bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Being Consumer Educators in the 1980's
Authors: BYMERS GWEN J. 
Published: July 2010

Consumerism as a force in our society is maturing. Consumer education as a field of study is also growing up. It is beginning to be recognized as a positive and constructive force in the economy. In the decade of the 80's we can probably place less emphasis on the adversarial and protective issues and more on the rights and responsibilities of consumers in a market economy. A second or “hidden” agenda should be to encourage improvement in the production and delivery system itself.Consumer education belongs to no single discipline. Even economics cannot provide the whole story for a consumer education program. However, consumer education that does not require solid economic understanding is indeed misnamed.Although the primary focus of our efforts should be on the decision making of the individual and the household, our teaching must clearly articulate with the larger economy. We are living in a different economic climate than prevailed a decade or so ago. We must keep abreast of rapidly changing social institutions and market arrangements if our teaching is to be relevant and meet the challenges of the coming decade.
Estimating the Benefits of Individual Retirement Accounts: A Comparison to Capital Gains Investments
Authors: WALDEN MICHAEL L. 
Published: July 2010

This paper compares the benefits of investing funds in an IRA account to the benefits of investing funds in a long‐term capital gains investment. The comparison is motivated because IRA funds, although they can be placed in a long‐term capital gains account, are ultimately taxed at ordinary income tax rates. IRA funds cannot receive the favorable long‐term capital gains tax treatment.Following previous work by Collins, gain factors are computed for IRA accounts vs. long‐term capital gains accounts. In most cases the gain factors are larger than one, although much smaller than when the alternative investment is a typical savings account. Gains factors are, however, universally less than one for premature withdrawal of the IRA.
Consumer Trade‐Offs Among Flame Retardance and Other Product Attributes: A Conjoint Analysis of Consumer Preferences
Authors: CROWN E. M. , BROWN S. A. 
Published: July 2010

This paper reports a study of consumer choices of alternative products, based on trade‐offs among various product attributes. The methodology is a conjoint analysis of product preference rankings based on evaluations by 197 consumers of nine blanket specimens mailed to them as part of a survey. The specimens, which varied according to price, hand, care instructions and flame retardance, provided a much more realistic representation of a choice situation than either verbal or pictorial product descriptions.Results of the conjoint analysis suggest that this is an appropriate tool for examining consumer preferences. Flame retardance was found to be important to consumers in their choice of textile products, and they appeared willing to make trade‐offs among other product attributes to acquire this special property. For some consumers this might mean a willingness to pay more, to sacrifice some softness or to follow more specific care instructions. The implications of these results for public policy are discussed.
Whole Life Satisfaction Concepts of Happiness
Authors: FELDMAN FRED 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The most popular concepts of happiness among psychologists and philosophers nowadays are concepts of happiness according to which happiness is defined as “satisfaction with life as a whole”. Such concepts are “Whole Life Satisfaction” (WLS) concepts of happiness. I show that there are hundreds of non‐equivalent ways in which a WLS conception of happiness can be developed. However, every precise conception either requiresactualsatisfaction with life as a whole or requireshypotheticalsatisfaction with life as a whole. I show that a person can be “happy” (in any familiar sense that might be relevant to eudaimonism) at a time even though he is not actually satisfied with his life as a whole at that time. I also show that a person can be “happy” at a time even though it is not correct to say that if he were to think about his life at that time, he would be satisfied with it as a whole. My thesis is that if you think that happiness is the Good, you should avoid defining happiness as whole life satisfaction.
Unger's Argument for Skepticism Revisited
Authors: DOUVEN IGOR , OLDERS DIEDERIK 
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Unger (1974/2000) presents an argument for skepticism that significantly differs from the more traditional arguments for skepticism. The argument is based on two premises, to wit, that knowledge would entitle the knower to absolute certainty, and that an attitude of absolute certainty is always inadmissible from an epistemic viewpoint. The present paper scrutinizes the arguments that Unger provides in support of these premises and shows that none of them is tenable. It thus concludes that Unger's argument for skepticism fails to threaten the possibility of knowledge.
Two Concepts of Possible Worlds – or Only One?
Authors: BENOVSKY JIRI 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:In his “Two Concepts of Possible Worlds” (1986), Peter Van Inwagen explores two kinds of views about the nature of possible worlds: abstractionism and concretism. The latter is the view defended by David Lewis, who claims that possible worlds are concrete spatio‐temporal universes, very much like our own, causally and spatio‐temporally disconnected from each other. The former is the view of the majority, who claim that possible worlds are some kind of abstract objects – such as propositions, properties, states of affairs or sets of numbers. In this paper, I will develop this view in an “extreme abstractionist” way, appealing to a “modal bundle theory”, and I will try to show that it is preferable to the standard abstractionist views. Finally, I will compare this kind of abstractionism to concretism, only to find that the difference between the two is minimal.
Changing the Modal Context
Authors: CANTWELL JOHN 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Conditionals that contain a modality in the consequent give rise to a particular semantic phenomenon whereby the antecedent of the conditional blocks possibilities when interpreting the modality in the consequent. This explains the puzzling logical behaviour of constructions like “If you don't buy a lottery ticket, you can't win”, “If you eat that poison, it is unlikely that you will survive the day” and “If you kill Harry, you ought to kill him gently”. In this paper it is argued that a semantic version of the Ramsey Test provides a key in the analysis of such constructions. The logic for this semantics is axiomatized and some examples are studied, among them a well‐known puzzle for contrary‐to‐duty obligations.
Social Class and Opportunity In Canada
Authors: Blishen Bernard R. 
Published: July 2010

