bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
V.—Genetics of Gametes. V. The Frequency Distribution of the Head Length of Rabbit Spermatozoa, and a Search for Dimorphism
Authors: Beatty R. A. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe possible effect of genes on the spermatozoa carrying them can be investigated by searching for two kinds of spermatozoa in the semen of heterozygous males. During the development of appropriate biometrical methods, it became desirable to specify more exactly the basic form of variation in size between spermatozoa sampled from the same ejaculate and mounted on the same nigrosin-eosin preparation. The present study of the head length of rabbit spermatozoa indicates that apart from rare spermatozoa with exceptional dimensions the variation of spermatozoa on a preparation follows almost completely a “normal” distribution, the variance being independent of the mean and homogeneous from one preparation to another. The coefficients of skewness (g1) and of kurtosis (g2) and the statistic k4, average close to zero, g2 and k4 being homogeneous between preparations. There is evidence of heterogeneity in skewness between preparations, but the reality of the heterogeneity is not quite certain. A potential dimorphism between spermatozoa bearing X- and Y-chromosomes is inherent in the material, but analysis showed no significant evidence of any dimorphism in head length.
VI.—Genetics of Gametes. VI. Attempted Genetic Transformation in the Rabbit
Authors: Beatty R. A. , Billett F. S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisGenetic transformation in the rabbit has been attempted by the artificial insemination of semen incubated with deoxyribonucleic acid. No evidence was obtained of any transformation at the albino or rex loci, nor of sex. The experiments comprised twenty inseminated does, and 133 offspring of several categories.
XVII.—Embryogenesis and Larval Organs of the Giant Land Snail Achatina fulica Bowdich
Authors: Ghose Krishna Chandra 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisOrganogenesis is completed by 15 days. A modified veliger stage is present. Torsion begins at about the sixth day. The foot rudiment is first to appear. The stomodæum appears as a new structure. The salivary glands develop from the stomodæum by evaginations. The œsophagus is stomodæal, while the crop and the primitive stomach are archenteric in origin. The digestive gland develops as two outgrowths of the primitive stomach. The hind gut is formed by the cells proliferated from the closed posterior end of the archenteron. It opens into the primitive stomach in a 2·5 mm. embryo, and the anus appears very late. The proctodæum is absent. The primordium of the pericardium with the heart, definitive kidney and gonad is mesodermal. The ureter is ectodermal and arises from the mantle cavity by evagination and subsequently communicates with the kidney. Lung and mantle are ectodermal and arise by separate invaginations. The lung fuses with the mantle and loses its separate existence from about a 4 mm. embryo. The nervous system is early to appear and the sense organs, except the statocysts are late in origin. They are ectodermal. The larval organs are: velum, podocyst, larval kidney, nuchal cells and larval digestive gland. The prototroch is the rudiment of the velum. It appears in a very early embryo from the posteroventral part and marks off the anterior border of the stomodæum. The cells of the prototroch become hyaline, vacuolate and develop cilia in a 2·25 mm. embryo, and it is transformed into velum. The velum helps in driving albumen into the larval and adult digestive glands and is resorbed in the body-wall epithelium. The rudiment of the foot first appears after the completion of gastrulation, and the podocyst is differentiated from it later. It steadily increases in size, assumes a hood-like shape, exhibits contraction and relaxation movements and begins to reduce when the embryo attains 3·25 mm. size. It is completely resorbed in the foot. The larval kidneys are mesodermal in origin, appear, in a 920 μ embryo. They begin to degenerate after the formation of the functional definitive kidney and disappear in a late larva. The kidneys are U-shaped, the cells of the closed anterior and bear pseudopodia, which are almost totally replaced by cilia afterwards. The kidney opens to the exterior posteriorly. The cells become vacuolated and excretory granules accumulate in the vacuoles. The nuchal cells first appear in a 2·5 mm. embryo and are excretory. They increase both in number and size with the growth of the embryo and persist throughout the larval period. The endoderm cells of the major portion of the archenteron except a small posterior part, enlarge in size, develop vacuoles and form a larval digestive organ for the purpose of digestion of albumen. Even after the formation of the adult digestive gland, the larval digestive gland functions for a short time, then degenerates and disappears at the end of the larval life.
III.—On the Relationships of Certain Carboniferous Dipnoi; with Descriptions of Four New Forms
Authors: Thomson Keith Stewart 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe Lower Carboniferous genus Prosagenodus Romer and Smith 1934 is re-examined. The type species Prosagenodus interruptus is re-assigned to the genus Ctenodus and a new genus Tranodis named for the American species, of which new material is described. The new species Ctenodus romeri is described, the new genus Straitonia is described, and the bearings of all these discoveries upon consideration of the phylogenies of Ctenodus and Sagenodus is discussed.
