bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus Infecting Common Bean in China
Authors: Ji Y. H. , Cai Z. D. , Zhou X. W. , Liu Y. M. , Xiong R. Y. , Zhao T. M. , Yu W. G. , Tao X. R. , Zhou Y. J. 
Published: May 2012

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is one of the most economically important vegetable crops in China. In November 2011, symptoms with thickening and crumpling of leaves and stunting were observed on common bean with incidence rate of 50 to 70% in the fields of Huaibei, northern Anhui Province, China. Diseased common bean plants were found to be infested with large population of whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), which induced leaf crumple symptoms in healthy common beans, suggesting begomovirus etiology. To identify possible begomoviruses, 43 symptomatic leaf samples from nine fields were collected and total DNA of each sample was extracted. PCR was performed using degenerate primers PA and PB to amplify a specific region covering AV2 gene of DNA-A and part of the adjacent intergenic region (2). DNA fragments were successfully amplified from 37 out of 43 samples and PCR amplicons of 31 samples were used for sequencing. Sequence alignments among them showed that the nucleotide sequence identity ranged from 99 to 100%, which implied that only one type of begomovirus might be present. Based on the consensus sequences, a primer pair MB1AbF (ATGTGGGATCCACTTCTAAATGAATTTCC) and MB1AsR (GCGTCGACAGTGCAAGACAAACTACTTGGGGACC) was designed and used to amplify the circular viral DNA genome. The complete genome (Accession No. JQ326957) was 2,781 nucleotides long and had the highest sequence identity (over 99%) with Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV; Accession Nos. GQ352537 and GU199587). These samples were also examined by dot immunobinding assay using monoclonal antibody against TYLCV and results confirmed that TYLCV was present in the samples. These results demonstrated that the virus from common bean is an isolate of TYLCV, a different virus from Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV). TYLCV is a devastating pathogen causing significant yield losses on tomato in China since 2006 (4). The virus has also been reported from cowpea in China (1) and in common bean in Spain (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of TYLCV infecting common bean in China. References: (1) F. M. Dai et al. Plant Dis. 95:362, 2011. (2) D. Deng et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 125:327, 1994. (3) J. Navas-Castillo et al. Plant Dis. 83:29, 1999. (4) J. B. Wu et al. Plant Dis. 90:1359, 2006.
First Report of Nigrospora oryzae Causing Leaf Spot of Cotton in China
Authors: Zhang L. X. , Li S. S. , Tan G. J. , Shen J. T. , He T. 
Published: May 2012

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is widely cultivated for the important economic value of the fiber. In the summer of 2011, a leaf spot of cotton plants cv. Wanza40 was observed in 11 fields (total of about 4 ha) in Qianshan County in southwest Anhui Province, China. Approximately 30% of the plants in each field were symptomatic. Affected plants exhibited brown to reddish, irregular foliar lesions, each with a brown border near the vein of the leaves. A sign of fungal infection was a dark leaf mold observed on lesions on the abaxial surface of leaves. Sections of symptomatic leaf tissues were surface-sterilized (in 75% ethanol for 30 s, then 1% NaOCl for 1 min), rinsed three times in sterile distilled water, and plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA). A fungus consistently recovered from symptomatic leaf samples produced colonies that were initially white and then became grayish brown with the onset of sporulation. Black, spherical to subspherical, single-celled conidia (10 to 12 × 14 to 16 μm) were borne on a hyaline vesicle at the tip of each conidiophore. Morphological characteristics of the fungus were similar to that of Nigrospora oryzae (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) from a representative strain of the fungus, AHC-1, was amplified using the primers ITS1/ITS4 (4) and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JQ864579). The ITS sequence had 99% identity with >553 bp of the ITS sequence of an N. oryzae isolate (GenBank Accession No. EU918714.1). On the basis of morphological data and ITS rDNA sequence, the isolate was determined to be N. oryzae. A pathogenicity test was performed on detached, young leaves of 4-month-old healthy cotton plants of cv. Wanza40. Six leaves were inoculated by placing a colonized agar piece (5 mm in diameter) from 7-day-old cultures of the fungus on pushpin-wounded leaves. Another six leaves treated with sterile PDA plugs served as a negative control treatment. Leaves were incubated in petri dishes and maintained at 25°C in a growth chamber programmed for 12 hours of fluorescent white light/day. After 5 days, brown to black lesions were observed on all inoculated leaves, whereas no symptoms developed on control leaves. N. oryzae was consistently reisolated from symptomatic leaves but not from the control leaves. N. oryzae is a weak pathogen on a wide range of plants, and has been described as the causal agent of lint rot on cotton (1,3), but to our knowledge this is the first report of N. oryzae causing a leaf spot of cotton in China. References: (1) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , April 8, 2012. (2) H. J. Hudson. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 46:355, 1963. (3) A. J. Palmatter et al. Plant Dis. 87:873, 2003. (4) T. J. White et al. In: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
