bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An African ichneumonid (Hymenoptera) in Australasia
Authors: Fitton M. G. , Gauld I. D. , Roberts L. I. N. , Walker A. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe occurrence of the African ichneumonine Ctenochares bicolorus (L.) in Australia and New Zealand as a parasite of the crop pest Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esp.)/C. eriosoma (Dbd.) is reported. The advent of the species to Australasia is discussed in relation to the known distribution and host associations of the genus.
Survival of some aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) predators with special reference to their parasites in England
Authors: Dean G. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies in southern England on aphids in cereals and adjacent wasteland included observations on the survival of aphid-specific predators (Coccinel-lidae and Syrphidae) and the more polyphagous Chrysoperla carnea (Steph.), with particular reference to their parasites. Counts were made of all the predator stages found on samples of shoots in each plot and, in wheat only, collected with a vacuum sampler. All stages of predators seen were collected and reared in the laboratory to estimate mortality and parasitism rates. Overwintering survival outdoors of Coccinella septempunctata L. was studied in partly sheltered and exposed netting cages over dense ground cover. At least 90% of predator eggs hatched in the laboratory, and no parasites were reared from them or from larvae. In cereals, there were significantly fewer larvae than eggs of Coccinellidae, probably because of cannibalism, whereas eggs and larvae of Chrysoperla carnea and Syrphidae (mainly Episyrphus balteatus Deg.) occurred in similar numbers. Unlike Coccinellidae, however, there were fewer cocoons of C. carnea and syrphid pupae on the shoots than expected. Since larval mortality was apparently small, it is suggested that many larvae pupate in the soil. Two parasite species emerged from coccinellid pupae and one from the adults, compared with two species from C. carnea cocoons and nine species from syrphid pupae. Parasitism rates were usually small (25%). More individuals of Coccinella septempunctata survived overwinter in partly sheltered than in exposed cages.
Electrophoretic study of enzymes from cereal aphid populations. I. Electrophoretic techniques and staining systems for characterising isoenzymes from six species of cereal aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Loxdale H. D. , Castañera P. , Brookes C. P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOne–dimensional slab polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic techniques, staining systems and isoenzyme banding patterns for 14 soluble enzymes separated from crude homogenates of individuals of six species of cereal aphids (Sitobion avenae (F.), S. fragariae (Wlk.), Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.), M. festucae (Theo.), Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) and R. maidis (Fitch)) are described. The value of the techniques and banding patterns to taxonomic and population genetic studies of these and other aphid species are briefly discussed. With the six species, it was possible to separate the different genera as well as individual species within genera. The enzymes found to be most useful for inter–generic and/or -specific separations were adenylate kinase (AK), esterase (EST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH), hexokinase (HK), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), peptidase (PEP), phosphatase (PHOS), phosphoglucomutase (PMG), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORDH), whilst glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT), α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α-GPD), malic enzyme (ME) and peroxidase (POD) were of relatively little taxonomic use. There were no banding pattern differences between the various morphs of S. avenae (first to fourth-instar nymphs, apterous and alate adults using the 14 enzymes.
Control of hatching time of eggs of Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Chapman R. F. , Bernays E. A. , Woodhead S. , Padgham D. E. , Simpson S. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the field in India, most eggs of Chilo partellus (Swinh.) hatched in the morning soon after first light. Laboratory experiments show that in continuous light hatching occurs after 250 hour-degrees of development above 12°C from the time at which the head capsule darkens (blackheading). Hatching may be advanced by a lights-on stimulus or retarded by darkness, and these effects account for the extensive hatching at dawn. Hatching is not entrained by a circadian rhythm. The significance of hatching at this time of day is discussed.
