bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The association of physical inactivity with Type 2 diabetes among different ethnic groups
Authors: Admiraal W. M. , van Valkengoed I. G. M. , L de Munter J. S. , Stronks K. , Hoekstra J. B. L. , Holleman F. 
Published: January 2011

Diabet. Med. 28, 668–672 (2011)AbstractAims  To study differences in the association between physical inactivity and Type 2 diabetes among subjects from different ethnic groups.Methods  We analysed data on 508 Caucasian, 596 African‐Surinamese and 339 Hindustani‐Surinamese participants, aged 35–60 years, in the population‐based, cross‐sectional Surinamese in the Netherlands Study on Health and Ethnicity (SUNSET) study. Physical inactivity was defined as the lowest quartile of reported activity, measured with the validated Short Questionnaire to Assess Health‐Enhancing Physical Activity. Type 2 diabetes was defined as fasting plasma glucose levels ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or self‐reported diagnosis.Results  Physical inactivity was associated with Type 2 diabetes (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.12–2.38) in the total group after adjustment for sex, age, BMI, ethnicity, resting heart rate, hypertension, smoking, history of cardiovascular disease, having a first‐degree relative with Type 2 diabetes and educational level. However, this association was only significant in Caucasians (OR 3.17, 95% CI 1.37–7.30). Moreover, it appeared stronger in Caucasians than in Hindustani‐Surinamese (OR 1.43, 95% CI 0.78–2.63) and African‐Surinamese (OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.58–2.19), although the P‐value for interaction was not significant.Conclusions  Physical inactivity was associated with Type 2 diabetes in the total group after adjustment for multiple risk factors, but this association was only significant in Caucasians. Also, it appeared stronger in Caucasians than in Hindustani and African‐Surinamese, but formal testing for interaction provided no further evidence. These findings confirm the importance of exercise, but suggest that potential health gain may differ between ethnic groups. However, it should be noted that, in general, promotion of physical activity in populations with an increased a priori risk of Type 2 diabetes, remains of the utmost importance.
Pharmacokinetics and ‘bioactivation’ of MPA
Authors: Täuber U. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn order to display its pharmacological and therapeutic effects, a local corticosteroid has to be bioavailable at its target site in the skin. The intensity and duration of its activity depend on the time course of its concentration in the target tissue, the number of receptors within this, tissue and on the intrinsic pharmacological activity of the molecule respectively of its active metabolite(s). It is commonly accepted that the desired and the adverse corticosteroid effects are mediated by receptor mechanisms. Since all nucleated cells contain corticosteroid receptors with the same specifity yet in different numbers, a dissociation between wanted anti‐inflammatory and unwanted local and systemic effects is not achievable at the receptor level. A certain dissociation seems to be possible pharmacokinetically: structural modification of the corticosteroid molecule, especially introduction of suitable side chains, can lead to high concentrations of the active principal at the site of the desired effect and to low levels at the site of undesired effects. In the following, the most important pharmacokinetic properties of methylprednisolonaceponate (MPA), the active ingredient of Advantan® are presented: MPA is a di‐ester of the non‐halogenated methylprednisolone with a propionate group at C‐atom 17 and an acetate group at C‐atom 21. The introduction of both ester groups increase markedly the lipophilicity of the molecule and thus penetration into the skin. In addition the acetate side chain at C21 prevents a so‐called acyl‐migration of the propionic acid from C17 to C21 and thus stabilizes the molecule. After penetration out of the formulation into the living skin, MPA is hydrolized by the esterases in the epidermis and dermis at position 21, leading to the formation of methylprednisolone‐17‐propionate (MP‐17‐Prop). MP‐17‐Prop binds more strongly to the corticosteroid receptor than the parent substance MPA and represents the active principle in the skin. This so‐called ‘bioactivation’ proceeds distinctly faster in damaged and inflamed skin compared to healthy skin. After percutaneous absorption MP‐17‐Prop is inactivated by conjugation with glucuronic acid and is excreted mainly in the urine.
