bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ceremony of Innocence: A Conclusion about the Condition of Public Service Broadcasting
Authors: Tracey Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe most obvious evidence of troubled times is the stark fact that governments, in country after country, have introduced new policies which at a minimum make life difficult for the public broadcaster. Equally worrying is the case when public broadcasters act as gravediggers to their own funeral by acknowledging in almost welcoming terms that their share of total viewing will inevitably dwindle. The decade prior to the publication of this book was, for the reasons already explained, truly awful for the public broadcasting community. A conclusion then can be drawn about the new communications. Its very nature constitutes a fundamental taking apart of that sense of the collective which is a precondition for the continuity of public service broadcasting. It is a concept which is perhaps better ‘felt’ than articulated. A sense of the corrosive influence of the main currents of popular culture and a broadband culture can and will do nothing but encourage these tendencies.
Introduction
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins by setting out the purpose of the book, which is to describe the experience of viewing visual fiction and the way in which this experience is created by the interaction between fiction and viewer. It proposes that cognitive and perceptual processes are intimately linked with emotional processes within a functionally unified psychosomatic whole. Because visual fictions are experienced in time, a description of the interaction between cognition and emotion will be concerned with temporal flow. The theories and models for describing the flow of experiences must be brought together from several disciplines: film theory, first and foremost; and general aesthetics, narrative theory, neuroscience, physiology, and cognitive science. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Fiction, Symbolic Simulation, and Reality
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA recurrent problem in aesthetics and theories of fiction and representation in art (whether literature, art, or film) is the status and validity of representation itself. Are representations true or false? Are fictions lies? Are images illusionistic in a pejorative sense if they try to convey a three-dimensional effect on a two-dimensional screen or canvas? What are the relations between metaphors and literal meaning? Are films just imaginary signifiers, as argued by Metz? This chapter shows that many of these intricate problems are easy to understand in the context of our mental makeup. It deals, in particular, with the ecological conventions moulding our visual experience. It discusses the way in which fiction is symbolic simulation, and the way in which evaluations of the reality-status of given phenomena are often represented as emotional tones.
Intentions, Will, Goal, Consciousness, and Humanness
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter first describes the way in which some phenomena, such as flexibility, intentionality, free will, and empathy, play an important role in the understanding of what humanness is, and also shows the way in which humanness is often described negatively, as something lacking, in non-human figures of fiction such as robots and monsters. It then describes some essential features in the cognitive constitution of man's mental model of himself and this model's importance for understanding the structure of the canonical narrative. The description is compared to psychoanalytical models such as the ‘mirror stage’. The chapter goes on to analyse the way in which models of non-humanness in many film genres are used not only for representing negatively evaluated phenomena, but also to represent social and superhuman phenomena. It concludes with an analysis of the role of repetition in narration.
‘Preparatives to Love’: Fiction as Seduction in Eliza Haywood's Amatory Prose
Authors: Ballaster Ros 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the fiction of Eliza Haywood. Haywood's romances of the 1720s and 1730s bring us closer to the conventions of domestic fiction. The woman writer is here identified with her suffering, silenced heroines, rather than privileged because of her distance from them. However, Haywood's deployment of the trope of the masquerade reveals a continued interest in the heroinizing of artifice and fictional duplicity.
Paradise Lost: Subtext and Supertext
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that the manifest intention of Paradise Lost from the beginning and to its sequel in Paradise Regained is to relate the story of ‘Man’s First Disobedience’ as that which ‘brought Death into the World’, and which would only be set right by the redemptive sacrifice of ‘one greater Man’ who would make good the sin of Adam. Nevertheless, the other narrative which sees the story of Adam and Eve in its Old Testament context as something in between historical fable and moral exemplum is also present as a counterplot.
The Poetics of Incarnation
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that Blake’s ‘interpretations’ of the Bible tend to be visions in the sense of arrested scenes. It is thus not surprising that his most memorable reinventions of Bible scenes and poems are to be found in his actual paintings rather than in literary narrative. The numerous Gospel scenes which Blake painted or engraved at different times add up to something like a systematic exegesis of those texts. Indeed, taken together, his drawings, engravings, and water-colours contain a reading of the Bible — its narratives, poems, and prophecies — more extensive and detailed than that to be found in any other English poet or painter.
