bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cow milk consumption, insulin‐like growth factor‐I, and human biology: A life history approach
Authors: Wiley Andrea S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjective:To assess the life history consequences of cow milk consumption at different stages in early life (prenatal to adolescence), especially with regard to linear growth and age at menarche and the role of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) in mediating a relationship among milk, growth and development, and long‐term biological outcomes.Methods:United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 1999 to 2004 and review of existing literature.Results:The literature tends to support milk's role in enhancing growth early in life (prior to age 5 years), but there is less support for this relationship during middle childhood. Milk has been associated with early menarche and with acceleration of linear growth in adolescence. NHANES data show a positive relationship between milk intake and linear growth in early childhood and adolescence, but not middle childhood, a period of relatively slow growth. IGF‐I is a candidate bioactive molecule linking milk consumption to more rapid growth and development, although the mechanism by which it may exert such effects is unknown.Conclusions:Routine milk consumption is an evolutionarily novel dietary behavior that has the potential to alter human life history parameters, especially vis‐à‐vis linear growth, which in turn may have negative long‐term biological consequences. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Associations between transition‐specific stress experience, nocturnal decline in ambulatory blood pressure, and C‐reactive protein levels among transgender men
Authors: Dubois L. Zachary 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectives:To characterize challenges experienced during stages of female‐to‐male sex transition and investigate associations between transition‐specific measures of psychosocial stress, nocturnal decline in ambulatory blood pressure (amBP), and changes in C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels.Methods:For this biocultural study, 65 healthy transmen who were using testosterone (T) therapy participated in interviews to assess transition‐specific stress experience. They provided perceived stress scores, self‐esteem scores, 24‐h amBP measures, salivary samples for T levels, and a blood spot for CRP levels. Psychosocial stress was examined in relation to amBP and CRP using linear regression while adjusting for age, body mass index, and smoking.Results:There were no differences in mean levels of amBP in association with stage of transition. Men reporting stress associated with being “out” as transgender had significantly diminished nocturnal decline in systolic and diastolic amBP compared to men who did not report such stress. The associations remained significant when examined among men in stages 1 and 2 (≤3 years on T), but not among men in stage 3 (>3 years on T) of transition. Men reporting stress related to “passing” as someone born male had higher CRP levels than those who did not report such stress. The association remained significant when examined among men in stages 2 and 3 (>0.5–3 years on T).Conclusion:Measures of stress that captured individuals' experiences of gender liminality were associated with diminished nocturnal decline in amBP and increased levels of CRP. There are significant differences between men grouped into different stages of the transition process. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2011Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrospun PLA/PCL fibers with tubular nanoclay: Morphological and structural analysis
Authors: Haroosh Hazim J. , Chaudhary Deeptangshu S. , Dong Yu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBiodegradable polymers are good candidates for a wide range of applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery because of their biocompatibility, their degradation, mechanical properties, and offer a sustained release of encapsulated drugs. The electrospun polymer nanofibrous materials can be used as carriers for hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. This research work focused on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and blends of PLA with poly (ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) that are reinforced with different concentrations of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and various cosolvents for electrospinning including chloroform : acetone, chloroform : methanol, and dichloromethane (DCM) : N,N, dimethylformamide (DFM). The fibers produced from the DCM : DMF system without HNTs were more uniform resulting in smaller fiber diameters as compared to the chloroform: methanol system due to the increased solution conductivity. The addition of HNT nanoparticles produced electrospun fibers with large diameters because the viscosity of the solution increased. Cosolvent was important in determining fiber diameters because it strongly influenced the solution viscosity and conductivity. HNTs had relatively small impact on the growth of a crystalline morphology in PCL–HNT composites. The solvent mixture of chloroform : methanol was better for PLA‐based systems since PLA was found to have slightly higher crystallinity and larger enthalpy value indicating the improved structural orderness in the PLA polymer matrix. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Preparation of drug‐loaded microspheres of linear and star‐shaped poly(D,L‐lactide)s and their drug release behaviors
