bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elastic waves and damage quantification in brittle material with evolving damage
Authors: Zuo Q H , Deganis L E , Wang G 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the elastic wave propagation in brittle materials containing a distribution of microcracks. The crack-size distribution is assumed to be isotropic and exponential. The evolution of the mean crack size is described by a rate-dependent damage model based on the mechanics of microcracks. The analysis shows that the elastic wave speeds of a brittle material are sensitive to the change in the mean size of the distributed cracks in the material. The dependence of the wave speeds on the applied strain can also be used to validate the damage model. An example of a brittle ceramic under uniaxial-strain tension is presented to show quantitatively the changes in the longitudinal and shear wave speeds as functions of the applied strain. Explicit relations between the wave speeds and the mean crack size in the material are given.
The thiamine deficiency syndrome M74, a reproductive disorder of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeding in the Baltic Sea, is related to the fat and thiamine content of prey fish
Authors: Keinänen Marja , Uddström Annika , Mikkonen Jaakko , Casini Michele , Pönni Jukka , Myllylä Timo , Aro Eero , Vuorinen Pekka J. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Keinänen, M., Uddström, A., Mikkonen, J., Casini, M., Pönni, J., Myllylä, T., Aro, E., and Vuorinen, P. J. 2012. The thiamine deficiency syndrome M74, a reproductive disorder of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) feeding in the Baltic Sea, is related to the fat and thiamine content of prey fish. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 516–528. This study clarifies how the diet of Baltic salmon leads to thiamine deficiency in eggs, and consequently to M74 mortality of yolk-sac fry. The main prey species, sprat (Sprattus sprattus) and herring (Clupea harengus membras), and their biomass in the Baltic Proper (BPr) and the Bothnian Sea, the two feeding grounds of salmon originating from the northern Gulf of Bothnia rivers, are compared. The thiamine concentration of both prey species is lowest in the youngest age groups. Because average fat content and energy density are greater in sprat than in herring, and greatest in youngest sprat, the supply of thiamine per unit energy is least in a diet containing many young sprat. Also, the greater is the supply of thiamine and fat from sprat in the southern BPr in the preceding year, the lower the concentration of thiamine in salmon eggs. Thiamine deficiency in eggs results from an unbalanced diet abundant in fatty prey fish, such as young sprat, from which the supply of thiamine is insufficient in proportion to the supply of energy and unsaturated fatty acids for salmon, which must undergo a long prespawning fasting period.
Isolation and Proteomic Characterization of the Arabidopsis Golgi Defines Functional and Novel Components Involved in Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis
Authors: Parsons Harriet T. , Christiansen Katy , Knierim Bernhard , Carroll Andrew , Ito Jun , Batth Tanveer S. , Smith-Moritz Andreia M. , Morrison Stephanie , McInerney Peter , Hadi Masood Z. , Auer Manfred , Mukhopadhyay Aindrila , Petzold Christopher J. , Scheller Henrik V. , Loqué Dominique , Heazlewood Joshua L. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The plant Golgi plays a pivotal role in the biosynthesis of cell wall matrix polysaccharides, protein glycosylation, and vesicle trafficking. Golgi-localized proteins have become prospective targets for reengineering cell wall biosynthetic pathways for the efficient production of biofuels from plant cell walls. However, proteomic characterization of the Golgi has so far been limited, owing to the technical challenges inherent in Golgi purification. In this study, a combination of density centrifugation and surface charge separation techniques have allowed the reproducible isolation of Golgi membranes from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) at sufficiently high purity levels for in-depth proteomic analysis. Quantitative proteomic analysis, immunoblotting, enzyme activity assays, and electron microscopy all confirm high purity levels. A composition analysis indicated that approximately 19% of proteins were likely derived from contaminating compartments and ribosomes. The localization of 13 newly assigned proteins to the Golgi using transient fluorescent markers further validated the proteome. A collection of 371 proteins consistently identified in all replicates has been proposed to represent the Golgi proteome, marking an appreciable advancement in numbers of Golgi-localized proteins. A significant proportion of proteins likely involved in matrix polysaccharide biosynthesis were identified. The potential within this proteome for advances in understanding Golgi processes has been demonstrated by the identification and functional characterization of the first plant Golgi-resident nucleoside diphosphatase, using a yeast complementation assay. Overall, these data show key proteins involved in primary cell wall synthesis and include a mixture of well-characterized and unknown proteins whose biological roles and importance as targets for future research can now be realized.
