bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel photodynamic therapy against biliary tract carcinoma using mono‐l‐aspartyl chlorine e6: basic evaluation for its feasibility and efficacy
Authors: Kasuya Kazuhiko , Shimazu Motohide , Suzuki Minako , Kuroiwa Yukari , Usuda Jitsuo , Itoi Takao , Tsuchida Akihiko , Aoki Tatsuya 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackgroundRecently, a second‐generation photosensory agent for photodynamic therapy (PDT), mono‐l‐aspartyl chlorine e6 (NPe6), which degrades rapidly in vivo, has been developed. We evaluated its feasibility and efficacy for treatment in biliary tract carcinoma.MethodsA transmittance of semiconductor laser light (664 nm), sensitivity of a human biliary tract carcinoma cell line, and disorder to normal tissue including Glissonian constructs and adjacent hepatocytes were investigated.ResultsThe transmittance of the laser was 85‐91% through yellow clear bile and that of the bile including 50 μg/ml NPe6 was 17–48%. The effective concentration of NPe6 which showed LD50 for a cell line was 12.5 μg/ml, and that of LD95 was 25 μg/ml. NPe6 in the supernatant reduced laser transmissiveness, but it had little influence on the antitumor effect in supernatant with or without NPe6. The NOZ cell‐tumor volume was reduced significantly 14 days after irradiation in the PDT group (PDT 69.9 ± 44.6 mm3 vs control 296.3 ± 239.9 mm3
P < 0.05). No severe hepatic disorder including Glisson components was observed by the histological findings.ConclusionNPe6 PDT was effective in carcinomas even in the presence of bile, and causes no serious complication for the liver and Glisson structure. Therefore, NPe6 PDT will be a useful candidate as a new therapy for biliary tract carcinomas.
Exogenous melatonin treatment reduces hepatocyte damage in rats with experimental acute pancreatitis
Authors: Çöl Cavit , Dinler Kahraman , Hasdemir Oğuz , Büyükaşık Oktay , Buğdaycı Güler , Terzi Hakan 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground/purposeThe hormone melatonin affects cellular immunity in particular and the immune system in general both directly and indirectly. We report our evaluation of the effects of decreasing and increasing serum melatonin levels on hepatocyte damage in rats with experimental acute pancreatitis.MethodsWinstar Albino rats with experimentally induced acute pancreatitis were divided into three groups of ten rats each: (1) control (induced acute pancreatitis only); (2) rats with induced acute pancreatitis plus surgical pinealectomy (no melatonin injections); (3) rats with induced acute pancreatitis plus injections of exogenous melatonin. The effects of melatonin levels were evaluated using biochemical and histopathological parameters.ResultsRats undergoing the pinealectomy had increased amylase and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, while those receiving injections of exogenous melatonin had decreased amylase, aspartate transaminase, LDH, and bilirubin levels but increased levels of alanine transferase levels.ConclusionMelatonin may have a therapeutic or protective effect on acute pancreatitis and obstructive jaundice.
Physical structure of habitat network differently affects migration patterns of native and invasive fishes in Lake Biwa and its tributary lagoons: stable isotope approach
Authors: Shibata Jun‐ya , Karube Zin'ichi , Oishi Mamiko , Yamaguchi Mana , Goda Yukiko , Okuda Noboru 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA good understanding of how migratory animals use their habitat network is expected to provide important insights for the prediction of population dynamics at both local and regional scales. We focused on how the physical structure of a habitat network could affect fish migration between Lake Biwa and its tributary lagoons. Although the lagoons provide suitable breeding and nursery grounds for native fishes, it is a matter of concern that they can also be a hotbed of invasive exotic fishes. Here, we assessed the migration patterns of native crucian carps (Carassiusspp.) and exotic largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and bluegill sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus) using their carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as migration tracers. As there were marked differences in the carbon isotope ratios of basal food webs between the main lake and its tributary lagoons, stable isotopic signatures of individual fishes collected from each lagoon enabled us to judge whether they were residents of the lagoon or recent immigrants from the main lake. The analysis revealed that native and invasive fishes showed different migration patterns across a variety of lagoons. Exotic fishes frequently immigrated from the main lake to the lagoon as the distance of the channel connecting these two habitats was short. For native crucian carps, in contrast, their migrations were unaffected by the channel distance but were promoted by narrow channels. Physical barriers of weirs and dense vegetation within the channel obstructed their migrations. Such ecological information on migration behavior will be vital to plan designs for habitat restoration to conserve native fishes.
