bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the Value of Expert Testimony regarding Warnings
Authors: Rhoades Timothy P. , Frantz J. Paul , Horst Donald P. , Frantz J. Paul , Laughery Kenneth R. , Purswell Jerry L. 
Published: January 2012

This alternative format session is designed to examine the value of expert testimony related to warnings. Specific objectives of the session include informing HFES members of the views of some members of the legal community who question the value and appropriateness of expert testimony regarding warnings; identifying appropriate responses to such positions; discussing the basic role that experts play in assisting the litigation process; and describing and discussing the perceptions and experiences of HFES members regarding the value of their activities in forensic matters. This session begins with a brief description of articles authored by an attorney, William Hardie, whose position is summarized by the following statement: The defendant should try to exclude all opinion evidence on warnings, leaving the evaluation of the warnings to the jury and lawyer's arguments…. The legal principles applicable to liability for failure to warn were developed by courts without the benefit of communication theorists. These legal principles are based on common sense, fairness, and the knowledge of ordinary people. In this spirit, juries are not well served by witnesses who are nothing more than professional advocates. (Hardie, 1991) Session participants will respond to the above general proposition as well as other specific questions underlying Hardie's position and their own experiences as testifying experts. After participants answer directed questions, the format will allow for directed discussion between participants. Finally, the chair will attempt to articulate the common ground and differences between positions and solicit comments from the audience. For those unable to attend the session but interested in the issue, below are articles authored by Hardie and referenced in this session:
What Does An Operator Need to Learn?
Authors: Goonetilleke Ravindra S. , Drury Colin G. , Sharit Joseph 
Published: January 2012

Using a simulated geosynchronous satellite relocation task, three types of training schemes, namely, in-the-loop, out-of-the-loop, and a composite of these two methods were evaluated. Verbal protocols in addition to performance and strategy measures were used to understand learning in this complex task. The results point toward an amplitude hypothesis of learning where two distinct phases are evident. In the first, large amplitude fluctuations exist due to the lack of a good mental model of the system dynamics. In the second, the amplitude fluctuations are low, and the performance improvements are dramatic suggesting the end of the mental model development phase and a gradual improvement in the system optimization parameters leading to the traditional power law learning curve. Based on the results, it may be concluded that to learn a system or process well, the operator needs to: 1. Develop a good mental model of the system dynamics to minimize the large fluctuations in performance, and 2. Understand the optimization criteria to improve performance with low amplitude variations.
Effects of Interdigital Spacing, Wrist Position, Forearm Position, Grip Span, and Gender on Static Grip Strength
Authors: Hansen Angela , Hallbeck Susan 
Published: January 2012

To analyze the effects of factors which may decrement static grip strength, a study was performed using 20 subjects (10 males and 10 females). Three levels of interdigital spacing were examined: 0, 4, and 8 mm to correspond to bare hand, a thermal/spectra knit layered glove, and a chemical glove. Three wrist positions (neutral, 45 degree extension, and 45 degree flexion) and three forearm positions (neutral, full supination, and full pronation), as well as two levels of grip spacing (6.1 and 7.4 cm on the hand dynamometer) were varied in the study. Thus, each subject performed 54 trials, which were presented in random order. The results indicate that the following were significant main effects: gender, grip span, forearm position, wrist position, and interdigital spacing. As expected, males exerted 63.7% more strength, on average, than females. Also, full pronation had a significantly lower mean grasp strength than either neutral or full supination. The 8 mm spacing differed significantly from both 0 and 4 mm spacing and both 4 and 8 mm spacing had a lower mean grasp strength than 0 mm. Also, the 7.4 cm position on the hand dynamometer had significantly lower mean grasp strength as compared with the 6.1 cm position. Wrist position affected mean grasp strength as well; with a neutral wrist position, the strength was significantly higher than either flexed or extended, with a greater decrement from flexion than extension.
Active and Latent Failures in Aircraft Ground Damage Incidents
Authors: Wenner C. , Drury C. G. 
Published: January 2012

As part of a larger project to identify common human errors and system failures across different reporting systems, a large number of detailed reports of aircraft ground damage reports were analyzed. Such incidents cost major airlines tens of millions of dollars per year in repairs. It was found that consistent repeating patterns of incident emerged from the analysis based upon the final active failure and the resulting damage-causing impact. Behind these final outcomes, however, were numerous latent failures, or resident pathogens, which occurred across many hazard patterns. When the hazard patterns were expanded as event trees, the latent failures typical of each pattern were seen. For example, when a ground vehicle was driven into an aircraft, poorly maintained or substituted ground vehicles combined with management pressures for on-time departure and inadequate space around the aircraft led to the final or active failure. From these analyses, strategies for intervention can be derived at all systems levels. System interventions must address latent failures in the system, instead of the “blame and train” philosophy currently in use. The methodology used in this analysis allows the most cost beneficial interventions to be easily determined.
How do Flight Crews Detect and Prevent Errors? Findings from a Flight Simulation Study
Authors: Orasanu Judith , Fischer Ute , McDonnell Lori K. , Davison Jeannie , Haars Keri E. , Villeda Eric , VanAken Christina 
Published: January 2012

