bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of relative sensitivity factors during secondary ion sputtering of silicate glasses by Au+, Au and Au ions
Authors: King Ashley , Henkel Torsten , Rost Detlef , Lyon Ian C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn recent years, Au‐cluster ions have been successfully used for organic analysis in secondary ion mass spectrometry. Cluster ions, such as Au and Au, can produce secondary ion yield enhancements of up to a factor of 300 for high mass organic molecules with minimal sample damage. In this study, the potential for using Au+, Au and Au primary ions for the analysis of inorganic samples is investigated by analyzing a range of silicate glass standards. Practical secondary ion yields for both Au and Au ions are enhanced relative to those for Au+, consistent with their increased sputter rates. No elevation in ionization efficiency was found for the cluster primary ions. Relative sensitivity factors for major and trace elements in the standards showed no improvement in quantification with Au and Au ions over the use of Au+ ions. Higher achievable primary ion currents for Au+ ions than for Au and Au allow for more precise analyses of elemental abundances within inorganic samples, making them the preferred choice, in contrast to the choice of Au and Au for the analysis of organic samples. The use of delayed secondary ion extraction can also boost secondary ion signals, although there is a loss of overall sensitivity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of acetone as a substitute for acetonitrile in analysis of peptides by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Keppel Theodore R. , Jacques Martin E. , Weis David D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe recent worldwide shortage of acetonitrile has prompted interest in alternative solvents for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). In this work, acetone was substituted for acetonitrile in the separation of a peptide mixture by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) and in the positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) of individual peptides. On both C12 and C18 stationary phases, the substitution of acetone for acetonitrile as the organic component of the mobile phase did not alter the gradient elution order of a five‐peptide retention standard, but did increase peak width, shorten retention times, and increase peak tailing. Positive ESI mass spectra were obtained for angiotensin I, bradykinin, [Leu5]‐enkephalin, and somatostatin 14 dissolved in both acetonitrile/water/formic acid (25%/75%/0.1%) and acetone/water/formic acid (25%/75%/0.1%). Under optimized ESI‐MS conditions, the mass spectral response of [Leu5]‐enkephalin was increased two‐fold when the solvent contained acetone. The substitution of acetone for acetonitrile resulted in only slight changes in the responses of the remaining peptides. A higher capillary voltage was required for optimum response when acetone was used. Compared with acetonitrile/water/formic acid (50/50/0.1%), more interfering species below m/z = 140 were found in the ESI‐MS spectra of acetone/water/formic acid (50/50/0.1%). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On‐line monitoring of the dynamics of trihalomethane concentrations in a warm public swimming pool using an unsupervised membrane inlet mass spectrometry system with off‐site real‐time surveillance
Authors: Kristensen Gert H. , Klausen Morten M. , Hansen Vagn A. , Lauritsen Frants R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTo study the long‐term dynamics of trihalomethanes (THMs) in a warm (31–33°C) public swimming pool, we built a robust membrane inlet mass spectrometer that could perform unsupervised, on‐site monitoring of the concentration of these compounds with off‐site, real‐time surveillance. The instrument was installed in a technical room below the pool and operated continuously for more than a year practically only interrupted for filament replacements every 6–8 weeks. One to two days after a filament replacement, the instrument stabilized and kept its calibration until shortly before the next filament burnout. The on‐line monitoring of THMs revealed a daily rhythm in the concentrations of chloroform and bromodichloromethane. They increased during the pool's closing hours and decreased during opening hours with the minimum concentration being approximately half of the maximum. Over the 1 year monitoring period, the variation in the maximum registered daily concentration was 30–100 µg/L for chloroform. The variation of bromodichloromethane was 5–10 µg/L, except during bursts of 1–2 days duration, where the concentration of bromodichloromethane could reach 100 µg/L. The burst in bromodichloromethane concentration was directly correlated with salt addition (sodium chloride) to the pool water for use in the pool's electrolytic in‐line chlorination system. A correlation between THM removal from the pool water and the operation of a strong water jet system was also found. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secure information sharing for grid computing
Authors: Abbadi Imad M. , Alawneh Muntaha 
Published: December 2009

AbstractComputational grids require secure information sharing between users and resources. Users and resources are members in collaborating organisations, which form a virtual organisation (VO). The heterogeneous distribution of resource providers and requesters require a mechanism to protect shared information and resources from being misused not only by unauthorised individuals but also from authorised individuals. This paper proposes a novel mechanism for controlling information sharing but protection between members in a VO. Content can be shared between members of a VO subject to the VO policy and content owner organisation policy. In the proposed mechanism a member in a VO, who is authorised to access content, is not capable of transferring unprotected content, or protected content and the means for accessing it accidentally or deliberately to others. The VO project managers and collaborating organisations administrators decide which device can access content. Also, when a resource/user leaves the VO the resource/user will not be capable to access the shared information; thereby preventing uncontrolled content leakage. In the proposed solution, we used trusted computing technology to provide a hardware‐based root of trust on user devices. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mucin Complexes of Nanomaterials: First Biochemical Encounter
Authors: Belgorodsky Bogdan , Drug Eyal , Fadeev Ludmila , Hendler Netta , Mentovich Elad , Gozin Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn recent years, the exposure of biological systems to various nanomaterials has become an issue of great public concern. Although living organisms have arrays of biological defense mechanisms against exposure to exogenous compounds, the biochemical mechanisms allowing various nanomaterials to enter the body are not well understood. A unique example of a typical mucosal glycoprotein capable of binding and solubilizing nanomaterials in physiological solution is provided, suggesting a possible route for entry into biological systems.
