bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of PVP‐iodine as an adjunct to non‐surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Rosling B. , Hellström M.‐K. , Ramberg P. , Socransky S. S. , Lindhe J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective: The present study was performed to assess the effect of topically‐applied PVP‐iodine, used as an adjunct both during basic non‐surgical therapy and at re‐treatment during the long‐term maintenance of patients with advanced periodontal disease.Material and Methods: 223 patients with advanced destructive periodontitis were recruited. The participants met the following inclusion criteria: (i) a minimum of 8 non‐molar teeth, (ii) probing pocket depth of 6 mm at 2 teeth in each dentate quadrant, and radiographic bone loss exceeding 40% at the same teeth. A baseline I examination included assessment of plaque, gingivitis, probing pocket depth (PPD), probing attachment level (PAL) and radiographic bone height (R×BL). Following baseline I, the patients were stratified into 2 treatment groups; 2 subjects out of 3 were included in a control group and 1 in a test group. All participants, on an individual basis, received a case presentation and were instructed in proper self‐performed plaque control measures. Non‐surgical therapy was performed by the use of an ultrasonic device. The instrumentation in the test group was combined with the administration of 0.1% PVP‐iodine. All subjects were recalled for comprehensive examinations 3, 6 and 12 months (baseline II) after baseline I and then after 3, 5 and 13 years of maintenance therapy. PAL determinations were performed annually. Subjects (losers) who at the re‐examinations after 1, 2 and 3 years of maintenance demonstrated an annual further loss of PAL 2 mm at 4 teeth were exited from the study and referred for re‐treatment. There were 9 losers in the test and 31 in the control group. In addition, 8 subjects in the test and 25 subjects in the control group withdrew from the trial for reasons unrelated to the study. These 73 subjects were not included in the data presentation from the various examinations.Results: It was demonstrated that non‐surgical periodontal therapy resulted in (i) improved gingival conditions, (ii) reduced PPD, (iii) gain in PAL. It was also documented that the topical application of 0.1% PVP‐iodine in conjunction with the mechanical root debridement established conditions which further improved the outcome of therapy. This was evidenced by the fact that at the 3, 6, and 12 months re‐examinations after baseline I, the test group had significantly lower mean PPD values and significantly more gain of PAL than the control group. During the 12 years of SPT, it was possible for most subjects in both groups to maintain shallow pockets and to avoid marked further loss of PAL. There were, however, a larger number of losers in the control than in the test group.Conclusion: PVP‐iodine, topically applied during subgingival instrumentation, may improve the outcome of non‐surgical periodontal therapy.
The effect of polyvinyl pyrrolidone on the clinical activity of 0.09% and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinses
Authors: Claydon N. , Manning C. M. , Darby‐Dowman A. , Ridge D. , Smith S. , Addy M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground: Previous studies have shown that polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) added to a chlorhexidine rinse reduced extrinsic dental stain but at the expense of a reduction in plaque inhibitory activity. This effect appeared due to a reduction in the effective chlorhexidine dose to levels where dose response studies show plaque inhibition falls off rapidly. The aim of these 2 clinical studies was to determine if PVP could be added to chlorhexidine rinses to maintain efficacy and reduce staining.Method: Study 1 involved 42 healthy dentate volunteers and was a blind, randomised, 7 treatment, crossover design balanced for residual effects. The rinses were: 1. 0.09% chlorhexidine to which was added, 2. 1% PVP, 3. 3% PVP, 4. 5% PVP, 5. 7% PVP, 6. Placebo, 7. Essential oil product. Rinses were used 2× on day one of each period after a prophylaxis. Subjects suspended tooth cleaning for 24 h and were then scored for plaque area. Study 2 used the experimental gingivitis model, involved 24 healthy dentate subjects and was a blind, randomised, 3 treatment, crossover design balanced for residual effects. The rinses were 1. 0.2% chlorhexidine, 2. 