bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term prognosis of low‐frequency hearing loss and predictive factors for the 10‐year outcome
Authors: Oishi Naoki , Inoue Yasuhiro , Saito Hideyuki , Kanzaki Sho , Kanzaki Jin , Ogawa Kaoru 
Published: March 2010

ObjectivesTo determine the long‐term prognosis of low‐frequency hearing loss and predictive factors for the 10‐year outcome of low‐frequency hearing loss.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsFrom 1979 to 1998, 466 consecutive patients with low‐frequency hearing loss received initial treatment at the Hearing and Tinnitus Clinic of Keio University Hospital. Of the 49 eligible patients, pure‐tone threshold data obtained over a period of 10 years after onset of low‐frequency hearing loss were available for analysis. To determine the progression of hearing loss, we analyzed audiometric pattern changes. We also examined how the following factors affected 10‐year prognosis: sex, age, side of hearing loss, accompanying dizziness, pre‐therapeutic hearing thresholds at low frequencies, initial therapy results, and fluctuation of hearing during the first year after onset.ResultsHigh‐ and pan‐frequency hearing loss increased as time progressed. About half of the cases developed high‐ or pan‐frequency hearing loss within 10 years of onset. Audiometric patterns measured at 10 years significantly correlated with those measured at one (r = 0.57), three (r = 0.73), and five years (r = 0.85). The 10‐year prognosis significantly correlated with only two factors: initial therapy results (r = 0.49) and fluctuation of hearing during the first year (r = 0.43).ConclusionsAbout half of the cases in our study developed high‐ or pan‐frequency hearing loss within 10 years of onset of low‐frequency hearing loss. The initial therapy results and fluctuation of hearing during the first year may indicate the long‐term prognosis of patients presenting with low‐frequency hearing loss.
High‐speed digital imaging of the neoglottis after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy
Authors: Saito Koichiro , Kimura Miwako , Imagawa Hiroshi , Nito Takaharu , Tayama Niro , Shiotani Akihiro 
Published: March 2010

ObjectiveTo determine the utility of high‐speed digital imaging (HSDI) in evaluating vocal kinetics of the neoglottis after supracricoid laryngectomy with cricohyoidoepiglottopexy (SCL‐CHEP).Study DesignCase series.SettingThe University of Tokyo Hospital.Subjects and MethodsHigh‐speed digital recordings of laryngeal images were obtained from six patients after SCL‐CHEP to clarify the vocal kinetics of the postoperative neoglottis. Simultaneous recording of electroglottograms (EGGs) were obtained and multiline kymograms were generated on the basis of the recorded images. The distribution of frequency, amplitude, and phase in the neoglottis were visualized by using gradients of colors superimposed onto the glottal and supraglottal areas of laryngeal images to produce laryngeal topograms. Furthermore, waveforms of estimated laryngeal sound source (ELSS) were obtained on the basis of glottal inverse filtering of the vocal signal to reflect vibratory motions in the neoglottis. The vibratory part of the neoglottis was determined as a possible sound source when the frequencies of the ELSS, EGG, and laryngeal topograms, as well as the waveforms of ELSS, EGG, and kymograms, were consistent with each other.ResultsSpaces between the arytenoid(s) and epiglottis (5 patients) or pyriform sinus mucosa (1 patient) were estimated as the major source of sound during postoperative vocalization. The possible sound source could be determined by HSDI, even in the neoglottis, with more than one vibratory position.ConclusionHSDI could be useful for evaluating the vocal kinetics of the neoglottis after SCL‐CHEP.
