bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gyranusoidea tebygi sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of Rastrococcus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on mango in India
Authors: Noyes J. S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGyranusoidea tebygi sp. n., an encyrtid parasitoid of Rastrococcus on mango in India, is described and compared with related species. The parasitoid is to be introduced into West Africa in an attempt to control the mealybug, which is a serious pest of mango and citrus in some West African countries.
The parthenogenetic midge of water supply systems,Paratanytarsus grimmii(Schneider) (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Langton P. H. , Cranston P. S. , Armitage P. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractChironomid midges have been known to include parthenogenetic species for over a century. One of these species,Paratanytarsus grimmii(Schneider), cited under several different names here shown to be junior synonyms, has attained some notoriety as a pest. Its occurrence as a supposedly paedogenetic (actually pharate adult parthenogenetic) inhabitant of water distribution systems is discussed and related to its more usual occurrence in a variety of small water bodies including aquaria. New synonymy is proposed and a lectotype designated.
A remote sensing method for the estimation of light-trap efficiency
Authors: McGeachie W. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA description is given of the use of a video camera to estimate light-trap efficiency in the field. This camera relies on the extra light sensitivity provided by the Newvicon detector tube to enable insect track discrimination. Recorded insect flight tracks were classified into three distinct categories, new arrivals, passers by and local flights, the numbers of which were compared to the moth catch in a Robinson mercury vapour light-trap. Calculations of efficiency were made using two methods, the best-estimate efficiency, obtained by comparing the new-arrival tracks to the light-trap catch, and the worst-estimate efficiency, obtained by comparing new-arrival tracks plus passer-by tracks to the light-trap catch. Preliminary results indicate that efficiency varies with windspeed but with a maximum of 39%, obtained in virtually calm conditions, suggesting that some aspect of moth behaviour limits trapping efficiency. It is suggested that the speed of migration of screening pigment from the dark-adapted state to the light-adapted state in superposition eyes may have a bearing on the catching mechanism of a light-trap.
Ecology, distribution and host relationships of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting livestock in Mali
Authors: Teel P. D. , Bay D. E. , Ajidagba P. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA survey for ticks on livestock with emphasis on ticks parasitizing cattle was conducted below 16°N lat. in Mali. Seventeen species of ixodid ticks were recovered from cattle, 12 from sheep, five from goat, four from horse, one from donkey and four from camel. Amblyomma variegatum (F.), Boophilus geigyi Aeschlimann & Morel, Hyalomma marginatum rufipes Koch and H. truncatum Koch were widespread, and could each be collected as adults from cattle throughout the year in certain regions. A. variegatum was most numerous from the tropical woodlands to the Sahelo-Sudanian steppe. The prevalence of B. geigyi in Mali confirms an extended distribution of this species in West Africa. B. annulatus (Say) and B. decoloratus (Koch) were prevalent in the inland delta area and in south-western Mali. H. m. rufipes and H. truncatum were most numerous in the Sudanian and Sahelo-Sudanian steppe. H. dromedarii Koch, H. impeltatum Schulze & Schlottke and H. impressum Koch were collected in the steppeland areas. H. nitidum Schulze was collected for the first time in Mali. This comparatively more hydrophilic species was prevalent in the North Guinean forest and Sudano-Guinean vegetation zones. Of eight Rhipicephalus species from livestock, seven were collected from cattle: R. cuspidatus Neumann, R. evertsi evertsi Neumann, R. guilhoni Morel & Vassiliades, R. muhsamae Morel & Vassiliades, R. sanguineus (Latreille), R. senegalensis Koch and R. lunulatus Neumann. R. sulcatus Neumann was obtained only from sheep. The distribution and phytoclimatic associations of these species are discussed.
Population dynamics of the coconut caterpillar, Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae), in Sri Lanka
Authors: Perera P. A. C. R. , Hassell M. P. , Godfray H. C. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOpisina arenosella Walker is a defoliating pest of coconut in Sri Lanka. A first attempt was made to understand its population dynamics. Analysis of records of population outbreaks throughout the country from 1965 to 1985 revealed cycles in the population of approximately one generation period, giving the population the appearance of partially discrete generations. There was also evidence for longer cycles of six-month period. Outbreaks occurred throughout the coconut-growing regions of Sri Lanka, and the numbers of outbreaks per year in different provinces were sometimes correlated, indicating a common, probably climatic, triggering mechanism. Parasitism remained high throughout the outbreaks and there was some evidence that pupal parasitism increased towards the end of an outbreak. A working hypothesis that explains the population dynamics of O. arenosella and the origin of outbreaks is presented.