Disruption of a Rice Pentatricopeptide Repeat Protein Causes a Seedling-Specific Albino Phenotype and Its Utilization to Enhance Seed Purity in Hybrid Rice Production
Authors: Su Ning , Hu Mao-Long , Wu Dian-Xing , Wu Fu-Qing , Fei Gui-Lin , Lan Ying , Chen Xiu-Ling , Shu Xiao-Li , Zhang Xin , Guo Xiu-Ping , Cheng Zhi-Jun , Lei Cai-Lin , Qi Cun-Kou , Jiang Ling , Wang Haiyang , Wan Jian-Min 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
The pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) gene family represents one of the largest gene families in higher plants. Accumulating data suggest that PPR proteins play a central and broad role in modulating the expression of organellar genes in plants. Here we report a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant named young seedling albino (ysa) derived from the rice thermo/photoperiod-sensitive genic male-sterile line Pei'ai64S, which is a leading male-sterile line for commercial two-line hybrid rice production. The ysa mutant develops albino leaves before the three-leaf stage, but the mutant gradually turns green and recovers to normal green at the six-leaf stage. Further investigation showed that the change in leaf color in ysa mutant is associated with changes in chlorophyll content and chloroplast development. Map-based cloning revealed that YSA encodes a PPR protein with 16 tandem PPR motifs. YSA is highly expressed in young leaves and stems, and its expression level is regulated by light. We showed that the ysa mutation has no apparent negative effects on several important agronomic traits, such as fertility, stigma extrusion rate, selfed seed-setting rate, hybrid seed-setting rate, and yield heterosis under normal growth conditions. We further demonstrated that ysa can be used as an early marker for efficient identification and elimination of false hybrids in commercial hybrid rice production, resulting in yield increases by up to approximately 537 kg ha−1.
Systematic review: the prognostic role of alpha‐fetoprotein following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hakeem A. R. , Young R. S. , Marangoni G. , Lodge J. P. A. , Prasad K. R. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryBackgroundLiver transplantation (LT) offers a possible cure for carefully selected patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Studies report that preoperative alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) is a prognostic indicator that can predict survival and recurrence in these patients.AimTo undertake a systematic review of available literature on preoperative AFP as a predictor of survival and recurrence following LT for HCC.MethodsA literature search was performed using Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Google scholar databases to identify studies reporting AFP as a prognostic marker in LT for HCC. Primary outcomes of interest were overall survival and recurrence. Secondary outcomes were correlation of pre‐LT AFP with vascular invasion and grade of tumour differentiation.ResultsA total of 13 studies met the inclusion criteria (12 159 patients). The majority were male (9603, 78.9%). All were observational studies and only one prospective. Methodological quality was rated as poor for all studies, with selection and observer bias apparent for most cohorts. Reported survival rates and recurrence rates varied widely between the studies although overall demonstrated better outcomes for those with lower (<1000 ng/mL) pre‐LT AFP levels. Similarly, rates of vascular invasion and poor tumour differentiation were higher in those with high pre‐LT AFP levels.ConclusionsA quantity of AFP >1000 ng/mL is associated with poorer outcomes from liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. The quality of studies was generally poor and precluded valid statistical meta‐analysis. There is a need to improve the performance and reporting of primary prognostic studies to facilitate high quality systematic review and meta‐analysis.
