bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening Adolescents in the Emergency Department for Weapon Carriage
Authors: Cunningham Rebecca M. , Resko Stella M. , Harrison Stephanie Roahen , Zimmerman Marc , Stanley Rachel , Chermack Stephen T. , Walton Maureen A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives:  The objective was to describe the prevalence and correlates of past‐year weapon involvement among adolescents seeking care in an inner‐city emergency department (ED).Methods:  This cross‐sectional study administered a computerized survey to all eligible adolescents (age 14–18 years), 7 days a week, who were seeking care over an 18‐month period at an inner‐city Level 1 ED. Validated measures were administered, including measures of demographics, sexual activity, substance use, injury, violent behavior, weapon carriage, and/or weapon use. Zero‐inflated Poisson (ZIP) regression models were used to identify correlates of the occurrence and past‐year frequency of these weapons variables.Results:  Adolescents (n = 2069, 86% response rate) completed the computerized survey. Fifty‐five percent were female; 56.5% were African American. In the past year, 20% of adolescents reported knife or razor carriage, 7% reported gun carriage, and 6% pulled a knife or gun on someone. Although gun carriage was more frequent among males, females were as likely to carry a knife or pull a weapon in the past year.Conclusions:  One‐fifth of all adolescents seeking care in this inner‐city ED have carried a weapon. Understanding weapon carriage among teens seeking ED care is a critical first step to future ED‐based injury prevention initiatives.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:168–176 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Accuracy of Very Low Pretest Probability Estimates for Pulmonary Embolism Using the Method of Attribute Matching Compared with the Wells Score
Authors: Kline Jeffrey A. , Mark Courtney D. , Than Martin P. , Hogg Kerstin , Miller Chadwick D. , Johnson Charles L. , Smithline Howard A 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Attribute matching matches an explicit clinical profile of a patient to a reference database to estimate the numeric value for the pretest probability of an acute disease. The authors tested the accuracy of this method for forecasting a very low probability of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in symptomatic emergency department (ED) patients.Methods:  The authors performed a secondary analysis of five data sets from 15 hospitals in three countries. All patients had data collected at the time of clinical evaluation for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). The criterion standard to exclude VTE required no evidence of PE or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within 45 days of enrollment. To estimate pretest probabilities, a computer program selected, from a large reference database of patients previously evaluated for PE, patients who matched 10 predictor variables recorded for each current test patient. The authors compared the outcome frequency of having VTE [VTE(+)] in patients with a pretest probability estimate of <2.5% by attribute matching, compared with a value of 0 from the Wells score.Results:  The five data sets included 10,734 patients, and 747 (7.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.5% to 7.5%) were VTE(+) within 45 days. The pretest probability estimate for PE was <2.5% in 2,975 of 10,734 (27.7%) patients, and within this subset, the observed frequency of VTE(+) was 48 of 2,975 (1.6%, 95% CI = 1.2% to 2.1%). The lowest possible Wells score (0) was observed in 3,412 (31.7%) patients, and within this subset, the observed frequency of VTE(+) was 79 of 3,412 (2.3%, 95% CI = 1.8% to 2.9%) patients.Conclusions:  Attribute matching categorizes over one‐quarter of patients tested for PE as having a pretest probability of <2.5%, and the observed rate of VTE within 45 days in this subset was <2.5%.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:133–141 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Emergency Management of Pediatric Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Community‐associated Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus Era
