bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
e-Ana and e-Mia: A Content Analysis of Pro–Eating Disorder Web Sites
Authors: Borzekowski Dina L. G. , Schenk Summer , Wilson Jenny L. , Peebles Rebecka 
Published: June 2010

Objectives. The Internet offers Web sites that describe, endorse, and support eating disorders. We examined the features of pro–eating disorder Web sites and the messages to which users may be exposed. Methods. We conducted a systematic content analysis of 180 active Web sites, noting site logistics, site accessories, “thinspiration” material (images and prose intended to inspire weight loss), tips and tricks, recovery, themes, and perceived harm. Results. Practically all (91%) of the Web sites were open to the public, and most (79%) had interactive features. A large majority (84%) offered pro-anorexia content, and 64% provided pro-bulimia content. Few sites focused on eating disorders as a lifestyle choice. Thinspiration material appeared on 85% of the sites, and 83% provided overt suggestions on how to engage in eating-disordered behaviors. Thirty-eight percent of the sites included recovery-oriented information or links. Common themes were success, control, perfection, and solidarity. Conclusions. Pro–eating disorder Web sites present graphic material to encourage, support, and motivate site users to continue their efforts with anorexia and bulimia. Continued monitoring will offer a valuable foundation to build a better understanding of the effects of these sites on their users.
Syringe Sharing and HIV Incidence Among Injection Drug Users and Increased Access to Sterile Syringes
Authors: Kerr Thomas , Small Will , Buchner Chris , Zhang Ruth , Li Kathy , Montaner Julio , Wood Evan 
Published: June 2010

Objectives. We assessed the effects of syringe exchange program (SEP) policy on rates of HIV risk behavior and HIV incidence among injection drug users. Methods. Using a multivariate generalized estimating equation and Cox regression methods, we examined syringe borrowing, syringe lending, and HIV incidence among a prospective cohort of 1228 injection drug users in Vancouver, British Columbia. Results. We observed substantial declines in rates of syringe borrowing (from 20.1% in 1998 to 9.2% in 2003) and syringe lending (from 19.1% in 1998 to 6.8% in 2003) following SEP policy change. These declines coincided with a statistically significant increase in the proportion of participants accessing sterile syringes from nontraditional SEP sources (P < .001). In multivariate analyses, the period following the change in SEP policy was independently associated with a greater than 40% reduction in syringe borrowing (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49, 0.65) and lending (AOR = 0.52; 95% CI = 0.45, 0.60), as well as declining HIV incidence (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.13; 95% CI = 0.06, 0.31). Conclusions. Widespread syringe distribution appears to be a more effective SEP policy than do more restrictive SEP policies that limit syringe access. Efforts should be made to ensure that SEP policies and program design serve to maximize rather than hinder syringe access.
Targeted Disruption of Pancreatic-Derived Factor (PANDER, FAM3B) Impairs Pancreatic β-Cell Function
Authors: Robert-Cooperman Claudia E. , Carnegie Jason R. , Wilson Camella G. , Yang Jichun , Cook Joshua R. , Wu Jianmei , Young Robert A. , Wolf Bryan A. , Burkhardt Brant R. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Pancreatic-derived factor (PANDER, FAM3B) is a pancreatic islet-specific cytokine-like protein that is secreted from β-cells upon glucose stimulation. The biological function of PANDER is unknown, and to address this we generated and characterized a PANDER knockout mouse.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
To generate the PANDER knockout mouse, the PANDER gene was disrupted and its expression was inhibited by homologous recombination via replacement of the first two exons, secretion signal peptide and transcriptional start site, with the neomycin gene. PANDER−/− mice were then phenotyped by a number of in vitro and in vivo tests to evaluate potential effects on glucose regulation, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell morphology and function.

RESULTS
Glucose tolerance tests demonstrated significantly higher blood glucose levels in PANDER−/− versus wild-type male mice. To identify the mechanism of the glucose intolerance, insulin sensitivity and pancreatic β-cell function were examined. Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps and insulin tolerance testing showed similar insulin sensitivity for both the PANDER−/− and wild-type mice. The in vivo insulin response following intraperitoneal glucose injection surprisingly produced significantly higher insulin levels in the PANDER−/− mice, whereas insulin release was blunted with arginine administration. Islet perifusion and calcium imaging studies showed abnormal responses of the PANDER−/− islets to glucose stimulation. In contrast, neither islet architecture nor insulin content was impacted by the loss of PANDER. Interestingly, the elevated insulin levels identified in vivo were attributed to decreased hepatic insulin clearance in the PANDER−/− islets. Taken together, these results demonstrated decreased pancreatic β-cell function in the PANDER−/− mouse.

