bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japan's Efforts Against the Illegal Dumping of Industrial Waste
Authors: Fujikura Manami 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTStarting in 1970, Japanese businesses were made responsible for the disposal of their own industrial waste. Thereafter, in principle, tax money could no longer be used to cover the costs of industrial waste disposal, a task entrusted to private‐sector contractors engaged in waste collection, transport and disposal. Letting economic principles dictate the handling of waste – which has no intrinsic value – opened the door to the rampant problem of illegal dumping by waste‐emitting businesses; private‐sector waste disposal contractors carried on a thriving business of improper waste disposal, creating an enormous black market. To deal with the illegal dumping and improper disposal of waste, the Waste Management Act was amended several times starting in 1991. An indirect effect of creation of the Industrial Waste Site Restoration Fund in 1997 was the economic incentive for prefectures to improve their own administrative capacity; in addition, the strengthening of punitive measures not only suppressed criminal activity but also created the incentive for law enforcement to improve its capabilities. Another amendment in 2000 gave waste‐emitting businesses greater responsibility for waste disposal, and the fact that they could become liable for costs, even if not in violation of the Act when waste disposal was subcontracted out, gave them the incentive to select trustworthy contractors with which to deal. As a result, problems such as illegal dumping have begun to decline. Several issues remain for Japan to address, among them some institutional problems in dealing with illegal dumping sites that have not been immediately cleaned up, and the fact that unscrupulous operators are exploiting a loophole that fails to classify contaminated soil as waste, still allowing them to dump it illegally. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
The Influence of Local Governments on National Policy‐Setting Processes to Regulate Japan's Vehicle Emissions
Authors: Fujikura Ryo 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe national government determines vehicle emission standards in Japan with a bottom‐up approach based mainly on a technical perspective, which considers the state of automotive technologies and the cost–benefit trade‐offs of regulation. The regulatory result is a gradual change over the long term. Meanwhile, local governments – which must deal directly with citizens rallying against air pollution – demand bold and early regulation of vehicle emissions. Thus, standards eventually set by the national government may not satisfy local governments. To compare the policy decision‐making processes of the national and local governments, this paper examines the period 1976–1978, when the national government was strengthening nitrogen oxide emission standards, and the 1990s through the years after 2000, when it strengthened diesel emission standards. Nitrogen oxide regulations in Japan and the world were strict in 1970, but automakers had little incentive to respond proactively to them. Local governments in Japan did not trust the standards set by the national government, which had been determined based on data provided by automakers. Japanese regulatory standards for particulate matter in diesel emissions during the 1990s were weaker than in Europe and North America. With advances being made worldwide on the environmental front, Japanese automakers had less incentive to under‐report their state of technological development. Furthermore, because the technology became increasingly specialized, it became more difficult for local governments on their own to evaluate the actual state of technological development. Thus, rather than getting embroiled in debate about the quantitative standards themselves, local governments instead focused on fighting delays in implementation of the standards. Henceforth, the national government will likely play a stronger leading role in the establishment of vehicle emission standards, while the involvement of local governments diminishes even more as the trend moves toward international standards. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Policies for a Low‐Carbon Society in Japan
Authors: Shimada Koji 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis article discusses possible policies to realize a low‐carbon society at the local level, focusing on population, housing and transport in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Within this context, in order to substantially reduce local demand for automobile based transport in the long term, it may be important both to influence commuting patterns and to increase the population density of the city. Compared with the price elasticity of gasoline consumption in overall Japan, Shiga's elasticity is high. Thus, revising the automobile fuel tax system in some areas can drastically reduce fuel consumption and alter travel patterns. Whilst this may limit travel demand through commuting, we also recognize that residents of densely populated areas are often dissatisfied with the limited living space and with the lack of contact with nature. Policies to attract and promote the construction of apartment houses with adequate living space and that have increased amenity access to the natural environment are therefore important. This is the case both from the perspective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and from the perspective of securing the vitality of the city. Based on our estimation and analysis, Shiga prefectural government has been setting up several policy measures to promote the formation of a compact city, to provide for public transportation and to promote bicycle use. However, the momentum fuelling urban sprawl and an automobile‐dependent lifestyle are difficult to change in reality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
LEARNING HEALTHY BEHAVIOR? THE IMPACT OF TRAINING IN HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONS ON LIFESTYLES
Authors: Bessey Donata 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYThis paper analyzes the empirical relationship between health knowledge and the probability of adopting the lifestyles known as the ‘Alameda Seven’. I test whether having accumulated such knowledge during training in a healthcare profession changes individual lifestyles using the Swiss Health Survey. The results suggest that there are indeed effects of health knowledge on smoking for university graduates and on alcohol consumption and eating behavior for graduates of both university level and vocational medical training programs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Nucleic Acid–Peptide Conjugates Targeted to Proteins
Authors: Erben Anne , Seitz Oliver 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNucleic acid–peptide conjugates have frequently been used to manipulate gene expression in living cells or to facilitate on‐array immobilization of peptides or proteins. Recently, it has been recognized that the programmed self‐assembly of nucleic acids can be used as a control element to confine the spatial arrangement or the conformation of peptides. This renders the hybrid molecules useful for studies of proteins and protein function, and could allow switching of the bioactivity of the appended peptides and thus the targeted protein by means of nucleic acid hybridization. A prerequisite of such studies is a feasible access to the desired chimeric molecules. This review describes recent efforts in the synthesis of nucleic acid–peptide hybrid molecules.
