bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution Genomic Copy Number Profiling of Glioblastoma Multiforme by Single Nucleotide Polymorphism DNA Microarray
Authors: Yin Dong , Ogawa Seishi , Kawamata Norihiko , Tunici Patrizia , Finocchiaro Gaetano , Eoli Marica , Ruckert Christian , Huynh Thien , Liu Gentao , Kato Motohiro , Sanada Masashi , Jauch Anna , Dugas Martin , Black Keith L. , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an extremely malignant brain tumor. To identify new genomic alterations in GBM, genomic DNA of tumor tissue/explants from 55 individuals and 6 GBM cell lines were examined using single nucleotide polymorphism DNA microarray (SNP-Chip). Further gene expression analysis relied on an additional 56 GBM samples. SNP-Chip results were validated using several techniques, including quantitative PCR (Q-PCR), nucleotide sequencing, and a combination of Q-PCR and detection of microsatellite markers for loss of heterozygosity with normal copy number [acquired uniparental disomy (AUPD)]. Whole genomic DNA copy number in each GBM sample was profiled by SNP-Chip. Several signaling pathways were frequently abnormal. Either the p16(INK4A)/p15(INK4B)-CDK4/6-pRb or p14(ARF)-MDM2/4-p53 pathways were abnormal in 89% (49 of 55) of cases. Simultaneous abnormalities of both pathways occurred in 84% (46 of 55) samples. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway was altered in 71% (39 of 55) GBMs either by deletion of PTEN or amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor and/or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor/platelet-derived growth factor receptor α. Deletion of chromosome 6q26-27 often occurred (16 of 55 samples). The minimum common deleted region included PARK2, PACRG, QKI, and PDE10A genes. Further reverse transcription Q-PCR studies showed that PARK2 expression was decreased in another collection of GBMs at a frequency of 61% (34 of 56) of samples. The 1p36.23 region was deleted in 35% (19 of 55) of samples. Notably, three samples had homozygous deletion encompassing this site. Also, a novel internal deletion of a putative tumor suppressor gene, LRP1B, was discovered causing an aberrant protein. AUPDs occurred in 58% (32 of 55) of the GBM samples and five of six GBM cell lines. A common AUPD was found at chromosome 17p13.3-12 (included p53 gene) in 13 of 61 samples and cell lines. Single-strand conformational polymorphism and nucleotide sequencing showed that 9 of 13 of these samples had homozygous p53 mutations, suggesting that mitotic recombination duplicated the abnormal p53 gene, probably providing a growth advantage to these cells. A significantly shortened survival time was found in patients with 13q14 (RB) deletion or 17p13.1 (p53) deletion/AUPD. Taken together, these results suggest that this technique is a rapid, robust, and inexpensive method to profile genome-wide abnormalities in GBM.(Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(5):665–77)
Nanoliposomal Short-Chain Ceramide Inhibits Agonist-Dependent Translocation of Neurotensin Receptor 1 to Structured Membrane Microdomains in Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Heakal Yasser , Kester Mark 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Neurotensin (NTS) receptor 1 (NTSR1) is a G protein–coupled receptor that has been recently identified as a mediator of tumorigenicity and metastasis. NTSR1, as well as its endogenous ligand, NTS, are coexpressed in several breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer tumor samples but not in normal breast tissue. We have previously published that ceramide mimetics could inhibit breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Thus, understanding the biochemical and biophysical regulation of NTSR1 by ceramide can help further define NTSR1 as a novel target in breast cancer. Our results show that nanoliposomal formulations of ceramide inhibit NTSR1-mediated MDA-MB-231 breast cancer progression (mitogenesis, migration, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity). In addition, liposomal ceramide inhibited NTSR1-mediated, but not phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate–mediated, activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Mechanistically, nanoliposomal short-chain ceramide reduces NTSR1 interaction with Gαq/11 subunits within structured membrane microdomains, consistent with diminished NTS-induced translocation of NTSR1 into membrane microdomains. Collectively, our findings suggest that exogenous short-chain ceramide has the potential to be used as an adjuvant therapy to inhibit NTS-dependent breast cancer progression. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7(5):724–34)
Television, Religious Objects and Secularism
Authors: Bahar Mehri 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe major claim of this paper concerns the following question: 'Do the religious tools and symbols presented in the media lose their holiness at the time when they are being represented in the media?' To answer this question I propose that we should consider the media as a new creation of text for religion. Of course, we have to consider the capacities and meaning of media and religion when it arrives in the media. In other words, we should accept that the level of discourse and function of the media (whether religious or other types of media) in presenting a religious ceremony directed towards a series of spiritual values, and occasionally the values which are shown on the screens or through T.V. programmes are not the same as a religious ceremony performed outside the media area as, for example, in a mosque. Two main phenomena are important in each religious ceremony: sacred space and sacred time. It seems that in media these two are lost by the new atmosphere of the media. In this article we consider what is the religious media, and the traits and the nature of religious media. In order to discuss this concept, importance is put on three main concepts in the media. We try to say that media could present a new possibility and present religious experience for its audiences. Many of the ideas of Hoover and Eliade, even ones not mentioned in this study, are important for the study.
