bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The prognostic value of the nodal ratio in N1 breast cancer
Authors: Han Tae Jin , Kang Eun Young , Jeon Wan , Kim Sung-Won , Kim Jee Hyun , Kim Yu Jung , Park So Yeon , Kim Jae Sung , Kim In Ah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
Although the nodal ratio (NR) has been recognized as a prognostic factor in breast cancer, its clinical implication in patients with 1-3 positive nodes (N1) remains unclear. Here, we evaluated the prognostic value of the NR and identified other clinico-pathologic variables associated with poor prognosis in these patients.

Methods
We analyzed 130 patients with N1 invasive breast cancer who were treated at Seoul National University Bundang Hospital from March 2003 to December 2007. Disease-free survival (DFS), locoregional recurrence-free survival (LRRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were compared according to the NR with a cut-off value of 0.15.

Results
We followed patients' recovery for a median duration of 59 months. An NR > 0.15 was found in 23.1% of patients, and a median of 18 nodes were dissected per patient (range 1-59). The NR was statistically independent from other prognostic variables, such as patient age, T stage, extent of surgery, pathologic factors in the chi square test. On univariate analysis, patients with a NR > 0.15 had significantly lower 5-year LRRFS (88.7% vs. 97.9%, p = 0.033) and 5-year DMFS (81.3% vs. 96.4%, p = 0.029) and marginally lower 5-year DFS (81.3% vs. 94.0%, p = 0.069) than those with a NR ≤0.15, respectively. Since the predictive power of the NR was found to differ with diverse clinical and pathologic variables, we performed adjusted analysis stratified by age, pathologic characteristics, and adjuvant treatments. Only young patients with a NR > 0.15 showed significantly lower DFS (p = 0.027) as well as those presenting an unfavorable pathologic profile such as advanced T stage (p = 0.034), histologic grade 3 (p = 0.034), positive lymphovascular invasion (p = 0.037), involved resection margin (p = 0.007), and no chemotherapy (p = 0.014) or regional radiotherapy treatment (p = 0.039). On multivariate analysis, a NR > 0.15 was significantly associated with lower DFS (p = 0.043) and DMFS (p = 0.012), but not LRRFS (p = 0.064).

Conclusions
A NR > 0.15 was associated with an increased risk of recurrence, especially in young patients with unfavorable pathologic profiles.
Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: Efficacy of a low daily dose to clinically negative regions
Authors: Call Jason A , Haddock Michael G , Quevedo J Fernando , Larson David W , Miller Robert C 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Background
We aimed to assess outcomes of patients with anal cancer who underwent intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and received less than 1.80 Gy/day.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed our experience using a low fractional dose (< 1.80 Gy) of IMRT to elective nodal areas for patients receiving chemoradiotherapy for anal cancer. Three-year freedom from any disease relapse and overall survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier curves. We documented the daily dose that was delivered to clinically uninvolved regions and to areas of gross disease. Incidence of regional failures in high (≥ 1.80 Gy) and low (< 1.80 Gy) daily dose regions was assessed.

Results
Thirty-four consecutive patients (median age, 59 years) received IMRT from June 2005 through January 2009. Median follow-up duration was 22 months. Twenty-eight patients had T1 or T2 disease and 6 had T3 or T4 disease. Fourteen patients had nodal metastases. Median treatment dose was 50.40 Gy (range, 48.60-57.60 Gy) in 25 to 32 fractions. The range of fractional doses to clinically negative volumes was 1.28 to 1.80 Gy. Seventeen patients (50%) received a fractional dose of less than 1.60 Gy, 13 (38%) received less than 1.50 Gy, and 9 (26%) received less than 1.40 Gy to at least a portion of the clinically negative volume. Three-year freedom from relapse was 80%, and 3-year overall survival was 87%. No patient had treatment failure in the clinically negative volume that received a low daily dose.

Conclusions
Our data support using doses between 1.50 and 1.80 Gy/day to clinically uninvolved regions.
