bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What can this child see? Practical interpretation of visual acuity (VA) measures for parents and teachers of visually impaired children
Authors: Saunders K. J. , Johnston B. , Richardson P. , Cooper B. , Hill A. E. , Jackson A. J. , Magee A. , McClelland J. F. , Shannon M. , Wolsley C. J. 
Published: August 2010

Introduction:  Many children with developmental disabilities have associated visual impairment. Families and others working with children need to understand their visual abilities and limitations to ensure that material presented to them is easily visible.Purpose:  To develop a web‐based system for displaying and printing high contrast picture and letter images relating to a range of visual acuity (VA) levels.Methods:  A series of web pages were designed and uploaded to http://www.science.ulst.ac.uk/visionsci/links.htm. Images from the LogMAR acuity test and pictures from the Kay Picture test describing VAs from 6/480–6/12 (for 0.3–3 m working distances) are included.Results:  Images can be downloaded at threshold level and well above threshold for a range of VAs and a variety of working distances. The importance of working well above threshold is stressed. These images are included in reports sent out from a multi‐disciplinary visual assessment clinic at the Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast. Audit of families, education and health professionals receiving reports support the utility of this information.Discussion:  The importance of vision in early learning is known. Children with developmental disability must receive early, thorough visual assessment and information gained disseminated in appropriate format to those working with the child (including family). An important part of this is meaningful interpretation of VA data that can be related to the size and complexity of educational and recreational material. Feedback from our clinical work suggests that examples of appropriately sized material for children with varying levels of VA is valued.Conclusions:  The availability of free downloadable examples of appropriately sized images provides a useful tool for those working with the visually impaired, particularly where communication is problematic.
Visual processing characteristics of children with Meares–Irlen syndrome
Authors: Kruk Richard , Sumbler Karen , Willows Dale 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe potential role of visual processing deficits in reading difficulty was brought to public attention by claims that a large proportion of children with dyslexia suffer from a perceptual dysfunction currently referred to as Meares–Irlen syndrome (MISViS). A previous study showing that visual perceptual measures involving visual memory and discrimination predict independent variance in reading achievement [J. Learn. Disabil. 28 (1995) 216] provides a basis to examine their relationships with the diagnostic criteria of MISViS. This study examined these visual processing characteristics in 36 eight‐ to ten‐year‐old children, half of whom were experiencing reading difficulty. Children were assessed for MISViS by Irlen screeners; approximately half of the participants in each group were positively identified. Concurrent performance on standardized visual processing tests showed that while a positive diagnosis of MISViS is not indicative of reading ability, nor in particular of a visual‐processing deficit subtype identified by Watson and Willows [J. Learn. Disabil. 28 (1995) 216], MISViS can indicate visual processing difficulties potentially related to visual attention inefficiency.
A longitudinal study on the relationship between myopia development and near accommodation lag in myopic children
Authors: Weizhong Lan , Zhikuan Yang , Wen Liu , Xiang Chen , Jian Ge 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To investigate the possible relationship between myopia progression and near accommodative lag.Methods:  A 1‐year longitudinal study was carried out to measure the accommodative response and myopia progression in 62 children with mild and progressing myopia at two visits: they were 10.81 ± 1.60 years old with refractive error −1.70 ± 0.76 D on entry. Repeated measurements included refractive error, ocular biometry and accommodative response at 33 cm. The refractive error was determined by autorefraction after cycloplegia; ocular biometry by A‐scan ultrasonography; and accommodative response by an open‐field autorefractor. Results were based on the right eye and analysed by paired t‐test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.Results:  Myopia progression in the year was −0.72 ± 0.37 D (p < 0.001) with a range from −0.06 to −1.96 D. The change of axial length and vitreous depth were 0.41 ± 0.25 mm (p < 0.001) and 0.36 ± 0.24 mm (p < 0.001), respectively. The near lag was 0.76 ± 0.29 D on entry and 0.72 ± 0.38 D 1 year later (p = 0.79). No statistically significant correlations were found between near lag vs myopia progression and the change of ocular biometry as a whole (p > 0.10 for all). There was no significant difference in myopia progression between myopic children with greater than, compared to less than the mean amount of near lag (p = 0.36).Conclusions:  This study demonstrates no statistically significant relationship between myopia progression and near accommodation lag in children with mild and progressing myopia. There is no evidence that near lag provides a stimulus to progression in this stage of myopia.
A pilot study on the differences in wavefront aberrations between two ethnic groups of young generally myopic subjects
