bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A minerals-modified glutamate medium for the enumeration of coliform organisms in water
Authors:   Public Health Laboratory Service
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYOxoid dehydrated MacConkey broth was compared with laboratory-prepared Gray's improved formate lactose glutamate medium and with two dehydrated versions of it, by participants in ten laboratories. A variety of chlorinated and unchlorinated water samples was used. The superiority of the glutamate media over MacConkey broth for the detection of coliform organisms in water was again confirmed. The minerals-modified version, either dehydrated or laboratory-prepared, gave the best results and is the medium recommended for use in water examination. Care should be taken to ensure that the final pH after sterilization is 6·7.
The antigens ofMycoplasma hominis
Authors: Hollingdale M. R. , Lemcke Ruth M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA genital strain ofMycoplasma hominiswas fractionated by differential centrifugation after disruption of the cells by alternate cycles of freezing and thawing, by gas cavitation under nitrogen, or by ultrasonic treatment.Antigens of the cell membrane were distinct from those in the soluble cell contents, judging from metabolic inhibition (MI), indirect haemagglutination (IHA), gel-diffusion and immunoelectrophoresis tests, and by the antibody response in rabbits inoculated with these fractions. The antigens which gave rise to MI and IHA antibody were located in the cell membrane.Extraction of whole cells ofM. hominisby various chemical methods suggested that the active components were protein in nature and that there was no lipid hapten, as inM. pneumoniae, or polysaccharide, as inM. mycoidesvar.mycoides.This work was partly supported by a Medical Research Council grant, which provided the remuneration of MRH.We thank Professor R. A. Kekwick and Dr J. M. Creeth of the Biophysics Department of this Institute for their advice on the processing of plasma and density gradient centrifugation, and Mr F. C. Belton of the Microbiological Research Establishment, Porton, Wilts, for growing a 50 litre batch ofM. hominis.
Trachoma vaccine field trials in The Gambia
Authors: Sowa Shiona , Sowa J. , Collier L. H. , Blyth W. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe ability of two live trachoma vaccines to protect against naturally acquired infection was tested in young Gambian children. With a mineral oil adjuvant vaccine prepared from a Gambian strain of trachoma (MRC–187) a barely significant measure of protection was demonstrable 6 months after the first dose, but not at 1 year, despite a reinforcing dose given 6 months after the first. In a later trial an aqueous vaccine prepared from the ‘fast-killing’ variants of strains ‘SA–2’ and ‘ASGH’ failed to induce immunity. Two years after vaccination, the proportion of vaccinated children progressing to cicatricial trachoma was less than in the controls, and the average severity of the disease in terms of clinical score was greater; vaccine-induced hypersensitivity may have contributed to this result.Irrespective of whether they had received trachoma vaccine, children with completely normal eyes at the outset were less likely to acquire trachoma than those with slight conjunctival folliculosis or papillary hyperplasia. In children acquiring trachoma, there was a highly significant positive correlation between severity of the disease and the presence of conjunctival inclusions. The pattern of trachoma differed significantly in the two villages used in both trials; the prev alence, severity and proportion of inclusion-positive subjects were all higher in the village with the greater population density.An efficient follow-up organization, use of a slit-lamp for clinical observations, and a scoring system for recording physical signs are all desirable for trachoma vaccine field trials.We are highly indebted to Dr G. Turner (Lister Institute, Elstree, Herts) for his assistance in making the vaccine used for Trial II; to Dr N. M. Lam (Pfizer Ltd.) and Dr C. H. Smith (Evans Medical Ltd.) for making the Trial III vaccine; to Dr I. A. Sutherland (M.R.C. Statistical Unit) for his advice and help with the statistical aspects; to the Pennsylvania Refinery Co. Inc. for a generous gift of Drakeol 6 VR; and to Mr M. Race for his invaluable technical assistance in The Gambia. We are also grateful to the Director and staff of the M.R.C. Laboratories, The Gambia, for various facilities; and to The Gambian Government for per mission to undertake these trials.
