bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Nanomaterials: Synthetic Approaches
Authors: Tessonnier Jean‐Philippe 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGeneral Concepts on the Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)MaterialsUncatalyzed Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)MaterialsCatalyzed Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)MaterialsSynthesis from Solid PrecursorsNanodiamondsTurning Graphite into DiamondExplosive Detonation SynthesisFullerenes, Nanohorns, Single‐ and Multi‐Wall Carbon NanotubesCatalytic Chemical Vapor DepositionDefinitionsMechanistic AspectsSingle‐ and Multi‐Wall Carbon NanotubesFloating CatalystCCVDImmobilized CatalystCCVDAligned Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes Synthesized from Biocompatible CatalystsMetal‐ andPAH‐Induced Toxicity of Carbon NanotubesPurification TechniquesImportance of Defects and Curvature for Further FunctionalizationFunctionalization: Creating Anchoring Points for Bioactive MoleculesFunctionalization by OxidationFunctionalization by Coupling ReactionsNoncovalent FunctionalizationConclusion and Outlook
Nanocarbons: Characterization Tools
Authors: Su Dang Sheng 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Diffraction Techniques

Imaging

Electron Microscopy

Electron–Specimen Interactions

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Scanning Probe Microscopy

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy

Spectroscopy

Energy‐Dispersive
X
‐Ray Spectroscopy

Electron Energy‐Loss Spectroscopy

X
‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

X
‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy

Summary
Computational Tools for the Biomedical Application of Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Rakesh Leela 
Published: February 2012

