bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agricultural Rhythms and Rituals: Ancient Maya Solar Observation in Hinterland Blue Creek, Northwestern Belize
Authors: Zaro Gregory , Lohse Jon C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAgriculture in prehispanic Mesoamerica necessitated not only a wide range of knowledge regarding soil types, fertility, and the growing cycles of different plants, but also the attendant rituals that firmly situated agrarian production into a shared Mesoamerican worldview. Due primarily to archaeological visibility, those attendant rituals have traditionally been investigated within the context of large centers. Recent investigations at the site of Quincunx, a hinterland architectural complex in northwestern Belize of the Maya Lowlands, provide evidence that some rural communities may also have had access to and control over esoteric knowledge involved in agricultural practice in the Late Classic period. Our findings are discussed in the context of ethnographic accounts and archaeological data that reveal the deep significance of quincuncial designs in Maya society and Mesoamerican ritual practices.
Selective Faunal Provisioning in the Southern Highlands of Formative Ecuador
Authors: Stahl Peter W. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAnalysis of a large animal bone assemblage from the Formative archaeological site of Challuabamba in Ecuador’s southern highlands provides additional evidence for the existence of local and extra-local trade connections during the second millennium B.C. Previous archaeological research has established that Formative occupants of this highland region accessed various maritime and terrestrial routes for the long-distance exchange of exotic goods with different highland and lowland areas throughout the Andes. The Formative zooarchaeological record at Challuabamba clearly implicates the provisioning of select high yield body portions of deer and the importation of exotic taxa, or parts thereof most likely from lowland sources directly to the west. Taphonomic analyses and zooarchaeological identification of the Challuabamba assemblage offer additional corroborating evidence for the early operation of prehispanic trade systems in the Northern Andes.
Reassessing the Traditional Interpretation of “Manioc” Artifacts in the Orinoco Valley of Venezuela
Authors: Perry Linda 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThere exists general consensus in the archaeological literature that bitter manioc was a staple crop in precontact agricultural systems in the lowlands of South America. This view is based upon the indirect evidence derived from archaeological ceramic and lithic assemblages rather than archaeobotanical evidence, the preserved remains of bitter manioc itself. Studies of microlithic “manioc” grater flakes from Pozo Azul Norte-1, a site located in the middle Orinoco valley of Venezuela, reveal a much more complex function of these artifacts involving the processing of several starchy roots including arrowroot, guapo, yam, and ginger, as well as seeds including maize and possibly palm. The starch and use-wear data collected in these investigations indicate that archaeobotanical data are a more reliable means of assessing the function of these tools than are ethnographic analogues.
Khipu Archives: Duplicate Accounts and Identity Labels in the Inka Knotted String Records
Authors: Urton Gary 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAccounts from the Spanish chronicles regarding Inka record-keeping practices by means of the knotted string devices called khipu (“knot”) indicate that these accounts were compiled in a system of “checks and balances.” Each community in the empire had a minimum of four khipu accountants, all of whom are said by the chronicler Garcilaso de la Vega to have kept the same records. This study examines several examples of matching khipu accounts identified among sets of two or three khipu. The identification of matching khipu accounts has been facilitated by the recent development of a khipu database at Harvard University. It is argued that certain three-term numerical sequences recorded in one set of three matching khipu from Chachapoyas, northern Peru, represent a type of numerical signifier that may have served as identity labels of the information recorded in this set of khipu. The long-range objective of this research is to investigate the information recorded on khipu from various provenience zones around the former Inka Empire that may represent the remains of khipu archives.
Detecting “Invisible” Dwellings in the Maya Area Using Electromagnetic Induction: Significant Findings of a Pilot Study at Chau Hiix, Belize
Authors: Sweely Tracy L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractSettlement studies of the prehispanic Lowland Maya have tended to rely upon dwelling remains that are visible at the ground surface, though floors and living surfaces that leave no surface indications are known to exist. Such “invisible” dwellings have been encountered beneath platforms and in “vacant terrain” lacking surface indications of architecture, and given more systematic attention, could represent a sizable and socially significant segment of the prehispanic populations in the region. This paper describes the application of electromagnetic induction, a geophysical technique, for locating nonplatform dwellings at Chau Hiix, Belize. A conductivity signature for nonplatform dwellings was identified that includes plaster, nonplatform floors, both in an area of vacant terrain and beneath a residential terrace, in association with trash pits and episodes of limestone bedrock mining, presumably for the acquisition of raw material for the floor. The technique also holds promise for locating ground-level floors, use-areas, and possibly footpaths. While this pilot study was limited in scope, it demonstrates the enormous potential of electromagnetic induction for locating these otherwise elusive features.
