bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sugar Alcohols
Authors: Schiweck Hubert , Bär Albert , Vogel Roland , Schwarz Eugen , Kunz Markwart , Dusautois Cécile , Clement Alexandre , Lefranc Caterine , Lüssem Bernd , Moser Matthias , Peters Siegfried 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Polyols, General1.1.Definition1.2.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties1.3.Metabolism and Nutrition1.3.1.Uptake, Digestion, and Tolerance1.3.2.Nutritional Aspects1.3.3.Oral Health and Hygiene1.3.4.Oxidative Stress1.3.5.Conclusion1.4.Regulatory Aspects2.Xylitol2.1.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties2.2.Production2.3.Specifications, Analysis, and Legal Aspects2.4.Uses2.5.Metabolism, Tolerance, and Safety3.Sorbitol3.1.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties3.2.Production3.3.Regulatory and Quality Aspects3.3.1.Purity Requirements3.3.2.Analysis3.4.Uses3.5.Physiology, Tolerance, Toxicology3.6.Economic Aspects4.Mannitol4.1.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties4.2.Production4.3.Quality Aspects4.4.Uses4.5.Physiology, Tolerance, Toxicology5.Isomaltulose and Trehalulose, Isomalt5.1.Isomaltulose and Trehalulose5.1.2.Physical and Chemical Properties5.1.3.Production5.1.4.Uses5.1.5.Economic Aspects5.2.Isomalt5.2.1.Physical and Chemical Properties5.2.2.Production5.2.3.Uses5.2.4.Economic Aspects6.Lactitol6.1.Physical, Chemical, and Physiological Properties6.2.Production6.3.Analysis and Regulatory Status6.4.Uses6.5.Economic Aspects7.Maltitol and Maltitol‐Containing Syrups7.1.Physical, Chemical, and Organoleptic Properties7.2.Uses7.3.Economic Aspects8.Erythritol8.1.Physical, Chemical, and Physiological Properties8.2.Production8.3.Analysis and Regulatory Status8.4.Uses8.5.Economic Aspects
Basic Principles of Chromatography
Authors: Guiochon Georges , Trapp Oliver 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Historical Development3.Chromatographic Systems3.1.Phase Systems Used in Chromatography3.2.Methods of Implementing Chromatography4.Theory of Linear Chromatography4.1.Plate Models4.1.1.The Craig Model4.1.2.The Martin ‐ Synge Model4.2.Statistical Models4.3.Mass‐Balance Models4.3.1.The Equilibrium ‐ Dispersive Model4.3.2.Lumped Kinetic Models4.3.3.The Golay Equation4.4.The General Rate Model4.5.Moment Analysis4.6.Sources of Band Asymmetry and Tailing in Linear Chromatography5.Flow Rate of the Mobile Phase5.1.Permeability and Porosity of the Packing5.1.1.Column Porosity5.1.2.Column Permeability5.2.Viscosity of the Mobile Phase5.2.1.Viscosity of Gases5.2.2.Viscosity of Liquids6.The Thermodynamics of Phase Equilibria and Retention6.1.Retention Data6.1.1.Absolute Data6.1.2.Relative Data6.2.Partition Coefficients and Isotherms6.3.Gas ‐ Solid Adsorption Equilibria6.4.Liquid ‐ Solid Adsorption Equilibria6.4.1.Normal‐Phase Chromatography6.4.2.Reversed‐Phase Chromatography7.Band Broadening7.1.Sources of Band Broadening7.2.The Plate‐Height Equation7.3.Resolution Between Peaks7.4.Optimization of Experimental Conditions7.5.Instrumental Requirements7.5.1.Injection Systems7.5.2.Connecting Tubes7.5.3.Detectors7.5.4.Instrument Specifications8.Qualitative Analysis8.1.Comparisons of Retention Data8.2.Precision and Accuracy in the Measurement of Retention Data8.3.Retention and Chemical Properties8.4.Selective Detectors8.4.1.Simple Selective Detectors8.4.2.Chromatography ‐ Mass Spectrometry ()8.4.3.Chromatography ‐ IR Spectrometry9.Quantitative Analysis9.1.Sampling Problems in Chromatography9.2.Measurement of Peak Area9.3.Calibration Techniques9.4.Sources of Error in Chromatography10.Theory of Nonlinear Chromatography10.1.The Ideal Model of Chromatography10.2.The Equilibrium ‐ Dispersive Model10.3.Moderate Column Overloading10.4.Preparative Chromatography11.Reference Material11.1.Journals11.2.Books
Paper and Board, 6. Manufacturing
Authors: Holik Herbert , Gamsjäger Norbert , Westerkamp Arved H. , Schmitt Matthias , Stetter Andrea , Tietz Martin , Feldmann Rüdiger , Wohlfahrt Matthias , Mirsberger Peter 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Overview of Paper and Board Machines

2.

