bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Services that promote continuity of care: key findings from an evaluation of the national service framework for long‐term neurological conditions
Authors: Gridley Kate , Aspinal Fiona , Bernard Sylvia , Parker Gillian 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThis paper seeks to report key findings of a study, whose purpose was to: understand what helps or hinders the commissioning and provision of integrated services for people with long‐term neurological conditions (LTNCs); identify models of best practice from the perspectives of people with LTNCs and the professionals who work with them; and develop a benchmarking system to assess the extent to which these models are available in England.Design/methodology/approachThe research had three main components: a rapid systematic literature review of evidence; in‐depth case studies of six neurology “service systems”; and a survey of all English PCTs to audit progress towards implementation of the National Service Framework (NSF) for LTNCs.FindingsA number of elements that contribute to the experience of continuity and three service models that incorporate these elements were identified: community interdisciplinary neurological rehabilitation teams; nurse specialists and proactive, holistic day opportunities services. The survey results reinforced many of the case study findings, particularly around the varying levels of service available depending on diagnosis and location, and problems of access even where high‐quality services existed. The paper concludes that the systematic approach to delivering treatment and care for people with LTNCs envisaged in the NSF has not yet been achieved.Originality/valueThis study uses a mix of methods to assess progress towards national service improvement, based on evidence from people with LTNCs and those who work with them. As such, it provides a comprehensive benchmark at a critical point in the implementation of the NSF for LTNCs.
The force of due regard: the disability equality duty and policy‐making in a time of cuts
Authors: Silverstone Ben 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThis paper seeks to discuss the case‐law stemming from the disability equality duty under section 49A of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, now reformulated as one part of the public sector equality duty under section 149 of the Equality Act 2010.Design/methodology/approachThe paper focuses in particular on the consequences of the case law for the development and implementation of policy relating to the provision of support for disabled people.FindingsAnalysis of the relevant legal principles and individual cases reveals the high standards by which policy‐making will be tested in the courts and the serious consequences of defects in the decision‐making process.Practical implicationsPolicy‐makers and those acting on behalf of disabled people will need to pay extremely close attention to the requirements of the equality duty.Originality/valueThe paper highlights the nature of the new public sector equality duty and its growing importance to public authorities and those affected by their decisions in the new financially straitened policy environment.
“We know about our risks, so we should be asked.” A tool to support service user involvement in the risk assessment process in forensic services for people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Hall Samantha , Duperouzel Helen 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThe Department of Health advocates the involvement of service users in the risk assessment and management process. Studies suggest that this is not routine practice and is dependent on individual professionals. The “Keeping me Safe and Well” screen was developed by Mersey Care NHS as part of a human rights healthcare project and this paper aims to analyse it.Design/methodology/approachThe screen was piloted to adopt a more participative holistic approach to risk whilst working in partnership with service users. This took place in a 16‐bed, medium secure unit for people with a diagnosis of intellectual disabilities and personality disorder; five service users took part in the pilot. Personal records were audited to assess the level of involvement in the risk assessment process and individual and focus group interviews provided narrative on the use and usefulness of the tool.FindingsAll participating service users experienced an increased awareness and knowledge of the risk assessment process and human rights issues. The screen helped them focus on their own risk issues and the rights of others. Their views of personal risk matched those of the professionals, effectively validating existing assessment methods, promoting trust between service users and professionals, giving service users an opportunity to work collaboratively with professionals on individual risk management.Originality/valueThe screen added value to the risk assessment process by engaging service users in the risk process and supporting the adoption of a more participative, holistic approach to risk by maximising autonomy and empowerment and working in partnership with the service user.
