bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bosnia y Herzegovina: búsqueda de desaparecidos
Authors: Girod Christophe 
Published: January 2010

Toda guerra origina su cúmulo de desaparecidos, militares o civiles. Por cada persona desaparecida, una familia sin noticias, vive desesperada y atenazada por la angustia. Hay que dar respuestas; pues, la verdad, por muy dolorosa que sea, siempre es preferible al tormento que causan la incertidumbre y las falsas esperanzas. La población civil de Bosnia y Herzegovina es la principal víctima de un conflicto en el que los beligerantes se esfuerzan por expulsar a las minorías y transformar los territorios en lugares étnicamente homogéneos. Todavía hoy, hay miles de personas desaparecidas en combate, en las cárceles, ejecutadas sumariamente o masacradas, cuyos familiares esperan noticias.El derecho internacional humanitario incluye varias disposiciones que garantizan el derecho de las familias a conocer el paradero de sus allegados y se enumeran las obligaciones que las partes en conflicto tienen, de proporcionar todos los medios de que dispongan a fin de facilitar las respuestas a dichas familias. El Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR) se basa, sobre todo, en estos dos grandes principios para poner en marcha los mecanismos que permitan aliviar la aflicción causada por la incertidumbre en la que, una vez las armas acalladas, las familias se sumergen.
Derecho internacional humanitario y armas nucleares
Authors: Revista La 
Published: January 2010

El 8 de julio de 1996, la Corte Internacional de Justicia emitió su dictamen consultivo sobre dos peticiones relativas a la cuestión de la licitud de la amenaza o del empleo de armas nucleares. La Corte no entró en materia en relación con la petición formulada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud pero examinó, en cambio, con gran atención la solicitud presentada por la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas:¿Permite el derecho internacional humanitario recurrir a la amenaza o al empleo de armas nucleares en todas las circunstancias?
Un nuevo Reglamento de acceso a disposición de los investigadores y del público para consultar los archivos del Comité Intemacional de la Cruz Roja
Authors: Pittelou Jean-François 
Published: January 2010

En julio de 1995, el Consejo Ejecutivo del CICR solicitó a la Dirección de Derecho Internacional y Doctrina y a la División de Archivos que redactaran un nuevo Reglamento de acceso a los archivos del CICR. En su reunión del 17 de enero de 1996, la Asamblea del CICR aprobó el texto que le fue presentado y encargó a la División de Archivos organizar la consulta de los archivos públicos del CICR.El CICR adopto esta medida teniendo en cuenta el extraordinario interes que los archivos de una institución, presente en la mayoría de los conflictos de estos últimos treinta años, tienen para el público. Responde, simultáneamente, al interés científico de los historiadores y al deseo manifestado por institueiones tales como el Yad Vashem World Centre for Teaching the Holocaust de Jerusalén, el United States Holocaust Memorial Museum de Washington, o el Centra de Documentación Judío Contemporáneo de París, de completar las respectivas colecciones de archivos. El CICR también desea facilitar el acceso a las personas en busca de datos biográficos o de testimonios relacionados con las víctimas de los conflictos.
La acción del CICR durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial ¿Infiltración nazi en el CICR?
Authors: División de Prensa del CICR  
Published: January 2010

En Estados Unidos, un grupo de investigadores, cuyo propósito es localizar en bancos suizos lasfortunas depositadas por víctimas—sobre todo judías— de las persecuciones nazistas, ha dado con una serie de documentos procedentes de Office of Strategic Service (OSS), servicio de información estadounidense precursor de la CIA. Esos documentos, fechados los años 1944 y 1945, contienen información sobre personas que supuestamente trabajaron para el CICR durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.El CICR desea aclarar esas denuncias, que ponen en tela de juicio la actividad de la Institución en favor de las víctimas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Sus archivistas trabajan activamente para ello. De momento, la Revista publica una primera información sobre el particular, preparada por la División de Prensa del CICR.
Opinión de la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre la Iicitud de la amenaza o del empleo de armas nucleares — Observaciones preliminares
Authors: Sandoz Yves 
Published: January 2010

