bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of liner design on mouthpiece chamber vacuum during milking
Authors: Newman Janthea A. , Grindal Robert J. , Butler M. Clare 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThree types of liner (wide bore tapered, wide bore and narrow bore) were compared in a change-over design experiment comprising three 3-d periods and using six lactating Holstein Friesian cows with a wide range in milk flow rate and teat dimensions. Vacuum levels measured within the liner showed a characteristic pattern of three distinct phases: 1, a mouthpiece chamber (MPC) vacuum that fluctuated with vacuum beneath the teat; 2, a stable MPC vacuum that coincided with the period of peak milk flow and 3, a MPC vacuum that fluctuated with pressure changes in the pulsation chamber and coincided with the period of no or reduced flow. Of the three liners examined, the Gascoigne 1030A (wide bore tapered) induced the highest MPC vacuum (29·4 ± 2·23 kPa, mean ± s.e.m), significantly higher (P < 0·01) than the Alfa-Laval 960000–01 wide bore (23·5 ± 2·32), regardless of teat size and milk flow rate. The Alfa-Laval 7275737–01 (narrow bore) gave a significantly lower value (16·5 ± 1·96) than either of the others (P < 0·001). It was not possible to link absolutely raised MPC vacuum to cow discomfort and teat trauma but circumstantial evidence encourages this view. Narrow teats in combination with slow flow rate appeared to exacerbate MPC vacuum and, because milking time for such animals was protracted, teats were exposed for longer periods.
Polyclonal antibodies to human milk caseins
Authors: Šimíčková Marta , Lang Bohumír A. , Slepička Ladislav 
Published: June 2009

SummaryPreparations of total human casein and its individual fractions were isolated for production of specific polyclonal antibodies. Immunization procedures used differed in the schedule for antigen administration, antigen concentrations, degree of additional purification, and modification of the size of molecules. Immunoprecipitation techniques failed to provide an unambiguous proof of the presence of antibodies to human milk caseins in antisera even after immunization of animals phylogenetically considerably different from man. Immunoblotting, however, allowed antibodies to β-casein to be identified and compared with available monoclonal antibodies.
Effects of abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate, a hydrolysate of casein or a corresponding mixture of free amino acids on milk yield and composition in dairy cows
Authors: Choung Jai-Jun , Chamberlain David G. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe effects of the form in which amino acids are presented to the abomasum on the milk production of dairy cows receiving a basal diet of grass silage and a barley-based supplement were examined in two experiments. Effects of abomasal infusions of sodium caseinate were compared with the effects of corresponding levels of either an enzymic hydrolysate of casein (Expt 1) or a corresponding mixture of free amino acids (FAA; Expt 2). In Expt 1, although the yield of protein in milk increased progressively with each level of infusion, the yields of protein were greater for the caseinate than for the hydrolysate. Again, in Expt 2, for milk protein yield, sodium caseinate was superior to FAA at the lower level of infusion. In both experiments, the hydrolysate and FAA treatments were associated with higher concentrations of fat in the milk. There were indications of differences in the pattern of secretion of glucagon between the caseinate and FAA treatments. It is concluded that the differences between treatments relate either to the kinetics of absorption of amino acid residues or to the action of bioactive peptides released during digestion of casein.
Desiccation survival of populations of the entomopathogenic nematodesSteinernema feltiaeandHeterorhabditis megidisfrom Greece and the UK
Authors: Menti H. , Wright D.J. , Perry R.N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe desiccation survival and ability to control water loss during drying of individual infective juveniles (IJs) of populations ofSteinernema feltiaeandHeterorhabditis megidisfrom Greece and the UK were examined at different relative humidities. Survival at all relative humidities was for minutes only and there was no evidence of enhanced survival of the populations of either species from Greece compared with those from the UK. The survival of individuals of both populations ofH. megidiswas superior to that ofS. feltiaeand the rate of drying ofH. megidiswas significantly slower. The sheath surrounding the IJs ofH. megidisappears to be involved in slowing the rate of water loss of the enclosed nematodes.
