bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENCES IN THE UTILIZATION OF TREE SPECIES AS LARVAL HOSTS AND PUPATION SITES BY THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Mauffette Yves , Lechowicz Martin J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the summer of 1980, gypsy moth populations were monitored in 13 sparsely infested forests in southwestern Quebec; counts of living and dead larvae and pupae were made on 1,870 trees representing 28 deciduous and one coniferous species. Contrary to our null expectations, the proportionate numbers of pupae compared with larvae on the various host species were not equal. Hosts more preferred by larvae were less preferred by pupae, and vice versa. For example, pupae were disproportionately abundant on host species like Acer pensylvanicum L., Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch, and Juglans cinerea L. which are not generally favored larval hosts. Conversely, favored larval hosts like Quercus rubra L. and Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch carried lower numbers of pupae than expected from the numbers of larvae feeding on them. Such differential utilization of host trees by larvae versus pupae, which can arise either from host-dependent differences in larval mortality or from late instar migration between hosts, may contribute to maintaining the broad polyphagy of gypsy moth larvae.
POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CABBAGE APHID, BREVICORYNE BRASSICAE (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AT VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA: II. DEVELOPMENT, FECUNDITY, AND LONGEVITY
Authors: Raworth D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDevelopmental time of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) was measured in the laboratory at 8°, 13°, 18°, and 23 °C. Time from birth to adult was 126 degree-days above a threshold of 6.7 °C (°D6.7). Age-specific fecundity and longevity was measured at 13°, 18°, and 23 °C. The temperature thresholds for birth and physiological death rates were not significantly different from 6.7 °C. Fecundity averaged 40.7 nymphs/female and did not vary with temperature or frequency of removal of nymphs. Peak reproduction occurred 75°D6.7 after the molt to adult. Although the time of peak reproduction did not vary as a function of fecundity, height of the reproductive peak and length of the reproductive period did, but not in a 1:1 proportion. Age-specific fecundity was described as a polynomial function of aphid age in °D6.7 and fecundity. Longevity did not vary as a function of fecundity. All aphids survived until after the reproductive peak, so the sum of the age-specific fecundities very nearly equaled the net reproductive rate. Measurements of developmental time, fecundity, and longevity of B. brassicae in the field were 1.3, 0.66, and 1.2 times the respective laboratory value. Consecutive measurements of developmental time and fecundity showed that the former increased and the latter decreased during the season. The consequences of variable developmental time, fecundity, and age-specific reproductive pattern to the quantitative representation of population growth rates are discussed.
DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE OF NATIVE BEE POLLINATORS ON BERRY CROPS AND NATURAL VEGETATION IN THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: MacKenzie Kenna E. , Winston Mark L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNative bee pollinators were collected and observed on cultivated blueberry, raspberry, and cranberry and on natural non-cultivated plants such as blackberry, buttercup, fireweed, thistle, and hairy cat's ear. Higher abundance and diversity of native bees were found on natural vegetation than on berry crops. Native bee populations on berry crops increased from 1981 to 1982, although diversity was similar. Native bees were not abundant enough to ensure adequate pollination of berry crops, and therefore, the use of managed honey bees is advisable. Pesticide impact, competition with managed honey bees, and habitat destruction have probably decreased native bee populations in agricultural areas of the Fraser Valley.The use of a standard measure of native pollinator abundance, bees observed/min/m2, is recommended for future studies of this kind.
EFFECT OF TEMPORAL FACTORS ON REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION BETWEEN CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS AND C. RETINIANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Liebhold Andrew M. , Volney W. Jan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe seasonal distributions of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) males attracted to pheromone sources overlapped considerably at two sites in south-central Oregon. Bimodality in the seasonal distributions of trapped males of both species was associated with a period of cool weather. The daily periods of female calling, and attraction of males to female-baited traps and to chemically baited traps overlapped greatly between the two species. However, these three aspects of C. occidentalis mating behavior began 1–2 h before those of C. retiniana. Under laboratory conditions, there was also considerable overlap in the calling periods of the two species; but again, C. occidentalis females initiated calling slightly earlier than did female C. retiniana. Females of both species continued to call many hours past the cessation of male attraction to pheromones in the field. Male attraction to pheromones occurred earlier on cool evenings than on warm evenings. Laboratory studies indicated a similar effect of temperature on timing of female calling. Little intraspecific variation in calling periodicity was observed among field-collected populations of each species. However, a C. occidentalis laboratory colony appeared to have partially lost its circadian rhythm of calling.
