bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of final year dental students to the use of rubber dam
Authors: Mala S. , Lynch C. D. , Burke F. M. , Dummer P. M. H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim  To investigate the attitudes of final year dental students in Wales and Ireland to the use of rubber dam.Methods  A pre‐piloted questionnaire was distributed to final year dental students in Cardiff and Cork Dental Schools in January 2008. Information sought included attitudes to, and the current and anticipated use of, rubber dam for a variety of operative and endodontic treatments.Results  Of 93 questionnaires distributed, 87 were completed and returned (response rate = 94%; Cardiff: 89%, n = 51; Cork: 100%, n = 36). Rubber dam was routinely used by 98% of respondents (n = 85) on adult patients, but only 32% of respondents (n = 28) had used rubber dam on child patients (P < 0.05). Rubber dam was never used by 75% of respondents (n = 65) when placing posterior amalgam restorations, and by 21% of respondents (n = 18) when placing anterior composite restorations. Rubber dam was used by 98% of the respondents (n = 85) when performing root canal treatments. Sixty‐two per cent of respondents (n = 54) believed their use of rubber dam would decrease once leaving the dental school.Conclusion  Whilst dental students believe that rubber dam is relevant to clinical dentistry, there are negative perceptions associated with its use amongst dental students. More than half of those questioned predicted their use of rubber dam would decrease once in independent practice. Greater emphasis should be placed on the advantages of using rubber dam in clinical dentistry whilst at dental school.
Fracture resistance of roots using different canal filling systems
Authors: Karapinar Kazandag M. , Sunay H. , Tanalp J. , Bayirli G. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim  To evaluate the fracture resistance of teeth filled with various canal filling materials.Methodology  The crowns of 100 single‐rooted teeth were removed leaving 12 mm of the roots. The canals were shaped using Endo‐Sequence files. Following instrumentation, 80 teeth were divided into four groups. The remaining 20 teeth were divided into two groups. The teeth in each group were filled as follows: Group 1: AH‐Plus + Gutta‐percha (Cold lateral compaction), Group 2: Resilon + Epiphany (Cold lateral compaction), Group 3: ActiV GP cone + ActiV GP sealer, Group 4: ActiV GP sealer + Gutta‐percha (Cold lateral compaction), Group 5: No instrumentation or filling, Group 6: Instrumentation but no filling. After the sealers had set, the roots were embedded in acrylic moulds and subjected to a compressive loading at a rate of 1 mm min−1. The load at which fracture occurred was recorded and statistically analysed using Kruskal–Wallis one‐way analysis of variance and Z‐tests.Results  The fracture values of the experimental teeth were significantly higher than those of the instrumented but unfilled group (P < 0.05). Teeth in the AH‐Plus + lateral compaction group had higher fracture resistance compared with the ActiV GP sealer + Gutta‐percha group (P < 0.05).Conclusions  Systems aiming to obtain a monoblock system were not superior to the conventional AH‐Plus + Gutta‐percha technique in terms of fracture resistance. The fracture resistance of roots using ActiV GP + lateral compaction Gutta‐percha was significantly reduced compared with the AH‐Plus + Gutta‐percha group.
Effect of filling technique and root canal area on the percentage of gutta‐percha in laterally compacted root fillings
Authors: Souza E. M. , Wu M‐K. , Van Der Sluis L. W. , Leonardo R. T. , Bonetti‐Filho I. , Wesselink P. R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAim  To determine the influence of filling technique and root canal area on the percentage of gutta‐percha (PGP) in laterally compacted root fillings.Methodology  Sixty extracted canine teeth were accessed and the root canals instrumented to the same size. They were then divided in three groups and filled with laterally compacted gutta‐percha cones and AH Plus using different techniques. A variation of cold lateral compaction using a sequence of spreaders prior to accessory cone placement was compared to two commonly‐used techniques. Twenty additional canines with prepared root canals were used as negative controls in which gutta‐percha was introduced into the canals but no compaction applied. The roots were sectioned horizontally at 3 and 6 mm from the apex and micro‐photographs taken. Using software, the area of the canals and gutta‐percha at each level were measured and PGP calculated. A Multivariate analysis was used to determine the variables influencing PGP. A linear regression test was used to verify the variation in PGP explained by canal area.Results  At each level the largest canal was two to three times wider than the smallest. Canal area significantly influenced the PGP at both levels (P < 0.05), however, the variation in PGP was only partially explained by canal area (r2 = 0.154, 6 mm; r2 = 0.119, 3 mm). The PGP at the 3 mm level was lower than at 6 mm (P = 0.003). The spreader‐sequence technique achieved a higher PGP than the other two techniques (P = 0.00002). The control group had the lowest area of GP.Conclusions  Variations in root canal filling technique and canal area influenced the percentage of gutta‐percha of laterally compacted root fillings. The percentage of gutta‐percha was lower at the 3 mm level compared to the 6 mm level.
