bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2‐Butanone
Authors: Hoell Detlef , Mensing Thomas , Roggenbuck Rafael , Sakuth Michael , Sperlich Egbert , Urban Thomas , Neier Wilhelm , Strehlke Guenter 
Published: April 2009

Abstract2‐Butanone is the second most important commercially produced ketone after acetone. It is produced primarily by dehydrogenation of 2‐butanol. 2‐Butanone is used as a solvent in paints and adhesives and shows increasing demand. As a low‐boiling solvent with low viscosity, high solids concentration, and wide diluents' tolerance, 2‐butanone has wide application in polymer industry, where it is considered as a strong competitor to ethyl acetate. In the chemical industry, 2‐butanone can be used as an activator for oxidative reactions, as extractive agent, solvent, and as a chemical intermediate. In 2005, it was removed from the list of hazardous air pollutants.The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Physical Properties3.Chemical Properties4.Production4.1.Catalytic Dehydrogenation ofsec‐Butyl Alcohol (SBA) in the Gaseous Phase4.2.MEK as a Byproduct of the Fischer‐Tropsch Coal‐to‐Liquid Process4.3.Liquid‐Phase Oxidation ofn‐Butane4.4.Oxidation ofsec‐Butylbenzene According to the Hock Phenol Synthesis4.5.Direct Oxidation ofn‐Butenes (Hoechst‐Wacker Process)5.Quality, Storage, Transportation6.Uses7.Economic Aspects8.Toxicology and Occupational Health8.1.Occupational Exposure8.2.Toxicokinetics and Metabolism8.2.1.Absorption8.2.1.1Oral Exposure8.2.1.2.Inhalation Exposure8.2.1.3.Dermal Exposure8.2.2.Distribution8.2.3.Metabolism8.2.4.Elimination and Excretion8.2.5.Mechanism of Action8.2.6.Toxic Effects8.2.6.1.Oral Exposure8.2.6.2.Inhalation Exposure8.2.6.3.Occupational Health8.2.6.4.Regulations
Disinfectants
Authors: Siebert Jörg , Harke Hans‐Peter 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Definitions3.Application4.Efficacy Testing Methods, Requirements for Efficacy5.Formulations6.Active Ingredients6.1.Alcohols6.2.Aldehydes6.3.Peroxy and Peroxo Acids6.4.Phenols6.5.Cation‐Active Compounds6.6.Amphoteric Compounds6.7.Alkylamines6.8.Inorganic Compounds7.Toxicology
Indicator Reagents
Authors: Sabnis Ram W. , Ross Erwin , Köthe Jutta , Naumann Renate , Fischer Wolfgang , Mayer Wilhelm‐Dietrich , Wieland Gerhard , Newman Ernest J. , Wilson Charles M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.pH Indicators2.1.Theory2.2.Errors2.3.Color‐Change Transition2.4.Classification2.4.1.Azo pH Indicators2.4.2.Nitro pH Indicators2.4.3.Phthalein pH Indicators2.4.4.Sulfonephthalein pH Indicators2.4.5.Triphenylmethane pH Indicators2.4.6.Benzein pH Indicators2.4.7.Fluorescent pH Indicators2.4.8.Miscellaneous pH Indicators2.4.9.Mixed Indicators2.5.pH Indicator Papers2.6.pH Indicators for Nonaqueous Solutions3.Adsorption Indicators4.Fluorescent Indicators5.Chemiluminescent Indicators6.Redox Indicators7.Metal Indicators7.1.Volumetry (Complexometry)7.2.Colorimetry and Photometry7.3.Structure7.4.Ligand Classes7.4.1.Ligands Forming Five‐Membered Chelate Rings7.4.2.Ligands Forming Six‐Membered Chelate Rings8.Analytical Test Kits
Design of Experiments
Authors: Soravia Sergio , Orth Andreas 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.General Remarks1.2.Application in Industry1.3.Historical Sidelights1.4.Aim and Scope2.Procedure for Conducting Experimental Investigations: Basic Principles2.1.System Analysis and Clear Definition of Objectives2.2.Response Variables and Experimental Factors2.3.Replication, Blocking, and Randomization2.4.Interactions2.5.Different Experimental Strategies2.6.Drawback of the One‐Factor‐at‐a‐Time Method3.Factorial Designs3.1.Basic Concepts3.2.The 22Factorial Design3.3.The 23Factorial Design3.4.Fractional Factorial Designs4.Response Surface Designs4.1.The Idea of Using Basic Empirical Models4.2.The Class of Models Used in DoE4.3.Standard DoE Models and Corresponding Designs4.4.Using Regression Analysis to Fit Models to Experimental Data5.Methods for Assessing, Improving, and Visualizing Models5.1.R2Regression Measure andQ2Prediction Measure5.2.ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and Lack‐of‐Fit Test5.3.Analysis of Observations and Residuals5.4.Heuristics for Improving Model Performance5.5.Graphical Visualization of Response Surfaces6.Optimization Methods6.1.Basic EVOP Approach Using Factorial Designs6.2.Model‐Based Approach6.3.Multi‐Response Optimization with Desirability Functions6.4.Validation of Predicted Optima7.Designs for Special Purposes7.1.Mixture Designs7.2.Designs for Categorical Factors7.3.Optimal Designs7.4.Robust Design as a Tool for Quality Engineering8.Software
