bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abundances of seven red giants in the open cluster NGC 3114
Authors: Pereira C. B. , Quireza C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present a chemical analysis of seven red giants in the open cluster NGC 3114. Our main goal is to investigate the chemical composition of this cluster, which is not yet available in the literature. We employed the FEROS spectrograph on the ESO 2.2m telescope. Atmospheric parameters and metallicity were derived from the measured equivalent widths of several iron lines using the spectral code moog and Kurucz model atmospheres. We obtained the abundances of O, Al, Ca, Mg, Si, Ti, Ni, Cr, Sc, Y, Zr, La, Ce and Nd by measuring the equivalent widths of the absorption lines of these elements. A mean metallicity of [Fe/H] = 0.05 ± 0.13 relative to the Sun was determined from the data of the red-giant members. This result is in good agreement with the Galactic-disk radial distribution of iron traced by open clusters. We did not find any intrinsic star-to-star scatter in the [element/Fe] ratios for the stars in this cluster. We compare our results with investigations of other open clusters. An age of 8.2 Gyr is derived from isochrone fits.
Local starbursts seen when the Universe was 2–4 Gyr old
Authors: Petty S. M. , de Mello D. F. , Gardner J. P. , Gallagher J. S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe explore the multiwavelength properties of three nearby starburst galaxies: NGC 3079, NGC 7673, and Mrk 08. We established that each of these galaxies has similar rest-frame far-ultraviolet (FUV) morphologies as Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z ~ 1.5 and 4, when the age of the Universe was ~ 4.3 and ~ 1.6 Gyr, respectively. LBGs are at an important stage in galaxy evolution when the Universe had a peak in the star-formation-rate density. Many LBGs are primarily composed of star-forming clumps, i.e., stellar clusters, with a significant lack of older stellar populations. Here, we present the comparison of the spectral-energy distributions (SEDs) of three nearby starburst galaxies with those of typical LBGs. From our nearby sample, each object has been artificially redshifted to observe what the galaxies would look like at z ~ 1 to 4 in the rest-frame FUV. NGC 3079 is an edge-on Seyfert 2 galaxy. It has a bright bulge and is interacting with two other galaxies, with extended Hi only along NGC 3079. The redshifting process changes its appearance, so that at high z it looks like a chain galaxy with multiple knots of star formation and no bulge. NGC 7673 has extended Hi and the star formation is mostly within the inner optical region in the multiple star-forming clumps defining the galaxy morphology. In the FUV, the galaxy looks highly compact with little detail resolved. As it is artificially redshifted, the galaxy continues to look more spherical. Mrk 8 is a merging pair, with the two galaxies observable in the visible spectrum. It is classified as a Wolf–Rayet galaxy, which suggests a very young burst, and is composed of several large star-forming regions. The FUV image does not resolve the separate galaxies, and the appearance remains similar for each redshift. We use the Gini coefficient, M20, and the Sérsic index to quantify the morphologies. The SEDs of the objects have similarities with LBG stellar population models. Because these local galaxies can be studied in more detail, they act as a bridge between nearby observations of starburst galaxies and high-z starburst galaxies such as LBGs.
The molecular cloud and embedded young stellar population associated with IRAS 18236–1205
Authors: Retes Ricardo , Luna Abraham , Mayya Divakara , Carrasco Luis 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe test a membership method to select embedded young stellar objects (YSOs) from a Galactic molecular cloud with ongoing massive star formation using multiband analysis. We select and discuss the embedded stellar population in the molecular cloud associated with IRAS 18235−1205, a small, geometrically well-defined Galactic molecular cloud. The IRAS source has infrared fluxes characteristic of an UCHii region, CS(J = 2 − 1) emission, and methanol and water maser emission, suggesting that this region is a good candidate for studies of young, massive star formation. The selection method of embedded stellar populations is based on the spatial distribution of 13CO(J = 1 − 0) and Spitzer/MIPS 24 μm point sources. Photometric analysis using near/mid-infrared images are used to test our selection criteria. Three objects are associated with the IRAS source; two have a characteristic spectral-energy distribution (SED) of a Class I/0 object (protostar) and the third has an SED of Class II.
