bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single‐laboratory validation of a method to quantify bound 2‐chloropropane‐1,3‐diol and 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol in foodstuffs using acid catalysed transesterification, HFBI derivatisation and GC/MS detection
Authors: Hamlet Colin G. , Asuncion Lisa 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA protocol for the measurement of bound 2‐chloropropane‐1,3‐diol (2‐CPD) and 3‐chloropropane‐1,2‐diol 3‐CPD) in foodstuffs using acid catalysed transesterification and GC/MS/MS has undergone single‐laboratory validation. Validation of the method included an assessment of recovery (bias) of 3‐CPD from reference 3‐CPD mono‐ and diesters using a range of fortified and unfortified cereal, oil and potato products and participation in a EC proficiency test on 3‐CPD‐esters. Method repeatability was assessed by measuring bound 2‐ and 3‐CPD present in a processed cereal product. The results indicated that the method was fit for purpose for the measurement of bound 2‐ and 3‐CPD over concentration ranges of 40–10 000 µg/kg for oils, and 4–4000 µg/kg for foodstuffs depending on the fat content. The selectivity/robustness of the method was demonstrated by fortifying samples with ‘free’ 3‐CPD, chloride ions, glycerol and glycidyl butyrate: the procedure was found to be selective for ‘bound’ 3‐CPD and no adventitious formation of 2‐ or 3‐CPD occurred during analysis.Practical applications: This method provides a single‐laboratory validation of a method to measure amounts of bound 2‐ and 3‐CPD in a wide range food. The method provides the information necessary to assist researchers engaged in the selection and validation of analytical methods to measure these contaminants in foods.
To live or to die: a matter of processing damaged DNA termini in neurons
Authors: El‐Khamisy Sherif F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDefects in the repair of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage underpin several hereditary neurological diseases in humans. Of the different activities that repair chromosomal DNA breaks, defects in resolving damaged DNA termini are among the most common causes of neuronal cell death. Here, the molecular mechanisms of some of the DNA end processing activities are reviewed and the association with human neurodegenerative disease is discussed.
Instrumental and sensory aroma profile of pomegranate juices from the USA: differences between fresh and commercial juice
Authors: Vázquez‐Araújo L. , Koppel K. , Chambers IV E. , Adhikari K. , Carbonell‐Barrachina A. A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractFourteen pomegranate juices (one fresh‐squeezed and 13 commercial juices) were studied to determine the aromatic profile of the products. Headspace–solid phase micro‐extraction and sensory flavour profile analysis were used to determine the aromatic composition of the juices and were related using partial least squares regression. Up to 83 different aromatic compounds were found in the juices, including terpenes, benzene derivatives, furans, esters, acids, ketones, alcohols and aldehydes. Commercial pomegranate juices did not present a unique sensory or instrumental aromatic profile. The three attributes common to the majority of the juices were an overall sweetness and musty/earthy and grape notes. This study shows the large heterogeneity of the pomegranate juices found on the market, which might be related to the fact that companies are looking for different successful pomegranate juice products using different raw ingredients and processes. Further studies are required to clarify what consumers are expecting in a typical ‘pomegranate juice’, and which aromatic profile could be successful in improving the acceptance of this healthy product. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis in patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma: results from an integrated analysis
Authors: Pettengell R , Schwenkglenks M , Bacon P , Lawrinson S , Duehrsen U 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSevere neutropenia and febrile neutropenia (FN) are serious, dose‐limiting side effects of chemotherapy for aggressive non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Observational data suggest that with current practice neutropenia management up to 23% of patients receiving CHOP‐like regimens experience FN, and around half of patients do not receive the planned relative dose intensity (RDI). In this integrated analysis we assessed the efficacy of pegfilgrastim for preventing FN and related outcomes in patients with NHL. A literature search was used to identify chemotherapy regimens with an FN risk ≥15% that are used to treat lymphoma. Search results were then used to identify clinical trials in which these regimens were administered with pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis. Individual patient data were available for three trials meeting the inclusion criteria, and these were combined in an integrated analysis. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of FN in any cycle. A total of 282 patients were included in the analysis [mean age 65 years (SD ± 12.5 years); 172 (61%) aged ≥ 65 years]. All patients had NHL and 244 (87%) received RCHOP‐21. The incidence of FN in any cycle was 16% (95% CI 12–20%) (13% in patients aged <65 years; 18% in patients aged ≥65 years). Chemotherapy dose delays >3 days occurred in 26% (95% CI 20–31%) of patients, and was relatively consistent across age groups. Chemotherapy dose reductions ≥10% were seen in 43% (95% CI 37–49%) of patients and were more frequent in the elderly. Overall, 83% (95% CI 78–87%) of patients received ≥90% RDI (89% of patients aged <65 years; 78% of patients aged ≥65 years). In this integrated analysis of NHL patients at higher risk of FN receiving pegfilgrastim primary prophylaxis, the overall incidence of FN was 16% and a high proportion of both younger and elderly patients achieved RDI ≥90%. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Suspended sediment balance for the mainstem of Changjiang (Yangtze River) in the period 1964–1985
