bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COLD HARDINESS IN THE TWO‐SPOTTED SPIDER MITE (TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH)
Authors: STENSETH CHRISTIAN 
Published: April 2011

The effect of temperatures below 0° C on different stages of the two‐spotted spider mite, and in particular on active adult females, has been investigated.Survival of active females at —5° was higher at approximately 100% relative humidity than at a lower degree of humidity. Higher rates of survival were also caused by acclimation of active females and larvae for one day at +5° before storage at —15°. No differences in cold‐hardiness were found in active females from an organophosphorous resistant strain and a susceptible strain, and the ability to survive depended on the time‐temperature exposures (see Fig. 3).Eggs were killed very rapidly at —15° C, while larvae survived longer exposures than active females. Compared at the LT30 level females in diapause survived three times the exposure endured by acclimated active females.Supercooling points measured at a rate of cooling of 2° C per minute were highest in diapausing females and lowest in eggs. Acclimation had no effect on the supercooling points of active females. All stages were killed by freezing. It seems likely that the difference in survival between acclimated and not acclimated active females at —15° is caused by different ability to live in a supercooled state.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGKÄLTERESISTENZ BEI DER BOHNENSPINNMILBE (TETRANYCHUS URTICAE KOCH)Es wurde die Wirkung von Temperaturen unter 0° auf verschiedene Stadien der Bohnenspinnmilbe, insbesondere auf aktive erwachsene Weibchen untersucht.Die Überlebensrate aktiver Weibchen war bei nahezu hundertprozentiger relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit höher als bei niederer Feuchtigkeit. Höhere Überlebensraten wurden auch durch Akklimatisation aktiver Weibchen und Larven für einen Tag bei 5° vor der Behandlung mit —15° erreicht. Es wurden keine Unterschiede in der Kältewiderstandfähigkeit aktiver Weibchen eines phosphorsäureesterresistenten und eines anfälligen Stammes gefunden. Die Überlebensfähigkeit hängt von Dauer und Temperatur der Einwirkung ab.Eier wurden von —15° sehr schnell abgetötet, während Larven längere Einwirkungszeiten überlebten als aktive Weibchen. Bei einem Vergleich der LT50 überlebten diapausierende Weibchen dreimal längere Einwirkungszeiten, als sie von akklimatisierten aktiven Weibchen ertragen wurden.Unterkühlungspunkte — gemessen bei einer Abkühlungsrate von 2° pro Minute — lagen bei diapausierenden Weibchen am höchsten und bei Eiern am niedrigsten.Akklimatisierung hatte keinen Einfluß auf die Unterkühlungspunkte aktiver Weibchen. Durch Gefrieren wurden alle Stadien getötet. Es erscheint möglich, daß der Unterschied im Überleben akklimatisierter und nichtakklimatisierter Weibchen bei —15° durch die verschiedene Fähigkeit bedingt ist, in einem unterkühlten Zustande zu leben.
AGAR AND CHEMOSTIMULANT CONCENTRATIONS AND THEIR EFFECT ON INTAKE OF SYNTHETIC FOOD BY LARVAE OF THE MUSTARD BEETLE, PHAEDON COCHLEARIAE FAB
Authors: TANTON M. T. 
Published: April 2011

Mustard oil glucosides are necessary to maintain feeding on synthetic media by larvae of the mustard beetle, Phaedon cochleariae Fab. Suitable physical texture of the medium increases intake. Attention should be paid to these factors before developing and modifying the nutrient content of synthetic media.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAGAR‐ UND CHEMOSTIMULANS‐KONZENTRATIONEN UND IHRE WIRKUNG AUF DIE AUFNAHME SYNTHETISCHER NAHRUNG DURCH DIE LARVEN DES MEERRETTICHBLATTKÄFERS, PHAEDON COCHLEARIAE FAB.Bei der Herstellung einer synthetischen Nahrung zur Aufzucht von Larven des Meerrettichblattkäfers, Phaedon cochleariae Fab., ist zur Erreichung kontinuierlichen Fraßes die Beigabe des Senfölglukosides Sinigrin in optimalen Konzentrationen von 5000–10000 ppm notwendig.Der Zusatz des Senföls Allylisothiocyanat ergab in Kontrollversuchen keine Erhöhung der Fraßmenge, ebensowenig die Beimischung eines grünen Futterfarbstoffes. Die Anwendung von Farbreizen zur Einschränkung des Umherwanderns der Larven und der Variabilität der Resultate crwies sich als erfolglos. Von 3 auf 6% ansteigende Agarkonzentration verdreifachte die Nahrungsaufnahme der Larven.
