bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classical MD Simulation of Hydrogen Absorption in F.C.C. and B.C.C. Nanoparticles
Authors: Ogawa Hiroshi , Viet Bac Phung Thi 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTHydrogen absorption in metallic nanoparticles was investigated by classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. We used a simple model composed of an isolated f.c.c. or b.c.c. nanoparticle of 1, 1.4, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 nm in diameter and surrounding hydrogen atoms. The simulated particle sizes are which correspond to about 50 to 44000 atoms. In the case of f.c.c. nanoparticles, atomic configuration with five-fold symmetries was observed in both hydrogenfree and hydrogenated particles smaller than 2 nm. The f.c.c. structure was maintained in larger particles than 4 nm with lattice deformation which varies with M-H interaction. The b.c.t. structure was observed in hydrogenated b.c.c. nanoparticles. Number of H atoms absorbed in a nanoparticle varies depending on particle size and M-H interaction: it increases with increasing particle size and M-H bond strength.
Low-Temperature Operating Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Perovskite-type Proton Conductors
Authors: Yugami Hiroo , Kubota Kensuke , Inagaki Yu , Iguchi Fumitada , Tanaka Shuji , Sata Noriko , Esashi Masayoshi 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTMicro-solid oxide fuel cells (Micro-SOFCs) with yttrium-doped barium zirconate (BZY) and strontium and cobalt-doped lanthanum scandate (LSScCo) electrolytes were fabricated for low-temperature operation at 300 °C. The micro-SOFC with a BZY electrolyte could operate at 300 °C with an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 1.08 V and a maximum power density of 2.8 mW/cm2. The micro-SOFC with a LSScCo electrolyte could operate at 370 °C; its OCV was about 0.8 V, and its maximum power density was 0.6 mW/cm2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed that the electrolyte resistance in both the micro-SOFCs was lower than 0.1 Ωcm2, and almost all of the resistance was due to anode and cathode reactions. Although the obtained maximum power density was not sufficient for practical applications, improvement of electrodes will make these micro-SOFCs promising candidates for power sources of mobile electronic devices.
The Microwave‐to‐Flow Paradigm: Translating High‐Temperature Batch Microwave Chemistry to Scalable Continuous‐Flow Processes
Authors: Glasnov Toma N. , Kappe C. Oliver 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe popularity of dedicated microwave reactors in many academic and industrial laboratories has produced a plethora of synthetic protocols that are based on this enabling technology. In the majority of examples, transformations that require several hours when performed using conventional heating under reflux conditions reach completion in a few minutes or even seconds in sealed‐vessel, autoclave‐type, microwave reactors. However, one severe drawback of microwave chemistry is the difficulty in scaling this technology to a production‐scale level. This Concept article demonstrates that this limitation can be overcome by translating batch microwave chemistry to scalable continuous‐flow processes. For this purpose, conventionally heated micro‐ or mesofluidic flow devices fitted with a back‐pressure regulator are employed, in which the high temperatures and pressures attainable in a sealed‐vessel microwave chemistry batch experiment can be mimicked.
Development of γ‐aminobutyric acid‐, glycine‐, and glutamate‐immunopositive boutons on rat jaw‐opening motoneurons
Authors: Paik Sang Kyoo , Kwak Woo Kyung , Bae Jin Young , Na Yeon Kyung , Park Soo Young , Yi Hyun Won , Ahn Dong Kuk , Ottersen Ole Petter , Yoshida Atsushi , Bae Yong Chul 
Published: September 2011

