bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced order model predictive control for constrained discrete‐time linear systems
Authors: Hara N. , Kojima A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA reduced order model predictive control (MPC) is discussed for constrained discrete‐time linear systems. By employing a decomposition method for finite‐horizon linear systems, an MPC law is obtained from a reduced order optimization problem. The decomposition enables us to construct pairs of initial state and control sequence which have large influence on system responses, and it also characterizes the standard LQ control. The MPC law is obtained based on a combination of the LQ control and dominant input sequences over the prediction horizon. The proposed MPC method is illustrated with numerical examples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust ℋ︁∞ PID control for multivariable networked control systems with disturbance/noise attenuation
Authors: Zhang Hui , Shi Yang , Mehr Aryan Saadat 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we study the design problem of PID controllers for networked control systems (NCSs) with polyhedral uncertainties. The load disturbance and measurement noise are both taken into account in the modeling to better reflect the practical scenario. By using a novel technique, the design problem of PID controllers is converted into a design problem of output feedback controllers. Our goal of this paper is two‐fold: (1) To design the robust PID tracking controllers for practical models; (2) To develop the robust ℋ︁∞ PID control such that load and reference disturbances can be attenuated with a prescribed level. Sufficient conditions are derived by employing advanced techniques for achieving delay dependence. The proposed controller can be readily designed based on iterative suboptimal algorithms. Finally, four examples are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in Ultrastructure and properties of bracket slots after Orthodontic treatment with bicuspid extraction
Authors: Choi Samjin , Park Ki‐Ho , Cheong Youjin , Kim Hee‐Kyun , Park Young‐Guk , Park Hun‐Kuk 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis study examined the effects of an orthodontic treatment using a bicuspid extraction on the surface roughness and mechanical properties of stainless steel (SS) brackets adjacent to the extraction space. Four experimental groups were employed; groups 1 and 2 used the Archist® SS brackets before and after the extraction treatment, respectively, and groups 3 and 4 used the Victory® SS brackets before and after the extraction treatment, respectively. The slot surfaces of the bracket were scanned in air at a resolution of 512 × 512 pixels with a scan speed of 0.8 line/s. The visco‐elasticity of the bracket slot was determined from the force–distance curves of atomic force microscopy. The orthodontic treatment with bicuspid extraction led to a significant increase (p<0.0001) in surface roughness in both groups. In particular, the Archist® SS brackets showed more changes than the Victory® SS brackets (p<0.0005). However, there was no significant difference in properties of the Victory® and Archist® brackets between before and after treatment. This suggests that the orthodontic treatment with bicuspid extraction is more responsible for the changes in surface roughness than the properties of the brackets. SCANNING 33: 25–32, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of peptides in high concentration of salts by electrospray droplet impact/secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Asakawa Daiki , Hiraoka Kenzo 
Published: January 2011

AbstractElectrospray droplet impact (EDI)/SIMS is a new desorption/ionization technique for mass spectrometry. EDI/SIMS utilizes large multiply charged water clusters produced by atmospheric pressure electrospray as primary projectiles. It was found to afford extremely soft desorption/ionization compared with conventional SIMS, and has been used for detection of peptides and proteins. In this study, EDI/SIMS was applied to the detection of peptide in a highly concentrated NaCl solution. The persistent appearance of peptide ions for 1 ppm peptides in NaCl is probably because of the segregation of peptides on the crystallized salts. The samples dried under vacuum gave better EDI/SIMS mass spectra than those under ambient atmospheric pressure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and in situ UV‐vis spectroelectrochemistry studies of Poly(N‐vinyl carbazole)/ Polydimethylsiloxane composite electrodes
