bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redox Modulation Protects Islets From Transplant-Related Injury
Authors: Sklavos Martha M. , Bertera Suzanne , Tse Hubert M. , Bottino Rita , He Jing , Beilke Joshua N. , Coulombe Marilyne G. , Gill Ronald G. , Crapo James D. , Trucco Massimo , Piganelli Jon D. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVEBecause of reduced antioxidant defenses, β-cells are especially vulnerable to free radical and inflammatory damage. Commonly used antirejection drugs are excellent at inhibiting the adaptive immune response; however, most are harmful to islets and do not protect well from reactive oxygen species and inflammation resulting from islet isolation and ischemia-reperfusion injury. The aim of this study was to determine whether redox modulation, using the catalytic antioxidant (CA), FBC-007, can improve in vivo islet function post-transplant.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThe abilities of redox modulation to preserve islet function were analyzed using three models of ischemia-reperfusion injury: 1) streptozotocin (STZ) treatment of human islets, 2) STZ-induced murine model of diabetes, and 3) models of syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic transplantation.RESULTSIncubating human islets with catalytic antioxidant during STZ treatment protects from STZ-induced islet damage, and systemic delivery of catalytic antioxidant ablates STZ-induced diabetes in mice. Islets treated with catalytic antioxidant before syngeneic, suboptimal syngeneic, or xenogeneic transplant exhibited superior function compared with untreated controls. Diabetic murine recipients of catalytic antioxidant–treated allogeneic islets exhibited improved glycemic control post-transplant and demonstrated a delay in allograft rejection. Treating recipients systemically with catalytic antioxidant further extended the delay in allograft rejection.CONCLUSIONSPretreating donor islets with catalytic antioxidant protects from antigen-independent ischemia-reperfusion injury in multiple transplant settings. Treating systemically with catalytic antioxidant protects islets from antigen-independent ischemia-reperfusion injury and hinders the antigen-dependent alloimmune response. These results suggest that the addition of a redox modulation strategy would be a beneficial clinical approach for islet preservation in syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic transplantation.
γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Is an Autocrine Excitatory Transmitter in Human Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Braun Matthias , Ramracheya Reshma , Bengtsson Martin , Clark Anne , Walker Jonathan N. , Johnson Paul R. , Rorsman Patrik 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
Paracrine signaling via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and GABAA receptors (GABAARs) has been documented in rodent islets. Here we have studied the importance of GABAergic signaling in human pancreatic islets.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Expression of GABAARs in islet cells was investigated by quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, and patch-clamp experiments. Hormone release was measured from intact islets. GABA release was monitored by whole-cell patch-clamp measurements after adenoviral expression of α1β1 GABAAR subunits. The subcellular localization of GABA was explored by electron microscopy. The effects of GABA on electrical activity were determined by perforated patch whole-cell recordings.

RESULTS
PCR analysis detected relatively high levels of the mRNAs encoding GABAAR α2, β3, γ2, and π subunits in human islets. Patch-clamp experiments revealed expression of GABAAR Cl− channels in 52% of β-cells (current density 9 pA/pF), 91% of δ-cells (current density 148 pA/pF), and 6% of α-cells (current density 2 pA/pF). Expression of GABAAR subunits in islet cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. β-Cells secreted GABA both by glucose-dependent exocytosis of insulin-containing granules and by a glucose-independent mechanism. The GABAAR antagonist SR95531 inhibited insulin secretion elicited by 6 mmol/l glucose. Application of GABA depolarized β-cells and stimulated action potential firing in β-cells exposed to glucose.

CONCLUSIONS
Signaling via GABA and GABAAR constitutes an autocrine positive feedback loop in human β-cells. The presence of GABAAR in non–β-cells suggests that GABA may also be involved in the regulation of somatostatin and glucagon secretion.
Increased Expression of β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase in Erythrocytes From Individuals With Pre-diabetes and Diabetes
Authors: Park Kyoungsook , Saudek Christopher D. , Hart Gerald W. 
