bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensemaking of complexity: leadership in financial services
Authors: Raghavendran Satish , Rajagopalan Priti S. 
Published: May 2011

PurposeUnprecedented complexity is reshaping the financial services industry and presenting formidable challenges to financial services leaders and their organizations. “Sensemaking of Complexity: Leadership in Financial Services,” highlights seven leadership principles that could help leaders and their organizations respond effectively to the complexities inherent in financial services today.Design/methodology/approachAfter in‐depth secondary research on the topic of leadership and events in the financial services industry, the report offers a novel and holistic approach to managing complexity in today's marketplace.FindingsBeyond the leadership principles, the research suggests that values, competencies and motivations – or “VCMs” – are like an organization's DNA, or the building blocks of organizational behavior, and therefore the basis for real improvement across an organization's many dimensions. VCMs play a critical role in the outcome of change initiatives and an organization's capacity to adapt, yet they are often overlooked in the leadership dialogue.Practical implicationsVCMs that are well aligned with the seven leadership principles can help empower the effective functioning of organizational levers – such as intelligence and risk management, corporate governance, business models, talent processes and organizational culture – and enhance an organization's ability to adapt to complexity, drive strategic agendas, and improve day‐to‐day operations.Originality/valueUnprecedented interdependencies in the financial services industry may require a move away from the status quo of many leadership strategies, which tend to deal with complexity in a disjointed fashion. Instead, leaders may need to uncover and understand the interconnected root causes of complexity within their organizations and in the marketplace. We believe a focus on leadership principles and the right set of values, competencies, and motivations to support them can help leaders and their organizations systematically and holistically react to and manage their complicated competitive environments.
Whose customers are they?
Authors: Jackson Stuart E. 
Published: May 2011

PurposeMany product organizations recognize the benefits of outsourcing manufacturing of key components or even entire product lines to China and other low labor cost countries. But while the cost savings are obvious, many product companies fail to grasp the parallel risk of their own distributors or retailers by‐passing them to source products directly from offshore suppliers. The author discusses case examples of companies that do a good job of anticipating and addressing this threat through a range of approaches to building strong connections to end customers. The author proposes six key strategies for companies in this situation.Design/methodology/approachIn this article, Jackson cites a number of case examples of businesses that have built strong connections to end customers even though they typically reach these through distributors or retailers. Examples industries included in the article are durable consumer goods and medical products. The author then draws lessons that can be applied broadly by any company concerned about the risks of distributors or retailers sourcing private label product directly from off‐shore suppliers.FindingsThe author proposes six priorities for defending against disintermediation by distributors and offshore suppliers: acknowledge the urgency of the threat; reinforce brands; find new ways to link to customers; look for mass‐customization opportunities; enter into creative partnerships; be serious about services.Originality/valueThis article sheds light on the risk of disintermediation for product companies using offshore suppliers, and strategies that can be used to mitigate this.
Knowledge transfer as interaction between experts and novices supported by technology
Authors: Wilkesmann Maximiliane , Wilkesmann Uwe 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to link two sides of knowledge transfer (obtaining and providing knowledge), represented by the interplay between experts and novices, possibilities of technical support, and individual and organizational outcomes. An heuristic is developed to link up these different aspects and focus on practical application of some of them; the authors seek to answer the following research question: how can the organization support activities that would encourage knowledge transfer between novices and experts?Design/methodology/approachThe authors used interviews, document collection, and observations on‐site to gain insights into knowledge management and e‐learning activities at Lufthansa, a German airline company, beginning in 2004, with the first qualitative investigation, in the form of telephone interviews. Over the following six years, the authors followed up with archival analysis and in 2010 conducted interviews with four experts who are responsible for knowledge management and e‐learning at the group level at Lufthansa. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and coded, then a qualitative content analysis was conducted. The interviews were complemented by several demonstrations of the system during a visit on‐site.FindingsEvery person can be simultaneously a novice and an expert in different fields of knowledge. Novices and experts need organizational leeway which allows time for creating “knowledge nuggets” (providing knowledge) and for learning (obtaining knowledge). The Lufthansa example shows that organizational leeway, the convergence of e‐learning and knowledge management in the form of rapid e‐learning, and introduction of knowledge transfer methods that provide opportunities for employees to obtain and provide knowledge, i.e. practice knowledge transfer on the job.Originality/valueThe contribution of this paper is that the authors develop an heuristic, which explains technically supported knowledge transfer processes among novices and experts, and their individual and organizational outcomes. The heuristic helps to classify knowledge transfer processes and their outcomes.
