bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental plasticity and the evolution of parasitism in an unusual nematode, Parastrongyloides trichosuri
Authors: Stasiuk Susan J , Scott Maxwell J , Grant Warwick N 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background
Parasitism is an important life history strategy in many metazoan taxa. This is particularly true of the Phylum Nematoda, in which parasitism has evolved independently at least nine times. The apparent ease with which parasitism has evolved amongst nematodes may, in part, be due to a feature of nematode development acting as a pre-adaptation for the transition from a free-living to a parasitic life history. One candidate pre-adaptive feature for evolution in terrestrial nematodes is the dauer larva, a developmentally arrested morph formed in response to environmental signals.

Results
We investigated the role of dauer development in the nematode, Parastrongyloides trichosuri, which has retained a complete free-living life cycle in addition to a life cycle as a mammalian gastrointestinal parasite. We show that the developmental switch between these life histories is sensitive to the same environmental cues as dauer arrest in free-living nematodes, including sensitivity to a chemical cue produced by the free-living stages. Furthermore, we show that genetic variation for the sensitivity of the cue(s) exists in natural populations of P. trichosuri, such that we derived inbred lines that were largely insensitive to the cue and other lines that were supersensitive to the cue.

Conclusions
For this parasitic clade, and perhaps more widely in the phylum, the evolution of parasitism co-opted the dauer switch of a free-living ancestor. This lends direct support to the hypothesis that the switch to developmental arrest in the dauer larva acted as a pre-adaptation for the evolution of parasitism, and suggests that the sensory transduction machinery downstream of the cue may have been similarly co-opted and modified.
Personality disorder: its impact on staff and the role of supervision
Authors: Moore Estelle 
Published: January 2012

SummaryOver the past decade attention to the provision of healthcare for individuals with personality disorder, particularly those who pose a risk to others, has substantially increased. Keeping pace with such developments with a suitably trained, consistent and motivated workforce, interfacing health and criminal justice systems where necessary, presents an enormous challenge. Staff must be experts in managing conflict at every level, while sustaining an optimistic and therapeutic orientation. Boundaried relationships provide the context for recovery for patients. Key principles and practices likely to promote resilience in personality disorder services, with a focus on the role of supervision, are outlined in order to support staff in keeping themselves afloat, their patients safe, and their services on target.
Eating disorders: clinical features and the role of the general psychiatrist
Authors: Jones William Rhys , Schelhase Monique , Morgan John F. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryAlthough most patients with severe eating disorders are treated in specialist eating disorder services, general psychiatrists are often responsible for the care of many with mild to moderate disorder. Treating and supporting these patients in a non-specialist setting can sometimes be challenging but this need not be the case. Having a clear understanding of the clinical features of these conditions forms the foundation on which a comprehensive assessment and management plan can be made. We summarise the clinical features of eating disorders and explore the unique role of the general psychiatrist in identifying people with these conditions, supporting them and directing them into evidence-based treatments.
Recollections of journey from Essex by John Clare
Authors: Oyebode Femi 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis article examines John Clare's prose account of his escape from High Beach Asylum in 1841. Clare has attracted attention for his nature poems as much as for his humble, peasant background and his well-described mental illness, including his asylum committals. Recollections of journey from Essex is unique as a piece of writing describing escape from an asylum and illustrating to some degree the mental state and experiences of a psychiatrically ill person in England in the mid-1800s.
Staging the HCR-20: towards successful implementation of team-based structured professional judgement schemes
Authors: Haque Quazi , Webster Christopher D. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryStructured professional judgement risk management schemes such as the Historical, Clinical, Risk Management - 20 (HCR-20) can be described as clinical guidelines produced by a collaborative process between mental health clinicians and researchers. The purpose is to provide clinicians with a framework to guide interventions designed to manage specific risks such as violence against others. The use of evidence-based clinical methods, especially in a multidisciplinary setting, is now commonly considered a best-practice approach when managing violence and related risks. This article describes some of the practical implementation challenges that may arise when using schemes such as the HCR-20 in multi-disciplinary team meetings.
Fifty years after Frantz Fanon: beyond diversity
Authors: Sikuade Adedapo 
Published: January 2012

