bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Participatory photographic risk assessment for child injury prevention
Authors: de Vos P 
Published: March 2011

The workshop will share the findings and key methodological lessons from a participatory project that used photographic and narrative methods to explore youth perspectives on the causes of childhood injuries in Tanzania.Over the course of several weeks, students from Green Acres Secondary School explored and documented risk factors to child injury in Mbezi Beach, Dar es Salaam. The project used photovoice and consensus-based methods to stimulate reflection on injury. Photovoice is an innovative community engagement technique that uses cameras as documentary tools and employs photographs as catalysts for empowerment and social change.The process involved five stages: (1) the students were taught basic photo techniques and ethical principles and given cameras to explore causes of injuries for children and youth in their community; (2) they selected the images that they felt most accurately reflected their individual and collective perspectives on injury risk; (3) they shared stories in small group discussions about the pictures they had chosen; (4) they identified common themes that cut across the multiple stories and images; and finally (5) they reflected on the root causes and possible community solutions to these problems.Throughout the process, they were asked to explore a series of critical questions such as: What do we see here? What is really happening? How does this relate to our lives? Why does this problem or strength exist? What can we do about it?The project demonstrated the potential of using photovoice and story-telling techniques for injury prevention and community development.
Road safety for commercial fleet
Authors: Quiros D Serrano 
Published: March 2011

This programme is based on accident prevention for Vehicle Commercial Fleet in order to reduce lost days due to disability from road accidents. Driving a commercial vehicle represents major risk due to its characteristics: lack of preventive maintenance, prolonged times of driving and bad driving practices.This programme consists of:safe driver profilemedical controlpreventive maintenancesocial responsibility and projection to the communitydisclosure and training workshops on road safetyrisks identification and assessmentIt began as an integral experimental project within DHL Global Forwarding, a company with a vast vehicle fleet in 2004. During that year, the lost days due to road accidents were 247; while in 2005 it improved by having 115 lost days. In 2006 this number dropped down to 67 days and as of now, the count is as of 0 days lost due to road accidents.Strategies to followTo present this programme for its reproducibility in different sectors. The strategy is that of disclosure in forums, schools, civil community and interested governments in order to achieve better road behaviour.This programme had been declared as of Scientific Interest in different International Forums:9th World Conference on Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion (Mexico, 2008)I Iberian-American Congress for Road Safety (Costa Rica, 2008)I Forum of Regional Actors for Road Safety in Latin America and the Caribbean (Costa Rica, 2007)International Congress of Transportation and Urban Development of the Americas (Costa Rica, 2006).
Randomised controlled trial of thermostatic mixer valves in reducing bath hot tap water temperature in families with young children in social housing
Authors: Kendrick D , Stewart J , Coupland C , Towner E , Hayes M , Gibson D , Ryan J , Odonnell G 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundHot bath water scalds are a serious problem in the UK, and thermal injuries disproportionately affect disadvantaged families. TMVs are designed to reduce bath tap water temperature and scald risk. Their use in private homes has not been tested using a randomised design.MethodRCT undertaken in collaboration with Glasgow Housing Association. Families with young children were randomised to (a) intervention arm (I)=TMV fitted to the bath water supply pipes and educational leaflets, or (b) control arm (C)=TMV fitted at end of the trial. The primary outcome measure was bath hot tap water temperature at 3 and 12 months post intervention. Secondary outcome measures included acceptability and bath safety practices.ResultsIntervention arm families had a significantly lower median water temperature at 3 and 12 months follow up than control arm families (3 months: I=45.0C (IQR 45.0C, 46.0C), C=56.0C (IQR 52.0C, 59.0C), p<0.001; 12 months: I=46.0C (IQR 45.3C, 46.0C), C=55.0C (IQR 52.0C, 58.0C), p<0.001). They were significantly more likely to be satisfied with their bath hot water temperature (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.93), less likely to report their water was too hot (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.68) and less likely to check the temperature of every bath (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.97). Seven (15%) families reported problems with their TMV.ConclusionTMVs reduce bath hot tap water temperatures and are acceptable to families. Housing providers should consider fitting TMVs in their properties and legislators should consider mandating their use.
