bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some preliminary experiments on the value of small quantities of whole cows' milk when fed to pigs
Authors: Blissett A. H. , Golding J. 
Published: March 2009

The results of four experiments are described in which twenty-five pigs were fed on a ration containing half a pint of milk. Eighteen were fed on control rations, generally considered to be adequate, and of which in one series dried separated milk was a constitutent.In every case the fresh milk produced an increase in live weight over the controls varying from 8 to 10 per cent. Less dry matter per lb. increase in live weight was consumed by the experimental pigs than by the controls.The returns for half a pint of milk fed per pig daily expressed as pounds live weight gain per gallon of milk fed, were as follows:The higher values in Exps. 2 and 4 may have been due to the fact that the pigs were individually fed but differed in that the milk was mixed with the food in Exp. 2 and fed separately in Exp. 4.
The proteins of different types of peat soils
Authors: Davies W. L. 
Published: March 2009

The study has comprised a detailed analysis of twelve samples of soil, ten of which were samples of typical peat soils, the other two being samples of normal soils. The degree of humification of the organic matter of the samples varied, that in the wet peats being high and low in the dry peats.Extracts of the soil were obtained by the use of boiling hydrogen peroxide, 20 per cent, hydrochloric acid and 2·5 per cent, caustic potash.Hydrogen peroxide extracted roughly 70–80 per cent, of the soil nitrogen, 60–70 per cent, of this soluble nitrogen appearing as ammonia through the oxidising effects of the reagent. The nitrogen compounds of wet peats were more easily oxidisable to ammonia.
Studies in soil cultivation: IV. A new form of traction dynamometer
Authors: Haines W. B. , Keen B. A. 
Published: March 2009

A new and improved type of dynamometer is described which by a simple interchange of parts can be used with the same percentage accuracy for all types of work from the lightest to the heaviest.The instrument consists of (a) an hydraulic link weighing 16 1b. and placed in the hitch, (b) a recording mechanism weighing 15 lb. carried on any convenient part of the implement, and (c) a control box weighing 4 lb. carried by the operator. When packed in a stout box for transit and with all accessories the total weight is less than 100 lb. The instrument is of robust construction and has a minimum number of moving parts. Adjustments for stylus pressure, etc., are provided, but the necessity for using them hardly ever arises.The instrument operates by recording the amount of movement in a Bourdon tube filled with oil and connected by narrow bore copper tubing to the oil in the hydraulic link.
Influence of incubation temperature on the hatchability of eggs, post-natal growth and survival of turkeys
Authors: Romanoff Alexis L. 
Published: March 2009

The exposure of turkey eggs during the latter part of incubation, to temperatures (uniform around the egg) ranging from 30–5 to 41–5° C, in intervals of one degree, showed that:1. The hatchability was best at temperatures of from 36 to 38° C.; then it declined with a greater slope towards high than towards low temperature.(2) The time of hatching was progressively delayed, from 1 to 3 days, towards high and low temperatures.(3) The weight of birds at hatching from eggs exposed to various temperatures was fairly uniform.
The fractionation of the organic matter, including nitrogen, of certain soils and its relation to their quality
Authors: Ashworth M. R. F. 
Published: March 2009

1. The proximate analysis of a number of widely differing soil profiles has been carried out, employing a slight modification of the scheme used by Waksman and Shewan. This included a nitrogen fractionation with water and acid, similar to that of Waksman and of Shewan. It was supplemented by ammonia and nitrate estimations. The data are expressed on the basis of total organic matter.2. The soils ranged in quality from peat and forest soils to grassland profiles. This gradation of quality was brought out by many of the figures of the proximate analysis. The better quality soils are associated with:(a) a lower average content of fats and waxes, hemicelluloses and cellulose;(b) a rapid decrease in cellulose with increasing depth;(c) higher total nitrogen and various fractions, including higher ammonia and nitrate and a higher ratio of nitrate to ammonia;
The Influence of Time of Cutting on the Growth, Yield and Composition of Tropical Fodder Grasses I. Elephant Grass (Pennisetum Purpurevm).(With Four Text-figures.)
Authors: Paterson D. D. 
Published: March 2009

