bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Elderly Care Through the Use of a Nursing Conceptual Model and the International Classification for Nursing Practice®
Authors: Ausili Davide , Sironi Cecilia , Rasero Laura , Coenen Amy 
Published: May 2012

INTRODUCTION:  Nursing models and terminologies can contribute to research the nature of nursing care.AIM:  The aim of this study was to describe nursing diagnoses in acute‐ and long‐term elderly care.METHODS:  A point prevalence survey was conducted on 240 patients. The International Classification for Nursing Practice was used to describe nursing diagnoses, and a conceptual model was used to categorize them in nursing needs.RESULTS:  A total of 2,673 diagnoses were detected. Mean was higher in nursing home than in hospital (t test =−3.688; p = .0003). Prevalent diagnoses were significantly different.DISCUSSION:  High complexity, with different issues for nurses, was observed both in acute‐ and in long‐term settings.CONCLUSION:  The results could help to comprehend the nature of older persons needs and could contribute to the development of an International Classification for Nursing Practice catalogue for elderly care.INTRODUZIONE:  Le terminologie infermieristiche possono contribuire a studiare la natura dell'assistenza infermieristica.SCOPO:  Lo scopo dello studio è quello di descrivere le necessità assistenziali infermieristiche dell'anziano nell'ospedale per acuti e in lungodegenza.METODI:  Uno studio di prevalenza di punto è stato condotto coinvolgendo 240 pazienti. L'ICNP è stato impiegato per identificare le necessità assistenziali infermieristiche (nursing diagnoses) ed un modello concettuale per raggrupparle in bisogni di assistenza infermieristica.RISULTATI:  Sono state identificate 2,673 necessità assistenziali. La media è stata maggiore in casa di riposo che in ospedale (t test =−3.688; p = .0003). Le necessità prevalenti sono state significativamente differenti.DISCUSSIONE:  È stata osservata una elevata complessità dell'assistenza infermieristica, con differenti problematiche per gli infermieri, sia nel contesto acuto che di lungodegenza.CONCLUSIONI:  I risultati possono aiutare a comprendere i bisogni delle persone anziane e possono contribuire allo sviluppo di un ICNP Catalogue per l'assistenza in ambito geriatrico.
SECTION OF MATHEMATICS AND ENGINEERING: TRANSIENT TEMPERATURES IN NUCLEAR REACTORS COOLED BY LIQUIDS*
Authors: Manson S. V. , Menkes Sherwood B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractExpressions are derived for transient temperatures of wall and fluid in a source‐containing channel cooled by a liquid. The structure of the general solution is briefly noted; numerical results are presented for the special case of zero source strength.The temperature solutions apply to warm‐up, start‐up and, under some conditions, power‐change of core‐moderated reactors and provide a basis for calculation of thermal stress and temperature‐dependent nuclear reactivity.
DIVISION OF INSTRUMENTATION: EVALUATION OF OPTICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH*
Authors: Jonnard Raymond 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe elegance and efficacy of optical methods rest upon their utilization of beams of photons as the finest available means of probing the objects under study. It is convenient to view optical observations and measurements as interactions among object, instruments, and subject, resulting in the transfer of a finite amount of information. Thus, the optical evaluation of instruments and methods becomes a search for the best way of effecting this transfer.
THREE BASIC OPERATIONS TO DETERMINE FIELDS OF VELOCITIES AND STRAINS*
Authors: Durelli A. J. , Parks V. J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with three geometric operations that permit the determination of the fields of displacements and their time and space derivatives in any solid subjected to deformations. The first operation consists in the superposition of the image of a nondeformed on the image of a deformed network of parallel lines. The intersections of the two networks of lines give the loci of equal components of displacement (isothetics). The second operation gives the time derivatives of the components of displacement (isotachics) by superposition of two isothetics obtained at different times. The third operation gives the space derivatives of the components of displacement (isoparagogics) by superposing and shifting two images of the same isothetic. These three operations can also be applied to obtain acceleration, second‐order space derivatives, combined space and time derivatives, and other related fields. For coarse networks, usually called grids, the results can be obtained by connecting the intersections by hand. For dense networks, usually called gratings, they can be obtained by the moiré effect. Examples of applications are given.