Authors: Gökçeören Argun Talat , Erbil Candan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPoly(N‐vinyl carbazole)/polydimethylsiloxane (PNVCz/PDMS) composite electrodes were prepared by electrochemical polymerization of NVCz monomer onto PDMS‐coated platinum (Pt) and glassy carbon (GC) electrode surfaces to investigate the influence of the insulating constituent, PDMS and process temperature on the capacitive performance of the coated layers. The electrochemical properties of the bilayer coatings were studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and UV‐vis spectroelectrochemistry measurements. The low‐frequencies capacitance values of composite electrodes indicated that the capacitive behaviors of the composites decreased with increasing PDMS content (from 5.0 to 10.0; in wt/v%) in coating solutions at 25 °C, and with decreasing coating temperatures (from 25 °C to − 15 °C) of PDMS and PNVCz and, more resist PDMS/PNVCz layers formed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization SNMS for state‐selective detection of sputtered atoms under low‐energy ion irradiation
Authors: Kubota N. , Hayashi S. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAn instrument for a sputtered neutral mass spectrometry with a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) by resonance‐enhanced multiphton ionization method is developed to study sputtered neutrals emission phenomena under ion irradiation in a low‐energy region. We have prepared a pulsed primary ion beam and an ion counting system, and have optimized the operation parameter including a sample bias, energy analyzer voltages, pulsed timing of laser and ion beam, etc.A yield ratio of the lowest‐lying excited state a5S2 to the ground state a7S3 for sputtered Cr atoms has been measured as a function of incident energy of Ar+ and O2+ down to 600 eV using a polycrystalline Cr sample. The yield ratio has become a constant value for the Ar+ incidence, while it has exponentially increased below 1 keV for the O2+ incidence. It is found that the internal energy distribution of sputtered Cr atoms has been significantly influenced by oxygen density at the surface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin Langmuir films for gas chemsensor applications
Authors: Mansur Herman S. , de Sales Nelício F. , Mansur Alexandra A. P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this work is reported the preparation and characterization of 5,10,15,20‐tetraphenylporphyrin (H2TPP) films at the water‐air interfaces. The surface pressure‐area isotherms (π‐A) and UV‐Vis spectroscopy were used to investigate the effect of the spreading methods and parameters on the porphyrin monolayer formation. Also, Langmuir‐Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir‐Schaefer (LS) films were deposited onto glass substrates in order to study the conformation changes in porphyrin molecular packing. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) was utilized as the active solid substrate for the development of the NO2 gas sensor based on the H2TPP molecular films. The results of π‐A curves have clearly shown the significant contribution of the preparation methods and processing parameters on the conformation of porphyrin molecular films. The UV‐Vis spectroscopy results using polarized absorption dichroism have indicated different molecular packing for porphyrin films deposited by LB and LS methods, with relative tilted angles of 50° ± 5° and 35° ± 5°, respectively. Moreover, the QCM response has given strong evidence that H2TPP porphyrin molecular films have performed as NO2 chemsensor. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the structural and atomic diffusive properties of the ordered Cu3Au (110) surface
Authors: Wen Yan‐Ni , Zhang Yan , Zhang Jian‐Min , Xu Ke‐Wei 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe structural properties, the formation and migration energies of a single vacancy migrating intralayer and interlayer in the CuAu‐terminated (110) surface of Cu3Au ordered alloy have been calculated and discussed by using the modified analytical embedded‐atom method (MAEAM) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods. The surface layer exhibits rippling that the Au atoms are raised above Cu atoms about 0.117 Å in the topmost layer. The displacements of the topmost two layers are comparatively larger, while the third layer relaxes slightly and there are no changes in the nether layers. From energy minimization, the vacancy is most likely to be formed in the first layer (1L), especially on the Au site. The surface vacancy shows the smallest formation energy compared to the interlayer and bulk vacancies, while the corresponding value converges after the fifth layer (5L). For Cu vacancy originally sited in the second layer (2L) and migrated intralayer and interlayer, the diffusion without causing the local disorder is the most favorable, and the vacancy tends to migrate to the topmost layer. In the topmost layer of the CuAu‐terminated (110) surface, the circularity path is preferred over the beeline path. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled adhesion of Salmonella Typhimurium to poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) grafts
