bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phospholipid‐Derived Second Messengers
Authors: Exton John H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Inositol Phospholipid HydrolysisFunctional SignificancePhosphoinositide Phospholipases as Targets of Hormones and Growth FactorsPhosphatidylinositol 3,4,5‐Trisphosphate SynthesisPhosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinases as Targets of Hormones and Growth FactorsRole of Phosphatidylinositol 3‐Kinase in Cell FunctionPhosphatidylcholine HydrolysisPhosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis by Phospholipase D and Its Functional SignificancePhospholipase D as a Target of Hormones and Growth FactorsAgonist‐Stimulated Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis by Phospholipase CAgonist‐Stimulated Phosphatidylcholine Hydrolysis by Phospholipase A2Sphingomyelin Hydrolysis and Its Functional SignificanceSummary
Targeted Delivery of Hormones to Tissues by Plasma Proteins
Authors: Pardridge William M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Organ Physiology of Solute Exchange Through Capillary WallsQuantitation of Capillary Solute Transport: Kety‐Renkin‐Crone EquationCapillary Geometry, Organ Blood Flow, and Capillary Transit TimesCapillary Membrane PermeabilityCapillary Physiology of Steroid and Thyroid Hormone TransportPlasma Protein–Binding KineticsDissociation‐Limited TransportEnhanced Dissociation Mechanism of Plasma Protein–Mediated TransportTranscapillary Transport of Protein–Hormone ComplexPhysiology‐Based Model of Cellular Bioavailable HormoneExperimental Attempts to Measure Free Cellular HormoneMolecular Physiology of Hormone‐Binding Plasma ProteinsAlbuminPrealbumin (Transthyretin)Thyroid Hormone–Binding GlobulinCorticosteroid‐Binding GlobulinSex Hormone–Binding Globulinα1‐Acid Glycoprotein (Orosomucoid)Summary
The Roles of Cytochromes P‐450 in the Regulation of Steroidogenesis
Authors: Hall Peter F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Properties of Cytochromes P‐450Chemical PropertiesSpectral PropertiesThe P‐450 CycleThe Mechanism of P‐450 Enzyme ActivityReduction of Cytochrome P‐450Synthesis of Steroid HormonesNomenclaturePathways to Steroid HormonesIndividual Cytochromes P‐450C27Side‐Chain Cleavage P‐450C21Side‐Chain Cleavage P‐450 (Hydroxylase/Lyase)C21Hydroxylase11β‐Hydroxylase and Aldehyde SynthetaseAromataseThe Role of Membranes in the Actions of Cytochromes P‐450The Steroidogenic Inner Mitochondrial MembraneThe Steroidogenic Endoplasmic ReticulumMolecular Biology of Cytochromes P‐450Cytochrome P‐450c27scc(CYPII)Cytochrome P‐450 C21scc(17α‐hydroxylase) (CYP17)Cytochrome P‐450 21‐Hydroxylase (CYP21)Cytochrome P‐450 11β‐Hydroxylase (CYP11)Aromatase (CYP19)
Insulin Gene Transcription: Factors Involved in Cell Type–Specific and Glucose‐Regulated Expression in Islet β Cells are Also Essential During Pancreatic Development
Authors: Stein Roland 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Insulin Gene ExpressionPrincipal Factors Regulating Insulin Gene TranscriptionC2 ElementZ‐Element RegionA ElementsC1/RIPE3b1 ElementE ElementOther Key Pancreatic Cell Transcriptional RegulatorsTargeted Disruption of Insulin Transcriptional ActivatorsPDX‐1 in Pancreatic Islet and Exocrine Cell DevelopmentIsl‐1, Pax‐6, Pax‐4, and BETA2/NeuroD in Islet Endocrine Cell DevelopmentOther Transcription Factors Necessary for Islet Cell DevelopmentFactors Regulatingpdx‐1Gene TranscriptionNew PerspectivesSummary
Biosynthesis of Insulin
Authors: Steiner Donald F. , Chan Shu Jin , Rubenstein Arthur H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Insulin: Properties and StructureBiosynthesis of InsulinStructure and Functions of Precursor FormsCell BiologyMechanism of Proteolytic Conversion of Proinsulin to InsulinInsulin Storage VesiclesC Peptide, a Co‐secretory Product of the β CellRegulation of Insulin BiosynthesisThe Insulin Gene and its DefectsMutations in the Insulin GeneDefects in Insulin BiosynthesisProhormone Convertase DefectsConclusion
Electrophysiology of the β Cell and Mechanisms of Inhibition of Insulin Release