CONCLUSIONS
These results support a potential role of PANDER in the pancreatic β-cell for regulation or facilitation of insulin secretion.
Improvement of Retinal Vascular Injury in Diabetic Rats by Statins Is Associated With the Inhibition of Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Pathway Mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator–Activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1α
Authors: Zheng Zhi , Chen Haibing , Wang Hong , Ke Bilian , Zheng Bingqing , Li Qian , Li Peiyu , Su Li , Gu Qing , Xu Xun 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a key role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. However, whether simvastatin decreases diabetes-induced mitochondrial ROS production remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to clarify the beneficial effects and mechanism of action of simvastatin against diabetes-induced retinal vascular damage.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Diabetic rats and control animals were randomly assigned to receive simvastatin or vehicle for 24 weeks, and bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells (BRECs) were incubated with normal or high glucose with or without simvastatin. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in the rat retinas or BRECs were examined by Western blotting and real-time RT-PCR, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and p38 MAPK were examined by Western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and ROS production were assayed using the potentiometric dye 5,5′,6,6′- Tetrachloro1,1′,3,3′-tetraethyl-benzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1) or CM-H2DCFDA fluorescent probes.

RESULTS
Simvastatin significantly upregulated PGC-1α (P &lt; 0.01), subsequently decreased Δψm (P &lt; 0.05) and ROS generation (P &lt; 0.01), inhibited PARP activation (P &lt; 0.01), and further reduced VEGF expression (P &lt; 0.01) and p38 MAPK activity (P &lt; 0.01). Those changes were associated with the decrease of retinal vascular permeability, retinal capillary cells apoptosis, and formation of acellular capillaries.

CONCLUSIONS
Simvastatin decreases diabetes-induced mitochondrial ROS production and exerts protective effects against early retinal vascular damage in diabetic rats in association with the inhibition of mitochondrial ROS/PARP pathway mediated by PGC-1α. The understanding of the mechanisms of action of statins has important implications in the prevention and treatment of mitochondrial oxidative stress-related illness such as DR.
A1C to Detect Diabetes in Healthy Adults
Authors: Takahashi Osamu , Farmer Andrew J. , Shimbo Takuro , Fukui Tsuguya , Glasziou Paul P. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the optimal interval for rechecking A1C levels below the diagnostic threshold of 6.5% for healthy adults.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a retrospective cohort study. Participants were 16,313 apparently healthy Japanese adults not taking glucose-lowering medications at baseline. Annual A1C measures from 2005 to 2008 at the Center for Preventive Medicine, a community teaching hospital in Japan, estimated cumulative incidence of diabetes.

RESULTS
Mean age (±SD) of participants was 49.7 ± 12.3 years, and 53% were male. Mean A1C at baseline was 5.4 ± 0.5%. At 3 years, for those with A1C at baseline of &lt;5.0%, 5.0–5.4%, 5.5–5.9%, and 6.0–6.4%, cumulative incidence (95% CI) was 0.05% (0.001–0.3), 0.05% (0.01–0.11), 1.2% (0.9–1.6), and 20% (18–23), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
In those with an A1C &lt;6.0%, rescreening at intervals shorter than 3 years identifies few individuals (∼≤1%) with an A1C ≥6.5%.
Dapagliflozin Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Inadequate Glycemic Control by Diet and Exercise
Authors: Ferrannini Ele , Ramos Silvia Jimenez , Salsali Afshin , Tang Weihua , List James F. 
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVE
Dapagliflozin, a highly selective inhibitor of the renal sodium-glucose cotransporter-2, increases urinary excretion of glucose and lowers plasma glucose levels in an insulin-independent manner. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in treatment-naive patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a 24-week parallel-group, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Patients with A1C 7.0–10% (n = 485) were randomly assigned to one of seven arms to receive once-daily placebo or 2.5, 5, or 10 mg dapagliflozin once daily in the morning (main cohort) or evening (exploratory cohort). Patients with A1C 10.1–12% (high-A1C exploratory cohort; n = 73) were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive blinded treatment with a morning dose of 5 or 10 mg/day dapagliflozin. The primary end point was change from baseline in A1C in the main cohort, statistically tested using an ANCOVA.

