bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Properties of Partially Hydrogenated Ethyl ([3,4']Bipyridin-6'-ylsulfanyl) Acetates
Authors: Krauze A. , Andžāns Z. , Duburs G. 
Published: March 2011

Synthesis and Properties of Partially Hydrogenated Ethyl ([3,4']Bipyridin-6'-ylsulfanyl) Acetates
Ethyl 2'-hydroxy-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro[3,4']bipyridine-3'-carboxylate 3 and the corresponding ethyl 1',4'-dihydro[3,4']bipyridine-3'-carboxylate 4 as potential cardiovascular agents have been prepared by alkylation of 2'-hydroxy-1',2',3',4'-tetrahydro[3,4']bipyridine-6'-thiolate 1 or betaine 2 with ethyl bromoacetate. The treatment of [3,4']bipyridine 4 with KOH/H2O gave diethyl 3-amino-4-(pyridin-3-yl)-4,7-dihydrothieno[2,3-b]-pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate 5, but subsequent treatment of the remaining reaction mixture with acetic acid excess gave ethyl 3-oxo-7-(pyridin-3-yl)-2,3-dihydro-7H-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine-6-carboxylate 7 - the product of intramolecular acylation. Compounds 4, 5 and 7 have been prepared using the one-pot synthesis method. Alkylation of [3,4']bipyridine 4 with iodomethane gave 1',4'-dihydro[3,4'] bipyridin-1-ium iodide 8.
Trapped mode resonances in metalo-dielectric structures with electric asymmetry materials
Authors: Rotaru Mihai , Sykulski Jan 
Published: March 2011

Trapped mode resonances in metalo-dielectric structures with electric asymmetry materialsThis paper investigates the possibility of exciting high quality trapped resonant modes on frequency selective surfaces consisting of identical sub-wavelength metallic inclusions (symmetrically split rings) with no structural asymmetry but exhibitting electrical asymmetry. The electrical symmetry is broken by using different dielectric substrates. The existence of such anti-symmetric trapped mode on geometrical symmetric structure is demonstrated through numerical simulation. Numerical results suggest that the high quality factor observed for these resonant modes is achieved via weak coupling between the "trapped modes" and free space which enables the excitation of these modes.
Shoreline dynamics of Calypsostranda (NW Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Svalbard) during the last century
Authors: Zagórski Piotr 
Published: March 2011

Shoreline dynamics of Calypsostranda (NW Wedel Jarlsberg Land, Svalbard) during the last century
A 6 km long stretch of the coast of Calypsostranda between Skilvika and Joseph-bukta, situated on the western side of Recherchefjorden, was investigated. It is made of an accumulative marine terrace at a height of 2-8 m a.s.l. (terrace 1) and width of 40-180 m, divided by a cliffed section in the frontal moraines of Renardbreen. From the character and intensity of changes, the area was divided into 6 zones. The aim was to analyse the dynamics of changes within coastal zone from 1936 to 2007 and to characterise the influence of various morphogenetic factors (marine, fluvial, cryospheric). The important element of this study has been to determine sources and directions of sediment transport. The dynamics of changes of coastal zone in the Calypsostranda region was established from archival maps and precise GPS measurements for the periods: 1936-1960, 1960-1990, 1990-2000, 2000-2005, 2005-2006, 2006-2007. Comparing the extension of shoreline between 1936 and 2007 showed that there was more erosion than accumulation. Nearly 110 000 m2 of the area of terrace 1 decreased, whereas about 77 000 m2 appeared. The net balance for 1936-2007 was about -32 700 m2, on average over the whole length of the shoreline, it retreated by 5.7 m (0.08 m a-1). The cease of sediment delivery in the extramarginal sandur fans area of Renardbreen caused intensification of marine processes, that made the shoreline retreat by over 100 m. Continuing sediment delivery from the Scottelva catchment, with contribution of material from erosion of the north end of the shoreline studies, caused the aggradation of coastal zone by over 60 m near its mouth.
The first recorded occurrence of Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Hirudinea: Arhynchobdellida: Hirudinidae) in Romania
Authors: Gagiu Adrian 
Published: March 2011

