bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterizations of Four New Metal Phosphonates with Layered Structure
Authors: Liu Lei , Li Jing , Sun Zhen‐Gang , Dong Da‐Peng , Zhang Na , Lu Xin , Wang Wei‐Nan , Tong Fei 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBy using piperazine as a structure‐directing agent, four new metal phosphonates with layered structure, [pzH2]0.5[ML(H2O)]·1.5H2O [M = Co (1), Ni (2), Zn (3)] and [pz]0.5[Sb2L2]·H2O (4) (H3L = 2‐hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid; pz = piperazine), have been hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Compounds 1–3 are isostructural and comprise MO6 octahedra and CPO3 tetrahedra connected by [O3PCH(OH)CO2]3– to form a 2D layered structure with a one‐dimensional channel system along the a axis direction. In compound 4, two SbO4E trigonal bipyramids (E is a lone pair of electrons, which occupy an axial position) are interconnected into a dimer by corner‐sharing. The so‐built dimers are bridged by the CPO3 tetrahedra into a 2D layered structure with a one‐dimensional channel system in the c axis direction. The protonated piperazine cations for compounds 1–3 and the piperazine molecules for compound 4 are located between two adjacent layers.
Proximal ulna stress fracture and stress reaction of the proximal radius associated with the use of crutches: a case report and literature review
Authors: Venkatanarasimha Nanda , Kamath Sridhar , Kambouroglou G. , Ostlere Simon J. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
We report a case of complete stress fracture of the ulna and stress reaction of the radius resulting from the use of crutches in an overweight patient with severe lower extremity arthritis. Plain radiograph showed an undisplaced complete fracture of the proximal metaphysis of the ulna. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed to exclude a pathological cause in view of the unusual fracture site, which confirmed the plain radiographic findings and additionally demonstrated a stress reaction in the proximal radius. There are three cases of stress fracture of the ulnar diaphysis resulting from the use of crutches reported previously in the English literature and a further case of bilaterally symmetrical ulnar diaphysial fracture reported in the Danish literature. We report the first case of ulnar metaphysis stress fracture with concomitant stress reaction of the radius.
The relationship between anemia at admission and outcome in patients older than 60 years with hip fracture
Authors: Hagino Tetsuo , Ochiai Satoshi , Sato Eiichi , Maekawa Shingo , Wako Masanori , Haro Hirotaka 
Published: August 2009

Abstract

Background
We have reported that the functional outcome in elderly with hip fracture is related to age at admission, dementia, and anemia. In this study, we examined the relationship between hemoglobin level at admission and walking ability, as well as survival outcome at discharge.

Materials and methods
We studied 394 patients aged 60 years or older treated at our hospital for hip fracture since 1997. Anemia was defined as an admission hemoglobin level <13.0 g/dl for men and <12.0 g/dl for women. The relationships between anemia status with age at admission, gender, fracture type, residence before injury, walking ability at discharge, length of hospital stay, and survival outcome were analyzed.

Results
Anemia was observed in 266 of 394 patients. Univariate analysis identified no relationship between the status of anemia and age, gender, walking ability before injury, treatment modality, or length of hospital stay. On the other hand, 106 of 266 patients in the anemic group were residing in institutions, and as many as 72.9% of patients in the anemic group had trochanteric fracture. For walking ability at discharge, 92 of 128 patients without anemia were ambulatory compared with only 130 of 266 patients with anemia, with a significant difference between the two groups. Furthermore, there were 15 in-hospital deaths in the anemic group compared with one death in the nonanemic group. Multivariate analysis identified three independent items: age, fracture type, and walking ability at discharge, as related to the status of anemia.

