bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-vacuum condensation drying of proteins from the frozen state
Authors: Greaves R. I. N. , Adair Muriel E. 
Published: May 2009

1. Methods are described for the preservation by desiccation from the frozen state of large volumes of protein, both in bulk and in ampoules.2. The principle is one of high-vacuum condensation drying, utilizing liquid air for quantities up to 250 c.c. or refrigerator evaporator coils for quantities up to 5 l. Desiccators, not manifolds, are used throughout.3. Use is made of an accurate automatic control of heat to the frozen material. By recording this heat input a visual record is obtained indicating when the end-point of desiccation has been reached, and, furthermore, it is possible to calculate from this record the approximate percentage dryness of the material at any period of desiccation.4. The control of the apparatus is such that within stated limits the conditions of desiccation can be altered at will.5. In this form of apparatus obstruction to the flow of water vapour is so small that plugged containers may be used, thus preventing contamination of the material while it is being dried.6. In its final form the apparatus is entirely automatic and the running costs are extremely low.7. Suggestions are made for designing forms of apparatus to meet many requirements.
The ecology of the bed-bug,Cimex lectulariusL., in Britain
Authors: Johnson C. G. 
Published: May 2009

In 1934 a committee on the eradication of bed-bugs appointed by the Minister of Health issued its report (Report on the Bed-bug, 1934) in which recommendations for research into the biology ofCimex lectulariusL. were made. The committee was struck by the lack of precise information on certain aspects of the bionomics and habits of the insect and suggested work along the following lines:The effect of food supply and starvation at different seasons and at different stages of development.The periods of survival of bed-bugs and their eggs under different conditions.The extent to which bed-bugs can subsist on the blood of birds, bats, mice, etc., when deprived of human blood.The position and types of harbourages most favoured by bed-bugs under different conditions.The distance which bed-bugs will travel, the factors (warmth, smell, etc.) which attract them, and whether they habitually return to the same harbourage.
Incidence of dystrophies caused by fluorine in organs regulated by the parathyroid glands
Authors: Spira Leo 
Published: May 2009

Dystrophies due to chronic fluorine poisoning in organs regulated by the parathyroid glands, namely the skin and its appendages, the nails, teeth and hair, and also in bones, are here shown to be unusually common in this country. They should be regarded as easily detectable signs of a serious disturbance of the calcium metabolism of the body. Fluorine is a poison of which the action, in many respects, is similar to that of arsenic. It is the task of the authorities responsible for the health of the nation to search for ways and means capable of minimizing its effect.I wish to express my sincere thanks to the Librarian of the Royal Society of Medicine and his staff for their never-failing courtesy and help.
Quantitative aspects of antigen-antibody reactions. I. A theory and its corollaries
Authors: Teorell Torsten 
Published: May 2009

1. A quantitative theory has been developed for the reactions between antigens and antibodies, applicable in particular to the precipitin reaction. The theory is equally applicable to unspecific precipitations, for instance the reaction between proteins and protein precipitating agents such as nucleic acids, etc.2. The theory is based on the concept that the antigen-antibody interaction is governed by the same principles as the dissociation of a polybasic acid,HNT, where the antibody corresponds to the hydrogen ionH, and the antigen to the anionT.In their mutual reactions the antigenGis supposed to be polyvalent and the antibodyAmonovalent: hence the result of the interaction is amixtureof compoundsANG, AN-1G, …, AG.3. A mathematical deduction is performed starting from the law of mass action, which leads to expressions for the amounts of total precipitate and its constituents in terms of the quantities of antigen and antibody which were mixed and the known equilibria constants.4. A numerical example is given for a tetravalent antigen. Three cases are represented in graphical forms: the‘Xcase’ without inhibition zones, the ‘Ycase’ with one and the‘Zcase’ with two inhibition zones. Certain characteristics are described and the significance of the ‘equivalence point’ is analysed.5. A discussion deals with the irreversibility in relation to the Danysz phenomenon and the dilution effect, and finally the parameters of the theory are more closely considered.
Studies in the dynamics of disinfection. V. The temperature coefficient of the reaction between phenol and Bact. coli, derived from data obtained by an improved technique
Authors: Jordan R. C. , Jacobs S. E. 
Published: May 2009

1. The virtual sterilization time (v.s.t.) has been used as a measure of the rate of disinfection of Bact. coli cultures by phenol under carefully standardized conditions, and the relationship between this rate and temperature at five phenol concentrations has been examined.2. The graphs of log (v.s.t.) against temperature reveal that the formula t×θT = A, as usually employed for the calculation of the temperature coefficient of the rate of disinfection, has only a limited applicability for these data. θ and Q10 increased with temperature especially at high concentrations, and at the lowest concentration there was a tendency for them to increase again as the temperature was reduced below a certain point.3. The other general type of formula, t(T –α)b = a, used for the calculation of biological temperature coefficients, is also of very limited value when applied to these data since b increases with temperature at all concentrations.4. The magnitude of these temperature coefficients and their manner of variation are considered in relation to previously published data by other authors and the way in which θ should theoretically vary with temperature is discussed.
A routine method of bacteriological analysis and grading of ice-creams: with records of eleven years' application
Authors: Compton Arthur , Youssef George 
Published: May 2009