Magnetic Resonance Angiography of the Circle of Willis in Patients with Symptomatic Intracranial Neuropathology: Medicare LCD L25367(R4)
Authors: Gilbert John W. , Wheeler G. R. , Mick G. E. , Herder S. L. , Richardson G. B. , Storey B. B. , Broughton P. G. ,   MS Nursing, Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner, Kenney III C. M. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTPatients with symptomatic intracranial neuropathology such as atherosclerotic occlusive disease or unruptured aneurysms face high risks for morbidity and mortality. Magnetic resonance angiography of the circle of Willis is an important tool used to detect and diagnose intracranial neuropathology; however, recent changes to the Medicare local coverage determinations for this procedure threaten to compromise the physician's ability to deliver this current standard of care. Physicians can assume an important role in advocating for this lifesaving procedure on behalf of this vulnerable patient population. J Neuroimaging 2012;22:118‐121.
A Theology of the Table
Authors: Furnal Joshua 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis paper explores the meal scenes in Mark's gospel and examines the theme of Divine Hospitality in the Old Testament. In doing so, a connection is made between the table fellowship of Jesus and the Kingdom of God. The article concludes by reflecting upon ecclesiological practices of the Eucharist in light of the inclusivity of table fellowship. The argument is that by attending to the meal scenes in the gospel of Mark, an understanding of the Kingdom of God manifests and should shape the way the Church practices hospitality.
Reflections on the Teaching of Philosophy in Clerical Seminaries
Authors: Theron Stephen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPeople cannot receive information about philosophy while being themselves dispensed from philosophising, thinking. This requirement is reasonable, since “all men desire to know”. A dualist approach to philosophy and theology obscures that they are the same. Revelation is immanent within the thinking person and grace, pace Thomas, is not extrinsic. Ecumenism, the principle, underpins this. So the philosophy of theology transcends external confessionalism, as does Christian faith itself.
Examination of denture‐cleaning methods based on the quantity of microorganisms adhering to a denture
Authors: Nishi Yasuhiro , Seto Katsura , Kamashita Yuuji , Take Chiaki , Kurono Asutsugu , Nagaoka Eiichi 
Published: February 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00461.xExamination of denture‐cleaning methods based on the quantity of microorganisms adhering to a dentureObjectives:  To investigate effective denture‐cleaning methods, we examined the relationships between the quantity of microorganisms adhering to dentures and the use of a denture brush and the frequency of use of a denture cleanser.Subjects and Methods:  Denture plaque was collected from the mucosal surface of the examined dentures, which were 142 and 80 upper and lower complete dentures, respectively, worn by 96 outpatients (mean age: 71.9 years) of a university hospital and 41 nursing home residents (mean age: 84.8 years). The collected microorganisms were counted in terms of isolated representative colonies that were cultured and identified using standard methods. The use of a denture brush, the frequency of use, and the type and soaking time of denture cleansers as denture‐cleaning methods were surveyed.Results:  The quantity of microorganisms was significantly lower in dentures of denture brush users than in those of non‐users in the outpatients (p < 0.01, Mann–Whitney U test). The quantity of microorganisms was significantly lower in the dentures of outpatients who used a denture cleanser daily or 3–4 times a week than in those who used one once or less per month and in the dentures of nursing home residents who used one daily than in those who used one at other frequencies (p < 0.05, Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn’s Multiple Comparison test).Conclusion:  Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that the use of a denture brush and daily use of denture cleanser should be recommended to complete dentures wearers as denture‐cleaning methods that effectively reduce the quantity of microorganisms adhering to dentures.
