bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPECTROSCOPIC AND MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN SKIN AUTOFLUORESCENCE EMISSION
Authors: Zeng Haishan , MacAulay Calum , Palcic Branko , McLean David I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTo improve the understanding of human skin autofluorescence emission, the spectroscopic and microscopic characteristics of skin autofluorescence were studied using a combined fluorescence and reflectance spectroanalyzer and a fiber optic microspectrophotometer. The autofluorescence spectra of in vivo human skin were measured over a wide excitation wavelength range (350–470 nm). The excitation–emission matrices of in vivo skin were obtained. An excitation–emission maximum pair (380 nm, 470 nm) was identified. It was revealed that the most probable energy of skin autofluorescence emission photons increases monotonically and near linearly with increasing excitation photon energy. It was demonstrated that the diffuse reflectance, R, can be used as a first order approximation of the fluorescence distortion factor f to correct the measured in vivo autofluorescence spectra for the effect of tissue reabsorption and scattering. The microscopic in vitro autofluorescence properties of excised skin tissue sections were examined using 442 nm He–Cd laser light excitation as an example. It was demonstrated that the fluorophore distribution inside the skin tissue is not uniform and the shapes of the autofluorescence spectra of different anatomical skin layers vary. The result of this study confirms that the major skin fluorophores are located in the dermis and provides an excellent foundation for Monte Carlo modeling of in vivo autofluorescence measurements.
THE EFFECT OF ALA AND RADIATION ON PORPHYRIN/HEME BIOSYNTHESIS IN ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: He Dan , Behar Susana , Nomura Nakao , Sassa Shigeru , Lim Henry W. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractTo study porphyrin biosynthesis in human microvascular endothelial cells, HMEC‐1 cells, a transformed human microvascular endothelial cell line, were incubated with 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the precursor of endogenous porphyrins, and porphyrin accumulation was measured spectro‐fluorometrically. The HMEC‐1 cells accumulated porphyrin in a concentration‐related and a time‐dependent fashion. Protoporphyrin was the predominant porphyrin accumulated in the cells. The effect of light on protoporphyrin accumulation was evaluated by exposing the ALA‐loaded HMEC‐1 cells to ultraviolet‐A (UVA) and blue light, followed by another incubation with ALA for 2–24 h. Enhancement of protoporphyrin accumulation in irradiated HMEC‐1 cells was observed 2–24 h after irradiation, which was associated with a decrease in ferrochelatase protein and activity. Porphyrin accumulation from ALA after irradiation was significantly decreased when catalase (750–3000 U/mL, 29.3–44.3% suppression) or superoxide dismutase (270 U/mL, 36.4% suppression) was present during irradiation. These data demonstrate that HMEC‐1 cells were capable of porphyrin biosynthesis, and that exposure of protoporphyrin‐containing HMEC‐1 cells to UVA and blue light, which includes the Soret band spectrum, decreased the ferrochelatase activity and its protein. These changes were mediated, at least in part, by reactive oxygen species.
Obesity Hypertension in Adolescents: Epidemiology, Evaluation, and Management
Authors: Flynn Joseph T. , Falkner Bonita E. 
