bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis of Hemorrhage Volume for Predicting Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Ko Sang-Bae , Choi H. Alex , Carpenter Amanda Mary , Helbok Raimund , Schmidt J. Michael , Badjatia Neeraj , Claassen Jan , Connolly E. Sander , Mayer Stephan A. , Lee Kiwon 
Published: January 2011

Background and Purpose—
Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is an important complication after subarachnoid hemorrhage and appears to be associated with clot burden on CT. Quantification of hemorrhage on digitized images may be a more accurate method for predicting DCI than qualitative scales.

Methods—
Quantitative analysis of clot burden on CT was performed in 160 subarachnoid hemorrhage patients who were scanned within 24 hours from the symptom onset between June 25, 2005 and July 19, 2009. Cisternal plus intraventricular hemorrhage volumes (CIHV) were classified into quartiles to evaluate their association with DCI. DCI was defined as neurological deterioration or cerebral infarction, or both attributable to vasospasm.

Results—

DCI occurred in 25% of the patients included (age, 55.4±14.5; male, 36.3%). Compared to the lowest quartile of CIHV (<9.6 mL), the higher quartile (9.6 mL–16.5 mL, 16.5 mL–31.0 mL, and ≥31.0 mL) was associated with a greater risk of DCI (odds ratio, 2.6, 4.1, and 6.1, respectively;
P
=0.01). Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis showed that quantitative CIHV performed equivalently to the modified Fisher scale. Patients who had DCI develop in a specific vascular territory had higher amounts of blood volume in the corresponding cisterns. Patients in the highest quartile of CIHV also had a higher risk of death or severe disability at 3 months (71%) compared to other groups (23%, 19%, and 40% for first, second, and third quartiles, respectively).

Conclusions—
CIHV is a reasonable predictor for DCI and 3-month functional outcome in subarachnoid hemorrhage patients.
The Rome Statute's Amendment on the Crime of Aggression: Negotiations at the Kampala Review Conference
Authors: Trahan Jennifer 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis past June, in Kampala, Uganda, at the first Review Conference on the International Criminal Court, States Parties forged an historic agreement, amending the Rome Statute to define the crime of aggression, and agreeing on conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction. While the definition had been essentially agreed upon during years of earlier negotiations, delegations in Kampala had to grapple with a host of complex issues related to the exercise of jurisdiction. They resolved that jurisdiction will be triggered both through Security Council referrals, as well as State Party or Prosecutor referrals, and the related "filter" mechanisms to achieve this. This result represented a significant breakthrough that was pragmatic, designed to avoided potential conflict with the U.N. Charter, and designed to protect the Court's independence. The final agreement, however, also contained compromises, excluding the acts of Non-States Parties from jurisdiction, allowing States Parties to opt out of jurisdiction, and delaying the exercise of jurisdiction until at least 2017.
Representing the "General Interests of the Defence": Boon or Bane? – A Stocktaking of the System of ad hoc Counsel at the ICC
Authors: Dieckmann Jens , Kerll Christina 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article seeks to assess the impact of the system of ad hoc counsel on the fairness of proceedings before the International Criminal Court. The authors begin by outlining the legal framework governing the appointment of ad hoc counsel, and then consider in greater detail the various investigative and pre-trial stages in which ad hoc counsel have been appointed. The authors further seek to identify the various issues which have arisen as a result of individual ad hoc counsel's conduct before the Court. Finally, they consider what impact the system of ad hoc counsel can have upon the fairness of subsequent trial proceedings, and what future developments in the system could promote the fairness of the overall proceedings before the Court.
Joint Criminal Enterprise: Cambodia's Reply to Tadić
Authors: Marsh Luke , Ramsden Michael 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe doctrine of Joint Criminal Enterprise (JCE), which imposes individual criminal responsibility on an accused for their participation in a group's common criminal plan, rose to prominence in the ICTY Appeal Chamber decision, Prosecutor v. Tadić. Since Tadić, there has been a general reluctance by international ad hoc tribunals to review the legal foundation of JCE. However, on 20 May 2010, the ECCC Pre-Trial Chamber (PTC) considered the applicability of JCE to the atrocities which occurred in Cambodia during 1975-1979 - the period within the tribunal's temporal jurisdiction. The PTC has, unlike any other ad hoc tribunal to date, subjected the reasoning in Tadić to close scrutiny. This article will analyse the PTC's decision. In squarely contradicting Tadić on the expanded form of JCE, its findings are to be welcomed. The PTC's decision should be upheld on appeal in order to uphold the principle of legality; to safeguard the continued respect, credibility and future legacy of the ECCC trial process.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Pediatric Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Techniques
Authors: Kennedy Abbey , Coughlin Dezba G. , Metzger Melodie F. , Tang Ronald , Pearle Andrew D. , Lotz Jeffrey C. , Feeley Brian T. 
Published: January 2011