Effects of type II thyroplasty on adductor spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Sanuki Tetsuji , Yumoto Eiji , Minoda Ryosei , Kodama Narihiro 
Published: March 2010

ObjectivesType II thyroplasty, or laryngeal framework surgery, is based on the hypothesis that the effect of adductor spasmodic dysphonia (AdSD) on the voice is due to excessively tight closure of the glottis, hampering phonation. Most of the previous, partially effective treatments have aimed to relieve this tight closure, including recurrent laryngeal nerve section or avulsion, extirpation of the adductor muscle, and botulinum toxin injection, which is currently the most popular. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of type II thyroplasty on aerodynamic and acoustic findings in patients with AdSD.Study DesignCase series.SettingUniversity hospital.Subjects and MethodsTen patients with AdSD underwent type II thyroplasty between August 2006 and December 2008. Aerodynamic and acoustic analyses were performed prior to and six months after surgery. Mean flow rates (MFRs) and voice efficiency were evaluated with a phonation analyzer. Jitter, shimmer, the harmonics‐to‐noise ratio (HNR), standard deviation of the fundamental frequency (SDF0), and degree of voice breaks (DVB) were measured from each subject's longest sustained phonation sample of the vowel /a/.ResultsVoice efficiency improved significantly after surgery. No significant difference was found in the MFRs between before and after surgery. Jitter, shimmer, HNR, SDF0, and DVB improved significantly after surgery.ConclusionsTreatment of AdSD with type II thyroplasty significantly improved aerodynamic and acoustic findings. The results of this study suggest that type II thyroplasty provides relief from voice strangulation in patients with AdSD.
Bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐8 staining in parotid cancer patients: Markers of susceptibility in radiotherapy?
Authors: Giotakis John , Gomatos Ilias P. , Alevizos Leonidas , Georgiou Anastasia N. , Leandros Emmanuel , Konstadoulakis Manousos M. , Manolopoulos Leonidas 
Published: March 2010

ObjectiveNegative bcl‐2 and HLA‐DR protein expression have been associated with responsiveness to adjuvant radiotherapy in surgically treated parotid cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic significance of bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐8 protein expression in a group of surgically treated patients to determine whether they also suggest markers of responsiveness to adjuvant radiotherapy.Study DesignHistorical cohort study.SettingOtolaryngology department in a university hospital.Subjects and MethodsThe immunohistochemical expression of bax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐8 were studied in paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens originating from 27 surgically treated parotid cancer patients and nine patients with Warthin parotid tumors (control group) and correlated with the patients' clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcome.ResultsCaspase‐8 negative staining was more frequently observed in higher TNM stages and in tumors measuring more than 4 cm (P = 0.009 and P = 0.018, respectively). Caspase‐8 (−)/cytochrome c (−) patients carried low‐grade lesions without nodal involvement (P = 0.01 and P = 0.05, respectively). Caspase‐8 (−) patients who received postoperative radiotherapy presented a significantly increased disease‐free survival compared to those who did not (P = 0.04). Patients bearing bax (−) tumors who received postoperative radiotherapy presented an improved four‐year disease‐free survival compared to bax (−) patients who did not receive any type of adjuvant radiotherapy (P = 0.017).ConclusionBax, cytochrome c, and caspase‐8 protein expression failed to independently predict survival in parotid cancer patients. However, patients with bax (−) or caspase‐8 (−) tumors should be considered as candidates for adjuvant radiotherapy in order to achieve better local disease control.
Auto‐crosslinked hyaluronan gel injections in phonosurgery
Authors: Molteni Gabriele , Bergamini Giuseppe , Ricci‐Maccarini Andrea , Marchese Caterina , Ghidini Angelo , Alicandri‐Ciufelli Matteo , Luppi Maria Pia , Presutti Livio 
Published: March 2010

ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical performance of an auto‐crosslinked gel obtained from hyaluronic acid (ACP‐based gel) as an anti‐adhesive agent and/or augmentative agent in vocal cord surgery for the treatment of vocal fold (VF) atrophy, sulcus vocalis, and postsurgery scarring as well as its tolerability at short‐ and long‐term follow‐up.Study DesignThis was a prospective multicenter trial conducted between 2007 and 2009.SettingAcademic center.Subjects and MethodsInclusion criteria were patients with glottic gap due to previous endoscopic phonosurgery, VF scars, vocal cord atrophy, and sulcus vocalis. Forty patients who underwent endoscopic injection of hyaluronic acid under general anesthesia were enrolled. Two different injections sites were used: the thyroarytenoid muscle in cases of glottic gap for augmentative purposes, and the lamina propria for treatment of scars and sulcus vocalis. A voice‐evaluation protocol was performed before surgery, at the first follow‐up visit (3 mo), and at the final follow‐up (12 mo).ResultsFollow‐up data at three months were available for 38 patients, while data at 12 months follow‐up were available for 27 patients. No side effects, hematoma, or infection and allergic reactions were reported in either the perioperative or postoperative period. Patients had statistically significant improvement in voice parameters compared with the baseline data at the first follow‐up visit and at the 12‐month follow‐up.ConclusionACP‐based gel seems to be a new tool in the challenging treatment of VF scarring, functioning as both an anti‐adhesive product and an augmentation agent. Improvements in all glottal parameters and in both objective and subjective evaluation of voice performance were observed.