Hay cuestiones que es preferible no plantear: la licitud del empleo de armas nucleares en la guerra no es una de ellas.Con la aparición y el desarrollo del arma nuclear, comienza una etapa en la historia de considerable importancia: por primera vez, el hombre dispone de medios que ponen en peligro la supervivencia de la humanidad. Su empleo en Hiroshima y Nagasaki causó un profundo choque moral y modificó la problemática de la guerra. El CICR comprendió inmediatamente el alcance de estos acontecimientos y, con el deseo de compartir las preocupaciones de la Institución, el entonces presidente del CICR, Max Huber, dirigió una circular a las Sociedades Nacionales el 5 de septiembre de 1945, es decir, menos de un mes después de las explosiones de Hiroshima y Nagasaki.
Sobre la Opinión consultiva de la Corte Internacional de Justicia acerca de la licitud de las armas nucleares
Authors: Fujita Hisakazu 
Published: January 2010

La opinión consultiva emitida el 8 de julio de 1996 por la Corte Internacional de Justicia sobre la «licitud de la amenaza o del empleo de armas nucleares» incluye varios elementos de gran interés desde el punto de vista del derecho internacional humanitario, puesto que al derecho humanitario, que se ha desarrollado grandemente después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, siempre le nan faltado disposiciones expresas por lo que atañe a las armas nucleares.Aunque el problema de las armas nucleares fue debatido durante largo tiempo en los órganos de las Naciones Unidas y en la Comisión de Desarme de Ginebra, que después pasaría a llamarse Conferencia de Desarme, los trabajos para la reafirmación y el desarrollo del derecho internacional humanitario y, más específicamente, la Conferencia de Ginebra de 1949 para elaborar los cuatro Convenios y la Conferencia de 1974–1977 para elaborar los Protocolos adicionales siempre evitaron dicho tema.
Acción humanitaria y operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz
Authors: Sommaruga Cornelio 
Published: January 2010

Tengo el honor y el privilegio de dirigirme a esta Conferencia, que centra sus debates en un tema de gran importancia para el Comité Internacional de la Cruz Roja (CICR). El CICR, cuyo cometido es prestar protección y asistencia a las víctimas de confiictos armados y que realiza operaciones en todo el mundo, ha tenido que ver directamente, como organismo humanitario, con muchas misiones de mantenimiento de la paz emprendidas por las Naciones Unidas.En primer Iugar, quisiera yo señalar que el mantenimiento de la paz es una labor esencial de las Naciones Unidas y que los organismos que, como el CICR, hacen frente diariamente a los horrores de la guerra, no pueden menos de congratularse por los constantes esfuerzos desplegados en este ámbito. Las operaciones de mantenimiento de la paz son parte de la misión básica de las Naciones Unidas. Tienen especial interés para nosotros y nos incumben porque pueden tener repercusiones para nuestra acción y dar Iugar a frecuentes contactos entre nuestros delegados y el personal militar de las Naciones Unidas sobre el terreno.
El cometido de una Sociedad Nacional en la aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario. El reto que enfrenta
Authors: Meyer Michael A. 
Published: January 2010

Tras invitación del CICR, se celebró en Ginebra, del 21 al 23 de octubre de 1996, la ón anual de asesores jurídicos de las Sociedades Nacionales y de encargados de difusión: juristas del CICR y representantes de Sociedades Nacionales de la Cruz Roja ydela Media Luna Roja debatieron informalmente acerca del desarrollo delderecho internacional humanitario y de cómo promover mejor el conocimiento y el cumplimiento de ese cuerpo del derecho.Michael A. Meyer, jefe de Derecho Internacional de la Cruz Roja Británica, habló del cometido de las Sociedades Nacionales en la aplicación del derecho internacional humanitario. La Revista publica el texto de sus observaciones; ha añadido subtítulos y pies de página.
Un mínimo de humanidad en las situaciones de disturbios y tensiones interiores: Propuesta de un Código de Conducta
Authors: Gasser Hans-Peter 
Published: January 2010