Published: March 2011

The prevalence of hypertension among all adolescents is approximately 3.5%, with somewhat higher rates of prehypertension. Obesity affects approximately 20% of adolescents in the United States, and the prevalence of hypertension is much higher among obese adolescents compared with nonobese adolescents. As in other populations, the evaluation of elevated blood pressure in obese adolescents should begin with a confirmation of the blood pressure elevation, followed by a focused diagnostic work‐up to detect possible secondary causes of hypertension. Primary therapy for obesity‐related hypertension in adolescents begins with weight loss, and may include antihypertensive medications if target‐organ damage or other indications for drug therapy are present. The emphasis of management should be reduction of future cardiovascular risk.J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2011;13:323–331. ©2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Water beetle biodiversity in Mediterranean standing waters: assemblage composition, environmental drivers and nestedness patterns
Authors: PICAZO FÉLIX , BILTON DAVID T. , MORENO JOSÉ LUIS , SÁNCHEZ‐FERNÁNDEZ DAVID , MILLÁN ANDRÉS 
Published: March 2011

Abstract.  1. Nowadays, it is widely accepted that increasing human activity is highly related to the current biodiversity loss, this fact being especially worrying in aquatic ecosystems, mainly in semi‐arid areas. To date, studies on the biodiversity of small standing waters are focused on Central and Northern Europe, Mediterranean regions being poorly documented.2. Here, data for aquatic Coleoptera in SE Iberia have been used to: (i) explore the relative contribution of standing waters to regional aquatic biodiversity, (ii) identify the environmental drivers structuring beetle assemblages, (iii) determine the degree to which standing water assemblages are nested subsets, and (iv) make recommendations for the conservation and management of the habitats studied.3. Water beetles are a hyperdiverse group of aquatic insects which represent good surrogates of aquatic biodiversity. A total of 95 sites across eight habitat types were sampled, 174 species being recorded (11% were Iberian endemics).4. Habitat types generally had distinct aquatic beetle faunas; a combination of conductivity, anthropogenic impact and altitude best explaining differences in assemblages across sites. Beetle faunas were significantly nested, this being the case across all sites, and for both fresh and saline systems independently. Disturbance was identified as a key driver of nestedness across sites overall, and particularly in freshwaters, whereas conductivity was more important in saline waters.5. Our study identifies the biodiversity importance of lentic inland waters in the Iberian southeast, and points to the influence that human activities already exert on the invertebrate faunas of western Mediterranean wetlands.
Effects of Size, Orientation, and Form Tolerances on the Frequency Distributions of Clearance Between Two Planar Faces
Authors: Ameta Gaurav , Davidson Joseph K. , Shah Jami J. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new mathematical model for representing the geometric variations of a planar surface is extended to include probabilistic representations for a 1D dimension of interest, which can be determined from multidimensional variations of the planar surface on a part. The model is compatible with the ASME/ANSI/ISO Standards for geometric tolerances. Central to the new model is a Tolerance-Map® (T-Map®) (Patent No. 6963824), a hypothetical volume of points that models the 3D variations in location and orientation of a feature, which can arise from tolerances on size, position, orientation, and form. The 3D variations of a planar surface are decomposed into manufacturing bias, i.e., toward certain regions of a Tolerance-Map, and into geometric bias that can be computed from the geometry of T-Maps. The geometric bias arises from the shape of the feature, the tolerance-zone, and the control used on the mating envelope. Influence of manufacturing bias on the frequency distribution of 1D dimension of interest is demonstrated with two examples: the multidimensional truncated Gaussian distribution and the uniform distribution. In this paper, form and orientation variations are incorporated as subsets in order to model the coupling between size and form variations, as permitted by the ASME Standard when the amounts of these variations differ. Two distributions for flatness, i.e., the uniform distribution and the Gaussian distribution that has been truncated symmetrically to six standard deviations, are used as examples to illustrate the influence of form on the dimension of interest. The influence of orientation (parallelism and perpendicularity) refinement on the frequency distribution for the dimension of interest is demonstrated. Although rectangular faces are utilized in this paper to illustrate the method, the same techniques may be applied to any convex plane-segment that serves as a target face.
Technical Note: Unsupervised C‐arm pose tracking with radiographic fiducial
Authors: Fallavollita P. , Burdette E. C. , Song D. Y. , Abolmaesumi P. , Fichtinger G. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose:C‐arm fluoroscopy reconstruction, such as that used in prostate brachytherapy, requires that the relative poses of the individual C‐arm fluoroscopy images must be known prior to reconstruction. Radiographic fiducials can provide excellent C‐arm pose tracking, but they need to be segmented in the image. The authors report an automated and unsupervised method that does not require prior segmentation of the fiducial.Methods:The authors compute the individual C‐arm poses relative to a stationary radiographic fiducial of known geometry. The authors register a filtered 2D fluoroscopy image of the fiducial to its 3D model by using image intensity alone without prior segmentation. To enhance the C‐arm images, the authors investigated a three‐step cascade filter and a line enhancement filter. The authors tested the method on a composite fiducial containing beads, straight lines, and ellipses. Ground‐truth C‐arm pose was provided by a clinically proven method.Results:Using 111 clinical C‐arm images and ±10° and ±10 mm random perturbation around the ground‐truth pose, a total of 2775 cases were evaluated. The average rotation and translation errors were 0.62° and 0.72 mm for the three‐step filter and 0.67° and 0.87 mm using the line enhancement filter.Conclusions:The C‐arm pose tracking method was sufficiently accurate and robust on human patient data for subsequent 3D implant reconstruction.
