bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐concentration capsaicin in HIV‐associated neuropathy: Clinical evidence and cases
Authors: Simpson David M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryHIV‐associated neuropathy (HIV‐AN) occurs frequently in patients with HIV infection or AIDS, but it is one of the more difficult forms of peripheral neuropathic pain to treat effectively. Results of two randomized, double‐blind trials indicated that a 30‐minute application of a high‐concentration capsaicin (8% w/w) patch (NGX‐4010; QUTENZA™) is the optimal dosage to alleviate pain associated with HIV‐AN. A subsequent integrated efficacy analysis of the two trials revealed that a 30‐minute application of the high‐concentration capsaicin patch produced significantly greater pain relief than a low‐concentration capsaicin (0.04% w/w) control patch (mean reduction in Numeric Pain Rating Scale score from baseline to Weeks 2–12; −27.0% vs −15.7%; p = 0.003). After application of the high‐concentration capsaicin patch, significant pain reduction was apparent by Week 2 and this was maintained throughout the 12‐week assessment period. In addition, significantly more patients responded to the high‐concentration capsaicin patch than to control across other endpoints measured. Pain relief was evident regardless of concomitant pain medication and antiretroviral therapy. As the high‐concentration capsaicin patch was also well tolerated, with only transient, localized application site‐related reactions, these clinical data indicate that the high‐concentration capsaicin patch could provide a promising new treatment for painful HIV‐AN.
Morphological changes and viability ofCryptosporidium parvumsporozoites after excystation in cell-free culture media
Authors: MATSUBAYASHI M. , ANDO H. , KIMATA I. , NAKAGAWA H. , FURUYA M. , TANI H. , SASAI K. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYCryptosporidium parvum,belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa, is a major cause of waterborne gastroenteritis throughout the world. The sporozoites are thought to invade host enterocytes using an active process termed gliding motility. However, the biological and morphological changes within the sporozoites during this process are not fully understood. In the present study, excysted sporozoites ofC. parvumwere analysed ultrastructurallyin vitroand their viability was evaluated using fluorescent dyes. The sporozoites excysted from oocysts changed morphologically from banana-shaped to rod-shaped and finally to a rounded shape, in culture media in 3 h. Transmission microscopy revealed that the distance between the apical end and the nucleus was markedly reduced, dense granules were present close to the rhoptry in the apical region, amylopectin granules were absent, and membranes of round sporozoites were less clear. A fluorescent assay showed that the rate of survival decreased from 89% to 56% at 0–3 h (84·3% for banana-shaped and 49·2% for rod-shaped sporozoites). Therefore, post-excysted sporozoitesin vitrounderwent morphological changes and a rapid loss of viability. This staining method is useful, inexpensive and provides an alternative to more costly and intensive flow cytometric assays or infectivity assays with host cellsin vitro.
Eye fluke-induced cataracts in natural fish populations: is there potential for host manipulation?
Authors: SEPPÄLÄ O. , KARVONEN A. , VALTONEN E. T. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYManipulation of host phenotype (e.g. behaviour, appearance) is suggested to be a common strategy to enhance transmission in trophically transmitted parasites. However, in many systems, evidence of manipulation comes exclusively from laboratory studies and its occurrence in natural host populations is poorly understood. Here, we examined the potential for host manipulation byDiplostomumeye flukes indirectly by quantifying the physiological effects of parasites on fish. Earlier laboratory studies have shown thatDiplostomuminfection predisposes fish to predation by birds (definitive hosts of the parasites) by reducing fish vision through cataract formation. However, occurrence of cataracts and the subsequent potential for host manipulation in natural fish populations has remained poorly explored. We studied the occurrence of eye fluke-induced cataracts from 7 common fish species (Gymnocephalus cernuus, Rutilus rutilus, Leuciscus leuciscus, Alburnus alburnus, Osmerus eperlanus, Coregonus lavaretusandGasterosteus aculeatus) from the Bothnian Bay in the Baltic Sea. We found that the parasite-induced cataracts were common in fish and they also reached high levels which are likely to predispose fish to predation. However, we observed such cataracts only in species with the highest parasite abundances, which suggests that only certain hosts may be strongly affected by the infection.
The use of pronominal case in English sentence interpretation
Authors: YOSHIMURA YUKI , MacWHINNEY BRIAN 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis study examined adult English native speakers' processing of sentences in which pronominal case marking conflicts with word order. Previous research has shown that English speakers rely heavily on word order for assigning case roles during sentence interpretation. However, in terms of cue reliability measures, we should expect English pronominal case to be nearly as strong a cue as word order. The current study examined this issue by asking subjects to interpret grammatical and ungrammatical sentences in which case competes with word order. The results indicated that word order remains the strongest cue in English, even when the case-marking cue is available. However, for noncanonical word orders, the case-marking cue had a strong effect on sentence interpretation.
Effects of distributed practice on the acquisition of second language English syntax
Authors: BIRD STEVE 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA longitudinal study compared the effects of distributed and massed practice schedules on the learning of second language English syntax. Participants were taught distinctions in the tense and aspect systems of English at short and long practice intervals. They were then tested at short and long intervals. The results showed that distributed practice led to superior test scores on the long-term tests, indicating that the learning of second language syntax can benefit from distributed practice in a manner very similar to that reported for other skills and information types in the experimental psychology literature. Implications for intensive language-leaning programs and syllabus design in general are discussed.
Is there cross-language modulation when bilinguals process number words?
Authors: MACIZO PEDRO , HERRERA AMPARO , PAOLIERI DANIELA , ROMÁN PATRICIA 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis study explores the possibility of cross-language activation when bilinguals process number words in their first language (Italian) and their second language (German). Italian monolinguals (Experiment 1), German monolinguals (Experiment 2), and Italian/German bilinguals (Experiment 3) were required to decide the larger of two number words while the unit–decade compatibility effect was examined. For compatible trials the decade and unit comparisons lead to the same response (e.g., 24–67), whereas for incompatible trials the decade and unit comparisons lead to different responses (e.g., 27–64). The regular unit–decade compatibility effect was significant when bilinguals and monolinguals performed the comparison in German. However, this effect was not found when bilinguals and monolinguals performed the task in Italian. In addition, the decade distance played a major role when bilinguals processed in their first language, whereas the unit distance was more important when they worked in their second language. These results indicate that the processing of number words in one language is not modulated by the way bilinguals process number words in their alternative language.
Puerto Ricans in the United States and language shift to English
Authors: Torres Lourdes 
Published: August 2010

