bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective LC/ESI‐MS/MS Analysis and Pharmacokinetic and Tissue Distribution Study of (2RS)‐1‐(7‐Methoxy‐1H‐indol‐4‐yloxy)‐3‐(2‐(2‐methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino)‐propan‐2‐ol in Rats
Authors: Walczak MARIA , Szymura‐Oleksia JOANNA , Groszek GRAZYNA 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTA sensitive and stereospecific liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of TWo8 enantiomers ((2RS)‐1‐(7‐methoxy‐1H‐indol‐4‐yloxy)‐3‐(2‐(2‐methoxyphenoxy)ethylamino)‐propan‐2‐ol) was developed and validated in rat serum and some tissues. Racemic TWo8 is a new chemical entity, and it has been shown to possess pharmacological activity in vivo. The assay involved the diastereomeric derivatization of racemic TWo8 with 2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐beta‐glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate. The TWo8 diastereoisomers quantification was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer employing an electrospray ionization technique. The precursor to the product ion transition for TWo8 derivatives and for the internal standard (carbamazepine) was m/z 776.4 → 387.2 and 237.4 → 194.4, respectively. The assay was validated with a linear range of 10–2000 ng/ml of racemic TWo8. The inter‐day precisions for (−)‐(S)‐TWo8 and (+)‐(R)‐TWo8 were 2.1% to 14.9% and 1.3% to 14.8%, respectively. The inter‐day accuracy for (−)‐(S)‐TWo8 and (+)‐(R)‐TWo8 was within 86% to 114% and 91% to 114%, respectively. A pilot pharmacokinetic study of this new β‐adrenolytic compound has shown that (−)‐(S)‐TWo8 is eliminated faster than its antipode. The terminal half‐lives of (−)‐(S)‐TWo8 and (+)‐(R)‐TWo8 were 3.2 and 3.9 h, respectively. The compound distribution into different organs, evaluated in tissue homogenate samples following TWo8 intravenous administration, showed an enantioselective penetration of TWo8 enantiomers in the liver (p < 0.03), in the kidney (p < 0.001), and in the lungs (p < 0.05). The developed method using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method with electrospray ionization could be employed for quantitative determination of compounds with similar structure. Chirality 24:591–599, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous Emulsification and Mixing
Authors: Köhler Karsten , Schuchmann Heike Petra 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDas Hochdruckhomogenisieren ist heute eine weitverbreitete Technik in der chemischen, kosmetischen oder pharmazeutischen, aber auch der Erdöl‐ und Lebensmittelindustrie. Allerdings ist diese Technik immer noch wenig verstanden. Die Folgen sind schwer steuerbare Produktqualitäten und ein unnötig hoher Energieverbrauch. Die neu entwickelte simultane Emulgier‐ und Mischtechnik (SEM‐Technik) wird vorgestellt. Mit ihr ist es möglich, ein besseres Verständnis der einzelnen Teilvorgänge beim Hochdruckhomogenisieren, wie dem Zerkleinern und dem Stabilisieren, zu gewinnen und so den Prozess zu optimieren. Dies ermöglicht die Entwicklung neuer Prozesse und Produkte und Energieersparnisse von bis zu 90 %.
