bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anxiety and depression among abstainers and low‐level alcohol consumers. The Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study
Authors: Skogen Jens Christoffer , Harvey Samuel B. , Henderson Max , Stordal Eystein , Mykletun Arnstein 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACTAims  The aim of this study was to examine the levels of anxiety and depression among individuals consuming low levels of alcohol.Design  Prospective and cross‐sectional population‐based study.Setting and participants  This study employed data from the Nord‐Trøndelag Health Survey (HUNT‐2, n = 38 930).Measurements  Alcohol consumption was measured by self‐report of usual alcohol consumption during a 2‐week period. Low‐level alcohol consumption was defined as self‐reported abstainers and non‐abstainers currently consuming no alcohol. Anxiety and depression were measured using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale. Potential explanatory variables included somatic illness and symptoms, health‐related behaviour, socio‐economic status and social activity. In a subsample (n = 20 337), we also looked at the impact of previous heavy drinking among abstainers ('sick‐quitting').Findings  A U‐shaped association between alcohol consumption and the risk of anxiety and depression was found. Abstention was related to increased odds for both case‐level anxiety [1.34, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.19–1.52] and depression (1.52, 95% CI 1.30–1.77). This association was accounted for partly by adjustments for socio‐economic status, social network, somatic illness, age (depression only), gender (anxiety only) and ‘sick‐quitting’. We also identified significant differences between participants who label themselves as abstainers compared to those who report no usual alcohol consumption, but who do not label themselves as abstainers.Conclusions  The risk of case‐level anxiety and depression is elevated in individuals with low alcohol consumption compared to those with moderate consumption. Individuals who label themselves as abstainers are at particularly increased risk. This increased risk cannot fully be explained by somatic illness, social activity or ‘sick‐quitting’.
The pathogenicity determinant of Citrus tristeza virus causing the seedling yellows syndrome maps at the 3′‐terminal region of the viral genome
Authors: ALBIACH‐MARTI MARIA R. , ROBERTSON CECILE , GOWDA SIDDARAME , TATINENI SATYANARAYANA , BELLIURE BELÉN , GARNSEY STEPHEN M. , FOLIMONOVA SVETLANA Y. , MORENO PEDRO , DAWSON WILLIAM O. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARY Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) (genus Closterovirus, family Closteroviridae) causes some of the more important viral diseases of citrus worldwide. The ability to map disease‐inducing determinants of CTV is needed to develop better diagnostic and disease control procedures. A distinctive phenotype of some isolates of CTV is the ability to induce seedling yellows (SY) in sour orange, lemon and grapefruit seedlings. In Florida, the decline isolate of CTV, T36, induces SY, whereas a widely distributed mild isolate, T30, does not. To delimit the viral sequences associated with the SY syndrome, we created a number of T36/T30 hybrids by substituting T30 sequences into different regions of the 3′ half of the genome of an infectious cDNA of T36. Eleven T36/T30 hybrids replicated in Nicotiana benthamiana protoplasts. Five of these hybrids formed viable virions that were mechanically transmitted to Citrus macrophylla, a permissive host for CTV. All induced systemic infections, similar to that of the parental T36 clone. Tissues from these C. macrophylla source plants were then used to graft inoculate sour orange and grapefruit seedlings. Inoculation with three of the T30/T36 hybrid constructs induced SY symptoms identical to those of T36; however, two hybrids with T30 substitutions in the p23‐3′ nontranslated region (NTR) (nucleotides 18 394–19 296) failed to induce SY. Sour orange seedlings infected with a recombinant non‐SY p23‐3′ NTR hybrid also remained symptomless when challenged with the parental virus (T36), demonstrating the potential feasibility of using engineered constructs of CTV to mitigate disease.
