bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Theoretic Metrics for Combining Qualitative and Quantitative Data from Consumer Surveys
Authors: Salaka Vamsi , Prabhu Vittal 
Published: April 2012

Surveys are a critical channel of information from various stake holders in most service processes. Design of surveys and analysis of data collected from them is a well-established discipline within social sciences, and the associated analysis methods can be broadly categorized into quantitative and qualitative techniques. We propose information theoretic metrics to measure the value of combining qualitative and quantitative data from surveys. Specifically, we use the concepts of information entropy to estimate uncertainty, the concepts of information gain, mutual information, and conditional entropy to measure triangulation, complementation or paradox. Finally, we apply the proposed metrics in a case study to illustrate the practical application of our work in analysis of a consumer survey from a service industry. The proposed information theoretic approach offers a scientific basis for automating survey data analysis in service processes, especially when such surveys contain quantitative and qualitative responses. [Service Science, ISSN 2164-3962 (print), ISSN 2164-3970 (online), was published by Services Science Global (SSG) from 2009 to 2011 as issues under ISBN 978-1-4276-2090-3.]
Ram Gopal Varma, Bombay, and Globalization
Authors: Reddy V. Vamshi Krishna 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Globalization has inspired various research trajectories. Its impact is wide and pervasive, influencing disciplines such as the sciences, sociology, anthropology, economics, psychology, and cultural studies. Cinema too has a strong relationship with the globalization from its emergence in the 1990s. The economic developments brought by globalization have led the Indian entertainment industry to scale new heights. Television, advertising, and film as interrelated spheres have expanded rapidly and comprise a significant and powerful industry today. This process identified Hindi popular cinema as "Bollywood," the product of the film industry based in Mumbai. As a result, Bollywood is established as a prominent culture industry in the country.
Women's Revenge: Male Violence vs Female Masculinity in The New Woman (1935) and The Price of Madness (1988)
Authors: Jing Shen 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of female masculinity in both 1930s' and 1980s' China. It involves heated cultural debates on "modern women" centered on a struggle to identify female subjectivity. On the one hand, it re-examines basic social norms, such as gender relations from a feminist perspective. On the other hand, it acknowledges democratic value that is no longer attached to the imaginative world created by men, but is rather endorsed by the call for gender equality, fighting against any new forms of male dominance.
Spatial Reconfigurations of Beijing: Transnational Architecture, Avant-Garde Art, and Local Documentary Practice
Authors: Lu Sheldon 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Beijing undergoes another round of massive urban construction and destruction in the preparation for the 2008 Olympic Games. This essay focuses on two interrelated facets of this process of urban restructuring the erection of public monuments as symbols of China's globalization, modernization, and progress on the one hand, and the dislocation of local Beijing residents in order to clean up the city on the other. I examine the city's spatial transformation in three areas: public monuments, avant-garde art, and local documentary practice.
Driving the Blues Away: Yuan and Letting Go in Wong Kar-Wai's My Blueberry Nights
Authors: Crawford Elizabeth Crisp , Gleason Timothy R. , Yu Nan 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
For Chinese born, Hong Kong-based film director Wong Kar-Wai, creating his first English-language film for an American audience, My Blueberry Nights (2007), was an artistic and cultural leap. However, this was not the first time Wong has taken a risk with his work. His eight previous feature films include a gang drama, a period romantic piece, a science fiction epic, and a tale of gay lovers living in Argentina. He frequently fuses Eastern and Western art cinema and frames his characters with stunning visuals (O'Hehir, 2008). However, film critics reviewing My Blueberry Nights found the film to be lighter and more sentimental than his previous films (Coleman, 2008; O'Hehir, 2008).
SnO
2
Promoted by Praseodymia: Novel Catalysts for CO Oxidation
Authors: Zhang Rongbin , Shang Jinyan , Zeng Xianrong , Xu Xianglan , Fang Xiuzhong , Wang Xiang 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Praseodymia-doped SnO2 catalysts were prepared with precipitation-deposition method and used for CO oxidation. The samples were characterized by means of Inductive Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometery (ICP), N2 Adsortion-desorption with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller Technique (N2-BET), X-ray Podwer Diffraction (XRD), H2 Temperature Programmed Reduction (H2-TPR), Thermal Gravity Analysis–Differential Scanning Carorimetry (TGA-DSC) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Analysis (XPS). Praseodymia was found to disperse finely onto the surface of rutile SnO2, and had some strong interaction with it, thus stabilizing the surface area of the resulted catalysts as well as producing larger amount of active oxygen species. As a consequence, the CO oxidation activity of the Sn–Pr composite metal oxide catalysts was significantly enhanced. The activity of the catalysts also improves with the increasing of praseodymia addition amount, mainly due to the formation of more active oxygen species and increased surface areas.