Aptamer‐Based Multicolor Fluorescent Gold Nanoprobes for Multiplex Detection in Homogeneous Solution
Authors: Zhang Juan , Wang Lihua , Zhang Hua , Boey Freddy , Song Shiping , Fan Chunhai 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe design of a novel multicolor fluorescent gold nanoprobe for homogeneous detection of small‐molecule targets is reported, which combines the specific binding abilities of aptamers with the ultrahigh quenching ability of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Dye‐tagged aptamers and their complementary sequence with thiol labels are co‐assembled at the surface of AuNPs. As a proof of concept, it is demonstrated that such a multicolor fluorescent gold nanoprobe can simultaneously detect adenosine, potassium ion, and cocaine with high selectivity. This potentially generic strategy is shown to be promising for rapid screening of small molecular targets.
Maximizing safe design of engineered nanomaterials: the NIH and NIEHS research perspective
Authors: Tinkle Sally S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEstimating potential risk of an emerging technology as its products are being developed offers the greatest potential for success of the technology. The National Nanotechnology Initiative was launched in 2000 to provide a federal framework to support safe and responsible development of nanotechnology.Within this framework, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) focuses resources and expertise on both the biomedical applications of nanotechnology and the possibility of adverse health effects, or implications research. NIH developed the NanoHealth and Safety Enterprise Initiative by identifying shared research needs across the nanotechnology applications and implications research communities to create an integrated research strategy to maximize resources and expedite the development of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) that are safe by design.The central goal of this program is to decipher the fundamental principles of ENM interactions with biological systems that are relevant to human exposure and physiological response. Program components include materials science, basic biology, pathobiology, and informatics, as well as a cross‐disciplinary training program for new nanotechnology scientists. The magnitude of this program will be best supported by flexible, dynamic funding and research mechanisms including the formation of public‐private partnerships that span the expertise and interests of government, industry, academia, public interest, and other stakeholders. It is through such innovative, integrated, and cross‐disciplinary programs that the full promise of nanotechnology may be realized while ensuring that this emerging field does not succumb to hidden perils. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2010 2 88–98This article is categorized under:

Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine
Roasting‐Related Changes in Oxidative Stability and Antioxidant Capacity of Apricot Kernel Oil
Authors: Durmaz Gökhan , Karabulut İhsan , Topçu Ali , Asiltürk Meltem , Kutlu Türkan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractApricot kernels were roasted for various lengths of time (0–30 min) at 180 °C and changes in the oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity, color, as well as the level of tocopherols and fatty acids of the apricot kernel oil (AKO) were monitored. While the level of tocopherols decreased, the oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity of AKO increased with roasting, probably due to the formation of antioxidative Maillard reaction products (MRPs) during the roasting. Medium roasted samples (15–20 min) were found to be more resistant to oxidative deterioration. The oil from the 30‐min roasted sample was more susceptible to oxidation compared to the oil from the 20‐min roasted sample in most of the stability tests. Relatively shorter roasting periods (5–10 min) also led to a decrease in oxidative stability in comparison to the unroasted sample. Brownish color and antiradical activity increased with roasting and the highest values were measured in the 30 min roasted sample.
Health‐risk behaviors in adolescents as indicators of unconventional lifestyles
Authors: León José C. , Carmona José , García Pilar 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThis study analyses the dimensions of health‐risk behaviors in adolescence. Based on the Theory of Problem Behavior, the study hypothesises that the structure of relations between risk behaviors may be explained in terms of their level of social transgression or unconventionality. With a sample of 771 adolescents, this study explores the association between the behaviors which, according to the WHO, have a greater impact on morbidity and mortality. The results of these analyses point to the existence of a latent variable grouping the risk behaviors that lead to greater confrontation with the norms of conventional society. The analysis of the relation of this latent variable with indicators of academic failure and satisfaction with peers and adults also produces findings that are consistent with the proposed interpretation. Finally, some recommendations are made for the planning of preventive interventions as a result of the findings.