Surprised by supermarkets: diffusion of modern food retail in India
Authors: Reardon Thomas , Minten Bart 
Published: October 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyze the patterns and dynamics of the diffusion of modern food retail in India.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on detailed sales data from retail chains in India, short case studies of retail chains, and review of literature.FindingsThe article presents three surprises concerning modern food retail diffusion in India. First, modern retail has developed in three “waves”, with the first wave, government retail chains, starting in the 1960s/1970s, cooperative retail chains starting in the 1970s/1980s, and private retail chains in the 1990s/2000s. All three were substantial, and internationally uniquely, all three coexist in the 2000s as segments of modern retail. Second, the rise of modern private retail in India in the past six years has been among the fastest in the world, growing at 49 percent a year on average over that period, and bouncing back to growth after a dip from the recent recession. The great majority of modern private retail has arisen in 2007‐2010. Third, beside the uniqueness of the coexistence of three types of retail noted above, Indian private retail chain development has unique or rare characteristics: driven by domestic capital investment, “early” (in terms of usual international patterns) diversification into small formats, “early” penetration of small cities and even rural towns, of the food markets of the poor and lower‐middle class, and of fresh produce retail. These unique factors have helped to propel it quickly.Originality/valueFor the first time in the literature, the paper presents an analysis of: the three waves in Indian retail; detailed sales data for all leading chains; and its uniqueness.
The interleukin 4 receptor gene and its role in recurrent airway obstruction in Swiss Warmblood horses
Authors: Klukowska‐Rötzler J. , Swinburne J. E. , Drögemüller C. , Dolf G. , Janda J. , Leeb T. , Gerber V. 
Published: October 2011

SummaryRecurrent airway obstruction (RAO) in horses is the result of an interaction of genetic and environmental factors and shares many characteristics with human asthma. Many studies have suggested that the interleukin‐4 receptor gene (IL4R) is associated with this disease, and a QTL region on chromosome 13 containing IL4R was previously detected in one of the two Swiss Warmblood families. We sequenced the entire IL4R gene in this family and detected 93 variants including five non‐synonymous protein‐coding variants. The allele distribution at these SNPs supported the previously detected QTL signal. Subsequently, we investigated IL4R mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells. During exacerbation, IL4R expression was increased in RAO‐affected offspring in the implicated family, but not in the other family. These findings support that IL4R plays a role in some cases of RAO.
A cross sectional survey of the views of newly registered pharmacists in Great Britain on their potential prescribing role: a cautious approach
Authors: McIntosh Trudi , Munro Kim , McLay James , Stewart Derek 
Published: October 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Pharmacists, along with certain other health professionals, may train and practice as supplementary or independent prescribers. The implementation and sustainability of pharmacist prescribing services throughout Britain will require a sizeable workforce. However, a survey of GB pharmacists highlighted that only a minority has taken any action to investigate prescribing training. Newly registered pharmacists may be keen to explore extended clinical roles and their engagement is likely to be key to the future success of this initiative.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Newly registered pharmacists are cautious in their approach to taking on prescribing training and roles. While almost all expressed interest in prescribing training, they acknowledged training needs in clinical examination, patient monitoring and medico‐legal aspects of prescribing. Longitudinal research on a cohort of newly registered pharmacist prescribers is warranted, aiming to identify later prescribing training actions and subsequent impact on patient care.AIM To investigate newly registered pharmacists' awareness of pharmacist prescribing and views on potential future roles as prescribers.METHODS A mailed questionnaire was sent to all 1658 pharmacists joining the Pharmacist Register in 2009.RESULTS The response rate was 25.2% (n= 418). While most (86.4%) expressed interest in prescribing training, they acknowledged training needs in clinical examination, patient monitoring and medico‐legal aspects of prescribing. Two thirds of respondents (66.3%) thought the current requirement of being registered as a pharmacist for 2 years prior to commencing prescribing training was appropriate.CONCLUSION Newly registered pharmacists are cautious in their approach to taking on prescribing training and roles.
Adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals: a case series in Hong Kong
Authors: Ching Chor Kwan , Lam Ying Hoo , Chan Albert Y. W. , Mak Tony W. L. 