Metabolic acetate therapy improves phenotype in the tremor rat model of Canavan disease
Authors: Arun Peethambaran , Madhavarao Chikkathur N. , Moffett John R. , Hamilton Kristen , Grunberg Neil E. , Ariyannur Prasanth S. , Gahl William A. , Anikster Yair , Mog Steven , Hallows William C. , Denu John M. , Namboodiri Aryan M. A. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractGenetic mutations that severely diminish the activity of aspartoacylase (ASPA) result in the fatal brain dysmyelinating disorder, Canavan disease. There is no effective treatment. ASPA produces free acetate from the concentrated brain metabolite, N‐acetylaspartate (NAA). Because acetyl coenzyme A is a key building block for lipid synthesis, we postulated that the inability to catabolize NAA leads to a brain acetate deficiency during a critical period of CNS development, impairing myelination and possibly other aspects of brain development. We tested the hypothesis that acetate supplementation during postnatal myelination would ameliorate the severe phenotype associated with ASPA deficiency using the tremor rat model of Canavan disease. Glyceryltriacetate (GTA) was administered orally to tremor rats starting 7 days after birth, and was continued in food and water after weaning. Motor function, myelin lipids, and brain vacuolation were analyzed in GTA‐treated and untreated tremor rats. Significant improvements were observed in motor performance and myelin galactocerebroside content in tremor rats treated with GTA. Further, brain vacuolation was modestly reduced, and these reductions were positively correlated with improved motor performance. We also examined the expression of the acetyl coenzyme A synthesizing enzyme acetyl coenzyme A synthase 1 and found upregulation of expression in tremor rats, with a return to near normal expression levels in GTA‐treated tremor rats. These results confirm the critical role played by NAA‐derived acetate in brain myelination and development, and demonstrate the potential usefulness of acetate therapy for the treatment of Canavan disease.
Pre‐Nucleation Structuring of TAG Melts Revealed by Fluorescence Polarization Spectroscopy and Molecular Mechanics Simulations
Authors: Dibildox‐Alvarado E. , Laredo T. , Toro‐Vazquez J. F. , Marangoni A. G. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe have studied the pre‐nucleation behavior of tripalmitin (TP) and tristearin (TS) in blends with triolein (TO), high oleic safflower oil (HOSfO) and soybean oil (SBO) by means of fluorescence polarization spectroscopy (FPS) and molecular mechanics simulations (MM). The FPS measurements at different temperatures showed that there is an increase in the anisotropy of the TP:HOSfO and TP:SBO blends as opposed to the TP:TO sample. This increase is directly related to an increase in the microviscosity of the blend which is interpreted as a structuring step prior to the nucleation and growth of the crystals. A similar but less pronounced effect was also observed in the TS:SBO blends. We performed MM simulations in an attempt to understand the molecular interactions responsible for this behavior. The simulation results have shown that short range van der Waals (vdW) interactions are the ones responsible for the increase in the microviscosity of the blends prior to crystallization. Our results also indicate that the presence of molecules that contain at least one chain of palmitic acid in their triglyceride (TAG) composition will induce a pre‐nucleation increase in the microviscosity of the blend in both TP and TS containing systems. Lastly, we studied the applicability of these conclusions to longer chain TAG analogues. Our MM results show that hypothetical blends of TS and TAGs containing stearic acid in their structure, will not have a low enough vdW energy to account for an increase in the microviscosity. Hence, there seems to be a specific interaction particularly favorable when the oil contains TAGs with at least one palmitic acid chain.
