bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Weird as a Wizard”
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter is a genealogy of Kelpius’s afterlife in print, excavating his posthumous appearances in religious literature, popular fiction, and poetry, and by the nineteenth century, popular occult literature in which Kelpius and his companions were portrayed as the founders of and legitimation for an American occult tradition. This chapter shows how the historical sources remain remarkably accurate and consistent until they collide and blur with a more imaginative literature in the nineteenth century, leaving us with the image of Kelpius we meet today in popular and scholarly literature: at once a Pietist and a witch, a Christian and a wizard, a character in Romantic poetry who really existed: ultimately, an ambient, spectral presence in the city of Philadelphia and the historiography of American religion.
Conclusion
Authors: Grieve-Carlson Timothy 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This conclusion summarizes the main points of the work and describes some of the contemporary political implications of seventeenth century Hermetic Protestant environmental knowledge. I describe a few recent works on religion and climate change before noting that there is still a great deal of work to be done in understanding the importance of climate in religious history. I explore some of the contemporary trends in scholarship that impact my treatment of Hermeticism before turning to the recent work of Amitav Ghosh which engages the contemporary political implications of climate history. The book concludes by calling, with Ghosh, for a vitalist politics, a renewed understanding of the moral status of nonhumans.
Stability and Order
Authors: Borck Tobias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the analytical framework the book uses to analyse and compare Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar’s conceptions of stability in the MENA. It provides the reader with the theoretical and practical background of how the terms stability and order have generally been understood and used in discussions about politics and foreign policy, both among academics, and by governments and in the media. In doing so, it establishes the basic premise the book is built on: Stability—both at the state and the regional level—is the outcome of complex systems of order. States want stability because they consider it an enabling condition that allows them to pursue and protect their national interests. Their measures to maintain or (re)build stability are therefore attempts to shape and influence systems of order according to their own unique perceptions and conceptions of the world and the condition they call stability.
Saudi Arabia’s Conception of Stability
Authors: Borck Tobias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter argues that Saudi Arabia saw stability in the MENA in the 2010s as based on strong Arab states capable of controlling their territory and warding off external influence, particularly from Iran. It wanted to see Arab governments that were unlikely to change dramatically, did not champion transnational political projects, and pursued foreign policies that, if not directly aligned with, at least did not contradict the Kingdom’s regional agenda. To be conducive to stability, the regional order needed to protect and maintain the region’s status quo state system, with no other state—especially not Iran—achieving more influence over individual Arab states than Saudi Arabia had itself. Finally, for Saudi Arabia, stability in the MENA needed to be enabled by an engaged international community, most importantly an attentive USA, that recognised Saudi Arabia as the primary representative of at least the Arab portion of the region.
Rising Sun over Asia
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Rash Behari Bose’s evolving perspectives on empire, Asia, history, and global politics through a body of work geared towards both Japanese and Indian audiences. Through the period of the 1930s, Bose’s worldview became increasingly coupled to far-right currents in Japanese political thought, while at the same time retaining a distinctively Indian perspective rooted in the history and religion of the subcontinent.
‘Fairest of Women’
Authors: Gilham Jamie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Gladys Milton Brooke, the Dayang Muda (wife of the heir presumptive to the Rajah of Sarawak), converted to Islam on a flight between London and Paris in 1932. Brooke’s conversion made headlines around the world, but she quickly disappeared from the limelight. This chapter documents Brooke’s life, focusing on her conversion to Islam and life as a Muslim. It explains her path to Islam and explores the circumstances of and responses to her public conversion ceremony, which was overseen by an English Muslim missionary, Khalid Sheldrake, president of the Western Islamic Association. Sheldrake sought to capitalize on Brooke’s fame to promote his fledgling Association. Brooke broke away from Sheldrake and, benefiting from colonial and class privilege, she briefly established herself as an independent public Muslim woman figure who used her celebrity to challenge traditional Western views about Islam and Muslims.
Noor Inayat Khan
Authors: Khan Pir Zia Inayat 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The fairytale author Noor Inayat Khan served the Allied cause as an undercover radio operator for the Special Operations Executive in the Second World War and was executed in Dachau, Germany in 1944. Hailed as a “British Muslim hero,” Noor is now frequently invoked as a symbol of national coherence in an age of racial and religious pluralism. This chapter compares the rhetorically-constructed symbol with the historically-founded reality. It finds that Noor’s allegiance to Great Britain was of a pre- and post-nationalist character; that Noor embraced a vision of Islam that was notably universal in scope; and that her heroic sensibility found its most natural and immediate expression in literature. Noor’s essays and stories codified the ethical and spiritual paradigm from which her wartime choices derived.