Published: October 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Proprietary Chinese medicines (pCMs), generally considered to be natural and harmless, are commonly used for many indications, including diabetes mellitus. Adulteration of pCMs with undeclared pharmaceuticals has been reported previously. However, a detailed study investigating the problem of adulterated herbal antidiabetic products and their associated toxicities is largely lacking.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• This study shows the severity of the under‐recognized problem of adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals, including both registered and banned drugs. Potentially fatal adverse effects could result from the use of these illicit products.AIMS The current study aims to examine the problem of adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals, including both registered and banned drugs.METHODS All cases involving use of adulterated herbal antidiabetic products referred to a tertiary centre for clinical toxicology analysis from 2005 to 2010 inclusive were retrospectively reviewed. The patients' demographic characteristics, clinical presentations, medical history, drug history and the analytical findings of the herbal antidiabetic products were studied.RESULTS A total of 27 cases involving use of 29 adulterated herbal antidiabetic products were identified. Seventeen of the patients (63%) had clinical toxicities associated with the illicit products. Hypoglycaemia was the most common adverse effect, followed by lactic acidosis. Analysis of the 29 illicit herbal antidiabetic products revealed eight undeclared registered or banned oral antidiabetic agents, namely glibenclamide (n= 22), phenformin (n= 18), metformin (n= 6), rosiglitazone (n= 6), gliclazide (n= 2), glimepiride (n= 2), nateglinide (n= 1) and repaglinide (n= 1). Non‐antidiabetic drugs were also detected in some products. Up to four adulterants were detected within the same product.CONCLUSIONS Adulteration of herbal antidiabetic products with undeclared pharmaceuticals is a significant yet under‐recognized problem. Patients taking these illicit products could be at risk of potentially fatal adverse effects. It is important to educate the public to avoid taking pCMs of dubious source. Effective regulatory measures should be put in place to address the problem.
Oral administration of immunoglobulin G-enhanced colostrum alleviates insulin resistance and liver injury and is associated with alterations in natural killer T cells
Authors: Adar T , Ben Ya'acov A , Lalazar G , Lichtenstein Y , Nahman D , Mizrahi M , Wong V , Muller B , Rawlin G , Ilan Y 
Published: October 2011

Summary
Insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome are chronic inflammatory conditions that lead to hepatic injury and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Bovine colostrum has therapeutic effects in a variety of chronic infections. However its effectiveness in NASH was never studied. Natural killer T (NKT) cells have been shown to be associated with some of the pathological and metabolic abnormalities accompanying NASH in leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice. In the present study, we used hyperimmune bovine colostrum to treat hepatic injury and insulin resistance and we also assessed the effects on NKT cells. We used ob/ob mice that were fed for 6 weeks with either 0·1 mg bovine colostrum prepared from non-immunized cows, 0·1 mg hyperimmune colostrum raised against a bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extract or 0·001, 0·1 or 1 mg of immunoglobulin (Ig)G purified from hyperimmune colostrum (IgG–LPS). NKT cells were phenotyped by flow cytometry, and hepatic injury and insulin resistance were assessed by measuring fasting glucose levels, glucose tolerance tests and liver enzymes. Fat accumulation was measured in the liver and plasma. Oral administration of hyperimmune colostrums decreased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) serum levels and serum triglycerides compared to controls. Glucose intolerance was also improved by the hyperimmune colostrum preparations. These results were accompanied by a decrease in serum tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α levels following oral treatment with 0·1 or 1 mg of IgG–LPS. The beneficial effects of hyperimmune colostrums were associated with an increase in the number of splenic NKT cells. These data suggest that oral administration of hyperimmune colostrum preparations can alleviate chronic inflammation, liver injury and insulin resistance associated with NASH.
