bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogen dynamics in a crop canopy and their evolution under changing climate
Authors: Pangga I. B. , Hanan J. , Chakraborty S. 
Published: January 2011

Canopy‐level interactions have been largely ignored in epidemiological models and their applications in defining disease risks under climate change, although these interactions are important for disease management. This paper uses anthracnose of Stylosanthes scabra as a case study and reviews research on dynamics of the pathogen (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) at the canopy level and pathogen evolution under changing climate. It argues that linking of pathogen dynamics, crop growth and climate models is essential in predicting disease risks under climate change. A plant functional‐structural model was used to couple S. scabra growth and architecture with disease under ambient and elevated CO2. A level of induced resistance in plants with enlarged canopy determined anthracnose severity at elevated CO2. Moisture‐related microclimatic variables determined infection at ambient but not at elevated CO2. At high CO2 increased disease level from raised pathogen fecundity in enlarged canopy accelerated pathogen evolution after 25 sequential infection cycles. Modelling of pathogen dynamics under climate change currently suffers from a paucity of quantitative data, mismatch of scales in coupling climate and disease models, and model uncertainties. Further experimental research on interactions of biotic and abiotic factors on plant diseases under climate change and validation of models are essential prior to their use in climate‐change prediction. Understanding and anticipating trends in host–pathogen evolution under climate change will improve the durability of resistance and lay the foundation for increased crop adaptation through pre‐emptive plant breeding.
Effects of fungicide on growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in relation to development of phoma stem canker on oilseed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Huang Y. J. , Hood J. R. , Eckert M. R. , Stonard J. F. , Cools H. J. , King G. J. , Rossall S. , Ashworth M. , Fitt B. D. L. 
Published: January 2011

Controlled‐environment and field experiments were done to investigate effects of the fungicide Punch C (flusilazole plus carbendazim) on growth of Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa in oilseed rape. In controlled‐environment experiments, for plants inoculated with L. maculans, fungicide treatment decreased lesion size and amount of L. maculans DNA in leaves; for plants inoculated with L. biglobosa, fungicide did not affect lesion size or amount of pathogen DNA. When release of ascospores was monitored using a Burkard spore sampler, the timing and pattern of ascospore release differed between the four seasons. In 2006/2007, the majority of ascospores released were L. maculans, whilst in 2007/2008 the majority were L. biglobosa; in both seasons L. maculans ascospores were released before L. biglobosa ascospores. In field experiments in 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, fungicide treatment decreased severity of stem canker on cv. Apex, but gave no significant yield response. In 2006/2007 and 2007/2008, fungicide treatment decreased phoma leaf spot incidence in autumn and stem canker severity at harvest, and increased yield. Fungicide treatment decreased stem canker severity more on cv. Courage, with a good yield response, than on cv. Canberra. In 2002/2003 and 2003/2004, fungicide treatment decreased the frequency of spread of L. maculans into stem pith tissues and in 2006/2007 fungicide decreased the amount of L. maculans DNA in stem tissues (measured by quantitative PCR). These results are used to suggest how effects of fungicides on interactions between L. maculans and L. biglobosa might affect severity of phoma stem canker and yield response.
ESAT‐6‐ and CFP‐10‐Specific Th1, Th22 and Th17 Cells in Tuberculous Pleurisy May Contribute to the Local Immune Response Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Qiao D. , Yang B. Y. , Li L. , Ma J. J. , Zhang X. L. , Lao S. H. , Wu C. Y. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTh1 cell‐mediated adaptive immune response is very important but may not be sufficient to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. The roles of the various T cell subsets and cytokines in the inflammatory processes are not clearly elucidated. We investigated whether Th1, Th22 and Th17 cells mediated cellular immunity at the local site of M. tuberculosis infection in patients with tuberculous pleurisy (TBP). The results showed that the cytokines IFN‐γ and IL‐22 but not IL‐17 were elevated in tubercular pleural fluid. Following stimulation with immune‐dominant peptides of early secreted antigenic target‐6 (ESAT‐6), culture filtrate protein‐10 (CFP‐10) or Bacille Calmette–Guerin, pleural fluid mononuclear cells expressed high levels of cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐22 and IL‐17 as revealed by mRNA and protein measurements. In addition, we showed that cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐22 and IL‐17 were produced in M. tuberculosis‐specific immune response by distinct subsets of CD4+ T cells with the phenotype of CD45RA−CD62L−CCR7+CD27+. Our results demonstrated for the first time that ESAT‐6‐ and CFP‐10‐specific Th1, Th22 and Th17 cells existed in the patients with TBP and might play an essential role against M. tuberculosis infection. The findings of this study raised the possibility of unravelling the critical targets for therapeutic intervention in chronic inflammatory diseases such as TBP.
