bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atypical Human Responses to Low‐Level Environmental Contaminants: The Problem of Multiple Chemical Sensitivities
Authors: Cullen Mark R. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe practice of occupational medicine has been summarized in the present study. There has been a rapid increase in concern about the impacts of many hazards, which arise in the non‐industrial setting, impacting far larger numbers of workers who often bring very different experiences and expectations regarding health in the workplace. Threshhold limit values (TLV's) or occupational exposure limits, onto the possibility of effects occurring at lower levels have been studied. The classic model human dose‐response curve for a direct acting cytotoxic chemical such as an irritant, solvent or pesticide has been presented. All theories from toxicologic research and reports suggest that for each hazard there exists some “threshold”. These thresholds in practice have been derived from various epidemiological studies, animal experiments, etc. The multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) and its theories of pathogenesis have also been addressed.
Analytical Methods
Authors: Lieckfield Robert G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The accurate determination of workplace exposures begins with the selection of an appropriate sampling device and continues through the analysis of the collected samples in the industrial hygiene laboratory. This chapter focuses on laboratory methodologies for the analysis of industrial hygiene samples. The complexity of this field is compounded by the need to identify and quantify trace quantities of organic and inorganic substances in the presence of numerous potential interferences. Various industrial hygiene analyses have been summarized. The technology of laboratory instrumentation has also become advanced and many microprocessors‐based sophisticated instruments have been incorporated in the industrial hygiene laboratory community.
Odors: Measurement and Control
Authors: Turk Amos , Merlo Angela , Cha Samuel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOdor intensity is the magnitude of the olfactory sensation produced on exposure to an odorant. The reduction of odor intensity is accomplished by removal of odorant from the atmosphere, the process is equivalent to gas and vapor abatement, or to air cleaning, but with some special considerations. When an odorous atmosphere is improved by the addition of another (usually pleasant) odorant under conditions in which chemical reactions are not involved, the process is known as odor modification. Various methos of odor measurement have been discussed. The present study also focuses odor perception, olfactory adaptation and the various methods for odor control.
Heat Stress
Authors: Larrañaga Michael D. , Bernard Thomas E. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Heat stress is known as the aggregate of external heat from the environment, internal heat generated by the human body through physical activity and metabolism, and the insulating effects of the clothing worn, which collectively impose a thermal load on a person. Heat strain is the human response to heat stress. This chapter presents an in depth review of the development and current status of heat stress standards and guidelines; the physiology of human thermal exchange with the environment; the measurement and interpretation of the thermal environment; and the assessment of heat stress and heat strain; and the application of controls for the prevention of heat stress and heat strain.
Physiological Effects of Altered Barometric Pressure
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractHigh and low pressure environments have continued to play important roles in our technological society for many reasons. The earliest engineering applications of high pressure, to maintain dry working conditions in caissons and tunnels, are still in use today, and still extract a toll in decompression sickness and aseptic bone necrosis from workers who undergo daily decompression after long shifts under compressed air. As exploitation of undersea resources has expanded, especially sub‐sea oil, so has the need for greater working depth and time, hence increasing the vulnerability of the diver to injury. The present chapter addresses the physiology of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues, acute and chronic health effects of diving, fitness to dive and relevant therapies.
Biohazards and Occupational Disease
Authors: Heinsohn Patricia A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Microbes live in our environment and adapted to survive under extreme harsh conditions. Most microorganisms do not cause disease in humans or animals and some have beneficial uses. The present study primarily deals with microorganisms that can cause occupational disease and also deals with several emerging infectious diseases. Besides this many occupational diseases and their etiologic biohazards have been presented, accompanied by pertinent information pertaining to the disease, exposure, and annotated control methods. Further it has also been suggested that the industrial hygiene principles of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control of occupational hazards are as applicable to biohazards as to other occupational hazards.
