bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Properties of Edible Basidiomycete Phellinus igniarius in Submerged Cultures
Authors: Lung Ming Yeou , Tsai Jie Chung , Huang Ping Chang 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT:  Dried mycelia and mycelia‐free broths produced by submerged cultures of Phellinus igniarius under optimal culture conditions were extracted using methanol and hot water and investigated for antioxidant properties. Methanolic extracts from dried mycelia (MEM) and mycelia‐free broth (MEB) showed significant antioxidant properties for all EC50 values less than 10 mg/mL except for MEB in scavenging effects on DPPH radicals. Hot water extracts from dried mycelia (HWEM) were evidenced by their low EC50 values (<10 mg/mL) to be effective in reducing power, chelating effect on ferrous ions, and scavenging effect on superoxide anions. α‐tocopherol was mainly found in MEM and γ‐tocopherol in MEB. Ascorbic acid and total flavonoids were abundant in methanolic extracts (MEM + MEB), whereas total phenols were rich in HWEM. An excellent correlation between contents of total phenols and EC50 values was accomplished for antioxidant activity (R2= 0.996) and chelating ferrous ions ability (R2= 0.922).Practical Application: In our paper, the products by submerged culture of Phellinus igniarius exhibited powerful antioxidant properties. Results told that extracts from fermenting products by P. igniarius might be good sources for antioxidant‐related functional foods and pharmaceutical industries.
Compliance With the Treatment of Hypertension: The Potential of Combination Therapy
Authors: Erdine Serap 
Published: November 2009

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:40–46. ©2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Patient adherence to antihypertensive medication is vital to ensure the successful treatment of hypertension. Low levels of adherence to and persistence with prescribed therapy are major factors leading to the current poor rates of blood pressure control among patients with hypertension. There are many reasons for nonadherence to therapy including patient‐, physician‐, and therapy‐related factors. Poor tolerability has a detrimental effect on adherence, therefore reducing the apparent effectiveness of agents with dose‐dependent side effects. Various effective combination therapies are recommended by current guidelines, eg, β‐blocker plus calcium channel blocker (CCB), angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) plus thiazide diuretic, angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor plus thiazide diuretic, CCB plus thiazide diuretic, ACE inhibitor plus CCB, and ARB plus CCB, and these have the potential to increase adherence to therapy by combining a favorable tolerability profile with once‐daily dosing.
Regional Immunity of the Eye
Authors: Mochizuki Manabu 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.This article reviews molecular mechanism of intraocular inflammation in animal models and in humans, and the immunological defence system of the eye with particular attention to ocular pigment epithelium. In experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU), T lymphocytes, particularly CD4+ T lymphocytes, play a central role in its immunopathogenic mechanisms. In humans, activated CD4+ T cells also play a central role in the immunopathogenic mechanisms. This notion is demonstrated in two human diseases: one is Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada disease, and the other is human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) uveitis. Activated CD4+ T cells infiltrating the eye are harmful to vision‐related cells and tissues in the eye and cause sight‐threatening conditions. However, the eye has regional defence systems to protect itself from these harmful activated T cells. We focus on ocular pigment epithelium (PE) and demonstrate immunoregulatory activity of iris PE and retinal PE. Iris PE suppresses activated CD4+ T cells by cell‐to‐cell contact with a crucial role played by B7‐2 molecule on iris PE and CTLA4 on T cells. The actual immunosuppressive factor being membrane bound TGF‐β. In contrast, retinal PE suppresses activated CD4+ T cells by soluble factors, such as soluble TGF‐β and thrombospondin 1. In addition to the direct T‐cell suppression by ocular PE, ocular PE has the capacity to promote activated T cells to regulatory T cells and use them as a tool to amplify the immune down regulation in the eye. The molecular mechanisms of generation of T regulatory cells by iris PE and retinal PE is also discussed.
Molteno aqueous shunt as a primary surgical intervention for uveitic glaucoma: long‐term results
Authors: Vuori Marja‐Liisa 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the efficacy of Molteno aqueous shunt as a primary surgical treatment in uveitic glaucoma.Methods:  Nonrandomized, interventional, retrospective clinical study. The intraocular pressure (IOP), survival rate and complications were analyzed in 30 patients with uveitic glaucoma treated with Molteno implant.Results:  The mean follow‐up time was 59.3 ± 18.4 months. Preoperatively, the mean ± SD IOP was 32.8 ± 7.5 mmHg (range 20–48), and the mean number of medications was 3.1 ± 0.6. The mean IOP decreased significantly (p < 0.001) to 17.7 and 15 mmHg at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The mean number of medications decreased statistically significantly (p < 0.001) from the preoperative number 3.1 to 1.9 three months postoperatively. The number of medications continued to decrease significantly up to 3 years postoperatively. The qualified success rate (Kaplan–Meier estimate) was 97%, 93%, 90% and 85% at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. Two patients failed because of hypotony, two patients developed conjunctival erosion and one patient had corneal decompensation.Conclusions:  Molteno aqueous shunt as the first glaucoma procedure decreased IOP effectively in uveitic glaucoma. Even after 4 years, the survival estimate was quite high. The IOP decreased continuously during the first year after the surgery, and the medication was slowly tapered even up to 3 years postoperatively. It is suggested that it may be possible to postpone further surgical intervention during the first postoperative year after Molteno implantation even if the IOP is not quite optimal.
