bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex-specific regulation of body size and bone slenderness by the acid labile subunit
Authors: Courtland Hayden-William , DeMambro Victoria , Maynard Jane , Sun Hui , Elis Sebastien , Rosen Clifford , Yakar Shoshana 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a crucial mediator of body size and bone mass during growth and development. In serum, IGF-1 is stabilized by several IGF-1-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and the acid labile subunit (ALS). Previous research using ALS knockout (ALSKO) mice indicated a growth retardation phenotype, and clinical reports of humans have indicated short stature and low bone mineral density (BMD) in patients with ALS deficiency. To determine the temporal and sex-specific effects of ALS deficiency on body size and skeletal development during growth, we characterized control and ALSKO mice from 4 to 16 weeks of age. We found that female ALSKO mice had an earlier-onset reduction in body size (4 weeks) but that both female and male ALSKO mice were consistently smaller than control mice. Interestingly, skeletal analyses at multiple ages showed increased slenderness of ALSKO femurs that was more severe in females than in males. Both male and female ALSKO mice appeared to compensate for their more slender bones through increased bone formation on their endosteal surfaces during growth, but ALSKO females had increased endosteal bone formation compared with ALSKO males. This study revealed age- and sex-specific dependencies of body size and bone size on the ALS. These findings may explain the heterogeneity in growth and BMD measurements reported in human ALS-deficient patients. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Peak bone mass from longitudinal data: Implications for the prevalence, pathophysiology, and diagnosis of osteoporosis
Authors: Berger Claudie , Goltzman David , Langsetmo Lisa , Joseph Lawrence , Jackson Stuart , Kreiger Nancy , Tenenhouse Alan , Davison K Shawn , Josse Robert G , Prior Jerilynn C , Hanley David A ,   and the CaMos Research Group
Published: March 2010

Abstract
We estimated peak bone mass (PBM) in 615 women and 527 men aged 16 to 40 years using longitudinal data from the Canadian Multicentre Osteoporosis Study (CaMos). Individual rates of change were averaged to find the mean rate of change for each baseline age. The age range for PBM was defined as the period during which bone mineral density (BMD) was stable. PBM was estimated via hierarchical models, weighted according to 2006 Canadian Census data. Lumbar spine PBM (1.046 ± 0.123 g/cm2) occurred at ages 33 to 40 years in women and at 19 to 33 years in men (1.066 ± 0.129 g/cm2). Total hip PBM (0.981 ± 0.122 g/cm2) occurred at ages 16 to 19 years in women and 19 to 21 years in men (1.093 ± 0.169 g/cm2). Analysis of Canadian geographic variation revealed that the levels of PBM and of mean BMD in those over age 65 sometimes were discordant, suggesting that PBM and subsequent rates of bone loss may be subject to different genetic and/or environmental influences. Based on our longitudinally estimated PBM values, the estimated Canadian prevalences of osteoporosis (T-score &lt; –2.5) were 12.0% (L1–L4) and 9.1% (total hip) in women aged 50 years and older and 2.9% (L1–L4) and 0.9% (total hip) in men aged 50 years and older. These were higher than prevalences using cross-sectional PBM data. In summary, we found that the age at which PBM is achieved varies by sex and skeletal site, and different reference values for PBM lead to different estimates of the prevalence of osteoporosis. Furthermore, lack of concordance of PBM and BMD over age 65 suggests different determinants of PBM and subsequent bone loss. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Increased immortalization‐upregulated protein 2 (IMUP‐2) by hypoxia induces apoptosis of the trophoblast and pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Jeon Su Yeon , Lee Hyun‐Jung , Park Ji Myeong , Jung Hyun Min , Yoo Jung Ki , Lee Hey‐Jin , Lee Jong‐Sung , CHA Dong‐Hyun , Kim Jin Kyeoung , Kim Gi Jin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn regulation of the developmental process, the balance between cellular proliferation and cell death is critical. Placental development tightly controls this mechanism, and increased apoptosis of placental trophoblasts can cause a variety of gynecological diseases. Members of the immortalization‐upregulated protein (IMUP) family are nuclear proteins implicated in SV40‐mediated immortalization and cellular proliferation; however, the mechanisms by which their expression is regulated in placental development are still unknown. We compared IMUP‐2 expression in normal and pre‐eclamptic placental tissues and evaluated the function of IMUP‐2 in HTR‐8/SVneo