Epilogue
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The punishment of transportation was considered an innovative step in the administration of justice in Britain, as it appeared to be the perfect intermediate punishment between capital punishment and lesser sanctions such as whipping and branding. It became an alternative to the existing punishment system, as it removed threatening criminals from society without resorting to the death penalty or imprisonment. Transportation offered social peace by sending criminals far away and without endangering traditional freedoms. It removed criminals from society and shifted the punishment policy away from deterrence and exhibitions of physical suffering. Transportation was criticized by some people who beleived that deterrence should be the prime purpose of punishment and they stated that it was a poor substitute for public penalties.
Calvert v. Calvert Multiple adultery and bigamy, 1698–1710
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
There is a peculiarly brutal and exploitative quality about gender relations in the period 1680 to 1720, which is amply reflected in the case illustrated in this chapter. Violence, perjury, rape, and obsessive promiscuous sexuality are the hallmark of this age, when gender relations were on the turn, when women were at last beginning to assert themselves, and when contractual theories were starting to spread even into domestic relations, modifying the patriarchal power of parents and friends and raising the aspirations for the happiness of children. For a while, however, this period of conflicting values led to extremes of behaviour patterns, all of which are exhibited in rich detail in the unedifying story of the Calverts, Beau Feilding, and the Duchess of Cleveland.
Cadogan v. Cadogan The lady and the parson, 1777–1794
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In this case, a lawsuit in the ecclesiastical courts during the period 1795–6 was bitterly fought, but the outcome was inevitable. Lord Cadogan won his case, thus gaining three victories: the first in the Court of King's Bench against Cooper; the next against his wife in the London Consistory Court, where Sir William Scott delivered a ‘long and elaborate judgment’; and the third in the Court of Arches, to which Mary, his wife, vainly appealed the verdict. He then used these three sentences to support a successful private bill in the House of Lords for full divorce from Mary, with freedom to remarry. As a result of the Act of Divorce, Mary lost her husband, any right of access to her children, and any claim to dower or jointure after Lord Cadogan's death, which occurred in 1807, for, since the marriage was annulled, so was any settlement for her widowhood that went with it.
‘Rhodesians Never Die’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This book tells the story of how White Rhodesians, three-quarters of whom were ill-prepared for revolutionary change, reacted to the ‘terrorist’ war and the onset of Black rule in the 1970s. It shows how internal divisions — both old and new — undermined the supposed unity of White Rhodesia, how most Rhodesians begrudgingly accepted the inevitability of Black majority rule without adjusting to its implications, and how the self-appointed defenders of Western civilization sometimes adopted uncivilized methods of protecting the ‘Rhodesian way of life’. This account is based on archival research and personal interviews. It sets out to tell the story from the inside and to incorporate the diverse dimensions of the Rhodesian experience. The book suggests that the Rhodesians were more differentiated than has often been assumed and that perhaps their greatest fault was a capacity for self-delusion.
Urban Rivalry
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe impression has perhaps been given that the regents of the voting towns acted as a monolithic political bloc within Holland, but this is far from the truth for, quite apart from rivalry between states and stadhouder, the political life of the province was deeply affected by conflict between the towns. Within a broad political consensus centring on the protection of the privileges — and thus the power — of the oligarchies, and support for the trading and manufacturing economy, there existed long-term, perhaps even structurally determined, tensions and conflicts of interest between the voting towns of Holland. Looming over all the tensions and rivalries between the towns was the problem of Amsterdam. The relative size and wealth of this town made it at one and the same time the obvious leader of the Holland towns and difficult to assimilate within a system based in principle on equality between the towns.
The Influence of Holland
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractHolland's effective power within the Dutch Republic was much greater than this formal position might suggest. The size of its population, its wealth, and perhaps also its internal cohesion, gave Holland a predominance in the 17th century. Most strikingly, the Advocate or raadpensionaris of Holland was for long periods the effective head of the government of the Republic, and even during the times of political dominance by the princes of Orange remained necessarily a major figure in national politics. Through the manipulation of its financial strength, Holland was able to become, not the one province among many which was all that the formal political system allowed. The financial supremacy of Holland within the Dutch Republic is shown clearly by the official quota-system drawn up by the States General to determine the share of generality expenditure to be borne by each province.
Technical Change on the Frontier
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In the late 19th century Argentina and Canada were land-rich and labour-poor economies. Production was organized to use abundant land extensively and scarce labour intensively. Without new tools that allowed rural workers to cultivate more land, staple economies could not take advantage of their reserves of cheap land. Machinery was as instrumental in expansion as land reserves and labour migration. This chapter explores the diffusion of new mechanical devices facilitating the expansion of the wheat frontier. The pattern of mechanization on the pampas and the prairies exemplified two paths of frontier development. Distinct sets of property relations led to particular evolutions in the factor markets. Factor markets in turn conditioned the pace and direction of mechanization.