Effect of water storage and heat treatment on the cytotoxicity of soft liners
Authors: Tay Lidia Yileng , Herrera Daniel Rodrigo , Quishida Cristiane Campos Costa , Carlos Iracilda Zeppone , Jorge Janaina Habib 
Published: February 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00463.xEffect of water storage and heat treatment on the cytotoxicity of soft linersObjective:  To evaluate the effect of water storage time on the cytotoxicity of soft liners.Methods:  Sample discs of soft liners Dentusoft, Dentuflex, Trusoft, Ufi‐Gel‐P and denture base acrylic resin Lucitone‐550 were prepared and divided into four groups: GN: No treatment, G24: Stored in water at 37°C for 24 h; G48: Stored in water at 37°C for 48 h, GHW: Immersed in water at 55°C for 10 min. To analyse the cytotoxic effect, three samples of each group were placed in tubes with Dubelcco’s Modified Eagle Mediums and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. During this period, the toxic substances were leached to the culture medium. The cytotoxicity was analysed quantitatively by the incorporation of radioactivity 3H‐thymidine checking the number of viable cells (synthesis of DNA). The data were statistically analysed using two‐way anova and Tukey’s honestly significant difference tests (α = 0.05).Results:  Treatments did not reduce the cytotoxicity effect of the soft liners (p > 0.05). It was found that Ufi‐Gel‐P had a non‐cytotoxic effect, Trusoft had a slightly cytotoxic effect, Dentuflex had a moderated cytotoxic effect, Dentusoft alternated between slightly and non‐cytotoxic effect, and Lucitone‐550 had non‐cytotoxic effect when stored in water for 48 h.Conclusion:  The effect of water storage and the heat treatment did not reduce the cytotoxicity of the soft liners.
Shelley’s ‘Mask of Anarchy’ and the Problem of Modern Sovereignty
Authors: Kuiken Kir 
Published: February 2011

AbstractShelley’s political poem, ‘The Mask of Anarchy’, was written in 1819 after the event known as the ‘massacre at Peterloo’. It attempts to galvanize the reform movement’s resistance to what he saw as the illegitimate power of the British government. Because the poem was deemed too radical to publish in the wake of government repression after the massacre, it raises the question of how to judge the political efficacy of a text beyond the immediate historical context for which it was intended. Recent criticism has sought to locate this efficacy in the tensions between the poem’s formal poetics and the specific political proposals that it seems to advance. This article revisits the need for this approach by proposing that the political efficacy of the ‘Mask of Anarchy’ must also be measured in terms of the way that it articulates two different relations to the paradox of modern political sovereignty which, no longer based on a transcendent foundation such as divine right, must include within its institution a finite act of self‐grounding. Drawing on recent theoretical debates about the nature of modern sovereignty, I argue that Shelley’s poem demonstrates two different relationships to this act of self‐grounding: one that produces an illegitimate form of sovereignty, and a second that recognizes the contingency of its own institution. I then go on to consider how these two different conceptions of sovereignty help clarify and sharpen the specific nature of the poem’s political efficacy.
A progenitor for the extremely luminous Type Ic supernova 2007bi
Authors: Yoshida T. , Umeda H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
SN 2007bi is an extremely luminous Type Ic supernova. This supernova is thought to be evolved from a very massive star, and two possibilities have been proposed for the explosion mechanism. One possibility is a pair-instability supernova with an MCO∼ 100 M⊙ CO core progenitor. Another possibility is a core-collapse supernova with MCO∼ 40 M⊙. We investigate the evolution of very massive stars with main-sequence mass MMS= 100–500 M⊙ and Z0= 0.004, which is in the metallicity range of the host galaxy of SN 2007bi, to constrain the progenitor of SN 2007bi. The supernova type relating to the surface He abundance is also discussed. The main-sequence mass of the progenitor exploding as a pair-instability supernova could be MMS∼ 515–575 M⊙. The minimum main-sequence mass could be 310 M⊙ when uncertainties in the mass-loss rate are considered. A star with MMS∼ 110–280 M⊙ evolves to a CO star, appropriate for the core-collapse supernova of SN 2007bi. Arguments based on the probability of pair-instability and core-collapse supernovae favour the hypothesis that SN 2007bi originated from a core-collapse supernova event.
