bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
17. Coat and Fibre Development in some British Sheep.
Authors: Wildman A. B. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.1. The development of the coat is essentially the same in all breeds examined, viz., Leicester, Southdown, Suffolk down, Oxford down, Dorset down, Scots Blackface, Scots Blackface X Wensleydale, Leicester X Cheviot, Southdown X Leicester, Oxford down X Suffolk down, and Suffolk down X Cheviot.2. Hair follicles in these sheep begin to develop before wool follicles. Wool fibres grow rapidly, and in late fœtuses are arranged in rows at the skin surface and grow faster than the hairs, which show no special arrangement at the skin surface.3. Wool follicles in the breeds examined are spirally shaped. The shape of the basal portion of the follicle largely determines the shape of the fibre produced.4. The development of the wool fibre is essentially the same as that of fibres in mammals generally, but differs in important detail.5. The sudoriferous or sweat gland is differentiated early, and much sooner than the sebaceous or fat gland. The duct of the sudoriferous gland always opens into the follicle.6. The structure of the inner root‐sheath layers of all types of follicles is the same as the structure of these layers in the human hair follicle, as described by A. von Brunn (1).7. Before appearing above the skin, the tip of the young fibre is pushed along a curved passage in the epidermis. This passage is excavated by cells from the sebaceous gland.8. It is shown that during growth of the wool follicle in the Scots Blackface X Wensleydale cross, the level of the arrector‐muscle insertion changes from the lower half to the upper half of the follicle.
18. The Morphology of the Central Nervous System of the Cteno‐glossa (Cephalopoda).
Authors: Robson G. C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The features of the central nervous system of the Ctenoglossa may thus be summarised. The suboesophageal complex shows distinct abdominal, pedal, and brachial elements, not as separate ganglia, but as clearly differentiated parts. This is a condition not found in any Heteroglossate nor in Vitreledonella. The lateral commissure is longer than in Octopus, Eledone, and Vitreledonella, but not so long as in Argonauta. There is a well‐developed brachial commissure, as in most of the Octopoda. The degree of fusion between the cerebral and the superior buccal ganglia is slight, but they are in close contact. None of the Incirrata appear to differ much in this respect. The cerebral ganglion is divided into three lobes only (instead of four, as in the Heteroglossa), and the verticalis is not subdivided into lateral and median gyri. In Vitreledonella there is one lobe less and the posterior is tripartite (?= subdivisions of the verticalis).It will thus be seen that as regards the brachial ganglion the Ctenoglossa are less specialized than the Incirrata (including Vitreledonella). As regards the length of the lateral commissure the same is true, though Argonauta is even less specialised. They agree with the other Incirrata in possessing a well‐developed brachial commissure and in the close approximation of the cerebral and superior buccal ganglia. The cerebral ganglion is less subdivided than in the Heteroglossa.The result of this study supports the view recently put forward that the Ctenoglossa and Vitreledonellidae should be separated, as their central nervous systems are definitely dissimilar. Whether on the characters of the nervous system alone one would treat the latter as more closely related to the Incirrata I am somewhat doubtful. When I previously examined this question I was impressed by the great degree of condensation in the system of Vitreledonella and its likeness therein to the other Heteroglossa. It is now, however, apparent that the system contains special features, and though it might pass for a more condensed type of, e. g., Octopod system, it is less evolved in the character of the cerebral ganglion. On this system it seems to me an open question whether we should regard Vitreledonella as a highly evolved Heteroglossate in which the cerebral ganglia have undergone less division, or whether it should be placed in a group of its own equivalent to the Heteroglossa.
On the Structure of Larvæ of Hispine Beetles.—III
Authors: Maulik S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The structure of the immature stages shows clearly that the genus Platyauchenia should be removed from the Cassidinæ and put in the Hispinæ.
The head, though of a true miner, does not show any of the types of structure previously recorded as belonging to a miner.
The mouth‐parts have become greatly simplified.
