bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A posteriori error estimation for a defect correction method applied to conduction convection problems
Authors: Zhang Yunzhang , Hou Yanren , Du Conghui 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe present a posteriori error estimate for a defect correction method for approximating solutions of the stationary conduction convection problems in two dimension. The defect correction method is aiming at small viscosity ν. A reliable a posteriori error estimation is derived for the defect correction method. Finally, two numerical examples validate our theoretical results. The first example is a problem with known solution and the second example is a physical model of square cavity stationary flow. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2013
A decoupling method with different subdomain time steps for the nonstationary stokes–darcy model
Authors: Shan Li , Zheng Haibiao , Layton William J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis report analyzes a multirate, decoupling algorithm, which allows different time steps in the fluid region and the porous region for the nonstationary Stokes–Darcy problem. The method presented requires only one, uncoupled Stokes and Darcy subphysics and subdomain solve per time step. Under a time step restriction of the form △t ≤ C (physical parameters) we prove stability and convergence of the method. Numerical tests are given to show the convergence result and demonstrate the computational efficiency of the partitioned method. They also show that in the expected case of greater fluid velocities in the free‐flow region than in the porous media region, allowing smaller time steps in the subregion with the faster velocities increases both accuracy and efficiency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Study of the orientation‐controlled damping temperature based on selective distribution of oligo‐phenol in acrylate rubber/chlorinated butyl rubber blends
Authors: Su Chang , He Pan , Yan Rongjun , Zhao Cunbin , Zhang Cheng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn this paper, a series of composites containing of the oligo‐phenol (produced by reacting of 4‐methyl‐phenol with dicyclopentadiene and isobutylene (MPDI)) as organic fillers, and chlorinated butyl rubber (CIIR)/acrylate rubber (AR) as matrix were prepared by melting blending method. The selective distribution phenomenon of organic fillers in the matrix and the damping properties of AR/CIIR/MPDI composites were characterized by DMA, DSC, FT‐IR and SEM, respectively. The results showed that MPDI could form hydrogen bond with AR more easily than with CIIR, which resulted in MPDI dispersing preferentially in AR phase in CIIR/AR composites. And the selective dispersion of MPDI caused that the damping temperature range was orientedly broadened towards the high temperature. Specially, with the content of MPDI increased to 10 wt% in AR/CIIR marix, only the Tg of AR in AR/CIIR composites shifted to higher temperature, which reached to 55.2°C, while the Tg and Tll of CIIR in AR/CIIR composites kept almost unchanged. Otherwise, the temperature range of AR/CIIR/MPDI was expanded to 100.2°C with the tan δ > 0.3. Therefore, it was expected as a promising way to orientedly broaden damping temperature range according to the selective distribution of organic additives in binary systems. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Utilization of antidepressants in Taiwan: a nationwide population‐based survey from 2000 to 2009
Authors: Wu Chi‐Shin , Shau Wen‐Yi , Chan Hung‐Yu , Lee Yen‐Chieh , Lai Yun‐Ju , Lai Mei‐Shu 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTObjectiveThis study examined trends in antidepressant utilization in Taiwan between 2000 and 2009.MethodsWe collected data from the National Health Insurance Research Database of all incident antidepressant use. We described the incidence, prevalence, and therapeutic indications of antidepressant use. We tested the trends by using logistic regression analyses with adjustment for age and sex.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of antidepressant use per 1000 persons increased from 32.1 in 2000 to 46.3 in 2009; however, the incidence per 1000 persons declined from 20.8 in 2000 to 16.5 in 2009. For antidepressant classes, the prescriptions of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and other new agents increased during the study periods; however, the use of tricyclic antidepressants, trazodone, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors declined. For therapeutic indications, we found increasing trends of antidepressant use for sleep and adjustment disorders; however, the rates of antidepressant use for mood disorder, anxiety disorders, and non‐psychiatric conditions decreased.ConclusionsRegarding the new use of antidepressants in Taiwan between 2000 and 2009, we found that the decreased incidence of antidepressant use might be attributed mainly to the decreased use of tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Decreased use among middle‐aged and older persons and fewer antidepressant prescriptions for non‐psychiatric conditions were also noted. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal design of ultra‐broadband, omnidirectional, and polarization‐insensitive amorphous silicon solar cells with a core‐shell nanograting structure
