bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypogeal geological survey in the “Grotta del Re Tiberio” natural cave (Apennines, Italy): a valid tool for reconstructing the structural setting
Authors: Ghiselli Alice , Merazzi Marzio , Strini Andrea , Margutti Roberto , Mercuriali Michele 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
As karst systems are natural windows to the underground, speleology, combined with geological surveys, can be useful tools for helping understand the geological evolution of karst areas.
In order to enhance the reconstruction of the structural setting in a gypsum karst area (Vena del Gesso, Romagna Apennines), a detailed analysis has been carried out on hypogeal data. Structural features (faults, fractures, tectonic foliations, bedding) have been mapped in the ”Grotta del Re Tiberio” cave, in the nearby gypsum quarry tunnels and open pit benches. Five fracture systems and six fault systems have been identified. The fault systems have been further analyzed through stereographic projections and geometric-kinematic evaluations in order to reconstruct the relative chronology of these structures. This analysis led to the detection of two deformation phases.
The results permitted linking of the hypogeal data with the surface data both at a local and regional scale. At the local scale, fracture data collected in the underground have been compared with previous authors’ surface data coming from the quarry area. The two data sets show a very good correspondence, as every underground fracture system matches with one of the surface fracture system. Moreover, in the cave, a larger number of fractures belonging to each system could be mapped. At the regional scale, the two deformation phases detected can be integrated in the structural setting of the study area, thereby enhancing the tectonic interpretation of the area (e.g., structures belonging to a new deformation phase, not reported before, have been identified underground). The structural detailed hypogeal survey has, thus, provided very useful data, both by integrating the existing information and revealing new data not detected at the surface. In particular, some small structures (e.g., displacement markers and short fractures) are better preserved in the hypogeal environment than on the surface where the outcropping gypsum is more exposed to dissolution and recrystallization.
The hypogeal geological survey, therefore, can be considered a powerful tool for integrating the surface and log data in order to enhance the reconstruction of the deformational history and to get a three-dimensional model of the bedrock in karst areas.
Methodological Approaches to Simple Enzyme Polymorphism Analyses of Amaranth Species (Amaranthus SP.)
Authors: Múdry Pavol , Hricová Andrea , Libiaková Gabriela , Gajdošová Alena 
Published: June 2011

Methodological Approaches to Simple Enzyme Polymorphism Analyses of Amaranth Species (AmaranthusSP.)Amaranths have drawn a great interest in last years as an agronomic crop, alternative energy source and ornamental plants around the world. Several of them are cultivated as the leaf vegetables, cereals, or as the colourful, quick growing garden plants. Increasing demand for the breeding and proteomic study inAmaranthusspecies led us to test some methodological approaches to enzyme polymorphism analysis. For these experiments genotypes ofAmaranthus cruentusL. (genotype Ficha) and mutant line of hybrid K-433 were selected, characterized by a good seed quality and quantity, suitable for food production. The attention was devoted to test of published methodology, which were slightly modified for enzyme (ACP, ADH, CAT, DIA, GOT, IDH, MDH, PGD, PGI and PGM) multiplicity analysis for amaranths and testing of feasibility of chosen analysed organ weights, dimensions of Whatman No. 2 wicks and different volumes of extract buffer. Results from enzyme multiplicity analysis are presented by means of photographed fingerprints and phenotypes are expressed in diagrams where positions of zymograme bands are marked by using factors of relative mobility (Rm).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging: The Underlying Principles
Authors: McMahon Katie L. , Cowin Gary , Galloway Graham 
Published: June 2011