Authors: Cerviño Alejandro , Hosking Sarah L. , Ferrer‐Blasco Teresa , Montes‐Mico Robert , Gonzalez‐Meijome Jose Manuel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA comparative population‐based cross‐sectional study design was used to examine the prevalence of wavefront patterns in two different ethnic groups, and the relationship of these patterns with ocular biometrics and gender. The Shin–Nippon SRW5000 open field autorefractor, the Wavefront Analysis Supported Customized Ablation (WASCA) wavefront analyser and the IOLMaster were used to determine wavefront aberrations, mean spherical equivalent (SE) refractive error and axial length (AL). Seventy‐four eyes from 74 young healthy subjects (44 British Asians, 30 Caucasians; 36 men, 38 women; mean age 22.51 ± 3.89 years) with mean SE averaging −1.90 ± 2.76 D (range −10.88 to +2.19 D) were examined. Relationships between ethnicity, gender, AL and SE, against the wavefront high‐order root mean square, and aberration components up to the fifth order, were assessed by using multiple regression and correlation analysis. AL on its own accounted for 4.7% of the variance in trefoil component (F1,72 = 4.602; p = 0.035), 13.7% of coma component (F1,72 = 12.536; p = 0.001), 6.1% of trefoil component (F1,72 = 5.705; p = 0.020) and 9.8% of coefficient (F1,72 = 8.908; p = 0.004). A significant model emerged (F2,71 = 6.164; p = 0.003) for ethnicity and axial length, accounting for 12.4% of variance in primary spherical aberration with ethnicity accounting for 8.4% of that variance. For Caucasian subjects, a significant correlation was found between axial length and (Pearson’s correlation coefficient −0.500; p = 0.005) and (Pearson’s correlation coefficient −0.423; p = 0.020). For British Asian subjects, AL was only correlated with coefficient (Pearson’s correlation coefficient −0.358; p = 0.017). Ethnicity is a factor to be considered in the variability of wavefront aberration, particularly spherical aberration. Relationship between AL and wavefront aberrations seems to vary between ethnicities. If higher order aberrations play a role in the emmetropization process, this may be different for different populations.
Nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review
Authors: Bartlett Hannah E. , Eperjesi Frank 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe role of nutritional supplementation is of increasing interest with regard to ocular disease. Randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the effectiveness of supplementation for age‐related macular degeneration, and formulations are now being developed for use by people with diabetes and diabetic retinopathy. The aim of this review was to synthesise the evidence for use of nutritional supplementation in type 2 diabetes. MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched using a systematic approach. Only double‐masked randomised controlled trials were selected. A total of 50 trials were identified as suitable for inclusion. The potential role of alpha‐lipoic acid, chromium, folic acid, isoflavones, magnesium, Pycnogenol®, selenium, vitamin C, vitamin E, and zinc in the treatment of type 2 diabetes is discussed. The review of trials identifies positive effects of these nutrients on various outcome measures relating to insulin resistance and cardiovascular factors. Chromium was the most studied supplement, accounting for 16 of the 50 trials. A majority of the trials found a positive effect of chromium on fasting plasma glucose. Isoflavones were found to have a positive effect on insulin resistance and cardiovascular outcome measures, but only when combined with soy proteins. Vitamin E is reported to reduce oxidative stress at levels of 200 mg day−1 or more.
Goldmann tonometry and pachymetry measures in patients with and without topical medical treatment at a glaucoma clinic
Authors: Doughty Michael J. , Gillis Naiomi , MacGill Jennifer , Montgomery Donald M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To investigate, by audit, the intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) of patients attending a routine glaucoma clinic, in order to assess the potential effect of CCT on IOP measures.Methods:  Data on current IOP (Goldmann), CCT (ultrasound) and glaucoma medications use were collected from 140 patients who presented for a follow‐up visit over a 3‐month period. Baseline IOP was retrieved from patient records.Results:  The IOP was lower at follow‐up, an expected effect of the use of IOP‐lowering medications. However, the CCT was lower in medicated patients indicating, but not proving, that it changed in response to the lowering of IOP. Overall, the measured IOP was higher in patients with greater CCT values (p < 0.001) but this IOP–CCT relationship was most noticeable in patients with normal tension glaucoma and not obvious in those diagnosed with ocular hypertension. Overall, the slope of the IOP–CCT relationship was slightly steeper for those patients prescribed glaucoma medications.Conclusions:  In the routine assessment of glaucoma patients, corneal thickness can be shown to have an impact on applanation tonometry data. However, this effect may not be uniformly evident in patients with different types of glaucoma and may be different for patients under topical medical treatment.
The prism that aligns fixation disparity does not predict the self‐selected prism
Authors: Otto Joanna M. N. , Bach Michael , Kommerell Guntram 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground:  Associated phoria is defined as the prism that aligns monocular markers in a fixation disparity (FD) test. We examined whether the ‘FD‐aligning prism’ predicts the ‘self‐selected prism’ (SSP), i.e. the prism that the observer judges to be most comfortable when viewing fully fusionable images.Methods:  For the FD‐aligning prism, we employed a test target with a central fusion lock. To determine the SSP, identical images were shown to both eyes. The images were displayed on a cathode‐ray tube monitor at a distance of 50 cm, separated for the two eyes by means of liquid crystal shutter goggles. The observer adjusted counter‐rotating prisms, recorded with a potentiometer. The procedure was repeated about 1–6 weeks later.Results:  Among the 20 non‐strabismic subjects over two sessions, there were 16 instances in which the FD‐aligning prism indicated a vergence position further in the eso direction than the SSP (≤15.9 cm m−1 = prism dioptre). In five instances, the FD‐aligning prism indicated a vergence position further in the exo direction (≤3.6 cm m−1). From the first to the second session, changes of ≥1.0 cm m−1 occurred for the FD‐aligning prism in 8/20 observers (≤11.5 cm m−1), and for the SSP in 11/20 observers (≤5.1 cm m−1).Discussion:  We hypothesise that the discrepancy between the SSP and the FD‐aligning prism may be attributable to the fact that the SSP was determined while the eyes were presented with identical images, whereas the FD‐aligning prism was determined while the images for the right and left eyes were different in the area of the Nonius lines. The unusual experience of binocular rivalry around the Nonius lines may have influenced the vergence of the eyes. Considering the spontaneous changes observed within an interval of 1–6 weeks, in both the FD‐aligning prism and the SSP, we feel that research on the repeatability of methods for prescribing prisms is indicated.
Unique New Food Products Contain Good Omega Fats
Authors: Hurteau Marie‐Claire 
Published: August 2010

