bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fountain Codes Over GF(q)
Authors: Li Xiangming , Jiang Tao 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTBinary fountain codes such as Luby transform codes are a class of erasure codes which have demonstrated an asymptotic performance close to the Shannon limit when decoded with the belief propagation algorithm. When these codes are generalized to GF(q) for q  >  2, their performance approaches the Shannon limit much faster than the usual binary fountain codes. In this paper, we extend binary fountain codes to GF(q). In particular, we generalize binary Luby transform codes to GF(q) to develop a low complexity maximum likelihood decoder. The proposed codes have numerous advantages, including low coding overhead, low encoding and decoding complexity, and good performance over various message block lengths, making them practical for real‐time applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal and suboptimal receivers for code‐multiplexed transmitted‐reference ultra‐wideband systems
Authors: Tutay Mehmet Emin , Gezici Sinan 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn this study, optimal and suboptimal receivers are investigated for code‐multiplexed transmitted‐reference (CM‐TR) ultra‐wideband systems. First, a single‐user scenario is considered, and a CM‐TR system is modeled as a generalized noncoherent pulse‐position modulated system. Based on that model, the optimal receiver that minimizes the bit error probability is derived. Then, it is shown that the conventional CM‐TR receiver converges to the optimal receiver under certain conditions and achieves close‐to‐optimal performance in practical cases. Next, multi‐user systems are considered, and the conventional receiver, blinking receiver, and chip discriminator are investigated. Also, the linear minimum mean‐squared error (MMSE) receiver is derived for the downlink of a multi‐user CM‐TR system. In addition, the maximum likelihood receiver is obtained as a performance benchmark. The practicality and the computational complexity of the receivers are discussed, and their performance is evaluated via simulations. The linear MMSE receiver is observed to provide the best trade‐off between performance and complexity/practicality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
About the Reaction of BeCl2 with the Carbodiphosphorane Addition Compound O2C←C(PPh3)2 and its Hydrolysis Product Ph3PCHP(O)Ph2
Authors: Petz Wolfgang , Dehnicke Kurt , Neumüller Bernhard 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAbstract. Reaction of BeCl2 and (PPh4)[Be2Cl6] with Ph3PCHP(O)Ph2 (2) and of BeCl2 with O2C←C(PPh3)2 (3) were studied under various conditions. Whereas the addition compound of 2 with BeCl2 could only traced by 31P NMR spectroscopy the molecular structure of the O‐addition compound [Ph3PCH2P(OBeCl3)Ph2]·0.75CH2Cl2 (5) from 2 and (PPh4)[Be2Cl6] could be performed. From 3 and BeCl2 in dichloromethane crystals of (H2C{PPh3}2)[BeCl4] (6) and (H2C{PPh3}2)Cl2·CH2Cl2 (7) separated. The cluster [Be6(OH)6Cl5(O2C2{PPh3}2)3]Cl(8) formed upon unintentionally admitting some humidity to the initial reaction mixture. In 8 each of the bidentate ligands 3 bridges two different beryllium atoms via the oxygen atoms. All compounds are characterized by X‐ray diffraction analyses.