The first recorded occurrence of Hirudo verbana Carena, 1820 (Hirudinea: Arhynchobdellida: Hirudinidae) in Romania
In 2005, a Hirudo verbana specimen was observed in Stracoş Valley, within the Tăşad Reserve (Bihor county, north-western Romania). Since the coloration pattern of this once forgotten species matches its genetic differentiation, the identification of the specimen as belonging to the southeastern European H. verbana appears plausible. The species was previously cited in southern, central and eastern Europe, but not in Romania. Therefore, the present observation might be its first recognized occurrence in the country. As recently pointed out, H. verbana is one of the three species commonly known as the European medicinal leech and the most abundant as such. Most international and national conservation legislation containing only H. medicinalis (including IUCN, CITES, Berne Convention) needs completion, according to the new taxonomy.
Phenology and biometrics of Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon (Passeriformes: Sylviidae) in Romania
Authors: Chişamera Gabriel , Pocora Viorel , Gogu-Bogdan Mircea , Adam Costică 
Published: March 2011

Phenology and biometrics of Moustached Warbler Acrocephalus melanopogon (Passeriformes: Sylviidae) in Romania
A complete list of all records on the Moustached Warbler (Acrocephalus melanopogon) available in Romania was compiled from literature and completed with new records based on field studies, examination of museum collections and data gathered from ringing campaigns of Romanian Ornithological Ringing Centre during 1990 - 2010. The record review is complemented by distribution map. Biometric data of caught specimens are presented and supplemented by data from the literature of other specimens from Romania.
Factors influencing the breeding habitat use by amphibians in the alpine area of the Retezat National Park (Romania)
Authors: Plăiaşu Rodica , Băncilă Raluca , Samoilă Ciprian , Cogălniceanu Dan 
Published: March 2011

Factors influencing the breeding habitat use by amphibians in the alpine area of the Retezat National Park (Romania)We analyzed the distribution of amphibians according to the characteristics of breeding ponds in the alpine areas of the Retezat National Park. We inventoried 50 aquatic habitats between 1920 and 2260 m a.s.l. Three amphibian species are present at high altitudes:Rana temporaria, Bufo bufoandMesotriton alpestris. They were found in 70% of the aquatic habitats, but only 48% were used as spawning sites. Human impacts and predators were the most influential variables explaining the occurrence ofR. temporaria, whereas location and pond adjacent terrain were important forM. alpestris. Moderate grazing had a positive effect by maintaining low vegetation or providing nutrients input in the oligotrophic aquatic habitats.
A method to develop an in vitro osteoporosis model of porcine vertebrae: histological and biomechanical study
Authors: Lee Ching-yi , Chan She-Hung , Lai Hung-Yi , Lee Shih-Tseng 
Published: March 2011

Object
The porcine spine is widely used as an alternative to the human spine for both in vivo and in vitro spinal biomechanical studies because of the limited availability and high cost of human specimens. The aim of this study was to develop a reproducible in vitro osteoporotic vertebral model for spinal implant investigations.

Methods
Four mature domestic porcine lumbar spines (L1–5) were obtained. An in vitro decalcification method was used to decrease the mineral content of the porcine vertebrae, with Ca-chelating agents (0.5 M EDTA solution, pH 7.4) that altered the bone mineral density (BMD). Lumbar-spine area BMD was evaluated using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; spine volumetric BMD and spine geometry were assessed by central quantitative CT scanning to monitor the time it took the decalcification process to induce the WHO-defined standard of osteoporosis. Micro–computed topography provided information on the 3D microarchitecture of the lumbar vertebrae before and after decalcification with EDTA. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of lumbar vertebrae was performed. Both the control (5 specimens) and osteoporotic vertebrae (5 specimens) were biomechanically tested to measure compressive strength.

Results
The differences in area BMD measurements before and after the demineralizing processes were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The results of the compression test before and after the demineralizing processes were also statistically significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
The data imply that the acid demineralizing process may be useful for producing a vertebra that has some biomechanical properties that are consistent with osteoporosis in humans.
A comparison of mini-open and open approaches for resection of thoracolumbar intradural spinal tumors
Authors: Lu Daniel C. , Chou Dean , Mummaneni Praveen V. 
Published: March 2011

Object
Standard approaches to thoracic intradural tumors often involve a large incision and significant tissue destruction. Minimally invasive techniques have been applied successfully for a variety of surgical decompression procedures but have been rarely used for the removal of intradural thoracolumbar tumors. In this paper, the authors compare the clinical outcome of mini-open resection of intradural thoracolumbar tumors with a standard open technique.

