bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etiology and Control of Citrus Canker Disease in Kavre
Authors: Dhakal Dinesh , Regmi Chiranjivi , Basnyat Sital Raj 
Published: April 2010

Citrus canker, caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas citri (Hasse) occurs in large areas of the world's citrus growing countries including Nepal. Though the disease has serious effect in Nepal, this is the first detailed study carried out to isolate the pathogen and confirm it by available biochemical tests and pathogenicity test. Furthermore, the study was intended to find the proper and economical control measure to combat disease in citrus orchards. The causative agent of the disease was isolated from the diseased plants and pure culture was obtained. The isolated pure culture was subjected to Gram staining, catalase test, oxidase test, O-F test, starch hydrolysis, nitrate reduction test, methylred test, Voges-prausker test, indole production test, urease test and carbohydrate utilization test. To re-confirm it, pathogenicity test was conducted on host plant and after the appearance of the typical citrus canker lesion on host, the bacteria was re-isolated, thus proving the Koch's postulates. Different controlling chemicals, copperoxychloride (2.5%), copperoxychloride + kasugamycin (1000X), bordeaux mixture 1% and 2% were sprayed to the plants in citrus orchard at Dhulikhel and the decrease in disease severity after spraying of the chemicals was calculated with reference to the plants that were not sprayed with the chemicals. It was observed that spraying of the chemicals help in decreasing the disease severity. The chemical spray however was not able to eradicate the disease. The study concluded that Xanthomonas citri was the causative agent of the disease citrus canker and copper based chemicals when sprayed very early with the appearance of first symptoms of the disease could eliminate it in citrus fruits to minimum level.Key words: Copper fungicides; Citrus canker; Lime; Xanthomonas citri; Acid lime; Citrus aurantifoliaDOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2824Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Volume 10, 2009 December Page: 57-61
Risk of Handling Paper Currency in Circulation Chances of Potential Bacterial Transmittance
Authors: Lamichhane Janardan , Adhikary Satish , Gautam Prson , Maharjan Rajani , Dhakal Bishal 
Published: April 2010

butchers, food sellers, and banks) where paper currency is widely used. The currencies used by public transport in Nepal (micro-buses) were found to be extremely contaminated with various pathogenic bacteria followed by the currency used by butchers and food sellers. These microorganisms could be one of the major causes of widely transmitting diseases in Nepal. Eight different pathogenic bacteria were isolated that are the known to be involved in transmitting various diseases in Nepal. A lot of people loss their life every year in Nepal due to the transmittance of diseases by these kind of bacteria. Use of paper money could be one of the major sources of transmittance of such diseases in Nepal that provides platform for the growth of such bacteria. Public awareness of using paper currency in circulation became essential for the safety in human health.Key words: Escherichia coli; Infections; Pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus; Salmonella choleraesiusDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v10i0.2952Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 10, 2009 Page: 161-166
Factors Affecting the Cropping Patterns in Hills and Plains of the Central Development Region
Authors: Shrestha Raj Man 
Published: April 2010

Due to expansion of urbanization, introduction of advanced technology in the agriculture systems and low returns in traditional farming systems, farmers of the Central Development Region of Nepal were compelled to change the traditional farming systems to modern systems. The present study aims to find out the factors that affected the changes in cropping patterns in hills and plains of this region and develop statistical models to explain these changes. Primary data were collected from key persons residing in the villages of four districts (Kavrepalanchowk, Bhaktapur, Chitawan and Parsa) Region under multistage sampling technique. Causal factors such as plot size, distance from market centre, family size, profit and market opportunities had significant effects while other two factors, education and irrigation had insignificant effects on the changes in cropping patterns in the region. Plot size and distance had negative effects on change in cropping patterns from modern to traditional. Profit factor had significant effect on change in cropping patterns in Terai, whereas family size had significant effect on change in the hills of the Central Development Region.Key words: Farming systems; Multistage sampling; Modern crops; Traditional cropsDOI: 10.3126/njst.v10i0.2961Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 10, 2009 Page: 199-203
Delayed reduction in hippocampal postsynaptic density protein-95 expression temporally correlates with cognitive dysfunction following controlled cortical impact in mice
Authors: Wakade Chandramohan , Sukumari-Ramesh Sangeetha , Laird Melissa D. , Dhandapani Krishnan M. , Vender John R. 
Published: April 2010

