bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN MULBERRY (MORUS SPP.): A PHYSIOLOGICAL APPROACH WITH INSIGHTS INTO GROWTH DYNAMICS AND LEAF YIELD PRODUCTION
Authors: GUHA ANIRBAN , RASINENI GIRISH KUMAR , REDDY ATTIPALLI RAMACHANDRA 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYThe present study documents critical analysis of drought-induced physiological responses in mulberry (Morus spp.) with insights into growth dynamics and leaf productivity. The study was performed for two years in a two-phase experimental design combining both field (experiment no. 1) and glasshouse (experiment no. 2) observations. In field assays, we surveyed 15 mulberry genotypes under two irrigation regimes: well-watered (20 to 24 irrigations in each growing season) and water-limited (irrigated once in a fortnight in each growing season). The genotypes were assessed for variation in key leaf gas exchange characteristics: net photosynthetic rates (Pn), stomatal conductance of CO2 (gs), transpiration rates (E) and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi). Leaf yield/plant was considered to determine the tolerance index (TI). Drought stress severely down-regulated leaf-level physiological variables in the susceptible genotypes resulting in poor leaf yield. However, genotypes S-13 and V-1 performed better in terms of leaf gas exchange and proved their superiority over other genotypes in drought tolerance. Conversely, genotypes DD and Bogurai were highly susceptible to drought. Under glasshouse conditions, the combined leaf gas exchange/chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements further dissected out stomatal and non-stomatal restrictions to Pn. As internal/ambient CO2 ratio (Ci/Ca) decreased concurrently with gs in non-irrigated stands, it appeared that greater stomatal limitation to Pn was associated with decreased photo-assimilation and leaf yield production. Further, higher leaf temperature (TL) (>35 °C) and down-regulation of maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were apparent in the susceptible compared to the tolerant genotypes, which indicated chronic photoinhibition due to photo-inactivation of photosystem II centres in the susceptible genotypes. Drought-induced trade-offs in biomass allocation were also highlighted. Overall, our results suggest that greater rooting vigour and leaf hydration status, minimal stomatal inhibition and stabilized photochemistry might play major roles in maintaining higher Pn and associated gas exchange functions in drought-tolerant mulberry genotypes under water stress conditions. The higher leaf yield production in tolerant than susceptible genotypes can be attributed to minimal plasticity in foliar gas exchange traits and better quantitative growth characteristics under low water regimes.
THE PURITAN PARADIGM OF ENGLISH POLITICS, 1558–1642
Authors: TYACKE NICHOLAS 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTraditionally puritanism has been treated as a religious phenomenon that only impinged on the world of that ‘secular’ politics to a limited extent and mainly in relation to church reform. Such an approach, however, is to employ a misleadingly narrow definition which ignores the existence of a much more all-embracing puritan political vision traceable from the mid-sixteenth century. First clearly articulated by some of the Marian exiles, this way of thinking interpreted the Bible as a manifesto against tyranny whether in church or state. Under the successive regimes of Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I, puritans can be found who continued to judge the actions of government by the same biblical criterion, which also helps to explain among other things their prominence in opposing unparliamentary taxation. Puritan ideology itself was transmitted down the generations partly via a complex of family alliances, underpinned by teaching and preaching, and this in turn provided a basis for political organization. Moreover, the undiminished radical potential of puritanism is evident from responses to the assassination of Buckingham in 1628. Given these antecedents the subsequent resort to Civil War appears less surprising than historians often claim.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POOR RELIEF IN LANCASHIRE, c. 1598–1680
Authors: HEALEY JONATHAN 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe development of the poor law has formed a key element of recent discussions of ‘state formation’ in early modern England. There are, however, still few local studies of how formal poor relief, stipulated in the great Tudor statutes, was implemented on the ground. This article offers such a study, focusing on Lancashire, an economically marginal county, far from Westminster. It argues that the poor law developed in Lancashire surprisingly quickly in the early seventeenth century, despite the fact that there is almost no evidence of implementation of statutory relief before 1598, and formal relief mechanisms were essentially in place before the Civil War even if the numbers on relief remained small. After a brief hiatus during the conflict, the poor law was quickly revived in the 1650s. The role of the magistracy is emphasized as a crucial driving force, not just in the enforcement of the statutes, but also in setting relief policy. The thousands of petitions to JPs by paupers, parishes, and townships that survive in the county archives suggests that magistrates were crucial players in the ‘politics of the parish’.
