bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Richest Collection of Tautomeric Polymorphs: The Case of 2‐Thiobarbituric Acid
Authors: Chierotti Michele R. , Ferrero Luca , Garino Nadia , Gobetto Roberto , Pellegrino Luca , Braga Dario , Grepioni Fabrizia , Maini Lucia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFive new polymorphs and one hydrated form of 2‐thiobarbituric acid have been isolated and characterised by solid‐state methods. In both the crystalline form II and in the hydrate form, the 2‐thiobarbituric molecules are present in the enol form, whereas only the keto isomer is present in crystalline forms I (reported in 1967 by Calas and Martinex), III, V and VI. In form IV, on the other hand, a 50:50 ordered mixture of enol/keto molecules is present. All new forms have been characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, 1D and 2D (1H, 13C, and 15N) solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction at variable temperature. It has been possible to induce keto–enol conversion between the forms by mechanical methods. The role of hydrogen‐bond interactions in determining the relative stability of the polymorphs and as a driving force in the conversions has been ascertained. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the 2‐thiobarbituric family of crystal forms represents the richest collection of examples of tautomeric polymorphism so far reported in the literature.
Einsatz des Strahlzonen‐Schlaufenreaktors bei stofftransportlimitierten, mehrphasigen chemischen Reaktionen
Authors: Wiedemann M. , John S. , Schlüter M. , Kutschera D. , Riener F.‐X. , Döring W. , Neumann S. , Eisenlauer J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractViele chemische aber auch biochemische Reaktionen unterliegen Transportlimitierungen, die Umsatz und Ausbeute beschränken. So kommt insbesondere bei schnellen Reaktionen dem Transport durch Grenzschichten oder Phasengrenzflächen oder auch bei schleichenden Strömungen z. B. durch Biofilme der Überwindung von Transportlimitierungen eine herausragende Bedeutung zu. Durch hohe volumenspezifische Energieeinträge können spezifische Phasengrenzflächen vergrößert und die Mikrovermischung intensiviert werden, wofür zunehmend mikrostrukturierte Systeme oder strahlengetriebene Reaktoren zur Anwendung kommen. Ein Beispiel hierfür ist der Strahlzonen‐Schlaufenreaktor, der Transportprozesse auf unterschiedlichen Skalen gezielt nutzbar macht. In den letzten Jahren konnte der Strahlzonen‐Schlaufenreaktor erfolgreich auf verschiedene Prozesse der biologischen Abwasserreinigung und chemischen Reaktionsführung angewendet werden, wobei die Prinzipien der Aufhebung von Stofftransportlimitierungen sich als universell übertragbar erwiesen haben. In diesem Beitrag sollen exemplarisch einige Anwendungsbereiche des vor 15 Jahren von Prof. Räbiger entwickelten Strahlzonen‐Schlaufenreaktors vorgestellt und diskutiert werden.
Inhibition of Human DHODH by 4‐Hydroxycoumarins, Fenamic Acids, andN‐(Alkylcarbonyl)anthranilic Acids Identified by Structure‐Guided Fragment Selection
Authors: Fritzson Ingela , Svensson Bo , Al‐Karadaghi Salam , Walse Björn , Wellmar Ulf , Nilsson Ulf J. , da Graça Thrige Dorthe , Jönsson Stig 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA strategy that combines virtual screening and structure‐guided selection of fragments was used to identify three unexplored classes of human DHODH inhibitor compounds: 4‐hydroxycoumarins, fenamic acids, andN‐(alkylcarbonyl)anthranilic acids. Structure‐guided selection of fragments targeting the inner subsite of the DHODH ubiquinone binding site made these findings possible with screening of fewer than 300 fragments in a DHODH assay. Fragments from the three inhibitor classes identified were subsequently chemically expanded to target an additional subsite of hydrophobic character. All three classes were found to exhibit distinct structure–activity relationships upon expansion. The novelN‐(alkylcarbonyl)anthranilic acid class shows the most promising potency against human DHODH, with IC50values in the low nanomolar range. The structure of human DHODH in complex with an inhibitor of this class is presented.
