bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photochemistry and cultural heritage. What is the impact of light on works of art?
Authors: Romani Aldo , Clementi Catia , Miliani Costanza , Favaro Gianna 
Published: September 2011

The scientific approach to cultural heritage is a continuously expanding research field. Art and science have become a nice combination. Scientific themes appear in art, among these, photochemistry takes up a prominent position. Articles published in this field during the last two decades are very numerous and spread over a wide and differentiated kind of journals.This review is not intended to be exhaustive, and even it could not be exhaustive, but aims to give a view of the potential of photochemical and photophysical sciences in the knowledge of cultural heritage objects and in discovering the chemical nature of their constituting materials. To avoid a barren list of authors, titles and achievements, the review has been addressed to some selected and meaningful examples which are described in some detail. They refer to figurative arts, including paintings, tapestries and parchments. Among the large number of their components, attention is focused on polychromatic materials. Two main aspects are concerned: (1) the recognition of artwork components from their photophysical properties and (2) the study of the photochemical impact of light on artworks. For each of these lines, results from laboratory studies and in-situ investigations on real artworks are reported. Particular emphasis is given to the use of portable instrumentation which allows a non-invasive in-situ approach to works of art.
PEG‐liposomal oxaliplatin induces apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells via Fas/FasL and caspase‐8
Authors: Yang Chuang , Liu Hai‐Zhong , Fu Zhong‐Xue 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSince cellular uptake of PEG [poly(ethylene glycol)]‐liposomal L‐OHP (oxaliplatin) induces bioactive changes in CRC (colorectal cancer), we have investigated its apoptotic effect and anticancer mechanism. Human CRC SW480 cells were treated with PEG‐liposomal L‐OHP and a caspase‐8 inhibitor [Z‐IETD‐FMK (benzyloxycarbonyl‐Ile‐Glu‐Thr‐dl‐Asp‐fluoromethylketone)]. Apoptosis was measured by FCM (flow cytometry) and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labelling) assay. Expression of Fas/FasL and cytochrome c was detected using FCM and an immunofluorescence assay. Expression of caspase‐8, Bid, caspase‐9, caspase‐7 and activated caspase‐3 (P17) was examined by Western blot analyses. The results indicated that PEG‐liposomal L‐OHP (28 μg/ml L‐OHP) induced marked apoptosis in SW480 cells compared with 28 μg/ml free L‐OHP. The expression levels of Fas, FasL, cytochrome c, caspase‐9, caspase‐7 and activated caspase‐3 proteins were up‐regulated, with a corresponding increase in apoptosis; however, expression of caspase‐8 and Bid were down‐regulated as apoptosis increased. When cells were treated with Z‐IETD‐FMK, apoptosis was inhibited, but there was little impact on the expression of Fas, FasL, cytochrome c, Bid, caspase‐9, caspase‐7 and activated caspase‐3. These findings indicate that PEG‐liposomal L‐OHP enhances the anticancer potency of the chemotherapeutic agent; moreover, Fas/FasL and caspase‐8 signalling pathways play a key role in mediating PEG‐liposomal L‐OHP‐induced apoptosis.
Identification of Enzyme Activity Quantitative Trait Loci in aSolanum lycopersicum×Solanum pennelliiIntrogression Line Population
Authors: Steinhauser Marie-Caroline , Steinhauser Dirk , Gibon Yves , Bolger Marie , Arrivault Stéphanie , Usadel Björn , Zamir Dani , Fernie Alisdair R. , Stitt Mark 
Published: September 2011

AbstractActivities of 28 enzymes from central carbon metabolism were measured in pericarp tissue of ripe tomato fruits from field trials with an introgression line (IL) population generated by introgressing segments of the genome of the wild relative Solanum pennellii (LA0716) into the modern tomato cultivar Solanum lycopersicum M82. Enzyme activities were determined using a robotized platform in optimized conditions, where the activities largely reflect the level of the corresponding proteins. Two experiments were analyzed from years with markedly different climate conditions. A total of 27 quantitative trait loci were shared in both experiments. Most resulted in increased enzyme activity when a portion of the S. lycopersicum genome was substituted with the corresponding portion of the genome of S. pennellii. This reflects the change in activity between the two parental genotypes. The mode of inheritance was studied in a heterozygote IL population. A similar proportion of quantitative trait loci (approximately 30%) showed additive, recessive, and dominant modes of inheritance, with only 5% showing overdominance. Comparison with the location of putative genes for the corresponding proteins indicates a large role of trans-regulatory mechanisms. These results point to the genetic control of individual enzyme activities being under the control of a complex program that is dominated by a network of trans-acting genes.
