bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Approaches to Controlled-Release Antigen Delivery
Authors: Cohen Smadar , Alonso Maria J. , Langer Robert 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTwo strategies for vaccine-delivery systems, both relying on concepts of controlled-release technology, are described in this review. The first strategy involves using biodegradable polymer microspheres for parenteral and oral delivery of antigens. The other strategy combines two technologies, the encapsulation of antigen within liposomes and liposome encapsulation in hydrogels, to protect them from a rapid degradation in vivo. Both strategies have shown promise in terms of increasing the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic peptides and protein vaccines. The microencapsulation process, antigen stability, mechanism of antigen release, and optimal release kinetics for vaccine delivery are reviewed, and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach are discussed.
Live Attenuated Vaccine Vectors
Authors: Mekalanos John J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSeveral different live attenuated vaccine vectors currently are under development. These vaccines are composed of living viruses or bacteria that are innocuous to the host but can replicate in host tissues and induce immune responses. The genes encoding foreign antigens can be inserted into these vectors to produce multivalent vaccines that promise to induce immunity to more than one target disease after the administration of a single dose of vaccine.
Immunization of the Neonate
Authors: Lawton Alexander R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe generation of diversity of T and B cells begins early in gestation. Selective restrictions in expression of V genes occur in fetal life, but insufficient clonal diversity is not likely to limit newborn immune capabilities. The functional immaturity of neonatal T and B cells is beginning to be defined. Virgin T cells lack the capacity to produce diverse lymphokines, whereas neonatal B cells are less responsive to the lymphokines that promote terminal differentiation to plasma cells.
Synthetic Peptides and Purified Antigens as Vaccines
Authors: Brown Fred 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMolecular biology and, in particular, knowledge of the immune response at the molecular level provide the research community with the opportunity to design vaccines that will elicit the appropriate responses for many diseases. The critical issue is to identify the immune response that correlates with protection. It is remarkable how well the empirical approach has worked; it is essential, therefore, not to ignore the lessons to be learned from these successes. It is particularly essential that each disease and the immune response that affords protection be studied individually so that the appropriate responses can be induced.
Combination Vaccines
Authors: Ellis Ronald W. , Douglas R. Gordon 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe availability of new vaccines for pediatric use provides an unprecedented opportunity to prevent serious infectious diseases and their associated morbidity and mortality. However, each new product entails the need for additional injections that could become so numerous as to discourage the administration of new vaccines. This challenge can be overcome by mixing individual vaccines before delivery such that multiple vaccines are administered as single combination vaccines. Technical, clinical, manufacturing, regulatory and marketing issues relative to combination vaccines in general are the major challenges for ongoing and future development.
Problem solving methods and knowledge systems: A personal journey to perceptual images as knowledge
Authors: Chandrasekaran B. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractI was among those who proposed problem solving methods (PSMs) in the late 1970s and early 1980s as a knowledge-level description of strategies useful in building knowledge-based systems. This paper summarizes the evolution of my ideas in the last two decades. I start with a review of the original ideas. From an artificial intelligence (AI) point of view, it is not PSMs as such, which are essentially high-level design strategies for computation, that are interesting, but PSMs associated with tasks that have a relation to AI and cognition. They are also interesting with respect to cognitive architecture proposals such as Soar and ACT-R: PSMs are observed regularities in the use of knowledge that an exclusive focus on the architecture level might miss, the latter providing no vocabulary to talk about these regularities. PSMs in the original conception are closely connected to a specific view of knowledge: symbolic expressions represented in a repository and retrieved as needed. I join critics of this view, and maintain with them that most often knowledge is not retrieved from a base as much as constructed as needed. This criticism, however, raises the question of what is in memory that is not knowledge as traditionally conceived in AI, but can support theconstructionof knowledge in predicate–symbolic form. My recent proposal about cognition and multimodality offers a possible answer. In this view, much of memory consists of perceptual and kinesthetic images, which can be recalled during deliberation and from which internal perception can generate linguistic–symbolic knowledge. For example, from a mental image of a configuration of objects, numerous sentences can be constructed describing spatial relations between the objects. My work on diagrammatic reasoning is an implemented example of how this might work. These internal perceptions on imagistic representations are a new kind of PSM.