Background: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction rates in skeletally immature patients have risen recently because of increased injury frequency combined with growing awareness of the importance of treating them in an acute setting. Concerns over potential growth disturbances caused by traditional tunnel placement have prompted the description of several partial and complete physeal-sparing techniques. Hypothesis: Native knee kinematics will most closely be restored by the all-epiphyseal technique because it best re-creates the intra-articular ACL anatomy. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Six cadaveric knees were subjected to static anteroposterior, varus, and internal rotation forces at 0°,15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90° of flexion. Displacement and rotation of the tibia with respect to the femur were measured in the intact knee, after ACL disruption, and again after ACL reconstruction using all-epiphyseal, transtibial over-the-top, and iliotibial band physeal-sparing techniques. Results: Peak anteroposterior translation in the ACL intact and deficient states was 2.8 ± 1.4 mm and 7.2 ± 2.7 mm, respectively, at 30°. The all-epiphyseal reconstruction had a peak translation of 5.1 ± 2.3 mm at 30°, and the transtibial over-the-top reconstruction had a peak of 4.8 ± 1.8 mm at 30°, both significantly greater than the ACL intact state. The iliotibial band technique had a peak anteroposterior translation of 1.7 ± 1.1 mm at 45°, which was significantly less than the ACL-deficient state. Internal rotation was significantly increased in the all-epiphyseal reconstruction compared with the ACL intact state and significantly decreased at all flexion angles except 0° in the iliotibial band reconstruction. The only technique to affect varus rotation was the iliotibial band reconstruction, which significantly decreased varus rotation from the ACL-deficient state at flexion angles greater than 30°. Conclusion: All physeal-sparing reconstruction techniques restored some stability to the knee. The iliotibial band reconstruction best restored anteroposterior stability and rotational control, although it appeared to overconstrain the knee to rotational forces at some flexion angles. Clinical Relevance: This study provides orthopaedic surgeons with objective knee kinematic data to help guide them in making more informed decisions on the optimal technique for ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature patients.
Local Administration of Autologous Synovium-Derived Cells Improve the Structural Properties of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Autograft Reconstruction in Sheep
Authors: Kondo Eiji , Yasuda Kazunori , Katsura Taro , Hayashi Riku , Azuma Chinatsu , Tohyama Harukazu 
Published: January 2011