VIII. SUMMARYIn the introduction the crying need for research into animal nutrition under tropical conditions is emphasised. In Trinidad the stock are normally fed on mixed natural herbage grazed or cut from waste areas or from cultivated perennial grass crops. This system of rationing is a common one in many insular tropical climates.The experiment was designed to test the effect of stage of cutting on the yield and composition of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum), a perennial fodder grass widely cultivated in Trinidad to-day. Three times of cutting were chosen, namely series A—cut every four weeks, series B— cut every eight weeks, and series C— cut every twelve weeks.
The physical relationships of the abdominal organs in the pregnant ewe
Authors: Forbes J. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFive non-pregnant ewes and seventeen ewes at various stages of pregnancy were fed on a medium quality hay for several weeks before being slaughtered and frozen. Each ewe was sawn into 5 cm cross-sections.The sections were photographed. The uterus was extracted from the sections and its volume measured. Volumes of reticulo-rumen contents, intestinal contents and abdominal fat were estimated from the photographs.Models of the uterus and rumen were constructed and examples of these and of the photographs are shown.The volume of the uterus increased steadily as pregnancy progressed, but rumen volume was not reciprocally depressed until the last 5 weeks of pregnancy. Volume of digesta was inversely related to volume of incompressible abdominal content (uterus and fat). Abdominal fat was a particularly important factor in the depression of rumen capacity in pregnancy when there was great competition for space in the abdomen.
Studies in milk secretion based on the variations and yields of milk and butter fat produced at morning and evening milkings
Authors: Bartlett S. 
Published: March 2009

1. Material is presented which shows month by month the lactation yields of cows in respect of milk and fat. Morning and evening yields are treated separately and differences in relative proportions found.2. Smaller proportions of milk and of fat at the morning milkings are yielded in early lactation by all cows, but this point is most pronounced in heifers and also in heavy yielding cows with relatively small udders. It is suggested that with such animals reabsorption of milk occurs during a long night interval.3. Seasonal variations in yield of milk and fat are shown. It is found that the morning milking does not respond as much as the evening milking to the stimulus to secretion which functions during May and June.4. The quality of milk at different seasons of the year is discussed.
The “inoculation” of lucerne (Medicago sativa, L.) in Great Britain
Authors: Thornton H. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. The paper discusses experiments laid down at 39 centres in Great Britain to test the value of seed inoculation for lucerne.2. The seed was inoculated by treating it with a suspension of the nodule bacteria in skim milk containing 0·1 per cent, calcium di-acid phosphate, the method developed by Thornton and Gangulee.3. In the west and north of England the treatment greatly benefited the lucerne and often enabled a crop to be obtained where the untreated lucerne failed. At 12 centres in this area at which the crop was weighed, inoculation increased the yield by over 20 per cent, in all cases save one, where spread of the bacteria vitiated the result.4. The improvement sometimes showed itself as an increased yield and sometimes as an increase in the nitrogen content of the hay. In most cases both these effects were produced.5. In the midland and south central counties inoculation usually produced a temporary improvement, the untreated plant eventually catching up with the inoculated. The effect of inoculation is very much greater where the young lucerne has to compete with a cover crop. Weight results from 8 centres in this area showed increases from inoculation of over 20 per cent, in 4 cases, smaller but significant improve-ment in yield or nitrogen contentin 3 cases, and no significant effect in one case.6. In East Anglia and Kent untreated lucerne usually develops plenty of nodules. An exceptional condition occurred in a trial at Tunstall Heath, Suffolk, on sour light land, where liming and inoculation produced a fair plant although the uninoculated lucerne developed no nodules and failed.7. There is evidence that, when the seed is inoculated, the chances of success with lucerne are on the whole as good in the west and north of England as they are in the south-east.8. In a number of trials sown in 1926 better results were obtained by sowing the seed in a light cover crop in spring than by sowing in June or July.
Some observations on the nitrogenous manuring of grassland
Authors: Gardner H. W. , Smith J. Hunter , Reid J. W. , Williams H. R. 
Published: March 2009

An account is given of observations made during the first two years' treatment of grass according to the “New System of Grassland Management,” i.e. periodic dressings of nitrogenous manure followed by rotational grazing.The grazing provided by the nitrogen and no-nitrogen plots in the two years is given, measured in cow-day equivalents.A method of sampling the plots with a view to determining the total weight of herbage produced and its chemical and botanical composition is described.Botanical and chemical results obtained by this method are given and discussed.The percentage of clover on the nitrogen plots is about one-quarter of that on the control plots.The dry matter of the herbage on the nitrogen plots has, on the average, contained 17·7 per cent, crude protein: that on the no-nitrogen plots 15·5 per cent. The average age of the grass when sampled was 35 days.
Induced bolting and anthesis in sugar beet and the effect of selection of physiological types
Authors: Bell G. D. H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effect of low-temperature and continuous-light treatment of seedlings of certain sugar beet strains in the isolation of distinct physiological types is described. The progenies of individual plants and bulk samples of different anthesis dates show some difference in the proportions of early and late plants, when these progenies are similarly exposed to low temperatures and continuous light in the seedling.2. Different treatments of progenies in relation to light treatment in the seedling stage result in distinct behaviour with regard to anthesis date and the number of plants reaching the stage of anthesis.3. The comparative resistance to bolting from a field sowing of seed obtained from plants which ripened seed after continuous light treatment of the seedlings is noted. This was so in spite of the fact that only 66% of the plants had reached anthesis as a result of the treatment, and the seed was obtained from the most rapidly bolting plants.4. Light and low temperature exposure of seedlings is effective in two different strains for isolating bolting-resistant types as measured directly from the seed of these bolting-resistant plants and selected progenies from these plants. Differences in the field germination and establishment from very early sowings were discernible in the progenies.
Recent developments in the design of field experiments: III. Fractional replication
Authors: Finney D. J. 
Published: March 2009

