bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Athabaskan Phonetics and Phonology
Authors: Hargus Sharon 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThere is a long tradition of phonetic and phonological research on Athabaskan languages, some synchronic in focus, some diachronic. A variety of theoretical approaches have been employed. An understanding of the morphology is required for research in virtually any other subfield of Athabaskan linguistics, including phonetics and phonology. Most research on Athabaskan languages has been undertaken by nonnative speakers of Athabaskan languages. Instrumental phonetic studies are now available for a variety of phenomena in the languages of this family.
Oral Proficiency Assessment: Current Approaches and Applications for Post‐Secondary Foreign Language Programs
Authors: Malone Margaret E. , Montee Megan J. 
Published: October 2010

AbstractChanges to oral proficiency instruction and assessment in post‐secondary foreign language programs grew out of the proficiency movement of the 1970s and 1980s. The Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI) became the major approach to oral proficiency assessment in the United States. Initially developed for government use, the OPI was originally rated according to the Interagency Language Roundtable Guidelines. Over time, the ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines‐Speaking were developed for use with the OPI in academic settings, particularly at the post‐secondary level. In this paper, we discuss the strengths and limitations of the OPI and identify current controversies related to its use at the post‐secondary level. In addition, we explore new approaches to oral proficiency assessment, including computer‐mediated oral proficiency testing. We also examine the expected proficiency outcomes for foreign language students at different levels, an area that has been little researched. Finally, we recommend ways to increase the formal use of oral proficiency assessment and establish and publicize realistic expectations of outcomes for programs, instructors and students.
Sexualities in/of the Global South
Authors: Brown Gavin , Browne Kath , Elmhirst Rebecca , Hutta Simon 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis paper scopes the contemporary literatures that examine sexualities in/of the Global South. Recognising the complexities of both ‘sexualities’ and ‘the Global South’, the paper outlines key areas that can be explored under these headings. It questions the conflation of sexualities with homosexualities and contests the assumptions that spatial analyses of the Global South are confined within the discipline of geography. Instead a broad range of material is drawn upon and pointed to highlighting the breadth and possibilities of this field. The paper concludes by considering the shifting and contingent power relations of authors writing the ‘Global South’ from positions of privilege in the Global North. Yet like many before us we call for a reflexive approach that is not afraid of researching these areas but that does recognise the importance of destabilising existing power relations both in terms of geopolitical interventions, and in interrogating academic hegemonies.
Mobile Phone Geographies
Authors: Pfaff Julia 
Published: October 2010

AbstractOver the last two decades, the mobile phone has not only entered our everyday lives at tremendous speed but also diverse fields of academia. Critically examining the mobile phone’s appeal as a research object from a geographic perspective, this article engages with the recent fashioning of mobile phones by geographers. In doing so, it pays special attention to the particularities of focusing on a technological object, dealing with the issue of technological determinism from different theoretical perspectives and the ways in which they impact on research practice. Identifying and discussing emerging themes and fields of interest, it is the central aim of this article to provide an overview of ‘mobile phone geographies’ and, by developing an idea of the specific character and challenges of this emerging field, to conclude with reflections on promising links for future research.
Aliskiren Alone or in Combination With Hydrochlorothiazide in Patients With the Lower Ranges of Stage 2 Hypertension: The ACQUIRE Randomized Double‐Blind Study
Authors: Black Henry R. , Kribben Andreas , Aguirre Palacios Fernando , Bijarnia Mahendra , Laflamme Annik K. , Baschiera Fabio 
Published: October 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Patients with stage 2 hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≥160 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] ≥100 mm Hg) are at high cardiovascular risk and require intensive blood pressure (BP)–lowering therapy. This randomized double‐blind study is the first prospective trial specifically designed to evaluate the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren in patients with a mean sitting SBP ≥160 mm Hg and <180 mm Hg (the lower ranges of stage 2 systolic hypertension). After a 2‐ to 4‐week washout period, 688 patients were randomized to once‐daily aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) 150/12.5 mg or aliskiren 150 mg for 1 week and then double the doses for 11 weeks. Baseline BP was 167.1/95.0 mm Hg. At week 12, both aliskiren/HCT and aliskiren provided substantial BP reductions from baseline (30.0/12.6 mm Hg and 20.3/8.2 mm Hg, respectively). Aliskiren/HCT lowered BP significantly more than aliskiren (least‐squares mean between‐treatment differences [95% confidence interval] were –9.7 [−12.0 to −7.4] for SBP and −4.5 [−5.8 to −3.2] for DBP; both P<.0001). Similar BP reductions were seen in the subgroups of patients with isolated systolic hypertension and obesity. Aliskiren, with or without HCT, provides clinically significant BP reductions and may therefore be an effective treatment option in patients with stage 2 hypertension. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:917–926. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Transformation of Multilateralism Mode 1.0 to Mode 2.0
Authors: Van Langenhove Luk 
Published: October 2010

