bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate Quantification and Relationships with N Nutrition in Cool‐Season Turfgrasses1
Authors: Westhafer M. A. , Law J. T. , Duff D. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbastractEnvironmental and cultural variables are known to influence the carbohydrate status of cool‐season turfgrasses. This greenhouse study was conducted to 1) develop a technique utilizing standard analytical procedures which would simplify carbohydrate analysis of plant tissue while increasing specificity and sensitivity, and 2) to use these methods to determine if any one carbohydrate fraction in leaf, stem, or root tissue of three turfgrass species is more sensitive than another to applied N treatments.A single aqueous extraction was required for quantification of glucose, fructose, sucrose, and fructans using glucose oxidase and invertase coupled with two standard colorimetric tests. Data analysis showed that the portion of the error term which could be directly attributed to the analytical technique across the three turf species was 1.19%. The procedure was precise, simple, and highly efficient.‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.), and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) were grown in a greenhouse at 5 and 10 mM NO‐3‐N levels. Total carbohydrate (reducing sugars, sucrose, and fructans) concentrations in root, stem, and leaf tissue of each species were lower in plants grown at the 10 mM NO‐3 level than those plants grown at the 5 mM NO‐3 level. On a whole plant basis, Kentucky bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and annual bluegrass had 58%, 58%, and 49% lower total carbohydrate concentrations when grown at the 10 mM NO‐3 level. Fructose and glucose concentrations were usually, but not always lower in plants grown with 10 mM NO‐3‐N. Comparison of the carbohydrate concentrations between treatments and tissue fractions shows sucrose levels in root tissue to have the most dramatic response to N treatment. The ratio of total carbohydrates between the low to high N treatment was lower than the ratios of either sucrose in root tissues or fructans in stem tissues, indicating total carbohydrate analysis to be a less sensitive measure of the carbohydrate concentration changes between N treatments.
Composition and Digestibility of Smooth Bromegrass Clones Selected for High and Low IVDMD1
Authors: Collins Michael , Drolsom Paul N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractImprovement of the digestibility of forage grasses through breeding has received considerable attention. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate differences in composition and digestibility among smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) clones selected for high and low in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD). Thirty‐five clones of smooth bromegrass from a nursery (Piano silt loam, Typic Argiudoll) established near Madison were analyzed for IVDMD.In vitro cell wall disappearance (IVCWD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. The 35 clones consisted of 18 clones selected for high IVDMD and 17 selected for low IVDMD. In vitro dry matter disappearance ranged from 54.9% to 66.5%. High IVDMD clones averaged 63.2% IVDMD compared with 59.6% for low IVDMD clones. Neutral detergent fiber concentration in high IVDMD clones was reduced significantly compared with low IVDMD clones. The potential impact of such a reduction of cell wall concentration on forage intake should be evaluated with livestock.A high negative correlation r = −0.76 was found between lignin concentration in the cell wall and the rate of IVCWD as measured by ending fermentation after 12 hours. This indicates that lignin concentration in the cell wall influenced initial IVCWD. The percentage of final cell wall disappearance after 12 hours of incubation in an in vitro system ranged from 22.4% (6.3% lignin in the cell wall) to 41.6% (3.7% lignin in the cell wall). The possible influence of the rate of cell wall disappearance on forage consumption of smooth bromegrass should be studied.Lignin concentration in the cell wall component was found to be poorly correlated with the extent of IVCWD after 48 hours. No difference existed in the mean IVCWD (48‐hr) of high and low IVDMD clones even though high IVDMD clones had a lower lignin concentration in the cell wall (4.1%) compared with low IVDMD clones (5.4%).
