bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitation distributions for explicit versus parametrized convection in a large‐domain high‐resolution tropical case study
Authors: Holloway C. E. , Woolnough S. J. , Lister G. M. S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGlobal climate and weather models tend to produce rainfall that is too light and too regular over the tropical ocean. This is likely because of convective parametrizations, but the problem is not well understood. Here, distributions of precipitation rates are analyzed for high‐resolution UK Met Office Unified Model simulations of a 10 day case study over a large tropical domain (∼20°S–20°N and 42°E–180°E). Simulations with 12 km grid length and parametrized convection have too many occurrences of light rain and too few of heavier rain when interpolated onto a 1° grid and compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data. In fact, this version of the model appears to have a preferred scale of rainfall around 0.4 mm h−1(10 mm day−1), unlike observations of tropical rainfall. On the other hand, 4 km grid length simulations with explicit convection produce distributions much more similar to TRMM observations. The apparent preferred scale at lighter rain rates seems to be a feature of the convective parametrization rather than the coarse resolution, as demonstrated by results from 12 km simulations with explicit convection and 40 km simulations with parametrized convection. In fact, coarser resolution models with explicit convection tend to have even more heavy rain than observed. Implications for models using convective parametrizations, including interactions of heating and moistening profiles with larger scales, are discussed. One important implication is that the explicit convection 4 km model has temperature and moisture tendencies that favour transitions in the convective regime. Also, the 12 km parametrized convection model produces a more stable temperature profile at its extreme high‐precipitation range, which may reduce the chance of very heavy rainfall. Further study is needed to determine whether unrealistic precipitation distributions are due to some fundamental limitation of convective parametrizations or whether parametrizations can be improved, in order to better simulate these distributions. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
Investigation of the presence of endogenous prednisolone in equine urine by high‐performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry and high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Fidani Marco , Pompa Giuseppe , Mungiguerra Francesca , Casati Alessio , Fracchiolla Maria Letizia , Arioli Francesco 
Published: March 2012

RATIONALEAfter the detection of low concentrations of prednisolone in racehorse urine samples collected at Italian racetracks, a study was initiated to investigate the accuracy of the analytical protocol used and the possible endogenous origin of detected prednisolone.METHODSMultiple reaction monitoring (MRM) MS2 acquisition with a triple quadrupole (n = 780) and full scan MS2 and MS3 (n = 180) acquisition with a linear ion trap were checked. As a further confirmation, ten urine samples were analysed by high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS).RESULTSThe study showed the difficulty of identifying prednisolone, probably due to interfering compounds with the same molecular weight (360 Da) present in the matrix. The characteristic transitions for prednisolone were identified, both in MS2 and MS3, as the ions 187 and 280; the ion 295 was also used for identification. The concentrations detected with the triple quadrupole and the linear ion trap were not statistically different. The exact mass of prednisolone formiate (the adduct acting as a molecular ion) was identified by HRMS.CONCLUSIONSThe very high frequency of prednisolone detection in the samples (78.5%), the low concentration of this steroid and, importantly, the narrow range of the 95% confidence limits (0.97–1.05 in MS2 mode and 0.88–1.04 in MS3 mode), could represent evidence that its presence is endogenous. In the light of these results, this hypothesis seems the most probable, even if further studies are required to confirm it. Furthermore, a microbiological origin (i.e. fermentation of cortisol after sample collection) could not be disregarded. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of imine or enamine drug metabolites using online hydrogen/deuterium exchange and exact mass measurements
Authors: Li Austin C. , Yu Erya , Ring Steven C. , Chovan James P. 