Mini‐BEAM is effective as a bridge to transplantation in patients with refractory or relapsed Hodgkin lymphoma who have failed to respond to previous lines of salvage chemotherapy but not in patients with salvage‐refractory DLBCL
Authors: Moore Sally , Kayani Irfan , Peggs Karl , Qian Wendi , Lowry Lisa , Thomson Kirsty , Linch David C. , Ardeshna Kirit 
Published: March 2012

SummaryPatients with relapsed or refractory lymphoma can be cured with stem cell transplantation if they are shown to have disease that is responsive to salvage chemotherapy. Patients who fail to respond to first‐line salvage chemotherapy tend to do very poorly. Here we report on 39 such patients who received mini‐BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, cytarabine, melphalan) chemotherapy as second or subsequent‐line salvage chemotherapy. Fifty‐six percent of these patients had primary refractory disease and a further 28% had responses to first‐line therapy that lasted <12 months. Seventy‐two percent had progressive disease following the salvage chemotherapy administered immediately prior to mini‐BEAM and the remaining 28% had stable disease. Overall there was a 38% response to mini‐BEAM (complete response = 28%, partial response = 10%). Patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) had a higher response rate compared to those with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (63% vs. 20%). Seventy‐four percent of HL patients were able to proceed to transplantation compared with 30% of patients with DLBCL. Mini‐BEAM is a very effective bridge to transplantation in very poor risk patients with HL who have failed to respond to first‐line salvage chemotherapy. Its efficacy in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma is more modest.
The impact of erythrocyte age on eryptosis
Authors: Ghashghaeinia Mehrdad , Cluitmans Judith C. A. , Akel Ahmed , Dreischer Peter , Toulany Mahmoud , Köberle Martin , Skabytska Yuliya , Saki Mohammad , Biedermann Tilo , Duszenko Michael , Lang Florian , Wieder Thomas , Bosman Giel J. C. G. M. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryMature, circulating erythrocytes undergo senescence, which limits their life span to approximately 120 d. Upon injury, erythrocytes may undergo suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis, which may accelerate senescence and shorten their survival. Eryptosis is defined as cell shrinkage and exposure of phosphatidylserine at the cell surface. Triggers of eryptosis include oxidative stress. The present study addresses the impact of erythrocyte age on the relative susceptibility to eryptosis. Erythrocytes were separated into five fractions, based on age‐associated differences in density and volume. Cell membrane scrambling was estimated from binding of annexin V to phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface, the cell volume from forward scatter, and the Ca2+ level from Fluo‐3‐dependent fluorescence. In addition, glutathione (GSH) concentrations were measured by an enzymatic/colourimetric method. After 48 h incubation in Ringer solution, Annexin V binding increased significantly with erythrocyte age. The differences were not accompanied by altered GSH concentrations, but were reversed by addition of the antioxidant N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine in vitro. Also, N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine significantly prolonged the half‐life of circulating mouse erythrocytes in vivo. Thus, the susceptibility to eryptosis increases with the age of the erythrocytes, and this effect is at least partially due to enhanced sensitivity to oxidative stress.
Troubled families: vulnerable families' experiences of multiple service use
Authors: Morris Kate 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTThis paper draws on a small‐scale study examining the experiences of highly vulnerable families with complex and enduring needs. The previous UK government and the current government have sought to develop policy and service initiatives that target families who present high levels of need and require high cost services. However, to date remarkably little is known about family perspectives and experiences. In this paper, family accounts of their experiences are presented and it is suggested that from these come some difficult practice questions. The family data reveal evident gaps in existing practice and challenges social work to ‘think family’ in new ways. The paper explores how families understand they are understood at the point of engagement, the assumptions that are made about family knowledge, and how families share and withhold information about their needs and experiences. In the discussion, the argument is made for the development of nuanced practice capable of recognizing and working with the ways highly vulnerable families ‘do family’, and the processes that support and inhibit professional interventions.