Conjunctival and corneal findings in bleb‐associated endophthalmitis: an in vivo confocal microscopy study
Authors: Carpineto Paolo , Agnifili Luca , Nubile Mario , Fasanella Vincenzo , Doronzo Emanuele , Mastropasqua Alessandra , Ciancaglini Marco 
Published: November 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  To report the conjunctival and corneal findings in delayed onset glaucoma filtering bleb‐associated endophthalmitis (BAE), by using in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM).Methods:  This was an observational case series. Four eyes of four glaucomatous patients who previously underwent mytomicin C augmented filtering surgery and affected with delayed onset BAE, underwent IVCM of conjunctival bleb and cornea at diagnosis, after 2 and 8 weeks of therapy. The inflammatory status of the conjunctival epithelium and sub‐epithelium was microscopically investigated. Corneal epithelial cells, stromal and endothelial morphology were also evaluated. A group of eight patients with functioning conjunctival filtering bleb was used as control.Results:  At diagnosis, a diffuse inflammatory cell infiltration within the conjunctival epithelium presenting evident microcysts was found; conversely, there were no such alterations in the sub‐epithelium. An evident stromal oedema, keratocytes activation and diffuse endothelial inflammatory precipitates were the major corneal hallmarks. After 2 weeks of therapy, besides a remarkable improvement of epithelial inflammation and an evident reduction in endothelial precipitates, dendritic cells appeared within conjunctival sub‐epithelium and corneal epithelium showed aspects of cellular disruption. After 8 weeks, the conjunctival and corneal features consistently improved, except for the endothelium which still presented high‐reflective residual precipitates.Conclusions:  In vivo confocal microscopy proved valuable in the analysis of conjunctival bleb and cornea in patients affected with delayed onset BAE, permitting an evaluation of the course of the disease, the response to therapy and the modulation of dose regimen.
Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in a rural North‐east China adult population: a population‐based survey in Bin County, Harbin
Authors: Song Wulian , Sun Xian , Shao Zhengbo , Zhou Xinrong , Kang Yang , Sui Hong , Yuan Huiping 
Published: November 2009

Acta Ophthalmol. 2010: 88: 669–674Abstract.Purpose:  To investigate the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in a rural population in north‐east China.Methods:  A population‐based study was conducted within Bin County, Harbin of north‐east China. Low vision and blindness were defined using the World Health Organization categories of visual impairment. The prevalence of visual impairment was estimated, and causes were identified based on best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) as well as presenting visual acuity (VA).Results:  Out of 5764 people, 4956 (86.01%) aged older than 40 participated in the study. The prevalence of visual impairment, low vision and blindness based on presenting VA was 9.6% (BCVA, 6.6%), 7.7% (BCVA, 4.9%) and 1.9% (BCVA, 1.7%), respectively. Taking the presenting VA, cataract (44%) was the most common cause for visual impairment followed by uncorrected refractive error (24%), treatable causes of visual impairment accounted for 68% of the total cases. Cataract (59%) and glaucoma (15%) were leading causes for blindness based on presenting VA. According to BCVA, cataract was the leading cause of visual impairment and blindness (58% and 60%, respectively), followed by glaucoma (17% and 15%, respectively). The prevalence of visual impairment was higher among women than men (p < 0.0001) and increasing with age (p < 0.0001) and decreasing with increasing education level (p = 0.0075).Conclusion:  Visual impairment was a serious public health problem in this rural population, with most of it easily remedied. Results highlighted the need for visual impairment prevention programs to an increasing number of elderly people, with a special emphasis on female and those with little or no education.
Finite Element Modeling of Remote-Field Eddy Current Problems for the
Nondestructive Testing of Metal Tube
Authors: Palanisamy R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The remote-field eddy current effect refers to a low frequency eddy current nondestructive testing (NDT) phenomenon in tubular conductors (magnetic or nonmagnetic) in which the behavior of both amplitude and phase of induced magnetic field are in apparent contradiction to the conventional eddy current theory. Equal detection sensitivity across the wall thickness, linear relationship between the output signal phase-lag and the wall thickness, and absence of the lift-off problem are some of the attractive and contradicting features of this technique. Despite its early recognition and useful application in down-hole inspection of oil-well casing, no development of adequate scientific base that could explain this phenomenon has been reported. This paper describes modeling of this phenomenon using the finite element numerical analysis technique. Amplitude and phase of the sensor coil output have been predicted using this model for different axisymmetric test geometries, material properties, and excitation frequencies.
