bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on approaches to integrated control of <i>Meloidogyne graminicola</i> in rice
Authors: Amarasinghe LD , Kariyapperuma KADPS , Pathirana HNI 
Published: January 2011

This study presents the results obtained from the studies carried out to find out the response of Meloidogyne graminicola to different rice varieties and to different soil amendments when applied with and without NPK fertilizer in young rice plants. The use of soil amendments such as poultry manure and cow dung significantly reduced the nematode population, the total percentage of yellow leaves and dead leaves and significantly increased the plant growth. Two varieties namely, Bg 300 and Bg 352 were found to be immune for M. graminicola not allowing the nematodes to penetrate the roots. The varieties Bg 350, Bg 356, Bg 357 and Bg 360 were categorized as resistant. These varieties allowed the nematodes to penetrate the roots, but the development and the reproduction of the nematodes were not permitted. The varieties Bg 11, Bg 351, and Bg 358 were found to be susceptible for the nematode, M. graminicola of which Bg 351 is highly susceptible host with high rate of reproduction while Bg 358 and Bg 11 are less susceptible with low rate of reproduction of the nematode. This study also revealed that the young plants of susceptible varieties were unable to compensate the nematode damage under unfertilized conditions. Keywords: root-knot nematode; Meloidogyne graminicola; Oryza sativa; management DOI: 10.4038/josuk.v3i0.2736J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya 3 (2007) : 29-46
Automatic segmentation of given set of Sinhala text into syllables for Speech Synthesis
Authors: Kumara KH , Dias NGJ , Sirisena H 
Published: January 2011

A dictionary based automatic syllabification tool has been given for Speech Synthesis in Sinhala language. This tool is also capable of providing frequency distributions of Vowels, Consonants and Syllables for a given set of Sinhala text.A method of determining syllable boundaries has also been shown. Detection of Syllable boundaries for a given Sinhala sentence is achieved by four main phases and those phases have been described with examples. Rules for the automatic segmentation of words into syllables have been derived based on a dictionary. An algorithm has been produced for the implementation of these rules which utilizes the dictionary together with an accurate mark up of the syllable boundaries.Keywords: Speech Synthesis; Text to Speech (TTS); Phonetic; Vowels; Consonants; Syllables; algorithm; transcription. DOI: 10.4038/josuk.v3i0.2738J. Sci. Univ. Kelaniya 3 (2007) : 53-62
Choosing the Optimum Swab for Canal Drying in Cemented Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Cutts Steven , Pasapula Chandra S. , Modi Nitin R. , Gwozdziewicz Lucasz , Bowers Alban G. 
Published: January 2011

