bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting carcass energy content and composition in broilers using the group method of data handling-type neural networks
Authors: FARIDI A. , MOTTAGHITALAB M. , DARMANI-KUHI H. , FRANCE J. , AHMADI H. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe success of poultry meat production has been strongly related to improvements in growth and carcass yield, mainly by increasing breast proportion and reducing carcass fat. Conventional laboratory techniques for determining carcass composition are expensive, cumbersome and time consuming. These disadvantages have prompted a search for alternative methods. In this respect, the potential benefits from modelling growth are considerable. Neural networks (NNs) are a relatively new option for modelling growth in animal production systems. One self-organizing sub-model of artificial NN is the group method of data handling-type NN (GMDH-type NN). The present study aimed at applying the GMDH-type NNs to data from two studies with broilers in order to predict carcass energy (CEn, MJ/g) content and relative growth (g/g of body weight) of carcass components (carcass protein, breast muscle, leg and thigh muscles, carcass fat, abdominal fat, skin fat and visceral fat). The effective input variables involved in the prediction of CEn and carcass fat content using data from the first study were dietary metabolizable energy (ME, kJ/kg), crude protein (CP, g/kg of diet), fat (g/kg of diet) and crude fibre (CF, g/kg of diet). For data from the second study, the effective input variables involved in the prediction of carcass components were dietary ME (MJ/kg), CP (g/kg of diet), methionine (g/kg of diet), lysine (g/kg of diet) and body weight (kg). Quantitative examination of the goodness of fit, using R2 and error measurement indices, for the predictive models proposed by the GMDH-type NN revealed close agreement between observed and predicted values of CEn and carcass components.
Organic and inorganic fertilization effects on DTPA-extractable Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn, and their concentration in the edible portion of crops
Authors: MAQUEDA C. , HERENCIA J. F. , RUIZ J. C. , HIDALGO M. F. 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe application of organic composts to soil may affect the availability of micronutrients and their concentration in plants. The present field research study compared soil micronutrient extractability after 5 years of organic fertilization v. conventional inorganic fertilization. Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) were extracted from soil using diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) and the data obtained were compared with the concentration of these micronutrients in the edible portion of the crop. The study was carried out on a loam soil classified as a Xerofluvent. The soil was fertilized with composted plant residues or with conventional inorganic fertilizer and all treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. In all cases a crop rotational system was applied. The use of organic fertilization resulted in a higher extractability for all the elements studied; however, the micronutrient content in the edible part of the crops was variable depending on the plant species and element. Crop yields depended on the type of crop rather than the type of soil fertilization. The present study showed that the use of plant compost and the elimination of synthetic fertilizers result in an increase of Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn extractability compared to soil treated with inorganic fertilization, which should provide long-term fertility benefits.
Renewing Assets with Uncertain Revenues and Operating Costs
Authors: Adkins Roger , Paxson Dean 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe study optimal replacement and abandonment decisions for real assets, when both revenues and costs are uncertain and deteriorate with age. We develop an implicit representation of the renewal boundary as the solution to a set of simultaneous equations. This quasi-analytical method has the merit of computational ease and transparency. We show that the correlation between revenues and operating costs has a significant influence on the renewal boundary, and that the increase in revenue immediately following a renewal has a greater relative influence on the boundary than either operating cost or renewal cost. The quasi-analytical method is sufficiently flexible to deal with other real option models involving 2 variables.