Heterokaryon‐Based Reprogramming for Pluripotency
Authors: Pereira Carlos Filipe , Fisher Amanda G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractEmbryonic stem (ES) cells have the ability to self‐renew, execute multiple lineage paths, and dominantly reprogram differentiated cells upon cell fusion. Here, we describe an approach that reprograms human B lymphocytes toward pluripotency by generating inter‐species heterokaryons with mouse ES cells. This induces a human ES‐specific gene expression profile, in which the extent and the rapidity of conversion allows us to compare the capacity of different mouse ES cell lines to dominantly induce pluripotency. This approach, coupled with pharmacological inhibition, gene knock‐out, or knock‐down permits factors that are required to directly induce reprogramming to be defined individually, as well as in combination. Experimental heterokaryons provide a simple and tractable approach to address the mechanisms underlying direct reprogramming to pluripotency. The procedure requires 5 days to complete. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 9:4B.1.1‐4B.1.14. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Real‐time signal processing by adaptive repeated median filters
Authors: Schettlinger K. , Fried R. , Gather U. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractIn intensive care, a basic goal is to extract the signals from very noisy time series in real time. We propose a robust online filter with an adaptive window width, which yields a smooth representation of the denoised data in stable periods and which is also able to trace typical patterns such as level shifts or trend changes with small time delay. Several versions of this method are evaluated and compared with a simulation study and on real data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear adaptive tracking‐control synthesis for functionally uncertain systems
Authors: Zwierzewicz Zenon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe paper is concerned with the problem of adaptive tracking system control synthesis. It is assumed that a nonlinear, feedback linearizable object dynamics (model structure) is (partially) unknown and some of its nonlinear characteristics can be approximated by a sort of functional approximators. It has been proven that proportional state feedback plus parameter adaptation are able to assure its asymptotic stability. This form of controller permits online compensation of unknown model nonlinearities and exogenous disturbances, which results in satisfactory tracking performance. An interesting feature of the system is that the whole process control is performed without requisite asymptotic convergence of approximator parameters to the postulated ‘true’ values. It has been noticed that the parameters play rather a role of slack variables on which potential errors (that otherwise would affect the state variables) cumulate. The system's performance has been tested via Matlab/Simulink simulations via an example of ship path‐following problem. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
‘Never Mind All That Environmental Rubbish, Get On With Your Architecture’
Authors: Dean Penelope 
Published: April 2009

AbstractCould the primacy of green architecture in recent years be eroding the discipline? Is it reducing architecture to a mere ‘environmental techno‐science’? Penelope Dean argues for a revised environmental agenda that is driven by ideas and concepts rather than subservient technologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breeding the Future
Authors: Oksiuta Zbigniew 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFor Zbigniew Oksiuta energy from the sun offers the greatest potential for architecture, as the essential life‐giving force for all living things. Here he urges a future of architecture that is biological, as demonstrated by his own featured bioforms that investigate the cultivation of new types of organisms and living biological products outside the confines of natural evolution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overlooked the Day Before: The Work of Pierre Huyghe
Authors: Lally Sean 
Published: April 2009

AbstractGuest‐editor Sean Lally describes two projects by artist Pierre Huyghe that use the materials and strategies of stage design ‐ lighting, sound, fog and other atmospheric effects ‐ and introduce them into everyday contexts. This effectively blurs the real with the fictional and calls us to question our own sense of reality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy Histories