Usefulness of reagent strips for checking cure in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis after short‐course treatment
Authors: CASTELLOTE J. , GIRBAU A. , ARIZA X. , SALORD S. , VAZQUEZ X. , LOBATÓN T. , ROTA R. , XIOL X. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryBackground  The usefulness of reagent strips to check cure of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis have not been evaluated to date.Aim  To assess the usefulness of ascitic fluid analysis by means of reagent strips to check cure after a 5‐day antibiotic course.Methods  We prospectively included all cirrhotic patients diagnosed with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. On day 5, conventional and reagent strip ascitic fluid analyses were performed.Results  Fifty‐three episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in 51 cirrhotic patients were included. Five patients died before the fifth day and in two patients, the control paracentesis yielded no ascitic fluid. In nine out of 46 cases (19.6%), spontaneous bacterial peritonitis had not resolved by day 5. In 32 out of 33 cases in which the ascitic fluid polymorphonuclear count was <250/μL at day five, the reagent strips was negative. The negative predictive value of the reagent strip at fifth day was 97% and the LR− 0.13.Conclusions  Almost 20% of episodes of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis do not resolve with a short‐course of antibiotic treatment. In view of the high negative predictive value and low likelihood ratio for a negative test, reagent strips analysis may be an alternative to conventional cytology if a 5‐day antibiotic therapy is planned.
Review article: chronic viral infection in the anti‐tumour necrosis factor therapy era in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: SHALE M. J. , SEOW C. H. , COFFIN C. S. , KAPLAN G. G. , PANACCIONE R. , GHOSH S. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryBackground  Anti‐Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) therapy is now well established in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and the risk of opportunistic infection is recognized. However, specific considerations regarding screening, detection, prevention and treatment of chronic viral infections in the context of anti‐TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease are not widely adopted in practice.Aim  To provide a detailed and comprehensive review of the relevance of chronic viral infections in the context of anti‐TNF therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.Methods  Literature search was conducted using Medline, Pubmed and Embase using the terms viral infection, hepatitis, herpes, CMV, EBV, HPV, anti‐TNF, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol and etanercept. Hepatitis B and C and HIV had the largest literature associated and these have been summarized in Tables.Results  Particular risks are associated with the use of anti‐TNF drugs in patients with hepatitis B infection, in whom reactivation is common unless anti‐viral prophylaxis is used. Reactivation of herpes zoster is the most common viral problem associated with anti‐TNF treatment, and may be particularly severe. Primary varicella infection may present with atypical features in patients on anti‐TNF.Conclusion  Appreciation of risks of chronic viral disease associated with anti‐TNF therapy may permit early recognition, prophylaxis and treatment.
A new, minimally invasive technique for measuring cardiac index: clinical comparison of continuous cardiac dynamic monitoring and pulmonary artery catheter methods
Authors: Berridge J. C. , Warring‐Davies K. , Bland J. M. , Quinn A. C. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryTo assess the utility of a relatively simple bedside method of estimating cardiac index during major surgery or in the intensive care unit, we conducted a prospective study in patients undergoing elective cardiac bypass surgery where a pulmonary artery catheter was inserted as part of routine monitoring. The cardiac index was estimated using standard techniques and compared with estimates from continuous cardiac dynamic monitoring using heartsmart® software. Two hundred and seventy sets of measurements were suitable for comparison. The mean bias (95% limits of agreement), for the pre‐bypass cardiac index was −0.09 (−1.26 to 1.08) l.min−1.m−2, and post‐bypass was 0.12 l.min−1.m−2 (−1.32 to 1.56). These results suggest that continuous cardiac dynamic monitoring using heartsmart® is sufficiently accurate for assessment of haemodynamic variables in critically ill patients, facilitating goal‐directed therapies.
Hypertonic saline in critical care: a review of the literature and guidelines for use in hypotensive states and raised intracranial pressure*
Authors: Strandvik G. F. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryHypertonic saline has been in clinical use for many decades. Its osmotic and volume‐expanding properties make it theoretically useful for a number of indications in critical care. This literature review evaluates the use of hypertonic saline in critical care. The putative mechanism of action is presented, followed by a narrative review of its clinical usefulness in critical care. The review was conducted using the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network method for the review of cohort studies, randomised‐controlled trials and meta‐analyses. The review focuses specifically on blood pressure restoration and outcome benefit in both haemorrhagic and non‐haemorrhagic shock, and the management of raised intracranial pressure. Issues of clinical improvement and outcome benefit are addressed. Hypertonic saline solutions are effective for blood pressure restoration in haemorrhagic, but not other, types of shock. There is no survival benefit with the use of hypertonic saline solutions in shock. Hypertonic saline solutions are effective at reducing intracranial pressure in conditions causing acute intracranial hypertension. There is no survival or outcome benefit with the use of hypertonic saline solutions for raised intracranial pressure. Recommendations for clinical use and future directions of clinical research are presented.