Object
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces significant neurological damage, including deficits in learning and memory, which contribute to a poor clinical prognosis. Treatment options to limit cognitive decline and promote neurological recovery are lacking, in part due to a poor understanding of the secondary or delayed processes that contribute to brain injury. In the present study, the authors characterized the temporal and spatial changes in the expression of postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), a key scaffolding protein implicated in excitatory synaptic signaling, after controlled cortical impacts in mice. Neurological injury, as assessed by the open-field activity test and the novel object recognition test, was compared with changes in PSD-95 expression.

Methods
Adult male CD-1 mice were subjected to controlled cortical impacts to simulate moderate TBI in humans. The spatial and temporal expression of PSD-95 was analyzed in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at various time points following injury and sham operations. Neurological assessments were performed to compare changes in PSD-95 with cognitive deficits.

Results
A significant decrease in PSD-95 expression was observed in the ipsilateral hippocampus beginning on Day 7 postinjury. The loss of PSD-95 corresponded with a concomitant reduction in immunoreactivity for NeuN (neuronal nuclei), a neuron-specific marker. Aside from the contused cortex, a significant loss of PSD-95 immunoreactivity was not observed in the cerebral cortex. The delayed loss of hippocampal PSD-95 directly correlated with the onset of behavioral deficits, suggesting a possible causative role for PSD-95 in behavioral abnormalities following head trauma.

Conclusions
A delayed loss of hippocampal synapses was observed following head trauma in mice. These data may suggest a cellular mechanism to explain the delayed learning and memory deficits in humans after TBI and provide a potential framework for further testing to implicate PSD-95 as a clinically relevant therapeutic target.
Effect of electromagnetic-navigated shunt placement on failure rates: a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Hayhurst Caroline , Beems Tjemme , Jenkinson Michael D. , Byrne Patricia , Clark Simon , Kandasamy Jothy , Goodden John , Tewarie Rishi D.S. Nandoe , Mallucci Conor L. 
Published: April 2010

Object
As many as 40% of shunts fail in the first year, mainly due to proximal obstruction. The role of catheter position on failure rates has not been clearly demonstrated. The authors conducted a prospective cohort study of navigated shunt placement compared with standard blind shunt placement at 3 European centers to assess the effect on shunt failure rates.

Methods
All adult and pediatric patients undergoing de novo ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement were included (patients with slit ventricles were excluded). The first cohort underwent standard shunt placement using anatomical landmarks. All centers subsequently adopted electromagnetic (EM) navigation for routine shunt placements, forming the second cohort. Catheter position was graded on postoperative CT in both groups using a 3-point scale developed for this study: (1) optimal position free-floating in CSF; (2) touching choroid or ventricular wall; or (3) intraparenchymal. Episodes and type of shunt revision were recorded. Early shunt failure was defined as that occurring within 30 days of surgery. Patients with shunts were followed-up for 12 months in the standard group, for a median of 6 months in the EM-navigated group, or until shunt failure.

Results
A total of 75 patients were included in the study, 41 with standard shunts and 34 with EM-navigated shunts. Seventy-four percent of navigated shunts were Grade 1 compared with 37% of the standard shunts (p = 0.001, chi-square test). There were no Grade 3 placements in the navigated group, but 8 in the standard group, and 75% of these failed. Early shunt failure occurred in 9 patients in the standard group and in 2 in the navigated group, reducing the early revision rate from 22 to 5.9% (p = 0.048, Fisher exact test). Early shunt failures were due to proximal obstruction in 78% of standard shunts (7 of 9) and in 50% of EM-navigated shunts (1 of 2).