Selection for resistance to myxomatosis in domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Sobey W. R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. Response to selection was achieved with all strains of Myxoma virus used.2. Heritability of resistance to myxomatosis was determined by intra-sire correlation using survival time as an index and by an all-or-none probit analysis. Both resulted in an estimate of heritability of about 35–40%.3. The ability of animals to survive myxomatosis varied widely with environ mental variation in time.I am indebted to W. Menzies for his very able assistance in all aspects of the work; to Dorothy Conolly for her critical assistance with data analysis, and to Dr J. M. Rendel for suggesting the probit analysis for determining heritability.
The incidence of complement-fixing antibody to varicella-zoster virus in hospital patients and blood donors
Authors: Tomlinson A. H. , MacCallum F. O. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe sera of 308 patients, not suffering from varicella or zoster infections, and the sera of 183 blood donors were examined for complement-fixing antibody to varicella-zoster virus. In both groups about 70% of sera from persons aged 11–40 years had antibody titres ≥ 1/4; the incidence was less in the age range 41–60 years and increased in later decades. Antibody titres of 1/16 or 1/32 were noticeably less frequent in those aged 41–60 years than in younger or older groups.It was concluded that an unchanging titre of 1/16 or 1/32 was of no diagnostic significance. The age distribution of antibody was consistent with the theory that zoster only occurs when antibody has declined.
The excretion of two virulent strains of African swine fever virus by domestic pigs
Authors: Greig A. , Plowright W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDaily observations were made on the excretion of African swine fever (ASF) virus by pigs infected intranasally or by contact. Two strains of virus having mean death times of approximately 3 and 6 days were used, the latter being recently isolated from a warthog.First excretion usually occurred by the nasopharyngeal route, as early as 1 or 2 days before the onset of fever in many cases. The titres of pharyngeal and nasal swabs rose rapidly to reach mean levels of about 104–106 HAD 50 at 48–72 hr. following the onset of pyrexia. Virus in the secretions of the conjunctiva or lower urogenital tract appeared later and did not attain such high levels. Faecal and urinary excretion was of relatively little significance, except in slower infections caused by the recent warthog virus.These results are discussed in relation to the known failure of infected pigs to transmit the disease to stallmates during the first 12–24 hr. of pyrexia and also in relation to recent work on the pathogenesis of ASF in domestic swine.
Lesions experimentally produced by fungi implicated in extrinsic allergic alveolitis
Authors: Bulman R. A. , Stretton R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe ability ofAureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium herbarumandCryptostroma corticaleto produce local lesions in the rabbit was examined. BothC. corticaleandA. pullulanscan survivein vivoand produce the inflammatory response typical of mycetoma.C. herbarumfailed to grow or survivein vivo.
Food preferences of wild house-mice (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Bradfield A. , Redfern R. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe relative acceptance of various plain foods by wild house-mice (Mus musculus L.) was compared in laboratory choice tests. The palatability of glycerine and six oils, each included at 5% in pinhead oatmeal, was compared in a similar manner.The most favoured food was found to be whole canary seed (Phalaris canariensis). Pinhead oatmeal and wheat were also comparatively well accepted. Glycerine, corn oil, arachis oil and mineral oil were more palatable than either olive, linseed or cod-liver oils.The results of the choice tests are considered in relation to the use of poison baits for the control of free-living mice.
The Spermicidal Powers of Chemical Contraceptives. VI. An Improved Test for Suppositories
Authors: Baker John R. , Ranson R. M. 
Published: May 2009

1. A fluid is described in which cavy sperms react to the most diverse substances almost exactly as do human sperms in human semen. This fluid, called albumen-saline, consists of:0·9% sodium chloride solution … 0·7 c.c.
Egg-white … … … … 2·3 c.c.2. A detailed description is given of a new technique for comparing the spermicidal powers and rate of disintegration of suppositories (including foam tablets).3. The new test differs from the old chiefly in allowing only five minutes for the spermicide to act, and in requiring the actual killing of the sperms and not only their immobilisation.4. Of the commercial suppositories tested, Rendell and Finil are the most spermicidal, followed by Vimule, Speton, Semori, Prorace (chinosol) and Martindale, in that order. None of them is sufficiently spermicidal to encourage complete reliance in the absence of other contraceptive methods.
