bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of myeloma bone disease
Authors: Roodman G. David 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is the most common cancer to involve bone with up to 90% of patients developing bone lesions. The bone lesions are purely osteolytic in nature and do not heal in the vast majority of patients. Up to 60% of patients develop pathologic fractures over the course of their disease. Bone disease is a hallmark of MM, and myeloma bone disease differs from bone metastasis caused by other tumors. Although myeloma and other osteolytic metastases induce increased osteoclastic bone destruction, in contrast to other tumors, once myeloma tumor burden exceeds 50% in a local area, osteoblast activity is either severely depressed or absent. The basis for this severe imbalance between increased osteoclastic bone resorption and decreased bone formation has been the topic of intensive investigation over the last several years. These studies have helped to identify novel targets for treating myeloma bone disease and will be discussed in this chapter. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 283–291, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resveratrol derivative, trans‐3,5,4′‐trimethoxystilbene, exerts antiangiogenic and vascular‐disrupting effects in zebrafish through the downregulation of VEGFR2 and cell‐cycle modulation
Authors: Alex Deepa , Leong Emilia Conceição , Zhang Zai‐Jun , Yan Gloria Tse Ho , Cheng Shuk‐Han , Leong Chi‐Weng , Li Zhen‐Hua , Lam Kai‐Heng , Chan Shun‐Wan , Lee Simon Ming‐Yuen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAngiogenesis plays an important role in the development of neoplastic diseases such as cancer. Resveratrol and its derivatives exert antiangiogenic effects, but the mechanisms of their actions remain unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiangiogenic activity of resveratrol and its derivative trans‐3,5,4′‐trimethoxystilbene in vitro using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in vivo using transgenic zebrafish, and to clarify their mechanisms of action in zebrafish by gene expression analysis of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor (VEGFR2/KDR) and cell‐cycle analysis. trans‐3,5,4′‐Trimethoxystilbene showed significantly more potent antiangiogenic activity than that of resveratrol in both assays. In zebrafish, trans‐3,5,4′‐trimethoxystilbene caused intersegmental vessel regression and downregulated VEGFR2 mRNA expression. Trans‐3,5,4′‐trimethoxystilbene also induced G2/M cell‐cycle arrest, most specifically in endothelial cells of zebrafish embryos. We propose that the antiangiogenic and vascular‐targeting activities of trans‐3,5,4′‐trimethoxystilbene result from the downregulation of VEGFR2 expression and cell‐cycle arrest at G2/M phase. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 339–346, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human ES and iPS cells as cell sources for the treatment of Parkinson's disease: Current state and problems
Authors: Hwang Dong‐Youn , Kim Dae‐Sung , Kim Dong‐Wook 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCell therapy using human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is a promising therapeutic option for Parkinson's disease (PD), an incurable neurodegenerative disease. A prerequisite for clinical application of hESCs for PD is an efficient and strict differentiation of hESCs into midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuron‐like cells, which would be directly translated into high effectiveness of the therapy with minimum risk of undesirable side effects. Due to fruitful efforts from many laboratories, a variety of strategies for improving efficiency of dopaminergic differentiation from hESCs have been developed, mostly by optimizing culture conditions, genetic modification, and modulating intracellular signaling pathways. The rapid advances in the fields of dopaminergic differentiation of hESCs, prevention of tumor formation, and establishment of safe human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) would open the door to highly effective, tumor‐free, and immune rejection‐free cell therapy for PD in the near future. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 292–301, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐ and three‐dimensional prenatal sonographic diagnosis of prune‐belly syndrome
Authors: Chen Lizhu , Cai Ailu , Wang Xiaoguang , Wang Bing , Li Jingyu 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report the prenatal diagnosis of 6 cases of Prune‐belly syndrome in the 2nd trimester. The sonographic diagnosis was based on the findings of oligohydramnios, renal anomalies, and a lower abdominal cystic mass representing the abnormal dilatation of the bladder on conventional 2‐dimensional sonographic examination. We discuss the role of Doppler imaging and 3‐dimensional sonography as complementary methods to conventional sonography. Four of our 6 cases were confirmed with associated defects. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Air–Sea fluxes from ICOADS: the construction of a new gridded dataset with uncertainty estimates
