bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Divergence in AllopatricCeratosolen(Agaonidae) Pollinators of Geographically WidespreadFicus(Moraceae) Species
Authors: Moe Annika M , Weiblen George D 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSpeciation in pollinating seed predators such as fig wasps (Hymenoptera: Agaonidae) is likely to have been influenced by a combination of ecological and geographical isolating mechanisms, but recent molecular analyses of fig wasps have focused on pollinator specialization as the main factor driving speciation. This study investigates the contribution of geographic modes of speciation such as dispersal, vicariance, and isolation by distance. We sampled haplotypes of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I from Ceratosolen pollinators of six geographically widespread Australasian fig (Moraceae: Ficus) species, including four species spanning Wallacea. Phylogenetic analysis investigated the extent of host conservatism and host switching accompanying divergence in Ceratosolen. Geographically widespread Ceratosolen showed deep intraspecific divergence exceeding or comparable to divergence between named sister species. Maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses supported species monophyly in five of six cases, whereas results for a sixth species were equivocal. Bayesian divergence time estimation suggested dispersal across Wallacea during the Miocene epoch, after the collision of Australian and Asian continental plates. Cryptic species were evident in all six focal taxa. Because the deep mitochondrial divergence within these taxa is regionally distributed, allopatric divergence provides a simple explanation for the existence of these cryptic lineages pollinating widespread fig species. We found little evidence of divergence accompanied by host switching. The ancient origin of cryptic and geographically isolated species suggests that long-distance dispersal may be rare in Ceratosolen and that host associations are generally conserved during range expansion.
Diversity of JapaneseAphis gossypiiand Comparison with OtherAphisSpecies Based on the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase I Sequence
Authors: Komazaki S , Shigehara T , Toda S 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene was analyzed in 168 individuals from seven Aphis (Hemiptera: Aphidini: Aphidina) species: Aphis gossypii Glover, Aphis glycines Matsumura, Aphis spiraecola Patch, Aphis craccivora Koch, Aphis fabae Scopoli, Aphis rumicis (L.), and Aphis nerii Boyer de Fenscolombe. One other Aphidina species, Toxoptera odinae (van der Goot), and two Macrosiphini species, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer), were analyzed as out-groups. The coding region of the gene contains 1,563 bp in all of the species, and 272 sites were variable among the Aphis species. DNA sequence identities among individual aphids ranged from 91.4 to 100%, with greater identities among aphids in the same species (96.5–100%) than between different species (91.4–95.3%). Compared with some other species, A. gossypii showed little divergence in either nucleotide sequences or haplotypes, although intraspecific cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequence divergence was observed in A. gossypii clones isolated from Commelina communis L. and Rubia cordfolia L. In the phylogenetic tree, every species formed a robust clade. The pairs A. gossypii and A. glycines, and A. rumicis and A. fabae showed robust sister relationships. T. odinae was located within the Aphis species clade, and this suggested that the Toxoptera classification should be reconsidered in the light of molecular data.
Nonlethal Tissue Sampling Techniques and Microsatellite Markers Used for First Report of Genetic Diversity in Two Populations of the Endangered Somatochlora hineana (Odonata: Corduliidae)
Authors: Monroe Emy M , Lynch Colleen , Soluk Daniel A , Britten Hugh B 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Techniques for obtaining DNA noninvasively or nonlethally are highly desirable in molecular genetic studies of protected species, and several advances have been made in these types of sampling and extraction techniques. Insects present a unique set of difficulties in this regard that are not present when working with most vertebrates. This study evaluated the effectiveness of several nonlethal sampling techniques for larval and adults of the federally listed endangered dragonfly Somatochlora hineana (Williamson) (Odonata: Corduliidae). Fecal pellets and shed exuviae from captive S. hineana larvae did not provide high enough quality DNA for microsatellite analyses. Invasive, but nonlethal, wing clips from adults and tarsi from larvae provided high-quality DNA that amplified 10 microsatellite markers for this species. Ten loci were polymorphic in 94 specimens with four to 14 alleles per locus. Two populations in WI had average observed heterozygosity of 0.47, which is within the range reported for other odonates. Our sampling techniques and these new microsatellite markers provide an essential tool for determining the genetic structure of S. hineana populations throughout its range.
Remarkable New Genus of Gumillinae (Neuroptera: Osmylidae) from the Jurassic of China
Authors: Yang Qiang , Makarkin Vladimir N , Ren Dong 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Allotriosmylus uniramosus n. gen., n. sp. (Osmylidae: Gumillinae) is described from the Jurassic of China. This is the smallest representative of the family and possesses several peculiar features not occurring in other osmylids, such as a structurally well-formed clavus in the hind wing and a single-branched Rs in both the fore- and hind wings.
Melatonin combats molecular terrorism at the mitochondrial level
Authors: Reiter Russel , Paredes Sergio , Korkmaz Ahmet , Jou Mei-Jie , Tan Dun-Xian 
Published: November 2010