Authors: Hassan Marwan A. , Church Michael , Yan Yunxia , Slaymaker Olav , Xu Jiongxin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractSuspended sediment dynamics during the period 1964–1985 are examined along the mainstem of Changjiang (Yangtze River). The period represents a basin condition prior to major changes in land management policy and dam building on the river's mainstem. The downstream sediment dynamics reflect basin geology and topography and channel morphology. Sediment exchange within the mainstem was calculated by the development of reach sediment balances that reveal complex temporal and spatial patterns. There is relatively little sediment exchange in the upper, bedrock‐controlled reaches, with systematic increases in the downstream alluvial reaches. Degrading, transfer, and aggrading reaches were identified. Relations between input and output in all reaches were significant but no relation was found between sediment exchange and input/output. Comparison between ‘short‐term’ (22 years) and ‘long‐term’ (52 years) records demonstrates the importance of the record length in studying the suspended sediment dynamics in a large fluvial system. The longer record yielded better correlation and different trends than the shorter record. Sediment transfer (output/input ratio) changes downstream: the dominance of the upstream contributing area in sustaining the appearance of net degradation through most of the river system highlights the importance of reach length on characterisation of suspended sediment dynamics in large fluvial systems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding soil‐pipe flow and its role in ephemeral gully erosion
Authors: Wilson Glenn 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe role of soil pipeflow in ephemeral gully erosion is not well understood. Experiments were conducted on continuous soil pipes to better understand the role of internal erosion of soil pipes and its relation to ephemeral gully development. Soil beds of 140 cm length, 100 cm width and 20 cm depth had a single soil pipe of different initial sizes (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mm diameter) extend from a water reservoir to the outlet. Experiments were run on Providence silt loam and Smithdale loam soils under a constant head of 15 cm established for 30 min. Either the tunnel collapsed or the head could not be maintained. Soil pipes that were initially 2 and 4 mm clogged instantaneously at their mouth and did not exhibit flow, whereas, pipes initially ≥ 6 mm enlarged by 268, 397, and 699% on average for the 6, 8, and 10 mm diameters, respectively. Critical shear stress values were found to be essentially zero, and erodibility values gave erosion indexes that were extremely high. The rapid internal erosion resulted in erratic flow and sediment concentrations with periods of no flow as pipes were temporarily clogged followed by surges of high flow and high sediment concentrations. Tensiometers within 6 cm of the soil pipes did not exhibit pressure increases typically associated with pipe clogging. Flow through 10 mm diameter soil pipes exhibited tunnel collapse for both soils tested. Tunnel collapse typically occurred within minutes of flow establishment suggesting that ephemeral gullies could be misinterpreted as being caused by convergent surface flow if observations were made after the runoff event instead of when flow is first established through soil pipes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fluvial transport of suspended sediment and organic carbon during flood events in a large agricultural catchment in southwest France
Authors: Oeurng Chantha , Sauvage Sabine , Coynel Alexandra , Maneux Eric , Etcheber Henri , Sánchez‐Pérez José‐Miguel 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWater draining from a large agricultural catchment of 1 110 km2 in southwest France was sampled over an 18‐month period to determine the temporal variability in suspended sediment (SS) and dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon (POC) transport during flood events, with quantification of fluxes and controlling factors, and to analyze the relationships between discharge and SS, DOC and POC. A total of 15 flood events were analyzed, providing extensive data on SS, POC and DOC during floods. There was high variability in SS, POC and DOC transport during different seasonal floods, with SS varying by event from 513 to 41 750 t; POC from 12 to 748 t and DOC from 9 to 218 t. Overall, 76 and 62% of total fluxes of POC and DOC occurred within 22% of the study period. POC and DOC export from the Save catchment amounted to 3090 t and 1240 t, equivalent to 1·8 t km−2 y−1 and 0·7 t km−2 y−1, respectively. Statistical analyses showed that total precipitation, flood discharge and total water yield were the major factors controlling SS, POC and DOC transport from the catchment. The relationships between SS, POC and DOC and discharge over temporal flood events resulted in different hysteresis patterns, which were used to deduce dissolved and particulate origins. In both clockwise and anticlockwise hysteresis, POC mainly followed the same patterns as discharge and SS. The DOC‐discharge relationship was mainly characterized by alternating clockwise and anticlockwise hysteresis due to dilution effects of water originating from different sources in the whole catchment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drainage development: Driving forces, conducive conditions and development trajectories