Toward a modular and efficient distribution for Web service handlers
Authors: Yildiz Beytullah , Fox Geoffrey C. 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYOver the last few decades, distributed systems have architecturally evolved. One recent evolutionary step is SOA. The SOA model is perfectly engendered in Web services, which provide software platforms for building applications as services. Web services utilize supportive capabilities such as security, reliability, and monitoring. These capabilities are typically provisioned as handlers, which incrementally add new features. Even though handlers are very important, the method of utilization is crucial for obtaining potential benefits. Every attempt to support a service with an additional handler increases the chance of an overwhelmingly crowded handler chain. Moreover, a handler may become a bottleneck because of its comparably higher processing time. In this paper, we present the Distributed Handler Architecture to provide an efficient, scalable, and modular architecture. The performance and scalability benchmarks show that the distributed and parallel handler executions are very promising for suitable handler configurations. The paper is concluded with remarks on the fundamentals of a promising computing environment for Web service handlers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An architecture for retrieval of animal sound recordings based on context variables
Authors: Cugler Daniel Cintra , Medeiros Claudia Bauzer , Toledo Luís Felipe 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYFor decades, biologists around the world have recorded animal sounds. As the number of records grows, so does the difficulty to manage them, presenting challenges to save, retrieve, share, and manage sounds. These challenges are complicated by the fact that animal sound recordings have specific peculiarities, associated to the context in which the sound was recorded. For example, sounds emitted by individuals that are in groups may be different from ones emitted by isolated individuals. Although these characteristics may be relevant to biologists, they are seldom explicit in the recording metadata. This paper discusses our ongoing research on the management of sound recordings, considering factors such as environmental or social contexts, which are not treated by current systems. This work exploits retrieval based on context analysis. Query parameters include context variables that are dynamically derived using public services and ontologies associated with sound recording metadata. Part of the results have been validated through a web prototype, discussed in the text. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An efficient self‐diagnosis protocol for hierarchical wireless mesh networks
Authors: Xu Li , Ji Lei , Zhou Shu Ming 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYWith the development of wireless mesh networks (WMNs), fault diagnosis in WMNs is becoming a very challenging task. In this paper, a two‐level scheme for fault diagnosis in WMNs is presented. We partition the network into a two‐level topology architecture where level 1 is composed of mesh clients and level 2 consists of mesh routers. A new comparison approach is introduced to diagnose the two levels. On the basis of the new comparison approach, every node in WMNs can be diagnosed either as fault‐free or faulty. Our protocol assumes that the WMN's topology may change during the testing phase and utilize the shortest path spanning tree, which is constructed along with the process of fault diagnosis, to disseminate local messages and global messages in WMNs. The proposed model is only for static fault circumstances. We provide the analysis of correctness, communication complexity, and time complexity of our protocol, and the comparison between our protocol and others through both theoretical proof and practical simulation. The analysis shows that our model has significant advantages over other existing models. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Premia and Nsp for constructing a risk management benchmark for testing parallel architecture
Authors: Chancelier Jean‐Philippe , Lapeyre Bernard , Lelong Jérôme 
Published: June 2012

SUMMARYFinancial institutions have massive computations to carry out overnight, which are very CPU demanding. The challenge is to price many different products on a cluster‐like architecture. We have used the Premia software to valuate the financial derivatives. In this work, we explain how Premia can be embedded into Nsp, a scientific software like MATLAB, to provide a powerful tool to valuate a whole portfolio. Finally, we have integrated an Message Passing Interface (MPI) toolbox into Nsp to enable the use of Premia to solve a bunch of pricing problems on a cluster. This unified framework can then be used to test different parallel architectures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strain analysis of InGaN/GaN multi quantum well LED structures
Authors: Şebnem Çetin S. , Kemal Öztürk M. , Özçelik S. , Özbay E. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractFive period InGaN/GaN multi quantum well (MQW) light emitting diode (LED) structures were grown by a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system on c‐plane sapphire. The structural characteristics as a strain‐stress analysis of hexagonal epilayers MQWs were determined by using nondestructive high resolution x‐ray diffraction (HRXRD) in detail. The strain/stress analysis in AlN, GaN, and InGaN thin films with a variation of the In molar fraction in the InGaN well layers was conducted based on the precise measurement of the lattice parameters. The a‐ and c‐lattice parameters of the structures were calculated from the peak positions obtained by rocking the theta axis at the vicinity of the symmetric and asymmetric plane reflection angles, followed by the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane strains. The biaxial and hydrostatic components of the strain were extracted from the obtained a‐ and c‐direction strains values.
One‐step green synthesis by organic molten salt method and optical properties of CdS nanosheets
Authors: Zhang Jianjun 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCadmium sulfide (CdS) nanosheets were synthesized by an environment friendly, “green” organic molten salt (OMS) method at 220 °C. The as‐synthesized products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The XRD results reveal that the as‐synthesized CdS nanosheets are of the hexagonal wurtzite structure and the CdS nanosheets grow along the c‐axis. The SEM results indicate that the diameters and thickness of the CdS nanosheets are about 20–40 nm and 5–10 nm, respectively. The optical properties of the CdS nanosheets were investigated by ultraviolet–visible (UV‐Vis) spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The ultraviolet–visible spectrum exhibits two excitonic peaks with a step‐like absorption and the photoluminescence spectrum shows a green emission peak centered at around 524 nm. A possible growth mechanism of CdS nanosheets was discussed.