Use of data linkage in developing injury surveillance system in Tanzania
Authors: Kishashu Y M , Franzblau A , Robins T , Smith G 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundInjury is one of the leading causes of death and disability in developing countries (Krug, 1999). Data on the impact of injuries on society have been non-existent in most developing countries, a situation likely to account for slow recognition of injuries as a public health problem by decision and policy-makers (Mock, 1995). This study, which was conducted in Tanzania, sought to describe patterns of severe traumatic work-related injuries; identify their causes and risk factors; evaluate the quality of reporting and recording work-related injuries and; identify strategies for their prevention and control in Tanzania and other developing countries.MethodsData were collected through structured interviews with 1385 injury cases admitted in the largest trauma hospital in Tanzania from March 2007 to March 2008. Detailed information was collected after work-relatedness of a case was established. Information from interviews was linked with hospital records, workers compensation and police data.FindingsA total of 638 (46%) injury cases were classified as work-related injuries, and majority were male-workers (93%). Linkage identified 138 (10%) cases that were initially not identified as work-related. Based on minimum injury dataset, workers compensation data source had the most comprehensive injury dataset followed by hospital data source.ConclusionsSystems in place for collecting and recording injury data, lack nationally agreed guidelines for defining, reporting and recording injury information among the injury data sources in Tanzania. Injury surveillance systems in low-income countries such as Tanzania could be developed using data linkages.
Bicycle injuries: a matter of mechanism and age
Authors: Siman-Tov M , Jaffe D H , Peleg K 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionBicycle riding is a popular form of recreation with positive health and environmental consequences. These road users are vulnerable to serious injuries, especially when motor vehicles are involved.ObjectivesThe goal of this study is to characterise cyclist-related injuries according to motor vehicle involvement for adults versus children.MethodsA retrospective study was carried using data from 11 trauma centres in the Israeli National Trauma Registry (2001–2007). Injury mechanism was classified according to motor vehicle involvement and differences in injury characteristics were assessed for adults (18+ years) versus children (1–17 years).ResultsA total of 5529 patients were hospitalised for bicycle injuries, of which 1765 were adults and 3764 were children. Thirty percent (n=1662) of all bicycle injuries involved motor vehicle and adults were 1.3 times more likely to be involved in a motor vehicle-related bicycle accident than children (95% CI 1.16 to 1.49). Injury characteristics and hospital resource utilisation differed substantially by age group. Cyclists struck by a motor vehicle presented with multiple injuries, utilised more hospital resources and had worse outcomes than those not involved with motor vehicles. The interaction effect between motor vehicle involvement and age was significant for torso injuries and imaging tests.ConclusionsInjury characteristics, hospital resource utilisation and health-related outcomes for bicycle injuries are highly dependent on patient's age and mechanism of injury. Effect modification of motor vehicle involvement by age may reflect physician's attitudes towards paediatric imaging.
Health technology assessment for preventing patient falls in hospitals
Authors: Nielsen A K D 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundPatient falls are frequent and costly in terms of both financial and personal costs, and account for 10% of the reported adverse events.MethodsThe Danish HTA approach includes an evaluation of the prerequisites for and consequences of implementing health technology. The evaluation covers technologies, patients perspectives, organisational aspects and economic evaluation. Technologies included both risk assessment tools (RAT) and fall preventive interventions. A systematic literature search was carried out in 13 international databases including Pubmed, Cochrane, Embase, Cinahl, Psychinfo etc.ResultsThe literature did not present evidence that RAT were effective in distinguishing between fallers and non-fallers. One systematic review found evidence of a possible 18% reduction in risk of falls when interventions were multiple, that is, included several interventions. There was a limited amount of literature concerning patients perspectives and organisational aspects of fall prevention in hospitals. Also, the topics in patient- and organisational literature did not focus on the interventions that were identified as effective. Hospital costs were estimated based on the literature. Preventing a fall was estimated to cost approximately 7000. The average price of a patient fall from a hospital perspective was 400.ConclusionsBased on the systematic literature search for this HTA, it is recommended to implement multiple interventions for fall prevention. It is important, to include monitoring of local effectiveness along with assessments of patients preferences, organisational prerequisites and economic consequences of introducing multiple interventions for fall prevention.