Cet article illustre le niveau des differences regionales et provinciates qui existent dans la distribution de classe entre ceux qui sont nés au pays et des immigrants qui arriverent au Canada avant 1946 et durant la periode 1946–1961. En utilisant un index socio‐economique compose de trois cent vingt (320) occupations, on etablit six classes sociales. Au Quebec et dans les provinces de l'Atlantique, ceux qui sont nes au pays sont quelque peu sous‐representes dans les trois classes superieures, tandis que les immigrants venant des Etats‐Unis, du Royaume‐Uni, et de l'Allemagne sont sur‐representes. Par ailleurs, ceux qui sont nes au Canada sont sur‐representes dans la province de 1'Ontario et dans les provinces de 1'Ouest. Les immigrants americains qui emigrerent au Canada durant la periode de I'apres‐guerre, sont substantiellement plus sur‐representes dans les trois classes superieures que tout autre groupe d'emigrants. lis sont suivis, en cela, par les emigrants d'apres‐guerre du Royaume‐Uni. Ce sont les principales conclusions de l'auteur.This paper shows the extent to which regional and provincial differences exist in the class distribution of native‐born and immigrants who arrived before 1946 and between 1946 and 1961. Using six classes based upon a socioeconomic index of 320 occupations the author shows that in the Atlantic provinces and Quebec, the Canadian‐born are slightly underrepresented in the three top classes. Immigrants from the United States, tie United Kingdom and Germany are overrepresented. In Ontario and the Western provinces, the Canadian‐born are overrepresented. The postwar immigrants from the United States have a substantially higher degree of overrepresentation in the three top classes than any other immigrant group, followed by postwar immigrants from the United Kingdom.
Ethnic Penetration Into Toronto'S Elite Structure*
Authors: Kelner Merrijoy 
Published: July 2010

Le pbinomene du degre de la penetration des individus qui ne sont pas d'ascen‐dance anglo‐saxonne dans les cercles d'elite a Toronto fournit une base pour pre‐ciser la notion d'elite. En plus de tenir compte de la position dans la structure du pouvoir et de l'importance fonctionnelle des individus on ajoute le critere de prestige social. On reussit ainsi a distinguer deux differents niveau de statut lies a l'elite. Au niveau inferieur se retrouvent des individus detenant des roles fonc‐tionnels cles dans la societe: c'est le niveau des elites strategiques. Au niveau superieur, que Ton nomme l'elite centrale, on retrouve un groupe restreint de personnes qui, en plus de posseder le pouvoir et l'aisance materielle qui accompa‐gnent le leadership fonctionnel, sont investies d'un prestige social eleve dans la communaute. Par le biais de cette conception dualiste du statut de l'elite, une analyse de la composition ethnique de la structure des elites a Toronto met en lumiere que les Anglo‐Saxons dominent toujours la couche superieure de l'elite.The extent of non‐Anglo‐Saxon penetration into elite circles in Toronto provides a basis for refining the elite concept. In addition to the usual considerations of power and functional importance, the element of prestige has also been included. Two distinct levels of elite status have been delineated. The lower level consists of persons holding key functional roles in the society, designated as the level of strategic elites. The upper level, termed the core elite, consists of a small group of people who combine high social status in the community with the power and wealth that accompany functional leadership. Utilizing this dual concept of elite status, analysis of the ethnic composition of Toronto's elite structure reveals that the upper level is still dominated by Anglo‐Saxons.
Editor's Preface/Avant‐propos du Rédacteur
Authors: Aronson Dan R. 
Published: July 2010

