bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium benzoate and sodium nitrite as corrosion‐inhibitors in ethylene glycol anti‐freeze solutions. II. Investigations in working vehicles
Authors: Wormwell F. , Mercer A. D. , Ison H. C. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome 60 tests have been carried out in working vehicles to establish the efficiency of the benzoate/nitrite corrosion‐inhibitor in service conditions. The testing technique and the method of assessment of results are described. Of special importance is the need to carry out parallel tests in several vehicles, because of the varying rates of corrosion in different vehicles carrying the same coolant. The tests have shown that the addition of 1·5% of sodium benzoate with 0·1% of sodium nitrite to 20% or 33 1/3% solutions of ethylene glycol will effectively prevent corrosion of the cast iron of the cylinder block or head in the usual engine system. Corrosion of the radiator unit will also be prevented. The benzoate/nitrite inhibitor does not always prevent the corrosion of aluminium alloys.
Tests of the protective value of metallic coatings under sheltered conditions (marine atmosphere)
Authors: Clarke S. G. , Bradshaw W. N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults of tests on the corrosion of a range of coatings on steel (electroplated zinc, cadmium, tin, lead, silver, lead‐tin, tin‐zinc and sprayed aluminium) and of silver coatings on aluminium are presented; the tests were carried out with special reference to the behaviour of parts that are to be used or stored inside unsealed boxes, lockers or cabinets in a marine environment.The common coating‐metals corrode very slowly to a similar degree, but, owing to local penetrative action by salt particles, the thickness of the coating layer required to prevent rusting is greater than if the corrosion were uniform. Metals anodic to steel, e.g. zinc and cadmium, by repressing rusting at local perforations, are fully protective in layers thinner than those of cathodic metals, e.g. tin or lead. The effect of sulphurous pollution from industrial and domestic combustion products is far‐reaching, and produces a strong sulphate component in a marine test‐location remote from large towns.
The effect of impurities in the metal on the rate of corrosion of zinc and galvanized coatings in the atmosphere
Authors: Gilbert P. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResults of atmospheric exposure tests on zinc and galvanized coatings are summarized under two headings : (i) the effect of additions to the galvanizing bath on the corrosion‐resistance of hot‐dipped coatings, and (ii) the behaviour of rolled zinc sheets of differing purity. In general the effect of impurities in the metal on the rate of corrosion was very slight. However, zinc‐2%‐copper alloy sheet corroded less than pure zinc sheet.
Temperature distribution in an ion‐exchange column
Authors: Short J. F. , Smith P. G. , Twigg G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrom theoretical considerations, an expression has been derived for the instantaneous temperature distribution in an ion‐exchange column. The theory predicts a ‘hot spot’ which will move along the tube with uniform velocity, and whose peak temperature will attain a steady value as it passes along the tube. With increasing concentration of regenerant this steady value increases; the time required to reach this steady value also increases, until at a critical concentration the temperature continues to increase indefinitely. At concentrations exceeding this critical value, the steady value will fall, so that a low maximum temperature is found for both low and high concentrations.Experiments with varying regenerant concentrations confirmed these results regarding the behaviour of the steady value, and agreement between the theoretical and experimental values of the peak velocity was within the limits of experimental error, in the range of concentrations likely in practice.Owing to experimental difficulties in determining the fraction void and in interpreting bed‐volume figures and the effects of the swelling that occurs with many resins, quantitative prediction of maximum temperatures and of velocities may not be satisfactory until more information about the physical behaviour of ion‐exchangers is available.
Physicochemical studies on dusts. VI. Electron‐optical examination of finely ground silica
Authors: Gibb J. G. , Ritchie P. D. , Sharpe J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChanges in surface structure brought about by removal of the high‐solubility layer from crystallinequartz and fused‐silica (Vitreosil) dusts by 40% hydrofluoric acid, and from Lochaline‐sand dust by a borate buffer (pH 7·5), are studied by electron‐optical methods. The accompanying changes in electron‐diffraction pattern show that the original surface‐layer is amorphous (estimated mean thickness about 0·03–0·06 μ); for quartz and Lochaline‐sand dusts there is some evidence of an intermediate layer of very minute crystallites between the amorphous‐layer and the crystalline core.