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and glucose toxicity. O-GlcNAcylation is regulated by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), which attaches O-GlcNAc to serine and/or threonine residues of proteins and by O-GlcNAcase, which removes O-GlcNAc. We investigated the expression of these two enzymes in erythrocytes of human subjects with diabetes or pre-diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Volunteers with normal condition, pre-diabetes, and diabetes were recruited through a National Institutes of Health (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases) study and at the Johns Hopkins Comprehensive Diabetes Center. Erythrocyte proteins were extracted and hemoglobins were depleted. Global O-GlcNAcylation of erythrocyte proteins was confirmed by Western blotting using an O-GlcNAc–specific antibody. Relative OGT and O-GlcNAcase protein amounts were determined by Western blot analysis. Relative expression of O-GlcNAcase was compared with the level of A1C.

RESULTS
Erythrocyte proteins are highly O-GlcNAcylated. O-GlcNAcase expression is significantly increased in erythrocytes from both individuals with pre-diabetes and diabetes compared with normal control subjects. Unlike O-GlcNAcase, protein levels of OGT did not show significant changes.

CONCLUSIONS
O-GlcNAcase expression is increased in erythrocytes from both individuals with pre-diabetes and individuals with less well-controlled diabetes. These findings, together with the previous study that demonstrated the increased site-specific O-GlcNAcylation of certain erythrocyte proteins, suggest that the upregulation of O-GlcNAcase might be an adaptive response to hyperglycemia-induced increases in O-GlcNAcylation, which are likely deleterious to erythrocyte functions. In any case, the early and substantial upregulation of O-GlcNAcase in individuals with pre-diabetes may eventually have diagnostic utility.
The 11-β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Inhibitor INCB13739 Improves Hyperglycemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled by Metformin Monotherapy
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Banarer Salomon , Fonseca Vivian A. , Inzucchi Silvio E. , Sun William , Yao Wenqing , Hollis Gregory , Flores Robert , Levy Richard , Williams William V. , Seckl Jonathan R. , Huber Reid ,   for the INCB13739-202 Principal Investigators
Published: April 2010

OBJECTIVE11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) converts inactive cortisone into active cortisol, thereby amplifying intracellular glucocorticoid action. The efficacy and safety of the 11βHSD1 inhibitor INCB13739 were assessed when added to ongoing metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes exhibiting inadequate glycemic control (A1C 7–11%).RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis double-blind placebo-controlled paralleled study randomized 302 patients with type 2 diabetes (mean A1C 8.3%) on metformin monotherapy (mean 1.5 g/day) to receive one of five INCB13739 doses or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. The primary end point was the change in A1C at study end. Other end points included changes in fasting glucose, lipids, weight, adverse events, and safety.RESULTSAfter 12 weeks, 200 mg of INCB13739 resulted in significant reductions in A1C (−0.6%), fasting plasma glucose (−24 mg/dl), and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (−24%) compared with placebo. Total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides were all significantly decreased in hyperlipidemic patients. Body weight decreased relative to placebo after INCB13739 therapy. A reversible dose-dependent elevation in adrenocorticotrophic hormone, generally within the normal reference range, was observed. Basal cortisol homeostasis, testosterone in men, and free androgen index in women were unchanged by INCB13739. Adverse events were similar across all treatment groups.CONCLUSIONSINCB13739 added to ongoing metformin therapy was efficacious and well tolerated in patients with type 2 diabetes who had inadequate glycemic control with metformin alone. 11βHSD1 inhibition offers a new potential approach to control glucose and cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes.
Inoculation of Peanuts on Farmers' Fields in Alabama1
Authors: Hiltbold A. E. , Hartzog D. L. , Harrison R. B. , Adams Fred 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Farmers occasionally put land into peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production that has not been cropped with peanuts in recent history. These fields are generally sparsely populated, if at all, by peanut rhizobia and may be responsive to application of effective peanut inoculant. To field test the need for inoculants, 13 experiments were conducted during 1980-1982 on “new” land on farms in the peanut producing region of southeastern Alabama. Treatments were (1) uninoculated control, (2) granular inoculant applied in-furrow at 3X recommended rate, and (3) ammonium nitrate at 56 kg/ha of N at planting. In 1980, an additional 56 kg N was applied at early bloom. The soil was sampled prior to treatment and numbers of rhizobia capable of nodulating peanuts determined by the most probable number (MPN) procedure. Numbers ranged from nil to 1600 rhizobia per g of soil. Although the soil at six locations contained fewer than 20 rhizobia per g, no yield responses to applied inoculant were obtained. Vine growth, leaf color, and nitrogen content of leaves were unaffected by inoculant. The inoculant provided 1 million rhizobia per seed, which is considered abundant. Lack of any yield responses to fertilizer nitrogen during the 3-year study indicated nitrogen sufficiency in the peanut plants, derived through nodulation and nitrogen fixation by native soil rhizobia. While peanut was not a host legume for these rhizobia during the years prior to these experiments, the rhizobia apparently persisted on alternate legume hosts in the cowpea miscellany in numbers adequate for effective inoculation of peanuts.
