bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The age of the Easington Raised Beach, County Durham
Authors: Bowen D. Q. , Sykes G. A. , Smith D. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The gravel of the Easington Raised Beach rests on a bevelled platform of Magnesian Limestone at about 32m above O.D. at the head of Shippersea Bay, Easington. It appears to underlie glacial drifts of supposed late Devensian age and contains marine shells with a radiocarbon age exceeding 38,000 years.
Calculations of amino acid ratios in molluscan shells from the deposit have shown that it can be ascribed to an inter-glacial high sea level event (Oxygen Isotope Stage 7) between the Hoxnian and the Ipswichian.
Lower Cretaceous calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of a North Sea borehole: implications for Boreal Cretaceous stratigraphy
Authors: Bralower T. J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The calcareous nannofossil stratigraphy of a borehole from the southern North Sea has been investigated in detail. The results are used to evaluate the potential of previously proposed nannofossil marker species and to examine proposed correlation of Boreal nannofossil, and other fossil zones, with stage stratotype sections located in southern Europe. The results support the relative order of nannofossil events proposed in previous zonations based on studies of land sections. Certain intervals of continuous fossiliferous section in the borehole, such as the Upper Hauterivian, complement studies of land sections where these intervals are not complete. The observation of certain predominantly Tethyan nannofossil taxa, including
Cruciellipsis cuvillieri, Speetonia colligata
and
Tubodiscus verenae,
whose ranges have not been investigated in detail in Northern European sections, calls into question previous correlations of fossil zonations with chronostratigraphic boundaries. In particular, both the Valanginian/Hauterivian and Hauterivian/Barremian boundaries defined by ammonites may have been somewhat inaccurately placed in the North Sea region as a result of indirect correlations and secondary markers. The Hauterivian/Barremian boundary may have been placed some 4m too high in the Speeton section, and the Valanginian/Hauterivian boundary 7 to 11m too low at the same location. The results are by no means conclusive, but illustrate that further detailed studies of Tethyan nannofossil markers in Boreal sections are warranted.
The sedimentology of the Middle and Upper Border groups (Viséan) in the Stonehaugh Borehole, Northumberland
Authors: Smith S. A. , Holliday D. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
A sedimentological study has been made of the core from the Stonehaugh Borehole, which proved strata from the Viséan Middle and Upper Border groups of central Northumberland. Much of the Middle Border Group was deposited in a fluvially dominated delta, in interdistributary bays, minor mouth bars, crevasse splays and backswamps. However, a significant part of the group was deposited under more arid conditions in temporary lakes and on muddy floodplains. Sediments of the Upper Border Group were more tidally influenced, being deposited on tidal flats and as bay in-fills. All of these associations are locally cut by major fluvial and delta distributary channels. The transition from fluvial to tidally influenced sedimentation close to the Middle/Upper Border Group boundary is broadly coincident with a period of volcanism, footwall uplift and changing palaeogeography associated with the transition from extensional to thermal relaxation subsidence in the Northumberland Trough.
The Dinantian stratigraphy of north-west Devon
Authors: Jackson P. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The Dinantian of north-west Devon is represented by a poorly exposed thin pelagic succession. New sedimentological and palaeontological data permit the recognition of five formations: Pilton Shales (partly Devonian), Landkey, Tawstock (three members), Hearson and Rubble Hills. The last four are newly named and defined, and form part of the Codden Hill (Chert) Group.
The two different stratigraphic successions previously proposed are shown to be based on incomplete sequences and erroneous age assessments. Instead, a fairly uniform stratigraphy is recognised. The local variations that do occur can be explained by either tectonic excision of strata (for which there is independent evidence) or basin floor morphology.
Redeposited pelagic carbonates suggest a submarine rise existed nearby through much of the Dinantian. Limestone turbidites of shallow-water debris also point to topographic highs in the region.
