bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colic Motor Complex of the Cecum and Proximal Loop of the Ascending Colon Observed in an Experimental Cow with Large Intestinal Obstruction*
Authors: Steiner A. , Roussel A. J. , Ellis W. C. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMyoelectric activity of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon (PLAC) and the effect of xylazine on motility of this intestinal segment in an experimental cow with large intestinal obstruction are described and compared with the normal motility pattern. During obstruction, three major observations were made in the prestenotic area, (i) Mean spike duration, overall duration of spiking activity (expressed as percentage of total recording time), number of spikes propagated from the cecum towards the obstruction site, and velocity of propagated spikes were substantially increased, (ii) The spike frequency was in the physiologic range, (iii) A single injection of xylazine, administered intravenously at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg markedly reduced the mean spike duration, the overall spiking activity, and the number of propagated spike sequences, and abolished signs of abdominal discomfort. Our data indicate that obstruction of the bovine colon causes a similar pattern of prestenotic hypermotility (colic motor complex) as described for the small intestine of the horse. Xylazine may be a suitable drug to disrupt prestenotic hypermotility and alleviate abdominal discomfort during proximal colonic obstruction in cattle.
Protective Effect of Antioxidants against Free Radical‐Mediated Lipid Peroxidation Induced by DON or T‐2 Toxin
Authors: Rizzo A. F. , Atroshi F. , Ahotupa M. , Sankari S. , Elovaara E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAn experiment was conducted on rats to investigate the capacity of antioxidants to protect against acute toxicity caused by DON or T‐2 toxin. Male rats were fed two different feeds. One group received a feed deficient in vitamins C and E and selenium, whereas the other group was fed with a feed enriched in antioxidants. After two weeks, selected groups of rats were administered orally a single dose of DON or T‐2 toxin. After the treatment with mycotoxins, all rats were decapitated. The livers were analyzed for TBARS values, hepatic GSH content and for the activities of CyP‐450, CAT, SOD and GSH‐TR. Increases in lipid peroxides of 21% and 268% were observed in those rats which did not receive the supplement of antioxidants and which were administered DON or T‐2 toxin, respectively. There was no significant increase in the TBARS values in the groups receiving DON with selenium and vitamins, but increases of 57% and 79% were recorded in the groups administered T‐2 toxin and antioxidants. Furthermore, in the groups fed the deficient feed and administered DON or T‐2 toxin, the lipid peroxidation increased by 33 % and 307 %, respectively. No mortality, and a lower number of intoxicated animals were observed in rats fed a diet supplemented with antioxidants. Significant decreases of GSH, CAT, SOD, CyP‐450 and GSH‐TR were recorded in treated rats receiving the deficient feed. The results of this study demonstrate that trichothecenes stimulate lipid peroxidation with consequent decrease of GSH content, but that the dietary use of selenium, α‐tocopherol and ascorbic acid provides protection against acute toxicosis caused by DON or T‐2 toxin.
Glomerular Lesions in Fibrotic Kidneys of Norwegian Slaughter Pigs. Light Microscopic and Immunohistochemical Studies
Authors: Jansen J. H. , Nordstoga K. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAn abattoir survey of renal lesions in Norwegian slaughter pigs demonstrated the presence of a macroscopic evident nephropathy characterised by pale, slightly enlarged and fibrotic kidneys in 143 out of 668 (21.4%) examined carcasses. At light microscopy fibrotic kidneys revealed glomerular lesions characterised by a diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulopathy. Immunohistochemical examination demonstrated mesangial and paramesangial immune complex deposition containing IgM and C3, and to a lesser degree IgA and IgG in the glomeruli of fibrotic kidneys. Our observation of glomerular lesions caused by immune complex depositions in fibrotic pig kidneys are compared with mesangial nephropathies in man.