RETINAL SCHIFF BASES: THE EFFECT OF WATER ON SPECTRAL ABSORPTION
Authors: Sharpless N. E. , Adams R. G. , Jennings W. H. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe Schiff base of retinaldehyde (RET) and ethanolamine phosphoglyceride (EPG) appears to be unique. Other Schiff bases of amines and RET absorb spectrally at about 365 nm in aqueous or non‐aqueous solvents. RET and EPG in chloroform/methanol exhibit a 336 nm absorbance which we attribute to the absence of the conjugative effect of associated water formed as a result of imino formation. We assume that methanol in chloroform is a hydrogen bonding agent (for water) superior to the Schiff base. The presence of the phosphate portion of EPG appears essential since substitution of sulfate eliminates the effectiveness of the methanol.
A DEVELOPMENTAL THEORY OF SPEECH ACT PRODUCTION*
Authors: Dore John 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMost recent studies of language acquisition have emphasized the child's learning of the abstract syntactic and semantic structures of “linguistic competence.” This study analyzes linguistic acquisition in terms of the semantic‐pragmatic unit of the speech act. Findings support the idea that even before children acquire syntax, they develop a “communicative competence,” apart from linguistic competence, and that there are distinct styles of language acquisition best described in terms of the child's “primitive speech acts.”
A POSSIBLE MECHANISM FOR THE FORMATION OF INTERPARTICLE QUARTZ CEMENTATION IN RECENTLY DEPOSITED SEDIMENTS
Authors: Whalley W. Brian 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA mechanism for the cementation of recently deposited terrestrial sediments is suggested in terms of redeposited quartz, which forms bonds between quartz grains. This is thought to be the result of point contacts between grains, giving localized high pH of interstitial water adjacent to mafic minerals and because, at crushed quartz surfaces, amorphous silica is formed which can then be dissolved at pH greater than 9. This mechanism is considered to provide cohesive strength to unconsolidated steep moraine slopes and may also be a factor in the formation of shallow marine quickclay deposits.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY*
Authors: Gottesfeld Harry 
Published: May 2012

AbstractDespite great popularity, the field of clinical psychology has been undergoing severe internal struggles. The model of a clinical psychologist as scientist first and practitioner second has steadily eroded. Recent trends have included the development of professional schools for clinical psychologists that stress practical training for the rendering of professional services to people in difficulty, a general deemphasis in diagnostic testing, flexibility in intermingling various psychotherapeutic modalities, greater interest by professionals in community approaches, and consultation and prevention.The author sees the long‐range development of clinical psychology as the study of community processes and interventions at the community level. In the immediate future, clinical psychologists could with benefit utilize the approaches and philosophy of community psychology in their work with individuals and groups.
INTERDISCIPLINARY INTEGRATION IN HEALTH SCIENCES CURRICULA*
Authors: Heaney Robert P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIncreasing emphasis is being placed upon the role of the M.D. as the leader of a team of health professionals to whom he delegates many hitherto jealously guarded responsibilities. But most M.D.s are ill‐prepared for their new role. One effective way of training for this “new look” in M.D.s is through an integrated Health Sciences approach with student doctors, nurses, pharmacists, and dentists involved in closely integrated training programs. One ongoing program is discussed.
