bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical and surface analytical study of the corrosion behavior of mild steel with cathodically produced zinc phosphate coating
Authors: Kellner Florian J. J. , Schütze Katja , Kreutz Christian , Virtanen Sannakaisa 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCorrosion protection of mild steel by zinc phosphate coatings produced by electrolytic phosphating under cathodic polarization was investigated by electrochemical and surface analytical techniques. The cathodically produced coating mainly consists of zinc phosphate as hopeite, with incorporation of a small amount of metallic zinc. Surface characterization by X‐ray diffraction, SEM and energy dispersive X‐ray as a function of exposure time in neutral and alkaline solutions gives information on solution‐induced changes of the protective layers. In neutral NaCl solution, the electrolytic zinc phosphate coating shows a very good corrosion protection, which even increases as a function of exposure time. Surface analytical investigations reveal that this is due to a formation of an underlayer of Zn(OH)2 at the metal/coating interface. This corrosion product layer is an additional barrier blocking the bare metal surface in the pores of the zinc phosphate coating. In alkaline solution, phosphate is preferentially dissolved from the coating, changing the chemical composition of the coating to ZnO. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wetting and evaporation behaviors of water–ethanol sessile drops on PTFE surfaces
Authors: Shi Laixin , Shen Ping , Zhang Dan , Lin Qiaoli , Jiang Qichuan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe wetting and evaporation behaviors of water–ethanol mixtures on polished poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) surfaces were studied with an emphasis on the influence of concentration. Three representative stages: (i) constant contact diameter with decreasing contact angle and drop height; (ii) increase in contact angle and drop height with decreasing contact diameter; and (iii) simultaneous decrease in contact angle, drop height, and contact diameter, were identified in the wetting process under evaporation. In the initial stage, with increasing ethanol concentration, the wetting and evaporating behaviors of the mixture drops are close to those of pure ethanol, while in the final stage they are close to those of pure water, regardless of the concentration. The most significant difference between the pure substance and mixture drops is in the intermediate stage due to the different controlling mechanisms behind the de‐pinning phenomenon. Moreover, the concrete wetting behavior is dependent on the composition of the mixture drops. For an evaporating sessile drop, the wetting should be evaluated using the combined parameters of contact angle, drop height, and contact diameter. Six representative modes are proposed to describe the wetting behaviors of the water–ethanol sessile drops on the PTFE surfaces under evaporation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Color inhibition of phenolic antioxidants in Ziegler‐Natta polyethylene. II. In‐situ solution studies
Authors: Allen Norman S. , Liauw Christopher M. , Reyes Aitor , Edge Michele , Johnson Brian , Keck‐Antoine Klaus 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPart I of this series of papers showed that color suppression (in some cases superior to that with established phosphites) of polyethylenes (PEs) containing a highly discoloring hindered phenolic antioxidant, Lowinox 22IB46 [2,2′‐isobutylidenebis(4,6‐dimethylphenol)] (L22IB46), and titanium catalyst residues could be achieved by using a range of relatively low cost multifunctional compounds, among which dipentaerythritol (DPE) and triisopropanolamine (TIPA) performed notably well. It was speculated that the latter compounds in some way blocked the formation of highly chromophoric species, which were thought to be titanium phenolates. The studies conducted in Part II further investigate this effect via a solution‐based model‐compound approach, with decahydronaphthalene and titanium and aluminum isopropoxides as models for the PE and Ti‐ and Al‐based catalyst residues, respectively. This approach enabled the use of second‐derivative UV spectroscopy of refluxing solutions for the detection of chromophoric species. The level of antioxidant consumption was determined by using UV spectroscopy, and L22IB46 – (color suppressant) reaction products were characterized by using infrared spectroscopy. Titanium(IV) was found to play a major role in discoloration (via production of titanium phenolates) and the consumption of L22IB46 relative to that of aluminum, which displayed little color formation activity. This observation shows that L22IB46 oxidation products are not necessarily the major cause of discoloration. The DPE and TIPA also performed well in this solution‐based study, though interesting chain‐length‐related (and possibly solubility‐related) effects were apparent with poly(ethylene glycol). J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2009. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
The historical development of the thermoelectrically cooled X‐ray detector and its impact on the portable and hand‐held XRF industries (February 2009)
Authors: Pantazis T. , Pantazis J. , Huber A. , Redus R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPortable/hand‐held X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments now achieve performance comparable to laboratory‐sized, expensive, liquid nitrogen cooled systems. The availability of these systems has expanded XRF applications out of the laboratory to in situ analysis including that for lead in paint, alloy identification, process control, restriction of hazardous substances/waste from electrical and electronic equipment (RoHS/WEEE) compliance, and art and archaeology. The development of small, low‐power, high‐performance, and cost‐effective X‐ray detectors was a critical part of this transformation. This paper will look back at the development and technical achievements of the Amptek X‐ray detector as well the future direction of portable XRF. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In-depth evaluation of the effects of an automatic emergency call system on road fatalities
Authors: Sihvola Niina , Luoma Juha , Schirokoff Anna , Salo Jari , Karkola Kari 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an automatic emergency call system on accident consequences in Finland (ex-ante evaluation). In addition, the effects of the system on emergency response times and the effects of real-time information about the accident location were assessed.