Synopsis The creation of a magnetic resonance image (MRI) and its inherent contrast are controlled by a variety of anatomical structure- and sequence-dependent parameters. While these may seem confusing to the uninitiated, they provide MRI with great flexibility and make it a powerful clinical tool. This article describes the principles of basic physics behind magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and imaging, including a basic description of the properties of magnetic resonance compatible nuclei, how a radiofrequency (RF) pulse produces a signal, and how this signal can be spatially encoded to produce an image. The relaxation properties of the MRI signal depend on biological tissue type and can provide information on tissue composition, environment, and pathological changes. The contrast properties within an image can be manipulated based on the relaxation properties of the anatomical sample and the nature of the imaging sequence. The benefits of T1- and T2-weighted images in musculoskeletal imaging and the common sequences used (including turbo spin echo [TSE], fat suppression sequences such as STIR, and rapid breath-hold sequences such as HASTE and FISP) are discussed. The principles behind contrast agents and diffusion-weighted imaging and how they can be applied in the body are considered. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(11):806–819, Epub 7 June 2011. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3576
Post-Exercise Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index Demonstrates Altered Endothelial Function in the Elderly
Authors: Sato Shinji , Masami Kozue , Otsuki Shingo , Tanaka Shiro , Nakayama Noriko , Makita Shigeru , Koshiyama Hiroyuki , Nohara Ryuji 
Published: June 2011

Background The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABI), the ratio of the systolic blood pressure of the ankle to the systolic brachial pressure, is commonly measured at rest, but ABI values post-exercise enhance the sensitivity of the test and can be used to identify atherosclerotic vascular damage. However, it has not been established whether or not enhanced post-exercise ABI is also associated with endothelial dysfunction. We hypothesized that a decrease in post-exercise ABI is related to impaired endothelial function. Purpose To investigate alterations in post-exercise ABI values and endothelial dysfunction in the elderly. Methods The study population comprised 35 men and women aged 51–77 years (mean age: 66 years). Patients with peripheral arterial disease or a history of heart failure were excluded. The ABI was estimated at rest and immediately after exercise. The exercise protocol comprised 2.5 min of active pedal flexion exercises at a speed of 60 times/min. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) in the brachial artery using ultrasound imaging. Results No correlation was found between FMD and the ABI at rest. However, a weak correlation was found between FMD and post-exercise ABI (r = 0.46, P = 0.06). A strong correlation was observed between FMD and a decrease in post-exercise ABI compared to baseline readings (r = –0.52, P = 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis was used to generate a prediction equation for FMD using the percentage decrease in post-exercise ABI. Significant correlations were observed between the ultrasound imaging-measured FMD and the predicted FMD (R2 = 0.27, P = 0.001). Conclusions Post-exercise ABI appears to be a simple surrogate marker for endothelial function in the elderly, although larger studies are required for validation.
Prevention of Hyperopic Surprise after LASIK in Patients with Refractive Multifocal Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Albarrán-Diego César , Muñoz Gonzalo , Ferrer-Blasco Teresa , García-Lázaro Santiago 
Published: June 2011

Purpose. Three cases of patients who developed a similar hyperopic defect in refraction following laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) after multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation are described. Methods. Ophthalmologic evaluation including refractive status, corrected and uncorrected visual acuity (both at far and near), and corneal topography in patients presenting similar hyperopic refractive surprise in one eye as a result of LASIK refinement of residual ametropia after refractive multifocal IOL implantation. Results. Laser in situ keratomileusis enhancement for residual ametropia of −1.00 to −1.50 D in patients with a prior implantation of refractive multifocal IOL resulted in a refractive surprise of +2.25 to +2.50 D. After excluding other possible sources of error, an explanation for such a refractive surprise is suggested, and a simple method for avoiding this error is presented. Conclusions. Proper knowledge of the defocus curve and the use of a systematic method for determining subjective refraction in patients implanted with refractive multifocal IOLs will reduce the possibility of refractive surprise after LASIK enhancement in a bioptics procedure.
