bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographical patterns of evolution in Neotropical Lepidoptera. Systematics and derivation of known and new Heliconiini (Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae)
Authors: BROWN KEITH S. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTAnalysis of the known and recently discovered differentiation patterns of 58 forest butterfly species (of the total 66) in the tribe Heliconiini, including over 300 races and forms, has led to the drawing of a map of core areas for evolution in the group. The majority of these are not isolated by any obvious modern physiogeographic barriers to dispersal of these butterflies, and probably correspond to forest refugia during the two or three most recent Quaternary dry periods. The map is in good accord with the results of similar studies in other groups of animals (forest vertebrates and invertebrates) and in forest trees, but indicates a larger number of significant operative refugia (38) than other analyses. Bases for the understanding of differentiation patterns in polytypic continental species are developed, in accord with the refuge theory and using intensive and extensive data on local monomorphic populations and secondary contact zones between differentiated forms. The known forms discussed include: Dione juno miraculosa Hering, Eueides libitina Staudinger, Heliconius xanthocles explicata Stichel, H. eleuchia (Hewitson) and H. leucadia Bates together with a supplementary revision of the tribe giving information published since 1972. The following new forms are described: Eueides emsleyi sp. n. and nine new subspecies of Heliconius: H. aoede philipi, H. wallacei araguaia, H. pardalinus orteguaza, H.p. butleri, H. hecale australis, H.h. barcanti, H. clysonymus tabaconas, H. congener aquilionaris, H. sapho candidus. Geographical details of the refugia are given in Appendix I, and in Appendix II the heliconians are assigned to the postulated refugia.
Dermatologic research in the Nordic countries 1989–2008 – a bibliometric study
Authors: Gjersvik Petter , Nylenna Magne , Jemec Gregor B.E. , Haraldstad Anne‐Marie 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Bibliometric methods, based on the count of articles published in scientific journals, are increasingly used to evaluate scientific productivity. Bibliometric studies may identify factors that promote or inhibit research performance. We set out to analyze dermatologic research activity in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway using bibliometric methods.Methods  We performed repetitive searches on Medline, using the PubMed interface, for the period 1989–2008. Dermatologic articles were defined as all articles in dermatologic journals plus articles in nondermatologic journals in which the address of first author included an institution of dermatology. Articles were allocated to the country of first author’s address.Results  The number of dermatologic articles from Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway was 1896 (214 per million inhabitants), 1502 (281), 1017 (196), and 249 (55), respectively. Dermatologic articles represented 1.4%, 2.3%, 1.6%, and 0.6% of each country’s total number of Medline articles in English over the same period. Similar patterns were found in relation to gross domestic product, number of dermatologists, and number of medical schools. After 2000, the yearly number of dermatologic articles from Denmark increased and that from Finland decreased, whereas the numbers from Sweden and Norway remained relatively stable.Conclusions  Despite similarities in social and economic conditions in Sweden, Denmark, Finland, and Norway, there are great differences in dermatologic research activity in the four countries, with Denmark performing best and Norway poorest. Historical and cultural factors may partly explain these differences.
Results of 7302 stapled haemorrhoidectomy operations in a single centre: a seven‐year review and follow‐up questionnaire survey
Authors: Kam Ming‐Hian , Ng Kheng‐Hong , Lim Jit‐Fong , Ho Kok‐Sun , Ooi Boon‐Swee , Tang Choong‐Leong , Eu Kong‐Weng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  This study aims to evaluate the results of all 7302 stapled haemorrhoidectomy operations performed in a single centre.Method:  A retrospective review of all 7302 patients who underwent stapled haemorrhoidectomy at our department over seven years was conducted. The hospital database was reviewed for subsequent readmissions and re‐operations. A questionnaire survey was also sent out to all the patients.Results:  A total of 302 patients (4.1%) were admitted with post‐operative bleeding and 281 stopped with conservative measures. Twenty one required surgical haemostasis. A total of 301 patients (4.1%) were admitted for an inability to void and 191 (2.6%) had true acute retention of urine, requiring catheterization. There were 124 patients (1.7%) admitted for pain, but all resolved with oral analgesia subsequently. Anal stricture requiring surgery occurred in only 86 patients (1.2%). Serious complications such as staple line dehiscence or anorectal sepsis occurred in seven patients. There were a total of 14 recurrences requiring readmission over this seven‐year period, of which 12 were treated successfully with a second haemorrhoidectomy. A total of 1834 patients returned their questionnaire surveys and 95% of the patients reported complete resolution or improvement of their symptoms. Only 27 patients reported subsequent severe bleeding requiring medical attention.Conclusion:  Stapled haemorrhoidectomy is safe, and most patients are satisfied with the long‐term outcome.
