bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Soft Cocoa Butter Equivalents on Color and Other Physical Attributes of Chocolate
Authors: Torbica Aleksandra , Pajin Biljana , Omorjan Radovan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe physical characteristics and color of chocolate depend on the physical properties and crystallization behavior of the fat phase. In this study, the fat phase of chocolate samples contains cocoa butter from Ghana and soft cocoa butter equivalent (CBE). The laboratory‐made chocolate samples were tempered at three different precrystallization temperatures (25, 27 and 29 °C), using three different concentrations of CBE (3, 5 and 7%), calculated as percentage of the chocolate. Physical characteristics of chocolate, namely thermoreographic parameters and solid fat content (SFC), were measured. The color of the chocolate was determined instrumentally, before and after thermo‐cycle testing at 32/20 °C. It was found that CBE changed the melting properties of chocolate produced with cocoa butter from Ghana, which is of moderate hardness. It was determined that the optimum precrystallization temperature for chocolate mass with addition of CBE in the given conditions of measurement was 27 °C, the temperature that resulted in the best fat bloom resistance.
Ethnic Differences in Leaving Home: Timing and Pathways
Authors: Zorlu Aslan , Mulder Clara H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe dynamics of leaving home for youth from migrant families in the Netherlands are examined using individual administrative data on the 1977 and 1983 birth cohorts for the period 1999–2004. A competing-risks approach is applied to distinguish leaving home for union formation, to live independently, and to share with others. Migrant youth, and particularly Turkish and Moroccan youth, leave home at a significantly younger age than Dutch youth, given the relevant background variables. This is remarkable, given the older ages at which young people in the origin countries leave the parental home. The result may be seen as evidence of how the potential effects of cultural norms are counter-affected by other factors, such as the facilities of the welfare state and the awkward position of migrant youth between two cultures. Considering the pathways out of home, the analysis largely confirms the expected pattern: Turkish and Moroccan youth leave home more often for union formation and particularly marriage, while this pathway is of minor importance for Dutch youth at early ages.
Surviving OR Computerization
Authors: Beach Myra Jo , Sions Jacqueline A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn 2007, a steering committee at West Virginia University Hospitals, Morgantown, began a three‐year, accelerated design, computer implementation project to institute an automated perioperative record. The process included budgeting, selecting a vendor, designing and building the system, educating perioperative staff members, implementing the system, and re‐evaluating the system for upgrades. Important steps in designing and building the system included mapping patient care and documentation processes, assessing software and hardware needs, and creating a new preference card system and surgical scheduling system. Staff members were educated to use the new computer applications via contests, inservice programs, hands‐on learning modules, and a preimplementation rehearsal. Role‐based security ensures that staff members are granted access to the computer applications they need to perform the work defined by their scope of practice. Planning ensures that the computer system will be maintained and enhanced over time.
Perioperative Pharmacology: Pharmacotherapeutics, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics
Authors: Hernandez Johnanna , Goeckner BradLee , Wanzer Linda 
Published: February 2011

AbstractResults of current research into perioperative medication errors have revealed that more than half of medication errors occur during the administration phase of the medication‐use process. The administration phase is the point at which the medication and the patient intersect and the medication imposes its pharmacological effect. During this phase, the only safety net between the patient and the medication is the health care provider's attention and care when administering the medication. To help mitigate these errors, perioperative nurses must understand pharmacotherapeutics: the use of medications to prevent, treat, cure, or alleviate symptoms of disease. Pharmacotherapeutics incorporates pharmacokinetics (ie, what the body does to a medication after it enters the system) and pharmacodynamics (ie, how a medication acts on the body to achieve a desired therapeutic effect).
