bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements from digital scanned projection radiographs: couch detail and detector artefact removal by simple image enhancement
Authors: Moore C. J. 
Published: July 2009

Over the past few years several hundred patients who have undergone intracavitary radiotherapy by remote afterloading techniques have had CT scans and digital scan projection radiographs (DSPRs) taken after the insertion of the applicators (Wilkinson et al, 1983). The prime purpose of these investigations was to study the dose distributions achieved in the pelvis by these techniques. More recently a retrospective study of these data has been initiated to quantify variations in patient anatomy and variations in position of the applicators within the pelvis, and measurements are being made from the DSPRs which were taken in both antero-posterior (AP) and lateral directions. Whilst the AP image is usually of good quality, with both anatomical detail and applicator positioning easily appreciated, the lateral view is often very difficult for clinicians to interpret.
Two major obstacles interfere with ready identification of selected anatomical points that can be used as references. First, because of varying thicknesses of patient tissue in the lateral view, there is a high degree of background variation in pixel gray level across the image. This makes it impossible to view much of the image at any one window level or width. Second, couch detail produces confusing vertical striping that seriously obscures spinal anatomy useful for reference locations (Fig. 1). These further compoundwith vertical detector artefacts produced by detector gain inconsistencies.
Bone scintigraphy in two siblings with pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis
Authors: Garty I. , Giladi N. , Flatau E. 
Published: July 2009

Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis (PAM), is a rare disorder of unknown aetiology, characterised by the formation of tiny calcium phosphate calculi in the pulmonary alveoli (Prakash et al, 1983). About 50% of the cases are familial, mainly in siblings (Sosman et al, 1957) and the disease is usually diagnosed incidentally by the characteristic chest X-ray findings. Patients generally remain asymptomatic for many years, but most eventually develop restrictive lung disease and a few die as a result of severe hypoxaemia and cor pulmonale (Prakash et al, 1983; Sosman et al, 1957).
The typical radionuclide appearance of PAM, using 99Tcm-MDP scintigraphy of chest, has been described only twice (Brown et al, 1978; Shigeno et al, 1982). This is the first description of the typical scintigraphic pattern of PAM in two siblings, one of them asymptomatic. The use of radiography in conjunction with scintigraphy for the early diagnosis of PAM in asymptomatic relatives of patients with PAM, is suggested.
Concentric enlargement of the optic canal due to metastatic carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Butler P. , Metcalfe R. A. 
Published: July 2009