Respiratory Protective Equipment
Authors: Birkner Jeffrey S. , Colton Craig E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe respirators have been used for almost 2000 years and the genesis of their technical development is actually the mid‐19th century. The Bureau of Mines in 1919 initiated the first respirator certification program in the United States and certified their first respirator. In 1995, NIOSH proclaimed new certification regulations. The study finds that the respiratory protective equipment (RPE) should be used only when all higher priority control steps are not technically or financially feasible. Thus, RPE continues to be an important component in many respiratory exposure control plans. The present study also addresses the performance of RPE and its evaluation in the laboratory and in the workplace. The respirator program ensures that the RPE selected is able to provide adequate protection under the conditions of intended use.
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems
Authors: Redinger Charles , Dotson Kyle , Leibowitz Alan 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Occupational health and safety management systems (OHSMS) are a powerful risk management tool. They provide IH and EHS professionals with a robust and structured management approach. OHS management systems have significant roots in the quality management systems developed in United Sates in the early 20
th
century. ISO and other NGO standards have been developed with an eye toward the value of conformity assessment to ensure a common application of specific objectives identified in applicable standards. The pyramid model has been used as a powerful tool to help OHS professionals and their organizations to develop and implement OHS management systems. Besides this, numerous implementation steps for OHS management systems have been discussed.
Agricultural Hygiene
Authors: Popendorf William , Donham Kelley J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe present chapter describes the dilemma of agriculture as both an industry and as a way of life. Despite some increased interest within agriculture to establish safety and health programs due to farms becoming larger and more farms having fallen under the OSHA requirements, agriculture remains one of the most hazardous occupational environments in America. Hazards reviewed within this chapter have been organized into acute and cumulative trauma, respiratory hazards, pesticides, veterinary chemicals, zoonoses, dermatoses, physical hazards, cancer, and psychosocial stresses that are either characteristic of or unique to agriculture. Emphasis has been given to explain how the traditional industrial hygiene components of anticipation, recognition, evaluation, and control can be applied to agriculture. The chapter concludes with a discussion of various models of administrative and sociological programs designed to improve health and safety conditions on all farms.
Characterization of Hydrogen Storage Materials and Systems with Photons and Neutrons
Authors: Pranzas P. Klaus , Bösenberg Ulrike , Karimi Fahim , Münning Martin , Metz Oliver , Minella Christian Bonatto , Schmitz Heinz‐Werner , Beckmann Felix , Vainio Ulla , Zajac Dariusz , Welter Edmund , Jensen Torben R. , Cerenius Yngve , Bormann Rüdiger , Klassen Thomas , Dornheim Martin , Schreyer Andreas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractComplex hydrides are very promising candidates for future light‐weight solid state hydrogen storage materials. The present work illustrates detailed characterization of such novel hydride materials on different size scales by the use of synchrotron radiation and neutrons. The comprehensive analysis of such data leads to a deep understanding of the ongoing processes and mechanisms. The reaction pathways during hydrogen desorption and absorption are identified by in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Function and size of additive phases are estimated using X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and anomalous small‐angle X‐ray scattering (ASAXS). The structure of the metal hydride matrix is characterized using (ultra) small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS/USANS). The hydrogen distribution in tanks filled with metal hydride material is studied with neutron computerized tomography (NCT). The results obtained by the different analysis methods are summarized in a final structural model. The complementary information obtained by these different methods is essential for the understanding of the various sorption processes in light metal hydrides and hydrogen storage tanks.
Thermal Cycling Stresses in W‐Monofilament Reinforced Copper
Authors: Schöbel Michael , Jonke Johannes , Degischer H. Peter , Herrmann Aurelia , Brendel Annegret , Wimpory Robert , Buslaps Thomas 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNew materials have to be developed for fusion reactor systems to withstand the high thermal load and heavy irradiation under service conditions. The divertor element collects the residuals of the nuclear reaction and withdraws heat from the reaction chamber into a heat sink. A thermal flux of ≈20 W mK−1 can be expected in such components. A plasma facing W plate is attached to a CuCrZr heat sink suffering CTE mismatch stresses at the interface due to pulsed operation required for the Tokamak reactor design. Fiber reinforced metal matrix composites are applied as an interlayer to reduce macroscopic interfacial stresses in these components. W‐wire reinforced copper is a promising material for this application due to a good fiber‐matrix bonding strength which is further increased by surface etching or graded interface designs. Thermal stresses in between the matrix and the wires are responsible for thermal fatigue damage within the constituents and at their interface. Neutron and synchrotron diffraction was performed in situ during thermal cycling to determine the micro stress amplitudes and their changes under simulated service conditions.