Internal dynamics of the NGC 3603 young cluster
Authors: Rochau Boyke , Brandner Wolfgang , Stolte Andrea , Gennaro Mario , Henning Thomas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractStarburst clusters are spectacular young and dense stellar systems containing copious numbers of massive O-type and Wolf–Rayet stars. These objects depict a stellar population comprising stars over the entire mass range, making them ideal objects to study cluster formation and evolution as well as to test and calibrate stellar evolutionary models. Among the Galactic spiral-arm starburst clusters, NGC 3603 Young Cluster (YC), which is located in the Carina spiral arm, is the youngest and most compact one. Galactic starburst clusters also serve as templates for extragalactic super star clusters as observed, e.g., in the Antennae galaxies. Based on two epochs (obtained 10 yr apart) of high-quality astrometric HST/WFPC2 observations, we derive individual proper motions for several hundred stars. The proper motions enable us to distinguish cluster members from field stars, and to derive a first estimate of the internal cluster dynamics. Photometry of the clean sample of cluster stars allows us to create color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs) that are not contaminated by field stars, and to compare the sequence of cluster members with different sets of theoretical isochrones and evolutionary tracks. We clearly identify a lower-mass pre-main-sequence and a higher-mass main-sequence stellar population in NGC 3603. A particular focus of our comparison with theoretical isochrones is the exact shape and extent of the pre-main-sequence/main-sequence transition region in NGC 3603 YC. The proper motions also contain dynamical information. From this, we derive a velocity dispersion, which leads to the first dynamical mass estimate of the NGC 3603 cluster. We also investigate whether or not NGC 3603 YC is virialized, and study evidence for primordial versus dynamical mass segregation. Past and future evolution of NGC 3603 YC can be studied and will tell us about the clusters ‘fate’ and its long-term survival chances.
Nonradial pulsations in the open cluster NGC 3766
Authors: Roettenbacher Rachael M. , Amouzou Ernest C. , McSwain M. Virginia 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNonradial pulsations (NRPs) are a proposed mechanism for the formation of decretion disks around Be stars. They are important tools to study the internal structure of stars. NGC 3766 has an unusually large fraction of transient Be stars, so it is an excellent location to study the formation mechanism of Be-star disks. High-resolution spectroscopy can reveal line-profile variations from NRPs, allowing measurements of both the degree, l, and azimuthal order, m. However, spectroscopic studies require large amounts of time with large telescopes to achieve the necessary high signal-to-noise ratio and time-domain coverage. On the other hand, multicolor photometry can be performed more easily with small telescopes to measure l only. Here, we present representative light curves of Be stars and nonemitting B stars in NGC 3766 from the CTIO 0.9m telescope in an effort to study NRPs in this cluster.
Extreme-mass-ratio solar-type binaries and their implications for cluster environs
Authors: Samec R. G. , Labadorf Christa M. , Figg E. R. , Loflin Trevor S. , Behn Gregory R. , Hawkins Nathan A. , Chamberlain Heather A. , Faulkner D. R. , Van Hamme W. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractDuring the past decade, the number known shallow-amplitude, yet totally eclipsing, extreme-mass-ratio binaries has increased from one (AW UMa, which is now in doubt) to about a dozen. Statistics are accumulating that will tell us the nature of these once rare systems. These individual interacting field binaries are believed to be the progenitors of FK Comae-type fast-rotating subgiants, which are similar to the cluster stars called ‘variable blue stragglers.’ We review our recent observations and new analyses of the individual systems, V409 Hya, GSC 1283 0053 Ori, GSC 2537 520 CVn, using the 2007 Wilson Code and summarize results from our previous observations (V802 Aql, V902 Sgr) and those from the literature (e.g., CK Boo, GR Vir, HV Aqr, UY UMa, EM Pis, CU Tau, TV Mus) to disclose a preliminary picture of the character of this interesting class of binary stars.
