bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravimetric Analysis—General Theoretical and Applied Concepts in the Preparation of Standard Methods for Metals
Authors: McKaveney JP 
Published: March 2009

The present status of gravimetric analysis as a specialty within analytical chemistry is discussed at both the academic and industrial levels. This background is then related to the present American Society for Testing and Materials' standard methods for metals and alloys which use gravimetric procedures for 16 elements. Theoretical considerations for gravimetry include: (a) solubility of the precipitate, (b) purity and ease of filtration of the precipitate, and (c) stoichiometric composition of the dried or ignited precipitate.
Applied concepts mostly dealing with the prior separation of interferences must be considered before application can be made using theoretical principles. selected gravimetric procedures are discussed to illustrate these concepts for two of the more common elements (carbon and silicon), as well as two of the more difficult (rare earths and tungsten). In the carbon method using evolution gravimetry (CO2 absorption on ascarite) the principal items include: induction versus resistance heating, reagents for the removal of interferences, sample preparation, and lower scope limits for acceptable gravimetric results. The silicon procedure using volatilization as SiF4 treats: the choice of acid for coagulation and partial dehydration, the advantages and precautions with perchloric acid, and occlusion of possible interferences with the coagulated silica. The rare earth method encompasses preseparation of interferences, comparison of the oxalate and fluoride gravimetric finishes, and instrumental treatment of the gravimetric residues to determine individual rare earths. Tungsten is determined by separation as a hydrolytic oxide. The obtained oxide is usually impure and the method is evaluated on the basis of the analysis of occluded impurities—principally molybdenum.
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry— General Considerations for the Application of Experimental Techniques
Authors: Rains TC 
Published: March 2009

In applying atomic absorption spectrometry to an analytical problem, the analyst must have an understanding of the basic instrumental components. The essential components of an atomic absorption instrument consist of a primary source of radiation, a means of producing atomic vapor from the analyte, wavelength selection, signal detection, and readout. While several types of radiation sources are available, hollow cathode lamps are the primary choice for most workers in the field.
The production of atomic vapor of the analyte is probably the most important parameter in atomic absorption spectrometry. The selection of the oxidant-fuel or nonflame method of producing neutral atoms will depend upon the concentration of analyte and the matrices. While the analyst has a wide choice of methods at his disposal, an understanding of the problems related to the production of atomic vapor is essential to obtain the maximum precision and accuracy. Also, interferences, sample preparation, and methods for evaluation of data are discussed.
Trace Elements in Molluscs in the Kingston Basin
Authors: Lord DA , Breck WG , Wheeler RC 
Published: March 2009

Freshwater molluscs (UNIONACAE) have been sampled extensively in the Kingston Basin area of the Lake Ontario/St. Lawrence River system. Soft tissue of the animals were homogenized and freezedried, and then analyzed for specific trace elements.
An analytical procedure was developed whereby the elements cobalt, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc were determined directly on the freezedried solid material by atomic absorption spectroscopy, using a heated graphite furnace. Prior to analysis, samples were “diluted,” using naphthalene as an inert solid diluent. In the species Lampsilis radiate, cobalt, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc levels of approximately 1.1, 19, 36, 4.7, and 225 ppm (on dry weight), respectively, were found. In addition, samples of seston material were separated from water samples collected in the Kingston Basin, by dialysis and freezedrying, and subsequently also directly analyzed for some of these trace elements. Chromium and copper levels of 41 and 594 ppm (on dry weight) were found.
Due to the high trace element levels found in the seston material, it is postulated that trace element enrichment in bivalve molluscs takes place by an essentially two-step mechanism, the first being the prior preconcentration (complexing, inclusion, precipitation) of trace elements into the particulate material in the water column, followed by ingestion of this particulate material by the organism. The use of such sedentary particulate feeding organisms, such as fresh water mussels (which are easily collected), is recommended as a suitable method for long-term in situ monitoring of water quality with respect to specific chemical species present in the aquatic environment.
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis of Nuclear Reactor Corrosion Particles
Authors: Wikjord AG , Mayor GH , Doern FE 
Published: March 2009

The nature and origin of particulates in the heat transport system of CANDU water-cooled nuclear reactors are relevant to the operation of these stations. The analysis of corrosion particles is difficult because of their small size and low concentration. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray analyzer has been used successfully for the simultaneous characterization of the morphology, size, and elemental composition of these particles.
The good resolution and the large depth of field of the scanning electron microscope are suited for the examination of micron-sized particles. Also, the solid state Si (Li) detection system is readily amenable to automated data manipulation and thus permits a rapid qualitative assay of a representative number of particles from any given sample.
In this study, individual particles having masses as low as 10-15 g have been analyzed and X-rays arising from electron capture decay of 55Fe have been observed in some of the samples. The techniques discussed are potentially applicable to a variety of problems related to the quality of environmental waters.
Preservation of Wastewater Effluent Samples for Forms of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Authors: Krawczyk DF 
Published: March 2009

