bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Authoring Systems Delivering Reusable Learning Objects
Authors: Schreurs Jeanne , Dalle Rik , Sammour George Nicola 
Published: October 2009

A three layer e-learning course development model has been defined based on a conceptual model of learning content object. It starts by decomposing the learning content into small chunks which are initially placed in a hierarchic structure of units and blocks. The raw content components, being the atomic learning objects (ALO), were linked to the blocks and are structured in the database. We set forward a dynamic generation of LO's using re-usable e-learning raw materials or ALOâ??s
In that view we need a LO authoring/ assembling system fitting the requirements of interoperability and reusability and starting from selecting the raw learning content from the learning materials content database. In practice authoring systems are used to develop e-learning courses. The company EDUWEST has developed an authoring system that is database based and will be SCORM compliant in the near future.
Magnetic resonance imaging in central nervous system tuberculosis
Authors: Trivedi Richa , Saksena Sona , Gupta Rakesh K 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) in any form is a devastating disease, which in its most severe form involves the central nervous system (CNS), with a high mortality and morbidity. Early diagnosis of CNS TB is necessary for appropriate treatment to reduce this morbidity and mortality. Routine diagnostic techniques involve culture and immunological tests of the tissue and biofluids, which are time-consuming and may delay definitive management. Noninvasive imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) scan and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are routinely used in the diagnosis of neurotuberculosis, with MRI offering greater inherent sensitivity and specificity than CT scan. In addition to conventional MRI imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, diffusion imaging, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques are also being evaluated for better tissue characterization in CNS TB. The current article reviews the role of various MRI techniques in the diagnosis and management of CNS TB.
How to improve your breast cancer program: Standardized reporting using the new American College of Radiology Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System
Authors: Ojeda-Fournier Haydee , Nguyen Judy Q 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn the USA, the use of the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (ACR BI-RADS) has served not only as a quality assurance tool and guide to standardizing breast imaging reports but has also improved communication between referring physicians, researchers, and patients. In fact, in the USA, the Mammography Quality Standards Act of 1997 requires that all mammograms be assigned a BI-RADS category based on the finding of most concern. In this manuscript, we aim to review the recommendations provided in the 4 th edition of the ACR BI-RADS for mammography, USG, and MRI. We also review the major controversies surrounding the use of ACR BI-RADS .
Role of diffusion MRI in characterizing benign and malignant breast lesions
Authors: Palle Lalitha , Reddy Balaji 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of MRI based diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for characterizing breast lesions in Indian patients. Materials and Methods : This prospective analysis was performed between October 2006 and June 2008. It includes 200 patients between the ages of 16 and 80 years with solid breast lesions greater than 1 cm in diameter. Of these 200 patients, 80 underwent breast MRI with contrast and DWI. One hundred and twenty patients had only DWI as they had come only for sonomammography. A total of 280 lesions were detected. ADC values were calculated for all the lesions and the highest and lowest values of ADC for benign and malignant lesions were identified. Finally, we compared our findings with those of previous studies. Results : Two hundred and eight lesions were categorized as benign and 72 lesions were categorized as malignant based on the ADC values. Based on previous data, lesions with ADC values from 1.3 to 1.5 mm 2 /s were considered benign where as lesions with ADC values ranging between 0.85 and1.1 mm 2 /s were considered malignant. Two lesions whose ADC values were in the benign range were proven to be malignant tumors after surgery. This method of using ADC values for the detection of malignant lesions showed a sensitivity of 97.22% and a specificity of 100%. The positive predictive value was 100%. Conclusion : DWI is a useful technique for characterizing breast tumors, especially for lesions that cannot be adequately characterized by ultrasonography and routine magnetic resonance imaging.
Case Report: CSF pseudocyst in the breast
Authors: Dayananda L , Karthik GA , Santhosh Kumar DG ,   Yameen
Published: October 2009

AbstractA cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pseudocyst can rarely occur in the breast. It usually results from damage to a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt during a mammogram or augmentation breast surgery. If fluid collection is seen in close proximity to the VP shunt, it should raise the suspicion of a CSF pseudocyst.