Cervical tracheal resection with cricotracheal anastomosis: experience in adults with grade III–IV tracheal stenosis
Authors: El-Fattah A M A , Kamal E , Amer H E , Fouda M , Elwahab A E M A , Tawfik A 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIntroduction:Laryngotracheal stenosis is currently one of the most common complications associated with nasal and orotracheal intubation and tracheotomy. Once established, tracheal stenosis can be a complex and difficult problem to manage.Patients and methods:We retrospectively analysed 2004–2010 data for 12 male patients with postintubation cervical tracheal stenosis (grade III–IV) treated in the otolaryngology department, Mansoura University Hospitals. All patients had a tracheostomy at presentation, and all underwent tracheal resection with primary cricotracheal anastomosis and suprahyoid release.Results:Grade III stenosis was present in five patients (41.7 per cent) and grade IV stenosis in seven patients (58.3 per cent). The length of trachea resected ranged from 2 to 4 cm, representing one to four tracheal rings. In all 12 patients, the procedure allowed successful tracheotomy decannulation. Minor complications comprised surgical emphysema (n = 2) and wound infection (n = 1), and were managed conservatively. Major complications consisted of restenosis (n = 3), managed in two patients by repeated dilatation; one patient was lost to follow up.Conclusion:Segmental tracheal resection with cricotracheal anastomosis was successful in 11/12 (92 per cent) patients with severe cervical tracheal stenosis. The strategy for treatment of airway stenosis is now well established and success rates are high, with minimal or no sequelae.
Aspicilia digitatasp. nov., a new vagrant lichen from Kyrgyzstan
Authors: SOHRABI Mohammad , AHTI Teuvo , LITTERSKI Birgit 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA new lichen species,Aspicilia digitataSohrabi & Litterski, is described and illustrated. It differs from the Eurasian and AmericanA. fruticulosaandA. hispidaby having a more or less spherical thallus, a very intricate structure of finger-like, cylindrical branchlets and black spots on the tips of the branchlets.Aspicilia digitatais a terricolous vagrant species found at high altitudes in the Tian-Shan Mountains, Kyrgyzstan. It is not known in the fertile condition and presumably reproduces by fragmentation. Molecular comparisons with other related species are provided.
Abrothallus halei(Ascomycota,incertae sedis), a new lichenicolous fungus onLobariaspecies in Europe and North America
Authors: SUIJA Ave , PÉREZ-ORTEGA Sergio , HAWKSWORTH David L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe new lichenicolous fungus,Abrothallus haleisp. nov., is described. The species is characterized by having 4-celled ascospores with a strongly constricted median septum, which split into two 2-celled part-spores, even when still inside the ascus. This is the firstAbrothallusknown from the genusLobaria, and the species is reported from Norway and the USA, occurring onL. quercizansandL. pulmonaria.
Two new Aspicilia species from Fennoscandia and Russia
Authors: NORDIN Anders , OWE-LARSSON Björn , TIBELL Leif 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAspicilia fluviatilis and A. granulosa, two arctic and/or (sub)alpine species with elongate ± diverging and ± branching marginal areoles, are described as new and compared with similar species occurring in Fennoscandia. A parsimony analysis based on ITS indicates a close relationship with the mainly coastal A. epiglypta. Aspicilia epiglypta, A. disserpens and A. sublapponica are lectotypified and A. disserpens is reduced to synonymy with A. perradiata. Aspicilia alboradiata and A. circularis are excluded from the Fennoscandian lichen biota. A key to Fennoscandian Aspicilia species with radiating thalli and/or elongate ± diverging and ± branching marginal areoles is also presented.
The Ethics of Belief and the Morality of Action: Intellectual Responsibility and Rational Disagreement
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe contemporary explosion of information makes intellectual responsibility more needed than ever. The uncritical tend to believe too much that is unsubstantiated; the overcritical tend to believe too little that is true. A central problem for this paper is to formulate standards to guide an intellectually rigorous search for a mean between excessive credulity and indiscriminate skepticism. A related problem is to distinguish intellectual responsibility for what we believe from moral responsibility for what we do. A third problem is how to square intellectual responsibility in retaining our views with the realization that peers we respect disagree with us. Much of the paper is directed to articulating principles for dealing with such disagreements.
