bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cesium Ion Exchange on Synthetic Birnessite (Na0.35MnO2·0.6H2O)
Authors: Chitrakar Ramesh , Makita Yoji , Sonoda Akinari 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Uptake of Cs+ on poorly crystalline layered manganese oxide (Na birnessite) is reported. Distribution coefficients (Kd) showed significant uptake of Cs+ under acidic (pH 2.4) or basic conditions (pH 10.2). The uptake of Cs+ takes place with release of Na+ into the solution confirming ion exchange. The maximum uptake of Cs+ was 2.0 mmol g−1 at pH 10.2.
Pd(II)-catalyzed Formal O–H Insertion Reactions of Diazonaphthoquinones to Acetic Acid: Synthesis of 1,2-Naphthalenediol Derivatives
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Kisanuki Masato , Sakata Rie , Okauchi Tatsuo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Pd(II)-catalyzed formal O–H insertion reaction of diazonaphthoquinones to acetic acid proceeded to afford 1,2-naphthalenediol monoacetates. In the presence of lithium halides, halonaphthols were obtained under the reaction conditions.
Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis of Stage-Specific Inbreeding Depression in the Pacific OysterCrassostrea gigas
Authors: Plough Louis V , Hedgecock Dennis 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInbreeding depression and genetic load have been widely observed, but their genetic basis and effects on fitness during the life cycle remain poorly understood, especially for marine animals with high fecundity and high, early mortality (type-III survivorship). A high load of recessive mutations was previously inferred for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, from massive distortions of zygotic, marker segregation ratios in F2 families. However, the number, genomic location, and stage-specific onset of mutations affecting viability have not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we again report massive distortions of microsatellite-marker segregation ratios in two F2 hybrid families, but we now locate the causative deleterious mutations, using a quantitative trait locus (QTL) interval-mapping model, and we characterize their mode of gene action. We find 14–15 viability QTL (vQTL) in the two families. Genotypic frequencies at vQTL generally suggest selection against recessive or partially recessive alleles, supporting the dominance theory of inbreeding depression. No epistasis was detected among vQTL, so unlinked vQTL presumably have independent effects on survival. For the first time, we track segregation ratios of vQTL-linked markers through the life cycle, to determine their stage-specific expression. Almost all vQTL are absent in the earliest life stages examined, confirming zygotic viability selection; vQTL are predominantly expressed before the juvenile stage (90%), mostly at metamorphosis (50%). We estimate that, altogether, selection on vQTL caused 96% mortality in these families, accounting for nearly all of the actual mortality. Thus, genetic load causes substantial mortality in inbred Pacific oysters, particularly during metamorphosis, a critical developmental transition warranting further investigation.
Estimating the Likely Public Health Impact of Partner Notification for a Clinical Service: An Evidence-Based Algorithm
Authors: Mercer Catherine H. , Aicken Catherine R. H. , Brook M. Gary , Estcourt Claudia S. , Cassell Jackie A. 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. We present the first evidence-based method for estimating public health and cost impacts of partner notification (PN) that takes account of sexual partnership type. Methods. Our algorithm uses routine clinical data, probability survey data, and transmission parameters. We propose 2 new epidemiological concepts to quantify PN impact: “[the] absolute reduction in onward transmission” and its reciprocal, “[the] number needed to treat to interrupt transmission” (i.e., the number of partners who need to be treated to interrupt 1 onward transmission). We demonstrate these concepts for 273 chlamydia cases diagnosed at a UK genitourinary medicine clinic. Results. The number needed to treat to interrupt transmission (overall, for casual partners, and for regular partners, respectively) was 1.47, 1.11, and 2.50, respectively, for men younger than 25 years; 1.60, 0.83, and 1.25, respectively, for women younger than 25 years; 2.35, 1.39, and 2.08, respectively, for men older than 25 years; and 2.14, 0.93, and 2.08, respectively, for women older than 25 years. Conclusions. PN that targets casual partners, rather than regular or live-in partners, prevents more secondary transmissions per partnership; it is also more resource intensive, but the public health benefit is greater.
Public Health Implications of Rapid Hepatitis C Screening With an Oral Swab for Community-Based Organizations Serving High-Risk Populations
Authors: Drobnik Ann , Judd Caroline , Banach David , Egger Joseph , Konty Kevin , Rude Eric 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. Between April and September of 2009 we evaluated the accuracy of the OraQuick HCV rapid antibody test and assessed its feasibility for use by community-based organizations (CBOs) serving populations at high risk for HCV in New York City. Methods. We compared the results of screening by OraQuick (oral swab) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA; blood draw). We performed ribonucleic acid polymerase chain reaction testing for discordant results. We also assessed research staff perceptions through a survey and focus group. Results. Overall, 97.5% of OraQuick and EIA results matched. Testing of discordant samples indicated that the rapid test was more likely than the EIA to provide a correct diagnosis. Research staff preferred the rapid test and identified challenges that would be overcome with its use. CBOs could benefit from increased testing capacity, and clients might benefit from more rapid access to education, counseling, and referrals. Conclusions. OraQuick's accuracy is comparable to the EIA. The oral swab rapid test could help HCV screening programs reach individuals unaware of their status and expand testing into nonclinical settings such as mobile units.
Association Between Type of Health Insurance and Elective Cesarean Deliveries: New Jersey, 2004–2007
Authors: Huesch Marco D. 
Published: September 2011