AbstractSingle‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), with their versatile physico‐chemical features, have been investigated as an efficient platform for biomedical applications. The main challenges of drug design are to locate compounds that bind selectively to target receptors, but not to other receptors such that they cause adverse side effects. If dispersed properly, nanoparticles of a certain size can pass through the blood barrier to deliver drugs to a targeted site. Often, drugs are rapidly released at lower pH, as in inflammatory/diseased and tumor cells. Nanoparticles are often functionalized and unfunctionalized with nonionic surfactant polymers, with and without functionalized hydrophobic drugs bound by cleavable linker, to render them stable in suspension. In biological membranes, cholesterol and amphiphilic molecules serve as surfactants and, by design, may be used to assist nanoparticles in carrying hydrophobic drugs to targeted sites. As the experimental investigation of biocompatible surfactants, and of hydrophobic drugs and their interactions with nanoparticles, is time‐consuming and expensive, computer simulation might offer a viable means of understanding the interaction between nanoparticles (e.g., carbon nanotubes, fullerenes), drugs and biocompatible surfactants, either by covalent or noncovalent functionalization. Thus, an attempt was made to understand the various interaction properties of these complexes using computer simulation, perhaps to provide insight into the overall mechanisms and for experimental studies. The present study involved molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a system composed of branched and unbranched PEGylated lipids, with and without the covalent and noncovalent functionalization of drugs [e.g., paclitaxel (PTX) and Irinotecan (Irin)] such as cholesterols and phospholipids (the components of the living cell's membrane) to single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The behavior of these complexes in the presence of ssDNA and hormonally active vitamin D2 was also investigated. The addition of SWNTs and vitamin D2 leads to increases in the loading of PTX interaction and binding. Thus, a strategy was investigated to apply a comparative binding energy analysis of SWNTs to identify the interaction between different chemical species. The binding energy, mean square displacement, radial distribution function, angular and translational velocity autocorrelation functions of PEGylated cholesterol and phospholipid molecules are presented, and analyzed to understand the efficiency of the drug‐delivery system in the presence of SWNTs, along with an historical perspective of its merits and demerits in biomedical applications. The strong interaction between complexed PTX in the presence of vitamin D2 and SWNTs is believed to be a determinant factor in the higher loading and prolonged burst release of the drug to a targeted site.
Application of Carbon Nanotubes to Brain Tumor Therapy
Authors: Zhao Dongchang , Badie Behnam 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Current Challenge of Brain Tumor TherapyCurrent Status of Clinical Practice in Brain Tumor TherapyThe Progress of Investigational Therapies for Brain TumorsTargeted Molecular TherapyAnti‐Angiogenic TherapyImmunotherapyGene TherapyThe Characteristics ofCNTsfor Biological ApplicationsSingle‐Walled and Multi‐Walled Carbon NanotubesFunctionalization ofCNTsCovalent Surface ModificationNoncovalent Surface ModificationCNTDelivery SystemDelivery of Antibodies and PeptidesDelivery ofsiRNADelivery ofDNAMoleculesDelivery ofCpGDelivery of VaccinesDelivery of Chemical DrugsStrategies of Application ofCNTsto Brain Tumor TherapyCNTsTargeting Brain Tumor‐MacrophagesInternalization ofCNTsbyBV2 Microglia CellsIn VitroPreferential Uptake ofCNTsby Macrophages in a Glioma ModelPhosphatidylserine‐CoatedCNTsTargeting Microglia/MacrophagesCNTsTargeting Tumor Cells and Preliminary Efforts TowardsIn VivoCancer TherapyCNTsActively Targeting Tumor CellsCNTsPassively Targeting Tumor CellsCNTsThermal Effects on Tumor CellsToxicity Issues ofCNTsin Brain Tumor TherapyConclusions and Future DirectionsAcknowledgments
Stimulus‐Responsive Polymers at Nanointerfaces
Authors: Vasani Roshan , Cole Martin , Ellis Amanda V. , Voelcker Nicolas H. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTypes of Stimulus‐Responsive PolymerThermoresponsive PolymersLCSTPolymersUCSTPolymerspH‐Responsive PolymersPolycationsPolyanionsPolyzwitterionsPhotoresponsive PolymersDual and Multi‐Stimulus‐Responsive PolymersGenerating Stimulus‐Responsive InterfacesCovalent Routes“Grafting‐From” Techniques“Grafting‐To” TechniquesNoncovalent RoutesInterfacingSRPswith Flat and Porous SubstratesNanoparticles and NanotubesSilica, Metal, and Metal Oxide NanoparticlesQuantum DotsMicellesLiposomesNanotubesApplications of Stimulus‐Responsive Polymers at InterfacesControlled Drug DeliveryControl of Biointerfacial InteractionsMicrofluidic ValvesMolecular SeparationSummary and Future Perspectives
