bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Well Test Analysis of Horizontal Wells and Vertical Wells with Hydraulic Fracturing Applied in Heavy Oil Fields
Authors: Kovalenko Igor V. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Today considerable amount of hard-to-recover reserves from low reservoir properties formations or high-viscosity oil are involved into development. Hydraulic fracturing or horizontal wells drilling are applied to provide economic development. On the one side the low piezoconductivity value reduces the rate of pressure redistribution in the reservoir around the well. On the other side hydraulic fracture or horizontal well move away the radial flow in the reservoir for a considerable distance from the well. The joint presence of these two conditions leads to a failure to achieve radial flow at the appropriate times resulting in a high uncertainty during well testing interpretation.
This article describes approaches of uncertainties reduction during the well testing interpretation in case of failure to achieve the late pseudoradial flow. The suggested method is based on the application of the special filtration equations in the early regimes to linear drain where as an example the horizontal well or hydraulic fracturing in the reservoir was provided.
The presented solutions were successfully applied in both the heavy oil fields and in the other types of fields where the late filtration radial regime was not achieved during the well testing.
Preventing Adhesion of Scale on Rock by Nanoscale Modification of the Surface
Authors: Kazemi N.. , Wilson M.. , Kapur N.. , Fleming N.. , Neville A.. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Organosilane has been explored previously as a kaolinite fixing agent, and surface modifier to enhance adsorption of scale inhibitors. Here, self-assembled organosilane films are investigated for their potential to prevent scale deposition directly, that is without the presence of scale inhibitors. Film formation on quartz crystals is analysed using a quartz crystal microbalance, which suggests that different film structures can be created using the same organosilane molecule. Brine tests using singlecrystal quartz coupons coated with organosilane indicate that calcium carbonate scale deposition can be reduced by 66%.
Recent Progress of High-Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) Process in Light Oil Reservoir: Laboratory Investigation and Field Application
Authors: Jia Hu , Yuan Cheng-Dong , Zhang Yu-Chuan , Peng Huan , Zhong Dong , Zhao Jin-Zhou 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
High-Pressure Air Injection (HPAI) in light oil reservoirs has been proven to be a valuable IOR (Improved Oil Recovery) process and caused more attention worldwide. In this paper, we give an overview of the recent progress of HPAI technique, based on a review of some representative HPAI projects including completed and ongoing projects. Some most important aspects for HPAI field application are discussed in depth, including reservoir screening criterion, recognition of recovery mechanism, laboratory study, numerical simulation, gas breakthrough control, tubing corrosion consideration and safety monitoring. With the successful HPAI application in Zhong Yuan Oil Field in China, it is estimated that foam or polymer gel assisted air injection should continue to grow in the next decade as a derived technology of HPAI for application in high-temperature high-heterogeneity reservoirs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the ranges of some key parameters, new understanding based on laboratory test and successful field application, thus to provide lessons learnt and best practices for the guideline to achieve high-performance HPAI project.
Enhanced CO2 Storage In Deep Saline Aquifers By Nanoparticles: Numerical Simulation Results
Authors: Singh Harpreet , Hosseini Seyyed A. , Javadpour Farzam 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Javadpour and Nicot (2011) presented a novel idea of adding nanoparticles (NPs) to injected CO2 (aka. nano-CO2) to expedite convective mixing and decrease the potential of buoyancy flow of CO2. In this paper we implement that idea through the use of compositional numerical simulations.
Numerical simulation scheme is divided into two scenarios. The first scenario represents a saline aquifer of 20 m thickness, and extending 100 m laterally from the wellbore. This scenario is modeled to show the effect of nano-CO2 injection on field scale for 200 years. The second scenario represents a small part of the field scale model with dimension of 7.5 cm × 7.5 cm. These small scale models show density contrast effect on convective fingers at the brine/nano-CO2 interface.
