bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lives Beyond Suspicion: Gender and the Construction of Respectability in Mid‐twentieth Century Rural North Wales
Authors: Brown Brian , Baker Sally , Day Graham 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article explores and extends the field of historical rural sociology using the idea of respectability via a biographical study of 20 older adults from North Wales (UK) for whom the performance of respectability represented a form of social, symbolic or cultural capital. It entailed the active negotiation and management of barriers between differing constituencies of opinion, generations and family members. Key to this situated respectability in practice was the notion that harsher systems of exclusion for transgressors were located elsewhere, rather than in the present or immediate community. The sense of the past evoked by participants highlights an historical, diachronic dimension to respectability. A particularised, carefully constructed image of the past was present in participants' evocations of respectability, providing a way of talking about identity and historical progression, as well as a means of managing potentially contentious events to preserve the dignity of the people concerned.
The Global Extent of the Great Moderation*
Authors: Ćorić Bruno 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn 2008 the US financial crisis spilled over into a number of other economies causing declines in GDP across the world. Yet the decades preceding the current downturn had been a period of unprecedented stability for the US economy. This article examines annual data for 98 countries over the period 1961–2007 and finds that lower GDP growth volatility in the period preceding the current crisis was not confined to the US. It is detected in a number of developed and developing countries, suggesting that a reduction in volatility in this period was a more general phenomenon.
The Importance of Time-Series Extrapolation for Macroeconomic Expectations
Authors: Roos Michael W. M. , Schmidt Ulrich 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This article presents a simple experiment on how laypeople form macroeconomic expectations. Subjects have to forecast inflation and gross domestic product growth. By varying the information provided in different treatments, we can assess the importance of historical time-series information vs. information acquired outside the experimental setting such as knowledge of expert forecasts. It turns out that the availability of historical data has a dominant impact on expectations and wipes out the influence of outside-lab information completely. Consequently, backward-looking behavior can be identified unambiguously as a decisive factor in expectation formation.
Generalized graded unfolding model with structural equation for subject parameters
Authors: USAMI SATOSHI 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe generalized graded unfolding model (GGUM) is capable of analyzing polytomous scored, unfolding data such as agree‐disagree responses to attitude statements. In the present study, we proposed a GGUM with structural equation for subject parameters, which enabled us to evaluate the relation between subject parameters and covariates and/or latent variables simultaneously, in order to avoid the influence of attenuation. Additionally, an algorithm for parameter estimation is newly implemented via the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method, based on Bayesian statistics. In the simulation, we compared the accuracy of estimates of regression coefficients between the proposed model and a conventional method using a GGUM (where regression coefficients are estimated using estimates of θ). As a result, the proposed model performed much better than the conventional method in terms of bias and root mean squared errors of estimates of regression coefficients. The study concluded by verifying the efficacy of the proposed model, using an actual data example of attitude measurement.
Information integration study of Metelli's and Morinaga's theories of achromatic transparency
Authors: MASIN SERGIO CESARE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInformation integration methodology was used to test Metelli's and Morinaga's theories of achromatic transparency. Stimuli were transparent achromatic disks on a background formed by two adjacent horizontal rectangles. The common border of these rectangles divided each disk in two halves. Let P and Q be the luminances of the left and right halves of a disk and let A and B be those of the left and right rectangles, respectively. Transparency is given by the ratio (P – Q)/(A – B) in Metelli's theory and is given by a weighted average of the ratios (P – Q)/(A – Q) and (P – Q)/(P – B) in Morinaga's theory. Participants rated the transparency of disks with A and B fixed and P and Q combined factorially. Morinaga's theory closely predicted the resulting pattern of curves and Metelli's theory predicted it incorrectly. Morinaga's theory could also account well for individual differences in the ratings of transparency. The results support the general idea that transparency depends on the integration of photometric luminance information rather than on the integration of perceived lightness information.
The stability and causal effects of task‐specific and generalized self‐efficacy in college1
Authors: MIYOSHI AKIKO 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis research investigated the stability and causal effects of task‐specific self‐efficacy and generalized self‐efficacy in college students. In Study 1, task‐specific self‐efficacy and generalized self‐efficacy scales were administered to university students (N = 237) on two occasions, with an interval of 2 months. In Study 2, task‐specific (care‐work) self‐efficacy and generalized self‐efficacy scales were administered to college students who were studying to be care workers (N = 49) on three occasions (before the first care‐work practicum, after the practicum, and 3 months later). The results of both studies indicated that generalized self‐efficacy was more stable than task‐specific self‐efficacy. In Study 1, both generalized self‐efficacy and task‐specific self‐efficacy affected each other in daily life. Study 2 examined the effects of an ego‐engaged experience (the first care‐work practicum) for task‐specific (care‐work) self‐efficacy and generalized self‐efficacy. The results indicated that changes in care‐work self‐efficacy did not affect generalized self‐efficacy.
