bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffuse Ischemia in Noncontrast Computed Tomography Predicts Outcome in Patients in Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Chakraborty Santanu , Symons Sean P. , Chapman Martin , Aviv Richard I. , Fox Allan J. 
Published: July 2011

Purpose In the intensive care unit (ICU), prognosticating patients who are comatose or defining brain death can be challenging. Currently, the criteria for brain death are clinical supported by paraclinical tests. Noncontrast computed tomography (CT) shows diffuse loss of grey-white differentiation consistent with infarction. We hypothesize that the extent of hypodensity is predictive of poor neurologic outcome or brain death. Materials and Methods A total of 235 consecutive adult patients with cardiac arrest or with serious trauma admitted to ICU in 1 year were studied. Seventy met inclusion criteria. CT images were reviewed by multiple observers blinded to final outcome who assessed for loss of grey-white conspicuity. A modification of the validated Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) was used to include non–middle cerebral artery territories. Primary outcome was death or functional disability at 3 months. Dichotomized CT scores were correlated with poor clinical status (Glasgow Coma Score < 5 and APACHE [Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation] score >19) and poor outcome (modified Rankin Scale >2). Results The CT score was ≤10 in 7 patients and >10 in 63 patients. The CT score value correlated with the severity of baseline clinical status on the Glasgow Coma Score ( r = 0.53, P < .01) and negatively with the APACHE-II score ( r = −0.27, P < .05). The CT score value negatively correlated with functional outcome ( r = −0.40, P < .01). All the patients with a CT score ≤10 died. The sensitivity of the CT score for functional outcome was 24%, and specificity was 100%. Agreement among observers for the CT score was good (Intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.77). Conclusion Diffuse loss of grey-white matter differentiation is subtle but specific for poor neurologic outcome, which may allow earlier prognostication of patients in whom clinical parameters are difficult to assess.
Comparison of pregnancy outcome among nulliparas with and without microalbuminuria at the end of the second trimester
Authors: Bahasadri Shohreh , Kashanian Maryam , Khosravi Zahra 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of poor pregnancy outcome among nulliparas who had microalbuminuria at the end of the second trimester of their pregnancy.MethodsA prospective cohort study was performed on 490 nulliparous women who were at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy. Urine tests for albuminuria and creatinine measurements were performed in all women and the albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated. The women with microalbuminuria (exposed group) and those without microalbuminuria (nonexposed group) were monitored until the end of their pregnancy and compared for pregnancy outcome.ResultsPreterm labor (57.9% versus 13.5%), preeclampsia (50.0% versus 8.6%), intrauterine growth restriction (42.1% versus 6.4%), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (31.6% versus 10.2%) were significantly more common in the exposed group. The rates of gestational diabetes did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, microalbuminuria increased the risks for preterm labor (adjusted OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.1–5.5, P = 0.03) and preeclampsia (adjusted OR 9.5; 95% CI 4.6–19.3, P < 0.001).ConclusionMicroalbuminuria at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy might increase the risks of preterm labor, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and preterm premature rupture of membranes.
Single‐ versus double‐layer closure of the hysterotomy incision during cesarean delivery and risk of uterine rupture
Authors: Roberge Stéphanie , Chaillet Nils , Boutin Amélie , Moore Lynne , Jastrow Nicole , Brassard Normand , Gauthier Robert J. , Hudic Igor , Shipp Thomas D. , Weimar Charlotte H.E. , Fatusic Zlatan , Demers Suzanne , Bujold Emmanuel 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the best available evidence regarding the association between single‐layer closure and uterine rupture.MethodsThe PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases were searched for relevant observational and experimental studies that included women with a previous single, low, transverse cesarean delivery who had attempted a trial of labor (TOL). The risks of uterine rupture and uterine dehiscence were assessed by pooled odds ratios (OR) calculated with a random effects model.ResultsNine studies including 5810 women were reviewed. Overall, the risk of uterine rupture during TOL after a single‐layer closure was not significantly different from that after a double‐layer closure (OR 1.71; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.66–4.44). However, a sensitivity analysis indicated that the risk of uterine rupture was increased after a locked single‐layer closure (OR 4.96; 95% CI 2.58–9.52, P < 0.001) but not after an unlocked single‐layer closure (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.21–1.16), compared with a double‐layer closure.ConclusionLocked but not unlocked single‐layer closures were associated with a higher uterine rupture risk than double‐layer closure in women attempting a TOL.