Methods
The evaluation utilised in-depth accident reports collected by the road accident investigation teams during the period 2001–2003. The time delay between the accident occurrence and notification of the emergency response centre was estimated from information in the phone log of emergency response centres and from the information provided by the road accident investigation teams. Accuracy and potential errors by emergency callers in defining the accident site, as well as potential problems with rescue units finding the accident site, were examined with a survey sent to emergency response centres.

Results and conclusions
The main finding showed that the system could very probably have prevented 3.6% of the road fatalities investigated. In addition, it was assessed that the total preventive effect on road fatalities could be approximately 4–8% if possibly preventable fatalities were taken into account. The system has the greatest potential to save lives in cases where the emergency call would, with no automatic emergency call system, be made more than 5 min after the accident. In conclusion, the system is recommended for immediate and widespread implementation in Finland.
Groundwater geology of the western Siberian craton (implications for petroleum exploration)
Authors: Bukaty M.B. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
According to the suggested model of groundwater stratigraphy obtained on the basis of geological and groundwater data, the sedimentary cover of the western Siberian craton includes the suprasalt, salt, and subsalt groundwater units subdivided into regional and subregional reservoirs. It has been found reasonable to carry out special groundwater studies, either before or concurrently with petroleum exploration, in order to ensure supply of drinking, household, and technological waters to meet the demand of oil and gas production and to make groundwater available for oil-well pressure maintaining systems and for underground burial of waste waters.
Clustering of groundwater chemistry data with implications for reservoir appraisal in West Siberia
Authors: Kurchikov A.R. , Plavnik A.G. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Division of sedimentary strata according to groundwater chemistry is discussed with implications for petroleum reservoir potential. It is suggested to process multiparametric water chemistry data from West Siberia using formalized clustering techniques. The efficiency of this approach has been tested for Neocomian clinoform reservoirs with reference to regional-scale appraisal and subregional petroleum division.
Propagation of electromagnetic waves from an induction source in media with time-dependent conductivity and permittivity
Authors: Dolgun A.A. , Shurina E.P. , Epov M.I. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Electromagnetic wave propagation from an induction source (a transmitter coil) in media with time-dependent conductivity and permittivity is simulated using the vector finite-element method. A special algorithm is suggested for source approximation.
ON COMMUTATIVE REDUCED FILIAL RINGS
Authors: ANDRUSZKIEWICZ R. R. , PRYSZCZEPKO K. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA ring in which every accessible subring is an ideal is called filial. We continue the study of commutative reduced filial rings started in [R. R. Andruszkiewicz and K. Pryszczepko, ‘A classification of commutative reduced filial rings’,Comm. Algebrato appear]. In particular we describe the Noetherian commutative reduced rings and construct nontrivial examples of commutative reduced filial rings without ideals which are domains.
A TWO-LEVEL DEFECT–CORRECTION METHOD FOR NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS
Authors: LIU QINGFANG , HOU YANREN 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA two-level defect–correction method for the steady-state Navier–Stokes equations with a high Reynolds number is considered in this paper. The defect step is accomplished in a coarse-level subspace Hm by solving the standard Galerkin equation with an artificial viscosity parameter σ as a stability factor, and the correction step is performed in a fine-level subspace HM by solving a linear equation. H1 error estimates are derived for this two-level defect–correction method. Moreover, some numerical examples are presented to show that the two-level defect–correction method can reach the same accuracy as the standard Galerkin method in fine-level subspace HM. However, the two-level method will involve much less work than the one-level method.
REGULATORY COMPETITION IN PARTNERSHIP LAW
Authors: Siems Mathias M 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRegulatory competition in company law has been extensively debated in the last few decades, but it has rarely been discussed whether there could also be regulatory competition in partnership law. This article fills this gap. It addresses the partnership law of the US, the UK, Germany, and France, and presents empirical data on the different types of partnerships and companies established in these jurisdictions. The main focus is on the use of a limited liability partnership (LLP) outside its country of origin. It is also considered whether some regulatory competition can take place in the law of limited partnerships.
Monthly Reports on the Fishing in the Neighbourhood of Plymouth
Authors: Calderwood W. L. 
Published: October 2009