ArabidopsisTERMINAL FLOWER1 Is Involved in the Regulation of Flowering Time and Inflorescence Development through Transcriptional Repression
Authors: Hanano Shigeru , Goto Koji 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1) is a key regulator of flowering time and the development of the inflorescence meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana. TFL1 and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) have highly conserved amino acid sequences but opposite functions. For example, FT promotes flowering and TFL1 represses it; FT-overexpressing plants and TFL1 loss-of-function mutants have a similar phenotype production of terminal flowers in the shoot apex. FT is believed to function in a transcriptional activator complex by interacting with FD. Here, we demonstrate that TFL1 is involved in the transcriptional repression of genes that are activated by FT. We analyzed transgenic plants overexpressing TFL1 fused to a transcriptional repressor domain (TFL1-SRDX) or an activator domain (TFL1-VP16). Plants carrying 35S:TFL1-SRDX showed delayed flowering similar to 35S:TFL1 plants, and plants carrying 35S:TFL1-VP16 showed an early flowering phenotype and produced terminal flowers. Furthermore, the tfl1 and 35S:TFL1-VP16 plant phenotypes were strongly suppressed by the fd mutation, and TFL1 interacted with FD in the cell nucleus, as shown by bimolecular fluorescence complementation experiments. We conclude that TFL1 negatively modulates the FD-dependent transcription of target genes to fine-tune flowering time and the development of the inflorescence meristem.
Detection of four diabetes specific autoantibodies in a single radioimmunoassay: an innovative high-throughput approach for autoimmune diabetes screening
Authors: Tiberti C , Yu L , Lucantoni F , Panimolle F , Spagnuolo I , Lenzi A , Eisenbarth G S , Dotta F 
Published: September 2011

SummaryHighly sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays have been validated for autoantibodies reacting with the four major autoantigens identified so far in autoimmune diabetes. However, the analysis of this large number of autoantigens has increased the costs and time necessary for complete autoantibody screenings. Our aim was to demonstrate that it is possible to detect the immunoreactivity against a combination of four different autoantigens by a single assay, this representing a rapid, low-cost first approach to evaluate humoral autoimmunity in diabetes. By using this novel multi-autoantigen radioimmunoassay (MAA), in subsequent steps we analysed 830 sera, 476 of known and 354 of unknown diabetes-specific immunoreactivity, collected from various groups of individuals including type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients, autoantibody-positive patients with a clinical diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (LADA), prediabetic subjects, individuals at risk to develop autoimmune diabetes, siblings of type 1 diabetic patients, coeliac patients and healthy control subjects. All sera reacting with one or more of the four autoantigens by single assays also resulted positive with MAA, as well as eight of 24 type 1 diabetic patients classified initially as autoantibody-negative at disease onset based on single autoantibody assays. In addition, MAA showed 92% sensitivity and 99% specificity by analysing 140 blinded sera from type 1 diabetic patients and control subjects provided in the 2010 Diabetes Autoantibody Standardization Program. MAA is the first combined method also able to evaluate, in addition to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and tyrosine phosphatase (IA)-2, insulin and islet beta-cell zinc cation efflux transporter (ZnT8) autoantibodies. It appears to be particularly appropriate as a first-line approach for large-scale population-based screenings of anti-islet autoimmunity.