Case Report: CT diagnosis of thymic remnant cyst/thymopharyngeal duct cyst
Authors: Daga Bipin V , Chaudhary VA , Dhamangaokar VB 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA 4-year-old boy presented with history of left anterolateral neck swelling since birth. He was clinically diagnosed to have a branchial cleft cyst. A CT scan revealed findings suggestive of a thymic remnant cyst. The lesion was excised and the diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology.
Case Report: Carotid-cavernous fistula due to aneurysmal rupture in a case of aortoaortitis with bilateral giant internal carotid artery aneurysms
Authors: Sharma Sandeep , Kumar Subhash , Nanda Arvind , Moses Edmond 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTakayasu aortoarteritis (TA) rarely affects the nervous system, but when it does, it usually manifests as cerebral ischemia or stroke. These strokes have mainly been attributed to stenotic extracranial vessels. Stenoses of intracranial vessels, although rare in TA, can occur due to either embolization into the vessel or because of the vasculitic process itself. Intracranial aneurysms are very rare in patients with TA. Bilateral cavernous internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysms are rarer. They have been reported following radiation therapy and in association with fibromuscular dysplasia and juvenile Paget disease. Bilateral mycotic intracavernous aneurysms also occur. Bilateral giant cavernous ICA aneurysms with carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) consequent to rupture into the cavernous sinus in a case of TA are extremely unusual. We report a case that fulfilled both American College of Rheumatology and European League against Rheumatology criteria for TA. The patient had bilateral cavernous sinus giant aneurysms and CCF because the right-sided aneurysm had ruptured and was leaking into the cavernous sinus.
Case Report: Anteromedial temporosphenoidal encephalocele with a clinically silent lateral bony defect in the greater wing of the sphenoid
Authors: Pandey Anoop Kumar 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAnteromedial temporosphenoidal encephalocele is the least common type of temporal encephalocele. It commonly presents with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea in adults. This article presents the CT cisternography and MRI findings of one such case, which also had an associated clinically silent defect in the greater wing of the sphenoid on the same side.
Case Report: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis
Authors: Karandikar Amit A , Pushparajan S , Unni Madhavan N , Srinivas R 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare genetic disorder. We present and discuss the clinical, radiological, and histopathologic findings in a 36-year-old woman who had juvenile cataract, childhood diarrhea, mental retardation, cerebellar ataxia, and bilateral Achilles tendon xanthomas. She was thoroughly investigated radiologically and biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of xanthomas.
Stochastic stability of a neural‐net robot controller subject to signal‐dependent noise in the learning rule
Authors: Ishihara Abraham K. , van Doornik Johan , Ben‐Menahem Shahar 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe consider a neural network‐based controller for a rigid serial link manipulator with uncertain plant parameters. We assume that the training signal to the network is corrupted by signal‐dependent noise. A radial basis function network is utilized in the feedforward control to approximate the unknown inverse dynamics. The weights are adaptively adjusted according to a gradient descent plus a regulation term (Narendra'se‐modification). We prove a theorem that extends the Yoshizawa D‐boundedness results to the stochastic setting. As in the deterministic setting, this result is particularly useful for neural network robot control when there exists bounded torque disturbances and neural net approximation errors over a known compact set. Using this result, we establish bounds on the feedback gains and learning rate parameters that guarantee the origin of the closed‐loop system is semi‐globally, uniformly bounded in expected value. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyphenylene Dendrimer‐Templated In Situ Construction of Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Rice‐Shaped Architectures