AbstractThis article presents an analysis of the multilateral system, arguing that multilateralism is going through a profound set of changes as a result of: (1) the emergence of new multilateral actors; (2) the development of new multilateral playing fields; and (3) the rise of new concepts of multilateralism. This has consequences for world politics: the world is moving from unipolarity towards a networked form of multipolarity. This article proposes to grasp these changes through the ‘Web 2.0’ metaphor, as the existing multilateral system is contrasted with the emerging ‘Mode 2.0’ of which the main characteristics are: (1) the diversification of multilateral organisations; (2) the growing importance of nonstate actors such as substate regions and supranational regional organisations; (3) the increased interlinkages between policy domains; and (4) the growing space for citizen involvement. The main upshot is that the multilateral system is moving from a closed to an open system. Both states and international organisations will have to adapt to this new reality.Policy Implications

Policy makers and scholars need to be aware that the multilateral system is undergoing radical changes that affect global policy making.
These changes bring with them new potentials for an increased efficiency and legitimacy of multilateralism.
Multilateral organisations, regional organisations and states will have to adapt to the new reality and join forces to further shape the ‘Mode 2.0’ of multilateralism.
Multidrug resistance reversal properties and cytotoxic evaluation of representatives of a novel class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors
Authors: Coburger Claudius , Lage Hermann , Molnár Joséf , Langner Andreas , Hilgeroth Andreas 
Published: October 2010

AbstractObjectivesP-Glycoprotein (P-gp) plays a central role in the development of resistance against cytostatics in anticancer therapy and against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) therapeutics of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor type. An approach to reverse the so-called multidrug resistance (MDR) phenomenon by the use of P-gp inhibiting agents is a challenge in the therapy of cancer and AIDS. Effective in-vitro inhibitors have P-gp substrate properties so that the expected in-vivo effects have been disappointing so far. Consequent higher dosages cause toxic effects.MethodsNovel HIV-1 protease inhibitors (H17, JW41, JW33 and JW46) have been evaluated in comparison with ritonavir as P-gp inhibiting agents, in the exclusively P-gp overexpressing model cell line mouse T lymphoma using flow cytometry. The cytotoxic properties against various cell lines were characterized in the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay to estimate potential toxic effects in therapeutically relevant concentrations in metabolically active HepG2 cells, drug-sensitive Jurkat cells and in gastric carcinoma cells.Key findingsConcentration-dependent effective reversal properties have been discussed in context and proved to be mainly influenced by the number of potential hydrogen bond acceptor functions. The compounds showed no cytotoxic properties in P-gp inhibiting concentration ranges. Ritonavir, a known P-gp substrate, proved to be less toxic in the P-gp expressing cell line than in the nonexpressing cell line at the cell-exposed concentrations and thus showed P-gp substrate properties. Two compounds, H17 and JW41, showed no P-gp substrate properties, with higher toxicity in the P-gp expressing cell line compared with the nonexpressing cell line.ConclusionsThe novel compounds have been shown to be prospective AIDS therapeutics, acting as effective and nontoxic P-gp inhibitors compared with ritonavir, which is a known P-gp inhibitor with unfavourable toxic and P-gp substrate properties.
Lutein is a competitive inhibitor of cytosolic Ca2+-dependent phospholipase A2
Authors: Song Ho Sun , Kim Hee Rae , Kim Myung Cheul , Hwang Yeon Hee , Sim Sang Soo 
Published: October 2010

Abstract

Objectives
We have investigated the effect of lutein on phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isozymes.