Samples of water containing concentrations of total organic carbon at levels greater than 20 mg/liter when preserved with 40 mg/liter of mercuric chloride did not provide a complete inhibition of microbiological growth. A complete inhibition was noted at a preservation level of 400 mg/liter of mercuric chloride.
A study was conducted on chemical changes of forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater effluents preserved with 400 mg/liter of mercuric chloride.
A variety of wastewater treatment plant effluent samples was combined into one composite. The composite was then divided into ten equal samples. Each sample was analyzed separately for Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorus, and total phosphate phosphorus after 10, 30, 60, 80, and 100 days. Due to a logistical handling problem, the samples were usually processed in order in batches. An analysis for total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, and dissolved inorganic mercury was conducted after 100 days.
Small but measurable differences were observed for all constituents from one period to another. The ammonia, nitrite, nitrate nitrogen system was most susceptible to change. The Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis showed the greatest variation among replicates and sets.
The study indicated that wastewater samples can be stored at room temperature after preservation with 400 mg/liter of mercuric chloride for periods of up to 100 days with only minimal changes in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Some Factors Affecting the Recovery of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) from Water and Bottom Samples
Authors: Bellar TA , Lichtenberg JJ 
Published: March 2009

During studies on analytical methods for PCB's in water and bottom samples, variable recoveries from dosed samples and apparent decreasing recoveries with the age of the sample were observed. Losses from dosed river waters as high as 10 percent in one day and greater than 40 percent in one week were common. Recoveries from bottom samples varied widely with the sample pretreatment and the method of extraction. In an effort to define some of the factors affecting the recovery of PCB's from water, the following parameters and conditions were studied: sample container, extremes of pH, aging under ambient conditions, and several preservation techniques. Several methods of sample preparation and extraction of bottom samples were studied. Environmentally contaminated water and lake bottom samples and dosed natural samples were studied.
The separatory funnel liquid-liquid extraction method was found to be the most efficient for the extraction of PCB's from natural waters. The air-dried, moisture-added soxhlet extraction procedure proved to be the most efficient for recovery of PBC's from environmentally contaminated lake bottom samples. Formaldehyde was found to be effective for preserving PCB's in dosed natural waters for at least two weeks.
Heavy Metal Toxicity and Algal Bioassays
Authors: Hutchinson TC , Stokes PM 
Published: March 2009

Algal bioassays for heavy metals can detect low levels in the environment, for example, 0.01 ppm for silver. Algae respond to increasing levels of heavy metals such as copper, nickel, mercury, silver, or cadmium by reduction of growth rate. Occasionally, the response to nontoxic metals is an increase in growth rate. At very low concentrations some potentially toxic metals may be necessary micronutrients. Algal species differ quite markedly in their sensitivity to heavy metals.
Combined effects of two or more metals at toxic concentrations may be synergistic (for example, copper-nickel) or antagonistic (for example, cadmium-selenium). The critical concentrations for toxicity of a particular metal may be different at different times during the growth of an algal culture, as well as being dependent upon other chemical and physical conditions. Algal cells appear to markedly concentrate metals from solution, even at concentrations of these metals in the medium which do not apparently inhibit cell division. Bioassays provide the only direct method for assessing the biological availability of metals in solution. Algae isolated from metal-polluted lakes appear to have evolved specific metal tolerances. These “tolerant” algae actually accumulate more of the metals concerned than do their “nontolerant” relatives. Correlations between fish toxicity tests and algal bioassays may allow the relatively expensive fish testing schemes to be replaced by simple and cheaper algal bioassays.
Utilization of Data from Continuous Monitoring Networks
Authors: Gunnerson GC 
Published: March 2009

A large data system is one which is hard to turn off. This inertia is directly proportional to the amount of money invested in hardware and facilities, to the number of careers involved, and to the length of record.
Large data systems are concerned with the collection of time series. What eventually will become a data management problem in a large data system using manual techniques quickly becomes a crisis with automatic equipment. It is accordingly essential in the design of continuous monitoring networks that the utilization of the data be adequately considered and optimized.
The arguments for optimization of time-series collection, analysis, and utilization apply equally to space fields. In either case, the problem is to match the resolution of the data collection system to that of the response system. For example, the digitizing or averaging period used for pollution detection should be consistent with the time constant for pollution control or abatement measures.
The institutional value of monitoring programs may be equally important, but is more difficult to predict. In any event, the analysis and interpretation of the data must correspond to the real world use to which it will be put.
Interlaboratory Study of the Cold Vapor Technique for Total Mercury in Water
Authors: Winter JA , Clements HA 
Published: March 2009

