bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Hladký Vojtěch 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter gives basic background information regarding the Derveni papyrus, which is one of the most ancient Greek papyri that have come to us. It mentions the archaeological circumstances of the discovery papyrus at a tomb from the late fourth century bce. Then it describes in detail the tortuous history of the editing and publication of the text, which can be most plausibly dated to the late fifth century. The text contains several layers, being a late Presocratic commentary on an Orphic poem. This introduction provides an overview of the structure of the preserved part of the Derveni treatise and the various motifs in it. It also outlines the main approaches to the complex text which is interpreted either as a religious document displaying contemporary philosophical influences, or as a philosophical text dealing with non-mainstream religious ideas. Finally, it states the interpretative approach of the book that follows.
The Opening Columns
Authors: Hladký Vojtěch 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter focuses mainly on the opening columns of the Derveni papyrus (I–VI) which contains a description of a ritual, often considered to be Orphic. However, in column IV two fragments of Heraclitus are quoted that seem to complicate a picture. A comparison with the Pseudo-Heraclitean Epistles shows that in the opening columns, Heraclitus is more present than assumed so far. Moreover, a comparison of column VI with the Protrepticus of Clement of Alexandria reveals that some rare words can be attributed to Heraclitus as a hitherto unknown fragment. In columns XI and XX, containing divinatory and ritual motifs, two further prospective fragments can be possibly identified. The souls that direct the procedure of the ritual can be interpreted as airy physical principles, close to Heraclitus and the Anaxagoreans. The ritual can be thus explained as a philosophical reinterpretation of various religious motifs taken most notably from Heraclitus.
The Orphic Poem
Authors: Hladký Vojtěch 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The chapter analyses the Orphic poem which the Derveni author comments upon, a verse after a verse, from column VII on. First, it introduces Orpheus, Orphic mysteries and most notably early Orphic poems. Then an overview of all the lines and fragment of verses is given, after which their detailed analysis is provided. The Orphic poem from the Derveni papyrus follows closely Hesiod’s Theogony, but differs from it in some significant points. In the reconstruction provided, Ouranos is castrated by Kronos who ‘swallows his phallus’, symbolizing the generative power and rule over the world. Moreover, it is argued that the phallus is identified with the Sun. It is then taken over by Zeus who becomes one with other beings, shaping the whole world and becoming the cosmic god. He secures the exclusivity of his rule by uniting with his mother, thus overturning the regular relations between the divine generations.
What Are Reasons?
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins the task of exploring reasons from the inside out. We begin with the question of what kind of thing reasons can be—what sort of thing can be said to be a reason for something else. Reason diagrams are introduced as a way of thinking about the internal structure of the reason relation that is neutral between different theories and different senses of ‘reason’. Evidence that bears on the answer to our question is marshaled from the language of ‘reason’ ascriptions and from each of the explanatory and deliberative roles for reasons. Some of the philosophical consequences of different answers to our question are explored.
Reasons and Evidence
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we continue our exploration of the relationship between normative reasons and closely related concepts, focusing on the case of evidence. Close parallels between reasons and evidence are explored and used to motivate the idea that there must be some close relationship. The thesis of Reasons as Evidence, that reasons are just a special case of evidence, is introduced and motivated. Puzzle cases for this thesis are introduced and explored. The contrary thesis that evidence is a special case of reason is also introduced and explored, and objections are raised to this thesis as well.
Reasons and Deliberation
Authors: Robert Howard Nathan , Schroeder Mark 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter concludes the task in Part 2 to explore the connections between reasons and closely related concepts by considering the relationship between reasons and reasoning or deliberation. The deliberative role of reasons establishes that reasons have some connection to deliberation but underspecifies what that connection is. But various forms of the Reasoning View develop this connection into a hypothesis about what it is for something to be a reason. Problems for simple formulations of the Reasoning View are introduced and developed that challenge each of its necessity, and its sufficiency, for something to be a reason for action, and parallels are drawn with problems for the thesis of Reasons as Evidence. But a solution to each of these problems is introduced as well that suggests what form the Reasoning View should take.
Adaptation to a Single Environment
Authors: Kassen Rees 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theory of adaptation, and relevant experimental tests, in what is thought to be the simplest of all possible scenarios, a uniform and unvarying environment. Particular attention is paid to evaluating to what extent the predictions of the most commonly used models of adaptation—Fisher’s geometric model and the mutational landscape model—are modulated by life in a low or high mutation supply regime. I consider the rate and extent of adaptation when genetic variation is supplied solely by mutation as well as when selection sorts among standing variation and how the predictions of the basic theory are modulated by introducing more biological realism such as recombination, ploidy, and epistasis.
