bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Related Gastrointestinal Pathology: A Southern Africa Perspective With Review of the Literature (Part 1: Infections)
Authors: Slavik Tomas 
Published: February 2012

Context.—Human immunodeficiency virus infection is rife in sub-Saharan Africa and in southern Africa in particular. Despite the increasing availability of antiretroviral therapy in this region, opportunistic infections remain common and frequently involve the gastrointestinal tract.Objective.—To review the histopathologic findings and distinguishing features of human immunodeficiency virus–associated gastrointestinal infections in southern Africa and relate those findings to the documented international literature.Data Sources.—The available literature on this topic was reviewed and supplemented with personal experience in a private histopathology practice in South Africa.Conclusions.—In southern Africa, the range of gastrointestinal, opportunistic infectious pathology in human immunodeficiency virus afflicted patients is diverse and includes viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections. This infectious pathology is sometimes a manifestation of systemic disease. In profoundly immunocompromised patients, unusual histologic features, involvement of uncommon gastrointestinal tract sites, and more than one pathogen may be seen.
Preparation and Use of Polystyryl‐DABCOF2: An Efficient Recoverable and Reusable Catalyst for β‐Azidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones in Water
Authors: Angelini Tommaso , Lanari Daniela , Maggi Raimondo , Pizzo Ferdinando , Sartori Giovanni , Vaccaro Luigi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNovel solid fluorides were prepared to optimize the β‐azidation of α,β‐unsaturated ketones. The higher loading of these catalysts compared to that of commercially available fluorides has allowed the use of a smaller mass of catalyst helping the mixing of the reaction mixture. Porous polymeric supports have proved to be more efficient in the presence of water as reaction medium. Water has played a crucial role showing a beneficial effect on the reactivity by improving dispersion of the reaction mixture and also by avoiding organic fouling caused by the retention of the reaction mixture within the polymeric matrix. This has facilitated the recovery of the products from the catalyst. The protocol reported has allowed a significant reduction in the organic solvent required for the complete recovery of the pure product whilst leaving the catalyst clean and reusable. E‐factors are in the range of 5.9–10.5 and therefore ca. 3 times smaller than previous procedures operating under solvent‐free conditions. To further improve the efficiency of our approach we have developed a protocol operating in a continuous‐flow manner that has allowed us to achieve an E‐factor of 1.7–1.9, with a reduction of ca. 80% of the corresponding batch conditions. The continuous‐flow protocol has allowed us to minimize the use of trimethylsilyl azide making the recovery and reuse of water and catalyst 5f very efficient and simple. Finally, a novel reduction system using palladium on alumina (5 mol%) and equimolar amount of formic acid has been used in the presence of 1 equivalent of di‐tert‐butyl pyrocarbonate to set a multistep protocol operating in continuous‐flow conditions for the preparation of two representative N‐Boc‐β‐amino ketones starting from the corresponding enones with E‐factors of 3.2 and 2.7, respectively.
Iron‐Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective Reduction of Aromatic Ketones with Chiral P2N4‐Type Macrocycles
Authors: Yu Shenluan , Shen Weiyi , Li Yanyun , Dong Zhenrong , Xu Yaqing , Li Qi , Zhang Juanni , Gao Jingxing 
Published: February 2012

AbstractNovel P2N4‐donors containing chiral 22‐membered macrocyclic ligands have been synthesized and the structures have been determined by an X‐ray diffraction study. The catalytic systems in situ generated from triiron dodecarbonyl, Fe3(CO)12, and the chiral macrocyclic ligand exhibited high activity (TOF up to 1940 h−1) and excellent enantioselectivity with up to 99% ee in the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various aromatic ketones.