Chemical treatment of low‐grade manganese ores: Conversion of manganese dioxide into manganese sulphate
Authors: Blumberg Ruth , Morgan T. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA new method is described for converting manganese dioxide into manganous sulphate by treating manganese wad with gaseous sulphur dioxide. The reaction proceeds over a wide range of temperatures and sulphur dioxide partial pressures, but above 400° the reaction between iron and sulphur dioxide becomes appreciable. At lower temperatures the utilization of sulphur dioxide for sulphate ion formation approaches 100%, and sulphate ion corresponds stoicheiometrically to manganous ion. At furnace temperatures of 300–400°, using a gaseous reactant containing 15% of sulphur dioxide, 60–70% of the manganese in the wad is converted into soluble sulphate, the limiting factor being the decreasing concentration of manganese dioxide as reaction proceeds. For higher conversions, the reaction temperature may be increased, a richer gas may be used, or the sulphate first formed may be removed by leaching and the residue resubmitted to reaction with sulphur dioxide.
New ω‐substituted anisoles. I. Aryloxymethanesulphonates: Condensation of halogenomethanesulphonates with phenols and thiophenols
Authors: Barber H. J. , Cottrell H. J. , Fuller R. F. , Green M. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSodium aryloxymethanesulphonates are formed in good yield when a mixture of equimolecular proportions of sodium chloromethanesulphonate, a phenol and sodium hydroxide is heated for four hours at 200–220°. The reaction is a general one and has been applied to a whole range of substituted phenols. Sodium arylthiomethanesulphonates are similarly obtained from thiophenols.
New ω‐substituted anisoles: III. Aryloxymethyl halides: Their preparation and reactions
Authors: Barber H. J. , Fuller R. F. , Green M. B. , Zwartouw H. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAryloxymethanesulphonic acids, ArO·CH2·SO3H, or their salts react readily at room temperature with chlorinating agents such as phosphorus pentachloride or thionyl chloride. Sulphur dioxide is eliminated and the hitherto unknown aryloxymethyl chlorides, ArO·CH2Cl, are formed in high yield. These chlorides readily undergo a variety of metathetical reactions, e.g. with sodium alkoxides to form aryloxymethyl alkyl ethers, with sodium phenoxide to form bisaryloxymethanes, with sodium salts of carboxylic acids to form aryloxymethyl esters, with sodium cyanide to form aryloxyacetonitriles, with sodium thiocyanate to form aryloxymethyl thiocyanates, with potassiophthalimide to form aryloxymethyl‐phthalimides, and with tertiary amines to form quaternaryaryloxymethyl ammonium salts. With primary and secondary amines they break down to the parent phenol, and with ethyl sodiomalonate they give bisaryloxymethane and methylenebismalonic ester.
The corrosion of mild steel moving rapidly in salt solutions and natural waters
Authors: Wormwell F. , Nurse T. J. , Ison H. C. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe use of the high‐speed rotor apparatus for corrosion tests at speeds of 32·7 ft./sec. (about 20 knots) on uncoated specimens is described. Modifications for special purposes have been made, including provision for the measurement of electrode potentials. The passivity, characterized by relatively noble potentials, of mild steel moving rapidly in fresh water has been studied. Weight‐loss/time curves have been obtained at 25° for mild steel in sodium chloride solutions, and natural and artificial sea‐water. The rate of corrosion of mild steel increases with concentration of sodium chloride up to the maximum value (0·5N) investigated. Rates of corrosion in sea‐water are high, although lower than those in 0·5N‐sodium chloride.
Studies in ion exchange. III. Study of sulphonated cashew‐nut‐shell liquid and bhilawan‐shell liquid polymers
Authors: Shah H. A. , Bafna S. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCation‐exchange resins, prepared by sulphonating the polymers obtained from commercial cashew‐nut‐shell liquid and bhilawan‐shell liquid either by polymerization in the presence of sulphuric acid as catalyst or by condensation with formaldehyde, with caustic soda as catalyst, have relatively high capacity and contain all the three types of ionogenic groups—sulphonic, carboxyl and hydroxyl.