Authors: Gissen David 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDavid Gissen asks how architectural history might be reshaped by the new focus on energies, which will leave the conventions of the discipline redundant. Through three projects he investigates how the tools and preoccupations of history might be reinvented; whether it is through visualisations and conceptual reconstructions of a previously gas‐guzzling age or through an atmospheric and climatic archive that replaces the primacy of the photographic archive. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Instinctive Sense of Space and Boundary
Authors: Blaisse Petra 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPetra Blaisse of Inside Outside describes how the studio focuses on the boundary of interior and exterior space, adding and subtracting highly tactile and sensuous layers. She highlights the significance of the invisible to her work ‐ whether light, scent or texture ‐ and how the future of design will be opening the way to ‘the sheer biology of things’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Royal Institution
Authors: Littlefield David 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDavid Littlefield describes how Sir Terry Farrell's rethinking of the Royal Institution in Mayfair has led to a rationalisation and redesign that has transformed the premises from a tatty Georgian labyrinth into an airy series of modern spaces, Farrell having effectively re‐imagined ‘the building while retaining the essence of what made it special in the first place’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced Surfactant Uptake in Three Dimensional Assemblies of VOx Nanotubes Improves Reversible Li+ Intercalation and Charge Capacity
Authors: O'Dwyer Colm , Lavayen Vladimir , Tanner David A. , Newcomb Simon B. , Benavente Eglantina , González Guillermo , Torres Clivia M. Sotomayor 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe relationship between the nanoscale structure of vanadium pentoxide nanotubes and their ability to accommodate Li+ during intercalation/deintercalation is explored. The nanotubes are synthesized using two different precursors through a surfactant‐assisted templating method, resulting in standalone VO
x (vanadium oxide) nanotubes and also “nano‐urchin”. Under highly reducing conditions, where the interlaminar uptake of primary alkylamines is maximized, standalone nanotubes exhibit near‐perfect scrolled layers and long‐range structural order even at the molecular level. Under less reducing conditions, the degree of amine uptake is reduced due to a lower density of V4+ sites and less V2O5 is functionalized with adsorbed alkylammonium cations. This is typical of the nano‐urchin structure. High‐resolution TEM studies revealed the unique observation of nanometer‐scale nanocrystals of pristine unreacted V2O5 throughout the length of the nanotubes in the nano‐urchin. Electrochemical intercalation studies revealed that the very well ordered xerogel‐based nanotubes exhibit similar specific capacities (235 mA h g−1) to Na+‐exchange nanorolls of VOx (200 mA h g−1). By comparison, the theoretical maximum value is reported to be 240 mA h g−1. The VOTPP‐based nanotubes of the nano‐urchin 3D assemblies, however, exhibit useful charge capacities exceeding 437 mA h g−1, which is a considerable advance for VOx based nanomaterials and one of the highest known capacities for Li+ intercalated laminar vanadates.
Towards Thermoconductive, Electrically Insulating Polymeric Composites with Boron Nitride Nanotubes as Fillers
Authors: Zhi Chunyi , Bando Yoshio , Terao Takeshi , Tang Chengchun , Kuwahara Hiroaki , Golberg Dimitri 
Published: April 2009

AbstractUltilizing boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) as fillers, composites are fabricated with poly(methyl methacrylate), polystyrene, poly(vinyl butyral), or poly(ethylene vinyl alcohol) as the matrix and their thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties are evaluated. More than 20‐fold thermal conductivity improvement in BNNT‐containing polymers is obtained, and such composites maintain good electrical insulation. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the BNNT‐loaded polymers is dramatically reduced because of interactions between the polymer chains and the nanotubes. Moreover, the composites possess good mechanical properties, as revealed by Vickers microhardness tests. This detailed study indicates that BNNTs are very promising nanofillers for polymeric composites, allowing the simultaneous achievement of high thermal conductivity, low CTE, and high electrical resistance, as required for novel and efficient heat‐releasing materials.
