bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Damage Tolerance
of a Sandwich Panel Containing a Cracked Honeycomb
Core
Authors: Alonso I.
Quintana , Fleck N.
A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The tensile fracture strength of a sandwich panel, with a center-cracked core made from an elastic-brittle diamond-celled honeycomb, is explored by analytical models and finite element simulations. The crack is on the midplane of the core and loading is normal to the faces of the sandwich panel. Both the analytical models and finite element simulations indicate that linear elastic fracture mechanics applies when a K-field exists on a scale larger than the cell size. However, there is a regime of geometries for which no K-field exists; in this regime, the stress concentration at the crack tip is negligible and the net strength of the cracked specimen is comparable to the unnotched strength. A fracture map is developed for the sandwich panel with axes given by the sandwich geometry. The effect of a statistical variation in the cell-wall strength is explored using Weibull theory, and the consequences of a stochastic strength upon the fracture map are outlined.
Characterization of
Young’s Modulus of Nanowires on Microcantilever
Beams
Authors: Lilley Carmen
M. , He Jin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new approach to measure the elastic modulus of nanowires is presented in this paper using a nanowire and a microcantilever beam composite system. The mechanical behavior of a nanowire-microcantilever beam structure under electrostatic actuation was studied using the finite element method, and a comparison of the resonance frequencies for a nanowire-microcantilever composite beam structure and a microcantilever beam only is presented. The test system can be optimized by introducing arrays of nanowires to increase the resonance frequency difference between the microcantilever beams and the nanowire array microbeam structures.
A pluripotency signature predicts histologic transformation and influences survival in follicular lymphoma patients
Authors: Gentles Andrew J. , Alizadeh Ash A. , Lee Su-In , Myklebust June H. , Shachaf Catherine M. , Shahbaba Babak , Levy Ronald , Koller Daphne , Plevritis Sylvia K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Histologic transformation (HT) of follicular lymphoma to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL-t) is associated with accelerated disease course and drastically worse outcome, yet the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We show that a network of gene transcriptional modules underlies HT. Central to the network hierarchy is a signature strikingly enriched for pluripotency-related genes. These genes are typically expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs), including MYC and its direct targets. This core ESC-like program was independent of proliferation/cell-cycle and overlapped but was distinct from normal B-cell transcriptional programs. Furthermore, we show that the ESC program is correlated with transcriptional programs maintaining tumor phenotype in transgenic MYC-driven mouse models of lymphoma. Although our approach was to identify HT mechanisms rather than to derive an optimal survival predictor, a model based on ESC/differentiation programs stratified patient outcomes in 2 independent patient cohorts and was predictive of propensity of follicular lymphoma tumors to transform. Transformation was associated with an expression signature combining high expression of ESC transcriptional programs with reduced expression of stromal programs. Together, these findings suggest a central role for an ESC-like signature in the mechanism of HT and provide new clues for potential therapeutic targets.
The spectrum of Evans syndrome in adults: new insight into the disease based on the analysis of 68 cases
Authors: Michel Marc , Chanet Valérie , Dechartres Agnès , Morin Anne-Sophie , Piette Jean-Charles , Cirasino Lorenzo , Emilia Giovanni , Zaja Francesco , Ruggeri Marco , Andrès Emmanuel , Bierling Philippe , Godeau Bertrand , Rodeghiero Francesco 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Evans syndrome (ES) is a rare disease characterized by the simultaneous or sequential development of autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and/or immune neutropenia. To better describe the characteristics and outcome of ES in adults, a survey was initiated in 2005. The data from 68 patients (60% of them women) fulfilling strict inclusion criteria for ES are reported. The mean age at time of ITP and/or AIHA onset was 52 plus or minus 33 years, both cytopenias occurred simultaneously in 37 cases (54.5%). ES was considered as “primary” in 34 patients (50%) but was associated with an underlying disorder in half of the cases, including mainly systemic lupus, lymphoproliferative disorders, and common variable immunodeficiency. All patients were given corticosteroids, but 50 of them (73%) required at least one “second-line” treatment, including splenectomy(n = 19) and rituximab (n = 11). At time of analysis, after a mean follow-up of 4.8 years, only 22 patients (32%) were in remission off treatment; 16 (24%) had died. In elderly patients, the risk of cardiovascular manifestations related to AIHA seems to be higher than the ITP-related risk of severe bleeding. In conclusion, ES is a potentially life-threatening condition that may be associated with other underlying autoimmune or lymphoproliferative disorders.
Developmental expression profile of the yy2 gene in mice
Authors: Drews David , Klar Martin , Dame Christof , Bräuer Anja U 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
The transcription factor Yin Yang 2 (YY2) shares a structural and functional highly homologue DNA-binding domain with the ubiquitously expressed YY1 protein, which has been implicated in regulating fundamental biological processes. However, the biological relevance of YY2 has not been identified yet.