Melatonin combats molecular terrorism at the mitochondrial levelThe intracellular environmental is a hostile one. Free radicals and related oxygen and nitrogen-based oxidizing agents persistently pulverize and damage molecules in the vicinity of where they are formed. The mitochondria especially are subjected to frequent and abundant oxidative abuse. The carnage that is left in the wake of these oxygen and nitrogen-related reactants is referred to as oxidative damage or oxidative stress. When mitochondrial electron transport complex inhibitors are used, e.g., rotenone, 1-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 3-nitropropionic acid or cyanide, pandemonium breaks loose within mitochondria as electron leakage leads to the generation of massive amounts of free radicals and related toxicants. The resulting oxidative stress initiates a series of events that leads to cellular apoptosis. To alleviate mitochondrial destruction and the associated cellular implosion, the cell has at its disposal a variety of free radical scavengers and antioxidants. Among these are melatonin and its metabolites. While melatonin stimulates several antioxidative enzymes it, as well as its metabolites (cyclic 3-hydroxymelatonin, N1-acetyl-N2-formyl-5-methoxykynuramine and N1-acetyl-5-methoxykynuramine), likewise effectively neutralize free radicals. The resulting cascade of reactions greatly magnifies melatonin's efficacy in reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis even in the presence of mitochondrial electron transport inhibitors. The actions of melatonin at the mitochondrial level are a consequence of melatonin and/or any of its metabolites. Thus, the molecular terrorism meted out by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is held in check by melatonin and its derivatives.
Rat cytochromes P450 oxidize 3-aminobenzanthrone, a human metabolite of the carcinogenic environmental pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone
Authors: Mizerovská Jana , Dračínská Helena , Arlt Volker , Hudeček Jiří , Hodek Petr , Schmeiser Heinz , Frei Eva , Stiborová Marie 
Published: November 2010

Rat cytochromes P450 oxidize 3-aminobenzanthrone, a human metabolite of the carcinogenic environmental pollutant 3-nitrobenzanthrone3-Aminobenzanthrone (3-ABA) is a human metabolite of carcinogenic 3-nitrobenzanthrone (3-NBA), which occurs in diesel exhaust and air pollution. Understanding which cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are involved in metabolic activation and/or detoxication of this toxicant is important in the assessment of an individual's susceptibility to this substance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of rat hepatic CYPs to oxidize 3-ABA and to examine the metabolites formed during such an oxidation. The metabolites formed by CYPs in rat hepatic microsomes were separated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). 3-ABA is oxidized by these enzymes to three metabolites, which were separated by HPLC as distinguish product peaks. Using co-chromatography with synthetic standards, two of them were identified to be oxidative metabolites of 3-ABA,N-hydroxy-3-ABA and 3-NBA. The structure of another 3-ABA metabolite remains to be characterized. To define the role of rat hepatic CYP enzymes in metabolism of 3-ABA, we investigated the modulation of its oxidation using different inducers of CYPs for treatment of rats to enrich the liver microsomes with individual CYPs. Based on these studies, we attribute most of 3-ABA oxidation in rat hepatic microsomes to CYP2B, followed by CYP1A, although a role of other hepatic CYPs cannot be ruled out. Inhibition of 3-ABA oxidation by selective inhibitors of individual CYPs, supported this finding.
Evaluation of developmental neurotoxicity: some important issues focused on neurobehavioral development
Authors: Dubovický Michal , Kovačovský Pavel , Ujházy Eduard , Navarová Jana , Brucknerová Ingrid , Mach Mojmír 
Published: November 2010