The influence of aggregate type on the stability of asphalt mixtures
Authors: Knight B. H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Mineral aggregates used in asphalt mixtures become reduced in size during mixing, consolitation and under traffic action. Laboratory and field investigations were made into the factors affecting this process. Each factor in turn was treated as a variable and its influence upon stability evaluated. Five aggregates—norite, dolerite, basalt, dolomite and quartzite—were chosen and are described petrologically.
Successive crushing tests on the chosen aggregates show that final gradings were reached, after which there was little further size‐reduction under load and only a small increase in bulk density. This final grading is shown to be influenced by the original grading and the type of stone used.
An examination of the crushing characteristics of the aggregates indicates decrease in crushing resistance when flaky particles are present in quantity. The degree of comminution of each aggregate type was tested, and was found to be closely connected with the degree of lubrication given to the aggregate by the binder, which in turn is controlled by its viscosity.
Aggregate type influences stability, which usually increases with mix density, but experiments show that strength of an aggregate is not the controlling factor in giving maximum stability; aggregate shape and size are both important. It is concluded that maximum stability results from the use of an aggregate whose physical properties are intermediate between the very hard and the very soft.
Energy conversions in the flow of high polymers: Applications to injection moulding
Authors: Toor H. L. , Eagleton S. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFrom a general energy balance and Spencer & Gilmore's equation of state, energy relationships are developed for steady and non‐steady flow of high polymers. Use of the equations to determine the temperature variations in an injection‐moulding cycle is indicated and the equations, together with one previously determined for non‐flow conditions, are applied to an idealized injection‐moulding process. The resulting calculations for polystyrene, neglecting heat transfer, indicate that large temperature variations take place during a cycle. Consequently, any analysis of the process must take into account the energy conversions taking place. The thermal energy supplied to the polymer by viscous friction is shown to be an appreciable fraction of the total received.
The heat treatment of bisdiphenylene‐ethylene
Authors: Jennings R. J. S. , Fowler‐Williams A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen Harpe & Van Dorp1 first described the preparation of s‐bisdiphenylene‐ethylene by heat treatment of fluorene with lead oxide, they mentioned that the red product was extracted with hot alcohol to free it from ‘resinous material’. We have repeated this work and that of Graebe2 and found that, in addition to the products bisdiphenylene‐ethane, bisdiphenylene‐ethylene and fluorenone, there appears a reddish‐brown, high‐melting, benzene‐soluble, alcohol‐insoluble material, the proportion of which depends on the time for which the reactants are maintained at temperatures in the region of 360°. Analysis of fractions obtained by solvent extraction shows that this material consists essentially of the dimeric and trimeric forms of bisdiphenylene‐ethylene. That such polymerization products of bisdiphenylene‐ethylene do, in fact, exist has been shown by heat treatment of the olefin in vacuo at 360°, when dimeric and trimeric derivatives identical with those mentioned above were isolated. (Complex materials, similar in appearance, have also been produced from bisdiphenylene‐ethylene by the action of dimethyl sulphate at 100°.)In an attempt to explain these transformations, a theory based on the formation and polymerization of ‘free radicals’ is advanced, and discussed in relation to the dimerization of other less heavily substituted olefins.
The chemical composition of high‐boiling fractions of coal tar. I. A steam distillate from a vertical‐retort soft pitch
Authors: Harris A. S. , White E. N. , McNeil D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA neutral oil boiling above 380°/760 mm., obtained from a soft vertical‐retort coal‐tar pitch, has been separated by chromatography into paraffin waxes, fluorescent oils, solids and brown residual oils.The fluorescent oils, which cannot be induced to crystallize, consist mainly of non‐picrate‐forming components, which have average molecular weights of about 250 and average hydrogen: carbon ratios of about 1·1:1. These oils are resistant to dehydrogenation.The chief components of the solids are: fluoranthene, pyrene, brazan, 2:3‐benzofluorene, 5:12‐dihydronaphthacene, chrysene and 1:2‐benzanthracene. Minor components that have been identified are: 4‐methylpyrene, 1:2:8‐trimethylphenanthrene, triphenylene, 2:3‐benzocarbazole, 1:2‐benzofluorene, an alkylbrazan and an unidentified compound, C16H10OS.1:2‐Benzocarbazole has been separated from the brown residual oils.Of these substances, 5:12‐dihydronaphthacene, 4‐methylpyrene and 1:2:8‐trimethylphenanthrene have not previously been isolated from coal tar.