Metastatic disease from a distant primary tumour may involve the optic canal by erosion of the adjacent sphenoid bone but, to our knowledge, it has not been associated with concentric enlargement of the optic canal as the sole abnormality on plain skull radiography (Kieffer, 1971; Lloyd, 1975; Du Boulay, 1980). We report such an occurrence in a patient with carcinoma of the breast.
A 37-year-old woman presented, in July 1984, with a 12 months' history of progressive visual failure affecting the right eye. Initially she was noted to have loss of colour appreciation only but this was followed by a gradual loss of visual acuity with minor discomfort behind the eye on movement.
In 1977 she had undergone a right mastectomy for adenocarcinoma and in 1978 a left mastectomy for a separate primary carcinoma.
Detection of coronary artery bypass graft patency as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Jenkins J. P. R. , Love H. G. , Foster C. J. , Isherwood I. , Rowlands D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In a study of 22 patients with 60 coronary artery bypass grafts, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correctly assessed graft patency or occlusion in 90% of cases when compared with selective coronary graft angiography and computed tomography. It is concluded that MRI can detect a normally functioning coronary artery bypass graft and could be used as a non-invasive technique to assess graft patency in patients presenting with post-operative angina.
A quantitative analysis of the spatial relationships of grouped microcalcifications demonstrated on xeromammography in benign and malignant breast disease
Authors: Hansell David M. , Cooke Julie C. , Parsons Colin A. , Evans Stephen H. , Dance David R. , Bliss Judith M. , llesley Ian 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The mammograms of 444 patients who had a breast biopsy leading to a definitive histological diagnosis were reviewed. In 21 cases (4.7%) grouped microcalcifications were identified as the only mammographic abnormality. These groups of microcalcifications were analysed to determine whether there was any quantitative difference between benign and malignant lesions with respect to a shape parameter of the group, the spatial frequency of the particles and neighbour-to-neighbour relationships of the particles. This analysis did not reveal any significant difference between the spatial relationships of the grouped microcalcifications found in benign and malignant breast disease.
Magnetic resonance imaging of renal transplants: initial experience
Authors: McCreath G. T. , McMillan N. , Patterson J. , Brown M. W. , Condon B. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in 45 renal transplant investigations (38 patients) using a Picker 0.15 T resistive system and a localized surface coil. An attempt was made to define optimal sequences in the evaluation of both normal and pathological transplants. Three sequences were found to be of value; a T 1 weighted sequence (IR2180/700/40) to assess corticomedullary differentiation and its loss in acute rejection and acute tubular necrosis, a T 2 weighted sequence (SE2000/80) for assessment of renal vessels and disturbances in blood supply, and a STIR (short tau inversion recovery) sequence (IR800/100/40)to define further the distended collecting system in obstruction and the presence of any perirenal collection. Encouraging results have been obtained, particularly in cases of acute rejection. It is suggested that the MRI scan is a useful screening test in cases of clinical doubt and may even obviate biopsy in some cases.
Estimated radiation doses to different organs among patients treated for ankylosing spondylitis with a single course of X rays
Authors: Lewis C. A. , Smith P. G. , Stratton I. M. , Darby S. C. , Doll R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A follow-up study of over 14000 patients treated with a single course of X rays for ankylosing spondylitis demonstrated a substantial excess risk of developing cancer. Previously the excess risk of leukaemia has been related to the estimated mean radiation dose to the active bone marrow but detailed estimates were not made of the radiation doses to other organs. In the present work, data extracted from the original treatment records of a random sample of one in 15 patients have been used to make dose estimates, using Monte Carlo methods, for 30 specific organs or regions of the body and 12 bone marrow sites. Estimates of the mean and median organ doses, standard deviations and ranges have been tabulated. Detailed distributions are presented for six organs (lung, bronchi, stomach, oesophagus, active bone marrow and total body). Comparison with the earlier bone marrow estimates and more recent theoretical estimates shows good agreement.
The dry tap
Authors: Boxer D. I. 
Published: July 2009

A 39-year-old man was admitted for investigation of discomfort in the left side of the chest. This had started 2 years previously, and it was intermittent and associated with non-specific “flu-like” symptoms. He was a healthy, generally fit building-site manager, married with three children. His only past medical history was a car accident 19 years previously in which he had suffered a fractured clavicle, fractured ribs and crush fractures of the cervical spine which required surgical fusion.
He had been previously investigated for the same symptoms at another hospital where a diagnosis of pneumonia with partial collapse of the left lower lobe with an effusion had been made. A number of thoracenteses had failed to produce fluid and a bronchoscopy was reported as normal.
A double-blind study comparing the efficiency, tolerance and renal effects of iopromide and iopamidol
Authors: Kennedy C. , Rickards D. , Lee S. , Sharp M. Buckley , Dawson P. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A randomized double-blind, group comparative study was carried out to investigate the diagnostic efficiency and side-effect profiles, with particular reference to renal tolerance, of iopamidol and a newer non-ionic contrast medium iopromide, when used in excretory urography. The trial demonstrated that, in a population of 137 patients undergoing excretory urography and being investigated from baseline up to 2 weeks after the administration of the contrast medium, there were no significant adverse effects on the indicators currently thought to reflect renal function. The efficiency of the two contrast agents proved to be very similar and the radiographic quality of opacification was adequate in nearly every case.
An analysis of referrals for primary diagnostic abdominal ultrasound to a general X-ray department
Authors: Colquhoun I. R. , Saywell W. R. , Dewbury K. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Abnormalities were found in 30%of examinations. Comparison of outpatient and family practitioner referrals in cases of suspected gallstones (24%:27%) indicated the value of GP access. There was also evidence, in the absence of a dilated common bile duct, that there was little value in extending the examination of the gallbladder. In post-cholecystectomy syndrome, endoscopic retrograde cholangiography is shown to be the investigation of choice. Abnormalities revealed in lower abdomen examinations were related only to pelvic organs and in this group examination should therefore be confined to this area. Pick-up rates of 15%were found in patients with left upper quadrant pain and a number of miscellaneous conditions. There is a marked increase in positive findings in the presence of a palpable mass.
Zinc fume fever
Authors: Brown J. J. Langham 
Published: July 2009

