bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zirconia in Fixed Implant Prosthodontics
Authors: Guess Petra Christine , Att Wael , Strub Joerg Rudolf 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: CAD/CAM technology in combination with zirconia ceramic has increasingly gained popularity in implant dentistry.Purpose: This narrative review presents the current knowledge on zirconia utilized as framework material for implant‐borne restorations and implant abutments, laboratory tests and developments, clinical performance, and possible future trends for implant dentistry are addressed.Material and Methods: A review of available literature from 1990 through 2010 was conducted with search terms zirconia,”“implants,”“abutment,”“crown,” and “fixed dental prosthesis” using electronic databases (PubMed) and manual searching.Results: Latest applications of zirconia in implant dentistry include implant abutments, multiple unit and full‐arch frameworks as well as custom‐made bars to support fixed and removable prostheses. High biocompatibility, low bacterial surface adhesion as well as favorable chemical properties of zirconia ceramics are reported. Zirconia stabilized with yttrium oxide exhibits high flexural strength and fracture toughness due to a transformation toughening mechanism. Preliminary clinical data confirmed the high stability of zirconia for abutments and as a framework material for implant borne crowns and fixed dental prostheses. Zirconia abutment or framework damage has rarely been encountered. However, veneering porcelain fractures are the most common technical complication in implant‐supported zirconia restorations. These porcelain veneer failures have led to concerns regarding differences in coefficient of thermal expansions between core and veneering porcelain and their respective processing techniques.Conclusion: As presently evidence of clinical long‐term data is missing, caution with regard to especially extensive implant‐borne zirconia frameworks is recommended.
Implant Placement in Combination with Sinus Membrane Elevation without Biomaterials: A 1‐Year Study on 15 Patients
Authors: Balleri Piero , Veltri Mario , Nuti Niccolò , Ferrari Marco 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTBackground: Membrane elevation in combination with implant placement without biomaterials is a rather new technique proposed for sinus lifting.Purpose: This study assessed the clinical outcome of such technique during the first year of loading.Material and Methods: Fifteen patients with a mean residual bone height of 6.2 mm were consecutively recruited for sinus lifting. After opening a replaceable bone window, the membrane was dissected from the sinus walls. A total of 28 implants were placed in the residual crest and they kept the membrane lifted upwards. After window repositioning, the flap was sutured. A 6‐month healing period was allowed. Patients were re‐examined after 12 months of loading.Results: All the implants survived at the end of the follow‐up. The 5.5 mm mean bone reformation was significantly lower than the 8.2 mm mean membrane lift achieved after implant placement. Regeneration at the distal surface of the most posterior implants was significantly less than at other aspects. The height of membrane lift was not correlated with the amount of regenerated bone.Conclusions: All of the 28 implants placed in combination with sinus membrane elevation were stable during the first year of loading. No extra costs for biomaterial or morbidity for bone harvesting were necessary.
Adverse Side Effects of 5α-Reductase Inhibitors Therapy: Persistent Diminished Libido and Erectile Dysfunction and Depression in a Subset of Patients
Authors: Traish Abdulmaged M. , Hassani John , Guay Andre T. , Zitzmann Michael , Hansen Michael L. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTIntroduction5α-reductase inhibitors (5α-RIs), finasteride and dutasteride, have been approved for treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms, due to benign prostatic hyperplasia, with marked clinical efficacy. Finasteride is also approved for treatment of hair loss (androgenetic alopecia). Although the adverse side effects of these agents are thought to be minimal, the magnitude of adverse effects on sexual function, gynecomastia, depression, and quality of life remains ill-defined.AimThe goal of this review is to discuss 5α-RIs therapy, the potential persistent side effects, and the possible mechanisms responsible for these undesirable effects.MethodsWe examined data reported in various clinical studies from the available literature concerning the side effects of finasteride and dutasteride.Main Outcome MeasuresData reported in the literature were reviewed and discussed.ResultsProlonged adverse effects on sexual function such as erectile dysfunction and diminished libido are reported by a subset of men, raising the possibility of a causal relationship.ConclusionsWe suggest discussion with patients on the potential sexual side effects of 5α-RIs before commencing therapy. Alternative therapies may be considered in the discussion, especially when treating androgenetic alopecia.
Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin and doxorubicin or liposomal doxorubicin for hepatocellular cancer: A case series
Authors: KU Geoffrey Y , DE LIMA LOPES Jr Gilberto , CHANG Alex Y 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAims:  Despite the emergence of sorafenib as the standard treatment for patients with advanced hepatocellular cancer (HCC), therapy remains sub‐optimal and toxic.Methods:  We report on five patients with advanced HCC treated with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin and doxorubicin or liposomal doxorubicin.Results:  Of the five patients, four had cirrhosis; two patients had Child‐Pugh A cirrhosis, while one each had Child‐Pugh B and C cirrhosis. Grade 3/4 toxicity was uncommon. Four patients had a decrease of ≥50% in alpha‐fetoprotein levels following therapy and one patient each had a radiographic complete response and stable disease.Conclusion:  These data add to the growing phase II data that bevacizumab‐containing regimens are active in advanced HCC patients. Further evaluation of regimens containing bevacizumab with oxaliplatin and/or doxorubicin may be warranted.
Transferability of Microsatellite Markers from Brachypodium distachyon to Miscanthus sinensis, a Potential Biomass Crop F
Authors: Zhao Hua , Yu Jiangyan , You Frank M. , Luo Mingcheng , Peng Junhua 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Miscanthus sinensis has high biomass yield and contributed two of the three genomes in M. x giganteus, a bioenergy crop widely studied in Europe and North America, and thus is a potential biomass crop and an important germplasm for Miscanthus breeding. Molecular markers are essential for germplasm evaluation, genetic analyses and new cultivar development in M. sinensis. In the present study, we reported transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from Brachypodium distachyon to M. sinensis. A set of 57 SSR markers evenly distributed across the B. distachyon genome were deliberately designed. Out of these B. distachyon SSR markers, 86.0% are transferable to M. sinensis. The SSR loci amplified in M. sinensis were validated by re‐sequencing the amplicons. The polymorphism information content (PIC) of the transferable SSR markers varied from 0.073 to 0.375 with a mean of 0.263, assessed based on 21 M. sinensis genotypes. Phylogenetic tree based on 162 alleles detected by 49 SSR markers could unambiguously distinguish B. distachyon from M. sinensis, and cluster 21 M. sinensis genotypes into three groups that are basically in coincidence with their geographical distribution and ecotype classifications. The markers developed by the comparative genomic approach could be useful for germplasm evaluation, genetic analysis, and marker‐assisted breeding in Miscanthus.
A cost–benefit analysis of alternative wastewater treatment standards: a case study in Israel
Authors: Lavee Doron 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper analyses a number of possible standards for wastewater treatment in Israel from a cost–benefit perspective. Specifically, the paper examines the possibility to introduce stricter standards with respect to both sanitary quality and salinity levels, under the assumption that the treated wastewater is then reused in agriculture. The costs associated with each standard are compared with its expected benefits, and the economically efficient standard is identified. As wastewater reuse in agriculture is an attractive option for countries suffering from water scarcity, it is important to develop guidelines for optimal public policy in the field, and herein lies the main contribution of the paper.
A retrospective study of 153 cases of undiagnosed collapse, syncope or exercise intolerance: the outcomes
Authors: Barnett L. , Martin M. W. S. , Todd J. , Smith S. , Cobb M. 
Published: December 2010

Objectives: To retrospectively assess the long‐term outcome for dogs that were presented with collapse, syncope or exercise intolerance for which an underlying cause is not identified.Methods: The clinical records of animals presenting to two practices were assessed. Dogs which presented for collapse, syncope or exercise intolerance at least 6 months previously and did not receive a definitive diagnosis despite investigation were included. Follow‐up of these cases was carried out by conducting telephone interviews with the owners.Results: One hundred and fifty‐three cases were successfully followed up. Clinical signs had resolved in 64 cases (42%), 35 dogs (23%) were continuing to exhibit clinical signs, although 22 of these had improved without medical intervention. In 17 cases (11%), a diagnosis had subsequently been made or treatment was being administered and 37 dogs (24%) had died. Of the deaths, 18 (12%) were considered to be related to the original presentation. The overall prevalence of death and deterioration related to the problems investigated was 16·2% of cases. Death in boxers was significantly more common than in other breeds (36%).ClinicalSignificance: Death and deterioration are uncommon outcomes for dogs other than boxers presenting with collapse, syncope and exercise intolerance for which a definitive diagnosis cannot be made.
