bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bible for Exiles
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe starting point and focus of this chapter is an argument for an exilic “post-D Hexateuchal” compositional layer that united and reconstrued three earlier and originally separate compositions--a non-P proto-Genesis, a non-P Moses story (or possibly multiple Moses traditions) and a composition including (at least) some form of Deuteronomy-Joshua. Probably just slightly later in the exile, this Post-D Hexateuch received its Priestly counterpart in an originally separate P narrative, one that may have included a highly truncated series of notices now found in strategic loci in the book of Joshua. The chapter concludes with consideration of possible exilic dating for the original components used in the early post-exilic post-D Hexateuchal composition.
Early Highland States and Evidence for Literary Textuality in Them
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAfter an initial survey of the collapse of past consensus about the existence of Judean and Israelite monarchies in the 10th-9th centuries and of texts from them in the Hebrew Bible, this chapter argues that there was significant political centralization in Judah and Israel in the 10th to 9th centuries, though not on the scale projected back into the period of David and Solomon by the narratives of Samuel-Kings. At the same time, converging epigraphic evidence suggests the adoption and gradual adaptation of the Phoenician alphabet (and perhaps aspects of its literary system as well) in the South and North.
Royal Psalms
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter examines royal psalms in the Hebrew Bible for possible remnants of 10th or 9th century Judean and Israelite literature. In the process portions of Psalm 2, 21, 45, 89 (89:20-38 [ET 89:19-37]//4QPsx); 72; 110 and 2 Sam 23:1-7 are identified as particularly likely to date from the early pre-exilic period. In addition, the chapter considers the particular problems in locating pre-exilic material in several other royal poems, such as Psalms 18 (//2 Samuel 22), 20 (//Papyrus Amherst 63 12,11-19), 132; and 144.
Toward a New Picture of Early Monarchal Texts in the Hebrew Bible
Authors: Carr David M. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis brief chapter contrasts the picture of early monarchal textual developed here with the texts (actual and reconstructed) typically dated to the early monarchy in the earlier twentieth century. In particular, this portion of the book has identified significant portions of the “writings” as among the earliest parts of the Hebrew Bible: (royal) psalms, Proverbs, and Song of Songs. In addition, I have suggested that certain sub-portions of the present Pentateuch may date (in some written form) to the ninth century, such as an early portion of the Jacob-Joseph section of Genesis and a form of the Moses story which is no longer reconstructable. Nevertheless, it was only over the scope of the Neo-Assyrian to Hellenistic periods that such early materials embedded in the Pentateuch were revised and made into the Torah foundation of the Hebrew Bible, while texts such as Proverbs and Song of Songs were comparatively marginalized.
When Only the Ears Are Awake
Authors: Ryder Robert G 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe first section of this chapter explores a theory of the acoustical unconscious and how it can be applied to listening to radio. The notion of an acoustical unconscious is largely derived from Walter Benjamin’s reflections on radio and the optical unconscious. In the second part of the chapter, the author argues that the motif of ambiguity in Günter Eich’s famous radio play, Dreams (1951), which decenters the listeners’ own sense of self and what is real, taps into an acoustical unconscious that forces listeners to awaken to and contend with the collective history of which they are a part.
Audibility Is a Trap
Authors: Lenk Christiane 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFlorian Henckel von Donnersmarck’s Das Leben der Anderen shows surveillance by the Stasi as an integral part of the East German past. Yet surveillance is not solely achieved through sight, but more importantly through sophisticated methods of eavesdropping. Aural surveillance is the focus of this chapter, which uses Michel Foucault’s Panopticon as the basis for analyzing the power relations between observer and observed, and how the observed internalizes the system of oppression. This chapter explores the two functions of sound in the film: sound as a means of oppression, and at the same time as a vehicle to overcome it.
Sound Art—New Only in Name
Authors: Van Hoesen Brett M , Perrotte Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2012

AbstractOver the last decade or so, sound art has emerged as a seemingly new genre in the art world. While this trend has started to challenge the dominance of visual culture, the label of sound art dangerously delimits and potentially denies the long, rich history of sound projects that span the twentieth-century. This chapter begins with an analysis of the term sound art from the perspective of Art History and Music Composition. The second, larger aim of this essay is to chart the long historical trajectory of German-based sound projects, including those associated with Dada and Fluxus, music concrète and Karlheinz Stockhausen, and contemporary sound works by Christina Kubisch and those recently exhibited at venues such as the Berlin Biennale für Zeitgenössische Kunst and Documenta in Kassel.
