bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regenerative medicine for insulin deficiency: creation of pancreatic islets and bioartificial pancreas
Authors: Sumi Shoichiro 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecent advances in pancreas organogenesis have greatly improved the understanding of cell lineage from inner cell mass to fully differentiated β‐cells. Based upon such knowledge, insulin‐producing cells similar to β‐cells to a certain extent have been generated from various cell sources including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, although fully differentiated cells comparable to β‐cells are not yet available. The bioartificial pancreas is a therapeutic approach to enable allo‐ and xenotransplantation of islets without immune suppression. Among several types of bioartificial pancreases (BAPs), micro‐encapsulated porcine islets are already in use in clinical trials and may, perhaps, replace islet transplantation in the near future. Some types of bioartificial pancreas such as macro‐encapsulation are also useful for keeping transplanted cells enclosed in case retrieval is necessary. Therefore, early clinical applications of artificially generated β‐like cells, especially those from ESCs or iPS cells, will be considered in combination with retrievable BAPs.
Deformity and functional outcome after treatment for supracondylar humerus fractures in children: A 5- to 10-year follow-up of 139 supracondylar humerus fractures treated by plaster cast, skeletal traction or crossed wire fixation
Authors: Young Sven , Fevang Jonas M. , Gullaksen Gunnar , Nilsen Per T. , Engesæter Lars B. 
Published: June 2010

Purpose At Haukeland University Hospital (HUH), we used overhead skeletal traction for displaced supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF) in children until closed reduction and crossed wire fixation was introduced in the early 1990s. Though there are obvious and well-documented benefits of wire fixation, the aim of this study was to document and compare the results and complication rates for both methods. Patients and methods One hundred and thirty-nine patients treated for SCHF between 1988 and 1998 were available for follow-up. Of these, 40 children were treated with a plaster cast, 46 with overhead skeletal traction and 45 with crossed wire fixation. Eight children were treated with open reduction and crossed wires. The mean time to follow-up was 7.1 years [standard deviation (SD) 3.2]. Results The length of hospital stay was 2 days for those treated with crossed wire fixation compared to 11 days for traction ( P < 0.001). The rate of nerve injury in Gartland type 3 fractures was 19%. There was no significant difference in the number of complications or in the functional outcome after skeletal traction or wire fixation, but there were more reoperations in the traction group ( P = 0.04). Patients treated solely with a plaster cast had a mean of 4° increased extension of the affected elbow compared to 1° in the crossed pin fixation group ( P = 0.02). Though this has little clinical relevance, it does indicate improved reduction in the operated patients, as one would expect. Conclusions The introduction of crossed wire fixation has significantly reduced the number of days for which patients are hospitalised for SCHF. The rate of nerve injuries in Gartland type 3 fractures is high. Despite the fact that this study includes the first patients to be treated with crossed wire fixation at our institution, no significant increase in the risk of complications could be found compared to skeletal traction.
Decreased sensitivity of lung ultrasound limited to the anterior chest in emergency department diagnosis of cardiogenic pulmonary edema: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Volpicelli Giovanni , Noble Vicki E. , Liteplo Andrew , Cardinale Luciano 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Purposes
B-lines are vertical echogenic artifacts seen on lung ultrasound that allow bedside diagnosis of pulmonary edema. The BLUE protocol, published by Lichtenstein and Mezière, suggests that cardiogenic pulmonary edema is sufficiently ruled out in the ICU setting when B-lines are not predominant in the anterior chest (the B-profile). Our analysis sought to evaluate the sensitivity of the B-profile for ruling out pulmonary edema in the ED patient population.

Methods
The ultrasound lung scans of patients with confirmed official diagnoses of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) from two ED databases were retrospectively analyzed. 170 acutely dyspneic patients had complete studies (130 from one database and 40 from the other). The scans were reviewed using the B-profile definition for ruling out pulmonary edema and comparing that to an alternate scanning protocol that includes ultrasound evaluation of the lateral and anterior chest.