De vez en cuando, violentos tumultos conmocionan a un país u otro. Se habla entonces de tensiones internas, de desorden, de disturbios interiores, de estado de excepción o de sitio, de revolución, de insurrección, etc. Todas esas expresiones designan una situación que se presenta como lo contrario de la justicia, del orden, de la estabilidad, de la paz interna. La historia nos enseña que este fenómeno se ha producido con frecuencia y los medios de comunicación nos informan de que sigue teniendo lugar. Casi todos los Estados han atravesado, en algún momento de su historia, períodos de inseguridad y de contestación, acompañados de la violencia.El origen de las dificultades varía de una situación a otra. Resulta ciertamente tentador analizar las causas por las cuales se recurre a la violencia, pero no es ése el objetivo de este artículo.
The structure of a food web in a tropical rain forest in Malaysia based on carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios
Authors: Hyodo Fujio , Matsumoto Takashi , Takematsu Yoko , Kamoi Tamaki , Fukuda Daisuke , Nakagawa Michiko , Itioka Takao 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) have been used to study the structure of food webs. However, few studies have examined how a terrestrial food web can be depicted by this technique. We measured δ13C and δ15N in various consumers of four trophic groups (detritivores, herbivores, omnivores and predators), including vertebrates and invertebrates (14 orders, ≥24 families), as well as canopy and understorey leaves in a tropical rain forest in Malaysia. We found that δ13C and δ15N of the consumers differed significantly among the trophic groups. The predators had significantly higher δ13C than the herbivores, and were similar in δ13C to the detritivores, suggesting that most predators examined depend largely on below-ground food webs. δ15N was higher in predators than detritivores by about 3‰. The comparison of δ13C in plant materials and herbivores suggests that most herbivores are dependent on C fixed in the canopy layers. The vertebrates had significantly higher δ15N and δ13C than the invertebrates of the same trophic group, likely reflecting differences in the physiological processes and/or feeding habits. This study indicates that stable isotope techniques can help better understanding of the terrestrial food webs in terms of both trophic level and the linkage of above- and below-ground systems.
Networks of epiphytic orchids and host trees in Brazilian gallery forests
Authors: Silva Igor A. , Ferreira Alessandro W. C. , Lima Maria I. S. , Soares João J. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:Species interactions have been recently depicted as networks, in which each species is connected to one or more other species in binary interaction matrices. Forty networks of epiphytic orchid and host tree species were assessed in Brazilian gallery forests. The nestedness of the networks was estimated with the NODF index and the significance was tested with null models. The phylogenetic structure of the network was also assessed, by searching for phylogenetic signals in the number of interactions and in the similarity of interacting species. In total, 105 orchid species and 132 host tree species were sampled. A nested pattern in all orchid–host tree networks was found. However, phylogenetic signals were not observed. The results support that the host specificity of orchids is small and most of the interactions occur among generalist orchids and generalist host trees. While the concept of species-specificity can thus be rejected, the extreme alternative – that interacting orchids and host trees are not a random subset of the regional species pool – can be dismissed as well. However, factors other than phylogenetic history may structure interaction networks of epiphytic orchids and host trees.
A field experiment to determine the effect of dry-season precipitation on annual ring formation and leaf phenology in a seasonally dry tropical forest
Authors: Hayden B. , Greene D. F. , Quesada M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract:Trees growing in a seasonally tropical dry forest, with its characteristic 5–7-mo rainless interval, possess a variety of physiological adaptations to drought, the most common being leaf abscission. At the Estacion Biologia de Chamela in western Mexico, we experimentally examined the relationship between one-time experimental irrigation ranging as 0 (control) to 200 mm, and (1) the degree of bud burst (and, for a single species, flowering), and (2) the formation of a false ring. Additionally, we used long-term records at a nearby meteorological station to determine the probability of a rain event exceeding a particular intensity (mm). For our seven species (particularly the two most common species: Cordia alliodora and Piptadenia constricta), we found that the degree of budburst and leaf extension was a function of irrigation intensity. In no case, however, did we find false rings, or indeed any indication of cambial activity initiated by the irrigation event. Further, there was no effect of intensity on subsequent relative growth rate in the following wet season. While sufficient rainfall (200 mm) to cause full leaf deployment is rare, nonetheless we estimate that a canopy tree in the study area would experience an event of this magnitude at least a few times per century. In any case, it will have no effect on the reliability of annual rings in this biome, nor any effect on diameter growth in (at least) the following year.