Evaluation of developmental neurotoxicity: some important issues focused on neurobehavioral developmentExposure of the developing organism to industrial chemicals and physical factors represents a serious risk factor for the development of neurobehavioral disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism and mental retardation. Appropriate animal models are needed to test potentially harmful effects and mechanisms of developmental neurotoxicity of various chemical substances. However, there are significant human vs. rat differences in the brain developmental profile which should be taken into account in neurotoxicity studies. Subtle behavioral alterations are hard to detect by traditional developmental toxicity and teratogenicity studies, and in many cases they remain hidden. They can however be revealed by using special behavioral, endocrine and/or pharmacological challenges, such as repeated behavioral testing, exposure to single stressful stimulus or drugs. Further, current neurobehavioral test protocols recommend to test animals up to their adulthood. However some behavioral alterations, such as anxiety-like behavior or mental deficiency, may become manifest in later periods of development. Our experimental and scientific experiences are highly suggestive for a complex approach in testing potential developmental neurotoxicity. Strong emphasis should be given on repeated behavioral testing of animals up to senescence and on using proper pharmacological and/or stressful challenges.
Degradation dynamics and dissipation kinetics of an imidazole fungicide (Prochloraz) in aqueous medium of varying pH
Authors: Aktar Md. , Sengupta Dwaipayan , Purkait Swarnali , Ganguly Madhumita , Paramasivam M. 
Published: November 2010

Degradation dynamics and dissipation kinetics of an imidazole fungicide (Prochloraz) in aqueous medium of varying pHLaboratory degradation studies were performed in water at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 9.2 using Prochloraz (450 EC) formulation at the concentration of 1.0 (T1) and 2.0 (T2) μg/mL. Water samples collected on 0 (2 h), 3, 7, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 90 days after treatments were processed for residue analysis of Prochloraz by HPLC-UV detector. In 60 days, dissipation was 89.1-90.5% at pH 4.0, 84.1-88.2% at pH 7.0, and 92.4-93.8% at pH 9.2 in both treatments. The results indicate that at pH 7.0 the degradation of Prochloraz was much slower as compared to other two. Between pH 4.0 and 9.2 the degradation of compound is little faster at pH 9.2. The half-life periods observed were 18.35 and 19.17 days at pH 4.0, 22.6 and 25.1 days at pH 7.0 and 15.8 and 16.6 days at pH 9.2 at T1and T2doses respectively.
New Carré Equation
Authors: Magalhaes Pedro , Neto Perrin , Magalhães Cristina 
Published: November 2010

New Carré EquationThe present work offers new equations for phase evaluation in measurements. Several phase-shifting equations with an arbitrary but constant phase-shift between captured intensity signs are proposed. The equations are similarly derived as the so called Carré equation. The idea is to develop a generalization of the Carré equation that is not restricted to four images. Errors and random noise in the images cannot be eliminated, but the uncertainty due to their effects can be reduced by increasing the number of observations. An experimental analysis of the errors of the technique was made, as well as a detailed analysis of errors of the measurement. The advantages of the proposed equation are its precision in the measures taken, speed of processing and the immunity to noise in signs and images.
Comparative Analysis of Three Algorithms for Two-Channel Common Frequency Sinewave Parameter Estimation: Ellipse Fit, Seven Parameter Sine Fit and Spectral Sinc Fit
Authors: Ramos Pedro , Janeiro Fernando , Radil Tomáš 
Published: November 2010

