bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recovering subtidal forests in human‐dominated landscapes
Authors: Gorman Daniel , Connell Sean D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1.  Policy initiatives that seek to recover lost habitats require the capacity to anticipate and suppress the mechanisms that drive loss. The replacement of forested landscapes by simple landscapes comprising of opportunistic or ‘weedy’ species represents an increasingly common phenomenon across human‐dominated systems. The failure of subtidal forests to recover from natural and human disturbance and their ultimate replacement by degraded habitats is recognized globally. The current lack of knowledge on whether such shifts can be reversed jeopardizes considerations of restoration policy within increasingly human‐dominated landscapes. 2.  We critically assessed the model that recovery of canopies within remnant kelp forests in degraded landscapes (i.e. turf‐forming algae that carpet space) is slower than in adjacent forested landscapes, but may be increased by removing turfs. 3.  After generating experimental disturbance, canopies recovered to their former state within forested landscapes, but not in remnant forests in degraded landscapes. Removal of turfs from spaces between remnant forests, however, enabled canopies to recruit and subsequently develop covers that matched those in remnant forests. 4.  Whilst the supply of canopy‐forming propagules to degraded landscapes is likely to decline with gap expansion, we show that improvements to forest resilience and restoration are possible via policies that result in a reduction of turf covers. These results also support the model that regime‐shifts need not be a product of synchronized loss, but can occur as a result of reduced rates of canopy‐recruitment over broad areas and many years. Indeed, patterns of canopy‐loss over several decades redouble attention to the human‐mediated conditions that enable turfs to retain space (i.e. elevated nutrient and sediment loads via coastal runoff). 5.
Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that future restoration is a possible outcome of polices that promote ecosystem recovery. In doing so, we reduce uncertainty about policy initiatives that aim to upgrade the recycling potential of wastewater treatment plants (e.g. nearly 45% of South Australia’s metropolitan wastewater) to improve the quality of water needed to restore subtidal forests. Uncertainty about resilience‐building and restoration management are redressed by demonstrating that the feedbacks maintaining regime‐shifted landscapes are not necessarily permanent.
Hunting for large carnivore conservation
Authors: Treves Adrian 
Published: August 2010

Summary 1. Carnivores are difficult to conserve because of direct and indirect competition with people. Public hunts are increasingly proposed to support carnivore conservation. This article reviews scientific evidence for the effectiveness of public hunts of large carnivores in attaining three common policy goals: stable carnivore populations, preventing conflict with carnivores (property damage and competition over game) and building public support for carnivore conservation. 2. Sustainable exploitation of stable wildlife populations has a solid, scientific foundation but the theory and its predictions must be adapted to complex patterns of carnivore behavioural ecology and population dynamics that demand years of landscape‐level monitoring to understand fully. 3. A review of the evidence that hunting prevents property damage or reduces competition for game reveals large gaps in our understanding. Reducing the number of large carnivores to protect hunters’ quarry species seems straightforward but we still know little about behavioural and ecological responses of the contested prey and sympatric meso‐predators. For reducing property damage, the direct effect – numerical reduction in problematic individual carnivores – presents numerous obstacles, whereas the indirect effect – behavioural avoidance of humans by hunted carnivores – holds more promise. 4. Scientific measures of public support for carnivore‐hunting policies are almost completely lacking, particularly measures of attitudes among hunters before and after controversial wildlife is designated as legal game species. Moreover, illegal killing of carnivores does not appear to diminish if they are designated as game. 5.
Synthesis and applications. Sustainable hunting to maintain stable populations is well understood in theory but complex life histories of carnivores, and behavioural changes of hunters and the carnivores they stalk may result in unsustainable mortality for carnivores. The direct impact of hunting on carnivore damage to property is unclear and even doubtful given the inability or unwillingness of hunters to remove specific individuals selectively. However, hunters may indirectly deter carnivores from people and their property. The assumption that hunters will steward carnivores simply because they have in the past helped conserve other game species requires more study as preliminary results suggest it is incorrect. Policy‐makers may achieve support for policy if they mesh utilitarian and preservationist values held by the general public. A number of opposed hypotheses should be disentangled before researchers confidently inform policy on sustainable hunting to prevent conflicts and build public support for carnivore conservation.
