bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated explanation of financial data
Authors: Daniels H. A. M. , Caron E. A. M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWe describe a methodology for explanation generation in financial knowledge‐based systems. This offers the possibility to generate explanations and diagnostics automatically to support business decision tasks. The central goal is the identification of specific knowledge structures and reasoning methods required to construct computerized explanations from financial data and models. A multistep look‐ahead algorithm is proposed that deals with so‐called cancelling‐out effects, which are a common phenomenon in financial data sets. Our method is an extension of the traditional variance decomposition in accounting. The method was tested on a case‐study conducted for Statistics Netherlands involving the comparison of financial figures of firms in the Dutch retail branch. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Die thermische wolff‐umlagerung der 1,2,3‐thiadiazole
Authors: Meier Herbert , Bühl Hanspeter 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThermal nitrogen elimination of 1,2,3‐thiadiazoles leads to primary fragments, which rearrange to thioketenes. In the presence of high boiling alcohols like diglycol, the corresponding esters can be isolated in good yields. Benzo‐1,2,3‐thiadiazole, which does not rearrange, is an exception, because of the integrity of the aromatic nucleus.
An analysis of Taiwan's energy ecological efficiency and the effectiveness of the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Liu Yen‐Lan , Chang Kang‐tsung 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper examines and discusses core issues relating to ecological pressure and climate policy performance in Taiwan, given Taiwan's status as a non‐signer of the Kyoto Protocol. Taiwan's CO2 emissions account for 0.9 percent of the world's total, making it the 23rd largest producer of global CO2 emissions. To better understand Taiwan's performance in energy efficiency, this study calculates Taiwan's energy ecological footprint (EEF) and its ecological debt and eco‐energy efficiency (EEE) from 1990 to 2005. These measures are then used in cross‐national comparisons of EEF and EEE between Taiwan and Annex 1 and non‐Annex‐1 countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol. In addition, a regional comparison of the same indices is made between Taiwan, Japan and the Republic of Korea. The results suggest that Taiwan would experience a decline in its EEF and an increase in its eco‐energy efficiency if it were to sign the Kyoto Protocol and to implement policies for better management of energy resources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Diagnosis and management of the overactive bladder syndrome in women
Authors: Rantell Angie , Cardozo Linda 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOveractive bladder syndrome is a distressing condition that many women are reluctant to discuss. The authors provide an overview of the current best practice for diagnosing the syndrome, and discuss conservative, pharmacological and surgical options available to patients to help manage their symptoms. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
Studies of Soil Moisture in the “Great Plains” Region
Authors: Alway F. J. 
Published: March 2009

1. All determinations of soil moisture should be made to a depth of from four to five feet for wheat and oats, and to a depth of six or seven feet for grasses.2. Unless all the soil under consideration is very uniform, determinations of the hygroscopic coefficient are indispensable. The determination of this value is extremely important even where the soil is uniform.3. The storage capacity for available water of the two soil types studied, may be placed at from five to seven inches of rainfall for wheat and oat crops.4. A better idea of the moisture conditions of the soil at Indian Head may be obtained from a casual examination in the field than from the drying and weighing of the samples, unless the hygroscopic coefficient is considered.5. The moisture stored in the subsoil during the previous summer, and not the frost of the preceding winter, is the cause of the high yields of wheat and oats obtained in southern Saskatchewan.6. The soil of southern Saskatchewan does not remain permanently frozen at any depth.7. Investigations of the moisture conditions to a depth of only 12 to 16 inches are of no value and may often be entirely misleading.