Published: March 2012

RATIONALEDrug metabolites that have imine or enamine partial structures cause extra mass‐to‐charge (m/z) increases in online hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) in addition to hydroxyl or amine protons. Online HDX and exact mass measurement were used herein to characterize this extra increase property, and to further confirm proposed metabolite structures.METHODSMetabolites of two proprietary compounds as well as two commercially available compounds were analyzed using aqueous and HDX liquid chromatography coupled with an LTQ‐Orbitrap. The exact mass measurements of both the precursor ions and product ions were acquired through data‐dependent acquisition and compared with theoretical values of proposed fragment ions.RESULTSAnalysis of exact mass measurements of metabolite product ions under both normal aqueous and HDX conditions led to the identification of the isoxazole ring opening of compound C‐1, and a double‐bond formation on the methylpyrrolidine ring of compound C‐2 during biotransformation. In both cases, imine or enamine structures formed in the metabolites caused extra m/z increases upon HDX that contributed confirmatory information to the structure identification. The compound 3,3‐diphenyl‐2‐ethyl‐1‐pyrroline also demonstrated that the methylene protons adjacent to the imine were exchanged during online HDX.CONCLUSIONSThe exchangeability of methylene protons adjacent to imine or enamine moieties proved to be useful to narrow down or even pinpoint the metabolism sites of parent drugs when high‐resolution exact mass measurement and online HDX were used. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aktuelle Untersuchungen zum Verhalten von Verbundglas unter Schneelasteinwirkung
Authors: Näßl Andreas , Mensinger Martin , Martin  , Bucak Ömer 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDer Schubverbund von Verbundglas wird durch das zeit‐ und temperaturabhängige viskoelastische Materialverhalten der polymeren Zwischenschicht geprägt. Obwohl für langdauernde Lasten oftmals vernachlässigt, verspricht der Schubverbundansatz beim Lastfall Schnee aufgrund temperaturbedingt begünstigter Zwischenschichteigenschaften wirtschaftliches Anwendungspotential. Dieser Beitrag berichtet über aktuelle Versuchsergebnisse, die durch Langzeit‐Monitoring an Freilandprüfständen unter Schneelastereignissen gewonnen wurden. Die Untersuchungen sind Bestandteil des laufenden DFG‐Forschungsprogrammes “Identifizierung tragfähigkeitssteigernder Eigenschaften von Verbundglas“.Recent experimental results about the behaviour of laminated glass exposed to snowfall events. The shear coupling of laminated glass is decisively affected by the time‐ and temperature‐dependent viscoelastic material properties of the polymeric interlayer. Though often neglected for long‐term load situations, the shear coupling promises to be applicable and economically relevant for the load case snow, by reason of enhanced interlayer material properties, associated to the temperature conditions. This paper reports on recent experimental results obtained by long‐term monitoring of free‐air test facilities for laminated glass exposed to snowfall events. The investigations are part of the ongoing research program “Identification of bearing capacity enhancing characteristics of laminated glass“, funded by the DFG (German Research Foundation).
Deformations‐ und Bruchverhalten von Verbundsicherheitsglas unter dynamischer Beanspruchung
Authors: Kolling Stefan , Alter Christian , Schneider Jens , Kuntsche Johannes , Gebbeken Norbert , Larcher Martin 
Published: March 2012

AbstractDer vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick bezüglich aktueller Fragestellungen im Bereich der numerischen Berechnung von Sicherheitsverglasungen und der Tragfähigkeit von Glas unter Kurzzeiteinwirkung. Es werden Untersuchungen zur Widerstandsfähigkeit von Verbundsicherheitsglas mittels Pendelschlagversuch (weicher Stoß) und Detonationsbeanspruchung diskutiert. Hierbei werden sowohl das Deformationsverhalten als auch das Resttragfähigkeitsverhalten der Verglasung berücksichtigt. Verschiedene Modellierungsmethoden zur numerischen Simulation des Verbundmaterials mit Hilfe der Finiten‐Elemente‐Methode werden aufgezeigt und mit experimentellen Befunden kritisch verglichen. Das dynamische Verhalten von Verbundsicherheitsglas wird dabei sowohl über implizite als auch explizite Zeitintegrationsverfahren beschrieben.Deformation behavior of laminated glass under dynamic loading. The purpose of the present paper is to give an overview of current modeling techniques for the finite element simulation of laminated glass under dynamic loading. Deformation and the post‐breakage behavior of laminated glass are discussed by means of impact and blast loading. Numerical results using different modeling techniques for the numerical simulation of the composite are presented and compared critically to experimental observations. The time integration for the dynamic response of laminated glass is performed by both implicit and explicit finite element solvers.