In order for a team to maintain safety in a high-risk engineered environment, its members must monitor each other's behavior, as well as the situation. The advantage of a team structure is that members can support each other, catching errors and preventing problems from developing into serious situations. In its analysis of aviation accidents in which crew behavior played a role, the National Transportation Safety Board (1994) observed that most of those accidents involved “monitoring and challenging” errors. After an error occurred, the crew either failed to detect it or to communicate effectively in order to ameliorate the outcome. This paper describes a simulator study that examined two factors thought to affect monitoring and challenging: (a) level of physical risk in a developing situation and (b) degree of face threat involved in a challenge. Events were scripted to present errors committed by a confederate pilot (high face threat) or problems developing outside the flight deck (low face threat). Videotapes of performance showed that captains were more assertive and responded earlier than first officers, often preventing the problems from developing. This difference, however, was only evident in high-risk situations. First officers were more sensitive to face threat than captains, indicating a need for techniques to overcome limits to error mitigation in high-face threat situations.
Frame of Reference and Navigation Through Document Visualizations: Flying Through Information Space
Authors: Vincow Michelle A. , Wickens Christopher D. 
Published: January 2012

An experiment was conducted on navigation through three-dimensional visualizations of document databases. Subjects navigated through a 1000-document information space in which documents near each other were likely to be about a similar topic and keywords displayed in the space indicated the topic of nearby documents. The influence of frame of reference and use of a map on document search and spatial judgment tasks was investigated. The frame of reference distinction compared a more egocentric (inside-out, immersed) perspective and a more exocentric (outside-in, bird's eye) perspective. Performance was best with the exocentric display, with the egocentric display a close second. Use of a map hindered rather than supported performance. Results revealed tool/strategy choice as an important mediator of the influence of frame of reference, with non-optimal tool choices observed. Spatial ability correlated with performance. Results are accounted for in terms of mediating influences.
Evaluation of time Delays in Firework Fuses: User Expectations of Product Feedback and Performance
Authors: Aurelio David N. , Mastoras Ellen A. 
Published: January 2012

Injuries can occur with fireworks if they explode before users are a safe distance away, or when users approach a firework that they incorrectly assume is a dud. In this study, we investigated the amount of elapsed time before users start to approach an unexploded firework. We had 30 test participants light four fireworks. After lighting each one, the participants indicated: 1) when they thought the firework would explode, and 2) when they first thought the firework was a dud. Participants were asked to walk toward the firework when they assumed it was a dud and pick it up. Our data showed that 95% of users would start to walk toward a firework after 9 seconds had elapsed. Based on the test results, the Consumer Product Safety Commission published a final rule in the Federal Register amending the U.S. fuse burn time regulation to allow fuses to burn for 3 to 9 seconds before exploding, as opposed to the 3 to 6 seconds required in the original regulations.
Effects of Computer Keyboard Setup Parameters and User's Anthropometric Characteristics on Wrist Deviation and Typing Efficiency
Authors: Marklin Richard W. , Simoneau Guy G. , Hoffman David 
Published: January 2012

Two questions that computer keyboard operators face when using keyboards that can be separated into halves (split keyboards) are at what angle should the keyboard halves be opened and at what distance should the keyboard halves be placed apart. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the opening angle and separation distance between halves of a split keyboard on wrist radial/ulnar deviation and typing efficiency. Eleven experienced typists participated in this study and typed on a split keyboard configured in the following four arrangements. 1. The keyboard halves were setup the same way as a conventional keyboard. 2. The keyboard halves were contiguous but angled, based on the user's anthropometry, to maintain a theoretical neutral posture of the user's wrists in the radial/ulnar plane. 3. The keyboard halves were separated at a fixed distance of 20 cm, and the halves were angled to maintain a theoretical neutral posture of the user's wrists in the radial/ulnar plane. 4. The keyboard halves were separated at a distance equal to the user's shoulder width, and the halves were parallel to each other, resulting in a theoretical neutral posture of the user's wrists in the radial/ulnar plane. The findings from testing these four keyboard configurations are the following: 1. The mean ulnar deviations from the alternative configurations of the split keyboard (configurations 2, 3, and 4 above) ranged from 7.0 to 8.4 for the left wrist and 2.7 to 5 deg. for the right wrist. There were no significant differences in ulnar deviations among the three alternative configurations. 2. The three alternative configurations resulted in ulnar deviation of both wrists that were significantly less than ulnar deviation from typing on the conventional setup (configuration 1 above). The mean ulnar deviations from the conventional setup were 18.9 deg. for the left wrist and 14.2 deg. for the right wrist. 3. There were no significant differences in typing speed and accuracy between the alternative and conventional configurations.
Integrating Micro- and Macro-Ergonomics
Authors: Gilmore David J. , Millard Derek 
Published: January 2012

