bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmospheric Emission and Plant Uptake of Mercury from Agricultural Soils near the Almadén Mercury Mine
Authors: Lindberg S. E. , Jackson D. R. , Huckabee J. W. , Janzen S. A. , Levin M. J. , Lund J. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface soils collected near the Almadén, Spain, mercury mine reflected increasing concentrations of mercury (Hg) with proximity to the mine due to weathered mineral deposits and to atmospheric deposition of Hg from the smelter. Extractions with NaHCO3 or NH4OAc removed small amounts of Hg from both control (20 km from the mine; total Hg = 2.3 µg/g) and mine site soils (1 km; total Hg = 97 µg/g). Density gradient centrifugation indicated a significant fraction of the Hg to be associated with a high‐density mineral fraction, presumably cinnabar. Accumulation of Hg by alfalfa suggested a dual mechanism of uptake; roots accumulated Hg in proportion to the soil levels, while aerial plant material absorbed Hg vapor directly from the atmosphere. Soil fertilization with and without liming significantly increased total Hg uptake, largely due to plant growth stimulation. Liming itself had no significant effect. The rate of volatilization of elemental Hg from both soils (∼0.13 and 0.33 µg/m2 per hour at 25°C, for control and mine site, respectively) exceeded reported background emission rates by factors of 4 to 10, increasing with surface temperature and Hg content and decreasing with increased plant cover.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Earthworm Eisenia foetida
Authors: Hartenstein R. , Neuhauser E. F. , Collier J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConversion of waste‐activated sludge into egesta by the earthworm Eisenia foetida resulted in neither an increase nor decrease of 0.1N HCl‐extractable cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, or zinc. The addition of 2,500 ppm copper as copper sulfate to activated sludge caused 100% mortality within 1 week, though feeding upon nonamended activated sludges with up to 1,500 ppm copper over several months was innocuous. Amendment of sludge with 10, 50, and 100 ppm Cd as CdSO4 resulted in 3.90‐, 2.04‐, and 1.44‐fold concentrations in the earthworm over the quantities present in the sludge, with a range of 118 to 170 ppm being found on exposure to the highest level for periods of 1 to 5 weeks at 25°C. in field trials with nonamended sludge, however, containing 12 to 27 ppm Cd, biweekly sampling for 28 weeks revealed accumulations in E. foetida ranging from 8 to 46 ppm; control earthworms not exposed to culture media with easily measurable Cd levels contained 0.3 to 2 ppm Cd. Upwards to about 50 ppm Ni, 325 ppm Pb, and 250 ppm Zn accumulated from sludges amended with ionic soluble forms of these metals. In the field, where these metals ranged from 2 to 46, 1 to 53, and 68 to 210 ppm, respectively, an upper concentration of about 50 ppm Ni, 55 ppm Pb, and 250 ppm Zn were found in the earthworm. Distinctions are made between “accumulable” and “concentratable” and a discussion is provided to show that each of the most problematic heavy metals, Cd, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cu, may accumulate or concentrate in the earthworm.
Field Testing Soybeans for Residual Effects of Air Pollution and Seed Size on Crop Yield
Authors: Howell R. K. , Rose L. P. , Leffel R. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMean seed weights (g/100 seeds) for four soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], cultivars grown in 1973 and 1974 in cylindrical open‐top field chambers that provided carbon‐filtered air were significantly greater (17.2) than from plants grown in nonfiltered air in chambers (15.1), or in conventional plots without chambers (15.7). Using this seed, an experiment was designed to answer three questions: (i) does air quality influence seed yields from subsequent plants; (ii) do seed size differences, possibly induced by air pollutants, influence subsequent seed yields; (iii) is there a yield advantage from planting large seed vs. an original lot of seed. This experiment was designed as a split‐split plot with six replications. The whole plot treatments were the four cultivars; the split‐plot treatments consisted of the nine factorial combinations of three seed sizes and three environments. The split‐split plot treatment was a comparison between the specified seed size and an original lot of the seed from which the specific seed size was obtained. Six seeds per 30 cm of row were planted and evaluated in a field experiment near Queenstown, Md., in 1975. We found no residual air quality effects on subsequent seed yields. Differences in seed size observed for different air qualities did not significantly affect yields. In general, there was no significant yield advantage for plants grown from a selected seed size as compared with the original lot seed.