No‐tillage Advantages for Soybean Seed Quality During Drought Stress1
Authors: Tyler Donald D. , Overton Joseph R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeed quality can be affected by soil and climatic conditions. The availability of soil water can be enhanced under no‐tillage. Under drought stress this can result in a more vigorous plant and production of higher quality seed.Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr. ‘Forrest’] seed quality was evaluated in an experiment comparing no‐tillage, and five conventional tillage methods ranging from disking 10 cm deep to under‐row subsoiling 25 cm deep. The methods were studied on a Lexington silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, thermic, Typic Paleundalfs) in 1979 and 1980.No‐tillage soybeans were of higher quality in the dry season of 1980 as compared to conventional methods. Seed from no‐tillage had significantly less purple stain [Cercospora kikuchii (T. Matsu. and Tomoyaso) Chupp.] and wrinkled seed coats. Seed germination, weight, density, and yield were also superior in no‐tillage as compared to conventional methods. Soil water availability was also higher in notillage due to water conservation by the surface mulch.Higher seed quality in no‐tillage could have resulted from greater soil water availability and reduced soil splash of purple stain organisms.
Accumulation and Distribution of K, Ca, and Mg by Selected Determinate Soybean Cultivars Grown With and Without Irrigation1
Authors: Karlen D. L. , Hunt P. G. , Matheny T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReports on nutrient accumulation and distribution by determinate soybeans [Glycine max. (L.) Merr.] when grown under field conditions have seldom compared irrigated and nonirrigated management or attempted to measure differences among cultivars. To provide this information we grew three or four determinate soybean cultivars from Maturity Group VI, VII, or VIII with or without irrigation on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults) during 1978 and 1979. Plant samples were collected periodically throughout the growing season to measure dry matter accumulation and distribution among the leaves, petioles, stems, and pods. Plant fractions were analyzed for K, Ca, and Mg to measure nutrient accumulation and distribution. The two growing seasons during which the soybeans were grown had distinctly different rainfall patterns. In 1978 a drought existed for most of the reproductive growth period, while in 1979 a drought occurred during the vegetative growth stages. Also, in 1979 the soil water content below 30 cm was generally higher throughout the entire growing season. Potassium, Ca, and Mg concentrations and accumulations were all greater during 1979, but even with irrigation, yields averaged only 1.95 metric tons/ha compared to irrigated yields of 3.16 metric tons/ha in 1978. Nonirrigated yields averaged 1.72 and 1.62 metric tons/ha in 1978 and 1979. The lower yields in 1979 may have been caused by very wet soils following Hurricane David which may have reduced O2 levels during pod fill. The uptake patterns of K, Ca, and Mg showed different responses to water stress, probably because of differences in the mechanism by which these nutrients move to plant roots. Potassium uptake under nonirrigated (stressed) conditions fluctuated with water availability, whereas K uptake under nonstressed (irrigated) conditions was relatively constant until physiological maturity. Calcium and Mg uptake were relatively constant regardless of stress until physiological maturity. Differences in nutrient concentrations and accumulations among cultivars were generally not statistically significant, although the Ransom cultivar frequently had the highest nutrient concentrations and also produced the highest seed yield. Irrigation did not significantly change the cation concentrations within the soybean plant. Therefore, differences in cation accumulation were primarily caused by increased plant growth.
Dry Matter Accumulation Patterns and Seed Yield Components of Two Indeterminate Soybean Cultivars1
Authors: Beaver J. S. , Cooper R. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Maturity Group II soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] cv. Corsoy often produces seed yields in central Illinois that are equal or greater than many full‐season, Maturity Group III cultivars. A field study was conducted during two growing seasons at Urbana, Ill. in order to gain a better understanding of the yield physiology of Corsoy. Dry matter accumulation patterns of various plant parts, leaf areas, seed yields, and seed yield components of Corsoy were compared with those of Maturity Group III cv. Williams.Corsoy accumulated seed dry weight more efficiently than Williams by producing seed yields as great as or greater than Williams with less leaf area and less total vegetative dry weight than Williams. Although Corsoy produced less leaf area than Williams, crop growth rates of Corsoy and Williams were similar. This suggested that Corsoy possessed a greater net assimilation rate than Williams. Although Corsoy reached harvest maturity (RS) 2 weeks earlier in the growing season than Williams, duration of the seed filling periods of Williams and Corsoy were similar. Differences in seed yield were attributed to differences in rates of seed dry weight accumulation per unit‐area. Corsoy accumulated reproductive (seed and pod wall) dry weight at a greater rate than Williams by setting a greater number of pods containing at least one seed. Corsoy initiated reproductive development earlier in the growing season than Williams which resulted in Corsoy accumulating less vegetative dry weight and leaf area than Williams. The results suggested that earlier reproductive development might enable the pod filling period to be lengthened without affecting the harvest maturity date.