Understanding how a new piece of technology fits into a user's working environment is perhaps the classic definition of human factors or ergonomics – a view which fails to address the role of the organization in optimizing this fit. This paper presents a framework which tries to address this failure. The framework (the Dynamic Dilemmas model) is dynamic in that components of the framework are responding in real time to the behavior of other components – over and above any natural tendency they may have to develop and change on their own. And it is dilemma-based in that each component has its own needs and limits, not all of which can be met simultaneously, creating tricky choices concerning accommodation and optimization. In this framework traditional usability is a part of a complex process optimizing the three-way fit between people, technology and organizations, with the fit being assessed in relation to the activities, skills, limits, needs, philosophy and whims of the people, technology and organization.
An Evaluation of Postural Motions, Chair Motions, and Contact in Four Office Seats
Authors: Bush Tamara Reid , Hubbard Robert , Reinecke Steven 
Published: January 2012

The goal of this study was to use biomechanical procedures and models to measure people and office chairs in terms of fit, movement, and support during changes in recline and spinal curvature. Testing was performed with four office chairs in a simulated keyboarding workspace with fourteen subjects ranging from petite, light women to tall, heavy men. Postures, body motions and chair motions were measured with a video-based system. A Lordosimeter measured changes in lumbar spinal curvature. Torso positions relative to the keyboard and desktop were evaluated for changes in recline angle and lumbar curvature. Pressure distributions were measured on the back of the chairs and related to changes in torso posture (back inclination and lumbar curvature). Based on the contact areas between the subject's back and the seat back, the amount of support was evaluated for changes in recline angle and lumbar curvature. Chair D, the LEAP chair had the best overall performance. LEAP was found to move with people as they moved their spine from flexion to extension. During recline motions LEAP demonstrated a reduction in travel of the wrist and head as compared to the other chairs and a reduction in the pressure necessary to recline the seat, specifically in the shoulder region. The LEAP chair also provided a consistent pressure map for all test conditions, confirming that the chair maintained contact with the torso.
MIR Human Factors Solutions for the International Space Station and Beyond
Authors: Sanders Betty M. , Booher Cletis R. 
Published: January 2012

This Panel features three individuals with several years of experience in the development of systems and the training of crew members for Shuttle missions, two of whom are potential International Space Station (ISS) crew members. Each of these people have indicated an interest in, or have educational backgrounds related to, the human factors and ergonomics discipline. The goals of this session are: 1) To acquaint attendees at the '99 AM with some of the anticipated challenges which may arise during ISS and Mars missions, on the part of US crew-members. 2) To challenge attendees of this session to think in terms of Human Factors (HF) oriented solutions to these identified challenges. 3) To solicit inputs from the session attendees relative to potential HFE solutions to these identified challenges. The intent of this panel is to identify the most significant and/or critical issues which will need to be addressed as the ISS comes on-line as a micro-g living and working environment for long-duration crews, and, as plans are made for Mars missions.
Isolation of the stromal-vascular fraction of mouse bone marrow markedly enhances the yield of clonogenic stromal progenitors
Authors: Suire Colby , Brouard Nathalie , Hirschi Karen , Simmons Paul J. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
The low incidence of CFU-F significantly complicates the isolation of homogeneous populations of mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), a common problem being contamination with hematopoietic cells. Taking advantage of burgeoning evidence demonstrating the perivascular location of stromal cell stem/progenitors, we hypothesized that a potential reason for the low yield of mouse BMSCs is the flushing of the marrow used to remove single-cell suspensions and the consequent destruction of the marrow vasculature, which may adversely affect recovery of BMSCs physically associated with the abluminal surface of blood vessels. Herein, we describe a simple methodology based on preparation and enzymatic disaggregation of intact marrow plugs, which yields distinct populations of both stromal and endothelial cells. The recovery of CFU-F obtained by pooling the product of each digestion (1631.8 + 199) reproducibly exceeds that obtained using the standard BM flushing technique (14.32 + 1.9) by at least 2 orders of magnitude (P < .001; N = 8) with an accompanying 113.95-fold enrichment of CFU-F frequency when plated at low oxygen (5%). Purified BMSC populations devoid of hematopoietic contamination are readily obtained by FACS at P0 and from freshly prepared single-cell suspensions. Furthermore, this population demonstrates robust multilineage differentiation using standard in vivo and in vitro bioassays.
Comparison and transfer testing of multiplex ligation detection methods for GM plants
Authors: Ujhelyi Gabriella , van Dijk Jeroen P , Prins Theo W , Voorhuijzen Marleen M , Angeline Van Hoef AM , Beenen Henriek G , Morisset Dany , Gruden Kristina , Kok Esther J 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background
With the increasing number of GMOs on the global market the maintenance of European GMO regulations is becoming more complex. For the analysis of a single food or feed sample it is necessary to assess the sample for the presence of many GMO-targets simultaneously at a sensitive level. Several methods have been published regarding DNA-based multidetection. Multiplex ligation detection methods have been described that use the same basic approach: i) hybridisation and ligation of specific probes, ii) amplification of the ligated probes and iii) detection and identification of the amplified products. Despite they all have this same basis, the published ligation methods differ radically. The present study investigated with real-time PCR whether these different ligation methods have any influence on the performance of the probes. Sensitivity and the specificity of the padlock probes (PLPs) with the ligation protocol with the best performance were also tested and the selected method was initially validated in a laboratory exchange study.