AbstractInhibitory and excitatory synaptic inputs onto trigeminal motoneurons play an important role in coordinating jaw movements. Previously, we reported that the phenotype of the inhibitory boutons apposing the somata of jaw‐closing (JC) motoneurons changes from γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐positive (GABA+) to predominantly glycine‐positive (Gly+) during development. In the present study, we investigated the development of inhibitory and excitatory boutons apposing antagonistic jaw‐opening (JO) motoneurons (anterior digastric motoneurons) at postnatal day 2 (P2), P11, and P31 in the rat. JO motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Postembedding immunogold staining with antisera against GABA, Gly, and glutamate (Glut) was performed and followed by quantitative ultrastructural analysis. The size of both small and large JO motoneurons increased during development. The number of excitatory (Glut+) and inhibitory (GABA+, Gly+, and GABA+/Gly+) boutons per JO motoneuron increased significantly from P2 to P11 and then remained unchanged until P31. The time course of inhibitory synapse formation differed between JO and JC motoneurons, whereas that of excitatory synapse formation was similar between the two neuronal populations. The fraction of GABA+ boutons decreased by 86% and the fraction of GABA+/Gly+ boutons increased by 200% from P11 to P31, suggesting a switch from GABA+ to GABA+/Gly+ phenotype. The fraction of Gly+ boutons remained unchanged. These results indicate that inhibitory synapses onto somata of JO motoneurons exhibit a developmental pattern distinct from that of synapses onto JC motoneurons, which may reflect distinctive maturation of oral motor system. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1212–1226, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of computer monitor brightness on visual (subjective) carotid plaque characterization
Authors: Kakkos Stavros K. , Nicolaides Andrew N. , Geroulakos George , Griffin Maura B. , Tegos Thomas J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPurpose.Visual carotid plaque classification on duplex imaging is moderately reproducible, and, although the literature is controversial, research to analyze and overcome this problem remains scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of computer screen brightness on the intraobserver variation of visual plaque classification.Methods.One hundred asymptomatic noncalcified carotid plaques causing carotid stenosis >40% on duplex scanning, in 84 patients, were transferred to a personal computer, normalized, and classified into four groups of increasing echogenicity (types 1–4) at 50% and 100% of maximum monitor brightness settings. Baseline intraobserver variability of visual plaque classification at maximum brightness was also assessed.Results.Baseline intraobserver variability was moderate (Cohen's Kappa value 0.59, p < 0.001). Reduction in monitor brightness caused a systemic shift in echogenicity, with 51% of the type 2–4 plaques being classified as more echolucent. Likewise, Cohen's Kappa value decreased to 0.37, indicating poor agreement between the two classification rounds.Conclusion.Reduction in computer screen brightness deteriorates the intraobserver variation of visual plaque classification. This finding could explain some of the discrepancy in reproducibility results reported and should be taken into account when using visual characterization methods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011;
Combination Self‐Assembly of β‐Sheet Peptides and Carbon Nanotubes: Functionalizing Carbon Nanotubes with Bioactive β‐Sheet Block Copolypeptides
Authors: Jeong Woo‐jin , Lim Yong‐beom 
Published: September 2011

AbstractUnderstanding the self‐assembly behavior of β‐sheet peptides is important, not only in constructing bioactive peptide nanostructures, but also in inhibiting uncontrollable protein aggregation in protein‐misfolding diseases. Here, the first systematic investigation of combination self‐assembly between β‐sheet block copolypeptides and CNTs is presented, demonstrating the presence of several different association modes during the combination self‐assembly process. Bioactive β‐sheet block copolypeptides can self‐assemble by themselves, or can be used to functionalize CNT hybrids depending on the situation. This behavior may be important both for fabricating bioactive peptide/CNT hybrids and for controlling/inhibiting protein‐misfolding diseases.magnified image
Spray pyrolysed In2S3 thin films: A potential electron selective layer for large area inverted bulk‐heterojunction polymer solar cells
Authors: Menon M. R. Rajesh , Maheshkumar M. V. , Sreekumar K. , Kartha C. Sudha , Vijayakumar K. P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper, we report the results of investigations on the potential of spray pyrolysis technique in depositing electron selective layer over larger area for the fabrication of inverted bulk‐heterojunction polymer solar cells. The electron selective layer (In2S3) was deposited using spray pyrolysis technique and the linear heterojunction device thus fabricated exhibited good uniformity in photovoltaic properties throughout the area of the device. An MEH‐PPV:PCBM inverted bulk‐heterojunction device with In2S3 electron selective layer (active area of 3.25 × 3.25 cm2) was also fabricated and tested under indoor and outdoor conditions. From the indoor measurements employing a tungsten halogen lamp (50 mW/cm2 illumination), an open‐circuit voltage of 0.41 V and a short‐circuit current of 5.6 mA were obtained. On the other hand, the outdoor measurements under direct sunlight (74 mW/cm2) yielded an open‐circuit voltage of 0.46 V and a short‐circuit current of 9.37 mA.
An Expedition to Quality: A Review
Authors: Sharma Jyoti 
Published: September 2011

