bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Glaciation of Ireland
Authors: Campbell J. F. 
Published: October 2009

The following notes are founded chiefly upon observations madewhile travelling about Ireland in l863 and 1872, and at intermediate dates.
A subject may be treated in two ways. If the whole of a story is known it may be told historically, from the beginning; but if a lesson has to be learned, it is best to work back towards the unknown beginning. A great deal has yet to be learned about glaciation; so I begin at the end.

I.
Iceland and Ireland
, in different latitudes, are about the same size. In one island are ice systems, in the other none. Some Icelandic glaciers are wide as an Irish province; and others would cover Irish counties. In Ireland lakes seldom freeze, and snow melts off the highest tops early in spring. But Ireland is glaciated.

II.
Ireland
.—The meridian 8° west cuts Ireland nearly in half. In the north it passes near Arrigle, the highest hill in Donegal; in the south it passes near Cork. But the figure of the island is not square to meridians. A line drawn through Dursey Island and Rathlin, S.W. and N.E. or thereby, passes through the long axis of a diamond whose shorter axis runs from the Tuskar Rock in Wexford north-westwards to near Achill Island in Mayo. The configuration of surface within this area has relation generally to two main lines, N.E. and N.W. In Donegal, Mayo, Galway, Kerry, and Cork the largest mountain-ridges and hollows trend N.E. The course of the Shannon, the largest
The Oolites of Northamptonshire. Part II
Authors: Sharp Samuel 
Published: October 2009

In accordance with the intimation given in my First Part of a Memoir upon the Oolites of Northamptonshire, I now beg to offer the Second Part of that Memoir.
The limited district of which I treated on the former occasion afforded facilities for its division into four areas, and for describing the beds and the order of their superposition in each; and thus, by a comparison of the beds and their sequence in the several areas, for arriving at a right understanding as to the geology of the whole district.
The field to which I now direct attention is much more extended, and is of a character that will not allow of such a systematic division. I hope, nevertheless, to be able to convey clearly that which I have to communicate.
The main feature of my First Part was the description and consideration of that formation, commercially most valuable, and geologically most interesting, the Northampton Sand.
The main feature of my Second Part will be the description and consideration of a series of beds grouped by Mr. Judd under the name of the “Lincolnshire Limestone”—of less commercial value than the former, it is true, but scarcely of less geological interest.
My endeavour has been to trace, through the county in a north-easterly direction, to Stamford and somewhat beyond, the continuity of beds occurring in the Northampton district; to describe the Oolitic beds and their sequence at certain points within the area considered (involving the interposition of a new and important
Appendix.-On the Palæontology of Skye and Raasay
Authors: Tate Ralph 
Published: October 2009

I. Palæontology Horizons, Skye, &c., and Lists of Fossils.
Rhætic?
The conglomerates, quartzitic sandstones, and brick-red and greyish sandstones, forming the cliff Ru-na-Leac, may be of this age. No fossils observed.
Lower Lias.

Hettangian Series(=zones of
Ammonites p1anorbis
and
A. angulatus
).—The blue argillaceous limestones and indurated shales constituting the under cliff on the north side of Ru-na-Leac Bay, I regard as the basal portion of the Lower Lias.

Beds 1 to 4, Geikie's section, may probably belong here. The fossil evidence, however, is inconclusive, the coral being peculiar, and the other two species recorded from these beds occurring elsewhere in the zones of
A. angulatus
and
A..Bucklandi
, and even higher. A sandstone on the north slope of Ben Glamaig, yielded me impressions of
Terquemia arietis
, Quenst.

Zone of
Ammonites Bucklandi
.-The rocks of this series present the characteristics of the Yorkshire type of the
Lima
or
Bucklandi
beds of the south of England, consisting chiefly of shales with shelly tops and thin earthy limestones, contrasting with the compact blue limestones of the underlying series. The section opposite exhibits the lithological variations of this horizon in the Waterfall Cliff, Hallaig, Raasay. Order ascending.

The greyish and yellowish-coloured calciferous sandstones which form the remaining portion of the cliff, contain throughout scattered
Gryphæa arcuata
; no other fossils observed.

