bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The African rain forest – main characteristics of changes in vegetation and climate from the Upper Cretaceous to the Quaternary
Authors: Maley Jean 
Published: April 2012

SynopsisThis chapter sets out to give a historical overview of the African rain forest from its origins, towards the end of the Cretaceous period. The areas around the Gulf of Guinea, in particular from Ivory Coast to Nigeria and especially Cameroon, Gabon and Congo, appear to have been already occupied at this time by wet tropical forest formations mainly composed of Angiosperms which were then becoming established. In the course of the Tertiary period the combined effect of the equator being situated further north than now and the development of the Antarctic ice cap favoured the development of wet tropical conditions over a large part of North Africa which in turn led to the extension of tropical forest to various sites on the shores of the Tethys Sea. There were probably at this time common taxa and similar vegetation patterns stretching from the Gulf of Guinea to the Tethys Sea.Towards the end of the Tertiary, the equator reached its present position and the northern hemisphere ice caps appeared, and these phenomena resulted in the disappearance of the forest formations spread across the north of Africa, and the concentration of these formations near the equatorial zone around the Gulf of Guinea and in the Congo–Zaïre basin. From 800 000 years ago onwards the marked glacial variations at middle and high latitudes in both hemispheres, with a periodicity of about 100 000 years determined by the orbital variations of the earth around the sun, lowered temperatures in equatorial areas and brought arid climates at times of maximum glacial extension. The most arid periods resulted in the fragmentation of the forest cover, and the forest biotopes and their biodiversity were preserved in a series of refugia. The lowering of temperatures also resulted in the extension of montane flora to low altitudes, with migration of montane flora and fauna between main mountain ranges. These compounded phenomena of isolation and migration, probably involving genie exchange, must have resulted in numerous speciation phenomena. Subsequently, such montane flora or fauna became isolated on mountain areas during periods of maximum warming, in the last instance in the course of the Holocene, when a vast forest cover became re-established from Guinea westwards, and to the East as far as the Lake Victoria area. The phases of maximum fragmentation, which appear to have been connected with only the coldest periods – in the last instance during the second part of isotopic stages 6 (fromc.160 to 130 000 years) and 2 (fromc.24 to 12000 years BP) – relate to less than 10% of the last 800 000 years, and the phases of maximum forest extension would likewise appear to be less than 10% of the period. The remaining 80–90% of the time relates to ‘intermediate situations’ which varied from period to period, and these intermediate extension situations seem to have been the norm over the larger part of the Quaternary, rather than the present situation which is closer to a situation of maximum extension.
Assessing the oceanic control on the amplitude of sea surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones
Authors: Vincent Emmanuel M. , Lengaigne Matthieu , Vialard Jérôme , Madec Gurvan , Jourdain Nicolas C. , Masson Sébastien 
Published: April 2012

Tropical cyclones (TCs) induce sea surface cooling that feeds back negatively on their intensity. Previous studies indicate that the cooling magnitude depends on oceanic conditions as well as TC characteristics, but this oceanic control has been poorly documented. We investigate the oceanic influence on TC‐induced cooling using a global ocean model experiment that realistically samples the ocean response to more than 3,000 TCs over the last 30 years. We derive a physically grounded oceanic parameter, the Cooling Inhibition index (CI), which measures the potential energy input required to cool the ocean surface through vertical mixing, and hence accounts for the pre‐storm upper‐ocean stratification resistance to TC‐induced cooling. The atmospheric control is described using the wind power index (WPi), a proxy of the kinetic energy transferred to the ocean by a TC, which accounts for both the effects of maximum winds and translation speed. The cooling amplitude increases almost linearly with WPi. For a given WPi, the cooling amplitude can however vary by an order of magnitude: a strong wind energy input can either result in a 0.5°C or 5°C cooling, depending on oceanic background state. Using an oceanic parameter such as CI in addition to wind energy input improves statistical hindcasts of the cold wake amplitude by ∼40%. Deriving an oceanic parameter based on the potential energy required to cool the ocean surface through vertical mixing is thus a promising way to better account for ocean characteristics in TCs studies.
The first cosmic ray albedo proton map of the Moon
Authors: Wilson Jody K. , Spence Harlan E. , Kasper Justin , Golightly Michael , Bern Blake J. , Mazur Joe E. , Townsend Lawrence W. , Case Anthony W. , Dixon Looper Mark , Zeitlin Cary , Schwadron Nathan A. 
Published: April 2012