Growth and dielectric properties of Ta2O5 single crystal by the floating zone method
Authors: Xu Hong , Jiang Yijian , Fan Xiujun , Wang Yue , Liu Guoqing 
Published: June 2012

AbstractLarge Ta2O5 single crystal with high‐dielectric permittivity was successfully grown by floating zone (FZ) method under air atmosphere. The grown crystal that has been obtained was typically about 8 mm in diameter and 90 mm in length. The crystal growth parameters were optimized. The crystal symmetry, characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), was found to be tetragonal. The relative permittivity and loss tangent along growth and [001] direction were measured in the temperature range between ‐200 °C and 200 °C, which showed a strong dielectric anisotropy. At a frequency of 1 MHz and 20 °C, the dielectric permittivity along the growth direction and [001] direction are 81.17 and 25.04 respectively. The stabilization of high‐temperature phase can explain the dielectric enhancement.
Metabolic studies of 1‐testosterone in horses
Authors: Kwok W. H. , Ho Emmie N. M. , Leung Gary N. W. , Tang Francis P. W. , Wan Terence S. M. , Wong Henry N. C. , Yeung John H. K. 
Published: June 2012

1‐Testosterone (17β‐hydroxy‐5α‐androst‐1‐en‐3‐one), a synthetic anabolic steroid, has been described as one of the most effective muscle‐building supplements currently on the market. It has an anabolic potency of 200 as compared to 26 for testosterone. Apart from its abuse in human sports, it can also be a doping agent in racehorses. Metabolic studies on 1‐testosterone have only been reported for human in the early seventies, whereas little is known about its metabolic fate in horses. This paper describes the studies of in vitro and in vivo metabolism of 1‐testosterone in horses, with the aim of identifying the most appropriate target metabolites to be monitored for controlling the misuse or abuse of 1‐testosterone in racehorses.Six in vitro metabolites, namely 5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3α,17β‐diol (T1a), 5α‐androstane‐3β,17β‐diol (T2), epiandrosterone (T3), 16,17‐dihydroxy‐5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3‐one (T4 & T5), and 5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3,17‐dione (T6), were identified.For the in vivo studies, two thoroughbred geldings were each administered orally with 800 mg of 1‐testosterone by stomach tubing. The results revealed that the parent drug and eight metabolites were detected in urine. Besides the four in vitro metabolites (T1a, T2, T3, and T5), four other urinary metabolites, namely 5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3β,17α‐diol (T1b), 5α‐androst‐1‐ene‐3β,17β‐diol (T1c), 5α‐androstane‐3α,17α‐diol (T7) and 5α‐androstane‐3β,17α‐diol (T8) were identified. This study shows that the detection of 1‐testosterone administration is best achieved by monitoring the parent drug, which could be detected for up to 30 h post‐administration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolution of disease resistance and tolerance in spatially structured populations
Authors: Horns Felix , Hood Michael E. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe ubiquitous challenge from infectious disease has prompted the evolution of diverse host defenses, which can be divided into two broad classes: resistance (which limits pathogen growth and infection) and tolerance (which does not limit infection, but instead reduces or offsets its negative fitness consequences). Resistance and tolerance may provide equivalent short‐term benefits, but have fundamentally different epidemiological consequences and thus exhibit different evolutionary behaviors. We consider the evolution of resistance and tolerance in a spatially structured population using a stochastic simulation model. We show that tolerance can invade a population of susceptible individuals (i.e., neither resistant nor tolerant) with higher cost than resistance, even though they each provide equivalent direct benefits to the host, because tolerant hosts impose higher disease burden upon vulnerable competitors. However, in spatially structured settings, tolerance can invade a population of resistant hosts only with lower cost than resistance due to spatial genetic structure and the higher local incidence of disease around invading tolerant individuals. The evolution of tolerance is therefore constrained by spatial genetic structure in a manner not previously revealed by nonspatially explicit models, suggesting mechanisms that could maintain variation or limit the occurrence of tolerance relative to resistance.