In this essay, I examine language use among Puerto Ricans in the U.S., and evaluate evidence that suggests that they are shifting to English more quickly than other Latino groups. This accelerated adoption of English might seem to be a positive trend to proponents of English-only or to those who fetishize assimilation as the route to success in the U.S.; however, the fact that it is very often accompanied by a loss of Spanish is troubling to those who value multiculturalism and bilingualism. The idea that Puerto Ricans are the group that takes the lead in the loss of bilingualism among Latinos is a source of debate for observers of the sociolinguistic reality of Latinos in the U.S.With a particular focus on the Puerto Rican community in Chicago, I first discuss language loss among Latino populations in the U.S. Then, I offer a brief overview of Puerto Rican immigration history, and of Latino presence in Chicago. Lastly, I address the allegedly exceptionally rapid shift of Puerto Ricans to English, and discuss possible reasons for this phenomenon. I conclude that even though there are sites where this assertion seems to be true, we need more evidence that captures actual language use patterns across a range of contexts before we can arrive at a definitive characterization of Puerto Rican speech practices.
Conceptual issues in institutional economics: clarifying the fluidity of rules
Authors: MORGAN JAMIE , OLSEN WENDY 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:This paper addresses the issue of how rules are conceptualized by Hodgson in Old Institutional Economics (OIE). The argument is put forward that the concept of rules can be constructively clarified. Rather than provide a general form of single rules within a rule system, we argue for a taxonomic range of single rule forms. This approach has the additional advantage of providing a more explicit account of how rules operate as part of a rule system. It also provides one way to address the fluidity of rules. Rules are understood to be more or less fluid (incomplete) and subject to a practical dynamism. This, we argue, can be differentiated from the idea of tendency based on the capacity of agents not to follow rules. A useful concept here is that of ‘mezzo rules’ or recodifications that both define the rule and distance the agent from their own rule-following behaviour. In pursuing the argument we also highlight various methodological implications. First, conceptual development is a key aspect of the OIE, particularly when it is located within Dow's structured pluralism. As such elaboration on rule forms enhances the consistency of OIE as methodology. Second, the exploration of a taxonomic range of rules and of forms of fluidity can provide useful resources in mapping out institutional processes in real research.
Measuring the physical cohesiveness of proteins using physical interaction enrichment
Authors: Sama Iziah Edwin , Huynen Martijn A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks are a valuable resource for the interpretation of genomics data. However, such networks have interaction enrichment biases for proteins that are often studied. These biases skew quantitative results from comparing PPI networks with genomics data. Here, we introduce an approach named physical interaction enrichment (PIE) to eliminate these biases.
Methodology: PIE employs a normalization that ensures equal node degree (edge) distribution of a test set and of the random networks it is compared with. It quantifies whether a set of proteins have more interactions between themselves than proteins in random networks, and can therewith be regarded as physically cohesive.
Results: Among other datasets, we applied PIE to genetic morbid disease (GMD) genes and to genes whose expression is induced upon infection with human-metapneumovirus (HMPV). Both sets contain proteins that are often studied and that have relatively many interactions in the PPI network. Although interactions between proteins of both sets are found to be overrepresented in PPI networks, the GMD proteins are not more likely to interact with each other than random proteins when this overrepresentation is taken into account. In contrast the HMPV-induced genes, representing a biologically more coherent set, encode proteins that do tend to interact with each other and can be used to predict new HMPV-induced genes. By handling biases in PPI networks, PIE can be a valuable tool to quantify the degree to which a set of genes are involved in the same biological process.
Contact: i.sama@cmbi.ru.nl; m.huynen@cmbi.ru.nl
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
International variations in the clinical, diagnostic, and treatment characteristics of emergency department patients with acute heart failure syndromes
Authors: Collins Sean P. , Pang Peter S. , Lindsell Christopher J. , Kyriacou Demetrios N. , Storrow Alan B. , Hollander Judd E. , Douglas Kirk J. , Miller Chadwick D. , Nowak Richard , Frank Peacock W. , Tavares Miguel , Mebazaa Alexandre , Gheorghiade Mihai 
Published: August 2010