Authors: Mrabet Bechir , Mejbri Aymen , Mahouche Samia , Gam‐Derouich Sarra , Turmine Mireille , Mechouet Mourad , Lang Philippe , Bakala Hilaire , Ladjimi Moncef , Bakhrouf Amina , Tougaard Sven , Chehimi Mohamed M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPoly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate), POEGMA, brushes were prepared by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) on gold‐coated silicon wafers. Prior to ATRP, the substrates were grafted by brominated aryl initiators via the electrochemical reduction of a noncommercial parent diazonium salt of the formula BF4−, +N2‐C6H4‐CH(CH3)Br. The diazonium‐modified gold plates (Au‐Br) served as macroinitiators for ATRP of OEGMA which resulted in hydrophilic surfaces (Au‐POEGMA) that could be used for two distinct objectives: (i) resistance to fouling by Salmonella Typhimurium; (ii) specific recognition of the same bacteria provided that the POEGMA grafts are activated by anti‐Salmonella. The Au‐POEGMA plates were characterized by XPS, polarization modulation‐infrared reflection‐absorption spectroscopy (PM‐IRRAS) and contact angle measurements. Both Beer‐Lambert equation and Tougaard's QUASES software indicated a POEGMA thickness that exceeds the critical ∼10 nm value necessary for obtaining a hydrophilic polymer with effective resistance to cell adhesion. The Au‐POEGMA slides were further activated by trichlorotriazine (TCT) in order to covalently bind anti‐Salmonella antibodies (AS). The antibody‐modified Au‐POEGMA specimens were found to specifically attach Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria. This work is another example of the diazonium salt/ATRP process to provide biomedical polymer surfaces. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate meta‐analysis: Potential and promise
Authors: Jackson Dan , Riley Richard , White Ian R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe multivariate random effects model is a generalization of the standard univariate model. Multivariate meta‐analysis is becoming more commonly used and the techniques and related computer software, although continually under development, are now in place. In order to raise awareness of the multivariate methods, and discuss their advantages and disadvantages, we organized a one day ‘Multivariate meta‐analysis’ event at the Royal Statistical Society. In addition to disseminating the most recent developments, we also received an abundance of comments, concerns, insights, critiques and encouragement. This article provides a balanced account of the day's discourse. By giving others the opportunity to respond to our assessment, we hope to ensure that the various view points and opinions are aired before multivariate meta‐analysis simply becomes another widely used de facto method without any proper consideration of it by the medical statistics community. We describe the areas of application that multivariate meta‐analysis has found, the methods available, the difficulties typically encountered and the arguments for and against the multivariate methods, using four representative but contrasting examples. We conclude that the multivariate methods can be useful, and in particular can provide estimates with better statistical properties, but also that these benefits come at the price of making more assumptions which do not result in better inference in every case. Although there is evidence that multivariate meta‐analysis has considerable potential, it must be even more carefully applied than its univariate counterpart in practice. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A stochastic multicriteria model for evidence‐based decision making in drug benefit‐risk analysis
Authors: Tervonen Tommi , van Valkenhoef Gert , Buskens Erik , Hillege Hans L. , Postmus Douwe 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDrug benefit‐risk (BR) analysis is based on firm clinical evidence regarding various safety and efficacy outcomes. In this paper, we propose a new and more formal approach for constructing a supporting multi‐criteria model that fully takes into account the evidence on efficacy and adverse drug reactions. Our approach is based on the stochastic multi‐criteria acceptability analysis methodology, which allows us to compute the typical value judgments that support a decision, to quantify decision uncertainty, and to compute a comprehensive BR profile. We construct a multi‐criteria model for the therapeutic group of second‐generation antidepressants. We assess fluoxetine and venlafaxine together with placebo according to incidence of treatment response and three common adverse drug reactions by using data from a published study. Our model shows that there are clear trade‐offs among the treatment alternatives. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mismatch handling for COTS selection: a case study
