bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dugald Stewart, les « économistes » et la Révolution française
Authors: Hyard Alexandra 
Published: May 2009

Alexandra Hyard, Dugald Stewart, the « Economistes » and the French Revolution
In 1789, Dugald Stewart (1753-1828), like many Scottish intellectuals, welcomed the French Revolution. He saw it as the first attempt to apply the principles of French political rationalism that the political theory of the « Economistes » had provided. Stewart, however, grew less and less laudatory about this revolutionary experience. In contrast to the greater part of Scottish public opinion, however, he did not reject the French experiment. If at the beginning of the 1800's, this Scottish philosopher still believed in the legitimacy of the ideas of 1789, it was partly because his whig convictions made him receptive to the political rationalism of the French, and partly because he felt that the solutions of a more rational monarchy as envisaged in the writing of the « Economistes » might prove useful in partially resolving problems encountered by the British monarchy.
La survivance d'un système électoral sous le Consulat et l'Empire
Authors: Bourguet-Rouveyre Josiane 
Published: May 2009

Josiane Bourguet-Rouveyre, The Survival of the Electoral System under the Consulate and Empire
It might seem paradoxical to suggest that on the issue of elections and plebiscites, the Napoleonic period is the heir of the Revolution, for the revolutionary referendum has often been contrasted with the Bonapartist plebiscite, and the democratic forms of political participation under the First Republic with rigidity of the Imperial system. But a study of the electoral system and popular consultations under the Consulate and Empire clearly shows a continuity with the revolutionary decade : the regime only codified and standardized earlier practices, and, as under the Revolution, the cantonal assembly remained the foundation of the system. The absence of debate and public liberties did not prevent electoral participation ; rather, this is even higher in the assemblies of the arrondissement and the department where the notables met. Even under the Empire, Napoleon had to conserve forms of representation, tying them closely to the Nation, models borrowed as much from the Constitutional Monarchy as from the Republic.
La conception de la révolution d'un révolutionnaire allemand : Georg Forster. Rupture ou reconstruction ?
Authors: Gilli Marita 
Published: May 2009

Marita Gilli, The conception of the Revolution by a German revolutionary : Georg Forster. Rupture or reconstruction ?
Beginning in 1790, Forster wrote a number of texts on the Revolution, the first after attending the Festival of the Champ de Mars in July 1790, and the last ones composed in exile in Paris after 1793. Though brief, this period reveals a perceptible evolution in his thought. From his first writings, he insists on the violent and destructive character of the Revolution that he compared to a natural phenomenon. Moreover, Forster considered already the role of the people as indispensable to all revolutions. Two years later, in direct contact with the events, he still emphasized the violent nature of the Revolution, and spoke of the « brutal force of the crowd ». But he then developed the idea of a constructive revolution, of a radical renewal of political life, of the creation of a State that enables man to perfect himself.
Tronchet et la réorganisation constituante des institutions judiciaires
Authors: Tessier Philippe 
Published: May 2009

Philippe Tessier, Tronchet and the Reorganization of Judicial Institutions during the Constituent Assembly .
François Denis Tronchet, known for his participation in the Trial of the King and for his contribution to the writing of the Civil Code of 1804, played an important role during the Constituent Assembly in the reorganization of judicial institutions of the Old Regime, notably in the reform of criminal procedure. Though he was soon called the « Nestor of the Aristocracy », he appears at the same time as attached to certain traditions and as an ardent promoter of reform, and as such could be considered as a man of compromise and transition. In fact, Tronchet used the experience he acquired as a lawyer to develop pragmatic solutions, concrete and humane. These solutions for compromise were often inspired by the ideal of moderation, by a defense of equability, and a rejection of barbarity, a repellent concept designing at once the Old Regime and certain foreign practices ; this set of ideas is closely associated with the model of a lawyer, that he incarnates, while rejecting judicial corporate structure.
Les défenseurs officieux : une défense sans barreaux
Authors: Derasse Nicolas 
Published: May 2009

Nicolas Derasse, The « défenseurs officieux » : a Defense without the Bar.
Wishing to bring justice closer to the Nation, the Constituants allowed citizens to defend themselves and to designate the legal counsel of their choice to represent them. The liberty of the defense thus came to be the norm beginning in January 1791, and emphasized the emergence of new actors for the defense. These men, replacing the avocats whose functions had been suppressed at the beginning of the Revolution, were not subject to any professional regime. Given the confidence of each party in the legal proceeding, they should ideally defend each, and could offer their services without financial compensation. Their professional career, criticized from the beginning of the Revolution, shows that the Constituent Assembly, despite its ambitions, did not manage to overturn the notion that to defend the accused is a speciality reserved to legal practitioners. Thus this sort of defense was above all a stage in the history of the judicial bar during the French Revolution and the Consulat, a distinct period when the judicial officials whatever their professional origin, aroused certain misgiving from the public and from the constituted authorites alike.
La justice pénale et les femmes, 1792-1811
Authors: Allen Edward A. 
Published: May 2009

