bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-15 Assessing the implications of a silymarin-enriched diet on the performance and blood absorption rate of broiler and laying hen
Authors: Lee Kyejin , Cho Sungbo , Biswas Sarbani , Kim In Ho 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This experiment was executed to assess the impacts of silymarin on different aspects of broiler and laying hen, including growth, digestibility, excreta score, footpad lesion score, tibia ash, meat quality, and blood absorption rate. In Experiment 1: 1-d-old Ross 308 broilers (mixed sex; n = 576) were arbitrarily assigned with an average body weight of 42 ± 0.3 g for a 32-d trial. The broilers were sorted into eight repetition pens with 18 birds per pen and four research treatments (basal diet as the control and basal diet included 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06% micelle silymarin). Experiment 2: 61-wk-old Hy-line brown laying hens (n = 16) were divided into 2 treatment groups (TRT1, basal diet + powdered silymarin 4%; TRT2, basal diet + micelle silymarin 4%), with 8 numbers per repetition. Feeding broilers with a graded dose of micelle silymarin (MS) increased body weight gain linearly during d 1–9, 9–21, 21–32, and overall (P = 0.021, 0.011, 0.019, and 0.002, respectively). Furthermore, there was a linear increase in feed intake (P = 0.017) during d 1–9, and the enhancement of dry matter utilization (linear, P = 0.011) was exhibited as the amount of MS inclusion in the diet increased. Tibia ash content enhanced linearly (P = 0.038), and meat quality traits also revealed a linear improvement in breast muscle color (yellowness) (P = 0.045) and linear decrease (P = 0.004) in pH level with the increasing levels of MS in the broiler diet. Nonetheless, both the excreta score and the footpad lesion score showed no significant alteration (P &gt; 0.05). Moreover, a greater absorption rate of silymarin was observed in the blood of laying hens 2 h (P &lt; 0.0001) and 4 h (P &lt; 0.0001) after feeding with micelle-type silymarin as compared with powdered-type silymarin. Briefly, MS can be a favorable supplement for poultry production as it can increase the growth, digestibility, toe ash, and meat quality of broilers and the blood absorption rate of laying hens.
PSIII-9 Field fertility following the practice of post-cervical artificial insemination (PCAI) at multiple North American swine units
Authors: Didion Bradley A , Kleve-Feld Michael 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
On a global scale, greater than 95% of sows are bred using artificial insemination (AI). As with most technologies, efficiencies improve over time and in the case of swine AI the industry is moving towards fewer sperm per dose in conjunction with a post-cervical deposition (PCAI). Nevertheless, little information is available stating the fertility of farms actively using PCAI. The objective of this research is to provide a retrospective report on the field fertility of multiple farms in North America utilizing PCAI. As a reference, information is provided for contemporary farms utilizing conventional AI (intra-cervical deposition in conjunction with a greater total sperm count per dose). Semen doses produced for PCAI (1.5 billion total cells in 40 mL volume) sourced from one boar stud located in Tennessee and are packaged as pooled semen in NUTRIXcell + extender. Semen was held overnight at 18°C and delivered to seven farms the next day. Semen doses produced for conventional AI (CONAI) also sourced from a single boar stud located in Michigan; packaged as pooled semen at 2.75 billion total cells in a 70 mL volume using the NUTRIXcell + extender and shipped to six farms the same day as semen production. Both PCAI and CONAI were used on 100% of gilts and multiparous sows in respective systems. Field fertility, reported as farrow rate (FAR) and mean total born (TB), is reported below for both PCAI (Table 1) and CONAI (Table 2) following use per individual farms during January 2022 to September 2023. Results suggest that PCAI can maintain acceptable levels of fertility and should enable cost savings in conjunction with increased dissemination of superior genetics.
