bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dialect variation and phonological knowledge: Phonological representations and metalinguistic awareness among beginning readers who speak nonmainstream American English
Authors: TERRY NICOLE PATTON 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTChildren's spoken nonmainstream American English (NMAE) dialect use and their knowledge about phonological representations of word pronunciations were assessed in a sample of 105 children in kindergarten through second grade. Children were given expressive and receptive tasks with dialect-sensitive stimuli. Students who produced many NMAE features in speech nonetheless demonstrated considerable knowledge of “standard” English forms on the tasks, and their phonological representations were not deficient. In regression analyses, an inverse relationship between NMAE use and reading skill was observed, but mediated by phonological awareness. The findings are inconsistent with the view that print–speech mismatches interfere with young NMAE speakers’ reading acquisition, and instead suggest that dialect variation among beginning readers reflects metalinguistic differences that influence reading acquisition.
Femtosecond laser ablation of brass: A study of surface morphology and ablation rate
Authors: Shaheen Mohamed E. , Fryer Brian J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe interaction of near infrared femtosecond laser pulses with a Cu based alloy (brass) in ambient air at atmospheric pressure and under different laser conditions was investigated. The effects of laser fluence and number of pulses on surface morphology and ablation rate were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. Ablation rates were found to rapidly increase from 83 to 604 nm/pulse in the fluence range 1.14–12.21 J/cm2. At fluence >12.21 J/cm2, ablation rates increased slowly to a maximum (607 nm/pulse at 19.14 J/cm2), and then decreased at fluence higher than 20.47 J/cm2 to 564 nm/pulse at 24.89 J/cm2. Large amounts of ablated material in a form of agglomerated fine particles were observed around the ablation craters as the number of laser pulses and fluence increased. The study of surface morphology shows reduced thermal effects with femtosecond laser ablation in comparison to nanosecond laser ablation at low fluence.
Parents' child-directed communication and child language development: a longitudinal study with Italian toddlers
Authors: MAJORANO MARINELLA , RAINIERI CHIARA , CORSANO PAOLA 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThe present study focuses on the characteristics of parental child-directed communication and its relationship with child language development. For this purpose, thirty-six toddlers (18 males and 18 females) and their parents were observed in a laboratory during triadic free play at ages 1 ; 3 and 1 ; 9. The characteristics of the maternal and paternal child-directed language (characteristics of communicative functions and lexicon as reported in psycholinguistic norms for Italian language) were coded during free play. Child language development was assessed during free play and at ages 2 ; 6 and 3 ; 0 using the Italian version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (2 ; 6) and the revised Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-R) (3 ; 0). Data analysis indicated differences between mothers and fathers in the quantitative characteristics of communicative functions and language, such as the mean length of utterances (MLU), and the number of tokens and types. Mothers also produced the more frequent nouns in the child lexicon. There emerged a relation between the characteristics of parental child-directed language and child language development.
Prosody signals the emergence of intentional communication in the first year of life: evidence from Catalan-babbling infants
Authors: ESTEVE-GIBERT NÚRIA , PRIETO PILAR 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTThere is considerable debate about whether early vocalizations mimic the target language and whether prosody signals emergent intentional communication. A longitudinal corpus of four Catalan-babbling infants was analyzed to investigate whether children use different prosodic patterns to distinguish communicative from investigative vocalizations and to express intentionality. A total of 2,701 vocalizations from 0;7 to 0;11 were coded acoustically (by marking pitch range and duration), gesturally, and pragmatically (by marking communicative status and specific pragmatic function). The results showed that communicative vocalizations were shorter and had a wider pitch range than investigative vocalizations and that these patterns in communicative vocalizations depended on the intention of the vocalizations: requests and expressions of discontent displayed wider pitch range and longer duration than responses or statements. These results support the hypothesis that babbling children can successfully use a set of prosodic patterns to signal intentional speech.
