bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clostridium botulinumin aquatic environments in Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: Smith G. R. , Milligan R. A. , Moryson Caroline J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMud samples from aquatic environments in many parts of Great Britain and Ireland were collected, mainly in 1975 and 1976, and examined forClostridium botulinum. The samples were taken from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, marshes, mud-fiats, streams, rivers and canals, and the sampling areas included a number of bird refuges and reserves. Of 554 samples 194 (35·0%) were positive and 167 (30·1 %), 19 (3·4%), 6 (1·1%) and 15 (2·7%) contained types B, C, D and E respectively; 13 (2·3%) contained more than one type. Each type demonstrated was found in both fresh-and salt-water environments. Type B was widespread; types C, D and E were demonstrated in widely separated areas in England and Wales, and type C was found in both the north and south of Scotland. The results were compared with those reported earlier in respect of surveys in the London area, the Norfolk Broads and the Camargue (France).
Possible windborne spread of bluetongue to Portugal, June–July 1956
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Pedgley D. E. , Tucker M. R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe possible sources for the epidemic of bluetongue in Portugal at the beginning of July 1956 were examined. Introduction through authorized importation of domestic or wild ruminants was not feasible, since no cattle, sheep or goats were imported and the wild ruminants were confined to Lisbon Zoo, which was too far from the initial outbreaks. Weather maps were examined to see if the wind could have carried infected Culicoides midges from North Africa. On 21 June 1956 infected midges in Morocco could have been taken offshore by southeast winds and then carried by south winds unusual at that time of year to the south coast of Portugal. The 200–300 km sea crossing would have taken some 10 h and been by day when air temperatures near the sea surface were about 18–20 °C. Bluetongue had not been reported at that time in Morocco, and the possibility of the presence of the virus in Moroccan animals without clinical signs is discussed.
Studies on louping-ill virus (Flavivirus group) in wild red grouse (Lagopus lagopus scoticus)
Authors: Reid H. W. , Duncan J. S. , Phillips J. D. P. , Moss R. , Watson A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryStudies were made to find evidence of louping-ill virus infection in free-living red grouse and relate this to their breeding success. In areas where ticks were abundant 61 (84%) adult grouse had antibody to the virus compared with 1 (10%) in areas where ticks were relatively scarce. Of 162 chicks tested 25 were shown to be viraemic. Infected chicks were of significantly less weight than comparably aged uninfected birds and the probability that they died was much greater than that of uninfected birds. It is concluded that the relatively poor breeding success in areas of high tick numbers was principally due to infection with louping-ill virus. The susceptibility of the red grouse to infection is discussed.
The relative effectiveness of commonly used disinfectants in inactivation of coxsackievirus B5
Authors: Drulak Murray , Wallbank Alfred M. , Lebtag Ingrid , Werboski Larry , Poffenroth Linda 
Published: May 2009

