bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minaret behavior under earthquake loading: The case of historical Istanbul
Authors: Oliveira C. S. , Çaktı E. , Stengel D. , Branco M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractMinarets are very slender structures with an old existence. The historical ones are made of cut‐stone‐block masonry assembled in peripheral cylindrical wall with an interior helicoidal stair supported on a central core and on the wall. They are spread throughout the Islamic world and constitute an important heritage not only of religious value, but also of great cultural interest. Throughout the times, these structures as part of a mosque, have suffered significant damage during the earthquakes. Istanbul presents interesting characteristics to evaluate their dynamic behavior, as they are in great number, in an area where a large event in the next 30 years has been predicted.In this paper, we performed a series of in situ ambient vibration tests to old minarets of various sizes and compared results of frequencies with numerical modeling of the same structures. For the low‐amplitude motion, the frequency values of the first modes can be obtained from an empirical formulae function of the inertia of the cross‐section and of the height of the main ‘body.’ Damping ratios for these amplitudes are of the order of 0.5–1.0%.Dynamic linear analyses of these structures indicate that for most cases very high stresses develop for PGA above 0.5 g, an input with a reasonable chance of occurring in the next 30 years. These high stresses are expected to cause the toppling of the minarets in the form that has been observed in the recent past events. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graphitised Carbon Nanofibres as Catalyst Support for PEMFC
Authors: Yli‐Rantala E. , Pasanen A. , Kauranen P. , Ruiz V. , Borghei M. , Kauppinen E. , Oyarce A. , Lindbergh G. , Lagergren C. , Darab M. , Sunde S. , Thomassen M. , Ma‐Andersen S. , Skou. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractGraphitised carbon nanofibres (G‐CNFs) show superior thermal stability and corrosion resistance in PEM fuel cell environment over traditional carbon black (CB) and carbon nanotube catalyst supports. However, G‐CNFs have an inert surface with only very limited amount of surface defects for the anchorage of Pt catalyst nanoparticles. Modification of the fibre surface is therefore needed. In this study Pt nanoparticles have been deposited onto as‐received and surface‐modified G‐CNFs. The surface modifications of the fibres comprise acid treatment and nitrogen doping by pyrolysis of a polyaniline (PANI) precursor. The modified surfaces were studied by FTIR and XPS and the electrochemical characterization, including long‐term Pt stability tests, was performed using a low‐temperature PEMFC single cell. The performance and stability of the G‐CNF supported catalysts were compared with a CB supported catalyst and the effects of the different surface treatments were discussed. On the basis of these results, new membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were manufactured and tested also for carbon corrosion by in situ FTIR analysis of the cathode exhaust gases. It was observed that the G‐CNFs showed 5 times lower carbon corrosion compared to CB based catalyst when potential reached 1.5 V versus RHE in simulated start/stop cycling.
A noninvasive method to determine fat content in small fish based on swim bladder size estimation
Authors: Kotrschal Alexander , Fischer Barbara , Taborsky Barbara 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe presence of fat stores in fish is widely used as a correlate of fish health and fitness. Techniques to measure fat content with some accuracy are available for medium‐sized and large fish, but apart from morphometric indices, a noninvasive method to determine fat content in small fish has hitherto been lacking. In this study, we introduce a novel method to measure the fat content in live fish that can be applied also to small fish of less than 0.5 g of body mass. This approach relies on a precise measurement of the swim bladder volume, from which fat content can subsequently be deduced. As fat is positively buoyant, fish with larger fat stores require a smaller swim bladder to attain neutral buoyancy. To determine swim bladder volume, we developed a measuring device, which makes use of the differential compressibility of air and water. A fish is placed in a pressure‐tight chamber to which a standardized amount of water is added. The resulting change in pressure Δp is inversely proportional to the volume of the swim bladder. Using juveniles and adults of Simochromis pleurospilus (Nelissen, '78; Pisces: Tropheini) a small cichlid fish, we show that Δp is tightly related to structural size, mass, and body condition. Most importantly, this approach allows to predict the visceral fat content of small fish more precisely than the six most commonly used morphometric body indices. J. Exp. Zool. 315:408–415, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of cxcl‐14 during eruptive movement of rat molar germs
