bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Cognitive Therapy Awareness Scale: A scale to measure competencies in cognitive therapy
Authors: Fujisawa Daisuke , Nakagawa Atsuo , Kikuchi Toshiaki , Sado Mitsuhiro , Tajima Miyuki , Hanaoka Motomi , Wright Jesse H. , Ono Yutaka 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  This study aimed to test reliability and validity of the Japanese‐version Cognitive Therapy Awareness Scale, a self‐rating scale that measures basic knowledge of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) concepts and methodology. Furthermore, we explored optimal cutoff score to demonstrate required standard of CBT competency.Methods:  The reliability and validity of the scale was tested among 252 mental health professionals. The participants' number of readings relevant to CBT, as well as their experience in training and practice in CBT were used as external standards of competency.Results:  The scale has good internal consistency (the Kuder‐Richardson formula 20 = 0.76). The total score of the scale was significantly correlated with experience in training and practice in cognitive behavioral therapy, and the number of relevant readings (Spearman's rho = 0.27, 0.28 and 0.44, respectively, P < 0.001). No significant correlation was found between the total score of the scale and experience in general psychosocial care (Spearman's rho = −0.02, P = 0.76). The receiver operating characteristics curve analysis produced the area under curve (AUC) of 0.77 (SD = 0.05, P < 0.001), and a cutoff score of 31/32 produced sensitivity of 0.81 and specificity of 0.64 to discriminate trainees who have experience of 40 h or more of CBT training and five or more of relevant readings, from those who do not meet this standard.Conclusion:  The Japanese‐version Cognitive Therapy Awareness Scale was successfully validated. It has been demonstrated that the scale specifically assess knowledge in cognitive behavioral therapy. This scale would serve as a rough guide to assess competencies among beginner cognitive behavior therapists.
Chronic repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases hippocampal neurogenesis in rats
Authors: Ueyama Eiko , Ukai Satoshi , Ogawa Asao , Yamamoto Masakiyo , Kawaguchi Shunsuke , Ishii Ryouhei , Shinosaki Kazuhiro 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  While the underlying therapeutic mechanisms of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for depression remain unclear, recent animal studies have suggested that hippocampal neurogenesis might be required for the effects of antidepressant treatments including antidepressant drugs and electroconvulsive therapy. The aim of this study was to examine chronic rTMS effects on hippocampal neurogenesis in rats.Methods:  Using a 70‐mm figure‐of‐eight coil, the stimulating parameters were set to 25 Hz and 70% of the rTMS device's maximum power. For 14 consecutive days, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and 1000 pulses of rTMS were administered daily. Cell proliferation in the dentate gyrus was examined with immunohistochemistry.Results:  In the rTMS‐treated group, BrdU‐positive cells were significantly increased in the dentate gyrus.Conclusion:  Our results suggest that hippocampal neurogenesis might be involved in the antidepressant effects of chronic rTMS.
Comparison of diagnostic names of mental illnesses in medical documents before and after the adoption of a new Japanese translation of ‘schizophrenia’
Authors: Takahashi Tohru , Tsunoda Miho , Miyashita Mitsuhiro , Ogihara Tomomi , Okada Yatsuka , Hagiwara Tetsuya , Inuzuka Shin , Washizuka Shinsuke , Hanihara Tokiji , Amano Naoji 
Published: January 2011

Aim:  The name of a disease entered in medical documents often differs from the true diagnosis in psychiatric practice. We examined the effects of different translations of ‘schizophrenia’ into Japanese on the usage of disease names in documents.Methods:  We conducted a retrospective survey of the names of diseases used in the medical documents of 250 outpatients with schizophrenia or depression. These patients had attended our department of psychiatry between 1998 and 2000. We also investigated the names of the diseases of 226 outpatients who had first visited our department between 2003 and 2007. We defined the diagnosis (based on ICD‐10) as the ‘ICD‐10 disease name’ and the name of the disease written in medical documents as the ‘disease name in documents’. We classified the documents that were used to apply for national psychiatric care and welfare services as ‘official documents’ and those submitted to others as ‘private documents’.Results:  Prior to 2000, the term ‘seishin‐bunretsu‐byo’ (‘split‐mind disease’; old translation of ‘schizophrenia’) was used in 72.3% of official documents and 3.6% of private documents. In 2003 and later, the term ‘togo‐shitcho‐sho’ (‘integration disorder’; new translation of ‘schizophrenia’) was used in 98.0% of official documents and 21.7% of private documents.Conclusion:  The use of ‘togo‐shitcho‐sho’ in official documents has become established. On the other hand, terms such as ‘nervous breakdown’ and ‘depressive state’ are still commonly used in private documents after the adoption of the new Japanese translation of schizophrenia.
