bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Love's Madness
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter comments on the case of Sarah Fletcher and Mary Wollstonecraft. As this chapter aims to show, stories about women driven mad by the death or infidelity of their lovers were so thoroughly conventional that they obliged writers to confront their literariness and to make particular efforts at originality. In that respect, the love-mad woman brings not an excess of meaning but a reduction of meaning. Almost all the writers who pick up this convention in the nineteenth century do so with a degree of distance. Love-mad women inspired a great deal of tawdry writing, but they also spurred many novelists into remarkable innovation. For medical writers in search of a more effective mode of treating the insane, they were beginning to seem rather less tractable.
The Hyena's Laughter: Lucretia and Jane Eyre
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Bulwer–Lytton's Lucretia is the grim story of a woman's downward spiral from immorality into insanity. Lucretia Clavering, a clever but corrupt English girl, is disinherited by her uncle when he is alerted to her unfilial behaviour. At the same time she is rejected by the man she loves. The dual reflection scars her, emotionally and morally, for life. In Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre, the instability of the madwoman's meaning for mid-nineteenth-century English fiction is more firmly held in view and turned to effect. For Charlotte Brontë, identity consists in mastering the past, acknowledging it as part of one's history, but a history whose meaning is under control. Though it will always leave its scars, the wounds eventually heal. Brontë's rewriting of Romantic insanity has all the confidence and yet all the anxiety of the mid-Victorian period.
Bound for America
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
During the 18th century, transportation to the colonies became Britain's foremost criminal punishment. From 1718 to 1775, British courts banished fifty thousand convicts. They formed the largest body of emigrants after African slaves ever compelled to go to America. A comprehensive account of the transportation in the years preceding the settling of Australia, this book combines analysis with a vivid narrative to provide new insights into the origins of crime and the treatment of offenders on both sides of the Atlantic.
Native Sons
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In England transportation became the most severe punishment to be used, second only to the death penalty. This was the method of sending convicts out of the country to an entirely new world far from their relatives and fellow countryman. Detailed information about these outcasts, from their social and geographic origins, to their ages, sex, and occupations, is provided in this chapter. These outcasts came from various part of England, ranging from the Cornish cliffs to the Scottish highlands. The smallest number of outcasts came from Scotland and the largest number were Irish. The largest number of outcasts were native Englishmen sentenced by the English courts. During the 17th century many convicts, including both male and female, were sent away.
The Rough Trade
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The first phase of the transportation process was exile from England, but there was no proper and clear policy for transportation during those early days. During the trial, and what followed, convicts needed to be assembled and shipped across the Atlantic as cargo on other ships. Until 1718 convicts were carried in irregular shipments by merchants or in some cases they needed to make their own arrangements to transport themselves. Many merchants refused to transport women as they proved difficult to market in the colonies. In August 1718, the Treasury gave a contract to a London-based merchant to ship convicts from London and seven nearby counties for a sum of £3 per convict. After this, many merchants signed bonds guaranteeing that they would ship the convicts regardless of age, physical condition, or sex.
Broken Lives
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book offers a set of detailed case studies about how the break-up and dissolution of marriages was contrived before the first Divorce Act in 1857. Individuals in their own words explain their actions and feelings about one another in dramatic court-room confrontations, while behind the scenes they were conducting secret negotiations, and offering massive bribes to witnesses either to commit perjury or to hold their tongues. These stories offer astonishing insights into many previously unknown aspects of marital life and marital breakdown in early modern England. They also provide sobering evidence of the huge gap between the enacted law and actual practice.
Dineley v. Dineley Cruelty, adultery, and murder, 1717–1741
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The story highlights the great importance in the generation of family feuds of any violation of traditional norms for the transmission of property. The issue which destroyed the Goodere Dineleys was the prolonged quarrel about the inheritance of the properties so arduously put together by the marriage of heiresses. The first baronet began the quarrel by diverting the ancestral Goodere estates from the children of his heir to those of his younger son, Samuel, presumably on the grounds that the Dineley and Lawford estates were quite enough for the former. The second baronet, John, brought the family dispute to a shattering crisis by breaking the entail and disinheriting his brother and his son altogether in favour of one nephew, and trying to leave his wife's property to another.