EFFECTS OF INTENSITY AND DURATION OF LOW TEMPERATURES IN REGULATING DIAPAUSE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CABBAGE ROOT FLY (DELIA RADICUM)
Authors: COLLIER ROSEMARY H. , FINCH S. 
Published: April 2011

Low temperature was shown to be the major factor regulating diapause development of the cabbage root fly. Diapausing pupae had to be subjected to temperatures of from 0°—6° for 22 weeks for all individuals in the population to complete diapause development. Once this was complete, pupae required a further 14 days at 20° for most of the flies to emerge. Flies that emerged within 14 days at 20°, the criterion for diapause completion, were classed as early‐emerging. The percentage of early‐emerging flies gradually increased as the period of low temperature was extended from 12 to 22 weeks. In the range 0° to 10°, parallel linear relationships were established between the logarithm of the duration of the low temperature and the probit of the percentage of early‐emerging flies. The lower the temperature between 0° and 10°, the more effective it was in terminating diapause.Populations of pupae from nine different localities in England and Wales all took the same time (22 weeks) to complete their low‐temperature diapause development. There was no indication that this rate of development was affected by light, photoperiod, diurnal temperature fluctuations or latitude.RÉSUMÉEffets de l'intensité et de la durée du froid sur l'évolution de la diapause de la mouche du chouDes pupes de moches du chou élevées en laboratoire et en état de diapause durent ětre soumises à un froid de 4° pendant au moins 12 semaines, puis portées à 20°, avant qu'il ne soit possible à des mouches de sortir dans les 14 jours. On a dit des mouches apparues dans les 14 jours à 20° qu'elles sont apparues t&#x006f;&#x030c;t. La proportion de mouches apparues t&#x006f;&#x030c;t est devenue graduellement plus importante au fur et à mesure que le traitement froid a été porté de 12 à 22 semaines. Lorsque des pupes en diapause ont été soumises à une température constante de 0 à 10°, l'évolution de la diapause s'est faite plus rapidement aux températures les plus basses. Pour chaque température d'essai on a établi des rapports linéaires entre le logarithme de la durée du traitement froid et le probit du pourcentage de mouches apparues t&#x006f;&#x030c;t. Il a été confirmé que 6° est le seuil de morphogenèse de post‐diapause pour les mouches apparues t&#x006f;&#x030c;t.Des pupes ont été ramassées en 9 endroits en Angleterre et au Pays de Galles de novembre 1980 à janvier 1981, elles ont été conservées à 4° et toutes avaient terminé leur diapause le 9 mars. Toutes les générations F1 des populations ont réagi aux températures de 0 à 10° de manière analogue aux populations de Wellesbourne, l'évolution de la diapause étant terminée dans 84–91% des populations F1 au bout de 19 semaines à 4°.
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale as a predictor of cognitive development and IQ in full‐term infants: a 6‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Canals Josefa , Hernández‐Martínez Carmen , Esparó Griselda , Fernández‐Ballart Joan 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the predictive capacity of neonatal behaviour on infant mental and psychomotor development at 4 and 12 months, and infant intelligence at 6 years.Method:  Eighty full‐term newborns were followed from 3 days until 6 years. Neonatal behaviour was assessed by the Neonatal Behavior Assessment Scale (NBAS) at 3 days postpartum, infant mental and psychomotor development was assessed by the Bayley Scales for Infant Development at 4 and 12 months, and child intelligence was assessed by the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence at 6 years.Results:  Neonatal general irritability was the predictor of mental development at 12 months. Self‐regulation behaviours were predictors of psychomotor development at 4 and 12 months and verbal and total intelligence quotient at 6 years. Neonatal orientation was a predictor of performance Wechsler subtests related to visomotor abilities and attention.Conclusions:  Neonatal self‐regulation behaviours were the best predictors of infant development and intelligence. We suggest that the NBAS could be a useful tool to observe behaviours related to later development in healthy infants.
