bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Species of Temnocheilus McCoy from Holy Island, Northumberland
Authors: Platt Margery I. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryAlthough British and American forms of this genus all bear points of resemblance to Temnocheilus ventro-concavus, only two small specimens from Eastern Europe, Nautilus dorso-armatus Abich, resemble it in their possession of a flattened concave venter and a whorl section of quasi-quadrilateral shape.
Cephalopods and a Beatricea from Akpatok Island
Authors: Foerste Aug. F. , Cox Ian H. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe cephalopods and stromatoporoid collected from Akpatok Island, Ungava Bay, N.W.T., in 1931, by Cox, are described by Foerste in this communication as follows:—Endoceras coxi sp. nov., Endoceras sp. (resembling E. coxi), Endoceras akpatokense Foerste, Endoceras two spp., Shamattawaceras cf. ascoceroides Foerste and Savage, Orthoceras ungavense Foerste, Spyroceras sp. (resembling S. balteatum (Bill.) in some respects), Spyroceras cf. aquilonare Troedsson), Spyroceras wordiei Foerste, Spyroceras two spp., Huronia septata Parks, Westonoceras sp., and Beatricea undulata Billings.Tentative correlations of the Akpatok limestones with other areas are drawn from this material. The greater part of the lime-stones appear to correlate with the Red River formation of Manitoba. The lowest horizons, containing Westonoceras, apparently correspond to part of the Nelson River formation of the Hudson Bay region; the intermediate horizon, with Shamattawaceras and Huronia, apparently to the Shamattawa formation of the same locality; while the horizon with Beatricea (650 feet above sea-level) is of Richmond age. The extent to which the remainder of the fauna, as yet identified, agrees with this is reviewed.
Some Notes on the Structure and Flow of Ice
Authors: Hawkes L. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryNatural compact ice is not wholly crystalline. Salt solution is present in glacier ice at temperatures down to −21·72°, and is probably located at the intergranular boundaries. The proportion of brine is normally very small, but becomes considerable near 0°.The special mechanical properties at the intergranular contacts, the “Hugi effect” on melting, the phenomena of regelation, and the infra-red absorption, indicate that the molecules at these contacts are in the amorphous state. This may be the case in ice free from salts.Internal flow takes place by relative displacement of crystalline portions by means of slip:—1. along the basal planes of the crystals,2. along intergranular surfaces,3. along fracture surfaces within the individual crystals.Processes 2 and 3 are facilitated by the presence of liquid at the surfaces of slip, and it is the regelation power of this liquid which preserves the cohesion of the deformed masses.The liquefaction at points of compression, transference of the liquid, and its congelation elsewhere, is an important factor in the formation of compact ice from névé, but is of secondary importance in the flow of compact ice.The processes by which ice suffers deformation are those which operate in the flow of all crystalline masses, the comparative ease with which it is deformed being an instance of the weakness of rocks near their melting temperatures. Ice at hundreds of degrees below its melting point would compare in strength and hardness with the other crystalline rocks which exist under like temperature conditions in the outer part of the earth's crust.
The Loess Problem of China
Authors: Barbour George B. 
Published: May 2009

Summary—An analysis of the Loess problem is made on the basis of recent studies co-ordinating results of research along a variety of lines. Sources of confusion in the past are indicated, and the question of the delimitation of the term “loess” is discussed.In China the Loess is essentially an aeolian deposit formed under special climatic conditions which ruled, though in different degrees, at two distinct epochs in the Pleistocene period that seem to correspond to the Günz-Mindel and Riss-Würm twin-glaciations respectively. The variations in the deposits and the relation between them, the associated fresh-water sediments, and recognizable stages in the physiographic evolution of the landscape are described. The character and implications of the fossil content are discussed, especially in their bearing on the problems of former climates and of exact correlation of geological events.
Ontogenetic and other Variations in Volutospina spinosa
Authors: Stuart Alan 
Published: May 2009