trophoblast cells under hypoxic conditions. IMUP‐2 was expressed in syncytiotrophoblasts and syncytial knots of the placental villi. IMUP‐2 expression was significantly higher in preterm pre‐eclampsia patients than in patients who went to term (P < 0.001); however, we observed no differences in IMUP‐2 expression between normal term patients with and without pre‐eclampsia. Hypoxic conditions increased apoptosis of HTR8/SVneo trophoblast cells and induced IMUP‐2 expression. Also, apoptosis of HTR‐8/SVneo trophoblast cells was increased after IMUP‐2 gene transfection. These results suggest that IMUP‐2 expression is specifically elevated in preterm pre‐eclampsia and under hypoxic conditions, and that IMUP‐2 induces apoptosis of the trophoblast. Therefore, IMUP‐2 might have functional involvement in placental development and gynecological diseases such as pre‐eclampsia. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 522–530, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Human IGF1R IRES likely operates through a Shine–Dalgarno‐like interaction with the G961 loop (E‐site) of the 18S rRNA and is kinetically modulated by a naturally polymorphic polyU loop
Authors: Meng Zheng , Jackson Nateka L. , Shcherbakov Oleg D. , Choi Hyoungsoo , Blume Scott W. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIGF1R is a proto‐oncogene with potent mitogenic and antiapoptotic activities, and its expression must be tightly regulated to maintain normal cellular and tissue homeostasis. We previously demonstrated that translation of the human IGF1R mRNA is controlled by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES), and delimited the core functional IRES to a 90‐nucleotide segment of the 5′‐untranslated region positioned immediately upstream of the initiation codon. Here we have analyzed the sequence elements that contribute to the function of the core IRES. The Stem2/Loop2 sequence of the IRES exhibits near‐perfect Watson–Crick complementarity to the G961 loop (helix 23b) of the 18S rRNA, which is positioned within the E‐site on the platform of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Mutations that disrupt this complementarity have a negative impact on regulatory protein binding and dramatically decrease IRES activity, suggesting that the IGF1R IRES may recruit the 40S ribosome by a eukaryotic equivalent of the Shine–Dalgarno (mRNA–rRNA base‐pairing) interaction. The homopolymeric Loop3 sequence of the IRES modulates accessibility and limits the rate of translation initiation mediated through the IRES. Two functionally distinct allelic forms of the Loop3 poly(U)‐tract are prevalent in the human population, and it is conceivable that germ‐line or somatic variations in this sequence could predispose individuals to development of malignancy, or provide a selectable growth advantage for tumor cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 531–544, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel intracellular isoform of VEGFR‐1 activates Src and promotes cell invasion in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells
Authors: Mezquita Belén , Mezquita Jovita , Pau Montserrat , Mezquita Cristóbal 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTwo types of VEGFR‐1 receptors have been characterized: a full‐length transmembrane receptor and a truncated extracellular soluble isoform (sVEGFR‐1). We report here the characterization, in normal and cancer cells, of a new family of intracellular isoforms of VEGFR‐1 resulting from alternative initiation of transcription in intronic sequences of the gene. While the classical isoforms of VEGFR‐1 were barely detectable in MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells, one of the intracellular isoforms transcribed from intron 21 (i21VEGFR‐1) was the main isoform expressed in these cells. The new transcript encodes for a protein that contains only the phosphotransferase domain and the carboxyterminal tail of VEGFR‐1. Treatment of MDA‐MB‐231 cells with siRNA specific for the tyrosine domain of VEGFR‐1 suppressed the expression of i21VEGFR‐1, downregulated phosphorylation of Src at tyrosine 418, and reduced markedly the invasion capacity of these cells in vitro. Accordingly, overexpression of transfected i21VEGFR‐1 in MDA‐MB‐231 cells upregulated the active form of Src and increased invasiveness of MDA‐MB‐231 cells. The expression of i21VEGFR‐1 in MDA‐MB‐231 cells was inhibited by retinoic acid. Both, activation of Src and downregulation by retinoic acid, have been reported in other intracellular members of the Fms/Kit/PDGFR family of tyrosine kinases, particularly in the intracellular isoform of c‐kit, analogous structurally to i21VEGFR‐1 and frequently expressed in cancer cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 110: 732–742, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiology of hibernation under the ice by turtles and frogs