Corn Yield as Influenced by In‐season Application of Nitrogen with Limited Irrigation1
Authors: Anderson C. K. , Stone L. R. , Murphy L. S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWith limited irrigation of corn (Zea mays L.) on medium or fine textured soils, the initial application of water (and thus of N being water applied) would perhaps be no earlier than when corn is at the 12 or 14‐leaf growth stage. This experiment was established to evaluate the effects of delaying N application until the 14‐leaf or silk emergence growth stages on yield of corn on a medium‐textured soil.The study soil is a coarse‐silty, mixed, mesic, Fluventic Hapludoll near Manhattan, Kansas. Ten treatments (combinations of N application time and rate, each replicated three times in a completely randomized design) were applied in each of 3 years. Nitrogen was broadcast applied (preplant) and applied with irrigation water (at the 14‐leaf stage and/or at early silking).Grain N content increased as N fertilizer rates increased and as N application time was delayed. No corn grain or dry matter yield advantage was found for split applications or for in‐season applications of N over preplant application. Corn receiving 101 kg N/ha at the 14‐leaf stage produced 94% of the grain obtained when 101 kg N/ha was applied preplant. Corn receiving 101 kg N/ha at silk emergence produced 71% of the grain obtained when the same N rate was applied preplant. Our findings indicate that with limited irrigation of corn on medium to fine‐textured soils, all N should be applied preplant rather than in‐season with irrigation.
Proposal: Critical Nutrient Ranges for Crop Diagnosis1
Authors: Dow A. I. , Roberts S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe concept of critical nutrient concentration (CNC) as a basis for diagnosing nutritional problems is well established. The CNC implies a single point on a curve that relates nutrient concentration with yield. However, a single point is difficult to establish experimentally and, in addition, the critical point may vary under different conditions. Therefore, it seems desirable to deal with a critical nutrient range (CRN) of concentration rather than with a single concentration. Critical nutrient range is defined as: that range of nutrient concentration above which we are reasonably confident the crop is amply supplied and below which we are reasonably confident the crop is deficient. If “seasonal monitoring” of crop nutrition is to be useful, CNR values must previously be established at various growth stages during the season. Data are cited to illustrate the need for the CNR approach and for seasonal monitoring of CNR values.
Root Development of Field‐Grown Flue‐Cured Tobacco1
Authors: Osmond Deanna L. , Raper C. David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA flue‐cured cultivar of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘NC 2326’) was grown on a Norfolk fine sandy loam soil (Typic Paleudult) in 1977 and 1978 to characterize the development of roots in field culture and additionally in 1978 to determine the extent to which band placement of fertilizer and removal of the flowering head by topping at anthesis influence the pattern of development. Both band placement of fertilizer and topping are common cultural practices. Root development was observed at intervals during the growing season using a pinboard method. Pinboard monoliths, 100‐cm wide, 60‐cm deep, and 24‐cm thick, were taken transverse to the row and the soil rinsed away with a fine spray of water to expose the roots. Because of rotational schedules, the same field could not be used in both years, but adjacent fields within a continuous soil mapping unit were used. The single distinction in soil properties between fields was the thickness of the A2, horizon. In 1977 the A2 horizon was 25 to 35‐cm thick, and in 1977 the A2 was 0 to 5‐cm thick.In both years root growth until anthesis was confined to the Ap horizon and then penetrated into subsurface horizons. In 1977 root growth after anthesis was contained within the A2 and did not penetrate into the B2. In 1978 roots penetrated through the thin A2 horizon and into the B2. The eventual depth of rooting in 1978 was greater than in 1977; however, the mass of roots recovered in 1977 was nearly three times greater than in 1978. Soil moisture data for both years and measurement of penetrometer resistances in 1978, along with published data, indicate that the variations in rooting depth and dry weight may have been associated with the effects of differences in soil moisture on resistance to penetration at the A to B interface and on shifts in direction of assimilate flow within the plant in response to changes in turgor potentials within the plant.For the cultural variables imposed in 1978, the pattern of root development was not different between removal of the floral parts at anthesis, together with chemical inhibition of lateral meristem development, and permitting uninterrupted floral development. Fertilizer placement did alter the rate of root development for a period following anthesis, but not the final root mass, with a greater rate during this interval for banded than for broadcast placement.