The intense vorticity structures near the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in a jet
Authors: da Silva Carlos B. , dos Reis Ricardo J. N. , Pereira José C. F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe characteristics of the intense vorticity structures (IVSs) near the turbulent/non-turbulent (T/NT) interface separating the turbulent and the irrotational flow regions are analysed using a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a turbulent plane jet. The T/NT interface is defined by the radius of the large vorticity structures (LVSs) bordering the jet edge, while the IVSs arise only at a depth of about $5\eta $ from the T/NT interface, where $\eta $ is the Kolmogorov micro-scale. Deep inside the jet shear layer the characteristics of the IVSs are similar to the IVSs found in many other flows: the mean radius, tangential velocity and circulation Reynolds number are $R/ \eta \approx 4. 6$, ${u}_{0} / {u}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } \approx 0. 8$, and ${\mathit{Re}}_{\Gamma } / { \mathit{Re}}_{\lambda }^{1/ 2} \approx 28$, where ${u}_{0} $, and ${\mathit{Re}}_{\lambda } $ are the root mean square of the velocity fluctuations and the Reynolds number based on the Taylor micro-scale, respectively. Moreover, as in forced isotropic turbulence the IVSs inside the jet are well described by the Burgers vortex model, where the vortex core radius is stable due to a balance between the competing effects of axial vorticity production and viscous diffusion. Statistics conditioned on the distance from the T/NT interface are used to analyse the effect of the T/NT interface on the geometry and dynamics of the IVSs and show that the mean radius $R$, tangential velocity ${u}_{0} $ and circulation $\Gamma $ of the IVSs increase as the T/NT interface is approached, while the vorticity norm $\vert \omega \vert $ stays approximately constant. Specifically $R$, ${u}_{0} $ and $\Gamma $ exhibit maxima at a distance of roughly one Taylor micro-scale from the T/NT interface, before decreasing as the T/NT is approached. Analysis of the dynamics of the IVS shows that this is caused by a sharp decrease in the axial stretching rate acting on the axis of the IVSs near the jet edge. Unlike the IVSs deep inside the shear layer, there is a small predominance of vortex diffusion over stretching for the IVSs near the T/NT interface implying that the core of these structures is not stable i.e. it will tend to grow in time. Nevertheless the Burgers vortex model can still be considered to be a good representation for the IVSs near the jet edge, although it is not as accurate as for the IVSs deep inside the jet shear layer, since the observed magnitude of this imbalance is relatively small.
Number of degrees of freedom and energy spectrum of surface quasi-geostrophic turbulence
Authors: Tran Chuong V. , Blackbourn Luke A. K. , Scott Richard K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe study both theoretically and numerically surface quasi-geostrophic turbulence regularized by the usual molecular viscosity, with an emphasis on a number of classical predictions. It is found that the system’s number of degrees of freedom $N$, which is defined in terms of local Lyapunov exponents, scales as ${\mathit{Re}}^{3/ 2} $, where $\mathit{Re}$ is the Reynolds number expressible in terms of the viscosity, energy dissipation rate and system’s integral scale. For general power-law energy spectra ${k}^{\ensuremath{-} \ensuremath{\alpha} } $, a comparison of $N$ with the number of dynamically active Fourier modes, i.e. the modes within the energy inertial range, yields $\ensuremath{\alpha} = 5/ 3$. This comparison further renders the scaling ${\mathit{Re}}^{1/ 2} $ for the exponential dissipation rate at the dissipation wavenumber. These results have been predicted on the basis of Kolmogorov’s theory. Our approach thus recovers these classical predictions and is an analytic alternative to the traditional phenomenological method. The implications of the present findings are discussed in conjunction with related results in the literature. Support for the analytic results is provided through a series of direct numerical simulations.
Urinary excretion ofin vivo13C-labelled milk oligosaccharides in breastfed infants
Authors: Rudloff Silvia , Pohlentz Gottfried , Borsch Christian , Lentze Michael J. , Kunz Clemens 
Published: September 2011

Recent observations indicate that human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) are involved in a variety of physiological processes in infants. Their metabolic fate, however, is virtually unknown. We investigated metabolic aspects in infants after endogenous13C-labelling of HMO. An oral bolus of natural and13C-labelled galactose (Gal; 23 g Gal+4 g13C-Gal) was given to ten lactating women. Aliquots of milk at each nursing as well as breath samples from the mothers and urine from their infants were collected over 36 h. The13C-enrichment of HMO and their renal excretion was determined by isotope ratio-MS; characterisation was achieved by fast atom bombardment-MS. After the Gal bolus was given, an immediate13C-enrichment in milk and in infants' urine was observed which lasted 36 h. Mass spectrometric analysis of13C-enriched urinary fractions confirmed the excretion of a variety of neutral and acidic HMO without metabolic modification of their structures. Components with glucose split off at the reducing end were also detectable. Quantitative data regarding the infants' intake of lacto-N-tetraose and its monofucosylated derivative lacto-N-fucopentaose II ranged from 50 to 160 mg with each suckling, respectively; renal excretion of both components varied between 1 and 3 mg/d. Since the intake of individual HMO by the infants was in the range of several hundred mg per suckling, i.e. several g/d, and some of these components were excreted in mg amounts as intact HMO with the infants' urine, not only local but also systemic effects might be expected.