The laboratory method here outlined and utilized by us over the past 11 years, of examining and judging ice-cream on a milk basis, appears to pro-vide a sieve of mesh generous enough to let through the passably ‘fit’ while stopping the presumably ‘doubtful’ and ‘unfit’.Eighty-six samples of Alexandria milk ice-creams collected from various vendors in the city by Army Inspectors during the autumn months of 1944 showed, on this method, about 19% ‘unfit’—a result in remarkable agreement with fifty-eight samples from Municipal sampling, collected earlier in the year during summer months, which showed 16% ‘unfit’.A small number of samples collected after hygienic control of the process of manufacture by Army Inspectors resulted in a total disappearance of unfit samples. The improvement arising from this controlled experiment was estimated at a lowering of 60% in total bacteria per c.c., and a reduction of 77% in coliforms.The results of the latter experiment show what good results can be achieved in the betterment of milk ice-creams by simple hygienic measures, and should be more widely known in all centres where members of the Services are large consumers of ice-cream.Acknowledgements are due to Lieut. J. T. S. Templeman, R.A.M.C., and his staff for their part in this investigation; and to Lieut.-Col. G. P. M. Marshall, R.A.M.C., A.D.H., for instigating the experiments on hygienic control of production.
Demonstration of chromatinic structures in avian tubercle bacilli in the early stages of development
Authors: Brieger E. M. , Robinow C. F. 
Published: May 2009

In a cytological investigation of three branching and two non-branching strains grown on Loewenstein medium, it was found that avian tubercle bacilli contain chromatinic material which gives a positive Feulgen reaction and is readily stainable with Giemsa's solution after treatment of the fixed bacteria with hydrochloric acid.Growing filamentous forms of both ‘bacterial’ and ‘mycelial’ strains from 1 to 2 day old cultures contain variable numbers of irregularly spaced, more or less spherical chromatinic bodies which vary in staining in the same bacillus, some being red, others purple. During the third or fourth day the chromatinic material in the bacteria increases very much until most of it is fused into an almost homogeneous deeply stained column. In thenon-branchingstrains the filamentous forms with high chromatin content soon break up into small mono-or binucleate elements, and the same holds true for the ‘straight’ filamentous forms which are also present in cultures of branching strains. The ‘mycelial’ forms, on the other hand, disintegrate at this time (fourth or fifth day of cultivation), and it is uncertain whether they contribute (by partial fragmentation) to the masses of small mono- or binucleate forms which are the predominant element in old cultures of all the strains investigated.The chromatinic structures of avian tubercle bacilli have the same staining properties as those of ordinary non-acid-fast bacteria but differ from them in their behaviour during the early development of the bacilli.
Note on the effects of home duties on factory employment of women. A study of absenteeism in a group of 144 voluntary factory workers
Authors: Wilson Dagmar C. 
Published: May 2009

A study was made of factors leading to loss of working time in a local group of 144 women voluntary factory workers. The majority were single women whose interests centred in their families. One-third of these 144 women, owing to disability of some near relative, had home duties which they realized were sufficiently heavy to interfere at times with their factory work; a contributory cause of absenteeism was ill-health, ascribed by many workers to cold and draughty working environment. Examination of the factory records showed more than twice the rate of absenteeism due to certified sickness among women with home ties and responsibilities.This study was made possible by the willing cooperation of the Factory Management and their Welfare Department and of the women workers concerned.
The conglutination phenomenon. I. An introduction to the conglutination phenomenon and an account of the observations and views of previous investigators
Authors: Hole N. H. , Coombs R. R. A. 
Published: May 2009

1. A brief introduction to the Conglutination Phenomenon and to the Conglutinating Complement Absorption Test is given.2. The reasons are stated why we think that further investigations into this phenomenon are desirable.3. An account is given of the publications on the mechanism of the reaction, the hypotheses regarding it and its applications since the original observations of Ehrlich & Sachs in 1902.
The conglutination phenomenon. V. Further experiments on the importance of the choice of complement when examining antisera for the presence of complement-fixing or complement-absorbing antibodies
Authors: Blomfield A. M. , Coombs R. R. A. , Hole N. H. 
Published: May 2009

