bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Menopause and Ovariectomy Cause a Low Grade of Systemic Inflammation that May Be Prevented by Chronic Treatment with Low Doses of Estrogen or Losartan
Authors: Abu-Taha May , Rius Cristina , Hermenegildo Carlos , Noguera Inmaculada , Cerda-Nicolas Jose-Miguel , Issekutz Andrew C. , Jose Peter J. , Cortijo Julio , Morcillo Esteban J. , Sanz Maria-Jesus 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The incidence of cardiovascular diseases in premenopausal women is lower than in men or postmenopausal women. This study reports the discovery of a low grade of systemic inflammation, including monocyte adhesion to arterial endothelium, elicited by menopause or estrogen depletion. Chronic treatment with low dose of 17-β-estradiol or inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system reduced this inflammation. Using an in vitro flow chamber system with human arterial and venous endothelial cells, we found that leukocytes from healthy postmenopausal women were more adhesive to the arterial endothelium than those from premenopausal women regardless of the stimulus used on endothelial cells. Increased circulating levels of IL-8, MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-1α and monocyte CD11b expression were also encountered in postmenopausal vs premenopausal subjects. This translational data led us to investigate the mechanisms in Sprague-Dawley rats. Using intravital microscopy, we imaged mesenteric arterioles and found significant increases in arteriolar leukocyte adhesion, cell adhesion molecule expression, and plasma levels of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC/KC), MCP-1, and MIP-1α in 1-mo ovariectomized rats. Chronic treatment of ovariectomized rats with low dose of 17-β-estradiol, losartan, both, or benazepril inhibited ovariectomy-induced arteriolar mononuclear leukocyte adhesion by 77%, 58%, 92%, and 65% respectively, partly by inhibition of cell adhesion molecule up-regulation and the increase in circulating chemokines. These results demonstrate that menopause and ovariectomy generate a low grade of systemic inflammation. Therefore, administration of low doses of estrogens or inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system, at early stages of estrogen deficiency, might prevent the systemic inflammation associated with menopause and decrease the risk of suffering further cardiovascular diseases.
MyD88 and Type I Interferon Receptor-Mediated Chemokine Induction and Monocyte Recruitment during Listeria monocytogenes Infection
Authors: Jia Ting , Leiner Ingrid , Dorothee Guillaume , Brandl Katharina , Pamer Eric G. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Monocytes play a central role in defense against infection, but the mechanisms promoting monocyte recruitment and activation remain incompletely defined. Defense against Listeria monocytogenes, an intracellular bacterial pathogen, requires in vivo MCP-1 induction and CCR2-dependent recruitment of Ly6Chigh monocytes from bone marrow to sites of infection. Herein, we demonstrate that infection of bone marrow-derived macrophages with virulent L. monocytogenes induces MCP-1 expression in two phases. The first phase is rapid, induces low-level production of MCP-1, and is dependent on TLR/MyD88 signaling. The second phase promotes prolonged, higher level MCP-1 secretion and is dependent on signaling via the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). Although attenuated L. monocytogenes strains that remain confined to the phagosome trigger TLR/MyD88-mediated signals and induce low-level MCP-1 expression, only cytosol-invasive bacteria promote IFNAR-dependent MCP-1 expression. In vivo, deficiency of either MyD88 or IFNAR signaling does not impair early monocyte emigration from bone marrow and recruitment to infected spleen. Loss of both MyD88 and IFNAR-mediated MCP-1 induction, however, results in deficient Ly6Chigh monocyte recruitment and increased susceptibility to L. monocytogenes infection. Our studies demonstrate that distinct but partially overlapping signal transduction pathways provide redundancy that ensures optimal monocyte recruitment to sites of microbial infection.