Vascular smooth muscle myosin light chain diphosphorylation: Mechanism, function, and pathological implications
Authors: Walsh Michael P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSmooth muscle contraction is activated primarily by phosphorylation at S19 of the 20‐kDa regulatory light chain subunits of myosin II (LC20) catalyzed by Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent myosin light chain kinase. Other kinases, for example, integrin‐linked kinase (ILK), Rho‐associated kinase (ROCK), and zipper‐interacting protein kinase (ZIPK), can phosphorylate T18 in addition to S19, which increases the actin‐activated myosin MgATPase activity at subsaturating actin concentrations ∼3‐fold. These phosphorylatable residues and the amino acid sequence surrounding them are highly conserved throughout the animal kingdom; they are also found in an LC20 homolog within the genome of Monosiga brevicollis, the closest living relative of metazoans. LC20 diphosphorylation has been detected in mammalian vascular smooth muscle tissues in response to specific contractile stimuli and in pathophysiological situations associated with hypercontractility. LC20 diphosphorylation has also been observed frequently in cultured cells where it activates force generation. Kinases such as ILK, ROCK, and ZIPK, therefore, are potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of, for example, cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage and atherosclerosis. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(11): 987–1000, 2011
Annexin A6 is an organizer of membrane microdomains to regulate receptor localization and signalling
Authors: Cornely Rhea , Rentero Carles , Enrich Carlos , Grewal Thomas , Gaus Katharina 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAnnexin A6 (AnxA6) belongs to the conserved annexin protein family—a group of Ca2+‐dependent membrane binding proteins. It is the largest of all annexin proteins and upon activation, binds to negatively charged phospholipids in the plasma membrane and endosomes. In addition, AnxA6 associates with cholesterol‐rich membrane microdomains termed lipid rafts. Membrane cholesterol triggers Ca2+‐independent translocation of AnxA6 to membranes and AnxA6 levels determine the number of caveolae, a form of specialized rafts at the cell surface. AnxA6 also has an F‐actin binding domain and interacts with cytoskeleton components. Taken together, this suggests that AnxA6 has a scaffold function to link membrane microdomains with the organization of the cytoskeleton. Such a link facilitates AnxA6 to participate in plasma membrane repair and it would also impact on receptor signalling at the cell surface, growth factor, and lipoprotein receptor trafficking, Ca2+‐channel activity and T cell activation. Hence, the regulation of cell surface receptors by AnxA6 may be facilitated by its unique structure that allows recruitment of interaction partners and simultaneously bridging specialized membrane domains with cortical actin surrounding activated receptors. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(11): 1009–1017, 2011
Design of an Optical Sensor for Determination of Bismuth
Authors: Rastegarzadeh S. , Fatahinia M. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn optical chemical sensor (optode) for the determination of Bi(III) has been designed by immobilization of methyltrioctylammonium chloride on triacetylcellulose polymer. The exchange of chloride as counter ion with iodide in the membrane changes the colorless film to orange, when it is placed in acidic solution of Bi(III). The sensor can readily be regenerated by 0.1 mol L‐1 sodium citrate solution in less than 15 s. Under optimum conditions, the proposed membrane is capable of determining Bi(III) over a dynamic range between 3.36 × 10‐6 and 4.80 × 101‐5 mol L‐1 with a limit of detection 1.02 × 10‐6 mol L‐1. The relative standard deviation for seven replicate measurements of 9.60 × 10‐6 and 3.84 × 10‐5 mol L‐1 of Bi(III) was 3.79 and 2.14%, respectively. The sensor was successfully applied to the determination of bismuth in tablet and water samples.
