bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corn Hybrid Yield Effects on Phosphorus, Manganese, and Zinc Absorption1
Authors: Terman G. L. , Giordano P. M. , Christensen N. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResearchers have concluded in several published papers that differences in nutrient absorption among crop cultivars are genetically controlled. However, growth rate and yield differences among cultivars were not usually evaluated. The present investigation involved three greenhouse experiments conducted to study relationships between yield levels and concentrations of P, Mn, and Zn in several corn hybrids (Zea mays L.) during early growth. Eight hybrids were grown with 0, 1, 2, and 4 ppm of Zn in factorial combination with 17 and 167 ppm of P; five hybrids with 0 and 3.4 ppm of Zn and 0, 233, 466, and 932 ppm of P; and three hybrids with 0, 11, 33, 90, 180, and 360 ppm of P. Other nutrients were applied uniformly. Top growth was harvested after 6 to 11 weeks, dried, and analyzed for total P, Mn, and Zn.Results from these experiments, together with published data, show that concentrations of P, Mn, and Zn among hybrids at each application rate decreased markedly with increasing yields. Higher yields resulting from more rapid growth following a 2‐week delay in planting one hybrid also greatly reduced P concentrations in the plants. Thus, nutrient concentrations and uptake in various corn hybrids, at least during early growth, need to be evaluated in terms of growth rates, total dry matter or final grain yields, and planting and maturity dates. Differences in nutrient absorption among corn hybrids appear to be greatly influenced through genetic effects on growth rates and yield potentials. Plots of yields vs. nutrient concentrations or uptake are useful to determine differences among hybrids at the same yield levels.
Forage Breeding Guidelines for the Potential Economic Benefits of Improving Yield and Quality1
Authors: Shenk J. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractForage breeders need a method for predicting the potential economic benefits of animal production from experimental strains or breeder lines, based on yield and quality determinations early in the breeding program. Benefits must be expressed in terms of increased animal response (i.e. dairy cow milk production).An apropriate mathematical model was developed to simulate the plant‐animal response factors, in which maximum milk production was to be achieved from rations of forage supplemented with corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] oil meal.The model showed that if either net energy were improved by 0.1 Mcal/kg, protein increased by 4.3%, or yield by 0.79 metric tons of dry matter (DM)/ha, a $43/ha return may be achieved above a standard cultivar yielding 9.9 metric tons DM/ha, with a net energy value of 1.35 Mcal/kg and 16.0% protein. If net energy, protein, and yield were improved simultaneously, the results were largely additive. The model was applied to actual yield and quality data obtained for 10 experimental orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) synthetics to demonstrate the practicality of this approach. The implications of possible changes in the assumptions used to derive this model are discussed.
Growth and Yield of Safflower in Three Temperature Regimes1
Authors: Abel G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA better understanding of the response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) to elevation, temperature, and date of planting is needed to best exploit this crop in regions of its present adaptation. The objectives of this study were to describe the response of growth characteristics to date of planting when grown in irrigated desert environments that varied in elevation and, therefore, in temperature. Growth characteristics measured during early plant development were days to emergence, days in rosette, and days to flower. For later growth, numbers of branches and heads per plant, seeds per head, seed weight, seed yield, oil percentage of seed, and oil yield were recorded.Early plantings (November 15 to December 15) in areas of higher elevations provide for lower temperature regimes during growth. The rosette period is lengthened and increased yield of seed and oil occur from increases in head numbers and seeds per head. For November 15 plantings in warm areas of low elevations, temperatures are generally not low enough during early growth for normal plant development and seed production. Later plantings (December 15 to January 15) are recommended for these temperature regimes, however, yield will not be as high as those from colder regimes. Heat‐tolerant germplasm is needed to improve yield of seed and oil percentage of seed for the warmer desert areas of the Southwest.
