bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfer of Blue Mold Resistance into F1 Tobacco Hybrids1
Authors: Dean C. E. , Heggestad H. E. , Grosso J. J. 
Published: July 2010

Seventeen F1 hybrids resulting from crosses between tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) breeding lines and varieties having different levels of blue mold (Peronospora tabacina Adam) resistance were evaluated. The parental lines were also evaluated to provide a basis for rating the hybrids. The resistance of the F1 hybrids and parental lines was determined both at the seedling stage in greenhouses and at a more mature growth stage in the field.Seventy‐two percent of the F1 hybrids were intermediate between the parental lines in terms of resistance classification. Those outside the parental limits were always slightly more susceptible rather than more resistant than the parents.Differences in the effectiveness of lines in imparting resistance in an F1 hybrid were demonstrated. These differences were postulated to be caused by a more complementary genetic constitution containing modifiers which interact favorably with the major blue mold resistance genes. 'Dixie Shade' was a more desirable parent than was 2238.Blue mold resistance at an effective field level can be utilized in F1 hybrids provided that careful selection of parental lines for resistance and other characteristics is practiced. Hybrids from crosses of resistant and susceptible parents should have a level of resistance sufficient for average field conditions.
Relationship of Kernel Oil Content to Yield in Maize1
Authors: Alexander D. E. , Lambert R. J. 
Published: July 2010

Oil content of the grain of six maize (Zea mays L.) single crosses was modified by xenia‐like effects induced by pollen from high and low oil stocks. Oil analyses were made and the calorie grain production on an individual plant basis determinedIn comparisons of high and low oil versions of eight hybrids, one high oil hybrid stored significantly more calories than the low oil version, one stored significantly fewer calories, and six did not differ significantly. We conclude that oil content and calorie yield per plant are probably independent in most stocks but that calorie yield may be limited in some stocks by inefficient oil synthesizing systems. Conversely, high oil strains may be limited in total calorie storage by hyper‐active oil synthesis
Estimates of General and Specific Combining Ability for Forage Yield in F1 Hybrids of Forage Sorghum1
Authors: Blum A. 
Published: July 2010

Forty‐two Fj forage sorghum hybrids, obtained by crossing 7 sorgo varieties (males) to 6 grain sorghum A‐lines (females), were studied under dryland conditions. Estimates for relative general and specifiic combining ability effects for forage yield were obtained.An analysis of variance components; indicated that general combining ability effect was 20‐Ji times greater than specific combining ability effect for forage yield. Variance component for general combining ability of male parents was 10.6 times greater than for female parents. Although some high relative estimates of specific combining ability were obtained in certain crosses, the results suggest a greater effect of sorgo varieties over grain sorghum A‐lines on variance between crosses.
Interspecific Hybridization in Glycine, Subgenus Leptocyamus1
Authors: Palmer R. G. , Hadley H. H. 
Published: July 2010

Reciprocal hybrids between an induced autotetraploid form of Glycine tomentosa (Benth.) (n=20) and G. tabacina (Labill) Benth. (n=40) were obtained. All F1 hybrids were morphologically intermediate between the parents and were highly male and female sterile as estimated by pollen stainability and seed set. However, F1 hybrids with G. tomentosa cytoplasm had lower pollen stainability and the anthers usually failed to dehisce. F1's with G. tabacina cytoplasm shed pollen abundantly. F2 and backcross plants generally were lower in fertility than the F1's. In all comparisons made between G. tomentosa and G. tabacina cytoplasms the former was associated with lower fertility. Both species are members of the subgenus Leptocyamus and limited attempts to cross them with G. max (of the sub‐genus, Soja) were unsuccessful.Cytological observations indicated three different genomes are involved in the two species crossed. G. tomentosa was designated 2(A1) and G. tabacina 2(A0A2). Genome A1 is apparently more closely related to both genome A0 and A2 than A0 and A2 are related to each other.
Genetic and Environmental Variation in Mineral Element Accumulation in Barley, Wheat, and Soybeans
Authors: Kleese R. A. , Rasmusson D. C. , Smith L. H. 
Published: July 2010

