bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peripheral nerve blocks of the pelvic limb in dogs: A retrospective clinical study
Authors: Bradbrook C. , Gurney M. , Aprea F. , Clark L. , Corletto F. , Vettorato E. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryObjective: To evaluate the success rate and complications of lumbar plexus (LP) and femoral nerve (FN) blocks, each combined with a sciatic nerve (SN) block, in dogs undergoing pelvic limb orthopaedic surgery.Design: Retrospective clinical study.Procedure: The intra-operative and postoperative clinical records of dogs that underwent orthopaedic surgery of the pelvic limb were reviewed. Dogs were divided into two groups according to the analgesic technique used during surgery: dogs that received a peripheral nerve block (group PNB) and dogs in which opioid analgesia alone was used (group C).Results: The PNB and C groups included 265 and 31 dogs, respectively. Complete statistical analysis was performed in 115/265 dogs of PNB group. The overall success rate of the PNB performed was 77% (89/115): 76% (72/95) and 85% (17/20) for LP-SN and FN-SN blocks, respectively. In group PNB, the prevalence of intra-operative hypotension was 7.8% (9/115). Only one (out of 95 [1.05%]) LP-SN block manifested transient postoperative bilateral pelvic limb paralysis. None of the 265 dogs in group PNB manifested neurological complications at six weeks postoperatively.Conclusion: The success rate and the absence of neurological complications obtained support the use of LP-SN and FN-SN for loco-regional anaesthesia and analgesia in dogs undergoing orthopaedic surgery of the pelvic limb.
La création d’un observatoire : que s’agit-il de représenter ?
Authors: Le Marec Joëlle , Belaën Florence 
Published: April 2012

Résumé Joëlle Le Marec et Florence Belaën proposent dans cet article de rendre compte et d’analyser certaines caractéristiques des observatoires, à partir de la création récente de l’un d’entre eux, l’Observatoire du patrimoine et de la culture scientifiques et techniques (OPCST). Un observatoire témoigne de deux phénomènes contradictoires : il répond à une demande généralisée d’accroissement de la visibilité des actions (ici) culturelles et de leurs effets de la part de ceux qui les mettent en œuvre et les soutiennent, mais dans son existence même, il active une pluralité des formes de production et de légitimation des savoirs chez les nombreux acteurs sollicités pour y participer. Ce texte questionne ce que recouvre le manque de visibilité ou plutôt l’affirmation d’un besoin de visibilité, lié métaphoriquement à l’idée de mieux observer, par la qualification de l’injonction faite aux acteurs de se doter d’outils en lien avec leurs actions.
Observer la ville et l’urbain
Authors: Godier Patrice 
Published: April 2012

Résumé Le programme dit POPSU (Plate-forme d’observation des projets et stratégies urbaines) a été institué en 2004 par l’État avec l’ambition de renouveler la connaissance sur la fabrication de la ville et coproduire des savoirs au niveau local. L’article vise à analyser les contours et les caractéristiques de la production issue de ce dispositif. Deux grandes interrogations en découlent : l’une porte sur la traduction entre savoirs et action, de la part de tous les acteurs de la « chose urbaine » : politiques, opérateurs, concepteurs, experts et chercheurs ; l’autre a trait à la réflexivité des acteurs avec l’obligation à redéfinir sans cesse les termes de l’action. À l’heure des grandes opérations urbaines, il y a nécessité de développer ces fonctions pour tous les protagonistes de l’urbain. Mais la question se révèle délicate dans la mesure où elle nécessite du temps et des instruments qui semblent ici faire défaut.
Bilateral Antrochoanal Polyp in an Adult: A Rarity
Authors: Singhal Pawan 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT
Antrochoanal polyp is a benign solitary polypoidal lesion which arises in maxillary sinus. It appears radiologically as an opacifying and enlarging lesion in the sinus cavity without bony destruction. They are almost always unilateral and occur more commonly in children and young adults. Here we report a case of bilateral antrochoanal polyp (ACP) in an adult because of its rarity.
Refractive, Tomographic and Biomechanical Outcomes after Implantation of Ferrara ICRS in Keratoconus Patients
Authors: Salgado-Borges José M , Costa-Ferreira Cláudia , Monteiro Manuel , Guilherme-Monteiro José 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Background
Nowadays, ICRS are a step in the treatment of keratoconus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the refractive effect and the tomographic and biomechanical parameters in keratoconus patients implanted with Ferrara ICRS, and their stability after 18 months.