Procedural pain and brain development in premature newborns
Authors: Brummelte Susanne , Grunau Ruth E. , Chau Vann , Poskitt Kenneth J. , Brant Rollin , Vinall Jillian , Gover Ayala , Synnes Anne R. , Miller Steven P. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjective:Preterm infants are exposed to multiple painful procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) during a period of rapid brain development. Our aim was to examine relationships between procedural pain in the NICU and early brain development in very preterm infants.Methods:Infants born very preterm (N = 86; 24–32 weeks gestational age) were followed prospectively from birth, and studied with magnetic resonance imaging, 3‐dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging: scan 1 early in life (median, 32.1 weeks) and scan 2 at term‐equivalent age (median, 40 weeks). We calculated N‐acetylaspartate to choline ratios (NAA/choline), lactate to choline ratios, average diffusivity, and white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) from up to 7 white and 4 subcortical gray matter regions of interest. Procedural pain was quantified as the number of skin‐breaking events from birth to term or scan 2. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equation modeling adjusting for clinical confounders such as illness severity, morphine exposure, brain injury, and surgery.Results:After comprehensively adjusting for multiple clinical factors, greater neonatal procedural pain was associated with reduced white matter FA (β = −0.0002, p = 0.028) and reduced subcortical gray matter NAA/choline (β = −0.0006, p = 0.004). Reduced FA was predicted by early pain (before scan 1), whereas lower NAA/choline was predicted by pain exposure throughout the neonatal course, suggesting a primary and early effect on subcortical structures with secondary white matter changes.Interpretation:Early procedural pain in very preterm infants may contribute to impaired brain development. ANN NEUROL 2012;
Synthesis and characterization of novel aromatic poly(ester amide)s containing pendant trifluoromethylphenoxy groups
Authors: Liu Yong‐Jun , Pei Xue‐Liang , Sheng Shou‐Ri , Yang Fang , Liu Xiao‐Ling , Song Cai‐Sheng 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA new diamine monomer, 1,4‐bis(4‐aminophenoxycarbonyl)‐2‐(4‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)benzene containing the trifluoromethyl and ester groups, was prepared from 2‐(4‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)terephthalyol chloride and 4‐nitrophenol in two steps. Then, a series of novel aromatic poly(ester amide)s containing pendant trifluoromethylphenoxy groups with inherent viscosities of 0.51–1.14 dL/g have been prepared by low‐temperature solution polycondensation from this diamine with various aromatic diacid chlorides. All the poly(ester amide)s are amorphous and readily soluble in many organic solvents such as N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAC) and dimethyl sulfoxide. Tough and flexible polymer films cast from DMAc solutions have tensile strengths of 89–114 MPa, elongations at break of 5.8–8.8%, and initial moduli of 2.2–3.2 GPa. These poly(ester amide)s show glass transition temperatures between 166 and 256°C, 10% weight loss temperatures ranging from 395 to 445°C, and char yields higher of 46–56% at 800°C in nitrogen, and also exhibit low dielectric constants ranging from 3.31 to 3.52 (1 MHz), and high transparency with an ultraviolet–visible absorption cut‐off wavelength in the 362–380 nm range. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Mechanism of Lithium Storage in MoS2 and the Feasibility of Using Li2S/Mo Nanocomposites as Cathode Materials for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Fang Xiangpeng , Guo Xianwei , Mao Ya , Hua Chunxiu , Shen Lanyao , Hu Yongsheng , Wang Zhaoxiang , Wu Feng , Chen Liquan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe most‐popular strategy to improve the cycling stability and rate performance of the sulfur electrode in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is to astrict the sulfur in a conducting medium by using complicated chemical/physical processing. Lithium sulfide (Li2S) has been proposed as an alternative electrode material to sulfur. However, for its application, it must meet challenges such as high instability in air together with all of the drawbacks of a sulfur–containing electrode. Herein, we report the feasibility of using Li2S, which was obtained by electrochemical conversion of commercial molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) into Li2S and metallic molybdenium (Mo) at low voltages, as a high‐performance active material in Li–S batteries. Metallic Mo prevented the dissolution of lithium polysulfides into the electrolyte and enhanced the conductivity of the sulfide electrode. Therefore, the in situ electrochemically prepared Li2S/Mo composite exhibited both high cycling stability and high sulfur utilization.
