bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Air Velocity on Thermal Comfort
Authors: Konz Stephan , Al-Wahab Sudad , Gough Helen 
Published: January 2012

Experiment 1 investigated oscillating vs fixed fans. Eight males were exposed to seven conditions in each of three temperatures (25.6, 27.8, and 30 C (78, 82, 86 F); all at 50% rh). The seven conditions were: still air, velocity of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 m/s from a fixed fan, and mean velocity of 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 m/s from an oscillating fan. For equal comfort, for every increase of mean air velocity of 0.1 m/s (between 0.4 and 1.2 m/s), environmental temperature can be increased by .27 C for the oscillating fan and by 0.40 C for the fixed fan. At the same mean velocity, oscillating fans are voted more comfortable than fixed fans. Experiment 2 investigated the effect of a small directional axial-flow desk fan on comfort at 26.1 C (79 F). The 16 females tested fan off vs a 1.5 m/s flow on all six combinations of: torso vs face impact of air stream, and impact from straight ahead, 30° to the right, and 60° to the right. Angle was not significant. The use of the fan was equivalent to a decrease of air temperature of 0.63 C (i.e., 0.1 m/s = 0.042 C). Thus the personal desk fan can be used as a “fine tuner” in an acceptable environment. Those wearing glasses preferred air on the face, those wearing contacts preferred the torso; those wearing neither were divided. Thus fan placement should be left to the individual.
Personality and Motivational Factors of U. S. Naval Academy Graduates as Indicators of Aviation Mishap Potential
Authors: Alkov Robert A. , Borowsky Michael S. , Gaynor John A. , Montor Karel 
Published: January 2012

Although the concept of accident-proneness has fallen into disfavor because of the failure to statistically identify accident repeaters from their personality characteristics, it may be possible to predict mishap liability for those who enter a military flying career. The 16PF, Motivational Analysis Test and the Athletic Motivation Inventory administered to U. S. Naval Academy freshman classes were examined. Scores of over 1700 graduates from the classes of 1975-1981, who were subsequently designated as naval aviators, were studied. Using their flight hours and mishaps accumulated during the first two to five years of their flying careers, a mishap rate was calculated for low and high groups on each personal dimension. Scores were placed into ten stens within each dimension (e.g., reserved-outgoing) based on the standardization sampling of all U. S. college undergraduates. Due to the normal distribution of scores, stens 1 and 10 had very low numbers. Any rate based on so few cases was very unstable. One or two mishaps could change the rate dramatically. Therefore, the mishap rates were examined by grouping stens. A chi square test was used to determine if sten ranges differed significantly in their aircraft mishap rates. There were 9 of 67 dimensions in which the sten ranges differed significantly. These are discussed.
Validation for Performance Measurement in the Task of Fault Management
Authors: Surgenor Brian W. , McGeachy John D. 
Published: January 2012

The application of a part-task nuclear simulator to the measurement of performance in the task of fault management was studied. Specifically, the design of the simulator was evaluated for internal and external validity. External validation required confirmation that the task presented by the simulator had the essential elements of the real task. In the context of this particular study, internal validation required confirmation that performance on the simulator represented an accurate and fair measure of a subject's understanding of fundamental principles. The requirements for external and internal validity were found to be in conflict. Performance on the simulator was not an accurate measure of fundamental understanding because the task was realistic. However, it was concluded that a part-task simulator does provide an effective method of gathering information on human performance.
The Real Challenge in Robotic Systems
Authors: Deringer Thomas J. 
Published: January 2012

Robotic systems are machines, and as machines they have sufficient power to do enormous amounts of work. This same power, even under the most highly computer-controlled conditions can, unexpectedly inflict injury upon the human worker. There isn't a robot in existence today that will infallably shake your hand without at least a remote urge to crush your fingers. The best selection and training process will never fully protect the operators and maintenance workers who must give constant attention to these robotic systems. Robotic systems in extremely hot, hazardous, or hostile environments are even more lethal to the human interventioner who is pre-occuppied with his own personal safety from the ambient area. We've got to remember, too, that we're approaching the workers with something entirely new! Their perception of what robots will do for them…and to them is at best very limited. Until full knowledge is acquired about all of the many new and complex robotic systems, and good understanding come into focus for them, then this new technology poses problems. Involvement and encouragement of the human workers in the earliest processes will promote a positive acceptance. The two important premises of this critical paper are drawn from over twenty years of on-the-floor experience addressing these all-important issues. The first factor is total involvement of all human workers in the planning, selection, and implementation cycle. The second, and more important, is the concern for the safety of the human workers in this interactive arena with high technology robotic systems. This challenge can be more than adequately met. Awareness and fore-sighted engineering by the Human Factors scientist and practitioner in dealing with this, as yet, unpredictable technology will produce a workplace environment which the worker will perceive as safe, as well as desirable. The social implications are staggering!
Computer Modeling of Human Performance on Microcomputers
Authors: Laughery K. Ronald 
Published: January 2012

