bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of Walk Score for estimating access to walkable amenities
Authors: Carr Lucas J , Dunsiger Shira I , Marcus Bess H 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundProximity to walkable destinations or amenities is thought to influence physical activity behaviour. Previous efforts attempting to calculate neighbourhood walkability have relied on self-report or time-intensive and costly measures. Walk Score is a novel and publicly available website that estimates neighbourhood walkability based on proximity to 13 amenity categories (eg, grocery stores, coffee shops, restaurants, bars, movie theatres, schools, parks, libraries, book stores, fitness centres, drug stores, hardware stores, clothing/music stores).ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to test the validity and reliability of Walk Score for estimating access to objectively measured walkable amenities.MethodsWalk Scores of 379 residential/non-residential addresses in Rhode Island were manually calculated. Geographic information systems (GIS) was used to objectively measure 4194 walkable amenities in the 13 Walk Score categories. GIS data were aggregated from publicly available data sources. Sums of amenities within each category were matched to address data, and Pearson correlations were calculated between the category sums and address Walk Scores.ResultsSignificant correlations were identified between Walk Score and all categories of aggregated walkable destinations within a 1-mile buffer of the 379 residential and non-residential addresses. Test–retest reliability correlation coefficients for a subsample of 100 addresses were 1.0.ConclusionThese results support Walk Score as a reliable and valid measure of estimating access to walkable amenities. Walk Score may be a convenient and inexpensive option for researchers interested in exploring the relationship between access to walkable amenities and health behaviours such as physical activity.
Treatment of refractory anterior knee pain using botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) injection to the distal vastus lateralis muscle: a randomised placebo controlled crossover trial
Authors: Singer Barbara J , Silbert Peter L , Song Swithin , Dunne John W , Singer Kevin P 
Published: April 2010

ObjectivesThis randomised controlled crossover trial examined the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) injection, plus an exercise programme, to remediate chronic anterior knee pain (AKP) associated with quadriceps muscle imbalance.Methods24 individuals with refractory AKP received either BoNT-A (500 U Dysport) or the same volume saline injection to the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle and performed home exercises focusing on re-training the vastus medialis (VM) muscle. All subjects were offered open-label injection at 12 weeks. Knee-related disability (anterior knee pain scale; AKPS) and activity-induced pain (10 cm visual analogue scale) at 12 weeks were the primary outcomes. Peak isometric extensor force was recorded and normalised VL:VM ratios were derived from simultaneous surface electromyography. Selfreported pain and disability measures were collected at six time points to a mean of 20±8 months.Results14 subjects received BoNT-A and 10 placebo injection. Improvement at 12 weeks was significantly greater for BoNT-A compared with placebo-injected subjects for the AKPS (p<0.03), pain on kneeling (p<0.004), squatting (p<0.02) and level walking (p<0.04). At week 12, five placebo subjects crossed over to open-label injection. At 24 weeks, 16 of 19 BoNT-A-injected and two of the remaining five placeboinjected subjects were either satisfied or very satisfied with treatment outcomes. Improvements were maintained in 11 of 14 BoNT-A-injected and two of five placebo subjects available at longer-term follow-up.ConclusionBoNT-A injection produced a greater reduction in pain and disability than placebo injection in carefully selected patients with chronic AKP related to quadriceps muscle imbalance.
Head and traumatic brain injuries among Australian children, July 2000–June 2006
Authors: Berry Jesia G , Jamieson Lisa M , Harrison James E 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo describe the rates of hospitalisation for head and traumatic brain injury among Australian children aged 0–14 years.DesignDescriptive analysis of the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Hospital Morbidity Database, using data for the period 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2006.ResultsThe rate of hospitalisation for head injury was 395.9 per 100 000 (95% CI 393.4 to 398.4), with 47.6 per 100 000 (95% CI 46.7 to 48.5) being high-threat-to-life injuries. In multivariate analysis, those aged 0–4 years had 1.8 times the rate of head injury of 10–14-year-olds, while boys had 1.7 times the rate of girls. Children living in very remote and remote areas had a 1.3–1.5-fold greater rate of head injury, and a 1.6–1.8-fold greater rate of injuries that were high threat to life, than city-dwelling children. The rate of traumatic brain injury (TBI) was 91.1 per 100 000 (95% CI 89.9 to 92.3), with 34.7 per 100 000 (95% CI 33.9 to 35.4) being high-threat-to-life injuries. In multivariate analysis, children aged 0–4 years had 0.8 times the rate of 10–14-year-olds, and boys had 1.9 times the rate of girls. Children living in the very remote and remote areas had a 1.9–2.8-fold greater rate of TBI, and a 1.5–1.7-fold greater rate of injuries that were high threat to life, than city-dwelling children.ConclusionsChildren living remotely were disproportionately represented among those sustaining head injuries. Almost a quarter of head injuries were TBI.
Characteristics of non-fatal fall injuries in rural India
Authors: Dandona Rakhi , Kumar G Anil , Ivers Rebecca , Joshi Rohina , Neal Bruce , Dandona Lalit 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundLittle is known about the context, risk factors and severity of non-fatal fall-related injury in India.ObjectiveTo report these data for a rural population in the East and West Godavari districts of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.MethodsIn a cross-sectional population-based survey, 3686 participants aged ≥30 years (83.6% participation) selected by stratified random sampling were interviewed in 44 villages. Participants recalled injuries in the preceding 12 months that required them to stay away from their usual daily duties for at least 1 day irrespective of whether medical attention was sought for that injury.ResultsThe annual incidence of non-fatal fall-related injury based on a 3-month recall period was 3.30% (95% CI 2.54% to 4.05%) and 9.22% (95% CI 7.74% to 10.69%) for men and women, respectively, with the incidence increasing with age. For the most recent non-fatal fall-related injury, the home was the most common place of injury for women, and the farm for men, with the former more likely to fall while climbing up/down (20.9%) compared with the latter (10.3%). Most falls were at the same level (71.7%) and slipping was the most common cause of fall (40%). Limbs (legs, 55%; hand/arm, 33.3%) were the most commonly injured body part. Fifty-six per cent reported seeking treatment outside home for injury, of whom 74.6% were women; and 8.4% reported being admitted to a hospital.ConclusionFalls are a significant public health problem facing women in rural India. Fall prevention strategies should be explored and implemented within the Indian context.
A history of bryology in the San Juan Islands, Washington State, USAThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.
Authors: Harpel Judith A. 
Published: April 2010