Metabolism and excretion studies of oral administered naringin, a putative antitussive, in rats and dogs
Authors: Liu Menghua , Zou Wei , Yang Cuiping , Peng Wei , Su Weiwei 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTNaringin, a major active flavonone glycoside from a traditional Chinese medicine Huajuhong, has been demonstrated to have activities such as peripheral antitussive, mucoregulator and anti‐inflammatory. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the metabolism and mass balance of orally administered naringin in rats and dogs. After oral administration of naringin to rats and dogs at doses of 42 mg/kg and 12.4 mg/kg, respectively, metabolites in excreta were identified using a LC‐Q‐TOF system. The major metabolites including naringin, total naringenin (including free naringenin and its conjugates) and 4‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acid in excreta were quantified by a LC‐MS/MS system. Twenty‐two metabolites were identified in dogs and 17 metabolites were detected in rats. The observed routes of naringin metabolism were hydroxylation, methylation, acetylation, hydrogenation, deglycosylation, dehydrogenation, glucuronidation, sulfation, glucosylation, ring‐fission, oxidation, glycine conjugation and dehydroxylation. On the basis of these identified metabolites, a comprehensive metabolic pathway of naringin was proposed. About 21% of administered naringin was recovered in rat excreta in the form of naringin, total naringenin and 4‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acid, and about 60% was recovered in dog excreta. The levels of 4‐hydroxyphenylpropionic acid in excreta were higher than those of naringin and total naringenin, and the quantified metabolites were excreted more through feces, rather than urine. Most of these metabolites were excreted within 36 h post dose. The results of metabolism and excretion studies provide an explanation for future pharmacological and toxicological findings and are the groundwork for clinical studies. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectrum of congenital anomalies in pregnancies with pregestational diabetes
Authors: Garne Ester , Loane Maria , Dolk Helen , Barisic Ingeborg , Addor Marie‐Claude , Arriola Larraitz , Bakker Marian , Calzolari Elisa , Matias Dias Carlos , Doray Berenice , Gatt Miriam , Melve Kari Klyungsoyr , Nelen Vera , O'Mahony Mary , Pierini Anna , Randrianaivo‐Ranjatoelina Hanitra , Rankin Judith , Rissmann Anke , Tucker David , Verellun‐Dumoulin Christine , Wiesel Awi 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDMaternal pregestational diabetes is a well‐known risk factor for congenital anomalies. This study analyses the spectrum of congenital anomalies associated with maternal diabetes using data from a large European database for the population‐based surveillance of congenital anomalies.METHODSData from 18 population‐based EUROCAT registries of congenital anomalies in 1990‐2005. All malformed cases occurring to mothers with pregestational diabetes (diabetes cases) were compared to all malformed cases in the same registry areas to mothers without diabetes (non‐diabetes cases).RESULTSThere were 669 diabetes cases and 92,976 non diabetes cases. Odds ratios in diabetes pregnancies relative to non‐diabetes pregnancies comparing each EUROCAT subgroup to all other non‐chromosomal anomalies combined showed significantly increased odds ratios for neural tube defects (anencephaly and encephalocele, but not spina bifida) and several subgroups of congenital heart defects. Other subgroups with significantly increased odds ratios were anotia, omphalocele and bilateral renal agenesis. Frequency of hip dislocation was significantly lower among diabetes (odds ratio 0.15, 95% CI 0.05–0.39) than non‐diabetes cases. Multiple congenital anomalies were present in 13.6 % of diabetes cases and 6.1 % of non‐diabetes cases. The odds ratio for caudal regression sequence was very high (26.40,95% CI 8.98–77.64), but only 17% of all caudal regression cases resulted from a pregnancy with pregestational diabetes.CONCLUSIONSThe increased risk of congenital anomalies in pregnancies with pregestational diabetes is related to specific non‐chromosomal congenital anomalies and multiple congenital anomalies and not a general increased risk. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of soccer matches on neutrophil and lymphocyte functions in female university soccer players