Authors: Jackson Donald C. , Ultsch Gordon R. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSuccessful overwintering under ice by an air‐breathing vertebrate requires either effective aquatic respiration if dissolved O2is available or the capacity for prolonged anaerobic metabolism if O2supplies are limiting. Frogs can remain aerobic for many weeks when submerged at low temperature, even at water PO2as low as 30 mmHg, but are unable to survive even 1 week in anoxic water. Fuel reserves of hibernating frogs limit aerobic submergence, whereas acidosis may limit anoxic submergence. Freshwater turtles can also satisfy all or most of their O2needs in well‐aerated water at low temperature by aquatic respiration, but certain species, in particular painted and snapping turtles, can also survive for up to 4–5 months without O2. Key adaptations of the painted turtles, and presumably snapping turtles, include metabolic depression and the exploitation of the shell and other bones to buffer lactic acid. As in frogs, glycogen and glucose are the only fuel sources during anoxia, and stores do not seem to be limiting in the painted turtle. Significant differences in anoxia tolerance exist among chelonian species that can be attributed, at least in part, to the magnitude of metabolic depression, the effectiveness of lactic acid buffering, and the size of glycogen stores.J. Exp. Zool. 313A:311–327, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and properties in vitro and in vivo of antitubercular pyrroles
Authors: Hearn Michael J. , Chen Michaeline F. , Terrot Marianne S. , Webster Eleanor R. , Cynamon Michael H. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
magnified image 1‐Acylamino‐2,5‐dimethylpyrroles were prepared in the exploration of heterocyclic structures useful for their antitubercular activity. The pyrroles were conveniently formed from the reaction of aromatic acid hydrazides with hexane‐2,5‐dione in water or ethanol, without resorting to acid catalysis. In each case, the procedure provided a single pyrrole in pure form, and the product was identified without difficulty on the basis of highly characteristic spectrometric features. Some members of this class have significant activities against drug‐resistant tuberculosis in vitro and offer substantial protection in a rigorous mouse model of the disease. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Decreased knee adduction moment does not guarantee decreased medial contact force during gait
Authors: Walter Jonathan P. , D'Lima Darryl D. , Colwell Clifford W. , Fregly Benjamin J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractExcessive contact force is believed to contribute to the development of medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. The external knee adduction moment (KAM) has been identified as a surrogate measure for medial contact force during gait, with an abnormally large peak value being linked to increased pain and rate of disease progression. This study used in vivo gait data collected from a subject with a force‐measuring knee implant to assess whether KAM decreases accurately predict corresponding decreases in medial contact force. Changes in both quantities generated via gait modification were analyzed statistically relative to the subject's normal gait. The two gait modifications were a “medial thrust” gait involving knee medialization during stance phase and a “walking pole” gait involving use of bilateral walking poles. Reductions in the first (largest) peak of the KAM (32–33%) did not correspond to reductions in the first peak of the medial contact force. In contrast, reductions in the second peak and angular impulse of the KAM (15–47%) corresponded to reductions in the second peak and impulse of the medial contact force (12–42%). Calculated reductions in both KAM peaks were highly sensitive to rotation of the shank reference frame about the superior–inferior axis of the shank. Both peaks of medial contact force were best predicted by a combination of peak values of the external KAM and peak absolute values of the external knee flexion moment (R2 = 0.93). Future studies that evaluate the effectiveness of gait modifications for offloading the medial compartment of the knee should consider the combined effect of these two knee moments. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:1348–1354, 2010
Fast three‐dimensional chemical imaging by interferometric multiplex coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering microscopy
