bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Size, Shape, Composition, and Support Film on Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Frequency: A Single Particle Approach Applied to Silver Bipyramids and Gold and Silver Nanocubes
Authors: Ringe Emilie , Zhang Jian , Langille Mark R. , Sohn Kwonnam , Cobley Claire , Au Leslie , Xia Younan , Mirkin Chad A. , Huang Jiaxing , Marks Laurence D , Van Duyne Richard P 
Published: January 2010

AbstractLocalized surface plasmon resonances (LSPR), collective electron oscillations in nanoparticles, are being heavily scrutinized for applications in chemical and biological sensing, as well as in prototype nanophotonic devices. This phenomenon exhibits an acute dependence on the particle’s size, shape, composition, and environment. The detailed characterization of the structure-function relationship of nanoparticles is obscured by ensemble averaging. Consequently, single-particle data must be obtained to extract useful information from polydisperse reaction mixtures. Recently, a correlated high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) LSPR technique has been developed and applied to silver nanocubes. We report here a second generation of experiments using this correlation technique, in which statistical analysis is performed on a large number of single particles. The LSPR dependence on size, shape, material, and environment was probed using silver right bipyramids, silver cubes, and gold cubes. It was found that the slope of the dependence of LSPR peak on size for silver bipyramids increases as the edges become sharper. Also, a plasmon shift of 96 nm was observed between similar silver and gold cubes, while a shift of 26 nm was observed, for gold cubes, between substrates of refractive index (RI) of 1.5 and 2.05.
Polarization behavior of the exciton-polariton emission of ZnO-based microresonators
Authors: Sturm Chris , Hilmer Helena , Schmidt-Grund Rüdiger , Grundmann Marius 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present the polarization behavior of the exciton-polariton luminescence of a ZnO-based all-oxide resonator. A splitting in the emission energy between the s- and p-polarized pho-toluminescence of the lower polariton branch was observed which increases with increasing emission angle. It is caused by the polarization behavior of the uncoupled cavity-photon mode, and reaches a maximum of about 5 meV at an emission angle near the bottleneck region. For lar-ger angles the energy splitting decreases. Additionally to the energy splitting, we observed dif-ferences in the photoluminescence intensity which we trace back to different occupation of the lower polariton branch for the two polarizations. Whereas for p-polarization a bottleneck effect is clearly observable, this effect is much weaker for s-polarization. These findings indicate that the relaxation of hot carriers into the bottleneck region is enhanced for the p-polarized photolumi-nescence compared to the s-polarized one. The differences between these two polarizations are most pronounced for a very large negative detuning and vanish with increasing detuning.
Radiolabelling of TiO2 Nanoparticle Libraries for Toxicological Investigations
Authors: Musumeci Anthony W. , Gahan Lawrence R , Rajh Tijana , Martin Darren J , Smith Suzanne V 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTo further our understanding of nanoparticle interactions with biological systems, it is important that highly sensitive, reliable and robust methods for labelling particles are established. We report here the application of a series of bi-functional cage ligands to radiolabel a range (i.e. shapes and sizes) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles. The cages were covalently attached to the surface of the particles via the use of a dopac derivative and then radiolabelled with a gamma emitting radioisotope. The final radiolabelled nanoparticles proved to be stable in solution and the method easy and robust. The application of a gamma emitter allows the radiolabelled particles to be tracked in vivo and in the environment.
A Powder Processing Route to Polymer Composites
Authors: Giancola Giorgiana , Lehman Richard L 
Published: January 2010