Migration and dispersal of the Rutherglen bug, Nysius vinitor Bergroth (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), in eastern Australia
Authors: McDonald Garrick , Farrow Roger A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAerial sampling for Nysius vinitor Bergroth was undertaken in the surface and upper air, at altitudes of 2 and 100-300 m, respectively, at Trangie in central New South Wales and at Corny Point, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia. Insects were sampled for 15 periods, each of 3-11 days, between October 1979 and February 1984, covering all months except January, March and May. N. vinitor was one of the most abundant insects caught in the upper air during the day and night (mean density of 652/106 m3), while the congeneric N. clevelandensis Evans was rarely caught at any time. N. vinitor was caught in all months sampled except for the winter months of July and August, and the largest daily catches occurred in September. Females were generally less common than males, although the relative incidence in the upper air catches frequently increased significantly from day to night. Fewer mature females were caught in the upper air (0-16·8%) than at the surface (0-48·4%). Densities were generally much greater in the surface air than in the upper air, although during the major flights of spring, there was less than a two-fold difference, indicating increased migratory activity. Migration occurred in a range of synoptic conditions resulting in the displacement of individuals in a variety of directions and distances depending on synoptic flow at the time of flight. Major migrations occurred at night, following dusk take-off, in disturbed weather associated with prefrontal airflows. These resulted in net southward displacements of ca 200-300 km depending on flight duration. It is suggested that major immigration flights into central-western New South Wales and regions to the south regularly occur in early spring (September-October) and probably arise from breeding areas in subtropical latitudes.
The genusMyndus(Hemiptera: Cixiidae) in the solomon islands and Vanuatu and its relation to foliar decay of coconut palms in Vanuatu
Authors: Wilson M. R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe species of the cixiid genusMyndusoccurring in the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu are reviewed.M. macfarlaneisp. n. is described from Santa Cruz Islands. It is distinguished fromM. mavorsFennah andM. taffiniBonfils, both of which are redescribed and illustrated. All species have been collected from coconut palms, andM. macfarlaneialso from areca palm (Areca catechu).M. taffinihas been previously confirmed as the vector of foliar decay of coconut palms in Vanuatu.
Insect abundance in field beans altered by intercropping
Authors: Tingey Ward M. , Lamont W. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDensities of four herbivorous insect species were compared on field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in monoculture and those grown in relay intercropping with winter wheat. In three years of study in New York State, population densities of Empoasca fabae (Harris) and Aphis fabae Scopoli were significantly less in plots intercropped with winter wheat than in those grown in monoculture. In contrast, intercropping was associated with greater densities of Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) and Systena frontalis (F.). An increased density of L. lineolaris may be an economic risk factor in beans intercropped with wheat because only this species of the four studied feeds exclusively on the flowers and developing seed pods.
A microtitre plate assay for characterizing insensitive acetylcholinesterase genotypes of insecticide-resistant insects
Authors: Moores Graham D. , Devonshire Alan L. , Denholm Ian 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA rapid technique is described for characterizing and monitoring, in single insects, the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. Ninety-six insects are homogenized simultaneously in a microtitre plate and portions (e.g. 0·05 for Musca domestica L.) assayed colorimetrically with acetylthiocholine in the presence and absence of diagnostic concentrations of insecticide. Reactions are monitored by a kinetic microplate reader linked to a microcomputer that determines mean AChE activities automatically by linear regressions of absorbance-time data. Mean inhibited activity is then expressed as a percentage of uninhibited activity. Several inhibitors can be tested against the same insect to yield an ‘insensitivity profile‘ of individuals and strains. In tests on M. domestica adults of known AChE genotype, the assay clearly distinguished not only between a sensitive and two slightly (3-15-fold) insensitive AChE variants but between all six genotypic combinations of these three alleles.
Rearing and aspects of biology of Cephalonomia stephanoderis and Prorops nasuta (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) parasitoids of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Abraham Y.J. , Moore D. , Godwin G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCephalonomia stephanoderis Betrem and Prorops nasuta Waterston are two bethylid parasitoids obtained from Africa for the biological control of the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) in Mexico and Ecuador. Rearing methods and life-cycle studies carried out under controlled conditions are described for both the parasitoids and H. hampei. Scanning electron micrographs are shown of the developmental stages of the parasitoids. Data are given on development times, pre-oviposition period and on the mating and oviposition behaviour of C. stephanoderis.
Some factors affecting the efficiency of sticky board traps for capturing the carrot fly, Psila rosae (Diptera: Psilidae)
Authors: Collier Rosemary H. , Finch S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe relative attractiveness of coloured sticky board traps to the carrot fly (Psila rosae (Fabricius)) is described by a model in which fly catch is related positively to the amount of light reflected from the trap in the green-yellow (550–570 nm) band of the spectrum and negatively to the amount reflected in the violet-green (390–550 nm) band. The model allows the performance of new coloured traps to be predicted solely from spectral reflectivity measurements. Similar numbers of carrot flies were caught/unit area on traps varying in size from 150 cm2 to 4800 cm2. Most flies were caught on traps resting on the ground. The number of flies caught was reduced by 0.84% for each cm the trap was raised above 10 cm from the ground. One-sided sticky traps angled at 45° to the vertical doubled the numbers of carrot flies caught/unit trapping area and reduced by 90% the numbers of non-target species caught.