Recurrent twin–twin transfusion syndrome after selective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Walsh C. A. , McAuliffe F. M. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTObjectivesSelective fetoscopic laser photocoagulation (SFLP) is now the treatment of choice for twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). The incidence of recurrent TTTS following SFLP has been inconsistently reported across different studies. We performed a systematic review of TTTS recurrence following SFLP.MethodsPubMed and MEDLINE online databases were searched for articles published between 2000 and August 2011, using combinations of the terms ‘twin–twin transfusion’, ‘TTTS’, ‘laser’, ‘recur’ and ‘outcome’. Citations identified in the primary search were screened for eligibility. Studies reporting outcomes from selective SFLP for TTTS in twin pregnancies, which addressed specifically the issue of TTTS recurrence, were included. The primary outcome was rate of TTTS recurrence. Secondary outcomes were therapeutic preference and fetal outcomes in cases of recurrent TTTS.ResultsThe primary search identified 22 eligible studies that are included in this review (n = 2447 twin pregnancies). Two studies included a minority of non‐selective procedures. The published incidence of recurrent TTTS ranged from 0 to 16%. Clinical management was reported in 65.7% (71/108) cases, with repeat SFLP the most commonly performed secondary intervention. Only three studies provided comprehensive outcome data for cases of recurrent TTTS. The overall rate of neurologically‐intact survival was 44% (23/52). The data were inadequate to determine the effects of secondary therapeutic approach, placental location or gestational age on perinatal outcome in cases of recurrent TTTS.ConclusionsThe published rate of TTTS recurrence following SFLP in monochorionic twin pregnancies ranges from 0 to 16%. Although limited follow‐up data suggest that recurrence is associated with significant perinatal mortality and morbidity, further study is needed. Currently, there are insufficient data available to guide recommendations for clinical management of TTTS recurrence. Future studies on SFLP for TTTS must include details on recurrence rates and provide outcome data specific to the recurrent subset.
The 5′ → 3′ exoribonuclease XRN1/Pacman and its functions in cellular processes and development
Authors: Jones Christopher Iain , Zabolotskaya Maria Vasilyevna , Newbury Sarah Faith 
Published: March 2012

AbstractXRN1 is a 5′ → 3′ processive exoribonuclease that degrades mRNAs after they have been decapped. It is highly conserved in all eukaryotes, including homologs in Drosophila melanogaster (Pacman), Caenorhabditis elegans (XRN1), and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Xrn1p). As well as being a key enzyme in RNA turnover, XRN1 is involved in nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay and degradation of mRNAs after they have been targeted by small interfering RNAs or microRNAs. The crystal structure of XRN1 can explain its processivity and also the selectivity of the enzyme for 5′ monophosphorylated RNA. In eukaryotic cells, XRN1 is often found in particles known as processing bodies (P bodies) together with other proteins involved in the 5′ → 3′ degradation pathway, such as DCP2 and the helicase DHH1 (Me31B). Although XRN1 shows little specificity to particular 5′ monophosphorylated RNAs in vitro, mutations in XRN1 in vivo have specific phenotypes suggesting that it specifically degrades a subset of RNAs. In Drosophila, mutations in the gene encoding the XRN1 homolog pacman result in defects in wound healing, epithelial closure and stem cell renewal in testes. We propose a model where specific mRNAs are targeted to XRN1 via specific binding of miRNAs and/or RNA‐binding proteins to instability elements within the RNA. These guide the RNA to the 5′ core degradation apparatus for controlled degradation. WIREs RNA 2012, 3:455–468. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1109This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA–Protein Complexes
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Poroplasticity with Cosserat effects
Authors: Chełmiński K. , Neff P. , Owczarek S. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractWe prove existence of solutions to a non‐monotone and non‐gradient type quasi‐static model of poroplasticity with Cosserat effects. It is shown that this model possesses global in time solutions, where the inelastic constitutive equation is satisfied in the sense of Young measures. The methods of proof are a monotone approximation, energy estimates, the fundamental theorem on Young measures, and a passage to the limit with the monotone approximation.