Results
Of the ligation protocols tested in this study, the best results were obtained with the PPLMD I and PPLMD II protocols and no consistent differences between these two protocols were observed. Both protocols are based on padlock probe ligation combined with microarray detection. Twenty PLPs were tested for specificity and the best probes were subjected to further evaluation. Up to 13 targets were detected specifically and simultaneously. During the interlaboratory exchange study similar results were achieved by the two participating institutes (NIB, Slovenia, and RIKILT, the Netherlands).

Conclusions
From the comparison of ligation protocols it can be concluded that two protocols perform equally well on the basis of the selected set of PLPs. Using the most ideal parameters the multiplicity of one of the methods was tested and 13 targets were successfully and specifically detected. In the interlaboratory exchange study it was shown that the selected method meets the 0.1% sensitivity criterion. The present study thus shows that specific and sensitive multidetection of GMO targets is now feasible.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope proteins traffic toward virion assembly sites via a TBC1D20/Rab1-regulated pathway
Authors: Nachmias Dikla , Sklan Ella H , Ehrlich Marcelo , Bacharach Eran 
Published: January 2012

Abstract

Background
The cellular activity of many factors and pathways is required to execute the complex replication cycle of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). To reveal these cellular components, several extensive RNAi screens have been performed, listing numerous 'HIV-dependency factors'. However, only a small overlap between these lists exists, calling for further evaluation of the relevance of specific factors to HIV-1 replication and for the identification of additional cellular candidates. TBC1D20, the GTPase-activating protein (GAP) of Rab1, regulates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi trafficking, was not identified in any of these screens, and its involvement in HIV-1 replication cycle is tested here.

Findings
Excessive TBC1D20 activity perturbs the early trafficking of HIV-1 envelope protein through the secretory pathway. Overexpression of TBC1D20 hampered envelope processing and reduced its association with detergent-resistant membranes, entailing a reduction in infectivity of HIV-1 virion like particles (VLPs).

Conclusions
These findings add TBC1D20 to the network of host factors regulating HIV replication cycle.
Secondary cutaneous Epstein-Barr virus-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a patient with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Yang Qing-Xu , Pei Xiao-Juan , Tian Xiao-Ying , Li Yang , Li Zhi 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Only a few cases of extranodal Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated B-cell lymphomas arising from patients with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) have been described. We report a case of AITL of which secondary cutaneous EBV-associated diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) developed after the initial diagnosis of AITL. A 65-year-old Chinese male patient was diagnosed as AITL based on typical histological and immunohistochemical characteristics in biopsy of the enlarged right inguinal lymph nodes. The patient initially received 6 cycles of chemotherapy with CHOP regimen (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, adriamycin, prednisone), but his symptoms did not disappear. Nineteen months after initial diagnosis of AITL, the patient was hospitalized again because of multiple plaques and nodules on the skin. The skin biopsy was performed, but this time the tumor was composed of large, polymorphous population of lymphocytes with CD20 and CD79a positive on immunohistochemical staining. The tumor cells were strong positive for EBER by in situ hybridization. The findings of skin biopsy were compatible with EBV-associated DLBCL. CHOP-R chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab) was then administered, resulting in partial response of the disease with pancytopenia and suppression of cellular immunity. To our knowledge, this is the first case of cutaneous EBV-associated DLBCL originated from AITL in Chinese pepole. We suggest the patients with AITL should perform lymph node and skin biopsies regularly in the course of the disease to detect the progression of secondary lymphomas.

Virtual slides

The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:

http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1197421158639299