Authors: Yoo H. I. , Kang J. H. , Yang S. Y. , Yong J. H. , Moon J. S. , Kim M. S. , Jung J. Y. , Koh J. T. , Kim W. J. , Oh W. M. , Lee E. J. , Kim S. H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTooth eruption at the early postnatal period is strictly controlled by the molecules secreted mainly from follicular tissues, which recruit monocytes for osteoclast formation. In this study, it was hypothesized that different molecules can be expressed according to the stages of tooth eruption. Rat molar germs together with follicles were extracted and DD‐PCR was performed from the root formation stage 2nd molars germs (after eruptive movement) and cap stage 3rd molar germs (before movement) at postnatal day 9.Cxcl‐14, a potent chemoattractant, was detected as one of the differentially expressed molecules from DD‐PCR. Its expression increased significantly at the root formation stage, compared with the cap or crown formation stage at both transcription and translation levels. The expression patterns of cxcl‐14 were consistent with those of MCP‐1 and CSF‐1, and opposite to OPG. Immunofluorescence showed that cxcl‐14 was localized in the dental follicular tissues only at the root formation stage overlaying the proximo‐occlusal region of the molar germs. Many osteoclasts appeared on the surface of the alveolar bone which overlayed the occlusal region of the root formation stage 2nd molar germs and underwent resorption. Cxcl‐14 expression was reduced considerably at both the translation and transcription levels by an alendronate treatment.These results suggest that cxcl‐14 may be implicated in the formation of the eruptive pathway of tooth germs via osteoclastogenesis. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:418–426, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“The most important technique …”: Carl Rogers, Hawthorne, and the rise and fall of nondirective interviewing in sociology
Authors: Lee Raymond M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the 1940s, interviewing practice in sociology became decisively influenced by techniques that had originally been developed by researchers in other disciplines working within a number of therapeutic or quasi‐therapeutic contexts, in particular the “nondirective interviewing” methods developed by Carl Rogers and the interviewing procedures developed during the Hawthorne studies. This article discusses the development of nondirective interviewing and looks at how in the 1930s and '40s the approach came to be used in sociology. It examines the factors leading to both the popularity of the method and its subsequent fall from favor. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Life experience and the value‐free foundations of Blumer's collective behavior theory
Authors: Keys David , Maratea R. J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractHerbert Blumer stated throughout his long career that his ideas regarding collective behavior originated with his introduction to pragmatist philosophy under the auspices of G. H. Mead at the University of Chicago. Blumer's biography, however, presents a different picture. Firsthand experiences with mob behavior, collective outrage, and the fallout associated with Blumer's public utterances early in his career may have had significant impact on the eventual corpus of collective behavior. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of tone sensation and musical stimuli in early experimental psychology
Authors: Klempe Sven Hroar 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this article, the role of music in early experimental psychology is examined. Initially, the research of Wilhelm Wundt is considered, as tone sensation and musical elements appear as dominant factors in much of his work. It is hypothesized that this approach was motivated by an understanding of psychology that dates back to Christian Wolff's focus on sensation in his empirical psychology of 1732. Wolff, however, had built his systematization of psychology on Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, who combined perception with mathematics, and referred to music as the area in which sensation is united with numerical exactitude. Immanuel Kant refused to accept empirical psychology as a science, whereas Johann Friedrich Herbart reintroduced the scientific basis of empirical psychology by, among other things, referring to music. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Some new information on the formation of substituted 4‐amino‐1‐substituted phenyl‐1H‐pyrazoles from β‐enaminones and diazonium tetrafluoroborates
