bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life History of Dasystoma salicellum Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae), a New Pest of Blueberries in British Columbia
Authors: Raine J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDasystoma salicellum Hbn., a European species first found in North America in 1955, has become a serious pest of commercial highbush blueberries in the lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia.The species is univoltine, photopositive and has a wide range of hosts. It feeds most often on Salix, Spiraea and Vaccinium. The moths emerge from mid-March to early April and lay eggs in the leaf axils and under bud scales and loose bark. The eggs hatch in late May. The larvae have six instars. The first instars are often dispersed by the wind. Later instars tie new leaves together for shelter, feed on leaves and blossom buds and sometimes enter the early fruit. At harvest the larvae are almost mature and large numbers are dislodged into the crates by picking machines. In September they sometimes defoliate the bushes. In October they pupate within their leaf shelters and drop to the ground with the leaves to overwinter.Some pupae are destroyed by mould; others are parasitized by Itoplectis quadricingulata (Prov.) and Compsilura concinnata (Mg.). The larvae are parasitized by Macrocentrus iridescens French, and the adults by Tomosvaryella species.
Studies on Mosquito Larvae: II. The First-stage Larvae of North American Culicidae and of World Anophelinae
Authors: Dodge H. Rodney 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFirst instars of 93 North American species of mosquitoes are studied and 56 are illustrated, 41 for the first time. Generic differences are well marked in this instar and nearly all species are separable.Two keys to the 11 North American genera are presented; the first is constructed to show similarities between first and later instars. Each genus is described and keyed to species, and notes are given on each species. A supplementary key to the species of the southeastern states is designed for the use of a binocular microscope with magnification up to 60 ×.Specific and generic differences are as well marked in the first as in the fourth instar. Identifications are as easy or as difficult in the first as in the fourth instar, though usually based on different characters.An expanded key to the North American species of Aedes, incorporating those previously treated by Bohart and by Price, is attempted. The key reveals several species complexes which have not been discerned from other stages of the life cycle, namely, Aedes canadensis, nigromaculis, punctor, stimulans infirmatus and trivittatus.A key to the first instars of the 37 species of the world-wide Anophelinae is presented, on the basis of published descriptions and figures of the exotic species.
An Interpretation of the Haemocyte Complex in a Stonefly, Acroneuria arenosa Pictet (Plecoptera: Pteronarcidae)
Authors: Arnold John W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe haemocytes of adults of the stonefly, Acroneuria arenosa Pictet, are described and figured as they appear in vivo in the wings and as fixed and stained elements in blood films prepared in four different ways. The adequacy of the blood films is judged by comparing the haemocytes there with those in vivo, and the cell complex is interpreted from both aspects. Four categories of haemocytes, the prohaemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular haemocytes, and hyaline haemocytes, are denoted and characterized within these visual limits. The validity of one category, the hyaline haemocytes, is questioned on the basis of cell counts and cell morphology but is tentatively retained. Variations in the haemocyte complex during the adult life is considered. The progressive decrease in relative numbers of circulating plasmatocytes with age is shown to be due to their adherence to the walls of wing veins and presumably to other tissues within the body.
A Classification of the Genera and Higher Taxa of the Meloid Subfamily Eleticinae (Coleoptera)
Authors: Selander Richard B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Eleticinae are an archaic and in many respects primitive group of Meloidae found in South America (widespread), Africa (south of the Sahara Desert), and the Oriental Region (India to Thailand). They are, in general, poorly represented in collections, and very little is known definitely of their bionomics. On the basis of an analysis of adult anatomical characters the subfamily is defined in detail and is classified to the generic level in the present paper. Two tribes, seven subtribes, and 10 genera are recognized, keyed, and diagnosed. The tribe Spasticini is arranged as follows: Protomeloina Abdullah, transferred from the Meloinae and reduced to subtribal rank, with Protomeloe Abdullah; Spasticina Kaszab with Spastica Lacordaire; Xenospastina, new subtribe, with Xenospasta, new genus; and Anthicoxenina, new subtribe, with Anthicoxenus Fairmaire and Germain, formerly placed in the Anthicidae, and Iselma Haag-Rutenberg. The arrangement of the tribe Eleticini is: Eospastina, new subtribe, with Eospasta, new genus, and Serrospasta, new genus; Eleticina Wellman with Eletica Lacordaire (and including, as subgenera, Sibuteletica Pic, Meteletica Kaszab, and Proeletica Kaszab); and Ertlianina, new name for Ertliini Kaszab, with Ertliana Selander (= Steniselma Borchmann, new synonymy) and Ceriselma Borchmann, the latter elevated from subgeneric rank in Iselma. Species described as new are Protomeloe simplex (Argentina), Spastica minas (Brazil), Xenospasta flava (Colombia), and Serrospasta vittata (Colombia).
