bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Gingival Angiopoietin‐1 Concentrations and Depth of the Adjacent Gingival Sulcus
Authors: Lester S. Reid , Bain Jennifer L. , Serio Francis G. , Harrelson Bradley D. , Johnson Roger B. 
Published: September 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to assess concentrations of angiopoietin (Ang)‐1 at various stages of gingival inflammation. Ang‐1 is an anti‐inflammatory mediator present in various inflammatory diseases. However, its presence during the pathogenesis of gingival inflammation has not been established in vivo.Methods: Gingiva was obtained from 110 human donors before extraction of the adjacent teeth. The tissue was grouped based on adjacent probing depth and bleeding on probing (BOP). Gingiva adjacent to a ≤3‐mm sulcus without BOP was classified as “normal” (N); gingiva adjacent to a 3‐mm sulcus with BOP was classified as “diseased, slight” (DS); gingiva adjacent to a 4‐ to 6‐mm sulcus featuring BOP was classified as “diseased, moderate” (DM); and gingiva adjacent to >6‐mm sulci was classified as “diseased, severe” (DSev). Tissues were solublized, and concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐1β and −6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, endothelin (ET)‐1, Ang‐1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)‐1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Data were compared by factorial analysis of variance, the post hoc Tukey test, and the Pearson correlation test. Groups were defined as significantly different when P <0.05.Results: Gingival concentrations of IL‐1β and −6, TNF‐α, VEGF, and ET‐1 were significantly greater, and VCAM‐1 and Ang‐1 were significantly lower, in DSev and DM than in N and DS tissues (P <0.05). In addition, gingival concentrations of IL‐6, VEGF, and ET‐1 were significantly greater, and VCAM‐1 and Ang‐1 were significantly lower, in DSev than in DM tissues (P <0.05). There were significant positive correlations among sulcular depth, IL‐1β and −6, TNF‐α, VEGF, and ET‐1 and negative correlations among VCAM‐1, Ang‐1, sulcular depth, and the other biomarkers (P <0.001).Conclusions: Depleted tissue concentrations of Ang‐1 may allow gingival inflammation to become more severe because VEGF and ET‐1 secretion become less inhibited. Thus, the tissues become edematous and more likely to develop BOP.
Clinical, Microbiologic, and Biochemical Effects of Subgingival Administration of a Xanthan‐Based Chlorhexidine Gel in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized Multicenter Trial
Authors: Paolantonio Michele , D'Ercole Simonetta , Pilloni Andrea , D'Archivio Domenico , Lisanti Luca , Graziani Filippo , Femminella Beatrice , Sammartino Gilberto , Perillo Letizia , Tetè Stefano , Perfetti Giorgio , Spoto Giuseppe , Piccolomini Raffaele , Perinetti Giuseppe 
Published: September 2009