Effects of an invasive crayfish on trophic relationships in north‐temperate lake food webs
Authors: NILSSON E. , SOLOMON C. T. , WILSON K. A. , WILLIS T. V. , LARGET B. , VANDER ZANDEN M. J. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. The introduction of invasive species is one of the main threats to global biodiversity, ecosystem structure and ecosystem processes. In freshwaters, invasive crayfish alter macroinvertebrate community structure and destroy macrophyte beds. There is limited knowledge on how such invasive species‐driven changes affect consumers at higher trophic levels.2. In this study, we explore how the invasive rusty crayfish Orconectes rusticus, a benthic omnivore, affects benthic macroinvertebrates, as well as the broader consequences for ecosystem‐level trophic flows in terms of fish benthivory and trophic position (TP). We expected crayfish to decrease abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates, making most fish species less reliant on benthic resources. We expected crayfish specialists (e.g. Lepomis sp. and Micropterus sp.) to increase their benthic dependence.3. In 10 northern Wisconsin lakes, we measured rusty crayfish relative abundance (catch per unit effort, CPUE), macroinvertebrate abundance, and C and N stable isotope ratios of 11 littoral fish species. We used stable isotope data and mixing models to characterise the trophic pathways supporting each fish species, and related trophic structure to crayfish relative abundance, fish body size and abiotic predictors using hierarchical Bayesian models.4. Benthic invertebrate abundance was negatively correlated with rusty crayfish relative abundance. Fish benthivory increased with crayfish CPUE for all 11 fish species; posterior probabilities of a positive effect were >95%. TP also increased slightly with crayfish CPUE for some species, particularly smallmouth bass, largemouth bass, rock bass and Johnny darter. Moreover, both fish body size and lake abiotic variables explained variation in TP, while their effects on benthivory were small.5. Rusty crayfish abundance explained relatively little of the overall variation in fish benthivory and TP. Although rusty crayfish appear to have strong effects on abundances of benthic macroinvertebrates, energy flow pathways and trophic niches of lentic fishes were not strongly influenced by invasive rusty crayfish.
Invasion hotspots for non‐native plants in Australia under current and future climates
Authors: O'Donnell Jessica , Gallagher Rachael V. , Wilson Peter D. , Downey Paul O. , Hughes Lesley , Leishman Michelle R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe apply the concept of biodiversity hotspot analysis (the identification of biogeographical regions of high species diversity) to identify invasion hotspots – areas of potentially suitable climate for multiple non‐native plant species – in Australia under current and future climates. We used the species distribution model Maxent to model climate suitability surfaces for 72 taxa, recognized as ‘Weeds of National Significance’ (WoNS) in Australia, under current and projected climate for 2020 and 2050. Current climate suitability layers were summed across all 72 species, and we observed two regions of high climatic suitability corresponding to the top 25th percentile of combined climatic suitability values across Australia. We defined these as potential invasion hotspots. Areas of climatic suitability equivalent to the hotspot regions were identified in the composite maps for 2020 and 2050, to track spatial changes in the hotspots over the two time steps. Two potential invasion hotspot regions were identified under current and projected climates: the south west corner of Western Australia (SW), and south eastern Australia (SE). Herbarium data confirmed the presence of 73% and 99% of those species predicted to be in each hotspot respectively, suggesting that the SE has greater invasion potential. The area of both hotspots was predicted to retract southward and towards the coast under future climate scenarios, reducing in size by 81% (SW) and 71% (SE) by 2050. This reduction was driven by the dominance of southern temperate invasive plant species in the WoNS list (47 of the 72), of which 44 were predicted to experience reductions in their bioclimatic range by 2050. While climate is likely to become less suitable for the majority of WoNS in the future, potential invasion hotspots based on climate suitability are likely to remain in the far south of eastern Australia, and in the far south west of Western Australia by 2050.