III.—The Response of Human Motor Nerve to Rectangular Electric Pulses Applied Through Electrodes Placed on the Skin
Authors: Stephens W. G. S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe passive electrical impedance characteristics exhibited by the body during rectangular pulse stimulation are analysed, and typical observed properties are specified in terms of the parameters of an equivalent electrical circuit. Equations are derived which describe the current waveform generated in such a circuit by a rectangular pulse stimulator of known finite output impedance. The response of nerve to currents of this form is analysed, and equations are derived which permit the comparison of threshold and intensity-duration data obtained with stimulators of different output impedances. Results predicted by the theory are shown to be in good agreement with experimental results.
XIX.—A Comparative Study of the Cytoplasmic Components of the Male Germ-Cells of Certain Mammals
Authors: Gresson R. A. R. , Zlotnik I. 
Published: June 2012

The work recorded in this paper was undertaken in order to obtain further knowledge regarding the behaviour of the cytoplasmic components of the male germ-cells of mammals and the contribution made by these bodies to the structure of the ripe sperm. Consequently, mammals from different groups were examined.Investigations were carried out independently by Zlotnik on the male germ-cells of the dog, the cat, and the rabbit, by Gresson on the boar and the ram, and jointly by Gresson and Zlotnik on the white rat and the golden hamster. Zlotnik (1943) originally identified and described the nuclear-ring of the spermatid and sperm of the dog. The accessory body was recognised simultaneously by him and by Gresson, but Zlotnik was the first to observe an accessory body within the localised Golgi material of the spermatocyte and to follow its extrusion to the cytoplasm, and, later, Gresson identified an accessory body within the Golgi material of the spermatid of the boar. In general the conclusions of the two authors are closely similar, such differences of detail or of interpretation as exist are discussed in this paper.
XIV.—Rowett Research Institute
Authors: Cuthbertson D. P. 
Published: June 2012

The Rowett Institute for research on animal nutrition had its origin under a scheme for promoting scientific research in agriculture adopted by the Development Commission in 1911.The Governing Body, which originally consisted of an equal number of members appointed by the Court of the University of Aberdeen and the Governors of the North of Scotland College of Agriculture, was constituted in 1913. Within recent years it has been expanded to include persons nominated by the Secretary of State for Scotland, the Royal Society, the Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Agricultural Research Council, and the Medical Research Council. Research work was begun in temporary accommodation in Marischal College in 1914, under the direction of Dr John Boyd Orr—now Lord Boyd-Orr—who continued as Director until his retirement in 1945.
XXIII.—Sexual Maturity in Brown Leghorns. The Interactions of Genotype and Environment
Authors: Osborne Robert 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisIn each of three years studied, the spring hatching period for a flock of Brown Leghorns has been divided into two sub-periods such that a number of matings are represented by offspring in each sub-period. Analysis of variance of age at sexual maturity reveals statistical interaction between family means and hatching period, the ranking of family means varying with date of hatch. Consequences of this are discussed with reference to current methods of correcting age at maturity for date of hatch, the method of multiple shift progeny testing, and the general question of improvement by selection in the presence of non-additive combinations of genetic and environmental effects.Measurements of comb growth in maturing pullets reveal a seasonal retardation, possibly reflecting retardation in sexual maturity, and in line with environmental effects causing cessation of production in older birds. It is suggested that rapid changes in day length during September and October may play a large part in determining the retardtions and interactions displayed, and that measurements of comb growth may be of value in recognising consistently superior genotypes for age at sexual maturity.
XV.—Observations on the Development of the Proteus Group of Amœbæ
Authors: Taylor Monica , Hayes Catherine , Galbraith Mary 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisDetails of what occurs in the interval between the hatching of amœbulæ from the spores of the Proteus group of amœbæ to the attainment of the adult condition (4–6 months) not hitherto known are described. The method consists in removing mature adults to petri dishes 4 in. in diameter, containing a dilute inorganic fluid which causes sporulation. The subsequent development of the hatching amœbulaæ can be traced in situ by means of a 4·4 mm. water immersion lens, and is seen to consist of feeding and growth alternating with periods of encystment. The time spent in cysts greatly exceeds that of activity.Some account of what takes place when cultures of the Proteus group, allowed to dry to a brownish dust, and then wetted, is given. Only in the case of A. proteus have the amœbulæ, which hatch out from the spores, been grown to maturity. It has been shown that the dried cultures used may comprise (1) spores, (2) cysts of varying size from which arise amœbulæ likewise varying in size.
II.—A Fish Cultivation Experiment in an Arm of a Sea-loch. II. Observations on some Hydrographic Factors in Kyle Scotnish
Authors: Nutman S. R. 