Interleukin‐10 gene polymorphism reflects the severity of chronic immune thrombocytopenia in Japanese patients
Authors: SAITOH T. , KASAMATSU T. , INOUE M. , MITSUI T. , KOISO H. , YOKOHAMA A. , HANDA H. , MATSUSHIMA T. , TSUKAMOTO N. , KARASAWA M. , OGAWARA H. , NOJIMA Y. , MURAKAMI H. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryIntroduction:  T‐helper cell type 1 (Th1) polarization of the immune response has been documented in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Interleukin (IL)‐10 is the most important factor regulating Th1 and T‐helper type 2 cytokine synthesis. This study evaluated the impact of IL‐10 polymorphisms on both susceptibility to, and severity of, chronic ITP.Methods:  We analyzed ‐1082(G/A), ‐812(C/T), and ‐592(C/A) IL‐10 polymorphisms in 90 patients with adult chronic ITP and 202 race‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls.Results:  No significant differences in the genotype or haplotype frequencies were observed between the patient with chronic ITP and the control group. However, more patients with the ‐592AA genotype showed a severe thrombocytopenic state (platelet count <10 × 109/l) than those with the ‐592CC/CA genotypes (44.1%vs. 19.6%, P = 0.01). Furthermore, more patients with the ATA/ATA haplotype showed a severe thrombocytopenic state than those without the ATA/ATA haplotype (44.1%vs. 19.6%, P = 0.01).Conclusion:  According to our data, patients with low producer type of IL‐10 polymorphisms have more severe thrombocytopenia, suggesting that IL‐10 gene polymorphisms may reflect the severity of ITP.
Melanocyte stem cells: a melanocyte reservoir in hair follicles for hair and skin pigmentation
Authors: Nishimura Emi K. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryMost mammals are coated with pigmented hair. Melanocytes in each hair follicle produce melanin pigments for the hair during each hair cycle. The key to understanding the mechanism of cyclic melanin production is the melanocyte stem cell (MelSC) population, previously known as ‘amelanotic melanocytes’. The MelSCs directly adhere to hair follicle stem cells, the niche cells for MelSCs and reside in the hair follicle bulge–subbulge area, the lower permanent portion of the hair follicle, to serve as a melanocyte reservoir for skin and hair pigmentation. MelSCs form a stem cell system within individual hair follicles and provide a ‘hair pigmentary unit’ for each cycle of hair pigmentation. This review focuses on the identification of MelSCs and their characteristics and explains the importance of the MelSC population in the mechanisms of hair pigmentation, hair greying, and skin repigmentation.
Bacterial tactic response to silver nanoparticles
Authors: Ortega‐Calvo José‐Julio , Molina Rodrigo , Jimenez‐Sanchez Celia , Dobson Peter J. , Thompson Ian P. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryIn this study, we investigated the tactic response of Pseudomonas putida G7, a representative soil bacterium, towards silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The study integrated the characterization of surface area and size distribution of AgNPs, toxicity determinations, based on ATP production, and assessment of the repellent reaction by means of an inverted capillary assay (‘chemical‐in‐pond’ method), and changes in the motility behaviour determined by computer‐assisted motion analysis. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that nanoparticles can elicit a negative tactic response in bacteria at low but environmentally relevant, sublethal concentrations. Data obtained by the chemical‐in‐pond method indicated that cells exposed to 0.1 mg l−1 of two AgNPs preparations, differing in particle size (maximum diameter ≤ 100 nm and ≤ 150 nm respectively), were repelled in the gradients created inside the capillaries. However, cells exposed to similar low concentration of AgNO3 did not demonstrate any detectable repellent response, although it reduced cell viability by 20%, a decrease comparable to that caused by AgNPs. Computer analysis of swimming behaviour of cells exposed to AgNPs (0.2 mg l−1) revealed a significant increase in turning events, as compared with unexposed controls, which is characteristic of bacterial repellent response. Greater AgNPs concentrations (up to 100 mg l−1) also induced changes in the swimming behaviour, although they did not induce any detectable repellent response as determined by the chemical‐in‐pond assays. In contrast, AgNO3 failed to induce the repellent swimming behaviour within the wide range of concentrations tested (0.001–100 mg l−1), and caused a significant inhibition of cell motility at a concentration above 0.1 mg l−1. The evidence presented here suggests there are likely to be alternative mechanisms by which nano‐scale silver induces a repellent response, which is more direct than the toxic response of macro‐forms of silver, attributed to ion formation and exposure.
Cholesterol Enhances Helicobacter pylori Resistance to Antibiotics and LL-37
Authors: McGee David J. , George Alika E. , Trainor Elizabeth A. , Horton Katherine E. , Hildebrandt Ellen , Testerman Traci L. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

The human gastric pathogen
Helicobacter pylori
steals host cholesterol, modifies it by glycosylation, and incorporates the glycosylated cholesterol onto its surface via a cholesterol glucosyltransferase, encoded by
cgt
. The impact of cholesterol on
H. pylori
antimicrobial resistance is unknown.