Neutrons emitted from the Moon are produced by the impact of galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) within the regolith. GCRs are high‐energy particles capable of smashing atomic nuclei in the lunar regolith and producing a shower of energetic protons, neutrons and other subatomic particles. Secondary particles that are ejected out of the regolith become “albedo” particles. The neutron albedo has been used to study the hydrogen content of the lunar regolith, which motivates our study of albedo protons. In principle, the albedo protons should vary as a function of the input GCR source and possibly as a result of surface composition and properties. During the LRO mission, the total detection rate of albedo protons between 60 MeV and 150 MeV has been declining since 2009 in parallel with the decline in the galactic cosmic ray flux, which validates the concept of an albedo proton source. On the other hand, the average yield of albedo protons has been increasing as the galactic cosmic ray spectrum has been hardening, consistent with a disproportionately stronger modulation of lower energy GCRs as solar activity increases. We construct the first map of the normalized albedo proton emission rate from the lunar surface to look for any albedo variation that correlates with surface features. The map is consistent with a spatially uniform albedo proton yield to within statistical uncertainties.
New particle formation and growth in biomass burning plumes: An important source of cloud condensation nuclei
Authors: Hennigan Christopher J. , Westervelt Daniel M. , Riipinen Ilona , Engelhart Gabriella J. , Lee Taehyoung , Collett Jeffrey L. , Pandis Spyros N. , Adams Peter J. , Robinson Allen L. 
Published: April 2012

Experiments were performed in an environmental chamber to characterize the effects of photo‐chemical aging on biomass burning emissions. Photo‐oxidation of dilute exhaust from combustion of 12 different North American fuels induced significant new particle formation that increased the particle number concentration by a factor of four (median value). The production of secondary organic aerosol caused these new particles to grow rapidly, significantly enhancing cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. Using inputs derived from these new data, global model simulations predict that nucleation in photo‐chemically aging fire plumes produces dramatically higher CCN concentrations over widespread areas of the southern hemisphere during the dry, burning season (Sept.–Oct.), improving model predictions of surface CCN concentrations. The annual indirect forcing from CCN resulting from nucleation and growth in biomass burning plumes is predicted to be −0.2 W m−2, demonstrating that this effect has a significant impact on climate that has not been previously considered.
Detection of Retinal Glial Cell Activation in Glaucoma by Time Domain Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Grieshaber M. C. , Moramarco F. , Schoetzau A. , Flammer J. , Orguel S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Background: Activated retinal astrocytes and Müller cells (ARAM) have been found in glaucoma patients. This study investigated whether presumed ARAM can be detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT), and assessed their relationship to the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness.
Patients and Methods: Single-center observational study involving 35 age-matched healthy controls and 19 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) between 45 − 82 years of age. Presumed ARAM was defined as patchy, discrete glittering but transparent changes of the macula. The retina was documented by red-free photography to assess distribution of ARAM, and compared to the RNFL thickness measured around the fovea by OCT. A linear mixed effects model was used to detect a difference between eyes with ARAM versus eyes without ARAM.
Results: ARAM was not found in healthy subjects. The mean RNFL around the fovea was not significantly thicker in healthy controls (34.01 SD ± 22.24) than in POAG patients with ARAM (30.86 microns SD ± 15.09; p = 0.36) or without ARAM (33.19 microns SD ± 19.87; p = 0.46). Furthermore, the median RNFL thickness was similar to the control group (29 microns) but slightly thinner in POAG patients (each 27 microns with ARAM and without ARAM). In a subgroup analysis of POAG patients with ARAM, the within subject standard deviation of RNFL was significantly lower in areas with ARAM (SD 10.12) than in areas without ARAM (SD 17.30) (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Although the mean and median RNFL thickness was comparable between the groups, the variability of the RNFL thickness was significantly lower in areas with ARAM than in areas without ARAM suggesting that ARAM may mask RNFL loss in POAG patients.
Recording of Amplitude-Integrated Electroencephalography, Oxygen Saturation, Pulse Rate, and Cerebral Blood Flow during Massage of Premature Infants
Authors: Rudnicki Jacek , Boberski Marek , Butrymowicz Ewa , Niedbalski Paweł , Ogniewski Paweł , Niedbalski Marek , Niedbalski Zbigniew , Podraza Wojciech , Podraza Hanna 
Published: April 2012