Muhammad's Military Expeditions
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
What is so fascinating about Muhammad’s last ten years of life? In what ways did the earliest Muslims remember him and those years? In particular, what does the Muslim tradition reveal about Muhammad’s military expeditions and their targets during these years? Did he really launch over seventy military campaigns? Were they for proclaiming Islam to non-Muslims? Or were they conducted to accumulate resources and advance tribal dominion? More importantly, can we be certain that these military activities actually occurred? These fundamental questions drive this study. By relying on numerous Arabic Muslim sources, this study seeks to examine how medieval Muslims cherished and portrayed Muhammad’s military career. They not only marveled at his battles—they also listed them, specified their targets, described the details from the battleground, and emphasized their tremendous successes. This study leads readers through a complex body of literature; provides insights regarding social, religious, and historical contexts; and creates a vivid picture of Muhammad’s military expeditions according to the early Muslim historians. Readers will join an intellectual journey, exploring numerous Muslim narratives and wrestling with their reliability. They will question whether Islam actually spread by the sword and deduce unconventional conclusions regarding Muhammad’s military career as they unearth the link between historical narratives and historians’ religious sympathies and political agendas. This book integrates and interacts with ample Arabic Muslim scholarly studies on the topic and analyzes their findings and arguments with the hope of making these valuable studies accessible to the English-speaking world.
Muhammad’s Expeditions: Introduction
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 demonstrates how Muslims, from the earliest generations of Islam, have cherished and circulated numerous traditions about Muhammad’s maghāzī (raids). It explores examples of classical traditionists and modern Muslims who treated and interpreted the accounts of the maghāzī. Some Muslims consider the maghāzī narratives factual and prescriptive, while others contextualize and historicize the reports. The chapter also surveys non-Muslim claims, views, and arguments on Muhammad and his warring and plundering. By highlighting classical sources and modern studies on the maghāzī, the chapter establishes the centrality and importance of the topic among Muslims past and present. In the analyses, the maghāzī accounts are treated as products of the medieval storytellers—a testimony of their sociopolitical, sectarian, and religious contexts—rather than a record of a seventh-century Arabian past. This study brings together ample Muslim sources and numerous secondary studies to detail, study, and analyze the multifaceted accounts of Muhammad’s raids.
Muhammad’s Early Expeditions
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the initial military expeditions commissioned or led by Muhammad against the Meccan pagans. All occurred during the first two years after his emigration from Mecca to Medina and preceded the great battle of Badr. In this initial stage, Muhammad commissioned four sarāyā (incursions) and led four maghāzī (expeditions). The stories reflect the religious and sociopolitical agendas of the traditionists, who use literary features to advance their opinions. Still, the narrators shape the accounts to portray the raids as fighting fī sabīl Allāh (in Allah’s path). The maghāzī accounts appear in disarray and disunity, evidenced by clear discrepancies between various maghāzī narratives. The chapter concludes that classical storytellers adjusted their reports to address the varying requirements of their times, and a reconstruction of a coherent account is impossible if we rely on the Arabic Muslim sources.
Muhammad’s Triumph over the Meccans
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses the accounts of the battle of the Trench (5/627), the raid of the Ḥudaybiyya (6/628), and the ultimate Muslim victory over the Meccans at the conquest of Mecca (8/630)—a victory that reportedly declared Muhammad the sole leader of the Meccan and Medinan Muslims. Medieval Muslim traditionists seem to have found no concern with portraying Muhammad and the Muslims as seeking not only dominion by attacking the enemies but also wealth through plundering their possessions. Traditionists cherished and advanced a memory of Muhammad as a war initiator and a caravan interceptor. Seizing and distributing the spoils after battles is a repeated theme in the tradition. While this portrayal may not fit today’s religious discourses, it seems to have appealed to medieval generations and likely served as a religious exhortation in times of conquest. The maghāzī narratives reflect not the time of Muhammad but that of their documentation.
Three Revolutions
Authors: Erlich Haggai 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter delves into the three revolutions that changed Ethiopia. First, Haile Selassie was toppled in 1974 by young officers headed by Major Mangistu Haile Mariam. Second, the EPLF grew stronger as of 1975, and by 1981, led by Tigrayan speakers, gained dominance in the movement and led it to Eritrean independence in 1991. Third, a Tigrayan Peoples’ Liberation Front, TPLF, emerged in Tigray as of the mid-1970s. It did away with the traditional local aristocracy, which led Tigray for centuries. The TPLF would eventually capture Addis Ababa in the same year, 1991, and end the dictatorial regime of Mangistu Haile Mariam. Thus, Tigrayan speakers, for quite a while, dominated “greater Ethiopia.”