Full recovery of subinvolution of placental sites in an American Staffordshire terrier bitch
Authors: Sontas H. B. , Stelletta C. , Milani C. , Mollo A. , Romagnoli S. 
Published: December 2010

A three‐year‐old, sexually intact, female American Staffordshire terrier was presented with chronic postpartum vulvar haemorrhage. Sixty‐one days before presentation, the bitch had whelped 10 puppies. A tentative diagnosis of subinvolution of placental sites was made when syncythial trophoblast‐like cells were identified in the specimen collected through the opening of the cervix by endoscopy. Five weeks after the diagnosis, the bitch was clinically healthy with no vaginal bleeding and spontaneous recovery occurred without surgical treatment.
From Predictive Mapping of Mineral Prospectivity to Quantitative Estimation of Number of Undiscovered Prospects
Authors: Carranza Emmanuel J. M. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper proposes that the spatial pattern of known prospects of the deposit‐type sought is the key to link predictive mapping of mineral prospectivity (PMMP) and quantitative mineral resource assessment (QMRA). This proposition is demonstrated by PMMP for hydrothermal Au‐Cu deposits (HACD) and by estimating the number of undiscovered prospects for HACD in Catanduanes Island (Philippines). The results of analyses of the spatial pattern of known prospects of HACD and their spatial associations with geological features are consistent with existing knowledge of geological controls on hydrothermal Au‐Cu mineralization in the island and elsewhere, and are used to define spatial recognition criteria of regional‐scale prospectivity for HACD. Integration of layers of evidence representing the spatial recognition criteria of prospectivity via application of data‐driven evidential belief functions results in a map of prospective areas occupying 20% of the island with fitting‐ and prediction‐rates of 76% and 70%, respectively. The predictive map of prospective areas and a proxy measure for degrees of exploration based on the spatial pattern of known prospects of HACD were used in one‐level prediction of undiscovered mineral endowment, which yielded estimates of 79 to 112 undiscovered prospects of HACD. Application of radial‐density fractal analysis of the spatial pattern of known prospects of HACD results in an estimate of 113 undiscovered prospects of HACD. Thus, the results of the study support the proposition that PMMP can be a part of QMRA if the spatial pattern of discovered prospects of the deposit‐type sought is considered in both PMMP and QMRA.
The Crater Mountain Deposit, Papua New Guinea: Porphyry‐related Au–Te System
Authors: Noku Shadrach K. , Akasaka Masahide , Matsueda Hiroharu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOre mineralization and wall rock alteration of Crater Mountain gold deposit, Papua New Guinea, were investigated using ore and host rock samples from drill holes for ore and alteration mineralogical study. The host rocks of the deposit are quartz‐feldspar porphyry, feldspar‐hornblende porphyry, andesitic volcanics and pyroclastics, and basaltic‐andesitic tuff.The main ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and moderate amounts of tetrahedrite, tennantite, pyrrhotite, bornite and enargite. Small amounts of enargite, tetradymite, altaite, heyrovskyite, bismuthinite, bornite, idaite, cubanite, native gold, CuPbS2, an unidentified Bi‐Te‐S mineral and argentopyrite occur as inclusions mainly in pyrite veins and grains. Native gold occurs significantly in the As‐rich pyrite veins in volcanic units, and coexists with Bi‐Te‐S mineral species and rarely with chalcopyrite and cubanite relics.Four mineralization stages were recognized based on the observations of ore textures. Stage I is characterized by quartz‐sericite‐calcite alteration with trace pyrite and chalcopyrite in the monomict diatreme breccias; Stage II is defined by the crystallization of pyrite and by weak quartz‐chlorite‐sericite‐calcite alteration; Stage III is a major ore formation episode where sulfides deposited as disseminated grains and veins that host native gold, and is divided into three sub‐stages; Stage IV is characterized by predominant carbonitization. Gold mineralization occurred in the sub‐stages 2 and 3 in Stage III. The fS2 is considered to have decreased from ∼10−2 to 10−14 atm with decreasing temperature of fluid.
