bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Handgemachte Hologramme. Spielwiese
Authors: Schlichting Hans‐Joachim , Ucke Christian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractKonzentrische Rillen in einer reflektierenden Oberfläche beispielsweise einer CD rufen bei richtiger Betrachtung Lichterscheinungen hervor, die in der Luft zu schweben scheinen. Dieses Phänomen erlaubt es, mit einfachen Mitteln räumliche “Bilder” zu erzeugen, die Ähnlichkeit mit holografischen Abbildungen haben. Diese Ritztechnik fand sogar schon Eingang in die Kunst.
Eine Flasche für Licht
Authors: Rauschenbeutel Arno 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPhysikern der Universität Mainz ist es gelungen, einen Speicher für Licht zu realisieren, der bislang unvereinbare Eigenschaften aufweist: Er besteht nur aus einem einzelnen Bauelement und speichert Licht beliebiger Farben in einem mikroskopischen Volumen für extrem lange Zeit.
Die innere Struktur eines Moleküls
Authors: Bührke Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractForscher von IBM Research – Zürich und der Universität Utrecht haben erstmals die chemische Struktur eines Moleküls mit einem Rasterkraftmikroskop atomar vollständig aufgelöst. Diese Technik könnte auch der Erforschung neuer elektronischer Bauelemente auf atomarer und molekularer Skala eröffnet.
Die Cola‐Fontaine
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEs gibt Experiment, die sollten nur im Freien ausgeführt werden. Dieses gehört dazu. Werfen Sie in eine geöffnete Flasche Cola‐Light ein paar Pfefferminzkaubonbons namens Mentos und bringen Sie sich schnell in Sicherheit, denn im Nu schießt eine gewaltige Cola‐Fontaine in die Höhe. Ursache ist die raue Oberfläche auf den Minzbonbons, die allerhand Kräfte in der Flüssigkeit freisetzen.
Planck läuft
Authors: Bührke Thomas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractNachdem das Infrarotobservatorium Herschel kürzlich erfolgreich in Betrieb genommen werden konnte (Physik in unserer Zeit 2009, 40 (5), 226), vermeldet die Europäische Weltraumorganisation, ESA, nun auch Erfolg bei dem gleichzeitig am 14. Mai gestarteten Teleskop Planck.
Physical Properties of Conventional Explosives Deduced from Radio Frequency Emissions
Authors: Harlin Jeremiah , Nemzek Robert 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLos Alamos National Laboratory collected broadband radio frequency (RF) electric field change measurements from multiple detonations of high explosives (HE). Three types of HE were used: small cylinders of flake TNT, solid TNT, and PBX‐9501. Low frequency signals (<80 MHz) were shot‐to‐shot repeatable and occurred within the first 100 μs at measured amplitudes of about 2 V m−1 at 35  m distance. High frequency signals (>290 MHz) occurred later, were an order of magnitude lower in signal strength, and were not repeatable. There is a positive correlation between the maximum electric field change and the shock velocity of the HE. The amount of free charge produced in the explosion estimated from the first RF pulse is between 10 and 150 μC. This implies a weakly ionized plasma with temperatures between 2600 and 2900 K.
Osmolyte‐induced conformational changes in the Hsp90 molecular chaperone
Authors: Street Timothy O. , Krukenberg Kristin A. , Rosgen Jörg , Bolen D. Wayne , Agard David A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractOsmolytes are small molecules that play a central role in cellular homeostasis and the stress response by maintaining protein thermodynamic stability at controlled levels. The underlying physical chemistry that describes how different osmolytes impact folding free energy is well understood, however little is known about their influence on other crucial aspects of protein behavior, such as native‐state conformational changes. Here we investigate this issue with the Hsp90 molecular chaperone, a large dimeric protein that populates a complex conformational equilibrium. Using small angle X‐ray scattering we observe dramatic osmolyte‐dependent structural changes within the native ensemble. The degree to which different osmolytes affect the Hsp90 conformation strongly correlates with thermodynamic metrics of their influence on stability. This observation suggests that the well‐established osmolyte principles that govern stability also apply to large‐scale conformational changes, a proposition that is corroborated by structure‐based fitting of the scattering data, surface area comparisons and m‐value analysis. This approach shows how osmolytes affect a highly cooperative open/closed structural transition between two conformations that differ by a domain‐domain interaction. Hsp90 adopts an additional ligand‐specific conformation in the presence of ATP and we find that osmolytes do not significantly affect this conformational change. Together, these results extend the scope of osmolytes by suggesting that they can maintain protein conformational heterogeneity at controlled levels using similar underlying principles that allow them to maintain protein stability; however the relative impact of osmolytes on different structural states can vary significantly.