Clinical proteomics: Current status, challenges, and future perspectives
Authors: Chiou Shyh‐Horng , Wu Chi‐Yue 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis account will give an overview and evaluation of the current advances in mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics platforms and technology. A general review of some background information concerning the application of these methods in the characterization of molecular sizes and related protein expression profiles associated with different types of cells under varied experimental conditions will be presented. It is intended to provide a concise and succinct overview to those clinical researchers first exposed to this foremost powerful methodology in modern life sciences of postgenomic era. Proteomic characterization using highly sophisticated and expensive instrumentation of MS has been used to characterize biological samples of complex protein mixtures with vastly different protein structure and composition. These systems are then used to highlight the versatility and potential of the MS‐based proteomic strategies for facilitating protein expression analysis of various disease‐related organisms or tissues of interest. Major MS‐based strategies reviewed herein include (1) matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐MS and electron‐spray ionization proteomics; (2) one‐dimensional or two‐dimensional gel‐based proteomics; (3) gel‐free shotgun proteomics in conjunction with liquid chromatography/tandem MS; (4) Multiple reaction monitoring coupled tandem MS quantitative proteomics and; (5) Phosphoproteomics based on immobilized metal affinity chromatography and liquid chromatography‐MS/MS.
By design: James Clerk Maxwell and the evangelical unification of science
Authors: STANLEY MATTHEW 
Published: February 2011

AbstractJames Clerk Maxwell's electromagnetic theory famously unified many of the Victorian laws of physics. This essay argues that Maxwell saw a deep theological significance in the unification of physical laws. He postulated a variation on the design argument that focused on the unity of phenomena rather than Paley's emphasis on complexity. This argument of Maxwell's is shown to be connected to his particular evangelical religious views. His evangelical perspective provided encouragement for him to pursue a unified physics that supplemented his other philosophical, technical and social influences. Maxwell's version of the argument from design is also contrasted with modern ‘intelligent-design’ theory.
Prey sex pheromone as kairomone for a new group of predators (Coleoptera: Dasytidae,Aplocnemusspp.) of pine bast scales
Authors: Branco M. , van Halder I. , Franco J.C. , Constantin R. , Jactel H. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDuring the last decades, an increasing number of predators were found to use specific prey pheromones as chemical cues. Beyond its ecological relevance, this knowledge has practical applications on insect conservation and pest control. In this study, we present first evidence that two species of the family Dasytidae (Coleoptera)Aplocnemus brevisRosenhauer andA. raymondiSainte-Claire Deville use the sex pheromone of the pine bast scaleMatsucoccus feytaudiDucasse (Hemiptera: Matsucoccidae) as kairomone to locate this prey. The feeding habits and biology ofAplocnemusspecies are practically unknown. In the laboratory, the adults ofAplocnemussp. acceptedM. feytaudiegg masses as food source as well as other diets. Females represented more than 90% ofAplocnemussp. attracted to the pheromone lures. We believe that females use this olfactory cue to locate suitable places for oviposition and that larvae are the predators ofMatsucoccus. This study further demonstrates that the response to the kairomone elicited short prey searching times, about 23% of the individuals appeared less than 12 min after lure exposure, being consistent with the hypothesis of prey specialization. Habitat and geographical distribution predict an ancestral association ofA. breviswithM. feytaudiand ofA. raymondiwithM. pini. Nevertheless, a recent prey shift ofA. raymondito the invasiveM. feytaudiin Corsica is in progress.
