bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Certain Rotations upon Cotton Production in the San Joaquin Valley1
Authors: Turner John H. , Smith E. G. , Garber R. H. , Williams W. A. , Yamada H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the major cash commodity from San Joaquin Valley farms. Frequently, growers plant cotton for 3 to 6 years without rotation. Alfalfa for hay production or grain crops are the main crops planted on land removed from cotton.Very few rotation studies with cotton have been conducted in the western states. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of certain rotations and N applications on growth and yield of cotton.Increased yields were obtained for cotton following alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and cotton following corn (Zea mays L.) over the continuous cotton plots. No advantage for yield was shown between cotton following corn and cotton following alfalfa. Nitrogen fertilization increased yields of continuous cotton, of cotton following corn, and of cotton the 2nd year following alfalfa, but not of cotton the 1st year after alfalfa.Water infiltration data showed that a significant reduction of water intake occurred on the N subplots compared to those with no N.Plant heights were significantly different at first‐bloom stage for both the rotation and the N treatments. Final plant height at maturity, however, was seldom influenced by rotation treatment. The N treatment produced taller plants in most years.Verticillium wilt was more prevalent in the continuous cotton than in the cotton following other crops. Wilt was also more prevalent on the N‐fertilized subplots.Growing continuous cotton lowered the yields, hindered early season growth, and increased Verticillium wilt. Nitrogen fertilization reduced infiltration rate of water, which is an important consideration to farm managers in this area.
Effect of N Source, K Source, and K Rate on Soil Nutrient Levels and the Growth and Elemental Composition of Penncross Creeping Bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Huds.1
Authors: Waddington D. A. , Moberg E. L. , Duich J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRelationships between soil nutrients, applied fertilizer, and turfgrass response are important in planning turfgrass fertilizer programs. A 4‐year study was conducted to determine the effects of five N sources (urea, Agrinite, Milorganite, Uramite, and Nitroform), two K sources (KCl and fritted potash), and three K rates (0, 1.2, and 2.4 kg/100 m2) on soil nutrient levels and the growth and elemental composition of Penncross creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.). Soil test levels, elemental content of clippings, and clipping weights were used to evaluate treatments.Soil P and Mg levels were significantly higher with Milorganite as the N source. KCl applications increased K levels and decreased Mg and Ca slightly, whereas fritted potash increased both K and Ca. Tissue analyses indicated highest N with urea as the N source, lowest N with Agrinite, and highest P with Milorganite. Added K increased K in the clippings and decreased N, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Na. Although K additions decreased some elements in the soil and clippings, the magnitude of these changes was not considered critical under the conditions of these experiments. Significant yield differences due to N source decreased over the years. In general, clipping weights were not influenced consistently by K source or K rate; however, significant increases due to K have increased with time.
Electron Probe Analysis of Ca, Mg, and K in the Fruit of the Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, with Reference to Blossom‐end Rot
Authors: Murray Sylvia A. , Spurr Arthur R. , Paulson Kenneth N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to increase our understanding of the incipient stages of blossom‐end rot in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), small pieces of pericarp tissue of immature fruits from the fruit apex, middle, and base were analyzed for Ca, K, and Mg. The vertical distribution of these elements and the relationships of the elements to each other were determined in healthy fruits and compared with those in blossom‐end rot fruits. In situ elemental analysis was done by an electron microprobe equipped with Ca, K, and Mg detectors for simultaneous analysis. There was virtually no difference in Ca, K, or Mg content between healthy and blossom‐end rot fruits, but there was a notable shift in the distribution of K between the healthy and blossom‐end rot fruits where K content increased in the fruit apex 10‐fold and decreased in the fruit base 2‐fold in blossom‐end rot fruits. This study has shown that blossom‐end rot is characterized by elemental relationships not apparent in healthy fruits, specifically the independence of K and Mg, and a significant (1% level) inverse relationship between Ca and Mg.