The bryological history of Washington State, USA, is scattered and not well organized. An overall study of the moss flora within the San Juan Islands led to extensive searches of the major regional herbaria and a review of the relevant literature. This paper provides the foundation for a complete bryophyte history and moss flora of the state and reports new records of three species, Drepanocladus crassicostatus Janssens, Orthotrichum hallii Sull. & Lesq. in Sull., and Syntrichia papillosa (Wilson) Jur., and one variety, Syntrichia laevipila Brid. var. meridionalis (Schimp.) Wijk & Marg., for Washington.
Vegetation of eastern Unalaska Island, Aleutian Islands, AlaskaThis paper is one of a selection of papers published as part of the special Schofield Gedenkschrift.
Authors: Talbot Stephen S. , Schofield Wilfred B. , Talbot Sandra L. , Daniëls Fred J.A. 
Published: April 2010

Plant communities of Unalaska Island in the eastern Aleutian Islands of western Alaska, and their relationship to environmental variables, were studied using a combined Braun-Blanquet and multivariate approach. Seventy relevés represented the range of structural and compositional variation in the matrix of vegetation and landform zonation. Eleven major community types were distinguished within six physiognomic–ecological groups: I. Dry coastal meadows: Honckenya peploides beach meadow, Leymus mollis dune meadow. II. Mesic meadows: Athyrium filix-femina – Aconitum maximum meadow, Athyrium filix-femina – Calamagrostis nutkaensis meadow, Erigeron peregrinus – Thelypteris quelpaertensis meadow. III. Wet snowbed meadow: Carex nigricans snowbed meadow. IV. Heath: Linnaea borealis – Empetrum nigrum heath, Phyllodoce aleutica heath, Vaccinium uliginosum – Thamnolia vermicularis fellfield. V. Mire: Carex pluriflora – Plantago macrocarpa mire. VI. Deciduous shrub thicket: Salix barclayi – Athyrium filix-femina thicket. These were interpreted as a complex gradient primarily influenced by soil moisture, elevation, and pH. Phytogeographical and syntaxonomical analysis of the plant communities indicated that the dry coastal meadows, most of the heaths, and the mire vegetation belonged, respectively, to the widespread classes Honckenyo–Elymetea, Loiseleurio–Vaccinietea, and Scheuchzerio–Caricetea, characterized by their circumpolar and widespread species. Amphi-Beringian species were likely diagnostic of amphi-Beringian syntaxa, many of these yet to be described.
Genetic sequence stratigraphy for the North Sea Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous: distribution and prediction of Kimmeridgian–Late Ryazanian reservoirs in the North Sea and adjacent areas
Authors: PARTINGTON M. A. , MITCHENER B. C. , MILTON N. J. , FRASER A. J. 
Published: April 2010