Prognostic Significance of the Metastatic Lymph Node Ratio in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Authors: Lee Sung Ryol , Kim Hyung Ook , Son Byung Ho , Shin Jun Ho , Yoo Chang Hak 
Published: March 2012

AbstractBackgroundIn gastric cancer, the classification of lymph node status is still a controversial prognostic factor. Recent studies have proposed a new prognostic factor (metastatic lymph node ratio: MLR) for gastric cancer patients who undergo curative resection. The present study tested the hypothesis that MLR was better than the current pN staging system by analyzing the correlation between MLR and the International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) staging system, by analyzing the correlation between MLR and 5‐year overall survival (OS), by comparing area under the curve (AUC), and by performing univariate and multivariate analyses for OS.MethodsOf 409 patients who were diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma between January 2003 and December 2006, 370 patients underwent curative resection and were included in this study. The prognostic significance of the number of metastatic lymph nodes and the metastatic lymph node ratio were compared in AUC and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses.ResultsMLR was significantly correlated with the depth of invasion and the number of lymph node metastases (p < 0.001). Increasing MLR also was statistically correlated with a lower 5‐year OS rate (p < 0.001). The AUC of MLR and the number of lymph node metastases were not significantly different (p = 0.825). MLR was an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis, but the number of metastatic lymph nodes was not.ConclusionsMLR can be a prognostic factor in patients who undergo radical resection for gastric cancer and can overcome the limitations of existing prognostic factors.
The drag on a flattened bubble moving across a plane substrate
Authors: White L. R. , Carnie S. L. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe equilibrium shape of an axisymmetric liquid drop or gas bubble in an immiscible supporting liquid held under gravity against a horizontal plane rigid surface is derived. A thin film of supporting liquid remains between the drop/bubble surface and the rigid substrate at equilibrium, of thickness ${h}_{0} $ determined by the balance of the disjoining pressure $\Pi (h)$ between the drop and the substrate and the internal Laplace pressure of the drop/bubble. The interface is macroscopically flat around the drop axis out to a radius $a$ but matches smoothly into the outer shape of radius $A$ through a boundary layer region of width $a{ H}_{0}^{1/ 2} $ where ${H}_{0} = 2{h}_{0} A/ {a}^{2} $ is a small parameter. The outer drop shape is determined by a balance of buoyancy forces and local Laplace pressure and is roughly spherical if $A/ \lambda \ll 1$, where $\lambda = \sqrt{\gamma / \mrm{\Delta} \rho g} $ is the capillary length in the interface with a logarithmic correction due to the action of the disjoining pressure across the flattened region. With the shape determined, we calculate the drag force on this flattened bubble to lowest order in the velocity as it moves across the rigid substrate using a lubrication approximation valid to terms of $O( \mathop{ ({h}_{0} / a)}\nolimits ^{2} )$ as an integral over the flattened bubble surface of the hydrodynamic pressure. The lubrication theory of itself is not sufficient to determine the drag due to the divergence of that integral if the outer flow field properties are neglected. By using the known exact result for the drag force on an undistorted bubble, the drag on the flattened bubble can be computed as an integral over the lubrication region alone. We derive the drag as a series expansion in the small parameter ${H}_{0} $ by means of a fairly intricate boundary layer analysis. The logarithmic divergence of the translational drag with film thickness ${h}_{0} $ for the undistorted bubble is replaced by the stronger divergence ${ h}_{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 1/ 2} $ to leading order for the flattened bubble case. We present explicit numerical results for the first few terms in the expansion for the case of an exponentially repulsive disjoining pressure, and analytic expressions for these terms in the limit of very short-range disjoining pressure forces. The results of this calculation are compared with recent work (Hodges, Jensen & Rallison, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 512, 2004, p. 95) where disjoining pressure is neglected and hydrodynamic pressure is balanced against buoyancy and Laplace forces. The limits of validity of this linear drag theory are also presented.
