bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delayed diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in patients: a community-based study
Authors: Inagawa Tetsuji 
Published: June 2011

Object
A community-based study was conducted to estimate the frequency of and evaluate the clinical features related to delayed diagnosis of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods
Between 1980 and 1998, 358 patients with aneurysmal SAH underwent treatment in Izumo, Japan. The diagnosis of SAH was delayed in 76 patients (21%) and was early in 282 (79%). Among the 76 patients whose diagnosis was delayed, the condition was misdiagnosed by clinicians in 46 cases (Subgroup A), and in the remaining 30 the patients were unaware that SAH had occurred and failed to seek prompt treatment (Subgroup B).

Results
The proportion of Subgroup A patients decreased significantly from 18% (30 of 170 patients) between 1980 and 1989 to 9% (16 of 188 patients) between 1990 and 1998 (p = 0.0098), whereas the proportion of Subgroup B patients during the same periods was 8% (13 of 170 patients) and 9% (17 of 188 patients), respectively (p = 0.6341). With regard to Subgroup A, the misdiagnosis rate in private clinics decreased from 14% (23 of 170 patients) between 1980 and 1989 to 5% (10 of 188 patients) between 1990 and 1998 (p = 0.0073), whereas the misdiagnosis rate in hospitals during the same periods was 4% (7 of 170 patients) and 3% (6 of 188 patients), respectively (p = 0.6399). Multivariate analysis revealed that World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies Grade I or II was the main risk factor for delayed diagnosis of SAH (OR 3.97 [95% CI 1.69–10.37]), and that the timing of SAH onset, that is, between 12:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m., was an important reason for the condition in Subgroup B patients (OR 9.29 [95% CI 2.66–33.93]). Rebleeding before admission occurred in 26% of the patients in whom diagnosis was delayed, and in 3% of those who were diagnosed early (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions
Although the rate of SAH misdiagnosis seems to be decreasing, failure of patients to present for prompt treatment is unlikely to decrease unless the public becomes better educated about SAH and the importance of getting prompt medical attention, even in the middle of the night.
Expression of water channel aquaporin-4 during experimental syringomyelia
Authors: Aghayev Kamran , Bal Ercan , Rahimli Tural , Mut Melike , Balcı Serdar , Vrionis Frank , Akalan Nejat 
Published: June 2011

ObjectAquaporins (aqp) are protein channels providing water transport across cell membranes. The main member of this family expressed in the CNS is aqp-4. The pattern and amount of expression of this channel suggest a dominant role in bulk water movement into the nervous tissue. It has also been shown to play a role in several water balance disorders in the CNS. In this study, the authors investigated the possible role of aqp-4 in syringomyelia.MethodsTwenty-five male Wistar-Hannover rats were divided into experimental (20 rats) and control (5 rats) groups. Syringomyelia was induced in the experimental group by kaolin injection into the cisterna magna. Eight weeks later, the animals were killed, and their spinal cords were removed. Central canal dilations were noted in all experimental animals. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis were performed to evaluate aqp-4 expression.ResultsBoth groups demonstrated positive immunoreactive signals to aqp-4. Western blot analysis revealed a slight decrease in the mean aqp-4 value in the experimental group; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a similar pattern and intensity of aqp-4 staining in both groups.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that aqp-4 most likely does not play a major role in chronic syringomyelia. Its slight downregulation during the initial stage of syrinx formation is possibly a compensatory mechanism. This effect is not present during the late stage of syringomyelia, and aqp-4 is most likely not involved in the pathophysiology of syrinx cavity formation.
Multiple mechanisms enable invasive species to suppress native species
Authors: Bennett Alison E. , Thomsen Meredith , Strauss Sharon Y. 