Balloon-augmented carotid artery sacrifice with Onyx: a proof of concept study in a swine model
Authors: Spiotta Alejandro M , Sivapatham Thinesh , Teng Qingshan , Moskowitz Shaye I , Hui Ferdinand K 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionCarotid sacrifice remains a valuable tool in the treatment of select vascular lesions. Neurointerventionalists have relied on coil embolization as their primary means of carotid sacrifice, a procedure that can be lengthy and expensive with long fluoroscopy times. We investigated a novel technique for carotid sacrifice in a swine model using temporary balloon occlusion to achieve proximal flow arrest in the carotid artery while embolizing the vessel with a liquid embolic agent.MethodsA total of 10 common carotid artery sacrifices were performed in pigs under fluoroscopic guidance. Various balloons were employed to achieve near total proximal flow arrest to allow an Onyx cast to accumulate in the target vessel.ResultsThe technique for sacrifice was modified during the experiment with the final procedures yielding successful sacrifice using Onyx through a dimethylsulfoxide-tolerant catheter (Echelon 14) with the assistance of two fibered coils and a 5 mm×30 mm Hyperglide balloon resulting in a 2.5 cm long cast.ConclusionCarotid artery sacrifice using commercially available non-adhesive liquid embolic agents is feasible with balloon assistance, allowing for reduced radiation and material costs. Coils may be beneficial in providing an anchor point for liquid embolic deposition, as well as reducing the volume of liquid embolysate required to achieve vessel occlusion.
ON SEMITRANSITIVE JORDAN ALGEBRAS OF MATRICES
Authors: BERNIK J. , DRNOVŠEK R. , BUKOVŠEK D. KOKOL , KOŠIR T. , OMLADIČ M. , RADJAVI H. 
Published: March 2011

A set [Formula: see text] of linear operators on a vector space is said to be semitransitive if, given nonzero vectors x, y, there exists [Formula: see text] such that either Ax = y or Ay = x. In this paper we consider semitransitive Jordan algebras of operators on a finite-dimensional vector space over an algebraically closed field of characteristic not two. Two of our main results are: (1) Every irreducible semitransitive Jordan algebra is actually transitive. (2) Every semitransitive Jordan algebra contains, up to simultaneous similarity, the upper triangular Toeplitz algebra, i.e. the unital (associative) algebra generated by a nilpotent operator of maximal index.
A structural, geomorphological and InSAR study of an active rock slope failure development
Authors: Henderson I. H. C. , Lauknes T. R. , Osmundsen P. T. , Dehls J. , Larsen Y. , Redfield T. F. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Few studies of rockslides have addressed the relationships between structures, geomorphological expression and direct evidence for movement. We employ structural geology, geomorphology and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) to investigate the evolution of the surface features developed in response to movement of the Gamanjunni rockslide site in Troms County in northern Norway. The slide is located on a west-facing mountainside, and is bounded by two angled back scarps and a 20°–30° basal sliding plane. The volume is estimated at 24 Mm
3
and is therefore among the largest potential rockslides in Norway. InSAR provides a new method to measure the movement of potential rockslides, and thus provides a direct link between qualitative movement data and field observations. We document the relationship between variations in ground movement rates and changing back-scarp geomorphology at the Gamanjunni site as well as movement patterns within the incipient rockslide. We demonstrate that variations in InSAR documents millimetre variations in scarp displacement and that this is reflected in the evolving back-scarp geometry. We conclude that InSAR can provide important information to complement field observations. The ability of InSAR to document landslide movement patterns greatly extends our knowledge of back-scarp evolution and active landslide processes.