SummaryFrantz Fanon (1925–1961), a West Indian of mixed race, was a French colonial psychiatrist trained in Lyon, France, who worked mainly in colonial North Africa between 1953 and 1957. He was one of the earliest psychiatrists to suggest that the lived experience of ethnic minorities within a discriminatory colonial environment could trigger mental illness. This article focuses on Fanon's work and contributions to psychiatry, as well as his philosophy, advocacy for social inclusion and pioneering work in culturally relevant rehabilitation. It also examines what lessons could be learnt from his life's work as a psychiatrist and traces his influence on a generation of psychiatric researchers, suggesting how his contribution may have influenced critical thought and current views.
Psychotherapy for gender identity disorders
Authors: Hakeem Az 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis article describes a special adaptation of group psychotherapy as a psychological treatment for people with a variety of gender identity disorders. It can be used as an alternative to or concurrently with hormonal and/or surgical interventions for transgender people. It is also suitable for individuals whose gender identity disorder remains after physical interventions. The article draws from a UK specialist pilot for such a treatment service and describes the explicit aims of the psychotherapy, the specialist adaptation of therapeutic technique required and observed thematic features relevant to working in this specific field.
Efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders: systematic review
Authors: Lewis Catrin , Pearce Jennifer , Bisson Jonathan I. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundSelf-help interventions for psychiatric disorders represent an increasingly popular alternative to therapist-administered psychological therapies, offering the potential of increased access to cost-effective treatment.AimsTo determine the efficacy, cost-effectiveness and acceptability of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders.MethodRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) of self-help interventions for anxiety disorders were identified by searching nine online databases. Studies were grouped according to disorder and meta-analyses were conducted where sufficient data were available. Overall meta-analyses of self-helpv.waiting list and therapist-administered treatment were also undertaken. Methodological quality was assessed independently by two researchers according to criteria set out by the Cochrane Collaboration.ResultsThirty-one RCTs met inclusion criteria for the review. Results of the overall meta-analysis comparing self-help with waiting list gave a significant effect size of 0.84 in favour of self-help. Comparison of self-help with therapist-administered treatments revealed a significant difference in favour of the latter with an effect size of 0.34. The addition of guidance and the presentation of multimedia or web-based self-help materials improved treatment outcome.ConclusionsSelf-help interventions appear to be an effective way of treating individuals diagnosed with social phobia and panic disorder. Further research is required to evaluate the cost-effectiveness and acceptability of these interventions.
Bipolar depression and treatment with antidepressants
Authors: Goodwin Guy M. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryTreatment of bipolar disorder with antidepressants tested almost exclusively in unipolar cases is common but unsupported by an appropriate body of evidence. This anomaly is highlighted by a large Taiwanese study, which implies that patients with depression difficult to treat with antidepressants are quite likely to be diagnosed subsequently with bipolar disorder.
Transcranial stimulation in depression
Authors: Allan Charlotte , Kalu Ukwuori-Gisela , Sexton Claire E. , Ebmeier Klaus P. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryTranscranial direct current stimulation is coming of age with the large treatment study published in this issue. We review transcranial stimulation methods, their efficacy and the likely impact on National Health Service (NHS) practice. Their use in individuals who do not respond to or cannot tolerate medication should now be explored in large controlled naturalistic studies in the NHS.
To meta-analyse or not to meta-analyse: abortion, birth and mental health
Authors: Kendall Tim , Bird Victoria , Cantwell Roch , Taylor Clare 
Published: January 2012

SummaryTwo recent meta-analyses claim that abortion leads to a deterioration in mental health. Previous reviews concluded that the mental health outcomes following an unwanted pregnancy are much the same whether the woman gives birth or terminates the pregnancy, although there is an increased mental health risk with an unwanted pregnancy. Meta-analysis is particularly susceptible to bias in this area. The physical health outcomes for women with an unwanted pregnancy have improved greatly by making abortion legal. To further improve the mental health outcomes associated with an unwanted pregnancy we should focus practice and research on the individual needs of women with an unwanted pregnancy, rather than how the pregnancy is resolved.
The bicentennial volume of the British Journal of Psychiatry: the winding pathway of mental science
Authors: Tyrer Peter , Craddock Nick 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe Asylum Journal, first published in 1853, is now, as the British Journal of Psychiatry, in its 200th volume. It has changed greatly in its breadth and scope, but its core values and concerns – professional respect, removal of stigma, delivery of care, understanding of pathology, and informed treatment – have remained at its heart throughout. We predict some changes for the future, but not dramatic ones, and conclude that the impinging advances of science will elucidate and refine, but not remove, the need for a journal that is proud to represent psychiatry or, in the words of John Bucknill, its first editor, ‘to render prominent its characteristics and to stamp it as a specialty’.
Distribution of litigation claims across a generalised psychiatric patient journey
Authors: Mordue Mark , Weatherby Marcus , Weatherby Stuart , Pearson Stephen 
Published: January 2012