Sediments of Kimmeridgian to Late Ryazanian age form a group of key hydrocarbon play fairways in the syn-rift Jurassic of the North Sea. The perceived yet-to-find reserves of these often subtle plays, lying at or below seismic resolution, have attracted considerable industry attention over the past few years. Reserves are currently estimated by BP Exploration at 1 to 5 billion barrels of oil equivalent, reservoired in three play systems: (1) apron fans (e.g. Brae type); (2) basin floor fans (e.g. Miller, Galley, Ettrick and Magnus types); (3) shallow marine shelf (e.g. Ula, Gyda, Fulmar, Piper, Clyde types).
In order to assess the future exploration potential of this play fairway, a high resolution, predictive, sequence stratigraphy was erected for the North Sea Late Jurassic. The stratigraphic framework combines data from over 500 exploration wells with seismic and field data (Magnus, Brae, Miller, Ula, Gyda and Clyde).
In the Late Oxfordian to Late Ryazanian, a total of 11 genetic stratigraphic sequences have been defined. They are bounded by maximum flooding surfaces which, within the limits of the biostratigraphy, represent basin-wide isochronous events across NW Europe and can be recognized in exploration wells and at outcrop from Greenland to the Wessex Basin. The maximum flooding surfaces have been biostratigraphically calibrated to provide a consistent and easily identifiable stratigraphic framework. Candidate sequence boundaries have been interpreted within this stratigraphic framework, from basin-ward shifts of facies belts, using sedimentological and wireline log data. The combination of these stratigraphic methods has produced a very powerful tool to predict the presence and distribution of potential reservoirs and play types across the entire North Sea Basin from outcrop in East Greenland to the offshore Netherlands.
The model suggests that three major cycles of sand input into the basin can be recognized with an overall marked decrease in net sand content with time. Each cycle is bounded by tectonically enhanced maximum flooding surfaces representing major periods of basin floor reorganization. The intervening maximum flooding surfaces temporarily switch off sediment supply to the basin but do not offset depocentres. These events can form important, field-wide permeability barriers.
It is proposed that the tectonically enhanced maximum flooding surfaces are a response to tectonic subsidence during maximum relative sea-level rise, whereas maximum clastic progradation occurs from basin margin uplift during relative sea-level fall. The model is considered to have application at regional and field-specific scales; for example, prediction of both basin floor fan distribution and potential intra-reservoir permeability barriers.
The interaction of structure and sedimentary process controlling deposition of the Upper Jurassic Brae Formation Conglomerate, Block 16/17, North Sea
Authors: CHERRY S. T. J. 
Published: April 2010

Block 16/17 is located in the UK Sector of the South Viking Graben adjacent to the Fladen Ground Spur. The block has yielded four major oil fields to date, and the principal reservoir is the Upper Jurassic Brae Formation.
Relative uplift of the basin margin associated with the onset of a major extensional phase during the Oxfordian, and related seismic activity, generated gravity and turbidity flows which deposited coarse submarine conglomerates at the base of the graben boundary fault scarp.
The distribution of these deposits has been controlled in part by the presence of transfer faults which cross-cut the graben boundary fault system. Transfer faults reflect the older structural grain of the area, which was mainly Caledonide and Tornquist. Detailed interpretation of a 3D seismic dataset has identified locations for possible submarine fan feeder channels. These are interpreted to be ‘canyon-like’ features located high on the terrace and closely controlled by major transfer faults. Such structural channelling has produced ‘shadow zones’, which are areas relatively starved of coarse clastic input in the basin.
The geometry of the graben boundary footwall varies along-strike, and has influenced the lithofacies associations within the Brae Formation.
Evolving depositional geometries in the North Sea Jurassic rift
Authors: MILTON N. J. 
Published: April 2010