SummaryQuality has a long and complex history. The concept of quality developed with population growth and the subsequent increase in industrial activity. From visual inspection to Total Quality Management and beyond, quality has progressed from infancy to adulthood. Each era has its distinctive contribution to quality improvement. It has taken many years and the inestimable effort of quality gurus to present quality as a holistic approach equipped with scientific tools. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clusterwise p* models for social network analysis
Authors: Steinley Douglas , Brusco Michael J. , Wasserman Stanley 
Published: September 2011

AbstractClusterwise p* models are developed to detect differentially functioning network models as a function of the subset of observations being considered. These models allow the identification of subgroups (i.e., clusters) of individuals who are ‘structurally’ different from each other. These clusters are different from those produced by standard blockmodeling of social interactions in that the goal is not necessarily to find dense subregions of the network; rather, the focus is finding subregions that are functionally different in terms of graph structure. Furthermore, the clusterwise p* approach allows for local estimation of network regions, avoiding some of the common degeneracy problems that are rampant in p* (e.g., exponential random graph) models. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining 4: 487–496, 2011
Electroactive Microwell Arrays for Highly Efficient Single‐Cell Trapping and Analysis
Authors: Kim Soo Hyeon , Yamamoto Takatoki , Fourmy Dominique , Fujii Teruo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe present a novel method, implemented in the form of a microfluidic device, for arraying and analyzing large populations of single cells. The device contains a large array of electroactive microwells where manipulation and analysis of large population of cells are carried out. On the device, single cells can be actively trapped in the microwells by dielectrophoresis (DEP) and then lysed by electroporation (EP) for subsequent analysis of the confined cell lysates. The DEP force in the selected dimensions of the microwells could achieve efficient trapping in nearly all the microwells (95%) in less than three minutes. Moreover, the positions of the cells in the microwells are maintained even when unstable flow of liquid is applied. This makes it possible to exchange the DEP buffer to a solution that will be subsequently used for stimulating or analyzing the trapped cells. After closing the microwells, EP is conducted to lyse the trapped cells by applying short electric pulses. Tight enclosure is critical to prevent dilution, diffusion and cross contamination of the cell lysates. We demonstrated the feasibility of our approach with an enzymatic assay measuring the intracellular‐galactosidase activity. The use of this method should greatly help analysis of large populations of cells at the single‐cell level. Furthermore, the method offers rapidity in the trapping and analysis of multiple cell types in physiological conditions that will be important to ensure the relevance of single cell analyses.
From Nanoscale Liquid Spheres to Anisotropic Crystalline Particles of Tin: Decomposition of Decamethylstannocene in Organic Solvents
Authors: Dreyer Axel , Ennen Inga , Koop Thomas , Hütten Andreas , Jutzi Peter 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRoutes are presented for synthesizing nano‐ and mesostructured β‐tin particles in the form of monocrystalline spheres, cubes, and bars, as well as polycrystalline rods and needles, by the decomposition of decamethylstannocene in organic solvents under various conditions. The formation of the observed shapes is based on the presence of liquidlike and of partly crystalline droplets. These particle stages allow structure‐determining processes such as entire coalescence, oriented superficial coalescence or superficial induced crystallization. Entire coalescence and oriented superficial coalescence take place in the absence of surfactants; the superficially induced crystallization occurs in the presence of ionic additives. The observed tin morphologies depend on the competition between droplet growth and crystallization behavior. The different tin particles are investigated by electron microscopy (SEM, TEM, HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).
Smart Sanctions Revisited
Authors: Gordon Joy 
Published: September 2011