The occurrence of Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) (Digenea: Diplostomidae) metacercariae in the eyes of loricariid fish (Siluriformes: Osteichthyes: Loricariidae) from Brazil
Authors: Zica E.O.P. , Brandão H. , Zawadzki C.H. , Nobile A.B. , Carvalho E.D. , da Silva R.J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to report the occurrence of Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae in the eyes of 98 specimens of loricariid fish (Hypostomus ancistroides, H. hermanni, H. iheringii, H. margaritifer, H. regani, H. strigaticeps, Hypostomus sp. and Megalancistrus parananus) from the Chavantes reservoir (23°07′36″S and 49°37′35″W) located in the rio Paranapanema, upper Paraná river basin, municipality of Ipaussu, São Paulo State, Brazil. Fish were collected from October 2007 to February 2009 using nylon monofilament gill nets and transported to the field laboratory where they were euthanized and the eyes were taken and examined under a stereomicroscope. Hypostomus ancistroides and M. parananus were not infected by this diplostomid. Hypostomus hermanni and H. margaritifer were represented by only one specimen but both had a high intensity of A. compactum metacercarie (27 and 35, respectively). Hypostomus strigaticeps (n = 45) and H. iheringii (n = 28) were the most representative specimens and the prevalence, mean intensity of infection and mean abundance were 24.4%, 10.3 and 2.7, and 64.2%, 13.1 and 8.4, respectively. No correlation was observed between the intensity of infection and the standard length (r = − 0.223; P = 0.827) and weight (r = 0.03; P = 0.779) of studied fish. Similarly, linear regression among these variables showed a poor correlation and indicated that the infection by A. compactum metacercariae occurs similarly in small and large fish specimens. A seasonal pattern of infection was not observed. Hypostomus hermanni, H. iheringii, H. margaritifer and H. strigaticeps were new hosts recorded for A. compactum metacercariae. A review of morphometric data of A. compactum metacercariae is presented.
Resistance and resilience of traditionally managed West African Dwarf goats from the savanna zone of northern Nigeria to naturally acquired trypanosome and gastrointestinal nematode infections
Authors: Behnke J.M. , Chiejina S.N. , Musongong G.A. , Nnadi P.A. , Ngongeh L.A. , Abonyi F.O. , Fakae B.B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA survey was conducted of gastrointestinal nematode infections and trypanosomosis in Nigerian West African Dwarf (WAD) goats from the savanna region of the country. Animals were screened at two markets, Gboko and Akpagher, from the beginning of April until the end of September, coinciding with the end of the dry season and the first 5 months of the wet season. Of 1054 goats that were examined, 80.5% carried gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes belonging to the genera Haemonchus (61.0%), Oesophagostomum (21.0%) and Trichostrongylus (17.9%). Faecal egg counts (FEC) increased very slowly but significantly from April to maximum levels in September, and varied marginally between the two market sources. The majority of goats (68.8 and 70.1% at the two markets) had low FEC not exceeding 50 eggs/g (epg). FEC did not differ significantly between the sexes or between age classes. Packed cell volume (PCV) also declined significantly with month of the study, but was affected by host sex (a significant month × sex interaction) being generally higher in male animals throughout the period. There was a highly significant negative correlation between log10(FEC+1) and PCV, when all other factors had been taken into account. Body condition scores (BCS) also declined with month of the study, but there was a marked difference between the two sexes, with male animals generally showing a greater stability of BCS across the months compared with females. Trypanosome infections were found in only 4% of the goats and only during the rainy season. Most infections (92.86%) were caused by Trypanosoma brucei alone although T. vivax and T. congolense were occasionally detected. Overall, the majority of goats sampled each month maintained generally good body condition (BCS 3.0–5.0), normal or slightly reduced PCV, even when concurrently infected with trypanosomes and GI nematodes. However, four concurrently infected goats showed signs of overt anaemia during periods of peak infection, during the late rainy season, with marked reductions in PCV ( < 15%). Two of the infected goats were also in poor body condition with BCS of < 2.0. There was no evidence of additive or synergistic pathogenic effects of the two parasites. These results are discussed in the context of the unexpectedly strong resistance and resilience of the savanna WAD ecotype to its native strains of GI nematode and trypanosome parasites.
