bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using PubMed in radiology: Ten useful tips for radiologists
Authors: Sriganesh Vasumathi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPubMed contains a bibliography of articles published in around 4800 journals. It combines MEDLINE and OLDMEDLINE (articles from 1960, going back till the 1940s). PubMed is updated on a daily basis; to include both published and ahead of print references. As a radiologist, one can use PubMed to track several journals, track topics, search for specific topics, verify incomplete or incorrect references, store one′s own publications, and save selected references; one can also create filters depending on one′s own search needs for some regular topics. This article provides some key background knowledge on searching PubMed and also describes some features that are often left unexplored. The PubMed site has undergone many changes in the last few years and this article will update users on the current features.
CT features, mimics and atypical presentations of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Authors: Sripathi Smiti , Rajagopal KV , Srivastava Rajendra Kumar , Ayachit Anurag 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe term stromal tumor was coined in 1983 by Clark and Mazur for smooth muscle neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are nonepithelial tumors arising from the interstitial cells of Cajal, which express KIT protein-CD117 on immunohistochemistry. GIST can arise anywhere in the GIT, including the mesentery, omentum, and retroperitoneum.
Novel positron emission tomography radiotracers in brain tumor imaging
Authors: D′Souza Maria Mathew , Sharma Rajnish , Tripathi Madhavi , Panwar Puja , Jaimini Abhinav , Mondal Anupam 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAlthough [18F] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG) is the most widely used radiopharmaceutical the world over, it is not the ideal tracer for brain imaging, owing to its high physiological cortical uptake and lack of specificity. This has paved the way for the introduction of several novel radiotracers, each with their own inherent strengths and limitations. We present the insights gained from the use of these radiotracers at our institution.
System for off‐line feedrate optimization and neural force control in end milling
Authors: Zuperl Uros , Cus Franci 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYBased on hybrid process modeling, off‐line optimization and neural control scheme (NCS), the combined system for off‐line optimization and adaptive adjustment of cutting parameters is built. This is an adaptive control system controlling the cutting force by digital adaptation of cutting parameters. In this way, it compensates all disturbances during the cutting process, prevents excessive tool wear, and maintains a high chip removal rate. It is the combination of these methods that yields accurate force control. The basic control principle is based on the NCS consisting of two neural identifiers of the process dynamics and feedback controller. An overall procedure of hybrid modeling of cutting process, used for working out the computer numerical control (CNC) milling simulator has been prepared. CNC simulator is used to evaluate the controller design before conducting experimental tests. Numerous simulations and experiments have been conducted to confirm the efficiency of this control architecture. The experimental results show that not only does the end‐milling system with the design controller have high robustness and global stability, but also the machining efficiency of the end milling system with the proposed controller is 27% higher than for traditional CNC milling system. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of chlorinated waste rubber as a flame retardant of low density polyethylene
Authors: Tan Kui‐Long , Chen Xiao‐Sui , Yan Bao‐Shi , Lu Ying‐Zhou , Li Chun‐Xi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFor the reuse of the abundant waste rubber (WR), chlorinated waste rubber (Cl‐WR) was prepared by a water‐based chlorination method using chlorine gas as the chlorinating reagent. The resultant Cl‐WR was used as a flame retardant of low density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix. The properties of WR and Cl‐WR were characterized by thermogravimetric (TG) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The results indicated that the Cl‐WR with a 42% chlorine content had a higher char residue than WR. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value can be increased up to 27.2 and the flame retardancy reached to the maximum (V‐0) grade for the LDPE/Cl‐WR‐Sb blends with mass ratios of Cl‐WR/LDPE and Cl‐WR/Sb2O3 being 80/100 and 1.5/1, respectively. The improvement of the flame retardancy and thermal properties of the LDPE/Cl‐WR‐Sb blends were attributed to the char formation and synergistic effect between Cl‐WR and Sb2O3 in a high temperature region, although the mechanical properties of the said blend decreased in comparison with that of the neat LDPE. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Nationwide study of the treatment of common bile duct stones in Sweden between 1965 and 2009
Authors: Strömberg C , Nilsson M 
Published: September 2011

Abstract

Background
Treatment of common bile duct stones has changed. Open surgery has gradually been replaced by endoscopic and laparoscopic procedures. The aims of this study were to see how common bile duct stones have been treated in Sweden, to establish whether there were differences in morbidity and mortality between these approaches, and to identify factors influencing mortality.