Measurements of adult lingual tonsil tissue in health and disease
Authors: Friedman Michael , Wilson Meghan N. , Pulver Tanya M. , Golbin Dina , Lee George P. , Gorelick Gleb , Joseph Ninos J. 
Published: March 2010

ObjectivesTo report computed tomography (CT) measurements of lingual tonsil tissue (LTT) in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR), obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), both LPR and OSAHS, or neither disease.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingTertiary care center.Subjects and MethodsNinety‐eight patients with CT scans including the tongue base and complete historical data regarding the presence or absence of symptoms, signs, and laboratory confirmation of LPR and/or OSAHS were included. LTT was measured on CT. Charts of patients meeting inclusion criteria were subsequently reviewed and patients were divided into four groups: 1) those without LPR or OSAHS, 2) those with LPR only, 3) those with OSAHS only, and 4) those with both LPR and OSAHS. Statistical analysis focused on correlating LTT thickness with the presence or absence of LPR and/or OSAHS.ResultsThe mean LTT thickness for group 1 (21 patients without reflux or OSAHS) was 0.937 mm (range 0‐2.67 mm). The mean for group 2 (29 patients with LPR only) was 3.35 mm (range 0‐7.4 mm). The mean for group 3 (16 patients with OSAHS only) was 4.29 mm (range 0‐9 mm). The mean for group 4 (32 patients with LPR and OSAHS) was 4.00 mm (range 0‐19.2 mm). The mean for group 1 was lower than the other 3 groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionCT images including the tongue base allow precise measurement of LTT thickness. LTT > 2.7 mm was not identified in patients without OSAHS or LPR. The mean LTT for patients with LPR and/or OSAHS was significantly greater than for patients without either disease.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibition causes luminal narrowing and ring thickening in the cricoid cartilage
Authors: Martinez‐Alvernia Efrain A. , Mankarious Leila A. 
Published: March 2010

ObjectiveLuminal expansion of the cricoid cartilage appears to be stunted by loss of luminal epithelium (LE) and can be enhanced by transforming growth factor‐β3 (TGF‐β3). When both the LE and perichondrium are disrupted, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) levels within adjacent chondrocytes are diminished but can be restored by exogenous TGF‐β3. Cricoid growth stunting and luminal expansion that occur in the absence and presence of MMP activity, respectively, suggest that MMPs play an important role in normal subglottal development. The study objective was to determine if MMP inhibition affects cricoid expansion and by what mechanism, which will in turn help to define the mechanism of action of TGF‐β3‐induced luminal expansion.Study DesignEx vivo, in vitro whole organ culture of subglottises grown with and without the presence of an MMP inhibitor.SettingTertiary care facility.Subjects and MethodsSubglottises from 20 neonatal mice were divided into 10 grown with an MMP inhibitor, GM6001, and 10 grown in basic medium alone. The luminal cross‐sectional area, apoptosis levels, cell proliferation rates, and presence or absence of cleaved aggrecan fragments were determined.ResultsSubglottises that were exposed to the MMP inhibitor displayed statistically significant luminal narrowing, accompanied by apparent circumferential thickening of the cricoid ring, relatively decreased apoptosis, increased chondrocyte proliferation, and decreased amounts of aggrecan cleavage fragments in the extracellular matrix.ConclusionMatrix metalloproteinases likely play a significant role in growth of the cricoid cartilage such that their inhibition leads to marked changes in the shape of the ring.