1. Anti-mallein sera produced in thirteen species of mammals (including man) and one species of bird have been examined by the haemolytic complement fixation test using guinea-pig complement, and by the conglutinating complement absorption test using pig, horse and cat complements. Two methods of fixation have been used and compared, namely, fixation for half an hour at room temperature and fixation overnight at 4° C.2. The complement of the horse proved to be the most sensitive in nearly every case in demonstrating the specific antibodies in the different sera; in the few instances where it was not markedly the most sensitive it was for practical purposes the equal of any other complement used, independent of the method of fixation. This is clearly indicated in the text figures.3. The effects of overnight fixation on the titres obtained with the different complements are discussed.4. The sera of six fowls inoculated with mallein failed to show fixation of any of the four complements in the presence of the homologous antigen. The presence of immune bodies was demonstrated however by the Indirect Complement Fixation technique of Rice (1948b).
An epidemic of infantile gastro-enteritis in queensland caused bySalmonella bovis-morbificans(Basenau)
Authors: Mackerras I. M. , Mackerras M. J. 
Published: May 2009

There were nearly 400 cases of gastro-enteritis in Brisbane from May to October 1947. About half represented the endemic level then prevailing, and the remainder formed a virulent epidemic, which was responsible for most of the deaths.Salmonella bovismorbificanswas isolated from a sufficient proportion of these cases to justify the belief that it was the cause of the epidemic.Of recognized infections withS. bovis-morbificans77 % were in babies under 1 year old, 19 % in those 1–2 years old, and 4 % in older children and adults. The infection was most severe in the under-1-year-old group, and severity varied during the epidemic, reaching a maximum in August and thereafter declining steadily.Nearly two-thirds of the infections were institutional.Infants were found to be infective during the incubation period and also for periods up to 6 months after clinical recovery. Their faeces provided the greatest mass of infective material. Infections in older age groups were relatively unimportant in relation to the rate of epidemic spread, but significant secondary centres of infection developed in mice and cockroaches in the hospital wards.The path of infection was traced from the faeces to the sinks and brushes used for cleansing soiled napkins, to mice and cockroaches which had access to the sinks, and to ward wash-basins and nailbrushes used by the nursing staff. Possible indicators of faecal contamination were found on nurses' hands, in ward kitchens, and in milk mixtures prepared for babies' feeds.Control is believed to be practicable and to depend, first, on making medical officers and nurses aware of the dangers; and secondly, on improved ward hygiene, of which elimination of washing napkins in wards, reduction of contamination when changing napkins, rigid segregation of ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ nurses, and improvements in food preparation and administration, are regarded as the most important.
The association of certain types (α and β) ofBact. coliwith infantile gastro-enteritis
Authors: Smith J. 
Published: May 2009

1. The association of the α type ofBact. coli, an organism similar toBact. neapolitanumor to D433 Taylor, Powell and Wright, with gastro-enteritis of infants is further confirmed.2. A new type ofBact. colicalled the β type and differing from the α type in certain of its cultural characteristics and antigenically is described as also associated with cases with similar symptoms.3. The antigenic structure of the α and β types has been examined, and both types show a well-marked specificity.4. Either organism can be readily isolated from faeces during an acute phase of the disease, but there may be some difficulty in recovering either during a subacute stage.5. Both organisms usually disappear from the intestinal contents as convalescence is established, but a certain number of cases have been discharged still carrying them.6. These organisms can rarely be found in faeces from infants ill with diseases other than infantile gastro-enteritis, or in specimens from adults. When they are found the cases from which they were isolated have usually some history of contact with gastro-enteritis.7. The actual significance of the association of these organisms with gastro-enteritis has not been determined, but their isolation points to a diagnosis of infantile gastro-enteritis.8. In cubiclized and open wards the examination of faecal specimens for these organisms provides a means of controlling nursing technique and determining whether or not intestinal cross-infection has occurred.
Studies on the Proteoclast (‘Muller's Phenomenon’)
Authors: Elek Stephen D. 
Published: May 2009

1. When coagulase-positive staphylococci are grown on nutrient agar containing fresh mammalian serum and haemoglobin, discrete areas of clearing appear in the medium near to the growth.2. These ‘plaques’ are due to proteolysis, the haemoglobin acting as a chromoprotein indicator substrate. For convenience the effect is referred to as ‘proteoclast’.3. The effect is due to the interaction of a diffusible product of the staphylococci with constituents of normal sera. The staphylococcal factor has been obtained in a bacterium-free filtrate and its interaction with serum studied quantitatively. It resists boiling.4. The number of plaques produced under defined conditions showed a linear correlation with the amount of serum used, but not with the amount of filtrate.5. By means of serial filtration through Gradocol membranes it was shown that one factor in normal serum required for the proteoclast effect is particulate, having a size of the order 20–70 m μ diameter.6. It was found that a third factor present in fresh sera was also required.7. Serum was rendered inactive by conditions of heating and ultra-violet irradiation similar to those required to sterilize vegetative bacteria and viruses.8. It is suggested that the proteoclast effect is due either to a non-pathogenic virus, or to a hitherto unrecognized particulate enzyme precursor present in sera and activated by the staphylococcal factor.
Statistical concepts in the theory of bacterial mutation
Authors: Armitage P. 
Published: May 2009

