bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas‐liquid Mass Transfer Enhancement in a Surface Aeration Stirred Slurry Reactors
Authors: Ruthiya Keskov C. , Kuster Ben F. M. , Schouten Jaap C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper postulates four possible mechanisms for the enhancement of gas‐liquid (G‐L) mass transfer in slurry reactors: (1) hydrodynamic effect, (2) shuttling, (3) stabilization of bubbles, and (4) reaction enhancement. Mass transfer and reactivity experiments using two different slurry systems and two different Pd‐catalysed reactions, i.e., oxidation of glucose (aqueous phase) and hydrogenation of a‐methyl styrene (organic phase), with both hydrophobic carbon and hydrophilic silica catalyst supports, were performed in a laboratory scale surface aeration reactor with a flat gas‐liquid interface. Physical and reaction enhancement have been distinguished successfully. The experimental results show that the level of catalyst support hydrophobicity has a strong influence on the rate of mass transfer.
Simultaneous Drying and Cleaning of Guava Seeds in a Spout‐Fluid Bed with Draft Tube
Authors: Osorio‐Revilla G , López‐Suárez T. , Gallardo‐Velázquez T 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA half sectional spout‐fluid bed column with draft tube was used for the cleaning and drying of guava seeds in one single operation. The process took place on a batch basis with a constant spouting velocity of 1.5 Ums and an additional annular air flow rate equivalent to 0.5 and 0.7 Umf. A regression model based on the spouting air temperature Ts, the annular inlet air temperature Ta and the additional annular air flow rate xUmf was obtained to calculate the drying time. An additional cleaning step was necessary to increase the separation efficiency of the dried pulp from about 70% obtained during the drying process to 84%.
Computer Simulations of Adsorption Characteristics of Carbon Dioxide in Slit Graphite Pores
Authors: Yang Qingyuan , Zhong Chongli 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn extensive grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation has been performed to study the adsorption behavior and the orientational structure of CO2 confined in slit graphite pores, with a wide pore width range of 0.61 to 3.04 nm and pressures up to 3.41 MPa. The simulation results show that the minimum pore width for the adsorption of CO2 is 0.57 nm, the maximum adsorption occurs at pore width H = 2.43 nm and pressure P = 2.56—3.41 MPa, and capillary condensation takes place only for H>2 nm. It is also found that the wall‐perpendicular orientation becomes preferential with the increase of pressure.
UNIQUAC Interaction Parameters with Closure for Imidazolium Based Ionic Liquid Systems Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Sahoo Ranjan Kumar , Banerjee Tamal , Khanna Ashok 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIonic liquids (ILs) are being considered as favourable solvents for liquid‐liquid extraction. Ternary phase equilibria containing the ionic liquid based systems have been reported in the literature for aromatic‐aliphatic‐IL as well as aliphatic‐alcohol‐IL ternary systems. In this work global optimization has been used for the prediction of UNIQUAC interaction parameters for IL based systems. The twin concepts of closure equation and global optimization via Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been benchmarked and tested on 88 aromatic and 28 hydrogen bonding multi‐component systems. For the aromatic systems the rmsd values obtained with closure equation are ∼20 percent better than without closure equation and ∼50 percent better than literature. Similarly for hydrogen bonding systems with closure equation gives ∼20 percent better rmsd values than without closure equations with an overall improvement of ∼60 percent. After this rigorous testing we have applied this procedure on 29 imidazolium based IL ternary systems. Improvements in rmsds with closure have been ∼6 percent better than without closure.
A Combination of Chenodeoxycholic Acid and Ursodeoxycholic Acid Is More Effective Than Either Alone in Reducing Biliary Cholesterol Saturation
Authors: Podda Mauro , Zuin Massimo , Dioguardi Maria L. , Festorazzi Susanna , Dioguardi Nicola 
Published: July 2010