Conclusions
Noninvasive EM image guidance in shunt surgery reduces poor shunt placement, resulting in a significant decrease in the early shunt revision rate.
Decision analysis of treatment options for vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Whitmore Robert G. , Urban Christopher , Church Ephraim , Ruckenstein Michael , Stein Sherman C. , Lee John Y. K. 
Published: April 2010

Object
Widespread use of MR imaging has contributed to the more frequent diagnosis of vestibular schwannomas (VSs). These tumors represent 10% of primary adult intracranial neoplasms, and if they are symptomatic, they usually present with hearing loss and tinnitus. Currently, there are 3 treatment options for quality of life (QOL): wait and scan, microsurgery, and radiosurgery. In this paper, the authors' purpose is to determine which treatment modality yields the highest QOL at 5- and 10-year follow-up, considering the likelihood of recurrence and various complications.

Methods
The MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane online databases were searched for English-language articles published between 1990 and June 2008, containing key words relating to VS. Data were pooled to calculate the prevalence of treatment complications, tumor recurrence, and QOL with various complications. For parameters in which incidence varied with time of follow-up, the authors used meta-regression to determine the mean prevalence rates at a specified length of follow-up. A decision-analytical model was constructed to compare 5- and 10-year outcomes for a patient with a unilateral tumor and partially intact hearing. The 3 treatment options, wait and scan, microsurgery, and radiosurgery, were compared.

Results
After screening more than 2500 abstracts, the authors ultimately included 113 articles in this analysis. Recurrence, complication rates, and onset of complication varied with the treatment chosen. The relative QOL at the 5-year follow-up was 0.898 of normal for wait and scan, 0.953 for microsurgery, and 0.97 for radiosurgery. These differences are significant (p < 0.0052). Data were too scarce at the 10-year follow-up to calculate significant differences between the microsurgery and radiosurgery strategies.

Conclusions
At 5 years, patients treated with radiosurgery have an overall better QOL than those treated with either microsurgery or those investigated further with serial imaging. The authors found that the complications associated with wait-and-scan and microsurgery treatment strategies negatively impacted patient lives more than the complications from radiosurgery. One limitation of this study is that the 10-year follow-up data were too limited to analyze, and more studies are needed to determine if the authors' results are still consistent at 10 years.
Counterbalancing risks and gains from extended resections in malignant glioma surgery: a supplemental analysis from the randomized 5-aminolevulinic acid glioma resection study
Authors: Stummer Walter , Tonn Jörg-Christian , Mehdorn Hubertus Maximilian , Nestler Ulf , Franz Kea , Goetz Claudia , Bink Andrea , Pichlmeier Uwe 
Published: April 2010

Object
Accumulating data suggest more aggressive surgery in patients with malignant glioma to improve outcome. However, extended surgery may increase morbidity. The randomized Phase III 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) study investigated 5-ALA–induced fluorescence as a tool for improving resections. An interim analysis demonstrated more frequent complete resections with longer progression-free survival (PFS). However, marginal differences were found regarding neurological deterioration and the frequency of additional therapies. Presently, the authors focus on the latter aspects in the final study population, and attempt to determine how safety might be affected by cytoreductive surgery.

Methods
Patients with malignant gliomas were randomized for fluorescence-guided (ALA group) or conventional white light (WL) (WL group) microsurgery. The final intent-to-treat population consisted of 176 patients in the ALA and 173 in the WL group. Primary efficacy variables were contrast-enhancing tumor on early MR imaging and 6-month PFS. Among secondary outcome measures, the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIH-SS) score and the Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS) score were used for assessing neurological function.

Results
More frequent complete resections and improved PFS were confirmed, with higher median residual tumor volumes in the WL group (0.5 vs 0 cm3, p = 0.001). Patients in the ALA group had more frequent deterioration on the NIH-SS at 48 hours. Patients at risk were those with deficits unresponsive to steroids. No differences were found in the KPS score. Regarding outcome, a combined end point of risks and neurological deficits was attempted, which demonstrated results in patients in the ALA group to be superior to those in participants in the WL group. Interestingly, the cumulative incidence of repeat surgery was significantly reduced in ALA patients. When stratified by completeness of resection, patients with incomplete resections were quicker to deteriorate neurologically (p = 0.0036).