Aspects of the ecology of siricid woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) in Europe, North Africa and Turkey with special reference to the biological control of Sirex noctilio F. in Australia
Authors: Spradbery J. P. , Kirk A. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCollections of siricid-infested coniferous trees were made in 150 localities in 19 European countries, Turkey and North Africa to obtain parasites and parasitoids of siricids for use in the biological control of Sirex noctilio F. in Australia. During this work, information was obtained on the distribution and biology of 8 siricid species (S. noctilio, S. cyaneus F., S. juvencus L., Urocerus augur (Kiug), U. gigas. (L.), U. sah (Mocs.), U. fantoma (F.), Xeris spectrum (L.)) and 7 parasitoids (Rhyssa persu.asoria (L.), R. amoena. Gray., Pseudorhyssa maculicoxis (Krchb.), Megarhyssa emarginatoria (Thnb.), Ibalia leucospoides leucospoides (Hochenw.), I. rufipes drewseni Borries, Odontocolon geniculatum. (Krchb.)). Data are presented on distribution, flight periods and sexratios (determined from emergence records), factors leading to the susceptibility of timber to siricid infestation and the types of timber and host tree species infested. Levels of parasitism by the various parasitoid species, determined from emergence records, are given. Localities are assigned to bioclimatic categories, and their siricid and parasitoid species are classified in relation to the climatic criteria. The ecological status of S. noctilio is discussed in relation to its establishment in Australia.
The use of ageing techniques to evaluate the effects of aerial spraying against Glossina morsitans centralis Machado (Diptera: Glossinidae) in northern Botswana
Authors: Davies J. E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDuring a large-scale air-spray trial using endosulfan against Glossina morsitans centralis Machado in the Okavango Delta area of Botswana, a programme of ageing all flies caught on fly-rounds was undertaken. The aim was to evaluate closely the effect of repeated sprays on the population and especially to determine the origin of the small residual population that often remains after spraying. Ageing males by the wing-fray method indicated that none survived the spraying. Ageing females by ovarian dissection showed that (a) no breeding occurred between sprays, (b) one pupal period was just covered by four spray applications, (c) the residual population was composed of females that had survived the spraying and (d) all survivors had been pregnant at the time of treatment. Dissections also showed a very low rate of insemination between sprays, but the few females that survived spraying were all inseminated. Larval and pupal periods under natural conditions of fluctuating temperature are discussed together with methods of improving air spraying results by eliminating pregnant females.
Ecological studies of ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in Zambia. IV. Some anomalous infestation patterns in the northern and eastern regions
Authors: Macleod J. , Mwanaumo B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe tick infestation patterns observed during 1966–73 are described for wild animals and cattle on the northern plateau of north-eastern Zambia, the eastern plateau and the intervening Luangwa valley. The seasonal periodicity of adultAmblyomma sparsumNeum., as observed on buffalo, was similar to that ofA. variegatum(F.). Five major depart ures from the patterns of infestation previously found in the Central Province were observed.Boophilus decoloratus(Koch) was partially or totally replaced on cattle byB. microplus(Can.).Rhipicephalus appendiculatusNeum. although present on wild fauna in the valley, was absent from cattle on the eastern plateau.R. evertsiNeum. was absent from much but not all of the northern plateau and occurred in very low numbers only on the cattle of the eastern plateau, yet was present on the wild fauna of the Luangwa valley.Hyalomma marginaturn rufipesKoch was practically absent from cattle on the northern and the eastern plateaux and from the wild fauna, except buffalo, of the valley;H. truncatumKoch was abundant on cattle on the northern plateau and on the wild fauna of the valley, but on the eastern plateau cattle it occurred in low numbers only.A. pomposumDön, was found on cattle in one area of the northern plateau, the only specimen ofAmblyomrnaon that particular herd. These anomalous findings are discussed in relation to the situation elsewhere in Zambia and in neighbouring territories.
Analysis of colour variations in feral, peridomestic and domestic populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: VandeHey R. C. , Leahy Sister M. G. , Booth K. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSamples of 25 African populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) were examined for variations in scale-colour pattern of palps, halteres, abdominal tergites and metatarsi and in larval body colour. A colour index based on these characters showed domestic populations to be paler than populations found in forests. Classification of phenotypic and genotypic variations in the amount of pale scaling on palps, halteres and, especially, tergites revealed statistically significant differences between some of the populations. Although it was impossible to identify individual mosquitoes, population samples could be identified according to subspecific designations as A. a. formosus (Wlk.) and A. a. aegypti.
