bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some observations upon prolonged treatment of Plasmodium gallinaceum infection in chicks with antimalarial drugs
Authors: Bishop Ann , Birkett Betty 
Published: June 2009

1. The development of exo-erythrocytic parasites of Plasmodium gallinaceum is more rapid and intense in chicks inoculated with blood from birds heavily infected with exo-erythrocytic parasites than in those inoculated with blood from birds in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites can be found.2. If parasitized blood from a bird heavily infected with exo-erythrocytic parasites is inoculated intravenously into a normal bird and withdrawn 24 hr. later, it produces infections in normal birds characterized by a slow development of exo-erythrocytic parasites.3. The proportion of birds which survived after inoculation with P. gallinaceum and daily treatment with suppressive doses of quinine, mepacrine or pamaquin, was greater when the inoculum was derived from donors in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites could be found (48%) than in those inoculated with blood from donors in which exo-erythrocytic parasites 'were numerous (15). No birds inoculated with parasitized blood from donors heavily infected with exo-erythrocytic parasites were sterilized of their infections by the action of the drugs, whereas in eleven out of sixty-six of the birds inoculated with parasitized blood from birds in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites could be found the infections were eradicated by the drugs.4. Blood-inoculated infections of P. gallinaceum may in some cases be eradicated by short courses of treatment with mepacrine, quinine or pamaquin.5. Whereas blood-inoculated infections of P. gallinaceum derived from donors in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites could be found were sometimes eradicated by prophylactic treatment with quinine, mepacrine or pamaquin, it was not possible to eradicate the infections by curative treatment with similar doses of these drugs.6. The difference in type of infection produced by parasitized blood from birds in which no exo-erythrocytic parasites could be found at the time of withdrawal of the blood and those in which exo-erythrocytic parasites were plentiful appears to be due to the presence of exo-erythrocytic parasites in the circulating blood of the latter type of donor.7. Sterilization by the action of quinine, mepa-crine or pamaquin of blood-inoculated infections from donors in which no exo-erythrocytic forms could be found, appears to depend upon whether the erythrocytic parasites are killed before they can become converted into exo-erythrocytic forms.8. No evidence has been obtained of the intensification of development of exo-erythrocytic parasites by the suppression of erythrocytic parasites with drugs.
Cross-resistance between sulphanilamide and paludrine (proguanil) in a strain of Plasmodium gallinaceum resistant to sulphanilamide
Authors: Bishop Ann , McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2009

1. Resistance to sulphanilamide, of a low order, has been developed in a strain of Plasmodium gallinaceum by the treatment of patent infections with the drug.2. The sulphanilamide-resistant strain was resistant to paludrine over the whole range of doses tolerated by the host; it also proved to be resistant to sulphathiazole, sulphapyridine and sulpha-diazine, though the degree of resistance shown was much slighter than to paludrine.3. Resistance to paludrine developed in the sulphanilamide-resistant strain before any resistance to sulphadiazine could be detected.
Some parasitic worms from fishes off the coast of Iceland. II. Trematoda (Digenea)
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. Eight species of digenetic trematodes, including one new species, have been recorded from six species of host fishes caught in the trawl off the east coast of Iceland.2. Seven species are recorded for the first time from this locality and there are two new host records among the seven known species.3. Details of the exact locality and depth from which the fishes were taken are given, together with a brief account of each known trematode and a more extensive account of the new species,Steganoderma pycnorganum.
The chemotherapy of Eperythrozoon coccoides (Schilling, 1928)
Authors: Thurston June P. 
Published: June 2009

