bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Armies of Deliverance: A New History of the Civil War
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Loyal Americans marched off to war in 1861 not to conquer the South but to liberate it. In Armies of Deliverance, Elizabeth Varon offers both a sweeping narrative of the Civil War and a bold new interpretation of Union and Confederate war aims. Lincoln's Union coalition sought to deliver the South from slaveholder tyranny and deliver to it the blessings of modern civilization. Over the course of the war, supporters of black freedom built the case that slavery was the obstacle to national reunion and that emancipation would secure military victory and benefit Northern and Southern whites alike. To sustain their morale, Northerners played up evidence of white Southern Unionism, of antislavery progress in the slaveholding border states, and of disaffection among Confederates. But the Union's emphasis on Southern deliverance served, ironically, not only to galvanize loyal Amer icans but also to galvanize disloyal ones. Confederates, fighting to establish an independent slaveholding republic, scorned the Northern promise of liberation and argued that the emancipation of blacks was synonymous with the subjugation of the white South. Interweaving military strategy, political decision-making, popular culture, and private reflections, Varon shows that contests over war aims took place at every level of society within the Union and Confederacy. Everyday acts on the ground--scenes of slave flight, of relief efforts to alleviate suffering, of protests against the draft, of armies plundering civilian homes, of civilian defiance of military occupation, of violence between neighbors, of communities mourning the fallen--reverberated at the highest levels of governance. In this book, major battles receive extensive treatment, providing windows into how soldiers and civilians alike coped with physical and emotional toll of the war, as it escalated into a massive humanitarian crisis. Although the Union's politics of deliverance helped to bring military victory, such appeals ultimately failed to convince Confederates to accept peace on the victor's terms.
Ripe for the Harvest
Authors: Varon Elizabeth R 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The winter and spring of 1862 brought the Union important diplomatic and military victories, but they came at a sobering price. Dreams of delivering the South from falsehood and terrorism continued to mobilize Northerners across a broad political spectrum, including those who saw abolitionism as an obstacle to peace and those who saw emancipation as the key to Confederate defeat. Lincoln offered border state slaveholders incentives for loyalty through the promise of compensated emancipation; medical and relief workers imagined that individual acts of mercy to Southerners would serve as models of the redemption of the region; African Americans celebrated emancipation in the District of Columbia as a long-yearned-for victory and a sign of new momentum for the cause of freedom. But the sheer carnage of the battle of Shiloh in April in Tennessee tempered Northern hopes, as the war began to spiral into a massive humanitarian crisis.
Science and UFOs in the 1960s
Authors: Eghigian Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the 1960s, science and ufology seemed to be drawing closer to one another. UFO researchers were beginning to adopt scientific methods and recruiting respected scientists to their cause. At the same time, academic science for the first time took on the task of investigating the UFO phenomenon. The creation of a committee of researchers under the direction of physicist Edward Condon at the University of Colorado seemed to offer the prospect of finally solving the riddle of the flying saucers. But the study ended in scandal and controversy. By the end of the decade, the UFO craze appeared to be fading, and it was thought that ufology might never again enjoy the popularity it once had.
Thinking with Data
Authors: Gullion Jessica Smartt 
Published: April 2024

AbstractOne of the major challenges for qualitative researchers is managing the sheer volume of data that are collected. Qualitative analysis involves deep thinking about one’s empirical materials, the information one has gleaned, and the literature one has engaged. Thinking with one’s data allows researchers to make sense of the thousands of words/images/objects that have been collected during the course of their research. There are many different ways of both managing and thinking with qualitative data. This chapter discusses a variety of analytic techniques, including coding, data mapping, grounded theory, and poetic inquiry. It also considers post-qualitative research and the ways in which post-qualitative inquiry posits additional ways of thinking with one’s research phenomena.
Cosmopolitanism and the Indigenous Novel
Authors: Patell Cyrus R. K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the ways in which Indigenous American fiction is undergirded by an approach to cosmopolitanism that recognizes the importance of maintaining separate tribal nations while also finding ways to create common cause in order to counteract the legacy of Anglo-European settler colonialism. Indigenous American writing poses a challenge to contemporary theories of cosmopolitanism by asserting that both an understanding of the importance of Indigenous tribal sovereignty and a universalism built not solely on regard for human beings but also on regard for the planet must be part of any viable twenty-first century cosmopolitanism. The chapter argues that Indigenous American literatures, like other literatures often included under the banner of US “multiculturalism,” are more powerfully and completely understood if they are seen as “emergent literatures” rather than “multicultural literatures.”