Does Virtue Epistemology Provide a Better Account of the Ad Hominem Argument? A Reply to Christopher Johnson
Authors: Jason Gary 
Published: January 2011

AbstractChristopher Johnson has put forward in this journal the view that ad hominem reasoning may be more generally reasonable than is allowed by writers such as myself, basing his view on virtue epistemology. I review his account, as well as the standard account, of ad hominem reasoning, and show how the standard account would handle the cases he sketches in defense of his own view. I then give four criticisms of his view generally: the problems of virtue conflict, vagueness, conflation of speech acts, and self-defeating counsel. I then discuss four reasons why the standard account is superior: it better fits legal reality, the account of other fallacies, psychological science, and political reality.
Sámi traditional ecological knowledge as a guide to science: snow, ice and reindeer pasture facing climate change
Authors: Riseth Jan Åge , Tømmervik Hans , Helander-Renvall Elina , Labba Niklas , Johansson Cecilia , Malnes Eirik , Bjerke Jarle W. , Jonsson Christer , Pohjola Veijo , Sarri Lars-Erik , Schanche Audhild , Callaghan Terry V. 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTScientific studies of challenges of climate change could be improved by including other sources of knowledge, such as traditional ecological knowledge (TEK), in this case relating to the Sámi. This study focuses on local variations in snow and ice conditions, effects of the first durable snow, and long term changes in snow and ice conditions as pre-requisites for understanding potential future changes. Firstly, we characterised snow types and profiles based on Sámi categories and measured their density and hardness. Regression analysis showed that density can explain much of the variation in hardness, while snow depth was not significantly correlated with hardness. Secondly, we found that whether it is dry/cold or warm/wet around the fall of the first durable snow is, according to Sámi reindeer herders, crucial information for forecasting winter grazing conditions, but this has had limited focus within science. Thirdly, elderly herders’ observations of changes in snow and ice conditions by ‘reading nature’ can aid reinterpretation of meteorological data by introducing researchers to alternative perspectives. In conclusion we found remarkable agreement between scientific measurements and Sámi terminology. We also learnt that TEK/science cooperation has much potential for climate change studies, though time and resources are needed to bridge the gap between knowledge systems. In particular, TEK attention to shifts in nature can be a useful guide for science.
Abnormalities in connectivity of white-matter tracts in patients with familial and non-familial schizophrenia
Authors: Wang Q. , Deng W. , Huang C. , Li M. , Ma X. , Wang Y. , Jiang L. , Lui S. , Huang X. , Chua S. E. , Cheung C. , McAlonan G. M. , Sham P. C. , Murray R. M. , Collier D. A. , Gong Q. , Li T. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundAbnormalities in the connectivity of white-matter (WM) tracts in schizophrenia are supported by evidence from post-mortem investigations, functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The aims of this study were to explore the microstructural changes in first-episode schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population and to investigate whether a family history of psychiatric disorder is related to the severity of WM tract integrity abnormalities in these patients.MethodT1-weighted MR and DT images were collected in 68 patients with first-episode schizophrenia [22 with a positive family history (PFH) and 46 with a negative family history (NFH)] and 100 healthy controls. Voxel-based analysis was performed and WM integrity was quantified by fractional anisotropy (FA). Cluster- and voxel-level analyses were performed by using two-sample t tests between patients and controls and/or using a full factorial model with one factor and three levels among the three sample groups (patients with PFH or NFH, and controls), as appropriate.ResultsFA deficits were observed in the patient group, especially in the left temporal lobe and right corpus callosum. This effect was more severe in the non-familial schizophrenia than in the familial schizophrenia subgroup.ConclusionsOverall, these findings support the hypothesis that loss of WM integrity may be an important pathophysiological feature of schizophrenia, with particular implications for brain dysmaturation in non-familial and familial schizophrenia.