The effects on biliary lipids of 10 mg per kg per day of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), 10 mg per kg per day of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and their equimolar combination (5 mg per kg per day of each), all administered for 45 to 60 days, were investigated in 18 patients with gallstones in a double–blind study with a balanced latin square design. The molar percentage of cholesterol in bile (initial value 9.7 ± 2.2) was significantly lower after UDCA (5.4 ± 1.3) and the combination (5.2 ± 1.2) than after CDCA (7.2 ± 1.7).
Nevertheless, when the ability to solubilize cholesterol was calculated, taking into account the percentage of biliary UDCA, then the differences in cholesterol saturation induced by UDCA alone and the combination also became considerable (saturation index: 0.94 ± 0.12 as compared to 0.81 ± 0.12).
The total bile acid pool increased significantly after treatment with CDCA and the combination, but not after UDCA. Lithocholic acid was increased significantly only by treatment with CDCA.
Diarrhea was observed in five patients with hypertransaminasemia and in four patients after CDCA, whereas both UDCA and the combination were well–tolerated.
We conclude that the administration of a combination of equimolar doses of CDCA and UDCA can be recommended for medical treatment of gallstones since it has greater effects on bile cholesterol saturation than either alone, is better tolerated than CDCA, and is less expensive than UDCA.
The Developing Liver: the Steady–State Disposition of Propranolol in Pregnant Sheep
Authors: Mihaly George W. , Morgan Denis J. , Smallwood Richard , Hardy Kenneth J. 
Published: July 2010

The steady–state disposition of the β–adrenoreceptor blocking drug, propranolol, and its metabolite, 4–hydroxypropranolol, was studied in the anesthetized pregnant sheep near term. Following infusion of propranolol to the mother, steady–state plasma concentrations were obtained at three dosage levels in each of the eight animals studied. Blood samples were obtained from: (i) maternal facial artery and hepatic vein; (ii) umbilical vein, and (iii) fetal carotid artery, portal vein, and right hepatic vein. Although total propranolol concentrations in maternal plasma were different from those in umbilical venous plasma, the concentrations ofunbounddrug were similar, suggesting that unbound drug had equilibrated across the placenta. Approximately 10% of propranolol was unbound in maternal plasma, compared with 30% in fetal plasma. Hepatic extraction of propranolol by the maternal liver was high, so that only 3 to 4% of the drug presented to the liver escaped uptake. In contrast, fetal hepatic extraction was low. Negligible amounts were removed from portal vein blood (right lobe), although one third was extracted from umbilical vein blood (left lobe). Mean peripheral arterial concentrations of 4–hydroxypropranolol were 2– to 3–fold higher in the fetus than in the mother.We conclude that the fetus is exposed to significant concentrations of propranolol and that the fetal hepatic extraction of this drug is considerably less efficient than in the adult. In contrast to the adult liver, the fetal liver does not appear to act as a single homogeneous organ, but rather as two distinct subunits.
Arteriohepatic Dysplasia in Infancy and Childhood: A Longitudinal Study of Six Patients
Authors: Dahms Beverly Barrett , Petrelli Mary , Wyllie Robert , Henoch Malcolm S. , Halpin Thomas C. , Morrison Stuart , Park Moonja Chung , Tavill Anthony S. 
Published: July 2010

Arteriohepatic dysplasia (syndromatic ductular hypoplasia, Alagille syndrome) is a condition of chronic cholestasis dating from infancy accompanied by characteristic facies, pulmonic stenosis, and other somatic abnormalities. The pathologic hallmark of arteriohepatic dysplasia is a paucity or absence of intrahepatic bile ducts, wildely regarded as a congenital deficiency. We present a longitudinal study of six infants and children with arteriohepatic dysplasia, stressing evolution of the characteristic pathology on liver biopsy. All patients were biopsied twice. All five liver biopsies performed during infancy (<6 months old) showed intrahepatic cholestasis and portal inflammation, and two infants had, in addition, giant cell transformation. No infant showed congenital absence of interlobular bile ducts. Three of five infants had normal numbers of interlobular bile ducts (0.5 to 1.0 interlobular bile ducts per triad) and two infants had a paucity of interlobular bile ducts (<0.5 per triad). Three infants showed focal destructive inflammation of interlobular bile ducts. All biopsies performed later in childhood, between 3 and 20 years of age, showed a paucity or absence of interlobular bile ducts. At this time cholestasis and inflammation had largely resolved but some fibrosis persisted. The number of interlobular bile ducts decreased with age in each patient but there was no characteristic age at which interlobular bile ducts disappeared completely. The presence of interlobular bile ducts in infancy followed later in childhood by paucity or absence of interlobular bile ducts, suggests that intrahepatic bile duct deficiency in some patients with arteriohepatic dysplasia is acquired rather than congenital. The mechanism of bile duct disappearance in these patients may have been destructive inflammation of duct epithelium.
Histopathologic diagnosis of arteriohepatic dysplasia may be difficult or impossible in infancy since interlobular bile ducts may be present at that time. However, arteriohepatic dysplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all infants with cholestasis and such infants should have careful clinical evaluation for the syndromatic features of arteriohepatic dysplasia. Evaluation of their liver biopsies should include specific morphometric assessment of interlobular bile ducts.
Functional Hepatocellular Heterogeneity
Authors: Jungermann Kurt , Katz Norbert 
Published: July 2010

