bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing rational use of cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease in Brazil: Public health strategy combining guideline with peer-review of prescriptions
Authors: Picon Paulo Dornelles , Camozzato Ana Luiza , Lapporte Elaine A. , Picon Rafael V. , Filho Humberto Moser , Cerveira Maria Otília , Chaves Márcia L. F. 
Published: April 2010

Objectives:Since 2002, the treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors (CHEIs) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been paid for by the public health system of the Brazilian Ministry of Health for any patient that fulfills clinical criteria established by an evidence-based guideline developed and published by the Ministry. The aim of this study was to evaluate compliance of prescription patterns to the national guideline for use of CHEIs’ in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.Methods:We created a regional expert-committee reference center to review all prescriptions of CHEIs and to send feedback to physicians whenever prescriptions without compliance to the guideline were noted. One thousand three hundred ninety-nine (1,399) CHEI prescriptions presented to the public health system from 2005 to 2007 were evaluated by an expert team of neurologists and psychiatrists. Clinical history, performance on mental status screening by Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Dementia Rating scale (CDR), laboratory results, and neuroimaging findings were evaluated in relation to the adherence to the national guideline's recommendations. If the prescription was rejected because of lack of adherence to the criteria of the guideline, a written response was sent by the expert committee to physicians concerning the request.Results:The majority of the requests (n= 1,044; 75 percent) did not meet the AD guideline's criteria, either for diagnosis or for treatment, and were not granted. A diagnostic mistake was evident in 64.3 percent of cases. Findings of vascular or Parkinson's dementia or severe AD were the main reasons for rejection. Rivastigmine was the most prescribed cholinesterase inhibitor, used in 86 percent of cases. Of note was the reduction in the number of CHEIs prescriptions in the years following this intervention.Conclusions:The public health strategy of using expert-review of prescriptions and their compliance to national guideline revealed a low rate of rational use of CHEIs for dementia. Such a strategy is relevant for protecting patients from unproven medical interventions and for reducing waste of resources.
Spatial analysis of notified dengue fever infections
Authors: HU W. , CLEMENTS A. , WILLIAMS G. , TONG S. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYThis study aimed to investigate the spatial clustering and dynamic dispersion of dengue incidence in Queensland, Australia. We used Moran'sIstatistic to assess the spatial autocorrelation of reported dengue cases. Spatial empirical Bayes smoothing estimates were used to display the spatial distribution of dengue in postal areas throughout Queensland. Local indicators of spatial association (LISA) maps and logistic regression models were used to identify spatial clusters and examine the spatio-temporal patterns of the spread of dengue. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of dengue was clustered during each of the three periods of 1993–1996, 1997–2000 and 2001–2004. The high-incidence clusters of dengue were primarily concentrated in the north of Queensland and low-incidence clusters occurred in the south-east of Queensland. The study concludes that the geographical range of notified dengue cases has significantly expanded in Queensland over recent years.
New rabies virus variant found during an epizootic in white-nosed coatis from the Yucatan Peninsula
Authors: ARÉCHIGA-CEBALLOS N. , VELASCO-VILLA A. , SHI M. , FLORES-CHÁVEZ S. , BARRÓN B. , CUEVAS-DOMÍNGUEZ E. , GONZÁLEZ-ORIGEL A. , AGUILAR-SETIÉN A. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYIn February 2008, three white-nosed coatis (Nasua narica) were found dead in a recreational park in Cancun, Mexico. The diagnosis of rabies virus (RABV) infection was confirmed by direct immunofluorescence test. The phylogenetic analysis performed with the complete RABV nucleoprotein gene positioned this isolate close to a sequence of a human rabies case reported during 2008 from Oaxaca, Mexico, sharing 93% similarity. In turn, these two variants are related to another variant found in rabidTadarida brasiliensis mexicanabats across North America. Anti-RABV neutralizing activity (1·3 IU/ml) was found in the serum of one white-nosed coati captured with another five that cohabited with the dead animals. Enhanced rabies surveillance and pathogenesis studies should be conducted in coatis and insectivorous bats of the region to clarify the role of these species as potential emergent or long-term unidentified RABV reservoirs.