Published: June 2012

Summary1. The site (Kyle Scotnish) of an experiment to test the effect of the addition of chemical fertilizers (N and P) to an arm of a sea-loch is described.2. Certain physical conditions of the loch are recorded, including the tides, which were of a peculiar form.3. Methods used in the measurement of water movements are described, and the results used to calculate the rate of exchange of Kyle Scotnish water with the water outside the loch. At spring tides this exchange was estimated at less than 8 per cent, of the volume of Kyle Scotnish.4. The additional corroborative evidence obtained by tracking marked water masses within the loch is presented.5. The quantities of fertilizer used are tabulated, and results given which demonstrate its rapid removal from the water.6. The significance of the low rate of water exchange is discussed. This low rate of exchange makes possible the increase in productivity of Kyle Scotnish, brought about by the addition of chemical fertilizers.
V.—A Fish Cultivation Experiment in an Arm of a Sea-loch. V. Fish Growth in Kyle Scotnish
Authors: Gross Fabius 
Published: June 2012

Fishing with both a shore seine net and a small otter trawl in the summer of 1943 and the spring of 1944 showed that the native fish population was very sparse. No estimate of the size of fish population was attempted in 1944. Estimates undertaken in 1945 and 1946 will be discussed later (p. 120). Fishing in the period June to September 1945 produced small numbers of fish tabulated on p. 110, and some plaice and flounders which will be dealt with separately.In addition there were fairly large numbers of gobies, sticklebacks, pipe fish and sand eels which, however, were not usually recorded in our catches. Shoals of young herring appeared only in the summer and autumn of 1945.
XXI.—Sex-linked Association of Egg Weight and Body Weight in Brown Leghorns
Authors: Osborne Robert 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe present report is submitted as an illustration of the utility of variance and covariance analysis in the detection of specific modes of inheritance in quantitative genetics.The techniques are discussed with reference to the existence of sex-linkage, maternal effects, non-additivity, and the confounding of these. Comparison of variance components due to male and female parents has revealed marked evidence of sex-linked variation of egg weight in a population of Brown Leghorns, but no obviously associated variation of body weight. Subsequent analysis reveals large sex-linked covariance, and it appears that sex-linked variation of body weight is masked by non-additive effects.Similar conclusions follow from regression analysis of offspring on parent. For egg weight there is marked dependence of offspring on paternal variation, whilst for body weight, heritability from regression analysis is substantially lower than that estimated from correlations between offspring, in accordance with the existence of sex-linked and non-additive effects.
V.—Behaviour and Adaptations of the Primates
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe subject is a very wide one and for the purposes of a single contribution some selection is essential. Much might be, indeed has been, said concerning the adaptations relating to sexual and reproductive behaviour in the Primates, notably in a long series of contributions by Zuckerman and his co-workers (especially in his summaries of 1932 and 1933). Attention might also be made to the structural adaptations associated with toilet habits. But I have restricted my remarks to three aspects alone, paying particular attention to behavioural patterns in which I have been personally interested, or structural details which I have myself made the subject of contributions to the literature.I shall confine myself to I. Adaptations associated with the Arboreal Habit; II. Adaptations connected with Dietetic Habits; III. Adaptations correlated with Social Organization.
Stardust over Paris Gastronomic Restaurants
Authors: Gergaud Olivier , Guzman Linett Montano , Verardi Vincenzo 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we study if the leading French gastronomic guidebook, the “Guide Rouge Michelin,” only rates the quality of food, as it claims, or if it also considers environmental variables when attributing stars. We then check how Michelin ratings affect the market, and more specifically, the price charged by restaurants. Using some simple econometric techniques, we find that a small improvement in environment boosts the probability of receiving Michelin stars. Since we also find that a Michelin star is associated to a high price premium stuck (independently of the quality of food), we conclude that expertise induces distortions in the market (JEL classification: D4, L15, L66).
