bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxygen and Surgical Site Infection
Authors: Qadan Motaz , Battista Christopher , Gardner Sarah A. , Anderson Gary , Akca Ozan , Polk Hiram C. 
Published: July 2010

Background
Recent clinical trials investigating the role of hyperoxia in decreasing surgical site infection have reported conflicting results. Immunologic mechanisms through which supplemental oxygen could act have not been elucidated fully. The authors sought to investigate the effects of hyperoxia on previously tested and prognostically significant innate immune parameters to uncover the potential effects of hyperoxia at the cellular level.

Methods
After formal approval and informed consent, venous blood samples were collected from young healthy volunteers. Corresponding samples were incubated at 21 or 80% O2 following a 1 ng/ml lipopolysaccharide challenge and analyzed to determine human leukocyte antigen-DR surface receptor expression, cytokine release, phagocytic capacity, and formation of reactive oxygen species. Data are presented as mean +/- SD.

Results
After the 2 h of incubation at 21% O2 (room air) and in 80% O2 chambers, the change in human leukocyte antigen-DR mean channel fluorescence in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocytes was 2,177 +/- 383 and 2,179 +/- 338 (P = 0.96), respectively. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha concentrations were significantly lower for samples incubated at 80% O2 when compared with 21% O2 (P < 0.05). The phagocytic capacity of the innate immune system was not significantly enhanced by supplemental oxygen. However, the formation of reactive oxygen species increased by 87% (P < 0.05).

Conclusion
Hyperoxia exerts significant effects on multiple cellular and immunologic parameters, providing a potential mechanism for benefits from the use of supplemental oxygen. However, the ability to translate positive basic scientific findings to the operating suite or bedside require the existence of similar innate immune processes in vivo and the efficient transfer of oxygen to the sites where it may be used.
Analgesic and Antihyperalgesic Properties of Propofol in a Human Pain Model
Authors: Bandschapp Oliver , Filitz Joerg , Ihmsen Harald , Berset Andreas , Urwyler Albert , Koppert Wolfgang , Ruppen Wilhelm 
Published: July 2010

Background
Propofol (Disoprivan, AstraZeneca AG, Zug, Switzerland) has long been considered to be nonanalgesic. However, accumulating evidence shows that propofol possesses modulatory action on pain processing and perception. In this study, the authors investigated the modulatory effects of propofol and a formulation similar to the solvent of propofol (10% Intralipid; Fresenius Kabi, Stans, Switzerland) on pain perception and central sensitization in healthy volunteers.

Methods
Fourteen healthy volunteers were included in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Intracutaneous electrical stimulation (48.8 +/- 25.8 mA) induced spontaneous acute pain (Numeric Rating Scale, 6 of 10) and stable areas of hyperalgesia and allodynia. Pain intensities and areas of hyperalgesia were assessed regularly before, during, and after a 45-min target-controlled infusion (2 microg/ml) of propofol, the solvent 10% Intralipid, and saline.

Results
During administration, propofol significantly decreased pain scores and areas of hyperalgesia and allodynia compared with both 10% Intralipid and saline (placebo-corrected mean Numerical Rating Scale score reduction by propofol: 38 +/- 28%). This difference disappeared shortly after cessation of the infusion. Thereafter, no significant group differences were observed in the Numerical Rating Scale score and the areas of hyperalgesia or allodynia. However, there was a trend to reduced hyperalgesia and allodynia after propofol treatment. Pharmacodynamic modeling regarding the analgesic effect of propofol showed an EC50 (half-maximum effect site concentration) of 3.19 +/- 0.37 microg/ml. Ten percent Intralipid was free of pain-modulatory effects in the authors' experiments.

Conclusions
Propofol showed short-lasting analgesic properties during its administration, whereas the solvent-like formulation 10% Intralipid had no effect on pain perception.
Preoperative Prolonged Steroid Use Is Not Associated with Intraoperative Blood Transfusion in Noncardiac Surgical Patients
Authors: Turan Alparslan , Dalton Jarrod E. , Turner Patricia L. , Sessler Daniel I. , Kurz Andrea , Saager Leif 
Published: July 2010

Background
Prolonged steroid therapy is reportedly associated with changes in coagulation, suggesting increased intraoperative bleeding or hypercoagulability. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess whether long-term steroid use was associated with increased transfusion requirements, infection, or hypercoagulability in adults undergoing noncardiac surgery.