Endocrine complications in primary immunodeficiency diseases in Japan
Authors: Nozaki Takafumi , Takada Hidetoshi , Ishimura Masataka , Ihara Kenji , Imai Kohsuke , Morio Tomohiro , Kobayashi Masao , Nonoyama Shigeaki , Hara Toshiro 
Published: March 2012

SummaryBackgroundIn spite of the accumulating evidence on the interaction between the immune and endocrine systems based on the recent progress in molecular genetics, there have been few epidemiological studies focused on the endocrine complications associated with primary immunodeficiency diseases (PID).ObjectiveTo investigate the prevalence and clinical features of endocrine complications in patients with PID in a large‐scale study.Design and participantsThis survey was conducted on patients with PID who were alive on 1 December 2008 and those who were newly diagnosed and died between 1 December 2007 and 30 November 2008 in Japan. We investigated the prevalence and the clinical data of the endocrine complications in 923 patients with PID registered in the secondary survey.ResultsAmong 923 PID patients, 49 (5·3%) had endocrine disorders. The prevalence of the endocrine diseases was much higher in patients with PID than in the general population in the young age group, even after excluding patients with immune dysregulation.ConclusionsEndocrine disorders are important complications of PID. Analysis of the endocrine manifestations in patients with PID in a large‐scale study may provide further insights into the relationship between the immune and endocrine systems.
Influences of temperature, bathymetry and fronts on spawning migration routes of Icelandic capelin (Mallotus villosus)
Authors: OLAFSDOTTIR ANNA H. , ROSE GEORGE A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractCapelin (Mallotus villosus) is the largest commercial fish stock in Icelandic waters and also an important forage fish. Capelin have adapted to the sub‐arctic environment by migrating north (67–72°N) to feed during summer in deep cold waters (>500 m; 1–3°C) before migrating south (63–65°N) to spawn in winter in warm shallow waters on the south and west coasts of Iceland (<100 m; 5–7°C). Hydroacoustic data on capelin spawning migrations from 1992 to 2007 revealed a consistent southward route along which capelin migrated actively (ground velocity >> current velocity) off the east coast (and a lesser used route off the west coast). North of 65°N, the dominant eastern route followed the bathymetry, skirting the shelf edge (>200 m bottom depth) within a funnel of near constant temperatures (approximately 2.5°C). Further south, between 65 and 64°N, as temperatures warmed to 4.5°C (reaching 7.9°C at 63.5°N), capelin abruptly moved onto the shelf and towards the coastal spawning areas. Capelin spawning migrations appear to be an innately based southward search for appropriate spawning locations, guided by bathymetry and temperature. We suggest that the extended eastern migration route minimizes exposure to cod predation and that warming conditions north of Iceland may result in a northward shift in migrations and spawning locations, as occurred in the 1920s and 1930s.
Demographic response to perturbations: the role of compensatory density dependence in a North American duck under variable harvest regulations and changing habitat
Authors: Péron Guillaume , Nicolai Christopher A. , Koons David N. 
Published: March 2012

Summary1. Most wild animal populations are subjected to many perturbations, including environmental forcing and anthropogenic mortality. How population size varies in response to these perturbations largely depends on life‐history strategy and density regulation.2. Using the mid‐continent population of redhead Aythya americana (a North American diving duck), we investigated the population response to two major perturbations, changes in breeding habitat availability (number of ponds in the study landscape) and changes in harvest regulations directed at managing mortality patterns (bag limit). We used three types of data collected at the continental scale (capture–recovery, population surveys and age‐ and sex ratios in the harvest) and combined them into integrated population models to assess the interaction between density dependence and the effect of perturbations.3. We observed a two‐way interaction between the effects on fecundity of pond number and population density. Hatch‐year female survival was also density dependent. Matrix modelling showed that population booms could occur after especially wet years. However, the effect of moderate variation in pond number was generally offset by density dependence the following year.4. Mortality patterns were insensitive to changes in harvest regulations and, in males at least, insensitive to density dependence as well. We discuss potential mechanisms for compensation of hunting mortality as well as possible confounding factors.5. Our results illustrate the interplay of density dependence and environmental variation both shaping population dynamics in a harvested species, which could be generalized to help guide the dual management of habitat and harvest regulations.
