bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of some new pyridazin‐3‐one derivatives and their utility in heterocyclic synthesis
Authors: El‐Mobayed Medhat M. , Hussein Ahmed M. , Mohlhel Wafia M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
magnified imageSynthesis of new heterocyclic compounds containing the pyridazinone moiety, which have a valuable biological activities, has been achieved through the nucleophilic addition of benzylamine to 4‐(p‐substituted phenyl)‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenoic acid 1a, 1b, followed by cyclocondensation of the adducts 2a, 2b to the corresponding pyridazin‐3‐one derivatives 3a, 3b. The behavior of the latter compounds toward different nucleophilic and electrophilic reagents was investigated. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis and spectroscopic data. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Synthesis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of novel benzene‐1,4‐diamine‐bis‐dioxaphosphepine‐6λ5 iminophosphoranes
Authors: Narayana Reddy M. Veera , Sekhar Reddy G. Chandra , Kumar K. Suresh , Reddy C. Suresh , Raju C. Naga 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
magnified imageA new class of novel benzene‐1,4‐diamine‐bis‐dioxaphosphepine‐6λ5 iminophosphoranes (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, 5h, 5i, 5j) were synthesized by the reaction of 6‐chlorodibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepine (2) with 1,4‐diaminobenzene to form bis‐dibenzo[d,f][1,3,2]dioxaphosphepin‐6‐yl‐benzene‐diamine (3). Its subsequent reaction with different alkyl/aryl azides (4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, 4e, 4f, 4g, 4h, 4i, 4j) in tetrahydrofuran at 50–60°C under inert atmosphere yielded title compounds. Their structures were established by elemental analysis, IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, and mass spectral studies. All the title compounds were screened for antioxidant properties and found to exhibit potent in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Pediatric oncologists' attitudes towards involving adolescents in decision‐making concerning research participation
Authors: de Vries Martine C. , Wit Jan M. , Engberts Dirk P. , Kaspers Gertjan J.L. , van Leeuwen Evert 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundVarious regulations and guidelines stipulate the importance of involving adolescents in decision‐making concerning research participation. Several studies have shown that in the context of pediatric oncology this involvement is difficult to achieve due to emotional stress, the complexity of research protocols and limited time. Still, up to 80% of adolescents with cancer enter onto a trial during their illness. The aim of this study was to determine clinicians' views and attitudes towards enrolling adolescents in research, considering the difficulties surrounding their involvement in decision‐making.MethodsA qualitative multicenter study was performed, using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews on the informed consent process with 15 pediatric hemato‐oncologists.ResultsFour central themes emerged that characterize clinicians' attitudes towards involving adolescents in the decision‐making process: (1) clinicians regard most adolescents as not capable of participating meaningfully in discussions regarding research; (2) clinicians do not always provide adolescents with all information; (3) proxy consent from parents is obtained and is deemed sufficient; (4) clinician‐investigator integrity: clinicians judge research protocols as not being harmful and even in the best interest of the adolescent.ConclusionsClinicians justify not involving adolescents in research discussions by referring to best interest arguments (adolescents' incompetence, proxy consent, and investigator integrity), although this is not in line with legal regulations and ethical guidelines. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2010;55:123–128. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of high resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) of the chest in evaluating the effect of tobramycin solution for inhalation in cystic fibrosis lung disease
Authors: Nasr Samya Z. , Sakmar Ermelinda , Christodoulou Emmanuel , Eckhardt Boris P. , Streetman Daniel S. , Strouse Peter J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the usefulness of HRCT of the chest versus spirometric measures (PFTs) in evaluating the effect of tobramycin solution for inhalation (TSI) in cystic fibrosis (CF).MethodsThirty‐two CF patients with mostly mild lung disease age ≥6 years, were enrolled in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study. Patients were chronically colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa for at least 6 months prior to and at enrollment. If patients were on TSI, they were taken off for at least 3 months prior to enrollment. Duration was 6 months; 31 subjects completed the study. HRCT and PFTs were evaluated at baseline, after 28 days of treatment and at the end of the study. Study medication was administered as 5 ml nebulized treatment twice a day for 28 days followed by 28 days off (one cycle). Study consisted of three cycles. Two radiologists scored all films using a validated system. A total HRCT score consists of the sum of subscores: linear opacities, hyperinflation, nodular opacities, peribronchial thickening, mucous plugging, and bronchiectasis; each subscore could range from 0 to 80, with potential total scores varying from 0 to 480. The percent of the maximum possible HRCT score was then calculated and used for all comparisons.ResultsUsing two tailed paired t‐test, the percent maximum HRCT score decreased by 1.4 ± 2.6% (mean ± SD) (P = 0.049) and 0.3 ± 2.8% (P = 0.63) for the TSI group and decreased by 0.1 ± 1.5% (P = 0.74) and increased by 0.6 ± 1.8% (P = 0.23) for the placebo group between visits 1 and 2, and visits 1 and 3, respectively. The data were then analyzed using a mixed model utilizing changes in scores over the durations of the study for each group. The change of HRCT score for the TSI group was −0.24/day (P = 0.02) and −0.03/day (P = 0.22), and for the control group the change was −0.01 (P = 0.93) and 0.02 (P = 0.29) between visits 1 and 2, and visits 1 and 3 respectively. FEF25–75% and FEV1% changes were not statistically significant using both analyses.ConclusionHRCT seems to be more sensitive in detecting treatment effect than PFT in CF patients with mild lung disease, especially following the first treatment period (visit 2). Total HRCT score showed some improvement at the end of the study, though not statistically significant. This is probably due to obtaining the HRCT an average of 30 days after completion of the TSI treatment, and selection of study population with mostly mild lung disease. This could indicate that the most significant improvement in the total HRCT score in this patient population occurs after the first treatment period with TSI. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:440–449. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleep‐disordered breathing in children with thoracic insufficiency syndrome
