bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultracentrifugation
Authors: Völkl Alfred 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

Essentially, centrifuges used in laboratory settings or in the industry are devices for separating particles from a heterogeneous mixture. Fundamental to separation is the increase in the effective gravitational force by spinning the sample in the single cavity or the tubes of a rotor as the ‘mobile part’ of a centrifuge. Subjected to the respective centrifugal force thus applied, the individual constituents of a sample will differentially sediment according to their physical properties as well as the density and viscosity of the sample solution.

Ultracentrifuges are optimised for spinning a rotor at very high speeds generating centrifugal forces as high as 1 000 000
g
. There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, preparative and analytical ultracentrifuges. Preparative ultracentrifuges are used in biology for the fractionation of fine particulate samples such as tissue homogenates aiming to isolate subcellular organelles, macromolecules, bacteria or viruses. By means of analytical centrifuges, the physico‐chemical properties of a sedimenting particle or molecular interactions of macromolecules and their possible subunits, respectively, can be unravelled.

Key Concepts:

Centrifugation, in particular high‐speed (ultra)centrifugation, is a widely used technique to elucidate fundamental processes such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis in mitochondria, the synthesis of proteins by ribosomes or the interactions of intracellular multiprotein complexes.

Ultracentrifugation is basically carried out in two ways: preparative and analytical centrifugation.

The former aims to isolate and purify, for example, subcellular organelles or multiprotein complexes; the latter allows to analyse interactions between macromolecules and to unravel physico‐chemical properties like mass and size of such particles.

Preparative centrifugation performed as batch‐type (conventional) centrifugation is mostly used to separate and enrich organelles out of complex biological mixtures.

The alternative, continuous‐flow centrifugation, is particularly useful for the large‐scale collection of particles out of a diluted solution as it combines high centrifugal force with high throughput.

Theoretically, two kinds of preparative centrifugation have to be distinguished: differential centrifugation and density gradient centrifugation.

Differential centrifugation fractionates organelles of a tissue homogenate according to their size and shape, yet leads only to an enriched rather than a highly purified preparation of a particular organelle.

To get a preparation genuinely purified, common contaminants have to be subsequently removed by density gradient centrifugation.