Authors: Šimůnek Petr , Macháček Vladimír , Svobodová Markéta , Růžička Aleš 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUpon reaction of 2‐methyl‐, 3‐ethoxycarbonyl, and 4‐ethoxycarbonylbenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate with 1‐cyclopropyl‐3‐phenylaminohex‐2‐en‐1‐one 3‐cyclopropylcarbonyl‐1‐(substituted phenyl)‐5‐ethyl‐4‐phenylamino‐1H‐pyrazoles are formed. On the other hand, the reaction of 1‐cyclopropyl‐3‐phenylaminohex‐2‐en‐1‐one and 5‐methylaminohept‐4‐en‐3‐one with sterically more demanding 2‐ethoxycarbonylbenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate does not give the corresponding pyrazoles but the probable intermediates on the route to the pyrazoles: 1‐cyclopropyl‐3‐phenyliminohexane‐1,2,4‐trione 2,4‐bis(2‐ethoxycarbonylphenylhydrazone) and 3‐methyliminoheptane‐2,4,5‐trione 2,4‐bis(2‐ethoxycarbonylphenylhydrazone), respectively. All the compounds were identified on the basis of 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectra. The structure of 1‐cyclopropyl‐3‐phenyliminohexane‐1,2,4‐trione 2,4‐bis(2‐ethoxycarbonylphenylhydrazone) was confirmed by means of 15N‐NMR spectra and X‐ray. The bis(2‐ethoxycarbonylphenylhydrazones) were found to show atropoisomerism due to a hindered rotation around the bond between the carbons of imino group and the hydrazono group next to carbonyl. In the case of the crystalline cyclopropyl derivative, the unit cell was found out to contain two molecules of opposite chirality. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
How potentially predictable is northern European winter climate a season ahead?
Authors: Folland C. K. , Scaife A. A. , Lindesay J. , Stephenson D. B. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe estimate the potential predictability of European winter temperature using factors based on physical studies of their influences on European winter climate. These influences include sea surface temperature patterns in different oceans, major tropical volcanoes, the quasi‐biennial oscillation in the tropical stratosphere, and anthropogenic climate change.We first assess the predictive skill for winter mean temperature in northern Europe by evaluating statistical hindcasts made using multiple regression models of temperature for Europe for winter and the January–February season. We follow this up by extending the methodology to all of Europe on a 5° × 5° grid and include rainfall for completeness. These results can form the basis of practical prediction methods. However, our main aim is to develop ideas to act as a benchmark for improving the performance of dynamical climate models. Because we consider only potential predictability, many of the predictors have estimated values coincident with the winter season being forecast. However, in each case, these values are predictable on average with considerable skill in advance of the winter season. A key conclusion is that to reproduce the results of this paper, dynamical forecasting models will require a fully resolved stratosphere. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society and British Crown copyright, the Met Office
Raman investigations of Zn1−xCoxO nanocrystals: role of starting precursors on vibrational properties
Authors: Bhargava Richa , Sharma Prashant K. , Kumar Sanjeev , Pandey Avinash C. , Kumar Naresh 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe Raman spectra of sol–gel derived Co‐doped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) in the spectral range 100–1500 cm−1 were investigated. In the sol–gel method, three different series of Co‐doped ZnO particles, i.e. Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20), were obtained using three different starting precursors, viz. cobalt chloride hexahydrate, cobalt acetate tetrahydrate, and cobalt nitrate hexahydrate, respectively. It has been observed that cobalt acetate is a better precursor in comparison to cobalt chloride and cobalt nitrate to obtain single‐phase Co‐doped ZnO NPs. As for cobalt acetate‐derived NPs, no hidden secondary phase of Co3O4 was observed for the lower (x = 0.05) Co concentration. The Fröhlich interaction associated with the longitudinal modes was found to be destroyed with increasing Co concentration due to structural disorder and defects induced by the dopant. In addition to ZnO and Co3O4 vibrational modes, a few additional modes near 550 and 715 cm−1 were also observed in all cases, which could be attributed to the modes due to Co doping in ZnO. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and DFT calculations studies of 3,3′‐diethylthiatri‐ carbocyanine iodide
