bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Brown Streak Virus Disease on Yield and Quality of Cassava in Tanzania
Authors: Hillocks R. J. , Raya M. D. , Mtunda K. , Kiozia H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBrown streak virus disease is the most important biotic constraint to cassava production in the coastal areas of southern Tanzania. Symptoms include foliar chlorosis and sometimes stem lesions. The disease also affects the tuberous roots which develop a yellow/brown, dry, corky necrosis within the starch‐bearing tissues, sometimes accompanied by pitting and distortion, that is visible externally. The foliar symptoms of the disease often do not greatly affect plant growth, although the most sensitive cultivars may be stunted and defoliated. The main impact of the disease on the crop is by causing root necrosis. Field experiments were conducted at two sites in Tanzania to determine the effect of the disease on yield and quality of the roots. Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) decreased root weight and patches of root necrosis made roots unmarketable, although the unaffected parts might still have been suitable for home consumption. The disease therefore has two effects, one on total root yield and one on root quality, which affects marketability. The field trials showed that CBSD can decrease root weight in the most sensitive cultivars by up to 70%. The length of time between the appearance of foliar symptoms and the development of root necrosis is a varietal characteristic. In the most susceptible cultivars, root necrosis may appear within 6 months of planting cuttings derived from symptomatic mother plants. A local cultivar known as cv. Nachinyaya exhibited a form of tolerance to CBSD in which foliar symptoms appeared but the development of root necrosis was delayed allowing the full yield potential to be realized.
Calcium‐dependent Protein Kinases are Involved in Potato Signal Transduction in Response to Elicitors from the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Blanco F. A. , Zanetti M. E. , Daleo G. R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPlant response to pathogens involves an intricate network of signal transduction pathways. Here, potato cell cultures were used to study signal transduction in response to elicitors from Phytophthora infestans. Pretreatment of cells with Ser/Thr protein kinase inhibitors, EGTA, calmodulin antagonists or a channel blocker abolished the induction of two enzymes involved in defence responses, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) and peroxidase. Phosphatase inhibitors caused an increase of these activities in the absence of elicitors. Hyphal cell wall components (HWC) from an incompatible race (HWC 0) produced a rapid and transient increment of histone phosphorylation, whereas induction by HWC from a compatible race (HWC C) was less pronounced and more sustained. As activities were calcium‐dependent, a fraction enriched in calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) was obtained by DEAE chromatography. Fractions from HWC 0‐ and HWC C‐treated cells presented higher kinase activity than that from untreated cells. Moreover, total activity was higher in the incompatible than in the compatible interaction. Activity was calcium‐dependent, partially inhibited by calmodulin antagonists and able to phosphorylate syntide‐2, a specific substrate of CDPKs. An in‐gel kinase assay showed the presence of a band of approximately 50 kDa whose activity was higher in HWC 0‐ than in HWC C‐treated cells and was not detected in control extracts. This report presents evidences of the differential activation of CDPKs in response to elicitors from different races of P. infestans, revealing that these protein kinases participate in the defence response to oomycete.
Transmigrated intrauterine device discovered 17 years after its insertion
Authors: Bartalena T , Pascali E , Rinaldi MF , Marasco R , Bassi F , Alboni C , Gavelli G 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYWe present the case of an intraperitoneal IUD incidentally noted on lumbar spine X‐rays and confirmed by CT. This was secondary to asymptomatic uterine perforation occurred at the time of insertion 17 years before.
Patent urachus in a neonate: Findings at micturating cystourethregram
Authors: Depree PJ , Wong CKF 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA term female infant with an antenatal diagnosis of a urachal anomaly presented at 5 days of age for elective surgical repair of the anomaly. She had been passing urine via the umbilicus since birth. No other abnormalities had been detected on clinical examination. Preoperative micturating cystourethregram (MCUG) was performed, and during catheterization of the bladder per urethra, the catheter tip passed into the bladder and out of the umbilicus, thus confirming the diagnosis of a patent urachus.