Glomus tumours in the skin and subcutis of three horses
Authors: Burns Rachel E. , Pesavento Patricia A. , McElliott Valerie R. , Ortega Joaquin , Affolter Verena K. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThree horses presented with variably painful, nonulcerated masses of the head or neck that were diagnosed as glomus tumours. Grossly, they were fleshy, pink to tan masses ranging from 0.4 to 9 cm in diameter, involving either the deep dermis and subcutis or the subcutis and underlying skeletal muscle. Microscopically, neoplastic epithelioid cells were arranged in sheets, cords and packets within lobules. The neoplastic cells frequently abutted and formed nodular bulges into large endothelium‐lined vascular spaces, especially around the tumour periphery. Large nerve branches were associated with each tumour. As determined by immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells consistently expressed α‐smooth muscle actin and vimentin, and some cells in two of the cases expressed desmin. A laminin‐ or collagen IV‐positive basement membrane was demonstrated around individual tumour cells or small groups of cells in all three cases. Morphological features and immunohistochemistry supported the diagnosis of glomus tumour, most consistent with the solid type in humans. Applying a classification system used in humans, two of these tumours met criteria of malignancy (glomangiosarcomas). One horse was euthanized due to complications associated with recurrence and treatment‐related necrosis and secondary infection.
Voiding dynamics in women with stress urinary incontinence and high‐stage cystocele
Authors: Seki Narihito , Shahab Nouval , Hara Ritsuko , Takei Mineo , Yamaguchi Akito , Naito Seiji 
Published: January 2011

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to identify the urodynamic features of women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) or with high‐stage (stage 3 or greater) cystocele (HSC) as compared with symptom‐free women.Methods:  Fifty‐six neurologically intact women with SUI and 47 women with HSC but without SUI were prospectively evaluated. All patients underwent full urodynamics, in addition to basic clinical evaluations. The urodynamic parameters of SUI and HSC were compared to the ones obtained from 78 urologically symptom‐free normal women over the same period.Results:  Patients with HSC, after correction of cystocele using a temporary vaginal pessary, had consistently lower maximum urinary flow rate with a lower detrusor pressure during micturition than the controls or those with SUI. On the other hand, patients with SUI had an equivalent to higher maximum urinary flow rate, normal detrusor contraction strength with a lower detrusor pressure during micturition than the controls. Both maximum Watts factor and bladder contractility index were significantly lower in the whole HSC cohort in comparison to the controls and patients with SUI. The urodynamic characteristics observed among the three groups were all maintained even after adjusting for age.Conclusions:  Women with SUI demonstrate voiding with low‐pressure, normal contraction strength with an equivalent to high urinary flow rate. Women with HSC demonstrate voiding with low pressures with weak contraction strengths and low urinary flow rates, suggesting a higher prevalence of detrusor underactivity. Chronically decreased or increased urethral resistance might alter voiding dynamics and performance.
Outcome for the extremely premature neonate: how far do we push the edge?
Authors: Boat Anne C. , Sadhasivam Senthilkumar , Loepke Andreas W. , Kurth Charles D. 