Influence of Mulches on the Growth and Development of Cotton Grown on Verticillium‐infested Soil1
Authors: Barrentine W. L. , Waddle B. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil surface mulches of asphalt, asphalt + white paint, cotton burs, and no‐mulch or check were compared in a field experiment involving cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) grown on verticillium wilt‐infested soil to determine if resulting changes in soil temperature could influence wilt incidence. Mean soil temperature, dry weight of seedling cotton plants, and seed cotton yield at first harvest were significantly reduced by the cotton bur mulch. The mulch from cotton burs, even though associated with a lowered soil temperature, however, was also associated with a lowered wilt incidence in the ‘Deltapine Smooth Leaf’ cultivar. The more wilt‐susceptible and earliermaturing cultivar, ‘Rex Smoothleaf,’ gave no mulch response as measured by wilt incidence. Covariance analyses indicated that the yield differences in seed cotton at first harvest were largely a function of differential seedling growth rates as measured by seedling dry weights.
Effects of Method of Harvest on Flue‐cured Tobacco. I. Agronomic Factors1
Authors: Brown G. W. , Terril T. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe optimum in mechanized harvesting of flue‐cured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) may involve the removal of all leaves in one operation. Field experiments were conducted during the 1968 and 1969 growing seasons to evaluate 12, 16, and 20 leaf topping heights and normal and once‐over harvesting methods for yield, value, and price of flue‐cured tobacco. A separate analysis was utilized to determine stalk position effects within the three topping heights. A significant year effect and its interactions, probably resulting from excess water received in 1968, were noted. The tobacco from the normal harvest method had a greater yield, value, and price than that harvested by the once‐over method, resulting from overmature bottom and immature top leaves, both of which cause lower dry matter yields and a lower price/45.2 kg. The high‐topped plants produced the greatest yield but the lowest price, reflecting greater amounts of lowervalued tobacco from the bottom and top leaves.Yield was lowest at the lower stalk positions, increased to a maximum near the middle stalk positions, and then decreased at the upper stalk positions. Price was at a maximum at the lower‐middle stalk position and decreased in both directions. Leaves harvested by the once‐over method were lower in yield and price at the lower and upper stalk positions as compared to leaves harvested by the normal method. Disregarding the extreme lower and upper stalk positions, the once‐over harvest method resulted in leaves that were comparable to those harvested by the normal method.
Effects of Flooding and Gaseous Composition of the Root Environment on Growth of Corn1
Authors: Purvis A. C. , Williamson R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extent of root and shoot injury to corn, Zea mays L., plants exposed to various gaseous treatments (O2, CO2, N2) in the root environment and to flooding were determined from leaf area, stem diameter changes and root and shoot weights. The parameters of growth were measured before treatment, at the end of 1‐, 2‐, and 4‐day treatments, and after a 5‐day recovery period following treatment. The plants were grown in an environmental control chamber with roots of one group in an intermittent solution mist in airtight chambers and a second group in soil.When treated for 1 or 2 days with 1.0% O2 with and without 20.0% CO2, the remainder being N2, only a slight reduction in growth was observed during treatment or recovery. However, treatment with this low level of O2 for 4 days caused a highly significant reduction in growth during treatment and recovery. Treatments with pure N2, 21% CO2 in N2, and flooding for 2 or more days reduced growth during treatment and recovery considerably more than did 1% O2 in N2. When these treatments lasted for 2 or more days, some of the lower leaves and a portion of the root system died. Flooding the soil caused somewhat less injury than did treatments with pure N2 or 21% CO~ in N2, possibly because some air was entrapped. Corn is severely injured if flooded or if the roots are in a zero O2 atmosphere for more than 1 day.
Effect of Artificial Defoliation on Sunflower Yields and Other Characteristics1
Authors: Johnson B. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLeaf removal studies were conducted on sunflowers (Helianthus annuus L.) from 1969 through 1971 at Experiment, Georgia, to evaluate the amount of leaf damage sunflower plants can tolerate without yield losses. Leaves from sunflower plants were artificially removed at levels ranging from none to all prior to flowering.Sunflower seed yields were significantly reduced as a result of partial or complete leaf excision when compared with the undefoliated check. Yields were affected least when leaves 5 through 12 from the top or the top 12 were left on the sunflower plants. Lowest leaves on the plant were more important to seed yield than when only top 4 were left. The oil percent of seed was not affected by defoliation treatments when eight or more leaves remained on plants. Complete and partial leaf removal treatments reduced both seed weight and head diameter compared with the undefoliated check.
