bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing Large Scale Development Projects - Assuring EHS Excellence through Contractor Selection and Management
Authors: Rolseth Scott , Kingham Richard 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Major development projects involve a high risk of environmental, social, health and safety (ESHS) impacts as well as unplanned negative outcomes such as community unrest and the loss of broad support. As the majority of these impacts are likely to occur during construction, substandard ESHS performance by construction contractors can lead to significant risks in terms of a project sponsor's reputation, financing requirements, and product delivery commitments. Proactive management of contractor ESHS performance is therefore critical to the overall success of major oil and gas development projects.
Increasingly, projects are crossing borders and diverse ecological zones, touching vulnerable communities and traversing remote and rugged terrain. They are therefore subject to a numerous ESHS requirements from many sources from corporate policies to international safeguard policies and performance standards. Many of these requirements become the responsibility of contractors, particularly in the case of Engineering, Procurement and Construction contracts. The challenge is to minimize ESHS risks by fully assessing a contractors understanding of the often-complex requirements before signing contracts. This is particularly challenging when a lump-sum contracting strategy is adopted.
This paper describes lessons-learned and recent advancements in ESHS planning within a robust contractor selection and management strategy. Topics addressed include the timely completion of environmental assessments and associated studies; environmental and social aspects of project financing, clarifying responsibilities, interpreting complex expectations, and developing collaborative relationships with contractors to achieve ESHS excellence.
A Quantitative Risk Assessment Approach
Authors: Watson Victor 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Security and health, safety and environment (HSE) departments encounter several challenges and use different methodologies when carrying out security risk assessments. Security risks have often been evaluated through qualitative, intuitive, or "gut- feeling" approaches. This paper describes how an oilfield services company decided to approach security risk assessment in an innovative way, combining qualitative professional advice with quantitative analysis.
The paper examines the differences between how security and HSE personnel commonly carry out risk assessments and the ways that security personnel generally come to their conclusions based on experience, intuition, or intelligence. The paper also considers whether these kinds of assessments are qualitative or quantitative.
The author considers whether it is acceptable for experts in a field to carry out qualitative assessments without demonstrating how they arrived at their conclusions and explores whether, instead, a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessment should be used in all cases. In addition, the differences between risk and threat, risk levels and alert states, and prevention and mitigation measures are discussed. The paper also defines specific problems in integrating security assessments into a company's management system and where and how qualitative versus quantitative assessments fit.
The paper concludes that the oilfield services company has demonstrated success in helping nonprofessional managers to better understand and manage security risk through an innovative approach: using qualitative professional input and combining it with quantitative analysis for a simpler and more consistent output. It is suggested that the oil and gas industry would benefit from a common approach to risk assessment and that the development and publication of agreed industry guidelines would enable all companies to have access to this common approach.
Basic Principles for Offshore Control Rooms Design
Authors: Duarte Francisco , Conceição Carolina , Maia Nora 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Description of the proposed paper
Ergonomics has been present in offshore platforms design, aiming at introducing work logics in the workplace conception process. Due to its importance for a good performance and operation of offshore platforms, control rooms are usually analyzed with the intention to improve working conditions even in operation platforms. The objective of this paper is to present some basic principles for offshore platforms control rooms design. These principles were generated from six ergonomic intervention cases in offshore control rooms with one to eight years of operation.

Application
The elaboration of basic principles for offshore control rooms design intends to guarantee that designers have access to required relevant information in relation to the real needs of these environments.

Results and conclusions
Based on norms and general recommendations knowledge, previous control rooms design experience, and work analysis in control rooms now in operation, it was possible to identify some common typical characteristics. In turn, these characteristics gave origin to basic principles that can serve as guides to control room design projects (either new rooms or under renovation ones) on other offshore platforms.

Significance of subject matter
Ergonomic interventions in offshore platforms control rooms design projects have become more frequent and have proven to be efficient in improving working conditions. The methodological approach used in ergonomic interventions highlighted the importance of users’ participation in the construction of proposed solutions and principles.
Contribution of Ergonomics to Workspace Sesign in the Offshore Accommodations Module
Authors: Conceição Carolina , Duarte Francisco 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Description of the proposed paper
This study falls within the context of a research project which aimed to draw up ergonomic guidelines for future offshore platform designs. The participation of ergonomists during the design process together with the other actors involved contributed to a greater understanding of the activities to be developed in the new areas. It is always possible to identify existing situations which when analyzed offer partial clarification of future activities connected to the space to be designed. Using this information in the planning of new designs enables the best adaptation of the design to its users. During the two year duration of the project, trips were made to operating platforms with the aim of observing and following activities, and interviewing workers in different sectors, which supported the guidelines drawn up for these areas.