Background: The structural properties of a tendon autograft deteriorate during the remodeling phase after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Hypothesis: A local application of autologous synovium-derived cells cultured in medium supplemented with transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) may inhibit the deterioration of structural properties of the tendon graft after ACL reconstruction. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Fifty-two mature sheep were used. In each animal, the right knee underwent ACL reconstruction using the semitendinosus tendon autograft; then, the animals were divided into 5 groups of 10. No additional treatments were applied in group 1, whereas fibrin sealant was applied around the graft in group 2. In group 3, autologous synovium-derived cells cultured in standard medium were applied around the graft with fibrin sealant, whereas autologous synovium-derived cells cultured in TGFβ-supplemented medium were applied with fibrin sealant in group 4. In group 5, fibrin sealant containing 20 ng of TGFβ was applied around the graft. Each animal was sacrificed at 12 weeks after the surgery. In each group, 7 and 3 sheep were used for biomechanical and histologic evaluations, respectively. The remaining 2 sheep were used to confirm whether the applied cells infiltrated the graft at 1 week after surgery. Results: Confocal microscope observations showed that the applied cells that were labeled before implantation infiltrated into the superficial portion of the graft at 1 week. Biomechanically, the maximum load and the stiffness of groups 4 and 5 were significantly greater than those of groups 1, 2, and 3. Histologically, necrotic lesions were observed in the core portion of the midsubstance in groups 1 and 2. In groups 3, 4, and 5, no necrotic lesions were found in the midsubstance. Conclusion: A local application of autologous synovium-derived cells cultured in TGFβ-supplemented medium or a fibrin sealant containing TGFβ significantly inhibits the natural deterioration of the structural properties of the tendon graft after ACL reconstruction. Clinical Relevance: Administration of autologous synovium-derived cells cultured in TGFβ-supplemented medium or TGFβ and fibrin glue alone can be a potential cell-based therapy to prevent graft deterioration after transplantation or accelerate mechanical restoration of the deteriorated graft.
Clinical and Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Outcomes to 5 Years After Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation to Address Articular Cartilage Defects in the Knee
Authors: Ebert Jay R. , Robertson William B. , Woodhouse Jennifer , Fallon Michael , Zheng M. H. , Ackland Timothy , Wood David J. 
Published: January 2011

Background: The availability remains limited of midterm clinical and radiologic results into matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI). Outcomes are required to validate the efficacy of MACI as a suitable surgical treatment option for articular cartilage defects in the knee. Hypothesis: A significant improvement in clinical and magnetic resonance imaging–based (MRI-based) outcomes after MACI will exist throughout the postoperative timeline to 5 years after surgery. Furthermore, patient demographics, cartilage defect parameters, and injury/surgery history will be associated with patient and graft outcome, whereas a significant correlation will exist between clinical and MRI-based outcomes at 5 years after surgery. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A prospective evaluation was undertaken to assess clinical and MRI-based outcomes to 5 years in 41 patients (53 grafts) after MACI to the knee. After MACI surgery and a 12-week structured rehabilitation program, patients underwent clinical assessments (Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, SF-36, 6-minute walk test, knee range of motion) and MRI assessments at 3, 12, and 24 months, as well as 5 years after surgery. The MRI evaluation assessed 8 previously defined pertinent parameters of graft repair, as well as a combined MRI composite score. Results: A significant improvement ( P < .05) was demonstrated for all Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score and SF-36 subscales over the postoperative timeline, as well as the 6-minute walk test and active knee extension. A significant improvement ( P < .0001) was observed for the MRI composite score, as well as several individual graft scoring parameters. At 5 years after surgery, 67% of MACI grafts demonstrated complete infill, whereas 89% demonstrated good to excellent filling of the chondral defect. Patient demographics, cartilage defect parameters, and injury/surgery history demonstrated no significant pertinent correlations with clinical or MRI-based outcomes at 5 years, and no significant correlations existed between clinical and MRI-based outcome measures. At 5 years after surgery, 98% of patients were satisfied with the ability of MACI surgery to relieve knee pain; 86%, with improvement in their ability to perform normal daily tasks; and 73%, with their ability to participate in sport 5 years after MACI. Conclusion: These results suggest that MACI provides a suitable midterm treatment option for articular cartilage defects in the knee. Long-term follow-up is essential to confirm whether the repair tissue has the durability required to maintain long-term patient quality of life.
Biomechanical Comparison of Coracoclavicular Reconstructive Techniques
Authors: Thomas Kristen , Litsky Alan , Jones Grant , Bishop Julie Y. 
Published: January 2011

