bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Granulometric and Metal Distributions for Post‐Katrina Surficial Particulate Matter Recovered From New Orleans1
Authors: Bhadha Jehangir H. , Schmidt Casey , Rooney Robert , Indeglia Paul , Kertesz Ruben , Bevc Elizabeth , Sansalone John 
Published: October 2009

Bhadha, Jehangir H., Casey Schmidt, Robert Rooney, Paul Indeglia, Ruben Kertesz, Elizabeth Bevc, and John Sansalone, 2009. Granulometric and Metal Distributions for Post‐Katrina Surficial Particulate Matter Recovered From New Orleans. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1434‐1447.Abstract:  Hurricane Katrina and the resulting failure of the levees that surrounded and protected New Orleans generated a significant detained volume of stormwater within the urban area of New Orleans. Between the inundation resulting from levee failure and eventual pumped evacuation of stormwater from the urban area of New Orleans, a large mass of storm‐entrained particulate matter (PM) was deposited in the inundated areas. This study examined the granulometry and granulometric distribution of metals for post‐Katrina surficial PM deposits recovered from 15 sites (10 inundated and 5 non‐inundated) in New Orleans. Results of this examination were compared to pre‐Katrina data from New Orleans. While post‐Katrina analysis of PM indicates that Pb, Zn, and Cu concentrations for PM are reduced for all sites, inundated sites had higher Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations for the settleable (∼25‐75 μm) and sediment (>75 μm) size fractions. A comparison between total metal concentration and the bioavailable (leachable) fraction for PM reveals that inundated sites had up to 19% higher leachable metal concentration compared to non‐inundated sites. The reduction in PM‐bound total metal concentrations for recovered PM can be explained through a combination of scouring (and therefore change in granulometry from pre‐Katrina) that resulted from transport of suspended PM by storm flows and pumped evacuation; as well as leaching and PM‐based redistribution from extended contact with rainfall and during stormwater detention. New Orleans has been exposed to elevated levels of metals through decades of activities that include vehicular transportation, chemical, industrial, and oil production facilities resulting in higher metal concentrations for urban soil‐residual complexes. As a result, the influent storm flows associated with Katrina as an episodic event cannot solely explain the distribution and fate of PM‐associated metal concentrations.
Dental aesthetics assessed against orthodontic treatment complexity and need in Nigerian patients with sickle‐cell anemia
Authors: Onyeaso Chukwudi O. , DaCosta Oluranti O. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThis study investigates the relationship between dental aesthetics and orthodontic treatment complexity and need in a group of patients with sickle‐cell anemia (SCA) in Nigeria. The study sample consisted of 176 individuals — 77 (43.8%) male and 99 (56.3%) female subjects with SCA (aged 10 to 35 years) who were coming for routine medical care to two outpatient clinics. Dental aesthetics were assessed using the Standardized Continuum of Aesthetic Need component of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Treatment complexity and need were assessed according to the Index of Complexity, Outcome and Need and Dental Aesthetic Index. Both parametric and nonparametric statistics were employed in the data analysis. Significant positive relationships were found between dental aesthetics and orthodontic treatment complexity as well as treatment need according to both indices (p= .000). The correlations of the scores for dental aesthetics and the objectively derived treatment complexity and need were significant (p= .01). About 50% of the subjects had poor dental aesthetics and this correlated with their high orthodontic treatment complexity and need.
Evaluation of anterior‐segment inflammation and retinal thickness change following cataract surgery
Authors: Stock Geraldine , Ahlers Christian , Dunavoelgyi Roman , Kahraman Guenal , Schauersberger Joerg , Schmidt‐Erfurth Ursula , Amon Michael 
Published: October 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate the physiological retinal response to uneventful cataract surgery using conventional time‐domain (TD‐OCT) and current spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in combination with an assessment of the anterior chamber inflammatory reaction by laser flare/cell meter (LCFM).Methods:  Thirty‐four patients scheduled for cataract surgery were included in this prospective pilot study. Retinal parameters were examined according to a standardized examination procedure using TD‐OCT (Stratus; Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, California, USA) and SD‐OCT (Cirrus; Carl Zeiss Meditec) devices. The inflammatory reaction of the anterior chamber was measured by LFCM (Kowa FC‐1000, Kowa Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). Examinations were carried out preoperatively and at day 2, week 1 and week 4 postoperatively.Results:  A slight decrease of central retinal thickness values was identified at day 2 postoperatively followed by an increase of these parameters at week 4. LFCM showed peak values in all patients at day 2 postoperatively with a constant decrease at the following visits. No visible pathological retinal changes were seen after surgery.Conclusion:  A biphasic retinal response after surgery could be shown with SD‐OCT and TD‐OCT technology. By using the advantages of rasterscanning mode, SD‐OCT technology is superior to TD‐OCT imaging in the investigation of the physiological retinal response to cataract surgery.