Methods
In this study the authors evaluated 363,897 patients from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients with current pneumonia, ventilator dependence, coma, tumor involving the central nervous system, disseminated cancer, preoperative open wound/wound infection, and/or bleeding disorders were excluded. Each steroid user was matched to a nonsteroid user based on propensity score and type of surgery.

Results
296,059 patients met the inclusion criteria, of whom 7,760 (2.6%) were taking steroids preoperatively. The incidence of intraoperative erythrocyte transfusion was 3.6% in the steroid user and 7.3% in non-steroid-user groups. After matching, the mean [95% confidence interval] number of units transfused was 0.22 [0.19, 0.25] units in the nonsteroid group and 0.19 [0.17, 0.22] units in the steroid group which was not statistically significant (P = 0.24, Wald test). Steroid users were 24% [2, 49] more likely to experience 30-day postoperative systemic infection and 21% [3, 41] more likely to experience postoperative wound infection than nonusers. The risks of postoperative thromboembolic complications did not differ significantly.

Conclusions
The effect of prolonged steroid use on bleeding, if any, thus seems likely to be small and is probably of limited clinical consequence. In contrast, corticosteroid use augments the risk of both systemic and wound infections.
Dexmedetomidine in the Care of Critically Ill Patients from 2001 to 2007
Authors: Wunsch Hannah , Kahn Jeremy M. , Kramer Andrew A. , Wagener Gebhard , Li Guohua , Sladen Robert N. , Rubenfeld Gordon D. 
Published: July 2010

Background
Dexmedetomidine is a novel sedative agent that causes anxiolysis without respiratory depression in critically ill patients. We sought to examine patient and hospital variation in dexmedetomidine use and adoption patterns of dexmedetomidine over time.

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients who received intravenous infusion sedation in 174 intensive care units contributing data to Project IMPACT from 2001 through 2007. Sedation use was defined as having received an intravenous sedative infusion (dexmedetomidine, midazolam, lorazepam, or propofol) for any period during the intensive care stay. The primary outcome was use of dexmedetomidine in the intensive care unit.

Results
Of 58,391 patients who received intravenous infusion sedation, 2,535 (4.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.2-4.5) received dexmedetomidine. Overall use was highest in cardiac surgery patients (11.7%, 10.8-12.7) and was similar in other surgical patients (4.3%, 4.0-4.6) and medical patients (3.4%, 3.2-3.6, P < 0.001). Use of dexmedetomidine increased from 2.0% (1.6-2.4) of patients receiving intravenous infusion sedation in 2001 to 7.2% (6.6-7.9) in 2007 (P < 0.001), primarily because of an increase in use in cardiac surgery patients (1.4%, 0.0-2.8, in 2001 vs. 20.2%, 17.6-22.8 in 2007, P < 0.001). Of the patients who received dexmedetomidine, 31.5% (29.6-33.3) received the infusion for more than 1 day, and 10.9% were not mechanically ventilated.

Conclusion
Use of dexmedetomidine in critically ill patients has increased over time, primarily as a result of an increase in use among cardiac surgery patients. A substantial portion of dexmedetomidine was administered outside of the regulatory approval guidelines at the time.
Increase of Oxygen Consumption during a Progressive Decrease of Ventilatory Support Is Lower in Patients Failing the Trial in Comparison with Those Who Succeed
Authors: Bellani Giacomo , Foti Giuseppe , Spagnolli Ester , Milan Manuela , Zanella Alberto , Greco Massimilano , Patroniti Nicolò , Pesenti Antonio 
Published: July 2010

Background
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that, during weaning from mechanical ventilation, when the pressure support level is reduced, oxygen consumption increases more in patients unable to sustain the decrease in ventilatory assistance (weaning failure).