In the interactive session, a microcomputer version of the popular modeling language SAINT was demonstrated. This version, named Micro SAINT, offers an easy way of entering task networks and conducting computer simulations of human operators in systems. While more limited than the full version of SAINT, it is far more accessible and easier to use. In this paper, a brief introduction of the concepts behind human operator modeling are provided. Also, the steps required to develop an operator model are briefly discussd.
A New Tilt on Computer Generated Space Situation Displays
Authors: Yorchak John P. , Allison James E. , Dodd Valor S. 
Published: January 2012

Historically, map projection problems have been 2-dimensional. With air and space travel however, the need for accurate 3-dimensional projections has come about. This paper describes an experimental comparison of a fixed 2D projection and a user-defined 3D display for the depiction of satellite altitude and coverage area. Sixteen subjects completed 24 trials, 12 with each display orientation, which required them to make a True/False decision concerning a statement describing the altitude and coverage area of a particular satellite on the display. Reaction time (RT) and errors were collected and analyzed via separate ANOVAs. The results of the study revealed that subjects preferred a “3D-looking” display, even though there was no significant difference between display orientations with respect to RT or errors. From research of this type we hope to produce user-oriented guidelines for future space situation displays.
Robot/Human Interaction: A Challenge for Job Design
Authors: Clarke Margaret M. , Kreifeldt John G. 
Published: January 2012

This paper describes now a job involving robot/human interaction was designed to ensure a safe, efficient and productive workplace, and worker satisfaction with the human contribution to the job. The job, which lasts about 4 hours, involves handling, sampling, dismantling, and visually inspecting containers of toxic materials. The job design was carried out in five phases. 1. Analysis of the requirements and hazards of each phase of the job and of the relative capabilities of the robot and of the human operator. 2. Allocation of tasks to the operator and the robot based on both the hazards involved and on the relative capabilities of each. All contact with the toxic materials and all tasks that could be preprogrammed were allocated to the robot. The operator was assigned all functions beyond the robot capabilities; for example, visual inspection for unknown debris and positioning fine alignments at locations that could not be predetermined. In addition, the operator will remain vigilant during all periods of robot activity, overseeing what the robot does and ready to take active control of the robot should it encounter anything beyond its scope. 3. Time study. A detailed time line analysis of the robot and human task sequence showed that human activity fell into three distinct peak periods with long periods of monitoring in between. 4. Workload estimation. One operator was estimated to be able to handle all human functions so that one operator per robot would comprise an efficient “team.” 5. Increasing operator vigilance. Operator boredom and inattention could be a very probable and potentially serious problem during the long monitoring. Operators might not be ready to actively enter the control loop to perform their pre-assigned alignment and visual inspection tasks. Or they might not notice the beginning of any possible robot mishap and might not take active control as soon as they should. Further steps were therefore taken in the job design to increase operator vigilance. First, a dynamic time display with appropriate auditory warning signals will give operators information about their approaching planned entry into the control loop. Second, it was assumed that operators' attention would wander and that the job should therefore be designed to make it easier for them to cognitively “find their way back.” Computer-generated graphics will therefore continuously display the robot's previous, present, and next major task steps in addition to the operator being able to see via closed-circuit TV what the robot is doing. Last, operator opinion will be sougnt and used for further ways to make the vigilance tasks less tedious and more meaningful to the operators themselves.
Thermography and Repetitive Stress Trauma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Riley Michael W. , Sanwick Robert T. , Cochran David J. 
Published: January 2012

Liquid crystal thermograms were used in this pilot study to produce “surface temperature gradient maps” of the forearms, wrists, and hands of persons with and without symptoms of cumulative stress trauma. In addition, individuals with other common wrist and hand dysfunctions, impairments, or maladies such as arthritis were included to evaluate possible confounding factors in these procedures. Bilateral comparisons were made of the thermograms of the upper extremities of each subject. Results indicate that temperature differences of 1 degree C. or greater between symmetric body parts, taken under correctly conducted procedures, may be interpreted as a positive indication of a definite and significant medical condition or trauma, including trauma produced by cumulative stress.
Three Comparisons of Incandescent and Fluorescent: Color or Luninaire?
Authors: Bennett Corwin A. , Perecherla Anjiraju , Chowdhury Zahirul K. , Prabhakaran Ramachandran , Gettu Shyam N. 
Published: January 2012