Comparative Analysis of Three Algorithms for Two-Channel Common Frequency Sinewave Parameter Estimation: Ellipse Fit, Seven Parameter Sine Fit and Spectral Sinc FitIn this paper, a comparison analysis of three different algorithms for the estimation of sine signal parameters in two-channel common frequency situations is presented. The relevance of this situation is clearly understood in multiple applications where the algorithms have been applied. They include impedance measurements, eddy currents testing, laser anemometry and radio receiver testing for example. The three algorithms belong to different categories because they are based on different approaches. The ellipse fit algorithm is a parametric fit based on the XY plot of the samples of both signals. The seven parameter sine fit algorithm is a least-squares algorithm based on the time domain fitting of a single tone sinewave model to the acquired samples. The spectral sinc fit performs a fitting in the frequency domain of the exact model of an acquired sinewave on the acquired spectrum. Multiple simulation situations and real measurements are included in the comparison to demonstrate the weaknesses and strong points of each algorithm.
On a Certain Class of Expanding Systems
Authors: Żuchowski Adam 
Published: November 2010

On a Certain Class of Expanding Systems
The interesting properties of a class of expanding systems are discussed. The operation of the considered systems can be described as follows: the input signal is processed by a linear dynamic converter in subsequent time intervals, each of them is equal to Ti. Processing starts at the moments n · Ti, always after zeroing of converter initial conditions. For smooth input signals and a given transfer function of the converter one can suitably choose Ti and the gain coefficient in order to realize the postulated linear operations on input signals, which is quite different comparing it to the operation realized by the converter. The errors of postulated operations are mainly caused by non-smooth components of the input signal. The principles for choice of system parameters and rules for system optimization are presented in the paper. The referring examples are attached too.
Analysis of Bolt Joint Using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Żyliński Bartłomiej , Buczkowski Ryszard 
Published: November 2010

Analysis of Bolt Joint Using the Finite Element Method
A numerical analysis of the initially clamped bolt joint subject to the working pressure is presented in the paper. Special, hexahedral 21- and 28-node isoparametric finite elements have been employed to model the contact zone. In this model, one takes into account loading due to the working pressure in the gap between the gasket and the flange arising as an effect of the progressing joint opening, what has not been considered in recent papers. Nonlinear stiffness characteristics of the bolt and the flange with the gasket are developed. Working pressure corresponding to the critical bolt force resulting in the joint leakage (complete opening between the gasket and the flange) is determined. FE computational results are compared with the available experimental results. The numerical results are presented using the authors' own graphical postprocessor.
The effects of temperature on the behaviour of the Antarctic sea star Odontaster validus
Authors: Kidawa Anna , Potocka Marta , Janecki Tomasz 
Published: November 2010

The effects of temperature on the behaviour of the Antarctic sea starOdontaster validusMany Antarctic marine benthic invertebrates are adapted to specific environmental conditions (e.g.low stable temperatures, high salinity and oxygen content). Changes caused by global climatic shifts can be expected to have significant impact on their physiology and distribution.Odontaster validus, an ubiquitous, omnivorous sea star is one of the "keystone species" in the Antarctic benthic communities. Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the effect of temperature rise (from 0 to 5°C) on some vital biological functions that sea stars must perform in order to survive in their environment. Parameters such as behavioural reaction of sea stars to food and food odour, locomotory performance and ability to right were measured. Temperature increase significantly impaired the ability ofO. validusto perform these functions (e.g.lowering the number of sea stars able to right, increasing time-to-right, reducing locomotory activity, weakening chemosensory reaction to food and food odour). At temperatures of 4 and 5°C a loss of motor coordination was observed, although at all tested temperatures up to 5°C there were single individuals performing successfully.
Authigenic pyrite framboids in sedimentary facies of the Mount Wawel Formation (Eocene), King George Island, West Antarctica
Authors: Mozer Anna 
Published: November 2010