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide with a Highly Active Hydride on Ir(III)–Pincer Complex: Mechanism for CO2 Insertion and Nature of Metal–Hydride Bond
Authors: Li Jun , Yoshizawa Kazunari 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A reaction mechanism for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formate catalyzed by an Ir(III)–pincer trihydride complex has been investigated with density functional theory calculations. Two routes for the formation of formate were considered: (I) the insertion of CO2 into the Ir–H bond with the assistance of the metal center, and (II) the direct addition of hydride to CO2 via nucleophilic attack. Route II is energetically more favorable than route I. Molecular orbital and natural bond orbital analyses showed that this trihydride complex consists of two kinds of hydrides with distinct Ir–H bond properties, and the hydride in the plane vertical to the pyridine moiety is highly active. The whole catalytic cycle for CO2 hydrogenation to formate is exothermic by 30.3 kcal mol−1, and the rate-limiting step is the regeneration of the active complex, which involves a barrier of 15.6 kcal mol−1. The theoretical results are in good agreement with and give a reasonable explanation to the experimental observations. Moreover, the results imply that the type of a metal–hydride bond might determine which route the CO2 insertion takes, route I or route II.
Nitrate uptake and duration of internal nitrogen reserves in the kelp Eisenia arborea
Authors: Sánchez-Barredo Mariana , Ladah Lydia B. , Zertuche-González José A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract

Eisenia arborea is the kelp species that is distributed furthest south in the northern hemisphere. Although much is known about how the giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera, responds to nutrient-poor conditions, very little is known about Eisenia, even though these two kelps share much of their habitat. The response of E. arborea to environmental nitrogen shortage was explored by determining short-term nitrogen uptake in the laboratory, duration of internal nitrogen reserves in nutrient-poor tanks, and recovery of reserves during weekly pulse fertilization with nitrate. Nitrate uptake was linear for at least 3 h at all concentrations and did not exhaust nitrate in the media. In both experiments in nutrient-poor outdoor tank cultures, regardless of initial tissue nitrogen concentrations, tank nitrate fell to undetectable levels after 4 weeks, and internal tissue nitrogen reserves fell to 1.0% of dry weight within 5 weeks. Low internal reserves were replenished in fertilized treatments, which had significantly greater dry weight tissue nitrogen (up to 1.3%) than thalli in non-fertilized tanks, in which algae tissue nitrogen fell to and remained constant at 1%. We conclude that the nitrogen physiology of E. arborea is adapted to survive a maximum of 5 weeks in the field under nutrient-poor conditions, similar to the giant kelp M. pyrifera.
First Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy HO2 Measurements in a Large Photoreactor
Authors: Djehiche M. , Tomas A. , Fittschen Christa , Coddeville P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The HO2 radical is one of the most important intermediate species in atmospheric chemistry. We report on the development of a new photoreactor with first in-situ measurement of HO2 radical photostationary concentrations using continuous wave cavity ring-down spectrometry (cw-CRDS). Characterization of the actinic photon flux was carried out by NO2 actinometry. Photolysis of Cl2/methanol mixtures in air under UV light allowed the measurement of HO2 photostationary concentrations of a few 1010 molecules cm-3 with an HO2 detection limit of 1.5 × 1010 molecules cm-3 at 6638.207 cm-1. The feasibility of HO2 direct measurement in a reaction chamber is demonstrated through the measurement of the HO2 overall loss at different pressures showing the importance of HO2 diffusion and wall loss in such low pressure quartz reactor. The rate coefficient for the HO2+HO2 reaction has been measured at 6.6, 24 and 118 mbar and found to be in good agreement with the recommended value.