Application
Ergonomics has been challenged to contribute from the beginning of the design process for the enrichment of the technical specifications. The objective is not only to enlarge information quantity, but mainly to ensure that relevant and substantial information will be available so as to designers be thoroughly knowledgeable about the real work conditions on the offshore platform and therefore the real demands for the design project. And, since time is paramount in this sort of design project, the earlier this information is available to the designers the higher will be the chance of programming the substantial characteristics to each environment, hence avoiding critical situations as the ones presently observed.

Results and conclusions
Ergonomic analyses were carried out on the accommodations module areas and positive and negative aspects were identified on the different platforms. On the basis of this analysis, guidelines were drawn up for the basic design of new platforms. This involved guidelines for the layout concept design, inter-connectivity amongst sectors and the flow of people and activities.

Significance of subject matter
Making ergonomics part of offshore platform designs enables the design process to be guided by the logic of the work activity. Although a standard accommodations module cannot be created, we saw the possibility of creating tools that aid the use of guidelines in a participatory process in new projects.
Survey of a Cohort of Patients Evacuated from Indonesia in the Course of a Dengue Fever
Authors: Pic J-P 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
The rapid progression of the dengue fever (DF) epidemic in tropical areas along with the expansion of the expatriate community in Indonesia has led to an increase of medical evacuation related to dengue fever.

Patients and methods
With the view of designing a diagnostic tool that contributes to make evidence based decisions to medically evacuate patients with complicated dengue fever, we conducted a retrospective survey of a cohort of 46 cases of patients evacuated from Jakarta over the two previous years. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, we looked for criteria predictive of the fact that the patient would later require a level of care not immediately available locally.

Results
Within dengue fever patients becoming seriously thrombopenic, three parameters - presence of abdominal pain, liver function disturbance and fever - are strongly associated with the occurrence of heavy cares during the course of the hospitalisation that followed the evacuation. The selected multivariate model, provides a scoring classifier; its excellent accuracy was characterised by ROC analysis: AUC= 0.899.