Relationship between Milk Acetone and Milk Yield in Individual Cows
Authors: Miettinen P. V. A. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryCorrelations between acetone in milk and milk production during the first nine weeks postpartum were calculated in ten individual cows and for a whole herd. The decrease in milk production due to ke***tonaemia was evaluated using a mathematical model of the KaleidaGraph™ intergrate area program. For determination of milk components, a milk sample was obtained twice a week from one to nine weeks postpartum.Milk yield was negatively correlated with acetone concentration in milk. In non‐clinical ketotic cows the calculated loss of milk yield due to elevation of milk acetone was 2–9% and in clinical ketotic cow it was as high as 26%.The correlation between milk components and acetone level varied at different stages of ketosis. Thus the stage of lactation and of ketosis should be taken into consideration when the correlation between milk parameters and milk production is evaluated.Prior to clinical ketosis, milk acetone was negatively correlated with milk yield, percentage of protein and percentage of lactose, whereas it was positively correlated with percentage of fat and urea concentration. In addition, high levels of acetone tended to be associated with high cell count.It is concluded that 1) ketotic cows do not achieve the maximum potential milk yield and 2) high levels of milk acetone are harmful to the udder. For high milk production, the concentration of acetone in milk should not exceed 0.05 mmol/l at any stage of lactation.
Short Term Effects of Acute Inhibition of the Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme on the Renin‐Angiotensin System and Plasma Atrial Natriuretic Peptide in Healthy Dogs fed a Low‐Sodium Diet Versus a Normal‐Sodium Diet
Authors: Koch J. , Pedersen H. D. , Jensen A. L. , Flagstad A. , Poulsen K. , Bie P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe purpose of the present study was to quantify some of the short term responses of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) to a recommended dosage of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in clinically healthy dogs fed a normal‐sodium and a low‐sodium diet.A single dose of enalapril (0.5 mg/kg PO) was given to eight clinically healthy male Beagle dogs after a period where the dogs were fed a normal‐sodium diet and low‐sodium diet, respectively. Serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity (ACE), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) concentration were measured during the following twenty‐four hour period.The data indicate that enalapril induced a potent blockade of the renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) for at least twenty‐four hour. Specifically, enalapril during low‐sodium diet elicited an exaggerated increase in PRA and a diminished decrease in ACE and ANP when compared to the results of the drug during normal‐sodium diet. Long term controlled studies of enalapril in dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) are warranted in order to determine the duration of action and optimal dose of enalapril.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta in Holstein‐Friesian Calves
Authors: Agerholm J. S. , Lund A. M. , Bloch B. , Reibel J. , Basse A. , Arnbjerg J. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryEight calves with osteogenesis imperfecta were born in a Danish Holstein‐Friesian herd during a two‐year period. In total 92 calves were born (84 normal), and all were sired by a clinically normal Holstein‐Friesian bull. The defect was probably due to a de novo dominant mutation present as a gonadal mosaicism in the bull. Affected calves were characterised by multiple fractures, congenital bone deformations, general joint laxity, dentinogenesis imperfecta, and light blue sclerae. The skin seemed normal. Electron microscopical studies revealed slightly decreased average diameter of cutaneous collagen fibrils, while the diameter of collagen fibrils in tendons and ligaments was severely reduced. Abnormalities of collagen type I from skin and compact bone were not detected by biochemical analyses.
Congenital generalized epidermolysis bullosa in a calf
Authors: Agerholm J. S. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryEpidermolysis bullosa is reported in a newborn calf. The disorder was lethal due to the large extension and severity of the skin lesions. Histopathologically, the defect was characterized by suprabasilar clefts located in stratum spinosum. In large areas, most epidermal layers were lost exposing stratum basale or even dermis. The basal membrane seemed normal. The disorder shared features with previous reported cases of both epidermolysis bullosa and familial acantholysis. The aetiology was not determined.