Authors: Cai Hongxing , Zhu Jing , Chen Gao , Liu Liwei , He Guang S. , Zhang Xihe 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAs an infrared Raman probe, the molecule 3,3′‐diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DTTC) has received much attention in the past decades due to its potential applications in Raman imaging, single‐cell detection, cancer diagnosis, and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In this work, ordinary Raman, SERS, and theoretical Raman spectra were investigated to estimate the DTTC suspension. More specifically, the original gold nanospheres (60 nm diameter) and gold nanorods were encoded with DTTC and stabilized with a layer of thiol–polyethylene glycol as Raman reporter; SERS data were also obtained from the samples. Hartree–Fock theory and density functional theory (DFT) calculation were applied to calculate the optimized Raman spectra of DTTC in water on the B3LYP/6‐31G level. Subsequently, the obtained experimental spectra from DTTC were carefully compared with the theoretically calculated spectra, and good agreement was obtained between the theoretical and experimental results.The bands between 500 and 3100 cm−1 in the ordinary Raman and SERS spectra were assigned as well. This work will facilitate the development of ultrasensitive SERS probes for advanced biomedical imaging applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biological reconstruction using massive bone allograft with intramedullary vascularized fibular flap after intercalary resection of humeral malignancy
Authors: Li Jing , Wang Zhen , Pei Guo‐Xian , Guo Zheng 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackgroundReconstruction after excision of the humeral malignancy is a challenging issue for the reconstructive surgeon. The combined use of a fibular flap and allograft can provide a reliable reconstructive option. This article describes the authors' experience with this technique for the treatment of segmental bone defects after resection of humeral malignancy.MethodsFrom 2005 to 2008, seven patients that had intercalary resection of humeral malignancy underwent reconstruction with an allograft and vascularized fibula construct. Patients were examined clinically and radiographically.ResultThe average age at time of operation was 16.7 years. The mean follow‐up time was 27.7 months. The average length of the resected humeral segment was 10.6 cm and that of the fibula flap was 13.1 cm. The average time of union of fibula was 20.7 weeks and for union of allograft was 26.3 weeks. Incorporation of the fibula into the allograft was seen in three patients. There were no allograft fractures and no infections. Three patients had surgery‐related complications including a temporary radial nerve paralysis in 1, wound dehiscence in 1, and clawed toes in 1. The MSTS average score was 95.2% at final follow‐up.ConclusionsIntramedullary fibular flaps in combination with massive allografts provide an excellent option for reconstruction of large bony defects after humeral malignancy extirpation. The viability of the fibula is a cornerstone in success of reconstruction that prevents allograft nonunion and result in decreased time to bone healing, leading to earlier patient recovery and return of function. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 104:244–249. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ionic liquid‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for sensitive determination of aromatic amines in environmental water
Authors: Han Dandan , Yan Hongyuan , Row Kyung H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIonic liquid‐based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction was developed for the extraction and preconcentration of aromatic amine from environmental water. A suitable mixture of extraction solvent (100 μL, 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophoshate) and dispersive solvent (750 μL, methanol) were injected into the aqueous samples (10.00 mL), forming a cloudy solution. After centrifuging, enriched analytes in the sediment phase were determined by HPLC‐UV. The effect of various factors, such as the extraction and dispersive solvent, sample pH, extraction time and salt effect were investigated. Under optimum conditions, enrichment factors for 2‐anilinoethanol, o‐chloroaniline and 4‐bromo‐N,N‐dimethylaniline were above 50 and the limits of detection (LODs) were 0.023, 0.015 and 0.026 ng/mL, respectively. Their linear ranges were 0.8–400 ng/mL for 2‐anilinoethanol, 0.5–200 ng/mL for o‐chloroaniline and 0.4–200 ng/mL for 4‐bromo‐N,N‐dimethylaniline, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSDs) were below 5.0%. The relative recoveries from samples of environmental water were in the range of 82.0–94.0%. Compared with other methods, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction is simple, rapid, sensitive and economical.
Preparation of “click” binaphthyl stationary phase and its application for separation of anthraquinones from Rheum palmatum L.