The chemistry of the strength of wheat flour
Authors: Halton Philip 
Published: March 2009

Wheat owes its enormous importance to certain physical properties which are absent in the flours of other cereals, chief among which is the capacity of making a coherent dough on the addition of water.Different wheats make loaves of different size and texture, a strong wheat being denned by Humphries and Biffen(1) as one which yields flour capable of making large well-piled loaves. From this definition it is seen that the conditions required of a strong flour are two, the first being that there must be a sufficiency of sugar or other materials available for fermentation and consequent production of gas in the dough, the second, that there must be some substance present in the flour which is capable of retaining a sufficiency of the gas so generated. The constituent of wheat flour in virtue of which its dough possesses this quantity of gas retaining power is the gluten. Many workers have attempted to explain strength in terms of the relative amounts of gliadin and glutenin in the gluten, or on the percentage of gliadin in the flour.
Studies in the absorption and excretion of certain Minerals by poultry: IV. An analysis of available data, with a discussion of some theoretical aspects
Authors: Tyler Cyril 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe available data on calcium, phosphorus and carbonate balance experiments with laying and non-laying birds have been collected and condensed. From this condensed data the following relationships have been derived:(1) Calcium excretion is a function of calcium intake.(2) Phosphorus excretion is a function of phosphorus intake.(3) Carbonate excretion is a function of carbonate intake.(4) Carbonate/calcium ratio of the excreta is a function of carbonate/calcium ratio of the intake.(5) Calcium/phosphorus ratio of the excreta is a function of calcium/phosphorus ratio of the intake.
Digestibility trials with poultry: IV. The digestibility of certain varieties of oats: V. The digestibility and feeding value of bulrush millet
Authors: Halnan E. T. 
Published: March 2009

1. Digestibility trials with oats, carried out with White Leghorn cockerels, indicate that certain varieties of oats are more suitable as sources of food nutrients for poultry than others.2. In the trials carried out, Grey Winter oats proved more suitable than Black Bountiful or Scotch Potato oats for poultry feeding.3. The suitability of varieties of oats for poultry feeding appears to be linked with the fibre content, and thin husked varieties appear to be most suitable for this purpose.4. Oats do not appear to be very palatable to poultry.
The dispersion and mechanical analysis of heavy alkaline soils
Authors: Joseph A. F. , Snows O. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The form of the dispersion curve obtained by single dispersion treatment below μ/x varies greatly with different soils and with the same soil saturated with different bases. There is no connection between the proportion of very fine material (e.g. below 0·5μ) and other important soil properties. The proportion of the very fine material determined in this way would not, therefore, afford any indication of the “colloid” properties of the soil. If the proportion of fine material were estimated by a decantation method the results might be substantially modified.2. Under the same conditions of dispersion sodium soil is better dispersed than ammonium. Sodium carbonate should therefore be the best medium for mechanical analysis.3. No case has been met with where the proportion of clay found is affected to an important degree by the use of hydrogen peroxide.4. With no soil tried was the number of decantations reduced by the use of acid pre-treatment; those examined gave the same clay content i f sufficient puddlings with sodium carbonate were used with or without acid.5. No method has been found whereby certain soils can be dispersed i n a single operation as is required in the pipette method. In some cases this is due to gypsum, but there are others in which the cause of the difficulty of dispersion is not yet known.6. In the cases examined sodium carbonate gives a higher result than ammonia when using the International pipette method.7. For Sudan soils decantation methods appear essential, hydrogen peroxide unnecessary, acid pre-treatment not essential, and sodium carbonate better than ammonia. We are of opinion that the same holds good for many other soils.
A study on the vitamin A activity of carotene in green fodder
Authors: Ray Sarkar B. C. , Sen K. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. With the object of determining the vitamin A value of carotene in different green fodders, an investigation has been undertaken to study (i) the relation between the chemically determined carotene and its biological activity as compared with that of standard carotene, (ii) the purity of apparent carotene from different sources, (iii) absorption of carotene in rats, and (iv) the relative efficiency of the standard carotene and preformed vitamin A.2. Biological tests have shown that the chemical method of assay is a fair index of the true carotene content in green fodders, and carotene in the form of an extract is quite as effective in the system as that present in the plant tissues. β-Carotene appears to be predominant in these materials.