Contrasting medical models of alcohol problems in Victoria around 1900
Authors: Clark Caroline 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTAims This paper examines four specialist medical inebriety institutions in Victoria, Australia between 1870 and 1930, which positioned themselves in distinct ways. It analyses how the treatment in each institution was located within wider medical approaches and contemporary medical ideas and practice.Methods Medical journals and texts, newspaper articles, government reports and institutional archives are used in the analysis.Findings and Conclusions Alcohol treatment institutions in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were of several types, differentiated according to treatment approaches and their underlying premises as to the nature of the disease being treated, the particular patient groups for which they catered and their funding models and capacity to take patients committed for treatment under legislation. The institutional types identified in other Anglophone countries in this period can be extended to Australia, with some local variations in the timing of the appearance of the models, the longevity of institutions and gender of patients. In Australia there was no tradition of mutual patient support, as seen at the time in the United States. Each institution represented itself differently, in particular in terms of its particular medical model, although the treatments in practice differed less than in theory. The models employed allowed each institution to position itself in relation to trends in medical theory and practice, in particular to different conceptualizations of the type of disease being treated. Evaluating treatment models for alcohol problems in terms of medical theory and practice of the time can explain contrasting approaches.
Toll‐like receptors 2, 3 and 4 and thymic stromal lymphopoietin expression in fatal asthma
Authors: Ferreira D. S. , Annoni R. , Silva L. F. F. , Buttignol M. , Santos A. B. G. , Medeiros M. C. R. , Andrade L. N. S. , Yick C. Y. , Sterk P. J. , Sampaio J. L. M. , Dolhnikoff M. , Wenzel S. E. , Mauad T. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBackgroundAirway inflammation in asthma involves innate immune responses. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) are thought to be involved in airway inflammation, but their expression in asthmatics’ both large and small airways has not been investigated.ObjectiveTo analyse the expression of TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TSLP in large and small airways of asthmatics and compare their expression in smoking and non‐smoking asthmatics; to investigate whether TLR expression is associated with eosinophilic or neutrophilic airway inflammation and with Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection.MethodsUsing immunohistochemistry and image analysis, we investigated TLR2, TLR3, TLR4 and TSLP expression in large and small airways of 24 victims of fatal asthma, FA, (13 non‐smokers, 11 smokers) and nine deceased control subjects (DCtrl). TLRs were also measured in 18 mild asthmatics (MA) and 12 healthy controls (HCtrl). M. pneumoniae and C. pneumoniae in autopsy lung tissue were analysed using real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Airway eosinophils and neutrophils were measured in all subjects.ResultsFatal asthma patients had higher TLR2 in the epithelial and outer layers of large and small airways compared with DCtrls. Smoking asthmatics had lower TLR2 levels in the inner and outer layers of the small airways than non‐smoking asthmatics. TSLP was increased in the epithelial and outer layers of the large airways of FA. FA patients had greater TLR3 expression in the outer layer of large airways and greater TLR4 expression in the outer layer of small airways. Eosinophilic airway inflammation was associated with TLR expression in the epithelium of FA. No bacterial DNA was detected in FA or DCtrls. MA and HCtrls had only a small difference in TLR3 expression.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceIncreased expression of TLR 2, 3 and 4 and TSLP in fatal asthma may contribute to the acute inflammation surrounding asthma deaths.