Rolls in Paper and Board Machines

2.1.

General Aspects

2.2.

Perforated Rolls

2.3.

Deflection Control Rolls

2.3.1.

One‐Zone Rolls

2.3.2.

Multi‐Zone Rolls

2.4.

Roll Covers/Coatings

2.4.1.

Objectives and Basic Design Criteria

2.4.2.

Application and Function

2.4.3.

Materials

2.4.3.1.

Rubber Roll Covers

2.4.3.2.

Polyurethane Roll Covers

2.4.3.3.

Composite Roll Covers

2.4.3.4.

Thermal Coatings

2.4.3.5.

Further Coatings

2.4.3.6.

Granite Rolls and Calender Paper Shafts

3.

Fabrics for Paper and Board Production

3.1.

Forming Fabrics

3.2.

Press Felts

3.3.

Dryer Fabrics

4.

Forming Section

4.1.

Approach Flow System

4.1.1.

Metering/Proportioning and Mixing

4.1.2.

Final Cleaning and Screening

4.1.3.

Deaeration

4.1.4.

Engineering

4.1.5.

Automation

4.2.

Headbox

4.3.

Wire Section

4.3.1.

The Fourdrinier Wire Section

4.3.2.

Cylinder Former

4.3.3.

Inclined Wire

4.3.4.

Hybrid Former

4.3.5.

Gap Former

5.

Press Section

6.

Dryer Section

6.1.

Overview

6.2.

Drying Principles

6.2.1.

Contact Drying by Steam Heated Cylinders

6.2.2.

Air Impingement Drying

6.2.3.

Through Air Drying

6.2.4.

Infrared Drying

6.2.5.

Press Drying

6.2.6.

Impulse Drying

6.3.

Dryer Sections

6.3.1.

Multicylinder Dryer Section

6.3.1.1.

Types of Multicylinder Dryer Section

6.3.1.2.

Web Handling

6.3.1.3.

Dryer Hood

6.3.1.4.

Paper during Drying

6.3.2.

Tissue Dryer Section

6.3.2.1.

Tissue Cylinder

6.3.2.2.

Tissue Dryer Hood

6.3.2.3.

Through Air Dryer

7.

Surface Sizing

8.

On‐line Coating

8.1.

Board

8.2.

Graphic Papers

9.

Calendering

9.1.

Objective and General Description of the Calendering Process

9.2.

History of Calendering

9.3.

The Different Calender Types

9.4.

The Main Calendering Methods for Various Paper and Board Grades

9.4.1.

Wood‐Containing Paper Grades

9.4.2.

Woodfree Paper Grades

9.4.3.

Specialty Papers

9.4.4.

Board

10.

Reeling

10.1.

Objectives and Basics

10.2.

History

10.3.

New Generation reels

10.3.1.

Center Drive

10.3.2.

Nip Load System

10.4.

Reel Drum Design

10.5.

Turn‐Up Systems

10.5.1.

General

10.5.2.

Nordic Turn‐Up

10.5.3.

Web‐Wide Cutting Knife

10.5.4.

Air‐Supported Turn‐Up Systems (Gooseneck, Cobra)

10.5.5.

Tape Turn‐Up System

10.5.6.

Turn‐Up with High‐Pressure Water Jet

11.

Paper and Board Machines

11.1.

Graphic Paper Machines

11.2.

Packaging Paper Machines

11.3.

Cartonboard Machines

11.4.

Tissue Machines

11.5.

Specialty Paper Machines
Paper and Board, 9. Control Systems for Paper Machines
Authors: Münch Rudolf 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Objective of Paper Machines Control Systems2.General Terms of Paper Machines Control Systems3.Quality Control System (QCS)3.1.Quality Measurements3.2.Quality Control3.2.1.Machine Direction Control3.2.2.Cross Direction Control3.2.2.1.CD Basis Weight Control3.2.2.2.CD Moisture Control3.2.2.3.CD Caliper Control3.2.2.4.CD Gloss Control4.Information Systems4.1.Importance of Information Systems4.2.Process Analysis using Information Systems
Paper and Board, 11. Grades and Their Properties
Authors: Tillmann Otmar 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

The Material Paper: A Survey

1.1.

Introduction

1.2.

Material Properties

2.

Types of Paper, Board, and Cardboard

2.1.

Graphic Papers

2.1.1.