When a factorial experiment involves many factors each of which is tested at two levels, economy of space and material may be effected by using only a fraction of a complete replicate of all possible combinations of levels of the factors. The consequence is that each main effect and each interaction has one or more aliases, and the experiment cannot distinguish which member of a set of aliases is responsible for an observed difference in yields. For less than five factors, this feature prevents fractional replicate designs from being much use; for five or more factors, the fraction can be so chosen that main effects and two-factor interactions have only higher order interactions as their aliases, and the possibility that these are important may often be ignored. Within the fraction of a replicate chosen for an experiment, confounding of interactions may be introduced in order to reduce the block size.Designs likely to be useful in field experiments are those for six factors in four blocks of eight, for seven factors in eight blocks of eight, and for eight factors in eight blocks of sixteen or in sixteen blocks of eight; in the first of these a two-factor interaction is amongst those confounded, but elsewhere all main effects and two-factor interactions are unconfounded. The method of construction of the blocks, for these designs and those involving more factors, has been described, and an example of the statistical analysis of experimental results (which presents no special difficulties) has been given.
Reaction of barley varieties to nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Dubetz S. , Wells S. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFour barley varieties were grown in a greenhouse with varying levels of nitrogen fertilizer in two experiments. One experiment was sown in late September and received supplementary light, the other in March without supplementary light.Varietal responses to nitrogen were essentially the same in both experiments. At low levels, differences in yield and protein content between varieties were small and inconsistent; at high levels, differences were pronounced and consistent. Betzes and Hannchen were highest in yield and lowest in protein, Palliser was intermediate in both, and Compana was lowest in yield and highest in protein. The results correspond with the known behaviourof these varieties under field conditions in Canada, except that Betzes yields more than Hannchen.We suggest that relative potential yields of genotypes can be estimated under similarly controlled conditions.
The effect of seed rate and growing season on four oat cultivars: II. Culm morphology and panicle conformation
Authors: Jones I. T. , Hayes J. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of low and high seed rates on height, culm and panicle morphology of four oat cultivars grown in field trials in two growing seasons were investigated. Significant differences were detected between cultivars in the number of extended culm internodes, panicle whorls initiated, total height, length of panicle and individual internodes. Differences in seed rate had no effect on the number of culm internodes, but high seed rate significantly reduced the whorl number in the panicle, total plant height, length of panicle and the three upper internodes. The fourth internode remained unaffected, but the lowermost internode showed a relative length increase at high seed rate. The interaction of cultivar x seed rate was significant for total height, and for the length of the central internodes, but the length of the panicle was similarly affected in all cultivars.Panicle conformation was markedly affected by seed rate; high population density caused a reduction in number of grain-bearing whorls, and reduced the number of spikelets and total grain weight per whorl, and 1000 grain weight particularly in the lowermost whorls. The percentage of husk in the grain was increased slightly at high seed rate. The effect of seed rate on culm and panicle morphology is discussed in relation to the development of stiffer-strawed oats.
The effect of CCC and nitrogen on the growth and yield of the second early potato variety Craig's Royal
Authors: Gunasena H. P. M. , Harris P. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe experiment described here is the second of a series of experiments investigating the effect of the time of application of certain plant nutrients on the growth of the potato crop. In this experiment all combinations of three rates of nitrogen (0, 0·75 and 1·50 cwts nitrogen per acre), two times of application (at planting and at the time of tuber initiation) and two rates of application of CCC (0 and 4 lb/acre applied twice, shortly after emergence) were tested and studied by the technique of growth analysis.There was a linear relationship between leaf area duration (D)and tuber dry matter yield, D accounting for 95 % of the variation in the latter. The maximum amount of nitrogen accumulated in the leaves (Nmax) was linearly related to D, and accounted for 86 % of the variation in D. This relationship was improved if separate regressions were calculated according to whether CCC had been applied or not. Calculated in this way, the regressions indicated that more nitrogen was required for a given value of D when plants were treated with CCC.Delaying the application of nitrogen resulted in a considerable improvement in the recovery of fertilizer nitrogen (ammonium nitrate). A heavy dressing of nitrogen at the time of planting did not enable the crop to take up sufficient nitrogen for maximum yield. Because of these factors, delaying the application of nitrogen significantly increased tuber yield at both rates of nitrogen tested.Increasing the rate of nitrogen and delaying its application tended to increase the proportion of stem in the total dry matter; CCC had the opposite tendency. CCC, however, reduced leaf area and the mean effect of CCC was to reduce tuber yields. While there wore no significant interactions between CCC and nitrogen treatments on final tuber yield, it was observed that CCC slightly increased yield when the highest rate of nitrogen was applied late. Ways are suggested in which CCC may be more effectively used.