Precipitation Acidity: The Role of the Forest Canopy in Acid Exchange
Authors: Hoffman William A. , Lindberg Steven E. , Turner Ralph R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIndividual rain events were sampled above and below the forest canopy in Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee, from August 1977 to June 1978 for the purpose of analysis of acidity and organic content. Strong acid content correlated with sulfate concentrations. Total acid concentrations were conserved as rain penetrated chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.) canopies, although the strong/weak acid ratio declined substantially. Although weak acids constituted at least 30% of the total acidity of incident rain and increased to over 50% in throughfall, the increase could not be entirely attributed to organic acids. The results of the study support the fundamental importance of ion‐exchange models in systematizing rain‐vegetation interactions.
Instantaneous Degradation of Parathion in Anaerobic Soils
Authors: Wahid P. A. , Ramakrishna C. , Sethunathan N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.) culture, the pesticides are applied to rice fields after several days of submergence when the soil is already in a reduced state. Parathion (O,O‐diethyl O,p‐nitrophenyl phosphorothioate) was, therefore, equilibrated with soils previously reduced by flooding with water and then analyzed by isotope technique or by gas‐liquid chromatography. Instantaneous surface‐catalyzed degradation of parathion occurred when the insecticide was shaken for as little as 5 sec with soils prereduced by flooding. Aminoparathion was the major product of this reaction. The interaction of parathion with prereduced soil appeared to be mediated by soil enzymes and/or other heat‐labile substances produced by soil anaerobiosis.
Phosphorus Variations in Surface Runoff from Agricultural Lands as a Function of Land Use
Authors: Wendt R. C. , Corey R. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhosphorus (P) carried in surface runoff from agricultural lands can be a major source of algal‐available P in surface waters. The available P may include both dissolved and some fraction of the sediment‐bound forms. In this study the effects of land use, time of year, and application of animal manure on several forms of P in runoff from farmed and forested lands were investigated. Simulated rain was used to generate runoff. Losses of dissolved molybdate‐reactive P (DMRP), the majority of which is dissolved orthophosphate, were greatest from established or newly seeded alfalfa fields (Medicago sativa L.) in the fall after the foliage had been killed by frost. The fraction of total P lost as DMRP was greater for alfalfa than for corn (Zea mays L.) or a conventionally prepared seedbed. Greatest total P losses were from corn and seedbed areas due to greater sediment losses. Phosphorus potentially available to algae was estimated by extraction with hydroxy‐aluminum resin. Amounts extracted were equal to DMRP plus an average of 17 and 34% of the remaining total P for samples with and without apparent sediment, respectively. Greatest losses were associated with highest sediment loads. Surface‐applied manure on corn and alfalfa increased P concentrations in runoff but, due to increased infiltration, did not significantly increase P losses. Loss of P from forest land was less than from crop land.
Effects of Municipal Waste Water Effluent on Performance and Feed Quality of Maize vs. Reed Canarygrass
Authors: Marten G. C. , Larson W. E. , Clapp C. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNo experimental comparisons have been reported of the yield of feed components of fodder maize (Zea mays L.) and of perennial grasses in production systems that use municipal waste water effluent. Our objective was to determine the feed quality and yields of maize fodder and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) when they were managed by conventional practices and when they received municipal waste water effluent during the growing seasons over a 4‐year period.Three soil treatments included a control (well water and mineral fertilizer) and two municipal waste water effluent levels (usually ≅5 or 10 cm/week), each applied to reed canarygrass and maize (2 × 3 factorial).In all except the first year, maize fodder was more digestible (X̄ of 74.4%) than reed canarygrass (X̄ of 68.9%) subjected to any soil treatment. Reed canarygrass always contained much more crude protein (X̄ of 17.5%) than did maize (X̄ of 7.2%).Maize fodder yielded from 17 to 36% more dry matter and from 23 to 41% more digestible dry matter per hectare than did reed canarygrass. These differences were progressively less as effluent application increased from 0 to ≅ 10 cm/week. Reed canarygrass yielded from 30 to 52% more crude protein per hectare than did maize. These differences were progressively greater as effluent application increased.We conclude that perennial grasses have superior capacity compared to maize to remove N from soil treated with large amounts of waste water effluent. The grasses are also most likely to yield the most protein per hectare, but the least digestible dry matter, in effluent‐treated systems. We documented that both reed canarygrass and maize can effectively renovate large amounts of waste water effluent applied to permeable soils.
