bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strengthening the Career Development of Clinical Translational Scientist Trainees: A Consensus Statement of the Clinical Translational Science Award (CTSA) Research Education and Career Development Committees
Authors: Meyers Frederick J. , Begg Melissa D. , Fleming Michael , Merchant Carol 
Published: March 2012

Abstract The challenges for scholars committed to successful careers in clinical and translational science are increasingly well recognized. The Education and Career Development (EdCD) of the national Clinical and Translational Science Award consortium gathered thought leaders to propose sustainable solutions and an agenda for future studies that would strengthen the infrastructure across the spectrum of pre‐ and postdoctoral, MD and PhD, scholars. Six consensus statements were prepared that include: (1) the requirement for career development of a qualitatively different investigator; (2) the implications of interdisciplinary science for career advancement including institutional promotion and tenure actions that were developed for discipline‐specific accomplishments; (3) the need for long‐term commitment of institutions to scholars; (4) discipline‐specific curricula are still required but curricula designed to promote team work and interdisciplinary training will promote innovation; (5) PhD trainees have many pathways to career satisfaction and success; and (6) a centralized infrastructure to enhance and reward mentoring is required. Several themes cut across all of the recommendations including team science, innovation, and sustained institutional commitment. Implied themes include an effective and diverse job force and the requirement for a well‐crafted public policy that supports continued investments in science education. Clin Trans Sci 2012; Volume #: 1–6
DNA barcoding and genetic diversity of phyllostomid bats from the Yucatan Peninsula with comparisons to Central America
Authors: HERNÁNDEZ‐DÁVILA A. , VARGAS J. A. , MARTÍNEZ‐MÉNDEZ N. , LIM B. K. , ENGSTROM M. D. , ORTEGA J. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe mitochondrial cytochromecoxidase subunit I gene is the standard DNA barcoding region used for species identification and discovery. We examined the variation of COI (454 bp) to discriminate 20 species of bats in the family Phyllostomidae that are found in the Yucatan Peninsula of southeastern Mexico and northern Guatemala and compared them genetically to other samples from Central America. The majority of these species had low intraspecific variation (mean = 0.75%), but some taxa had intraspecific variation ranging to 8.8%, suggesting the possibility of cryptic species (i.e.Desmodus rotundusandArtibeus jamaicensis). There was a recurring biogeographic pattern in eight species with a separation of northern and southern Middle American localities. The Yucatan Peninsula was a discrete area identified in four species, whereas Panama was recovered in five species of phyllostomid bats. Our study establishes a foundation for further molecular work incorporating broader taxonomic and geographic coverage to better understand the phylogeography and genetic diversity that have resulted from the ecological constraints in this region and the remarkable differentiation of bats in the Neotropics.
To Name or to Describe: Shared Knowledge Affects Referential Form
Authors: Heller Daphna , Gorman Kristen S. , Tanenhaus Michael K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe notion of common ground is important for the production of referring expressions: In order for a referring expression to be felicitous, it has to be based on shared information. But determining what information is shared and what information is privileged may require gathering information from multiple sources, and constantly coordinating and updating them, which might be computationally too intensive to affect the earliest moments of production. Previous work has found that speakers produce overinformative referring expressions, which include privileged names, violating Grice’s Maxims, and concluded that this is because they do not mark the distinction between shared and privileged information. We demonstrate that speakers are in fact quite effective in marking this distinction in the form of their utterances. Nonetheless, under certain circumstances, speakers choose to overspecify privileged names.