Ruminal protozoal contribution to the duodenal flow of fatty acids following feeding of steers on forages differing in chloroplast content
Authors: Huws S. A. , Lee M. R. F. , Kingston-Smith A. H. , Kim E. J. , Scott M. B. , Tweed J. K. S. , Scollan N. D. 
Published: March 2012

Ruminant products are criticised for their SFA content relative to PUFA, although n-6:n-3 PUFA is desirable for human health ( < 4). Rumen protozoa are rich in unsaturated fatty acids due to engulfment of PUFA-rich chloroplasts. Increasing the chloroplast content of rumen protozoa offers a potentially novel approach to enhance PUFA flow to the duodenum and subsequent incorporation into meat and milk. We evaluated protozoal contribution to duodenal n-3 PUFA flow due to intracellular chloroplast content. A total of six Holstein × Friesian steers were fed, in a two-period changeover design, either straw:concentrate (S:C, 60:40; DM basis; S:C, low chloroplast) or fresh perennial ryegrass (PRG; high chloroplast). Following 12 d adaptation to diet, ruminal protozoal and whole duodenal samples were obtained. N and fatty acid content of whole duodenum and rumen protozoal samples were assessed and protozoal 18S rDNA quantitative PCR performed, enabling calculation of protozoal N flow. The ratio of individual fatty acids:N in rumen protozoal samples was calculated to obtain protozoal fatty acid flows. Based on total fatty acid flow, contribution (%) of protozoa to individual fatty acid flows was calculated. Protozoal fatty acid data and microscopical observations revealed that protozoa were enriched with 18 : 3n-3 following PRG feeding, compared with the S:C diet, due to increased intracellular chloroplast content. However, duodenal protozoal 18S rDNA concentration post PRG feeding was low, indicating rumen retention of the protozoa. Nutrition influences the 18 : 3n-3 content of protozoa; the challenge is to increase protozoal flow to the small intestine, while maintaining sustainable rumen densities.
Shading after anthesis in wheat influences the amount and relative composition of grain proteins
Authors: CHEN E. , WANG Z. , YIN Y. , GUO J. , CHEN X. , LI Y. , WANG P. , WU G. , NI Y. , CAI T. , YANG W. , CAO L. 
Published: March 2012

SUMMARYThe high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS) and glutenin macropolymer (GMP) in wheat grain are important characteristics that affect the quality of wheat products. Light intensity, as one of the environmental factors affecting grain yield and quality, has been studied extensively; however, little is known about its impact on HMW-GS and distribution of GMP granules in wheat grain. In the present study, two strong-gluten winter wheat cultivars with different subunit compositions were used to evaluate the effect of shading at different grain-filling stages on changes in HMW-GS and distribution of GMP granules in wheat grains. No effects of shading on initial formation time of each individual subunit were found; they responded similarly to shading with an increase in relative content, though the accumulation amount per grain of each individual subunit was decreased due to a decrease in grain weight induced by shading. Shading at different grain-filling stages, especially at the middle grain-filling stage, led to a significant increase in GMP content during grain filling; however, the proportions (by volume, number and surface area) of the larger GMP granules were increased by shading at middle and late grain-filling stages and decreased by shading at early grain-filling stage. It was also found that the content of total HMW-GS was positively correlated with volume proportions of larger GMP granules and negatively correlated with volume proportions of small GMP granules, which indicated that the pattern of response of distribution of GMP granules to shading was closely related to the regulatory effect of shading on the HMW-GS.