Authors: Berry David I. , Kent Elizabeth C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe methods used to calculate a new in situ global dataset of air–sea exchanges, called the NOCS Flux Dataset v2.0, are described. The fluxes have been derived from in situ weather reports from Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) covering the period 1973–2006. The reports have been adjusted for known biases and residual uncertainties estimated. The dataset is constructed using Optimal Interpolation (OI) using new estimates of random uncertainty in the observations. Daily fields have been calculated on a 1° latitude by 1° longitude grid, each grid box and time step have an associated uncertainty estimate. Monthly fields have been calculated from simple averages of the daily fields and monthly uncertainty estimates from the daily uncertainties, using estimates of the autocorrelation between the daily uncertainty estimates. The uncertainties due to the choice of flux parameterisation have not been accounted for. Bias adjustments applied to the data are shown to reduce trends in the data and to improve the consistency of estimates of air temperature, sea surface temperature (SST) and specific humidity. The bias adjustments also improve the agreement of NOCS v2.0 with independent data from research moorings. Cross‐validation of the dataset suggests that the uncertainty estimates are realistic, but that the uncertainties are probably underestimated in high variability regions and overestimated in regions with lower variability. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
CCSM3 simulated regional effects of anthropogenic aerosols for two contrasting scenarios: rising Asian emissions and global reduction of aerosols
Authors: Zhang Yongxin , Sun Shan , Olsen Seth C. , Dubey Manvendra K. , He Jinhai 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper examines the effects of two largely contrasting aerosol emissions scenarios on regional climate using National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate System Model version 3: (1) increasing the anthropogenic aerosols over China and India by a factor of three and (2) reducing the global anthropogenic aerosols by a factor of 10. Dynamic footprints of the increased Asian aerosols with monthly variations are obtained from Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers simulations. Increasing Asian aerosol emissions would result in cooling and reduction of precipitation over China and India, with large warming over the USA and southern Canada in winter and cooling in summer. Additionally, large changes in rainfall rate are identified over the tropical regions. In contrast, reducing the global aerosol emissions by a factor of 10 would significantly warm the atmosphere especially over the polluted land areas of both hemispheres. Increases in rainfall over polluted land areas are also noted. Deepening of the Aleutian low and weakening of the Icelandic low in winter are noted in the 500‐mb geopotential height under both scenarios suggesting a strengthening of the North Pacific storm track and weakening of the North Atlantic Oscillation. The polar regions of winter hemisphere are subject to large changes in the 500‐mb geopotential height. Teleconnection patterns associated with ENSO play important roles in causing large changes in surface air temperature and rainfall far away from the source regions of the altered aerosol concentrations. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Characterization of tetragonal SAT0.3: LA0.075: CAT0.625 perovskite crystal: spectroscopic and microscopic investigations
Authors: Runka T. , Diduszko R. , Berkowski M. , Kamiński M. , Łapiński A. , Polomska M. , Drozdowski M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report room temperature measurements of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), optical transmission microscopy (OTM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), infrared‐absorption (IR), and micro‐Raman spectroscopy (µ‐RS) of the oriented SAT0.3: LA0.075: CAT0.625 single crystal. The final structure refinement of SAT0.3: LA0.075: CAT0.625 crystal was performed for I4/m space group at room temperature. Vibrational spectra of the crystal were discussed in terms of group‐theoretical predictions for untilted (Fm3m) and tilted tetragonal (I4/m) perovskite structure. The confocal µ‐Raman measurements of depth profiling of SAT0.3: LA0.075: CAT0.625 crystal suggest a relationship between sensitivities of the ordering‐related Raman‐active modes and the variation of order parameter η. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immunogold labelling to localize polyphenol oxidase (PPO) during wilting of red clover leaf tissue and the effect of removing cellular matrices on PPO protection of glycerol‐based lipid in the rumen