Efficient Reduction of Graphite Oxide by Sodium Borohydride and Its Effect on Electrical Conductance
Authors: Shin Hyeon‐Jin , Kim Ki Kang , Benayad Anass , Yoon Seon‐Mi , Park Hyeon Ki , Jung In‐Sun , Jin Mei Hua , Jeong Hae‐Kyung , Kim Jong Min , Choi Jae‐Young , Lee Young Hee 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe conductivity of graphite oxide films is modulated using reducing agents. It is found that the sheet resistance of graphite oxide film reduced using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) is much lower than that of films reduced using hydrazine (N2H4). This is attributed to the formation of CN groups in the N2H4 case, which may act as donors compensating the hole carriers in reduced graphite oxide. In the case of NaBH4 reduction, the interlayer distance is first slightly expanded by the formation of intermediate boron oxide complexes and then contracted by the gradual removal of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups along with the boron oxide complexes. The fabricated conducting film comprising a NaBH4‐reduced graphite oxide reveals a sheet resistance comparable to that of dispersed graphene.
Diatomaceous Lessons in Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials
Authors: Losic Dusan , Mitchell James G. , Voelcker Nicolas H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSilicon, in its various forms, finds widespread use in electronic, optical, and structural materials. Research on uses of silicon and silica has been intense for decades, raising the question of how much diversity is left for innovation with this element. Shape variation is particularly well examined. Here, we review the principles revealed by diatom frustules, the porous silica shells of diatoms, microscopic, unicellular algae. The frustules have nanometer‐scale detail, and the almost 100 000 species with unique frustule morphologies suggest nuanced structural and optical functions well beyond the current ranges used in advanced materials. The unique frustule morphologies have arisen through tens of millions of years of evolutionary selection, and so are likely to reflect optimized design and function. Performing the structural and optical equivalent of data mining, and understanding and adopting these designs, affords a new paradigm in materials science, an alternative to combinatorial materials synthesis approaches in spurring the development of new material and more nuanced materials.
Recent Progress in Syntheses and Applications of Dumbbell‐like Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Chao , Xu Chenjie , Zeng Hao , Sun Shouheng 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews the recent research progress in the syntheses and applications of dumbbell‐like nanoparticles (NPs). It first describes the general synthesis of dumbbell‐like NPs that contain noble metal and magnetic NPs/or quantum dots. It then outlines the interesting optical and magnetic properties found in these dumbbell NPs. The review further highlights several exciting application potentials of these NPs in catalysis and biomedicine.
Laser diagnostic investigation of the bubble eruption patterns in the freeboard of fluidized beds: Simultaneous acetone PLIF and stereoscopic PIV measurements
Authors: Müller C. R. , Hartung G. , Hult J. , Dennis J. S. , Kaminski C. F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractFor the first time PIV has been applied simultaneously with acetone‐PLIF in the freeboard of a fluidized bed. Here, the eruption profile of single bubbles and a continuous stream of bubbles were studied. As stereoscopic PIV was applied the out‐of‐plane component of the velocity was also measured. The out‐of‐plane component is not negligible. The observed bubble eruption patterns were in general agreement with the bubble model of Levy and Lockwood,24 Yorquez‐Ramirez and Duursma5 and Solimene et al.1 No qualitative difference between the eruption of a single bubble and a stream of bubbles was observed. Based on the calculated vorticity of the gas in the freeboard, it was found that the bubble induced turbulence decays fairly rapidly. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Coronary heart disease of females: lessons learned from nonhuman primates
Authors: Clarkson Thomas B. , Mehaffey Margaret H. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe cynomolgus monkey model has contributed to significant advances regarding the understanding of coronary artery atherosclerosis of females. There are currently 8 million women in the United States living with heart disease, necessitating further study and understanding of this leading cause of morbidity and mortality for postmenopausal women. Specifically, studies involving the monkey model have allowed greater understanding of the effect of the stage of reproductive life, time since menopause, and the extent of subclinical atherosclerosis as determinates of estrogen‐mediated effects on arteries. Utilizing the commonalities among monkeys and human beings, these studies have shown that postmenopausal atherosclerosis is associated with the premenopausal reproductive timeframe. In addition, monkey studies have shown that estrogen deficiency during the premenopausal stage is extremely relevant regarding the progression of atherosclerosis. After several postmenopausal years, however, studies have shown that estrogen has no beneficial effects on atherosclerosis progression and may, in fact, be deleterious. Studies using the monkey model are currently underway to investigate further uses and possibilities of postmenopausal hormone therapy for treating menopausal symptoms while protecting the breast and uterus and inhibiting the progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis. These studies will hopefully clarify the role of estrogen and eliminate the need for the possibly harmful progestin effects through the use of a highly selective estrogen receptor modulator. Am. J. Primatol. 71:785–793, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sexual size dimorphism in Asian colobines revisited
