bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disruption of embryonic development by juvenile hormone and its mimics in Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. (Hemiptera, Pyrrhocoridae)
Authors: Wall C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe embryonic development of Dysdercus fasciatus Sign. is described in terms of 15 arbitrary stages based on external morphological characters. The effects of treating eggs early in development with juvenile hormone and a mimic (JH) are then described in terms of the stages at which embryonic development is arrested and the resulting morphological aberrations are summarised. The effects of the treatment of two strains of D. fasciatus with two JH (Law's mimic and Ayerst synthetic juvenile hormone) are described and compared in terms of both the hatchability of the eggs and the stage distributions of the arrested embryos. Law's mimic was more effective than Ayerst SJH in preventing egg hatch, and the Malawi strain was less susceptible than the Reading strain. Embryonic development was never arrested earlier than the commencement of blastokinesis (Stage VIII). After treatment with Ayerst SJH most embryos of both strains were arrested during dorsal closure (Stages XI-XII) or at the time of eclosion (Stages XHI-XIV). Treatment of the Reading strain with Law's mimic resulted in the majority of embryos being arrested during blastokinesis (Stages VIII-X) at all doses. Examination of the timetable of development in both control and treated eggs reveals a dramatic reduction in developmental rate in treated eggs at the commencement of blastokinesis. It is suggested that JH may act on eggs of D. fasciatus in three ways: interference with eclosion, differentiation and the embryonic movements during blastokinesis.
The subgenus Larroussius of Phlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae) in the Ethiopian region
Authors: Lewis D. J. , Minter D. M. , Ashford R. W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe subgenus Larroussius of Phlebotomus includes several vectors of visceral leishmaniasis. A key is given for the tropical African species, three of which are described for the first time. Notes on the species include a discussion of the status of P. langeroni orientalis Parrot, one of the three species from the Ethiopian Region known to transmit leishmaniasis.
Methods of Automatic Collecting for Studying the Fauna of the Soil
Authors: Trägårdh Ivar 
Published: July 2009

When studying the fauna of the soil it is obviously of the utmost importance to use such methods of collecting the animals as are thoroughly reliable and efficient, so that one can be reasonably sure of getting practically all the animals existing in a given material. It is not to be expected that one method will ensure successful collection of all the animals, because some react in one way towards the agents chiefly used, viz., strong light and heat, others react in another way. For instance, some animals, such as Tardigrades and Rhizopoda, encyst themselves when subjected to dryness and cannot be forced to move downwards away from the light and dryness as most arthropods do. As pointed out by the author (1928) all methods of mechanically separating the animals from the substratum by sieves, etc., are worthless unless applied to larger animals such as Oligochaeta, larger beetles and snails. For all smaller animals the only safe method is the automatic one based on their reactions towards light and dryness, which was devised by the late Professor A. Berlese in Florence in 1905.This apparatus is so well known that it is not necessary to give a detailed description of it, nor need I dwell on the more or less similar apparatus constructed later, except Tullgren's, because the latter, constructed in 1917, has been used by several investigators. Tullgren substituted the funnel filled with water and heated by gas, which Berlese used for the purpose of drying the material containing the micro-arthropods to be collected, by an electric bulb suspended above the material in a cylindrical funnel at a distance of about 5 cm. above the material.
Gall Midges (Cecidomyidae) as Enemies of Mites
Authors: Barnes H. F. 
Published: July 2009