AL-MIKLĀTĪ, A TWELFTH CENTURY AŠʿARITE READER OF AVERROES
Authors: Adouhane Yamina 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe aim of this article is to present a new witness of Averroes' reception in the Muslim world, in the years that immediately followed his death. Indeed Abū al-Ḥağğāğ al-Miklātī (d. 1237) is an Ašʿarite theologian, who was born in Fez. He is the author of aQuintessence of the Intellects in Response to Philosophers on the Science of Principlesin which he aims at refuting the Peripatetic philosophers in their own field, using their own weapons. This article will first attempt to draw the portrait of this atypical theologian. It will then focus on showing that al-Miklātī – although he never mentions his name – is a reader of Averroes and in particular, of hisTahāfut al-Tahāfut, of which he makes various and unexpected uses. A close look at these uses will enable us to better define the nature of al-Miklātī's work. More importantly, this article will try to prove that al-Miklātī provides us with a key passage of Averroes' lost treatiseOn the Prime Mover. At the heart of the Rushdian criticism of Avicenna's “metaphysical” proof, this passage should throw new light on Averroes' precise understanding of this proof.
REGARDS D'IBN RUSHD SUR AL-JUWAYNĪ QUESTIONS DE MÉTHODE
Authors: Arfa Mensia Mokdad 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis essay is concerned with the complex relationships between falsafa and kalām. As regards the history of the latter, it has been generally agreed that al-Juwaynī played a decisive role at a moment when Avicennism became intrusive. It is mainly in his al-ʿAqīda al-niẓāmiyya that al-Juwaynī initiated a doctrinal and methodic evolution of Ashʿarism. One necessarily invokes here Ibn Rushd, who, by exposing the dogmas in their literal manifestation in his al-Kashf ʿan manāhij al-adilla fī ʿaqāʾid al-milla, actually sought to operate a systematic refutation of the Ashʿarites' theses. It should be noted, however, that, despite his critical distance, Ibn Rushd nonetheless remained attentive to al-Juwaynī's evolutionary study. In this contribution, some aspects of the major issues in kalām will be examined: the existence of God and the argument of takhṣīṣ (particularization), His unicity (waḥdāniyya) and the argument of mumānaʿa (mutual hindering), as well as human agency with the acknowledgement of man's capacity (qudra) and its role. Albeit limited in scope, the essay attempts to make a more profound evaluation of al-Juwaynī's role at a crucial moment of the history of kalām in its specific development during which the Great Masters have not always been faithful to the classical tenets of their school, but also in its relations with falsafa and its influence on al-Juwaynī, and then and mainly on his disciple al-Ghazālī's theological thought.
AVICENNA AMONG MEDIEVAL JEWS THE RECEPTION OF AVICENNA'S PHILOSOPHICAL, SCIENTIFIC AND MEDICAL WRITINGS IN JEWISH CULTURES, EAST AND WEST
Authors: Freudenthal Gad , Zonta Mauro 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe reception of Avicenna by medieval Jewish readers presents an underappreciated enigma. Despite the philosophical and scientific stature of Avicenna, his philosophical writings were relatively little studied in Jewish milieus, be it in Arabic or in Hebrew. In particular, Avicenna's philosophical writings are not among the “Hebräische Übersetzungen des Mittelalters” – only very few of them were translated into Hebrew. As anauthor associated with a definite corpus of writings,Avicenna hardly existed in Jewish philosophy in Hebrew (contrary to Averroes). Paradoxically, however, some of Avicenna's most distinctive ideas were widely known and embraced by Jewish philosophers. This is the phenomenon that we dubAvicennian knowledge without Avicenna. In contrast with the philosophical treatises, Avicenna's medical writings were widely and intensively studied by Jews, especially in Hebrew, and remained influential until at least the seventeenth century. The present article presents a comprehensive picture of Avicenna's reception within medieval Jewish cultures in both Arabic and Hebrew and tries to explain the Jews’ complex attitude to Avicenna.
The Mexico City Earthquake—An International Disaster. An Overview
Authors: Romo Roberto Castañon 
Published: August 2012