From paper‐and‐pen annotations to artefact‐based mobile learning
Authors: Hoff C. , Wehling U. , Rothkugel S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMaking annotations on books and learning materials is part of students' everyday life. Although there are many computer‐based annotation systems, many people prefer to print digital documents and make annotations on physical paper. We introduce a classification scheme for computer‐based annotation systems and provide an overview of different systems using this scheme. During our investigations, we identified several shortcomings in existing annotation systems: limitation to single document formats, no capturing of relations to reflect lateral reading, loss of context information an annotation was created in and limited sharing capabilities among collaborative users. To overcome these shortcomings, we introduce the concepts of Anchor Points, Artefacts and Spaces. Anchor Points define locations in arbitrary documents. Artefacts capture annotations on multiple Anchor Points in several documents, allowing students to map their current working context that typically contains several open documents and a relationship between them. Spaces are repositories for the learning materials and annotations that are automatically replicated among collaborative mobile users.
Host rock dolomitization and secondary porosity development in the Upper Devonian Cairn Formation of the Fairholme carbonate complex (South‐west Alberta, Canadian Rockies): diagenesis and geochemical modelling
Authors: VANDEGINSTE VEERLE , SWENNEN RUDY , REED MARK H. , ELLAM ROB M. , OSADETZ KIRK , ROURE FRANÇOIS 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Upper Devonian carbonate reefs in West‐central Alberta are important petroleum reservoirs that are well‐known for their extensive secondary porosity. An outcrop analogue study indicates that an early matrix‐selective dolomitization event occurred which is characterized by a major Late Devonian sea water component with increased salinity because of evaporation. It is interpreted that the matrix (replacive) dolomite formed during the Famennian as the result of a combination of both seepage and latent reflux dolomitization, although an additional type or overprinting of later intermediate burial dolomitization cannot be excluded. Formation of the moulds is attributed mainly to the dissolution of undolomitized fossil cores, most typically stromatoporoids. Geochemical modelling indicates that carboxylic acid fluids have the highest potential for dissolving residual calcite in this case. Geochemical models consistent with this analysis and interpretations can reproduce the secondary porosity and suggest a viable dolomitization process for the localities studied.
Links between bulk sediment particle size and magnetic grain‐size: general observations and implications for Chinese loess studies
Authors: OLDFIELD FRANK , HAO QINGZHEN , BLOEMENDAL JAN , GIBBS‐EGGAR ZOË , PATIL SHIVA , GUO ZHENGTANG 
Published: May 2009

AbstractUsing a combination of particle size analysis, magnetic measurements, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy imaging, this study shows that in a wide range of depositional environments, there is a strong link between particle size classes and magnetic response, especially below the upper limit of stable single domain magnetic behaviour. Ferrimagnetic grain assemblages dominated by stable single domain magnetosomes regularly have peak susceptibility and remanence values in coarser grades than do those containing finer‐grained, viscous and superparamagnetic secondary magnetic minerals formed during pedogenesis. This effect is despite the fact that there is a one to two orders of magnitude size difference between the particle size boundaries (at 1 or 2 μm) and key domain state transitions (mostly below 0·05 μm). The implications of these results are explored using samples spanning 22 Myr of loess accumulation on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The results from the loess sections, complemented by data from low‐temperature magnetic experiments, show that there are subtle distinctions in mean ferrimagnetic grain‐size between the Pleistocene and Miocene parts of the record, thus allowing more refined rock magnetic interpretations of the fine‐grained ferrimagnetic mineral assemblages arising from the effects of weathering, pedogenesis and possibly diagenesis in the sections studied.
