bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the threat of human consumption of tiger prey in the Bangladesh Sundarbans
Authors: Mohsanin S. , Barlow A. C. D. , Greenwood C. J. , Islam M. A. , Kabir M. M. , Rahman M. M. , Howlader A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOne of the main threats to wild tigers Panthera tigris is poaching of natural prey, yet information is lacking about this threat for most of the tiger's range. For tiger conservation in the Sundarbans Reserved Forest of Bangladesh, information is needed to assess the impact of prey poaching and the effectiveness of conservation actions to reduce this threat. This study used an interview survey of people living close to the Sundarbans to estimate the scale of prey poaching, investigate factors driving prey poaching and capture information on the nature of prey consumption. Half of the households reported consuming deer meat, with mean consumption of 1.13 kg per household per year; equivalent to 11 195 deer killed. Deer meat was generally consumed for its good taste, with households closer to the forest boundary and with higher‐income levels with relatively higher levels of consumption. Although cost of deer meat was higher than other available meat, 29% of households obtained deer meat for free. Deer meat tended to be obtained from personal contacts, and consumed in private. Most respondents (91.5%) knew deer consumption was illegal, but 69.4% viewed the law as ineffective. The study findings will be used to design focused regulation and awareness activities to reduce prey consumption in the area. The approach used to evaluate prey poaching through investigation of prey consumption follows studies of wild meat consumption in Africa, and can potentially be applied to all tiger landscapes.
The potential of occupancy modelling as a tool for monitoring wild primate populations
Authors: Keane A. , Hobinjatovo T. , Razafimanahaka H. J. , Jenkins R. K. B. , Jones J. P. G. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPrimates are a global conservation priority, with half of known species considered threatened with extinction. Monitoring trends in primate populations is important for identifying species in particular need of conservation action, and evaluating the effectiveness of interventions. Most existing primate survey methods aim to measure abundance. However, obtaining estimates of abundance with acceptable precision to detect changes in population is often expensive and time consuming. Evidence from other taxa suggests that estimating occupancy (the proportion of the area used by the species) may be less resource‐intensive, yet still provide useful information for monitoring population trends. We investigate the potential of occupancy modelling for monitoring forest primates using a case study of three species of diurnal lemurs in the eastern rainforest of Madagascar. We estimated detectability and occupancy from a survey with three visits to 30 sites. Our estimates suggest that precision in occupancy estimates would be maximized by visiting a larger number of sites (therefore with limited repeat visits) for Indri indri, whereas the optimal monitoring design for Eulemur fulvus and Propithecus diadema, which showed very low detectability in our surveys, involves more frequent visits to fewer sites. Power analyses suggested that a meaningful reduction in occupancy could be detected with reasonable effort for easily detected species, but the method may prove impractical for more cryptic species. Primates pose a number of practical challenges for occupancy modelling, including choosing appropriate survey designs to satisfy closure assumptions. We suggest that if these issues can be overcome, occupancy modelling has the potential to become a valuable addition to the monitoring toolbox for the study of forest primates.
Normal stress databases in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy – how many subjects do you need?
Authors: Trägårdh Elin , Sjöstrand Karl , Edenbrandt Lars 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundCommercial normal stress databases in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS) commonly consist of 30–40 individuals. The aim of the study was to determine how many subjects are needed.MethodsFour normal stress databases were developed using patients who underwent 99mTc MPS: non‐corrected images (NC) for male, NC for female, attenuation‐corrected images (AC) for male and AC for female subjects. 126 male and 205 female subjects were included. The normal database was created by alternatingly computing the mean of all normal subjects and normalizing the subjects with respect to this mean, until convergence. Coefficients of variation (CV) were created for increasing number of included patients in the four different normal stress databases.ResultsNormal stress databases with < 35 subjects had a high CV. Mean CV −2 standard deviations (SD) decreased with 28% between two and five included subjects, 71% between two and 35 subjects and 83% between two and 100 included subjects for NC man.ConclusionsWe conclude that the commonly used 30–40 individuals for making a normal stress database might not be enough due to the high CV. We propose that normal stress databases should consist of more than 30–40 individuals, preferably more than 50 individuals, both for NC and AC studies.
