bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accessory roots in maxillary molar teeth: a review and endodontic considerations
Authors: Ahmed HMA , Abbott PV 
Published: April 2012

AbstractMaxillary molar teeth may have accessory roots. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the endodontic implications of this anatomical variation. A review of the literature was undertaken to identify studies and reported cases where accessory roots have been recorded in maxillary molar teeth. The results show that although the prevalence of accessory roots in maxillary molar teeth is low, they can exist in all three types of maxillary molar teeth, and they may be located palatally, buccally, mesially or distally. Hence, it is essential that dentists undertaking root canal treatment thoroughly assess all teeth to determine how many roots are present in order to provide the best possible outcome of treatment for the patient.
Mid‐gestation pregnancy is not disrupted by a 5‐day gastrointestinal mucosal cytoprotectant oral regimen of misoprostol
Authors: JACOBSON C. C. , SERTICH P. L. , MC DONNELL S. M. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryReasons for performing study:To investigate effects of a 5‐day oral misoprostol regimen recommended for use in horses as a gastrointestinal mucosal cytoprotectant during colic on mid‐gestation pregnancies.Objectives:To monitor cervical tone, ultrasonographic characteristics of the uterus, cervix and conceptus, as well as serum progesterone and oestrone sulphate concentrations, and observations of general health, behaviour and comfort of mid‐gestation mares given a 5‐day course of misoprostol or control treatment.Methods:Eleven light horse and pony mares with known breeding dates were administered 5 µg/kg bwt misoprostol orally, twice daily for 5 days. General health and pregnancy status were monitored daily during treatment via general physical examination, as well as palpation and ultrasonographyper rectumof the uterus, cervix and conceptus. Jugular serum was obtained during and for 5 days following treatment for assay of progesterone and oestrone sulphate concentrations. Additionally, daily 12 h video samples of the mares were obtained to evaluate behaviour and comfort.Results:All findings, including cervical tone, ultrasonographic characteristics of the uterus, cervix and conceptus, as well as progesterone and oestrone sulphate concentrations, and observations of general health, behaviour and comfort, were similar during misoprostol and control treatment.Conclusions:Treatment of pregnant mares with a gastrointestinal mucosal cytoprotectant regimen of oral misoprostol for 5 days did not disrupt pregnancy, nor adversely affect the general health and comfort of these mares. Additional investigation of treatment at earlier and later stages of gestation, for longer‐term treatment, as well as evaluating neonates for developmental disturbances, would add further information on safety of misoprostol during gestation.Potential relevance:These results provide some assurance of safety of a 5‐day gastrointestinal mucosal cytopretectant regimen of oral misprostol in mid‐gestation pregnant mares.
Completeness map evaluation demonstrated with candidate next‐generation cardiac CT architectures
Authors: Liu Baodong , Bennett James , Wang Ge , De Man Bruno , Zeng Kai , Yin Zhye , Fitzgerald Paul , Yu Hengyong 
Published: April 2012