The last segment of the abdomen belongs to one of the types described as occurring among the Hispinæ, and they do not show any of the typical abdominal modifications of the Cassidine larvæ.
The last pair of spiracles open laterally, a modification which has not been previously recorded in the Hispinæ.
Notes on Australian Snakes of the Genera Pseudechis and Oxyuranus.
Authors: Thomson Donald F. 
Published: August 2010

Summary. Pseudechis platycephalus is allied to P. australis Gray, but differs from it and all other members of the genus in possessing:

Grooved palatine and pterygoid teeth;
Obtuse keels or ridges on the scales of the dorsal line.
Morphological Notes on the Terrestrial Triclad Rhynchodemus britannicus Percival.
Authors: Eastham L. E. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The occurrence in Sheffield of the terrestrial planarian Rhynchodemus britannicus is recorded.
Variations in the genital system, in addition to those already recorded, are described, and it is suggested that these are stages in the attainment of sexual maturity.
A sphincter on the female vestibular apparatus formed by longitudinal muscles arranged spirally is described.
The previously recorded secretion of calcareous slime is attributed to gland cells in the ectoderm and subectodermal parenchyma.
The Feeding Mechanism of Chirocephalus diaphanus Prévost, the Fairy Shrimp
Authors: Lowndes A. G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary

The commonly accepted view that Chirocephalus feeds chiefly or entirely on minute suspended particles is incorrect. Its chief food consists of detritus.
There is also a filter‐feeding apparatus which is here described for the first time.
The larger food particles consisting of filamentous algæ and the leaves of mosses etc., are not sucked into the median groove, but are pushed in by the endites and pushed towards the mouth by the spines and setæ on the basal endites. The basal endites are thus gnathobasic lobes, which may act in apposition.
Water which may be carrying minute suspended particles finds its way into the inter‐limb space probably by the 7th endites and exopodites, together forming a series of vortices which converge. Suspended particles which are drawn into the median groove cannot settle there by reason of the increase in the rate of flow, nor is it likely that they could be caught by an existing secretion of mucus.
As the limbs move backwards the water at their base is under pressure and enters the median groove after passing through the filter process.
The movement of the limbs is irregular and only roughly metachronial. Any account of feeding, swimming, or respiratory process which demands precise co‐ordination of the limbs is untenable.
The limbs are highly muscular, and both the endites and exites are definitely controlled both during the forward and backward movements.
The real action of the limbs is highly complicated, and its complete investigation would involve more mathematical data than are available at the present moment.
It is suggested that the chief swimming‐limb is the exopodite which, functions as a propeller and not as a paddle or oar.
The view taken by Sars that the proepipodites function as covering scales is upheld. They definitely do not function as valves.
The view taken by Sars that the primary function of the phyllopod post oral limb is respiratory is upheld.
The present habitat of Chirocephalus diaphanus must be entirely different from any which existed in early palæozoic times. Speculations dealing with the phylogeny of Crustacea, based as they must be almost entirely on structure, require considerable caution.
The Interpretation of Arthrodires
Authors: Watson D. M. S. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The conclusions which result from this analysis are:‐The Arthrodira are gnathostomes which possessed powerful palato‐quadrate and Meckel's cartilages which were never more than very superficially ossified. These were connected by a powerful masticatory muscle.They were operculate, with deep gill‐slits and a general “teleostome”‐like gill arrangement.The dentition was at first complex, with an “elasmobranch” replacement of true teeth. Subsequently this replacement was abolished, the teeth becoming permanently fused to bony plates, and subsequently destroyed by wear in the adult.In asSociation with the well‐developed hinge between dermal bones which supplements an original dorso‐ventral joint between the neural cranium and the vertebral column, the anterior part of the trunk musculature became functionally disconnected from the posterior part which carried out the swimming movements. In asSociation with this isolation and reduction the anterior part of the trunk became surrounded by a long rigid body armour.Subsequently this armour was shortened; its anterior margin was always rebind as a point of attachment of the body musculature.So interpreted, the Athrodira become more intelligible than they would be were. they non‐gnathostome craniates, and I propose on a future occasion to discuss their afiities.