Application of the law of diminishing returns for partitioning metabolizable energy and crude protein intake between maintenance and growth in growing male and female broiler breeder pullets
Authors: KUHI H. DARMANI , REZAEE F. , FARIDI A. , FRANCE J. , MOTTAGHITALAB M. , KEBREAB E. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYThe suitability of diminishing return functions such as the monomolecular and rectangular hyperbola equations, specifically re-parameterized for analysing energy balance data, has been investigated in ruminants, pigs, broilers and turkeys. In the current study, these equations were applied to a total of six time course profiles with male and female broiler breeder pullets (Ross 308 between 1 and 21 weeks of age, n=63 for each sex) in order to provide estimates for energy and protein requirements for maintenance and growth. Non-linear regression was used to estimate parameters and combine them to determine other biological indicators. All statistical computations were implemented in SAS (SAS 2000) by means of the NLMIXED procedure. The best-performing model was identified based on model behaviour when fitting the data, biologically meaningful parameter estimates and statistical performance. In spite of similarity between the biological indicators calculated for each sex using parameter estimates of the two models, quantitative examination of their predictive ability by error measurement indices showed the monomolecular model was superior. The metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) requirements for maintenance ranged from 365 to 432 kJ/kg live weight (LW)/d and from 4·3 to 4·9 g/kg LW/d, respectively. The average ME and CP utilization ranged from 11·30 to 12·10 kJ/g body weight (BW) gain and from 0·61 to 0·64 g/g CP intake, respectively. The results obtained using the models were within the range reported by different researchers. Utilization of ME and CP for gain was more efficient at low levels of energy and protein intake, and gradually decreased as the level of energy and protein intakes increased. In conclusion, the models described herein were considered advantageous because they could predict the magnitude and direction of the responses of growing broiler breeder pullets to dietary ME and CP intake, which can be used in choosing and developing special feeding programs to decrease production costs.
Rumen-protected choline supplementation in periparturient dairy goats: effects on liver and mammary gland
Authors: BALDI A. , BRUCKMAIER R. , D'AMBROSIO F. , CAMPAGNOLI A. , PECORINI C. , REBUCCI R. , PINOTTI L. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARYThe current study investigated the effects of supplementing rumen-protected choline (RPC) on metabolic profile, selected liver constituents and transcript levels of selected enzymes, transcription factors and nuclear receptors involved in mammary lipid metabolism in dairy goats. Eight healthy lactating goats were studied: four received no choline supplementation (CTR group) and four received 4 g RPC chloride/day (RPC group). The treatment was administered individually starting 4 weeks before expected kidding and continuing for 4 weeks after parturition. In the first month of lactation, milk yield and composition were measured weekly. On days 7, 14, 21 and 27 of lactation, blood samples were collected and analysed for glucose,β-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids and cholesterol. On day 28 of lactation, samples of liver and mammary gland tissue were obtained. Liver tissue was analysed for total lipid and DNA content; mammary tissue was analysed for transcripts of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory binding proteins 1 and 2, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorγand liver X receptorα. Milk yield was very similar in the two groups, but RPC goats had lower (P<0·05) plasmaβ-hydroxybutyrate. The total lipid content of liver was unaffected (P=0·890), but the total lipid/DNA ratio was lower (bothP<0·05) in RPC than CTR animals. Choline had no effect on the expression of the mammary gland transcripts involved in lipid metabolism. The current plasma and liver data indicate that choline has a positive effect on liver lipid metabolism, whereas it appears to have little effect on transcript levels in mammary gland of various proteins involved in lipid metabolism. Nevertheless, the current results were obtained from a limited number of animals, and choline requirement and function in lactating dairy ruminants deserve further investigation.
Ecological and financial impacts of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe
Authors: Lindsey P.A. , Romañach S.S. , Tambling C.J. , Chartier K. , Groom R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractUnder conditions of political instability and economic decline illegal bushmeat hunting has emerged as a serious conservation threat in Zimbabwe. Following settlement of game ranches by subsistence farming communities, wildlife populations have been eradicated over large areas. In several areas still being managed as game ranches illegal hunting is causing further declines of wildlife populations (including threatened species such as the wild dog Lycaon pictus and black rhinoceros Diceros bicornis), threatening the viability of wildlife-based land uses. From August 2001 to July 2009 in Savé Valley Conservancy 10,520 illegal hunting incidents were recorded, 84,396 wire snares removed, 4,148 hunters caught, 2,126 hunting dogs eliminated and at least 6,454 wild animals killed. Estimated future financial losses from illegal hunting in the Conservancy exceed USD 1.1 million year-1. Illegal hunters’ earnings account for 0.31–0.52% of the financial losses that they impose and the bushmeat trade is an inefficient use of wildlife resources. Illegal hunting peaks during the late dry season and is more frequent close to the boundary, near areas resettled during land reform and close to water. Illegal hunting with dogs peaks during moonlight periods. Our study highlights several management and land-use planning steps required to maximize the efficacy of anti-poaching and to reduce the likelihood of high impacts of illegal hunting. Anti-poaching efforts should be aligned with the regular temporal and spatial patterns of illegal hunting. Leases for hunting and tourism concessions should ensure minimum adequate investment by operators in anti-poaching. Reserve designers should minimize the surface area to volume ratio of parks. Fences should not be constructed using wire that can be made into snares. Land reform involving game ranches should integrate communities in wildlife-based land uses and ensure spatial separation between land for wildlife and human settlement. Means are required to create stake-holdings for communities in wildlife and disincentives for illegal hunting.