Antipsychotic medicines in Australian community practice: Effectiveness, adverse effects and quality of life for people with schizophrenia
Authors: Harvey Carol , Hawthorne Graeme , Favilla Amanda , Graham Carolyn , Herrman Helen 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroductionAtypical antipsychotics are increasingly recommended as first‐line treatments in international clinical guidelines. However, recent meta‐analyses and effectiveness studies have found few differences between typicals and atypicals. We aimed to assess the use of atypical and typical antipsychotic medicines, their perceived effectiveness and tolerability, and associated health‐related quality of life among Australian community patients with an established diagnosis of schizophrenia or related disorders.MethodsA random sample of people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 83) attending four public mental health clinics, and their treating clinicians and family carers, completed questionnaires on the effectiveness, acceptability and side‐effects of current, previous and early antipsychotic medicine. Medicine use was determined from clinical notes. The Assessment of Quality of Life, Drug Attitude Inventory and Friendship Scale were also used.ResultsA significant shift over time towards atypical medicine use was reported: 66% of current antipsychotic use. Perceived effectiveness, satisfaction and side‐effects did not differ when comparing medicine type (typical/depot/atypical) for early, previous and current medicines used. Health‐related quality of life was associated with reported side‐effects, but not with current medicine type. Agreement was poor between patients, case managers and carers about medicine use.DiscussionConsistent with recent effectiveness trials, the findings suggest that any differences in the experience of typical and atypical antipsychotics of patients with established illnesses are obscured in the complex setting of real‐world practice. Further, poor agreement between patients, case managers and carers about medicine use may indicate that they each have different understandings of the medicines that are being used.
Elderly suicide in Chinese populations
Authors: Ho Emily C.L. , Chiu Helen F.K. , Chong Mian‐Yoong , Yu Xin , Kundadak Ganesh , Kua Ee Heok 
Published: February 2012

AbstractIntroductionStudies on suicide rate in the elderly have shown vast differences in different regions. This review summarizes the literature on the elderly suicide trend in Chinese populations, namely China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, comparing these data to those in the USA and the UK.MethodsWe reviewed 22 articles which we retrieved from a computerized search on elderly suicide in Chinese population from the above four regions.ResultsThese studies reported a general downward trend in elderly suicide, with higher rates in the Asian Chinese population. These studies also reported a higher rate of elderly male suicide compared to elderly female, with hanging being the most common method in urban areas.DiscussionLooking into suicide prevention programs and their relationship with the suicide trend, we hope to bring across a strong message that suicide is preventable. We also hope to encourage more research in this field, especially in preventive medicine, targeting at‐risk individuals in the community.
Globalization and the Kalashnikov: Public–Private Networks in the Trafficking and Control of Small Arms
Authors: Bolton Matthew , Sakamoto Eiko Elize , Griffiths Hugh 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis article will show how trends of globalization have transformed both the proliferation of and efforts to control small arms and light weapons (SALW). We first examine how the distribution of small arms has become more diffused, moving away from a state‐centric model of ‘arms transfers’ to circulations of SALW through outsourced networks comprising a myriad of public and private actors. We then show how the post‐Cold War international environment has allowed progressive norm entrepreneurs like middle powers and NGOs greater voice in determining SALW policy. Simultaneously, however, it has also allowed great power states and defense companies to benefit from the legitimacy of associating with human rights groups, ‘capturing’ the SALW policy process, particularly the Arms Trade Treaty, in a way that protects their interests. Efforts to transfer, exchange and control small arms and light weapons are thus indicative of wider global political processes in which power is diffused through multilayered networks and complexes. Exploring the policy implications, we argue that these networks enable actors to augment their power and capacity through alliances with other agents, but simultaneously constrain their scope of action and ability to control the process. This makes it more difficult for actors representing the public interest to override those acting in private or particularist interests.Policy ImplicationsGlobalization makes it more difficult for those making policy in the public interest to constrain and resist capture by private interests, or to control the direction of the process when there are many actors involved. Therefore:
Global policy success requires a thorough understanding of how to navigate and operate in multilevel, multi‐actor, multinational and multi‐scale networks.
Global policy makers and activists need to become increasingly familiar with operating strategically in networks and complexes of public and private actors, selecting allies and contractors who share values and interests that are consistent with the intended policy outcomes.
A smaller, more coherent campaign network can sometimes be more effective and mobilize more strategically than a broad‐based, diffused coalition.
Rather than focusing simply on state‐centric treaties, global policy making around multifaceted issues like SALW proliferation may be better served by created multilayered ‘regime complexes’, incorporating a network of mutually reinforcing institutions, norms, treaties, programs, embargoes and campaigns.