The responses of grassland plants to experimentally simulated climate change depend on land use and region
Authors: Bütof Astrid , von Riedmatten Lars R. , Dormann Carsten F. , Scherer‐Lorenzen Michael , Welk Erik , Bruelheide Helge 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMacroclimatic niche properties derived from species distribution ranges are fundamental for projections of climate change impacts on biodiversity. However, it has been recognized that changes in regional or local distribution patterns also depend on interactions with land use. The reliability and transferability of large scale geographic predictions to small scale plant performance need to be tested experimentally. Thus, we asked how grassland plant species pairs with different macroclimatic niche properties respond to increased spring temperature and decrease summer precipitation in three different land‐use types. An experiment was carried out in the framework of the German Biodiversity Exploratories simulating climate change in 45 experimental plots in three geographical regions (Schorfheide‐Chorin, Hainich‐Dün, Schwäbische Alb) and three grassland management types (meadow, pasture, mown pasture). We planted six plant species as phytometers, each two of them representing congeneric species with contrasting macroclimatic niches and recorded plant survival and growth over 1 year. To quantify the species macroclimatic niches with respect to drought tolerance, the species’ distribution ranges were mapped and combined with global climate data. The simulated climate change had a general negative effect on plant survival and plant growth, irrespective of the macroclimatic niche characteristics of the species. Against expectation, species with ranges extending into drier regions did not generally perform better under drier conditions. Growth performance and survival was best in mown pastures, representing a quite intensive type of land use in all study regions. Species with higher macroclimatic drought tolerance were generally characterized by lower growth rates and higher survival rates in land‐use types with regular mowing regimes, probably because of reduced competition in the growing season. In conclusion, plant species with similar climatic niche characteristics cannot be expected to respond consistently over different regions owing to complex interactions of climate change with land use practices.
Warming, eutrophication, and predator loss amplify subsidies between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Greig Hamish S. , Kratina Pavel , Thompson Patrick L. , Palen Wendy J. , Richardson John S. , Shurin Jonathan B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe exchange of organisms and energy among ecosystems has major impacts on food web structure and dynamics, yet little is known about how climate warming combines with other pervasive anthropogenic perturbations to affect such exchanges. We used an outdoor freshwater mesocosm experiment to investigate the interactive effects of warming, eutrophication, and changes in top predators on the flux of biomass between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We demonstrated that predatory fish decoupled aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems by reducing the emergence of aquatic organisms and suppressing the decomposition of terrestrial plant detritus. In contrast, warming and nutrients enhanced cross‐ecosystem exchanges by increasing emergence and decomposition, and these effects were strongest in the absence of predators. Furthermore, we found that warming advanced while predators delayed the phenology of insect emergence. Our results demonstrate that anthropogenic perturbations may extend well beyond ecosystem boundaries by influencing cross‐ecosystem subsidies. We find that these changes are sufficient to substantially impact recipient communities and potentially alter the carbon balance between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere.
Population vulnerability to climate change linked to timing of breeding in boreal ducks
Authors: Drever Mark C. , Clark Robert G. , Derksen Chris , Slattery Stuart M. , Toose Peter , Nudds Thomas D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIdentifying and understanding why traits make species vulnerable to changing climatic conditions remain central problems in evolutionary and applied ecology. We used spring snow cover duration as a proxy for phenological timing of wetland ecosystems, and examined how snow cover duration during spring and during the entire snow season affected population dynamics of duck species breeding in the western boreal forest of North America, 1973–2007. We predicted that population level responses would differ among duck species, such that late‐nesting species with reduced flexibility in their timing of breeding, i.e. scaup (Aythya spp.) and scoter (Melanitta spp.), would be more strongly affected by changing snow cover conditions relative to species better able to adjust timing of breeding to seasonal phenology, i.e. mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and American wigeon (Anas americana). Population growth rates of scaup and scoter were positively linked to spring snow cover duration; after accounting for effects of density dependence, larger populations resulted after springs with long snow cover duration than after springs with short snow cover duration. In contrast, population growth rates of mallard and wigeon were either negatively or only weakly associated with snow cover duration. Duck population models were then incorporated with snow cover duration derived from climate model simulations under the A2 emission scenario, and these predictions suggested that late‐nesting duck species will experience the most severe population declines. Results are consistent with a hypothesis that the gradual climatic warming observed in the western boreal forest of North America has contributed to and may continue to exacerbate population declines of scaup and scoter.
