bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of aqueous solutions of sparingly soluble organic substances: II. Multicomponent systems — hydrocarbon mixtures and petroleum products
Authors: Shiu Wan Ying , Maijanen Aila , Ng Anita L. Y. , Mackay Donald 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The theory underlying the dissolution of mixtures of sparingly soluble organic chemicals, such as crude oils, in water is outlined, showing that the “solubility” of mixtures is a function of both the composition of the organic mixture and the ratio of water to organic phase volumes. A generator column method of preparing solutions of petroleum mixtures is described, the results obtained being consistent with the theory. The implications of these findings for studies of the composition and toxicity of aqueous solutions of organic mixtures are discussed.
Influence of sorbent concentration on sorption of kepone to solids
Authors: Staples Charles A. , Geiselmann Stephanie J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Solids concentrations in environmental compartments may vary from a few milligrams per liter in surface waters to 500,000 mg/L in sediments and subsurface ground waters. The effect of solids concentration (both with and without particle-bound organic matter) on kepone soil/water partition coefficients was investigated. A strong dependency on particle concentration was found at concentrations of 100 mg/L and above. A weaker dependency on organic carbon was found at these solids concentrations. Standard empirical relationships for sorption of organic chemicals based solely on particle organic carbon content are not applicable for the solids-dependent relationship found here for kepone. These data indicate that new relationships based on both particle characteristics and organic carbon content are required to predict absorption and desorption in environments high in solids and low in organic carbon, such as subsurface ground water.
Low chemical concentration and pH as factors limiting the success of inoculation to enhance biodegradation
Authors: Zaidi Baqar R. , Stucki Gerhard , Alexander Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A strain of Pseudomonas that mineralized 1 microgram of p-nitrophenol (PNP) per milliliter in culture failed to mineralize the compound in nonsterile or sterile lake water. The bacterium did not act on PNP at the pH of the lake water (pH 8.0) or in culture medium at the same pH, although it did mineralize PNP when added to sterile lake water samples adjusted to pH 7.0. A second strain of Pseudomonas that grew and mineralized 1 μg PNP/ml in culture at pH 8.0 and in sterile lake water at pH 7.0 neither mineralized nor grew on PNP in sterile lake water at pH 8.0. A third strain of Pseudomonas grew on and mineralized 1 μg PNP/ml in sterile lake water at pH 8.0 but failed to enhance mineralization when added to nonsterile lake water at that pH. Corynebacterium sp. grew on and mineralized 1 μg PNP/ml in culture medium and in sterile lake water, and its inoculation into nonsterile lake water greatly reduced the time for the mineralization of 1.0 and 0.1 μg PNP/ml. The inoculation of nonsterile lake water with Corynebacterium sp., which mineralized 26 and 17 ng PNP/ml in culture, resulted in a biphasic transformation of 26 and 16 ng PNP/ml. Only the initial phase was more rapid than in uninoculated lake water. Inoculation of Corynebacterium sp. into sewage markedly shortened the time for extensive mineralization of 100 ng but not of 26 and 16 ng PNP/ml. We suggest that microorganisms that are able to degrade chemicals in culture may not do so when introduced into natural environments because of unfavorable pH or the organisms' inability to readily use compounds that are present at low concentrations.
Evaluation of the relative sensitivities of 7-D Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia toxicity tests for cadmium and sodium pentachlorophenate
Authors: Winner Robert W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A comparison of the results of 7-d Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia toxicity tests indicated that the two species were equally sensitive to sodium pentachlorophenate (PCP) but that C. dubia was more sensitive to cadmium. The most sensitive chronic endpoint varied with species and test chemical. The most sensitive index of cadmium stress in D. magna was body length of primiparous females, whereas in C. dubia it was total young produced per female. For both D. magna and C. dubia, reproductive indices were more sensitive indicators of PCP stress than was survival. The results of this study, along with data from the literature, suggest that C. dubia is as, or more, sensitive to inorganic and organic chemicals than is D. magna, and that, if the indices of toxicity are carefully chosen, 7-d tests may provide estimates of no-effect concentrations that are as low as those generated in tests of longer duration.