Characterisation of organic field‐effect transistors using metal phthalocyanines as active layers
Authors: Korodi Iulia G. , Lehmann Daniel , Tippo Tossapol , Hietschold Michael , Zahn Dietrich R. T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this work the performance of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) using Copper Phthalocyanine (CuPc) and Titanyl Phthalocyanine (TiOPc) as active layers is compared. Current/Voltage measurements were first performed in vacuum and later under ambient conditions. The highest hole mobility μvac = (1.5 ± 0.6) × 10–3 cm2/Vs was obtained for the CuPc OFETs. The mobility remained constant within the error bar after exposing the OFETs to atmosphere (μatm = (1.2 ± 0.2) x 10–3 cm2/Vs). For the TiOPc transistors a hole mobility of μvac = (7.2 ± 4.0) × 10–5 cm2/Vs was found in vacuum. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interaction induced transition in the nanoporous TiO2/Pd‐porphyrin system
Authors: Funes Matías , Zabel Philipp , Dittrich Thomas , Durantini Edgardo N. , Otero Luis 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMolecules of Pd(II) 5‐(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐10,15,20‐tris(4‐methylphenyl) porphyrin were adsorbed from highly diluted dichloromethane solution on ultra‐thin layers of nanoporous TiO2 and investigated by modulated surface photovoltage (SPV) spectroscopy. An additional transition with a maximum at 2.03 eV appeared in the SPV spectra after moderate annealing in vacuum irrespective to the amount of adsorbed molecules. The new transition has been ascribed to the formation of a charge transfer complex due to an interaction between the Pd centred porphyrin and Ti surface atoms. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of wetting layer structure on surface phase stability and on indium surface diffusion
Authors: Rosini Marcello , Kratzer Peter , Magri Rita 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe study the effects of surface reconstruction and step formation on the surface phase stability, of an InAs wetting layer on GaAs(001). In particular we focus our attention on the α2 and β2 (2 × 4) surface reconstructions. The two investigated reconstructions have been shown to be formed at an high In coverage, at the onset of the 2D→3D transition. The analysis of the connection between the step stability and the strain distribution around the step edges leads to the conclusion that the favoured step geometries are those minimising the strain. Finally, In diffusion on the flat reconstructed wetting layers has been investigated.We find: (i) the elements of the surface reconstructions favouring In diffusion; (ii) that In diffusion on these surfaces is strongly anisotropic, favoring the [‐110] direction; (iii) that the As surface dimers introduce additional adsorption sites with high barriers for In escape (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Brief Report: Interferon-γ Induces Expansion of Lin−Sca-1+C-Kit+ Cells
Authors: Zhao Xin , Ren Guangwen , Liang Li , Ai Phillip Z. , Zheng Betty , Tischfield Jay A. , Shi Yufang , Shao Changshun 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe balance between Th1 and Th2 cells is critical for homeostasis of the immune system. Th1 cells can also regulate hematopoietic progenitor cell homeostasis by production of oncostatin M. Here we show that Th1 cell products, but not those of Th2 cells, caused a rapid expansion of lineage−Sca-1+C-kit+ (LSK) cells in vivo and in vitro. Among Th1 cytokines, interferon-γ (IFNγ) was found to play a major role in this expansion by activating the expression of Sca-1 in lineage−Sca-1−C-kit+ cells. This process was dependent on IFNγR1 signaling and the STAT1 pathway. Furthermore, those IFNγ-induced LSK cells had a higher proliferation potential than control LSK cells. In addition, while the overall production of colony-forming units in bone marrow was decreased after IFNγ treatment, the sorted LSK cells could give rise to a higher yield of colony-forming units. Finally, the IFNγ-induced hematopoiesis was biased toward the differentiation of myeloid lineages. Therefore, our findings demonstrated a novel role of IFNγ in activating hematopoietic progenitor cells and provide a new insight into the clinical application of interferon.