Published: January 2011

BackgroundSignificant advances in perinatal and neonatal medicine over the last 20 years and the recent emergence of fetal surgery has resulted in anesthesia providers caring for a growing number of infants born at the margin of viability. Anesthetic management in this patient population has to take into consideration the immature function of many vital organ systems as well as the effects of the underlying disease processes, which can frequently lead to severe physiological derangements. Accordingly, premature infants presenting for major surgeries early in life can represent a significant anesthetic challenge. However, even with advanced anesthetic and surgical management and optimal intensive care, extremely premature infants face substantial postoperative morbidity and mortality, as well as prolonged hospital courses. In this article, we will discuss the following questions: How far have we come in improving outcomes of extreme prematurity? And what will the future medical and societal challenges be, as we continue to redefine the limits of viability?
Basin‐scale distribution patterns of photosynthetic picoeukaryotes along an Atlantic Meridional Transect
Authors: Kirkham Amy R. , Jardillier Ludwig E. , Tiganescu Ana , Pearman John , Zubkov Mikhail V. , Scanlan David J. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryPhotosynthetic picoeukaryotes (PPEs) of a size < 3 µm play a crucial role in oceanic primary production. However, little is known of the structure of the PPE community over large spatial scales. Here, we investigated the distribution of various PPE classes along an Atlantic Meridional Transect sampled in boreal autumn 2004 that encompasses a range of ocean provinces (gyres, upwelling, temperate regions), using dot blot hybridization technology targeting plastid 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Two algal classes, Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae, dominated the PPE community throughout the Atlantic Ocean, over a range of water masses presenting different trophic profiles. However, these classes showed strongly complementary distributions with Chrysophyceae dominating northern temperate waters, the southern gyre and equatorial regions, while prymnesiophytes dominated the northern gyre. Phylogenetic analyses using both plastid and nuclear rRNA genes revealed a high diversity among members of both classes, including sequences contained in lineages with no close cultured counterpart. Other PPE classes were less prevalent along the transect, with members of the Cryptophyceae, Pelagophyceae and Eustigmatophyceae essentially restricted to specific regions. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed strong relationships between the distribution patterns of some of these latter PPE classes and temperature, light intensity and nutrient concentrations. Cryptophyceae, for example, were mostly found in the upwelling region and associated with higher nutrient concentrations. However, the key classes of Prymnesiophyceae and Chrysophyceae were not strongly influenced by the variables measured. Although there appeared to be a positive relationship between Chrysophyceae distribution and light intensity, the complementary distributions of these classes could not be explained by the variables recorded and this requires further explanation.
Alphaproteobacteria dominate active 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide degraders in agricultural soil and drilosphere
Authors: Liu Ya‐Jun , Liu Shuang‐Jiang , Drake Harold L. , Horn Marcus A. 
Published: January 2011

Summary2‐Methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) is a widely used phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicide and subject to aerobic microbial degradation. Earthworms stimulate both growth and activity of MCPA‐degrading bacteria in soil. Thus, active MCPA degraders in soil and drilosphere (i.e. burrow walls, gut content and cast) were assessed by 16S rRNA stable isotope probing in soil columns under experimental conditions designed to minimize laboratory incubation biases. Agriculturally relevant concentrations of [13C]MCPA (20 µg gdw−1) were degraded in soil within 23 and 27 days in the presence and absence of earthworms respectively. Total 16S rRNA analysis revealed 73 operational taxonomic units indicative of active Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia in soil and drilosphere derived material. Seven operational taxonomic units indicative of Alpha‐, Beta‐, Gammaproteobacteria and Firmicutes consumed MCPA‐[13C]. Dominant consumers of MCPA‐[13C] were Alphaproteobacteria (Sphingomonadaceae and Bradyrhizobiaceae) in soil and drilosphere. Beta‐ (Comamonadaceae) and Gammaproteobacteria (Xanthomonadaceae) were also important MCPA‐[13C] consumers in burrow walls only, indicating that earthworms favour betaproteobacterial MCPA degraders. In oxic microcosms with bulk soil, burrow walls and cast, 20 and 300–400 µg gdw−1[13C]MCPA were consumed within 24 h and 20 days respectively. Gut contents did not facilitate the degradation of [13C]MCPA. Sphingomonadaceae dominated MCPA‐[13C] consumers in bulk soil and burrow wall microcosms, while Beta‐ and Gammaproteobacteria (Burkholderiacea, Comamonadaceae, Oxalobacteraceae and Xanthomonadaceae) dominated MCPA‐[13C] consumers in microcosms of cast, indicating that the latter taxa are prone to respond to MCPA in cast. The collective data indicated that Alphaproteobacteria are major MCPA degraders in soil and drilosphere.