Structure-activity relationships of species-selectivity in acute chemical toxicity between fish and rodents
Authors: Wallace Kendall B. , Niemi Gerald J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Although regression analyses between the acute oral or intraperitoneal LD50 values for both rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus) and the 96-h LC50 values for fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) or rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) for a broad spectrum of environmental chemicals were statistically significant, the large variability in the regressions limits their practical utility for interspecies extrapolations. To gain a better understanding of this variability, analyses were performed to reveal the structural features characteristic of those chemicals that deviate substantially from the interspecies regressions. The criterion selected to indicate excessive variability was a greater-than-fourfold difference between the observed rodent LD50 and that estimated from the regression against the fish data. Discriminant function analyses showed aldehydes, esters and organophosphorus insecticides to be the primary outliers in the fish-to-rodent comparisons. Rodents were generally less sensitive to intoxication with carbonyl-containing compounds but more sensitive to organophosphate anticholinesterase poisoning than were fish. This species-selectivity for both classes of chemicals correlates with species-related differences in metabolic clearance and/or pharmacodynamic differences in target organ sensitivities. Since these same idiosyncracies in metabolic disposition and receptor sensitivity would be suspected to be operative for structurally related chemical compounds, interspecies extrapolations of toxicity information for both carbonyl compounds and for anticholinesterase agents should take into consideration these important factors, which confer certain degrees of species-selectivity for these chemical classes.
Dietary accumulation of four chlorinated dioxin congeners by rainbow trout and fathead minnows
Authors: Muir Derek C. G. , Yarechewski Alvin L. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAccumulation of four 14C-labeled polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), 1,2,3,7-T4CDD, 1,2,3,4,7-P5CDD, 1,2,3,4,7,8-H6CDD, and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-H7CDD, by juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was studied by feeding the fish treated food for 30 d followed by a 30- to 75-d depuration period. Assimilation efficiencies (based on total 14C) of the isomers were low, ranging from 13% for H7CDD to 37% for H6CDD in trout, as compared with 64% for 4,4′-DDT under the same conditions. Bioaccumulation factors, assimilation efficiencies and elimination rate constants for each PCDD congener were lower in fathead minnows than in rainbow trout. Half-lives for total 14C ranged from 9 to 13 d for T4CDD and P5CDD in trout and minnows, respectively, and from 46 to 112 d for H6CDD and H7CDD in the same fish. Toluene-extractable radioactivity for T4CDD and P5CDD was less than 30% during the clearance phase, indicating extensive transformation to polar products in both species. A four-compartment model was used to estimate the accumulation of H6CDD and H7CDD in Great Lakes food chains (from detritus/phytoplankton to lake trout). The model predicted decreasing concentrations of the PCDDs at higher trophic levels, with accumulation primarily from food, assuming freely dissolved water concentrations of less than 2 × 10−5 ng L−1.
Potential hazard to eastern screech-owls and other raptors of brodifacoum bait used for vole control in orchards
Authors: Hegdal Paul L. , Colvin Bruce A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
During the fall and winter of 1981–82, a study was conducted to evaluate the secondary poisoning hazards associated with a proposed anticoagulant rodenticide, Volid® (10 ppm brodifacoum), when used to control voles (Microtus spp.) in apple orchards. Radio transmitters were attached to 38 eastern screech-owls (Otus asio), 5 barred owls (Strix varia), 3 red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), 2 great horned owls (Bubo virginianus) and 2 long-eared owls (Asio otus), and the birds' movements were monitored before, during, and after rodenticide applications. Screech-owls selected woods over alternate habitats for day-roosting; 73% of daytime locations were in woods. At night, screech-owls generally were located in woods, orchard, and field-pasture proportional to their availability, while they avoided cropland. The home ranges of 32 screech-owls tracked posttreatment included brodifacoum-treated areas; the proportion of home range treated and habitat use varied among individuals. Minimum mortality was 58% among screech-owls for which more than 20% of home range was treated, as compared with 17% among those for which less than 10% of home range was treated. Secondary brodifacoum poisoning was the most probable cause of death in six screech-owls. Of five other screech-owls found dead posttreatment, four had been consumed by predators and one died of unknown causes. Of six radio-equipped screech-owls collected one to two months posttreatment, four contained detectable brodifacoum residue. The fate of 14 of the 32 screech-owls tracked posttreatment was unknown at the conclusion of radiotracking efforts (63 d after treatment began) because radio contact was lost or the transmitter was dropped; one of these owls was encountered alive in May. Four barred owls tracked posttreatment showed strong selection for woodland habitat and used orchards limitedly; none was found dead posttreatment. One long-eared owl found dead (not radio-equipped) was probably killed by secondary brodifacoum poisoning. The results indicate a hazard to screech-owls and a potential risk to other raptors, given this use pattern and formulation of brodifacoum bait.