Hyperkalemia secondary to renal hypoperfusion in a dog with third‐degree atrioventricular block
Authors: Jung SeungWoo , Jandrey Karl E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo demonstrate a critical role of artificial cardiac pacing to normalize severe bradyarrhythmia‐induced hyperkalemia in a dog with third‐degree atrioventricular (AV) block.Case SummaryA dog was presented for evaluation of severe hyperkalemia and bradyarrhythmia. ECG revealed third‐degree AV block with heart rate of 10–20 min, which was lower than usual ventricular escape rate. The etiology of severe hyperkalemia was considered secondary to significantly decreased renal perfusion and potassium excretion as a result of poor cardiac output caused by the AV block. Since potassium disorders may lead to life‐threatening conditions such as cardiopulmonary arrest, artificial cardiac pacing was immediately pursued. Within 1 hour, serum potassium concentration was normalized, which confirmed that severe hyperkalemia occurred primarily due to third‐degree AV block. The dog was then treated with permanent pacemaker implantation. A recheck evaluation 3‐month post pacemaker implantation showed normal serum potassium concentration and the dog was clinically healthy.New or Unique Information ProvidedThis report describes hyperkalemia secondary to significantly decreased cardiac output and renal hypoperfusion caused by third‐degree AV block. The authors propose that artificial cardiac pacing must be considered as an emergency treatment for bradyarrhythmia‐induced hyperkalemia, which ultimately restores cardiac output and renal perfusion and normalizes serum potassium concentration.
Developmental dissociation in morphological evolution of the stickleback opercle
Authors: Kimmel Charles B. , Hohenlohe Paul A. , Ullmann Bonnie , Currey Mark , Cresko William A. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYOceanic threespine sticklebacks have repeatedly and independently evolved new morphologies upon invasions of freshwater habitats. A consistent derived feature of the freshwater form across populations and geography is a shape change of the opercle, a large early developing facial bone. We show that the principal multivariate axis describing opercle shape development from the young larva to the full adult stage of oceanic fish matches the principal axis of evolutionary change associated with relocation from the oceanic to freshwater habitat. The opercle phenotype of freshwater adults closely resembles the phenotype of the bone in juveniles. Thus, evolution to the freshwater condition is in large part by truncation of development; the freshwater fish do not achieve the full ancestral adult bone shape. Additionally, the derived state includes dissociated ontogenetic changes. Dissociability may reflect an underlying modular pattern of opercle development, and facilitate flexibility of morphological evolution.
The delineation of the fourth walking leg segment is temporally linked to posterior segmentation in the mite Archegozetes longisetosus (Acari: Oribatida, Trhypochthoniidae)
Authors: Barnett Austen A. , Thomas Richard H. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYAcari (mites and ticks) lack external segmentation, with the only indication of segmentation being the appendages of the prosoma (chelicerae, pedipalps, and four pairs of walking legs). Acari also have a mode of development in which the formation of the fourth walking leg is suppressed until the nymphal stages, following a hexapodal larva. To determine the number of segments in the posterior body region (opisthosoma) of mites, and to also determine when the fourth walking leg segment is delineated during embryogenesis, we followed the development of segmentation in the oribatid mite Archegozetes longisetosus using time‐lapse and scanning electron microscopy, as well as in situ hybridizations of the A. longisetosus orthologues of the segmentation genes engrailed and hedgehog. Our data show that A. longisetosus patterns only two opisthosomal segments, indicating a large degree of segmental fusion or loss. Also, we show that the formation of the fourth walking leg segment is temporally tied to opisthosomal segmentation, the first such observation in any arachnid.