The Interaction Between Orgilus obscurator (Nees) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Temelucha interruptor (Grav.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Parasites of the Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae)
Authors: Arthur A. P. , Stainer J. E. R. , Turnbull A. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObservations by other authors showing that T. interruptor attacks more host larvae that had been previously parasitized by O. obscurator than unparasitized hosts were confirmed in the present study. Preference for buds previously visited by females of O. obscurator, as compared to unvisited buds, was demonstrated. Preliminary experiments to determine the factors involved in this preference and their implication are reported. These studies indicate that the policy of importing and releasing T. interruptor in North America to assist in the control of R. buoliana was unwise.
Comments on Fluctuations of Animal Populations and Measures of Community Stability
Authors: Watt K. E. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree questions are asked in this paper.(1) Is the numerical stability of an insect species through time a function of the number of species of food eaten by that species?(2) Is the information content of a genus related to the stability of species in the genus?(3) Is the information content of an insect genus related to the number of species of food eaten by the species in that genus?Data in the Canadian Forest Insect Survey bulletins on Forest Macrolepidoptera are used to answer all three questions; data on parasitic Hymenoptera stored in museums are used to answer the third question. There is some indication that stability decreases with number of host species, and that information content of a genus is less, the less the stability of the species it contains. The evidence from both bodies of data suggests that information content of a genus is less, the greater the average number of species of food eaten by the species in the genus.
An Effect of Static Electricity on Captures in Insect Traps
Authors: Maw M. G. 
Published: December 2009

The plastics and synthetic fibre materials used in insect traps may acquire and hold an electrical charge that could affect the efficiency of the traps. This became apparent while the Belleville rotary trap (Nicholls 1960) was being used to determine the influence of weather on insect numbers.Over a period of a few weeks my colleague, Dr. J. A. Juillet, found that one net of the trap consistently caught more parasitic Hymenoptera (sometimes twice the number) than the other. Tests with an electrometer showed that the net of the trap that caught the lesser number of insects carried a negative electrical charge that created a potential difference with respect to ground of 40 volts at one centimetre from the net. Further observation revealed chat the charged net was set slightly higher than the other and that it struck a leaf of a nearby sapling as it rotated. The repeated brief contact was apparently sufficient to cause the net to be electrified. When the leaf was removed the charge on the net gradually dissipated and the numbers of insects caught in the two nets of the trap tended to be equal.
The Male Genitalia in Gryllinae (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and a Tribal Revision
Authors: Randell Robert Latham 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOn the basis of the relative size of the spermatophore sac the subfamily Gryllinae is separated into two tribes, Gymnogryllini and Gryllini, this structure being small in the former and very large in the latter. Each tribe is further divided into two subtribes on the basis of consistent differences in the shape of the epiphallus. Six new genera are added.The presence of styli on the epiphallus of species ofTuranogryllusTarbinski is suggested as evidence for the origin of the male genitalia from the segmental appendages. Possible homologies of the structures of the male genitalia of Grylloidea and Acridoidea are suggested.
Qualitative Changes in Populations in Unstable Environments
Authors: Wellington W. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInactive moths of Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar) oviposit near their birthplaces, and most of their offspring also are inactive. More active moths can travel farther before they oviposit, and always have a higher proportion of vigorous individuals among their progeny.Such polymorphism allows the insect to cope with environmental diversity; e.g., inactive residents exploit favourable habitats, and active migrants colonize more severe habitats, or replenish the vigour of other populations.Because the most active moths usually export the most vigorous progeny, the population left behind becomes less vigorous during successive generations. This steadily decreasing vitality eliminates local populations that are not replenished by vigorous immigrants.Qualitative changes in Malacosoma populations follow this basic pattern, but the rate of deterioration is affected by the habitat. Departing migrants fly too high to be stopped by small trees in farmland, bur many are stopped near their source by tall trees in forests. Deterioration therefore is slower in forests. Forests also delay return migration to nearby farmlands, and thus allow some farmland populations to deteriorate unchecked.In a fluctuating climate, the size of the area tolerable for the species varies annually. When it begins to expand, the vigorous progeny of active moths can take immediate advantage of slight local improvements. Consequently, they are the first to exploit each marginal habitat that becomes tolerable. But while better climate persists, some less active descendants of these pioneers appear in all occupied habitats.When the regional climate deteriorates, the tolerable area contracts, and most marginal populations are totally destroyed. Moreover, even within the contracted tolerable area, the harsher climate becomes intolerable for any deteriorated stock. In the next generation, therefore, the only regional survivors are vigorous colonies deposited in the tolerable area by some of the few migrants that escaped the widespread destruction of the preceding generation in the margins. Their descendants recolonize depopulated sections of the refuge, and so preserve the species in the region while the climate remains severe.