Results
Of the 170 ED patients with ADHF diagnoses, the B-profile missed 16.5% (n = 28) for a sensitivity of 83.5% (95% CI 77–89%). These 28 patients did not show anterior bilateral B-lines that fit the criteria for positive under the BLUE protocol. Moreover, 25% (7/28) of these missed patients had only lateral B-lines on their lung scans and B-lines would have been detected only by including scans of the lateral zones.

Conclusions
Limiting the sonographic lung examination to the anterior chest areas only will miss cases of ADHF in the dyspneic ED patients. The BLUE protocol (B-profile) may need to be modified to include examination of the lateral chest as necessary for ED patients with ADHF.
Trends in dietary carbohydrate quality during puberty from 1988 to 2007: a cause for concern?
Authors: Cheng Guo , Libuda Lars , Karaolis-Danckert Nadina , Alexy Ute , Bolzenius Katja , Remer Thomas , Buyken Anette E. 
Published: July 2010

The extent to which the quality of dietary carbohydrates (CHO) changes throughout puberty is not known. We analysed trends in the quantity and quality of CHO intake among German adolescents by separately examining trends during puberty (pubertal trends) and trends in CHO intake from 1988 to 2007 (secular trends). Linear mixed-effects regression analyses were performed in 216 participants of the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study who had provided weighed 3 d dietary records at the onset of the pubertal growth spurt (defined by age at take-off) and over the subsequent 4 years. Over the course of puberty, CHO quality changed little: added sugar intake from beverages increased in girls (0·25 (se0·12) % energy (% E)/year,P = 0·04) and added sugar intake from sweets decreased in both sexes (boys: − 0·22 (se0·11) % E/year,P = 0·049; girls: − 0·20 (se0·10) % E/year,P = 0·04). For both sexes, significant upward secular trends were observed for CHO (% E), glycaemic load (g/MJ) and added sugar intakes from sources other than sweets and soft drinks (% E), while absolute fibre intake (g/d) decreased (P ≤ 0·04). Concomitant increases in total added sugar intake (% E) and decreases in fibre and whole-grain densities (g/MJ) (P = 0·001–0·02) were confined to boys only. The quality of dietary CHO consumed by healthy German adolescents shows notable secular declines, but does not change markedly during puberty. Public health initiatives should be tailored to improve the overall quality of CHO nutrition.
Neurocognitive functioning in bulimia nervosa: the role of neuroendocrine, personality and clinical aspects
Authors: Galderisi S. , Bucci P. , Mucci A. , Bellodi L. , Cassano G. B. , Santonastaso P. , Erzegovesi S. , Favaro A. , Mauri M. , Monteleone P. , Maj M. 
Published: July 2010