Insufficient TLR Activation Contributes to the Slow Development of CD8+ T Cell Responses in Trypanosoma cruzi Infection
Authors: Padilla Angel M. , Simpson Laura J. , Tarleton Rick L. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
During experimental infection with Trypanosoma cruzi, mice develop a strong CD8+ T cell response focused mainly on a few immunodominant peptides encoded in trans-sialidase family genes. Despite the potency of this response, the initial emergence and peak of parasite-specific CD8+ T cells has been noted to be relatively slow. In this study, we further document this delayed onset of T cell responses to T. cruzi as measured by the increase in frequency of parasite-specific T cells, the effector function of these cells, T cell proliferation in general, and the recruitment of cells into the draining lymph nodes. This delay does not appear to be the result of general immunosuppressive effects of the infection, a limitation in parasite numbers, or parasite trafficking to lymph nodes or to the specific epitope. Increasing the initial infecting dose or the density of parasite epitopes on APCs can modestly speed the generation of anti-T. cruzi T cell responses. Given these characteristics of the response, we propose that T. cruzi is a stealth invader, largely avoiding recognition by components of the innate immune system until the infection is well established. This conclusion is supported by the ability to accelerate the induction of T cell responses to T. cruzi by administration of ligands for TLR2 and TLR9 at the time of infection. These studies highlight a previously unappreciated mechanism of immune evasion, the surreptitious establishment of infection, by the protozoan T. cruzi.
Cover Picture: Spectroscopic Tracking of Molecular Transport Junctions Generated by Using Click Chemistry (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 28/2009)
Authors: Chen Xiaodong , Braunschweig Adam B. , Wiester Michael J. , Yeganeh Sina , Ratner Mark A. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe in situ generation of molecules that bridge nanogaps generated by on‐wire lithography is achieved by using click chemistry. C. A. Mirkin, M. A. Ratner, and co‐workers show in their Communication on page 5178 ff. that these molecular junctions give high yields, and they describe how this strategy can be generalized to incorporate diverse molecular architectures within the nanogaps. Tracking of the molecular assembly process within the nanogaps is allowed by their strong electromagnetic field.magnified image
Juvenile hormone–stimulated synthesis of acyl‐glycerols and vitamin E in female accessory sexual glands of the fire bug, Pyrrhocoris apterus L.
Authors: Jedlička Pavel , Cvačka Josef , Sláma Karel 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSecretory cells of the female accessory sexual glands (AG) of P. apterus grow and produce yellow oily exocrine secretion in response to stimulation by endogenous juvenile hormone (JH) or exogenous treatments by JH analogues. The secretion determines the property of future egg shells by coating the chorion surface of the oocytes that are passing individually through the common uterus during oviposition. Diapausing females with a physiologically inhibited endocrine system or females with artificially removed hormonal sources show inactive ovaries and empty AG without the secretory products. Ovary‐ectomised females with the intact neuroendocrine system develop hypertrophic AG loaded with the oily secretion. This shows that there is no direct dependence between formation of the oily secretion in AG and ovarian growth. Chemical analysis of the secretory products revealed the presence of acetylated glycerols, with the most abundant stearoyl‐diacetyl‐glycerol, stearoyl‐acetyl‐propionyl‐glycerol, and the corresponding derivatives of arachidonic acid. In addition to this, the JH‐activated secretory cells of AG also produced γ‐ and δ‐tocopherols. The possible antioxidant or antimutagenic action of these vitamin E compounds in insect reproduction has been emphasized. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of the trypsin‐like protease (Ha‐TLP2) constitutively expressed in the integument of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Liu Yang , Sui Yi‐Peng , Wang Jin‐Xing , Zhao Xiao‐Fan 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTrypsins belong to the serine endoproteases. They are the most important proteases in insects because of their key roles in food digestion and zymogens activation. But there has been little study of the trypsins in the integuments of insects. In this work, we cloned a trypsin‐like protease gene from Helicoverpa armigera and named it trypsin‐like protease 2 (Ha‐TLP2). Semi‐quantitative reverse transcription PCR analysis showed that Ha‐TLP2 is constitutively expressed in the integument and can be down‐regulated by 20‐hydroxyecdysone (20E) and up‐regulated by the juvenile hormone (JH) analog methoprene. Immunohistochemistry showed that Ha‐TLP2 is located not only in the epidermis, but also in new and old cuticles. Immunoblotting and gelatin‐SDS‐PAGE revealed that Ha‐TLP2 is constitutively expressed with activity in the integument during larval feeding, molting, and metamorphosis. This evidence suggests that Ha‐TLP2 is involved in the remodeling of the integument. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Maximized PUFA measurements improve insight in changes in fatty acid composition in response to temperature