Authors: Qi Xiaoying , Xue Can , Huang Xiao , Huang Yizhong , Zhou Xiaozhu , Li Hai , Liu Daojun , Boey Freddy , Yan Qingyu , Huang Wei , De Feyter Steven , Müllen Klaus , Zhang Hua 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA novel dendrimer‐templating method for the synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and the in situ construction of ordered inorganic–organic CuO–G2Td(COOH)16rice‐shaped architectures (RSAs) with analogous monocrystalline structures are reported. The primary CuO nanoparticles are linked by the G2Td(COOH)16 dendrimer. This method provides a way to preserve the original properties of primary CuO nanoparticles in the ordered hybrid nanomaterials by using the 3D rigid polyphenylene dendrimer (G2Td(COOH)16) as a space isolation. The primary CuO nanoparticles with diameter of (6.3 ± 0.4) nm are synthesized via four successive reaction steps starting from the rapid reduction of Cu(NO3)2 by using NaBH4 as reducer and G2Td(COOH)16 as surfactant. The obtained hybrid CuO–G2Td(COOH)16 RSA, formed in the last reaction step, possesses a crystal structure analogous to a monocrystal as observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM). In particular, the formation process of the RSA is monitored by UV–vis, TEM, and X‐ray diffraction. Small angle X‐ray scattering and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are used to investigate the role of the dendrimer in the RSA formation process. The obtained results illuminate that Cu2+COO− coordination bonds play an indispensable role in bridging and dispersing the primary CuO nanoparticles to induce and maintain the hybrid RSA. More importantly, the RSA is retained through the Cu2+COO−coordination bonds even with HCl treatment, suggesting that the dendrimers and Cu2+ ions may form rice‐shaped polymeric complexes which could template the assembly of CuO nanoparticles towards RSAs. This study highlights the feasibility and flexibility of employing the peculiar dendrimers to in‐situ build up hybrid architectures which could further serve as templates, containers or nanoreactors for the synthesis of other nanomaterials.
Phenylcarbazole‐Based Phosphine Oxide Host Materials For High Efficiency In Deep Blue Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Jeon Soon Ok , Yook Kyoung Soo , Joo Chul Woong , Lee Jun Yeob 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHighly efficient deep blue phosphorescent organic light‐emitting diodes are developed using novel phenylcarbazole‐based phosphine oxide host materials (PPO1 and PPO2). A deep blue phosphorescent dopant, tris((3,5‐difluoro‐4‐cyanophenyl)pyridine) iridium, is doped into PPO1 and PPO2 at a doping concentration of 15% and a high quantum efficiency of 18.4% is obtained with color coordinates of (0.14, 0.15).
Recipe determination and scheduling of gasoline blending operations
Authors: Li Jie , Karimi I. A. , Srinivasan Rajagopalan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGasoline is a major contributor to the profit of a refinery. Scheduling gasoline‐blending operations is a critical and complex routine task involving tank allocation, component mixing, blending, product storage, and order delivery. Optimized schedules can maximize profit by avoiding ship demurrage, improving order delivery, minimizing quality give‐aways, avoiding costly transitions and slop generation, and reducing inventory costs. However, the blending recipe and scheduling decisions make this problem a nonconvex mixed‐integer nonlinear program (MINLP). In this article, we develop a slot‐based MILP formulation for an integrated treatment of recipe, specifications, blending, and storage and incorporate many real‐life features such as multipurpose product tanks, parallel nonidentical blenders, minimum run lengths, changeovers, piecewise constant profiles for blend component qualities and feed rates, etc. To ensure constant blending rates during a run, we develop a novel and efficient procedure that solves successive MILPs instead of a nonconvex MINLP. We use 14 examples with varying sizes and features to illustrate the superiority and effectiveness of our formulation and solution approach. The results show that our solution approach is superior to commercial solvers (BARON and DICOPT). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Association between polymorphisms in the metallophosphoesterase (MPPE1) gene and bipolar disorder
