bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hospital in the Field: Prehospital Management of GHB Intoxication by Medical Assistance Teams
Authors: Dutch Martin J. , Austin Kristy B. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroductionRecreational use of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is increasingly common at mass-gathering dance events in Australia. Overdose often occurs in clusters, and places a significant burden on the surrounding health care infrastructure.ObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentation, required interventions and disposition of patrons with GHB intoxication at dance events, when managed by dedicated medical assistance teams.MethodsRetrospective analysis of all patrons attending St. John Ambulance medical assistance teams at dance events in the state of Victoria (Australia), from January 2010 through May 2011.Main outcome measuresClinical presentation, medical interventions and discharge destination.ResultsSixty-one patients with GHB intoxication attended medical teams during the study period. The median age was 22 years, and 64% were male. Altered conscious state was present in 89% of attendances, and a GCS <9 in 44%. Hypotension, bradycardia and hypothermia were commonly encountered. Endotracheal intubation was required in three percent of patrons. Median length of stay onsite was 90 minutes. Ambulance transport to hospital was avoided in 65% of presentations.ConclusionsThe deployment of medical teams at dance events and music festivals successfully managed the majority of GHB intoxications onsite and avoided acute care ambulance transfer and emergency department attendance.DutchMJ,AustinKB.Hospital in the field: prehospital management of GHB intoxication by medical assistance teams.Prehosp Disaster Med.2012;27(4):1-5.
Depth Modulation: Composing motion in immersive audiovisual spaces
Authors: Trębacz Ewa 
Published: July 2012

The field of electroacoustic music has witnessed years of extensive exploration of aural spatial perception and an abundance of spatialisation techniques. Today the growing ubiquity of visual 3D technologies gives artists a similar opportunity in the realm of visual music. With the use of stereoscopic video we now have the ability to compose individual depth cues independently. The process of continuous change of the perceived depth of the audiovisual space over time is being referred to as depth modulation, and can only be fully appreciated through motion.What can be achieved through the separation and manipulation of visual and sonic spatial cues? What can we learn about the way we perceive space if the basic components building our understanding of the surrounding environment are artificially split and re-arranged?Visual music appears to be a perfect field for such experimentation. Strata of visual and aural depth cues can be used to create audiovisual counterpoints in three-dimensional spaces. The choice of abstract imagery and the lack of obvious narrative storylines allow us to focus our perception on the evolution of the immersive audiovisual space itself. A new language of an immersive audiovisual medium should emerge as a delicate, ever-changing balance between all previously separated and altered components.
Thiophosphate and selenite conversely modulate cell death induced by glutathione depletion or cisplatin: effects related to activity and Sec contents of thioredoxin reductase
Authors: Peng Xiaoxiao , Xu Jianqiang , Arnér Elias S. J. 
Published: July 2012

Thiophosphate (SPO3) was recently shown to promote cysteine insertion at Sec (selenocysteine)-encoding UGA codons during selenoprotein synthesis. We reported previously that irreversible targeting by cDDP [cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) or cisplatin] of the Sec residue in TrxR1 (thioredoxin reductase 1) contributes to cDDP cytotoxicity. This effect could possibly be attenuated in cells expressing less reactive Sec-to-cysteine-substituted TrxR1 variants, or pronounced in cells with higher levels of Sec-containing TrxR1. To test this, we supplemented cells with either SPO3 or selenium and subsequently determined total as well as specific activities of cellular TrxR1, together with extent of drug-induced cell death. We found that cDDP became less cytotoxic after incubation of A549 or HCT116 cells with lower SPO3 concentrations (100–300 μM), whereas higher SPO3 (&gt;300 μM) had pronounced direct cytotoxicity. NIH 3T3 cells showed low basal TrxR1 activity and high susceptibility to SPO3 cytotoxicity, or to glutathione depletion. Supplementing NIH 3T3 cells with selenite, however, gave increased cellular TrxR1 activity with concomitantly decreased dependence on glutathione, whereas the susceptibility to cDDP increased. The results suggest molecular mechanisms by which the selenium status of cells can affect their glutathione dependence while modulating the cytotoxicity of drugs that target TrxR1.
