bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
4‐Stufen‐Risikosimulation zur Ermittlung von Mittelabflüssen unter Berücksichtigung des geplanten Baufortschritts
Authors: Flemming Christian 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBauprojekte weisen aufgrund ihrer Komplexität, ihres zeitlichen Umfangs und ihres finanziellen Volumens ein erhebliches Risikopotenzial auf. Mit den bisherigen Methoden kann nur ein monetärer Gesamtbetrag für das Risiko eines Bauprojektes ermittelt werden. Der Auftraggeber muss aber auch die zeitliche Einordnung der Risiken berücksichtigen, um den Zeitpunkt zusätzlicher Mittelabflüsse aufgrund des Eintretens der Risiken bestimmen zu können. Auf diese Weise kann der Auftraggeber seine Finanzierungsplanung optimieren. In diesem Beitrag wird am Beispiel der Kosten für die Bauausführung gezeigt, wie die unterschiedlichen Eintrittszeitpunkte der Risiken berücksichtigt werden können, um einen zeitabhängigen Verlauf der Risikokosten und der damit verbunden Mittelabflüsse zu ermitteln.4‐step‐risk‐simulation for the calculation of the cash outflow of the client with consideration to the scheduled construction processDue to the complexity, the long duration and the needed scale of budget construction projects are high‐risk‐projects. The common methods can estimate a monetary value for the total risk of a construction project. Nevertheless, for the client it is important to know the date of additional cost for occurred risks to optimize his financial plan. This paper will show how the possible date of risks can be used to estimate a chronological sequence of the cash outflow.
Aktueller Planungsstand der festen Fehmarnbeltquerung – ein 18 km langer Unterwassertunnel
Authors: Morgen Karl , Hilgenstock Friedrich 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSeit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts gibt es Überlegungen, über die Ostsee zwischen der deutschen Insel Fehmarn und der dänischen Insel Lolland eine feste Verbindung zu errichten.Am 3. September 2008 schlossen der dänische und der deutsche Verkehrsminister einen Vertrag über die feste Querung über den Fehmarnbelt zwischen Lolland und Fehmarn.Als einer der ersten Schritte in Richtung Realisierung der Festen Fehmarnbeltquerung wurden von zwei getrennten Planergruppen ein Brückenentwurf und ein Tunnelentwurf erstellt. Im Februar 2011 wurde der Tunnelentwurf für die weitere Entwicklung ausgewählt.Der Tunnel mit einer Länge von 18, 1 km unter dem Meeresboden als Einschwimm‐ und Absenktunnel bildet ein einzigartiges Bauwerk. Fast 20 Mio. m3 Boden müssen aus bis zu 40 m Wassertiefe ausgehoben werden. Die standardisierten Tunnelelemente, aus denen sich der Tunnel zusammensetzt, haben Abmessungen von ca. 220 m × 42 m × 9 m. Sie sollen in einer Feldfabrik mit Trockendock hergestellt werden. Im Beitrag soll auf die Planung, die geologischen Besonderheiten, die planungsrechtlichen Aspekte und die technischen Details des Projekts eingegangen werden.Design status of the Fehmarnbelt Fixed Link – an 18 km long underwater tunnelSince the middle of the last century plans were made to connect the German island of Fehmarn and the Danish island of Lolland via a fixed link.On 3rd September 2008, the Danish and German Ministers of Transport signed a treaty to establish a fixed link across the Fehmarnbelt between Lolland and Fehmarn.As one of the first steps towards realisation of the fixed link a bridge and an immersed tunnel option were designed by two separate groups of consultants. In February 2011, the tunnel design was selected for further development.An immersed tunnel with a length of 18.1 km under the seabed constitutes a unique structure with a special characteristic not comparable to other tunnel projects around the world.Almost 20 Mio. m3 soil needs to be dredged from up to 40 m water depth. The standardised tunnel elements will have dimensions of approximately 220 m × 41 m × 9 m. The elements will be produced in a purpose made production site including a launching basin.In this article the design, the geotechnical particularities, approval aspects and technical details will be described.