Push‐out bond strength of two new calcium silicate‐based endodontic sealers to root canal dentine
Authors: Sagsen B. , Ustün Y. , Demirbuga S. , Pala K. 
Published: September 2011

Sagsen B, Ustün Y, Demirbuga S, Pala K. Push‐out bond strength of two new calcium silicate‐based endodontic sealers to root canal dentine. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 1088–1091, 2011.AbstractAim  To assess the push‐out bond strength of two new calcium silicate‐based endodontic sealers in the root canals of extracted teeth.Methodology  Thirty extracted single‐rooted central incisors of similar sizes were selected randomly and distributed to three groups (n = 10). All canals were instrumented using ProTaper rotary instruments to achieve tapered canal walls. Irrigation was performed using 5 mL 2.5% NaOCl between each instrument, and the smear layer was removed using 5 mL 17% EDTA. The canals were filled with three different sealers using a cold lateral compaction technique: group 1: AH Plus + gutta‐percha, group 2: I Root SP + gutta‐percha and group 3: MTA Fillapex + gutta‐percha. Three horizontal sections were prepared at a thickness of 1 mm ±0.1 in the apical, middle and coronal parts of each root. The test specimens were subjected to the push‐out test method using a Universal Test Machine (Instron, Canton, MA, USA) that carried 1‐mm, 0.5‐mm and 0.3‐mm plungers for coronal, middle and apical specimens, respectively. The loading speed was 1 mm min−1. The push‐out data were analysed by two‐way analysis of variance (anova) and the post hoc Holm–Sidak test, with significance set at P < 0.05.Results  In the coronal specimens, there was no significant difference between the sealers. In the middle and apical segments, there was no significant difference between I Root SP and AH Plus groups. However, the I Root SP and AH Plus had significantly higher bond strength values than the MTA Fillapex (P < 0.05). In terms of root segments, the bond strengths in the middle specimens and the apical specimens were higher compared with the bond strengths in the coronal specimens (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the bond strengths in the middle and apical specimens.Conclusion  MTA Fillapex had the lowest push‐out bond values to root dentine compared with other sealers.
Diagnostic accuracy of limited‐volume cone‐beam computed tomography in the detection of periapical bone loss: 360° scans versus 180° scans
Authors: Lennon S. , Patel S. , Foschi F. , Wilson R. , Davies J. , Mannocci F. 
Published: September 2011

Lennon S, Patel S, Foschi F, Wilson R, Davies J, Mannocci F. Diagnostic accuracy of limited‐volume cone‐beam computed tomography in the detection of periapical bone loss: 360° scans versus 180° scans. International Endodontic Journal, 44, 1118–1127, 2011.AbstractAim  To investigate the effect of reducing limited‐volume cone‐beam computed tomographs arc of rotation from 360° to 180° on the ability to diagnose small, artificially created apical lesions.Methodology  Small, artificial apical bone lesions were prepared with a bur in the apical region of the distal root of ten mandibular first molars, in human dry mandibles. The jaws were scanned in a fixed position with limited‐volume CBCT making a 360° and 180° arc of rotation, before and after each periapical lesion had been created. A 4 × 4 cm field of view was used at 90 kV, with a current of 4 mA. Ten examiners blinded to the scan parameters and controls scored the presence/absence of bone lesions. Intra‐examiner reliability was determined after 2 weeks, reviewing half the data set. Statistical analyses with paired t‐tests determined the diagnostic accuracy of the two modalities (360° vs. 180°) in terms of sensitivity, specificity, receiver operating characteristic area under the curve, positive predictive values and negative predictive values.Results  The mean values for sensitivity of the 360° and 180° scans were 0.91 and 0.89, respectively; their mean specificities were 0.73. No significant differences were reflected in the statistical analyses.Conclusions  Both 360° and 180° cone‐beam computed tomography scans yielded similar accuracy in the detection of artificial bone lesions. The use of 180° scans might be advisable to reduce the radiation dose to the patient in line with the ICRP guidance to use as low a dosage as reasonably achievable.