bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Roles of Precipitation Increases and Rural Land-Use Changes in Streamflow Trends in the Upper Mississippi River Basin
Authors: Kochendorfer J. P. , Hubbart J. A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Recent trends in precipitation and streamflow in the United States have become a particular focus of hydroclimatic research. The U.S. Hydro-Climatic Data Network (HCDN) has proven to be especially useful for the analysis of long-term streamflow trends. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) scientists selected sites for inclusion in the HCDN from the USGS stream-gauge network on the basis of streamflows being relatively free of nonclimatic anthropogenic influences. Consequently, most previous analyses of flow trends at those sites have either implicitly or explicitly attributed the trends to climate change and variability. In this paper, trends in seasonal and annual precipitation, and annual 7-day low, mean, and peak flows are examined for 48 medium-sized HCDN streams in the upper Mississippi (UM) water-resource region over 1939–2008. Using the concept of precipitation elasticity of flow, it is shown that the observed magnitudes of statistically significant increases in mean and low flows were up to a factor of 3 greater than expected from observed precipitation increases alone. Peak flows increased less than expected, and in the case of the Driftless Area at the center of the UM basin, decreased despite increased precipitation. It is proposed that the differences between expected and observed changes in streamflow can be explained by rural land-use changes in this principally agricultural region.
An Experimental Field Dataset with Buoyant, Neutral, and Dense Gas Atmospheric Releases and Model Comparisons in Low–Wind Speed (Diffusion) Conditions
Authors: Wannberg Veronica E. , Williams Gustavious , Sawyer Patrick , Venedam Richard 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A unique field dataset from a series of low–wind speed experiments, modeling efforts using three commonly used models to replicate these releases, and statistical analysis of how well these models were able to predict the plume concentrations is presented. The experiment was designed to generate a dataset to describe the behavior of gaseous plumes under low-wind conditions and the ability of current, commonly used models to predict these movements. The dataset documents the release and transport of three gases: ammonia (buoyant), ethylene (neutral), and propylene (dense) in low–wind speed (diffusion) conditions. Release rates ranged from 1 to 20 kg h−1. Ammonia and ethylene had five 5-min releases each to represent puff releases and five 20-min releases each to represent plume releases. Propylene had five 5-min puffs, six 20-min plumes, and a single 30-min plume. Thirty-two separate releases ranging from 6 to 47 min were conducted, of which only 30 releases generated useful data. The data collected included release rates, atmospheric concentrations to 100 m from the release point, and local meteorological conditions. The diagnostics included nine meteorological stations on 100-m centers and 36 photoionization detectors in a radial pattern. Three current state-of-the-practice models, Aerial Locations of Hazardous Atmospheres (ALOHA), Emergency Prediction Information code (EPIcode), and Second-Order Closure Integrated Puff (SCIPUFF), were used to try to duplicate the measured field results. Low wind speeds are difficult to model, and all of the models had difficulty replicating the field measurements. However, the work does show that these models, if used correctly, are conservative (overpredict concentrations) and can be used for safety and emergency planning.
Snow Studies. Part II: Average Relationship between Mass of Snowflakes and Their Terminal Fall Velocity
Authors: Szyrmer Wanda , Zawadzki Isztar 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This study uses a dataset of low-density snow aggregates measurements collected by a ground-based optical disdrometer that provides particle size and terminal fall speed for each size interval from which the velocity–size and area ratio–size relationships can be derived. From these relationships and relations between the Best and Reynolds numbers proposed in the literature, the mass power-law coefficients are obtained. Then, an approximate average relation between the coefficients in the experimentally determined velocity–size power law (with exponent fixed at 0.18) and the coefficients in the estimated mass power law (with exponent fixed at 2) is obtained. The validation of the retrieved relation is made by comparing, for each snowfall event, the time series of the reflectivity factor calculated from the derived mass–size relationship for a snowflake and from the size distribution measured by the optical disdrometer, with the reflectivity obtained from measurements. Using the measured snow size distribution and the retrieved mass–velocity relationship, a few useful relations between the bulk quantities of snow are derived. This study considers relations suitable for the microphysical modeling consistent with radar measurements of precipitating snow composed of unrimed or lightly rimed aggregate snowflakes.
