bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A respected central government and other obstacles to community-based management of the matsutake mushroom in Bhutan
Authors: BROOKS JEREMY S. , TSHERING DOLEY 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYDespite sound logic supporting decentralized resource management, the results of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) efforts have been mixed. Many conditions are thought to contribute to the sustainable use of common pool resources, but as practitioners evaluate the likelihood of CBNRM success, it is necessary to understand which particular conditions have the greatest impact and how these differ across contexts. This paper describes the harvest of the matsutake mushroom and its decline in two rural communities in Bhutan that possess many of the conditions thought to facilitate resource management. Data from surveys, informal interviews and focus group meetings suggest the decline in the matsutake harvest can be attributed to the absence of a small number of enabling characteristics and an additional factor that is often overlooked in the CBNRM literature. Factors contributing to the decline include environmental dynamics, lack of leadership, and the difficulty of monitoring and enforcing harvesting guidelines. However, communities are reluctant to absorb the costs of developing institutions owing to the lack of perceived scarcity and salience of matsutake and, perhaps most importantly, to a historical dependence on a paternalistic government. This reliance on the government may preclude communities from assuming the responsibilities of matsutake management and enforcing rules to assure a sustainable harvest, a trend seen elsewhere in Bhutan. CBNRM may succeed if governments can simultaneously build capacity in communities while empowering them to take ownership over resource management. Though a relatively small number of factors have impeded CBNRM in this case, many of the obstacles can be overcome and these efforts should be considered a work in progress in Bhutan.
Bioderived Syngas to Alcohols
Authors: Egbebi Adefemi , Spivey James 
Published: September 2010

The catalytic synthesis of alcohols from biomass-derived syngas is an important process for utilization of this bioresource as a renewable source of energy. Although the synthesis of methanol from syngas is a mature technology, the synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas has been plagued by low yields and is yet to be commercialized. Interest in the formation of C2+ (“higher”) alcohols appears to be increasing as these compounds are finding uses as fuel additives and hydrogen carriers. Formation of these higher alcohols from syngas is fundamentally different from methanol synthesis, since both C-H bonds and C-OH bonds must be formed from the CO and CO2 in the syngas.
This chapter discusses various catalyst systems that have been investigated for the formation of alcohols from bio-derived syngas. Typically, alkali doping of traditional methanol and FT synthesis catalysts is necessary to promote chain growth and increase selectivity to higher alcohols. The effect of the presence of CO2 in bio-derived syngas on alcohol synthesis is also addressed.
Renewable Diesel and Jet-Fuel Production from Fats and Oils
Authors: Kalnes Tom N. , McCall Michael M. , Shonnard David R. 
Published: September 2010

Hydroprocessing of fats and oils for the production of renewable diesel fuel is a commercial technology with more than 800 million gallons per year of announced capacity. Both co-processing with petroleum feeds and dedicated process technologies to produce a 100% renewable fuel are available with the latter providing flexibility to control diesel product properties and produce renewable aviation fuel.
Similar in composition to Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels, hydrotreated renewable diesel (HRD) and jet (HRJ) are fully deoxygenated, paraffin-rich hydrocarbon liquids that can either be used neat or blended in any proportion with existing petroleum fuels. Complete deoxygenation of fats and oils is critical to ensuring the production of transportation fuels that are chemically identical to components already found in current petroleum hydrocarbon fuels, with high thermal stability and maximum specific energy. The extent to which this straight chain paraffinic product is isomerized and hydrocracked depends on site-specific targets for fuel quality such as type of fuel, viscosity, cloud point, and cetane number. On-going certification efforts, engine tests and fleet testing continue to document the many benefits of these fuels including high specific energy content, good blending properties, and lower emissions.
Life cycle assessments of both HRD and HRJ from a variety of feedstock sources have been completed. When produced from waste streams or sustainable energy crops, HRD and HRJ exhibit a much smaller carbon footprint than their petroleum-derived counterparts. Expanded cultivation of new “non-food” sources of fat and oil feedstock is needed to enable significant market growth.
Colonization of an island volcano, Long Island, Papua New Guinea, and an emergent island, Motmot, in its caldera lake. I. General introduction
Authors: Thornton Ian W. B. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract Biogeographical context Long Island, in Vitiaz Strait, is 55 km north of New Guinea, 60 km from Umboi Island and 125 km from New Britain. After its explosive caldera‐forming eruption in about 1645, Long is being recolonized by animals and plants. Through renewed volcanic activity in the 1950s a new island emerged from Long's caldera lake, 4 km from the nearest lake shore and was recreated by eruptions in 1968. Long Island thus provides the opportunity to study a nested pair of natural colonization sequences.The geological background, eruptive history, course and results of the seventeenth century eruption, and the geographical features and climate of Long Island are summarized. Existing knowledge of Long's recolonization, confined almost entirely to surveys of its avifauna in 1933 and 1972, is reviewed. The geological history of Motmot is outlined, and published knowledge of its colonization by animals and plants from 1968 to 1988 is summarized. The 1999 expedition and aims An expedition to Long Island and Motmot in 1999 set out to investigate the hitherto little‐known flora and present vertebrate fauna of Long Island and to survey the entire flora and fauna of Motmot for comparison with the results of previous surveys. The methods used in the 1999 survey are described, and the papers setting out the results briefly introduced.