A Contribution to the Problem of the Virulence (“VI”) Antigen of B. typhosus
Authors: Dyachenko S. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY1. The strains of B. typhosus, which are inagglutinable, or non-sensitive to somatic O agglutinins, are virulent, whereas the agglutinable, or sensitive strains, show a low virulence.2. Virulence and inagglutinability of strains seem to depend upon the presence in them of a virulence (Vi) antigen.3. A considerable protective action, observed by means of active and passive immunisation, is exerted by the inagglutinable strain used (205 D), because it contains Vi antigen.4. When the O and H agglutinins are eliminated through absorption, the agglutination reaction may serve to demonstrate in vitro the presence of the Vi antibody.
The Biochemical Reactions of Vibrios
Authors: Heiberg Børge 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn reply to Gardner and Venkatraman's rejection of the use of biochemical reactions in the grouping of vibrios according to Heiberg's method, it is shown that in forty-five of the strains examined by Gardner and Venkatraman it is possible to exclude twenty-four as being classical cholera vibrios by means of fermentation reactions with certain sugars, i.e. mannose, saccharose and arabinose. The author believes that it is not possible to deny the value of such reactions in attempting to group vibrios. The constancy of the reactions is emphasised.
Nasal Diphtheria Carriers
Authors: Rudolf G. De M. , Ashby W. R. 
Published: May 2009

1. A series of 62 nasal carriers of B. diphtheriae, virulent and avirulent, has been investigated.2. Treatment by means of normal saline gargles and sniffing normal saline up both nostrils appeared to reduce the number of positive swabs by two, but the data are not quite decisive on this point.3. With the above treatment the majority of the patients were carriers for periods of less than 9 days.4. Two successive negative swabs were followed by positive results in 22 cases.5. In order to recognise 99 per cent, of the carriers in a population receiving treatment with normal saline, five swabs are required from each person examined.6. Equations are given by which the expected length of run may be calculated for other conditions.
The Influence of raw and Sterilized Milk on Growth and Reproduction in Rats
Authors: Channon Hilda Alice , Channon Harold John 
Published: May 2009

1. Groups of young rats have been fed for periods up to one year on a diet consisting of raw or sterilized milk, with a biscuit made from white flour, to which were added supplements of iron, copper and manganese salts. By this method two samples of commercially sterilized milks, prepared by two different processes, have been compared with the corresponding raw milks drawn from the same bulk supplies.2. At the end of one year the weights of the groups receiving sterilized milks were about 10 per cent, lower than those of the animals receiving raw milks from the same bulk supplies. This finding is similar to that of Drummond (1933) in a study of the relative values of raw and pasteurized milks by the same methods. It is however in considerable contrast to that of Mattick and Golding (1931) who in comparable experiments found that sterilized milk did not adequately support growth.3. Animals receiving sterilized milks remained in excellent condition throughout the experiment and they could not be differentiated as regards general health from those which received the raw milks.4. Adequate reproduction occurred on the raw milks, but no litters were reared. Reproduction was less good on the sterilized milks and, as with the raw milks, no litters were reared.5. The results with the milk prepared by one sterilization process seemed on the whole better than those from the other; but the evidence was not sufficiently conclusive to make this deduction certain.
Studies on Endemic and Experimental Goitre
Authors: Hercus C. E. , Purves H. D. 