BackgroundStudies investigating neurocognitive impairment in subjects with eating disorders (EDs) have reported heterogeneous patterns of impairment and, in some instances, no dysfunction. The present study aimed to define the pattern of neurocognitive impairment in a large sample of bulimia nervosa (BN) patients and to demonstrate that neuroendocrine, personality and clinical characteristics influence neurocognitive performance in BN.MethodAttention/immediate memory, set shifting, perseveration, conditional and implicit learning were evaluated in 83 untreated female patients with BN and 77 healthy controls (HC). Cortisol and 17β-estradiol plasma levels were assessed. Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory – Revised (TCI-R), the Bulimic Investigation Test Edinburgh (BITE) and the Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) were administered.ResultsNo impairment of cognitive performance was found in subjects with BN compared with HC. Cortisol and ‘Self-directedness’ were associated with better performance on conditional learning whereas 17β-estradiol had a negative influence on this domain; ‘Reward dependence’ was associated with worse performance on implicit learning; and depressive symptomatology influenced performance on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) negatively.ConclusionsNo cognitive impairment was found in untreated patients with BN. Neuroendocrine, personality and clinical variables do influence neurocognitive functioning and might explain discrepancies in literature findings.
Calvin on deification: a reply to Carl Mosser and Jonathan Slater
Authors: Lee Yang-Ho 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCalvin scholars have disputed whether Calvin had the concept of deification. Carl Mosser was eager to find deification in Calvin's theology. On the other hand, Jonathan Slater was earnest to deny deification in Calvin's thought. Calvin distinguishes between divine essence and divine kind. According to Calvin, we will be partakers of the divine kind, but not of the divine essence. We will be like God, but we will not be God. For Calvin, righteousness and immortality are called divine righteousness and divine immortality because God is its author. They are gifts from God, not God's own essence. Calvin says that we are God's offspring, but in quality, not in essence, inasmuch as he, indeed, adorned us with divine gifts. On the other hand, although Slater argues that Calvin's position is that believers share in what is Christ's according to his human nature, in accordance with Calvin, all the actions which Christ performed to reconcile God and man refer to the whole person, and are not to be separately restricted to only one nature. In this article, I find that Calvin distinguishes between divine essence and divine kind, in other words, essential and non-essential or central and peripheral.
The implications for christology of David Tracy's theological epistemology
Authors: Forsyth Andrew C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWidely recognised for his work in hermeneutics and theological method, the christological implications of David Tracy's thinking have been less explored. This article engages in a close reading of David Tracy's major work: critically correlating his theological epistemology with his christological statements; offering suggestions for the future development of christology. Theology, for Tracy, is the critical engagement of the Christian tradition in a specific culture. Theology, today, requires the responses of the early faith communities mediated by the church in scripture and tradition. Its corporate purpose of reform is achieved through personal encounter. The meeting of a particular, complex individual with the event of Jesus Christ brings forth change in the individual, and a new reading of the event. Christian theology is held together by its focus on Jesus Christ and its recognition of the scriptures as normative. Writing is, nonetheless, always ambiguous, thus multiple readings of scripture must be recognised and welcomed. Today's theology must be concretely embedded in history and the cosmos: for, too often, the victims of history have been silenced in Christian readings. There may be concreteness when there is recognition that facts may be actualised in individuals as well as in concepts. Theology's use of personal experiences may, therefore, be adequate for the tradition, and intelligible through coherence with general grounds for truth. Theology today, Tracy argues, must hold together all appropriate reflection on Jesus, known as Christ; just as the tradition has always allowed for multiple understandings such as Word-as-Logos and Word-as-Kergyma. In incarnation, cross and resurrection, in communal and personal encounter, reflection on Jesus empowers other-focused action through a spirit of hope. Future christologies, in this reading, must ultimately recognise that universality is a network of responses to the event of Jesus Christ. Particular encounters reflect the genuine multiplicity of today's interpretations of the tradition in specific cultures.
Concepts and theoretical unification
Authors: Margolis Eric , Laurence Stephen 
Published: June 2010