CALCIUM RETENTION OF YOUNG ADULT MALES AS AFFECTED BY LEVEL OF PROTEIN AND OF CALCIUM INTAKE*
Authors: Linkswiler Hellen M. , Joyce Cynthia L. , Anand Chander Rekha 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe effect of protein intake (47, 95, and 142 g) on calcium retention, calcium absorption, and urinary calcium of 33 young adult males was determined at calcium intakes of 500, 800, and 1400 mg daily. Magnesium intake was 400 (27 subjects) or 490 mg (six subjects). The calcium‐to‐phosphorus ratio was 1.0 (1400 mg calcium intake), 0.8 (800 mg calcium intake), and 0.6 (500 mg calcium intake).When consuming the 47‐g protein intake, the subjects were consistently in calcium balance and the amount of calcium retained was unaffected by the calcium intake. At the 95‐g protein intake, none of the subjects were in calcium balance when 500 mg calcium was given, but they did achieve balance when 800 mg was given. When 142‐g protein was ingested, no subject was in balance at either the 500‐ or 800‐mg calcium intake and only three of 15 subjects were in balance at the 1400‐mg intake. Calcium absorption was not affected by dietary protein at an intake of 500 mg calcium, but significantly more calcium was absorbed at medium or high protein intakes than at low when 800 or 1400 mg calcium was given, the maximal protein effect having been reached at the 95‐g protein level. Urinary calcium was significantly affected by protein intake. All subjects, regardless of level of calcium intake, excreted less calcium when given the low protein diet than when given the medium, and all except two subjects excreted less when given the medium than when given the high protein diet.
FUNDAMENTAL BIOPHYSICAL ASPECTS OF HIGH‐ENERGY RADIATIONS IN CANCER THERAPY*
Authors: Orton Colin G. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe limitations of conventional therapy with x and γ radiations are reported, and high‐energy particulate radiations that exhibit physical and/or biological properties more suitable for cancer therapy are discussed. Specifically, future prospects for radiotherapy with beams of electrons, neutrons, negative pions, protons, α particles, and heavy ions are surveyed, and some of the results of clinical trials are analyzed.According to the American Cancer Society there are now over half a million new cancer patients in the United States each year. At the present cure rate, approximately half of these patients can be expected to eventually die of their disease, and almost one‐third of these deaths will be due to noncontrol of the localized primary tumor. It is with this group of roughly 100,000 patients per year that new approaches to radiotherapy will probably be most productive.
THE VALUE OF THE BLOOD PLATELET IN HEMOSTASIS AND AS A SCIENTIFIC TOOL*
Authors: Zucker Marjorie B. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSince platelets are simplified cells with no nucleus and little potential for synthesizing protein, they are well suited for studying certain other cell functions, such as ability to aggregate, to adhere to surfaces, to contract, and to undergo a release reaction similar to the secretory process in other cells. Their physiologic and pathologic functions are related to their ability to adhere, aggregate, and release; they are essential for hemostasis, important in thrombosis, and perhaps significant in the genesis of atherosclerosis. Some aspects of their morphology and function are reviewed.
RETRIEVAL IN VERBAL LEARNING*
Authors: Buschke Herman 
Published: May 2012

AbstractInvestigation of verbal learning by repeated attempts to recall all of the items in a list (in any order), without any further presentation of items that have been recalled once, allows spontaneous retrieval to demonstrate previous storage (on or before the last presentation of an item) and subsequent retention (despite any recall failures), in addition to showing the spontaneous increase of recall without further presentation. Spontaneous retrieval from long‐term storage does not improve prior to the abrupt onset of perfectly consistent retrieval, indicating that random and consistent retrieval represent different stages of (item and list) learning and that recall increases during verbal learning because more items reach the stage of consistent retrieval (list learning). This amplifies the analysis of verbal learning in terms of storage for random retrieval (item learning), random retrieval, initial storage for consistent retrieval (initial list learning), and additional list learning (as consistent retrieval replaces random retrieval).
TWO DECADES OF PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH: OLD AND NEW PROBLEMS OF THE SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENT*
Authors: Crane George E. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLack of foresight and inadequate planning have been responsible for the failure of contemporary mental health programs. The massive use of neuroleptics and inadequate monitoring of adverse reactions have caused permanent neurologic disorders in a high percentage of patients treated with these drugs. A large portion of the mentally ill are deprived of medical care and other necessities because many hospitals have been closed prematurely.
ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM, CONFINEMENT, AND THE CONVERGENCE OF THE PERTURBATION EXPANSION IN QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS*
Authors: Muzinich I. J. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractRecently, Maurice Goldhaber remarked in an after‐dinner speech that perhaps neutrons could have been inferred much earlier. He made the point that not all multiples of hydrogen were found among the atomic weights of the known elements, which together with discrepancies from integer multiples of hydrogen is sufficient to question Prout's hypothesis. This could have led to the speculation that elements are built of not only “Proutons but also New‐ons” of comparable weight. It is a pity that such criteria do not exist today for the quark model of hadrons. However, this model, when all constituents and gluons are included, has the possibility of accommodating not only what are conventionally accepted quark model states but also exotics of various kinds and eventually nuclei themselves.Recently, a considerable theoretical framework has evolved around quarks and gluons known as quantum chromodynamics. This theory is still at a primitive level as far as our ability to perform calculations. However, it is the only possible field theory that contains any hope of understanding both quark freedom at high energies and their strong binding within hadrons. I present a possible viewpoint on how both features could be true without apparent conflict. I also make some speculation on the nature of the perturbation expansion in such a world. What these speculations lack in originality I hope is compensated for by clarity.
Surface fluid absorption and secretion in small airways
Authors: Shamsuddin A. K. M. , Quinton P. M. 
Published: May 2012

Key points
Using a small glass capillary, an Ussing chamber was designed and used to measure electrical properties across very small pieces (<1 mm2) of freshly dissected epithelia.
The system was applied to small airways of the lung to show that fluids on the airway surfaces are constantly being simultaneously secreted and absorbed.
A new model proposes that the accordion‐like structure of folds and pleats in the epithelial lining of the airways serves to secrete fluid within the pleats and to absorb fluid along the folds so that fluid levels on the airway surfaces are maintained automatically and airways do not flood or become too dry.
These results help us understand the first line of lung defence against infections from bacteria and viruses and may be used to treat or prevent lung disease.
Abstract  Native small airways must remain wet enough to be pliable and support ciliary clearance, but dry enough to remain patent for gas flow. The airway epithelial lining must both absorb and secrete ions to maintain a critical level of fluid on its surface. Despite frequent involvement in lung diseases, the minuscule size has limited studies of peripheral airways. To meet this challenge, we used a capillary to construct an Ussing chamber (area <1 mm2) to measure electrolyte transport across small native airways (∼1 mm ø) from pig lung. Transepithelial potentials (Vt) were recorded in open circuit conditions while applying constant current pulses across the luminal surface of dissected airways to calculate transepithelial electrical conductance (Gt) and equivalent short circuit current () in the presence and absence of selected Na+ and Cl− transport inhibitors (amiloride, GlyH‐101, Niflumic acid) and agonists (Forskolin + IBMX, UTP). Considered together the responses suggest an organ composed of both secreting and absorbing epithelia that constitutively and concurrently transport fluids into and out of the airway, i.e. in opposite directions. Since the epithelial lining of small airways is arranged in long, accordion‐like rows of pleats and folds that run axially down the lumen, we surmise that cells within the pleats are mainly secretory while the cells of the folds are principally absorptive. This structural arrangement could provide local fluid transport from within the pleats toward the luminal folds that may autonomously regulate the local surface fluid volume for homeostasis while permitting acute responses to maintain clearance.
Motor‐cortical oscillations in early stages of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pollok B. , Krause V. , Martsch W. , Wach C. , Schnitzler A. , Südmeyer M. 
Published: May 2012

Key points
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common movement disorder due to dopaminergic denervation of the basal ganglia. It is characterized by exaggerated oscillatory activity within central motor‐control loops, while cerebro‐muscular coherence is reduced at frequencies below 30 Hz.