Authors: Mistry Rakesh D. , Weisz Keith , Scott Halden F. , Alpern Elizabeth R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are increasing in incidence, yet there is no consensus regarding management of these infections in the era of community‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA‐MRSA). This study sought to describe current pediatric emergency physician (PEP) management of commonly presenting skin infections.Methods:  This was a cross‐sectional survey of subscribers to the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Emergency Medicine (AAP SoEM) list‐serv. Enrollment occurred via the list‐serv over a 3‐month period. Vignettes of equivocal SSTI, cellulitis, and skin abscess were presented to participants, and knowledge, diagnostic, and therapeutic approaches were assessed.Results:  In total, 366 of 606 (60.3%) list‐serv members responded. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) duration of practice was 13.6 (±7.9) years, and 88.6% practiced in a pediatric emergency department. Most respondents (72.7%) preferred clinical diagnosis alone for equivocal SSTI, as opposed to invasive or imaging modalities. For outpatient cellulitis, PEPs selected clindamycin (30.6%), trimethoprim‐sulfa (27.0%), and first‐generation cephalosporins (22.7%); methicillin‐sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) was routinely covered, but many regimens failed to cover CA‐MRSA (32.5%) or group A streptococcus (27.0%). For skin abscesses, spontaneous discharge (67.5%) was rated the most important factor in electing to perform a drainage procedure; fever (19.9%) and patient age (13.1%) were the lowest. PEPs elected to prescribe trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐Sx; 50.0%) or clindamycin (32.7%) after drainage; only 5% selected CA‐MRSA–inactive agents. All PEPs suspected CA‐MRSA as the etiology of skin abscesses, and many attributed sepsis (22.1%) and invasive pneumonia (20.5%) to CA‐MRSA, as opposed to MSSA. However, 23.9% remained unaware of local CA‐MRSA prevalence for even common infections.Conclusions:  Practice variation exists among PEPs for management of SSTI. These results can be used to measure changes in SSTI practices as standardized approaches are delineated.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:187–193 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Early postnatal growth variables are related to morphologic and functional ophthalmologic outcome in children born preterm
Authors: Hök‐Wikstrand M , Hård A‐L , Niklasson A , Hellström A 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the association between gestational age (GA), early and late postnatal growth variables and ophthalmologic outcome in ex‐preterm children.Methods:  Children (GA < 32 weeks, n = 66), previously examined regarding insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) serum concentrations in relation to ROP, underwent ophthalmologic examination at median 5.6 years. Weight, height, and head circumference (HC) were measured and expressed as SDS. Growth variables were analysed in relation to ophthalmologic outcome.Results:  At follow‐up 74% had some ophthalmologic abnormality and 17% had visual impairment. Poor visual acuity was correlated with low GA (rs = 0.29, p = 0.019), low weight at 32 weeks (rs = 0.30, p = 0.013), and low weight (rs = 0.37, p = 0.0025), height (rs = 0.41, p = 0.0007) and HC (rs = 0.55, p < 0.0001) at follow‐up. Hyperopic children (25%) had low neonatal IGF‐1 (p = 0.0096) and HC at follow‐up (p = 0.022). Poor visual perception was correlated with low early weight (rs = 0.38, p = 0.0036) and HC at follow‐up (rs = 0.39, p = 0.0024). Head circumference at follow‐up was correlated with GA (rs = 0.40, p = 0.0012), neonatal IGF‐1 (rs = 0.37, p = 0.0031), and early weight (rs = 0.27, p = 0.035).Conclusions:  In very preterm children, early and later postnatal growth is closely related to visual acuity and perception at follow‐up. In addition, IGF‐1 concentrations and early growth are correlated with head circumference and refraction at follow‐up.
DESCRIPTIVE SENSORY ANALYSIS OF WINE VINEGAR: TASTING PROCEDURE AND RELIABILITY OF NEW ATTRIBUTES
Authors: TESFAYE W. , MORALES M.L. , CALLEJÓN R.M. , CEREZO ANA B. , GONZÁLEZ A.G. , GARCÍA‐PARRILLA M.C. , TRONCOSO A.M. 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT A procedure for the sensory analysis of vinegar, which provides reproducible results and minimizes the standard deviation of attributes, was developed. A new tasting protocol was proposed that leads to low dispersions of panelists' answers. The list of attributes that describe vinegars was extended to a total of 13, the importance (or discriminant utility) of which was analyzed by using Partial Least Squares Regression related techniques. The attributes selected showed a good between‐run reproducibility as was shown by the Discriminant Partial Least Squares Regression analysis on replications. The proposed methodology proved to be useful for tasting very different types of wine vinegars (i.e., sherry and red and white wine vinegars). PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAs the vinegar market is now making products from different raw materials, we believed that it would be interesting to improve sensory analysis. The European Union (EU) regulates the sensory analysis of oil but not of vinegar. Our manuscript describes a tasting protocol that aims to provide more reproducible results, proposes a broader vocabulary for describing vinegars and uses statistical tools to verify the reliability of new attributes.
