bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The accuracy of predicting treadmill VO2max for adults with mental retardation, with and without Down's syndrome, using ACSM gender‐ and activity‐specific regression equations
Authors: CLIMSTEIN M. , PITETTI K. H. , BARRETT P. J. , CAMPBELL K. D. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT.The purpose of this study was to examine the validity of the American College of Sports Medicine's (ACSM) prediction equations for calculating peak oxygen consumption (VO2max) in young adults with mental retardation. A total of 32 subjects with mental retardation participated in this study: 15 young adults with Down's syndrome (DS) and 17 non‐DS young adults (NDS). Subjects were matched for age, gender and intelligence quotient (IQ). Subjects were given a standard treadmill‐graded exercise test to determine peak heart rate (HR) and peak oxygen consumption (VO2max). Subjects were connected to a metabolic cart during the test. Peak VO2 was predicted using ACSM's prediction equations where predicted VO2max is: men, 57.8–0.445 (age); and women, 42.3–0.356 (age). Statistical significance between groups was determined using a two‐tail t‐test, with alpha set a priori at 0.05. The DS group had a significantly (P=0.0003) lower peak HR(DS 155.90 ± 12.12 vs NDS 175.38±9.87) and per cent HR achieved (P=0.0007) (DS 80.26±6.76 vs NDS 89.39±4.46) as compared to the NDS group. Differences were also found between groups with respect to peak oxygen consumption. The DS had a significahtly (P=0.006) lower peak oxygen uptake (ml kg(−1) min(−1) as compared to the NDS group (23–68±4.01 vs 31.00±7.11, respectively). Significant differences (P=0.007) were accordingly observed with respect to per cent predicted oxygen uptake achieved (DS 55.22± 10.61 vs NDS 73.27±19.15). A nearly two‐fold difference (P=0.01) was observed with respect to the functional aerobic impairment between the DS (44.79±10.61)and NDS (28.29±18.63) groups, further illustrating the impaired peak cardiovascular capacities of both groups. The results of this study indicated that use of the ACSM gender and activity specific prediction equations in young adults with mental retardation (DS and NDS), peak VO2 is significantly over‐predicted (83.9 and 39.2%, respectively). Therefore, peak oxygen consumption and derived exercise prescriptions must be based on actual measurements, rather than via ACSM prediction equations. Otherwise, training intensities may be over‐predicted and impose possible health risks.
Parents' and teachers' praxes of and attitudes to the health and sex education of young people with mental handicaps: a study in Stockholm and Tokyo
Authors: KATODA H. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTIn 1989/1990, parents and teachers of young people with mental handicaps in Stockholm (41 parents and 20 teachers) and Tokyo (106 parents and 111 teachers) were given a questionnaire about their praxes of and attitudes towards health and sex education. Results from the study indicated that, compared to parents and teachers in Tokyo, parents and teachers in Stockholm gave more information about health and sex to their 15–16‐year‐old young people with mental handicaps. This was especially so regarding information about HIV/AIDS. More parents and teachers in Stockholm also had positive attitudes towards sex and interpersonal relationships — not only for young people in general but also for young people with mental handicaps — compared to parents and teachers in Tokyo. Some questions of an ethical nature were found difficult to answer in both Stockholm and Tokyo.
Staff turnover in ordinary housing services for people with severe or profound mental handicaps
Authors: FELCE D. , LOWE K. , BESWICK J. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe characteristics and turnover of direct‐care staff in two housing services for adults with moderate, severe or profound mental handicaps are described. Both staff groups were predominantly female with a good representation of staff aged under 30, and between 30 and 50 years. Most had prior experience in a caring capacity before taking up their current posts, but only a quarter to a third had a relevant vocational qualification. Turnover was similar in the two services, but varied considerably between settings in each. Average annual turnover ranged from 8 to 39% in one and from 5 to 48% in the other. However, most houses still had a core of long‐serving staff providing continuity over time. The implications of the level of staff turnover found for management and staff training are discussed, as are the reasons for leaving given by former staff of one of the services, together with their views on job satisfaction, conditions of work, and the adequacy of management and training.
Epilepsy, dementia and adaptive behaviour in Down's syndrome
Authors: COLLACOTT R. A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTWidespread enquiry identified 378 adults with Down's syndrome resident in Leicestershire, England. The immediate carer of 351 of these (92.8%) was interviewed for the purpose of establishing a past history of seizures, including the age at which the seizures began. The immediate carer was also invited to provide information to enable the completion of an Adaptive Behaviour Scale (A.B.S.) rating. Individuals with a history of seizures were divided into two groups on the basis of whether or not seizures commenced prior to or after age 35 years. Two control groups of individuals with Down's syndrome, but without a history of seizures were selected. Adaptive Behaviour Scale scores for those in whom seizures commenced at a younger age were similar to those who had no recorded history of seizures. However, in those in whom seizures began in later life, scores on all domains of the A.B.S. were significantly reduced compared to both young epileptic patients and their controls. Adaptive Behaviour Scale scores for the older control group held an intermediate position, suggesting that late‐onset epilepsy may be a late manifestation of a dementing process. A clinical diagnosis of dementia recorded in the case records was significantly associated with the presence of late‐onset epilepsy. This is supportive of the hypothesis that late‐onset epilepsy in individuals with Down's syndrome is associated with Alzheimer's disease.