Materials and methods
Twenty eyes of 20 keratoconus patients implanted with ICRS were evaluated. The average follow-up was 18 months. UDVA, CDVA, biomicroscopy, tomography (Pentacam) and biomechanics (ORA) of the cornea were evaluated before and after surgery. For the comparison of groups, the Wilcoxon test was used.

Results
The mean UDVA improved from 1.00 to 0.30 and the mean CDVA improved from 0.51 to 0.12; both were statistically significant (p = 0.0001). The average keratometry decreased from 50.7D to 47.5D (p = 0.0003), and the average astigmatism decreased from 5.5D to 3.5D (p = 0.0058). The mean CCT did not change significantly after surgery, but the mean TPP increased from 441.2 to 455.2 µm (p = 0.004). There was a significant reduction in the anterior cornea elevation, both the central (from 16.2-8.8; p = 0.0066) and the minimum (from–43.2 to −57.1; p = 0.0228). No significant change was found for posterior corneal elevation and for biomechanical parameters (hysteresis or CRF).

Discussion
There was a significant improvement of UDVA and CDVA after ICRS implantation, in keratoconic eyes. There was a significant and stable corneal flattening, and a decrease of the astigmatism. Corneal biomechanic parameters did not change.

How to cite this article
Salgado-Borges JM, Costa-Ferreira C, Monteiro M, Guilherme-Monteiro J, Torquetti L, Ferrara P, Ambrósio R Jr. Refractive, Tomographic and Biomechanical Outcomes after Implantation of Ferrara ICRS in Keratoconus Patients. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):16-21.
Long-term Follow-up of Pachymetric and Topographic Alterations after Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking for Keratoconus
Authors: Zotta Paraskevi G , Almaliotis Diamantis D , Kymionis George D , Diakonis Vasilios F , Moschou Kostas A , Karampatakis Vasileios E 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To determine the long-term alterations of corneal thickness, along with topographic outcomes, after corneal collagen cross-linking treatment (CXL) for keratoconus.

Materials and methods
In this retrospective case series, 46 patients (52 eyes), 32 males and 14 females, with progressive keratoconus were included. All eyes underwent CXL in accordance with the standard protocol (Dresden) for the treatment of their ectatic corneal disorder between January 2006 and June 2007. Pachymetric and topographic outcomes were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months postoperatively.

Results
Mean follow-up was 28.08 ± 8.39 months (range, from 12 to 36 months). A statistically significant decline in corneal pachymetric values (at the thinnest location) when compared with preoperative values (467.65 ± 41.08 µm) was demonstrated at 1 (437.63 ± 50.57 µm), 3 (439.08 ± 52.27 µm), 6 (449.37 ± 52.73 µm), 12 (449.63 ± 83.53 µm) and 24 (459.97 ± 47.32 µm) months after CXL (p < 0.05, for all mentioned time intervals). Return to preoperative pachymetric values (469.52 ± 40.52 µm) was revealed 36 months post-CXL (p > 0.05). With respect to topographic (flat and steep keratometric values, keratoconus index), no statistically significant differences between preoperative and all postoperative intervals were found (p > 0.05, for all values for all time intervals).

Conclusion
Corneal pachymetric values reduce significantly up to 24 months after CXL treatment, while a return to preoperative values was revealed 36 months after the procedure. No significant changes’ concerning topographic outcomes was demonstrated after CXL, indicating stability of these parameters.