The LGBTQ Novel
Authors: Herring Scott 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the “initialism” represented by the label “LGBTQ Novel” is a crucial context for an understanding of queer fiction. Given that most Americans continue to believe in a heterosexual/homosexual binary, the term LGBTQ emerged to offset not only that binary construction, but also the exclusivities inherent in the phrase gay and lesbian. This initialism remains an inadequate catchall, because it presumes stability across sexualities and genders that, as the genre of queer fiction demonstrates, is not always accurate nor always desired. The chapter examines the ongoing strains within disparate LGBTQ communities as they developed, converged, and at times splintered from each other on and off the page. In the 1970s, the US lesbian novel distinguished itself from the US gay novel. Flourishing in the last decade of the twentieth century, the trans novel thinks itself a departure from both.
Disability and the Novel
Authors: Adams Rachel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that a survey of disability and the post-1940 US novel must go beyond a catalogue of disabled characters to recognize the ways that disability invites experimentation with literary forms and calls into question deeply entrenched assumptions about normalcy, ability, and personhood that have long structured the novel as a genre. It is a fundamental paradox of modernity that disabled bodies provide a rich source of aesthetic inspiration while simultaneously being shunned, reviled, and disqualified from participation in the social world. Since the mid-twentieth century, however, the representation of disabled forms has been increasingly tied to an awareness of, and a desire to challenge or reconfigure, what we know about the lived realities of disability. Critical disability studies has evolved from a concern with the thematics of disability to a set of reading methods that situate bodies in relation to environment, language, and aesthetics.
The Romance Novel
Authors: Horst Lauren 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the growth and diversification of the romance genre since the mass-market romance first hit supermarket shelves in the 1970s. In the decades since, the more than billion-dollar-a-year industry has remained the most commercially successful and widely read genre of popular fiction. With the advent of indie publishing, self-publishing, and diversification of lines that even mainstream publishers like Harlequin or Avon offer, “Romance-landia” has become one of genre fiction’s most diverse categories. The chapter investigates such subgenres as historical romance, contemporary romance, romantic suspense, “baby love” fictions, paranormal romance, erotic romance, Christian evangelical romance, and LGBTQ romance. The chapter concludes by considering the ways that the Internet and social media are changing the way romance readers and writers in all subgenres interact.
Indirect Taxes
Authors: Conrad Robert F. , Alexeev Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Indirect taxes including general sales taxes (VAT, retail sales tax, turnover tax) are discussed in this chapter. Short discussions of selective excise taxes and tariffs are also part of the discussion chapter. Tariffs are included because a tariff will either directly affect the relative price of goods and services subject to tariff or indirectly affect relative prices because the tariff increases the price of inputs. Some context is provided for the discussion relative to the overall approach to tax reform upon which this volume is based. The chapter begins with a discussion of general consumption taxes. Value added tax, sales tax, and turnover tax are evaluated in a comparative framework. VAT is discussed at length with respect to both structure and application. Excise tax is discussed and an alternative evaluation method is described. The chapter ends with a discussion of the uniform tariff.
Introduction
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the book, its aims, and its methodology. This book explores two questions: (i) why ordinary people inform on others in repressive times, focusing on emotions as drivers, and (ii) how, after those times end, law and politics should speak of, to, and about informers. The introductory chapter sets out what we mean by the informer and the role of (e)motion—namely the motion produced by emotion—in human decision-making. It introduces our case study: Communist Czechoslovakia and its secret police, the Státní bezpečnost (StB). The focus of this chapter is on ‘everyday informing’ and on the construction of Czechoslovak state-society relations as interactively webbed and as illustrating both participatory dictatorship and social engineering. The source data we largely rely upon to develop informer file-stories are the StB secret collaborator files. This introduction therefore elucidates the limits and opportunities presented by secret police archives as knowledge sources.