Purpose: In this report, the authors introduce the general concept of the completeness map, as a means to evaluate the completeness of data acquired by a given CT system design (architecture and scan mode). They illustrate the utility of completeness map by applying the completeness map concept to a number of candidate CT system designs, as part of a study to advance the state‐of‐the‐art in cardiac CT.Methods: In order to optimally reconstruct a point within a volume of interest (VOI), the Radon transform on all possible planes through that point should be measured. The authors quantified the extent to which this ideal condition is satisfied for the entire image volume. They first determined a Radon completeness number for each point in the VOI, as the percentage of possible planes that is actually measured. A completeness map is then defined as a 3D matrix of the completeness numbers for the entire VOI. The authors proposed algorithms to analyze the projection datasets in Radon space and compute the completeness number for a fixed point and apply these algorithms to various architectures and scan modes that they are evaluating. In this report, the authors consider four selected candidate architectures, operating with different scan modes, for a total of five system design alternatives. Each of these alternatives is evaluated using completeness map.Results: If the detector size and cone angle are large enough to cover the entire cardiac VOI, a single‐source circular scan can have ≥99% completeness over the entire VOI. However, only the central z‐slice can be exactly reconstructed, which corresponds to 100% completeness. For a typical single‐source architecture, if the detector is limited to an axial dimension of 40 mm, a helical scan needs about five rotations to form an exact reconstruction region covering the cardiac VOI, while a triple‐source helical scan only requires two rotations, leading to a 2.5x improvement in temporal resolution. If the source and detector of an inverse‐geometry (IGCT) system have the same axial extent, and the spacing of source points in the axial and transaxial directions is sufficiently small, the IGCT can also form an exact reconstruction region for the cardiac VOI. If the VOI can be covered by the x‐ray beam in any view, a composite‐circling scan can generate an exact reconstruction region covering the VOI.Conclusions: The completeness map evaluation provides useful information for selecting the next‐generation cardiac CT system design. The proposed completeness map method provides a practical tool for analyzing complex scanning trajectories, where the theoretical image quality for some complex system designs is impossible to predict, without yet‐undeveloped reconstruction algorithms.
Epidemiology of and Diagnostic Strategies for Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Robert-Gangneux Florence , Dardé Marie-Laure 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARYThe apicomplexan parasiteToxoplasma gondiiwas discovered a little over 100 years ago, but knowledge of its biological life cycle and its medical importance has grown in the last 40 years. This obligate intracellular parasite was identified early as a pathogen responsible for congenital infection, but its clinical expression and the importance of reactivations of infections in immunocompromised patients were recognized later, in the era of organ transplantation and HIV infection. Recent knowledge of host cell-parasite interactions and of parasite virulence has brought new insights into the comprehension of the pathophysiology of infection. In this review, we focus on epidemiological and diagnostic aspects, putting them in perspective with current knowledge of parasite genotypes. In particular, we provide critical information on diagnostic methods according to the patient's background and discuss the implementation of screening tools for congenital toxoplasmosis according to health policies.
Epithelial Cell Responses to Infection with Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Stanley Margaret A. 
Published: April 2012

SUMMARY

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection of the genital tract is common in young sexually active individuals, the majority of whom clear the infection without overt clinical disease. Most of those who do develop benign lesions eventually mount an effective cell-mediated immune (CMI) response, and the lesions regress. Regression of anogenital warts is accompanied histologically by a CD4
+
T cell-dominated Th1 response; animal models support this and provide evidence that the response is modulated by antigen-specific CD4
+
T cell-dependent mechanisms. Failure to develop an effective CMI response to clear or control infection results in persistent infection and, in the case of the oncogenic HPVs, an increased probability of progression to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma. Effective evasion of innate immune recognition seems to be the hallmark of HPV infections. The viral infectious cycle is exclusively intraepithelial: there is no viremia and no virus-induced cytolysis or cell death, and viral replication and release are not associated with inflammation. HPV globally downregulates the innate immune signaling pathways in the infected keratinocyte. Proinflammatory cytokines, particularly the type I interferons, are not released, and the signals for Langerhans cell (LC) activation and migration, together with recruitment of stromal dendritic cells and macrophages, are either not present or inadequate. This immune ignorance results in chronic infections that persist over weeks and months. Progression to high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia with concomitant upregulation of the E6 and E7 oncoproteins is associated with further deregulation of immunologically relevant molecules, particularly chemotactic chemokines and their receptors, on keratinocytes and endothelial cells of the underlying microvasculature, limiting or preventing the ingress of cytotoxic effectors into the lesions. Recent evidence suggests that HPV infection of basal keratinocytes requires epithelial wounding followed by the reepithelization of wound healing. The wound exudate that results provides a mechanistic explanation for the protection offered by serum neutralizing antibody generated by HPV L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines.
Genome Sequence of the Model Hyperthermophilic Archaeon Thermococcus litoralis NS-C
Authors: Gardner Andrew F. , Kumar Sanjay , Perler Francine B. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