Selection and Adaptation to High Plant Density in the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic Maize (Zea mays L.) Population: II. Plant Morphology
Authors: Brekke Brent , Edwards Jode , Knapp Allen 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe plant density at which maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids achieve maximum grain yield has increased throughout the hybrid era while grain yield on a per plant basis has increased little. Changes in plant characteristics including flag leaf angle, anthesis‐silking interval, plant height, tassel branch number, and total number of leaves have been characterized in comparisons of commercial hybrids representing different eras of hybrid maize production but have not been studied extensively in a temperate maize recurrent selection program. The objective of this experiment was to determine if direct selection for grain yield and agronomic performance in the Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic (BSSS) population has indirectly improved adaptation to high plant density. Material from an unselected base population, BSSS per se, was compared to four selected populations per se at four plant densities ranging from 38,300, to 95,700 plants ha−1. Treatments were replicated twice in each of two locations in 2 yr and arranged in a split plot design with plant density as whole plot and breeding population as subplot treatment. Selected populations had reduced anthesis‐silking interval and fewer tassel branches. Increasing plant density increased anthesis‐silking interval in the base population whereas increasing plant density did not increase anthesis‐silking interval in the most advanced populations. These results demonstrated that selected populations were better adapted to high plant density than the unselected base population.
The Nitrogen Adaptation Strategy of the Wild Teosinte Ancestor of Modern Maize, Zea mays subsp. parviglumis
Authors: Gaudin Amelie C.M. , McClymont Sarah A. , Raizada Manish N. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTExamination of wild ancestors can identify which traits have been altered by selection as possible targets for genetic improvement. We investigated the whole plant response to low nitrogen (LN), especially below ground, by the wild ancestor of modern maize (Zea mays L.), Balsas teosinte (Zea mays subsp. parviglumis H. H. Iltis & Doebley). Teosinte responded to LN by reducing the shoot N concentration and increasing the root:shoot biomass ratio. The lengths of individual crown roots and the total lateral root length increased, compensated by reduced crown root number. Low N caused a decrease in total root hair (RH) length and increased expression of high affinity nitrate transporters. To facilitate future mapping studies, these results were compared to a modern inbred (‘W22’) used as the parent in a modern maize × teosinte population and extensively employed in maize domestication studies. The adaptations to LN in teosinte and W22 were surprisingly conserved, but the strategies employed were often different. To reduce total RH length, teosinte reduced RH density whereas W22 reduced average RH length. To achieve reduced shoot biomass in response to LN, teosinte reduced tiller number and hence leaf number whereas W22 reduced average leaf size. Since tiller crown roots initiate from stem tissue, teosinte used tiller plasticity to reduce crown root number whereas modern maize reduced crown root number independently of tillering. We discuss the implications of these results for maize domestication.
Phylloplanins Reduce the Severity of Gray Leaf Spot and Brown Patch Diseases on Turfgrasses
Authors: King Brian , Williams D. W. , Wagner G. J. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTPlant‐produced, natural‐product fungicides should be evaluated for their potential to complement or replace synthetic fungicides that are major components in the management of high maintenance turf. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) cultivar T.I. 1068 and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) phylloplanins (T‐ and S‐phylloplanins), collected in leaf‐water washes (LWWs) of plants, and recombinant T‐phylloplanin inhibit Peronospora tabacina D.B. Adam (oomycete) spore germination and reduce blue mold disease on tobacco. Here, in vitro (hyphal extension) and in vivo studies were conducted to test the ability of T‐ and S‐phylloplanins to inhibit growth of the turf pathogens Pyricularia oryzae Cavara (ascomycete) and Rhizoctonia solani J.G. Kühn (basidiomycete) and to test protection of turfgrass plants from gray leaf spot and brown patch diseases. Hyphal extension assays showed that LWWs containing T‐ and S‐phylloplanins inhibited both pathogens. Spraying potted grass plants with LWWs containing T‐ and S‐phylloplanins followed by inoculation with pathogens resulted in 97 and 88% inhibition of P. oryzae disease and 94 and 82% inhibition of R. solani on annual (Lolium multiflorum Lam. cv. Linn) and perennial (Lolium perenne L. cv. Double Eagle Blend) ryegrasses, respectively, under the conditions tested. In addition, T‐ and S‐phylloplanins led to 94 and 100% symptom reduction, respectively, on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L. cv. L‐93), for R. solani only. Results indicate that T‐ and S‐phylloplanins have broad selectivity, inhibiting at least one member of the ascomycete and basidiomycete phyla, and may be useful as exogenously applied or endogenously expressed natural‐product antifungal agents to protect turf, crops, and other plants.