RESULTS
In the main cohort, mean A1C changes from baseline at week 24 were −0.23% with placebo and −0.58, −0.77 (P = 0.0005 vs. placebo), and −0.89% (P &lt; 0.0001 vs. placebo) with 2.5, 5, and 10 mg dapagliflozin, respectively. Signs, symptoms, and other reports suggestive of urinary tract infections and genital infection were more frequently noted in the dapagliflozin arms. There were no major episodes of hypoglycemia. Data from exploratory cohorts were consistent with these results.

CONCLUSIONS
Dapagliflozin lowered hyperglycemia in treatment-naive patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The near absence of hypoglycemia and an insulin-independent mechanism of action make dapagliflozin a unique addition to existing treatment options for type 2 diabetes.
Rapid synthesis and bioactivities of 3-(nitromethylene)indolin-2-one analogues
Authors: Chen Gang , Hao Xiao-Jiang , Sun Qian-Yun , Ding Jian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new synthesis method of 3-(nitromethylene)indolin-2-one analogues is described, using the Henry reaction of isatin and N-substituted isatins with nitromethane followed by dehydration of the nitroaldol adduct with mesyl chloride. The use of diethylamine (rather than DBU) as the base catalyst in a solvent-free Henry reaction gave the nitroaldol adduct in sufficient purity as to allow its direct dehydration to nitroalkene. Overall yields for this two-step synthesis are satisfactory (typically 50–77 % after chromatographic purification). 3-(Nitromethylene)indolin-2-one analogues are valued protective agents against H2O2-induced apoptosis using PC12 cells, and for their cytotoxicity against the A549 and P388 lung cancer cell lines. One compound, (E)-1-benzyl-3-(nitromethylene)indolin-2-one (VIII), exhibited potent activity in the latter assay.
Bilingual performance on nonword repetition in Spanish and English
Authors: Summers Connie , Bohman Thomas M. , Gillam Ronald B. , Peña Elizabeth D. , Bedore Lisa M. 
Published: June 2010

Background: Nonword repetition (NWR) involves the ability to perceive, store, recall and reproduce phonological sequences. These same abilities play a role in word and morpheme learning. Cross‐linguistic studies of performance on NWR tasks, word learning, and morpheme learning yield patterns of increased performance on all three tasks as a function of age and language experience. These results are consistent with the idea that there may be universal information‐processing mechanisms supporting language learning. Because bilingual children's language experience is divided across two languages, studying performance in two languages on NWR could inform one's understanding of the relationship between information processing and language learning.Aims: The primary aims of this study were to compare bilingual language learners' recall of Spanish‐like and English‐like items on NWR tasks and to assess the relationships between performance on NWR, semantics, and morphology tasks.Methods & Procedures: Sixty‐two Hispanic children exposed to English and Spanish were recruited from schools in central Texas, USA. Their parents reported on the children's input and output in both languages. The children completed NWR tasks and short tests of semantics and morphosyntax in both languages. Mixed‐model analysis of variance was used to explore direct effects and interactions between the variables of nonword length, language experience, language outcome measures, and cumulative exposure on NWR performance.Outcomes & Results: Children produced the Spanish‐like nonwords more accurately than the English‐like nonwords. NWR performance was significantly correlated to cumulative language experience in both English and Spanish. There were also significant correlations between NWR and morphosyntax but not semantics.Conclusions & Implications: Language knowledge appears to play a role in the task of NWR. The relationship between performance on morphosyntax and NWR tasks indicates children rely on similar language‐learning mechanisms to mediate these tasks. More exposure to Spanish may increase abilities to repeat longer nonwords. This knowledge may shift across levels of bilingualism. Further research is needed to understand this relationship, as it is likely to have implications for language teaching or intervention for children with language impairments.
Synthesis of Some 3d Metal Complexes of Quinine and their Toxicological Studies
Authors: Tella Adedibu C. , Obaleya Joshua A. 
Published: June 2010

