bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Day-by-Day Postnatal Survival in Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed A. , Nada Ayman , Aly Hany 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:Postnatal survival rates of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are well established for each birth weight or gestational age category. These figures do not differentiate viable infants who survive the first few days of life from extremely immature ones who die shortly after birth. This study aimed to develop standardized curves for day-by-day postnatal survival rates of VLBW infants.METHODS:National Inpatient Sample Database and its pediatrics-only subportion were analyzed for the years 1997–2004. Infants with birth weight &lt;1500 g were included in the study. Infants were classified according to their birth weight into 4 groups: &lt;500, 500 to 749, 750 to 999, and 1000 to 1499 g. Postnatal survival rates were calculated for each group at birth and at 1, 2, 3, 4 to 5, 6 to 7, 14, 21, 28, and &gt;28 postnatal days.RESULTS:Overall survival for infants with birth weight &lt;500 g was 8%. Those who lived through the first 3 days of life had a chance of survival up to 50%. Infants in the 500- to 749-g group had overall survival rate of 50% that increased to 70% if they survived through the third day and 80% by the end of the first week. There was no improvement in the overall survival of any birth weight category over the years of the study.CONCLUSIONS:VLBW infants who survive the first few postnatal days have a considerably better chance for life. We can predict postnatal survival chances for each birth weight category on a day-by-day basis until discharge.
Length of Intravenous Antibiotic Therapy and Treatment Failure in Infants With Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Brady Patrick W. , Conway Patrick H. , Goudie Anthony 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE:
The goal was to determine the association between short-duration (≤3 days) and long-duration (≥4 days) intravenous antibiotic therapy and treatment failure in a cohort of young infants hospitalized with urinary tract infections (UTIs).

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of infants &lt;6 months of age who were hospitalized with UTIs between 1999 and 2004 at 24 children's hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System. Our main model adjusted for all covariates, propensity scores, and clustering according to hospital to evaluate the effect of short versus long courses of inpatient intravenous antibiotic therapy on treatment failure, defined as readmission because of UTI within 30 days.

RESULTS:
Of the 12 333 infants who met the inclusion criteria, 240 (1.9%) experienced treatment failure. The treatment failure rates were 1.6% for children who received short-course intravenous antibiotic treatment and 2.2% for children who received long-course treatment. Treatment courses varied substantially across hospitals and with patient-level characteristics. After multivariate adjustment, including propensity scores, there was no significant association between treatment group and outcomes, with an odds ratio for long versus short treatment of 1.02 (95% confidence interval: 0.77–1.35). Known presence of genitourinary abnormalities, but not age, predicted treatment failure.

CONCLUSIONS:
Treatment failure for generally healthy young infants hospitalized with UTIs is uncommon and is not associated with the duration of intravenous antibiotic treatment. Treating more infants with short courses of intravenous antibiotic therapy might decrease resource use without affecting readmission rates.
Investigation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Children After Animal-Induced Injury in China
Authors: Ji Li , Xiaowei Zhang , Chuanlin Wang , Wei Liu 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVE:Dogs are important members of many families in many countries. However, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in children after animal attacks has always been underestimated, and a more-detailed study of PTSD in children after animal attacks is needed.METHODS:The charts and follow-up data for 358 children after animal-induced injuries were reviewed. Family Apgar Scale assessment and PTSD screening were performed at emergency department admission. On week 1 after the emergency department admission, the patient underwent evaluation for acute stress disorder (ASD) diagnosis, by using the Child Acute Stress Questionnaire. PTSD screening and interim history-taking were performed 3 months after the emergency department admission, by telephone or in face-to-face interviews, by using the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for Children and Adolescents. P values of &lt;.05 were considered significant.RESULTS:A total of 19 patients developed PTSD, including 10 patients with severe injuries, 8 patients with moderate injuries, and 1 patient with a mild injury (χ2=48.104; P=.000). No significant differences in PTSD occurrence according to gender and age were observed. Family Apgar Scale scores were not significantly related to PTSD (P=.781). ASD and PTSD symptom severity scores were significantly associated (r=0.51; P &lt; .005).CONCLUSIONS:Child victims of severe animal attacks should be considered at risk for the development of PTSD, family support was not correlated with posttraumatic stress symptoms in school-aged children after animal attacks, and ASD seems to be an early predictive indicator of PTSD.