Methods
Patients judged eligible for weaning were enrolled. Starting from 20 cm H2O, pressure support was decreased in 4-cm H2O steps, lasting 10 min each, until 0 cm H2O; this level was kept for 1 h. The average oxygen consumption from the last 3 min of each step, along with other ventilatory variables, was measured by indirect calorimetry (M-CAiOVX "metabolic module," Engstrom Carestation; GE Healthcare, Madison, WI) and recorded. Patients were defined as belonging to the failure group if, at any moment, they developed signs of respiratory distress according to standard criteria, or to the success group otherwise.

Results
Twenty-eight patients were studied. In most patients, the minimum oxygen consumption was not recorded at the highest pressure support applied. Sixteen patients were able to complete the weaning trial successfully, whereas 12 failed it; the success group had a minimum oxygen consumption lower than failure group (mean +/- SD: 174 +/- 44 vs. 215 +/- 53 ml/min, P < 0.05). Moreover, although respiratory drive (assessed by P0.1) increased more in the failure group, this group had a lower increase in oxygen consumption, contradicting our hypothesis.

Conclusions
Patients failing a decremental pressure support trial, in comparison with those who succeed, had an higher baseline oxygen consumption and were not able to increase their oxygen consumption in response to an increased demand.
Overexpression of the Epidermis-Specific Homeodomain-Leucine Zipper IV Transcription Factor OUTER CELL LAYER1 in Maize Identifies Target Genes Involved in Lipid Metabolism and Cuticle Biosynthesis
Authors: Javelle Marie , Vernoud Vanessa , Depège-Fargeix Nathalie , Arnould Christine , Oursel Delphine , Domergue Frédéric , Sarda Xavier , Rogowsky Peter M. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Transcription factors of the homeodomain-leucine zipper IV (HD-ZIP IV) family play crucial roles in epidermis-related processes. To gain further insight into the molecular function of OUTER CELL LAYER1 (OCL1), 14 target genes up- or down-regulated in transgenic maize (Zea mays) plants overexpressing OCL1 were identified. The 14 genes all showed partial coexpression with OCL1 in maize organs, and several of them shared preferential expression in the epidermis with OCL1. They encoded proteins involved in lipid metabolism, defense, envelope-related functions, or cuticle biosynthesis and include ZmWBC11a (for white brown complex 11a), an ortholog of AtWBC11 involved in the transport of wax and cutin molecules. In support of the annotations, OCL1-overexpressing plants showed quantitative and qualitative changes of cuticular wax compounds in comparison with wild-type plants. An increase in C24 to C28 alcohols was correlated with the transcriptional up-regulation of ZmFAR1, coding for a fatty acyl-coenzyme A reductase. Transcriptional activation of ZmWBC11a by OCL1 was likely direct, since transactivation in transiently transformed maize kernels was abolished by a deletion of the activation domain in OCL1 or mutations in the L1 box, a cis-element bound by HD-ZIP IV transcription factors. Our data demonstrate that, in addition to AP2/EREBP and MYB-type transcription factors, members of the HD-ZIP IV family contribute to the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in cuticle biosynthesis.
Enzymatic Functions of Wild Tomato Methylketone Synthases 1 and 2
Authors: Yu Geng , Nguyen Thuong T.H. , Guo Yongxia , Schauvinhold Ines , Auldridge Michele E. , Bhuiyan Nazmul , Ben-Israel Imri , Iijima Yoko , Fridman Eyal , Noel Joseph P. , Pichersky Eran 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The trichomes of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites subsp. glabratum synthesize and store high levels of methylketones, primarily 2-tridecanone and 2-undecanone, that protect the plants against various herbivorous insects. Previously, we identified cDNAs encoding two proteins necessary for methylketone biosynthesis, designated methylketone synthase 1 (ShMKS1) and ShMKS2. Here, we report the isolation of genomic sequences encoding ShMKS1 and ShMKS2 as well as the homologous genes from the cultivated tomato, Solanum lycopersicum. We show that a full-length transcript of ShMKS2 encodes a protein that is localized in the plastids. By expressing ShMKS1 and ShMKS2 in Escherichia coli and analyzing the products formed, as well as by performing in vitro assays with both ShMKS1and ShMKS2, we conclude that ShMKS2 acts as a thioesterase hydrolyzing 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier proteins (plastid-localized intermediates of fatty acid biosynthesis) to release 3-ketoacids and that ShMKS1 subsequently catalyzes the decarboxylation of these liberated 3-ketoacids, forming the methylketone products. Genes encoding proteins with high similarity to ShMKS2, a member of the “hot-dog fold” protein family that is known to include other thioesterases in nonplant organisms, are present in plant species outside the genus Solanum. We show that a related enzyme from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) also produces 3-ketoacids when recombinantly expressed in E. coli. Thus, the thioesterase activity of proteins in this family appears to be ancient. In contrast, the 3-ketoacid decarboxylase activity of ShMKS1, which belongs to the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily, appears to have emerged more recently, possibly within the genus Solanum.