Mapping Black Theology Globally
Authors: Antonio Edward P. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThis essay is a survey of the global presence of black theology in three regions of the world: South Africa, Britain, and the Caribbean. The essay privileges theological anthropology as a framework within which black theology has emerged as a critique of modern racist views of the human self. By showing the globality of black theology it not only aims at dispelling a common misunderstanding that black theology is a peculiarly African–American phenomenon, it also constructs its international presence as a summons to recognize the extent to which black theology itself is riven by the internal differences which always constitute it in the specific idiom of its local responses to the ubiquity of racism in modernity. It is suggested that we take the global reality of black theology as heralding the end of white history and its false (racist) narratives of a universal humanism.
A Really Big Picture of Personality
Authors: Mayer John D. , Korogodsky Maria 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHow do you describe personality? One way is to begin with a picture of where personality is in relation to its neighboring systems. For example, a biopsychosocial model is often used to position personality between a lower‐level brain and higher‐level social groups. A more complete model, however, would also distinguish what is inside personality from what is outside of it. An enlarged model that accomplishes that goal is presented. After personality is positioned, models that focus on the system’s inner function can be used to complete the picture. One such model, called the systems set, divides personality into such key areas as energy development and knowledge guidance. Both the positional and functional models are illustrated with examples from the life of the composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Using such models is one way to provide an organized description of a person.
Toxoplasma gondii in Switzerland: A Serosurvey Based on Meat Juice Analysis of Slaughtered Pigs, Wild Boar, Sheep and Cattle
Authors: Berger‐Schoch A. E. , Bernet D. , Doherr M. G. , Gottstein B. , Frey C. F. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryToxoplasmosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases worldwide and is caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii. Besides vertical infection during pregnancy, humans can get infected post‐natally either by peroral uptake of sporulated Toxoplasma oocysts or by ingestion of tissue cysts upon consumption of raw or undercooked meat. The aim of this study was to approximate the risk of human infection via meat consumption by estimating the seroprevalence of T. gondii in slaughtered animals in Switzerland and to compare data with prevalences assessed 10 years ago. The study included pigs, cattle, sheep and wild boar of different age groups and housing conditions whenever possible and applicable. A P‐30‐ELISA was used to detect T. gondii‐specific antibodies and to determine seroprevalences in meat juice of slaughtered animals. A total of 270 domestic pigs (120 adults, 50 finishing, 100 free‐ranging animals), 150 wild boars, 250 sheep (150 adults, 100 lambs) and 406 cattle (47 calves, 129 heifers, 100 bulls, 130 adult cows) were tested. Seropositivity increased with the age of the assessed animals. Independent of the age‐group, the overall seroprevalence was lowest in wild boars (6.7%), followed by pigs (23.3%), cattle (45.6%) and sheep (61.6%), respectively. Conventional fattening pigs and free‐ranging pigs surprisingly had comparable seroprevalences (14.0% and 13.0%, respectively). Unlike in other European countries, where generally a decrease in the number of seropositive animals had been observed, we found that the prevalence of seropositive animals, when compared with that of 10 years ago, had increased for most species/age groups. Conclusively, the results demonstrated a high seroprevalence of T. gondii in animals slaughtered for meat production and revealed that increasing age of the animals is a more important risk factor than housing conditions in Switzerland.
Methods for collaboratively identifying research priorities and emerging issues in science and policy
Authors: Sutherland William J. , Fleishman Erica , Mascia Michael B. , Pretty Jules , Rudd Murray A. 
Published: February 2011

Summary 1. There is a widely recognized gap between the data generated by researchers and the information required by policy makers. In an effort to bridge the gap between conservation policy and science, we have convened in several countries multiple groups of policy makers, practitioners and researchers to identify priority information needs that can be met by new research in the social and natural sciences. 2. The exercises we have coordinated included identification of priority policy‐relevant research questions in specific geographies (UK, USA, Canada); questions relating to global conservation; questions relating to global agriculture; policy opportunities in the United Kingdom; and emerging global conservation issues or ‘horizon scanning’. 3. We outline the exercises and describe our methods, which are based on principles of inclusivity, openness and democracy. Methods to maximize inclusiveness and rigour in such exercises include solicitation of questions and priorities from an extensive community, online collation of material, repeated voting and engagement with policy networks to foster uptake and application of the results. 4. These methods are transferable to a wide range of policy or research areas within and beyond the conservation sciences.