Authors: Striegl Amanda , Chen Maida L. , Kifle Yemiserach , Song Kit , Redding Gregory 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThoracic insufficiency syndrome (TIS) is a collection of chest and spine malformations that results in progressively restrictive pulmonary mechanics and an inability of the thorax to adequately support lung growth. Many children with TIS are too young to perform standard pulmonary function tests, yet need functional assessments of their restrictive thoracic disease. We report on the sleep architecture and frequency of sleep‐related breathing abnormalities in 11 children with TIS who underwent overnight polysomnography from retrospective chart review. Ten of 11 (92%) had sleep disordered breathing as defined by currently accepted criteria of apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) >2 events/hr. The median AHI was 4.3 events/hr, with obstructive hypopneas (median 3.7 events/hr) accounting for 75% of abnormalities. Respiratory events occurred most frequently during REM sleep (median REM‐AHI 17.3 events/hr), and were associated with oxyhemoglobin desaturation, and rarely carbon dioxide retention. Sleep disordered breathing with hypoxemia appears to be a common but under recognized problem among children with TIS. Polysomnogram may have a role as a non‐invasive screening tool used in conjunction with other functional respiratory assessments in children with TIS, and warrants further study in a prospective manner. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:469–474. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of children with empyema: Pleural drainage is not always necessary
Authors: Carter Edward , Waldhausen John , Zhang Weiya , Hoffman Lucas , Redding Gregory 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBackgroundThere is considerable variation in the management of pediatric empyema, and there are no clear criteria for when to perform pleural drainage. Our study aims were: (1) to retrospectively review our experience with an empyema treatment strategy that started with intravenously administered (IV) antibiotics alone in medically stable patients with procession to pleural drainage only if there was no clinical improvement after 48 hr, and (2) to identify predictors for undergoing pleural drainage.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of 182 previously healthy children, 1–18 years old, hospitalized with empyema from December 1996 through December 2008. The primary outcome measures were the proportion of patients requiring pleural drainage procedures and hospital length of stay (LOS).ResultsNinety‐five children (52%) received antibiotics alone, and 87 (45%) underwent drainage procedures (21 chest tube alone, 57 VATS/thoracotomy, and 8 chest tube followed by VATS/thoracotomy); only 4 received fibrinolytics. Mean (standard deviation) LOS was significantly shorter in the antibiotics alone group, 7.0 (3.5) versus 11 (4.0) days. The strongest predictors of undergoing pleural drainage were admission to the intensive care unit and large effusion size (>½ thorax filled).ConclusionsSome children with empyema can be treated with IV antibiotics alone and have reasonably short LOS. At our institution, those that required intensive care or had large effusions with mediastinal shift were more likely to require pleural drainage. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2010; 45:475–480. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyzing language demands facing english learners on science performance assessments: The sald framework
Authors: Shaw Jerome M. , Bunch George C. , Geaney Edward R. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis article report on the development and use of an analytical framework intended to map the language demands encountered by English learners as they engage in science performance assessments. Grounded in functional and interactional views of language and language use, the authors—two science education researchers and a language scholar—developed the framework via an inductive, iterative, and systematic review of written assessment materials associated with three fifth grade science performance tasks. The resulting Science Assessment Language Demands (SALD) framework is organized around three dimensions: participant structures, communicative modes, and written texts and genres that students are called upon to read and produce. The authors used textual analysis to conduct an expert review of the written documents associated with the three assessment tasks. The results indicate that the framework can be used to document a wide range of functional and interactional language demands involved in science performance assessments. The demands revealed by the SALD framework highlight both potential challenges facing English learners during science performance assessments as well as opportunities afforded by such assessments for demonstrating their knowledge and skills and further developing language proficiency. A major implication of the study is the potential use of the framework to evaluate the language demands and opportunities of science assessments used in classrooms with English learners. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 909–928, 2010
Construction grammar
Authors: Goldberg Adele , Suttle Laura 
Published: April 2010