Four metal complexes of antimalarials cinchona alkaloids; [Co(Quin)Cl3]-1,[Fe(Quin)Cl2H2O]SO3H2O-2, [Cu(Quin)ClSO4]∞-3 and [Cd(Quin)ClSO4]∞-4 have beensynthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, conductivity, magnetic moment, IR,UV-Vis and mass spectroscopic techniques. The tetrahedral geometry is assigned for all thefour complexes and the quinine ligand is protonated at quinuclidine N atom with thecoordination of the metal at quinoline N atom for all the complexes. Complexes 1 and 2have zwitterionic structures while complexes 3 and 4 are polymeric in nature with zig-zagextended chains (MCl- O -SO2- O -MCl- O –SO2---).Stability constant of the complexes were evaluated for the metal salts. The value of thestability constant (β) was found to be log 10.48, 9.92, 7.98 and 7.81 for Cu(II), Fe(III),Co(II) and Cd(II), respectively and the order of β was found to beCu(II)>Fe(III)>Co(II)>Cd(II). The stability constant data revealed that concomitantlyadministration of quinine with preparation containing these metals may reduce theirefficacy. Toxicological study was carried out by investigating the effect of administration ofthe complexes on alkaline phosphatase activity of kidney, liver and serum of Albino rats. Allthe examined four metal complexes were found to be non-toxic.Keywords: Quinine, stability constant, FTIR, MS, phosphates activity.DOI: 10.3126/jncs.v25i0.3280Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Volume 25, 2010 pp 19-28
(–)–Corydalmine from <i>Corydalis chaerophylla</i> Growing in Nepal
Authors: Jha R. N. 
Published: June 2010

(–)–Corydalmine was isolated from the roots of Corydalis chaerophylla and identifiedby spectral analysis.Keywords: (–)–corydalmine, Corydalis chaerophyllaDOI: 10.3126/jncs.v25i0.3309Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Volume 25, 2010 pp 89-92
Plasma/erythrocyte ribavirin x100 ratio as an indicator of sustained virological response in HCV genotype 1 patients with early virological response
Authors: Baiocchi Leonardo , De Leonardis Francesco , Monache Marco Delle , Nosotti Lorenzo , Conti Renato L , Lenci Ilaria , Carbone Marco , Di Paolo Daniele , Cucchiarelli Silvia , Angelico Mario 
Published: June 2010