Authors: Dunne Mark J. , Ämmälä Carina , Straub Susanne G. , Sharp Geoffrey W. G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Ion Channels in Insulin‐Secreting CellsAdenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium ChannelsExtracellular Control of Adenosine Triphosphate‐Sensitive Potassium Channel FunctionTherapeutic Manipulation by Modulators of Adenosine Triphosphate‐Sensitive Potassium ChannelsArchitecture of the β‐cell Adenosine Triphosphate‐Sensitive Potassium ChannelCalcium‐Selective Ion ChannelsVoltage‐Gated Sodium ChannelsVoltage‐Gated Potassium ChannelsVoltage‐Independent Potassium ChannelsNonselective Cation ChannelsAnion‐Selective ChannelsIonic Defects of β‐Cell FunctionPersistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of InfancyAltered Ionic Control of β Cells and Hypersecretion of InsulinCorrelation of Gene Defects in the Adenosine Triphosphate‐Sensitive Potassium Channel with Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of InfancyClinical Therapy for Persistent Hyperinsulinemic Hypoglycemia of InfancyImplications for Diabetes MellitusStimulus‐Secretion Coupling Mechanisms Other Than DepolarizationNovel Methods for the Measurement of Insulin SecretionCapacitanceAmperometry and VoltametryCalcium and ExocytosisCyclic Adenosine Monophosphate and ExocytosisEffects of Phospholipases and Protein Kinases C and ASulfonylureas and ExocytosisG Proteins and ExocytosisOther Modulators of ExocytosisModeling Calcium‐, Cyclic, and Adenosine Monophosphate–, and Guanosine Triphosphate–Dependent ExocytosisMolecular Mechanisms of Exocytosis in the β CellReceptor‐Mediated Inhibition of Insulin Release: Early and Late EffectsInvolvement of G ProteinsReceptor–G Protein InteractionsInhibitory MechanismsAdenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium Channel Activation and Membrane RepolarizationCalcium Channel InhibitionInhibition of Adenylate CyclaseInhibition at a Distal SiteG Protein–Target InteractionsAdenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium ChannelL‐Type Calcium ChannelsAdenylate CyclaseDistal Inhibitory SiteOther Possible MechanismsInhibition of Glucose MetabolismInhibition of Fatty Acid MetabolismStimulation of Calcium–Adenosine Triphosphatase ActivityCyclic Guanosine MonophosphateCytoskeletonSummary of Inhibitory Mechanisms
Substrate Control of Insulin Release
Authors: Newgard Christopher B. , Matschinsky Franz M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Cellular Architecture of Pancreatic IsletsGeneral Aspects of Nutrient SensingThe Glucose‐Sensing System: A Basic ModelAdenine Nucleotides and the Adenosine Triphosphate–Sensitive Potassium ChannelRegulation of Glucose Metabolism in Islet β CellsMolecular Manipulations of Glucose‐Phosphorylating Activity in Islet CellsSimilarities and Differences in the Metabolic Environment of β Cells and HepatocytesRole of Lipids in Regulation of Insulin SecretionFundamentals of Amino Acid‐Stimulated Insulin ReleaseMitochondria as Metabolic Signal Generators of Fuel‐Stimulated β CellsOutlook
Insulin and Glucagon Secretion in vivo and its Neural Control
Authors: Taborsky Gerald J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Anatomy of the Endocrine PancreasIslet Cell TypesVascular SupplyInnervationAcute Regulation of SecretionSecretion During FeedingSecretion During HypoglycemiaChronic Adaptation of SecretionFastingObesityPregnancyPartial β‐Cell Loss or DysfunctionHuman Diabetes MellitusSummary and Conclusion
Insulin Degradation and Insulin‐Degrading Enzyme
Authors: Duckworth William C. , Hamel Frederick G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Historical PerspectiveCurrent Model of Insulin DegradationInsulin ClearanceLiverKidneyOrfier TissuesGeneral Cellular ProcessesEnzymatic Mechanisms for Cellular Metabolism of InsulinInsulin‐Degrading EnzymeGeneral CharacteristicsMolecular CharacteristicsCellular CharacteristicsIntracellular Insulin and Insulin ActionConclusions and Future Prospects
Glucagon and Glucagon‐like Peptide Production and Degradation