Pathological jealousy and mental handicap
Authors: COOPER S. A. , COLLACOTT R. A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThough widely reported in the general population, pathological jealousy has not previously been reported in an individual with a mental handicap. We describe the case of a 39‐year‐old man with a borderline mental handicap and an abnormal premorbid personality who demonstates the condition.
How do careers assess the severity of challenging behaviour? A total population study
Authors: Lowe K. , Felce D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe severity of management problems of 13 types of problem behaviour presented by a total population sample of people with learning disabilities, as reported by their primary carers on eight separate assessments over 5 years, was examined. Three types of residential setting were represented: hospitals, family homes and community houses. The results showed a remarkable consistency in carers’ assessments of the severity of management problem posed to them. An association was found between the reported frequency of occurrence and the assessment of the severity of behaviours, with certain behaviours likely to be rated as severe regardless of the frequency with which they occurred. Differences between residential settings were found, with carers in family homes and community houses rating more behaviours as presenting severe management problems than carers in hospital. The results from this study and other studies which have examined the relative severity of different behaviour topographies are discussed.
Menopause in women with learning disabilities
Authors: Carr J. , Hollins S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA brief questionnaire concerning previous and current menstrual status was sent to 280 women over the age of 35 on the Wandsworth Register for People with Leaming Disabilities: 196 questionnaires (70·4%) were returned. One hundred and seventy‐one were used in the analyses; 45 were from women with Down's syndrome. The results suggested that, compared with data on normal women, menopause may occur earlier in women with leaming disabilities and earlier still in women with Down's syndrome.
Attachment and learning disability: a theoretical review informing three clinical interventions
Authors: Clegg J. A. , Lansdall‐Welfare R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAttachment theory makes sense of two phenomena observed in some people with learning disabilities: it provides a reason for their limited exploration of the world, and it explains discontinuities in the pattern and intensity of their expressions of anger. Applying this framework to three enmeshed relationships occurring between an adult with learning disabilities and a member of care staff achieved at least partial resolution of their problems. Attachment theory's critics have set a number of challenges for its proponents, including emphasizing an interactional rather than a unidirectional approach to relationships; prioritizing social context; and understanding the attachment dynamic dimensionally rather than as a set of categories. The latter issue is pertinent for residential services: facilitating secure attachment relationships for distressed clients may be difficult for professionals, but partial assuagement of their attachment needs is a realistic clinical goal.
Response biases in interviews of individuals with limited mental ability
Authors: Heal L W. , Sigelman C. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe validity of responses by individuals with mental retardation during interviews is threatened by a number of biases. Acquiescence (the disposition to answer ‘yes’ regardless of the question asked) is a commonly observed response bias committed by respondents to questionnaires and interviews, and this disposition is significantly more pronounced when persons of low status are questioned by high‐status interviewers. Research on the acquiescence bias suggests that it can be reduced in mentally retarded respondents by replacing the usual ‘yes/no’ question format with an ‘either/or’ format. Enhancing the either/or choices with accompanying picture representations of each choice is beneficial in increasing mentally retarded subjects’ responding and in reducing their tendency to choose the latter of two either/ or choices.‘Nay‐saying’(the disposition to say ‘no’ regardless of the question asked), while less common than ‘yea‐saying’(i.e. than acquiescence), has also been noted in response to certain question formats and taboo topics. This review implies that the validity of an interview with respondents of limited intelligence depends greatly on the format of its questions.
Beliefs and emotional reactions of care staff working with people with challenging behaviour
Authors: Bromley J. , Emerson E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation collected in the context of a survey of all people with learning disabilities and challenging behaviour in a single metropolitan borough indicated: (1) care staff report that a significant proportion of their colleagues usually display such emotional reactions as sadness, despair, anger, annoyance, fear and disgust to episodes of challenging behaviour; (2) respondents reported that the most significant sources of stress associated with caring for someone with challenging behaviour centred upon the ‘daily grind’ of caring, their difficulty in understanding the person's behaviour, the unpredictability of the behaviour and the apparent absence of an effective way forward; (3) care staff attribute the causes of the person's challenging behaviour to a diversity of internal psychological, broad environmental, behavioural and medical factors. These results are discussed in relation to their implications for staff‐seeking and implementing external advice regarding the management of challenging behaviour.