Prostate cancer in Spain: from guidelines to clinical practice
Authors: Alcaraz Antonio , Burgos Francisco J. , Cózar José M. , Gómez‐Veiga Francisco , Morote Juan , Solsona Eduardo , Unda Miguel , Carballido Joaquín 
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (outcomes research)  Level of Evidence 2b What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? To our knowledge, this is the first study which addresses the degree of compliance of Spanish clinical practice with the EAU Guidelines on prostate cancer (PCa).The study identifies aspects of clinical practice in PCa that diverge from the recommendations in the EAU guidelines, as well as a series of grey areas where specific recommendations are lacking, providing insights for further improvement. The study describes the level of compliance among Spanish urologists.OBJECTIVE• To determine how closely practice in prostate cancer (PCa) follows European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines.MATERIALS AND METHODS• This project involving 242 experts comprised four phases: (1) selection of controversial topics by a panel of experts; (2) preparation of case descriptions and associated questionnaires; (3) determination of their face validity; and (4) completion (November 2007 to January 2008).• The primary endpoint was percentage agreement with the recommendations given by the EAU guidelines. Topics not specifically addressed in these guidelines were also analysed.RESULTS• For the selected controversial topics, the overall mean adherence to the guidelines was 52.1%. Topics with a mean adherence <40% are detailed below.• For localized/locally advanced PCa the lowest adherence was found for the type of anaesthesia used during biopsy (30.3%, sd= 14.4), local staging (17.3%, sd= 10.4), new criteria for biochemical relapse after radiotherapy (32.9%, sd= 27.6), and the interpretation of raised PSA after prostatectomy (34.4%, sd= 20.1).• For metastatic PCa, the lowest adherence referred to androgen blockade (34.5%, sd= 24.94) and the reintroduction of hormone therapy (21.8%, sd= 13.5).• Regarding the monitoring of patients, 83.9% of the urologists stated that they measure testosterone levels at some point, and the conventional threshold level of 50 ng/dL testosterone was only used by 17.4%.• Differences in opinion were also observed for the recommendation for a digital rectal examination at each visit (agreed by only 22.3%).CONCLUSION• The PROSEO project represents an opportunity to consolidate and improve EAU guidelines by identifying issues that, on the basis of clinical practice in PCa and topics of current concern to urologists, have not been fully addressed or might need specific recommendations.
The suburethral tension adjustable sling (REMEEX system) in the treatment of female urinary incontinence due to ‘true’ intrinsic sphincter deficiency: results after 5 years of mean follow‐up
Authors: Giberti Claudio , Gallo Fabrizio , Cortese Pierluigi , Schenone Maurizio 
Published: January 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?The treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) due to intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) still remains a very difficult target for urologists. Tension‐free sling positioning is the most used procedure. However, in cases of ISD with fixed urethra, or following anti‐incontinence and surgical procedures, tension‐free slings are more likely to fail spurring an interest in alternative less invasive but more effective techniques.The aim of our study was to assess the outcomes of Remeex procedure in a worse prognosis patient group affected by “true” ISD (mainly iathrogenic ISD with lead pipe and fixed urethra). Our data provided a longer follow‐up than those reported in literature to date, confirming the effectiveness and durability of the Remeex technique up to five years after surgery.OBJECTIVE• To retrospectively report the objective and subjective outcomes of suburethral tension adjustable sling (Remeex system) implantation for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) caused by ‘true’ intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD) with fixed urethra.PATIENTS AND METHODS• Thirty female patients with severe SUI, mainly because of iatrogenic ISD, underwent Remeex system positioning between May 2002 and July 2008 (mean follow‐up 60.6 months, range 22–96 months).• Before surgery, patients were evaluated by physical examination, translabial ultrasonography, flexible cystoscopy, urodynamics, 1‐hour pad test and compilation of a quality‐of‐life questionnaire.• Postoperatively, based on the physical examination and pad test, patients were stratified into three groups: (i) Cured: perfectly dry patients at stress test, pad weight 0–1 g; (ii) Improved: patients with mild to moderate incontinence, pad weight 2–50 g; and (iii) Failed: unchanged or worsened patients, pad weight >50 g.RESULTS• At the final follow‐up visit, 26 (86.0%) patients were cured, 2 (7.0%) were improved and 2 (7.0%) had failed.• In particular, the total mean pad weight decreased to 33.2 ± 15.6 (71%) and the total mean questionnaire score significantly increased to 86.9 ± 6.7 (74.0%).• Sling tension readjustment was needed during follow‐up in two patients (7%).• Among the complications, persistent urinary retention (10%), seroma formation (3%) and de novo urgency (7%) were easily treated.CONCLUSION• The Remeex system produced remarkable 5‐year results with a low complication rate. These outcomes have also been confirmed in a worse prognosis patient group as reported in the present study.