Left ventricular ejection fraction for the risk stratification of sudden cardiac death: friend or foe?
Authors: Santangeli P. , Dello Russo A. , Casella M. , Pelargonio G. , Di Biase L. , Natale A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractMore than 450 000 Americans die suddenly each year from sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. A correct identification of these patients is crucial for a rational clinical management, because the demonstrated effectiveness of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICD) on the reduction of sudden cardiac death. Basing on the results of multiple clinical trials, left ventricular systolic function, measured as ejection fraction, is currently the only recommended tool to identify patients at higher risk of sudden death that would benefit from a prophylactic ICD. However, the systematic implementation of prophylactic ICD recommendations results in a substantial number of inappropriate ICD implantations, while failing to prevent the majority of sudden deaths occurring in the general population. That has been the case implementing arrhythmic risk stratification with a rough arrhythmic risk marker, such as ejection fraction, that lacks sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of sudden cardiac death. The aim of this viewpoint is to critically revise the value of ejection fraction in the identification of patients at risk of sudden cardiac death.
22q11.2 deletion presenting with severe hypocalcaemia, seizure and basal ganglia calcification in an adult man
Authors: Cao Z. , Yu R. , Dun K. , Burke J. , Caplin N. , Greenaway T. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe report a 40‐year‐old man who was found to have profound hypocalcaemia and hypoparathyroidism when investigated for multiple, generalized, tonic/clonic seizures and a chest infection. Computed tomography scan of the brain revealed extensive symmetric bilateral calcification within the cerebellum, thalamus and basal ganglia. Molecular cytogenetic testing by fluorescent in situ hybridization using the commercial Vysis LSI DiGeorge/VCFS dual colour probe set showed a deletion of 22q11.2. The extraordinary feature of this case is the adult presentation of hypocalcaemia, hypoparathyroidism and basal ganglia calcification due to 22q11.2 deletion.
Bacteria associated with an encrusting sponge (Terpios hoshinota) and the corals partially covered by the sponge
Authors: Tang Sen‐Lin , Hong Mei‐Jhu , Liao Ming‐Hui , Jane Wann‐Neng , Chiang Pei‐Wen , Chen Chung‐Bin , Chen Chaolun A. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryTerpios hoshinota, a dark encrusting sponge, is known to be a competitor for space in coral reef environments, and facilitates the death of corals. Although numerous cyanobacteria have been detected in the sponge, little is known of the sponge‐associated bacterial community. This study examined the sponge‐associated bacterial community and the difference between the bacterial communities in the sponge and the coral partially covered by the sponge by analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences of samples isolated from the sponge covering the coralsFavia complanata, Isopora palifera, Milleporasp., Montipora efflorescensandPorites lutea. The sponge‐associated bacterial community was mainly (61–98%) composed of cyanobacteria, with approximately 15% of these alphaproteobacteria and gammaproteobacteria, although the proportions varied in different sponge samples. The dominant cyanobacteria group was an isolated group closely related toProchloronsp. The comparison of the bacterial communities isolated from sponge‐free and the sponge‐coveredP. luteashowed that covering by the sponge caused changes in the coral‐associated bacterial communities, with the presence of bacteria similar to those detected in black‐band disease, suggesting the sponge might benefit from the presence of bacteria associated with unhealthy coral, particularly in the parts of the coral closest to the margin of the sponge.
