bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring Uncertainty
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter explores the history of the idea of risk and different ways of theorising this concept. It argues that the theory that ‘risks’ are socially constructed (an approach developed by the anthropologist Mary Douglas) can help modern scholars to understand the role played by oracles and curses in ancient Greek culture. The social construction of risks holds that different communities will select some dangers from others for particular attention as ‘risks’. These selections are connected to a community's worldview and its values and beliefs; in particular, conceptions of blame, accountability and responsibility.
Individuals and Oracles
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Whereas most modern scholarship concentrates on the use of oracles by states, this chapter explores the evidence for the use of oracles by individuals, exploring both epigraphic and literary material from and about the oracles of Didyma, Delphi, and Dodona. It investigates how the Greeks represented oracular consultation to themselves in terms of both explicit instructions and the stories they told about it, and the evidence for actual consultations, including the subjects of consultations, the kinds of questions that were asked, and how they were formulated.
Oracles and Daily Life
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Collecting the oracle tablets in one catalogue reveals underlying patterns among the individual consultations at Dodona. This chapter discusses the subject matter and timing of the questions; the identities of those who visited the oracle; the language and behaviour of inquiry; and, overall, how these tablets deepen our understanding of the use of oracles by individuals between the 6th and 1st centuries BCE, including the evidence provided by responses.
Urban Drama
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the smallest category of curses for this period: curses directed against public performers. There are only four of these: three directed against various personnel involved with festival choruses, while the fourth targets an individual whom it identifies as an actor. It argues for the importance of setting these texts in their civic context, and for recognising the complex dynamics that may underpin these curses.
Love and Curses
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines a group of curses that are concerned with hindering or encouraging the appetites of both genders for intimate relationships. At least two of the eight tablets discussed here were certainly written by women and it is possible that others were as well. After examining extant treatments of this category of curses, the chapter briefly considers the historical context and possible circumstances for the creation of relationship curses. It argues for the importance of reading these curses without making assumptions about the nature of the relationships involved, and suggests that, in turn, these texts may provide insights into changes over time in ancient gender relations.
7. Isthmian 8: A Monster Avoided
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The special problems Pindar had faced in making an ode for Lampon were intensified when, a few years later, another from Aigina, Telesarchos, commissioned an ode for his son, Kleandros. Isthmian 8 is a celebration of not only the youth, Kleandros, but also of his father's nephew, Nikokles, a victorious athlete who seems to be recently dead. Pindar utilises two key concepts, good hope and freedom, which direct that men should strive to fulfil their ambitions, stretch their courageous strength to its fullest, like the Aiakids, and then celebrate victory by giving free rein to healing song that imitates that of the Muses. Kleandros is ready to take on these responsibilities, for he moves into the adult state after a youth devoted to the harsh challenge of the pankration, the most warlike of contests.
Epilogue
Authors: Kontogiorgi Elisabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This epilogue presents a synthesis of discussions in the preceding chapters. The resettlement of Greek refugees was the first major project in the 20th century which involved such large numbers of displaced people and was supervised by an international body, the League of Nations. The RSC carefully planned the reconstruction of the livelihoods of the uprooted and exchanged Greek refugees. The strategic goal of this international organization was to execute its programme in a constructive way in order to help the successful re-establishment of the refugees' livelihoods in both rural and urban areas.
6 The Persian Wars in Fourth-Century Oratory and Historiography
Authors: Marincola John 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter addresses the very different presentation of the Persian Wars by 4th-century historians and by the patriotic Athenian orators, as writers of both forensic and political speeches, including the epitaphioi logoi at which it was customary to catalogue Athenian victories. It is shown that it was the battles in which the Athenians were most involved (Marathon, Salamis) that unsurprisingly featured most prominently, building up an idealized picture of Athens in her finest hour and replacing the uncertainty and ambivalences in Herodotus' narrative with a ‘smooth-flowing teleology, in which each battle marches the Greeks forward to an overall victory’; the discussions of Plataea are equally idealizing in their amnesiac erasure of conflict between different Greek states. The ‘patriotic’ and idealizing strand in the reception of the Persian Wars found its first cohesive and near-uniform expression in the panhellenic ideology of such authors.