Relationship between remaining teeth and self‐rated chewing ability among population aged 45 years or older in Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Kun‐Jung , Yen Yea‐Yin , Lan Shou‐Jen , Wu Yi‐Min , Chen Chun‐Min , Lee Huey‐Er 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purposes of this study were to (1) examine the relationship between the number of various types of healthy remaining natural teeth at different sites and self‐rated chewing ability and (2) evaluate the relationship between the number of functional tooth units (FTUs), comprising functional natural teeth (FNT) or fixed prostheses, and self‐rated chewing ability. A sample of 296 adults (122 men and 174 women), aged 45 years or older (average age, 56.6 ± 9.7), were recruited from seven dental clinics in Kaohsiung City. Dental information on the number and status of remaining teeth was obtained through examination by trained and calibrated dentists. Self‐assessment of chewing ability (masticatory score) was evaluated with a self‐administered questionnaire. Results showed that increased age is associated with a greater likelihood of difficulty in chewing. To avoid chewing difficulty, at least 24.7 FNT, 13.3 posterior‐FNT, 8.1 units of natural tooth‐FTUs, or 9.6 units of fixed tooth‐FTUs must remain. Age and the number of healthy remaining teeth, including natural teeth and fixed prostheses, are key factors in chewing ability. Given that aging is unavoidable, the preservation of healthy remaining teeth plays a relatively important role in the maintenance of chewing ability among middle‐aged and elderly people.
Multidimensional Diplomacy
Authors: Trager Robert F. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStates often negotiate with each other over more than one issue at the same time. This article presents a model of multidimensional international crisis bargaining. Unlike unidimensional bargaining, with two issue dimensions states can send costless signals about their resolve that have dramatic effects on other states' beliefs and actions. One reason is that when states claim a willingness to fight over an issue they in fact are not willing to fight over, they may lose the opportunity to get what they really want without conflict. As a result, when there is a chance that adversaries may each be willing to fight over two issues, the states can even sometimes convey with certainty when they will fight for both issues. The model also leads to some surprising comparative statics, for example, decreases in the probability that the target is willing to fight can increase the probability of war.
THE HIGH SEX RATIO IN CHINA: WHAT DO THE CHINESE THINK?
Authors: ZHOU C. , WANG X. L. , ZHENG W. J. , ZHOU X. D. , LI L. , HESKETH T. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryHigh sex ratios are well documented in many Asian countries, including China. This study was conducted in three Chinese provinces to explore awareness of the high sex ratios and its effects. Questionnaires were completed by 7435 respondents; 46% were urban and 53% were female. Sixty-four per cent were aware of the high sex ratio, and the majority were able to identify a range of consequences both for society and for unmarried men. These high levels of awareness of the negative impacts of high sex ratios should ultimately help to reduce the sex ratio at birth.
A novel curvature-based method for analyzing the second-order immobility of frictionless grasp
Authors: Luo Chen , Zhu LiMin , Ding Han 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new method to analyze frictionless grasp immobility based on defined surface-to-surface signed distance function. Distance function's differential properties are analyzed and its second-order Taylor expansion with respect to differential motion is deduced. Based on the non-negative condition of the signed distance function, the first- and second-order free motions are defined and the corresponding conditions for immobility of frictionless grasp are derived. As one benefit of the proposed method, the second-order immobility check can be formulated as a nonlinear programming problem. Numerical examples are used to verify the proposed method.
A knowledge-rich distributed decision support framework: a case study for brain tumour diagnosis
Authors: Dupplaw David , Croitoru Madalina , Dasmahapatra Srinandan , Gibb Alex , González-Vélez Horacio , Lurgi Miguel , Hu Bo , Lewis Paul , Peet Andrew 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe HealthAgents project aims to provide a decision support system for brain tumour diagnosis using a collaborative network of distributed agents. The goal is that through the aggregation of the small data sets available at individual hospitals, much better decision support classifiers can be created and made available to the hospitals taking part. In this paper, we describe the technicalities of the HealthAgents framework, in particular how the interoperability of the various agents is managed using semantic web technologies. On the broad scale the architecture is based around distributed data-mart agents that provide ontological access to hospitals’ underlying data that has been anonymized and processed from proprietary formats into a canonical format. Classifier producers have agents that gather the global data from participating hospitals such that classifiers can be created and deployed as agents. The design on a microscale has each agent built upon a generic-layered framework that provides the common agent program code, allowing rapid development of agents for the system. We believe that our framework provides a well-engineered, agent-based approach to data sharing in a medical context. It can provide a better basis on which to investigate the effectiveness of new classification techniques for brain tumour diagnosis.