Resilience among Japanese atomic bomb survivors
Authors: Knowles A. 
Published: January 2011

KNOWLES A. (2011) Resilience among Japanese atomic bomb survivors. International Nursing Review58, 54–60Aim:  The purpose of the study was to explore the experience of atomic bomb survivors from Hiroshima and Nagasaki.Background:  Never has the world experienced such extreme devastation as with the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, in August 1945. Although significant quantitative research has been completed about the medical effects following radiation, the literature lacks qualitative exploration from a holistic health perspective.Methods:  This was a qualitative descriptive study, using methods of narrative analysis, oral history and ethnography. The sample for this research included eight individuals who were exposed to the atomic bombings in Japan and currently reside in the United States.Findings:  Findings provide insight to the resilience that the survivors exhibited immediately following the bomb, as well as throughout the 65 years following the event. From ethnographic data and interviews with survivors, a thematic structure was developed that depicts the essential elements of the atomic bomb experience. Two ways of being in the world followed the bombing: surviving and thriving, with resilience serving as a lever, allowing for fluid movement over time across the continuum.Individuals experiencing surviving exhibited anxiety about their personal and family members' health, expressed mistrust, and felt a stigma associated with being a survivor. For those who were thriving, peace activism, overcoming and forgiveness were typically displayed.Conclusion:  Findings from this study add to the disaster nursing literature and highlight the role resilience plays in the atomic bomb survivors' life perspective.
Nursing research in three regions in China: a bibliometric study
Authors: Peng J. , Hui Z.‐Y. 
Published: January 2011

PENG J., HUI Z.‐Y. (2011) Nursing research in three regions in China: a bibliometric study. International Nursing Review58, 21–25Objective:  To analyse scientific papers published by Chinese authors in nursing journals included in the Science Citation Index Expanded and compare the published scientific papers from mainland China (ML), Taiwan (TW) and Hong Kong (HK).Methods:  All articles published in 62 journals that were related to nursing originating from ML, TW and HK from 1999 to 2008 were retrieved from the PubMed and Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Knowledge database. The total number of articles published in nursing journals, impact factors and citation reports and articles were estimated for quantity and quality comparisons.Results:  The number of articles from the three regions increased significantly from 1999 to 2008. There were 1015 articles in total from the three regions: ML (48), HK (414) and TW (553) in PubMed. In the ISI Web of Knowledge database, TW derived the highest total citations (1755 citations from 500 articles), followed by HK (1316 citations from 347 articles) and ML (158 citations from 55 articles). HK had the highest average citations of 3.79, followed by TW (3.51) and then ML (2.87).Discussion:  The difference between the quantity and quality of nursing research articles published in ML, TW and HK is significant, although the gap appears to be narrowing. Long‐term job stresses, low levels of education and language barriers are likely the main factors. ML, TW and HK have the same culture and ethnicity. We expect that ML will benefit significantly from increased exchanges with TW and HK in nursing research and education. We also speculate that TW and HK will benefit from exchanges because ML may have diverse nursing problems.