bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE ON THE METABOLISM OF THE ISOLATED LEVATOR ANI MUSCLE OF THE RAT
Authors: Arvill A. , Hjalmarson Å. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The effects of growth hormone (GH) were investigated in the levator ani muscle and the diaphragm from hypophysectomized and from normal male rats. GH was added to the incubation media and/or injected daily for four days to the rats before the in vitro experiments.
GH, added in vitro, stimulated the rate of accumulation of D-xylose-14C in the two muscles from hypophysectomized but not from normal rats.
GH, in vitro, increased the distribution ratio of α-aminoisobutyric acid-14C (AIB-14C) in the diaphragm from hypophysectomized rats to a much higher degree than in muscles from normal rats. In vivo injections of GH to hypophysectomized rats which were not stimulating in itself, made the diaphragm insensitive to GH added in vitro.
In the levator ani muscle, however, a different effect was obtained on the AIB-14C distribution ratio. GH in vitro did not stimulate muscles from hypophysectomized rats more than those from normal rats. Furthermore, administration of GH to hypophysectomized rats, which not was stimulating in itself, gave an additional effect with GH in vitro in this muscle.
The accumulation rate as well as the incorporation into protein of glycine-3H increased in both muscles from hypophysectomized rats after in vivo as well as in vitro administration of GH.
The results are discussed in connection to our present knowledge of the different effects of GH.
INFLUENCE OF GROWTH HORMONE ON THE SENSITIVITY OF RAT DIAPHRAGM TO INSULIN
Authors: Hjalmarson Å. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The in vitro effects of insulin (0.1—1.0 mU/ml) on the rate of intracellular accumulation of 14C-labelled α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB-14C) and D-xylose-14C were much more pronounced in the intact diaphragm from hypophysectomized rats than in that of normal rats. Similar differences in sensitivity were also found for GH (25 μg/ml).
Injections of GH intramuscularly for 4 days or intravenously together with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone 3 hours before start of incubation did not reduce the in vitro effect of insulin (0.1 and 0.5 mU/ml) on the uptake of D-xylose-14C in the diaphragm from hypophysectomized rats. The injection of both GH and dexamethasone significantly decreased the uptake of D-xylose-14C both in the presence and absence of insulin.
Preincubation of the diaphragms from hypophysectomized rats with GH (5 μg/ml), which has been found to completely abolish the subsequent effect of GH (Hjalmarson 1968), did not reduce the effect of insulin (0.1 mU/ml) on the accumulation of AIB-14C and D-xylose-14C. Neither did dexamethasone (0.1 μg/ml) change the sensitivity to insulin in a similar experiment. However, preincubation with both GH and dexamethasone for 3 hours significantly reduced the accumulation rate of AIB-14C and D-xylose-14C in the diaphragms both in the presence and absence of insulin (0.1 and 1.0 mU/ml). This pretreatment also reduced the effect of insulin on the uptake of AIB-14C in diaphragms from both normal and hypophysectomized rats. No such insulin antagonistic effect of GH and dexamethasone in vitro was, however, obtained on the accumulation of D-xylose-14C.
Enzymic Correlates of Development, Secretory Function and Regression of Follicles and Corpora Lutea in the Bovine Ovary. PART I: Growth and Maturation of Follicles
Authors: Lobel B. L. , Levy E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Activities of several hydrolytic enzymes (acid and alkaline phosphatases, ATP-ase and β-glucuronidase) as well as several dehydrogenases (succinic dehydrogenase, NADP and NADPH2 diaphorases, Δ5-3β-, 17β- and 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases) were studied during the growth and maturation of follicles from primordial to pre-ovulatory in the bovine ovary. Follicular growth apparently commenced with enlargement of the oocyte, and enzymic activities (alkaline phosphatase, ATP-ase, β-glucuronidase and the diaphorases) of this stage were strong in the granulosa; vesicular follicles exhibited strong enzymic activities mainly in the theca. Steroid dehydrogenases were demonstrable in both theca and granulosa of vesicular follicles only. Luteinization of pre-ovulatory follicles, as judged by cytochemical and morphological characteristics, began prior to rupture. A correlation was observed between cytochemically demonstrable enzymic activities and secretory function.
CHEMISTRY OF GONADOTROPHINS IN RELATION TO THEIR ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES
Authors: Butt W. R. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Several chemical differences between FSH, LH and HCG have been reported: thus LH and HCG are richer in proline than FSH and FSH and HCG contain more N-acetyl neuraminic acid than LH.