Primary epiploic appendagitis: the role of computed tomography in diagnosis
Authors: Gurses B , Ekci B , Akansel S , Kabakci N , Kucuk S , Kovanlikaya I 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYPrimary epiploic appendagitis is a rare entity that occurs due to torsion and inflammation of the epiploic appendages. Clinically, this entity may be mistaken for acute abdomen with resultant unnecessary surgery. In contrast to acute surgical abdomen, epiploic appendagitis usually does not require surgical treatment; most of the patients resolve with conservative management. Diagnosis can be achieved with imaging modalities of which computed tomography is the gold standard procedure. Herein, a patient who presented with acute abdomen like clinical picture, with the computed tomography demonstration of primary epiploic appendagitis, is presented.
Pseudomesotheliomatous adenocarcinoma of the lung with synchronous gastric and esophageal cancer
Authors: Kaira K , Sunaga N , Yanagitani N , Hisada T , Ishizuka T , Mori M 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYPseudomesotheliomatous adenocarcinoma is an uncommon variant of peripheral lung cancer. This condition mimics a malignant mesothelioma in terms of its clinical presentation and its gross and microscopic appearance. An immunohistochemical investigation is important when it is difficult to determine whether diffuse carcinomatous involvement of the pleura is secondary to metastasis, lung cancer, or mesothelioma. We herein report a very rare case of concomitant pseudomesotheliomatous adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer and esophageal cancer.
Imaging features of endolymphatic sac tumours: case report with review of literature
Authors: Kang M , Khandelwal N , Singh P , Choudhary S , Mukherjee KK 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYPapillary endolymphatic sac tumours (ELSTs) are rare lesions of the temporal bone often confused with other more common entities. However, the radiologic differentiation is important for both surgical planning and also to alert the pathologist as regards the true origin. We present a case of a large ELST with some specific radiological findings.
Ureteral obstruction caused by mucocele of the appendix: MDCT findings
Authors: Lee J , Lim HK , Lee SJ 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYMucocele of the appendix is characterized by distension of the appendiceal lumen due to abnormal accumulation of mucoid substance. Among the known complications of appendiceal mucocele, it is known to be unusual for the appendiceal mucocele to be a cause of ureteral obstruction. Only a few reports have been published in the English literature. We describe a case of right hydronephroureterosis secondary to appendiceal mucocele diagnosed with multidetector‐row CT.
Endometriosis of the inguinal region: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings
Authors: Low RS , Jones AO , Houang M , Newland L , Morey AL , Chan‐Ling T 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYA case of endometrioma of the right inguinal canal region, diagnosed preoperatively, is presented. The diagnosis was made on the basis of cyclical symptoms relating to menstrual periods, in combination with demonstration of blood products within an enhancing focal lesion in the inguinal region with magnetic resonance imaging. The case presented here is unique, as it is the first case, to our knowledge, of an endometriotic lesion in the inguinal canal to demonstrate the characteristic ‘shading sign’ at magnetic resonance imaging.
Duodenal date seed bezoar: a very unusual cause of partial gastric outlet obstruction
Authors: Singh SK , Marupaka SK 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYBezoars are concretions of undigested or partially digested foreign material in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract of humans or animals. Originally described from Persia, they have been known to mankind for centuries. Bezoars are an uncommon cause of benign mechanical gastric outlet obstruction. A variety of materials have been found to form bezoars, such as hair, undigested food, persimmons, milk products, medicines, etc. Development of bezoars is usually associated with predisposing risk factors. We describe a very unusual case of duodenal date seed bezoar causing partial gastric outlet obstruction in a person with no known risk factors. To the best of our knowledge, duodenal bezoars formed by date seeds have not been reported previously in the English literature.