The Role of Map Kinases in Immune Response
Authors: Krzyzowska Malgorzata , Swiatek Weronika , Fijalkowska Beata , Niemialtowski Marek , Schollenberger Ada 
Published: May 2010

SummaryThe MAP kinases (MAPKs), including ERK, JNK and p38 families comprise part of the intracellular signalling network, which is essential for signal transduction from receptors and stimuli to the biological reaction. Activity of MAPKs plays a crucial role in normal functioning of the immune system. By taking part in cytokine production upon signalling from activated TLR receptors, MAPKs are involved in initiation of innate immunity and in responses to binding of cytokines by appropriate receptors. MAPKs activity is also important for T and B lymphocyte differentiation, by the ITAM signalling pathway. Moreover, their involvement in apoptosis supports lymphocyte T cytotoxicity and enables the removal of damaged, infected or transformed cells. Correct functioning of the MAPK signalling is crucial for effective immune response, and therefore MAPKs’ inhibitors constitute a promising therapeutic goal
CD93/AA4.1: A Novel Regulator of Inflammation in Murine Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Harhausen Denise , Prinz Vincent , Ziegler Gina , Gertz Karen , Endres Matthias , Lehrach Hans , Gasque Philippe , Botto Marina , Stahel Philip F. , Dirnagl Ulrich , Nietfeld Wilfried , Trendelenburg George 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The stem-cell marker CD93 (AA4.1/C1qRp) has been described as a potential complement C1q-receptor. Its exact molecular function, however, remains unknown. By using global expression profiling we showed that CD93-mRNA is highly induced after transient focal cerebral ischemia. CD93 protein is upregulated in endothelial cells, but also in selected macrophages and microglia. To elucidate the potential functional role of CD93 in postischemic brain damage, we used mice with a targeted deletion of the CD93 gene. After 30 min of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery and 3 d of reperfusion these mice displayed increased leukocyte infiltration into the brain, increased edema, and significantly larger infarct volumes (60.8 ± 52.2 versus 23.9 ± 16.6 mm3) when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. When the MCA was occluded for 60 min, after 2 d of reperfusion the CD93 knockout mice still showed more leukocytes in the brain, but the infarct volumes were not different from those seen in WT animals. To further explore CD93-dependent signaling pathways, we determined global transcription profiles and compared CD93-deficient and WT mice at various time points after induction of focal cerebral ischemia. We found a highly significant upregulation of the chemokine CCL21/Exodus-2 in untreated and treated CD93-deficient mice at all time points. Induction of CCL21 mRNA and protein was confirmed by PCR and immunohistochemistry. CCL21, which was formerly shown to be released by damaged neurons and to activate microglia, contributes to neurodegeneration. Thus, we speculate that CD93-neuroprotection is mediated via suppression of the neuroinflammatory response through downregulation of CCL21.
Social Determinants of Health and Delivery of Rehabilitation to Older Adults During ICU Hospitalization
Authors: Jain Snigdha , Murphy Terrence E. , Falvey Jason R. , Leo-Summers Linda , O’Leary John R. , Zang Emma , Gill Thomas M. , Krumholz Harlan M. , Ferrante Lauren E. 