Objectives. I examined the relationship between insurance coverage, which may influence physician incentives and maternal choices, and cesarean delivery before labor. Methods. I analyzed hospital discharge data for mothers without previous cesarean deliveries in New Jersey between 2004 and 2007, with adjustment for maternal age, race, marital status, and maternal, fetal, and placental conditions. Results. Nearly 1 in 7 women (13.9%) had a cesarean delivery without laboring. Insurance status was strongly associated with cesarean birth. Women insured by Medicaid (adjusted relative risk [ARR] = 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.84, 0.91) or self-paying (ARR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.78, 0.85) had a significantly lower likelihood, and women insured by BlueCross (ARR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.03, 1.09) or standard commercial plans (ARR = 1.06; 95% CI = 1.02, 1.10) had a significantly higher likelihood of cesarean delivery than did women insured by commercial health maintenance organizations. These associations persisted in subsets restricted to lower-risk women and in qualitative sensitivity analyses for a hypothetical single, binary, unmeasured confounder. Conclusions. Insurance status has a small, independent impact on whether a woman without a previous cesarean delivery proceeds to labor or has a cesarean delivery without labor.
Quality of Life in Postmenopausal Women: The Impact of Depressive and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Uguz Faruk , Sahingoz Mine , Gezginc Kazim , Ayhan Medine Giynas 
Published: September 2011

Objective: Psychiatric symptoms are frequently present in postmenopausal women. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of depressive and anxiety disorders on the quality of life (QoL) of postmenopausal women. Method: The study sample consisted of 342 postmenopausal women who presented to the Gynecology Outpatient Clinic. The Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition was used to determine depressive and anxiety disorders. The participants' QoL level was assessed by means of the World Health Organization QoL Assessment-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF). Results: Subjects without a diagnosis of depressive or anxiety disorder had significantly higher points in all domains of WHOQOL-BREF. According to linear regression analysis, all evaluated disorders except social phobia and specific phobia were independently associated with lower scores for at least one dimension of the QoL scale. However, major depression, dysthymic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder predicted all domains of WHOQOL-BREF. Conclusion: Depressive and anxiety disorders, particularly major depression, dysthymic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder, seem to be considerable factors affecting the QoL in postmenopausal women.
Correlates of Osteoprotegerin and Association with Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Scialla Julia J. , Leonard Mary B. , Townsend Raymond R. , Appel Lawrence , Wolf Myles , Budoff Matt J. , Chen Jing , Lustigova Eva , Gadegbeku Crystal A. , Glenn Melanie , Hanish Asaf , Raj Dominic , Rosas Sylvia E. , Seliger Stephen L. , Weir Matthew R. , Parekh Rulan S. 
Published: September 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
Osteoprotegerin (OPG), a cytokine that regulates bone resorption, has been implicated in the process of vascular calcification and stiffness.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Serum OPG was measured in 351 participants with chronic kidney disease (CKD) from one site of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. Cortical bone mineral content (BMC) was measured by quantitative computed tomography in the tibia. Multivariable linear regression was used to test the association between serum OPG and traditional cardiovascular risk factors, measures of abnormal bone and mineral metabolism, and pulse wave velocity.