Peptide Architecture: Adding an α‐Helix to the PYY Lysine Side Chain Provides Nanomolar Binding and Body‐Weight‐Lowering Effects
Authors: Pedersen Søren L. , Sasikumar Pottayil G. , Vrang Niels , Jensen Knud J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe gut hormone PYY3‐36 influences food intake and body weight via interaction with hypothalamic presynaptic Y2 receptors (Y2R). Novel Y2R‐selective analogues of PYY3‐36 are therefore potential drug candidates for the treatment of obesity. It has been hypothesized that PYY3‐36 and possibly also the related PP‐fold peptides, NPY and PP, bind to the membrane via their amphipathic α‐helix prior to receptor interaction. The PYY3‐36 amphipathic α‐helix causes the peptide to associate with the membrane, making it essential for Y receptor potency as it potentially guides the C‐terminal pentapeptide into the correct conformation for receptor activation. Based on this hypothesis, the importance of the amphipathic nature of PYY3‐36, as well as the ability of amphipathic α‐helices to interact in solution to form di‐ and tetramers, we redesigned the peptide architecture by addition of an amphipathic α‐helix via the Lys 4 side chain of PYY3‐36. Two different amphipathic sequences were introduced; first, PYY17‐31, the native α‐helix of PYY, and secondly, its retro counterpart, PYY31‐17, which is also predicted to form an α‐helix. Moreover, several different turn motifs between the branching point and the additional α‐helix were tested. Several novel peptides with nanomolar Y2R binding affinities, as well as increased Y receptor selectivity, were identified. CD experiments showed the modifications to be well accepted, and an increase in mean ellipticity (ME) signifying an increased degree of α‐helicity was observed. Receptor binding experiments indicated that the direction of the additional α‐helix is less important, in contrast to the turn motifs, which greatly affect the Y1R binding and thus determine the Y1R activity. Conversely, the structure–activity relationships from in vivo data showed that the peptide containing the retro‐sequence was inactive, even though the binding data demonstrated high affinity and selectivity. This demonstrates that radical redesign of peptide architecture can provide nanomolar binding with improved subtype selectivity and with in vivo efficacy.
Quality of life, self‐esteem, fatigue, and sexual function in young men after cancer
Authors: Greenfield Diana M. , Walters Stephen J. , Coleman Robert E. , Hancock Barry W. , Snowden John A. , Shalet Stephen M. , DeRogatis Leonard R. , Ross Richard J. M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Androgen deficiency is increasingly recognized in young male cancer survivors; however, its impact on quality of life (QOL) is not established. The authors investigated the relationship between androgen levels, QOL, self‐esteem, fatigue, and sexual function in young male cancer survivors compared with control subjects.METHODS:A cross‐sectional, observational study of 176 male cancer survivors and 213 male controls aged 25 to 45 years was performed. Subjects completed 3 QOL scales (Medical Outcomes Study 36‐Item Short‐Form Health Survey version 2, the 12‐item General Health Questionnaire [GHQ‐12], and Aging Male Scale), and measures of self‐esteem (Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale), fatigue (Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Fatigue), and sexual function (Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning‐II Self‐Report‐Male).RESULTS:Cancer survivors had lower scores for all components of the Short‐Form Health Survey, Aging Male Scale, and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Fatigue, and for 4 of 5 subsections of the Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning than controls. The majority of these differences remained after adjusting by linear regression analysis. Levels of psychiatric disorder or self‐esteem did not differ between the 2 groups. In cancer survivors, those with androgen deficiency (serum testosterone ≤10 nmol/L) had lower scores than those without for all components of the Short‐Form Health Survey, the General Health Questionnaire, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Fatigue, and the Derogatis Interview for Sexual Functioning. Serum testosterone only weakly correlated with health measures.CONCLUSIONS:Young male cancer survivors self‐report a marked impairment in QOL, energy levels, and quality of sexual functioning, and this was exacerbated in those with androgen deficiency. However, psychological distress was not elevated, self‐esteem was normal, and sexual relationships were not impaired. The relationship with testosterone is complex, and appears dependent on a threshold level rather than direct correlation. Interventional trials are needed to determine whether testosterone replacement would improve QOL in young male cancer survivors. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Effects by daily long term provision of ghrelin to unselected weight‐losing cancer patients