Background: The use of locally delivered antibacterials containing chlorhexidine (CHX) was proposed to improve the effectiveness of non‐surgical periodontal treatment. The present multicenter randomized study investigated the effects of a xanthan‐based chlorhexidine (Xan‐CHX) gel used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.Methods: Ninety‐eight systemically healthy subjects with moderate to advanced periodontitis were recruited in four centers (59 females and 39 males; aged 24 to 58 years). For each subject, two experimental sites located in two symmetric quadrants were chosen with probing depths (PD) ≥5 mm and positive for bleeding on probing (BOP). These two sites were randomized at the split‐mouth level with one receiving a single SRP treatment and the other receiving a single SRP + Xan‐CHX gel treatment. Supragingival plaque, modified gingival index, PD, clinical attachment level (CAL), and BOP were evaluated at baseline (prior to any treatment) and after 3 and 6 months. At the same times, subgingival microbiologic samples and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were collected for the analysis of total bacterial counts (TBCs), including the identification of eight putative periodontopathogens, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, respectively.Results: The Xan‐CHX treatment group showed greater improvements compared to the SRP group for PD and CAL at 3 and 6 months (P <0.001). The differences in PD reduction between the treatments were 0.87 and 0.83 mm at 3 and 6 months, respectively (P <0.001); for CAL, these were 0.94 and 0.90 mm, respectively (P <0.001). Similar behavior was seen when the subgroup of pockets ≥7 mm was considered. The percentage of sites positive for BOP was similar between the treatments at each time point. For the comparisons between the treatment groups, no differences were seen in the TBCs and GCF ALP activity at baseline and 6 months; in contrast, slightly, but significantly, lower scores were recorded for the Xan‐CHX treatment group at 3 months (P = 0.018 and P = 0.045, respectively). Moreover, greater reductions in the percentages of sites positive for the eight putative periodontopathic bacteria were generally seen for the Xan‐CHX treatment group compared to SRP alone.Conclusions: The adjunctive use of Xan‐CHX gel promoted greater PD reductions and CAL gains compared to SRP alone. These results were concomitant with better microbiologic and biochemical outcomes when Xan‐CHX gel use was added to SRP, particularly up to 3 months after treatment.
Cross‐Sectional Study of Vitamin D and Calcium Supplementation Effects on Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Miley D. Douglas , Garcia M. Nathalia , Hildebolt Charles F. , Shannon William D. , Couture Rex A. , Anderson Spearie Catherine L. , Dixon Debra A. , Langenwalter Eric M. , Mueller Cheryl , Civitelli Roberto 
Published: September 2009

Background:A low dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium hastens bone loss and osteoporosis. Because vitamin D metabolites may also alter the inflammatory response and have antimicrobial effects, we studied whether the use of vitamin D and calcium supplements affects periodontal disease status.Methods:A cohort of 51 subjects receiving periodontal maintenance therapy was recruited from two dental clinics; 23 were taking vitamin D (≥400 IU/day) and calcium (≥1,000 mg/day) supplementation, and 28 were not taking such supplementation. All subjects had at least two interproximal sites with ≥3 mm clinical attachment loss. Daily calcium and vitamin D intake (from food and supplements) were estimated by nutritional analysis. The following clinical parameters of periodontal disease were recorded for the mandibular posterior teeth: gingival index, probing depth, cemento‐enamel junction–gingival margin distance (attachment loss), bleeding on probing, and furcation involvement. Posterior photostimulable‐phosphor bitewing radiographs were taken to determine cemento‐enamel junction–alveolar crest distances (alveolar crest height loss). Data were analyzed with a repeated‐measures multivariate analysis of variance.Results:Compared to subjects who did not take vitamin D and calcium supplementation, supplement takers had shallower probing depths, fewer bleeding sites, lower gingival index values, fewer furcation involvements, less attachment loss, and less alveolar crest height loss. The repeated‐measures analysis indicated that collectively these differences were borderline significant (P= 0.08).Conclusions:In these subjects receiving periodontal maintenance therapy, there was a trend for better periodontal health with vitamin D and calcium supplementation. More expanded longitudinal studies are required to determine the potential of this relationship.
Periodontal Conditions of Sites Treated With Gingival‐Augmentation Surgery Compared to Untreated Contralateral Homologous Sites: A 10‐ to 27‐Year Long‐Term Study
Authors: Agudio G. , Nieri M. , Rotundo R. , Franceschi D. , Cortellini P. , Pini Prato G.P. 
Published: September 2009