Simulated field studies with three formulations ofBacillus thuringiensisvar.israelensisandBacillus sphaericusagainst larvae ofMansonia bonneae(Diptera: Culicidae) in Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors: Chang Moh-Seng , Ho Beng-Chuan , Chan Kai-Lok 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe susceptibility levels ofMansonia bonneaeEdwards larvae toBacillus thuringiensis israelensis(B.t.i.) SkeetalR,B.t.i.BactimosRbriquettes andBacillus sphaericusRB80 were evaluated under field conditions. Satisfactory control of larvae was achieved during 24 h–48 h post-treatment. At 72 h after treatment with a 48 h exposure period, over 90% reduction was achieved by SkeetalRat both applied dosages and byB. sphaericusRB80 at the higher applied dosage. BactimosRbriquettes achieved less control at both applied dosages, due to slow, sustained release ofB.t.i.spores. SkeetalRandB. sphaericusRB80 released their toxic ingredients as early as 2 h after treatment, after which the spore counts (CFU/ml) increased steadily in the middle and bottom water layers and reached maximum level at 72 h post-treatment. However, SkeetalRdisplayed very little residual activity as evidenced by the drastic decline of spore counts as well as larval reduction at one week post-treatment. By contrast, BactimosRbriquette andB. sphaericusRB80 prolonged their residual toxicity throughout the four week period. The peaks of spore counts in the middle and bottom water layers for SkeetalRandB. sphaericusRB80 preceded the corresponding peaks for larval reduction rates by 24 h and 48 h and 1 week to 2 weeks, respectively. The spore counts of BactimosRbriquette at the high applied dosage fluctuated closely with the reduction rates of larvae throughout the four week period.
A new species of Anagyrus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from India attacking Rastrococcus invadens (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), a pest of mango and citrus in West Africa
Authors: Noyes John S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAnagyrus mangicolasp. n., an encyrtid parasitoid of Rastrococcus species on mango in India, is described and compared with related species. The parasitoid has been the subject of laboratory studies and may be introduced into West Africa to supplement the activities of previously introduced natural enemies of the mango mealybug (R. invadens Williams).
Laboratory apparatus and techniques for the rearing and insecticidal treatment of whiteflyBemisia tabaci(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under simulated field conditions
Authors: Rowland Mark , Pye Barry , Stribley Mary , Hackett Barbara , Denholm Ian , Sawicki Roman M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory apparatus and techniques are described for the rearing and insecticidal treatment of whitefly,Bemisia tabaciGennadius, under simulated field conditions. Insects were reared on cotton plants inside large population cages and treated from an overhead sprayer. The effects of these treatments were assessed accurately, without interfering with insects or plants, by monitoring adult numbers with an endoscope over one or more generations. Examples of single-generation and multiple-generation tests with cypermethrin are described. The apparatus is suitable for testing strategies for delaying the selection of resistance (e.g. using insecticides applied singly, alternately, or in mixture, at various application rates and frequencies), for controlling populations already resistant to insecticides, and for integrated pest management using chemical and biological control agents together.
Suppression of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) using augmentative release of dragonfly larvae (Odonata: Libellulidae) with community participation in Yangon, Myanmar
Authors: Sebastian Anthony , Sein Myint Myint , Thu Myat Myat , Corbet Philip S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA pilot field study, involving periodic augmentative release of predatory larvae of a dragonfly, Crocothemis servilia (Drury), to suppress a mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus), was conducted during the rainy season in Yangon (Rangoon). More than 90% of pre-adult A. aegypti occurred in domestic water-storage containers. Evaluations of larval and adult numbers of A. aegypti were made half-monthly three times before, and seven times after, treatment began. Four laboratory-reared, three-week-old C. servilia larvae were placed in each major source of A. aegypti larvae immediately after the third evaluation and then monthly for three successive months. Such treatment reduced the larval population of A. aegypti to a very low level in two to three weeks and suppressed it progressively until the trial ended; the adult population was greatly reduced after about six weeks and was progressively diminished thereafter until the trial ended. The trial's success was ascribed to: the virtual confinement of pre-adult stages of the target mosquito to containers accessible to control operators; the behaviour, growth rate, survival and ready availability of the chosen species of dragonfly; and the awareness and enthusiastic participation of local householders.
