bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrition of Mycorrhizal Soybean Evaluated by the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)
Authors: Bethlenfalvay Gabor J. , Franson Raymond L. , Brown Milford S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractColonization of roots by vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi affects host‐plant growth and nutrition, but standard methods to evaluate VAM effects are lacking. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) may serve this purpose, and an analysis of mycorrhiza‐mediated nutrient‐uptake effects on soybean [Glycine max L.) Merr. cv. Hobbit) plants by DRIS is presented. Plants were grown either colonized by one of three geographical isolates of the VAM fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd) Gerd and Trappe or as nonVAM controls in a nutrient‐deficient soil. Plant development and nutritional status differed among the treatments. Analysis by DRIS confirmed that N, P, and K were limiting, and established different rankings in the degree of deficiency for each nutrient. Nitrogen was least limiting in all four treatments and K or P were most limiting in each of two treatments. The analysis permitted a ranking of the G. mosseae isolates as to their effects on the uptake of each nutrient. Evaluation of VAM‐mediated nutrient‐uptake effects by DRIS and by nutrient‐dilution and concentration analyses could become useful in the selection of specific VAM fungal isolates for their specific crop responses.
Cicer Milkvetch Forage Yield, Quality, and Acceptability to Insects
Authors: Kephart Kevin D. , Higley L. G. , Buxton D. R. , Pedigo L. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCicer milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) has shown potential as a forage legume. A study near Ames, IA, was conducted to determine its herbage yield, forage quality, and acceptability to insects in relation to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). Averaged over 2 yr, cicer milkvetch harvested three times each year (3‐cut) had 40 and 18% lower herbage yield than alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil, respectively. The 2‐cut cicer milkvetch had 20% lower yield than 3‐cut alfalfa, but had similar yield to that of 3‐cut birdsfoot trefoil. Seasonal neutral‐detergent fiber (NDF) concentration for 3‐cut cicer milkvetch was 31 and 20% lower than for alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil, respectively. Seasonal acid‐detergentlignin (ADL) concentration expressed on an NDF basis for 3‐cut cicer milkvetch was 20 and 37% lower than for alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil, respectively. Seasonal crude protein concentration was greater for 3‐cut cicer milkvetch than for the other treatments, and seasonal in vitro digestible dry matter was similar for the three species when harvested similarly. Compared with alfalfa, average host acceptability of cicer milkvetch was 98% lower for alfalfa weevil [Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)], 89% lower for potato leafhopper [Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)], and 84% lower for pea aphid [Acrythosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae)]. Cicer milkvetch has favorable yield and forage quality and should be considered for problem areas prone to these insects.
Seed Production Environment Influence on the Base Temperature for Growth of Sorghum Genotypes
Authors: Lawlor D. J. , Kanemasu E. T. , Albrecht W. C. , Johnson D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe base temperature for growth is an important element in plant growth models that utilize heat accumulation methods. The effect of location (environment) on the base temperature for growth of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] genotypes was studied. Seeds of six sorghum genotypes were obtained from three locations: Manhattan, KS, College Station and Lubbock, TX. The seeds were placed on moist germination blotter paper on a one‐way thermal gradient plate. Observations were made at least daily for 3 wk to determine the number of days required for (i) germination (i.e., protrusion of the radicle from the seed), (ii) root elongation to 10 mm or longer, and (iii) shoot elongation to 10 mm or longer. The base temperature for germination of each genotype was then determined as the x‐intercept from regressing the rate of germination (i.e., the reciprocal of the number of days required to germinate) vs. the mean temperature. A similar regression was used to determine the base temperatures for shoot elongation and for root elongation of each genotype. The values of base temperature for shoot and root elongation were similar for the genotypes studied, and were consistent with the values of base temperature for emergence of sorghum reported in the literature; whereas the base temperature for germination values were up to 4.6 °C lower than reported values. Results indicated that: the base temperature for shoot elongation is not affected, the base temperature for root elongation is somewhat affected, and the base temperature for germination is more affected by the location (environment) of seed production.