Authors: Yu Danhua , Yu Hui , Wang Xinliang , Jin Yu , Ke Yanxiong , Liang Xinmiao 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn organosilane containing binaphthyl functional group was synthesized by clicking 2,2′‐bis(prop‐2‐ynyloxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl with 3‐azidopropyltriethoxysilane (AzPTES). The “click” binaphthyl stationary phase was then synthesized by covalently bonding the organosilane onto silica beads. In this synthetic method, the residue of copper iodide (CuI) catalyst can be controlled at a very low level. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were well retained on the “click” binaphthyl column, and showed different retention factors (k) and separation ratio (α) values from those on octadecylsilyl (ODS) column due to the π–π interaction between the analytes and the stationary phase. The anthraquinone compounds in Rheum palmatum L. were selectively separated and enriched into a fraction by the “click” binaphthyl column. By using this way, the complexity of the sample was largely reduced. Twelve of anthraquinones were recognized by UPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS. This stationary phase will be very useful for separating and enriching similar compounds with planar aromatic structures from complex traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) samples.
Sophisticated but confused: The impact of brand extension and motivation on source confusion
Authors: DeRosia Eric D. , Lee Thomas R. , Christensen Glenn L. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLegal and consumer psychology scholars have focused recent attention on source confusion, which is the likelihood that consumers will be confused regarding the company that is a product's source or sponsor. The authors evaluate two potential antecedents of source confusion: (1) consumer motivation and (2) a brand extension that has been undertaken by a competitor. There have been disagreements in the courts, the scholarly legal literature, and the consumer psychology literature concerning the nature and extent of the impact of these two variables on the likelihood of consumer confusion. Based on schema theory, the authors hypothesize that consumer motivation and brand extension will influence the likelihood of source confusion. An interaction between the two variables is proposed, with consumer motivation having an effect that is opposite to the effect typically identified in the literature and case law. The results of a controlled laboratory experiment support the theoretical predictions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Revisiting the relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Fekete R. , Jankovic J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:The relationship between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease has been a subject of reviews and debates for long time, but there is now growing evidence that the two common movement disorders are pathogenically related, at least in some patient populations.Methods:PubMed as well as authors' own files were searched for relevant keywords regarding overlap between the disorders in clinical features as well as on epidemiologic, genetic, imaging, and pathological studies.Results:New findings in each of these categories are critically reviewed and placed in the context of previously published data.DISCUSSION:Although we believe that there is compelling evidence for the notion that some patients with “pure” ET evolve into PD, the biologic nature of the association is not well understood. Furthermore, it is not clear what factors predict which ET patients later develop PD and whether patients with PD are more likely to develop ET. Further epidemiologic, clinical, genetic, imaging, and pathological studies are needed to better understand this mixed, ET‐PD phenotype. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
How does neuromodulation work
Authors: Amend Bastian , Matzel Klaus E. , Abrams Paul , de Groat William C. , Sievert Karl‐Dietrich 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAlthough sacral neuromodulation (SNM) is approved and successfully used for different urological and proctologic functional diseases for the long‐term treatment, less is known about the working mechanisms underlying SNM. This review highlights SNM clinical application, the current data of LUT neuroanatomy and neurophysiology, SNM techniques and its prospective working mechanisms. Functional imaging techniques have facilitated a more detailed insight into the neural network between the central nervous system (CNS) and the lower urinary tract (LUT). In addition to the well‐known factors of the spinal micturition pathway, several pontine (e.g. pontine micturition centre) and suprapontine (e.g. cingulate cortex) regions and their interactions have been identified. An attribution of CNS activity levels to different LUT conditions is possible for the first time. Based on this information, different SNM actions could also have been allocated to different ascending/descending pathways and supraspinal regions, whereas acute SNM especially affects regions of learning activity, chronic SNM might result in CNS plasticity even though clinical effectiveness fades after SNM deactivation. Studies to treat fecal incontinence or to prevent detrusor overactivity in complete spinal cord injured patients support the importance of sympathetic pathways for the action of SNM. Despite increasing knowledge about SNM influence on the CNS, the complexity of its underlying working mechanisms is not understood at all. Further investigations with improved functional imaging techniques will enhance our SNM background. Neurourol. Urodynam. Neurourol. Urodynam. 30:762–765, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.