Response of an Early‐maturing Corn Hybrid to Planting Date and Population in the Northern Plains1
Authors: Alessi J. , Power J. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith the development of extremely early‐maturing corn (Zea mays L.) cultivars, producers question how late planting can be delayed in semiarid regions without adversely affecting yields and what adjustments in plant populations are necessary. The present study was planned to acquire further information on yield potential of a short season hybrid corn at various planting dates and plant populations. At Mandan, N.D., a 68‐day maturing hybrid was grown at 20,000, 30,000, 40,000 and 60,000 plants/ha in 100‐cm row spacing for 2 years. Average planting dates were May 17 and June 7 and 28. In 1971 and 1972 (years of below normal rainfall), both planting date and plant population significantly affected grain yields. Delaying corn planting to June 7 and 28 reduced grain yield by 10 and 30%, respectively, compared to the May 17 planting. Optimum plant population was 30,000 plants/ha for both dry matter (forage) and grain yields regardless of planting date. Dry matter and grain yields averaged 5,180, 5,120, and 5,280 kg/ha, and 2,120, 1,930, and 1,500 kg/ha for May 17 and June 7 and 28 plantings, respectively. Ear water content increased at both the later dates of planting and at higher populations. Soil water withdrawal by corn was generally confined to the upper 90‐cm depth of soil for all planting dates. Water use efficiency for dry matter production was highest for the June 28 and least for the May 17 plantings. Wateruse efficiency for grain was usually similar for a given population at all planting dates.Results from this study indicate that an early maturing corn may be planted before mid‐June without greatly reducing dry matter and grain yields in the northern Great Plains.
Effects of Irrigation Regimes, Planting Dates, Nitrogen Levels, and Row Spacing on Safflower Cultivars1
Authors: Abel G. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractInformation was needed on application time and amount of irrigation water, date of planting, row spacing, and nitrogen fertilizer rates on cultivars of safflower (Carthamus tinctarius L.). The objective was to develop a more efficient management of the crop. The environments of growth listed above were studied in three experiments over a 3‐year period. In each experiment date of planting was the large plot with irrigation treatments in border‐diked basins as split plots followed by other environnients in the basins as subplots.In 2 of the 3 years, seed yields were higher in the crop planted 15 December than in that planted 15 February; results were the opposite in the first year because of rank growth due to lower‐than‐average temperatures. An irrigation regime that specified an earlier cutoff date than that for the normal regime saved water and labor, reduced weed growth, and produced optimum seed yields at lower levels of nitrogen fertilization. Other irrigation treatments that limited the amount of water below that of the normal regime (102 to 120 cm), either gave equivocal results or significantly reduced yields. Oil percentage of seed was not affected by irrigation regimes. Plants in two‐row plots produced fewer seeds∕head and smaller seeds than those in one‐row plots. The increased plant populations in the two‐row compensated for these deficiencies and yields were no different.The optimum level of N fertilization ranged from 84 to 336 kg/ha, depending on date of planting, irrigation regime, and cultivar. For a Laveen clay loam soil (coarseloamy, mixed, hyperthermic, Typic Calciorthid), 168 kg/ha of N was apparently optimum when the crop was planted in December. More than 84 kg/ha, however, produced no yield advantage when the crop was planted two months later. The cultivar ‘Dart’ outyielded ‘Rio’ and ‘Prio’ in 1969, ‘12289’ and ‘US 10’ in 1970, and ‘14154–30’ and ‘PI 209,285’ in 1972. Differences in days to flower and duration of flowering were significantly correlated with seed yield, but the correlations were low. Neither flowering time nor duration affected oil content of the seed.