Simultaneous Modification of Bottom‐Contact Electrode and Dielectric Surfaces for Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Through Single‐Component Spin‐Cast Monolayers
Authors: Acton Orb , Dubey Manish , Weidner Tobias , O’Malley Kevin M. , Kim Tae‐Wook , Ting Guy G. , Hutchins Daniel , Baio J. E. , Lovejoy Tracy C. , Gage Alexander H. , Castner David G. , Ma Hong , Jen Alex K.‐Y. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn efficient process is developed by spin‐coating a single‐component, self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) to simultaneously modify the bottom‐contact electrode and dielectric surfaces of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs). This effi cient interface modifi cation is achieved using n‐alkyl phosphonic acid based SAMs to prime silver bottom‐contacts and hafnium oxide (HfO2) dielectrics in low‐voltage OTFTs. Surface characterization using near edge X‐ray absorption fi ne structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and spectroscopic ellipsometry suggest this process yields structurally well‐defi ned phosphonate SAMs on both metal and oxide surfaces. Rational selection of the alkyl length of the SAM leads to greatly enhanced performance for both n‐channel (C60) and p‐channel (pentacene) based OTFTs. Specifi cally, SAMs of n‐octylphos‐phonic acid (OPA) provide both low‐contact resistance at the bottom‐contact electrodes and excellent interfacial properties for compact semiconductor grain growth with high carrier mobilities. OTFTs based on OPA modifi ed silver electrode/HfO2 dielectric bottom‐contact structures can be operated using < 3V with low contact resistance (down to 700 Ohm‐cm), low subthreshold swing (as low as 75 mV dec−1), high on/off current ratios of 107, and charge carrier mobilities as high as 4.6 and 0.8 cm2 V−1 s−1, for C60 and pentacene, respectively. These results demonstrate that this is a simple and efficient process for improving the performance of bottom‐contact OTFTs.
Enhanced Nucleation of Vortices in Soft Magnetic Materials Prepared by Silica Nanosphere Lithography
Authors: Martin Norbert , Bigall Nadja‐Carola , Mönch Ingolf , Gemming Thomas , Eychmüller Alexander , Mattheis Roland , Schäfer Rudolf , Schultz Ludwig , McCord Jeffrey 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMagnetic vortices show promise as data storage structures, however the vortex formation process imposes a lower limit on the element’s size. In this article a technique is presented, which application increases the probability of nucleating of magnetic vortices in sub‐micrometer sized soft magnetic thin film elements. By tailoring the edge geometry of the elements, the symmetry of their magnetic configuration is broken in a manner which favors vortex nucleation. Micromagnetic simulations are presented, which demonstrate this effect in soft‐magnetic disks with beveled edges. The favored edge geometry is realized by applying nanosphere lithography directly on top of a ferromagnetic thin film material. In this process, the film is masked with a self assembled monolayer of SiO2‐nanospheres and subsequently ion‐etched. The resulting magnetic reversal loops show that in both magnetically isolated as well as in closely packed arrays of beveled disks, vortex formation takes place. The technique presented facilitates the vortex formation even in closely packed and small elements. The lowering of the minimum critical diameter for vortex formation enables a significant increase of data storage density in devices based on magnetic vortices.
Wavelength‐Selective Light‐Induced Release from Plasmon Resonant Liposomes
Authors: Leung Sarah J. , Kachur Xenia M. , Bobnick Michael C. , Romanowski Marek 
Published: February 2011

AbstractBiodegradable, spectrally tunable plasmon resonant nanocapsules are created via the deposition of gold onto the surface of 100 nm diameter thermosensitive liposomes. These nanocapsules exhibit selective release of encapsulated contents upon illumination with light of a wavelength matching their distinct resonance bands. In this study, 760 and 1210 nm laser illumination elicits complete release from gold‐coated liposomes with a corresponding resonance, while causing minimal release from liposomes with an unmatching resonance. Spectrally selective release is accomplished through the use of multiple, low‐intensity laser pulses delivered over a period of minutes, ensuring that illumination affects the gold‐coated liposomes without heating the surrounding media. The use of pulsed illumination to achieve spectral selectivity is validated experimentally and through modeling of the heat equation. The result of this illumination scheme for selective release using multiple wavelengths of light is a biologically safe mechanism for realizing drug delivery, microfluidic, and sensor applications.