Chikungunya virus impacts the diversity of symbiotic bacteria in mosquito vector
Authors: ZOUACHE KARIMA , MICHELLAND RORY J. , FAILLOUX ANNA‐BELLA , GRUNDMANN GENEVIEVE L. , MAVINGUI PATRICK 
Published: March 2012

AbstractMosquitoes transmit numerous arboviruses including dengue and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). In recent years, mosquito species Aedes albopictus has expanded in the Indian Ocean region and was the principal vector of chikungunya outbreaks in La Reunion and neighbouring islands in 2005 and 2006. Vector‐associated bacteria have recently been found to interact with transmitted pathogens. For instance, Wolbachia modulates the replication of viruses or parasites. However, there has been no systematic evaluation of the diversity of the entire bacterial populations within mosquito individuals particularly in relation to virus invasion. Here, we investigated the effect of CHIKV infection on the whole bacterial community of Ae. albopictus. Taxonomic microarrays and quantitative PCR showed that members of Alpha‐ and Gammaproteobacteria phyla, as well as Bacteroidetes, responded to CHIKV infection. The abundance of bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family increased with CHIKV infection, whereas the abundance of known insect endosymbionts like Wolbachia and Blattabacterium decreased. Our results clearly link the pathogen propagation with changes in the dynamics of the bacterial community, suggesting that cooperation or competition occurs within the host, which may in turn affect the mosquito traits like vector competence.
Multiple ABC transporters are involved in the acquisition of petrobactin in Bacillus anthracis
Authors: Dixon Shandee D. , Janes Brian K. , Bourgis Alexandra , Carlson Jr Paul E. , Hanna Philip C. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryIn Bacillus anthracis the siderophore petrobactin is vital for iron acquisition and virulence. The petrobactin‐binding receptor FpuA is required for these processes. Here additional components of petrobactin reacquisition are described. To identify these proteins, mutants of candidate permease and ATPase genes were generated allowing for characterization of multiple petrobactin ATP‐binding cassette (ABC)‐import systems. Either of two distinct permeases, FpuB or FatCD, is required for iron acquisition and play redundant roles in petrobactin transport. A mutant strain lacking both permeases, ΔfpuBΔfatCD, was incapable of using petrobactin as an iron source and exhibited attenuated virulence in a murine model of inhalational anthrax infection. ATPase mutants were generated in either of the permease mutant backgrounds to identify the ATPase(s) interacting with each individual permease channel. Mutants lacking the FpuB permease and FatE ATPase (ΔfpuBΔfatE) and a mutant lacking the distinct ATPases FpuC and FpuD generated in the ΔfatCD background (ΔfatCDΔfpuCΔfpuD) displayed phenotypic characteristics of a mutant deficient in petrobactin import. A mutant lacking all three of the identified ATPases (ΔfatEΔfpuCΔfpuD) exhibited the same growth defect in iron‐depleted conditions. Taken together, these results provide the first description of the permease and ATPase proteins required for the import of petrobactin in B. anthracis.
‘What ever I do it’s a lost cause.’ The emotional and behavioural experiences of individuals who are ulcer free living with the threat of developing further diabetic foot ulcers: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Beattie Angela M. , Campbell Rona , Vedhara Kavita 
Published: March 2012

AbstractObjective  Individuals who have had one diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) are at high risk for developing further DFUs. This study was designed to examine the emotional and behavioural consequences of living with this heightened risk of re‐ulceration.Participants and setting  Fifteen women and men living in south‐west England were interviewed at home or at the university by an academic psychologist.Design  Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis using the constant comparative method was employed for data analysis.Results  Participants reported having little perceived control in preventing further DFUs. This lack of control was associated with a range of negative emotions including fears and worries about developing further foot ulcers, amputation and guilt for the past neglect. Tensions were present between participants’ beliefs and reported behaviours, that is, what they felt they ought to be doing and what they were actually doing to care for their feet; most engaged in ‘strategic adherence’, that is, conducting a trade‐off between living a normal life and following foot‐care advice.Conclusion  A lack of perceived control appears central to the emotional and behavioural responses of individuals living with the threat of re‐ulceration. We propose that these responses may serve to increase individuals’ risk of re‐ulceration and that these ‘risk factors’ should be considered part of the management of this patient group.