SummaryCoxsackievirus B5 in the presence of fetal calf serum was exposed to six commonly used disinfectants for times of 10, 20 and 30 s. At the end of exposure times skim milk neutralized the disinfectant activity, with residual virus assayed by the plaque technique. The six disinfectants considered were Javex, sodium hydroxide, ethanol, Wescodyne, One Stroke Ves-Phene and Sonacide. Although 95% (v/v) ethanol was significantly more virucidal than dilutions of the other five disinfectants tested causing a 106reduction in 20 s, it may not be practical to use in many instances. Next to 95% (v/v) ethanol, 1/75 (800 parts/b6) Javex, 0·25% (w7/v) sodium hydroxide and 1/200 Wescodyne were the most effective virucides. These disinfectants were equal in effectiveness causing a 105reduction of coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s. Of these three disinfectants Javex is the most practical to use since sodium hydroxide is caustic and Wescodyne is selective in its virucidal action. Undiluted Sonacide was a less effective virucide causing a less than 10-fold reduction of coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s. A 1/50 dilution of One Stroke Ves-Phene was the least effective virucide tested since it did not significantly inactivate coxsackievirus B5 in 30 s.
Protection from natural infection after live influenza virus immunization in an open population
Authors: Rocchi G. , Carlizza L. , Andreoni M. , Ragona G. , Piga C. , Pelosio A. , Volpi A. , Muzzi A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYLive attenuated influenza vaccine containing the recombinant of A/Victoria/3/75 with A/PR/8/34 virus was administered to healthy adults in a field trial aimed at evaluating protection provided by immunization. The study was designed to measure the effect of vaccination on absenteeism from respiratory disease during a natural influenza epidemic. A total of 2115 male employees of the public transport service of Rome volunteered to participate in the trial, 1050 and 1065 receiving vaccine and placebo respectively, in a randomized blind fashion. Vaccination procedure was completed by the end of December 1976. A small-sized outbreak of influenza, due to a viral strain antigenically homologous to the vaccine, occurred during the month of February 1977. Analysis of absenteeism data, classified according to medical certificate, indicated that morbidity from respiratory disease was reduced in vaccinees compared with controls during the epidemic month; the rate of increase of morbidity compared with that of the preceding month was then three times lower in vaccinees than in controls and the difference in absenteeism between the two groups greatly exceeded the ordinary fluctuation that was observed during non-epidemic periods.
A laboratory model for the investigation of contact transfer of micro-organisms
Authors: Marples R. R. , Towers A. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe model was based on grasping a fabric-covered bottle contaminated with a strain of Staphylococcus saprophyticus, then grasping a sterile fabric-covered bottle and counting the organisms transferred. When the donor fabric was moist 10% of the available cells passed onto the hands, but this fell to 0·05% when the inoculum dried. Transfer from wet hands to the fabric amounted to 85%, but in the complete model only 0·06% of the available cells were transferred. The model was used to assess simple methods of degerming the hands. Washing the hands reduced transfer by 95%, while washing in 70% alcohol reduced transfer by 99·99%. Lesser procedures investigated included applying 0·2 ml of 80% ethanol to the hands, which reduced transfer by 93%.
The use of spore strips for monitoring the sterilization of bottled fluids
Authors: Selkon J. B. , Sisson Penelope R. , Ingham H. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA bacterial spore test has been developed which enables the efficacy of the sterilizing cycle recommended by the British Pharmaceutical Codex (1973) for bottled fluids to be accurately monitored. During a 14-month period this test detected faults in 3.3% of the sterilizing cycles, representing five distinct episodes of sterilization failure that passed unnoticed by the conventional controls of physical measurements and sterility testing. There were no failures of sterilization as detected by conventional techniques which were not indicated by the spore test.
The distribution of plasmids determining citrate utilization in citratè-positive variants ofEscherichia colifrom humans, domestic animals, feral birds and environments
Authors: Ishiguro Naotaka , Sato Gihei 
Published: May 2009

summarySixty-seven isolates of citrate-positive variants ofEscherichia coliwere isolated from human, domestic animal, feral bird and environmental sources. With the exception of citrate utilization, all isolates were identified as typicalE. coliby their biochemical reactions. The transmission of the ability to utilize citrate on Simmons' citrate agar was demonstrated in 53 (79·1%) out of the 67 citratepositiveE. colivariants obtained from various sources. Drug resistance determinants and citrate utilizing character were co-transmitted intoE. coliK-12 by conjugation among citrate-positiveE. coliisolates carrying R plasmids except for that isolated from horses. The other characters (haemolysin or colicin production, raffinose or sucrose fermentation) were not transmitted together with the citrate utilizing character. These facts suggested that the structural gene responsible for citrate utilizing ability in citrate-positive variants ofE. coliwas located on a conjugative plasmid.
A solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of African swine fever virus antigen and antibody
Authors: Wardley R. C. , Abu Elzein E. M. E. , Crowther J. R. , Wilkinson P. J. 
Published: May 2009