Engaging knowledge management learners through web‐based ICT: an empirical study
Authors: Menkhoff Thomas , Tze Yian Thang , Yue Wah Chay , Yue Kee Wong 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine how to successfully blend an e‐learning module into a knowledge management (KM) course aimed at getting KM students interested in the respective subject matter (= KM) in a web‐based learning environment.Design/methodology/approachBased on data obtained from 138 undergraduate business management students at a university in Singapore, practical aspects of effectively implementing an e‐learning system with a focus on KM are analyzed and the importance determined of three conceptual variables in the context of successful blended learning approaches: online faculty to student interaction, social presence and personal e‐learning experiences.FindingsThe study shows some positive correlations between online faculty to student interaction, the degree of presence in a web‐based learning environment, as well as personal e‐learning experiences as potential drivers of students' desire to learn more about the subject matter KM.Research limitations/implicationsThere has been reliance on self‐reported data in both the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats study and the student survey. The causal effects of students' perceptions on actual learning need to be explored in a future study with a larger sample size.Practical implicationsTo increase students' acceptance of a web‐based KM course, instructors must ensure quality interaction between them and their students, strong social presence via intrinsically rewarding group interactions and enriching, personal e‐learning experiences on the basis of real‐life KM problems. Games, systematic performance monitoring and graded knowledge tests are critical, too.Originality/valueThis study highlights several good design features of an effective student interface vis‐à‐vis the development of an effective online learning environment from the perspective of KM student learners. Implications for e‐learning designers and instructors, as well as issues for further research, are outlined.
Incorporating a knowledge perspective into security risk assessments
Authors: Shedden Piya , Scheepers Rens , Smith Wally , Ahmad Atif 
Published: May 2011

PurposeMany methodologies exist to assess the security risks associated with unauthorized leakage, modification and interruption of information used by organisations. This paper argues that these methodologies have a traditional orientation towards the identification and assessment of technical information assets. This obscures key risks associated with the cultivation and deployment of organisational knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to explore how security risk assessment methods can more effectively identify and treat the knowledge associated with business processes.Design/methodology/approachThe argument was developed through an illustrative case study in which a well‐documented traditional methodology is applied to a complex data backup process. Follow‐up interviews were conducted with the organisation's security managers to explore the results of the assessment and the nature of knowledge “assets” within a business process.FindingsIt was discovered that the backup process depended, in subtle and often informal ways, on tacit knowledge to sustain operational complexity, handle exceptions and make frequent interventions. Although typical information security methodologies identify people as critical assets, this study suggests a new approach might draw on more detailed accounts of individual knowledge, collective knowledge and their relationship to organisational processes.Originality/valueDrawing on the knowledge management literature, the paper suggests mechanisms to incorporate these knowledge‐based considerations into the scope of information security risk methodologies. A knowledge protection model is presented as a result of this research. This model outlines ways in which organisations can effectively identify and treat risks around process knowledge critical to the business.
Micro‐via approaches for reducing solder voiding
Authors: Liu Ping , Gu Xiaolong , Zhao Xinbing , Liu Xiaogang 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the influence of microvia design on solder joint reliability and to present a printed circuit board (PCB) microvia design approach capable of reducing or eliminating voiding in solder joints.Design/methodology/approachFive different types of via‐in‐pad designs were incorporated into a test vehicle and their performance evaluated using a variety of standard reliability tests.FindingsSolid vias, composed of 99.5 percent pure copper can be used to eliminate voiding in solder joints. Such vias are also much more robust than those employing metallic paste or other filled materials. Solid vias with flat surfaces have been shown to be able to meet the requirements of common reliability test standards and to offer a process compatible with traditional PCB manufacturing.Research limitations/implicationsThe occurrence of voiding in solder joints has been shown to be significantly influenced by microvia design. Although a design is reported for reducing/eliminating voiding, other factors that can cause voiding should be investigated. Also, further extended accelerated reliability testing could be undertaken to determine comparative long‐term reliability.Originality/valueSerious voiding in solder joints is a major threat to the quality and reliability of electronics assemblies, mainly due to its role as a stress concentrator and particularly with the move to lead‐free assembly. Methods for reducing and eliminating the occurrence of voiding are needed by electronics assemblers and this work proposes one such method that can be implemented at the circuit board design stage.
