bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design of a dual-band power combining architecture for high-power microwave applications
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Yuan Chengwei , Liu Lie 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe remaining challenges, confronting the limited output peak power level of high-power microwave (HPM) sources, stimulate the development of power combining system. This paper reports the design methods and numerical results for a kind of dual-band incoherent power combining architecture applied in HPM. It is particularly effective to radiate dual-band microwave simultaneously, generated by a coaxial dual-band HPM source or two separate HPM sources of different bands. Two types of mode conversion structures, i.e., a dual-band feed line with co-aligned ports and a dual-band feed line with off-aligned ports, are proposed, where coaxial output port itself is adopted to connect the coaxial dual-band horn feed. These two types of feed lines provide a high conversion efficiency of about 98% from TEM or TM01mode to TE11mode and a bandwidth of about 10% at each band. The horn feed, with a high power handling capacity, is compact, and a good far-field radiation pattern at each band has been achieved by combining horizontal and vertical corrugations. Thus, the dual-band radiation system has not only realized incoherent power combination, with higher output peak power level, but also is suitable for feeding of, e.g., offset shaped single-reflector antennas in dual-band HPM systems in the future.
Influence of laser beam intensity profile on propagation dynamics of laser-blow-off plasma plume
Authors: Kumar Ajai , George Sony , Singh R.K. , Nampoori V.P.N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEffect of intensity profile of the ablating laser on the dynamics of laser-blow-off (LBO) plume has been studied by fast imaging technique. This work emphasizes the geometrical aspect of the LBO plume, which is an important parameter for various applications. Visualization of the expanding plume reveals that geometrical shape and directionality (divergence) of the plume are highly dependent on the laser intensity profile. Present results demonstrate that the Gaussian profile laser produces a well-collimated, low divergence plasma plume as compared to the plume formed by a top-hat profile laser. The sequence of film removal processes is invoked to explain the role of energy density profile of the ablating laser in LBO mechanism.
Basics and first experiments demonstrating isolation improvements in the agile polarimetric FM-CW radar – PARSAX
Authors: Krasnov Oleg A. , Babur Galina P. , Wang Zongbo , Ligthart Leo P. , van der Zwan Fred 
Published: June 2010

The article describes the IRCTR PARSAX radar system, the S-band high-resolution Doppler polarimetric frequency modulated continuous wave (FM-CW) radar with dual-orthogonal sounding signals, which has the possibility to measure all elements of the radar target polarization scattering matrix simultaneously, in one sweep. The performance of such radar depends of the level of sounding signals orthogonality. In the main operational mode, the radar will be used for atmospheric remote sensing and polarimetric studies of ground-based targets. In such mode it will use a pair of synchronous linearly- frequency modulated (LFM) continuous signals with opposite frequency excursions of 50 MHz and duration of 1 ms. Such a combination of sounding signals has limited orthogonality even for huge BT-products, which produce cross-channel interferences. These interferences in case of radar scene with multiple pointed and distributed targets can completely degrade radar operational performance. In this article, we propose simple and effective technique to suppress interferences and to restore radar performance. The technique has been tested using simulation and has been implemented in multi-channel digital receiver of the PARSAX radar. The real radar measurements presented to illustrate effectiveness of cross-channel interferences suppression. The proposed technique can be useful not only for polarimetric radar design, but also in much wide radar applications, which use waveforms with high orthogonality.
Coping with stressors in elite sport: A coach perspective
Authors: Thelwell Richard , Weston Neil J. V. , Greenlees Iain 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to supplement previous work that identified the stressors experienced by coaches and examine the coping strategies that elite‐level coaches employ to overcome stressors. Three elite coaches were interviewed and were required to identify three prominent stressors that they had experienced before discussing how they attempted to cope with them. The selected stressors included both performance and organizational types, and the associated coping attempts included strategies conforming to problem‐, emotion‐, avoidance‐, appraisal‐, and approach‐focused dimensions. While specific forms of coping were identified, findings also highlighted that coping strategies were employed across performance and organizational stressors, rather than being employed for one or the other. Implications for future research opportunities within the area are presented.