The Rate and Extent of Diversification
Authors: Kassen Rees 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Evolutionary diversification can be highly variable in space, time, and across different taxa. Why? This chapter offers some answers. The central organizing theme is the ecological theory of diversification, which sees divergent selection imposed by variation in the environment as the primary driver of diversification. Any ecological or genetic factor that modulates the strength of divergent selection or the extent of ecological opportunity can impact the pace and extent of diversification. Microbial evolution experiments provide strong support for the ecological theory, although they also reveal a major limitation. The theory has focused on the conditions promoting the emergence and maintenance of ecological diversity but not its long-term fate in the face of continued adaptive evolution. Whether diversity is maintained indefinitely, continues to rise, or eventually is lost, is an important unresolved question at the heart of evidence-informed approaches to sustainability and conservation biology.
Genetics and Genomics of Diversification
Authors: Kassen Rees 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A general theory of diversification needs to account for genetics as well as ecology. Yet access to the suite of genetic changes underpinning diversification has only recently become available. This chapter assembles and synthesizes what microbial evolution experiments have taught us about the genetics of diversification. By and large, there is little distinction between adaptive diversification to multiple environments and adaptation to a single environment. Both the functional properties of the genes involved and the kinds of mutations that occur are similar. Diversification can occur rapidly and repeatably when a single mutation, often in a global gene regulator, incurs a large fitness cost. More often, though, adaptive diversification in multiple environments is usually a less repeatable process than adaptation to a single environment. These results suggest that the hierarchical genomic architecture of organisms can play an important role in rapid diversification. Moreover, there is little evidence there are so-called genes for diversification or specific kinds of genetic change that promote diversification.
J. S. Bach
Authors: Stauffer George B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bach’s organ works—more than 250 chorale settings and free pieces—were preserved as precious relics by his sons and students after his death. Filled with bold, dramatic passages and fully independent pedal parts, they represent the most important body of music in the organ repertoire and the only genre that Bach turned to continuously throughout his life, from his earliest efforts as a teenager in Ohrdruf to his final deathbed revisions as a dying cantor in Leipzig. This new account is the first to trace the evolution of the organ works within the broad context of Bach’s development as a composer. With detailed discussions of the individual pieces, it shows how Bach initially drew on contemporary models from Germany and France before evolving a personal idiom based on the concertos of Antonio Vivaldi. In Leipzig he went still further, synthesizing national and historical styles to produce cosmopolitan masterpieces of supreme elegance and sophistication. Serving as a backdrop to this growth was the emergence of the Central German pre-Romantic organ, which inspired Bach to write pieces with unique chamber music, choral, and orchestral qualities. This survey follows these developments through each phase, showing how Bach’s unending quest for novelty, innovation, and refinement resulted in organ works that continue to reward and astound listeners today.
Study and Models
Authors: Stauffer George B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Unlike Mozart or Liszt, Bach was not a child prodigy. As a youth, he worked methodically and diligently to master contemporary styles of keyboard writing, first studying Central and South German techniques with his brother Johann Christoph in Ohrdruf and then examining North German practices with his mentor Georg Böhm in Lüneburg. Chapter 2 focuses on this journey. From the works of Johann Pachelbel, Johann Michael Bach, and others, Bach gained fluency in Central German cantabile writing and an acquaintance with forms such as the fore-imitation chorale, the chorale partita, and the prelude and fugue. From the works of Böhm, Dieterich Buxtehude, and others, he absorbed the dramatic North German stylus fantasticus, together with the use of obbligato pedal and forms such as the multisectional praeludium and florid-melody chorale. It was Bach’s ability to amalgamate these diverse styles that led to the complex idiom of his early keyboard works.
Free Works
Authors: Stauffer George B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores the free works Bach composed during his Arnstadt and Mühlhausen years, a period of intense experimentation. Bach focused briefly on the North German multisectional praeludium pedaliter, writing just two pieces in this format—the iconic Toccata in D Minor, BWV 565, and the ambitious Praeludium in E Major, BWV 566, before turning more decisively to prelude-fugue pairs, filling the modest Central German form with dramatic North German gestures. The Prelude and Fugue in G Minor, BWV 535a, shows that he was more interested in fugues than preludes at this point. This is also evident in several independent fugues from this time, including works based on themes from trio sonatas of Bononcini and Corelli. Bach also wrote several pieces that defy easy classification, including the Fantasia in G Major, BWV 571, and the Praeludium in A Minor, BWV 569.