Conclusions
Hemoglobin level at admission is related to outcome in patients with hip fracture.
A Laboratory Decanting Procedure to Simulate Whole Stillage Separation in Dry‐Grind Corn Ethanol Process
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Tong , Pometto Anthony L. , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn the dry‐grind corn ethanol industry, horizontal decanter centrifuges are used to separate the whole stillage into wet grains and thin stillage. The wet grains mixed with condensed thin stillage are dried to form dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS). In order to investigate the effect of different corn breaking treatments on increasing oil partitioning in thin stillage, a laboratory method is needed to simulate industrial decanting where a typical thin stillage is produced. The thin stillage obtained using a conventional laboratory centrifuge had much lower solids content and less than one‐half of the dry‐matter yield compared to the industry counterpart because the conventional laboratory centrifuge and industry decanter centrifuge have different separation mechanisms. By evaluating the properties of industrial thin stillage and the mechanism of industrial decanter centrifugation, a laboratory decanting device was designed and a decanting procedure, the multiple‐wash centrifugal filtration (MWCF) method, was developed. This method involves multiple steps of filtration under centrifugal force after washing the solids with the liquid generated from the same mash. Four cycles of MWCF produced a thin stillage with similar solids content (7.3 vs. 7.2%), dry‐matter yield (54.2 vs. 54.7%), and wet yield (83.3 vs. 80.6%) compared to industrial thin stillage. The presence of ethanol did not influence the laboratory decanting results, which indicates the application robustness of this laboratory thin stillage preparation method.
Current concepts of the pathogenesis of endometriosis
Authors: Osuga Yutaka 
Published: August 2009

AbstractEndometriosis is a disease that causes the health of women of reproductive age to deteriorate. The implantation theory is the most widely accepted pathogenesis of the disease, although many points remain poorly understood concerning this theory. According to this theory, regurgitated endometrial debris has to go through various sequential events for the disease to develop. Recent studies have elucidated several aspects of these events. A remarkably reduced gene expression of GnRH II and an increase in uterine contraction‐induced IL‐8 secretion are suggested to be pathogenic changes in the eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis. An increased level of osteoprotegerin in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis is suggested to impede tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL)‐induced apoptosis of endometriotic cells. An increase in the concentration of hepatocyte growth factor and a decrease in the concentration of interferon gamma‐inducible protein‐10 in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis may stimulate the angiogenesis and development of endometriosis. Midkine, the concentration of which is very high in the follicular fluid of the ovary, may stimulate the growth of endometriosis at the time of ovulation. Immune cells, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, mast cells, and neutrophils, in endometriotic lesions are suggested to play important roles in the progression of the disease. For example, IL‐4 from Th2 cells, IL‐17 from Th17 cells, tryptase from mast cells, and some serine proteases from neutrophils have been shown to stimulate endometriotic stromal cells, suggesting their specific roles in endometriosis. Interestingly, adiponectin, a key factor in metabolism, also appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. These novel findings sustain the current understanding of the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Stem/progenitor cells and the regeneration potentials in the human uterus
Authors: Maruyama Tetsuo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe human uterus is unique in that it possesses the tremendous regenerative capacity required for cyclical regeneration and remodeling throughout a woman's reproductive life. Not only must the uterus rapidly enlarge to accommodate the developing fetus, the endometrium must also regenerate with each menstrual cycle. This plasticity of the reproductive system has recently been highlighted. My research group and collaborators showed that functional endometrial tissue could be regenerated from only a small number of singly dispersed human endometrial cells, transplanted beneath the kidney capsule of severely immunodeficient mice. This artificially generated endometrium resembles the natural endometrium, and contains human blood vessels that invade the mouse kidney parenchyma. Additionally, it mimics normal hormone‐dependent changes including proliferation, differentiation, and tissue breakdown (menstruation). The regenerative capacity of endometrial cells makes them ideal candidates for tissue reconstitution, angiogenesis, and human–mouse chimeric vessel formation. The smooth muscle cells of the uterus (myometrium) share the plasticity of the endometrium. This is evidenced by their capacity for dramatic, repeatable, pregnancy‐induced enlargement. Regeneration and remodeling in the female reproductive tract allude to the existence of endometrial and myometrial stem cell systems. We have recently isolated candidate populations of adult stem cells from both the human endometrium and myometrium. Characterization of these endometrial and myometrial cells, along with the study of the mechanisms controlling their regeneration, will improve the understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of the female reproductive tract. Furthermore, myometrial and endometrial stem‐like cells might also represent a novel source of biological material that could be used for the reconstruction of not only the human uterus but other organs as well.
Body fat, insulin resistance, energy expenditure and serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and resistin before, during and after pregnancy in healthy Swedish women
Authors: Eriksson Britt , Löf Marie , Olausson Hanna , Forsum Elisabet 
Published: August 2009