Three-Pass Depletion Sampling Accuracy of Two Electric Fields for Estimating Trout Abundance in a Low-Conductivity Stream with Limited Habitat Complexity
Authors: Habera James W. , Kulp Matt A. , Moore Stephen E. , Henry Theodore B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We evaluated three-pass depletion sampling for both AC and pulsed-DC electrofishing for estimating the population size of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in a representative low-conductivity (20-μS/cm) southern Appalachian stream with limited habitat complexity. Trout capture efficiencies in such streams could be expected to exceed those observed in streams in which habitat is more complex; thus, depletion estimates could be much more accurate in the former. We also compared the results for two trout length-groups to investigate size-related differences. Measured capture efficiency was 0.88 ± 0.04 (95% confidence interval) for trout greater than 100 mm (typically adults) and 0.65 ± 0.09 for trout less than 100 mm (age 0). Population size was underestimated in each depletion sample. The errors for trout over 100 mm were generally small (mean, 12%; range, 3–23%), and the upper 95% confidence limits were usually within 10% of the true population size (N). Underestimates of N were larger for trout under 100 mm (mean, 32%; range, 5–60%), although the upper 95% confidence limits were within 20% of the N for half of the samples. The results of a laboratory study confirmed that trout over 100 mm were immobilized at significantly lower voltage gradients than were smaller trout in both electric fields. We conclude that three-pass depletion sampling is relatively accurate in typical southern Appalachian trout streams and that the underestimation errors for rainbow trout larger than 100 mm would be acceptable given basic inventory and monitoring goals.
Biases with the Regression Line Percentile Method and the Fallacy of a Single Standard Weight
Authors: Gerow Kenneth G. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The regression line percentile (RLP) method for computing standard weight (Ws) equations produces third-quartile estimates that tend to be biased downward for long fish as a result of extrapolation acting in concert with systematic variation in the distribution of length–weight relationships among fish populations. Parameter mismatch in the development and use of Ws equations (i.e., third quartile for development of Ws equations and use of mean relative weight Wr for application and testing) induces artifactual biases when testing equations and leads to the appearance of reduced fish condition when applied to longer fish. Consistent interpretation of mean Wr against a single standard (e.g., third quartile, median, or any other) is not usually possible due to nonconstant variation in the distributions of mean Wr among species and among length-classes for a given species. I recommend that future computations of Ws use quadratic equations for all three quartiles to enable consistent and more informative interpretation of mean Wr.
Lake Trout Population Dynamics in the Northern Refuge of Lake Michigan: Implications for Future Rehabilitation
Authors: Madenjian Charles P. , Desorcie Timothy J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The Northern Refuge was established in 1985 as part of the lake trout Salvelinus namaycush rehabilitation effort for Lake Michigan. To evaluate progress toward lake trout rehabilitation in the Northern Refuge, we conducted annual (1991–2008) gill-net surveys in the fall to assess the adult population and beam trawl surveys in the spring to assess naturally reproduced age-0 lake trout. Our criteria for evaluating progress included the density of “wild” age-0 fish within the Northern Refuge, the proportion of wild fish within the adult population, density of spawners, adult survival, growth, and wounding rate by sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus. No wild age-0 lake trout were caught in the Northern Refuge during 1991–2008. Overall, wild lake trout did not recruit to the adult population to any detectable degree. The mean density of spawning lake trout decreased from 45 fish·305 m of gill net−1·d−1 during 1991–1999 to only 4 fish·305 m−1·d−1 during 2000–2008. Although the sea lamprey wounding rate more than doubled between these two time periods, catch curve analysis revealed that mortality of adult lake trout actually decreased between the two periods. Therefore, the 90% decrease in abundance of spawning lake trout between the two periods could not be attributed to increased sea lamprey predation but instead was probably due in part to the reduced lake trout stocking rate during 1995–2005. The paucity of natural reproduction in the Northern Refuge during 1991–2008 most likely resulted from alewife Alosa pseudoharengus interference with lake trout reproduction and from the relatively low lake trout spawner density during 2000–2008. Our results suggest that the annual stocking rate of lake trout yearlings should be increased to at least 250,000 fish/reef to achieve greater densities of spawners.
Channel Morphology Response to Selective Wood Removals in a Sand-Laden Wisconsin Trout Stream
Authors: Dumke Joshua D. , Hrabik Thomas R. , Brady Valerie J. , Gran Karen B. , Regal Ronald R. , Seider Michael J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Large sand bed loads in trout stream headwaters can limit salmonid spawning habitat and reproductive success. This phenomenon has been observed in many northern Wisconsin watersheds, where historic logging practices are the likely source of the sediment loading. Presently, sediment transport is limited by abundant woody debris, causing channels to aggrade and bury gravels. We evaluated the impacts of a wood debris and beaver dam removal remediation strategy on fine sediment transport and exposure of the underlying gravel and cobble substrates in a second-order Lake Superior tributary. A 300-m treatment reach received selective wood removals and was compared with both an upstream 300-m reference reach receiving no alteration and a downstream reach to monitor the effects of transferred fine sediment. Physical channel measurements were taken before the wood removal process, with repeat sampling at 10 and 12 months posttreatment. The wood removal treatment resulted in a significant 25% narrowing of mean stream widths, a 32% increase in mean flow velocities, a 58% reduction in the sand bed load, and a 400% increase in the available coarse substrate across the channel. Grain size distributions coarsened noticeably from pre- to posttreatment. Water depth and temperature were not altered by the treatment, and the reference station physical measures were relatively unchanged over the 12-month study period. Immediately after the wood removal there was an observable pulse of sediment traveling through the downstream reach that increased the sand bed load, increased stream widths, and filled pools. However, these impacts diminished with time, and near-preremoval conditions had returned after 12 months. The wood removal treatment caused a significant reduction in sand content and enhanced the availability of salmonid spawning substrates.
