bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silent rupture of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm: a refutation of the Okham's razor principle
Authors: Dayan Joseph , Sett Suvro , Krishnan Usha 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is an uncommon congenital lesion rarely reported in children. Unruptured aneurysms commonly go undiagnosed until a rupture has occurred. Usually, ruptured sinus of Valsalva presents with cardiac failure. There may be a history of trauma or infective endocarditis preceding the rupture. Asymptomatic paediatric presentation of ruptured sinus of Valsalva is rare. We discuss the cases of two children who presented with a murmur and were diagnosed with ruptured sinus of Valsalva. This unusual presentation in children highlights the importance of careful routine physical examinations and the evaluation of new murmurs. The Okham's razor principle states that “when you hear hoofbeats – think horses not zebras”. Sometimes, it is important to think beyond the usual in medicine, to avoid missing lesions that, if left untreated, could lead to adverse outcomes.
Organophosphorus Chemistry
Authors: Keglevich Gyorgy , Odinets Irina , Migaud M , Roeschenthaler Gerd-Volker , Balczewski Piotr , Stewart Frederick , Slinn Robert 
Published: May 2011

Organophosphorus Chemistry provides a comprehensive and critical review of the recent literature. Coverage includes phosphines and their chalcogenides, phosphonium salts, low coordination number phosphorus compounds, penta- and hexa- coordinated compounds, quiquevalent phosphorus acids, nucleotides and nucleic aicds, ylides and related compounds, phosphazenes and the application of physical methods in the study of organophosphorus compounds.
This is the 40th in a series of volumes which first appeared in 1970 under the editorship of Stuart Trippett and which covered the literature of organophosphorus chemistry published in the period from January 1968 to June 1969, citing some 1370 publications. The present volume covers the literature from January 2009 to January 2010, citing more than 2200 publications, continuing our efforts to provide an up to date survey of progress in an area of chemistry that has expanded significantly over the past 40 years.
A freshwater cyanophage whose genome indicates close relationships to photosynthetic marine cyanomyophages
Authors: Dreher Theo W. , Brown Nathan , Bozarth Connie S. , Schwartz Andrew D. , Riscoe Erin , Thrash Cameron , Bennett Samuel E. , Tzeng Shin‐Cheng , Maier Claudia S. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryBacteriophage S‐CRM01 has been isolated from a freshwater strain of Synechococcus and shown to be present in the upper Klamath River valley in northern California and Oregon. The genome of this lytic T4‐like phage has a 178 563 bp circular genetic map with 297 predicted protein‐coding genes and 33 tRNA genes that represent all 20‐amino‐acid specificities. Analyses based on gene sequence and gene content indicate a close phylogenetic relationship to the ‘photosynthetic’ marine cyanomyophages infecting Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. Such relatedness suggests that freshwater and marine phages can draw on a common gene pool. The genome can be considered as being comprised of three regions. Region 1 is populated predominantly with structural genes, recognized as such by homology to other T4‐like phages and by identification in a proteomic analysis of purified virions. Region 2 contains most of the genes with roles in replication, recombination, nucleotide metabolism and regulation of gene expression, as well as 5 of the 6 signature genes of the photosynthetic cyanomyophages (hli03, hsp20, mazG, phoH and psbA; cobS is present in Region 3). Much of Regions 1 and 2 are syntenic with marine cyanomyophage genomes, except that a segment encompassing Region 2 is inverted. Region 3 contains a high proportion (85%) of genes that are unique to S‐CRM01, as well as most of the tRNA genes. Regions 1 and 2 contain many predicted late promoters, with a combination of CTAAATA and ATAAATA core sequences. Two predicted genes that are unusual in phage genomes are homologues of cellular spoT and nusG.
Implementation and evaluation of brief depression and anxiety screening in clients contacting a drug and alcohol service
Authors: THOMAS ANNA CHRISTINA , STAIGER PETRA KARIN , MCCABE MARITA 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. High prevalence mental health (HPMH) comorbidity is common in clients seeking alcohol and other drug (AOD) treatment yet can remain undetected. Although research has reported on the introduction of screening into AOD services, little research has reported on the processes surrounding the introduction or evaluated its effectiveness. This study reports on the implementation and evaluation of brief anxiety and depression screening within a specialised, publicly funded AOD service in South‐East Victoria.Design and Methods. Study one examined the implementation of standardised HPMH screening with 114 adult clients (Mean age = 35.49, SD = 9.53; 64% male) telephoning an AOD service over a 5 week period. Measures included severity of HPMH problems, AOD use, care plans and referrals. Study two used semistructured interviews with nine staff/managers to evaluate the effectiveness of screening and its impact on service delivery.Results. Ninety‐four per cent of clients were identified at risk of anxiety or depression. Most care plans incorporated counselling, and concurrent referrals commonly involved a general practitioner. Staff and management found systematic screening increased identification and understanding of comorbid issues and enhanced client interaction but impacted on resource requirements.Discussion and Conclusions. Most AOD treatment seekers were identified HPMH comorbid and care plans generally included counselling. Adjunctive referrals were more common for severely depressed clients. Screening was effective and enhanced client rapport. Evaluations revealed low confidence in treating HPMH issues in‐house. Training may increase worker confidence in managing mental health interventions with subclinical cases, enhancing services' ability to move towards dual diagnosis capability.[Thomas AC, Staiger PK, McCabe M. Implementation and evaluation of brief depression and anxiety screening in clients contacting a drug and alcohol service. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:303–310]
Exploring the enactment effect from an information processing view: What can we learn from serial position analyses?
Authors: SCHATZ TANJA R. , SPRANGER TINA , KUBIK VEIT , KNOPF MONIKA 
Published: May 2011