Height and Yield Response of Selected Wheat, Barley, and Triticale Cultivars to Ethephon1
Authors: Dahnous K. , Vigue G. T. , Law A. G. , Konzak C. F. , Miller D. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield losses occur in cereals as a result of lodging. Ethephon [(2‐chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] has been reported to reduce lodging; however, studies of its effect on grain yield have produced conflicting results. In this study. selected cultivars of semidwarf wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), normal height barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and triticale (Triticale hexaploid L.) were treated with ethephon to determine (1) if this growth regulator had an effect on yield other than via a reduction in lodging and (2) the optimum growth stage and rate (kg/ha) of application. Foliar‐applications to field grown plants (the soil was a fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Cumulic Haplaxeroll) were made at two plant growth stages, late boot and early heading. Ethephon was applied at 0, 0.28, and 0.55 kg&ha in 1976 and at 0, 0.28, 0.55, and 0.85 kg/ha in 1977. Main plots were fertilized with 45 or 90 kg N/ha in 1976 and 90 or 180 kg N/ha in 1977.Ethephon applications at the late boot stage reduced the elongation of plants more effectively than applications at early heading. Ethephon treatments reduced elongation of tall cereal species, i.e., barley and triticale were significantly shorter following treatment of 0.28 kg/ha in 1977. Ethephon treatments increased harvestable yields when they reduced lodging. For instance, untreated ‘Unitan’ barley lodged heavily, but ethephon treatment of 0.55 kg/ha reduced lodging which resulted in increased harvestable yields. Ethephon treatment of 0.84 kg/ha significantly inhibited stem elongation in semidwarf wheats, but semidwarf wheats did not lodge and treatment did not increase yields. The results of this study indicate that further field testing should be conducted in regard to ethephon's potential to benefit yields of tall, ‘weak‐stemmed’ cereals such as barley, since no benefit was derived from ethephon treatment to semidwarf wheats.
Seedling Growth and Nodulation of Arrowleaf, Crimson, and Subterranean Clovers1
Authors: Evers G. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCool‐season annual clovers (Trifolium spp.) are overseeded in warm‐season perennial grasses to extend the grazing season and to incorporate symbiotically fixed N in the pasture system. Overseeding grass sods with clover often fails because of grass competition and unfavorable climatic conditions during the establishment period. Seed size and its effect on seedling vigor was determined on three cultivars of arrowleaf (Trifolium vesiculosum Savi.) clover, crimson (Trifolium incarnatum L.) clover, and subterranean (Trifolium subterraneum L.) clover. Each fall for 3 years clover seedlings were excavated 3 and 7 weeks after planting in 1976 and 1977, and 5 and 13 weeks in 1978. Nodules, leaves, and weight per seedling, percent protein, and total dry matter production were determined.The species seed weight ratio for arrowleaf:crimson:subterranean was 1:2.9:6.8 with minor differences between cultivars within species. Subterranean clover means were always highest for nodules, leaves, and weight per seedling except for the 13‐week sampling in 1978. Arrowleaf clover means were always lowest with crimson being intermediate. The most dramatic species difference was for seedling weight with subterranean seedlings three to four times and crimson seedlings two to three times heavier than arrowleaf seedlings. Seedling weight differences between species decreased with time and did not affect total forage production for the season. There was a high correlation of seed weight with nodule and leaf number and at the earlier samplings for seedling weight. Percent protein and yield were not significantly correlated with seed weight. Ranking of the three clover species for nodules, leaves, and weight per seedling in this study was identical to that for seed weight. Thus, subterranean clovers should be the least difficult to establish and most competitive, followed by crimson and then arrowleaf clover.