Gift and Communio: The Holy Spirit in Augustine's De Trinitate
Authors: Kotsko Adam 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article traces the role of the Holy Spirit throughout Augustine's De Trinitate. After situating Augustine's treatise in terms of texts of Athanasius and Basil on the Holy Spirit, it treats the place of the Holy Spirit in his critique of the existing dogmatic terminology and the distinction between the economic and immanent Trinity. In contrast with the dominant Western and Eastern traditions, for Augustine the Holy Spirit comes to be thought of as God in a privileged sense, that is, as the person of the Trinity who is the most proper bearer of certain privileged names of God, most notably love. The notion of the Holy Spirit as eternal ‘gift’ proves to be especially troubling for Augustine, but also especially productive, and the present reading explicates the complex interrelationships that he is forced to develop among the concepts of love, cupiditas, gift, communio and enjoyment. The analysis of the concept of enjoyment in particular leads to the claim that the notion of property or ownership is completely foreign to God and that the Holy Spirit as communio must be thought as ‘gift’ only insofar as it is disruptive of the realm of ownership, that is, the realm of sin. The article finishes, as the De Trinitate does, with the implications of Augustine's treatment of the Holy Spirit for ethics and ecclesiology.
Talking politics, talking forgiveness
Authors: Barnes L. Philip 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe aim of this article is to provide a provisional review and evaluation of recent Christian endorsements of the notion of political forgiveness. Attention is given to the doctrine of forgiveness in the New Testament and to its distinctive theological grammar. The chief theological features of Christian accounts of political forgiveness are outlined, before a number of weaknesses in the literature are identified and discussed. The implication of our discussion is that Christian love is expressed in two different ways, that of forgiveness upon repentance within the church and that of justice tempered by mercy in the socio-political realm.
The algebraic logic of kinship terminology structures
Authors: Read Dwight W. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJones' proposed application of Optimality Theory assumes the primary kinship data are genealogical definitions of kin terms. This, however, ignores the fact that these definitions can be predicted from the computational, algebralike structural logic of kinship terminologies, as has been discussed and demonstrated in numerous publications. The richness of human kinship systems derives from the cultural knowledge embedded in kinship terminologies as symbolic computation systems, not the post hoc constraints devised by Jones.
Conceptual structure is constrained functionally, not formally
Authors: Hudson Richard 
Published: January 2011

AbstractKinship systems are best explained functionally, in terms of the conflicting needs of the society concerned, rather than in terms of universal constraints, whether Optimality Theory or other; but OT is particularly unsuitable as it rules out taxonomies. A conceptual analysis of kinship terminology shows, not that “grammar” extends to kinship, but that general cognition has the formal power to handle grammar.
Advancing our grasp of constrained variation in a crucial cognitive domain
Authors: Levinson Stephen C. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJones's system of constraints promises interesting insights into the typology of kin term systems. Three problems arise: (1) the conflation of categories with algorithms that assign them threatens to weaken the typological predictions; (2) OT-type constraints have little psychological plausibility; (3) the conflation of kin-term systems and kinship systems may underplay the “utility function” character of real kinship in action.
Lexical universals of kinship and social cognition
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: January 2011

AbstractJones recognizes the existence of “primitives of conceptual structures,” out of which “local representations of kinship are constructed.” NSM semantics has identified these primitives through a cross-linguistic search for lexical universals (“NSM” stands for Natural Semantic Metalanguage and also for the corresponding linguistic theory). These empirical universals provide, I argue, a better bridge between cognitive anthropology and evolutionary psychology than the abstract constructs of OT, with dubious claim to conceptual reality.
Genealogy (and the relationship between opposite-sex/same-sex sibling pairs) is what kinship is all about
Authors: Salazar Carles 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhat are the theoretical implications of a universal genealogy? After the demise of relativism in kinship studies, there is much to be gained by joining old formal-structural analysis of kinship to recent cognitive-evolutionary approaches. This commentary shows how the logic of kinship terminologies, specifically those of the Seneca-Iroquois, can be clarified by looking at the relationship between opposite-sex/same-sex sibling pairs.