Rhizome and Herbage Production of Endophyte‐Removed Tall Fescue Clones and Populations
Authors: De Battista J. P. , Bouton J. H. , Bacon C. W. , Siegel M. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGrass endophytes alter the morphology and growth of their hosts. The endophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan‐Jones and Gams) benefits the tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plant by increasing dry matter production and drought tolerance. Rhizomatous tall fescue was also found to be more persistent and competitive in mixed swards, but the effect of endophyte infection on rhizome expression is unknown. This study was conducted to determine the effect of endophyte removal on rhizome and herbage production of clones and populations of tall fescue. Six clones and four populations (‘Kentucky 31,’ Georgia‐5, Georgia‐Jesup, and Georgia‐Jesup Improved), infected with A. coenophialum and the same clones and populations with the endophyte removed were evaluated for rhizome production, tillering, and herbage and root yield after 12 wk of growth in the greenhouse. No differences in rhizome production were detected between either infected and noninfected clones or populations. However, endophyte infection increased tillering, herbage growth and root growth by 12, 18, and 25%, respectively. A significant (P < 0.01) interaction was detected between endophyte infection and populations for herbage growth with infection increasing herbage growth in Kentucky 31 but decreasing growth in Georgia‐Jesup. Interaction between populations and endophyte infection suggest that the data obtained should not be extrapolated to other germplasm or environmental conditions.
Water Use by Monocropped and Intercropped Cowpea and Sorghum Grown after Rice
Authors: Morris R. A. , Villegas A. N. , Polthanee A. , Centeno H. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWater remaining in the soil after flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major source for crops grown during the dry season. To develop improved management systems, quantitative information describing water extraction from previously puddled and flooded fields is needed. Water used by monocropped and intercropped cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] treatments grown on a fine, mixed, nonacid isohyperthermic Andaqueptic Haplaquoll after harvesting flooded rice was compared to water lost from a fallow treatment. Determinations were to 1.1 m. Water used before cowpea harvest was similar within a treatment among years, but among treatments monocropped cowpea used 172 mm, monocropped sorghum 135 mm, the intercrop 162 mm, and fallow 121 mm. Water used between cowpea and sorghum harvests ranged from 22 to 118 mm, varying with rainfall after cowpea harvest. Species were compared by expressing grain yields in Mg glucose hectare−1 required to synthesize grain. Glucose equivalent yields from monocropped cowpea ranged from 1.90 to 1.98 Mg glucose ha−1, monocropped sorghum from 1.99 to 3.66 Mg glucose ha−1, and the intercrop from 1.99 to 4.36 Mg glucose ha−1. Mean water use efficiency by monocropped cowpea, monocropped sorghum, and the intercrop was 11.3, 12.4, and 16.5 kg glucose ha−1 mm−1. Monocropped cowpea and the cowpea‐sorghum intercrop each use about 50% more water than is lost from fallow. Whereas the cowpea monocrop and the intercrop use about the same quantities of water when grown during the dry season after rice, the intercrop will use water more efficiently but yields from it will not be as stable as those from monocropped cowpea.