A generic and extensible automatic classification framework applied to brain tumour diagnosis in HealthAgents
Authors: Sáez Carlos , García-Gómez Juan Miguel , Vicente Javier , Tortajada Salvador , Luts Jan , Dupplaw David , Van Huffel Sabine , Robles Montserrat 
Published: July 2011

AbstractNew biomedical technologies enable the diagnosis of brain tumours by using non-invasive methods. HealthAgents is a European Union-funded research project that aims to build an agent-based distributed decision support system (dDSS) for the diagnosis of brain tumours. This is achieved using the latest biomedical knowledge, information and communication technologies and pattern recognition (PR) techniques. As part of the PR development of HealthAgents, an independent and automatic classification framework (CF) has been developed. This framework has been integrated with the HealthAgents dDSS using the HealthAgents agent platform. The system offers (1) the functionality to search for distributed classifiers to solve specific questions; (2) automatic classification of new cases; (3) instant deployment of new validated classifiers; and (4) the ability to rank a set of classifiers according to their performance and suitability for the case in hand. The CF enables both the deployment of new classifiers using the provided Extensible Markup Language1 classifier specification, and the inclusion of new PR techniques that make the system extensible. These features may enable the rapid integration of PR laboratory results into industrial or research applications, such as the HealthAgents dDSS. Two classification nodes have been deployed and they currently offer classification services by means of dedicated servers connected to the HealthAgents agent platform: one node being located at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium and the other at the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain. These classification nodes share the current set of brain tumour classifiers that have been trained from in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy data. The combination of the CF with a distributed agent system constitutes the basis of the brain tumour dDSS developed in HealthAgents.
Acculturation, physical activity and television viewing in Hispanic women: findings from the 2005 California Women's Health Survey
Authors: Banna Jinan C , Kaiser Lucia L , Drake Christiana , Townsend Marilyn S 
Published: July 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationship of acculturation with physical activity and sedentary behaviours among Hispanic women in California.DesignData from the 2005 California Women's Health Survey (CWHS) – a cross-sectional telephonic survey of health indicators and health-related behaviours and attitudes – were used.SettingUsing a random-digit dialling process, data were collected monthly from January to December 2005.SubjectsA total of 1298 women aged ≥18 years in California who self-identified as Hispanic.ResultsOf the participants included in the analysis, 49 % were adherent to physical activity recommendations (with 150 min of weekly activity signifying adherence). There was no significant association between language acculturation and moderate or vigorous physical activity after controlling for potential confounders such as smoking, age and employment status. There was also no association between duration of residence in the USA and moderate or vigorous physical activity. Language acculturation was positively associated with television (TV) viewing, with highly acculturated women reporting more hours of TV viewing compared with women with an intermediate acculturation score (P = 0·0001), and those with an intermediate score reporting more hours of TV viewing compared with those with a low score (P = 0·003). This relationship persisted after inclusion of smoking, employment status, age and education in the model.ConclusionsHigher levels of language acculturation may be associated with increased sedentary behaviours because of the influence of US culture on those women who have assimilated to the culture. Acculturation is an important factor to be taken into account when designing health education interventions for the Hispanic female population.
WHO WERE THE SANS-CULOTTES?
Authors: SCURR RUTH 
Published: July 2011

Who were the sans-culottes? What were their concerns and purposes? And what role did they play in the unfolding of events collectively known as the French Revolution? Michael Sonenscher first engaged directly with these questions in the 1980s (in an article for Social History 9 (1984), 303) when social historians were experimenting with the possibilities opened up by discourse analysis, and when the traditions of eighteenth-century civic, or republican, language seemed particularly exciting:
The social history of the French Revolution owes much to the deepening insistence with which the discourse of the Revolution itself referred to, and postulated, necessary connections between everyday circumstances and public life. From Sieyes’ equation of aristocratic privilege with unproductive parasitism in 1788 to the Thermidorian caricature of the architects of the Terror as the dregs of society, the Revolution produced its own “social interpretation.”
Sonenscher argued that while the identification of the figure of the sans-culotte with that of the artisan was “the achievement of the generation of historians—Richard Cobb, George Rudé and Albert Soboul—who reintroduced the popular movement into the historiography of the French Revolution”, there was always something problematic (or circular) in the underlying assumption that it was possible to equate the representation of artisan production found in the political language of the sans-culottes during the Revolution with what actually existed in the workshops of Paris or other towns of eighteenth-century France. Back in the 1980s what Sonenscher hoped was that a more accurate understanding of the actual dynamics of workshop production would produce “a better explanation of the meaning of the language of the sans-culottes”. His own expectation, as a social historian, was that the causality, in both explanatory and historical terms, would run from the social to the political sphere.