Schatz, T. R., Spranger, T., Kubik, V. & Knopf, M. (2011). Exploring the enactment effect from an information processing view: What can we learn from serial position analyses?Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 509–515.The focus of the present article was to analyze processes that determine the enactment and age effect in a multi‐trial free recall paradigm by looking at the serial position effects. In an experimental study (seeSchatz et al 2010), the performance‐enhancing effect of enactive encoding and repeated learning was tested with older and younger participants. As expected, there was a steady improvement of memory performance as a function of repeated learning regardless of age. In addition, enactive encoding led to a better memory performance than verbal encoding in both age groups. Furthermore, younger adults outperformed the elderly regardless of type of encoding. Analyses in the present article show that encoding by enacting seems to profit especially from remembering the last items of a presented list. Regarding age differences, younger outperformed older participants in nearly all item positions. The performance enhancement after task repetition is due to a higher amount of recalled items in the middle positions in a subject performed task (SPT) and a verbal task (VT) as well as the last positions of a learned list in VT.
Bus drivers’ exposure to bullying at work: An occupation‐specific approach
Authors: GLASØ LARS , BELE EDVARD , NIELSEN MORTEN BIRKELAND , EINARSEN STÅLE 
Published: May 2011

Glasø, L, Bele, E., Nielsen, M. B. & Einarsen, S. (2011). Bus drivers’ exposure to bullying at work: An occupation‐specific approach. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 484–493.The present study employs an occupation‐specific approach to examine bus drivers’ exposure to bullying and their trait anger, job engagement, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. A total of 1,023 bus drivers from a large public transport organization participated in the study. The findings show that bus driving can be a high risk occupation with regard to bullying, since 70% of the bus drivers had experienced one or more acts typical of bullying during the last six months. As many as 11% defined themselves as victims of bullying, 33% of whom (i.e. 3.6% of the total sample) see themselves as victims of frequent bullying. Colleagues were most frequently reported as perpetrators. Exposure to bullying was negatively related to job engagement and job satisfaction and positively related to turnover intentions. Job engagement and job satisfaction mediated the relationship between bullying and intention to leave, respectively. Trait anger had an interaction effect on the relationship between bullying and turnover intentions. This study indicates that workplace bullying has context‐specific aspects that require increased use of context‐specific policies and intervention methods.
mTOR‐STAT3‐notch signalling contributes to ALDH2‐induced protection against cardiac contractile dysfunction and autophagy under alcoholism
Authors: Ge Wei , Ren Jun 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 (ALDH2) has been shown to benefit myopathic changes following alcohol intake, although the precise mechanism is still unclear. This study was designed to evaluate the role of ALDH2 on chronic alcohol intake‐induced myocardial geometric and functional damage with a focus on autophagic signalling. Wild‐type friendly virus B (FVB) and transgenic mice overexpressing ALDH2 driven by chicken β‐actin promoter were fed a 4% alcohol liquid diet for 12 weeks. Cardiac geometry and function were assessed using echocardiographic and IonOptix systems. Western blot analysis was used to evaluate the essential autophagy markers, Akt and AMP‐dependent protein kinase (AMPK) as well as their downstream signalling mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Alcohol intake altered cardiac geometry and function as demonstrated by lessened LV wall and septal thickness, enlarged end systolic and diastolic diameters, decreased fractional shortening and cell shortening, the effects of which were mitigated by ALDH2 transgene. Chronic alcohol intake triggered myocardial autophagy as shown by LC3B II isoform switch, as well as decreased phosphorylation of mTOR, the effects of which were ablated by ALDH2. Chronic alcohol intake suppressed phosphorylation of Akt and AMPK, which was reconciled by ALDH2. Levels of Notch1 and STAT3 phosphorylation were dampened by chronic alcohol intake in FVB but not ALDH2 myocardium. Moreover, the γ‐secretase Notch inhibitor N‐[N‐(3,5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐1‐alany1]‐S‐phenyglycine t‐butyl ester exacerbated ethanol‐induced cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction, apoptosis and autophagy. In summary, these findings suggested that ALDH2 elicits cardioprotection against chronic alcohol intake‐induced cardiac geometric and functional anomalies by inhibition of autophagy possibly via restoring the Akt‐mTOR‐STAT3‐Notch signalling cascade.
Emergence of Quinolone Resistance and Cephalosporin MIC Creep in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Isolates from a Cohort of Young Men in Kisumu, Kenya, 2002 to 2009
Authors: Mehta Supriya D. , Maclean Ian , Ndinya-Achola Jeckoniah O. , Moses Stephen , Martin Irene , Ronald Allan , Agunda Lawrence , Murugu Ruth , Bailey Robert C. , Melendez Johan , Zenilman Jonathan M. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