Jugular Vein Wall Repair after Intravenous Injection in Equids
Authors: Muylle S. , Simoens P. , Lauwers H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe evolution of the healing process of venous puncture wounds was studied macroscopically and lightmicroscopically in order to determine the time of venipuncture. Seven small equids of various ages, all in normal healthy condition, were experimentally injected in the external jugular vein with a physiological Hartmann solution at different times before euthanasia. Two types of needle diameters i. e. 16.5 G and 19 G, were used. A fairly good uniformity in the healing process was seen in the 7 animals. In most cases the lesions induced within 5 weeks before death were macroscopically visible, whereas older perforation sites became indistinct. Lightmicroscopic study enabled determination of the time lapse after intravenous injection. The needle diameter seemed hereby relatively unimportant. Points of reference were endothelium repair, presence of a fibrin plug containing red and white bloodcells, neovascularization and healing of the connective tissue fibers.
Motor‐Modifying Properties of 5‐HT3and 5‐HT4Receptor Agonists on Ovine, Abomasum
Authors: Brikas P. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe effects and sites of action of 5‐HT3and 5‐HT4receptor agonists and antagonists on the abomasal myoelectric activity were examined in conscious sheep, chronically fitted with intravenous (IV) and intracerebroventricular (ICV) cannulas and intraparietal electrodes on the gastric body and antrum. The 5‐HT3receptor agonist 2‐methylserotonin, injected either IV (150 μg/kg) or ICV (5 μg/kg), induced an inhibition of the spiking activity in both the gastric body and antrum. This inhibition was abolished when the 5‐HT3antagonist granisetron was preinjected either IV (150 μg/kg) or ICV (15 μg/kg). The IV injection of 5‐HT4agonist 5‐methoxytryptamine (200 μg/kg) initially provoked stimulation and thereafter inhibition of abomasal activity, while its ICV administration (10 μg/kg) resulted in only inhibition of the gastric body activity. BIMU 1, another 5‐HT4agonistic substance, injected IV (300–1000 μg/kg), mimicked only the stimulatory actions of 5‐methoxytryptamine, while its ICV administration (10–50 μg/kg) had no effect on the abomasal activity. The IV (2000 μg/kg), but not the ICV (100 μg/kg), pre‐injection of the 5‐HT4antagonist DAU 6285 blocked the stimulation of the abomasal spiking activity resulting from the IV injection of either 5‐methoxytryptamine or BIMU 1. These results suggest that, in sheep, inhibitory 5‐HT3and excitatory 5‐HT4receptors, located at brain and peripheral levels respectively, participate in the control of the abomasal contractions.
Hematological, Blood Biochemical, and Cytological Bronchoalveolar Lavage Studies in Prepubertal Gilts after Endotoxin Inhalation and Ingestion
Authors: Holst H. , Edqvist L.‐E. , Kindahl H. , Rylander R. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe effect of oral intake of endotoxin (ET) combined with inhalation of ET‐contaminated feed‐dust was studied in 6 prepubertal gilts. The animals were given 100 mg of ET each in their ordinary feed ration and meanwhile stayed for 4 h in a continuous flow exposure chamber where the endotoxin concentration was approximately 9 μg/m3. Blood samples were collected during the exposure and for 8 h afterwards. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 24–26 h after the exposure. Six additional animals received ordinary feed and were exposed to feed‐dust without added ET. Blood samples were analysed for total white blood cell count (B‐WBC) and differential count: polymorphonuclear (PMN) and mononuclear (MN); total red blood cell count (B‐RBC); platelets (B‐PLT); total serum bile acids (S‐BA); glutamate dehydrogenase (S‐GLDH); and a blood plasma prostaglandin F2α metabolite (15‐ketodihydro‐PGF2α; P‐PG). The major findings were decreased numbers of MN, PMN and B‐RBC 3 to 6 h after the start of the ET exposure and increased numbers of neutrophilic granulocytes in the BAL fluid of the ET‐exposed animals. It is concluded that a combined oral and airborne ET challenge induces hematological and cytological changes that may contribute to the development of respiratory disorders.