Radiopaque Polymeric Nanoparticles for
X
‐Ray Medical Imaging
Authors: Margel Shlomo , Galperin Anna , Aviv Hagit , Bartling Soenke , Kiessling Fabian 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
In this chapter we describe the synthesis of iodinated homopolymeric radiopaque nanoparticles of 28.9 ± 6.3 nm diameter prepared by emulsion polymerization of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl(2,3,5‐triiodobenzoate) (MAOETIB). These nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous continuous phase tend to agglomerate in concentration above 0.3%. The agglomeration rate increases as the concentration of the nanoparticles in the aqueous phase rises, and prevents thereby the in vivo use as contrast agent for medical X‐ray imaging. This limitation was solved by synthesis of copolymeric iodinated nanoparticles of 25.5 ± 4.2 nm diameter, via emulsion copolymerization of MAOETIB in the presence of a low concentration of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The surface of the resulting copolymeric nanoparticles is far more hydrophilic than that of the polyMAOETIB (PMAOETIB) nanoparticles. Therefore, P(MAOETIB‐GMA) nanoparticles are significantly more stable against agglomeration in aqueous continuous phase. After intravenous injection of the P(MAOETIB‐GMA) nanoparticles dispersed in 5% dextrose aqueous solution into rats and mice (including those with a liver cancer model) CT‐imaging revealed a significant enhanced visibility of the blood pool for 30 min after injection. Later, lymph nodes, liver and spleen strongly enhanced due to nanoparticles uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. This favorably enabled the differentiation of cancerous from healthy liver tissue and suggests our particles for tumor imaging in liver and lymph nodes.
Architectural and Surface Modification of Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Pettikiriarachchi Jerani T.S. , Parish Clare L. , Nisbet David R. , Forsythe John S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionTissue Engineering ScaffoldsNanofibrous ScaffoldsElectrospinningCellular Interactions with Polymeric NanofibersOptimizing Fiber and Scaffold ArchitectureFiber DiameterFiber OrientationCore–Shell FibersPore SizeLayering FibersOptimizing the Fiber SurfacePolymer BlendingCoating FibersChemical Modification of FibersPolymer Grafting onto SurfacesPlasma Treatment of FibersBiomolecule AttachmentChallenges with Fibrous Scaffolds in Tissue EngineeringSummaryFuture Perspectives
Synthesis of Interfacially Active and Magnetically Responsive Nanoparticles for Multiphase Separation Applications
Authors: Peng Junxia , Liu Qingxia , Xu Zhenghe , Masliyah Jacob 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA novel interfacially active and magnetically responsive nanoparticle is designed and prepared by direct grafting of bromoesterified ethyl cellulose (EC‐Br) onto the surface of amino‐functionalized magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles. Due to its strong interfacial activity, ethyl cellulose (EC) on the magnetic nanoparticles enables the EC‐grafted Fe3O4 (M‐EC) nanoparticles to be interfacially active. The grafting of interfacially active polymer EC on magnetic nanoparticles is confirmed by zeta‐potential measurements, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier‐transform spectroscopic (DRIFTS) characterization, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show a negligible increase in particle size, confirming the thin silica coating and grafted EC layer. The magnetization measurements show a marginal reduction in saturation magnetization by silica coating and EC grafting of original magnetic nanoparticles, confirming the presence of coatings. The M‐EC nanoparticles prepared in this study show excellent interfacial activity and highly ordered features at the oil/water interface, as confirmed using the Langmuir–Blodgett technique and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The magnetic properties of M‐EC nanoparticles at the oil/water interface make the interfacial properties tunable by or responsive to an external magnetic field. The occupancy of M‐EC at the oil/water interface allows rapid separation of the water droplets from emulsions by an external magnetic field, demonstrating enhanced coalescence of magnetically tagged stable water droplets and a reduced overall volume fraction of the sludge.
High‐Density Hotspots Engineered by Naturally Piled‐Up Subwavelength Structures in Three‐Dimensional Copper Butterfly Wing Scales for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Detection
Authors: Tan Yongwen , Gu Jiajun , Xu Linhua , Zang Xining , Liu Dingxin , Zhang Wang , Liu Qinglei , Zhu Shenmin , Su Huilan , Feng Chuanliang , Fan Genlian , Zhang Di 
Published: February 2012