Authors: Kieffer Timothy J. , Hussain Mehboob A. , Habener Joel F. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:HistoryGlucagonGlucagon‐like PeptidesThe Glucagon Superfamily of Peptide HormonesTissue Distribution of Proglucagon ExpressionPancreasIntestineBrainProglucagon BiosynthesisOrganization and Structure of the Proglucagon GeneRegulation of Glucagon Gene ExpressionPosttranslational Processing of ProglucagonChemistry and StructureRegulation of Glucagon SecretionOverviewIntracellular SignalsNutrientsEndocrine/ParacrineNeuralPulsatilityRegulation of Glucagon‐like Peptide‐1 SecretionOverviewIntracellular SignalsNutrientsEndocrineNeuralMetabolism and DegradationOverviewRenal ClearanceHepatic ClearanceDegradation in the CirculationBiologically Active FragmentsPhysiological ActionsGlucagonGlucagon‐like Peptide‐1Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2Mechanisms of ActionGlucagonGlucagon‐like Peptide‐1Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2Human DiseaseGlucagonGlucagon‐like Peptide‐1Glucagon‐like Peptide‐2
Glucagon Signal‐Transduction Mechanisms
Authors: Exton J. H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Glucagon ReceptorRegulation of GsRegulation of Adenylate CyclaseRegulation of cAmp‐Dependent Protein KinaseSubstrates of cAmp‐Dependent Protein KinaseMechanisms of Calcium Mobilization Induced by GlucagonSummary
Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Lipolysis
Authors: Salati Lisa M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Pathways of De Novo Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and LipolysisRegulation in the Pathways for Lipogenesis and LipolysisCellular Sites of Lipogenesis and LipolysisIsolated Cell Models for the Study of Lipogenesis and LipolysisEstablishing Insulin and Glucagon as Regulators of Lipogenesis and LipolysisMolecular Mechanisms Involved in the Regulation of Lipogenesis and LipolysisCriteria for Evaluating Putative Regulatory MechanismsRegulated StepsSummary
Regulation of Glucose Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Kruszynska Yolanta T. , Ciaraldi Theodore P. , Henry Robert R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Glucose Phosphorylation by HexokinaseGlycogen MetabolismEnzymes of Glycogen MetabolismStructural Organization of Glycogen MetabolismCoordinate Regulation of Glycogen MetabolismSignaling Pathways for Hormonal Regulation of Glycogen MetabolismRegulation of GlycolysisMetabolism of PyruvateEnergy Yield of Glycolysis and Glucose OxidationRegulation of Glucose OxidationPyruvate DehydrogenaseControl of Flux Through the Tricarboxylic Acid CycleGlucose Fatty Acid CycleMetabolism of Glucose via the Hexosamine PathwaySummary
Regulation of Gluconeogenesis in Liver
Authors: Hue Louis 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Gluconeogenic SubstratesOrganization of Glycolysis and GluconeogenesisOccurrence of Futile CyclesMetabolic CrossroadsAnalysis of Flux ControlRegulation and Role of the Three CyclesThe Glucose–Glucose‐6‐Phosphate CycleThe Fructose‐6‐Phosphate‐Fructose‐1,6‐Bisphosphate CycleThe Pyruvate–Phosphoenolpyruvate CycleIntegrated Control by Substrates and HormonesCoordinated Control of Flux by MetabolitesShort‐Term Control by HormonesLong‐Term Control by Hormones and SubstratesControl by End ProductsInhibitors of GluconeogenesisConclusions
The Pancreas and Lipoprotein Metabolism
Authors: Ginsberg Henry N. , Goldberg Ira J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:LipoproteinsLipoprotein Structure and CompositionPlasma Lipid EnzymesTransport of Exogenous (Dietary) LipidsTransport of Endogenous LipidsRegulation of the Assembly and Secretion of Apoprotein B‐100‐Containing LipoproteinsVery‐Low‐Density Lipoprotein CatabolismVery‐Low‐Density Lipoprotein Metabolism in Diabetes MellitusLow‐Density Lipoprotein Production and CatabolismLow‐Density Lipoprotein Metabolism in Diabetes MellitusMetabolism of Apoprotein A‐I‐Containing LipoproteinsApoprotein A‐I‐Containing Lipoproteins in Diabetes Mellitus
Sepsis‐induced Changes in Pancreatic Hormone Secretion