I will present a general view of the events that took place in Mexico City on September 19th, 1985.I will make reference, in the first place, to certain facts related with the subject, then I will describe the general damage to health and to the health services, and finally I will give information about the action taken in the area of epidemiological surveillance.The information in this work was generated through a committee formed by different health institutions and in which I participated. This organization was responsible for the health services and the epidemiological surveillance during the events of September 1985.
Search and Rescue
Authors: Pierce William 
Published: August 2012

I want to first talk about search and rescue as it occurred in Mexico City; secondly, about what we learned in Mexico City; where are we going from there; what are some of the things that are happening and should be happening in major disaster management, especially as it deals with search and rescue.There are four main phases in search and rescue. Those four phases are: First, you have to locate the victims; second, you have to reach the victims; third, you need to stabilize those victims; and fourth, you need to evacuate them. I'm going to deal primarily with locating the victims because that was my main responsibility, coordinating the search aspect in Mexico City.
Cyclone Deaths in Bangladesh, May 1985: Who Was At Risk
Authors: Siddique A. K. , Euosof A. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYIn May 1985, a cyclone from the Bay of Bengal struck the coastal islands of Bangladesh. In spite of early detection of atmospheric turbulance and the history of severe cyclones in the area, an estimated 11,000 people lost their lives.In a natural experiment, cyclone death rates from the two severely affected islands, Urir Char and Sandwip, were analyzed to determine the risk factors of cyclone-associated mortality.In Urir Char, in which no cyclone shelters existed, the study group lost 40 percent of the family members in contrast to 3.4 percent from Sandwip, where at least eight cyclone shelters existed. Individuals who did not seek shelter were at the highest risk. Barriers in seeking safety were physical as well as behavioral. Easy access to shelters was a significant factor in reducing the risk. Deaths could have been averted through improved timing and method of advance warning.
Model for Pre-Hospital Disaster Response
Authors: Schwartz Thomas J. 
Published: August 2012

I will present a process by which many of the prehospital providers in this country are trying to organize effective and efficient response plans for major medical incidents which could in fact include a disaster response.Many people in the emergency medical services community, including myself, have been involved in a planning process for voluntary national EMS standards, the program being coordinated by the American Society of Testing & Materials (ASTM) F30 Emergency Medical Services Standards Committee. I chair a subtask group on Disaster Management. The committee has prepared a document containing elements, suggestions, processes and procedures from MCI/disaster response plans from EMS agencies around the country. These places include the cities of Los Angeles, New York, Chicago, Washington, D.C. area, Phoenix, Arizona and other urban places. The intent of this task group is not to prepare a document as a rigid standard to cover every detail on an individual task response plan. Instead, the intent of our task group is to provide an overview of expectations of what an individual mass casualty plan should include; focusing on such topical areas as Incident Command Management, communications, triage, transportation, logistical support issues, mutual aid and ancillary support services and many other topical areas that agency planners must address in developing their respective operational response plans.
Emergency Medical Care in Belgium
Authors: Lust Paul 
Published: August 2012

The object of this paper is to discuss the philosophy of the emergency medical system in Belgium.In critical situations we should give the best possible treatment as early as possible. As a patient I would like to get the best doctor at the moment I am most in need of him and not when the doctor is badly in need of a patient. The anaesthesiologist is a most suitable practitioner for critical care, trained as he is by the surgeons to protect their patient against all sorts of manmade disasters, very often in distressing conditions.In Belgium it has been possible to involve anesthesiologists in all aspects of emergency medicine. We are satisfied with this way of handling the problem, and we are not looking for another solution, although we are aware that in other circumstances other solutions may be requested. Nevertheless, we are all well aware that inside our system a further development is needed.
The Development and Maintenance of Prehospital Emergency Medical Services Systems
Authors: D'Acchioli Ronald L. 
Published: August 2012