Human endometrial stem cell neurogenesis in response to NGF and bFGF
Authors: Noureddini Mahdi , Verdi Javad , Mortazavi‐Tabatabaei Seyed Abdolreza , Sharif Shiva , Azimi Alireza , Keyhanvar Peyman , Shoae‐Hassani Alireza 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe potential of cell therapy is promising in nerve regeneration, but is limited by ethical considerations about the proper and technically safe source of stem cells. We report the successful differentiation of human EnSCs (endometrial stem cells) as a rich source of renewable and safe progenitors into high‐efficiency cholinergic neurons. The extracellular signals of NGF (nerve growth factor) and bFGF (basic fibroblast growth factor) could induce cholinergic neuron differentiation. ChAT (choline acetyltransferase), MAP2 (microtubule associated protein 2) and NF‐l (neurofilament L) increased after administration of bFGF and NGF to the EnSC cultures. trkC and FGFR2 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 2), which belong to the NGF and bFGF receptors respectively, were determined in populations of EnSCs. NGF, bFGF and their combination differentially influenced human EnSCs high efficiency differentiation. By inducing cholinergic neurons from EnSCs in a chemically defined medium, we could produce human neural cells without resorting to primary culture of neurons. This in vitro method provides an unlimited source of human neural cells and facilitates clinical applications of EnSCs for neurological diseases.
Design and implementation of a multichannel millimeter wave interferometer for the Compact Toroidal Hybrid experiment
Authors: Miller M. C. , Hanson J. D. , Hartwell G. J. , Knowlton S. F. , Maurer D. A. , Stevenson B. A. 
Published: July 2012

A three-channel 1 mm wave interferometer has been designed, assembled, and installed on the Compact Toroidal Hybrid torsatron (CTH). The interferometer design makes novel use of a subharmonic mixer for detection, which simplifies alignment. It employs a single electronically tunable source that is repetitively chirped using a sawtooth waveform of frequency up to 1 MHz. The 15.25 GHz drive oscillator is multiplied in two stages to 122 GHz before a final doubler stage brings it to 244 GHz. Local oscillator (LO) power at 122 GHz is directed through waveguide to the LO input of the subharmonic mixer of each viewing chord, simplifying alignment. Phase detection is performed by directly digitizing the amplified mixer outputs at 50 MHz and processing them with a software algorithm. Initial measurements made with the central chord of the new interferometer agree with those from the existing 4 mm system at low densities. The 1 mm system performs well in current-driven discharges reaching densities over 1019 m−3, whereas the lower frequency interferometer is found to be less reliable due to loss of fringes. This is a critical improvement for experiments studying the onset, avoidance, and vacuum magnetic transform dependence of disruptions in the CTH device.
Characterizing the trophic position and shift in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from freshwater to marine life-cycle phases using stable isotopes
Authors: Dixon Heather J. , Power Michael , Dempson J. Brian , Sheehan Timothy F. , Chaput Gérald 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDixon, H. J., Power, M., Dempson, J. B., Sheehan, T. F., and Chaput, G. 2012. Characterizing the trophic position shift in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from freshwater to marine life-cycle phases using stable isotopes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1646–1655. Marine survival and recruitment of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) are commonly thought to be influenced by linkages between marine temperature and growth. Salmon are opportunistic feeders that are likely to be affected by the quality and quantity of prey available. During the marine phase, salmon often target larger zooplankton and fish, with a preference for fish over crustaceans. European salmon recruitment appears to be linked to forage abundance, which affects post-smolt growth critically during the first summer at sea, but similar linkages have not been shown for North American populations. Here, trophic differences within and among populations and life stages of Atlantic salmon during the freshwater and marine life-history phases are investigated. Stable isotope methods were used to characterize trophic dynamics by sampling smolts and returning adult survivors from rivers spanning a broad geographic range in Canada (southern Labrador to the Bay of Fundy), as well as non-maturing salmon sampled at West Greenland. Analyses indicate that salmon undergo a marked change in feeding as they migrate from freshwater and show the expected high reliance on pelagic foodwebs in the marine environment. Documented changes in ocean climate, pH, and the possibility of regime shifts are likely to have significant impacts on pelagic feeding fish, including Atlantic salmon. Due to the similar marine feeding ecology suggested here for adults from different age groups, these changes could have a widespread effect on multiple life-history stages of Atlantic salmon.