Sub-units of LH are formed by treatment with urea, guanidine or acid. HCG also may contain two sub-units. The sub-units from LH are biologically inert but retain their immunological activity: biological activity is restored when the sub-units are incubated together.
There is much evidence from chemical and enzymic reactions that antigenic groups are distinct from those parts of the molecule essential for biological activity. N-acetyl neuraminic acid and probably other carbohydrates in FSH and HCG are not involved in immunological activity but are necessary for biological activity. Histidine, methionine and possibly cysteine appear to be essential for biological but not immunological activity of FSH, while tryptophan and possibly tyrosine are not essential for either.
A few highly specific antisera to gonadotrophins have been prepared in rabbits and guinea pigs to crude antigens: there is no evidence that purified antigens are more likely to produce specific antisera.
Differences in the immunological reactivities of urinary compared with pituitary gonadotrophins have been observed both by radioimmunoassay and by the complement fixation technique. The latter may be particularly useful for detecting structural differences in the hormones.
BIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ANTIGONADOTROPHIC PROFILES
Authors: Robyn C. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
During the past few years a series of papers (Robyn et al. 1968; Robyn & Diczfalusy 1968a,b,c; Robyn et al. 1969; Petrusz et al. (1970) were published from this laboratory on the problems of statistically valid bioassays of gonadotrophin neutralizing potencies of antisera. These bioassays were based on the principle of »simple additivity« (or rather, subtractivity) of Hormone (H) and Antiserum (AS). Experiments conducted at several levels of neutralization of H by AS, ranging from 20 to 90 %, supported the validity of the principle of »simple additivity«. The human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), the luteinizing hormone (LH) and the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) neutralizing potencies of rabbit anti-HCG sera, anti-human hypophysial gonadotrophin (anti-HHG) sera and anti-human menopausal gonadotrophin (anti-HMG) sera were estimated comparatively. The establishment of such antigonadotrophic profiles of antisera has several advantages. It makes it possible to improve the biological specificity of antisera by absorption procedures carried out on a strictly quantitative basis by selecting an appropriate amount of a gonadotrophin preparation with the adequate LH:FSH ratio. Also, it makes possible to improve the biological specificity of gonadotrophin preparations by absorption procedures carried out on a quantitative basis by selecting the appropriate excess of an antiserum with the adequate anti-LH:anti-FSH ratio. Finally the characterization of the antigonadotrophic profile of antisera together with that of the gonadotrophic profile of antigens provides improved tools for the study of the very complex relationships between the biological activities and the antigenic properties of gonadotrophic molecules. It is hoped, therefore, that the use of these methods will be of assistance in improving the specificity of current immunoassays for gonadotrophins.
INFLUENCE OF IMMUNIZATION PROCEDURES ON THE TITER, AFFINITY AND SPECIFICITY OF ANTISERA TO GLYCOPOLYPEPTIDES
Authors: Odell William D. , Abraham Guy , Raud H. Randar , Swerdloff Ronald S. , Fisher Delbert A. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
HLH, HTSH, HCG and HFSH are glycopolypeptides with similar molecular weights and immunological properties. Production of antisera useful in specific radioimmunoassays has been difficult. Immunization of rabbits with each of these hormones homogenized in complete Freund's adjuvant is routinely followed by antiserum production. Titers rise progressively with repeated immunizations for ten weeks or more and then the rate of increase falls. Rabbits producing higher titers of antiserum after two immunizations generally continue to produce higher titers during additional immunizations, thus selection of animals early during immunization is possible. Affinity of the antisera against all four hormones generally also increases during the course of immunization. Several ways of estimating affinity of antisera are presented. Specificity of antisera is variable, particularly against HFSH. Review of published techniques and our own experience reveals that all specific anti HFSH has been obtained after two to four immunizations; those after five or more immunizations have shown complete cross reaction with HLH, HTSH, and HFSH. These observations may explain the failure of some investigators to obtain specific antisera. For HFSH antisera, affinity progressively increases, but specificity appears to decrease with frequency of immunization. For HTSH and HCG antisera, specificity is retained or increases with repeated immunizations, and specific high affinity antisera are more regularly produced. Antisera capable of use to produce specific radioimmunoassays need not necessarily contain only antibodies against the hormone to be measured. Thus antisera against LH might be present in an antiserum used to quantify HFSH, if the anti HLH did not bind HFSH in either radioactive or nonradioactive form. Specificities of antisera vary a great deal and consideration of the nature of cross reacting substances would be effective in producing specificity. Thus when HLH reacted completely and equally with HFSH in an HFSH assay, absorbtion would completely neutralize all anti HFSH antibodies. If HLH and HFSH had dose response curves with quite different slopes (and hence different affinities for the anti HFSH), absorbtion is possible. When two or more populations of antibodies against HFSH are demonstrable by the presence of biphasic dose response curves in the assay, and if one population is specific, absorbtion of the nonspecific population may be possible.
BIOLOGICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF GONADOTROPHIC PROFILES
Authors: Petrusz P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The studies of Robyn et al. (1968) and Robyn & Diczfalusy (1968a,b) indicate that the characterization of the biological and immunological profiles of gonadotrophin preparations and antigonadotrophic sera, respectively, permits
selective and complete neutralization of a given gonadotrophic activity and preparation of biologically pure gonadotrophins; selective neutralization of a given antigonadotrophic activity and preparation of biologically monospecific antigonadotrophic sera.
Experimental work directed towards the above two goals is presented. Complete neutralization of a given HCG* activity, selective neutralization of the FSH-like activity present in HCG preparations and selective neutralization of the LH activity present in HMG preparations was demonstrated and the biological effects of the FSH-free HCG and LH-free FSH were studied.
To facilitate the quantitative neutralization of certain antibodies present in heterospecific antisera, a new bioassay system is described for the estimation of the antigonadotrophin neutralizing potency of gonadotrophin preparations. The comparison of the anti-FSH neutralizing potencies of several HCG, HMG and HPG preparations indicates, that the anti-FSH neutralizing factor is not necessarily associated with the biological FSH activity. To improve the specificity of both antigens and antisera, it seems necessary to study – in addition to the biological characteristics – the antiserum neutralizing potency of gonadotrophins.
LABELLING OF ANTIGENS BY VARIOUS ISOTOPES
Authors: Eshkol Aliza 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Isotopically labelled protein or polypeptide hormones are chemically and/or structurally different from the native material. This may be a major handicap when biological studies or radioimmunoassays are performed. Labelling procedures with 131I, 125I or by introduction of 3H (exchange, acetylation, alanylation) are described, and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods are outlined. The specific activity and biological and immunological properties of the labelled end products are discussed. The review presented should enable the individual investigator to choose the appropriate method of labelling according to his specific requirements.
DISCREPANCIES AND SIMILARITIES OF SERUM FSH AND LH PATTERNS AS EVALUATED BY DIFFERENT ASSAY METHODS
Authors: Taymor Melvin L. , Miyata Jun 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
In general the patterns of serum levels of FSH and LH during the menstrual cycle are similar from laboratory to laboratory. Some of the minor differences in patterns may be due to different population sampling. Significant quantitative differences exist which vary in amount in different parts of the cycle. Therefore, these quantitative differences are not due to the use of different standards alone, but possibly to the use of different antisera, different dilutions, and significant differences in methodology.
CONTRACEPTIVE TREATMENT WITH LOW DOSES OF GESTAGENS
Authors: Larsson-Cohn Ulf 
Published: October 2009

I ABSTRACT
Chlormadinone acetate (CMA) in a dose of 0.5 mg and Norethindrone (NET) in doses of 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg and 0.5 mg were administred daily to different groups of women. The groups consisted of between 104 and 125 individuals and the observation time varied between 1125 and 1850 months.
The pregnancy rate varied between 0 and 3.2. There was a high frequency of irregular bleeding and amenorrhoea, causing 14.5% of the women to withdraw from trial. The cycle control seemed to be better with CMA 0.5 mg and NET 0.3 mg than with the two other doses of NET. The frequency of general side-effects was relatively low. Endometrial biopsies suggested, when cycles lasting less than 15 days were excluded, that between 70% and 80% of the vaginal flows followed periods of luteal activity. Judged by pregnanediol and progesterone determinations, the corresponding figures were 50% to 60%. This discrepancy is supposed to be due to reduced progesterone production of the corpus luteum, inducing irregular secretory changes of the endometrium. This is also supported by the fact that some women showed low plasma progesterone concentration simultaneously with irregular secretory endometrium.
As the treatment was well tolerated by a majority of the participants and as it seems to have only minor metabolic effects, it is concluded that the method is a valuable complement to the other contraceptive measures available.
STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF SYMPTOMS AND CLINICAL SIGNS IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM
Authors: Lamberg B.-A. , Heinonen O. P. , Aro A. , Viherkoski M. , Knekt P. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
The occurrence of 15 symptoms and 11 clinical signs was studied in 101 hyperthyroid patients and 106 euthyroid subjects. The hyperthyroid group comprised 50 patients with toxic diffuse goitre and 51 with toxic nodular goitre. The control group included 31 subjects with non-toxic goitre. The symptoms and signs were registered in a standardised manner. The difference in the frequency of each symptom and sign between the hyperthyroid and the control group was analysed statistically.
