bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A methodology for realignment of quality cost elements
Authors: Dror Shuki 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThis paper aims to present an innovative research methodology that enables a company to realign its quality cost elements in order to improve implementation of its quality system.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology combines the following methods: the house of quality costs (HOQC) method, which translates the desired improvement in failure costs (internal and external) into controllable efforts (prevention and appraisal costs) and ranks them by relative importance, the analysis of variance method, which supports selection of vital quality costs, and the enhanced control chart method, used to validate the strong causal linkages in HOQC.FindingsTwo case studies are presented to illustrate the application of the developed methodology. In the furniture firm, there are basically two vital sources of defects that could affect the overall cost of quality – raw materials and production process. In the food firm, traditional quality control is not enough to eliminate quality problems from the production processes. Hence, the hazard analysis critical control point is implemented.Practical implicationsThe methodology applied in this paper proved itself capable of effectively handling realignment of quality cost elements. The methodology emphasizes adopting a systemic approach for selecting the vital controllable efforts in response to vital failure costs, as well as for detecting changes in the quality cost structure.Originality/valueThe American Society for Quality provides good coverage of quality cost types, but offers no mechanism for building and maintaining the relevance of these costs.
Modeling the barriers of supply chain collaboration
Authors: Ramesh A. , Banwet D.K. , Shankar R. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeSupply chain collaboration (SCC) amongst independent firms often provides larger benefits from effectively satisfying end customer's needs than working alone. However, lack of awareness about the existence of barriers of collaboration hinders the realizing of the benefits of collaboration. The purpose of this paper is to identify the barriers of SCC in the Indian apparel retail industry and how these barriers are interacting with one an other so that the decision makers can focus on overcoming these barriers and realizing the benefits of SCC.Design/methodology/approachUsing interpretive structural modeling the research presents a hierarchy‐based model and the mutual relationships among the barriers of SCC.FindingsThis research shows that there exists a group of barriers having a high‐driving power and low dependence requiring maximum attention and of strategic importance while another group consists of those variables which have high dependence and are the resultant actions.Practical implicationsThis classification provides a useful tool for supply chain managers to differentiate between independent and dependent variables and their mutual relationships which would help them to focus on those key variables that are most important for SCC.Originality/valuePresentation of barriers in a hierarchy and the classification into driver and dependent categories is a unique effort in the area of SCC.
The impact of a tree virus on production value
Authors: Stengel Donald N. , Chaffe‐Stengel Priscilla , Moffitt Kathleen E. 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThis paper seeks to investigate the impact of citrus tristeza virus (CTV) on the commercial value of fruit produced by navel orange trees.Design/methodology/approachData are counts of fruit of various sizes and quality harvested from a tree in a year. The counted fruit are converted to a dollar value using a standardized pricing matrix and then normalized as a ratio of the tree value compared to trees in the same orchard and year that were free of virus. Statistical tests determine if trees at various stages of infection have different production values than virus‐free trees.FindingsOn average, trees infected with CTV have higher fruit production values than trees that did not contract the virus, after compensating for climate and location differences, even though the presence or absence of CTV explains only about 1 percent of the variation in production value.Research limitations/implicationsData are from commercially maintained orchards rather than a carefully controlled experiment in an isolated greenhouse environment.Practical implicationsOrange growers in the region should be reluctant to remove trees that have mild strains of CTV. The effects of a tree virus on production value should be a consideration in how to respond to the virus.Originality/valueDevelopment of a standardized pricing matrix to control for pricing fluctuations from year to year is a relatively novel concept. The applied concepts of tree status cohorts and relative crop values are original and provide valuable tools for combining data from different orchards and climate conditions.
Emerging multinationals: home and host country determinants and outcomes
Authors: Gammeltoft Peter , Pradhan Jaya Prakash , Goldstein Andrea 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present a framework for analyzing home and host country determinants and outcomes of emerging multinationals (EMNCs).Design/methodology/approachThe paper applies a conceptual approach combined with analyses of statistics and secondary material.FindingsThe paper identifies changing trends and features of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) from emerging economies and identifies in particular differences between outflows from Brazil, Russia, India, and China (BRIC).Originality/valueThe paper puts forward a framework for analyzing determinants and outcomes of structures and strategies of multinational companies from emerging economies and surveys contemporary trends and features of outward FDI from these economies.