Intranasal Immunization of Mice with a Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine Induces Superior Immunity and Protection Compared to Those by Subcutaneous Delivery or Combinations of Intranasal and Subcutaneous Prime-Boost Strategies
Authors: Mapletoft John W. , Latimer Laura , Babiuk Lorne A. , van Drunen Littel-van den Hurk Sylvia 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTBovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infects cells of the respiratory mucosa, so it is desirable to develop a vaccination strategy that induces mucosal immunity. To achieve this, various delivery routes were compared for formalin-inactivated (FI) BRSV formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and polyphosphazene (PP). Intranasal delivery of the FI-BRSV formulation was superior to subcutaneous delivery in terms of antibody, cell-mediated, and mucosal immune responses, as well as reduction in virus replication after BRSV challenge. Although intranasal delivery of FI-BRSV also induced higher serum and lung antibody titers and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production in the lungs than intranasal-subcutaneous and/or subcutaneous-intranasal prime-boost strategies, no significant differences were observed in cell-mediated immune responses or virus replication in the lungs of challenged mice. Interleukin 5 (IL-5), eotaxin, and eosinophilia were enhanced after BRSV challenge in the lungs of subcutaneously immunized mice compared to unvaccinated mice, but not in the lungs of mice immunized intranasally or through combinations of the intranasal and subcutaneous routes. These results suggest that two intranasal immunizations with FI-BRSV formulated with CpG ODN and PP are effective and safe as an approach to induce systemic and mucosal responses, as well to reduce virus replication after BRSV challenge. Furthermore, intranasal-subcutaneous and subcutaneous-intranasal prime-boost strategies were also safe and almost as efficacious. In addition to the implications for the development of a protective BRSV vaccine for cattle, formulation with CpG ODN and PP could also prove important in the development of a mucosal vaccine that induces protective immunity against human RSV.
Clinical Significance of
Mycobacterium asiaticum
Isolates in Queensland, Australia
Authors: Grech Miriam , Carter Robyn , Thomson Rachel 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium asiaticum
was first reported as a cause of human disease in 1982, with only a few cases in the literature to date. This study aims to review the clinical significance of
M. asiaticum
isolates in Queensland, Australia. A retrospective review (1989 to 2008) of patients with
M. asiaticum
isolates was conducted. Data were collected through the Queensland TB Control Centre database. Disease was defined in accordance with the American Thoracic Society criteria. Twenty-four patients (13 female) had a positive culture of
M. asiaticum
, many residing around the Tropic of Capricorn.
M. asiaticum
was responsible for pulmonary disease (
n
= 2), childhood lymphadenitis (
n
= 1), olecranon bursitis (
n
= 1), 6 cases of possible pulmonary disease, and 2 possible wound infections. Chronic lung disease was a risk factor for pulmonary infection, and wounds/lacerations were a risk factor for extrapulmonary disease. Extrapulmonary disease responded to local measures. Pulmonary disease responded to ethambutol-isoniazid-rifampin plus pyrazinamide for the first 2 months in one patient, and amikacin-azithromycin-minocycline in another patient. While
M. asiaticum
is rare in Queensland, there appears to be an environmental niche. Although often a colonizer, it can be a cause of pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease. Treatment of pulmonary disease remains challenging. Extrapulmonary disease does not mandate specific nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) treatment.
