bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The basis for Canada's new low‐risk drinking guidelines: A relative risk approach to estimating hazardous levels and patterns of alcohol use
Authors: STOCKWELL TIM , BUTT PETER , BEIRNESS DOUG , GLIKSMAN LOUIS , PARADIS CATHERINE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIssue. Low‐risk drinking guidelines have been developed independently in a number of jurisdictions resulting in different sets of advice with different definitions of ‘low risk’. This paper discusses some of the fundamental issues addressed by an expert advisory panel during the course of developing national guidelines for Canadians and summarises key sets of evidence that were influential.Approach. The underlying reasoning and connection between the evidence and the guidelines is discussed in relation to: (i) how to minimise risk of long‐term illnesses; (ii) how to minimise risk of short‐term harms, for example injury; and (iii) alcohol use during pregnancy. Both absolute and relative risks were considered in the development of the guidelines.Findings. Meta‐analyses of all‐cause mortality were used to identify upper limits for usual drinking levels where potential benefits and risks were balanced for the average person in comparison with lifetime abstainers (10 standard drinks per week for women, 15 for men). Emergency room studies and situational risk factors were considered for advice on reducing short‐term: (i) when not to drink at all; (ii) how to reduce intoxication; and (iii) upper limits for occasional daily consumption by adults aged 25 to 64 years (3 standard drinks for women, 4 for men). Shortcomings in the research data were highlighted.Implications. It was estimated that total compliance with these guidelines at a national level would result in substantially reduced per capita alcohol consumption and approximately 4600 fewer deaths per year.[Stockwell T, Butt P, Beirness D, Gliksman L, Paradis C. The basis for Canada's new low‐risk drinking guidelines: A relative risk approach to estimating hazardous levels and patterns of alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:126–134]
What place, if any, does information on putative cardioprotective effects of moderate alcohol use have in safer drinking guidelines?
Authors: HALL WAYNE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntroduction and Aims. The majority view among alcohol epidemiologists is that the lower coronary heart disease mortality observed in moderate drinkers is probably evidence for a protective effect of moderate drinking. In this paper I critically discuss the debate about what type of information, if any, should be provided to the public about the putative coronary heart disease benefits of moderate alcohol use.Results. Most opposition to informing the public about these putative benefits is based on the fear that such advice will increase per capita alcohol consumption and therefore alcohol‐related harm. It is unclear how well‐based these concerns are. In the interim, the alcohol industry has communicated these putative benefits to the public.Conclusions. There is a case for including some information on these putative benefits in specific safer drinking guidelines for middle‐aged and older drinkers that: clearly conveys the remaining uncertainty about the benefits of moderate drinking, emphasises the conditional nature of any such benefits, and stresses the need to balance the potential benefits against the increased sensitivity of older adults to other adverse effects of alcohol, and the increased risk of interactions between alcohol and other medications used by older adults.[Hall W. What place, if any, does information on putative cardioprotective effects of moderate alcohol use have in safer drinking guidelines? Drug Alcohol Rev 2012;31:194–197]
The hyphen as a segmentation cue in triconstituent compound processing: It’s getting better all the time
Authors: BERTRAM RAYMOND , KUPERMAN VICTOR , BAAYEN R. HARALD , HYÖNÄ JUKKA 
Published: September 2011

Bertram, R., Kuperman, V., Baayen, R. H. & Hyönä, J. (2011). The hyphen as a segmentation cue in triconstituent compound processing: It’s getting better all the time. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 530–544.Inserting a hyphen in Dutch and Finnish compounds is most often illegal given spelling conventions. However, the current two eye movement experiments on triconstituent Dutch compounds like voetbalbond“footballassociation” (Experiment 1) and triconstituent Finnish compounds like lentokenttätaksi“airporttaxi” (Experiment 2) show that inserting a hyphen at constituent boundaries does not have to be detrimental to compound processing. In fact, when hyphens were inserted at the major constituent boundary (voetbal‐bond“football‐association”; lentokenttä‐taksi“airport‐taxi”), processing of the first part (voetbal“football”; lentokenttä“airport”) turns out to be faster when it is followed by a hyphen than when it is legally concatenated. Inserting a hyphen caused a delay in later eye movement measures, which is probably due to the illegality of inserting hyphens in normally concatenated compounds. However, in both Dutch and Finnish we found a learning effect in the course of the experiment, such that by the end of the experiments hyphenated compounds are read faster than in the beginning of the experiment. By the end of the experiment, compounds with a hyphen at the major constituent boundary were actually processed equally fast as (Dutch) or even faster than (Finnish) their concatenated counterparts. In contrast, hyphenation at the minor constituent boundary (voet‐balbond“foot‐ballassociation”; lento‐kenttätaksi“air‐porttaxi”) was detrimental to compound processing speed throughout the experiment. The results imply that the hyphen may be an efficient segmentation cue and that spelling illegalities can be overcome easily, as long as they make sense.