AbstractConcepts are mental symbols that have semantic structure and processing structure. This approach (1) allows for different disciplines to converge on a common subject matter; (2) it promotes theoretical unification; and (3) it accommodates the varied processes that preoccupy Machery. It also avoids problems that go with his eliminativism, including the explanation of how fundamentally different types of concepts can be co-referential.
Consequences of a network view for genetic association studies
Authors: van der Sluis Sophie , Kan Kees-Jan , Dolan Conor V. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCramer et al's proposal to view mental disorders as the outcome of network dynamics among symptoms obviates the need to invoke latent traits to explain co-occurrence of symptoms and syndromes. This commentary considers the consequences of such a network view for genetic association studies.
Is there a contradiction between the network and latent variable perspectives?
Authors: Humphry Stephen M. , McGrane Joshua A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractFirst, we question whether Cramer et al.'s proposed network model can provide a viable scientific foundation for investigating comorbidity without invoking latent variables in some form. Second, the authors' claim that the network perspective is radically different from a latent variable perspective rests upon an undemonstrated premise. Without being demonstrated, we think the premise is potentially misleading.
The heterogeneity of knowledge representation and the elimination of concept
Authors: Machery Edouard 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn this response, I begin by defending and clarifying the notion of concept proposed in Doing without Concepts (Machery 2009) against the alternatives proposed by several commentators. I then discuss whether psychologists and philosophers who theorize about concepts are talking about distinct phenomena or about different aspects of the same phenomenon, as argued in some commentaries. Next, I criticize the idea that the cognitive-scientific findings about induction, categorization, concept combination, and so on, could be explained by positing a single kind of concept, and I insist that many categories (substances, types of events, etc.) are represented by distinct coreferential concepts that belong to very different kinds of concept. This is followed by an assessment of the hybrid theories of concepts offered by commentators, according to which categories, substances, and types of events are represented by hybrid concepts made of several parts. Finally, I defend the proposal that it may be useful to eliminate concept from the theoretical vocabulary of psychology.
Shades of grey: to dye or not to dye one's hair in later life
Authors: CLARKE LAURA HURD , KOROTCHENKO ALEXANDRA 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThis article examines older women's perceptions of grey, white and coloured hair. Using data from in-depth interviews with 36 women aged 71–94 years (mean 79), we elucidate the women's attitudes towards and reasons for dyeing or not dyeing their hair. The majority of our participants disparaged the appearance of grey hair, which they equated with ugliness, dependence, poor health, social disengagement and cultural invisibility. The women were particularly averse to their own grey hair, and many suggested that other women's grey hair was acceptable, if not attractive. At the same time, half of the women liked the look of snowy white hair, which they associated with attractiveness in later life as well as with goodness and purity. While one-third of the women had begun to dye their hair in their youth so as to appear more fashionable, two-thirds continued to dye their hair in later life so as to mask their grey hair and their chronological age. The women suggested that they used hair dye to appear more youthful and to resist ageist stereotypes associated with older women. We discuss the findings in relation to previous research concerning older women's hair, the concept of doing gender, and theories pertaining to ageism.
Modeling in pharmacoeconomic studies: Funding sources and outcomes
Authors: Garattini Livio , Koleva Daniela , Casadei Gianluigi 
Published: June 2010

Objectives: The prime objective of this study was to investigate whether sponsorship by the pharmaceutical industry affected the results of full economic evaluations (FEE) based on modeling. In particular, we focused on the flourishing literature based on Markov models, by far the most widely exploited tool for estimating lifetime costs and benefits.Methods: We made a literature search of the international database PubMed to find all the studies on pharmacological treatments based on Markov models published in English in the period January 1, 2004 to June 30, 2009. We selected the FEEs focused on single drugs only, specifically cost-effectiveness and cost-utility analyses. Two hundred articles including FEEs based on Markov models were considered eligible. For the analysis, we classified the FEEs into two groups according to whether or not they had financial backing from the pharmaceutical industry. We then assessed the main conclusions, which were classified as (i) “favorable,” (ii) “doubtful,” and (iii) “unfavorable.”Results: Of the 200 articles, 138 (69 percent) were sponsored and 162 (81 percent) reached favorable conclusions. Sponsored studies were much more likely to report favorable conclusions than nonsponsored ones (95 percent and 50 percent, p < .001), the former even omitting unfavorable conclusions.Conclusions: The review found a substantial share of studies supported by the pharmaceutical industry, almost all concluding in favor of the drug studied, without any unfavorable conclusions at all. These results confirm also in the field of pharmacoeconomic studies that the best way of limiting confounding factors is by clearly distinguishing assessors from manufacturers and marketers of any new technology.
The usefulness of NICE guidance in practice: Different perspectives of managers, clinicians, and patients
Authors: Owen-Smith Amanda , Coast Joanna , Donovan Jenny 
Published: June 2010