Formaldehyde-Inactivated Whole-Virus Vaccine Protects a Murine Model of Enterovirus 71 Encephalomyelitis against Disease
Authors: Ong Kien Chai , Devi Shamala , Cardosa Mary Jane , Wong Kum Thong 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) causes childhood hand, foot, and mouth disease and neurological complications, and no vaccines or therapeutic drugs are currently available. Formaldehyde-inactivated whole-virus vaccines derived from EV71 clinical isolates and a mouse-adapted virus (MAV) were tested in a mouse model of EV71 encephalomyelitis. After only two immunizations, given to mice at 1 and 7 days of age, the MAV vaccine protected mice at 14 days of age from disease. Tissues from immunized mice were negative for virus by viral culture, reverse transcriptase PCR, immunohistochemistry analysis, and in situ hybridization. Cross-neutralizing EV71 antibodies to strains with genotypes B3, B4, and C1 to C5 generated in immunized adult mice were able to passively protect 14-day-old mice from disease.
The Single-Stranded DNA Genome of Novel Archaeal Virus
Halorubrum
Pleomorphic Virus 1 Is Enclosed in the Envelope Decorated with Glycoprotein Spikes
Authors: Pietilä Maija K. , Laurinavičius Simonas , Sund Jukka , Roine Elina , Bamford Dennis H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Only a few archaeal viruses have been subjected to detailed structural analyses. Major obstacles have been the extreme conditions such as high salinity or temperature needed for the propagation of these viruses. In addition, unusual morphotypes of many archaeal viruses have made it difficult to obtain further information on virion architectures. We used controlled virion dissociation to reveal the structural organization of
Halorubrum
pleomorphic virus 1 (HRPV-1) infecting an extremely halophilic archaeal host. The single-stranded DNA genome is enclosed in a pleomorphic membrane vesicle without detected nucleoproteins. VP4, the larger major structural protein of HRPV-1, forms glycosylated spikes on the virion surface and VP3, the smaller major structural protein, resides on the inner surface of the membrane vesicle. Together, these proteins organize the structure of the membrane vesicle. Quantitative lipid comparison of HRPV-1 and its host
Halorubrum
sp. revealed that HRPV-1 acquires lipids nonselectively from the host cell membrane, which is typical of pleomorphic enveloped viruses.
Dual Mechanism of Impairment of Interleukin-7 (IL-7) Responses in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Decreased IL-7 Binding and Abnormal Activation of the JAK/STAT5 Pathway
Authors: Juffroy Olivier , Bugault Florence , Lambotte Olivier , Landires Ivan , Viard Jean-Paul , Niel Loïc , Fontanet Arnaud , Delfraissy Jean-François , Thèze Jacques , Chakrabarti Lisa A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT

Interleukin-7 (IL-7) plays a central role in controlling the homeostasis of both naive and long-term-memory CD4
+
T cells. To better understand how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) perturbs CD4
+
T-cell homeostasis, we performed a detailed analysis of IL-7R expression, IL-7 binding, and IL-7-dependent early and late signaling events in CD4
+
T-cell subsets from viremic and efficiently treated patients. HIV infection differentially affected the expression of IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) chains, with decreases in IL-7Rα/CD127 expression in the memory subset and increases in γc/CD132 expression in all CD4
+
T cells. This resulted in preserved IL-7 binding in the naive compartment and decreased IL-7 binding in the memory compartment of viremic patients. Accordingly, the percentages of cells signaling in response to IL-7, as measured by pSTAT5 induction, were decreased in memory subsets, including conventional CD4
+
T cells and regulatory T cells. However, the levels of pSTAT5 induction per responding cell, as measured by pSTAT5 fluorescence intensity, were increased within all naive and memory CD4
+
T-cell subsets of viremic patients. The basal level of pSTAT5 was also increased, indicating a constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT5 pathway. IL-7 functional responses, as measured by Bcl-2, CD25, and Foxp3 induction, were impaired in viremic patient CD4
+
T cells, suggesting that chronic activation led to downstream defects in the STAT5 signaling pathway. Thus, HIV infection perturbs IL-7 responses at both receptor binding and signaling steps, which likely compromises the regenerative capacity of the CD4
+
T-cell pool and may contribute to CD4
+
T-cell depletion.