Prescribed medicines and the risk of road traffic crashes: results of a French registry-based study
Authors: Orriols L , Delorme B , Gadegbeku B , Tricotel A , Contrand B , Laumon B , Salmi L R , Lagarde E 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThere is a growing concern over the impact of medicines on the risk of road traffic crashes. The French Health Products Safety Agency established a classification of medicines affecting driving abilities, using a labelling system with 4 levels of risk.ObjectiveTo investigate the association between prescribed medicine use and the risk of road traffic crashes, providing risk and attributable fraction estimates, with particular focus on the French labelling system.MethodsWe matched data from three exhaustive nation-wide databases: the database on medicine reimbursing, police reports and the database of injurious crashes. Drivers involved in an injurious crash in France, from July 2005 to May 2008, and identified by their national healthcare number were included. We studied prescribed medicines grouped according to the four levels of the French classification (level 0 to level 3). We performed a responsibility and a case-crossover analysis.Results72 685 drivers were included. The results showed an increased risk of being responsible for a crash for users of medicines of level 2 (OR=1.31 [1.24 to 1.40]) and level 3 (OR=1.25 [1.12 to 1.40]). The fractions of road traffic crashes attributable to levels 2 and 3 medicine use were 2.9% (2.3–3.4%) and 0.6% (0.3–0.8%) respectively.ConclusionUsers of level 2 and 3 medicines are at increased risk of experiencing a road traffic crash. Further studies are needed to evaluate the impact of the French labelling system.
Indiscriminate use of siren in non emergency situations on African roads
Authors: Ojugbana C C , David O , Ikediashi I G , Christopher O 
Published: March 2011

On Nigeria roads, most top government officials use siren fitted vehicles (SFV). Recorded incidents of Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) associated with SFV are alarming.Objective of StudyTo investigate the proposed restriction of SFV by the Nigerian Legislature and provide suggestions that may reduce speed related RTI.MethodA study was conducted on the Legislative bill on SFV and Observation was carried for 2 weeks on four road safety check points of the busy Lokoja-Abuja highway, a stretch of about 138 km.AnalysisThe Legislative bill restricts SFV to emergency services, the President, Vice President, Senate President, Speaker House of Representative, Chief Justice, State Governors and their Deputies. Study revealed four SFV related road crashes and 16 near miss incidents. At the four check points observed, no SFV was stopped for violating any traffic offence despite their high speed movements and illegal tinting of their wind screen. Road safety officers exhibited a lack of capacity to regulate the reckless drivers of SFVs.ConclusionTraffic regulations are grossly abused by over 95% of SFVs thus resulting to recorded road fatalities and huge potential of causing RTIs. The proposed Nigerian law on restricting use of siren to a category of citizens will be an ineffective road safety measure and it is akin to asking African leaders not to lead by example. Siren use by non emergency vehicles should be banned absolutely.