Growth and development of Gnathostoma spinigerum early third-stage larvae in vitro
Authors: Maleewong W. , Intapan P.M. , Ieamviteevanich K. , Wongkham C. , Morakote N. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEarly third-stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum were cultured in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 25mM NaHCO3,100 units/ml penicillin G, 100 μg/ml of streptomycin, 5 μg/ml of amphotericin B and 10% foetal calf serum at 37°C under 5% CO2 in air for 60 days. After 3 days of cultivation, the larvae moulted. Body sizes increased from 0.49 ± 0.09 × 0.07 ± 0.01 mm in length and width to 4.08 ± 0.48 × 0.32 ± 0.04 mm after 60 days of cultivation. The maximum body length and width of these larvae were 4.94 mm and 0.35 mm, respectively. The survival rate (67.5 %) of the worms was observed at the end of cultivation. The addition of foetal calf serum was found to be essential for growth and development.
Prevalence of cystic echinococcosis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Libya
Authors: Ibrahem M.M. , Craig P.S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn an abattoir study, 514 camels, slaughtered for meat production in different areas of northern Libya were examined for the presence of cystic echinococcosis (CE). In addition, 367 sheep and 184 goats were examined. The overall prevalence of infection with CE was 48% in camels, 15.8% in sheep and 3.8% in goats. The infection rate, number and size of cysts were significantly higher in older camels. In six city abattoirs across northern Libya, i.e. Zawia, Tripoli, ElKhumes, Mesurata, Sirt and Benghazi, the prevalence rate of infection in camels ranged from 38.7% to 55.2%, in comparison with sheep and goat rates which were between 0% and 37.9% and 0% and 8.2%, respectively. In camels, the lungs were the most frequently infected organs (85.4%) with liver cysts occurring at a significantly lower rate (33%). In contrast, the liver was the predominant infected site with prevalence values of 86% and 100% in sheep and goats, respectively. More than 90% of camel hydatid cysts were fertile. The possible role of camels in the transmission of CE in Libya is discussed.
Histopathology of Sanguinicola inermis infection in carp, Cyprinus carpio
Authors: Kirk R.S. , Lewis J.W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe histopathological response of carp to Sanguinicola inermis was investigated by serial sectioning laboratory infected fish up to 90 days post infection (d p.i.). Juvenile flukes and adults caused mechanical damage to tissues during invasion and migration up to 28 d p.i. Adults partially occluded blood vessels and may have reduced blood circulation. In the initial phase of egg production (28–42 d p.i.), eggs and emigrating miracidia in gill tissue caused breakdown of vascular integrity, necrosis, hyperplasia, haemorrhage and eosinophilic infiltration of epithelial tissue. After 42 d p.i. the host granulomatous inflammatory response encapsulated eggs lodged in the gills, visceral sites and connective tissue displacing normal tissue. Encapsulation and subsequent degradation of eggs and miracidia within granulomata was highly developed by 90 d p.i. Laboratory infections of S. inermis can induce respiratory distress and therefore impair respiration of fish. The parasite also caused pathological changes in osmoregulatory, excretory and haemopoietic tissue and may impair function in these organ systems.
Lung nematodes of chamois in the Low Tatra National Park, Slovakia
Authors: Štefančíková A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractChamois (Rupicapra rupicapra tatrica) in the Low Tatra National Park are largely infected with the lungworms Mullerius capillaris and M. tenuispiculatus and sporadically with Dictyocaulus viviparus. The mean number of first stage larvae (Ll) per gram of faeces collected at chamois stands over the years 1981–1988 varied between 28.2 ( ± 11.9) and 61.6 ( ± 35.9). The degree of infection in chamois herds was significantly higher in the spring and autumn months, except for the spring of 1981, than in the summer season. The mean number of Ll per gram found in the dissected chamois (lung and intestinal content) varied between 64.53 ( ± 32.7) and 97.5 ( ± 36.4).
On Moniezia monardi Fuhrmann and Avitellina buechneri sp.nov. from Adenota kob thomasi (P. L. Sclater)
Authors: Dinnik J. A. 
Published: June 2009

Fourteen species of parasitic worms recovered from Adenota kob thomasi (P. L. Sclater) in Uganda, Africa, are recorded.The morphology of two tapeworms, Moniezia monardi Fuhrmann, 1931 and Avitellina buechneri sp. nov., is described in detail and discussed.
On Acanthostomum gymnarchi (Dollfus, 1950), with Notes on the Genera Acanthostomum Looss, 1899, Atrophocaecum Bhalerao, 1940, Gymnatotrema Morosov, 1955 and Haplocaecum Simha, 1958
Authors: Khalil L. F. 