The four charts published in this number, being for the months of May, June, July, and August, form a continuation, of the series of reports commenced in the last number (vol. ii, No. 3) and are intended to show the position of the fishing fleets.The same symbols have been used, which, for convenience, are again given below.I do not propose to attempt a full description of each month's fishing, but rather let the charts explain themselves, giving only a few necessary notes on the dates of the movements of shoals, which may be of use on a subsequent occasion.
The route to the top in the Ottomanilmiyehierarchy of the sixteenth century
Authors: Atcil Abdurrahman 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this essay, I look into the growth in the Ottomanilmiyehierarchy, and its emergence as a distinct career path, through an analysis of the backgrounds and careers of forty-nine officials who reached the highest fourilmiyepositions. The analysis reveals that towards the middle of the sixteenth century new teaching andkadılıkoffices absorbed the growing number ofilmiyeofficials. After 1570, limitation of tenure periods and rules for promotion and removal were introduced to facilitate the employment of more officials. Meanwhile, greater emphasis was placed on receiving one's education and obtaining teaching positions in the central cities, especially Istanbul. Those scholars educated and taught in areas distant from the centre lost the opportunity to reach the highestilmiyeposts. In addition, after 1550, the sons of government officials were increasingly favoured in theilmiyehierarchy.
Redesign of Bridge Layout and Equipment for Fishing Vessels
Authors: Stoop J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe safety on board medium-sized fishing vessels in relation to working conditions on the bridge is analysed by means of a problem-solving method developed by the Safety Science Group of the Delft University of Technology. The potential of the method is illustrated by a number of case studies on selected aspects of the bridge design, since a complete application of the method is not yet available.
A Dynamic System for Fuel Optimization Trans-Ocean
Authors: Calvert S. , Deakins E. , Motte R. 
Published: October 2009

Increased fuel costs necessitate a careful consideration of consumption when planning voyages trans-ocean. A model is formulated whereby ship response algorithms are matched with forecast environmental conditions expected for the duration of a voyage. A discrete system allows an optimization routine to minimize fuel costs for a trans-atlantic passage, using dynamic programming techniques.These are simulated by using an on-board boosted micro-computer. The results are discussed and limitations of the system considered.
The Future of Area Navigation in Western Europe
Authors: Perry Bernard 
Published: October 2009