How to cite this article
Zotta PG, Almaliotis DD, Kymionis GD, Diakonis VF, Moschou KA, Karampatakis VE. Long-term Follow-up of Pachymetric and Topographic Alterations after Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking for Keratoconus. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):22-25.
Predictors of Clinical Outcomes after Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments Implantation
Authors: Torquetti Leonardo 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To evaluate the influence of age and severity of keratoconus in the clinical outcomes of implantation of Ferrara intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS).

Methods
A total of 1,073 eyes of 810 patients, consecutively operated from January 2006 to July 2008, were evaluated. Two independent analysis were made according to the age of patients and keratoconus staging. Four groups were created according to the age of patients: < 20 years old, 20 to 30, 30 to 40 and >40 years old. The patients were also evaluated according to the keratoconus stage (I to IV). The outcome analysis included uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), keratometry (K), asphericity (Q), corneal volume (CV) and pachymetry. All patients were evaluated using the Pentacam.

Results
The postoperative increase in UDVA and CDVA was statistically significant in all groups (p < 0.05). The magnitude of improvement of CDVA was larger for patients between 21 and 30-year-old (CDVA = 20/40) and patients with keratoconus grade I (CDVA = 20/35) (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant increase in CV and pachymetry postoperatively in all groups. The keratometry (3.95D) and asphericity (–0.77) reduction were larger in patients younger than 20-year-old and in patients with keratoconus grade IV (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
The best clinical outcomes are seen in patients between 20 and 30-year-old and initial cases of keratoconus (grade I). The more advanced the keratoconus, the larger magnitude of K and Q reduction after ICRS implantation.

How to cite this article
Torquetti L, Ferrara G, Ferrara P. Predictors of Clinical Outcomes after Intrastromal Corneal Ring Segments Implantation. Int J Keratoco Ectatic Corneal Dis 2012;1(1):26-30.
Synthesis in Green Solvents
Authors: Orha László , Akien Geoffrey , Horváth István T. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

The Role of Solvents in Synthesis

Types of Solvent

Atomic Liquids

Molecular Liquids

Ionic Liquids

Solvent Polarity

Protic Solvents

Problems with Solvents

Application of Green Solvents

Water

Fluorous Solvents

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

Ionic Liquids

Conclusion
SynthesesviaC–HBond Functionalizations
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Kapdi Anant R. , Potukuchi Harish K. , Kozhushkov Sergei I. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDirect Arylations of Arenes“Green” Aspects of Direct Arylation of ArylC–HBondsChelation‐Assisted Direct Arylations of ArenesNon‐Directed Direct Arylations of ArenesDirect Arylations of HeteroarenesDirect Arylations of Electron‐Deficient HeteroarenesDirect Arylations of Electron‐Rich HeteroarenesCatalytic Oxidative Arylations of (Hetero)arenesIntroductionOxidative HomocouplingsCross‐Dehydrogenative ArylationsConclusionAcknowledgments
Synthesis Without Metals
Authors: Akiyama Takahiko 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

The enantioselective synthesis of organic compounds is one of the key issues to be resolved in the field of synthetic organic chemistry because chiral organic compounds are important as pharmaceutical products, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Until fairly recently, transition metal complexes and enzymes had been utilized primarily as catalysts for enantioselective synthesis. List, Lerner, and Barbas reported an aldol reaction catalyzed by (
S
)‐proline, and MacMillan reported MacMillan's catalyst for the Diels–Alder reaction. Following these two seminal reports, organocatalysis has emerged as a novel asymmetric methodology viable for a number of transformations. Metal‐based catalysts, which are sensitive to oxygen and water, are therefore prepared
in situ
from a metal salt and a chiral ligand and employed directly. In contrast, asymmetric organocatalysts are generally stable and thus easy to handle. Recently, chiral organocatalysts were found to complement metal‐based catalysts. In this chapter, an overview of chiral organocatalysts, including the seminal work, is presented, focusing on the recently developed chiral Brønsted acid catalysts. The catalysts discussed include proline and derivatives, MacMillan's catalyst, peptide catalysts, ketone catalysts, phase‐transfer catalysts, amine catalysts, guanidinium salt catalysts, hydrogen‐bond catalysts, and Brønsted acid catalysts.
Photocatalysis by NanostructuredTiO2‐based Semiconductors
Authors: Cargnello Matteo , Fornasiero Paolo 
Published: April 2012