Evaluation of CD4-CD4i Antibody Architectures Yields Potent, Broadly Cross-Reactive Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Reagents
Authors: West Anthony P. , Galimidi Rachel P. , Foglesong Christopher P. , Gnanapragasam Priyanthi N. P. , Klein Joshua S. , Bjorkman Pamela J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has several adaptations that allow the virus to evade antibody neutralization. Nevertheless, a few broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies as well as reagents containing portions of CD4, the HIV receptor, have demonstrated partial efficacy in suppressing viral replication. One type of reagent designed for improved HIV neutralization fuses the CD4 D1-D2 domains to the variable regions of an antibody recognizing the CD4-induced (CD4i) coreceptor binding site on the gp120 portion of the HIV envelope spike. We designed, expressed, purified, and tested the neutralization potencies of CD4-CD4i antibody reagents with different architectures, antibody combining sites, and linkers. We found that fusing CD4 to the heavy chain of the CD4i antibody E51 yields a bivalent reagent including an antibody Fc region that expresses well, is expected to have a long serum half-life, and has comparable or greater neutralization activity than well-known broadly neutralizing anti-HIV antibodies. A CD4 fusion with the anti-HIV carbohydrate antibody 2G12 also results in a potent neutralizing reagent with more broadly neutralizing activity than 2G12 alone.
Activation of an Antiviral Response in Normal but Not Transformed Mouse Cells: a New Determinant of Minute Virus of Mice Oncotropism
Authors: Grekova Svitlana , Zawatzky Rainer , Hörlein Rita , Cziepluch Celina , Mincberg Michal , Davis Claytus , Rommelaere Jean , Daeffler Laurent 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTParvovirus minute virus of mice (MVMp) is endowed with oncotropic properties so far ascribed only to the dependency of the virus life cycle on cellular factors expressed during S phase and/or modulated by malignant transformation. For other viruses oncotropism relies on their inability to circumvent type I interferon (IFN)-induced innate antiviral mechanisms, the first line of defense triggered by normal cells against viral infections. These agents propagate, therefore, preferentially in transformed/tumor cells, which often lack functional antiviral mechanisms. The present study aimed at investigating whether antiviral processes also contribute to MVMp oncotropism. Our results demonstrate that in contrast to MVMp-permissive transformed mouse A9 fibroblasts, freshly isolated normal counterparts (mouse embryonic fibroblasts [MEFs]) mount, through production and release of type I IFNs upon their infection, an antiviral response against MVMp lytic multiplication. Pretreatment of MEFs with a type I IFN-β-neutralizing antibody, prior to MVMp infection, inhibits the virus-triggered antiviral response and improves the fulfillment of the MVMp life cycle. Our results also show that part of the A9 permissiveness to MVMp relies on the inability to produce type I IFNs upon parvovirus infection, a feature related either to an A9 intrinsic deficiency of this process or to an MVMp-triggered inhibitory mechanism, since stimulation of these cells by exogenous IFN-β strongly inhibits the parvovirus life cycle. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that parvovirus infection triggers an innate antiviral response in normal cells and suggest that the MVMp oncotropism depends at least in part on the failure of infected transformed cells to mount such a response.
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus-Encoded Ovarian Tumor Protease Activity Is Dispensable for Virus RNA Polymerase Function
Authors: Bergeron Éric , Albariño César G. , Khristova Marina L. , Nichol Stuart T. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTCrimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a tick-borne virus (genusNairovirus, familyBunyaviridae) associated with high case fatality disease outbreaks in regions of Africa, Europe, and Asia. The CCHFV genome consists of three negative-strand RNA segments, S, M, and L. The unusually large virus L polymerase protein and the need for biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) containment conditions for work with infectious virus have hampered the study of CCHFV replication. The L protein has an ovarian tumor (OTU) protease domain located in the N terminus, which has led to speculation that the protein may be autoproteolytically cleaved to generate the active virus L polymerase and additional functions. We report the successful development of efficient CCHFV helper virus-independent S, M, and L segment minigenome systems for analysis of virus RNA and protein features involved in replication. The virus RNA segment S, M, and L untranslated regions were found to be similar in support of replication of the respective minigenomes. In addition, the OTU domain located in the N terminus of the expressed virus L protein was shown to be a functional protease. However, no evidence of L protein autoproteolytic processing was found, and the OTU protease activity was dispensable for virus RNA replication. Finally, physiologically relevant doses of ribavirin inhibited CCHFV minigenome replication. These results demonstrated the utility of the minigenome system for use in BSL-2 laboratory settings to analyze CCHFV biology and in antiviral drug discovery programs for this important public health and bioterrorism threat.