The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in West Africa: mammals in Gola Forest, Sierra Leone
Authors: Lindsell Jeremy A. , Klop Erik , Siaka Alhaji M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHuman conflicts may sometimes benefit wildlife by depopulating wilderness areas but there is evidence from Africa that the impacts tend to be negative. The forested states of West Africa have experienced much recent human conflict but there have been no assessments of impacts on the wildlife. We conducted surveys of mammals in the 710-km2Gola Forest reserves to assess the impact of the 1991–2001 civil war in Sierra Leone. Gola is the most important remaining tract of lowland forest in the country and a key site for the conservation of the highly threatened forests of the Upper Guinea region. We found that Gola has survived well despite being in the heart of the area occupied by the rebels. We recorded 44 species of larger mammal, including 18 threatened, near-threatened and endemic species, accounting for all species recorded in pre-war surveys and adding several more (African buffaloSyncerus caffer nanusand water chevrotainHyemoschus aquaticus). Populations of primates were healthy with little evidence of decline. Duiker detection rates were low and further work is required to confirm their numbers as they include five species endemic (or near endemic) to the Upper Guinea region, three of which are threatened. However, the population of African forest elephantsLoxodonta cyclotishas collapsed, with only a few individuals remaining from c. 110 in the mid 1980s. We conclude that peacetime pressures from the bushmeat trade, clearance for agriculture, logging and mining are likely to be far greater for Gola than the pressures from the civil war.
Monitoring ungulates in Central Asia: current constraints and future potential
Authors: Singh Navinder J. , Milner-Gulland E.J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAsia’s rangelands and mountains are strongholds for several endemic ungulate species. Little is known about the ecology of these species because of the region’s remoteness and the lack of robust scientific studies. Hunting, habitat modification, increased livestock grazing, disease and development are the major threats to the species. There is an urgent need for better monitoring to identify the size, distribution and dynamics of the populations of these species, and the threats to them, for effective conservation. The feasibility of standard scientific monitoring is greatly influenced by the remoteness of the region, the pre-existing scientific ideology, lack of expertise in the latest monitoring methods and awareness of biases and errors, and low capacity and logistical and financial constraints. We review the existing methods used for monitoring ungulates, identify the practical and institutional challenges to effective monitoring in Central Asia and categorize the methods based on various criteria so that researchers can plan better monitoring studies suited to particular species. We illustrate these issues using examples from several contrasting ungulate species. We recommend that scientific surveys should be complemented by increases in participatory monitoring, involving local people. The future of ungulate monitoring in Central Asia lies in a better recognition of the existing errors and biases in monitoring programmes and methods, allocation of more monitoring effort in terms of manpower, finances and logistics, understanding of robust scientific methods and sampling theory, and changing the scientific culture, as well as a commitment to ensuring that we monitor the things that matter.