So far, studies investigating the neurophysiological alterations of PD have focused on patients with advanced PD. It remains open to what extent changes of oscillatory activity might occur at early disease stages, representing a characteristic feature of the disease.
Using magnetoencephalography we show that cerebro‐muscular coherence is unaffected in early PD while beta band oscillations of bilateral primary sensori‐motor cortices are already increased at the earliest stages of PD and, as the disease progresses, evolve a hemispheric imbalance associated with movement execution.
Abstract  Pathophysiological changes in basal ganglia‐thalamo‐cortical circuits are well established in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, it remains open whether such alterations already occur at early stages representing a characteristic neurophysiological marker of PD. Therefore, the present study aims at elucidating changes of synchronised oscillatory activity in early PD patients. In this study, we performed whole‐head magnetoencephalography (MEG) in a resting condition and during steady state contraction of the more severely affected forearm in 10 drug–naive, de novo patients, in 10 early‐stage patients with chronic medication and in 10 age‐matched control subjects. While cortico‐muscular coherence (CMC) did not differ between groups, patients showed increased sensori‐motor cortical power at beta frequency (13–30 Hz) during rest as well as during isometric contraction compared to controls. In healthy control subjects the power of the contralateral hemisphere was significantly suppressed during isometric contraction. By contrast, both hemispheres were activated equally strongly in de novo patients. In medicated patients, the pattern was found to be reversed. Contralateral beta power was significantly correlated with motor impairment during isometric contraction but not during rest. The present results suggest that the reduced ability of the primary motor cortex to disengage from increased beta band oscillations during the execution of movements is an early marker of PD.
In Vitro
Activity of Ertapenem versus Ceftriaxone against Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates with Highly Diverse Ceftriaxone MIC Values and Effects of Ceftriaxone Resistance Determinants: Ertapenem for Treatment of Gonorrhea?
Authors: Unemo Magnus , Golparian Daniel , Limnios Athena , Whiley David , Ohnishi Makoto , Lahra Monica M. , Tapsall John W. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACT

Clinical resistance to the currently recommended extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESCs), the last remaining treatment options for gonorrhea, is being reported. Gonorrhea may become untreatable, and new treatment options are crucial. We investigated the
in vitro
activity of ertapenem, relative to ceftriaxone, against
N. gonorrhoeae
isolates and the effects of ESC resistance determinants on ertapenem. MICs were determined using agar dilution technique or Etest for international reference strains (
n
= 17) and clinical
N. gonorrhoeae
isolates (
n
= 257), which included the two extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains H041 and F89 and additional isolates with high ESC MICs, clinical ESC resistance, and other types of clinical high-level and multidrug resistance (MDR). Genetic resistance determinants for ESCs (
penA
,
mtrR
, and
penB
) were sequenced. In general, the MICs of ertapenem (MIC
50
= 0.032 μg/ml; MIC
90
= 0.064 μg/ml) paralleled those of ceftriaxone (MIC
50
= 0.032 μg/ml; MIC
90
= 0.125 μg/ml). The ESC resistance determinants mainly increased the ertapenem MIC and ceftriaxone MIC at similar levels. However, the MIC ranges for ertapenem (0.002 to 0.125 μg/ml) and ceftriaxone (<0.002 to 4 μg/ml) differed, and the four (1.5%) ceftriaxone-resistant isolates (MIC = 0.5 to 4 μg/ml) had ertapenem MICs of 0.016 to 0.064 μg/ml. Accordingly, ertapenem had
in vitro
advantages over ceftriaxone for isolates with ceftriaxone resistance. These
in vitro
results suggest that ertapenem might be an effective treatment option for gonorrhea, particularly for the currently identified ESC-resistant cases and possibly in a dual antimicrobial therapy regimen. However, further knowledge regarding the genetic determinants (and their evolution) conferring resistance to both antimicrobials, and clear correlates between genetic and phenotypic laboratory parameters and clinical treatment outcomes, is essential.