Hepatocytes from the periportal (afferent) and perivenous (efferent) zones of the liver parenchyma differ in their enzyme content and subcellular structures. Therefore, different functions are proposed for the two zones, (a) Oxidative energy metabolism, β–oxidation, amino acid catabolism, ureagenesis from amino acids, gluconeogenesis, bile acid, and bilirubin excretion and oxidation protection are preferentially located in the periportal zone, (b) Glycolysis, liponeogenesis, ureagenesis from ammonia, and biotransformation are predominantly situated in the perivenous zone. Heterogeneity in the synthesis of plasma proteins also appears to exist.The heterogeneous expression of the genome in hepatocytes is apparently caused by the periportal to perivenous gradient in oxygen and hormone concentrations, and by a different autonomic innervation of the parenchymal zones.
Dane Particle–Associated Hepatitis B E Antigen in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Hepatitis B E Antibody
Authors: Raimondo Giovanni , Recchia Serafino , Lavarini Carla , Crivelli Osvaldo , Rizzetto Mario 
Published: July 2010

A commercial radioimmunoassay was adapted to detect serum Dane particle–associated HBeAg in patients whose sera contained the homologous antibody. HBeAg was released from Dane particles with guanidine HC1.
Dane particles were separated from anti–HBe by gel–filtration (Sepharose 4B) and ultracentrifu–gation of the eluate. Dane particle–HBeAg was tested in 45 HBsAg carriers with anti–HBe and was present in 8 (18%) carriers, all of whom had chronic liver disease. By contrast, HBeAg was not found in 10 carriers with normal liver histology. Serum or liver HBeAg was found in 6 of 8 patients with Dane particle–HBeAg. None of the carriers without Dane particle–HBeAg had other markers of hepatitis B virion synthesis.
We conclude that Dane particle–HBeAg provides a sensitive index of active hepatitis B virus replication, a guide to the presence of chronic hepatitis in HBsAg carriers with anti–HBe, and a noninvasive method to follow infection in these patients.
Decreased Albumin and Increased Fibrinogen Secretion by Single Hepatocytes From Rats With Acute Inflammatory Reaction
Authors: Bernuau Dominique , Rogier Edith , Feldmann Gérard 
Published: July 2010

During the acute inflammatory reaction (AIR), the plasma concentration of several plasma proteins, including fibrinogen, is increased as a result of enhanced production by the liver. Whether this increased production influences the production of the other plasma proteins at the single hepatocyte level is not known. Accordingly, we simultaneously measured albumin and fibrinogen secretion by single hepatocytes isolated from normal rats and from rats sacrificed 24 hr after a turpentine–induced AIR, using an hemolytic plaque test. In normal rats, 74, 82, and 98% of the hepatocytes were detected as secreting albumin, after 1, 2, and 4 hr of incubation, respectively. Simultaneously, 0, 32, and 62% of the hepatocytes were detected as secreting fibrinogen at the same incubation times. For secretion of both proteins, a significant correlation was established between the diameter of a plaque–forming hepatocyte and its hemolytic plaque. In rats with AIR, the formation of hemolytic plaques detecting albumin secretion was slowed down compared to normal rats, since only 0, 36, and 78% of the hepatocytes were forming hemolytic plaques after 1, 2, and 4 hr of incubation, respectively. Simultaneously, the formation of hemolytic plaques detecting fibrinogen secretion was increased compared to normal rats, since at the same incubation times, 52, 78, and 93% of the hepatocytes formed hemolytic plaques. A significant correlation between the diameter of a plaque–forming hepatocyte and its hemolytic plaque was still maintained for both protein secretion.
These results demonstrate that during the AIR enhanced fibrinogen production is the result of an increased secretion rate per cell, and decreased albumin secretion is the result of a lowered secretion rate per cell, generalized for all hepatocytes. These data strongly suggest that there is a reciprocal modulation of fibrinogen and albumin secretion at the single hepatocyte level during the AIR.
Arteriohepatic Dysplasia. Ii. Hepatobiliary Morphology
Authors: Kahn Ellen I. , Daum Fredric , Markowitz James , Aiges Harvey W. , Schneider Keith M. , So Henry B. , Altman Peter , Chandra Roma S. , Silverberg Mervin 
Published: July 2010