Microwave Hydrothermal Synthesis and Acidity of Nanosize Gallosilicate Mesoporous Molecular Sieves
Authors: Cheng Chi‐Feng , Liu Shih‐Miao , Cheng Hsu‐Hsuan , Yao Marina G. , Liu Shang Bin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA range of nanosize alkaline‐free gallosilicate mesoporous molecular sieves (GaMMS) were synthesized using microwave hydrothermal method and various analytical and spectroscopic techniques were employed to systematically investigate the structure, coordination geometry of gallium, acidic properties and catalytic activity. These nanosize GaMMSs exhibit high surface area (240 ∼ 720 m2/g), pore volume (1.06 ∼ 1.49 m3/g), narrow pore size distribution and nano‐particle size between 20 and 100 nm and four‐coordinated gallium site mainly, which were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption/desorption, TEM, 71Ga MAS‐NMR and ICP‐AES. Mesoporosity, mesostructure and nanosize can be controlled simply by microwave irradiation time and temperature. Pyridine‐IR result reveals the coexistence of Lewis and Brönstead acid sites in these nanosize GaMMS while NH3‐TPD profiles suggest nanosize one has stronger acid site and contains more acid sites than the conventional one. Catalytic performance was evaluated using the catalytic cumene cracking test. The result indicates that the nanosize GaMMS shows a much higher activity than that of conventional GaMCM‐41, probably due to higher concentrations of H‐form sites, external surface and fast diffusion.
Ion‐flotation Separation of Cd(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) Traces Using a New Ligand before Their Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determinations in Colored Hair and Dryer Agents of Paint
Authors: Tavallali Hossein , Lalehparvar Shahram , Nekoei A‐Reza , Niknam Khodabakhsh 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA simple, rapid and inexpensive method for separation and preconcentration of some traces of hazardous elements is presented prior to their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations. At pH 6.5; cadmium(II), cobalt(II) and lead(II) were separated simultaneously with 1,2‐bis((1H‐benzo[d]imidazol2‐yl)methoxy)benzene (BBIMB) as a new complexing agent and floated after adding sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a foaming reagent. The floated layer was then eluted by concentrated nitric acid in methanol and introduced to the flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). The effects of pH, concentration of BBIMB, type and amount of surfactant as the floating agent, type and amount of eluting agent and influence of foreign ions on the recoveries of the analyte ions were investigated. Also, by using a non‐linear curve fitting method the formation constants of Cd(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) complexes were obtained 1.02 × 106, 1.17 × 106 and 1.46 × 106, respectively. The detection limits of Cd(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) ions were 1.2, 0.7 and 0.5 μg/L, respectively. The enrichment factors were 45.0, 42.0 and 39.0 for Cd(II), Co(II) and Pb(II) ions, respectively. The proposed procedure was then successfully applied for determination of those heavy metals in colored human hair and dryer agents of paint samples.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Salidroside from Rhodiola rosea L var. rosea Root
Authors: Wu Yu‐Xue , Wang Qiang , Liu Ben , You Men‐Yun , Jin Ting 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSalidroside from the root of Rhodiola rosea L var. rosea was extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide with and without methanol as modifier. Three parameters, i.e. temperature, pressure and different concentrations of methanol were optimized. Salidroside determinations were carried out using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV‐Vis detector. An experimental design of response surface methodology (RSM) was used to map the effect of pressure (at 200, 300 and 400 bar), temperature (at 50, 60 and 70 °C) and percentage of methanol modifier (at 80, 90 and 100%) on the extraction yield of the active compound and to determine the optimal conditions for the extraction of salidroside from the root of plant. The results showed that supercritical carbon dioxide failed to extract salidroside from the plant material without a methanol as modifier. The yield obtained after 1.5 h extraction with the rate of modifier 0.4 mL/min and 300 bar, 70 °C, and 80 percent of methanol modifier condition was the highest (17.15 mg/g). The optimum conditions were 70 °C, 295.49 bar and 80 percent of methanol as modifier with the yield of 16.17 mg/g. In addition, the yield obtained with supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was compared with the Soxhlet extraction, whose yield was 8.64 mg/g.
Study on Determination of Trace Copper by Spectrophotometry after Flotation Separation Using Microcrystalline Adsorption System
Authors: Wen Xin‐Rong , Tu Chang‐Qing 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe paper presents a novel method for the flotation separation of Cu2+ using microcrystalline adsorption system prior to the determination by spectrophotometry. The effects of different parameters, such as the dosages of NH4SCN and octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (OTMAB), various salts on the flotation yield of Cu2+ have been investigated to select the optimum experimental conditions. The possible flotation separation mechanism of Cu2+ was discussed. The results showed that under the optimum conditions, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide cation (OTMAB+) reacted with SCN‐ to produce the microcrystalline matter (Ms‐M) of (OTMAB+·SCN‐), the water‐insoluble ternary association complex of [Cu(SCN)4] (OTMAB)2 which produced by Cu2+ and SCN‐, OTMAB+ was quantificationally adsorbed on the surface of Ms‐M of (OTMAB2+·SCN‐) and was floated above water phase, the liquid‐solid phases were formed with clear interface. In this condition, K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Cd2+ and Co2+ could not be floated. Therefore, Cu2+ was separated completely from the above metal ions. A new method of determination of trace copper by flotation separation was established. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of Cu2+ in plating waster water, and the results agreed well with AAS method. The recoveries were 93.3%∼107.8%, and the RSD was 1.9%∼2.1%.