Recursive partitioning
Authors: Hawkins Douglas M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRecursive partitioning (RP) is a predictive approach with minimal statistical or model assumptions, which models the relationship in terms of trees or dendrograms. It is particularly appropriate for initial exploration of large data sets, especially messy ones, and may either validate other approaches with stronger model assumptions or lead to a final analysis in its own right. It may be used for either a nominal scale (categorical) or an interval‐scale (numeric) dependent variable. A major issue is the size of tree to be fitted; different approaches for this have been proposed. Like many other feature selection methods, RP is unstable, the model being potentially sensitive to minor perturbations in the data. Fitting multiple trees helps explore alternative models, and also provides better predictions than those giving by a single tree. RP is well supported in both commercial and public domain software. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Data Reduction, Smoothing, and Filtering
Pancreatic head resection with segmental duodenectomy for pancreatic neoplasms
Authors: Nakao Akimasa , Takeda Shin , Nomoto Shuji , Kanazumi Naohito , Kasuya Hideki , Sugimoto Hiroyuki , Fujii Tsutomu , Yamada Suguru 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground/purposeWe have experienced 67 cases of pancreatic head resection with segmental duodenectomy (PHRSD) for benign or low‐grade malignant tumor of the pancreatic head region. Here we introduce our operative technique for these 67 cases.MethodsPancreatic head resection is performed with segmental duodenectomy including minor and major papilla. By conserving the right gastric artery and the gastroduodenal artery, 5–7 cm of the first portion of the duodenum is preserved with good arterial circulation. In addition, by conserving the anterior inferior pancreatoduodenal artery, the third portion and anal side or the second portion of the duodenum are preserved with good arterial circulation. Cholecystectomy is performed. The procedure is completed by resection of the pancreatic head with 3–4 cm of segmental duodenectomy including minor and major papilla. Reconstruction of the alimentary tract is performed with pancreatogastrostomy, end‐to‐end duodenoduodenostomy and end‐to‐side choledochoduodenostomy.ResultsIn 67 cases with diseases of the pancreatic head region, chiefly intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms, this procedure was successfully performed without operative or hospital death. Postoperative quality of life was quite satisfactory.ConclusionTotal resection of the pancreatic head can be performed safely and effectively by this procedure.
Staging systems: Is there a surgical staging and a medical one? A surgeon's perspective
Authors: Contreras Carlo M. , Vauthey Jean‐Nicolas 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFrom a surgeon's perspective, the AJCC 6th edition is the staging system of choice due to its simplified clinicopathologic schema, discriminatory accuracy, extensive external validation, widespread geographic reproducibility, and applicability to both the resection and transplantation patient population with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Single HCC between 2 and 5 cm: the grey zone
Authors: Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Kokudo Norihiro , Sano Keiji , Makuuchi Masatoshi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), control of the tumor itself, vascular invasion, and minute intrahepatic metastases is the main important factor to be considered. Based on previously reported indirect evidence, liver resection would seem to have advantages over percutaneous ablation for single HCCs measuring between 2 and 5 cm in diameter. In conclusion, liver function permitting, resection would be the therapeutic option of first choice. In cases with poor liver functional reserve, liver transplantation would be a good therapeutic option, depending on the age of the patient.
Functional–structural models optimize the placement of foliage units for multiple whole‐canopy functions
Authors: Kennedy Maureen C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractI present examples of plant functional–structural models (FSMs) that are used to evaluate how foliage units affect whole‐canopy functions, and I show that multi‐criteria optimization is an effective tool for these models. FSMs produce plant structures through the repeated application of a set of rules for the placement of foliage units. The models are blind (rules are the same regardless of dynamic simulation conditions), sighted (rules change with interference from other foliage units) or self‐regulatory (rules change depending on the conditions of the simulation, i.e., internal conditions). In the examples presented, the models are used to optimize plant morphology for one or more measures of plant performance; these measures include movement of materials and associated hydraulic functions, foliage display, light interception and net carbon, mechanical support and stability, and reproductive success. It is consistently found that no morphology is optimal for any single measure of plant performance, and the rules for plant development are not stationary in space and time. In multi‐criteria optimization, alternative morphologies are compared against multiple measures of plant performance; these are optimized simultaneously using Pareto optimality, which yields the set of mutually co‐dominant solutions not dominated by any other solution. Two solutions are considered to be mutually co‐dominant if improvement with respect to one criterion is at the expense of another criterion. I conclude that multi‐criteria optimization is an essential tool for the use of FSMs to relate processes at the foliage level to whole‐canopy function and to explain the structural diversity of old‐growth forests.