Background: Acromioclavicular joint dislocations are common orthopaedic injuries. Numerous operative techniques have been described, but the gold standard has yet to be defined. The goal of fixation is to create a stiff and strong reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments to provide optimal stability. The modified Weaver-Dunn is the traditional surgical procedure. However, due to the high rate of recurrent instability with this technique, a shift toward a more anatomic repair has occurred. Purpose: To evaluate the biomechanical performance of multiple types of coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Thirty fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were assigned to 1 of 5 reconstruction groups or a control group: modified Weaver-Dunn, nonanatomic allograft, anatomic allograft, anatomic suture, and GraftRope. A type III acromioclavicular joint dislocation was simulated in all specimens. The 5 techniques were completed, and a cyclic preload and a load-to-failure protocol were performed. Results: The control had an average load to failure of 1330.6 ± 447.0 N. Compared with all techniques, the anatomic allograft had the highest load to failure, 948 ± 148 N. It had a significantly higher load to failure than the modified Weaver-Dunn (523.2 ± 98.6 N, P = .001), the anatomic suture (578.2 ± 195.3 N, P = .01), the nonanatomic allograft (591.2 ± 65.6 N, P = .003), and the GraftRope (646 ± 167.4, P = .016). No significant difference in load to failure was found between the remaining techniques. Conclusion: The anatomic allograft reconstruction has superior initial biomechanical properties compared with the modified Weaver-Dunn, nonanatomic allograft, anatomic suture, and GraftRope techniques. Clinical Relevance: Anatomic reconstruction of the coracoclavicular ligaments with allograft may provide a stronger biological solution for acromioclavicular joint dislocations. This reconstruction may minimize recurrent subluxation and pain and permit earlier rehabilitation when compared with current techniques.
Improving Injection Accuracy of the Elbow, Knee, and Shoulder
Authors: Daley Erika L. , Bajaj Sarvottam , Bisson Leslie J. , Cole Brian J. 
Published: January 2011

Background: Joint injections and aspirations are used to reduce joint pain and decrease inflammation. The efficacy of these injections is diminished when they are placed inadvertently in the wrong location or compartment. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of varying sites or imaging techniques affects the rate of accurate needle placement in aspiration and injection in the shoulder, elbow, and knee. Hypotheses: (1) Accuracy rates of different joint injection sites will demonstrate variability. (2) Injection accuracy rates will be improved when performed with concomitant imaging. Study Design: Systematic review of the literature. Methods: Studies reporting injection accuracy based on image verification were identified through a systematic search of the English literature. Accuracy rates were compared for currently accepted injection sites in the shoulder, elbow, and knee. In addition, accuracy rates with and without imaging of these joints were compared. Results: In the glenohumeral joint, there is a statistically higher accuracy rate with the posterior approach when compared with the anterior approach (85% vs 45%). Injection site selection did not affect accuracy for the subacromial space, acromioclavicular joint, elbow, or knee. The use of imaging improved injection accuracy in the glenohumeral joint (95% vs 79%), subacromial space (100% vs 63%), acromioclavicular joint (100% vs 45%), and knee (99% vs 79%). Conclusion: Injection accuracy rates are significantly higher for the posterior approach compared with the anterior approach for the glenohumeral joint. Similarly, the accuracy rates are also higher when imaging is used in conjunction with injection of the glenohumeral joint, subacromial space, acromioclavicular joint, and knee.
Arthroscopic Soft Tissue Tenodesis Versus Bony Fixation Anchor Tenodesis of the Long Head of the Biceps Tendon
Authors: Scheibel Markus , Schröder Ralf-Jürgen , Chen Jianhai , Bartsch Martin 
Published: January 2011