Skull mechanics and implications for feeding behaviour in a large marsupial carnivore guild: the thylacine, Tasmanian devil and spotted‐tailed quoll
Authors: Attard M.R.G. , Chamoli U. , Ferrara T.L. , Rogers T.L. , Wroe S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractExtinction risk varies across species and is influenced by key ecological parameters, such as diet specialization. For predictive conservation science to be effective, we need to understand extinction risk factors that may have implicated recent species extinctions. Diet and feeding behaviour of the large extinct marsupial carnivore Thylacinus cynocephalus or thylacine have long been debated. Improved understanding of the skull's biomechanical performance and its limitations in a comparative context may yield important insights. Here, we use three‐dimensional (3D) finite element analysis to assess aspects of biomechanical performance in the skull of T. cynocephalus relative to those of two extant marsupial carnivores with known diets that occurred sympatrically with T. cynocephalus: the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, and spotted‐tailed quoll, Dasyurus maculatus. Together, these three species comprised the large mammalian carnivore guild in Tasmania at the time of European settlement. The bone‐cracking S. harrisii produced high bite forces for its size as expected, but the stresses induced were surprisingly high. A higher proportion of cancellous bone in the skull of this osteophage may act to absorb shock but decrease rigidity and hence raise stress. A relatively high bite force and rigid skull characterized D. maculatus, which may allow them to target prey of variable sizes. Compared with S. harrisii and D. maculatus, we found that the skull of T. cynocephalus was least well adapted to withstand forces driven solely by its jaw‐closing musculature, as well as to simulations of struggling prey. Our findings suggest that T. cynocephalus likely consumed smaller prey relative to its size, which may have had implications for their survival.
The influence of color on emotional perception of natural scenes
Authors: Codispoti Maurizio , De Cesarei Andrea , Ferrari Vera 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIs color a critical factor when processing the emotional content of natural scenes? Under challenging perceptual conditions, such as when pictures are briefly presented, color might facilitate scene segmentation and/or function as a semantic cue via association with scene‐relevant concepts (e.g., red and blood/injury). To clarify the influence of color on affective picture perception, we compared the late positive potentials (LPP) to color versus grayscale pictures, presented for very brief (24 ms) and longer (6 s) exposure durations. Results indicated that removing color information had no effect on the affective modulation of the LPP, regardless of exposure duration. These findings imply that the recognition of the emotional content of scenes, even when presented very briefly, does not critically rely on color information.
Increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli increases ability to detect countermeasures to the P300‐based Complex Trial Protocol for concealed information detection
Authors: Hu Xiaoqing , Hegeman Daniel , Landry Elizabeth , Rosenfeld J. Peter 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe previously found that simultaneously executing a mental countermeasure and an explicit required response impairs reaction time (RT)‐based detection of countermeasure use in a P300‐ based concealed information test. To address this issue, we increased the numbers of irrelevant stimuli to eight, and manipulated the proportions of to‐be‐countered irrelevant stimuli from 25% to 50% to 75% in three groups. Results: Based on P300 data, 100% of the simple guilty (no countermeasure use) and 92% of the innocent subjects were correctly identified as having or not having concealed information. In the countermeasure groups, detection rates varied from 71% to 92% across the different groups. Notably, in the present study with eight irrelevant items, simultaneous countermeasure use was indicated by elevated RT in the 50% and 75% countermeasure proportion groups, which it was not, previously, with 50% (two) countermeasures and four irrelevants.
Dual neuroprotective pathways of a pro‐electrophilic compound via HSF‐1‐activated heat‐shock proteins and Nrf2‐activated phase 2 antioxidant response enzymes
Authors: Satoh Takumi , Rezaie Tayebeh , Seki Masaaki , Sunico Carmen R. , Tabuchi Takahito , Kitagawa Tomomi , Yanagitai Mika , Senzaki Mutsumi , Kosegawa Chihiro , Taira Hideharu , McKercher Scott R. , Hoffman Jennifer K. , Roth Gregory P. , Lipton Stuart A. 