During total hip replacement, the reamed medullary canal of the femur should represent a clean, dry surface. We compared the effectiveness of 4 different cotton swabs in a synthetic femur that had been reamed to receive a size 1 Exeter trial prosthesis. Swab sizes included a 2.5 cm and a 7.5 cm diameter ribbon gauze, a pair of 10 × 7.5 cms square swabs and a larger surgical packing swab (20 × 22 cms). The ability of the swabs to pack the femur was assessed using both plain radiographs and colour photography (after femoral section). After retrieval from the canal, the total dry weight of the cotton inserted was recorded as was the time required to withdraw each swab type. Only the narrowest (2.5 cm diameter) ribbon gauze was found to achieve comprehensive packing as far as the cement restrictor but it required a longer time for removal, and there may be a case for using larger ribbon gauze in larger femora. The mass of cotton delivered to the canal using small square swabs was half of that delivered using narrow ribbon gauze.
Alkaloids
Authors: Mascavage Linda M. , Jasmin Serge , Sonnet Philip E. , Wilson Michael , Dalton David R. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Alkaloids Derived from Polyketides and the Amino Acids Ornithine and Lysine2.1.Alkaloids Derived by the Insertion of Nitrogen into a Polyketide2.1.1.(S)‐(+)‐Coniine, γ‐Coniceine and Related Alkaloids2.1.2.Solenopsin Family (Fire Ant Alkaloids)2.1.3.Perhydroazaphenalenes: Defensive Alkaloids of the Coccinellidae2.1.4.Cyanobacteria Alkaloids2.1.5.Additional Polyketide‐Derived Alkaloids2.2.Alkaloids Derived from Ornithine and/or Arginine2.2.1.Tropane Alkaloids2.2.2.Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids2.3.Alkaloids Derived from Ornithine (and/or Arginine) and Nicotinic Acid2.4.Alkaloids Derived from Lysine (Lys, K) and Nicotinic Acid2.5.Purine Alkaloids2.6.Imidazole Alkaloids2.7.Pepper Alkaloids3.Alkaloids Derived from the Shikimate Pathway3.1.Alkaloids Derived from Anthranilate3.2.Alkaloids Derived from Phenylalanine and Tyrosine3.2.1.Biosynthesis of Dopamine, Mescaline and Capsaicin3.2.2.Biosynthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids3.2.3.Cryptostyline (Orchidaceae) and Alkaloids of the Amaryllidaceae3.2.4.Ephedra Alkaloids3.3.Alkaloids Derived from Tyrosine3.4.Alkaloids Derived from Tryptophan and/or Tryptamine (Indole Alkaloids)3.4.1.Alkaloids Derived from Tryptamine and an Unrearranged Monoterpene Unit3.4.2.Mold Metabolites3.4.3.Ergot Alkaloids3.4.4.Corynantheine–Heteroyohimbine Structural Types3.4.5.Corynantheine‐Type Alkaloids3.4.6.Ajmalicine‐Type Alkaloids3.4.7.Heteroyohimbine Oxindole Type3.4.8.Glucoalkaloids3.4.9.Yohimbine–Reserpine Structural Types3.4.10.Akuammidine–Quebrachidine–Ervatamine–Gelsemine–Akuammiline Structural Types3.4.11.Uleine–Ellipticine–Vallesamine–Ngouniensine Structural Types3.5.The Cinchona Structural Type3.6.The Camptothecin Structural Type3.7.Terpene, Sesquiterpene, Diterpene and Steroidal Alkaloids (→ ((anchor interlink a26_205.xml Terpenes)))3.7.1.Overview of Terpenoid Biosynthesis3.7.2.Monoterpene Alkaloids3.7.3.Sesquiterpene Alkaloids3.7.4.Diterpene Alkaloids3.7.5.Sesterterpene and Triterpene Alkaloids3.7.6.Steroidal Alkaloids4.Summary
Process Development, 1. Fundamentals and Standard Course
Authors: Vogel G. Herbert 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Objective of Industrial Research and Development1.2.Production Structure of the Chemical Industry1.3.Chemical Production Plant and its Components1.4.The Task of Process Development2.Course of Process Development2.1.Process Development as an Iterative Process2.2.Drawing up an Initial Version of the Process2.2.1.Data Banks2.2.2.Simulation Programs2.2.3.Expert Systems2.3.Checking Individual Steps2.4.Testing the Entire Process on a Small Scale2.4.1.Microplant: Link between Laboratory and Miniplant2.4.2.Miniplant Technique2.4.2.1.Introduction2.4.2.2.Construction2.4.2.3.Limits of Miniaturization2.4.2.4.Limitations of the Miniplant Technique2.4.3.Pilot Plant3.Planning, Erection and Start‐Up of a Chemical Plant
Process Development, 2. Evaluation
Authors: Vogel G. Herbert 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Process Evaluation

1.1.

Preparation of Study Reports

1.1.1.

Summary

1.1.2.

Basic Flow Diagram

1.1.3.

Process Description and Flow Diagram

1.1.4.

Waste‐Disposal Flow Diagram

1.1.5.

Estimation of Capital Expenditure

1.1.5.1.

Introduction

1.1.5.2.

ISBL Investment Costs

1.1.5.3.

OSBL Investment Costs

1.1.5.4.

Infrastructure Costs

1.1.6.

Calculation of Production Costs

1.1.6.1.

Feedstock Costs

1.1.6.2.

Utilities

1.1.6.3.

Waste‐Disposal Costs

1.1.6.4.

Staff Costs

1.1.6.5.

Maintenance Costs

1.1.6.6.

Overheads

1.1.6.7.

Capital‐Dependent Costs (Depreciation)

1.1.7.

Technology Evaluation

1.1.8.

Assessment of the Experimental Work

1.2.

Return on Investment

1.2.1.

Static Return on Investment

1.2.2.

Dynamic Return on Investment

1.3.

Economic Risk

1.3.1.

Sensitivity Analysis

1.3.2.

Amortization Time

2.