I place here beds 5 to 11 of Geikie's section, as a few characteristic fossils of this horizon were obtained from beds 5, 6, 8, and 10; they are given in the subjoined Table.
The limestone
On Solfataras and Deposits of Sulphur at Kalamaki, near the Isthmus of Corinth
Authors: Ansted D. T. 
Published: October 2009

On the eastern side of the important spur of the Alps that stretches down through Albania into Greece and terminates in the southern headland of the Morea, there is a belt of low ground, some of it below the level of the sea, and no part of it at any considerable elevation, that has evidently been subject to volcanic outbursts up to a very recent date. The island of Santorin, lying at some distance to the south east, has very recently been the scene of one of the most important volcanic eruptions of this century; and some islands off the eastern shores of the Morea have been subject to earthquake disturbance, if not to actual volcanic eruption, within the historic period. But there is, I believe, no record of the extension of this belt northwards to the mainland of Greece; nor am I aware of the existence of actual solfataras, either here or in the islands in the Ionian sea, or, indeed, on the eastern side of the Apennines, although I am aware of several places where volcanic products are found, some of the shores of Italy and others in the Ionian islands.
As affording proof of the fact that there is even now a real, though subdued, volcanic energy in this part of Europe, which may at any time break out afresh in the form of a distinct eruption, and which renders it not at all unlikely that earthquake movements known in the Adriatic and the open Mediterranean may
On the Origin of Clay-Ironstone
Authors: Lucas J. 
Published: October 2009

A. 1. C
lay-ironstone
* is an impure carbonate of iron, containing generally from 30 to 33 per cent. of metallic iron mingled with varying proportions of clay, oxide of manganese, lime, and magnesia.

2. When the principal foreign matter in this mineral is of a bituminous or combustible nature the variety thus formed is called “Black band”†. This combustible matter often amounts to 25 or 30 per cent.
3. Sometimes lime so far predominates in Clay-ironstone as to give it the general appearance of a compact limestone, when the presence of iron may be detected by the great weight of the mass, and by the decomposition of the exterior, which turns a dark brown to the depth of a quarter of an inch or more on oxidation.
4. Through the intermediate forms it passes into a pure limestone. Such limestone bands are characterized by being densely compact, very hard, dark-coloured, and by being devoid of organic remains.
B. 1. The foregoing varieties occur throughout the vast thickness of delta-deposits whose remains now constitute the Carboniferous formations. They lie in beds varying in thickness from a fraction of an inch to about 2 feet.
2. When the top of a bed is exposed it is often found to be traversed by a series of cracks, which present the general appearance of a net of very unequal and irregular mesh. These cracks are filled with sediment like that in which the bed of Clay-ironstone lies.
3. Very frequently the beds of all varietes
On the Effects of Glacier-erosion in Alpine Valleys
Authors: Gastaldi Signor B. 
Published: October 2009