The following two papers were presented at a joint Royal Aeronautical Society/Royal Institute of Navigation conference on ‘European Navigation into the 21st Century’ on Tuesday 12 February 1991.The existing system of point-source radio navigation aids deployed throughout the European Region (e.g. VOR, DME, NDB), is inherently inflexible and suffers from a number of problems which degrade its efficiency; providing little scope for route capacity expansion. Area Navigation (RNAV) is seen to offer the answer to many of these deficiencies. Many aircraft are already fitted with RNAV – a system of navigation that allows track maintenance to defined levels of accuracy without the need to overfly point source aids. However, the full benefits of RNAV, including the introduction of more direct fuel efficient routes, arrivals and departures, and substantial increases in route capacities made possible by the application of reduced lateral and vertical separation criteria, cannot be fully realized until virtually all aircraft are equipped to a precision RNAV standard, and minimum aircraft systems performance specifications are introduced. This is unlikely to be practicable before 1998.Timescales have been established for the progressive implementation of RNAV capability. High levels of cooperation between European states should ensure that operational implementation is achieved in a coordinated, efficient, orderly and safe manner. Certification and operational standards are being developed jointly and European guidance material, developed under the auspices of ICAO, is soon to be adopted by ICAO RGCSP for global application. Appropriate legislative amendments are being developed in the United Kingdom and elsewhere in Europe. All the present indications are that the implementation of RNAV in Europe will proceed successfully on an evolutionary basis, between now and the turn of the century.
The Accuracy and Coverage of Loran-C and of the Decca Navigator System — and the Fallacy of Fixed Errors
Authors: Last David 
Published: October 2009

The proposal to develop an extensive North-West European Loran-C system, replacing many existing chains of the Decca Navigator System (DNS), has led to an intensive debate on the merits of the two navigation aids, especially in the United Kingdom. The paper reviews the principal sources of random and systematic position errors in the two systems. The wide range of DNS random errors, predominantly due to skywave interference, are compared with the Loran-C random errors, and typical coverage limits of acceptable repeatable accuracy are presented. The paper also identifies the factors which control the magnitudes of Loran-C and DNS systematic effects due to land paths. It demonstrates that differences between the two systems are substantially less than are predicted by simple models. Loran-C and DNS techniques for dealing with land paths are compared and the errors experienced by Loran users are shown to be reduced by modelling and publishing ASF values.This paper is based on a presentation made by the author at a technical symposium of the Wild Goose Association.
The ECDIS Paradox: A Controversial View on Navigation, Freedom and Safety at Sea
Authors: Bianchetti Fosco 
Published: October 2009

The unexpected commercial success of electronic charting systems has put an unusual pressure on the regulatory organizations to come up with some accepted international standard for this new technology. Unfortunately, the scope of this issue is far-reaching and touches the most sensitive nerves of maritime tradition and culture. This cumbersome legacy was noticeable from the very first US RTCM meetings on the subject and has conditioned the development of recommendations ever since.This paper, written by an outsider, tries to look at the whole issue with an unprejudiced eye, arriving at a conclusion which casts heavy doubts on the wisdom of the current course and which advocates a different approach to take advantage of the incredibly powerful potential of this new technology – a technology which could radically change the rules and laws of commercial navigation to the benefit of safety and economy.
ECDIS Research in China
Authors: Depeng Zhao , Dongli Wu , Wenli Sun , Chengnang Chu , Yuanhui Li 
Published: October 2009

abstractThis paper presents a prototype ECDIS as developed by the Research Group on ECDIS (RGE) of Dalian Maritime University (DMU). It describes the configuration, the functions and the characteristics of the system. The results of sea and land trials are also presented.
DGPS Emergency Location System for Vehicles
Authors: Vogel Dietmar , Harrer Stefan 
Published: October 2009

