bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eight-Year Evaluation of the sti-P3 System for Protection of Buried Steel Tanks
Authors: Vrable JB 
Published: March 2009

A system termed P3 was developed by U.S. Steel Research to economically reduce the corrosion of carbon-steel tanks used in underground applications. This system combines three established methods for reducing corrosion: (1) the use of sacrificial anodes for cathodic protection; (2) the use of a protective coating; and (3) the use of insulating bushings, which are installed on the tank during manufacture. A subsequent cooperative program with a leading tank manufacturer resulted in the development of fabrication specifications for the design and the initial in-service installation in the latter part of 1969. Shortly thereafter, the Steel Tank Institute adopted the system and since that time approximately 5000 sti-P3 tanks have been installed.
This paper describes an eight-year evaluation of the system on two 18.9-m3 (5000-gal) steel tanks buried at a gasoline service station in Chicago, Illinois. Both previous experience with steel tanks used for the underground storage of gasoline at this station, and the results of various soil tests conducted on samples obtained from the tank excavation show that the soil is corrosive to steel. Readings obtained with electrical-resistance probes indicate that after eight years of service, essentially no corrosion is occurring on the sti-P3-protected tanks. Also, the results of electrochemical measurements show that the tanks are being cathodically protected by the sacrificial anodes and that the anodes should have a long life in this soil.
The Relationship of Coatings and Cathodic Protection for Underground Corrosion Control
Authors: Toncre AC 
Published: March 2009

External corrosion control for buried pipelines and other metallic underground structures is accomplished industry-wide by using dielectric coatings supplemented by cathodic protection. Relationships between these two corrosion control methods are outlined to show how effective corrosion control can be achieved.
The long-term changes of protective coatings in relation to their porosity, permeability, and osmotic action under electrical potentials are discussed. Evaluation of existing criteria for adequate cathodic protection of underground metals with poor or disbonded coatings, in conditions conducive to stress corrosion cracking and other localized corrosion phenomena, indicates a need to consider revisions in corrosion control measurement techniques and criteria.
Critical Overview of Power Station Sampling and Analysis of Water and Steam
Authors: Jonas O 
Published: March 2009

Because of the potential deleterious effects of impurities in water and steam, the current sampling and analytical practices are being critically evaluated, and methods and utilization of analytical data are being improved. To control the corrosion and efficiency loss, particularly in turbines, once-through boilers, reactors, and nuclear steam generators, low parts-per-billion levels of impurities are being sampled and analyzed.
The critical areas reviewed in this presentation are sampling, grab sample, continuous, and in situ analysis; analysis of organics; and utilization of the data for system control and corrosion prediction. Certain improvements and refinements in all these areas are discussed.
Program for Steam Purity Monitoring: 2. Results of Power Plant Testing
Authors: Peterson SH , Pensenstadler DF , Bellows JC , Hickam WM 
Published: March 2009

The steam purity monitoring program of the Westinghouse Electric Corp. has accumulated a large data base on the chemical purity of water and steam in modern fossil fuel power plants. Three types of monitoring have been employed:
(a) grab samples taken during a plant visit and returned to the Westinghouse Research and Development Center for analysis by ion chromatography;
(b) continuous analysis of steam condensate, extracted from the low-pressure (LP) turbine cross-over pipe, using the Westinghouse prototype steam purity monitor; and
(c) total plant surveys of steam and water purity combining continuous analysis of LP steam and grab sampling of multiple locations to permit correlation of impurity levels throughout the plant during all essential operating cycles, including base load, load swings, and a shutdown and hot restart.
The plants that have been studied were selected to provide a variety of designs, including both drum and once-through boilers, various operating pressures, and different types of water treatment. Furthermore, care has been taken to study units that have experienced turbine corrosion and units that have operated for long periods without corrosion problems. Results are presented of this broad program of steam purity monitoring, with attention to the typical chemical environment of turbines in power plants in the United States.
Precracking of Fracture Toughness Specimens by Wedge Indentation
Authors: Almond EA , Roebuck B 
Published: March 2009

A technique devised for precracking single-edge notch beam KIc specimens of cemented carbides has been extended to several nonmetallic materials. The mechanism of formation and growth of a precrack under an indenter is discussed in terms of indentation theory, the material and geometry of the indenter, and the properties of the specimen material. For cemented carbides, the material's fracture toughness and the indenter angle appear to be the most important parameters governing the stability of a precrack, and this is probably true for other materials.
In materials with very fine or poorly defined precracks, it has been shown that a compliance method can be combined with the wedge indentation precracking procedure to enable KIc to be determined without measuring the crack length.
Application of the Hopkinson Split Bar Test to the Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Rocks
Authors: Buchar J , Bílek Z 
Published: March 2009