Case report: nodular fasciitis of the parotid region
Authors: Hidir Y , Arslan H H , Gunhan O , Satar B 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective:To demonstrate the clinical and histopathological features of nodular fasciitis in the parotid region.Case report:A 24-year-old man presented with a palpable mass in the superior border of the parotid gland. The mass was firm and immobile, with a smooth surface. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed proliferating fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes among the blood cells. Although a superficial parotidectomy was initially planned, a total excision was performed, as the mass was observed to be located in the periphery of the parotid tissue. Nodular fasciitis was diagnosed, based on the results of immunohistochemical analysis.Conclusion:Nodular fasciitis very rarely occurs in the parotid region. These lesions grow quickly, and may be misdiagnosed as sarcoma. Trauma may play a role in their aetiology. Total excision is adequate as treatment.
CouldHelicobacter pyloriplay a role in the aetiopathogenesis of tympanosclerosis?
Authors: Iriz A , Eryilmaz A , Gocer C , Acar A , Boynuegri S , Dursun E 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAim:The aetiology of tympanosclerosis is not yet clear. This prospective, controlled, clinical study investigated the relationship betweenHelicobacter pyloriand tympanosclerosis aetiology.Materials and methods:The study included 14 patients with tympanosclerosis and 26 with other forms of chronic otitis media. All patients underwent surgery for chronic otitis media. Mucosal biopsies were taken, and examined forH pyloriusing the Campylobacter-Like Organism (CLO) test.Results:Tympanoplasty was performed in 29 patients (72.5 per cent), radical mastoidectomy in eight (20 per cent) and myringoplasty in three (7.5 per cent). The presence ofH pyloriwas tested in all tympanosclerosis biopsies, but in only 26.9 per cent of biopsies from other forms of chronic otitis media. A statistically significant difference inH pyloripresence was found (p ≤ 0.01).Conclusion:This study represents a preliminary investigation of the association betweenH pyloriand tympanosclerosis development.
Serum levels of interleukins 4 and 10 in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Mojtahedi Z , Khademi B , Yehya A , Talebi A , Fattahi M J , Ghaderi A 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective:There is currently controversy over the association between serum interleukin-4 and -10 levels and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in patients of different ethnicity. This study aimed to investigate serum levels of these cytokines in Iranian patients with this pathology, and to analyse correlations with tumour location and tumour stage at diagnosis.Design:Serum cytokines levels were quantified using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Subjects:Study groups comprised 93 untreated patients and 53 healthy donors.Results:Serum interleukin-4 levels were significantly increased in patients compared with controls (p < 0.000), but were not significantly associated with tumour stage. Serum interleukin-10 levels were not raised in patients, nor associated with tumour stage.Conclusion:Serum levels of interleukin-4, but not -10, were increased in Iranian head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. These data do not support an association of these cytokines with tumour progression; this is consistent with previous findings.
Bilateral cochlear implantation in a patient with petrous bone cholesteatoma in the only hearing ear: case report
Authors: Husseini S T , Guida M , Negri M , Falcioni M 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective:We report a case of successful cochlear implantation in a patient with petrous bone cholesteatoma in the only hearing ear.Case report:A 63-year-old man presented with a four-year history of right-sided, progressive hearing loss in his only hearing ear. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a right supralabyrinthine petrous bone cholesteatoma, with erosion of the superior semicircular canal and the roof of the internal auditory canal. Due to the high risk of post-operative right-sided deafness, we decided first to perform left cochlear implantation. Five months later, the patient had a 40 per cent score for open-set two-syllable word recognition and an 85 per cent score for sentence recognition. Given these good performances, we decided to eradicate the cholesteatoma via a translabyrinthine approach, with insertion of a second cochlear implant, as a single-stage procedure. A successful outcome was achieved.Conclusion:Cochlear implantation can be an effective method of hearing rehabilitation in patients with petrous bone cholesteatoma, following total eradication of disease, if the cochlea remains intact. To our best knowledge, this is the first English language report of cochlear implantation in a patient with petrous bone cholesteatoma.
