bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antigens of parasitic helminths in diagnosis, protection and pathology
Authors: Parkhouse R. M. E. , Harrison L. J. S. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA thorough study of parasitic helminth antigens is a pre-requisite for control programmes based on accurate immunochemical diagnosis, protection by vaccination and perhaps immune modulation to diminish pathological sequelae. Studies should be directed at the identification of those stage- or age-specific surface, secreted and somatic antigens which are involved in the host-parasite interactions responsible for immunity and/or pathology. Current methods of diagnosis of parasitic infections often fail to detect low-level patent infections, which incurs the risk of having a reservoir capable of perpetuating infections. There is, then, an urgent requirement for accurate immunochemical diagnosis, to be used in association with, and for the evaluation of, drug treatment and vector elimination, in parasite control programmes. Given the high sensitivity of current immunoassay technology, the only bar to establishing the necessary immunological tests is the choice of suitably specific antigen/antibody systems. Assays designed to detect parasite products or antigens are a major priority, as they indicate current infection, whereas those which detect antibody only indicate exposure to infection, which may or may not be current. Surface and secreted antigens are the most likely targets for protective immune responses and thus form a logical focus for vaccine design. The cestodes, which present such strong evidence for immunity following natural infection, are likely to yield effective vaccines by modern procedures. Certain antigens must, however, stimulate the humoral and/or cellular responses which are responsible for the undesirable immunopathological consequences of many helminthic diseases. The nematodes and trematodes furnish some extreme examples of such pathology. The ultimate objective in identifying these particular antigens is to utilize them in the appropriate down-regulation of the immune response responsible for such pathology. As an illustration, we have presented an interesting correlation between one particular clinical condition of onchocerciasis (Sowda) and the serological response, defined both in terms of the parasite antigens and an immunoglobulin class-restricted antibody response. Finally, the complexity of these parasite systems and the host response to the parasite should not be underestimated. Modern analytical techniques allow their detailed analysis in terms of the humoral antibody responses and afford the possibility of the future development of control and disease management procedures tailored to each individual host-parasite system. However, novel systems are required to complete the analysis of the cellular components of the immune response to parasite antigens, and functional studies are needed to determine the role that these parasite antigens play in the complex interaction between parasite and host.
The technique for breeding pure-line cultures of the blow-fly (Calliphora erythrocephala)
Authors: Tate P. 
Published: June 2009

1. Pure-line breeding of Calliphora erythrocephala is difficult owing to the fact that gravïd females will oviposit at a distance from decomposing meat and the newly hatched larvae will crawl long distances and pass through minute openings to reach the food.2. A simple and convenient cage for breeding blow-flies is described.3. To obtain eggs free from contamination meat is plunged in boiling water before being put in the cages; and the vessel in which it is placed is sup ported on a glass cylinder standing in a dish of water.4. The larvae are fed on horse-meat placed upon sawdust in a large watch-glass resting upon sawdust in a bowl. The bowl rests upon a support surrounded by water.5. Pupation occurs in the sawdust beneath the watch-glass and puparia are separated from the sawdust by sieving.6. Pupae are kept in glass dishes with closely fitting covers to prevent parasitism by Hymenoptera.7. At a temperature of 21° C. the complete life cycle takes about 1 month.
The respiratory metabolism of parasitic nematodes
Authors: Rogers W. P. 
Published: June 2009

1.Qo2values forHaemonchus contortusegs varied between − 9·7 and − 12·6 according to the degree of development of the embryos. The r.q. was in the region of 0·6.2. Young infective larvae ofNippostrongylus murishad a highQo2(−18·4), which fell as the larvae aged. Third stageHaemonchus contortuslarvae gave similar results. The respiration was not affected by exsheathment.3. Adult parasites gaveQo2values as follows:Ascaridia galli, − 2·5;Nematodirusspp., − 5·1;Nippostrongylus muris, − 6·8;Neoaplectana glaseri,− 12·6. When calculated on a surface area basis,Ascaridia gallihad an oxygen uptake which was much higher than that of the other organisms.4. Qco2values were small. The r.q. of infective larvae, which contain fat as reserve material, was about 0·72. The other forms which contained much glycogen as well as fat had r.q. values between 0·6 and 0·7.A. galliwas an exception in that an r.q. of about 0·95 was obtained.5. Potassium cyanide inhibited respiration in all the forms examined.The author is indebted to Dr R. W. Glaser for supplying a strain ofNeoaplectana glaseri.
Studies on the virus of turnip yellow mosaic
Authors: Markham Roy , Smith Kenneth M. 
Published: June 2009