STEPHEN GWYNN AND THE FAILURE OF CONSTITUTIONAL NATIONALISM IN IRELAND, 1919–1921
Authors: REID COLIN 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe Irish Party, the organization which represented the constitutional nationalist demand for home rule for almost fifty years in Westminster, was the most notable victim of the revolution in Ireland, c. 1916–23. Most of the last generation of Westminster-centred home rule MPs played little part in public life following the party's electoral destruction in 1918. This article probes the political thought and actions of one of the most prominent constitutional nationalists who did seek to alter Ireland's direction during the critical years of the war of independence. Stephen Gwynn was a guiding figure behind a number of initiatives to ‘save’ Ireland from the excesses of revolution. Gwynn established the Irish Centre Party in 1919, which later merged with the Irish Dominion League. From the end of 1919, Gwynn became a leading advocate of the Government of Ireland Bill, the legislation that partitioned the island. Revolutionary idealism – and, more concretely, violence – did much to render his reconciliatory efforts impotent. Gwynn's experiences between 1919 and 1921 also, however, reveal the paralysing divisions within constitutional nationalism, which did much to demoralize moderate sentiment further.
THE PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSIONER FOR ADMINISTRATION, THE FOREIGN OFFICE, AND THE SACHSENHAUSEN CASE, 1964–1968
Authors: O'HARA GLEN 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThis communication follows the evolution, reception, and implications of the parliamentary commissioner's critical 1968 report on Foreign Office ‘maladministration’ regarding compensation for British concentration camp inmates. It explores officials' and ministers' attitude to the investigative techniques associated with this new office, as well as their hostile reaction to the publicity and parliamentary controversy to which his work gave rise. It concludes by exploring the wider implications of the case, especially the inherent problems faced by governments seeking closer and more harmonious relationships with the governed.
Femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy of liquid water and aqueous solutions
Authors: Bakker H. J. 
Published: August 2010

In this chapter we report on the results obtained on the dynamics of water and aqueous solutions with nonlinear femtosecond vibrational spectroscopic techniques like transient absorption spectroscopy, infrared photon-echo spectroscopy, and two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy. These techniques allow the real-time study of the energy relaxation, hydrogen-bond and molecular reorientation dynamics of selected subensembles of water molecules.
For different isotopic variations of pure liquid water it is found that the excited molecular vibrations of the water molecule relax on a time scale ranging from 0.2 to 2 picoseconds, depending on the character of the vibration (stretch, bend). The hydrogen-bond dynamics and the molecular reorientation take place on two distinct time scales: on a time scale &lt;100 femtoseconds associated with local variations in the length of the hydrogen bonds and librational motions, and a time scale of 1–3 picoseconds associated with the collective reorganizations of the hydrogen-bond network.
For aqueous solutions of ions and hydrophobic molecular groups it is observed that the water molecules hydrating these ions/molecular groups have 3–5 times slower reorientation and hydrogen-bond dynamics than the water molecules in bulk liquid water. For water molecules near interfaces like the surfaces of reverse micelles similar effects are observed. Finally, recent results on the role of water molecules in the transfer of protons and hydroxide ions through liquid water are described. It is found that water molecules actively participate in this transfer by conducting the charge of the proton/hydroxide ions over chains of hydrogen-bonded water molecules.
Direct mapping of nanoscale compositional connectivity on intact cell membranes
Authors: van Zanten Thomas S. , Gómez Jordi , Manzo Carlo , Cambi Alessandra , Buceta Javier , Reigada Ramon , Garcia-Parajo Maria F. 