Reproductive health experiences among women with physical disabilities in the Northwest Region of Cameroon
Authors: Bremer Kimberly , Cockburn Lynn , Ruth Acheinegeh 
Published: December 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the reproductive health experiences among women with physical disabilities in the Northwest Region of Cameroon.MethodsData were collected in the city of Bamenda through semi‐structured interviews with women with mobility impairments, discussions with healthcare providers, hospital observations, and field notes. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded and analyzed for key themes.ResultsThe 8 participants included in the study had limited understanding of reproductive health and many had not received basic reproductive health education. Unplanned pregnancy was common and pregnancy was often feared. Respondents reported both positive and negative responses from family, community members, and healthcare workers regarding reproductive health. Most healthcare centers were physically and financially inaccessible.ConclusionWomen with disabilities need greater education on reproductive health and improved access to health care.
NON-UPTAKE OF FACILITY-BASED MATERNITY SERVICES IN AN INNER-CITY COMMUNITY IN LAGOS, NIGERIA: AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Authors: OLUSANYA B. O. , ALAKIJA O. P. , INEM V. A. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryScaling-up of skilled attendants and facility-based services is necessary for improving maternal and child care in developing countries but their effectiveness is crucially influenced by the uptake of such services. This study set out to establish the pattern and uptake of maternity services and associated factors against the backdrop of rapid urbanization in Nigeria. A cross-sectional study of socio-demographic and obstetric characteristics of mothers attending the Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunization clinics in inner-city Lagos was conducted from July 2005 to December 2007, and their association with non-hospital delivery and use of unskilled attendants was determined by multiple logistic regression analyses. Of the 6465 participants, over half (51.4%) delivered outside hospital facilities and 81.8% of this group had no skilled attendants at delivery. Non-hospital delivery or the presence of unskilled attendants at delivery was associated with teenage mothers, Muslim religion, low or middle social class and use of herbal drugs in pregnancy. Additionally, non-hospital delivery was associated with ethnicity (Yoruba tribe), lack of tertiary education or full-time employment, accommodation with shared sanitation facilities and multiparity. The results suggest that availability of and access/proximity to hospital facilities or skilled attendants is no guarantee of uptake of maternity services. Efforts aimed at improving maternal and child health in developing countries should take cognisance of the socio-demographic and cultural underpinnings of maternal health-seeking behaviour of urban mothers beyond the provision of facility-based services or strengthening of the existing health care systems.
Taiwan, Hong Kong, and the Pacific, 1895–1945
Authors: LIN MAN-HOUNG 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFor the history connecting East Asia with the West, there is much literature about contact and trade across the Atlantic Ocean from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries.1 This paper notes the rapid growth of the Pacific Ocean in linking Asia with the larger world in the early twentieth century by perceiving the economic relationships between Taiwan and Hong Kong while Japan colonized Taiwan. The Pacific route from Taiwan directly to America or through Japan largely replaced the Hong Kong–Atlantic–Europe–USA route to move Taiwan's export products to countries in the West. Other than still using Hong Kong as a trans-shipping point to connect with the world, Japan utilized Taiwan as a trans-shipping point to sell Japanese products to South China, and Taiwan's tea was sold directly to Southeast Asia rather than going through Hong Kong. Taiwan's exports to Japan took the place of its exports to China. Japanese and American goods dominated over European goods or Chinese goods from Hong Kong for Taiwan's import. Japanese and Taiwanese merchants (including some anti-Japanese merchants) overrode the British and Chinese merchants in Hong Kong to carry on the Taiwan–Hong Kong trade. America's westward expansion towards the Pacific, the rise of the Pacific shipping marked by the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, and the rise of Japan relative to China, restructured intra-Asian relations and those between Asia and the rest of the world.
Executive function in body dysmorphic disorder
Authors: Dunai J. , Labuschagne I. , Castle D. J. , Kyrios M. , Rossell S. L. 