Intensive Crop Management Practices on Wheat Yield and Quality
Authors: Mohamed M. A. , Steiner J. J. , Wright S. D. , Bhangoo M. S. , Millhouse D. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome researchers have reported increased wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields with increased N levels, narrow row spacings (R), and applications of plant growth regulators (PGR) and fungicides (F). However, little information is available concerning the effects of these factors and their interactions on irrigated wheat production in California. Therefore, this study was conducted in the eastern San Joaquin Valley of California at two locations (Dinuba and Fresno) with two planting dates (mid‐December 1986, and late January 1987) to determine the effects of three N levels (168, 220, and 252 kg ha−1), PGR ethephon [Ethephon (2‐chloroethyl) phosphonic acid], and F triadimefon [1‐(4‐Chlorophenoxy)‐3,3‐dimethy‐1‐(lH‐1,2,4‐triazol‐l‐yl)‐2‐butanone] applied to the semidwarf, hard red spring wheat cultivar Yecora Rojo planted at 10‐ and 17‐cm‐row spacings. Early planting increased grain yield, but no other variables affected grain yield or grain protein content. Yield and protein were not increased with N rates above the lowest rate, 168 kg ha−1, Lodging was increased with increasing amounts of applied N, except for the second planting date at Fresno. Applications of PGR reduced lodging but did not effect yield or grain protein, even at increased N levels. A lack of foliar disease resulted in no benefits from F applications. No notable interactions were observed between the different treatments on grain yield, but PGR interacting with other variables generally reduced stem base NO3−N. Intensification of cultural practices was not effective for increasing grain yield and grain protein content in this region with the environmental conditions experienced. This may be due to the already optimized cultural practices used in the region.
Developmental and Growth Effects of Crop Residues on Corn
Authors: Fortin M. ‐C. , Pierce F. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResidue‐related low soil temperatures have been shown to delay corn (Zea mays L.) emergence and silking dates, but it is unclear how residues affect general crop growth during this period. This study was conducted to determine how crop‐residue effect on corn development during the vegetative stage affects the measurements of various growth characteristics. The effects of small grain residue cover applied around 50% emergence on corn development (time to reach specific stages), growth (aboveground phytomass, height, N uptake) and soil temperatures were investigated on a Conover loam (mixed, mesic, Udollic Ochraqualf) under irrigated no‐tillage conditions. In 1987 and 1988, straw mulch significantly delayed development when compared to a bare soil control, but no consistent difference was found in aboveground phytomass when comparisons were done at similar vegetative stages. Comparisons on a calendar day basis showed significantly lower values for the residue treatment. The latter analysis confounded developmental‐delay effects with actual growth. Similar observations were made for height and N uptake. Consequently, an understanding of plant performance in tillage studies, involving significant developmental differences between treatments, requires that the response curve of a growth characteristic over time be coupled with data on development.
Yield Characteristics of Ancient Races of Maize Compared to a Modern Hybrid
Authors: Gardner F. P. , McCloud D. E. , Valle Raul 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOpen‐pollinated races of maize (Zea mays L.) have been cultivated in the Americas since antiquity although their performance is poor compared to modern hybrids. However, morphological‐physiological characteristics that contribute to the yield superiority of modern hybrids over ancient lines have not been well documented and such information should be useful in the selection of improved open‐pollinated lines and management strategies. Therefore, a study was conducted in Gainesville, FL (29 °38'N lat) to identify and quantify morphological‐physiological traits that are responsible for yield differences between ancient and modern hybrid maize cultivars. The characteristics assessed included photosynthetic capacity, grain‐filling rate and duration, and photosynthate partitioning. Three Central American ancient lines (Chapalote, Nal‐Tel, and Maiz Criollo) and a hybrid (Coker 77) widely adapted to the Southeast USA, were sequentially harvested at 10‐d intervals until physiological maturity for growth analysis. Leaf area index (LAI) and vegetative crop growth rate (CGRv) were similar for all genotypes except for Nal‐ Tel, which had lower values. The hybrid had greater LAI, leaf area duration (LAD), ear and kernel growth rates, as well as kernel number and size. Additionally, the hybrid redistributed more stalkstored photosynthate to the grain, and its grain‐filling period was longer. We conclude that the primary weaknesses of these ancient races compared to hybrids were low LAI and LAD, short grainfilling duration, and low photosynthate redistribution and sink capacity due to fewer and smaller kernels.