Late Devensian and early Flandrian environments at Dishforth Bog, North Yorkshire
Authors: Giles J. R. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Pollen and molluscan diagrams are presented from one of a group of kettle holes near Dishforth, North Yorkshire. The pollen diagram records the changes in the plant assemblages in and around the kettle hole during the late Devensian and early Flandrian and it is interpreted in terms of changing environmental conditions. The molluscan assemblages are of early Flandrian age and suggest that the kettle hole then contained quiet, shallow eutrophic water. The palaeoenvironments suggested by these data are discussed.
Gyrochorte
burrows from the Scarborough Formation (Middle Jurassic) of the Cleveland Basin, and their sedimentological setting
Authors: Powell J. H. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Gyrochorte
burrows are described for the first time from the Scarborough Formation (Middle Jurassic) of Yorkshire. The burrow consists of a low, winding, bilobate ridge with a paired braided structure and median furrow on the upper surface. It is considered to be the feeding trace of an organism whose body was inclined at an angle to the sediment–water interface. The
Gyrochorte
burrows are preserved in sandstones exhibiting current ripples and bidirectional “herringbone” cross-bedding, interpreted to have been deposited under high-energy, shallow water, tidal conditions of a coastal beach or barrier island facies. The absence of bioturbation in the
Gyrochorte
-bearing sandstones is in marked contrast to the burrow-mottling in the underlying sandstones and suggests that the
Gyrochorte
organism was an opportunistic animal ideally suited to exploiting highly mobile substrates.
The stratigraphy of the Ordovician rocks around Cardigan, Wales
Authors: McCann T. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Three formations are formally recognised in the Ordovician rocks between Dinas Head and Cardigan (south-west Welsh Basin). In ascending order, these are the Newport (
c.
200m), Ceibwr (
c.
50m) and Poppit (
c.
300m) formations. The informally named Parrog Shales (
c.
150m) underlie the Newport Formation. The succession is dominated by marine mudstones with sandstone-rich intercalations represented by the Newport and Poppit formations. The Newport Formation is in part of Llandeilo age (
Nemagraptus gracilis
Biozone) and the Poppit Formation in part of Caradoc age (
Dicranograptus clingani
Biozone).
A note on the mineralogy of the chilled margin of the Little Whin Sill at Turn Wheel Linn, Weardale, County Durham
Authors: Dunham A. C. , Wilkinson F. C. F. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The compositions of fresh olivine (Fa
30
), augite, pigeonite, orthopyroxene and plagioclase have been determined by electron microprobe analysis of the chilled marginal rock at the base of the Little Whin Sill, at Turn Wheel Linn, Weardale, County Durham. Olivine is altered to talc plus carbonates (pistomesite and calcite), plagioclase to kaolinite and K-feldspar. Pyroxene is little altered. The fresh olivine may have been in equilibrium with the magma on intrusion, but at the end of its range of crystallisation.
Developments in industrial mineralogy: II. Archaeological mineralogy
Authors: Dunham A. C. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The address explores the common ground between geology and archaeology, with particular reference to the applications of mineralogy and petrology. Building materials are examined first, with examples from Stonehenge, the Orkneys, Durham Cathedral, the Great Wall of China, Beverley and Hull. In each case the geology has played some part in the nature, utility and choice of the materials. The second section examines the composition, textures, raw materials and manufacturing conditions for a number of artefacts: Scandinavian honestones, a variety of coins and other metal objects, clay smoking pipes and Humberware pottery. The methods of the petrologist/geochemist are applied to these materials, leading at the least to an accurate description of the material, and at best offering some suggestions for the origin of the raw materials and the manufacturing conditions.
The characterisation of calcite-filled fractures from the Northern Pennine Orefield
Authors: Fairbairn R. A. , Ferguson J. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Calcite-filled minor fractures and thrusts associated with the major joints and structural features on the Alston Block area of the Northern Pennine Orefield are described in terms of their relationship with the major joints and their organic geochemistry. The field relationships observed show that some of these fractures and the thrusts were healed prior to the joint formation, whereas others are coincident with the principal WNW joint set. The light hydrocarbon gases held in fluid inclusions in the calcite infills are distinctive compared with similar gases held in minerals such as fluorite, deposited during the mineralisation of the orefield. Infills normally have between 10,000 and 20,000 vppm/cc methane, whereas fluorite from the orefield rarely contains more than 1,200 vppm/cc. Also, there are high correlations between the gases ethane, propane, I- and N-butane, which are not shown by these gases from fluorite. These and other factors lead to the conclusion that the calcite fracture infills examined were deposited at or about the same time as the joint formation, from a fluid which differed from that responsible for the main mineralisation event.