Healthy human pregnancy is associated with changes in food intake, body fatness, energy expenditure and insulin resistance. However, available knowledge is limited regarding the physiological basis of these changes. Published evidence suggests that so-called adipokines (i.e. leptin, adiponectin and resistin) have significant roles when such changes are established. We explored, throughout a complete pregnancy, relationships between total body fat (TBF), energy expenditure, insulin resistance (homeostasic model of insulin resistance, HOMA-IR) and serum concentrations of leptin, adiponectin and resistin. Such concentrations were assessed before pregnancy in gestational weeks 8, 14, 20, 32 and 35, and 2 weeks postpartum in twenty-three healthy women. TBF, BMR (n 23) and HOMA-IR (n 17) were assessed before pregnancy in gestational weeks 14 and 32 and 2 weeks postpartum. TBF (%) was correlated with HOMA-IR (r 0·68–0·79, P < 0·01) and with serum leptin (r 0·85–0·88, P < 0·001) before and during pregnancy. Serum leptin was correlated with HOMA-IR (r 0·53–0·70, P < 0·05) before and during pregnancy. Serum adiponectin was inversely correlated with HOMA-IR in gestational week 32 (r − 0·52, P < 0·05). When HOMA-IR was regressed on TBF (%), the slope of the regression line was 0·046 before pregnancy, which was significantly (P < 0·05) different from the corresponding value, 0·111, in gestational week 32. The results indicate that pregnancy has an enhancing effect on the relationship between body fatness and insulin resistance. This effect, possibly mediated by leptin, may represent a mechanism by which offspring size is regulated in response to the nutritional situation of the mother.
Supplementation of DHA but not DHA with arachidonic acid during pregnancy and lactation influences general movement quality in 12-week-old term infants
Authors: van Goor Saskia A. , Janneke Dijck-Brouwer D. A. , Doornbos Bennard , Erwich Jan Jaap H. M. , Schaafsma Anne , Muskiet Frits A. J. , Hadders-Algra Mijna 
Published: August 2009

DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) are important for neurodevelopment. A traditional neonatal neurological examination and the evaluation of general movement quality are sensitive techniques for assessing neurodevelopment in young infants. Mildly abnormal general movements at 3 months have been associated with a non-optimal current brain condition. We investigated whether supplementation of DHA during pregnancy and lactation influences the infant's brain development and whether additional AA modulates this effect. Healthy women were randomly assigned to DHA (220 mg/d, n 42), DHA+AA (220 mg each/d, n 41) or control (n 36), from about week 17 (range 14–20 weeks) of pregnancy until 12 weeks postpartum. The control and the DHA+AA groups had approximately comparable dietary DHA/AA ratios. The standardised neonatal neurological examination was carried out at 2 weeks. General movement quality was assessed at 2 and 12 weeks. Neither DHA alone nor DHA+AA influenced outcomes in the traditional examination. General movement quality of infants in the DHA group was lower than that of infants in the other two groups, especially at 12 weeks: 61 % of the infants in the DHA group showed mildly abnormal general movements compared with 31 % in the control group (P = 0·008) and 34 % in the DHA+AA group (P = 0·015). We conclude that general movement quality at 12 weeks is sensitive to the maternal dietary DHA/AA balance.
Lupin protein isolate and cysteine-supplemented casein reduce calcification of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice
Authors: Weisse Kristin , Brandsch Corinna , Hirche Frank , Eder Klaus , Stangl Gabriele I. 
Published: August 2009