Authors: Mohamed Abdallah , Ruhe Guenther , Eberlein Armin 
Published: January 2011

AbstractUsing Commercial Off‐The‐Shelf (COTS) products to build software systems requires the evaluation of existing COTS products, the selection of the COTS that best fit system requirements, and the integration of the selected COTS into the system. During this process, it is inevitable to encounter two types of mismatches: (1) COTS mismatches, which are encountered during COTS selection between requirements and COTS features, due to an excess or shortage of COTS features, and (2) architectural mismatches, which arise when integrating multiple COTS products that do not fit well together. This paper focuses on the ‘COTS mismatch’ problem. The paper describes a real‐world case study of a single COTS selection with the aid of a method called MiHOS (Mismatch Handling for COTS Selection) to handle the COTS mismatches. MiHOS runs on top of existing COTS selection models in order to properly address COTS mismatches with limited resources. The case study was conducted in the e‐service domain. The goal was to validate MiHOS and to answer two key questions: (1) How useful is decision support during different phases in the process mismatch handling? And (2) what is the effort vs benefit of using MiHOS? The results are promising and illustrate the potential benefits of using MiHOS. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Multigenerational View of Inequality
Authors: Mare Robert D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe study of intergenerational mobility and most population research are governed by a two-generation (parent-to-offspring) view of intergenerational influence, to the neglect of the effects of grandparents and other ancestors and nonresident contemporary kin. While appropriate for some populations in some periods, this perspective may omit important sources of intergenerational continuity of family-based social inequality. Social institutions, which transcend individual lives, help support multigenerational influence, particularly at the extreme top and bottom of the social hierarchy, but to some extent in the middle as well. Multigenerational influence also works through demographic processes because families influence subsequent generations through differential fertility and survival, migration, and marriage patterns, as well as through direct transmission of socioeconomic rewards, statuses, and positions. Future research should attend more closely to multigenerational effects; to the tandem nature of demographic and socioeconomic reproduction; and to data, measures, and models that transcend coresident nuclear families.
ORGANIZATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE SEED SECTOR OF RICE IN GUINEA: STAKEHOLDERS, PERCEPTION AND INSTITUTIONAL LINKAGES
Authors: OKRY FLORENT , VAN MELE PAUL , NUIJTEN EDWIN , STRUIK PAUL C. , MONGBO ROCH L. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThis paper analyses the organization of the rice seed sector in Guinea with the overall objectives to assess how organizational settings affect seed supply to small-scale farmers and to suggest institutional changes that would favour seed service and uptake of varieties. Data were collected in Guinea, West Africa, using focus group discussions with extension workers, farmers, representatives of farmers’ associations, agro-input dealers, researchers and non-governmental organization (NGO) staff, and surveys of 91 rice farming households and 41 local seed dealers. Findings suggest that the current institutional settings and perceptions of stakeholders from the formal seed sector inhibit smallholder farmers’ access to seed. Seed interventions in the past two decades have mainly relied on the national extension system, the research institute, NGOs, farmers’ associations and contract seed producers to ensure seed delivery. Although local seed dealers play a central role in providing seed to farmers, governmental organizations operating in a linear model of formal seed sector development have so far ignored their role. We discuss the need to find common ground and alternative models of seed sector development. In particular we suggest the involvement of local seed dealers in seed development activities to better link the formal and the informal seed systems and improve smallholder farmers’ access to seed from the formal sector.
THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF COCONUT (Cocos nucifera): A REVIEW
Authors: CARR M. K. V. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation needs of coconut are collated and summarized in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to drought mitigation and irrigation practices. Background information on the centres of origin and production of coconut and on crop development processes is followed by reviews of plant water relations, crop water use and water productivity, including drought mitigation. The majority of the recent research published in the international literature has been conducted in Brazil, Kerala (South India) and Sri Lanka, and by CIRAD (France) in association with local research organizations in a number of countries, including the Ivory Coast. The unique vegetative structure of the palm (stem and leaves) together with the long interval between flower initiation and the harvesting of the mature fruit (44 months) mean that causal links between environmental factors (especially water) are difficult to establish. The stomata play an important role in controlling water loss, whilst the leaf water potential is a sensitive indicator of plant water status. Both stomatal conductance and leaf water potential are negatively correlated with the saturation deficit of the air. Although roots extend to depths >2 m and laterally >3 m, the density of roots is greatest in the top 0–1.0 m soil, and laterally within 1.0–1.5 m of the trunk. In general, dwarf cultivars are more susceptible to drought than tall ones. Methods of screening for drought tolerance based on physiological traits have been proposed. The best estimates of the actual water use (ETc) of mature palms indicate representative rates of about 3 mm d−1. Reported values for the crop coefficient (Kc) are variable but suggest that 0.7 is a reasonable estimate. Although the sensitivity of coconut to drought is well recognized, there is a limited amount of reliable data on actual yield responses to irrigation although annual yield increases (50%) of 20–40 nuts palm−1 (4–12 kg copra, cultivar dependent) have been reported. These are only realized in the third and subsequent years after the introduction of irrigation applied at a rate equivalent to about 2 mm d−1 (or 100 l palm−1 d−1) at intervals of up to one week. Irrigation increases female flower production and reduces premature nut fall. Basin irrigation, micro-sprinklers and drip irrigation are all suitable methods of applying water. Recommended methods of drought mitigation include the burial of husks in trenches adjacent to the plant, mulching and the application of common salt (chloride ions). An international approach to addressing the need for more information on water productivity is recommended.
SOIL WATER BALANCE AND GRAIN YIELD OF SORGHUM UNDER NO-TILL VERSUS CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE WITH SURFACE MULCH IN THE DERIVED SAVANNA ZONE OF SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA
Authors: OBALUM S. E. , AMALU U. C. , OBI M. E. , WAKATSUKI T. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYOver a decade after the forest-savanna transition zone of Nigeria was deemed suitable for production of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), no research has been undertaken on the crop's tillage requirements in the southeastern part of the zone. This study evaluated the effects of tillage-mulch practices on soil moisture, water use (WU), grain yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of the crop in a Typic Paleustult (sandy loam) at Nsukka during 2006 and 2007 growing seasons. In a split-plot design, no-till (NT) and conventional tillage (CT) treatments were left bare (B) or covered with mulch (M) at 5 Mg ha−1. The ensuing treatments (NTB, NTM, CTB, and CTM) represented four tillage methods, which were replicated four times in a randomized complete block. In the monitored root zone, NTB and CTM significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced the soil moisture status over NTM and CTB, but the main effects of the tillage and the mulch factors were not significant. The crop WU was uninfluenced by the treatments throughout the study. Although the grain yield showed higher values with NT than with CT, the differences were significant (p ≤ 0.05) only in 2007 that was marked with erratic rainfall and relatively low mean yield. Mulch significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced the grain yield in 2006, with greater effect in CT than NT. On average, the mulch plots out-yielded their bare counterparts by about 26%. The tillage × mulch interaction was significant (p ≤ 0.01), and showed higher grain yields in NTB, NTM and CTM than in CTB. In the year-weighted average, yield increments in NTB, NTM and CTM over CTB were 53, 53 and 67% respectively, a pointer to the relevance of mulch with the CT but not the NT. Relative WU showed that the crop's water demand was met under all treatments. Hence, the yield reduction in the CTB was not due to water shortage. The WUE varied among the treatments in the same pattern as grain yield. In summary, NTB and CTM proved superior to NTM only in soil moisture status but to CTB in all measured parameters. From a socio-economic viewpoint, however, NTB would be preferable to CTM for growing sorghum in this area.