Goths and Romans before the Huns
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the territory under Gothic domination during the fourth century. Thanks to the efforts of Romanian and Soviet archaeologists, over 3,000 Gothic settlements are known and 150 have been investigated. This chapter shows that the Goths' power is spread over an area between the Danube and the Don. It also looks at the culture that emerged during the second half of the third century, when the Goths were establishing themselves in the area, which eventually flourished during the fourth century.
Pannonians and Thracians the Origins of Conflict 453–473
Authors: Heather P. J. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the start of the conflict between the two Gothic groups: the Amal-led Goths that settled in Pannonia and the Thracian Goths. It describes each Gothic group, before identifying the main cause of the conflict: the advancement of the Amal-led Goths into Illyricum. Emperor Leo provided the Amal-led Goths with good agricultural land and the Thracian Goths with subsidy that was seven times more than that which he gave to the Amal-led Goths. The peace between these two Gothic groups was not to last; 12 months after the death of Emperor Leo the balance of power was shattered.
Nationalizing Military Supply
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the changes in military supply administration in France during the French Revolution. The analysis reveals the relative importance of military and political factors in the state's progress towards a nationalized and over-centralized supply administration. This chapter suggests that centralization and rationalization were natural by-products of modernization and that they facilitated a more efficient transfer of resources from civilian to military ends. This process led to the growth in state elites' control over all aspects of military administration during the period between 1792 and 1794.
The Return of Interest Groups
Authors: Brown Howard G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the return of interest groups in the French government following the adoption of the Constitution of year III. The war effort was one of the most important conflicts among the state elites. From the Thermidorian Convention to the Consulate, various factions challenged the government's war aims and its methods for pursuing them. This chapter suggests that the changes in military control and administration brought about by the French Revolution stemmed largely from conflict over state power.
Introduction
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the history of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) in West Germany. This book investigates what combination of human error, structural failure and adverse environmental conditions was to blame to the party's untimely end. This is the first in-depth study of post-war West German Communism to be published in England, and it is also the first general account based on the party's internal files.
From Coalition to Opposition The Parliamentary Politics of the Kpd
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses parliamentary politics of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) in West Germany. The KPD was able to assume some legislative positions and lingered on in a number of Landtage and local parliaments, but in an obstructive rather than constructive role, demonstrating the Communists' fundamental opposition to the West German state. It argues that the process of KPD marginalization was a combination of self-destruction from within and ostracism from without.
The ‘Battlefield on the Shop-Floor’ Factory Groups, Works Councils, and Trade Unions
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the success of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) in gaining support from the labour class through factory groups, works councils, and trade unions. The KPD enjoyed most political leverage on the shop floor in the works councils from 1945 to 1948, however, this was effectively boxed in Allied legislation. This resulted in the withdrawal of support for KPD works councillors and union officials. In addition to this, the transfer of the high politics of the Cold War to the shop floor consumed the KPD's socio-economic kudos.
‘A Nation of Beggars’?
Authors: Kerr Donal A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This is the first full account of the role of the Irish Catholic Church in the Great Famine of 1846 and its aftermath. The author shows how the Famine and the subsequent evictions led to rural violence and a spate of assassinations culminating in the murder of Major Mahon, which the local parish priest was accused of inciting. Savage denunciations followed in press and parliament. In conjunction with the belief that Pope Pius IX had blessed the struggle of oppressed nationalities, many priests became involved in the run-up to the Young Ireland Rebellion. These years also saw a sharpening of religious tension as Protestant Evangelicals made an all-out effort to Protestantine Ireland. The author has charted how the Famine and the violence soured relations between the Church and State and ultimately destroyed Lord John Russell’s dream of bringing a golden age to Ireland.
Conflicts and Resolutions: Protestant Missioners, Archbishop Cullen, and the Synod of Thurles, 1849–1850
Authors: KERR DONAL A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
By 1849, after the catastrophic Famine, the Young Ireland rebellion, the renewed Coercion Acts, the botched Encumbered Estates Act, and the collapse of the plan for Catholic endowment, Russell’s claim to understand and govern Ireland better was open to question. His failure damaged his own party’s belief in him as an expert on Ireland. In 1850, important changes took place in Ireland, within the Catholic Church, and in Russell’s own relations with Catholics that rendered a resumption of his plan for Catholic endowment or any other major reform more difficult. Meanwhile, althoguh there was some contradiction between Clarendon’s outburst against the bishops for interfering in national affairs and his own willingness to appeal to the pope, he was determined that the scheme should go ahead with as much approval as possible; and the chances of success, he believed, were good.