PERIODIC 2-GRAPHS ARISING FROM SUBSHIFTS
Authors: PASK DAVID , RAEBURN IAIN , WEAVER NATASHA A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractHigher-rank graphs were introduced by Kumjian and Pask to provide models for higher-rank Cuntz–Krieger algebras. In a previous paper, we constructed 2-graphs whose path spaces are rank-two subshifts of finite type, and showed that this construction yields aperiodic 2-graphs whoseC*-algebras are simple and are not ordinary graph algebras. Here we show that the construction also gives a family of periodic 2-graphs which we calldomino graphs. We investigate the combinatorial structure of domino graphs, finding interesting points of contact with the existing combinatorial literature, and prove a structure theorem for theC*-algebras of domino graphs.
Citrobacter freundiicausing pharyngitis and secondary retropharyngeal abscess with intrathoracic extension to the diaphragm: minimally invasive management of a rare case
Authors: Trinidade A , Sekhawat V , Andreou Z , Meldrum J , Kamat S , Panesar J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIntroduction:Citrobacter freundiiis a rare but potentially aggressive cause of pharyngitis which may progress to retropharyngeal abscess with diaphragmatic extension.Objective:To raise awareness of: (1) citrobacter as a potential cause of head and neck infection, including retropharyngeal abscess; (2) a novel surgical approach to draining such an abscess; and (3) citrobacter's particular biological properties which may affect the clinical course.Method:Case report.Results:The abscess was drained via a minimally invasive posterior pharyngeal wall incision and placement of a suction catheter into the mediastinum through this incision. Residual intrathoracic collections were drained by the cardiothoracic team via percutaneous aspiration. The patient made a full recovery.Conclusion:Early recognition of citrobacter head and neck infections, an awareness of the peculiarities of the clinical course of such infections, and timely surgical intervention can prevent catastrophic outcomes. A minimally invasive approach to mediastinal collections can be considered as a viable alternative to open thoracotomy, which carries a high morbidity rate.
Management of carcinoma showing thymus-like element
Authors: Biswas D , Karsai L , Atkin S L , England R J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjective:To consolidate the key features of carcinoma showing thymus-like element, including its management.Method:We present our experience of the difficult diagnosis and management of this rare tumour. We also present the results of an extensive literature search, documenting those aspects of the clinical picture, natural history and management of carcinoma showing thymus-like element which are relevant to head and neck surgeons.Result:Intrathyroidal, epithelial carcinoma showing thymus-like element is a rare, malignant tumour of the thyroid gland, with histopathological features similar to squamous cell carcinoma but a more favourable prognosis. It is usually treated surgically using a combination of total thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection, with radiotherapy and chemotherapy in selected cases.Conclusion:Carcinoma showing thymus-like element of the thyroid gland is a rare condition. Head and neck surgeons with a thyroid interest should be aware of this tumour, because of its close histological resemblance to other, commoner malignancies of the thyroid gland.
Cana, café, cacau: agrarian structure and educational inequalities in Brazil
Authors: Wegenast Tim 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACTThe present paper explores the relationship between agrarian structure and human capital formation between and within Brazil’s federal units. It is argued that whether states’ agriculture is in plantation style, based on cheap coerced labor, or organized around family farming matters for the formulation of educational policies. According to the main claim, landlords were not interested in paying higher taxes to educate the masses and curtailed the expansion of schooling in order to keep a cheap workforce and maintain their monopoly over the decision-making process. Describing several episodes in Brazil’s history of public instruction, the paper stresses the distributional conflicts over education as well as the rural aristocracy’s resistance towards broadly-targeted, citizenship-enhancing educational policies. The descriptive evidence is complemented by statistical analyses employing historical as well as more recent data. It is shown that states characterized by a more egalitarian land distribution, which are not under the dominance of powerful landlords, exhibit better educational coverage and enhanced instruction quality. They also spend more on schooling.