Five children were noted to have arteriohepatic dysplasia (Alagille's syndrome) between 3 and 7 months of age. Prior to diagnosis, four underwent Kasai procedures after intraoperative cholangio–grams failed to demonstrate patency of the extrahepatic bile ducts. In three patients, a focal proximal hypoplasia of the common hepatic duct was demonstrated with fibrosis and increased vascularity. Hypoplasia of the gallbladder occurred in two patients.
Changes were observed in the porta hepatis. Eighty to 208 /tm bile ducts were associated with peripherally located gland–like structures. These changes are indistinguishable from those in fibrous remnants of extrahepatic biliary atresia.
Hepatic features of sequential liver biopsies obtained in the five patients were divided into early and late changes. From birth to 3 months of age, the pathology consisted of cholestasis and bile duct destruction. After 3 months of age, there was persistent cholestasis, paucity of interlobular bile ducts, and portal fibrosis. Ductular proliferation was not an intrinsic change. When present, it was related to a recent episode of cholangitis.
Serodiagnosis of Recent Hepatitis B Infection by Igm Class Anti–Hbc
Authors: Chau Kurt H. , Hargie Martha P. , Decker Richard H. , Mushahwarand Isa K. , Overby Lacy R. 
Published: July 2010

time sequence, relative reactivity, and persistence of anti–HBc IgM were assessed in patients with HBsAg–positive viral hepatitis. A solid–phase immunoassay was developed using the IgM capture procedure with anti–m¨ated polystyrene beads. HBcAg was purified from serum Dane particles and used as a probe with 125I–labeled anti–HBc IgG. This immunoassay exhibited a pronounced prozoning phenomenon, and relative titers of sera differed widely depending upon the dilution of serum tested. When all sera were tested at 1:5,000 dilution, results were comparable in different patient groups.
HBc IgM persisted at detectable levels for up to 2 years, and it was necessary to establish relative titers to discriminate current from remote infections. A cut–off assay value was established, and in 12 cases of acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, antibody exceeded this value for about 6 months after onset of HBs antigenemia. A similar profile of anti–HBc IgM persistence was observed in seven patients who developed an HBsAg chronic carrier state. Long–term viral replication did not sustain elevated IgM class–specific antibody levels.
studies suggest that anti–HBc IgM analyses may be useful for differentiating recent and current HBV infections from remote infections, eliminating HBV as the agent for non–A, non–B hepatitis in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, and detecting HBV as the etiologic agent during silent (HBsAg negative) infections.
Hepatocyte Membrane–Bound Igg and Circulating Liver–Specific Autoantibodies in Chronic Liver Disease: Relation to Hepatitis B Virus Serum Markers and Liver Histology
Authors: Meliconi Riccardo , Miglio Federico , Stancari Valeria M. , Baraldini Mario , Stefanini Francesco G. , Gasbarrini Giovanni 
Published: July 2010

Hepatocytes isolated from 101 biopsies were examined for membrane–bound IgG. The sera of the patients were tested for anti–liver–specific lipoprotein by radioimmunoassay and for liver membrane autoantibody (by indirect immunofluorescence on isolated rabbit hepatocytes. The seven patients with normal liver or minor nonspecific alterations were negative for membrane IgG and serum antibodies. Membrane IgG with granular distribution was found in 41 patients [21 hepatitis B virus–related chronic active hepatitis (CAH), 3 cryptogenic CAH, 3 chronic persistent hepatitis, 6 prolonged viral hepatitis, 1 alcoholic cirrhosis, and 6 primary biliary cirrhosis]. Membrane IgG with linear fluorescence pattern was detected in 12 cases (4 autoimmune CAH, 3 HBsAg–positive CAH, 2 alcoholic cirrhosis, 1 anti–HBc positive CAH, 1 cryptogenic CAH, and 1 prolonged viral hepatitis). A strong association between granular IgG and serum HBsAg was found. Nuclear localization of IgG was found in 34 patients and correlated with the positivity of granular membrane IgG.
The highest prevalence of anti–liver–specific lipoprotein was found in primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune CAH cases which were also positive for liver membrane autoantibody. No relationship was found between the presence of membrane IgG and circulating liver–specific autoantibodies.
Membrane IgG and anti–liver–specific lipoprotein correlated with the presence of moderate and severe portal inflammatory infiltration but not with piecemeal necrosis or transaminase levels. Eleven of the twelve patients with linear membrane IgG presented chronic active liver disease with moderate to severe signs of liver damage.
Therefore, it is suggested that, while granular membrane IgGs are related to hepatitis B virus, antigenic expression on the hepatocyte surface and/or the presence of immune complexes, linear membrane IgG could play a role in the immunopathogenesis of liver cell damage particularly in “autoimmune” cases which present high percentages of positive cells liver–specific autoantibodies.
Glutathione S–Transferase in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sherman Morris , Campbell John A.H. , Titmuss Sally A. , Kew Michael C. , Kirsch Ralph E. 
Published: July 2010