Bovine tuberculosis: making a case for effective surveillance
Authors: PROBST C. , FREULING C. , MOSER I. , GEUE L. , KÖHLER H. , CONRATHS F. J. , HOTZEL H. , LIEBLER-TENORIO E. M. , KRAMER M. 
Published: April 2010

SUMMARYIn 2008, a cow with marked gross lesions suspicious for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) was identified by meat inspection at home slaughtering in north-western Germany. Epidemiological investigations led to the identification of another 11 affected farms with a total of 135 animals which reacted positive to the skin test. Eight affected farms had been in trade contact with the putative index farm. While the source for the initial introduction remained unknown, it was shown that all isolates tested shared the same molecular characteristics suggesting a common source of infection. The findings demonstrate that bTB can easily be transmitted via animal trade and may remain undetected for years in herds in the absence of tuberculin testing. Hence, we believe that bTB surveillance should not rely only on meat inspection, but on a combination of both meat inspection and intradermal tuberculin testing.
Parametricity, type equality, and higher-order polymorphism
Authors: VYTINIOTIS DIMITRIOS , WEIRICH STEPHANIE 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPropositions that express type equality are a frequent ingredient of modern functional programming – they can encode generic functions, dynamic types, and GADTs. Via the Curry–Howard correspondence, these propositions are ordinarytypesinhabited by proofterms, computed using runtime type representations. In this paper we show that two examples of type equality propositions actually do reflect type equality; they are only inhabited when their arguments are equal and their proofs are unique (up to equivalence.) We show this result in the context of a strongly normalizing language with higher-order polymorphism and primitive recursion over runtime-type representations by proving Reynolds's abstraction theorem. We then use this theorem to derive “free” theorems about equality types.
“DixieCarmen”: War, Race, and Identity in Oscar Hammerstein'sCarmen Jones(1943)
Authors: FAUSER ANNEGRET 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn December 1943, an all–African American cast starred in the Broadway premiere ofCarmen Jones, Oscar Hammerstein II's adaptation of Georges Bizet'sCarmen. When Hammerstein began work onCarmen Jonesa month after Pearl Harbor, in January 1942,Porgy and Besswas just being revived. Hammerstein's 1942 version ofCarmen, set in a Southern town and among African Americans, shows the influence of the revised version ofPorgy and Bess, with Catfish Row echoed in a cigarette factory in South Carolina and the Hoity Toity night club. It took Hammerstein more than eighteen months to find a producer, and when the show opened by the end of 1943, the setting in a parachute factory and urban Chicago reflected new priorities brought on by wartime changes. Commercially one of the most successful musical plays on Broadway during its run of 503 performances,Carmen Jonesoffers a window on the changing issues of culture, class, and race in the United States during World War II. New archival evidence reveals that these topics were part of the work's genesis and production as much as of its reception. This article contextualizesCarmen Jonesby focusing on the complex issues of war, race, and identity in the United States in 1942 and 1943.
“Some of These Days” and the Study of the Great American Songbook
Authors: GARBER MICHAEL 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSupporting a new methodology for the study of classic American popular songs, this article offers a history of both the print editions and recorded versions of “Some of These Days” (1910) by Shelton Brooks. This saga commences with a hitherto unanalyzed precursor to Brooks's famous song that shares nearly the same opening words and melody, the 1905 “Some o' Dese Days” by Frank Williams. It continues through nine major print editions and numerous recorded performances, of which this study examines forty-six, including ten as the theme song for Sophie Tucker. Performers are clearly influenced by both performed and printed variations; more surprisingly, print editions are also influenced by performers. Thus, Tin Pan Alley songs are best viewed as products of collaboration within a community of songwriters, publishers, and performers. Brooks fills “Some of These Days” with compositional details that are conducive to effective performance variations. This elusive intrinsic adaptability represents, for 1910, a modern, innovative quality and is central to any understanding of this song genre. Oft-neglected, such early popular standards—poised at the juncture of musical cultures, oral and print, amateur and professional, live and mediatized—help the critical historian pinpoint aspects that make this repertoire valuable.
