bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
It Should Have Been Called Small
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter chronicles the rocky path to Broadway of the worthy but ultimately unsuccessful musical Big, adapted from the hit 1988 movie. The idea to adapt the movie as a musical came from Shire’s wife, actress Didi Conn, but a lack of shared vision between the director, Mike Ockrent, and the writers led to conflict over which songs to include. The show was choreographed by the now celebrated director and choreographer Susan Stroman, who was married to Ockrent until his untimely death in 1999. The show’s book was by John Weidman, known then as Stephen Sondheim’s librettist for Pacific Overtures and Assassins. The original intimate concept that attracted the writers got lost amid the spectacle of a big Broadway production and the controversy around the corporate involvement of the FAO Schwarz toy company. The show also had the misfortune of opening the day before the groundbreaking hit musical Rent.
Theorizing on Education Politics
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Among theories and factors that have little explanatory relevance, democracy, broad social classes, and business stand out. Democracy does seem to lead to increased spending on education but does not engage quality reforms. Social class explains various education outcomes in Europe, but less so in Latin America, except for the middle class, which affects policy by exiting the public system. Business in Latin America does not depend on the educational system to generate the skilled workers they need. Thus, other factors are more important to explaining education politics in Latin America. Predators like unions (machine type) and clientelist politicians seek to use educational resources and personnel policy for their own political ends. On the other side, technocrats, NGOs, civil society, and policy networks, in various constellations can be strong supporters of reforms to teacher careers.
Parties, Coalitions, and Routes to Technical Education
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Technical education in Latin America is smaller and has more middle-class students than in Europe. Among countries that expanded technical education in secondary schools, their routes were market led in Chile, state-led in Brazil, and coordinated in Turkey. Chile had a radical market model until the center-left government started promoting technical education in 2010s. Left governments in Brazil after 2002 promoted a massive increase in spending and enrollments in technical education. In Turkey, in contrast, it was a right-wing party in alliance with associations of smaller businesses that drove the expansion of technical education. Brazil and Chile fit a diluted power resource theory.
Introduction
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This introduction lays out the trajectory and argument of American Aurora. After an introductory scene describing some of the forms of environmental knowledge applied to celestial phenomena in southeastern Pennsylvania, it explores the current state of scholarship on Johannes Kelpius, outlining the rationale for a book focusing on his life and legacy. The introduction then introduces a few key contextual themes for the book, including the Little Ice Age, early modern Pietism and esotericism, and some of the political and social implications for the study of climate change in the early modern period. The introduction then describes the basic interpretive and theoretical framework of the text before summarizing each chapter.
“No Wisdom in Nature”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In this chapter I read Kelpius alongside his intellectual precedents and contexts, focusing on the influence of alchemical and Hermetic ideas on seventeenth-century German Pietism. I locate these religious and intellectual movements in their context of climate change and global crisis. In doing so, I argue that the Protestant reception of alchemy and Hermetic philosophy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries led to the development of religious practices of intuition and contemplation of the environment, practices that I call Hermetic Protestant environmental knowledge. Seventeenth-century Protestants like Kelpius sought out Hermetic and alchemical literature because it offered an environmental knowledge applicable to a changing climate. These concurrent readings offer a theoretical and historical foundation for understanding the intellectual context and heritage of Johannes Kelpius.
Attunement
Authors: Carnes Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
What is a feminist theologian to do with Christianity’s patriarchal inheritance? Two time-honored approaches in feminist theology are critiquing the most patriarchal aspects of the theological tradition and avoiding them. Both approaches have merits and yet, by themselves, reaffirm that theological tradition does not belong to women and the gender-marginalized. But within feminist theology are the seeds of another approach, aimed at the transformation of theological discourse. This book identifies and develops a third, generative path for feminist theologians. It elaborates attunement as an aesthetically invested approach to texts and artifacts that self-consciously co-creates as it interprets. The book describes why this approach is significant for feminist theology today, where it has roots both in feminist theology and in the longer history of gender-marginalized individuals claiming authority, how it casts interpretation as both an aesthetic and political event, and how it might provide a way forward for vexed topics in feminist theology, such as the theology of Augustine or the role of Mary.
Qatar’s Perception
Authors: Borck Tobias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Qatar’s perception of the strategic environment in the MENA during the 2010s. It argues that Qatar’s optimism and enthusiastic support for sweeping political change in many—though not all—Arab countries gradually gave way to frustration and disappointment, culminating in a view that Qatar itself had become a victim of counter-revolutionary regional powers. Throughout, Qatar saw the unwise or nefarious decision of other governments, both of countries in the region and beyond, as responsible for the deterioration of order and stability in the region. Meanwhile, Qatar regarded itself as a country with a vision for a better future for the MENA that stood steadfastly with the will of the people of the region and therefore, in its view, on the right side of history.