Effect of Host Plant, Rhizobium Strain and Host x Strain Interaction on Symbiotic Variability in Peanut1
Authors: Wynne J. C. , Elkan G. H. , Isleib T. G. , Schneeweis T. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Varability of the plant-Rhizobium symbiosis can be attributed to additive effects of the plant genotype and the Rhizobium strain and the nonadditive effects of specific plant and Rhizobium combinations. The relative contribution of these sources of variability is important in adopting the best procedure to maximize nitrogen fixation. Six peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes were grown in all possible combinations with 10 Rhizobium strains in order to estimate the relative importance of the three genetic components of symbiotic variability. Additive genetic effects of host and Rhizobium genotype were significant for plant color, nodule number and weight, N2 (C2H2) fixed, and shoot dry weight. Nonadditive variation attributable to specific host-strain combinations was significant for all traits measured except for shoot dry weight. The large additive effects of the host genotype for nodule weight and shoot weight suggest that the variability for these traits can best be exploited by selection of host plants. However, the large nonadditive effects for nodule number and N2 (C2H2) fixed suggest that these traits can best be improved by simultaneous selection of both host and bacterium. Rhizobial strains NC123 and 3G4b21 were found to have significant stability variances indicating that these strains show host specificity, whereas strain RP182-13 exhibited a nonsignificant stability variance with a high mean for all traits in symbiosis with all host genotypes.
The poor response to inoculation of the Spanish genotypes in comparison to the nitrogen control suggests that superior strains for these genotypes must be identified.
Peanut Yield, Market Quality and Value Reductions Due to Cylindrocladium Black Rot1,2
Authors: Pataky J. K. , Beute M. K. , Wynne J. C. , Carlson G. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The effects of Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) on yield, market quality and monetary value of the peanut crop were determined for Florigiant, NC 8C and two advanced generation CBR-resistant breeding lines. Percentage extra large kernels (ELK) and fancy size pods (FS) were decreased by CBR. The reduction of ELK has a minor effect on value. The reduction of FS had no effect on value. Reduction of value due to CBR was primarily the result of lower peanut yields. A highly significant proportion of the variation in yield and value was explained by regressions of yield and value on % CBR incidence measured approximately 1 wk before digging. Yield losses ranged from 250 to 450 kg/ha and value reductions for Florigiant and NC 8C were from $170 to $190/ha in 1980 and 1981 and from $270 to $290/ha in 1982 for each 10% CBR incidence. The relationships among CBR and yield, quality and value were similar for NC 8C and Florigiant. Therefore, NC 8C should sustain lower losses due to CBR than Florigiant because NC 8C is moderatley CBR-resistant.
Variations in the Methionine-rich Protein Composition of the Genus Arachis1
Authors: Basha Sheikh M. , Pancholy Sunil K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Methionine-rich proteins (MRP) from seeds of different species of the Genus Arachis were isolated and analyzed by gel electrophoresis to detect possible compositional differences. One-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis showed presence of quantitative and qualitative variations among the MRP-fractions. Following two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, the MRP-fractions were found to contain three groups of polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of approximately 21,000; 19,000 and 16,000, and isoelectric points between 5.1 and 5.8. Within each molecular weight group the number of polypeptides varied between 1 and 3.