Twelve varieties each of barley and wheat and 10 of soybeans were grown in 2 years at two locations to assess genetic and environmental variation in accumulation of 12 mineral elements. Seedling leaves and seed of barley and wheat and seed of soybeans were assayed. Varietal differences in accumulation of P, K, Mg, Na, Ca, Mn, B, and Sr were significant in most plant materials studied. In contrast, differences in accumulation due to years and locations generally were small and non‐significant.A few of the genotype ✕ environment interactions were statistically significant but the majority of them were nonsignificant, and all the interaction components were smaller than the experimental error. Also, estimates of genetic variane were larger generally than interaction components. The consistency in performance of genotypes across years and locations indicates that a single environment may suffice when screening genotypes for differences in mineral accumulation.Genetic correlations involving accumulation of a particular element in seed and seedling leaves were positive and near 0.4 to 0.5. Ca and Sr accumulation were highly correlated in all plant materials. In soybean seed, P, Ca, Sr, Mg, and Mn accumulations were highly and positively correlated.
Development Changes in Oil and Fatty Acid Content of Maize Strains Varying in Oil Content1
Authors: Curtis P. E. , Leng E. R. , Hageman R. H. 
Published: July 2010

Changes in kernel and germ weight, germ percentage, oil percentage, weight of oil produced, and fatty acid distribution were studied in the maize (Zea mays L.) strains ‘Illinois High Oil’ (IHO), ‘Reverse High Oil’(RHO), ‘Illinois Low Oil’ (ILO), and ‘Reverse Low Oil’(RLO) and in a standard F1 hybrid, WF9 ✕ OH43, during the 1964 growing season. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used for oil analyses and gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) for determination of esterified fatty acids.Sixty‐five generations of selection for high oil resulted in: a) early and rapid development of the germ (scutellum and embryo axis), b) larger total germ weight, c) lower total endosperm and kernel weight, d) greater germ percentage, e) greater germ and kernel oil percent, and f) greater percent of total oil residing in the germ. The converse was true in the low oil selections except that total kernel weight was not changed. WF9 ✕ OH43 generally was intermediate for all characteristics, and reverse strains, although resembling the original selections, differed significantly from them for most characters.Percent of total oil was initially higher in the endosperm, but the majority of the oil was located in the germ by 20 days after pollination in the high oil strains, and by 36 days in all strains. A lower percentage of palmitic acid was found in mature than immature (24days after pollination) kernels for all strains. The percentage of oleic acid was lower and linoleic acid higher in the mature kernels and germs of WF9 ✕ OH43, ILO, and RLO.A positive correlation was found between percent oil and oleic acid percent (r = 0.947) and a negative correlation between percent oil and linoleic (r = −0.931) and palmitic (r = −.767) acid content.
Inheritance of Crown Rust Resistance in Avena Sterilis1
Authors: Fleischmann George , McKenzie R. I. H. 
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of resistance in three collections of Avena sterilis (F83 and F366 from Israel, and CW491‐4 from Algeria) to races 264, 290, 295, 332, and 446 of crown rust, Puccinia coronata avenae, was investigated. Genetic analysis indicated that two of the collections (CW491‐4 and F366) each had a single gene (Pc‐38 and Pc‐39 respectively), independent of each other, which conditioned resistance to these five races of crown rust and to every other isolate to which they were tested.Four distinct genes for crown rust resistance were discovered in the third A. sterilis collection, F83. Gene Pc‐40 was epistatic to the other three genes in F83, and conditioned resistance to races 290, 295, 332, and 446, but not to race 264. Gene Pc‐41 conferred resistance to races 290, 295, and 332, while gene Pc‐42 was effective only against race 332 and gene Pc‐43 only against race 290. Some backcross families of F83 that were susceptible to all five of these races segregated for resistance to a few of the other crown rust races against which they were tested, indicating the presence of an additional gene. Genes Pc‐38, Pc‐39, Pc‐40, and Pc‐42 all conditioned fleck type resistance. Gene Pc‐41 conditioned intermediate type 2 resistance, while gene Pc‐43 was incompletely dominant and conditioned either fleck or type 2 resistance.
Seedling Vigor Evaluation of Four Birdsfoot Trefoil Varieties Grown Under Two Temperature Regimes1
Authors: Cooper Clee S. , Qualls Mickey 
Published: July 2010

