bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marion Island volcanism and glaciation
Authors: Hall Kevin , Meiklejohn Ian , Bumby Adam 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSub-Antarctic Marion Island was the site of extensive volcanism as well as glaciation during both the Quaternary and the Holocene. Initial reconstructions suggested a link between deglaciation and the initiation of faulting which, in turn, facilitated lava eruptions during the interglacials. However, our reassessment of the faulting, volcanic rock, and palaeoglacier distribution indicate that these original interpretations were erroneous. Features thought to be due to faulting are shown to be erosional scarps and this significantly changes interpretations of former glacier distribution. Further, the loss of the former ice cap has revealed new information on former glaciers and their flow directions, thereby allowing reconstruction of palaeoglaciers. Our new reconstruction fits with information from invertebrate genetic mapping that suggest some lava outcrops were nunataks and, therefore, refuges during the Last Glacial period. The new findings of glacial landforms in areas previously covered by snow suggest there was a significant ice advance during the Little Ice Age. Although Holocene volcanic rocks overlie and mask much of the glacial evidence, it has been possible to develop a proposed new reconstruction for glaciation, which is presented together with some of the implications.
Interaction between social category and social practice: explainingwas/werevariation
Authors: Moore Emma 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper explores the ways in which structural and practice-based social constraints contribute to the maintenance of nonstandardwerein Bolton, England. Using data from a school ethnography, 2747 tokens of first- and third-person singularwas/wereare analyzed according to informants' social class, community of practice, self-identification, and place of birth. Varbrul analyses reveal consistencies in the linguistic constraints on variation irrespective of the type of social analysis undertaken. These patterns generally confirm the findings of previouswas/werestudies. However, comparisons of log likelihood results suggest that although different social factors constrain this variation with varying degrees of accuracy, no one factor alone sufficiently explains it. Comparisons of groups and individual speakers reveal that nonstandardweremaintenance is in fact explained by the combined effect of an established correlation between nonstandardwereand local social structures and on-going revitalization of the form in contemporary forms of social practice.
Diagnosis and management of chronic liver disease in older people
Authors: Fox Mark , Fox Jenny , Davies Mervyn 
Published: November 2010

SummaryChronic liver disease is increasingly prevalent and, as the population ages, geriatricians will see an increasing burden. We present an overview of the investigation and management of older adults with chronic parenchymal liver disease and highlight the potential roles of transjugular intrahepatic portosytemic shunts and orthotopic liver transplantation.
Neuropathological Associates of Multiple Cognitive Functions in Two Community-Based Cohorts of Older Adults
Authors: Dowling N. Maritza , Tomaszewski Farias Sarah , Reed Bruce R. , Sonnen Joshua A. , Strauss Milton E. , Schneider Julie A. , Bennett David A. , Mungas Dan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractStudies of neuropathology-cognition associations are not common and have been limited by small sample sizes, long intervals between autopsy and cognitive testing, and lack of breadth of neuropathology and cognition variables. This study examined domain-specific effects of common neuropathologies on cognition using data (N = 652) from two large cohort studies of older adults. We first identified dimensions of a battery of 17 neuropsychological tests, and regional measures of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) neuropathology. We then evaluated how cognitive factors were related to dimensions of AD and additional measures of cerebrovascular and Lewy Body disease, and also examined independent effects of brain weight. All cognitive domains had multiple neuropathology determinants that differed by domain. Neocortical neurofibrillary tangles were the strongest predictors of most domains, while medial temporal tangles showed a weaker relationship with episodic memory. Neuritic plaques had relatively strong effects on multiple domains. Lewy bodies and macroscopic infarcts were associated with all domains, while microscopic infarcts had more limited associations. Brain weight was related to all domains independent of specific neuropathologies. Results show that cognition is complexly determined by multiple disease substrates. Neuropathological variables and brain weight contributed approximately a third to half of the explained variance in different cognitive domains. (JINS, 2011, 17, 602–614).