Results
Higher serum OPG levels were associated with older age, female gender, greater systolic BP, lower estimated GFR, and lower serum albumin. OPG was not associated with measures of abnormal bone or mineral metabolism including serum phosphorus, albumin-corrected serum calcium, intact parathyroid hormone, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, or cortical BMC. Among 226 participants with concurrent aortic pulse wave velocity measurements, increasing tertiles of serum OPG were associated with higher aortic pulse wave velocity after adjustment for demographics, traditional vascular risk factors, and nontraditional risk factors such as estimated GFR, albuminuria, serum phosphate, corrected serum calcium, presence of secondary hyperparathyroidism, serum albumin, and C-reactive protein or after additional adjustment for cortical BMC in a subset (n = 161).

Conclusions
These data support a strong relationship between serum OPG and arterial stiffness independent of many potential confounders including traditional cardiovascular risk factors, abnormal bone and mineral metabolism, and inflammation.
FoxO6 Integrates Insulin Signaling With Gluconeogenesis in the Liver
Authors: Kim Dae Hyun , Perdomo German , Zhang Ting , Slusher Sandra , Lee Sojin , Phillips Brett E. , Fan Yong , Giannoukakis Nick , Gramignoli Roberto , Strom Stephen , Ringquist Steven , Dong H. Henry 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Excessive endogenous glucose production contributes to fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes. This effect stems from inept insulin suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we studied the ability of forkhead box O6 (FoxO6) to mediate insulin action on hepatic gluconeogenesis and its contribution to glucose metabolism.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We characterized FoxO6 in glucose metabolism in cultured hepatocytes and in rodent models of dietary obesity, insulin resistance, or insulin-deficient diabetes. We determined the effect of FoxO6 on hepatic gluconeogenesis in genetically modified mice with FoxO6 gain- versus loss-of-function and in diabetic db/db mice with selective FoxO6 ablation in the liver.

RESULTS
FoxO6 integrates insulin signaling to hepatic gluconeogenesis. In mice, elevated FoxO6 activity in the liver augments gluconeogenesis, raising fasting blood glucose levels, and hepatic FoxO6 depletion suppresses gluconeogenesis, resulting in fasting hypoglycemia. FoxO6 stimulates gluconeogenesis, which is counteracted by insulin. Insulin inhibits FoxO6 activity via a distinct mechanism by inducing its phosphorylation and disabling its transcriptional activity, without altering its subcellular distribution in hepatocytes. FoxO6 becomes deregulated in the insulin-resistant liver, accounting for its unbridled activity in promoting gluconeogenesis and correlating with the pathogenesis of fasting hyperglycemia in diabetes. These metabolic abnormalities, along with fasting hyperglycemia, are reversible by selective inhibition of hepatic FoxO6 activity in diabetic mice.

CONCLUSIONS
Our data uncover a FoxO6-dependent pathway by which the liver orchestrates insulin regulation of gluconeogenesis, providing the proof-of-concept that selective FoxO6 inhibition is beneficial for curbing excessive hepatic glucose production and improving glycemic control in diabetes.
Postprandial Blood Glucose Predicts Cardiovascular Events and All-Cause Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes in a 14-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Cavalot Franco , Pagliarino Andrea , Valle Manuela , Di Martino Leonardo , Bonomo Katia , Massucco Paola , Anfossi Giovanni , Trovati Mariella 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether postprandial blood glucose predicts cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes in a long-term follow-up taking into account A1C and the main cardiovascular risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Consecutive type 2 diabetic patients (n = 505) followed up at our diabetes clinic were evaluated at baseline (1995) for the main cardiovascular risk factors and for five glycemic control parameters (fasting blood glucose, blood glucose 2 h after breakfast, blood glucose 2 h after lunch, blood glucose before dinner, and A1C); all-cause mortality and the first cardiovascular events occurring during the 14-year follow-up were measured.