Biology of the Swaine Jack-Pine Sawfly in Wisconsin
Authors: Becker G. C. , Benjamin D. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd., is a serious defoliator of jack pine in Canada, and has been reported widely in the Lake States. The largest populations in Wisconsin were on plantations and windbreaks. It is host specific and feeds primarily on old foliage. Damage to new foliage is sporadic, usually being heaviest late in the season. When forced to feed on red, eastern white, or Scotch pines the sawfly develops abnormally. It is not a serious threat to these species. In southern Wisconsin, adults emerge during June; eggs are present from mid-June to mid- July; larvae feed during July and August; heaviest feeding damage occurs in late July and early August; late larval populations feed throughout September. Fecundity was 116 ± 17 eggs. Eggs are placed in new needles, and "paired eggs" are characteristic. The distribution pattern of eggs within a single cluster is characterized for long and for short shoots of new growth. Female larvae require five or six feeding instars, males five. Phenological observations are correlated with sawfly development.
Zeiraphera griseana Hübner (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in the European Alps. A Contribution to the Problem of Cycles
Authors: Baltensweiler W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe grey larch budmoth, Zeiraphera griseana Hb., defoliates the extensive larch forests of the European Alps at intervals of from six to eight years. Historical records on the development of visible damage for ten gradations, together with quantitative results on the population dynamics of the last full gradation, provide the explanation of this cyclic phenomenon. Average weather conditions allowing a steady population increase, the deciduous habit of the host tree, and a high rate of increase constitute a simple ecological situation which results in regular oscillations of populations of this insect.
The Biology of Carpenter Ants in New Brunswick
Authors: Sanders C. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThirty-five colonies of three species of carpenter ant were examined: 25 ofCamponotus herculeanus, 9 ofC.noveboracensis, and 1 ofC.pennsylvanicus. Workings were examined in about 150 trees. No major differences were noticed in the biology of the first two species.All individuals were taken from two overwintering, torpid,C.herculeanuscolonies; the larger contained 6,000 workers, 550 winged forms, and 6,500 larvae. Larvae were of two sizes and it is thought that the life cycle covers two years in New Brunswick. Frequency curves of worker head widths show that there are majors and minors, the minors being more numerous, especially in small colonies.Each colony typically occupied several trees, only one of which contained the brood; the others had less extensive workings. Entrances were underground and led to tunnels connecting the trees within each colony. Surplus wood chips were buried in the ground. Ant activity in the tunnels was continuous through the day and night; few ants were seen on the forest floor.Woodpeckers are important enemies and had attacked one third of the brood trees.The workings frequently assist wind breakage and damage butt logs. From the roots they extend to a height of 4-6 ft., occasionally higher. 1% of the spruce, and 2-4% of the balsam fir examined had been attacked. This may lead to loss of 10% of merchantable volume, and possibly a higher figure for eastern white cedar.
Parasitological Data as an Aid in Aphid Classification
Authors: Mackauer Manfred 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExisting theories and conclusions on the taxonomic relationships between various aphids are based on a study of those insects alone, and are often a matter of opinion.True taxonomic relationships frequently are revealed when the host ranges of the insect parasites of aphids are considered.Conclusions from a study of the host-relationships of aphid parasites of the family Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea): support the division of the superfamily Aphidoidea into Phylloxerina and Aphidina; support that Chaitophoridae, Callaphididae and Aphididae (including Lachnidae) form a monophyletic group, with the Aphididae the most recent member; support the view that the Rosaceae complex of Aphididae is natural; show that the aphid host plant usually has no decisive influence on the potential host range of an aphidiid species, even in cases of a taxonomically discontinuous change in host plants; and do not support the placement of the genus Drepanosiphum with the family Callaphididae, subfamily Phyllaphidinae.
Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. II. Subgenus Bombias Robt.
Authors: Hobbs G. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn southern Alberta, the distribution of Bombus (Bombias) auricomis is confined to wooded areas whereas that of B. (Bombias) nevadensis encompasses prairie and wooded areas. Perhaps B. nevadensis survives on the prairie because it hibernates well below the surface of the soil.When given equal opportunity to nest in surface or underground hives, B. nevadensis nested in three surface and 18 underground hives. Both species began to establish nests between mid-May and mid-June.Both species laid one egg per cell in all broods, vertically in the first brood and horizontally in later broods. Larvae were fed individually in all instars of all broods, except perhaps during early instars of the first brood when pollen was packed beneath them through pockets made at both ends of the brood mass.The eggs in the first brood layer were usually laid within 4 days. The cells beneath the shallow incubation groove were usually the first made and the ones from which adults first emerged. Queens of B. nevadensis required about a month to rear sufficient workers to take care of the foraging duties of the new colonies. Egg cells of succeeding broods were built side by side in groups or lines on cocoons of previous broods and were not primed with pollen.Both species were prolific producers of wax. More pots for the storage of honey and pollen were added as colonies increased in size.Colonies of both species were usually small, apparently because the queens usually found time to rear only one brood of workers and perhaps because only one egg was laid in each cell. The largest colony, of B. nevadensis, produced 139 individuals. The workers of a brood sometimes varied greatly in size. The workers of succeeding broods were progressively larger, the last ones produced being almost as large as queens. Males of B. nevadensis mated by grasping the queens when they were flying, then copulating on the ground. After mating, queens hibernated at a depth of about 3 inches in the soil.Males and females of Psithyrus insularis were reared in nests of B. nevadensis. P. suckleyi also established in a nest of this species. The big-headed fly, Physocephala texana, was a destroyer of B. nevadensis. Ants pillaged first broods not protected with an insecticide.