The evolution of organic solderability preservatives (OSP) from a temporary protectant to a leadership position in surface finishing chemistry
Authors: Carano Michael 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the evolution of organic solderability preservatives (OSP) technology from a temporary anti‐tarnish to an approved process for the lead‐free assembly of high‐reliability printed circuit boards (PCBs).Design/methodology/approachAs this is an informational paper, the main approach was to compare and contrast various types of OSP molecules and their fitness for use.FindingsThe active ingredient of an OSP is one of the most important ingredients that can help to improve the heat resistance, which becomes much more important in conjunction with lead‐free solder. The latest OSP shows excellent stability, even at more than the peak reflow temperatures used with lead‐free solders. The success of any OSP process is highly correlated to process control and maintenance and OSP formulations are not created equal. The thickness of the film is only one difference. However, the key differentiators for OSP coatings are the overall ability of the organic film to resist oxygen penetration and humidity; and withstand the higher temperatures of lead‐free assembly. The author suggests that original equipment manufacturer (OEMs), contract manufacturers and PCB fabricators perform testing and qualification of OSPs using industry‐accepted reliability and solderability testing methods.Research limitations/implicationsThis work represents the author's extensive experience with OSP technology, as well as the results of a collective collaboration with Shikoku Chemical Corporation. The findings represent reliability and solderability testing carried out in various manufacturing sites including cooperation with certain OEMs that are users of circuits fabricated with OSP technology.Originality/valueThis paper details how critical advances in OSP technology have enabled improvements in solderability and reliability over earlier commercial generations and have further enhanced the solderability of lead‐free assemblies.
Coating thickness measurement of thin gold and palladium coatings on printed circuit boards using X‐ray fluorescence
Authors: Dill Simone , Rößiger Volker 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to compare the performance of X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments with different detector systems (proportional counter, positive intrinsic negative and Si drift detectors) for measuring thin Au and Pd coatings on printed circuit boards and to investigate different ways of background treatment. It also aims to provide and certify suitable reference materials which are similar to samples used in production.Design/methodology/approachXRF measurements were performed with different instruments and detector types. The quantification of the reference materials is based on XRF, gravimetric analysis and Rutherford backscattering (RBS).FindingsThe well‐established X‐ray instrumentation for coating thickness measurement, with proportional counter detectors, are not very suitable for measuring thin ( < approx. 100 nm) coatings of gold and palladium due to the poor energy resolution of the proportional counter‐tubes. Systems with semiconductor detectors achieve results that are more reliable with a significantly higher accuracy. A correct background treatment is especially important for very thin coatings. The composition of the base material has to be taken into account by the software evaluation algorithm for each measurement. A global base subtraction performed prior to the measurement can achieve better repeatability, but can also lead to incorrect absolute values.Research limitations/implicationsIf small measuring spots (e.g. 150 μm) have to be realized with semiconductor detector systems, special X‐ray optics (polycapillaries) have to be used to obtain an intensity comparable to that offered by proportional counter devices. This will be the subject of a further publication.Originality/valueThe paper provides an overall review and results for different types of instruments (detectors) and compares different background treatments. Suitable reference materials have been developed for precise and traceable measurements. Their quantification is based on gravimetric analysis and RBS. The standard‐free energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (ED‐X‐ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA)) was used for interpolation of the gravimetric data for thin coatings. For the region below 100 nm, measurement uncertainties of less than 1 nm can be achieved.
Testing and long‐term monitoring within printed circuit board cleaning technology
Authors: Svetský Štefan 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present the development and implementation of a system of test methods for determining the contamination level in cleaning baths and using this system for long‐term monitoring in printed circuit board (PCB) production.Design/methodology/approachA set of test methods was chosen that indicated the contamination of production cleaning baths in four chambers of an ultrasonic cleaning equipment filled with a commercial alkaline cleaner and isopropanol. By long‐term monitoring, the amount of mechanical impurities, residue‐on‐evaporation, pH and conductivity were measured. Depending on the contamination of the cleaning baths, the final contamination of PCB surfaces was predicted and the baths were replaced with fresh baths.FindingsA novel system for testing and monitoring the contamination of cleaning baths was developed and implemented. The sustainable compliance with the specification was assured in PCB production, thus, the final PCB contamination achieved was under 1.5/1.2 μg NaCl/cm2 as measured using the IPC‐TM‐650 test method. Quality requirements were fulfilled. This novel system was successfully integrated into the company's quality management system.Research limitations/implicationsThe set of test methods were used for an alkaline cleaner and isopropanol and for both a conventional solder and a lead‐free one. Because the course of bath contamination, monitored by the four test methods, was found to be proportional, further development should be focused on the issue – i.e. to determine if the “proportionality” would be universal for all types of PCB manufacturing.Originality/valueThe paper deals with a new approach for quality testing and assurance in PCB manufacturing. A set of test methods for monitoring contamination levels in production cleaning baths was implemented. This also supports process control and minimises the impact of cleaning processes on the environment (i.e. the production of waste from cleaning was reduced).