Shape Change Along Geodesics with Application to Cleft Lip Surgery
Authors: Faraway Julian J. , Trotman Carroll-Ann 
Published: September 2011

SummaryContinuous shape change is represented as curves in the shape space. A method for checking the closeness of these curves to a geodesic is presented. Three large databases of short human motions are considered and shown to be well approximated by geodesics. The motions are thus approximated by two shapes on the geodesic and the rate of progress along the path. An analysis of facial motion data taken from a study of subjects with cleft lip or cleft palate is presented that allows the motion to be considered independently from the static shape. Inferential methods for assessing the change in motion are presented. The construction of predicted animated motions is discussed.
Capture–Recapture Estimation by Means of Empirical Bayesian Smoothing with an Application to the Geographical Distribution of Hidden Scrapie in Great Britain
Authors: Böhning Dankmar , Kuhnert Ronny , Vilas Victor Del Rio 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe paper discusses population size estimation on the basis of a frequency distribution of zero-truncated counts and is motivated by a study on the geographical distribution of hidden scrapie in Great Britain. Aggregation of scrapie cases is considered at the county level and results in sparse zero-truncated count distributions which make the application of conventional capture–recapture procedures for estimating the hidden part of the scrapie-affected population difficult. We suggest a smoothed generalization of Zelterman’s estimator of population size which overcomes the overestimation bias of the conventional Zelterman estimator and instead produces a lower bound, which is typically larger than Chao’s lower bound estimator. The estimator uses an empirical Bayes approach with various choices for the prior distribution including a parametric choice of the gamma distribution as well as various non-parametric distributions. A simulation study investigates the performance of the new estimators, and also in comparison with conventional estimators. The empirical Bayes estimator with a non-parametric mixture model as prior performs well and the boundary problem of the conventional non-parametric discrete mixture model estimator leading to spurious population size is avoided. In the application to hidden scrapie in Great Britain the new estimators lead to maps of scrapie of observed–hidden ratios as well as completeness of the current surveillance system.
Chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis, a great mimicker with various clinical presentations: 12 years experience from Aleppo
Authors: Douba M.D. , Abbas O. , Wali A. , Nassany J. , Aouf A. , Tibbi M.S. , Kibbi A.G. , Kurban M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been an endemic disease in Aleppo, Syria for many decades. During the past 12 years, there was a clear increase in the overall incidence of the disease in the region. Treatment using intralesional method of antimonial compounds became ineffective in a considerable proportion of cases and more patients developed the chronic form of the disease.Objectives  To categorize chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CCL) into different subtypes that mimic a wide spectrum of skin diseases, and to analyse the cause of this increase in the incidence of the disease as a whole and of the chronic type in particular.Methods  A total number of 6200 patients with CL were seen in our centre, among which 1880 were initially diagnosed with CCL. Inclusion criteria for CCL included CL for more than 1 year. The diagnosis of CCL was made based on the clinical presentation and a positive Giemsa smear test. Biopsies were performed whenever the Giemsa smear was negative. Patients who had immunosuppression due to a medical condition or intake of immunosuppressive medications were excluded.Results  Of 1880 patients, 1750 patients fit the inclusion criteria. Based on the lesion morphology, three different types of CCL were defined, among which five subtypes were observed based on clinical pattern and distribution of lesions. The two most common types of CCL were the papulonodular and plaque forms. Around 80% of all CCL cases occurred in individuals under 16 years of age and the most common location was the face (88.6% of cases).Conclusions  CCL due to Leishmania tropica can mimic many other dermatological conditions which might lead to a delay in making the correct diagnosis resulting in increased resistance to treatment. We have illustrated eight different clinical presentations of CCL and their differential diagnoses to make physicians more aware of the atypical presentations of CCL. A new treatment plan is suggested for the high‐risk group of acute cutaneous leishmaniasis patients to decrease the likelihood of progressing to chronicity.