Nm23‐H1 nuclear expression is associated with a more favourable prognosis in laryngeal carcinoma: univariate and multivariate analysis
Authors: Marioni Gino , Ottaviano Giancarlo , Lionello Marco , Lora Lucia , Lovato Andrea , Staffieri Claudia , Favaretto Niccolò , Giacomelli Luciano , Stellini Edoardo , Staffieri Alberto , Blandamura Stella 
Published: May 2012

Marioni G, Ottaviano G, Lionello M, Lora L, Lovato A, Staffieri C, Favaretto N, Giacomelli L, Stellini E, Staffieri A & Blandamura S  (2012) Histopathology Nm23‐H1 nuclear expression is associated with a more favourable prognosis in laryngeal carcinoma: univariate and multivariate analysisAims:  To use image analysis and multivariate analysis to investigate the prognostic significance of Nm23‐H1 subcellular localization in a large cohort of laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas (LSCCs).Methods and results:  Nm23‐H1 total and nuclear levels were immunohistochemically determined and calculated with an image analysis system in 104 consecutively operated LSCCs. The mean follow‐up was 58.3 ± 35.1 months (median 45 months). Total Nm23‐H1 levels correlated only with patient stratification by pT (P = 0.01). Mean nuclear Nm23‐H1 levels were lower in patients with recurrent disease (P = 0.01), and disease‐free survival (DFS) was longer in patients whose nuclear levels of Nm23‐H1 were >2.0% than in those with levels ≤2.0% (P = 0.019). On multivariate analysis, Nm23‐H1 nuclear expression [hazard ratio (HR) 2.59, P = 0.005] and N stage (HR 3.60, P = 0.0001) were prognostically significant in relation to DFS.Conclusions:  In LSCC, Nm23‐H1 nuclear expression may be useful for identifying patients at higher risk of recurrence after treatment and who might be considered for more aggressive therapy. Further investigations are needed before Nm23‐H1 can be considered for use in targeted treatments for LSCC.
Histopathological characteristics of myocarditis in acute‐phase Kawasaki disease
Authors: Harada Mana , Yokouchi Yuki , Oharaseki Toshiaki , Matsui Kotoko , Tobayama Hisako , Tanaka Noboru , Akimoto Katsumi , Takahashi Ken , Kishiro Masahiko , Shimizu Toshiaki , Takahashi Kei 
Published: May 2012

Harada M, Yokouchi Y, Oharaseki T, Matsui K, Tobayama H, Tanaka N, Akimoto K, Takahashi K, Kishiro M, Shimizu T & Takahashi K  (2012) Histopathology Histopathological characteristics of myocarditis in acute‐phase Kawasaki diseaseAims:  To elucidate the histopathological characteristics of myocarditis in acute‐phase Kawasaki disease (KD).Methods and results:  The examined materials were from 29 autopsied KD patients who died within 40 disease days following onset. Each heart was divided into three levels: base, middle and apex. At each of these levels, the myocardium was divided further into the epicardial, middle and endocardial layers, and the time–courses of the changes in the myocarditis and the distribution of inflammation were analysed. Inflammatory cell infiltration, consisting mainly of lobulated leucocytes and large mononuclear cells, was seen in the myocardial interstitium in all cases. Inflammatory cell infiltration was already seen by disease day 6 in a patient with no coronary arteritis; it became prominent after day 10 and gradually disappeared after day 20. Myocarditis was initially distributed diffusely throughout the heart, but after day 10 it was localized in the base and epicardial layer.Conclusions:  In KD, myocarditis develops even earlier than epicardial coronary arteritis; it peaks by disease day 10 and then disappears gradually after day 20. The myocarditis is distributed unevenly, ranging from the entire heart to the epicardial layer of the base of the heart.