Analysis of direct free kicks in the women's football World Cup 2007
Authors: Alcock Alison 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe location and outcome of all free kicks taken directly at goal in the 2007 women's football World Cup were assessed to identify areas with the most goal‐scoring potential and assist with tactical decisions and training design. Video of all free kicks taken directly at goal in the 32 games was captured and the location of the ball on the pitch was calculated from pitch markings and image pixel coordinates using a customized curve‐fitting method. The outcome of each free kick was determined and for those that resulted in a goal or were saved, information on ball flight time and the placement of the ball relative to the goal was reported. All seven free kicks that resulted in a goal were taken from a central area within 7 m of the penalty circle, placed at the edge of the goal within approximately 1 m of the goalpost, and had an average flight time of 1.09 s, which was significantly faster than for those that were saved. All free kicks directed towards the bottom and centre of the goal resulted in straightforward saves for the goalkeeper. It is recommended that teams should consider a direct shot from free kicks awarded within 7 m of the penalty circle. For free kicks from wide areas and areas further from the goal, players should be aware of their individual ability and only take a shot when they perceive the probability of scoring a goal to be high. Otherwise, alternative attacking strategies should be considered to avoid an easy turnover of possession.
ECSS Position Statement 2009: Prevention of acute sports injuries
Authors: Steffen Kathrin , Andersen Thor Einar , Krosshaug Tron , van Mechelen Willem , Myklebust Grethe , Verhagen Evert A. , Bahr Roald 
Published: June 2010

AbstractTo maximize the health benefits of sports and exercise and to minimize the direct and indirect costs associated with injuries, developing and adopting injury prevention strategies is an important goal. The aim of this ECSS consensus paper on injury prevention is to review current evidence on injury prevention methods and training programmes aimed at reducing the most common or severe types of acute injuries. The target audience is everyone involved in protecting the health of the athlete, including coaches, referees, medical staff, sports governing bodies, as well as athletes themselves. Effective sports injury prevention requires successful implementation of efficacious interventions. This paper reviews the main mechanisms and risk factors for acute injuries to the head, shoulder, elbow, hand/wrist, groin, thigh, knee, and ankle, as well as the evidence supporting various strategies to prevent them. Approaches that have been shown to be successful include: (1) using equipment designed to reduce injury risk, (2) adopting the rules of play, and (3) specific exercise programmes developed to reduce injury risk. Sports organizations should adopt available injury prevention strategies as part of their policies.
One session of interval work does not alter VO2max, peak power or plasma volume
Authors: Hodges Alastair N. H. , Sporer Benjamin C. , Lane Kirstin N. , McKenzie Donald C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe examined the effect of one high‐intensity cycling workout on aerobic capacity (VO2max), peak cycling power, and estimated change in plasma volume on subsequent days. Eight healthy males (age=29.5±5.3 years, height=1.81±0.09 m, mass=81.5±7.5 kg) visited the laboratory on three occasions. The first visit (D1) included baseline measures of cycling VO2max, haematocrit, and haemoglobin. Following a brief rest, the participants performed a high‐intensity cycling workout of six 30‐s cycling intervals (modelled on the Wingate cycle test) with each repetition separated by 3 min rest. The final two visits (D2 and D3) included identical measures as the first visit and occurred 48 and 96 h after the interval workout. No significant differences were found for VO2max (53.4±5.3, 53.7±6.7, and 53.7±6.2 ml · kg−1 · min−1), peak power (386±35, 384±35, and 389±35 W) or estimated change in plasma volume [−0.8±8.5% (D1–D2), 1.5±11.5% (D2–D3), and −1.6±9.6% (D1–D3)] between any of the three test days. Our results show that one short‐term high‐intensity cycling workout does not alter VO2max, peak power or estimated change in plasma volume on subsequent days, and is therefore unlikely to benefit or hinder performance.
PESDserv: a server for high-throughput comparison of protein binding site surfaces
Authors: Das Sourav , Krein Michael P. , Breneman Curt M. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Summary: Structure-based approaches complement ligand-based approaches for lead-discovery and cross-reactivity prediction. We present to the scientific community a web server for comparing the surface of a ligand bound site of a protein against a ligand bound site surface database of 106 796 sites. The web server implements the property encoded shape distributions (PESD) algorithm for surface comparison. A typical virtual screen takes 5 min to complete. The output provides a ranked list of sites (by site similarity), hyperlinked to the corresponding entries in the PDB and PDBeChem databases.