Methods
All persons undergoing inpatient common bile duct exploration or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) during 1965–2009 in the Swedish Hospital Discharge Registry, but without a diagnosis of malignancy in the Swedish Cancer Registry, were included. The outcome death was identified by cross-linkage to the Causes of Death Registry. Registry data on possible risk factors for mortality were collected.

Results
A total of 126 885 procedures were performed in 110 119 patients. Open surgery was initially the only available method, but during the 1990s ERCP became predominant. Later, laparoscopic bile duct clearance became an established but uncommon method. A 90-day mortality rate of 0·2 per cent after open surgery, 0·8 per cent after ERCP, 0 per cent after laparoscopic exploration and 0·7 per cent after combined procedures was recorded. After adjustment for confounding, there was no difference in mortality between open surgery and ERCP. Biliary reintervention within 90 days was identified as a risk factor for death, whereas a concomitant diagnosis of pancreatitis reduced the risk.

Conclusion
The laparoscopic technique had the lowest mortality and morbidity rates. After adjustment for confounding factors, there was no difference in mortality after open surgery and ERCP. The favourable outcome for laparoscopy may have been due to selection bias, owing to treatment of younger, healthier subjects with less severe disease.
Cycloalkane and Alicyclic Heterocycle Complexation by New Switchable Resorcin[4]arene‐Based Container Molecules: NMR and ITC Binding Studies
Authors: Hornung Jens , Fankhauser Daniel , Shirtcliff Laura D. , Praetorius Antonia , Schweizer W. Bernd , Diederich François 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe synthesis and structural characterization of novel, “molecular basket”‐type bridged cavitands is reported. The resorcin[4]arene‐based container molecules feature well‐defined cavities that bind a wide variety of cycloalkanes and alicyclic heterocycles. Association constants (Ka) of the 1:1 inclusion complexes were determined by both 1H NMR and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The obtained Ka values in mesitylene ranged from 1.7×102 M−1 for cycloheptane up to 1.7×107 M−1 for morpholine. Host–guest complexation by the molecular baskets is generally driven by dispersion interactions, CH⋅⋅⋅π interactions of the guests with the aromatic walls of the cavity, and optimal cavity filling. Correlations between NMR‐based structural data and binding affinities support that the complexed heterocyclic guests undergo additional polar CO⋅⋅⋅CO, NH⋅⋅⋅π, and S⋅⋅⋅π interactions. The first crystal structure of a cavitand‐based molecular basket is reported, providing precise information on the geometry and volume of the inner cavity in the solid state. Molecular dynamic (MD) simulations provided information on the size and conformational preorganization of the cavity in the presence of encapsulated guests. The strongest binding of heterocyclic guests, engaging in polar interactions with the host, was observed at a cavity filling volume of 63 ± 9 %.
Bulky and Modular 3,3′‐Bipyrazoles as Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Pd Complexes
Authors: Spallek Markus J. , Stockinger Skrollan , Goddard Richard , Rominger Frank , Trapp Oliver 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the present study, the properties of a new bidentateN,N′‐chelating ligand class that bears an electron‐excessive 3,3′‐bipyrazole core have been investigated. The ligands are easily accessible in a three‐step procedure by condensation with diethyl oxalate followed by tandem condensation with hydrazine hydrate and finally by aryl‐ or alkylation exclusively at theN‐1,1′‐pyrazole positions to furnish overall eleven new ligands with different electronic properties. After structural analysis of the ligands, their coordination to palladium, copper, and cobalt has been studied. These ligands coordinate the 2,2′‐pyrazolyl nitrogen atoms in a bidentate fashion to the metals to realize complexes with an (L)MX2motif. We present two crystal structures of Pd and Cu complexes, which to the best of our knowledge represent the first d8and d92,2′‐bipyrazole compounds coordinated through bidentate complexation. Initial catalytic experiments have been performed with palladium complexes with three bipyrazole ligands of this new class; the palladium‐catalyzed copper‐free Wacker oxidation of different alkenes showed superior activity compared to 2,2′‐bipyridines. We attribute this to a higher redox potential of the 3,3′‐bipyrazoles, which are ― besides electronic effects ― also strongly influenced by steric effects. These might be enforced by the extended ligand backbone, the choice of the wingtip substitution, and the smaller coordination cavity within the N2,N2′atoms compared to 2,2′‐bipyridine ligands.