Meta‐analysis of laparoscopic total (Nissen) versus posterior (Toupet) fundoplication for gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease based on randomized clinical trials
Authors: Tan Gewen , Yang Zhili , Wang Zhigang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (LNF) is the standard procedure for surgical management of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). Laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication (LTF) is reported to be as effective as LNF but to be associated with a lower incidence of post‐operative dysphagia. This meta‐analysis was performed to compare the two techniques with respect to reflux control and associated complications, particularly dysphagia.Methods:  Pubmed, Medline, Embase and The Cochrane Library were searched. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing LNF and LTF were included. Outcomes evaluated were occurrences of heartburn and associated complications (e.g. dysphagia) and degree of patient's satisfaction at early (three to six months) and later (one to three years) post‐operative periods.Results:  Of 939 patients in seven RCTs, 478 received LNF and 461 received LTF. For both groups, control of reflux was good and occurrence of heartburn were similar. A lower incidence of post‐operative dysphagia for both early and later post‐operative periods was observed for the LTF group. Patient's satisfaction following either procedure was similar.Conclusion:  LNF and LTF are both safe and effective. LTF is truly associated with a lower occurrence of dysphagia. However, LTF is more likely than LNF to be associated with early surgical complications. On the whole, post‐surgical satisfaction ratios for the two groups were comparable.
Variation in rates of hip and knee joint replacement in Australia based on socio‐economic status, geographical locality, birthplace and indigenous status
Authors: Dixon Tracy , Urquhart Donna M. , Berry Patricia , Bhatia Kuldeep , Wang Yuanyuan , Graves Stephen , Cicuttini Flavia M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground:  Our understanding of the incidence of joint replacement across different subgroups of the Australian population is limited. This study investigated whether rates of hip and knee joint replacement vary according to socio‐economic status, geographical locality, birthplace and indigenous status.Methods:  Data from the National Hospital Morbidity Database were obtained. All separations for primary hip or knee joint replacement with the principal diagnosis of arthritis were identified. Age‐standardized procedure rates were compared based on socio‐economic status, geographical locality, birthplace and indigenous status.Results:  Compared with age‐ and gender‐matched individuals, rates of joint replacement overall were significantly lower in people living in the most disadvantaged (P < 0.05) and remote areas (P < 0.001), people born outside Australia (P < 0.05) and indigenous people (P < 0.001). However, there were some exceptions. Knee replacement rates were higher in the most disadvantaged areas than in the least disadvantaged areas (P < 0.01), and both hip and knee replacement rates were higher in regional areas than in major cities (P < 0.05). Males and females born in New Zealand and females born in the United Kingdom, Ireland and parts of Europe had a greater rate of hip replacement, and females from North Africa and the Middle East had a greater rate of knee replacement, than Australia‐born people (P < 0.001).Conclusions:  There is significant variation in the rates of primary total hip and knee replacement in Australia. Further investigation is needed to determine whether this simply reflects patterns of disease and disease risk factors, or is because of inequalities in health care, unmet need, and/or surgical or patient‐related factors.