This is a third of a series of papers dealing with zoophagous gall midges of the world. The first, “ Gall Midges as Enemies of Aphids,” was published in 1929 (Bull. Ent. Res., xx, 1929, pp. 433–442) and the second, “ Gall Midges as Enemies of the Tingidae, Psyllidae, Aleyrodidae, and Coccidae,” appeared more recently (op. cit., xxi, 1930, pp. 319–329).In this paper the species of gall midges whose larvae have been reported as preying on mites are dealt with, the first reference mentioned being in each case that of the original description or record. Practically all the literature available consists of specific descriptions and little is stated about the bionomics of the species with a few exceptions. It is a matter for regret that such scant attention has been paid to this aspect of biological control, especially in view of certain statements claiming that the larvae of various gall midges are of considerable importance in the natural control of red spider. It is with a view to stimulating further research in this direction that the present paper has been compiled.It has been thought advisable to divide the paper somewhat arbitrarily into separate sections, dealing firstly with those species of gall midges preying on free-living mites and secondly with those species preying on gall-inhabiting mites. A further section deals with those Cecidomyids which may feed on mites. As an additional convenience, a list of plants on which the mites live is appended. The Cecidomyids which may be predacious on mites (see section 5) are not, however, included in this list.
Notes on the Natural Control ofColeophora laricella, the Larch Case-bearer
Authors: Thorpe W. H. 
Published: July 2009

This paper consists of a preliminary report on investigations of the parasites ofColeophora laricellain Europe, with a view to their possible utilisation in Canada.Systematic and biological notes on the more important species are given.The most promising parasite,Angitia nana, has already been shipped to Canada. It is a solitary internal parasite of the case-bearer larva. Further investigations are necessary before it can be considered safe to introduce any other species.I am very grateful to Dr. C. Ferrière, of the Imperial Institute of Entomology, for the time and trouble he has given to the work of identifying the parasite material. The late Mr. J. C. Robbins helped materially by kindly carrying on observations while I was absent through illness, and by collecting material in the field. Mr. R. J. Spittle has been of great assistance in the production of the finished drawings, several of them being mainly his own work. A number of the earlier field collections were made by Mr. H. S. Hanson.
Observations on Glossina morsitans, Westw., in East Africa
Authors: Potts W. H. 
Published: July 2009

1. Methods used in the production of pupae of G. morsitans, Westw., in the laboratory have been described.2. Observations, based on the pupae produced in the laboratory, have been recorded on larviposition, pupation, pupal period and stages of pupal development.3. The pupal period was found to vary with the temperature, from 23·1 days when kept constantly at 86°F., to 48·5 days at a varying temperature, the mean noon temperature during development being 70·0°F.4. Examination of puparia collected from natural breeding-sites showed that there is a fairly heavy mortality in the pupal stages in nature, amounting in some cases to as much as 50%.5. Parasitisation by the Hymenopterous parasite, Syntomosphyrum glossinae, was found to a very slight degree—0·2& only.6. Heavier parasitisation by three species of Bombyliids—Thyridanthrax abruptus, T. lineus, and T. argentifrons—occurred.7. The living, dead, and parasitised puparia could be distinguished by (a) immersion in methylated spirit of S.G. 0·820, when those sinking would be alive, and (b) subsequent immersion in petrol of those floating in methylated spirit, when those sinking would for the greater part be parasitised and those floating would be dead.8. The degree of temperature lethal to pupae was found to depend on duration of exposure. Thus, whereas pupae survived exposure to 55–57°C. for 2 minutes, 45–50°C. was lethal when the exposure lasted half an hour, whilst even 40°C. was lethal when continued for 4 hours or more, and pupae failed to survive 13 days at 35°C.
Traps for Tsetse-flies of the “ Crinoline ” and “ Ventilator ” Forms
Authors: Chorley C. W. , Swynnerton C. F. M. 
Published: July 2009