L'analyse de réseau en anthropologie est un nouvel outil. Les communications de ce colloque, qui furent lues aux réunions de la Central States Anthropological Society examinent sous plusieurs angles son utilité. On a élaboré l'ensemble des concepts associés à l'analyse de réseau au moment où on a cherchéà développer des connaissances valables sur les nouveaux champs critiques qui apparaissent dans les sociétés en voie de transformation rapide. Bien qu'elle soit tenue de répondre à plusieurs critiques, l'analyse de réseau peut permettre d'organiser même la description uniforme des relations sociales par rapport à un modèle de conduite qui soit à la fois facilement utilisable et significatif dans les études transculturelles.Network analysis in anthropology is a new tool. The papers in this symposium, originally read to the Central States Anthropological Society, explore many dimensions of its utility. Network concepts have developed as insight into new problem areas in rapidly‐changing societies has been sought. Although there are many arguments to be met, network analysis holds the promise of organizing even the standard description of social relations in terms of an easily manip‐ulable and cross‐culturally significant model of behaviour.
Calculated, Conditioned, and Normative Behaviour in Social Exchange: An Integration of Assumptions*
Authors: ATACK W. A. J. 
Published: July 2010

Les théories de léchange social sont des mélanges constitués déléments provenant de la sociologie, de la psychologie et de léconomique. Ces mélanges ont étéétablis sans accorder toute lattention nécessaire aux différences qui se rapportent aux postulate sous‐jacents des motivations individuelles. Les postulate sous‐jacents, les forces et les faiblesses du modèle de la conduite normative, du modèle de la conduite conditionnée et du modèle utilariste de la conduite intéressée sont examinés tour à tour. Le modèle de Simon de « lhomme en voie‐de‐se satisfaire « et la théorie des rôles sont utilisés pour élaborer un ensemble intégré de postulate qui incorporent les points forts de chaque modèle tout en évitant plusieurs de leurs lacunes.Social‐exchange theories are blends of elements of sociology, psychology, and economics. These have been conjoined without due consideration of differences in underlying assumptions about motivation. The underlying assumptions and strengths and weaknesses of the model of normatively constrained behaviour, of the operant model of conditioned behaviour, and of the utilitarian model of calculated behaviour, which is embedded in economic theory, are examined in turn. Simons model of “satisficing man” and role theory are used to develop an integrated set of assumptions which incorporate the strengths of each model and overcome many of the weaknesses.
Anthropologie économique des communautés indigenes de la Sierra Norte de Puebla (Mexique) 2: Les villages de haute montagne
Authors: BEAUCAGE PIERRE 
Published: July 2010