Objective Stimulation of the nervous system plays an important role in brain function and psychomotor development of children. Massage can benefit premature infants, but has limitations.
Study Design The authors conducted a study to verify the direct effects of massage on amplitude-integrated electroencephalography (aEEG), oxygen saturation (SaO2), and pulse analyzed by color cerebral function monitor (CCFM) and cerebral blood flow assessed by the Doppler technique.
Results The amplitude of the aEEG trend during massage significantly increased. Massage also impacted the dominant frequency δ waves. Frequency significantly increased during the massage and return to baseline after treatment. SaO2 significantly decreased during massage. In four premature infants, massage was discontinued due to desaturation below 85%. Pulse frequency during the massage decreased but remained within physiological limits of greater than 100 beats per minute in all infants. Doppler flow values in the anterior cerebral artery measured before and after massage did not show statistically significant changes. Resistance index after massage decreased, which might provide greater perfusion of the brain, but this difference was not statistically significant.
Conclusion Use of the CCFM device allows for monitoring of three basic physiologic functions, namely aEEG, SaO2, and pulse, and increases the safety of massage in preterm infants.
Role of the Bering Strait on the hysteresis of the ocean conveyor belt circulation and glacial climate stability
Authors: Hu Aixue , Meehl Gerald A. , Han Weiqing , Timmermann Axel , Otto-Bliesner Bette , Liu Zhengyu , Washington Warren M. , Large William , Abe-Ouchi Ayako , Kimoto Masahide , Lambeck Kurt , Wu Bingyi 
Published: April 2012

Abrupt climate transitions, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events, occurred frequently during the last glacial period, specifically from 80–11 thousand years before present, but were nearly absent during interglacial periods and the early stages of glacial periods, when major ice-sheets were still forming. Here we show, with a fully coupled state-of-the-art climate model, that closing the Bering Strait and preventing its throughflow between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans during the glacial period can lead to the emergence of stronger hysteresis behavior of the ocean conveyor belt circulation to create conditions that are conducive to triggering abrupt climate transitions. Hence, it is argued that even for greenhouse warming, abrupt climate transitions similar to those in the last glacial time are unlikely to occur as the Bering Strait remains open.
Induction, Recovery, and Hematological Responses of Largemouth Bass to Chemo- and Electrosedation
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T , Bowker James D , Mulligan Bonnie L , Gause Brian R 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Sedating fish before handling minimizes the risk of injury to both fish and handler and may also minimize the fish's stress response. We conducted two experiments to quantitatively compare induction and recovery times of largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides sedated with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), eugenol, benzocaine, carbon dioxide (CO2), or electrosedation (pulsed DC). We also assessed the fish's hematological profile following sedation with MS-222, eugenol, and electrosedation. Induction times varied significantly among the sedatives evaluated; electrosedation yielded the fastest inductions (0.2 ± 0.1 min; mean ± SE) and CO2 yielded the slowest (3.6 ± 0.1 min). Times to recovery of equilibrium and responsiveness to tactile and visual–auditory stimuli also varied, ranging from 1.8 ± 0.3 to 3.7 ± 0.3 min and from 2.3 ± 0.3 to 4.0 ± 0.3 min, respectively, depending on the sedative used. Plasma cortisol concentrations were elevated at 0.5 h postsedation among fish sedated with eugenol and MS-222, whereas cortisol levels of electrosedated fish were comparatively low and stable throughout the experiment. Conversely, plasma glucose and lactate levels increased markedly from 0.5 to 2 h postsedation among electrosedated fish, whereas the responses among fish treated with eugenol or MS-222 were weak or negligible. Our results indicate that electrosedation, benzocaine, eugenol, and MS-222 are all effective in quickly sedating largemouth bass. Physiological and behavioral data suggest that largemouth bass generally recover within 6 h of sedation using MS-222, eugenol, or electrosedation.
Inhibitory Effects of Rosemary Oil on the In Vitro Growth of Six Common Finfish Pathogens
Authors: Ostrand Susan L , Glenn Richard A , Gannam Ann L , Hanson Kyle C 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Additives are commonly used in feed to enhance fish performance, health, and well-being. In recent years, antibiotics have received increased scrutiny owing to concerns about overuse and their environmental impact. These concerns have generated a desire for naturally derived alternatives for the aquafeed industry. For screening purposes, we examined the in vitro effects of an essential oil on bacteria commonly associated with fish diseases. Six concentrations of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis oil (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 μL/μL of 1% Tween-20 and pure rosemary oil [1.0]) were used against Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Yersinia ruckeri, Aeromonas salmonicida, and three warmwater bacterial pathogens, A. hydrophila, Edwardsiella ictaluri, and E. tarda, along with a control treatment (1% Tween-20 only). After incubation, the mean zone of inhibition around the disks was measured. While most concentrations were found to inhibit pathogen growth, a concentration of 50% or more was found to have significantly higher effects on most of the pathogens tested. Rosemary oil was found to inhibit the growth of F. psychrophilum to the greatest extent and had a limited effect on the other fish pathogens. Although rosemary oil was shown to inhibit the growth of some bacterial fish pathogens in experimental trials, further laboratory and field studies are required to determine whether rosemary oil as a feed additive has any application as part of an integrated fish health management strategy.
Euler–Maclaurin expansions for integrals with arbitrary algebraic endpoint singularities
Authors: Sidi Avram 
Published: April 2012