Laboratory observations on the flight activity of the plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Lambert M. R. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFlight activity characteristics of Chortoicetes terminifera (Wlk.) were recorded in adults suspended on a simple flight balance in a wind tunnel. Ninety-one per cent, of flights by post-teneral (>5-day-old) insects lasted less than 60 s, and only 11% of adults flew for a full 20-min test period at 30°C. The flight capacity ranged from a few or many short flights to continuous flights. Females flew for a greater proportion of the time than males. Flight activity increased with food-deprivation, and only fully hardened (>9-day-old) insects flew continuously throughout a 45-min test period at 26–41°C. Gravid females also made long flights. The frequencies of flight durations by laboratory-reared insects were strikingly similar to the day flight of milling field populations in eastern Australia. Flight performance observations indicated that lift declines with time in flight, wing-beat frequency initially being 33·2 Hz in males and 30·0 Hz in females. The results are discussed in relation to field studies.
Effects of endosulfan on pregnant females of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Glossinidae) and their offspring
Authors: Kwan W. H. , Gatehouse A. G. , Kerridge E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExposure of pregnant females of Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. to a standard dose of 14·8 ng/fly of endosulfan confirmed that they acquire a higher level of tolerance of this insecticide than young unmated females. The development of tolerance was rapid, from threefold 48 h after larviposition, to eightfold midway through the pregnancy cycle at 4–5 days, and reaching 10- to 14-fold 24–28 h before the next larviposition. The acquisition of substantial tolerance preceded the periods of major growth of the larva in utero and of the developing oocyte, and it is suggested that the development of tolerance is associated with the diversion of insecticide by partitioning into lipid components of the milk as they are synthesised. The level of tolerance attained at equivalent stages of the pregnancy cycle appeared to be largely independent of the age of the fly between the second and fifth cycles, but that reached in the first cycle was lower. Some females survived repeated exposure to endosulfan in successive cycles. The offspring of treated females showed no apparent effects until shortly after adult eclosion, when substantial but variable delayed mortality occurred. However, surviving females and their offspring continued to reproduce normally. It is concluded that tolerance of the insecticide in pregnant flies accounts adequately for the observed survival following non-residual applications of endosulfan, and strategies for preventing this survival, and achieving eradication, are discussed.
External sexual characters of larvae of Spodoptera littorails (Boisduval) and S. exempta (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and their use for sexing live larvae
Authors: Haines Linda C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExternal sexual characters are described for the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd) and S. exempta (Wlk.). The characters on the female consist of two pairs of pits on the ventral surface of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments. These pits are visible under a light microscope and can therefore be used for the accurate sexing of live larvae from the third instar onwards. The first- and second-instar larvae of both species could not be sexed using external characters because of their small size. In the males of both species, there are no obvious external sexual characters until the last instar, and therefore the sexes are most easily separated by the presence or absence of the female characters. Third- to sixth-instar larvae of both species were examined for the presence or absence of the female pits and were then sexed by dissection. The accuracy of sexing using the external characters was 90–98% for S. littoralis and 100% in all cases for S. exempta. The histology of the female pits and their appearance under the scanning electron microscope is described. These pits in the female larvae give rise to the external openings of the adult reproductive system.
The identity of Chilo kanra (Fletcher) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a stem-borer of wild and semi-cultivated Saccharum in northern India
Authors: Bradley J. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe identity of Chilo kanra (Fletcher), an obscure stem-borer of the wild and semi-cultivated grasses Saccharum fuscum and S. arundinaceum in northern India, is ratified on the basis of recently collected material from Bihar. A neotype is designated, and the adults and genitalia are illustrated. The species is differentiated from its congener C. partellus (Swinh.), a widely distributed pest of sugar-cane and other graminaceous crops in India and Africa. A neotype is also designated for C. saccharicola Fletcher, a stem-borer described at the same time as C. kanra and now found to be conspecific and a junior synonym.
The distribution of the mealybug genus Planococcus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Melanesia, Polynesia and Kiribati
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAfter checking the identity of numerous mealybugs of the genus Planococcus from the south Pacific, many of which were previously recorded as P. citri (Risso), it was established that the most widespread is the recently described species P. pacificus Cox. P. citri is present in some islands, but the collection dates are recent, suggesting a recent introduction. Although P. pacificus is known from the area since the first quarter of the present century, it may have been introduced also. P. lilacinus (Ckll.) possibly arrived from southern Asia and P. dioscoreae Williams from the eastern part of the Oriental Region. The known host-plants are listed.
Flight initiation inTriatoma infestans(Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Lehane M. J. , Schofield C. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFlight initiation of adults ofTriatoma infestans(Klug) was recorded in a laboratory apparatus. The proportion of individuals initiating flight depended on the nutritional status of the insects, and flight activity was greatest about 12–18 days after feeding. From measurements of the weight and length of the insects, it was possible to assign the probabilities of flight initiation and thus predict the proportion of an adult population likely to fly. The predictive model should be of use to field workers studying dispersion ofT. infestansbetween infested houses.