Middleton v. Middleton The lady and the groom, 1781–1796
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The story of the Middleton affair is more than merely a familiar, banal, tale of female adultery and its aftermath. The evidence thrown up by it exposes a microcosm of life in an 18th-century large village or small town and a small country house which is unsurpassed in the intimacy of its detail concerning the thoughts and behaviour of all classes from the squire to the labourer. In the first place, this story demonstrates how the domestic affairs of a great landlord directly impinged upon the lives and economic welfare of a large circle of dependents, including most of the inhabitants of the village next to the country seat.
Loveden v. Loveden The lady and the don, 1794–1811
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
From a legal point of view, the importance of the case in this chapter is that it set a series of precedents in canon law of sufficient importance to be publicly reported for future citation. These precedents were set by the sentence of Sir William Scott, in which he redefined the degree of proof necessary in an ecclesiastical court to obtain a verdict of separation for adultery. The passage through Parliament of the Loveden divorce bill also settled once and for all that the husband had to comply with the wishes of the Commons over the settlement of adequate maintenance upon his wife before such a bill could be returned to the Lords. Thus in several ways the Loveden divorce litigation made legal history.
Traditional Law: Patrimonial Property and Pressures for Change
Authors: Wagner William G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter delves into the effects of existing tsarist property and inheritance law, an example of which is the conflict they bring to families during division and dispersal of properties. It discusses the limitations of patrimonial property, which comprises any immovable property that can only be inherited by direct legal heirs or may be passed on through sale. Provisions for changes to such law are presented.
The Historical Value of Jordanes’Getica
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the historical methods and materials of Jordanes. It looks at Jordanes' Getica, which is an account of Gothic history that includes an anachronistic account of the division of the Goths into Ostrogoth and Visigoth, as well as the exaggerated historical role accorded to the Balth and Amal dynasties. The chapter shows that the Getica provides some evidence that the workings of Gothic oral history were congruous with modern examples. Although parts of the Getica are singularly Gothic, this does not mean that it contains a unique and authoritative account of Gothic history.
Solving the Gothic Problem
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the solution to the Gothic problem that had plagued Zeno for years. It highlights the two conflicts that dominated 484 to 489, which were between Zeno and Illus and Zeno and Theoderic the Amal. The agreement of 487/8 involved the Thracian Goths moving to Italy, thus solving the Gothic problem once and for all.
Constitutionalism
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the constitution drafted by the Thermidorian Convention in France in 1795. The constitution increased the rationalization of authority compared with the Constitution of 1791 by attaching commissaires du pouvoir executif to every local authority. It also restored the separation of powers, by giving the regulatory power to the executive but eliminating the veto power. In terms of central administration, this constitution merely replicated the model of 1791.
Regional Identity and Economic Change
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The current debate about the best methods of European organization — central or regional — is influenced by an awareness of regional identity, which offers an alternative to the rigidities of organization by nation-state. Yet where does the sense of regionalism come from? What are the distinctive factors that transform a geographical area into a particular ‘region’? This book addresses these questions in this study of one apparently ‘natural’ region — the Upper Rhine — between 1450 and 1600. This region has been divided between three countries and so historically marginalized, yet this book is able to trace the existence of a sense of historical regional identity cutting across national frontiers, founded on common economic interests. But that identity was always contingent and precarious, neither ‘natural’ nor immutable.
Regions and Frontiers
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the configuration of the southern Upper Rhine to find out whether mountain ranges or the river itself acted as barriers or clasps, frontiers or crossing-points. Modern political geographers are accustomed to distinguish between frontiers and boundaries. This distinction is relevant to any consideration of whether mountains and rivers represented natural dividing lines on the Upper Rhine. At first glance, the Vosges massif to the west seems to present a formidable obstacle to passage. The peaks fall away sharply to the east into a string of narrow valleys which cut deep furrows in the landscape. Treaties reflect a sense of regional identity on the Upper Rhine in the later Middle Ages, an awareness of mutual needs and interests which was bounded by a sense of place. But the limits of the region were not narrowly circumscribed by the valley itself. To the unity of mountain and plain which spanned the river must be added the legacy of human settlement and political organization.
Fascist and Liberal Visions of War
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this study, the author examines how the theories of mechanized war developed throughout the industrial world in the first decades of the twentieth century. He explains why the most famous pioneers of these theories were associated with proto-fascism. He then re-evaluates B.H. Liddell Hart's contribution to strategic theory, overturning much of the criticism recently levelled against him. He argues that, in the wake of the trauma of the First World War, and in response to the Axis challenge, Liddell Hart developed the doctrine of containment and cold war long before the advent of nuclear weapons. He reveals Liddell Hart as a pioneer of the modern western liberal way in warfare which is still with us today.