Infraclavicular Blockade
Authors: Wilson Jack L. , Jacob Adam K. , Smith Hugh M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Infraclavicular blockade is best suited for patients undergoing surgery of the elbow, forearm, wrist, or hand. The following aspects of the procedure are reviewed: clinical applications, relevant anatomy, patient position, technique (including neural localization techniques, needle insertion site, and needle redirection cues), and side effects and complications. Use of ultrasound guidance and continuous nerve catheters is also reviewed.
First Report of Southern Blight of Iresine herbstii Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Taiwan
Authors: Fu C. H. , Huang Y. P. , Lin F. Y. 
Published: July 2012

Widely cultivated commercially, Iresine herbstii Hook is a potted herbaceous plant popular for its foliage, which varies from a dark red to brownish maroon. In the summer of 2010, a sudden wilt of I. herbstii plants was observed at a recreational farm in Taipei City in northern Taiwan. The initial symptoms were water-soaked lesions that became soft and then rotted. Necrotic areas on the stems were covered with fans of white mycelium as well as abundant spherical, brown sclerotia. A fungus was isolated from both infected tissue and sclerotia and maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates incubated at 25°C without light. Colonies were white and cottony, often forming mycelial fans. Pure cultures were prepared by transferring single hyphal tips to PDA. Sclerotia formed after 7 days. Sclerotia were initially white becoming dark brown with age and were 0.8 to 1 mm in diameter at maturity. These are typical features of Sclerotium rolfsii. Koch's postulates were performed by inoculating five healthy, potted I. herbstii plants with 10 fresh sclerotia placed on the soil surface around the base of each plant. In a second test, five healthy potted plants were inoculated with a single 10-mm-diameter mycelial agar plug placed at the stem base of each plant. Five noninoculated plants served as controls. All plants were incubated in a growth chamber at 25 to 35°C. Basal stem rot and wilt developed within 4 days on plants inoculated with sclerotia or mycelial plugs. All plants were dead by 7 days after inoculation whereas the controls remained healthy. The fungus was reisolated from the symptomatic tissue and produced sclerotia and mycelium consistent with S. rolfsii. To confirm identity of the causal fungus, the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region of the causal fungus was amplified using the primers ITS4 and ITS5 (3) and sequenced. The resulting sequence of 687 bp was uploaded in NCBI (Accession No. JN543691.1). The sequence was 98% similar to sequences of Athelia rolfsii (anamoprh S. rolfsii). This disease has been observed on many species of plants (1, 2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of I. herbstii caused by S. rolfsii in Taiwan or any other part of the world. References: (1) T. T. Chang. Bull. Taiwan For. Res. Inst. 9:191, 1994. (2) Y. N. Wang et al. J. Exp. For. Nat. Taiwan Univ. 20:45, 2006. (3) T. J. White et al. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
Abrupt decrease in serum testosterone levels after an oral glucose load in men: implications for screening for hypogonadism
Authors: Caronia Lisa M. , Dwyer Andrew A. , Hayden Douglas , Amati Francesca , Pitteloud Nelly , Hayes Frances J. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryObjectiveThis study examines the physiological impact of a glucose load on serum testosterone (T) levels in men with varying glucose tolerance (GT).DesignCross‐sectional study.Patients and Methods74 men (19–74 years, mean 51·4 ± 1·4 years) underwent a standard 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test with blood sampling at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Fasting serum glucose, insulin, total T (and calculated free T), LH, SHBG, leptin and cortisol were measured.Results57% of the men had normal GT, 30% had impaired GT and 13% had newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Glucose ingestion was associated with a 25% decrease in mean T levels (delta = −4·2 ± 0·3 nm, P < 0·0001). T levels remained suppressed at 120 min compared with baseline (13·7 ± 0·6 vs 16·5 ± 0·7 nm, P < 0·0001) and did not differ across GT or BMI. Of the 66 men with normal T levels at baseline, 10 (15%) had levels that decreased to the hypogonadal range (<9·7 nm) at one or more time points. SHBG, LH and cortisol levels were unchanged. Leptin levels decreased from baseline at all time points (P < 0·0001).ConclusionsGlucose ingestion induces a significant reduction in total and free T levels in men, which is similar across the spectrum of glucose tolerance. This decrease in T appears to be because of a direct testicular defect, but the absence of compensatory changes in LH suggests an additional central component. Men found to have low nonfasting T levels should be re‐evaluated in the fasting state.