This paper is a short exposition of the mathematical and statistical theory of the growth of bacterial populations subject to mutation.A mathematical model for the long-term development of a mixed population with two types of organism is proposed. The proportion of organisms which are of the mutant type eventually approaches an asymptotic value, which is independent of the initial composition of the population. A procedure is outlined for estimating the forward and backward mutation rates from a long-term experiment.The exact interpretation of the constants representing mutation rates requires some assumption about the point of time, during an individual life cycle, at which mutations occur. The usual assumption is that mutations can occur with equal frequency at all instants during the cycle.In short-term experiments, in which the proportion of mutants is at all times negligible, it is important to consider the variation between the numbers of mutants developing in replicate cultures. The theoretical distribution of Lea & Coulson may be disturbed by the failure of any one of a number of assumptions; the effects of such disturbances are considered in some detail.Various methods of estimating the mutation rate from an observed series of replicate cultures are examined. Two of the main sources of disturbance of the theoretical distribution may be delay of phenotypic expression, and the existence of multinucleate cells with dominant mutation. These factors affect particularly the lower tail of the distribution, and it is suggested that a fairly safe procedure may be to estimate the mutation rate from the upper quartile of the observed distribution. Tables 3 and 4 enable the estimate of the mutation rate, together with 95% confidence limits, to be readily calculated.
Studies in the epidemiology of infectious myxomatosis of rabbits: I. Recovery of Australian wild rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus) from myxomatosis under field conditions
Authors: Fenner Frank , Marshall I. D. , Woodroofe Gwendolyn M. 
Published: May 2009

1. Australian wild rabbits which had recovered from myxomatosis acquired in the field contained in their serum antibodies which could be detected by complement-fixation or neutralization tests for a long period (more than 18 months) after their recovery. The titre of complement-fixing antibody fell fairly rapidly during the first few months, and remained at a steady level thereafter. No change could be detected in the titre of neutralizing antibodies throughout the observation period.2. Inoculation of such rabbits with myxoma virus was sometimes followed by the development of a local lesion at the inoculation site, and in these rabbits the titre of complement-fixing antibody rose, but there was no alteration in the neutralizing power of the serum. In other animals no lesion developed and there was no change in the antibody titre.3. Serum was collected from a total of 824 wild rabbits from seventeen localities in eastern Australia with varying histories of myxomatosis since December 1950. Examination of 135 of these sera by both neutralization and complement-fixation tests showed that the results obtained by the two methods were in close agreement.4. In many areas in which the disease was absent in the summer of 1950–1 and produced a violent epizootic in 1951–2, the majority (70–90 %) of the sera collected from rabbits 2–5 months after the height of the epizootic contained antibody to myxoma virus, i.e. the majority of the survivors had recovered from the disease.5. Counts of the rabbit population before and after a violent epizootic in the summer of 1951–2, and the proportion of immune animals amongst the survivors in these areas showed that the case-mortality rate was between 99·4 and 99·8%.6. Consideration of the results obtained in the serological surveys showed that the case-mortality rate was probably of this order (about 99·5%) in all areas in which there had been no disease or a negligible outbreak in 1950–1, whether they had a grade I or grade II kill in 1951–2.7. In certain other areas, in which a grade I outbreak in 1950–1 was followed by a grade II or poorer kill in 1951–2, the observed immune rate was considerably higher than would be expected if the case-mortality rate (assuming that the whole rabbit population was susceptible) was 99·5%. The possible causes of this are discussed. Survival of immune survivors from the first epizootic through the second may be a factor of some importance, but it is probably not the only factor involved.8. The areas just mentioned were exceptional. In most places there was either no build-up of population after the 1950–1 epizootic, or a second effective epizootic destroyed the majority of rabbits in the small population which had developed by reproduction of the survivors of the first outbreak.
Abnormal Reactions to Horse Serum in the Serum Treatment of Cerebrospinal Fever
Authors: Currie J. R. 
Published: May 2009

The following general statements are applicable to the 50 cases of cerebrospinal fever which have been under notice here.The total volume of serum given did not affect the frequency of abnormal reactions.The total number of injections of serum, in certain cases, may have been a factor in inducding abnormal reactions.The interval of time between the injections concerned was the primary influence in determining abnormal reactions.It was not apparent that a preceding normal reaction predisposed to a subsequent abnormal reaction.It was not apparent that a large administration of serum within the latent period predisposed to a subsequent abnormal reaction.