Reckoning with Informers and the Communist Past
Authors: Drumbl Mark A. , Holá Barbora 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 unwraps the Czech Republic’s socio-legal reckoning with the repressive past, notably in the case of informers. This chapter elucidates transitional justice laws and practices implemented in Czechoslovakia after the fall of the Communist regime in 1989, as well as in the Czech Republic after the country’s dissolution in 1993. Transitional justice measures included proclamations, prosecutions, lustration, opening of StB archives, rehabilitation, property restitution, architectural remodelling, monument building, and creation of memory institutes. Although, taken as a whole, these transitional methods were not prima facie retributive— after all, there were hardly any criminal trials—they were still starkly condemnatory when it came to informers. Informers were cast as dangerous loyalists to the Communist regime and its ideology. Transitional justice stigmatized informers instead of pursuing reconciliatory goals. Political expediency was key in this regard, in particular, to bolster the legitimacy of the new liberal successor regime.
Ableist Institutions, Barriers, and Lived Experiences of Representation
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Reher Stefanie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the experiences and perspectives of disabled candidates and politicians in the UK drawing on rich interview data to examine the barriers to elected office and to representation once they are elected. It addresses three key questions: how can ableism help us to understand political institutions? What are the main barriers to elected office reported by disabled candidates, aspiring candidates, and politicians? Finally, what are the experiences of disabled politicians once elected? Recognizing the important role that political institutions play in determining the rules and informal norms and cultures, the chapter brings together ideas from feminist institutionalism with insights from disability studies. It develops the concept of ableist institutions to help explore the ways in which disabled people are marginalized or excluded within political institutions which were not designed to be inclusive. The three key barriers identified which pervade both political recruitment and representative processes relate to accessibility, resourcing, and political culture. The chapter argues that ableist institutions normalize and recreate power dynamics in such a way as to ‘other’ disabled politicians, making it harder for them to carry out their representative duties.
Undeserving Patients
Authors: Kennett Jeanette 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Encouraging and supporting people to take responsibility for their health is a laudable forward-looking goal of a public health system. Holding people responsible for conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, obesity, and addiction, that may have resulted from their past actions, is more controversial, particularly when it is used as a basis to deny or restrict treatment that would otherwise have been provided. In this chapter I will draw upon retributive theories of punishment to argue that restricting access to health care to persons who are deemed to have contributed to their health condition, say by smoking, drinking, poor diet or lack of exercise, is inevitably to engage in a form of retributive blame and punishment and that the system-wide justifications that might be offered for such practices fail. Denial or limitation of treatment on other than medical grounds will frequently constitute excessive rather than proportional punishment for past actions. Moreover, determining and meting out such sanctions is beyond the proper scope of health care professionals and undermines the virtues proper to their roles.
Informed Consent and Morally Responsible Agency
Authors: Kay Nelkin Dana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recently, there have been several illuminating discussions highlighting a connection between the appropriate conditions for morally responsible agency and for valid informed consent in health care (including for personal medical decisions and for participation in clinical trials). In this chapter, I begin by drawing parallels between debates in both areas (e.g. “substantive” versus “procedural” accounts, “capacity” versus “flow” accounts) and then briefly defend the idea that we should focus on a particular family of substantive views that appeal to high-enough quality opportunities for decision-making which are determined by both agents’ reasons-responsive capacities and situational factors. Notably, even if reasons-responsiveness conditions feature in both accounts of responsible agency and of informed consent, it remains an open question just how similar the conditions are in each area. In particular, since the basis for and the quality of our reasons-responsive capacities come in degrees, there is a question of when a threshold is met so that a person can be said to have a capacity, or a sufficiently high-quality capacity, which is a difficult question to answer in both realms. In this chapter, I assess possible answers and consider how constrained those answers should be by independent reasons to treat responsible agency and eligibility for informed consent similarly.
What is an organism?
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A biological organism can be defined as an entity that uses an energy source and simple chemical compounds from the environment in order to grow and to create copies of itself, based on chemically encoded information. Energy sources can be nonbiological, such as in photosynthetic organisms, or biological, such as in organisms that feed on other organisms or on their remains. The vast majority of animals obtain energy from other organisms, known as heterotrophy. Looking beyond animals at the simplest organisms, we find a range of single-celled organisms which use an array of methods for obtaining energy and surviving. Eukaryotes are single-celled organisms with membrane-bound organelles. The mitochondria of all eukaryotes and the chloroplasts of photosynthetic eukaryotes derive from the endosymbiosis of formerly free-living organisms. Eukaryotes can be divided based on their mode of locomotion: amoeboid, ciliate, or flagellate; the way they obtain energy: photosynthetic or heterotrophic; and their skeleton—no skeleton, or silica or calcium carbonate skeleton.