Authors: van Dooremalen Coby , Pel Roel , Ellers Jacintha 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA general mechanism underlying the response of ectotherms to environmental changes often involves changes in fatty acid composition. Theory predicts that a decrease in temperature causes an increase in unsaturation of fatty acids, with an important role for long‐chain poly‐unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). However, PUFAs are particularly unstable and susceptible to peroxidation, hence subtle differences in fatty acid composition can be challenging to detect. We determined the fatty acid composition in springtail (Collembola) in response to two temperatures (5°C and 25°C). First, we tested different sample preparation methods to maximize PUFAs. Treatments consisted of different solvents for primary lipid extraction, mixing with antioxidant, flushing with inert gas, and using different temperature exposures during saponification. Especially slow saponification at low temperature (90 min at 70°C) in combination with replacement of headspace air with nitrogen during saponification and methylation maximized PUFAs for GC analysis. Applying these methods to measure thermal responses in fatty acid composition, the data showed that the (maximized) proportion of C20PUFAs increased at low acclimation temperature. However, C18PUFAs increased at high acclimation temperature, which is contrary to expectations. Our study illustrates that PUFA levels in lipids may often be underestimated and this may hamper a correct interpretation of differential responses of fatty acid composition. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Esterase‐based resistance in the tobacco‐adapted form of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the eastern United States
Authors: Srigiriraju Lakshmipathi , Semtner Paul J. , Anderson Troy D. , Bloomquist Jeffrey R. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOrganophosphates and carbamates represent alternative insecticides in managing the tobacco‐adapted form of the green peach aphid (TGPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a major pest of tobacco in the United States and around the world. General esterases that detoxify these insecticides were assessed in green, red, and orange morphs of field‐collected M. persicae. A total of 136 aphid colonies were collected from 2004 though 2007 and screened for total esterase activity. The green morphs had lower esterase levels, with a mean of 77±6.6 nmol/min/mg protein, as compared to red (84±2.9 nmol/min/mg protein) and orange morphs (172±16.5 nmol/min/mg protein). Overall esterase activities, and those for the red and green morphs, were positively correlated with LC50 values for acephate (organophosphate) and methomyl (carbamate) assessed in leaf‐dip bioassays. Esterase genes responsible for higher esterase activities were diagnosed by gene amplification studies. Twenty‐three of 24 colonies tested had either the E4 or FE4 gene amplified, both known to confer esterase‐based resistance. Fifteen out of the 24 colonies tested had amplified E4 gene and four colonies had FE4 gene amplification. All orange morphs and one green morph had both E4 and FE4 genes amplified. This unique phenotype, where two esterase genes were amplified had an 865‐bp band characteristic of the FE4 gene and an additional 381‐bp band characteristic of a deleted upstream region of the E4 gene. Changes that occurred in esterase‐based resistance in the TGPA over the past two decades and their implications on insecticide resistance management are discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Information sharing and reporting systems in the UK and Ireland: Professional barriers to reporting child maltreatment concerns