AbstractVery recently, wing scales of natural Lepidopterans (butterflies and moths) manifested themselves in providing excellent three dimensional (3D) hierarchical structures for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection. But the origin of the observed enormous Raman enhancement of the analytes on 3D metallic replicas of butterfly wing scales has not been clarified yet, hindering a full utilization of this huge natural wealth with more than 175 000 3D morphologies. Herein, the 3D sub‐micrometer Cu structures replicated from butterfly wing scales are successfully tuned by modifying the Cu deposition time. An optimized Cu plating process (10 min in Cu deposition) yields replicas with the best conformal morphologies of original wing scales and in turn the best SERS performance. Simulation results show that the so‐called “rib‐structures” in Cu butterfly wing scales present naturally piled‐up hotspots where electromagnetic fields are substantially amplified, giving rise to a much higher hotspot density than in plain 2D Cu structures. Such a mechanism is further verified in several Cu replicas of scales from various butterfly species. This finding paves the way to the optimal scale candidates out of ca. 175 000 Lepidopteran species as bio‐templates to replicate for SERS applications, and thus helps bring affordable SERS substrates as consumables with high sensitivity, high reproducibility, and low cost to ordinary laboratories across the world.
Nanostructured Ternary Electrodes for Energy‐Storage Applications
Authors: Rakhi Raghavan Baby , Chen Wei , Cha Dongkyu , Alshareef H. N. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractA three‐component, flexible electrode is developed for supercapacitors over graphitized carbon fabric, utilizing γ‐MnO2 nanoflowers anchored onto carbon nanotubes (γ‐MnO2/CNT) as spacers for graphene nanosheets (GNs). The three‐component, composite electrode doubles the specific capacitance with respect to GN‐only electrodes, giving the highest‐reported specific capacitance (308 F g−1) for symmetric supercapacitors containing MnO2 and GNs using a two‐electrode configuration, at a scan rate of 20 mV s−1. A maximum energy density of 43 W h kg−1 is obtained for our symmetric supercapacitors at a constant discharge‐current density of 2.5 A g−1 using GN–(γ‐MnO2/CNT)‐nanocomposite electrodes. The fabricated supercapacitor device exhibits an excellent cycle life by retaining ≈90% of the initial specific capacitance after 5000 cycles.
Dental microwear texture and anthropoid diets
Authors: Scott Robert S. , Teaford Mark F. , Ungar Peter S. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDental microwear has long been used as evidence concerning the diets of extinct species. Here, we present a comparative baseline series of dental microwear textures for a sample of 21 anthropoid primate species displaying interspecific and intraspecific dietary variability. Four dental microwear texture variables (complexity, anisotropy, textural fill volume, and heterogeneity) were computed based on scale‐sensitive fractal analysis and high‐resolution three‐dimensional renderings of microwear surfaces collected using a white‐light confocal profiler. The purpose of this analysis was to assess the extent to which these variables reflect variation in diet. Significant contrasts between species with diets known to include foods with differing material properties are clearly evident for all four microwear texture variables. In particular, species that consume more tough foods, such as leaves, tended to have high levels of anisotropy and low texture complexity. The converse was true for species including hard and brittle items in their diets either as staples or as fallback foods. These results reaffirm the utility of dental microwear texture analysis as an important tool in making dietary inferences based on fossil primate samples. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A new method to estimate adult age‐at‐death using the acetabulum
Authors: Calce Stephanie E. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRissech et al. (J Forensic Sci 51 (2006) 213–229) described a method to estimate age‐at‐death of adult males using seven traits of the fused acetabulum. This study simplifies Rissech et al.'s technique and extends its application to adult females. Rissech et al.'s original scoring method was applied to a sample of 100 known‐aged adults, three variables were selected based on stepwise multiple regression, and ages were collapsed into three broad ranges: young adult (17–39 years), middle adult (40–64 years), and old adult (65+ years). The revised method was applied to 249 new known‐aged individuals from two other samples. To minimize observer bias, highlight the most critical traits, and encompass more age‐related variation, unique digital renderings accompany morphological descriptions of age categories instead of photos. Three statistically significant characteristics highly correlated with age (P < 0.05) are capable of estimating age‐at‐death with 81% accuracy, both sexes combined. For misidentified individuals the tendency was to underestimate age. Results of both intraobserver error testing and inter‐rater reliability demonstrated a moderate to substantial agreement in scoring between observers. When estimating the degree of development of features osteophyte development of the acetabular rim was the most inconsistent between observers. The revised acetabular method shows promise in estimating age for adults, particularly for those over the age of 65 years. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic variations and physical activity as determinants of limb bone morphology: An experimental approach using a mouse model
Authors: Wallace Ian J. , Tommasini Steven M. , Judex Stefan , Garland Theodore , Demes Brigitte 
Published: February 2012