Authors: Tsubakihara Tetsuya , Umeda Takashi , Takahashi Ippei , Matsuzaka Masashi , Iwane Kaori , Tanaka Mitsuhiro , Matsuda Motoko , Oyamada Kazuyuki , Aruga Reiko , Nakaji Shigeyuki 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTIn this study, changes in physical fatigue and biological functions of Japanese female soccer players were investigated by determining changes in neutrophil and lymphocyte functions. Study subjects included 18 female soccer players. Body composition, serum myogenic enzymes, neutrophil function, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capability, phagocytic activity (PA) and serum opsonic activity, as well as lymphocyte subpopulation were measured before and after a soccer match. Levels of myogenic enzymes (AST, ALT, CK and LDH) and immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA) and complements (C3) increased significantly after the match. In addition, leukocyte, neutrophils and lymphocyte counts increased whereas total PA decreased significantly. The number of T and Th1 cells (subsets of T helper cells) decreased whereas Th2 increased significantly. In addition, the number of B cells increased and NK cells decreased significantly after the match. The match was found to result in degenerative changes in and damage to athlete muscle tissues together with damage‐ and change‐mediated stress. These data also suggest a post‐match accelerated inflammatory reaction and potential immunosuppression as indicated by reductions in neutrophil PA and lymphocyte functions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integration of basic sciences in health's courses
Authors: Azzalis L. A. , Giavarotti L. , Sato S. N. , Barros N. M. T. , Junqueira V. B. C. , Fonseca F. L. A. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractConcepts from disciplines such as Biochemistry, Genetics, Cellular and Molecular Biology are essential to the understanding and treatment of an elevated number of illnesses, but often they are studied separately, with no integration between them. This article proposes a model for basic sciences integration based on problem‐based learning (PBL) and compares failure rate, global final grade, approved student final grade, grade distribution and students' satisfaction with teacher conduction between integrated curriculum and traditional learning in health courses from Anhembi Morumbi University—a private institution from Brazil. Comparison between integrated and traditional curriculum was based on students' records obtained from first‐year health sciences students. A total of 1,697 records from 2005 to 2007 (nonintegrated curriculum) and 785 records from 2008 (integrated curriculum) were selected for this study and they were necessary to get information about students' grades. Moreover, a questionnaire was applied in order to cover student's satisfaction with teacher conduction. The data presented in this study indicated that the integrated curriculum based on PBL was related to an improvement in student's grades and satisfaction compared with traditional teaching. We believe that the effectiveness in health education will be a combination of “classical” presentation of contents associated to actively involved students in the educational process and methodology based on problems in order to create the stimulus for the undergraduates continue to integrate basic and clinical investigation.
Effect of hydrocortisone on the production and glycosylation of an Fc‐fusion protein in CHO cell cultures
Authors: Rouiller Yolande , Périlleux Arnaud , Marsaut Milène , Stettler Matthieu , Vesin Marie‐Noëlle , Broly Hervé 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGlucocorticoids are known to modulate various cellular functions such as cell proliferation, metabolism, glycosylation, and secretion of many proteins. We tested the effect of hydrocortisone (HC) on cell growth, viability, metabolism, protein production, and glycosylation of an Fc‐protein expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture. HC extended cell viability but impaired cell growth. The inhibitory effect on cell growth was dose‐dependent and decreased when the glucocorticoid addition was delayed. When HC was added after 2 or 3 days of culture, an increase in glutamate consumption was observed, which was reversed by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist mifepristone (Mif). Titer and specific productivity increased in the presence of HC. The increase in titer was only slightly reversed by Mif. On the other hand, Mif by itself induced an increase in titer to a level comparable to or higher than HC. Protein glycosylation was altered by the glucocorticoid in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, with a shift to more acidic bands, which correlated with an increase in sialic acid moieties. This increase, which was not linked to a decrease in extracellular sialidase activity in HC‐treated cultures, was reversed by Mif. Predictive models based on design of experiments enabled the definition of optimal conditions for process performance in terms of viability and titer and for the quality of the Fc‐fusion protein in terms of glycosylation. The data obtained suggest a use of glucocorticoids for commercial production of Fc‐fusion proteins expressed in CHO cells. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Verification of a standardized method for inserting intramuscular EMG electrodes into uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius
Authors: Semciw A.I. , Green R.A. , Pizzari T. , Briggs C. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractGuidelines for assessing the function of gluteus minimus and gluteus medius with electromyography (EMG) traditionally offer one electrode placement site per muscle. However, anatomical studies suggest that there are two uniquely oriented segments within gluteus minimus (anterior and posterior), and three within gluteus medius (anterior, middle, and posterior) with potential for independent function. Assessment of these muscles with one electrode may therefore provide only a limited account of their role. Thus, the aim of this cadaveric study was to verify guidelines for placing intramuscular electrodes into two uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus, and three segments of gluteus medius. The guidelines were developed with reference to anatomical reports, cadaveric observation and real‐time ultrasound imaging in vivo. Five cadaveric gluteal regions were marked for intramuscular electrode insertions based on these guidelines. Intramuscular electrodes were inserted into the marked regions of gluteus minimus (2×) and gluteus medius (3×) with the aid of a 15 cm biopsy needle. Systematic dissection revealed that electrodes were successfully inserted into uniquely oriented segments of gluteus minimus and medius. The orientation of fascicles surrounding each electrode was also consistent with segmental descriptions in past anatomical research. The findings of this research suggest that the guidelines described may be used to assess the functional role of segments within gluteus minimus and medius in health and dysfunction using EMG. Finally, electromyographers intent on investigating the role of posterior gluteus minimus must be cautious of the superior gluteal neurovascular bundle. Clin. Anat., 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Formation and Decay of the Dehydrogenated Parent Anion upon Electron Attachment to Dialanine
Authors: Gschliesser David , Vizcaino Violaine , Probst Michael , Scheier Paul , Denifl Stephan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe dehydrogenated parent anion [M−H]− is one of the most dominant anions formed in dissociative electron attachment to various small biomolecules like nucleobases and single amino acids. In the present study, we investigate the [M−H]− channel for the dipeptide dialanine by utilizing an electron monochromator and a two‐sector‐field mass spectrometer. At electron energies below 2 eV, the measured high‐resolution ion‐efficiency curve has a different shape to that for the single amino acid alanine, which is explained by the altered threshold energies for formation of [M−H]− determined in quantum chemical calculations. Moreover, the structure of the formed [M−H]− anion is further studied by investigating the unimolecular and collision‐induced decay of this anion. Trajectory calculations have been carried out to aid the interpretation of the experimentally observed fragmentation patterns.
Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organosilicon Compounds in the Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Retinoids
Authors: Bergueiro Julián , Montenegro Javier , Cambeiro Fermín , Saá Carlos , López Susana 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a full account of the use of Hiyama cross‐coupling reactions in a highly convergent approach to retinoids in which the key step is construction of the central C10C11 bond. Representatives of two families of oxygen‐activated dienyl silanes (ethoxysilanes and silanols) and of all reported families of “safety‐catch” silanols (siletanes, silyl hydrides, allyl‐, benzyl‐, aryl‐, 2‐pyridyl‐ and 2‐thienylsilanes) were regio‐ and stereoselectively prepared and stereospecifically coupled to an appropriate electrophile by treatment with a palladium catalyst and a nucleophilic activator. Both all‐trans and 11‐cis‐retinoids, and their chain‐demethylated analogues, were obtained in good yields regardless of the geometry (E/Z) and of the steric congestion in each fragment. This comprehensive study conclusively establishes the Hiyama cross‐coupling reaction, with its mild reaction conditions and stable, easily prepared, ecologically advantageous silicon‐based coupling partners, as the most effective route to retinoids reported to date.
Heterogeneously Catalyzed Production of Furfural from Xylose
Authors: Forstner Jochen , Unkelbach Gerd , Pindel Elvira , Schweppe Rainer 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDie heterogen katalysierte Dehydratisierung von nachwachsenden C5‐Rohstoffen zu Furfural mit Wasser als einzigem Lösungsmittel wird beschrieben. Furfural kann fossile Verbindungen im großen Maßstab für Polymere, Lösungsmittel, Feinchemikalien und Treibstoffe ablösen. Zur Erreichung dieses Ziels wurden kommerzielle Katalysatoren untersucht und neue Katalysatoren synthetisiert. Die Besonderheit des Prozesses im Gegensatz zu aktuellen Arbeiten liegt im Verzicht auf überkritische Fluide, organische Lösungsmittel, Phasenhilfsmittel und ionische Flüssigkeiten für höhere Produktqualitäten.