Annual, Interannual, and Intraseasonal Variability of Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Cirrus
Authors: Virts Katrina S. , Wallace John M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Cloud fields based on the first three years of data from the Cloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission are used to investigate the relationship between cirrus within the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL) and the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), the annual cycle, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
The TTL cirrus signature observed in association with the MJO resembles convectively induced, mixed Kelvin–Rossby wave solutions above the Pacific warm pool region. This signature is centered to the east of the peak convection and propagates eastward more rapidly than the convection; it exhibits a pronounced eastward tilt with height, suggestive of downward phase propagation and upward energy dispersion. A cirrus maximum is observed over equatorial Africa and South America when the enhanced MJO-related convection enters the western Pacific. Tropical-mean TTL cirrus is modulated by the MJO, with more than twice as much TTL cirrus fractional coverage equatorward of 10° latitude when the enhanced convection enters the Pacific than a few weeks earlier, when the convection is over the Indian Ocean.
The annual cycle in cirrus clouds around the base of the TTL is equatorially asymmetric, with more cirrus observed in the summer hemisphere. Higher in the TTL, the annual cycle in cirrus clouds is more equatorially symmetric, with a maximum in the boreal winter throughout most of the tropics. The ENSO signature in TTL cirrus is marked by a zonal shift of the peak cloudiness toward the central Pacific during El Niño and toward the Maritime Continent during La Niña.
Spatial Structure, Forecast Errors, and Predictability of the South Asian Monsoon in CFS Monthly Retrospective Forecasts
Authors: Lee Drbohlav Hae-Kyung , Krishnamurthy V. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe spatial structure of the boreal summer South Asian monsoon in the ensemble mean of monthly retrospective forecasts by the Climate Forecast System of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction is examined. The forecast errors and predictability of the model are assessed. Systematic errors in the forecasts consist of deficient rainfall over India, excess rainfall over the Arabian Sea, and a dipole structure over the equatorial Indian Ocean. On interannual time scale during 1981–2003, two different characteristics of the monsoon are recognized—both in observation and forecasts. One feature seems to indicate that the monsoon is regionally controlled, while the other shows a strong relation with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The spatial structure of the regional monsoon can be characterized by the dominant rainfall between the latitudes of 15°N and 5°S in the western Indian Ocean. The maximum precipitation anomalies in the northern Arabian Sea are associated with the cyclonic circulation, while the precipitation anomalies in the equatorial western Indian Ocean accompany the easterlies over the equatorial Indian Ocean. In the ENSO-related monsoon, strong positive precipitation anomalies prevail from the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean to the western Pacific, inducing westerlies over the equatorial Indian Ocean. The spatial structure of the forecast error shows that the model is inclined to predict the ENSO-related feature more accurately than the regional feature.The predictability is found to be lower over certain areas in the northern and equatorial eastern Indian Ocean. The predictability errors in the northern Indian Ocean diminish for longer forecast leads, presumably because the impact of different initial conditions dissipates with time. On the other hand, predictability errors over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean grow as the forecast lead increases.
A Pseudoproxy Evaluation of the CCA and RegEM Methods for Reconstructing Climate Fields of the Last Millennium*
Authors: Smerdon Jason E. , Kaplan Alexey , Chang Diana , Evans Michael N. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is evaluated for paleoclimate field reconstructions in the context of pseudoproxy experiments assembled from the millennial integration (850–1999 c.e.) of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model, version 1.4. A parsimonious method for selecting the order of the CCA model is presented. Results suggest that the method is capable of resolving multiple (3–13) climatic patterns given the estimated proxy observational network and the amount of observational uncertainty. CCA reconstructions are compared to those derived from the regularized expectation maximization method using ridge regression regularization (RegEM-Ridge). CCA and RegEM-Ridge yield similar skill patterns that are characterized by high correlation regions collocated with dense pseudoproxy sampling areas in North America and Europe. Both methods also produce reconstructions characterized by spatially variable warm biases and variance losses, particularly at high pseudoproxy noise levels. RegEM-Ridge in particular is subject to significantly larger variance losses than CCA, even though the spatial correlation patterns of the two methods are comparable. Results collectively indicate the importance of evaluating the field performance of methods that target spatial climate patterns during the last several millennia and indicate that the results of currently available climate field reconstructions should be interpreted carefully.