Ultrasonic Assisted Synthesis of Naphthalene Substituted Schiff Base Derivatives and Their Antioxidant Activity Studies
Authors: Venkatesan K. , Satyanarayana V. S. V. , Sivakumar A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractNew Schiff base derivatives, 2,2′‐[naphthalene‐2,7‐diylbis(oxy)]bis[N′‐substituted acetohydrazide] (4a‐m) were synthesized by the acid catalyzed condensation of aryl/hetero aromatic aldehydes with 2,2′‐ [naphthalene‐2,7‐diylbis(oxy)]diacetohydrazide (3) under reflux temperature and ultrasonic irradiation. These Schiff base derivatives were confirmed through spectral characterization using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectra. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their antioxidant activity using DPPH free radical scavenging method.
Two New Iridoids from the Roots of Valeriana officinalis
Authors: Zhao You‐Xing , Wang Peng‐Cheng , Ran Xin‐Hui , Ma Qing‐Yun , Li Ning , Liu Yu‐Qing , Zhou Jun 
Published: October 2011

AbstractValeriana officinalis is the official species used in Europe as sedatives and tranquilizers for centuries. Two new iridoids, volvaltrates C and D (1 and 2) were isolated from the ethanol extract as a mixture from the roots of V. officinalis. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic evidence including MS, 1D and 2D‐NMR spectra.
Hypervalent Iodine(III) Sulfonate Mediated Synthesis of 6‐Arylimidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles in Liquid PEG‐400
Authors: Wu Fang‐Wen , Hou Rei‐Sheu , Wang Huey‐Min , Kang Iou‐Jiun , Chen Ling‐Ching 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPEG‐400[poly(ethylene glycol‐400)] is used as reaction medium in the one‐pot synthesis of 6‐arylimidazo[2,1‐b]thiazoles by reaction with aryl ketones, hypervalent iodine(III) sulfonate and 2‐aminothiazole. Significant rate enhancements and improved yields have been observed.
Sensitive Determination of Trace Pb2+ in Seawater Using Columnar Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Zhang Xuzhi , Ma Shaosai , Cui Zhengguo , Chen Jufa , Cui Yi , Zhao Jun , Feng Xiaohua 
Published: October 2011

AbstractWe herein report a mercury‐free approach for the sensitive determination of trace Pb2+ in seawater using differential pulse stripping voltammetric (DPSV) method with a novel columnar glassy carbon electrode (CGCE). Compared with the conventional disk glassy carbon electrode with the same diameter, it has much larger electrochemical area (0.627 ± 0.003 cm2). The CGCE shows good accumulation ability and consequently acceptable behavior which makes it suitable as a working electrode in the DPSV determination of Pb2+ with the great advantage of the avoidance of harmful mercury. Using acidified artificial seawater as supporting electrolyte, there was a good linear relationship between the peak currents and the concentration of Pb2+ in the range of 0.6∼140.0 μg L‐1 with a detection limit of 0.3 μg/L (S/N = 3) when the accumulation time was 300 s. The method was employed to determine trace levels of Pb2+ in real seawater samples successfully.
Fast Removal and Recovery of Methylene Blue by Activated Carbon Modified with Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Zargar Behrooz , Parham Hooshang , Rezazade Monir 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA magnetic adsorbent was synthesized by modification of activated carbons with magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (AC‐MIONs). The preparation method is fast and could be carried out in an ordinary condition. The AC‐MIONs were used as quite efficient adsorbents for separation of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution in a batch process. The effect of different parameters such as pH, temperature, electrolyte concentration, contact time and interfering ions on the removal of MB were studied. The adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and a maximum adsorption amount of 47.62 mg g‐1 and a langmuir adsorption equilibrium constant of 3.0 L mg‐1 were obtained. The obtained results revealed that AC‐MIONs were effective adsorbents for fast removal of MB from different aqueous solutions. This adsorbent was successfully used for removal of MB from Karoon River water.
Treatment failure in humanistic and experiential psychotherapy
Authors: Watson Jeanne C. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this article, treatment failure in humanistic experiential psychotherapy is defined and explored. I outline several markers that indicate when treatment is not going well. Factors that contribute to failure include client factors, for example, emotional processing capacities, shame, and impoverished narratives, as well as therapist factors including lack of empathic attunement and inflexibility. Treatment failure is illuminated with a case example drawn from humanistic/experiential psychotherapy, and clinical strategies for dealing with failures are recommended. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session, 67:1117–1128, 2011.