Plant production of anti‐β‐glucan antibodies for immunotherapy of fungal infections in humans
Authors: Capodicasa Cristina , Chiani Paola , Bromuro Carla , De Bernardis Flavia , Catellani Marcello , Palma Angelina S. , Liu Yan , Feizi Ten , Cassone Antonio , Benvenuto Eugenio , Torosantucci Antonella 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThere is an increasing interest in the development of therapeutic antibodies (Ab) to improve the control of fungal pathogens, but none of these reagents is available for clinical use. We previously described a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb 2G8) targeting β‐glucan, a cell wall polysaccharide common to most pathogenic fungi, which conferred significant protection against Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Cryptococcus neoformans in animal models. Transfer of this wide‐spectrum, antifungal mAb into the clinical setting would allow the control of most frequent fungal infections in many different categories of patients. To this aim, two chimeric mouse–human Ab derivatives from mAb 2G8, in the format of complete IgG or scFv‐Fc, were generated, transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and purified from leaves with high yields (approximately 50 mg Ab/kg of plant tissues). Both recombinant Abs fully retained the β‐glucan‐binding specificity and the antifungal activities of the cognate murine mAb against C. albicans. In fact, they recognized preferentially β1,3‐linked glucan molecules present at the fungal cell surface and directly inhibited the growth of C. albicans and its adhesion to human epithelial cells in vitro. In addition, both the IgG and the scFv‐Fc promoted C. albicans killing by isolated, human polymorphonuclear neutrophils in ex vivo assays and conferred significant antifungal protection in animal models of systemic or vulvovaginal C. albicans infection. These recombinant Abs represent valuable molecules for developing novel, plant‐derived immunotherapeutics against candidiasis and, possibly, other fungal diseases.
Temporal and spatial control of transgene expression using a heat‐inducible promoter in transgenic wheat
Authors: Freeman Jacqueline , Sparks Caroline A. , West Jevon , Shewry Peter R. , Jones Huw D. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryConstitutive promoters are widely used to functionally characterise plant genes in transgenic plants, but their lack of specificity and poor control over protein expression can be a major disadvantage. On the other hand, promoters that provide precise regulation of temporal or spatial transgene expression facilitate such studies by targeting over‐expression or knockdown of target genes to specific tissues and/or at particular developmental stages. Here, we used the uidA (beta‐glucuronidase, GUS) reporter gene to demonstrate that the barley Hvhsp17 gene promoter can be induced by heat treatment of 38–40 °C for 1–2 h in transgenic wheat. The GUS enzyme was expressed only in those tissues directly exposed to heat and not in neighbouring leaf tissues. The induction of HSP::GUS was demonstrated in all organs and tissues tested, but expression in older tissues was lower. Generally, proximal root sections showed less GUS activity than in root tips. This heat‐inducible promoter provides the ability to investigate the function of candidate genes by overexpression or by down‐regulation of target gene expression (for example by RNAi) in selected tissues or developmental stages of a transgenic plant, limited only by the ability to apply a heat shock to the selected tissues. It also allows the investigation of genes that would be lethal or reduce fertility if expressed constitutively.
Famines Past, Famine's Future
Authors: Gráda Cormac Ó 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTFamine, like poverty, has always been with us. No region and no century has been immune. Its scars — economic, psychological and political — can long outlast its immediate impact on mortality and health. Famines are a hallmark of economic backwardness, and were thus more likely to occur in the pre‐industrialized past. Yet the twentieth century suffered some of the most devastating ever recorded. That century also saw shifts in both the causes and symptoms of famine. This new century's famines have been ‘small’ by historical standards, and the threat of major ones seemingly confined to ever‐smaller pockets of the globe. Are these shifts a sign of hope for the future?