Authors: Baimark Yodthong , Srisa‐ard Mangkorn 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLinear (1‐arm) and star‐shaped (4‐, 6‐, and 16‐arm) poly(D,L‐lactide)s (PDLLs) were synthesized by ring‐opening polymerization in bulk of D,L‐lactide monomer. Hydroxyl end‐group compounds and stannous octoate were used as the initiator and catalyst, respectively. The intrinsic viscosity and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the PDLLs decreased steadily as the branch arm number increased for similar molecular weights. However, the intrinsic viscosity and Tg values of the linear PDLL were less than the star‐shaped PDLL for similar each PDLL arm lengths. Ibuprofen, a poorly water soluble model drug was entrapped in the PDLL microspheres. All drug‐loaded PDLL microspheres were prepared by the oil‐in‐water emulsion solvent evaporation method, were spherical in shape, and had a smooth surface with fine dispersibility. In vitro drug release behaviors indicated that the drug release from the microspheres with higher branch arm number was faster than from those with lower branch arm number. Moreover, the drug release from the star‐shaped PDLL microspheres was slower than that of the linear PDLL microspheres for similar PDLL arm lengths. The drug release behavior could be adjusted through both the branch arm number and arm length of PDLL. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effective query generation and postprocessing strategies for prior art patent search
Authors: Cetintas Suleyman , Si Luo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRapid increase in global competition demands increased protection of intellectual property rights and underlines the importance of patents as major intellectual property documents. Prior art patent search is the task of identifying related patents for a given patent file, and is an essential step in judging the validity of a patent application. This article proposes an automated query generation and postprocessing method for prior art patent search. The proposed approach first constructs structured queries by combining terms extracted from different fields of a query patent and then reranks the retrieved patents by utilizing the International Patent Classification (IPC) code similarities between the query patent and the retrieved patents along with the retrieval score. An extensive set of empirical results carried out on a large‐scale, real‐world dataset shows that utilizing 20 or 30 query terms extracted from all fields of an original query patent according to their log(tf)idf values helps form a representative search query out of the query patent and is found to be more effective than is using any number of query terms from any single field. It is shown that combining terms extracted from different fields of the query patent by giving higher importance to terms extracted from the abstract, claims, and description fields than to terms extracted from the title field is more effective than treating all extracted terms equally while forming the search query. Finally, utilizing the similarities between the IPC codes of the query patent and retrieved patents is shown to be beneficial to improve the effectiveness of the prior art search.
Feeding lactate for CHO cell culture processes: Impact on culture metabolism and performance
Authors: Li Jincai , Wong Chun Loong , Vijayasankaran Natarajan , Hudson Terry , Amanullah Ashraf 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLactate has long been regarded as one of the key metabolites of mammalian cell cultures. High levels of lactate have clear negative impacts on cell culture processes, and therefore, a great amount of efforts have been made to reduce lactate accumulation and/or to induce lactate consumption in the later stage of cultures. However, there is virtually no report on the impact of lactate depletion after initial accumulation. In this work, we observed that glucose uptake rate dropped over 50% at the onset of lactate consumption, and that catabolism of alanine due to lactate depletion led to ammonium accumulation. We explored the impact of feeding lactate as well as pyruvate to the cultures. In particular, a strategy was employed where CO2 was replaced by lactic acid for culture pH control, which enabled automatic lactate feeding. The results demonstrated that lactate or pyruvate can serve as an alternative or even preferred carbon source during certain stage of the culture in the presence of glucose, and that by feeding lactate or pyruvate, very low levels of ammonia can be achieved throughout the culture. In addition, low levels of pCO2 were also maintained in these cultures. This was in strong contrast to the control cultures where lactate was depleted during the culture, and ammonia and pCO2 build‐up were significant. Culture growth and productivity were similar between the control and lactate‐fed cultures, as well as various product quality attributes. To our knowledge, this work represents the first comprehensive study on lactate depletion and offers a simple yet effective strategy to overcome ammonia and pCO2 accumulation that could arise in certain cultures due to early depletion of lactate. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1173–1186. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anisotropic nutrient transport in three‐dimensional single species bacterial biofilms
Authors: Van Wey A.S. , Cookson A.L. , Soboleva T.K. , Roy N.C. , McNabb W.C. , Bridier A. , Briandet R. , Shorten P.R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe ability for a biofilm to grow and function is critically dependent on the nutrient availability, and this in turn is dependent on the structure of the biofilm. This relationship is therefore an important factor influencing biofilm maturation. Nutrient transport in bacterial biofilms is complex; however, mathematical models that describe the transport of particles within biofilms have made three simplifying assumptions: the effective diffusion coefficient (EDC) is constant, the EDC is that of water, and/or the EDC is isotropic. Using a Monte Carlo simulation, we determined the EDC, both parallel to and perpendicular to the substratum, within 131 real, single species, three‐dimensional biofilms that were constructed from confocal laser scanning microscopy images. Our study showed that diffusion within bacterial biofilms was anisotropic and depth dependent. The heterogeneous distribution of bacteria varied between and within species, reducing the rate of diffusion of particles via steric hindrance. In biofilms with low porosity, the EDCs for nutrient transport perpendicular to the substratum were significantly lower than the EDCs for nutrient transport parallel to the substratum. Here, we propose a reaction–diffusion model to describe the nutrient concentration within a bacterial biofilm that accounts for the depth dependence of the EDC. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1280–1292. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surgical anatomy of the pectoral nerves and the pectoral musculature