Conclusions
Extended resections performed using a tool such as 5-ALA–derived tumor fluorescence, carries the risk of temporary impairment of neurological function. However, risks are higher in patients with deficits unresponsive to steroids.
Quantifying the Association of Radiographic Osteoarthritis in Knee or Hip Joints with Other Knees or Hips: The Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project
Authors: SAYRE ERIC C. , JORDAN JOANNE M. , CIBERE JOLANDA , MURPHY LOUISE , SCHWARTZ TODD A. , HELMICK CHARLES G. , RENNER JORDAN B. , RAHMAN M. MUSHFIQUR , AGHAJANIAN JAAFAR , KANG WEIQUN , BADLEY ELIZABETH M. , KOPEC JACEK A. 
Published: April 2010

Objective.To quantify the association of radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) in one knee or hip joint with other knee or hip joints.Methods.We analyzed baseline data from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project (n = 3068). We fit 4 models for left/right knee/hip. The Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) radiographic grade severity scale was KL 0/1 (no/questionable ROA), 2 (mild ROA), or 3/4 (moderate/severe ROA). We estimated associations between KL grade in contralateral joints and other joint sites (e.g., worst hip in knee models), adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity (African American/white), age, and measured body mass index, using cumulative odds logistic regression models. Interactions were investigated: race/ethnicity by sex; race/ethnicity and sex by the 2 explanatory variables.Results.Contralateral joint KL grade was strongly associated with KL grade, with OR ranging from 9.2 (95% CI 7.1, 11.9) to 225.0 (95% CI 83.6, 605.7). In the left knee model, the contralateral joint association was stronger among African Americans than whites, but for the other models the associations by race/ethnicity were identical. Models examining other joint sites showed weaker but mostly statistically significant associations (OR 1.4 to 1.8).Conclusion.We found a strong multivariable-adjusted association between KL grades in contralateral knees and hips, and a modest association with the other joint site (e.g., knees vs hips). These results suggest that diagnosis of ROA in 1 large joint may be a marker for risk of multijoint ROA, and warrant interventions to reduce the incidence or severity of ROA at these other joints.
Limited Diagnostic Value of Unilateral Sacroiliitis in Scintigraphy in Assessing Axial Spondyloarthritis
Authors: SONG IN-HO , BRANDT HENNING , RUDWALEIT MARTIN , SIEPER JOACHIM 
Published: April 2010

Objective.To assess the diagnostic value for axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) of unilateral sacroiliitis in scintigraphy in daily clinical practice.Methods.In 207 patients with chronic back pain, the diagnostic value of scintigraphy was assessed retrospectively. The diagnosis made by the rheumatologist (axial SpA vs no axial SpA) was the standard.Results.Sensitivities of scintigraphy for any (unilateral or bilateral), bilateral, and isolated unilateral sacroiliitis were 64.9%, 40.2%, and 24.7%, respectively. Respective specificities were 50.5%, 57.7%, and 92.8%, resulting in likelihood ratios of 1.3, 1.0, and 3.4.Conclusion.Scintigraphy of the sacroiliac joints is of limited value for the diagnosis of axial SpA. Unilateral compared to bilateral sacroiliitis is slightly superior, but is associated with a low sensitivity.
Assessing Back Pain: Does the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire Accurately Measure Function in Ankylosing Spondylitis?
Authors: O’SHEA FINBAR D. , RIARH REENA , ANTON ANNEPA , INMAN ROBERT D. 
Published: April 2010

Objective.To determine whether the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ) can be used to assess the degree of pain or disability in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS).Methods.The ODQ was administered to a cohort of patients with AS. The resulting pain scores were correlated to the conventional measures in AS, the Bath AS Disease Activity Index and Functional Index (BASDAI and BASFI), as well as the Total and Nocturnal Back Pain scores, and the patient global assessment score.Results.A total of 49 patients with AS were assessed (38 men, 11 women), mean age 40 years (range 17–68). The mean ODQ score was 40/100 (range 0–92), the mean BASDAI 3.7/10 (range 0–9.5), the mean BASFI 3.3/10 (range 0–9.7), the mean total back pain score 3.7/10 (range 0–10), and the mean patient global assessment score 3.6/10 (range 0–10). Correlation between the ODQ and the traditional AS outcome measures was very good, with a correlation coefficient of r = 0.73 (BASFI) and r = 0.70 (BASDAI). Correlations between the ODQ and the total back pain score (r = 0.70) and the patient self-reported global assessment (r = 0.61) were good.Conclusion.The strong correlations between the ODQ and BASFI and BASDAI indicate that it identifies both activity and function domains in AS. This is the first demonstration of a role for this outcome measure in the assessment of patients with AS.
Probing the fine structure of ocean sound‐scattering layers with ROVERSE technology
Authors: Greene Charles H. , Wiebe Peter H. , Miyamoto Robert T. , Burczynski Janusz 
Published: April 2010