Comparison of results between injection of nano-CO2 and normal CO2 clearly show that nano-CO2 exhibits the capability of improved mixing and reduced buoyancy driven flow in both scenarios. In scenario 1, nano-CO2 plume is able to dissolve deeper and move less laterally forward than the normal CO2 plume. In scenario 2, the CO2 dissolves and forms fingers due to gravity driven flow in a heterogeneous medium. The difference in length of convective fingers between nano-CO2 and CO2 increases with time.
Adding nanoparticles with the injected CO2 presents a great potential in quick mixing with the in-situ brine which will reduce the chances of leakage through the sealing. Injection of nano-CO2 can obviate the use of some of the monitoring techniques post injection. Waste materials such as depleted Uranium can be used as nanoparticles which favor economic feasibility of the proposed idea.
Quantitative Identification of Steam Breakthrough Channel after Steam Flooding in Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Zheng Qiang , Liu Huiqing , Li Fang , Zhang Jie , Wang Changjiu 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
In the development process of oilfields, dynamic data, which is easy to obtain, reflects the connectivity between injection wells and production wells commendably. A set of method has been established in this paper for studying on steam breakthrough channels quantitatively by using dynamic data. Firstly, steam breakthrough wells were identified through curves of watercut and temperature. Then, breakthrough relations were identified with the correlation coefficient method. Lastly, an analytic model, in which pressure and temperature were considered, was established to calculate the breakthrough channel volume. A production well named L31815 in LZ27 block in Henan oilfield in China was systematically analyzed by using the method established. The whole block was further analyzed, and the distribution map of steam breakthrough channels and the breakthrough channel volume were obtained. The results show that the steam breakthrough level around L31513 is serious, while the steam breakthrough level around L31917 is mild. Therefore, steam breakthrough does not only occur limitedly inside a well group, but also sometimes occurs between wells in different well groups. It is proved that the results are credible. The calculation of the breakthrough channel volume provides a theoretical basis for bringing the measures like plugging into operation.
Novel Nanoparticle-Based Drilling Fluid with Improved Characteristics
Authors: Zakaria Mohammad F. , Husein Maen , Hareland Geir 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The success of drilling operations is heavily dependent on the drilling fluid. Drilling fluids cool down and lubricate the drill bit, remove cuttings, prevent formation damage, suspend cuttings and also cake off the permeable formation, thus retarding the passage of fluid into the formation. Typical micro or macro sized loss circulation materials (LCM) show limited success, especially in formations dominated by micropores, due to their relatively large sizes.
In the current work, a new class of nanoparticle (NP) loss circulation materials has been developed. Two different approaches of NP formation and addition to oil-based drilling fluid have been tested. All NPs were prepared in-house either within the oil-based drilling fluid (in-situ), or within an aqueous phase (ex-situ), which was eventually blended with the drilling fluid. Under low pressure low temperature API standard test, more than 70% reduction in fluid loss was achieved in the presence of NPs compared to only 9% reduction in the presence of typical LCMs. The filter cake developed during the NP-based drilling fluid filtration was thin, which implies high potential for reducing the differential pressure sticking problem and formation damage while drilling. Moreover, at the level of NPs added, there was no material impact on drilling fluid viscosity and the fluid maintained its stability for more than 6 weeks.
Effect of Nanoparticles on Oil-Water Flow in a Confined Nanochannel: A Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Wu Jianyang , He Jianying , Torsæter Ole , Zhang Zhiliang 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Nanotechnology has contributed to the technological advances in various industries, such as medicine, electronics, biomaterials and renewable energy production over the last decade. Recently, a renewed interest arises in the application of nanotechnology for the upstream petroleum industry; such as exploration, drilling, production and distribution. In particular, adding nanoparticles to fluids may drastically benefit enhanced oil recovery and improve well drilling, such as changing the properties of the fluid, wettability alternation of rocks, advanced drag reduction, strengthening sand consolidation, reducing the interfacial tension and increasing the mobility of the capillary-trapped oil. In this study, we focus on the fundamental understanding of the role of nanoparticles on the oil-water binary mixture in a confined nanochannel. A series of computational experiments of oil-water-nanoparticle flow behaviour in confined clay nanochannels are carried out by molecular dynamics simulations. Three sizes of nanochannels and different numbers of nanoparticles are considered. The results show that the pressure to drive the oil-water binary mixture through a periodic confined channel increases dramatically with the reduction of the channel size. In the absence of nanoparticles the pressure increases with the propelled displacement. Interestingly, an opposite behavior is observed in the oil-water system mixed with a small amount of nanoparticles: the pressure decreases with the increase of the displacement. The findings from molecular dynamics simulations may elucidate the role of nanoparticles on the transport of oil in nanoscale porous media, although the exact mechanisms remain to be further explored.