PSIII-13 Putative metabolites for sow lifetime opportunity and production traits
Authors: Rempel Lea A , Lee Robert 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Identifying females with favorable lifetime born alive (opportunity) and weaned (wn; production) traits requires extended observation. Estimate of lifetime (4 parities) difference in the economic margin over genetic cost between a high producing female (48 pigs weaned; wn) and a low producing female (31 wn) is approximately $1,000. Determining metabolic compounds present from females with favorable or unfavorable longevity traits may provide profiles that could be assessed in younger females prior to entry within the breeding system to indicate their potential productivity. Females within the USMARC breeding system were retained through four parities then harvested between 12 to 15 d following their post-weaning estrus. Liver, skeletal muscle, and subcutaneous adipose tissues were collected and stored at -80° C for later analyses. Females were categorically identified by the level of opportunity (born alive; ba) and production (wn) over their lifetime. Females with consistent opportunity and production traits at each parity were categorized as high (H; 61 ba), medium (M; 50 ba), or low (L; 39 ba) opportunity and H (50 wn), M (42 wn), or L (34 wn) production resulting in six categories (HH, HL, MH, ML, LH, LL). Tissue extracts were subjected to positive mode UPLC-MS and numerous features were detected. Using Progenesis Q software features were annotated and those with a fold-change ≥ 2.0 and P &lt; 0.05 by category were then tested using a mixed model in SAS to determine LS Mean differences of raw abundances among the six categories. Of those compounds tested in SAS, a significance threshold was set at P &lt; 0.01 as a false discovery adjustment. Within liver 877 compounds were analyzed with 152 yielding a significant (P &lt; 0.01) categorical effect. Of those, 43 compounds predominantly identified either HH or LL from other categories. Within skeletal muscle 359 compounds were subjected to mixed models, 221 compounds had significance for a category effect, and 105 compounds were predominantly different for HH or LL from all other categories. Within adipose tissue, 406 compounds were submitted to mixed model testing, 186 compounds had a categorical effect with 44 compounds predominantly different for HH or LL categories. Annotation of these compounds suggest differences in metabolites associated with, but not limited to, bacteria by-products (pradmicin, adifolin, lactobacillic acid), alkyloids, sapogenins, amino acids (lysine, tyrosine), minerals (calcium, copper), lipids (sphingomyelin), and fatty acids (mono-, di-, tri-acylglycerol). Future confirmation and evaluation of these metabolites in young pre-breeding females will need to be done. Establishing a metabolic profile panel that could discern young pre-breeding gilts with a likelihood of becoming a LL female will improve economic productivity and animal welfare concerns.
PSIII-8 Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in endometrium of gilts during early gestation
Authors: Hickman-Brown Kyle J , Smith Molly S , McAnally Brooke E , Cain Joe , Seo Heewon , Stenhouse Claire , Bazer Fuller W , Johnson Greg , Wiegert Jeffrey , Poole Rebecca K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Interactions between the innate immune system and reproductive tissues via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have a pivotal role in maintaining the health and fertility status of mammalian species. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors used by the innate immune system to regulate inflammation, infections, and to indicate the presence of pathogenic activity within a tissue. Recent studies have identified several TLRs present in pigs that can detect a variety of molecules. Previous data from our group has demonstrated shifts in bacterial communities within the uterus during early gestation in gilts. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify and compare expression of TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6 in endometria of gilts. These TLRs were chosen because they are located on the cell surface and recognize invading microbes. Crossbred gilts (n = 21) free of physical, health or reproductive-related issues were euthanized and hysterectomized during the preimplantation (d 11) and peri-implantation (d 15) stages of pregnancy (Pregnant d 11, n = 10; Pregnant d 15, n = 11). Samples of endometrial mucosa were collected and snap-frozen in sterile 1.5 mL tubes and stored at -80°C until analyzed. The mean relative expression of TLR-1, TLR-2, TLR-4, TLR-5, and TLR-6 mRNAs were quantified by RT-qPCR. Statistical analysis was completed using one-way ANOVA and student’s t-test for pairwise comparison in JMP 17.0 (SAS Institute; Cary, NC). All TLRs were expressed in the endometrium. Expression of TLR-4 was greater on d 11 than d 15 (1.39 ± 0.14 vs. 0.45 ± 0.13, respectively; P &lt; 0.01), and there was a trend for expression of TLR-2 to be greater on d 11 than d 15 (1.89 ± 0.37 vs. 0.90 ± 0.35, respectively; 0.05 &lt; P &lt; 0.1). Expression of TLR2, TLR5, and TLR6 did not differ between d 11 and d 15 (P &gt; 0.05). The results indicate that TLRs are not only expressed in the porcine endometrium, but they differ in expression during early gestation. Conceptus signaling and inflammation during elongation and implantation and/ or shifts in bacterial communities within the uterus may be responsible. Additionally, future work examining bacterial shifts and TLR expression during mid and late gestation may offer further insight.