Discussion
The survey allowed reconsidering the value of clinical features (abdominal pain and fever) besides the ackwnowlegment of the severity of the thrombopenia. The availibility of a prognosis tool implies an assessment regarding the conditions of its use. Other data (older of from other asian regions) will worth being included.
LOPA as a PHA Complementary Tool: A Case Study
Authors: Silva E. N. , Maia L. , Amaral S. P. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This article presents an example of the use of a risk assessment technique called Layers of Protection Analysis (LOPA) as a complementary technique to be employed after a Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA). The article shows a case of study from an offshore exploration and production unit type Floating Production Storage and Offloading System (FPSO). The results showed that the use of LOPA technique resulted in a better accuracy in estimating the risk, through the initial adoption of the risk tolerance criteria, reducing the subjective judgments originated from the qualitative classification of the accidents sceneries that happened during the elaboration of PHA. Furthermore, the study results showed that the use of LOPA provides the identification of a higher rigor in the classification of the appraised risks when PHA is used alone. The new analyses of risks should adopt LOPA for the verification of the quality of information generated with focus in the decision-making process for implementations of independent protection layers and in the operational safety's increase.
Oil Exploration and Tropical Diseases
Authors: Morante Gonzalo , Llanos-Cuentas Alejandro 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Oil exploration demands a series of health risks for workers and also for native populations anciently living in remote zones and frequently aisled, where the presence of the Government is absent or precarious. Risks are in both ways: (a) diseases that can be introduced by workers into populations with limited occidental contact, and (b) mainly tropical diseases which circulate in exploration zones and can affect people who enter into these zones. The companies challenge is to develop preventive programs for both situations.
The use of vaccinations by personnel who enters into exploration zones, as well as to avoid the entrance of personnel with any kind of health problem is the most utilized and proper strategy in order to prevent the introduction of diseases into these zones. The experience shows us that this strategy works only when the indicated principles are rigorously accomplished, however, it is important to be conscious of the existence of limitations, as it would be the case of the A H1N1 Flu, with no commercially available vaccinations, and with an incubation time that can last up to one week, which would imply that a worker can enter into the zone with no symptoms, but already in the field can present them and initiate a contagious chain.
The workers risk to get endemic diseases which circulate in rural areas is a more complex challenge, as they are of diverse nature. In front of this, WALSH is developing a strategy to minimize workers risks, contemplating: (1) educational program in order to inform the workers about the most common diseases in areas where they will be mobilized and measures for individual and collective protection; (2) training to health workers and nurses who accompany the brigades -including brigade chiefs- about diagnosis and treatment (in field conditions) of the more common pathologies in contact zones, as well as a precise definition about the conditions in which patients with any kind of risk must be evacuated; (3) selection of the equipment, consumables, and medicines of the first aid kits, suitable to the working environment; (4) subscription of collaboration agreements with control and prevention programs that are being developed in the zone, as in the case of the control program against malaria (PAMAFRO) which is being carried out in the Peruvian jungle, and allows to optimize its diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures. This group of measures has determined a decrease of the majority of the diseases -among them, malaria- and has reduced the number of events that mean evacuation.
Large-Scale Habitat Mitigation for Seismic Operations Offshore Mozambique
Authors: Viada Stephen T. , Graham Bruce D. , VanGraafeiland Keith B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
This paper describes a study that integrated geographic information system (GIS) habitat mapping, habitat sensitivity analysis, and direct observational data to develop an efficient means of locating shallow water seafloor features warranting environmental protection during seismic operations off northern Mozambique. Data collected during the study were then used to develop a mitigation plan to minimize potential impacts associated with proposed geophysical survey activities. This study combined proven survey techniques for rapid assessment and large-scale mapping of sensitive seafloor features.
Preliminary seafloor habitat categorization and mapping of the project area was conducted using high-resolution satellite imagery and a review of relevant published scientific literature. An operation-specific environmental sensitivity index (ESI) was applied to habitat types, and selection criteria were developed for habitats warranting environmental protection (sensitive habitats) from proposed geophysical survey activities. Sensitive habitats were protected from potential impacts from the seismic sound source by mitigation buffers. A subsequent field survey, consisting of a combined side-scan sonar survey of selected geophysical survey lines and rapid assessment groundtruthing of selected seafloor features, was conducted over a 21-day period, surveying 250 km of seafloor in water depths between 2 and 15 m. The side-scan sonar data were reviewed during collection to identify seafloor features that potentially met sensitive habitat criteria. The locations of seafloor features of interest were obtained for subsequent examination by diver scientists utilizing rapid assessment methods for selection criteria verification. Seventy-nine targets were selected for examination during the field survey. The results of the field survey were used during the design of the geophysical survey, with protective areas placed around sensitive habitats.
The study demonstrates an integration of survey techniques that collectively provide a time-efficient and cost-effective means to identify and map environmentally sensitive shallow-water seafloor features within a large and environmentally complex geographical area. This study additionally presents the application of an operational-specific ESI based on habitat characteristics which are sensitive to impact producing factors associated with offshore oil and gas exploration activities. This combined technical approach is a practical means to minimize environmental impact while meeting industry engineering and logistic constraints.
Optimized Surfactant IFT and Polymer Viscosity for Surfactant-Polymer Flooding in Heterogeneous Formations