Authors: Lundholm Kent , Gunnebo Lena , Körner Ulla , Iresjö Britt‐Marie , Engström Cecilia , Hyltander Anders , Smedh Ulrika , Bosaeus Ingvar 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The short‐term provision of ghrelin to patients with cancer indicates that there may be benefits from long‐term provision of ghrelin for the palliative treatment of weight‐losing cancer patients. This hypothesis was evaluated in a randomized, double‐blind, phase 2 study.METHODS:Weight‐losing cancer patients with solid gastrointestinal tumors were randomized to receive either high‐dose ghrelin treatment (13 μg/kg daily; n = 17 patients) or low‐dose ghrelin treatment (0.7 μg/kg daily; n = 14 patients) for 8 weeks as a once‐daily, subcutaneous injections. Appetite was scored on a visual analog scale; and food intake, resting energy expenditure, and body composition (dual x‐ray absorpitometry) were measured before the start of treatment and during follow‐up. Serum levels of ghrelin, insulin, insulin‐like growth factor 1, growth hormone (GH), triglycerides, free fatty acids, and glucose were measured. Health‐related quality of life, anxiety, and depression were assessed by using standardized methods (the 36‐item Short Form Health Survey and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale). Physical activity, rest, and sleep were measured by using a multisensor body monitor.RESULTS:Treatment groups were comparable at inclusion. Appetite scores were increased significantly by high‐dose ghrelin analyzed both on an intent‐to‐treat basis and according to the protocol. High‐dose ghrelin reduced the loss of whole body fat (P < .04) and serum GH (P < .05). There was a trend for high‐dose ghrelin to improve energy balance (P < .07; per protocol). Otherwise, no statistically significant differences in outcome variables were observed between the high‐dose and low‐dose groups. Adverse effects were not observed by high‐dose ghrelin, such as serum levels of tumor markers (cancer antigen 125 [CA 125], carcinoembryonic antigen, and CA 19‐9).CONCLUSIONS:The current results suggested that daily, long‐term provision of ghrelin to weight‐losing cancer patients with solid tumors supports host metabolism, improves appetite, and attenuates catabolism. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil; oral cyclophosphamide; levamisole; or no adjuvant therapy for patients with high‐risk, premenopausal breast cancer
Authors: Ejlertsen Bent , Mouridsen Henning T. , Jensen Maj‐Britt , Andersen Jørn , Andersson Michael , Kamby Claus , Knoop Ann S. ,   for the Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group
Published: February 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The Danish Breast Cancer Cooperative Group (DBCG) 77B trial examined the relative efficacy of levamisole, single‐agent oral cyclophosphamide, and the classic combination of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5‐fluorouracil (CMF) against no adjuvant systemic therapy in high‐risk breast cancer patients. The authors report the results from that trial after a potential follow‐up of 25 years.METHODS:Between 1977 and 1983, 1146 premenopausal patients who had tumors >5 cm or positive axillary lymph nodes were assigned randomly to 1 of 4 options: no systemic therapy, levamisole 5 mg weekly for 48 weeks (the levamisole arm), oral cyclophosphamide 130 mg/m2 on Days 1 through 14 every 4 weeks for 12 cycles (the C arm), or oral cyclophosphamide 80 mg/m2 on Days 1 through 14 plus methotrexate 30 mg/m2 and fluorouracil 500 mg/m2 intravenously on Days 1 and 8 every 4 weeks for 12 cycles (the CMF arm).RESULTS:The 10‐year invasive disease‐free survival (IDFS) rate was 38.6% in the control arm compared with 55.5% in the C arm, 48.8% in the CMF arm, and 35.2% in the levamisole arm. Compared with the control arm, the hazard ratio for an IDFS event was 0.62 in the C arm (P = .001) and 0.70 in the CMF arm (P = .01). The hazard ratio for death was 0.70 in both the C arm (P = .02) and the CMF arm (P = .02) at 10 years, and the overall survival (OS) benefit was maintained during 25 years of follow‐up. No significant differences were observed in IDFS or OS between the C arm and the CMF arm or between the levamisole arm and the control arm.CONCLUSIONS:Compared with controls, both cyclophosphamide and CMF significantly improved disease‐free survival and OS, and the benefits persisted for at least 25 years in premenopausal patients who had high‐risk breast cancer. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Role of the Surfactant Structure in the Behavior of Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids within Aqueous Micellar Solutions