Neurodevelopmental factors associated with schizotypal symptoms among adolescents at risk for schizophrenia
Authors: Hans Sydney L. , Auerbach Judith G. , Nuechterlein Keith H. , Asarnow Robert F. , Asarnow Joan , Styr Benedict , Marcus Joseph 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSchizophrenia has come to be viewed as a neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by genetic vulnerability, stressors during the prenatal period that may be marked by minor physical anomalies and neurobehavioral deficits that emerge in early development. Less is known about the neurodevelopmental origins of schizotypal personality symptoms. The present study examines schizotypal symptoms in Israeli adolescents (mean age = 16.79 years) who have not yet reached the developmental period during which first schizophrenic episode is most likely to emerge: 39 adolescent offspring of parents with schizophrenia, 39 offspring of parents with other psychiatric disorders, and 36 offspring of parents with no history of mental illness. The Semi-Structured Kiddie Interview for Personality Syndromes was used to assess cognitive–perceptual, interpersonal, and disorganized schizotypal symptoms. Interpersonal schizotypal symptoms were more prevalent in the schizophrenia offspring group than in the no-mental-illness offspring group. Among the schizophrenia offspring group, interpersonal, but not cognitive–perceptual, schizotypal symptoms were associated with minor physical anomalies, fine motor dyscoordination, and deficits in executive functioning during adolescence. Among young people whose parents did not have schizophrenia, cognitive–perceptual schizotypal symptoms were correlated with deficits in executive functioning. Adolescent schizotypal symptoms were associated with neurobehavioral symptoms measured during middle childhood in a subgroup of the sample that had been assessed prospectively. Finally, young people who had genetic risk for schizophrenia, minor physical anomalies, and neurobehavioral signs together were at markedly increased risk for symptoms of interpersonal schizotypal symptoms, compared to young people with one or none of these risk factors.
What makes narcissists bloom? A framework for research on the etiology and development of narcissism
Authors: Thomaes Sander , Bushman Brad J. , Orobio de Castro Bram , Stegge Hedy 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNarcissism is a dynamic form of personality characterized by a pervasive sense of grandiosity and self-importance, and by a need to obtain continuous self-validation from others. Very little is known about its etiology and development. What factors (e.g., temperament, parenting experiences) and processes (e.g., transactions between these factors over time) cause some children to become more narcissistic than others? When does narcissism first emerge, and how does narcissism develop over time? This article describes a framework for research on the etiology and development of narcissism, and recommends ten research priorities. This research should yield fundamental knowledge and should inform intervention efforts to minimize the negative impact narcissistic individuals have on themselves and on others.
A prospective investigation of the development of borderline personality symptoms
Authors: Carlson Elizabeth A. , Egeland Byron , Sroufe L. Alan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe antecedents and developmental course of borderline personality disorder symptoms were examined prospectively from infancy to adulthood using longitudinal data from a risk sample (N= 162). Borderline personality disorder symptom counts were derived from the Structured Clinical Interview forDSMDisorders diagnostic interview at age 28 years. Correlational analyses confirmed expected relations between borderline symptoms and contemporary adult disturbance (e.g., self-injurious behavior, dissociative symptoms, drug use, relational violence) as well as maltreatment history. Antecedent correlational and regression analyses revealed significant links between borderline symptoms in adulthood and endogenous (i.e., temperament) and environmental (e.g., attachment disorganization, parental hostility) history in early childhood and disturbance across domains of child functioning (e.g., attention, emotion, behavior, relationship, self-representation) in middle childhood/early adolescence. Process analyses revealed a significant mediating effect of self-representation on the relation between attachment disorganization on borderline symptoms. The findings are discussed within a developmental psychopathology framework in which disturbance in self-processes is constructed through successive transactions between the individual and environment.
Stability, change, and heritability of borderline personality disorder traits from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study
Authors: Bornovalova Marina A. , Hicks Brian M. , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough personality disorders are best understood in the context of lifetime development, there is a paucity of work examining their longitudinal trajectory. An understanding of the expected course and the genetic and environmental contributions to these disorders is necessary for a detailed understanding of risk processes that lead to their manifestation. The current study examined the longitudinal course and heritability of borderline personality disorder (BPD) over a period of 10 years starting in adolescence (age 14) and ending in adulthood (age 24). In doing so, we built on existing research by using a large community sample of adolescent female twins, a sensitive dimensional measure of BPD traits, an extended follow-up period, and a longitudinal twin design that allowed us to investigate the heritability of BPD traits at four discrete ages spanning midadolescence to early adulthood. Results indicated that mean-level BPD traits significantly decline from adolescence to adulthood, but rank order stability remained high. BPD traits were moderately heritable at all ages, with a slight trend for increased heritability from age 14 to age 24. A genetically informed latent growth curve model indicated that both the stability and change of BPD traits are highly influenced by genetic factors and modestly by nonshared environmental factors. Our results indicate that as is the case for other personality dimensions, trait BPD declines as individuals mature from adolescence to adulthood, and that this process is influenced in part by the same genetic factors that influence BPD trait stability.