‘Flaccid neoglottis’ following supracricoid partial laryngectomy: laryngoscopic revision assisted by navigation system
Authors: Nakayama M , Seino Y , Okamoto M , Matsuki T 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective:Supracricoid partial laryngectomy is a reliable laryngeal preservation procedure for tumour stage 2 and selected stage 3 to 4 laryngeal cancers. Of 70 patients thus treated, two (3 per cent) had ‘flaccid neoglottis’, i.e. redundant mucosa at the inner arytenoid edge which intermittently obstructed the neoglottis. We discuss the mechanism and management of this complication.Method:The two cases are presented. A navigation system was used to assist surgery. Neoglottal spatial alteration (specifically cross-sectional area) was assessed pre- and post-operatively using three-dimensional computed tomography. Voice was also evaluated.Results:Inspiratory stridor and delayed stomal closure were the main symptoms. Minimum neoglottal cross-sectional area was smaller in case one than in non-affected patients. Both patients had relatively rougher and breathier voices, but had adapted well to this.Conclusion:Flaccid neoglottis is mainly due to excessive anterior retraction of residual laryngeal mucosa and to excessive mucosal pliability with age. A navigation system was useful for confirmation, but the potential for incorrect image recognition should be kept in mind. Flaccid neoglottis was treatable, with improved laryngeal function.
A rare angiosarcoma: retiform haemangioendothelioma
Authors: O'Duffy F , Timon C , Toner M 
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjective:We report the case of a rare angiosarcoma, retiform haemangioendothelioma, in an 18-year-old young man, which presented as a recurrent ulcerating lesion of the left pinna.Method:Case report and literature review of retiform haemangioendothelioma. This is a low grade angiosarcoma with a high local recurrence rate and low metastasis rate, and was first described in 1994 by Calonje et al.Results:This patient represents only the third report of lymph node metastasis in a case of retiform haemangioendothelioma. To date, 31 cases of the tumour have been reported. Histological diagnosis of this group of vascular neoplasms can be challenging, as their histopathological appearance is intermediate between haemangioma and angiosarcoma.Conclusion:Surgical excision remains the primary treatment modality, with adjuvant radiotherapy recommended in patients with large tumour size, local recurrence and lymph node metastasis, as seen in this case.
Management of vascular complications of head and neck cancer
Authors: Rimmer J , Giddings C E B , Vaz F , Brooks J , Hopper C 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground:Major vascular complications in patients with head and neck cancer have previously been thought of as terminal events. However, it is now possible to intervene in many situations, with benefits for quality of life as well as survival. Endovascular techniques have reduced morbidity and mortality in many situations, both emergency and elective.Method:We describe the techniques that can be employed in such situations, and present illustrative case reports. Life-threatening haemorrhage, carotid compression and radiation-induced carotid stenosis are all discussed.Conclusion:It is possible to predict where complications may arise, and to take prophylactic steps to allow treatment to continue. Early intervention can reduce both morbidity and mortality in this high-risk patient group.
The making of a career: Joseph Toynbee's first steps in otology
Authors: Mudry A 
Published: September 2011

AbstractJoseph Toynbee (1815–1866) is considered one of the fathers of modern otology. He spent his whole life in London, studying and describing the anatomy and pathology of the main diseases of the ear. This paper presents some of the motivations behind Toynbee's decision to specialise in otology, by examining several of his letters published under the signature ‘J. T.’ in The Lancet between 1838 and 1839. Frustrated by the weakened state of aural surgery in Britain, and by the popularity of several ‘quacks aurists’ (including John Harrison Curtis, William Wright and Alexander Turnbull), Toynbee insisted that the study of the ear needed to distance itself from quackery and rebuild itself upon a scientific foundation. This paper evaluates several exchanges between Toynbee and Curtis, Wright and Turnbull.