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: Invasive plants represent a significant threat to ecosystem biodiversity. To decrease the impacts of invasive species, a major scientific undertaking of the last few decades has been aimed at understanding the mechanisms that drive invasive plant success. Most studies and theories have focused on a single mechanism for predicting the success of invasive plants and therefore cannot provide insight as to the relative importance of multiple interactions in predicting invasive species’ success.• Methods: We examine four mechanisms that potentially contribute to the success of invasive velvetgrass Holcus lanatus: direct competition, indirect competition mediated by mammalian herbivores, interference competition via allelopathy, and indirect competition mediated by changes in the soil community. Using a combination of field and greenhouse approaches, we focus on the effects of H. lanatus on a common species in California coastal prairies, Erigeron glaucus, where the invasion is most intense.• Key results: We found that H. lanatus had the strongest effects on E. glaucus via direct competition, but it also influenced the soil community in ways that feed back to negatively influence E. glaucus and other native species after H. lanatus removal.• Conclusions: This approach provided evidence for multiple mechanisms contributing to negative effects of invasive species, and it identified when particular strategies were most likely to be important. These mechanisms can be applied to eradication of H. lanatus and conservation of California coastal prairie systems, and they illustrate the utility of an integrated set of experiments for determining the potential mechanisms of invasive species’ success.
Ontogeny of floral organs in flax (Linum usitatissimum; Linaceae)
Authors: Schewe Lauren C. , Sawhney Vipen K. , Davis Arthur R. 
Published: June 2011

• Premise of the study: Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is an important crop worldwide; however, a detailed study on flower development of this species is lacking. Here we describe the pattern of initiation and a program of key developmental events in flax flower ontogeny. This study provides important fundamental information for future research in various aspects of flax biology and biotechnology.• Methods: Floral buds and organs were measured throughout development and examined using scanning electron microscopy.• Key results: Floral organs were initiated in the following sequence: sepals, stamens and petals, gynoecium, and nectaries. The five sepals originated in a helical pattern, followed evidently by simultaneous initiation of five stamens and five petals, the former opposite of the sepals and the latter alternate to them. The gynoecium, with five carpels, was produced from the remaining, central region of the floral apex. Stamens at early stages were dominated by anther growth but filaments elongated rapidly shortly before anthesis. Early gynoecium development occurred predominantly in the ovary, and ovule initiation began prior to enclosure of carpels. A characteristic feature was the twisted growth of styles, accompanied by the differentiation of papillate stigmas. Petal growth lagged behind that of other floral organs, but petals eventually grew rapidly to enclose the inner whorls after style elongation. Flask‐shaped nectaries bearing stomata developed on the external surface of the filament bases.• Conclusions: This is the first detailed study on flax floral organ development and has established a key of 12 developmental stages, which should be useful to flax researchers.
Écrivains, photographes, compositeurs... Les artistes auteurs affiliés à l'Agessa en 2008
Authors: Gouyon Marie 
Published: June 2011

R éSUMé	En 2008, l’Association pour la gestion de la sécurité sociale des auteurs (Agessa) affilie 11 000 artistes auteurs, principalement du livre, de la photographie et de l’audiovisuel. Leur nombre s’est élevé de 58 % au cours des quinze dernières années.	Les deux tiers des artistes auteurs affiliés sont des hommes. Toutefois, les femmes sont de plus en plus nombreuses, en particulier parmi les écrivains, les photographes et les auteurs d’œuvres audiovisuelles et dramatiques. La population des artistes auteurs est assez âgée (49 ans en moyenne) et fortement implantée en Île-de-France.	La moitié se partage moins de 10 % de l’ensemble des revenus d’auteurs affiliés à l’Agessa, tandis que les 10 % d’artistes auteurs les mieux rémunérés concentrent à eux seuls plus de la moitié de ces revenus.
A estratégia genealógica de D. Pedro, Conde de Barcelos, e as refundições do Livro de Linhagens
Authors: Ferreira Maria do Rosário 
Published: June 2011

Este estudo é uma reflexão sobre a autoria e as refundições do Livro de Linhagens do Conde D. Pedro. A comparação entre alguns pontos escolhidos do Livro e do texto castelhano que testemunha a redacção do Conde da Crónica de 1344 (Ms. M) –nomeadamente a lenda dos Juízes de Castela, as narrativas fundacionais das casas da Maia e de Lara, e alguns relatos de batalhas– põe em evidência convergências estilísticas, ideológicas e genealógicas idiossincráticas, e aponta, em particular nos títulos III e XXI, para uma redacção faseada do Livro de Linhagens dependente de matéria ou de perspectivas próprias da Cr1344. Um conjunto de aspectos difíceis de explicar a não ser pela partilha de uma mesma autoria, o que fundamenta a hipótese de ter sido o Conde o primeiro refundidor do seu Livro de Linhagens e o legítimo responsável pela maioria dos belos trechos narrativos entretanto atribuídos à refundição de circa 1380.