Authors: Smedema Lambert K 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe core of this paper consists of an analysis of the forces and conducive conditions which historically have driven the drainage development of agricultural land. Such forces and conditions are recognised at three levels of discretion: (i) the generic level (ii) the government level (iii) the on‐farm level. The drainage development for salinity control of irrigated land in the (semi) arid zone is treated as a special case of drainage development driven by its own specific forces and considerations. Relevant comparisons have also been made with the development and adoption of other agricultural technologies such as farm mechanisation the seed–fertiliser package and irrigation. It is concluded that drainage development in regular rainfed agricultural land is primarily driven by its (farm) economic utility as an instrument for achieving more profitable land use and for overcoming constraints to further agricultural development. For drainage development to become a priority the level of agricultural development must generally have passed the threshold level at which the prevailing drainage conditions of the land have become a critical constraint to higher yields crop choice and efficient farm operations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
HOW DOES THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LIFE INSURANCE MARKET AFFECT ECONOMIC GROWTH? SOME INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE
Authors: Chen Pei‐Fen , Lee Chien‐Chiang , Lee Chi‐Feng 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article investigates the effect of life insurance on economic growth and what conditions affect the insurance‐growth nexus. These conditions include the degree of financial development, private saving rates, interest rates, social security expenditures, income, young dependency ratio, life expectancy, and geographic regions. The main findings confirm the positive impact of the development of the life insurance market on economic growth. The insurance‐growth nexus varies across countries with different conditions. For example, the positive impact on economic growth is mitigated in the middle‐income countries, but amplified in the low‐income countries. Moreover, both the development of stock market and the life insurance market are substitutes rather than complements. Based on our findings, this study offers useful insights for policy‐makers and insurers. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The last deglacial history of Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica
Authors: Yamane Masako , Yokoyama Yusuke , Miura Hideki , Maemoku Hideaki , Iwasaki Shogo , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPast fluctuations of the Antarctic ice sheet are poorly understood because of a lack of datable materials, radiocarbon reservoir ages and severe environments. Direct evidence of the timing of ice retreat is important in order to understand the Antarctic contribution to global sea‐level rise since the Last Glacial Maximum. Here we report the first exposure ages constraining the timing of the last deglaciation from Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica. Our data suggest that the final retreat of the ice sheet in the region occurred rapidly in the early Holocene and the reduction of the ice thickness in the region was at least 350 m. This occurred after the major Northern Hemisphere deglaciation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A retrospective analysis of the management of acne post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation using topical treatment, laser treatment, or combination topical and laser treatments in oriental patients
Authors: Ho S.G.Y. , Yeung C.K. , Chan N.P.Y. , Shek S.Y. , Kono T. , Chan H.H.L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundPost‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is characterized by an acquired increase in pigmentation secondary to an inflammatory process, and is a commonly observed response to cutaneous injury in Fitzpatrick types III–VI patients.ObjectivesTo determine the effectiveness and safety of using topical treatment, laser treatment, or combination topical and laser treatments to treat acne PIH in Oriental patients.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 34 randomly selected Chinese patients with acne PIH. They were divided into three groups, and treated with topical agents, 595 nm long pulsed dye laser and/or 1064 nm Q‐switched Nd:YAG, or combination topical and laser treatments. An independent clinician assessed pre‐ and post‐treatment photographs to determine efficacy and timing to visible and optimum improvement.ResultsThere was significant global and focal improvement of acne PIH in patients in all three groups. However, no significant difference was found between the groups. An investigator global assessment showed improvement with all treatment modalities, with 70.6% moderate to marked improvement seen in the combination treatment group, compared to 55.6% in the laser only group, and 50% in the topical treatment only group. Visible and optimum improvement was seen by 3 months in majority of patients treated. One patient developed PIH as a result of laser treatment.ConclusionTopical treatment, laser therapy, and combination topical and laser treatments all appear to be effective management strategies for acne PIH in Fitzpatrick types III and IV skin with little complications. Topical agents may be considered as first‐line therapy for acne PIH, taking into consideration its effectiveness, ease of use and cost. Combined topical and laser therapy is also effective, and may be considered as second‐line treatment. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:1–7, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
2‐micrometer continuous wave laser treatment for multiple non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer with intravesical instillation of epirubicin
