bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discours, langage et totalité (Hegel et Saussure)
Authors: Brafman Jacques 
Published: June 2010

Partant d ’ un commentaire de quelques lignes de la Préface à la Phénoménologie de l’esprit ou au Système de la Science de Hegel 1 , que nous mettrons en perspective avec des extraits et des notes du Cours de linguistique générale de Saussure, nous voudrions montrer que : 1. La philosophie est un Discours écrit ou un Livre sui-réflexif et/ou systématique, soit un Méta -discours ; aussi répond-elle à l ’ essence du Langage qui ne se signifie jamais que soi-même. 2. Puisqu ’ il se fonde sur ce dernier, comme lui, le discours-livre philosophique ne laisse rien en dehors de soi et parle de, ou plutôt du, tout ; en quoi il s ’ avère effectivement universel. 3. Tous les autres discours, scientifiques, moraux, artistiques, religieux, s ’ y enracinant, inutile de s ’ interroger sur un impensé ou un sens qui échapperait au discursif. La vérité (philosophique) se confond ainsi avec le procès linguistique dont elle partage et la prémisse – être c ’ est être dit – et la conclusion – on n ’ a rien dit , tant que l ’ on n ’ a pas tout dit. Elle en forme en quelque sorte l’Auto - Réflexion explicite, achevée et/ou cohérente. Si les philosophies préhégéliennes ont bien tendu vers cela, il appartenait au Système hégélien d ’ en tirer toutes les conséquences et d ’ accomplir ce que celles-là ont seulement esquissé. Quant au système de philosophie du langage de Saussure, il en reformulera techniquement les principes.
Tardi et la Commune de 1871 à travers Le Cri du peuple : roman graphique ou histoire graphique ?
Authors: Fournier Éric 
Published: June 2010

Résumé Peut-on relire Le Cri du peuple , récit fictionnel, comme un essai d’histoire graphique ? Bien que n’oubliant pas son empathie libertaire avec la Commune, Tardi, s’appuyant sur une forte maîtrise des sources, œuvre aussi en historien du sensible, restituant ainsi les représentations, les pratiques, et les paysages de Paris en 1871 avec talent et fidélité aux événements. Son trait spécifique rend avec beaucoup d’efficacité les paroxysmes de la « semaine sanglante ». Cette œuvre invite ainsi à s’interroger sur les différentes modalités d’écriture de l’histoire : Tardi associe ici de façon probante la modernité de la bande dessinée avec les codes du récit historique propre au premier xix e siècle.
Un paysage à la gloire de l'Homme. La représentation de l'environnement préhistorique dans l'enseignement et la fiction de la seconde moitié du xxe siècle
Authors: Semonsut Pascal 
Published: June 2010

Résumé À partir de l’étude de manuels scolaires, de films, de bandes dessinées et de romans, cet article se propose de décrire l’image donnée de l’environnement préhistorique dans la seconde moitié du xx e siècle, une image difficile à peindre et cela pour deux raisons : d’une part, elle change selon la décennie et le média envisagés ; d’autre part, c’est une image brouillée parce que traversée de messages antagonistes. Malgré ces filtres, aux mieux déformants, au pire opaques, cette image est assez univoque et son message est clair. L’environnement préhistorique représente une menace constante. Devant nos ancêtres préhistoriques, il dresse une multitude d’obstacles L’objectif d’une telle représentation est clair : montrer la force irrésistible de l’Homme et sa supériorité incontestable.
Photochemical oxygen consumption in marine waters: A major sink for colored dissolved organic matter?
Authors: Andrews Steven S. , Caron Sigalit , Zafiriou Oliver C. 