Policy of Religious Media in Iran: Interactive, Dynamic and Convergent System of Religious Communication
Authors: Bahonar Nasser 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe presenting of religion has been indebted to traditional media for centuries. The presence of mass media, especially Radio and Television, in the twentieth century makes it possible to transfer messages to large groups of addressees. This important situation has caused groups and official religious organizations, from eighty years ago, to take great measures in this respect by using electronic media. During the pre-history of Islam and afterward, Iran has always been challenged with crises of the legitimating of communication. The penetration of the Islamic belief among people is caused by traditional Islamic communication, and the legitimacy of Islamic leaders also assigns a legitimacy for the modern media. Whereas governments in the history of Iran have never had a religious and politic legitimacy among people so the communications system of Iran has been abandoned from media convergence. The Islamic Republic of Iran is experiencing a convergence in traditional and modern communications for the first time. Lack of scientific research and a shortage of religious literature in broadcasting make for continual disorder in the process of policy-making for the planning of the religious medium. In this article the writer benefits from the result of two researches conducted in Iran, in the field of religious media, and analyses the content of religious programmes of television followed by the presentation of a theoretic view in making for a desired religious media policy in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Media and Public Sphere in Iran
Authors: Dehghan Ali Reza 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Habermasian notion of the public sphere is an independent area free of government intervention. In the Iranian case, the ownership and management of radio and television is with the government. Therefore, no programme can harshly criticise basic government policies. There are news sections, news reports, political commentaries, and interviews with political experts, first, second, or third ranked politicians and government officials, or even interviews with the public in which administrative inefficiencies, commodity shortages and even people's complaints and grievances are discussed. However, television productions, whether political, economic or cultural, cannot be oppositional. To change national television from being (mostly) propagandistic in nature to more public sphere in orientation needs time and more economic and political changes. Unlike television, in Iran we do not categorize the function of newspapers as a monologtype or one-way communication. Reformist papers do present alternative political and economic views. Nonetheless, financial and political problems such as opposing expectations and demands from readers and the judiciary system, low readership figures, a limited advertising market, and the shortage of imported and domestically produced paper prevent them from functioning as an effective and influential part of the Iranian public sphere. Recently, however, there have been some changes in the broadcast policy of Iranian television in terms of more channels, more dialog-type content, and an apparently non-biased and neutral position regarding reformists and conservatives. To assess how this new policy may change national television from (mostly) a propaganda type to a public sphere type requires more time and reliable evidence still not available.
Liturgy and Justice
Authors: Burns Stephen 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article charts a number of pathways in exploring the relationship between liturgy and justice. Liturgy is presented as 'public service' that to a greater or lesser extent, in different church styles, embraces texts, the arts and a range of other symbolic and kinaesthetic media. Aspects of each of these are examined in order to highlight both ambiguities and promise in liturgical data's promotion of justice.
Bringing a Dispute Concerning ICSID Cases and the ICSID Convention Before the International Court of Justice
Authors: Vannieuwenhuyse Gauthier 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe relationship between the ICSID and the ICJ was contemplated from the beginning of the drafting of the ICSID Convention. The ICSID Convention contains two mechanisms that regulate the legal framework of this relationship. First, a clause providing for the ICJ's jurisdiction in case of a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the convention is included in Article 64 of the ICSID. This mechanism has never been used by any States. However, some controversial issues such as the scope of power of annulment committees or the denunciation of the ICSID Convention may have crucial consequences in the settlement of investment disputes. Thus, some States may have an interest in using this mechanism. Besides, the relationship between the ICSID and the ICJ may be analyzed with regard to the mechanism of diplomatic protection that can be exercised in the case of non-compliance with an ICSID award according to Article 27 of the ICSID Convention.
Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation: Promises and Uncertainties
Authors: de Wert Guido , Olsthoorn-Heim Els 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCancer in children and young adults is increasingly being cured by operations, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. However, one of the serious side effects of these treatments is the risk of damage to fertility. Whereas the most important goal used to be survival, now increasing attention is being paid to the quality of life in the long term, thanks to the success of these treatments. Infertility affects the quality of life. In post-pubescent boys and men semen can be frozen for later use prior to treatment that harms the spermatogenesis. In girls and young women the solution for reduced fertility or infertility after ovary damaging treatment, may consist of the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue prior to this treatment. At a later stage a decision can be made to transplant this ovarian tissue into the patient or to follow an IVF procedure. There are important normative questions regarding this experimental treatment. The main question is, whether it may be introduced in health care as a regular treatment or should be subject to medical research first. In the Netherlands, a working party of both doctors and ethical, legal and psychological experts recommended to carry out proper research before introducing ovarian tissue cryopreservation in regular health care. This article is meant to elucidate this policy and, including some relevant updates, thus to contribute to the discussion on this question in other European countries.
The European Economic Area Agreement: A Case of Legal Pluralism
Authors: Harbo Tor-Inge 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn the article the author discusses the European Economic Area (EEA) Agreement in light of theories of constitutional and legal pluralism. The author begins with a presentation of the EEA Agreement and compares it with the European Union (EU) legal order. It is pointed out that one of the differences between the two legal regimes is the fact that the EU law principle of direct effect is not applicable in EEA law. Since there is no provision in the EEA Agreement which hinders the establishment of direct effect in EEA law, the author seeks to find the deeper explanation for the rejection of the principle. This leads into an elaboration of the pragmatic concept of law. An important feature of this concept of law is the dominant role of the will of the legislator. This constitutional set-up is also reflected in the concept of sovereignty, which is one leading rational of the EEA Agreement. Being in the squeeze between the two rationalities of the EEA Agreement: sovereignty and homogeneity, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) Court has been willing to take into consideration contextual particularities. This contextual or legal pluralistic approach is a result of an implicit and explicit judicial dialogue, which secures the legitimacy of the EFTA Court and the EEA Agreement.
Accumulation of cortical lesions in MS: relation with cognitive impairment
Authors: Roosendaal SD , Moraal B , Pouwels PJW , Vrenken H , Castelijns JA , Barkhof F , Geurts JJG 
Published: May 2009

Background Gray matter (GM) lesions are frequently found in multiple sclerosis (MS) and their in-vivo detection has been improved using new magnetic resonance imaging sequences, such as double inversion recovery (DIR). However, little is known about progression of GM lesions over time. Objective To study the longitudinal behavior of GM lesions and to explore their relation to cognitive impairment in MS. Methods DIR images were acquired from 13 MS patients and seven healthy controls at two time points with a median interval of 3 years. At follow-up, all subjects underwent cognitive testing. Lesions were classified as white matter, cortical or hippocampal lesions. Results In patients, median cortical lesion number had increased from 18 to 26 at follow-up ( P = 0.01), median white matter (WM) lesion number had increased from 56 to 65 ( P = 0.02), and no significant increase over time was found for hippocampal lesions. Cortical lesion number at follow-up was significantly higher in secondary progressive (SP) than in relapsing-remitting patients. Significant relations were found between cortical and WM lesion number at follow-up on the one hand and visuospatial memory and processing speed on the other hand. Hippocampal lesion number was related to visuospatial memory. Conclusion Cortical lesions increase significantly over a 3-year time period, are most frequent in SP patients, and are associated with cognitive impairment.
Occurrence of acute large and edematous callosal lesions in neuromyelitis optica
Authors: Nakamura M , Misu T , Fujihara K , Miyazawa I , Nakashima I , Takahashi T , Watanabe S , Itoyama Y 
Published: May 2009

Background The corpus callosum is commonly involved in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the characteristics of callosal lesions in neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are unknown. Objective To reveal the features of callosal lesions in NMO in comparison to MS. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and the brain magnetic resonance imaging films of 56 patients with MS and 22 patients with NMO. Results In MS, 36 (64.3%) of 56 patients had callosal lesions, but only four patients had acute lesions. All such acute lesions were small, isolated and non-edematous, and the intensity was homotonic. Chronic lesions were observed in 34 patients with MS, and 32 (94%) of them presented small lesions located at the callosal lower margin (“hemi-oval pattern”). Meanwhile, four (18.2%) patients with NMO had callosal lesions, and three of them had acute lesions. Those acute lesions were multiple, large edematous ones with heterogeneous intensity (“marbled pattern”). In the chronic stage, the lesions shrank or disappeared. Conclusions Acute large, edematous callosal lesions occasionally occur in NMO. Similar to longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, such callosal lesions may reflect severe edematous inflammation in NMO, and may provide additional evidence that the pathogenesis in NMO is different from that in MS.