Amyloid‐β associated volume loss occurs only in the presence of phospho‐tau
Authors: Desikan Rahul S. , McEvoy Linda K. , Thompson Wesley K. , Holland Dominic , Roddey J. Cooper , Blennow Kaj , Aisen Paul S. , Brewer James B. , Hyman Bradley T. , Dale Anders M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe relationship between neurodegeneration and the 2 hallmark proteins of Alzheimer's disease, amyloid‐β (Aβ) and tau, is still unclear. Here, we examined 286 nondemented participants (107 cognitively normal older adults and 179 memory impaired individuals) who underwent longitudinal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and lumbar puncture. Using mixed effects models, we investigated the relationship between longitudinal entorhinal cortex atrophy rate, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) p‐tau181p and CSF Aβ1–42. We found a significant relationship between elevated entorhinal cortex atrophy rate and decreased CSF Aβ1–42 only with elevated CSF p‐tau181p. Our findings indicate that Aβ‐associated volume loss occurs only in the presence of phospho‐tau in humans at risk for dementia. Ann Neurol 2011
Molecular combing reveals allelic combinations in facioscapulohumeral dystrophy
Authors: Nguyen Karine , Walrafen Pierre , Bernard Rafaëlle , Attarian Shahram , Chaix Charlène , Vovan Catherine , Renard Emilie , Dufrane Nathalie , Pouget Jean , Vannier Anne , Bensimon Aaron , Lévy Nicolas 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjective:The genetic variation underlying facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD), 1 of the most common hereditary neuromuscular disorders, is complex, and associated with the contraction of a repeat array (D4Z4) at the subtelomeric end of chromosome 4q. Nonpathogenic variants of 4q and the presence of a homologous array on chromosome 10q make FSHD diagnosis extremely challenging, at least in individuals with nonstandard D4Z4 arrays. We aimed to improve FSHD molecular analysis by proposing an alternative technique to the Southern blot.Methods:We applied molecular combing (MC) to directly visualize allelic combinations associated with FSHD.Results:MC enabled the accurate diagnosis of 32 FSHD patients. Unreported haplotypes and rearrangements, as well as somatic mosaicism, which is common in the 10 to 30% of cases that are sporadic, were detectable by MC.Interpretation:MC enables the detailed exploration of the FSHD locus and accurate diagnosis of FSHD, the first Mendelian disease to benefit from this technique. MC is also likely to be applicable to other copy number‐variant or repeat expansion‐associated human diseases. ANN NEUROL 2011;70:627–633
Hospital volume and surgical outcomes after elective hip/knee arthroplasty: A risk‐adjusted analysis of a large regional database
Authors: Singh Jasvinder A. , Kwoh C. Kent , Boudreau Robert M. , Lee Gwo‐Chin , Ibrahim Said A. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relationship between hospital procedure volume and surgical outcomes following elective primary total hip arthroplasty/total knee arthroplasty (THA/TKA).MethodsUsing the Pennsylvania Health Care Cost Containment Council database, we identified all patients who underwent elective primary THA/TKA in Pennsylvania. Hospitals were categorized according to the annual volume of THA/TKA procedures, as follows: ≤25, 26–100, 101–200, and >200. The 30‐day complication rate and 30‐day and 1‐year mortality rates were assessed by logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, race, insurance type, hospital region, 3M All Patient Refined Diagnosis Related Group risk of mortality score, hospital teaching status, and bed count.ResultsIn the THA and TKA cohorts, the mean age of the patients was 69 years, and 42.8% and 35%, respectively, were men. Compared with patients whose surgeries were performed at very‐high‐volume hospitals (>200 procedures/year), patients who underwent elective primary THA procedures at hospitals with a very low volume (≤25 procedures/year), a low volume (26–100 procedures/year), or a high volume (101–200 procedures/year) had higher multivariable‐adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for venous thromboembolism (OR 2.0, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.2–16.0), OR 3.4 [95% CI 1.4–8.0], and OR 1.1 [95% CI 0.3–3.7], respectively) and 1‐year mortality (OR 2.1 [95% CI 1.2–3.6], OR 2.0 [95% CI 1.4–2.9], and OR 1.0 [95% CI 0.7–1.5], respectively). Among patients ages ≥65 years who underwent elective primary TKA at very‐low‐volume, low‐volume, and high‐volume hospitals, the ORs for 1‐year mortality were significantly higher (OR 0.6 [95% CI 0.2–2.1], OR 1.6 [95% CI 1.0–2.4], and OR 0.9 [95% CI 0.6–1.3], respectively), compared with very‐high‐volume hospitals.ConclusionPerformance of elective primary THA and TKA surgeries in low‐volume hospitals was associated with a higher risk of venous thromboembolism and mortality. Confounding due to unmeasured variables is possible. Modifiable system‐based factors/processes should be targeted to reduce the number of complications associated with THA/TKA procedures.