Local human development in crisis contexts
Authors: Dubois Migoya Alfonso , Guridi Aldanondo Luis , López Belloso María 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to present the results of research carried out by the research group on human security and local human development of the Hegoa Institute since 2007. It aims to further the understanding of the processes of local human development, proposing analytical categories for this purpose and showing their application to the study of concrete cases.Design/methodology/approachTo this end the experiences of the reconversion of the sugar industry of Holguín (Cuba) and the development of the Saharan population in the refugee situation of the Tindouf camps were selected. The methodology applied includes three dimensions. On the one hand, the analytical framework, which includes a comprehensive framework of local human development processes. Furthermore, research techniques applied have been qualitative techniques considering them the best approach to study the complexity of social processes. Finally, the paper contrasts the opinions and views expressed in research with the results obtained during evaluations conducted by the institutions responsible for implementation, as well as bibliography of reference.FindingsMain conclusions refer to the collective capacity of the two societies to take control of their development model, the collective capacity of resilience and to the contradictions in processes of appropriation of local human development.Originality/valueThis work synthesises and sets out the main conclusions drawn both from analysis of the latest approaches to the theoretical framework of human development, and from the two case studies dealt with in the field work.
Gender inequality and the spread of HIV‐AIDS in India
Authors: Mitra Aparna , Sarkar Dipanwita 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to analyze the low status of women as being a major contributor for the observed gender inequality in the spread of HIV/AIDS in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses data from National Aids Control Organization, National Family Health Survey, and the Directorate of Economics and Statistics.FindingsThis study highlights the problems facing women in deterring the spread of HIV/AIDS in India. The status and empowerment of women are important variables in combating the disease among both men and women in India. Literacy, education, exposure to the media, labor market participation, awareness of HIV/AIDS, and economic independence are important considerations in improving the status of women in India. Policymakers need to focus on gender inequality in order to combat the spread of HIV/AIDS in India.Originality/valueWhile absolute figures indicate men are more likely to be infected with HIV/AIDS, the rate of decline is higher for men compared to women in India. We explore several plausible explanations for such observed inequality in the spread of HIV/AIDS across gender. In particular, a potentially important factor – the low status of women in society is attributable as an impediment to the spread of the disease. A case study of the relationship between gender empowerment and the spread of HIV/AIDS in the state with the highest concentration, Manipur, provides more insight to the difficulties faced by women in combating HIV/AIDS in India.
Intra‐industry conformity in dividend policy
Authors: Van Caneghem Tom , Aerts Walter 
Published: May 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to study the impact of intra‐industry conformity tendencies on dividend policy among a large sample of US firms.Design/methodology/approachThe paper explores mimetic influences on dividend policy. Consistent with prior institutional research, the paper measures mimetic pressures as institutional prevalence or the pervasiveness of a feature of dividend policy within a firm's relevant environment.FindingsThe results reveal a significantly positive relationship between the lagged density of firms in the industry that pay a dividend and the probability of a focal firm paying a dividend. Moreover, for firms paying a dividend, results indicate that higher similarity in dividend payout among firms in the same industry induces more conformity between a focal firm and average industry practice. Overall, results are consistent with imitation in dividend policy.Research limitations/implicationsThe results support the view that future research on dividend policy should value social and behavioral factors more explicitly in order to arrive at a more overall and consistent explanation of firms' dividend policy. Moreover, the results also illustrate the relevance of alternative theories in explaining dividend policy.Practical implicationsThe results show that intra‐industry benchmarking of dividend policy plays a significant role in the USA.Originality/valueThis study documents the relevance of social imitation mechanisms behind dividend payout behavior and therefore adds to the current knowledge of the impact of behavioral processes on dividend policy.