Redox Mechanisms of Nodularin and Chemically Degraded Nodularin
Authors: Santos Paulina V. F. , Lopes Ilanna C. , Diculescu Victor C. , de Araújo Mário César U. , Oliveira‐Brett Ana Maria 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe electrochemical behaviour of Nodularin (NOD), a hepatotoxic cyclic pentapeptide, was studied at a glassy carbon electrode. NOD electrochemical oxidation is an irreversible, pH‐independent process, involving the transfer of one electron. Upon incubation in different pH electrolytes, chemical degradation of NOD was electrochemically detected by the appearance of a new oxidation peak. The chemically degraded NOD (cdNOD), undergoes an irreversible, pH‐dependent oxidation, and its redox products are reversibly oxidised. The charge transfer properties of cdNOD as well as of its redox metabolites were investigated. Mechanisms for NOD oxidation, NOD chemical degradation and oxidation of cdNOD and its metabolites were proposed.
Evidence for a motor somatotopy in the cerebellar dentate nucleus—An FMRI study in humans
Authors: Küper Michael , Thürling Markus , Stefanescu Roxana , Maderwald Stefan , Roths Johannes , Elles Hans G. , Ladd Mark E. , Diedrichsen Jörn , Timmann Dagmar 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPrevious anatomical studies in monkeys have shown that forelimb motor representation is located caudal to hindlimb representation within the dorso‐rostral dentate nucleus. Here we investigate human dentate nucleus motor somatotopy by means of ultra‐highfield (7 T) functional magnetic brain imaging (fMRI). Twenty five young healthy males participated in the study. Simple finger and foot movement tasks were performed to identify dentate nucleus motor areas. Recently developed normalization procedures for group analyses were used for the cerebellar cortex and the cerebellar dentate nucleus. Cortical activations were in good accordance with the known somatotopy of the human cerebellar cortex. Dentate nucleus activations following motor tasks were found in particular in the ipsilateral dorso‐rostral nucleus. Activations were also present in other parts of the nucleus including the contralateral side, and there was some overlap between the body part representations. Within the ipsilateral dorso‐rostral dentate, finger activations were located caudally compared to foot movement‐related activations in fMRI group analysis. Likewise, the centre of gravity (COG) for the finger activation was more caudal than the COG of the foot activation across participants. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) on the x, y, and z coordinates of the COG indicated that this difference was significant (P = 0.043). These results indicate that in humans, the lower and upper limbs are arranged rostro‐caudally in the dorsal aspect of the dentate nucleus, which is consistent with studies in non‐human primates. Hum Brain Mapp, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ninety days of repeated gavage administration of Rhodiola imbricata extract in rats
Authors: Tulsawani Rajkumar , Meena Dharmendra Kumar , Shukla Hem , Sharma Priyanka , Meena Ram Niwas , Gupta Vanita , Kumar Ratan , Divekar Harish Madan , Sawhney Ramesh Chand 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTRhodiola imbricata is a high‐altitude plant, possesses adaptogenic, immunomodulatory, anti‐oxidant and cytoprotective activity, and is widely used in traditional medicine. The present study was designed to ascertain the safety of aqueous extract of R. imbricata root when administered by gavage to rats for 90 days. Four groups of animals, each consisting of 15 males and 15 females, were administered 0, 100, 250 or 500 mg kg−1 extract, in a single dose per day. The experimental rats when administered 100 mg kg−1 of extract did not show any significant change in their body weight gain, organ/body weight ratio, or histological, hematological and biochemical variables studied. However, at higher doses of 250 and 500 mg kg−1 extract, an increase in the body weight of rats of both the sexes was apparent without any change in their organ/body weight ratio. Furthermore, a noteworthy increase in plasma glucose and protein levels was recorded at both the higher doses, which were restored to normal after a 2‐week withdrawal of treatment. Based on the findings of this study, the no observed effect level was 100 mg kg−1 body weight per day of aqueous root extract of R. imbricata in rats administered subchronically. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination of retinal pigment epithelium cell‐conditioned medium and photoreceptor outer segments stimulate mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward a functional retinal pigment epithelium cell phenotype