The MDG Story: Intention Denied
Authors: Vandemoortele Jan 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis article gives an insider's view of the origin of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the aim of which was two‐fold: to rescue the Millennium Declaration from oblivion and to expand the development narrative beyond economic growth. The former has been successful, but not the latter. Since its establishment, the MDG agenda has been permeated with the idolatry of literalism and sanitized to fit the conventional development paradigm. Statistics have been abused to fabricate evidence of success. The great paradox is that poverty is increasingly regarded as a multi‐dimensional phenomenon whilst its quantification remains essentially one‐dimensional, which reinforces a money‐metric perspective of the MDGs. The agenda has been cut back to a standard set of macroeconomic, sectoral or institutional reforms of a technical nature. However, the MDG agenda implies fundamental transformations in society, which are invariably driven by domestic politics and local actors. The world is off track, not because of insufficient economic growth but mostly because people in the bottom quintiles have benefited disproportionately little from national progress. As long as the world continues to turn a blind eye to the growing inequities within countries, the MDGs will be mission impossible. For the remaining period, their meaning is best described as ‘Minding Development Gaps’.
Inequality and Recession in Britain and the USA
Authors: Irvin George 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTFor two of the richest English‐speaking countries, Britain and the United States, growing income inequality has been a persistent feature of the past thirty years, leading some economists to question the cosy assumption that as economic development proceeds, intra‐country inequality must ultimately fall. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain this phenomenon, the best known being that the technological revolution has driven a wedge between skilled and unskilled labour, but none is remotely convincing. Fundamentally, it is a question of political economy whether under conditions of stagnant real wages and a falling wage share, growth in deregulated, finance‐driven economies can last. The argument advanced here is that probably it cannot. The profit squeeze of the 1970s having given way to a neoliberal wage squeeze, growth came to depend on asset bubble driven consumption and investment. The Great Recession of 2008 raises questions not merely about neoliberal beliefs, but about whether future capitalist growth can occur unless investment is socialized.
Influence of text cohesion on the persuasive power of expository text
Authors: KAAKINEN JOHANNA K. , SALONEN JONNA , VENÄLÄINEN PAULA , HYÖNÄ JUKKA 
Published: January 2011

Kaakinen, J. K., Salonen, J., Venäläinen P. & Hyönä, J. (2011). Influence of text cohesion on the persuasive power of expository text. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology52, 201–208.The present study examined how global text cohesion affects persuasion and memory for message arguments presented in expository text. Sixty‐nine participants who held a neutral prior attitude towards NATO read a persuasive text about NATO that was either high or low in global cohesion. After reading, participants voted whether Finland should seek NATO membership and filled in an attitude questionnaire. After a 1‐week delay they returned for a surprise recall task. The results showed that the high cohesion text was more persuasive than the low cohesion text. Moreover, attitude after reading but not text cohesion predicted later recall of the message arguments. The results show that global text cohesion increases text’s persuasive power and that readers who form a positive attitude have better memory of the persuasive arguments after a delay than readers who are less persuaded.
THE CONSTITUTION OF PHILISTINE IDENTITY: ETHNIC DYNAMICS IN TWELFTH TO TENTH CENTURY PHILISTIA
Authors: FAUST AVRAHAM , LEV‐TOV JUSTIN 
Published: January 2011

SummaryThe process and date of the Philistine settlement in Canaan have received a great deal of scholarly attention. As well, scholars have also devoted much attention to the expansion of Philistine interaction with Levantine societies prior to the Philistines' assimilation in the late Iron Age. While most studies view Philistine integration and acculturation as a gradual process, a close examination of the detailed faunal and ceramic evidence suggests otherwise. It appears that due to various processes of boundary maintenance, the Philistines maintained high ethnic boundaries with their neighbours for at least 150–200 years, before (quite suddenly) losing most of their unique traits in the tenth century BC.