Published: June 2009

1. Acanthostomum gymnarchi (Dollfus, 1950) is redescribed and the atrophy of the right caecum and the presence of an anal pore at the end of the left caecum were observed in this species.2. The genera Atrophocaecum Bhalerao, 1940; Gymnatotrema Morosov, 1955; and Haplocaecum Simha, 1958 are considered synonyms of the genus Acanthostomum Looss, 1899 which is here divided into four subgenera.3. Acanthostomum bagri Thomas, 1958 is considered a synonym of A. absconditum (Looss, 1901).4. A key to the five species of Acanthostomum found in the Sudan is provided.
Studies on Tissue Responses in Primary and Subsequent Infections with Heterakis gallinae in Chickens and on the Process of Formation of Caecal Nodules
Authors: Kaushik R. K. , Deorani V. P. Sharma 
Published: June 2009

1. In primary infections of chicks with 300 or 600 H. gallinae infective eggs, no clinical signs were apparent. Nodules were absent in all the experimental chicks as well as controls. Microscopically, few juveniles were observed in the caecal mucosa and the usual changes were mild congestion, few haemorrhages, and desquamation of superficial lining epithelial cells. Sections through a few thickened areas revealed a breached muscularis mucosa through which proliferated mucosal tissue had just invaginated into submucosa. The liver showed no changes.2. With primary infection of chicks with 300 or 600 infective H. gallinae eggs, and their subsequent infection after 25 days with 1,000 infective eggs, there were no clinical signs after either primary or secondary infections. Nodules of varying sizes were present on the caecal wall of infected birds only, their size and number varying with age of infection. Histopathologically, the types of nodules observed were, one associated with juveniles and the other with their absence; and nodules were present both in the invaginated mucosa and in the submucosa. It was confirmed that these caecal nodules were due to irritation by H. gallinae juveniles and their metabbolites, and that these nodules were more a reaction of already sensitised caeca to subsequent infections, a fact hitherto unreported. The liver showed nothing abnormal, and there was not much difference between the haematological values of experimental and control chicks.3. The actual process of formation of caecal nodules is demonstrated for the first time. The feasible explanation seems to be that on irritation of the already sensitised caeca by H. gallinae juveniles and their metabolites, hyperplasia of lymphoid tissue and epithelial cells results, which leads to a breach of the muscularis mucosa through which proliferated tissue of the mucosa invaginates. Later the muscularis mucosa constricts off and closes the nodule, the mucosa over it regenerates and becomes continuous. The present observations also indicate that the sterile nodular lesions usually found in natural infections may be the result of frequent infections, thus sensitising the chicks to subsequent infections.
Some Monogenoideans of the Family Diplectanidae Bychowsky, 1957 from Australian Teleost Fishes
Authors: Young P. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. Four new species of the genus Diplectanum Diesing, 1858 are described. These are D. cupatum sp.nov. from the gills of both Epinephelus merra Bloch and E. fasciatus (Forskål), D. plectropomi sp.nov. from the gills of Plectropomus maculatus (Bloch), D. summanae sp. nov. from the gills of E. summana (Forskål), and D. vagampullum sp.nov. from the gills of E. merra Bloch.2. Latericaecum gen.nov. and Monoplectanum gen.nov. are proposed to contain L. pearsoni sp.nov. and M. australis sp.nov. collected from the gills of Sphyraena obtusata Cuvier & Vallenciennes and Sillago ciliata respectively. Calydiscoides gen.nov. is proposed to contain C. australis sp.nov. from the gills of Lethrinus chrystostomu Richardson together with C. difficilis (Yamaguti, 1953) comb.nov., C. duplicostatus (Yamaguti, 1953) comb.nov. and C.flexuosus (Yamaguti, 1953) comb.nov.3. Lepidotrema angusta (Johnston & Tiegs, 1922) Price, 1937 and L. bidyana Murray, 1931 are redescribed from fresh materials from the type hosts and the generic diagnosis is emended from a study of these specimens, new specimens of L. tenue Johnston & Tiegs, 1922, and named material of L. therapon Johnston & Tiegs, 1922.
Two New Genera of Amphistomes from Sudanese Freshwater Fishes
Authors: McClelland W. F. J. 