Effects of seven factors on the growth and yield of winter barley grown as a third consecutive take-all susceptible crop and of growing the barley after oats or a fallow
Authors: Jenkyn J. F. , Carter N. , Darby R. J. , Gutteridge R. J. , Mullen L. A. , Plumb R. T. , Ross G. J. S. , Todd A. D. , Widdowson F. V. , Wood D. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn experiments at Rothamsted in 1984–86, seven factors, each at two levels, were tested in factorial combination on winter barley (cv. Panda) grown as a third take-all susceptible crop. The factors were seed rate, a growth regulator prior to stem extension, amounts of N in spring, ‘winter’ nitrogen, an autumn insecticide, a fungicide applied to the seed (‘Baytan’) and a programme of fungicide sprays in spring and summer. Sowing 50% more seeds than normal increased the number of ears/unit area but had no effect on mean grain yield because grains were smaller. There were, however, significant, but unexplained, interactions between seed rate and the fungicide ‘Baytan’ applied to the seed. A growth regulator applied prior to stem extension had little effect on crop growth and no significant effect on grain yield. If sufficient N was applied in April there was little benefit from applying ‘winter’ N (30 kg/ha in November and again in February/March) except in 1985 when the amount of NO3-N in the soil, measured in the previous October, was lowest. Insecticide sprays applied in autumn to control the aphid vectors of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) had no significant effect on grain yield but infectivity indices were below the threshold needed for treatment in each year. On average, ‘Baytan’ applied to the seed increased grain yield by 0·28 t/ha and this was associated with decreases in the severity of take-all. Over the three years, programmes of fungicide sprays, applied during spring and summer, increased grain yield by 0·92 t/ha but the mean response was largest where most N was applied.The experiments also allowed the importance of interactions between different agronomic factors to be examined. A combined analysis of grain yields for all three years (based on 192 plot values) showed that only six 2- or 3-factor interactions, out of the 73 estimated, were significant (P < 0·05). Two of these interactions reflected variable responses to ‘winter’ N and fungicide sprays in the three years and three of the remaining four involved ‘Baytan’.Additional plots of barley grown after oats had little take-all and yielded 1·14 t/ha more grain than similarly treated plots grown after barley. These responses were obtained despite evidence that oat residues had adverse effects on the growth of barley seedlings. Additional plots of barley grown after a bare fallow also had little take-all and gave even larger total yields (grain plus straw) than did barley after oats but the mean yield of grain was less than after oats because more of the dry matter after a fallow was straw. In 1984, when take-all was relatively slight, plots after a fallow gave even less grain than plots after barley (−0·77 t/ha) despite producing 2·12 t/ha more dry matter in grain plus straw.
Biochemistry of waterlogged soils. Part III: Decomposition of carbohydrates with special reference to formation of organic acids
Authors: Subrahmanyan V. 
Published: March 2009

(1) In absence of decomposing organic matter addition of nitrate led to no loss of nitrogen.(2) On addition of small quantities of fermentable matter such as glucose there was (a) rapid depletion of nitrates and oxygen, but no denitrification, and (b) increase in acidity, carbon dioxide and bacteria. The greater part of the soluble nitrogen was assimilated by microorganisms or otherwise converted and the greater part of the added carbohydrate was transformed into lactic, acetic and butyric acids.(3) The organic acids were formed from a variety of carbohydrates. Lactic acid was the first to be observed and appeared to be formed mainly by direct splitting of the sugar. It decomposed readily, forming acetic and butyric acids. Some acetic acid was formed by direct oxidation of lactic acid, with pyruvic acid as the intermediate product. All the acids were, on standing, converted into other forms by micro-organisms.
Genetics of resistance to cotton-leaf curl in Sakel cotton (Gossypium barbadense)
Authors: Siddig Mohamed A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYDiallel crosses, without reciprocals, were made between two strains resistant to leaf curl and two susceptible strains as part of a breeding programme for leaf curl resistance. F1, F2, F3 and backcross progenies were studied. Results revealed that leaf curl resistance, previously described as polygenic, is controlled by a major dominant gene designated as Vr1. The presence of minor modifier genes was also indicated.
