bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nitrogen, Potassium, Calcium, and Magnesium on Mineral Composition of Lakeland Fine Sand in Relation to Mineral Content of Tung Leaves
Authors: Barrows Harold L. , Drosdoff Matthew 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEight‐year‐old tung trees growing on Lakeland fine sand were treated from 1949 to 1955 with factorial combinations of 3 sources of N and 2 levels each of N, K, Ca, and Mg. Soil samples collected in October 1954 showed that exchangeable K was increased to a depth of 36 inches (lowest depth sampled) by the high level of applied K, but was reduced by the high level of Mg. Exchangeable Ca was increased by the high level of Ca, but was reduced by the high level of K or Mg. Exchangeable Mg was increased by the high level of Mg in the 0‐ to 6‐inch depth only. Below 6 inches, it was reduced by the high level of K or Mg.The chemical analyses of leaves collected in 1955 show the same general trends as those found in the soil. The polynomial equations of degrees n = 1, 2, 3, and 4 were calculated for the regression of the concentration of K, Ca, and Mg in the leaves on saturation percentage of these elements in the soil. The linear equation for K was significant for each soil depth and the equations of higher degree show no significant improvement. The linear equations for Ca were significant at all depths, but the second‐degree equations were an improvement on the linear in the top 18 inches of soil. The linear equations for Mg were significant in the top 18 inches of soil. The second‐degree equations were an improvement on the linear in the 6‐ to 12‐ and 12‐ to 18‐inch depths.
Field Determination of Hydraulic Conductivity Above a Water Table With the Double‐Tube Method
Authors: Bouwer Herman 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTheory and principles of the double‐tube method, as presented in a previous paper, were applied and tested in laboratory and field studies. The former were carried out in a sand box, where the hydraulic conductivity of 3.87 cm. per min. obtained with the double‐tube principle agreed closely with the known conductivity of 4.10 cm. per min.Field equipment and procedures for practical application of the double‐tube method are discussed in detail. A specially developed hole cleaner for obtaining an undisturbed soil surface at the bottom of the auger hole is described. It is shown how sufficient depth of saturation and corresponding consistency in resulting hydraulic conductivity values can be ascertained in the field without calculating the hydraulic conductivity after each set of measurements.Results from the double‐tube method in the field compare favorably with hydraulic conductivity data obtained in the laboratory from soil samples taken at the bottom of the auger hole after completion of the field tests. The double‐tube method appears to be a suitable tool for in situ measurement of hydraulic conductivity of soil that is not saturated prior to the time of measurement.
Growth Responses of Pine and Spruce Seedlings to Regimes of Soil Moisture and Fertility
Authors: McClain K. M. , Armson K. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe growth of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.), and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss.) seedlings at 4 fertility levels and 3 soil moisture regimes was studied under greenhouse conditions. Weekly height measurements were made and after a treatment period of 12 weeks dry weight and root area indices were determined. For the tops root ratios were calculated from dry weights. Growth increased with increased moisture but increased, then decreased with fertility increase. Soil fertility × moisture interaction significantly (P = 0.01) increased the dry weight of black spruce and white spruce. Maximum growth for all species occurred in the wettest moisture regime. For the spruce this occurred with the first increment in fertility above the control and with the second increment in fertility above the control for jack pine.
Errors in Concentrating Ammonium Samples Prior to Isotope‐Ratio Analysis
Authors: Reeder J. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractErrors during 15N analysis can result from NH+4‐N loss, isotopic fractionation, or atmospheric contamination during the distillation and concentration of samples prior to mass spectrometric analysis. The effectiveness of three trapping acids were compared at two different evaporation temperatures for their capacity to rapidly and efficiently concentrate large numbers of samples with minimum error in 15N measurements due to fractionation or contamination. Standard samples containing 1 mg of N as either (NH4)2SO4 or NH4Cl, at 15N concentrations of 0.366, 3, or 10 atom %, were acidulated with one of three trapping acids (2 mL of 0.1M HCL; 2 mL of 0.04M H2SO4; or 2 mL of 0.04M H2SO4 + 2 mL of 2% H3BO3) and evaporated to dryness on either a 95°C waterbath or an 87°C dry‐bath. Significant fractionation errors occurred in samples acidulated with HCl when the evaporation procedure was prolonged and a film of NH4Cl was allowed to form on the walls of sample vials. Samples acidulated with H2SO4 were significantly contaminated with atmospheric ammonia when the evaporation procedure was prolonged. The presence of boric acid in evaporating samples resulted in erratic 15N values which were thought to be partially due to incomplete dissolution of the samples prior to mass spectrometric analysis.