The importance of stressful family events in psoriatic patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Campolmi E. , Zanieri F. , Santosuosso U. , D’Erme A.M. , Betti S. , Lotti T. , Cossidente A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Psychosomatic stress events are believed to play an important role in psoriasis either by inducing or worsening the disease.Objective  In this article, we compared the role of family stress events against other types of stress events on the psychological well being of patients and on their skin disease. We used our sample of psoriasis patients with said stress events.Method  Patients underwent a dermatological examination which was evaluated through the PASI index. Simultaneously, they underwent interviews for psychological evaluations. The Hamilton scales were administered to assess anxiety and depression (Ham‐A scores significant >20, Ham‐D >15).Results  It has been demonstrated that family stress influences the psychological well being more than other types of daily stress events. In fact, people with family stress events reported higher value HAM‐A (P = 0.03) and HAM‐D (P = 0.02) compared with those who reported other types of stress events. Women reported higher values of HAM‐A and HAM‐D than men. The value of PASI in the two groups (with family stress events and those with other stress events) was not statistically significant.Conclusion  Results obtained from this analysis show the importance of family stress events on the quality of life and on psychiatric and dermatological status. For the psychological morbidity, a parallel approach of both bio‐psychiatric and skin care is recommended, especially for women.
Component characteristics of thigh muscle volume in young and older healthy men
Authors: Ogawa Madoka , Yasuda Tomohiro , Abe Takashi 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to compare the component characteristics of thigh muscle volume in Japanese young and older men. The subjects in both young (YM, n = 15) and older (OM, n = 13) men were physically active (performed aerobic‐type exercise 1–3 times per week), but none of the subjects had regularly participated in resistance training for a minimum of 3 years prior to the study. Contiguous transverse magnetic resonance imaging (1·5‐T scanner) images were obtained from the thigh, and total and individual (quadriceps, hamstrings and adductors) muscle volumes were calculated by multiplying the muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) by slice thickness and the total number of slices. Muscle length and average muscle CSA (muscle volume divided by muscle length) were determined for each muscle. Maximum voluntary isometric (MVC) knee extension and flexion strength were measured, and muscle quality was defined as MVC per unit average muscle CSA (MVC/CSA). Quadriceps muscle volume and average CSA were, respectively, 20% and 16% lower (P<0·05) in the OM than in the YM, while hamstrings and adductors muscle volumes and average CSA were similar in both groups. Knee extension and flexion MVC were lower (P<0·05) in the OM than in the YM. Knee extensor MVC/CSA was similar in the two groups, while knee flexor MVC/CSA was lower (P<0·05) in the OM than in the YM. Our results suggest that age‐related thigh muscle volume loss is muscle specific, in that greater quadriceps muscle loss was found in the older group.
Innovations in Practice: Empowering Parents, Empowering Communities: A pilot evaluation of a peer‐led parenting programme
Authors: Day Crispin , Michelson Daniel , Thomson Stacey , Penney Caroline , Draper Lucy 
Published: September 2011

Background:  Efficacious parenting interventions are under‐utilised in mainstream services. Empowering Parents, Empowering Communities (EPEC) aims to increase community access to effective parenting support through a peer‐led manualised intervention.Method:  Training outcomes, clinical effectiveness and acceptability of EPEC were evaluated using a pre‐post cohort design. Data were collected from trained peer facilitators (n=31) and parenting group participants (n=73).Results:  Peer facilitators demonstrated significantly increased knowledge of and confidence in delivering parenting groups. Parents attending groups reported improvements in child behaviour and parenting stress, and high satisfaction.Conclusions:  Early evidence suggests that EPEC may be an effective and acceptable service model in socially disadvantaged communities.
Research of masticatory function using hemiplegia simulator equipment
Authors: Ohsawa Ichiro , Uematsu Hiroshi 
Published: September 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00559.x

Research of masticatory function using hemiplegia simulator equipmentBackground and objective:  Hemiplegic patients often exhibit a characteristic condition called Wernicke‐Mann contracture. Therefore, the occlusal pattern in hemiplegic patients is considered to be adapted to stress because of this characteristic limb position. We created a sham Wernicke‐Mann contracture in healthy individuals using hemiplegia simulator equipment and compared the functional occlusion in this position with that in the normal state to evaluate dynamic adaptive responses.Methods:  Wernicke‐Mann contracture was simulated using a device to create sham hemiplegia (Manabi‐tai, Hemiplegia Experiencing Set; Tokushu‐iryo, Inc.). In addition to the measurement of the occlusal force using Dental Prescale® and Occluzer®, the occlusion was evaluated using an electromyogram and stabilometer.Results:  There was a significant difference in the occlusal force between the normal state and during simulated hemiplegia. The surface electromyo‐potential of the masseter muscle showed significantly higher values during simulated hemiplegia. It is significantly higher during simulated hemiplegia than in the normal state on the paralysed side, but not for the normal state on the non‐paralysed side. The position and velocity vectors changed in the antero‐posterior direction in the normal state but in the lateral direction during simulated hemiplegia.Conclusions:  The hemiplegia simulator equipment is useful for research on hemiplegia, and that the occlusal balance is disturbed in the posture characteristic of hemiplegia.