The production of phthalic anhydride by the oxidation of tar oils
Authors: Shelmerdine J. , Popper F. , McNeil D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIt is known that phthalic anhydride is obtained by vapour‐phase oxidation of alkylnaphthalenes and other polycyclic hydrocarbons. Consequently the production of phthalic anhydride from coal‐tar naphthalene oils was investigated. When a vanadium pentoxide/potassium sulphate/silica catalyst was used no marked deterioration of catalyst was observed in an experiment with naphthalene oil over a period of 28 hours. Operating variables of liquid‐ and air‐space velocity were studied and naphthalene and naphthalene oils of coke‐oven and vertical‐retort origin compared. The phthalic anhydride yield can be predicted, and is dependent on the naphthalene content of the oil and the operating variables.The yield of phthalic anhydride from a naphthalene oil is greater than can be obtained from the naphthalene in the oil even if it could be extracted without loss. At the same time the heat evolved in reaction is considerably increased and as a consequence heat removal would present the most important problem in the design of an oxidation plant.
The surface properties of silica gels. I. Importance of pH in the preparation from sodium silicate and sulphuric acid
Authors: Sing K. S. W. , Madeley J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGels were prepared by adding sodium silicate solution to sulphuric acid until a certain pH was reached, and then the products were aged, washed and dried under controlled conditions. The surface properties of the dry gels were studied by measuring adsorption isotherms of nitrogen at – 195·8° and nitrous oxide at — 78·5°. The pH reached came within the range 3·7–5·8, as this corresponded to a decrease in setting time from over an hour to a few seconds. For gels prepared over this pH range, the isotherms of the two gases also changed profoundly, both sets showing the same general pattern. In one preparation the temperature was varied, and in another the ageing period was reduced to the minimum; in neither case could any difference in the adsorption of nitrous oxide be detected. Activation, by soaking in very dilute sulphuric acid, was shown to be more important for a gel prepared at the higher‐pH end of the range.Surface areas have been calculated from both sets of isotherms by the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (B.E.T.) method. Good agreement is obtained, in some cases, by assuming that each nitrous oxide molecule occupies an area of 20·4 Å2 in the close‐packed monolayer, and taking the usual value of 16·2 Å2 for the nitrogen molecule. The values of residual water content and B.E.T. surface area both decreased substantially over the pH range, but there appears to be no simple relationship between them.
The preparation of light water by distillation: Its composition, and the densities and fractionation factors of its isotopes
Authors: Watson H. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of water containing less than 8% of the normal quantity of H218O have been prepared by distillation in a 40‐ft. packed column, and oxygen made from them has been analysed by the mass spectrograph. From the results it has been calculated that the density of H216O at 25° is 262·4 ± 2 p.p.m. less than that of normal water. From this figure it has been deduced that the ratio of the density of H218O to that of normal water is 1·1134± 0·001, and it is very probable that the corresponding figure for H217O is 1·0577. The electrolytic fractionation factor for 18O has been found to be 1·03. The distillation fractionation factor for H218O and H216O at 100° is almost certainly greater than 1·0045 and is probably 1·0056; for H217O it is probably 1·0028. It has been found that the ratio H218O:H217O in light‐water samples of the same density, obtained by distillation, does not vary greatly, so that their composition may be determined from their density alone.