Entry Mode–Dependent Function of an Indole Glucosinolate Pathway in Arabidopsis for Nonhost Resistance against Anthracnose Pathogens
Authors: Hiruma Kei , Onozawa-Komori Mariko , Takahashi Fumika , Asakura Makoto , Bednarek Paweł , Okuno Tetsuro , Schulze-Lefert Paul , Takano Yoshitaka 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
When faced with nonadapted fungal pathogens, Arabidopsis thaliana mounts nonhost resistance responses, which typically result in the termination of early pathogenesis steps. We report that nonadapted anthracnose fungi engage two alternative entry modes during pathogenesis on leaves: turgor-mediated invasion beneath melanized appressoria, and a previously undiscovered hyphal tip–based entry (HTE) that is independent of appressorium formation. The frequency of HTE is positively regulated by carbohydrate nutrients and appears to be subject to constitutive inhibition by the fungal mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade of MAPK ESSENTIAL FOR APPRESSORIUM FORMATION1. The same MAPK cascade is essential for appressorium formation. Unexpectedly, the Arabidopsis indole glucosinolate pathway restricts entry of the nonadapted anthracnose fungi only when these pathogens employ HTE. Arabidopsis mutants defective in indole glucosinolate biosynthesis or metabolism support the initiation of postinvasion growth of nonadapted Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum orbiculare. However, genetic disruption of Colletotrichum appressorium formation does not permit HTE on host plants. Thus, Colletotrichum appressoria play a critical role in the suppression of preinvasion plant defenses, in addition to their previously described role in turgor-mediated plant cell invasion. We also show that HTE is the predominant morphogenetic response of Colletotrichum at wound sites. This implies the existence of a fungal sensing system to trigger appropriate morphogenetic responses during pathogenesis at wound sites and on intact leaf tissue.
Reflections on methodologies for research at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface
Authors: Gilmore Audrey 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe first issue ofJournal of Research in Marketing and Entrepreneurshipdiscusses methodologies for research at the marketing/entrepreneurship interface (MEI) in the years between 1986 and 1998, based on the published symposia proceedings (the “Blue Books” edited annually by Gerry Hills with others from 1986). The purpose of this paper is to consider research at the MEI and summarises some of the methodologies that are used in this field.Design/methodology/approachThis paper carries out an overview of the different types of methodologies used to investigate marketing and entrepreneurship at the interface.FindingsThe paper illustrates that research at the MEI is alive and well, it has taken large strides in the last 25 years. There are a large range of research designs and methodologies to choose from and researchers are encouraged to continue to be innovative in their approaches to studying entrepreneurs/owners/managers and how, why, when and where they do business.Originality/valueThis paper shows that research continues to develop and expand at the MEI. There is much yet to learn.
The effect of corporate governance on earnings management around UK rights issues
Authors: Iqbal Abdullah , Strong Norman 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the relation between corporate governance and earnings management around UK rights issues.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines the effect of board structure, ownership structure, adviser structure, and capital structure on discretionary current accruals – a proxy for earnings management – for a sample of size‐controlled rights issuers. Rights issues are chosen as a context in which firms have particular incentives to manage earnings.FindingsThe results suggest that firms with higher debt to equity ratios, with lower proportions of non‐executive directors, or with no large block owner, are more likely to use discretionary current accruals to manipulate earnings around rights issues.Research limitations/implicationsSimilar research can be conducted around other equity issuing methods such as open offers and around other major corporate events such as initial public offerings.Practical implicationsThe paper's evidence contributes to an understanding of corporate governance and has practical implications for stakeholders. It suggests that investors can rely more on the financial disclosures of firms with lower debt to equity ratios, higher proportions of outside directors, and with a large blockholder. Regulators may propose that firms undertaking corporate events such as equity offerings should follow best corporate governance practices to enhance investor confidence.Originality/valueThis study is the first to investigate the corporate governance mechanisms in place to check opportunistic earnings management around specific corporate events for the UK market.
Relative Importance of Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Anthropic Factors in the Geomorphic Zonation of the Trinity River, Texas1
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D. 
Published: July 2010

