bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composition and properties of oat grain and straw
Authors: Berry Reginald Arthur 
Published: March 2009

1. In the comparatively humid climate, of the west of Scotland, the water content of oat grain, threshed soon after harvest, amounting, as a rule to between 16 and 18 %, fell, during storage, to between 12·0 and 14·5 %. Grain grown in the drier climate of the south of England and Wales contained on an average 12·2 % compared with 14·4 %. The weight of stored grain varied to a certain extent according to the hygrometric condition of the atmosphere. The maximum variation amounted to between 4 and 5 % of the initial weight of the grain.In addition to the usual analytical data, it was found to be of great advantage, in connection with each sample of grain examined to keep a record of, date of threshing and date of analysis, proportion of whole grain, weed seeds, husk, etc., average weight of 1000 grains, height above sea-level, type of soil, length of growing period, rainfall, previous cropping and manuring, condition of the crop.2. Between 11 and 12 % of the fatty substances in the oat kernel is present in the germ (embryo), the remainder is principally in the aleurone layer. The amount of extractable substances varied according to the solvent employed, ether and petroleum ether yielded the smallest and alcohol the largest extract. From 88 to 96 % of the total, was dissolved out by different solvents, in a five hour extraction. With repeated five hour extractions, ether still gave a small residue in the sixth extract. All the extracts contained finely divided solid matter in suspension, which could be made to separate out as a yellow residue and it amounted to between 0·25 and 6 % of the ether extract.The extracts were found to be slightly higher from “air dry” meal and ordinary ether compared with “dry” meal and dry ether.Free fatty acids were almost absent in the oil from freshly ground kernel, but afterwards they rapidly increased and in 24 days, calculated as oleic acid, they formed over 55 % of the extract. Drying the grain such as is done in the manufacture of oatmeal, had the effect of slowing down the rate of hydrolysis of the fat, but the amount of acid finally liberated was the same.
The uptake of nutrients by flax
Authors: Lewis A. H. 
Published: March 2009

Flax crops from a number of centres in Northern Ireland and in Norfolk have been analysed for nutrient content.Flax removes from the soil about the same amounts of nutrients as an average crop of meadow hay, but more than spring barley and much less than mangolds.There is no obvious relation between percentages of any one nutrient in the crops examined and yield data, percentage fibre in crop or grade of fibre. It is suggested that local climatic conditions, physical make-up of soil and proper cultivations are of first importance in flax growing. The importance of a clean seed-bed and even depth of sowing, and of steady growth with no checks is stressed.
Comparison of dairy shorthorn and Welsh black cattle as milk producers; and effect of time of calving on the yield of milk
Authors: Roberts E. J. 
Published: March 2009

The investigations described in the present paper are based on the records of the dairy herd at the farm of the University College of North Wales, at Aber near Bangor. The results obtained will have a more definite significance if some account is given of the nature and management of that herd.The Bangor provincial area, including the four Northern Counties of Wales, is roughly divided into Welsh Black and Shorthorn country by the Conway River. Most of the cattle in Anglesey and Caernarvonshire are of Welsh Black type, and the ordinary non-pedigree dual purpose type of Shorthorn predominates in Denbighshire and Flintshire.
“Apparent ropiness” (thread formation) in milk due to surface influence
Authors: Mattick A. T. R 
Published: March 2009

A physical form of “ropiness” in milk has been described and shown to be due to the formation of thin films of casein and (or) lactalbumin at the milk-air interface.The “ropes” are a form of the “mechanical surface aggregates” of Ramsden and may occur on appropriate surfaces, such as ordinary farm coolers whenever the rate of flow, the temperature and the acidity conditions are favourable.A modification of Ramsden’s method demonstrating the formation of mechanical surface aggregates, in an hitherto unobserved form, has been described, viz. horizontal glass tubes in parallel which are especially suitable for opaque fluids.The condition appears to be identical with that described by Aekma and Brouwer(2) who showed the occurrence of corpuscles in milk after violent agitation. These corpuscles probably consist of thin films of solid protein which as in the cases described by the author have formed at the interfaces of air bubbles and milk.The phenomenon has been shown to be of importance in handling dilutions of milk in the course of bacterial enumeration.
The nutrition of the carrot. II. Grown in a fen soil
Authors: Woodman Rowland Marcus , Paver Harold 
Published: March 2009

