bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter attempts to highlight one way in which the medievals are in a much stronger position than some of their more modern critics in trying to locate a Christology in the context of the scriptural data about Jesus. It considers possible reasons, both theological and philosophical, for wanting to adopt this sort of medieval view. It also considers which of the various medieval opinions have most to offer the contemporary theologian, and what the consequences of this view may be.
Liberalism: The Unexpected Enemy
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the significant rise in sympathy for women's suffrage amongst Conservatives from the 1880s. It explains how far Conservative suffragism is in common with Liberal suffragists, and to what extent did they develop a distinctively Conservative rationale for women's enfranchisement. Conservatives argued that over the years women had demonstrated a far more genuine demand for the vote than the unenfranchised men; this would justify incorporating them into a bill as a counter-weight to the additional working-class males. The advantages for the Conservatives in a compromise of this kind had been demonstrated in 1885 in the deal between the Tory-dominated House of Lords and the Liberal government. By 1914 the Conservative members appeared to have become at least as pro-suffrage as their Liberal counterparts.
The Failure of Anti-Suffragism
Authors: Pugh Martin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the fluctuations in Liberal support for women's suffrage. After the initial, and largely Liberal, launch of the suffrage campaign in the 1860s, a number of supporters who had been attracted to the cause, partly by sheer respect for John Stuart Mill, retracted, and, as a result, the debate over votes for women became an argument within the ranks of Liberalism. What made the relationship between Liberalism and suffragism so complicated were the inconclusive attempts by Liberals to weigh the significance of the growing support for the cause expressed by Conservatives; in the process questions of principle became entangled with considerations of party advantage. The prolonged confrontation between the government and the suffragists had not been wholly barren of results. It established that votes for women could not be treated as a question of principle but had to be translated into a form acceptable to the governing party.
Japan's Fiscal Crisis
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book traces the origins and development of Japan's recent fiscal crisis. In a detailed analysis of the institutions, structures, and processes of central government, the book explains how decisions were made about how much to spend and on what in the central budget and the Fiscal and Investment Loan Programme—the so-called ‘second budget’. This book shows who and what won and lost and why, explains the informal policy and behavioural rules-of-the-game by which the conduct of the main players was regulated, and compares Japan's fiscal performance with the UK and other G7 countries. It challenges the orthodoxy that a dominant and dominating Ministry of Finance (MOF) implemented tough policies of retrenchment in the 1980s. The appearance of fiscal discipline was not matched by the reality of too much spending, too few revenues, and heavy borrowing. The MOF not only failed to restore a balanced budget, it was unable to achieve most of its short and long-term fiscal objectives during the last quarter of the 20th century. Unravelling the complexity and opacity of the budgetary system, the book shows how MOF officials exploited it to foster an illusion of control. Through adroit manipulation of off-budget sources, and by fiscal sleight-of-hand, the MOF was able to deliver an expanding supply of budget benefits to the ruling Liberal Democratic party, and the means to finance the growth and maintenance of a ‘Public Works State’.
Budget Objectives and Policies
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe Ministry of Finance reacted to the emergence of the fiscal crisis in 1975 by prescribing three related policy aims: to devise and implement a strategy to change the structure of Japan's tax system so as to provide a more stable and productive source of revenue; to constrain the growth of public spending; and to reduce and, if possible, eliminate the fiscal deficit, and with it the rising costs of government debt. Over the following twenty-five years, those aims were translated into specific short and medium-term policy objectives, refined and adjusted contingently to accord with conjunctural changes in the economy and the polity. This chapter explains the origins and evolution of those objectives, and describes the formulation of policies, and the process of ‘policy succession’, to achieve them. The fiscal reconstruction of 1976–87, fiscal consolidation of 1987–91, fiscal reform in 1996–98, and fiscal explosion in 1998–2000 are discussed.
Rules-of-the-Game: Managing Relations with the Spending Ministries
Authors: Wright Maurice 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the rules-of-the-game that governed the Japanese Ministry of Finance's (MOF) relationships with the Spending Ministries and Agencies, and what norms of behaviour guided Budget Bureau officials in their interactions with opposite numbers. First, there were the general bureaucratic norms or universal principles that guided bureaucratic conduct, embedded historically in the institution of bureaucracy. Second, within the general contours described by such norms were those that distinguished the behaviour of MOF officials from those in other ministries and agencies, the distinctive habits and customs of work, and standard operating procedures. Third, within the contours of those ministry norms, and the more universal bureaucratic ones, were the specific norms of behaviour, which guided and regulated the conduct of officials in the Budget Bureau compared with their colleagues in, say, the Tax Bureau or (until 1998) the Banking Bureau and Securities Bureau.