Authors: Lang Charles H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Alterations in Insulin Concentration, Secretion, and ClearanceHemorrhage and Acute Blood LossThermal InjuryTraumatic InjuryBacterial InfectionEndotoxin and Related InsultsSummaryAlterations in Glucagon Concentration, Secretion, and ClearanceHemorrhage and Acute Blood LossThermal InjuryTraumatic InjuryBacterial InfectionEndotoxin and Related InsultsSummaryStress‐Induced Changes in Other Pancreatic HormonesAmylinSomatostatinPancreatic PolypeptideImpact of Trauma‐Induced Changes in Glucagon and Insulin on Metabolism
Obesity
Authors: Bray George A. , York David A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Definitions and Measurement of Body Fat, Fat Distribution, and WeightThe Problem Posed by ObesityMethods Used to Study ObesityAnimal Models Used to Produce ObesityObesity as a Disturbance of Energy BalanceObesity as a Disturbance of Nutrient FeedbackControlled SystemAfferent FeedbackThe ControllerEfferent ControlsRecent Experimental FindingsSingle GenesPolygenic ObesityDiet‐Related ObesitiesHypothalamic ObesityEndocrine ObesityFeatures Common to Many Models of ObesitySummary
Starvation
Authors: Owen Oliver E. , Smalley Karl J. , Jungas Robert L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Fundamental Principles and Observations of BioenergeticsEpidemiologyWeight Loss, Body Composition and Energy Requirements During Food DeprivationUrinary Excretory Products During Total StarvationGeneral Metabolism During StarvationAnaplerosis and CataplerosisGluconeogenesis, Ketogenesis, Ureagenesis, Ammoniagenesis and Acid‐Base BalanceMinimum Protein, Fat and Glucose RequirementsEndocrine SignalsInsulinGlucagonCatecholamineslodothyroninesGrowth Hormone, Insulin‐like Growth Factor and CortisolLeptin and Neuroendocrine FactorsClinical Observations
Cell cycle regulation and interneuron production
Authors: Ross M. Elizabeth 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe regulation of progenitor proliferation in developing brain in has been extensively studied in the cerebral cortex, but relatively little is known about progenitor divisions in ventral germinal zones. Recent observations pertinent to interneuron genesis in the ventral forebrain, especially in the medial ganglionic eminence, indicate similarities to cerebral cortical neurogenesis and hint at some interesting differences between ventral and dorsal telencephalon progenitors. Proliferation within the ganglionic eminences is discussed from the vantage point of neural precursor cell cycles, especially G1‐phase, and current models of neurogenic divisions in cortex that may apply to ventral forebrain as well. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 2–9, 2011
The chandelier neuron in schizophrenia
Authors: Lewis David A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractMarkers of GABA neurotransmission between chandelier neurons and their synaptic targets, the axon initial segment (AIS) of pyramidal neurons, are altered in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of subjects with schizophrenia. For example, immunoreactivity for the GABA membrane transporter (GAT1) is decreased in presynaptic chandelier neuron axon terminals, whereas immunoreactivity for the GABAA receptor α2 subunit is increased in postsynaptic AIS. These alterations are most marked in cortical layers 2–3. In addition, other determinants of the function of chandelier cell‐pyramidal neuron synapses, such as ankyrin‐G (which regulates the recruitment of sodium channels to the AIS), are also selectively altered in superficial layer pyramidal neurons in subjects with schizophrenia. Each of these components of chandelier cell‐pyramidal neuron connectivity exhibits distinctive developmental trajectories in the primate DLPFC, suggesting that disturbances in these trajectories could contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Recent findings that inputs from neocortical chandelier neurons are excitatory provide new ideas about the role of this circuitry in the pathophysiology of cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 71: 118–127, 2011
