bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebral sinus thrombosis following IV immunoglobulin therapy of immune thrombocytopenia purpura
Authors: Al‐Riyami Arwa Z. , Lee James , Connolly Mary , Shereck Evan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe present a pediatric patient treated with high dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) for acute immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), who developed cerebral sinus thrombosis in the absence of any identifiable hypercoagulable state. This report describes the successful management of this rare complication in this challenging setting. This report shows IVIG induced cerebral sinus thrombosis in ITP. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;57:157–159. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sirolimus for the treatment of complicated vascular anomalies in children
Authors: Hammill Adrienne M. , Wentzel MarySue , Gupta Anita , Nelson Stephen , Lucky Anne , Elluru Ravi , Dasgupta Roshni , Azizkhan Richard G. , Adams Denise M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundVascular anomalies comprise a diverse group of diagnoses. While infantile hemangiomas are common, the majority of these conditions are quite rare and have not been widely studied. Some of these lesions, though benign, can impair vital structures, be deforming, or even become life‐threatening. Vascular tumors such as kaposiform hemangioendotheliomas (KHE) and complicated vascular malformations have proven particularly difficult to treat.ProcedureHere we retrospectively evaluate a series of six patients with complicated, life‐threatening vascular anomalies who were treated with the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus for compassionate use at two centers after failing multiple other therapies.ResultsThese patients showed significant improvement in clinical status with tolerable side effects.ConclusionsSirolimus appears to be effective and safe in patients with life‐threatening vascular anomalies and represents an important tool in treating these diseases. These findings are currently being further evaluated in a Phase II safety and efficacy trial. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 57: 1018–1024. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New ionic polymer–metal composite actuators based on PVDF/PSSA/PVP polymer blend membrane
Authors: Panwar Varij , Kang Bong‐Sik , Park Jong‐Oh , Park Suk‐Ho 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIonic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) actuators that display continuously large actuation displacements without back relaxation and with large blocking force at low direct current (DC) voltages are used as biomimetic sensors, actuators and biomedical devices. This article reports the preparation and actuation performance of new IPMC actuators based on the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polystyrene sulfonic acid (PSSA)/polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) polymer blend membrane, which requires low voltage DC. The performance results of the proposed IPMC actuators are compared with Nafion‐based IPMC actuators. In the blend membrane, PVDF is the hydrophobic polymer, PSSA is the polyelectrolyte, and PVP is the hydrophilic basic polymer. The proposed IPMC actuators based on the PVDF/PSSA/PVP blend membrane of polymer mixture ratios of 60/15/25 and 50/25/25 gave higher actuation displacement and higher blocking force at low DC voltages than the Nafion‐based IPMC actuator. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Copolymerization of styrene with an α‐olefin via atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Kavitha Amalin , Singh Ajay K , Singha Nikhil K 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis investigation reports the preparation of styrene–α‐olefinic random copolymers, using 1‐octene as an α‐olefin, via atom transfer radical polymerization. Atom transfer radical copolymerization of styrene with 1‐octene was successfully carried out using phenylethyl bromide as initiator and CuBr as catalyst in combination with N, N, N′, N″, N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as ligand. The copolymers had controlled molecular weight, narrow dispersity and well‐defined end groups with significant 1‐octene incorporation in the polymer. Incorporation of 1‐octene in the copolymers was confirmed using 1H NMR and matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy. An increase in 1‐octene content in the monomer feed led to an increase in the level of incorporation of the α‐olefin in the copolymer. An increase in the concentration of 1‐octene led to a decrease in the rate of polymerization and an increase in dispersity. The glass transition temperature of the copolymer gradually decreased as the incorporation of 1‐octene increased. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Differences in degradation kinetics for sonolysis, microfluidization and shearing treatments of chitosan
