bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educating the Public
Authors: Shepperd Josh 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the unique origins and structure of American public radio as neither a national broadcaster along European lines nor a commercial enterprise, but a highly localized system originally based on educational goals defined by the needs of public educators and carried out initially by state universities and educational institutions. It examines the limits and pressures that were exerted over educational radio as advocates and practitioners struggled to define a vision alternative to commercial broadcasting. Through an idiosyncratic combination of the efforts of government agencies, grass-roots activism, classroom educators, universities, philanthropic organizations, and private industry, US public radio emerged in the 1960s as a nonprofit industry that sought to downplay its overtly educational function to produce informative and socially conscious programming outside the pressures of the commercial marketplace.
Community Radio in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Doliwa Urszula 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The growth of media freedom in central and eastern Europe (CEE) cannot be called a steadily upward process. Instead, it is marked by a series of backward steps, which have led to increased state control over the media. Looking at community radio development in CEE from this perspective, just such a backward step marks the 2020s. Instead of the growth of a third sector operating alongside state and commercial media, there are increasing challenges facing independent, community-oriented broadcasting in some countries. This chapter discusses community radio development in Poland from 1989 to 2021 as an example of this troubling trend, providing a summary of historical research and discourse analysis based on mixed qualitative and quantitative methods carried out over the past fifteen years, consisting of semistructured interviews, document analyses, content analysis, and direct observations as a participant in the struggle for community media in eastern Europe.
“A Golden Age of Audio”
Authors: Baade Christina 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Since the introduction of the Amazon Echo in late 2014, smart speakers have been adopted by a wide range of households. As an “audio-first” technology, their materiality, interactivity, and ubiquity change what we mean by radioness—remediating both radio and audio streaming. This chapter investigates the radioness of smart speakers through two complementary lenses. First, it examines their impact on the music, streaming audio, and radio by analyzing media coverage of smart speakers’ adoption and impact, including market research organizations, mainstream news outlets, and the trade press. Second, it examines smart speakers as domestic artifacts, drawing on autoethnographic strategies, design thinking, and scholarship on domesticity. The domestic comfort and technological ease that smart speakers promise are animated by their nostalgic, radio-like status, but it is also their radioness that helps obscure their imbrication with the logic of contemporary big tech.
Segregation on the Airwaves
Authors: Ribeiro Nelson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter presents a history of broadcasting in the Portuguese African colonies between the early 1930s and late 1960s, demonstrating the shortcomings of the state broadcaster and the central role played in Mozambique and Angola by private radio clubs established by white elites. Broadcasting policy to and in the Portuguese territories is placed in the context of the nationalistic dictatorship. The chapter demonstrates how the winds of decolonization led the Lisbon government to introduce changes in its colonial policy that, although they did not alter its main characteristics, had a profound impact on the role attributed to radio broadcasting. Finally, the chapter discusses how programs in African languages were first aired by stations in Angola and Mozambique and how they were used as tools of psychological warfare by the Portuguese regime when its propaganda was challenged by broadcasts produced by independence movements that reached the Portuguese colonies from abroad.
Recuperating a Critical Tradition
Authors: Fuller-Seeley Kathy , Brown Laura C. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Radio critics Jack Gould of the New York Times and John Crosby of the New York Herald Tribune brought serious criticism to American network radio in 1946. They decried the abundance of violence in radio dramas, the crass commercialism of giveaway shows, and the reluctance of sponsors to allow programs to address real issues. Their prominent reviews and wide readership brought additional pressure on radio sponsors, agency liaisons, network executives, and producers to improve and raised awareness of critical program appreciation among listeners. They led the nationwide expansion of journalistic broadcasting coverage, despite the rapid turn of attention to the promise of television. This examination of the achievements (and shortcomings) of these critics in wielding powerful voices of evaluation complicates our understanding of how American network radio was produced and experienced from the mid-1940s to the early 1950s.
Korean Radio Drama
Authors: Kim Jina E. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the inception of South Korea’s postwar radio culture by analyzing 1960s radio dramas, focusing on voice and voice performance. What kinds of indexical and iconic voices contributed to the popularity of the radio dramas in the 1960s? How does analysis of sound and voice add to the understanding of radio as an important tool for technopolitics, gender formations, and modernizing affect? The chapter argues that the dominance of the dramatic radio narratives of the 1960s depended on the expressive power of the melodramatic voicescape and its ability to provoke similar affective responses from the audience. It identifies three dominant melodramatic voices: the stammering father, the confessional lover, and the bewailing husband, created by male voice performers to reflect the gender and political crisis of the era. Drawing from textual, visual, and audio sources, the chapter highlights how these voice performances shaped a melodramatic voicescape.