Trends and Future in Process Development
Influence of crystallization conditions on crystal morphology and size of CaCO3 and their effect on pressure filtration
Authors: Beck Ralf , Andreassen Jens‐Petter 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe temperature, supersaturation, seeding procedure, stirring speed and other parameters were varied in crystallization experiments of calcium carbonate performed in aqueous solutions to control size, particle size distribution and morphology of the particles. Particle size information was obtained by focused beam reflectance measurements and the Coulter Counter Multisizer. Crystals of CaCO3 could be crystallized as spherical polycrystalline particles of the vaterite polymorph, needle‐like crystals of aragonite and both cube‐like and novel plate‐like crystals of calcite. Filtration experiments for calcium carbonate, performed at a constant pressure difference of 2 bar, show that spherical particles with a larger size show better filterability and that spheres with a wider size distribution, as a result of high supersaturation and nucleation, give higher average cake resistance values. Comparing different particle morphologies, plate‐like crystals and needle‐like crystals show worse filterability than spherical particles and cube‐like particles. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Calculation of the solubility of liquid solutes in glassy polymers
Authors: Sarti Giulio C. , De Angelis Maria Grazia 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe solubility of liquid molecules in glassy polymers has been considered by using the general results of the Non‐Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Glassy Polymers (NET‐GP), which proved successful to calculate solubility isotherms of gases in glassy polymers for rather different situations, including polymer blends, mixed gases, and mixed matrices. It is shown that the existing model is suitable also for liquid penetrants in a glassy phase: water and ethanol sorption in polycarbonate (PC) and water sorption in polysulfone (PSf) have been examined as examples. The model's ability to predict the solubility from both liquid and vapor phases was tested successfully, using the same values of the parameters for both phases. In the case of PC, the model was also applied to calculate successfully the solubility of liquid water at different temperatures from 25 to 130°C, with a single value of the energetic binary parameter. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
New mass‐transfer correlations for packed towers
Authors: Hanley Brian , Chen Chau‐Chyun 
Published: January 2011