Die Taube – eine Erfolgsgeschichte. Vom Liebling der Götter zur Eroberung der Städte
Authors: Haag‐Wackernagel Daniel 
Published: February 2011

AbstractKaum ein anderes Tier hat sich so erfolgreich in der Welt des Menschen etabliert wie die Taube. Sie verfügt über Eigenschaften in Physiologie und Verhalten, die sie optimal für eine “Karriere” als Haustier und als vielfältiges Sinnbild für unterschiedliche göttliche Wesen und Tugenden prädisponieren. Diese Assoziationen mit der Taube bilden eine wichtige Grundlage für deren Akzeptanz und Wertschätzung in der Bevölkerung. Straßentauben sind die frei lebenden Nachfahren von Feld‐ und Haustauben. Die Populationsgröße der Tauben wird weitgehend durch den Umfang des Nahrungsangebotes bestimmt. Das Taubenproblem in unseren Städten kann nur durch eine Senkung der Nahrungsgrundlage gelöst werden, da es nicht möglich ist, Taubenpopulationen durch Erhöhung der Mortalität oder Senkung der Natalität nachhaltig zu reduzieren.
Der Riesengleitflieger: verkehrte Landung im Stammbaum der Primaten
Authors: Schmitz Jürgen 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDer Riesengleitflieger, vertreten durch die beiden rezenten Arten Cynocephalus volans (Philippinischer Colugo) und Galeopterus variegatus (Malaysischer Colugo), ist der einzige Vertreter der Dermoptera (übersetzt “Hautflügler”) und wird auch als Pelzflatterer oder Colugo bezeichnet. Einer ersten mitochondrialen Genomanalyse zufolge wurde er als Schwestergruppe der höheren Primaten angesehen – ein Irrtum, wie sich bald herausstellte.
Porträt: Doktorandenprogramm des European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)
Authors: Matuschek Elke 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDas “International PhD Programme” des European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), das 1983 gegründet wurde, ist bekannt für die intensive Betreuung seiner Schützlinge. Das Programm, an dem sich 20 europäische Staaten und Australien als assoziierter Mitgliedsstaat beteiligen, ist an fünf europäischen Standorten aktiv, um Hochschulabsolventen zu Nachwuchswissenschaftlern auszubilden. Unsere Autorin Elke Matuschek sprach mit Helke Hillebrand, Leiterin des EMBL International PhD Programmes am EMBL in Heidelberg.
Hydrolysis of Cellulose over CsxH3–xPW12O40 (X = 1–3) Heteropoly Acid Catalysts
Authors: Tian J. , Fang C. , Cheng M. , Wang X. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA series of insoluble heteropolytungstate salts, CsxH3–xPW12O40 (x = 1–3), were prepared and applied to the selective hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose to sugars in the aqueous phase. CsxH3–xPW12O40 were active toward the hydrolysis of cellulose into total reducing sugars (TRS) and glucose, which are the important products for the application for biofuels. The conversion of cellulose and total yield for the main products increased with increasing acidity of the catalyst. Cs1H2PW12O40 exhibited the best catalytic activity in terms of the conversion of cellulose and yields for TRS and glucose, while Cs2.2H0.8PW12O40 showed the highest selectivity for TRS and glucose.