Results
Towards the understanding of YY2 biology, we analyzed in detail the expression pattern of yy2 in various organs during embryonic and postnatal mouse development till adulthood. Thereby, a constant yy2 level was detected in heart and lung tissue, whereas in different brain regions yy2 expression was dynamically regulated. Interestingly, in any analyzed tissue neither the homologue yy1 nor the mbtps2 gene showed changes in mRNA expression levels like yy2, although the intronless yy2 gene is located within the mbtps2 locus.
Furthermore, we detected yy1, yy2, and mbtps2 mRNA in primary mouse neurons, microglia cells, and astrocytes. In comparison to yy2 and mbtps2, yy1 revealed the highest expression level in all cell types. Again, only yy2 showed significantly altered gene expression levels among the cell types. Higher yy2 expression levels were detected in microglia cells and astrocytes than in primary neurons.

Conclusion

Yy2 expression in the heart and lung is constitutively expressed during embryogenesis and in adult mice. For the first time, developmental changes of yy2 transcription became obvious in various areas of the brain. This suggests that yy2 is involved in developmental gene regulation.
PIK3CA alterations in Middle Eastern ovarian cancers
Authors: Abubaker Jehad , Bavi Prashant , Al-Haqawi Wael , Jehan Zeenath , Munkarah Adnan , Uddin Shahab , Al-Kuraya Khawla S 
Published: July 2009

Abstract

Background
PI3K/AKTsignaling pathway plays an important role in cell growth, proliferation, and tumorgenesis of various malignancies. This signaling pathway has been shown to be frequently altered in several human cancers including ovarian cancers. However the role of this oncogenic signaling pathway has not been explored in the Middle Eastern epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Therefore, we investigated PI3K/AKT genetic alterations such as PIK3CA amplification, PIK3CA mutation, PTEN protein loss and their relationships with various clinicopathological characteristics in 156 EOCs.

Results
Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique and DNA sequencing were used to analyze PIK3CA amplification and mutation respectively. Expression of PIK3CA protein expression (p110 α), PTEN, p-AKT and Ki-67 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PIK3CA amplification was seen in 54 of 152 (35.5%) EOC cases analyzed; PIK3CA gene mutations in 6/153 EOC (3.9%); KRAS mutations in 3/154 EOC (1.9%), BRAF mutations in 3/156 EOC (1.9%), p53 mutation in 50/154 EOC (32.5%), and loss of PTEN protein expression in 33/144 EOC (22.9%). p110 α overexpression was associated with increased phosphorylation of AKT-Ser 473 and with the proliferation marker Ki-67.

Conclusion
Our data showed mutual exclusivity between the molecular event of PIK3CA amplification and mutations in PIK3CA, KRAS, BRAF genes, which suggests that each of these alterations may individually be sufficient to drive ovarian tumor pathogenesis independently. High prevalence of genetic alterations in PI3K/AKT pathway in a Middle Eastern ovarian carcinoma provides genetic evidence supporting the notion that dysregulated PI3K/AKT pathways play an important role in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancers.
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase–Positive Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: A Rare Clinicopathologic Entity With Poor Prognosis
Authors: Laurent Camille , Do Catherine , Gascoyne Randy D. , Lamant Laurence , Ysebaert Loïc , Laurent Guy , Delsol Georges , Brousset Pierre 
Published: July 2009

Purpose Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) –positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a rare variant of DLBCL that has been described only in small case reports. To shed more light on the clinical and pathologic features and outcome of these tumors, we reviewed data from 38 patients. Patients and Methods We retrospectively analyzed 38 patients with ALK-positive DLBCL treated with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (CHOP) or CHOP-like regimens from different institutions to better define the presenting features, clinical course, and response to treatment. Results The histologic findings in all patients were similar. All patients expressed ALK fusion proteins, but virtually all were CD30 and CD20 negative. The median age was 43 years with a 5:1 ratio of males to females. Most patients (60%) followed an aggressive clinical course with advanced stage at diagnosis, frequent marrow infiltration, and poor outcome. Overall survival was 20.3 months (95% CI, 12.2 to 42.6 months). Of note, the median survival was only 12.2 months (95% CI, 9.1 to 32.5 months) in patients with advanced-stage disease. Conclusion ALK-positive DLBCLs display clinicopathologic features that distinguish them from common DLBCL. Conventional therapy, as used for typical DLBCL, is of limited efficacy. Recognition of this new entity and the characteristic lack of CD20 expression are paramount. Novel front-line intensive chemotherapy regimens should be evaluated in this group of patients.
Talampanel With Standard Radiation and Temozolomide in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Glioblastoma: A Multicenter Phase II Trial
Authors: Grossman Stuart A. , Ye Xiaobu , Chamberlain Marc , Mikkelsen Tom , Batchelor Tracy , Desideri Serena , Piantadosi Steven , Fisher Joy , Fine Howard A. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeRecent data suggest that the glutamatergic system is important in the proliferation and migration of glioblastoma. Talampanel is a well-tolerated, oral α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor blocker that could be beneficial in this disease.Patients and MethodsThis trial was designed to estimate overall survival in adults with newly diagnosed glioblastoma treated with talampanel in addition to standard radiation (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ). A secondary purpose was to evaluate talampanel toxicity in this setting. Talampanel was initiated with RT + TMZ and discontinued for toxicity or disease progression. Survival was compared with historical controls.ResultsSeventy-two patients were enrolled from December 2005 to July 2006. Their median age was 60 years (range, 37 to 85 years, with 17% > 70 years), median Karnofsky performance score was 90 (range, 70 to 100), and 77% had a debulking procedure. With a median follow-up time of 18 months, 55 patients (76%) have died, yielding a median survival time of 18.3 months (95% CI, 14.6 to 22.5 months). When the 60 patients who were 18 to 70 years old were compared with the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) RT + TMZ data, the median survival (20.3 v 14.6 months, respectively) and percentage of patients surviving at 24 months (41.7% v 26.5%, respectively; P = .02) seemed superior. The percentage of patients methylated at O6-methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase was lower than on the EORTC study (29% v 43%, respectively). Talampanel was well tolerated and did not increase the known hematologic or nonhematologic toxicities of TMZ.ConclusionTalampanel can be added to RT + TMZ without significant additional toxicity. The encouraging survival results in methylated and unmethylated patients suggest that blocking AMPA receptors may be a useful strategy in newly diagnosed glioblastoma.
Racial Differences in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Outcomes and Pharmacogenetics: A Subgroup Analysis of a Large Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Sanoff Hanna K. , Sargent Daniel J. , Green Erin M. , McLeod Howard L. , Goldberg Richard M. 
Published: July 2009