Ghettos, Hoods, Blocks
Authors: Stehle Maria 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis chapter traces depictions of city spaces in German rap and hip-hop productions that mirror conflicting experiences of space and belonging in the 21st century. The different layers of urban space depicted in rap and hip-hop music, their sounds, voices, noises, and music (re)claim and (re)define space and ownership. Examples range from commercial rap that uses sexist, violent, and in some cases nationalist imagery to hip-hop as an attempt to encourage a global culture of antiracist activism. The conflicting national and transnational identifications that become visible and audible in these discussions, mirror cultural anxieties over changing notions of belonging in a globalized and mediated world.
Language of Origin
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe English language has a unique history, the result of successive invasions and population change in the British Isles and the global dispersion of English speakers. This history has created a layered language with special affordances. It is rich in synonyms with diverse connotations, offering arguers nuanced options in word choice. This chapter demonstrates how arguers use these layers, noted by rhetoricians in the eighteenth century, from the Old English core containing frequently used common words to the elevated French additions brought in by the Normans to the Latinate and Greek terms borrowed as the language of learning. English remains porous to words from any language. Examining the origins of words helps to capture the settings in which users encounter them, and that history of usage and context can give words a certain argumentative force. Everyday core words, heard from childhood in informal settings, often suggest sincerity and clear explanations; French words, clustered in certain areas of meaning, can add elevation; Latin/Greek terms provide abstractions and formality. Word origins can be used in text analysis in two ways: first by the quantitative profile of the distribution of usage among the three main source languages (e.g., what percent of the keywords come from what sources?) and second by the strategic use of keywords from each of the three layers (e.g. what are the sources of the critical terms in an argument?)
Categories of Word Choice
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe set of words making up a text can be classified in different ways depending on an analyst's goals. Critics often intuitively select certain words for attention. This chapter covers explicit categories of word analysis. Words can, for example, be grouped into lexical or semantic fields; these are large fuzzy sets of terms that collocate in the same area of meaning and are retrieved in word association tests. Decisions about the subject of a text depend on the frequency of words from the same lexical field, and the interspersion of terms from other fields can help or harm the persuasiveness of a text. Words can also be related, especially within lexical fields, according to whether they are more or less abstract or concrete, that is, distant or proximate from physical referents. Concrete words, contrary to the advice in many style books, are not critical in rhetorical effectiveness, and in fact rhetorical manuals advised arguers to switch levels and support both particular and general versions of the same claim. The words in a text can also be assigned to functional classes (parts of speech) as a way to inspect how speakers or writers use these available roles. This kind of analysis is performed on paired passages from early twentieth-century nature writing. The chapter closes by reviewing the categories for language analysis created by twentieth-century rhetoricians Kenneth Burke (positive, dialectical, and ultimate terms) and Richard Weaver (god, devil, and charismatic terms).
Language Varieties
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRhetorical standards for effective language emphasize choices that are appropriate to the arguer's audience and situation. Manuals since antiquity have divided appropriateness into three levels: the colloquial or low, the middle, and the grand or high. Sociolinguists have provided useful descriptions of language varieties (special intonation, word and phrasing choices) that indicate how speakers adjust to the age, status, and level of intimacy among interlocutors. They have also revealed how people sharing the same occupation, avocation, or discipline share a special language variety (called a register), just as people in the same geographical area or economic niche tend to share a spoken variety, a dialect or sociolect. Spoken as opposed to written language, and distinct genres like weather reporting or personal ads, also feature distinct language varieties. Resisting this specialization into varieties are various forms of standardized language such as the ubiquitous prepared phrases and allusions that show up across contexts. A standard, less marked language can in itself argue for the acceptability of its content. Corpus linguistics, the study of large databases of language, reveals the stereotypical nature of registers and prepared phrases by demonstrating the frequency of fixed strings. Arguers can deploy language varieties by matching either the register or variety appropriate to the preexisting rhetorical situation. Or they can try to change the rhetorical situation by using a different language variety. Persuasive texts often feature sudden shifts in register or language variety for the sake of emphasis or a sudden change of footing between arguer and audience.
Figures of Argument
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRhetoricians taught their students to construct arguments by having them consider certain enduring sources or lines of arguments (called topoi or loci), such as definition, consequence, comparison, reversal, etc. In rhetorical style manuals, a group of figures of speech, called schemes, were associated with certain lines of argument as their most succinct and complete syntactic realizations. Arguments did not have to be expressed in these schemes, but these schemes were in a sense prepared iconic forms for these arguments. This chapter covers the most common of these schemes and illustrates their use. Parallelism can link phrases or clauses at the level of syllable length (isocolon), stress patterns, grammatical constituents, and absolute repetition. The rhetorical manuals were especially precise on the placement of repeated wording (e.g., anaphora, epistrophe). Parallel structures epitomize arguments from comparison and can support inductive and eductive (or abductive) arguments. Antithesis is a scheme that deploys pairs of opposed terms in parallel constructions. It epitomizes the argument from opposites, priming the plausible inference that, as pointed out by Aristotle, “opposites should lie with opposites.” (For example, if excess is bad, moderation is good.) The antimetabole inverts the relative position of key terms in parallel phrases (e.g., When the going gets tough, the tough get going). This scheme expresses reciprocal ties, as in two-way causality or in identity statements. Finally, even the key argumentative move of defining had a prescribed syntactic form (definitio) in the rhetorical manuals.