The most discriminatory were the symptoms and signs related to excessive production of heat and to stimulation of the nervous system. The results were mostly in agreement with those of the few previously existing reports. Lid signs, however, were in both groups less frequent than in a British material. The need for standardisation in registration of symptoms and signs is emphasized.
RELIABILITY CRITERIA FOR SATURATION ANALYSIS OF STEROIDS BY COMPETITIVE PROTEIN BINDING
Authors: Reeves Billy D. , Calhoun David W. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
This communication is an attempt to delineate and define reliability criteria for saturation analysis of steroids by competitive protein binding assay. The discussion of these criteria evolved from three major considerations of assay method that help to place the ultimate criterion of accuracy in proper perspective. These major considerations are: 1) the measurement system, 2) the assay design and 3) the calculations and statistical control. Such an approach permits an evaluation, both relative and absolute, for a single method or for multiple methods.
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF RADIOLIGAND ASSAY AND RADIOIMMUNOASSAY DATA
Authors: Rodbard D. , Lewald J. E. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A computer program written in extended BASIC (BIICAC) is described for analysis of radioimmunoassay and competitive protein binding assay data. This method uses logit and log transformations to obtain a linear dose responsive curve, followed by unweighted and iterated weighted least squares regression analysis (similar to probit analysis). The standard curve is plotted by computer, and potency estimates and confidence limits are obtained for unknowns. This program has been used successfully in a fully automated data processing system using a time-sharing computer service.1
A SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR THE ASSAY OF PROGESTERONE
Authors: Johansson Elof D. B. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
During one year 8000 determinations of plasma progesterone have been made, using a simple petroleum ether extraction of the plasma followed by competitive protein binding analysis. The selection of the petroleum ether is crucial for the specificity, which is acceptable for the determination of progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. The limit of sensitivity is 0.1 ng. Only 0.25 ml of plasma is needed for the determination during the luteal phase and 0.05 to 0.10 ml during pregnancy. One technician can assay 20 samples in one day with good accuracy and a precision of 7.9 per cent in the most favourable range of measurements. In research projects involving drugs the influence of these drugs on the competitive protein binding system has to be tested. Some of the samples should be further purified by thin layer chromatography as a constant check on the specificity for progesterone.
MEASUREMENT OF TESTOSTERONE BINDING SITES
Authors: Pearlman William H. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
A Sephadex assay technique, in use in our laboratory for the study of steroid-protein interactions, allows expression of the molar concentration of a testosterone-binding component of human serum of high binding affinity in terms of the molar concentration of testosterone-binding sites: examples with model calculations are provided. The presence in the assay system of competing protein of low binding affinity (i. e. albumin) and of competing steroid (i. e. endogenous, radioinert testosterone) is taken into account when estimating the testosterone-binding component. With the aid of some approximations, the distribution of bound testosterone between the testosterone-binding component and albumin is readily calculated. From this estimate and the total testosterone concentration, the serum concentration of unbound testosterone (Su) is calculated.
The concentration of the testosterone-binding component is thus estimated to be of the order of 8 × 10−7M and 1 × 10−7M in late pregnancy serum and adult male serum, respectively, assuming that there is only one binding site for testosterone in the protein molecule. The testosteronebinding component appears to play a role at least equal to that of albumin in binding endogenous testosterone in adult male serum; the testosterone-binding component is clearly dominant in this role in late pregnancy serum. The values for Su at 25° are calculated to be of the order of 3 × 10−10M and 1 × 10−11M in adult male serum and late pregnancy serum, respectively, corresponding to 1.7% and 0.27% of the total testosterone concentration, respectively. It is suggested that the physiologically effective level of circulating androgen may correlate better with the serum concentration of unbound testosterone (Su) than with that of total testosterone.
RADIO-LIGAND PROCEDURES FOR ESTROGEN ASSAY IN NORMAL AND PREGNANCY PLASMA
Authors: Korenman Stanley G. , Tulchinsky Dan , Eaton L. William 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT
Radio-ligand assay techniques suitable for measurement of unconjugated estrone and 17β-estradiol concentrations in plasma from normal and pregnant individuals are described. The specific estrogen binding protein of rabbit uterus is employed as specific reagent and activated charcoal is used as non-specific adsorbant to separate bound from free radioactive estrogen. Steroids of interest are separated by column chromatography on celite. By these techniques, large numbers of samples can be assayed with speed and precision for both estrone and 17β-estradiol.