Published: June 2009

1. Sandonia sudanensis gen. et sp. nov. obtained from the intestine of the freshwater fishes Synodontis schall and Distochodus niloticus in the Nile is described and its affinities with the members of the subfamily Schizamphistominae are discussed.2. Brevicaecum niloticum gen. et sp. nov. from the intestine of Citharinus citharus from the Nile is described and placed in the subfamily Kalitrematinae.
On Cardiofilaria nilesi in Experimentally Infected Chickens with a Note on the Morphology and Periodicity of the Microfilariae
Authors: Gooneratne Brendon W. M. 
Published: June 2009

The course of infection of chickens experimentally infected with C. nilesi suggested an immune response against the microfilariae. Autopsy findings of 6 experimentally infected chickens are given. In a chicken which received 32 infective larvae, when the peripheral blood was microfilaria negative for a period of 10 days, autopsy revealed 2 live active female and 3 live active male adult worms. These, when implanted in a clean 3 week old experimental chicken, produced a peripheral microfilaraemia for a further 63 days. When no peripheral microfilariae were detected for a period of 17 days, the recipient chicken was autopsied and microfilariae were found in the lung impression smears, although none of the implanted adult worms were found.The morphology, structure and nocturnal subperiodicity of the microfilariae are described.
Allometric growth in three species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize
Authors: Fischthal Jacob H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAllometric growth of body proportions and organs is determined for three species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize: Apocreadium mexicanum Manter, 1937 (Apocreadiidae), Pseudocreadium lamelliforme (Linton. 1907) Manter, 1946 (Lepocreadiidae), Paracryptogonimus americanus Manter, 1940 (Cryptogonimidae). These are compared with three other species in which allometric growth has been studied. In all species only the hindbody shows positive growth, whereas the forebody, suckers, and pharynx are consistently negative. The body width, posttesticular body, testes, and ovary are positive in some species and negative in others. In some instances the body proportion or organ is growing at the same rate as the body length.
New schistorophine nematodes (Acuariidae) from New Zealand shore birds
Authors: Clark W. C. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTViktorocara torea and Sciadiocara tarapunga n. spp. are described from specimens from the gizzards of Haematopus ostralegus finschi and Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus respectively. All hosts were collected in the South Island, New Zealand. V. torea is characterised by the possession of the doubly bifid apices to the long spicule and absence of a subterminal spicular spur; presence of six preanal papillae, the first and second widely spaced: the muscular region of the oesophagus constituting about one quarter of the total length of the oesophagus. S. tarapunga is similar to S. umbellifera, but differs in having the muscular region of the oesophagus shorter than the glandular region, a more slender body in both sexes, much smaller spicules (78–91 μm and 275–359 μm) with the right spicule not more than one-third as long as the left one. The long spicule bears a pair of similar, rounded, laterally placed spatulate apices. It is suggested that Sciadiocara umbellifera of previous authors may encompass more than one species.
Activity of disaccharidases in the intestinal contents of piglets infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and activity in these nematodes
Authors: Enigk K. , Dey-Hazra A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe activity of maltase, saccharase, cellobiase, trehalase and lactase was estimated in the intestinal contents of non-infected pigs and pigs infected with several gastrointestinal nematodes and in the nematodes themselves.Enzyme activities in the intestinal contents of pigs infected with Hyostrongylus rubidus were similar to those in uninfected control pigs. However the enzyme activity of the contents of the whole intestine was increased in Strongyloides ransomi infections and moderately increased in Ascaris suum infection. In Trichuris and Oesophagostomum infections activity was only increased in the large intestine contents.Ascaris suum contained high activity of maltase and saccharase in its intestine and lower levels in other organs, while levels were much lower in other pig nematodes. Hyostrongylus rubidus and its third-stage larva did not contain any disaccharidases activity.The disaccharidases in the pig nematodes, especially in Strongyloides, were more sensitive to high temperatures (70°C) than those in the contents of the pig intestine.Some disaccharidases were demonstrable in embryonated Ascaris and Trichuris eggs and in third-stage larvae of Strongyloides and Oesophagostomum.