Two-Dimensional Water-Solid Impact
Authors: Cointe R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The general problem of a two-dimensional water-solid impact is considered. The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to solve the resulting boundary value problem for small penetration depth. The first-order solution obtained extends the classical Von Ka´rma´n and Wagner theories to non-normal impact and initially curved free surfaces. It accounts for nonlinear features such as the creation of a jet at each waterline. The application of the method to the computation of the impact loads exerted by spilling breakers on a marine structure is discussed.
Expert System Technology for Capacity Planning and Productivity
Improvement
Authors: Angelides D. , Bitran G. , Papageorge Th. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An Expert System for Capacity Planning and consideration of tradeoffs in discrete Manufacturing is applied to a fabrication facility. A description of the system and its functionality is given first, followed by presentation and discussion of results from a case study. Tradeoffs between capacity, utilization, cost, lead time and work-in-process are considered, and the implication of different technologies, throughput and product mix are demonstrated. The system proves its value as a powerful tool for understanding the critical points of a given manufacturing environment, suggesting improvements and corrective actions for better productivity of an existing facility and helping in the design of a new facility.
Effect of Reynolds Number on Vibrations of Cylinders
Authors: Sumer B. M. , Fredso̸e J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study reports the results of an experimental work carried out with an elastically mounted rigid cylinder exposed to an oscillating flow. The cylinder is free to vibrate in the transverse direction. The effect of Reynolds number on the vibrations has been investigated up to Reynolds numbers of about 4 × 105. The Keulegan-Carpenter number of the experiments covers the range 10 ≤ KC ≤ 100. The range of the reduced velocity is from 0 to approximately 16 in most of the cases. The tests have been conducted with both smooth and rough cylinders. The present study demonstrates that the effect of Re number on vibrations can be substantial, depending on the surface roughness of the cylinder. The effect is most pronounced when the cylinder is smooth.
Architecture of an Expert System for Oceanographic Mooring
Design
Authors: Wood S. L. , Skop R. A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Methods for the design and analysis of oceanographic moorings are well established (Berteaux, 1976). However, as with most engineering design problems, there are certain “rules-of-thumb” or “tricks-of-the-trade” that streamline the design process and enhance the performance of the final product. These rules-of-thumb are normally known to only a small cadre of people—experts—who have deep involvement and experience in the particular engineering design problem. These rules-of-thumb and other knowledge of several experts are incorporated to develop the fundamental architecture of an expert system for the design of single-point, subsurface, oceanographic moorings. Such moorings are used worldwide to collect oceanographic and acoustic data. The projected end user of this expert system is the oceanographer or acoustician who wishes to design and/or cost out a mooring but has not the access to or support for a mooring design group.
Some Implications of a Nonlinear Viscoelastic Constitutive Theory
Regarding Interrelationships Between Creep and Strength Behavior of Ice at
Failure
Authors: Harper B. D. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This study explores several possibilities for a correspondence in the behavior of ice at failure during uniaxial creep (constant stress) and strength (constant strain rate) experiments. The usual notion of failure in ice is employed (i.e., the occurrence of a minimum strain rate during a creep test and a peak or maximum stress during a strength test), and the behavior at failure is discussed in terms of a recently proposed nonlinear viscoelastic constitutive model for ice. It is demonstrated that no correspondence between creep and strength data can be expected in general; however, several approximate interrelationships do occur for the experimentally motivated special case of a constant (independent of stress and strain rate) failure strain.
Propagation of a Hovercraft Air Cavity Under a Floating Ice
Sheet
Authors: Hinchey M. J. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
An ACIB is an air cushion device being developed in Canada for icebreaking purposes. When mated with the bow of a tugboat, the ACIB currently operational can break ice sheets about 1 m thick. During ACIB operations, the water surface directly beneath the craft is sometimes depressed below the lower edge of the ice sheet, and an air cavity is formed under the sheet. This air cavity is known to have a significant effect on the icebreaking capability of the ACIB. In a study for Transport Canada, DeHavilland Aircraft of Canada used underwater explosion theory to model its propagation. This paper shows that the explosion theory is incorrect. A more realistic theory backed up with experimental data is presented herein. The new theory is based on a theory for gravity currents developed by Benjamin.