Even today much time is lost in bringing effective help when an accident with a truck carrying dangerous goods occurs. The location of the accident is often not well described by the people reporting it. Often it is difficult to determine what sort of freight a lorry is carrying, for example when the vehicle is burning, and sometimes the fire brigade does not bring the appropriate extinguishing equipment for the first help approach. Now an emergency location system is under development which will remove all these disadvantages. For immediate help on car accidents, an automatic alert message is transferred from the crashed vehicle via the emergency call centre to the fire brigade, the police station or the headquarters of an ambulance. The alert is initiated by a crash sensor within the car or the truck. The data channel between vehicle and base can be a radio link or, for longer distances, a mobile telephone connection using CNET or GSM. AS help is faster and more effective with this system, environmental damage caused by dangerous goods can be reduced.In Stuttgart the mobile part of the DGPS-based emergency location system has been integrated in several vehicles. The full system is being tested within a field trial of a pilot project called STORM (Stuttgart Transport Operation by Regional Management), which is part of a programme of the European Community. The results of these tests are summarized in this paper. The integration of the system into fleet management applications is also considered.
The Use of Airborne Differential GPS to Detect Coordinate and Calibration Errors in DME Navigation Aids
Authors: Ashkenazi V. , Hill C. J. , Moore T. , Ochieng W. Y. , Storey J. , Rawlings R. , Cleasby C. V. 
Published: October 2009

In May 1993, in support of Eurocontrol's WGS 84 Implementation Programme, a project was undertaken to assess the accuracy of navigation aid coordinates. The exercise involved flying a route over a number of European countries, in an aircraft which was equipped for multi-DME ‘data puddle’ position updating, and which also carried Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. This test flight, carried out under contract to Eurocontrol, involved two parties, namely the Defence Research Agency (DRA) Bedford, who provided the airborne trials facility and DME data, and the Institute of Engineering Surveying and Space Geodesy (IESSG) at the University of Nottingham, who provided an analysis of the DME coordinate accuracy.The aim of this test flight was to assess whether it is possible to determine independently the (WGS 84) coordinates of DME ground stations from the air, by using the same DME range measurements which are used to update aircraft position information in-flight. The procedure used to determine DME coordinates involves reversing the position updating principle. Instead of taking the DME ground station coordinates as known points and using the DME range measurements to determine the aircraft's position, the aircraft's position is independently determined (from DGPS) and the range measurements are used to estimate the coordinates of the DME ground stations.
Civil GNSS : The Inmarsat Vision for the 21st Century
Authors: Lundberg Olof 
Published: October 2009

This paper, and the following seven papers, were presented at the Institute's NAV94 Conference held at Church House, London, in November 1994. The full proceedings may be obtained from the Director, RIN, price £25.00 (plus p & p).I should start by explaining that the main purpose of my paper is to pass on the Inmarsat vision of satellite navigation in the future.But first a little about mobile satcoms, our original reason for being. If you have followed us even at a distance you will be aware of:(i) how we started with satcoms for ships;(ii) how we contributed to a new maritime safety system;(iii) how we developed an aeronautical satcoms system in close cooperation with the civil aviation world;(iv) how land-mobile communications now account for one-third of our total traffic.
A Review of the Prediction of Squat in Shallow Water
Authors: Millward A. 
Published: October 2009

Recent evidence has shown that the effect of a ship moving in shallow water and the resultant squat are not well understood. This paper reviews the general problem of a ship in shallow water and illustrates the corresponding resistance, trim and sinkage at both sub-critical and also at super-critical speeds.The paper then reviews the various methods of predicting the squat of a ship in shallow water in the sub-critical range, which is applicable to most ships. It is suggested that the simple rule-of-thumb methods are, at best, unreliable and the paper gives examples of empirical methods which have been tested against various sets of data and seem to give more representative answers. A summary of the notation used is given at the end of the paper.