The Organic matter in heavy alkaline soils
Authors: Joseph A. F. , Whitfeild B. W. 
Published: March 2009

1. Sudan soils are very low in organic matter, the total organic carbon being usually less than 1 per cent. In the Gezira, the humus carbon is about 40 per cent, of that of the total.2. Humus preparations purified as far as possible could not be obtained ash-free. Specimens of humus from widely different sources contain nearly the same proportion of carbon.3. Humus solutions (in very dilute alkali) keep fairly well in the dark. They also keep in bright sunlight if air is excluded. The use of standard solutions for colorimetric purposes is justified if not kept too long.4. Field studies show that the humus content of good soil is greater than that of poor, and that there is a marked inverse connection between salt and humus content.5. The above conclusion does not apply to the depth distribution of these constituents. In the Gezira, the maximum humus content is found at the fourth foot and the maximum salt content is found at about the same depth.6. The total nitrogen content of the soils studied is low, usually about 0·03 per cent. About one-fifth of this is humus nitrogen, and the carbon-nitrogen ratio is about twelve to one.
Nitrogen fixation by soil microorganisms
Authors: Krishna P. G. 
Published: March 2009

From the results presented it may be permissible to point out the following:Fungi are responsible for the fixation of very small quantities of nitrogen, while theAzotobacterandB. amylobactergroups are the important nitrogen fixers in the soil.B. amylobacteris able to fix from 4 to 5 mg. of nitrogen per gm. of dextrose consumed.B. amylobacterhas an optimum range ofpH. between 6·0 and 7·0, and Azotobacter between 7·0 and 8·4.Azotobacterutilises the organic acids produced during the fermentation of dextrose as sources of energy for nitrogen fixation in the absence of dextrose.B. amylobaclerdoes not, or does only to a limited extent, utilise such products.Large quantities of dextrose do not favour an efficient nitrogen fixation, as large quantities of the organic acids produced effect the reaction of the media rendering the organisms inactive.The nitrogen fixing organisms seem to be equally well represented in the heavy and light soils.
Results of crossing the Rhode Island Red and White Leghorn Breeds of poultry
Authors: Dudley F. J. 
Published: March 2009

An account has been given of an experiment in cross-breeding carried out at the Northern Breeding Station of the National Poultry Institute at Rease-heath, Cheshire.The breeds used for crossing were the Rhode Island Red and the White Leghorn. Much care was taken to ensure that the birds were of good quality and were from outbred stocks.Fertility was at a high level of about 90 ―. It was significantly lower for White Leghorn × Rhode Island Red matings (88·3 ―) than for the pure White Leghorn matings (93·7 ―).Cross-mating had little effect on hatchability of fertile eggs. The fertile eggs from Rhode Island Red dams hatched better than those from White Leghorn dams. A suggestion is made that this may be associated with a difference of porosity in the eggs of the two breeds.
The sugar content of bull semen and its reduction during storage
Authors: Anderson James 
Published: March 2009

The mean sugar content of bull semen was 470±11·7 mg. %. There was no relationship between the sugar content and the volume of the ejaculate, the number of sperm per c.mm., the initial motility and the maintenance of high motility during storage.The mean percentage reduction in sugar after 24 hr. for undiluted semen stored at 10° C. was 23·85 ·1±76%. There was a significant positive correlation between the sugar reduction and initial motility, and a highly significant positive correlation between sugar reduction and the concentration of sperm. The negative correlation between reduction in sugar and the period for which good motility was retained on storage was not significant.