AbstractPowder processing of thermoplastic polymer composites offers multiple advantages for both micro- and nano-scale systems. A high degree of component homogenization is achieved prior to melt forming of the composite, thus minimizing degradation associated with extended thermal processing at high shear. Polymer blends can be prepared that would otherwise not be possible due to thermodynamic incompatibility. Initial evaluation of this concept was conducted by processing PMMA and HDPE micron size powder prepared by emulsion polymerization. Spherical silica particles of comparable size (mean size = 5 μm) were added to a 30/60 PMMA/HDPE blend at the 10 volume percent concentration and mixed in an aqueous medium prior to drying and extrusion. Analysis of optical and electron microscope images of the raw mixture shows good homogeneity and distribution of the small inorganic particles around the larger matrix phase particles by the process of interstitial filling. The melt-processed composite was observed by SEM and consisted of a three-phase system of dispersed silica and PMMA particles in a HDPE matrix.
Effect of Humidity on Dielectric Charging Process in Electrostatic Capacitive RF MEMS Switches Based on Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Surface Potential Measurements
Authors: Zaghloul Usama , Papaioannou George J. , Coccetti Fabio , Pons Patrick , Plana Robert 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this article we investigate the effect of relative humidity on dielectric charging/discharging processes in electrostatically actuated MEMS devices. The assessment procedure is based on surface potential measurements using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) and it targets in this specific work PECVD silicon nitride films in view of application in electrostatic capacitive RF MEMS switches. Charges have been injected through the AFM tip and the induced surface potential has been measured under different relative humidity levels. The impact of the charge injection duration and the bias level as well as bias polarity applied during the charge injection step, have been explored. Finally, the effect of the dielectric film thickness under different relative humidity levels has been assessed through depositing SiN films with different thicknesses.
Addressing Diversity in STEM Education: Authenticity and Integration
Authors: Goodchild Fiona M. , Aguirre Maria O. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis talk will reflect on the challenges of designing educational opportunities that broaden diversity in the ranks of future scientists and engineers. The speaker, who is Education Director at the California Nanosystems Institute (CNSI) at the University of California, Santa Barbara, will report on the design and evaluation of a program that integrates academic, career and social components to engage a community of undergraduates, graduate mentors and research faculty at UCSB. The program builds on key practices such as academic mentorship, community networking and early undergraduate research. Evaluation of this program, Expanding Pathways to Science, Engineering and Mathematics (EPSEM) indicates that it has been successful in recruiting and retaining students from under-represented (URM) groups into science, technology, engineering and math disciplines (STEM disciplines).
Hierarchically Structured Conjugated Polymers
Authors: Frauenrath Holger 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFunctional carbonaceous materials, organic electronic materials, and polymer materials which "speak the language" of biomaterials in their propensity for hierarchical structure formation play a central role in current materials science research. In this context, we prepared hierarchically structured conjugated polymers from diacetylene macromonomers based on β-sheet-forming oligopeptide-polymer conjugates as supramolecular building blocks. The monomers gave rise to supramolecular polymers with a finite number of strands, a uniform diameter of a few nanometers, and defined superstructures. These were then converted into conjugated polymers under retention of their hierarchical structures, leading to poly(diacetylene)s with multiple-helical quaternary structures and a rich folding behavior. The diacetylene macromonomers served as a model system to improve our understanding of how to use hydrogen-bonding sites in order to control the placement of reactive molecular precursors for hierarchically structured organic materials.
Text Mapping Plus: Improving Comprehension Through Supported Retellings
Authors: Lapp Diane , Fisher Douglas , Johnson Kelly 
Published: January 2010