On Oodinium ocellatum Brown, a Paxasitic Dinoflagellate causing Epidemic Disease in Marine Fish
Authors: Brown Eleanor M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The occurrence of a perioa of heavy mortality among the sea‐water fish in the London Aquarium in 1929 and 1930 and its amociation with a parasitic infection is discussed.
The vegetative stage of the parasite which occurs in the gills and body‐surface of the fish is described. It is shown to be a species of Dinoflagellate belonging to the genus Oodinium, as described in a preliminary note 1931 (3). The resemblances to, and differences from, other members of the genus are pointed out, and the mode of nutrition of the organism and the function of certain structures comparable with the pusule apparatus of free‐living forms are discussed, and also the form of the organs of fixation. The organiem is regarded as a true parasite living at the expense of its host.
The behaviour of the parasite on being freed from its host is noted, and a description of its division up to the production of motile dinospores is given, together with a description of the dinospores themselves.
The conditions under which sporulation occurs are discussed, showing that temperatures from 23–27° C. are favourable, and that the process stops at low temperatures, the parasite remaining quiescent. Sporulation occurs at pH 8 and over.
The conditions under which the parasite occurs in the Aquarium are noted, temperature again being an important factor, and the pH being usually 7–2–7.6.
The animals infected and the origin of the parasite and the reasons for its success in the Aquarium are investigated. It is regarded as being imported from Bermuda and dying out when importation ceases. A similar parasite is also known on Amphiprion in Berlin and Amsterdam, where no fish are imported from Bermuda.
The symptoms and effoct of parasitic infection of the fish and cures which have been attempted are described. No satisfactory cure has been discovered.
The species O. ocellatum is redefined.
Studies on the Temnocephaloidea.–II. The Embryology of Caridi‐nicola indica
Authors: Fernando Wilfred 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

Segmentation is irregular, and results in a syncytial blastoderm in which are found micronuclei and macronuclei.
The micronuclei represent ectoderm, the macronuclei the endoderm.
The endodermal nuclei are situated more posteriorly.
A cavity appears in the endodermal mass. It is the endocœle which becomes very large.
The other endodermal cells arrange themselves at the sides of the endocœle, and a few remain ventral to it.
Three regions are differentiated in the ectodermal mass–an anterior group forms the brain and nerves; a middle group gives rise to the pharynx; and a posterior group, which lies ventral to the endocœle and gives rise to muscles, the parenchyma, and the outer ectodermal epithelium.
The endocœle divides into two–a posterior part disappears among the yolk‐mass, while the anterior past unites with the pharynx and opens into it.
The alimentary canal consists of a pharynx, œsophagus, and intestine.
The pharynx differentiates from the middle ectodermal mass; the cesophagus is the persistent anterior section of the endocœle; the intestine develops from cells proliferated from the posterior wall of the œophagus (persistent section of endocœle).
The endoccele is homologous with the archenteron of other animals.
The germariurn is differentiated from the median, ventral endodermal mass, the testes from the lateral endodermal masses; the genital ducts are formed partly of ectoderm and partly of endoderm.
The Swimming and Feeding of certain Calanoid Copepods.
Authors: Lowndes A. G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
There is little or no justification for the modern theory that the feeding of Calanoid Copepodes is ether automatic or non‐selective, nor is it in accordance with the work of Lebour and Marashall on the investigation of gut‐contents.
Nine species have been examined critically.
The feeding of Calanus finmarchicus is neither automatic nor non‐selective. It also diffes consideraly from that of D. castor.
The movement of the antennæ of Eurytemora velox has been investigated, chiefly 1 y ultra ‐rapid photograpy.
Gurney's conclusion that the Centropagina are the more primitve group, and not the Calanina, is supported.
The maxillæ and maxillipeds of the Centropagina are in general raptorial, and not fitratory.