Actual and Imagined First Smoking Experiences and Resisted Smoking Opportunities of Asian American Adolescents
Authors: Rosario‐Sim Maria G. , O'Connell Kathleen , Lavin Joanne 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the metamotivational states experienced during first smoking experiences of Asian American adolescents.Design and SampleThis survey research investigated the differences among the smokers, resisters, and smoking naives of a convenience sample of 328 Asian Americans, aged 16–19 in New York City (NYC).MeasuresThe study used a demographic questionnaire, Temptation Episode Surveys (First Smoking Occasion, First Resisted Smoking Opportunity, and Opinions on First Smoking Occasion), the Telic/Paratelic State Instrument, and the Rebellious State Scale.ResultsStatistical analyses revealed that Asian American adolescents smoked the first time when in paratelic, arousal‐seeking states, and when the physical and social environments are permissive to smoking, initiation opportunities such as presence of peers and friends smoking and in places where adults are not present.ConclusionsThe first smoking experiences of Asian American adolescents parallel that of smoking cessation when individuals lapse in a highly tempting situation and when the environment is permissive to smoking. This study is the first to use reversal theory pairs as a framework for smoking initiation. Smoking prevention and intervention programs should consider the importance of the physical, social environment, and the psychological states of adolescents when they smoke the first time.
Revising the ICD‐10 codes for epilepsy and seizures
Authors: Bergen Donna C. , Beghi Ettore , Medina Marco T. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe World Health Organization is currently revising the International Classification of Disease, 10th Revision (ICD‐10). A Neurology Task Force Advisory Group [TAG] has been charged with producing a revision that reflects scientific advances and new concepts of pathophysiology since 1992. The ICD codes are used globally to report mortality and morbidity statistics, and they play a vital role in health care planning, training, and allocation of health care resources in many countries. Although used by physicians and hospitals at all levels, the primary users of the ICD codes are primary health care providers, which, particularly in low income countries, include nurses, clinical assistants, and health officers. The TAG, which consists of representatives of major international subspecialty groups such as the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), has published draft codes that are available online for public comment.
Effects on promoter activity of common SNPs in 5′ region of GABRB3 exon 1A
Authors: Tanaka Miyabi , Bailey Julia N. , Bai Dongsheng , Ishikawa‐Brush Yumiko , Delgado‐Escueta Antonio V. , Olsen Richard W. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryPurpose:  The β3 subunit of the γ‐aminobutyric acid type A receptors (GABAA–Rs) is an essential component of GABAA–Rs in fetal, perinatal, and adult mammalian brain. Various transcripts of the β3 subunit gene (GABRB3) produce various proteins with different N‐termini. Rare variants in this N‐terminus (exon 1A and exon 2) of GABRB3 protein segregate in affected family members of two multigeneration‐multiplex families with remitting childhood absence epilepsy (rCAE), suggesting GABRB3 is a major Mendelian epilepsy gene for rare families with CAE. Therefore, the N‐terminus of GABRB3 could be important for GABRB3 regulation in development, and its alteration could produce rCAE. Herein we determine if single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the 1,148‐bp region upstream from exon 1A influence the expression of GABRB3.Methods:  We studied luciferase reporter expression for promoter activity, 1,148‐bp upstream from exon 1A, using human embryonic kidney 293 cells. We generated constructs of the promoter region and compared different SNP haplotypes in 48 patients with rCAE. Next, we compared frequencies of rs20317, located in the core promoter region, and rs4906902, located in the enhancer region between 48 patients with rCAE and >500 healthy controls matched for ethnicity and ancestral origin.Key Findings:  Highest luciferase expression occurred 230‐bp upstream of exon 1A. The construct that excluded this region lost luciferase activity. Therefore, this region contains the core promoter of exon 1A. Allele C but not allele G (rs20317) significantly increased luciferase expression activity. Allele C creates binding motifs for cMYB and EGR‐3. Longer constructs overlapping this region have a binding motif for REST (RE1‐silencing transcription factor), a critical epigenetic modulator for neuronal genes. REST represses expression of neuronal genes in nonneuronal tissues, resulting in reduced luciferase expression activity. Even in the suppressed condition, the longer construct enhanced luciferase expression activity of the shorter construct, which excluded the distal end containing rs4906902. However, allele frequencies of rs20317 and rs4906902 were not significantly associated with 48 rCAE patients in comparison to >500 controls matched for ethnicity and ancestral origin.Significance:  Common SNPs in the promoter region increase luciferase expression activity. An epigenetic modulator, REST, specifically alters expression of GABRB3 exon 1A transcripts, suggesting epigenetic regulation by REST dominantly controls the expression of GABRB3 variant 2 transcript in early life GABAA signaling. Abnormal epigenetic regulation could be involved in absence seizures.