Diarylprolinol Silyl Ether Catalyzed Asymmetric Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles with α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes: Enhanced Enantioselectivity and Mechanistic Investigations
Authors: Shi Zi‐Hui , Sheng Hao , Yang Ke‐Fang , Jiang Jian‐Xiong , Lai Guo‐Qiao , Lu Yixin , Xu Li‐Wen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractA highly enantioselective Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with excellent enantioselectivities (up to >99 % ee) has been developed, and this improved method offers substantial advantages over traditional approaches, not only by avoiding the use of acids or bases, but also in terms of the higher level of stereoselectivity. In addition, we have demonstrated through a plausible mechanism that the role of silicon in the diarylprolinol silyl ethers (Jørgensen–Hayashi organocatalyst) not only serves as a bulky group to induce steric repulsion but also serves as a Lewis acidic promoter to accelerate the reaction between the secondary amine and the substrate (α,β‐unsaturated aldehyde).
Numerical and analytical simulation of peristaltic flows of generalized Oldroyd‐B fluids
Authors: Tripathi Dharmendra 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn this paper, we study the peristaltic flows of generalized Oldroyd‐B fluids through the gap between concentric uniform tubes under the assumption of large wavelength and low Reynolds number approximations. The inner tube is rigid and the outer tube has a sinusoidal wave travelling down its wall. Homotopy perturbation and variational iteration methods are used for solution of the problem. The obtained solution is then used to discuss various interesting features of peristalsis. The effects of relaxation time, retardation time and radii of the tubes on pressure rise and friction forces (per wavelength on the inner and outer tubes) are discussed with illustrations. It is found that pressure rise diminishes with increase in relaxation time or the ratio of radii of inner and outer tubes. It increases with increasing retardation time. The effects of both time parameters on friction forces have the opposite behavior to that of pressure rise. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An XFEM‐based embedding mesh technique for incompressible viscous flows
Authors: Shahmiri Shadan , Gerstenberger Axel , Wall Wolfgang A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis paper presents a finite element (FE) embedding mesh technique to efficiently embed arbitrary fluid mesh patches into Cartesian or unstructured background fluid grids. Our motivating application for such a technique is to efficiently resolve flow features like boundary layers around structures, which is achieved by attaching fluid boundary layer meshes around these structure surfaces. The proposed technique can be classified as a non‐overlapping domain decomposition method. The particular feature is that the embedded patch cuts a void region into the background grid independently of background element edges. Since the embedded fluid domain ends in the middle of background elements, extended FE techniques are used to model a sharp separation between active and inactive regions on the background grid. The active background region is coupled to the boundary layer mesh using a mixed/hybrid Lagrange multiplier technique as proposed in Gerstenberger and Wall (textitInt. J. Numer. Meth. Engng. 2010; 82:537–563). The coupling formulation works without stabilization for the Lagrange multiplier unknowns and the Lagrange multiplier can be completely condensed on the element level. Within this paper, the approach is derived for incompressible, viscous flows. Three‐dimensional examples using linear and quadratic shape functions demonstrate the correctness and the versatility of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On flow of a fourth‐grade fluid with heat transfer