Investigating Interactions between Channel Catfish and other Sport Fishes in Small Impoundments
Authors: Leonard D. Michael , DeVries Dennis R. , Wright Russell A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus is a popular sport fish commonly maintained by annual stocking in small impoundments. We sought to determine whether channel catfish negatively affect two other sport fishes (bluegill Lepomis macrochirus and largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides) in Alabama's state public fishing lakes (ASPF lakes) through competition or predation. Using a variety of gears, we sampled channel catfish, largemouth bass, and bluegills in 12 ASPF lakes with variable channel catfish stocking and harvest rates. Four of these lakes were sampled more intensively to quantify the diets of these three species. Bioenergetics simulations were used to predict the annual consumption of channel catfish and largemouth bass populations of average density, size structure, and growth from these impoundments. Metrics of growth, condition, abundance, and population structure were not related between species. Latitude was negatively related to channel catfish growth. The diets of channel catfish and bluegills were moderately similar across all seasons in all lakes, while those of channel catfish and largemouth bass were highly dissimilar. Within species, diet similarity was high among lakes. Bioenergetics simulations suggest that the channel catfish populations in these lakes consume relatively little fish, particularly when compared with a typical largemouth bass population. We found little evidence of negative effects of channel catfish on the bluegill and largemouth bass populations in ASPF lakes, although largemouth bass growth and condition were poorest in the lake with the highest channel catfish stocking rate. However, current stocking and exploitation rates in most lakes appear to maintain channel catfish abundance below the level at which negative effects may occur.
When Conventional Fisheries Management Fails to Reduce the Catch and Discard of Juvenile Fish: A Case Study of the Argentine Hake Trawl Fishery in San Matías Gulf
Authors: Romero M. Alejandra , González Raúl A. , Ocampo-Reinaldo Matías 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The performance of management measures adopted to reduce the catch of small-size fish in trawl fisheries requires a proper evaluation taking into account that different factors (e.g., the behavior of fishermen, gear efficiency, market forces, and weak controls) may affect the results. The high bycatch of juvenile Argentine hake Merluccius hubbsi recorded in the trawl fishery of San Matías Gulf, Argentina, could be an indication of a suboptimal harvesting pattern that should be addressed. Regulations to mitigate this problem (i.e., a minimum mesh size and the seasonal closure of a nursery area) were imposed in 1997–1998. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of the size-selectivity measure 10 years after its implementation based on two key indicators: the presence of juvenile Argentine hake in catches and discard rates. Our results show that this measure was ineffective in reducing the catch and discard of juveniles and that both indicator values increased during the period analyzed. This failure could be the result of the limited scientific advice available when the measure was designed or poor implementation, monitoring, and control strategies.
Assessment of Hatchery-Reared Pallid Sturgeon Survival in the Lower Missouri River
Authors: Steffensen Kirk D. , Powell Larkin A. , Koch Jeff D. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
The population of pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus in the lower Missouri River between Gavins Point Dam (river kilometer [rkm] 1,305.2) and the confluence with the Mississippi River (rkm 0.0) remains imperiled, little to no natural recruitment occurring. Artificial propagation and subsequent population augmentation (i.e., stocking) may be the only viable option for maintaining pallid sturgeon populations in the lower Missouri River in the near term. Because relatively little is known about the ability of hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon to survive, the objective of this study was to quantify survival estimates for hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon stocked into the lower Missouri River. We used stock–recapture data collected from 1994 to 2008 to derive survival estimates based on the Cormack–Jolly–Seber model within program MARK. Since 1994, a total of 78,244 hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon have been released and 1% of these have been recaptured. Recapture numbers by size at stocking were as follows: 48 age 0, 730 age 1, and 38 older than age 1. Stocked age-0 hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon had an estimated apparent survival rate of 0.051 (SE = 0.008), compared with 0.686 (SE = 0.117) for age-1 fish and 0.922 (SE = 0.015) for fish older than age 1. Our analysis confirms that hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon can survive in the wild and contribute to the overall population of this species. These estimates should provide critical information for decisions regarding stocking strategies within the lower Missouri River and enable biologists to estimate the number of stocked pallid sturgeon that reach sexual maturity.