Capital Flows to Developing Countries and the Reform of the International Financial System
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz , Cornford Andrew 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA great many features of the current international financial system have a significant bearing on international capital flows. Thus, proposed reforms of this system can generally be expected to affect the scale and character of these flows. The survey in this chapter concerns policies which have been at the centre of discussion since the East Asian crisis of 1997 but even so it is not comprehensive. This chapter reviews major features of developing countries' experience of external financing since the 1960s, paying special attention to shifts in the relative importance of private capital inflows and to their volatility. It contains a schematic account of the features of financial instability and crises, which is intended to serve as a backdrop for the policy discussion which follows and covers a selection of the policies. The policies in question include actions to be taken at both national and international levels as well as combinations of the two.
Capturing Customer Value: Pricing and Selling
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the task of assessing the value of the offer and looks at how to capture this value. Price setting is one of the most complicated of all the marketing activities. In practice, it is best described as art based on science. The science of pricing focuses on using research to understand the price sensitivity of individuals and the price elasticity of markets. The art of pricing focuses on setting sensible pricing objectives, understanding the interactions of price with other elements of the marketing mix, and predicting competitor reactions to price changes. Linking both art and science is the management of pricing, the management of pricing involves working with the organization's accountants to understand costs and contribution margins, developing a pricing policy, and making sure that the key performance indicators (KPIs) of people who have authority for the organization's prices are aligned with the organization's pricing objectives.
Counting
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter studies those properties of numbers that depend not on the algebraic operations but on the order in which they are arranged. It starts by setting up the terminology for talking about and classifying relations of order. Beyond that the objective is to complete the unfinished business of the last chapter by defining an ordering on the natural numbers and showing how this ordering enables us to use the natural numbers in counting finite sets. Skolem's paradox is also mentioned in this chapter.
Ordinals
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe simple and general principles of induction are powerful tools for proving things about the natural numbers. This chapter investigates ways in which they can be generalized to apply to a very much wider class of ordered sets than the subsets of ω. The basis of this study is the observation that a version of induction can be applied to any ordered set with a property called well-ordering. The strategy is to apply much the same techniques to the study of isomorphism between well-ordered sets used in Chapter 9 to investigate equinumerosity between sets. Just as that work led to an arithmetic of cardinals, what this chapter does is lead to an arithmetic of ordinals.
Hume's Enlightenment Tract
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book studies David Hume's Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. The Enquiry has, contrary to its author's expressed wishes, long lived in the shadow of its predecessor, A Treatise of Human Nature. This book presents the Enquiry in a fresh light, and aims to raise it to its rightful position in Hume's work and in the history of philosophy. It argues that the Enquiry is not, as so often assumed, a mere collection of watered-down extracts from the earlier work. It is, rather, a coherent work with a unified argument; and, when this argument is grasped as a whole, the Enquiry shows itself to be the best introduction to the lineaments of its author's general philosophy. This book offers a careful guide through the argument and structure of the work. It shows how the central sections of the Enquiry offer a critique of the dogmatic empiricisms of the ancient world (Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Aristotelianism), and set in place an alternative conception of human powers based on the sceptical principles of habit and probability. These principles are then put to work, to rule out philosophy's metaphysical ambitions and their consequences: religious systems and their attendant conception of human beings as semi-divine rational animals. Hume's scepticism, experimentalism, and naturalism are thus shown to be different aspects of the one unified philosophy — a sceptical version of the Enlightenment vision.
Radicalism and Liberty
Authors: Biagini E. F. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter consists of two parts. The first surveys the meanings and implications of liberty for Victorian radicals, and explores the relationship between popular and intellectual radicalism. The second examines some of the internal tensions and inconsistencies in late-Victorian radicalism, focusing on Joseph Chamberlain's response to imperial emergencies in Africa and Ireland. These highlighted questions would continue to confront radicals in the 20th century: in international affairs, the tension between the rhetoric of peace and international law and the practice of unilateralism; in domestic politics, the tension between parliamentary centralism and the claims of national separatism.