Prefatory Note.Having had the privilege of seeing something of Mr. Chorley's very fine work against Glossina palpalis, and having had four of his traps (of the types shown in Pl. xi, figs. 1, 2, 5) in experimental use myself, I would like to state that he has, in my opinion, done particularly excellent service in evolving several good types of trap for this tsetse-fly. They have not been properly tested yet against other species of tsetse. The choice of exactly suitable sites for the traps, as with all tsetse-traps, is a matter of considerable difficulty and demands expert knowledge, but if skilfully sited, the traps catch well. They represent the acme of cheapness. The mere tacking of a skirt on a Conical Hoop Trap (1912), a Hughen's trap (1919) or a Barrel Trap (Burnett 1918) makes a “ Chorley ” Trap for tsetse-fly. A mere sack or trouserleg kept open by a hoop and with a non-return cage on the top suffices ; and the trap collapses, like a lady's dress, into no space at all. It is simply, in some of its forms (as in Pl. xi, figs. 1, 2, 5), a very slight adaptation to tsetse of Richmond's Crinoline Trap for mosquitos, published in 1927 in the Government of India's Health Bulletin, No. 11 ; in its “ ventilator ” forms (e.g., fig. 3), it is an adaptation of the Wahl & du Plessis trap for blow-flies, published in 1923 in the Journal of the Department of Agriculture of South Africa—though even here the form most used has been cylindrical.
Further Observations on Dysdercus superstitiosus, F., and other Insects affecting Cotton in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Pomeroy A. W. J. 
Published: July 2009

Young bolls may be shed owing to the mechanical action of stainer puncturing, apart from the introduction of any specific internal boll disease. One puncture is sufficient to obtain this effect.Unless the carpel wall is pierced, no injury to the boll from insect attack results, and it is highly probable that the piercing of the carpel wall is essential for the introduction of internal boll disease.Internal proliferation does not take place unless the carpel wall is pierced, and is not an essential factor in the shedding of young bolls, but rather an indication of injury from an external source.Puncturing by stainers of the buds and flowers, before the flower petals have fallen off, may cause the shedding of the boll and the introduction of internal boll disease.The surest superficial diagnosis of stainer injury to bolls, as compared with other insect injuries, is the finding of a bead of moisture exuding from the single minute orifice, in the case of a fresh puncture, and of a minute canal in the centre of the corked area of an injury some days old. The regularity of the rim of the corked area is a strong indication of stainer injury, the periphery of the corked area produced by the nibbling of young Lepidopterous larvae being irregular, owing to the action of the mandibles.
The Food of the Red-billed Oxpecker, Buphagus erythrorhynchus (Stanley)
Authors: Moreau R. E. 
Published: July 2009

The Red-billed Oxpecker, or Tick-bird, is the East African representative of a genus that has always excited interest by reason of the peculiar feeding habits of its members. They obtain the whole of their food on the bodies of the larger Herbivora, and their abnormally sharp claws permit them to travel in any direction and to visit every spot on the bodies of their hosts. It is obvious that to stock-owners birds of these habits must be of economic importance, but veterinary, ornithological and entomological literature alike have failed to provide any record of an investigation of their food.In the absence of published data application was made to various authorities for their opinions and for any detailed information they might have. Astonishingly diverse replies were given. The head of a veterinary laboratory in one of the East African dependencies wrote as follows : “ I believe they do pick off ticks, although I doubt if they eat these ; their object being to find a wound. When they have succeeded they feed on the exposed raw tissue.” Another local veterinary authority remarked : “ They cause a great deal of damage through the sores they produce in stock.” A gamewarden said : “ I always regarded the oxpecker as an unmitigated nuisance and pest. The prevalent idea that this bird frees domestic stock of ticks appears to be entirely erroneous.… These birds feed mainly on the raw tissue of open wounds and it is by their action that the open wounds usually occur.” Other observers of wide experience are less downright.
The Virus of Rinderpest and its Relation to Glossina morsitans, Westw.
Authors: Carmichael J. 
Published: July 2009

The earliest known cases of the coincident disappearance of tsetse-fly from an area affected with rinderpest occurred in the Transvaal and Rhodesia in the early nineties of last century (Stevenson Hamilton, 1911 and 1912). There is no doubt that the fly either decreased or entirely disappeared from various districts in these two territories following the great rinderpest epizootic in the wild fauna. A satisfactory explanation has not yet been given to account for this remarkable phenomenon.Fuller (1923) in a most interesting historical review of the tsetse position in the Transvaal and neighbouring territories points out that although there had been a gradual shrinkage of the fly over a period of some years, the disappearance of Glossina from the Eastern low country of the Transvaal can be definitely attributed to the rinderpest epizootic. He further states (p. 347) that “ it has been shown experimentally that disease-laden blood does not militate immediately against the fly.” No reference is given in support of this statement, and I am unable to trace any published experimental evidence in this connection, with the exception of Duke's (1919) work, which is referred to later.Howard (1910), discussing the tsetse position in the Inhambane and Lourenço Marques districts of Portuguese Territory, states that after rinderpest passed over South Africa the fly began to disappear and that they had been unable to locate a single tsetse-belt in that portion of the country.
Observations on the Life-histories, Nutritional Requirements and Fecundity of Blowflies
Authors: Mackerras M. J. 
Published: July 2009