Characterization of a New Green‐Revertible Albino Mutant in Rice
Authors: Wu Liquan , Li Ruiqing , Shu Qingyao , Zhao Haijun , Wu Dianxing , Li Juan , Wang Rongfu 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant G9, isolated from ‘Guangzhan63S’ exposed to 60Co γ irradiation in combination with in vitro tissue culture, exhibits albino and growth stage‐dependent green‐revertible phenotypes. The albino phenotype was observed in the mutant seedlings up to the fourth leaf (L4) stage, and then the seedlings entered into a transit period when old and newly extended leaves gradually revert to partial green. Finally, the leaves turn into full green at the sixth leaf (L6) stage. Chlorophyll abundance in the mutant seedlings at the second leaf (L2) stage was quite low and increased to about 1/4 of wild type Guangzhan63S at the L4 stage. At the L6 stage, the levels of chlorophyll in G9 were almost identical to that in Guangzhan63S. Ultra‐microstructure analysis showed that the G9 mutant had no chloroplast at the L2 stage and fewer and smaller undifferentiated plastids at the L4 stage than Guangzhan63S at the same stage; no significant difference in chloroplast structure was found between G9 and Guangzhan63S at the L6 stage. We also performed the simple sequence repeat (SSR) haplotype analysis to map the gene(s) responsible for the albino phenotype. Our data revealed that the green‐revertible albino trait of G9 was controlled by a single recessive nucleic gene, named clbGZ, located between the indel markers of IDJ6 (0.16 cM) and IDJ12 (0.25 cM) on the rice chromosome 11.
Changes of Glutenin Subunits due to Water–Nitrogen Interaction Influence Size and Distribution of Glutenin Macropolymer Particles and Flour Quality
Authors: Li Yong , Yin Yanping , Zhao Qi , Wang Zhenlin 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe composition of high‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit (HMW‐GS) and low‐molecular‐weight glutenin subunit (LMW‐GS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernel affects the size of glutenin macropolymer (GMP), which is considered the important flour quality traits in wheat. Three wheat cultivars with different end‐use quality were used to study the effects of water–nitrogen (W × N) management on relative HMW‐GS and GMP contents. Under irrigation, increased N levels promoted the accumulation of HMW‐ and LMW‐GS, GMP content, and the proportion of the larger particle of GMP, with higher yield and better end‐use quality. Under rainfed conditions, increased N fertilizer also increased protein content in the three cultivars. As opposed to ‘Gaocheng8901’, ‘Shannong1391’ and ‘Taishan23’ got higher HMW‐ and LMW‐GS contents and larger GMP particles, but reduced yields of both. Irrigation increased the yield markedly, the N application significantly affected the glutenin, but the W × N interaction was not significant. On one hand, increased N levels improved the dough development time by increasing the numbers of larger GMP particles and enhancing volume and surface area percentages on the other. It was suggested that the interaction was a complicated network and some individual effect might be important. When managing for wheat yield and quality, growers should first consider the water factor, then the N fertilizer factor to improve the end‐use quality of wheat.
Genetic Relatedness of Mexican Common Bean Cultivars Revealed by Microsatellite Markers
Authors: Blair Matthew W. , Díaz Lucy M. , Gill‐Langarica Homar R. , Rosales‐Serna Rigoberto , Mayek‐Perez Netzhahualcoyotl , Acosta‐Gallegos Jorge A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTMexico has various types of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and a long history of breeding in multiple commercial classes. In this study, our goal was to evaluate a wide collection of commercial cultivars of common beans from Mexico, including Azufrado, Bayo, Flor de Mayo, Flor de Junio, Pinto, and black bean types, to discover their level of relatedness with 32 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Eight panels of end‐labeled fluorescent SSR loci were used in an automated detection system and 85% of loci were read. A total of 204 alleles were detected in the study, showing the diversity among the Mexican cultivars. Through population structure and principal components analyses, Andean and Mesoamerican genotypes as well as three subgroups within the Mesoamerican genepool were distinguished. The divisions corresponded to a group of Andean cultivars, two subgroups of the Durango–Jalisco (DJ) complex, and one group equivalent to race Mesoamerica. This latter race was much less diverse than the DJ complex and had little gene flow with other groups. This study shows the value of fluorescent SSR markers for evaluating commercial cultivars of common beans. Given the importance of Mexico as a primary center of origin for common beans, as a major market for the crop, and as the second largest producer in Latin America, this study has implications for the global evaluation of common bean cultivars.