One of the core competencies in the new IFT Education standards is for students to achieve competency in communication skills (that is, oral and written communication, listening, interviewing, and so on). According to the IFT guidelines, by the time students graduate, they should not only be able to search for and condense information, but also be able to “communicate technical information to a non‐technical audience.”Earlier this year, the Education Division of IFT sponsored a writing competition for undergraduate students to bring attention to and promote the development of communication skills. JFSE is pleased to publish the winning entry submitted by Marie‐Claire Hurteau from the Univ. of Guelph.
ÜBER DEN EINFLUSS DER LICHTWIRKUNG AUF DIE ZAHL DER WEISSEN BLUTKÖRPERCHEN IM BLUTE
Authors: HELLGREN E. G. 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungBei Verwendung oben geschilderten Methodik erhält man also bei halbstÜndiger Bestrahlung der Kaninchen mit praktisch «gleich grosse» Mengen verschiedener Spektralinterwallen des sichtbaren Lichtes eine periphere Leucozytose bei Verwendung vom roten Lichte während das blaue dagegen eine Tendenz zu Leukopenie hervorrief. Das gelbe Licht schien in dieser Hinsicht ohne Wirkung zu sein.Wiederholte Zählungen nach Beendigung eines Bestrahlungsversuches zeigte nach einigen Stunden wieder die ursprÜngliche Werte, weshalb man die Variationen am besten als eine vom Lichte hervorgerufene Verschiebung im Sinne Gräffs aufzufassen habe.
REAKTIONEN NACH BLUTTRANSFUSION EINE äTIOLOQISCHE UND PATHOLOGISCHANATOMISCHE STUDIE
Authors: Lindau Arvid 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung

Bei direkter ÜberfÜhrung von unverändertem Blut beschränken sich die leichten Reaktionen auf wenige Prozente der Patienten.
Bei vollguten und ausfÜhrlichen Vorproben bleiben die schweren hämolytischen Reaktionen aus, und die Bluttransfusionsmethode wird praktisch genommen gefahrenfrei.
Die schweren Reaktionen beruhen auf einer Transfusion von unverträglichem Blut, das eine Hämolyse erleidet. Hierdurch werden in erster Hand Nieren und Leber beschädigt, in gewissen Fällen auch der Darm. Diese Nierenbeschädigungen und Lebernekrosen haben mikroskopisch ein charakteristisches Aussehen.
Die schweren Transfusionsreaktionen sind unter den Begriff Eiweisszerfallstoxikosen (Pfeiffer) einzureihen.
Bei wiederholter Transfusion sind neue Vorproben mit direkter PrÜfung sowie grosse Vorsicht in der Zeitperiode not‐wendig, da eine anaphylaktische Reaktion ausgebildet sein kann.
Die Autoreinfusion dÜrfte zu grosse Gefahrenmomente mit sich bringen, um berechtigt zu erscheinen.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE SEROLOGISCHE GRUPPENDIFFERENZIERUNG DES ORGANISMUS1
Authors: THOMSEN OLUF 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfaasung.Leukozyten von Menschen, die an (myeloischer und lymphatischer) Leukämie leiden, zeigen bei direkter Agglutinationsprobe nur ausnahmsweise gruppenspezifische Agglutination, spezifische Agglutininbindungsfähigkeit aber regelmässig. Sie sind also ebenso wie die Erythrozyten gruppengeprägt.
ÜBER DAS GLEICHZEITIGE AUFTRETEN MULTIPLER NEUROFIBROME UND GLIOME (Gliomatose), („;Periphere und Zentrale Neurofibromatose”) AUF ERBLICHER GRUNDLAGE UND MIT DIFFUSER VERBREITUNG IN DEN RÜCKENMARKS‐ UND GEHIRNHÄUTEN
Authors: HARBITZ FRANCIS 
Published: August 2010

