bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Substrate‐induced conformational changes in Plasmodium falciparum guanosine monophosphate synthetase
Authors: Bhat Javaid Y. , Venkatachala Roopa , Balaram Hemalatha 
Published: August 2011

GMP synthetase is a glutamine amidotransferase that incorporates ammonia derived from glutamine into the nucleotide xanthosine 5′‐monophosphate (XMP) to form guanosine 5′‐monophosphate (GMP). Functional coordination of domains in glutamine amidotransferases leads to upregulation of glutamine hydrolysis in the presence of acceptor substrates and is a common feature in this class of enzymes. We have shown earlier that binding of substrates to the acceptor domain of Plasmodium falciparum GMP synthetase (PfGMPS) leads to enhancement in both glutaminase activity and rate of glutaminase inactivation, by the irreversible inhibitors acivicin and diazo‐oxonorleucine [Bhat JY et al. (2008) Biochem J409, 263–273], a process that must be driven by conformational alterations. In this paper, through the combined use of biochemical assays, optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that PfGMPS undergoes conformational transitions upon binding of substrates to the acceptor domain. Limited proteolysis and hydrogen–deuterium exchange in conjunction with mass spectrometry unveil region‐specific conformational changes in the ATP + XMP bound state of PfGMPS. Decreased accessibility of R294 and K428 residues to trypsin in the ATP pyrophosphatase domain and reduced deuterium incorporation in the 143–155 region, pertaining to the glutaminase domain, suggest that in PfGMPS ligand‐induced conformational changes are not only local but also transmitted over a long range across the domains. Overall, these results provide a detailed understanding of the substrate‐induced changes in PfGMPS that could be essential for the overall catalytic process.
Introduction to Paediatric Advanced Life Support. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Authors:   Australian Resuscitation Council, New Zealand Resuscitation Council
Published: August 2011

Introduction to Paediatric Advanced Life Support. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Advanced Life Support for Infants and Children Diagnosis and Management. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Flowchart for the Sequential Management of Life‐threatening Dysrhythmias in Infants and Children. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Medications and Fluids in Paediatric Advanced Life Support. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Management of Specific Dysrhythmias in Paediatric Advanced Life Support. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Techniques in Paediatric Advanced Life Support. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Management after Resuscitation in Paediatric Advanced Life Support. ARC and NZRC Guideline 2010
Nitrous oxide/oxygen compared with fentanyl in reducing pain among adults with isolated extremity trauma: A randomized trial
Authors: Kariman Hamid , Majidi Alireza , Amini Afshin , Arhami Dolatabadi Ali , Derakhshanfar Hojjat , Hatamabadi Hamidreza , Shahrami Ali , Yaseri Mahdi , Sheibani Kourosh 
Published: August 2011