Background: Currently there are no prospective data available that compare the different tenodesis techniques of the long head of the biceps tendon with regard to their clinical and structural results. Hypothesis: Soft tissue tenodesis provides clinical and structural results equivalent to those of bony fixation anchor tenodesis. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Fifty-seven patients with arthroscopically proven lesions of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHB) were prospectively included in this study. Thirty patients (7 women, 23 men; mean age, 57.9 years) were treated with an arthroscopic soft tissue tenodesis (STT) and 27 patients (8 women, 19 men; mean age, 61 years) with an arthroscopic bony fixation anchor tenodesis (BFAT). The clinical evaluation included the Constant score as well as a newly developed LHB score (maximum 100 points) that includes evaluation of pain and cramps (maximum 50 points), the patient- and examiner-dependent grading of the cosmetic result (maximum 30 points), and the measurement of elbow flexion strength (maximum 20 points). The integrity of the tenodesis construct was evaluated indirectly by detecting the position of the LHB using magnetic resonance imaging. A proximal intertubercular location of the tendon was judged as an intact tenodesis construct (3 points), a distal intertubercular location as a failure of tenodesis followed by autotenodesis in the sulcus (2 points), and an extratubercular location as a complete failure (1 point). Results: Twenty-four patients (5 women, 19 men; mean age, 58.6 years; mean follow-up, 19.6 months) in the STT group and 20 patients (5 women, 15 men; mean age, 59.1 years; mean follow-up, 22.4 months) in the BFAT group could be evaluated. The overall Constant score did not reveal any significant difference in the STT group (mean, 75.0 points) compared with the BFAT group (mean, 78.3 points) ( P > .05). However, the BFAT group showed significantly better results in the LHB score (BFAT mean, 91.8 points vs STT mean, 80.9 points), the examiner-dependent evaluation of the cosmetic result (BFAT mean, 11.3 points vs STT mean, 8.0 points), as well as in the evaluation of the structural integrity of the tenodesis construct (BFAT mean, 2.7 points vs STT mean, 2.2 points) ( P < .05). Conclusion: When arthroscopic tenodesis of the LHB is indicated, the authors recommend a bony fixation over soft tissue fixation because anchor fixation provides significant advantages concerning the clinical and structural outcome.
Humeral Avulsion of the Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament in College Female Volleyball Players Caused by Repetitive Microtrauma
Authors: Taljanovic Mihra S. , Nisbet Jon K. , Hunter Tim B. , Cohen Randy P. , Rogers Lee F. 
Published: January 2011

Background: Humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament is a rare injury resulting from hyperabduction and external rotation, and it is most commonly seen with sports-related injuries, including those from volleyball. The anterior band of the inferior glenohumeral ligament is most commonly injured (93%), whereas the posterior band is infrequently injured. The axillary pouch humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament as a result of repetitive microtrauma has not been yet described in the English literature. Hypothesis: Humeral avulsions of the inferior glenohumeral ligaments are identifiable in volleyball players without acute injuries, and they have a unique pathologic pattern in these athletes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Four female college volleyball players with pain in their dominant shoulder and with inferior capsular laxity and/or instability—without a known history of trauma or dislocation of the same shoulder—were referred by an experienced sports medicine orthopaedic surgeon for the magnetic resonance arthrogram procedure of the same shoulder. The imaging findings were retrospectively correlated with the initial interpretation and arthroscopic findings. Results: All 4 patients had an axillary pouch humeral avulsion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. Three had articular surface partial-thickness rotator cuff tear, and 3 had a labral tear. All were outside hitters or middle blockers who consequently performed multiple hitting maneuvers in practice and games. Conclusion: Repetitive microtrauma from overhead hitting in volleyball generates forces on the inferior capsule of the shoulder joint that may cause inferior capsular laxity and subsequent failure of the humeral side of the axillary pouch portion of the inferior glenohumeral ligament.
IL-7R–dependent survival and differentiation of early T-lineage progenitors is regulated by the BTB/POZ domain transcription factor Miz-1
Authors: Saba Ingrid , Kosan Christian , Vassen Lothar , Möröy Tarik 
Published: January 2011

AbstractT cells originate from early T lineage precursors that have entered the thymus and differentiate through well-defined steps. Mice deficient for the BTB/POZ domain of zinc finger protein-1 (Miz-1) almost entirely lack early T lineage precursors and have a CD4−CD8− to CD4+CD8+ block causing a strong reduction in thymic cellularity. Miz-1ΔPOZ pro-T cells cannot differentiate in vitro and are unable to relay signals from the interleukin-7R (IL-7R). Both STAT5 phosphorylation and Bcl-2 up-regulation are perturbed. The high expression levels of SOCS1 found in Miz-1ΔPOZ cells probably cause these alterations. Moreover, Miz-1 can bind to the SOCS1 promoter, suggesting that Miz-1 deficiency causes a deregulation of SOCS1. Transgenic overexpression of Bcl-2 or inhibition of SOCS1 restored pro-T cell numbers and their ability to differentiate, supporting the hypothesis that Miz-1 is required for the regulation of the IL-7/IL-7R/STAT5/Bcl-2 signaling pathway by monitoring the expression levels of SOCS1.