Relationships Between Furrow Opener, Corn Plant Spacing, and Yield1
Authors: Erbach D. C. , Wilkins D. E. , Lovely W. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn spite of proven yield advantages for corn (Zea mays L.) planted in narrow rows or at equidistant spacings, equipment expense and weed control disadvantages have slowed acceptance of these cultural practices. Improving plant spacing uniformity by decreasing the intra‐row spacing variance should be as effective in increasing yields as improving spacing uniformity by decreasing row width. To aid in determining what investment may economically be made to improve intra‐row plant spacing uniformity, the effect of such spacing on individual plant yield and total yield was investigated. Yields and plant‐spacing statistics also were obtained for corn planted with V‐type runner and double‐disk furrow openers. A relationship between individual plant yield and distances to adjacent plants was developed from plants harvested individually. This relationship, combined with a frequency function of distances to plants adjacent to the harvested plant, was used to compare yields of corn from conventional plant spacings with the yield of corn from a theoretical uniform intra‐row spacing.The type of planter furrow openers investigated had little effect on yield or on intra‐row plant spacing uniformity. Intra‐row plant spacing accounted for only a small amount of the variance in individual plant yield. The study indicates that on a field scale, with corn planted in 76‐cm rows, improving intra‐row plant spacing may not significantly improve total yield. Therefore, it may not be economical to improve upon the intra‐row plant spacing uniformity obtained with conventional planters.
Total Nonstructural Carbohydrate Concentrations in the Herbage of Several Legumes and Grasses at First Flower1
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHerbage of several forage legumes and grasses was harvested at first flower (beginning of anthesis in grasses) and analyzed for percentage of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) during 3 years. No significant difference was found among species for the 3‐year averages. However, red dover (Trifolium pratense L.), among the legumes, and timothy (Phleum pratense L.), among the grasses, were consistently high in TNC percentage during all 3 years.
Elemental Composition of Maize Grown Under No‐Till and Conventional Tillage1
Authors: Estes George O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrower acceptance of the no‐till technique for corn (Zea mays L.) production is increasing due to reduced labor costs, improved water and soil conservation by the herbicide‐killed cover crop, and frequently higher yields compared to conventional tillage. Information regarding macro‐ and micronutrient uptake by corn produced under the unique no‐till system is limited. This field study compares elemental composition, plant population, and yield of corn (var. ‘Wisconsin 335A’) under no‐till and conventional culture at five lime levels.The concentration of Ca, Mg, Zn, Mo, B, and Al in corn leaf tissue was significantly reduced and K concentration was significantly increased under no‐till conditions. Significant soil pH increases were noted only under the no‐till system in the surface samples (O to 8 cm) at the two highest lime application rates (4 and 8 tons/ha). Plant population was reduced (16.1%), but silage yields increased (22.5%) with the no‐tillage method. This may reflect increased moisture conservation, since relatively dry growing conditions prevailed. The reduced nutrient utilization (with the exception of K) and plant population under no‐till conditions may justify changes in fertilization practice and an increase in seeding rates. The former is particularly important if no‐till methods were to be used over extended periods of time without plowing.
Yield and Percentages of Crude Protein and Green Herbage in Weeping Lovegrass Utilized for Deferred Grazing in Semiarid Argentina1
Authors: Vera R. R. , Menvielle E. E. , Templeton W. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOwing to the paucity of information on weeping lovegrass [Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees] accumulated for late fall and winter use a 2‐year field trial was conducted to ascertain the effects of N fertilization on yield and two quality indicators. Two levels of N, O, and 70 kg/ha, were used, with urea applied in February. A second experimental variable was time of harvest, with cuts spaced at monthly intervals beginning April 1 and ending Aug. 1. Nitrogen fertilization increased herbage crude protein percentage from 6.7 to 8.5 during winter and resulted in the production of 69% more forage. Relative proportions of green and dead herbage were not affected by N fertilization. Dry‐matter yields did not increase after April 1, 1970, but in 1971 maximum yields were not attained until the May harvest. Crude protein percentages were approximately 10 and 13 for the unfertilized and fertilized plots, respectively, at the April 1 harvests, but declined rapidly during April and May. It is concluded that during winter accumulated weeping lovegrass herbage from unfertilized fields is not likely to fill the nutrient requirements of grazing animals under climatic conditions prevailing in the area. Summer N fertilization and, in winter, alternative crops and feed supplementation are suggested as useful means of filling deficits at critical times.