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 119, 569–578.AbstractActivation of the Keap1/nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway and consequent induction of phase 2 antioxidant enzymes is known to afford neuroprotection. Here, we present a series of novel electrophilic compounds that protect neurons via this pathway. Natural products, such as carnosic acid (CA), are present in high amounts in the herbs rosemary and sage as ortho‐dihydroquinones, and have attracted particular attention because they are converted by oxidative stress to their active form (ortho‐quinone species) that stimulate the Keap1/Nrf2 transcriptional pathway. Once activated, this pathway leads to the production of a series of antioxidant phase 2 enzymes. Thus, such dihydroquinones function as redox‐activated ‘pro‐electrophiles’. Here, we explored the concept that related para‐dihydroquinones represent even more effective bioactive pro‐electrophiles for the induction of phase 2 enzymes without producing toxic side effects. We synthesized several novel para‐hydroquinone‐type pro‐electrophilic compounds (designated D1 and D2) to analyze their protective mechanism. DNA microarray, PCR, and western blot analyses showed that compound D1 induced expression of heat‐shock proteins (HSPs), including HSP70, HSP27, and DnaJ, in addition to phase 2 enzymes such as hemeoxygenase‐1 (HO‐1), NADP(H) quinine‐oxidoreductase1, and the Na+‐independent cystine/glutamate exchanger (xCT). Treatment with D1 resulted in activation of Nrf2 and heat‐shock transcription factor‐1 (HSF‐1) transcriptional elements, thus inducing phase 2 enzymes and HSPs, respectively. In this manner, D1 protected neuronal cells from both oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐related stress. Additionally, D1 suppressed induction of 78 kDa glucose‐regulated protein (GRP78), an ER chaperone protein, and inhibited hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxin 2 (PRX2), a molecule that is in its reduced state can protect from oxidative stress. These results suggest that D1 is a novel pro‐electrophilic compound that activates both the Nrf2 and HSF‐1 pathways, and may thus offer protection from oxidative and ER stress.
Activation of α‐secretase cleavage
Authors: Postina Rolf 
Published: September 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 46–54.AbstractAlpha‐secretase‐mediated cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) releases the neuroprotective APP fragment sαAPP and prevents amyloid β peptide (Aβ) generation. Moreover, α‐secretase‐like cleavage of the Aβ transporter ‘receptor for advanced glycation end products’ counteracts the import of blood Aβ into the brain. Assuming that Aβ is responsible for the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), activation of α‐secretase should be preventive. α‐Secretase‐mediated APP cleavage can be activated via several G protein‐coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. Protein kinase C, mitogen‐activated protein kinases, phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase, cAMP and calcium are activators of receptor‐induced α‐secretase cleavage. Selective targeting of receptor subtypes expressed in brain regions affected by AD appears reasonable. Therefore, the PACAP receptor PAC1 and possibly the serotonin 5‐HT6 receptor subtype are promising targets. Activation of APP α‐secretase cleavage also occurs upon blockade of cholesterol synthesis by statins or zaragozic acid A. Under physiological statin concentrations, the brain cholesterol content is not influenced. Statins likely inhibit Aβ production in the blood by α‐secretase activation which is possibly sufficient to inhibit AD development. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10) acts as α‐secretase on APP. By targeting the nuclear retinoic acid receptor β, the expression of ADAM10 and non‐amyloidogenic APP processing can be enhanced. Excessive activation of ADAM10 should be avoided because ADAM10 and also ADAM17 are not APP‐specific. Both ADAM proteins cleave various substrates, and therefore have been associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression.
Abuse in health care: a concept analysis
Authors: Brüggemann Adrianus Jelmer , Wijma Barbro , Swahnberg Katarina 
Published: September 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 123–132Abuse in health care: a concept analysisAims and objectives:  To analyse the concept of abuse in health care. This analysis also covers how abuse in health care is different from the related concepts of medical error, patient satisfaction and personal identity threat.Background:  Abuse in health care is an emerging concept in need of a clear analysis and definition. At the same time, boundaries to the related concepts are not demarcated.Design:  Concept analysis as developed by Walker and Avant.Method:  The databases Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Medline, and Google Scholar were used to obtain articles published between 1997 and 2009. A total of eleven articles are referred to on abuse in health care, four on medical error, six on patient satisfaction and three on personal identity threat.Results:  Abuse in health care is defined by patients’ subjective experiences of encounters with the health care system, characterized by devoid of care, where patients suffer and feel they lose their value as human beings. The events are most often unintended. We also found differences with the aforementioned related concepts: medical error does not share the patients’ perspective, and patient satisfaction does not offer room for patients’ abusive experiences. The concept of personal identity threat shares all attributes with abuse in health care, but it lacks an antecedent that signifies the social structures underlying the phenomenon.Conclusions:  Abuse in health care covers a phenomenon that has severe consequences but is invisible if seen from a medical error or patient satisfaction perspective.