The hyperthermophilic archaeon
Thermococcus litoralis
strain NS-C, first isolated in 1985, has been a foundational organism for archaeal research in biocatalysis, DNA replication, metabolism, and the discovery of inteins. Here, we present the genome sequence of
T. litoralis
with a focus on the replication machinery and inteins.
Sequence and Annotation of Rickettsia sibirica sibirica Genome
Authors: Sentausa Erwin , El Karkouri Khalid , Robert Catherine , Raoult Didier , Fournier Pierre-Edouard 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Rickettsia sibirica sibirica
is the causative agent of Siberian or North Asian tick typhus, a tick-borne rickettsiosis known to exist in Siberia and eastern China. Here we present the draft genome of
Rickettsia sibirica sibirica
strain BJ-90 isolated from
Dermacentor sinicus
ticks collected in Beijing, China.
Shotgun Genome Sequence of the Large Purple Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodospirillum photometricum DSM122
Authors: Duquesne K. , Sturgis James N. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Here, we present the shotgun genome sequence of the purple photosynthetic bacterium
Rhodospirillum photometricum
DSM122. The photosynthetic apparatus of this bacterium has been particularly well studied by microscopy. The knowledge of the genome of this oversize bacterium will allow us to compare it with the other purple bacterial organisms to follow the evolution of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Genome Sequence of Strain HIMB55, a Novel Marine Gammaproteobacterium of the OM60/NOR5 Clade
Authors: Huggett Megan J. , Rappé Michael S. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Strain HIMB55 is a phylogenetically unique member of the OM60/NOR5 clade of the
Gammaproteobacteria
isolated from coastal seawater of Kaneohe Bay on the northeastern shore of Oahu, Hawaii, by extinction culturing in seawater-based oligotrophic medium. Here we present the genome sequence of strain HIMB55, including genes for bacteriochlorophyll-based phototrophy.
Genome Sequence of the Polyhydroxybutyrate Producer Pseudomonas extremaustralis, a Highly Stress-Resistant Antarctic Bacterium
Authors: Tribelli Paula M. , Raiger Iustman Laura J. , Catone Mariela V. , Di Martino Carla , Revale Santiago , Méndez Beatriz S. , López Nancy I. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas extremaustralis
14-3b presents genes involved in the synthesis of different polyhydroxyalkanoates, in tolerance and degradation of pollutants, and in microaerobic metabolism. Several genomic islands were detected. Genetic machinery could contribute to the adaptability to stressful conditions. This is the first genome sequence reported from a
Pseudomonas
isolated from cold environments.
Draft Genome Sequence of Rhizobium sp. Strain PDO1-076, a Bacterium Isolated from Populus deltoides
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Klingeman Dawn M. , Lu Tse-Yuan S. , Johnson Courtney M. , Utturkar Sagar M. , Land Miriam L. , Schadt Christopher W. , Doktycz Mitchel J. , Pelletier Dale A. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Rhizobium
sp. strain PDO1-076 is a plant-associated bacterium isolated from
Populus deltoides
, and its draft genome sequence is reported.
Draft Genome Sequence of the Anaerobic, Nitrate-Dependent, Fe(II)-Oxidizing Bacterium Pseudogulbenkiania ferrooxidans Strain 2002
Authors: Byrne-Bailey Kathryne G. , Weber Karrie A. , Coates John D. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Pseudogulbenkiania ferrooxidans
strain 2002 was isolated as a lithoautotrophic, Fe(II)-oxidizing, nitrate-reducing bacterium. Phylogenetically, it is in a clade within the family
Neisseriaceae
in the order
Nessieriales
of the class
Betaproteobacteria
. It is anticipated that comparative genomic analysis of this strain with other nitrate-dependent, Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria will aid in the elucidation of the genetics and biochemistry underlying this critically important geochemical metabolism.
Genome Sequence of a Salinibacterium sp. Isolated from Antarctic Soil
Authors: Shin Seung Chul , Kim Su Jin , Ahn Do Hwan , Lee Jong Kyu , Lee Hyoungseok , Lee Jungeun , Hong Soon Gyu , Lee Yung Mi , Park Hyun 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

The draft genome of
Salinibacterium
sp. PAMC 21357, isolated from permafrost soil of Antarctica, was determined. Here we present a 3.1-Mb draft genome sequence of
Salinibacterium
sp. that could provide further insight into the genetic determination of its cold-adaptive properties.
Genome Sequence of the Invasive Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serotype Enteritidis Strain LA5
Authors: Grépinet Olivier , Rossignol Aurore , Loux Valentin , Chiapello Hélène , Gendrault Annie , Gibrat Jean-François , Velge Philippe , Virlogeux-Payant Isabelle 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
serotype Enteritidis is one of the major causes of gastroenteritis in humans due to consumption of poultry derivatives. Here we report the whole-genome sequence and annotation, including the virulence plasmid, of
S.
Enteritidis LA5, which is a chicken isolate used by numerous laboratories in virulence studies.
Whole-Genome Sequences of Bacillus subtilis and Close Relatives
Authors: Earl Ashlee M. , Eppinger Mark , Fricke W. Florian , Rosovitz M. J. , Rasko David A. , Daugherty Sean , Losick Richard , Kolter Roberto , Ravel Jacques 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