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGAn Hand von Fällen (unser Fall I.), bei welchen sich. gleich zeitig multiple Neurofibrome (v. Recklinghausen's Krankheit) und Gliome — bzw. Glioniatose im Zentralnervensystem und seinen Häuten — bei ein und demselben Individuum vorfinden, wird die nahe Verwandtschaft und die wahrscheinliche genetische Verknüpfung des Vorkommens dieser beiden Krankheiten dargelegt. Dies wird weiterhin illustriert durch Fälle, bei denen eine erbliche Belastung vorliegt und wo sich die eine Erkrankung z. B. bei der Mutter vorfindet, während die andere bei einem ihrer Kinder angetroffen wird (unser Fall I.). Ausserdem noch an Fällen von mehreren Geschwistern mit Lokalisation derselben Krankheitsanlage zu verschiedenen Stellen. Auch histologisch gesehen scheint die Grenze nicht besonders scharf zu sein.In Übereinstimmung mit u. a. neueren englischen Arbeiten (Cairns und Dorothy Russel) findet sich diffuse Ausbreitung in den Gehirnhäuten – sehr oft mit einer Gehirngeschwulst (Gliom) als Ausgangspunkt – verhältnismässig häufig. »Medulloblastome« zeigen sehr häufig dieses fortgesetzte Wachstum (4 eigene Fälle), zuweilen »Glioblastoma multiforme« (ein Fall). Äusserst selten trifft man diffuse Glomatose in den dünnen Gehirnhäuten bei Fällen von multipler Neurofibromatose an (unser Fall I.).
ZUR FRAGE DER HETEROSPEZIFISCHEN SCHWANGERSCHAFT
Authors: JONSSON BENGT 
Published: August 2010

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

In einem Material von 636 O‐Männern und 594 O‐Weibern, welche etliche Monate vor der Untersuchung Kinder geboren hatten, wurde ein starkes Übergewicht der Frequenz von starken Isolysinen bei den Müttern über die entsprechende Frequenz bei den Männern gefunden.
Ein deutliches Übergewicht von der Isolysinfrequenz bei O‐Müttern, die eine heterospezifische Schwangerschaft durchgemacht haben, über die Isolysinfrequenz bei O‐Müttern, die eine homospezifische Schwangerschaft durchgemacht haben, wird festgestellt.
Ein starker Zusammenhang zwischen dem Erscheinen von α‐Isolysin und A‐Schwangerschaft bei den O‐Müttern bzw. zwischen dem Erscheinen von β‐Isolysin und B‐Schwangerschaft bei den O‐Müttern wird festgestellt.
Als Erklärung wird eine gruppenspezifische antigene Wirkung der A‐ bzw. B‐Rezeptoren bei den Föten den O‐Müttern gegenüber angenommen.
EXPERIMENTELLE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DEN NACH VENTRIKEL‐DUODENUM‐RESEKTION BEOBACHTETEN PELLAGRAZUSTAND (BEI HUNDEN) VI. Über die Beeinflussbarkeit des Pellagrazustandes durch perorale Vitamineingabe1
Authors: Petri Svend 
Published: August 2010

ZUSAMMENFASSUNBei jungen Hunden, denen Ventrikel + dem daran grenzenden Teil des Duodenums exstirpiert worden sind, führt die perorale Zufuhr von Vitamin B2 einen Wechsel in den klinischen Symptomen und dem klinischen Verlauf der früher beschriebenen Pellagraveränderungen nicht herbei und auch der Charakter der pathologisch‐anatomischen Veränderungen bleibt der gleiche. Diese experimentellen Pellagrafälle sind der gegenüber der Vitamin B2‐Therapie refraktären, tödlich verlaufenden Pellagraform beim Menschen beizuordnen.
Airborne Infections
Authors: LAURELL GUNNAR 
Published: August 2010