Valley shape influence on deformation mechanisms of rock slopes
Authors: Ambrosi Christian , Crosta Giovanni B. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Stress distribution in mountainous areas is influenced by local morphology. Valley morphology and the relationship between main and tributary valleys strongly depend on geological characteristics and evolution. They may control the evolution of slope instabilities, especially when interacting with pervasive structural features.
We performed parametric three-dimensional (3D) numerical modelling of simplified slope geometries with variable slope angle (from 21° to 35°), length, combining different orientations for different slope sectors and changing attitude of pervasive planes of anisotropy (foliation, schistosity, bedding). Data used in the 3D models are the initial slope geometry, rock mass properties and internal anisotropy. We assumed Mohr–Coulomb behaviour, with the presence of ubiquitous joints and different piezometric levels.

The model results show that plastic deformation initiates near the highest ridge just after deglaciation commences. A shear zone develops and propagates toward the toe of the slope, and its shape is strongly controlled by slope geometry, anisotropy and
in situ
stresses. The thickness of the failing mass, for model slope reliefs up to 3200 m, increases from 50 m to some hundreds of metres during glacier retreat, and it depends on geometry of slopes, anisotropy and
in situ
stresses. Results are compared to examples of deep-seated slope deformations from the Alps, which helps in the interpretation of such phenomena and in the understanding of their influence on valley evolution.
The Celentino deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD): structural and geomechanical analyses (Peio Valley, NE Italy)
Authors: Ghirotti M. , Martin S. , Genevois R. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

Deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs) are fairly common phenomena in the Eastern Italian Alps. The Celentino DSGSDs (Trentino–Alto Adige Region, Peio Valley) extends over an area of approximately 5 km
2
between 2400 and 1050 m a.s.l. (metres above sea level), involving metamorphic rocks. A set of parallel ridge-top trenches and antislope scarps are present in the upper part of the slope over a length of 2 km. The shear surface is inferred at 80–100 m in depth, and the involved volume is estimated to be 3.5×10
8
–4.0×10
8
m
3
. The displacement of the rock mass has diverted the Noce River for 200–250 m. Structural, geomorphological and engineering geology surveys were conducted both within and outside the DSGSDs. The evolution of the whole ridge has been modelled using the two-dimensional (2D) finite element code Phase
2
, simulating the unloading of the glacier cover and assuming a progressive damage of the rock mass. The numerical analyses demonstrate that continuum modelling can be used to examine the evolution of stresses, strains and plastic yielding, providing results consistent with field observations. Structural control due to brittle geological structures seems to be extremely important in the location, shape and extent of the DSGSDs, and post-glacial debuttressing an important predisposing factor in its development and triggering.

The DSGSDs are common phenomena in areas of high relief energy, associated with orogenic history and mountain unroofing where tectonics is still active.
Controlling factors for deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) in the Aosta Valley (NW Alps, Italy)
Authors: Martinotti G. , Giordan D. , Giardino M. , Ratto S. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) is a common and widespread type of large slope instability in the Alps. In the Aosta Valley region in NW Italy, DSGSDs occupy at least 13.5% of the regional territory. In this study, regional distribution analyses have been coupled with local detailed geological and geomorphological surveys of individual phenomena to detect the controlling factors, deformation processes and evolution stages of DSGSD. Data and maps from field and remote-sensing investigations have been supported by drill data and geomechanical and hydrogeochemical analyses from project studies for hydroelectric plants and tunnels. Several phenomena related to DSGSD have been studied thoroughly: gravity-induced stresses, tectonic–metamorphic setting, morphostructural relations, glacial and periglacial morphodynamics, recent tectonic evolution, hydrogeological conditions and karst phenomena have been generically indicated as controlling factors. In the studied area three of the controlling factors were crucial in differentiating the form and evolution of DSGSDs: deep dissolution, surface tectonics, and tectonostructural setting. They are presented as possible end members of a classification scheme for DSGSDs.