AbstractRate‐based calculations for trayed and packed columns offer process engineers a more rigorous and reliable basis for assessing column performance than the traditional equilibrium‐stage approach, especially for multicomponent separations. Although the mathematics, thermodynamics, and transport‐related physics upon which nonequilibrium separations theory is founded are generally true, it is also true that rate‐based simulations today suffer from a serious weakness—they are ultimately tied to underlying equipment performance correlations with questionable predictive capability. In the case of packed columns operated countercurrently, correlations are required for the mass‐transfer coefficients, kx and ky, for the specific area participating in mass transfer, am, for the two‐phase pressure drop, (Δp/Z)2ϕ, and for the flood capacity of the column. In particular, it is generally well known that packing mass‐transfer correlations available in the public domain are unreliable when they are applied to chemical systems and column operating conditions outside of those used to develop the correlations in the first place. For that reason, we undertake the development of dependable, dimensionally consistent, correlating expressions for the mass‐transfer‐related quantities kx, ky, and am for metal Pall rings, metal IMTP, sheet metal structured packings of the MELLAPAK type, and metal gauze structured packings in the X configuration, using a new data fitting procedure. We demonstrate the superior performance of these correlations for a wide range of chemical systems and column operating conditions, including distillations as well as acid gas capture with amines. Further, we show that these new correlations lead to predictions for the relative interfacial area participating in mass transfer that can be greatly in excess of the geometrical surface area of the packing itself. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Benefit of the Awaji diagnostic algorithm for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A prospective study
Authors: Schrooten Maarten , Smetcoren Charlotte , Robberecht Wim , Van Damme Philip 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:Early and accurate diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is important for patient care and for entry in clinical trials. Retrospective studies suggest that the use of the Awaji algorithm for the diagnosis of ALS is more sensitive for early diagnosis than the currently used revised El Escorial criteria.Methods:We prospectively compared the revised El Escorial criteria with the Awaji algorithm in patients seen with suspected ALS at the University Hospitals Leuven between January 2008 and April 2010.Results:Out of 200 patients referred for the diagnosis of ALS, 66% and 85% could be categorized to definite or probable ALS at first presentation according to the revised El Escorial and the Awaji algorithm, respectively (p < 5.6 × 10−17). This corresponds to a >50% reduction of patients not eligible for clinical trial entry. Application of the Awaji algorithm made the diagnosis of ALS more likely by at least 1 diagnostic category in 25.7% of patients and identified at least 1 additional region with electrodiagnostic signs of ongoing lower motor neuron loss in 46.4% of electrodiagnostic investigations. Application of the Awaji algorithm did not result in a single false‐positive diagnosis of ALS in this study.Interpretation:Our data demonstrate that the Awaji algorithm is significantly more sensitive compared to the revised El Escorial criteria, without resulting in false‐positive diagnoses of ALS. It should therefore be used in clinical trials. Ann Neurol 2011;
Muscle pain in models of chemotherapy‐induced and alcohol‐induced peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Alvarez Pedro , Ferrari Luiz F. , Levine Jon D. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:While inflammatory pain is well described in skeletal muscle, neuropathic muscle pain remains to be clarified. We used 3 well‐established rodent models of peripheral neuropathy to evaluate for muscle pain.Methods:In rats exposed to either of 2 neurotoxic cancer chemotherapies, paclitaxel or oxaliplatin, or to alcohol consumption, we assessed the evolution of mechanical hyperalgesia in skeletal muscle and skin, in the same animal. To explore the involvement of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε), a second messenger implicated in some forms of neuropathic pain, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS‐ODNs) or mismatch ODNs (MM‐ODNs) for PKCε were administered intrathecally.Results:Rats submitted to models of chemotherapy‐induced and alcohol‐induced neuropathy developed persistent muscle hyperalgesia, which evolved in parallel in muscle and skin. The administration of PKCε AS, which has been shown to mediate cutaneous hyperalgesia in paclitaxel and ethanol models of neuropathic pain, also inhibited muscle hyperalgesia induced by these agents. Stopping AS‐ODN was associated with the reappearance of hyperalgesia at both sites. The AS‐ODN to PKCε treatment was devoid of effect in both muscle and skin in the oxaliplatin neuropathy model.Interpretation:Our results support the suggestion that neuropathic muscle pain may be a greater clinical problem than generally appreciated. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Glial gap junctional communication involvement in hippocampal damage after middle cerebral artery occlusion
Authors: Xie Minjie , Yi Chenju , Luo Xiang , Xu Shabei , Yu Zhiyuan , Tang Yingxin , Zhu Wenhao , Du Yixing , Jia Lintao , Zhang Qiang , Dong Qiang , Zhu Wenzhen , Zhang Xia , Bu Bitao , Wang Wei 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:Most patients with stroke casued by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) show cognitive deficit that is generally regarded as resulting from damage to the cerebral cortex rather than the hippocampus. Whether MCAO induces hippocampal damage and whether this contributes to the cognitive defects remains unclear. Here we investigate the hippocampal damage and its correlation to cognitive defects after exclusively unilateral MCAO and the underlying mechanism for that damage.Methods:Patients were assessed for hippocampal damage by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and the Mini Mental‐Status Evaluation (MMSE) and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) were used to assess for cognitive defects.Results:We provide the first evidence that patients with exclusively unilateral MCAO showed hippocampal damage characterized by an infarct‐size–independent atrophy and alterations in neuronal and glial metabolites in the ipsilateral hippocampus, in parallel with cognitive impairment. Rodent MCAO also induced delayed shrinkage and pyramidal neuronal death in the ipsilateral hippocampus and an impairment of hippocampal‐dependent spatial memory. Blocking Gap junctional communication (GJC) with carbenoxolone or downregulation of connexin43 (Cx43) significantly increased the survival of the pyramidal neurons in the ipsilateral hippocampus and improved behavioral scores. Furthermore, Cx43 heterozygous mice showed reduced shrinkage and metabolite abnormality in ipsilateral hippocampus after MCAO.Interpretation:Astroglial GJC plays a significant role in MCAO‐induced remote hippocampal damage and cognitive impairment. It might be possible to improve the cognition in patients with MCAO by manipulating interastrocytic communication via the gap junction channels. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Bystanding F+ Oxidants Enable Selective Reductive Elimination from High‐Valent Metal Centers in Catalysis
Authors: Engle Keary M. , Mei Tian‐Sheng , Wang Xisheng , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractReductive elimination from partially or completely oxidized metal centers is a vital step in a myriad of carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom bond‐forming reactions. One strategy for promoting otherwise challenging reductive elimination reactions is to oxidize the metal center using a two‐electron oxidant (that is, from M(n) to M(n+2)). However, many of the commonly used oxidants for this type of transformation contain oxygen, nitrogen, or halogen moieties that are subsequently capable of participating in reductive elimination, thus leading to a mixture of products. In this Minireview, we examine the use of bystanding F+ oxidants for addressing this widespread problem in organometallic chemistry and describe recent applications in PdII/PdIV and AuI/AuIII catalysis. We then briefly discuss a rare example in which one‐electron oxidants have been shown to promote selective reductive elimination in palladium(II)‐catalyzed CH functionalization, which we view as a promising future direction in the field.
Gold Nanoparticles Carrying Diatomic Molecules (O2 and CO) in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Karasugi Keiichi , Kitagishi Hiroaki , Kano Koji 
Published: January 2011