Intensional Transitives
Authors: Forbes Graeme 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the semantics of intensional transitive verbs (itv's) ‘Fear’ is transitive, or has a standard transitive use, since it has a standard use in which it takes a direct object (it also has a standard use in which it takes a clausal complement, either finite, as in ‘fear that the door is open’, or non-finite, as in ‘fear to open the door’). And ‘fear’ is intensional, or at any rate not extensional. This chapter classifies itv's and exhibits some problematic aspects of their behaviour.
Introduction
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book presents and defends what it calls logical pluralism, the view that there is more than one genuine deductive consequence relation, and that this plurality arises not merely because there are different languages, but rather arises even within the kinds of claims expressed in any one language. First, it sets logical consequence in its historical context, explains why it is important, and clarifies what is assumed to be the settled core of this notion. It defines logical pluralism and indicates the type of arguments that it takes to support the position. Concrete examples of the various consequence relations endorsed by qua pluralists are given.
A Brief History of Quantification
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter reviews the history of the concept of quantification, beginning with Aristotle. These glimpses from the history of ideas are used as occasions to introduce a number of semantic and methodological issues related to quantification and quantifiers. The focus is on the distinction between categorematic and syncategorematic terms, a distinction closely tied to the issue of the meaning or significance of the quantifier expressions themselves (not just the sentences containing them), and interestingly related to several modern themes. The chapter also looks at the emergence of modern logic at the end of the 19th century and the modern model-theoretic perspective, where the truth conditions of quantified sentences in formal languages are relative to interpretations or models. The role of the universe of quantification as well as the subtle mechanisms by which natural languages are able to restrict that universe are discussed.
Symmetry and Other Relational Properties of Type 〈1, 1〉 Quantifiers
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractType ‹1, 1› quantifiers are (on each universe) binary relations between sets, and it is natural to inquire how quantirelation denotations behave in terms of ordinary relational properties. This chapter focuses primarily on one such property: symmetry. It turns out that symmetric determiners are very common in natural languages, and such determiners are particularly well-behaved. For example, a symmetric determiner can be seen to denote a property of the intersection of the restriction and the scope, which in turn explains why such expressions often go well in predicate position too. Moreover, symmetry has been advanced as the major factor in explaining which determiners are acceptable in existential-there sentences. This chapter also analyses the semantics of such sentences, including a comparative study of various attempts at explaining acceptability that have been proposed in the literature. It also presents a number of different characterisations of symmetric quantifiers. In particular, it shows that extension for a type ‹1› quantifier amounts to the symmetry of its relativisation.
Possessive Quantifiers
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses possessive and exceptive expressions that can be seen as determiners. Possessive determiners constitute a major form of possessive expressions in English and Swedish, whereas they do not occur in, for example, Italian or French, which instead predominantly use a postnominal (prepositional) form. The quantifiers denoted by such expressions are examined: their properties and the mechanisms by which they become the interpretations of simple or complex possessive and exceptive determiners. The extent to which the grammatical number of the noun following a possessive determiner influences interpretation is considered. Even if the universal reading of possessives is often the default, sometimes existential and other readings are used as well. After mentioning certain compound noun-like possessive constructions, the concept of narrowing is examined. A much discussed characteristic of possessives, the freedom in how the ‘possessor’ relation is fixed, is also analysed. The monotonicity behavior, including smoothness of possessives, is also addressed.
A Pledge Redeemed, 1785–1786
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the activities and career of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1785 to 1786. Burke was elected and assumed office as a Member of Parliament in August 1785. During this period he spoke mostly about Indian issues. After the Treaty of Versailles in 1783, Burke rarely had occasion to speak in Parliament on American affairs. And in February 1786 he failed to attend the debate on Duke Richmond's proposed dockyard fortifications.
Reflections on the Revolution in France, 1790
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the success of British politician Edmund Burke's book Reflections on the Revolution in France. The book, begun as a pamphlet in reply to Richard Price's sermon, outgrew its original purpose and came to embody Burke's most considered and profound thoughts about politics. However, the book remained a riposte to Price and firmly embedded in the events of 1789–90. This chapter suggests that the retention of the deep marks of the book's origins is characteristic of Burke because he was averse to political theory and never wrote a systematic treatise on politics.