Strong Convergence Theorems of Modified Ishikawa Iterations for Countable Hemi-Relatively Nonexpansive Mappings in a Banach Space
Authors: Petrot Narin , Wattanawitoon Kriengsak , Kumam Poom 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe prove some strong convergence theorems for fixed points of modified Ishikawa and Halpern iterative processes for a countable family of hemi-relatively nonexpansive mappings in a uniformly convex and uniformly smooth Banach space by using the hybrid projection methods. Moreover, we also apply our results to a class of relatively nonexpansive mappings, and hence, we immediately obtain the results announced by Qin and Su's result (2007), Nilsrakoo and Saejung's result (2008), Su et al.'s result (2008), and some known corresponding results in the literatures.
Super-Relaxed ("Equation missing" )-Proximal Point Algorithms, Relaxed ("Equation missing" )-Proximal Point Algorithms, Linear Convergence Analysis, and Nonlinear Variational Inclusions
Authors: Agarwal Ravi P. , Verma Ram U. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe glance at recent advances to the general theory of maximal (set-valued) monotone mappings and their role demonstrated to examine the convex programming and closely related field of nonlinear variational inequalities. We focus mostly on applications of the super-relaxed ("Equation missing")-proximal point algorithm to the context of solving a class of nonlinear variational inclusion problems, based on the notion of maximal ("Equation missing")-monotonicity. Investigations highlighted in this communication are greatly influenced by the celebrated work of Rockafellar (1976), while others have played a significant part as well in generalizing the proximal point algorithm considered by Rockafellar (1976) to the case of the relaxed proximal point algorithm by Eckstein and Bertsekas (1992). Even for the linear convergence analysis for the overrelaxed (or super-relaxed) ("Equation missing")-proximal point algorithm, the fundamental model for Rockafellar's case does the job. Furthermore, we attempt to explore possibilities of generalizing the Yosida regularization/approximation in light of maximal ("Equation missing")-monotonicity, and then applying to first-order evolution equations/inclusions.
The consequences of early discharge after hip arthroplasty for patient outcomes and health care costs: comparison of three centres with differing durations of stay
Authors: Hunt Gillian R , Crealey Grainne , Murthy Burra VS , Hall George M , Constantine Philippa , O'Brien Seamus , Dennison Janice , Keane Pauline , Beverland David , Lynch Martin C , Salmon Peter 
Published: October 2009

Objective: To compare outcomes from hip arthroplasty between a surgical unit with a rapid discharge policy and two comparison units to test the hypothesis that the centre with rapid discharge has outcomes that are not inferior to the comparison sites. Design: Prospective cohort study. Subjects: Consecutive consenting patients receiving primary hip arthroplasty during 12 months beginning July 2006 in three UK National Health Service surgical units. One has shortened postoperative stay to median three days; one was a new treatment centre with median stay of five days; the third was a traditional unit with median stay of six days (N = 316, 119, 87, respectively). Methods: Patients were assessed preoperatively and six weeks postoperatively. The primary indicator of function was the Oxford Hip Score. Additional secondary measures included further self-report indicators of function and quality of life and health service costs. Results: Patient outcome in the unit with rapid discharge was not impaired by comparison with the other sites on any measure: Oxford Hip Score decreased from 49 to 27 in the short-stay unit, from 40 to 30 in the treatment centre and from 43 to 32 in the traditional unit. Cost of arthroplasty was least in the short-stay unit, although there was potential for cost savings in each. Conclusion: Short postoperative stay after hip arthroplasty can be achieved without intensive patient preparation or post-discharge care and without compromising short-term patient outcome or increasing health care costs. Longer term follow-up is needed.