In this paper, we provide the Euler–Maclaurin expansions for (offset) trapezoidal rule approximations of the divergent finite-range integrals

∫
a
b

f
(
x
)

d
x

\int ^b_af(x)\,dx

, where

f
∈

C

∞

(
a
,
b
)

f\in C^{\infty }(a,b)

but can have arbitrary algebraic singularities at one or both endpoints. We assume that

f
(
x
)

f(x)

has asymptotic expansions of the general forms

a
m
p
;
f
(
x
)
∼
K

(
x
−
a

)

−
1

+

∑

s
=
0

∞

c
s

(
x
−
a

)

γ
s

as

x
→
a
+
,

a
m
p
;
f
(
x
)
∼
L

(
b
−
x

)

−
1

+

∑

s
=
0

∞

d
s

(
b
−
x

)

δ
s

as

x
→
b
−
,

\begin{align*} &f(x)\sim K\,(x-a)^{-1}+\sum ^{\infty }_{s=0}c_s(x-a)^{\gamma _s} \quad \text {as}\ x\to a+,\\ &f(x)\sim L\,(b-x)^{-1}+\sum ^{\infty }_{s=0}d_s(b-x)^{\delta _s} \quad \text {as}\ x\to b-, \end{align*}

where

K
,
L

K,L

, and

c
s

,

d
s

c_s, d_s

,

s
=
0
,
1
,
…
,

s=0,1,\ldots ,

are some constants,

|

K

|

+

|

L

|

≠
0
,

|K|+|L|\neq 0,

and

γ
s

\gamma _s

and

δ
s

\delta _s

are distinct, arbitrary and, in general, complex, and different from

−
1

-1

, and satisfy
\[

ℜ

γ
0

≤
ℜ

γ
1

≤
⋯
,

lim

s
→
∞

ℜ

γ
s

=
+
∞
;

ℜ

δ
0

≤
ℜ

δ
1

≤
⋯
,

lim

s
→
∞

ℜ

δ
s

=
+
∞
.

\Re \gamma _0\leq \Re \gamma _1\leq \cdots , \ \ \lim _{s\to \infty }\Re \gamma _s=+\infty ;\quad \Re \delta _0\leq \Re \delta _1\leq \cdots , \ \ \lim _{s\to \infty }\Re \delta _s=+\infty .

\]
Hence the integral

∫
a
b

f
(
x
)

d
x

\int ^b_af(x)\,dx

exists in the sense of Hadamard finite part. The results we obtain in this work extend some of the results in [A. Sidi, Numer. Math. 98 (2004), pp. 371–387] that pertain to the cases in which

K
=
L
=
0.

K=L=0.

They are expressed in very simple terms based only on the asymptotic expansions of

f
(
x
)

f(x)

as

x
→
a
+

x\to a+

and

x
→
b
−

x\to b-

. With

h
=
(
b
−
a
)

/

n

h=(b-a)/n

, where

n
n

is a positive integer, one of these results reads

h

∑

i
=
1

n
−
1

f
(
a
+
i
h
)
∼
I
[
f
]

a
m
p
;
+
K

(
C
−
log
⁡
h
)
+

∑

s
=
0

γ
s

∉
{
2
,
4
,
…
}

∞

c
s

ζ
(
−

γ
s

)

h

γ
s

+
1

a
m
p
;
+
L

(
C
−
log
⁡
h
)
+

∑

s
=
0

δ
s

∉
{
2
,
4
,
…
}

∞

d
s

ζ
(
−

δ
s

)

h

δ
s

+
1

as

h
→
0

,

\begin{align*} h\sum ^{n-1}_{i=1}f(a+ih)\sim I[f]&+K\,(C -\log h) + \sum ^{\infty }_{\substack {s=0\\ \gamma _s\not \in \{2,4,\ldots \}}}c_s \zeta (-\gamma _s)\,h^{\gamma _s+1}\\ &+L\,(C -\log h) +\sum ^{\infty }_{\substack {s=0\\ \delta _s\not \in \{2,4,\ldots \}}}d_s\zeta (-\delta _s) h^{\delta _s+1}\quad \text {as $h\to 0$}, \end{align*}

where

I
[
f
]