Nanotechnology to Improve Sealing Ability of Drilling Fluids for Shale with Micro-cracks During Drilling
Authors: Li Gongrang , Zhang Jinghui , Zhao Huaizhen , Hou Yegui 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Shale wellbore instability is a complex difficulty encountered during drilling all over the world. And the most important factor to determine shale wellbore stability is the distribution and expansion of micro-cracks in hard brittle shale. The usual ways to avoid collapse of shale wellbore mainly include increasing the inhibition of drilling fluid filtrate, improving the quality of drilling fluid cake and sealing the pores and micro-cracks near the wellbore surface. However, the shale wellbore collapsing difficulty was not solved effectively in field, which mainly because that the effective sealing is difficult to achieved in the case of crack width is unknown. Furthermore the drilling fluid cake is more difficult to be formed on shale sections because of the filtration rate is very low compared to sand sections under the same differential pressure.
A kind of nanomaterial has been applied to achieve a sealing film rapidly, improve the sealing strength of the cake and reduce the mud cake permeability, which have been verified through the use of sound wave propagation speed, the pressure transmission experiment and cake strength. The technology had also been used in Well Exp1, which exhibited a smooth borehole and the borehole enlargement rate was below the wells in the same block.
Investigation of the Effect of Water Based Nano-Particles Addition on Hysteresis of Oil and-Water Relative Permeability Curves
Authors: Parvazdavani M.. , Masihi M.. , Ghazanfari M. H. , Sherafati M.. , Mashayekhi L.. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
It has been shown that one kind of poly silicon particles with sizes ranging from 10–500 nm, can be used in oilfields to enhance the oil recovery of water injection by 15–20%. The contributing mechanism might be reducing the interfacial tension which appears through improving relative permeability of the oil-phase. However, fundamental understanding of how hysteretic behavior of relative permeability curves affected by nanosilica particles remains a topic of debate in the literature. In this study, water as well as water dispersed nanosilica particles floods was performed on sandstone rock sample saturated by light crude oil supplied from one of Iranian oil reservoir, and the relative permeability curves for both oil and water/ water dispersed nanosilica particles phases were determined for two successive cycles of imbibitions/drainage processes. The results revealed that the hysteresis in relative permeability of both oil and water phases decreased as the dispersed silica nano particles were used in the tests, and the hysteretic behavior of relative permeability curves decreased as the injection proceeds into the 2nd cycle of injection. Moreover, the relative permeability of non-wetting phase changes significantly while the changes for wetting phase is not much considerable. This work illustrates for the first time the role of dispersed silica particles on hysteretic trend of two-phase oil-water relative permeability curves.
An Impact of Nanotechnology on the Next Generation of Neutron Porosity LWD Tools
Authors: Nikitin Anton , Korjik Mikhail 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Neutron porosity logging is one of the most fundamental techniques used to perform the estimation of reservoir hydrocarbon reserves. Together with resistivity and gamma-gamma density measurements, these three constitute the "triple combo" well logging suite that is used to log almost all wells. In the case of classical neutron porosity measurement, two neutron detectors are used to measure the flux of thermal neutrons created by the fast neutrons emitted by a chemical neutron source in the process of their interaction with the formation. The obtained flux ratio depends on the hydrogen concentration and enables the determination of porosity.