In tests for chemotherapeutic activity, mice were infected with Eperythrozoon coccoides, treated with drugs for 2 days, splenectomized, and treated with drugs for a further 2 days. Blood films were examined from the second day after splenectomy, when control mice showed heavy blood infections.Neoarsphenamine, aureomycin and terramycin were active.Tryparsamide, Chloromycetin, alloxan and polyoxyethylene ether, D2, were slightly active.Many drugs, listed in Table 3, were inactive.Neoarsphenamine cleared E. coccoides from the blood very rapidly. This action was inhibited by dimercaprol (BAL).E. coccoides closely resembles Haemobartonella muris in its sensitivity to drugs. Both micro-organisms probably have affinities with the Rickettsiae.
The effect of sulphadiazine, proguanil and 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine upon gametocyte production inPlasmodium gallinaceum(Brumpt, 1935)
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

In strains ofPlasmodium gallinaceumpassaged by blood-inoculation, through young birds treated with small, but effective doses of proguanil, sulphadiazine or 2:4-diamino-6:7-diisopropylpteridine, the numbers of gametocytes produced were much greater than in the parent strain passaged by the same method.The effect of the drugs upon gametocyte production appears to be a long term one, since no change in gametocyte numbers was observed in birds treated with proguanil or sulphadiazine for only a few days.The relationship of these drugs to nuclear division and the synthesis of nucleic acids is discussed in the light of the observed increase in gametocyte-production in drug-treated strains ofP. gallinaceum.
Observations on the food and the gut pigment of the Polyopisthocotylea (Trematoda: Monogenea)
Authors: Llewellyn J. 
Published: June 2009

1. It has been shown by spectroscopic and histochemical methods that eight representative species of Polyopisthocotylea feed mainly on the blood of their hosts.2. The blood is probably haemolysed fairly rapidly and subsequently absorbed by amoeboid ingestion, the globin moiety of the haemoglobin forming the chief nutriment of the parasite and the unaltered haematin being eliminated either by its discharge from epithelial cells into the gut lumen or by the sloughing off of intact epithelial cells.3. In a more limited sample of skin-and cloaca-inhabiting Monopisthocotylea there was no evidence of a blood-feeding habit.
The Nasal Bot Fly, Cephenomyia auribarbis Meigen (Diptera, Tachinidae) of the Red Deer, Cervus elaphus L
Authors: Cameron A. E. 
Published: June 2009

1. Cephenomyia auribarbis Mg., a tachino-oestrid parasite of the red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), is distributed throughout the deer forests of Scotland. The adult is found on the wing during June and July.2. The larva normally occurs attached to the walls of the nasal passages and pharynx, where it remains for 10 or 11 months. At maturity it drops to the ground and pupates beneath the surface. The adult emerges in 3–4 weeks.3. In January, 1931, a larva of the early third instar was recovered from a stag shot at Blair Atholl, Perthshire. It was found in fat in the pelvic region and not in the nostril or pharynx as might have been expected.4. It is suggested that the larva may have been swallowed by the host and bored its way through the wall of the gut into the peritoneal cavity, whence it had wandered to the pelvic region; or else that a first-stage larva had been accidentally deposited by a female on the hide and had bored through the body wall to the peritoneal cavity.5. The adult female and the early third-stage larva are described and illustrated.6. A comparison is made between the cephalo-pharyngeal apparatus of Cephenomyia auribarbis, Cephalomyia ovis, and Gastrophilus intestinalis. It is noted that the basilar sclerite of the first two species is provided with an accessory lateral appendage on each side. A greater surface is thus furnished for the attachment of the large depressor muscles of the buccal hooks. The larva thus securely holds its ground in the nasal cavities and pharynx, where the risks of summary ejection are always present. In G. intestinalis the accessory appendage is absent. The chances of the larva of this species losing its hold on the gastric mucous membrane of the host are very slight.
On Some British Larval Trematodes from Terrestrial Hosts
Authors: Harper W. F. 
Published: June 2009