AbstractTo gain insight into past human physical activity, anthropologists often infer functional loading history from the morphology of limb bone remains. It is assumed that, during life, loading had a positive, dose‐dependent effect on bone structure that can be identified despite other effects. Here, we investigate the effects of genetic background and functional loading on limb bones using mice from an artificial selection experiment for high levels of voluntary wheel running. Growing males from four replicate high runner (HR) lines and four replicate nonselected control (C) lines were either allowed or denied wheel access for 2 months. Using μCT, femoral morphology was assessed at two cortical sites (mid‐diaphysis, distal metaphysis) and one trabecular site (distal metaphysis). We found that genetic differences between the linetypes (HR vs. C), between the replicate lines within linetype, and between individuals with and without the so‐called “mini‐muscle” phenotype (caused by a Mendelian recessive gene that halves limb muscle mass) gave rise to significant variation in nearly all morphological indices examined. Wheel access also influenced femoral morphology, although the functional response did not generally result in enhanced structure. Exercise caused moderate periosteal enlargement, but relatively greater endocortical expansion, resulting in significantly thinner cortices and reduced bone area in the metaphysis. The magnitude of the response was independent of distance run. Mid‐diaphyseal bone area and area moments, and trabecular morphology, were unaffected by exercise. These results underscore the strong influence of genetics on bone structure and the complexity by which mechanical stimuli may cause alterations in it. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incremental enamel development in modern human deciduous anterior teeth
Authors: Mahoney Patrick 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThis study reconstructs incremental enamel development for a sample of modern human deciduous mandibular (n = 42) and maxillary (n = 42) anterior (incisors and canines) teeth. Results are compared between anterior teeth, and with previous research for deciduous molars (Mahoney: Am J Phys Anthropol 144 (2011) 204–214) to identify developmental differences along the tooth row. Two hypotheses are tested: Retzius line periodicity will remain constant in teeth from the same jaw and range from 6 to 12 days among individuals, as in human permanent teeth; daily enamel secretion rates (DSRs) will not vary between deciduous teeth, as in some human permanent tooth types. A further aim is to search for links between deciduous incremental enamel development and the previously reported eruptionsequence. Retzius line periodicity in anterior teeth ranged between 5 and 6 days, but did not differ between an incisor and molar of one individual. Intradian line periodicity was 12 h. Mean cuspal DSRs varied slightly between equivalent regions along the tooth row. Mandibular incisors initiated enamel formation first, had the fastest mean DSRs, the greatest prenatal formation time, and based upon prior studies are the first deciduous tooth to erupt. Relatively rapid development in mandibular incisors in advance of early eruption may explain some of the variation in DSRs along the tooth row that cannot be explained by birth. Links between DSRs, enamel initiation times, and the deciduous eruption sequence are proposed. Anterior crown formation times presented here can contribute toward human infant age‐at‐death estimates. Regression equations for reconstructing formation time in worn incisors are given. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fitness‐related benefits of dominance in primates
Authors: Majolo B. , Lehmann J. , de Bortoli Vizioli A. , Schino G. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractDominance hierarchies are thought to provide various fitness‐related benefits to dominant individuals (e.g., preferential access to food or mating partners). Remarkably, however, different studies on this topic have produced contradictory results, with some showing strong positive association between rank and fitness (i.e., dominants gain benefits over subordinates), others weak associations, and some others even revealing negative associations. Here, we investigate dominance‐related benefits across primate species while controlling for phylogenetic effects. We extracted data from 94 published studies, representing 25 primate species (2 lemur species, 4 New World monkeys, 16 Old World monkeys, and 3 apes), to assess how dominance affects life‐history and behavior. We used standard and phylogenetic meta‐analyses to analyze the benefits of dominance in primates. Dominant females had higher infant survival to first year, although we found no significant effect of dominance on female feeding success. Results for female fecundity differed between the two meta‐analytical approaches, with no effect of dominance on female fecundity after controlling for phylogeny. Dominant males had a higher fecundity and mating success than subordinate males. Finally, the benefits of dominance for female fecundity were stronger in species with a longer lifespan. Our study supports the view that dominance hierarchies are a key aspect of primate societies as they indeed provide a number of fitness‐related benefits to individuals. Am J Phys Anthropol 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Inherent Electrochemistry of Nickel/Nickel‐Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Giovanni Marcella , Ambrosi Adriano , Pumera Martin 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe direct detection of nanoparticles is at the forefront of research owing to their environmental and toxicological applications. Herein, we studied the inherent electrochemistry of Ni and NiO nanoparticles and proposed a simple and direct electrochemical method for the determination of the concentrations of both nickel (Ni) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles in alkaline solution. A highly sensitive voltammetry technique was used to measure the oxidative signal of Ni(OH)2 that formed spontaneously on the surface of Ni and NiO nanoparticles in alkaline media. Detection limits of 220 μg mL−1 for Ni and 13 μg mL−1 for NiO nanoparticles were obtained. Ni and NiO nanoparticles are used as electrode modifiers or as electrochemical signal labels in various biosensing applications. Therefore, methods to rapidly quantify the amount of Ni and NiO nanoparticles are of widespread potential use.