Robert Allen, Criminal Justice and Women, 1792-1811
The criminal courts established by the French Revolution depended on the active participation of ordinary citizens, including women. But while they took part in the judicial process as witnesses, plaintiffs, and defendants, women found themselves excluded from power, for only men could preside as magistrates or serve on the trial jury - the centerpiece of the new system of criminal justice. Nevertheless, women accused of crimes obtained a higher proportion of acquittals than men. Paradoxically, traditional male notions of women as guided more strongly by emotion than by reason, and as often incapable of independent action, may have worked to the benefit of female defendants. And yet, due to a provision in the law of July 19, 1791, the misdemeanor courts could hear cases of sexual impropriety and punish women whose sexuality seemed to threaten patriarchal authority.
Justice, vengeance et passé révolutionnaire : les crimes de la terreur blanche
Authors: Clay Stephen 
Published: May 2009

Stephen Clay, Justice, Vengeance and the Revolutionary Past : the Crimes of the White Terror.
The crimes of the Terror Blanche - or the Reaction, as this episode of the Revolution was called at the time - presented the nascent judicial system of the Revolution with some of its greatest challenges. Throughout the troubled years of the Directory and opening years of the Consulat when the politics of public order necessarily ranked high among government's priorities, the administration and the application of the laws formed a not inconsequential part for the consolidation of the Republic. Indeed, the success of the Directory's political program depended in large part on its ability to find agents in local administrations and the judiciary capable of understanding and implementing the law, and this, often with considerable resistance from local populations on issues of emigration, desertion, conscription, non-juroring priests, and crimes of all sorts, not least political crimes. Some of these political crimes as illustrated by the judgment of those implicated in the prison massacres on the spring of 1795 in the department of the Bouches-du-Rhône - undeniably, among the most spectacular incidents of popular violence of the entire revolutionary decade - proved to be among the longest, most complicated, and most important confronting the criminal justice system of the period. The persistence of the factional strife and the « esprit de parti » were perceptible at many stages of the judicial process and influenced in the judgment of political crimes. This article examines origins of the factional conflict, the tradition of popular violence, the nature and violence of the periods of the reaction, the circumstances of the these prison massacres, their victims and presumed perpetrators as well as the protracted trials related to these events.
Ordre public et poursuites criminelles sous le Directoire (1795-1799). L'expérience d'un modèle judiciaire libéral
Authors: Berger Emmanuel 
Published: May 2009

Emmanuel Berger, Public Order and Criminal Prosecution under the Directory (1795-1799). The Experience of a Liberal Judicial Model.
During the first years of the Revolution, the Constituants developed a new judicial model. This model that one can call liberal aimed to combine the necessity of protecting liberties and the duty of maintaining public order. But from 1790 onwards, certain deputies disputed the capacity of liberal justice to protect the population from attacks by bandits and criminals. The indulgence of justices of the peace and « scandalous acquittals » rendered by citizen juries were held responsable for this problem. These criticisms persisted throughout the Directory and grew more pronounced beginning with the Consulat to the point of causing the progressive suppression of several guarantees essential to the natural rights of citizens. By studying criminal prosecution under the Directory, the author has tried to understand the nature of judicial reforms effected during the Consulate and Empire that would bring about the disappearance of the judicial model of the Revolution.
« La manière la plus efficace de maintenir la tranquillité » ? La place de la gendarmerie impériale dans le dispositif français du nord de l'Espagne (1810-1814)
Authors: Lepetit Gildas 
Published: May 2009

Le 24 novembre 1809, Napoléon décrète la création de vingt escadrons de gendarmerie impériale destinés à servir dans les provinces septentrionales de l'Espagne. Ce corps, fort de plus de quatre mille hommes, s'établit sur plusieurs régions : la province de Santander, les provinces basques, la Navarre, l'Aragon, la Castille, puis la Catalogne. Les gendarmes ne quittent la péninsule qu'après la bataille de Vitoria (21 juin 1813). Au cours de cette période, la gendarmerie d'Espagne a œuvré quotidiennement au maintien des communications et au rétablissement d'un ordre mis à mal par les agissements des guérilleros. Pourtant, elle demeure pendant très longtemps dans l'ombre, n'étant qu'à de très rares exceptions mentionnée dans les études consacrées à la campagne d'Espagne.
Dès lors, il convient de s'intéresser aux silences de l'histoire en explicitant la place réelle de la gendarmerie impériale dans le dispositif français présent dans les provinces du nord de l'Espagne, tant en matière d'effectifs, d'activités que d'efficacité.
Violences de guerre et transmission de la mémoire des conflits à travers l'exemple de la campagne de Calabre de 1806-1807
Authors: Cadet Nicolas 
Published: May 2009