Authors: Chen Rong Huei , Huang Jin Ru , Tsai Min Lang , Tseng Lan Zang , Hsu Chu Hsi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractSolution concentration, temperature, reaction time and use or non‐use of concurrent ultrafiltration treatment for fragment removal are factors that affect the degradation rate constant in sonolysis, microfluidization and shearing treatments. The cause of these operation conditions and their effect on chitosan degradation rate constant were compared. Different operation conditions for each treatment resulted in various solution viscosities, ease of dissipation of cavitation, entanglement and stretching, in turn resulting in different rates of effectiveness of degradation by different degradation mechanisms. A rationale for applying these physical methods in practical chitosan production is proposed. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Crosslinking of polybenzimidazole membranes by divinylsulfone post‐treatment for high‐temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications
Authors: Aili David , Li Qingfeng , Christensen Erik , Jensen Jens Oluf , Bjerrum Niels J 
Published: March 2011

AbstractPhosphoric acid‐doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) has been suggested as a promising electrolyte for proton exchange membrane fuel cells operating at temperatures up to 200 °C. This paper describes the development of a crosslinking procedure for PBI membranes by post‐treatment with divinylsulfone. The crosslinking chemistry was studied and optimized on a low‐molecular‐weight model system and the results were used to optimize the crosslinking conditions of PBI membranes. The crosslinked membranes were characterized with respect to chemical and physiochemical properties, showing improved mechanical strength and oxidative stability compared with their linear analogues. Fuel cell tests were further conducted in order to demonstrate the feasibility of the crosslinked membranes. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Low temperature‐coefficient for solar cells processed from solar‐grade silicon purified by metallurgical route
Authors: Tanay F. , Dubois S. , Enjalbert N. , Veirman J. 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTThis study is dedicated to the temperature (T)‐variation of the photovoltaic performances of solar cells made from solar‐grade silicon directly purified by metallurgical route (SoGM‐Si). Experimental results were systematically compared with those for standard electronic‐grade silicon (EG‐Si) solar cells. We showed that the conversion efficiency (η) of SoGM‐Si cells decreases much less when T increases than the η of EG‐Si cells. This major difference is due to a strong increase with T of the short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of the SoGM‐Si solar cells. We showed that this a priori unexpected result could be described and explained by numerical simulations, by taking into account the main particularities of SoGM‐Si: dopant compensation, moderate minority carrier diffusion length and larger amount of boron–oxygen complexes. These results are significant since T of a solar module under illumination being generally higher than 25°C, modules made from low‐cost SoGM‐Si cells should have performances closer to those of standard EG‐Si solar panels. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyrotaxane derivatives. II. Preparation and characterization of ionic polyrotaxanes and ionic slide‐ring gels
Authors: Araki Jun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFour types of ionic polyrotaxane (PR) derivatives, that is, carboxymethylated, sulfoethylated, diethylaminoethylated, and trimethylammoniohydroxypropylated PRs, were successfully prepared starting from the same PR consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) as an axis and α‐cyclodextrins as ring molecules. The structures of the ionic PR derivatives were analyzed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), attenuated‐total reflection Fourier transform‐infrared, and colloidal titration. Degrees of substitution of the ionic PRs were calculated from results of 1H NMR and colloidal titrations; both sets of results satisfactorily agreed. Cross‐linking of sulfoethylated and quaternized PRs yielded ionic slide‐ring gels carrying sulfoethyl and quaternary ammonium groups on the mobile cross‐links, respectively. The former gel showed intriguing phenomena, including a large degree of swelling of up to 1147, drastic change in its swelling ratio by the presence of electrolyte and bending under a moderate applied electric field (7 V/cm). © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Polyterephthalates made from Ethylene glycol, 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol, and isosorbide