Fraipontite from Wensleydale, North Yorkshire
Authors: Young B. , Livingstone A. , Thomson N. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
The rare zinc-rich kaolinite – serpentine group mineral fraipontite has been found in dump material derived from workings on the Virgin Moss Vein in Wensleydale, North Yorkshire. The mineral is interpreted as the product of supergene reaction between sphalerite, and aluminium and silica-rich ground-water derived from shale and chert wall-rocks.
The belemnite faunal changes across the Hauterivian–Barremian boundary in north-east England
Authors: Mitchell S. F. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Newly collected material from the Speeton Clay (Lower Cretaceous) indicates that the belemnite
Præoxyteuthis
ex gr.
pugio
enters the succession at the level of a widespread incursion of Boreal-derived
Acroteuthis (Boreioteuthis).
This is slightly earlier than previously recorded. Rare examples of
Præoxyteuthis danfordi
sp. nov. enter below this horizon indicating the existence of an earlier
Præoxyteuthis
fauna. Belemnite preservation indicates levels of non-sequence within the section corresponding to ammonite and belemnite zonal boundaries. The belemnite faunal changes do not coincide with the base of the Barremian as currently defined by ammonites. The new oxyteuthid
Præoxyteuthis danfordi
sp. nov. is described.
Storm, wave and tide-dominated sedimentation in the Dinantian Middle Limestone Group, Northumbrian Basin
Authors: Reynolds A. D. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Marine limestones divide the Dinantian Middle Limestone Group in the Northumbrian basin into a number of coarsening and shallowing-upwards siliciclastic sequences that are considered to have been deposited in a deltaic setting. Detailed facies analysis reveals that the delta fronts were dominated by storm and wave processes, and that tidal distributary channels occurred.
Spore-dominated assemblages from the lowermost Reading Beds (Palaeocene) of North Essex
Authors: Jolley D. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

Palynological assemblages recovered from horizons within the late Palaeocene Reading Beds of north Essex contain an unusual Pteridopyte spore-dominated microflora. These assemblages are dominated by
Camerozonosporites heskemensis
(Pflanzl in Murriger & Pflanzl) Krutzsch 1959 and
Leiotriletes maxoides
Krutzsch 1962 and are lacking in significant numbers of angiosperm and gymnosperm pollen. It is suggested that this microflora was derived from a fern-dominated primary colonising community exploiting an unstable floodplain environment. The Pteridopyte-dominated community is contrasted with the angiosperm-dominated communities identified in south Essex, London and the North Sea Basin.
The Mercia Mudstone Group (Trias) of the Cheshire Basin
Authors: Wilson A. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
New stratigraphic names are proposed for four of the clastic formations within the Mercia Mudstone Group. Detailed lithological correlation within the basin and beyond is made on the basis of degree of lamination and rock colour. A wealth of sedimentary structures provides clues to the likely genesis of the clastic deposits and the major beds of halite.
Sedimentology of the late Quaternary barrage tufas in the Wye and Lathkill valleys, north Derbyshire
Authors: Pedley H. M. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Related sequences of Holocene fluvial tufa deposits occur in two north Derbyshire valleys. The Lathkill deposits extend, with a break, back into the Devensian and are continuing growth at the present. The Flandrian Wye valley tufas were extinguished historically by pollution and siliciclastic input.
A three-dimensional facies framework has been constructed from subsurface data provided by percussion auger sampling and resistivity surveying. Phytoherm barriers are dominated by mosses and semi-aquatic plants heavily encrusted with isopachous sparry calcite fringe cements and lesser developments of micrite fringe cements. The pools and ponded areas upstream of the barriers are dominated by phytoclastic wackestones and cyanoliths (oncoids).
Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction indicates that both of the successions are part of a formerly extensive barrage tufa system comparable in type with the Plitvice systems of Croatia. It is suggested that the older Lathkill tufas were deposited under warmer, interglacial conditions.
A new specimen of
Protorosaurus
(Reptilia: Diapsida) from the Marl Slate (late Permian) of Britain
Authors: Evans S. E. , King M. S. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The reptilian genus
Protorosaurus
is well known from the late Permian Kupferschiefer of Germany, but until now there has been only one British specimen, a partial postcranial skeleton from a railway cutting near Middridge Quarry, Co. Durham. We report here on the discovery of a second specimen at Quarrington Quarry, near Durham. Parts of the cervical and caudal vertebral series are preserved, with fragments of the trunk, pectoral girdle and, more importantly, isolated bones of the skull.
Graptolites from the Manx Group
Authors: Rushton A. W. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A newly found
in situ
graptolite fauna from the Manx Group on the SE coast of the Isle of Man is prolific but fragmentary; it suggests an Arenig (early Ordovician) age for part of the Lonan Flags Formation. Bolton’s (1899) record of
Dictyonema
–like graptoloids from Cronk Sumark is considered valid. The ages suggested by the graptolites are comparable with those inferred from micropalaeontology, but are not compatible with Simpson’s (1963) stratigraphical succession for the Manx Group.
Silurian graptolite faunas of the Balbriggan Inlier, counties Dublin and Meath, and their evolutionary, stratigraphical and structural significance
Authors: Burns V. , Rickards R. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

The Llandovery, Wenlock and Ludlow graptolites of the Leinster and Bellewstown terranes of the Balbriggan Inlier give a precise indication of their comparative stratigraphies. The earliest Silurian strata proven, north of the Lowther Lodge Fault that separates the Bellewstown (Northern) Terrane from the Leinster (Southern) Terrane, are referable to the
riccartonensis
Biozone (Wenlock). Comparisons are made between the Balbriggan and Skerries formations of the Leinster Terrane, the Silurian of the Bellewstown Terrane, and the Windermere Group (Silurian) of the English Lake District (Cumbria), the Howgill Fells (Cumbria) and parts of Yorkshire.

Twenty graptolite species have been identified in the Bellewstown Terrane enabling unambiguous recognition of mid-Wenlock (
riccartonensis
and
rigidus
biozones) to early Ludlow (
nilssoni
Biozone). The Denhamstown Formation is shown to encompass the
riccartonensis
to
lundgreni
biozones, whilst the Clatterstown Formation and Kennetstown Formation can be referred respectively to the
ludensis
(Wenlock) and
nilssoni
(Ludlow) biozones. The faunas are of palaeobiological interest on several counts, but most strikingly because of the presence of
Monograptus flemingii warreni
subsp. nov. (here described); an evolutionary intermediate between
Monograptus
ex gr.
riccartonensis
and
M.
ex gr.
flexilis;
and the possible occurrence of
Pristiograptus parvus,
a species currently critical in global correlations.
Alate halite in the late Permian Rotten Marl of Tees-side, north-east England
Authors: Smith D. B. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Scattered delicate, unusually alate crystals of displacive halite occur in the late Permian Rotten Marl of north-east England. Where they intersect, they locally give rise to complex networks of thin vein-like halite sheets. The alate halite appears to have been formed after compaction of the host sediment was complete or nearly so, but before it became brittle enough to fracture.
Thermal maturation of the Lower Carboniferous strata of the Northumberland Trough and Tweed Basin from conodont colour alteration index (CAI) data
Authors: Armstrong H. A. , Purnell M. A. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Conodont colour alteration (CAI) values for the Lower Carboniferous strata of the Northumberland Trough and Tweed Basin, northern England, can be attributed to three causes. On a regional scale, CAI values of 1.5 – 2 in the Solway and Northumberland basins are due to depth of burial. High values in excess of CAI 5 are localised in the thermal aureoles of Permo-Carboniferous intrusions. In southern Northumberland, CAI values for Brigantian strata are higher than those for Tournaisian and Chadian to Asbian strata. It is suggested that this was caused by the onset of hydrothermal circulation and release of hot brines from the lower crust during Late Carboniferous transpression. This heating event was short lived; it occurred during the earliest Stephanian and was coeval with the intrusion of the Whin Sill and the early phases of Pb-Zn mineralisation in the North Pennine Orefield.