Summary and ConclusionsOne hundred and thirty-two shells of Athleta (Volutospina) spinosa (L.), have been examined, the majority being well enough preserved to permit of detailed measurements being made. The variation in the breadth/height ratio was found to indicate an increase with the age of the individual, approximately according to the equation B = 0·4444h + 0·00256h + 0·000027h. Spire height expressed as a percentage of the height is greatest in young shells, those less than one centimetre in height having values of thirty-three and thirty-four per cent, whereas fully grown individuals have a mode of twenty-seven per cent.The variations in ontogeny are not considerable, in only one case have the differences from the normal type been recognized by earlier writers as worthy of specific distinction. It is probable that Athleta (Volutospina) trisulcata (L.) is a variety of Athleta (Volutospina) spinosa.The correlation between the various ontogenetic factors is small, for example, that for the incidence of the fifth tubercle and its disappearance is only — 0·144. On the whole the variations in each of the several characters are independent of the variations in the other characters.This series of specimens is clearly a group in which the latitude of variation is small, and may be contrasted with such groups as that of Planorbis multiformis, in which the variation was described by Professor Hickling (9).I wish to thank Dr. A. E. Trueman for much helpful criticism and advice during the progress of this work, and Professor E. J. Evans, of the Physics department in this college, for the use of apparatus.
V.—The Permanence of River Valleys
Authors: Hill Rev. E. 
Published: May 2009

A Good deal has been written on the permanence of ocean basins, but about the permanence of river valleys I have never noticed any discussion. The causes which tend to maintain the existence of a river valley are indeed obvious and simple; probably this simplicity and obviousness are the very reasons why so little has been said. Yet even if superfluous it may be interesting to bring together some of these causes, such at least as have come into my mind.What actions can even temporarily obliterate a channel cut into the surface of the land? Submergence followed by re-elevation: what will that effect? During submergence sediment may be deposited. If this be deposited as a mantle of equal thickness over the whole bottom, the surface on re-elevation would have the same shape as before; hills and valleys would reappear of equal relative heights and depths. Probably, however, the amount of sediment would be greater in greater depths: more would be deposited in valleys than over hills. Then on re-elevation the surface would appear with features smoothed down, but not obliterated. Where a valley had been, a valley would again be; less deep, but with a fall in the same direction, tributaries in the same position, and the same catchment basin as before. Rain and rivers would resume their old courses and their old work; the valleys would be the same as before. Imagine even the most improbable case of a sedimentation such as should bury hills and valleys alike; let every feature vanish as a path is hidden beneath a sheet of snow; even then the valley would reassert itself.
V.—Post-Glacial Beds at Dundee
Authors: Durham James 
Published: May 2009

In the recently published volume of the Memoirs of the Geo-logical Survey of Scotland, “The Geology of East Fife,” by Sir Archibald Geikie, it is argued that since the time when the 100 feet terrace was under the level of the sea there has been no depression of the land in the Firth of Tay, only “a continuous chronicle of gradual, if intermittent, uprise” (p. 321); also that “no trace has survived of any late deposit overlying the peat, so that we cannot be absolutely sure of the position which this sheet of vegetable matter would occupy if all the Post-tertiary deposits of the district could be grouped in chronological order ” (p. 318).In the face of this statement by such a high authority it seems to be very desirable that the details of a section in post-Glacial beds, exposed in digging the foundations of the new Post Office in Dundee, should be recorded in the pages of the Geological Magazine.
IV.—On the Relation of the Glacial Drift to the Raised Beach near Porth Clais, St. Davids
Authors: Leach Arthur L. 
Published: May 2009

1. The raised beach near Porth Clais consists of shingle and large wave-worn boulders resting on a rock-platform, and overlain by angular head or rubble of local rocks.2. Glacial drift (Boulder-clay) overlies the head at the western end of the section, and towards the east has ploughed into the raised beach and rests on the solid rock. Some of the boulders of the raised beach and a small piece of the rock-platform are definitely striated under the Glacial drift.3. The raised beach is pre-Glacial in the sense that it underlies the Glacial deposit.4. The raised beach contains non-local boulders which may have been transported by drifting shore-ice.
IV.—Superheated Water
Authors: Hunt A. R. 
Published: May 2009