Authors: Quintana Robert , de Ilarduya Antxon martínez , Alla Abdelilah , Muñoz‐Guerra Sebastián 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThree series of terephthalate polyesters (copolyesters and terpolyesters) containing 70, 80, and 90 mol % of ethylene glycol respectively, 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) and isosorbide in varying ratios, were synthesized by melt polycondensation. It was found that only ∼75 mol % of the feeding isosorbide was incorporated in the resulting polyesters and that their content in diethylene glycol oscillated between 2 and 4 mol %. The polyesters had weight‐average molecular weights in the 25,000–33,000 g mol−1 range and polydispersities between 2 and 2.5. The combined 1H and 13C NMR analysis revealed that the microstructure of all these polyesters was at random. They showed good thermal stability with decomposition temperatures above 400 °C. Their glass‐transition temperatures were observed to increase with the content in cyclic diols, this effect being more pronounced when isosorbide was the replacing comonomer. Only the series containing 90 mol % of ethylene terephthalate units was able to crystallize upon cooling from the melt. Compared isothermal crystallizations revealed that isosorbide was more effective than CHDM in repressing the crystallizability of PET. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Antitumor effects of carnertinib in castration resistant prostate cancer models: A comparative study with erlotinib
Authors: Gravina Giovanni Luca , Marampon Francesco , Piccolella Margherita , Biordi Leda , Ficorella Corrado , Motta Marcella , Jannini Emmanuele A. , Tombolini Vincenzo , Festuccia Claudio 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEAlthough preclinical results suggest that the inhibition of erb‐B1 or erb‐B2 can be an useful tool to castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), neither inhibitor demonstrated to provide benefit in this category of patient. Here, we compared the effects of erlotinib, a specific EGFR inhibitor, with those observed with Carnertinib, an orally available pan‐erbB receptor inhibitor, in a wide panel of hormone sensitive and independent prostate cancer cell lines.MATERIALS AND METHODSVariation in proliferation rate, cell cycle, and apoptosis after erlotinib and carnertinib treatments will be evaluated in vitro. In vivo experiments were performed using two models of CRPC, 22rv1 (AR expressing), and PC3 (AR negative) cell lines grown in nude mice. Intact nude mice bearing 22rv1 cells also received bicalutamide (BCLT) in combination with anti‐target agents.RESULTSHere, we found that Erlotinib and carnertinib effectiveness was positively related to expression and activation levels of Her2, whereas erlotinib effectiveness was influenced to the EGFR/Her2 ratio resulting more effective when EGFR levels were significantly higher of Her2. Overall, in vitro carnertinib efficacy was higher than those observed with erlotinib. The combination between erlotinib and androgen deprivation therapy or BCLT showed no significant effects when compared to single treatments whereas carnertinib was active in presence of any anti‐hormone manipulation.CONCLUSIONSErlotinib efficacy was higher in androgen‐sensitive PCa cells when we compare to the effects evident in CRPC cells, whereas the carnertinib efficacy may have therapeutical significance in Her2 overexpressing AR+ CRPC models in combination with hormone manipulation. Prostate 71:1481–1491, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FGFR1 abrogates inhibitory effect of androgen receptor concurrent with induction of androgen‐receptor variants in androgen receptor‐negative prostate tumor epithelial cells
Authors: Kobayashi Masashi , Huang Yanqing , Jin Chengliu , Luo Yongde , Okamoto Tetsuji , Wang Fen , McKeehan Wallace L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDDespite dramatic positive effects, there is evidence that the androgen receptor (AR) may negatively influence prostate tumor progression. Understanding the AR repressor function and how it is subverted is of particular importance in anti‐androgen and AR intervention strategies.METHODSAR, resident FGFR2IIIb, and ectopic FGFR1 were expressed by transfection in the AR‐negative epithelial cell line DTE that predominates in cell culture of AR‐positive androgen‐responsive model Dunning R3327 rat prostate tumors. Androgen‐responsiveness at transcription was measured by a luciferase reporter. Cell population growth rates were assessed by cell counts, DNA synthesis, and expression of cell cycle genes. AR variants (ARVs) were assessed by immunochemistry and nuclease protection of mRNA.RESULTSExpression of AR inhibited cell population growth of AR‐negative DTE cells at the G1–S phase of the cell cycle. Ectopic FGFR1, but not resident FGFR2IIIb abrogated the growth inhibitory effects of AR. Appearance of ARVs was coincident with co‐expression of FGFR1 