Objectives: The UK National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has been widely hailed as an international leader in health technology assessment. The objectives of its guidance are to ensure uniformity in healthcare provision, and promote a systematic and accountable way to allocate resources. However, research relating to the implementation of guidance is limited, and little is known about how it influences decision making at the consultation level or how useful it is to individual patients.Methods: In-depth interviews were undertaken with professionals involved in healthcare provision at the community level, and with clinical professionals and patients providing or receiving care for morbid obesity and breast cancer (n = 52).Results: Although NICE guidance was generally well-regarded, in practice it was of more importance and usefulness to managerial than clinical professionals. Clinicians used a patchy approach to implementation depending on whether recommendations accorded with their personal interpretation of the evidence available, and whether funding was available locally. Many patients had not heard of NICE, and clinical professionals did not alert them to its existence. Even where patients knew about relevant guidance, they were rarely able to use it to assert their right to treatment.Conclusions: These findings challenge the perception that NICE guidance results in consistent and accountable decision making, and the limited accessibility and usefulness of guidance to patients suggests more information and support is needed at the point of provision if these objectives are to be achieved.
The cost-effectiveness of the SPHERE intervention for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease
Authors: Gillespie Paddy , O'Shea Eamon , Murphy Andrew W. , Byrne Mary C. , Byrne Molly , Smith Susan M. , Cupples Margaret E. 
Published: June 2010

Objectives:The Secondary Prevention of Heart disEase in geneRal practicE (SPHERE) trial has recently reported. This study examines the cost-effectiveness of the SPHERE intervention in both healthcare systems on the island of Ireland.Methods:Incremental cost-effectiveness analysis. A probabilistic model was developed to combine within-trial and beyond-trial impacts of treatment to estimate the lifetime costs and benefits of two secondary prevention strategies:Intervention- tailored practice and patient care plans; andControl- standardized usual care.Results:The intervention strategy resulted in mean cost savings per patient of €512.77 (95 percent confidence interval [CI], −1086.46–91.98) and an increase in mean quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) per patient of 0.0051 (95 percent CI, −0.0101–0.0200), when compared with the control strategy. The probability of the intervention being cost-effective was 94 percent if decision makers are willing to pay €45,000 per additional QALY.Conclusions:Decision makers in both settings must determine whether the level of evidence presented is sufficient to justify the adoption of the SPHERE intervention in clinical practice.
Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in the UK: clinical and epidemiological findings from the first few hundred (FF100) cases
Authors: McLEAN E. , PEBODY R. G. , CAMPBELL C. , CHAMBERLAND M. , HAWKINS C. , NGUYEN-VAN-TAM J. S. , OLIVER I. , SMITH G. E. , IHEKWEAZU C. , BRACEBRIDGE S. , MAGUIRE H. , HARRIS R. , KAFATOS G. , WHITE P. J. , WYNNE-EVANS E. , GREEN J. , MYERS R. , UNDERWOOD A. , DALLMAN T. , WREGHITT T. , ZAMBON M. , ELLIS J. , PHIN N. , SMYTH B. , McMENAMIN J. , WATSON J. M. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYThe UK was one of few European countries to document a substantial wave of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza in summer 2009. The First Few Hundred (FF100) project ran from April–June 2009 gathering information on early laboratory-confirmed cases across the UK. In total, 392 confirmed cases were followed up. Children were predominantly affected (median age 15 years, IQR 10–27). Symptoms were mild and similar to seasonal influenza, with the exception of diarrhoea, which was reported by 27%. Eleven per cent of all cases had an underlying medical condition, similar to the general population. The majority (92%) were treated with antiviral drugs with 12% reporting adverse effects, mainly nausea and other gastrointestinal complaints. Duration of illness was significantly shorter when antivirals were given within 48 h of onset (median 5 vs. 9 days, P=0·01). No patients died, although 14 were hospitalized, of whom three required mechanical ventilation. The FF100 identified key clinical and epidemiological characteristics of infection with this novel virus in near real-time.
Post-imperial and Post-war Violence in the South Slav Lands, 1917–1923
Authors: NEWMAN JOHN PAUL 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article looks at the transition of the Habsburg South Slav lands, in particular Croatia, from empire into (Yugoslav) nation-state from 1917 to 1923, and the violence which attended it. While this transition was less cataclysmic in the South Slav lands than in other parts of the former Habsburg Empire, patterns of paramilitary violence and counter-revolution similar to those elsewhere in Europe were also present here. The article looks at these patterns from a transnational perspective and shows that although state control was effectively restored in Croatia by 1923, paramilitary networks forged during 1917–23 would return as Yugoslavia faced greater external threats and internal disequilibrium in the 1930s.