Rate zonal and isopycnic density gradient centrifugations differ in their basic concepts and the types of density gradients used.
Annealing‐Free High Efficiency and Large Area Polymer Solar Cells Fabricated by a Roller Painting Process
Authors: Jung Jae Woong , Jo Won Ho 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPolymer solar cells are fabricated by a novel solution coating process, roller painting. The roller‐painted film – composed of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) – has a smoother surface than a spin‐coated film. Since the roller painting is accompanied by shear and normal stresses and is also a slow drying process, the process effectively induces crystallization of P3HT and PCBM. Both crystalline P3HT and PCBM in the roller‐painted active layer contribute to enhanced and balanced charge‐carrier mobility. Consequently, the roller‐painting process results in a higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.6%, as compared to that for spin coating (3.9%). Furthermore, annealing‐free polymer solar cells (PSCs) with high PCE are fabricated by the roller painting process with the addition of a small amount of octanedi‐1,8‐thiol. Since the addition of octanedi‐1,8‐thiol induces phase separation between P3HT and PCBM and the roller‐painting process induces crystallization of P3HT and PCBM, a PCE of roller‐painted PSCs of up to 3.8% is achieved without post‐annealing. A PCE of over 2.7% can also be achieved with 5 cm2 of active area without post‐annealing.
Disparities by ethnicity, language, and immigrant status in occupational health experiences among Las Vegas hotel room cleaners
Authors: Premji Stéphanie , Krause Niklas 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjectiveWe examined disparities in workers' occupational health experiences.MethodsWe surveyed 941 unionized Las Vegas hotel room cleaners about their experiences with work‐related pain and with employers, physicians, and workers' compensation. Data were analyzed for all workers and by ethnicity, language, and immigrant status.ResultsHispanic and English as second language (ESL) workers were more likely than their counterparts to report work‐related pain and, along with immigrant workers, to miss work because of this pain. Hispanic, ESL, and immigrant workers were not consistently at a disadvantage with regard to their own responses to work‐related pain but were so with respect to reported responses by workers' compensation, physicians, and employers.ConclusionsThere are indications of disparities in occupational health experiences within this job title. The use of different group classifications, while implying different mechanisms, produced similar results. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:960–975, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical study on mesothelioma in Japan: Relevance to occupational asbestos exposure
Authors: Kishimoto Takumi , Gemba Kenichi , Fujimoto Nobukazu , Aoe Keisuke , Kato Katsuya , Takeshima Yukio , Inai Kohki 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackgroundIn 2003, the number of deaths due to malignant mesothelioma in Japan was 878; however, only 85 cases of mesothelioma due to asbestos exposure were authorized for compensation. The reasons for this discrepancy require evaluation.MethodWe examined medical records, X‐rays, and pathology results to evaluate mesothelioma cases in Japan between 2003 and 2005; used a questionnaire to identify occupational and environmental histories, and determined the concentration of asbestos fibers in pathology specimens.ResultsWe identified 442 definite cases of malignant mesothelioma with a median age of 68 years. There were 316 malignant mesothelioma cases with occupational asbestos exposure, 12 cases with neighborhood exposure and 5 cases with likely domestic exposure. Most (78%) of the 87 cases exceeded 1,000 asbestos particles per gram of dry lung tissue.ConclusionWe conclude that 79.2% of cases of mesothelioma in Japan in recent years were caused by asbestos exposure. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1081–1087, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
European political trends viewed through patterns of Web linking
Authors: Romero‐Frías Esteban , Vaughan Liwen 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study explored the feasibility of using Web hyperlink data to study European political Web sites. Ninety‐six European Union (EU) political parties belonging to a wide range of ideological, historical, and linguistic backgrounds were included in the study. Various types of data on Web links to party Web sites were collected. The Web colink data were visualized using multidimensional scaling (MDS), while the inlink data were analyzed with a 2‐way analysis of variance test. The results showed that Web hyperlink data did reflect some political patterns in the EU. The MDS maps showed clusters of political parties along ideological, historical, linguistic, and social lines. Statistical analysis based on inlink counts further confirmed that there was a significant difference along the line of the political history of a country, such that left‐wing parties in the former communist countries received considerably fewer inlinks to their Web sites than left‐wing parties in countries without a history of communism did. The study demonstrated the possibility of using Web hyperlink data to gain insights into political situations in the EU. This suggests the richness of Web hyperlink data and its potential in studying social‐political phenomena.
Neural tube defect genes and maternal diabetes during pregnancy
Authors: Salbaum J. Michael , Kappen Claudia 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Maternal diabetes during pregnancy is a well‐known teratogen that increases the risk for birth defects, such as neural tube defects (NTDs). We have previously shown that maternal diabetes profoundly affects gene expression in the developing embryo, in particular a suite of known NTD genes. In rodent experimental systems, NTDs present as phenotypes of incomplete penetrance in diabetic pregnancies. This property is difficult to reconcile with observations of consistently altered gene expression in exposed embryos. We here show that maternal diabetes increases the overall variability of gene expression levels in embryos. RESULTS: Altered gene expression and increased variability of gene expression together may constitute the molecular correlates for incomplete phenotype penetrance. DISCUSSION: Based on this model, we suggest that maternal diabetes reduces the precision of gene regulation in exposed individuals. Loss of precision in embryonic gene regulation may include changes to the epigenome via deregulated expression of chromatin‐modifying factors. Unraveling the mechanisms underlying such epigenetic modifications in diabetic pregnancies will help to understand how teratogenic insults compromise embryonic development and possibly provide avenues for therapeutic intervention. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry: Findings after 5 years of enrollment, 2003–2009