Prevention by soil mulching of the spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Israel
Authors: Cohen S. , Melamed-Madjar Venezia 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), which is transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is a very destructive disease of tomato i Israel. Soil mulching with yellow polyethylene sheets delayed the spread of the disease for at least 20 days. In laboratory and field experiments, B. tabaci was found to be more attracted to yellow polyethylene than to straw or to aluminum- or blue-coloured polyethylene. A combined treatment of mulching with yellow polyethylene sheets and 1% sprays of azinphos-methyl starting 20 days after germination was the most effective in preventing the spread of TYLCV.
The relative attractiveness of donkeys, cattle, sheep and goats to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen (Eiptera: Glossinidae) in a middle-veld area of Rhodesia
Authors: Boyt W. P. , MacKenzie P. K. I. , Pilson R. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe comparative attractiveness to Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. of donkeys, cattle, sheep and goats in the presence of wild game was examined during two investigations in a middle-veld area of Rhodesia. Host preferences were assessed by the identification of blood-meals collected in the grazing area. Both cattle and donkeys provided a high proportion of the diet. Sheep and particularly goats were fed upon to a minor degree. The significance of the findings is discussed in relation to tsetse control.
A revision of the Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) Melanesia. I. The genera Anomalon Panzer to Aphanistes Foerster
Authors: Gauld I. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA key is provided to the eight genera of Anomaloninae occurring in Melanesia. The Anomaloninae are endophagous parasites of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera larvae. The Melanesian species of Anomalon Panzer, Trichomma Wesmael,Heteropelma Wesmael, Therion Curtis, Pseudanomalon Szépligeti, and Aphanistes Foerster are keyed and discussed. A total of 21 species is recognised of which 11, Trichomma cheesmanae sp. n., T. pacificum sp. n., Heteropelma hirsutum sp. n., Therion unguiculum sp. n., A phanistes nexus sp. n., A. luscus sp. n., A. limulus sp. n., A. dnopherus sp. n., A. paupus sp. n., A. sedlaceki sp. n. and A. anaxeussp. n., are described. An Australian species, Anomalon, morleyiGauld, is recorded from Melanesia for the first time. Trichomma elegantulum Turner is placed as a junior synonym of T. clavipes Krieger.
Some effects of weather and moonlight on light-trap catches of the army-worm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), at Muguga, Kenya
Authors: Douthwaite R. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effects of wind speed, wind direction, strong moonlight and rainfall on hourly light-trap catches of adult Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.) made at Muguga, Kenya, between January and June in 1970 and 1971 were investigated. The highest catches occurred in winds of 2–3 m/s, but generally, fewer moths were caught as wind speed increased. In totally dark hours the geometric mean catch at wind speeds of 5–6 m/s was about one-tenth that at 0–1 m/s. The relationship between catch and wind speed changed between January and June. Wind direction and change in direction were not significantly related to catch. The geometric means of catches made in strong moonlight were about one-tenth those in total darkness at comparable wind speeds. Rainfall was associated with higher catches in seven out of eight months, but the differences were significant in only two months. Recognition of the association between light winds and large numbers of S. exempta should assist forecasting, but a fuller understanding of the relationship between light-trap catch and population requires a method of population assessment that is independent of the effects of weather and moonlight.
A revision of the Anomaloninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Melanesia. II. The genera Perisphincter Townes and Agrypon Foerster
Authors: Gauld I. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe eleven Melanesian species of the genera Perisphincter Townes and Agrypon Foerster, endophagous parasites of Lepidoptera larvae, are revised, and a key to them is given. One species of Perisphincter, P. toxeres sp. n., and six species of Agrypon, A. augrhantum sp. n., A. ambomum sp. n., A. celenellum sp. n., A. rhamphidum sp. n., A. apistum sp. n. and A. phlogeum sp. n., are described. A. nigricans Szépligeti is placed as a synonym of A. caliginosum (Tosquinet).