The Archaeology of the United Monarchy and the Kingdom of Israel
Authors: Maeir Aren M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at archaeological evidence for the period from the start of David’s reign until the destruction of the kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians, i.e., around 1000–722 BCE. It also addresses the debates that have arisen about this evidence. The chapter includes a discussion of archaeological chronology for the Iron II period before turning to the question whether the United Monarchy actually existed. The bulk of the chapter consists of a survey of the archaeological evidence relating to the northern kingdom by regions. Special attention is devoted to a discussion of cultural differences between Israel and Judah that appear in the archaeological record.
The Reception of the Books of Kings in Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Lavee Moshe 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys references to Kings in rabbinic literature (Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmuds, and relevant midrashim). It also discusses the dynamics of rabbinic reception of these books and sketches the main themes and aspects of that reception. The chapter demonstrates that the relative marginalization of Kings as a textbook for midrashic analysis is belied by the continuing vitality of the characters and stories of Kings in rabbinic literature at large. The literature also “rabbinized” these characters and stories by portraying them with the spirit and values of the rabbis and their interest in Torah study and communal religious activities. This is quite distinct from these characters’ original political and historical settings and concerns.
The Books of Kings, Deuteronomy, and the Deuteronomistic History
Authors: Müller Reinhard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter shows that the book of the torah that was allegedly found in the temple under king Josiah is implicitly presented in the narrative of the Enneateuch as the book written by Moses according to Deut 31:9. The literary connection between Kings and Deuteronomy created by this motif appears loose and superficial, since Kings makes almost no further reference to the written Mosaic torah. The literary historical relationship between Kings and Deuteronomy was conceived by Martin Noth in his hypothesis of a coherent Deuteronomistic History. Three angles for reconstructing the literary-historical relationship between both books are presented. First is the textual history of Kings and its implications for reconstructing the literary history of the Deuteronomistic terms and phrases. Second are the overlaps and differences between Kings and Deuteronomy. Third are the evaluations of the kings in the books of Kings and their conceptual relationship with Deuteronomy.
Realism and the Politics of Frequency in Filmmaking
Authors: Weissman Terri 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In December 1967, a collective of American photographers and filmmakers formed a radical news service called Newsreel with the goal of creating an alternative to the politically biased coverage presented by network television news. One of Newsreel’s earliest films, I.S. 201 and Report from Newark (1968), documents the contentious events around a Malcolm X memorial parade in East Harlem and provides an update on living conditions in Newark, New Jersey, eight months after an uprising there led to violent clashes with police. Shortly after the completion of I.S. 201 and Report from Newark, several Newsreel members traveled to Cuba, where they saw Santiago Alvarez’s film NOW! (1965). Set to Lena Horne’s song “Now” (1963) about the failures of the United States to combat inequality, Alvarez’s film collages together found imagery from American newspapers and other sources to create a powerful statement about racism, police violence, and American hypocrisy. This essay brings Newsreel’s I.S. 201 into conversation with Alvarez’s NOW! to show how the visual and acoustic fields of both move and adjust with their audience, creating a sonic and visual pulse—a vibrational force—that challenges traditional notions of realism and evidence as somehow static or self-evident.
The Politics of Resistance to Land Alienation
Authors: Adnan Shapan 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter puts forward an alternative framing of the politics of resistance to land alienation. It distinguishes land alienation from land control and land concentration, defining it as the separation or expulsion of the preexisting holders from their lands by force or voluntary/market transactions. Resistance from below to prevent and stop such processes, or to recover previously alienated lands, constitutestruggles against expulsion. Differences between overt-covert, violent-nonviolent, and intermediate forms of resistance are noted and the conditions of transformation between them are explored. When the winners and losers from land alienation are differentiated by ethnic, racial, religious, or other identity-based traits, contestations involving the biopolitics of discrimination and othering may be activated. Differences between resistance to land alienation mediating primitive accumulation or accumulation by dispossession (ABD), and capitalist accumulation, are pointed out. Dynamic interactions between the politics of land alienation and resistance can lead to flexibility, adaptive change, or innovation in their respective strategies. Dramatic reversals in state policies of acquiring land can be brought about when their legitimacy is questioned by politically committed strategies of resistance. Active struggles against land alienation can be undermined by strategies combining coercion and persuasion, while innovative counterstrategies can pre-empt the very possibility of potential resistance.