Integration of knowledge-based and generative systems for building characterization and prediction
Authors: Aksamija Ajla , Yue Kui , Kim Hyunjoo , Grobler Francois , Krishnamurti Ramesh 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis paper discusses the integration of knowledge bases and shape grammars for the generation of building models, covering interaction, system, and implementation. Knowledge-based and generative systems are combined to construct a method for characterizing existing buildings, in particular, their interior layouts based on exterior features and certain other parameters such as location and real dimensions. The knowledge-based model contains information about spatial use, organization, elements, and contextual information, with the shape grammar principally containing style rules. Buildings are analyzed and layouts are generated through communication and interaction between these two systems. The benefit of using an interactive system is that the complementary properties of the two schemes are employed to strengthen the overall process. Ontologies capture knowledge relating to architectural design principles, building anatomy, structure, and systems. Shape grammar rules embody change through geometric manipulation and transformation. Existing buildings are analyzed using this approach, and three-dimensional models are automatically generated. Two particular building types, the vernacular rowhouse and high-rise apartment building, both from Baltimore, Maryland, are presented to illustrate the process and for comparing the utilized methodologies.
Impact of in vitro fertilization of bovine oocytes with sex-sorted frozen–thawed spermatozoa on developmental kinetics, quality and sex ratio of developing embryos
Authors: Peippo J. , Räty M. , Korhonen K. , Eronen M. , Kananen K. , Hurme T. , Halmekytö M. , Mäki-Tanila A. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryWe studied whether bovine embryos developing after in vitro fertilization (IVF) with sex-sorted spermatozoa differed in developmental kinetics, quality and sex ratio from embryos produced with unsorted spermatozoa. Abattoir-derived oocytes were fertilized with X-sorted, Y-sorted or unsorted spermatozoa from a single bull. To evaluate economical use of the sex-sorted spermatozoa, washed spermatozoa from a single straw (2 million spermatozoa) were used to fertilize each batch of collected oocytes without any further isolation steps. Concentration of the unsorted spermatozoa was adjusted accordingly. Fertilizations were assessed by staining sperm asters at 10 hpi and pronuclei at 20 hpi. Embryo development and morphological quality were monitored on days 2, 7, 8 and 9 of the development (IVF = day 0). All embryos were sexed using PCR. Following fertilization, penetration and subsequent cleavage rates were compromised in the X-sorted group compared with the Y-sorted and unsorted groups (penetration: 58.0% vs. 89.8% and 90.0%, cleavage: 65.3% vs. 81.5% and 75.0%). The use of the sex-sorted spermatozoa did not, however, reduce the proportion of transferable embryos (sex-sorted 29.6% vs. unsorted 27.7%) or their quality (quality 1: sex-sorted 36.0% vs. unsorted 19.9%). The Y-sorted spermatozoa produced more transferable embryos of better quality than the X-sorted spermatozoa (days 7–8: 31.9% vs. 26.4%, quality 1: 38.9% vs. 30.6%). On average, out of 10 transferable embryos, nine were of the predicted sex in the X- and Y-sorted spermatozoa groups. These results indicate that low numbers of X- and Y-sorted spermatozoa can be used successfully for female and male embryo production in vitro.
An interdisciplinary approach to neuropsychological test construction: Perspectives from translation studies
Authors: BENDER H. ALLISON , MARTÍN GARCÍA ADOLFO , BARR WILLIAM B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractFew neuropsychological tests have been developed specifically for non-English speakers. Rather, assessment measures are often derived from English source texts (STs) and translated into foreign language target texts (TTs). An abundant literature describes the potential for translation error occurring in test construction. While the neuropsychology community has striven to correct these inadequacies, interdisciplinary approaches to test translation have been largely ignored. Translation studies, which has roots in linguistics, semiotics, computer science, anthropology, and philosophy, may provide a much-needed framework for test development. We aim to apply specific aspects of Descriptive Translation Studies to present unique and heretofore unapplied frameworks to the socio-cultural conceptualizations of translated tests. In doing so, a more theoretical basis for test construction will be explored. To this end, translation theory can provide valuable insights toward the development of linguistically and culturally relevant neuropsychological test measures suitable for an increasingly diverse patient base. (JINS, 2010,16, 227–232.)