The male of Hemimerus vicinus Rehn & Rehn (Dermaptera: Hemimeridae), with notes on the structure of the aedeagus
Authors: Davies R. G. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisThe male of Hemimerus vicinus is described for the first time. The ejaculatory duct, previously regarded as double for part of its length, is now shown to be a simple, single structure. In this respect Hemimerus differs from other Dermaptera.
The systematic position ofEicolyctusSahlberg (Coleoptera: Languriidae)
Authors: SenGupta T. , Crowson R. A. 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisDescriptions are given of the monotypic genusEicolyctusand of the larva of its type‐species,E. brunneus.Diagnostic characters of the tribe Pharaxonothini, and a key to the included genera, are given. The habits ofEicolyctusare discussed.
Report on some Strepsiptera in the British Museum (Natural History), including new species of Halictophagidae and Elenchidae
Authors: Fox JeanWalker 
Published: August 2010

SynopsisTwo new species of Halictophagidae and a new Elenchid from East Africa are described, as well as an Elenchid from the Solomon Islands. The moot question of the number of antennal segments in Elenchidae is discussed.
A new species of Trichacoides from India with a redescription of T. scutellaris Dodd (Hymenoptera: Platygasteridae)
Authors: Jackson Dale 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISA second species of Trichacoides Dodd, parasitic on Procontarinia sp. (Cecidomyiidae), is described from India. The first description of a male of this genus is given. Trichacoides scutellaris Dodd, the type species, is redescribed and illustrated, and a revised generic diagnosis presented.
The family Leptogastridae (Diptera)
Authors: Oldroyd H. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISMartin (1968) proposes to segregate Leptogaster and allied genera into a new family, Leptogastridae (grass flies). Martin's evidence is examined in detail, and it is concluded that the customary limits of the falllily Asilidae should be maintained.
The structure and affinities of Pentathemis membranulata Karsch (Odonata: Corduliidae)
Authors: Watson J. A. L. 
Published: August 2010

SYNOPSISBoth sexes of Pentathemis membranulata Karsch are described from material from Northern Territory and Western Australia. The affinities of the monotypic genus Pentathemis are discussed.
Renal artery injection for delivery of biological materials to the glomerulus (Methods in Renal Research Paper)
Authors: TAKABATAKE YOSHITSUGU , ISAKA YOSHITAKA , IMAI ENYU 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY:Aim:  We investigated whether injection of synthetic small interfering siRNAs via renal artery followed by electroporation could be effective in silencing specific genes in glomerulus.Methods:  Solution of siRNA targeting enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was injected via the renal artery of EGFP‐transgenic rats followed by delivery of electric pulses.Results:  The delivery of siRNA reduced endogenous EGFP expression, mainly in glomerular mesangial cells.Conclusion:  Electroporation‐mediated gene transfer system via renal artery in rats is very useful for the delivery of a range of different materials including cells, viruses and proteins. Here, we provide a step‐by‐step description of this perfusion method and a discussion of the key points for the success of the technique.