Background: The aim of this retrospective long‐term split‐mouth study was to compare the periodontal conditions of sites treated with gingival‐augmentation procedures to untreated homologous contralateral sites over a long period of time (10 to 27 years).Methods: Fifty‐five subjects with 73 sites (test group) lacking attached gingiva associated with recessions were treated by means of submarginal free gingival grafts (SMFGGs) and marginal free gingival grafts (MFGGs). The 73 contralateral homologous sites (control group), with or without recession and with or without attached gingiva, were not treated. Patients were recalled every 4 months during the follow‐up period (10 to 27 years). Clinical variables, including recession depth, amount of keratinized tissue (KT), and probing depth (PD), were measured in treated and untreated sites at baseline, at 1 year, and at the end of the follow‐up period.Results: At the end of the follow‐up period, recession was reduced in all treated sites (1.5 ± 1.0 mm for SMFGG and 1.3 ± 0.9 mm for MFGG), whereas it was increased in the untreated sites (−0.7 ± 0.7 mm for SMFGG and −1.0 ± 0.5 mm for MFGG). In the treated sites, the increased KT remained quite stable during the follow‐up period. PD remained stable (1 mm) in the treated and untreated sites.Conclusions: The sites treated with gingival‐augmentation surgery showed a tendency for coronal displacement of the gingival margin with a reduction in recession. The contralateral untreated sites showed a tendency for apical displacement of the gingival margin with an increase in the existing recessions.
Clinical and Histologic Evaluation of Non‐Surgical Periodontal Therapy With Enamel Matrix Derivative: A Report of Four Cases
Authors: Mellonig James T. , Valderrama Pilar , Gregory Holly J. , Cochran David L. 
Published: September 2009

Background: Enamel matrix derivative (EMD) is a composite of proteins that was demonstrated histologically to work as an adjunct to periodontal regenerative surgical therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and histologic effects of EMD as an adjunct to scaling and root planing.Methods: Four patients with severe chronic periodontitis and scheduled to receive complete dentures were accrued. Probing depth and clinical attachment levels were obtained. Unlimited time was allowed for hand and ultrasonic instrumentation. A notch was placed in the root ≥1 to 2 mm from the apical extent of root planing. EMD was inserted into the pocket, and a periodontal dressing was placed. Patients were seen every 2 weeks for plaque control. At 6 months post‐treatment, soft tissue measurements were repeated, and the teeth were removed en bloc and prepared for histomorphologic analysis.Results: Probing depth reduction and clinical attachment level gain were obtained in three‐fourths of the specimens. Three of the four specimens analyzed histologically demonstrated new cementum, bone, periodontal ligament, and connective tissue attachment coronal to the notch. In one specimen, the gingival margin had receded below the notch.Conclusions: The results were unexpected and may represent an aberration. However, the substantial reduction in deep probing depths and clinical attachment level gain in three of four specimens, in addition to the histologic findings of new cementum, new bone, a new periodontal ligament, and a new connective tissue attachment, suggest that EMD may be useful as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in single‐rooted teeth.
Comparisons of Subgingival Microbial Profiles of Refractory Periodontitis, Severe Periodontitis, and Periodontal Health Using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray
Authors: Colombo Ana Paula V. , Boches Susan K. , Cotton Sean L. , Goodson J. Max , Kent Ralph , Haffajee Anne D. , Socransky Sigmund S. , Hasturk Hatice , Van Dyke Thomas E. , Dewhirst Floyd , Paster Bruce J. 
Published: September 2009

Background: This study compared the subgingival microbiota of subjects with refractory periodontitis (RP) to those in subjects with treatable periodontitis (GRs = good responders) or periodontal health (PH) using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM).Methods: At baseline, subgingival plaque samples were taken from 47 subjects with periodontitis and 20 individuals with PH and analyzed for the presence of 300 species by HOMIM. The subjects with periodontitis were classified as having RP (n = 17) based on mean attachment loss (AL) and/or more than three sites with AL ≥2.5 mm after scaling and root planing, surgery, and systemically administered amoxicillin and metronidazole or as GRs (n = 30) based on mean attachment gain and no sites with AL ≥2.5 mm after treatment. Significant differences in taxa among the groups were sought using the Kruskal‐Wallis and χ2 tests.Results: More species were detected in patients with disease (GR or RP) than in those without disease (PH). Subjects with RP were distinguished from GRs or those with PH by a significantly higher frequency of putative periodontal pathogens, such as Parvimonas micra (previously Peptostreptococcus micros or Micromonas micros), Campylobacter gracilis, Eubacterium nodatum, Selenomonas noxia, Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis), Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella spp., Treponema spp., and Eikenella corrodens, as well as unusual species (Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, TM7 spp. oral taxon [OT] 346/356, Bacteroidetes sp. OT 272/274, Solobacterium moorei, Desulfobulbus sp. OT 041, Brevundimonas diminuta, Sphaerocytophaga sp. OT 337, Shuttleworthia satelles, Filifactor alocis, Dialister invisus/pneumosintes, Granulicatella adiacens, Mogibacterium timidum, Veillonella atypica, Mycoplasma salivarium, Synergistes sp. cluster II, and Acidaminococcaceae [G‐1] sp. OT 132/150/155/148/135) (P <0.05). Species that were more prevalent in subjects with PH than in patients with periodontitis included Actinomyces sp. OT 170, Actinomyces spp. cluster I, Capnocytophaga sputigena, Cardiobacterium hominis, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Lautropia mirabilis, Propionibacterium propionicum, Rothia dentocariosa/mucilaginosa, and Streptococcus sanguinis (P <0.05).Conclusion: As determined by HOMIM, patients with RP presented a distinct microbial profile compared to patients in the GR and PH groups.
Maternal Periodontal Disease and Soluble Fms‐Like Tyrosine Kinase‐1 Expression
Authors: Horton Amanda L. , Boggess Kim A. , Moss Kevin L. , Beck James , Offenbacher Steven 
Published: September 2009