AbstractPhotocatalysis is one of the most promising fields for sustainable chemistry of the twenty‐first century. It can contribute to solving environmental, energetic, and chemical problems and to the sustainable production of commodities in the near future. It has a close relationship with green chemistry since sunlight, which is an intrinsic infinite source of energy, can be used to promote chemical transformations which are generally performed with expensive chemical treatments at medium/high temperatures. The advent of nanotechnology offered the possibility of careful tuning of the properties of the semiconducting materials used in photocatalysis. This resulted in a tremendous improvement in the efficiency of photocatalytic processes in many sectors. Nanomaterials can possess significantly different characteristics to those of the corresponding bulk systems. The manipulation of materials down to the nanometric scale led to a new generation of photocatalysts, which, often under visible light, are significantly more stable and active. TiO2‐based materials today represent the major photocatalysts, and their reactivity is strictly related to their nanostructure. This chapter focuses on some key photocatalytic applications of TiO2and TiO2‐related materials, without the intention of being an exhaustive review.
Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Movia Dania , Giordani Silvia 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction – Nanotoxicology: Should We Worry?Toxicity of Carbon NanotubesChallenges in the Assessment ofCNTToxicityInteraction with Dispersing MediumInteraction with Cytotoxicity AssaysEffect of ImpuritiesEffect of DispersionDermal Exposure toCNTsDermal CytotoxicityIn VivoDermal ToxicityPulmonary Response toCNTsPulmonary CytotoxicityIn VivoPulmonary ToxicityToxic Response toCNTsin the Intra‐Abdominal CavityCNTCytotoxicity in the Intra‐Abdominal CavityIn VivoCNTToxicity in the Intra‐Abdominal CavityCNTsand ImmunityRecognition ofCNTsby MacrophagesIn VitroResponses of Macrophages Exposed toCNTsCNTsand ImmunityIn VivoLocal Immune ResponsesAllergic Immune ResponsesSystemic Immune AlterationsCNTInteractions with the Cardiovascular HomeostasisIn VitroInteractionsIn VivoCNTToxicity to Cardiovascular HomeostasisGenotoxicity and Mutagenicity ofCNTsIn VitroStudiesIn VivoStudiesBiodistribution and Pharmacokinetics ofCNTsInternalization ofCNTsinto Mammalian CellsBiodegradation ofCNTsBiocompatibility ofCNT‐Based BiomaterialsConclusions – AreCNTssafe?Abbreviations
The Design of Safer Chemicals: Past, Present, and Future Perspectives
Authors: DeVito Stephen C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Evolution of the Concept

In the Development of Drug Substances: Emergence of the Medicinal Chemist

In the Development of Pesticide Substances

In the Development of Industrial Chemical Substances

Stagnation of the Concept Because of Section 5 of the
TSCA

Characteristics of a “Safer Chemical”