Authors: Behera Kamalakanta , Kumar Vinod , Pandey Siddharth 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe behavior of an ionic liquid (IL) within aqueous micellar solutions is governed by its unique property to act as both an electrolyte and a cosolvent. The influence of the surfactant structure on the properties of aqueous micellar solutions of zwitterionic SB‐12, nonionic Brij‐35 and TX‐100, and anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the presence of the “hydrophobic” IL 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) is assessed along with the possibility of forming oil‐in‐water microemulsions in which the IL acts as the “oil” phase. The solubility of [bmim][PF6] within aqueous micellar solutions increases with increasing surfactant concentration. In contrast to anionic SDS, the zwitterionic and nonionic surfactant solutions solubilize more [bmim][PF6] at higher concentrations and the average aggregate size remains almost unchanged. The formation of IL‐in‐water microemulsions when the concentration of [bmim][PF6] is above its aqueous solubility is suggested for nonionic Brij‐35 and TX‐100 aqueous surfactant solutions.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and the development of structural neuronal connectivity
Authors: Cohen‐Cory Susana , Kidane Adhanet H. , Shirkey Nicole J. , Marshak Sonya 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDuring development, neural networks are established in a highly organized manner, which persists throughout life. Neurotrophins play crucial roles in the developing nervous system. Among the neurotrophins, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is highly conserved in gene structure and function during vertebrate evolution, and serves an important role during brain development and in synaptic plasticity. BDNF participates in the formation of appropriate synaptic connections in the brain, and disruptions in this process contribute to disorders of cognitive function. In this review, we first briefly highlight current knowledge on the expression, regulation, and secretion of BDNF. Further, we provide an overview of the possible actions of BDNF in the development of neural circuits, with an emphasis on presynaptic actions of BDNF during the structural development of central neurons. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 2010
Aripiprazole in anorexia nervosa and low‐weight bulimia nervosa: Case reports
Authors: Trunko Mary Ellen , Schwartz Terry A. , Duvvuri Vikas , Kaye Walter H. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractObjective:There has been much interest in the use of atypical antipsychotics in anorexia nervosa (AN). However, newer, more weight‐neutral medications have not been studied in AN, and there are no reports of the use of antipsychotics in bulimia nervosa (BN).Method:We report on the treatment of eight patients (five with AN and three with BN) with aripiprazole for time periods of four months to more than three years.Results:All individuals had reduced distress around eating, fewer obsessional thoughts about food, weight and body image, significant lessening of eating‐disordered behaviors, and gradual weight restoration where appropriate. Depression, generalized anxiety, and cognitive flexibility improved as well.Discussion:In summary, these findings support the need to perform controlled trials of aripiprazole in AN and BN. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:269–275)
An optimum model to estimate path losses for 400‐MHz‐band land mobile radio
Authors: Miyashita Michifumi , Terada Takashi , Serizawa Yoshizumi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIt is difficult to estimate path loss for land mobile radio using a single path loss model such as the diffraction model or the Okumura model when mobile radio is utilized in a widespread area. Furthermore, high accuracy of the path loss estimation is needed when the radio system is digitized, because degradation of CNR due to interference worsens communications. In this paper, conventional path loss models, that is, the diffraction model, Okumura model, and two‐ray model, were evaluated using 400‐MHz land mobile radio field measurements, and a method for improving path loss estimation by using each of these conventional models selectively was proposed. The ratio of error between −10 dB and +10 dB for the method applying the correction factor derived from our field measurements was 71.41%, while the ratios for the conventional diffraction and Okumura models without any correction factors were 26.71% and 49.42%, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(3): 50–60, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10138
Development and performance of the millimeter‐wave cloud profiling radar at 95 GHz: Sensitivity and spatial resolution