Background: This study was conducted to examine the relationship between maternal periodontal disease and plasma angiogenic factor expression of soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase (sFlt)‐1.Methods: This was a nested case‐control study of 220 women, including 45 healthy women with evidence of active periodontal disease, 98 women without evidence of active periodontal disease, 13 women with fetal exposure to oral pathogens, and 64 women without fetal exposure to oral pathogens. Active periodontal disease was defined as the presence of moderate/severe periodontal disease and evidence of periodontal disease progression. Fetal exposure to oral pathogens was determined by fetal immunoglobulin M (IgM) umbilical cord seropositivity. Maternal plasma was collected at <26 weeks of gestation; umbilical cord blood was collected at delivery. sFlt‐1 was measured with an immunoradiometric assay. Demographic and medical data were chart abstracted. Maternal variables and sFlt‐1 concentrations were compared between cases and controls using the Student t and χ2 tests and analysis of variance.Results: The median sFlt‐1 concentration at the time of enrollment for all women was 2,374 pg/ml (interquartile range [IQR]: 1,504 to 3,194 pg/ml). Women with evidence of fetal exposure to oral pathogens had significantly higher sFlt‐1 concentrations compared to IgM‐negative fetuses (3,383 pg/ml [IQR: 2,610 to 4,244 pg/ml] versus 2,123 pg/ml [IQR: 1,456 to 3,011 pg/ml]; P = 0.03).Conclusion: Fetal exposure to oral pathogens was associated with increased plasma concentrations of sFlt‐1 early in pregnancy.
Chemerin Is a Novel Adipocyte-Derived Factor Inducing Insulin Resistance in Primary Human Skeletal Muscle Cells
Authors: Sell Henrike , Laurencikiene Jurga , Taube Annika , Eckardt Kristin , Cramer Andrea , Horrighs Angelika , Arner Peter , Eckel Jürgen 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
Chemerin is an adipokine that affects adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis in adipocytes and increases with BMI in humans. This study was aimed at investigating the regulation of chemerin release and its effects on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle cells.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Human skeletal muscle cells were treated with chemerin to study insulin signaling, glucose uptake, and activation of stress kinases. The release of chemerin was analyzed from in vitro differentiated human adipocytes and adipose tissue explants from 27 lean and 26 obese patients.

RESULTS
Human adipocytes express chemerin and chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) differentiation dependently and secrete chemerin (15 ng/ml from 106 cells). This process is slightly but significantly increased by tumor necrosis factor-α and markedly inhibited by &gt;80% by peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ activation. Adipose tissue explants from obese patients are characterized by significantly higher chemerin secretion compared with lean control subjects (21 and 8 ng from 107 cells, respectively). Chemerin release is correlated with BMI, waist-to-hip ratio, and adipocyte volume. Furthermore, higher chemerin release is associated with insulin resistance at the level of lipogenesis and insulin-induced antilipolysis in adipocytes. Chemerin induces insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle cells at the level of insulin receptor substrate 1, Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3 phosphorylation, and glucose uptake. Furthermore, chemerin activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB, and extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2. Inhibition of ERK prevents chemerin-induced insulin resistance, pointing to participation of this pathway in chemerin action.