Age‐related lens yellowing per se contributes little to the increase in Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 hue error scores with age
Authors: Beirne Raymond O. , McIlreavy Lee , Gore Sophie , Zlatkova Margarita B. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  To investigate the effects of real and simulated age‐related changes in crystalline lens yellowing on Farnsworth–Munsell (FM) 100 hue total and partial error scores.Methods:  FM 100 hue total and partial error scores were measured in a group of younger (n = 10, mean age 22.2 ± 2.65 years) and a group of older (n = 10, mean age = 54.5 ± 2.64 years) normal observers along with psychophysical estimates of crystalline lens optical density and pupil size measurements. Three younger observers underwent repeated FM 100 hue testing using a variety of simulated age‐related lens yellowing conditions, using filters with well‐defined absorption properties which mimicked the real age‐related lens yellowing changes of the older group. FM 100 hue scores were also measured under different levels of background illumination and pupil size in the 3 younger observers.Results:  FM 100 hue total and partial error scores were significantly higher in the older age group compared to the younger group (p <0.01). Lens density measures were significantly higher in the older age group compared to the young group (p<0.01), but showed less scatter with age than FM 100 hue error scores. Pupil size was significantly larger in the younger group compared to the older group (p<0.01). Simulated lens yellowing in the three younger observers, equivalent to the level of that of the older observers, did not affect any of their FM 100 hue total or partial error scores. Reductions in pupil size and illumination significantly affected the younger observers’ performance, with increases in error score equivalent to the observed age‐related decline between the younger and older group.Conclusions:  Lens yellowing per se makes little contribution to the increase in Farnsworth–Munsell 100 hue error score with increasing age. Retinal illumination levels and pupil size can significantly affect the error score and should be considered when interpreting FM 100 hue error scores in older subjects. Clinicians should also consider iris colour and macular pigment density when interpreting FM 100 hue error scores.
The prevalence of suppression in amblyopic individuals
Authors: Barrett Brendan , Panesar Eve , Pacey Ian 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  A popular view of visual functioning in individuals with amblyopia is that the weaker eye is suppressed in key regions of the binocular visual field. Indeed, some have argued that chronic interocular suppression may represent the cause of amblyopia. Here we evaluate the prevalence of amblyopic‐eye suppression in a simple light detection task when the eyes are open, minimally dissociated and in their habitual motor position.Methods:  A custom program on the Humphrey Field Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Dublin, CA, USA) was used to measure detection thresholds for a blue light on a yellow background along the horizontal meridian at two‐degree intervals to an eccentricity of 25 degrees on either side of the fixation mark. The fellow eye was prevented from seeing the target using three different methods: (1) full‐occlusion (i.e. no light entered the fellow eye), (2) a translucent occluder (3) a yellow filter in front of the fellow eye. In (3), the yellow filter only prevented the fellow eye from seeing the blue stimulus; the fixation mark and the background remained visible (minimal‐dissociation condition). Fourteen amblyopes participated in the study, of whom 11 had strabismus.Results:  Three basic patterns of results were observed. (1) Only three of the fourteen participants (∼21%) showed evidence of suppression, where amblyopic‐eye sensitivity was lower with the fellow eye open. In these cases, the retinal locations that showed greatest suppression corresponded to the direction and angle of the strabismus. (2) Three participants (∼21%) showed the opposite effect to the result in (1); i.e. amblyopic‐eye sensitivity was greatest when the fellow was open with minimal dissociation between the eyes. One possible explanation is that the dominance of the fellow eye caused this reduction. (3) Seven participants (50%) exhibited patterns of amblyopic sensitivity that did not depend upon the occlusion status of the fellow eye. The results for one participant did not fit into any of the above patterns.Conclusions:  Suppression appears not to be a universal feature of central amblyopic vision. Our results for this simple detection task suggest that suppression may exist in as few as 20% of amblyopes. These results present a challenge to the view that suppression represents a root cause of amblyopia but they are consistent with the view that the amblyopic eye makes a useful contribution under habitual viewing conditions.
The interaction between size and accommodation cues in predicting proximity
Authors: Morrison Kathryn A. , Seidel Dirk , Strang Niall C. , Gray Lyle S. 