The experimental results on dynamic response of granite, limestone, basalt and Moravian graywacke are presented and analyzed in this paper. The rock specimens were loaded dynamically in compression by means of the Hopkinson Split Bar Test (HSBT) with a strain rate of approximately 103 s−1 and with the stress pulses having different duration times λε (30 + 80) μs. These dynamic results were used to study the amplitude and frequency response which was then related to the fracture damage.
A new interpretation of stress wave propagation during HSBT, described here, made it possible to identify the complex process accompanying impact rock spalling. Special attention is paid to the dynamic strength and its dependence on strain rate, duration time, and specimen length. The results show that fracture damage has a similar influence to permanent deformation of ductile materials. The equation of state describing the mechanical behavior of investigated rocks was suggested for complicated conditions of impact rock spalling.
Glossary
Authors: Johnson AI 
Published: March 2009

In presenting an interdisciplinary symposium on permeability and ground-water contaminant transport, there is considerable chance for lack of communication between the engineers and scientists of the many different disciplines interested in these subjects. To assist in better communication between the disciplines involved in permeability and capillarity testing of soils and rocks, a glossary and conversion factor tables are provided.
Nearly 100 terms are listed alphabetically, followed by brief definitions. Where two or more definitions are listed following a term, no significance is placed on the order of presentation. The source is indicated for each definition, and the sources are listed in the reference section following the glossary. Two tables of conversion factors also are presented to assist in conversion of the units used by the various disciplines.
Correlative Measurements of Pore Size Distribution and Permeability in Soils
Authors: Garcia-Bengochea I , Lovell CW 
Published: March 2009

Measurements and use of pore size distributions to explain the behavior of engineering materials are not new. However, there are few, if any, reports of a simplified methodology and its direct application to engineering predictions. This paper explains how pore size measurements and water permeability were correlated for compacted samples of saturated clayey silt. The results strongly support the hypothesis that a new generation of permeability prediction equations is now possible. In the new equations, the old soil parameters of effective grain size, total porosity (or void ratio), and specific surface are effectively replaced by appropriate parameters of the pore size distribution.
The paper recommends the procedure for compacting, saturating, and permeating fine-grained soil samples. Following the permeability tests, small samples are extracted for constant volume dehydration through a quick freeze-sublimation process. Finally, the mercury intrusion technique is used to quantify the distribution of porosity. Study of the distribution plots, particularly the differential frequency one, is very helpful in (a) qualitatively understanding the experimental results and (b) quantifying the data through statistical correlations. Sample data and plots are introduced to reinforce the principal points of the discussion.
Predictive Tools for Contaminant Transport in Groundwater
Authors: Metry AA 
Published: March 2009

The management and ultimate disposal of residual waste is subject to stringent programs, many of which were established by enactment of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976. Federal and state regulations are now requiring operators of waste disposal sites to minimize environmental impact.
Among the most critical areas of concern is groundwater quality. Previous practices of waste disposal have resulted in many serious episodes of water resource contamination (such as polychlorinated biphenyl disposal in the upper Hudson, arsenic burial in Minnesota, Kepone disposal in Hopewall, Va., the Love Canal, Niagara Falls, N.Y., contamination, and so on). The potential for groundwater contamination could have been reduced if disposal facilities had been located on the basis of their hydrogeologic suitability.
Understanding mass transport mechanisms that influence migration and attenuation of contaminants is a key element in disposal site selection, and design of monitoring and contaminant migration potential are essential in the evaluation of disposal sites and anticipation of groundwater pollution potential.
Among the predictive tools discussed in this paper are mathematical and computer simulation, criteria listing and criteria ranking methods, matrix analysis, and decision tree analysis. This report will include an analysis of the advantages, limitations, and applicability of different tools.
Computer Simulation of Movement of DIMP-Contaminated Groundwater Near the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado
Authors: Robson SG 
Published: March 2009