AimsResults from investigations in one area of the world may not translate to another if patient characteristics and practices differ. We examine differences in the presentation and management of emergency department (ED) patients with dyspnoea from acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) between the USA, Western Europe, and Eastern Europe.Methods and resultsThe URGENT Dyspnoea study was a multinational prospective observational study of dyspnoeic ED patients with AHFS from 18 countries. Acute heart failure syndrome patients from the USA and Western and Eastern Europe underwent dyspnoea assessments within 1 h of the first physician evaluation. Patient characteristics, evaluation, and treatments were compared between geographical regions using analysis of variance and χ2 tests. Four hundred and ninety‐three patients with AHFS met the inclusion criteria. Participants in the USA were more frequently non‐white, younger, on chronic beta‐blocker therapy, and with an ejection fraction ≤40% when compared with Eastern and Western Europe. Patients from Eastern Europe were more likely to present with de novo heart failure and have ischaemic electrocardiogram changes. Pulmonary oedema was more common on chest radiograph in Western Europe, but natriuretic peptide levels were elevated in all three regions. Diuretic use was similar across all the regions. Intravenous nitroglycerin was used more frequently in Eastern (32.8%) and Western Europe (24.4%) compared with the USA (2.5%).ConclusionInternational differences in AHFS presentations and management between regions suggest results from clinical trials in one region may not translate directly to another. These differences should be considered when designing trials and interpreting the results from clinical investigations.
The Conserved RNA Trafficking Proteins HPR1 and TEX1 Are Involved in the Production of Endogenous and Exogenous Small Interfering RNA in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jauvion Vincent , Elmayan Taline , Vaucheret Hervé 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
We previously identified Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in sense transgene posttranscriptional gene silencing (S-PTGS) that defined six loci; here, we describe mutants that define nine additional loci, including HYPER RECOMBINATION1 (HPR1), SILENCING DEFECTIVE3 (SDE3), and SDE5. Our analyses extend previous findings by showing that the requirement for the putative RNA helicase SDE3 is inversely proportional to the strength of the PTGS inducer and that the putative RNA trafficking protein SDE5 is an essential component of the trans-acting small interfering RNA (tasiRNA) pathway and is required for S-PTGS but not inverted repeat transgene-mediated PTGS (IR-PTGS). Our screen also identified HPR1 as a PTGS actor. We show that hpr1 mutations negatively impact S-PTGS, IR-PTGS, and tasiRNA pathways, resulting in increased accumulation of siRNA precursors and decreased accumulation of mature siRNA. In animals, HPR1/THO1 is a member of the conserved RNA trafficking THO/TREX complex, which also includes TEX1/THO3. We show that tex1 mutants, like hpr1 mutants, impact TAS precursor and mature tasiRNA levels, suggesting that a THO/TREX complex exists in plants and that this complex is important for the integrity of the tasiRNA pathway. We propose that both HPR1 and TEX1 participate in the trafficking of siRNA precursors to the ARGONAUTE catalytic center.
Cytopathological diagnosis of alveolar soft part sarcoma, a rare soft tissue neoplasm
Authors: Agarwal S. , Gupta R. , Iyer V. K. , Mathur S. R. , Ray R. 
Published: August 2010