Determining the Lime Requirement for the Blackbird Mine Spoil
Authors: Sorensen Darwin L. , Kneib Walter A. , Porcella Donald B. , Richardson Bland Z. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe production of acid from oxidation of pyritic inclusions in mineral mine spoil prevents the revegetation of the overburden and the amelioration of secondary environmental damage due to erosion and/or leaching of this toxic (soluble heavy metal‐bearing) material. A total lime requirement must be determined and met in order to control existing acidity and to prevent reacidification as oxidation of pyritic materials in the mine spoil continues. The total lime requirement consists of the summation of the amount of ground limestone needed to neutralize the acidity present due to the buffer capacity of the soil, the acidity generated from complete oxidation of the sulfide‐sulfur in the fine, highly reactive fraction (fine sand, silt, and clay‐size particles) of the soil, and the oxidation of sulfide‐sulfur exposed by weathering of larger size material.Spoil samples from the Blackbird Mine, a copper‐cobalt mine in east central Idaho, had a total lime requirement ranging from 44 to 72 metric tons of ground limestones per ha, 30 cm deep.
Sorption of Dibenzothiophene by Soils and Sediments
Authors: Hassett J. J. , Means J. C. , Banwart W. L. , Wood S. G. , Ali S. , Khan A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of sediment and soil properties on adsorption of dibenzothiophene, a potential carcinogenic and/or mutagenic compound, was examined. Sorption isotherms were determined on soil and sediments collected from the Ohio, Missouri, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers and their watersheds. The sorption isotherms were approximately linear over the entire concentration range studied. The linear adsorption or partition coefficient was significantly correlated with the organic carbon contents of the soils and sediments. The other factors tested (e.g., total clay, clay mineralology, CEC, surface area, pH) were nonsignificant. The Koc value estimated from the octanol‐water partition coefficient (Kow) was in good agreement with the Koc value of 11,230 determined experimentally. The sorption of dibenzothiophene as a result of a weak solute‐solvent interaction rather than a strong sorbate‐sorbent interaction is discussed.
Effect of Preincubation Treatments on the Ratio of N2O/N2 Evolution
Authors: Letey J. , Hadas Aviva , Valoras N. , Focht D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious investigations demonstrated that air‐dry soils incubated in the laboratory under conditions to cause denitrification had an initial high N2O/N2 evolution ratio which rapidly decreased and approached zero. Two experiments were conducted to determine if the observed ratios were strictly related to using air‐dry soils. Three preincubation treatments were used in the first experiment: i) air‐dry, ii) moist to promote microbial activity under aerobic conditions, and iii) saturated to impose anoxic conditions. All soils had 15NO3 added and were incubated under saturated conditions following 1 week of the preincubation. Almost no N2O evolved during incubation of the soil preincubated under saturated conditions. Nitrous oxide evolution was generally highest during the first day of incubation and decreased thereafter for soils preincubated under air‐dry and moist conditions. During the second experiment, soils were preincubated under air‐dry and moist conditions and incubated under 0, 5, and 10% air‐filled porosity. The N2O and N2 evolution patterns were similar for the two preincubation treatments except that there was a higher rate of gas evolution from the air‐dry soils presumably because of a greater energy source. The results support a previous proposal that dissimilatory NO3 reductase develops rapidly and that dissimilatory N2O reductase develops more slowly following anoxic conditions. Our data provide indirect evidence that soils may act as a sink for N2O even in the presence of NO3 under appropriate conditions.