H. pylori
strain 26695 was cultured in Ham's F12 chemically defined medium in the presence or absence of cholesterol. The two cultures were subjected to overnight incubations with serial 2-fold dilutions of 12 antibiotics, six antifungals, and seven antimicrobial peptides (including LL-37 cathelicidin and human alpha and beta defensins). Of 25 agents tested, cholesterol-grown
H. pylori
cells were substantially more resistant (over 100-fold) to nine agents than were
H. pylori
cells grown without cholesterol. These nine agents included eight antibiotics and LL-37.
H. pylori
was susceptible to the antifungal drug pimaricin regardless of cholesterol presence in the culture medium. A
cgt
mutant retained cholesterol-dependent resistance to most antimicrobials but displayed increased susceptibility to colistin, suggesting an involvement of lipid A. Mutation of
lpxE
, encoding lipid A1-phosphatase, led to loss of cholesterol-dependent resistance to polymyxin B and colistin but not other antimicrobials tested. The
cgt
mutant was severely attenuated in gerbils, indicating that glycosylation is essential
in vivo
. These findings suggest that cholesterol plays a vital role in virulence and contributes to the intrinsic antibiotic resistance of
H. pylori
.
Structural and Binding Analysis of Pyrimidinol Carboxylic Acid and
N
-Hydroxy Quinazolinedione HIV-1 RNase H Inhibitors
Authors: Lansdon Eric B. , Liu Qi , Leavitt Stephanie A. , Balakrishnan Mini , Perry Jason K. , Lancaster-Moyer Candra , Kutty Nilima , Liu Xiaohong , Squires Neil H. , Watkins William J. , Kirschberg Thorsten A. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

HIV-1 RNase H breaks down the intermediate RNA-DNA hybrids during reverse transcription, requiring two divalent metal ions for activity. Pyrimidinol carboxylic acid and
N
-hydroxy quinazolinedione inhibitors were designed to coordinate the two metal ions in the active site of RNase H. High-resolution (1.4 Å to 2.1 Å) crystal structures were determined with the isolated RNase H domain and reverse transcriptase (RT), which permit accurate assessment of the metal and water environment at the active site. The geometry of the metal coordination suggests that the inhibitors mimic a substrate state prior to phosphodiester catalysis. Surface plasmon resonance studies confirm metal-dependent binding to RNase H and demonstrate that the inhibitors do not bind at the polymerase active site of RT. Additional evaluation of the RNase H site reveals an open protein surface with few additional interactions to optimize active-site inhibitors.
Connection Domain Mutations in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Do Not Impact Etravirine Susceptibility and Virologic Responses to Etravirine-Containing Regimens
Authors: Gupta Soumi , Vingerhoets Johan , Fransen Signe , Tambuyzer Lotke , Azijn Hilde , Frantzell Arne , Paredes Roger , Coakley Eoin , Nijs Steven , Clotet Bonaventura , Petropoulos Christos J. , Schapiro Jonathan , Huang Wei , Picchio Gaston 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT
Connection domain mutations (CDMs) in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) alter susceptibility to some nucleoside/nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs/NNRTIs). Their effects on susceptibility and virologic responses to etravirine were analyzed. Seventeen CDMs were evaluated: L283I, E312Q, G333D, G333E, G335C, G335D, N348I, A360I, A360T, A360V, V365I, T369I, A371V, A376S, I393L, E399D, and E399G. CDM prevalence and effects on virologic responses were analyzed retrospectively using clinical data. The effects on etravirine susceptibility were assessed in clinical samples and confirmed using site-directed mutants. The most prevalent CDMs (>10%) were A371V, E399D, A376S, N348I, A360T, G333E, and L283I. CDM presence was positively correlated with thymidine analogue-associated mutations, but not with NNRTI resistance-associated mutations (RAMs). The presence or number of CDMs did not significantly reduce etravirine susceptibility, although small reductions were seen in samples with G333D, N348I, A360V, T369I, and A376S. N348I, E399G, and N348I/T369I were associated with reduced etravirine susceptibility when present with K103N, L100I, or Y181C. N348I or T369I was associated with reduced etravirine susceptibility when present with K101P or K103R/V179D. Virologic responses to an etravirine-containing regimen were slightly diminished when G333D, G335D, or A376S was present, but this was not confirmed in subgroups with higher baseline resistance or without etravirine RAMs. CDMs alone do not confer substantial reductions in etravirine susceptibility but can further reduce etravirine susceptibility in combination with certain NNRTI mutations. Since virologic responses to etravirine were not affected by CDMs, the clinical impacts of these mutations on etravirine susceptibility appear to be minimal.