Experienced and inexperienced health care workers’ beliefs about challenging behaviours
Authors: Hastings R. P. , Remington B. , Hopper G. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWithin a behavioural framework, staff responses to challenging behaviours have been Identified as likely to ensure the long‐term maintenance of such behaviour. However, little has been done to understand why staff behave as they do. The present paper hypothesized that staff's beliefs about the causes of challenging behaviours may be an important factor in determining staff responses to it. Beliefs about causes of three topographies of challenging behaviour (self‐injury, stereotypy and aggression) were elicited from 148 experienced and 98 inexperienced institutional staff and nursing students using a questionnaire measure. Results showed that experienced participants held beliefs that were more consistent with contemporary theories of challenging behaviours than inexperienced participants. Experienced participants also distinguished between the behaviours in terms of their causes. These data were interpreted as reflerting a ‘needs‐based’ rather than a ‘functional’ approach to intervention for challenging behaviours. Implications for staff training, community living and future research on staff behaviour were briefly considered.
Rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder and familial learning disability associated with temporal lobe (occipitotemporal gyrus) cortical dysplasia
Authors: Raghavan R. , Day K. A. , Perry R. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis case report describes a hitherto unreported association between temporal cortical dysplasia and rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder in a learning disabled young man with a family history of rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder in two dysmorphic and learning disabled maternal uncles, and probably learning disability in the mother and grandmother. An identical family with similar findings could not be located in the English literature.
The use of a low phenylalanine diet in response to the challenging behaviour of a man with untreated phenylketonuria and profound learning disabilities
Authors: Harvey E. L. , Kirk S. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIf phenylketonuria (PKU) is not treated from an early age with a reduced phenylalanine diet, irreversible brain damage may occur. Although dietary intervention can do nothing to alter this impairment once it occurs, there is some evidence to suggest that a low phenylalanine diet may help to reduce the level of behavioural disturbances frequently experienced by people with untreated PKU. Using this evidence, dietary intervention was used in response to the challenging behaviour of a 30‐year‐old man with profound learning disabilities. Initial improvements were observed, but overall the results were inconclusive. Possible confounding factors are discussed. An unusual reaction to neuroleptic medication whilst on the diet is also documented.
Obstetric factors in Asperger syndrome: comparison with high‐functioning autism
Authors: Ghaziuddin M. , Shakal J. , Tsai L 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAsperger syndrome (AS) is a pervasive developmental disorder widely regarded as a mild variant of autism. To investigate if AS is associated with a history of fewer obstetric insults compared to autism, we examined the developmental history and obstetric records of 10 males with AS (mean full scale IQ 95.3), and compared them with 10 autistic males with a full scale IQ of 70 or above (so‐called high‐functioning autism; mean full scale IQ 82.6). Males with AS showed a trend toward lower Apgar scores at one minute (chi‐square=4; df=l; P=0.04) and were more likely to have been born to mothers outside the optimal age group of 20–30 years (chi‐square=5; df= 1; P=0.02). They were also less likely to have been irritable and floppy as infants (chi‐square=3.8; df= I; P=0.05). However, the total optimality scores did not differ significantly between the two groups.
Symptoms of major depression in mentally retarded adults*
Authors: Meins W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA total of 32 mentally retarded adults currently suffering from major depression were examined for the prevalence of typical and atypical depressive symptoms. In contrast to persons with severe mental handicap, all those with mild handicap could be assessed using almost all DSM‐III‐R diagnostic criteria, A depressive syndrome with increased irritableness and psychomotor agitation was found in more cases of severe than mild handicap. Both groups revealed atypical symptoms; these were more frequent amongst the severely handicapped. The atypical symptoms were mosdy emerged or increased behaviour problems, and rarely a loss of adaptive behaviour. The onset of new behaviour problems appeared equally in both groups, whereas an increase in existing behaviour problems seems typical for severe handicapped subjects. The diagnosis of major depression in mentally retarded adults should consider these features.
Methodological aspects of life events research in people with learning disabilities: a review and initial findings
Authors: Nadarajah J. , Roy A. , Harris T. O. , Corbett J. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA review of the life events studies relevant to people with leaming disabilities is discussed. Issues surrounding the collection of information by using a structured interview method as set out in the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule Manual and the adjustment of threat rating to accommodate the perspective of people with leaming disabilities are presented as a result of conducting a pilot study. The importance of using a probing interview style in contrast to a checklist method and eliciting the parents/carers’ perception of events is emphasized.