Astrometry and photometry of stars and star clusters in M33
Authors: San Roman Izaskun , Sarajedini Ata , Gallart Carme , Aparicio Antonio 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present positions and magnitudes of stars and star clusters in a 1°
× 1° area centered on M33. The survey is based on deep
archival ground-based images using the MegaPrime camera on the 3.6m
Canada–France–Hawaii telescope. We
provide u′, g′,
r′, i′,
z′ magnitudes by performing standard profile-fitting
photometry of these images and apply image classification algorithms such as
SExtractor. We also present a catalog of extended sources by
applying visual-inspection classification. This complete catalog provides
promising targets for deep photometry with HST and for
high-resolution spectroscopy to study the structure and star-formation history
of the disk and halo of M33.
Study of the young and old compact stellar cluster population in M81
Authors: Santiago-Cortés M. , Mayya Y. D. , Rosa-González D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe study the population of compact stellar clusters in M 81 using the HST/ACS images in the filters F435W, F606W and F814W that cover a total field of view of approximately 340 square arcmin, the largest area covered to date for this galaxy. We present details about the selection criteria, which were based on both morphological and photometrical features. The extracted sample of compact stellar clusters shows the presence of two cluster populations, a blue cluster group (young) with more than 300 objects, and a red cluster group (old) containing 138 objects. Surprisingly, the young group lacks clusters more massive than 10 000 M⊙ which are present in large numbers in its neighbor M 82. The luminosity function of the young group follows a power-law distribution with an index of 2.0. The luminosity function of the red group closely resembles that of the globular clusters in the Milky Way. Assuming an age of 5 Gyr, these red clusters have masses between 0.1 and 10 × 106 M⊙.
Astrophysical properties of binary star clusters in the Small Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Santos João F. C. , Schmidt Alex A. , Bica Eduardo 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTo study the evolution of binary star clusters, we have imaged seven systems in the Small Magellanic Cloud with the SOAR 4m telescope using B and V filters. The sample contains pairs with well-separated components (d < 30 pc) as well as systems that apparently have merged, as evidenced by their unusual structures. By employing isochrone fitting to their color–magnitude diagrams, we have determined reddening values, ages and metallicities, and by fitting King models to their radial stellar-density profiles we estimated core radii. Disturbances of the density profiles are interpreted as evidence of interactions. Properties such as the distances between their components and their age differences are addressed in terms of the timescales involved, to assess the physical connection of the system. In two cases, the age difference is more than 50 Myr, which suggests a chance alignment, capture or sequential star formation.
Sulfur in the globular clusters 47 Tuc and NGC 6752
Authors: Sbordone L. , Chieffi A. , Limongi M. , Caffau E. , Ludwig H.-G. , Bonifacio P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe light elements Li, O, Na, Al, and Mg are known to show star-to-star variations in the globular clusters 47 Tuc and NGC 6752. We have investigated the behavior of the α element sulfur, for which no previous measurements exist in any Galactic globular cluster. We used high-resolution UVES spectra of Si multiplet 1 around 923 nm, and determined S abundances by means of ATLAS static plano-parallel models. NLTE corrections were applied and 3D corrections were also computed from co5bold 3D hydrodynamical models. Sulfur has been measured in four subgiant stars in NGC 6752, leading to an average value of [S/Fe] = +0.49 ± 0.15 dex, consistent with what is observed in field stars of similar metallicity. In 47 Tuc, we measured S in four turnoff (TO) and five subgiant (SG) stars, for an average value of [S/Fe] = 0.18 ± 0.14 dex. While the measurement errors are consistent with a constant value among all cluster stars analyzed, we detected a highly significant correlation with sodium abundance, as well as a tentative one with silicon. The sulfur–sodium correlation is difficult to explain in terms of nucleosynthesis. Given its high statistical significance, it is also difficult to dismiss it as fortuitous. Until better data for more stars are available, the question as to its origin remains open.