summaryA solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to measure both African swine fever virus (ASFV) antigen and antibody. Experiments showed it to be reproducible and able to detect limiting antigen concentrations of 50–500 HAD50/ml. The assay was more sensitive than those used at present to detect ASFV antibody and it is suggested that it might be of great diagnostic use in countries where African swine fever has recently appeared.
Intradermal versus subcutaneous immunization with typhoid vaccine
Authors: Iwarson S. , Larsson P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSwedish nationals about to travel abroad were immunized against typhoid with a monovalent heat-inactivated vaccine which was administered intra- or subcutaneously. No major differences in serum antibody response were noted in the two groups of vaccinees as determined with direct agglutination and indirect hemagglutination techniques. As the intracutaneous route caused fewer adverse reactions this way of administration seems to be preferable.
Laboratory and field evaluation of pyriminyl as a poison for Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Rentnison B. D. , Redfern R. , Dubock A. C. , Gill J. E. , Richards C. G. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYLaboratory tests indicated that the optimum concentration for pyriminyl in rat baits was between 1% and 3%. In field trials in which 0·5% pyriminyl (the concentration in commercial use) was compared with 2·5% zinc phosphide for the control of rats on farms, the pyriminyl treatments were significantly less effective than the zinc phosphide even when the poisoned baits were left down for 7 days instead of 1 day after prebaiting. Both poisons were as effective in medium oatmeal bait as they were in medium oatmeal containing 5% corn oil and 5% sugar.
The use of the non-specific immunological factors, conglutinin, immunoconglutinin and heterophile antibody, in the serodeiagnosis of bovine brucellosis
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Tizard I. R. , Martineau R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe changes in the titres of immunoconglutinin (IK), conglutinin and heterophile antibodies were measured in calves vaccinated with Br. abortus Strain 19. The IK titres rose rapidly following vaccination but returned to normal within ten weeks.A survey of the sera of over 300 cattle showed no significant correlation between the Brucella STA titre and of these ‘non-specific’ indicators. It is concluded that they are of little assistance in the serodiagnosis of brucellosis.
The number of bacilli harboured by enteric carriers
Authors: Thomson Scott 
Published: May 2009

Salmonella typhi or S. paratyphi B were found in very large numbers in the faeces of enteric carriers. Of twenty-four carriers, four were found negative by the fullest examination. Of the twenty found positive almost all harboured many millions of bacilli per gram of faeces.A minute inoculum of one drop (1/50 ml.) of a 1:1000 dilution of faeces on a culture plate only rarely failed to reveal all the positives without the use of an ‘enrichment’ medium and the result of such a procedure was a culture plate with virtually a pure culture of the pathogen.I am grateful to the Medical Superintendents of the Mental Hospitals at Cardiff, Bridgend and Denbigh, and the Medical Officer of Health for Brecon for submitting specimens for examination.
The release of influenza virus from the infected cell
Authors: Hoyle L. 
Published: May 2009

1. When detached portions of the chorioallantoic membranes of normal fertile eggs are examined in the dark-field microscope spherical and tubular cytoplasmic protrusions are seen to develop from the margins of the cells and to become detached from them. This is probably a normal physiological phenomenon which occurs to some extent in the intact egg.2. Similar cell protrusions occur from chorioallantoic membranes of eggs infected with influenza virus. The phenomenon appears to be more pronounced in the infected egg than in the normal egg and in particular tubular cytoplasmic protrusions are much more frequent in the infected egg than in the normal.3. Tubular cytoplasmic protrusions may fragment into small spherical particles or may contract into filaments. All types of cell protrusion become detached from the cells and undergo contraction in size probably as a result of loss of water. The infective elementary bodies and filaments present in the allantoic fluid of eggs infected with influenza virus are derived from the cells in this way.4. It is concluded that the infective particle of the influenza virus is a fragment of the cell cytoplasm and consists of a closely aggregated mass of virus protein enclosed in cell membrane.The author is indebted to Prof. W. T. Astbury and Dr R. Reed for the electron photomicrographs reproduced in this paper.
The dilution assay of viruses
Authors: Moran P. A. P. 
Published: May 2009

Suppose that λ is the average density of virus particles per unit volume. If x is a dilution of this and unit volume is applied to an egg (or plate in other problems) the probability that the egg remains sterile isprovided that if a particle is present, it will infect the egg. To make a dilution assay we choose dilutions x1, …, xm (m levels) and apply these to n1, …, nm eggs. If these result in r1, …, rm sterile eggs we can estimate λ by maximum likelihood. The theory has been given by Barkworth & Irwin (1938), and full references to work on this problem will be found in Finney (1952). If we plot the quantities r1/n1, …, rm/nm against x1, …, xm we get a set of point whose fit to the curve (1) can be tested by a χ2 test. In a number of situations, however, it is found that (1) does not give a good fit. The estimation of λ is then completely invalid. In the present paper we consider why this happens, what types of curve may be fitted to the data and what they imply, and we also give a simple rapid test for such data fitting an exponential curve.
The combination of antitoxin with toxin and toxoid
Authors: Barr Mollie , Glenny A. T. , Stevens Muriel F. 
Published: May 2009