Critique of Halakhic Reason
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractNorms and obligations are central components of many religious traditions. Yet they have often been neglected as objects of reflection in the study of religion. Moreover, despite the centrality of mitzvah (commandment) in Judaism, halakhah (Jewish law) has only recently become a central topic in modern Jewish thought. This book rectifies these deficiencies while forging new connections between reflection on religion and modern Jewish thought by offering a critique of halakhic reason. It offers fresh assessments of twentieth-century Jewish thinkers as both deeply engaged in reason-giving about the commandments and yet simultaneously denying the normativity of practical reason. Against them, it contends that, when reasons are understood as generated by the structure of agency and the relations among subjects, they are the source of normativity. This constructivist theory of practical reason provides a basis for conceptions of authority, norms, and obligations that are applicable even to God’s commands. Divine commandments too operate within a “space of reasons” and so are constrained by rationality and morality. Whether commandments are justified and how they are implemented depends on the reasons that can be offered for and against them by human agents. Reasons and practices of reason-giving are thus central to religious thought and life. Critique of Halakhic Reason reveals the ubiquity of reasons within religious practice. It examines the reasoning operative in the justification and jurisprudence of the Jewish commandments and develops its consequences for theology, the study and philosophy of religion, as well as for moral, legal, and political philosophy.
Reasons Rehabilitated
Authors: Brafman Yonatan Y. 
Published: June 2024

AbstractThis section summarizes part I and points forward to part II of Critique of Halakhic Reason. The twentieth-century philosophers of halakhah—Joseph Soloveitchik, Yeshayahu Leibowitz, and Eliezer Berkovits—attempt to find a foundation for the normativity of the commandments. Yet they all claim that reason is motivationally and normatively inert, and so each identifies an alternative, non-rational source of normativity. The section also describes the dialectical relation among their views: they move from the world (Soloveitchik) to the self (Leibowitz) and then on to God (Berkovits) in search of a foundation. There is a development in this dialectic: Berkovits advances beyond Soloveitchik and Leibowitz by realizing the sociality of obligation. Sociality is a key component of subsequent chapters, which develop a constructivist theory of practical reason, examine the concepts of authority, norms, and obligations, apply them to theology, and then offer an analytic of the commandments.
An International Cause
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The end of the First World War, a communist revolution in Russia, and the inauguration of a new international society under the auspices of the League of Nations all contributed to a decade in which grand ideas of world order clashed, competed, and cross-pollinated one another. In India, Gandhi’s message of non-violent non-cooperation, combined with his savvy skills as a political mobilizer, transformed Indian anti-colonialism into a nationwide mass movement. In Japan, Rash Behari Bose continued to work towards Indian independence through various attempts to smuggle firearms into India. At the same time, Bose also developed wide networks of new relationships with Asian allies, cultivating an international, Pan-Asian outlook that he saw as diametrically opposed to the Anglo-American system of the League of Nations.
Epilogue
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In re-examining the life and thought of less widely known revolutionaries like Rash Behari Bose, it is possible to better appreciate the diverse range of political imaginaries that mingled, competed, and co-existed in the heady intellectual environment of the early twentieth century. The epilogue assesses Bose’s complex and sometimes contradictory impact on India’s freedom struggle, and draws comparisons to other contested historical legacies.
Introduction
Authors: Cheruvallil-Contractor Sariya , Gilham Jamie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The history of Islam and Muslims in Britain is a relatively young subject and there is much more to be uncovered, not least in relation to the lives, experiences, and contributions of women. Using archival material, this chapter uncovers the stories of Muslim women who lived in Britain during the century from around 1850 to 1950. In doing so, it recognizes and challenges the impact of societal hierarchies in determining how we know and tell history. The book includes women from the Victorian period to the years immediately after the Second World War, just before immigration profoundly affected the size and composition of Muslim communities in Britain. It reveals a variety of stories, of Muslim women who travelled to Britain or away from it, and many more who converted to Islam within the British Isles. It also describes their differing relationships with their faith, ranging from deep commitment to ambivalence to rejection. Yet much more needs to be uncovered and learnt about the women and their communities discussed in this book, as well as the great many others about whom we know little or, as yet, nothing.