Authors: Liu Haitao , Xue Song , Ruan Yuan , Sun Xiaowen , Han Bangmin , Xia Shujie 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesWe have reported the efficacy and safety of 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser resection of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder tumor (NMIVBC) (World J Urology 2010;28:157–161). In this study, we evaluated the use of 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser resection in combination with intravesical instillation of epirubicin for the treatment of multiple NMIVBC.Materials and MethodsFrom September 2007 to April 2008, sixty patients with multiple NMIVBC were included in this study (44 cases of low grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, 10 cases of high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma, and six cases of papillary urothelial neoplasm with low malignant potential). Imaging examinations including pelvic computer tomography (CT) and intravenous urography showed no extravesical extension, lymphatic metastasis or any lesions of upper urinary tract. All patients received 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser therapy under continuous epidural anesthesia, and intravesical chemotherapy with epirubicin 1 week later (intravesical instillation weekly for 8 weeks, followed by monthly maintenance to 12 months).ResultsTotally 211 tumors in 60 patients were successfully removed with 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser. The mean operation time was 48 minutes per patient (ranged 20–90 minutes) and 13.6 minutes per tumor (range 5–25 minutes). No obturator nerve reflection or bladder perforation occurred during the procedure. All patients finished 12 months of intravesical chemotherapy without severe complications. The mean followed‐up time was 23 months. Tumor recurrences were found in 13 patients (22%).ConclusionsThe combination of 2‐micrometer continuous wave laser and intravesical chemotherapy is feasible, safe, and efficacious for the treatment of multiple NMIVBC. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:15–20, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A transmissive laser speckle imaging technique for measuring deep tissue blood flow: An example application in finger joints
Authors: Dunn J.F. , Forrester K.R. , Martin L. , Tulip J. , Bray R.C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveLaser speckle perfusion imaging (LSPI) is a minimally invasive optical measure of relative changes in blood flow, providing real‐time, high resolution, two‐dimensional maps of vascular structure. Standard LSI imaging uses a light‐reflective geometry that limits the measurement to a thin surface layer of 0.2–1 mm. The objective of this study was to test a new LSI instrument geometry with the laser source opposed to the image capture plane (light transmissive). Captured light then travels the entire tissue thickness (10–15 mm), sampling much deeper regions of interest than conventional optical imaging techniques.Study DesignReflective‐light (conventional) and transmissive‐light LSI modes were used to measure finger joint blood flow during a timed tourniquet occlusion of the brachial artery in volunteer participants.ResultsThere was greatly increased visibility of vessels underlying the skin in the light‐transmissive mode LSI mode. Established LSI algorithms were shown to still work in the light‐transmissive mode, despite decorrelation due to finite laser coherence length and the light passing through a tissue thickness of 10–15 mm.ConclusionTransmissive LSI can be used to measure blood flow deep (10–15 mm) into tissues. This could be useful for non‐invasive measurements of finger joint synovial blood flow in diagnosing and treating peripheral vascular disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Lasers Surg. Med. 43:21–28, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of radiofrequency ablation and transarterial chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma within the Milan criteria
Authors: Hsu Chia-Yang , Huang Yi-Hsiang , Chiou Yi-You , Su Chien-Wei , Lin Han-Chieh , Lee Rheun-Chuan , Chiang Jen-Huey , Huo Teh-Ia , Lee Fa-Yauh , Lee Shou-Dong 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) are used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study was designed to compare the long-term survival of HCC patients within the Milan criteria who underwent RFA or TACE. In all, 315 RFA patients and 215 TACE patients with HCC within the Milan criteria were analyzed. Propensity scores were generated to select matched patients. For the propensity model, 101 patients were selected from each arm of the study. Independent prognostic predictors were determined with the Cox proportional hazards model. The long-term survival was significantly better for the RFA group in the univariate survival analysis (P = 0.048). In the Cox model, the following were identified as independent predictors of poor prognosis (TACE was not): age > 69 years (P = 0.026), serum α-fetoprotein level > 20 ng/mL (P = 0.003), ascites (P < 0.001), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 1 (P = 0.004), total tumor volume (TTV) > 8.2 cm3 (P = 0.020), and vascular invasion (P = 0.023). With similar baseline patient characteristics generated in the propensity score model, there was no significant difference in the long-term survival rates of the 2 groups of patients. A subgroup analysis showed that among patients with a TTV < 11 cm3, the RFA group had significantly better long-term survival than the TACE group (P = 0.032). In conclusion, TACE and RFA lead to comparable long-term survival rates for HCC patients within the Milan criteria. Patients with a smaller TTV (<11 cm3) are likely to benefit more from RFA treatment. Further studies are needed to compare RFA and TACE in patients with early-stage cancers. Liver Transpl 17:556-566, 2011. © 2011 AASLD.