0.2% chlorhexidine/10% PVP, 3. Placebo. At baseline and the end of each study period subjects were rendered plaque, stain and calculus free, suspended oral hygiene and rinsed 2× per day. Plaque, gingivitis and stain were scored at baseline, 1, 2, and 3 weeks. Calculus was scored at baseline and 3 weeks.Results: Study 1: Buccal plaque scores were significantly lower with all rinses compared to placebo. Also all buccal plaque scores were significantly lower with chlorhexidine and chlorhexidine/PVP rinses compared to the essential oil/phenolic rinse. There were no significant differences between the chlorhexidine rinse and the chlorhexidine/PVP rinses. Analyses for buccal and lingual plaque combined produced, with one exception, the same results for rinse comparisons as for buccal plaque alone. Thus the essential oil/phenolic rinse just failed to reach significance compared to placebo. Study 2: Plaque and gingivitis scores were significantly lower with positive control and test rinses compared to placebo but with no difference between these rinses. Tooth and tongue stain was significantly higher with the positive control and test rinses compared to placebo but not significantly different between these 2 rinses. Calculus scores were not significantly different between the three study rinses.Conclusion: Taken with previous data, the balance of evidence does not support PVP as an inhibitor of staining associated with chlorhexidine. These data are further evidence that chlorhexidine oral hygiene products, which, do not or claim not to cause staining, are most probably lacking efficacy.
PMN responses following use of 2 biodegradable GTR membranes
Authors: Buchmann Rainer , Hasilik Andrej , Heinecke Achim , Lange Dieter E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectives: In the present prospective trial, the PMN response following resorbable GTR barrier placement was evaluated in mandibular class II furcation lesions.Materials and Methods: In 10 patients with treated chronic periodontitis, we randomly selected the 1st molars in the mandible with buccal degree II furcation involvement for either polylactic‐citric‐acid‐ester (PLA) or glycolide‐lactic‐copolymer (PGL) GTR membrane therapy. We examined contralateral healthy molar sites as untreated controls. We then evaluated the PMN‐derived inflammatory tissue response at baseline, weekly up to 6 weeks post‐therapy and at 12 and 24 weeks using GCF myeloperoxidase (MPO), beta‐glucuronidase (βG) and beta‐N‐acetyl‐hexosaminidase (βNAH).Results: The enzyme levels increased from baseline to the 6‐week examination. After the 6‐week reappointment, enzyme levels dropped reaching the baseline scores at both the 12‐ and 24‐week visit. At PGL sites, the enzyme levels decreased earlier. Compared with healthy control sites, the MPO, βNAH and βG tests revealed different maximum levels at week 2 and 3 (PGL) and week 4, 5 and 6 (PLA). For both of the barriers the clinical parameters revealed a sustained improvement following therapy.Conclusion: The release of PMN enzymes following placement of bioabsorbable membranes reflects the early soft tissue healing process. Our results suggest that the PMN response is barrier‐dependent with the maximum response occuring at different times. However, the host response did not measureably affect the course of clinical healing.
Generalized cervical root resorption associated with periodontal disease
Authors: Beertsen Wouter , Piscaer Mahé , Van Winkelhoff Arie Jan , Everts Vincent 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground and description of case:The etiology and pathogenesis of generalized cervical root resorptions is not well understood. In the present report, a case of severe cervical root resorption involving 24 anterior and posterior teeth is presented. The lesions developed within a period of 2 years after the patient had changed to an acid‐enriched diet. They extended far into the coronal dentin and were associated with gingival inflammation and crestal bone resorption. However, no generalized clinical attachment loss had occurred. Culturing of subgingival plaque revealed the presence of several putative periodontal pathogens among whichActinobacillus actinomycetemcomitansandPorphyromonas gingivalis.Treatment consisted of mechanical debridement supported by systemic antibiotics (amoxycillin plus metronidazole) and dietary advice.Results:Within 1 year after the onset of treatment, all resorptive lesions had repaired by ingrowth of a radio‐opaque mineralized tissue. The crestal areas showed radiological evidence of bone repair. 3 years after the onset of therapy, one premolar was extracted and examined histologically. It appeared that irregularly‐shaped masses of woven bone‐like tissue had invaded into the domain of the resorbed coronal dentin and were bordered by thin layers of acellular cementum.Conclusion:It is concluded that, in this patient, the cervical resorptions were likely the result of an osteoclastic response extending into the roots because the root‐protective role of the junctional epithelium did not develop. We hypothesize that this was due to the combined effects of a periodontopathogenic microflora and a dietary confounding factor.