A Simple, Low‐Cost Vacuum System
Authors: Boyle F. W. , Strong W. R. , Wierenga P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVacuum pumps are used extensively in soil research, but often vacuum is not available or the vacuum system makes too much noise in a shared work area. A simple, low‐cost vacuum pump can be made from an air‐tight container, such as a desiccator, an aquarium air pump, and some tubing. These units have been operated reliably for periods exceeding 16 wk in the field, laboratories, and greenhouses. The pump has provided vacuum levels equal to about 0.03 MPa. The low cost (about $100.00) allows several systems to be made so that they can provide backup capabilities to each other.
Kinetics and Mechanisms of Molybdate Adsorption/Desorption at the Goethite/Water Interface Using Pressure‐Jump Relaxation
Authors: Zhang Peng Chu , Sparks Donald L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPressure‐jump (p‐jump) relaxation with conductivity detection was used to ascertain the kinetics and mechanisms of MoO4 adsorption/desorption on goethite. A postulated reaction mechanism consisting of two consecutive elementary steps was examined and verified through kinetic and equilibrium studies. The first step is the formation of an ion‐pair complex through the electrostatic attraction between the protonated surface and the MoO4 anion. The second step involves a ligand exchange process, whereby 1 mol of H2O is replaced by 1 mol of adsorbed MoO4 from the surface. It is much slower than the first step. The forward and backward intrinsic rate constants for steps 1 and 2 are: kint1 = 4019.2 mol−1 L s−1, kint‐1 = 391.5 s−1, kint2 = 1.888 mol−1 L s−1, and kint‐2 = 42.34 s−1. A slightly modified triple layer model (TLM) was employed to calculate the distribution of ionic species on the goethite surface, in the α and β layers, and in the bulk solution at equilibrium and electrical parameters for the charged surface. Both equilibrium and kinetic data fit the postulated mechanism for the reaction steps and the modified adsorption model well.
Sorption Isotherm‐Sequential Extraction Analysis of Heavy Metal Retention in Landfill Liners
Authors: Salim Imad A. , Miller Carol J. , Howard Jeffrey L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical partitioning of heavy metals in soil materials is of great importance in risk assessment, landfill bottom liner design, and remedial investigation. The sorption characteristics of clayey calcareous sediments used to construct landfill bottom liners at four sites in southeastern Michigan were studied using a new method: combined sequential extraction‐sorption isotherm analysis (CSSA). After spiking to simulate high levels of contamination, the sediments sorbed large quantities of Pb (∼1480–145 000 mg kg‐1), Ni (∼750–8100 mg kg‐1), and Cd (∼980–5070 mg kg‐1). Sequential extraction data indicated that Pb and Ni were principally in a carbonate‐occluded form, whereas Cd was mainly in an exchangeable form at high levels (>1000 mg kg‐1) of contamination. these results suggest that Pb and Ni will be immobilized by the liner materials but Cd will probably be highly mobile. By applying sequential extraction analysis after spiking, Langmuir sorption isotherms were constructed successfully for most of the individually targeted phases. Thus, CSSA appears to be a promising method for predicting the attenuation capabilities of soils and sediments because it allows the sorption capacities of individual phases to be determined while together in a natural system.