The Effect of Agricultural Development on the Grasshopper Populations of the Red River Valley of Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Bird Ralph D. , Romanow Walter 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe Red River Valley was originally a wet prairie and marsh. Drainage commenced in 1899 and was basically complete by 1907. Intensive grain farming developed. The area was periodically invaded by the Rocky Mountain grasshopper, Melanoplus spretus (Walsh), for over 100 years, until 1902, at which time this species apparently became extinct. Local grasshoppers did not become pests until about 1900, after agriculture was well established. The clear-winged grasshopper, Camnula pellucida (Scudder), and the two-striped grasshopper Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), then became abundant. These grasshoppers bred on the roadsides surrounding each square mile. Road-building and ditching produced slopes of ground favorable for oviposition. The destruction of native vegetation and its replacement by introduced grasses, cereal crops and weeds provided attractive and nutritious food plants and oviposition sites. C. pellucida reached its highest population in 1940 when there was an abundance of Poa pratensis L. and Phleum pratense L. on the roadsides. These grasses are attractive food plants. Poa pratensis is known to be highly nutritious. Both species along with Agropyron smithii Rydb. provided favored egg-laying sites. Although C. pellucida has maintained populations capable of damaging crops and peaks occurred in 1950 and 1961 numbers have not again been as high. This may have been related to a marked reduction in P. pratense and A. smithii. M. bivittatus continued at a high population level because of the abundance of oviposition sites and of preferred food plants. Being a general feeder it was not adversely affected by the change in grass species but benefited by an abundance of the lactiferous weeds, Sonchus arvensis Bieb., Lactuca pulchella (Purse) DC. and Taraxacum officinale Weber.
Factors Influencing the Orientation and Rates of Activity ofDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Shepherd R. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe tactic and kinetic responses of adultDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins were studied under varying conditions of light, temperature, humidity, gravity, and with different visual forms. Newly emerged adultDendroctonus ponderosaeHopk. were attracted by high light intensity and utilized spot sources of light and surrounding objects, but not polarized light, for orientation. Flying adults were positively phototactic unless warmed above 35 °C; egg-laying adults were negatively phototactic. High temperatures and light intensities increased the frequency of flights. The beetles were negatively geotropic but this could be masked by the attraction to light. Dark objects on a light background were attractive; the size of the object was important while the shape was not.Temperature influenced orientation to some extent but its influence on rate of activity was far more pronounced; rate of walk followed a linear relationship with temperature. Humidity also affected orientation and rate of walk to some extent, although its effect was usually masked by other environmental factors.
Factors Influencing Oviposition, and the Effect of Temperature on Development and Survival of Enoclerus lecontei (Wolcott) Eggs
Authors: Berryman Alan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe factors influencing oviposition and feeding of Enoclerus lecontei, and the effect of temperature on egg development and survival, were studied in the laboratory.When food was not a limiting factor, the total number of eggs laid, and the total number of bark beetles consumed by clerid pairs during their lives was strongly influenced by longevity of the female and to a lesser extent by female “vigor”. Female “vigor” and longevity were not necessarily coincident. The rate of oviposition and the rate of food consumption are mainly influenced by the “vigor” of the female clerid.The effect of suboptimal food on oviposition was determined. Regression equations are given for estimating the number of eggs laid utilizing three measures of food supply, number of bark beetles supplied, their weight, and number eaten. The independent variables may be used separately or combined as a multiple regression.Time for egg development varied from 5 days at 35 °C. to 28 days at 15 °C. Optimal conditions for development and survival were between 20° and 25 °C. Eggs can withstand cold storage (7° to 9 °C.) for 10 days before survival is impaired. Thereafter, mortality increases logarithmically until the 100 percentile is reached at about 43 days.