Authors: Yang L. , Mo L. , Okuno Y. , He S. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTWe systematically investigated the optical behaviors of an amorphous silicon solar cell with a core‐shell nanograting structure. The horizontally propagating Bloch waves and Surface Plasmon Polariton waves lead to significant absorption enhancements and consequently short‐circuit current enhancements of this structure, compared with the conventional planar one. The perpendicular carrier collection makes this structure optically thick and electronically thin. An optimal design is achieved through full‐field numerical simulation, and a physical explanation is given. Our numerical results show that this configuration has ultra‐broadband, omnidirectional, and polarization‐insensitive responses and has a great potential in photovoltaics. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioregularity and solar cell device performance of poly(3‐dodecylthienylenevinylene)
Authors: Sun Jianyuan , Zhang Cheng , Venkatesan Swaminathan , Li Rui , Sun Sam‐Shajing , Qiao Qiquan 
Published: April 2012

AbstractInfluence of side chain regioregularity on photovoltaic performance has been investigated in bulk heterojunction solar cells based on a series of poly(3‐dodecylthienylenevinylene)s (C12‐PTV) and 6,6‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). Performance of each C12‐PTV is optimized for fair comparison. It is found that regiorandomness has no detrimental effect on device performance, in sharp contrast to poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT). Fully regioregular C12‐PTV performs slightly poorer than less regioregular ones mainly due to its fast crystallization behavior. The results suggest that introduction of side chain regiorandomness is an effective strategy to enhance processability of certain types of polymers without a reduction in photovoltaic performance. The better polymer:PCBM weight ratio, found to be 3:7 for all C12‐PTVs, and improved device performance, as compared with the literature work on the same polymer synthesized by a different method, demonstrate again the importance of the integrity of polymer main chain structure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Long‐term recovery of irradiated prostate cancer increases cancer stem cells
Authors: Cho Yong Mee , Kim Young Seok , Kang Mun Jung , Farrar William L. , Hurt Elaine M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBACKGROUNDDespite improvements in treatment, prostate cancer (PC) remains the second‐leading cause of cancer death in men. Radiotherapy is among the first‐line treatments for PC, but a significant number of patients relapse. Recent evidence supports the idea that PC is initiated by a subset of cells, termed cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs have also been implicated in radioresistance in various malignancies, but their role in PC has not yet been investigated.METHODSWe compared the relative radiosensitivity of isolated CSCs to the total population of their corresponding cell lines, and examined the relative numbers of CSCs in irradiated cell lines following long‐term recovery and in recurrent human PC.RESULTSHere, we show that while irradiation does not immediately favor increased survival of CSCs, irradiated PC cell lines showed an increase in CSC properties with long‐term recovery. These data suggest that, although CSCs are initially damaged by radiation, they possess a greater capacity for recovery and regrowth.CONCLUSIONSThe combination of radiotherapy with a CSC‐targeted therapeutic strategy may prevent tumor recurrence. Prostate 72:1746–1756, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevention of Hydrogen Peroxide‐Induced Red Blood Cells Lysis by Ilex paraguariensis Aqueous Extract: Participation of Phenolic and Xanthine Compounds
Authors: Peralta Ignacio N. , Cogoi Laura , Filip Rosana , Anesini Claudia 
Published: April 2012