Spatial Relations between Oat Residue and Ceramic Spheres when Incorporated Sequentially by Tillage
Authors: Allmaras R. R. , Copeland S. M. , Copeland P. J. , Oussible M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSpatial characterization of crop residues and agrichemicals incorporated by tillage is needed to interpret biomass‐related soil processes. This study presents such a characterization. We first described oat residue (Avena sativa L.) and green‐sphere distributions produced by chisel plow (CP) and moldboard plow (MP) tillage and then described red‐sphere distributions when incorporated during secondary tillage. Finally the co‐location of incorporated oat residue and colored spheres was characterized. Green and red ceramic spheres were surrogates for shoot residue and incorporated agrichemical, respectively. Characterizations were derived from weights of soil and residue and counts of spheres in soil cores (1.84 cm diam. by 30 cm long, sectioned into 15 sublengths each 2 cm long). Penetration with MP was 25 cm, CP was 15 cm, and cultivator was 17 cm. The MP incorporated 67% of residue in the 10‐ to 20‐cm depth, while more that 90% of the incorporated residue in the CP was between 1 and 11 cm deep. Secondary tillage had negligible influence on these depth distributions. Green‐sphere distributions were related more closely to tool penetration than those of oat residue because root and shoot tissue were not distinguished. Fractional porosity of the 5.32‐cm3 volumes, adjusted to account for oat residue and sphere volumes, was increased ≈12% due to these materials. Many 5.32‐cm3 volumes contained no oat residue, whereas only a few volumes had concentrations ≥4 times the mean residue concentration. Although oat residue was incorporated with primary tillage, residue and herbicide surrogates were co‐located in 35% of the volumes, many of which contained large concentrations of residue. Exclusive use of either primary tillage with the same secondary tillage produces an environment for characteristically different bioactivity in the upper 10 cm.
Improving Numerical Modeling of Two‐Dimensional Water Flow in Variably Saturated, Heterogenous Porous Media
Authors: Pan Lehua , Wierenga Peter J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious work has shown that a transformation of the pressure head greatly improved the efficiency of the algorithms for simulating one‐dimensional infiltration into very dry heterogenous soils. We expanded the approach to solve two‐dimensional problems and introduced an adaptively optimum relaxation procedure to improve the efficiency and the robustness of the numerical solutions. A theoretical framework was developed for analysis of convergence problems in solving Richards' equation. Based on this framework, several simple calculation methods are proposed to estimate the relative convergence of different transformation methods. They can also be used to select “good” transformation parameters and a “good” time steps. Two transformation‐based methods, Kirkland's ϕ‐based method and Ross' p‐based method, as well as Celia's h‐based method are used as comparisons. Test cases are infiltrations into very dry heterogenous porous media. The results show that the Pt‐based method is the most effective of the four methods and the simplest of the three transformation methods. It is several orders of magnitude faster than the h‐based method and also reduces the truncation error using the same grid. The proposed adaptively optimum relaxation procedure enhances the efficiency and robustness of all four methods to different degrees. Combination of the Pt‐based method with the adaptively optimum relaxation procedure results in a very efficient and robust algorithm. Using a coarser grid in the horizontal direction can further improve the efficiency in both computer time and memory requirements of the two‐dimensional model without loss of accuracy.
Distribution and conservation ofGrallariaandGrallariculaantpittas (Grallariidae) in Ecuador
Authors: FREILE JUAN F. , LUIS PARRA JUAN , GRAHAM CATHERINE H. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe current ranges of many tropical species of conservation concern are poorly known, yet this information is critical for assessing their conservation status against the IUCN Red List criteria and implementing species-level management. Antpittas in the generaGrallariaandGrallariculaare elusive, ground-foraging insectivores, highly susceptible to a range of threats. For these genera, we combine environmental niche modelling with expert knowledge in order to predict species’ geographic distributions, and we use current estimates of deforestation to evaluate their conservation status in Ecuador. We use BIOCLIM to generate a first pass geographic prediction, which was further aided by expert knowledge of their natural history. This methodology allowed us to assess the conservation status of each species, revising previous assessments at the national level and making recommendations for revision of global IUCN Red List categories. Based on inferred rates of population decline, derived from estimates of loss of suitable habitat, we suggest ranking three species as ‘Endangered’ in Ecuador, one as 'Vulnerable', and three as ‘Near Threatened’. Predicted national ranges vary in size from 56.05 km2to 112,745 km2. Patterns of range loss were different for each Andean slope, with higher deforestation on the western slope. The combination of niche modelling and knowledge of habitat loss can be a powerful tool to aid conservation efforts in the face of a poor understanding of population demographics, as is the case for many Neotropical taxa. We hope the methodology and results provided here will increase our understanding, and focus future attention on the conservation of this poorly known avian group.