Population trend and distribution of the Vulnerable common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius in the Mara Region of Kenya
Authors: Kanga Erustus M. , Ogutu Joseph O. , Olff Han , Santema Peter 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe common hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius can significantly influence the dynamics of ecosystems and engender serious conflicts with people but, in Kenya, one of the species strongholds, it has been little studied or monitored. We surveyed the hippopotamus population in the Masai Mara National Reserve and the adjoining pastoral ranches in 2006 using foot counts along 155.3 km of the main rivers. We counted 4,170 hippopotamuses in 171 schools. Comparisons with earlier surveys suggest that this population increased by 169.6% between 1971 and 1980 within the reserve and, although it did not increase within the reserve during 1980–2006, it increased by 359.4% outside the reserve during this period against a background of deteriorating habitat conditions. The overall density in 2006 was 26.9 hippopotamuses km-1 of river, equivalent to a biomass of 26,677 kg km-1 of river. The ratio of calves to 100 adults was 9:100 inside the reserve, 10:100 outside the reserve and 6:100 along tributaries of the Mara River, implying that the population is either increasing or that its spatial distribution is being compressed because of range contraction. The apparent increase in the hippopotamus population contrasts with marked contemporaneous declines in the populations of most other large mammalian herbivore species in the Reserve. We discuss possible reasons underlying the increase in the hippopotamus population.
Dynamics and underlying causes of illegal bushmeat trade in Zimbabwe
Authors: Lindsey P. A. , Romañach S.S. , Matema S. , Matema C. , Mupamhadzi I. , Muvengwi J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe prevalence and impacts of the illegal trade in bushmeat are under appreciated in Southern Africa, despite indications that it constitutes a serious conservation threat in parts of the region. Bushmeat trade has emerged as a severe threat to wildlife conservation and the viability of wildlife-based land uses in Zimbabwe during a period of political instability and severe economic decline. We conducted a study around Savé Valley Conservancy in the South-East Lowveld of Zimbabwe to investigate the dynamics and underlying causes of the bushmeat trade, with the objective of developing solutions. We found that bushmeat hunting is conducted mainly by unemployed young men to generate cash income, used mostly to purchase food. Bushmeat is mainly sold to people with cash incomes in adjacent communal lands and population centres and is popular by virtue of its affordability and availability. Key drivers of the bushmeat trade in the South-East Lowveld include: poverty, unemployment and food shortages, settlement of wildlife areas by impoverished communities that provided open access to wildlife resources, failure to provide stakes for communities in wildlife-based land uses, absence of affordable protein sources other than illegally sourced bushmeat, inadequate investment in anti-poaching in areas remaining under wildlife management, and weak penal systems that do not provide sufficient deterrents to illegal bushmeat hunters. Each of these underlying causes needs to be addressed for the bushmeat trade to be tackled effectively. However, in the absence of political and economic stability, controlling illegal bushmeat hunting will remain extremely difficult and the future of wildlife-based land uses will remain bleak.
Invasive species and bushmeat hunting contributing to wildlife conservation: the case of feral pigs in a Neotropical wetland
Authors: Jean Desbiez Arnaud Leonard , Keuroghlian Alexine , Piovezan Ubiratan , Bodmer Richard Ernest 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn unusual combination of two major conservation threats, invasive species and bushmeat hunting, has had a positive outcome for wildlife conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. The Pantanal is a wetland and one of the few non-protected areas in the Neotropics where people live but rarely hunt native wildlife. To understand why wildlife hunting is not a major conservation issue in the Pantanal an exploratory survey, semi-structured interviews, skull collection and tooth wear analysis of feral pig Sus scrofa, white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari and collared peccary Pecari tajacu were conducted, and hunting registers distributed, in the central region of the Pantanal. The results showed that feral pigs are the main hunting target. Feral pigs are effectively acting as a replacement species for hunting of native wildlife because the pigs provide a constant, culturally acceptable, readily available and free source of meat and oil to remote ranches. We cannot evaluate, however, if the buffer from hunting that feral pigs provide to native wildlife outweigh this species’ potential negative ecological impacts.