Modeled in this column is the teaching of a text mapping routine that supports students reading and remembering the salient features of the text. The authors renamed the story mapping technique text mapping plus because they found that as students added relational words and graphics to their maps their retells of both fiction and nonnarrative were fuller, more accurate, and shared with greater confidence.تمثّل في هذا العمود تدريس نظام مسح النص الذي يدعم قراءة الطلاب وتذكرهم بمعالم النص البارزة. وقد ألقى المؤلفون تسمية جديدة على نظام مسح النص إنما هي مسح النص الزائد لأنهم وجدوا أن كلما أضاف الطلاب كلمات وصوراً متعلقة بمسحهم كلما زادت إعادة حكايتهم بالنسبة للروايات الخيالية وغير السردية في العرض والدقة والتقديم بثقة أكبر.在本期专栏里所介绍的教学模型，是有关教授建构文本地图的例行程序，以支援学生读懂文本及记忆文本中显著的特色。作者把建构故事地图的技巧，重新命名为「文本地图加强版」，因为作者发现当学生建构文本地图时，他们会加进相关的词汇及绘图，会更完整、更准确地复述小说故事及非叙事文本的内容，并会更有信心地与人分享文本的内容。On modélise dans cette rubrique l'enseignement d'une procédure de configuration de texte en vue de renforcer la lecture et la mémorisation par les élèves des caractéristiques majeures d'un texte. Les auteurs ont donné un nouveau nom à la technique de configuration d'une histoire et parlent maintenant de configuration de texte plus parce qu'ils ont trouvé que quand les élèves ajoutent des mots de relation et des graphiques à leur configuration, leur répétition de ce qui est narratif et de ce qui ne l'est pas est plus complète, plus précise, et est apporté avec plus de confiance.В этом выпуске рубрики представлена модель, по которой школьников можно обучить составлению “карты текста”. Данный метод эффективен для чтения и запоминания существенных моментов прочитанного. Авторы назвали свою модификацию метода “карта плюс”, поскольку выяснили, что когда учащиеся добавляют к составляемым картам дополнительные, связанные с текстом слова и изображения, они пересказывают как художественный, так и нехудожественный текст более уверенно, полно и подробно.Se modela en esta columna cómo enseñar a hacer mapas para ayudar al estudiante a recordar los aspectos más importantes de un texto. Los autores llamaron esta técnica topografía textual plus porque encontraron que, a medida que los estudiantes añadían a sus mapas palabras y gráficos relacionados, podían volver a contar tanto las narraciones ficticias como las no ficticias más detalladamente, con más fidelidad, y con más seguridad en sí mismos.
Geomagnetic Referencing Service - A Viable Alternative for Accurate Wellbore Surveying
Authors: Poedjono Benny , Adly Essam , Terpening Mike , Li Xiong 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Wellbore positioning is a major challenge in eastern Canada because of the extensive faults in the Jeanne d'Arc basin. Accurate well placement is vital to the success of hydrocarbon production; accurate surveys are required in real time to drill 3D trajectories that penetrate multiple small geological targets and avoid costly subsurface collisions with adjacent wellbores.
Magnetic surveying has become increasingly accurate and now provides a cost-effective alternative to gyroscopic surveys in real-time drilling applications. Magnetic tools are subject to two main sources of error: variations in the local magnetic field and interference from magnetized elements in the drillstring. New techniques for identifying and compensating for these errors involve a better understanding of the natural variations in the earth's magnetic field, and new methods of mapping local variations improve magnetic modeling.
A key innovation is the ability to create an accurate and robust crustal model and integrate real-time diurnal measurements from nearby magnetic observatories. The addition of observatory data that improves positional uncertainty has made magnetic surveying a viable option, even at higher latitudes where more extreme variations in the local magnetic field would otherwise induce unacceptable positioning errors. Geomagnetic referencing services now offer a multitiered approach to achieve the requisite degree of positional accuracy within the economic restraints of a given drilling program.
Geomagnetic referencing can produce significant savings in overall project costs by providing accurate, real-time data on well position while corrections to trajectory are still possible. Real-time azimuth control can prevent the costly sidetracks that are often required when only a postdrilled survey is performed and reveals that the well has missed its target. Geomagnetic referencing also eliminates the cost of extra rig time required to run an accurate postdrilled gyroscopic survey, which can be a significant benefit when budget restraints are critical.
McConnell Taping Shifts the Patella Inferiorly in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain: A Dynamic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Derasari Aditya , Brindle Timothy J. , Alter Katharine E. , Sheehan Frances T. 
Published: January 2010