Planning for reserve adequacy in dynamic landscapes; maximizing future representation of vegetation communities under flood disturbance in the Pantanal wetland
Authors: Lourival Reinaldo , Drechsler Martin , Watts Matthew E. , Game Edward T. , Possingham Hugh P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim  Using a probabilistic modelling framework, we aimed to incorporate landscape spatiotemporal dynamics into reserve design. We employed a spatially explicit stochastic model, which integrates both hydrological and biological processes, to simulate the wetland’s biological succession.Location  Pantanal wetland (with 140,000 km2) between Brazil, Bolivia and Paraguay.Methods  We used the reserve design software Marxan to optimize the current and future representation (up to 50 years) of 20% of five plant communities with maximum reliability (i.e. smallest uncertainty). The Kappa statistic was used to compare selection frequencies of individual sites through a set of planning timeframes (5, 17, 25 and 50 years) and the likely pattern of biological succession over these periods.Results  Solutions based on static vegetation distributions were significantly dissimilar from solutions based on the expected modelled changes resulting from the flood disturbance and succession dynamics. Increasing the required reliability of biodiversity outcomes resulted in more expensive reserve solutions. We demonstrated the flexibility of probabilistic decision‐making methods to illuminate the trade‐offs between reliability and efficiency of site selection.Main conclusions  Considering the importance of habitat heterogeneity to the principles and practice of systematic conservation planning, it is notable that landscape dynamics have not been a central theme in conservation planning. In the case of the Pantanal hydrosere, acknowledging and planning for temporal dynamics required an ability to model succession and define acceptable levels of outcome reliability, but ultimately improved the long‐term Adequacy of resulting reserve networks.
PPARδ agonists have opposing effects on insulin resistance in high fat‐fed rats and mice due to different metabolic responses in muscle
Authors: Ye Ji‐Ming , Tid‐Ang Jennifer , Turner Nigel , Zeng Xiao‐Yi , Li Hai‐Yan , Cooney Gregory J. , Wulff Erik Max , Sauerberg Per , Kraegen Edward W. 
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)δ has been considered a therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity through enhancement of fatty acid oxidation. The present study aimed to characterize the effects of PPARδ agonists during insulin resistance of the whole body, muscle and liver.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wistar rats and C57BL/J6 mice were fed a high fat diet (HF) and then treated with PPARδ agonists NNC61‐5920 and GW501516. The effects on insulin resistance were evaluated by hyperinsulinaemic clamp or glucose tolerance tests combined with glucose tracers.KEY RESULTS In HF rats, 3 weeks of treatment with NNC61‐5920 reduced the glucose infusion rate (by 14%, P < 0.05) and glucose disposal into muscle (by 20–30%, P < 0.01) during hyperinsulinaemic clamp. Despite increased mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and uncoupling protein 3 in muscle, plasma and muscle triglyceride levels were raised (P < 0.01). Similar metabolic effects were observed after extended treatment with NNC61‐5920 and GW501516 to 6 weeks. However, HF mice treated with NNC61‐5920 improved their plasma lipid profile, glucose tolerance and insulin action in muscle. In both HF rats and mice, NNC61‐5920 treatment attenuated hepatic insulin resistance and decreased expression of stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1, fatty acid translocase protein CD36 and lipoprotein lipase in liver.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PPARδ agonists exacerbated insulin resistance in HF rats in contrast to their beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome in HF mice. These opposing metabolic consequences result from their different effects on lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle of these two species.
The utility of animal models to evaluate novel anti‐obesity agents
Authors: Vickers Steven P , Jackson Helen C , Cheetham Sharon C 
Published: January 2011

The global incidence of obesity continues to rise and is a major driver of morbidity and mortality through cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Animal models used in the discovery of novel treatments for obesity range from straightforward measures of food intake in lean rodents to long‐term studies in animals exhibiting obesity due to the continuous access to diets high in fat. The utility of these animal models can be extended to determine, for example, that weight loss is due to fat loss and/or assess whether beneficial changes in key plasma parameters (e.g. insulin) are evident. In addition, behavioural models such as the behavioural satiety sequence can be used to confirm that a drug treatment has a selective effect on food intake. Typically, animal models have excellent predictive validity whereby drug‐induced weight loss in rodents subsequently translates to weight loss in man. However, despite this, at the time of writing orlistat (Europe; USA) remains the only drug currently marketed for the treatment of obesity, with sibutramine having recently been withdrawn from sale globally due to the increased incidence of serious, non‐fatal cardiovascular events. While the utility of rodent models in predicting clinical weight loss is detailed, the review also discusses whether animals can be used to predict adverse events such as those seen with recent anti‐obesity drugs in the clinic.LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Translational Neuropharmacology. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐4