bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Targeted, Needle‐Free Vaccinations in Skin using Multilayered, Densely‐Packed Dissolving Microprojection Arrays
Authors: Raphael Anthony P. , Prow Tarl W. , Crichton Michael L. , Chen Xianfeng , Fernando Germain J. P. , Kendall Mark A. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTargeting of vaccines to abundant immune cell populations within our outer thin skin layers using miniaturized devices—much thinner than a needle and syringe, could improve the efficacy of vaccines (and other immunotherapies). To meet this goal, a densely packed dissolving microprojection array (dissolving Nanopatch) is designed, achieving functional miniaturization by 1) formulating small microneedles (two orders of magnitude smaller than a standard needle and syringe) and 2) multiple layering of the payload within microprojections with tight tolerances (of the order of a micrometer). The formulation method is suitable to many vaccines because it is without harsh or complex chemical processes, and it is performed at low temperatures and at a neutral pH. When the formulated dNPs are applied to skin, consistent and robust penetration is achieved, rapidly targeting the skin strata of interest (<5 min; significantly faster than larger dissolving microneedles that have been previously reported). Resultant diffusion is significantly enhanced within the dermis compared with the epidermis. Using two different antigens (ovalbumin and a commercial trivalent influenza vaccine [Fluvax2008]), the administration of these dissolving patches generate robust systemic immune responses in a mouse model. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of successful vaccination with any form of dissolving microneedles. The patches made by this method therefore have the potential for pain‐free, needle‐free, and effective vaccination in humans.
Gold Microplates with Well‐Defined Shapes
Authors: Kan Caixia , Wang Changshun , Li Hongchen , Qi Jingshan , Zhu Jiejun , Li Zhaosheng , Shi Daning 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and growth mechanism of well‐defined nanostructures are still challenging. In this study, gold microplates with starlike, shieldlike, and other polygonal shapes are successfully achieved in high yields on the basis of the polyol process. Structural studies demonstrate that these newly shaped Au plates are single‐crystalline, several micrometers in lateral size, and tens of nanometers in thickness. It is believed that the introduction of temperature variation in the early stage of crystal growth is important for these products. The newly discovered Au microplates result from the growth of the {111} plane along the 〈211〉 and other high‐index directions, in addition to the {111}‐close‐packed 〈110〉 directions. Simulations on the multiple‐twin‐induced crystal growth and surface energy are also carried out to explain the experimental observations. This work is valuable for anisotropic growth of newly shaped noble‐metal nanostructures.
A compiler framework for the reduction of worst-case execution times
Authors: Falk Heiko , Lokuciejewski Paul 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The current practice to design software for real-time systems is tedious. There is almost no tool support that assists the designer in automatically deriving safe bounds of the worst-case execution time (WCET) of a system during code generation and in systematically optimizing code to reduce WCET.
This article presents concepts and infrastructures for WCET-aware code generation and optimization techniques for WCET reduction. All together, they help to obtain code explicitly optimized for its worst-case timing, to automate large parts of the real-time software design flow, and to reduce costs of a real-time system by allowing to use tailored hardware.
Zigzag instability of vortex pairs in stratified and rotating fluids. Part 2. Analytical and numerical analyses.
Authors: BILLANT P. , DELONCLE A. , CHOMAZ J.-M. , OTHEGUY P. 
Published: July 2010

The three-dimensional stability of vertical vortex pairs in stratified and rotating fluids is investigated using the analytical approach established in Part 1 and the predictions are compared to the results of previous direct numerical stability analyses for pairs of co-rotating equal-strength Lamb–Oseen vortices and to new numerical analyses for equal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs. A very good agreement between theoretical and numerical results is generally found, thereby providing a comprehensive description of the zigzag instability. Co-rotating and counter-rotating vortex pairs are most unstable to the zigzag instability when the Froude number Fh = Γ/(2πR2N) (where Γ is the vortex circulation, R the vortex radius and N the Brunt–Väisälä frequency) is lower than unity independently of the Rossby number Ro = Γ/(4πR2Ωb) (Ωb is the planetary rotation rate). In this range, the maximum growth rate is proportional to the strain Γ/(2πb2) (b is the separation distance between the vortices) and is almost independent of Fh and Ro. The most amplified wavelength scales like Fhb when the Rossby number is large and like Fhb/|Ro| when |Ro| ≪ 1, in agreement with previous results. While the zigzag instability always bends equal-strength co-rotating vortex pairs in a symmetric way, the instability is only quasi-antisymmetric for finite Ro for equal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs because the cyclonic vortex is less bent than the anticyclonic vortex. The theory is less accurate for co-rotating vortex pairs around Ro ≈ −2 because the bending waves rotate very slowly for long wavelength. The discrepancy can be fully resolved by taking into account higher-order three-dimensional effects.When Fh is increased above unity, the growth rate of the zigzag instability is strongly reduced because the bending waves of each vortex are damped by a critical layer at the radius where the angular velocity of the vortex is equal to the Brunt–Väisälä frequency. The zigzag instability, however, continues to exist and is dominant up to a critical Froude number, which mostly depends on the Rossby number. Above this threshold, equal-strength co-rotating vortex pairs are stable with respect to long-wavelength bending disturbances whereas equal-strength counter-rotating vortex pairs become unstable to a quasi-symmetric instability resembling the Crow instability in homogeneous fluids. However, its growth rate is lower than in homogeneous fluids because of the damping by the critical layer. The structure of the critical layer obtained in the computations is in excellent agreement with the theoretical solution.Physically, the different stability properties of vortex pairs in stratified and rotating fluids compared to homogeneous fluids are shown to come from the reversal of the direction of the self-induced motion of bent vortices.
Novel trypanosomeTrypanosoma gillettisp. (Euglenozoa: Trypanosomatidae) and the extension of the host range ofTrypanosoma copemanito include the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus)
Authors: McINNES L. M. , HANGER J. , SIMMONS G. , REID S. A. , RYAN U. M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYTrypanosoma irwiniwas previously described from koalas and we now report the finding of a second novel species,T. gilletti, as well as the extension of the host range ofTrypanosoma copemanito include koalas. Phylogenetic analysis at the 18S rDNA and gGAPDH loci demonstrated thatT. gillettiwas genetically distinct with a genetic distance (±s.e.) at the 18S rDNA locus of 2·7±0·5% fromT. copemani(wombat). At the gGAPDH locus, the genetic distance (±s.e.) ofT. gillettiwas 8·7±1·1% fromT. copemani(wombat).Trypanosoma gillettiwas detected using a nested trypanosome 18S rDNA PCR in 3/139 (∼2%) blood samples and in 2/29 (∼7%) spleen tissue samples from koalas whilstT. irwiniwas detected in 72/139 (∼52%) blood samples andT. copemaniin 4/139 (∼3%) blood samples from koalas. In addition, naturally occurring mixed infections were noted in 2/139 (∼1·5%) of the koalas tested.
Genetic and environmental determinants of host use in the trematodeMaritrema novaezealandensis(Microphallidae)
Authors: KOEHLER ANSON V. , GONCHAR ANNA G. , POULIN ROBERT 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYFactors constraining host specificity are poorly understood. Intraspecific variation in host preferences in generalist parasites may reveal which factors affect patterns of host use, and thus the evolution of specialization. Here, laboratory experiments examined genetic variation in host preferences and the effect of a refugium against infection on host use. Firstly, 6 cercarial clones of the trematodeMaritrema novaezealandensis(ranging widely in heterozygosities) were exposed simultaneously to 2 alternative hosts, the amphipodsHeterophoxus stephenseniandParacalliope novizealandiae,to assess host preferences and fitness correlations with parasite heterozygosity. All clones showed a distinct preference forH. stephenseni, though the extent of this preference varied among clones. No clear association was found between heterozygosity and either parasite infection success or preference for a particular host. Secondly, cercariae were exposed to the same 2 amphipods in both the presence and absence of sand (refugium forH. stephenseni). Without sand, infection levels were significantly higher inH. stephensenithan inP. novizealandiae. With sand,H. stephenseniwas able to hide, offsetting the parasite's intrinsic preferences for this host. These results demonstrate the existence of genetic variation in host preferences, as well as the effect of environmental variables on observed patterns of host use.
The role of mental disorders in the risk and speed of transition to alcohol use disorders among community youth
Authors: Behrendt S. , Beesdo-Baum K. , Zimmermann P. , Höfler M. , Perkonigg A. , Bühringer G. , Lieb R. , Wittchen H.-U. 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundAmong adolescents and young adults with DSM-IV alcohol use disorders (AUDs), there are inter-individual differences in the speed of transition from initial alcohol use (AU) to AUD. AUDs are highly co-morbid with other mental disorders. The factors associated with rapid transition from first AU to AUD remain unknown and the role of mental disorders in rapid transitions is unclear. Given this background we examined (1) whether prior anxiety, mood, externalizing and non-alcohol substance use disorders are related to the risk and speed of transition from first AU to DSM-IV alcohol abuse (AA) and alcohol dependence (AD) and (2) whether early age of onset of prior mental disorders (PMDs) is a promoter of rapid transition.MethodA total of 3021 community subjects (97.7% lifetime AU) aged 14–24 years at baseline were followed up prospectively for up to 10 years. AU and mental disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI.ResultsAmong subjects with lifetime AU, several PMDs, such as specific phobia, bipolar disorder and nicotine dependence, were associated with an increased risk of AUD independent of externalizing disorders. Associations of PMDs with the speed of transition to AUDs were mostly weak and inconsistent. Only social phobia and externalizing disorders were associated with faster transitions to AD even after adjustment for other PMDs. Earlier age of onset of PMD was not associated with rapid transition.ConclusionsMental disorders are associated with the risk of AUD. With the possible exception of social phobia and externalizing disorders, they do not promote rapid transition, even if they occur particularly early. Future research needs to identify factors relevant to rapid transition to AUD.
Elevated pulse pressure is associated with age-related decline in language ability
Authors: NATION D.A. , WIERENGA C.E. , DELANO-WOOD L. , JAK A.J. , DELIS D.C. , SALMON D.P. , BONDI M.W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRecent research suggests that pulse pressure (PP), a putative marker of vascular integrity, may be associated with brain microvascular damage and age-related cognitive decline. Thus, the present study examined the relationship between PP and cognition in a sample of healthy nondemented older adults. One hundred nine participants were administered neurological and neuropsychological evaluations and determined to be nondemented. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationships among pulse pressure (PP) [systolic blood pressure (SBP) – diastolic blood pressure (DBP)], age, and cognition. PP and related measures were inversely correlated with global cognitive functioning and scores on a composite measure of language function, even after adjusting for age, education, and relevant vascular risk factors. Results indicate that increases in the pulsatile component of blood pressure may convey added risk of global cognitive decline and specific impairment in language abilities. (JINS, 2010, 16, 933–938.)
Challenges for a New Generation of Regional Forecast Models: Workshop on Concepts for Convective Parameterizations in Large‐Scale Models III: Increasing Resolution and Parameterization; Warsaw, Poland, 17–19 March 2010
Authors: Yano Jun‐Ichi , Geleyn Jean‐Francois , Malinowski Szymon 
Published: July 2010

Major European weather forecast centers are moving aggressively toward the horizontal mesh size of 1–5 kilometers with their regional models. Such a high horizontal resolution (convection‐permitting limit) marginally resolves moist deep convection. To discuss new challenges for convection parameterization under such a limit, the European Cooperation in the Field of Scientific and Technical Research (COST) Action ES0905 organized a workshop in which 33 scientists from 14 European countries met at the Polish Academy of Sciences.The participants found that in the convection‐permitting limit, only one convective tower (a basic element of deep moist cumulus convection) would exist within a given grid box. A traditional notion of equilibrium within a standard framework no longer works. Evolution of a parameterized convective tower can be described only if it is directly coupled with the resolved flows.
PathwayAccess: CellDesigner plugins for pathway databases
Authors: Van Hemert John L. , Dickerson Julie A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Summary: CellDesigner provides a user-friendly interface for graphical biochemical pathway description. Many pathway databases are not directly exportable to CellDesigner models. PathwayAccess is an extensible suite of CellDesigner plugins, which connect CellDesigner directly to pathway databases using respective Java application programming interfaces. The process is streamlined for creating new PathwayAccess plugins for specific pathway databases. Three PathwayAccess plugins, MetNetAccess, BioCycAccess and ReactomeAccess, directly connect CellDesigner to the pathway databases MetNetDB, BioCyc and Reactome. PathwayAccess plugins enable CellDesigner users to expose pathway data to analytical CellDesigner functions, curate their pathway databases and visually integrate pathway data from different databases using standard Systems Biology Markup Language and Systems Biology Graphical Notation.
Availability: Implemented in Java, PathwayAccess plugins run with CellDesigner version 4.0.1 and were tested on Ubuntu Linux, Windows XP and 7, and MacOSX. Source code, binaries, documentation and video walkthroughs are freely available at http://vrac.iastate.edu/∼jlv
Contact: julied@iastate.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Ontology for medicinal materials based on traditional Korean medicine
Authors: Jang Hyunchul , Kim Jinhyun , Kim Sang-Kyun , Kim Chul , Bae Soon−Hee , Kim Anna , Eom Dong-Myung , Song Mi-Young 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Summary: We are constructing an ontology for traditional Korean medicine, and we started with medicinal materials to express the relationships between patients' symptoms, diseases and treatments. Biological materials and mineral resources have been used traditionally for patient treatments. The ontology includes various data related to these materials, such as their scientific names, parts of materials used, effectiveness and related oriental organ of the human body.
Availability: http://tkm.kiom.re.kr/ontology/TraditionalKoreanMedicine.rdf-xml.owl (10–20 s using Internet Explorer.)
Contact: smyoung@kiom.re.kr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Combining Machine Learning and Homology-Based Approaches to Accurately Predict Subcellular Localization in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kaundal Rakesh , Saini Reena , Zhao Patrick X. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
A complete map of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) proteome is clearly a major goal for the plant research community in terms of determining the function and regulation of each encoded protein. Developing genome-wide prediction tools such as for localizing gene products at the subcellular level will substantially advance Arabidopsis gene annotation. To this end, we performed a comprehensive study in Arabidopsis and created an integrative support vector machine-based localization predictor called AtSubP (for Arabidopsis subcellular localization predictor) that is based on the combinatorial presence of diverse protein features, such as its amino acid composition, sequence-order effects, terminal information, Position-Specific Scoring Matrix, and similarity search-based Position-Specific Iterated-Basic Local Alignment Search Tool information. When used to predict seven subcellular compartments through a 5-fold cross-validation test, our hybrid-based best classifier achieved an overall sensitivity of 91% with high-confidence precision and Matthews correlation coefficient values of 90.9% and 0.89, respectively. Benchmarking AtSubP on two independent data sets, one from Swiss-Prot and another containing green fluorescent protein- and mass spectrometry-determined proteins, showed a significant improvement in the prediction accuracy of species-specific AtSubP over some widely used “general” tools such as TargetP, LOCtree, PA-SUB, MultiLoc, WoLF PSORT, Plant-PLoc, and our newly created All-Plant method. Cross-comparison of AtSubP on six nontrained eukaryotic organisms (rice [Oryza sativa], soybean [Glycine max], human [Homo sapiens], yeast [Saccharomyces cerevisiae], fruit fly [Drosophila melanogaster], and worm [Caenorhabditis elegans]) revealed inferior predictions. AtSubP significantly outperformed all the prediction tools being currently used for Arabidopsis proteome annotation and, therefore, may serve as a better complement for the plant research community. A supplemental Web site that hosts all the training/testing data sets and whole proteome predictions is available at http://bioinfo3.noble.org/AtSubP/.
Long‐term use of proton pump inhibitors does not affect the frequency, growth, or histologic characteristics of colon adenomas
Authors: SINGH M. , DHINDSA G. , FRIEDLAND S. , TRIADAFILOPOULOS G. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryBackground  The clinical significance of the trophic effects of long‐term proton pump inhibitors (PPI)‐related hypergastrinemia on colon polyps remains unknown.Aim  To study the frequency, growth, and histology of colon polyps in patients on chronic PPI therapy (cases), compared to those not receiving acid suppression (controls).Methods  Medical records of 2868 consecutive patients who underwent two or more colonoscopies, performed 3 or more months apart were reviewed. Cases (116) that used PPIs between the two colonoscopies were then compared to controls (194).Results  Demographics and risk factors for colon cancer were comparable between the two groups. At baseline the mean frequency and size of adenomatous polyps were similar in cases and controls (P > 0.05) and at follow‐up, these were 0.89 and 1.18 (P > 0.05; 95% CI of −0.08 to 0.66) and 4.09 mm and 4.00 mm (P > 0.05; 95% CI −2.29 to 2.11), respectively with no significant change. However, control group had a higher mean frequency and size of hyperplastic polyps at baseline as well as at follow‐up colonoscopy (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The long‐term use of PPI does not influence the frequency, growth, or histology of adenomatous polyps, but is associated with a reduction in both baseline and interval development of hyperplastic polyps.
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: Accuracy of surface landmark identification for cannula cricothyroidotomy
Authors: Elliott D. S. J. , Baker P. A. , Scott M. R. , Birch C. W. , Thompson J. M. D. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryCannula cricothyroidotomy is recommended for emergency transtracheal ventilation by all current airway guidelines. Success with this technique depends on the accurate and rapid identification of percutaneous anatomical landmarks. Six healthy subjects underwent neck ultrasound to delineate the borders of the cricothyroid membrane. The midline and bisecting transverse planes through the membrane were marked with an invisible ink pen which could be revealed with an ultraviolet light. Eighteen anaesthetists were then invited to mark an entry point for cricothyroid membrane puncture. Only 32 (30%) attempts by anaesthetists accurately marked the skin area over the cricothyroid membrane. Of these only 11 (10%) marked over the centre point of the membrane. Entry point accuracy was not significantly affected by subjects’ weight, height, body mass index, neck circumference or cricothyroid dimensions. Consultant and registrar anaesthetists were significantly more accurate than senior house officers at correctly identifying the cricothyroid membrane. Accuracy of percutaneously identifying the cricothyroid membrane was poor. Ultrasound may assist in identifying anatomical landmarks for cricothyroidotomy.
Serum allotypes in ovarian follicular fluids of pigs
Authors: MATOUSEK J. , HOJNÝ J. , JANIK A. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Sera and ovarian follicular fluids of 158 sows were tested with 27 allotype reagents. Immunodiffusion in agar gel (microtest) and haemagglutination inhibition were used as detection methods.Out of eight ‘individual’ (Lpb 1,‐2,‐3,‐4,‐5,‐6,‐7,‐9) and four ‘common’ (Lpb 12,‐13,‐14,‐16) specificities of serum beta‐lipoproteins (LDL), 11 were present in sera, but none in follicular fluids. On the other hand, Lpr 1 and Lpr (x) allotypes of the VHDL + VLDL beta‐lipoprotein system were detected both in sera and in follicular fluids. Of four antigens of the Gp system (Gp A,‐a, ‐B,‐b), only the ‘dominant’ characters, Gp A and Gp B, occurred in the follicular fluid. The typing of polymorphic IgG immunoglobulins (IgG‐a or IgG‐b system) showed that B1 or A2, B2 or A1 and B3 or A(x) allotypes could be detected both in serum and follicular fluid. Among allotypes that were not yet genetically classified, only the P3 specificity was not found in the population tested. The G1 allotype (preliminarily described as an alpha‐globulin) was present in sera only, and the remaining allotypes, G9, P1, P16 and P23 (alpha‐ or beta‐globulins) were present both in sera and follicular fluids.The mechanism of the transmission of serum proteins into ovarian follicles and their possible importance is discussed.
Linkage studies in blood biochemical polymorphic markers of rabbits
Authors: RODELLAR C. , ZARAGOZA P. , ZARAZAGA I. , AMORENA B. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Five erythrocyte proteins (Adenosine deaminase, Ada; 6‐Phosphogluco‐nate dehydrogenase, Pgd; Esterase 1, Es‐1; Esterase 3, Es‐3; NADH‐Diaphorase 2, Dia‐2) and a serum β‐globulin protein (Esterase 7, Est‐7) were studied in rabbits using starch gel electrophoresis. Samples were obtained from 317 Spanish Common individuals (38 families, 317 individuals).For the analyses of linkage, Morton's sequential probability ratio test was applied. Clear evidence for linkage between Es‐1 and Est‐7 (θ≅ 0.2) was obtained, and no evidence of linkage was obtained for the remaining pairwise combinations of loci studied.