I[f]

is the Hadamard finite part of

∫
a
b

f
(
x
)

d
x

\int ^b_af(x)\,dx

,

C
C

is Euler’s constant and

ζ
(
z
)

\zeta (z)

is the Riemann Zeta function. We illustrate the results with an example.
Effects of Extruder Screw Speeds on Physical Properties and In Vitro Starch Hydrolysis of Precooked Pinto, Navy, Red, and Black Bean Extrudates
Authors: Simons Courtney W. , Hall Clifford , Tulbek Mehmet 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACTPrecooked pinto, navy, red, and black bean flours were extruded at different screw speeds (320, 380, and 440 rpm) with a twin‐screw extruder. Effect of speed on physical properties and in vitro starch hydrolysis was investigated. Increasing screw speeds reduced water activity, expansion index, and texture. Extrudates could not be obtained from pinto bean flour at 440 rpm because of the high shear effect. Water absorption index and water solubility index were not significantly affected by screw speed but were significantly higher than for unextruded precooked flour. A significant change in color was observed in navy beans, characterized by increasing b values on the Hunter color scale. Resistant starch ranged from 3.65 to 4.83% db and was not significantly affected by screw speed. Glycemic index of all extrudates was high, ranging from 81.3 to 86.9.
Outcome of SurePath™ cervical samples reported as borderline nuclear change by cytological subtype and high‐risk HPV status
Authors: Gupta N. , Dudding N. , Crossley J. , Payyappilly S. J. , Smith J. H. F. 
Published: April 2012

N. Gupta, N. Dudding, J. Crossley, S.J. Payyappilly and J.H.F. Smith  Outcome of SurePath™ cervical samples reported as borderline nuclear changes by cytological subtype and high‐risk HPV statusBackground:  The average borderline rate in cervical cytology samples for English laboratories was 3.8% with the range being 2.0–6.8% at the time of the present study, which was undertaken in order to determine the association between different subtypes of borderline nuclear change (BNC), high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) status.Materials and methods:  Of 68 551 SurePathTM cervical samples reported in one laboratory over a period of 2 years, 2335 (3.4%) were reported as BNC. hrHPV status was known in 1112 cases (47.6%). The outcome was known only for women with hrHPV‐positive BNC, who were recommended for colposcopy under the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme sentinel site protocol. Women with hrHPV‐negative BNC were returned to 3‐yearly recall. The cases were subdivided into BNC, high‐grade dyskaryosis cannot be excluded (B‐HG; 105 cases); BNC with koilocytosis (B‐K; 421 cases); BNC with other features of HPV (B‐HPV; 160 cases); and BNC, not otherwise specified (B‐NOS; 426 cases) and were correlated with the histological outcome where available.Results:  The study population age ranged from 23 to 65 years. Cases that tested positive for hrHPV by Qiagen HCII assay comprised 78.1%, 81.0%, 73.1% and 67.8% of B‐HG, B‐K, B‐HPV and B‐NOS categories, respectively. CIN2 or worse (CIN2+) was found in 64.6%, 10.0%, 19.7% and 20.1% of hrHPV‐positive cases of B‐HG, B‐K, B‐HPV and B‐NOS, respectively, which was significantly higher in the B‐HG category (P < 0.001) and lower in the B‐K category compared with B‐NOS (p < 0.001) and B‐HPV (p = 0.006) respectively. CIN3+ comprised 55.6%, 6.3%, 26.3% and 19.1% of biopsies in the same categories, respectively.Conclusions:  Subtyping BNC is useful, especially B‐K and B‐HG, which, respectively, had the lowest and highest rates of detection of both CIN2+ and CIN3+, confirming that koilocytosis is likely to be associated with transient HPV infection. Women with B‐HG should be referred to colposcopy in the absence of HPV triage.