The Relationship Between the Air‐Bone Gap and the Size of Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence
Authors: Yuen Heng‐Wai , Boeddinghaus Rudolf , Eikelboom Robert H. , Atlas Marcus D. 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVETo examine the relationship between the air‐bone gap (ABG) and the size of the superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) as measured on a computed tomography (CT) scan. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review.SETTINGTertiary referral center.PATIENTSTwenty‐three patients (28 ears) diagnosed with SSCD.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURESThe size of the dehiscence on CT scans and the ABG on pure‐tone audiometry were recorded.RESULTSThe size of the dehiscence ranged from 1.0 to 6.0 mm (mean, 3.5 ± 1.6 mm). Six ears with a dehiscence measuring less than 3.0 mm did not have an ABG (0 dB). The remaining 18 ears showed an average ABG at 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz (AvABG500–2000) ranging from 3.3 to 27.0 dB (mean, 11.6 ± 5.7 dB). The analysis of the relationship between the dehiscence size and AvABG500–2000 revealed a correlation of R 2 = 0.828 (P < 0.001, quadratic fit) and R 2 = 0.780 (P < 0.001, linear fit). Therefore, the larger the dehiscence, the larger the ABG at lower frequencies on pure‐tone audiometry.CONCLUSIONSIn SSCD patients, an ABG is consistently shown at the low frequency when the dehiscence is larger than 3 mm. The size of the average ABG correlates with the size of the dehiscence. These findings highlight the effect of the dehiscence size on conductive hearing loss in SSCD and contribute to a better understanding of the symptomatology of patients with SSCD.
Preservation of the External Jugular Venous Drainage System in Neck Dissection
Authors: Chung Man Ki , Choi Jeesun , Lee Jae‐Kwon , Jeong Jong In , Lee Won Yong , Jeong Han‐Sin 
Published: November 2009

OBJECTIVETo investigate whether preserving the external jugular vein (EJV) in neck dissection reduces postoperative edema of the face and neck.STUDY DESIGNA prospective, randomized controlled trial.SETTINGA tertiary hospital.SUBJECTS AND METHODSThirty‐eight subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: EJV preservation versus sacrifice during neck dissection after stratification according to the neck dissection extent and type, the previous treatment, the primary site, and the reconstruction type. The relative soft‐tissue thickness was evaluated by follow‐up computed tomography (CT) scans at one week and four to five weeks postoperatively and compared with preoperative findings. The preserved EJV patency was also determined by contrast enhancement of EJV on follow‐up CT scans. In addition, the scores for pain/discomfort on the upper neck/face and laryngeal edema were recorded at each time point.RESULTSRelative soft‐tissue thickness reached up to 160 percent of preoperative status at the hyoid and cricoid levels at one week postoperatively but resolved at four to five weeks. EJV preservation reduced the soft‐tissue thickness significantly compared with EJV sacrifice (P < 0.05) at one week postoperatively, particularly at the mandible and hyoid level. All preserved EJVs remained patent at one week, and 18 of 19 remained patent at four to five weeks. In addition, EJV preservation diminished the discomfort/pain of the upper neck/face compared with EJV sacrifice at one week (P = 0.036). The extent of laryngeal edema did not differ between the two groups.CONCLUSIONEJV preservation may reduce immediate postoperative neck edema and pain/discomfort related to neck dissection.
Technik und Gesundheit – Einsatzbereiche von Technik zum Nutzen in der Gesundheitsversorgung
Authors: Kraft Marc 
Published: November 2009

Einleitung
Die demografische Entwicklung, eine Veränderung des Krankheitsspektrums hin zu chronischen und chronisch-degenerativen Erkrankungen, der medizinische und technologische Fortschritt und die damit verbundenen Veränderungen in der Erwartungshaltung der Patienten stellen das Gesundheitswesen vor erhebliche neue Herausforderungen. Gleichzeitig stoßen die aktuellen Finanzierungs- und Vergütungssysteme an ihre Grenzen. Somit unterliegt das Gesundheitssystem insgesamt einem außerordentlich hohen Innovationsdruck. Dabei hat die Gesundheitstechnologie das Potenzial, die gesundheitliche Versorgung unserer Gesellschaft durch einen fortschreitenden Innovationsprozess dauerhaft zu verändern.