A Modeling Study of Circulation and Eddies in the Persian Gulf
Authors: Thoppil Prasad G. , Hogan Patrick J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The circulation and mesoscale eddies in the Persian Gulf are investigated using results from a high-resolution (∼1 km) Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM). The circulation in the Persian Gulf is composed of two spatial scales: basin scale and mesoscale. The progression of a cyclonic circulation cell dominates the basin-scale circulation in the eastern half of the gulf (52°–55°E) during March–July. This is primarily the consequence of density-driven outflow–inflow through the Strait of Hormuz and strong stratification. A northwestward-flowing Iranian Coastal Current (ICC; 30–40 cm s−1) between the Strait of Hormuz and north of Qatar (∼52°E) forms the northern flank of the cell. Between July and August the ICC becomes unstable because of the baroclinic instability mechanism by releasing the potential energy stored in the cross-shelf density gradient. As a result, the meanders in the ICC evolve into a series of mesoscale eddies, which is denoted as the Iranian coastal eddies (ICE). The ICE have a diameter of about 115–130 km and extend vertically over most of the water column. Three cyclonic eddies produced by the model during August–September 2005 compared quite well with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) SST and chlorophyll-a observations. The remnants of ICE are seen until November, after which they dissipate as the winter cooling causes the thermocline to collapse.
Evaluation of a Roughness Length Model and Sea Surface Properties with Data from the Baltic Sea
Authors: Carlsson Björn , Papadimitrakis Yiannis , Rutgersson Anna 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe exchange of momentum between the oceans and atmosphere is important for many atmospheric and oceanic processes and is mainly governed by the roughness of sea surface. The roughness can be expressed by a roughness length z0. A roughness length model, based on the concept that z0 is determined by stochastic wave breaking, is presented. The model performance is evaluated using measurements from the Östergarnsholm site, in the Baltic Sea, and pertinent information from other recent investigations. The wave field and the roughness length variations are investigated during various sea state conditions dominated by wind-driven waves. It is found that several parameters, describing the characteristics of the wave field, are dependent on the amount of energy that long waves have relative to the energy of short, wind-driven waves of the sea spectrum (called the swell ratio). The impact of swell ratio on z0 can explain the discrepancies found in various results among relevant investigations. The roughness length model can well reproduce the observed roughness length.
Summertime Precipitation Regimes Associated with the Sea Breeze and Land Breeze in Southern Mississippi and Eastern Louisiana
Authors: Hill Christopher M. , Fitzpatrick Patrick J. , Corbin James H. , Lau Yee H. , Bhate Sachin K. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis study assesses the monthly climatology of the timing and placement of convective precipitation events induced by sea and land breezes in the Louisiana–Mississippi–Alabama region, and determines possible reasons for the monthly differences. These objectives were achieved through surface wind climatologies and radar composites from 2003 to 2005, supplemented by statistically significant tests. It is shown that June had an easterly–southeasterly wind regime, whereas July and August featured more southerly flow. These wind regimes may have influenced monthly diurnal wind patterns along the coast. While all months showed a typical pattern of sea-breeze evolution, the land breeze demonstrated monthly variations off the Mississippi and Louisiana coasts. July and August feature a westerly land breeze from Louisiana, while the Mississippi land breeze was stronger in August than in July. A daily wind speed minimum offshore from Mississippi indicates a local transition of influence from the land breeze to the sea breeze, and precedes the peak of the sea breeze at the coastline by about 2 h. During the nighttime hours, radar composites show that precipitation is most prevalent offshore of the Louisiana and Mississippi coastline. By 1100 central daylight time (CDT), precipitation is observed over coastal regions. Local afternoon precipitation is widespread throughout the inland areas, while precipitation is minimal offshore. Statistical significance tests show that areal precipitation coverage (APC) increases in mid- to late summer on the Mississippi coast are due to higher precipitable water and, to a lesser extent, additional CAPE. Greater offshore APC in July and August results from the influence of the local land-breeze setup. Convergence of a land breeze from eastern Louisiana and a stronger land breeze from Mississippi provides the additional lift needed to generate convection over a greater area.