Maternal influences on epigenetic programming of the developing hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis
Authors: Grace Curtis E. , Kim Sung‐Jae , Rogers John M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractParental and environmental factors during the prenatal and postnatal periods permanently affect the physiology and metabolism of offspring, potentially increasing disease risk later in life. Underlying mechanisms are being elucidated, and effects on a number of organs and metabolic pathways are likely involved. In this review, we consider effects on the developing hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis, which may represent a common pathway for developmental programming. The focus is on prenatal and early postnatal development, during which the HPA axis may be programmed in a manner that affects health for a lifetime. Programming of the HPA axis involves, at least in part, epigenetic remodeling of chromatin, leading to alterations in the expression of genes in many organs and tissues involved in HPA activation and response, including the hippocampus and peripheral tissues. Examples of developmental epigenetic modifications affecting the HPA axis as well as target tissues are provided. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenomic reprogramming of the developing reproductive tract and disease susceptibility in adulthood
Authors: Walker Cheryl Lyn 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDuring development, epigenetic programs are “installed” on the genome that direct differentiation and normal tissue and organ function in adulthood. Consequently, development is also a period of susceptibility to reprogramming of the epigenome. Developmental reprogramming occurs when an adverse stimulus or insult interrupts the proper “install” of epigenetic programs during development, reprogramming normal physiologic responses in such a way as to promote disease later in life. Some of the best examples of developmental reprogramming involve the reproductive tract, where early life exposures to environmental estrogens can increase susceptibility to benign and malignant tumors in adulthood including leiomyoma (fibroids), endometrial, and prostate cancer. Although specific mechanism(s) by which environmental estrogens reprogram the developing epigenome were unknown, both DNA and histone methylation were considered likely targets for epigenetic reprogramming. We have now identified a mechanism by which developmental exposures to environmental estrogens reprogram the epigenome by inducing inappropriate activation of nongenomic estrogen receptor (ER) signaling. Activation of nongenomic ER signaling via the phosphotidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3K) pathway activates the kinase AKT/PKB in the developing reproductive tract, which phosphorylates the histone lysine methyltransferase (HKMT) EZH2, the key “installer” of epigenetic histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3). AKT phosphorylation inactivates EZH2, decreasing levels of H3K27 methylation, a repressive mark that inhibits gene expression, in the developing uterus. As a result of this developmental reprogramming, many estrogen‐responsive genes become hypersensitive to estrogen in adulthood, exhibiting elevated expression throughout the estrus cycle, and resulting in a “hyper‐estrogenized” phenotype in the adult uterus that promotes development of hormone‐dependent tumors. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Trans‐apical aortic valve implantation complicated by left main occlusion
Authors: Crimi Gabriele , Passerone Giancarlo , Rubartelli Paolo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTranscatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is a highly effective procedure for selected patients who are at high risk for aortic valve replacement; however, the incidence of severe complications is still relevant. Coronary occlusion during TAVI is a life‐threatening complication that requires immediate diagnosis and treatment. We report the case of an 87‐years‐old woman affected by severe aortic stenosis, symptomatic for refractory heart failure, who underwent urgent balloon aortic valvuloplasty and subsequent elective transapical aortic valve implantation. Valve deployment was complicated by cardiac arrest and hemodynamic collapse, and left main coronary artery occlusion was recognized and successfully recovered by balloon angioplasty and stent implantation. Patient is alive and well 6 months after procedure. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimizing the Benefits of Pulse Combustion Impingement for Paper Drying
Authors: Ahrens F. , Liewkongsataporn W. , Patterson T. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNumerical simulation results, quantifying the effects of impingement zone geometry on pulse‐combustion‐driven and steady‐impingement heat transfer, are used to investigate the design tradeoffs between heat transfer rate (i.e., drying rate), heat transfer (jet thermal energy) effectiveness, and heat transfer enhancement due to the pulsating jet. At equal area‐average heat flux, it was found that nozzle spacing and, thus, jet thermal energy effectiveness may be as much as three times greater for pulsating impingement jets as for steady‐flow jets having the same temperature and mean velocity. Alternatively, at equal jet thermal energy effectiveness, the average heat flux (drying rate) with pulsating impingement may be around 2.4 times greater than with steady impingement.