SUMMARYThe establishment and maintenance of pre-hospital patient care delivery systems requires that special emphasis be placed on key areas. Those areas include post start-up activities beginning with a commitment from the business, government and medical communities in order to commission an investigative study aimed at gaining local medical authority and funding approval.Additionally, once the system is established, there exists several challenges to program managers, including the provision of appropriate and timely leadership and medical education and the establishment of a quality data collection system which supports the expansion and reevaluative processes.
Educating for the Future of Emergency Medical Services Systems
Authors: Gordon D.L. , Cowley R.A. 
Published: August 2012

A bachelor's degree in EMS management was the initial course of studies in an academic program designed to prepare people to work in a variety of occupations in EMS.This paper includes a brief history of that program, its purposes, goals and curriculum and the first data on follow up of its graduates.In the United States of America, the Emergency Medical Systems (EMS) act of 1973 stimulated people from a variety of fields and backgrounds to work together to develop and manage emergency systems of care; it also raised the question of how to prepare people to meet the future needs of the system. At that time, and with few exceptions, there was little or no academic involvement directed to the concept of the system of EMS and there was a dearth of persons with predictable knowledge and skills in this area. The apparent need for preparing leadership personnel for EMS became the focus of thinking by the Maryland Institute of Emergency Medical Services Systems (MIEMSS) and the University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC).
Medico-Legal Problems of Air Transport
Authors: Chapman P.J.C. 
Published: August 2012

In a field of medicine where precise procedure and clear-cut decision making should be the rule, it is perhaps depressing to address a subject where too little is certain and possibilities are almost endless. I regret that this should be so in respect to medicolegal problems in air transport, but such are the facts which have to be reported.A clear-cut authoritative guide to each and every situation is not only impossible in the air, it is also impossible on the ground. Were it not so, there would be no need for lawyers—and herein as we may see could lie an important clue.
Aircraft Disaster Readiness
Authors: Jessen Knud 
Published: August 2012

Aircraft Disaster Readiness is traditionally considered as a preparation for a prompt reaction to an aircraft disaster situation with the purpose of saving lives.As all emergency or disaster readiness requires planning and preparatory actions before an emergency occurs, the planning process should include attempts at prevention of the accident as well as a proper rescue plan for any airport, small or large. Further, a rehabilitation program should be included for those who subsequent to the event may suffer from physical or psychological lesions.
Psychological Recovery After Incidents or Accidents Within Aviation
Authors: Termoehlen J 
Published: August 2012

Dangerous situations, violent incidents and accidents are part of our existence, are part of the reality and the conditions under which we exist as human beings. We can do much to limit the possibilities of accidents happening, but we cannot avoid them. It is a fact that we must ascertain and accept that accidents happen. It is not a question of “IF” but “WHEN”.Within aviation we also have to face the fact that dangerous and stressful situations occur—and when accidents occur within the field of aviation, the consequences are often grave.
CPR Skill Retention of First Aid Attendants within the Workplace
Authors: Anderson Gregory S. , Gaetz Michael , Statz Cara 
Published: August 2012