Are factor endowments fate?
Authors: Nugent Jeffrey B. , Robinson James A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn recent theories of comparative development, the role of institutional differences has been crucial. Yet, what explains comparative institutional evolution? We investigate this issue by studying the coffee exporting economies of Latin America. Although homogeneous in many ways, they experienced radically different paths of economic (and political) development, which is conventionally traced to the differential organization of the coffee industry. We show that the different forms that the coffee economy took in the 19thcentury was critically determined by the legal environment determining access to land, and that different laws resulted from differences in the nature of political competition and the backgrounds of political elites. Our analysis suggests that explanations of institutional differences that stress economic fundamentals can only be part of the story. At least in the economies that we study, while geography, factor endowments and technology are clearly important, their implications for the institutional structure and thus development are conditional on the form that political competition takes in society. For interesting variations in economic outcomes, endowments are not fate.
Learning Qualitative Differential Equation models: a survey of algorithms and applications
Authors: Pang Wei , Coghill George M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOver the last two decades, qualitative reasoning (QR) has become an important domain in Artificial Intelligence. QDE (Qualitative Differential Equation) model learning (QML), as a branch of QR, has also received an increasing amount of attention; many systems have been proposed to solve various significant problems in this field. QML has been applied to a wide range of fields, including physics, biology and medical science. In this paper, we first identify the scope of this review by distinguishing QML from other QML systems, and then review all the noteworthy QML systems within this scope. The applications of QML in several application domains are also introduced briefly. Finally, the future directions of QML are explored from different perspectives.
Soil preservation and ventifact recycling from dry-based glaciers in Antarctica
Authors: Bockheim James G. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSoil preservation from three glacial thermal regimes was examined in the Transantarctic Mountains (TAM) using the University of Wisconsin Antarctic Soils Database (http://nsidc.org/data/ggd221). Glacial thermal regimes included temperate (wet-based) glaciers from overriding of the TAM prior to c. 15Ma bp and subsequent polar (dry-based) glaciers. The glacial thermal regimes were distinguished from landform, sediment and erosional features. Buried soils were most common from deposition by dry-based glaciers (44 of 51 pedons). Several of these buried soils had a desert pavement intact with in situ ventifacts. Fifteen percent of the pedons contained recycled ventifacts in relict and buried soils that ranged from late Quaternary to Miocene in age, particularly in drift from dry-based glaciers (56 of 77 pedons). Overall 84% of the buried soils and 78% of the pedons with recycled ventifacts originated from dry-based glaciers. The proportion of soils with recycled clasts on a particular drift was greatest where the ratio of drift thickness to soil thickness (“recycling ratio”) was the least. These data illustrate the effectiveness of Antarctic dry-based glaciers in preserving underlying landforms and deposits, including soils. Moreover, the data imply that Antarctic glaciers have been recycling clasts for the past c. 15Ma. These findings have important implications in selecting surface boulders for cosmogenic dating.
Physical and psychological maltreatment in middle childhood and adolescence
Authors: Crittenden Patricia M. , Claussen Angelika H. , Sugarman David B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAlthough maltreatment is known to have detrimental effects on socioemotional development, the relation of those effects to type of maltreatment and child age is not clear. Most studies either focus solely on physical abuse or do not differentiate among types of maltreatment. Furthermore, most concentrate on young children. Studies of psychological maltreatment in young children indicate that physical abuse and psychological maltreatment tend to co-occur, severity of injury is not related to severity of psychological maltreatment or to developmental problems, and severity of psychological maltreatment is related to developmental outcomes. The present study investigated (a) relations among types of physical and psychological maltreatment and (b) their effect on development in an ethnically diverse sample of maltreated school-age children and adolescents. The results indicated that, as in young children, physical and psychological maltreatment co-occurred in most cases. As with young children, severity of emotional abuse was related to severity of physical neglect in school-age children; among adolescents, however, it was related to severity of physical injury. Moreover, severity of emotional abuse was related to both behavior problems and depression. The differences between the patterns of effects for school-age children and those for adolescents are discussed, as are implications of the findings for intervention.