Finite-Simulation Error Bounds for Estimated K-Year
Forces
Authors: Wang A. T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Computer simulations have been used frequently to calculate design loads associated with a specific return period for offshore structures. However, two important questions persistently confront engineers who simulate load events on computers to estimate k-year forces: 1) How accurate is the estimated k-year force (say, 100-yr force) obtained through a computer simulation of n years (e.g., n = 1000) compared to that which would result from a much longer simulation? 2) When can we stop a computer simulation? Or how many simulation years are needed to reach a specified level of reliability for a certain k-year force? This paper presents solutions to these two questions under the assumption that the input parameters are completely known and the formulas used to compute loads are one hundred percent correct. Given a confidence level C (e.g., C = 80 or 90 percent) and an arbitrary but fixed number of simulation years, a method is identified to find an estimated k-year force and an error bound α, such that Pr(|estimator−k-yearforce|&lt;α)&gt;C (1) In addition, when the required confidence C and error bound α are given, a procedure is given to stop a computer simulation as soon as inequality (1) is satisfied. These results are not dependent on the statistical distribution of the underlying force distribution. Therefore, one does not have to assume that forces are of a specific probability distribution (such as lognormal, exponential, etc.).
The Dynamics of Slack Marine Cables
Authors: Griffin O. M. , Rosenthal F. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Examples of the uses of slack cables in marine and offshore applications include deepwater moorings and the guy lines of towers and platforms. A brief summary is given of some of the important aspects of the linear theory for the vibration of horizontal and inclined slack cables. Then the important differences between the two cases are pointed out through the use of analytical and computational examples. These examples use typical methods which have been developed in recent years for predicting the dynamics of slack cables with and without arrays of attached discrete masses.
Interactive Design and Operations of Moorings
Authors: Oppenheim B. W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a stand-alone PC-based computer simulator for mooring design and operations. Both program logic and mathematics are discussed. Competing algorithms for solving several classical mooring problems are compared. The program contains a design module, static and dynamic mooring simulators, and mooring calculator modules. The design module performs an automatic optimum design of anchor deployment for any environmental condition, or allows the user to perform an interactive design. The static simulator predicts system responses in all mooring operations. The dynamic simulator is an implementation of the recent requirement of regulatory bodies for simulating slow-drifting motions of the vessel after a line failure. The calculator includes modules that compute weather forces, system stiffness, elastic catenary mechanics, and others. The program is interactive, menu-driven, and includes graphics.
Three-Dimensional Acoustic Mapping Using Small Rotating
Arrays
Authors: Bryden I. G. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper outlines the principles of a technique which might, under certain circumstances, be an alternative to conventional SONAR systems. The technique, known as auto by cross-correlation using varying delay times, is briefly outlined, and its strengths and limitations are investigated using computer simulations. To conclude, mention is made of progress in the construction and development of an ACVD acoustic array, and some possible applications suggested.
Experiments on Anisotropic and Rate-Sensitive Strain Ratio and
Modulus of Columnar-Grained Ice
Authors: Sinha Nirmal K. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Anisotropic and rate-sensitive characteristics of the ratio of lateral strain to axial strain in addition to the rate-sensitive effective modulus for columnar-grained freshwater ice and sea ice from the Arctic, have been investigated. Tests were carried out at −20°C, for conditions of no microcracking under uniaxial loads (normal to the length of the grains) in the stress rate range of 1 × 10−3 MN · m−2 s−1 to 1 × 102MN · m−2 s−1 or an equivalent strain rate range of 1 × 10−7 s−1 to 1 × 10−2 s−1. With increase in stress rate, the ratio increased from about 0.2 to 0.3 in the plane parallel to the columns, whereas it decreased from about 0.65 to 0.3 in the plane normal to the columns. A closed-loop controlled test system in association with foil gages, mounted directly on the specimen, was used. A clip-on displacement gage was used to evaluate the accuracy of the foil gages.
Ship/Ice Interaction Pressures and Energies During Ship
Ramming
Authors: Kivisild H. R. , Blanchet D. , Revill C. R. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
This paper shows that ice interaction forces and energies can be related to the characteristics of ice such as strength, stiffness and rheological properties on the one hand, and to the parameters of the impact such as impact velocity, confinement and size of the contact area on the other hand. Mohr-Coulomb relationships are used to evaluate quasi-static loads. Initiation of cracks in ice at the end of the elastic regime is part of this process. Once initiated, the cracks in the ice in their turn affect pressures at ultimate failure of ice. This process has been related to the size of the loaded area by using fracture mechanics. Dependence on strain rate has been applied. The direct effect of collision speed has received special treatment.
Fluid-Structure Interaction in Waterhammer Response of Flexible
Piping
Authors: Belytschko T. , Karabin M. , Lin J. I. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In the waterhammer analysis of piping systems, incompressible (or added mass) representations are generally used in computing the response of the piping. It is shown that this procedure is not necessarily conservative, particularly for thin-walled, flexible piping systems, and that fully coupled fluid-structure solutions can predict higher loads and stresses. A modal recovery procedure which easily permits the representation on the acoustic effects of the fluid to be included in a structural model is also presented. Results are given for both simple models and a piping system from an LMFBR design.