Investigations on Nigerian root and tuber crops: response of cassava cultivars to potassium fertilizer in Western Nigeria
Authors: Obigbesan G. O. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe response of three cassava cultivars to potassium fertilizer was studied in field experiments during 1972–3, 1973–4 and 1975–6. They included the local cultivar 53101 and the improved cultivars 60506 and 60447 which were F1 hybrids involving the local strain (53101) and cultivar 42074. In locations known to be low in potassium, the cassava cultivars showed only low response to K fertilizer with optimum performance at about 60 kg K2O/ha, but the local cultivar 53101 had apparently not reached its maximum tuber production even at 120 kg K2O/ha. This cultivar gave higher tuber yield increases (10–18 kg dried tuber) per unit weight of potash than the 60506 cultivar (6–10 kg dried tuber/kg K2O) while cultivar 60447 produced about 18 kg/kg K2O. Unfertilized 60506 produced average yields equivalent to those obtained from the heavily fertilized 53101 cultivar. Cultivar 60506 gave the highest dry-matter content. The improved cultivars retained more leaves than the local strain. K fertilizer enhanced the utilization index (storage root/top ratio) of the cassava cultivars.
Alkali treatment as a method of processing whole grain for cattle
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Greenhalgh J. F. D. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryWhole barley grains were soaked in dilute sodium hydroxide solutions or sprayed with concentrated solutions, then incubated in bags in the rumen of sheep. Rate of digestion was increased by the alkali, and spraying with 35 g NaOH/kg was concluded to be the optimum treatment. Whole barley treated in this way was as well consumed and digested by cattle as rolled barley, and better digested than untreated whole grain, but promoted a rumen pH one unit higher. Oats, wheat and maize were also treated successfully, as judged by digestion in bags. Urea added with NaOH remained stable; treated grain could be stored at 19% moisture without deterioration.
Stratification, covariance and weight gain in experiments with repeated observations
Authors: Roberts E. A. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe use of weight gain in long-term experiments can produce serious bias in treatment comparisons unless the initial weights of treatment groups are equal or nearly so. When observations are repeated on the same experimental unit, covariance analysis of the data for each occasion produces treatment comparisons adjusted by the regression on the covariate at that time; polynomial trends in these adjusted comparisons with time can be easily calculated even though the regression on the covariate varies with time.
Breed and environmental effects on lamb production in Nigeria
Authors: Buvanendran V. , Adu I. F. , Oyejola B. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo indigenous breeds of sheep in Nigeria, the Yankasa and Uda and crosses of these with exotic breeds, were evaluated for lamb weights at birth, 3 months and 6 months of age and for adult ewe weight. The cross-bred lambs were significantly (P < 0·05) heavier than the indigenous breeds at all ages. Differences among the indigenous breeds were not significant. Mature ewe weight was 40·8 kg in the cross-bred and 36·0 and 31·1 kg in the Uda and Yankasa respectively, differences between all breeds being significant (P <0·05). Lamb productivity (lamb weight per kg of ewe metabolic body weight) estimates demonstrated that the differences between breeds were small.Least-squares estimates of effects of environmental factors on lamb performance showed that type of birth and age of dam were important for lamb weights at the three ages. Season and sex also had significant effects on birth and 6-month weights respectively. Correction factors for lamb weights were derived from least-squares estimates.The correlation coefficient between birth and 3-month weight was significant in all breeds and ranged from 0·39 to 0·55. Three-month and 6-month weights were highly correlated with estimates of correlation coefficients ranging from 0·71 to 0·74. Repeatability estimates of birth, 3·month, 6·month and ewe weights, all as traits of the ewe in the Yankasa, were 0·25, 0·21, 0·09 and 0·48, respectively.
The effect of row width on the yield of three potato varieties
Authors: Allen E. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo experiments axe described which investigated the effect of two row widths, 68·6 cm and 137·2 cm, on the total and graded yields of three potato varieties, Majestic, Up-to-Date and King Edward, grown at a wide range of seed rates.Numbers and yield of small (< 3·81 cm) tubers were reduced by wide rows but effects were less on larger tubers and yields of large tubers (> 5·08 cm) were even increased by wide rows at high seed rates. Row width had least effect on King Edward, which produced the most tubers.The results suggest that much wider rows than have hitherto been used for potatoes may be justified and lead to only small reductions in ware yields.