Emerging economies' multinationals
Authors: Goldstein Andrea , Pusterla Fazia 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe expansion of South‐North and South‐South foreign direct investment (FDI) reflects the rise of cross‐border capital flows, a distinguishing feature of the contemporary global economy, together with the increasing size and complexity of emerging market multinational corporations. Against this background, in emerging economies, governments have become increasingly aware of the role outward FDI (OFDI) can play as an instrument to deepen the integration into the world economy. The purpose of this paper is to analyze recent trends in OFDI from Brazil and China.Design/methodology/approachUsing annual data for the period 1980‐2006 for both countries, the authors test the investment development path hypothesis, according to which the net outward investment position of a country depends on its level of development.FindingsResults show that both China and Brazil are moving towards the third stage of the path, where domestic firms have acquired ownership and other advantages to go abroad and become leading outward investors.Originality/valueThe role of governments, institutions and the characteristics of domestic firms in both countries are considered to be crucial factors in determining the movement along the path.
Russian companies: the rise of new multinationals
Authors: Filippov Sergey 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThe focus of this paper is the emergence of Russia's multinational companies. It aims to analyse their motives to internationalise as well as the approaches to internationalisation. While relevance of the theoretical perspectives is highlighted, the purpose of this paper is to contribute to the understanding of the present‐day phenomenon of emerging Russian multinationals.Design/methodology/approachThe paper relies on a qualitative approach for the analysis of the nature of Russian multinationals. The phenomenon of the emerging Russian multinationals is analysed through the prism and using insights from a number of subjects, namely transition studies, politics, innovation studies and international business studies.FindingsThe paper traces the evolution of Russian companies; the idiosyncratic path of their formation serves as a background for understanding of their internationalisation strategies. A special attention is devoted to the R&D activities of Russian multinational companies, and access to foreign technology is found to be an important driver of internationalisation.Research limitations/implicationsThe paper highlights relevance of further research on Russian multinationals and outlines research avenues.Practical implicationsThe paper is rich in its practical implications. Specifically, it elaborates on the European Union‐Russian bilateral relations and the role of Russian multinationals in the European economies. The issue of political involvement is raised, and the paper seeks to identify whether Russian companies serve as tools of foreign policy, or they operate as business agents.Originality/valueDespite their increasingly important role in the global economy, Russian companies have been largely overshadowed by the emergence of Indian and Chinese multinationals and not sufficiently addressed, even neglected, in the literature. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to fill in some gaps in the literature regarding this research area.
Indian pharmaceuticals in Brazil: emerging multinationals in emerging markets
Authors: Sweet Cassandra 
Published: July 2010

PurposeThis paper fills a gap in burgeoning emerging country multinational company (EMNC) literatures by offering a region‐wide picture of changes occurring across one sector: pharmaceuticals. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the entry of Indian firms in the Latin American pharmaceutical market since the late 1990s.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis builds on a multi‐method approach. Over 80 interviews with firm managers, policy makers and regulators are informed by a national database showing the relative importance of Indian exports in generics,similares(branded generics), public, and bulk chemical markets.FindingsThe paper's findings are twofold: first, contrary to popular intuition regarding developing EMNC activity – which suggests that firms from the developing world have competitive advantages in other developing countries – Indian pharmaceutical firms have learned that operating in a weak institutional environment does not confer specific market advantages. Second, Indian EMNCs have assumed both symbiotic and antagonistic roles, simultaneously cooperating and competing with local firms.Research limitations/implicationsThe data are drawn from one industry, across one regional market. Future research could extend the approach, to investigate the southern‐directed strategies of EMNCs in other industries.Practical implicationsThe findings of this paper suggest that EMNC managers should not rely on advantages typically described in EMNC literatures. The paper also suggests that public health and regulatory policy in Latin America should take into account the diversification of inputs and strength of Asian bulk chemical suppliers.Originality/valueThis paper enriches current EMNC literatures in which there is a dearth of research on EMNC approaches in emerging markets.
Worker‐specific Effects of Globalisation
Authors: Egger Hartmut , Kreickemeier Udo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper sets up a general equilibrium model, in which firms are heterogeneous due to productivity differences and workers have fairness preferences and hence provide full effort only if their factor return is sufficiently high. With the wage considered to be fair by workers depending on the operating profits of the firm in which they are employed, more productive firms in this setting are not only larger and make higher profits but they also have to pay higher wages due to rent‐sharing. This mechanism leads to wage differentiation even if all workers share the same individual characteristics. We use this framework to study worker‐specific effects of trade between two symmetric countries. Exporters in this setting make higher operating profits and hence have to pay higher wages than non‐exporters. This exporter wage premium provides a source for losses from trade and, all other things equal, makes a negative employment effect of trade more likely. Furthermore, it contributes significantly to a general increase in intra‐group income inequality among production workers when a country moves from autarky to trade.