We evaluated antimicrobial resistance in
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
isolated from men enrolled in a randomized trial of male circumcision to prevent HIV. Urethral specimens from men with discharge were cultured for
N. gonorrhoeae
. MICs were determined by agar dilution. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) criteria defined resistance: penicillin, tetracycline, and azithromycin MICs of ≥2.0 μg/ml; a ciprofloxacin MIC of ≥1.0 μg/ml; and a spectinomycin MIC of ≥128.0 μg/ml. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefixime was shown by an MIC of ≤0.25 μg/ml. Additionally, PCR amplification identified mutations in
parC
and
gyrA
genes in selected isolates. From 2002 to 2009, 168
N. gonorrhoeae
isolates were obtained from 142 men. Plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance was found in 65%, plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance in 97%, and 11% were ciprofloxacin resistant (quinolone-resistant
N. gonorrhoeae
[QRNG]). QRNG appeared in November 2007, increasing from 9.5% in 2007 to 50% in 2009. Resistance was not detected for spectinomycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, or azithromycin, but MICs of cefixime (
P
= 0.018), ceftriaxone (
P
< 0.001), and azithromycin (
P
= 0.097) increased over time. In a random sample of 51 men, gentamicin MICs were as follows: 4 μg/ml (
n
= 1), 8 μg/ml (
n
= 49), and 16 μg/ml (
n
= 1). QRNG increased rapidly and alternative regimens are required for
N. gonorrhoeae
treatment in this area. Amid emerging multidrug-resistant
N. gonorrhoeae
, antimicrobial resistance surveillance is essential for effective drug choice. High levels of plasmid-mediated resistance and increasing MICs for cephalosporins suggest that selective pressure from antibiotic use is a strong driver of resistance emergence.
Paediatrician knowledge, attitudes, and counselling patterns on teen driving
Authors: Weiss Jeffrey C , O'Neil Joseph , Shope Jean T , O'Connor Karen G , Levin Rebecca A 
Published: May 2011

BackgroundMotor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are the leading cause of death among teenagers. Little is known about the content of US paediatrician counselling about teen driving.ObjectiveTo examine US paediatrician knowledge, attitudes, and counselling patterns regarding teen driving.MethodsA random sample questionnaire was mailed to American Academy of Pediatrics members in 2009 (n=1606; response=875 (55%)). Analysis was limited to 596 paediatricians who provide adolescent checkups. Questions addressed counselling and attitudes towards roles in promoting safe driving. Logistic regression assessed the relationship between counselling topics and practice characteristics.ResultsMost (89%) respondents provide some counselling about driving. Two topics commonly discussed by paediatricians were seatbelts (87%) and alcohol use (82%). Less frequently discussed were: cell phones (47%), speeding (43%), and dangers of transporting teen passengers (41%). Topics rarely discussed were: night driving (21%), graduated driver licensing laws (13%), safe cars (9%), driver education (9%), fatigue (25%), and parental limit setting (23%). Only 10% ever recommend a parent–teen driver agreement. Paediatricians who had a patient injured or killed in an MVC were more likely to discuss night driving (OR=2.86). Physicians caring for a high proportion of adolescents (OR=1.83) or patients with private insurance (OR=1.85) counsel more about the risks of driving with teen passengers.ConclusionsPaediatricians in the USA support counselling on teen driving during routine office visits, but omit many important risk factors. Few recommend parent–teen driver agreements. Methods that help clinicians efficiently and effectively counsel families about teen driving should be developed.
Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review
Authors: Hammond David 
Published: May 2011