Qualitative and quantitative changes in glutathione S–transferase (GSH–T) were studied in human hepatocellular carcinoma. GSH–T specific activity (/imoles per min per mg protein) was variably reduced in hepatocellular carcinoma. Similar changes were seen in “cationic” GSH–T (ligandin) concentration determined by radioimmunoassay. Immunohistochemical studies with antihuman liver ligandin suggest that positive staining was more frequently found in well–differentiated tumors.
The relative activities of “cationic,” “neutral,” and “anionic” transferases were estimated after separation by isoelectric focusing. Tumor “cationic” transferase (pI ± 7.5) activity ranged from virtually absent to near normal values. “Neutral” (pI 6 to 6.5) and “anionic” (pI &lt; 5.4) species were present more often in tumors than in normal liver. In two cases, normal liver tissue and tumor were obtained from the same patient. In one, only quantitative differences were present, while in the other “cationic” and “neutral” GSH–Ts were present in the normal liver tissue while both “cationic” and “anionic” species were found in the tumor. Our studies indicate that qualitative as well as quantitative changes of GSH–T occur in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
The Amount of Ferritin and Hemosiderin in the Livers of Patients With Iron–Loading Diseases
Authors: Zuyderhoudt Floris M.J. , Sindram Jan W. , Marx Joannes J.M. , Jorning George G.A. , Van Gool Jacobus 
Published: July 2010

Depot iron, ferritin iron, and ferritin protein were measured in 34 liver needle biopsy specimens obtained from patients with primary and secondary iron–loading diseases.
The patients were classified as idiopathic hemochromatosis (14), porphyria cutanea tarda (4), and iron–loading anemias (16). With accumulation of depot iron, the amount of liver ferritin protein increased, however, the ratio of ferritin protein to depot iron fell at concentrations of depot iron in excess of 1,000 m¨er gm of liver. The liver ferritin protein concentration was not influenced by the specific kind of the iron storage disorder. The mean iron content of ferritin molecules increased about 50% in profound iron overload.
In low grade iron overload, the bulk of depot iron was present as ferritin; however, in subjects with heavy iron overload, depot iron consisted of approximately equal amounts of hemosiderin (nonferritin iron) and ferritin iron.
Changes in Iga Following Varying Degrees of Biliary Obstruction in the Rat
Authors: Rank Jeffrey , Wilson Dodd I. 
Published: July 2010

Polymeric IgA is rapidly transported from blood to bile by the rat liver. The effect of varying degrees of biliary obstruction on this transport process was studied. IgA concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. Serum IgA concentrations increased progressively, and IgA output in bile declined with increasing bile duct obstruction. The decline in bile IgA output was explained by both diminished bile flow and decreased concentrations of IgA in bile. Very little polymeric IgA was present in normal rat serum. In contrast, using column chromatography on Ultrogel AcA 22, increases in serum IgA associated with cholestasis were shown to be due to increments in polymeric IgA. Serum IgA was a more sensitive indicator of cholestasis than was serum alkaline phosphatase. IgA and secretory component were found, using indirect immunofluorescence, surrounding bile canaliculi and on or adjacent to the hepatocyte plasma membrane lining the sinusoids. With biliary obstruction, staining for IgA and secretory component intensified markedly near the bile canaliculi.
We conclude that: (a) polymeric IgA must be efficiently removed from serum by the normal rat liver; (b) even minimal cholestasis impairs IgA output into bile, and (c) impairment of IgA transport during cholestasis appears to occur at or near the canalicular membrane.