Earliest symptoms discriminating juvenile‐onset bipolar illness from ADHD
Authors: Luckenbaugh David A , Findling Robert L , Leverich Gabriele S , Pizzarello Scott M , Post Robert M 
Published: May 2009

Objectives:  Controversy surrounds the diagnosis and earliest symptoms of childhood‐onset bipolar illness, emphasizing the importance of prospective longitudinal studies. To acquire a preliminary, more immediate view of symptom evolution, we examined the course of individual symptoms over the first 10 years of life in juvenile‐onset bipolar illness (JO‐BP) compared with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).Methods:  Parents of formally diagnosed children retrospectively rated 37 symptoms in each year of the child’s life based on the degree of dysfunction in their child’s usual family, social, or educational roles. A subset of children with onset of bipolar disorder prior to age 9 (JO‐BP) compared with those with ADHD was the focus of this analysis.Results:  Brief and extended periods of mood elevation and decreased sleep were strong early differentiators of JO‐BP and ADHD children. Depressive and somatic symptoms were later differentiators. Irritability and poor frustration tolerance differentiated the two groups only in their greater incidence and severity in JO‐BP compared with a moderate occurrence in ADHD. In contrast, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and decreased attention showed highly similar trajectories in the two groups.Conclusions:  Elevated mood and decreased sleep discriminated JO‐BP and ADHD as early as age 3, while classic ADHD symptoms were parallel in the groups. These retrospective results provide preliminary insights into symptom differences and their temporal evolution between bipolar disorder and ADHD in the first 10 years of life.
A longitudinal study of hypomania and depression symptoms in pregnancy and the postpartum period
Authors: Heron Jessica , Haque Sayeed , Oyebode Femi , Craddock Nick , Jones Ian 
Published: May 2009

Objectives: Childbirth is a potent precipitant of severe episodes of bipolar disorder. We investigate mood longitudinally through pregnancy and the postpartum period, using the Highs Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), to examine if the postpartum period is a time of increased risk for hypomanic symptoms in the general population.Methods: A total of 446 women were recruited at 12 weeks of pregnancy from the Birmingham Women’s Hospital and four midwife‐led community clinics. Women completed the Highs Scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale at 12 weeks of pregnancy, one week postpartum, and eight weeks postpartum.Results: Cases of probable depression, as defined by an EPDS score of 13 or greater, did not significantly increase from pregnancy to the postpartum period. The prevalence of ‘the highs’ was eightfold higher in the postpartum week than during pregnancy.Conclusions: Consistent with the increased rates of severe manic illness following childbirth, we find that more minor hypomanic states are also increased. We consider the clinical relevance of postpartum hypomanic symptoms and the implications of these findings for research into postpartum‐onset mood symptoms.
Clinical predictors of functional outcome of bipolar patients in remission
Authors: Rosa Adriane R , Reinares Maria , Franco Carolina , Comes Mercè , Torrent Carla , Sánchez‐Moreno Jose , Martínez‐Arán Anabel , Salamero Manel , Kapczinski Flávio , Vieta Eduard 
Published: May 2009

Objectives:  A number of studies have now shown that subjects with bipolar disorder (BD) have significant psychosocial impairment during interepisode intervals. This study was carried out to assess the level of functioning as well as to identify potential predictors of functioning in a well‐defined, euthymic bipolar sample.Methods:  The study included 71 euthymic bipolar patients and 61 healthy controls. The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST) was used to assess multiple areas of functioning such as autonomy, occupational functioning, cognitive functioning, interpersonal relationships, financial issues, and leisure time. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the global and specific clinical predictors of outcome.Results:  Sixty percent (n = 42) of the patients had overall functional impairment (defined as a FAST total score > 11) compared to 13.1% (n = 8) of the control group (p = 0.001). Bipolar patients showed a worse functioning in all the areas of the FAST. Only four variables—older age, depressive symptoms, number of previous mixed episodes, and number of previous hospitalizations—were associated with poor functioning, on a linear regression model, which accounted for 44% of the variance (F = 12.54, df = 58, p < 0.001).Conclusions:  A substantial proportion of bipolar patients experience unfavorable functioning, suggesting that there is a significant degree of morbidity and dysfunction associated with BD, even during remission periods. Previous mixed episodes, current subclinical depressive symptoms, previous hospitalizations, and older age were identified as significant potential clinical predictors of functional impairment.