Aus der Frühzeit des Betonbaus
Authors: Stiglat Klaus 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAuf dem Weg vom hydraulischen Mörtel zum Stampfbeton kennzeichnen auf dem Festland nach wie vor einige Namen wichtige Streckenabschnitte: COINTEREAUX steht für die in seinen weit verbreiteten Schriften sorgfältig beschriebene Herstellung von feuerfesten ländlichen Bauten aus gestampften Erden; VICAT veranlasst mit seinem Erfolg, gezielt mit Wasserkalken “Beton” herzustellen, seinen Apologeten LEBRUN, diesen weiterzuentwickeln und bei Hochbauten und Brücken einzusetzen; COIGNET, ein Fabrikant und Chemiker, der sein ganzes Wirken und sein Lebenswerk der planmäßigen Herstellung eines Stampfbetons mit gezielten Eigenschaften erfolgreich widmet, berücksichtigt LEBRUNs Vorarbeiten lediglich in einer Fußnote. LEBRUNs Einbettung in die Geschichte des Betons verdient wegen seiner Bauwerke eine Korrektur.From the early days of concrete constructionOn the European continent, some of the important stages of development from hydraulic mortar to tamped concrete are still associated mainly with certain names: Cointereaux stands for the production of fire‐resistant, rural structures made of tamped earth that he described in his widely spread writings; through his success in using hydraulic lime to purposefully create “concrete” Vicat prompted his apologist Lebrun to continue the development and use it in buildings and bridges; Coignet, industrialist and chemist, whose entire life's work was devoted to the systemic production of tamped concrete with specific characteristics considers Lebrun's preparatory work only in a footnote. Lebrun's inclusion in the history of concrete deserves to be corrected based on the structures he built.
Hypothesis: The female excess in cranial neural tube defects reflects an epigenetic drag of the inactivating x chromosome on the molecular mechanisms of neural fold elevation
Authors: Juriloff Diana M. , Harris Muriel J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractFemales have long been known to be in excess among cranial neural tube defect (NTD) cases. Up to two thirds of human anencephalics and mouse exencephalics from various genetic causes are female, but the cause of this female excess is unknown. It appears not to be attributable to gonadal hormones, developmental delay in females, or preferential death of affected males. Recent studies of the Trp53 mouse mutant showed that exencephaly susceptibility depends on the presence of two X chromosomes, not the absence of the Y. Over a decade ago, we hypothesized that the relevant difference between female and male mammalian embryos at the time of cranial neural tube closure is the fact that females methylate most of the DNA in the large inactive X chromosome after every cell division, reducing the methylation available for other needs in female cells. Recently, the Whitelaw laboratory identified several proteins in mice (Momme D genes) involved in epigenetic silencing and methylation and shared in the silencing of transgenes, retrotransposons, and the inactive‐X, and suggested that the inactive‐X acts as a “sink” for epigenetic silencing proteins. The “inactive‐X sink” hypothesis can be used to suggest expected changes in sex ratio in cranial NTDs in response to various genetic or environmental alterations. We recommend that observation of sex ratio become a standard component of all NTD studies. We suggest that the female excess among cranial NTDs is an epigenetic phenomenon whose molecular investigation will produce insight into the mechanisms underlying NTDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chronic exposure to an extremely low‐frequency magnetic field induces depression‐like behavior and corticosterone secretion without enhancement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in mice
Authors: Kitaoka Kazuyoshi , Kitamura Mitsuo , Aoi Shun , Shimizu Noriyuki , Yoshizaki Kazuo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAn extremely low‐frequency magnetic field (ELF‐MF) is generated by power lines and household electrical devices. Many studies have suggested an association between chronic ELF‐MF exposure and anxiety and/or depression. The mechanism of these effects is assumed to be a stress response induced by ELF‐MF exposure. However, this mechanism remains controversial. In the present study, we investigated whether chronic ELF‐MF exposure (intensity, 3 mT; total exposure, 200 h) affected emotional behavior and corticosterone synthesis in mice. ELF‐MF‐treated mice showed a significant increase in total immobility time in a forced swim test and showed latency to enter the light box in a light–dark transition test, compared