ObjectiveTo review evidence on the impact of health warning messages on tobacco packages.Data sourcesArticles were identified through electronic databases of published articles, as well as relevant ‘grey’ literature using the following keywords: health warning, health message, health communication, label and labelling in conjunction with at least one of the following terms: smoking, tobacco, cigarette, product, package and pack.Study selection and data extraction: Relevant articles available prior to January 2011 were screened for six methodological criteria. A total of 94 original original articles met inclusion criteria, including 72 quantitative studies, 16 qualitative studies, 5 studies with both qualitative and qualitative components, and 1 review paper: Canada (n=35), USA (n=29) Australia (n=16), UK (n=13), The Netherlands (n=3), France (n=3), New Zealand (n=3), Mexico (n=3), Brazil (n=2), Belgium (n=1), other European countries (n=10), Norway (n=1), Malaysia (n=1) and China (n=1).ResultsThe evidence indicates that the impact of health warnings depends upon their size and design: whereas obscure text-only warnings appear to have little impact, prominent health warnings on the face of packages serve as a prominent source of health information for smokers and non-smokers, can increase health knowledge and perceptions of risk and can promote smoking cessation. The evidence also indicates that comprehensive warnings are effective among youth and may help to prevent smoking initiation. Pictorial health warnings that elicit strong emotional reactions are significantly more effective.ConclusionsHealth warnings on packages are among the most direct and prominent means of communicating with smokers. Larger warnings with pictures are significantly more effective than smaller, text-only messages.
A Survey of Requirements Specification in Model-Driven Development of Web Applications
Authors: Valderas Pedro , Pelechano Vicente 
Published: May 2011

Model-driven development has become more and more important in the last few years. In the context of web application development, many web Engineering methods that propose model-driven development processes have appeared. However, earlier stages of these processes are seldom considered and few of these methods rigorously face the problems of specifying web application requirements and translating them into the proper conceptual model. However, it is widely recognized that requirements engineering activities are essential to obtain quality software products.
This article surveys Model-driven web engineering methods in a comparative study and analyzes the techniques proposed for specifying functional, data and navigational requirements as well as the mechanisms provided for automatically translating these requirements into conceptual models. Our main goal is to provide a critical view of the support that is provided by these methods for handling web application requirements in order to show their current limitations and strengths.
Spatial Growth of Perturbations in a Turbulent Baroclinic Jet
Authors: Mahajan Rahul B. , Hakim Gregory J. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The spatial spreading of infinitesimal disturbances superposed on a turbulent baroclinic jet is explored. This configuration is representative of analysis errors in an idealized midlatitude storm track and the insight gained may be helpful to understand the spreading of forecast errors in numerical weather prediction models.
This problem is explored through numerical experiments of a turbulent baroclinic jet that is perturbed with spatially localized disturbances. Solutions from a quasigeostrophic model for the disturbance fields are compared with those for a passive tracer to determine whether disturbances propagate faster than the basic-state flow. Results show that the disturbance spreading rate is sensitive to the structure of the initial disturbance. Disturbances that are localized in potential vorticity (PV) have far-field winds that allow the disturbance to travel downstream faster than disturbances that are initially localized in geopotential, which have no far-field wind. Near the jet, the spread of the disturbance field is observed to exceed the tracer field for PV-localized disturbances, but not for the geopotential-localized disturbances. Spreading rates faster than the flow for geopotential-localized disturbances are found to occur only for disturbances located off the jet axis.
These results are compared with those for zonal and time-independent jets to qualitatively assess the effects of transience and nonlinearity. This comparison suggests that the average properties of localized perturbations to the turbulent jet can be decomposed into a superposition of dynamics associated with a time-independent parallel flow plus a “diffusion” process.
Withdrawal of life sustaining therapy after traumatic injury
Authors: Weiser Thomas G , Cooper Zara 
Published: May 2011

Background: Each year, traumatic injury accounts for large number of patient admissions and deaths in the US. Injuries have tremendous public health implications, and controlling and treating traumatised patients is an essential part of any health delivery system. Nonetheless, traumatised patients whose terminal hospitalisation ends in the intensive care unit (ICU) are a particular demographic group that has not been well studied. Methods: Here, we review demographic trends, critical care unit utilisation and outcomes for trauma patients. Based on the available data, we discuss issues related to specific patient groups (such as the elderly), management of end-of-life patients in the ICU, views of medical professionals relative to end-of-life care and costs associated and with care of terminally ill patients. In this context, we also review and discuss recent data on withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies for trauma patients. Conclusions: We conclude that it is difficult for physicians, patients and their families to recognise when care should focus on comfort rather than aggressive interventions that prolong dying. This is particularly difficult in situations of trauma, where unexpected injury causes profound disability. Nonetheless, the challenges pertain to trauma patients as they do to all critically ill patients, where providing an ethical and dignified death can be as heroic as aggressive measures to save life. More studies are needed to determine how we can best meet the needs of terminally ill trauma patients and their families.