Phillips, Jonathan D., 2010. Relative Importance of Intrinsic, Extrinsic, and Anthropic Factors in the Geomorphic Zonation of the Trinity River, Texas. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 807‐823. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00457.xAbstract:  The Trinity River, Texas, was characterized according to its geologic framework, valley width and confinement, slope, sinuosity, channel‐floodplain connectivity, and flow regime, leading to the identification of 18 hinge points along the 638 km study area where major transitions in two or more criteria occur. These, and effects of human agency, avulsions, and sea level rise, delineate 21 river styles or zones. Each zone was evaluated with respect to dominant factors determining its geomorphological characteristics: geology/lithology, tectonics, Holocene sea level rise, meandering, cutoffs and other lateral channel changes, avulsions, valley constrictions by alluvial terraces, and paleomeander depressions. Direct human influences (a large impoundment and water withdrawals) are also evident. Entropy of the relationships between these controls and the geomorphological zones shows that all the controls are significant, and each accounts for 4‐15% of the total entropy. Geologic controls, lateral channel changes, and constriction by terraces are the three most influential controls, illustrating that controls on river morphology include extrinsic boundary conditions, active process‐form interrelationships, and inherited features. Extrinsic and intrinsic controls each account for about a third of the entropy, but the latter includes antecedent features as well as active channel dynamics, underscoring the importance of historical contingency even in alluvial rivers.
Immunogenicity of a monovalent pandemic influenza A H1N1 vaccine in health‐care workers of a university hospital in Japan
Authors: Igari Hidetoshi , Segawa Shunsuke , Watanabe Akira , Suzuki Akiko , Watanabe Mariko , Sakurai Takayuki , Kuroda Fuminobu , Watanabe Masaharu , Tatsumi Koichiro , Nakayama Mikio , Nakayama Toshinori , Suzuki Kazuo , Sato Takeyuki 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTA phase III observational study evaluating a single‐dose of an inactivated, split‐virus, unadjuvanted AH1pdm vaccine in HCW was conducted. A safe and effective vaccine was needed after the emergence of AH1pdm in April 2009. We analyzed the immunogenicity and safety of the vaccine. A total of 409 subjects were enrolled and given 15 μg hemagglutinin antigen by s.c. injection. Antibody titers were measured using hemagglutination‐inhibition antibody assays before vaccination and 28 days after. The co‐primary immunogenicity end‐points were the proportion of subjects with antibody titers of 1:40 or more, the proportion of subjects with either seroconversion or a significant increase in antibody titer, and the factor increase in geometric mean titer. We collected 389 pair samples. Antibody titers of 1:40 or more were observed in 148 of 389 subjects (38.0%, 95% CI: 33.2–42.9). The immunogenicity was also confirmed in other end‐points, but was not sufficient and was lower than in previous reports. A total of 96 of adverse events was reported: 51 local events and 57 systemic events. There were 12 subjects with both local and systemic events. Nearly all events were mild to moderate except in four subjects. A single 15‐μg dose of AH1pdm vaccine did not induce sufficient immunogenicity in HCW, with mild‐to‐moderate vaccine‐associated adverse events. We need to consider further improvement of the AH1pdm vaccine program in HCW for the prevention of nosocomial infection, as well as for the benefit of HCW.