Stress‐corrosion of aluminium‐magnesium alloys. I. The effect of tensile stress on the corrosion of aluminium‐7%‐magnesium and aluminium‐5%‐magnesium alloys
Authors: Jones E. Lloyd 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of applied tensile stress on the corrosion of commercial‐purity aluminium—magnesium alloys has been determined by subjecting the alloys, in the form of 16‐gauge wire, to intermittent immersion in 3% sodium chloride solution buffered at pH 6.Overstraining 10%, followed by ageing at 125° for 24 hours, renders aluminium‐7%‐magnesium alloy susceptible to stress‐corrosion with applied stresses as low as 2% of the U.T.S. (ultimate tensile strength), and aluminium‐5%‐magnesium alloy with stresses greater than 24% of the U.T.S. Stresses smaller than the threshold stress have little effect on the rate of attack. Under comparable stresses (per cent. of U.T.S.), the time‐to‐failure of the 5%‐magnesium alloy is considerably greater than that of the 7%‐magnesium alloy. A high proportion of the loss of strength due to stress‐corrosion occurs just before failure.Additional evidence is provided for the existence of points specially susceptible to stress‐corrosion which are distributed over the surface of the specimen.
The determination of halogens in complex platinates: Preliminary reduction with hydrazine
Authors: Pugh W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe determination of halogens in chloro‐ and bromo‐platinates, which react incompletely with silver nitrate, is shown to be rendered simple and accurate by the use of preliminary reduction with hydrazine hydrate, followed by precipitation with silver nitrate and titration with thiocyanate (Volhard).
The assessment of individual sources of error in the combustion method for the determination of sulphur in steel. I. Mild steel
Authors: Smith T. B. , Backhouse A. , Woodward P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFor the determination of individual errors, methods have been developed which, when applied to a particular kind of mild steel under the usual working conditions, show that at 1300° only about 86% of the total sulphur is liberated as sulphur dioxide. Of the other 14%, the residue retains about 6% and the rest is converted into sulphur trioxide, 3% being absorbed with the sulphur dioxide, 1% escaping absorption, and 4% remaining in the apparatus by condensation. Modifications are suggested by which the total yield could be raised to 92–93%.
Gas chromatography. II. The separation and analysis of gas mixtures by chromatographic methods
Authors: Ray N. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid chromatographic method of gas analysis by elution development is described. A column of activated charcoal is used for the lighter gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, methane, ethylene, ethane, and acetylene; and a gas‐liquid partition column carrying ‘dinonyl’ phthalate as the stationary phase is employed for the heavier gases such as propane, propylene, and the C4 hydrocarbons.
The reactions of highly fluorinated organic compounds. III. A heptafluoroadipic acid and its derivatives
Authors: Barbour A. K. , Mackenzie H. D. , Stacey M. , Tatlow J. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA heptafluoroadipic acid has been prepared by oxidation of the mixture of polyfluorocyclohexanes obtained by the vapour‐phase fluorination of benzene with cobaltic fluoride at 150°. Various derivatives of the acid were isolated and some of their reactions have been investigated.
The grinding of kaolinite. I. A preliminary study
Authors: Gregg S. J. , Hill K. J. , Parker T. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo samples of refined Devon china clay have been ground for 94 and 120 hours respectively. The specific surface (as measured by gas sorption), the heat of immersion in carbon tetrachloride and the base‐exchange capacity all increased appreciably, but the content of ‘structural’ water was scarcely affected; the density in carbon tetrachloride fell. Grinding probably breaks up the particles and distorts, but does not destroy, the lattice of the kaolinite.
The action of morpholine on some quaternary ammonium salts and its application to their analysis
Authors: Barber A. , Chinnick C. C. T. , Lincoln P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractBy interaction of morpholine with a number of quaternary ammonium salts, certain alkyl groups (especially benzyl, allyl and methyl) are split off. Application of this reaction followed by fractional distillation of the reaction products forms the basis of a method for the analysis of quaternary ammonium salts, applicable also to mixtures of such salts.
Solute transfer to and from liquid drops
Authors: Garner F. H. , Hale A. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMass‐transfer data are presented for the four systems with water and toluene as solvents and diethylamine as the solute, including transfer of diethylamine to and from toluene drops rising through water and to and from water drops falling through toluene. The rate of transfer is dependent upon the direction of diffusion and upon which phase is dispersed. The transfer of diethylamine from a continuous water phase to toluene drops was found to be extremely susceptible to contamination.