Use of a modified shell technique for three‐dimensional bone grafting: description of a technique
Authors: Stimmelmayr M , Güth J‐F , Schlee M , Göhring TN , Beuer F 
Published: February 2012

AbstractBackground:  Defects of the alveolar crest often lead to three‐dimensional bone loss after tooth extraction. Therefore, hard tissue grafting is required prior to implant placement. Different techniques have been described in the literature.Methods:  In this case report three‐dimensional hard tissue grafting was performed with a modified shell technique and autogenous bone harvested from the mandibular ramus. The shells were trimmed to a thickness of 1 mm and placed to recontour the ideal shape of the alveolar ridge. The shells were then fixed with micro titanium screws, and the gap between the shells and the alveolar ridge was filled with autogenous bone chips.Results:  Wound healing was uneventful. Consolidation of the bone graft showed almost no resorption and the implant was placed into vital bone.Conclusions:  The described shell technique for rebuilding three‐dimensional alveolar defects showed promising results and could be an alternative treatment to other hard tissue grafting techniques.
Insulin secretory capacity and insulin sensitivity in impaired fasting glucose in Japanese
Authors: Mitsui Rie , Fukushima Mitsuo , Taniguchi Ataru , Nakai Yoshikatsu , Aoyama Sae , Takahashi Yoshitaka , Tsuji Hideaki , Yabe Daisuke , Yasuda Koichiro , Kurose Takeshi , Kawakita Toshiko , Seino Yutaka , Inagaki Nobuya 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAims/Introduction:  Impaired fasting glucose (IFG) increases the risk of developing diabetes mellitus (DM). This study was carried out to characterize Japanese patients who have fasting glucose levels (FPG) between 100 and 109 mg/dL (IFG100–109).Materials and Methods:  A total of 1383 Japanese participants were examined by oral glucose tolerance test. We compared insulin secretory capacity (insulinogenic index) and insulin sensitivity (ISI composite) of IFG100–109/normal glucose tolerance (NGT; 100 ≤ FPG < 110 mg/dL and 2‐h postchallenge glucose level (2‐hPG) < 140 mg/dL) with NGT (100 mg/dL < FPG and 2‐hPG < 140 mg/dL) and IFG110–125/NGT (110 ≤ FPG < 126 mg/dL and 2‐hPG < 140 mg/dL). In addition, IFG100–109 patients were analyzed in three subgroups according to glucose intolerance by 2‐hPG.Results:  Of the three categories of IFG100–109, IFG100–109/DM had the lowest insulinogenic index despite an ISI composite showing only a small decline from IFG100–109/NGT through IFG100–109/IGT (100 ≤ FPG < 110 mg/dL and 140 ≤ 2‐hPG < 200 mg/dL) to IFG100–109/DM (100 ≤ FPG < 110 mg/dL and 200 mg/dL < 2‐hPG). By multiple regression analysis, the insulinogenic index showed a significant relationship with 2‐h PG levels. Both insulinogenic index and ISI composite were decreased significantly from NGT through IFG100–109/NGT to IFG110–125/NGT.Conclusions:  Although impaired early‐phase insulin secretion plays the more important role in the elevation of postchallenge glucose in IFG100–109 patients, both impaired early‐phase insulin secretion and decreased insulin sensitivity are involved in the deterioration of FPG in Japanese. In addition, insulin secretory defect and decreased insulin sensitivity already have begun in patients with IFG100–109.(J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00201.x, 2012)
Purinergic neuromuscular transmission is absent in the colon of P2Y1 knocked out mice
Authors: Gallego Diana , Gil Víctor , Martínez‐Cutillas Míriam , Mañé Noemí , Martín Maria Teresa , Jiménez Marcel 
Published: February 2012

Key points
Neural‐mediated relaxation occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. To accomplish this function, two neurotransmitters, ATP or a related purine and nitric oxide, are released by inhibitory motorneurons.
The type of purinergic receptor is still under debate but previous data using a classical pharmacological approach (receptor agonists and antagonists) suggested that P2Y1 receptors are responsible for purinergic neurotransmission in the gastrointestinal tract.
In the present study we used a genetically modified mouse in which P2Y1 receptors had been knocked out.
P2Y1‐deficient mice had functional nitrergic neurotransmission but purinergic neurotransmission was absent.
The present work confirms the hypothesis demonstrating that P2Y1 receptors mediate the purinergic component of the smooth muscle relaxation in the gastrointestinal tract.
Geometric Factors for Radiative Heat Transfer Through an Absorbing Medium in Cartesian Co-ordinates
Authors: Oppenheim A. K. , Bevans J. T. 