Some Fixed-Point Theorems for Multivalued Monotone Mappings in Ordered Uniform Space
Authors: Turkoglu Duran , Binbasioglu Demet 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWe use the order relation on uniform spaces defined by Altun and Imdad (2009) to prove some new fixed-point and coupled fixed-point theorems for multivalued monotone mappings in ordered uniform spaces.
The Dual EGFR/HER2 Inhibitor Lapatinib Synergistically Enhances the Antitumor Activity of the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Panobinostat in Colorectal Cancer Models
Authors: LaBonte Melissa J. , Wilson Peter M. , Fazzone Will , Russell Jared , Louie Stan G. , El-Khoueiry Anthony , Lenz Heinz-Josef , Ladner Robert D. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAs key molecules that drive progression and chemoresistance in gastrointestinal cancers, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER2 have become efficacious drug targets in this setting. Lapatinib is an EGFR/HER2 kinase inhibitor suppressing signaling through the RAS/RAF/MEK (MAP/ERK kinase)/MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) and PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/AKT pathways. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are a novel class of agents that induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis following the acetylation of histone and nonhistone proteins modulating gene expression and disrupting HSP90 function inducing the degradation of EGFR-pathway client proteins. This study sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential of combining lapatinib with the HDACi panobinostat in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines with varying EGFR/HER2 expression and KRAS/BRAF/PIK3CA mutations. Lapatinib and panobinostat exerted concentration-dependent antiproliferative effects in vitro (panobinostat range 7.2–30 nmol/L; lapatinib range 7.6–25.8 μmol/L). Combined lapatinib and panobinostat treatment interacted synergistically to inhibit the proliferation and colony formation in all CRC cell lines tested. Combination treatment resulted in rapid induction of apoptosis that coincided with increased DNA double-strand breaks, caspase-8 activation, and PARP cleavage. This was paralleled by decreased signaling through both the PI3K and MAPK pathways and increased downregulation of transcriptional targets including NF-κB1, IRAK1, and CCND1. Panobinostat treatment induced downregulation of EGFR, HER2, and HER3 mRNA and protein through transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms. In the LoVo KRAS mutant CRC xenograft model, the combination showed greater antitumor activity than either agent alone, with no apparent increase in toxicity. Our results offer preclinical rationale warranting further clinical investigation combining HDACi with EGFR and HER2-targeted therapies for CRC treatment. Cancer Res; 71(10); 3635–48. ©2011 AACR.
Phospho-Sulindac (OXT-328) Combined with Difluoromethylornithine Prevents Colon Cancer in Mice
Authors: Mackenzie Gerardo G. , Ouyang Nengtai , Xie Gang , Vrankova Kvetoslava , Huang Liqun , Sun Yu , Komninou Despina , Kopelovich Levy , Rigas Basil 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) sulindac and the ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) antagonist difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), individually and together, are effective inhibitors of colon carcinogenesis. However, chronic use of sulindac is associated with significant side effects. We evaluated the chemopreventive efficacy of phospho-sulindac (P-S, OXT-328), an apparently safe derivative of sulindac, together with DFMO, in HT-29 human colon cancer xenografts. Nude mice were divided into four groups as follows: group 1 received vehicle (corn oil); group 2 received P-S (100 mg/kg/d) by oral gavage; group 3 received DFMO (2% in drinking water); and group 4 received P-S (100 mg/kg/d) by gavage plus DFMO (2% in drinking water; P-S/DFMO). Eighteen days after implantation, compared with controls, tumor volume was inhibited 65.9% by P-S, 52.9% by DFMO, and 70.9% by P-S/DFMO (P &lt; 0.01 for all). P-S/DFMO reduced cell proliferation 27.1% and increased apoptosis 38.9% compared with controls (P &lt; 0.05 for both). Compared with controls, P-S reduced the levels of thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), whereas DFMO reduced polyamine content (putrescine and spermidine) and TrxR levels. Importantly, P-S/DFMO decreased putrescine and spermidine levels and the expression of Trx-1, TrxR, and cyclooxygenase (COX) 2. Of these molecular targets, TrxR most consistently correlated with tumor growth. Study results show that P-S/DFMO is an efficacious drug combination for colon cancer prevention and also show the safety of P-S, which may overcome the limiting side effects of conventional sulindac. P-S/DFMO has an intricate mechanism of action extending beyond polyamines and including the thioredoxin system, an emerging regulator of chemoprevention. P-S/DFMO merits further evaluation. Cancer Prev Res; 4(7); 1052–60. ©2011 AACR.