Transport and gas exchange systems
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Transport systems are responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrition to the cells and for removing carbon dioxide and waste products from the cells. They can be diffuse or organized as a circulatory system. Circulatory systems can be closed—with circulatory fluids moving in vessels—or open—with circulatory fluids spending some of the time in vessels and some in the hemocoel. Gas exchange can be done directly via the body wall in small organisms, but for larger organisms, dedicated organs are needed. Aquatic gas exchange organs are known as gills, and they can be external and in direct contact with the surroundings, or internal, housed within a protected space. Gas exchange organs in the air can be in the form of lungs, a large internal space where gas exchange takes place, or in the form of tracheae, a series of tubes connected to the outside but reaching the internal transport system.
Cross-Border Data Flows
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the building blocks of the problem of reconciling European personal data privacy framework and international trade law discussed in this book. Against the background of expanding international trade law rules on cross-border data flows, on the one hand, and strengthening of the fundamental rights protection for personal data in the European Union (EU), on the other hand, this chapter explains why data protection is an international trade law issue. The tension between restrictions on cross-border data flow under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the EU’s commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the World Trade Organization (WTO) can pull in opposite directions. This chapter illuminates why this tension may result in a clash between the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the GATS. Finally, this chapter sets out the EU’s approach to regulating cross-border data flows in recent digital trade agreements and ongoing trade negotiations.
Personal Data Transfers in International Trade and EU Law
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the tension between the governance of personal data transfers by the European Union (EU) and in international trade law. It argues that the restrictions on transfers of personal data outside the European Economic Area (EEA) under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) go beyond what is permitted under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This chapter contends that a violation of these commitments cannot be justified under the necessity test of the GATS general exception for privacy and data protection. Yet, in the EU, privacy and data protection are fundamental rights. Transfers of personal data outside the EEA constitute an interference with these rights and must, therefore, be consistent with the necessity test of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter). This chapter demonstrates how a simultaneous application of two necessity tests creates a catch-22 situation and sketches the ways out of this compliance dead lock.
Privacy Protection(ism)
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that it is not possible to strike the right balance between domestic data privacy protection and cross-border data flows by just ruling out ‘digital protectionism’, because ‘protectionism’ is socially constructed by the power of discourse. In regulatory conversations on privacy and personal data protection in the context of cross-border data flows, controlling discourse predetermines the baseline between data privacy protection and protectionism and, as a result, affects the level of such protection considered to be necessary and legitimate from a trade perspective. Conducting conversations within the boundaries of a purely economic ‘digital trade’ discourse puts data privacy protection in an a priori defensive position. A pluralist discourse is necessary to allow parties to multilateral trade negotiations on cross-border data flows to strike the right balance between globalization, democratic politics, and domestic autonomy to pursue domestic values such as fundamental rights to privacy and data protection.
EU Framework for Transfers of Personal Data
Authors: Yakovleva Svetlana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that a reform of the European Union’s (EU) framework for transfers of personal data outside the European Economic Area (EEA) provided for in Chapter V of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) is necessary. This argument is structured along the following three broad issues. First, this chapter examines the constitutional contours of the GDPR’s Chapter V framework to ascertain that the EU legislator has enough flexibility to reform this framework within the boundaries of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EU Charter). Second, it elucidates the gaps that this framework creates in legal protection of Europeans’ personal data transmitted outside the EEA. Finally, this chapter proposes three directions of thought on how to improve the GDPR’s Chapter V framework, reflecting possible short-, medium-, and long-term strategies for the EU in this area.
A White Coat or a White Heart?
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3, “A White Coat or a White Heart? The Methodology,” details the systematic study of newly arrived refugees from the Middle East conducted in 2016–2021 in Germany. The chapter describes the participant population, interview setting, the quantitative and qualitative measures used, and interview themes of the study. Accounts of trauma are emotionally fraught, and despite a veneer of composure, the experiences of the refugee participants may be chaotic and haphazard. Although there seems to be some research about client traits, race, and ethnicity, there is not enough scientific research identifying the therapist factors that contribute to trust, relationship-building, and creating safety in a clinical interview. This chapter describes therapist empathy and cultural knowledge as core competencies in the methodology used to access refugees’ lived experiences and invite their collaboration, as well as the role of psychological safety in self-disclosure. In doing so, the chapter also highlights the critical role of relationships in mitigating and maintaining the posttraumatic stress of refugees. In addition, the chapter underscores the importance of language, lexicon, and affect while parsing accounts of violence and trauma.