Authors: Bunting Lisa , Lazenbatt Anne , Wallace Isla 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAcross the UK recent policy developments have focused on improved information sharing and inter‐agency cooperation. Professional non‐reporting of child maltreatment concerns has been consistently highlighted as a problem in a range of countries and the research literature indicates that this can happen for a variety of reasons. Characteristics such as the type of abuse and the threshold of evidence available are key factors, as are concerns that reporting will damage the professional‐client relationship. Professional discipline can also impact on willingness to report, as can personal beliefs about abuse, attitudes towards child protection services and experiences of court processes.Research examining the role of organisational factors in information sharing and reporting emphasises the importance of training and there are some positive indications that training can increase professional awareness of reporting processes and requirements and help to increase knowledge of child abuse and its symptoms. Nonetheless, this is a complex issue and the need for training to go beyond simple awareness raising is recognised. In order to tackle non‐reporting in a meaningful way, childcare professionals need access to on‐going multidisciplinary training which is specifically tailored to address the range of different factors which impact on reporting attitudes and behaviours. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diamond‐ and Graphite‐Like Octacyanometalate‐Based Polymers Induced by Metal Ions
Authors: Wang Ying , Wang Tian‐Wei , Xiao Hong‐Ping , Li Yi‐Zhi , Song You , You Xiao‐Zeng 
Published: June 2009

AbstractBy using cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine (chxn), Ni(ClO4)2⋅6H2O and Na3[Mo(CN)8]⋅4H2O, a 3D diamond‐like polymer {[NiII(chxn)2]2[MoIV(CN)8]⋅8H2O}n (1) was synthesised, whereas the reaction of chxn and Cu(ClO4)2⋅6H2O with Na3[MV(CN)8]⋅ 4H2O (M=Mo, W) afforded two isomorphous graphite‐like complexes {[CuII(chxn)2]3[MoV(CN)8]2⋅2H2O}n (2) and {[CuII(chxn)2]3[WV(CN)8]2⋅2H2O}n (3). When the same synthetic procedure was employed, but replacing Na3[Mo(CN)8]⋅4H2O by (Bu3NH)3[Mo(CN)8]⋅4H2O (Bu3N=tributylamine), {[CuII(chxn)2MoIV(CN)8][CuII(chxn)2]⋅ 2H2O}n (4) was obtained. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses showed that the framework of 4 is similar to 2 and 3, except that a discrete [Cu(chxn)2]2+ moiety in 4 possesses large channels of parallel adjacent layers. The experimental results showed that in this system, the diamond‐ or graphite‐like framework was strongly influenced by the inducement of metal ions. The magnetic properties illustrate that the diamagnetic [MoIV(CN)8] bridges mediate very weak antiferromagnetic coupling between the NiII ions in 1, but lead to the paramagnetic behaviour in 4 because [MoIV(CN)8] weakly coordinates to the CuII ions. The magnetic investigations of 2 and 3 indicate the presence of ferromagnetic coupling between the CuII and WV/MoV ions, and the more diffuse 5d orbitals lead to a stronger magnetic coupling interaction between the WV and CuII ions than between the MoV and CuII ions.
Improved Tricyclic Inhibitors of Trypanothione Reductase by Screening and Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Richardson John L. , Nett Isabelle R. E. , Jones Deuan C. , Abdille Mohamed H. , Gilbert Ian H. , Fairlamb Alan H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTrypanothione reductase (TryR) is a key validated enzyme in the trypanothione‐based redox metabolism of pathogenic trypanosomes and leishmania parasites. This system is absent in humans, being replaced with glutathione and glutathione reductase, and as such offers a target for selective inhibition. As part of a program to discover antiparasitic drugs, the LOPAC1280 library of 1266 compounds was screened against TryR and the top hits evaluated against glutathione reductase and T. brucei parasites. The top hits included a number of known tricyclic neuroleptic drugs along with other new scaffolds for TryR. Three novel druglike hits were identified and SAR studies on one of these using information from the tricyclic neuroleptic agents led to the discovery of a competitive inhibitor (Ki=330 nM) with an improved potency against T. brucei (EC50=775 nM).
A guide to practical babooning: Historical, social, and cognitive contingency
Authors: Barrett Louise 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAs ecologically adaptable animals, baboons are distributed widely across Africa, and display a variety of morphological and behavioral differences that reflect both local ecology and a complex evolutionary history. As long‐lived, slowly reproducing animals, baboons face numerous ecological challenges to survival and successful reproduction. As group‐living animals, the social world presents an equally diverse array of challenges that require the negotiation of individual needs within the constraints imposed by others. Understanding how all these facets of baboon evolutionary history, life history, ecology, sociality, and cognition fit together is an enormous but engaging challenge, and despite one hundred years of study, it is clear there is a still much to learn about the various natural histories of baboons. What also is clear, however, is that an appreciation of contingency holds the key to understanding all these facets of baboon evolution and behavior. In what follows, I hope to illustrate exactly what I mean by this, highlighting along the way that history is not to be ignored, variability is information and not merely “noise”, and that behavioral and cognitive complexity can be two very different things.