Published: June 2010

Quantification of photochemical O2 uptake provides a measure of total chemical photooxidation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Here we study this process and present estimates suggesting that photooxidation has the potential to significantly modify marine DOM pools, complementing or exceeding oxidation via coupled chemical‐biological pathways. We measured apparent quantum yields (AQYs) of photobleaching, O2 uptake, and H2O2 production in several coastal marine samples and in dilutions of a tropical estuarine water with oligotrophic seawater. O2‐loss AQYs varied little among samples or with dilution but decreased linearly from 1.2×10–3 at 300 nm to 0.3×10–3 at 400 nm and dropped about threefold to near‐constant values with increasing absorbed light dose. H2O2 production, about 45% of O2 uptake, showed similar dependencies, whereas singlet oxygen (O2 (1Δg)) reactions contributed less than 1% of O2 uptake for typical coastal water. Implications of these findings for photochemical O2, H2O2, and DOM cycling are discussed.Modeling the dose‐dependence of O2 loss and photobleaching at 310 nm required three DOM pools. In the simplest case, about 90% is a weakly absorbing, low‐AQY pool of DOM admixed with two similar‐sized pools of more photochemically reactive DOM. This result suggests that rigorously extrapolating laboratory data to the environment requires detailed mapping of dose‐wavelength‐photobleaching AQY surfaces.Action spectra and DOM flux estimates for coastal photooxidative chemistry were derived. Site‐specific potential rates are comparable to available in situ data. Globally, the DOM photolysis capacity appears to be larger than estimated coastal DOM inputs, especially in tropical and temperate areas, including areas with maximal DOM inputs.
Net accumulation and flux of dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen in marine plankton communities
Authors: Søndergaard Morten , Williams Peter J. le B. , Cauwet Gustave , Riemann Bo , Robinson Carol , Terzic Senka , Woodward E. Malcolm S. , Worm Jakob 
Published: June 2010

Marine mesocosms were manipulated with inorganic nutrients over a period of 22 d to investigate organic carbon partitioning under a variety of nutrient regimes. The chemical analyses and biotic measurements included inorganic nutrients, pigment signatures, particulate and dissolved organic species, bacterial production, and community respiration. The biodegradability of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was investigated with in vitro decomposition experiments.The net particulate organic carbon (POC) production was 50% of the total organic production during the initial 6 d of nutrient‐replete growth and during a major diatom bloom. In all other situations the carbon partitioning was strongly in favor of DOC, which accounted for 82 to 111% of the total production. The production of new DOC preceded new DON by about 1 week. Thus, the new dissolved organic matter (DOM) initially had an infinite C:N ratio, which fell to 11‐20 when DON started to accumulate. The highest C:N ratio was measured during a nutrient‐replete diatom bloom. Dissolved polysaccharides accounted for 50 to 70% of the new DOC, and the lowest relative amount was produced during a diatom bloom. The chemical analyses unequivocally demonstrated that carbon partitioning in favor of carbon‐rich DOM can take place during an active diatom bloom and not only during the decay of a bloom. The DOC‐producing mechanisms cannot be fully identified. However, during the different growth phases the DOC production varied, as did the speciation of DOM with respect to the C:N ratios. When net production of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was detected after 11 d, the DON production accounted for 25 to 50% of the daily added and assimilated inorganic nitrogen. The measurements of community respiration made it possible to calculate the maximum carbon recycling by bacteria and bacterial net DOC assimilation. These calculations showed the estimates of carbon partitioning to be very sensitive to bacterial growth yield values and the factors used to convert leucine and thymidine isotope incorporation to bacterial production.Decomposition experiments showed that at least 35% of the new DOC was biodegradable over 10–12 d and that inorganic nutrients only marginally affected use. The calculated turnover times of new DOC were between 15 and 25 d. The semilabile nature of new DOC with respect to microbial attack is suggested as the main reason for the medium‐term accumulation of new DOC.