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a joint study of the cold vapor technique for total mercury in water, before formal acceptance of the method by each organization. The method employs an acid-permanganate-persulfate oxidation step with heat.
Following Youden's design, samples were prepared in pairs as similar yet different concentrates in sealed glass ampuls. Analysts added an aliquot of each to distilled water and to a natural water of choice. Single analyses were made on each sample and recoveries compared. Results from 90 analysts showed a positive bias of 53 to 99 percent and a relative deviation of 67 to 79 percent at the minimum detectable level of 0.2 µg/liter. At the 0.5 µg/liter level, the bias was still positive but reduced to 18 to 32 percent whereas the relative deviation held at 55 to 80 percent. At the 3 to 10 µg/liter level, the bias was small (-7 to +4 percent) and the relative deviation was reduced to a 30 to 40 percent level. Natural waters exerted little effect on the precision or accuracy of the method.
Pavement Texture Measurement by Laser: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Gee S , King WL , Hegmon RR 
Published: March 2009

The objective was to investigate whether laser light depolarization can serve as a unique descriptor of pavement textural charcteristics. Measurements were made on 20 pavement samples. Test results were compared with skid numbers, British Pendulum Numbers, and data obtained by three other texture measurement methods. Additional tests were conducted to study the dependence of light depolarization on fine and coarse texture, color, and material properties. The effects of simulated vehicle dynamics on the detected signal characteristics were also investigated.
The test results show that light depolarization responds effectively to different surface characteristics and compares well with both textural and frictional data. A rank correlation was performed among the different data sets. Correlation between coarse texture and friction was found to be weak, as expected, since texture is only one of many factors affecting friction. Depolarization data on the other hand correlated comparatively well with all three sets of coarse texture data and also with the frictional data. The influence of simulated vehicle bounce on test results was found to be negligible.
Estimation of Skid Numbers from Surface Texture Parameters in the Rational Design of Standard Reference Pavements for Test Equipment Calibration
Authors: Britton SC , Ledbetter WB , Gallaway BM 
Published: March 2009

Accurate measurement of highway skid resistance has required the application of appropriate reference standards for the calibration of locked wheel skid trailers [ASTM Test for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire (E 274-70)] used as test equipment. This investigation was concerned with the development of criteria needed for the design of primary standard reference pavement surfaces.
A parametric study of the effect of pavement texture on skid number, comprising laboratory experiments with model pavement surfaces, offers new insight into a solution of the problem.
Shrinkage of Soil Specimens During Preparation for Porosimetry Tests
Authors: Zimmie TF , Almaleh LJ 
Published: March 2009

Various methods of removing moisture from small soil samples were investigated. The samples were to be tested by mercury porosimetry, and one requirement is a constant volume drying process. Air-drying, oven-drying and freeze-drying procedures were used. Three different clay types were used: kaolinite, montmorillonite, and an illite. The clays were fully saturated, and compaction was achieved by using static pressure.
Freeze drying is the best practical method of drying the soil samples, as it produces the least amount of shrinkage in the soil. In certain instances, air drying and oven drying may produce satisfactory results. Total drying time for freeze drying can be accomplished in 5 to 10 h.
A simple laboratory freeze-drying system is described and operating procedures and principles discussed.
The results are applicable to the preparation of small size soil samples where it is desired to remove soil moisture and, at the same time, minimize disturbance to the soil structure.
Instrumented Impact Testing
Authors: DeSisto TS 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Instrumented Impact Testing was presented at the Seventy-sixth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Philadelphia, Pa. 24—29 June 1973. Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing sponsored the symposium. T. S. DeSisto, Army Materials and Research Center, presided as symposium chairman.
Foreign Object Impact Damage To Composites
Authors: Greszczuk LB 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Foreign Object Impact Damage to Composites was held at the American Society for Testing and Materials Headquarters in Philadelphia, Pa., on 20 Sept. 1973. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee D30 on High Modulus Fibers and Their Components. L. B. Greszczuk, McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Co., served as the symposium chairman.
Fatigue of Composite Materials
Authors: Hancock JR 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Fatigue of Composite Materials was presented at December Committee Week of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Bal Harbour, Fla., 3-4 Dec. 1973. Committee E09 on Fatigue sponsored the symposium in cooperation with the Institute of Metals Division Composites Committee of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers. J. R. Hancock, Midwest Research Institute, presided as symposium chairman.
Monitoring Structural Integrity by Acoustic Emission
Authors: Spanner JC , McElroy JW 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Monitoring Structural Integrity by Acoustic Emission was presented in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., 17-18 Jan. 1974. The symposium was sponsored by Committee E07 on Nondestructuve Testing, American Society for Testing and Materials. J. C. Spanner, Westinghouse Hanford Co., presided as symposium chairman. J. W. McElroy, Philadelphia Electric Co., presided as symposium co-chairman.
Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis
Authors: Little RE 
Published: March 2009