A new virus affecting cruciferous plants is described and the name suggested for it is theturnip yellow mosaic virus.The virus is sap-transmissible and has a dilution end-point in extracted sap of 10−5. The thermal inactivation point lies between 70 and 75° C.The virus is not transmitted by insects with sucking mouthparts, but the insect vector in nature is a flea-beetle,Phyllotretasp. More than one species of flea-beetle can transmit the virus.Under experimental conditions the virus has been transmitted by the mustard beetle,Phaedon cochleariaeand its larva; by the ‘long-horn’ grasshopper,Leptophyes punctatissimaBosc.; by the ‘short-horn’ grasshopper,Stauroderus bicolorCharp. and by the common earwig,Forflcula auriculariaLinn. Lepidopterous larvae have, so far, failed to transmit the virus.The relationship of the virus with biting insects is discussed.Turnip yellow mosaic virus has been obtained from several cruciferous plants as a nucleoprotein of the pentose type. It crystallizes from salt solutions as isotropic octahedra and from 20% alcohol at pH 3·7 as birefringent needles. On centrifuging out of solution the pellets are also crystalline. The virus preparation contains some 22% of nucleic acid.The virus is denatured at room temperature in alcohol of concentration greater than 30% in neutral solutions, and the nucleic acid, which is a large polymerized particle, is liberated.The preparations have been found to consist of 80 % of a nucleoprotein and 20 % of a nucleic acid-free protein which may be isolated by high-speed centrifuging. The latter has the same electrophoretic mobility and isoelectric point (pH 3·7) as the nucleoprotein; both crystallize in the same crystal form, and they are serologically identical.The nucleic acid-free material does not seem to be infectious.
The effect of the parasitic copepod, Mytilicola intestinalis (Steuer) upon the condition of mussels
Authors: Cole H. A. , Savage R. E. 
Published: June 2009

1. Mytilicola intestindlis (Steuer) was found in 100% of mussels examined from Blyth, Northumberland. These mussels varied in length between 3·5 and 7·5 cm.2. The degree of infestation varied from two to fifty-nine parasites per mussel.3. There was an inverse relationship between the condition of mussels of the size group 5·5–5·9 cm. and both the mean number of parasites per mussel and the mean number of parasites over 1·5 mm. in length per mussel.4. The mean weight of flesh per mussel in the size group 5·5–5·9 cm. (shell length) was 3·206 g. from Blyth (parasitized) and 5·975 g. from Conway (not parasitized).5. It is concluded that the presence of Mytilicola is associated with a serious reduction of condition in infested mussels.
Observations upon a trichomonad (Protozoa: Mastigophora) from the gut of the snake,Vipera ammodytesL.
Authors: Whittington M. Joan 
Published: June 2009

1. The structure, method of division and cultural requirements of a trichomonad from the gut ofVipera ammodytesL. have been studied; the organism was found, in these respects, to be identical withTrichomonas batrachorumPerty, 1852.2. Tadpoles ofBufo vulgarishave been infected experimentally with the strain.3. It is concluded that the trichomonad was a strain ofTrichomonas batrachorumestablished in a reptilian host.
The quantity and distribution of the ciliate Protozoa in the large intestine of the horse
Authors: Adam K. M. G. 
Published: June 2009

1. A method is described for separating and enumerating the ciliate Protozoa which occur in the large intestine of the horse.2. The concentration of ciliates varied in the different regions of the large intestine, being low in the caecum and highest in the left dorsal colon.3. Two distinct populations of ciliates occurred in the large intestine of the horse, one from the caecum to the pelvic flexure and the other from the pelvic flexure to the rectum.
Human Nature, Personhood, and Ethical Naturalism
Authors: Hacker-Wright John 
Published: June 2009