Five larval trematodes have been obtained from a search of many terrestrial molluscs. All are distome cercariae developing in sporocysts. One species appears to be Cercariaeum helicis Braun the sporocyst and cercaria stages of which are described here in detail. The other four species are new. Cercaria politae lucidae n.sp. and C. lauriae cylindraceae n.sp. the two Xiphidiocercariae described are rare in this locality, each species being found only on two occasions. The larvae obtained are also less abundant and less representative of the larval Trematode groups than those met with during my search of the local fresh-water molluscs for similar parasites (Harper, 1929, 1931).During the investigation two new records have been added to the molluscan fauna of Forfarshire (Vice county, No. 90), viz. Polita lucida Drap., and Succinea elegans Risso. No helminth parasites were found in the last-named mollusc.
Factors affecting the growth and behaviour of axenic strains ofEntamoeba invadensRodhain, 1934
Authors: McConnachie Elspeth W. 
Published: June 2009

1. Axenic strains ofEntamoeba invadenscan be maintained indefinitely, by serial culture, in saline containing a slice of liver. Growth in this medium is poor, the amoebae are vacuolated, and few cysts are formed.2. The optimum concentration of NaCl for amoebic growth in this medium is 0·75–1·0%, and the optimum pH is 5·7–6·1.3. The source of the liver tissue in the medium is unimportant, but, of several tissues tested, liver was the only one which supported amoebic growth in serial culture.4. Suspensions of minced liver also supported amoebic growth, but the growth-promoting activity of the liver was removed completely by centrifugation, autoclaving, and Seitz- or glass-filtration. Heat treatment at 50–60° C. and prolonged storage at 8° C. partially inactivated the liver.5. Growth in axenic saline-liver medium does not affect the ability ofE. invadensto grow and undergo mass encystation when reassociated with suitable bacteria.
A comparison of the structure of the scolex of Bothriocephalus scorpii (Müller 1776) and Clestobothrium crassiceps (Rud. 1819) and the mode of attachment of the scolex to the intestine of the host
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. Two Pseudophyllidea, Bothriocephalus scorpii (Müller) and Clestobothrium crassiceps (Rud.), have been obtained from Scophthalmus maximus (L.) and Merluccius merluccius (L.) respectively, from fishing grounds to the west of the British Isles.2. The musculature of the scolex in both has been compared relative to the form and mode of function of that organ. All the major groups of muscles are present in both, but their arrangement is modified in C. crassiceps, due to the presence of hemispherical bothria, instead of open grooves, and a sphincter muscle around the bothrial opening.3. The mode of attachment is discussed briefly in C. crassiceps, and in more detail in B. scorpii, where the structure of the scolex was found to be admirably suited to the form of the host's mucosa. The effect on the mucosa is slight, due to the absence of very powerful muscles and of other specialized adhesive structures.4. The nervous system of the scolex in both species has been compared, and a fundamental similarity has been found. Modifications in C. crassiceps are associated with shortening of the scolex and the difference in form of the bothria.5. The excretory system shows the same correlation with the form of the scolex.
Cercaria diplostomi phoxini (Faust), a furcocercaria which develops into Diplostomulum phoxini in the brain of the minnow
Authors: Rees Gwendolen 
Published: June 2009

1. A fork-tailed cercaria Cercaria diplostomi phoxini (Faust) has been found to develop in sporocysts in 3·9 % of Lymnaea pereger var. ovata (Drapanaud) in Fron Goch Pool near Aberystwyth.2. The cercaria is described in detail. The arrangement of spines on the body is characteristic and there is a double row of seventy-two spines on the ventral sucker. The flame cell formula is given.3. The cercaria is compared with seven closely related types.4. Infestation experiments show that Cercaria diplostomi phoxini develops into Diplostomulum phoxini in the brain of the minnow.5. The early stage of infestation of the brain of the minnow is described and compared with an infestation of long standing.
Leptomonas serpens n.sp., parasitic in the digestive tract and salivary glands of Nezara viridula (Pentatomidae) and in the sap of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) and other plants
Authors: Gibbs Alfred J. 
Published: June 2009

A leptomonad parasite was found in the sap of the tomato and in one unidentified plant, but it has not yet been seen in several others on which the insect feeds.Interesting characteristics of this Leptomonas are (a) its extreme polymorphism, (b) the development of metacyclic forms in the salivary glands of its insect host, and (c) its alternation between insect and plant host.
A microscopic study ofPasteurella tularensisin the human body louse
Authors: Price Roger D. 
Published: June 2009