Theories of ability and the pursuit of challenge among adolescents with mild mental retardation
Authors: Koestner R. , Aube J. , Ruttner J. , Breed S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDweck (1991) distinguishes two different ways children can view their abilities. Children who have an ‘incremental theory’ of their ability believe that it is a changeable, increasable and controllable quantity. Those who have an ‘entity theory’ believe their ability represents a fixed, unchangeable trait. Children with an ‘incremental theory’ tend to display adaptive achievement behaviours such as pursuing challenging activities, whereas children with an ‘entity theory’ tend to avoid challenges. The present study examined the usefulness of this distinction in understanding the behaviour and affect of children with mental retardation in an achievement situation. Results from an attdbutional questionnaire showed that children with mental retardation were significantly less likely to possess an incremental theory of their abilities than children without retardation. However, experimental results showed that when the context highlighted an incremental theory of ability, children with mental retardation showed the same positive motivational response as children without retardation (i.e. they chose high levels of challenge and reported greater interest‐enjoyment). One unexpected finding emerged: children with mental retardation showed a tendency to choose lower challenge levels after no‐reinforcement condition, and actually showed the least productivity under conditions of externally imposed reinforcement. Thus, encouraging an incremental theory of ability and a capacity to provide self‐reinforcement would seem to be especially important among individuals with mental retardation, because it may help to break the cycle of dependency on the approval of others.The present authors' experimental design could have been improved by the inclusion of (i) manipulation checks, and (2) a second control group of children without mental retardation who were matched for chronological age with the children with mental retardation. The self‐report measures should have been expanded to include Dweck's measure of theories of intelligence, and perhaps, Haywood and Svitzky's Picture Motivation Scale. The level of challenge measure could have been made more sensitive by increasing the number of options available (e.g. a seven‐point rather than three‐point scale). Finally, multiple performance trials could have been used along with process measures of children's confidence in, and theories about, their ability. Such a design would allow us to more clearly identify the causal relations among the experimental manipulations, children's internal beliefs, and their subsequent behavior and affect.
Alpha2 macroglobulin elevation without an acute phase response in depressed adults with Down's syndrome: implications*
Authors: Tsiouris J. A. , Mehta P. D. , Patti P. J. , Madrid R. E. , Raguthu S. , Barshatzky M. R. , Cohen I. L. , Sersen E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies of immune function during depression in persons without intellectual disability (ID) have revealed elevated levels of α2 macroglobulin (α2M) and an acute phase protein (APP) response. Clinical observation suggests that people with Down's syndrome (DS) may have associated genetic abnormalities in their immune systems. The APP response and α2M changes in depressed versus non‐depressed adults with DS was the subject of the present study. The serum pan‐proteinase inhibitor α2M, and the AP proteins c‐reactive protein (CRP), α1 antitrypsin (α1AT), ceruloplasmin (Cp), β2 Macroglobulin (β2M), transthyretin (Trans), serum amyloid protein (SAP), and albumin (Alb) were measured in 38 adults with DS, 19 of whom were diagnosed with and 19 without depression using a sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The DSM‐IV criteria were used for diagnoses. Medical and neurological examinations excluded medical disorders associated with APP response. Only α2M and CRP were significantly different in the depressed versus non‐depressed groups. The α2M was higher, a response similar to one observed in depressed people without ID, but the CRP was lower in the depressed group, especially in those subjects not on psychotropic medications, contrary to the expected APP response to depression. The results suggest that α2M elevation in depressed adults with DS is independent of the APP response. An alternative explanation for its elevation is proposed linking the core symptom of depression with the mammalian dormancy/hibernation process. Further studies are needed to confirm that α2M elevation is specific to depression and that it might provide a helpful marker for the diagnosis of depression in people with ID.
Risk factors for injuries and falls among adults with developmental disabilities
Authors: Hsieh K. , Heller T. , Miller A. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe present study was designed to identify risk factors for injuries including falls and non fall‐related injuries among adults with developmental disabilities. The following variables were examined as potential risk factors: age, gender, level of intellectual disability, health, seizures, ambulatory status, adaptive and maladaptive behaviours, use of antipsychotic drugs, and type of residential setting. The subjects were 268 adults with developmental disabilities ≥30 years of age. A total of 30 participants (11%) were reported to have injuries. Over 50% of injuries were caused by falls. Individuals who had a higher frequency of seizures, had more destructive behaviour and used antipsychotic drugs had the highest risk of injuries. A sub‐analysis of fall‐related injuries indicated that individuals who were ≥70 years of age, ambulatory and had a higher frequency of seizures had the highest risk of injurious falls. Adaptive behaviour, destructive behaviour and physical health were positively related to non‐fall‐related injuries. Individuals with developmental disabilities who have better health and greater adaptive behaviour may be more active, and therefore, at an increased risk of non‐fall‐related injuries.