Evidence Review to Investigate the Support for Subtypes of Children With Difficulty Processing and Integrating Sensory Information
Authors: Davies Patricia L. , Tucker Rebecca 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe investigated the evidence for subtypes in children with difficulty processing and integrating sensory information. Fifty-seven articles were incorporated into a systematic literature review; only 4 articles provided direct evidence for subtypes. These studies did not provide a comprehensive assessment of all sensory functions and sensory-based motor functions (i.e., praxis) and included different diagnostic groups. Therefore, generalized conclusions about subtypes could not be drawn. The other 53 studies reviewed provided meaningful information about strengths and challenges that children with difficulty processing and integrating sensory information demonstrate, but these studies were limited in scope. A principal theme was the importance of conducting comprehensive assessments of sensory-based functions, including multiple measures of sensory integrative functions such as praxis, sensory modulation, and sensory discrimination in children and adolescents with various clinical disorders. In addition, more consistency in the use of specific assessment tools will allow for synthesis of data across studies.
Impairment of Stance Control in Children With Sensory Modulation Disorder
Authors: Su Chia-Ting , Wu Meng-Yao , Yang Ai-Lun , Chen-Sea Mei-Jin , Hwang Ing-Shiou 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. To compare stance control between children with sensory modulation disorder (SMD) and typically developing children in various visual and somatosensory conditions.
METHOD. Thirty-one children participated in this study, including 17 children with SMD and 14 matched typically developing children. The Sensory Profile was used to screen for sensory modulation problems, which were further confirmed by measures of electrodermal response and the Evaluation of Sensory Processing. Stance parameters for an assessment of postural stability were obtained with a dual-axis accelerometer on the lumbar area.
RESULTS. The children with SMD presented atypical sensory responses in terms of both electrophysiological and behavioral measures. The results for stance showed a greater body sway in the SMD group than in the control group (p &lt; .05). However, the group difference was not always significant under the conditions of reliable somatosensory input and sway-referenced vision.
CONCLUSION. Our findings first confirmed impaired stance control in children with SMD.
Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Assay Technology
Authors: MacKenzie S.J. , Hastings S.F. , Wells C. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBecause of their critical role in modulating cellular cyclic nucleotide levels, phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are involved in many disease‐related signaling pathways. The PDE family is large and diverse, with members having different tissue distribution, sub‐cellular localizations, and substrate specificities. Because of these characteristics, the PDEs represent a broad group of potential drug targets. Described in the present unit are the assay development and validation procedures needed to establish a high‐throughput screening system for these important enzymes. The assays provide a structured approach for determining the kinetic parameters of related enzyme families to facilitate the characterization of PDE inhibitors. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 49:3.12.1‐3.12.26. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Rodent Models of Depression: Forced Swim and Tail Suspension Behavioral Despair Tests in Rats and Mice
Authors: Castagné Vincent , Moser Paul , Roux Sylvain , Porsolt Roger D. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe development of antidepressants requires simple rodent behavioral tests for initial screening before undertaking more complex preclinical tests and clinical evaluation. Presented in the unit are two widely used screening tests used for antidepressants, the forced swim (also termed behavioral despair) test in the rat and mouse, and the tail suspension test in the mouse. These tests have good predictive validity and allow rapid and economical detection of substances with potential antidepressant‐like activity. The behavioral despair and the tail suspension tests are based on the same principle: measurement of the duration of immobility when rodents are exposed to an inescapable situation. The majority of clinically used antidepressants decrease the duration of immobility. Antidepressants also increase the latency to immobility, and this additional measure can increase the sensitivity of the behavioral despair test in the mouse for certain classes of antidepressant. Testing of new substances in the behavioral despair and tail suspension tests allows a simple assessment of their potential antidepressant activity by the measurement of their effect on immobility. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 49:5.8.1‐5.8.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pharmacological Applications of Baculovirus‐Mediated Protein Expression in Mammalian Cells