Methods
The authors retrospectively reviewed their series of 18 consecutive mini-open thoracolumbar, intradural, tumor resection cases and compared the outcomes with a profile-matched cohort of 9 cases of open intradural tumor resection. Operative statistics, functional outcome, and complications were compared.

Results
Tumors were removed successfully using both approaches, except for 1 case in the mini-open cohort in which only biopsy was performed for a diffusely infiltrating tumor (glioblastoma). There was no statistically significant difference in operative duration, American Spinal Injury Association scale score improvement, or back pain visual analog scale score improvement between groups. However, the mini-open group demonstrated a significantly lower estimated blood loss (153 vs 372 ml, respectively) and a significantly shorter length of hospitalization (4.9 vs 8.2 days, respectively). There was 1 complication of pseudomeningocele formation in the mini-open cohort and 1 complication of cerebral infarction in the open cohort. Mean follow-up length was 16 months in the mini-open group compared with 20 months in the open group.

Conclusions
The mini-open approach allows for adequate treatment of intradural thoracolumbar tumors with comparable outcomes to standard, open approaches. The mini-open approach is associated with less blood loss and a shorter length of stay compared with standard open surgery.
Anterior construct location following vertebral body metastasis reconstruction through a posterolateral transpedicular approach: does it matter?
Authors: Eid Ahmed Shawky , Chang Ung-Kyu 
Published: March 2011

Object
The posterolateral transpedicular approach (PTA) is a widely used method for the surgical treatment of vertebral body metastases. It is crucial to understand the optimal location of the anterior graft in terms of sound and durable reconstruction following PTA. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether postoperative construct stability is related to the location of anterior grafts.

Methods
The authors conducted a retrospective review of 45 cases of metastatic spine disease with epidural tumor extension in which patients underwent circumferential decompression and fusion by means of PTA. Mechanical (anterior construct stability), pain (visual analog scale score), and neurological (American Spinal Injury Association scale) outcomes were evaluated and correlated with the anterior graft location (lateral or central) and surgical approach (unilateral or bilateral), number of decompressed levels, types of anterior graft, screw density of posterior fixation (number of screws used divided by the number of pedicles spanned), and kyphotic angle change from the immediate postoperative period to the most recent follow-up.

Results
Seven of 45 constructs were judged unstable—5 with a lateral location of the anterior graft and 2 with a central location.
The anterior graft was located laterally in 31 cases (69%), centrally in 11 (24%), and bilaterally in 3 (7%). A unilateral approach was used in 33 cases and a bilateral approach in 12. Neither the location of the anterior graft nor the approach had a significant effect on the stability of the reconstructed spine (p > 0.05). There was a significant difference in construct stability between the single-level decompression group (33 patients) and the multiple-level decompression group (12 patients) (p = 0.0001). The types of anterior graft, screw density, and kyphotic angle change were not correlated to the mechanical outcome.

Conclusions
The anterior graft location showed no significant relationship to the final mechanical, pain, and neurological outcomes.
Transverse connectors providing increased stability to the cervical spine rod-screw construct: an in vitro human cadaveric study
Authors: Shaw Miranda N. , Morel Etienne P. , Utter P. Andrew , Gussous Yazeed M. , Ginoux Lise , Berglund Lawrence J. , Gay Ralph E. , Krauss William E. 
Published: March 2011

Object
The object of this study was to determine if the addition of transverse connectors (TCs) to a rod-screw construct leads to increased stabilization of the cervical spine.

Methods
Eleven human cadaveric cervical spines (C2–T1) were used to examine the effect of adding connectors to a C3–7 rod-screw construct in 3 models of instability: 1) C3–6 wide laminectomy, 2) wide laminectomy and 50% foraminotomy at C4–5 and C5–6, and 3) wide laminectomy with full medial to lateral foraminotomy. Following each destabilization procedure, specimens were tested with no TC, 1 TC between the C-5 screws, and 2 TCs between the C-4 and C-6 screws. Testing of the connectors was conducted in random order. Specimens were subjected to ± 2 Nm of torque in flexion and extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Range of motion was determined for each experimental condition. Statistical comparisons were made between the destabilized and intact conditions, and between the addition of TCs and the absence of TCs.