Two new species of Enenterum Linton, 1910 (Digenea) in the marine fish Neoscorpis lithophilus (Kyphosidae) from the south-western Indian Ocean
Authors: Bray R. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTEnenterum elsti sp. nov. and E. prudhoei sp. nov. are described from the intestine of Neoscorpis lithophilus off Mapelane, Natal, South Africa. These species differ from others of the genus Enenterum in the ratio of the oral sucker to body-length and in the length of the prepharynx. E. elsti differs from. E. prudhoei in size, in sucker-ratio and in the number and configuration of the oral lobes. A key to the species of Enenterum is presented and the status of the genus briefly discussed.
Factors affecting the acquisition of resistance against Schistosoma mansoni in the mouse. 2. The time at which resistance to reinfection develops
Authors: Long E. , Doenhoff M. , Bain J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTMice developed a partial resistance against homologous challenge with Schistosoma mansoni as early as two weeks after primary infections of 35 to 75 cercariae, and the degree of protection increased to an apparent maximum by 6 weeks. Animals given a primary infection of only 25 cercariae required a longer period to acquire maximum resistance.
Helminths of the pig on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria: relative prevalence, abundance and economic significance
Authors: Fabiyi J. P. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTDuring the period October 1972 to July 1973 inclusive, 450 pigs of various age groups, belonging mainly to the native breed (white variety), born and raised on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria, were examined for helminth infections. Post-mortem worm recovery indicated that 15 species of helminths were present: Hyostrongylus rubidus, Ascarops strongylina, Physocephalus sexalatus, Ascaris suum, Globocephalus urosubulatus, Strongyloides ransomi, Trichuris suis, Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum, Oesophagostomum dentatum, Metastrongylus salmi, Stephanurus dentatus, Cysticercus cellulosae, Cysticercus tenuicollis, hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus and sparganum of Spirometra erinacei.The records of A. strongylina, P. sexalatus, O. quadrispinulatum, M. salmi, C. tenuicollis, hydatid cyst and sparganum are new for pigs in Nigeria.It is possible that pigs may play some role in the local epizootiology of C. tenuicollis and E. granulosus. C. cellulosae, E. granulosus, S. erinacei, A. suum and T. suis may be of significance as zoonoses.
Preliminary survey ofCapillaria hepatica(Bancroft, 1893) in Malaysia
Authors: Sinniah B. , Singh Manmohan , Anuar Khairul 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe prevalence ofCapillaria hepatica(Bancroft, 1893) infection in a total of 2324 rats trapped from 25 localities in West Malaysia was 15.5%. Infection rates in males (16.0%) and females (15.1%) are similar. A significantly higher percentage of adults (18.1%) than young (7.7%) was infected.Capillaria hepaticainfection rates amoung urban (0.7%) and jungle (0.0%) rats was very low as compared to field rats (17.7%) trapped from agricultural areas such as oil palm estates and rice growing areas.Prevalence ofC. hepaticainfection in rats is not evenly distributed throughout West Malaysia. There seem to be localised foci of infection. In some areas as many as 77.8% of the adult rats are found to be infected while in other areas the same species of rats are found free of infection.
Vitamin absorption in thein vivointestine of normal and infected (Hymenolepis diminuta: Cestoda) rats
Authors: Mettrick D. F. , Jackson D. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTUptake and serosal transfer of the vitamins thiamine, riboflavin and folic acid have been studiedin vivoin normal and parasitized rats infected withHymenolepis diminuta(Cestoda).Regional differences in intestinal uptake of all three vitamins in both uninfected and parasitized animals were not statistically significant.In the parasitized intestine mucosal uptake and serosal transfer of thiamine were significantly inhibited, with increased mucosal accumulation of the vitamin as luminal thiamine concentration increased.Apparent increased riboflavin mucosal uptake in parasitized animals, was not matched by the reduced serosal transfer, suggesting adsorption of the vitamin in the unstirred aqueous layers.Mucosal uptake of folic acid increased in the parasitized gut; serosal transfer and mucosal accumulation were not affected.These results, indicating vitamin malabsorption associated with infection byH. diminuta, are consistent with the parasite inhibiting mucosal passive transport mechanisms. This conclusion is supported by the changes in net water fluxes associated with vitamin uptake in the parasitized intestine.
Spinicauda regiensis n. sp. (Nematoda: Heterakoidea), a parasite of the ball python (Python regius)
Authors: Platt T. R. , Bush A. O. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSpinicauda regiensis n. sp. is described from a captive ball python, Python regius. The new species differs from all other species of Spinicauda by the presence of a papilla in the precloacal sucker of the male.