Correlates of limitations in activities of daily living and mobility among community-dwelling older Singaporeans
Authors: CHAN ANGELIQUE , MALHOTRA CHETNA , ØSTBYE TRULS 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTMost research on activity limitations has focused on the association between chronic health conditions and activity limitations and given little attention to their social and financial implications. In this paper, we study the correlates of limitations in the activities of daily living (ADL) and mobility among older Singaporeans (aged 55 or more years), based on the ‘disability frameworks’ or pathways proposed by Nagi, Verbrugge and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. Data from the 2005 National Survey of Senior Citizens in Singapore was used. The weighted prevalence of ADL and mobility limitations was calculated, overall and in subgroups. Logistic regression models were used to assess predictors of ADL and mobility limitations and variation in involvement with family, society, work, use of services and perceived financial adequacy, by ADL and mobility status was studied. We found the overall weighted prevalence of ADL and mobility limitation to be 5 and 8 per cent, respectively. Significant risk factors for ADL and mobility limitation were being older (aged 75 or more years), widowed, having diabetes, joint/bone problems, stroke, cancer and low income. Individuals with ADL and mobility limitations had lower involvement with family, society and work, and perceived financial adequacy, while use of services was higher. The findings underline the importance of improving elderly services for sustained integration of disabled elderly within the community.
Equality in the theory of international society: Kelsen, Rawls and the English School
Authors: HJORTH RONNIE 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article examines the idea of equality in the theory of international society. Contrary to the widespread contemporary notion of equality as a corollary principle to sovereignty, the central argument of the article is that equality and sovereignty can and ought to be disconnected, and that the concept of equality, when uncoupled from sovereignty, is a better point of departure when theorising international society than is, for example, non-intervention or sovereignty. An alternative approach to deal with equality of states and other entities within international society is sketched out.
The Allied punishment and attempted socialisation of the Bolsheviks (1917–1924): An English School approach
Authors: CANTIR CRISTIAN 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article makes theoretical and empirical contributions to the recent literature on the socialisation and punishment of state and non-state actors. First, it argues that the English School can add significantly to our understanding of the socialisation and punishment processes because of the theory's emphasis on great powers as ‘custodians’ of the society of states. Second, it analyses the policies of the United Kingdom, France, and, to a lesser degree, a number of other powers toward the Bolsheviks and the Whites during the Civil War and beyond (1917–1924). The basic argument is that London, Paris, and other capitals acted like ‘guardians’ of the society of states in their attempt to punish and socialise the participants in the Civil War.
Density diagnostic of highly ionized samarium laser produced plasma using Ni-like spatially resolved spectra
Authors: Louzon E. , Henis Z. , Levy I. , Hurvitz G. , Ehrlich Y. , Frankel M. , Maman S. , Raicher E. , Malka A. , Mandelbaum P. , Zigler A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractDetailed spectroscopic identification and analysis of lines emitted by Ni-like ions may infer on plasma parameters, such as electron density, temperature, and ionization state. Spatially, resolved X-ray spectra of samarium laser produced plasma were recorded in the 7 to10 Å wavelength range. Measured line intensity ratios of Ni-like 3d-5f, 3p-4d, 3p-4s, and 3s-4p transitions were used for electron density diagnostic as a function of the distance from the target. Calculations using Hebrew University Lawrence Livermore Atomic Code show that these ratios are not very sensitive to the electron temperature in the range from 500 to 1000 eV. Self-absorption of some lines is found to be important at electron densities higher than 1021cm−3. The inferred ranges of electron density and temperature are found to be consistent with results of hydrodynamic simulations and models of ionization in plasma.
Solving stiffness and deformation of a 3-UPU parallel manipulator with one translation and two rotations
Authors: Hu Bo , Lu Yi 
Published: January 2011

SUMMARYThe stiffness modeling and elastic deformation of 3 degrees of freedom, 3-universal joints–prismatic pairs–universal joints (UPU) parallel manipulator (PM) with one translation and two rotations are studied. First, the constraint wrenches are derived corresponding to the special orientation of universal joints in each of the UPU legs. Second, the elastic deformation of active legs produced by these active forces and constrained wrenches are derived. Third, a 6 × 6 Jacobian matrix is derived from constraint and active forces, and the statics is solved. Finally, the stiffness matrix of 3-UPU PM is established and its elastic deformation is solved.