AbstractConstruction grammar, or constructionist approaches more generally, emphasize the function of particular constructions as well as their formal properties. Constructions vary in their degree of generality, from words to idioms to more abstract patterns such as argument structure constructions, topicalization, and passive. There is also no division drawn between semantics and pragmatics, as all conventional aspects of constructions are encoded within the constructions themselves; thus constructions can include information about information structure, register, or genre. The majority of constructionist approaches are also usage based, in that they recognize that we retain a great deal of item‐specific information. An important desideratum of constructionist approaches is that they interface naturally with what we know about language acquisition, language change, and language typology. In order to capture generalizations within a given language, constructions are related via an inheritance hierarchy, with more abstract, productive constructions being directly related to their more idiomatic instantiations. The functions of particular constructions as well as domain general cognitive and social cognition are appealed in order to capture cross‐linguistically valid typological generalizations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
The acquisition of semantics
Authors: Wagner Laura 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis review piece looks at how children acquire various elements of linguistic meaning. It considers issues in the acquisition of word meaning, argument structure, tense and aspect, and quantification and scope. For each of these areas, it considers the problems they pose for the acquisition process in general, reviews basic findings from the field of acquisition, and identifies outstanding questions in the field. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language Acquisition
Desire: philosophical issues
Authors: Schroeder Timothy 
Published: April 2010

AbstractTo desire something is to want it, wish it, long for it. Various leading theories of this attitude exist, with the most prominent theory holding that to desire something is nothing more than to be inclined to take actions that will obtain that thing. Other important theories tie desires to pleasure and displeasure, to reasons and goodness, or to reward learning. All of these theories leave room for scientific investigation of what causes us to desire, and of what else desires might cause in us. Philosophical speculation on these topics has focused, in the former case, on the generation of new desires from existing desires. In the latter case, it has roamed across topics diverse as the influence of desire on cognition, the relation of desire to mental disorder, and causation of self‐knowledge of one's own desires. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:Philosophy > ActionPhilosophy > Foundations of Cognitive Science
Language acquisition and language change
Authors: Lightfoot David 
Published: April 2010

AbstractChildren acquire a mature language system and sometimes this system differs from that of their parents. This is a significant part of language change and understanding acquisition is key to understanding this kind of change in people's internal grammars. I outline one approach to language acquisition, based on children finding cues expressed in the input they are exposed to. This enables us to understand historical change in grammars: change in external language sometimes triggers a new internal grammar as cues come to be expressed differently. Work on language variation, acquisition, and change converges, and these three areas are mutually dependent; empirical work in one area may enrich understanding more generally, opening the way to new kinds of empirical work. Seen this way, language is a complex system and language change can be treated productively in the context of complexity science. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language Acquisition
Model‐based approaches to neuroimaging: combining reinforcement learning theory with fMRI data
Authors: Gläscher Jan P. , O'Doherty John P. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe combination of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with computational models for a given cognitive process provides a powerful framework for testing hypotheses about the neural computations underlying such processes in the brain. Here, we outline the steps involved in implementing this approach with reference to the application of reinforcement learning (RL) models that can account for human choice behavior during value‐based decision making. The model generates internal variables which can be used to construct fMRI predictor variables and regressed against individual subjects' fMRI data. The resulting regression coefficients reflect the strength of the correlation with blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) activity and the relevant internal variables from the model. In the second part of this review, we describe human neuroimaging studies that have employed this analysis strategy to identify brain regions involved in the computations mediating reward‐related decision making. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
Analyzing effective connectivity with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Stephan Klaas Enno , Friston Karl J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFunctional neuroimaging techniques are used widely in cognitive neuroscience to investigate aspects of functional specialization and functional integration in the human brain. Functional integration can be characterized in two ways, functional connectivity and effective connectivity. While functional connectivity describes statistical dependencies between data, effective connectivity rests on a mechanistic model of the causal effects that generated the data. This review addresses the conceptual and methodological basis of established techniques for characterizing effective connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. In particular, we focus on dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of fMRI data and emphasize the importance of model selection procedures and nonlinear mechanisms for context‐dependent changes in connection strengths. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition
Genetic differentiation between sun and shade habitats in populations of Lindera benzoin L.