RESULTS
We observed 172 cardiovascular events (34.1% of the population) and 147 deaths (29.1% of the population). Using the Cox analysis with the backward method, we categorized the variables according to the therapeutic targets of the American Diabetes Association. Our observations were as follows. When the five glycemic control parameters were considered together, the predictors were 1) for cardiovascular events, blood glucose 2 h after lunch (hazard ratio 1.507, P = 0.010) and A1C (1.792, P = 0.002); and 2) for mortality, blood glucose 2 h after lunch (1.885, P &lt; 0.0001) and A1C (1.907, P = 0.002). When blood glucose 2 h after lunch and A1C were considered together with the main cardiovascular risk factors, the following glycemic control parameters were predictors: 1) for cardiovascular events, blood glucose 2 h after lunch (1.452, P = 0.021) and A1C (1.732, P = 0.004); and 2) for mortality, blood glucose 2 h after lunch (1.846, P = 0.001) and A1C (1.896, P = 0.004).

CONCLUSIONS
In type 2 diabetes, both postprandial blood glucose and A1C predict cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in a long-term follow-up.
Decreases in Diabetes-Free Life Expectancy in the U.S. and the Role of Obesity
Authors: Cunningham Solveig A. , Riosmena Fernando , Wang Jing , Boyle James P. , Rolka Deborah B. , Geiss Linda S. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
With increasing life expectancy in the U.S., it is important to know whether a longer life expectancy means a longer healthy life span or a prolonged period of later-life morbidity. This study examines changes in lifetime without diabetes, a leading cause of morbidity in later life.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using demographic methods and nationally representative data, we estimated changes in diabetes-free life expectancy between 1980–1989 and 2000–2004 for adult men and women in the U.S., estimated the contribution of changes in age-specific diabetes rates, and examined the changing effects of weight status on diabetes risks.

RESULTS
While life expectancy at age 18 for men and women increased between the 1980s and the 2000s, diabetes-free life expectancy at age 18 decreased by 1.7 years for men and 1.5 years for women. The proportion of 18-year-olds who would develop diabetes in their lifetimes increased by almost 50% among women and almost doubled among men. Obese individuals experienced the greatest losses in diabetes-free life expectancy during this period, estimated at 5.6 years for men and 2.5 years for women.

CONCLUSIONS
Diabetes-free life expectancy decreased for both men and women between 1980–1989 and 2000–2004, and these decreases are almost entirely attributable to large increases in diabetes incidence among obese individuals.
Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer With Metformin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Jiang , Zheng Zhi-Jie , Kan Haidong , Song Yiqing , Cui Wei , Zhao Genming , Kip Kevin E. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Both in vitro and in vivo studies indicate that metformin inhibits cancer cell growth and reduces cancer risk. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that metformin therapy may reduce the risks of cancer and overall cancer mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes. However, data on its effect on colorectal cancer are limited and inconsistent. We therefore pooled data currently available to examine the association between metformin therapy and colorectal cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The PubMed and SciVerse Scopus databases were searched to identify studies that examined the effect of metformin therapy on colorectal cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes. Summary effect estimates were derived using a random-effects meta-analysis model.

RESULTS
The analysis included five studies comprising 108,161 patients with type 2 diabetes. Metformin treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk of colorectal neoplasm (relative risk [RR] 0.63 [95% CI 0.50–0.79]; P &lt; 0.001). After exclusion of one study that investigated colorectal adenoma, the remaining four studies comprised 107,961 diabetic patients and 589 incident colorectal cancer cases during follow-up. Metformin treatment was associated with a significantly lower risk of colorectal cancer (0.63 [0.47–0.84]; P = 0.002). There was no evidence for the presence of significant heterogeneity between the five studies (Q = 4.86, P = 0.30; I2 = 18%).