Three experiments using 132 subjects and two different scale models primarily tested the hypothesis that there is no difference in pleasantness when extraneous factors of luminaire size, shape and distribution were controlled. Subjects, who were not aware what the light color was nor that light color was being studied, found incandescent and fluorescent equally pleasant. Much verbal comparison and comparison by selection of one or the other has been made of incandescent and fluorescent light. While in recent years even more efficient sources have replaced fluorescent, fluorescent has been used in place of incandescent in spaces where pleasantness has not been considered paramount. This has included many factories and stores, most schools and offices and some home spaces where utility is considered more important than aesthetics (like laundry rooms). The greater pleasantness of incandescent has been so “obvious” that hardly anyone - lay or lighting -has questioned the aesthetic superiority of incandescent. Thus, despite the energy crisis and increasing cost of electricity, most designers and users have clung to incandescent in aesthetic spaces. In addition to light color installations and luminaries for these speces vary drastically.
Volume and Surface Area of the Hand
Authors: Kaye Richard , Konz Stephan 
Published: January 2012

Hand volume and surface area were measured on 30 subjects (28 male) between the ages of 18 and 25. Volume of the preferred hand averaged 379.7 cc (100%) while the non-preferred volume was 371.6 (97.9%); the 2.1% difference is statistically significant. Mean hand volume was 375.65; assuming the hand has little fat and thus a density of 1.09 g/cc is appropriate, a weight of 409.6 g; for these subjects one hand was an average of .56% of body weight. Surface area was measured photographically. Mean surface area for one hand (spread) was .054 square m (2.9% of Dubois surface area); for a fist it was .043 sq m (2.3% of Dubois).
Peripheral Vision and Peripheral Displays
Authors: Venturino Michael , Rinalducci Edward J. 
Published: January 2012

Technological advances have signi-ficantly altered the nature of the man-machine inter-face. Notable changes include: 1) a redefinition of the role of the human from that of a manual operator to a monitor/manager of complex systems; and 2) the availability of large amounts of data, presented or updated at rapid rates. As a result of such changes, the human operator must monitor, integrate, evaluate, and utilize continually changing information from a large number of spatially separated displays. Such demands require complex scanning patterns among numerous displays, and maintaining large amounts of information in working memory. These requirements and demands often overload the human's limited processing capabilities, and lead to degraded performance and increased probability of error. One possible solution to this propagation of displays and consequent information overload is to make more efficient use of human visual capabilities by offloading some types of information from foveal vision to peripheral vision. If appropriate types of information are presented to each aspect of vision (foveal and peripheral), then the human operator's bandwidth of information intake may be usefully increased. However, significant issues must be addressed before attempts are made to design peripheral displays. Such issues may be grouped into three categories: 1) determine the characteristics of peripheral vision relevant to display design (e.g., luminance sensitivity, contrast sensitivity, and acuity); 2) determine the characteristics of peripheral information processing (e.g., the costs and benefits of covert orienting of attention, the effects of foveal load on peripheral processing and vice-versa, and events in peripheral vision that cause a saccade); and 3) determine what types of information structure provide useful information in peripheral vision, which would indicate what types of information should be displayed in peripheral vision. The answers to these issues will provide data that may help determine whether it is feasible to display useable information to both foveal and peripheral vision, and provide guidelines for the design of peripheral displays. The purpose of this symposium is to address theoretical and applied issues of peripheral vision. The description and evaluation of the properties and characteristics of peripheral vision will serve as fundamental knowledge in determining the feasibility and design of peripheral displays. The symposium will be empirical in nature, with the participants presenting experimental data relevant to the above issues.
Timesharing, Cognition, and Human Performance in Complex Information Systems
Authors: Venturino Michael 
Published: January 2012

Applications of advanced technology to modern systems have resulted in the requirement for the human operator to process large volumes of information at rapid rates. Such systems may impose substantial attentional and timesharing requirements on the operator, often exceeding human information processing capabilities. Consequently, there is a critical need to investigate and understand the human information processing system in order to identify generalizable, empirically derived principles of human timesharing capabilities. Of particular interest are current theoretical approaches to human attention and information processing limitations that suggest ways to improve timesharing performance. Two of these approaches, automatic information processing theory and multiple resource theory are especially relevant to the timesharing problem.
Power Switches: Some User Expectations and Preferences
Authors: Lewis James R. 
Published: January 2012