Protein from lupin is supposed to have anti-atherogenic effects due to its lipid-lowering properties in laboratory animals. It is further suggested that the amino acid cysteine plays a crucial role in this aspect. The objective of the present study was to compare the effects of lupin protein and cysteine-supplemented casein with those of casein on atherosclerotic lesion development in apoE-deficient mice. For that purpose, thirty mice were fed an egg albumin-based Western-type diet containing test protein (100 g/kg) for 4 months. ApoE-deficient mice fed the lupin protein or the cysteine-supplemented casein had more than 50 % less aortic calcification than mice fed casein (P < 0·05). The quantified lesion area as a percentage of the total surface area, as well as the collagen and fat content of the lesions were not different between the three groups of mice. The concentration of VLDL TAG was higher in mice fed the lupin protein and the cysteine-supplemented casein than in mice fed casein (P < 0·05). The cholesterol concentrations of VLDL, LDL and HDL from mice fed the lupin protein and cysteine-supplemented casein were not different compared with the mice fed casein. Also, the plasma concentrations of homocysteine, Ca, inorganic phosphate, and the activity of glutathione peroxidase in plasma and liver did not differ between the three groups of mice. The present study shows that lupin protein and cysteine-supplemented casein compared with casein reduce the calcification of atherosclerotic lesions in apoE-deficient mice. This effect seems not to be mediated by effects on plasma lipoproteins, homocysteine and circulating minerals.
UNNATURAL DEATHS AMONG NUNS AND MONKS: IS THERE A BIOLOGICAL FORCE BEHIND MALE EXTERNAL CAUSE MORTALITY?
Authors: LUY MARC 
Published: August 2009