CONCLUSIONS
From observational studies, metformin therapy appears to be associated with a significantly lower risk of colorectal cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further investigation is warranted.
Improving the Estimation of Mealtime Insulin Dose in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Bao Jiansong , Gilbertson Heather R. , Gray Robyn , Munns Diane , Howard Gabrielle , Petocz Peter , Colagiuri Stephen , Brand-Miller Jennie C. 
Published: September 2011

OBJECTIVE
Although carbohydrate counting is routine practice in type 1 diabetes, hyperglycemic episodes are common. A food insulin index (FII) has been developed and validated for predicting the normal insulin demand generated by mixed meals in healthy adults. We sought to compare a novel algorithm on the basis of the FII for estimating mealtime insulin dose with carbohydrate counting in adults with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 28 patients using insulin pump therapy consumed two different breakfast meals of equal energy, glycemic index, fiber, and calculated insulin demand (both FII = 60) but approximately twofold difference in carbohydrate content, in random order on three consecutive mornings. On one occasion, a carbohydrate-counting algorithm was applied to meal A (75 g carbohydrate) for determining bolus insulin dose. On the other two occasions, carbohydrate counting (about half the insulin dose as meal A) and the FII algorithm (same dose as meal A) were applied to meal B (41 g carbohydrate). A real-time continuous glucose monitor was used to assess 3-h postprandial glycemia.

RESULTS
Compared with carbohydrate counting, the FII algorithm significantly decreased glucose incremental area under the curve over 3 h (–52%, P = 0.013) and peak glucose excursion (–41%, P = 0.01) and improved the percentage of time within the normal blood glucose range (4–10 mmol/L) (31%, P = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of hypoglycemia.

CONCLUSIONS
An insulin algorithm based on physiological insulin demand evoked by foods in healthy subjects may be a useful tool for estimating mealtime insulin dose in patients with type 1 diabetes.
Recent developments in neuropathology of autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Polšek Dora , Jagatic Tomislav , Cepanec Maja , Hof Patrick , Šimić Goran 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) represent complex neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairments in reciprocal social interactions, abnormal development and use of language, and monotonously repetitive behaviors. With an estimated heritability of more than 90%, it is the most strongly genetically influenced psychiatric disorder of the young age. In spite of the complexity of this disorder, there has recently been much progress in the research on etiology, early diagnosing, and therapy of autism. Besides already advanced neuropathologic research, several new technological innovations, such as sleep functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging (1H-MRS) divulged promising breakthroughs in exploring subtle morphological and neurochemical changes in the autistic brain. This review provides a comprehensive summary of morphological and neurochemical alterations in autism known to date, as well as a short introduction to the functional research that has begun to advance in the last decade. Finally, we mention the progress in establishing new standardized diagnostic measures and its importance in early recognition and treatment of ASD.
Odor identification and cognitive abilities in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Tkalčić Mladenka , Spasić Nika , Ivanković Matea , Pokrajac-Bulian Alessandra , Bosanac Daša 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Research results indicate systemic odor identification deficits in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The aims of this study were: 1) to compare the ability to identify different odors and to compare cognitive status among patients with AD, patients with vascular dementia (VaD) and a comparison group of elderly persons; 2) to test the efficiency of olfactory and neuropsychological measures to classify patients and 3) to relate the odor identification ability with cognitive functioning for each group, respectively. The participants were 15 patients with AD, 11 patients with VaD and 30 non-demented elderly persons, age range 58 to 90. To assess olfactory function, we used the Scandinavian Odor-Identification Test. To assess cognitive functions, we used the Dementia Rating Scale-2, the Clock Drawing Test, the Boston Naming Test and the Category Fluency Test. The ANOVA showed that patients with AD correctly identifed significantly fewer odors presented to them compared to patients with VaD and control group. Patients with AD achieved significantly lower scores on all neuropsychological measures compared to the control group and differ in the DRS-2 total score, initiation/perseveration, constructive and naming abilities comparing to patients with VaD. Discriminant analysis showed that category fluency and olfactory identification were the best predictors of AD. Significant correlations were found between the olfactory and initiation/perseveration, memory and animal naming abilities for patients with AD. Differences among patients with AD, VaD and elderly persons exist in their abilities to identify odors. The findings suggest that olfactory functional testing in combination with memory testing are important.