S. Agarwal, R. Gupta, V. K. Iyer, S. R. Mathur and R. Ray Cytopathological diagnosis of alveolar soft part sarcoma, a rare soft tissue neoplasmObjective:  Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a rare soft tissue neoplasm, having various morphological mimics, especially on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Because no definite immunohistochemical markers are available to aid a correct diagnosis, knowledge of the cytomorphological features is essential for correct patient management. Cytological features of five cases of ASPS are discussed, along with the ultrastructural findings available in one of them.Methods:  Cytology records from 1997 to 2009 were reviewed for cases with a diagnosis of ASPS on cytology. The histology slides of the cases were also assessed for confirmation of the diagnosis. All the slides were reviewed by three pathologists.Results:  There were five cases of ASPS diagnosed on FNAC. Their cytological features were noted in detail. The diagnoses in all the cases were confirmed on histology, and ultrastructural findings available in one of them were also assessed.Conclusions:  The knowledge of cytological features may aid in diagnosing this rare tumour correctly on FNA smears, thus enabling correct patient management.
Pituitary Neoplasms in two Horses
Authors: Urman Huseyin K. , Ozcan H. Cahit , Tekeli Sait 
Published: August 2010

SummaryTwo pituitary adenomas in older geldings are described:

a chromophobe adenoma with severe acute hemorrhages among the neoplastic cells and
an adenoma originating from the pars intermedia with a lesser degree of disseminated recent hemorrhages.

Invasiveness was not observed, but, both tumors caused hemorrhages and pressure in the hypothalamic region of the brain. Clinically one horse showed central nervous symptoms and the other had a long standing general hyperídrosis and glanders. Both horses died naturally.ZusammenfassungNeubildung an der Hypophyse von 2 PferdenZwei Hypophysen‐Adenome bei älteren Wallachen werden beschrieben:

ein chromophobes Adenom mit schweren akuten Blutungen zwischen den Geschwulstzellen und
ein Adenom, das von der Pars intermedia ausging mit einer geringeren Menge disseminierter frischer Blutungen.