Palaeostress analysis of a giant Holocene rockslide near Boaco and Santa Lucia (Nicaragua, Central America)
Authors: Baron̆ Ivo , Kernstocková Markéta , Novotný Roman , Buriánek David , Hradecký Petr , Havlic̆ek Pavel , Melichar Rostislav 
Published: March 2011

Abstract

A giant rockslide occurred on the southern side of an Upper Tertiary shield volcano in central Nicaragua in the Holocene. The failure caused tectonic-like deformation of rock masses and changed the local stress regime. The lower, compressional part of the rockslide produced a stress field with the axis of maximum stress (σ
1
) parallel to the displacement vector of the main body. The upper part of the rockslide was gravity-driven with σ
1
vertical and σ
3
horizontal, and oriented SE–NW. The mass tended to move SE. In the crown, the stress field had a subvertical σ
1
steeply dipping towards the west. Data at the base of the Santa Lucia Depression, where east- and west-dipping reverse and thrust faults developed, showed that the compressional stress, σ
1
, was nearly horizontal and east–west oriented, the horizontal σ
2
was north–south oriented, and the σ
3
was subvertical. These compressional conditions resulted from the collapse of the crown after the main slope failure phase. Simultaneously, along with the gravity relaxation of the main displaced mass, the slopes and mountain slopes along the main scarp depression underwent deep-seated sliding, sagging and flowing.
Comment on "A Strong Convergence of a Generalized Iterative Method for Semigroups of Nonexpansive Mappings in Hilbert Spaces"
Authors: Golkarmanesh Farman , Naseri Saber 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPiri and Vaezi (2010) introduced an iterative scheme for finding a common fixed point of a semigroup of nonexpansive mappings in a Hilbert space. Here, we present that their conclusions are not original and most parts of their paper are picked up from Saeidi and Naseri (2010), though it has not been cited.
Solvability and Algorithms for Functional Equations Originating from Dynamic Programming
Authors: Jiang Guojing , Kang ShinMin , Kwun YoungChel 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe main purpose of this paper is to study the functional equation arising in dynamic programming of multistage decision processes "Equation missing","Equation missing""Equation missing". A few iterative algorithms for solving the functional equation are suggested. The existence, uniqueness and iterative approximations of solutions for the functional equation are discussed in the Banach spaces "Equation missing" and "Equation missing" and the complete metric space "Equation missing", respectively. The properties of solutions, nonnegative solutions, and nonpositive solutions and the convergence of iterative algorithms for the functional equation and other functional equations, which are special cases of the above functional equation, are investigated in the complete metric space "Equation missing", respectively. Eight nontrivial examples which dwell upon the importance of the results in this paper are also given.
Role of Heparanase in Radiation-Enhanced Invasiveness of Pancreatic Carcinoma
Authors: Meirovitz Amichay , Hermano Esther , Lerner Immanuel , Zcharia Eyal , Pisano Claudio , Peretz Tamar , Elkin Michael 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized by very low survival rates because of high intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies. Ionizing radiation (IR)–enhanced tumor invasiveness is emerging as one mechanism responsible for the limited benefit of radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer. In this study, we establish the role of heparanase—the only known mammalian endoglycosidase that cleaves heparan sulfate—in modulating the response of pancreatic cancer to radiotherapy. We found that clinically relevant doses of IR augment the invasive capability of pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo by upregulating heparanase. Changes in the levels of the transcription factor Egr-1 occurred in pancreatic cancer cells following radiation, underlying the stimulatory effect of IR on heparanase expression. Importantly, the specific heparanase inhibitor SST0001 abolished IR-enhanced invasiveness of pancreatic carcinoma cells in vitro, whereas combined treatment with SST0001 and IR, but not IR alone, attenuated the spread of orthotopic pancreatic tumors in vivo. Taken together, our results suggest that combining radiotherapy with heparanase inhibition is an effective strategy to prevent tumor resistance and dissemination, observed in many IR-treated pancreatic cancer patients. Further, the molecular mechanism underlying heparanase upregulation in pancreatic cancer that we identified in response to IR may help identify patients in which radiotherapeutic intervention may confer increased risk of metastatic spread, where antiheparanase therapy may be particularly beneficial. Cancer Res; 71(7); 2772–80. ©2011 AACR.