The tectonic history of the North Sea during the Middle and Upper Jurassic consists of initial basin-scale uplift, followed by subsidence. The subsidence is at least partly associated with a major rifting episode culminating in the Early–Mid-Kimmeridgian. Shallow marine depositional cycles of progradation and retrogradation are recognized throughout this time interval, with a periodicity of 1–5 million years.
Twelve of these units, selected from data-constrained study areas, are described, and quantified data are presented on their geometry, duration, and the implied variations in accommodation volume.
Sediment input rates into the basin decreased through the Middle and Upper Jurassic as hinterlands were drowned, and source/basin relief decreased. A corresponding evolution in the geometry of the units is seen, from wide tabular units in the Bajocian/Bathonian to narrow ribbon-geometry units in the Kimmeridgian.
The continued decrease in sediment input resulted in an interval of basin-wide marine condensation. On seismic data this forms a prominent surface of marine onlap known as the Base Cretaceous (or Late Cimmerian) ‘Unconformity’.
This pattern of decreasing depositional dimensions of shelf/shoreline systems is to be expected in marine rifts without access to continental drainage systems, where sediment supply decreases with syn-rift and post-rift subsidence of drainage basins. This decrease may happen throughout the late pre-rift to early post-rift, and the change from structure-independent to structure-dependent facies trends may not occur suddenly at the onset of rifting.
Geology and hydrocarbon prospects of the Paleozoic in the Baltic region
Authors: BRANGULIS A. P. , KANEV S. V. , MARGULIS L. S. , POMERANTSEVA R. A. 
Published: April 2010

Within the East Baltic region the main prospective area for hydrocarbons is the Peribaltic Depression (‘Baltic Syneclise’). Four sedimentary successions are developed, separated by major tectonic hiatuses. Total sedimentary thickness ranges from less than 1 km to over 8 km. Hydrocarbon occurrences are limited to the Paleozoic section where rich oil-prone source rocks are found. These contain TOC of 11–23% in the alum shale facies of the Cambrian, with 13% and 16% in the Ordovician and Silurian, respectively. Oil window maturity is reached on burial to 2000 m, with the main kitchen being in the Gdansk–Kura Depression.
Main reservoir development is within Middle Cambrian sandstones, where porosities of 20–30% and permeabilities of a few Darcies are preserved. Fields are combined structural/stratigraphic traps associated with fold noses and fault blocks providing structural closure. Ordovician and Silurian carbonates contain abundant shows, with current limited production from the Swedish island of Gotland. These traps are associated with algal mudmounds draped by organic-rich clays.
Most new prospects have been identified in the offshore Baltic Basin, where 35 wells have been drilled, resulting in the discovery of eight oil and gas fields, one of which is the largest found to date in the Baltic region.
The case for exploration of deep plays in the Variscan fold belt and its foreland
Authors: SMITH N. J. P. 
Published: April 2010

The hydrocarbon prospectivity of Paleozoic rocks in the Northern Variscide Chain and its foreland has been examined. A model of the Variscides involving an opening and closing Rheic Ocean is preferred to existing models. Seismic reflection profiles are interpreted as evidence for early Paleozoic extension, which led to the formation of the ocean. In addition to prospects in late Paleozoic rocks, the early Paleozoic rocks, near the Variscan Front and on the foreland, should be targets for exploration. Along strike within the external zones, differences in Westphalian coal maturity indicate higher geothermal gradients, rather than burial effects. Carboniferous rocks reside in both oil and gas windows, north of the Variscan Front. A low maturity area coincides with Variscan uplift of the Worcester and Usk highs. Potential reservoir, source and sealing rocks have been removed from a large part of this structure. Adjacent basins, therefore, offer the best prospects.
Untested Silurian shales, beneath thick Devonian sediments, may lie in the oil window. Prospects and leads are indicated on several British Geological Survey and commercial seismic profiles. The foreland area of St George’s Channel–Cardigan Bay basins includes definite Carboniferous rocks. Coals are probably present, combined with Triassic reservoirs, salt seal and basin margin structures. A depth-maturity profile is required before prospectivity can be compared to other productive deep basins. The internide zones of the Variscides are generally overmature, and reached optimum maturity earlier than the externides. Nevertheless, overlying limnic coal basins are prospective, and can be expected within the Saxo-Thuringian zone (offshore UK only). Thin-skinned tectonics and sub-thrust plays are probably restricted to SW Wales and east of Kent. Hydrocarbons are produced, from early Paleozoic rocks in deep basins, on all the other plates (forelands) surrounding the former Paleozoic oceans.
Permo-Carboniferous plays of the Silver Pit Basin
Authors: BAILEY J. B. , ARBIN P. , DAFFINOTI O. , GIBSON P. , RITCHIE J. S. 
Published: April 2010