Plant Morphology of Cassava During Summer and Winter
Authors: Manrique Luis A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe information on developmental changes in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in response to environment is often lacking despite interest in such work. This study was conducted to examine how patterns of leaf area development, plant growth, and root production were influenced by seasonal changes in temperature. A field experiment was established during summer 1986 and winter 1987 on the island of Oahu, HI. The growth and yield of the cultivar Ceiba was contrasted across seasons. During a 120‐d period, mean air temperature during summer and winter were 27.0 and 22.5 °C, respectively. Stem numbers per plant did not differ significantly from summer to winter but plants were taller, internodes were longer, branches per stem were greater, and leaf numbers were higher for plants grown during summer. Also, the number and fresh weight of marketable roots (diameter>5 cm) were greater for plants grown during summer. These differences in response between summer and winter crops suggest that plant growth and root yield production of cassava in Hawaii were more efficient during the summer months. Data from this study will be used to validate a cassava growth model being developed for use in agrotechnology transfer in the tropics.
Technique for Simulating Field Drought Stress in the Greenhouse
Authors: Pennypacker B. W. , Leath K. T. , Stout W. L. , Hill R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDrought stress in the field develops gradually, allowing plants to acclimate to the stress, however, in the greenhouse it often develops too rapidly to allow acclimation. A technique was developed to induce drought stress on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in the greenhouse, in a manner conducive to plant acclimation. The technique allows: (i) gradual development of drought stress; (ii) use of plants with large root systems; and (iii) imposition of several cycles of drought. The method uses 90‐cm‐tall by 20‐cm‐diam. containers and a growth medium that allows development of plant drought stress within the working range of soil tensiometers. The growth medium, a 2:1 mixture, by volume, of commercial potting mix and coarse sand, is amended with gypsum and slow‐release nutrients. Drought‐stressed plants were shorter than nonstressed plants and had lower leaf and stem dry weights, total aerial biomass, leaf water potentials, stomatal conductances, and osmotic potentials. These responses are indicative of plants undergoing drought acclimation. The technique is an inexpensive, low maintenance method of inducing a gradually intensifying drought stress in the greenhouse.
Soil pH and Calcium Effect on Nitrogen Fixation and Growth of Board Bean
Authors: Schubert Erika , Mengel Konrad , Schubert Sven 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen fixation and growth of broad bean (Vicia faba L.) are adversely affected by low soil pH. This investigation was conducted to determine whether pH effects can be alleviated by Ca, and whether low pH primarily limits growth of the host plant or symbiotic N2 fixation. The Vicia faba L. cv. Kristall was grown in pots on a Dystrochrent at different pH and Ca levels. Dinitrogen fixation was measured using a nondestructive acetylene reduction method. Exchangeable soil Ca had no major effect on yield, total N uptake, or nitrogenase activity. At low pH (pH 4.7 and 5.4), dry matter production, seed yield, and N2 fixation were significantly lower than at the higher pH levels (pH 6.2 and 7.0). Low pH delayed the development of nitrogenase activity. Rates of acetylene reduction correlated significantly with plant N content. The N concentrations in the various plant parts of pH 5.4 treatment were as high as in treatments with higher pH levels. The slight yield depression found at this moderately low pH is therefore assumed to be a direct effect of H+ activity in the soil on the growth of the host plant. However, at pH 4.7, plants showed N deficiency symptoms during early growth, which suggests pH limitation of N2 fixation. Dry matter production of young plants not dependent on rhizobial N2 fixation was significantly decreased at low pH 4.7, 5.6, and 6.2 relative to pH 7.0.