Types of Safer Chemicals

The Ideal Chemical

The Future of the Concept

Disclaimer
Informing Substitution to Safer Alternatives
Authors: Lavoie Emma , DiFiore David , Marshall Meghan , Lin Chuantung , Grant Kelly , Hart Katherine , Arnold Fred , Morlacci Laura , Vokes Kathleen , Hetfield Carol , Sommer Elizabeth , Vrabel Melanie , Cushmac Mary , Auer Charles , Davies Clive 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areDesign for Environment Approaches to Risk Reduction: Identifying and Encouraging the Use of Safer ChemistryAssessment of Safer Chemical Alternatives: Enabling Scientific, Technological, and Commercial DevelopmentInformed SubstitutionFunctional Use as an Analytical ConstructDefining Safer Chemistry – theDfECriteria for Safer Chemical IngredientsContinuous Improvement to Advance Green ChemistryBest Practices to Manage Risks in the Absence of Safer SubstitutesLife‐Cycle Thinking: A Holistic ApproachExamples that Illustrate Informed SubstitutionInforming Real‐Time Substitution Decisions: Chemical Alternative Assessment for Pentabromodiphenyl EtherThe PartnershipThe Alternatives AssessmentEncouraging Informed Substitution: Safer Product Labeling ProgramSubstituting to Safer SurfactantsThe Safer Detergents Stewardship InitiativeCleanGredients®Developing and Applying Best Practices in the Absence of Safer Substitutes: IsocyanatesBest Practices as an Important Risk Management ApproachNew Developments in Manufacturing Polyurethanes Without Using IsocyanatesSafer Manufacture of Diisocyanates Without Using PhosgeneLife‐Cycle Assessment to Inform Alternatives to Leaded Solder for ElectronicsConclusionDisclaimer
Design of Safer Chemicals – Ionic Liquids
Authors: Beadham Ian , Gurbisz Monika , Gathergood Nicholas 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Environmental Considerations

Ionic Liquids – a Historical Perspective

First‐Generation
ILs

From Ionic Liquid Stability to Biodegradability

Overcoming the Inertness of 1‐Substituted–3‐Methylimidazolium Cation

Conclusion

Acknowledgements
Designing Safer Organocatalysts – What Lessons Can Be Learned When the Rebirth of an Old Research Area Coincides with the Advent of Green Chemistry?
Authors: Beadham Ian , Gurbisz Monika , Gathergood Nicholas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionA Brief History of OrganocatalysisPre‐1950s: From Humble Beginnings1950s–1960s1970s: Organocatalysis Begins in Earnest1980s1990s2000–PresentAdvantages of OrganocatalystsCatalysts from the Chiral Pool“Rules of Thumb” for Small Molecule Biodegradability Applied to OrganocatalystsSelecting Simple Guidelines for BiodegradabilityProcess of Catalyst DevelopmentAnalogy Between Organocatalyst Development and Drug DesignAnalogs of Nornicotine – an Aldol Catalyst Exemplifying “Natural” ToxicityPharmaceutically Derived Organocatalysts and the Role of CocatalystsCriteria to Assess the Environmental Impact of an OrganocatalystConclusionSummaryAcknowledgements
Improvements to the Environmental Performance of Synthetic‐Based Drilling Muds
Authors: Bakhtyar Sajida , Gagnon Marthe Monique 
Published: April 2012