Anselm of Lucca: A Sainted Gregorian Bishop
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter presents the life of Anselm of Lucca as a Gregorian bishop. Where and what Anselm studied are matters of much debate. The two Vitae Anselmi are largely silent on Anselm’s early life and education, speaking only of his good knowledge of grammar, and acquaintance with dialectic. Between March 18 and April 21 1073, Anselm was designated as Bishop of Lucca by Pope Alexander II. Anselm’s biographers were concerned to demonstrate the ways in which Anselm’s life had been devoted to the promotion of ecclesiastical reform. Anselm’s episcopacy and the entire conflict with the canons was a struggle of a bishop looking to recover and stabilise his position, both in financial and pastoral terms.
‘Good Citizens and Brave Soldiers’: Gendarmes and the Revolution
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, adopted by the National Assembly on August 26, 1789, as the way of having Gendarmerie Nationale. This Declaration proclaimed the sovereign people as the source of all political legitimacy and the law as the expression of the general will. This led to the final agreement on a law commenced by declaring that the maréchaussée would be known as the Gendarmerie Nationale. The law of 1798 opened with a statement of the role of the Gendarmerie, which is to ensure within the Republic the maintenance of order and the execution of the laws.
Authority and Asceticism from Augustine to Gregory the Great
Authors: Leyser Conrad 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book examines the formation of the Christian ascetic tradition in the western Roman Empire during the period of the barbarian invasions, c.400–600. In an aggressively competitive political context, one of the most articulate claims to power was made, paradoxically, by men who had renounced ‘the world’, committing themselves to a life of spiritual discipline in the hope of gaining entry to an otherworldly kingdom. Often dismissed as mere fanaticism or open hypocrisy, the language of ascetic authority, the book shows, was both carefully honed and well understood in the late Roman and early medieval Mediterranean. It charts the development of this new moral rhetoric by abbots, teachers, and bishops from the time of Augustine of Hippo to that of St Benedict and Gregory the Great.
Anglo-American Relations and the Franco Question, 1945–1955
Authors: Edwards Jill 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book examines the formulation of British and American policy between 1945 and 1955 towards one of the most hated regimes of the twentieth century. The Franco question, though apparently not of the first importance in the evolution of Cold War policy, nevertheless haunted British and American governments during this period. It posed a problem which epitomizes the difficulty of dealing with pariah regimes. As such, it highlights for historians the attempts of these two governments to straddle the contradictions inherent in the emerging dual system of the United Nations, or internationalism, on the one hand, and the older system of balance of power, played out by the super powers as the Cold War. Set as it is in the domestic and international context, it also exemplifies the problems faced today by individual governments and by the United Nations in dealing with questions of intervention or non-intervention in distasteful regimes.
Social Security and the Family: Coping with Seasonality and Calamity in Rural India
Authors: Agarwal Bina 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter draws upon existing studies focusing on the issue of social security essentially in terms of food security. It discusses a conceptual framework for understanding intrafamily relations and puts forward certain analytical propositions on the ways in which seasonality and calamity might impinge on these relations. The chapter examines the nature and effectiveness of the mechanisms adopted by poor agricultural families to provide food security for their members, against seasonality and calamity; the ways in which family coping mechanisms in the two contexts might differ; and intrahousehold inequalities in the burden of coping. It analyses how the family itself may begin to disintegrate in an extreme calamity such as famine, using the Bengal famine of 1943 as a case study, and highlights some aspects of appropriate external interventions.
Social Security in China: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Ahmad Ehtisham , Hussain Athar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter provides a schematic historical background, relevant for the present purposes, and presents an overview of social security in China. It discusses the details of the social-security programmes and the relevant features of the economy with reference to rural areas and urban areas. The chapter notes that when analysing the Chinese social-security system, it is important to bear in mind that the Chinese economy has undergone a series of revolutionary transformations since 1949. It emphasizes that, in China, the pervasive State control of industry and fundamental changes in the land tenure have made it possible for measures for preventing and alleviating deprivation to be built into the fabric of the economy to a degree that simply would not be feasible in an evolutionary framework.