proTF: a comprehensive data and phylogenomics resource for prokaryotic transcription factors
Authors: Bai Jie , Wang Junrong , Xue Feng , Li Jingsong , Bu Lijing , Hu Junming , Xu Gang , Bao Qiyu , Zhao Guoping , Ding Xiaoming , Yan Jie , Wu Jinyu 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Summary: Investigation of transcription factors (TFs) is of extreme significance for gleaning more information about the mechanisms underlying the dynamic transcriptional regulatory network. Herein, proTF is constructed to serve as a comprehensive data resource and phylogenomics analysis platform for prokaryotic TFs. It has many prominent characteristics: (i) detailed annotation information, including basic sequence features, domain organization, sequence homolog and sequence composition, was extensively collected, and then visually displayed for each TF entry in all prokaryotic genomes; (ii) workset was employed as the basic frame to provide an efficient way to organize the retrieved data and save intermediate records; and (iii) a number of elaborated tools for phylogenomics analysis were implemented to investigate the evolutionary roles of specific TFs. In conclusion, proTF dedicates to the prokaryotic TFs with integrated multi-function, which will become a valuable resource for prokaryotic transcriptional regulatory network in the post-genomic era.
Availability: http://centre.bioinformatics.zj.cn/proTF
Contact: med_bp@zju.edu.cn; iamwujy@yahoo.com.cn
Natural killer cells support the induction of protective immunity during dendritic cell‐mediated vaccination against Leishmania major
Authors: Remer Katharina A. , Roeger Bianca , Hambrecht Christine , Moll Heidrun 
Published: July 2010

SummaryDendritic cell (DC)‐mediated vaccination against Leishmania major induces a parasite‐specific T helper 1 (Th1) response and long‐lasting protective immunity in susceptible mice. As the cytokine interleukin‐12 required for induction of this Th1 response is not derived from the transferred DC, but has to be produced by the vaccinated host, we examined cross‐presentation of transferred DC via resident DC of the host and cross‐activation with natural killer (NK) cells as mechanisms supporting the induction of protective immunity after DC‐mediated vaccination. Co‐culture with DC that had been conditioned ex vivo by loading with L. major lysate and stimulation with CpG‐containing oligodeoxynucleotides did not result in the activation of naive DC in vitro. Furthermore, L. major antigen from conditioned DC was not cross‐presented to a significant extent in vivo. In contrast, co‐culture of DC with NK cells led to cross‐activation of both cell populations with induction of interferon‐γ, which was dependent on the activation status of the conditioned DC. Transient depletion of NK cells during vaccination of L. major‐susceptible mice with conditioned DC resulted in reduced protection. Our findings indicate that cross‐presentation of conditioned DC after DC‐based vaccination against L. major plays a minor role in the induction of protective immunity. However, we demonstrated for the first time that the capacity of DC to mediate protection against L. major is supported by cross‐activation with NK cells of the host and NK‐cell‐derived interferon‐γ.
Deep habitats are important for juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in large rivers
Authors: Linnansaari T. , Keskinen A. , Romakkaniemi A. , Erkinaro J. , Orell P. 
Published: July 2010

Linnansaari T, Keskinen A, Romakkaniemi A, Erkinaro J, Orell P. Deep habitats are important for juvenile Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in large rivers. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 618–626. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Juvenile Atlantic salmon were studied by underwater video surveillance and self contained underwater breathing apparatus‐diving in deep (i.e. >1.0 m), fast flowing areas of two large river systems (River Teno, River Tornionjoki) in northern Finland. Both video and diving data indicated that young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) salmon (0+) and salmon parr (>0+) readily utilised habitats deeper than 1 m. Young‐of‐the‐year salmon and parr were observed through a range of 0.5–1.9 m and 0.4–2.2 m, respectively. A negative linear relationship between the mean abundance of YOY salmon and mean depth was noted from the diving transects. Salmon parr were similarly abundant throughout the range of depths studied. Video data showed that deep habitats were used throughout the summer (June–August). It was concluded that deep, fast‐flowing areas in large rivers may constitute a significant habitat resource for juvenile salmon that has not been traditionally accounted for when estimating salmon production.