New indicators of 30 OECD countries' pension systems
Authors: WHITEHOUSE EDWARD 
Published: November 2010

Pension systems are complex and diverse, so comparing them is consequently difficult. Yet there are valuable lessons to be learned from the pension experiences of other nations. International comparisons of pension systems have focused almost wholly on the fiscal aspects of ageing populations. This paper provides consistent data on pension entitlements for the 30 member countries of the OECD, allowing cross-country analysis of the adequacy and distribution of pension promises.The following section provides a brief description of the 30 retirement-income regimes and compares key parameters, such as pension eligibility ages, ceilings on pensionable earnings, contribution rates to defined-contribution schemes and accrual rates for defined-benefit plans. Section 2 sets out the methodology for and assumptions used in modelling pension entitlements. Section 3 presents replacement rates, the most commonly used indicator in pension analysis. Section 4 calculates pension wealth, the present value of the flow of pension entitlements, which captures the effects of cross-country differences in life expectancy, pension eligibility ages, and indexation of pensions in payment. The concept of weighted averages is introduced in Section 5: a way of summarizing the main indicators across the range of individual earnings. The structure of the pension package, that is the role that different components of the retirement-income system play, is explored in Section 6. Section 7 presents a measure of the progressivity of the pension benefit formula, while Section 8 concludes.
Consequences for welfare and pension buffers of alternative methods of discounting future pensions
Authors: BUCCIOL ALESSANDRO , BEETSMA ROEL M. W. J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe explore the implications of alternative methods of discounting future pension outlays for the valuation of funded pension liabilities. Measured liabilities affect the asset–liability ratio of pension funds and, thereby, their policies. Our framework for analysis is an applied many-generation OLG model describing a small open economy with heterogeneous agents and a two-pillar pension system (with pay-as-you-go and funded tiers) calibrated to that in the Netherlands. We compare mark-to-market discounting against various alternatives, such as discounting against a moving average of past market curves or a curve that is constant over time. The pension buffer is stabilized by adjusting indexation and contribution rates in response to demographic, economic and financial shocks in the economy. Mark-to-market valuation of liabilities produces substantially higher volatility in the pension buffers, but it also generates slightly higher aggregate welfare.
Changes in wood and foliar δ13C in sugar maple at Gatineau Park, Quebec, Canada
Authors: Watmough Shaun A. , Mcneely Roger , Lafleur Peter M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLeaf samples and tree rings formed between the mid‐1960s and mid‐1990s from sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) at Gatineau Park (45°30′ N, 75°54′ W), Quebec were analysed for δ13C. Leaf samples were collected at ground level (1–2 m above ground) at monthly intervals during the summer, whereas tree cores were extracted from the largest trees (d.b.h. > 30 cm) in the young deciduous forest in August 1998. Significant linear decreases in δ13C over time were found in foliage and tree rings, but the decrease in δ13C was significantly greater in foliage than in the wood. The apparent isotopic discrimination (Δ) of tree rings varied insignificantly around a mean of 18‰, whereas foliar Δ increased significantly from 19‰ in the 1960s to around 23‰ by the mid 1990s, likely as a result of an increasing canopy effect as the forest matured. Using models of carbon discrimination and Δ‐values of the tree rings, we calculate that the intrinsic water use efficiency of mature sugar maple has increased by approximately 4% over the study period.
Fatigue design of structures under thermomechanical loadings
Authors: CHARKALUK E. , A BIGNONNET , A CONSTANTINESCU , K DANG VAN 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a global approach to the design of structures that experience thermomechanical fatigue loading, which has been applied successfully in the case of cast‐‐iron exhaust manifolds. After a presentation of the design context in the automotive industry, the important hypotheses and choices of this approach, based on a thermal 3D computation, an elastoviscoplastic constitutive law and the dissipated energy per cycle as a damage indicator associated with a failure criterion, are first pointed out. Two particular aspects are described in more detail: the viscoplastic constitutive models, which permit a finite element analysis of complex structures and the fatigue criterion based on the dissipated energy per cycle. The FEM results associated with this damage indicator permit the construction of a design curve independent of temperature; an agreement is observed between the predicted durability and the results of isothermal as well as non isothermal tests on specimens and thermomechanical fatigue tests on real components on an engine bench. These results show that thermomechanical fatigue design of complex structures can be performed in an industrial context.