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  We have shown previously that proximal stimulation using size change can enhance or degrade accommodation step responses in open and closed loop conditions. The aim of the current experiment is to determine the relationship between the perceptual response to proximal stimulation based on size change and blur change for a range of target vergences.Methods:  Perceptual thresholds for pure blur change, pure size change, coherent blur and size change and conflicting blur and size change were measured monocularly in 12 visually normal subjects (mean refractive error of ‐0.79D ± 2.41D and mean age 25.17 years ±3.10 years) using a 2‐alternative forced‐choice technique with 20 presentations per condition. Threshold estimates were obtained from psychometric functions using the bootstrap method. All subjects were fully corrected and had normal amplitudes of accommodation for their age. Threshold for proximal perception to blur only stimulation was established using target vergence changes of 0, 1, 2 and 3D. The effect of size change was then assessed at the same four levels of blur change. Stimuli were presented randomly with the position of the near and far vergences also randomised. This was repeated under four conditions: (1) Blur only. (2) Size only. (3) Size change coherent with the vergence change. (4) Size change conflicting with the vergence change.Targets consisted of pairs of photographic slides that contained strong monocular size and depth cues which were viewed successively in a 4D Badal lens system. On each trial the subjects compared the perceived proximity of the targets.Results:  Considerable individual variation was found in the subject's perceptual responses to the four experimental conditions presented. The responses of all subjects were predicted by one of the following rules: (1) No effect of size. (2) Blur and size interact constructively. (3) No effect of blur. (4) Blur elicits a proximal response but size is used to determine the direction of the proximal effect.Without any size cue, eight subjects (66%) identified the direction of the vergence change correctly while the remaining subjects consistently perceived the target with lower dioptric vergence to be closer. The threshold required to accurately determine proximity from blur only cues was 2.27D ± 0.31D. In the absence of blur, size cues induced a proximal effect in 33% (n = 4) subjects. The combination of size and blur cues produced a variety of response patterns, some subjects’ responses were dominated by blur cues while others relied heavily on size stimulation.Conclusions:  Our ability to perceive a target as close can be dependent upon either size and/or accommodation signals. Interactions between the stimuli of dioptric target vergence and target size were found to be additive for producing a perceived proximity response.
Vitamin and mineral deficiencies in the developed world and their effect on the eye and vision
Authors: Whatham Andrew , Bartlett Hannah , Eperjesi Frank , Blumenthal Caron , Allen Jane , Suttle Catherine , Gaskin Kevin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVitamin and mineral deficiencies are common in developing countries, but also occur in developed countries. We review micronutrient deficiencies for the major vitamins A, cobalamin (B12), biotin (vitamin H), vitamins C and E, as well as the minerals iron, and zinc, in the developed world, in terms of their relationship to systemic health and any resulting ocular disease and/or visual dysfunction. A knowledge of these effects is important as individuals with consequent poor ocular health and reduced visual function may present for ophthalmic care.
A comparison of two methods for estimating polymegethism in cell areas of the human corneal endothelium
Authors: Doughty Michael J. , Oblak Emil 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To compare the outcome measures from two different methods for estimating the coefficient of variation (COV) in cell area for human corneal endothelia.Methods:  A single non‐contact specular micrograph was obtained from the central region of the corneal endothelium of 100 healthy non‐contact lens‐wearing white European subjects, aged from 32 to 62 years. The captured image file was either assessed using a machine‐based algorithm in which 21 cells were marked and their areas reported (designated as the TOPCON ‘centre‐dot’ method), or by an overlay and semi‐automated computer‐based image analysis system of the entire image of around 200 cells (designated as the AUTO method). The average cell area values were used to calculate the endothelial cell density (ECD), while the COV was calculated from the standard deviation of the cell area measures.Results:  The TOPCON and AUTO methods yielded comparable data for average cell area (395 vs 391 μm2) and estimated ECD (2566 vs 2575 cells mm−2) that were not statistically different (p ≥ 0.351), although there was a slight bias between the two methods. However, the mean COV values were very different at 43.5 and 31.4% (p < 0.001). The overestimation of the COV was related to the difference in the largest cell area domain identified by the two methods (p < 0.001, r = ≥0.748).Conclusions:  A centre‐dot method using a small number of cells generates useful data on cell area and ECD, but it should be used cautiously for estimates of COV.