Nutrient and Coliform Losses in Runoff from Fertilized and Sewage Sludge‐Treated Soil
Authors: Dunigan Edward P. , Dick R. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSurface runoff losses of fertilizer elements from forage plots on Loring silt loam soil (5% slope) were monitored from three separate studies during an 11‐month period. Incorporating approximately equal amounts of N and P from commercial fertilizer (150‐66, kg N‐P/ha) and sewage sludge (177‐54, kg N‐P/ha) did not significantly affect differences in N and P losses. Surface application of sewage sludge resulted in higher N and P losses than those from incorporated sewage sludge. The surface‐applied sludge plots in the second experiment (14.8 metric tons/ha) had the highest N and P runoff losses of 3.24 and 0.39 kg/ha, respectively. These losses were due to a heavy rain that fell early in the test period. Increasing the rates of surface‐applied sewage sludge from 16.2 to 28.9 metric tons/ha did not increase runoff losses of N but did increase P losses by 28%. The N and P losses for all treatments were < 1% of that added. The highest K losses (1.24 kg K/ha) came from the fertilized plots. In all sewage‐treated plots, K losses were approximately equal to or lower than the control values.Precipitation was found to contain substantial quantities of NH4‐N and NO3‐N with respect to losses of these ions in the surface water. Work with 15NH4‐N indicated that the 15NH4‐N in the rain could contribute substantially to the total amount of N lost in the surface runoff waters. There was also exchange of rain‐NH4 and soil‐NH4.Fecal coliform indicator bacteria (FC) counts in surface runoff waters from sewage‐treated plots were very high in the first 11 to 17 days of the second and third experiments; Counts of FC were as high as 55,000/ml. However, numbers decreased rapidly as the soil became drier.
Nutrients and Associated Ion Concentrations in Irrigation Return Flow from Flooded Rice Fields
Authors: Turner F. T. , Brown K. W. , Deuel L. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 3‐year field study of nutrient and common ion concentrations in irrigation return flow (IRF) from flooded rice fields utilized replicated plots which received either recommended or excessive fertilizer rates with continuous flow or intermittent flood irrigation. All P and K and 40% of the (NH4)2SO4 nitrogen (N) were applied preplant and incorporated. The remaining N was applied just prior to permanently flooding (40%) and at 2‐mm panicle stage (20%). The irrigation and plot water were analyzed for NH4+‐N, NO3−‐N, NO2−‐N, PO43−‐P, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, Cl−, and SO42−. Highest nitrate‐N concentrations occurred early in the season before the permanent flood period, but did not exceed drinking water standards. Nitrite‐N concentrations in the IRF were low at all times. Maximum NH4+‐N concentrations occurred following N fertilizer applications which were not incorporated into the soil and persisted in the floodwater for 5 to 7 days. These peak NH4+‐N concentrations exceeded acceptable drinking water standards concentration by a factor of 10 or greater. Concentrations of PO43−‐P and K+ in the floodwater were similar to those in the surface water used for irrigation. The concentration of the other common ions in the floodwater did not greatly exceed those in the irrigation water and all were within concentrations acceptable for drinking water. Method of fertilizer application had more influence on IRF nutrient concentrations than did fertilizer rates or irrigation management practices. Under the conditions of this study, it appears that only the ammonium concentrations may have a detrimental impact on the quality of IRF from flooded rice fields. This potential problem could be minimized by preventing IRF for a period of 1 week following surface applications of (NH4)2SO4 fertilizer.
Interception of Airborne Particles by Tree Plantings
Authors: Dochinger Leon S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ability of tree plantings to abate overland movement of particulate pollutants was examined. Estimates of deposition of dust and of total suspended particles indicated that, in comparison to clearcut sites, tree plantings in both urban and rural locations were effective in reducing the amount of participate matter in the atmosphere. During an 8‐month sampling period, the overall reduction of dustfall by deciduous trees was 30% (rural) and 27% (urban). In comparison, rural and urban coniferous stands reduced dustfall by 42 and 38%, respectively. Interception of total suspended particles was 11% for deciduous trees and 13% for conifers at the rural site, and 9% for deciduous trees and 13% for conifers at the urban site.