Anxiety, emotional security and the interpersonal behavior of individuals with social anxiety disorder
Authors: Russell J. J. , Moskowitz D. S. , Zuroff D. C. , Bleau P. , Pinard G. , Young S. N. 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundInterpersonal functioning is central to social anxiety disorder (SAD). Empirical examinations of interpersonal behaviors in individuals with SAD have frequently relied on analogue samples, global retrospective reports and laboratory observation. Moreover, research has focused on avoidance and safety behaviors, neglecting potential links between SAD and affiliative behaviors.MethodThe influence of situational anxiety and emotional security on interpersonal behaviors was examined for individuals with SAD (n=40) and matched normal controls (n=40). Participants monitored their behavior and affect in naturally occurring social interactions using an event-contingent recording procedure.ResultsIndividuals with SAD reported higher levels of submissive behavior and lower levels of dominant behavior relative to controls. Consistent with cognitive–behavioral and evolutionary theories, elevated anxiety in specific events predicted increased submissiveness among individuals with SAD. Consistent with attachment theory, elevations in event-level emotional security were associated with increased affiliative behaviors (increased agreeable behavior and decreased quarrelsome behavior) among members of the SAD group. Results were not accounted for by concurrent elevations in sadness or between-group differences in the distribution of social partners.ConclusionsThese findings are consistent with predictions based on several theoretical perspectives. Further, the present research documents naturally occurring interpersonal patterns of individuals with SAD and identifies conditions under which these individuals may view social interactions as opportunities for interpersonal connectedness.
Genetic overlap between episodic memory deficits and schizophrenia: results from The Maudsley Twin Study
Authors: Owens S. F. , Picchioni M. M. , Rijsdijk F. V. , Stahl D. , Vassos E. , Rodger A. K. , Collier D. A. , Murray R. M. , Toulopoulou T. 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundVisual and verbal episodic memory deficits are putative endophenotypes for schizophrenia; however, the extent of any genetic overlap of these with schizophrenia is unclear. In this study, we set out to quantify the genetic and environmental contributions to variance in visual and verbal memory performance, and to quantify their genetic relationship with schizophrenia.MethodWe applied bivariate genetic modelling to 280 twins in a classic twin study design, including monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) pairs concordant and discordant for schizophrenia, and healthy control twins. We assessed episodic memory using subtests of the Wechsler Memory Scale – Revised (WMS-R).ResultsGenetic influences (i.e. heritability) contributed significantly to variance in immediate recall of both verbal memory and visual learning, and the delayed recall of verbal and visual memory. Liability to schizophrenia was associated with memory impairment, with evidence of significant phenotypic correlations between all episodic memory measures and schizophrenia. Genetic factors were the main source of the phenotypic correlations for immediate recall of visual learning material; both immediate and delayed recall of verbal memory; and delayed recall of visual memory that, for example, shared genetic variance with schizophrenia, which accounted for 88% of the phenotypic correlation (rph=0.41) between the two.ConclusionsVerbal memory and visual learning and memory are moderately heritable, share a genetic overlap with schizophrenia and are valid endophenotypes for the condition. The inclusion of these endophenotypes in genetic association studies may improve the power to detect susceptibility genes for schizophrenia.
Kinase-related protein/telokin inhibits Ca2+-independent contraction in Triton-skinned guinea pig taenia coli
Authors: Shcherbakova Olga V. , Serebryanaya Daria V. , Postnikov Alexander B. , Schroeter Mechthild M. , Zittrich Stefan , Noegel Angelika A. , Shirinsky Vladimir P. , Vorotnikov Alexander V. , Pfitzer Gabriele 
Published: May 2010

KRP (kinase-related protein), also known as telokin, has been proposed to inhibit smooth muscle contractility by inhibiting the phosphorylation of the rMLC (regulatory myosin light chain) by the Ca2+-activated MLCK (myosin light chain kinase). Using the phosphatase inhibitor microcystin, we show in the present study that KRP also inhibits Ca2+-independent rMLC phosphorylation and smooth muscle contraction mediated by novel Ca2+-independent rMLC kinases. Incubating KRP-depleted Triton-skinned taenia coli with microcystin at pCa&gt;8 induced a slow contraction reaching 90% of maximal force (Fmax) at pCa 4.5 after ~25 min. Loading the fibres with KRP significantly slowed down the force development, i.e. the time to reach 50% of Fmax was increased from 8 min to 35 min. KRP similarly inhibited rMLC phosphorylation of HMM (heavy meromyosin) in vitro by MLCK or by the constitutively active MLCK fragment (61K-MLCK) lacking the myosin-docking KRP domain. A C-terminally truncated KRP defective in myosin binding inhibited neither force nor HMM phosphorylation. Phosphorylated KRP inhibited the rMLC phosphorylation of HMM in vitro and Ca2+-insensitive contractions in fibres similar to unphosphorylated KRP, whereby the phosphorylation state of KRP was not altered in the fibres. We conclude that (i) KRP inhibits not only MLCK-induced contractions, but also those elicited by Ca2+-independent rMLC kinases; (ii) phosphorylation of KRP does not modulate this effect; (iii) binding of KRP to myosin is essential for this inhibition; and (iv) KRP inhibition of rMLC phosphorylation is most probably due to the shielding of the phosphorylation site on the rMLC.