Authors: Porzionato Andrea , Macchi Veronica , Stecco Carla , Loukas Marios , Tubbs R. Shane , De Caro Raffaele 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe pectoral nerves (PNs) may be selectively injured through various traumatic mechanisms such as direct trauma, hypertrophic muscle compression, and iatrogenic injuries (breast surgery and axillary node dissection, pectoralis major muscle transfers). The PN may be surgically recovered through nerve transfers. They may also be used as donors to the musculocutaneous, axillary, long thoracic, and spinal accessory nerves and for reinnervation of myocutaneous free flaps. Thus, in this article, we reviewed the surgical anatomy of PN. A meta‐analysis of the available literature showed that the lateral pectoral nerve (LPN) arises most frequently with two branches from the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks (33.8%) or as a single root from the lateral cord (23.4%). The medial pectoral nerve (MPN) usually arises from the medial cord (49.3%), anterior division of the lower trunk (43.8%), or lower trunk (4.7%). The two PN are usually connected immediately distal to the thoracoacromial artery by the so‐called ansa pectoralis. The MPN may also show communications with the intercostobrachial nerve. In 50%–100% of cases, it may pass, at least with some branches, through the pectoralis minor muscle. The LPN supplies the upper portions of the pectoralis major muscle; the MPN innervates the lower parts of the pectoralis major and the pectoralis minor muscle. Among the accessory muscles of the pectoral girdle, the LPN may also innervate the tensor semivaginae articulationis humero‐scapularis, pectoralis minimus, sternoclavicularis, axillary arch, sternalis, and infraclavicularis muscles; the MPN may innervate the pectoralis quartus, chondrofascialis, axillary arch, chondroepitrochlearis, and sternalis muscles. Clin. Anat. 25:559–575, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Endothelial Function and Soluble Endoglin in Smokers With Heart Failure
Authors: Heffernan Kevin S. , Kuvin Jeffrey T. , Patel Ayan R. , Karas Richard H. , Kapur Navin K. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground:Although cigarette smoking is a risk factor for heart failure (HF), smokers with HF have lower mortality rates during/following hospitalization compared to nonsmokers. We examined vascular endothelial function in chronic smokers and nonsmokers with HF as it relates to this smoker's paradox.Hypothesis:Smokers with HF will have attenuated endothelial dysfunction compared to non‐smokers with HF.Methods:Brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD), a measure of conduit vessel endothelial function, was measured in 33 smoking and nonsmoking patients with HF vs controls. In addition, soluble endoglin (sEng), a circulating mediator of endothelial function, was measured in a separate group of 36 smoking and nonsmoking patients with HF vs controls.Results:FMD was significantly lower in smokers without HF compared to the nonsmokers without HF (P < 0.05). FMD was significantly higher in smokers with HF vs nonsmokers with HF (P < 0.05) and did not differ from values seen in nonsmokers without HF (P > 0.05). There were no differences in sEng between smokers and nonsmokers without HF (P > 0.05). sEng was lower in smokers with HF vs nonsmokers with HF (P < 0.05) and did not differ from values seen in nonsmokers without HF (P > 0.05).Conclusions:Smokers with HF had higher brachial FMD and lower sEng than nonsmokers with HF, and values were comparable to nonsmokers without HF. These findings offer novel insight into the smoker's paradox and suggest that improved short‐term outcome in patients hospitalized with HF may in part be mediated by preservation of vascular endothelial function in this setting. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
A Review of Causes and Systemic Approach to Cardiac Troponin Elevation
Authors: Patil Harshal , Vaidya Omkar , Bogart Douglas 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe first American College of Cardiology/European Society of Cardiology task force published recommendations for a universal definition of myocardial infarction (MI) in 2000 based on the measurement of troponin (Tn). Although this rapid and highly sensitive blood test is certainly valuable in the appropriate setting, its widespread use in variety of clinical scenarios may lead to the detection of Tn elevation in absence of thrombotic acute coronary syndrome. In 2007, the joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/World Heart Federation task force proposed a new definition for acute MI based on detection of Tn and associated clinical evidence. The goal of this article is to review the universal definition of acute MI and to differentiate type 1 MI, type 2 MI, and non–acute coronary syndrome Tn elevations. The prognosis and a clinical approach to this differential diagnosis will be developed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.The authors have no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.
How Healthy Were the Arteries of Phidippides?