Printing and Press Papers

2.1.2.

Office and Administration Papers

2.2.

Packaging Paper and Board Grades

2.2.1.

Overview

2.2.2.

Packaging Papers

2.2.3.

Board and Cardboard

2.3.

Hygienic Papers

2.3.1.

Cellulose Wadding

2.3.2.

Tissue

2.3.3.

Crepe Paper

2.4.

Paper and Board for Technical and Specialty Uses
Listen Out! Behavioural and Subjective Responses to Verbal Warnings
Authors: Ljungberg Jessica K. , Parmentier Fabrice B. R. , Hughes Robert W. , Macken William J. , Jones Dylan M. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBoth the behavioural and subjective impacts of single‐word spoken warnings were examined. Behaviourally, the effect of infrequently occurring warnings was studied through their disruptive impact on a visually presented serial recall task. In separate experiments, ratings of the same words were elicited. Experiment 1 showed a localized effect of the warnings (on the item immediately following the warning), with the urgently intoned warning having a greater disruptive effect than its valence (emotional content). Valence and intonation (urgency) did not interact. The performance changes were mirrored in the ratings of the words. Experiment 2 showed no systematic effect on performance of either the action‐relatedness of the word or its lexicality. There was, however, a systematic effect of lexicality but not action‐relatedness on ratings. The study demonstrates the feasibility of using objective performance methods to establish the likely effects of verbal warnings and the utility of using such methods for the design of alarm systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Crystalline Soluble Acene Crystal Arrays for Organic Transistors: Mechanism of Crystal Growth During Dip‐Coating
Authors: Jang Jaeyoung , Nam Sooji , Im Kyuhyun , Hur Jaehyun , Cha Seung Nam , Kim Jineun , Son Hyung Bin , Suh Hwansoo , Loth Marsha A. , Anthony John E. , Park Jong‐Jin , Park Chan Eon , Kim Jong Min , Kim Kinam 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe preparation of uniform large‐area highly crystalline organic semiconductor thin films that show outstanding carrier mobilities remains a challenge in the field of organic electronics, including organic field‐effect transistors. Quantitative control over the drying speed during dip‐coating permits optimization of the organic semiconductor film formation, although the kinetics of crystallization at the air–solution–substrate contact line are still not well understood. Here, we report the facile one‐step growth of self‐aligning, highly crystalline soluble acene crystal arrays that exhibit excellent field‐effect mobilities (up to 1.5 cm V−1 s−1) via an optimized dip‐coating process. We discover that optimized acene crystals grew at a particular substrate lifting‐rate in the presence of low boiling point solvents, such as dichloromethane (b.p. of 40.0 °C) or chloroform (b.p. of 60.4 °C). Variable‐temperature dip‐coating experiments using various solvents and lift rates are performed to elucidate the crystallization behavior. This bottom‐up study of soluble acene crystal growth during dip‐coating provides conditions under which one may obtain uniform organic semiconductor crystal arrays with high crystallinity and mobilities over large substrate areas, regardless of the substrate geometry (wafer substrates or cylinder‐shaped substrates).
A second‐order moment method applied to gas–solid risers
Authors: Chen Juhui , Wang Shuyan , Sun Dan , Lu Huilin , Gidaspow Dimitri , Yu Hongbin 
Published: January 2012