Authors: Sung Jiha , Chen Bi‐Chang , Lim Sang‐Hyun 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe report significant improvements in both signal sensitivity and imaging speed of Fourier transform spectral interferometry coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (FTSI‐CARS) microscopy. With a help of an apodization function in the signal retrieval process, background due to the spectral change of nonresonant signals is eliminated. We experimentally verify that the sensitivity of the improved method is nearly shot‐noise‐limited. The current maximum detection sensitivity is ∼10 mM of aqueous sulfate ions, which correspond to ∼106 oscillators in the microscopy focal volume. Operating the charge‐coupled device (CCD) in the crop mode increases the image acquisition speed by more than ten times. A vibrational hyperspectral image of a polymer sample with 100 × 100 pixel can be obtained within 3 s. With the improved sensitivity and speed, we also perform three‐dimensional volume imaging. Superior chemical selectivity is demonstrated with a mixture of two different oil droplets, which have identical vibrational peak positions but different relative peak ratios. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LAPTM4B‐35 is a novel prognostic factor of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yang Hua , Xiong Fuxia , Qi Ruizhao , Liu Zhenwen , Lin Ming , Rui Jingan , Su Jing , Zhou Rouli 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBackgroundLAPTM4B‐35 is a 35‐kDa tetra‐transmembrane protein overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and promotes cell survival, proliferation, and tumorigenesis. However, the potential clinical implications of LAPTM4B‐35 in HCC are still unclear. This study is aimed to investigate the correlations between LAPTM4B‐35 expression and prognosis in patients with HCC.MethodsWestern blot and immunohistochemistry assays were used to determine the expression of LAPTM4B‐35 in HCCs and their paired noncancerous liver tissues from 65 patients. The correlations of LAPTM4B‐35 expression with clinicopathological parameters were assessed by Chi‐square test. Patient survival was determined by Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test. Cox regression was adopted for multivariate analysis of prognostic factors.ResultsLAPTM4B‐35 overexpression occurred in 76.9% of HCC tissues, while only in 4.6% of noncancerous liver tissues. Overexpression of LAPTM4B‐35 was significantly associated with TNM staging and invasive tumors. Patients with higher LAPTM4B‐35 expression had significantly poorer overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) (both P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, elevated expression of LAPTM4B‐35 was found to be an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS (P = 0.009, 0.043, respectively).ConclusionsLAPTM4B‐35 overexpression is an independent prognostic factor for OS and DFS of HCC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:363–369. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction and Experimental Characterization of the Molecular Architecture of FRP and ATRP Synthesized Polyacrylate Networks
Authors: Gonçalves Miguel A. D. , Dias Rolando C. S. , Costa Mário Rui P. F. N. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: This work reports experimental and modeling studies concerning the conventional (FRP) and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylate/diacrylate monomers. In the framework of a recently developed general approach, kinetic models including crosslinking reactions and branching by chain transfer to polymer are discussed for FRP and ATRP polymerization systems. Besides molecular weight distribution (MWD), fairly good predictions of the z‐average radius of gyration could be obtained for these non‐linear polymers. A set of experiments was performed at 1 L scale in a batch reactor using n‐butyl acrylate (BA) or methyl acrylate (MA) as monovinyl monomers and 1,6‐Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA) or bisphenol A ethoxylate diacrylate (BEDA) as crosslinkers. In FRP experiments, AIBN was used as initiator and ATRP polymerizations were initiated by ethyl 2‐bromopropionate (EBrP) and mediated by CuBr using PMDETA (N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine) as ligant. Polymerizations were carried out in solution at 60 °C with different dilutions using toluene and DMF as solvents. Products formed at different polymerization times were analyzed by SEC/RI/MALLS yielding average MW, MWD, z‐average radius of gyration and monomer conversion. Important differences in the molecular architecture of the synthesized FRP and ATRP highly branched polyacrylates have been identified. Comparisons of experimental results with predictions have put into evidence the important effect of intramolecular cyclizations at all dilutions, even with ATRP polymerizations.
High‐Yield Synthesis of Gold Microplates Using Amphiphilic Block Copolymers: Are Lyotropic Liquid Crystals Required?