Aktionsplan Medizintechnik: Übersicht zur Forschungs- und Innovationspolitik
Authors: Quennet-Thielen Cornelia 
Published: November 2009

Einleitung
Im Gesundheitsbereich liegen große Potenziale, Wohlbefinden und Leistungsfähigkeit der Menschen bis ins hohe Alter zu befördern und zugleich zu neuem, nachhaltigem Wachstum beizutragen. Der Medizintechnik kommt hierbei eine Schlüsselrolle zu, denn sie ermöglicht durch rasante Fortschritte eine immer bessere und schnellere Diagnostik von Krankheiten, krankheitsvorbeugende Therapien und ein selbständiges, würdevolles Leben für eine älter werdende Bevölkerung in Deutschland.
On the Genus Cumanotus
Authors: Eliot Charles 
Published: November 2009

(See Eliot on Coryphella beaumonti in Notes on some British Nudibranchs, Journ. Mar. Biol. Assoc., vol. vii., No. 3, June, 1906, pp. 361–3; and Nils Odhner on Cumanotus laticeps in Northern and Arctic Invertebrates, iii. Opisthobranchia. Kngl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar. Band 41, No. 4, 1907, pp. 29, 80, and 101–2).In describing (l.c.) Coryphella beaumonti as a new species, I pointed out that in many important characters it differs markedly from the other known Coryphellœ, and might be made the type of a new genus. But I did not create a new genus, thinking it might be well to examine further specimens, both of this animal and of allied forms, before deciding on its place in the classification. In the next year Odhner created (I.c.) the genus Cumanotus to which Coryphella beavmonti is certainly referable, and which is shown by his researches to be well characterized. It is allied to Coryphella inasmuch as it has unperfoliate rhinophores, tentacular angles to the foot, a triseriate radula and denticulate jaws; but it also possesses the following special characters: (1) The oral tentacles are very small and connected by a cutaneous fold which runs across the head; (2) there are several (at least, as many as three) rows of cerata in front of the rhinophores; (3) the verge is deeply grooved, and there is a bursa copulatrix, the entrance to which bears on its upper and lower margin a circular pad, armed on the periphery with twelve small cones terminating in hooks.
Combable functions, quasimorphisms, and the central limit theorem
Authors: CALEGARI DANNY , FUJIWARA KOJI 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA function on a discrete group is weakly combable if its discrete derivative with respect to a combing can be calculated by a finite-state automaton. A weakly combable function is bicombable if it is Lipschitz in both the left- and right-invariant word metrics. Examples of bicombable functions on word-hyperbolic groups include:(1)homomorphisms to ℤ;(2)word length with respect to a finite generating set;(3)most known explicit constructions of quasimorphisms (e.g. the Epstein–Fujiwara counting quasimorphisms).We show that bicombable functions on word-hyperbolic groups satisfy acentral limit theorem: if$\overline {\phi }_n$is the value of ϕ on a random element of word lengthn(in a certain sense), there areEandσfor which there is convergence in the sense of distribution$n^{-1/2}(\overline {\phi }_n - nE) \to N(0,\sigma )$, whereN(0,σ) denotes the normal distribution with standard deviationσ. As a corollary, we show that ifS1andS2are any two finite generating sets forG, there is an algebraic numberλ1,2depending onS1andS2such that almost every word of lengthnin theS1metric has word lengthn⋅λ1,2in theS2metric, with error of size$O(\sqrt {n})$.
Epsilon-hypercyclic operators
Authors: BADEA CATALIN , GRIVAUX SOPHIE , MÜLLER VLADIMIR 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLet X be a separable infinite-dimensional Banach space, and T a bounded linear operator on X; T is hypercyclic if there is a vector x in X with dense orbit under the action of T. For a fixed ε∈(0,1), we say that T is ε-hypercyclic if there exists a vector x in X such that for every non-zero vector y∈X there exists an integer n with $\|T^nx-y\|\leq \varepsilon \|y\|$. The main result of this paper is a construction of a bounded linear operator T on the Banach space ℓ1 which is ε-hypercyclic without being hypercyclic. This answers a question from V. Müller [Three problems, Mini-Workshop: Hypercyclicity and linear chaos, organized by T. Bermudez, G. Godefroy, K.-G. Grosse-Erdmann and A. Peris. Oberwolfach Rep.3 (2006), 2227–2276].