Methods
We measured arachidonic acid release in [3H]arachidonic acid-labelled Raw 264.7 cells and PLA2 activity using 1-palmitoyl-2-[14C]arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine ([14C]AA-PC) and 10-pyrene phosphatidylcholine in vitro.

Key findings
Lutein suppressed the release of arachidonic acid and inhibited Raw 264.7 cell-derived cytosolic Ca2+-dependent PLA2 (cPLA2)-induced hydrolysis of [14C]AA-PC in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In contrast, lutein did not affect secretory Ca2+-dependent PLA2 (sPLA2)-induced hydrolysis of [14C]AA-PC. A Dixon plot showed that the inhibition by lutein on cPLA2 appeared to be competitive with an inhibition constant, Ki, of 13.6 µm.

Conclusions
We suggest that lutein acted as a competitive inhibitor of cPLA2 but did not affect sPLA2.
Reducing alcohol-related harm and social disorder in a university community: a framework for evaluation
Authors: Cousins Kimberly , Connor Jennie L , Kypri Kypros 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundIn New Zealand and other middle to high income countries, university student are at high risk of alcohol-related injury and other problems due to their typical pattern of episodic heavy drinking. In 2007, one university implemented Campus Watch, a novel and extensive programme to reduce social disorder, including alcohol-related injury, in the university area.ObjectivesTo quantify the effects of this complex intervention.SettingA large public university campus and surrounding community in New Zealand.DesignA health promotion evaluation model was used, examining: (1) how the programme was developed, introduced and received by the community? (process); (2) whether the programme affected behaviour? (impact); and (3) whether the programme reduced social disorder and alcohol-related harm in particular? (outcome). The outcome phase uses a non-equivalent control group design to measure changes occurring in the Campus Watch area compared with other universities, and with a same-city control site.ParticipantsProgramme staff, university students and other community members.DataInterviews with university administrators and Campus Watch staff; surveys of local residents' views; Campus Watch incident data; national surveys of university students in 2005, 2007 and 2009; police data; fire department data.Outcome MeasuresPrevalence of heavy episodic drinking; number of acute alcohol-related harms; incidence of antisocial behaviour, assault and street fires.AnalysisRegression analyses will be used to examine changes in the intervention site relative to changes in the control areas.
Terpenoid metabolite profiling in Sitka spruce identifies association of dehydroabietic acid, (+)-3-carene, and terpinolene with resistance against white pine weevil
Authors: Robert Jeanne A. , Madilao Lufiani L. , White Rick , Yanchuk Alvin , King John , Bohlmann Jörg 
Published: October 2010

The white pine weevil ( Pissodes strobi Peck) is an important insect pest in the Pacific Northwest that attacks the apical stem leaders of spruce ( Picea spp.) causing damage to tree form, growth, and stand development. Because of attacks by weevils, Sitka spruce ( P. sitchensis Bong.) is not commonly replanted as a commercial species in coastal British Columbia, despite its economic and ecological importance. In the last decade, the focus of research on Sitka spruce resistance against weevils has moved from silvicultural approaches to breeding for resistance. The British Columbia Ministry of Forests and Range, in collaboration with the Canadian Forest Service, has developed a successful program to screen populations and select tree genotypes for resistance to weevil attack. Part of this effort has been the establishment of clonebanks that contain genotypes from throughout the range of Sitka spruce. For metabolite profiling, using gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection or mass spectrometry, we analysed 111 different genotypes to determine the relationship of mono- and di-terpenoid oleoresin compounds with the resistance rating. Dehydroabietic acid, a diterpene, was identified as a strong indicator of resistance. Two monoterpenes, (+)-3-carene and terpinolene, were also associated with resistance in genotypes originating from one of the areas (Haney) in which resistance has been noted.
Conspecificity of DAOM 197198, the model arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, with Glomus irregulare: molecular evidence with three protein-encoding genes
Authors: Sokolski Serge , Dalpé Yolande , Séguin Sylvie , Khasa Damase , Lévesque C. André , Piché Yves 
Published: October 2010