Sublime and Minute, 1796–1797
Authors: Lock F.P. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the career and activities of British politician Edmund Burke during the period from 1796 to 1797. During this time of inactivity from politics, Burke spent his time helping the poor children in Beaconsfield, England. His main project was an educational institution aimed at alleviating the plight of the children of those émigres serving or killed in the British Émigres Corps. The proposal was opposed by some of his opponents and this led Burke to write Thoughts and Details on Scarcity.
Frontiers and National Identities in Central-European History
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay on the historical background of frontiers and national identities in Central Europe. It suggests that these terms originated in various kinds of physical barriers or markers that divided territories in Central Europe. It explores how the so-called traditional or historic frontiers eventually took on broader functions and affected people on both sides of the border, and also how this process was redirected in the early modern age by a rival tendency to establish ahistorical frontiers.
Empire and Kingdoms: Hungary and Bohemia in the Monarchy, 1741–1871
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay on the relationship between Hungary and Bohemia during the period from 1741 to 1871. It provides a chronological background starting with the state-building process when Hungary and Bohemia went their markedly different ways but interacted significantly with each other at the cultural and political centre. This essay suggests that the effective cooperation between Bohemian and Hungarian peripheries against the Austrian centre is one of the great might-have-beens in the history of Central Europe.
From Confederation to Compromise: The Austrian Experiment, 1849–67
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay on the domestic political and cultural presuppositions of Austria's governmental experiment following the revolutionary events of 1848–49. It argues that this absolutism suffered not only from alienating too many ancestral supporters of the dynasty, but also from mixing ideologies. The focus on the maintenance of established Austrian priorities was inconsistent with the new goals of a German national kind given that the experiment was heavily influenced from other parts of Germany.
Central Europe: The History of An Idea
Authors: Evans R. J. W. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents an essay on the history of Central Europe. It suggests that full recognition of the need for a region called Central Europe coincided with the final exclusion of Austria from Germany and that the notion of Mitteleuropa was generally considered with a more or less German national tinge. It was only with the events of the 1980s that Central Europe gained new life as a political ideal and its cultural associations were revived.
Postema on Law's Autonomy and Public Practical Reasons: A Critical Comment
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Postema's article discusses a central jurisprudential idea, which he calls the autonomy thesis. In its general form it is shared by many writers who otherwise support divergent accounts of the nature of law. This chapter examines whether Postema's criticism of the autonomy thesis reveals weaknesses in the author's own account of the nature of law.
Indigenous Subjects
Authors: Curthoys Ann 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the subjectivity of the Indigenous people in Australia at the interface of colonial contact. Unlike other imperial experiences of Britain, in Australia the status of Indigenous people was highly ambiguous from the outset. For the Aborigines, the British Empire not only brought the threat of destruction but also furnished the tools for adaptation. One historian has argued that Aboriginal people were regarded as both British subjects entitled to the protection of British law and a subjected people who posed an ever-present threat to colonial authority.
Empire, State, Nation
Authors: Hirst John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the central issue of governance and the formation of the Australian State. It argues that 19th-century liberalism and the mythological version of British history provided the foundations of the Australian polity even before it achieved self-government in the 1850s. It contends that the unravelling of Empire and Britishness since the 1960s has left a legacy of British institutions, grafted onto Australian experience but without the history and myth to explain and sustain them.
‘In History’s Page’: Identity and Myth
Authors: Meaney Neville 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways Australians evoked a British past as a corollary to their sense of themselves as an offshoot of the British race. It identifies three distinct phases in the evolution of Australia’s British history. These include the early colonial era typified by liberal republicanism, the Glorious Revolution, and the great reform movements of the 19th century. This chapter also discusses the changes in the conception of Australia’s Empire and the emergence of race patriotism and social Darwinism.
Epilogue: After Empire
Authors: Schreuder Deryck M. , Ward Stuart 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter sums up the key findings of this study on Australia’s Empire and its collapse. The findings reveal that Australia was not significantly affected by the imperial decline in the 1940s and the 1950s, and the eventual decolonization starting in the early 1960s. It argues that there are a number of compelling reasons why the British Empire, which had been so fundamental to the Australian outlook, could be eclipsed within a short period of time without so much as a public demonstration.