REACTION RATE SENSITIVITY OF 44Ti PRODUCTION IN MASSIVE STARS AND IMPLICATIONS OF A THICK TARGET YIELD MEASUREMENT OF 40Ca(α, γ)44Ti
Authors: Hoffman R. D. , Sheets S. A. , Harke J. T. , Scielzo N. D. , Rauscher T. , Norman E. B. , Tumey S. , Brown T. A. , Grant P. G. , Hurst A. M. , Phair L. , Stoyer M. A. , Wooddy T. , Fisker J. L. , Bleuel D. 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACT
We evaluate two dominant nuclear reaction rates and their uncertainties that affect 44Ti production in explosive nucleosynthesis. Experimentally we develop thick target yields for the 40Ca(α, γ)44Ti reaction at E
α = 4.13, 4.54, and 5.36 MeV using γ-ray spectroscopy. At the highest beam energy, we also performed an activation measurement which agrees with the thick target result. From the measured yields a stellar reaction rate was developed that is smaller than current statistical-model calculations and recent experimental results, which would suggest lower 44Ti production in scenarios for the α-rich freezeout. Special attention has been paid to assessing realistic uncertainties of stellar reaction rates produced from a combination of experimental and theoretical cross sections. With such methods, we also develop a re-evaluation of the 44Ti(α, p)47V reaction rate. Using these two rates we carry out a sensitivity survey of 44Ti synthesis in eight expansions representing peak temperature and density conditions drawn from a suite of recent supernova explosion models. Our results suggest that the current uncertainty in these two reaction rates could lead to as large an uncertainty in 44Ti synthesis as that produced by different treatments of stellar physics.
On the Formalization of the Law of Non-Contradiction
Authors: Brady Ross T. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines three ways of formalizing the law of non-contradiction. The key feature of such a way is the enforcement of consistency of the formal system concerned. The first formalization is as a formula of form, ∼(A&∼A), favoured by textbooks. The presence of this as a logical law is shown to be completely independent of the consistency of the logical system. The second formalization is as a rule, A,∼A → B, called the Spread Law. This rule is somewhat better as its presence prevents contradictions from occurring in the logic, through pain of triviality. However, paraconsistent logics are without the rule, and something needs to be done for them. The third formalization uses rejection in two forms, one rejecting contradictions and one rejecting negations of provable formulae, but these too have their problems.
Knowledge and Non-Contradiction
Authors: Brown Bryson 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the status of the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC) by means of an examination of the epistemology of logic. It argues that reasoning that tolerates contradictions, in the sense of not trivializing their consequences, need not involve a commitment to their possible truth or correct assertability, because the consequence relations that we find in dialetheic logics can be captured by preservationist logics, logics that do not preserve truth from left to right of the turnstile, but some other (cognitively valuable) feature of premise sets. An examination of the aims of logical theorizing and the threat of under-determination leads to the conclusion that, just as Euclid's parallel postulate is not an invariant for empirically adequate applied geometries, the status of LNC is unlikely to be an invariant shared by all tenable logical theories.
Logical Non-Apriorism and the ‘Law’ of Non-Contradiction
Authors: Bueno Otávio , Colyvan Mark 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A common response to those who question the Law of Non-Contradiction (LNC) is that it is impossible to debate such a fundamental law of logic. The reasons for this response vary, but what seems to underlie them is the thought that there is a minimal set of logical resources without which rational debate is impossible. This chapter argues that this response is misguided. First, it defends non-apriorism in logic: the view that logic is in the same epistemic boat as other scientific theories. It then offers an account of logical theory change in terms of this epistemology. The LNC is discussed in terms of this account of logical theory change, and it is shown that rational debate over this law can, and does, proceed. Finally, arguments for and against the LNC are discussed, and how and where non-a priori considerations arise in these arguments are illustrated.