The effect of weight loss magnitude on pro‐/anti‐inflammatory adipokines and carotid intima–media thickness in obese adolescents engaged in interdisciplinary weight loss therapy
Authors: Masquio Deborah C. L. , de Piano Aline , Sanches Priscila L. , Corgosinho Flávia C. , Campos Raquel M. S. , Carnier June , da Silva Patrícia L. , Caranti Danielle A. , Tock Lian , Oyama Lila M. , Oller do Nascimento Claudia M. , de Mello Marco T. , Tufik Sergio , Dâmaso Ana R. 
Published: July 2012

SummaryBackgroundObesity is a chronic disease defined by an excess amount of adipose tissue and presents a low‐grade inflammatory state, increasing cardiovascular risk.ObjectiveTo assess the effect of weight loss magnitude on the inflammatory profile and carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT) in obese adolescents engaged in interdisciplinary therapy.Design and patientsSeventy‐seven postpubertal obese adolescents with a BMI greater than the 95th percentile (37·18 ± 5·14), of both genders and between the ages of 14 and 19 years (16·74 ± 1·59) were subjected to a 1‐year period of interdisciplinary intervention (nutrition, psychology, physical exercise and clinical support).MeasurementsBlood samples were collected to analyse glucose, lipid and adipokine concentrations. Body composition, anthropometric profiles and cIMT were measured. The results are presented according to quartiles of weight loss: 1st (≤5·80 kg) = low; 2nd (5·80–10·90 kg) = low to moderate; 3rd (10·90–15·90 kg) = moderate; and 4th (>15·90 kg) = massive.ResultsLeptin, the leptin/adiponectin ratio and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) were decreased significantly in the low‐to‐moderate weight loss. The cIMT was reduced in the moderate weight loss. Moreover, adiponectin was increased only in the massive weight loss. Additionally, weight loss was an independent predictor of changes in leptin level, the adiponectin/leptin ratio (A/L ratio) and PAI‐1 when the data were adjusted for age and gender. BMI changes were predictors of changes in leptin and PAI‐1 levels. A/L ratio was associated with lean body mass (%), independent of gender and age. In addition, changes in A/L ratio were independent predictors of cIMT alterations.ConclusionsInterdisciplinary therapy may reduce cardiovascular risk factors among adolescents depending on their degree of weight loss (moderate to massive) and when correlated with their inflammatory profile, metabolic state and cIMT.
The positive impact of cytological specimens for EGFR mutation testing in non‐small cell lung cancer: a single South East Asian laboratory’s analysis of 670 cases
Authors: Pang B. , Matthias D. , Ong C. W. , Dhewar A. N. , Gupta S. , Lim G. L. , Nga M. E. , Seet J. E. , Qasim A. , Chin T. M. , Soo R. , Soong R. , Salto‐Tellez M. 
Published: July 2012

B. Pang, D. Matthias, C.W. Ong, A.N. Dhewar, S. Gupta, G.L. Lim, M.‐E. Nga, J.E. Seet, A. Qasim, T.‐M. Chin, R. Soo, R. Soong and M. Salto‐TellezThe positive impact of cytological specimens for EGFR mutation testing in non‐small cell lung cancer: a single South East Asian laboratory’s analysis of 670 casesObjectives:  To compare the rejection rates of non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples obtained by differing sampling methods for testing by Sanger sequencing for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. To assess the association between unsatisfactory outcomes and the quantity of DNA extracted from cytological versus histological samples.Methods:  Six hundred and seventy NSCLC samples referred to our centre from 2008 to 2010 were reviewed as a consequence of sample rejection, presence of EGFR mutations, cytological versus histological sampling methods, DNA quantity and the unsatisfactory genotyping rate.Results:  Eighty samples were rejected for testing in similar proportions of histological and cytological samples (11.9% versus 10.9%) usually (n = 75) because the amount of cellular material was judged insufficient in small biopsies or cytology samples. The remaining 590 samples on which EGFR testing was attempted yielded 51 (8.6%) unsatisfactory test outcomes caused by failure of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (n = 47 cases), uninterpretable Sanger chromatograms (n = 3 cases) and insufficient DNA extracted for PCR (n = 1 case). The difference in rates of unsatisfactory outcomes between cytological samples (seven of 147 samples or 4.7%) versus tissue samples (44 of 443 samples or 9.9%) was clinically relevant but not statistically significant (Mann–Whitney test; P < 0.081). There was no association between the concentration of DNA extracted and the likelihood of an unsatisfactory analysis; which was similar in all types of sections (large and small) while 0% of 37 cytology slides were unsatisfactory.Conclusions:  Utilizing cytology samples for EGFR testing avoids unnecessary patient re‐biopsing and yields a clinically superior satisfactory rate to the overall satisfactory rate of tissue biopsies of NSCLC. The quality rather than quantity of DNA extracted may be a more important determinant of a satisfactory result.