Inadvertent hypothermia and mortality in postoperative intensive care patients: retrospective audit of 5050 patients
Authors: Karalapillai D. , Story D. A. , Calzavacca P. , Licari E. , Liu Y. L. , Hart G. K. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryWe proposed that many Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients would be hypothermic in the early postoperative period and that hypothermia would be associated with increased mortality. We retrospectively reviewed patients admitted to ICU after surgery. We recorded the lowest temperature in the first 24 h after surgery using tympanic membrane thermometers. We defined hypothermia as < 36 °C, and severe hypothermia as < 35 °C. We studied 5050 consecutive patients: 35% were hypothermic and 6% were severely hypothermic. In‐hospital mortality was 5.6% for normothermic patients, 8.9% for all hypothermic patients (p < 0.001), and 14.7% for severely hypothermic patients (p < 0.001). Hypothermia was associated with in‐hospital mortality: OR 1.83 for each degree Celsius (°C) decrease (95% CI: 1.2–2.60, p < 0.001). Given the evidence for improved outcome associated with active patient warming during surgery we suggest conducting prospective studies of active warming of patients admitted to ICU after surgery.
The effects of intrathecal levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in the elderly
Authors: Erdil F. , Bulut S. , Demirbilek S. , Gedik E. , Gulhas N. , Ersoy M. O. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe objective of this study was to compare the block durations and haemodynamic effects associated with intrathecal levobupivacaine or bupivacaine in elderly patients undergoing transurethral prostate surgery. Eighty patients were prospectively randomised to receive plain 1.5 ml levobupivacaine 0.5% (group levobupivacaine) or 1.5 ml plain bupivacaine 0.5% (group bupivacaine) in combination with fentanyl 0.3 ml (15 μg) for spinal anaesthesia. The time to reach T10 and peak sensory block level, and to maximum motor block were significantly shorter in group bupivacaine compared to group levobupivacaine (p < 0.05). Peak sensory block level was also significantly higher in group bupivacaine. In group bupivacaine, mean arterial pressure was significantly lower than group levobupivacaine, starting from 10 min until 30 min after injection (p < 0.05). Hypotension and nausea were less common in group levobupivacaine than group bupivacaine (p < 0.05). Because of the better haemodynamic stability and fewer side‐effects associated with levobupivacaine, it may be preferred for spinal anaesthesia in elderly patients.
Radiological validation of tracheal tube insertion depth in out‐of‐hospital and in‐hospital emergency patients
Authors: Geisser W. , Maybauer D. M. , Wolff H. , Pfenninger E. , Maybauer M. O. 
Published: August 2009

SummaryWe performed a 5‐year, retrospective study using records of 1081 patients admitted to the trauma emergency room at a University Hospital to investigate the occurrence of tracheal tube malpositioning after emergency intubation in both the inpatient and outpatient settings, using chest radiographs and CT scans in the trauma emergency room. Prehospital patients and inpatients referred from peripheral hospitals were compared. This study showed that tracheal tube misplacements occur with an incidence of 18.2%, of which almost a third (5.7%) were placed in a main bronchus. We further show that tracheal intubation in emergency patients approximates the misplacement rates in the prehospital or in‐hospital settings. We speculate that the skill level of the operator may be critical in determining the success of tracheal intubation. Based on our findings, all efforts should be made to verify the tube position with immediate radiographic confirmation after admission to the emergency room.