Published: February 2012

Heat flux conveyed by diffuse radiation from surface A1 and A2 through an absorbing medium is expressed by the relation Q1−2=J1 ∫A1×A2f(l12)(cosθ1cosθ2/πl122)dA1dA2 where J1 is the radiosity of A1 (sum of the emitted, reflected, and transmitted flux per unit area), l12 is the radiation beam (the distance between surface elements dA1 and dA2), θ1 and θ2 are the angles between the radiation beam and the normals to the surface elements, and f(l12) is the function describing the absorption law. The foregoing four-dimensional integral is transformed into a sum of one-dimensional integrals for the cases of opposite-parallel and adjoining-perpendicular rectangles. The results are suitable for numerical integration with any total absorption law obtained from the actual distribution of monochromatic absorptivities over the whole spectrum.
Incidence and Predictors of Nephrotoxicity Associated with Intravenous Colistin in Overweight and Obese Patients
Authors: Gauthier Timothy P. , Wolowich William R. , Reddy Arathi , Cano Ennie , Abbo Lilian , Smith Laura B. 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

Intravenous colistin is used to treat resistant Gram-negative infections and is associated with nephrotoxicity. In overweight and obese adults, a paucity of data exists regarding the incidence and predictors of such toxicity. A retrospective nested case-control study was performed over 35 months for patients receiving intravenous colistin for ≥72 h with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m
2
. The objective was to investigate the incidence and predictors of nephrotoxicity. Severity of acute kidney injury was defined by RIFLE (risk, injury, failure, loss, and end-stage kidney disease) criteria. Dosing and mortality were secondarily investigated. Forty-two patients met the inclusion criteria, and 20 (48%) developed nephrotoxicity. Patients with toxicity were in the risk (15%), injury (5%), and failure (80%) categories based on RIFLE criteria. A logistic regression model identified four predictors of colistin-associated nephrotoxicity: a BMI of ≥31.5 kg/m
2
(odds ratio [OR], 3.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.15 to 8.35), diabetes (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 0.84 to 5.29), the length of hospitalization in days prior to receipt of colistin (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.08), and age (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.17). Among all of the patients, dosing based on the actual body weight and excessive dosing due to the use of the actual body weight were frequent at 64% and 92%, respectively. The 30-day all-cause in-hospital mortality rate was 40% in the toxicity group and 14% in the nontoxicity group (
P
= 0.14). Patients receiving intravenous colistin should be monitored for nephrotoxicity, especially when the BMI exceeds 31.5 kg/m
2
. Prospective, randomized, controlled trials are warranted to further examine nephrotoxicity incidence and predictors and appropriate dosing strategies in this population.
No Effect of a Single Supratherapeutic Dose of Lersivirine, a Next-Generation Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, on Corrected QT Interval in Healthy Subjects
Authors: Vourvahis Manoli , Wang Rong , Ndongo Marie-Noella , O'Gorman Melissa , Tawadrous Margaret 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a supratherapeutic dose of lersivirine (LRV) on corrected QT (QTc) interval using Fridericia's equation (QTcF) in healthy subjects. In this randomized, single-dose, placebo- and active-controlled 3-way crossover study, healthy adult males (
n
= 48) were randomized to receive LRV (2,400 mg), moxifloxacin (400 mg), or placebo for each treatment period. Triplicate 12-lead electrocardiogram measurements were performed, PK samples were collected, and vital signs were measured. Adverse event monitoring and safety laboratory testing were performed. All subjects were white (mean age, 39 years; body mass index [BMI], 25.6 kg/m
2
) and completed the study. Following LRV administration, the upper bound of the 90% confidence interval (CI) for time-matched adjusted mean differences to placebo QTcF at each time point postdose was below the regulatory threshold of 10 ms, satisfying the criteria for a negative thorough QT/QTc study. The highest upper bound of QTcF 90% CI occurred at 6 h for LRV (3.32 ms; 90% CI, 1.47 to 5.17 ms). The study was deemed adequately sensitive as the lower bound of the 90% CI for the adjusted mean QTcF differences between moxifloxacin and placebo at the moxifloxacin historical
T
max
of 3 h was >5 ms (15.29 ms; 90% CI, 13.44 to 17.14 ms). There was no statistically significant relationship between LRV exposure and placebo-adjusted change from baseline QTcF or clinically significant changes in QRS complex, pulse rate (PR) interval, heart rate, or blood pressure. LRV (2,400 mg) did not prolong the QTcF interval, and no clinically relevant electrocardiogram or vital sign changes were observed in healthy subjects.