Risk indicators for early childhood caries in 2‐year‐old children in southern China
Authors: Zhou Y , Lin HC , Lo ECM , Wong MCM 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between early childhood caries (ECC) and relevant socio‐economic, behavioural and biological experiences in the life course of children.Methods:  A cross‐sectional study of 2‐year‐old children was analysed. A questionnaire collected socio‐economic and behavioural data during the first two years of the participants’ life. Caries experience was recorded at the level of cavitation and oral hygiene was assessed using the Visible Plaque Index (VPI). Microbiological investigation collected information on colony‐forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). The outcome was ECC. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed.Results:  The study included 394 children, with 109 having ECC and 285 being caries‐free. The mean decayed, missing and filled primary teeth (dmft) score of the ECC group was 3.65 ± 3.12, with decayed teeth making up 100% of the score. The results of the final logistic regression analysis showed that ECC was significantly associated with the mother’s schooling at child’s birth [<12 years vs. ≥12 years, OR = 1.80], VPI score [>60% vs. 0–20%, OR = 5.71], and S. mutans [≥105 CFU/ml vs. 0 CFU/ml, OR = 3.80].Conclusions:  Social, behavioural and biological factors during the life course of 2‐year‐old children in southern China are associated with the development of ECC.
Maintenance for Stormwater Treatment Practices
Authors: Erickson Andrew J. , Gulliver John S. , Kang Joo‐Hyon , Weiss Peter T. , Wilson C. Bruce 
Published: December 2010

Abstract:Maintenance is imperative to preserve performance and extend useable life of stormwater treatment practices. Increased attention to mass balance, numerical goals, total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), and antidegradation requirements has created the need for more emphasis on stormwater treatment practice maintenance in order to meet permitting and reporting requirements. The purpose of this paper is to advance short and long‐term maintenance considerations so as to develop more realistic maintenance plans. To do so, a municipal public works survey was developed, distributed, and the results were analyzed. The results of the survey revealed that most (61 percent) cities and counties perform routine maintenance once or more per year. Complexity of maintenance is most often minimal or simple, but is more complicated for constructed wetlands, soil/sand filters, and permeable pavement. The most common causes of required maintenance are sediment buildup and litter/debris. Survey results for maintenance cost compare well with data gathered from a national literature review.
Measuring individual differences in reaction norms in field and experimental studies: a power analysis of random regression models
Authors: Martin Julien G. A. , Nussey Daniel H. , Wilson Alastair J. , Réale Denis 
Published: December 2010

Summary1.Interest in measuring individual variation in reaction norms using mixed‐effects and, more specifically, random regression models have grown apace in the last few years within evolution and ecology. However, these are data hungry methods, and little effort to date has been put into understanding how much and what kind of data we need to collect in order to apply these models usefully and reliably.2.We conducted simulations to address three central questions. First, what is the best sampling strategy to collect sufficient data to test for individual variation using random regression models? Second, on occasions when precision is difficult to assess, can we be confident that a failure to detect significant variance in plasticity using random regression represents a biological reality rather than a lack of statistical power? Finally, does the common practice of censoring individuals with one or few repeated measures improve or reduce power to estimate individual variation in random regressions?3.We have also developed a series of easy‐to‐use functions in the ‘pamm’ statistical package for R, which is freely available, that will allow researchers to conduct similar power analyses tailored more specifically to their own data.4.Our results reveal potentially useful rules of thumb: large data sets (N > 200) are needed to evaluate the variance of individual‐specific slopes; a number of individuals/number of observations per individual ratio of approximately 0·5 consistently yielded the highest power to detect random effects; individuals with one or few observations should not generally be censored as this reduces power to detect variance in plasticity.5.We discuss the wider implications of these simulations and remaining challenges and suggest a new way to standardize results that would better facilitate the comparison of findings across empirical studies.