Role of Vibrational Excitation of the Adlayer in 'Precursor-Mediated' Sticking Probabilities of CO on Metal Surfaces: A Kinetic Model
Authors: Molinari Ettore , Tomellini Massimo 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The available experimental and theoretical evidence for vibrational excitation of the adlayer in CO chemisorption on metal surfaces raises the question on the validity of the generally accepted model of 'precursor-mediated' adsorption in the presence of adsorption–stimulated desorption (asd) as triggered by the hyperthermal conditions of the adlayer. The analysis shows that a 'precursor-mediated' kinetics still describes the total rate of adsorption, but that sticking probability measurements carried out in the presence of asd might actually measure the net adsorption rate, that is a lower sticking probability. Literature data, on the decrease of the sticking probability at increasing energies of the impinging CO molecular beams, have tentatively been interpreted by assuming an enhancement of the desorption rate caused by the energy transfer from the beam. The analysis is supported by a theoretical kinetic model of 'precursor- mediated' adsorption which takes into account, explicitly, the vibrational excitation of the adspecies.
Differences in Health Complaints among Taiwanese Workers in Different Occupational Categories
Authors: Huang Shu‐Ling , Lee Hong‐Shen , Li Ren‐Hau , Lai Yu‐Min , Chen Amanda LC , Tang Feng‐Cheng 
Published: April 2012

Differences in Health Complaints among Taiwanese Workers in Different Occupational Categories: Shu‐Ling HUANG, et al. Department of Psychology, Chung‐Shan Medical University, Taiwan—ObjectivesThe objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of and differences in certain health complaints, including physical symptoms and psychological distress, among workers in different occupational categories and to explore the associations between occupational category and each complaint.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted using a self‐administered questionnaire. A total of 1,628 workers representing seven occupational categories from ten companies in different industries submitted completed questionnaires. The self‐administered questionnaire contained three parts: personal data, physical symptoms and psychological distress. Physical symptoms were measured using nine questions developed by a panel of ten general practitioners; the questions included nine common physical symptoms across main organ systems. Psychological distress was measured using the Chinese Health Questionnaire.ResultsMuscle pain (44.7%) and dizziness (30.1%) were the most common symptoms reported by participants, and 16.6% of participants suffered from psychological distress. Significant differences in physical symptoms and psychological distress were found among workers in different occupational categories (χ2=53.59, p<0.001). Compared with service workers, office workers and managers had higher prevalence rates of physical symptoms; office workers also showed a higher prevalence of psychological distress.ConclusionsThe study merits attention in terms of prevention of health problems in the workplace by focusing on a set of physical symptoms and psychological distress (not merely morbidity). Occupational category should be taken into consideration when planning workplace health promotion. Our findings highlight the need for health promotion programs that specifically target office workers and managers.
Hydraulic-Fracture-Height Growth: Real Data
Authors: Fisher Kevin , Warpinski Norm 
Published: April 2012

Summary
Much public discourse has taken place regarding hydraulic-fracture growth and whether fractures could potentially grow up to the surface and create communication pathways for frac fluids or produced hydrocarbons to pollute groundwater supplies. Real fracture-growth data mapped during thousands of fracturing treatments are presented along with the reported aquifer depths in the vicinity of the fractured wells. These data are supplemented with an in-depth discussion of fracture-growth limiting mechanisms augmented by mineback tests and other studies performed to visually examine hydraulic fractures. These height-growth limiting mechanisms, which are supported by the mapping data, provide insight into why hydraulic fractures are longer laterally and more constrained vertically. This information can be used to improve models, optimize fracturing, and provide definitive data for engineers, regulators, and interest groups.
A New Rigorous Analytical Solution for a Vertical Fractured Well in Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Barreto A. B. , Pires A. P. , Peres A. M. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Significant gas reserves are found in low permeability reservoirs world wide. Economical flow rates are only achieved on these reservoirs by massive hydraulic fractures. Well testing is one of the most used techniques to reservoir management and monitoring, however pressure transient analysis can be a real challenge under these conditions.
The gas hydraulic diffusivity equation is commonly linearized by means of pseudo pressure function m(p). The resulting partial differential equation having m(p) as dependent variable remains non-linear because the viscosity-compressibility product that multiplies the partial derivative of m(p) which respect to time varies with m(p). This type of differential equation is named quasi-linear. A wide spread assumption in the well testing literature is to consider that the viscosity-compressibility product remains approximately constant throughout the well test. This assumption is acceptable for small pressure drawdown only but rarely met in tight gas reservoirs. One can find in literature a few attempts to account for the viscosity-compressibility product variation analytically; hence, there is still room for improvements in this research topic.