Keltonia, a New Genus Near Reuteroscopus Kirk., With Descriptions of New Species (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Knight Harry H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new genus Keltonia is described, with two new species from Florida, rubrofemorata and fuscipunctata. Psallus sulphureus Reuter (1907), formerly included in Reuteroscopus Kirkaldy (1905), is placed in this genus (n. comb.), and Psallus conspurcatus Blatchley (1928) is considered a synonym of sulphureus (n. syn.). Psallus balli Knight (1926) is transferred to Keltonia (n. comb.).
Fecundity and Oviposition in the Grasshoppers Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) and Melanoplus bivittatus (Say)
Authors: Smith D. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPairs of Melanoplus sanguinipes and M. bivittatus were reared in cages and the eggs produced by each female were counted. M. sanguinipes laid an average of 328.7 eggs per female, 9.4 eggs per day, and an average of 21.8 eggs per pod. M. bivittatus laid an average of 354.9 eggs per female, 11.0 eggs per day, and 43.3 eggs per pod. M. sanguinipes produced a pod every 2.3 days and M. bivittatus one every 3.9 days. Feeding M. sanguinipes only every second day approximately doubled the longevity and oviposition period but halved the number of eggs per day.
Variation in Weight, Size, and Sex Ratio of Coccinellid Adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Smith B. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe weight and size of coccinellid adults varied with species, sex, and feeding. Intraspecies variation in weight was generally similar in the eight species studied. Females were more variable than males in body size. Females of some species were heavier and larger than males, and species can be classified on a basis of difference in the weight and size of the sexes.An increase in the food supply after a period of food scarcity affected the sex ratio, as the minimum food requirement of females was greater than males. Females increased in weight more rapidly than males after feeding. The availability of food in the field affected the weight and size of some species. Adult water content was influenced by feeding but not by sex or the quantity of food given to the larva.Males were more abundant in species with small sexual differences in weight and size. The degree of difference in weight and size between males and females may be used as a criterion to select species that are best adapted to survive when food is scarce.
Major Factors in Survival of the Immature Stages of Pieris rapae (L.)
Authors: Harcourt D. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDetailed studies on the population dynamics of the imported cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.), have been carried out at Merivale, Ontario, since 1959. A method for preparing life tables is described and a mean life table is presented for 18 generations of the species on cabbage. Population data for the preadult period show that there are three age intervals during which extensive mortality may occur: (1) between hatching and the second moult, (2) instars three to five, and (3) during the pupal stage. The analysis of successive age-interval survivals in relation to generation survival showed that the latter is largely determined by the survival rate for (2). Examination of the life tables revealed that a granulosis of the larvae caused by a capsule virus is the key factor in generation survival. Major mortality factors include rainfall and parasites.
A List of Trichoptera Taken at Montreal and Chambly, Quebec, With Descriptions of Three New Species
Authors: Nimmo A. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractHydropsyche corbeti,Cheumatopsyche montrealensis, andProtoptila expositionisn. spp. are described from Montreal, Quebec. A total of 93 forms are listed, three of which are represented only by females and cannot be identified to species. An additional species is recorded only from Chambly, Quebec. Thirty-four genera and 13 families are represented in the list.