L. sericata, L. cuprina, Ch. rufifacies, C. stygia and C. augur have been bred through many generations in captivity. These flies were bred in artificial light as well as in sunlight. Inbreeding had no effect upon activity, fecundity or length of life.A diet of protein is necessary for the maturation of ova but not of spermatozoa.Oviposition is not strictly associated with a suitable larval environment, but is more in the nature of a response to a tactile stimulus. Copulation appears to provide an essential stimulus for oviposition.No evidence of parthenogenesis has been obtained and unfertilised females did not lay eggs.The maximum oviposition observed was 3,171 ova by a hybrid Lucilia. This fly lived 94 days.A total oviposition of 2,373 ova was observed in a L. sericata. Both parent flies lived 77 days.The number of ova a fly can produce at one time is dependent on its size and thus on the amount of food obtained in the larval stage.The sex-ratio for Lucilia is very close to 1 : 1. Starvation in the larval period did not have a marked effect on the sex-ratio.It is possible to cross the two closely related species of Lucilia, and the cuprina characters appear to be dominant. It is unlikely that this cross occurs in the field.
Observations on Aëdes aegypti, L. (Dipt. Culic.) under controlled Atmospheric Conditions
Authors: Lewis D. J. 
Published: July 2009

Methods of breeding and manipulating Aëdes aegypti are described. Experiments on length of life were carried out with 534 mosquitos under eleven sets of conditions of atmospheric temperature and humidity. Also, 379 females were given an opportunity to suck blood under 11 sets of conditions. The following conclusions were reached :—1. The length of life of starved mosquitos at 23°C. is very much dependent on humidity, but it cannot be directly related to saturation deficiency.2. In these experiments there is no significant difference between the mean survivals of males and females, the former being generally longer.3. The survival periods of fed and unfed females have a similar relation to humidity, the fed ones surviving the conditions for a longer period, irrespective of the date of feeding.4. The effect of a change of temperature of 7°C. on the survival at 23°C. and 30°C. is much less than would be expected when the long survival period at 10°C. is considered.5. In the absence of any efficient physiological adaptation for retarding loss of water, the females, possibly for this reason, seek a blood meal mainly in saturated air at the temperature of maximum activity.
Comparative Observations on the Morphology and Biology of some Hymenopterous Parasites of Carrion-infesting Diptera
Authors: Evans A. C. 
Published: July 2009

1. The biology and larval morphology of three Alysiine Braconids and one Chalcid, parasites of the pre-imaginal stages of some carrion-infesting Dipterous larvae, are described.2. The mode of hibernation of the parasites is recorded.3. The oviposition of Alysia manducator and Aphaereta minuta is discussed in detail, attention being drawn to the hitherto neglected sense-organs located in the tarsi of these two species and to their importance in the process of oviposition.4. The differing responses of full-grown Lucilia sericata larvae to parasitism by Alysia manducator at high and low temperatures are suggested to be due to differences in the physiological states of the host larvae at these temperatures.5. A comparative study of the three endoparasitic Alysiines suggests that Alysia manducator may have reached a state of endoparasitic life relatively later than the other species studied, or at least has not yet reached such an advanced stage of endoparasitic specialisation as have Aphaereta minuta and Aspilota nervosa.6. The growth of the egg in Aphaereta minuta and Alysia manducator and of the larvae of Mormoniella vitripennis is discussed.
Ecology of the Moroccan Locust in Iraq and Syria and the Prevention of its Outbreaks
Authors: Uvarov B. P. 
Published: July 2009