Injury and Mortality of Juvenile Salmon Entrained in a Submerged Jet Entering Still Water
Authors: Deng Zhiqun , Mueller Robert P. , Richmond Marshall C. , Johnson Gary E. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Development of more eco-friendly hydroelectric facilities requires better understanding of the biological response of juvenile fish when they migrate through the turbines and other downstream passage facilities. Juvenile fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were exposed to turbulent shear flows in a laboratory by using a fast-fish-to-slow-water mechanism in which test fish were carried by the fast-moving water of a submerged turbulent jet into the slow-moving water of a flume. Fish were released at six nozzle velocities: 6.1 (reference control), 12.2, 15.2, 18.3, 21.3, and 22.9 m/s. The onset of minor and major injuries occurred at 15.2 and 21.3 m/s, respectively. The acceleration magnitude threshold (m/s2) of major injury for the fast-fish-to-slow-water mechanism in this study was found to be significantly higher than that for a slow-fish-to-fast-water mechanism used in a previous study in which test fish were introduced into a turbulent jet from slow-moving water through an introduction tube placed just outside the edge of the jet. Fish responded differently and sustained different injuries when they were subjected to turbulent shear flows under the two exposure mechanisms. This information is applicable to the design and operation of turbines and spillways because these two tested mechanisms simulate the severe hydraulic events fish usually experience during passage at hydropower dams.
Sex Ratios of Black Crappies Harvested during Spring Fisheries on Two Minnesota Lakes: Are Males in the Majority?
Authors: Isermann Daniel A. , Schultz Douglas W. , Carlson Andrew J. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Sex-selective fishing mortality can alter the demographics and life history patterns of fish populations, yet the extent of this mortality is rarely investigated in harvest-oriented recreational fisheries. Potential differences in habitat use between sexes and nest-guarding behavior suggest that male black crappies Pomoxis nigromaculatus could dominate angler harvest during spring fisheries. We examined the potential for male-dominated harvest in spring (late April to mid-June) recreational fisheries for black crappies occurring on two north-central Minnesota lakes. In the three spring fisheries we examined, males represented between 45% and 57% of all black crappies harvested by anglers, but sex ratios (expressed as the percentages of males) did not significantly deviate from 1:1. However, a temporal pattern in sex ratios was observed on Lake Hubert, where female black crappies dominated angler harvest before 19 May in both 2005 and 2006 (41–42% male) while the harvest on or after 19 May was dominated by males (69–75% male); this shift appeared to coincide with peak nesting periods. In fall electrofishing samples, the sex ratios of black crappies that had been exposed to exploitation during spring fisheries (i.e., fish age 4 and older) did not significantly deviate from 1:1, suggesting that total annual mortality rates were similar between sexes. The sex ratios of black crappies harvested by anglers during spring can vary within and among lakes and will not always be skewed toward male fish. Estimating population sex ratios and the sex ratio of black crappies harvested by anglers may improve our understanding of the effects of exploitation on crappie populations, particularly when fishing intensity during nesting is high and nests are easily located by anglers.
Influence of Drought Conditions on Brown Trout Biomass and Size Structure in the Black Hills, South Dakota
Authors: James Daniel A. , Wilhite Jerry W. , Chipps Steven R. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
We evaluated the influence of drought conditions on the biomass of brown trout Salmo trutta in Spearfish Creek, upper Rapid Creek, and lower Rapid Creek in the Black Hills of western South Dakota. Stream discharge, mean summer water temperature, the biomass of juvenile and adult brown trout, and brown trout size structure were compared between two time periods: early (2000–2002) and late drought (2005–2007). Mean summer water temperatures were similar between the early- and late-drought periods in Spearfish Creek (12.4°C versus 11.5°C), lower Rapid Creek (19.2°C versus 19.3°C), and upper Rapid Creek (9.8°C in both periods). In contrast, mean annual discharge differed significantly between the two time periods in Spearfish Creek (1.95 versus 1.50 m3/s), lower Rapid Creek (2.01 versus 0.94 m3/s), and upper Rapid Creek (1.41 versus 0.84 m3/s). The mean biomass of adult brown trout in all three stream sections was significantly higher in the early-drought than in the late-drought period (238 versus 69 kg/ha in Spearfish Creek, 272 versus 91 kg/ha in lower Rapid Creek, and 159 versus 32 kg/ha in upper Rapid Creek). The biomass of juvenile brown trout was similar (43 versus 23 kg/ha) in Spearfish Creek in the two periods, declined from 136 to 45 kg/ha in lower Rapid Creek, and increased from 14 to 73 kg/ha in upper Rapid Creek. Size structure did not differ between the early- and late-drought periods in lower Rapid and Spearfish creeks, but it did in upper Rapid Creek. In addition to drought conditions, factors such as angler harvest, fish movements, and the nuisance algal species Didymosphenia geminata are discussed as possible contributors to the observed changes in brown trout biomass and size structure in Black Hills streams.