2017
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Mozambique has faced an insurgency in its northern province of Cabo Delgado since 2017. There is much confusion and debate about it. Who are the insurgents, what do they want, and where do they come from? Debates have focused particularly on the role of religion and the external dimension of the insurgency. Drawing on fieldwork in 2018 and 2019, this chapter focuses on the first attack of the insurgents in October 2017 and uses it to explore the nature, origin, and early history of armed violence. It uncovers that the insurgents belong to an Islamist sect which began a decade earlier and shifted to armed jihadism in the mid-2010s. It looks at their regional connections and their relation to the Islamic State.
Introduction
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This introduction surveys the literature on tribes in Libya and Iraq during the nationalist era and beyond. It argues that tribes have been grossly overlooked or misunderstood, often being relegated to the periphery or wrongly portrayed as unchanging, static entities. Tribes have also tended to be confined within a binary “strong state-weak tribe” paradigm. This introduction asserts that dealing with the tribe as the negation of the state fails to appreciate the nuances and complexities of state-tribe relationships, and the fact that tribes are organic components of these societies that have co-existed with the state over generations. Tribes have proved able to adapt to the prevailing political, social, and security environments and cannot be relegated to the hinterland or dismissed as outmoded units of social organization that are in contradiction to the state. Rather, tribes remain important sub-state actors in both Libya and Iraq.
Tribes, Revolution and Revenge
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts by examining the final years of Qadhafi’s rule before focusing on the tribes’ relationship to the 2011 uprisings that first erupted in Benghazi. It shows how the Arab Spring left the tribes caught between the regime and growing popular revolt, and how most remained ambivalent towards the uprisings, refusing to take any collective political stance. However, tribes were not inconsequential in the uprisings, providing them with weight and depth, and serving as “social incubators” of the revolt. This chapter also discusses the tribal landscape in the aftermath of Qadhafi’s downfall, showing how tribes, along with other components, were catapulted into the power vacuum that opened up with the fall of the centralized authority. It examines tribal dynamics and the tribal score-settling that took place, as well as how tribes navigated the fractured political and security landscape that emerged out of regime change and that left many feeling themselves to have been outmaneuvered by other sub-state actors and components.
Tribes and Mobilisation
Authors: Pargeter Alison 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the role of Iraqi tribes through the prism of their mobilizing power, both in the political and security arenas. Focusing on the period after the 2009 elections, it examines how tribes impacted the political arena, including through their relationships with political parties, showing how sheikhs were able to exert tribal agency and influence through their bargaining power and how political actors were able to use the tribes to their advantage. The chapter also assesses the relationship between Shi’ites tribes and the Marja’iya, including through the latter’s ability to mobilize volunteer forces to fight against ISIS. It goes on to look at the impact of tribal mobilization during the popular protests that gripped the south of Iraq from 2019. The chapter argues that post-2003 Iraq has demonstrated that while tribes may have undergone far-reaching changes, they are still concrete social organizations that are capable of action and that remain important players in the political, security and social landscapes.
Routes to Terrorism
Authors: Nemeth Stephen C. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Rational choice theory has long been recognized as an approach of great applicability to the study of terrorism. Using this perspective, people employ terrorism as the result of a conscious or unconscious cost-benefit calculation to accomplish some end. As this chapter shows, radicalization is another area where rational choice explanations hold promise. Here too, the logic is simple; self-interested individuals, after an evaluation of the potential costs and benefits of radicalization, choose to become terrorists because it offers them the greatest utility. This approach also shows us the power and allure of incentives to overcome the natural and rational desire of people to shirk and let others take the risks that come with high-risk action. Terrorists then, are no stranger to the enthusiasm and participatory problems that affect the interest group, the labor union, or the political party. Nor are they above incentivizing their participants, just like their more peaceful and benign counterparts. Finally, this chapter also highlights shortcomings inherent in rational choice theory, but argues that while the fit between the model and the facts is imperfect, the approach remains sound and serves as a useful analytical and theoretical starting point for understanding radicalization.