AbstractJohn McDowell has argued that for human needs to matter in practical deliberation, we must have already acquired the full range of character traits that are imparted by an ethical upbringing. Since our upbringings can diverge considerably, his argument makes trouble for any Aristotelian ethical naturalism that wants to support a single set of moral virtues. I argue here that there is a story to be told about the normal course of human life according to which it is no coincidence that there is agreement on the virtues. Because we are creatures who arrive at personhood only by learning from others in a relation of dependency, we cannot help but see ourselves as creatures for whom non-instrumental rationality is the norm. Those who train others in personhood must view the trainee's interests as having a value independent of their interests and must imbue the trainee with a sense of that value. Extending and preserving the sense of self-worth that we must acquire if we are to acquire personhood requires we see ourselves as creatures who need something like the virtues.
PROCAIN server for remote protein sequence similarity search
Authors: Wang Yong , Sadreyev Ruslan I. , Grishin Nick V. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Sensitive and accurate detection of distant protein homology is essential for the studies of protein structure, function and evolution. We recently developed PROCAIN, a method that is based on sequence profile comparison and involves the analysis of four signals—similarities of residue content at the profile positions combined with three types of assisting information: sequence motifs, residue conservation and predicted secondary structure. Here we present the PROCAIN web server that allows the user to submit a query sequence or multiple sequence alignment and perform the search in a profile database of choice. The output is structured similar to that of BLAST, with the list of detected homologs sorted by E-value and followed by profile–profile alignments. The front page allows the user to adjust multiple options of input processing and output formatting, as well as search settings, including the relative weights assigned to the three types of assisting information.
Availability: http://prodata.swmed.edu/procain/
Contact: grishin@chop.swmed.edu
Species identification of Anguilla japonica by real-time PCR based on a sequence detection system: a practical application to eggs and larvae
Authors: Minegishi Yuki , Yoshinaga Tatsuki , Aoyama Jun , Tsukamoto Katsumi 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Minegishi, Y., Yoshinaga, T., Aoyama, J., and Tsukamoto, K. 2009. Species identification of Anguilla japonica by real-time PCR based on a sequence detection system: a practical application to eggs and larvae. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1915–1918. To develop a practical method for identifying Japanese eel Anguilla japonica eggs and larvae to species by a sequence detection system using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we examined (i) the sensitivity of the system using samples at various developmental stages, and (ii) influences of intra- and interspecific DNA sequence variations in the PCR target region. PCR amplifications with extracted DNA solution at 7.0 ng µl−1 or lower were efficient at distinguishing A. japonica from other anguillids. A single egg at the gastrula or later developmental stages could also be identified. Two sequence variations in the PCR target region were observed in 2 out of 35 A. japonica collected from three localities, and from four year classes at a single locality. These mutations, however, did not affect the result of species identification achieved by A. japonica-specific PCR primers and probe. The accuracy of this PCR-based method of species identification will help in field surveys of the species.
Fractal solids, product measures and fractional wave equations
Authors: Li Jun , Ostoja-Starzewski Martin 
Published: June 2009

This paper builds on the recently begun extension of continuum thermomechanics to fractal porous media that are specified by a mass (or spatial) fractal dimension
D
, a surface fractal dimension
d
and a resolution length scale
R
. The focus is on pre-fractal media (i.e. those with lower and upper cut-offs) through a theory based on a dimensional regularization, in which
D
is also the order of fractional integrals employed to state global balance laws. In effect, the governing equations are cast in forms involving conventional (integer order) integrals, while the local forms are expressed through partial differential equations with derivatives of integer order but containing coefficients involving
D
,
d
and
R
. This procedure allows a specification of a geometry configuration of continua by ‘fractal metric’ coefficients, on which the continuum mechanics is subsequently constructed. While all the derived relations depend explicitly on
D
,
d
and
R
, upon setting
D
=3 and
d
=2, they reduce to conventional forms of governing equations for continuous media with Euclidean geometries. Whereas the original formulation was based on a Riesz measure—and thus more suited to isotropic media—the new model is based on a product measure, making it capable of grasping local fractal anisotropy. Finally, the one-, two- and three-dimensional wave equations are developed, showing that the continuum mechanics approach is consistent with that obtained via variational energy principles.
The bialaphos biosynthetic genes of Streptomyces viridochromogenes: cloning, heterospecific expression, and comparison with the genes of Streptomyces hygroscopicus
Authors: Hara Osamu , Murakami Takeshi , Imai Satoshi , Anzai Hiroyuki , Itoh Reiko , Kumada Yoichi , Takano Eriko , Satoh Eriko , Satoh Atsuyuki , Nagaoka Kozo , Thompson Charles 
Published: June 2009