Principles of hemostasis in children: models and maturation
Authors: Guzzetta Nina A. , Miller Bruce E. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryHemostasis is an active process regulating the formation and dissolution of fibrin clot to preserve vascular integrity. The different phases of hemostasis are coordinated so that effective clotting occurs only at the site of vascular injury while maintaining blood flow in other parts of the circulation. Procoagulant processes culminate in thrombin generation and fibrin clot formation to protect the vasculature against uncontrolled bleeding after injury. Conversely, anticoagulant processes limit clot extension to unaffected portions of the vasculature. Lastly, fibrinolysis is responsible for clot dissolution once tissue repair and regeneration permit the return of normal blood flow. A precise and delicate interplay exists among these processes to ensure normal hemostasis. The hemostatic system is incompletely developed at birth and matures throughout infancy. Both full‐term and preterm neonates are born with low levels of most procoagulant proteins including all the contact activation factors and vitamin K‐dependent factors. Similarly, levels of the major anticoagulant proteins are low at birth. Although often characterized as ‘immature’, the neonatal hemostatic system is nevertheless functionally balanced with no tendency toward coagulopathy or thrombosis. In this article, we will review the current models of hemostasis and the maturation of the hemostatic system. Our goal is to help clinicians gain a better understanding of the actions of procoagulant agents and of the disruptive effects of serious systemic illnesses on the precarious hemostatic balance of infants.
Aspects of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sufentanil in pediatric practice
Authors: Lundeberg Stefan , Roelofse James A. 
Published: September 2010

SummarySufentanil is a potent synthetic opioid. Like other opioids, sufentanil creates a stable hemodynamic environment in cardiovascularly compromised pediatric patients. Clearance, expressed as per kilogram, is increased in children compared to adults. The P450 CYP3A4 enzyme is responsible for the major metabolic N‐dealkylation pathway. Enzyme activity is reduced in neonates but the maturation of sufentanil clearance is not described. The free active fraction is affected by age because of the reduced α1‐acid glycoprotein plasma concentrations in neonates. Intranasal administration of sufentanil is a possible option for premedication, procedural sedation and analgesia in children, as this option has been found to be safe and effective. Studies concerning the pharmacokinetics and dynamics of sufentanil administered as a bolus or continuous infusion in children are few.
Mechanisms contributing to stability in ecosystem function depend on the environmental context
Authors: Grman Emily , Lau Jennifer A. , Schoolmaster Donald R. , Gross Katherine L. 
Published: September 2010

Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 1400–1410AbstractStability in ecosystem function is an important but poorly understood phenomenon. Anthropogenic perturbations alter communities, but how they change stability and the strength of stabilizing mechanisms is not clear. We examined temporal stability (invariability) in aboveground productivity in replicated 18‐year time series of experimentally perturbed grassland plant communities. We found that disturbed annual‐dominated communities were more stable than undisturbed perennial communities, coincident with increases in the stabilizing effect of mean–variance scaling. We also found that nitrogen‐fertilized communities maintained stability despite losses in species richness, probably because of increased compensatory dynamics and increased dominance by particularly stable dominant species. Among our communities, slight variation in diversity was not the strongest mechanism driving differences in stability. Instead, our study suggests that decreases in individual species variabilities and increases in the relative abundance of stable dominant species may help maintain stability in the functioning of ecosystems confronted with eutrophication, disturbance, and other global changes.
Fractal analysis of retinal vessel patterns in ophthalmically normal dogs
Authors: Kunicki A. C. B. , Araújo L. S. , Sá F. B. , Stosic B. , Barbosa C. T. F. , Nogueira R. A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective  To study the applicability of the fractal dimension as a parameter for describing retinal vessel patterns in ophthalmically normal dogs.Procedures  The following strategy was adopted: (i) development of an experimental procedure to obtain digitalized photographs of the fundus; (ii) development of software to segment retinal vessel images and calculate the box‐counting and radius of gyration fractal dimensions of the retinal vessels and diffusion‐limited aggregation (DLA), a process with similar characteristics to retinal vessel morphology, and (iii) establishment of a standard curve for the fractal dimensions of segmented vessels.Results  Digitalized photographs of the fundus showed an adequate contrast between the vessels and the rest of the fundus for numerical analysis. The software developed produced a binary image of the retinal vessels permitting calculation of the fractal dimension. The mean values of the fractal dimensions calculated by the methods of box‐counting and radius of gyration for the DLA were significantly different (t = –40.33, P ≈ 0). The radius of gyration method was found to be more suitable for documenting the dimension of the DLA and, consequently, of the dog's retinal vessels.Conclusion  This methodology may be useful to differentiate between normal and pathologic states of canine retinal vascularization.