Published: May 2009

VI. Summary1. Some improvements in the determination of small quantities of iodine in biological substances are described.2. The thesis that a low iodine intake is prerequisite for goitre production is supported.3. A survey of determinations by various authors of the daily urinary iodine excretion in goitrous and non-goitrous regions leads to the conclusion that the critical level of iodine intake sufficient to suppress goitre is between 120 and 160γ per day.4. Determinations of urinary iodine excretion in New Zealand and in the non-goitrous islands of Samoa are presented which show that in the parts of New Zealand investigated the iodine intake is at a low or goitrous level.5. The result in New Plymouth, Taranaki, shows that a high content of iodine in the soil does not necessarily assure an adequate iodine intake.6. The progress of prophylaxis by iodised salt in New Zealand is reviewed, and from consumption data it is concluded that iodised salt constitutes approximately only 30 per cent, of the domestic salt consumption of New Zealand.7. To ensure a more general use of iodised salt it is recommended that the regulations be amended to provide that:(a) Ordinary domestic salt shall be iodised.(b) Non-iodised salt shall be sold only in packages labelled “Non-iodised” and with the addition “ The use of this salt exposes the user to the risk of developing goitre”.8. The results obtained hitherto with the use of iodised salt are briefly reviewed and attention drawn to some apparent failures even when iodised salt has been used for all domestic purposes. These failures are attributed to the standard for iodised salt being too low.9. It is concluded that for New Zealand a supplementation of at least 100γ per day is necessary to afford complete protection against goitre.10. To provide the necessary amount of supplementation the iodine content of iodised salt in New Zealand requires to be raised. We recommend therefore that either(a) If the domestic salt only is to be iodised the standard be fixed at from 5 to 6 parts of potassium iodide (KI) per 250,000 of salt, or(b) If iodised salt is to be used in the manufacture of bread, butter, bacon and other salted foods, the standard be fixed at from 3 to 4 parts of potassium iodide (KI) per 250,000 of salt.11. In New Zealand cabbage has not shown any marked goitrogenic activity as tested on rabbits.12. Turnip roots showed sporadically a goitrogenic activity comparable with that found for the most active samples of cabbage in other countries.13. In tests of Brassica seeds on rats, goitrogenic activity was found in rape seed, cabbage seed, steamed white mustard seed, and steamed black mustard seed.14. The activity of rape seed was destroyed by steaming.We have pleasure in acknowledging the financial help which we have received from the Sir John Roberts Endowment for Medical Research, from the Sir H. L. Ferguson Fund and from the Honorary Staff of the Dunedin Hospital, and for the co-operation of a large number of our colleagues in New Zealand and Samoa in the collection of specimens.
Notes On The Vi Antigen Of Bacillus Typhosus
Authors: Horgan E. S. 
Published: May 2009

1. A peptone salt agar appears to be the medium of choice in the preparation of suspensions of V strains of B. typhosus for Vi agglutination. The presence of heart extract may have a definite inhibitory effect on Viagglutination but the effect is irregular.2. A safe method for the preparation of anti-Vi serum with virulent cultures is described.3. Repeated endeavours to produce an anti-Vi serum by the use of formolized vaccines were unsuccessful.4. A suspension of a V strain killed at 55° C. can be used as a vaccine for producing Vi agglutination.5. The thermostability of the Vi antigen is discussed.6. An analysis is made of the presence of Vi antigen in a number of freshly isolated and stock strains of B. typhosus.7. A series of typhoid cases has been examined for Vi agglutination, and it is concluded that the latter is unlikely to be of any clinical value either in diagnosis or prognosis.Acknowledgements. The writer wishes to express his thanks to his colleagues, Dr R. M. Humphreys, Senior Physician, Khartoum and Dr J. S. Hovell, Omdurman, for their valuable co-operation; and to Dr Ali Bedri, Khartoum Hospital, he is much indebted for assistance in analysing the clinical data and records of the typhoid cases.
The Incidence Of Weil's Disease In Fish Workers In Aberdeen
Authors: Smith J. , Davidson L. S. P. 
Published: May 2009

1. Two hundred and ten blood samples were obtained from workers in the fish trade. Of these, fifty-one, or 24·2 per cent., gave positive sero-reactions in dilutions of the serum ranging from 1/30 to 1/1000.2. There was no significant difference in the number of positive sero-reactions occurring in male or female workers.3. In a control series of 406 blood specimens from individuals not engaged in the fish trade, no positive sero-reactions were obtained.4. Evidence is adduced that leptospiral infections occur in three grades: (a) severe infections associated with jaundice; (b) mild infections with pyrexia and no jaundice; and (c) latent or inapparent infections with no clinical manifestations.5. Preventive methods have been detailed which, if put into practice, would, it is believed, reduce the incidence of this disease.6. Sufficient evidence has been produced to show that this disease is occupational in nature, and as such should be scheduled under the Workmen's Compensation Act.Acknowledgements. We are indebted to Drs Hill, Goldie and Fullerton of the Department of Medicine for much help in the collection of specimens.