Bösartiges Wachstum wurde nicht beobachtet, aber beide Tumoren verursachten Haemorrhagie und Druckanstieg in der Hypothalamus‐Gegend. Klinisch zeigte ein Pferd zentralnervöse Symptome, und das andere litt an lang andauernder allgemeiner Hyperhidrose sowie einer Rotz‐Erkrankung. Beide Pferde verendeten.RésuméNéoplasmes de l'hypophyse chez deux chevauxDeux adénomes de l'hypophyse ont été observés chez deux chevaux hongre d'un certain âge:

un adénome chromophobe avec une importante hémorragie aiguë entre les cellules néoplasiques;
un adénome provenant du lobe intermédiaire avec de petites hémorragies disséminées.

On ne constata aucune infiltration maligne, mais les deux tumeurs provoquèrent une hémorragie et exercèrent une pression dans la région de l'hypothalamus. Un cheval présenta des troubles nerveux d'origine centrale et l'autre souffrit d'une hyperhidrose prolongée, ainsi que de morve. Les deux chevaux périrent de mort naturelle.ResumenNeoplasmas pituitarios en dos caballosSe describen dos adenomas en la glándula pituitaria en caballos castrados adultos:

— un adenoma cromófobo con graves hemorragias agudas entre las células neoplásticas, y
— un adenoma, que partía de la parte intermedia, con una cantidad escasa de hemorragias recientes diseminadas.

No se observó crecimiento maligno, pero ambos tumores ocasionaron hemorragias y presión en la región hipotalámica del cerebro. Clínicamente, uno de los caballos presentaba síntomas centrales nerviosos y el otro padecía una hiperhidrosis general de larga duración, así como paperas. Ambos caballos murieron.
Messungen am Endometrium des Rindes im Oestrum und späten Postoestrum
Authors: Kaliner Georg 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungAn 50 Rinderuteri des Oestrum und 45 des späten Postoestrum wurden die Flächen des Endometrium und die Anteile der Uterindrüsen gemessen. Unter Berücksichtigung der Messungen von Eichner ergaben sich das höchste Schleimhautvolumen zur Zeit des Oestrum, die größten Drüsenanteile zur Zeit des späten Postoestrum. Die Erklärung für das Ansteigen der Drüsenanteile wird im Gegensatz zu Vollmerhaus in einer Hypertrophie und Hyperplasie der Uterindrüsen gesehen, deren exakter Beweis noch aussteht.SummaryMeasurements on the endometrium of the ox in oestrus and late post‐oestrusUsing 50 bovine uteri at the stage of oestrus and 45 in late post‐oestrus the author measured the surface area of the endometrium and that occupied by the uterine glands. Taking account of the findings of Eichner, the author found the mucosa to have its greatest extent at the time of oestrus and the greatest glandular development in late post‐oestrus. The explanation for the increase in the glandular part is considered to be, in contrast to the view of Vollmerhaus, a hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the uterine glands, the exact cause of which is not known.RésuméMensurations effectuées sur l'endomètre du boeuf en période d'oestrus et à la fin du postoestrusSur 50 utérus de vaches en période d'oestrus et 45 utérus prélevés à la fin du postoestrus, on mesura la surface de l'endomètre et la part occupée par les glandes utérines. En tenant compte des mensurations faites par Eichner on trouva le plus grand volume de la muqueuse au moment de l'oestrus et la plus grande proportion de tissu glandulaire au moment du postoestrus. Contrairement à Vollmerhaus, l'auteur explique l'augmentation glandulaire par une hypertrophie et une hyperplasie des glandes utérines, mais la preuve exacte doit encore être faite.ResumenMediciones en el endometrio de vaca durante el estro y el postestro tardíoEn 50 úteros de vaca en la fase de estro y en 45 del postestro tardío, se midieron las superficies del endometrio y el porcentaje de las glándulas uterinas. Considerando las mediciones de Eichner, el máximo volumen mucoso se apreció en la época de estro, apreciándose los mayores porcentajas glandulares en la fase del postestro tardío. La explicación del aumento de los porcentajes glandulares se encuentra, en contraposición a Vollmerhaus, en la hipertrofia e hiperplasia de las glándulas uterinas, cuya demostración exacta no ha sido solucionada.