This paper considers a vertical fractured well in a homogeneous isotropic infinite gas reservoir produced by constant flow rate. In this work the variation of the viscosity-compressibility product is considered as a non-linear source term. This approach leads to a closed form analytical solution based on Green's Functions. The solution is presented as an integral-differential equation which must be evaluated numerically. A multidimensional numerical integration package was used to obtain the pseudo pressure results. This numerical scheme is capable of handling accurately large viscosity-compressibility variations.
Results for a constant rate test for a vertical fractured well in an infinite isotropic reservoir show good agreement to a finite difference numerical simulator. It is shown that the behavior of dimensionless pseudo pressure and its log-time derivative is similar to the classical slightly compressible fluid fracture well solution. During the pseudo-radial flow regime the pseudo pressure solution is given by the correspondent liquid solution plus a small negative constant. This constant, however is rate sensitive. The solution technique presented in this paper may be successfully applied to harder gas well testing problems.
Environmental Protection Under the Perspective of Oil Companies
Authors: Santana R. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Since the late 1970's, offshore operations have expanded throughout the world in Africa, South America, the Middle East, Asia, and in other areas. Before this, onshore drillings were developed since the end of last century. Restrictions on the petroleum exploration activities around the world are governed by standards, norms, laws and regulations designed to provide protection to the surrounding marine environment. Operations have been ongoing in waters off the American coasts and the North Sea for the longest period of time and both areas have developed the most detailed set of restrictions in order to control environmental impacts and to incentive the development of technologies capable to increase worldwide production target, considering nature conservation.
United States, one of the oldest oil industries in the world and Brazil, the new potential petroleum producer, have a huge obligation related to environmental concerns and investments. The last accidents in those countries show what can occur if new technologies would not be applied and what regulations are responsible for industry control and population consciousness. This paper describes the political regulative evolution in both countries, detaching the most important facts and how they are connected. Citing the most important past accidents, this project show what could be changed and how the oil industry works with the new perspective of being "green" at the same time they should increase their production rates and reserves.
A Comparative Study of Emulsion Flooding and other IOR Methods for Heavy Oil
Authors: de Farias M. L. , de Souza A. L. , da Silveira Carvalho M. , Hirasaki G. , Miller C. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Flooding experiments in sandpacks were performed to investigate the potential use of diluted oil-water macro-emulsions as an EOR agent for viscous oils. The emulsion dispersed phase was the oil in place in the sandpack. Oil recovery factors obtained with emulsion flooding were compared to synthetic sea water injection and surfactant solution injection. Results have indicated a reduction in cumulative water-oil ratio and an increase in oil production after a bank of emulsion was injected. At the appropriate conditions, emulsion oil drops block pores already swept by water flooding, changing the residual oil saturation and mobility of the water phase, and therefore mobilizing oil. The increased volume of oil produced was a function of the drop size of the emulsion. Produced water can be considered as a diluted oil-in-water emulsion. The results presented here suggest the possibility of using an effluent as a resource, after appropriate treatment, in IOR projects.
High-Resolution Numerical Modeling of Complex and Irregular Fracture Patterns in Shale Gas and Tight Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Olorode O. M. , Freeman C. M. , Moridis G. J. , Blasingame T. A. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Various models featuring horizontal wells with multiple fractures have been proposed to characterize flow behavior over time in tight and shale gas systems. Currently, only very little is known about the effects of nonideal fracture patterns and coupled primary-secondary fracture interactions on reservoir performance in unconventional gas reservoirs.
We developed a 3D Voronoi mesh-maker that provides the flexibility to accurately represent various complex and irregular fracture patterns. A numerical model was developed based on such fracture concepts to assess the potential performance of unconventional gas reservoirs. We conducted simulations using up to a half-million cells and considered production periods that are orders of magnitude longer than the expected life of wells and reservoirs. Our aim is to account for a wide range of flow regimes that can be observed in irregular fracture patterns, and to fully assess even slight nuances in flow behavior.
We investigated coupled primary-secondary fractures, with multiple vertical hydraulic fractures intersecting horizontal secondary "stress-release" fractures. We studied irregular fracture patterns to show the effect of fracture angularity and nonplanar fracture configurations on production. The results indicate that the presence of high-conductivity secondary fractures results in the highest increase in production, while, contrary to expectations, strictly planar and orthogonal fractures yield better production performance than nonplanar and nonorthogonal fractures with equivalent propped fracture lengths.
A Method for Probabilistic Forecasting of Oil Rates in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Blanco Julio César , Palenzuela Rafael Paz , Aguilera Roberto 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
A method is presented for probabilistic forecasting of oil rates in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) based on a new modified Darcy equation. The equation includes variables that have significant impact on productivity of NFRs such as matrix and fracture permeabilities, partitioning coefficient, i.e, the ratio of fracture and total porosity, and thickness of the perforated interval.
To perform the calculations, probability distributions are generated for each one of the above input variables. The locations of the water-oil and gas-oil contacts are determined, as well as the maximum efficient oil rates to avoid premature coning of water and gas. The integration of these data with the modified Darcy equation leads to prediction of maximum, most likely and minimum oil rates that could be anticipated for production wells in different parts of the reservoir.