Effects of N, P, and K Fertilization on Barley Grown in a Newly Cleared Subarctic Soil1
Authors: Michaelson G. J. , Loynachan T. E. , Wooding F. J. , Mitchell G. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlaska has vast areas of undeveloped land with the potential for agricultural expansion. To develop renewable resources from oil royalty monies, the state has initiated a 24,000 ha agricultural demonstration project near Delta Junction, Alaska. Little is currently known, however, concerning the natural fertility of these virgin soils. A 43 factorial experiment was established, with barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. ‘Otra’) as the test crop, to determine responses to fertilization the first 2 years after clearing on a Typic Cryopsamment soil. Fertilizer was applied before seeding each year at 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg N/ha; 0, 34, 68, and 102 kg P/ha; and 0, 34, 68, and 102 kg K/ha. Grain yields, protein contents, and subsequent soil‐test levels were measured.Nitrogen increased grain yields from 2 quintal/ha with no applied N in 1979 to 25 quintal/ha with 135 kg N/ha and from 4 quintal/ha with no applied N in 1980 to 31 quintal/ha with 135 kg N/ha. The yield response to N was linear throughout the 0 to 135 kg N/ha range in 1979, and both the linear and quadratic regression terms were significant in 1980. Cooler initial soil temperatures, lack of native residual nutrients, or N immobilization may have contributed to lower overall yields in 1979. Grain protein increased linearly with added N both years. Phosphorus increased yield up to 34 kg P/ha, with little response beyond that in either year. In 1979, both P and K were significant in increasing the yield response to N. In 1980, only K increased the yield response to N. Neither P nor K fertilization significantly increased grain protein contents.Multiple‐regression equations were developed to predict grain yields and protein contents with rates of fertilizer applied. When considering only N, P, and K fertilizer additions, equations with relatively high coefficients of determination were obtained for the first 2 years of production (Yield: R2 = 0.929,0.937 for 1979 and 1980; and protein: R2 = 0.684, 0.842 for 1979 and 1980, respectively). Thus, the application of fertilizer accounted for much of the variation in yield and protein contents.
Phosphate Rock and Superphosphate Combinations for Soybeans in a Cerrado Oxisol1
Authors: Smyth T. J. , Sanchez P. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extent to which local low reactivity Patos de Minas phosphate rock (PR) and banded superphosphate (OSP) applications can replace high cost broadcast OSP applications was studied during a 2‐year period on a Typic Acrustox at the Cerrado Research Center near Brasilia, Brazil. Highest soybean (Glycine max) yields were obtained in two consecutive crops with a single broadcast OSP application of 352 kg P/ha or by broadcasting 172 kg P/ha + banding 44 kg P/ha per crop, all as OSP. Combining a broadcast PR application of 88 kg P/ha + 44 kg P/ha as banded OSP per crop resulted in 81% of the maximum yield at 31% of the cost of applying 352 kg P/ha as OSP. Increasing the broadcast PR rate to 352 kg P/ha while maintaining the same banded OSP rate produced 89% of the maximum yield at 50% of the fertilizer cost. Other OSP combinations (44 broadcast + 44 annual band; 88 broadcast + 22 annual band; 88 broadcast + 44 annual band; and 178 broadcast without annual bands) also produced over 80% of maximum yield at 38 to 50% of the fertilizer cost.Broadcast P applications were found necessary to obtain the highest soybean yields observed in this experiment. Phosphate rock alone was unable to supply sufficient P; it must be supplemented by annual banded OSP applications. About 4 kg P/ha as PR were required to obtain similar increases in available P as 1 kg P/ha as OSP. Phosphorus availability in the broadcast OSP treatment decreased with time, while that of broadcast PR remained stable. Response to bandapplied OSP, in combination with either broadcast source, declined with increasing levels of Bray 1 available P. This soil test helps estimate further needs of banded OSP applications. The Bray 1, Olsen, and resin extractants produced the same critical ranges with either source, suggesting that the two rapid extractants could be used in Oxisol areas where PR use is being introduced. Critical ranges of available P for soybeans in this soil were 11 to 15 ppm Bray 1 P, 6 to 8 ppm Olsen P, and 8 to 12 ppm resin‐extractable P.