Published: August 2010

Lateral segregation of cell membranes is accepted as a primary mechanism for cells to regulate a diversity of cellular functions. In this context, lipid rafts have been conceptualized as organizing principle of biological membranes where underlying cholesterol-mediated selective connectivity must exist even at the resting state. However, such a level of nanoscale compositional connectivity has been challenging to prove. Here we used single-molecule near-field scanning optical microscopy to visualize the nanolandscape of raft ganglioside GM1 after tightening by its ligand cholera toxin (CTxB) on intact cell membranes. We show that CTxB tightening of GM1 is sufficient to initiate a minimal raft coalescence unit, resulting in the formation of cholesterol-dependent GM1 nanodomains < 120 nm in size. This particular arrangement appeared independent of cell type and GM1 expression level on the membrane. Simultaneous dual color high-resolution images revealed that GPI anchored and certain transmembrane proteins were recruited to regions proximal (< 150 nm) to CTxB-GM1 nanodomains without physical intermixing. Together with in silico experiments, our high-resolution data conclusively demonstrate the existence of raft-based interconnectivity at the nanoscale. Such a linked state on resting cell membranes constitutes thus an obligatory step toward the hierarchical evolution of large-scale raft coalescence upon cell activation.
Comparative surface dynamics of amorphous and semicrystalline polymer films
Authors: Becker James S. , Brown Ryan D. , Killelea Daniel R. , Yuan Hanqiu , Sibener S. J. 
Published: August 2010

The surface dynamics of amorphous and semicrystalline polymer films have been measured using helium atom scattering. Time-of-flight data were collected to resolve the elastic and inelastic scattering components in the diffuse scattering of neutral helium atoms from the surface of a thin poly(ethylene terephthalate) film. Debye–Waller attenuation was observed for both the amorphous and semicrystalline phases of the polymer by recording the decay of elastically scattered helium atoms with increasing surface temperature. Thermal attenuation measurements in the specular scattering geometry yielded perpendicular mean-square displacements of 2.7•10
-4

Å
2
K
-1
and 3.1•10
-4

Å
2
K
-1
for the amorphous and semicrystalline surfaces, respectively. The semicrystalline surface was consistently ∼15% softer than the amorphous across a variety of perpendicular momentum transfers. The Debye–Waller factors were also measured at off-specular angles to characterize the parallel mean-square displacements, which were found to increase by an order of magnitude over the perpendicular mean-square displacements for both surfaces. In contrast to the perpendicular motion, the semicrystalline state was ∼25% stiffer than the amorphous phase in the surface plane. These results were uniquely accessed through low-energy neutral helium atom scattering due to the highly surface-sensitive and nonperturbative nature of these interactions. The goal of tailoring the chemical and physical properties of complex advanced materials requires an improved understanding of interfacial dynamics, information that is obtainable through atomic beam scattering methods.
Clinical Outcomes of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Bloodstream Infections: Study of a 2-State Monoclonal Outbreak
Authors: Munoz-Price L. Silvia , Zembower Teresa , Penugonda Sudhir , Schreckenberger Paul , Lavin Mary Alice , Welbel Sharon , Vais Dana , Baig Mirza , Mohapatra Sunita , Quinn John P. , Weinstein Robert A. 
Published: August 2010

Objective.To characterize the clinical outcomes of patients with bloodstream infection caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii during a 2-state monoclonal outbreak.Design.Multicenter observational study.Setting.Four tertiary care hospitals and 1 long-term acute care hospital.Methods.A retrospective medical chart review was conducted for all consecutive patients during the period January 1, 2005, through April 30, 2006, for whom 1 or more blood cultures yielded carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii.Results.We identified 86 patients from the 16-month study period. Their mortality rate was 41%; of the 35 patients who died, one-third (13) had positive blood culture results for carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii at the time of death. Risk factors associated with mortality were intensive care unit stay, malignancy, and presence of fever and/or hypotension at the time blood sample for culture was obtained. Only 5 patients received adequate empirical antibiotic treatment, but the choice of treatment did not affect mortality.Fifty-seven patients (66.2%) had a single positive blood culture result for carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii; the only factor associated with a single positive blood culture result was the presence of decubitus ulcers. Interestingly, during the study period, a transition from single to multiple positive blood culture results was observed. Four patients, 3 of whom were in a burn intensive care unit, were bacteremic for more than 30 days (range, 36–86 days).Conclusions.To our knowledge, this is the first time a study has described 2 patterns of bloodstream infection with A. baumannii: single versus multiple positive blood culture results, as well as a subset of patients with prolonged bacteremia.