Diisopropylmethylphosphonate (DIMP) is an organic compound produced as a by-product of the manufacture of a chemical munition at the Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colo. Groundwater contamination occurred when industrial effluent containing DIMP seeped into the water table below unlined industrial waste-disposal ponds during 1952 to 1956. In 1975, groundwater containing DIMP was found in a 73 km2 (28-mile2) area to the northwest of the arsenal and was detected within 1.6 km (1 mile) of municipal water wells supplying the city of Brighton, Colo. The DIMP concentrations in the groundwater ranged from 0.5 µg/litre, the analytical detection limit, to as much as 44 000 µg/litre near the abandoned waste-disposal ponds. A mathematical model was used to simulate the movement and concentration of DIMP in groundwater near the arsenal to determine the historical distribution and concentration of the contaminant and to predict the possible future distribution of the contaminated groundwater.
Model simulations of historical DIMP movement in the alluvial aquifer indicate that the contaminated groundwater flowed rapidly to the northwest and began discharging into the South Platte River about 4 years after the contaminant first entered the aquifer. It is estimated that from 1958 to 1960 the mean annual DIMP concentration was 30 µg/litre in the river. Modeling indicates that mean annual DIMP concentrations in the river have decreased since the period 1958 to 1960 to less than 1 µg/litre in 1976.
Model simulations of future DIMP movement in the aquifer indicate that groundwater containing DIMP in excess of 0.5 µg/litre will not reach the Brighton municipal wells by 1995, even if no remedial measures are taken to prevent the discharge of DIMP-contaminated groundwater into an irrigation canal which recharges the aquifer near Brighton. A barrier impermeable to groundwater movement, now under construction at the northern arsenal boundary, is shown by the model to be an effective means of stopping off-arsenal movement of the contaminated groundwater without producing adverse effects on the water levels in the aquifer.
Ontario's Wet Pavement Accident Reduction Program
Authors: Kamel N , Gartshore T 
Published: March 2009

Ontario's approach to the identification and treatment of black spot highway locations is presented. Highway locations with an excessive rate of wet pavement accidents are identified and ranked utilizing Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications computerized accident data files. Criteria for site selection, procedures for subsequent site investigation, and selection of appropriate remedial measures are outlined and discussed.
Rehabilitation of pavements with low friction levels, and experiencing a high rate of wet pavement collisions, has resulted in substantial reductions in accidents. Collision data before and after treatment at various sites are presented.
This paper provides design and performance information on modified bituminous surface course mixes currently used by the Ministry. Such mixes maintain better surface textures and provide longer lasting skid resistance characteristics. These mixes are used for black spot treatments, and in new surface construction on main highways.
On-Road Test Facility for Truck Tire Rolling Resistance and Bearing Losses Measurements
Authors: Bosik AJ , Lougheed JH 
Published: March 2009

A rig has been designed and built for the on-road measurements of rolling resistance and bearing friction losses for free-rolling tires of large trucks. The rig comprises a force bridge, axle, suspension, and two sets of dual wheel assemblies mounted on a 13.7-m (45 ft) flatbed trailer which is towed at normal highway speeds. The rig is designed to be used over a wide range of ambient temperature conditions as well as road surface types. The tire cavity temperatures are monitored and the tire inflation pressures are regulated through a slipring and rotary seal assembly. A quick-lift auxiliary axle is also mounted on the trailer for transporting the rig when no measurements are being made as well as for braking and other safety reasons. The outputs of six load cells, two inclinometers, and a tangent angle-rolling radius device are used to automatically determine the rolling resistance forces, bearing moments, and the vertical and transverse tire loads. Instantaneous values of these outputs and the outputs of temperature and pressure sensors can be monitored during testing and are recorded on an on-board computerized data acquisition system for further data reduction.
Preliminary on-road testing has demonstrated that the force bridge is highly sensitive and the values of rolling resistance and bearing moment are of the right magnitude.
Toward Adoption of a Universal Laboratory Accreditation Criteria
Authors: Locke JW 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a comparison of five laboratory accreditation criteria in six basic categories: organization, human resources, material resources, operating procedures, record keeping, and other. A brief analysis of each set of criteria points out their strengths and weaknesses. The intent of the paper is not to present a proposed set of universal criteria but rather to present comparisons of the elements of the criteria in order to assist standards development organizations to expedite the evolution of such a universal set of criteria.
Laboratory accreditation criteria for measuring the competence of testing laboratories significantly affects the acceptance of test data produced by laboratories in different accreditation systems. In determining whether one system will accept test data produced by laboratories accredited by another system, a detailed comparison of criteria used by each system must be made. Differences must be resolved, either by accepting the fact that one or more criteria are absent in one system as compared to another or else by causing the criteria in one or both systems to change so that the criteria in both systems are in harmony with each other.
A Public Utility's Approach to Evaluating Laboratory Test Activities
Authors: Woodall WR 
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a public utility's approach to obtaining satisfactory and reliable evaluation, verification, and accreditation of its laboratory testing. These activities include fuel testing, chemical testing, identification and analysis of biological samples, testing of electrical equipment, and the like. An essential need is to demonstrate credible results and test procedures that will be accepted by regulatory agencies, fuel vendors, and the courts if necessary.
This paper will present the pros and cons of several evaluation techniques. These include a company-wide quality assurance program, sample verification by expert consultants and third party laboratories, split sample analyses with vendor laboratories and sister utilities, and sample splits with government laboratories.
The licensing or certification of individuals, laboratories, and equipment is important in the context of this discussion. Although individuals and equipment can be tested and certified, it is difficult to certify technique in the daily laboratory routine. This paper will also review the concept of a national standardized accreditation program versus accreditation by professional societies and organizations closely allied to certain disciplines.
Interlaboratory Comparisons as Used in the Accreditation of Laboratories in New Zealand’s Dairy Industry
Authors: Twomey A 
Published: March 2009