Do metronomes improve the quality of life in people with Parkinson’s disease? A pragmatic, single-blind, randomized cross-over trial
Authors: Elston Julian , Honan Will , Powell Roy , Gormley Joe , Stein Ken 
Published: May 2010

Objective: To evaluate the effect of acoustic cueing using metronomes on the quality of life of people with moderate to severe Parkinson’s disease. Study design: Pragmatic, single-blind, randomized cross-over trial. Participants: Forty-two people aged 50—85 years, in Hoehn and Yahr stage II—IV and on stable medication. Eight were lost to follow-up. Intervention: Participants were randomized using concealed allocation to either an early group (n = 21) to receive an electronic metronome without therapy but limited support (5—10 minutes instruction and on-demand telephone assistance) for four weeks, or a late group (n = 21) to receive the same intervention at 10 weeks. In both groups the beat frequency was initially set to be comfortable for walking. Outcomes measures: Primary and secondary outcomes were measured at baseline, 4, 10 and 14 weeks using the Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire 39 (PDQ-39), the Short Form 36 version 2 (SF-36 version 2) and a falls diary. Results: There were positive effects in six domains of the SF-36 version 2 and eight domains of the PDQ-39, although only one mean difference was clinically important: the role limitation (emotional) domain of SF-36 version 2 (a mean difference of 3.77, 95% confidence interval (CI), —2.68 to 10.22), a secondary outcome. None of these changes were statistically significant. There were no statistically significant differences in falls rates over the study period. Ten participants (24%) wanted to continue with their metronomes at the end of the study. Conclusion: To demonstrate metronomes are beneficial on the role limitation domain of the SF-36 version 2 in people with moderate to severe Parkinson’s disease a sample size of 600 would be required.
Cross-cultural validation and psychometric evaluation of the Dutch language version of the Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) in children with and without physical disabilities
Authors: Bult MK , Verschuren O. , Gorter JW , Jongmans MJ , Piškur B. , Ketelaar M. 
Published: May 2010

Objective: To assess construct validity, test—retest reliability and inter-interviewer reliability of the intensity dimension of the Children’s Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment (CAPE) for children with and without physical disabilities in the Netherlands. Subjects: In total, 232 children aged 6—18 years (110 male, 122 female) participated. Seventy-four children with various physical disabilities and 158 without a disability. Design: Participants completed the CAPE and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. In addition, parents of 142 children were interviewed using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and the Family Environment Scale. For 71 children test— retest reliability and for 60 children inter-interviewer reliability were assessed. Validity was examined by assessing differences in participation intensity in children with disabilities versus without a physical disability, boys versus girls, and younger versus older children. In addition, 13 hypotheses regarding participation, child and family variables were examined. Results: Validity of the CAPE was supported by significant differences in participation for subgroups. Participation differed significantly in children with and without disabilities. Girls participated more in all activities. Older children participated more in social activities and self-improvement activities, younger children participated more in recreational activities. Validity of the CAPE was further supported with significant correlation coefficients in 8 out of 13 hypotheses. Both test—retest and inter-interviewer reliability were good to excellent. Conclusions: The findings indicate that the Dutch language version of the CAPE is a reliable and valid instrument to measure participation in recreation and leisure activities for children with and without physical disabilities aged 6—18 years.