The massive star-forming region Cygnus OB2
Authors: Wright N. J. , Drake J. J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe present results from a catalogue of 1696 X-ray point sources detected in the massive star-forming region Cygnus OB2, the majority of which have optical or near-infrared associations. We derive ages of 3.5 and 5.25 Myr for the stellar populations in our two fields, in agreement with recent studies that suggest that the central 1–3 Myr-old OB association is surrounded and contaminated by an older population with an age of 5–10 Myr. The fraction of sources with protoplanetary disks, as traced by K-band excesses, is unusually low. Although this has previously been interpreted as due to the influence of the large number of OB stars in Cyg OB2, contamination from an older population of stars in the region could also be responsible. An initial mass function is derived and found to have a slope of Γ = −1.27, in agreement with the canonical value. Finally, we introduce the recently approved Chandra Cygnus OB2 Legacy Survey that will image a 1 square degree area of the Cygnus OB2 association to a depth of 120~ks, likely detecting ~ 10 000 stellar X-ray sources.
SIP antenna on 0.13 µm SiGe technology at 79 GHz for SRR automotive radar
Authors: Pinto Yenny , Person Christian , Gloria Daniel , Cathelin Andreia , Belot Didier , Pruvost Sébastien , Plana Robert 
Published: January 2010

This paper describes the analysis and the design of an integrated antenna on 0.13 µm SiGe BICMOS technology. A non-resonant dipole antenna integrated on SiGe is electromagnetically coupled to a radiating element reported on a printed circuit board (PCB) substrate. This integrated solution, also compatible with system in package (SIP) concept, provides significant improvements with respect to direct System On Chip (SoC) integration. The main objective of this SIP antenna lies on the optimization of integrated millimeter wave front-ends modules, considering the immediate antenna environment (especially the lossy substrate and technological dielectric/metallic levels), in order to achieve performances compatible with short range radar specifications at 79–81 GHz. One solution, using a RT/Rogers Duroid 6006 PCB (er = 6, thicknessh = 127 µm), is presented, providing a 2.93 dBi gain, and 45% radiation efficiency antenna.
Versatile roles for myosin Va in dense core vesicle biogenesis and function
Authors: Kögel Tanja , Bittins Claudia Margarethe , Rudolf Rüdiger , Gerdes Hans-Hermann 
Published: January 2010

The motor protein myosin Va is involved in multiple successive steps in the development of dense-core vesicles, such as in the membrane remodelling during their maturation, their transport along actin filaments and the regulation of their exocytosis. In the present paper, we summarize the current knowledge on the roles of myosin Va in the different steps of dense-core vesicle biogenesis and exocytosis, and compare findings obtained from different cell types and experimental systems.
Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: A randomized intervention trial
Authors: Aiello Allison E. , Murray Genevra F. , Perez Vanessa , Coulborn Rebecca M. , Davis Brian M. , Uddin Monica , Shay David K. , Waterman Stephen H. , Monto Arnold S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Background . During the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, antiviral prescribing was limited, vaccines were not available early, and the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) was uncertain. Our study examined whether use of face masks and hand hygiene reduced the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI).
Methods . A randomized intervention trial involving 1437 young adults living in university residence halls during the 2006–2007 influenza season was designed. Residence halls were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups—face mask use, face masks with hand hygiene, or control— for 6 weeks. Generalized models estimated rate ratios for clinically diagnosed or survey-reported ILI weekly and cumulatively.
Results . We observed significant reductions in ILI during weeks 4–6 in the mask and hand hygiene group, compared with the control group, ranging from 35% (confidence interval [CI], 9%–53%) to 51% (CI, 13%–73%), after adjusting for vaccination and other covariates. Face mask use alone showed a similar reduction in ILI compared with the control group, but adjusted estimates were not statistically significant. Neither face mask use and hand hygiene nor face mask use alone was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of ILI cumulatively.
Conclusions . These findings suggest that face masks and hand hygiene may reduce respiratory illnesses in shared living settings and mitigate the impact of the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic.
Trial Registration . ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00490633.