Results
The progressive destabilization procedures significantly increased motion. The addition of TCs did not significantly change motion in flexion and extension. Lateral bending was significantly decreased with 2 connectors, but not with 1 connector. The greatest effect was on axial rotation. In general, 2 TCs were more restrictive than 1 TC, and decreased motion 10% more than fixation alone.

Conclusions
Regardless of the degree of cervical destabilization, 1 or 2 TCs decreased motion compared with rods and screws alone. Axial rotation was most affected. Transverse connectors effectively increase the rigidity of rod-screw constructs in the cervical spine. Severe cervical instability can be overcome with the use of 2 TCs, but in cases in which 2 cannot be used, 1 should be adequate and superior to none.
Intraoperative and anatomical descriptions of intracranial connections between the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves: clinical implications
Authors: Tubbs R. Shane , Mortazavi Martin M. , Loukas Marios , Shoja Mohammadali M. , Cohen-Gadol Aaron A. 
Published: March 2011

Object
Knowledge of the variations in the nerves of the posterior cranial fossa may be important during skull base approaches. To the authors' knowledge, intracranial neural interconnections between the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves have not been previously investigated.

Methods
The senior author (A.C.G.) noted the presence of an intracranial interneural connection between the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves during microvascular decompression surgery in a patient suffering from hemifacial spasm. To further investigate the approximate incidence and significance of such an interneural connection, the authors studied 40 adult human cadavers (80 sides) and prospectively evaluated 16 additional patients during microvascular procedures of the posterior cranial fossa.

Results
In the cadavers, the incidence of intracranial neural connections between the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves was 2.5%. The only such connection found in our series of living patients was in the patient in whom the connection was initially identified. These interconnections were more common on the left side. Based on our findings, we classified these neural connections as Types I and II. In the cadavers, the length and width of this connection were approximately 9 mm and 1 mm, respectively. Histological analysis of these connections verified their neural content.

Conclusions
Although these connections are rare and the significance is unknown, knowledge of them may prove useful to surgeons who operate in the posterior fossa region so that they may avoid inadvertent traction or transection of these interconnections. Additionally, such connections might be considered in patients with recalcitrant neuralgia after microvascular decompression and rhizotomy of the glossopharyngeal nerve.
Radiation and mass transfer effects on MHD free convection flow past a moving vertical cylinder in a porous medium
Authors: Suneetha S. , Reddy N. Bhaskar 
Published: March 2011

The interaction of free convection with thermal radiation of a viscous incompressible unsteady MHD flow past a moving vertical cylinder with heat and mass transfer in a porous medium is analyzed. The fluid is a gray, absorbing-emitting but non-scattering medium and the Rosseland approximation is used to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The governing equations are solved by using an implicit finite-difference scheme of Crank-Nicolson type. The effects of various physical parameters such as thermal Grashof number, mass Grashof number, magnetic parameter, radiation parameter and Schmidt number on the velocity, temperature, concentration, local as well as average skin-friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number for various parameters are computed and represented graphically. It is found that at small values of radiation parameter , the velocity and temperature of the fluid increases sharply near the cylinder as the time increases. Also, an increase in the magnetic field leads to a decrease in the velocity and a rise in the temperature.As the permeability parameter increases,it is seen that the flow accelerates. This model finds applications in geophysics and engineering.DOI: 10.3329/jname.v7i1.2901
Effects of viscous dissipation on MHD flow with heat and mass transfer over a stretching surface with heat source, thermal stratification and chemical reaction
Authors: Kishan Naikotin , Amrutha P. 
Published: March 2011