Measuring amphibian immunocompetence: validation of the phytohemagglutinin skin‐swelling assay in the cane toad, Rhinella marina
Authors: Brown Gregory P. , Shilton Catherine M. , Shine Richard 
Published: February 2011

Summary 1. Measuring the degree of skin‐swelling induced by intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is simple, quick and inexpensive, does not require specialized equipment and is easily conducted under field conditions. 2. PHA is perhaps the most frequently used assay of immunocompetence in field studies of birds. However, the method has rarely been used, and never validated, for studies on ectothermic vertebrates. 3. Here, we document its use in an amphibian. In response to PHA injected into a toe web, cane toads exhibited a 35% increase in web thickness 24 h postinjection. 4. Histologically, PHA injection initiated a rapid (<12 h) infiltration of neutrophils, eosinophils and macrophages at the injection site, followed by an influx of lymphocytes by 24 h postinjection. A second exposure to PHA stimulated a faster, more intense swelling response. 5. In cane toads, PHA injection elicits a rapid innate immune response, followed by a secondary response that may reflect cell‐mediated immune activity. Both components are easily quantifiable by the degree of skin‐swelling. 6. Hence, PHA injection offers a convenient assay to quantify immune function in anurans and could usefully be incorporated into studies on the reasons for global amphibian declines.
Radiation doses in cone‐beam breast computed tomography: A Monte Carlo simulation study
Authors: Yi Ying , Lai Chao‐Jen , Han Tao , Zhong Yuncheng , Shen Youtao , Liu Xinming , Ge Shuaiping , You Zhicheng , Wang Tianpeng , Shaw Chris C. 
Published: February 2011

Purpose:In this article, we describe a method to estimate the spatial dose variation, average dose and mean glandular dose (MGD) for a real breast using Monte Carlo simulation based on cone beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) images. We present and discuss the dose estimation results for 19 mastectomy breast specimens, 4 homogeneous breast models, 6 ellipsoidal phantoms, and 6 cylindrical phantoms.Methods:To validate the Monte Carlo method for dose estimation in CBBCT, we compared the Monte Carlo dose estimates with the thermoluminescent dosimeter measurements at various radial positions in two polycarbonate cylinders (11‐ and 15‐cm in diameter). Cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 19 mastectomy breast specimens, obtained with a bench‐top experimental scanner, were segmented and used to construct 19 structured breast models. Monte Carlo simulation of CBBCT with these models was performed and used to estimate the point doses, average doses, and mean glandular doses for unit open air exposure at the iso‐center. Mass based glandularity values were computed and used to investigate their effects on the average doses as well as the mean glandular doses. Average doses for 4 homogeneous breast models were estimated and compared to those of the corresponding structured breast models to investigate the effect of tissue structures. Average doses for ellipsoidal and cylindrical digital phantoms of identical diameter and height were also estimated for various glandularity values and compared with those for the structured breast models.Results:The absorbed dose maps for structured breast models show that doses in the glandular tissue were higher than those in the nearby adipose tissue. Estimated average doses for the homogeneous breast models were almost identical to those for the structured breast models. Normalized average doses estimated for the ellipsoidal phantoms were similar to those for the structured breast models (root mean square (rms) percentage;), whereas those for the cylindrical phantoms were significantly lower (rms percentage;). Normalized MGDs were found to decrease with increasing glandularity.Conclusions:Our results indicate that it is sufficient to use homogeneous breast models derived from CBCT generated structured breast models to estimate the average dose. This investigation also shows that ellipsoidal digital phantoms of similar dimensions (diameter and height) and glandularity to actual breasts may be used to represent a real breast to estimate the average breast dose with Monte Carlo simulation. We have also successfully demonstrated the use of structured breast models to estimate the true MGDs and shown that the normalized MGDs decreased with the glandularity as previously reported by other researchers for CBBCT or mammography.