Effect of an enamel matrix protein derivative (Emdogain®) on ex vivo dental plaque vitality
Authors: Sculean Anton , Auschill Thorsten M. , Donos Nikolaos , Brecx Michel , Arweiler Nicole B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground: A common clinical observation following surgical periodontal therapy with an enamel matrix derivative (Emdogain®) is the improved healing of the soft tissues and the limited inflammation of the operated areas. These clinical observations are empirical and difficult to explain. One of the factors influencing the early wound healing might be a potential antimicrobial effect of Emdogain®.Aim: To investigate the effect of Emdogain® on the vitality of ex vivo supragingival dental plaque and to compare this effect to that of a standard 0.2% chlorhexidine solution.Materials and Methods: 24 patients suffering from adult periodontitis were included in the study. At the beginning of the experiment, all participants were given a professional tooth cleaning. For the following 4 days, they had to refrain from any kind of oral hygiene measures. At day 5, from each of the volunteers, a voluminous plaque biofilm sample was taken with a sterile curette from the vestibular surfaces of the 1st lower molars and divided into 5 equal parts. Each part was mounted with 5 μl of the following solutions: (1) NaCl, (2) enamel matrix derivative dissolved in water (EMD), (3) enamel matrix derivative dissolved in the vehicle (Emdogain®), (4) vehicle (propylene glycol alginate, PGA), (5) 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). After a reaction time of 2 min the test solutions were sucked off, and subsequently the biofilm was stained with a fluorescence dye. The vitality of the plaque flora after the treatments was evaluated under the fluorescence microscope (VF%).Results: Plaque samples treated with NaCl showed a mean vitality of 76.8±8%. The EMD, Emdogain®, PGA and CHX showed VF values of 54.4±9.2, 21.4±10.6%, 19.6±11.6% and 32.3±11.8%, respectively. Emdogain®, PGA and CHX showed statistically highly significant reductions (p<0.0001) in terms of bacteria vitality when compared to water (negative control) and EMD. Both Emdogain® and PGA were found to be statistically significantly different compared to CHX (p<0.001) (positive control).Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that Emdogain® might have an antibacterial effect on the vitality of the ex vivo supragingival dental plaque flora.
Clinical crown height (length) – a review of published measurements
Authors: Volchansky Alfred , Cleaton‐Jones Peter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground, aims: Clinical crown height is an objective measure of the position of the gingival margin which could be used in determining the ‘normal’ position of the gingival margin. The aim of this study was to do a systematic review of published clinical crown heights in the human permanent dentition to compare the measurements and to see if a clear trend with age exists.Material and Methods: An on‐line literature search was done using the key words clinical crown height (or) clinical crown length. From January 1975 to August 2000, 11 published papers have listed measurements; three of these report on all tooth types, the remainder on anterior teeth.Results: All studies used the same measuring technique but age group reporting differed as did the tooth types measured. Measurements from the 10 acceptable studies of the clinical crown height of the same teeth are comparable at similar ages, so published values are reasonable estimates of ‘normality’ for diagnosis. There is a statistically significant increase in clinical crown height of central and lateral incisors with age that slows as age increases.