British Society for Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics and British Transplantation Society Guidelines for the Detection and Characterisation of Clinically Relevant Antibodies in Allotransplantation
Authors: Howell W. M. , Harmer A. , Briggs D. , Dyer P. , Fuggle S. V. , Martin S. , Sinnott P. , Smith J. , Taylor C. J. , Vaughan R. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryOngoing technological developments in antibody detection and characterisation allowing relative quantitation of HLA‐specific antibody levels, combined with crossmatch results, now allow a graded assessment of patient potential donor immunological risk for allotransplantation, rather than a simple ‘positive’ or ‘negative’ categorization of crossmatch results. These developments have driven a thorough revision of the British Society for Histocompatibility & Immunogenetics and British Transplantation Society Guidelines for the Detection and Characterisation of Clinically Relevant Antibodies in Allotransplantation. These newly published revised Guidelines contain a number of recommendations as to best practice for antibody detection and crossmatching for the transplantation of a wide range of solid organs and tissues. These recommendations are briefly summarized in this article.
Steroid Receptor Coactivator-3 Expression in Lung Cancer and Its Role in the Regulation of Cancer Cell Survival and Proliferation
Authors: Cai Di , Shames David S. , Raso Maria Gabriela , Xie Yang , Kim Young H. , Pollack Jonathan R. , Girard Luc , Sullivan James P. , Gao Boning , Peyton Michael , Nanjundan Meera , Byers Lauren , Heymach John , Mills Gordon , Gazdar Adi F. , Wistuba Ignacio , Kodadek Thomas , Minna John D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) is a histone acetyltransferase and nuclear hormone receptor coactivator, located on 20q12, which is amplified in several epithelial cancers and well studied in breast cancer. However, its possible role in lung cancer pathogenesis is unknown. We found SRC-3 to be overexpressed in 27% of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients (n = 311) by immunohistochemistry, which correlated with poor disease-free (P = 0.0015) and overall (P = 0.0008) survival. Twenty-seven percent of NSCLCs exhibited SRC-3 gene amplification, and we found that lung cancer cell lines expressed higher levels of SRC-3 than did immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC), which in turn expressed higher levels of SRC-3 than did cultured primary human HBECs. Small interfering RNA–mediated downregulation of SRC-3 in high-expressing, but not in low-expressing, lung cancer cells significantly inhibited tumor cell growth and induced apoptosis. Finally, we found that SRC-3 expression is inversely correlated with gefitinib sensitivity and that SRC-3 knockdown results in epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor–resistant lung cancers becoming more sensitive to gefitinib. Taken together, these data suggest that SRC-3 may be an important oncogene and therapeutic target for lung cancer. Cancer Res; 70(16); 6477–85. ©2010 AACR.
Characterisation of prostate cancer lesions in heterozygous Men1 mutant mice
Authors: Seigne Christelle , Fontanière Sandra , Carreira Christine , Lu Jieli , Tong Wei-Ming , Fontanière Bernard , Wang Zhao-Qi , Zhang Chang Xian , Frappart Lucien 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Mutations of the MEN1 gene predispose to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. Our group and others have shown that Men1 disruption in mice recapitulates MEN1 pathology. Intriguingly, rare lesions in hormone-dependent tissues, such as prostate and mammary glands, were also observed in the Men1 mutant mice.

Methods
To study the occurrence of prostate lesions, we followed a male mouse cohort of 47 Men1
+/- mice and 23 age-matched control littermates, starting at 18 months of age, and analysed the prostate glands from the cohort.

Results
Six Men1
+/- mice (12.8%) developed prostate cancer, including two adenocarcinomas and four in situ carcinomas, while none of the control mice developed cancerous lesions. The expression of menin encoded by the Men1 gene was found to be drastically reduced in all carcinomas, and partial LOH of the wild-type Men1 allele was detected in three of the five analysed lesions. Using immunostaining for the androgen receptor and p63, a basal epithelial cell marker, we demonstrated that the menin-negative prostate cancer cells did not display p63 expression and that the androgen receptor was expressed but more heterogeneous in these lesions. Furthermore, our data showed that the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1B (p27), a Men1 target gene known to be inactivated during prostate cell tumorigenesis, was notably decreased in the prostate cancers that developed in the mutant mice.

Conclusion
Our work suggests the possible involvement of Men1 inactivation in the tumorigenesis of the prostate gland.