Targeted sanctions—often referred to as “smart sanctions”—began in large measure as a response to the UN Security Council sanctions imposed on Iraq in 1990 and 1991, after its invasion of Kuwait. By 1991 it was clear that the sanctions on Iraq, initially welcomed by antiwar activists as a peaceful alternative to military action, were different from any sanctions seen before. Combined with the destruction from the bombing campaign of the Gulf War, they were devastating to the Iraq economy and infrastructure, resulting in widespread malnutrition, epidemics of water-borne diseases, and the collapse of every system necessary to ensure human well-being in a modern society. As the sanctions seemed to have no end in sight, there was considerable “sanctions fatigue” within the United Nations, as well as a growing body of literature that questioned whether sanctions were effective at obtaining compliance by the target state, even when there was considerable impact on its economy.In the wake of these concerns, there were efforts in many venues to design sanctions that would not have the humanitarian impact of broad trade sanctions, and that would also be more effective by putting direct pressure on individual national policy-makers. These targeted sanctions included arms embargoes, financial sanctions on the assets of individuals and companies, travel restrictions on the leaders of a sanctioned state, and trade sanctions on particular goods. Many viewed targeted sanctions as an especially promising tool for foreign policy and international governance, and many still see targeted sanctions as a natural and obvious solution to a broad array of difficult situations. But there are considerable difficulties with each type of targeted sanction, with regard to implementation, humanitarian impact, and, in some cases, due process rights. Some of these difficulties may be resolved as these measures continue to be refined. Others are rooted in fundamental conflicts between competing interests or intractable logistical challenges.
Citizenship in an Unequal World
Authors: Echeverri-Gent John 
Published: September 2011

We inhabit a thoroughly globalized world. People are increasingly and visibly connected by a “World Wide Web,” by a world market, and by universalist discourses of human rights and democracy. At the same time, full citizenship in a political community—and the rights conferred by such citizenship—is an exclusive status that remains, remarkably, tied to accidents of birth and historical circumstance. And what one has a right to—gainful employment, education, health care, political voice, mere presence—is largely a function of whether one has the precious status of citizenship or is, alternatively, regarded as an alien. Ayelet Shachar's The Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequality is a compelling account of the moral arbitrariness of this state of affairs. A study in “normative political theory,” it is a work of political science that incorporates legal theory, moral philosophy, political economy, and public policy. The author tackles issues of increasing global political importance—global disparities of wealth; unequal access to clear air, water, and a secure place to live; and the increasingly contentious politics of immigration and immigrant rights.So it seems fitting to invite a range of political science scholars who work on these topics to comment on the book. The basic editorial charge of this symposium is thus straightforward: How do you assess Shachar's arguments and the attention she focuses on the phenomenon of “birthright lottery”? How does this argument bear upon the topics and approaches that characterize your own scholarship? And how do these topics and approaches shed light on the book and its arguments? While the focus of the symposium is this provocative book, the discussion of it should also be regarded as an opportunity to address the question of whether or not the bases of citizenship need to be fundamentally reconceived, and in what ways political science can and should contribute to such a rethinking.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Citizenship in an Unequal World
Authors: Givens Terri E. 
Published: September 2011