Availability: The server is freely accessible at http://reccr.chem.rpi.edu/Software/pesdserv/
Contact: brenec@rpi.edu
Predictive Value of Bile Duct Dimensions Measured by Ultrasound in Neonates Presenting With Cholestasis
Authors: Fitzpatrick E , Jardine R , Farrant P , Karani J , Davenport M , Mieli‐Vergani G , Baker A 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:The significance of extrahepatic bile duct dilatation on ultrasound examination in jaundiced infants is often uncertain. We wished to clarify the diagnostic and prognostic significance of the present finding in neonatal conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia.Patients and Methods:We retrospectively enrolled all of the infants younger than 3 months with extrahepatic biliary dilatation ≥1.2 mm (nonfasting ultrasound) who presented during the study period. We reviewed clinical, radiological, and laboratory data to determine mode of presentation, diagnosis, interventions, and long‐term outcome.Results:Seventy‐six infants (41 male) were identified, all of whom were referred with conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia. Median gestational age was 39 weeks (range 24–42 weeks). Inspissated bile was the most common diagnostic category, whereas congenital choledochal malformation was the diagnosis made in 13% infants. Dilatation was an incidental finding in 9% of the infants. Seventeen percent of infants had required either surgical or radiological intervention by the time of follow‐up. Overall, 41% infants had spontaneous resolution of bile duct dilatation, including 8% who had “grown into” an unchanged duct size rather than involution of dilatation. The median size of bile duct at presentation for those who required intervention was 4.7 versus 2 mm for the remainder (P < 0.001). Of those who resolved spontaneously, the median size of duct at presentation was 1.8 mm.Conclusions:Bile duct dilatation <3 mm (nonfasting ultrasound) with neonatal cholestasis is unlikely to be of significance whereas >4 mm is likely to be associated with choledochal malformation or need for intervention. The intermediate group is likely to be associated with inspissated bile syndrome following resolution of which innocent biliary dilatation may persist.
Biliary Atresia in Canada: The Effect of Centre Caseload Experience on Outcome
Authors: Schreiber Richard A , Barker Collin C , Roberts Eve A , Martin Steven R ,   Canadian Pediatric Hepatology Research Group
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTObjectives:Biliary atresia (BA) is a leading cause of end‐stage paediatric liver disease. Standard BA treatment is sequential surgery with an initial Kasai procedure (KP) followed by liver transplant (LT) for patients who progress to liver failure. A key determinant for the post‐KP patient survival with their native liver is patient age at KP (older age, poorer outcome). Recently, European studies have reported that caseload experience influences prognosis with centres managing <5 cases per year (UK) or <2 cases per year (France) having worse survival. Our study investigates the effect of caseload experience on outcomes of Canadian patients with BA.Patients and Methods:A national database of cases with BA, born from 1992 to 2002, was examined. Patients were grouped according to treatment centre size (A: on average <1 case per year; B: 1 to 3 cases per year; and C: >3 cases per year). Overall patient, post‐KP native liver, and LT survivals were compared between centres. Outcome parameters were reevaluated for patients grouped by the largest Canadian centre (>5 cases per year) and all other centres (<5 cases per year).Results:Two‐hundred thirty patients were identified among 6 group A, 4 group B, and 2 group C centres. The overall median age at KP was 64 days. There were no significant differences in patient, post‐KP native liver, or LT survivals between the sized centres and even the largest centre, with the overall 4‐year post‐KP native liver survival being 39%.Conclusions:Caseload experience does not importantly affect the outcomes for Canadian children with BA. Although outcomes in Canada are comparable to those elsewhere, national policies directed towards timely referral and earlier age at KP rather than centralisation of care are needed.
Effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis Supplementation in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Szajewska Hania , Guandalini Stefano , Morelli Lorenzo , Van Goudoever Johannes B , Walker Allan 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTObjective:To systematically evaluate and update evidence on the efficacy and safety of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp lactis CNCM I‐3446 supplementation in preterm infants.Materials and Methods:The Cochrane Library and MEDLINE databases and major pediatric conference proceedings were searched in December 2008 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The company that manufactures B lactis was contacted for unpublished data. The review was restricted to RCTs performed in preterm infants <37 weeks of gestation and/or with a birth weight <2500 g.Results:Four RCTs involving 324 infants met the inclusion criteria. Compared with controls, B lactis supplementation has the potential to increase fecal bifidobacteria counts and to reduce Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium spp counts. It also can reduce stool pH and fecal calprotectin concentrations, increase fecal immunoglobulin A and short‐chain fatty acid concentrations, and decrease intestinal permeability. Compared with controls, B lactis supplementation had no effect on the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis stage ≥2 (3 RCTs, n = 293, risk ratio [RR] 0.53, 95% CI 0.16–1.83), risk of sepsis (2 RCTs, 397 cultures, RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.07–5.2), and use of antibiotics (2 RCTs, n = 255, RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.28–1.62). The power of these studies, however, does not allow for a definitive statement regarding a reduced risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. B lactis supplementation did have some effects on anthropometric parameters. No adverse events associated with B lactis supplementation were reported.Conclusions:Evidence regarding the potential beneficial effects of B lactis supplementation in preterm infants is encouraging. Further studies to assess clinically relevant outcomes are needed.