1. Non-avid tetanus antitoxin appears to have a higher titre in relation to an avid standard if titrations are made against test toxins with a high toxoid content. The least avid serum tested appeared to be 2·87 times as potent when titrations were made against a toxin grown for 35 days than when a 2-day growth was used. Using the same test doses avid sera did not show this discrepancy.2. A mixture of short-growth toxin and formol toxoid reacted similarly to the long-growth toxin.3. Some non-avid tetanus antitoxic sera showed evidence of difference in goodness of fit with two test toxins; one serum was 2·49 times the titre of another when tested against one toxin and only 1·37 times when tested against another toxin.4. Diphtheria toxoid has less affinity than toxin for antitoxin; this difference is greater with formol toxoids of poor immunizing efficiency; the difference is further accentuated if non-avid anti-toxin is used.5. The Danysz effect may be very small if non-avid antitoxin is used.6. In the presence of excess antitoxin, toxin or formol toxoid can combine with 3, 4 or more times its equivalent as judged byin vivotitrations for free antitoxin.7. The serum ratio, i.e.in vivotitre/in vitrotitre of high or low ratio antitoxin in multiple combinations is nearer unity than that of the original antitoxin.
The neutralization of pox viruses I. Evidence for antibody interference
Authors: McNeill T. A. 
Published: May 2009

Evidence was presented to support a hypothesis that competition between antibody molecules can be an important factor in vaccinia virus neutralization.It has been shown that there is little difference in the virus neutralizing properties of 7 S and 19 S antibody and it has been further postulated that in the context of protective immunity the proportions of antibodies having neutralizing and interfering effects is likely to be more important than the absolute concentration of neutralizing antibody or the type of immunoglobulin in which it is present.
Myxomatosis. The effect of age upon survival of wild and domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) with a degree of genetic resistance and unselected domestic rabbits infected with myxoma virus
Authors: Sobey W. R. , Conolly Dorothy , Haycock P. , Edmonds J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe response of wild and domestic rabbits with a degree of genetic resistance to myxomatosis has been shown to be markedly affected by the age at which they were infected with a virulent strain of the virus. The response, in terms of mean survival time and percentage survival, fell with increasing age from 10 to 30 weeks with little change thereafter.
Studies with inactivated equine influenza vaccine: 2. Protection against experimental infection with influenza virus A/equine/Newmarket/79 (H3N8)
Authors: Mumford Jennifer , Wood J. M. , Scott A. M. , Folkers C. , Schild G. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYForty ponies immunized with inactivated virus vaccine containing A/equine/Miami/63 (H3N8) virus and six unvaccinated, seronegative ponies were experimentally challenged with a representative of recent equine H3N8 virus isolates, A/equine/Newmarket/79. All unvaccinated ponies became infected as judged by virus excretion, febrile responses and antibody responses, but only two of the vaccinated ponies were fully protected. Pre-challenge antibody levels to A/Newmarket/79 virus detected by single radial haemolysis (SRH) correlated well with the degree of clinical protection but the levels required for complete protection (SRH zones > 65 mm2) were high. The importance of these results in relation to conventional vaccination procedures against equine influenza is discussed.
Plague in the Orient with Special Reference to the Manchurian Outbreaks
Authors: Teh Wu Lien 
Published: May 2009