1.P. tularensismay be abundant in the midgut lumen, the epithelial cells of the anterior third of the midgut, and the haemolymph of the louse. Multiplication is extracellular in the lumen and the haemolymph and intracytoplasmic in the gut cells.2. The multiplication of the tularemia organisms in the midgut epithelium eventually leads to the disruption of these cells and the break-through of the organisms into the body cavity. The growth of these organisms in the haemocoele results in the death of the louse in 4–7 days.3. Lice vary greatly in their susceptibility to infection. Some lice show complete resistance to infection; others are capable of retaining the infection essentially for their normal life span, i.e. 35 days; still others apparently succumb to a rapid increase of the organisms in a relatively brief time after infection.4. The behaviour ofP. tularensiswithin the louse presents interesting similarities to infection of lice with the rickettsiae pathogenic to humans.
The Seasonal Occurrence of Harvest Mites (Trombicula autumnalisShaw) on Voles and Mice near Oxford
Authors: Elton Charles , Keay Gladys 
Published: June 2009

1. Examination of monthly quotas ofApodemus sylvaticus, Clethrionomys glareolus, andMicrotus hirtus, for parasites over a period of 21 months, enabled the seasonal occurrence ofTrombicula autumnalislarvae to be determined.2. All three species are infested during the summer and autumn months, andClethrionomysthroughout the following winter and spring also. Shrews were not parasitised.3. The mites occupy different positions on different hosts.4.Clethrionomysand rabbits (Oryctolagus) are of importance in maintaining the stock of harvest mites on some areas in the south of England.
The Biology of Autogenous and Anautogenous Races of Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Tate P. , Vincent M. 
Published: June 2009

1. An English anautogenous race and three European strains of the autogenous race of Culex pipiens have been studied comparatively for 3 years under laboratory conditions.2. Prolonged illumination has an activating influence on females of the anautogenous race, both hibernating and laboratory bred, and greatly stimulates gorging.3. With the aid of artificial light during the winter months the anautogenous race has been kept breeding in the laboratory throughout the year for eleven generations without the occurrence of cyclical hibernation (asthenobiosis). Consequently it is suggested that the length of daylight may be a factor of importance in controlling the natural hibernation of females of this race.4. Females of the English anautogenous race, whether of hibernating, or of active generations, laid normally after one blood meal and did not exhibit gonotrophic dissociation. They also oviposited readily after being artificially fed on bird blood.5. Unfed females lived for a maximum of 19 days and never accumulated fat-body autotrophically.6. Females, if fed on apple for 5 weeks, accumulated sufficient reserves to enable a small percentage of them to survive 15 weeks of starvation.7. In the anautogenous race pairing always begins in the air although it may be completed on the ground. The females do not lay without a blood meal, and they show little tendency to bite man but bite birds voraciously.8. Strains of the autogenous race of C. pipiens were obtained from rural areas in Greece, Malta and Hungary and have been maintained in the laboratory for over 3 years.9. Continuous breeding under autogenous conditions (no blood meals) for several years and through forty-five to forty-nine generations has had no deleterious eflect on these autogenous strains.10. Spanogyny, or the gradual decrease in the numbers of females produced in succeeding generations, does not necessarily follow prolonged autogeny if the cultures are kept under favourable conditions.11. Males of the autogenous race pair with resting females, so that pairing can take place in very small areas.12. Cross-mating was easily obtained between the two races, autogenous and anautogenous, in both directions: male autogenous + female anautogenous; and male anautogenous + female autogenous. Stenogamy and autogeny are hereditary characters. Stenogarny always appears in the F1 generation, but autogeny sometimes appears in the F1 generation and sometimes not until the F2 generation.13. Eggs are quickly killed by temperatures below freezing-point; and young larvae die within 24 hours at 0° C. Adults, even hibernating females, die within 4 days at −16° C.
The transmission of spirochaeta duttoni Novy & Knapp by Pediculus humanus corporis de Geer
Authors: Heisch R. B. , Garnham P. C. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. Cyclical development of Spirochaeta duttoni in lice was observed in seven experiments. In the last four, the same strain was transmitted through four successive batches.2. The resultant infections in animals behaved exactly like S. duttoni even after the fourth transmission through the abnormal host.
Observations upon Embadomonas intestinalis in Culture
Authors: Bishop Ann 
Published: June 2009