Occurrence of Prochymosin Variants in the Abomasum of Bovine Foetuses and Calves
Authors: Wiśliński M. , Popielarz M. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryProchymosin variants were analysed in single abomasa from 67 foetuses (3–9 months of gestation) and 33 calves (about 6 weeks old) of Black‐and‐White cattle collected in a slaughter house. The method of agarose gel electrophoresis followed by detection of proteolytic activity was used. Three distinct prochymosins A, B and C that occurred singly or in pairs (with equal proteolytic activities of both components) were found. Chymosin A, B and C obtained after conversion of corresponding prochymosins, demonstrated similar electrophoretical mobilities like the three chymosin fractions contained in commercial rennin (Sigma, USA). Our chymosin B showed identical mobility as the amidated form of recombined chymosin B contained in Chymogen (Chr. Hansen's Lab., Danmark A/S).Prochymosin A, B and C in the examined animals were precursors of corresponding chymosins and were controlled by three separate codominant alleles.The following prochymosin phenotypes were found: AA (30), AB (32), AC (4), BB (29), BC (4) and CC (1). Chi‐square analysis demonstrated significant differences between the observed and expected numbers of phenotypes. The gene frequencies of prochymosin A, B and C were 0.48, 0.47 and 0.05, respectively.
Spinal Dysmyelination in Cross‐Bred Brown Swiss Calves
Authors: Agerholm J. S. , Hafner A. , Olsen S. , Dahme E. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe occurrence of a congenital neurological disorder “spinal dysmyelination” in cross‐bred calves in Denmark is reported. A total of 36 affected calves of the Red Danish Dairy breed X American Brown Swiss were detected. The calves occurred in a clear familiar pattern consistent with an autosomal recessively inherited trait, and the parents could be traced to a common ancestor. Clinically the disease was characterized by congenital lateral recumbency, opisthotonos, extension of the limbs, normal to increased reflexes, and normal alertness. At histological examination dysmyelination occurred constantly in specific spinal tracts.
ComparativeIn VitroPhagocytosis and F‐Actin Polymerization of Bovine Neonatal Neutrophils*
Authors: Moiola F. , Spycher M. , Wyder‐Walther M. , Zwahlen R. D. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryAnalysis of neonatal neutrophil (PMN) functions should help to reveal factors which could contribute to the impaired host defense system of neonates. We analysed functional parameters of PMN from newborn calves (N‐PMN) and adult bovines (A‐PMN): cellular volume and F‐actin content upon stimulation with complement factors, by cytofluorometry and phagocytosis ofE. coli 78:80Bwith a colorimetric assay.Polymerization of F‐actin was rapid in both N‐ and A‐PMN, but reached higher levels in N‐PMN. N‐PMN are significantly smaller than A‐PMN throughout the whole activation time. Percentage of phagocytosing PMN, the rate of phagocytosis, and the rate of killing are similar between A‐ and N‐PMN after opsonization of bacteria with adult serum (AS). Opsonization with newborn serum (NS) reduced all three examined parameters: in A‐PMN more (P < 0.001) than in N‐PMN (P < 0.05). However, when phagocytosis was compared following age‐matched opsonization (N‐PMN and NS; A‐PMN and AS), N‐PMN phagocytosed less (P < 0.001) bacteria per PMN than A‐PMN. Additionally, steroidal (dexamethasone) and non‐steroidal (phenylbutazone) anti‐inflammatory drugs inhibited phagocytosis by N‐PMN less than by A‐PMN.Higher relative F‐actin content of N‐PMN can be correlated with the documented functional hyperactivity of bovine N‐PMN. However, the exaggerated impairment of phagocytosis in calves observed after age‐matched opsonization of bacteria could potentially indicate a specific host defence defect.
Distemper Skin Lesions in a Dog
Authors: Maeda H. , Ozaki K. , Takagi Y. , Sawashima K. , Narama I. 
Published: May 2010

SummarySkin lesions were studied in a 3‐year‐old male Maltese dog with distemper. Hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis with vesicles and pustule formation were the outstanding features of the skin lesions around the eye, nose, and mouth. Multinucleated syncytial giant cells together with nuclear and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing viral particles and viral antigen were scattered in the epidermis, and epidermal appendages. These findings suggest a direct viral attack on the skin.