Authors: Wang Yefei , Zhao Fulin , Bai Baojun , Zhang Jian , Xiang Wentao , Li Xianjie , Zhou Wei 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Surfactant Polymer flooding (SP flooding) has drawn more attention than Alkaline Surfactant Polymer flooding (ASP flooding) in China due to the difficulty of demulsification and the scale formation problem from the alkali in ASP. Traditionally, the primary requirement for the surfactant in SP flooding is the lowest interfacial tension (IFT). However, core flooding tests performed in a series of heterogeneous models have demonstrated there exist optimized surfactant IFT and polymer viscosity for SP flooding, which can maximize the oil recovery of a heterogeneous formation. The optimized surfactant IFT has a low value but not the lowest possible value, and polymer viscosity is at an appropriately high value, but not the highest possible value. This paper summarizes and analyzes more than 40 core flooding test results and provides possible mechanisms for the results.
Virtues of a Virtual Person Monitoring All Real Aspects of All Production Facilities All of the Time
Authors: Cramer Ron , Berendschot Leo 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The Oil and Gas industry and associated pipelines is sadly afflicted with a history of catastrophic safety incidents - a small subset for problem-definition purpose as follows:
– 1984 Mexico City LPG explosion resulted in 300 fatalities – 1988 Norco refinery, explosion led to 7 fatalities and 42 injuries – 1988 Piper Alpha North Sea platform explosion resulted in the death of 167 operators, loss of 10% of UK production and $2.3 Billion asset – 1989 Pasadena Texas Chemical Plant explosion led to 23 fatalities, 130 injuries and $800 MM damages – 2005 Texas City fire and explosion resulted in the deaths of 15 people, 170 injuries and substantial damage to property and reputation
The purpose of this paper is to review such catastrophic process incidents with a view to identifying potential mitigating effects that could have been obtained if suitable real time information systems had been available. Among the aspects to be covered are remote monitoring centers, near misses and pre/post-facto incident analysis. The underlying intent is to investigate the potential benefits of using real time information to maximize technical integrity and to minimize incident probability.
An Implementation of On-line Well Virtual Metering of Oil Production
Authors: García Alejandro , Almeida Inaê , Singh Gagan , Purwar Suryansh , Monteiro Mônica , Carbone Leonardo , Herdeiro Marco 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Asset managers constantly seek to determine how wells are performing to assess performance of long-term strategy and to achieve expected results. For this purpose, periodic production tests are performed to measure individual flow contribution to total measured platform production in addition to other measurements, including BSW, gas-oil ratio, pressure, and temperature. Daily well production is estimated by back-allocating production measured at fiscal meters to individual wells based on the well’s production potential validated during tests. This paper presents an alternative system for measuring individual well-oil production based on a neural network and online correlation logic using data from sensors, well tests, and simulations.
This system permits a closer right-time monitoring of the wells by enabling readings to be taken more frequently and by minimizing the intrinsic estimation errors that normally arise when doing back-allocation of well production based on performance of other wells.
This paper describes a methodology for data selection, sensor validation analysis, modeling, online implementation, and quality control of the results. The main benefit of this implementation has been to quickly identify production deviations above or below well potential and to identify and adjust the variables that affect these deviations.
The combination of high volumes of measured data that automation technology enables and historical values of testing data made it possible to implement this smart solution where data is constantly transformed into information. This information allows the engineers to analyze and associate results and transform them into events of knowledge. This methodology can be applied to any asset where time and operational constraints do not permit the testing of wells on a daily basis or where it is too expensive to justify the installation of multiphase meters and where a high level of automation is available.
The Norne Field Case—A Unique Comparative Case Study
Authors: Rwechungura R. , Suwartadi E. , Dadashpour M. , Kleppe J. , Foss B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
As the first of its kind, the Norne field case proposes to use real field data for a comparative case study. The Center for Integrated Operations in the Petroleum Industry (IO Center) at NTNU include four comprehensive research programs. The "Reservoir management and production optimization" program work on the development of methods, technology and work processes for realtime reservoir management and real-time production optimization. One of the program’s objectives is to develop a benchmark data base for research and trial activities. The IO Center states: "The data base should use a real field and in particular promote comparative studies of alternative methods for history matching and ultimately closed loop reservoir management". Statoil’s Norne Field in the Norwegian Sea has been in production for approximately 12 years. The field has high quality 4D seismic data, production data and well logs in addition to a reservoir model (geo model) and seismic model. This data has kindly been made available to the IO Center by the Norne license in general and Statoil in particular. The IO Center will make the data available in packages for IO Center partners and the research community as a whole. At the moment there exist no benchmark cases consisting of real data. The most realistic case present today is probably the Brugge Field (synthetic) presented early in 2008.
The first Norne release considers the Segment E of the Norne field. The reservoir model for this segment consists of 8733 active grids and it has 7 wells (2 injectors and 3 producers with 2 side tracks). This limited starting point was chosen to ensure simplicity and softness at the beginning. Later cases will include the whole field.
The data is accessible via a dedicated web-page where the task at hand is described. It includes a reservoir simulation model in Eclipse format, a geological report describing the stratigraphy of the field consisting 17 zones, and petrophysics reports from three wells which provides data related to permeability, water saturation, net-to-gross, thickness, porosity, capillary pressure, porosity-permeability relationship in all formations.
This paper reports on the preparatory work that included introduction of flux boundary conditions for Norne E – segment separation with a perfect match between the separated E – segment and the E – segment attached to the rest of the field.