Utilisation of food by Zonocerus variegatus (L.) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomor phidae)
Authors: McCaffery A. R. , Cook A. G. , Page W. W. , Perfect T. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIndividuals and groups of adults of Zonocerus variegates (L.) were fed on various food-plants. Somatic growth, maturation and reproduction were all faster in group-fed insects than in isolated ones. Dry-season insects grew faster and produced greater numbers of egg pods than did wet-season ones. Short-winged insects developed faster than long-winged ones. Zonocerus that fed on cassava (Manihot esculenra) had a shorter somatic growth period and produced greater numbers of egg pods than insects that fed on any other foods. Cassava-fed Zonocerus had a greater efficiency of conversion of digested food to body substance, particularly during oocyte growth, than similar insects given other foods. Food plants such as Citrus and A spilia were inefficiently utilised, and often compensatory increases in consumption occurred. The success of the large dryseason population of Zonocerus in southern Nigeria is probably due to the increase in cassava cultivation.
The effect of host odour concentration on catches of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera in the field
Authors: Hargrove J. W. , Vale G. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFlies attracted to odours from 500 to 11 500 kg of livestock were captured using electrified netting in the Zambesi Valley, Rhodesia. Catches of maleGlossina morsitansWestw., Tabanidae, Stomoxyinae and non-biting muscids reached maximum levels at odour concentrations produced by only 500–3500 kg of livestock, but catches of femaleG. morsitans and both sexes of G. pallidipes Aust. increased over the whole range of concentrations tested. With the maximum dose of odour, up to 7100 tsetse were caught in 3 h. The proportion of tenerals in catches of Glossina was not affected by odour concentration. Daily catches of Giossina were positively correlated with daily maximum temperatures. The maintenance of large catches of flies for 60 days and the indication that larger catches are possible suggest the feasibility of employing odour-baited traps for tsetse control.
The influence of repellent materials and aphid extracts on settling behaviour and larviposition ofMyzus persicae(Suizer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Greenway A. R. , Lyoyd Susan L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWhen incorporated into an artificial diet or painted on the surface of the membrane containing the diet, solutions of the insect repellent GD 880 (2-methyl-2-(octylamino)-1-propanol) killed aphids, whilst extracts of neem seeds (Azadirachta indica) or extracts of the bodies ofMyzus persicae(Sulz.) deterred settling and larviposition of apterous adults. The deterrent effect occurred even when the painted membrane was covered by a similar but untreated membrane. When applied in culture solutions to the roots of young kale plants, GD 880 and extracts of neem influenced aphids on the foliage only at concentrations that visibly affected plant growth, but neem extract (and to a lesser extent GD 880) decreased aphid colonisation when painted on kale leaves at non-damaging concentrations.
Colonisation of twelve species of Eucalyptus by Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Malawi
Authors: Powell W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFelled logs of twelve species of Eucalyptus were exposed simultaneously to attack by Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) in Malawi. Colonisation was assessed by counting the number of larval feeding channels on the surface of the sapwood. The level of colonisation varied significantly between different tree species. E. fastigata and E. paniculata were much more heavily colonised than any of the other species. Possible factors contributing to this variation in susceptibility are discussed. The more susceptible species should be the most efficient for control operations involving the use of trap trees.
Pest status of the crazy ant, Anoplolepis longipes (Jerdon) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in the Seychelles
Authors: Haines I. H. , Haines J. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOn Mahé in the Seychelles, Anoplolepis longipes (Jerd.) is a pest, mainly because of the nuisance it causes to man and domestic animals but also because it increases the numbers of sap-feeding insects and the occurrence of sooty mould on plants. The most important sap insect associated with sooty mould on citrus and cinnamon was Ceroplastes rubens Mask., the numbers of which sometimes increased a hundredfold in the presence of A. longipes, and up to 90% of leaves were infected with sooty mould. The rapid population expansion of the ant on Mahé prior to 1973 has since slowed down, and infestations in some areas have diminished, possibly because of a decreasing source of protein. Movement of ant-infested material has initiated secondary infestations, which are difficult to eradicate once established. The ant is not considered a threat to conservation as differences between the fauna in infested and uninfested areas tend to be quantitative rather than qualitative. Attempts to eradicate the ant on Mahé would be costly and inappropriate. The use of toxic baits and sprays is recommended only where ants become a domestic nuisance, threaten productivity or reach Other islands in the Seychelles group.