CD300a and CD300f differentially regulate the MyD88 and TRIF‐mediated TLR signalling pathways through activation of SHP‐1 and/or SHP‐2 in human monocytic cell lines
Authors: Kim Eun‐Ju , Lee Sang‐Min , Suk Kyoungho , Lee Won‐Ha 
Published: October 2011

SummaryCD300a, a membrane protein expressed on myeloid lineages and specific subsets of CD4+ T cells, has been reported to have inhibitory activities in cellular activation. However, the role of CD300a in Toll‐like receptor (TLR) ‐mediated macrophage activation has not been investigated. The human monocytic cell lines THP‐1 and U937 were stimulated with various TLR ligands after triggering of CD300a with specific monoclonal antibody. Interestingly, CD300a blocked TLR4‐mediated and TLR9‐mediated expression of pro‐inflammatory mediators without affecting TLR3‐mediated events. In contrast, CD300f, another member of the CD300 family, blocked the activation of cells induced by all TLR ligands. A transient transfection assay using luciferase reporter gene under the regulation of nuclear factor‐κB binding sites indicated that co‐transfection of CD300f blocked reporter expression induced by over‐expression of both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and toll‐interleukin 1 receptor‐domain‐containing adapter‐inducing interferon‐β (TRIF), whereas CD300a blocked only MyD88‐induced events. Synthetic peptides representing immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based inhibitory motifs of CD300a or CD300f mimicked the differential inhibition patterns of their original molecules. The use of various signalling inhibitors and Western blotting analysis revealed that TLR9/MyD88‐mediated signalling was regulated mainly by SH2‐containing tyrosine phosphatase 1 (SHP‐1), which could be activated by CD300a or CD300f. In contrast, regulation of the TLR3/TRIF‐mediated pathway required the combined action of SHP‐1 and SHP‐2, which could be accomplished by CD300f but not CD300a. These data indicate that CD300a and CD300f regulate the MyD88 and TRIF‐mediated TLR signalling pathways through differential activation of SHP‐1 and SHP‐2.
Insights gained from modelling high‐grade glioma in the mouse
Authors: Rankin S. L. , Zhu G. , Baker S. J. 
Published: October 2011

S. L. Rankin, G. Zhu and S. J. Baker (2012) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology38, 254–270Insights gained from modelling high‐grade glioma in the mouseHigh‐grade gliomas (HGGs) are devastating primary brain tumours with poor outcomes. Advances towards effective treatments require improved understanding of pathogenesis and relevant model systems for preclinical testing. Mouse models for HGG provide physiologically relevant experimental systems for analysis of HGG pathogenesis. There are advantages and disadvantages to the different methodologies used to generate such models, including implantation, genetic engineering or somatic gene transfer approaches. This review highlights how mouse models have provided insights into the contribution of specific mutations to tumour initiation, progression and phenotype, the influence of tumour micro‐environment, and the analysis of cell types that can give rise to glioma. HGGs are a heterogeneous group of tumours, and the complexity of diverse mutations within common signalling pathways as well as the developmental and cell‐type context of transformation contributes to the overall diversity of glioma phenotype. Enhanced understanding of the mutations and cell types giving rise to HGG, along with the ability to design increasingly complex mouse models that more closely simulate the process of human gliomagenesis will continue to provide improved experimental systems for dissecting mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and for preclinical testing.
HPR1, a component of the THO/TREX complex, plays an important role in disease resistance and senescence in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pan Huairong , Liu Simu , Tang Dingzhong 
Published: October 2011

SummaryENHANCED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (EDR1) is a negative regulator of powdery mildew resistance, cell death and ethylene‐induced senescence. To identify components involved in EDR1 signaling, we performed a forward genetic screen for edr1 suppressors. In this screen, we identified the hpr1‐4 mutation, which partially suppresses edr1‐mediated resistance to the powdery mildew pathogen Golovinomyces cichoracearum and mildew‐induced cell death. However, the hpr1‐4 mutation enhanced the ethylene‐induced senescence phenotype of edr1. The hpr1‐4 single mutant displayed enhanced susceptibility to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 and the oomycete pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. Arabidopsis HPR1 encodes a homolog of human HPR1, a component of the conserved THO/transcription export (THO/TREX) complex that is required for mRNA export in yeast and humans. HPR1 is expressed in various organs and throughout all developmental stages. HPR1 localizes to the nucleus, and, significantly, mRNA export is compromised in the hpr1‐4 mutant. Taken together, these data demonstrate that HPR1 plays an important role in disease resistance in plants, and that the THO/TREX complex is functionally conserved among plants, yeast and humans. Our data indicate a general link between mRNA export, defense responses and ethylene signaling in plants.