Impacts of upstream drought and water withdrawals on the health and survival of downstream estuarine oyster populations
Authors: Petes Laura E. , Brown Alicia J. , Knight Carley R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIncreases in the frequency, duration, and severity of regional drought pose major threats to the health and integrity of downstream ecosystems. During 2007–2008, the U.S. southeast experienced one of the most severe droughts on record. Drought and water withdrawals in the upstream watershed led to decreased freshwater input to Apalachicola Bay, Florida, an estuary that is home to a diversity of commercially and ecologically important organisms. This study applied a combination of laboratory experiments and field observations to investigate the effects of reduced freshwater input on Apalachicola oysters. Oysters suffered significant disease‐related mortality under high‐salinity, drought conditions, particularly during the warm summer months. Mortality was size‐specific, with large oysters of commercially harvestable size being more susceptible than small oysters. A potential salinity threshold was revealed between 17 and 25 ppt, where small oysters began to suffer mortality, and large oysters exhibited an increase in mortality. These findings have important implications for watershed management, because upstream freshwater releases could be carefully timed and allocated during stressful periods of the summer to reduce disease‐related oyster mortality. Integrated, forward‐looking water management is needed, particularly under future scenarios of climate change and human population growth, to sustain the valuable ecosystem services on which humans depend.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (–)‐α‐Conhydrine and Its Pyrrolidine Analogue
Authors: Dong Guang Ri , Hong Seungmin , Kim Seung In , Kim In Su , Jung Young Hoon 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe stereoselective synthesis of (–)‐α‐conhydrine and its pyrrolidine analogue was achieved from readily available D‐erythronolactone. The key step of this synthesis includes a highly regioselective and diastereoselective addition of chlorosulfonyl isocyanate to 1,2‐anti‐dibenzyl ether to afford the 1,2‐anti‐amino alcohol.
Straightforward Reductive Esterification of Carbonyl Compounds with Carboxylic Acids through Tosylhydrazone Intermediates
Authors: García‐Muñoz Angel‐Humberto , Tomás‐Gamasa María , Pérez‐Aguilar M. Carmen , Cuevas‐Yañez Erick , Valdés Carlos 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe reaction of carboxylic acids with tosylhydrazones in basic media gives rise to the corresponding esters through an O–H insertion reaction in the in situ generated diazo compound. The process is operationally very simple, catalyst free, and very general with regard to the structure of both coupling partners. In particular, the esterification can be accomplished by employing tosylhydrazones derived from enolizable carbonyl compounds. Considering the ready availability of tosylhydrazones from carbonyl compounds, this reaction can be visualized as a reductive esterification of carbonyl compounds.
Urban district identity as a common ingroup identity: The different role of ingroup prototypicality for minority and majority groups
Authors: Ufkes Elze G. , Otten Sabine , Van Der Zee Karen I. , Giebels Ellen , Dovidio John F. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this paper, we examined how identification with urban districts as a common ingroup identity and perceived ingroup prototypicality influence the attitudes of residents toward other ethnic groups in their neighborhood. The overall conclusion of two field studies (N = 214 and N = 98) is that for majority‐group members, there may be a positive relation between identification with an overarching identity and outgroup attitudes but only when they perceive their ingroup as low in prototypicality for the overarching group (Study 1 and 2). Conversely, for minority‐group members, there may be a positive relation between identification and outgroup attitudes but only when they perceive their ingroup as high in prototypicality for the overarching group (Study 2). Outgroup prototypicality did not moderate the relation between identification and outgroup attitudes. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxicological effect of joint cadmium selenium quantum dots and copper ion exposure on zebrafish