I have all the more pleasure in answering your kind letter, that I have for a long time been waiting for an occasion to write to you, and to send you some geological notes which I have published during the last few years.
For seven years I have been working at a geological map of the Piedmontese Alps, on a scale of 1:50000; and for the last three years I have been aided in this work by Professor
Baretti. The great scale of the maps on which we lay down our work, does not permit us to rapidly survey a very extended area; so that in seven years we have only succeeded in
completing the valley of the Orco, comprising the group of the Grand Paradis, the three valleys of Lanzo, including the groups of the Levanna and of Roccia Mellone, and the valley
of the Dora Riparia, comprehending the heights of Mont Cenis, the Fréjus, Tabor, Mont Genèvre, Rochesmolles, &c.
Chance led me to pass my holidays in the Alps, where I began to survey geologically the valleys of Lanzo, and ended by taking a fancy for Alpine geology—unhappily a little late;
for I am growing old, and the geology of the Alps on a scale of 1:50000 is rough work, which cannot be done without walks very fatiguing to a man of fifty-five. From the beginning of my work I noticed in the valleys of Lanzo, and at heights between 2000 and 3000 metres, hollows in the form
Notes on Markings in the Chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds
Authors: Mortimer R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In this paper, which was illustrated by a large series of specimens, the author called attention to some peculiar striated markings resembling structure which he had observed on pieces of chalk from widely distant places on the Yorkshire Wolds. Similar markings had been noticed in the chalk of the south of England; and in 1860 Mr. S. J. Mackie, in an article published in the ‘Geologist’ (p. 77), alluded to them, and ascribed them to slickensides. From an examination of his own specimens, the author has come to the conclusion that the markings in question are not accidental, nor are they caused by the weathering of the surface of the chalk, or by the percolation of water through overlying chalk. He is of opinion that such needle-shaped striæ, running in such various directions, could not have been produced by the chalk being “shifted, squeezed, and rubbed by the creep of the beds,” as supposed by Mr. Mackie—as, if such an action could be exerted on small pieces of chalk, scratching them in various directions, the scratches ought to differ much in thickness and appearance, which is not the case. Further, two contiguous pieces of chalk, which for the most part would be of the same density and free from hard extraneous particles, would not scratch but polish each other. The author suggests an organic origin for these markings, and regards them as the traces of Corals.
On a new Genus of Silurian
Asteriadæ
.
Authors: Wright Thomas 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The specimen described showed the outline of a small Starfish, with a large disk and short rays, in a slab of Wenlock Limestone from Dudley. The outline of the ten rays was described as marked out by the border of small triangular spines, the other plates of the disk and rays being absent. Each ray was terminated by a stem-like multiarticulate process as long as the ray, from towards the extremity of which spring slender lateral processes, giving it a tufted appearance. This Starfish, which is in the collection of Dr. Grindrod, F.G.S., is named by the author
Trichotaster plumiformis
.
Alluvial and Lacustrine Deposits and Glacial Records of the Upper-Indus Basin
Authors: Drew Frederic 
Published: October 2009

Part I.
Alluvial Deposits
.

The tract of country in which occur the deposits of which I propose to give a somewhat detailed though concise account, is that part of the Maharaja of Kashmir's territory which is drained by the Indus. The greater portion of this country has been visited by travellers whose attention has been drawn to the deposits in question, and who have recorded some observations upon them. While considerable light has been thrown by some of these observers, it has seemed to me well both to add my quota and to try to systematize the facts, so as to prevent the confusion likely to arise from mixing, in description, accumulations of various origin, though they may all be classed in one sense as alluvium, and to see what general conclusions can be drawn from all that we have learned.
The writers who have told most about the alluvial and lacustrine deposits are Col. H. Strachey, Gen. Cunningham, Dr. Thompson, Major Godwin-Austen, and Dr. Stoliczka. Col. Strachey, whose paper on the Physical Geography of Western Tibet is a wonderful store of accurate and valuable information compressed into a small compass, has given in it a description of the alluvium of the neighbouring basin of the Sutlej, with some reference to the corresponding deposits of the Indus; his conclusions I shall discuss further on. Gen. Cunningham, in his book on Ladākh, has given some notices of lacustrine deposits and of the former extension of lakes, which bear on the subject
Description of the Skull of a Dentigerous Bird (
Odontopteryx toliapicus
, Ow.) from the London Clay of Sheppey
Authors: Owen  
Published: October 2009

Amongst the additions to appear in the second edition of my ‘British Fossil Mammals and Birds’ I have anticipated the descriptions of certain species, as in the case of the gigantic Eocene bird, equalling in size the larger New-Zealand Moas. The still more remarkable Ornitholite, also from Sheppey, which I am now about to describe, has stronger claims to be made known, without delay, on account of the transitional character which it manifests to the Pterosaurian order.
The fossil consists of a large portion of the skull, which, when the specimen was received in the British Museum, was more or less imbedded in the London Clay; the clearing out of the matrix by the careful and skilful hands of Mr. Davies, Senior Attendant in the “Geological Department,” brought to light the tooth-like processes of the alveolar borders of both upper and lower jaws, to which the uniqueness of this Eocene fossil is due; but the distinctive cranial characters of the warm-blooded feathered vertebrate are unmistakable.