Structural and Electronic Characteristics of a Novel BEDT‐TTF Derivative: [BEDT‐TTF]2[Cu2Br3]
Authors: Schödel Frauke , Tutsch Ulrich , Isselbächer Friedhelm , Schweitzer Dieter , Sänger Inge , Bolte Michael , Bats Jan W. , Müller Jens , Lang Michael , Wagner Matthias , Lerner Hans‐Wolfram 
Published: February 2011

AbstractCrystals of κ‐[(BEDT‐TTF)2][Cu(N(CN)2)Br] were available with good quality and high reproducibility from the BEDT‐TTF electro‐oxidation with an electrolyte molar ratio [Ph4P][N(CN)2]:CuBr of 1:1 in a mixture of THF and ethylene glycol. Surprisingly, by varying the electrolyte molar ratio from 1:1 to 1:8 a novel type of BEDT‐TTF salt, [BEDT‐TTF]2[Cu2Br3], was formed. The solid‐state structure of [BEDT‐TTF]2[Cu2Br3] consists of stacks of non‐coordinated BEDT‐TTF molecules and stacks of the contact ions [BEDT‐TTF][Cu2Br3] (triclinic space group, P1). The two crystallographically independent [BEDT‐TTF][Cu2Br3] contact ions in the second stack are related by a pseudo‐inversion center. Resistivity measurements on single crystals reveal that [BEDT‐TTF]2[Cu2Br3] possesses a semiconductor‐like behavior under normal pressure from room temperature down to at least 10 K.
Novel Green Light Emitting Nondiscoid Liquid Crystalline Zinc(II) Schiff‐Base Complexes
Authors: Bhattacharjee Chira R. , Das Gobinda , Mondal Paritosh , Prasad Subbarao Krishna , Rao D. S. Shankar 
Published: February 2011

AbstractA new series of nondisc‐like ZnII Schiff base complexes of the type [Zn (4‐CnH2n+1O)2 salophen], n = 14, 16, 18, salophen = N,N′‐phenylenebis(salicylideneiminato), have been prepared and their mesogenic, photophysical properties investigated. The mesomorphic behaviour of these compounds was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The ligands are found to be nonmesogenic, but their complexes exhibited a columnar mesomorphism. The XRD‐study revealed that the molecules are self‐organized into columnar mesophase of the primitive rectangular (Colr) and/or monoclinic oblique type. At room temperature with 360 nm excitation, all the complexes showed green emission in dichloromethane solution (ca. 507 nm, Φ = 22 %) as well as in the solid state (ca. 516 nm, Φ = 9 %). The DFT calculations were performed using the DMol3 program at BLYP/DNP level to obtain the stable electronic structure of the complex.
Metathesis Reactions of Carbohydrates: Recent Highlights in Alkyne Metathesis
Authors: López J. Cristóbal , Plumet Joaquín 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMetathesis processes play a prominent role in the development of useful synthetic transformations because of their mildness and tolerance of functional groups. On the other hand, carbohydrates have gained well‐deserved importance in the study of biological processes. This review summarizes a decade of research in the application of alkyne metathesis (AM) reactions in some of its variants to carbohydrates and carbohydrate‐related compounds.
Fourfold Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling Reactions on Tetrahedral Methane and Adamantane Derivatives
Authors: Schilling Christine I. , Plietzsch Oliver , Nieger Martin , Muller Thierry , Bräse Stefan 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn efficient way to generate a series of rigid tetrahedral organic building units from common methane and adamantane precursors is presented. Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira cross‐coupling reactions are used to effectively generate these shape‐persistent molecular tectons. Especially theSonogashira reactions employing the readily available tetrahedral alkynes and commercial iodides and bromides are very effective.
I2‐Induced Stereospecific Synthesis of 4‐Piperidones through Double Mannich Reaction and Tandem Cyclization
Authors: Jia Xiao‐Dong , Chen Xiang‐Ning , Wang Xiao‐E , Huo Cong‐De , Wang Wen‐Juan , Ren Yan , Wang Xi‐Cun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn I2‐induced double Mannich reaction and tandem cyclization of imines and ketones was investigated for the synthesis of a series of 1,2,6‐triaryl‐4‐piperidones. During the process of cyclization, only one product was produced out of four possible 4‐piperidones. Two pathways involving the balance between chelation effects and hydrogen bonding were proposed to rationalize the formation of the products, which was supported by further investigation of the reaction between β‐aminoketones and imines.