Effect of nitric oxide on Sertoli cell microtubule of piglets
Authors: Li Yang , Xian-zhong Wang , Meng-bo Yang , Jia-hua Zhang 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTo illustrate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the microtubules of Sertoli cells (SC), SCs of piglets were treated with sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Changes in cell viability, anti-oxidant activity, enzyme activity and p38 mutagen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) activation were detected. The results were as follows. A low concentration of NO can keep SC microtubule and cell viability normal, and a high concentration of NO could increase p38MAPK activation, decrease anti-oxidant activity and transferrin secretion, and destroy the structure and distribution of the microtubules. The results suggest that SNP treatment results in an increase in NO in SCs and decreased cell anti-oxidant activity. The high concentration of NO destroys cell microtubules by activating p38MAPK.
The effects of diet protein levels on the growth, body composition and digestive enzyme activities of theBarbodes caldwellijuvenile
Authors: Yao-Ping Lv , Jian-Ming Chen , Jin-Yun Ye , Xu-Xiong Huang , Shen-Ying Lao , Bin-Qian Shen , Zi-Liang Yao , Jian-Lin Guo , Li-Ping Ye 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSeven isoenergetic semi-purified test diets containing graded levels of protein ranging from 20 to 50% were formulated using fish meal and casein as the protein sources. Test diets were fed to triplicate groups ofBarbodes caldwellijuveniles with initial body weights of 1.26±0.02 g for eight weeks. The results indicated no significant effect of dietary protein levels on survival rate, relative weight of the viscera and relative weight of the liver in the juvenile fish. The weight gain and specific growth rate of the fish were found to be greater as dietary protein levels increased from 20 to 35%, but were not affected significantly as dietary protein level increased from 35 to 50%. Feed efficiencies did not differ significantly when fish were fed diets with protein levels from 30 to 50%, but were significantly higher than those of fish fed diets with protein levels of 20 and 25%. The protein efficiency ratio (PER) was negatively correlated with diet protein level (x) (PER=3.006−0.03251x,R=0.9366). There was no significant effect of dietary protein levels on carcass moisture, crude protein and ash. However, carcass lipid levels (L) decreased with an increase in dietary protein level (x) (L=8.2169−0.0458x,R=0.8551). There was no significant variation in hepatopancreas protease activity among the tests. Intestine protease activity and hepatopancreas amylase activity were increased to some extent, and then decreased as dietary protein levels continued to rise. The intestine amylase activity (IAA) of the juveniles was negatively correlated with dietary protein level (x) (IAA=84.625−0.9147x,R=0.8463). It was estimated that the suitable protein level for theB. caldwellijuvenile is 34% (the broken-line model was used to regress the relationship of the weight gain of the juvenile and dietary protein level).
Variation analysis of theVP1and3ABCgenes from yellow cattle isolates persistently infected byFoot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Xiao-yan Shen , Guo-zheng Cong , Hui-yun Chang , Xiang-tao Liu , Qing-ge Xie 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe potential relationship between the establishment ofFoot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV) persistent infection and gene variation was identified by investigating the variation ofVP1and3ABCgenes from yellow cattle persistent infection isolates. Five yellow cattle were inoculated on their tongue with 1.0×104ID50/ml of FMDV O/Akesu/58 strain. After displaying clinical or subclinical signs, they probably became asymptomatic carriers. Oesophageal–pharyngeal fluids were collected monthly from the carriers with a probang and inoculated into a baby hamster kidney cell line (BHK-21); 12 FMDV isolates were obtained. TheVP1and3ABCgenes of the 12 isolates were then amplified by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Cloning and sequencing revealed that the homology of theVP1nucleotide and amino-acid sequence of all the isolates was above 98%, with no base deletion or insertion. When compared with the O/Akesu/58 FMDV strain, the homology of theVP1nucleotide sequence of the isolates was only 85%, and that of the deduced amino-acid sequence only 90%.There were several nucleotide mutations in theVP1gene of the isolates, including 16 consistent nucleotide mutations, with only two of them leading to a change in amino acid (I56→T, A210→E). Moreover, it was found that four nucleotide points and three amino-acid points had transversions among all isolates. The3ABCgene had only 13 nucleotide transversions and five amino-acid mutations. It was presumed that persistent FMDV infection might have little connection with variation in theVP1and3ABCgenes, and was probably related to other structural protein gene and key factors.