Alterations in the oxygen consumption, condition index and concentration of free amino acids in Corbicula fluminea, (mollusca: Pelecypoda) exposed to sodium dodecyl sulfate
Authors: Graney Robert L. , Giesy John P. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea, was exposed during short- and long-term toxicity tests to the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Oxygen consumption, condition index, water content and the concentration of free amino acids (FAA) were measured in the clams after exposure. A significant increase in the total FAA concentration was measured in clams exposed for 96 h to 25 mg/L SDS. Exposure to sublethal concentrations (0.65 and 3.0 mg/L SDS) for 60 d caused both an increase in total FAA concentration and a change in the relative concentrations of individual amino acids. Sublethal chronic exposure also decreased oxygen consumption and condition index and increased water content. Alterations in FAA are a more sensitive indicator of toxicant exposure than more traditional measures such as respiration. The potential use of FAA as an in situ biochemical indicator of toxicant-induced stress in freshwater invertebrates is discussed.
Effect of cadmium on early developmental stages of the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus)
Authors: Meteyer Marc J. , Wright David A. , Martin F. Douglas 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cadmium uptake by the early developmental stages of the sheepshead minnow, Cyprinodon variegatus, was studied over a 7.5-d post-hatch period. After chorionic hardening (about 4 h after fertilization), eggs were placed in filtered water from the Patuxent River, Maryland (diluted to 5%90 salinity), and dosed with cadmium concentrations of between 0.39 and 1,020 μg L−1. At the highest cadmium concentrations studied, hatching was delayed up to 3 d and larvae had spinal deformities. Growth inhibition was not clearly dose-related, although larvae from all cadmium treatments were significantly shorter than controls. The lowest dry weights were recorded from the 5.8 and 1,020 μg Cd L−1 treatment groups. Cadmium uptake peaked at 12 h after fertilization. Calcium levels in eggs and yolk-sac larvae reared in 446 μg Cd L−1 were greater than in controls after the first 2 d of development but fell behind thereafter, reaching only 50% of the control calcium level after 7.5 d. Inhibition of calcium uptake persisted even after cadmium levels had peaked and fallen to the control level. Phosphorus and sodium concentrations in eggs and larvae were not affected by cadmium exposure. Ninety-three percent of the cadmium accumulated by the egg was associated with the chorion, and 68% of this could be removed by a glycine buffer.
Effects of agricultural spraying of methyl parathion on cholinesterase activity and reproductive success in wild starlings (Sturnus vulgaris)
Authors: Robinson Suzanne C. , Kendall Ronald J. , Robinson Rex , Driver Crystal J. , Lacher Thomas E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In June 1984, methyl parathion (phosphorothioic acid, O, O-dimethyl O-[4-nitrophenyl] ester) was applied at 1.4 kg a.i./ha to a cultivated field in Skagit Valley, Washington. Brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity was determined in adult and nestling starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in artificial nesting boxes on the peripheries of a treated and a control field for up to 1 week following application of the pesticide. Brain ChE activities in nestling starlings from the control field increased linearly from age 6 to 19 d. Brain ChE levels in chicks taken from the treated fields were more variable. From the treatment field, 92% of adults collected up to 7 d posttreatment exhibited marked depressions of brain ChE, while during the same period, 29% of the nestlings showed similar responses. A significant correlation was demonstrated between the levels of brain ChE depression in adult and in the nestling starlings collected from the same nests.