Intensive insulin therapy decreases urinary MCP‐1 and ICAM‐1 excretions in incipient diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Ye S. D. , Zheng M. , Zhao L. L. , Qian Y. , Yao X. M. , Ren A. , Li S. M. , Jing C. Y. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground  Nowadays, intensive insulin treatment has been widely used in type 2 diabetics who have poor control of blood glucose, to reduce the risk of chronic complications of diabetes. Recently, some scholars have paid more attention to the pivotal role of inflammation involved in type 2 diabetes and its complications. Monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) and intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), which are two important inflammatory chemokines, have been documented to participate in the onset and development of type 2 diabetes and its complications, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN).Design  In the current study, we recruited 30 type 2 diabetics with microalbuminuria to be treated with multiple insulin injections daily for 2 weeks. Random spot urine samples (corrected for creatinine‐Cr) were collected for the examination of urinary MCP‐1, ICAM‐1 and albumin (Alb) levels before and after the intensive insulin therapy. Changes in their levels were observed to test the hypothesis that type 2 diabetes with microalbuminuria is associated with elevated urinary concentrations of MCP‐1 and ICAM‐1, and intensive insulin therapy can result in a decline of Alb by reducing the inflammatory reaction.Results  The urinary MCP‐1/Cr and urinary ICAM‐1/Cr ratios in type 2 diabetic patients with microalbuminuria were much higher than those in normal controls, and intensive insulin treatment could decrease significantly the urinary MCP‐1/Cr, ICAM‐1/Cr and Alb/Cr ratios in type 2 diabetics with microalbuminuria.Conclusion  Intensive insulin treatment may protect against renal injury in early DN by reducing the urinary MCP‐1 and ICAM‐1 excretions.
Fate of soil‐applied black carbon: downward migration, leaching and soil respiration
Authors: MAJOR JULIE , LEHMANN JOHANNES , RONDON MARCO , GOODALE CHRISTINE 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) is an important pool of the global C cycle, because it cycles much more slowly than others and may even be managed for C sequestration. Using stable isotope techniques, we investigated the fate of BC applied to a savanna Oxisol in Colombia at rates of 0, 11.6, 23.2 and 116.1 t BC ha−1, as well as its effect on non‐BC soil organic C. During the rainy seasons of 2005 and 2006, soil respiration was measured using soda lime traps, particulate and dissolved organic C (POC and DOC) moving by saturated flow was sampled continuously at 0.15 and 0.3 m, and soil was sampled to 2.0 m. Black C was found below the application depth of 0–0.1 m in the 0.15–0.3 m depth interval, with migration rates of 52.4±14.5, 51.8±18.5 and 378.7±196.9 kg C ha−1 yr−1 (±SE) where 11.6, 23.2 and 116.1 t BC ha−1, respectively, had been applied. Over 2 years after application, 2.2% of BC applied at 23.2 t BC ha−1 was lost by respiration, and an even smaller fraction of 1% was mobilized by percolating water. Carbon from BC moved to a greater extent as DOC than POC. The largest flux of BC from the field (20–53% of applied BC) was not accounted for by our measurements and is assumed to have occurred by surface runoff during intense rain events. Black C caused a 189% increase in aboveground biomass production measured 5 months after application (2.4–4.5 t additional dry biomass ha−1 where BC was applied), and this resulted in greater amounts of non‐BC being respired, leached and found in soil for the duration of the experiment. These increases can be quantitatively explained by estimates of greater belowground net primary productivity with BC addition.