Success and Failure? Whigs and Ultramontanes
Authors: KERR DONAL A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
With the fall of Russell’s government, the departure of Clarendon, and the death of Murray, relations between the Irish Catholic Church and the British government entered a new phase. Leadership passed into more conservative hands. In government, Derby, regarded by Irish Catholics since the 1830s as a bitter enemy, became prime minister; Eglinton, whose amendment of the Diplomatic Relations Act had rendered it unacceptable to the pope, replaced Clarendon as lord lieutenant. The death of Murray left the way open for Paul Cullen to carry through his reforms, his ambitious educational schemes, and his Ultramontane policies. On May 1852, Cullen became archbishop of Dublin. He was also made perpetual Apostolic Delegate, which confirmed him as the head of the Irish church.
‘The Most Useful Corps for the Nation…’:The Maréchaussée
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses maréchaussée, the most useful corps in Europe in the 16th century. The maréchaussée began to acquire jurisdiction over civilians on January 25, 1536 when François I issued the Edict of Paris. The Criminal Ordinance of 1670 by Louis XIV further extended this jurisdiction by including burglary and popular disorder, though it sought to limit abuses by bringing cas prévôtal under a degree of supervision by the local royal présidial court.
Variations: Elsewhere
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter compares and contrasts developments in Europe. It discusses the various elements which helped foster the origin of and developments in the Italian and German lands. The maréchaussée had become a national force under the ancien régime when a dynamic minister took on the potential of the disparate companies all over the kingdom and acted upon the occasion of concern regarding beggars and vagrants. The development of gendarmerie forces elsewhere had different causes and these include dissatisfaction of the rulers and the people with the existing police structures.
Spiritual Warriors
Authors: DAVIES ADRIAN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the distrust between Quakers and the clergy. Suspicion and hatred between churchmen and Quakers were provoked by the doctrinal views of Friends, clear refusal to accept church authority, and the Quaker challenge to the legitimacy of tithe payments. Quakerism carried in its train more than aggressive proselytizing in the parish and disrespect of clerical authority.
Conclusion
Authors: DAVIES ADRIAN 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the preceding discussions. It examines the extent to which Friends in Essex conformed to the pattern of the development of the sect described by Quaker historians and others who have studied the evolution of sectarian groups. It studies the social consequences of religious belief. It concludes that Quakers were not marginal and isolated people. Indeed, the sect had a big impact not only upon members, but more widely by encouraging a greater tolerance of diversity in early modern society.
The Compilation of the Dublin Collection
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The value which students from Fr. Hugh Ward, John Colgan, and Archbishop James Ussher to Revd Charles Plummer and James Kenney have consistently put on the Lives of the Dublin collection has not been based on a textual or critical examination of their relationship to the other collections. For twelve entire texts and fragments of a thirteenth, a comparison will reveal precisely what contribution thc redactor made to his texts. With the Lives of Irish saints SS. Columba, Malachy, Lawrence, and Senán, comparisons show that the redactor made no substantial changes at all. For the remaining twelve Lives in the collection, one is less well placed to assess his work, but the inevitable uncertainty need not be a disabling factor. In two cases — St Mochoemóc and St Declán — no comparisons can be made, for these Lives are peculiar to the D-collection; the style of the redactor is apparent throughout both of them. Although Irish Lives are known for both, these too are only translations of the D-texts.
The Milieux of the Later Collections
Authors: Sharpe Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
There is no parallel in the later collections to the grand literary design conceived and executed by the redactor of the Dublin collection. By the thirteenth century, throughout Europe, the trend in hagiography was for legendaries to grow larger, but for the vitae in them to be cut shorter and made less detailed, less specific. While the Legenda Aurea became a best-seller among abbreviated legendaries, everywhere Irish saints' Lives were being reduced to potted versions for easy reading. Between the work of the redactor of D and the compilation of the later collections, there was a considerable change in the literary expectations brought to the saints' Lives. It is possible that there was a marked change of taste soon after the completion of the D-collection, or that the later collections were produced for an entirely different audience in a different social context. Whatever the reason, the Lives of what we might call Phase VI are generally disappointing.