An Interrogation of Language: “Radical Jewish Culture” on New York City's Downtown Music Scene
Authors: BARZEL TAMAR 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn April 1993 the Knitting Factory, a small nightclub in Lower Manhattan, hosted a five-day music festival titled “Radical New Jewish Culture.” This event was part of a multifaceted creative endeavor undertaken during the 1990s by composer/improvisers on New York City's downtown music scene and dubbed “Radical Jewish Culture” by its main protagonist, saxophonist John Zorn. RJC brought Jewish music and heritage into the purview of a polycultural experimentalist scene shaped by jazz, rock, free improvisation, and avant-garde concert music. Artists downtown also engaged in an animated “conversational community” that spilled over into interviews, program notes, liner notes, and essays. RJC was especially productive as a conceptual framework from which to interrogate the relationship between musical language and the semiotics of sound. Two pieces serve here as case studies: “¡Bnai!” an Israeli “pioneer song” as interpreted by the No Wave band G-d Is My Co-Pilot, and “The Mooche,” a Duke Ellington/Bubber Miley composition as interpreted by pianist Anthony Coleman's Selfhaters Orchestra.
Women fighters and the ‘beautiful soul’ narrative
Authors: Sjoberg Laura 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article explores women's presence in military forces around the world, looking both at women's service as soldiers and at the gendered dimensions of their soldiering particularly, and soldiering generally. It uses the ‘beautiful soul’ narrative to describe women's relationship with war throughout its history, and explores how this image of women's innocence of and abstention from war has often contrasted with women's actual experiences as soldiers and fighters.
Significant CO2 fixation by small prymnesiophytes in the subtropical and tropical northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Jardillier Ludwig , Zubkov Mikhail V , Pearman John , Scanlan David J 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Global estimates indicate the oceans are responsible for approximately half of the carbon dioxide fixed on Earth. Organisms ⩽5 μm in size dominate open ocean phytoplankton communities in terms of abundance and CO2 fixation, with the cyanobacterial genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus numerically the most abundant and more extensively studied compared with small eukaryotes. However, the contribution of specific taxonomic groups to marine CO2 fixation is still poorly known. In this study, we show that among the phytoplankton, small eukaryotes contribute significantly to CO2 fixation (44%) because of their larger cell volume and thereby higher cell-specific CO2 fixation rates. Within the eukaryotes, two groups, herein called Euk-A and Euk-B, were distinguished based on their flow cytometric signature. Euk-A, the most abundant group, contained cells 1.8±0.1 μm in size while Euk-B was the least abundant but cells were larger (2.8±0.2 μm). The Euk-B group comprising prymnesiophytes (73±13%) belonging largely to lineages with no close cultured counterparts accounted for up to 38% of the total primary production in the subtropical and tropical northeast Atlantic Ocean, suggesting a key role of this group in oceanic CO2 fixation.