ON MULTIPLE MODERNITIES, CIVILIZATIONS AND ANCIENT JUDAISM
Authors: Weil Shalva 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
In this interview with Shmuel Noah Eisenstadt, the author discusses with the great sociologist of civilizations the intellectual influences on his writings, and his progress since his early works on Israeli society. Eisenstadt analyzes multiple ‘modernities’ in the context of European society and the salience of solidarity and trust. One of the Axial Age civilizations that continues to fascinate Eisenstadt is India, the largest democracy in the world. Eisenstadt points out that Christianity, Islam, Confucianism, and other civilizations and empires are both universalistic, and particularistic and exclusive. Following his relatively recent analysis of Weber's Ancient Judaism, he prefers to relate to Judaism as a civilization rather than an ethnic group, nation, religion or people, and finds it useful to understand the development of modern Israeli society. He foresees both a constructive and destructive global future, and reiterates his belief in sociology as a powerful tool to present an analysis which can enrich public discussion.
Blind Fines in Cooperatives
Authors: Fatas Enrique , Jimenez‐Jimenez Francisca , Morales Antonio J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this paper we focus on inefficient product quality arising from a free‐riding problem in agricultural cooperatives. Individual incentives are not aligned with group gains in cooperatives because individual members bear the costs of offering higher qualities, whereas the benefits from these higher qualities are shared among all members. We present a blind mechanism whose quality‐enhancing properties are analyzed in a theoretical model. This mechanism, which does not require individual monitoring, consists of individually punishing co‐op members by using aggregate co‐op performance in such way that the better the co‐op quality, the lower the exclusion probability. In a computerized environment, using experimental methods, we specifically test the effectiveness of our mechanism in alleviating the incentive problem. Experimental results show that our blind punishment mechanism achieves significant efficiency gains.
PedMerge: merging pedigrees to facilitate family-based genetic statistical analyses
Authors: Plaetke Rosemarie , Balbi Federico 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Summary: PedMerge allows users to accurately and efficiently merge separately ascertained pedigrees that belong to the same extended family. In addition to validation checks of pedigree structure, the software provides files in LINKAGE or PEDSYS format that easily allow to be used by a variety of genetic statistical software packages including LINKAGE, SOLAR, SLINK or can be further manipulated with Mega2.
Availability: http://sites.google.com/site/rosemarieplaetke/home/s/pedmerge
Contact: rplaetke@alaska.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sequencing delivers diminishing returns for homology detection: implications for mapping the protein universe
Authors: Chubb Daniel , Jefferys Benjamin R. , Sternberg Michael J. E. , Kelley Lawrence A. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Motivation: Databases of sequenced genomes are widely used to characterize the structure, function and evolutionary relationships of proteins. The ability to discern such relationships is widely expected to grow as sequencing projects provide novel information, bridging gaps in our map of the protein universe.
Results: We have plotted our progress in protein sequencing over the last two decades and found that the rate of novel sequence discovery is in a sustained period of decline. Consequently, PSI-BLAST, the most widely used method to detect remote evolutionary relationships, which relies upon the accumulation of novel sequence data, is now showing a plateau in performance. We interpret this trend as signalling our approach to a representative map of the protein universe and discuss its implications.
Contact: daniel.chubb01@imperial.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effects of Resistant Starch and Fiber from High‐Amylose Non‐Floury Corn on Tortilla Texture
Authors: Rohlfing Kim A. , Paez Alix , Kim Hyun Jung , White Pamela J. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA high‐amylose, non‐floury corn, a floury corn, and a 1:1 blend were made into masa and then tortillas. The masa flour made with the high‐amylose corn had a greater amount of resistant starch (RS 28.8%) and a greater amount of total dietary fiber (TDF 42.1%) than that with the floury corn (RS 2.9%, TDF 9.6%), producing a high‐fiber tortilla. The masa was evaluated for pasting properties using a Rapid ViscoAnalyser (RVA). The high‐amylose masa slurry gelatinized little at 95°C. The floury masa had the greatest peak viscosity, whereas the 1:1 blend was intermediate in value. Sensory evaluations of the tortillas for the textural attributes showed the floury tortillas to be chewier, more rollable, and grittier than the high‐amylose tortillas, whereas the blend tortillas were intermediate for most attributes. The cutting force of the high‐amylose tortillas, measured on a texture analyzer, was very low; the blend and floury tortillas required more force. Chewiness was correlated to rollability (r = 0.99, P = 0.05). The %RS and %TDF were correlated to rollability (r = –0.99), and cutting force (r = 0.99). The floury and blend tortillas had firm textures expected of desirable tortillas, whereas the high‐amylose tortillas broke under little force, and would not roll. The high‐amylose tortillas had high amounts of RS and TDF but poor texture. The blend tortillas retained most floury tortilla textural properties, making them suitable products for consumer use.