The Cunningham Fellowship: three international points of view*
Authors: Flake Donna , Verhoeven Anita , Robu Ioana 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe Medical Library Association Cunningham Fellowship Program provides funds for one medical librarian per year from outside the United States or Canada to work and learn in United States or Canadian medical libraries for a period of 4 months.An overview of the Cunningham Fellowship is presented from three different points of view—that of a Medical Library Association member who has worked closely with the Cunningham Fellowship programme, and two former Cunningham Fellows.Anita Verhoeven, who relates her impressions of American culture, architecture and art, was the 1998 MLA Cuningham Fellow and visited 33 libraries, met 171 librarians, visited prestigious universities and attended a Medical Library Association meeting.Ioana Robu, the 1997 Cunningham Fellow, visited 15 libraries in 13 cities during her experience. She describes the process of applying for the fellowship and assesses the impact that the 1997 Cunningham Fellowship has made on her life, her library and medical librarianship in Romania.An overview of the Cunningham Fellowship is also given, which includes the history, the application process, the requirements of the fellowship and the time table of the fellowship.
A comparison of the coverage of clinical medicine provided by PASCAL biomed and medline
Authors: Brand‐de Heer Dieuwke L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe bibliographic databases PASCAL biomed and medline, available both at SilverPlatter, were compared for their coverage of clinical medicine. The main objective of the study was to identify the information in PASCAL biomed that is supplementary to medline.In PASCAL biomed and medline 10 searches were performed, all limited to publication year 1996. Search profiles in PASCAL biomed were free text only, while in medline they were mainly composed of MeSH headings, with additional free text. Search results were analysed for numbers of (relevant) references retrieved, unique and duplicate references, precision and uniqueness ratio. Also the presence of abstracts in both databases, and the abstract language and the presence of English descriptors and identifiers in PASCAL biomed were studied.Medline contained more relevant information than PASCAL biomed on nearly all topics studied. The precision of the PASCAL biomed searches varied from 29 to 87% (median = 68%) and of the medline searches from 20 to 91% (median = 66%). The uniqueness ratio in PASCAL biomed varied from 0 to 33% (median = 20%) and in medline from 28 to 83% (median 37%).Considering the numbers of relevant and unique references retrieved, medline performed better than PASCAL biomed. Yet a sizeable proportion of the relevant references were unique to PASCAL biomed.Probably PASCAL biomed would have performed better if lists of descriptors had been accessible in the database, preferably with support to trace them.
Improving standards in the scientific biomedical community in Romania by using journal ranking to improve journal quality*
Authors: Robu Ioana , Marineanu Denisa , Aciu Ileana , Wood‐Lamont Sally 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe paper articulates the problems of journal publication in a relatively small country such as Romania where locally (i.e. nationally) published journals include most of the national medical scientific output. The starting point was a study ordered by the Cluj University of Medicine and Pharmacy Scientific Council, for the purpose of obtaining an objectively ranked list of all current Romanian biomedical journals that could be used in the evaluation of the scientific activity of the university academic staff. Sixty‐five current biomedical journals were identified—of which more than half were new titles that had appeared over the past 5 years. None of these are included in the Science Citation Index or Journal Citation Reports (JCR). A set of criteria was used for ranking the journals: peer review, inclusion in international databases, publication time lag, language of articles and abstracts, journal specific index and domestic impact factor. The period covered, along with tools and formulas used are presented. The problems of Romanian biomedical journals as well as ways of improving publishing standards are discussed. Also emphasized is the necessity for increased awareness in the medical scholarly community and the role of the library in this respect.