Seedling vigor of four birdsfoot trefoil varieties was studied in growth chambers, at two temperatures, 21 and 27 C. Vigor was evaluated in terms of relative growth rate and its components, net assimilation rate and leaf area ratio. At 21C, relative growth rate of Leo was superior to other varieties and relative growth rate of ‘Tana’ and ‘Viking’ was superior to ‘Empire’. The superiority of ‘Leo’ over Tana and Viking was attributed to a greater leaf area ratio but the superiority of Leo over Empire was due to a greater net assimilation rate. The greater superiority of Tana and Viking over Empire was due to a greater net assimilation rate.At 27C, relative growth rate of Leo and Tana was greater than relative growth rate of Empire. The difference was due to a greater leaf area ratio since net assimilation rate of all varieties was the same. Within a temperature, differences in leaf area ratio between varieties were associated with changes in the leaf area to leaf weight ratio since the ratio of leaf weight to plant weight was the same.With increasing temperature, leaf area ratio decreased as a result of a decrease in the ratio of leaf weight to plant weight. The other component of LAR (the leaf area to leaf weight ratio) increased with increasing temperature, but not enough to counteract the effect of the decrease in the ratio of leaf weight to plant weight. The decrease in leaf area ratio with increasing temperature was not great enough to affect relative growth rate. Both relative growth rate and net assimilation rate at the two temperatures were the same.
Effects of Various Storage Conditions on Longevity of Cotton, Corn, and Sorghum Seeds1
Authors: Bockholt A. J. , Rogers J. S. , Richmond T. R. 
Published: July 2010

Seed of ‘Acala’ cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), ‘White Surcropper’ corn (Zea mays L.), and ‘Dwarf Yellow Milo’ sorghmn (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) were sealed bottles and stored in refrigerated storage (10C) and room temperature. Treatments used were vacuum, dehydrated, vacuum‐dehydrated, and control.Storage at 10C had the greatest influence on maintaining viability. After 26 years the sorghum, cotton, and corn germinated 91, 41, and 0%, respectively. The corn seed germinated 34% at the end of 22 years of refrigerated storage. Seed sealed in bottles and stored at room temperature remained viable at least 2 years longer than seed stored in paper envelopes.Dehydration was ineffective in maintaining the viability of both cotton and corn seed. The germination percentage of cotton and grain sorghum was maintained at a higher level by storage in a partial vacuum.
Influence of Temperatured uring Anthesis on Seed Set in Poa pratensis L.1
Authors: Maun M. A. , Canode C. L. , Teare I. D. 
Published: July 2010

‘Newport’ Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) was subjected to temperatures of 21, 27, 32, 38, and 43C for time intervals of 1 to 6 days during anthesis. Effects of these treatments were measured by seed weight per head, weight of 100 seed, viability of pollen, percent of rioters setting seed, and seed germination.Increases in temperature above 27C during anthesis resulted in reduction for all measurements except seed germination. The decline was gradual as temperature increased, becoming significantly lower at 32C for most measurements and at 38 and 43C for all measurements.Increasing the length of exposure to high temperature during anthesis also resulted in a gradual decline in all measurements except seed germination. Differences were usually significant after 2 to 3 days of exposure to high temperature.Germination of seed produced was not significantly affected by high temperature or length of exposure to high temperature during anthesis.
Heritabilities and Interrelationships of Shortness and Other Agronomic Characters in F3 and F4 Generations of Two Wheat Crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell)1
Authors: Reddi M. V. , Heyne E. G. , Liang G. H. L. 
Published: July 2010

Two wheat crosses (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell), ‘Norin’ 10/3* ‘Pawnee’ //2* ‘Kaw’ and Norin 10/5*Pawnee, were studied for heritability and for interrelationships among plant height, spike length, tillering ability, and kernel weight. Norin 10 is a short cultivar introduced from Japan, while Kaw and Pawnee are adapted cultivars in Kansas.Heritabilily estimates were calculated by conventional and standard unit regression (F4 on F3) methods. The estimates of heritability were relatively high for culm length in both crosses and medium for kernel weight in the cross Norin 10/3*Pn//2*Kaw, indicating selection for culm length or kernel weight would be effective. Heritability estimates for the other two characters were low.Culm length and kernel weight were positively and highly significantly correlated in the two crosses. The correlation between spkie length and kernel weight was negative or low for both crosses. The lines with shorter culm length tended to have longer spikes and low kernel weight, characteristic of the Norin 10 donor parent.
Allelic Interactions at the Pu Locus in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench1
Authors: Miller F. R. , Cruzado H. J. 
Published: July 2010