Pantoscopic tilt in spectacle‐corrected myopia and its effect on peripheral refraction
Authors: Bakaraju Ravi C. , Ehrmann Klaus , Ho Arthur , Papas Eric B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSpectacles are a common option for the correction of myopia in children and young adults. Visual scientists striving to explain the process of emmetropization and myopia progression have been interested in peripheral refraction, as well as on‐axis performance. Using a ray tracing technique and mathematical eye models for myopia, this study assessed the effect of pantoscopic tilt on peripheral refraction in spectacle‐corrected myopia. At the centre and throughout the periphery of corrected models, hyperopic shifts in the mean spherical equivalent component were found in all meridians. Horizontally, hyperopic shift tends to incline uniformly with the increase in pantoscopic tilt, but this did not occur in the other meridians. No change in the trend of the horizontal J180 refraction component was found with changes in pantoscopic tilt among all myopic errors. The J45 component produced considerable shifts in the horizontal periphery, which increased with increase in pantoscopic tilt. The ray tracing technique provides considerable information about the relationship between peripheral refraction and aberrations, with the tilt of the correcting spectacle lens. Larger degree of tilt on high myopic prescriptions seems to produce considerable non‐uniform, hyperopic shifts, along with astigmatism and coma, in the peripheral visual field. These effects may be sufficient to play a role in the progression of myopia; however, further studies are required to fully understand this relationship.
The effective corneal refractive surface as a function of a point in visual space: a three‐dimensional analysis
Authors: Freedman Kenn A. , Brown Sandra M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To develop a three‐dimensional optical model of the anterior segment which will provide a basis for understanding the effects of corneal and adnexal problems on vision.Methods:  A three‐dimensional optical model of the anterior segment was developed to calculate the effective corneal refractive surface (ECRS), which is a specific area of cornea that refracts incident light rays arising from an object in visual space through the physical pupil (PP); light rays refracted by cornea outside the ECRS do not traverse the PP. This model incorporated the patient variables of central anterior chamber depth (A) and central corneal curvature (K). A vector analysis was combined with three‐dimensional analytic geometry to create a unified solution for all object locations in visual space. A computer program in BASIC on a PC was developed to perform the calculations.Results:  The ECRS was circular for objects on the line of sight, but with increasing displacement from the fixation point it became oval and eventually crescent shaped. The size of the ECRS increased as the distance of the object from the eye increased, but it rapidly reached a limiting value at about 200 mm. The size of the ECRS increased with PP diameter, but showed only a small dependence on A and minimal dependence on K.Conclusion:  This comprehensive optical model of object space and the anterior segment of the eye allows clinicians to better understand the effects of corneal light transmission on vision.
EXPERIMENTELLE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER DIE BEDEUTUNG DER NEBENNIEREN FÜR DIE BLUTZUCKER‐REGULIERUNG
Authors: Bøggild David H. 
Published: August 2010

Resumé:Die Versuche scheinen die Ansicht zu unterstÜtzen, 1) dass die Entfernung des Nebennierenmarkes ohne deutlicher Einfluss auf den Blutzuckerspiegel bei gesunden, nÜchternen Individuen ist und 2) dass die HypoglykÆmie nach totaler Nebennieren‐exstirpation abhängig ist von der Entfernung der Nebennierenrinde.BezÜglich der Rolle des Adrenalins als entwicklende Ursache bei der Entstehungder Hyperglykämie bei experimentellen Diabetes sagen die Versuche nichts Sicheres.Bei den starken Diabetesfällen trat kein starkes oder dauerndes Fallen des Blutzuckerspiegels nach Ausschaltung des Nebennierenmarkes auf. Das besagt aber nicht, dass die Adrenalinsekretion nicht in der angedeuteten Richtung von Bedeutung sein kann.In den leichteren Diabetesfällen hat die Zerstörung des Nebennierenmarkes ohne Zweifel eine Senkung des Blutzuckerspiegels zur Folge gehabt.