Three brief studies were conducted by the IBM Boca Raton Human Factors department to investigate user expectations and preferences regarding power switches. In the first study, 24 IBM employees were surveyed by showing them a power supply with a paddle switch in front. The results indicated that if the power switch was mounted vertically, 100% of the sample expected UP to be ON. When the switch was mounted horizontally on the front, 25% of the sample expected LEFT to be ON, and the other 75% expected RIGHT to be ON. Ninety IBM employees participated in the second study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the way people expect a rocker switch to work when it is located on the side of the machine. Overall, 46% of the sample expected the switch AWAY from the operator to be ON, and 54% expected the switch TOWARD the operator to be ON. In the third study, 49 IBM employees responded to a mailed questionnaire, and 24 participants from a temporary employment agency completed the same questionnaire. The results for the six items were: 1. For UP/DOWN switch: UP=ON: 97%, DOWN=ON: 03% 2. For LEFT/RIGHT switch: LEFT=ON:29%, RIGHT=ON:71% 3. For AWAY/TOWARD switch: AWAY=ON:52%, TOWARD=ON:48% 4. Style preference (IBM Employees), (Agency Personnel) UP/DOWN:94% UP/DOWN:58% LEFT/RIGHT:02% LEFT/RIGHT:29% AWAY/TOWARD:04% AWAY/TOWARD:13% 5. Location preference: FRONT:72%, SIDE:25%, BACK:03% 6. Side preference: LEFT:10%, RIGHT:90% Since it appears that virtually 100% of users have the same expectation regarding the operation of a vertical power switch, designers should avoid using other power switch orientations. This is not a critical design issue, but it is better to design machines the way that users expect them to work.
User Computer Interface Issues in Nuclear Process Control: Research and Applications
Authors: Gilmore Walter E. 
Published: January 2012

The use of computer systems are becoming increasingly prominent as process control and information management tools in nuclear facilities. Eventually, it is believed that almost all plant processes will be controlled and monitored via some type of computer interface. The human factors data base of design guidelines, criteria and methods for evaluating the person-process interface is far from complete. Over the past four years, the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) has been examining certain aspects of computer technology for process control functions to supplement the human factors data base and design practices. A major objective of this symposium is to introduce these findings in a cohesive set of four papers which address related UCI issues. An evaluation of the findings will be made from different viewpoints provided by a panel of experts. The case study approach is used in the first paper to describe the process and benefits obtained from incorporating human factors guidelines and methods in the design of a complex CRT display system for process control applications. Five different methodologies are summarized for usefulness in evaluating the effectiveness of CRT generated displays in the second paper. The methodologies are (1) psychophysics, (2) multidimensional rating, (3) checklist evaluation, (4) non-interactive evaluation, and (5) interactive evaluation. The third paper reports on the diagnostic and recovery performance of nuclear power plant operators with and without a response tree computer-based aid. Identification of technological changes in control room operations are described in the fourth paper. A modified Delphi approach was combined with the Analytical Hierarchical Process to categorize and relate technology advances and to determine the relative likelihood of achieving these conceptual changes in person-process interface systems in the near term.
Investigation into the Oscillatory Behaviour of the Spinal Column under Whole Body Vibration
Authors: Bonney R A , Corlett E N 
Published: January 2012

Studies are under way to look at the effects of vibration under spinal load. Studies have shown that static load can be identified by measuring changes of stature, but when the spine is vibrated changes of stature do not show the same simple relationship to estimated load. It is deduced that the spine may be oscillating in a complex way which introduces nodes at different points along its wave length. Experiments will be described to show how these phenomena are being investigated and the results will be discussed.
Biomechanical Effects of Force Exertions While Kneeling
Authors: Haslegrave C.M. , Tracy M. , Corlett E.N. 
Published: January 2012

Even in high technology industries, many tasks in repair and maintenance involve heavy manual work and are often carried out in awkward and confined spaces. In such situations workers have great difficulty in obtaining access to components and may need to adopt harmful body postures while applying high forces. These tasks are being studied in the laboratory using a CODA-3 optical scanner to record postures. The aim is to investigate the strength and reach capabilities of workers, and to develop better techniques for assessing the safety and acceptability of such tasks. One of the postures which has been studied is kneeling, for tasks which occur for instance in mining or in aircraft maintenance. Reach distance and direction of operation of controls or handtools both have a large influence on strength capability and the relationships between these and the posture adopted are discussed in the paper.
Understanding Direct Manipulation Interfaces
Authors: Wolf Catherine G. 
Published: January 2012

Direct manipulation interfaces are becoming increasingly popular, yet we do not have a good understanding of what makes them successful or not. The objective of the symposium is to provide a better understanding of the class of user interfaces referred to as “direct manipulation interfaces”. To accomplish this goal, the symposium brings together people who are working on the design and evaluation of direct manipulation systems and/or performing issues-oriented research on direct manipulation. The symposium will address topics such as: • What is “direct manipulation”? • Varieties of direct manipulation interfaces • How do direct manipulation interfaces differ from conventional command language interfaces? • What are direct manipulation interfaces good/not good for? • Designing a better interface: challenges for the future