Preparation and in-vitro characterization of tramadol-loaded carrier erythrocytes for long-term intravenous delivery
Authors: Foroozesh Mahshid , Hamidi Mehrdad , Zarrin Adbolhossein , Mohammadi-Samani Soliman , Montaseri Hashem 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Objectives
The hypo-osmotic dialysis method was used for preparation of tramadol-loaded human intact erythrocytes. In response to rapid drug escape from the erythrocytes, a membrane cross-linker, glutaraldehyde, was used successfully.

Methods
The resulting carrier cells were validated in terms of the accuracy and precision of the whole drug loading procedure.

Key findings
The average loaded amount, entrapment efficiency and cell recovery were 1.9041 mg, 95.98% and 85.13%, respectively. The effects of different drug concentrations on loading parameters were studied with the concentration of 10 mg/ml selected as optimal. A series of in-vitro characteristics of carrier erythrocytes, including tramadol release behaviour, haematological indices, particle size distribution, scanning electron microscopy, and osmotic/turbulence fragilities were determined compared with the sham-entrapped and unloaded cells. The results of these in-vitro tests indicated that the erythrocytes did not undergo remarkable irreversible size and shape/topology changes, but the fragility of the membranes of the processed cells were increased.

Conclusions
The collective results of this study showed that the optimized method of entrapment was suitable for the encapsulation of tramadol in erythrocytes with the final carrier cells ready to enter the in-vivo animal studies as a promising long-circulating carrier for tramadol.
The IFITM Proteins Inhibit HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Lu Jennifer , Pan Qinghua , Rong Liwei , Liu Shan-Lu , Liang Chen 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTType I interferon protects cells from virus infection through the induction of a group of genes collectively named interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). In this study, we utilized short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to deplete ISGs in SupT1 cells in order to identify ISGs that suppress the production of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Among the ISG candidates thus identified were interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, including IFITM1, IFITM2, and IFITM3, that potently inhibit HIV-1 replication at least partially through interfering with virus entry. Further mutagenesis analysis shows that the intracellular region, rather than the N- and C-terminal extracellular domains, is essential for the antiviral activity of IFITM1. Altogether, these data suggest that the IFITM proteins serve as important components of the innate immune system to restrict HIV-1 infection.
Disorders of iron metabolism. Part 1: molecular basis of iron homoeostasis
Authors: Muñoz Manuel , García-Erce José Antonio , Remacha Ángel Francisco 
Published: December 2010

Iron functionsIron is an essential micronutrient, as it is required for satisfactory erythropoietic function, oxidative metabolism and cellular immune response.Iron physiologyAbsorption of dietary iron (1–2 mg/day) is tightly regulated and just balanced against iron loss because there are no active iron excretory mechanisms. Dietary iron is found in haem (10%) and non-haem (ionic, 90%) forms, and their absorption occurs at the apical surface of duodenal enterocytes via different mechanisms. Iron is exported by ferroportin 1 (the only putative iron exporter) across the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte into the circulation (absorbed iron), where it binds to transferrin and is transported to sites of use and storage. Transferrin-bound iron enters target cells—mainly erythroid cells, but also immune and hepatic cells—via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Senescent erythrocytes are phagocytosed by reticuloendothelial system macrophages, haem is metabolised by haem oxygenase, and the released iron is stored as ferritin. Iron will be later exported from macrophages to transferrin. This internal turnover of iron is essential to meet the requirements of erythropoiesis (20–30 mg/day). As transferrin becomes saturated in iron-overload states, excess iron is transported to the liver, the other main storage organ for iron, carrying the risk of free radical formation and tissue damage.Regulation of iron homoeostasisHepcidin, synthesised by hepatocytes in response to iron concentrations, inflammation, hypoxia and erythropoiesis, is the main iron-regulatory hormone. It binds ferroportin on enterocytes, macrophages and hepatocytes triggering its internalisation and lysosomal degradation. Inappropriate hepcidin secretion may lead to either iron deficiency or iron overload.