Entire functions for which the escaping set is a spider's web
Authors: SIXSMITH D. J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe construct several new classes of transcendental entire functions, f, such that both the escaping set, I(f), and the fast escaping set, A(f), have a structure known as a spider's web. We show that some of these classes have a degree of stability under changes in the function. We show that new examples of functions for which I(f) and A(f) are spiders' webs can be constructed by composition, by differentiation, and by integration of existing examples. We use a property of spiders' webs to give new results concerning functions with no unbounded Fatou components.
Study of Mural Paintings UsingIn SituXRF, Confocal Synchrotron-μ-XRF, μ-XRD, Optical Microscopy, and SEM-EDS—The Case of the Frescoes from Misericordia Church of Odemira
Authors: Valadas S. , Candeias A. , Mirão J. , Tavares D. , Coroado J. , Simon Rolf , Silva A.S. , Gil M. , Guilherme A. , Carvalho M.L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this work, we present the results of an analytical method developed for detailed pigment identification, stratigraphy, and degradation of the paint layers of mural paintings applied in the study of the 17th century frescoes from the Misericordia Church of Odemira (Southwest Portugal).In situX-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses were performed on three panels of the mural paintings and complemented by colorimetric measurements. The different color areas were also sampled as microfragments (approx. 1 mm2) that were studied as taken or mounted in epoxy resin to expose the different paint layers. The microfragments of paint layers and their cross sections were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Furthermore, elemental analysis was obtained with spatially resolved confocal synchrotron radiation μ-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry performed at ANKA synchrotron FLUO beamline. Occasionally, phase analysis by μ-X-ray diffraction was also performed. Results from the different techniques allowed pigment identification and, in some cases, the evaluation of color changes due to degradation processes and, considering the Southern Portugal geology, the identification of their possible provenance. The pigments used were essentially yellow, brown and red ochres, smalt blue, copper green, and black earths, probably from local sources.
RELIABILITY ANALYSIS OF A SIMPLE REPAIRABLE SYSTEM
Authors: GUO L. N. , XU H. B. , GAO C. , ZHU G. T. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe consider a new kind of simple repairable system consisting of a repairman with multiple delayed-vacation strategy. A common technique in reliability studies is to substitute the steady-state reliability indexes for instantaneous ones because the dynamic solution of the system is difficult or even impossible to obtain. However, this substitution is not always valid. Therefore, it is important to study the existence, uniqueness and expression for the system’s dynamic solution, and to discuss the system’s stability. The purpose of this paper is threefold: to study the uniqueness and existence of the dynamic solution, and its expression, using C0-semigroup theory; to discuss the exponential stability of the system by analysing the spectral distribution and quasi-compactness of the system operator; to derive some reliability indexes of the system from an eigenfunction point of view, which is different from the traditional Laplace transform technique, and present a profit analysis to determine the optimal vacation time in order to achieve the maximum system profit.
EXPLICIT SERIES SOLUTION OF A CLOSURE MODEL FOR THE VON KÁRMÁN–HOWARTH EQUATION
Authors: LIU ZENG , OBERLACK MARTIN , GREBENEV VLADIMIR N. , LIAO SHI-JUN 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe homotopy analysis method (HAM) is applied to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) emerging from a closure model of the von Kármán–Howarth equation which models the decay of isotropic turbulence. In the infinite Reynolds number limit, the von Kármán–Howarth equation admits a symmetry reduction leading to the aforementioned one-parameter ODE. Though the latter equation is not fully integrable, it can be integrated once for two particular parameter values and, for one of these values, the relevant boundary conditions can also be satisfied. The key result of this paper is that for the generic case, HAM is employed such that solutions for arbitrary parameter values are derived. We obtain explicit analytical solutions by recursive formulas with constant coefficients, using some transformations of variables in order to express the solutions in polynomial form. We also prove that the Loitsyansky invariant is a conservation law for the asymptotic form of the original equation.