AbstractSecond‐order moment method of particles is proposed on the basis of the kinetic theory of granular flow. Closure equations for the third‐order velocity moments are presented to account for the increase of the probability of collisions of particles on the basis of the elementary kinetic theory and order of magnitude analysis. The boundary conditions for the set of equations describing flow of particles are proposed with the consideration of the momentum exchange by collisions between the wall and the particles. The distributions of velocity, concentration and moments of particles are predicted. Simulated results are compared with experimental data measured by Tartan and Gidaspow and Bhusarapu et al. in risers, and Tsuji et al. in a vertical pipe. The effects of the closure equations for the third‐order velocity moments and the fluid‐particle velocity correlation tensor on flow behavior of particles are analyzed. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Interface sensor based on computer vision: Fine tuning using a fluidized bed
Authors: Guardiola Jesus , Aragón Jose M. , Ramos Guadalupe , Elvira Rosario , Martín Daniel 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe fine tuning of a sensor designed to locate interfaces using a two‐dimensional gas–solid fluidized bed (FB) as reference is described. The sensor works through computer vision and consists of a charge coupled device camera that is placed alongside the bed and, as the human eye would do, first establishes a straight segment of the bed's top surface to define the phase boundary and then through pattern recognition continuously scans the interface in search of a similar pattern. The field of view is 582 × 752 pixels2. The experimentally measured Pixel size is 216 × 208 μm2. The device allows for experimentally obtaining the position of the probe with a resolution of ± 0.01 pixels at 25 Hz. We also describe its use to measure the height of the FB and observe a linear relationship with fluidization velocity. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Buoyancy effect on the ultrafiltration of PEG 10,000. Visualization by digital holographic interferometry
Authors: Fernández‐Sempere Julio , Ruiz‐Beviá Francisco , Salcedo‐Díaz Raquel , García‐Algado Pedro , García‐Rodríguez Miriam 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDigital holographic interferometry has been used to visualize the buoyancy effects on dead‐end ultrafiltration of PEG 10,000. Sets of experiments have been carried out with the membrane in different orientations (90°, 180°), using a feed concentration of PEG 10,000 ranging 5–12.5 kg/m3. These results were compared with those obtained in previous research with the cell placed in its natural position (0°). The interferometric fringe patterns obtained in this research were very different from those obtained previously. Whereas at the 0° position, an increasing number of interferometric fringes appeared parallel to the membrane surface at 90 and 180° positions, the number of interference fringes was much lesser and, with the 180° orientation, slightly curved protuberances appeared after a short period of time that, like big drops, fell downward from the membrane surface. The consequence is a decrease of the polarization layer and an enhancement of the membrane performance. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
A general dynamic model for multiphase electrolytic systems
Authors: Coussine C. , Serin J. ‐P. , Cézac P. , Contamine F. , Reneaume J.‐M. , Coussine C. , Dubourg K. , Knorst A. , Cambar J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe study and characterization of aqueous solutions are becoming an important research topic because of their central role in many processes. The modeling of these solutions is complicated by different factors: the important number of ionic and nonionic species, the nonideality of aqueous solutions, the appearance and disappearance of thermodynamic phases (solid, vapor) depending on operating conditions. This article presents a general model in dynamic state of aqueous electrolytic system involving liquid, vapor, and solid phases. The mathematical formulation includes: physical and chemical equilibria, mass and energy balances, electroneutrality equation and evaporation equation. The set of equations is solved by the Gear's method. The model is validated by the comparison between modeled results (activity coefficients, solubility, evaporite sequence) and experimental data. One of the purposes of the model will be the simulation of a production process of salt crystals and waters concentrated in minerals of interest. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Polyzwitterion‐to‐polyampholyte transition using pH‐responsive cycloterpolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, (N,N‐diallylammonio)methanecarboxylate and sulfur dioxide
Authors: Al‐Muallem Hasan A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe cycloterpolymerizations of varying proportions of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (I) and N,N‐Diallyl‐N‐carboethoxymethylammonium chloride (II) in the presence of sulfur dioxide afforded a series of cationic (+) polyelectrolytes (CPEs) (III) in excellent yields. CPEs, upon acidic hydrolysis of the ester functionalities of the repeating units of II, resulted in the formation of cationic/zwitterionic (+/±) polymers (IV). pH‐responsive zwitterionic units of ammonioethanoate (NH+CH2CO) (having unquenched valency of nitrogen) in IV was converted to its anionic counterparts (NCH2CO) by treating with equivalent amount of NaOH to give cationic/anionic i.e., ampholytic (+/−) polymers (V) with a charge symmetry or asymmetry arising out of either excess of cationic or anionic centers. The transformations of III to IV to V have thus provided an opportunity to study the effects of the polyelectrolyte‐to‐polyzwitterion‐to‐polyampholyte transitions on the solution properties of these polymers. Basicity constants of the carboxylate group (NH+CH2CO) in IV as well as the amine group (NCH2CO) in V were found to be “apparent” and as such follow the modified Henderson–Hasselbalch equation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Graft copolymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate) with some alkyl methacrylates by atom transfer radical polymerization method and thermal properties