Importance of demography and dispersal for the resilience and restoration of a critically endangered tropical conifer Araucaria nemorosa
Authors: Kettle Chris J. , Ennos Richard A. , Jaffré Tanguy , McCoy Stéphane , Le Borgne Thomas , Gardner Martin , Hollingsworth Peter M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAims  In situ species survival involves persistence at current sites and/or colonization of new locations. Determining the likelihood of these events requires an understanding of population dynamics and dispersal. We address these issues in populations of a critically endangered tropical conifer Araucaria nemorosa and provide conservation recommendations.Location  Port Boise, island of Grand Terre, New Caledonia, Pacific Ocean.Methods  We characterize the demographic structure of six populations of A. nemorosa based upon size class frequencies and relative basal area compared to competing angiosperm trees. Using genotype data from 280 adult individuals at seven microsatellite loci, we indirectly estimate dispersal distances and project a maximal dispersal envelope around the extant populations.Results  Our survey detected marked differences in demographic parameters including the proportion of basal area occupied by A. nemorosa versus angiosperm trees (ranging from 25% to 77%), the size class frequency distributions of A. nemorosa and seedling densities (ranging from 500 to 37300 seedlings ha−1) among some populations. Wright’s genetic neighbourhood ranged from 22 to 876 trees, and historic gene dispersal ranged from 10.8 to 82.4 m, indicating that most seed dispersal is <100 m.Main conclusions  This study indicates that the risk of recruitment failure in remnant populations of Araucaria nemorosa is low in most of the stands but is high in the inland population Forêt Nord. In situ natural regeneration appears to be constrained in this population, most likely as a consequence of competitive exclusion. Our results also suggest that the majority of seed dispersal is too short to allow A. nemorosa to disperse to new more hospitable sites within an ecologically relevant time‐scale. Our findings have implications not only for this emblematic tree species but also for a wide range of fragmented and degraded plant species populations with limited dispersal that are vulnerable to competitive exclusion.
Taxonomic and functional homogenization of an endemic desert fish fauna
Authors: Pool Thomas K. , Olden Julian D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim  The highly endemic fishes of the arid Southwest USA have been heavily impacted by human activities resulting in one of the most threatened fish faunas in the world. The aim of this study was to examine the patterns and drivers of taxonomic and functional beta diversity of freshwater fish in the Lower Colorado River Basin across the 20th century.Location  Lower Colorado River Basin (LCRB).Methods  The taxonomic and functional similarities of watersheds were quantified to identify patterns of biotic homogenization or differentiation over the period 1900–1999. Path analysis was used to identify the relative influence of dam density, urban land use, precipitation regimes and non‐native species richness on observed changes in fish faunal composition.Results  The fish fauna of the LCRB has become increasingly homogenized, both taxonomically (1.1% based on βsim index) and functionally (6.2% based on Bray–Curtis index), over the 20th century. The rate of homogenization varied substantially; range declines of native species initially caused taxonomic differentiation (−7.9% in the 1960s), followed by marginal homogenization (observed in the 1990s) in response to an influx of non‐native species introductions. By contrast, functional homogenization of the basin was evident considerably earlier (in the 1950s) because of the widespread introduction of non‐native species sharing similar suites of biological traits. Path analysis revealed that both taxonomic and functional homogenization were positively related to the direct and indirect (facilitation by dams and urbanization) effects of non‐native species richness.Main conclusions  Our study simultaneously examines rates of change in multiple dimensions of the homogenization process. For the endemic fish fauna of the LCRB, we found that the processes of taxonomic and functional homogenization are highly dynamic over time, varying both in terms of the magnitude and rate of change over the 20th century.
Calculation of right ventricular stroke volume in short‐axis MR images using the equation of the tricuspid plane
Authors: Jorstig Stina Hellstrandh , Kähäri Anders , Emilsson Kent , Thunberg Per 
Published: September 2011

SummaryShort‐axis (SA) magnetic resonance (MR) images are commonly planned parallel to the left atrioventricular valve. This orientation leads to oblique slices of the right ventricle (RV) with subsequent difficulties in separating the RV from the right atrium in the SA images. The insertion points of the tricuspid valve (TV) in the myocardium can be clearly identified in the right ventricle long axis (RVLA) and four‐chamber (4CH) views. The purpose of this study was to develop a method that transfers the position of the tricuspid plane, as seen in the RVLA and 4CH views, to the SA images to facilitate the separation of the RV from the atrium. This methodology, termed Dissociating the Right Atrium from the Ventricle Volume (DRAW), was applied in 20 patients for calculations of right ventricular stroke volume (RVSV). The RVSV using DRAW (RVSVDRAW) was compared to left ventricular stroke volumes (LVSV) obtained from flow measurements in the ascending aorta. The RVSV was also determined using the conventional method (RVSVCONV) where the stack of images from the SA views are summarized, and a visual decision is made of the most basal slice to be included in the RV. The mean difference between RVSVDRAW and LVSV was 0·1 ± 12·7 ml, while the mean difference between RVSVCONV and LVSV was 0·33 ± 14·3 ml. Both the intra‐ and interobserver variability were small using the DRAW methodology, 0·6 ± 3·5 and 1·7 ± 2·7 ml, respectively. In conclusion, the DRAW method can be used to facilitate the separation of the RV and the atrium.