The Silver Pit Basin is situated in the northern part of the southern Gas Basin, and is separated from the Sole Pit Basin to the south by the Outer Silver Pit Fault. Over much of the basin up to 400 m of Silverpit Formation interbedded shales and evaporites are present. The absence of the Leman Sandstone reservoir over much of the basin has meant that gas discoveries predominate in the Carboniferous (e.g. Caister, Murdoch) rather than in the Permian, as in the Sole Pit Basin.
In the Silver Pit Basin and its immediate margins, hydrocarbons have been discovered in Paleozoic reservoirs ranging from Dinantian sandstones to Zechstein carbonates. Within the Carboniferous the most significant reservoirs are fluvio-deltaic sandstones within the Westphalian and Upper Namurian. The best quality reservoirs are generally found in the coarsest sandstones, though locally the development of fracture porosity and secondary porosity due to leaching can be significant.
The reservoir potential of the Permian is only significant around the margins of the Silver Pit Basin. On the southern margin, at the feather edge of the main Rotliegend Leman Sandstone fairway, significant gas accumulations are present in aeolian and mixed aeolian/sabkha facies. On the northern margins the presence of Zechstein intra-basinal highs resulted in the local deposition of carbonates which may also have reservoir potential.
The main source rocks are coals and shales within the Carboniferous, predominantly in the Westphalian, but also to a lesser extent in the Namurian and Dinantian. The main kitchen area is in Quadrant 44, where significant gas generation has occurred since the Cretaceous. Migration and hydrocarbon charging is relatively straightforward for the Leman Sandstone and Carboniferous sandstone reservoirs. For Zechstein carbonate reservoirs migration via basin margin faults facilitates hydrocarbon charging.
The most significant regional seal is provided by the Permian sequence of Silverpit shales and overlying Zechstein evaporites. Carboniferous shales probably also act as seals on a local or semi-regional scale, supplementing the regional seal and contributing to deep intra-Carboniferous traps. Most discoveries have been made in reservoirs immediately beneath the Base Permian Unconformity and generally the prospective areas are best identified by mapping at Base Zechstein/Base Permian horizons.
The most prospective structures are associated with the major northwest-southeast-trending structural highs, often as ‘pop-up’ features. Most accumulations are predominantly structurally closed; however, for the ‘feather-edge’ Rotliegend play, closure to the northwest can have a stratigraphic component.
Tectonic and stratigraphic aspects of the East Irish Sea Basin and adjacent areas: contrasts in their post-Carboniferous structural styles
Authors: JACKSON D. I. , MULHOLLAND P. 
Published: April 2010

A revised geological map and lithostratigraphic correlation chart are presented for Carboniferous–Lower Jurassic strata in the East Irish Sea Basin (EISB) and contiguous basins of the NW–SE- to NNW–SSE-trending Clyde Belt. The significance of the exceptionally thick Triassic succession (4375 m) is documented in relation to other Triassic rifts of NW Europe. Basin margin faults within the Clyde Belt are basement-controlled and located either along the margins of exposed and concealed Ordovician–early Devonian buoyant granites, or orthogonal to earlier Paleozoic structures.
Four basic and markedly different structural styles have been identified from seismic interpretation. The styles comprise: solitary Caledonoid-trending folds (typically elongate centroclines) with minimal NW–SE faulting (style 1); synthetic and antithetic fault systems in single NW–SE half-graben on the fringes of the Clyde Belt (style 2); linked half-graben with large tilted fault blocks and stacked Permo-Triassic halite detachments in the centre and north of the EISB (style 3); and small step-faulted tilt blocks without thick Permo-Triassic halites, but again forming linked half-graben, in the south and on the fringes of the EISB (style 4). The styles are largely independent of the age of the basin-fill, except style 3 which is restricted to Permian–Lower Jurassic successions.