In the spring of 1932 the President of the International Locust Office at Damascus invited me to visit the main breeding areas of the Moroccan Locust (Dociostaurus maroccanus, Thunbg.) within the territories of the states adhering to that Office, i.e. Turkey, Syria and Iraq, in order to survey the local locust problem and to advise on the best general policy of locust control. The visit represented partly a continuation of the previous season's work in Western Anatolia (Uvarov, 1932) and concerned the great locust area which comprises the south-eastern vilayets of the Turkish Republic, the northern provinces of Syria and northern Iraq.The voyage was planned to take place at the period when oviposition by locusts usually occurs, and about three weeks in the second half of May and early June were spent in actually touring the areas subject to regular locust invasions in Iraq and Syria. Unfortunately, no arrangements were made for including Southern Turkey in the tour and, therefore, an important section of the area remained unstudied.While the choice of the period for the ecological investigations proved to be correct, the year was scarcely favourable for reaching very definite conclusions. Locust swarms were numerous and rather widely spread during at least two or three previous years, but the meteorological conditions of the early spring of 1932 were quite exceptional, owing to the practical absence of rains, which caused great mortality amongst young hoppers.
Taxonomic Notes on the Coffee Mealybugs of Kenya Colony
Authors: James H. C. 
Published: July 2009

The following species of mealybugs have been collected from Coffea arabica in Kenya Colony :—Pseudococcus lilacinus, Ckll.Pseudococcus citri, Risso.Pseudococcus simulator, sp. n.Pseudococcus virgatus, Ckll.Pseudococcus perniciosus, Newst. & Willc.Pseudococcus longispinus, Targ.It is possible that additional species may be collected, especially from the coffee districts of Western Kenya, which are very distant from Nairobi, but undiscovered species, if they exist, can be little more than entomological rarities.
Notes on Some Injurious African Rhynchota
Authors: Distant W. L. 
Published: July 2009

Head, antennae, rostrum, pronotum, scutellum, body beneath and legs black; posterior lobe of pronotum, posterior angular areas of prosternum, and a sub-basal discal suffusion to abdomen beneath, dark sanguineous; intermediate and posterior tibiae broadly annulated with pale luteous; corium and membrane pale grey hyaline, a black spot at apical angle to corium; head shorter than pronotum; antennae with the first joints reaching apex of head, second longest thickened towards apex,third and fourth subequal in length; pronotum with the lateral margins distinctly pilose, posterior lobe granulose, anterior lobe more coarsely so; membrane extending beyond the abdominal apex, third and fourth subequal in length; pronotum with the lateral margins distinctly pilose, posterior lobe granulose, anterior lobe more coarsely so; membrane extending beyond the abdominal apex.
Integrated use of pink bollworm pheromone formulations and selected conventional insecticides for the control of the cotton pest complex in Pakistan
Authors: Critchley B.R. , Chamberlain D.J. , Campion D.G. , Attique M.R. , Ali M. , Ghaffar A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHollow-fibre, microencapsulated and twist-tie formulations of the pheromone of the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) were used in trials conducted in Pakistan from 1985–1988. Early season control of this pest by mating disruption, permitted an average reduction of two applications, of conventional insecticides otherwise required to control the cotton pest complex, particularly at the time of flower and fruit setting when beneficial insects are most numerous. The pheromone formulations, together with a mixture of selective and broad-spectrum insecticides in plots of 5 or 10 ha of cotton were compared with plots of cotton, of similar size in the same locality treated with a conventional insecticide spray programme and in plots where no insecticide applications were made for the control of bollworms. Comparisons of numbers of infested bolls and estimated yields showed that levels of control achieved using the pheromone/insecticide combinations were equal in effect to conventional programmes of insecticide sprays, whereas in plots where no bollworm control measures were taken, significantly higher bollworm infestations and reduced yield estimates were recorded.