A 420‐kHz, dual‐beam SONAR system, deployed on a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), was used to examine the fine structure of sound‐scattering layers (SSLs) in Puget Sound and the Arctic Ocean. The Puget Sound SSL, initially detected with a shipboard, 200‐kHz SONAR system, was correlated with a high biomass of sound scatterers in the size range of macrozooplankton and micronekton. Its vertical position appeared unrelated to profiles of temperature, salinity, or chlorophyll fluorescence. The Arctic Ocean SSL was composed of similar‐sized sound scatterers, although its volume backscattering intensity was 10–100 times lower than that observed for the Puget Sound SSL. The vertical position of the Arctic SSL was closely associated with the thermocline separating Arctic Water from North Atlantic Water.The fine‐scale, horizontal variability of water‐column volume backscattering was examined at both study sites. The highest variability observed was associated with the Puget Sound SSL where the mean intensity of volume backscattering was also the highest. These findings are consistent with the common observation that, whatever methods are used to measure zooplankton and micronekton abundance, sampling variance nearly always increases with the mean.
Computations of oxygen fluxes through the sea surface and the net production of organic matter with application to the Baltic and adjacent seas
Authors: Stigebrandt Anders 
Published: April 2010

The transfer Fot of oxygen between the ocean and the atmosphere is computed from the formula Fot = V[O2 − (1 + x)O2s] where V is the transfer velocity, O2 the actual oxygen concentration of the surface water, O2s the saturation concentration, and x a factor that takes into account the effect of gas transfer due to bubbles. Monthly mean oxygen fluxes were calculated from the formula with historical hydrographical data. By adjusting the value of x, the formula was tuned to obtain a vanishing net annual oxygen flux through the sea surface in the Baltic proper. This occurs when x equals 0.025. Bubble‐driven gas transfer thus tends to supersaturate surface water.The gas transfer formula is tested by a comparison between published estimates of the net production of organic matter in the photic layer and estimates obtained with computed oxygen fluxes through the sea surface. The test indicates that the formula is reliable. The test further shows that it is possible to compute the net production of organic matter in the photic zone, using the formula for oxygen exchange presented here, and salinity, temperature, and oxygen data from the surface layer.
Calcification in Chara corallina: CO2 hydroxylation generates protons for bicarbonate assimilation
Authors: McConnaughey Ted 
Published: April 2010

The alga Chara corallina (Charophyta, Charophyceae) apparently generates protons through the hydroxylation and precipitation of CO2, which leaks from the cell into highly alkaline pericellular regions. Under mildly alkaline conditions, the loss of CO2 to calcification is compensated by the production of twice as much CO2 from HCO3−, using the protons generated during calcification.Experiments capitalize on Chara’s large cells with their alternating alkaline (calcareous) and acidic (noncalcareous) pericellular zones. 14C uptake into carbonate and organic phases is fastest when the isotope is applied to the acidic zones. The ratio of calcification to photosynthesis is ∼ 1 at pH 8 and increases with pH approximately as simulated by a model in which both calcification and photosynthesis use carbon assimilated in the acidic zones. PIPES buffer (pKa = 6.8) inhibits calcification and photosynthesis equally, suggesting competition with bicarbonate as a proton acceptor in the acidic zones. CAPS buffer (pKa = 10.4) has little effect, suggesting that exogenous bicarbonate is not very important for calcification. Divalent Sr and Mn added to the medium precipitate primarily between the cell and calcareous encrustations, but phosphate does not. This result is consistent with the use of cellular Ca and CO2 in extracellular calcification.