With the increase in the diversity of dairy products and their specifications, the laboratories of New Zealand dairy companies are accredited as the government’s agent to test their products to establish their quality for export. In order for governmental bodies like the Dairy Division to accredit these factories and to guarantee their results, all laboratories seeking this status are required to participate in the interlaboratory comparison program.
The interlaboratory comparison program sends up to 9 different dairy products a month to over 60 dairy company laboratories in New Zealand for the entire dairy season. The activity is coordinated at the national coordinating laboratory while the agency-certified laboratories are under the direct control of 4 regional reference laboratories, depending on their geographical position.
The agency-certified laboratories analyze the product, the results of which are sent to the coordinating laboratory via the regional reference laboratories. The regional reference laboratories scan for gross errors and scrutinize the agency-certified laboratories results using preliminary means.
The national coordinating laboratory analyzes these results for statistics (bias, variability, and consistency) and returns the results to the agency-certified laboratories and the regional reference laboratories. Control charts of their performance are also distributed to aid the quality control function of the agency-certified laboratories.
Tensile Properties of Compacted Soils
Authors: Al-Hussaini M 
Published: March 2009

This investigation describes the development of a hollow cylinder testing device and the feasibility of using this equipment for determining the tensile properties of compacted cohesive soils. Hollow cylinder tests were conducted on compacted specimens of Vicksburg buckshot clay (CH), Vicksburg lean clay (CL), and a sandy clay mixture (SC) from DeGray Dam. Unconfined compression tests and indirect tension tests were also conducted to provide comparative compressive properties of the materials.
With this hollow cylinder testing device it is possible to measure the radial deformation along the inner and outer surfaces of the specimen; these measurements enable the determination of the modulus of elasticity (E) and Poisson's ratio (v) of the tested soils. The ratio of tensile modulus to the compression modulus, as determined by hollow-cylinder and unconfined compression tests, ranges from 2.6 to 4.4. On the other hand, approximately equal Poisson's ratio values were measured by hollow-cylinder and unconfined compression tests.
Based upon results of this experimental program, the hollow cylinder test is judged to provide a reasonably accurate method for measuring the tensile properties of compacted soils.
Effect of Organic Material on Soil Shear Strength
Authors: Andersland OB , Khattak AS , Al-Khafaji AWN 
Published: March 2009

The term organic soil ordinarily refers to combinations of weathered rock products and partially decayed plant matter. The organic fraction tends to dominate soil physical properties for organic contents in excess of 20 percent by weight. To simulate these materials and to include precise control over organic content, fiber type and size, and mineral type, kaolinite and pulp fibers were used to prepare model organic soils. For comparison, kaolinite and all fiber samples were included. The effect of organic material on soil shear strength is shown in terms of consolidation and stress-strain behavior, undrained shear strength, and the shear strength parameters c' and φ'. Decomposition effects on vane shear strength are reported for selected soil samples and one consolidation pressure.
The experimental work gives a relationship between void ratio and logarithm of pressure that is dependent on both organic content and pressure level. A small initial increase in organic (fiber) content significantly increased the compressive and vane shear strengths of the model organic soil. Higher organic contents changed the material behavior from one with a peak compressive strength at about 7 percent axial strain (kaolinite) to one with an almost straight line stress-strain curve for strains in excess of 20 percent (all fiber). Decomposition in the model organic soils led to a large decrease in vane shear strengths. An increase in organic (fiber) content increased the shear strength parameter φ' for both the CIU¯ and CID triaxial tests. A failure criterion, based on the maximum ratio of shear stress to the effective normal stress (maximum obliquity), gave φ'-values intermediate to the CIU¯ and CID values for high organic contents.