In a preceding article, the author has shown how Indian communities of the tierra templada have been transformed by a century of coffee‐growing. Those of the adjacent highlands, although linked to the latter by language and a long cultural tradition, have known a different evolution. Until a generation ago the absence of any important cash crop has meant little inner social differentiation: the subsistence growing of maize alternating, for most Indians, with migrant wage labour. The typical class structure is here much more complex than in the lower zone, since it opposes the peasant both to the bourgeoisie of the Lowlands, as a migrant farm labourer, and to the petty bourgeoisie of merchants and landowners in the Sierra, as a customer and a share‐cropper. The latter opposition reveals itself both in the classical “ethnic” form (mestizo vs. Indians) and as a political opposition between the county town (mestizo) and the Indian villages. For a few decades, diversification of production activities and relations of production linked with these have lead to a far greater structural variation in the villages than is the case in the coffee‐growing area.Dans un article précédent l'auteur a montré comment les communautés indigènes de tierra templada s'étaient transformées sous 1'impact de la culture du café. Celles de la haute montagne adjacente, très apparentées aux premières, linguistiquement et culturellement, ont connu une évolution fort différente. Jusqu’à une époque toute récente, l'absence de production commerciale importante s'est traduite par une faible différenciation interne des classes: la culture vivrière du maïs se combinant, pour la majorité des Indiens, avec le travail salarié migratoire à la côte. La structure de classes caractéristique est ici plus complexe qu'en basse montagne puisqu'elle oppose le paysan indien, comme ouvrier agricole saison‐nier, à la grande bourgeoisie de la côte et comme metayer/client à la petite bourgeoisie marchande et terrienne de la Sierra. Cette dernière opposition se manifeste, à la fois sous la forme « ethnique » classique (Metis/Indiens) et comme opposition politique entre le chef‐lieu métis et les villages indiens. Depuis quelques décennies, la diversification des activités productives et des rapports de production qui s'y rattachent, entraine une variation beaucoup plus grande dans les structures sociales villageoises qu'en basse montagne.
Quebec Separatism: An Analysis of Determinants within Social‐Class Levels*
Authors: CUNEO CARL J. , CURTIS JAMES E. 
Published: July 2010

Cet article présente les résultats d'une analyse secondaire portant sur les données recueillies par la technique de l'enquête sur échantillon en 1968 en fonction de l'étendue et des corollaires de l'opinion séparatiste chez les adultes québécois d'expression française. L'analyse se rapporte principalement aux déterminants du séparatisme chez les nouvelles classes professionnelles moyennes. Quant aux classes laborieuses et agricoles, quelques données comparatives amènent de nouveaux éclairages. En s'appuyant sur les interprétations avancées auparavant on établit un modèle de l'appui séparatiste. En contrôlant le niveau professionnel, par le biais du « path analysis » on cherche à déceler l'impact de sept variables indépendantes. Le modèle de l'appui séparatiste fournit les éléments qui expliquent le mieux le comportement de la nouvelle classe moyenne; il explique aussi 40 pour cent de la variance dans la variable dépendante pour les professionnels et les semi‐professionnels et 43 pour cent de la variance pour les gérants, les dirigeants et les propriéaires. L'impact des variables indépendantes sur l'appui séparatiste varie en fonction du niveau professionnel. A titre d'exemple, la conscience ethnique canadienne française, la méfiance du gouvernement fédéral, et le mécontentement produisent les effets indépendants les plus forts chez la classe moyenne tandis que l'insécuritééconomique et l'orientation économico‐politique de gauche exercent en général une influence des plus forte chez les manœuvres et les fermiers.This paper reports a secondary analysis of 1968 survey data on the extent and correlates of separatist opinion among French‐speaking adults in Quebec. The analysis focuses on determinants of separatism within new middle‐class occupational levels, but some comparative data are provided for the lower classes and farmers as well. A model of separatist support is constructed based on an interpretation of the previous literature and, controlling for occupational level, the effects of seven independent and intervening variables are explored in path analyses. The model of separatist support fits the new middle class best and explains 40 per cent of the variance in the dependent variable for professionals and semiprofessionals and 43 per cent for managers, officials, and proprietors. The effect of the independent variables on separatist support varied by occupational level. For example, French‐Canadian ethnic consciousness, distrust of the federal government and personal dissatisfaction had their strongest independent effects within the new middle class, while economic insecurity and left politicoeconomic orientation generally had their strongest effects on separatist support among unskilled workers and farmers.
Residential Segregation and Institutional Completeness: A Comparison of Ethnic Minorities*
Authors: DRIEDGER LEO , CHURCH GLENN 
Published: July 2010