Sorghum rust (Puccinia purpurea Cke.) inheritance studies indicate that allelic interactions exist at the Pu locus in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. A reversal dominance was observed when B406 contributed the pu allelomorph but normal dominance existed when Combine Shallu donated the pur allelomorph; in crosses to two different sources of resistance. In addition, an interaction for rapidity of uredial development was observed between crosses. When Pu was considered in association with pur (from ‘Combine Shallu’), complete normal dominance resulted. In F1 or testcross progenies the genotypes Pu Pu and Pu pur could not be separated. On the other hand, Pu Pu and Pu pu (pu from B406) were readily separable in F1 or testcross individuals which demonstrated the late‐season reversal of dominance.The late‐season rusting, reversal of dominance in certain individuals, provides an example of slow rusting in sorghum, a condition existing as an intra‐allelic interaction. Genotypes Pu Pu, Pu pu, and Pu pur gave satisfactory control of rust in early‐season, although Pu pu became inferior in late season.
Specific Leaf Weight and Photosynthesis in Alfalfa1
Authors: Pearce R. B. , Carlson G. E. , Barnes D. K. , Hart R. H. , Hanson C. H. 
Published: July 2010

Specific leaf weight (SLW = leaf dry weight per unit leaf area) and net photosynthesis (Pn) of 13 alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) clones were positively correlated (r = 0.790). Pn increased from 20 ± 7 to 50 ± 8 mg CO2, dm−2 hr−1 when SLW increased from 1.9 to 5.3 mg cm−2. The SLW‐Pn relationship was the same whether SLW was influenced by genetics or environment.Selections from four alfalfa populations (MSA‐C4, MSB‐11, ‘Vernal,’ and ‘DuPuits’) were grown in high (37.7 klux) and low (12.9 klux) light growth chambers. Except for DuPuits, they showed a SLW‐Pn relationship similar to the 13 clones mentioned above. At high light, the Pn of DuPuits did not exceed 33 ± 6 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 even when SLW was greater than 4 mg cm−2.SLW‐Pn relationships were similar for attached and detached leaves. Leaves selected for high SLW had the highest Pn at several light intensities between 6.3 and 64.0 klux. The possibility of increasing Pn by selecting for SLW is discussed.
Variations in Nutritive Value Among Species of the Medicago Genus as Measured by Laboratory Techniques1
Authors: Allinson D. W. , Elliott F. C. , Tesar M. B. 
Published: July 2010

Individual alfalfa clones derived from populations of Medicago sativa L., M. falcata L., M. glutinosa M. B., and M. coerulea Less. were analyzed for nutritive value by using (a) in vitro fermentation techniques and (b) fiber analyses.Considerable variation in estimated nutritive value occurred both within and between populations. The range of values of percent dry matter disappearance (DMD), using a 6‐hr in vitro fermentation technique, within populations was from 45.0 to 27.1% (M. sativa, ‘DuPuits’) to 33.3 to 27.7% (M. glutinosa). The corresponding range between populatiou means was 35.4 (M. sativa, ‘DuPuits’) to 26.3% (M. falcata, ‘Wisconsin 460’). Clones of high estimated uutritive value were characterized by being relatively low in fibrous or cell wall constituents. Similarly, the production of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids was consistently greater in fermentations when clones of high estimated nutritive value were used as substrates compared to clones of low estimated nutritive value.
Effects of Variation in Leaf Area Index on Growth of Maize and Soybeans1
Authors: Buttery B.R. 
Published: July 2010

Maize and soybean crops were grown at high density in separate plots in the same field experiment; when a thick canopy had developed, a range of leaf area indexes (LAI) was created by thinning. Samples were taken at time of thinning and 2 weeks later. The experiment was repeated twice yearly for 3 years.Mean relative growth rate (RGR) and mean net assimilation rate (NAR) increased with increasing density, while mean crop growth rate (CGR) and leaf area ratio (LAR) decreased. In four maize and two soybean experiments the best fitting regression of NAR on LAI was a straight line; in the other six experiments the relationship was curvilinear. NAR of maize declined more rapidly with increase in LAI than did that of soybeans, but if the regression values at LAI = 4 were expressed as percentages of the values at LAI = 1, the NAR of maize and soybeans decreased at the same rate. Thus, the adverse effects of self‐shading with increase in LAI are at least as pronounced in maize as in soybeans. Despite this, NAR of soybeans was only 57% of that of maize, and CGR of maize was correspondingly greater than that of soybeans. In only 4 out of the 12 experiments was an optimum value of LAI indicated.
Relationship of Pollen and Pistil Characteristics with Self‐ and Cross‐Compatibility in Alfalfa1
Authors: Rice James S. , Wang C. L. , Gray Elmer 
Published: July 2010