11 ‘Shrines of the Mighty’: Rediscovering the Battlefields of the Persian Wars
Authors: Morris Ian Macgregor 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role played in the Enlightenment by the battlefields of the Persian Wars, shifting the focus of the argument to Thermopylae and Marathon, and the canonization of their status as the places where Liberty was born. The chapter explores the attitudes of visitors to Greece and the Persian War battle sites — especially the scene of the heroic last stand of Leonidas at Thermopylae — from the earlier part of the 17th century until the 18th century. Particular attention is paid to the British expedition in 1751, and the frustrations of scholarly travellers at the failure of the landscape they encountered to match precisely the topography described by Herodotus and Strabo. But the recorded emotional responses of the visitors on their pilgrimages to what they saw as the sacrificial shrine of western liberty ultimately transcended all their empirical anxieties.
On Declining an Invitation: Context, Form, and Function
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The format that generates the refusal of an invitation is stored in memory as implicit knowledge. The format cues a set of three moves that, taken together, enables the speaker to decline an invitation in a courteous manner. Although we may not immediately recognize the standardized nature of the refusals we offer, because the language we use varies from context to context, the format to which Homer refers in the performance of his epics is the same as that to which we refer in casual talk today.
Hysteron Proteron in Questions and Answers
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter studies a phenomenon first observed by Samuel Bassett in questions and answers in the Homeric epics: the poet's preference for spelling out a twofold instruction, proposal, or question, and in a subsequent passage reversing the original order of presentation. It discusses the ‘device’ in the context of the Odyssey. There are two findings: first, that this practice of answering questions in an order that reverses the order of asking is motivated both by cognitive factors and, following Schegloff and Sacks, social factors; and, second, that, since hysteron proteron is a feature of oral discourse more generally, oral poets in this tradition observed an everyday practice, and mimicked it in stylized form in their songs.
Introduction
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This book examines ancient Jewish discourse on slavery in the context of Graeco-Roman literary, legal, and documentary writings and on the basis of the social, economic, and political circumstances under which Jews lived. It shows that for ancient Jews just as for Greeks and Romans, slavery was an everyday experience whose existence was taken for granted, whose practicalities were discussed by legal scholars, and which was repeatedly alluded to in literary, philosophical, and historiographic works. In late antiquity, when the employment of slaves in agriculture was supplemented by other types of labour, domestic slavery prevailed. The image, function, and treatment of slaves within the ancient Jewish household are analysed alongside slavery's role within the ancient Jewish economy. Slavery also had a large symbolic significance in antiquity. The particular ways in which Jews used slave metaphors are very revealing with regard to the religious, social, and political concerns of ancient Jewish society.
Master–Slave Relationships
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The relationship between slaves and their masters could, at one and the same time, be governed by exploitation and affiliation, submission under the master's authority and intimacy. It was characterised by what may be called a mutual dependency: the master was dependent on the slave's loyalty and the slave dependent on the master's maintenance and humane treatment of him. While slaves had to bow to their master's wishes under the constant threat of punishment, they could also become indispensable to them, function as their confidants, and be party to their secrets. One may assume that masters who had one or a few slaves only stood in a closer relationship to them than those who owned many. But even in large households some slaves will have been closer to their master than others, depending on their respective functions.
Slaves as Intermediaries in Business Transactions
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The employment of slaves in business was fraught with ambiguities. On the one hand, slaves were not free agents but under the authority of their masters in all respects. On the other hand, in order to do business for their masters, slaves had to be granted a certain amount of power and autonomy. They were both extensions of their masters and independent persons. One of the great contradictions of slavery becomes evident here: on the one hand the master wants the slave to be an automaton who is nothing more than an extension of his will, but on the other hand he needs the slave to take some initiative if he is to be properly served. Both Roman and rabbinic legal traditions address the complex issue of slaves' agency in commercial enterprises.
Slavery as Metaphor
Authors: Hezser Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The metaphorical use of images connected with slaves and slavery has a long tradition in Jewish writing. Whereas the religious use of the slave metaphor appears in the Hebrew Bible already, the psychological meaning, that is, the notion of one's enslavement to desires and emotions, seems to have been adopted by Jewish authors in Hellenistic times only. It is most prevalent in Philo's writings and may be traced back to philosophical, especially Stoic, influence. In contrast to its elaboration in early Christian writings, the rabbis do not seem to have adopted the idea. The socio-hierarchical use of the slave metaphor has its main Sitz im Leben in the formal introductions of letters, where the letter writer introduces himself to his addressee, but it has left traces in literary sources as well. In the political sense slave metaphors are used especially in Josephus' writings. Rome appears as the brutal slave master who reduced other nations to servitude.