Authors: Takano Toshiaki , Yamaguchi Jun , Abe Hideji , Futaba Ken‐Ichi , Yokote Shin‐Ichi , Kawamura Youhei , Takamura Tamio , Kumagai Hiroshi , Ohno Yuichi , Nakanishi Yuji , Nakajima Teruyuki 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe developed a cloud profiling radar called FALCON‐1, transmitting a frequency‐modulated continuous wave (FM‐CW) at 95 GHz for high sensitivity and high‐spatial‐resolution ground‐based observations. A millimeter wave at 95 GHz is used to realize high sensitivity to small cloud particles. An FM‐CW‐type radar realizes similar sensitivity with much smaller output power to a pulse‐type radar. Two 1‐m‐diameter parabolic antennas separated 1.4 m from each other are used for transmitting and receiving the wave. At present the direction of the antennas is fixed at the zenith. The radar can observe clouds up to 20 km in height with a resolution of 9 m. The beam size of the antenna is only 0.2° of arc, which corresponds to 15 m at a range of 5 km. Observation results showed that a sensitivity of −34 dBZ was achieved at a range of 5 km, with good spatial resolution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(3): 42–49, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10170
Low‐resolution vehicle image recognition technology by frame composition of moving images
Authors: Kanzawa Yusuke , Kobayashi Hiroki , Ohkawa Takenao , Ito Toshio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDeveloping on‐board automotive driver assistance systems intended to alert drivers about driving environments, and about possible collisions with other vehicles, has been attracting considerable attention. In particular, many researchers have suggested forward vehicle recognition technology using a camera installed in the vehicle. In forward vehicle recognition, however, it is difficult to detect the features of a vehicle from a distant vehicle image by conventional methods, because the image is too low‐resolution (LR). This paper presents a vehicle image recognition technology for detecting the features of a distant vehicle by frame composition of moving images. To detect the vehicle features from a distant LR vehicle image, we use moving images obtained from a camera installed on the vehicle, and utilize super‐resolution (SR) image reconstruction. SR image reconstruction consists of using signal processing techniques to obtain a high‐resolution (or sequence) image from observed multiple LR images. The use of this technique on real road images shows the effectiveness of the proposed techniques. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 93(3): 1–7, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10246
Solid‐State Reversible Anion Exchange and Irreversible Anion Replacement in 1D Zinc(II) Coordination Polymers: Precursors for the Preparation of Zinc(II) Nanostructures
Authors: Khanpour Mojtaba , Morsali Ali 
Published: February 2010

AbstractInteresting solid‐state reversible anion exchange and irreversible anion replacement in zinc coordination polymers from the ligand 2,5‐bis(3‐pyridyl)‐3,4‐diaza‐2,4‐hexadiene (bpdh) with different anions, [Zn(μ‐bpdh)(H2O)4](NO3)2·2bpdh (1), [Zn(μ‐bpdh)(H2O)4](ClO4)2·2bpdh (2), [Zn(μ‐bpdh)2(NCS)2]n (3), [Zn(μ‐bpdh)2(N3)2]n (4), and [Zn(μ‐bpdh)(NO2)2]n (5), were studied. Compounds 3–5 were prepared by irreversible solid‐state anion replacement of either compound 1 or 2 with KSCN, NaN3, or NaNO2 under mixing or grinding. Compounds 1 and 2 undergo reversible solid‐state anion exchange between ClO4– and NO3–. ZnO and ZnS nanoparticles were obtained by thermolyses of compounds 1–5 in oleic acid at 280 °C in air.
Ploidy levels in Beta vulgaris (red beet) plant organs and in vitro systems
Authors: Weber Jost , Georgiev Vasil , Haas Christiane , Bley Thomas , Pavlov Atanas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe ploidy levels of the cells in different organs (leaves, petioles and roots) of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants of different ages, as well as of different in vitro systems (transformed hairy roots, calli derived from leaves and rhizogenic calli), were investigated using flow cytometry. Two callus lines with red and yellow phenotypes, derived by mechanical separation of the morphologically heterogeneous rhizogenic callus, were also examined. All investigated samples experienced several cycles of endoreduplication. The older organs exhibited higher levels of polysomaty than the young ones. The highest degree of endoreduplication was found in old petiole tissue and the lowest in the red callus line (cycle values of 1.81 and 0.55, respectively). Interestingly, the callus derived from leaves did not exhibit a 2Cx peak, but was tetraploid, probably due to genetic instability, which may have been caused by prolonged cultivation under in vitro conditions. Red and yellow calli showed significantly lower polysomaty (cycle values of 0.55 and 0.59, respectively) than the primary rhizogenic callus (cycle value of 1.09). The DNA profiles of the two phenotypes differed, possibly reflecting differences in their metabolism.