and AR and abrogation of the AR‐dependent inhibition of cell growth.CONCLUSIONSDTE cells may represent non‐malignant AR‐negative progenitors whose population is restricted by activation of AR in vivo. Ectopic expression of epithelial FGFR1, a common observation in tumors, overrides the inhibition of AR and thus may contribute to evolution of androgen and AR independent tumors. These results are consistent with the notion that some tumor cells are negatively restricted by AR and are unleased by androgen‐deprivation or ectopic expression of FGFR1. ARV's may play a role in the bypass of the negative restrictions of AR. Prostate 71:1691–1700, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomarkers for the diagnosis of prostatic inflammation in benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Robert Grégoire , Smit Frank , Hessels Daphne , Jannink Sander , Karthaus Herbert F.M. , Aalders Tilly , Jansen Kees , de la Taille Alexandre , Mulders Peter F. , Schalken Jack A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDChronic prostatic inflammation could be a central mechanism in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) progression. Currently, the histological examination of prostate biopsies remains the only way to diagnose prostatic inflammation. Our objective was to find new noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of prostatic inflammation.METHODSNinety BPH samples were investigated in two steps. First, a hypothesis was generated using a profiling procedure with a panel of 96 genes on an initial set of 30 samples. Then, the candidate biomarkers were validated on a large number of samples (n = 90). Gene expression was compared with the histological prostatic inflammation score based on the density and the confluence of lymphoid nodules. Finally, protein transcripts of the candidate biomarkers were investigated in urine samples and compared with clinical data.RESULTSOf the 96 genes, nine were significantly correlated with the inflammation score on the initial set of patients. Four of them were validated on the complete set of patients: CCR7, CD40LG, CTLA4, and ICOS. ICOS and CTLA4 protein levels were readily measured in urine samples using a conventional ELISA procedure. High‐ICOS expression in urine was associated with a higher post‐void residual and a lower maximum urinary flow rate.CONCLUSIONSFour genes were significantly upregulated at the mRNA level in the prostate tissue of patients with severe inflammation score. Two proteins were measured in urine samples, and were associated with maximum uroflowmetry and post‐void residual. A prospective clinical study is needed to confirm their clinical relevance. Prostate 71:1701–1709, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanisms and functional consequences of PDEF protein expression loss during prostate cancer progression
Authors: Turner David P. , Findlay Victoria J. , Moussa Omar , Semenchenko Victor I. , Watson Patricia M. , LaRue Amanda C. , Desouki Mohamed M. , Fraig Mostafa , Watson Dennis K. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDEts is a large family of transcriptional regulators with functions in most biological processes. While the Ets family gene, prostate‐derived epithelial factor (PDEF), is expressed in epithelial tissues, PDEF protein expression has been found to be reduced or lost during cancer progression. The goal of this study was to examine the mechanism for and biologic impact of altered PDEF expression in prostate cancer.METHODSPDEF protein expression of prostate specimens was examined by immunohistochemistry. RNA and protein expression in cell lines were measured by q‐PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cellular growth was determined by quantifying viable and apoptotic cells over time. Cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. Migration and invasion were determined by transwell assays. PDEF promoter occupancy was determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP).RESULTSWhile normal prostate epithelium expresses PDEF mRNA and protein, tumors show no or decreased PDEF protein expression. Re‐expression of PDEF in prostate cancer cells inhibits cell growth. PDEF expression is inversely correlated with survivin, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and slug expression and ChIP studies identify survivin and uPA as direct transcriptional targets of PDEF. This study also shows that PDEF expression is regulated via a functional microRNA‐204 (miR‐204) binding site within the 3′UTR. Furthermore, we demonstrate the biologic significance of miR‐204 expression and that miR‐204 is over‐expressed in human prostate cancer specimens.CONCLUSIONSCollectively, the reported studies demonstrate that PDEF is a negative regulator of tumor progression and that the miR‐204‐PDEF regulatory axis contributes to PDEF protein loss and resultant cancer progression. Prostate 71:1723–1735, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of collectors of airborne spray drift. Experiments in a wind tunnel and field measurements