Linhagem e estruturas de parentesco
Authors: SOTTOMAYOR-PIZARRO José Augusto de 
Published: June 2011

A utilização de modelos de interpretação exteriores à realidade histórica portuguesa –em articulação com alguns conceitos importados da antropologia ou da sociologia–, a partir das décadas de 1970 e 1980, e a sua aplicação à Idade Média, particularmente aos estudos sobre a nobreza medieval portuguesa, levou a algumas interpretações em grande medida válidas, mas que investigações mais recentes, baseadas num melhor conhecimento das fontes, têm vindo a demonstrar a necessidade de serem reajustadas em determinados aspectos. A análise de dois documentos do final do século XIII e de um outro de meados do século XIV, vem reafirmar como foram bastante tardias, quer as transformações da estrutura do parentesco, quer a introdução e difusão do conceito de linhagem.
O genealogista e as suas linhagens: D. Pedro, Conde de Barcelos
Authors: Oliveira António Resende de 
Published: June 2011

Partindo dos estudos já existentes sobre a figura do conde D. Pedro, o autor procura, num primeiro momento, concretizar o seu percurso biográfico, esclarecendo as principais fases desse percurso em ligação com a maior ou menor participação do Conde na vida política da primeira metade do século XIV. Procede, de seguida, à reconstituição possível do seu património, conseguido por via matrimonial ou mercê de doações do rei D. Dinis, e talvez, na sua quase totalidade, no breve período de 1304 a 1314. E tenta, enfim, compreender a projecção por ele adquirida em ligação com os projectos de centralização prosseguidos pela corte portuguesa em finais do século XIII e inícios do seguinte.
Impairment of Immunological Synapse Formation in Adaptively Tolerant T Cells
Authors: Choi Seeyoung , Schwartz Ronald H. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Adaptive tolerance is a hyporesponsive state in which lymphocyte Ag receptor signaling becomes desensitized after prolonged in vivo encounter with Ag. The molecular mechanisms underlying this hyporesponsive state in T cells are not fully understood, although a major signaling block has been shown to be present at the level of ZAP70 phosphorylation of linker for activation of T cells (LAT). In this study, we investigated the ability of adaptively tolerant mouse T cells to form conjugates with Ag-bearing APCs and to translocate signaling molecules into the interface between the T cells and APCs. Compared with naive or preactivated T cells, adaptively tolerant T cells showed no dramatic impairment in their formation of conjugates with APCs. In contrast, there was a large impairment in immunological synapse formation. Adaptively tolerant T cells were defective in their translocation of signaling molecules, such as ZAP70, LAT, and phospholipase C γ1, into the T cell–APC contact sites. Although Ag-induced activation of VAV1 was normal, VAV’s recruitment into the synapse was also impaired. Interestingly, expressions of both IL-2–inducible T cell kinase and growth factor receptor-bound protein 2-related adaptor downstream of SHC were decreased by 60–80% in adaptively tolerant T cells. These decreases, in addition to the impairment in LAT phosphorylation by ZAP70, appear to be the major impediments to the phosphorylation of SLP76 (SRC homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) and the recruitment of VAV1, which are important for stable immunological synapse formation.
Notch Signaling Regulates Mouse and Human Th17 Differentiation
Authors: Keerthivasan Shilpa , Suleiman Reem , Lawlor Rebecca , Roderick Justine , Bates Tonya , Minter Lisa , Anguita Juan , Juncadella Ignacio , Nickoloff Brian J. , Le Poole I. Caroline , Miele Lucio , Osborne Barbara A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Th17 cells are known to play a critical role in adaptive immune responses to several important extracellular pathogens. Additionally, Th17 cells are implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders as well as in cancer. Therefore, it is essential to understand the mechanisms that regulate Th17 differentiation. Notch signaling is known to be important at several stages of T cell development and differentiation. In this study, we report that Notch1 is activated in both mouse and human in vitro-polarized Th17 cells and that blockade of Notch signaling significantly downregulates the production of Th17-associated cytokines, suggesting an intrinsic requirement for Notch during Th17 differentiation in both species. We also present evidence, using promoter reporter assays, knockdown studies, as well as chromatin immunoprecipitation, that IL-17 and retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt are direct transcriptional targets of Notch signaling in Th17 cells. Finally, in vivo inhibition of Notch signaling reduced IL-17 production and Th17-mediated disease progression in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Thus, this study highlights the importance of Notch signaling in Th17 differentiation and indicates that selective targeted therapy against Notch may be an important tool to treat autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis.