Authors: Lohoff Falk W. , Ferraro Thomas N. , Brodkin Edward S. , Weller Andrew E. , Bloch Paul J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGenetic linkage studies in bipolar disorder (BPD) suggest that a susceptibility locus exists on chromosome 18p11. The metallophosphoesterase (MPPE1) gene maps to this region. Dysregulation of protein phosphorylation and subsequent abnormal cellular signaling has been postulated to be involved in neuropsychiatric disorders thus making MPPE1 a plausible biological candidate gene for BPD. In this study, we hypothesized that genetic variation in the MPPE1 gene contributes to BPD. We tested this hypothesis by genotyping four SNPs (rs871044; rs3974590; rs593713; rs602201) in BPD patients (n = 570) and healthy controls (n = 725). Genotypes and allele frequencies were compared between groups using Chi square contingency analysis. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers was calculated and estimated haplotype frequencies were compared between groups. Single marker analysis revealed an association of rs3974590 with BPD (P = 0.009; permutation corrected P = 0.046). Haplotype analysis did not show any significant association with disease after permutation correction. Our results provide evidence of an association between a polymorphism in the MPPE1 gene and BPD. Additional studies are necessary to confirm and elucidate the role of MPPE1 as a susceptibility gene for BPD on chromosome 18p. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association and interaction analysis of variants in CHRNA5/CHRNA3/CHRNB4 gene cluster with nicotine dependence in African and European Americans
Authors: Li Ming D. , Xu Qing , Lou Xiang‐Yang , Payne Thomas J. , Niu Tianhua , Ma Jennie Z. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSeveral previous genome‐wide and targeted association studies revealed that variants in the CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4 (CHRNA5/A3/B4) gene cluster on chromosome 15 that encode the α5, α3, and β4 subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are associated with nicotine dependence (ND) in European Americans (EAs) or others of European origin. Considering the distinct linkage disequilibrium patterns in European and other ethnic populations such as African Americans (AAs), it would be interesting to determine whether such associations exist in other ethnic populations. We performed a comprehensive association and interaction analysis of the CHRNA5/A3/B4 cluster in two ethnic samples to investigate the role of variants in the risk for ND, which was assessed by Smoking Quantity, Heaviness Smoking Index, and Fagerström test for ND. Using a family‐based association test, we found a nominal association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs1317286 and rs8040868 in CHRNA3 with ND in the AA and combined AA and EA samples. Furthermore, we found that several haplotypes in CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 are nominally associated with ND in AA, EA, and pooled samples. However, none of these associations remained significant after correction for multiple testing. In addition, we performed interaction analysis of SNPs within the CHRNA5/A3/B4 cluster using the pedigree‐based generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction method and found significant interactions within CHRNA3 and among the three subunit genes in the AA and pooled samples. Together, these results indicate that variants within CHRNA3 and among CHRNA5, CHRNA3, and CHRNB4 contribute significantly to the etiology of ND through gene–gene interactions, although the association of each subunit gene with ND is weak in both the AA and EA samples. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutation screening of the DTNBP1 exonic sequence in 669 schizophrenics and 710 controls using high‐resolution melting analysis
Authors: Dwyer S. , Carroll L. , Mantripragada K.K. , Owen M.J. , O'Donovan M.C. , Williams N.M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA large number of independent studies have reported evidence for association between the dysbindin gene (DTNBP1) and schizophrenia; however, specific risk alleles have been not been implicated as causal. In this study we set out to perform a comprehensive assessment of DNA variation within the exonic sequence of DTNBP1. To achieve this we optimized a high‐resolution melting analysis (HRMA) protocol and applied it to screen all 11 DTNBP1 exons for DNA variants in a sample of 669 cases and 710 controls from the UK. Despite identifying seven exonic variants with a minor allele frequency (MAF) >0.01, none was significantly associated with schizophrenia (minimum P = 0.054), showing that the strong association we previously reported in this sample is not the result of association to a common functional variant located within the exonic sequence of any of the three major DTNBP1 transcripts. We also sought additional support for DTNBP1 as a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia by testing the hypothesis that rare exonic highly penetrant variants exist at the DTNBP1 locus. Our analysis failed to identify an enrichment of rare functional variants in the patients compared to the controls. Taken as a whole, this data demonstrate that if DTNBP1 is a risk gene for schizophrenia then risk is not conferred by mutations that affect the structure of the dysbindin protein. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristics of the degradation and improvement of the thermal stability of poly(siloxane urethane) copolymers