An Efficient Procedure for Purification of an Isolate of Peanut Mottle Virus from Wild Peanut and Determination of Molecular Weights of the Viral Components1
Authors: Sherwood John L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An efficient procedure was developed for purification of peanut mottle virus (PMV) from pea (Pisum sativum cv. Little Marvel) that yielded 10–19 mg virus/ kg infected tissue. Virus was extracted from frozen infected tissue in 0.01 M potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, with 0.001 M dithioerythritol, followed by clarification with chloroform (15%, v/v) and precipitation by KCl and polyethylene glycol. Virus was resuspended in 0.01 M borate-phosphate buffer, pH 8.3, with 0.2 M urea prior to density gradient centrifugation. Purified virus sedimented as a single component with a sedimentation coefficient of 149 S. The molecular weight of the single coat protein was estimated as 36,100 daltons in 12% polyacrylamide gels. The single nucleic acid isolated from PMV on sucrose gradients was degraded by RNase, but not DNase. The molecular weight of the RNA was estimated as 3.1 × 106 daltons on nondenaturing and denaturing sucrose gradients.
Overspace Environment in Mechanically and Naturally Ventilated Peanut Storages
Authors: Smith J. S. , Davidson J. I. , Sanders T. H. , Cole R. J. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Two adjacent peanut storages, one mechanically ventilated and one naturally ventilated were instrumented to monitor overspace air temperatures midway between the peanuts and the roof at 2-hour intervals from mid-October through March. Overspace relative humidity measurements were recorded for each storage between the peanuts and the roof ridge.
Data were analyzed at bimonthly intervals for 11 periods. There were no differences between east and west side overspace temperatures or roof surface temperatures in the naturally ventilated storage during any given period. The mechanically ventilated storage had differences in overspace air and roof surface temperatures in some of the periods. Overspace air and roof surface temperatures were more uniform in the naturally ventilated storage, whereas the east side overspace air and roof surface temperatures were lower in the mechanically ventilated storage. Relative humidities were approximately the same throughout the test for both storages except for being higher in the naturally ventilated storage during the first and second periods and lower during the last period. The mechanically ventilated storage had less condensation potential during early storage than the naturally ventilated storage, but this trend reversed after the first 3 periods of storage.
Effect of Barren Soil Borders and Weed Border Treatments on Movement of the Twospotted Spider Mite into Peanut Fields1,2,3
Authors: Boykin L. S. , Campbell W. V. , Nelson L. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Barren soil borders, weed border treatments, and caged barren soil were evaluated for their effect on movement of the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, into peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields. In field cage tests when a 3, 4.5, or 6 m strip of barren soil separated a source of mite-infestation from initially mite-free peanut, mite damage to peanut was inversely related to the distance of barren soil crossed. In uncaged field tests, similar barren soil borders did not prevent mite movement into peanut fields, however, the number of mites were inversely related to the distance from the field border. There were no significant differences among weed border treatments and total numbers of mites entering peanut fields over time. There were, however, differences among weed border treatments on early mite movement and establishment trends into peanut fields. Mowing weed borders significantly increased the number of aerially dispersing twospotted spider mites within the adjacent peanut field.
Foreign Material Extractors for Peanut Flowpipes
Authors: Blankenship P. D. , Davidson J. I. , Sanders T. H. , Layton R. C. , Willis J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Foreign material extractors were installed and evaluated in farmers stock peanut flowpipes during the harvest seasons of 1978, 1979, and 1980. Three of the extractors evaluated were commercially available and consisted of a stationary, inclined screen manufactured by Suffolk Iron Works, Inc., Suffolk, VA; an inclined, mechanical tumbler-extractor manufactured by Hobbs-Adams Engineering Company, Suffolk, VA; and an inclined, mechanical roller screen manufactured by Bev. Mathison's Spring Works, Warwick, Queensland, Australia. Two additional experimental extractors including a stationary, inclined screen and an aspirator were also tested along with aspiration hoods used in conjunction with the commercial extractors. The weight per tonne (t) of peanuts of foreign materials removed by the various extractors ranged from 0.8 kg to 21.3 kg. Aspiration generally doubled the amount of foreign materials removed by the extractors. The primary materials removed by the extractors were dirt, peanut stems, sticks, leaves, small rocks, and some broken or loose shelled peanut meats.