Erdheim–Chester disease: A rare cause of acute renal failure
Authors: O’Rourke R , Wong DC , Fleming S , Walker D 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYErdheim–Chester disease (ECD) is a rare systemic histiocytic infiltrative disease of unknown aetiology. In radiology it is characterized by symmetrical sclerotic bone lesions predominantly affecting the diaphyses and metaphyses of long bones. Perivascular fibrosis has been reported in the literature as being a feature of this disease and we report one such case that presented with an encased aorta and renal arteries leading to acute renal failure. The diagnosis of ECD was delayed until a biopsy of the retroperitoneal infiltrate was performed. Further imaging with fluorine 18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography, bone scintigraphy, plain films of the long bones and CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis were performed to assess the extent of the patient’s systemic disease involvement. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ECD presenting with acute renal failure secondary to bilateral occlusion of the renal arteries.
Magnetic resonance imaging of pregnancy in suspected uterine anomaly
Authors: Pui MH 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYUterine malformation is associated with higher rate of obstetrical complication. Ultrasound cannot reliably delineate the uterine abnormality, especially in obese women. These two case reports illustrate the value of MRI in depicting the uterine and fetal anatomy, thus assisting the appropriate management of these patients.
Tracheal bronchus misdiagnosed as tuberculosis
Authors: Saad Nivene , Wigeson Merle , Stapleton Troy 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYWe present an uncommon case of a congenital tracheal bronchus, diagnosed on a CT scan of the chest, which was performed on a patient with long‐ standing right upper lobe reticulonodular lung changes, assumed to be due to tuberculosis.
Portal vein thrombosis with unusual hepatic enhancement pattern: Diagnosis using 64‐slice multidetector computed tomography and 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Salanitri J 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYPortal vein thrombosis is a potentially life‐threatening condition with occasionally uncertain clinical symptoms and signs. Consequently, the diagnosis may be first made by the radiologist using cross‐sectional imaging modalities. A case of extensive portal venous system thrombosis extending into the superior mesenteric vein associated with an unusual pattern of central hepatic enhancement imaged by both 64‐slice multidetector CT and 3 Tesla MRI is presented with a discussion of the imaging features of both modalities.
Invasive sinus aspergillosis with perineural spread in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Subramanian S , Kandpal H , Sharma R , Pushkar N , Sen S , Gamanagatti S , Vashist S 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYInvasive aspergillosis of paranasal sinuses is usually seen in immunocompromised patients and is associated with a very high mortality rate. The disease is distinctly uncommon in immunocompetent patients. A rare case of invasive aspergillosis of paranasal sinus and orbit with intracranial extradural extension via perineural spread along the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve in an immunocompetent patient is presented.
Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas with portal vein compression presenting as portal hypertension
Authors: Kandpal H , Sharma R , Das CJ , Sahni P , Das AK , Neyaz Z 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSolid pseudopapillary tumour (SPT) of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm, which occurs predominantly in young females and is usually amenable to cure by surgical resection. Imaging plays an important role in its diagnosis. We present the sonographic, CT and MRI features of SPT in a young female whose chief complaint was recurrent haematemesis secondary to portal venous compression.
Health and Safety in the Medieval Monasteries of Britain
Authors: KERR JULIE 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe arduous nature of monastic life could impact on the monks’ physical and mental well‐being, causing minor injuries but also fatalities. Back problems might develop from ringing the heavy monastery bells, digestive disorders could result from years of fasting, and those holding important offices invariably suffered from stress and strain. There has been significant discussion of healthcare in the monastery – of disease and illness, the treatment of the sick, the infirmary, and the role of professional practitioners within the monastery. Less consideration has been given to the various hazards that might affect the monks on a daily basis, from the obstacles that caused them to trip and tumble to the injuries and fatalities that could result from natural disasters, outbreaks of fire and faulty repair work. This article seeks to explore more fully the perils and pitfalls that the religious community might face, but includes a brief discussion of the general impact of monastic observance on the monks’ well‐being, and the spiritual and physical recourse they sought to prevent mishaps and to treat casualties. Analysis centres on the monastic houses of Britain in the high middle ages, but refers to later and continental examples for comparative purposes and where they are likely to be indicative of conditions in Britain in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
THE EVOLUTION OF DOMINANCE: A THEORY WHOSE TIME HAS PASSED?