Influence of Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Life-span of Adults of the Swaine Jack-pine Sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Pilon J. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life -span of Swaine jack-pine sawfly adults was studied under various constant and alternating temperatures and at four different values of relative humidity. Temperature significantly influenced the life-span of both sexes according to a non-linear equation, and relative humidity according to a linear regression. The influence of temperature varied with relative humidity in the case of males but not in the case of females. The life-span of both sexes was shorter at alternating temperatures than at constant temperatures.
The Mode of Action of Repellent Chemicals Against Blood-sucking Flies
Authors: Hocking B. , Khan A. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecent conflicting theories regarding host finding by blood-sucking flies and the mode of action of repellents are examined and discussed. The claim that repellents owe their activity to infra-red absorption in a narrow waveband (449–467 cm.−1) was examined by measurement of published curves for infra-red absorption by repellent, non-repellent, and doubtful chemicals. Peaks of absorption at this waveband in comparison with adjacent Wave numbers are three times as common in repellent as in non-repellent materials, but in comparison with absorption over the entire spectrum studied all groups of materials show a trough of absorption at this narrow waveband. No supporting evidence could be found for the claim that mosquito repellents masquerade as water vapour by virtue of their infra-red absorption spectra, nor for the suggestion arising out of this, that such repellents should be attractive at low humidities. Repellency of indalone was found to increase as humidity decreased.Regardless of the role molecular vibration may play in olfactory perception, the usefulness of infra-red radiation to blood-sucking flies seeking their hosts and to man seeking repellents for the flies remains to be demonstrated.
Notes on the Recognition of Two Species of Tranosema Foerster (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) From the Nearctic Region
Authors: Walley G. Stuart 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo species of Tranosema (arenicola and taeniopus) are discussed from the standpoint of their nomenclature and taxonomy, and they are differentiated in a key. T. arenicola, the type-species of the genus, is redescribed and illustrated.
Additional Descriptions in the Genus Dialictus Robertson (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)
Authors: Knerer G. , Atwood C. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper describes four new species, Dialictus perpunctatulus, D. perspicuus, D. disabanci and D. paradmirandus together with the previously unknown female of D. basilicus (Sandhouse) and the male of D. atlanticus Mitchell. D. banksi Mitchell is sunk as a synonym of D. heterognathus Mitchell.
On the Generic Status of Tetragoneuria and Epicordulia (Odonata: Corduliidae)
Authors: Walker E. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree genera of Odonata, Epitheca, Tetragoneuria and Epicordulia, have previously been regarded as distinct. Analysis of adult characters, especially the venation and habit of oviposition, shows them to be congeneric, the name Epitheca being appropriate for the resulting combination. Larval morphology is consistent with this grouping.
Five New Species of the Caddisfly Genus Polycentropus From South America (Trichoptera: Polycentropodidae)
Authors: Yamamoto Toshio 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOf the five new species herein described, one is a member of the obtusus group, three belong to the santiago group and the fifth to the thilus group. The discovery of these species extends the known range of the santiago and thilus groups into South America and adds a third member to a small monophyletic cluster restricted to Chile.
Role of Ten Dietary Vitamins on Fecundity of the ParasitoidExeristes comstockii(Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Bracken G. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFeeding tests with the adults ofExeristes comstockii(Cress.) on chemically defined diets showed that, of ten B-vitamins omitted singly, only three, panthothenic acid, folic acid and thiamine, were needed for maximal egg production and maximal numbers of eggs contained in ovaries. Egg production on a diet with only these three vitamins was similar to that on a control with all B-vitamins, but egg viability was significantly lower. Addition of α-tocopherol did not increase fecundity or egg viability. Vitamin-starved females partly recovered ovarian function when fed tissues ofGalleria mellonellaL.