Screening Virginia-Type Farmers' Stock Peanuts Before Storage1
Authors: Dickens J. W. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
A 750-kg sample considered to be representative of Virginia-type peanuts marketed in North Carolina during the fall of 1979, was separated into 7 size categories by passing it over counter-rotating, parallel rollers spaced 12.70, 11.11, 9.52, 7.94, 6.35 and 4.76 mm apart. The material in each size category was then separated into pods, shelled kernels (LSK) and 6 different types of foreign material (FM). The LSK and peanuts shelled from the pods were graded according to U.S. Grade Standards. The data indicate that the 9.52-mm (3/8-inch) roller spacing effectively separated the pods from most of the LSK and troublesome FM such as small stones, dirt clods, pieces of glass, corn kernels and soybeans. However, the benefits and costs of separately storing and processing the mixture of LSK and FM will have to be evaluated by the individual sheller.
Utilization of Wild Relatives in Genetic Improvement of Arachis hypogaea L. VI. Fertility in Triploids: Cytological Basis and Breeding Implications1
Authors: Singh A. K. , Moss J. P. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The triploid hybrids between Arachis hypogaea L. and diploid species of section Arachis nom. nud. which had been observed to be sterile at Reading, England, produced pegs and pods at the ICRISAT Center. Cytological investigations of these and other triploid hybrids revealed (1) spindle abnormalities resulting in restitution nuclei and unreduced gametes, and (2) unequal segregation of chromosomes resulting in haploid to hyperdiploid gametes. Of the 225 F2 plants derived from triploids, 82% were hexaploid, 8% were tetraploid, and 10% had chromosome numbers from 20–59. This indicates that the above processes occurred both at micro- and mega-sporogenesis and that unreduced gametes were more effective in fertilization resulting in a higher percentage of hexaploid progenies. The implications of these results are that triploids can be used in Arachis interspecific breeding for increased recombination between chromosomes and quick recovery of Arachis hypogaea like tetraploid lines.
The HPLC Analysis of Aflatoxins in Raw Peanuts with Sep-pak® Cleanup
Authors: Hurst W. Jeffrey , Snyder Kevin P. , Martin Robert A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
An HPLC method for the determination of aflatoxins is described. The aflatoxins are extracted with aqueous acetone and interfering compounds precipitated with CuCO3. After defatting, the aflatoxins are extracted into CH2Cl2 for cleanup with silica Sep-pak® which eliminates other interfering compounds. The resulting extract is then treated with TFA to form the hemiacetal derivatives prior to final HPLC analysis. Data indicated that the method exhibits excellent accuracy and precision. In addition, it is time and solvent conservative.
Influence of Twin Rows on Yield and Weed Control in Peanuts1
Authors: Wehtje G. , Walker R. H. , Patterson M. G. , McGuire J. A. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Fresh weed weights and yields were compared between Florunner peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) grown in twin 18 cm rows and conventional 91 cm rows when subjected to a series of weed control systems ranging from none to intense. Reductions in grasses in the twin row spacing were evident in 2 out of 3 years in the untreated check, where grass infestations were at a maximum. Comparable reductions in broadleaves, and increases in yield were sporatic. While the twin row spacing affected weeds and yield in a favorable manner, the consistency was insufficient to premit any reduction in herbicide inputs.
Evaluation of the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos for Activity Against Southern Stem Rot of Peanut
Authors: Csinos A. S. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Chlorpyrifos, a soil insecticide reported to have activity in controlling southern stem rot of peanuts, was evaluated in an area heavily infested with the southern stem rot pathogen Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. over a three year period (1981-1983). Chlorpyrifos 4E at 0, 1.12 or 2.24 kg ai/ha was applied preplant incorporated broadcast followed by 0, 1.12 or 2.24 kg ai/ha chlorpyrifos 15G or 4E at pegging in a 40 cm band over the row. Combinations of chlorpyrifos and PCNB were also evaluated as a formulated granule and as concomitantly applied separate materials. Disease loci were enumerated during the season and at inverting and yields were determined for plots. Chlorpyrifos alone did not significantly decrease disease in any of the tests over the three year period at any rate or method of application tested. A PCNB + chlorpyrifos (11.2-2.24 kg ai/ha) combination granule and the two chemicals applied concomitantly were as effective as PCNB + fensulfothion (11.2-3.36 kg ai/ha) in reducing disease and increasing yield. Potential niches for the use of chlorpyrifos in reducing southern stem rot are discussed.