Cover Crops of Hybrid Common Vetch Reduce Fusarium Wilt of Seedless Watermelon in the Eastern United States
Authors: Keinath Anthony P. , Hassell Richard L. , Everts Kathryne L. , Zhou Xin-Gen 
Published: September 2010

Fusarium wilt of watermelon, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum races 0, 1, 2, or 3, is found throughout the eastern United States. Most seedless (triploid) watermelon cultivars are susceptible to all races. In previous studies in Maryland, winter cover crops of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) reduced Fusarium wilt. The objectives of this study were to compare ‘Cahaba White’ hybrid common vetch (V. sativa × V. cordata) to hairy vetch for suppression of Fusarium wilt in South Carolina and Maryland. Cover crops of the two vetches and rye (the control) were seeded in fall 2006 and 2007 in fields naturally infested with a mixture of races 1 and 2 in South Carolina and Maryland. In the spring after incorporating the cover crop biomass, seedless watermelons cv. Sugar Heart (susceptible) or Revolution (moderately resistant to race 1) were transplanted into subplots within each cover crop whole plot. ‘Cahaba White’ vetch was as effective as hairy vetch in reducing incidence of Fusarium wilt. Both vetch varieties reduced wilt incidence by approximately the same degree with the susceptible as with the moderately resistant cultivar. In general, the moderately resistant cultivar yielded more fruit (by weight) than the susceptible cultivar. Accepted for publication 23 August 2010. Published 14 September 2010.
First Report of Pseudoperonospora rumicis Causing Downy Mildew on Rumex vesicarius in India
Authors: Sain Satish K. , Chadha M. L. 
Published: September 2010

Bladder dock (Rumex vesicarius L.) is an important biennial bushy vegetable in southern India. The young leaves have a piquant flavor and sour taste, and are eaten boiled or raw in salads. The dried roots are ground into powder and used to treat diarrhoea and bleeding. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Pseudoperonospora rumicis on R. vesicarius in India. Pseudoperonospora rumicis is the second downy mildew pathogen recorded on Rumex vesicarius and is of potential concern to Rumex growers Accepted for publication 18 August 2010. Published 15 September 2010.
LAND FOR LOGISTICS: LOCATIONAL DYNAMICS, REAL ESTATE MARKETS AND POLITICAL REGULATION OF REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION COMPLEXES
Authors: Hesse Markus 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTPhysical distribution, logistics and freight transport are currently being shaped by new technologies, corporate restructuring, and a changing market environment. Following the rapid growth of logistics, the demand for distribution facilities increases significantly. As a consequence, logistics real estate markets have emerged, shaping local development practices. By establishing distri‐bution centres as single entities and integrated freight centres as agglomerations, they contribute to the formation of ‘regional distribution complexes’. The paper aims to exemplify this interrelation with two case studies in Berlin‐Brandenburg, Germany: first a publicly developed integrated freight centre, offering multi‐modal transport access and logistics services, and second a dispersed logistics site off the regional beltway, developed with respect to market requirements only. The paper finds that rising locational competition contributes to accelerated land consumption and further dispersal. Speculative development and outsourcing of facilities are ‘mobilising’ not only goods flows but also logistics infrastructure. Both practices, originally developed in the USA and the UK, are now changing land markets in continental Europe and affect urban and regional development.
MARKET CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR FREIGHT FORWARDING INDUSTRY
Authors: Bowen John , Leinbach Thomas 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTA rapid increase in the level of market concentration in the supply chain management industries has created firms that enjoy the economies of scale and scope necessary to offer multinational clients integrated services on a worldwide basis. This paper examines how changes in the structure of the freight forwarding industry have affected the nature of the services the industry offers across several Southeast Asian economies. The paper focuses on the role that large global forwarders have played in bringing advanced logistics services, especially those linked to the air freight industry, to this industrialising region. Data is used from interviews with over 100 freight forwarders in Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines to examine both the geographic variation in the provision of air cargo services and the manner in which the types of services a forwarder offers vary with firm size.