2 Marriage: Eligibility
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter studies the development of the rules governing who can marry whom. It asks the following questions: How far do genetic and other relationships operate as a bar? When should marriage be forbidden between people who are not genetically related? Should young people be allowed to marry? Should parents or other family members have the right to veto a marriage? Should marriage be confined to relationships between same sex couples? Is the ability to have a sexual relationship essential?
11 Maintenance, the Magistrates’ Courts and the State
Authors: Cretney Stephen 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
For many years, married women who needed protection used the Magistrates’ Courts, which had a (very restricted) jurisdiction to make orders in cases where wife and children needed financial support from the husband. How should those orders be enforced? Was there any scope for social work intervention? The State provided support through the Poor Law and then, after World War II, through welfare benefits; but should the adults involved be ultimately responsible for the cost? Eventually the Child Support Act 1991 introduced what was intended to be a modern and scientific system under which a Child Support Agency would use a formula to calculate responsibility for family support and have recourse to efficient business management tools to enforce the obligations. The scheme did not work out wholly as had been hoped.
Problems in the Prologue and Parodos of Bacchae
Authors: Scullion Scott 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In this chapter, the author gives the text of Diggle's Oxford Classical Text as lemmata, with apparatus of his own. The intense controversy that raged over Prologue: Verses 13-25 until recently has abated; Kovacs's text in his Loeb edition differs from Diggle's only in verse 20, where he accepts πρώτον from LP and χθόνα from Christus Patiens. The chapter attempts to stir a little flame from the ashes of the controversy, arguing for four alterations in Diggle's text.
Tragic Interpolation and Philip II: Pylades’ Forgotten Exile and Other Problems in Euripides’ Orestes
Authors: Kovacs David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter argues that several passages in Orestes that have hitherto escaped suspicion are spurious, and further that in two of them (and perhaps in a third) there are allusions to 4th-century history, particularly to the Third Sacred War. It will be suggested that for once these interpolations are not anonymous: the chief suspect is the actor Neoptolemus.
Reconstructing Archetypes: A New Proposal and an Old Fallacy
Authors: Reeve Michael D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
In Textkritik (1927), Paul Maas's procedure for reconstructing an archetype involves the elimination first of witnesses that descend from others, then of readings that have no stemmatic weight. He gives each kind of elimination its own name: eliminatio codicum descriptorum (§4), eliminatio lectionum singularium (§8c). The distinction also explains a detail in the section where he introduces the latter: his list of the witnesses that may have lectiones singulares in his imaginary example does not include J, which has already been eliminated as a descendant of another extant witness, F (§8a). In a commentary on Textkritik (2003), Elio Montanari builds on the clause a different interpretation of the procedure that Maas prescribes. The reconstruction of an archetype, he argues, is tantamount to eliminatio codicum descriptorum, because one moves up the stemma from the bottom and eliminates witnesses at lower levels by reconstructing their ancestors (§§5.7, 13.2.2, 23.4.1, 25.5, 30.3.3, 31.3.1, 130.3). What Maas calls eliminatio lectionum singularium has no validity, he argues, except as a logical consequence of that eliminatio codicum descriptorum (§§25.5, 25.5.3, 30.3.4, 117.7.1). This chapter raises the question: is Montanari right to argue that the two kinds of eliminatio collapse into one?
Conclusion
Authors: Carroll Stuart 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The French nobility was acculturated to violence that coexisted with courtliness. Feuding is indelibly associated with the Middle Ages, with a culture that is opposed to modernity. But, in fact, evidence for feuding in France before 1559 is fragmentary. Among the aristocracy at least private violence was increasingly under control during the late Middle Ages: revenge killing as a feature of high politics had been eradicated by the beginning of the 16th century. Factors often identified with modernity did much to create the conditions for a recrudescence of vindicatory violence: social mobility, Protestantism, and duelling. Vindicatory violence increased in France because of, not in spite of, the social and economic dynamism associated with the Renaissance, as the traditional elite was challenged by the enterprising and socially mobile.
The Plurinational State in Context
Authors: TIERNEY STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to address the issues of constitutional law which attend national diversity within the plurinational democratic state through the case studies of Catalonia, Quebec, and Scotland. It focuses on the challenge posed by these sub-state societies, both in a particular sense to the constitutional structures of their respective host state, and at a deeper and more general level to the fundamental normative concepts which inform contemporary constitutional theory and legal praxis.