Authors: Roberts Susan S. , Miller Richard K. , Jones Judith K. , Lindsay Karen L. , Greene Michael F. , Maddrey Willis C. , Williams Ian T. , Liu John , Spiegel Robert J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractINTRODUCTION: Ribavirin, with interferons or pegylated interferons, is used to treat chronic hepatitis C. Ribavirin is contraindicated in pregnancy (FDA Pregnancy Category X) and in men whose partners may become pregnant. In 2003, the Ribavirin Pregnancy Registry was established to monitor pregnancy exposures to ribavirin and to evaluate the potential human teratogenicity of prenatal exposure.METHODS: This voluntary registry enrolls pregnant women who have been exposed to ribavirin during pregnancy or during the six months prior to conception either directly, by taking ribavirin, or indirectly through sexual contact with a man taking ribavirin. Women are followed until delivery; live born infants are followed for one year. The Registry aims to enroll 131 live births following direct (maternal) exposure to ribavirin and 131 live births following indirect (male) exposures.RESULTS: After more than five years of operation, the Registry has enrolled 49 live births with direct exposure and 69 live births following indirect exposure. Six outcomes with birth defects have been reported. All were among live born infants: torticollis (2), hypospadias (1), polydactyly and a neonatal tooth (1), glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (1), ventricular septal defect and cyst of 4th ventricle of the brain (1). Three received direct exposures ([6.1% (95% CI: 1.2, 16.9)], three were exposed indirectly [4.3% (95% CI: 0.9, 12.2)].CONCLUSIONS: Although current enrollment is far short of the required sample size, preliminary findings have not detected a signal indicating human teratogenicity for ribavirin. However, findings must be interpreted with caution concerning direct or indirect prenatal ribavirin exposures. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does the ligand‐biopolymer equilibrium binding constant depend on the number of bound ligands?
Authors: Beshnova Daria A. , Lantushenko Anastasia O. , Evstigneev Maxim P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractConventional methods, such as Scatchard or McGhee‐von Hippel analyses, used to treat ligand‐biopolymer interactions, indirectly make the assumption that the microscopic binding constant is independent of the number of ligands, i, already bound to the biopolymer. Recent results on the aggregation of aromatic molecules (Beshnova et al., J Chem Phys 2009, 130, 165105) indicated that the equilibrium constant of self‐association depends intrinsically on the number of molecules in an aggregate due to loss of translational and rotational degrees of freedom on formation of the complex. The influence of these factors on the equilibrium binding constant for ligand‐biopolymer complexation was analyzed in this work. It was shown that under the conditions of binding of “small” molecules, these factors can effectively be ignored and, hence, do not provide any hidden systematic error in such widely‐used approaches, such as the Scatchard or McGhee‐von Hippel methods for analyzing ligand‐biopolymer complexation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 932–935, 2010.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Preparation, Crystal Structure, Magnetic Properties, and Phase Transitions in GdNiO3 and DyNiO3 Perovskites.
Authors: Alonso J. A. , Martinez‐Lope M. J. , Casais M. T. , Martinez J. L. , Demazeau G. , Largeteau A. , Garcia‐Munoz J. L. , Munoz A. , Fernandez‐Diaz M. T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Rhodium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Arylboron Compounds Generated in situ from Aryl Bromides.
Authors: Takaya Yoshiaki , Ogasawara Masamichi , Hayashi Tamio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Allylation of Acetals Through Intramolecular Transfer of an Allylsilane.
Authors: Fujita Kazuya , Inoue Atsushi , Shinokubo Hiroshi , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Acid Catalyst in the Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation of Acetals with Silylated Nucleophiles.
Authors: Tanaka Nobuyuki , Masaki Yukio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Nucleophilic Substitution of 3‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilyloxyalk‐2‐enylphosphonium Salts.
Authors: Lee Phil Ho , Cho Minkyoung , Han In‐Sup , Kim Sunggak 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Convenient Synthesis of Dithiooxamides from N‐Arylimino‐1,2,3‐dithiazoles.
Authors: Besson Thierry , Rees Charles W. , Thiery Valerie 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Density Functional Studies of Alkali‐Exchanged Zeolites. Cation Location at Six‐Rings of Different Aluminum Content.
Authors: Vayssilov Georgi N. , Staufer Markus , Belling Thomas , Neyman Konstantin M. , Knoezinger Helmut , Roesch Notker 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: K2NbAlO2[(As,Nb)O4]2, Isostructural with KTiOPO4.
Authors: Nakagawa Takeshi , Matsumoto Takeo , Chani Valery I. , Fukuda Tsuguo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of a PrCoAl4 Single Crystal.
Authors: Tung L. D. , Buschow K. H. J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structure, and Chemical Vapor Deposition Studies of Molecular Precursors to NbP Films.
Authors: Scheper Joseph T. , Jayaratne Kumudini C. , Liable‐Sands Louise M. , Yap Glenn P. A. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Winter Charles H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Urethane Group Directed Reductive Couplings Mediated by SmI2.
Authors: Matsuda Fuyuhiko , Kawatsura Motoi , Dekura Fumiko , Shirahama Haruhisa 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Recent Developments in Higher‐Order Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Nair Vijay , Anilkumar G. , Nandakumar M. V. , Radhakrishnan K. V. , Rajesh C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Amination of Enolsilanes Using C2‐Symmetric Copper(II) Complexes as Chiral Lewis Acids.
Authors: Evans David A. , Johnson Douglas S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Bromosuccinimide (NBS) as a Powerful and Chemoselective Catalyst for Acetalization of Carbonyl Compounds under Almost Neutral Reaction Conditions.
Authors: Karimi Babak , Seradj Hassan , Ebrahimian Gholam‐Reza 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Reactivity of Bis(iodozincio)methane in Tetrahydrothiophene.
Authors: Matsubara Seijiro , Yamamoto Yuhei , Utimoto Kiitiro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of N‐Protected γ‐ and δ‐Amino‐β‐keto‐esters.
Authors: Li Baoqing , Franck Richard W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Xenon Fluorotriflate: An Efficient Reagent for the Synthesis of (p‐Phenylene)bisiodonium Salts.
Authors: Pirguliyev Namig Sh. , Brel Valery K. , Kasumov Tahir M. , Grishin Yuri K. , Zefirov Nikolai S. , Stang Peter J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient and Practical Route to Novel α‐Allenic Ketones Through a Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Kumar K. , Kaur S. , Ishar M. P. S. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl and Heteroaryl Iodides with Copper(I) Cyanide.
Authors: Sakamoto Takao , Ohsawa Kazutoshi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Isonitrile Complexes of Group‐VI Metal Carbonyls and Their Use as Mediator in the [2 + 2 + 2]‐Cyclization of Alkynes.
Authors: Sugihara Takumichi , Yamada Mamiko , Nishizawa Mugio 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Excellent Diastereoselective Synthesis of β‐Coumarinylacrylates Using the Wittig and Wittig—Horner Reagents: Salient Features of Their Stereochemistry and Preferred Conformation.
Authors: Dutta Lakshmi Narayan , De Prabir Kumar 
Published: June 2010

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.