Authors: Yeh Jeh‐Taut , Shu Yao‐Chi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis work investigates the characteristics of the thermal degradation of poly(ether urethane) (E‐PU) and poly(siloxane urethane) (S‐PU) copolymers by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermogravimetric analysis/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG–FTIR). The stage of initial degradation for E‐PU was demonstrated as a urethane‐B segment consisting of 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) and 1,4‐butanediol. Moreover, the urethane‐B segment in the copolymers had the lowest temperature of degradation (ca. 200°C). The degradation of E‐PU was determined by TGA and TG–FTIR analyses and had three stages including seven steps. Although the soft segment of S‐PU possessed the thermal stability of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the unstable urethane‐B segment existed in S‐PU. Therefore, the initial degradation of S‐PU appeared around 210°C. The four stages of degradation of S‐PU involved eight steps, as revealed by TG–FTIR, which identified the main decomposition products: CO2, tetrahydrofuran, and siloxane decomposition products. The imide group with high thermal stability was to replace the urethane‐B segment of S‐PU, which had the lowest thermal stability herein. The poly(siloxane urethane imide) (I‐PU) copolymer around 285°C exhibited a high initial temperature of degradation, and the initial degradation occurred at the urethane‐S segment consisting of MDI and PDMS. The degradation of I‐PU was similar to that of S‐PU and had four stages including six steps. Moreover, the degradation region of the imide group between 468 and 625°C was merged into the degradation stage of the siloxane decomposed products. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Nanostructure and micromechanical properties of reversibly crosslinked isotactic polypropylene/clay composites
Authors: Bouhelal S. , Cagiao M. E. , Khellaf S. , Tabet H. , Djellouli B. , Benachour D. , Baltá Calleja F. J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecent developments concerning the methodology used to prepare composites of iPP and nanoclays are reported. Conventional (reactive melt mixing) and in situ preparations were performed, and the structural properties exhibited by the composites are discussed. Results suggest that the nanoclay could exhibit partial and, maybe, total exfoliation within the composites. Adhesion between the polymeric matrix and the nanoclay layers is similar to that obtained after grafting. The experimental procedure used and the analysis performed by means of the wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry techniques permit to describe, at nanoscale level, the contribution of the nanoclay to the polymer composite system. The microhardness values of the iPP–clay composites depend on the clay content and on the preparation method, and linearly correlate, according to the additivity law, with the degree of crystallinity. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Role of CoBr2 on the structural, optical and magnetic properties of polyvinyl alcohol films
Authors: Elashmawi I. S. , Abdelrazek E. M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPolyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films filled with different concentrations of CoBr2 were prepared using the casting method. These films were characterized by FTIR, UV–visible, XRD, and ESR techniques. FTIR spectra were used to clarify the structural variations due to the filling level from CoBr2. The observed bands at 3484, 1733, and 1640 cm−1 were assigned to OH, CO, and CC stretching vibrations, respectively. UV–visible spectra shows the absorption band at 280 nm which is assigned to π → π* transition. This indicates the presence of unsaturated bonds in tail to head of PVA. Optical energy gap decreased with increasing the concentration of CoBr2. X‐ray diffraction scans show some decrease in the degree of crystallinity in the filled films which reveals an increase in amorphous phase of PVA due to the interaction between Co+2 and polymeric matrix causing a molecular rearrangement within the amorphous phase of PVA. The observed complex ESR spectrum due to hyperfine interactions confirms the role of free radicals. Spectroscopic and magnetic properties of PVA/CoBr2 composite films were investigated and compared with those of PVA alone. The results show that the change of the structure due to the interaction of filler with the polymer. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010