The Concerto Transcriptions
Authors: Stauffer George B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bach’s transcriptions of concertos by Antonio Vivaldi and Prince Johann Ernst are among the most inventive and daring of his organ works. They call for rapid changes of manual, the use of double pedal, stop changes, and other highly unusual performance techniques that set them apart from his other compositions. The challenge of transferring the concertos to the organ may have spurred Bach to unprecedented feats of creativity, and the five surviving works (a sixth transcription of a concerto by Georg Philipp Telemann is lost) may have been the “incomparable things” that Bach is said to have unveiled on the newly restored Wender organ in the Court Chapel in 1713. Chapter 9 considers the challenges of the transcription process and the music of Bach’s arrangements. It also considers the aesthetics of Bach’s additions to Vivaldi’s concertos and ponders whether his Italian counterpart would have approved of the changes.
Large Chorale Settings
Authors: Stauffer George B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Bach’s study of Central and North German methods of chorale preluding came to full fruition in Weimar, resulting in the composition of large pedal pieces of remarkable invention and beauty. These pieces can be divided into five categories: fore-imitation settings, florid-melody settings, chorale trios, cantus firmus settings, and eclectic blends. In each case, Bach built upon the work of his predecessors and took the chorale prelude to a new level of sophistication. In settings such as the “Fantasia super Komm, heiliger Geist, Herre Gott,” BWV 651a, and “Nun komm, der Heiden Heiland,” BWV 661a, he reinterpreted cantus firmus technique within the context of Vivaldi’s concerto idiom and strict fugue writing, respectively. In yet another extraordinary work, “Sei gegrüßet, Jesu gütig,” BWV 768, Bach reimagined the modest Central German manual partita, creating a monumental set of 11 variations for manual and pedal. Chapter 10 explores this development by examining the individual works.
Bach in Cöthen
Authors: Stauffer George B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 14 focuses on Bach’s new position at the court of Prince Leopold in Cöthen, where he served as capellmeister from 1717 to 1723. The court was Calvinist, and as a result Bach was not responsible for church music or organ composition. Instead, he directed a small but highly talented instrumental ensemble, for which he wrote large amounts of chamber music and an occasional secular cantata. It was at this time, perhaps spurred by the acquisition of a new Michael Mietke harpsichord from Berlin, that Bach began to assemble pedagogical collections of keyboard music: the Inventions and Sinfonias, the English and French Suites, and the first volume of the Well-Tempered Clavier. The Cöthen years represented a hiatus in the creation of organ music. The repertoire benefited later, however, from the infusion of secular dance elements into Bach’s compositional idiom, resulting in lighter textures and an abundance of chamber meters.
Free Works: Singular Pieces and Late Prelude-and-Fugue Pairs
Authors: Stauffer George B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
During the Leipzig years Bach composed two singular free works that are difficult to classify: the Pastorella in F Major, BWV 590, and the Allabreve in D Major, BWV 589. The first is a miniature pastoral suite, consisting of four rustic dances, mostly for manual performance; the second is an alla breve instrumental movement exhibiting Renaissance-style vocal imitation. In his final years Bach also returned for the last time to the prelude and fugue, composing the Prelude and Fugue in C Major (“9/8”), with its concerto prelude and intense, five-part art fugue; the Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 562, with its unfortunately incomplete five-part fugue; and the Fantasia and Fugue in C Minor, BWV 537, with its highly expressive prelude and dramatic da capo fugue. The last work points forward to nineteenth-century Romanticism and seems to have been Bach’s last statement on the prelude and fugue.
The Schübler Chorales
Authors: Stauffer George B. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Chapter 24 is devoted to the Schübler Chorales, a collection of six chorale settings published around 1748 by Johann Georg Schübler in Zella. Five of the settings are organ transcriptions of arias from Bach’s chorale cantata cycle of 1724–1725. The sixth setting, “Wo soll ich fliehen hin,” BWV 646, appears to be an original organ piece. Schübler’s printed edition was greatly flawed, containing many errors that Bach sought to correct by making handwritten changes in exemplars found today in music libraries located in Princeton and Vienna. In some instances, Bach not only corrected mistakes but improved the text of the music. All six Schübler settings are progressive ritornello chorales, presenting the hymn melody as a simple cantus firmus. Bach may have wished to publish them in order to show that he was capable of writing chorale settings in an up-to-date style. They remain among his most popular organ works today.