Authors: Mooney Emily , Edwards Marten , Niesenbaum Richard 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDifferences in selection patterns among habitats can alter the distribution of genetic diversity even when this is estimated with neutral markers. For plants, light is an essential resource that can influence both abiotic and biotic components of habitat. We examined genetic differentiation between sun and shade habitats in Lindera benzoin L. (Spicebush), a perennial understory shrub. Genetic diversity of 127 plants from sun and shade habitats in two populations of L. benzoin was determined using 12 polymorphic microsatellite markers. We analyzed patterns of genetic diversity using analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA), and we assessed correlation between genetic and geographic distance using Mantel tests. We found (1) low levels of differentiation among populations (FST = 0.028), (2) little evidence of genetic structure within populations due to isolation‐by‐distance, and (3) some evidence of habitat‐based genetic differentiation. Specifically, the AMOVA showed a small (0.5%) but significant portion of overall variation could be explained by differences between habitats. The overall low levels of differentiation we saw were likely a result of extensive gene flow in this dioecious, bird‐dispersed species.
Preparation and Surface Activity of Phosphated Alkyl Oligoglucosides
Authors: Chen Keng‐Ming , Lin Li‐Huei , Dong Min‐Yan , Wang Chien Fu , Hwang Mou‐Chuan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA family of phosphated alkyl oligoglucoside surfactants was prepared by reacting alkyl oligoglucosides with phosphorus oxychloride. The alkyl oligoglucosides were obtained by an usual method in which the glucose is reacted with a fatty alcohol containing 10–18 carbon atoms. These novel phosphated surfactants have been found to exhibit good surface tension, foaming and wetting power. The critical micelle concentration was found to increase with the length of hydrocarbon chain of the surfactant. The surface excess concentration and the interfacial area per surfactant molecule are reported. These phosphated surfactants also exhibit a good performance to improve the whiteness and wetting of cotton fabrics in a hydrogen oxide bleaching system, and they are also found to be more biodegradable than conventional surfactants.
Quantitation of Sterols and Steryl Esters in Fortified Foods and Beverages by GC/FID
Authors: Clement Lisa M. , Hansen Steven L. , Costin Colin D. , Perri Gregg L. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDirect extraction methods for the quantitation of sterols and steryl esters (SE) in foods, beverages and concentrates as free sterols (trimethylsilane ether derivatives) by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC/FID) are introduced. Theoretical correction factors are used for sterol quantification relative to the internal standard, Epicoprostanol. Conversion of the acylglycerols, when present, into FFA eliminates the time‐consuming acylglycerol extraction step and reduces the GC run time since no higher molecular weight acylglycerols need to elute from the column. Accuracy and precision of analytical data are important when formulating food products with sterols or SE to ensure a formulation will meet health claims, while at the same time minimizing costly over formulation. Method accuracy was determined by complete recovery of sterol and SE concentrates as free sterols with subsequent analysis of foods and beverages formulated with sterol and SE concentrates. Triplicate analysis over 5 days demonstrated repeatability for the alkaline saponification and acid extraction with alkaline saponification methods. A relative standard deviation of <5% demonstrates the repeatability of the methods. Replicate analysis of a common sample by two laboratories and replicate analysis of a common sample by multiple analysts demonstrated reproducibility of the methods.