Why Do Whites and the Rich Have Less Need for Education?
Authors: MANGINO WILLIAM 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article hypothesizes that privileged social classes relylesson education to reproduce the next generation's social status. Privileged individuals disproportionately turn away from academics because they have many “informal” opportunities. The “aspiring classes,” conversely, are more reliant on education because they lack the advantages that come from nonacademic sources, like social networks, family relations, and other institutionalized mechanisms. Applying logistic regression to theNational Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Healthand its high school transcript data, this hypothesis is implied in two ways. First, when social backgrounds are controlled, African‐Americans, Hispanics, and Asians are more likely to complete high school and go to college relative to white people. A second analysis shows that the relationship between family income and education is curvilinear. As income increases from poverty through the middle classes, the pursuit of education increases as socioeconomic barriers are removed. But among families with the highest annual incomes, there are marked decreases in rates of high school completion and transition to college. The article concludes that “equality of opportunity” is not achievable because numerous informal opportunities exist for traditionally advantaged segments of the US population.
Preventing the “Abuses” of Democracy: Hayek, the “Military Usurper” and Transitional Dictatorship in Chile?
Authors: FARRANT ANDREW , MCPHAIL EDWARD , BERGER SEBASTIAN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHayek famously claimed that he would prefer a “liberal” dictator to “democratic government lacking in liberalism.” While Hayek's views of the Pinochet regime have generated much controversy, surprisingly little has been written about Hayek's defense of transitional dictatorship. Making use of previously un‐translated foreign language archival material, this paper helps shed light on Hayek's views of authoritarianism, totalitarianism, transitional dictatorship, and the Pinochet regime as well as helping to separate Hayekian ‘fact’ from Hayekian ‘fiction’.
Sweatshops, Opportunity Costs, and Non‐Monetary Compensation: Evidence from El Salvador1
Authors: SKARBEK DAVID , SKARBEK EMILY , SKARBEK BRIAN , SKARBEK ERIN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractUsing evidence from field interviews, this article examines the alternative employment opportunities of thirty‐one sweatshop factory workers in El Salvador and their perceptions about what types of non‐monetary benefits they receive in their current employment. Interview subjects provide insights into the benefits of their own and peers' employments, their next‐best alternative employment, and other aspects of total compensation. We find that workers perceive factory employment to provide more desirable compensation along several margins.
Trading Activity and Financial Market Integration
Authors: Lee Chia‐Hao , Chou Pei‐I 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe investigate the effect of trading activity in the Asian emerging markets on the market integration across Asian emerging and major developed markets over the sample period of 1997 to 2009. The empirical evidence confirms that higher trading activity in Asian emerging markets can induce these markets and developed markets to become more integrated. Furthermore, we identify the mediation effect of market volatility on Asian emerging markets. This effect demonstrates that trading activity in Asian emerging markets not only directly enhances market integration, but also intensifies market volatility, indirectly increasing market integration.
Do Socially Responsible Index Investors Incur an Opportunity Cost?
Authors: Branch Ben , Cai Li 
Published: July 2012

AbstractWe construct index‐tracking portfolios using integer programming and then compare the tracking errors and performances of portfolios formed from an unrestricted and socially screened stock universe. We find that one can construct a portfolio of socially responsible stocks that deliver market performance. Thus, the exclusion of a set of stocks from consideration does not exhaust the existence of efficient index‐tracking portfolios, especially when the exclusionary screen is for nonfinancial reasons. Our results are robust to various specifications in constructing the portfolio, for example, number of stocks included in the portfolio and weighting schemes, and robust to alternative tracking error measurement; we show that the difference induced from conducting socially responsible screen is never statistically significant.