Freshwater Perkinsea and marine-freshwater colonizations revealed by pyrosequencing and phylogeny of environmental rDNA
Authors: Bråte Jon , Logares Ramiro , Berney Cédric , Ree Dan Kristofer , Klaveness Dag , Jakobsen Kjetill S , Shalchian-Tabrizi Kamran 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Protist parasites are ecologically important, as they can have great impact on host population dynamics and functioning of entire ecosystems. Nevertheless, little is known about their prevalence in aquatic habitats. Here, we investigate the diversity and distributional patterns of the protist parasites Perkinsus and Parvilucifera (Perkinsea). Our approach included 454 pyrosequencing of the 18S rDNA gene obtained from a high-altitude lake (Lake Finsevatn, Norway) and phylogenetic analyses of all publicly available sequences related to Perkinsea. The applied PCR primers target a 450 bp region that encompass the variable V4 region of the 18S rDNA gene and have been optimized for the Titanium upgrade of the 454 technology. Nearly 5000 sequences longer than 150 bp were recovered from nearly all eukaryotic supergroups, and of those, 13 unique sequences were affiliated to Perkinsea. Thus, our new strategy for 454 amplicon sequencing was able to recover a large diversity of distantly related eukaryotes and previously unknown species of Perkinsea. In addition, we identified 40 Perkinsea sequences in GenBank generated by other recent diversity surveys. Importantly, phylogenetic analyses of these sequences identified 17 habitat-specific marine and freshwater clades (PERK 1-17). Hence, only a few successful transitions between these habitats have taken place over the entire history of Perkinsea, suggesting that the boundary between marine and fresh waters may constitute a barrier to cross-colonizations for intracellular parasites.
Metagenome of the Mediterranean deep chlorophyll maximum studied by direct and fosmid library 454 pyrosequencing
Authors: Ghai Rohit , Martin-Cuadrado Ana-Belén , Molto Aitor Gonzaga , Heredia Inmaculada García , Cabrera Raúl , Martin Javier , Verdú Miguel , Deschamps Philippe , Moreira David , López-García Purificación , Mira Alex , Rodriguez-Valera Francisco 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) is a zone of maximal photosynthetic activity, generally located toward the base of the photic zone in lakes and oceans. In the tropical waters, this is a permanent feature, but in the Mediterranean and other temperate waters, the DCM is a seasonal phenomenon. The metagenome from a single sample of a mature Mediterranean DCM community has been 454 pyrosequenced both directly and after cloning in fosmids. This study is the first to be carried out at this sequencing depth (ca. 600 Mb combining direct and fosmid sequencing) at any DCM. Our results indicate a microbial community massively dominated by the high-light-adapted Prochlorococcus marinus subsp. pastoris, Synechococcus sp., and the heterotroph Candidatus Pelagibacter. The sequences retrieved were remarkably similar to the existing genome of P. marinus subsp. pastoris with a nucleotide identity over 98%. Besides, we found a large number of cyanophages that could prey on this microbe, although sequence conservation was much lower. The high abundance of phage sequences in the cellular size fraction indicated a remarkably high proportion of cells suffering phage lytic attack. In addition, several fosmids clearly belonging to Group II Euryarchaeota were retrieved and recruited many fragments from the total direct DNA sequencing suggesting that this group might be quite abundant in this habitat. The comparison between the direct and fosmids sequencing revealed a bias in the fosmid libraries against low-GC DNA and specifically against the two most dominant members of the community, Candidatus Pelagibacter and P. marinus subsp. pastoris, thus unexpectedly providing a feasible method to obtain large genomic fragments from other less prevalent members of this community.
Widespread homologous recombination within and between Streptomyces species
Authors: Doroghazi James R , Buckley Daniel H 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is widespread in the microbial world, but its impact on the origin and persistence of microbial species remains poorly defined. HGT can result in either acquisition of new genetic material or homologous replacement of existing genes. The evolutionary significance of homologous recombination in a population can be quantified by examining the relative rates at which polymorphisms are introduced from recombination (ρ) and mutation (θw). We used multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) to quantify both intraspecies and interspecies homologous recombination among streptomycetes, multicellular Gram-positive bacteria ubiquitous in soil, which are an important source of antibiotics and bioactive compounds. Intraspecies recombination was examined using strains of Streptomyces flavogriseus isolated from soils at five locations spanning 1000 km. The strains had &gt;99.8% nucleotide identity across the loci examined. We found remarkable levels of gene exchange within S. flavogriseus (ρ/θw=27.9), and found that the population was in linkage equilibrium (standardized index of association=0.0018), providing evidence for a freely recombining sexual population structure. We also examined interspecies homologous recombination among different Streptomyces species in an MLSA data set and found that 40% of the species had housekeeping genes acquired through HGT. The recombination rate between these named species (ρ/θw=0.21) exceeds that observed within many species of bacteria. Despite widespread gene exchange in the genus, the intraspecies recombination rate exceeded the interspecies rate by two orders of magnitude suggesting that patterns of gene exchange and recombination may shape the evolution of streptomycetes.
Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis
Authors: Cruz-Jentoft Alfonso J. , Baeyens Jean Pierre , Bauer Jürgen M. , Boirie Yves , Cederholm Tommy , Landi Francesco , Martin Finbarr C. , Michel Jean-Pierre , Rolland Yves , Schneider Stéphane M. , Topinková Eva , Vandewoude Maurits , Zamboni Mauro 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) developed a practical clinical definition and consensus diagnostic criteria for age-related sarcopenia. EWGSOP included representatives from four participant organisations, i.e. the European Geriatric Medicine Society, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics—European Region and the International Association of Nutrition and Aging. These organisations endorsed the findings in the final document.The group met and addressed the following questions, using the medical literature to build evidence-based answers: (i) What is sarcopenia? (ii) What parameters define sarcopenia? (iii) What variables reflect these parameters, and what measurement tools and cut-off points can be used? (iv) How does sarcopenia relate to cachexia, frailty and sarcopenic obesity?For the diagnosis of sarcopenia, EWGSOP recommends using the presence of both low muscle mass + low muscle function (strength or performance). EWGSOP variously applies these characteristics to further define conceptual stages as ‘presarcopenia’, ‘sarcopenia’ and ‘severe sarcopenia’. EWGSOP reviewed a wide range of tools that can be used to measure the specific variables of muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance. Our paper summarises currently available data defining sarcopenia cut-off points by age and gender; suggests an algorithm for sarcopenia case finding in older individuals based on measurements of gait speed, grip strength and muscle mass; and presents a list of suggested primary and secondary outcome domains for research.Once an operational definition of sarcopenia is adopted and included in the mainstream of comprehensive geriatric assessment, the next steps are to define the natural course of sarcopenia and to develop and define effective treatment.
Titration of Bile Acid Supplements in 3β‐Hydroxy‐Δ5‐C27‐Steroid Dehydrogenase/Isomerase Deficiency
Authors: Riello L , D'Antiga L , Guido M , Alaggio R , Giordano G , Zancan L 
Published: April 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:3β‐Hydroxy‐Δ5‐C27‐steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase deficiency is a bile acid synthesis defect responsive to primary bile acids. We reviewed its clinical features and response to treatment with a mixture of ursodeoxycholic (UDCA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) to titrate the dose of supplements required for disease control.Patients and Methods:We studied our patients by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry, liver function tests, and histology. After diagnosis all of the patients received a balanced mixture of UDCA/CDCA and the dose was titrated according to urinary levels of 3β,7α‐dihydroxy‐5‐cholenoic acid (u‐3β‐D‐OH‐5C).Results:Five patients presenting with giant cell hepatitis, biliary cirrhosis, and cryptogenic cirrhosis (1 each), and picked up by neonatal screening (2 patients) were diagnosed at a median age of 2.5 years (range 0.1–5.5). Normal levels of u‐3β‐D‐OH‐5C were achieved after 4 months (range 3–28 months) from the start of the treatment. The minimum dose of UDCA/CDCA required to maintain normal u‐3β‐D‐OH‐5C levels was 5/5 mg · kg−1 · day−1. A follow‐up biopsy in 2 patients showed no progression of liver disease.Conclusions:A mixture of UDCA/CDCA can effectively control 3β‐hydroxy‐Δ5‐C27‐steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase deficiency. Dose titration by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry warrants the maintenance of negative feedback on the abnormal synthetic pathway and avoids disease progression.