The Complications of Federalism for Public Health
Authors: Francis Leslie P. , Francis John G. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Pandemics know no political borders, so they present serious challenges for federalism. Public health over the centuries has served intertwined goals of national security and the health of the people. In the United States today, the federal government has exclusive responsibilities for immigration and shares responsibilities with the states for the regulation of commerce. Within the nation’s borders, advantages of the federal government include resources, comprehensive data collection, and coordination of policies and information. Advantages of the states include knowledge of local conditions and greater likelihood of acceptance of policies that may prove unpopular. This chapter explores the ethical issues that arise as the U.S. federal system grapples with the spread of pandemic diseases such as the Great Influenza of 1918–1920, polio, HIV/AIDS, and COVID-19. Pandemic interventions can be viewed as natural experiments subject to ethical evaluation. This chapter compares these efforts to national approaches to noncontagious conditions that have been brought within the scope of public health, using the example of obesity. It concludes that the federal government’s greatest success has been in encouraging or financing vaccine development but that it has not done what it could to create common strategies and messages about serious contagious diseases.
Early Neutral Assessment and Evaluation as a Settlement Process
Authors: McNamara Kathleen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Early neutral evaluation (ENE) is growing in popularity as a unique alternative dispute resolution (ADR) process. ENE often averts the need for protracted discovery and provides a cost-effective alternative to a comprehensive child custody evaluation. ENE has been found to be an effective settlement process for both child custody issues and financial disputes. This chapter describes the ENE process, when it may be a valuable option, where it fits in the ADR menu of options, and variations in its application. Potential issues and limitations of ENE are examined as well as safeguards when working with vulnerable populations. Oversight, efficacy, and future directions of ENE are discussed.
Introduction: Sexuality on the Outside
Authors: Suárez Juan A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter theorizes the need to conceptualize sexuality not only in relation to human subjectivity and corporeality but also in relation to the “exteriority” of the material horizon. In this way, it lays the conceptual ground for the explorations that follow. It reviews queer theory’s (relatively scant) engagements with materiality and material culture and proposes the fusion of various strands of “new materialism” with queer understandings of the body, sexuality, relationality, memory, and affect. In this way, queerness emerges also as a way of relating to—and through—a material outside. The chapter also provides the main chronological frame for this study. It places queer experimental film against transformations in material culture from the middle to the end of the twentieth century and argues that film offers an archive of queer styles of engagement with, and intervention in, the modern everyday.
Aztec Latin
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This book calls attention to the importance of Renaissance humanism for indigenous history in early colonial Mexico. It shows how humanism’s most pervasive disciplines and practices—the study of grammar, the cultivation of eloquence, the training of leaders, scholarly translation, and antiquarian research—were transformed in New Spain to serve the interests of native elites as well as those of the Spanish authorities and religious orders. Recognition of the extent to which the first Mexican authors mastered and made use of European learning is bound to challenge some long-held assumptions, but this carefully documented study brings together the history of scholarship and early colonial history to offer a fresh assessment of what those indigenous authors really achieved. A detailed account of the Franciscans’ initiative to provide youths from the native nobility with an advanced Latin education provides the basis for examination of various kinds of writing produced by the friars and their native students over the course of the 1500s: manuals and vocabularies of Mesoamerican languages; translations of the Gospels, of a wide range of devotional literature, and of Aesop’s fables into the Mexican language of Nahuatl; and original writing in Latin and Nahuatl. Several testimonies about Aztec history and belief, ranging from the Florentine Codex to indigenous testimonies and chronicles, are also introduced or reassessed. Aztec Latin will be of interest to historians of Aztec and colonial Mexico, Renaissance humanism, classical reception, Latin, and Nahuatl.
Income Inequality and COVID-19
Authors: Kawachi Ichiro 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Inequality in the societal distribution of income has been put forward as a threat to population health. In the case of COVID, income inequality has hampered the ability of societies to mount an effective, coordinated response to the crisis. In highly unequal societies such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Brazil, India, and South Africa, the affluent have not shared the daily realities of COVID-19 experienced by the have-nots, resulting in the prioritization of the interests of business over labor. Global inequality in the distribution of income and wealth has also emerged as a critical issue in the distribution of vaccines, with wealthy countries out-competing less affluent countries for vaccine supply. This kind of zero-sum thinking (“more for you means less for me”) has dire implications for the ability of humanity to stop the global pandemic. This chapter discusses the theoretical connections between income inequality and COVID outcomes, and provides a summary of empirical evidence to date.
China’s New Empire Defined
Authors: Keane John , He Baogang 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The current Chinese leadership has an aversion to the word ‘empire’ (dì guó). ‘Empire’ is treated as a pejorative signifier. It applies only to others. China suffered insult and degradation for over a century at the hands of Western empires, so empire is a bad word. It does not apply to China itself. China stands against empire. But if ‘empire’ means a jumbo-sized state that exercises political, economic, and cultural power over millions of people at great distances from its own heartlands, without much regard or respect for the niceties of territorial sovereignty, then, technically, China is rapidly becoming one.