RELIGION, SCIENCE, AND POLITICAL RELIGION IN THE SOVIET CONTEXT
Authors: DAVID-FOX MICHAEL 
Published: July 2011

The intellectual movement to interpret fascism, Nazism, and Stalinism as “political religions” has generated lively debates and an intensive publication program for over a decade. The scholarly trend has been closely associated with a revival of the concept of totalitarianism, reconfigured to account for the popular appeal and violent fervor of twentieth-century mass movements of the extreme right and left. As theoreticians of political religion have been preoccupied with arguments about the definition of religion and the problems of comparison, two stumbling blocks have become increasingly apparent. First, historians of Soviet communism, who since the early 1990s have empirically and conceptually transformed the study of Stalinism and Soviet history, have either exhibited “utter neglect” of the political-religion concept or have shunned it due to the scientism and official atheism of the regime. As a result, comparisons in the political-religion mode have generally been carried out by scholars not expert in Soviet history. Second, and closely related to this, even sympathetic critics have found secular religion too blunt a tool and too generic a concept to probe the “novel, supranational, but historically specific . . . sense of mission” produced by radical interwar regimes. Soviet communism as a project, more than fascism, was deeply invested in viewing its own ideology as genuinely scientific.
Ionosphere geomagnetic field: Comparison of IGRF model prediction and satellite measurements 1991–2010
Authors: Matteo N. A. , Morton Y. T. 
Published: July 2011

The geomagnetic field is an important parameter in space physics. The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is a model of the Earth's main field. Current sources in the ionosphere, the interplanetary magnetic field, annual and diurnal variation, and other sporadic and unmodeled effects may alter the actual B field distribution. We investigate whether the model is nevertheless sufficiently accurate for computing ionospheric effects on radio frequency signals. Detailed analysis of scalar intensity is presented based on direct measurements of the magnetic field taken from UARS, SAC‐C, Ørsted, and CHAMP, all satellites with magnetometers orbiting between 200 and 1000 km altitude. Our results indicate that the IGRF model is within 1% accuracy of the	measured ionosphere B field, 92.80% of the time. Quality control issues associated with the scalar data are also discussed.
Huanglongbing alters the structure and functional diversity of microbial communities associated with citrus rhizosphere
Authors: Trivedi Pankaj , He Zhili , Van Nostrand Joy D , Albrigo Gene , Zhou Jizhong , Wang Nian 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
The diversity and stability of bacterial communities present in the rhizosphere heavily influence soil and plant quality and ecosystem sustainability. The goal of this study is to understand how ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (known to cause Huanglongbing, HLB) influences the structure and functional potential of microbial communities associated with the citrus rhizosphere. Clone library sequencing and taxon/group-specific quantitative real-time PCR results showed that ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infection restructured the native microbial community associated with citrus rhizosphere. Within the bacterial community, phylum Proteobacteria with various genera typically known as successful rhizosphere colonizers were significantly greater in clone libraries from healthy samples, whereas phylum Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, typically more dominant in the bulk soil were higher in ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected samples. A comprehensive functional microarray GeoChip 3.0 was used to determine the effects of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infection on the functional diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities. GeoChip analysis showed that HLB disease has significant effects on various functional guilds of bacteria. Many genes involved in key ecological processes such as nitrogen cycling, carbon fixation, phosphorus utilization, metal homeostasis and resistance were significantly greater in healthy than in the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected citrus rhizosphere. Our results showed that the microbial community of the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected citrus rhizosphere has shifted away from using more easily degraded sources of carbon to the more recalcitrant forms. Overall, our study provides evidence that the change in plant physiology mediated by ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ infection could elicit shifts in the composition and functional potential of rhizosphere microbial communities. In the long term, these fluctuations might have important implications for the productivity and sustainability of citrus-producing agro-ecosystems.
Phylodynamics and movement of Phycodnaviruses among aquatic environments
Authors: Gimenes Manuela V , Zanotto Paolo M de A , Suttle Curtis A , da Cunha Hillândia B , Mehnert Dolores U 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Phycodnaviruses have a significant role in modulating the dynamics of phytoplankton, thereby influencing community structure and succession, nutrient cycles and potentially atmospheric composition because phytoplankton fix about half the carbon dioxide (CO2) on the planet, and some algae release dimethylsulphoniopropionate when lysed by viruses. Despite their ecological importance and widespread distribution, relatively little is known about the evolutionary history, phylogenetic relationships and phylodynamics of the Phycodnaviruses from freshwater environments. Herein we provide novel data on Phycodnaviruses from the largest river system on earth—the Amazon Basin—that were compared with samples from different aquatic systems from several places around the world. Based on phylogenetic inference using DNA polymerase (pol) sequences we show the presence of distinct populations of Phycodnaviridae. Preliminary coarse-grained phylodynamics and phylogeographic inferences revealed a complex dynamics characterized by long-term fluctuations in viral population sizes, with a remarkable worldwide reduction of the effective population around 400 thousand years before the present (KYBP), followed by a recovery near to the present time. Moreover, we present evidence for significant viral gene flow between freshwater environments, but crucially almost none between freshwater and marine environments.