Authors: Sakai Toshio , Alexandridis Paschalis 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: High‐yield synthesis of gold microplates is achieved through autoreduction of hydrogen tetrachloroaureate (III) hydrate (HAuCl4 · 3H2O) in aqueous solutions of poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(propylene oxide)‐poly(ethylene oxide) block copolymer (Pluronic L64, EO13PO30EO13) at ambient conditions, in the absence of added energy, reductant, or other surfactants. The formation by the amphiphilic block copolymer of lyotropic liquid crystals (e.g., ordered cylindrical/hexagonal or lamellar phases) is not required for templating the formation of such microplates.
Silica Nanotube Reactors for Catalytic Polymerization of Styrene and Olefins
Authors: Han Joong Jin , Lee Sang Yool , Lee Sang Bok , Choi Kyu Yong 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: Silica nanotube reactor (SNTR) has been designed and used as a novel catalytic polymerization reactor device to synthesize syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS), and polyethylene with Cp*Ti(OCH3)3 and rac‐Et(indenyl)2ZrCl2 metallocene catalysts in conjunction with methylaluminoxane (MAO). The highly crystalline sPS molecules polymerized within the SNTR form nano‐scale polymeric fibrils of 30–50 nm in diameter that further intertwine to fill the nanopore. The polymer molecular weight of sPS has been found to increase significantly in the SNTR. A simplified mathematical reaction model for the SNTR suggests that hindered chain transfer reactions in the nanopores filled with rigid polymeric nanofibrils might have caused the extended polymer chain length. The morphological characteristics of polymeric nanofibrils and the effect of SNTR's geometric confinement on the polymer properties are also discussed. It is also demonstrated that the liberated SNTR can be a novel ‘See‐Through’ tool for visual observation when it is analyzed by transmission electron microscopy.
Polymerization Reactor Modeling in Industry – An Overview of Concepts and Tools
Authors: Mueller Philipp A. , Richards John R. , Wijnands Paul E. M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: The description of polymerization reactors by means of fundamental mathematical models is a challenging problem. At the same time, these models offer a very powerful tool for process control, monitoring, optimization, scale‐up, and operator training and often allow for a better understanding of underlying mechanisms. Some approaches and tools used in industry to meet these challenges are illustrated. The scope and complexity of polymerization models developed and applied to industrial processes are shown. In addition to kinetic aspects of the model development some emphasis is given to the thermodynamic description of phase behavior and phase partitioning in polymerization reactors. Also, the important task of a careful and thorough parameter evaluation is briefly discussed as this is a prerequisite of predictive modeling. Finally, some typical model predictions are illustrated with experimental data.
Kinetics of Nitroxide Mediated Radical Polymerization of Styrene with Unimolecular Initiators
Authors: Zhou Mingxiao , McManus Neil T. , Vivaldo‐Lima Eduardo , Lona Liliane M. F. , Penlidis Alexander 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSummary: This study examined the kinetics of nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization of styrene with unimolecular (alkoxyamine) initiators. Control of polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight in unimolecular nitroxide‐mediated radical polymerization was studied by looking at the effects of the three main factors: initiator concentration, temperature, and initiator molecular weight on polymerization rate, molecular weight and polydispersity. In addition, the behavior of the unimolecular initiating systems was compared to that of the corresponding bimolecular system. The effective TEMPO concentration and degree of self‐initiation of styrene were proved to be significant in dictating magnitudes of molecular weight averages and widths of molecular weight distribution.
Modeling of L‐lactide Polymerization by Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Banu Ionut , Puaux Jean‐Pierre , Bozga Grigore , Nagy Iosif 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe kinetics of L‐lactide ring‐opening polymerization initiated by stannous octoate and triphenylphosphine was investigated in a batch apparatus (Haake Rheocord Mixer). Based on the experimental data, a kinetic model is developed, considering a coordination‐insertion mechanism. Reactive extrusion experiments were further conducted for the same polymerization process, on a co‐rotating twin screw extruder. The melted material flow and mixing was described by using the Ludovic® commercial simulator. Based on the developed kinetic model and simulated flow of L‐lactide polymerization mixture, a mathematical model of reactive extrusion process is formulated, describing the evolutions of monomer conversion and average molecular weight along the extruder. The model is predicting with a reasonable good accuracy the experimental data.