The well-developed brain, expanding transversely in its posteriorly placed box (P1. XVI. figs. 1-4, 3,7,11), making the base of a long cranial cone gradually tapering forward, the capacious lateral orbits (
ib.
figs. 1, 2, 4, 0, 0), and the single hemispheroid condyle (
ib.
fig. 3, 1) are avian: the large and long, freely articulated, dependent tympanic bone (
ib.
figs. 1, 2, 3, 28), the slender, straight and styliform zygomatic bar (
ib.
figs. 1 & 2, 26) received behind into the articular cup of the tympanic
On Fossil Evidences of a Sirenian Mammal (
Eotherium ægyptiacum
, Owen) from the Nummulitic Eocene of the Mokattam Cliffs, near Cairo
Authors: Owen  
Published: October 2009

T
he
evidence of the Sirenian mammal now submitted to the Society is from the white, compact, fine-grained, calcareous stone of the Nummulitic Eocene Tertiary period, now quarried extensively in the Mokattam cliffs, south of Cairo, for the buildings in progress in the modern part of that city.

The block of stone containing the fossil was shown and afterwards presented to me by Dr. Grant, an eminent practitioner in Cairo, who possesses a good illustrative collection of fossil shells from the above formation; but the appearances of the exposed parts of the present fossil were, as may well be supposed, both new and strange. That the block contained the cast of some organic cavity was the best interpretation I could, at first sight, offer; and the subsequent clearing away of the matrix determined the fossil to be part of the cranium, with a cast of its interior representing the brain, of a species of Sirenian mammal.
The portions of the skull preserved are scanty; they include parts of the basioccipital, basisphenoid, and petrosals. The bodies of the two cranial vertebræ have not coalesced, but show the flat, vertical, roughish syndesmotic surface, which long remains in the recent Dugongs and Manatees †. The alisphenoids are confluent with the basisphenoid; and the line of union is impressed, on the inner or cranial surface, by the large trigeminal nerve.
These portions of cranial bones have the dense texture characteristic of the Sirenian skeleton. The petrosals, of a deeper tint, show an almost crystalline fracture
Note upon a Recent Discovery of Tin-ore in Tasmania
Authors: Gould Charles 
Published: October 2009

As a sequel to discoveries of tin-ore in abundance made during the last two years in Queensland and New South Wales, there has been one of some importance recently in Tasmania, which has this special interest, that the one has been found
in large masses in situ
, and that the containing rock is lithologically distinct from the ordinary ternary granite which forms the whole of the stanniferous country of Queensland, and, so far as my information extends, of New South Wales.

The tin-stone also has an individuality of character not shared by that in the adjacent colonies, occurring in several distinct varieties of form within the distance of a few chains.
I forward a small series of samples for the inspection of the Members of the Society, among which I would specially invite attention to a fragment from a large mass (itself 80 lbs. in weight) which has an appearance on fracture sufficiently approaching to that of a hæmatite to deceive a casual observer.
This discovery of tin-ore has been made at Mount Bischoff, in the N.W. portion of Tasmania. Active operations were only commencing when I visited the spot; and in the absence of mining experience on the part of those engaged, coupled with the numerous obstacles to the progress of pioneers, presented by a rough and exceptionally difficult country, some time may be expected to elapse before its full importance is developed.
Mount Bischoff is distant by the present route fifty-four miles from the place of shipment; and
On the Chemical Analyses of the Rocks
Authors: Hudleston W. H. 
Published: October 2009

At the request of Mr. Hicks I made several analyses of Cambrian rocks, principally with the view of determining the amount of phosphoric acid in each; but incidentally, in one or two cases, an analysis, more or less complete, has been made of the specimen of rock itself.

No. I. is a darkish grey flaggy rock, with an impression of
Paradoxides Davidis
on one side. Portions of the slab immediately under the fossil have a somewhat nodular appearance. The entire fragment is bulged out by an interior lenticular thickening, which consists largely of calcic carbonate, whereas the layer in immediate proximity to the fossil does not effervesce much with cold acid. Hence this small fragment consists of two very different kinds of rock.