On‐off iterative adaptive controller for low‐power micro‐robotic step regulation
Authors: Hahn Bongsu , Oldham Kenn 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA novel model‐free iterative adaptive controller is presented for low‐power control of piezoelectric actuators. The controller uses simple adaptation rules based on known general behavior of piezoelectric actuators to adjust on‐off switching times to drive piezoelectric actuators through a desired transient step motion. Adaptation rules are based on small numbers of measurements taken during each iteration of the actuator movement. Combined with the use of only on‐off control inputs, controller implementation can be possible at much lower overall power levels than would be needed to implement a conventional control strategy such as through pulse‐width‐modulation (PWM) with real‐time feedback. Such power savings are particularly important for the intended controller application to piezoelectric microactuators driving autonomous terrestrial micro‐robots. A method for predicting convergence of systems with nominally linear dynamics and unknown, bounded nonlinearities is described, and applied to a sample target piezoelectric actuator. The controller is tested in simulation and experimentally on a piezoelectric cantilever actuator, and shows predicted convergence to the desired response.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Comparison of weight changes following unilateral and staged bilateral STN DBS for advanced PD
Authors: Lee Eric M. , Kurundkar Ashish , Cutter Gary R. , Huang He , Guthrie Barton L. , Watts Ray L. , Walker Harrison C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractUnilateral and bilateral subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) result in weight gain in the initial postoperative months, but little is known about the changes in weight following unilateral and staged bilateral STN DBS over longer time intervals. A case–control comparison evaluated weight changes over 2 years in 43 consecutive unilateral STN DBS patients, among whom 25 elected to undergo staged bilateral STN DBS, and 21 age‐matched and disease severity matched PD controls without DBS. Regression analyses incorporating age, gender, and baseline weight in case or control were conducted to assess weight changes 2 years after the initial unilateral surgery. Unilateral STN DBS and staged bilateral STN DBS patients gained 3.9 ± 2.0 kg and 5.6 ± 2.1 kg versus their preoperative baseline weight (P < 0.001, respectively) while PD controls without DBS lost 0.8 ± 1.1 kg. Although bilateral STN DBS patients gained 1.7 kg more than unilateral STN DBS patients at 2 years, this difference was not statistically significant (P= 0.885). Although there was a trend toward greater weight gain in staged bilateral STN DBS patients versus unilateral patients, we found no evidence for an equivalent or synergistic increase in body weight following placement of the second DBS electrode.
Nativity and papillary thyroid cancer incidence rates among Hispanic women in California
Authors: Horn‐Ross Pamela L. , Chang Ellen T. , Clarke Christina A. , Keegan Theresa H. M. , Rull Rudolph P. , Quach Thu , Gomez Scarlett Lin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Overall, the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer in Hispanic women residing in the United States (US) is similar to that of non‐Hispanic white women. However, little is known as to whether rates in Hispanic women vary by nativity, which may influence exposure to important risk factors.METHODS:Nativity‐specific incidence rates among Hispanic women were calculated for papillary thyroid cancer using data from the California Cancer Registry (CCR) for the period 1988‐2004. For the 35% of cases for whom birthplace information was not available from the CCR, nativity was statistically imputed based on age at Social Security number issuance. Population estimates were extracted based on US Census data. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were also estimated.RESULTS:In young (age <55 years) Hispanic women, the incidence of papillary thyroid cancer among US‐born women (10.65 per 100,000) was significantly greater than that for foreign‐born women (6.67 per 100,000; IRR, 1.60 [95% CI, 1.44‐1.77]). The opposite pattern was observed in older women. The age‐specific patterns showed marked differences by nativity: among foreign‐born women, rates increased slowly until age 70 years, whereas among US‐born women, incidence rates peaked during the reproductive years. Incidence rates increased over the study period in all subgroups.CONCLUSION:Incidence rates of papillary thyroid cancer vary by nativity and age among Hispanic women residing in California. These patterns can provide insight for future etiologic investigations of modifiable risk factors for this increasingly common and understudied cancer. Cancer 2012;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Double‐Oxygen‐Atom Transfer in Reactions of CemO2m+ (m=2–6) with C2H2