Survival analysis for degree of compliance with supportive periodontal therapy
Authors: Ojima M. , Hanioka T. , Shizukuishi S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground, aims: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the degree of compliance for supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) and to determine factors in relation to patients who failed to continue SPT programs.Method: A sample of 1896 patients who were treated between 1988 and 1999 was studied. The patients were classified by gender, age group and the distance between their house and the hospital. The number of visits was counted based on an electronic patient record for SPT. Data were analyzed by survival analysis. Survival probabilities in SPT were estimated by the Kaplan‐Meier method and compared by the generalized Wilcoxon test.Results: 28% of patients did not comply with the first visit for SPT. The older patients had higher tendencies to continue the SPT program than the younger patients. No significant differences in compliance were found between males and females or between short‐distance and long‐distance groups. However, when these factors were adjusted by age, significantly different patterns were shown on the curves of survival probability: in males, significant differences were found between the 20 s and 30 s (p<0.00001) and between the 50 s and 60 s (p<0.01). In females, significant differences were found between the 40 s and 50 s (p<0.001) and between the 60 s and 70 s (p<0.001). The differences of the survival probability by age group were greater in the short‐distance group than in the long‐distance group.Conclusions: The results suggest that age is the most important factor for compliance of the patients with SPT, not only alone but also in relation to the other factors.
Effect of different chlorhexidine formulations in mouthrinses on de novo plaque formation
Authors: Quirynen Marc , Avontroodt Pieter , Peeters Wouter , Pauwels Martine , Coucke Wim , Van Steenberghe Daniel 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground: Chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.2% solution, still the golden standard as mouthrinse for the prevention of plaque formation and development of gingivitis, has some limited side‐effects such as extrinsic tooth staining, poor taste, taste disturbance, sensitivity changes in tongue, pain, and the content of alcohol. These side effects led to the search of new formulations.Methods: In this double‐blind, randomised, cross‐over study, 16 young dental students with a healthy periodontium, abolished all means of mechanical plaque control during 4 experimental periods of 11 days (separated from each other by a washout period of 3 weeks). During each experimental period, they rinsed 2× daily with one of the following mouthrinses in a randomised order: CHX 0.2% + alcohol (Corsodyl®), CHX 0.12% + alcohol (Perio.Aid®), CHX 0.12% + sodium fluoride 0.05% (Cariax Gingival®) and CHX 0.12% + CPC 0.05% (Perio.Aid®, new formulation). After 7 and 11 days of undisturbed plaque formation, clinical parameters were recorded, questionnaires completed and plaque samples (supragingivally and saliva) collected.Results: The CHX 0.12% + alcohol and the CHX 0.12% + CPC 0.05% formulations were as efficient as the CHX 0.2% mouthrinse in retarding de novo plaque formation (proven by clinical observations as well as by anaerobic and aerobic culture data), and always superior (p<0.001) to the CHX 0.12% + sodium fluoride 0.05% solution. The subjective ratings were in favour of the new CHX formulation when compared with the other CHX formulations, especially for taste (p<0.05).Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated the potential of a new CHX 0.12% + CPC 0.05% non‐alcoholic formulation as an effective anti‐plaque and anti‐inflammatory agent with reduced unpleasant subjective side‐effects.
A longitudinal study of interleukin‐1 gene polymorphisms and periodontal disease in a general adult population
Authors: Cullinan Mary P. , Westerman Bill , Hamlet Stephen M. , Palmer Janet E. , Faddy Malcolm J. , Lang Niklaus P. , Seymour Gregory J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground: Cross‐sectional studies have demonstrated that a specific polymorphism (allele 2 of both IL‐1A +4845 and IL‐1B +3954) in the IL‐1 gene cluster has been associated with an increased susceptibility to severe periodontal disease and to an increased bleeding tendency during periodontal maintenance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between IL‐1 genotype and periodontitis in a prospective longitudinal study in an adult population of essentially European heritage.Methods: From an ongoing study of the Oral Care Research Programme of The University of Queensland, 295 subjects consented to genotyping for IL‐1 allele 2 polymorphisms. Probing depths and relative attachment levels were recorded at baseline, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 months using the Florida probe. Periodontitis progression at a given site was defined as attachment loss 2 mm at any observation period during the 5 years of the study and the extent of disease progression determined by the number of sites showing attachment loss. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Prevotella intermedia were detected using ELISA.Results: 38.9% of the subjects were positive for the composite IL‐1 genotype. A relationship between the IL‐1 positive genotype and increased mean probing pocket depth in non‐smokers greater than 50 years of age was found. Further, IL‐1 genotype positive smokers and genotype positive subjects with P. gingivalis in their plaque had an increase in the number of probing depths 3.5 mm. There was a consistent trend for IL‐1 genotype positive subjects to experience attachment loss when compared with IL‐1 genotype negative subjects.Conclusion: The results of this study have shown an interaction of the IL‐1 positive genotype with age, smoking and P. gingivalis which suggests that IL‐1 genotype is a contributory but non‐essential risk factor for periodontal disease progression in this population.