AbstractDrilling muds used by the petroleum exploration and production industry have the role of lubricating and cooling the drilling bits and facilitating the transport of crushed rocks to the surface of the well. The chemical formulations of the drilling muds influence their fate when discharged into the marine environment and, along with ambient parameters, determine the biodegradability and toxicity of the muds. A case study describes the comparison of aquatic toxicity and biodegradability of two different synthetic‐based drilling mud systems (SBMs), Syndrill 80:20 and Syndrill 90:10, and also individual mud ingredients. Chronic fish toxicity was measured using a suite of biomarkers of fish health. Preliminary tests led to the selection of the drilling mud Syndrill 80:20, and toxicity testing of individual ingredients of this mud showed that the primary emulsifier was the most aggressive component among all the mud ingredients tested. The present study aimed at developing an ecologically safe, green SBM by further improvements to Syndrill 80:20 through replacement of the most aggressive emulsifier with an alternative low/non‐toxic alternative. The existing Syndrill 80:20 formulation was re‐engineered by the incorporation of two alternative emulsifiers as replacements for the existing aggressive emulsifier. The new modified Syndrill 80:20 was then evaluated for its chronic toxicity against the existing Syndrill 80:20 using a suite of biomarkers of fish health. Following exposure to the modified mud system, pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) demonstrated weaker biological reactions as measured by ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) activity, biliary metabolites, and serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity. Closed‐bottle biodegradation tests also indicated that the new formulation is actively biodegrading under marine anaerobic conditions. Therefore, the information on the toxicity of the re‐engineered SBM provides an initial basis for evaluating its environmental performance in marine ecosystems, and may assist regulatory authorities in gaining a better understanding of the fate of SBMs in the marine environment.
Reducing Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity Through Mechanism‐Based Molecular Design of Chemicals
Authors: Lai David Y. , Woo Yin‐tak 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenesis and Structure–Activity Relationship (SAR)General Molecular Parameters Affecting the Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Potential of ChemicalsPhysicochemical PropertiesMolecular WeightMolecular Size and ShapeSolubilityVolatilityNature and Position of SubstituentsMolecular Flexibility, Polyfunctionality, and Spacing/Distance Between Reactive GroupsResonance Stabilization of the Electrophilic MetabolitesSpecific Structural Criteria of Different Classes of Chemical Carcinogens and MutagensAromatic Amines and Azo Dyes/PigmentsPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)N‐NitrosaminesHydrazo, Aliphatic Azo and Azoxy Compounds, and ArydialkyltriazenesOrganophosphorus CompoundsCarbamatesEpoxides and AziridinesLactones and SultonesAlkyl Esters of Moderately Strong and Strong AcidsHaloalkanes and Substituted HaloalkanesN‐Mustards andS‐MustardsN‐NitrosamidesAldehydes and Substituted AldehydesMichael Addition AcceptorsArylating AgentsAcylating Agents and IsocyanatesOrganic PeroxidesQuinones and Quinoid CompoundsMolecular Design of Chemicals of Low Carcinogenic and Mutagenic PotentialGeneral ApproachesSpecific ApproachesAromatic Amines and Azo Dyes/PigmentsPolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)N‐NitrosaminesHydrazo, Aliphatic Azo and Azoxy Compounds, and ArydialkyltriazenesOrganophosphorus CompoundsCarbamatesEpoxides and Aziridines (Ethylenimines)Lactones and SultonesAlkyl Esters of Moderately Strong and Strong AcidsHaloalkanes and Substituted HaloalkanesN‐Mustards andS‐MustardsN‐NitrosamidesAldehydes and Substituted AldehydesMichael Addition AcceptorsArylating AgentsAcylating Agents and IsocyanatesOrganic PeroxidesQuinones and Quinoid CompoundsConclusionDisclaimer
Reducing Ecotoxicity
Authors: Solomon Keith R , Hanson Mark 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction to Key Aspects of EcotoxicologyProtection Goals and Assessment EndpointsStructure and Function in EcosystemsDiversity of Sensitivity in EcosystemsHazard Assessment and UncertaintyEnvironmental Fate and Pathways of Exposure to Chemicals in the EnvironmentProperties Affecting BioavailabilityProperties Affecting Bioconcentration and BiomagnificationAbsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of ChemicalsModeling ExposureMechanisms of Toxic ActionProperties Affecting ToxicityModeling ToxicityExamples of Methods That Can Be Used in Designing Chemicals with Reduced Ecological RisksFluorinated SurfactantsPesticidesDesigning Pesticides for Lack of PersistenceDesigning Specific Isomers to Reduce Risk in the EnvironmentDeveloping Pesticides That Are More Specific to the Target OrganismRanking and Prioritizing Pesticides in Terms of Risk to the EnvironmentPharmaceuticalsMacro‐ and Micro‐Contaminants Produced During ManufactureOverview, Conclusions, and the Path Forward