Small crystals of pyrites may be observed. The specific gravity of the fragment is 2·84.
The following analysis represents chiefly the composition of that portion which adjoins the fossil impression and which does not effervesce strongly in cold acid; it is not, however, altogether without some of the interior and more calcareous portion.
It is worthy of remark that there is a curious reddish brown extractive matter which pervaded this analysis, and that a very similar substance also pervaded the analysis of the lobster-shell, hereafter to be noticed.
No. II. Specimen in contact with trap. A dull black slaty rock, joints lined with ferric hydrate, no pyrites visible. The impression upon it of a Trilobite is distinct; but there are no indications along the costæ of the
On the Origin of Slickensides, with Remarks on Specimens from the Cambrian, Silurian, Carboniferous, and Triassic Formations
Authors: Mackintosh D. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

W
hile
admitting that the sides of many fractures have been coated with foreign substances, the author's observations led him to believe that true slickensides, or polished and smoothly striated surfaces, have been produced by the movement of one face of rock against another,
accompanied by partial
fusion*. In the case of many of the specimens, the surface had apparently been metamorphosed by heat resulting from pressure, as the whitened and hardened coating graduated imperceptibly into the ordinary structure of the rock. In some cases sandstone had apparently been converted into quartzite. He ventured to bring “the theory of metamorphism by heat in the case of many slickensided surfaces” before the Society, in expectation that it might lead to further investigation.
Notes on the Comparative Microscopic Rock-structure of some Ancient and Modern Volcanic Rocks
Authors: Ward J. Clifton 
Published: October 2009

Introduction
.—T
he
object of the present paper (submitted to the Society with the permission of the Director-General of the Geological Survey) is, by comparing the microscopic rock-structure of several distinct groups of volcanic rocks, to gain an insight into the original structure of some of the most ancient, and therefore probably the most altered, members of the volcanic series. My desire has been mainly to note the relations of the component minerals to one another, and thus glean facts in the history of the rocks which they compose. For this purpose I have endeavoured by coloured drawings to render as truthfully as possible the microscopic structure of most of the examples brought forward. I have to acknowledge the very kind and willing assistance rendered by Mr. Allport in helping me to take up and prosecute to a small degree this line of research.

I. H
istory of the
S
ubject
*.

Very little, comparatively, has as yet been done in England on this subject; but perhaps some of the most valuable work that has as yet been effected in microscopic geology is the result of the labours of our countrymen Sorby and Allport.
In 1858, Sorby brought out his celebrated paper on the “Microscopical Structure of Crystals”†. He describes the glass, stone, and gas- or vapour-cavities in the minerals of the pitchstones of Arran, the lavas of Vesuvius, and some of the basaltic rocks of Scotland. Remarking on the great alteration which has been effected in the ancient trap-rocks during the course of ages
Notes on Haytor Iron-mine
Authors: Le Neve Foster Clement 
Published: October 2009

I
t
is nearly fifty years since this mine first attracted the attention of mineralogists by the occurrence of haytorite (chalcedony pseudomorphous after datholite). Several papers on the mineral were contributed to the Philosophical Magazine*; and an account of the mine was given by Mr. J. T. Kingston†. His description deals with the beds seen in an open work, and is so full and clear that there would be little left to add were it not for the fact that a new adit-level has intersected the beds and exposed a new section. There are certain points in this section which I think are worthy of being recorded; besides which it is well to call attention to the fact that there is now a good opportunity of studying the mode of occurrence of a fine deposit of magnetite without the necessity of making a journey to Norway or Sweden.

Haytor Mine is situated on the eastern borders of Dartmoor, about three quarters of a mile from the pile of granite rocks from which it derives its name. The iron-ore occurs in the form of thick beds of magnetite interstratified with altered shales and sandstones of Carboniferous age. Near the iron-ore the rock becomes highly charged with hornblende, and is sometimes apparently entirely made up of actinolite. Garnets, too, occur in great abundance in some places; and I also found a thin layer containing iron pyrites and what appears to be axinite.
The secton seen near the end of the adit-level is shown