Measures of reproductive success (i.e., hatching of eggs and fledging of young) were also determined in a portion of the nestboxes to assess any potential adverse effects. The spraying of methyl parathion did not significantly reduce hatchability of the starling eggs. The mean (±SE) number of young fledged per nest on the sprayed field, 2.22 ± 0.29, was not significantly different from that on the control site, 3.33 ± 0.17. However, collectively, the number of nestlings fledging from the treatment field postspray was significantly lower than from the control field.
Organochlorine and mercury residues in wild mink and otter: Comparison with fish
Authors: Foley Robert E. , Jackling Samuel J. , Sloan Ronald J. , Brown Mark K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Organochlorine and mercury levels in wild mink (Mustela vison) and otter (Lutra canadensis) from eight areas of New York State were measured in adipose and liver tissues. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds, quantified as Aroclor 1254/1260 and p,p'-DDE, were detected in all animals. Significantly greater concentrations of organochlorines in both species were associated with habitat known to be contaminated with PCB (Hudson Valley and within 5 mi of Lake Ontario). Wet-weight PCB concentrations in adipose tissue of mink and otter from the more contaminated areas ranged as high as 67 and 114 μg/g, respectively. PCB levels in wild mink are similar to those that caused reproductive problems in other controlled feeding studies. Mercury concentrations in liver tissue were similar in both species (mean, 2.2 and 1.8 μg/g wet weight in mink and otter, respectively).
Comparisons of the mink and otter body burdens with data for fish from New York's statewide Toxic Substance Monitoring Program were made. To test the hypothesis that organochlorine contaminant concentrations in mink and otter are related to environmental levels, collection locations of fish were paired with those of mink or otter on the basis of the size of the home range of the respective mammal. Correlations between fish and both mammalian species were significant for PCB and p,p'-DDE when fish and mustelid collection stations were between 10 and 20 km apart. Correlations for mercury in fish and mustelids were significant only on the basis of major watershed.
Effects of methyl parathion in ducks and duck broods
Authors: Brewer Larry W. , Driver Crystal J. , Kendall Ronald J. , Zenier Carol , Lacher Thomas E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Nesting ducks (mallards, blue-winged teal, cinnamon teal and wood ducks) were trapped, equipped with radio transmitters and released on two agricultural fields, both of which were bordered by waterways. One field was aerially treated with methyl parathion at the rate of 1.4 kg active ingredient (a.i.)/ha and the second field was an untreated control. Ducks were located with the aid of radiotelemetry after pesticide application and their activity monitored daily in both fields. Brood abandonment by hens and nesting hen mortality occurred only on the methyl-parathion-treated field postspray. Brain cholinesterase levels were significantly depressed in two of three nesting hens. Fifty-eight percent of the 37 ducklings present in the control field on the day of spray survived to day 22 postspray. Sixteen percent of the 24 ducklings present in the treated field on the day of spray survived to day 22. The average daily rate of duckling loss was also greater in the treated field than in the control field. Nest abandonment rates could not be correlated with methyl parathion application.
Structure-stability relationships of metal complexes and metal speciation in environmental aqueous solutions
Authors: Martell Arthur E. , Motekaitisand Ramunas J. , Smith Robert M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The methods employed to determine critical stability constants from the published literature are described and the best approach for estimating stability constants to establish a sufficiently broad and extensive database that substantially defines all of the metal complex systems encountered in the environment is recommended. With these estimated formation constants, it is possible, with modern computer techniques, to calculate the speciation and concentrations of the metal complexes in multicomponent systems containing thousands of ligands and 10 to 100 times that number of metal complex species. The structure-stability relationships developed by other investigators are compared with the methods employed herein. Examples of measured, selected and estimated constants are presented for several metal complexes. The distributions of metal complex species in seawater in the absence and presence of an added complexing pollutant are calculated to illustrate the use of the stability constant database and the adjustment of the constants to the conditions required (i.e., ionic strength) for the system under consideration.