Magnetization transfer ratio abnormalities reflect clinically relevant grey matter damage in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Fisniku LK , Altmann DR , Cercignani M , Tozer DJ , Chard DT , Jackson JS , Miszkiel KA , Schmierer K , Thompson AJ , Miller DH 
Published: May 2009

Background In multiple sclerosis, grey matter (GM) damage appears more clinically relevant than either white matter damage or lesion load. Objective We investigated if normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and grey matter tissue changes assessed by magnetization transfer ratio were associated with long-term disability. Methods Sixty-nine people were assessed 20 years after presentation with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) [28 still CIS, 31 relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, 10 secondary progressive multiple sclerosis], along with 19 healthy subjects. Mean magnetization transfer ratio, peak height (PH) and peak location of the normalized magnetization transfer ratio histograms were determined in NAWM and grey matter, as well as, white matter and GM Fraction (GMF) and T2-weighted lesion load. Results Median expanded disability status scale for multiple sclerosis patients was 2.5 (range 1–8). GM-PH, and less so, NAWM mean and peak location, were lower in multiple sclerosis patients ( P = 0.009) versus controls, relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis versus CIS ( P = 0.008) and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis versus relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis ( P = 0.002). GM-PH (as well as GMF) correlated with expanded disability status scale ( rs = −0.49; P = 0.001) and multiple sclerosis functional score ( rs = 0.51; P = 0.001). GM-PH independently predicted disability with similar strength to the associations of GMF with clinical measures. Conclusion Grey matter damage was related to long-term disability in multiple sclerosis cohort with a relatively low median expanded disability status scale. Markers of intrinsic grey matter damage (magnetization transfer ratio) and tissue loss offer clinically relevant information in multiple sclerosis.
TCF/β-catenin plays an important role in HCCR-1 oncogene expression
Authors: Cho Goang-Won , Kim Mi-Hwa , Kim Seung Hyun , Ha Seon-Ah , Kim Hyun Kee , Kim Sanghee , Kim Jin W 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
Oncogene HCCR-1 functions as a negative regulator of the p53 and contributes to tumorigenesis of various human tissues. However, it is unknown how HCCR-1 contributes to the cellular and biochemical mechanisms of human tumorigenesis.

Results
In this study, we showed how the expression of HCCR-1 is modulated. The luciferase activity assay indicated that the HCCR-1 5'-flanking region at positions -166 to +30 plays an important role in HCCR-1 promoter activity. Computational analysis of this region identified two consensus sequences for the T-cell factor (TCF) located at -26 to -4 (Tcf1) and -136 to -114 (Tcf2). Mutation at the Tcf1 site led to a dramatic decrease in promoter activity. Mobility shift assays (EMSA) revealed that nuclear proteins bind to the Tcf1 site, but not to the Tcf2 site. LiCl, Wnt signal activator by GSK-3β inhibition, significantly increased reporter activities in wild-type Tcf1-containing constructs, but were without effect in mutant Tcf1-containing constructs in HEK/293 cells. In addition, endogenous HCCR-1 expression was also increased by treatment with GSK-3β inhibitor, LiCl or AR-A014418 in HEK/293 and K562 cells. Finally, we also observed that the transcription factor, TCF, and its cofactor, β-catenin, bound to the Tcf1 site.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that the Tcf1 site on the HCCR-1 promoter is a major element regulating HCCR-1 expression and abnormal stimulation of this site may induce various human cancers.
Parental origin of chromosomes influences crossover activity within the Kcnq1 transcriptionally imprinted domain of Mus musculus
Authors: Ng Siemon H , Madeira Rose , Parvanov Emil D , Petros Lorin M , Petkov Petko M , Paigen Kenneth 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
Among the three functions of DNA, mammalian replication and transcription can be subject to epigenetic imprinting specified by the parental origin of chromosomes, and although there is suggestive indication that this is also true for meiotic recombination, no definitive evidence has yet been reported.

Results
We have now obtained such evidence on mouse chromosome 7 by assaying meiotic recombination as it occurs in reciprocal F1 mice. A 166 kb region near the Kcnq1 transcriptionally imprinted domain showed significantly higher recombination activity in the CAST×B6 parental direction (p < 0.03). Characterizing hotspots within this domain revealed a cluster of three hotspots lying within a 100 kb span, among these hotspots, Slc22a18 showed a definitive parent of origin effect on recombination frequency (p < 0.02). Comparing recombination activity in the mouse Kcnq1 and neighboring H19-Igf2 imprinted domains with their human counterparts, we found that elevated recombination activity in these domains is a consequence of their chromosomal position relative to the telomere and not an intrinsic characteristic of transcriptionally imprinted domains as has been previously suggested.

Conclusion
Similar to replication and transcription, we demonstrate that meiotic recombination can be subjected to epigenetic imprinting and hotspot activity can be influenced by the parental origin of chromosomes. Furthermore, transcriptionally imprinted regions exhibiting elevated recombination activity are likely a consequence of their chromosomal location rather than their transcriptional characteristic.