Some Principles of Political Economy: Pufendorf, Hutcheson, and Adam Smith
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart 
Published: October 2011

AbstractFrancis Hutcheson, Adam Smith, and David Hume should be of continuing interest to the student of political economy, not least because they did not see themselves as economists so much as philosophers who placed the study of economic phenomena in a broad social context. The basic task was to explain how it was that a creature endowed with both self and other-regarding propensities was fitted for the social state. It appears that social order as a basic precondition for economic activity depends in part upon a capacity for moral judgement. Furthermore, the psychological drives that explain economic activity must be seen in a context wider than the economic. This chapter examines Hutcheson's link to Samuel von Pufendorf in a manner that confirms a debt to the work of W. L. Taylor, as well as the role of subjective judgement as regards the determinants of value in the works of both men.
A Conceptual Sytem
Authors: Skinner Andrew Stewart 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough Adam Smith's model, in its post-physiocratic form, has several distinct elements, the feature on which he continued to place most emphasis was the division of labour, which is implied in the existence of distinct sectors or types of productive activity. However, Smith also emphasized the fact that there was specialization by types of employment, and even within each employment. He pointed out that the division of labour (by process) helped to explain the relatively high labour productivity in modern times. As regards the rate of exchange, Smith isolated two relevant factors: the usefulness of the good to be acquired, and the ‘cost’ incurred in creating the commodity to be given up. The first of the relevant relationships is obviously that existing between ‘usefulness’ and value. It will be apparent from the previous argument that Smith regarded rent, wages, and profit as the types of return payable to the three ‘great constituent orders’ of society and as the price paid for the use of the factors of production.
Consequences and Negative Responsibility
Authors: LUCAS J. R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter considers consequences, which often bear on the correct description of an action, and consequentialism, which claims that consequences are all-important. It argues against consequentialism. Actions are important not simply as causes in the course of events but as communications; and what they signify is therefore as relevant as what they bring about. There is a difference between what we do, which manifests what we have in mind to do, and what we do not do, which for the most part does not. We are responsible for what we do, but not for what we do not do, unless we are under some special obligation to do it. When we are under a special obligation—so that we cannot brush off the question ‘Why did you not…?’ with a ‘Why should I?’—we have a negative responsibility. Negative responsibility is an important extension of the concept, which underlies much of our social and political thinking.
Reasons
Authors: LUCAS J. R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter delineates the general structure of the reasoning in the answers that may be given to the question of why one did something. It is dialectical, often leaving room for further argument, though cogent if no further objection is raised. Reasons are shareable and interpenetrable, and there is a continuous spectrum between those that are primarily first-personal, simply explaining why the agent acted as he did, and those that are omni-personal, claiming the allegiance of every rational agent.
A Model of the Universe
Authors: McCall Storrs 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book presents a philosophical theory of the nature of the universe based on a new model of its space-time structure. The book shows how his model illuminates a broad range of subjects, including causation, probability, quantum mechanics, identity, and free will, and argues that the fact that the model throws light on such a large number of problems constitutes strong evidence that the universe is as the model portrays it.
Conclusion
Authors: McCall Storrs 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter judges the credibility of the universe model that has been constructed to resolve certain philosophical problems. It considers the inference whether the model truly represents the overall structure of space-time. The book states that in the same way as Darwin's evolutionary hypothesis explains biological facts and sheds light on the world of living things, so this book's claim that the branched hypothesis explains and sheds light on a number of important philosophical and scientific issues. No other hypothesis is successful, over so wide a range. If the argument to the best explanation is accepted, the extent to which the branched model is a true picture of the world is directly proportional to its explanatory power.
Criteria, Scepticism, and the External World
Authors: Mulhall Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter investigates the vertical rather than the horizontal axis of the space opened up by criteria, to explore the sense in which they align a speaker with the world rather than with other speakers. It focuses on the material published as the first two parts of The Claim of Reason. Cavell takes Wittgenstein to have developed his notion of a criterion in response to the threat of scepticism — the worry that we cannot be certain of the existence of the world or of other mind-endowed creatures (other people) in it. Although Cavell does not take the notion to constitute a refutation of scepticism, its significance and function is best understood by relating it to this particular philosophical problematic; and the attempt to elucidate his understanding of criteria will proceed by examining his analysis of external-world scepticism.