Authors: Condreay J. Patrick , Watson Christian A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe development of cell‐based assays for cellular receptors, ion channels, and transporters requires the delivery and expression of transgenes. Viral‐mediated gene delivery is a particularly attractive approach for this purpose because of its efficiency and potential to deliver genes to a wide variety of cell types. Recombinant baculoviruses, long used to deliver genes to insect cells for overexpression, also effectively transfer genes to mammalian cells. The only required modification to the virus for this purpose is the addition of transgene expression cassettes controlled by mammalian cell‐active promoters. These so‐called BacMam viruses are useful for developing mammalian cell‐based assays for investigating the function of recombinant proteins and for assessing the action of pharmacological modulators of their function. The use of such viruses is gaining popularity because of the ease of optimizing assay conditions, the ability to deliver multiple gene products, and of their flexibility in terms of host cells and levels of transgene expression. BacMam‐mediated assays may be used for studying a wide variety of target proteins and assay technologies. Described in this unit is an example of BacMam‐mediated gene delivery to configure a cell‐based assay for pharmacological assessment of a G protein‐coupled receptor. A protocol is also provided describing the use of a GFP‐expressing BacMam to assess the susceptibility of new cell lines to transduction by the virus. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 49:6.11.1‐6.11.12. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview on the Rule of Five
Authors: Pollastri Michael P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn the mid‐ to late 1990s, because of the drug discovery paradigm shift from phenotypic screens to combinatorial chemistry and high‐throughput screening, the physicochemical properties of exploratory drug molecules displayed a dramatic shift toward higher molecular weight and lipophilicity. In response, Lipinski and coworkers reported an analysis of compounds that successfully navigated Phase I and entered into Phase II clinical studies, and correlated the computed physicochemical properties of these molecules to their aqueous solubility, permeability, and oral bioavailability. In doing so, the authors created the “Rule of Five,” a mnemonic tool for medicinal chemists to use to quickly assess compounds during the drug discovery and optimization process with respect to the compounds' likelihood to display good solubility and permeability profiles. This overview outlines the basis for the Rule of Five, the ways in which it has been applied, and its impact on drug discovery and development.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 49:9.12.1‐9.12.8. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Mouse Models of Human Bladder Cancer as a Tool for Drug Discovery
Authors: Seager Catherine , Puzio‐Kuter Anna M. , Cordon‐Cardo Carlos , McKiernan James , Abate‐Shen Cory 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMuscle‐invasive bladder cancer is a deadly condition in dire need of effective new treatments. This unit contains a description of mouse models suitable for the evaluation of potential new therapies. Included is a genetically engineered mouse model of bladder cancer generated by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre recombinase into the bladder lumen. Also described is an orthotopic mouse model created by the instillation of human bladder tumor cells into the bladder lumen of immune deficient mice. Protocols are also provided on the use of these models for the preclinical evaluation of new chemical entities, with mTOR inhibitors shown as an example. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 49:14.14.1‐14.14.18. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Guidelines for Animal Care and Use in Biomedical Research
Authors: Martin David P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis appendix describes the general requirements for ethical use of animals in biomedical research. Several important Web sites are provided for further information on relevant regulations. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 49:A.4.1‐A.4.2. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis of 2′‐Deoxyoxanosine from 2′‐Deoxyguanosine, Conversion to Its Phosphoramidite, and Incorporation into Oxanine‐Containing Oligodeoxynucleotides
Authors: Pack Seung Pil , Makino Keisuke 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOxanine (Oxa, O) is one of the damaged bases produced from guanine (G) through nitrosative deamination induced by nitric oxide (NO) or nitrous acid (HNO2). Large‐scale preparation of Oxa‐containing oligodeoxynucleotide (Oxa‐ODN) with the desired base sequence is a prerequisite for exploring detailed properties of Oxa in DNA. This can be accomplished by incubation of G nucleosides with NaNO2 in acetic acid buffer (pH 3.5) to produce Oxa nucleosides (e.g., 2′‐deoxyoxanosine or dOxo), conversion of dOxo to DMT‐dOxo‐amidite by tritylation and conventional phosphoramidation, and subsequent synthesis of Oxa‐ODN. The presence of Oxa in the synthetic ODN is confirmed by enzymatic digestion. Oxa‐ODN is useful for analyzing the biochemical and biophysical properties of Oxa in DNA, which is believed to be involved in NO‐induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. In addition, since Oxa possesses the carbodiimide‐activated carboxylate function (O‐acylisourea structure), Oxa‐ODN can be used as a functional DNA oligomer that makes covalent cross‐linkages with amine or amine‐containing biomolecules and amine‐modified solid surfaces. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 41:4.39.1‐4.39.20. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fault‐tolerant control allocation for Mars entry vehicle using adaptive control