SOYWEED: A Simulation Model of Soybean and Common Cocklebur Growth and Competition
Authors: Wilkerson G. G. , Jones J. W. , Coble H. D. , Gunsolus J. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe yield reduction caused by a particular weed species depends not only on weed density, but also on many other factors which affect both crop and weed growth through time. The objective of this study was to develop a simulation model of crop/weed competition which could be used to investigate the effects of environmental conditions on weed and crop growth. A previously developed soybean crop growth model was used to simulate the growth of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. A weed growth model was developed and coupled with the soybean model to describe growth of weed and soybean growing together and competing for resources. Published data from a field experiment were used to determine model parameters for common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.). In the combined soybean‐weed model, only competition for light and water are considered. Competition for light occurs within an “area of influence” around each weed. The size of this area depends on weed canopy diameter, which increases as a function of weed leaf area. Competition for water has been modeled by using a field average total leaf area (weeds and soybean) in the calculation of potential transpiration. The model developed from 1 yr of data fit data from another year reasonably well. The approach developed in this research is a practical way for modeling crop/weed competition which incorporates both the effect of environment on growth processes and the nonuniform effect of a weed on crop plants at different distances from the weed.
AGROBASE/4: A Microcomputer Database Management and Analysis System for Plant Breeding and Agronomy
Authors: Mulitze D. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAGROBASE/4 version 1.0 (Copyright (©) 1990 by D.K. Mulitze) is a scientific software application developed in the dBASE IV (Ashton‐Tate, Torrance, CA) compatible FoxPro 1.0 (Fox Software, Perrysburg, OH) database management language for plant breeding and agronomy. AGROBASE/4 supports the design and management of agronomic experiments through randomization (including lattices), file and data management, printing of field books and labels, specialized data transformations for agronomic research, data summarization, and report generation. Statistical support includes analyses of variance, multivariate linear regression, correlation, and descriptive statistics. AGROBASE/4 is being used in small grain, corn (Zea mays L.), food legumes, hop (Humulus lupulus L.), and canola (Brassica napus L., Brassica campestris L.) breeding programs. Support for variety testing and plant breeding programs includes development of germplasm files, pedigree data management (particularly for small grain and corn breeding), genetic analyses, genotype ✕ environment interaction and stability analyses, and multiitrait selection. User‐friendly features include an on‐line manual, help screens, pop‐up utilities, an extensive demonstration mode for new users, and menus. Flexibility is provided via options for customization, user‐programmable procedures, access to MS‐DOS (Microsoft Corp., Boca Raton, FL) and other programs plus most of the 500 FoxPro commands and functions. AGROBASE/4 is designed for users with minimal knowledge of dBASE and also experienced users or programmers. Hardware requirements include a microcomputer capable of running MS‐DOS 2.1 or later with 640 K of RAM and a fixed disk with 1.5 MB free. FoxPro need not be purchased to run AGROBASE/4.
Potassium Fertilizer and Potato Leafhopper Effects on Alfalfa Growth
Authors: Kitchen N.R. , Buchholz D.D. , Nelson C.J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPotassium nutrition can alter plant resistance to environmental stresses. In two glasshouse experiments, the objectives were to assess the effects of K fertility and potato leafhopper (PLH) [Empoasca fubae (Harris)] feeding on mature and young (seven and four regrowth periods prior to PLH infestation, respectively) alfalfa plant (Medicago sativa L.) growth, regrowth, and carbohydrate reserves. Mature plants were grown on Claiborne (fine‐loamy, siliceous, mesic, Typic Paleudult) and young plants on Doniphan (clayey, mixed, mesic, Typic Paleudult) top soil treated with 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg K kg−1 soil. Three harvests were allowed to give K nutrition differences. Female PLHs were released into half of the caged plants for 3 wk for two subsequent harvests. Alfalfa herbage yield, shoot height, root weight, and root total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) increased with increasing K fertilizer. With mature plants, herbage yield, root weight, and TNC were reduced by PLH over K rates by 0.3 g plant−1 , 0.36 g plant−1 , and 22 g kg−1 , respectively. Reduction by PLH to young‐plant root TNC was an average of 44 g kg−1 . At the same time, reduction in herbage yield and root weight increased with K fertility. Alfalfa maturity was delayed by the PLH. Susceptibility to PLH injury was greatest with young alfalfa plants. Increased K fertility did not reduce PLH injury in alfalfa; however, alfalfa growth and persistence improved, with or without PLH, with increasing K fertility.