Effect of Cropping History on Soybean Growth and Nodulation and Soil Rhizobia1
Authors: Elkins D. M. , Hamilton G. , Chan C. K. Y. , Briskovich M. A. , Vandeventer J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPublished results of Rhizobium research studies are often conflicting and inconclusive as to whether soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] inoculation is beneficial in soils previously cropped to soybeans. Greenhouse studies were conducted to clarify the effect of previous soybean cropping histories (soybeans grown 0 to 11 years previously or never) on soybean nodulation and growth responses and Rhizobium japonicum serogroups and population in southern Illinois soils. Sterile soybean seeds were inoculated with the supernatant from soil suspensions representing different soybean cropping frequencies and variable years since the last soybean crop. Seeds were planted in pots of sterilized sand in the greenhouse and soybean growth, nodulation, and nodule mass or dry weight were evaluated. Dominant nodule serogroup determinations were made on selected treatments. Relative N2 fixation was estimated by means of an acetylene‐reduction assay (ethylene production) and MPN determinations were made on cropping history samples in one experiment.Correlations were not significant between soybean cropping frequency and nodule number, nodule mass, or ethylene production with but one exception. In most instances, the soybean cropping history of the soils used to inoculate seed did not influence soybean top or root growth if soybeans had ever been grown on a field. No aspect of soybean cropping history significantly influenced the predominant serogroups present in soybean nodules.These results indicate that under the conditions of these experiments sufficient populations of Rhizobium japonicum persist in southern Illinois soils for at least 10 or 11 years, resulting in good soybean nodulation and growth. Based on these studies, the recommendation of inoculating soybean seed before planting for “inexpensive insurance” regardless of soybean cropping history is questionable.
Seedling Vigor of Some Important Range Species as Affected by Nitrogen and Phosphorus1
Authors: Whalley R. D. B. , McKell C. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRussian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fisch.) is a valuable species for range seeding throughout the Northern Great Plains and Intermountain region. However, it has poor seedling vigor and establishment is often difficult. This study was designated to investigate the effects of added P and N on the seedling vigor of several species and strains of Elymus in comparison with crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum [Fisch.] Schutt.) and two common competing weeds (cheatgrass, Bromus tectorum L., and Russian thistle, Salsola kali L.). Two factorial experiments were conducted in a greenhouse study involving seven grass species and strains and one forb. Plants were grown at two levels of N and two levels of P which were added to desert soil taken from the 0 to 8 cm and 8 to 30 cm profile depth. Leaf elongation was measured daily for 24 days after emergence. Tillers and leaf numbers were recorded. Harvest weights of leaves and roots were obtained after 49 days. The response of Russian wildrye to added P was detected about 6 days after the emergence of the first leaf, but no response to N was evident until about 15 days. The response to P was of a much greater magnitude than the response to N, and the weeds gave a greater and earlier response to both nutrients. The results suggest that P fertilization of autumn sowings of Russian wildrye could improve its seedling vigor in the field. The variability in response to added P among the species and strains of Elymus suggest that increased seedling response to P might be a useful objective in plant breeding programs aimed at increasing the seedling vigor of this important range species.
Yield and Chemical Composition of Alfalfa as Influenced by High Rates of K Topdressed as KC1 and K2SO41
Authors: Rominger R. S. , Smith Dale , Peterson L. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) uses large amounts of soil K. The usual K source for fertilizing alfalfa is KCl. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether Cl and SO4 ions can injure alfalfa when high rates of KCl and K2SO4 are applied. A field stand of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa growing on low fertility Miami silt loam soil (Typic Hapludalf fine‐loamy mixed, mesic) was topdressed for 2 years with 0, 448, 896, 1,344, and 1,792 kg K/ha/year as either KCl or K2SO4. Four harvests were taken in 1972 and in 1973, and one in spring of 1974. Highest 2‐year total herbage yield occurred in KCl‐fertilized plots where 448 kg K/ha/year were applied; yields decreased significantly at rates higher than 896 kg K/ha/year. High yields were obtained at all rates of K2SO4. Highest K concentrations for both KCl and K2SO4‐fertilized herbage occurred where 1,792 kg K/ha/year were applied in 1972 (3.70 and 3.77%, respectively) and in 1973 (3.04 and 3.41%, respectively). Chlorine concentrations in herbage fertilized with KCl ranged from 1.50 to 2.21% in 1972 and 0.82 to 1.15% in 1973. Chlorine concentrations in K2SO4‐fertilized herbage were lower than in KCl‐fertilized herbage; less than 0.77% in 1972 and 0.42% in 1973. Sulfur concentrations in herbage fertilized with K2SO4 ranged from 0.31 to 0.36% in 1972 and from 0.30 to 0.33% in 1973. Where KCl was applied, S concentrations were lower than the control (0.23% in 1972 and 0.26% in 1973). All applications of K lowered N concentrations below the control. It is evident that fertilizer rates higher than 896 kg K/ha/year as KCl can cause significant yield reductions. Therefore, when KCl fertilizer is topdressed at these rates, applications may have to be split among harvests or K2SO4 may have to be substituted for KCl as all or part of the K fertilizer.