1. Embadomonas intestinalis has been cultivated on an inspissated horse-serum slope covered with Ringer egg-white or with inactivated horse-serum diluted 1:10 in 0·5 NaCl solution, at 17–20° C. as well as at 37° C.2. Attempts to infect tadpoles of Bufo vulgaris, bred free from Protozoa, with E. intestinalis have failed.3. In the division of E. intestinalis there is duplication of the basal granules and flagella with the formation of a centrodesmose between one granule of each pair. The cytostome disappears and new ones are formed when nuclear division is complete. No spindle fibres are formed but the nucleus becomes spindle-shaped and discrete chromatin granules are present.4. Double individuals occur but they do not represent a stage in normal division. Long observation failed to reveal division of such individuals.5. Cysts of E. intestinalis have been found in cultures at all temperatures studied. The nuclear membrane and peripheral chromatin is elongated and stains intensely, and the two basal granules are prominent. A siderophilic mass in the centre probably represents the karyosome. There is no evidence that division occurs in the cyst.
On Coitocaecum Anaspidis SP.Nov., A Trematode Exhibiting Progenesis in the Fresh-Water Crustacean Anaspides tasmaniae Thomson
Authors: Hickman V. V. 
Published: June 2009

1. Coitocaecum anaspidis sp.nov. is a Trematode which exhibits precocious genital activity whilst encysted as a metacercaria in the Tasmanian Mountain Shrimp, Anaspides tasmaniae Thomson.2. Eggs are laid by the Trematode whilst in the encysted condition, and in some cases the eggs hatch in the cyst giving rise to miracidia which swim freely in the contained fluids.3. Two hundred specimens of Anaspides tasmaniae were examined and one hundred and twenty-seven found to contain the encysted Trematode.4. A systematic description of the Trematode is given.
Certain aspects of the host-parasite relationship ofNematospiroides dubius(Baylis): V. Host specificity
Authors: Dobson Colin 
Published: June 2009

1. The mouse is more susceptible to infection than the rat.2. The male in both the rat and the mouse is more susceptible to infection than the female.3. The development of the worm is slower in the male rat than in the female. This relationship does not occur in the mouse.4. The ecological position of the adult parasite was different in the mouse and rat, the worms living further down the intestine in the rat.5. The effects of host species on infection ofN. dubiusare discussed.
On the search for hosts and the egg distribution of some chalcid parasites of the knapweed gall-fly
Authors: Varley G. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. The egg distributions of five chalcid parasites of the knapweed gall-fly have been studied in a small area.2. A distinction is made between search for hosts by random movements, and random search in the sense of Nicholson; these terms are defined. Random movements may give rise to a distribution of parasitism different from that expected if search were purely random.3. The species discussed do not all distribute their eggs at random amongst the hosts. Some species superparasitize the hosts more, and one (Eurytoma curta) much less than would be expected if the egg distribution were purely random, owing to peculiarities in oviposition behaviour.4. Parasitism by E. curta is unevenly distributed in space, being higher in areas of high host density. This suggests that search is not exactly random, but is also concentrated in space. A tentative explanation is advanced based on the assumption that search is by random movements.5. Parasitism by E. robusta is very patchy. This non-random distribution is attributed to random movements performed by a very few parasites.6. It is concluded that these spatial discrepancies do not seriously affect the numerical accuracy of the assumption that search is random in small areas, and that the theory of Nicholson & Bailey may be accurate to a first approximation.