The fresh leaves and stems of Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoliaceae) are employed to prepare the commercial product used in North‐eastern Argentina, Southern Brazil and Eastern Paraguay named yerba maté. The presence of polyphenols and xanthines, which present antioxidant activity, has been described in I. paraguariensis. In living organism, reactive oxygen species can cause tissue damage affecting erythrocyte membranes leading to hemolysis.The aim of this work was to evaluate the protective effect of an aqueous extract of I. paraguariensis (green leaves) on the hemolysis of red blood cells induced by hydrogen peroxide and to correlate this activity with the enzymatic activity related to hydrogen peroxide metabolism. The antioxidant activity of chlorogenic acid and caffeine was also analysed to evaluate their contribution to the activity of the crude extract. The extract as well as the isolated compounds protected red blood cells from hemolysis. This effect was related to a catalase‐like activity. This study could contribute to the knowledge of the antioxidant activity of I. paraguariensis in view of the great quantities of yerba maté consumed by the population. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of procaine and procainamide as derivatizing co‐matrices for the analysis of oligosaccharides by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Lavanant Hélène , Loutelier‐Bourhis Corinne 
Published: April 2012

RATIONALEAnalysis of oligosaccharides by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry often yields only alkali metal cation adducts, which results in lower fragmentation yields and difficulty to retrieve sequence information. Derivatization by reductive amination may be used to promote Y‐type glycosidic cleavages. However, this involves time‐consuming preparations and purifications with sample loss. Here, procaine and procainamide were used directly as co‐matrices with 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB).METHODSAcidified 10 g/L procaine hydrochloride or procainamide hydrochloride solutions in water/acetonitrile were added to the oligosaccharide solution one minute before preparing our MALDI targets using DHB with the dried‐droplet method. This simple protocol resulted in deposits of very fine homogeneous crystals.RESULTSPositive ion mass spectra, easily acquired in an automated mode, presented a high percentage of oligosaccharides derivatized as Schiff base or glycosylamine notably detected as protonated molecules [M + H]+. The high abundance of procaine or procainamide on the target did not impede the ionization process, improved the signal‐to‐noise ratio and eliminated the need to search for 'sweet spots'. Fragmentation of the protonated precursor ions of the derivatives largely favored Y‐type glycosidic cleavages.CONCLUSIONSThis easy and fast sample preparation, involving low toxicity and easily accessible chemicals, allowed the selection of protonated molecules as precursor ions for post‐source decay analyses. This opened the possibility of simplifying sequence retrieval in routine oligosaccharide analyses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of n‐hydroxy acid metabolites in electron impact ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Qingling , Zhang Guo‐Fang 
Published: April 2012

RATIONALEThe catabolism of 4‐hydroxy acid (drugs of abuse and lipid peroxidation products) generates a series of hydroxy acids with different carbon chain lengths and hydroxyl group at different locations. The identification of these hydroxy acid metabolites is important to uncover the catabolic pathways of drugs of abuse and lipid peroxidation products.METHODSWe characterized the fragmentation of trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of hydroxy acids by electron impact ionization (EI) mass spectrometry (MS) with the aid of an isotope‐labeled compound. The metabolites (hydroxy acids) of 4‐hydroxy acid in isolated rat livers were identified by their characterized fragmentation patterns in gas chromatography (GC)/EI‐MS.RESULTSTMS migration to both ester and ether groups was found in the fragmentation of 2‐hydroxy acid‐ and 3‐hydroxy acid‐TMS derivatives, but only migration to the ester group was observed in the fragmentation of n‐hydroxy acid‐TMS (n ≥4) derivatives. TMS migration to the ester group generates the following fragments from different hydroxy acids: (i) the characteristic fragment at m/z 190 from 2‐hydroxy acid; (ii) the fragment at m/z 204 from both 3‐hydroxy acid and 4‐hydroxy acid; and (iii) a characteristic fragment at m/z 218 from 4‐hydroxy acid containing more than four carbons in the carbon skeleton. TMS migration to the ether group in 2‐hydroxy acid and 3‐hydroxy acid yields variant fragments depending on the carbon skeleton length. The identified metabolites of 4‐hydroxy acid confirmed the catabolic pathways of 4‐hydroxy acid in the isolated rat livers.CONCLUSIONSWith the characterized fragmentation patterns of each hydroxy acid in EI‐MS, we successfully identified the various hydroxy acid metabolites of 4‐hydroxyoctanoic acid (and other 4‐hydroxy acids from C5 to C11) in the rat livers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small biparietal diameter in fetuses with spina bifida on 11–13‐week and mid‐gestation ultrasound