Vacuolar ATPase subunit H is essential for the survival and moulting of Locusta migratoria manilensis
Authors: Li C. , Xia Y. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractVacuolar (H+)‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) functions as an electrogenic pump, transporting protons from the cytoplasm to the extracellular fluid to generate cell‐negative membrane voltage. The V‐ATPase subunit H, encoded by Vhasfd, is required for V‐ATPase activity. In this study, the gene encoding V‐ATPase subunit H from Locusta migratoria manilensis was cloned, and designated as Lm‐Vhasfd. The complete cDNA sequence is 2018 bp, with an open reading frame encoding 515 amino acid residues. Semi‐quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT‐PCR) showed that Lm‐Vhasfd transcription is high in the haemolymph, midgut, trunk and leg, but relatively low in the fat body and head tissues. Injection with a specific double‐strand RNA (dsRNA) led to a significant decrease in Lm‐Vhasfd mRNA, V‐ATPase enzyme activity and ATP concentration. Bioassays showed that silencing Lm‐Vhasfd led to the death of individuals and various moulting defects. The accumulative mortality of the RNA interference (RNAi) mutant 11 days post‐injection was 96.7%, which was conspicuously higher than that seen in wild type locusts. These RNAi phenotypes demonstrate that Lm‐Vhasfd is essential for the growth and moulting of L. migratoria manilensis.
The latitudinal position of peak marine diversity in living and fossil biotas
Authors: Powell Matthew G. , Beresford Vincent P. , Colaianne Blake A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAim  Peak marine taxonomic diversity has only rarely occurred at or near the equator during the Phanerozoic Eon, in contrast to the present‐day pattern. This fundamental difference is difficult to reconcile because the latitude at which peak diversity occurs for living marine taxa has not yet been explicitly determined at a broad taxonomic and spatial scale. Here, we attempt to determine this value in order to compare the contemporary and fossil patterns directly.Location  Our data are global in coverage.Methods  We used a literature compilation of 149 present‐day marine latitudinal diversity gradients. We summed the number of marine taxa that exhibited peak diversity within 10° latitudinal bins. In addition, we recorded locality data, general habitat (benthic/pelagic), and the taxonomic level of the study organisms.Results  We found that peak diversity for most sampled marine taxa currently occurs between 10° and 20° N, even after correcting for a Northern Hemisphere sampling bias. Moreover, this peak position is a global phenomenon: it is found across habitats and higher taxa, within all sampled ocean basins, and on both sides of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Benthic taxa, which dominate our data, exhibit one peak at 10°–20° N, while pelagic taxa exhibit a peak at 10°–20° N and an additional peak at 10°–20° S, producing a distinct trough at the equator.Main conclusions  Our data indicate that peak marine diversity for many taxa is currently within 10°–20° N rather than at the equator, and that this is not likely to result from either undersampling at lower latitudes or the pattern being dominated by a particular taxon. Possible explanations may include a coincidence with the intertropical convergence zone, a mid‐domain effect, abundant shallow marine habitat, or high ocean temperatures at latitudes nearest the equator. Regardless of its exact cause, the position of peak diversity should be considered a fundamental feature of the latitudinal diversity gradient that must be accounted for within attempts to explain the latter’s existence.