Description
In 1949 Committee E09 on Fatigue published ASTM STP 91, Manual on Fatigue Testing. Seven years later E09 published ASTM STP 91A, A Guide for Fatigue Testing and the Statistical Analysis of Fatigue Data. Both publications were modest efforts, presenting what was then considered the current practice and views of Committee E09 members. Subsequently effort was expended intermittently in Committee E09 for over a decade in various attempts to revise and expand these STP's to reflect advances in the state of the art and in statistical analyses. This activity ultimately led to ASTM STP 566, Handbook of Fatigue Testing, and to the present Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments.
Correlating Sensory Objective Measurements—New Methods for Answering Old Problems
Authors: Powers JJ , Moskowitz HR 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Correlating Sensory Objective Measurements: New Methods for Answering Old Problems was held at ASTM in Philadelphia, Pa., 11—12 Nov. 1974. Committee E18 on Sensory Evaluation of Materials and Products sponsored the symposium. J. J. Powers, University of Georgia College of Agriculture, presided as a symposium chairman, and H. R. Moskowitz, U.S. Army Natick Laboratories, served as symposium co-chairman.
Living with Marginal Aggregates
Authors: Philleo RE 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Living with Marginal Aggregates was held at the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Montreal, Canada, 22—27 June 1975. The symposium was sponsored by Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, R. E. Philleo, chairman, and organized by Subcommittee C09.01.02 on Papers and Symposia, C. J. Andres, C. H. Best, and L. M. M. Dolar-Mantuani. C. H. Best, Kansas State University, presided as symposium chairman.
Calibration in Air Monitoring
Authors: Chapman RL , Sheesley DC 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Calibration in Air Monitoring was presented at the University of Colorado at Boulder, Colo., 5-7 Aug., 1975. The symposium was sponsored by The American Society for Testing and Materials through its Committee D-22 on Methods of Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres. R. L. Chapman, Beckman Instruments, Inc., presided as symposium chairman. D. C. Sheesley, Ambient Analysis, Inc., presided as symposium cochairman.
Fractography—Microscopic Cracking Processes
Authors: Beachem CD , Warke WR 
Published: March 2009

Description
The Symposium on Fractograph—Microscopic Cracking Processes was held at the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Montreal, Canada, 22-27 June 1975. ASTM Commitee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals sponsored the symposium. C. D. Beachem, Naval Research Laboratory, and W. R. Warke, Illinois Institute of Technology, served as symposium cochairmen.
Cracks and Fracture
Authors: Swedlow JL , Williams ML 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication, Cracks and Fracture, contains papers presented at the Ninth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics which was held at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa., 25-27 Aug. 1975. The Symposium was sponsored by Committee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals of the American Society for Testing and Materials. J. L. Swedlow, Carnegie-Mellon University, and M. L. Williams, University of Pittsburgh, presided as symposium co-chairmen.
Stress Corrosion—New Approaches
Authors: Craig HL 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on New Approaches to Stress Corrosion was presented at the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Montreal, Canada, 22-27 June 1975. Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals sponsored the symposium. H. L. Craig, Jr., University of Miami, presided as symposium chairman and editor of this publication.
Chloride Corrosion of Steel in Concrete
Authors: Tonini DE , Dean SW 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Chloride Corrosion of Steel in Concrete was presented at the Seventy-ninth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Chicago, Ill., 27 June-2 July 1976. Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals sponsored the symposium. D. E. Tonini, American Hot Dip galvanizers Association, Inc., and S. W. Dean, Jr., Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., presided as symposium cochairmen and also as editors of this publication.
Flaw Growth and Fracture
Authors: Barsom JM 
Published: March 2009

Description
This publication, Flaw Growth and Fracture, contains papers presented at the Tenth National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics which was held 23-25 August 1976 at Philadelphia, Pa. The American Society for Testing and Materials' Committee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals sponsored the symposium. J. M. Barsom, U. S. Steel Corporation, Monroeville, Pa., served as symposium chairman.
Bacterial Indicators/Health Hazards Associated with Water
Authors: Hoadley AW , Dutka BJ 
Published: March 2009

Description
The International Symposium on Bacterial Indicators of Potential Health Hazards Associated With Water was held 28-29 June 1976 at Chicago, Ill. The American Society for Testing and Material's Committee D19 on Water sponsored the symposium, and A. W. Hoadley, Georgia Institute of Technology, served as symposium chairman. B. J. Dutka, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, and A. W. Hoadley served as editors of this publication.