The abstract in the Geological Magazine of Professor Beck's paper on ore veins and pegmatites is of great interest to myself, as it deals with two points which I pressed on geologists in 1894 and earlier, viz., the crystallisation of vein-minerals out of superheated water, and the doubtful origin of that water. The special difficulty is raised by the Dartmoor veins, as the water they contain, together with the granites, is sometimes salt and sometimes fresh, and is of all degrees of original supersaturation. I wrote as follows:‘The question as to the marine or plutonic origin of the brineinclusions referred to is of transcendent importance in connection with the question as to whether the water ejected by volcanoes is of meteoric or marine origin, of derived from the interior magma’ (Geol. Mag., 1894, p.99).
IV.—Note on the Keratophyres of the Breidden and Berwyn Hills
Authors: Jevons H. Stanley 
Published: May 2009

It may be of interest to note the occurrence of a somewhat rare and interesting rock, named keratophyre, at two easily accessible localities in a district where it has been hitherto unknown—at Moel-y-Golfa, in the Breidden Hills, and in the Berwyn Hills.The Breidden Hills.Moel-y-Golfa was visited by me in 1899, and I collected a few specimens, which, however, remained unexamined until a few days ago when I needed one for teaching purposes. On examination of a thin section the plagioclase proved to be albite, idiomorphic and tabular in form, set in a matrix of chloritic decomposition products, doubtless the remains of pyroxene. The ratio of albite to pyroxene must have been about two or three to one. This composition is sufficient to place the rock in the keratophyre group, but confirmation was obtained by comparison with a slide of the well-known keratophyre of Hüttenrode, in the Harz, the rocks proving almost identical both in structure and composition. The determination of the felspar was made by Becke's bright line method, which proved its refractive index to be everywhere slightly lower than that of balsam.
VII.—Contributions to the Geology of Ceylon: III. The Balangoda Group
Authors: Coomáraswámy A. K. 
Published: May 2009

The name ‘Balangoda group’ is proposed for a series of granitic and pegmatite-like rocks, intrusive in, but distinct from, the Charnockite series; first met with in the Balangoda district, but evidently widely distributed over a large area between Balangoda and Hatton. The rocks are best described as granites, but occur most often in rather narrow dykes, after the manner of pegmatites. Yet there is no reason for separating the smaller from the larger masses, and the term granite is applied to both. The group (of which a more detailed account will ultimately be needed) includes in particular zircon granite, allanite granite, magnetite granite, and granite without conspicuous accessory minerals; as well as the probably similar rocks in which the hitherto unlocated minerals geikielite, baddeleyite, rutile, fergusonite, thorite, thorianite, etc., may be looked for; and the vein of pegmatite at Gampola, which consisted of quartz, felspars, and biotite, with apatite, ilmenite, tourmaline, and the new mineral described as thorianite as accessory minerals.These granites are intrusive in the Charnockite series, and though frequently occurring in lenticular masses (Denagama) with a disposition parallel to that of the foliation planes of the charnockites, have often been observed to transgress these foliation planes and to behave as intrusive rocks. Contact phenomena have not, however, been observed, except perhaps in a slight tendency to a peripheral fineness of grain in the intrusive rocks. At the junctions granite and charnockite are usually welded together, there being no absolutely hard line of separation, although the junction may be called sharp; in the case of the larger masses no good junctions have been seen.
II.—On a New Crocodilian Genus (Notochampsa) from the Upper Stormberg Beds of South Africa
Authors: Broom R. 
Published: May 2009

Mr. A. L. Du Toit, of the Cape Geological Commission, who has been for some months engaged in studying the Stormberg beds in the eastern part of the Colony, has been fortunate in making a number of discoveries of very great interest to the palæontologist. Among Vertebrates his most important finds have been the remains of two small crocodiles.The first specimen, which was discovered by Mr. A. Isted in the Cave Sandstone at Funnystone, Barkly East, consists of the impressions of the under sides of most of the upper bones of the skull and of most of the dorsal armour. There are also preserved the remains of a scapula, a humerus, a radius and ulna, a femur, and a number of ribs. A restoration of the skull is shown in Fig. 1. When complete it probably measured 130 mm. in length, and the length of the whole crocodile was probably about 600 mm. Though the skull is too imperfectly preserved to show what are the relations to the already known families, enough is preserved to show that the crocodile belongs to the suborder Amphicœlia of Owen (= Mesosuchia, Huxley). The skull is characterised by the very large size of the squamosal bones, by the moderate size of the supra-temporal openings, by the nasals taking little part in the formation of the snout, and by each maxillary having only a few large teeth—’ probably 6 or 8.
V.—Rodents from the Pleistocene of the Western Mediterranean Region
Authors: Forsyth Major C. I. 
Published: May 2009