Aims and methodWe analysed all 1213 negligence claims made against contributing psychiatric services since the inception of the National Health Service Litigation Authority (NHSLA) in 1995 and until 1 June 2009. More than half (55%) were settled, at a cost of £47.2 million, 26% were closed without penalty and 19% were still in progress at the time of review. Five individual claims exceeded £1 million.ResultsBy allocating 43 NHSLA-assigned causes for a claim to the 11 stages of a generalised patient journey, we noted that assessment of patient risks was the single largest cause of claims (32%) and the single largest cost of settlements (£16.2 million, 34%).Clinical implicationsAt the individual level it is difficult to see patterns of errors, whereas increased volumes reveal systemic trends. This analysis presents a new perspective from which to improve patient safety.
Workplace-based assessment: attitudes and perceptions among consultant trainers and comparison with those of trainees
Authors: Menon Sharmila , Winston Mark , Sullivan Gary 
Published: January 2012

Aims and methodTo explore attitudes and perceptions towards workplace-based assessment (WPBA) among psychiatric trainers in Wales and to compare them with those of trainees. To identify current problems and report recommendations made by survey respondents to streamline and successfully implement WPBA. An anonymous questionnaire-based cross-sectional online survey was conducted involving consultant psychiatrists in Wales and the results compared with a previous survey of specialty registrars.ResultsIn total, 104 of 164 consultants participated (63%), compared with 81 of 88 trainees (92%). Both surveys highlighted numerous problems and negative attitudes towards WPBA. Compared with widespread dissatisfaction among trainees, trainers appear more diverse in their opinions, although considerable numbers are dissatisfied with the new competency-based system.Clinical implicationsNegative attitudes harboured by many trainees and trainers constitute a significant hurdle to the effective implementation of WPBA and undermine its efficacy as a tool intended to improve training. Specific measures with the potential to address various shortcomings are discussed, with a view to improving WPBA and rendering it more acceptable to both trainees and trainers – and thus facilitate improvement of training.
Integrated academic training pathways and academic child and adolescent psychiatric training
Authors: Garralda M. Elena 
Published: January 2012

Aims and methodTo carry out a survey to ascertain the role of academic clinical fellowship posts within the integrated academic training programme for academic training in child and adolescent psychiatry. Questionnaires were sent to UK academic child psychiatric units.ResultsA total of 18 units returned questionnaires; this identified eight university lecturers and two academic clinical fellows in post.Clinical implicationsIntegrated academic training pathways seem unlikely to contribute substantially to academic training and to maintaining the pool of academic clinicians in child and adolescent psychiatry. It may need reappraising with regard to psychiatric specialties.
Reform of the coroners' service in England and Wales: policy-making and politics
Authors: Pitman Alexandra 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThe Coroners and Justice Act 2009 promised an overhaul of the coroners' service, introducing much needed efficiencies to benefit people bereaved by suicide and other sudden deaths. Central to these reforms was the introduction of a Chief Coroner to coordinate the system and exercise wider public health responsibilities. The coalition government's proposal to abolish the Chief Coroner's office on grounds of cost, ignoring the potential efficiency gains, has delayed implementation of coronial reforms significantly. With this proposal now abandoned, ministers are expected to appoint an independent Chief Coroner in early 2012. This article describes the intended benefits of the reforms for bereaved relatives, coroners' staff, public sector budgets, and the public health, and explores the reasons behind the delays.
Composite Materials: Testing and Design
Authors: Yurenka Steven 
Published: January 2012