Carrots of Chantenay type wefe grown in cultures of a black fen soil shown by analysis to be deficient in phosphate but normal as regards potash. When phosphate was absent, the cotyledons, and sometimes the whole of the foliage, were dark bronze in colour. There was a statistically significant increase in yield following applications of phosphate, but a tendency for applied nitrogen and potash to diminish yield.We thank F. Shaw, Esq., N.D.H., of the Cambs. C.C. Staff for Agricultural Education, for his assistance in obtaining the fen soil used in this experiment.
The Average ages of Cows and Bulls in Six Breeds of Cattle
Authors: Smith A. D. Buchanan , Robison O. J. 
Published: March 2009

From the herd book records of six leading breeds of cattle in Great Britain (Shorthorn, Aberdeen-Angus, Hereford, Ayrshire, Jersey and British Friesian) the ages of the parents of 2618 pedigree calves born in 1925 were tabulated.The average age of cows at calving is found to be 5·722 years ± 0·04, with a standard deviation of 2·816. In four dairy breeds the average age is 5·485 years ± 0·05, while for the three beef breeds it is 6·022 ± 0·05.The “annual replacement percentage” is the number of heifers drafted annually into a herd or breed as first calvers expressed as a percentage of the total number of actively producing cows in the herd or breed. It is in effect the number required annually to make good the losses, and can be calculated from the average age of the cows at calving. This is found to be at least 27 per cent. and agrees substantially with the work of other investigators.
A study of wool growth. I. Weight of wool
Authors: Galpin N. 
Published: March 2009

The wool production of a small flock of Romney Sheep has been studied for a few years. When the sheep were 1 month old squares were tattooed on to four regions of each sheep.The weight of wool from, and the area of, these squares has been studied.We find that, under good growing conditions, for the same region, all sheep produce the same weight of wool per sq.cm. of skin per day (denoted by c), which is independent of age, seasons, year of birth of sheep, but varies from region to region, being higher the nearer the region to the mid-dorsal line.When conditions are unfavourable the weight of wool a particular sheep produces from a particular region falls below the c value for the region, approximately, by a factor (1 – B/E), where E is the skin expansion ratio of the particular region and B is a number, the same for all sheep and all regions in one season and is greater the worse the season.I am particularly indebted to Dr Hammond, School of Agriculture, Cambridge, and to Mr W. S. Kelly (Australia) for help and advice, and to the Animal Research Station, Cambridge, for providing the facilities for working with sheep. I wish to express my indebtedness to my colleagues of the Biology Department of this Association who have assisted me in various ways, and to Dr Daniels for help with the statistical treatment of the data, and to Mr R. C. Palmer for criticism and help in preparing the results for publication. My thanks are due to Mr B. H. Wilsdon, Director of Research, for his encouragement, to the International Wool Secretariat for providing the sheep, and to the Council of the Wool Industries Research Association for permission to publish the results.
Studies in Sampling Technique: Cereal Experiments. III. Results and Discussion.
Authors: Clapham A. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Four cereal experiments, comprising 210 plots each about l/40th acre in area, were harvested by a sampling method. Three of the experiments were later harvested by large-scale methods, so that a direct comparison could be made.2. The field technique is described, and an account is given of the small combined thresher and winnower which was constructed for the purpose of dealing rapidly with the numerous small sheaflets.3. The results are analysed in detail and it is shown that the samplingerrors per plot lie between 5 and 6 per cent. of the mean yield, and that these errors are sufficiently low for there to be little loss of information.
Adherence between penis and sheath in beef calves at the time of castration
Authors: Ashdown R. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. 247 commercial beef calves were examined at ages ranging from 0–13 months.2. Separation between penis and sheath commenced at about 3 or 4 months and was completed at about 9 or 10 months. Great differences were, however, found between animals of similar ages.3. The degree of adherence present at castration was greater than that found in a previous survey at the time of slaughter. Evidence is presented to support the suggestion that separation between penis and sheath may take place after castration.
Sperm production of a pony stallion and the treatment of spermatozoa in vitro with special reference to artificial insemination of mares
Authors: Chang Min Chueh 
Published: March 2009