Nicolas Cadet, The Violence of War and the transmission of the Memory of Conflicts: the example of the Calabrian Campaign, 1806-1807.
The invasion of the Kingdom of Naples by the Napoleonic army in 1806 provoked a major popular insurrection in the southern most provinces of the peninsula, notably in Calabria. For almost one year, the troops entrusted with repressing the uprising exhausted themselves chassing the elusive rebels who always manage to escape, and who with the aid of the British practiced a skillful strategy of harassment. For the French soldiers, the atmosphere of extreme violence in which the compaign developed added to its generally difficult and frustrating nature. Evolving in a universe imbued with religiosity, the Calabrians led a veritable crusade against the occupiers: the violence and multilations they inflicted on whose who fell into their hands elicited in return ferocious reprisals. A war of extreme violence, the Calabrian campaign emphasized the close ties uniting memory and modes of representation. The Calabrian insurrection of 1806 -1807 has for different reasons fallen into oblivion in France, Italy, and Great Britain; its memory is practically absent in the official memory as well as in the popular memory.
Rebâtir après les défaites napoléoniennes : les enjeux de la reconstruction immobilière dans la France du nord et de l'est (1814-1860)
Authors: Hantraye Jacques 
Published: May 2009

Jacques Hantraye, Rebuilding after the Napoleonic defeats : the reconstruction of properties in northern and eastern France (1814-1860).
The purpose of this article is to understand the means used to rebuild the cities and villages destroyed during the French campaign of 1814, how this reconstruction was done, and how these reconstructed towns were perceived by contemporaries. The property losses will be evaluated and placed in their proper context, and in addition, the method of assessing these loses will be examined. The process of indemnification and gathering funds will also be discussed. The administration and the royal family intervened in an important way in the process of indemnifying the victims of these destructions. A study of the reconstruction invites reflections about architectural and urban choices, about projected improvements, about the status of ruins, and the efforts related to reconstruction. This article does not claim to exhaust this subject, for a synthesis about these themes is still not possible, requiring as it does much more work.
Être républicain sous le directoire. les journaux « néo-jacobins » de l'Allier avant et après le 18 fructidor
Authors: Bourdin Philippe 
Published: May 2009

Philippe Bourdin, Being Republican under the Directory. « Neo-jacobin » newspapers in the Allier before and after 18 Fructidor
The importance of the press in the organization of the « neo-jacobin » movement needs no demonstration, but the competition between different newspapers nuances the very definition of « neo-jacobin ». Indeed, in the department of the Allier, before and after the 18 Fructidor, two newspapers coexisted directed by groups of writers, jacobins known by Fouché - the Journal du département and Instruction décadaire du département ; yet neither Auvergne nor the Bourbonnais had many newspapers after 1789. The authors, whether administrators in office or dismissed, did not participate in the local constitutional circles, which bear the mark of official and controlled establishments. Each newspaper claimed to work for good electoral choices, for the elimination of royalists, for the surveillance of authorities. They diverged strikingly over their respective vision of the Republican left, between a newspaper which remained suspicious of the nostalgia for 1793, and an Instruction which helped above all the union of patriots after their electoral failure in germinal an V. Delighted by the purges effected after the « coup d'État » of Fructidor, the same publication recovered the tone of the year II to promote again the notion of regeneration to the degree that it revived anti-clericalism and attached particular attention to education, to public festivals, to the theatrical repertory, showing a special concern to the great debates of the Conseils on these points.
Regards sur l'Italie entre XVIIIe et XIXe siècles : le magasin encyclopédique de millin
Authors: Trinchero Cristina 
Published: May 2009

Cristina Trinchero, A Perspective on Italy between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries : the Magasin Encyclopédique of Millin
The period between Thermidor and the Restoration is distinguished by a rich proliferation of scientific, technical, and humanistic knowledge to which the Ideologues contributed incisively, proposing a new approach to many disciplines, and inviting the study of foreign cultures. Specialized journals and reviews undertook a veritable mission to spread knowledge to a growing public, and aimed to found cultural circles between different countries. Given its wide interests and its new vision on foreign cultures, the Magasin encyclopédique of Millin is among the most interesting reviews in this cultural context, and more specifically, it constitutes a mine of information for studies whose purpose was to reconstruct cultural exchanges between France and Italy at a time when political events united the destinies of these two countries more than ever before.
« Illustrat dum respicit »
Authors: Perez Stanis 
Published: May 2009

Étudier le regard de Louis XIV revient à analyser un dispositif de pouvoir aussi bien au niveau des représentations du roi qu'au niveau du système de la Cour.
Par son regard, le roi, comparé à Auguste (ses yeux émettaient un rayonnement, selon Suétone), devient une sorte de deuxième Soleil éclairant tout de sa lumière. D'où la devise de Ménestrier, Illustrat dum respicit : « II donne de l'éclat à tout ce qu'il regarde. » Ce regard royal est aussi un organe de surveillance et la source de bien des distinctions. Sur la scène versaillaise, le roi-acteur gouverne son monde dans la solitude des astres entraînant tout leur univers.
La froideur du regard impassible des États
Authors: Colonomos Ariel 
Published: May 2009

À travers l'analyse de certains portraits de grands dignitaires de l'État, ce texte explore les rapports entre une esthétique de la représentation du pouvoir et une rationalité d'une science réaliste des relations internationales fondée sur la distanciation amorale. Dans l'incarnation de l'État par les grands, cette esthétique du regard communique avec cette science de la vision.
Notre analyse montre que le trait précède la science et qu'à travers le travail du peintre l'intuition du regard de l'État préfigure la construction d'un savoir froid et objectivant. Les correspondances entre ces trois regards — le peintre, le diplomate et le savant — sont à l'origine d'une énigme dont la raison du politique est le cœur.
Analyse structurale de l'enceinte chasséenne de Compiègne (Oise)
Authors: Toupet Christophe 
Published: May 2009

Une enceinte de vallée à fossés interrompus doublés intérieurement d'une tranchée de palissade a été partiellement fouillée afin d'en comprendre l'architecture originale et les motivations qui ont entraîné une telle construction.
L'étude des coupes transversales à cette enceinte a permis de mettre en évidence :
. une inclinaison des traces de poteaux de la palissade vers l'extérieur de l'enceinte,
. une concentration des déblais des fossés placés uniquement entre palissade et fossés.
L'hypothèse d'une levée de terre constituée de la couche humifère préalablement raclée est envisagée. Elle aurait été plaquée par la suite contre la paroi interne de la palissade. Les déblais des fossés fourniraient un remblai constituant un talus externe qui compenserait la poussée interne de la levée de terre contre la palissade.
Il est envisagé que ces enceintes auraient pu avoir des fonctions agro-pastorales combinées à des préoccupations défensives et culturelles.
Chronostratigraphy and ecology of two Middle and Upper Pleistocene sites (Jersey,Channel Islands)
Authors: Callow Paul 
Published: May 2009

Les sites du paléolithique moyen ancien de La Cotte à la Chèvre et de La Cotte de St Brelade ont été particulièrement sensibles aux changements de l'environnement, du fait de leur position côtière sur ce qui est maintenant une île du plateau continental. Le premier site est une petite grotte marine, creusée lors d'une transgression de 18 m. Les traces de cet événement n'ont pas été retrouvées dans le deuxième site, mais des sédiments d'âge saalien, très riches d'un point de vue archéologique, ont été découpés en falaise durant la transgression de 8 m du sous-stade isotopique 5e des carottes océaniques et sont coiffés de trois sols suivis par des dépôts épais du Weichsélien. Un complexe interglaciaire plus ancien a été daté de 238 000±35 000 ans et appartient donc au stade isotopique 7. La géologie, la flore et la faune se combinent pour documenter une longue séquence de fluctuations dans l'environnement. Des matériaux éoliens ou locaux (principalement des lœss, et des sables provenant de l'altération des granites de la roche mère) furent déposés dans un système de ravins profonds, et y alternent d'une manière très clairement liée aux événements climatiques.
L'occupation de ces deux sites semble avoir pris place durant la même période chronologique. Si l'on émet l'hypothèse de l'occupation par un seul groupe humain, La Cotte à la Chèvre aurait permis d'étendre légèrement un territoire économique centré sur le site plus grand et mieux placé de St Brelade qui, si l'on s'en remet à l'évidence archéologique, fut un foyer d'activité bien plus important.
La présence humaine dans cette région fut contrôlée directement ou indirectement par le climat. Il semble y avoir eu des périodes durant lesquelles le niveau marin permettait l'accès facile de Jersey et où le froid n'était pas d'une sévérité suffisante pour inhiber toute activité. Le paysage semble avoir varié d'une péninsule relativement boisée, rattachée au Cotentin, à un plateau situé dans une plaine côtière à végétation plus ouverte. L'aspect le plus remarquable de Jersey durant le Pléistocène est l'évidence avec laquelle la dépendance mutuelle de composantes diverses est révélée : le climat, la sédimentation et la formation des sols, les changements du niveau marin et l'érosion marine, la géographie physique, la faune et la flore, la présence humaine et l'économie, les sources de matière première pour la fabrication d'outils et les techniques de travail de la pierre.