Creating the Discourse of Religious Radicalization in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Aitkulova Meerim 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores how growing religiosity in Kyrgyzstan, often framed as religious radicalization, has posed challenges to the state’s avowed secularism, which itself has evolved since the Soviet period, as well as spurred the interest of international stakeholders. The chapter finds that much of the research conducted by international stakeholders relies on generalizations and oversimplifications which obscure the situation when growing religiosity might presuppose people’s personal spiritual search and have peacebuilding potential as well. The chapter finds that the legacy of 9/11 and suspicions of “religious terrorism” are still deeply ingrained in Central Asia’s dominant security discourse, such that “authoritative” research institutions stuck in the convenient but limited research paradigm that equates islamization, with radicalization and terrorism and in doing so, perfectly complements the state’s position and discriminative actions.
‘The Radicalization of Western Man’
Authors: Gardell Mattias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter, analyzes the actions and writings of transnational far-right terrorist actors like Anders Breivik and Brenton Tarrant, examining the influence of key ideas like the Great Replacement theory and tracing their genealogy in a much longer history of radical nationalist thought. Having followed the intertextual references in this earlier historic white nationalist literature, the article arrives at the observation that modern-day white extremist manifestos rarely contain anything new, but rather reproduce ideas and perspectives that have been around for a long time: a weaponized white entitlement to land, resources, and privileges; the idea of a fundamental connection between white people and the territory claimed to be exclusively theirs; blood and soil, race, and space; the colonial venture, and the “right” to white racial lebensraum at the expense of other kinds of people; the project of “reclaiming” Europe for white (Christian) folks by forcibly excluding the nonwhite presence; the crusades and the Reconquista; claims of being the rightful manager of the racialized classificatory order; the demographic panic; and the fear of losing power, control, hegemony, and majority advantage; and, of course, the dystopic projections of racial suicide, racial genocide, and racial replacement.
Methodology
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter is about the practical, moral, and ethical challenges of conducting empirical research, interviewing those engaged with extreme groups. It argues for the necessity of empathetic research, within a feminist framework of care. It sets out an argument for such research with both the far right, and Islamist movements, yet with an active appreciation of the function of race and positionality in field research, particularly at a time when the far right has become “mainstreamed.” The chapter also outlines the challenges of doing this work safely and ethically, particularly as a woman in a scene dominated by men. It is about the difficulties—ethical, moral, emotional and practical—of doing “close-up” research with extremists, and managing research relationships and boundaries.
Elite Networks
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Elite Networks presents a novel explanatory factor behind the rise and persistence of income inequality: extractive political power. It shows how the collusion between political and corporate power affects the distribution of incomes. Its most important goal is to offer a different perspective on the long-run origins of inequality by introducing the concept of elite networks and examining their effects on the distribution of power and incomes. Elite networks are informal social networks between politicians in power and top executives of politically connected firms where personal ties and long-term interactions build trust and loyalty between involved actors. Both groups draw benefits from these interactions. Politicians stay in power and may extract bribes and other favors, while firms are rewarded with exclusive government contracts, favorable regulation, and direct subsidies. Top corporate executives that are successful in acquiring these rents as a consequence of their elite network interactions are rewarded by their firms with higher salaries. This consequentially widens the dispersion of earnings between the top 1% of income earners (most of whom are corporate executives) and everyone else. The book recognizes that the long-run forces behind inequality were always rooted in centralized and extractive political power, generated via specific relationships between the society’s elites. Centralization of power enables the network effect that creates elite networks, which encourage rent-seeking opportunities to its members, consequentially increasing inequality. Inequality is not a modern nor a natural phenomenon, but a man-made phenomenon rooted deeply within the, often violent, quest for political power.
Infrastructure Globalities
Authors: Hönke Jana , Cezne Eric , Yang Yifan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for Africa’s Global Infrastructures by introducing the transformations occurring in transnational governance derived from Africa’s South–South relations. The chapter first examines the growing role of Global South companies and investments across the continent, specifically through large-scale economic infrastructures financed, built, or operated by Chinese, Indian, and Brazilian firms. It then introduces the book’s three key methodological entry points: (1) “frontier zones” as sites that integrate expanding circuits of capital and transnational relations through multiple socio-material entanglements; (2) “practices” as a lens to closely examine the individuals and their doings involved in implementing and contesting the everyday governance of large-scale investments; and (3) “globalities” to capture the multiplicity of globally circulating technologies and practices, how they intertwine and transform. Lastly, it outlines the empirical and theoretical contributions of the chapters, which cohere around three thematic sections: Beyond Models, Contestations, and Everyday Entanglements.