OCT imaging of skin cancer and other dermatological diseases
Authors: Mogensen Mette , Thrane Lars , Jørgensen Thomas M. , Andersen Peter E. , Jemec Gregor B. E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractOptical coherence tomography (OCT) provides clinicians and researchers with micrometer‐resolution,in vivo, cross‐sectional images of human skin up to several millimeter depth. This review of OCT imaging applied within dermatology covers the application of OCT to normal skin, and reports on a large number of applications in the fields of non‐melanoma skin cancer, malignant melanomas, psoriasis and dermatitis, infestations, bullous skin diseases, tattoos, nails, haemangiomas, and other skin diseases. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A new method for the synthesis and herbicidal activity of 3‐phenoxy‐6‐(1H‐(substituted)pyrazol‐1‐yl) pyridazines
Authors: Hu Fang‐Zhong , Zhang Gui‐Feng , Liu Bin , Zou Xiao‐Mao , Zhu You‐Quan , Yang Hua‐Zheng 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
magnified imageA series of 3‐substituted phenoxy‐6‐((substituted)1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl) pyridazines were synthesized from the condensation of various phenols and 3‐chloro‐6‐(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl) pyridazine 2 or 3‐chloro‐6‐(5′‐methyl‐4‐ethoxycarbonyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl) pyridazine 6 in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) at 120°C with K2CO3 as an acid receptor. The intermediates 2 or 6 were obtained from the cyclization of 3‐chloro‐6‐hydrazinyl pyridazine 1 with 3‐dimethylamino‐acrylaldehyde or ethyl 2‐((dimethylamino) methylene)‐3‐oxobutanoate in n‐butanol under reflux, respectively, and side products 3 or 7 were also generated. All of the title compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, infrared spectometry (IR) and elemental analyses. Preliminary bioassay indicated that some of the title compounds showed high inhibitory activity against Brassica campestris L. (B. campestris) and moderate inhibitory activity against Echinochloa crusgalli. For example, the inhibition percentages of compound 4b and 4c against B. campestris were both 94% at 10 μg/mL. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Synthesis and biological activity of 4‐methylene‐pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Mo Wenyan , Yao Yongyan , Shen Yunli , He Hongwu , Gu Yucheng 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
magnified imageFifteen novel 3‐substituted‐5‐methyl‐4‐methylene‐7‐alkylsulfanyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidine‐8‐carbonitriles 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j, 5k, 5l, 5m, 5n, 5o, were synthesized via a facile annulation process in which formation of the pyrimidine ring proceeded smoothly by the regioselective attack of a formamidate group on a neighboring carbonyl group instead of a cyano group. Bioassay results indicated that these compounds showed significant herbicidal activity at a dose of 100 μg/mL on the roots of oil rape and barnyard grass. In addition, some of these compounds displayed fungicidal activity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Quantitative contrast‐enhanced perfusion measurements of the human lung using the prebolus approach
Authors: Oechsner Markus , Mühlhäusler Matti , Ritter Christian O. , Weininger Markus , Beissert Matthias , Jakob Peter M. , Beer Meinrad , Hahn Dietbert , Köstler Herbert 
Published: June 2009

AbstractPurposeTo investigate dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI) for quantification of pulmonary blood flow (PBF) and blood volume (PBV) using the prebolus approach and to compare the results to the global lung perfusion (GLP).Materials and MethodsEleven volunteers were examined by applying different contrast agent doses (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mL gadolinium diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid [Gd‐DTPA]), using a saturation‐recovery (SR) true fast imaging with steady precession (TrueFISP) sequence. PBF and PBV were determined for single bolus and prebolus. Region of interest (ROI) evaluation was performed and parameter maps were calculated. Additionally, cardiac output (CO) and lung volume were determined and GLP was calculated as a contrast agent–independent reference value.ResultsThe prebolus results showed good agreement with low‐dose single‐bolus and GLP: PBF (mean ± SD in units of mL/minute/100 mL) = single bolus 190 ± 73 (0.5‐mL dose) and 193 ± 63 (1.0‐mL dose); prebolus 192 ± 70 (1.0–2.0‐mL dose) and 165 ± 52 (1.0–3.0‐mL dose); GLP (mL/minute/100 mL) = 187 ± 34. Higher single‐bolus resulted in overestimated values due to arterial input function (AIF) saturation.ConclusionThe prebolus approach enables independent determination of appropriate doses for AIF and tissue signal. Using this technique, the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) from lung parenchyma can be increased, resulting in improved PBF and PBV quantification, which is especially useful for the generation of parameter maps. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2009;30:104–111. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.