Phytotoxicity of Herbicide Residues In Soils1
Authors: Fink Rodney J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInjury to rotational crops by herbicide carryover has been experienced with some triazine herbicides. The objective of this study was to compare relative dissipation rates and carryover phytotoxicity of three triazine herbicides. Corn (Zea mays L.) was planted on May 2, 1969, May 2, 1970, and May 19, 1970. Two‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine (atrazine), 2‐chloro‐4‐(cyclopropylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine (cyprazine), 2‐(4‐chloro‐6‐ethylamino‐s‐triazine‐2‐ylamino)‐2‐methylpropionitrile (SD‐15418), and 2‐chloro‐2′,6′‐diethyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl) acetanilide (alachlor) were applied on day of planting. Atrazine plus nonphytotoxic oil and cyprazine were applied postemergence 20 days after planting. Soil samples were collected 6, 12, 18, and 26 weeks after planting. Soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and oats (Avena sativa L.), were planted in the soil and placed in a growth chamber. Dry matter yields of alfalfa, oats, and soybeans showed that alachlor had the least soil residual followed by SD‐15418, atrazine, and S‐6115. Merr. J, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L..
Nitrogen Fertilization and Clipping Effects on Green Needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.): III. Carbohydrate Reserves1
Authors: White Larry M. , Brown Jarvis H. , Cooper Clee S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen fertilization and frequent clipping have sometimes reduced cool‐season grass stands by reducing the carbohydrate reserves. We applied N and imposed clipping treatments to determine their effect on the seasonal variation of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) in stem bases of dryland green needlegrass (Stipa viridula Trin.) during 1969. Ammonium nitrate was broadcast at O, 70, and 140 kg of N/ha in November 1968. Green needlegrass was either left undipped in 1969, or was clipped five times to a 5‐cm height at about 21‐day intervals from May through July.Seasonal variation of TNC in stem bases of clipped and undipped plants was similar, but clipped plants had a lower percentage of TNC at all sampling dates. The TNC in nonfertilized, undipped plants decreased from 18 to 14% from growth initiation after winter dormancy (April 5) until after second leaf formation (April 28). The TNC increased after second leaf formation to 19% on May 20 just before boot stage, decreased slightly at inflorescence emergence (May 29), and then increased to 18% at first anthesis (June 9). Following first anthesis, TNC decreased to 9% on July 22 just prior to completion of seed dissemination, increased to 19% in late September, and decreased to 16% by November. The percentage of TNC in clipped plants was 3 to 5 units lower at all sampling dates, and the terminal value in November was 13%. Clipping in 1969 significantly reduced yields in 1970 and tended to reduce yields in 1971.Nitrogen increased the percentage of TNC in the stem bases during mid‐July and again in late autumn, apparently as a result of new tiller development and increased photosynthesis. Nitrogen decreased the TNC only from growth initiation until the second leaf formation. Application of N in November 1968 increased yields in 1969, 1970, and 1971.
Some Effects of Field Weathering of Seed Cotton in a Desert Environment1
Authors: Buxton D. R. , Stapleton H. N. , Makki Yahia , Briggs R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe conducted one greenhouse and two field experiments to measure some changes that occur to seed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) properties when exposed to weathering in the desert environment of the southwestern U. S. In the field studies cotton was machine picked about every 10 days to investigate the effect of weathering. Each harvest was from cotton not previously harvested. Other plots were harvested repeatedly by hand to determine the contribution of late‐opened bolls to changes in seed cotton properties. In the greenhouse study open bolls were weathered for 10 weeks and sampled weekly. The bolls were moistened with 0.5 ml water per boll either weekly or twice weekly and compared with an unwatered check to investigate the effect of wetting and drying cycles that occur in the field from rain and dew formation.Weathering did not result in loss of dry weight of lint or seed. Upper‐half‐mean‐fiber‐length was significantly reduced by the 10‐week greenhouse weathering period, but fiber fineness and strength were not affected. Weathering in the field resulted in average reductions of 0.8, 0.8, and 1.0% per week for upper‐half‐mean‐length, strength, and fineness, respectively, during October and November. These results show that harvesting late in the fall will not reduce yield if cotton does not drop to the ground, but a reduction in fiber quality can be expected.