Ernest Gallo, 1909–2007: A Life in Wine
Authors: Lima Tony , Schroder Norma 
Published: June 2012

Everyone knows the name Ernest Gallo. With his brother Julio they started the E&J Gallo Winery in Modesto, California in 1932. In 70 years the winery grew to be the largest in the world. Some evidence of the scale of the Gallo Winery's operations can be found in the interview itself.“We will crush this year [1971] somewhere around 650,000 tons of grapes. We will produce only somewhere in the area of 50,000 tons” (Gallo, 1995, p.31).A ton of grapes produces about 150 gallons of wine (Gallo, 1995). In 1971 the Gallo winery produced about 105,000,000 gallons of wine. That's a large operation by any standard.This paper is based on an interview with Ernest Gallo conducted during the period 1969–1971 by the Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
Canadian Ice Wine Production: A Case for the Use of Weather Derivatives
Authors: Cyr Don , Kusy Martin 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWeather derivatives are a relatively new form of financial security that can provide firms with the ability to hedge against the impact of weather related risks to their activities. Participants in the energy industry have employed standardized weather contracts trading on organized exchanges since 1999 and the interest in non-standardized contracts for specialized weather related risks is growing at an increasing rate. The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential use of weather derivatives to hedge against temperature related risks in Canadian ice wine production. Specifically we examine historical data for the Niagara region of the province of Ontario, Canada, the largest icewine producing region of the world, to determine an appropriate underlying variable for the design of an option contact that could be employed by icewine producers. Employing monte carlo simulation we derive a range of benchmark option values based upon varying assumptions regarding the stochastic process for an underlying temperature variable. The results show that such option contracts can provide valuable hedging opportunities for producers, given the historical seasonal temperature variations in the region. (JEL Classification: G13, G32, Q14, Q51, Q54)
Consumer-Level Determinants of Wine Purchases in Canadian Restaurants
Authors: Maynard Leigh J. , Davidson Kelly 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLogistic regressions identified determinants of red and white wine purchases in formal and casual restaurants, using a detailed dataset of over 26,000 consumer-level food away-from-home purchases in two Canadian provinces during 2000–2005. Meal context regressors, and prior behavior associated mainly with unobserved heterogeneity, contributed most of the explanatory power, with observable demographic regressors playing a modest role. The main strategic recommendation is thus to focus wine marketing resources on the restaurant environment, with less emphasis on targeting specific audiences. (JEL Classification: C25, D12)
Wine Taxes, Production, Aging and Quality
Authors: Goodhue Rachael E. , LaFrance Jeffrey T. , Simon Leo K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe consider the impact of taxes on the quantity and quality produced by a competitive firm of goods, such as wine, for which market value accrues with age. Our analysis found the following: an increase in the volumetric retail tax collected at sale increases quality, so that the basic Alchian-Allen effect holds. However, an increase in the volumetric storage tax collected each period decreases quality, as does an increase in the ad valorem storage tax. The effect of an increase in the ad valorem retail tax on quality is indeterminate. Increases in any of the four taxes reduce the quantity of wine produced. Any two-tax system that includes a volumetric sales tax spans the full range of feasible tax revenues with positive tax rates. For any tax system that reduces quality relative to the firm's no-tax equilibrium, there is another tax system that increases tax revenues, eliminates the quality distortion, and does not increase the quantity distortion. Many wine industry observers believe that most, if not all, existing tax systems tend to result in the suboptimal provision of quality. Our results suggest that the wide variety of wine tax systems is not prima facie evidence that these systems, or most of them, are inefficient. Provided the system includes a volumetric sales tax it may be efficient, regardless of which of the other instruments, or how many of them, are used. Assertions regarding inefficiency must be evaluated on an empirical case-by-case basis. Our analysis provides a theoretical framework for such research. (JEL Classification: D2, H2, Q1)
Does Advertising Bias Product Reviews? An Analysis of Wine Ratings
Authors: Reuter Jonathan 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn markets for experience goods, publications exist to help consumers decide which products to purchase. However, in most cases these publications accept advertising from the very firms whose products they review, raising the possibility that they bias product reviews to favor advertisers. To test for biased product reviews, I exploit the fact that, of the two major U.S. wine publications, only Wine Spectator accepts advertising. Although the average Wine Spectator ratings earned by advertisers and non-advertisers are similar, I find that advertisers earn just less than one point higher Wine Spectator ratings than non-advertisers when I use Wine Advocate ratings to adjust for differences in quality. However, 1 find only weak evidence that the selective retasting of advertisers' wines contributes to the higher ratings. Moreover, conditional on published ratings, Wine Spectator is no more likely to bestow awards upon advertisers. I conclude that while advertising may influence ratings on the margin, Wine Spectator appears largely to insulate reviewers from the influence of advertisers. (JEL Classification: L15, M37)
Reconsidering the 1855 Bordeaux Classification of the Médoc and Graves using Wine Ratings from 1970–2005
Authors: Thompson Gary M. , Mutkoski Stephen A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis paper examines ratings of Bordeaux wines from vintages spanning 1970 to 2005. We use ratings from three popular rating sources – Robert Parker (The Wine Advocate), Stephen Tanzer (International Wine Cellar), andWine Spectator– to examine differences and consistencies in ratings. Our study is based on over 3, 100 ratings for château/vintage/rater combinations for the “classified growths” as identified in the 1855 Classification. We developed a regression model with rating scores as the depending variable and independent variables for raters, vintages, châteaux and rater-vintage. This model explains 64.6% of the variation in rating scores. We identify the performance of individual châteaux and use our findings to propose an update to the 1885 classification. Based on the ratings we examined, more than half of the 61 classified growths are misclassified, with some châteaux moving as many as three tiers upward or downward compared to the historical classification. While we believe it is unlikely that the classification will be changed, we believe that our proposed classification update (and our rank-ordering of the châteaux, particularly in relation to price-based orderings) can help guide wine purchase decisions of consumers and the restaurant industry. (JEL Classification: L66, C22, Q12, L10)