BackgroundPatellar taping is widely used clinically to treat patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Although patellar taping has been demonstrated to reduce patellofemoral pain in patients with PFPS, the kinematic source for this pain reduction has not been identified.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to quantify the changes in the 6-degrees-of-freedom patellofemoral kinematics due to taping in patients with PFPS.DesignA within-subject design and a sample of convenience were used.ParticipantsFourteen volunteers (19 knees) who were diagnosed with patellofemoral pain that was present for a year or longer were included. Each knee had to meet at least 1 of the following inclusion criteria: Q-angle of ≥15 degrees, a positive apprehension test, patellar lateral hypermobility (≥10 mm), or a positive “J sign.”MethodsEach knee underwent 2 randomly ordered testing conditions (untaped and taped). A full fast-phase contrast (PC) magnetic resonance image set was acquired for each condition while the participants volitionally extended and flexed their knee. Three-dimensional displacements and rotations were calculated through integration of the fast-PC velocity data. Statistical comparisons between baseline patellofemoral kinematics and the change in kinematics due to taping were performed using a 2-tailed paired Student t test. Correlations between baseline patellofemoral kinematics and the change in kinematics due to taping also were quantified.ResultsPatellar taping resulted in a significant patellofemoral inferior shift. The strongest correlation existed between the change in lateral-medial displacement with taping and baseline (r=−.60).ConclusionsThe inferior shift in patellar displacement with taping partially explains the previously documented decrease in pain due to increases in contact area. The lack of alteration in 5 of the 6 kinematic variables with taping may have been due to the fact that post-taping kinematic alterations are sensitive to the baseline kinematic values.
Interhemispheric Modulation Induced by Cortical Stimulation and Motor Training
Authors: Williams Julie A. , Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Fregni Felipe 
Published: January 2010

Background
Interhemispheric inhibition might be a beneficial cortico-cortical interaction, but also might be maladaptive in people with neurological disorders. One recently revisited technique that has been shown to be effective in improving motor function in people with stroke using interhemispheric modulation is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of tDCS combined with unilateral motor training with contralateral hand restraint on interhemispheric inhibition between the dominant and nondominant hemispheres of the brain and on motor performance in participants who were healthy.

Design
This was a double-blind, prospective, single-center study with participants who were healthy.

Methods
Twenty participants who were healthy were randomly assigned to receive either active or sham tDCS of the primary motor cortex (M1) bilaterally combined with unilateral motor training and contralateral hand restraint. A blinded rater assessed motor function and cortical excitability, including assessment of transcallosal inhibition (TCI).

Results
There was a larger increase in motor performance in the nondominant hand for the active tDCS group compared with the sham tDCS group. In addition, a decrease in cortical excitability in the dominant hemisphere and a decrease in TCI from the dominant to nondominant hemisphere were observed for the active tDCS group only. The TCI decrease in the active tDCS group was correlated with motor performance improvement for the nondominant hand.

Limitations
Limitations of this study included missing the effect of intracortical inhibition due to a floor effect, not using the optimal tDCS montage, and not being able to assess the effects of other variables such as gender due to the small sample size.

Conclusions
The results indicate that tDCS enhances the effects of unilateral motor training and contralateral hand restraint on motor function, and this benefit is associated with a different mechanism of action characterized by bihemispheric modulation in which TCI from the dominant to the nondominant hemisphere is decreased. Transcranial direct current stimulation might be a useful tool to enhance the motor effects of constraint-induced movement therapy.
Rapid closure technique in decompressive craniectomy
Authors: Güresir Erdem , Vatter Hartmut , Schuss Patrick , Oszvald Ági , Raabe Andreas , Seifert Volker , Beck Jürgen 
Published: January 2010

Object
The object of this study was to describe the rapid closure technique in decompressive craniectomy without duraplasty and its use in a large cohort of consecutive patients.

Methods
Between 1999 and 2008, supratentorial rapid closure decompressive craniectomy (RCDC) was performed 341 times in 318 patients at the authors' institution. Cases were stratified as 1) traumatic brain injury, 2) subarachnoid hemorrhage, 3) intracerebral hemorrhage, 4) cerebral infarction, and 5) other. A large bone flap was removed and the dura mater was opened in a stellate fashion. Duraplasty was not performed—that is, the dura was not sutured, and a dural substitute was neither sutured in nor layed on. The dura and exposed brain tissue were covered with hemostyptic material (Surgicel). Surgical time and complications of this procedure including follow-up (> 6 months) were recorded. After 3–6 months cranioplasty was performed, and, again, surgical time and any complications were recorded.