Diagnostische und pathophysiologische Aspekte der Nierenfunktionsbestimmung bei Tieren
Authors: Reder S. , Hartmann H. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryDiagnostic and Pathophysiologic Aspects in the Assessment of Animal Renal FunctionEarly diagnosis of loss in renal function (<60–70 %) is not possible either by resorting to the parameters of plasma urea and creatinine concentrations (responsive to functional loss by >75 % or by reference to urine concentration capacity (urine density: sensitive to concentrations >60%). However, clearance techniques for determination of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have proved suitable for quantitative assessment of renal function. Endogenous creatinine clearance is one of the most common clinical approaches in GFR determination. Criticism of results obtainable from endogenous creatinine clearance appears to be justified by pharmacokinetic aspects of creatinine as an indicator, as well as by some of its analytical peculiarities. The tediousness of the procedure is another counterproductive aspect pertaining to large‐scale use of endogenous creatinine clearance in veterinary medicine. Total blood‐plasma clearance of exogenous creatinine (T‐Clexo. Creatinine) would provide vets with an accurate (diagnostic validity) and practical method for carrying out clinical kidney‐function diagnostics. However, more research on a number of related issues will be required before the general introduction of the procedure.ZusammenfassungDie frühzeitige Diagnostik einer verminderten glomerulären Filtrationsrate (GFR) μ < za. 60–70 % gelingt weder mit Hilfe der Parameter Plasma‐Harnstoff‐ und ‐Kreatinin‐Konzentration (sensitiv ab za. 75 % Funktionsverlust) noch über die Erfassung des Harnkonzentrationsvermögens (Harndichte: sensitiv ab za. 60 %). Dagegen sind für die quantitative Beurteilung der Ultrafiltration Clearance‐Verfahren geeignet. Als eine der gebräuchlichsten Methoden zur Bestimmung der GFR in der klinischen Veterinärmedizin steht die Kreatinin‐Clearance (endogene) zur Verfügung. Anlaß zur kritischen Bewertung der Ergebnisse der endogenen Kreatinin‐Clearance geben sowohl pharmakokinetische Aspekte als auch analytische Besonderheiten des Indikators Kreatinin. Desweiteren stehen der breiten Anwendung der endogenen Kreatinin‐Clearance in der Tiermedizin das aufwendige Procedere des Verfahrens entgegen. Mit der Einführung der totalen Blutplasma‐Clearance von exogenem Kreatinin (T‐Clexo. Kreatinin) stünde der Veterinärmedizin eine genaue (diagnostische Validität) und einfach anwendbare Methode zur klinischen Nierenfunktionsdiagnostik zur Verfügung. Für die Einführung des Verfahrens ist allerdings noch eine wissenschaftliche Bearbeitung verschiedener Fragestellungen erforderlich.
Metabolic, Endocrine and Haematological Changes in 1‐Week‐Old Calves after Milk Intake, in Response to Fasting and during Total Parenteral Nutrition*
Authors: Kinsbergen M. , Sallmann H.‐P. , Blum J. W. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryResponses to twice daily milk feeding, total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and fasting (saline infusion) were studied for 24 h in 1‐week‐old calves. Following milk intake glucose (G) and insulin (I) concentrations increased, whereas free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG) levels and glutamate oxalacetatate transaminase (GOT) and gamma‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities decreased, while heart rate, respiration rate, rectal temperature, white blood cell number (WBC), serum iron (SFe), total protein (TP), albumin, aminoacids, urea, cholesterol, sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (Pin), insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), growth hormone (GH), cortisol and 3, 5, 3′‐triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity did not change significantly. During saline infusion, Ca, G, TG, PL, I, IGF‐I and T3concentrations and AP and GGT activities decreased, while Na, FFA and urea concentrations increased. In response to TPN, G, urea, Na, tryptophane and I concentrations increased, while SFe, Ca, Pin, TG, FFA, serine, phospholipids (PL), cholesterol and T3 concentrations and AP, GOT and GGT activities decreased. Typical metabolic and endocrine changes were thus seen in response to milk intake and fasting. Changes during TPN remained within physiological limits.