Authors: MAYO OLIVER , BÜRGER REINHARD 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe evolution of dominance by the selection of modifiers of the phenotypes of deleterious mutations was proposed as a hypothesis by R. A. Fisher in 1928. It has been strongly criticized ever since, is regarded by many as having been made irrelevant by metabolic control theory, and most recently has been claimed to have been‘falsified’by H. A. Orr. Is it indeed not only obsolete but wrong? Its history is reviewed and its present status evaluated. We conclude (1) that it has a role as the explanation of the dominance found in many cases of selection through visual predation and (2) that the selection mechanism long claimed to be ineffective (the increase in frequency of a single modifier) will be effective under certain special conditions that may be different from those Fisher proposed.
VARIATION IN MATE CHOICE AND MATING PREFERENCES: A REVIEW OF CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Authors: JENNIONS MICHAEL D. , PETRIE MARION 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of this review is to consider variation in mating p among females. We define mating p as the sensory and behavioural properties that influence the propensity of individuals to mate with certain phenotypes. Two properties of mating p can be distinguished: (i) ‘preference functions’–the order with which an individual ranks prospective mates and (2)‘choosiness’ ‐the effort an individual is prepared to invest in mate assessment. Patterns of mate choices can be altered by changing the costs of choosiness without altering the preference function. We discuss why it is important to study variation in female mating behaviour and identify five main areas of interest: Variation in mating p and costs of choosiness could (i) influence the rate and direction of evolution by sexual selection, (2) provide information about the evolutionary history of female p, (3) help explain inter‐specific differences in the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics, (4) provide information about the level of benefits gained from mate choice, (5) provide information about the underlying mechanisms of mate choice. Variation in mate choice could be due to variability in preference functions, degree of choosiness, or both, and may arise due to genetic differences, developmental trajectories or proximate environmental factors. We review the evidence for genetic variation from genetic studies of heritability and also from data on the repeatability of mate‐choice decisions (which can provide information about the upper limits to heritability). There can be problems in interpreting patterns of mate choice in terms of variation in mating p and we illustrate two main points. First, some factors can lead to mate choice patterns that mimic heritable variation in p and secondly other factors may obscure heritable p. These factors are divided into three overlapping classes, environmental, social and the effect of the female phenotype. The environmental factors discussed include predation risk and the costs of sampling; the social factors discussed include the effect of male–male interactions as well as female competition. We review the literature which presents data on how females sample males and discuss the number of cues females use. We conclude that sexual‐selection studies have paid far less attention to variation among females than to variation among males, and that there is still much to learn about how females choose males and why different females make different choices. We suggest a number of possible lines for future research.
ROLE OF FETAL AND INFANT GROWTH IN PROGRAMMING METABOLISM IN LATER LIFE
Authors: DESAI M. , HALES C. N. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFetal growth and development is dependent upon the nutritional, hormonal and metabolic environment provided by the mother. Any disturbance in this environment can modify early fetal development with possible long‐term outcomes as demonstrated by extensive work on ‘programming’. Growth restriction resulting from a deficit in tissue/organ cell number (as measured by tissue DNA content) is irrecoverable. However, when the cell size (or cell protein content) is reduced, the effects on growth may not be permanent.Recent epidemiological studies using archival records of anthropometric measurements related to early growth in humans have shown strong statistical associations between these indices of early development and diseases in later life. It has been hypothesised that the processes explaining these associations involve adaptive changes in fetal organ development in response to maternal and fetal malnutrition. These adaptations may permanently alter adult metabolism in a way which is beneficial to survival under continued conditions of malnutrition but detrimental when nutrition is abundant.This hypothesis is being tested in a rat model which involves studying the growth and metabolism in the offspring of rat dams fed a low‐protein diet during pregnancy and/or lactation. Using this rat model, it has been demonstrated that there is:

Permanent growth retardation in offspring nursed by dams fed a low‐protein diet.