Speaker and Audience Construction
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractLanguage evolved for communication, so it has “built in” features that respond to the givens of human discourse. Part III, beginning with this chapter, covers the language choices that acknowledge the immediacy of discourse, beginning with the partners in communication: the speaker or writer and the hearer or reader. The real roles of source and recipient are also constructed by the language of a text, whether or not they are made explicit. Extreme cases of fashioning the mutual roles of speakers and recipients are modeled in the salutations recommended in medieval letter-writing manuals. Typically, the role construction in a text can be made explicit when the personal pronouns creating rhetorical agents and audiences are used: I, you, we. Each of these choices has special uses and there are corresponding genres of fictional address. When there are no explicit references to the speaker and audience, the text may seem impersonal or objective, but speaker/audience roles are still assigned. The goal of discourse can be to change the relationship, or what Goffman called the footing, between the speaker and the addressee, and the constructed footing can in turn serve what Burke called the persuasive identification between the arguer and the audience. In rhetorical manuals, striking methods of speaker/audience construction were noted. The apostrophe involves specifically calling on or hailing an addressee. Arguers can also partition their audiences, dividing them into subgroups and making the whole group aware of its differences. They can also speak frankly to one subgroup in the presence of another, or even try to purge the audience and purify the remainder. Finally, arguers can ask questions in a variety of ways that turn audiences into cooperative responders.
Coherence
Authors: Fahnestock Jeanne 
Published: January 2012

AbstractParts I and II covered words and sentences and part III covered interactive features. But most texts—arguments in particular—consist of sentences combined into meaningful, coherent passages, the subject of part IV, beginning with this chapter. The coherence of a text is a perception built in the minds of readers who make sense of texts both from the bottom up, as they construe linear strings of words, and from the top down, as they impose meaning according to probable surmises about the kind of text they are encountering and what it is trying to accomplish. This chapter takes up the consideration of passage structure at the most basic level of connections between clauses in sequence. It first builds on the work of Halliday and Hasan in describing signs of cohesion between clauses by means of reference, substitution, ellipsis and lexical ties (i.e., words from the same lexical field). Then, using insights into the given/new structure of information in a typical sentence, a more useful account is constructed of how a sequence of clauses can maintain the same topic or use the new information (comment) from a preceding clause to open the next clause. However, clauses in sequence can abandon such explicit signs of connection when they can rely on the audience's background knowledge (in schemas, scripts, or story grammars) to fill in the connections. It is also possible to impose a meaning relation between two clauses with an explicit transition word or phrase. The set of transitions available in English can be grouped under fixed meaning relations, and a system of these relations is possible (offered in an appendix), based on the rhetorical insight that unexpected relations have to be signaled, while expected relations may or may not be, depending on what the arguer wants to emphasize. Most actual texts combine the sources for cuing sentence-to-sentence coherence that are described in this chapter.
Size-selective fishing drives species composition in the Celtic Sea
Authors: Shephard Samuel , Fung Tak , Houle Jennifer E. , Farnsworth Keith D. , Reid David G. , Rossberg Axel G. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Shephard, S., Fung, T., Houle, J. E., Farnsworth, K. D., Reid, D. G., and Rossberg, A. G. 2012. Size-selective fishing drives species composition in the Celtic Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 223–234. Fishing alters community size structure by selectively removing larger individual fish and by changing the relative abundance of different-sized species. To assess the relative importance of individual- and species-level effects, two indices of fish community structure were compared, the relative abundance of large fish individuals (large fish indicator, LFI) and the relative abundance of large fish species (large species indicator, LSI). The two indices were strongly correlated for empirical data from the Celtic Sea and for data from simulated model communities, suggesting that much of the variability in the LFI is caused by shifts in the relative abundance of species (LSI). This correlation is explained by the observation that most of the biomass of a given species is spread over few length classes, a range spanning the factor 2 of individual length, such that most species contributed predominantly to either the small or the large component of the LFI. The results suggest that the effects of size-selective fishing in the Celtic Sea are mediated mainly through changes in community composition.