Authors: Lee Michael RF , Tweed John KS , Cookson A , Sullivan ML 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: The enzyme polyphenol oxidase (PPO) reduces the extent of proteolysis and lipolysis within red clover fed to ruminants. PPO catalyses the conversion of phenols to quinones, which can react with nucleophilic cellular constituents (e.g. proteins) forming protein–phenol complexes that may reduce protein solubility, bioavailability to rumen microbes and deactivate plant enzymes. In this study, we localized PPO in red clover leaf tissue by immunogold labelling and investigated whether red clover lipid was protected in the absence of PPO‐induced protein–phenol complexes and plant enzymes (lipases).RESULTS: PPO protein was detected to a greater extent (P < 0.001) within the chloroplasts of mesophyll cells in stressed (cut/crushed and wilted for 1 h) than freshly cut leaves for both palisade (61.6 and 25.6 Au label per chloroplast, respectively) and spongy mesophyll cells (94.5 and 40.6 Au label per chloroplast, respectively). Hydrolysis of lipid and C18 polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation during in vitro batch culture was lower (P < 0.05) for wild‐type red clover than for red clover with PPO expression reduced to undetectable levels but only when cellular matrices containing protein–phenol complexes were present.CONCLUSION: Damaging of the leaves resulted in over a doubling of PPO detected within mesophyll cells, potentially as a consequence of conversion of the enzyme from latent to active form. PPO reduction of microbial lipolysis was apparent in macerated red clover tissue but not in the absence of the proteinaceous cellular matrix, suggesting that the PPO mechanism for reducing lipolysis may be primarily through the entrapment of lipid within protein–phenol complexes. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
The role of chlorine atoms and hydroxyl radicals in the formation of PCDDs from the oxidative pyrolysis of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol
Authors: Khachatryan Lavrent , Burcat Alexander , Dellinger Barry 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA 132‐step gas‐phase reaction kinetic model has been combined with a four‐step surface model for the formation of 1,3,6,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (1,3,6,8‐TCDD) from the oxidation of 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (2,4,6‐TCP) in the presence of hexane. The revised model is based on a simpler model previously published in the literature and modified by adding Cl‐releasing and the surface submodels, recalculating polynomial functions for thermodynamic parameters, and updating gas‐phase submodels for (i) 1,3,6,8‐TCDD formation, (ii) hydrogen oxidation, and (iii) hexane oxidation. The roles of the potential chain carriers, OH and Cl, in the formation of 1,3,6,8‐TCDD were specifically addressed. In spite of the reported high reactivity of Cl, it was found that OH:Cl ≫ 1, and OH is the dominant chain carrier from the apparent onset of purely gas‐phase reactions at 750 K to 99% conversion of 2,4,6‐TCP and hexane at 1075 K. This suggests that oxidation reactions are always dominant in realistic combustion systems, even where there are high concentrations of chlorine and relatively rich burning conditions. The update of the three gas‐phase submodels as well as incorporation of Cl‐releasing and the surface submodels resulted in improved agreement between calculated and experimental yields of 1,3,6,8‐TCDD yields at temperatures as low as 800 K. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 90–97, 2010
Rate coefficients and products for gas‐phase reactions of chlorine atoms with cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons at 298 K
Authors: Sharma A. , Pushpa K. K. , Dhanya S. , Naik P. D. , Bajaj P. N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRate coefficients for the reaction of Cl atoms with cycloalkenes have been determined using the relative rate method, at 298 K and atmospheric pressure of N2. Reference molecule wasn‐hexane, and the concentrations of the organics were followed by gas chromatographic analysis. Cl atoms were prepared by photolysis of trichloroacetyl chloride at 254 nm. The relative rates of reactions of Cl atoms with cycloalkenes, with respect ton‐hexane, are measured as 1.12 ± 0.38, 1.31 ± 0.14, and 1.69 ± 0.18 for cyclopentene, cyclohexene, and cycloheptene, respectively. Considering the absolute value of the rate coefficient of the reaction of Cl atom withn‐hexane as 3.03 ± 0.06 × 10−10cm3molecule−1s−1, the rate coefficient values for cyclopentene, cyclohexene, and cycloheptene are calculated to be (3.39 ± 1.08) × 10−10, (3.97 ± 0.43) × 10−10, and (5.12 ± 0.55) × 10−10cm3molecule−1s−1, respectively. The experiments for each molecule were repeated six to eight times, and the slopes and the rate coefficients given above are the average values of these measurements, and the quoted error includes 2σ as well as all other uncertainties in the measurement and calculations. The rate coefficient increases linearly with the number of carbon atoms, with an increment per additional CH2group being (8.7 ± 1.6) × 10−12cm3molecule−1s−1. Chloroketones and chloroalcohols, along with unsaturated ketones and alcohols, were found to be the major products of Cl‐atom‐initiated oxidation of cycloalkenes in the presence of air. The atmospheric implications of these results are discussed, along with a comparison with the reported structure activity relationships. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 98–105, 2010