Postprandial hypotension among older residents of a nursing home in Korea
Authors: Son Jung Tae , Lee Eunjoo 
Published: May 2012

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this study was to identify changes in blood pressure and pulse rate after a meal for elders living in a nursing home.Background.  Postprandial hypotension is a major health issue for older persons, because it has been shown to cause increased incidence of falls, syncope, coronary disease, strokes and deterioration in the quality of life. However, there has been little systematic investigation into blood pressure changes after meals in older people.Design.  A descriptive, cross‐sectional design was used to identify postprandial blood pressure and pulse rate changes in residents of a nursing home.Method.  Blood pressure and pulse rates of 121 people aged 65 and above were measured before and after a meal and at 15‐minute intervals for six more measurements. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics, repeated measures anova and paired t‐tests using SPSS (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).Results.  There were significant differences in systolic and diastolic pressure by time. The biggest drop in systolic and diastolic blood pressure occurred at 45 minutes after the meal. There was no significant change in pulse rates except for immediately after the meal.Conclusions.  To prevent complications from drops in postprandial blood pressure, nurses should carefully monitor blood pressure of elders at least from 30–90 minutes after meals. Further study of drops in postprandial blood pressure should be conducted for various types and times of meals.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses caring for older persons can identify drops in the postprandial blood pressure to manage the incidence of falls, syncope and stroke more effectively, especially in nursing homes.
Indigenous hospital experiences: a New Zealand case study
Authors: Wilson Denise , Barton Pipi 
Published: May 2012

Aims and objectives.  To explore Māori (Indigenous people of New Zealand) experiences of hospitalisation in surgical or medical settings and how these might influence length of stay.Background.  Globally Indigenous peoples with histories of colonisation suffer health disparities compared with other groups. They experience higher levels of morbidity, premature mortality, lower life expectancies and differential access, use and quality of health services. In Indigenous communities’ negative anecdotal accounts of hospital experiences indicate more research is needed about their hospital experiences.Design.  A Māori (Indigenous) centered approach using case study methodology and three data sources: medical‐surgical discharge data, interviews with Māori and a literature review.Method.  Using statistical data from the New Zealand Health Information Service from 1989–2006, a retrospective interrupted time series design was used to examine length of stay for Māori patients in medical and surgical hospital settings. Semi‐structured interviews with 11 participants identifying as Māori who had experienced hospitalisation in a medical or surgical setting were transcribed and thematically analysed. A structured review of the research literature on Indigenous hospital experiences was also analysed. These data were analysed individually, triangulated and interpreted.Results.  Māori consistently have a shorter average length of stay than non‐Māori using public hospitals in New Zealand. Marginalisation of Indigenous peoples in public hospitals was evident in both the interviews undertaken and the literature reviewed. Participants believed hospitals were not conducive to healing and negative experiences contributed to decisions to seek an early discharge.Conclusions.  Given the disparities in Indigenous health status, health professionals can address negative hospitalisation experiences by attending to the quality of care delivered and nature of the hospital environment.Relevance to cinical practice.  Nurses can play an important role improving health outcome disparities for Indigenous peoples linked to health service delivery, especially the delivery of culturally responsive and quality nursing care.
Initiating artificial nutrition support: a clinical judgement analysis
Authors: Baker S. , Thompson C. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractBackground:  Variations in the practice of artificial nutrition are partly a result of the judgements of clinicians. Little is known about these judgements, the decision processes used or the quality of the decisions that arise. The methodology of clinical judgement analysis describes and explains judgemental differences between clinicians and offers a window into why clinician choices sometimes fail to correspond with current best practice guidelines.Methods:  A clinical judgement analysis with 27 clinicians using two judgement tasks was carried out. Clinicians expressed their ‘likelihood of feeding’ and ‘whether or not they would initiate artificial nutrition support’ in response to 54 patient scenarios. Measures of agreement between clinicians, the degree of linear reasoning employed, their judgemental consistency and concordance with National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines were assessed.Results:  Clinicians’ judgements varied substantially both in the amount of information employed and the weighting given to information. Clinicians had only moderate agreement with NICE recommendations and overestimated the need for artificial nutrition support. Suboptimal judgements were consistently applied by clinicians. When clinicians reasoned in more linear ways, their judgements and decisions improved.Conclusions:  Overestimating the need for artificial nutritional support may inflate health service costs and increase risks for patients unnecessarily. A better understanding by clinicians of the information needed (as well as how to use it) for artificial nutrition support initiation may help improve clinical decision‐making.