CONCLUSIONS
Adipocyte-derived secretion of chemerin may be involved in the negative cross talk between adipose tissue and skeletal muscle contributing to the negative relationship between obesity and insulin sensitivity.
Impact of 9 Days of Bed Rest on Hepatic and Peripheral Insulin Action, Insulin Secretion, and Whole-Body Lipolysis in Healthy Young Male Offspring of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Alibegovic Amra C. , Højbjerre Lise , Sonne Mette P. , van Hall Gerrit , Stallknecht Bente , Dela Flemming , Vaag Allan 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of 9 days of bed rest on insulin secretion, insulin action, and whole-body glucose and fat metabolism in first-degree relative (FDR) and matched control (CON) subjects.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 13 FDR and 20 CON subjects participated in the study. All were studied before and after 9 days of bed rest using the clamp technique combined with indirect calorimetry preceded by an intravenous glucose tolerance test. Glucose and glycerol turnover rates were studied using stable isotope kinetics.RESULTSBed rest caused a significant decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity in both groups. Hepatic insulin resistance was elevated in FDR subjects prior to bed rest and was significantly augmented by bed rest in FDR (P &lt; 0.01) but not in CON (P = NS) subjects. The rate of whole-body lipolysis decreased during bed rest in both FDR and CON subjects, with no significant differences between the groups. Insulin resistance induced by bed rest was fully accounted for by the impairment of nonoxidative glucose metabolism in both groups (overall P &lt; 0.001).CONCLUSIONSWhole-body insulin action in both insulin-resistant FDR and healthy CON subjects deteriorates with 9 days of bed rest, converging toward similar degrees of whole-body insulin resistance. FDR subjects exhibit hepatic insulin resistance (HIR), which, in contrast to CON subjects, deteriorates in response to physical inactivity. FDR subjects exhibit reduced insulin secretion when seen in relation to their degree of HIR but not peripheral insulin resistance.
Virus-Induced Autoimmune Diabetes in the LEW.1WR1 Rat Requires Iddm14 and a Genetic Locus Proximal to the Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: Blankenhorn Elizabeth P. , Cort Laura , Greiner Dale L. , Guberski Dennis L. , Mordes John P. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE
To identify genes that confer susceptibility to autoimmune diabetes following viral infection in the LEW.1WR1 rat.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
About 2% of LEW.1WR1 rats develop spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Immunological perturbants including viral infection increase both the frequency and tempo of diabetes onset. To identify diabetes susceptibility genes (LEW.1WR1 × WF), F2 rats were infected with Kilham rat virus following brief pretreatment with polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid. This treatment induces diabetes in 100% of parental LEW.1WR1 rats and 0% of parental WF rats. Linkage to diabetes was analyzed by genome-wide scanning.

RESULTS
Among 182 F2 rats, 57 (31%) developed autoimmune diabetes after a mean latency of 16 days. All diabetic animals and ∼20% of nondiabetic animals exhibited pancreatic insulitis. Genome-wide scanning revealed a requirement for the Iddm14 locus, long known to be required for diabetes in the BB rat. In addition, a new locus near the RT1 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) was found to be a major determinant of disease susceptibility. Interestingly, one gene linked to autoimmune diabetes in mouse and human, UBD, lies within this region.

CONCLUSIONS
The Iddm14 diabetes locus in the rat is a powerful determinant of disease penetrance in the LEW.1WR1 rat following viral infection. In addition, a locus near the MHC (Iddm37) conditions diabetes susceptibility in these animals. Other, as-yet-unidentified genes are required to convert latent susceptibility to overt diabetes. These data provide insight into the polygenic nature of autoimmune diabetes in the rat and the interplay of genetic and environmental factors underlying disease expression.