Published: May 2024

ImportanceOlder adults with socioeconomic disadvantage develop a greater burden of disability after critical illness than those without socioeconomic disadvantage. The delivery of in-hospital rehabilitation that can mitigate functional decline may be influenced by social determinants of health (SDOH). Whether rehabilitation delivery differs by SDOH during critical illness hospitalization is not known.ObjectiveTo evaluate whether SDOH are associated with the delivery of skilled rehabilitation during critical illness hospitalization among older adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study linked with Medicare claims (2011-2018). Participants included older adults hospitalized with a stay in the intensive care unit (ICU). Data were analyzed from August 2022 to September 2023.ExposuresDual eligibility for Medicare and Medicaid, education, income, limited English proficiency (LEP), and rural residence.Main Outcome and MeasuresThe primary outcome was delivery of physical therapy (PT) and/or occupational therapy (OT) during ICU hospitalization, characterized as any in-hospital PT or OT and rate of in-hospital PT or OT, calculated as total number of units divided by length of stay.ResultsIn the sample of 1618 ICU hospitalizations (median [IQR] patient age, 81.0 [75.0-86.0] years; 842 [52.0%] female), 371 hospitalizations (22.9%) were among patients with dual Medicare and Medicaid eligibility, 523 hospitalizations (32.6%) were among patients with less than high school education, 320 hospitalizations (19.8%) were for patients with rural residence, and 56 hospitalizations (3.5%) were among patients with LEP. A total of 1076 hospitalized patients (68.5%) received any PT or OT, with a mean rate of 0.94 (95% CI, 0.86-1.02) units/d. After adjustment for age, sex, prehospitalization disability, mechanical ventilation, and organ dysfunction, factors associated with lower odds of receipt of PT or OT included dual Medicare and Medicaid eligibility (adjusted odds ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.50-0.97]) and rural residence (adjusted odds ratio, 0.65 [95% CI, 0.48-0.87]). LEP was associated with a lower rate of PT or OT (adjusted rate ratio, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.32-0.94]).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings highlight the need to consider SDOH in efforts to promote rehabilitation delivery during ICU hospitalization and to investigate factors underlying inequities in this practice.
Obeticholic Acid Inhibit Mitochondria Dysfunction Via Regulating ERK1/2‐DRP Pathway to Exert Protective Effect on Lipopolysaccharide‐Induced Myocardial Injury
Authors: Miao Huijie , Tang Xiaomeng , Cui Yun , Shi Jingyi , Xiong Xi , Wang Chunxia , Zhang Yucai 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFarnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays critical regulatory roles in cardiovascular physiology/pathology. However, the role of FXR agonist obeticholic acid (OCA) in sepsis‐associated myocardial injury and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. C57BL/6J mice are treated with OCA before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. The histopathology of the heart and assessment of FXR expression and mitochondria function are performed. To explore the underlying mechanisms, H9c2 cells, and primary cardiomyocytes are pre‐treated with OCA before LPS treatment, and extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor PD98059 is used. LPS‐induced myocardial injury in mice is significantly improved by OCA pretreatment. Mechanistically, OCA pretreatment decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and blocked the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) in cardiomyocytes. The expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (NRF‐2) increased in the case of OCA pretreatment. In addition, OCA improved mitochondria respiratory chain with increasing Complex I expression and decreasing cytochrome C (Cyt‐C) diffusion. Moreover, OCA pretreatment inhibited LPS‐induced mitochondria dysfunction via suppressing ERK1/2‐DRP signaling pathway. FXR agonist OCA inhibits LPS‐induced mitochondria dysfunction via suppressing ERK1/2‐DRP signaling pathway to protect mice against LPS‐induced myocardial injury.