Authors: Marwaha Monika , Valasek John 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAccurate and reliable control of planetary entry is a major challenge for planetary exploration vehicles. For Mars entry, uncertainties in atmospheric properties such as winds aloft and density pose a major problem for meeting precision landing requirements. Anticipated manned missions to Mars will also require levels of safety and fault tolerance not required during earlier robotic missions. This paper develops a nonlinear fault‐tolerant controller specifically tailored for addressing the unique environmental and mission demands of future Mars entry vehicles. The controller tracks a desired trajectory from entry interface to parachute deployment, and has an adaptation mechanism that reduces tracking errors in the presence of uncertain parameters such as atmospheric density, and vehicle properties such as aerodynamic coefficients and inertias. This nonlinear control law generates the commanded moments for a discrete control allocation algorithm, which then generates the optimal controls required to follow the desired trajectory. The reaction control system acts as a non‐uniform quantizer, which generates applied moments that approximate the desired moments generated by a continuous adaptive control law. If a fault is detected in the control jets, it reconfigures the controls and minimizes the impact of control failures or damage on trajectory tracking. It is assumed that a fault identification and isolation scheme already exists to identify failures. A stability analysis is presented, and fault tolerance performance is evaluated with non real‐time simulation for a complete Mars entry trajectory tracking scenario using various scenarios of control effector failures. The results presented in the paper demonstrate that the control algorithm has a satisfactory performance for tracking a pre‐defined trajectory in the presence of control failures, in addition to plant and environment uncertainties. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supersensitive, Fast‐Response Nanowire Sensors by Using Schottky Contacts
Authors: Hu Youfan , Zhou Jun , Yeh Ping‐Hung , Li Zhou , Wei Te‐Yu , Wang Zhong Lin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA Schottky barrier can be formed at the interface between a metal electrode and a semiconductor. The current passing through the metal‐semiconductor contact is mainly controlled by the barrier height and barrier width. In conventional nanodevices, Schottky contacts are usually avoided in order to enhance the contribution made by the nanowires or nanotubes to the detected signal. We present a key idea of using the Schottky contact to achieve supersensitive and fast response nanowire‐based nanosensors. We have illustrated this idea on several platforms: UV sensors, biosensors, and gas sensors. The gigantic enhancement in sensitivity of up to 5 orders of magnitude shows that an effective usage of the Schottky contact can be very beneficial to the sensitivity of nanosensors.
Syntheses, characterization and biological studies of zinc(II), copper(II) and cobalt(II) complexes with Schiff base ligand derived from 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde and selenomethionine
Authors: Ran Xueguang , Wang Lingyun , Lin Yingcai , Hao Jie , Cao Derong 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNovel zinc(II), copper(II), and cobalt(II) complexes of the Schiff base derived from 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde and D, L‐selenomethionine were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, electronic spectra, conductance measurements, magnetic measurements and powder XRD. The analytical data showed the composition of the metal complex to be ML(H2O), where L is the Schiff base ligand and M = Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II). IR results confirmed the tridentate binding of the Schiff base ligand involving azomethine nitrogen, naphthol oxygen and carboxylato oxygen atoms. 1H NMR spectral data of lithium salt of the Schiff base ligand [Li(HL)] and ZnL(H2O) agreed with the proposed structures. The conductivity values of complexes between 12.50 and 15.45 S cm2 mol−1 in DMF suggested the presence of non‐electrolyte species. The powder XRD studies indicated that Co(II) complex is amorphous, whereas Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes are crystalline. The results of antibacterial and antifungal screening studies indicated that Li(HL) and its metal complexes are active, but CuL(H2O) is most active among them. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.