Authors: Huang Chen , Zhang Jing , Ao Mingxin , Li Ying , Zhang Chun , Xu Yonggen , Li Xuemin , Wang Wei 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are capable of retinal tissue‐specific differentiation but not retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell‐specific differentiation. Photoreceptor outer segments (POS) contribute to RPE development and maturation. However, there has been no standard culture system that fosters the differentiation of BMMSCs into mature RPE cells in vitro. In this study, we investigated if the soluble factors from RPE cells and POS could differentiate BMMSCs into cells having a phenotype characteristic of RPE cells. Rat BMMSCs were separately co‐cultured with RPE cells, or they were exposed to either control medium, RPE cell‐conditioned medium (RPECM), POS, or a combination of RPECM and POS (RPECM‐POS). After 7 days, the cells were analyzed for morphology and the expression of RPE markers (cytokeratin 8, CRALBP, and RPE65) to assess the RPE differentiation. Significantly higher pigment accumulation and increased protein expression of the three markers were seen in cells cultured in RPECM‐POS than in other treated cultures. Furthermore, the RPECM‐POS‐treated cultures displayed ultrastructural features typical of RPE cells, expressed RPE cell functional proteins, and had the capability to phagocytose POS. Together, theses results suggest the combination of RPECM and POS stimulate BMMSCs differentiation toward a functional RPE phenotype. Our results provide the foundation for a new route to RPE regenerative therapy involving BMMSCs. Future work isolating the active agent in RPECM and POS would be useful in therapies for RPE diseases or in developing appropriately pre‐differentiated BMMSCs for tissue‐engineered RPE reconstruction. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 590–598, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of dietary supplementation with dextrin or oligofructose on the hepatic redox balance in rats
Authors: Kozmus Carina E. P. , Moura Eduardo , Serrão Maria P. , Real Helena , Guimarães João T. , Guedes‐de‐Pinho Paula , Duarte Barbara P. , Marques Franklim , Martins Maria João , Vieira‐Coelho Maria A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe assessed the impact of oligofructose (OFS) and dextrin (DEX) as diet supplements on hepatic redox state. Rats were fed either a 10% OFS or a 10% DEX supplemented diet for 9 wk. In the DEX diet group, the levels of hepatic protein carbonylation were decreased by 63%. Total glutathione and reduced glutathione (GSH) contents were reduced in the OFS and DEX diet groups by around 20%. DEX supplementation significantly reduced oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels resulting in a 33% increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio. The activity of the hepatic antioxidant enzymes was not changed by either OFS or DEX supplementation. OFS supplementation caused a decrease in serum levels of triglycerides (36%), cholesterol (24%), HDL (16%) and LDL (17%). DEX supplementation only reduced triglycerides (32%) and urea (22%). Both diets increased serum levels of acetate by fivefold and propionate by twofold, but DEX diet decreased butyrate levels by 75%. Due to their different composition/structure these two dietary fibers affected metabolism in different ways. Diet supplementation with 10% DEX can potentially improve host health, by protecting the liver from protein carbonylation and by improving GSH/GSSG ratio and diet supplementation with 10% OFS can improve the lipid profile.