A tonoplast‐localized half‐size ABC transporter is required for internal detoxification of aluminum in rice
Authors: Huang Chao‐Feng , Yamaji Naoki , Chen Zhichang , Ma Jian Feng 
Published: October 2011

SummaryToxic aluminum enters the root cells rapidly, therefore internal detoxification is required. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are poorly understood. Here we functionally characterized a rice gene, Os03g0755100 (OsALS1), that is regulated by ART1, a C2H2‐type zinc finger transcription factor. OsALS1 encodes a half‐size ABC transporter that is a member of the TAP (transporter associated with antigen processing) sub‐group. Expression of OsALS1 was rapidly and specifically induced by Al in the roots, but not by other metals or low pH. OsALS1 was localized at all cells of the roots. Furthermore, OsALS1 is localized to the tonoplast. These expression patterns and cell specificity of localization are different from those of the homologous gene AtALS1 in Arabidopsis. Knockout of OsALS1 in three independent lines resulted in significant increased sensitivity to Al, but did not affect the sensitivity to other metals and low pH. Comparison of Al accumulation patterns between wild‐type and osals1 mutants showed that there was no difference in Al levels in the cell sap of root tips between wild‐type and the mutants, but the mutants accumulated more Al in the cytosol and nucleus than the wild‐type. Expression of OsALS1 in yeast resulted in increased Al sensitivity due to mis‐localization. These results indicate that OsALS1 localized at the tonoplast is responsible for sequestration of Al into the vacuoles, which is required for internal detoxification of Al in rice.
A c.3216_3217delGA mutation in AGL gene in Tunisian patients with a glycogen storage disease type III: evidence of a founder effect
Authors: Mili A , Ben Charfeddine I , Amara A , Mamaï O , Adala L , Ben Lazreg T , Bouguila J , Saad A , Limem K , Gribaa M 
Published: October 2011

Mili A, Ben Charfeddine I, Amara A, MamaÏ O, Adala L, Ben Lazereg T, Bougulia J, Saad A, Limem K, Gribaa M. A c.3216_3217delGA mutation in AGL gene in Tunisian patients with a glycogen storage disease type III: evidence of a founder effect.Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by excessive accumulation of abnormal glycogen in the liver and muscles and caused by deficiency in the glycogen debranching enzyme, the amylo‐1,6‐glucosidase (AGL). In this study, we report the clinical, biochemical and genotyping features of five unrelated GSD III patients coming from the same region in Tunisia. The concentration of erythrocyte glycogen and AGL activity were measured by colorimetric and fluorimetric methods, respectively. Four CA/TG microsatellite markers flanking the AGL gene in chromosome 1 were amplified with fluoresceinated primers. The full coding exons and their relevant exon–intron boundaries of the AGL gene were directly sequenced for the patients and their parents. All patients showed a striking increase of erythrocytes glycogen content. No AGL activity was detected in peripheral leukocytes. Sequencing of the AGL gene identified a c.3216_3217delGA (p.Glu1072AspfsX36) mutation in the five patients which leads to a premature termination, abolishing the AGL activity. Haplotype analysis showed that the mutation was associated with a common homozygote haplotype. Our results suggested the existence of a founder effect responsible for GSD III in this region of Tunisia.