Dynamism and Discontent
Authors: Sharp Matthew A. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the rhetoric, activism, and controversies surrounding British and American female converts to Islam at the Liverpool Muslim Institute (LMI) and the American Islamic Propaganda (AIP). These converts played a critical role in the establishment and operation of their institutions, specifically at the LMI in the late Victorian era. Of particular relevance is Nafeesah M.T. Keep because she functioned as a bridge between the two Muslim institutions. Her story displays examples of internal challenges and protest directed toward male leaders, particularly Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb and Abdullah Quilliam. Ottoman archival documents and Middle Eastern print culture are used to supplement English print materials as they present alternative perspectives and complicate some of the received narratives about Victorian Muslims.
‘Fatma Hanim of the English Converts’
Authors: Winrow Gareth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Raised in the slums of London’s East End, Hannah Robinson (born Hannah Rodda) was one of the first women in Britain to convert to Islam. After marrying a supposed Afghan warlord at the mosque in Liverpool, Hannah (renamed Fatma) relocated to Constantinople (Istanbul). The marriage was a disaster, but with the help of the Ottoman court, including the Sultan himself, Hannah secured a divorce, received financial aid, and married a military officer. Before her conversion, Hannah established ties with Abdullah Quilliam of the Liverpool Muslim Institute, and she would exploit this connection to later obtain support from the Ottoman authorities. Hannah used her new status as an Ottoman citizen to maintain close ties with the Ottoman court and with the Quilliam family.
‘No Room at the Inn’
Authors: Bourne Judith 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Women’s entry to the legal profession in Britain was secured by the work of the women’s movement and the men who supported that movement. Prior to 1919, many women campaigned against the male exclusivity of the legal profession and would-be women lawyers were denied entry by the institutions of the law. Bertha Cave, a servant’s daughter from Kent, challenged Gray’s Inn to admit her in 1903, and was refused. Cave further challenged the establishment and status quo when, in 1905, she converted to Islam and married an Indian Muslim lawyer. They lived together in India before returning to Britain in c. 1912. This chapter argues that Cave’s story is vital to an understanding of both women’s entry into the legal profession and of British attitudes to so-called ‘mixed marriages’ in the early twentieth century.
Fascists, British
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Foreign occupation lasted the five years period under the Italian Fascists, 1936–1941, but in practice it lasted a little more. Though Haile Selassie returned to the throne in May 1941, it was globally still during World War II, and his liberators, the British army, remained controlling the whole of the Horn of Africa, including Eritrea. They supported the emperor and helped him rebuild his government in Ethiopia, but not, as yet, in Tigray. It remained pivotal throughout those years as a stage on which much of Ethiopian history was determined. The Italians during their occupation, annexed Tigray to Eritrea. The British officers, those who replaced the Italians in Asmara, wanted to continue this arrangement. They envisioned a “Tigrai State” under their auspices, not under Haile Selassie. The descendants of Yohannes, the traditional leaders of Tigrayan society, proved more than just pawns in this power struggle, which eventually resulted with the return of Tigray from Eritrea to Haile Selassie’s empire.
Haile Selassie’s Imperial Centralism
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After liberation, Haile Selassie managed to build a centralizing system around his absolute emperorship. It was applied all over the country and lasted effectively to 1974. It was only in Tigray that he compromised with local, old, traditional leadership. The province remained administered by the descendants of Yohannes, neglected and deserted. In contrast, Eritrean society underwent a quick process of politicization under the British administration. In September 1952 Eritrea was federated with Ethiopia, but combining the absolutism of Haile Selassie with an active society failed. On 15 November 1962, the Eritrean assembly was dissolved, and Eritrea was fully annexed to Ethiopia. The ensuing emergence in Eritrea of liberation fronts inspired by revolutionary movements in the Middle East and Africa, began the countdown to the 1974 fall of the imperial regime.
Tribes and the State in Libya and Iraq
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Regime change in Libya (2011) and Iraq (2003) catapulted a host of sub-state actors to the fore, including tribes, which have emerged as influential political, security, and social actors. But despite this increased role and visibility, tribes remain poorly understood. Often mistakenly associated with the “periphery” or with “pre-national” or “pre-modern” forms of political organisation, they are routinely portrayed as the antithesis of the state. Yet tribes--the Middle East’s oldest, most enduring and most controversial social entities--have proved able to adapt and evolve, entering into mutually beneficial relationships with various regimes. Based on interviews with tribal sheikhs, tribal representatives and other stakeholders, Alison Pargeter traces the role of the tribe in Libya and Iraq from the revolutionary nationalist period into the fraught transitions that followed. She reveals how tribes have succeeded in developing a presence in national and local political structures; how they have engaged and bargained with major powerbrokers; and how they have become important security providers in their own right. Contrary to modernist approaches seeking to write the obituary of the tribe, this book shows how tribes have not only survived in Libya and Iraq, but remain a key component of the state in both countries.