Diagnosis and subclassification of thymoma by minimally invasive fine needle aspiration directed by endobronchial ultrasound: a review and discussion of four cases
Authors: Moonim M. T. , Breen R. , Gill‐Barman B. , Santis G. 
Published: July 2012

M.T. Moonim, R. Breen, B. Gill‐Barman and G. SantisDiagnosis and subclassification of thymoma by minimally invasive fine needle aspiration directed by endobronchial ultrasound: a review and discussion of four casesThymomas have been classified by the World Health Organisation (WHO) into six groups, based on the morphology of epithelial cells and the ratio between epithelial cells and lymphocytes within the tumour. Among 1458 consecutive cases of endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) performed in a tertiary referral centre between February 2008 and February 2012, we have encountered four cases of thymic neoplasms. We discuss the cytomorphological features of three cases of type B thymoma (one each of B1, B2 and B3 subtypes) and one case of thymic carcinoma diagnosed on EBUS‐TBNA using cell blocks, immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry which allowed preoperative chemotherapy to be carried out in two cases, diagnosis to be made after unsatisfactory surgical mediastinoscopy in the third and diagnosis of lymph node metastasis of the thymic carcinoma in the fourth. The differential diagnosis and criteria for subclassification of thymomas are discussed; although subclassification of these cases was possible in these cases, and tumours other than thymoma excluded, additional cases would be necessary to assess the potential accuracy of EBUS‐TBNA. These, to the best of our knowledge, represent the first cases of thymoma that were diagnosed and subclassified according to WHO criteria using multimodality evaluation of EBUS‐derived cytological aspirates.
Rapid oxygen exchange across the leaves of Littorella uniflora provides tolerance to sediment anoxia
Authors: MØLLER CLAUS L. , SAND‐JENSEN KAJ 
Published: July 2012

Summary1. Littorella uniflora and Lobelia dortmanna are prominent small rosette species in nutrient‐poor, soft‐water lakes because of efficient root exchange of CO2 and O2. We hypothesise that higher gas exchange across the leaves of L. uniflora than of L. dortmanna ensures O2 uptake from water and underlies its greater tolerance to sediment anoxia following organic enrichment.2. We studied plant response to varying sediment O2 demand and biogeochemistry by measuring photosynthesis, gas exchange across leaves and O2 dynamics in plants during long‐term laboratory and field studies. Frequent non‐destructive sampling of sediment pore water was used to track changes in sediment biogeochemistry.3. Addition of organic matter triggered O2 depletion and accumulation of , Fe2+ and CO2 in sediments. Gas exchange across leaf surfaces was 13–16 times higher for L. uniflora than for L. dortmanna. Oxygen in the leaf lacunae of L. uniflora remained above 10 kPa late at night on anoxic sediments despite organic enrichment. Leaf content of N and P of L. uniflora remained sufficient to keep up photosynthesis despite prolonged sediment anoxia, whereas nutrient content was too low for long‐term survival of L. dortmanna.4. High gas exchange across L. uniflora leaves improves its performance and survival on anoxic sediments compared with L. dortmanna. Lobelia dortmanna uses the same gas‐tight leaves in air and water, which makes it highly susceptible to sediment anoxia but more cost‐effective in ultra‐oligotrophic environments because of slow leaf turnover.