The relationship of pollen and pistil characteristics to self‐ and cross‐compatibility was studied in ‘Buffalo’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Fifty‐three plants were selfed and 11 of these plants were crossed in a diallel design. Percentage of flowers producing pods, seeds/pod, and seeds/flower were used as compatibility indexes. Pollen tube length and pollen viability, as determined in vitro, and pistil length, style length, and number of ovules/ ovary were studied.Pollen characteristics were more closely associated with self‐ and cross‐compatibility than were pistil characteristics. Pollen tube length was positively associated with the three indexes for both self‐ and cross‐compatibility. Pollen viability was positively correlated with each of the three indexes of cross‐compatibility, but only with percentages of flowers producing pods for self‐compatibility. None of the pistil characteristics was significantly correlated with any index of cross‐compatibility. Style length was negatively correlated with seeds/pod for selfcempatibility.General, specific, maternal, and reciprocal effects were estimated from the diallel cross for each index as reported by Rice and Gray (13). Pollen tube length was significantly correlated with general effects for each index. Pollen viability was significantly correlated with general effects for seeds/pod and seeds/flower. None of the other effects was significantly correlated with the measured pollen or pistil characteristics.
Foliar Regrowth of Alfalfa Utilizing 14C‐Labeled Carbohydrates Stored in Roots1
Authors: Smith L. H. , Marten G. C. 
Published: July 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) at the bud to early‐bloom stage was placed in a 14CO2 atmosphere for 24 hr to label carbohydrates being synthesized. Labeled carbohydrates that were translocated to the crown and roots within the 24 hr were considered as “stored” therein. Immediately following the labeling period, shoots were harvested and discarded, leaving a 5‐cm stubble. Thereafter, plants were harvested during the regrowth period at each of 5 stages — vegetative (15 and 30 cm), bud, first bloom, and 50% bloom and separated into shoots and roots plus crown.Labeled carbohydrates initially stored in the root and crown were readily redistributed to developing shoots. Greatest redistribution occurred at the early vegetative stage and decreased with advancing maturity. Approximately 40% of the initially‐stored nonstructural carbohydrates were found in the shoots at the early vegetative stage. Only 13% of these labeled carbohydrates remained in the shoots at 50% bloom. A maximum of 9% of the stored carbohydrates was utilized for the synthesis of structural tissues in the developing shoots. This maximum appeared at the 50% bloom stage. Respiratory utilization by the entire plant of labeled stored carbohydrates continued with advancing shoot maturity, ranging from 26% at the youngest vegetative stage to 71% at 50% bloom.
Heterotic Performance and Combining Ability of Two‐Way F1 Soybean Hybrids1
Authors: Weber C. R. , Empig L. T. , Thorne J. C. 
Published: July 2010

Eight attributes were measured in spaced F1 soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) hybrids and their parents. The F1 hybrids gave an average of 13.4% heterosis for seed yield over their respective high parent in the 85 crosses evaluated. Nearly 77% of the hybrids exceeded the high parent yield. Seed size in large‐seeded ✕ large‐seeded hybrids was nearly 4% smaller than the large parent, while in small‐seeded ✕ small‐seeded crosses, the F1's and the larger‐seeded parents had about the same average seed size. Thus, an increase in seed number was largely responsible for the increase in seed yield of the F1. Wholeplant dry weight was larger and harvest index was smaller in the hybrids as compared with the high parent, indicating that, while the F1's produced more seed than the parents, their nonseed portion was unproportionately larger than in the parents. The hybrids approximated the midparent average in maturity, were generally shorter than the taller parent, and were not significantly different from the midparent mean in protein and oil contents.Specific combining ability effects were significant for seed yield, maturity date, plant height, and oil content. Except for oil content, general combining ability estimates were significant and were two to six times larger than specific combining ability effects.