Corneal squamous cell carcinoma in a Border Collie
Authors: Busse Claudia , Sansom Jane , Dubielzig R. R. , Hayes Alison 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA 6‐year‐old, female, spayed Border Collie was presented to the Unit of Comparative Ophthalmology at the Animal Health Trust with a 6‐month history of a progressive nonpainful opacity of the left cornea. A keratectomy was performed and the tissue submitted for histopathology. The diagnosis was squamous cell carcinoma. There has been no recurrence of the neoplasm to date (5 months). Canine corneal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) has not been reported previously in the UK.
Bilateral nasolacrimal duct atresia in a cria
Authors: Mangan Brendan G. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Powell Cynthia C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA 2‐month‐old, male alpaca had a 1‐month history of mucoid ocular discharge from the left eye. Signalment, history and clinical findings were suggestive of a congenital nasolacrimal outflow obstruction. A dacryocystorhinogram confirmed bilateral nasolacrimal duct atresia, which involved the distal half of both nasolacrimal ducts. In order to establish alternative outflow, a conjunctivomaxillosinusotomy and conjunctivorhinostomy were performed on the right and left eye, respectively. The surgical openings remain patent after 11 months, and there have been no clinical signs of nasolacrimal disease.
Ocular anomalies and holoprosencephaly in a lamb
Authors: Zeiss Caroline J. , Zarfoss Mitzi K. , Johnson Elizabeth E. , Dubielzig Richard R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe brain and eyes from a 1‐day‐old, male mixed‐breed lamb with bilateral microphthalmia were examined. Bilateral ventral colobomata of choroid, sclera, retina and optic nerve were accompanied by agenesis of the optic nerve, and dilated lateral and third ventricular cavities that communicated with the subarachnoid space. Abundant neuroretinal tissue extending through the colobomatous defect to retro‐orbital connective tissue, the meningeal surface and ventricular system were identified by histologic examination. Positive immunolabeling of these structures for recoverin (a photoreceptor marker) established the retinal origin of ectopic structures. The optic nerve was replaced by a short fibrous stalk containing glial nests. Sections of brainstem revealed extensive architectural disorganization. A developmental abnormality resulting from defective optic nerve and retina compartmentalization, accompanied by abnormalities of midline development consistent with the holoprosencephaly syndrome, was diagnosed. These lesions are consistent with signaling defects in the sonic hedgehog signaling pathway. Genetic and toxic causes of sonic hedgehog signaling defects are discussed.
A modifiedab externoapproach for suture fixation of an intraocular lens implant in the dog
Authors: Wilkie D. A. , Gemensky‐Metzler A. J. , Stone S. G. , Basham C. R. , Norris K. N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe goals of canine cataract and lens instability surgery should be to ensure a small incision, minimal tissue trauma, shortened surgical time, maintenance of the anterior chamber, and restoration of emmetropia through the use of a stable intraocular lens specifically designed for the canine eye. While this is usually the case with routine phacoemulsification and in‐the‐bag intraocular lens implantation, it is often not the case with lens instability, lens luxation or large posterior capsular ruptures. In such cases the incisions are often larger, surgical time and tissue trauma are excessive, and the patient is often left aphakic. The goal of this paper is to present a modifiedab externotechnique designed to allow removal of the lens and placement of a ciliary sulcus sutured IOL through a small incision, with minimal trauma and shortened surgical time. Use of this technique may allow more canine patients to be emmetropic postoperatively. In addition, the ease of this procedure may encourage earlier removal of an unstable lens and decrease the risk of secondary glaucoma and retinal detachment that occur in association with lens luxation.