Molecular Aspects of Radical Polymerizations—The Propagation Frequency
Authors: Tauer Klaus , Hernandez Hugo F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe product of the propagation rate constant and monomer concentration is a central issue of radical polymerization. Both quantities are strongly interrelated as the determination of a reliable value of the propagation rate constant requires exact knowledge of the monomer concentration. Even for homogeneous polymerization conditions, exact knowledge of the monomer concentration at the reaction site from the molecular perspective is not trivial. For emulsion polymerizations the situation is additionally complicated by mass transfer events and colloid‐chemical effects. Molecular modeling appears as an attractive alternative or complement to the deterministic kinetic description of radical polymerizations.magnified image
Polymer Incompatibility Caused by Different Molecular Architectures: Modeling via Chain Connectivity and Conformational Relaxation
Authors: Wolf Bernhard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe calculation of phase diagrams for blends of linear and branched polymers made up of identical monomeric units is modeled using an approach that subdivides the mixing process into two steps: i) contact formation between the different components, keeping their chain conformations and the volume of the system constant; and, ii) relaxation of the macromolecules into their equilibrium state by molecular rearrangements. It is assumed that step (ii) causes shape‐induced polymer incompatibility and that the degree of branching can be quantified in terms of the volumes the isolated coils of the branched polymer occupy in relation to the volume the linear product with the same molecular weight occupies. Under these premises, it is possible to work out how the critical conditions depend on the molar masses of the components and on the degree of branching of the non‐linear polymer by means of only one system‐specific parameter, measuring the effects of conformational relaxation. Detailed phase diagrams show how the binodal and spinodal conditions reflect the conformational variability of the blend components.magnified image
Verbundstrangpressen von Titan‐Aluminium‐Verbindungen
Authors: Grittner N. , von Senden gen. Haverkamp H. , Stelling O. , Bormann D. , Schimanski K. , Nikolaus M. , von Hehl A. , Bach Fr.‐W. , Zoch H.‐W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDurch die Kombination von unterschiedlichen metallischen Werkstoffen lassen sich maßgeschneiderte Konstruktionen mit optimierten Eigenschaften herstellen. Die Herstellung von Werkstoffverbunden ist jedoch häufig mit hohen Anforderungen an die Fertigungstechnik verbunden. Schwerpunkt dieser Untersuchung ist das Verbundstrangpressen von Aluminium und Titan. Neben den mechanischen Eigenschaften des Verbundes wurden die Ausbildung der Bindungszone sowie die beim Haftungsaufbau wirksamen Bindungsmechanismen untersucht. Hierbei war neben dem Einfluss der Probenvorbereitung vor allem die Wirksamkeit von unterschiedlichen Haftvermittlerschichten von Interesse. Während Schichten aus Kupfer oder Nickel den Haftungsaufbau aufgrund von Oxidschichtbildung verhindern, können durch Umformung eingegossener Titankerne Festigkeiten von über 100 MPa erreicht werden. Im Vergleich zu alternativen Fügeverfahren tritt eine Beeinträchtigung des Werkstoffgefüges in Form von Wärmeeinflusszonen, Porenbildung oder Grobkornbildung hier nicht auf.
Influence of glyoxal on localized corrosion of austenitic stainless steel in spring water
Authors: Alar V. , Juraga I. , Runje B. , Alar Ž. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the research regarding the influence of glyoxal on electrochemical and corrosion behaviour of austenitic stainless steel in water. For this purpose, model solutions containing glyoxal in water in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1 % were prepared. Spring water was used as control electrolyte. From the potentiostatic polarisation data (using the standard three‐electrode system), the corrosion current (icorr), corrosion potential (Ecorr) and polarisation resistance (Rp) were calculated. The research included also the conductivity, total dissolved soils, salinity, resistivity and pH, absolute potential, and relative potential of model solutions. The presence of glyoxal at the highest concentration of 1 % in the water solution has accelerating effect on corrosion.