Detection of Two Zoonotic Babesia microti Lineages, the Hobetsu and U.S. Lineages, in Two Sympatric Tick Species, Ixodes ovatus and Ixodes persulcatus, Respectively, in Japan
Authors: Zamoto-Niikura Aya , Tsuji Masayoshi , Qiang Wei , Nakao Minoru , Hirata Haruyuki , Ishihara Chiaki 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

The species
Babesia microti
, commonly found in rodents, demonstrates a high degree of genetic diversity. Three lineages, U.S., Kobe, and Hobetsu, are known to have zoonotic potential, but their tick vector(s) in Japan remains to be elucidated. We conducted a field investigation at Nemuro on Hokkaido Island and at Sumoto on Awaji Island, where up to two of the three lineages occur with similar frequencies in reservoirs. By flagging vegetation at these spots and surrounding areas, 4,010 ticks, comprising six species, were collected. A nested PCR that detects the 18S rRNA gene of
Babesia
species revealed that
Ixodes ovatus
and
I. persulcatus
alone were positive. Lineage-specific PCR for rRNA-positive samples demonstrated that
I. ovatus
and
I. persulcatus
carried, respectively, the Hobetsu and U.S. parasites. No Kobe-specific DNA was detected. Infected
I. ovatus
ticks were found at multiple sites, including Nemuro and Sumoto, with minimum infection rates (MIR) of ∼12.3%. However, all
I. persulcatus
ticks collected within the same regions, a total of 535, were negative for the Hobetsu lineage, indicating that
I. ovatus
, but not
I. persulcatus
, was the vector for the lineage. At Nemuro, U.S. lineage was detected in 2 of 139 adult
I. persulcatus
ticks (MIR, 1.4%), for the first time, while 48 of
I. ovatus
ticks were negative for that lineage. Laboratory experiments confirmed the transmission of Hobetsu and U.S. parasites to hamsters via
I. ovatus
and
I. persulcatus
, respectively. Differences in vector capacity shown by MIRs at Nemuro, where the two species were equally likely to acquire either lineage of parasite, may explain the difference in distribution of Hobetsu throughout Japan and U.S. taxa in Nemuro. These findings are of importance in the assessment of the regional risk for babesiosis in humans.
Irrigation Differentially Impacts Populations of Indigenous Antibiotic-Producing Pseudomonas spp. in the Rhizosphere of Wheat
Authors: Mavrodi Olga V. , Mavrodi Dmitri V. , Parejko James A. , Thomashow Linda S. , Weller David M. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

This work determined the impact of irrigation on the seasonal dynamics of populations of
Pseudomonas
spp. producing the antibiotics phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (Phz
+
) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl
+
) in the rhizosphere of wheat grown in the low-precipitation zone (150 to 300 mm annually) of the Columbia Plateau of the Inland Pacific Northwest. Population sizes and plant colonization frequencies of Phz
+
and Phl
+
Pseudomonas
spp. were determined in winter and spring wheat collected during the growing seasons from 2008 to 2009 from selected commercial dryland and irrigated fields in central Washington State. Only Phz
+
bacteria were detected on dryland winter wheat, with populations ranging from 4.8 to 6.3 log CFU g
−1
of root and rhizosphere colonization frequencies of 67 to 100%. The ranges of population densities of Phl
+
and Phz
+
Pseudomonas
spp. recovered from wheat grown under irrigation were similar, but 58 to 100% of root systems were colonized by Phl
+
bacteria whereas only 8 to 50% of plants harbored Phz
+
bacteria. In addition, Phz
+
Pseudomonas
spp. were abundant in the rhizosphere of native plant species growing in nonirrigated areas adjacent to the sampled dryland wheat fields. This is the first report that documents the impact of irrigation on indigenous populations of two closely related groups of antibiotic-producing pseudomonads that coinhabit the rhizosphere of an economically important cereal crop. These results demonstrate how crop management practices can influence indigenous populations of antibiotic-producing pseudomonads with the capacity to suppress soilborne diseases of wheat.