AbstractObjective: To compare the effectiveness of nitrous oxide/oxygen (N2O/O2) and fentanyl in relieving pain among patients with an isolated long bone fracture or main joint dislocation of the limbs.Methods: Patients with isolated long bone fracture or main joint dislocation with moderate to severe pain were randomized into two groups. For the first group, nitrous oxide/oxygen (50:50) was self‐administered until pain relief was achieved up to a maximum of 15 min. Fentanyl (2 µg/kg) as a single dose was administered for the second group. Pain intensity was measured with a visual analogue scale before and at minutes three, six and nine after the start of the drug administration. We also recorded observed adverse effects in these two groups.Results: One hundred patients were enrolled in the study. No statistically significant difference in pain score was detected between the two groups with one exception. The mean visual analogue scale scores at 9 min were 2.2 and 3.1 for nitrous oxide/oxygen and fentanyl, respectively (difference −0.9 [95% CI −1.7–−0.1]) (P= 0.006). There was no statistically significant difference between two groups regarding adverse effects.Conclusions: Neither nitrous oxide/oxygen or fentanyl appeared to be superior to the other in relieving moderate to severe pain among emergency patients presenting with isolated limb fracture or dislocation. In an ED, increased use of nitrous oxide might reduce the overall need for opiate analgesia, and in our setting, the need for constant monitoring.
Review article: Prehospital fluid management in traumatic brain injury
Authors: Tan Pek Ghe , Cincotta Marion , Clavisi Ornella , Bragge Peter , Wasiak Jason , Pattuwage Loyal , Gruen Russell L 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe early management of patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury is aimed at preventing secondary brain injury through avoidance of cerebral hypoxia and hypoperfusion. Especially in hypotensive patients, it has been postulated that hypertonic crystalloids and colloids might support mean arterial pressure more effectively by expanding intravascular volume without causing problematic cerebral oedema. We conducted a systematic review to investigate if hypertonic saline or colloids result in better outcomes than isotonic crystalloid solutions, as well as to determine the safety of minimal volume resuscitation, or delayed versus immediate fluid resuscitation during prehospital care for patients with traumatic brain injury. We identified nine randomized controlled trials and one cohort study examined the effects of hypertonic solutions (with or without colloid added) for prehospital fluid resuscitation. None has reported better survival and functional outcomes over the use of isotonic crystalloids. The only trial of restrictive resuscitation strategies was underpowered to demonstrate its safety compared with aggressive early fluid resuscitation in head injured patients, and maintenance of cerebral perfusion remains the top priority.
Evidence for environmentally dependent cluster disruption in M83
Authors: Bastian N. , Adamo A. , Gieles M. , Lamers H. J. G. L. M. , Larsen S. S. , Silva-Villa E. , Smith L. J. , Kotulla R. , Konstantopoulos I. S. , Trancho G. , Zackrisson E. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Using multiwavelength imaging from the Wide Field Camera 3 on the Hubble Space Telescope we study the stellar cluster populations of two adjacent fields in the nearby face-on spiral galaxy, M83. The observations cover the galactic centre and reach out to ∼6 kpc, thereby spanning a large range of environmental conditions, ideal for testing empirical laws of cluster disruption. The clusters are selected by visual inspection to be centrally concentrated, symmetric and resolved on the images. We find that a large fraction of objects detected by automated algorithms (e.g. SExtractor or daofind) are not clusters, but rather are associations. These are likely to disperse into the field on time-scales of tens of Myr due to their lower stellar densities and not due to gas expulsion (i.e. they were never gravitationally bound). We split the sample into two discrete fields (inner and outer regions of the galaxy) and search for evidence of environmentally dependent cluster disruption. Colour—colour diagrams of the clusters, when compared to simple stellar population models, already indicate that a much larger fraction of the clusters in the outer field are older by tens of Myr than in the inner field. This impression is quantified by estimating each cluster's properties (age, mass and extinction) and comparing the age/mass distributions between the two fields. Our results are inconsistent with ‘universal’ age and mass distributions of clusters, and instead show that the ambient environment strongly affects the observed populations.
Potential biases in the detection of planetary systems with large transit timing variations
Authors: García-Melendo E. , López-Morales M. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
The transit timing variations (TTVs) technique provides a powerful tool to detect additional planets in transiting exoplanetary systems. In this Letter, we show how transiting planets with significant TTVs can be systematically missed, or catalogued as false positives, by current transit search algorithms, unless they are in multitransit systems. If the period of the TTVs, PTTV, is longer than the time baseline of the observations and its amplitude, ATTV, is larger than the timing precision limit of the data, transiting planet candidates are still detected, but with incorrect ephemerides. Therefore, they will be discarded during follow-up. When PTTV is shorter than the time baseline of the observations and ATTV is sufficiently large, constant period search algorithms find an average period for the system, which results in altered transit durations and depths in the folded light curves. Those candidates can get subsequently discarded as eclipsing binaries, grazing eclipses or blends. Also, for large enough ATTV values, the transits can get fully occulted by the photometric dispersion of the light curves. These detection biases could explain the observed statistical differences between the frequency of multiple systems among planets detected via other techniques and those detected via transits. We suggest that new transit search algorithms allowing for non-constant period planets should be implemented.
Naturalistic Explanation for Religious Belief
Authors: Leech David , Visala Aku 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRecent decades have seen the emergence of various cognitive and biological explanations of religious belief that claim to be better scientifically supported than predecessor explanations. This article provides an overview of such explanations and some of the philosophical discussions they have evoked. Contemporary naturalistic explanations of religious belief come in three types: (1) cognitive explanations, (2) evolutionary explanations and (3) co‐evolutionary explanations. Some writers have claimed that scientifically plausible biological and psychological accounts of religious belief make religious belief itself irrational because they reveal the naturalness and unreliability of the mechanisms that produce religious belief. Conversely, others have argued that the possible naturalness of religious belief is not enough to make it irrational or unwarranted. They maintain that naturalistic explanations of religious belief cannot debunk religious belief wholesale, but instead their religious relevance depends on the ways in which religious people justify their beliefs. Philosophical debates are currently in their early stages, as are the naturalistic theories, and the chief philosophical stakes themselves have not yet come entirely into focus.
Ideal Observer Theories in Aesthetics
Authors: Ross Stephanie 
Published: August 2011