Published: December 2009

BackgroundBody dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is a poorly understood disorder that involves a preoccupation with imagined or minor bodily defects. Only a few studies of neuropsychological function have been conducted. Two previous studies have indicated executive dysfunction in BDD. The current study sought to further define these executive deficits.MethodFourteen DSM-IV BDD patients and 14 age- and sex-matched control participants took part. Because of the high incidence of co-morbidity in BDD, patients with co-morbid Axis I disorders were not excluded. Control participants had no history of psychiatric illness. All participants completed the following executive function (EF) tests: Spatial Span (SS), Spatial Working Memory (SWM) and the Stockings of Cambridge (SOC) task. They also completed the Pattern Recognition (PR) test, a test of visual memory (VM).ResultsBDD participants made significantly more between-search errors on the SWM task, an effect that increased with task difficulty. Between-search errors are an example of poor maintenance and manipulation of information. SOC results indicated slower subsequent thinking times (i.e. the time taken to plan) in BDD participants. There were no group differences in SS or PR scores. The severity of BDD, depressive or anxiety symptoms was not correlated with performance on any of the cognitive tasks.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that BDD patients have EF deficits in on-line manipulation, planning and organization of information. By contrast, spatial memory capacity, motor speed and visual memory were intact. Considered with evidence from lesion and neuroimaging studies, these results suggest frontal lobe dysfunction in BDD.
Impaired verbal self-monitoring in individuals at high risk of psychosis
Authors: Johns L. C. , Allen P. , Valli I. , Winton-Brown T. , Broome M. , Woolley J. , Tabraham P. , Day F. , Howes O. , Wykes T. , McGuire P. 
Published: December 2009

BackgroundCognitive models suggest that auditory verbal hallucinations arise through defective self-monitoring and the external attribution of inner speech. We used a paradigm that engages verbal self-monitoring (VSM) to examine whether this process is impaired in people experiencing prodromal symptoms, who have a very high risk of developing psychosis.MethodWe tested 31 individuals with an At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) and 31 healthy volunteers. Participants read single adjectives aloud while the source and pitch of the online auditory verbal feedback was manipulated, then immediately identified the source of the speech they heard (Self/Other/Unsure). Response choice and reaction time were recorded.ResultsWhen reading aloud with distorted feedback of their own voice, ARMS participants made more errors than controls (misidentifications and unsure responses). ARMS participants misidentified the source of their speech as ‘Other’ when the level of acoustic distortion was severe, and misidentification errors were inversely related to reaction times.ConclusionsImpaired VSM is evident in people with an ARMS, although the deficit seems to be less marked than in patients with schizophrenia. Follow-up of these participants may clarify the extent to which the severity of this impairment predicts the subsequent onset of psychosis and development of positive symptoms.
Item response modeling of DSM-IV mania symptoms in two representative US epidemiological samples
Authors: Agrawal A. , Nurnberger J. I. , Lynskey M. T. 
Published: December 2009

BackgroundThere is considerable debate surrounding the effective measurement of DSM-IV symptoms used to assess manic disorders in epidemiological samples.MethodUsing two nationally representative datasets, the National Epidemiological Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, n=43 093 at wave 1, n=34 653 at 3-year follow-up) and the National Comorbidity Survey – Replication (NCS-R, n=9282), we examined the psychometric properties of symptoms used to assess DSM-IV mania. The predictive utility of the mania factor score was tested using the 3-year follow-up data in NESARC.ResultsCriterion B symptoms were unidimensional (single factor) in both samples. The symptoms assessing flight of ideas, distractibility and increased goal-directed activities had high factor loadings (0.70–0.93) with moderate rates of endorsement, thus providing good discrimination between individuals with and without mania. The symptom assessing grandiosity performed less well in both samples. The quantitative mania factor score was a good predictor of more severe disorders at the 3-year follow-up in the NESARC sample, even after controlling for a past history of DSM-IV diagnosis of manic disorder.ConclusionsThese analyses suggest that questions based on some DSM symptoms effectively discriminate between individuals at high and low liability to mania, but others do not. A quantitative mania factor score may aid in predicting recurrence for patients with a history of mania. Methods for assessing mania using structured interviews in the absence of clinical assessment require further refinement.
Behaviour regulation at the family dinner table. The use of and response to direct and indirect behaviour regulation in ten Swedish families
Authors: BRUMARK ÅSA 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThis study explores parents' and children's use of and response to direct or indirect behaviour regulation in a family context. Ten families with two children each were divided into two groups depending on the age of the children (6–7 and 10–11 years or 10–11 and 13–14 years). Video-recorded regulatory dinner talk was transcribed, coded and analysed with regard to directness or indirectness in relation to behavioural outcome. Dinner talk was predominantly direct, but younger children were addressed by direct regulators as two-thirds of all regulators, whereas the opposite was seen with older children. Though children also tended to be direct, younger children used three times as many direct regulators as older ones. Compliance appeared in two-thirds of all direct regulators, but almost one-half of all indirect regulators were not complied with. Differences between groups were furthermore distinguished by instances of compliance: those who were most non-compliant were the children in group 2.