Zinc fume fever is an acute occupational illness resulting from the inhalation of ultrafine zinc oxide particles produced in industrial galvanizing processes. The symptoms include cough, dyspnoea, pyrexia, arthralgia and a metallic taste, and resemble those of a viral illness (Mueller & Seger, 1985).
The condition is well described in occupational health texts, but a search has revealed little reference to zinc fume fever in the radiological literature. Fraser and Paré (1978) describe the chest radiograph in zinc fume fever as being either normal or showing slight prominence of the bronchovascular markings. The case presented here showed striking changes on the chest radiograph.
A fit 41-year-old man had begun work 3 weeks previously in a commercial shipyard as a zinc sprayer. In this process, zinc wire is melted in an oxygen/propane flame and sprayed by compressed air onto steel surfaces to provide a protective finish.
Soon after beginning this work, he had an episode of headache, dyspnoea andarthralgia commencing 1 h after a period of spraying and lasting 48 h. A similar episode lasting 24 h occurred 1 week later. Some of his colleagues atwork experienced similar symptoms.
On the day of admission he had been zinc spraying for a 6 h shift and had not worn a protective mask for the full period. Some hours after finishing work, he consulted his GP complaining of aches and pains, dyspnoea, a dry cough, lethargy and a metallic taste.
Metastatic tumours detected as cold nodules on the thyroid scan
Authors: Vorne M. , Järvi K. 
Published: July 2009

Although metastasis to the thyroid is not uncommon, metastatic tumours in the thyroid, masquerading as a primary cancer, are infrequent and it is rare for a metastasis to be manifest as a clinically evident thyroid mass (Meissner, 1971; Ram, 1981; Mailander & Graves, 1985; Lester et al, 1986). There are few reports of metastases detected as “cold” nodules on thyroid scans (Ram, 1981; Mailander & Graves, 1985; Lester et al, 1986).
During a 10-year period from 1977 to 1986, 66 thyroid malignancies were imaged with99Tcm-pertechnetate in our hospital. Three of them were metastases from carcinomas elsewhere, detected as cold nodules on the thyroid scan. These cases are now presented.
Is there an accessory sphincter of the cervical oesophagus?
Authors: Ekberg Olle , Borgström Pia , Lindgren Sven 
Published: July 2009

The transition between the pharynx proper and cervical oesophagus, the pharyngo-oesophageal segment, has received considerable attention. It corresponds roughly to the upper oesophageal sphincter and has specific anatomic and physiological functions pertinent to swallowing, respiration and posture (Bosma, 1957). With the aid of cineradiography or video techniques, it is possible to distinguish several different morphological and functional characteristics and abnormalities within this segment resulting in a more precise knowledge of its nature. Within this region, there are several well defined functional and morphodynamic abnormalities,e.g., Zenker diverticula, Kilian-Jamieson diverticula as well as cricopharyngeal incoordination, to the understanding of which radiology has contributed greatly.
The purpose of this report is to describe a new radiological finding, namely, a circumscribed transient circular narrowing within the cervical oesophagus, in patients with dysphagia.
A transient narrowing in the cervical oesophagus was seen in seven dysphagic patients, five women and two men, aged 55–74 years. Four of the patients had undergone cricopharyngeal myotomy; in one of these, the myotomy was part of surgical correction of a Zenker diverticulum. One patient had had surgery and radiotherapy for thyroid carcinoma.
The radiological observations of the pharyngo-oesophageal segment and cervical oesophagus were compared with studies of 150 non-dysphagic volunteers: 79 men, 71 women, aged 20–82 years (mean, 52 years). These examinations were approved by the Ethical Committee of the University of Lund and Malmö General Hospital on December 13, 1979 (ref. no. 144/79).
Ultrasound diagnosis of Ascaris lumbricoides in the pancreatic duct: the “four-lines” sign
Authors: Price J. , Leung J. W. C. 
Published: July 2009