The femals of Eucháta norvegica feed almost entirely on Calannus finmarchicus.
20. The Ecology of Young Tadpoles, with special reference to the Nutrition of the Early Larvze of Rana temporaria temporaria Linn., Bufo bufo bufo Linn., and Bombina variegata variegata Linn.
Authors: Savage R. Maxwell 
Published: August 2010

Summary.
The early larvæ of the Common Frog, the Common Toad, and the Yellow‐bellied Toad, Bombina variegala variegata Linn., do not derive noticeable quantities of food matserial from their own egg‐envelopes.
The envelopes are the seat of more active bacterial growth than the open water of the ponds, and this probably accounts largely for their disappearance.
Frog and Toad‐tadpoles seem to develop faster when they are allowed to remain on the envelopes.
23. Experiments on the Sterility ofEphestia kühniellaZ. (Lepidoptera, Phycitidz), in Relation to High Temperature (30° C.)
Authors: Raichoudhury D. P. , Jacobs S. E. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.Cultures ofEphestia kühniellawere reared at 30° C. and 23° C. These were mainly related stocks, and the emergence of adults from the two types of culture overlapped sufficiently to enable the high temperature moths to be paired with those reared at the lower temperature.The effect of temperature on the longevity and the number of eggs laid was determined by placing alternate females (from both types of cultures) at 23° C. and 30° C. immediately after pairing. The percentage of eggs hatching was also determined.Males reared at 30° C. were impotent when young,i. e., aged two days or less, but a small percentage of them (5 per cent.) attained potency as they aged.Females reared at 30° C. and aged two days or less gave as high a percentage of successful pairings with males reared at 23° C. as did females reared at 23° C., irrespective of the temperature at which the eggs were laid.Older females reared at 30° C. gave no successful pairings with males reared at 23° C. when the eggs were laid at 30° C., but gave a moderate percentage (64 per cent.) of successful pairings when the eggs were laid at 23° C. The conclusion drawn was that a temperature of 30° C. had a sterilizing effect on the females.When young females reared at 30° C. were paired with males reared at 23° C. a smaller percentage of eggs hatched when these were laid at 30° C. than when they were laid at 23° C. This indicated that potent sperm may be weakened by exposure to the higher temperature. The possibility that the effect observed was due at least in part to a higher degree of abortion of the fertilized eggs when these were laid at 30° C. could not be excluded.The number of eggs laid was greater and the longevity was less in females reared at 30° C. which received potent sperm than in those receiving impotent sperm.The longevity of females, whether they were impregnated with potent or impotent sperm, was determined by the temperature at which they were kept after emergence, and not by the temperature at which they were reared.Among females reared at 30° C. and receiving potent sperm the number of eggs was independent of the temperature at which they were laid.Among females receiving impotent sperm the number of eggs laid was directly proportional to the longevity, which itself depended on the temperature at which the females were kept after pairing.
2. On the Species of the Genus Duthiersia Perrier, 1873 (Cestoda).
Authors: Woodland W. N. F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY..The Duthiersia material at my disposal is clearly divisible into five, and probably seven, distinct species. Four of these species are Asiatic forms and are, on the evidence at present available, distinguished from the African forms by the possession of posterior pores in the scolex, but this association of a small though definite anatomical feature with geographical distribution can hardly be regarded as a distinction which will hold for all Asiatic and African species yet to be discovered. Duthiersia expansa Perrier is a species distinguished from D. venusta, sp. n., the other common Indian species, by its relatively slender strobila and great length in some examples, form of scolex, presence of unsegmented neck, smooth proglottids, and flat ovary in transverse section, D. venusta being relatively a short stout form, with a very characteristic scolex, lack of neck, wrinkled proglottids, and U‐shaped ovary in transverse section. Duthiersia sarawakensis, sp. n., from Sarawak, is distinguished from the preceding two, and most or all other species, by its form of scolex, total absence of elongated proglottids, and multiplicity of excretory canals. Duthiersia crassa, sp. n., the remaining Indian species, is also distinguishable from all other species by its form of scolex. Duthiersia elegans Perrier is distinguishable from all other species chiefly by its slender translucent strobila, very elongated hind segments, and presence of calcareous corpuscles, while Duthiersia robusta, sp. n., is unique in that the bothrial grooves of the scolex extend down nearly to the scolex base. A seventh species, Duthiersia latissima, sp. n., is probably represented by an African worm supplied by Professor Leiper and by portions of three strobila^ contained in the Wellcome Bureau collection, the chief features of this species being the great breadth of the gravid segments and the absence of elongated segments, the length of the full‐grown strobila as a whole, and the form of the scolex.