Description
The seven papers in this Symposium on Correlation of Subjective-Objective Methods in the Study of Odors and Taste were given at the Seventieth Annual Meeting of ASTM held in Boston, Mass., 25—30 June 1967. The symposium was sponsored by Subcommittee II on Instrumental-Sensory Correlation of Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products. W. H. Stahl, McCormick and Co., Inc., presided as symposium chairman.
The Possibility of Replacing OBMs with Emulsified Glycol Mud Systems in Drilling Low-Pressure Zones of Iranian Oilfields
Authors: Chegny Sajjad Jafary , Tahmasbi K. , Arsanjani Niloofar 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
With increased concerns over the environmental issues regarding the use of oil-based mud (OBM)s, drilling companies in Iran are moving towards implementing less harmful water-based fluids. Due to low toxicity to the environment, effective shale inhibition and considerable cost savings, water-based glycol muds have the highest prospects as alternatives to OBMs in Iranian oilfields. However, designing water-based muds for drilling low-pressure shales may involve a compromise between mud weight optimization and overall environmental and economic advantages offered by these systems.
The present study will focus on optimizing the weight of a glycol mud by emulsifying oil in the system and comparing its performance, environmental compatibility and cost with OBMs used in drilling low-pressure zones in Iranian oilfields. Properties of glycol solutions in the presence of oil were also evaluated.
An emulsified glycol mud and an OBM with densities of 60 PCF were prepared and compared for their rheology and shale recovery. The shale recovery tests were conducted using shale samples from Maroon oilfield. Possible effects of contamination on the performance of the system were also studied. The glycol system was then treated to recover its diesel content.
Overall, the laboratory data were convincing. With very low filtration rates, the emulsified glycol system is a candidate to replace OBMs in reservoir sections. Shale recoveries were comparable to those of OBMs. Compared with a similar OBM, considerable cost savings can be made and the system is more environmentally friendly. However, rheology was more difficult to control and the system was susceptible to contamination.
Casing Failures in Cyclic Steam Injection Wells
Authors: Wu Jiang , Knauss Martin E. , Kritzler Torsten 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Casing failure rate is high in steam injection wells and especially in cyclic steam injection wells. The high casing failure rate in such wells is related to the high casing temperature elevation from steam injection. Casing failures varies from casing ID restriction (including buckling and/or collapse) to casing parted (including leak and/or hole). This paper presents a modeling and analysis on casing temperature elevation, casing thermal stress/strain, and casing failure mechanisms in steam injection wells, with comparing with previous casing failure field-data from a Chevron steam injection project. It shows that high thermal axial compressive stress/strain can cause casing hot-yield and is attributed to casing ID restriction (including buckling and/or collapse), and high thermal axial compressive-tensile stress/strain alternation in cyclic steam injection can cause casing fatigue and is attributed to casing parted (including leak and/or hole).
Casing strain-based design seems needed for steam injection wells to take into consideration of casing hot- yield due to high thermal axial compressive stress/strain and casing thermal axial compressive-tensile stress/strain alternation on cyclic steam injection operation. Casing hot-yield and fatigue analysis approach presented in this paper may be used on casing strain-base design for steam injection wells to reduce casing failures, with selecting proper casing grade and weight to reduce casing hot-yield and casing fatigue.
Determination of Recovery Factor in the Bakken Formation, Mountrail County, ND
Authors: Clark Aaron J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
An accurate value for recovery factor in the Bakken shale is needed for estimation of ultimate recovery. Published estimates of recovery factor in the North Dakota region of the Bakken vary greatly and examination of historical production from this region reveals that very few published recovery factor estimates are accurate. In this paper, recovery factor for the Bakken shale in Mountrail County, ND, was determined using three different methods. The first method involved review of the literature and an examination of recovery factors historically used by companies operating in the area. The second method was based on material balance, while the third method was based on decline curve analysis. Results from all three methods were integrated and indicate that the most likely value for recovery factor in the Bakken shale is approximately 7%. In the absence of more definitive performance data, these results can be used by companies to estimate ultimate recovery and to help make investment and development decisions in the Bakken shale.
Horizontal Well Placement and Completion Optimisation in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Leung E.. , Nukhaev M.. , Gottumukkala V.. , Samosir H.. , El-Fattah M. Abd , Ogunsanwo O.. , Gonzalez A.. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHorizontal wells provide increased reservoir contact than conventional vertical wells but present another set of production challenges particularly with respect to imbalanced fluid inflow along the wellbore. This paper will describe the importance of wellbore and reservoir characterization, modelling and practical operational experiences to maximize recovery in a carbonate environment using logging while drilling (LWD) measurements to design reliable and effective completion equipment to manage production. Due to the fractured nature of carbonates and high heterogeneity contrast with the matrix, it is imperative to balance inflow and delay the production of more mobile fluids through the installation of passive inflow control devices (ICD) and swellable packers. Near wellbore steady state and numerical reservoir simulation is particularly important for preliminary design and justification of completion technology. The latter can indicate regions of by-passed oil and areas of high water saturation providing horizontal well infill opportunities. The analysis of real time LWD is essential for well placement but also the characterization of the near wellbore to identify areas of high fracture density and where fluid losses have occurred, to design an appropriate completion tally to maximize production. The availability of adjustable ICDs at the wellsite offers the opportunity to perform this task to fine tune the lower completion design before running in hole. The modelling workflow and operational procedures of optimizing well placement and ICD completion design will be described through carbonate field installations.