Authors: Zhang Wei , Sun Xue , Chen Lin , Lin Kuang-Fei , Dong Qiao-Xiang , Huang Chang-Jiang , Fu Rong-Bing , Zhu Jiang 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have strong adsorption capacity; therefore, their potential toxicity to aquatic organisms from the facilitated transport of other trace toxic pollutants when they coexist has received increasing interest. However, the impact of cadmium selenium (CdSe) QDs and copper ion (Cu2+) joint exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo and larvae remains almost unknown. Therefore, the present study was performed to determine the developmental toxicities to zebrafish exposed to combined pollution with CdSe QDs (500 µg/L) and Cu2+ (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µg/L CuC12) compared with single exposure. Our findings for the first time revealed that: (1) QDs facilitated the accumulation of Cu2+ in zebrafish; (2) QDs caused higher mortality, lower hatch rate, and more malformations of the exposed zebrafish; (3) junction, bifurcation, crossing, particles, and aggregation of the exposed FLI-1 transgenic zebrafish larvae can be observed; (4) embryo cell apoptosis appeared in the head and tail region; and (5) synergistic effects played an important role during joint exposure. These observations provide a basic understanding of CdSe QDs and Cu2+ joint toxicity to aquatic organisms and suggest the need for additional research to identify the toxicological mechanism. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2117–2123. © 2012 SETAC
The effect of nitrobenzene on antioxidative enzyme activity and DNA damage in tobacco seedling leaf cells
Authors: Si Liang , Guo Changhong , Cao Yuwei , Cong Wenwen , Yuan Zening 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Nitrobenzene, although widely used in industry, is a highly toxic environmental pollutant. To evaluate the toxicity of nitrobenzene to tobacco seedlings, seedlings were exposed to varying concentrations of nitrobenzene (0–100 mg/L) for 24 h. The contents of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide [H2O2] and superoxide anion [O 2−]) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], guaiacol peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT]) were measured in leaf cells. Damage to DNA was assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Compared with the control, the contents of H2O2 increased significantly with nitrobenzene concentrations ranging from 5 to 100 mg/L. Activity of SOD was induced by 50 to 100 mg/L of nitrobenzene but not by 10 to 25 mg/L. Activity of POD was stimulated by nitrobenzene at 10 to 50 mg/L but inhibited at 100 mg/L. Activity of CAT was increased significantly only by 100 mg/L. Lipid peroxidation increased with 50 to 100 mg/L, which indicated that nitrobenzene induced oxidative stress in tobacco leaf cells. Comet assay of the leaf cells showed a significant enhancement of the head DNA (H-DNA), tail DNA (T-DNA), and olive tail moment (OTM) with increasing doses of nitrobenzene. The values of H-DNA, T-DNA, and OTM exhibited significant differences from the control when stress concentrations were higher than 10 mg/L. The results indicated that nitrobenzene caused oxidative stress, which may be one of the mechanisms through which nitrobenzene induces DNA damage. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2078–2084. © 2012 SETAC
Developmental and polyamine metabolism alterations in Rhinella arenarum embryos exposed to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos
Authors: Sotomayor Verónica , Lascano Cecilia , de D'Angelo Ana María Pechen , Venturino Andrés 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widely applied in the Alto Valle of Río Negro and Neuquén, Argentina, due to intensive fruit growing. Amphibians are particularly sensitive to environmental pollution, and OPs may transiently accumulate in ponds and channels of the region during their reproductive season. Organophosphorus pesticide exposure may alter amphibian embryonic development and the reproductive success of autochthonous species. In the present study, embryos of the common toad Rhinella arenarum were employed to assess developmental alterations and to study polyamine metabolism, which is essential to normal growth, as a possible target underlying the effects of the OP chlorpyrifos. As the duration of chlorpyrifos exposure increased and embryonic development progressed, the median lethal concentration (LC50) values decreased, and the percentage of malformed embryos increased. Developmental arrest was also observed and several morphological alterations were recorded, such as incomplete and abnormal closure of the neural tube, dorsal curvature of the caudal fin, reduction of body size and caudal fin length, atrophy, and edema. An early decrease in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity and polyamine levels was also observed in embryos exposed to chlorpyrifos. The decrease in polyamine contents in tail bud embryos might be a consequence of the reduction in ODC activity. The alteration of polyamine metabolism occurred before embryonic growth was interrupted and embryonic malformations were observed and may be useful as a biomarker in environmental studies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2052–2058. © 2012 SETAC