Permanent and selective changes in organ growth. Essential organs like the brain and lungs are relatively protected from reduction in growth at the expense of visceral organs such as the liver, pancreas, muscle and spleen.
Programming of liver metabolism as reflected by permanent changes in activities of key hepatic enzymes of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (glucokinase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase) in a direction which would potentially bias the liver towards a ‘starved’ setting. We have speculated that these changes could be a result of altered periportal and perivenous regions of the liver which may also affect other aspects of hepatic function.
Deterioration in glucose tolerance with age.
An increase in the life span of offspring exposed to maternal protein restriction only during the lactation period, and a decrease in life span when exposed to maternal protein restriction only during gestation.

These studies show that hepatic metabolism and even longevity can be programmed by events during early life.
RESPONSES OF PLANTS TO INFECTION BY BOTRYTIS CINEREA AND NOVEL MEANS INVOLVED IN REDUCING THEIR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION
Authors: ELAD Y. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTOnce the inoculum of B. cinerea conies into contact with the host and starts to be active in the phyllosphere of a susceptible host tissue, a series of events take place. These events may develop into a process that leads to necrosis of the host, or may end in an arrested infection with minimal damage to the host tissue. Increased susceptibility to the pathogen is associated with factors that enhance ageing of the host tissues, such as the plant hormones ethylene and abscisic acid and elevation of free radical levels in the host tissue. Decreased susceptibility is obtained by inhibiting the production or activity of such factors in the presence of increased levels of plant hormones such as gibberellic acid, and by increasing the calcium content of the cell walls and by scavenging of free radicals in the host tissue. There is evidence for the induction of resistance in hosts affected by B. cinerea. Host tissues challenged by B. cinerea react at the DNA, RNA and protein level and accumulate pathogenicity related proteins, phytoalexins or other phenolic compounds. Deposition of polymers in cell walls and lignification have also been recorded in various hosts. The role of each of these factors in relation to protection is not clear. Moreover, some of the phenomena may occur too late to protect the host tissue against infection. Although the inhibition of specific proteins such as polygalacturonases has been suggested as a mechanism by which to inhibit disease, it is unlikely that the inhibition of one enzyme, would lead to significant restriction of infection. However, simultaneous inhibition of several hydrolytic enzymes produced by the pathogen should result in disease suppression. Possibilities of reducing the susceptibility of hosts or arresting further development of localized infections are discussed.
SPIRACLE STRUCTURE IN TICKS (IXODIDA: ANACTINOTRICHIDA: ARACHNIDA): RÉSUMÉ, TAXONOMIC AND FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: PUGH P. J. A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSpiracle and tracheal structure in the extant Ixodida is revised and shown to comprise 29 distinct component characters, some of which are common to all Anactinotrichida, while others are unique to the Ixodida or one of its six component clades of ((Argasidae Nuttalliellidae) (Prostriata Metastriata)). Structural variation both between and within families is based upon combinations of minor differences in the component characters, only one of which, spiracular position, proved to be incongruent within the most parsimonious cluster‐ and tree‐analysis solutions. Tracheal airflow in ticks is mediated via passive diffusion gradients. In the argasid spiracle, both aeropyles and ostium are functional, although the latter is only opened briefly during infrequent periods of activity. The ixodid ostium is sealed and all gas exchange takes place via an enlarged sieveplate which reduces transpiration via small aeropyles, an underlying dense array of pedicels and possibly hygroscopic sub‐atrial glands. Changes in spiracular morphology from a more ‘ancestral’ argasid type to a more ‘derived’ ixodid type are correlated with changes in tick behaviour, particularly with increased activity associated with the change from nidicoly to host‐seeking.