We sequenced four strains of
Bacillus subtilis
and the type strains for two closely related species,
Bacillus vallismortis
and
Bacillus mojavensis
. We report the high-quality Sanger genome sequences of
B. subtilis
subspecies
subtilis
RO-NN-1 and AUSI98,
B. subtilis
subspecies
spizizenii
TU-B-10
T
and DV1-B-1,
Bacillus mojavensis
RO-H-1
T
, and
Bacillus vallismortis
DV1-F-3
T
.
Performance of the Roche LightCycler Real-Time PCR Assay for Diagnosing Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Gous N. , Scott L. E. , Wong E. , Omar T. , Venter W. D. F. , Stevens W. 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

The Roche LightCycler mycobacterium detection molecular assay for
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
,
M. avium
, and
M. kansasii
, was applied to tissue specimens. It performed well on lymph node and cerebrospinal fluid specimens and less well on lung, liver, and bone marrow core biopsy specimens, but used in conjunction with a clinical suspicion of tuberculosis, it could augment patient management.
Characterization of a Novel Bipartite Double-Stranded RNA Mycovirus Conferring Hypovirulence in the Phytopathogenic Fungus Botrytis porri
Authors: Wu Mingde , Jin Fengyin , Zhang Jing , Yang Long , Jiang Daohong , Li Guoqing 
Published: April 2012

ABSTRACT

The ascomycete
Botrytis porri
causes clove rot and leaf blight of garlic worldwide. We report here the biological and molecular features of a novel bipartite double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) mycovirus named

B

otrytis

p

orri
R
NA
v
irus 1 (BpRV1) from the hypovirulent strain GarlicBc-72 of
B. porri
. The BpRV1 genome comprises two dsRNAs, dsRNA-1 (6,215 bp) and dsRNA-2 (5,879 bp), which share sequence identities of 62 and 95% at the 3′- and 5′-terminal regions, respectively. Two open reading frames (ORFs), ORF I (dsRNA-1) and ORF II (dsRNA-2), were detected. The protein encoded by the 3′-proximal coding region of ORF I shows sequence identities of 19 to 23% with RNA-dependent RNA polymerases encoded by viruses in the families
Totiviridae
,
Chrysoviridae
, and
Megabirnaviridae
. However, the proteins encoded by the 5′-proximal coding region of ORF I and by the entire ORF II lack sequence similarities to any reported virus proteins. Phylogenetic analysis showed that BpRV1 belongs to a separate clade distinct from those of other known RNA mycoviruses. Purified virions of ∼35 nm in diameter encompass dsRNA-1 and dsRNA-2, and three structural proteins (SPs) of 70, 80, and 85 kDa, respectively. Peptide mass fingerprinting analysis revealed that the 80- and 85-kDa SPs are encoded by ORF I, while the 70-kDa SP is encoded by ORF II. Introducing BpRV1 purified virions into the virulent strain GarlicBc-38 of
B. porri
caused derivative 38T reduced mycelial growth and hypovirulence. These combined results suggest that BpRV1 is a novel bipartite dsRNA virus that possibly belongs to a new virus family.
How reliable are clinical systems in the UK NHS? A study of seven NHS organisations
Authors: Burnett Susan , Franklin Bryony Dean , Moorthy Krishna , Cooke Matthew W , Vincent Charles 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundIt is well known that many healthcare systems have poor reliability; however, the size and pervasiveness of this problem and its impact has not been systematically established in the UK. The authors studied four clinical systems: clinical information in surgical outpatient clinics, prescribing for hospital inpatients, equipment in theatres, and insertion of peripheral intravenous lines. The aim was to describe the nature, extent and variation in reliability of these four systems in a sample of UK hospitals, and to explore the reasons for poor reliability.MethodsSeven UK hospital organisations were involved; each system was studied in three of these. The authors took delivery of the systems' intended outputs to be a proxy for the reliability of the system as a whole. For example, for clinical information, 100% reliability was defined as all patients having an agreed list of clinical information available when needed during their appointment. Systems factors were explored using semi-structured interviews with key informants. Common themes across the systems were identified.ResultsOverall reliability was found to be between 81% and 87% for the systems studied, with significant variation between organisations for some systems: clinical information in outpatient clinics ranged from 73% to 96%; prescribing for hospital inpatients 82–88%; equipment availability in theatres 63–88%; and availability of equipment for insertion of peripheral intravenous lines 80–88%. One in five reliability failures were associated with perceived threats to patient safety. Common factors causing poor reliability included lack of feedback, lack of standardisation, and issues such as access to information out of working hours.ConclusionsReported reliability was low for the four systems studied, with some common factors behind each. However, this hides significant variation between organisations for some processes, suggesting that some organisations have managed to create more reliable systems. Standardisation of processes would be expected to have significant benefit.
TOWARDS NEW MEMBRANE FLOW FROM DE WIT–NICOLAI CONSTRUCTION
Authors: AHN CHANGHYUN , PAENG JINSUB , WOO KYUNGSUNG 
Published: April 2012