BackgroundOn-treatment predictors during antiviral therapy of HCV are useful because they allow discontinuation of an unnecessary treatment in non-responders. Our aim was to evaluate the usefulness of plasma and erythrocyte ribavirin levels in predicting sustained virological response (SVR) in HCV genotype 1 patients undergoing antiviral treatment.MethodsA total of 40 HCV genotype 1 patients treated with pegylated interferon-α2a 180 μg weekly plus ribavirin 1,000 or 1,200 mg daily (according to body weight) were included in the study. Plasma and erythrocyte ribavirin levels were evaluated in all patients at week 12 by HPLC. At week 24, ribavirin levels were reassessed in those achieving early virological response (EVR).ResultsA total of 27 patients achieved EVR, whereas 17 achieved SVR. There was no difference among EVR and non-EVR patients in terms of plasma and erythrocyte ribavirin concentrations at week 12. At week 24, EVR patients obtaining SVR exhibited higher mean ±sd levels of ribavirin in plasma and lower levels in erythrocytes compared with non-SVR patients (in plasma 12.8 ±10 versus 5.8 ±4 μ M [ P<0.02] and in erythrocytes 1,053 ±504 versus 1,613 ±589 μ M [ P<0.03]). When the plasma ribavirin/erythrocyte ribavirin x100 ratio was compared, the difference was enhanced (1.5 ±1.3 versus 0.4 ±0.3 μM; P<0.01). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified a cutoff for plasma ribavirin/erythrocyte ribavirin x100 ratio in predicting SVR of 0.71 with a negative predictive value of 0.8 and a positive predictive value of 0.9, whereas those related to EVR were 1 and 0.6, respectively.ConclusionsPlasma ribavirin/erythrocyte ribavirin x100 ratio at week 24 seems to be a good indicator of SVR in HCV genotype 1 patients achieving EVR.
TLR5 Signaling Stimulates the Innate Production of IL-17 and IL-22 by CD3negCD127+ Immune Cells in Spleen and Mucosa
Authors: Van Maele Laurye , Carnoy Christophe , Cayet Delphine , Songhet Pascal , Dumoutier Laure , Ferrero Isabel , Janot Laure , Erard François , Bertout Julie , Leger Hélène , Sebbane Florent , Benecke Arndt , Renauld Jean-Christophe , Hardt Wolf-Dietrich , Ryffel Bernhard , Sirard Jean-Claude 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
In adaptive immunity, Th17 lymphocytes produce the IL-17 and IL-22 cytokines that stimulate mucosal antimicrobial defenses and tissue repair. In this study, we observed that the TLR5 agonist flagellin induced swift and transient transcription of genes encoding IL-17 and IL-22 in lymphoid, gut, and lung tissues. This innate response also temporarily enhanced the expression of genes associated with the antimicrobial Th17 signature. The source of the Th17-related cytokines was identified as novel populations of CD3negCD127+ immune cells among which CD4-expressing cells resembling lymphoid tissue inducer cells. We also demonstrated that dendritic cells are essential for expression of Th17-related cytokines and so for stimulation of innate cells. These data define that TLR-induced activation of CD3negCD127+ cells and production of Th17-related cytokines may be crucial for the early defenses against pathogen invasion of host tissues.
Innate Retroviral Restriction by Apobec3 Promotes Antibody Affinity Maturation In Vivo
Authors: Santiago Mario L. , Benitez Robert L. , Montano Mauricio , Hasenkrug Kim J. , Greene Warner C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Apobec3/Rfv3 is an innate immune factor that promotes the neutralizing Ab response against Friend retrovirus (FV) in infected mice. Based on its evolutionary relationship to activation-induced deaminase, Apobec3 might directly influence Ab class switching and affinity maturation independently of viral infection. Alternatively, the antiviral activity of Apobec3 may indirectly influence neutralizing Ab responses by reducing early FV-induced pathology in critical immune compartments. To distinguish between these possibilities, we immunized wild-type and Apobec3-deficient C57BL/6 (B6) mice with (4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl) acetyl (NP) hapten and evaluated the binding affinity of the resultant NP-specific Abs. These studies revealed similar affinity maturation of NP-specific IgG1 Abs between wild-type and Apobec3-deficient mice in the absence of FV infection. In contrast, hapten-specific Ab affinity maturation was significantly compromised in Apobec3-deficient mice infected with FV. In highly susceptible (B6 × A.BY)F1 mice, the B6 Apobec3 gene protected multiple cell types in the bone marrow and spleen from acute FV infection, including erythroid, B, T, and myeloid cells. In addition, B6 Apobec3 deficiency was associated with elevated Ig levels, but decreased induction of splenic germinal center B cells and plasmablasts during acute FV infection. These data suggest that Apobec3 indirectly influences FV-specific neutralizing Ab responses by reducing virus-induced immune dysfunction. These findings raise the possibility that enabling Apobec3 activity during acute infection with human pathogenic retroviruses, such as HIV-1, may similarly facilitate stronger virus-specific neutralizing Ab responses.
Quantum Cohomology of Minuscule Homogeneous Spaces III
Semi-Simplicity and Consequences
Authors: Chaput P. E. , Manivel L. , Perrin N. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe prove that the quantum cohomology ring of any minuscule or cominuscule
homogeneous space, specialized at q = 1, is semisimple.
This implies that complex conjugation defines an algebra automorphism of the
quantum cohomology ring localized at the quantum parameter. We check that
this involution coincides with the strange duality defined in our previous
article. We deduce Vafa–Intriligator type formulas for the Gromov–Witten
invariants.
Le savoir pratique des enseignants spécialisés. Apport des didactiques spécifiques
Authors: Porlan Ariza Rafael , Martín Toscano José 
Published: June 2010

El saber práctico de los profesores especialistas. Aportaciones de las didácticas especificas, R. Porlán, J. Martin
El objeto de este artículo es proponer lo que según los autores debería constituir el “conocimiento profesional deseable” de los profesores. A partir del análisis de las características del conocimiento que “de hecho” suelen poseer, y teniendo en cuenta las aportaciones que, a lo largo de los últimos años, vienen haciendo las diferentes didácticas específicas, se esboza una propuesta de lo que deberían saber y saber hacer los profesores especialistas.
La construction du curriculum et la formation des enseignants comme terrain de recherche en didactique des sciences expérimentales, sociales et mathématiques
Authors: Jiménez Roque , Wamba Ana Maria , Estepa Jesús , Carillo José , Carlos Contreras Luis 
Published: June 2010

El diseño curricular y la formación del profesorado como nexos de investigación en didáctica de las ciencias experimentales, sociales y matemáticas , R. Jiménez, A. Wamba, J. Estepa, J. Carrillo, L. C. Contreras
Este trabajo parte de la idea de que las ciencias (experimentales, sociales, matemáticas,...) hallan un primer punto de encuentro en la didáctica, que les proporciona un lenguaje común dentro del amplio campo de las ciencias sociales, y es una aportación teórico-práctica en el ámbito de la investigación en Didáctica de las Ciencias, a través del diseño de ejemplificaciones curriculares de contenidos conceptuales y de investigaciones en tomo a la formación del profesorado, centradas en las concepciones sobre la disciplina y su enseñanza.