Intensive Cultivation of Vanilla in Uganda1
Authors: Alconero R. , Stone E. G. , Cairns J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo field experiments were designed and implemented to determine the needs of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia Andrews) plants for shade, mulch, fertilizer, irrigation, and pesticides under intensive culture in Uganda. The area under experimentation in Uganda was found to be marginal in rainfall for the culture of vanilla. It is therefore necessary to irrigate during the dry periods of the year to avoid root rot, tip dieback, and loss of vines, as well as to have adequate growth of vines. A light canopy furnished by the support trees should filter about 50% of the sunlight. Mulch is best grown adjacent to the plantings. Neither pesticides nor fertilizers affected the factors measured significantly. Tip dieback can be avoided by maintaining the proper growing conditions of moisture, shade, and mulch.
Zinc Sources and Methods of Application for Rice1
Authors: Giordano P. M. , Mortvedt J. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBecause of the relatively recent diagnosis of Zn deficiency in rice (Oryza sativa L.), the most effective sources of Zn and methods of application for flooded soils have not been established. In a greenhouse experiment, growth of rice on flooded Nolichucky sandy clay loam limed to pH 7.5 was similar with soil applications of ZnO, ZnSO4, and ZnEDTA. Uptake of Zn by immature plants was in the order: ZnO > ZnSO4 > ZnEDTA. Application of ZnSO4 to the flood water, the rice seed, or the soil resulted in comparable increases in dry matter production and Zn uptake.The adherence of Zn to rice roots dipped in Zn suspensions and the subsequent availability to the plant was studied in the laboratory and the greenhouse. Suspensions containing ZnO were more effective in supplying Zn than those prepared with ZnS. The presence of attapulgite clay in the suspensions increased adherence to roots but decreased Zn availability to the plant. Suspensions containing more than 5% Zn were not practical because of excessive viscosity. Response, however, to Zn adhering to seedling dipped in suspensions containing 1 and 5% Zn as ZnO was similar to that where ZnO was mixed with the soil to supply 4 ppm of Zn.
Uptake and Distribution of Boron in Spanish Peanuts1
Authors: Chrudimsky W. W. , Morrill L. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe occurrence of boron deficiencies in Spanish peanuts (Arachis Hypogea L.) is Inconsistent in an environment as variable as that found in Oklahoma. A foliar analysis is needed to identify a boron deficiency potential in Spanish peanuts. The use of a foliar analysis requires a knowledge of the uptake and distribution pattern of the nutrient in question to assure proper sampling technique and correct interpretations. This study was conducted to determine the uptake and distribution patterns of boron in Spanish peanuts.A greenhouse experiment with Eufaula loamy fine sand and three field experiments on Yahola loamy very fine sand, Norfolk loamy fine sand, and Durant loam were conducted to determine the distribution pattern of boron in the leaves and petioles of Spanish peanuts. Soil applications of O, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.00 ppm boron were applied to greenhouse pots containing 4,000 g of soil. Zero and 1.1 kg/ha of boron were applied to two field plots and O, 0.6, and 1.1 kg/ha of boron were applied to the third field plot. Leaflets and petioles were collected from varied parts of the peanut plant over a period of 70 days in the greenhouse and from July 16 through October 4 in the field.The boron concentrations in the leaflets and petioles were significantly higher (5% level) from plants grown in the boron‐treated soil. The youngest petioles and leaflets reflected the most recent status of soil boron availability and were considered to be the desired foliar material for identifying boron deficiencies in Spanish peanuts by plant analysis.