Nice.—Among the mammalian remains enumerated by Risso from the bone breccia of the Castle Catinat at Nice, are bones and teeth of ‘Lagomys’. Remains of the same genus have been more recently mentioned by Rivière, from a palæolithic deposit discovered by him in a small cave, Lympia, inside the town of Nice.Mentone. — On pl. xvii (“Faune des grottes de Menton”), fig. 10, of Rivière's well-known publication, is represented a left mandibular ramus of a “Lagomys d'assez petite taille,” according to the explanation of the plate. In the dimensions, which are by no means small for a member of the family, as well as in the contours of the ramus, it corresponds with the Prolagus from Corsica; it certainly belongs to the latter genus, and not to the recent Ogotona (Lagomys). The text makes no mention of this rodent as occurring in the caves of Mentone, so that further confirmation seemed desirable. This has now been obtained in the most satisfactory manner, Professor Boule having found Prolagus in the “Grotte du Prince,” near Mentone. In his preliminary notice on the results of the excavations, this rodent is stated to occur together with the rabbit, etc., in strata underlying an Upper Quaternary fauna (Rhinoceros tichorhinus, reindeer, ibex, marmot, etc.), and resting on deposits containing a Lower Quaternary fauna (Elephas antiquus, Rhinoceros Mercki, Hippopotamus).
II.—Nathorst's use of Collodion Imprints in the Study of Fossil Plants
Authors: Bathee F. A. 
Published: May 2009

The following note is based on two papers by Professor A. G. Nathorst and on further details which he has kindly communicated by letter. For the loan of the block (Fig. 1) thanks are due to Dr. H. Munthe, Secretary of Geologiska Föreningen i Stockholm.By the term ‘collodion imprint’ is meant the impression of any surface on a thin film of collodion. Such an impression is obtained by letting a drop or two of collodion dissolved in ether fall on the surface to be copied. The ether evaporates rapidly, so that in two or three minutes the film is hard. If it does not of its own accord come loose at the corners, it is easily raised by a needle or sharp knife. It is then lifted on to a glass microscope-slide and preserved dry under a cover-slip held in position by gummed strips of paper or by Canada balsam. When the imprint is very sharp, the film can, if desired, be preserved in glycerine-jelly without its distinctness being greatly affected. Some films may be less successful than others, and some may curl too much, so that it is as well to take more than one imprint. In any case it is advisable to throw away the first made, since it usually retains some dust from the surface of the object, whereas following films will be free from this. If the collodion solution is too thick it may be thinned by the addition of ether or of ether and alcohol.
III.—Recession of the Niagara Falls
Authors: Spencer J. W. 
Published: May 2009

For many years Niagara Falls and the Great Lakes of America have been special subjects of my researches. These at last have been completed under the Commission from Dr. Robert Bell, acting Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, and later of Mr. A. P. Low, Director, with results beyond anticipation. These were obtained through precise instrumental measurements, borings, and soundings, not hitherto undertaken.My recent survey of the crest-line (1904–5), compared with that of Professor James Hall, 1842, shows the mean rate of recession to have been 4·2 feet a year, with the average breadth of the gorge produced by the falls being 1200 feet. But a longer record (agreeing with the more recent) has been found by Mr. James Wilson and myself in discovering the position of the Falls in 1678, from the crude description and picture made by Father Hennepin at that time. Between 1890 and 1905 the rate of greater recession diminished.I succeeded in making soundings under the Falls and throughout the Gorge by the use of Tanner-Blish self-registering tubes, depending upon the hydrostatic pressure, as the current was too strong for the use of an ordinary line. At the Whirlpool, and at some other places, it was necessary to work from a cable swung across the Gorge. Under the Falls themselves, the sounding tubes were inserted in a specially designed buoy which the force of the Fall drove down to the rocks, that had collapsed beneath the Falls themselves. These were reached at 72 feet, while the floor of the river beyond varied from 84 to 100 feet below the surface of the river.
IV.—On Lifting by Ice-Melting
Authors: Hill Edwin 
Published: May 2009