Authors: Kurt Adnan , Demirelli Kadir 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe preparation of graft copolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate) with some alkyl methacrylates were carried out via atom transfer radical polymerization method catalyzed by CuCl/2,2′‐bipyridine and using a macroinitiator, poly[(methyl methacrylate)‐co‐(3,5‐bis(chloroacetoxy)phenyl methacrylate)], including an amount of 1 mol % having α‐halogeno carbonyl group in the side groups. Although the number‐average molecular weights of a graft copolymer series of n‐butyl methacrylate (n‐ButMA) ended at different times increased from 55,700 to 99,500, the polydispersities decreased from 1.85 to 1.39 with time. The thermal degradation kinetics of macroinitiator and a two‐armed graft copolymer of n‐ButMA with this macroinitiator, PMMA‐g‐PnButMA: 4% (by mol), were carried out at different heating rates by thermogravimetric analysis and the results were compared. Using both the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger methods, the decomposition activation energies for macroinitiator were determined as 168 and 162 kJ/mol, respectively; they were also calculated as 233 and 239 kJ/mol for PMMA‐g‐PnButMA: 4%. The solid state thermodegradation mechanisms of both macroinitiator and PMMA‐g‐PnButMA: 4% are R1‐type mechanism, a phase boundary‐controlled reaction, and F1‐type mechanism, a random nucleation with one nucleus on the individual particle, respectively. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Slit–Robo GTPase‐Activating Proteins are Differentially Expressed in Murine Dorsal Root Ganglia: Modulation by Peripheral Nerve Injury
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Bing , Zhang Hai‐Ying , Zhao Jiu‐Hong , Zhao Wei , Zhao Dan , Zheng Lin‐Feng , Zhang Xian‐Fang , Liao Xiao‐Ping , Yi Xi‐Nan 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe Slit–Robo GTPase‐activating proteins (srGAPs) play an important role in neurite outgrowth and axon guidance; however, little is known about its role in nerve regeneration after injury. Here, we studied the expression of srGAPs in mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) following sciatic nerve transection (SNT) using morphometric and immunohistochemical techniques. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis indicated that srGAP1 and srGAP3, but not srGAP2, were expressed in normal adult DRG. Following unilateral SNT, elevated mRNA and protein levels of srGAP1 and srGAP3 were detected in the ipsilateral relative to contralateral L3–4 DRGs from day 3 to day 14. Immunohistochemical results showed that srGAP1 and srGAP3 were largely expressed in subpopulations of DRG neurons in naïve DRGs. However, after SNT, srGAP3 in neurons was significantly increased in the ipsilateral relative to contralateral DRGs, which peaked at day 7 to day 14. Interestingly, DRG neurons with strong srGAP3 labeling also coexpressed Robo2 after peripheral nerve injury. These results suggest that srGAPs are differentially expressed in murine DRG and srGAP3 are the predominant form. Moreover, srGAP3 may participate in Slit–Robo signaling in response to peripheral nerve injury or the course of nerve regeneration. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Belimumab reduces autoantibodies, normalizes low complement levels, and reduces select B cell populations in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Stohl William , Hiepe Falk , Latinis Kevin M. , Thomas Mathew , Scheinberg Morton A. , Clarke Ann , Aranow Cynthia , Wellborne Frank R. , Abud‐Mendoza Carlos , Hough Douglas R. , Pineda Lilia , Migone Thi‐Sau , Zhong Z. John , Freimuth William W. , Chatham W. Winn ,   on behalf of the BLISS‐52 and BLISS‐76 Study Groups
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effects of the B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS)–specific inhibitor belimumab on immunologic biomarkers, including B cell and T cell populations, and maintenance of antibody titers to prior vaccines in autoantibody‐positive systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients.MethodsPooled data from 2 phase III trials, the Study of Belimumab in Subjects with SLE 52‐week (BLISS‐52) and 76‐week (BLISS‐76) trials, comparing belimumab 1 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg versus placebo (plus standard SLE therapy for each group) were analyzed for changes in autoantibody, immunoglobulin, and complement levels. BLISS‐76 patients were also analyzed for changes in B cell and T cell populations and effects on prior vaccine‐induced antibody levels.ResultsBelimumab‐treated patients experienced significant sustained reductions in IgG and autoantibodies and improvement in C3/C4 levels, resulting in greater positive‐to‐negative conversion rates for IgG anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA), anti‐Sm, anticardiolipin, and anti–ribosomal P autoantibodies and normalization of hypergammaglobulinemia and low C3/C4 levels. Belimumab‐treated patients experienced significant decreases in the numbers of naive and activated B cells, as well as plasma cells, whereas memory B cells and T cell populations did not decrease. Belimumab did not substantially affect preexisting antipneumococcal or anti–tetanus toxoid antibody levels. Post hoc analysis showed greater reductions in SLE disease activity and the risk of severe flares in patients treated with belimumab 10 mg/kg (P ≤ 0.01) who were anti‐dsDNA positive and had low C3/C4 levels at baseline. Normalization of the C3 or anti‐dsDNA level by 8 weeks, irrespective of therapy, was predictive of a reduced risk of severe flare over 52 weeks.ConclusionBelimumab appears to promote normalization of serologic activity and reduce BLyS‐dependent B cell subsets in serologically and clinically active SLE. Greater serologic activity may predict a better treatment response to belimumab.