AbstractI examine the prospects for an ideal observer theory in aesthetics modelled on Roderick Firth’s 1952 paper ‘Ethical Absolutism and the Ideal Observer’. The first generation of philosophers to consider an Ideal Aesthetic Observer (IAO) found fault with Firth’s omniscience condition; more recent writers have criticized the affective component of an IAO’s response. In the end, most discussants reject the possibility of an IAO theory. Though the IAO theory gets the model wrong for answering meta‐aesthetic questions, revisiting the debate prompts useful reconsideration of the role of the critic and the nature of aesthetic appreciation.
Infusion with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine attenuates early adaptive responses to exercise in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Petersen A. C. , McKenna M. J. , Medved I. , Murphy K. T. , Brown M. J. , Della Gatta P. , Cameron‐Smith D. 
Published: August 2011

Abstract
Aim:  Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skeletal muscle is markedly increased during exercise and may be essential for exercise adaptation. We, therefore, investigated the effects of infusion with the antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on exercise‐induced activation of signalling pathways and genes involved in exercise adaptation in human skeletal muscle.
Methods:  Subjects completed two exercise tests, 7 days apart, with saline (control, CON) or NAC infusion before and during exercise. Exercise tests comprised of cycling at 71%2peak for 45 min, and then 92% \dot{{V}}\hbox{O}2peak to fatigue, with vastus lateralis biopsies at pre‐infusion, after 45‐min cycling and at fatigue.
Results:  Analysis was conducted on the mitogen‐activated protein kinase signalling pathways, demonstrating that NAC infusion blocked the exercise‐induced increase in JNK phosphorylation, but not ERK1/2, or p38 MAPK. Nuclear factor‐κB p65 phosphorylation was unaffected by exercise; however, it was reduced in NAC at fatigue by 14% (P < 0.05) compared with pre‐infusion. Analysis of exercise and/or ROS‐sensitive genes demonstrated that exercise‐induced mRNA expression is ROS dependent of MnSOD, but not PGC‐1α, interleukin‐6, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, or heat‐shock protein 70.
Conclusion:  These results suggest that inhibition of ROS attenuates some skeletal muscle cell signalling pathways and gene expression involved in adaptations to exercise.
Bacterial and fungal colonisation of peripheral intravenous catheters in dogs and cats
Authors: Seguela J. , Pages J.‐P. 
Published: August 2011

Objectives: The purposes of this study were to determine the prevalence of intravenous catheter colonisation in a routine clinical setting, to identify pathogens involved and to explore factors associated with an increased risk of colonisation.Methods: A prospective study of 100 peripherally placed intravenous catheters from 13 cats and 78 dogs was conducted. The distal two‐thirds were removed and submitted for bacterial and fungal cultures. Antimicrobial susceptibility of each isolate was determined.Results: Nineteen peripheral catheters were positive for microbiologic culture from 14 animals. Twenty organisms were isolated among which Staphylococcus species was the most common. Isolates displayed lower levels of resistance against the antimicrobial agents amoxicillin‐clavulanate, cephalosporins and gentamicin than against other agents tested. Major risk factors predisposing to catheter‐related colonisation included dextrose infusion, duration of catheter placement, local complications and immunosuppressive diseases or drugs.Clinical Significance: In a routine clinical setting, the prevalence of microbial colonisation of peripheral intravenous catheters is comparable to that found in an intensive care unit. However, consequences on morbidity and mortality rates differ.
Hematology, leukocyte cytochemical analysis, plasma biochemistry, and plasma electrophoresis of wild‐caught and captive‐bred Gila monsters (Heloderma suspectum)
Authors: Cooper‐Bailey Kerri , Smith Stephen A. , Zimmerman Kurt , Lane Rosalie , Raskin Rose E. , DeNardo Dale 
Published: August 2011