Currently, almost all available neutron porosity logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools use He-3 detectors to detect neutrons downhole due to their mechanical robustness and the absence of the limitations to operate at high temperatures. Unfortunately, the lack of sufficient quantities of the He-3 isotope caused by the depletion of its stockpile accumulated during the Cold War makes this material unavailable to well logging industry for the next 3 to 5 years. Among all other available neutron detection technologies, only Li-6 scintillation detectors do not have limitations on neutron detection efficiency that would prevent them from consideration for LWD applications.
The key component of Li-6 scintillation detector is the scintillation material containing Li-6 isotope. To be used as detectors for neutron porosity LWD tools based on pulsed neutron generators (PNG), such material should be able to operate at high temperature and enable large neutron detector constructions. In this paper we present new Li-6 scintillation nanostructured glass-ceramics that perform substantially better than all available Li-6 scintillation materials. It is this performance improvement provided by nanostructured nature of obtained material which enables its use in the neutron detectors of PNG-based neutron porosity LWD tools.
Application of Nanotechnology in Drilling Fluids
Authors: Hoelscher Katherine Price , De Stefano Guido , Riley Meghan , Young Steve 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The potential to confidently apply water-based drilling fluids in unconventional shale formations has been studied using engineered nanoparticles to minimize shale permeability through physically plugging the nanometer-sized pores. This paper discusses the development of nanoparticle technology and testing protocols developed using Marcellus and Mancos as shale candidates. In addition, new methods to better understand the plugging mechanism are currently under evaluation.
Nanoparticles in this study are specifically designed to physically plug the nanometer-sized shale pores, thereby reducing pressure transmission in the shale. Silica nanoparticles are commericially available and can be engineered to meet all specifications needed for the purpose. The particle size can vary between 5 and 100 nanometers (nm) and. The right sizes of nanoaprticles can be selected and in combination with a correct fluid loss package can minimize the fluid rock interaction. Surface treatment on the nanosilcia particle has been discovered to have a major influence on the final performance. It was revealed that appropariately sized nanoparticles with surface treatments compatible with ions present in drilling and formation fluids is required for effective plugging.
Marcellus and Mancos shales were used in the development phase due to their wide industry interest and geological similarity. The authors examined an in-house method, still under development, using the Shale Membrane Test that is intended to provide quantitative plugging and filter cake measurements using various shale samples.
Nanotechnology for Oilfield Applications - Hype or Reality?
Authors: Friedheim Jim , Young Steve , De Stefano Guido , Lee John , Guo Quan 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Nanotechnology has been successfully applied to a variety of products including electronic circuitry, material composites, medical and even consumer goods. Other than a few crossovers, the utility of nanotechnology in the oilfield is still a subject of discussion as well as debate. Noted efforts by universities and consortiums into such areas as nanosensors, nanomarkers or the more esoteric nanobots to provide valuable data regarding the reservoir are of great focus due to their large potential return on investment, but have yet to yield substantive products. By contrast, efforts into drilling applications of nanotechnology such as drilling fluids are less known.
This paper will review recent works on the application of nanotechnology in shale stabilization, high-temperature tolerance and viscosity modification. This paper will also discuss results from projects which utilize graphene (and graphene derivatives), carbon nanotubes (CNT), nanosilica and other nanochemistries to achieve and enhance the performance of drilling fluids in the applications mentioned above. Further discussion will address some of the concerns and pitfalls of sourcing and using commercial "nano" products as well as review current HS&E perspective on this new area of chemistry for the oilfield.
