BDC the mean flexion loss was 23° (range 10°–38°). However, functional tasks revealed that the BDC did not adversely affect the function of the operated wrist.This novel study demonstrates objectively the functional restrictions that patients are likely to experience postoperatively following BDC. It would be interesting to note the pattern of wrist motion using the FastrakⓇsystem in various other clinical settings.
Recognition and evaluation of low-resistivity pay
Authors: Worthington Paul F. 
Published: November 2010

A systematic procedure for the petrophysical identification and interpretation of low-resistivity and low-resistivity-contrast pay zones in intergranular reservoirs is founded upon an analysis of case histories for different reservoir types in diverse areas of the world. The approach acknowledges that a reservoir rock is a coupled physico-chemical system. The proposed method is generic and robust, it is conceptually simple, and it is structured in a manner that is easy to understand. The scheme is modular and it is arranged hierarchically to reflect maturing data scenarios: therefore, it can be progressively refined during the appraisal and development stages. The essence of the method is the definition and calibration of reliable interpretative procedures through quality-assured reference data from key wells by admitting only validated reservoir characteristics. Examples world-wide illustrate how failure to recognize low-resistivity pay can result in much loss of potential value.
A principal thrust is to facilitate the re-evaluation of other wells within the same reservoir system without the need for excessive acquisition of additional data. However, the proposed interpretation framework does allow the incorporation of new logging technology as this becomes established. The end-product is a flexible petrophysical interpretation scheme for these unconventional reservoirs that benefits from cost-effectiveness, portability, a higher degree of exactness and consequently a much reduced uncertainty.
Use of 3D digital analogues as templates in reservoir modelling
Authors: Bryant I.a.n. , Carr David , Cirilli Peter , Drinkwater Nicholas , McCormick David , Tilke Peter , Thurmond John 
Published: November 2010

Geological analogues may be used to rigorously interpret three-dimensional (3D) subsurface reservoir geometry by combining the capabilities of graphics workstations with digital outcrop data collection. Digital data from sedimentary environments and outcropping geological formations are interpreted in a 3D viewing environment to construct 3D templates of analogues for reservoir bodies. These 3D geometries and associated scaling parameters are then available to build 3D digital hypotheses concerning subsurface reservoir geometries.
Two examples serve to illustrate this approach. Data from a modern fluvial system in the USA are used to construct digital templates. Interpretation of this dataset enables the relationship between 3D external geometries of sedimentary units to be rigorously defined and related to internal sedimentary structures. The location of gas-filled reservoir compartments in the Carboniferous Bend Conglomerate reservoirs of the Boonsville Field in North Texas are then interpreted using such analogue-derived digital templates.
Use of 3D digital analogues as templates in reservoir modelling
Authors: Bryant Ian , Carr David , Cirilli Peter , Drinkwater Nicholas , McCormick David , Tilke Peter , Thurmond John 
Published: November 2010

Geological analogues may be used to rigorously interpret three-dimensional (3D) subsurface reservoir geometry by combining the capabilities of graphics workstations with digital outcrop data collection. Digital data from sedimentary environments and outcropping geological formations are interpreted in a 3D viewing environment to construct 3D templates of analogues for reservoir bodies. These 3D geometries and associated scaling parameters are then available to build 3D digital hypotheses concerning subsurface reservoir geometries.
Two examples serve to illustrate this approach. Data from a modern fluvial system in the USA are used to construct digital templates. Interpretation of this dataset enables the relationship between 3D external geometries of sedimentary units to be rigorously defined and related to internal sedimentary structures. The location of gas-filled reservoir compartments in the Carboniferous Bend Conglomerate reservoirs of the Boonsville Field in North Texas are then interpreted using such analogue-derived digital templates.
Sand body geometry, constrained and predicted during a horizontal drilling campaign in a Lower Cretaceous turbidite sand system, Captain Field, UKCS Block 13/22a
Authors: Rose P. T. S. , Manighetti A. A. , Regan K. J. , Smith T. 
Published: November 2010