The Green Tiger
Authors: Goldoftas Barbara 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Philippines was once famous for its reef-ringed islands, white beaches, and lush forests. In less than a half-century, these were degraded by deforestation, over-fishing, and destructive fishing. This rapid harvest of ecologically and economically critical natural resources brought droughts, deadly flash floods, and the collapse of fisheries and the timber industry. Regional rural economies weakened, sending hundreds of thousands of ecological refugees to cities where they overwhelmed the urban infrastructure. Today, the Philippines stands as an example of the profound and sweeping consequences of environmental degradation. This book documents this tragic trajectory, but the story it tells is not one of hopelessness and inevitable defeat. The book traces the struggle for natural resource conservation in the Philippines, from isolated villages to large cities, illustrating innovative ways that conservation and economic growth can effectively coexist. It describes how individuals and institutions at all levels of Philippine society have responded to the environmental change, and gives background information on environmental policy. It argues that recent initiatives to conserve or rehabilitate resources — by local and national government, non-governmental organizations, or communities — can be an important part of sustainable development and nation-building. It also questions whether western environmentalism, which can pit environmental protection against economic need, is appropriate for developing countries. The book offers in-depth case studies of environmental governance and sets the consequences of rapid industrialization and environmental change in their historical context.
The Language of Law School
Authors: Mertz Elizabeth 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAnyone who has attended law school knows that it invokes an important intellectual transformation, frequently referred to as “learning to think like a lawyer”. This process, which forces students to think and talk in radically new and toward different ways about conflicts, is directed by professors in the course of their lectures and examinations, and conducted via spoken and written language. This book delves into that legal language to reveal the complexities of how this process takes place. The book bases its linguistic study on tape recordings from first year Contracts courses in eight different law schools. The book discusses how these schools employ the Socratic method between teacher and student, forcing the student to shift away from moral and emotional terms in thinking about conflict, toward frameworks of legal authority instead. This move away from moral frameworks is key, the book says, arguing that it represents an underlying world view at the core not just of law education, but for better or worse, of the entire U.S. legal system—which, while providing a useful source of legitimacy and a means to process conflict, fails to deal systematically with aspects of fairness and social justice. The latter part of the study shows how differences in race and gender makeup among law students and professors can subtly alter this process.
Mainstream Style
Authors: Haynes Bruce 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Several factors can make one identify which style of music is being played, including continuous and strong vibrato, long- line phrasing, lack of beat hierarchy, unyielding tempos, unstressed dissonances, or rigidly equal 16th notes. There was a time, after World War II, when this was the only style. This was the way it was done, except for a few outdated codgers, still holding out for the old Romantic sentimentalism. Modern style has its place, and for a very limited repertoire of Stravinsky and the Neoclassicists, it is the most appropriate style around. The problem is that it has spread to musics where it acts as a restraint and a damper, since its practices are so different from either Eloquent or Romantic styles. This chapter discusses modernism and the Modern style of music, performance practices of Romantic style compared with Modern style, and the use of vibrato. Period style is compared with Modern style, and the Strait style of music is described.
Perpetual Revolution
Authors: Haynes Bruce 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There are probably limits to how far we can go today in giving up our tastes, and they no doubt vary depending on the individual case. The most difficult examples may be the historical markers: historical techniques that have no equivalents in Modern style and are therefore unfamiliar; the messa di voce, for instance, dynamic inflection, phrasing based on gestures rather than “long-lines,” articulation syllables on woodwinds, and flattement (finger vibrato). These are not the subtle mannerisms that can overlay a basic modern technique: on the contrary, they negate many things musicians learn in Modern style, and they are immediately conspicuous in performance, probably even to non-musicians. To incorporate these techniques convincingly means rethinking the music because at first they often seem illogical, distasteful, and unmusical. This chapter discusses the illusion of an unbroken performing style from Mozart to contemporary times, Historically Inspired Performance (HIP) movement versus Romanticism, HIP versus classical music, perpetual revolution in music, and the pursuit of authenticity.
Islamic law as common law: Power, culture, and the reconfiguration of legal taxonomies
Authors: ROSEN LAWRENCE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Taxonomies of law often include a category called religious law. This chapter argues that this is useless, as is the Orientalist assumption that all law can be understood through the concepts generated by European legal systems. In fact, Islamic law is best seen as a kind of common law system, and a revised taxonomy of legal systems is offered within which Islamic law may now be placed.