Association between lithium serum level, mood state, and patient‐reported adverse drug reactions during long‐term lithium treatment: a naturalistic follow‐up study
Authors: Wilting Ingeborg , Heerdink Eibert R , Mersch Peter‐Paul A , Den Boer Johannes A , Egberts Antoine C G , Nolen Willem A 
Published: May 2009

Objectives:  To assess the association between mood state and the prevalence and the severity of lithium adverse drug reactions (ADRs).Methods:  A 26‐year follow‐up study was conducted among patients ≥18 years treated at the outpatient lithium clinic of the University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands, between November 1973 and December 2000. At each monthly scheduled visit, patients were questioned by a research nurse in a standardized manner about the presence and the severity of nine specific ADRs that frequently occur as a consequence of lithium treatment and that can be identified by the patients themselves. In addition, lithium serum level was measured and mood state was rated at each visit.Results:  A total of 186 patients participated and the median duration of follow‐up was 5.7 years (interquartile range 2.2–11.8 years). We observed an increased prevalence and severity of ADRs with increased lithium serum level (p < 0.05), also when adjusting for mood state. The prevalence and the severity of ADRs increased with decreasing mood state into the depressive range and decreased with mood state increasing into the manic range (p < 0.05), also when adjusting for lithium serum level. Taking into account the intraindividual dependency of the data resulted in a statistically significant (p < 0.001) association between, respectively, lithium serum level, mood state, and the prevalence and severity of ADRs.Conclusions:  Both physicians and researchers need to be aware that lithium serum level and mood state are independently associated with patient reporting and severity scoring of ADRs, which may complicate objective assessment of ADRs.
MEG auditory evoked fields suggest altered structural/functional asymmetry in primary but not secondary auditory cortex in bipolar disorder
Authors: Reite Martin , Teale Peter , Rojas Donald C , Reite Erik , Asherin Ryan , Hernandez Olivia 
Published: May 2009

Objectives: Objective physiological indices independently characterizing affective and schizophreniform psychoses would contribute to our understanding of the nature of their relationships. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)‐based metrics of altered structural/functional asymmetry in the superior temporal gyrus have previously been found to characterize schizophrenia at the level of both the primary auditory (AI) and the secondary auditory (AII) cortex. This study examines these markers in patients with bipolar disorder, with the goal of improved understanding of the patterns of brain asymmetry that may independently characterize affective and schizophreniform psychosis.Methods: We studied 17 euthymic bipolar subjects and 17 matched controls. Auditory evoked fields were generated by both 40 Hz auditory stimuli eliciting steady state gamma band (SSR), activating the AI cortex, and discrete 1 kHz tone pips, activating the AII cortex. MEG was recorded from the hemisphere contralateral to the ear stimulated using a 37‐channel MEG system. Source location estimates were calculated in both left and right hemispheres. Neuroanatomical location estimates for medial Heschl’s gyri were determined from magnetic resonance images for correlation with MEG source locations.Results: Bipolar subjects failed to demonstrate normal laterality of SSR AI responses, indicating altered patterns of asymmetry at the level of AI cortex, but demonstrated normal asymmetry of AII responses (right anterior to left). Medial Heschl’s gyri centroids were similarly lateralized in both groups, however (right anterior to left), dissociating function from structure in the AI cortex in the bipolar group.Conclusions: The findings are compatible with altered functional/structural relationships, including diminished left‐right hemisphere asymmetry of the AI, but not the AII cortex in bipolar disorder. In schizophrenia, both the AI and AII cortices exhibit such derangements; thus, the findings support both shared and nonshared features of auditory cortical disruption between the two disorders. This functional disorganization may help explain previously reported decreases in amplitude and phase synchrony of SSR gamma band responses in bipolar subjects, suggesting impaired neocortical synchrony in AI, possibly at a cortico‐thalamic level, but perhaps not extending to heteromodal association cortex, and may relate to the cognitive impairments found in bipolar disorder.