PSIII-12 Influence of early gestational heat stress on biomarkers of mammary gland development in replacement gilts genomically selected for thermotolerance or thermosensitivity
Authors: Musa Jacob , Byrd MaryKate , Casey Theresa M , Brito Luiz F F , Suarez-Trujillo Aridany , Schinckel Allan P , Maltecca Christian , Tiezzi Francesco , Johnson Jay S 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) alters physiological and metabolic processes in lactating sows leading to decreased milk production, which is a major factor limiting growth and survivability of piglets. While genomic selection for thermotolerance may be a viable solution to alleviate the negative effects of HS on pig welfare, it may be linked to a reduction in milk production and subsequently, litter growth performance. Therefore, the study objective was to evaluate the effects of genomic selection for thermotolerance and its interaction with early gestational HS on biomarkers of mammary gland development in replacement gilts. We hypothesized that HS exposure as well as genomic selection for thermotolerance would negatively affect mammary epithelial proliferation rate. A total of 36 Landrace (33%) × Large White (67%) crossbred gilts divergently selected for thermotolerance (TOL; n = 18) or thermosensitivity (SEN; n = 18) were balanced by body weight, bred to a single Duroc sire, and then exposed to either thermoneutral (TN; constant 17 to 22°C) or cyclical HS (26 to 36°C) conditions until d 65 of gestation. From d 66 of gestation until farrowing, all pregnant gilts were exposed to TN conditions. Of the 36 total gilts bred, only 28 became pregnant yielding 15 HS gilts (n = 8 SEN and 7 TOL) and 13 TN gilts (n = 7 SEN and 6 TOL). On d 105 of gestation, a mammary biopsy was taken from all gilts, mammary tissue was placed into 10% buffered formalin, and KI67 immunohistochemical staining was performed to identify proliferating mammary epithelial cells (MEC). Proliferating and non-proliferating MEC populations were counted using ImageJ tool. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM in SAS 9.4 with individual gilt as the experimental unit. Overall, early gestational HS decreased (P &lt; 0.01; 16.53 ± 2.12%) the percent of proliferating MEC relative to those kept under TN conditions (26.42 ± 2.39%). However, no effect of genomic line divergence was detected with any comparison (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, early gestation HS, but not genomic selection for thermotolerance, had a negative impact on biomarkers of mammary gland development in replacement gilts. These data may suggest that early gestation HS could have a reductive effect on milk production capacity, which may negatively affect litter growth.
PSIII-7 7&7 Synch improved pregnancy rates in beef cows experiencing estrus over 24 h before fixed-time insemination
Authors: Havelka Garrett , Baumgaertner Friederike , Bochantin Kerri A , Hurlbert Jennifer L , Long Timothy , Wieland Cody , Sedivec Kevin K , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Our objectives were to compare estrus response and pregnancy rates between two different estrus synchronization protocols and between cows that experienced estrus more than 24 h before appointment breeding and those that experienced estrus less than 24 h before breeding. Over each of 2 yr, postpartum beef cows (n = 1,108) from two different locations were ranked by days postpartum and randomly selected to receive either; 1) 7-d CO-Synch + CIDR (CO-Synch, n = 547), or; 2) 7 & 7 Synch (7&7, n = 561). For the CO-Synch treatment, cows received a controlled internal drug release insert (CIDR; 1.38g progesterone) and 100 µg gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) i.m., followed in 7 d by CIDR removal and 25 mg prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF) i.m., followed in 60 to 66 h with AI and 100 µg GnRH i.m. For the 7&7 Synch protocol, cows received a CIDR (1.38g progesterone) and 25 mg PGF i.m., followed in 7 d by 100 µg GnRH i.m., followed in 7 d by CIDR removal and 25 mg PGF i.m., followed in 60 to 66 h with AI and 100 µg GnRH i.m. Heat detection patches were applied at the time of CIDR removal to determine estrus response by the time of AI, with cows having patches ≥ 50% activated defined as being in estrus and cows with patches &lt; 50% activated defined as not experiencing estrus. In yr 2, an additional heat detection was performed 24 h before breeding, at which time cows with ≥ 50% activated heat detection patches were defined as having an early estrus (i.e., estrus more than 24 h before breeding) and cows with activated patches first observed at the time of AI were defined as having an on-time estrus. Pregnancy status was determined via transrectal ultrasonography 35 d after AI. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. As expected, cows in the 7&7 treatment had greater (P ≤ 0.005) estrus response and pregnancy rates than those in the CO-Synch treatment (83% vs. 62% and 65% vs. 55%, respectively). The proportion of cows experiencing early estrus was similar (P &gt; 0.60) between treatments (20.4 and 22.9 for Co-Synch and 7&7, respectively). Interestingly, pregnancy rate was impacted by a treatment × estrus timing interaction (P = 0.04), where cows in the Co-Synch treatment that experienced an early estrus (52.9%) had reduced pregnancy rates compared with 7&7 cows that experienced early estrus (74.0%), Co-Synch cows that experienced on-time estrus (73.7%) and 7&7 cows that experienced on-time estrus (70.5%). Our results indicate the 7&7 Synch protocol can effectively increase pregnancy rates to fixed-time AI, and that pregnancy rates of cows experiencing early estrus are influenced by synchronization protocol.
PSIII-10 Impact of late gestation vitamin A and D injection on offspring growth and immune parameters in piglets
Authors: Yankocy Samantha , Loughlin Laura , Walker Rachel , Hines Elizabeth A 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Supranutritional use of vitamins may have an impact on mortality rates of sows and piglets. Specifically, injection of vitamin A, and vitamin A and D (VitAD) has improved subsequent preweaning mortality when given to sows after weaning and improved immune response in offspring when administered to cattle in late gestation. However, little work has been conducted to investigate developmental impacts of gestational vitamin supplementation in piglets that may impact immune development. To investigate the relationship of VitAD supplementation on offspring development, this study evaluated sows (n = 20) injected intramuscularly with VitAD (312,000 IU vitamin A, 52,500 IU vitamin D) or a saline at d 85 of gestation. Effect of VitAD on performance and immune development was assessed from birth through wk 5 post weaning. Starting at birth (n = 95 VitAD, n = 114 control) piglet serum was collected weekly during the 4 wk lactation period, and a subset of piglets were bled weekly through the nursery. Blood was analyzed for retinol concentrations from birth through 5 wk post weaning and immune parameters via complete blood count analysis for 5 wk post weaning. Milk samples were also collected weekly during lactation and assessed for retinol concentrations via liquid chromatography. Data were assessed via a mixed procedure (SAS 9.4) with sow as random and treatment as fixed variables. Covariate of wean age was assessed for post weaning growth and of sampling time for retinol and CBC analysis. At farrowing, differences in birth weights were not observed (P ≥ 0.69). Through the lactation phase, control piglets had a tendency for increased average daily gain (P ≥ 0.07); however, no differences (P ≥ 0.27) were observed in piglet growth performance during the nursery phase. Blood and immune parameters assessed were not different across treatments from birth through 9 wk of age. Circulating retinol concentrations were greater in the control group, (P ≤ 0.05) at 15, 22, and 28 d of age, compared with VitAD. Milk retinol concentrations were increased in the VitAD group on d 8 of life, (P ≤ 0.05), but not at any other time during lactation. These results suggest that supplementation of VitAD on d 85 of gestation in sows impacts the retinol concentrations in milk for a limited period, but not growth or circulating retinol and immune parameters in piglets at any age. Based on these data, efficacy of supranutritional injection of VitAD may be timing specific and limited to benefiting the litter during lactation. Further research is needed to assess specificity of timing and impacts on piglet health and survival.