AbstractGold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by citrate reduction of aurochloric acid (HAuCl4) were functionalized by tris(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphinatoiron(III) (FeIIIP2) and poly(ethylene glycol) with thiolated arms (PEG‐SH). FeIIIP2 on the AuNP surface existed as its μ‐oxo dimer, which was reduced by Na2S2O4 to yield monomeric FeIIP2. FeIIP2‐bearing AuNPs were further functionalized through inclusion of two sulfonatophenyl groups of FeIIP2 by a per‐O‐methylated β‐cyclodextrin dimer with a pyridine linker (Py3CD) to obtain AuNPs capable of carrying diatomic molecules in the body. The resulting AuNPs (hemoCD‐AuNPs) bound O2 as well as CO in an aqueous solution. Although a noncolloidal 1:1 complex of 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphinatoiron(II) and Py3CD injected into the femoral vein of a rat was rapidly excreted in the urine, no excretion was observed with ferric hemoCD‐AuNPs, which were gradually accumulated in the spleen and liver of a rat. These results suggest that hemoCD‐AuNPs can be used as a carrier of diatomic molecules such as O2 and CO in vivo.
In‐situ XAFS Studies of Mn12 Molecular‐Cluster Batteries: Super‐Reduced Mn12 Clusters in Solid‐State Electrochemistry
Authors: Wang Heng , Hamanaka Shun , Yokoyama Toshihiko , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Awaga Kunio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn situ X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) analyses were performed on rechargeable molecular cluster batteries (MCBs), which were formed by a lithium anode and cathode‐active material, [Mn12O12(CH3CH2C(CH3)2COO)16(H2O)4] with tert‐pentyl carboxylate ligand (abbreviated as Mn12tPe), and with eight Mn3+ and four Mn4+ centers. This mixed valence cluster compound is used in an effort to develop a reusable in situ battery cell that is suitable for such long‐term performance tests. The Mn12tPe MCBs exhibit a large capacity of approximately 210 Ah kg−1 in the voltage range V=4.0–2.0 V. The X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectra exhibit a systematic change during the charging/discharging with an isosbestic point at 6555 eV, which strongly suggests that only either the Mn3+ or Mn4+ ions in the Mn12 skeleton are involved in this battery reaction. The averaged manganese valence, determined from the absorption‐edge energy, decreased monotonically from 3.3 to 2.5 in the first half of the discharging (4.0>V>2.8 V), but changed little in the second half (2.8>V>2.0 V). The former valence change indicates a reduction of the initial [Mn12]0 state by approximately ten electrons, which corresponds well with the half value of the observed capacity. Therefore, the large capacity of the Mn12 MCBs can be understood as being due to a combination of the redox change of the manganese ions and presumably a capacitance effect. The extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) indicates a gradual increase of the Mn2+ sites in the first half of the discharging, which is consistent with the XANES spectra. It can be concluded that the Mn12tPe MCBs would include a solid‐state electrochemical reaction, mainly between the neutral state [Mn12]0 and the super‐reduced state [Mn12]8− that is obtained by a local reduction of the eight Mn3+ ions in Mn12 toward Mn2+ ions.
Social Discounting and Externalizing Behavior Problems in Boys
Authors: Sharp Carla , Barr Graham , Ross Don , Bhimani Rupal , Ha Carolyn , Vuchinich Rudy 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTSocial discounting refers to the fact that most people assign more value to the welfare of close affiliates than they do to the welfare of distant affiliates—they discount the latter compared to the former. We report the first study to apply a social discounting paradigm to boys. We were particularly interested in investigating the relations between social discounting, age, and externalizing behavior problems (antisocial behavior). Results showed that (1) preadolescent boys were more likely than adolescent boys to show atypical response patterns in allocating rewards to affiliates; (2) task behavior was well represented as social discounting once boys with atypical response patterns were deleted from the sample, and (3) boys functioning in the clinical range on indices of externalizing behavior problems demonstrated steeper social discounting compared to controls. We conclude that social discounting as a measure of perceived social closeness is feasible for use in adolescent samples. Social discounting may operate similarly to other forms of discounting in impulsive individuals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.