1. Pneumonic Plague epidemics arise as a secondary manifestation of Bubonic Plague.2. The prevalence of purely septicaemic cases towards the end of the epidemic is significant as a probable explanation of its decline and termination.3. Subacute or chronic plague may exist among tarabagans (Arctomys bobac) in Mongolia and Siberia, giving rise to periodical outbreaks of bubonic plague in man, as a result of direct infection from injury due to skinning by trappers or marmot eaters.4. The tarabagan is easily susceptible to pneumonic plague produced by inhalation of B. pestis in spray form.5. The existence of Pneumonic Plague carriers has been proved in the 1921 Manchurian epidemic.6. Rooms where patients have died of pneumonic Plague are not particularly dangerous. In all four instances recorded, sick patients travelling in railway carriages have not infected their fellow passengers.7. Disinfectants and antiseptics, even in strengths above those usually employed, have very little effect upon plague sputum. Alcohol is the surest means of sterilising the hands and gloves in plague work.8. We have cultivated B. pestis from seemingly dry sputum of partients.9. The mask is the principal means of personal protection against Pneumonic Plague.10. The problem of successful vaccination against Pneumonic Plague still awaits solution.
The Spread of Bacterial Infection; Group-to-Group Infection
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Wilson G. S. 
Published: May 2009

Susceptible mice have been placed in contact with infective individuals of the same species, separated from them after a definite period, and placed in contact with a further group of normal mice. This process has then been repeated again and again, the number of groups exposed varying, in different experiments, from three to twelve. In this way the spread of infection has been limited to that occurring between any one group and the group immediately following it.Under these circumstances infection has spread far less readily than was the cases in other experiments, in which the mice were retained as a single population, and in which infection could spread in any direction among all the individuals at risk.
An Experimental Study of the Neisser-Wechsberg Phenomenon
Authors: Pandit C. G. 
Published: May 2009

(1) The inhibiting phenomenon of Neisser and Wechsberg, as frequently observed with bacteriolytic sera, can also be shown to occur with haemolytic sera.(2) This phenomenon develops early during immunisation, when it is very marked; but as immunisation proceeds it tends to disappear.(3) In sera examined some time after their removal the inhibiting faculty is seen to disappear first, before any marked change is noticed in its bactericidal titre. This can be shown to occur in vivo also.(4) The inhibiting faculty is observed only with inactivated sera; fresh and active sera showing complete bactericidal activity at all times. The effects are not however due to complementoids produced by inactivation.(5) The phenomenon is not due to the action of any of the known anti bodies, or special “inhibiting antibodies”; but it is due probably to dis sociation of the antigen-amboceptor complex. Such dissociation only occurs when amboceptors are present in excess. This explains why inhibition occurs only with high doses of an immune serum.The serum to be used should be without an antiseptic. Commercially prepared antisera usually contain a small amount of it. It is shown that corpuscles sensitised in them undergo haemolysis without the addition of complement (see p. 427).(6) Since it is known that the union of antigen and amboceptor is not always a firm one, it is suggested that during early days of immunisation amboceptors of a weak combining affinity are produced. These are replaced later by those which are capable of a more permanent union with them (antigens).(7) The name “complement-blocking” is not an appropriate one, as com plement could be shown to exist free in the inhibiting fluids. It should rather be spoken of as an “amboceptor-dissociation” effect.(8) Inhibition is specific. An attempt was made to utilise this fact in differ entiation of strains of true cholera but it was found to have no definite diagnostic value.The writer wishes to express his indebtedness to Prof. Hewlett for sug gesting the problem to him and also for his kind guidance and encouragement during the course of the experiments. His thanks are also due to Dr Taylor for his valuable assistance.
On the Fungi causing Ringworm in Children attending London Country Council Schools
Authors: Hare J. G. , Tate P. 
Published: May 2009

1. Cultures were obtained from 69 cases of ringworm of children in London County Council Schools.2. Three of them were cases of favus, the parasite in each case being Achoroion Schōnleinii.3. Microsporums are responsible for most of the ringworm, and were isolated from 54 of the 69 cases, or 78 per cent. Microsporum audouini was found in 70 per cent, of the Microsporum infections; M. lanosum and M. felineum each in one case; and 4 other cultures were obtained, comprising 3 species which have not yet been identified.4.Endothrix Trichophytons were found in 17 per cent, of the cases and include the species Trichophyton crateriforme, T. sulfureum, T. acuminatum and T. violaceum.5.A list of the species isolated arranged, according to the new classification of Ota and Langeron, is given.6.The results are compared with those previously obtained in London by Fox and Blaxall, and Adamson, with which they broadly agree.