Investigation on speed related road crashes on highways of developing countries. The Nigerian Case study
Authors: Ojugbana C C , Maxwell A , Christopher O , Olebunne K 
Published: March 2011

In Africa, credible studies indicate that defective road design, poor driver education, increase in vehicular use and bad roads condition have combined to make speeding beyond legal limit very unsafe.ObjectiveTo investigate existing efforts for addressing speed related road crashes in Nigeria and make recommendations.MethodA 3-week observation was carried out on Benin-Asaba road, a major Nigerian highway of 150km transversing three cities; Benin, Onitsha and Asaba. 240 drivers and road users were interviewed. Road Safety check points were examined.AnalysisThe investigation revealed non-existence of speed limit signs and no speed calming initiative except one product advert with. Enforcement officers at Check points had no speed monitoring facilities. 84% of road users interviewed confirmed speeding beyond legal limit of 100km/h as major cause of RTIs. 98% of drivers interviewed have never been booked for speeding violations yet 80% confirmed exceeding 100km speed limit at various times. No established procedure to report erring drivers.ConclusionSpeeding beyond limit is a major cause of road crashes in Nigeria. Lack of monitoring facilities make prosecution of erring drivers almost impossible. The Road Safety regulating agency should be well equipped with speed monitors and appropriate speed limit signs should be placed on highways. NGOs and National Road Safety Agency should collaborate to conduct sensitisation and build capacity of road users to report erring drivers through provision of call centre numbers.
Investigating effectiveness of speed cameras in developing communities the Nigerian perspective
Authors: David O , Ojugbana C C , Onyewelehi E , Eseanobi A 
Published: March 2011

Major studies on road safety in Africa have confirmed speed related collisions as a major contributory factor to road safety crisis. The call for the introduction of traffic surveillance cameras as a measure to check speeding violations in an African country like Nigeria is strong but controversial.ObjectiveTo review the effectiveness and appropriateness of speed cameras as an intervention measure for reducing road crashes in Nigeria.MethodSpeed Camera initiatives of Surrey Safety Camera Partnership-UK, Strathclyde Safety Camera Partnership-Scotland and Mobile Safety Camera Units of Lincolnshire Road Safety Partnership were studied. Their efficiency, prerequisite facilities for implementation and relationship with the judiciary were noted.AnalysisThe study revealed that speed cameras are useful in reducing road casualties and that uninterrupted power supply was a fundamental requirement for its efficiency. Collaboration between the judiciary and road safety regulating agency was necessary for data interpretation and acceptance. In Nigeria, acceptance of e-documents as evidence by the Judiciary is still at its incubating stage.ConclusionThe epileptic nature of power supply in most parts of Africa would render speed cameras ineffective. Speed cameras will make the most sense when African countries have addressed the sad issue of incessant power interruption and non-acceptance of e-documents as evidence in law courts. Otherwise, speed camera initiative will be a colossal waste of resources.
The SKYNET data: demography and injury reporting in Swedish skydiving
Authors: Westman A , Sjoling M , Lindberg A , Bjornstig U 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundThe usefulness of the Swedish Parachute Association (SFF) national registry of skydiving injuries may benefit from a description of its base population and an evaluation of its sensitivity and specificity.MethodsCross-sectional analysis based on data collected through a web-based questionnaire (SKYNET), from all persons renewing a Swedish skydiving license 2008 (n=1049). Sensitivity was measured as the proportion of injury events fulfilling the reporting criterion that were actually reported, by comparing the injury events reported to the SFF during the skydiving seasons 2006 and 2007 with the injury events retrospectively reported to the web-based questionnaire for the same time period. Specificity was measured as the proportion of false positives for the same time period. Factors affecting the likelihood of reporting were evaluated using logistic regression.ResultsResponse rate 100%. Overall sensitivity 2006/2007 was 0.37 (95% CI 0.24 to 0.51). For self-stated non-minor injuries, the sensitivity was 0.67 (95% CI 0.43 to 0.85). No significant effect on reporting was found for gender, age, license level, years in the sport, total number of jumps or club affiliation. The specificity was 0.91 (95% CI 0.83 to 0.95). Descriptive statistics of the Swedish skydiving population show gender differences.ConclusionsThe low sensitivity will yield false low incidence calculations, but risk comparisons related to the candidate predictor variables appear reasonably valid. The false positive reporting warrants assortment of incoming data.