Influence of Nitrogen, Narrow Rows, and Plant Population on Cotton Yield and Growth1
Authors: Koli Stephen E. , Morrill L. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNarrow row planting of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has the potential for improving yield and production efficiency. Fertilizer needs and other production technology for narrow row cotton have received little attention, especially the nitrogen (N) requirement. The objective of this study was to ascertain if N fertilizer, narrow row, and high population, has any effect on growth and yield of dryland cotton. The relationship between petiole NO−3‐N at various stages of development and yields was also investigated. Row spacing (25, 51, and 76‐cm), plant populations (123,550 and 173,000 plants/ha), and N rate (0, 45, and 90 kg/ha) variables were placed in a factorial arrangement of a randomized, complete block design with four replications. Low N treatments (45 kg/ha) produced no significant change in yield, but higher N rates reduced yield significantly. The 25 and 51‐cm row spacings produced significantly higher yield than 76‐cm rows. The range of plant populations used did not materially affect yield, but there was a significant N‐population interaction. Narrow rows reduced plant height. NO−3‐N levels in petioles increased with increased N rate, being highest at the square stage of plant growth and decreasing sharply at the flower and boll stages. There was no significant correlation between petiole NO−3‐N and yield. Narrow row cotton can result in higher yield and is especially of interest where the length of growing season is not optimum.
Seasonal Anhydrous Ammonia Comparison for Corn With and Without a Nitrification Inhibitor1
Authors: Boswell Fred C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith increased interest in “off‐season” N application and emphasis on better management of N with respect to environmental pollution and economic considerations, information is needed relative to seasonal anhydrous ammonia comparisons for corn with and without an inhibitor.Field studies compared rates of N applied preplant with December application either with or without the nitrification inhibitor, N‐SERVE (2‐chloro‐6‐(trichloromethyl) pyridine), to corn (Zea mays L.) on a Coastal Plain soil. The nitrification inhibitor (NI) did not affect yield, number of ears, average ear weight, and percent N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the tissue or concentrations of various other elements in tissue sampled early in the growing season, at early silking, or in corn grain. Both low (90 kg/ha) and high (180 kg/ha) N levels increased yields above check plots (zero N) when applied in December for the three‐year average but both levels were significantly less than the high N level applied preplant. Ears per plant and ear weight were closely related to yields. Yield was more closely related to percent N in the tissue sampled at silking than tissue sampled early (ca 20‐cm height) or percent N in the grain.On a 3‐year average, the low and high N rates applied in December were 84 and 82% as efficient as preplant applications.These studies indicate that “off‐season” N applications as anhydrous ammonia are not as efficient as preplant applications. The NI did not influence micronutrient levels in the plant tissue, although N rates and time of application affected Mn, Fe, and Zn levels.