The link between the star formation history and [α/Fe ]
Authors: de la Rosa Ignacio G. , La Barbera Francesco , Ferreras Ignacio , de Carvalho Reinaldo R. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACT
The abundance ratios between key elements such as iron and α-process elements carry a wealth of information on the star formation history (SFH) of galaxies. So far, simple chemical evolution models have linked [α/Fe ] with the SFH time-scale, correlating large abundance ratios with short-lived SFH. The incorporation of full spectral fitting to the analysis of stellar populations allows for a more quantitative constraint between [α/Fe ] and the SFH. In this letter, we provide, for the first time, an empirical correlation between [α/Fe ] (measured from spectral indices) and the SFH (determined via a non-parametric spectral-fitting method). We offer an empirical version of the iconic outline of Thomas et al., relating star formation time-scale with galaxy mass, although our results suggest, in contrast, a significant population of old (≳10 Gyr) stars even for the lowest mass ellipticals (M/dyn ∼ 3 × 1010 M⊙). In addition, the abundance ratio is found to be strongly correlated with the time to build up the stellar component, showing that the highest [α/Fe ] (≳+0.2) are attained by galaxies with the shortest half-mass formation time (≲2 Gyr), or equivalently, with the smallest (≲40 per cent) fraction of populations younger than 10 Gyr. These observational results support the standard hypothesis that star formation incorporates the Fe-enriched interstellar medium into stars, lowering the high abundance ratio of the old populations.
Morphology of the odontocete melon and its implications for acoustic function
Authors: McKenna Megan F. , Cranford Ted W. , Berta Annalisa , Pyenson Nicholas D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractToothed whales (crown Odontoceti) are unique among mammals in their ability to echolocate underwater, using specialized tissue structures. The melon, a structure composed of fat and connective tissue, is an important component in the production of an echolocation beam; it is known to focus high frequency, short duration echolocation clicks. Here, we report on the morphology of the odontocete melon to provide a comprehensive understanding of melon structure across odontocete taxa. This study examined nine odontocete species (12 individual specimens), from five of the ten extant odontocete families. We established standardized definitions using computed tomography scans of the melon to investigate structure without losing geometric integrity. The morphological features that relate to the focusing capacity of the melon include internal density topography, melon size and shape, and relationship to other forehead structures. The potential for melon structure to act as a filter is discussed: establishing a lower limit to the frequency of sounds that can be propagated through the head. Collectively, the results of this study provide a robust, quantitative and comparative framework for evaluating tissue structures that form a key component of the echolocation apparatus.
Respiratory viruses in children with cystic fibrosis: viral detection and clinical findings
Authors: Burns Jane L. , Emerson Julia , Kuypers Jane , Campbell Angela P. , Gibson Ronald L. , McNamara Sharon , Worrell Kelly , Englund Janet A. 
Published: September 2011

Please cite this paper as: Burns et al. (2011) Respiratory viruses in children with cystic fibrosis: viral detection and clinical findings. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(3), 218–223.Background  Viral detection from different respiratory sample types in children with cystic fibrosis (CF) is facilitated by available molecular methods, but optimum sampling strategies have not been identified. In addition, associations between viral detection and respiratory symptoms are not well described.Objectives  Study goals were to compare molecular detection of viruses from concurrent upper airway and sputum samples in children with CF and to describe relative frequency of respiratory viral infections and identify potential clinical associations.Methods  We conducted a 2‐year prospective surveillance study in 44 children with CF aged 6–18 years. Upper airway and sputum samples were collected quarterly and during pulmonary exacerbations and tested for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses types 1–4, human metapneumovirus, coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and adenoviruses. Physical exams and symptom surveys were used to identify respiratory signs and symptoms.Results  Upper airway samples were collected at 359 visits; concordance of PCR‐based viral detection was examined in a subset of paired upper airway and sputum samples from 21 participants at 92 visits. Rhinovirus was the most commonly detected virus (23·1% overall), and rhinovirus detection was the same for both sample types (21·7% each). Sensitivity and specificity for the detection of rhinovirus in sputum relative to upper airway sampling were 70% and 91·7%, respectively. Respiratory symptoms associated with rhinovirus detection included increased cough, increased nasal congestion, increased sputum production, and wheezing.Conclusions  A relatively high frequency of rhinovirus detection was observed by either upper airway or sputum samples, and clinical findings suggest a significant‐associated symptom burden.