Summary
The bialaphos resistance gene, bar, was used as a selectable marker to isolate the bialaphos production genes (bap) from the Streptomyces viridochromogenes genome. The S. viridochromogenes bar gene was cloned on overlapping restriction fragments using pIJ680 and pIJ702 in the bialaphos-sensitive host, S. lividans. Although the restriction endonuclease cleavage map of these fragments was not similar to the bap cluster of S. hygroscopicus, the presence and location of bar and four other bap genes as well as a gene required for the transcriptional activation of the cluster (brpA) was demonstrated by heterologous cloning experiments using a series of previously characterized bialaphos-nonproducing S. hygroscopicus mutants. Since recombination-deficient mutants of streptomycetes have not been isolated, restored function provided by cloned homologous DNA results from both recombination (marker rescue) and complementation in trans. In contrast to our previously reported homologous cloning experiments where we were able to define the position of mutant alleles by recombination, in these heterologous cloning experiments we observed little if any recombination between plasmid-cloned genes and the chromosome. As a result, this approach allowed us to define the location and orientation of functional genes using a genetic complementation test. The organization of the clustered S. viridochromogenes bap genes was indistinguishable from the corresponding S. hygroscopicus mutant alleles. The fact that the S. viridochromogenes transcriptional regulatory gene, brpA, functioned in S. hygroscopicus implied that some transcriptional regulatory signals may also be interchangeable. In these two Streptomyces species, which have considerable nucleotide sequence divergence, the complex biochemical and genetic organization of the bialaphos biosynthetic pathway is conserved.
A molecular analysis of the 53.3 minute region of the Escherichia coli linkage map
Authors: Andrews Simon C. , Harrison Pauline M. , Guest John R. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
The coding characteristics of four plasmids expressing a protein (BCP) which comigrates with bacterioferritin were examined and the nucleotide sequence of a common 1985 bp segment from the 53 min region of the Escherkhia coli linkage map was determined. Three open reading-frames (orf1, orf2 and orf3) were detected, and orf2 (bcp, 156 amino acid codons) appeared to encode the bacterioferritin comigratory protein, BCP. The translation product of orf3 (205 amino acid codons) resembled the iron-sulphur protein component (DMS B subunit) of the anaerobic dimethylsulphoxide reductase complex of E. coli.
pilO, a gene required for glycosylation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1244 pilin
Authors: Castric Peter 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYNucleotide sequencing of a region downstream from thePseudomonas aeruginosa1244 pilin structural gene,pilA, revealed an ORF potentially able to code for a protein ofMr50862. This ORF, calledpilO, was flanked by a tRNAthrgene, which was followed by a transcriptional termination sequence. The tRNAthrgene and the termination sequence were nearly identical to sequences found immediately adjacent to thepilAgene of severalP. aeruginosastrains. A 2200 base mRNA strand, which contained both thepilOandpilAtranscripts, was produced from this region, while a 650 base transcript containing onlypilAwas present in a 100-fold excess over the longer transcript. Hyperexpression of thepilAgene in a PilO-strain resulted in normal pilus-specific phage sensitivity and twitching motility. The pilin produced by this strain had a lower apparentMrand a more neutral pI compared to that produced by a strain containing a functionalpilOgene. This pilin failed to react with a sugar-specific reagent which recognized pilin produced by the strain containing a functionalpilOgene.
(–)‐Epigallocatechin gallate suppresses the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor–vascular endothelial growth factor receptor axis
Authors: Shirakami Yohei , Shimizu Masahito , Adachi Seiji , Sakai Hiroyasu , Nakagawa Takayuki , Yasuda Yoichi , Tsurumi Hisashi , Hara Yukihiko , Moriwaki Hisataka 
Published: June 2009