PSV-8 Development of genetically engineered microbes as probiotics to enhance ruminant productivity
Authors: Doan Tien , Neujahr Alison C , Fernando Samodha C 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Alternatives to antibiotics (especially metaphylactic use of antibiotics in livestock) are critically needed to ensure animal and human health while meeting the increasing food demand of the growing human population. One of the proposed alternatives to antibiotic use that is gaining momentum is the use of probiotics or direct-fed microbials (DFMs), which are live microbes that have specialized functions that improve gastrointestinal health and performance. However, to date, most probiotics or DFMs tested as alternative to antibiotics to reduce pathogen colonization have shown limited effectiveness with inconsistent results. This is due to the fact that only, generally accepted as safe (GRAS) bacterial strains are being used as DFMs or probiotics in the animal industry. However, metagenome studies have clearly shown the presence of unique biosynthetic gene clusters and other beneficial genes within gut environments in livestock species in non-GRAS organisms. As such, with advances in gene editing techniques, tools are now available to strategically integrate beneficial genes found in non-GRAS approved microbial strains into GRAS approved strains to develop genetically engineered microbes with beneficial functions. As a first step towards developing genetically engineered microbes to improve animal health and performance, we engineered a biosynthetic gene cassette identified from rumen microbes into GRAS approved Bacillus strains. We utilized chasis-independent recombinase-assisted genome engineering (CRAGE) and random transposon mutagenesis to insert biosynthetic genes into GRAS approved strains. Furthermore, we performed functional screening experiments to identify strains containing the engineered gene cassette and confirmed using sequencing. This approach can be used to engineer beneficial genes and generate personalized probiotics to improve animal health and productivity.
PSV-9 Effects of increasing amounts of high-oleic or conventional soybeans in diets fed to mid-lactation dairy cows on measures of dry matter intake and lactation
Authors: Hagemann Tiffany , Petzel Emily A , Bailey Eric , Brake Derek W 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine effects of increasing amounts of conventional (CONV) or high-oleic (HO) soybean in diets fed to mid-lactation dairy cows on dry matter intake (DMI) and performance. Rumen and duodenally cannulated cows (n = 8) were split into two groups and placed in a split-plot design. The whole plot factor was type of soybean (CONV vs. HO) and was provided to cows in a crossover arrangement so that each cow was provided both types of soybeans throughout the experiment. The subplot factor was amount of soybeans (0, 4, 8, 12%). Each group of cows receiving the same type of soybean were placed in a 4 x 4 Latin square with treatment sequences balanced for carryover effects. Diets were formulated to contain 18.5% crude protein and to slightly exceed requirements for ruminally degradable protein. Additions of soybeans replaced soybean meal and soybean hulls so that diets provided similar amounts of soy-based protein and fiber. During the last 4 d of each 14-d period, spot samples of feed, orts, and milk were collected together with measures of milk production and feed intake. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There were no interactions of soybean type and amount on lactation or DMI except for measures of milkfat, milk energy concentration and milkfat yield. Increasing amounts of HO resulted in a quadratic response in milkfat and energy concentration together with measures of milkfat yield. Specifically, these measures were greater (P ≤ 0.02) when cows were fed diets containing 4 and 8% HO compared with diets containing 0 or 12% HO; increasing amounts of CONV had no impact (P ≥ 0.32) on milkfat and energy concentration or milkfat yield. Measures of milk yield were not affected by type or amount of soybean (P ≥ 0.54), but measures of energy corrected milk yield (ECM) tended to respond differently to increasing amounts of soybean from either CONV or HO (P = 0.07). Interestingly, ECM responded quadratically (P = 0.02) to increasing amounts of HO but not to increasing amounts of CONV (P ≥ 0.58). Overall, however, ECM tended (P = 0.06) to be slightly greater with HO compared with CONV (42.5 vs. 41.1 kg/d). Yet, DMI was also greater (P ≤ 0.01) with HO compared with CONV (26.6 vs. 24.4 kg/d). Differences in DMI, therefore, resulted in a tendency (P = 0.07) for greater efficiency of ECM production when cows were fed CONV vs. HO. Overall, treatments had no effect on measures of milk protein, urea-nitrogen, solids-not-fat or lactose concentrations or yields. These data seem to indicate that performance responses among lactating cows to increasing amounts of HO are dynamic but that responses to CONV are not.