The Role of Chemical Composition in Determining the Charge‐Carrier Dynamics in (AgI)x(BiI3)y Rudorffites
Authors: Lal Snigdha , Righetto Marcello , Putland Benjamin W. J. , Sansom Harry C. , Motti Silvia G. , Jin Heon , Johnston Michael B. , Snaith Henry J. , Herz Laura M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSilver‐bismuth‐based perovskite‐inspired materials (PIMs) are increasingly being explored as non‐toxic materials in photovoltaic applications. However, many of these materials exhibit an ultrafast localization of photogenerated charge carriers that is detrimental for charge‐carrier extraction. In this work, such localization processes are explored for thermally evaporated thin films of compositions lying along the (AgI)x(BiI3)y series, namely BiI3, AgBi2I7, AgBiI4, Ag2BiI5, Ag3BiI6, and AgI, to investigate the impact of changing Ag+/Bi3+ content. A persistent presence of ultrafast charge‐carrier localization in all mixed compositions and BiI3, together with unusually broad photoluminescence spectra, reveal that eliminating silver will not suppress the emergence of a localized state. A weak change in electronic bandgap and charge‐carrier mobility reveals the resilience of the electronic band structure upon modifications in the Ag+/Bi3+ composition of the mixed‐metal rudorffites. Instead, chemical composition impacts the charge‐carrier dynamics indirectly via structural alterations: Ag‐deficient compositions demonstrate stronger charge‐carrier localization most likely because a higher density of vacant sites in the cationic sublattice imparts enhanced lattice softness. Unraveling such delicate interplay between chemical composition, crystal structure, and charge‐carrier dynamics in (AgI)x(BiI3)y rudorffites provides crucial insights for developing a material‐by‐design approach in the quest for highly efficient Bi‐based PIMs.
Robust Flexible Electret Tactile Sensor for Identification on Mushy Material in Harsh Environment
Authors: Xu Jiani , Teng Junchi , Cao Zeyuan , Guo Xingqi , Ding Rong , Ren Chao , Yuan Yongfei , Wang Xuan , Yin Pengfei , Ye Xiongying 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn traditional food industry, the assessment of mushy materials plays an important role in high‐quality food production, which still relies heavily on human tactile perception. In this work, to address this issue for enhancing food production efficiency, a flexible electret tactile sensor that can mimic expert touch is developed. The sensor consists of a pair of electrodes, a microstructural spacer, and a pre‐charged electret. Benefiting from the electrostatic induction‐based working mechanism, the sensor attains high sensitivity and is ideal for precise sensing in actions similar to those of skilled Baijiu distillers. Due to its hermetic and electromagnetic interference‐resistant encapsulation with polypropylene/aluminum/parylene films, the sensor remained durable in vinasse in the real distillery, with its high water and alcohol content, for over 21 days. This demonstrates its long‐term stability in harsh environment. Based on the proposed flexible electret tactile sensor, an automated and intelligent vinasse identification system is built, mimicking the actions of Baijiu distillers in vinasse assessment. Combining tactile sensing data with machine learning, the system can distinguish 8 kinds of vinasses with different ingredient ratios, achieving an accuracy of 98%. This work significantly demonstrates the practical potential of the sensor in the food industry.
Ultrathin Bi‐Switchable Vanadium Dioxide‐Based Multifunctional Metamaterial for Terahertz Polarization Modulation
Authors: Jalal Abdul , Qasim Muhammad , Qurashi Ubaid Ur Rahman 
Published: May 2024

AbstractA broadband multi‐functional bi‐switchable ultrathin optical metamaterial design is investigated, which can achieve a high polarization conversion efficiency over a wide band of frequencies in the terahertz (THz) regime. The proposed design switches from a linear and circular polarization converter (LPC/CPC) to an efficient absorber by using the phase change property of a functional material, vanadium dioxide (VO2). The proposed design shows switching from an absorber to a reflector using the mechanical configuration of the functional material, and therefore the design can be used as a bi‐switchable device. The first type of switching is accomplished by changing the conductivity of the functional material, while the second type of switching is achieved with the help of the mechanical configuration of the functional material. Moreover, the structure is responsive to wide incident angles. The proposed switchable design has the potential to contribute to the development of tunable polarization rotating devices and on/off switching LPC devices, which have wide applications in detection, sensing, and communications.