Evidence of DDT Resistance in Populations of Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), From DDT-sprayed Areas of New Brunswick
Authors: Randall A. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA series of laboratory toxicological experiments using various concentrations of oil formulated DDT solutions (AR-50/fuel oil (2:7 V/V)) was carried out on 5th and 6th instar spruce budworm larvae collected in the field from DDT-sprayed and untreated areas of New Brunswick, Canada, and Maine, U.S.A.Results obtained in 1959, 1961, and 1962 with larvae collected from isolated, unsprayed areas in New Brunswick showed a consistent, straight log-dosage probit mortality curve. Larvae collected in 1962 and 1963 from infestation centres previously subjected to three, four, and five applications of non-consecutive large-scale aerial sprays of DDT showed a significant departure from the straight log-dosage probit curve previously obtained. The departure occurs as a change in the shape of the curve as well as a shift to the higher concentration range of DDT. The magnitude of change appears to be correlated with the number of sprays to which the population was exposed. Results obtained in 1962 and 1963, from untreated control and inter-spray areas, bounded by DDT-sprayed forest lands, showed a small but significant departure from the normal straight probit line of a susceptible population. These changes are indicative of a progressive development of DDT resistance in wild populations of spruce budworm.Studies on the effect of the tolerance of spruce budworm larvae within instar classes to the action of DDT showed that the early phase of instar development immediately after moulting is more susceptible to the action of DDT, whereas the latter phase of instar development immediately prior to moulting is more tolerant to topical application of DDT than the average for the instar. This effect is evident in both susceptible and resistant populations.The data interpretation assumes that a deviation from the straight line probit dosage – mortality curve is indicative of a difference in the DDT-susceptibility factor of the budworm population and that in the course of the tests, the amount of toxicant causing mortality was not proportional to the dosage.
The North American Species in Group VIII of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGroup VIII of North American Ips contains I. interruptus (Mannerheim), I. engelmanni Swaine, I. amiskwiensis G. Hopping, I. sulcifrons Wood, I. pilifrons Swaine, I. yohoensis Swaine, I. tridens (Mannerheim) and I. semirostris G. Hopping. Females of some species have dense brushes of long setae or pads of short pile covering the frontal protuberance. Species are described and a key is given. All of them breed in spruce, six in the boreal forest and two farther south in the Rocky Mountains.
A Two-Air-Stream Observation Chamber for Studying Responses of Flying Insects
Authors: Daykin P. N. , Kellogg F. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe paper describes an observation chamber and air-conditioning system designed for studying the responses of flying insects at the boundary between two microclimates. Two vertical air streams each fill one half of the rectangular observation chamber. Turbulence is carefully removed so as to maintain a sharp boundary between the streams. Each stream is separately conditioned by passage through heat exchangers and plastic sponges impregnated with substances to be vapourized. Responses of flying insects are studied both photographically and by counting rates of turning at the boundary.
Discrimination Between Parasitized and Unparasitized House Fly Pupae by Females of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Wylie H. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) laid fewer eggs on parasitized than on unparasitized pupae of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Chemical and/or physical conditions of parasitized pupae are detected by the female’s ovipositor, causing this restraint. These conditions may in part result from the host’s death, caused by earlier parasitization, but other factors are also involved. These may include venom injected by the female parasite before she lays, and internal injury to the host resulting from insertion of the parasite’s ovipositor. The female parasite does not discriminate because of physical or chemical traces on the surface of parasitized puparia, of eggs or a surface wound on the pupa, or of absence of heart beat in the pupa.
The North American Species in Group VI of Ips De Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGroup VI of North American Ips contains I. perturbatus (Eichhoff), I. hunteri Swaine, I. utahensis Wood and I. woodi Thatcher. A key and descriptions of species are given. Members of this group have the third declivital spine capitate with the tip conical and acute. The front of the head is evenly convex except in females of I. utahensis which have the lower part of the frons faintly elevated. I. woodi breeds in pine while the other three species breed in spruce.