The Movement of Salts from Soils Following Heavy Application of Feedlot Wastes
Authors: Amoozegar‐Fard A. , Fuller W. H. , Warrick A. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe movement of salts from soils following heavy application of feedlot manure was studied. Air‐dried manure was formed into three uniform sizes: small (to pass 40‐mesh screen), medium (0.9 cm in diameter, 1.2 cm in length), and large (1.8 cm in diameter, 1.8 cm in length). Plastic cylinders of 15 cm inside diameter were packed with 30 cm of a mixture of Anthony sandy loam and manure aggregates over a 10‐cm depth of soil. The manure application rate was equivalent to 100 metric tons/ha. Deionized water was passed through the soil column either as a continuous or an intermittent water application. Leachates were collected in one‐half of a pore volume increments for determining EC, pH, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, and Cu.Results were compared with an earlier study for a manure‐water system. Sodium and K replaced Ca and Mg on the soil exchange sites and their movement was consequently delayed compared to the earlier results. Chloride movement resembled that of leaching manure alone. Movement of trace elements from the system was not significant.
Effects of Cadmium and a One‐Time Drought Stress on Survival, Growth, and Yield of Native Plant Species
Authors: Miles L. J. , Parker G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAndropogon scoparius, Monarda fistulosa, and Rudbeckia hirta were grown from seed for 6 weeks in an uncontaminated rural site soil and a heavy metal‐contaminated urban site soil. The rural site soil was amended with cadmium chloride. Plants grown in both soils were subjected to a one‐time drought stress. Survival, shoot weight, root weight, total weight, height, and weekly growth of Andropogon and Monarda were adversely affected by cadmium (Cd) addition and drought stress. Results were similar for Rudbeckia except that shoot, root, and total weight were not significantly affected by drought stress. Root weights of Monarda and Andropogon were more severely affected by Cd addition than were shoot weights. Root/shoot ratios were not significantly affected by drought stress for any species. Drought stress and Cd addition effects were found to be additive for Monarda and Andropogon.The effect of soil Cd addition on growth was found to be primarily due to an initial delay in growth rather than a reduction in the overall rate of growth. However, on the heavy metal contamination urban site soil the growth rate was found to be reduced. This was especially true for Andropogon which was found to be most tolerant of Cd addition to the rural site soil for the species tested. The reduction in growth rate of plants on the urban site soil was probably not due to Cd alone.
Infrared Spectroscopic Study of the Water‐Soluble Fraction of Sewage Sludge‐Soil Mixtures During Incubation
Authors: Schaumberg Gene D. , LeVesque‐Madore C. S. , Sposito Garrison , Lund L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo anaerobically digested sewage sludges and two sandy soils having significantly different pH values were mixed to provide four sludge‐soil combinations. Each was maintained under two different conditions of soil water content: field capacity (1/3‐bar soil water tension) and complete saturation. The soil‐sludge mixtures were incubated at 25°C in the laboratory for 100 weeks, during which time saturation extracts were taken periodically. Infrared (IR) spectra of evaporated films prepared from the extracts were interpreted to obtain information about the principal changes which occur in the water‐soluble fraction of sewage sludge‐soil mixtures as the sludge decomposes in soil.For the alkaline soil maintained at 1/3‐bar soil water tension, and for both sludges, IR absorptions assigned to polysaccharides, proteinaceous material, and sulfonate and/or sulfate compounds had disappeared after about 10 weeks of incubation. The important IR bands which increased in intensity or emerged during this period could be assigned to carboxylates and nitrates. For the alkaline soil maintained at water saturation, the IR spectra followed the same trends, but showed markedly slower changes, with absorption bands assigned to normally labile compounds remaining even after 100 weeks of incubation. For the acidic soil maintained at 1/3‐bar soil water tension, the changes in the IR spectra also were retarded, but much less so than in the spectra of extracts from water‐saturated soils. The least change occurred in the spectra of extracts from the acidic, water‐saturated soil mixed with either sludge.