with sham‐treated (control) mice. Corticosterone secretion was significantly high in the ELF‐MF‐exposed mice; however, no changes were observed in the amount of the adrenocorticotropic hormone and the expression of genes related to stress response. Quantification of the mRNA levels of adrenal corticosteroid synthesis enzymes revealed a significant reduction in Cyp17a1 mRNA in the ELF‐MF‐exposed mice. Our findings suggest the possibility that high intensity and chronic exposure to ELF‐MF induces an increase in corticosterone secretion, along with depression‐ and/or anxiety‐like behavior, without enhancement of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Bioelectromagnetics 34:43–51, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polypropylen‐Fasern in Hochleistungsbetonen
Authors: Pistol Klaus , Weise Frank , Meng Birgit 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBauteile bzw. Tragwerke aus Hochleistungsbetonen müssen in der Regel gegen brandinduzierte Abplatzungen mit geeigneten Maßnahmen geschützt werden, um einen ausreichenden Feuerwiderstand im Brandfall zu gewährleisten. Die bisher wirtschaftlich und technologisch sinnvollste Methode zur Verhinderung von explosionsartigen Betonabplatzungen im Brandfall ist die Zugabe von Polypropylen‐Fasern. Die Wirksamkeit der Fasern konnte zwar empirisch gezeigt werden, es stellt sich allerdings die Frage, welche Mechanismen zur Verhinderung der Abplatzungen führen. Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst bisherige Theorien zur Wirkungsweise von Polypropylen‐Fasern in brandbeanspruchten Hochleistungsbetonen zusammen und stellt eine innovative Methodologie zur Erforschung der mikrostrukturellen Prozesse vor. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die nach dem Schmelzen und Zersetzen der Polypropylen‐Fasern frei werdenden Mikrokanäle durch eine gleichzeitig einsetzende Mikrorissbildung netzartig verbunden werden. Die Mikrorissbildung ermöglicht somit den Abbau von Eigen‐ und Zwangsspannungen im Beton (mechanischer Effekt) und die Entstehung eines Transportwegesystems für den ausströmenden Wasserdampf (Permeationseffekt).Polypropylene fibres in high performance concretes. Mechanisms of action in the event of fireStructural members and bearing structures of high performance concrete generally have to be protected against explosive spalling due to fire exposure to guarantee a sufficient fire resistance. Up to now, the economically and technologically most worthwhile method to prevent explosive spalling is the addition of polypropylene fibres. Though the effectiveness of the fibres could be shown empirically, the mechanisms preventing explosive spalling are still debatable. The present article summarizes the existing theories concerning the mode of action of polypropylene fibres in fire exposed high performance concretes and presents an innovative methodology for analysing the micro structural processes. The results show that due to the thermal decomposition of the polypropylene fibres micro channels are created and simultaneously connected due to a netlike micro crack formation. This enables the relief of internal stresses (mechanical effect) and the formation of a permeable transport system for the escaping water vapour (permeation effect).
Multicomponent Reaction to Construct Spirocyclic Oxindoles with a Michael (Triple Michael)/Cyclization Cascade Sequence as the Key Step
Authors: Li Jian , Wang Ning , Li Chunju , Jia Xueshun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMulticomponent cycloadditions with readily available isocyanides, allenoates, and isatylidene malononitriles are disclosed. This reaction, which does not require the aid of any catalyst, allows the efficient syntheses of spirocyclic oxindoles with excellent regioselectivity. Reactions with ethyl 2,3‐butadienoate and various structurally diverse α‐ and γ‐substituted allenoates are also fully explored. Remarkably, we have shown that the usual three‐component process can be further developed into an unprecedented four‐component cycloaddition in the presence of water, which provides a new strategy to access highly unusual tricyclic oxindoles. From a synthetic point of view, this protocol is very interesting considering the high level of complexity reached in one step. The mechanism is thought to proceed by a triple Michael/cyclization process by using allenoate as a three carbon atom component (3 C). Furthermore, multicomponent reaction with γ‐substituted allenoate also results in a very interesting conversion. In such cases, the unusual cleavage of the “CC” double bond of isatylidene malononitrile and one of the “CC” double bonds of allenoate is always observed.