8. An Account of Surface Ciliation in some Polychsete Worms.
Authors: Segrove F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

Epidermal cilia are employed in the production of feeding currents and the collection of food in a number of Polychzte families.
In certain cases epidermal cilia are not related to this function. The distribution and arrangement of such cilia and the currents they produce are described for members of the families Aphroditidz, Phyllodocids, Syllidae, Hesionida, Spionida, Sabellariidz, Sabellidae, and Serpulids.
Absence of such cilia is recorded in members of the Tomopterids, Nereids, Eunicids, GlyceridAElig;, and ArenicolidAElig;,
In the Aphroditidze the interrelation of the genera based on the distribution of epidermal cilia is in complete agreement with that based on other morphological data.
The significance of such cilia is discussed. are merely vestigial larval organs. Their employment for the removal of detritus or the “incubation” of eggs is thought to be incidental. It is concluded that their importance lies in the production of respiratory currents.
In the Spionids Polydora and Scolecolepis it is shown that the adult cilia are persistent larval structures. The initially locomotor cilia of the larva are retained to meet the respiratory requirements of the adult. In Scolecolepis experimental evidence indicates that the cilia are still under the control of the adult worm, though such control is of no apparent value.
The phylogenetic origin of cilia is discussed. It is suggested that they evolved, in the first place, as locomotor organs and were under the control of the organism. Subsequent adaptation for other purposes has probably been responsible for the loss of control with resulting automatism.
Epidermal cilia are to be associated with ccelomic cilia and circulation and intestinal cilia as features of the primitive Polychzete. Their disappearance is associated with two tendencies. Muscular activity has replaced ciliary activity on several occasions, in the Aphroditidq Chztopteridz, and Sabellidae. The disappearance is closely associated with the evolution of a contractile vascular system and the association with i t of respiratory pigments.
The several stages occurring in this process are exemplified by various families of modern PolychAElig;tes.
On a Ciliary Process of Food‐collecting in the Gastropod Turritella communis Risso
Authors: Graham Alastair 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.The mantle‐cavity of Turritella communis has an inhalent aperture on the left side and an exhalent one on the right. The former is guarded by a complex array of tentacles preventing the ingress of large particles. Ciliary currents collect particles falling on these and transport them to the foot (text‐fig. 1).Particles are collected on the gill‐filaments and are transferred to a deep groove bounded by folds which runs along the floor of the mantle‐cavity to the right side of the head, ending in a projection below the mouth. Food‐particles are built into a ropy string with mucus in this groove, and this is slowly passed forwards to the mouth, into which it is raked.Exhalent currents pass from the right side of the cavity to a siphonal process on the foot (text‐fig. 2).The mucous string is passed into the buccal cavity, in which lies a reduced odontophore and into which open minute salivary glands, thence down the oesophagus, which is straight apart from the twisting caused by torsion, to the stomach. Into this projects a crystalline style, its head bearing against a gastric shield, and a complex ciliary sorting and mixing mechanism is described on its walls. Small particles pass to the digestive diverticula for ingestion, larger ones to the intestine, where they will be elaborated into fa;cal pellets (text‐fig. 3).In the light of these facts the peculiarities of the feeding mechanism of Turritella are discussed, and it is concluded that they have been evolved in relation to its habitat.