The internal 4-form field strengths with 7-dimensional indices have been constructed by de Wit and Nicolai in 1986. They are determined by the following six quantities: the 56-bein of 4-dimensional ${\mathcal N} = 8$ gauged supergravity, the Killing vectors on the round seven-sphere, the covariant derivative acting on these Killing vectors, the warp factor, the field strengths with 4-dimensional indices and the 7-dimensional metric. In this paper, by projecting out the remaining mixed 4-form field strengths in an SU(8) tensor that appears in the variation of spin-½ fermionic sector, we also write down them explicitly in terms of some of the above quantities. For the known critical points, the ${\mathcal N} = 8$ $SO(8)$ point and the nonsupersymmetric SO(7)+ point, we reproduce the corresponding 11-dimensional uplifts by computing the full nonlinear expressions. Moreover, we find out the 11-dimensional lift of the nonsupersymmetric SO(7)+ invariant flow. We decode their implicit formula for the first time and the present work will provide how to obtain the new supersymmetric or nonsupersymmetric membrane flows in 11 dimensions.
PREDICTION OF ACOUSTIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN A SHALLOW WATER CONFIGURATION USING THE METHOD OF FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTIONS
Authors: COSTA E. G. A. , GODINHO L. , PEREIRA A. , SANTIAGO J. A. F. 
Published: April 2012

An efficient and accurate numerical frequency domain formulation is proposed to investigate the 2D acoustic wave propagation within a shallow water region with a rigid bottom and a free surface. The proposed configuration combines different regions that have either a sloping or a flat rigid bottom.The numerical approach used here is based on the method of fundamental solutions (MFS). In this model only the vertical interface between different regions is discretized, as the model incorporates Green's functions that take into account the free water surface and the presence of either a horizontal or sloping rigid bottom.
Mitigating Age-Related Immune Dysfunction Heightens the Efficacy of Tumor Immunotherapy in Aged Mice
Authors: Hurez Vincent , Daniel Benjamin J. , Sun Lishi , Liu Ai-Jie , Ludwig Sara M. , Kious Mark J. , Thibodeaux Suzanne R. , Pandeswara Srilakshmi , Murthy Kruthi , Livi Carolina B. , Wall Shawna , Brumlik Michael J. , Shin Tahiro , Zhang Bin , Curiel Tyler J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Although cancer tends to affect the elderly, most preclinical studies are carried out in young subjects. In this study, we developed a melanoma-specific cancer immunotherapy that shows efficacy in aged but not young hosts by mitigating age-specific tumor-associated immune dysfunction. Both young and aged CD4+CD25hi regulatory T cells (Treg) exhibited equivalent in vitro T-cell suppression and tumor-associated augmentation in numbers. However, denileukin diftitox (DT)-mediated Treg depletion improved tumor-specific immunity and was clinically effective only in young mice. DT-mediated Treg depletion significantly increased myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) numbers in aged but not young mice, and MDSC depletion improved tumor-specific immunity and reduced tumor growth in aged mice. Combining Treg depletion with anti–Gr-1 antibody was immunologically and clinically more efficacious than anti–Gr-1 antibody alone in aged B16-bearing mice, similar to Treg depletion alone in young mice. In contrast, DT increased MDSCs in young and aged mice following MC-38 tumor challenge, although effects were greater in aged mice. Anti–Gr-1 boosted DT effects in young but not aged mice. Aged antitumor immune effector cells are therefore competent to combat tumor when underlying tumor-associated immune dysfunction is appropriately mitigated, but this dysfunction varies with tumor, thus also varying responses to immunotherapy. By tailoring immunotherapy to account for age-related tumor-associated immune dysfunctions, cancer immunotherapy for aged patients with specific tumors can be remarkably improved. Cancer Res; 72(8); 2089–99. ©2012 AACR.