Insights into Tris‐(2‐Hydroxylethyl)methylammonium Methylsulfate Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Aparicio Santiago , Atilhan Mert 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe report herein a combined experimental–computational study on tris‐(2‐hydroxylethyl)methylammonium methylsulfate in water solutions, as a representative ionic liquid of the aqueous‐solution behavior of hydroxylammonium‐based ionic liquids. Relevant thermophysical properties were measured as a function of mixture composition and temperature. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed to infer microscopic structural features. The reported results for ionic liquid in water‐rich solutions show that it behaves as isolated non‐interacting ions solvated by water molecules, through well‐defined solvation shells, exerting a disrupting effect on the water hydrogen bonding network. Nevertheless, as ionic liquid concentration increase, interionic association increases, even for diluted water solutions, evolving from the typical behavior of strong electrolytes in solution toward large interacting structures. For ionic‐liquid‐rich mixtures, water exerts a minor disrupting effect on the fluid’s structuring because it occupies regions around each ion (developing water–ion hydrogen bonds) but without significantly weakening anion–cation interactions.
Mechanism of Tetralin Ring Opening and Contraction over Bifunctional Ir/SiO2‐Al2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Piccolo Laurent , Nassreddine Salim , Toussaint Guy , Geantet Christophe 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe development of cleaner fuels from conventional resources requires the finding of new hydrotreatment processes able to improve the combustion performances of fuels and limit undesirable emissions. In the context of gas oil upgrading by selective ring opening, we have investigated the hydroconversion of tetralin over iridium nanoparticles supported on amorphous silica–alumina. The conversion of tetralin leads to hydrogenation, ring‐contraction, and ring‐opening products. The selectivity to ring‐opening/‐contraction products (ROCPs) increases linearly with the acid–metal site ratio and can be tuned by modifying the metal loading, the metal nanoparticle size, or the support composition. From the combination of catalytic tests at variable conversion and the products identification by two‐dimensional gas chromatography, a mechanistic reaction scheme has been established. Aromatic ROCPs are formed through purely acidic steps, whereas the formation of saturated ROCPs mostly involves bifunctional reaction steps. Iridium‐catalyzed hydrogenolysis appears to be a minor pathway with respect to iridium‐catalyzed hydrogenation and Brønsted acid catalyzed isomerization.
Utilizing Pluronic F‐127 and Gelucire 50/13 Solid Dispersions for Enhanced Skin Delivery of Flufenamic Acid
Authors: Shazly Gamal A. , Ibrahim Mohamed A. , Badran Mohamed M. , Zoheir Khairy M. A. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Preclinical Research

Flufenamic acid (FFA) is a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, spondylitis, and other disorders. The objective of this study was to enhance the dissolution rate of the drug by the solid dispersion in the matrices of Pluronic F‐127 (PL) and Gelucire 50/13 (GL). Different drug : polymer ratios were selected for the preparation of FFA solid dispersions using solvent evaporation technique. The prepared FFA solid dispersions were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The dissolution study depicted that the presence of drug in solid dispersion enhances its dissolution as compared with the drug itself and the drug : polymer ratio 1:1 was superior in enhancing FFA dissolution rate from solid dispersions. The in vitro skin permeation from Carbopol 940 gel base through abdominal rat skin membranes was investigated. The data showed that FFA‐PL followed by FFA‐GL solid dispersion enhanced drug permeation through rat skin, while untreated drug showed slower permeation. Furthermore, FFA in its PL and GL solid dispersions exhibited a potent local anti‐inflammatory activity against formalin‐induced paw edema from Carbopol gel base compared with the untreated drug, and this activity reached its peak (96% and 84%, respectively) after 4 h.