Background:The Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), one of several venomous lizard species in the world, is found within the United States and Mexico and is recognized as an iconic symbol of the American Southwest. Thus, Gila monsters are of growing interest in the captive reptile trade and within zoological and educational institutions.Objectives:The aims of this study were to determine results for CBCs, describe cytochemical reactions in WBCs, and obtain plasma biochemical and protein electrophoresis results from wild‐caught and captive‐bredH. suspectum.Methods:Ventral tail vein blood samples were obtained from 16 captive (14 wild‐caught and 2 captive‐bred) Gila monsters. CBCs, RBC morphometric analysis, plasma biochemical analysis, and protein electrophoresis were performed. Leukocytes were stained for peroxidase, Sudan black B (SBB), chloroacetate esterase, napthyl butyrate esterase, and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase, and blood smears were examined for the presence of hemoparasites.Results:The median (range) PCV was 37% (22–50%) and WBC count was 4.6 × 103/μL (3.3–6.4 × 103/μL) with approximately 50% heterophils and fewer lymphocytes, basophils, azurophils, and monocytes in decreasing order. Cytochemical reactions were unique among reptiles with strong staining for peroxidase and SBB in monocytes/azurophils. Biochemical results were similar to those of earlier reports with slight increases in uric acid and urea concentrations. Plasma electrophoretic results indicated that albumin was approximately equal to the combined globulin fractions.Conclusions:Results of blood analysis in healthy wild‐caught and captive‐bredH. suspectummay be useful for monitoring health status in this species.
Effect of complete edentulism on masseter muscle thickness and changes after complete denture rehabilitation: an ultrasonographic study
Authors: Bhoyar Parag Sudhakar , Godbole Surekha R. , Thombare Ram U. , Pakhan Ashok J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAim:  The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in masseter muscle thickness due to the state of complete edentulism and the effect of complete denture rehabilitation on the masseter muscle.Methods:  Real‐time ultrasonography of the masseter muscle at relaxed and contracted states was carried out for twelve patients (six dentulous and six completely edentulous). Edentulous patients were scanned at the time of denture insertion and at the end of 3 months’ follow up.Results:  The mean masseter muscle thickness of the edentulous patients was significantly increased after the 3‐month follow‐up than the thickness at the time of denture insertion, but was significantly lower than that of the dentulous patients of the same age group.Conclusion:  Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that change occurs in the masseter muscle thickness after rehabilitation with complete dentures in the form of increased muscle thickness. However, the thickness of the muscle remains smaller than that of dentate individuals.
British pharmacy professionals' beliefs and participation in continuing professional development: a review of the literature
Authors: Donyai Parastou , Herbert Rebecca Z , Denicolo Pam M , Alexander Angela M 
Published: August 2011

Abstract

Objectives
Continuing professional development (CPD) has potential to be useful in pharmacy revalidation but past uptake and attitudes to CPD in Great Britain (GB) need to be mapped. This review examines published literature to chart the participation and beliefs of pharmacy professionals towards CPD in GB in a decade that had seen a formal transition from continuing education to CPD.

Methods
A comprehensive review of the published literature was conducted to identify studies of the uptake of, or attitudes towards, CPD cross different sectors of pharmacy in GB from 2000 to 2010.

Key findings
Twenty-two studies were included and analysed, including 13 research papers, six conference papers, two news items reporting survey outcomes and one commissioned study. Eight barriers to CPD were identified as: time, financial costs and resource issues, understanding of CPD, facilitation and support for CPD, motivation and interest in CPD, attitudes towards compulsory CPD, system constraints, and technical problems. Pharmacy professionals on the whole agreed with the principle of engaging with CPD but there was little evidence to suggest widespread and wholehearted acceptance and uptake of CPD, essential for revalidation.