Authors: Karl K. , Benoit B. , Entezami M. , Heling K. S. , Chaoui R. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectivesTo assess whether, at 11–13‐week and mid‐trimester ultrasound examinations, the biparietal diameter (BPD) in fetuses with open spina bifida is smaller than the reference range.MethodsIn a multicenter retrospective analysis of data from 23 fetuses with open spina bifida diagnosed at 16–24 weeks, BPD at diagnosis was compared with that measured at 11–13 weeks, before diagnosis. Z‐scores were calculated for comparison of BPD deviations from the reference range within the groups at 11–13 weeks and 16–24 weeks, and between these two time intervals.ResultsBPD Z‐scores at 11–13 weeks and 16–24 weeks were significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in fetuses with open spina bifida when compared to the reference range, with mean values of − 1.29 and − 2.14, respectively, corresponding to the 10th and 1.5th centiles, respectively. At 11–13 weeks only six of the 23 (26%) fetuses with open spina bifida had BPD below the 5th centile, in comparison to 16 (69%) at mid‐gestation. This was confirmed by paired t‐test comparing the first‐trimester with the second‐trimester BPD measurements, which showed significantly slower growth of the BPD in fetuses with spina bifida.ConclusionIn fetuses with open spina bifida, BPD is smaller not only in the second trimester, as previously reported, but also in the first trimester. This is most likely due to loss of cerebrospinal fluid. We suggest that a BPD value < 10th centile in an otherwise normally grown fetus at 11–13 weeks' gestation should be considered as a potential subtle early marker for open spina bifida. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Worsening Central Sarcopenia and Increasing Intra‐Abdominal Fat Correlate with Decreased Survival in Patients with Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Authors: Miller Barbra S. , Ignatoski Kathleen M. , Daignault Stephanie , Lindland Ceit , Doherty Megan , Gauger Paul G. , Hammer Gary D. , Wang Stewart C. , Doherty Gerard M. ,   The University of Michigan Analytical Morphomics Group
Published: April 2012

AbstractBackgroundAccurate prediction of survival from adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is difficult and current staging models are unreliable. Central sarcopenia as part of the cachexia syndrome is a marker of frailty and predicts mortality. This study seeks to confirm that psoas muscle density (PMD), lean psoas muscle area (LPMA), lumbar skeletal muscle index (LSMI), and intra‐abdominal (IA) or subcutaneous fat (SC) can be used in combination to more accurately predict survival in ACC patients.MethodsPMD, LPMA, IA, and SC fat were measured on serial CT scans of patients with ACC. Clinical outcome was correlated with quantitative data from patients with ACC and analyzed. A linear regression model was used to describe the relationship between PMD, LPMA, LSMI, IA, and SC fat, time to recurrence, and length of survival according to tumor stage.ResultsOne hundred twenty‐five ACC patients (94 females) were treated from 2005 to 2011. Significant morphometric predictors of survival include PMD, LPMA, and IA fat (p ≤ 0.0001, ≤0.0024, <0.0001, respectively) and improve prediction of survival compared to using stage alone. A 100‐mm2 increase in LPMA confers an 8 % lower hazard of death. LSMI does not change significantly between stages (p = 0.3196).ConclusionDecreased PMD, LPMA, and increased IA fat suggest decreased survival in ACC patients and correlate with traditional staging systems. A more precise prediction of survival may be achieved when staging systems and morphometric measures are used in combination. Serial measurements of morphometric data are possible. The rate of change of these variables over time may be more important than the absolute value.
Financial Strength and Product Market Competition: Evidence from Asbestos Litigation
Authors: Hadlock Charles J. , Sonti Ramana 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe study the role of financial strength on product market competition by examining exogenous shocks to a firm’s liability structure arising from asbestos litigation. We find that exogenous increases (decreases) in asbestos liabilities are interpreted by the market as negative (positive) news for a firm’s close competitors. These reactions are magnified in events in which one asbestos-tainted firm goes bankrupt and other asbestos-tainted stocks fall on the news of the bankruptcy. For smaller competitors, market reactions are more pronounced in more concentrated industries. Our findings support the general hypothesis that increases in fixed liabilities lead to more aggressive product market interactions.
Case Study of a Patient with Acute on Chronic Pain Following Total Abdominal Hysterectomy
Authors: Dee Jonathan F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe aim of this case study is to critically explore the holistic care of a patient who requires pain management in the Post Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU). The development of chronic pain can have a significant psychological impact as well as a debilitating physical effect. The article examines pain assessment tools used in the PACU as well as barriers to their implementation. Finally, both pharmacological and non-pharmacological holistic care interventions are examined.