Effects of climate‐driven primary production change on marine food webs: implications for fisheries and conservation
Authors: BROWN C. J. , FULTON E. A. , HOBDAY A. J. , MATEAR R. J. , POSSINGHAM H. P. , BULMAN C. , CHRISTENSEN V. , FORREST R. E. , GEHRKE P. C. , GRIBBLE N. A. , GRIFFITHS S. P. , LOZANO‐MONTES H. , MARTIN J. M. , METCALF S. , OKEY T. A. , WATSON R. , RICHARDSON A. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractClimate change is altering the rate and distribution of primary production in the world's oceans. Primary production is critical to maintaining biodiversity and supporting fishery catches, but predicting the response of populations to primary production change is complicated by predation and competition interactions. We simulated the effects of change in primary production on diverse marine ecosystems across a wide latitudinal range in Australia using the marine food web model Ecosim. We link models of primary production of lower trophic levels (phytoplankton and benthic producers) under climate change with Ecosim to predict changes in fishery catch, fishery value, biomass of animals of conservation interest, and indicators of community composition. Under a plausible climate change scenario, primary production will increase around Australia and generally this benefits fisheries catch and value and leads to increased biomass of threatened marine animals such as turtles and sharks. However, community composition is not strongly affected. Sensitivity analyses indicate overall positive linear responses of functional groups to primary production change. Responses are robust to the ecosystem type and the complexity of the model used. However, model formulations with more complex predation and competition interactions can reverse the expected responses for some species, resulting in catch declines for some fished species and localized declines of turtle and marine mammal populations under primary productivity increases. We conclude that climate‐driven primary production change needs to be considered by marine ecosystem managers and more specifically, that production increases can simultaneously benefit fisheries and conservation. Greater focus on incorporating predation and competition interactions into models will significantly improve the ability to identify species and industries most at risk from climate change.
Tree invasion in managed tropical forests facilitates endemic species
Authors: Fischer Leonie K. , Von Der Lippe Moritz , Kowarik Ingo 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim  To determine whether different abundances of introduced species of Cinchona (Rubiaceae) affect species composition and facilitate species richness in managed tropical forests, to test whether any facilitative effects on understorey species depend on forest type, and to investigate whether facilitative effects can be attributed to the ‘substitutive facilitation model’.Location  Makawao Forest Reserve on Maui, Hawai’i, USA.Methods  Cinchona species (Cinchona pubescens and Cinchona calisaya) were mapped within various forest types. In three forest types (ageing Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations, and near‐natural Acacia koa forests), we analysed environmental parameters (e.g. canopy cover, litter cover, pH value and soil depth) and the species composition of Cinchona‐invaded and non‐invaded plots; data were compared based on Cinchona cover and forest types. Habitat modelling for several endemic species and tree ferns was carried out to test whether Cinchona cover is an important variable for the probability of occurrence of these endemics.Results  Cinchona species have naturalized mainly in Eucalyptus and Pinus plantations and Acacia koa forests and here add an additional shrub layer. In contrast to other studies, we revealed facilitative effects of Cinchona on native species within all forest types. Species richness is about 20% higher in invaded plots than in non‐invaded plots, and these show a nearly 50% higher proportion of endemic species, including tree ferns. The proportion of endemics even increases with increasing Cinchona cover. For several endemics, Cinchona is found to be an important variable for the probability of occurrence, and the removal of Cinchona cover as an explanatory variable lowers the model fit. In addition to Cinchona, variables delineating vegetation structure and light availability have a strong effect on the model fit.Main conclusions  In the structurally simplified Hawaiian forests studied, Cinchona facilitated endemic species in accordance with the ‘substitutive facilitation model’. This contrasts with the results of an earlier study in the naturally treeless Galápagos highlands, which revealed a sharp decrease in the abundance of endemics under Cinchona canopy. These results illustrate that, through the same structural change (addition of a vegetation layer), an invasive species may exert divergent effects across different ecosystem types. The facilitation of endemic understorey species by invasive tree species in managed forests leads to a dilemma in conservation but also to new perspectives for ecosystem restoration.
DSM‐III‐R and persons with dual diagnoses: conceptual issues and strategies for future research
Authors: Sturmey P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDiagnosis of mental health needs in people with mental retardation using the DSM‐III‐R manual was critically reviewed. Conceptual issues included the interaction of different diagnosis categories; the cognitive and linguistic competencies often required for diagnosis; the potential mismatch between psychopathology in people with mental retardation and the DSM‐III‐R nosology; and issues relating to multi‐axial classification. Strategies identified to explore and resolve these issues include better documentation of the frequency and nature of these problems when using unmodified DSM‐III‐R criteria, better empirical piloting of modified diagnostic criteria with people with severe and profound mental retardation, and the use of social validity data to identify potential mismatches between psychopathology in people with mental retardation and DSM‐III‐R diagnoses.