Searching for high‐quality evidence to prepare patient information
Authors: Booth‐Clibborn Nina , Milne Ruairidh , Oliver Sandy 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectives:To help those preparing patient information by developing a search protocol for finding evidence on treatments that would maximize rigour, relevance and completeness. To apply the search protocol in one example area, ‘early breast cancer’.Methods:Development—a multidisciplinary group listed evidence sources and assigned them to ‘rigour of methods’ bandings and also assessed their completeness. A search protocol was made by ranking evidence sources by rigour and then by completeness. Application—the protocol was used to search for information on treatments for early breast cancer.Results:Eighteen evidence sources provided details of their methods. Thirteen sources were assigned to Band A (‘key source’) and two sources to Band B (‘some doubt about rigour but nevertheless useful’). The 15 Band A and B sources were ordered into a search protocol and used to identify 24 pieces of evidence about early breast cancer. Ten reviews were excluded (as irrelevant), leaving 14 useful pieces of evidence‐based information to help inform patient information.Conclusions:Those preparing patient information on treatments for early breast cancer would find 14 pieces of useful evidence. It remains to be seen how far these pieces of evidence would answer questions that patients might pose about treatments.
Hospitals and consumer health information in New Zealand: the role of the library
Authors: Oliver Gillian , Bidwell Pam 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA research project was conducted with the primary objective of finding out what New Zealand hospitals are doing about providing consumer health information to patients, and specifically, the role played by hospital libraries. A database was compiled of all New Zealand hospitals, both public and privately funded. An individual responsible for consumer health information was identified at each hospital and a questionnaire sent directly to them. A 64% response rate was achieved, representing 196 hospitals. Fifty‐four hospitals reported having an in‐house Library or Information Centre for patients, but the materials and services provided varied widely. Results from this survey show that the provision of consumer health information in the hospital sector in New Zealand is ad hoc, and libraries are not necessarily involved.
Biomedical information @ the speed of light: implementing desktop access to publishers’ resources at the Paterson Institute for Cancer Research
Authors: Glover Steven William 
Published: November 2010

AbstractShortly after midnight every Thursday morning, a list server in Massachusetts delivers an electronic table of contents message to the Kostoris Medical Library at the Paterson Institute for Cancer Research in Manchester, UK. The messageins details of the latest edition of the New England Journal of Medicine, complete with hyperlinks to the full text of the content online. Publishers’ electronic current awareness services have been integrated into the dissemination process of the Library service to enhance the speed of communication and access to full text content. As a means of promoting electronic journal use, a system of e‐mail delivery coupled with fast Internet access has allowed a migration from paper‐based current awareness alerting to a seamless online product.
Deinstitutionalisation for Long-Term Mental Illness: Cost Differences in Hospital and Community Care
Authors: Lapsley Helen M. , Tribe Kate , Tennant Chris , Rosen Alan , Hobbs Coletta , Newton Lesley 
Published: November 2010

Objective: This project studied the cost analysis of psychiatric hospital and then community care for long-stay patients with chronic mental illness discharged during the closure of a psychiatric hospital in Sydney. Method: Expenditure and income data in both settings were collected. Costs were analysed on an occupied bed-day basis. Results: The hospital setting cost more per patient per day compared with the various community costs which were one-third to one-half of the comparable hospital costs. Conclusions: The analysis demonstrated overall that hospital care was nearly twice as expensive as care in the community setting. The factors which may have influenced, although not necessarily altered, the substance of the findings largely related to ‘organisational efficiency’. The mental hospital as an older, more rigid system was likely to be less efficient than the newer community service provision which was under intensive scrutiny both clinically and financially by all interested parties.