Parenting From a Jordanian Perspective: Findings From a Qualitative Study
Authors: Oweis Arwa , Gharaibeh Muntaha , Maaitah Rowaida , Gharaibeh Huda , Obeisat Salwa 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPurpose: The main purpose of this qualitative descriptive study was to explore Jordanian parents understanding of parenting.Methods: A convenient sample of 110 Jordanian parents recruited from four health centers participated in the study. A semi‐structured one‐on‐one interview with open‐ended questions was used to collect the data.Results: Three thematic areas reflecting parent understands of parenting were identified; parenting as embraced by Islam, transferring of cultural values and traditions, and parenting as a challenge.Conclusions: Parenting behavior and its effectiveness are reflected by the strong interplay of Islamic teachings, socio‐cultural values and traditions in addition to the challenges and difficulties of being a parent.Clinical Relevance: As the ultimate goal of parenting is to promote the wellbeing and the development of children, it is crucial that health care providers involved in the design and delivery of family and children's services have a thorough understanding of how parents perceive parenting and how their understanding can be integrated in programs to enhance parental roles. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 2012; 00:0, 1–7.
Predictive value of ultrasound assessed fetal head position in primiparous women with prolonged first stage of labor
Authors: TORKILDSEN ERIK A. , SALVESEN KJELL Å. , VON BRANDIS PHILIP , EGGEBØ TORBJØRN M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract Objective. To examine how well ultrasound‐assessed occipitoposterior (OP) position or high sagittal (HS) position in primiparous women with a prolonged first stage of labor predicts a vaginal delivery and the duration of labor. Design. Prospective observational study. Setting. Stavanger University Hospital, a secondary referral center in Norway. Population. 105 primiparous women with prolonged first stage of labor. Methods. Ultrasound assessment of fetal head position. Main outcome measures. Vaginal delivery vs. cesarean section and duration of labor. Results. Twenty‐five fetuses (24%) were delivered with cesarean section (CS), 45 (43%) had an operative vaginal delivery and 35 (33%) delivered spontaneously. Eleven (27%) of 41 fetuses in OP position at the time of inclusion were born in OP position. Ten (24%) of the 41 fetuses in OP position at inclusion were delivered with CS compared with 15/64 (23%) fetuses in other positions (p= 0.91). Twenty‐eight fetuses were in sagittal position and 12 in HS position, assessed with ultrasound at the time of diagnosed prolonged labor. Seven (58%) of 12 in HS position delivered vaginally and five (42%) had a CS (p= 0.89). Time from inclusion to labor was not significant longer either for fetuses in OP compared with non‐OP positions or for fetuses in HS compared with non‐HS positions. Conclusions. Most fetuses in OP or HS positions in the first stage of labor will rotate spontaneously and have a high probability of being delivered vaginally.
The utility of ATF3 in distinguishing cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma among other cutaneous epithelial neoplasms
Authors: Rose Crystal L. , Chakravarti Nitin , Curry Jonathan L. , Torres‐Cabala Carlos A. , Bassett Roland , Prieto Victor G. , Tetzlaff Michael T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe histopathologic distinction between benign and malignant cutaneous keratinocytic proliferations can pose a difficult diagnostic challenge – often with important clinical implications. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) has emerged as a potential biomarker which may aid in the segregation of these lesions, and we hypothesize that ATF3 expression may be a specific marker of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Using immunohistochemistry, we characterized ATF3 expression in a series of 126 cutaneous epithelial proliferations, including SCC (n = 27), basal cell carcinomas (BCC, n = 59), seborrheic keratoses with atypia (SK, n = 16), hyperplastic actinic keratoses (AK, n = 12) and prurigo nodularis cases (PN, n = 12). We showed strong, nuclear and/or nucleolar expression of ATF3 in a statistically significant number of cases of SCC compared to BCC, SK and PN. We conclude that ATF3 expression is a surrogate of malignancy (or pre‐malignancy) in keratinocytic epithelial proliferations and thus helps distinguish SCC from other cutaneous epithelial neoplasms.