Time lapse photographic studies of livestock behaviour outdoors on the College Farm, Aberystwyth
Authors: Rutter N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA Bolex S1 ciné camera, Kodachrome II colour reversal 8 mm film and a Specto analysis projector provided acceptable records of heifer behaviour from dawn to dusk throughout the year. Films are available on application.Two groups of heifers showed logical and persistent behavioural responses to clement and inclement weather. Their daily behavioural routine was a response to, and in turn was modified by, the weather. Their group behaviour was readily recorded by time-lapse photography but an easy study of the more individual reactions of sheep was not possible from time-lapse film due to problems of identification and flock turbulence.Heifers responded to bright sunshine predictably but differently in summer and winter, a definite response to a change in the direction of the incident wind being recorded in warm summer sunshine. A hitherto unrecorded reaction to unusually cold, strong, dry wind, viz. vigorous, non-stop grazing in the absence of effective upwind obstructions— requires verification.Shelter usage was largely related to the incidence of wind-driven rain and, on the area of study, the slope of rainfall and the direction and strength of the wind which brought heavy rain were the main factors affecting sheltering activity. This unfortunately meant that shelter usage was synonymous with the fouling and poaching of sheltered ground.
Seasonal and management effects on the composition and availability of herbage, steer diet and live-weight gains in a Themeda triandra grassland in Kenya. II. Results of herbage studies, diet selected and live-weight gains
Authors: Mckay A. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe environment, design and methods of this 2-year Kedong grazing trial in the Rift Valley of Kenya were described in Part I.Crude protein of grasses varied seasonally, usually between 3 and 6 %, while most shrubs and herbs, leguminous and non-leguminous, were in the 10–20 % range, although contributing only about 3 % by weight of the total sward, excluding large bushes and trees. Steers selected herbage of 2–3 % units higher C. P., more Themeda leaf and more herbs than the sward average. Treatment effects on sward and diet C. P., and their relationships, were generally small and inconsistent. Higher C. P. in post-burning ro-growth declined to average levels after 2–3 months, except when grazed at one steer to 4–4 acres, rotational (i.e. 1–5 acres available). At this pressure available herbage fell below 1000 lb D.M./acre (1120 kg/ha). In all other treatments 2500–4500 lb D.M./acre wore available at all times. Estimated herbage production varied from almost nil to 320 lb D. M./acre/month. Burning removed 3000 lb D.M./acre. Relationships between herbage C. P., diet c. p. (oesophageal fistula samples) and faeces N were determined.
Wool growth cycles in Soay sheep
Authors: Ryder M. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe wool growth cycle in six rams and eight ewes was studied by taking monthly coat and skin samples for 3 years from each. Coat length was measured, and the percentage of inactive follicles was noted as well as the percentage of medullated fibres.In the spring moult ‘mainland’ sheep (stock removed from St Kilda 60 years ago) cast less completely than ‘St Kilda sheep’ (Soays removed more recently from St Kilda). Mainland rams cast less than the ewes, but St Kilda rams began casting earlier, and completed casting more quickly than the ewes. Despite differences between years in the rate of casting, similarities in the pattern of casting were observed between years in the same animal, and between parent and offspring.This apparent annual cycle was confirmed by graphs of follicle inactivity which showed that most inactivity occurred from September to March in the rams, and from October to April in the ewes. It was possible to fit sin and cos waves of 12-month duration to the graphs and further analysis revealed superimposed a 6-month cycle in one group, and a 4-month cycle in another group, which were associated with subsidiary peaks of inactivity in the summer. There were suggestions of a cycle about 2 months in length throughout the year, and sin waves of this duration could be fitted to the data from one of the groups of ewes. Possible control mechanisms for the annual and shorter cycles are discussed.Peaks of follicle inactivity were frequently followed by troughs in coat length which suggested actual loss of the longest fibres.Medullation was absent or minimal from December to March, and there were two peaks during the period of maximum medullation, that in the spring being greater than the one in the autumn.