The Captain Field is a large viscous oil accumulation located in the Western Moray Firth, UK Block 13/22a which is being developed by long horizontal wells. The reservoir sand body geometry was defined in the appraisal phase by 20 vertical wells. Seismic attributes were not used because of the poor seismic signal to noise ratio in the reservoir interval. As the development drilling campaign has unfolded, the appraisal sand body geometry model has been significantly refined using a wealth of data from the horizontal wells.
During development drilling it has proved cheap to sidetrack horizontal well sections without a requirement to isolate the abandoned hole. This has resulted in significant extra geological data (e.g. top reservoir penetrations, sand thickness data). Integrating this dataset with top reservoir topography derived from seismic and weak internal reservoir seismic reflectors, the sand body geometry model is significantly improved in undeveloped parts of the field.
An Early Cretaceous lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic framework for the Britannia Field reservoir (Late Barremian–Late Aptian), UK North Sea
Authors: Ainsworth N. R. , Riley L. A. , Gallagher L. T. 
Published: November 2010

A Lower Barremian–Upper Aptian lithostratigraphic scheme applicable to the Britannia Field (Blocks 15/29, 15/30, 16/26 and 16/27) is presented. The Britannia Sandstone Formation reservoir is formally subdivided into three members (type well 15/30-9); the Lapworth (Late Barremian to Early Aptian), Kilda (Late Aptian) and Bosun (latest Aptian) members. The Lapworth Member is subdivided into three units, Lapworth ‘A’ (Late Barremian), the intra-Fischschiefer Lapworth ‘B’ (intra-Early Aptian) and Lapworth ‘C’ (Early Aptian).
The Early Barremian to Early Aptian upper Valhall Formation is subdivided into seven units: ‘V3A’ the Hauptblatterton, ‘V3B’, ‘V3C’, ‘V3D’, Fischschiefer Bed, and ‘V4’. The overlying Sola and Rodby Formations are subdivided into Units ‘S1’ and ‘S2’ of the ‘Lower’ Sola Formation (Late Aptian), plus Units ‘S3’ and ‘S4’ of the ‘Upper’ Sola Formation (Early Albian). The Rodby Formation (Middle? to Late Albian) is subdivided into three units: ‘R2’, ‘R3’ and ‘R4’.
A high resolution biostratigraphic zonal scheme is defined for the Early Barremian to earliest Albian interval, utilizing calcareous nannoplankton, micropalaeontology and palynology. Within this, 49 zones and 38 subzones (12 microfaunal zones and 4 subzones, 23 palynological zones and 19 subzones, and 14 nannoplankton zones and 15 subzones) are recognized. Of these, 5 micropalaeontological zones (and 4 subzones), 11 palynological zones (and 15 subzones) and 7 calcareous nannoplank-ton zones (and 10 subzones) are directly applicable to the Britannia reservoir section.
Evaluation of a New Method to Build Geological Models of Fractured Reservoirs Calibrated to Production Data
Authors: Rawnsley Keith , Wei Lingli 
Published: November 2010

A new methodology to describe fractured reservoirs by construction of geological models calibrated to well test data is evaluated by case application. The aim of the approach is to construct a three-dimensional (3D) fracture/matrix model that represents the main components of the reservoir architecture. The model allows a close approximation of complex geological features. The geological model is calibrated against well tests to determine the geometrical and single phase flow properties required to reproduce the well test. This process may allow discrimination between different equally plausible geological scenarios and the output of the approach has implications for input to reservoir simulators.
Input to the model includes the seismic-scale reservoir structures, the geological layering and observed intersections with flowing fractures in wells. A structural model is built within this framework in accordance with the geologist’s understanding of the fracture system and geomechanical principles. The structural model is comprised of surfaces, which may represent individual fractures or, alternatively, may represent more complex geological features including fractured layers or fault zones. The matrix is represented either implicitly or explicitly.
A case application is described where three well tests in the same reservoir volume are modelled. All three well tests were matched within the same internally consistent geological model, which previously had not been achieved using standard analytical well test analysis tools. This may illustrate the advantage of utilizing a more realistic geological model. Having established a series of models consistent with both the geological and flow data it becomes possible to identify the key components of the model that must be represented in a reservoir simulation model.