Preserving the Forests and Walks for Peace in Cambodia
Authors: Kittisenee Napakadol 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a view of the inseparable bond among forests, walking, and the resilience of Buddhism in Cambodia. Forests have borne witness to significant events throughout the history of Buddhism. The forests in Cambodia, however, remember both felicities and atrocities. The series of wars, the nation-wide massacre, and the environmental devastation after the civil wars—all that plagued twentieth-century Cambodia—have disturbed and shattered the forests. Walks for Peace were installed to restore the social, natural, and spiritual environment of Cambodia. Drawing on the experiences of joining the Walks for Peace across the forests in Cambodia from 2010 to 2018, this chapter seeks to reveal and advance the intricate relationship among people, nature, and Buddhism in Cambodia, and this helps to expand the horizon of understanding lived Buddhism.
Beyond Bamboo Diplomacy
Authors: Bui Tung X. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Vietnam has emerged as a notable middle power, lauded for its growing influence in Southeast Asia and robust engagement on the global stage. Various political science scholars, seasoned diplomats, and media commentators attribute Vietnam’s rise to its firm commitment to principles of independence and non-interference, combined with a dynamic approach to multilateralism. However, this chapter posits that Vietnam’s diplomatic achievements are not solely a product of its bamboo diplomacy. Instead, the nation’s journey to becoming a regional middle power is significantly influenced by the opportunity it has to exploit a nexus of factors: the geographical proximity to influential states, the historical heritage underpinning its international relationships, and the ability to leverage developments in today’s fractured global environment. Drawing on social welfare theories and the notion of power asymmetry in international relations, the chapter further argues that bamboo diplomacy’s inherent instability renders it unsustainable in the long term. To counter this intrinsic vulnerability, Vietnam, or any state pursuing this multipolar diplomacy approach, must maintain a delicate equilibrium, marked by astute negotiation and strategic concessions. The chapter contends that the viability of this diplomatic approach depends greatly on the stances of pivotal partners, especially those with significant geopolitical and geoeconomic influence, who are willing to engage with or consent to “satisficing” resolutions within the intricate sphere of global diplomacy.
Spatial Analysis in Geoeconomics
Authors: Lin Kun-Chin 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an interpretative survey of key concepts of geoeconomics across several disciplines, focusing on debates between the Luttwakian and critical geography literature in the aftermath of the Cold War. It proposes expanding the systemic “structure” of geoeconomics to incorporate non-geographical—yet spatially related—features, as well as the cognitive dimensions of territoriality. Similarly, it analyzes economic statecraft as going beyond statist pursuit of self-interests within a grand strategic concept to encompass subnational and non-state agents as well as disparate processes in the socioeconomic and ecological domains that often run counter to intended government policy effects. The chapter pursues these lines of inquiries and data methodology with a highlight of English-language studies on the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, which demonstrates the diversity of relevant spatial factors that affect global power relations.
Constitution Making and Constitutional Change
Authors: Ginsburg Tom 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores constitution making and amendment in East Asia, defined here as the region stretching from Indonesia to Mongolia. The region is home to a diverse set of constitutional experiences. Three trends make themselves clear. First, the region is characterized by a good deal of constitutional stability in most countries, with Thailand being the only prominent exception. Second, East Asia is also an outlier in terms of the process by which constitutions are made. In recent years, there has been an increasing global emphasis on public participation in the constitutional design process—either in the design, drafting, or approval of the constitutional text. But this is relatively unusual in the region. Finally, with the exceptions of Singapore and Malaysia, constitutional amendment in East Asia is relatively rare and relatively significant, in contrast with regions like South Asia, where constitutions are amended frequently and sometimes for minor ends.
Aquinas and Bonaventure
Authors: Spezzano Daria 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Thomas Aquinas and Bonaventure draw from common sources (especially Augustine and Dionysius) to integrate the theme of deification into their theologies of sanctification. Nevertheless, they understand deification somewhat differently because of their distinctive theological visions. Both associate it with divine adoption, perfection to the Trinitarian imago Dei, conformation to Christ, and the communication of grace through the sacraments. For both, deification is an ontological transformation that flowers in moral action, leading to union with God. However, Aquinas explains it in terms of participation, Bonaventure of hierarchy. Aquinas underlines the activity of both intellect and will in the cooperation of the deified with grace on the journey to perfect knowledge and love of God in beatitude, Bonaventure emphasizes the ascent of the deiform to an experience of affective union with God beyond intellection.