Plague Conditions in a Rural Endemic Area of Kenya (Keruguya District, Kikuyu Province)
Authors: Roberts J. Isgaer 
Published: May 2009

1. In the introduction, the characteristics of the people are given from the observations of administrative and medical officers well acquainted with the area, fertility of the land and ample rainfall being the main theme of each observation.2. The topography, climate and local conditions are given, including notes on crop production, habitations, clothing, domestic animals, origin of the people and food.3. The population figures and rat and human plague figures are discussed. The rat and flea population figures over a twelve month trapping period are given and notes made on interesting biological problems arising out of these figures.4. The male and female ratios in a Rattus population in plague endemic areas offer an interesting problem for further investigation. It would be instructive to find out what are the factors responsible for high female ratios and the significance of such female dominance being peculiar to endemic areas.5. The field rodent and flea survey figures are discussed. Although an interchange of fleas takes place between them and house rats, plague remains absent from such communities.6. There is no evidence to show that there is carriage of infection from endemic centres, either by rats, fleas, merchandise or man.7. A comparison is drawn between a Kenya endemic centre and an Indian one, similarities and differences being noted. The similarities are that both areas are extremely fertile, large crops of cereals being grown, and the diets of both man and rats are confined to this inadequate source of nourishment. The great differences between Indian and Kenyan endemic centres are the flea species present and that India suffers a much heavier mortality rate in man than does Kenya.8. It is suggested that the low incidence of plague in man in Kenya is partly explained by the habits of Rattus, which in the typical dwellings of native areas nests in the thatch. Its ectoparasites are then unlikely to come into contact with man. In buildings where rats nest underground contact between its flea (then Xenopsylla cheopis) and man is likely to be very close and constant, and areas containing such buildings are usually distinguished by the epidemic nature of the disease.
Double enteric infection (‘la fièvre typhoïde intriquée’). An account of an epidemic
Authors: Shaw A. Batty , Mackay H. A. F. 
Published: May 2009

1. A double enteric infection is defined as the simultaneous infection of an individual or group of individuals with two organisms of the enteric group. The literature of the previously recorded cases and epidemics, in which the diagnosis of double enteric infection has been established by cultural methods, is reviewed.2. An account is given of a double enteric outbreak of seventy–six cases which occurred amongst British troops and police at Acre, Palestine, in 1948. The infection is thought to have been due to contamination of the water supply with sewage during the civil disturbances. The diagnosis was established bacteriologi–cally in seventy-four cases (93.3%);Salm. typhiwas isolated in forty–three cases,Salm. paratyphiB in three, and bothSalm. typhiandSalm. paratyphi Bfrom twenty–eight cases. There were three fatal cases in the epidemic (mortality rate = 3·94%).3. The morbidity rate from enteric fever among the infantry unit was 60%, and among the Palestine police, 17%. The possible reasons for this difference is discussed, and the conclusion drawn that it was probably due to the Palestine policemen being older men, with longer overseas service and more 'seasoned' to life in subtropical conditions.4. Thirteen cases were treated with polymyxin B (15 mg. 4-hourly for 4-day periods); with this small dose no beneficial therapeutic effects were observed, and ten cases showed evidence of renal damage while under treatment.5. The bacteriology, epidemiology and clinical aspects of double enteric infections are discussed. The diagnosis of a double enteric infection may be established with the greatest certainty by blood culture. Such infections are usually water-borne or milk-borne, and tend to occur when there has been a severe breach of hygiene, e.g. in the contamination of a water supply by sewage. The claim that the prognosis in instances of double enteric infection is worse than with single infections is not supported by the experiences at Acre where the three fatal cases occurred in cases infected withSalm. typhialone.