A laser‐Engraved Wearable Electrochemical Sensing Patch for Heat Stress Precise Individual Management of Horse
Authors: Pan Yuxiang , Su Xiaoyu , Liu Ying , Fan Peidi , Li Xunjia , Ying Yibin , Ping Jianfeng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIn point‐of‐care diagnostics, the continuous monitoring of sweat constituents provides a window into individual's physiological state. For species like horses, with abundant sweat glands, sweat composition can serve as an early health indicator. Considering the salience of such metrics in the domain of high‐value animal breeding, a sophisticated wearable sensor patch tailored is introduced for the dynamic assessment of equine sweat, offering insights into pH, potassium ion (K+), and temperature profiles during episodes of heat stress and under normal physiological conditions. The device integrates a laser‐engraved graphene (LEG) sensing electrode array, a non‐invasive iontophoretic module for stimulated sweat secretion, an adaptable signal processing unit, and an embedded wireless communication framework. Profiting from an admirable Truth Table capable of logical evaluation, the integrated system enabled the early and timely assessment for heat stress, with high accuracy, stability, and reproducibility. The sensor patch has been calibrated to align with the unique dermal and physiological contours of equine anatomy, thereby augmenting its applicability in practical settings. This real‐time analysis tool for equine perspiration stands to revolutionize personalized health management approaches for high‐value animals, marking a significant stride in the integration of smart technologies within the agricultural sector.
Engineering Built‐In Electric Field Microenvironment of CQDs/g‐C3N4 Heterojunction for Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction
Authors: Xu Yun , Hou Weidong , Huang Kai , Guo Huazhang , Wang Zeming , Lian Cheng , Zhang Jiye , Wu Deli , Lei Zhendong , Liu Zheng , Wang Liang 
Published: May 2024

AbstractGraphitic carbon nitride (CN), as a nonmetallic photocatalyst, has gained considerable attention for its cost‐effectiveness and environmentally friendly nature in catalyzing solar‐driven CO2 conversion into valuable products. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of CO2 reduction with CN remains low, accompanied by challenges in achieving desirable product selectivity. To address these limitations, a two‐step hydrothermal‐calcination tandem synthesis strategy is presented, introducing carbon quantum dots (CQDs) into CN and forming ultra‐thin CQD/CN nanosheets. The integration of CQDs induces a distinct work function with CN, creating a robust interface electric field after the combination. This electric field facilitates the accumulation of photoelectrons in the CQDs region, providing an abundant source of reduced electrons for the photocatalytic process. Remarkably, the CQD/CN nanosheets exhibit an average CO yield of 120 µmol g−1, showcasing an outstanding CO selectivity of 92.8%. The discovery in the work not only presents an innovative pathway for the development of high‐performance photocatalysts grounded in non‐metallic CN materials employing CQDs but also opens new avenues for versatile application prospects in environmental protection and sustainable cleaning energy.
Multi‐Selenophene Strategy Enables Dimeric Acceptors‐Based Organic Solar Cells with over 18.5% Efficiency
Authors: Bai Yuyang , Chen Tianqi , Ji Xinyi , Wang Jiaying , Zhao Wenkai , Yuan Shaohui , Zhang Yunxin , Long Guankui , Zhang Zhe , Wan Xiangjian , Kan Bin , Chen Yongsheng 
Published: May 2024

AbstractDimeric acceptor (DMA) becomes a promising alternative to small‐molecular and polymeric acceptor‐based organic solar cells (OSCs) due to its well‐defined chemical structure, high batch‐to‐batch reproducibility, and low molecular diffusion properties. However, DMAs usually exhibit blueshifted absorptions, limiting their photon utilization abilities. Herein, multi‐selenophene strategies are adopted to develop redshifted DMAs. From monomer (YSe) to dimers (DYSe‐1 and DYSe‐2), reduced electron reorganization energies and exciton binding energies enable the efficient charge dynamics in the DMAs‐based OSCs. Together with their effective absorption extending to ≈920 nm, DYSe‐1‐ and DYSe‐2‐ based OSCs exhibit outstanding short‐circuit current densities (JSCs) over 27 mA cm−2, which are the best among DMAs. Besides, compared with the YSe‐based device, both DMA‐based devices have higher electroluminescence quantum efficiencies and thus reduce nonradiative recombination loss (ΔE3), contributing to their reduced energy losses. The resultant open‐circuit voltages (VOCs) of DYSe‐1‐ and DYSe‐2‐ based OSCs are ≈0.88 V, which, combining their super JSC values, lead to the promising power conversion efficiencies of 18.56% and 18.22%, respectively. These results are among the best in DMAs‐based OSCs and highlight the great potential of the multi‐selenophene strategy for the development of redshifted DMAs with high performance.