The Painted Leafhopper, Endria inimica (Say), a Vector of Wheat Striate Mosaic Virus in Manitoba
Authors: Westdal P. H. , Richardson H. P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe painted leafhopper, Endria inimica (Say), occurs in grasslands in southern Canada and the northern states of the U.S.A. It is the only known vector of wheat striate mosaic virus (WSMV) in North America. In Manitoba the insect is not abundant. It does not migrate into the province, and overwinters in the egg stage only. There are two generations per year, the first completing development on grasses about 1 July and the second developing mainly on cereals in summer. E. inimica has a high rate of development at 90° F.; the lower limit is near 60° F. At 80 ± 5° F. the life cycle was completed in 45.8 days. In the field, in summer, the life cycle was completed in 42 days. A description of the life stages of the insect is presented.WSMV has occurred only in trace amounts in Manitoba. Leafhoppers collected in the field showed a low frequency of virus transmission and the source of overwintered virus appeared to be small. The disease does not appear to constitute a serious problem in Manitoba.
Toxicity of Some Pesticides to Predacious Arthropods in Ontario Peach Orchards
Authors: Herne D. H. C. , Putman W. L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDDT, parathion, and carbaryl experimentally applied in peach orchards were highly toxic to most insect and arachnid predators, including those most effective in controlling orchard mites. Azinphos-methyl appeared to be as toxic as parathion to predators in grower-sprayed orchards. Larvae of the chrysopid Chrysopa carnea Stephens and the syrphid Toxomerus geminatus (Say) were remarkably tolerant of DDT. The phytoseiid mite Typhlodromus caudiglans Schuster appeared to have developed a high degree of resistance to DDT in one orchard. Sulphur was appreciably toxic only to phytoseiids and the erythraeid Balaustium sp., and captan had little or no effect on any predator. Chemical and biological control of phytophagous mites in peach orchards cannot be integrated while the presently used insecticides are needed for the control of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck).
Host Selection and Invasion by the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, in Coastal Douglas-fir Forests
Authors: Rudinsky J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe dispersal flight of the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins, is oriented toward fresh windthrown and cut trees when these are present in the stand, the beetle being attracted by oleoresin, particularly its alpha-pinene, camphene, and limonene fractions. In the absence of such material the pioneer beetle dispersal appears to be rather uniform throughout the stand. This host attraction precedes the beetle attraction which is produced by unmated females shortly after entering the host and which results in mass concentration of beetles around the center of attraction. Of these two phases in the attraction process, the secondary attraction is far stronger than that caused by the fractions of the host oleoresin.Attraction centers are established only in freshly downed trees and in standing trees of subnormal physiological condition under both latent and epizootic conditions; however, under epizootic conditions, the beetles can invade even vigorous trees in the perimeter of attraction. The survival of such trees depends on their ability to exude oleoresin, which in turn is influenced greatly by environmental factors. The susceptibility of trees to successful beetle invasion is characterized by their oleoresin exudation pressure, which reflects water disturbances in the tree. Diurnal and seasonal fluctuations of the resin pressure are discussed in relation to beetle flight and invasion, and the resin effects upon the beetle (both mechanical and chemical) are considered. The beetles are found to be repelled by Douglas-fir resin and its fractions, i.e. alpha- and beta-pinene, camphene, limonene, terpineol and geraniol, when tested at close range in the laboratory.
Dispersal of Three Species of Coccinellids in Corn Fields
Authors: Ewert M. A. , Chiang H. C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTo determine the dispersal of coccinellids in corn fields, two methods were used: sticky traps were placed at different elevations to catch the beetles in flight, and a sucrose solution was sprayed on the upper or lower portions of plants to concentrate beetles.The results show that the distribution on the plants is closely related to the manner of dispersal of the species, the Hippodamia species fly at a greater height than C. maculata, and H. convergens and H. 13-punctata are, respectively, about 15 and 9 times as mobile as C. maculata. The results generally support the idea that entomophagous coccinellids are more nomadic than their phytophagous relatives.
MEXICAN GEOTRUPINI: A NEW SPECIES OF GEOTRUPES AND DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF CERATOTRUPES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Howden Henry F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA new species, Geotrupes (Geotrupes) fisheri, from Nevada de Golima, Jalisco, Mexico, is described and compared with the related Geotrupes cavicollis Bates. Figures and a description of the larva of Ceratotrupes bolivari Halffter and Martinez are included, along with notes on its biology.