Reducing harm associated with women in using commercial motorcycle transportation in a developing country
Authors: Ojugbana D , Olebunne K , Ojugbana C C , Okonkwo A 
Published: March 2011

Statement of PurposeIn Nigeria, dangers posed by commercial motorcyclists at nights are very disturbing. Past studies have shown that a high number of harm incidents involved women, who were robbed, brutalised, raped and killed. The situation is similar for most countries in sub Saharan Africa. The study seeks to address the issue of women vulnerability in commercial motorcycle transportation.MethodQuestionnaires and direct interviews were administered to 1200 road users in various locations. Views on causes and suggestions were recorded from passengers of commercial motorcycles, officials of road unions and police. The study lasted 9 months and the data were statistically analysed.Summary of ResultsResults showed that 75% of respondents agreed that motorcycle transportation at nights is unsafe. 68% affirmed that women are targets. Incidents of rape and abuse were noted. 72% of women respondents have stopped night movements. Police officials confirmed harassment and attack. 90% of victims were unable to give description of attackers. Unorganised system of transportation, poor monitoring and inability of the victims to identify attackers hinder progress. The study concludes that actions of unchecked commercial motorcyclists at nights often result in severe consequences for women. The use of motorcycles for commercial transportation between the hours of 19:00 and 06:00 requires additional measures such as data base with verifiable personal information of cyclists.
Electrical injuries prevention psychological means
Authors: Vasilyeva I 
Published: March 2011

The problem of electrical injuries is hard to solve. It has strong psychological determinant. Orientation in high voltage conditions has no full value in psychological sense. It has no warning sensor images, activating cautious behaviour like other occupational risks: mechanical force frightens with clatter. Flame frightens with heat. There are fear of heights and fear of deepness. But there is no fear of electrical danger. Orientation in high voltage conditions takes place only at the intellectual level in form of symbolic structures-electrical diagrams. Sense organs don't support orientation, don't lead in decision-making. Quite the opposite, they disorientate in reality, deceive their owner, they don't warn of real danger. It means that safe behaviour of electrician supposed to include a special mental skill to reverse mentality and to focus on constant risk detection. Its psychologically an unordinary skill. It isn't formed spontaneously. But it can be taught during vocational training. We suggest using visual illusions as an effective psychological technique that helps to learn this skill. Visual illusion is the exact model of false perception: perceived images don't represent reality. It can be an adequate symbol of electrical danger. Illusion demonstrates how the mind can deceive, and motivates a person to check and recheck his/her actions. Strong self-checking ability compensates the lack of sensor orientation and helps to prevent injuries.We use images of various illusions during safety briefing for electricians, in design of classrooms and working space, in self-check training, in warning posters, etc.
Bicycle riding in Israel
Authors: Peleg K , Siman-Tov M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundBicycle riding has become a popular form of recreation and sport. Safety and injury prevention related to bicycling in Israel is unknown.ObjectivesTo characterise cycling behaviours among adults in Israel.MethodsAn observational study was performed and questionnaires were completed for adult cyclists, ages 18 years and older. Data were collected in May 2008 and focused on riding characteristics, bicycle-related injuries and use of protective gear. Comparisons were performed based on cycling type off-road, road, leisure (park) and transportation-related.ResultsObservations were conducted on 3945 cyclists and questionnaires were completed for 679 cyclists. Off-road and road cyclists had more years of cycling than leisure cyclists, tended to ride in groups rather than alone (95% vs 75%, respectively), rode more often during the week (40% vs 24%, respectively) and for longer periods of time. Differences in the use of safety accessories were also observed. Self-reported injuries differed by cycling type. Half of the road cyclists reported injuries over the past 3 years, which was 1.5 times greater than for off-road cyclists and 2.5 times greater than for leisure cyclists.ConclusionsBicycle riders are considered a high-risk group vulnerable to injury. This study should be used as a basis to promote safe-cycling as well as for developing appropriate intervention programs in an effort to reduce bicycle-related injuries.