Long‐term flavor recognition in humans with prenatal garlic experience
Authors: Hepper Peter G. , Wells Deborah L. , Dornan James C. , Lynch Catherine 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe human fetus learns about its chemosensory environment and this influences its behavior at birth and during the nursing period. This study examined whether prenatal experience could influence behavior much later in life. The dietary preference of two groups of children (8‐ to 9‐years old) was examined. Mothers of one group had consumed garlic during pregnancy, mothers of the control group had not. Children received two tests, 1 month apart, of a meal containing two portions of potato gratin, one flavored with garlic. The total amount of potato, and the percentage of garlic flavored potato, eaten was calculated and examined separately by ANOVA for factors of prenatal exposure, the child's sex, and trial. Children prenatally exposed to garlic ate significantly more garlic flavored potato and a significantly greater overall amount of potato on trial 2, compared to controls. The results demonstrate prenatal experience may affect behavior well into childhood. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 568–574, 2013
Intersections between development and evolution in the classification of emotions
Authors: Clark Jason A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, I use the example of emotions to illustrate how various concepts of homology can play a role in developmental psychology by showing how developmental and evolutionary approaches to the classification of psychological traits complement and constrain one another. In order to do this I argue against the “Standard Model” of emotional classification according to which basic and higher cognitive emotions belong to radically different classes of emotions. Neither developmental nor evolutionary considerations support the Standard Model, and a combined ontogenetic and phylogenetic approach presents a stronger case for the revision of this model than does either of these taken alone. Recent attempts to integrate developmental and evolutionary factors in the explanation of other psychological traits can guide research in these areas. I argue that a consideration of various neglected forms of homology that are closely tied to development resolves some outstanding problems in ontogenetic and phylogenetic classification of emotion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 67–75, 2013.
Commentaries on ‘Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children’
Authors: Bressan Silvia , Baraldi Eugenio , Bregstein Joan , Pusic Martin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThese are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Bjornson C, Russell KF, Vandermeer B, Durec T, Klassen TP, Johnson DW. Nebulized epinephrine for croup in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD006619. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006619.pub2Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Commentaries on ‘Pharmacological treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders’
Authors: Bloch Michael H. , Gorman Daniel A. , Abi‐Jaoude Elia 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThese are commentaries on a Cochrane review, published in this issue of EBCH, first published as: Pringsheim T, Steeves T. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD007990. DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD007990.pub2Further information for this Cochrane review is available in this issue of EBCH in the accompanying Summary article. Copyright © 2012 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The Cochrane Collaboration
Waterfalls drive parallel evolution in a freshwater goby
Authors: Kano Yuichi , Nishida Shin , Nakajima Jun 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWaterfalls may affect fish distribution and genetic structure within drainage networks even to the extent of leading evolutionary events. Here, parallel evolution was studied by focusing on waterfall and the landlocked freshwater goby Rhinogobius sp. YB (YB), which evolved from amphidromous R. brunneus (BR). The fish fauna was surveyed at 30 sites in 11 rivers on Iriomote Island, Japan, the geography of which was characterized by terraces/tablelands with many waterfalls. We found that all YB individuals were distributed only above waterfalls (height 6.8–58.7 m), whereas BR, and other fishes, were mostly distributed below waterfalls. Mitochondrial DNA analysis showed that every YB local population above the waterfall was independently evolved from BR. In contrast, cluster analysis of nine morphological characters, such as fin color and body pattern, showed that the morphology of YB individuals held a similarity beyond the genetic divergence, suggesting parallel evolution has occurred relating to their morphology. Genetic distance between each YB local population and BR was significantly correlated with waterfall height (r2 = 0.94), suggesting that the waterfalls have been heightened due to the constant geological erosion and that their height represents the isolation period of YB local populations from BR (ca. 11,000–88,000 years). Each local population of BR was once landlocked in upstream by waterfall formation, consequently evolving to YB in each site. Although the morphology of YB had a high degree of similarity among local populations, finer scale analysis showed that the morphology of YB was significantly correlated with the genetic distance from BR. Consequently, there could be simultaneous multiple phases of allopatric/parallel evolution of the goby due to variations in waterfall height on this small island.