Tribes and Qadhafi’s Revolutionary Toolbox
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relationship between tribes and the state in Libya as Qadhafi’s rule progressed. It shows how during the late 1970s and 1980s, Qadhafi came to rely on tribal alliances in a more direct fashion, including by employing tribal traditions such as khout al-jed to fortify his rule. He also tampered in internal tribal mechanisms, shifting the balance of power within tribes and neutralizing sheikhs by promoting loyal regime elements from inside the tribe. He fostered competition between tribes too, pitting one tribe against another and stirring up old tribal antagonisms. Indeed, as the strains of ruling increased, Qadhafi leaned increasingly into the tribes, amplifying tribal symbols and values and using the tribes as a source of legitimacy and social control. This chapter shows not only how Qadhafi mobilized tribal agency to his advantage, but how the tribes were in large part willing to comply. Many tribes, or elements within tribes, proved amenable to working with and buttressing Qadhafi’s Jamahiriyah in a social contract with some becoming woven into the fabric of the regime.
Processes of Radicalization Onscreen
Authors: Hartney Christopher 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Scholars have largely strained their studies of radicalization through paradigms of the Western-located—and often Muslim—sub-group and not upon radicalization as a wider construct in mainstream culture. As one path away from these biases, this chapter examines processes of radicalization as they are depicted on screen as narrative speculation. These films often have much to say about the techniques of conversion to violence, however, they are not often included in anti-terrorist discourses because of the non-Muslim cultural background of the anti-heroes they portray. If we wish to grasp the nuances of the radicalization process and its profound political results, we confront in popular fictional cinema a multivocal attitude, one in which radicalization is in fact promoted as socially transformative and generally good. However, as this chapter demonstrates, this equivocal attitude remains strongly divided on racial lines such that only when the radicalizing agent is a white male, is sainthood, rather than universal opprobrium, likely to be the most probable by-product.
Making De-Radicalisation
Authors: Clubb Gordon , Koehler Daniel , O’Connor Ryan , Schewe Jonatan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how de-radicalization is understood in Nigeria and the UK by identifying the themes associated with the term de-radicalization in mainstream newspapers within these countries, in order to illustrate the differences in framing between programs in democratic and partially democratic countries. This chapter argues that the ideational constitution of de-radicalization—specifically, its bridging of a (conservative) security logic with a (liberal) rehabilitative-community logic—influences the framing process. In analyzing the framing of de-radicalization over a period of ten years, it shows how these two hybrid ideational elements come to the fore in how de-radicalization is initially constructed as an effective policy. As a result, this hybridity allows de-radicalization to be sold as an effective policy regardless of evidence in Nigeria, while in the UK the gradual optimism splits along ideological fault lines which could potentially undermine public support for de-radicalization. Prior to outlining this concept of hybridity, the chapter presents a framework for conceptualising de-radicalization programs, which is important for identifying the different elements in a program.
Extreme Britain
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Misogyny and “toxic masculinity” are increasingly implicated in radicalization. From the men’s incel (“involuntary celibate”) movement online, to jihadist groups like Islamic State, to radical right “Free Speech” protests, radicalization spans ideologies. Though an often-used term, the process of radicalization is not well understood, and the role of gender and masculinities has often been ignored. This book uses primary research among two of Britain’s key extremist movements: the banned Islamist group al-Muhajiroun, and those networked to it; and the anti-Islam radical right, including the English Defence League and Britain First, to reveal radicalization as a masculinity project. Through interviews with leaders including Anjem Choudary, Jayda Fransen and Tommy Robinson, as well as their followers, Extreme Britain explores the emergence of extreme misogyny and masculinities. Pearson situates extreme identities in wider social norms, showing how masculinities are mobilized into action. The book cautions against oversimplifying extreme masculinity as “toxic.” It demonstrates how both men and women “do” extreme masculinities and the costs and benefits to them both of activism. Understanding the men and women involved in extreme movements will better equip us to counter them. This fascinating study offers invaluable insight into some of their lives and motivations.
The Bosniaks as Indigenous Bosnians
Authors: Mujanovic Jasmin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on defining the Bosniaks as a national group rather than a religious community, and centers the idea of their ties to the “historic Bosnian lands” as the lynchpin of their claim to indigeneity to this polity. While not rejecting the broadly Muslim and/or Islamic character of large majorities of the Bosniak community, this chapter argues that it is the relationship with Bosnia and Herzegovina that is the defining characteristic of Bosniak national identity; that the Bosniaks are Bosnians first, and Muslims second.