We inhabit a thoroughly globalized world. People are increasingly and visibly connected by a “World Wide Web,” by a world market, and by universalist discourses of human rights and democracy. At the same time, full citizenship in a political community—and the rights conferred by such citizenship—is an exclusive status that remains, remarkably, tied to accidents of birth and historical circumstance. And what one has a right to—gainful employment, education, health care, political voice, mere presence—is largely a function of whether one has the precious status of citizenship or is, alternatively, regarded as analien.Ayelet Shachar'sThe Birthright Lottery: Citizenship and Global Inequalityis a compelling account of the moral arbitrariness of this state of affairs. A study in “normative political theory,” it is a work of political science that incorporates legal theory, moral philosophy, political economy, and public policy. The author tackles issues of increasing global political importance—global disparities of wealth; unequal access to clear air, water, and a secure place to live; and the increasingly contentious politics of immigration and immigrant rights.So it seems fitting to invite a range of political science scholars who work on these topics to comment on the book. The basic editorial charge of this symposium is thus straightforward: How do you assess Shachar's arguments and the attention she focuses on the phenomenon of “birthright lottery”? How does this argument bear upon the topics and approaches that characterize your own scholarship? And how do these topics and approaches shed light on the book and its arguments? While the focus of the symposium is this provocative book, the discussion of it should also be regarded as an opportunity to address the question of whether or not the bases of citizenship need to be fundamentally reconceived, and in what ways political science can and should contribute to such a rethinking.—Jeffrey C. Isaac, Editor
Making sense of human rights in the context of European Union health-care policy: individualist and communitarian views
Authors: da Costa Leite Borges Danielle 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article discusses the European Union health-care policy from a human rights law point of view. It departs from the analysis of international and European human rights documents in order to identify core elements and principles associated with the right to access health-care services. These elements and principles are then used to distinguish between individualist and communitarian views of health-care rights and to argue that a human rights approach to the right to access health-care services promotes a communitarian view of this right whereas European Union health-care policy has been promoting an individualist view of this right.
The Emergence of Scientific Modernity in Iran: Controversies Surrounding Astrology and Modern Astronomy in the Mid-Nineteenth Century
Authors: Arjomand Kamran 
Published: September 2011

In a sense, the history of science deals with the creation and development of scientific ideas and theories concerning scientific discoveries or even failures. Its focus is on scientific discovery and its forerunners, and it generally ignores areas where two methodologically divergent and geographically separate scientific traditions clash, especially when no new discoveries have resulted therefrom.One such area is the clash between modern European and traditional Islamic sciences. For this reason, the introduction of modern science into the Islamic world and its challenge to traditional scholars has not attracted the attention of historians of science either from within or without. Books on the history of science dealing with the Islamic world, and more particularly with Iran, rarely cover the field beyond medieval times, thus showing a tangible research deficit.
A Review of Historical Publications in Iran from 1987-1996
Authors: Ettehadieh M. , Sadeq S. Mir Mohammad 
Published: September 2011

In an article entitled “The Study of History in Post-Revolutionary Iran,” Professor A. Amanat analyzes the state of historical research and wonders whether the new interest in history will endure or whether it is a passing fad, a lingering after-effect of the 1979 revolution. He points out that “the frontiers of serious scholarship do not seem to have reached the domain of analysis. Neither the methodology, nor the scholarly attitude seem to be ready for the task.” In the eighteenth year of the Islamic revolution, it is perhaps worth taking another look at the state of historical research in Iran with an eye to detecting any changes in the observed trends pointed out by Amanat.In the late-Pahlavi era, the study of history as an academic discipline was the least popular among the topics at the national universities. It was consistently the last choice for the entering class.
Sacrifice and Authorship: A Compendium of the Wills of Iranian War Martyrs
Authors: Nazemi Nader 
Published: September 2011

Shohada ba khun-e khod safehat-e tarikh ra qalam mizanand “The Martyrs write the pages of history with their blood.”From 1980 to 1988 Iran fought a bloody war with neighboring Iraq. Those who died in the war are eulogized as the “martyrs of the war of truth against falsehood” and have been accorded an almost sacrosanct status in the Islamic Republic. A tragedy of unprecedented proportions in modern Iranian history, the war was also the catalyst for important social and political transformations within the country. Iranian warriors went to war not so much to kill as to sacrifice their lives for a larger community that was itself being transform through the exigencies of warfare. As succinctly explained by one Iranian fighter, “We are fighting not for revenge, but for Islam, country and honour.”