Endogenous Levels of Abscisic Acid in Water‐Stressed Cotton Leaves1
Authors: McMichael B. L. , Hanny B. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies relating diurnal changes in endogenous levels of certain plant hormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) diurnal patterns of plant water status are generally lacking. Since ABA has been implicated in the response of plants to stress conditions, the effects of plant water deficits on endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) levels in greenhouse and field‐grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 16’) were investigated. Greenhouse‐grown plants at the 7 to 8 leaf stage and leaves at node 18 of irrigated and nonirrigated field plants were used. Leaves were harvested at intervals throughout a 24‐hour period, frozen in liquid N and stored at −30 C. Samples wee then extracted in 80% methanol and assayed for ABA using newly developed, high.pressure, liquid chromatographic techniques. Plant water potential measurements were made at each sampling time. Stomatal diffusion resistance measurements were made on the leaves harvested from the field. A diurnal pattern in the ABA levels was observed in both field and greenhouse plants. Abscisic acid levels were low during the early morning hours when plant water potentials were high. During the day ABA levels increased as plant water potentials decreased, and reached a peak near sunset in both field and greenhouse. Levels of ABA then decreased as plant water potentials increased during the night and early morning hours. ABA levels were always higher in the stressed plants throughout the day in both field and greenhouse with the greater differences occurring in greenhousegrown tissue. The levels of ABA also increased as stomatal conductance increased in the field plants and continued to increase after conductance values began to decline in the afternoon in both stressed and well‐watered leaves which may reflect the measurement of ABA levels in whole leaves instead of guard cells alone. The larger differences between the conductance values in the stressed and nonstressed tissue late in the afternoon, however, may be associated with the differences in the ABA levels at that time. Since threshold potentials for initial ABA accumulation as well as diurnal patterns can be established, these assay techniques for ABA, developed specifically for cotton, may be useful in drought tolerance research as a tool for relating these parameters to variances in drought tolerance among genotypes.
Magnesium, Ca, and K Concentration in Temperate‐Origin Forage Species as Affected by Temperature and Mg Fertilization1
Authors: Gross C. F. , Jung G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdditional information on Mg status of temperate‐origin forages under cool temperatures is needed if economic losses from grass tetany are to decrease. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine temperature and Mg fertilizer effects on herbage Mg concentration of one or more cultivars of tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), timothy (Phleum pratense L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), redtop (Agrostis gigantea Roth.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), ladino and white clover (T. repens L.), alsike clover (T. hybridum L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), and crownvetch (Coronilla varia L.).Plants were grown in Hagerstown soil, which belongs to the mixed, mesic family of typic Hapludalfs, in 4‐liter pots under natural daylength at cool (X̄ = 14 C), intermediate (X̄ = 18 C), and warm (X̄ = 26 C) ambient temperatures. Two levels of fertilizer Mg were used (0 and 672 kg Mg/ha as MgSO4). Grasses received 1,300 kg N/ha as NH4NO3 and both grasses and legumes were supplied K2SO4 to furnish 600 kg K/ha over a 13‐month growing period. Herbage was harvested at 2 to 3‐week intervals at a height of 5 cm.Under cool temperatures, in both spring and autumn, and with added Mg, cultivars having high Mg levels were ‘Timfor’ timothy, ‘Nordstern’ orchardgrass, and ‘Viking’ birdsfoot trefoil. Species and cultivar rankings were similar for spring and autumn but Mg concentration was greater in autumn, indicating that cool temperatures, per se may be less limiting to Mg accumulation than previously thought.Marked differences, five to seven‐fold, in Mg concentration occurred between species and cultivars of both grasses and legumes in response to Mg fertilizer. Low K/(Ca + Mg) ratios were obtained when the grasses were harvested under cool autumn temperatures. Yields were unaffected by Mg fertilization.The consistency of cultivar ranking for Mg levels over a wide temperature range and different soil Mg levels, suggest that cultivar selection for Mg accumulation would be rewarding. Cultivars inherently efficient in Mg uptake, especially at cool temperatures, may help prevent grass tetany.