ESTIMATING SENSORY SHELF LIFE OF CHOCOLATE AND CARROT CUPCAKES USING ACCEPTANCE TESTS
Authors: MONTES VILLANUEVA NILDA DORIS , TRINDADE MARCO ANTONIO 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT This study determined the sensory shelf life of a commercial brand of chocolate and carrot cupcakes, aiming at increasing the current 120 days of shelf life to 180. Appearance, texture, flavor and overall quality of cakes stored at six different storage times were evaluated by 102 consumers. The data were analyzed by analysis of variance and linear regression. For both flavors, the texture presented a greater loss in acceptance during the storage period, showing an acceptance mean close to indifference on the hedonic scale at 120 days. Nevertheless, appearance, flavor and overall quality stayed acceptable up to 150 days. The end of shelf life was estimated at about 161 days for chocolate cakes and 150 days for carrot cakes. This study showed that the current 120 days of shelf life can be extended to 150 days for carrot cake and to 160 days for chocolate cake. However, the 180 days of shelf life desired by the company were not achieved. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research shows the adequacy of using sensory acceptance tests to determine the shelf life of two food products (chocolate and carrot cupcakes). This practical application is useful because the precise determination of the shelf life of a food product is of vital importance for its commercial success. The maximum storage time should always be evaluated in the development or reformulation of new products, changes in packing or storage conditions. Once the physical–chemical and microbiological stability of a product is guaranteed, sensorial changes that could affect consumer acceptance will determine the end of the shelf life of a food product. Thus, the use of sensitive and reliable methods to estimate the sensory shelf life of a product is very important. Findings show the importance of determining the shelf life of each product separately and to avoid using the shelf time estimated for a specific product on other, similar products.
EVALUATION OF FARMED COD PRODUCTS BY A TRAINED SENSORY PANEL AND CONSUMERS IN DIFFERENT TEST SETTINGS
Authors: SVEINSDÓTTIR KOLBRÚN , MARTINSDÓTTIR EMILÍA , THÓRSDÓTTIR FANNEY , SCHELVIS RIAN , KOLE ADRIAAN , THÓRSDÓTTIR INGA 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT Sensory characteristics of farmed cod exposed to low or conventional stress levels prior to slaughter were evaluated by a trained sensory panel. Consumers in two different settings, central location test (CLT) and home‐use test (HUT), also tasted the products and rated them according to overall liking on a 9‐point hedonic scale and sensory attributes on a 9‐point intensity scale. Differences were observed in texture attributes of the two cod groups by the trained sensory panel. Consumers in the CLT distinguished between the two cod groups whereas consumers in the HUT setting did not. Consumers in the CLT scored the products lower with regard to liking, and evaluated sensory attributes differently from consumers in the HUT setting. The results indicated that the cooking method chosen by consumers in the HUT setting influenced the consumer evaluation of cod. Similar cooking methods used in CLT and HUT produced similar results of liking. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis paper presents a comparison of sensory evaluation carried out by a trained sensory panel and consumer evaluation of farmed fish. Cod produced with conventional and reduced stress prior to slaughter differed in texture attributes according to sensory evaluation. Information about consumer liking of the end‐product when changing production systems of farmed fish is very important.The sensory evaluation by a trained panel provides good product knowledge, but to be able to estimate the actual consumer liking of the fish products, consumer studies are needed. The results indicated that a central location test (CLT) could be used to predict consumer acceptance in a real‐life setting, given that similar cooking methods are used in both settings. Fish is a very perishable product, and its sensory quality depends very much on factors such as storage time and preparation. Therefore, CLT may be well suited for consumer testing of fish products.
SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT COD PRODUCTS
Authors: SVEINSDÓTTIR KOLBRÚN , MARTINSDÓTTIR EMILÍA , HYLDIG GRETHE , SIGURGÍSLADÓTTIR SJÖFN 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT Sensory characteristics of cod products available to consumers were analyzed, and different ways to analyze sensory results were viewed. Ten cod samples of different origin (wild and farmed cod), storage time (short and extended) and storage method (stored fresh, frozen or packed in modified atmosphere) were evaluated with quantitative descriptive analysis by a trained sensory panel. Signal‐to‐noise analysis, p*MSE (discrimination and repeatability) and line plots proved to be very useful in studying panelists' performance. Most sensory attributes described significant differences between the products, and principal component analysis provided an overview of the differences and similarities between the products with regard to sensory characteristics. Farmed cod had different sensory characteristics compared with wild cod, such as more meat flavor, and rubbery and meaty texture. Different storage methods had minor influence on sensory characteristics of cod fillets after short storage time, but after extended storage, the groups were different with regard to most attributes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis paper presents different ways of analyzing sensory data. The process of analysis of sensory results with focus on the panelists using a free program (PanelCheck) and signal‐to‐noise analysis was studied. The results showed that PanelCheck is a very user‐friendly tool to monitor the performance of panelists and the study results of short‐term projects. Signal‐to‐noise analysis proved to be more applicable for studying results of extensive data sets by handling missing values and estimating the significance of sensory attributes.The practical use of the paper is also a quantitative descriptive analysis vocabulary, which may be used as a basis for other studies with cod. It may also be a basis for sensory schemes for the fish industry in quality control and product development.
Evaluating a natural experiment in alcohol policy
Authors: Humphreys David K. , Eisner Manuel P. 
Published: January 2010

Research Summary This study examines the effects of a dramatic change in alcohol licensing policy on the practice of liquor retailing across a metropolitan urban region. The policy was enacted to remove fixed closing times and to install staggered closing times across regions where it potentially would reduce violent crime and disorder. We found great variation in the extent to which the provisions of the policies were installed as intended. Policy Implications The findings suggest that prior consideration for how policy interventions will be applied to real‐world settings is important to the validity of research evaluations. Understanding and monitoring variation in the implementation of an intervention is a vital prerequisite to the evaluation of outcomes. Without knowledge of the real‐world application of an intervention, researchers risk attributing causal effects to a prevention initiative that might have been absent or only partially received.
Cellular Uptake and Photodynamic Activity of Protein Nanocages Containing Methylene Blue Photosensitizing Drug
Authors: Yan Fei , Zhang Yan , Kim Kyu S. , Yuan Hsiang‐Kuo , Vo‐Dinh Tuan 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study reports that photosensitizers encapsulated in supramolecular protein cages can be internalized by tumor cells and can deliver singlet oxygen intracellularly for photodynamic therapy (PDT). As an alternative to other polymeric and/or inorganic nanocarriers and nanoconjugates, which may also deliver photosensitizers to the inside of the target cells, protein nanocages provide a unique vehicle of biological origin for the intracellular delivery of photosensitizing molecules for PDT by protecting the photosensitizers from reactive biomolecules in the cell membranes, and yet providing a coherent, critical mass of destructive power (by way of singlet oxygen) upon specific light irradiation for photodynamic therapy of tumor cells. As a model, we demonstrated the successful encapsulation of methylene blue (MB) in apoferritin via a dissociation–reassembly process controlled by pH. The resulting MB‐containing apoferritin nanocages show a positive effect on singlet oxygen production, and cytotoxic effects on MCF‐7 human breast adenocarcinoma cells when irradiated at the appropriate wavelength (i.e. 633 nm).
ORIGINAL ARTICLE: The extent of hybridization and its impact on the genetic diversity and population structure of an invasive tree,Ulmus pumila(Ulmaceae)
Authors: Zalapa Juan E. , Brunet Johanne , Guries Raymond P. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractUlmus pumilais considered an invasive tree in 41 of the United States. In this study, we examined the extent of hybridization in naturalized populations ofU. pumila, its impact on genetic diversity and genetic structure and its potential role in explaining the invasion process ofU. pumila. Genetic analyses indicated widespread hybridization with nativeUlmus rubrain naturalizedU. pumilapopulations. Hybridization increased the genetic diversity ofU. pumilapopulations and affected their genetic structure. The level of genetic diversity in ‘mature’ accessions, many of which may represent original plantings throughout the USA, was high and similar to the diversity of East Asian accessions. Hybridization with the native red elm may play an important role in the success of Siberian elm as an invader in temperate regions of the USA.