Authors: Grueter Cyril C. , van Schaik Carel P. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAsian colobines exhibit a wide range of sexual dimorphism in body mass. Some species are monomorphic, whereas others are strongly dimorphic. Strong sexual dimorphism is generally viewed as the consequence of intense male contest competition over access to mates, but this idea appears not to explain variation in sexual dimorphism in Asian colobines. Our results show that modular colobines, i.e. species in which social units aggregate into higher‐level bands or often associate, have significantly higher levels of sexual dimorphism in body mass than the nonmodular ones. This finding was corroborated by means of phylogenetically controlled methods and multiple regression analyses. The results suggest that living in a modular society intensifies the contest competition among males, which is further exacerbated by the continuous presence of all‐male units. Am. J. Primatol. 71:609–616, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrimination of extant Pan species and subspecies using the enamel–dentine junction morphology of lower molars
Authors: Skinner Matthew M. , Gunz Philipp , Wood Bernard A. , Boesch Christophe , Hublin Jean‐Jacques 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPrevious research has demonstrated that species and subspecies of extant chimpanzees and bonobos can be distinguished on the basis of the shape of their molar crowns. Thus, there is potential for fossil taxa, particularly fossil hominins, to be distinguished at similar taxonomic levels using molar crown morphology. Unfortunately, due to occlusal attrition, the original crown morphology is often absent in fossil teeth, and this has limited the amount of shape information used to discriminate hominin molars. The enamel–dentine junction (EDJ) of molar teeth preserves considerable shape information, particularly in regard to the original shape of the crown, and remains present through the early stages of attrition. In this study, we investigate whether the shape of the EDJ of lower first and second molars can distinguish species and subspecies of extant Pan. Micro‐computed tomography was employed to non‐destructively image the EDJ, and geometric morphometric analytical methods were used to compare EDJ shape among samples of Pan paniscus (N = 17), Pan troglodytes troglodytes (N = 13), and Pan troglodytes verus (N = 18). Discriminant analysis indicates that EDJ morphology distinguishes among extant Pan species and subspecies with a high degree of reliability. The morphological differences in EDJ shape among the taxa are subtle and relate to the relative height and position of the dentine horns, the height of the dentine crown, and the shape of the crown base, but their existence supports the inclusion of EDJ shape (particularly those aspects of shape in the vertical dimension) in the systematic analysis of fossil hominin lower molars. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Size variation in early human mandibles and molars from Klasies River, South Africa: Comparison with other middle and late Pleistocene assemblages and with modern humans
Authors: Royer Danielle F. , Lockwood Charles A. , Scott Jeremiah E. , Grine Frederick E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPrevious studies of the Middle Stone Age human remains from Klasies River have concluded that they exhibited more sexual dimorphism than extant populations, but these claims have not been assessed statistically. We evaluate these claims by comparing size variation in the best‐represented elements at the site, namely the mandibular corpora and M2s, to that in samples from three recent human populations using resampling methods. We also examine size variation in these same elements from seven additional middle and late Pleistocene sites: Skhūl, Dolní Věstonice, Sima de los Huesos, Arago, Krapina, Shanidar, and Vindija. Our results demonstrate that size variation in the Klasies assemblage was greater than in recent humans, consistent with arguments that the Klasies people were more dimorphic than living humans. Variation in the Skhūl, Dolní Věstonice, and Sima de los Huesos mandibular samples is also higher than in the recent human samples, indicating that the Klasies sample was not unusual among middle and late Pleistocene hominins. In contrast, the Neandertal samples (Krapina, Shanidar, and Vindija) do not evince relatively high mandibular and molar variation, which may indicate that the level of dimorphism in Neandertals was similar to that observed in extant humans. These results suggest that the reduced levels of dimorphism in Neandertals and living humans may have developed independently, though larger fossil samples are needed to test this hypothesis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.