The Profile of Inflammatory Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid around Healthy Osseointegrated Implants
Authors: Nowzari Hessam , Phamduong Sharon , Botero Javier Enrique , Villacres Maria C. , Rich Sandra K. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTObjective: Regardless of gingival health and subgingival microbiology, production of cytokines within peri‐implant tissues may be different from that of teeth. The objective of this study was to describe the peri‐implant levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and subgingival microbiology in clinically healthy sites.Materials and Methods: Subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were obtained from 28 clinically healthy implants and 26 teeth selected from 24 individuals. Microbial composition was determined by selective anaerobic culture techniques. Pro‐inflammatory cytokines were quantified by flow cytometry analysis of GCF. The concentration of cytokines between implants and teeth were compared with the independent t‐test.Results: The concentration of cytokines was higher in GCF from healthy implants than in teeth. The profile of cytokines was characteristic of an innate immune response. A more frequent detection of periodontopathic bacteria was observed in teeth than implants. Cultivable levels of periodontopathic bacteria were similar between implants and teeth.Conclusions: Despite gingival tissue health and scarce plaque accumulation, the profile of inflammatory cytokines in implant crevicular fluid was distinctive of an innate immune response and in higher concentration than in teeth. Other than bacterial stimulus, intrinsic factors related to implants may account for more cytokine production than teeth.
Single Implant Treatment in Healing Versus Healed Sites of the Anterior Maxilla: An Aesthetic Evaluation
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Eghbali Aryan , De Bruyn Hugo , Dierens Melissa , De Rouck Tim 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTPurpose: The aim was to compare and document in detail the aesthetic outcome of single implant treatment in healing sites (early implant placement) with fully healed sites (conventional implant placement) of the anterior maxilla.Materials and Methods: A cross‐sectional study in patients who had been treated by two periodontists and two prosthodontists in 2006 and 2007 was conducted. Surgical treatment involved standard flap elevation without releasing incisions and restorative procedures included cemented crowns in all patients. Only straightforward single implant treatments using Nobelreplace tapered TiUnite® implants (Nobel Biocare, Göteborg, Sweden) in healing sites (6–8 weeks following tooth extraction) and fully healed sites (≥6 months following tooth extraction) were considered with both neighboring teeth present and without the need for hard and/or soft tissue grafting. The aesthetic outcome was objectively rated using the pink esthetic score (PES) and white esthetic scrore (WES) by a blinded clinician who had not been involved in the treatment. Patients rated aesthetics by means of visual analogue scales.Results: Twenty‐one out of 22 early and 25/27 conventional implant treatments were available for aesthetic evaluation after on average two and a half years of function (range 17–41 months). There were no significant differences for any of the criteria between the treatment concepts. Overall, papillae were most easy to satisfy, whereas alveolar process and tooth color most difficult. A thin‐scalloped biotype was associated with low distal papillae (p = .041) and alveolar process deficiency (p = .039). Twenty‐six percent of the cases were aesthetic failures (PES < 8 and/or WES < 6) and 13% showed an (almost) perfect outcome (PES ≥ 12 and WES ≥ 9). The remainder (61%) demonstrated acceptable aesthetics. There was no significant correlation between objective and subjective ratings.Conclusions: Early and conventional single implant treatment yielded comparable aesthetic outcome. Albeit all treatments had been performed by experienced clinicians and only straightforward cases had been selected, 1 out of 4 cases were aesthetic failures and only a strict minority showed perfection. Research is required on the aesthetic outcome of alternative surgical procedures especially in high‐risk patients with a thin‐scalloped biotype.
Nutrition in Space: Evidence from the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Lane Helen W. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Space flight exposes humans to a hostile, stressful environment as well as to the weightlessness associated with microgravity. The stresses of space travel affect nutritional balance, as evidenced by interrelated changes in body composition, energy utilization, and endocrine function. The limited data gathered thus far suggest that space flight incurs acute decreases in fluid mass and chronic, ongoing changes in muscle and bone mass. Concurrent with these changes is an increase in energy used per unit body mass. Other preliminary data suggest that bed rest and space flight may incur increased sensitivity to insulin. Further research is needed to determine the human energy and protein requirements for space, as well as a means of quantifying changes in body composition during extended-duration space flight.