Clinical effects of undershirts coated with borage oil on children with atopic dermatitis: A double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: KANEHARA Shoko , OHTANI Toshio , UEDE Koji , FURUKAWA Fukumi 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTIt has been reported that γ‐linolenic acid contained in borage oil is effective against atopic dermatitis. The clinical effects of undershirts coated with borage oil rich in γ‐linolenic acid on atopic dermatitis were evaluated. Thirty‐two children, aged 1–10 years, were involved in the clinical control study. Sixteen had worn undershirts coated with borage oil everyday for 2 weeks, and 16 had worn non‐coated undershirts as a placebo. Their symptoms were assessed on a 4‐point scale. Those children who had worn undershirts coated with borage oil for 2 weeks showed improvements in their erythema and itch, which were statistically significant. Transepidermal water loss from the back was decreased. In the placebo group, there were no statistically significant differences. The undershirts coated with borage oil were found to be statistically effective, and had no side‐effects on children with mild atopic dermatitis.
Characterization of Ninjurin and TSC22 induction after X‐irradiation of normal human skin cells
Authors: KOIKE Manabu , NINOMIYA Yasuharu , KOIKE Aki 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThe skin is an external organ that is most frequently exposed to radiation. It is important to elucidate the influence of radiation exposure on the skin at the molecular level. To identify radiation‐responsive genes in human skin cells, we used microarray technology to examine the effects of irradiation on 641 genes in normal human epidermal keratinocytes at 4 h and 8 h postirradiation with a cytotoxic dose of X‐ray (10 Gy). We found that 18 genes were upregulated and 35 genes were downregulated in keratinocytes at 4 h and/or 8 h postirradiation. Ninjurin, whose function remains unknown in keratinocytes, was induced most strongly by X‐irradiation. Several known apoptosis‐related genes, such as TSC22, were also upregulated. We characterized Ninjurin and TSC22 induction after X‐irradiation of normal human skin cells. The induction of the expression of Ninjurin and TSC22 mRNA in keratinocytes following high‐dose X‐irradiation was confirmed by northern blot analysis. In dermal fibroblasts, Ninjurin, but not TSC22, was induced after X‐ray irradiation. The dependence of both gene expression on the status of an apoptosis regulator, p53, was found. In addition, the expression of both mRNA was induced upon treatment with an apoptosis inducer, etoposide. On the other hand, TSC22, but not Ninjurin, was induced and accumulated in keratinocytes upon treatment with an apoptosis inducer, anisomycin. However, in transient expression assay, EYFP‐TSC22, as well as EYFP‐Ninjurin or EYFP alone, did not induce apoptosis in keratinocytes in contrast to EYFP‐GADD45. Taken together, these findings have important implications on the understanding of the mechanism underlying the complex response of skin cells following X‐irradiation.
Superior discriminating value of ACTH‐stimulated serum 21‐deoxycortisol in identifying heterozygote carriers for 21‐hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: Costa‐Barbosa Flávia A. , Tonetto‐Fernandes Vânia F. , Carvalho Valdemir M. , Nakamura Odete H. , Moura Vivian , Bachega Tânia A. S. S. , Vieira José G. H. , Kater Claudio E. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground  Congenital adrenal hyperplasia caused by classic 21‐hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is an autosomal recessive disorder with a high prevalence of asymptomatic heterozygote carriers (HTZ) in the general population, making case detection desirable by routine methodology. HTZ for classic and nonclassic (NC) forms have basal and ACTH‐stimulated values of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP) that fail to discriminate them from the general population. 21‐Deoxycortisol (21DF), an 11‐hydroxylated derivative of 17OHP, is an alternative approach to identify 21OHD HTZ.Objective  To determine the discriminating value of basal and ACTH‐stimulated serum levels of 21DF in comparison with 17OHP in a population of HTZ for 21OHD (n = 60), as well as in NC patients (n = 16) and in genotypically normal control subjects (CS, n = 30), using fourth generation tandem mass spectrometry after HPLC separation (LC‐MS/MS).Results  Basal 21DF levels were not different between HTZ and CS, but stimulated values were increased in the former and virtually nonresponsive in CS. Only 17·7% of the ACTH‐stimulated 21DF levels overlapped with CS, when compared to 46·8% for 17OHP. For 100% specificity, the sensitivities achieved for ACTH‐stimulated 21DF, 17OHP and the quotient [(21DF + 17OHP)/F] were 82·3%, 53·2% and 87%, using cut‐offs of 40, 300 ng/dl and 46 (unitless), respectively. Similar to 17OHP, ACTH‐stimulated 21DF levels did not overlap between HTZ and NC patients. A positive and highly significant correlation (r = 0·846; P < 0·001) was observed between 21DF and 17OHP pairs of values from NC and HTZ.Conclusion  This study confirms the superiority of ACTH‐stimulated 21DF, when compared to 17OHP, both measured by LC‐MS/MS, in identifying carriers for 21OHD. Serum 21DF is a useful tool in genetic counselling to screen carriers among relatives in families with affected subjects, giving support to molecular results.