Ascariasis is a common human intestinal infestation, occurring throughout the world. Biliary colic, cholangitis and pancreatitis may follow migration of worms into the biliary tract. We report a case of acute pancreatitis in which an ascaris worm in the pancreatic duct was diagnosed on the characteristic ultrasonographic appearances.
A 64-year-old Chinese lady presented several hours after a sudden onset of severe epigastric and right upper quadrant pain. There was no history of any previous similar episodes. On examination she had a pyrexia of 37.6°C and mild upper abdominal tenderness. Laboratory investigations showed a serum amylase elevated to 1640 U/l (normal range 44–128 U/l). Serum alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin were marginally raised. A diagnosis of acute pancreatitis was made, which showed clinical and biochemical improvement with conservative management over the next 5 days. Ultrasound examination was then performed on an Aloka 280 real-time unit using a 5 MHz linear-array probe.
Book reviews
Authors: Shepstone B. J. 
Published: July 2009

This 246-page volume is one of the latest in what is now an established series in the style of the other well known “Clinics”. The 13 chapters cover virtually every current topic dealing with the use of nuclear medicine techniques in oncology.
The two guest editors (themselves well known exponents of the art of nuclear medicine) have collected a formidable array of 23 authors, drawn largely from the USA and the UK. However, it is sometimes difficult to decide whether many hands make light work or too many cooks spoil the broth. Certainly, the stamp of authority of each author is evident but there is, inevitably, also some overlap and the temptation for one or two to ride their research bandwaggons.
A comparative study of magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography-assisted myelography in spinal dysraphism
Authors: Jaspan T. , Worthington B. S. , Holland I. M. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Thirty-seven patients with a wide spectrum of spinal dysraphic lesions were studied by both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and myelography complemented by computed tomography (CT). Magnetic resonance imaging proved to be superior for tissue characterization, overall anatomical definition, topographical relationships of the cranio-cervical junction and demonstration of the presence and extent of hydrosyringomyelia. Demonstration by CT myelography of fine neural structures such as the filum terminale and nerve roots remains the superior technique; however, with constantly improving spatial resolution and thinner-slice imaging, MRI will become increasingly competitive in this respect. The osseous component of these lesions was best demonstrated by CT myelography. A high incidence of associated syrinx (8/15 cases) was found in the diastematomyelia group, with an overall incidence of 15 cases in all the dysraphic patients studied. The use of both T 1 and T 2-weighted sequences is required for tissue characterization. Whilst both imaging modalities proved complementary in the investigation of spinal dysraphism, we suggest that, with its superior tissue characterization and anatomical display of these lesions, MRI should be the primary imaging technique. Avoidance of an invasive procedure and use of ionizing radiation confers additional benefits upon MRI. The relative ease and shorter examination time of MRI makes this technique ideal for pre- and post-operative monitoring and assessment.
The measured height of the lumbosacral disc in patients with and without transitional vertebrae
Authors: Nicholson A. A. , Roberts G. M. , Williams L. A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
In the presence of transitional lumbosacral segmentation, the lumbosacral intervertebral disc is significantly narrower than its counterpart in non-transitional spines. Even in spines with no transitional features, the lumbosacral disc is significantly narrower than discs at higher levels. This narrowing does not imply disc degeneration.