Is there a Prehistory of Linguistics?
Authors: Renfrew Colin , Bynon Theodora , Ruhlen Merritt , Dolgopolsky Aron , Bellwood Peter 
Published: October 2009

There are few aspects of human behaviour more fundamental than our ability to use language. Language plays a key role in the study of any living human society, and of all historical communities which have left us written records. In theory it could also throw enormous light on the development and relationships of prehistoric human communities. But here there is a huge and obvious problem: what evidence can there be for human languages in the pre-literate, prehistoric age? In other words, what hope is therefor a prehistory of linguistics? There is no easy answer, yet it is hard to accept that any account of human prehistory can be considered adequate without some knowledge of prehistoric languages and linguistic relationships, if only at the broadest scale.The list of questions we might wish to pose stretches back to the period of the very earliest hominids. When did our human ancestors first begin to talk to each other? Was language acquisition sudden or gradual? Did human language arise in one place, and then spread and diversify from- that point? Or did it emerge independently, among separate groups of early humans in different parts of the world?Leading on from this is the study of ethnicity and ethnogenesis. Since the end of the nineteenth century one of the biggest problems facing prehistoric archaeologists has been the identification and interpretation of archaeological cultures and cultural groups. Do these have any social or ethnic reality? Is it right to speak of a Beaker ‘folk’? Was the Bandkeramik colonization the work of one people or of many? These questions would be so much easier to resolve if only we could trace the prehistory of languages, and could establish, for instance, whether all Bandkeramik and Beaker users spoke the same or a related language.Such possibilities may seem exciting and hopeful to some, irredeemably optimistic to others. Whatever view we take, they clearly merit serious discussion. In the present Viewpoint, our third in the series, we have asked five writers — two archaeologists (Renfrew & Bellwood), three linguists (Bynon, Ruhlen & Dolgopolsky) — to give their own, personal response to the key question ‘Is there a prehistory of linguistics?’ Can we, from the evidence of archaeology, linguistics (and now DNA studies), say anything positive about langtiage in prehistory?
Cahokia and the Archaeology of Power
Authors: Emerson Thomas E. , Dancey William S. , Pauketat Timothy R. , Whittle Alasdair , DeMarrais Elizabeth , DeBoer Warren R. , Kehoe A.B. 
Published: October 2009

The days are long gone when archaeologists would automatically interpret any major prehistoric monument as evidence of a hierarchically organized society. Faced with a Stonehenge or a Silbury Hill, the evident deployment of large labour forces might naturally lead to thoughts of social élites and stratified societies. The task facing archaeologists today, however, is to interpret such monuments not as programmatic products of parallel social processes but as elements in unique and dynamic configurations of social, political and ideological interactions. This is the approach which the present volume seeks to exemplify, taking as its focus the famous site of Cahokia in the Mississippi valley. Cahokia itself is the greatest monument complex of prehistoric North America, marked by 120 mounds spread over an area of 13 square kilometres across the Mississippi river from the modern city of St Louis. During the twelfth century AD this was a settlement with a population estimated to have numbered in the thousands if not tens of thousands. What does such a phenomenon represent in social and political terms?In this book, Thomas Emerson considers not just the monuments of Cahokia themselves but the evidence for ideology and the power relationships which might have supported a hierarchical society, and the mechanisms which may have connected Cahokia with its rural hinterland. The wealth of detailed information available from the sites in and around Cahokia — some of them excavated by Emerson himself — allows a detailed analysis at a level which is rarely possible in archaeological cases of this kind. Drawing on concepts of individual agency, power and ideology as forces for social change, Emerson interprets the rise of Cahokia as the successful manipulation of ideology by élites, an ideology in which the subordinate layers of society are compelled to participate.Emerson's study raises key questions about the rise and fall of complex societies, and the role of ideology and agency in that process. That these questions remain open to debate, the contributions to this review feature amply demonstrate. How hierarchical was Cahokia, how effective was élite ideology, and, above all, how can we go about analyzing this kind of question from the archaeological evidence? The results have a bearing on archaeological interpretation at the very broadest level.
Duplication of the right coronary artery in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and myocardial bridging
Authors: Ciftci Haci , Tacoy Gulten , Yazici Guliz 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a genetic myocardial disorder. In such patients, myocardial bridging is the most frequent encountered coronary arterial anomaly. Patients may, however, on occasion, present with other much rarer malformations of the coronary arteries. Duplication of the right coronary artery is a very rare anomaly. We have now encountered a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in whom we found myocardial bridging of the anterior interventricular coronary artery and duplication of the right coronary artery. To the best of our knowledge, this association has not previously been described.