Purpose Racial disparities in colorectal cancer (CRC) survival are documented, but there are few data on comparative response to chemotherapy. A subgroup analysis of a multisite National Cancer Institute–sponsored trial (N9741) was performed comparing outcomes of black and white patients with metastatic CRC receiving uniform treatment. Patients and Methods Adverse events (AEs), response rate (RR), time to progression (TTP), overall survival (OS), and dose-intensity were examined as a function of self-reported race in 1,412 patients treated with irinotecan/fluorouracil, fluorouracil/oxaliplatin, or irinotecan/oxaliplatin. Pharmacogenetic analysis was performed on 486 patients with blood available for germline DNA analysis. Results OS was 1.5 months shorter and TTP was 0.6 months shorter in black than white patients (OS: hazard ratio [HR] = 1.13; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.42; TTP: HR = 0.91, 95% CI, 0.73 to 1.13); neither difference was statistically significant. RR was significantly higher in whites (41%) than blacks (28%; P = .008). Grade 3 or greater AEs were also higher in whites (48%) than blacks (34%; P = .004). These relationships were maintained in multivariate models adjusting for arm, age, sex, and performance status. There was no difference in dose-intensity of delivered therapy. Significant racial differences in prevalence of pharmacogenetic variants were observed, although small sample size precluded investigating the relationship between treatment, race, and genotype. Conclusion OS and TTP are similar in black and white patients treated per protocol with standardized therapy for metastatic CRC. However, RR and AEs vary considerably by race. The marked racial differences in relevant pharmacogenetics, a potential explanation for differing RR and AEs, are worthy of future study.
Technologies for tomorrow's electric power generation
Authors: Lawn C J 
Published: July 2009

In order to glean some insight into the likely trends in the next 50 years of power generation, the major trends of the last 50 years are reviewed first of all. It is noted that not only were all the power generating systems in operation today being researched in the 1960s, but so were most of those now being discussed for the future. The major trends in generation have all been driven by political and environmental considerations rather than by radically new ideas. For the next 50 years, in a new environment of concern about climate change and security of electricity supply, new technology must be developed to make some more of the options economically viable. This article surveys most of the systems now being considered and picks out a few of the enabling technologies. With such a broad subject, selectivity in the choice of sources is inevitable: this review draws preferentially upon papers published in the Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy over the last 10 years.
Synthesis and Characterization of Functional ABA Block Polymer Containing Aniline Trimer
Authors: Liu Siwei , Wu Yupeng , Zhang Yi , Chi Zhenguo , Wei Yen , Xu Jiarui 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
An ABA block polymer, polyester-b-(aniline trimer)-b-polyester, was synthesized through the reaction of double amino-capped aniline trimer and 6-hexanolide, with stannous octoate as catalyst, via ring-opening polymerization in anhydrous toluene solution. The structure of the block polymer was characterized and verified by 1H NMR, FT-IR, and UV–vis spectroscopies, CV, and GPC. The molecular weight (5.9×103 g mol−1) calculated through 1H NMR was very close to the data collected by GPC (Mn=5.0×103, Mw=5.8×103, DMF as solvent). The polymer has good solubility in common organic solvents, such as THF and DMF. Both thermostability and electrostability of the block polymer are enhanced, compared to aniline trimer. Moreover, the polymer’s sensitivity to pH value is superior to the stand-alone aniline trimer. The enhancement of both stability and sensitivity may give the block polymer more opportunities to be used as sensor material.
Detector-free and Multiple Sensing of Various Molecules Using Gold Nanoparticles and Aptazymes
Authors: Ogawa Atsushi , Maeda Mizuo 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
We have developed a detector-free and multiple detection method for various analytes using some orthogonal pairs of cleavase-aptazymes and the corresponding probe-DNA-tethered gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for each analyte. In this method, each cleavase-aptazyme cleaves itself only in the presence of its cofactor (i.e. analyte), and each resulting cleaved RNA hybridizes only to the corresponding probe DNA on AuNPs to induce AuNP aggregation that can be detected with the naked eye.
Distinction between Bioethanol and Synthetic Ethanol in a Mixture of Gasoline Using Low Level Liquid Scintillation Counting
Authors: Kim Seung-Soo , Kim Jinsoo , Shin Seong-Cheol , Agblevor Foster A 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Bioethanol is made by the fermentation of biomass and different from petroleum-derived ethanol. The Korean government started a two year long feasibility study of using bioethanol mixed with sub-octane gasoline as transportation fuel in 2006. The development of analysis methods for bioethanol is an urgent issue to protect illegal circulation of synthetic ethanol in the transportation fuel market. In this letter, a new approach was introduced to analyze bioethanol and synthetic ethanol within a mixture of sub-octane gasoline and synthetic ethanol using low level liquid scintillation counting (LSC).
Mesomorphic Properties in Asymmetric Bent-shaped Molecules with Different Linkage Moieties as Side Wings
Authors: Kang Sungmin , Lee Seng-Kue , Li Xiadong , Tokita Masatoshi , Watanabe Junji 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new homologous series of asymmetric bent-shaped molecules with two different side wings composed of Schiff base and ester linkage moieties were synthesized. The effects of asymmetric shape on the liquid crystalline properties were investigated and discussed in comparison with the conventional symmetric bent-shaped molecules.
A Stepped Intervention Increases Well-Child Care and Immunization Rates in a Disadvantaged Population
Authors: Hambidge Simon J. , Phibbs Stephanie L. , Chandramouli Vijayalaxmi , Fairclough Diane , Steiner John F. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To test a stepped intervention of reminder/recall/case management to increase infant well-child visits and immunization rates.METHODS: We conducted a randomized, controlled, practical, clinical trial with 811 infants born in an urban safety-net hospital and followed through 15 months of life. Step 1 (all infants) involved language-appropriate reminder postcards for every well-child visit. Step 2 (infants who missed an appointment or immunization) involved telephone reminders plus postcard and telephone recall. Step 3 (infants still behind on preventive care after steps 1 and 2) involved intensive case management and home visitation.RESULTS: Infants in the intervention arm, compared with control infants, had significantly fewer days without immunization coverage in the first 15 months of life (109 vs 192 days P &lt; .01) and were more likely to have ≥5 well-child visits (65% vs 47% P &lt; .01). In multivariate analyses, infants in the intervention arm were more likely than control infants to be up to date with 12-month immunizations and to have had ≥5 well-child visits. The cost per child was $23.30 per month.CONCLUSION: This stepped intervention of tracking and case management improved infant immunization status and receipt of preventive care in a population of high-risk urban infants of low socioeconomic status.
Needle Length for Immunization of Early Adolescents as Determined by Ultrasound
Authors: Koster Michael Philip , Stellato Nancy , Kohn Nina , Rubin Lorry G. 
Published: July 2009