Geophysical log signatures in the Eden Shales (Permo-Triassic) of Cumbria and their regional significance
Authors: Holliday D. W. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
Comparison between the geophysical logs and the core descriptions of four boreholes in the Eden Shales of Cumbria shows fair correspondence between the two, although neither on its own is adequate to characterise fully the rock sequences. A number of basin-wide log markers allow detailed correlation between the boreholes. Regional comparison of geophysical log patterns suggests that evaporite deposition spread from the Southern North Sea Basin into the Vale of Eden at times of relatively high sea level, from late EZ1 times onwards, although sedimentation in the adjacent Carlisle Basin was not similarly affected. Regional uniformity of geophysical log patterns in rocks throughout northern England and adjacent areas, from EZ3 and, more particularly, EZ4 times onwards, reflects decreased basin isolation and the progressive elimination of the topographic expression of structural highs.
Lithostratigraphy of a concealed caldera-related ignimbrite sequence within the Borrowdale Volcanic Group of west Cumbria
Authors: Millward D. , Beddoe-Stephens B. , Williamson I. T. , Young S. R. , Petterson M. G. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY

A sequence of volcaniclastic rocks, more than 1200m thick, is described from beneath Permo-Triassic and Carboniferous rocks in the Sellafield area of west Cumbria. The rocks are locally weakly cleaved and are considered to be part of the Ordovician Borrowdale Volcanic Group which crops out a few kilometres to the east. Seven formations are defined from six of the deep boreholes drilled by UK NIREX Ltd. The rocks are predominantly high-grade welded ignimbrites. Abrupt lateral thickness changes and intraformational collapse mesobreccias characterize the sequence. The ignimbrites range from andesite to high-SiO
2
rhyolite. Individual formations show distinctive vertical zonation profiles. Compositions fall on a common magmatic trend, indicative of a similar fractionation history. There is no overall compositional trend with time through the succession, though the high-SiO
2
rhyolites were probably erupted early in the cycle. Deposition is considered to have been within an actively subsiding basin, probably a caldera complex. This is considered to have had an episodic history, with periods of caldera collapse following eruptions during which an evolving magma chamber was tapped.
Triassic sandy braidplain and aeolian sedimentation in the Sherwood Sandstone Group of the Sellafield area, west Cumbria
Authors: Jones N. S. , Ambrose K. 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARY
During the Permo-Triassic the Sellafield area formed part of the eastern margin to the East Irish Sea Basin. Basin-margin alluvial fan, shallow marine and coastal mudflat sedimentation created a locally thick Permian succession. Triassic sediments are represented by the Sherwood Sandstone Group, which comprises the St Bees, Calder and Ormskirk sandstone formations. The basal few metres of the St Bees Sandstone are characterized by sheetflood sandstones, interbedded with playa-mudflat deposits. These pass upwards into thick, multistorey fluvial sandbodies, formed on sandy braidplain. Rare aeolian units are interbedded with the channel facies. The top of the St Bees Sandstone is sharply defined and represents the regional abandonment of the fluvial system. The overlying Calder Sandstone Formation is coarser grained and dominated by aeolian sediments, with dune and interdune facies recognized. These sands were blown into the area from the east. Minor episodes of fluvial reworking punctuated aeolian deposition and the top of the Calder Sandstone is represented by a fluvially deposited unit. The lower part of the overlying Ormskirk Sandstone is of aeolian facies and can be distinguished from the Calder Sandstone by its finer grain size. The two formations can also be differentiated using geophysical logs, as aeolian and fluvial sandstones have diagnostic geophysical log characteristics allowing recognition of different sedimentary facies associations.