Authors: Ding Xun‐Lei , Wu Xiao‐Nan , Zhao Yan‐Xia , Ma Jia‐Bi , He Sheng‐Gui 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCerium oxide cluster cations (CemOn+, m=2–16; n=2m, 2m±1 and 2m±2) are prepared by laser ablation and reacted with acetylene (C2H2) in a fast‐flow reactor. A time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer is used to detect the cluster distribution before and after the reactions. Reactions of stoichiometric CemO2m+ (m=2–6) with C2H2 produce CemO2m−2+ clusters, which indicates a “double‐oxygen‐atom transfer” reaction CemO2m++C2H2→CemO2m−2++(CHO)2 (ethanedial). A single‐oxygen‐atom transfer reaction channel is also identified as CemO2m++C2H2→CemO2m−1++C2H2O (at least for m=2 and 3). Density functional theory calculations are performed to study reaction mechanisms of Ce2O4++C2H2, and the calculated results confirm that both the single‐ and double‐oxygen‐atom transfer channels are thermodynamically and kinetically favourable.
Polyphenol oxidase from eggplant reduces the content of phenols and oxidative stability of olive oil
Authors: De Leonardis Antonella , Macciola Vincenzo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractActivity of the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from eggplant fruit (Solanum melongena L.) on phenolic compounds of an extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) was studied. In standardized reaction solutions, the eggplant PPO, isolated in the laboratory, depleted completely chlorogenic and caffeic acids, oleuropein, and verbascoside, while the levels of hydroxytyrosol reduced by half. Conversely, no activity of the PPO was observed on the gallic and protocatechuic acids nor on mono‐phenols, such as tyrosol and the p‐coumaric, o‐coumaric, and ferulic acids. PPO activity on phenols extracted from eggplant fruit and EVOO confirmed the enzyme substrate specificity and caused a significant decrease in the measure of total phenols and o‐diphenols. Similarly, PPO crude extract caused a significant decrease of polyphenols directly in the EVOO. Moreover, maximum degradation of EVOO polyphenols was observed when olive oil was homogenized with eggplant fruit pulp to form a cream‐like purée. In fact, immediately after the preparation, total phenols and o‐diphenols of the olive oil recovered from the eggplant‐oil purée were decreased by ∼80% and 100% compared to those of the initial EVOO. As a consequence, the oxidative stability of the recovered oil was ∼60% lower than that of the initial EVOO. In conclusion, in the preparation of vegetable preserves, a residual activity of phenol oxidase may adversely affect the quality and shelf life of the extra virgin olive oil used as covering.
Head and neck paragangliomas: Report of 175 patients (1989–2010)
Authors: Papaspyrou Konstantinos , Mewes Torsten , Rossmann Heidi , Fottner Christian , Schneider‐Raetzke Brigitte , Bartsch Oliver , Schreckenberger Mathias , Lackner Karl J. , Amedee Ronald G. , Mann Wolf J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundAttention of the otorhinolaryngologist needs to be drawn to the versatile aspects of head and neck paragangliomas (PGLs).MethodsThis study is a retrospective, nonrandomized clinical study of all 175 individuals with PGLs treated in our department between 1989 and 2010. A genetic analysis was performed on 86 patients.ResultsThe 175 patients presented 224 head and neck PGLs as well as 2 thyroid papillary carcinomas. Genetic analysis resulted in 1 patient positive for a von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) gene mutation and 34 for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) gene mutations (22 SDHD, 7 SDHC, and 5 SDHB), 12 of the latter carrying a novel mutation. Thirty‐three patients (18.9%) had multiple PGLs and 11 patients (6.3%) had a malignant paraganglioma. SDH‐mutation carriers had multiple tumors in 64.7% and malignant paragangliomas in 20.6%.ConclusionsMultifocal occurrence, potential malignancy, genetic aspects, possible coincidence of thyroid carcinoma, and hormone production have to be considered in patients with head and neck PGLs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012