SummaryContinued investigations into the effectiveness of oiling floors and textiles in the control of air‐ and dustborne infections gave a negative result. No difference in the incidence of nosocomial streptococcal infections was noted in a ward treated with oil as compared with a ward that had not been treated. The incidence of streptococcal infections was, however, in general low.
Report of Two Cases of Acrodynia Appearing After Calomel Theraphy but Without Excretion of Mercury in the Urine and Cured With B. A. L.
Authors: HOUET RENÉ 
Published: August 2010

SummaryReport of two cases of acrodynia appearing three and five weeks after ingestion of calomel are reported. Treatment with large amounts of pyridoxin was ineffective, but the two children recovered quickly after B. A. L. therapy. Using a specific and sensitive method (polarography) no mercury could be found in the urine passed before and during B. A. L. treatment. The author questions if the Warkany‐Fanconi theory of acrodynia being a sensitization to some mercury salte is not too dogmatic to fit to all cases of acrodynia.
Lipochondrodystrophy (Gargoylism, Hurler's Syndrome) with Specific Cutaneous Deposits
Authors: ANDERSSON BJARNE , TANDBERG OLAV 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA peculiar skin lesion in a 6 1/2 year old boy with gargoylism is described. Biopsy showed vacuolized cells just below the epithelial membrane. These cells had the same microscopic appearance as those appearing in the internal organs of patients with gargoylism who have died. They also reacted in the same manner to various stains. A considerably increased thickness of the dermis with abundant formation of hyaline and collagenous bundles was also observed.
Misleading Results of Pneumoencephalography in an Infant with Severe Hypoglycemic Attacks
Authors: BRANDT SVEN , CHRISTENSEN ERNA , VESTERDAL JØRGEN 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn a five months old infant with a severe non‐pancreatogenic hypoglycemia of unknown pathogenesis, an encephalogram through suboccipital puncture showed wide areas of air over the left hemisphere.A ventriculography performed 3 months later showed a moderate dilatation of the ventricular system as well as large accumulations of air over the right hemisphere. On both occasions the air was localized mostly in the subarachnoid space. A severe bilateral cortical atrophy, was diagnosed from these findings. At autopsy, however, almost no atrophy was found, a result quite incompatible with the roentgenograms. This observation is in accordance with those of Zellweger and other authors. The authors conclude that subarachnoid accumulations of air, visible on the encephalogram or ventriculogram, are unreliable as a diagnostic guide in infants.
Traumatic Heart Disease in a 6‐Year Old Girl
Authors: VESTERDAL JØRGEN 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe author reports a case of ventricular paroxysmal tachycardia combined with atrio‐ventricular block, arising after a fist‐blow in the chest in a girl of six. Sinus rhythm was obtained with quinidine. ACTH had no demonstrable effect on the scar presumably present in the right ventricle.
Vergleichende Untersuchung zur Aminosäurenzusaminensetzung des Gerüsteiweißes von Nabelschnur‐und Erwachsenenerythrozytenstromaten1
Authors: KÜNZER Von WILHELM , SCHÜTZ ERICH 
Published: August 2010

ZusammenfassungDie Aminosäurenzusammensetzung des Gerüsteiweißes von Nabelschmirerythrozytenstroniaten weicht weder in qualitativer noch. in quantitativer Hinsicht von derjenigen des Gerüsteiweißes von Erwachsenerythrozytenenstromaten ab.Comparative Study on the Composition of Amino‐acids in the Stroma‐proteins of the Erythrocytes in the Umbilical Cord and Those of the Adult.The composition of amino‐acids in the stroma‐proteins of red blood corpuscles in the umbilical cord is neither qualitatively nor quantitatively different from that of the stroma‐proteins in adult erythrocytes.Etude comparée de la composition des amino‐acides des albuminoïdes du stroma érythrocytaire du cordon ombilical et des erythrocytes d'adultes.La composition des amino‐acides des albuminoïdes du stroma érythrocytaire du cordon ombilical et des adultes ne diffère ni qualitativement ni quantitativement.Estudio comparative entre la constitución aminoácida del armazón proteico del estroma eritrocitario del adulto y el del estroma eritrocitario del cordón umbilical.La constitución aminoácida del armazón proteico del estroma de los eritrocitos del cordon umbilical no difiere cuantitativa ni cualitativamente de la del armazón proteico del estroma de los eritrocitos del adulto.