Growth hormone treatment enhances the functional recovery of sciatic nerves after transection and repair
Authors: Devesa Pablo , Gelabert Miguel , Gonźlez‐Mosquera Tamara , Gallego Rosalía , Luis Relova JosÉ , Devesa Jesús , Arce Víctor M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIntroduction: Although nerves can spontaneously regenerate in the peripheral nervous system without treatment, functional recovery is generally poor, and thus there is a need for strategies to improve nerve regeneration. Methods: The left sciatic nerve of adult rats was transected and immediately repaired by epineurial sutures. Rats were then assigned to one of two experimental groups treated with either growth hormone (GH) or saline for 8 weeks. Sciatic nerve regeneration was estimated by histological evaluation, nerve conduction tests, and rotarod and treadmill performance. Results: GH‐treated rats showed increased cellularity at the lesion site together with more abundant immunoreactive axons and Schwann cells. Compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude was also higher in these animals, and CMAP latency was significantly lower. Treadmill performance increased in rats receiving GH. Conclusion: GH enhanced the functional recovery of the damaged nerves, thus supporting the use of GH treatment, alone or combined with other therapeutic approaches, in promoting nerve repair. Muscle Nerve, 2012
A Bioarchaeological Investigation into the Human Remains Discovered in the Chloorkop Area, South Africa
Authors: Meyer A. , Keough N. , Nienaber C. W. , Steyn M. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTIn November 2008, human skeletal remains were discovered during construction works undertaken by Carlop Properties in the Chloorkop industrial area, Kempton Park, Gauteng. The Forensic Anthropology Unit of the University of Pretoria, Forensic Anthropology Research Centre (FARC) was notified, and rescue excavations of both the exposed and the undisturbed remains were undertaken. The skeletonised remains of at least 18 individuals were recovered and sent to the Department of Anatomy at the University of Pretoria for standard anthropological analysis. The identity and the time period of these human remains are unknown, and during social consultation, no relatives could be identified. Excavations revealed a formal burial pattern, which suggests a formal cemetery, probably associated with a historic institution. All individuals were buried in wooden coffins in an extended, supine position. The remains consist of both adult and juvenile remains. Some of the remains were found in a commingled state because of disturbance caused by construction work. The minimum number of individuals was determined by the visual pair matching of skeletal elements on the basis of similarities observed in bone morphology, age and sex, trauma and pathology and taphonomic alterations. Bioarchaeological techniques were used, and the following results were obtained. Of the 18 individuals, at least 15 were identified to be males, one possibly female and two juveniles. At least five of the adult male individuals presented with cut marks associated with standard autopsy procedures. No reference to the individuals' identity or to the context of the cemetery within the historical span of the Chloorkop area has been located. However, the burial pattern observed, as well as the demographic profile and pathology observed on the skeletal remains, suggests that these individuals could be linked to the Klipfontein Organic Products Factory (ca 1941s–1970s), which employed many migrant labourers, most to whom lived in compounds on the factory premises. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optical properties of coiled carbon nanotubes: A simple model
Authors: Milošević Ivanka , Popović Zoran , Dmitrović Saša , Damnjanović Milan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractExperimental evidence of regularly coiled carbon nanotubes have been reported in 1994. They are predicted to have excellent electro‐magnetic properties, although their structure, formation mechanism and theoretical aspects are still subjects of scientific discussions. We propose model of hexagonal, helically coiled single wall carbon nanotubes, and determine their line group symmetry. Further, we calculate electronic band structure and optical conductivity of the various configurations of coiled nanotubes by means of fully symmetry adopted density functional tight binding implemented into the POLSym code. Comparison of conducting and optical properties of coiled and straight armchair carbon nanotubes is shown.
State‐feedback stabilization for a class of stochastic time‐delay nonlinear systems
Authors: Chen Weisheng , Wu Jian , Jiao L.C. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThis paper investigates the problem of state‐feedback stabilization for a class of lower‐triangular stochastic time‐delay nonlinear systems without controllable linearization. By extending the adding‐a‐power‐integrator technique to the stochastic time‐delay systems, a state‐feedback controller is explicitly constructed such that the origin of closed‐loop system is globally asymptotically stable in probability. The main design difficulty is to deal with the uncontrollable linearization and the nonsmooth system perturbation, which, under some appropriate assumptions, can be solved by using the adding‐a‐power‐integrator technique. Two simulation examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the control algorithm proposed in this paper.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.