Everyone knows that ice floats in water, is able to carry some amount of materials attached to it, and if lifted by rise of the water-level is able to lift them with itself. Lyell describes this in the Principles (ch. xvi, xxxi), and probably it is mentioned in every textbook. But ice is also able to lift attached materials without rise of the water-level. It requires no tides, no floods; it can lift without external aid, by its melting alone.When a crust of ice 1 foot thick has formed on a sheet of fresh water it floats with its upper surface about an inch above water-level, its lower surface about 11 inches below. If by any cause this ice-crust is melted over its upper surface, the products of melting flow off, the upper surface sinks a little, but the lower surface rises through about eleven-twelfths of the thickness melted off. Take an ice-floe uniformly 6 feet thick: its lower surface will be floating, if the water be fresh, at about 5½ feet below water-level. Suppose it reduced by melting over the upper surface till only 6 inches thick, the lower surface will now be about 5½ inches below water-level; this lower surface will accordingly have risen more than 5 feet. If any objects or materials were attached to that lower surface they will have risen with it: they will have been lifted. This is undeniable and obvious. It is undeniable and obvious that ice is able to lift materials by simple melting, independently of any other power or action.
III.—The Relationship of Isostasy, Earthquakes, and Vulcanicity to the Earth's Infra-Plutonic Shell
Authors: Fermor L. Leigh 
Published: May 2009

The recent discussion on the origin of the Himalaya, initiated by Colonel S. G. Burrard in his paper “On the Origin of the Himalaya Mountains”, has centred in the theories of isostasy and mountain compensation advocated by the Rev. O. Fisher and Mr. J. F. Hayford.In his latest contribution to the subject Colonel Burrard states very clearly the problem of isostasy now requiring solution—“Continents and mountains have been found to be compensated by underlying deficiencies of density; how has this condition resembling hydrostatic equilibrium arisen upon a solid globe of rock?”In a recent paper I have advanced reasons for believing in the existence in the earth's crust at a certain depth, at present unknown, of a highly garnetiferous shell of rock, for which the name infra-plutonic zone or shell is suggested. This zone is situated at such a depth that pressure becomes a dominant factor in mineral transformations, the accompanying high temperature ensuring a sufficient degree of molecular mobility. It is suggested that under the influence of these high pressures (and temperatures) reactions will ensue between the various ferromagnesian silicates—micas, amphiboles, pyroxenes, olivines—and anorthite felspar, with the formation of garnet as a characteristic mineral: the reason assigned is that a reduction of volume accompanied by an absorption of heat is thereby effected, it being accepted that the garnet-forming reactions are endothermic.If one can accept the philosophical necessity for the existence of this infra-plutonic shell, then some theory of isostasy seems logically to follow, with the garnetiferous plastic-solid shell as the cushion upon which the isostatic adjustments of the earth's crust have their foundation.
I.—Notes on New or Imperfectly Known Chalk Polyzoa
Authors: Brydone R. M. 
Published: May 2009

Zoarium unilaminate, adherent.Zoæcia convex, quite separate, very small, average length .35 to .38 mm. and width .2 mm.; numerous radiating imperforate lines are faintly perceptible on some of them in a suitable light, and were doubtless present on all; they are hardly ‘furrows’, resembling rather superficial cuts; apertures very slightly heel-shaped.Oæcia abundant, relatively large, globose with a strongly concave free edge.
II.—Notes on the Petrology of a Portion of the North Kalgoorlie Field
Authors: Farquharson R. A. 
Published: May 2009

From the foregoing analyses there is little doubt that the rock is a hornblende-quartz-keratophyre. The term porphyrite, however, has been adopted in the mapping for convenience. It is worthy of note that a very similar rock, though greenish in colour, has been already described from Kanowna by the writer. In the latter, silica amounted to more than 71 per cent, while soda reached 7.85 per cent; potash was again absent.12237, G.M.L. 4458 E., Hyman North.