Stable Quality Traits of Soft Winter Wheat under Nonlimiting Nitrogen Conditions
Authors: González‐Torralba Jon , Arazuri Silvia , Jarén Carmen , Arregui Luis M. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTBread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality is determined by genotype and environment. The aim of this work was to find gluten proteins related to wheat quality independent of crop environment and under nonlimiting N conditions for wheat yield. Field experiments assessing the effect of N rate in soft winter wheat quality parameters were performed in three locations in Navarra (in northern Spain) during 5 yr with a randomized complete block design and four replications. The minimum N rate that produced maximum grain yield (Nop) was determined for each year. Grain samples from N treatments equal to or above Nop were milled. Gliadins and glutenins were extracted from white flour. They were separated into α plus β‐, γ‐, ω‐gliadins, high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW‐GS), and low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW‐GS) and they were quantified by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). Although an increase in N fertilizer rate led to increases in gliadin and glutenin contents as well as dough strength and extensibility, environmental variability differentially affected the synthesis or polymerization of each gliadin and glutenin type. In terms of protein fractions, both HMW‐GS and LMW‐GS were determined to be the protein fractions best correlated to dough strength (R2 = 0.78) whereas γ‐gliadins were the best correlated to dough extensibility (R2 = 0.72) independent of N nutrition, environmental conditions, and water availability.
On Estimation of Genotypic Correlations and Their Standard Errors by Multivariate REML using the MIXED Procedure of the SAS System
Authors: Piepho Hans‐Peter , Möhring Jens 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper explains a simple strategy to develop code for multivariate (multitrait) mixed‐model analysis using the MIXED procedure of the SAS System, when the corresponding univariate model has a simple variance components form. Such models are needed for estimating genotypic and phenotypic correlation among traits in plant breeding experiments, and they provide best linear unbiased predictions (BLUP) of genetic effects which may be more accurate than univariate BLUP. We give some hints how to speed up computations, and it is shown how to obtain asymptotic standard errors of correlation estimates with little effort.
Confirmation of QTL Reducing Aflatoxin in Maize Testcrosses
Authors: Mayfield K. L. , Murray S. C. , Rooney W. L. , Isakeit T. , Odvody G. A. 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTAflatoxins, produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr, constrain maize (Zea mays) production in some regions. Difficulties in breeding resistance to this toxin make it a good target for quantitative trait locus (QTL) identification and molecular‐assisted breeding. Multiple QTL have been identified for aflatoxin resistance in inbred lines per se; however, it has not been determined if aflatoxin resistance QTL would be useful in hybrids or have deleterious pleiotropic effects. The objectives were to confirm the presence, in testcrosses, of QTL estimates previously identified in lines per se; estimate new QTL for reducing aflatoxin accumulations and agronomic traits in hybrids; and evaluate co‐localization of QTL that suggest pleiotropic effects with measured traits. Plant height, flowering time, starch, oil, and protein were also included in the analysis. Significant environment and genetic × environment interaction were detected for most traits. Heritability estimates were equivalent to those previously reported, and no meaningful correlations were detected between aflatoxin accumulation and other traits. Ninety‐three QTL were detected across 14 traits measured in five environments. Aflatoxin‐reducing QTL detected in per se analyses were detected in testcrosses on chromosome 1, with new QTL detected on chromosomes 3, 4, 8, and 9. Co‐localization of aflatoxin‐reducing QTL detected on chromosome 9 with QTL for silking date suggests a pleiotropic effect based on avoidance or agronomics and not a resistance QTL.