Cette étude de six groupes ethniques à Winnipeg démontre clairement l'importance de la ségrègation residentielle pour le maintien d'un degré de totalité d'un système institutionnel. La communauté francophone se maintient en suivant le modèle que Joy décrit comme s'appliquant au Québec, à savoir celui d'une zone centrale s'étendant dans la région qui l'encercle et se caracterisant par une mobilite intra‐régionale considérable. Par ailleurs, les Scandinaves n'ont jamais réussi àétablir une base institutionnelle assez complète dans une zone écologique à part. Ils se sont alors dispersés comme l'auraient prédit les assimilationistes. Contrairement à la prédiction de Joy, la formation de deux communautés juives ségrégées a suivi la mobilité massive de Juifs vers les régions s'étendant dans les banlieues de West Kildonan et River Heights où ils ont établi un nouveau système d'institutions ethniques, abandonnant presque complétement la zone du North End où se trouvait le centre initial de la communauté juive.The importance of residential segregation for the maintenance of institutional completeness is clearly demonstrated by this study of six ethnic groups in Winnipeg. The French community maintainers follow Joy's Quebec core area pattern in St Boniface with extensions of their ethnic belt adjacent to the core and extensive intra‐area mobility. On the other hand, the Scandinavians were never able to establish a very complete ethnic institutional base in a segregated ecological area, so they scattered as assimilationists would predict. Contrary to Joy's prediction, extensive Jewish mobility into their West Kildonan and River Heights suburban extended belt areas resulted in the establishment of two new segregated Jewish communities where they have created new complexes of ethnic institutions, leaving the original North End Jewish core area almost entirely.
Changes in the Canadian Business and Legal Elites, 1870–1970*
Authors: SMITH DAVID , TEPPERMAN LORNE 
Published: July 2010

Cet article examine les origines sociales et les activités de deux élites canadiennes au dix‐neuvième et vingtième siècle, à savoir l'élite des affaires et du droit. Il fournit une explication provisoire des transformations qui ont eu lieu quant à l'aecès à la richesse, à l'autorité, au prestige et à l'influence au cours des cent dernières années. En tant que travail d'exploration, cet essai révèle le besoin d'aborder l'histoire de la stratification au Canada d'une façon jusqu'à maintenant négligée, à savoir par l'analyse historique des institutions jouant un rôle dans la stratification.This paper examines the social origins and activities of two Canadian elites, those of business and law, in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It attempts a provisional explanation of the changes in access to wealth, authority, prominence, and influence that have occurred in the last hundred years. As an explanatory study, this paper suggests the need for an approach to the history of stratification in Canada that has not received much attention heretofore; namely, the historical analysis of stratifying institutions.
Entrepreneurial Career Patterns of Residential Real Estate Agents in Montreal
Authors: HOUSE J. DOUGLAS 
Published: July 2010

Pour bien comprendre les agents d'immeuble, il faut les considérer comme un type d'entrepreneurs modernes. On construit dans le cadre de cet article un modèle de leurs comportements permettant de comprendre les stratégies qu'ils déploient pour produire des résultats tangibles à brève et à longue échéance. Tenant compte de ce modèle on en arrive à différencier cinq types de carrière: les carrières manquées; les carrières marginales; les carrières ordinaires; les carrières ascendantes; les carrières prestigieuses. Ces types de carrière sont expliqués en utilisant trois facteurs décisifs: (1) le niveau des ventes immobilières utilisant des stratégies entrepreneuriales efficaces; (2) les possibilités de mobilité professionnelle ascendante ‐ ou les barrières structurelles à la mobilité ascendante‐lesquelles découlent de l'origine ethnique et du sexe en tant que statuts innés; et (3) les décisions des agents eux‐mêmes à des moments critiques de leur carrière dans la vente immobilière.Real estate agents are best understood as a type of modern entrepreneur. A model of their entrepreneurial behaviour is developed here which includes an explanation of strategies producing short‐ and long‐term success. Given this model, five career patterns are distinguished: abortives, marginals, regulars, upwardly mobiles, and perennial high producers. Finally, these patterns are explained in terms of three determinants: sales success through implementing productive entrepreneurial strategies; mobility opportunities or structurally imposed barriers to mobility, which in turn depend upon ascribed ethnicity and sex status; and individual decisions at crucial career phases.