AbstractIntroductionImmediate resuscitation is necessary in order to achieve conscious survival for persons who have lost airways or pulses. However, current literature suggests that even in medically-trained personnel, CPR skills are forgotten shortly after certification.Hypothesis/ProblemThe purpose of this study was to determine the CPR skill and knowledge decay in those who are paid to respond to emergency situations within the workplace.MethodsUsing an unconscious victim scenario, the sequence and accuracy of CPR events were observed and recorded in 244 participants paid to act as first responders in large industrial or service industry settings.ResultsA significant negative correlation was observed between days since training and a pre-CPR safety check variable, periodic checks for breathing and positioning. Many of the knowledge-related assessment skills (e.g., scene safety, emergency medical system (EMS) activation) appeared to deteriorate with time, although they could be contaminated by the repetition of training in those who had recertified one or more times. Skill-based components such as landmarking for chest compressions and controlling the airway declined in a more predictable fashion.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that repetition may be more important than days since last trained for skill and knowledge retention, and methods of “refreshing” skills should be examined. While skills deteriorate rapidly, changing frequency of certification is not necessarily the best way to increase retention of skill and knowledge.Anderson GS, Gaetz M, Statz C. CPR skill retention of first aid attendants within the workplace. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(4):1-7.
High-dose desvenlafaxine in outpatients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Ferguson James M. , Tourian Karen A. , Rosas Gregory R. 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveThis study investigated the safety and efficacy of long-term treatment with high-dose desvenlafaxine (administered as desvenlafaxine succinate) in major depressive disorder (MDD).MethodsIn this multicenter, open-label study, adult outpatients with MDD aged 18–75 were treated with flexible doses of desvenlafaxine (200–400 mg/d) for ≤ 1 year. Safety assessments included monitoring of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), patient discontinuations due to adverse events, electrocardiograms, vital signs, and laboratory determinations. The primary efficacy measure was mean change from baseline in the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression [HAM-D(17)] total score.ResultsThe mean daily desvenlafaxine dose range over the duration of the trial was 267–356 mg (after titration). The most frequent TEAEs in the safety population (n = 104) were nausea (52%) and headache (41%), dizziness (31%), insomnia (29%), and dry mouth (27%). All TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity. Thirty-four (33%) patients discontinued from the study because of TEAEs; nausea (12%) and dizziness (9%) were the most frequently cited reasons. The mean change in HAM-D(17) total score for the intent-to-treat population (n = 99) was −9.9 at the last on-therapy visit in the last-observation-carried-forward analysis and −14.0 at month 12 in the observed cases analysis.ConclusionHigh-dose desvenlafaxine (200–400 mg/d) was generally safe and effective in the long-term treatment of MDD.
Serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism, or plasma catecholamine metabolites, and response to mirtazapine in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder (MDD)
Authors: Katsuki Asuka , Yoshimura Reiji , Kishi Taro , Hori Hikaru , Umene-Nakano Wakako , Ikenouchi-Sugita Atsuko , Hayashi Kenji , Atake Kiyokazu , Iwata Nakao , Nakamura Jun 
Published: August 2012

ObjectWe investigated an association between the polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene Val66Met and the response to mirtazapine in Japanese patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). We also examined mirtazapine's effects on the serum BDNF and plasma levels of catecholamine metabolites in these patients.MethodsEighty-four patients who met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for MDD were treated with only mirtazapine for 4 weeks. The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism was detected by direct sequencing in the region, and serum BDNF levels and plasma levels of catecholamine metabolites were measured by ELISA and HPLC-ECD, respectively.ResultsMirtazapine treatment for 4 weeks significantly increased serum BDNF levels in the responders, whereas nonresponders showed significant decreases. No association was found between either of the two genotypes (Val/Val vs. Met-carriers) and the response to mirtazapine at T4 or the serum BDNF levels at T0. Mirtazapine did not alter the plasma levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) or 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG).DiscussionThe dynamics of serum BDNF levels, but not plasma levels of HVA and MHPG, reflect the response to mirtazapine treatment; the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in patients with depression is, however, associated with neither a particular response to mirtazapine treatment nor baseline serum BDNF levels.ConclusionSerum BDNF levels, but not plasma levels of HVA or MHPG, and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism are related to the mirtazapine response in MDD.
Dynamic allocation decisions in the presence of funding ratio constraints
Authors: MARTELLINI LIONEL , MILHAU VINCENT 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper introduces a continuous-time allocation model for an investor facing stochastic liability commitments indexed with respect to inflation. In the presence of funding ratio constraints, the optimal policy is shown to involve dynamic allocation strategies that are reminiscent of portfolio insurance strategies, extended to an asset–liability management (ALM) context. Empirical tests suggest that their benefits are relatively robust with respect to changes in the objective function and the introduction of various forms of market incompleteness. We also show that the introduction of maximum funding ratio targets would allow pension funds to decrease the cost of downside liability risk protection.