The B-3 Ethylene Response Factor MtERF1-1 Mediates Resistance to a Subset of Root Pathogens inMedicago truncatulawithout Adversely Affecting Symbiosis with Rhizobia
Authors: Anderson Jonathan P. , Lichtenzveig Judith , Gleason Cynthia , Oliver Richard P. , Singh Karam B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe fungal necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani is a significant constraint to a range of crops as diverse as cereals, canola, and legumes. Despite wide-ranging germplasm screens in many of these crops, no strong genetic resistance has been identified, suggesting that alternative strategies to improve resistance are required. In this study, we characterize moderate resistance to R. solani anastomosis group 8 identified in Medicago truncatula. The activity of the ethylene- and jasmonate-responsive GCC box promoter element was associated with moderate resistance, as was the induction of the B-3 subgroup of ethylene response transcription factors (ERFs). Genes of the B-1 subgroup showed no significant response to R. solani infection. Overexpression of a B-3 ERF, MtERF1-1, in Medicago roots increased resistance to R. solani as well as an oomycete root pathogen, Phytophthora medicaginis, but not root knot nematode. These results indicate that targeting specific regulators of ethylene defense may enhance resistance to an important subset of root pathogens. We also demonstrate that overexpression of MtERF1-1 enhances disease resistance without apparent impact on nodulation in the A17 background, while overexpression in sickle reduced the hypernodulation phenotype. This suggests that under normal regulation of nodulation, enhanced resistance to root diseases can be uncoupled from symbiotic plant-microbe interactions in the same tissue and that ethylene/ERF regulation of nodule number is distinct from the defenses regulated by B-3 ERFs. Furthermore, unlike the stunted phenotype previously described for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ubiquitously overexpressing B-3 ERFs, overexpression of MtERF1-1 in M. truncatula roots did not show adverse effects on plant development.
WITHDRAWN; Recent progress in studies of infantile hemangioma
Authors: JINNIN Masatoshi , ISHIHARA Tsuyoshi , BOYE Eileen , OLSEN Bjorn R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA hallmark of infantile hemangioma, the most common tumor of infancy, is its dramatic growth after birth, by diffuse proliferation of immature endothelial cells, followed by spontaneous regression. The growth and involution of infantile hemangioma is quite different from other vascular anomalies, which do not regress and can occur at any time during life. Some hemangioma lesions can be extremely disfiguring and destructive to normal tissue and may even be life‐threatening. Unfortunately, existing therapeutic approaches have limited success and significant adverse effects of some treatment modalities limit their use. Better understanding of the pathogenesis of hemangioma will enable the development of better therapeutic strategies. Herein, we review recent studies and new hypotheses on the pathogenesis of the tumor. Detailed mechanisms of activated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in tumor cells, identification of their origin and characterization of multipotent stem cells that can give rise to infantile hemangioma are shedding new light on this intriguing vascular tumor.
The quality of sleep in patients with coeliac disease
Authors: Zingone F. , Siniscalchi M. , Capone P. , Tortora R. , Andreozzi P. , Capone E. , Ciacci C. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 1031–1036SummaryBackground  Coeliac disease is a chronic disease with a various clinical presentation, including anxiety and depression.Aim  To investigate the quality of sleep in coeliac disease.Methods  The participants were coeliacs at diagnosis; coeliacs on a gluten‐free diet at follow‐up and healthy volunteers. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), SF36, Zung and Fatigue scales and State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI).Results  The PSQI score was higher in coeliacs at diagnosis and in a gluten‐free diet than in healthy volunteers (P < 0.001). A gluten‐free diet did not improve the PSQI score (P = 0.245) in coeliac disease. The other test scores were similar between coeliacs at diagnosis and those on a gluten‐free diet, whereas significant differences were found between coeliacs and volunteers. PSQI score was inversely associated with the quality of the physical (r = −0.327, P = 0.002) and mental (r = −0.455, P < 0.001) component scores. The sleep quality scores were related to depression (r = 0.633, P < 0.001), fatigue (r = 0.377, P < 0.001), state anxiety (r = 0.484, P < 0.001) and trait anxiety (r = 0.467, P < 0.001).Conclusions  Sleep disorders are common in coeliac disease not only at diagnosis but also during treatment with a gluten‐free diet. Sleep disorders are related to depression, anxiety and fatigue, and inversely related to quality of life scale scores.