Authors: Arvidsson Tommy , Bergström Lars , Kreuger Jenny 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: In this study, the collecting efficiency of different samplers of airborne drift was compared both in wind tunnel and in field experiments. The aim was to select an appropriate sampler for collecting airborne spray drift under field conditions.RESULTS: The wind tunnel study examined three static samplers and one dynamic sampler. The dynamic sampler had the highest overall collecting efficiency. Among the static samplers, the pipe cleaner collector had the highest efficiency. These two samplers were selected for evaluation in the subsequent field study. Results from 29 individual field experiments showed that the pipe cleaner collector on average had a 10% lower collecting efficiency than the dynamic sampler. However, the deposits on the pipe cleaners generally were highest at the 0.5 m level, and for the dynamic sampler at the 1 m level.CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded from the wind tunnel part of the study that the amount of drift collected on the static collectors had a more strongly positive correlation with increasing wind speed compared with the dynamic sampler. In the field study, the difference in efficiency between the two types of collector was fairly small. As the difference in collecting efficiency between the different types of sampler was small, the dynamic sampler was selected for further measurements of airborne drift under field conditions owing to its more well‐defined collecting area. This study of collecting efficiency of airborne spray drift of static and dynamic samplers under field conditions contributes to increasing knowledge in this field of research. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
Reduction in threshold current density of 355 nm UV laser diodes
Authors: Nagata Kengo , Takeda Kenichiro , Nonaka Kentaro , Ichikawa Tomoki , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu , Amano Hiroshi , Yoshida Harumasa , Kuwabara Masakazu , Yamashita Yoji , Kan Hirofumi 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe have investigated the characteristics of 355 nm UV laser diodes. Two laser diode structures were prepared on a grooved AlGaN template as well as on a flat AlGaN template. The threading dislocation densities on the grooved and flat AlGaN were 2.5×108 cm‐2 and 6.5×109 cm‐2, respectively. The threshold current density of the laser diode on the grooved AlGaN was 6 kA/cm2, while no lasing was observed from the laser diode on the flat AlGaN. We also estimated the internal quantum efficiency as well as the injection efficiency in the UV laser diode structures by considering internal quantum efficiency of both optical and electrical excitation. At a carrier density of 1.2×1019 cm‐3, the internal quantum efficiency of the laser diode structure on the grooved AlGaN was about 50%. This is twice that of the laser diode on the flat AlGaN. At the same time, the internal quantum efficiency estimated from the optical excitation also reached about 50%, even at a carrier density of 3×1018 cm‐3. This implies that the injection efficiency in our UV laser diode structure was only 25%. Improving the injection efficiency should be effective for significantly reducing the threshold current density. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evidence for moving of threading dislocations during the VPE growth in GaN thin layers
Authors: Kuwano Noriyuki , Miyake Hideto , Hiramatsu Kazumasa , Amano Hiroshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCross‐sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation was performed in detail to analyze the morphology of threading dislocations (TDs) in GaN thin layers with various thicknesses. The GaN layers were overgrown on an Al0.28Ga0.72N layer by the metal‐organic vapor‐phase epitaxy (MOVPE) method. In a GaN layer about 50 nm in thickness, TDs running up in the AlGaN layer pass into the GaN layer and most of them reach the top surface without bending. In thicker GaN layers, on the other hand, many of TDs form a hairpin‐configuration on or above the interface of GaN and AlGaN to be annihilated. This difference in morphology of TDs indicates that the TDs have moved down inside the GaN layer. Since the formation of hairpins is attributed to a stress‐relief, there should be an extra half‐plane between the paired TDs. Therefore, the movement of TDs should be of “climb motion”. Another example of possible TD movement inside a GaN layer is also described. It is emphasized that the possibility of TD‐movements inside the thin film crystal during the growth should be taken into account in analysis of thin‐layer growth through the behavior of TDs (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)