Evaluation of the Hybrid Process of Electrical Resistive Heating and Solvent Injection through Numerical Simulations
Authors: Zhu Zuojing , Zeng Fanhua 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Electrical Resistive Heating (ERH) has been proposed as a thermal recovery method for heavy oil reservoirs with low environmental impact. ERH could potentially be an alternative to steam-related processes in the reservoirs which are not suitable for steam injection methods due to low incipient injectivity and formation incompatibility. Meanwhile, Vapor Extraction (VAPEX) has been tested as an environmentally sustainable oil recovery method in both lab scale and field scale. However, the field test results showed that this process is not efficient and economical due to low mass transfer and low horizontal well efficiency. This paper presents a hybrid process of ERH with Solvent Injection. The hybrid process could enhance horizontal well efficiency and overall oil production rate, with less environmental impact than other steam-related thermal processes. Numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate this process via CMG’s STARS. Well pattern similar to that in classical SAGD process is used. The electrode is placed along with the producer or injector and solvent is injected from the injector. This process has three features which contribute to the enhanced oil flow: (1) the heat from producer establishes good communication between the injector and the producer by reducing viscosity; (2) the in-situ generated heat through ERH along with the horizontal wellbore is insusceptible to reservoir heterogeneity. Thereby the horizontal well conformity can be improved; (3) the solvent can reduce the viscosity of the heavy oil in unheated zone where the ERH can not reach; while it can also assist viscosity reduction of heavy oil in the heated zone. The factors affecting this hybrid process, such as electrode placement, voltage, well distance and heterogeneity effect, lateral pattern and water saturation, were also discussed in this paper. The simulation results showed that this hybrid process can improve the oil rate 2 to 5 times over VAPEX.
Nanoparticle-Associated Surfactant Micellar Fluids: An Alternative to Crosslinked Polymer Systems
Authors: Crews James B. , Gomaa Ahmed M. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing has become an increasingly important completion method to allow reservoirs to become economically producible and to improve the rate of hydrocarbon production. Crosslinked polymer fluids have been the most commonly used fracturing fluid. These fluids exhibit exceptional performance to initiate and propagate a fracture and carry proppant into the reservoir during a treatment. However, crosslinked polymer fluids can leave a significant amount of polymer in the fracture once a treatment is completed. Decades of improving oxidative, enzyme and other breakers for the polymer fluids has only marginally improved the amount of polymer residue left within the fracture. The result has been wells with subpar hydrocarbon recovery rates and in many geographic areas the return of large volume waterfracs.
Over the past two decades surfactant-based fluids have been developed as a low-damage alternative. However, surfactant-based systems have had major limitations for hydraulic fracturing. This paper will introduce improved fluid technology that uses nanoparticles, internal breakers and low molecular weight surfactants to achieve the performance of crosslinked polymer fluids but leaves little to no gel residue. Nanoparticles have been found that uniquely associate thread-like micelles into 3-deminsional network that imparts wall-building leak-off control and fluid efficiency. The system also utilizes internal breakers that reside within the micelles and go wherever the fluid goes to insure complete viscosity reduction. The nanoparticle enhanced surfactant-based fluid technology may allow a wide range of hydraulically fractured reservoirs to produce at higher sustained rates than presently achievable, particularly for wells highly sensitive to fracture conductivity damage.
This paper will present laboratory data that shows how uniquely charged nanoparticles improve surfactant-based fluid rheology and leak-off control properties. The mechanisms for the observed performance enhancements also will be discussed.
Effect of Nanoparticle Transport and Retention in Oilfield Rocks on the Efficiency of Different Nanotechnologies in Oil Industry
Authors: You Z.. , Aji K.. , Badalyan A.. , Bedrikovetsky P.. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A mathematical model is presented for nanoparticle transport and retention in oilfield rocks under net repulsion condition. The model accounts for the particle capture rate proportional to the accessible suspension flux, the inlet concentration and outlet dilution effects. A new formulation for experimental study in engineered porous media allows excluding other mechanisms of particle retention except straining. The laboratory coreflooding tests show good agreement with the modeling results. The developed model allows calculating different particle concentrations in suspension and in deposit. It allows estimating depth penetration of nanoparticles and their propagation/accumulation in each reservoir point.