Molecular Characterization of Intestinal Microbiota in Infants Fed With Soymilk
Authors: Piacentini Giorgio , Peroni Diego , Bessi Elena , Morelli Lorenzo 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:Intestinal bacteria play an important role in the postnatal development of the immune system. The composition of gut microbiota is profoundly influenced by the infant's diet, but there is little information about the effects of soymilk on the composition of intestinal biota. The present study was designed to investigate the intestinal ecosystem of the newborn in relation to the consumption of soymilk.Materials and Methods:Twelve infants had their bovine milk–based formula replaced with soymilk. The intestinal microbial composition of the infants was investigated before and after the change by means of polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. In addition, species‐specific amplification of 10 Bifidobacterium species, 3 Ruminococcus species, and the Bacteroides group was performed.Results:Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis revealed bacterial profiles characterized by numerous bands typical for each subject. No variations were detected by species‐specific polymerase chain reaction.Conclusions:The data demonstrate that soymilk feeding does not alter the intestinal flora of infants and decrease the intestinal bifidobacterial population.
A manifesto for clinical pharmacology from principles to practice
Authors: Aronson Jeffrey K. 
Published: June 2010

1 This is a manifesto for UK clinical pharmacology.2 A clinical pharmacologist is a medically qualified practitioner who teaches, does research, frames policy, and gives information and advice about the actions and proper uses of medicines in humans and implements that knowledge in clinical practice. Those without medical qualifications who practise some aspect of clinical pharmacology could be described as, say, ‘applied pharmacologists’.3 Clinical pharmacology is operationally defined as a translational discipline in terms of the basic tools of human pharmacology (e.g. receptor pharmacology) and applied pharmacology (e.g. pharmacokinetics) and how they are used in drug discovery and development and in solving practical therapeutic problems in individuals and populations.4 Clinical pharmacologists are employed by universities, health‐care services, private organizations (such as drug companies), and regulatory agencies. They are• mentors and teachers, teaching laboratory science, clinical science, and all aspects of practical drug therapy as underpinned by the science of pharmacology; they write and edit didactic and reference texts;• researchers, covering research described by the operational definition;• clinicians, practising general medicine, clinical toxicology, other medical specialties, and general practice;• policy makers, framing local, national, and international medicines policy, including formularies, licensing of medicines and prescribing policies.5 The future of clinical pharmacology depends on the expansion and maintenance of a central core of practitioners (employed by universities or health‐care services), training clinical pharmacologists to practise in universities, health‐care services, private organizations, and regulatory agencies, and training other clinicians in the principles and practice of clinical pharmacology.
The expression of osteopontin and its association with Clara cell 10 kDa protein in allergic rhinitis
Authors: Liu Y. , Lu X. , Yu H.‐J. , Hua X.‐Y. , Cui Y.‐H. , Huang S.‐K. , Liu Z. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryBackground
Osteopontin (OPN) is a multifunctional protein that has recently been linked to allergic diseases. Clara cell 10 kDa protein (CC10) is another protein linked to allergy, and has been suggested to have an inhibitory role in inflammatory airway diseases. At this time, it is not known whether OPN is involved in allergic rhinitis (AR) or if there is any association between CC10 and OPN in AR.Objective
To study the expression of OPN and its potential association with CC10 in AR.Methods
The expression of CC10 and OPN in nasal mucosa of AR patients was investigated. AR animal models were established by using wild‐type and CC10‐knockout mice. In some experiments, human recombinant CC10 protein was given to AR mice during either sensitization or challenge. The phenotypic changes were examined by histology and real‐time RT‐PCR. The direct effect of CC10 on the OPN expression in spleen mononuclear cells and on the OPN‐induced inflammatory cytokine expression in BEAS‐2B cells was measured through in vitro cell culture.Results
OPN expression was up‐regulated, with a concomitant down‐regulation of CC10, in AR patients, showing a significant negative correlation between their expression. Compared with control mice sensitized with PBS, the OPN expression was significantly increased in AR mice; such an increase was more prominent in CC10‐knockout mice, compared with wild‐type. Administration of CC10 during both sensitization and challenge could markedly ameliorate Th2‐skewed inflammation and OPN expression in nasal mucosa. CC10 administration at the sensitization phase could also reduce spleen OPN expression. The in vitro study showed that CC10 directly down‐regulated the OPN expression in spleen mononuclear cells stimulated with OVA and suppressed the OPN‐induced expression of Th2 cytokines and pro‐inflammatory cytokines in BEAS‐2B cells.Conclusion
In the context of allergic airway responses, CC10 can inhibit OPN expression and suppress the Th2‐promoting function of OPN, resulting in CC10's inhibitory biological effects. Cite this as: Y. Liu, X. Lu, H.‐J. Yu, X.‐Y. Hua, Y.‐H. Cui, S.‐K. Huang and Z. Liu, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1632–1641.