Authors: Heffernan Kevin S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSubacute and chronic cardiac adaptations to marathon running may increase risk for sudden death. Herein, it is proposed that cardiac arrhythmogenic remodeling resulting from prolonged strenuous exertion may also have a systemic vascular component. Marathon running reduces coronary perfusion pressure and causes acute endothelial damage, possibly via altering concentrations of circulating angiogenic growth factors with novel vasoregulatory properties. Marathon runners have increased arterial stiffness and augmented pressure from wave reflections contributing to a widening of pulse pressure. Pulsatile hemodynamics may contribute to target organ damage. Moreover, each of these vascular maladaptations (increased arterial stiffness, augmented pressure from wave reflections, and widened pulse pressure) has been associated with atrial fibrillation and may provide a substrate for lethal arrhythmogenesis in the marathon runner. Clin. Cardiol. 2012 DOI: 10.1002/clc.21009The author has no funding, financial relationships, or conflicts of interest to disclose.This article ﬁrst published online 28 November 2011. It has since changed. The term “coronary pulse pressure” has been changed to “coronary perfusion pressure.”
Computational fluid dynamics in brain aneurysms
Authors: Sforza Daniel M. , Putman Christopher M. , Cebral Juan R. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYBecause of its ability to deal with any geometry, image‐based computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been progressively used to investigate the role of hemodynamics in the underlying mechanisms governing the natural history of cerebral aneurysms. Despite great progress in methodological developments and many studies using patient‐specific data, there are still significant controversies about the precise governing processes and divergent conclusions from apparently contradictory results. Sorting out these issues requires a global vision of the state of the art and a unified approach to solving this important scientific problem. Towards this end, this paper reviews the contributions made using patient‐specific CFD models to further the understanding of these mechanisms, and highlights the great potential of patient‐specific computational models for clinical use in the assessment of aneurysm rupture risk and patient management. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
White lighting
Authors: Rea M. S. , Freyssinier J. P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWhite is a color sensation absent hue. Manufacturers describe practical light sources used for illumination as tinted warm‐white or cool‐white, but these informal designations do not seem to be based upon measured human color perceptions of white illumination. This article describes the results of a series of psychophysical experiments that more precisely measured subjective perceptions of white illumination from light sources of different correlated color temperatures (CCTs). Generally, perceptions of untinted white illumination for sources with high CCTs (above 4000 K) are associated with chromaticities that fall above the blackbody locus. In contrast, perceptions of untinted white illumination for sources with low CCTs (below 4000 K) are associated with chromaticities that lie well below the blackbody locus. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2013
Recent advances in miniaturisation – The role of microchip electrophoresis in clinical analysis
Authors: Shang Fengjun , Guihen Elizabeth , Glennon Jeremy D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis review aims to highlight the current role of microchip CE (MCE) in clinical analysis to date, and also its future potential in this important area. One of the most notable advancements in separation science, which has accelerated in the last decade, has been the use of plastic and glass microchips to achieve high‐speed electrophoresis separations in seconds, requiring only pico or nanolitre sample volumes. So far, in the clinical laboratory, MCE has lent itself to the resolution of very complex challenging analytes such as DNA, RNA, protein analysis, cellular components and other disease biomarkers. At present, most basic clinical laboratories rely heavily upon various kinds of enzymatic immunoassays as these methods offer speed, specificity, reliability and are well established analytical methods. However, this is not always the case, as with all analytical methods there are limitations, and sometimes enzymatic‐based assays can be challenged by low‐level concentration of target analytes present in samples resulting in high RSD values and results that cannot be interpreted. In some cases, this difficulty can be exasperated when complex sample matrices are presented for analysis, and interfering components result in highly exaggerated results from unwanted extra enzymatic binding. MCE may have a role in providing alternative highly sophisticated automated clinical analysis using state‐of‐the‐art methodologies.
Haplotype variation and genotype imputation in African populations
Authors: Huang Lucy , Jakobsson Mattias , Pemberton Trevor J. , Ibrahim Muntaser , Nyambo Thomas , Omar Sabah , Pritchard Jonathan K. , Tishkoff Sarah A. , Rosenberg Noah A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSub‐Saharan Africa has been identified as the part of the world with the greatest human genetic diversity. This high level of diversity causes difficulties for genome‐wide association (GWA) studies in African populations—for example, by reducing the accuracy of genotype imputation in African populations compared to non‐African populations. Here, we investigate haplotype variation and imputation in Africa, using 253 unrelated individuals from 15 Sub‐Saharan African populations. We identify the populations that provide the greatest potential for serving as reference panels for imputing genotypes in the remaining groups. Considering reference panels comprising samples of recent African descent in Phase 3 of the HapMap Project, we identify mixtures of reference groups that produce the maximal imputation accuracy in each of the sampled populations. We find that optimal HapMap mixtures and maximal imputation accuracies identified in detailed tests of imputation procedures can instead be predicted by using simple summary statistics that measure relationships between the pattern of genetic variation in a target population and the patterns in potential reference panels. Our results provide an empirical basis for facilitating the selection of reference panels in GWA studies of diverse human populations, especially those of African ancestry. Genet. Epidemiol. 35:766–780, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.