Capture of mass‐reared vs. wild‐like males ofCeratitis capitata(Dipt., Tephritidae) in trimedlure‐baited traps
Authors: Shelly T. E. , Edu J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe sterile insect technique (SIT) is widely used to suppress or eradicate infestations of the Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitata(Wied.), an insect whose broad polyphagy poses a serious threat to fruit and vegetable crops. The SIT involves the production, sterilization and release of sterile insects to obtain sterile male by wild female matings, thus yielding infertile eggs. Mass‐rearing over many generations is known to produce dramatic changes in the behaviour and life history ofC. capitata. This study investigated the possibility that mass‐rearing also alters male response to trimedlure, a sex‐specific attractant widely used in detection and monitoring programmes. We compared captures of released males from a mass‐reared strain and a recently established colony of wild flies in trimedlure‐baited Jackson traps at three spatial scales – open field, large field enclosures (75 m2) and small field cages (7 m2) – in two separate years. In the first year, males were used independently of flight ability, while in the second year only males with demonstrated flight capability were used. Trap capture was scored 2 days after release for the open field and the large field enclosures but either 1 h or 1 day after release in the small field cages. The findings were consistent across these different experiments: wild‐like males were captured in significantly greater numbers than mass‐reared males in both years of study, except in the trials lasting 1 day in the small field cages where significantly more wild than mass‐reared males were captured in 1 year but not the other. These results are compared with other studies, and their implications for SIT are discussed.
Predation leads to assembly rules in fragmented fish communities
Authors: Englund Göran , Johansson Frank , Olofsson Patrik , Salonsaari Juha , Öhman Johanna 
Published: May 2009

AbstractDiamond [Assembly of species communities. In: Ecology and Evolution of Communities (eds Cody, M.L. & Diamond, J.M.). Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp. 342–444] proposed that resource competition leads to checkerboard‐like distributions of competing species. This proposal prompted research that revealed checkerboard patterns within a wide range of communities, but the mechanisms that generate such patterns are still poorly understood. Here we present whole‐lake natural experiments and analyses of species–environment relationships in small coastal lake fish communities that were fragmented when land uplift isolated these lakes from the Baltic Sea, showing that a combination of predation and habitat suitability generated checkerboard distributions. Checkerboard patterns developed because two piscivores, northern pike and Eurasian perch, caused the extinction of several prey species in deep lakes. Conversely, low oxygen levels in shallow lakes caused extinction of the piscivores, and these areas served as a refuge for tolerant prey species. Based on these findings, we suggest that habitat suitability and biotic interactions should be viewed simultaneously in null models of assembly rules.
Contribution of mobile genetic elements to Desulfovibrio vulgaris genome plasticity
Authors: Walker Christopher B. , Stolyar Sergey , Chivian Dylan , Pinel Nicolas , Gabster Jeffrey A. , Dehal Paramvir S. , He Zhili , Yang Zamin Koo , Yen Huei‐Che B. , Zhou Jizhong , Wall Judy D. , Hazen Terry C. , Arkin Adam P. , Stahl David A. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe genome of Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain DePue, a sulfate‐reducing Deltaproteobacterium isolated from heavy metal‐impacted lake sediment, was completely sequenced and compared with the type strain D. vulgaris Hildenborough. The two genomes share a high degree of relatedness and synteny, but harbour distinct prophage and signatures of past phage encounters. In addition to a highly variable phage contribution, the genome of strain DePue contains a cluster of open‐reading frames not found in strain Hildenborough coding for the production and export of a capsule exopolysaccharide, possibly of relevance to heavy metal resistance. Comparative whole‐genome microarray analysis on four additional D. vulgaris strains established greater interstrain variation within regions associated with phage insertion and exopolysaccharide biosynthesis.