PRODUCT VARIETY AND COMPETITION IN THE RETAIL MARKET FOR EYEGLASSES*
Authors: WATSON RANDAL 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTI use original data on eyewear retailers in a cross‐section of U.S. markets to study how firms' product range choices vary with the degree of local competition. Market level regressions show average per firm variety declining in the number of rivals. In regressions at the firm level, taking account of spatial differentiation within each market, a non‐monotonic relationship between product ranges and competition is apparent. As the number of nearby rivals increases, per firm variety may first rise before eventually declining. Explanations for this pattern are offered, in terms of a tradeoff between business stealing and clustering effects.
The Parliamentary Party
Authors: COWLEY PHILIP 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:The Conservative parliamentary party will fulfill three important functions for any incoming Conservative government: it will be the focus of attention for the national media; it will be the bulk vote that will deliver its legislative programme; it will form the talent pool from which members of any incoming government will be recruited. A majority Conservative government could see a majority of its MPs newly elected, with more Conservative women and ethnic minority MPs than ever before (although there will be little change in the socio‐economic background of their MPs). These new MPs will present problems in terms of party management, although they will be less likely to rebel than longer‐serving MPs. There are also relatively few signs of discontent among incumbent Conservative MPs (the article identifies the most rebellious Conservative MPs). Any new Conservative government will also have to deal with a reformed House of Lords, in which it will no longer have a majority.
IS THERE A BASIS FOR TELEOLOGY IN PHYSICS?
Authors: Helrich Carl S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.The basic laws of physics for particles and fields can be formulated in terms of variational principles. The initial development of a variational principle had distinct teleological implications. The formulation of physical laws in terms of variational principles is outlined with specific reference to classical and quantum mechanics and field theory. Because of time irreversibility no variational principle exists for thermodynamics. In order to obtain time irreversibility molecular trajectories must be abandoned in the lowest‐level description of complex multicomponent systems. A more open set of possibilities results. I suggest that this may be more consistent with a modern teleology.
GENETIC AND REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE LIGHT OF RELIGIOUS DIALOGUE
Authors: Modell Stephen M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Since the gene splicing debates of the 1980s, the public has been exposed to an ongoing sequence of genetic and reproductive technologies. Many issue areas have outcomes that lose track of people's inner values or engender opposing religious viewpoints defying final resolution. This essay relocates the discussion of what is an acceptable application from the individual to the societal level, examining technologies that stand to address large numbers of people and thus call for policy resolution, rather than individual fiat, in their application. A major source of guidance is the “Genetic Frontiers” series of professional dialogues and conferences held by the National Conference for Community and Justice from 2002 to 2004. Genetic testing, human gene therapy, genetic engineering of plants and animals, and stem cell technology are examined. While differences in perspective on the beginning of life persist, a stepwise approach to the examination of genetic testing reveals areas of general agreement. Stewardship of life, human co‐creativity with the divine, and social justice help define the bounds of application of genetic engineering and therapy; compassionate care plays a major role in establishing stem cell policy. Active, sustained dialogue is a useful resource for enabling sharing of religious values and crystallization of policies.
COLLECTIVE SELF‐ORGANIZATION IN GENERAL BIOLOGY: GILLES DELEUZE, CHARLES S. PEIRCE, AND STUART KAUFFMAN
Authors: Gangle Rocco 
Published: September 2010

Abstract.Stuart Kauffman's proposal in Investigations to ground a “general biology” in the laws of self‐organization governing systems of autonomous agents runs up against the methodological problem of how to integrate formal mathematical with semantic and semiotic approaches to the study of evolutionary development. Gilles Deleuze's concept of the virtual and C. S. Peirce's system of existential graphs provide a theoretical framework and practical art for answering this problem of method by modeling the creative event of collective self‐organization as both represented and practiced in the scientific community.