Authors: Hayat T. , Naz Rahila , Abbasbandy S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe influence of heat transfer on the steady flow of a fourth‐grade fluid between two stationary parallel porous plates is studied. The flow is engendered under the application of a constant pressure gradient. The concept of homotopy analysis method is utilized for the series solution of the governing problem. Numerical solution has been also carried out. In addition, both analytic and numerical solutions are compared. The variations of embedded parameters into the solution are predicted through the graphical representations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The two‐grid stabilization of equal‐order finite elements for the stokes equations
Authors: Song Lina , Hou Yanren , Zheng Haibiao 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThis work presents a two‐grid stabilized method of equal‐order finite elements for the Stokes problems. This method only offsets the discrete pressure space by the residual of pressure on two grids to circumvent the discrete Babuška–Brezzi condition. The method can be done locally in a two‐grid approach without stabilization parameter by projecting the pressure onto a finite element space based on coarse mesh. Also, it leads to a linear system with minimal additional cost in implement. Optimal error estimates are obtained. Finally, some numerical simulations are presented to show stability and accuracy properties of the method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct Internal Reformation and Mass Transport in the Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anode: A Pore‐scale Lattice Boltzmann Study with Detailed Reaction Kinetics
Authors: Grew K. N. , Joshi A. S. , Chiu W. K. S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) allows the conversion of chemical energy that is stored in a given fuel, including light hydrocarbons, to electrical power. Hydrocarbon fuels, such as methane, are logistically favourable and provide high energy densities. However, the use of these fuels often results in a decreased efficiency and life. An improved understanding of the reactive flow in the SOFC anode can help address these issues. In this study, the transport and heterogeneous internal reformation of a methane based fuel is addressed. The effect of the SOFC anode's complex structure on transport and reactions is shown to exhibit a complicated interplay between the local molar concentrations and the anode structure. Strong coupling between the phenomenological microstructures and local reformation reaction rates are recognised in this study, suggesting the extension to actual microstructures may provide new insights into the reformation processes.
A Field Study to Investigate Environmental Factors that Could Effect Microcystin Synthesis of a Microcystis Population in the Bautzen Reservoir
Authors: Jungmann Dirk , Ludwichowski Kai‐Uwe , Faltin Veronika , Benndorf Jurgen 
Published: November 2010

AbstractToxicity of Microcystis blooms to warm‐blooded animals generated by microcystins has bew reported world wide. The ecological relevance of microcystin production for cyanobacteria remains unknown. The microcystin concentration in Microcystis blooms occurring in the Bautzen reservoir Was investigated. The microcystin content of samples were determined by HPLC and ranged from undetectabel to 14.7 μg mg−1. Various chemical and physical parameters were monitored at the same time as Microcystis sampling, however, there was no correlation between these parameters and microcystin dynamics. The spatial distribution of microcystin in the Microcystis population was investigated once and showed no difference between samples taken at five stations. The microcystin concentration in ihc cell free water from the reservoir was below the detection threshold (< 1 μg L−1). Size dependent Fractions of the Microcystis population analyzed for microcystin concentration correlated with colony sim. In the small fraction (>30 <66 μm) microcystin was not detected. In the medium fraction (> 6 h < 100μm) lower microcystin concentrations were detected than in large fraction (>100μm) in which the highest microcystin concentrations were found.