SummaryIt is still unclear if and how biological factors contribute to excess male mortality due to ‘external causes’ (accidents, injuries, homicides and suicides). Sex hormones and reproductive roles are supposed to drive sex differences in behaviours increasing the male external cause mortality risk. This study analyses the external cause mortality of Catholic nuns and monks from three Bavarian cloisters whose similar environments allow the impact of biological factors to be isolated from a number of confounding causes. Using obituaries, entries in the profession books of religious orders and cemetery registers 2533 deaths of nuns and monks could be linked to a specific cause of death for the years 1946–2005, of which 69 belong to the group of external cause deaths. External cause mortality of the Bavarian cloistered and the West German general population has been compared by means of standardized mortality rates (SMRs) for ages 45 onwards using the European age standard for the age groups 45–64, 65–74 and 75+. Whereas nuns show statistically significantly lower external cause mortality than the general female population, monks' external cause mortality parallels or even exceeds that of general population males. These findings contradict the reproductive role hypothesis and provide some evidence for the sex hormones hypothesis.
Subverting Democracy: Elite Rule and the Limits to Political Participation in Post-War El Salvador
Authors: WOLF SONJA 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAfter decades of authoritarianism and a twelve-year civil war ended by a negotiated peace agreement in 1992, El Salvador is a markedly different country. Despite important changes, however, public institutions have remained largely unresponsive, acute social exclusion persists and violent crime has soared. Rather than the possibly inevitable by-products of a post-conflict situation, these and other developments are the consequences of a regression from an incipient electoral democracy to electoral authoritarianism. The elite-controlledAlianza Republicana Nacionalista(ARENA) party had more to gain from the preservation of the status quo than from democratic changes and only accepted a politically inclusive system to restore the oligarchy's dominant position through electoral politics. Uncommitted to democratic consolidation, successive ARENA administrations maintained an institutional façade of democracy to reproduce authoritarian governance and defend elite interests.
Constraints on onsets and codas of words and phrases
Authors: Flack Kathryn 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFor any phonotactic restriction on syllable onsets and codas, it can be shown that parallel restrictions are attested at edges of each higher prosodic domain. Onsets can be required at the beginnings of syllables, words or utterances, codas can be banned at the ends of any of these constituents and so on. This paper argues that these restrictions follow from constraint schemata: any markedness constraint on syllable onsets or codas (MOnsor MCoda) is part of a family of constraints (MOns(Ons/PCat) or MCoda(Coda/PCat)) which imposes parallel restrictions on initial onsets or final codas of each prosodic domain. These prosodic domain-edge markedness constraints can induce epenthesis, deletion or other segmental changes at domain edges; they can also shape the prosodic structure of words.
On the role of locality in learning stress patterns
Authors: Heinz Jeffrey 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a previously unnoticed universal property of stress patterns in the world's languages: they are, for small neighbourhoods, neighbourhood-distinct. Neighbourhood-distinctness is a locality condition defined in automata-theoretic terms. This universal is established by examining stress patterns contained in two typological studies. Strikingly, many logically possible – but unattested – patterns do not have this property. Not only does neighbourhood-distinctness unite the attested patterns in a non-trivial way, it also naturally provides an inductive principle allowing learners to generalise from limited data. A learning algorithm is presented which generalises by failing to distinguish same-neighbourhood environments perceived in the learner's linguistic input – hence learning neighbourhood-distinct patterns – as well as almost every stress pattern in the typology. In this way, this work lends support to the idea that properties of the learner can explain certain properties of the attested typology, an idea not straightforwardly available in optimality-theoretic and Principle and Parameter frameworks.
Perceptions of caregivers following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children with congenitally malformed hearts
Authors: Srinivasan Ramesh , O’Neill Catherine , Blumenow Wendy , Dalzell A. Mark 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIntroductionWhile the usefulness of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is clearly established in the nutritional support of children with neurodisability, the role in substituting for prolonged nasogastric feeding in children with congenitally malformed hearts is a relatively recent development. There are no previously published experiences of the perceptions of parents or those providing care following the insertion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in such children.MethodsDescriptive qualitative survey of parental perceptions using a semi-structured questionnaire.ResultsWe obtained completed 27 point semi-structured questionnaires from 38 providers of care for children with congenitally malformed hearts. Time taken to feed their children reduced significantly after the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, from 30 to 60 minutes previously to 15 minutes subsequently. The frequency of feeding also reduced significantly, from 6 times a day to 4 to 5 times a day. Those providing care perceived significant reductions in pre-procedural symptoms, the ease of administering medications, and noted an enhanced level of happiness in their children. Of those providing care, 97% were highly satisfied with the procedure, with 15 parents (40%) wishing that the operation was done earlier, while the remainder considered it had been done at the appropriate time.ConclusionsThose caring for children with congenitally malformed hearts perceive significant improvements in the symptoms, wellbeing, and ease of administering medication for their children after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. Of the group, 97% regarded the procedure as the appropriate means of assisting nutritional support.
Coenzyme Q10 improves diastolic function in children with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
Authors: Kocharian Armen , Shabanian Reza , Rafiei-Khorgami Mohammad , Kiani Abdolrazagh , Heidari-Bateni Giv 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe aimed to determine the effect of supplementation with coenzyme Q10 on conventional therapy of children with cardiac failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. In a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, we randomized 38 patients younger than 18 years with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy to receive either coenzyme Q10, chosen for 17 patients, or placebo, administered in the remaining 21. Echocardiographic systolic and diastolic function parameters were determined for every patient at baseline, and after 6 months of supplementation. The index score for cardiac failure in children as established in New York was used for assessing the functional class of the patients. After 6 months supplementation, 10 patients randomized to receive coenzyme Q10 showed improvements in the grading of diastolic function, this being significantly more than that achieved by those randomized to the placebo group (p value = 0.011). The mean score for the index of cardiac failure index for those receiving coenzyme Q10 was also lower than the control group (p value = 0.024).Our results, therefore, indicate that administration of coenzyme Q10 is useful in ameliorating cardiac failure in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy through its significant effect on improving diastolic function.