Validation of atmospheric reanalyses over the central Arctic Ocean
Authors: Jakobson Erko , Vihma Timo , Palo Timo , Jakobson Liisi , Keernik Hannes , Jaagus Jaak 
Published: April 2012

Atmospheric reanalyses were validated against tethersonde sounding data on air temperature, air humidity and wind speed, collected during the drifting ice station Tara in the central Arctic in April–August 2007. The data were not assimilated into the reanalyses, providing a rare possibility for their independent validation, which was here made for the lowermost 890 m layer. The following reanalyses were included in the study: the European ERA‐Interim, the Japanese JCDAS, and the U.S. NCEP‐CFSR, NCEP‐DOE, and NASA‐MERRA. All reanalyses included large errors. ERA‐Interim was ranked first; it outperformed the other reanalyses in the bias and root‐mean‐square‐error (RMSE) for air temperature as well as in the bias, RMSE, and correlation coefficient for the wind speed. ERA‐Interim suffered, however, from a warm bias of up to 2°C in the lowermost 400 m layer and a moist bias of 0.3 to 0.5 g kg−1throughout the 890 m layer. The NCEP‐CFSR, NCEP‐DOE, and NASA‐MERRA reanalyses outperformed the other reanalyses with respect to 2‐m air temperature and specific humidity and 10‐m wind speed, which makes them, especially NCEP‐CSFR, better in providing turbulent flux forcing for sea ice models. Considering the whole vertical profile, however, the older NCEP‐DOE got the second highest overall ranking, being better than the new NCEP‐CFSR. Considering the whole group of reanalyses, the largest air temperature errors surprisingly occurred during higher‐than‐average wind speeds. The observed biases in temperature, humidity, and wind speed were in many cases comparable or even larger than the climatological trends during the latest decades.
Bubble‐induced turbulence suppression in Langmuir circulation
Authors: Gemmrich Johannes 
Published: April 2012

Dissipation rates ϵof turbulent kinetic energy and air bubble characteristics were observed within the wave‐enhanced near‐surface layer in the open ocean. During a period of well developed Langmuir circulation, short periods of increased air fraction and peak bubble radii <150μm at 2.5m, indicative of the instrumentation package drifting through convergence zones, coincide with significantly reduced dissipation rates. The rate of turbulence suppression correlates well with the buoyancy frequency inferred from the vertical gradient of air fraction. The Ozmidov scale and turbulent time scales associated with the bubble induced stratification are of O(0.5m) and O(20–60s), respectively. These stratification characteristics are consistent with the suppression of energy containing eddies close to the surface, which in turn results in reduced turbulent dissipation rates. Dissipation rates are observed to decay with depth following a power law ϵ ∝ zn, and n = −1, consistent with the theoretical value for constant stress layer scaling, is found within convergence zones, but n ≈ −3 outside.
Pref-1 preferentially inhibits heat production in brown adipose tissue
Authors: Rakhshandehroo Maryam , Koppen Arjen , Kalkhoven Eric 
Published: April 2012

In mammals there are two types of adipocytes with opposing functions. Brown adipocytes are characterized by a high number of mitochondria and are specialized for heat production (thermogenesis), expressing thermogenic genes such as UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1). White adipocytes, on the other hand, store energy. Although many key regulators in the differentiation of white adipocytes have been established, our current knowledge on the same proteins in brown adipogenesis is lagging behind. One example is Pref-1 (pre-adipocyte factor-1), which maintains white pre-adipocytes in an undifferentiated state, but is only poorly characterized in the brown pre-adipocyte lineage. In this issue of the Biochemical Journal, Armengol et al. now shed new light on the role and regulation of Pref-1 in brown pre-adipocytes. First, Pref-1 specifically inhibits the thermogenic gene programme in brown pre-adipocytes. Secondly, they identified the transcription factor C/EBPδ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein δ) as a direct positive regulator of Pref-1 expression, whereas this protein does not fulfil this role in white adipogenesis. Taken together, these findings indicate that specific manipulation of brown adipocyte differentiation and/or function without interfering with their white adipocyte counterparts may be possible, which may open up new therapeutic ways to combat obesity-associated health problems.