REVIEW ARTICLE: Reducing fracture risk with calcium and vitamin D
Authors: Lips Paul , Bouillon Roger , Van Schoor Natasja M. , Vanderschueren Dirk , Verschueren Sabine , Kuchuk Natalia , Milisen Koen , Boonen Steven 
Published: August 2010

SummaryStudies of vitamin D and calcium for fracture prevention have produced inconsistent results, as a result of different vitamin D status and calcium intake at baseline, different doses and poor to adequate compliance. This study tries to define the types of patients, both at risk of osteoporosis and with established disease, who may benefit from calcium and vitamin D supplementation. The importance of adequate compliance in these individuals is also discussed. Calcium and vitamin D therapy has been recommended for older persons, either frail and institutionalized or independent, with key risk factors including decreased bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporotic fractures, increased bone remodelling as a result of secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased propensity to falls. In addition, treatment of osteoporosis with a bisphosphonate was less effective in patients with vitamin D deficiency. Calcium and vitamin D supplementation is a key component of prevention and treatment of osteoporosis unless calcium intake and vitamin D status are optimal. For primary disease prevention, supplementation should be targeted to those with dietary insufficiencies. Several serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) cut‐offs have been proposed to define vitamin D insufficiency (as opposed to adequate vitamin D status), ranging from 30 to 100 nmol/l. Based on the relationship between serum 25(OH)D, BMD, bone turnover, lower extremity function and falls, we suggest that 50 nmol/l is the appropriate serum 25(OH)D threshold to define vitamin D insufficiency. Supplementation should therefore generally aim to increase 25(OH)D levels within the 50–75 nmol/l range. This level can be achieved with a dose of 800 IU/day vitamin D, the dose that was used in succesfull fracture prevention studies to date; a randomized clinical trial assessing whether higher vitamin D doses achieve a greater reduction of fracture incidence would be of considerable interest. As calcium balance is not only affected by vitamin D status but also by calcium intake, recommendations for adequate calcium intake should also be met. The findings of community‐based clinical trials with vitamin D and calcium supplementation in which compliance was moderate or less have often been negative, whereas studies in institutionalized patients in whom medication administration was supervised ensuring adequate compliance demonstrated significant benefits.
Novel role of regulatory T cells in limiting early neutrophil responses in skin
Authors: Richards Hannah , Williams Anwen , Jones Emma , Hindley James , Godkin Andrew , Simon Anna Katharina , Gallimore Awen 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIt is clear that CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+regulatory T (Treg) cells inhibit chronic inflammatory responses as well as adaptive immune responses. Among the CD4+T‐cell population in the skin, at least one‐fifth express Foxp3. As the skin is constantly exposed to antigenic challenge and is a common site of vaccination, understanding the role of these skin‐resident Treg cells is important. Although the suppressive effect of Treg cells on T cells is well documented, less is known about the types of innate immune cells influenced by Treg cells and whether the Treg cells suppress acute innate immune responsesin vivo. To address this we used a mouse melanoma cell line expressing Fas ligand (B16FasL), which induces an inflammatory response following subcutaneous injection of mice. We demonstrate that Treg cells limit this response by inhibiting neutrophil accumulation and survival within hours of tumour cell inoculation. This effect, which was associated with decreased expression of the neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1 and CXCL2, promoted survival of the inoculated tumour cells. Overall, these data imply that Treg cells in the skin are rapidly mobilized and that this activity serves to limit the amplification of inflammatory responses at this site.