Evaluation of Degree of Elasticity and Other Mechanical Properties of Wheat Kernels
Authors: Figueroa J. D. C. , Hernández Z. J. E. , Véles M. J. J. , Rayas‐Duarte P. , Martínez‐Flores H. E. , Ponce‐García N. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThree samples were selected representing bread, soft, and durum wheat. Uniaxial compression and stress relaxation tests were performed on wheat kernels. Force‐deformation curves from intact wheat grain typically exhibited at least two points of inflection (PI) at ≈0.1 and 0.2 mm displacement. The first PI is related to the mechanical properties of all the bran layers. The second PI (0.2 mm) seems to be the endosperm boundary near the aleurone layer. These structures had higher degree of elasticity (DE) compared to the inner endosperm (0.5–0.6 mm). Besides wheat class and specific structures of the caryopsis, moisture content is a prominent factor affecting the mechanical strength of kernels. Stress relaxation tests show that bread wheat kernels with 69.2% DE at 13% moisture decreased to 31.6% DE with additional 6% moisture content. Soft wheat kernels DE of 61.0% at 13% moisture decreased to 22.7% at 19.7% moisture. Stress relaxation revealed pronounced time‐dependence. However, the differences of stress values at 120–180 sec were not significant in all wheat classes and moisture contents evaluated. The stress values after 120 sec might be attributed to the elastic deformation of the kernels.
Chemical Composition and Antinutritional Factors of Field Peas (Pisum sativum), Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum), and Faba Beans (Vicia faba) as Affected by Extrusion Preconditioning and Drying Temperatures
Authors: Adamidou S. , Nengas I. , Grigorakis K. , Nikolopoulou D. , Jauncey K. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTLegumes are valuable plant sources of protein and energy and extrusion is one of the most common processing methods for manufacturing both human food and animal feeds. In the present study, three different legumes (field peas, chickpeas, and faba beans) were ground and processed in a pilot‐scale extrusion line. Various preconditioning and dryer temperatures were applied to each legume separately that reflected or differed from standard manufacturing conditions. Although literature exists regarding the effects of extrusion temperature and moisture on legume antinutrients, no data are available on the respective effects of preconditioning and drying. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of processing on both nutritional and antinutritional factors for each processing combination. Proximate composition, starch, oligosaccharides, total nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP), soluble (S‐NSP), and insoluble (I‐NSP) levels were evaluated. The antinutritional factors phytic acid, tannins, and trypsin inhibitors were also determined. Chickpea and field pea NSP values were not drastically affected by processing, while for most processing conditions, total NSP, S‐NSP, and I‐NSP were slightly reduced in faba beans. Preconditioning before extrusion processing generally improved the nutritional value of the ingredients by significantly reducing trypsin inhibitor level. Phytate and total tannin levels were greatly reduced irrespective of the preconditioning and drying treatment. Wet preconditioning can be used in combination with extrusion to improve the nutritional value of legumes, while drying at 90–150°C does not significantly further reduce antinutritional factor levels.
Association of Barley Kernel Hardness with Physical Grain Traits and Food Processing Parameters
Authors: Nair S. , Ullrich S. E. , Baik B.‐K. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTKernel hardness is not a well‐characterized food quality trait in barley. Unlike wheat, not much is known about the effect of barley kernel hardness on food processing. Ten barley genotypes differing in single kernel characterization system hardness index (SKCS‐HI) (30.1–91.2) of dehulled kernels were used to determine the association of barley HI with other physical grain traits and food processing parameters. Thousand kernel weight (TKW) values of 10 genotypes were 29.7–38.1 g. Values for bulk density of grains were 721.1–758.9 kg/m3. Crease width and depth values were 0.9–1.3 mm and 0.4–0.7 mm, respectively. Barley HI showed no significant association with TKW, bulk density, or kernel crease dimensions. Kernel loss due to pearling after 325 sec of abrasion was 28.8–38.4% and showed significant negative correlation with HI (r = –0.87, P < 0.01). Proportion of barley flour particles >106 μm had values of 34.5–42.0%, and starch damage values were 1.8–4.5% among those 10 barley genotypes. HI showed significant positive correlations with both proportion of barley flour particles >106 μm (r = 0.93, P < 0.01) and starch damage (r = 0.93, P < 0.01). Water imbibition of barley kernels and cooked kernel hardness did not show significant correlation with HI.