This paper deals with the study of nonlinear MHD flow, with heat and mass transfer characteristics of an incompressible, viscous, electrically conducting and Boussinesq fluid on a vertical stretching surface with thermal stratification and chemical reaction by taking in to account the viscous dissipation effects. Adopting the similarity transformation, governing nonlinear partial differential equations of the problem are transformed to nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The Quasi-linearization technique is used for the non-linear momentum equation and then the numerical solution of the problem is derived using implicit finite difference technique, for different values of the dimensionless parameters. The numerical values obtained for velocity profiles, temperature profiles and concentration profiles are represent graphically in figures. The results obtained show that the flow field is influenced appreciably by the presence of viscous dissipation, thermal stratification, chemical reaction and magnetic field.DOI: 10.3329/jname.v7i1.3254
A synthesis of plant invasion effects on biodiversity across spatial scales
Authors: Powell Kristin I. , Chase Jonathan M. , Knight Tiffany M. 
Published: March 2011

•Premise of the study:Invasive plant species are typically thought to pose a large threat to native biodiversity, and local‐scale studies typically confirm this view. However, plant invaders rarely cause regional extirpations or global extinctions, causing some to suggest that invasive species’ influence on native biodiversity may not be so dire. We aim to synthesize the seemingly conflicting literature in plant invasion biology by evaluating the effects of invasive plant species across spatial scales.•Methods:We first conducted a meta‐analysis on the effects of invasive plants on the species richness of invaded communities across a range of spatial extents. We then discuss studies that consider the role of invasive plants on regional spatial scales for which such meta‐analyses are not possible. Finally, we develop a conceptual framework to synthesize the influence of invasive species across spatial scales by explicitly recognizing how invasive species alter species‐occupancy distributions.•Key results:We found a negative relationship between the spatial extent of the study and the effect size of invasive plants on species richness. Our simulation models suggest that this result can occur if invaders, either proportionately or disproportionately, reduce the occupancy of common species to a greater degree than rare species.•Conclusions:Future studies should consider the influence of invaders on the abundance and occupancy‐level changes in native species to inform how invasive plants will influence native species richness relationships across spatial scales. This approach will allow greater predictive ability for forecasting changes in biodiversity in the face of anthropogenic biological invasions and will inform invasive species management and restoration.
Microsatellite loci in Vallisneria natans (Hydrocharitaceae) and cross‐reactivity with V. spinulosa and V. denseserrulata
Authors: Wang Bin , Liao Hui , Zhao Yao , Li Wei , Song Zhiping 
Published: March 2011

• Premise of the study: Microsatellite primers were characterized in Vallisneria natans, a dominant submerged macrophyte occurring in freshwater bodies of tropical and subtropical zones.• Methods and Results: Using the Microsatellite Sequence Enrichment protocol, 16 novel polymorphic codominant loci were developed and characterized in V. natans. In addition to these, six existing microsatellite loci from V. spinulosa were successfully amplified and characterized for V. natans. These primers amplified di‐ and trinucleotide repeats with 2–7 alleles per locus. Most primers also amplified successfully in V. spinulosa and V. denseserrulata.• Conclusions: These results indicate the utility of primers in V. natans for future studies of population genetic structure, as well as their applicability across the genus.
Mohammed Arkoun, tisseur de passerelles
Authors: Benzine Rachid , Delorme Christian , Deway Oussama 
Published: March 2011

Résumé Afrique contemporaine rend hommage au professeur Mohammed Arkoun, décédé le 14 septembre 2010. Père de l’islamologie appliquée, pourfendeur des dogmes de l’islamologie classique, son œuvre est essentielle pour repenser le religieux dans les sociétés contemporaines. Le père Christian Delorme, Rachid Benzine et Oussama Deway témoignent de leur rencontre avec cet homme, dont l’influence a forgé leurs démarches personnelles. Ils présentent chacun à leur manière les concepts clés de sa pensée et rappellent la dimension éthique de son œuvre.
Cinquante ans de politique africaine de la France
Authors: Chafer Tony , Cumming Gordon David 
Published: March 2011

Résumé À l’occasion de la présentation du rapport « La coopération entre la France et le Royaume-Uni en Afrique, des capacités sous-utilisées » à l’Institut français des relations internationales (IFRI) le 3 novembre 2010, Tony Chafer et Gordon Cumming donnent leurs points de vue sur un demi-siècle de politique africaine de la France. Ils proposent une vision originale d’une Afrique en mutation et d’une France qui garde, à de nombreux égards, une vision passéiste de ces anciennes colonies.