Spatial genetic structure ofAedes aegyptimosquitoes in mainland Southeast Asia
Authors: Hlaing Thaung , Tun‐Lin Willoughby , Somboon Pradya , Socheat Duong , Setha To , Min Sein , Thaung Sein , Anyaele Okorie , De Silva Babaranda , Chang Moh Seng , Prakash Anil , Linton Yvonne , Walton Catherine 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAedes aegyptimosquitoes originated in Africa and are thought to have spread recently to Southeast Asia, where they are the major vector of dengue. Thirteen microsatellite loci were used to determine the genetic population structure ofA. aegyptiat a hierarchy of spatial scales encompassing 36 sites in Myanmar, Cambodia and Thailand, and two sites in Sri Lanka and Nigeria. Low, but significant, genetic structuring was found at all spatial scales (from 5 to >2000 km) and significantFISvalues indicated genetic structuring even within 500 m. Spatially dependent genetic‐clustering methods revealed that although spatial distance plays a role in shaping larger‐scale population structure, it is not the only factor. Genetic heterogeneity in major port cities and genetic similarity of distant locations connected by major roads, suggest that human transportation routes have resulted in passive long‐distance migration ofA. aegypti. The restricted dispersal on a small spatial scale will make localized control efforts and sterile insect technology effective for dengue control. Conversely, preventing the establishment of insecticide resistance genes or spreading refractory genes in a genetic modification strategy would be challenging. These effects on vector control will depend on the relative strength of the opposing effects of passive dispersal.
Ontogenetic selection on hatchery salmon in the wild: natural selection on artificial phenotypes
Authors: Bailey Michael M. , Lachapelle Kevin A. , Kinnison Michael T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCaptive rearing often alters the phenotypes of organisms that are destined for release into the wild. Natural selection on these unnatural phenotypes could have important consequences for the utility of captive rearing as a restoration approach. We show that normal hatchery practices significantly advance the development of endangered Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fry by 30+ days. As a result, hatchery fry might be expected to face strong natural selection resulting from their developmental asynchrony. We investigated patterns of ontogenetic selection acting on hatchery produced salmon fry by experimentally manipulating fry development stage at stocking. Contrary to simple predictions, we found evidence for strong stabilizing selection on the ontogeny of unfed hatchery fry, with weaker evidence for positive directional selection on the ontogeny of fed fry. These selection patterns suggest a seasonally independent tradeoff between abiotic or biotic selection favoring advanced development and physiological selection linked to risk of starvation in unfed fry. We show, through a heuristic exercise, how such selection on ontogeny may exacerbate problems in restoration efforts by impairing fry productivity and reducing effective population sizes by 13–81%.
Conservation‐reliant species and the future of conservation
Authors: Scott J. Michael , Goble Dale D. , Haines Aaron M. , Wiens John A. , Neel Maile C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSpecies threatened with extinction are the focus of mounting conservation concerns throughout the world. Thirty‐seven years after passage of the U.S. Endangered Species Act in 1973, we conclude that the Act's underlying assumption—that once the recovery goals for a species are met it will no longer require continuing management—is false. Even when management actions succeed in achieving biological recovery goals, maintenance of viable populations of many species will require continuing, species‐specific intervention. Such species are “conservation reliant.” To assess the scope of this problem, we reviewed all recovery plans for species listed as endangered or threatened under the Act. Our analysis indicates that 84% of the species listed under the Act are conservation reliant. These species will require continuing, long‐term management investments. If these listed species are representative of the larger number of species thought to be imperiled in the United States and elsewhere, the challenge facing conservation managers will be logistically, economically, and politically overwhelming. Conservation policies will need to be adapted to include ways of prioritizing actions, implementing innovative management approaches, and involving a broader spectrum of society.