OBJECTIVE: To determine the appropriate needle length for intramuscular injection of vaccines to early adolescents by measuring muscle depth at the deltoid injection site.METHODS: Students from Nassau County, New York, and patients attending an adolescent clinic were invited to participate. Height, weight, and arm circumference were measured. BMI percentiles were obtained. Depths of muscle and bone underlying the deltoid injection site were measured by using ultrasonography while the deltoid area was bunched or flattened. A sufficiently long needle length was defined as greater than or equal to the skin-to-muscle depth plus 5 mm (based on measurement, no needle used). Too long was considered greater than or equal to skin-to-bone depth.RESULTS: The age range of the 141 subjects was 11 to 15 years. Fifty-five percent were female. Twenty-six percent weighed &lt;40 kg, and 20% were between 60 and 108 kg. The mean and median BMI percentiles were 58th and 62th, respectively, with 6% of the subjects at &lt;10th percentile and 28% of subjects at &gt;85th percentile. Using the bunch technique, we found that a 25-mm (1-in) needle is acceptable in 86% of subjects; in the subgroup of ≥60 kg, it is acceptable in 100% of subjects. A 16-mm (-in) needle is acceptable in 88%; in the subgroup of &lt;60 kg, it is acceptable in 98% of subjects. Using the flatten technique, a 25-mm needle is acceptable in 39%; in the subgroup of ≥60 kg, it is acceptable in 93% of subjects. A 16-mm needle is acceptable in 92%; in the subgroup of &lt;60 kg, it is acceptable in 96% of subjects.CONCLUSIONS: For intramuscular immunization of early adolescents, a 16-mm needle is appropriate for those weighing &lt;60 kg, and a 25-mm needle is appropriate for those weighing 60 to 70 kg, using either technique.