The quantification of dental plaque using an image analysis system: reliability and validation
Authors: Smith R. N. , Brook A. H. , Elcock C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim: Established clinical indices used to measure dental plaque have limitations. The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a new method of quantitative plaque measurement, with increased sensitivity and reproducibility, using a purpose designed image analysis system.Method: After plaque disclosure, the patient was positioned in a cephalometric head holder mounted in a custom‐built frame with standard lighting and camera position. A 32‐bit Digital Camera grabbed the image of the patient’s teeth, which was analysed using Adobe Photoshop (V5.02, Adobe Systems Ltd, Europe) and Image Pro Plus software (V4.0, Media Cybernetics, USA). Measurements were made on 120 incisors in 15 patients and reproducibility was assessed using Fliess’ Coefficient of Reliability. Sensitivity was assessed by comparison of results of treatment effects from a clinical trial involving 30 patients. Analysis of covariance was used to compare the image analysis system with the Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein plaque index and the Addy plaque area index.Results: The results were within the ‘Excellent Reliability’ category, for inter‐operator reproducibility and intra‐operator repeatability.Conclusions: This new system provided accurate quantitative measurements of dental plaque and labial tooth surfaces and was shown to have increased sensitivity when compared with the Turesky modification of the Quigley and Hein plaque index and the Addy plaque area index. The stored images can be re‐measured for reliability and comparability between studies.
Distribution of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia in an Australian population
Authors: Hamlet S. M. , Cullinan M. P. , Westerman B. , Lindeman M. , Bird P. S. , Palmer J. , Seymour G. J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground, aim: The present study describes (i) the natural distribution of the three putative periodontopathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in an Australian population and (ii) the relationship between these organisms, pocket depths and supragingival plaque scores.Methods: Subgingival plaque was collected from the shallowest and deepest probing site in each sextant of the dentition. In total, 6030 subgingival plaque samples were collected from 504 subjects. An ELISA utilising pathogen‐specific monoclonal antibodies was used to quantitate bacterial numbers.Results:: A. actinomycetemcomitans was the most frequently detected organism (22.8% of subjects) followed by P. gingivalis and P. intermedia (14.7% and 9.5% of subjects respectively). The majority of infected subjects (83%) were colonised by a single species of organism. A. actinomycetemcomitans presence was over‐represented in the youngest age group but under‐represented in the older age groups. Conversely, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia presence was under‐represented in the youngest age group but over‐represented in the older age groups. Differing trends in the distribution of these bacteria were observed between subjects depending upon the site of the infection or whether a single or mixed infection was present; however, these differences did not reach significance. Bacterial presence was strongly associated with pocket depth for both A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. gingivalis. For A. actinomycetemcomitans, the odds of a site containing this bacterium decrease with deeper pockets. In contrast, for P. gingivalis the odds of a site being positive are almost six times greater for pockets >3 mm than for pockets 3 mm. These odds increase further to 15.3 for pockets deeper than 5 mm. The odds of a site being P. intermedia positive were marginally greater (1.16) for pockets deeper than 3 mm.Conclusions: This cross‐sectional study in a volunteer Australian population, demonstrated recognised periodontal pathogens occur as part of the flora of the subgingival plaque. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to examine the positive relationship between pocket depth and pathogen presence with periodontal disease initiation and/or progression.