The Judicial Role: Mediating National Diversity in Plurinational States
Authors: TIERNEY STEPHEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Secession Reference. The most dramatic and potentially influential decision to be reached in recent years is the opinion of the Supreme Court of Canada in the Quebec Secession Reference. In this case, the federal government, further to the Quebec referendum on sovereignty in 1995, asked the Supreme Court to offer its opinion on the legality of any future attempt by Quebec to secede unilaterally from Canada. The chapter develops two structural issues which emerged from the Secession Reference. The first concerns the ability of the court to appear sufficiently independent of the different sides involved. The second addresses the relationship between the courts and the constitution itself, and in particular the power which a court has to define, or indeed redefine, the relationship between the written constitution and the unwritten constitutional principles or rules which the judiciary considers underpin that written text.
The Imagined Body of ‘Man's Estate’
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on medical representations of manhood that were founded upon a broader range of distinctions between men. Guides to health informed by humoral theory, like the sources discussed in Chapter 1, also excluded younger and older men from the bodily equilibrium ideally expected of manhood. In addition, tracts on health subtly mapped temperamental deviations from the norm onto contours of social status. Emphasising just how difficult it was for a man to achieve the moderation expected of manhood, such works tended to elide the temperate ideal with concepts of civility and virtue, and thus appropriated it as a form of gentility for elites.
Conclusion: Manhood, Patriarchy, and Gender in Early Modern England
Authors: SHEPARD ALEXANDRA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The concluding chapter reviews the ways in which meanings of manhood were shaped by age, householding status, and social status as well as concepts of gender difference. It argues that the differences between men were as critical to constructions of early modern masculinity as those between men and women. It also argues that social differences between men played a growing part in producing conflicting codes of manhood, and were linked to the increasingly uneven distribution of patriarchal dividends along class lines.
The French Bifurcation
Authors: Lasser Mitchel de S.-O.-l’E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the Cour de cassation in France, which has generally been considered the archetype of civilian judicial theory and practice. Three major American comparative analyses — those produced by Roscoe Pound, John Dawson, and Duncan Kennedy — share a deeply pragmatic, realist (or proto-realist or post-realist, as the case may be) distrust of the syllogistic and apparently formalist style of the French civil judicial decision. All three analyses assume that something must be going on behind the facade of the French judicial decision, and that what is going on turns out to be judicial lawmaking. This chapter argues, however, that French judicial argument is bifurcated into two distinct spheres. In addition to the syllogistic argumentative sphere of the official French judicial decision, a vibrant — though well hidden — discursive sphere exists within the French civil judicial system. In this sheltered argumentative space, French magistrates argue not so much in terms of textual deduction, but rather in terms of the advantages and disadvantages of adopting one judicial interpretation over another.
Cardiac Raynaud's phenomenon induced by cold provocation as a predictor of long‐term left ventricular dysfunction and remodelling in systemic sclerosis: 7‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Mizuno Reiko , Fujimoto Shinichi , Saito Yoshihiko , Nakamura Shinobu 
Published: January 2010

AimsThe clinical importance of cold‐induced reversible myocardial ischaemia, known as cardiac Raynaud's phenomenon (C‐Raynaud), has not been established in systemic sclerosis (SSc). This prospective study investigated the impact of C‐Raynaud on long‐term irreversible left ventricular (LV) functional and morphologic deterioration in SSc.Methods and resultsFifty‐one SSc patients with no clinical evidence of cardiac involvement were prospectively followed up for 7.1 ± 2.2 years. Systolic LV dysfunction was defined as a LV ejection fraction <50%. Left ventricular remodelling was defined as an increase in LV volume during follow‐up of more than 20% compared with baseline values. At the initial evaluation, C‐Raynaud was found in 15 patients (29.4%). Of these, eight patients had severe C‐Raynaud. None of the patients had systolic LV dysfunction. At the final evaluation, five patients had developed systolic LV dysfunction. In four of these five patients, the development of systolic LV dysfunction was associated with LV remodelling. At multivariate analysis, severe C‐Raynaud was a strong independent determinant of the development of long‐term systolic LV dysfunction.ConclusionThis study documents for the first time that severe C‐Raynaud is a strong long‐term predictor of systolic LV dysfunction in SSc patients. Detection of C‐Raynaud is clinically important for identifying SSc patients at high risk of cardiac deterioration at latent stage.
Indoctrination
Authors: Callan Eamonn , Arena Dylan 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This article examines the concept of indoctrination in the context of education. It explains that a pejorative meaning is now firmly attached to the word indoctrination and argues that the basis of the moral condemnation that accusations of indoctrination have come to convey is unclear in the absence of philosophical argument. It discusses the historical concept and conception of indoctrination, its outcome, its moral status, and its role in moral responsibility.