Authigenic pyrite framboids in sedimentary facies of the Mount Wawel Formation (Eocene), King George Island, West AntarcticaPyrite framboids occur in loose blocks of plant-bearing clastic rocks related to volcano-sedimentary succession of the Mount Wawel Formation (Eocene) in the Dragon and Wanda glaciers area at Admiralty Bay, King George Island, West Antarctica. They were investigated by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and isotopic analysis of pyritic sulphur. The results suggest that the pyrite formed as a result of production of hydrogen sulphide by sulphate reducing bacteria in near surface sedimentary environments. Strongly negative Δ34SVCDTvalues of pyrite (-30 - -25 ‰) support its bacterial origin. Perfect shapes of framboids resulted from their growth in the open pore space of clastic sediments. The abundance of framboids at certain sedimentary levels and the lack or negligible content of euhedral pyrite suggest pulses of high supersaturation with respect to iron monosulphides. The dominance of framboids of small sizes (8-16 μm) and their homogeneous distribution at these levels point to recurrent development of a laterally continuous anoxic sulphidic zone below the sediment surface. Sedimentary environments of the Mount Wawel Formation developed on islands of the young magmatic arc in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region. They embraced stagnant and flowing water masses and swamps located in valleys, depressions, and coastal areas that were covered by dense vegetation. Extensive deposition and diagenesis of plant detritus in these environments promoted anoxic conditions in the sediments, and a supply of marine and/or volcanogenic sulphate enabled its bacterial reduction, precipitation of iron monosulphides, and their transformation to pyrite framboids.
Functional Gait Assessment and Balance Evaluation System Test: Reliability, Validity, Sensitivity, and Specificity for Identifying Individuals With Parkinson Disease Who Fall
Authors: Leddy Abigail L. , Crowner Beth E. , Earhart Gammon M. 
Published: November 2010

Background
Gait impairments, balance impairments, and falls are prevalent in individuals with Parkinson disease (PD). Although the Berg Balance Scale (BBS) can be considered the reference standard for the determination of fall risk, it has a noted ceiling effect. Development of ceiling-free measures that can assess balance and are good at discriminating “fallers” from “nonfallers” is needed.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to compare the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA) and the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) with the BBS among individuals with PD and evaluate the tests' reliability, validity, and discriminatory sensitivity and specificity for fallers versus nonfallers.

Design
This was an observational study of community-dwelling individuals with idiopathic PD.

Methods
The BBS, FGA, and BESTest were administered to 80 individuals with PD. Interrater reliability (n=15) was assessed by 3 raters. Test-retest reliability was based on 2 tests of participants (n=24), 2 weeks apart. Intraclass correlation coefficients (2,1) were used to calculate reliability, and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to assess validity. Cutoff points, sensitivity, and specificity were based on receiver operating characteristic plots.

Results
Test-retest reliability was .80 for the BBS, .91 for the FGA, and .88 for the BESTest. Interrater reliability was greater than .93 for all 3 tests. The FGA and BESTest were correlated with the BBS (r=.78 and r=.87, respectively). Cutoff scores to identify fallers were 47/56 for the BBS, 15/30 for the FGA, and 69% for the BESTest. The overall accuracy (area under the curve) for the BBS, FGA, and BESTest was .79, .80, and .85, respectively.

Limitations
Fall reports were retrospective.

Conclusion
Both the FGA and the BESTest have reliability and validity for assessing balance in individuals with PD. The BESTest is most sensitive for identifying fallers.
On the Meaning of Change in a Clinician's Routine Measure of Outcome: HoNOSCA
Authors: Brann Peter , Coleman Grahame 
Published: November 2010

Objective: With the advent of routine outcomes across Australia and New Zealand, clinicians, managers, parents and children will be interested in change on these measures. This paper presents a number of approaches and the implications. Method: Health of the Nations Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents (HoNOSCA) collected during clinical practice for 911 patients were examined for changes over time, clinical significance, treatment status, effect size, and reliable and clinically significant change. Results: Statistically significant changes in symptom severity were found related to treatment status and to changes in the number of clinically significant scales. An effect size of almost one standard deviation was noted and the proportion of patients who improved was examined. While the reliable change index was calculated, there are clinical complications with this approach. The impact of the capacity to change on specific scales illustrates a critical issue in describing outcomes. Conclusion: From a number of perspectives, change in HoNOSCA total and scale scores is valid. However, several clinical dilemmas must be faced in deciding which approach should be used. The implications of these choices may affect clinicians, patients, carers and managers in understanding change.