Ribosomal nuclear genes are routinely utilized in the molecular identification of fungi. The variation in the multiple copies of these genes within each Glomeromycota strain and species reduces their usefulness for molecular characterization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. To explore the potential of molecular tools for the identification of Glomus species, a multi-gene analysis approach was undertaken. Three protein-encoding genes were tested, namely elogation factor 1-α (765 bp), V-H+-ATPase VHA5 (1468 bp), and F0F1-ATPase β-subunit (621 bp). The latter is newly reported for the Glomeromycetes. Eleven species, including the type-specimen of Glomus irregulare Blaszk., Wubet, Renker & Buscot, a reference strain of G. intraradices N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm. (DAOM 225240), and five strains of Glomus sp. formerly identified as G. intraradices, were analysed. These genes did not show polymorphisms within strains, and results indicated a close relationship between molecular identification and morphological characterization. Species with closely related spore morphological features, G. aggregatum N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm., G. diaphanum Morton & Walker, G. irregulare , and Glomus sp. DAOM 197198, showed more than 99% nucleotide similarity, while the morphologically distinct species, G. cerebriforme McGee, G. clarum T.H. Nicolson & N.C. Schenck, G. claroideum N.C. Schenck & G.S. Sm., G. custos C. Cano & Dalpé, G. mosseae (T.H. Nicolson & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, and G. proliferum Dalpé & Declerck, showed less than 97% similarity for at least one gene. A 100% molecular similarity for all three genes was found between G. irregulare and Glomus sp. DAOM 197198, confirming the new identity of the model arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Similarity thresholds for identification by DNA sequencing are discussed.
Effect of three salts on germination and seedling survival of dimorphic seeds of Chenopodium album
Authors: Yao Shixiang , Chen Shasha , Zhao Juan , Xu Dongsheng , Lan Haiyan , Zhang Fuchun 
Published: October 2010

Chenopodium album L., a salt-tolerant species that is widely distributed in the semi-arid areas of Xinjiang, China, produces numerous dimorphic seeds (black and brown). To investigate the effects of three salts (NaCl, KCl, and CaCl2, which constitute the main salt cations in the soil in semi-arid areas) on seed germination and seedling survival of C. album, seeds were germinated in different salinity treatments: 0, 100, 200, and 250 mmol·L–1 of NaCl or KCl; or, 300 and 400 mmol·L–1 NaCl or KCl, each amended with CaCl2 (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0 mmol·L–1). Results showed that the brown seeds were more salt tolerant, and a higher percentage germinated than black seeds in the different salinity treatments. The percentage of germinating of black seeds could be significantly improved, when under saline conditions, by the synergetic action of ethephon (C2H6ClO3P) and KNO3. The addition of low concentrations of CaCl2 improved seed germination for seeds exposed to 300 mmol·L–1 NaCl or KCl, and the alleviating effects were stronger for the brown than for the black seeds. Seedling survival could also be enhanced by the addtion of CaCl2. These results suggest that the dimorphic seeds of C. album exhibit different germination patterns under different salinity conditions, and that the diversity in salt tolerance of dimorphic seeds enables C. album to adapt to semi-arid areas successfully. The physiological mechanism by which CaCl2 enhances the germination of dimorphic seeds requires further study.
Population genetic structure and phylogeographic patterns in the Chinese endemic speciesSagittaria lichuanensis, inferred from cpDNAatpB–rbcL intergenic spacers
Authors: Liu Fan , Zhao Shu-Ying , Li Wei , Chen Jin-Ming , Wang Qing-Feng 
Published: October 2010