Numerical Study of Convective Water Desorption from the Polystyrene Cation Resin CG‐8
Authors: Stakić M. , Nikolić A. , Urošević T. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA mathematical model was developed to evaluate the influence of structural and operational factors on convective desorption processes (desorption of a liquid from capillary‐porous material). The possibility to utilize this model for the case of water desorption from the polystyrene cation resin CG‐8 is presented. The model accounts for unsteady one‐dimensional simultaneous heat and mass transfer between the gas (humid air) and the solid phase (CG‐8 resin). The identification of effective transport properties for the considered packed bed of material (CG‐8 resin) is discussed. To this purpose, data from the literature are used.
Arene–Anion Based Arginine‐Binding Motif on a Galactose Scaffold: Structure–Activity Relationships of Interactions with Arginine‐Rich Galectins
Authors: Öberg Christopher T. , Noresson Ann‐Louise , Leffler Hakon , Nilsson Ulf J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTwo series of C3‐benzamido and O2‐anion‐substituted galactopyranosides were synthesized and studied as binders to arginine‐rich proteins galectin‐1, ‐3, ‐7, ‐8N (N‐terminal domain), and ‐9N (N‐terminal domain). The first series had a 4‐methylbenzamide at C3 and the anionic O2‐substituent was varied. The second series varied the 4‐substituent of the C3‐benzamide, whereas the anionic O2 substituent was kept as a sulfate. The influence of the O2‐anion substituent correlated negatively with the oxygen charge density in case of galectin‐1, ‐3, and ‐9N. In the second series, the electron‐donating capacity of the 4‐substituent of the C3‐benzamides correlated positively with the magnitude of the affinity enhancement by the 2O‐sulfate.
Expanding Mg–Zn Hybrid Chemistry: Inorganic Salt Effects in Addition Reactions of Organozinc Reagents to Trifluoroacetophenone and the Implications for a Synergistic Lithium–Magnesium–Zinc Activation
Authors: Armstrong David R. , Clegg William , García‐Álvarez Pablo , Kennedy Alan R. , McCall Matthew D. , Russo Luca , Hevia Eva 
Published: June 2011

AbstractNumerous organic transformations rely on organozinc compounds made through salt‐metathesis (exchange) reactions from organolithium or Grignard reagents with a suitable zinc precursor. By combining X‐ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations, this study sheds new light on the constitution of the organometallic species involved in this important synthetic tool. Investigations into the metathesis reactions of equimolar amounts of Grignard reagents (RMgX) and ZnCl2in THF led to the isolation of novel magnesium–zinc hybrids, [{(thf)2Mg(μ‐Cl)3ZnR}2] (R=Et,tBu,nBu oro‐OMe‐C6H4), which exhibit an unprecedented structural motif in mixed magnesium–zinc chemistry. Furthermore, theoretical modelling of the reaction of EtMgCl with ZnCl2reveals that formation of the mixed‐metal compound is thermodynamically preferred to that of the expected homometallic products, RZnCl and MgCl2. This study also assesses the alkylating ability of hybrid3towards the sensitive ketone trifluoroacetophenone, revealing a dramatic increase in the chemoselectivity of the reaction when LiCl is introduced as an additive. This observation, combined with recent related breakthroughs in synthesis, points towards the existence of a trilateral Li/Mg/Zn synergistic effect.
Shape diversity in particles obtained by low temperature pyrolysis of ferrocene
Authors: Koprinarov N. , Konstantinova M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSynthesis experiments, made in a hermetically closed steel container through pyrolytical decomposition of various mixtures like ferrocene and xylene; ferrocene and water; ferrocene, xylene and water in different ratios have resulted in emergence of different in shape particles. The necessary for the realization of each experiment temperature increases linearly with 20 K/min up to the needed temperature and decreases mostly with no delay with a cooling rate of 30 K/min down to room temperature. The obtained particles are shaped as spheres, entirely or partially finished octahedrons or resemble stars. The spheres are perfect in shape and consist of pure incompletely graphitisized carbon. The octahedron and star‐like shaped particles, synthesized in the presence of ferrocene as precursor, have magnetite nuclei and carbon coating. Particle morphology has been examined by Scanning (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and their chemical composition and crystal structure by the means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Mössbauer spectroscopy and Electron Probe X‐ray Micro Analysis and Energy Dispersive X‐ray Spectrometry (EDS). Based on the results obtained it has been concluded that the synthesized particle morphology depends on the simultaneous proceeding magnetite crystal growing and crystal coating with partially graphitisized carbon deposit. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)