Feeding dynamics of larval Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) on natural prey assemblages: the importance of protists
Authors: FRIEDENBERG LAURA E. , BOLLENS STEPHEN M. , ROLLWAGEN‐BOLLENS GRETCHEN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe role of protists in the diet of larval Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) was examined in laboratory incubations conducted in May and June 2008 using a natural assemblage of microplankton (10–200 μm). Available prey consisted of protists (diatoms, dinoflagellates, aloricate ciliates, and loricate ciliates) and metazoans (trochophores, bivalve larvae, rotifers, copepod nauplii, and gastropod larvae). We used a prey enumeration technique that included soft‐bodied heterotrophic protists (aloricate ciliates and athecate dinoflagellates) in the diet. We observed significant consumption of aloricate ciliates, loricate ciliates, bivalve larvae, dinoflagellates, and other available prey 73–200 μm. Clearance rates (mL larva−1 h−1) and an electivity index E* were used as measures of prey selectivity. The herring larvae showed strong selection for bivalve larvae and 73–200 μm available prey; however, across all valid experiments, protist prey were selected for at rates comparable to metazoans. Ingestion rates (μg C larva−1 h−1) showed that the majority of larval carbon intake was from diatoms and aloricate ciliates. The results of this study illustrate that there is a direct trophic link between larval herring and the microbial food web, and protists may make up a substantial portion of the larval fish diet, possibly alleviating food limitation.
Interactions and relationships of PTEN, ERG, SPINK1 and AR in castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Bismar Tarek A , Yoshimoto Maisa , Duan Qiuli , Liu Shuhong , Sircar Kanishka , Squire Jeremy A 
Published: January 2012

Bismar T A, Yoshimoto M, Duan Q, Liu S, Sircar K & Squire J A  (2012) Histopathology 60, 645–652 Interactions and relationships of PTEN, ERG, SPINK1 and AR in castration‐resistant prostate cancerAims:  Recently, ETS‐related gene (ERG) gene rearrangements, phosphatase tensin homologue (PTEN) deletions and serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) overexpression were investigated as potential markers for molecularly subtyping prostate cancer (PCA). However, their incidence and co‐association in castration‐resistant PCA (CRPC) has not been characterized fully.Methods and results:  A cohort of 59 CRPC patients was investigated for ERG rearrangements, PTEN deletions and androgen receptor (AR) amplification by fluorescence in‐situ hybridization. SPINK1 overexpression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. ERG rearrangements and PTEN deletions were detected in 22 of 53 (41.5%) and 35 of 55 (63.6%) of cases, with 15 of 22 (68.1%) of ERG rearrangements occurring through deletions. SPINK1 overexpression occurred in three of 51 (5.8%) of cases exclusively in non‐ERG rearranged and AR amplification was detected in 12 of 49 (24.4%) of cases. Only PTEN deletions showed intrafocal heterogeneity occurring in nine of 35 (25.7%) of cases. PTEN deletions were significantly associated with each of ERG rearrangements occurring by deletions only (P = 0.001), AR amplification (P = 0.002) and SPINK1 overexpression (P = 0.002). None of the SPINK1 overexpressing tumours showed AR amplification (P = 0.005) and all occurred in PTEN deleted foci (P = 0.002).Conclusion:  The study supports the heterogeneous nature of CRPC and confirms a significant association between PTEN, ERG, AR and SPINK1. Characterizing combined markers will aid in defining PCA subgroups relevant to prognosis contributing to the design of improved therapeutic approaches for CRPC.
Alterations in nitrogen metabolism in freshwater fishes, Channa punctatus and Clarias batrachus, exposed to a commercial‐grade λ‐cyhalothrin, REEVA‐5
Authors: Kumar Amit , Sharma Bechan , Pandey Ravi S. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryIn the present study, two freshwater fishes Channa punctatus and Clarias batrachus were exposed to sub‐acute concentrations of a commercial‐grade λ‐cyhalothrin, REEVA‐5, for 96 h to observe the changes in amino acid catabolism under pyrethroid‐induced stress and to investigate the comparative mechanisms of ammonia detoxification in both fishes. The experiments included the estimation of levels of free amino acid, urea, ammonia and the specific activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), alanine aminotransferase (AlAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), glutamine synthetase (GS) and arginase in different vital organs of fishes. λ‐cyhalothrin caused significant decline in the levels of amino acids along with simultaneous significant increase in the activity of AAT, AlAT and GDH, which indicated amino acid catabolism as one of the important mechanisms to meet out immediate energy demand of fishes. The level of ammonia was observed to be enhanced considerably at lower concentrations of λ‐cyhalothrin while higher concentrations caused remarkable decline. The λ‐cyhalothrin treatment resulted in significant increase in the activities of GDH and GS with concomitant increase in the activity of arginase and level of urea, indicating activation of two different mechanisms of ammonia detoxification. The mechanism of ammonia detoxification through its conversion into glutamate and glutamine was more prominent in C. punctatus, while C. batrachus demonstrated ureogenesis as the major route. In fishwise comparison, C. batrachus was observed to be more sensitive with respect to the above‐mentioned parameters. Another important finding was that unlike the liver, the kidney appeared as one of the primary sites of ureogenesis in fishes.