The receptor tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR) plays an important role in tumor angiogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (–)‐Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major biologically active component of green tea, inhibits growth in a variety of human cancer cells by inhibiting the activation of several types of receptor tyrosine kinases. In this study, we examined the effects of EGCG on the activity of the VEGF–VEGFR axis in human HCC cells. The levels of total and phosphorylated (i.e. activated) form of VEGFR‐2 protein (p‐VEGFR‐2) were observed to increase in a series of human HCC cell lines in comparison to the Hc normal human hepatocytes. EGCG preferentially inhibited the growth of HuH7 HCC cells, which express constitutive activation of the VEGF–VEGFR axis, in comparison to Hc cells. Treatment of HuH7 cells with EGCG caused a time‐ and dose‐dependent decrease in the expression of VEGFR‐2 and p‐VEGFR‐2 proteins. The production of VEGF from HuH7 cells was reduced by treatment with EGCG. Drinking of EGCG significantly inhibited the growth of HuH7 xenografts in nude mice and this was associated with inhibition of the activation of VEGFR‐2 and its related downstream signaling molecules, including ERK and Akt. EGCG drinking also decreased the expression of Bcl‐xL protein and VEGF mRNA in the xenografts. These findings suggest that EGCG can exert, at least in part, its growth‐inhibitive effect on HCC cells by inhibiting the VEGF–VEGFR axis. EGCG might therefore be useful in the treatment of HCC. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1957–1962)
Estrogen signaling pathway and its imaging in human breast cancer
Authors: Hayashi Shin‐ichi , Niwa Toshifumi , Yamaguchi Yuri 
Published: June 2009

Recent remarkable progress in hormonal therapy has provided great benefit to breast cancer patients, but it also evokes novel issues: how accurately can the efficacy of each hormonal therapy be predicted and how can hormonal therapy–resistant patients be treated? These clinically important issues must be closely related to the biological events in each cancer, such as the alteration of intracellular multiple estrogen signaling pathways and the estrogen‐related cancer microenvironment, which has recently revealed by molecular biological studies on estrogen and its receptors. However, the estrogen signaling status in individual breast cancers has not been clarified yet. Here we present the context of these issues and introduce our study of new tools which enable the visualization of estrogen signals in individual cancers. The assessment of estrogen receptor (ER)‐α activity in individual cancers or ER‐activating ability of the cancer microenvironment in each breast cancer patient revealed several new findings and interesting observations. We hope that these approaches provide new clues about the estrogen‐dependent mechanisms of breast cancer development, and will be useful to advance the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer patients. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 1773–1778)
Litigation related to anaesthesia: an analysis of claims against the NHS in England 1995–2007
Authors: Cook T. M. , Bland L. , Mihai R. , Scott S. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe distribution of medico‐legal claims in English anaesthetic practice is unreported. We studied National Health Service Litigation Authority claims related to anaesthesia since 1995. All claims were reviewed by three clinicians and variously categorised, including by type of incident, claimed outcome and cost. Anaesthesia‐related claims account for 2.5% of all claims and 2.4% of the value of all claims. Of 841 relevant claims 366 (44%) were related to regional anaesthesia, 245 (29%) obstetric anaesthesia, 164 (20%) inadequate anaesthesia, 95 (11%) dental damage, 71 (8%) airway (excluding dental damage), 63 (7%) drug related (excluding allergy), 31 (4%) drug allergy related, 31 (4%) positioning, 29 (3%) respiratory, 26 (3%) consent, 21 (2%) central venous cannulation and 18 (2%) peripheral venous cannulation. Defining which cases are, from a medico‐legal viewpoint, ‘high risk’ is uncertain, but the clinical categories with the largest number of claims were regional anaesthesia, obstetric anaesthesia, inadequate anaesthesia, dental damage and airway, those with the highest overall cost were regional anaesthesia, obstetric anaesthesia, and airway and those with the highest mean cost per closed claim were respiratory, central venous cannulation and drug error excluding allergy. The data currently available have limitations but offer useful information. A closed claims analysis similar to that in the USA would improve the clinical usefulness of analysis.