Results
Rapid closure decompressive craniectomy was feasible in all cases. Complications included superficial wound healing disturbance (3.5% of procedures), abscess (2.6%) and CSF fistula (0.6%); the mean surgical time (± SD) was 69 ± 20 minutes. Cranioplasty was performed in 196 cases; the mean interval (± SD) from craniectomy to cranioplasty was 118 ± 40 days. Complications of cranioplasty included epidural hematoma (4.1%), abscess (2.6%), wound healing disturbance (6.1%), and CSF fistula (1%).
Compared with the results reported in the literature for decompressive craniectomy with duraplasty followed by cranioplasty, there were no significant differences in the frequency of complications. However, surgical time for RCDC was significantly shorter (69 ± 20 vs 129 ± 43 minutes, p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
The present analysis of the largest series reported to date reveals that the rapid closure technique is feasible and safe in decompressive craniectomy. The surgical time is significantly shorter without increased complication rates or additional complications. Cranioplasty after a RCDC procedure was also feasible, fast, safe and not impaired by the RCDC technique.
Technique for the localization of intracranially implanted electrodes
Authors: Darcey Terrance M. , Roberts David W. 
Published: January 2010

Object
The anatomical localization of electrodes in the human brain is important for the interpretation of pathophysiological (epileptifom spikes, seizures) and functional data (stimulation mapping, evoked potentials). Electroencephalography and evoked potentials are volume-conducted field effects that are most easily interpreted with knowledge of the location and topology of adjacent structures, and brain stimulation techniques produce current fields whose effects are highly dependent on the geometry of electrode assemblies in relation to adjacent structures. In this paper, the authors describe a straightforward method for implanted electrode localization, and detail their experience to date with the technique.

Methods
The described method is based on the coregistration of preoperative MR imaging studies with postimplant CT scans by using standard mutual information optimization of rigid body transformation of the CT to the MR image. Fused images of the MR and thresholded CT images are derived, and electrodes are visualized using various standard computer projections, renderings, and measurement tools.

Results
The authors have successfully used the described method over an extended period to localize electrode contacts in intracranial implants for seizure localization, and in long-term implants for movement disorders and seizure control. The accuracy of localization is very good, although it is dependent on image quality and possible brain shift between acquisition of the CT and MR images.

Conclusions
This method is easily implemented and is useful for a wide variety of clinical and research applications. It is a straightforward process to extend it to additional image modalities that are emerging for surgical planning and image guidance.
Role of extracellular glutamate measured by cerebral microdialysis in severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Chamoun Roukoz , Suki Dima , Gopinath Shankar P. , Goodman J. Clay , Robertson Claudia 
Published: January 2010

Object
Authors of several studies have implied a key role of glutamate, an excitatory amino acid, in the pathophysiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the place of glutamate measurement in clinical practice and its impact on the management of TBI has yet to be elucidated. The authors' objective in the present study was to evaluate glutamate levels in TBI, analyzing the factors affecting them and determining their prognostic value.

Methods
A prospective study of patients with severe TBI was conducted with an inclusion criterion of a Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤ 8 within 48 hours of injury. Invasive monitoring included intracranial pressure measurements, brain tissue PO2, jugular venous O2 saturation, and cerebral microdialysis. Patients received standard care including mass evacuation when indicated and treatment of elevated intracranial pressure values. Demographic data, CT findings, and outcome at 6 months of follow-up were recorded.

Results
One hundred sixty-five patients were included in the study. Initially high glutamate values were predictive of a poor outcome. The mortality rate was 30.3% among patients with glutamate levels > 20 μmol/L, compared with 18% among those with levels ≤ 20 μmol/L.
Two general patterns were recognized: Pattern 1, glutamate levels tended to normalize over the monitoring period (120 hours); and Pattern 2, glutamate levels tended to increase with time or remain abnormally elevated. Patients showing Pattern 1 had a lower mortality rate (17.1 vs 39.6%) and a better 6-month functional outcome among survivors (41.2 vs 20.7%).

Conclusions
Glutamate levels measured by microdialysis appear to have an important role in TBI. Data in this study suggest that glutamate levels are correlated with the mortality rate and 6-month functional outcome.