Pronounced Effect of the Nature of the Inoculum on Biofilm Development in Flow Systems
Authors: Kroukamp Otini , Dumitrache Romeo G. , Wolfaardt Gideon M. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Biofilm formation renders sessile microbial populations growing in continuous-flow systems less susceptible to variation in dilution rate than planktonic cells, where dilution rates exceeding an organism's maximum growth rate (μ
max
) results in planktonic cell washout. In biofilm-dominated systems, the biofilm's overall μ
max
may therefore be more relevant than the organism's μ
max
, where the biofilm μ
max
is considered as a net process dependent on the adsorption rate, growth rate, and removal rate of cells within the biofilm. Together with lag (acclimation) time, the biofilm's overall μ
max
is important wherever biofilm growth is a dominant form, from clinical settings, where the aim is to prevent transition from lag to exponential growth, to industrial bioreactors, where the aim is to shorten the lag and rapidly reach maximum activity. The purpose of this study was to measure CO
2
production as an indicator of biofilm activity to determine the effect of nutrient type and concentration and of the origin of the inoculum on the length of the lag phase, biofilm μ
max
, and steady-state metabolic activity of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PA01 (containing
gfp
),
Pseudomonas fluorescens
CT07 (containing
gfp
), and a mixed community. As expected, for different microorganisms the lengths of the lag phase in biofilm development and the biofilm μ
max
values differ, whereas different nutrient concentrations result in differences in the lengths of lag phase and steady-state values but not in biofilm μ
max
rates. The data further showed that inocula from different phenotypic origins give rise to lag time of different lengths and that this influence persists for a number of generations after inoculation.
Isolation and Characterization of
Campylobacter
spp. from Antarctic Fur Seals (
Arctocephalus gazella
) at Deception Island, Antarctica
Authors: García-Peña F. J. , Pérez-Boto D. , Jiménez C. , San Miguel E. , Echeita A. , Rengifo-Herrera C. , García-Párraga D. , Ortega-Mora L. M. , Pedraza-Díaz S. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

The presence of
Campylobacter
spp. was investigated in 41 Antarctic fur seals (
Arctocephalus gazella
) and 9 Weddell seals (
Leptonychotes weddellii
) at Deception Island, Antarctica. Infections were encountered in six Antarctic fur seals. The isolates, the first reported from marine mammals in the Antarctic region, were identified as
Campylobacter insulaenigrae
and
Campylobacter lari
.
The Prevalence of Multidrug Resistance Is Higher among Bovine than HumanSalmonellaentericaSerotype Newport, Typhimurium, and 4,5,12:i:− Isolates in the United States but Differs by Serotype and Geographic Region
Authors: Hoelzer K. , Soyer Y. , Rodriguez-Rivera L. D. , Cummings K. J. , McDonough P. L. , Schoonmaker-Bopp D. J. , Root T. P. , Dumas N. B. , Warnick L. D. , Gröhn Y. T. , Wiedmann M. , Baker K. N. K. , Besser T. E. , Hancock D. D. , Davis M. A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTSalmonellarepresents an important zoonotic pathogen worldwide, but the transmission dynamics between humans and animals as well as within animal populations are incompletely understood. We characterizedSalmonellaisolates from cattle and humans in two geographic regions of the United States, the Pacific Northwest and the Northeast, using three common subtyping methods (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE], multilocus variable number of tandem repeat analysis [MLVA], and multilocus sequence typing [MLST]). In addition, we analyzed the distribution of antimicrobial resistance among human and cattleSalmonellaisolates from the two study areas and characterizedSalmonellapersistence on individual dairy farms. For bothSalmonella entericasubsp.entericaserotypes Newport and Typhimurium, we found multidrug resistance to be significantly associated with bovine origin of isolates, with the odds of multidrug resistance for Newport isolates from cattle approximately 18 times higher than for Newport isolates from humans. Isolates from the Northwest were significantly more likely to be multidrug resistant than those from the Northeast, and susceptible and resistant isolates appeared to represent distinctSalmonellasubtypes. We detected evidence for strain diversification duringSalmonellapersistence on farms, which included changes in antimicrobial resistance as well as genetic changes manifested in PFGE and MLVA pattern shifts. While discriminatory power was serotype dependent, the combination of PFGE data with either MLVA or resistance typing data consistently allowed for improved subtype discrimination. Our results are consistent with the idea that cattle are an important reservoir of multidrug-resistantSalmonellainfections in humans. In addition, the study provides evidence for the value of including antimicrobial resistance data in epidemiological investigations and highlights the benefits and potential problems of combining subtyping methods.