The value of thoracic computed tomography in the detection of recurrent Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Heron Christine W. , Husband Janet E. , Williams Michael P. , Cherryman Graham R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Fifty chest radiographs and concurrent thoracic computed tomography (CT) scans obtained in a total of 44 patients with 50 separate episodes of suspected recurrent Hodgkin's disease were reviewed. Recurrent disease was present in 18 episodes, involving the mediastinum in 12, the lung parenchyma in five and both mediastinum and lung parenchyma in one.
In four episodes, mediastinal recurrence was demonstrated on both the chest radiograph and CT scan. In a further two cases, the chest radiograph appeared normal but CT detected recurrence in the mediastinum. In 20 cases, the mediastinal appearances on chest radiography were suspicious but not diagnostic of recurrence, usually because of previous radiotherapy resulting in residual mediastinal widening. Computed tomography diagnosed recurrent disease which was subsequently proven in seven of these cases. Recurrent disease was suggested by CT in a further case, subsequently shown to be radiation fibrosis. Of the 12 remaining chest radiographs in which the mediastinal assessment was indeterminate, CT was true negative for recurrent disease in 10 cases and was also indeterminate in two. Recurrent disease in the lung parenchyma was demonstrated on the chest radiograph and CT scan on five occasions. There was one incident in which the chest radiograph was normal but CT detected recurrent parenchymal disease. The appearances of the lung parenchyma were indeterminate for recurrent disease on three chest radiographs but CT was helpful in only one case in which radiation change alone was diagnosed. In eight cases the diagnosis of recurrent disease by CT resulted in a decision to initiate treatment. Computed tomography is of value in detecting relapse in patients with suspected recurrent Hodgkin's disease when the chest radiograph is inconclusive, and may enable differentiation of radiation change from recurrent disease in the mediastinum.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the mini-pig heart: the effect of gadolinium-DTPA on normal myocardium
Authors: Williams C. T. , Stack J. P. , Loveday B. , Watson Y. , Isherwood I. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The effect of gadolinium-diethylene-triamine-penta-acetic acid (Gd-DTPA) on normal, mini-pig myocardium was investigated with magnetic resonance imaging. Results indicate that intravenous administration of Gd-DTPA produces a significant enhancement of mini-pig myocardial signal intensity, which in all cases was maintained in excess of 50 min. No significant enhancement was demonstrated in skeletal muscle.
Experimental derivation of β for high-energy photons
Authors: Sibata C. H. , Paliwal B. R. , Attix F. H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The absorbed dose in a medium for a given beam of megavoltage photons is related to the collision kerma by the energy dependent parameter β. Some theoretical methods of estimating and calculating β have been proposed in the past. The majority of the methods take into account only Compton interactions, with just one method taking into account the beam spectrum, coherent and incoherent scattering and pair production effects. Experimentally measured data, on the other hand, implicitly include appropriate contributions of all these processes. Experimentally derived β values are tabulated and the rationale for their measurement is discussed. The β value for a low-Z ion chamber calibration in free space with a 60Co γ-ray beam is 1.002. The dependence of β on several factors such as energy, field size, phantom material and depth has been studied.
The appearances on ultrasound of the female urethral sphincter
Authors: de Gonzalez E. Leonor , Cosgrove D. O. , Joseph A. E. , Murch C. , Naik Kamini 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A rounded or ovoid midline structure with mean measurements of 1·30 cm × 1·33 cm × 0·96 cm in longitudinal, transverse and antero-posterior dimensions was routinely imaged at the bladder base in 97 female patients on pelvic ultrasound examination. Its position and appearance are reminiscent of a smaller version of the male prostate, and it has been dubbed the “female pseudoprostate”. It appears to correspond with the external rhabdo-sphincter of the bladder. Its rounded shape may be confusing but it should not be misread as pathological.