The difficulties and uncertainties that exist for predicting oil rates in NFRs are widely recognized. The proposed methodology looks to diminish this uncertainty with a view to generate reliable production forecasts, optimize oil rates, improve oil recovery and maximize economic returns.
The modified Darcy equation for NFRs discussed in this paper is not presently available in the literature. The equation is easy and rapid to use statistically, and is being applied in practice with a good level of success. Thus, it provides a valuable supplement to numerical simulation and a significant reservoir engineering tool in those instances where operational decisions must be made quickly.
Dynamometer Charts and Well Weighing
Authors: Fagg L.W. 
Published: April 2012

The purpose of this paper is to present in a convenient form data andexample, necessary in making dynamometer card analyses; also to outline aprocedure of well weighing.
Many articles and papers have been written delving into the mathematicalconsiderations relative to the shape and characteristics of dynamometer cards.However, it is recognized that there are too many unknown factors involved insuch calculations to assure a workable degree of accuracy. For this reason theaccepted procedure is to take dynamometer cards on wells in question ratherthan try to calculate the load curve.
The polished rod dynamometer is now recognized as a necessary tool formeasuring loads, torque, and horsepower. It is also used to determine pumpaction and trouble-shoot for any seemingly abnormal pumping condition.
The apparently infinite variety of dynamometer cards that can be obtained isone reason for the general lack of usage of the dynamometer as a controlinstrument rather than a means for making routine measurements of leads andhorsepower. When it is considered that the dynamometer card is a record of theresultant of all forces acting on the polished rod at any particular instantduring the pumping stroke, the problem is then one of breaking down thisresultant into its various components. As a means of a quick review we shallconsider the examples shown in Figs. 1 to 9, and Tables I and II and thenproceed to the interpretation of variously shaped cards caused by some abnormaloperating condition.
In Table II, when we were considering the factors involved in calculating thepeak polished rod load, it can be seen that the factors involved greatlyoversimplify the problem. Certain assumptions are made which mayor maynot be even close to the actual field conditions, such as the specific gravity ofthe fluid generally considered as one; that the crank has constant angularvelocity; that the down-hole friction is zero; and that the fluid lift is fromthe pump. In the following examples we shall see what a variation in fluidweight and friction can do to the general shape and magnitude of thedynamometer card. (Figs. 10 to 22.)
T.P. 2854
Use of Centrifuge for Determining Connate Water, Residual Oil, and Capillary Pressure Curves of Small Core Samples
Authors: Slobod R.L. , Chambers Adele , Prehn W.L. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The centrifuge has been found to be an extremely useful tool for determiningcapillary pressure curves and for establishing connate water and residual oilin small core plugs. The use of the centrifuge for determining the propertiesof small core plugs has been discussed in the literature, but practically noexperimental evidence has been presented justifying the use of this method inpreference to other methods (mainly disc method) now in use. Data have beenaccumulated and are now presented demonstrating the advantages of thecentrifugal method, some of which are:rapid establishment of equilibrium,excellent precision yielding very reproducible results,availability ofhigh pressure differences between phases,simple operational procedure, andability to establish connate water, residual oil, or to obtain completecapillary pressure curve in one day or less.
A commercially availablecentrifuge capable of speeds up to 3,800 rpm, and a high speed attachmentproviding a maximum rate of rotation of 18,000 rpm were used in this work inconjunction with core holding tubes designed specifically for thisapplication.
In view of the outstanding advantages associated with the use of thecentrifuge the conclusion has been drawn that this method should be used inplace of the more tedious, slower, and less reliable disc method fordetermining capillary pressure curves and for establishing connate water andresidual oil in small core plugs.

Introduction
The need for accurate values of connate water, residual oil, and capillarypressure curves in reservoir engineering has been recognized for many years, and the extent of the effort devoted toward solving these problems is reflectedin the large number of papers which have appeared in the literature during thepast decade. Most of the methods discussed in the recent literature employ aporous disc as a semi-permeable membrane to separate two immiscible phases andmake possible the application of an explicit difference in pressure between twophases in the core. Thus, in the determination of the capillary pressure curvethe wetting phase (water) is displaced by the non-wetting phase (air oroil).
Several investigators have used centrifugal forces to develop pressuredifferences between phases. As a result of the first work in this field theconclusion was reached that "the more rapid centrifugal method formeasuring irreducible saturation may have equal value, (compared to use ofdiscs) but more work is required to establish this point." This work wasfollowed in 1945 by a more detailed study in which the concepts of thisexperimental work were more clearly enunciated. A method for calculatingsaturation for any given speed of rotation based on the observed volume ofwater displaced was developed and a wider application of the method wassuggested.
T.P. 3052