Conclusions
If CPD is to succeed, people's beliefs and attitudes must be addressed by recognising and modifying perceived barriers through a combination of regulatory, professional, work-related and personal channels. A number of recommendations are made. Direct experience of effective CPD in the absence of perceived barriers could impact on personal development, career development and patient benefit thus strengthening personal beliefs in the value of CPD in an iterative manner.
Longitudinal study of low and high achievers in early mathematics
Authors: Navarro Jose I. , Aguilar Manuel , Marchena Esperanza , Ruiz Gonzalo , Menacho Inmaculada , Van Luit Johannes E. H. 
Published: August 2011

Background. Longitudinal studies allow us to identify, which specific maths skills are weak in young children, and whether there is a continuing weakness in these areas throughout their school years.Aims. This 2‐year study investigated whether certain socio‐demographic variables affect early mathematical competency in children aged 5–7 years.Sample. A randomly selected sample of 127 students (64 female; 63 male) participated. At the start of the study, the students were approximately 5 years old (M= 5.2; SD= 0.28; range = 4.5–5.8).Method. The students were assessed using the Early Numeracy Test and then allocated to a high (n= 26), middle (n= 76), or low (n= 25) achievers group. The same children were assessed again with the Early Numeracy Test at 6 and 7 years old, respectively. Eight socio‐demographic characteristics were also evaluated: family model, education of the parent(s), job of the parent(s), number of family members, birth order, number of computers at home, frequency of teacher visits, and hours watching television.Results. Early Numeracy Test scores were more consistent for the high‐achievers group than for the low‐achievers group. Approximately 5.5% of low achievers obtained low scores throughout the study. A link between specific socio‐demographic characteristics and early achievement in mathematics was only found for number of computers at home.Conclusions. The level of mathematical ability among students aged 5–7 years remains relatively stable regardless of the initial level of achievement. However, early screening for mathematics learning disabilities could be useful in helping low‐achieving students overcome learning obstacles.
Noise reduction in spectral CT: Reducing dose and breaking the trade‐off between image noise and energy bin selection
Authors: Leng Shuai , Yu Lifeng , Wang Jia , Fletcher Joel G. , Mistretta Charles A. , McCollough Cynthia H. 
Published: August 2011

Purpose: Our purpose was to reduce image noise in spectral CT by exploiting data redundancies in the energy domain to allow flexible selection of the number, width, and location of the energy bins.Methods: Using a variety of spectral CT imaging methods, conventional filtered backprojection (FBP) reconstructions were performed and resulting images were compared to those processed using a Local HighlY constrained backPRojection Reconstruction (HYPR‐LR) algorithm. The mean and standard deviation of CT numbers were measured within regions of interest (ROIs), and results were compared between FBP and HYPR‐LR. For these comparisons, the following spectral CT imaging methods were used:(i) numerical simulations based on a photon‐counting, detector‐based CT system, (ii) a photon‐counting, detector‐based micro CT system using rubidium and potassium chloride solutions, (iii) a commercial CT system equipped with integrating detectors utilizing tube potentials of 80, 100, 120, and 140 kV, and (iv) a clinical dual‐energy CT examination. The effects of tube energy and energy bin width were evaluated appropriate to each CT system.Results: The mean CT number in each ROI was unchanged between FBP and HYPR‐LR images for each of the spectral CT imaging scenarios, irrespective of bin width or tube potential. However, image noise, as represented by the standard deviation of CT numbers in each ROI, was reduced by 36%–76%. In all scenarios, image noise after HYPR‐LR algorithm was similar to that of composite images, which used all available photons. No difference in spatial resolution was observed between HYPR‐LR processing and FBP. Dual energy patient data processed using HYPR‐LR demonstrated reduced noise in the individual, low‐ and high‐energy images, as well as in the material‐specific basis images.Conclusions: Noise reduction can be accomplished for spectral CT by exploiting data redundancies in the energy domain. HYPR‐LR is a robust method for reducing image noise in a variety of spectral CT imaging systems without losing spatial resolution or CT number accuracy. This method improves the flexibility to select energy bins in the manner that optimizes material identification and separation without paying the penalty of increased image noise or its corollary, increased patient dose.