Feeding cycles and flight activity in field populations of tsetse (Diptera:Glossinidae)
Authors: Randolph Sarah E. , Rogers D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPublished laboratory measurements of the levels of fat and haematin inGlossinafollowing a blood-meal were used to develop a prediction of the relationship between fat and haematin during the course of the feeding cycle. The fat-haematin relationship appears to be nearly linear over the later part of the feeding cycle. Data from three field studies onG. morsitansWestw.,G. swynnertoniAust. andG. fuscipesNewst. were analysed in the way suggested by the prediction, and the observed rates of fat depletion were used to estimate flight activity of male flies towards the end of each feeding cycle. Results forG. palpalis(R.–D.) andG. tachinoidesWestw., obtained in other studies with new electric sampling devices as well as by men with hand nets, illustrated particularly clearly the fat-haematin relationship over the whole of the feeding cycle. This was made possible by the electric traps catching more flies nearer to the start of their feeding cycle than the men with hand nets. A comparison between the different areas suggested that the fat level may trigger the onset of feeding behaviour inGlossina.
Attraction to mammals of male Mansonia (Mansonioides) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: McIver S. B. , Wilkes T. J , Gillies M. T 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField experiments were conducted in the Gambia, West Africa, on the density of mosquitoes approaching animal baits (two goats). Using an array of ramp-suction traps arranged radially around baits, it was found that the density of Mansonia males was significantly greater at a distance 3 m from the bait than at distances of 7 and 15 m. By contrast, catches of Culex and Anopheles males were no higher at 3 m than at greater distances. It is concluded that Mansonia males, but not males of the other genera studied, are attracted to mammals from at least 3 m. Catches of Mansonia females were greater at 3 and 7 m than at 15 m, indicating that they are attracted to hosts from a greater distance than the males. This behaviour facilitates mate-finding by bringing the sexes together in the vicinity of the host.
Effects of diflubenzuron on a field population of the coconut black-headed caterpillar, Nephantis serinopa Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), and its parasite, Parasierola nephantidis (Muesebeck) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), in India
Authors: Sundaramurthy V. T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDiflubenzuron was applied once at 2·5–20 g a.i. in 10 litres of water to coconut palms infested with larvae of Nephantis serinopa Meyr. in Tamil Nadu, India. The entire field population of larvae was eliminated within 14 to 18 days, depending on the dose. The mortality due to moulting inhibition in larvae treated in the field and then brought into the laboratory ranged from 77·4 to 88·8%. The higher the dosage, the higher was the inhibition of transformation to the pupal and adult stages. Diflubenzuron also apparently had an antifeedant effect on the larvae. The compound directly or indirectly affected the development of Parasierola nephantidis (Mues.), a parasite of N. serinopa. The preference of female parasites for parasitising host larvae and oviposition in and the number of progency produced from a single host larva that had been treated with diflubenzuron in the field were significantly reduced. The percentage of normal adults produced from treated parasite larvae ranged from 17·3 to 43·0% as against 99·1% from untreated larvae. Treatment of mature parasite larvae directly with diflubenzuron in the laboratory affected development and caused morphological deformities in the adults.
Notes on an economically important species of Temelucha Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and a preliminary key to Australian species
Authors: Gauld I. D 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTemelucha minuta (Morl.), a common parasite of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.), is redescribed with emphasis on features enabling it to be separated from other species of Temelucha. T. clausa Kerrich is placed as a junior synonym of T. minuta. The known geographical range of the parasite is expanded to include Cyprus, Australia and India. A provisional key is given to the Australian species of Temelucha, and notes are given on their distribution and hosts. T. verimaculata (Cam.) is placed as a junior synonym of T. australiensis (Szépl.).