Both historical (e.g., glaciations) and spatial (geological features) factors are considered to have had significant influences on the distribution and genetic structure of many plants. To understand the effects of such factors on the current genetic and geographical distributions of plant species in the Nanling and central regions in China, we examined genetic variation and phylogeographical patterns of Sagittaria lichuanensis J.K. Chen (Alismataceae), an endangered and endemic species in China, using chloroplast DNA atpB–rbcL intergenic spacer sequence variation. In this study, a total of 9 haplotypes from 47 individuals in 6 populations of S. lichuanensis were detected. The NST(0.193) was significantly higher than GST(0.082) (P < 0.05), indicating a significant phylogeographical structure. In the minimum spanning network (MSN) of the haplotypes, the distribution of haplotypes showed an east–west split. The results of the Mantel test analysis showed that there was no correlation between the genetic distance and geographical distance (r = 0.539, P > 0.05). The formation of barriers to dispersal might have played an important role in shaping the population genetic structure of S. lichuanensis. Within each region (east and west regions), high levels of gene flow between populations and low levels of population differentiation were found. Several conditions, such as co-ancestry due to recent common ancestry or short period of isolation, might have occurred among the populations studied. In the MSN, all tip haplotypes except for two (A and G) occurred in two or more populations, and the haplotype D in the interior node was widespread. The haplotype D is likely to be an ancestral haplotype and represents the relic, widely distributed haplotype before the populations were fragmented and isolated by mountain uplift.
A taxonomic revision ofAllium(Alliaceae) in the Canadian prairie provinces
Authors: Choi Hyeok Jae , Cota-Sánchez J. Hugo 
Published: October 2010

The taxonomy, rarity, and conservation status of Allium L. is revised for the Canadian prairie provinces, based on analyses of herbarium specimens and fieldwork. Five species are recognized: Allium schoenoprasum L., A. geyeri S. Watson var. tenerum M.E. Jones, A. textile A. Nelson & J.F. Macbride, A. cernuum Roth, and A. stellatum Ker Gawler. Distribution maps and a key to species are provided, as well as complete descriptions of the species examined, including new illustrations, information on nomenclatural types, synonymies, and chromosomal and ecological data. A lectotype is designated for A. geyeri var. tenerum. In this study, A. geyeri var. geyeri reported from Alberta and Saskatchewan and ranked in these provinces as having rarity levels S2 and S1, respectively, by the Nature Conservancy, is excluded from the Canadian flora and the rare list of these provinces because it was misidentified from a herbarium specimen of A. textile. Allium tricoccum Solander in W. Aiton is regarded as a non-native species to Manitoba. The rarity and conservation status of Allium in the Canadian prairie provinces is as follows: (i) A. schoenoprasum, listed as S2 in Saskatchewan, is rare in Manitoba, although its rarity status has not been formally assessed in the province; (ii) A. geyeri var. tenerum is the rarest Allium taxon, with distribution restricted to the Waterton Lakes National Park areas of Alberta, and is currently listed as S2; and (iii) A. cernuum was re-evaluated and a rarity level of S1S2 was recommended for the species in Saskatchewan, particularly in its southwestern distributional habitat.
Mineral nutrient concentration influences sunflower infection by broomrape (Orobanche cumana)
Authors: Labrousse P. , Delmail D. , Arnaud M. C. , Thalouarn P. 
Published: October 2010

Orobanche cumana Wallr., a root parasitic angiosperm, causes severe yield losses in Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower) in Europe. Until now, the only effective method of controlling this parasite has been the use of resistant sunflower genotypes. Broomrape resistance is, however, poorly understood even though previous studies have revealed several defence mechanisms. The study of a susceptible (2603) and a resistant (LR1) sunflower genotype in hydroponic co-culture showed that the degree of infection by broomrape is influenced by the concentration of nutrients in the growth medium. For the susceptible genotype, an increase in broomrape necrosis was observed when the nutrient concentration was increased. In the resistant genotype LR1, the rate of infection was reduced by increasing the concentration of mineral nutrients, measured as a decrease in broomrape attachments and a lack of underground stem development. When sunflowers were cultivated in full-strength medium, these findings correlated with a lower 14C incorporation in broomrape and a change in carbon allocation to host plant organs with a reinforced “shoot apex sink strength”. Results demonstrated that in controlled conditions, the nutrient concentration directly affects sunflower resistance potential towards broomrape.