Processing and characterization of a cobalt based alloy for use in diamond cutting tools
Authors: de Oliveira H.C.P. , Cabral S.C. , Guimarães R.S. , Bobrovnitchii G.S. , Filgueira M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMost of the alloys used as bonding matrix in diamond tools show a high content of cobalt ‐ which is undesirable due to a series of reasons. In the last decade, some attempts were made towards the reduction of the Co content in these alloys. NEXT100® alloy (50wt%Cu‐25wt%Fe‐25wt%Co) by Eurotungstene is an example of it.This study aims to characterize the structure, microstructure and some mechanical properties of the NEXT100 ‐ this is an comercial alloy widely used as bonding matrix for diamonds in cutting tools, and the informations about its properties are very scarce in the literature.The NEXT100 powder was hot pressed in a graphite matrix at 35MPa/800 °C/3 minutes. It was performed structural and microstructural analyses by x‐ray diffraction and scanning electon microscopy, respectivelly. Wear resistance and hardness HRB tests were carried out – these are the most important mechanical tests for a diamond bonding matrix. It was demonstrated that the samples presented good mechanical properties, XRD analysis showed the presence of two phases, Cu (CFC) and the solid solution α‐Fe (CCC). Microstructural aspects are high densification, homogeneous distribution of phases, and little presence of pores.
Elektronenstrahlschweißen von massiven metallischen Gläsern
Authors: Reisgen U. , Balashov B. , Holk J. , Geffers C. , Kühn U. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMassive metallische Gläser stellen u. a. wegen ihrer hervorragenden mechanisch‐technologischen Eigenschaften eine vielversprechende, vergleichsweise neue Gruppe von Werkstoffen dar. Durch ihre geringe thermische Stabilität sind der Schweißbarkeit metallischer Gläser enge Grenzen gesetzt, wenn eine Kristallisation der Fügezone vermieden werden soll. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt den aktuellen Stand der Forschungsarbeiten zum Elektronenstrahlschweißen berylliumfreier massiver metallischer Gläser auf Zirkoniumbasis (Zr52,5Ti5Cu17,9Ni14,6Al10) am Institut für Schweißtechnik und Fügetechnik der RWTH Aachen. Bei den bisherigen Untersuchungen konnten fehlerfreie, qualitativ hochwertige Schweißverbindungen erzeugt werden, allerdings ist es bisher noch nicht gelungen, die Kristallisation der Fügezone vollständig zu unterdrücken. Weitere Untersuchungen dazu laufen.
Chemisches Abscheiden von NiP‐Nanokomposit‐schichten
Authors: Dünkel K. , Meyer D. , Lampke T. , Steinhäuser S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDie elektrolytische und chemische Abscheidung von nickelbasierten Nanokompositen steht im Fokus weltweiter Forschungsaktivitäten. Ursache hierfür sind einerseits die aufgrund des minimalen Volumens in den Vordergrund rückenden Oberflächeneigenschaften nanoskaliger Verstärkungskomponenten. Andererseits bieten nanoskalige Partikel technologische Vorteile bei der Realisierung sehr dünner Schichten beispielsweise für die Mikrosystemtechnik. Jedoch ist bei chemischer Abscheidung im Vergleich zu elektrolytischer Abscheidung nur eine begrenzte Übertragbarkeit der Prozessparameter von mikro‐ zu nanoskaligen Dispersionsschichten gegeben. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich daher mit der Entwicklung und Modifizierung von Prozessen zur stabilen chemischen Abscheidung von NiP‐Dispersionsschichten mit nanoskaliger Verstärkungskomponente sowie deren Wirkung auf ausgewählte Schichteigenschaften (Härte, photokatalytische Aktivität). Das Ziel eines homogenen und feindispersen Einbaus der Partikel wurde weitgehend erreicht. Zudem wurde die Wirkung von Ultraschall auf die Einbaurate und das Desagglomerationsvermögen untersucht.