Structure-activity relationships for selecting and setting priorities for existing chemicals — a computer-assisted approach
Authors: Klein Albrecht W. , Klein Werner , KÖrdel Werner , Michael Weiss  
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The incorporation of structure-activity relationships and other estimation methods in a computer format is a logical and necessary step in handling the complex problem of setting priorities for existing chemicals in a feasible, systematic way. In combination with an appropriate hazard ranking methodology, the computer format is a useful tool for selecting existing chemicals for further testing and more detailed assessment. Recent developments and applications of a proposed system for setting priorities for existing chemicals are discussed, along with the system's expected reliability and limitations. Important gaps that now exist in our understanding of the relationships between structure and physicochemical and toxicological properties, as well as reactivities, are pointed out. Selected chemicals are cited in examples of the application of the new computer-assisted methodology.
Comparison of three sediment bioassay methods using detroit river sediments
Authors: Giesy John P. , Graney Robert L. , Newsted John L. , Rosiuand Cornell J. , Benda Ann , Kreis Russell G. , Horvath Frank J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The relative sensitivities and discrimination abilities of the Daphnia magna 48-h lethality assay of sediment pore water, the Photobacterium phosphoreum 15-min bioluminescence inhibition (Microtox®) assay of sediment pore water and the Chironomus tentans 10-d growth reduction assay of whole Detroit River sediments were investigated and predictive relationships developed. While all three assays demonstrated the toxicity of some sediments and all of them identified the most and least toxic sediments, the D. magna lethality assay was the least sensitive and discriminatory. The Microtox® assay was the most sensitive. Based on lethality, the C. tentans assay was less sensitive than D. magna, but growth inhibition was sensitive and the most discriminatory of the three assays. Chironomids were not observed in the sediments that caused a 30% decrease in growth of C. tentans relative to that on control sediment in which chironomids were observed. This sediment toxicity is also approximately that which kills D. magna. Some locations were deemed very toxic by one or two assays but not toxic by the others. The results of all of the assays were correlated, but none of the assays accurately predicted the results of the other two. It was concluded that the D. magna lethality test could be used to predict which sediments were so toxic that benthic insects would not be expected to be present. A principal components analysis demonstrated that the Microtox® assay gave sufficiently different information that it could be included in a battery of sediment toxicity tests designed to accurately classify the toxicities of sediments.
Comparative sensitivities of bluegill, channel catfish and fathead minnow to pH and aluminum
Authors: Palmer Robert E. , Klauda Ronald J. , Lewis Timothy E. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sensitivities of bluegill (Lepomis macrochins), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) to pH and aluminum were compared during 96-h acute toxicity tests in the laboratory. Juveniles were exposed to four HCl (pH 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, 7.5 nominal) and five AlCl3 (0, 50, 100, 200, 400 μg/L nominal) treatments in moderately soft fresh water (total hardness, 20 to 25 mg/L CaCO3) under continuous flow-through conditions. The ranking of species sensitivities to acid alone was fathead minnow (most sensitive), followed by channel catfish and bluegill (about equally sensitive). Aluminum was not toxic to these species at pH 6.5 and 7.5. The ranking of sensitivities to Al at pH 4.5 and 5.5 showed clearer species differences. Fathead minnow were most sensitive and died in all Al treatments. Bluegill were least sensitive and died only in the highest Al concentration at pH 5.5. The sensitivity of channel catfish to Al was intermediate, but was most similar to that of fathead minnow. Aluminum, predominantly as hydroxide species, appeared to be most toxic to bluegill at pH 5.5. Free and hydroxy Al species were apparently toxic to fathead minnow and channel catfish at pH 4.5 and 5.5. Our experimental data corroborate the observed distributions of these species in acidified lakes and streams.