Tibiofemoral Joint Kinematics of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Reconstructed Knee During a Single-Legged Hop Landing
Authors: Deneweth Jessica M. , Bey Michael J. , McLean Scott G. , Lock Terrence R. , Kolowich Patricia A. , Tashman Scott 
Published: May 2010

Background: Abnormal 3-dimensional tibiofemoral joint kinematics have been identified in anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees during functional gait tasks, which is suggested to directly affect risk of knee osteoarthritis. However, the extent to which similar high-risk abnormalities are present during more demanding maneuvers, such as single-legged hopping, is largely unknown. Hypothesis: When performing a single-legged forward hop landing, the reconstructed knee will demonstrate altered sagittal, frontal, and transverse plane kinematics compared with the contralateral limb. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: High-speed biplane radiography was used to quantify bilateral 3-dimensional tibiofemoral joint kinematics in 9 subjects with unilaterally reconstructed anterior cruciate ligaments (mean time after surgery, 4 months) during 3 single-legged, forward hop landing trials. Mean subject-based initial foot contact and maximum stance (0-250 ms) values were calculated for each kinematic variable. Two-tailed paired t tests were subsequently applied to examine for the main effect of limb (reconstructed vs contralateral). Results: The reconstructed knees exhibited significantly greater extension ( P = .04), external tibial rotation ( P = .006), and medial tibial translation ( P = .02) than the contralateral knees at initial contact. Reconstructed knees underwent significantly greater maximum flexion ( P = .05), maximum external tibial rotation ( P = .01), and maximum anterior tibial translation ( P = .02). No significant differences existed between limbs for initial contact ( P = .65) or maximum adduction-abduction ( P = .55). Conclusion: Tibiofemoral joint kinematics of the anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knee are significantly different from those of the uninjured contralateral limb during a single-legged hop landing. This altered kinematic profile, in conjunction with the large impact loads associated with hopping, may further contribute to the risk of posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Relevance: Returning to sports involving dynamic single-legged landings at 4 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery may contribute to accelerated knee joint degeneration.
Pediatric mastocytosis–associated KIT extracellular domain mutations exhibit different functional and signaling properties compared with KIT-phosphotransferase domain mutations
Authors: Yang Ying , Létard Sébastien , Borge Laurence , Chaix Amandine , Hanssens Katia , Lopez Sophie , Vita Marina , Finetti Pascal , Birnbaum Daniel , Bertucci François , Gomez Sophie , de Sepulveda Paulo , Dubreuil Patrice 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Compared with adults, pediatric mastocytosis has a relatively favorable prognosis. Interestingly, a difference was also observed in the status of c-kit mutations according to the age of onset. Although most adult patients have a D816V mutation in phosphotransferase domain (PTD), we have described that half of the children carry mutations in extracellular domain (ECD). KIT-ECD versus KIT-PTD mutants were introduced into rodent Ba/F3, EML, Rat2, and human TF1 cells to investigate their biologic effect. Both ECD and PTD mutations induced constitutive receptor autophosphorylation and ligand-independent proliferation of the 3 hematopoietic cells. Unlike ECD mutants, PTD mutants enhanced cluster formation and up-regulated several mast cell-related antigens in Ba/F3 cells. PTD mutants failed to support colony formation and erythropoietin-mediated erythroid differentiation. ECD and PTD mutants also displayed distinct whole-genome transcriptional profiles in EML cells. We observed differences in their signaling properties: they both activated STAT, whereas AKT was only activated by ECD mutants. Consistently, AKT inhibitor suppressed ECD mutant-dependent proliferation, clonogenicity, and erythroid differentiation. Expression of myristoylated AKT restored erythroid differentiation in EML-PTD cells, suggesting the differential role of AKT in those mutants. Overall, our study implied different pathogenesis of pediatric versus adult mastocytosis, which might explain their diverse phenotypes.