A multicentric study of disease-related stress, and perceived vulnerability, in parents of children with congenital cardiac disease
Authors: Jantien Vrijmoet-Wiersma C.M. , Ottenkamp Jaap , van Roozendaal Matty , Grootenhuis Martha A. , Koopman Hendrik M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractParents of children with congenitally malformed hearts can suffer from stress as a result of the medical condition of their child. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to describe levels of parental stress, and perceived vulnerability, in parents of children who underwent major cardiac surgery, by using both generic and disease-related measures for assessment. We included parents of children who underwent open-heart surgery over the period 2002 through 2007 in the Center for congenital Anomalies Heart Amsterdam/Leiden, abbreviated to provide the acronym CAHAL. In total, we assessed 114 mothers and 82 fathers of 131 children, using the Pediatric Inventory for Parents, short form, General Health Questionnaire, Parental Stress Index-Short Form, State-Trait Anxiety Index and the Child Vulnerability Scale. Compared to the reference groups of the instruments used, parents of children with congenitally malformed hearts did not report higher generic nor disease-related stress scores, and parenting levels of stress were also comparable to reference groups. State anxiety levels, however, were higher in mothers of children with congenitally malformed hearts. Both fathers and mothers reported significantly higher rates of perceived vulnerability than did parents of healthy children. Risk factors for increased anxiety and perceived vulnerability were found in the number of surgical procedures, the time past since the last procedure, and ethnicity. Severity of the lesion did not influence parental levels of stress, but parents of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome did report higher levels of stress than other parents. Psychosocial screening of parents of children with congenitally malformed hearts is important in order to provide appropriate counselling to those parents most in need.
Detailing regulatory networks through large scale data integration
Authors: Huttenhower Curtis , Mutungu K. Tsheko , Indik Natasha , Yang Woongcheol , Schroeder Mark , Forman Joshua J. , Troyanskaya Olga G. , Coller Hilary A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Much of a cell's regulatory response to changing environments occurs at the transcriptional level. Particularly in higher organisms, transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs and epigenetic modifications can combine to form a complex regulatory network. Part of this system can be modeled as a collection of regulatory modules: co-regulated genes, the conditions under which they are co-regulated and sequence-level regulatory motifs.
Results: We present the Combinatorial Algorithm for Expression and Sequence-based Cluster Extraction (COALESCE) system for regulatory module prediction. The algorithm is efficient enough to discover expression biclusters and putative regulatory motifs in metazoan genomes (&gt;20 000 genes) and very large microarray compendia (&gt;10 000 conditions). Using Bayesian data integration, it can also include diverse supporting data types such as evolutionary conservation or nucleosome placement. We validate its performance using a functional evaluation of co-clustered genes, known yeast and Escherichea coli TF targets, synthetic data and various metazoan data compendia. In all cases, COALESCE performs as well or better than current biclustering and motif prediction tools, with high accuracy in functional and TF/target assignments and zero false positives on synthetic data. COALESCE provides an efficient and flexible platform within which large, diverse data collections can be integrated to predict metazoan regulatory networks.
Availability: Source code (C++) is available at http://function.princeton.edu/sleipnir, and supporting data and a web interface are provided at http://function.princeton.edu/coalesce.
Contact: ogt@cs.princeton.edu; hcoller@princeton.edu.
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Efficient estimation of pairwise distances between genomes
Authors: Domazet-Lošo Mirjana , Haubold Bernhard 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Genome comparison is central to contemporary genomics and typically relies on sequence alignment. However, genome-wide alignments are difficult to compute. We have, therefore, recently developed an accurate alignment-free estimator of the number of substitutions per site based on the lengths of exact matches between pairs of sequences. The previous implementation of this measure requires n(n−1) suffix tree constructions and traversals, where n is the number of sequences analyzed. This does not scale well for large n.
Results: We present an algorithm to extract pairwise distances in a single traversal of a single suffix tree containing n sequences. As a result, the run time of the suffix tree construction phase of our algorithm is reduced from O(n2L) to O(nL), where L is the length of each sequence. We implement this algorithm in the program kr version 2 and apply it to 825 HIV genomes, 13 genomes of enterobacteria and the complete genomes of 12 Drosophila species. We show that, depending on the input dataset, the new program is at least 10 times faster than its predecessor.
Availability: Version 2 of kr can be tested via a web interface at http://guanine.evolbio.mpg.de/kr2/. It is written in standard C and its source code is available under the GNU General Public License from the same web site.
Contact: haubold@evolbio.mpg.de
Supplementary informations: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.