Martin Luther and the Early Lutherans
Authors: Raunio Antti 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
For Martin Luther, God lives in believers and enables believers to share in his life through the light of faith. Believers take on the image of Christ and are configured to all the mysteries of Christ’s life, sharing in Christ’s salvific works and receiving Christ’s inheritance. By faith and baptism, believers take on Christ’s righteousness in God’s eyes, and this righteousness really becomes true of believers, so that believers are filled with love (which is the divine nature). Following upon Luther, Philip Melanchthon argues that the goal of Christian life is to receive God’s perfect justification, so that God becomes all and all. Even in this life, through imputed righteousness, believers have a spark of this perfect righteousness, so that believers already are being deified by the Spirit. Johannes Bugenhagen (Pomeranus) emphasizes believers’ adoption as God’s children, and Johannes Brenz argues that God communicates Christ’s own qualities to believers.
Pierre de Bérulle and François de Sales
Authors: Wright Wendy M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Two seminal figures emerged amid the Catholic spiritual renewal following the French Wars of Religion: Pierre de Bérulle and François de Sales. While employing distinctive spiritual and theological languages both explored what they saw as the goal of human existence, the radially transformed—deified—life. The Pauline injunction, “I no longer live but Christ lives in me” was refracted uniquely by each. For Bérulle, the means toward this goal was to be lost in God through adhering to the inner life (states) of Jesus instantiated at the time of the Incarnation and to become, like the Son, perfect adorers of the Father. De Sales’ vision proposed that the Divine desire for union with creation is met by the innate God-ward desire of humankind through the “exchange” of human hearts for the gentle, humble heart of Jesus actualized by the exercise of love of God and neighbor.
Karl Barth’s Critique of Deification
Authors: Kaltwasser Cambria 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Barth’s criticism of deification is no stand-alone critique but the outcome of structural decisions integral to his mature theology. As such, his criticism says as much about his own theology as it does about his target. This chapter highlights three interrelated grounds of Barth’s criticism of deification: The first ground is Barth’s historicized Christology, aimed at differentiating divine and human actors in the covenant of grace. The second is Barth’s revised ontology, which, stemming from his doctrine of God, obviates the traditional substance ontology in which deification takes root. The third is Barth’s unconventional doctrine of sanctification, in which the far-reaching consequences of his previous decisions come into clearest focus: Barth rules out not merely deification, but its underlying presupposition that the Christian life necessarily yields visible transformation and growth into holiness.
Twentieth-Century Russian Orthodox Theologians
Authors: Gavrilyuk Paul L. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by discussing the work of schema-monk Antonii Bulatovich (1870–1919) and his development of the doctrine of deification in application to the Name-Glorifiers controversy. The following sections bring out the centrality of deification and its deeply original articulations by the four leaders of the Russian religious renaissance: Fr. Pavel Florensky (1882–1937), Fr. Sergius Bulgakov (1871–1944), Nicholas Berdyaev (1874–1948), and Lev Karsavin (1882–1952). The final sections treat the émigré theologians of the younger generation, who were aligned with the neopatristic trend in Russian theology: Fr. Georges Florovsky (1893–1979), Myrrha Lot-Borodine (1882–1954), Vladimir Lossky (1903–1958), and Fr. John Meyendorff (1926–1992). Cumulatively, these efforts at the historical retrieval and the constructive appropriation of deification had the effect of making deification the defining feature of Orthodox theology.
Deification and the Metaphysics of Participation
Authors: Davison Andrew 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Deification has been set out as participation in God, both on biblical grounds (2 Pet. 1:4) and on account of the rich discussions of participation in Platonic texts, and theological writing influenced by them. In recent decades, participation has been celebrated by theologians, across confessional lines, as central to a theological and philosophical vision shared by writers down Christian history. In this chapter, the idea of a “metaphysics of participation” (largely illustrated by the works of Thomas Aquinas) is used to explore what has been meant by deification. The dependence of the creature on God is stressed, as is its transformation by grace, while also preserving the unalterable distinction between creature and Creator. After consideration of some objections to treating the relation of the creature to God in such metaphysical terms, the chapter concludes by showing how the theme of participation can serve to connect deification to other doctrinal topics.
Deification and Ecclesiology
Authors: Hovorun Cyril 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The chapter explores connections between two phenomena: theosis and the church. Initially, such connections were not obvious, as the notion of the church was rudimentary and expressed mainly through metaphors. One may discern early metaphors referring to the church and theosis, such as the images of the second Adam and recapitulation. Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite introduced a new way of thinking about the church and theosis. This way was restrictive and hierarchical. The adoption of dialectical categories by the Christian theology advanced the understanding of theosis and its connectedness with the church. Theologians, especially in the East, came to distinguish between the common potentiality and particular actuality of deification. The former, which they called isotheon, transformed to the latter, theosis in the church. The Russian religious philosophy provided a framework for a modern synthesis between the ideas of the Incarnation, the church, and deification.