1. The sperm production of a pony stallion kept a constant high level when the collection of sperms was performed regularly three times a week. There was no adverse effect on the stallion or on the quantity and quality of the sperms. There is a negative correlation between the volume of semen and the concentration. The total number ejaculated remains relatively constant; the volume of accessory fluids is more variable.2. The motility of horse spermatozoa after dilution with eight different kinds of chemical media and stored at different temperatures was studied: Glucose-yolk-phosphate dilutor devised by Lamhert & McKenzie and glucose-yolk-tartrate dilutor devised by the author were found to be the best for the preservation of horse sperms at low temperature. There was not much difference between those diluted samples stored for 24 hr. at 10° C. and those slowly cooled to 1° C. Concentration of the semen by centrifuge is definitely beneficial for the preservation of horse sperms.3. Pregnancies were obtained by the insemination of sperms centrifuged and kept at 1° C. for 24 hr. The sperms of one stallion can be used for a great number of mares if artificial insemination is practised. The adoption of new techniques for the determination of the time of ovulation and for the induction of ovulation is suggested for successful artificial insemination of mares.
Variation in the composition of the milk of an abnormal cow
Authors: Cranfield H. T. , Ling E. R. 
Published: March 2009

This paper is a record of the composition of the milk of an abnormal cow, during a period extending over three lactations. Although this cow was found eventually to be suffering from tuberculosis of the udder and lungs, no signs of the disease were apparent during the first two lactations recorded.The milk produced by this cow was abnormal during the whole period under review. Fat percentages were very variable, but the solids not fat content was consistently low, only 2 per cent. of the total number of samples analysed exceeding 8·5 per cent. in this constituent. Protein and lactose percentages were much below the averages for normal milk, but in the case of total ash the mean figures were normal. Of the ash constituents, the soluble portion was very high and the insoluble portion correspondingly low, the former presumably indicating a high chloride content. The percentages of phosphoric acid and lime were considerably below the mean figures for normal milk.Lactose and soluble ash percentages show a marked negative correlation, and moreover support the contention of Porcher and others that a definite lactose-chlorine ratio exists in milk.It is suggested that an abnormally low solids not fat content (i.e. low protein and lactose) and abnormal percentages of the individual ash constituents may be a sign of incipient disease affecting the organs involved in the secretion of milk.
Marrow-stem kale silage
Authors: Ferguson W. S. 
Published: March 2009

Kale silage was made in five large silos and the losses of dry matter and kale constituents determined.The losses of dry matter averaged 33%, of N-free extract 41% and of crude protein 34%.The percentage losses are higher than with wellmade grass silage, but, nevertheless, the yields of silage (and animal nutrients) per acre compare very favourably with those of other crops, including grass.Inclusion of straw in kale silage did not reduce losses of dry matter; it merely reduced slightly the quantity of water lost.
Comparative nitrogen digestibility in Brahman, Brahman × Shorthorn, Africander × Hereford, and Hereford Steers
Authors: Ashton G. C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Eight nitrogen metabolism experiments, each with sixteen steers representing grade Brahman, Brahman x Shorthorn, Africander x Hereford and Herefords, were carried out. The steers were fed according to body weight to the power 0·73, on rations consisting of natural pasture hay alone or in combination with lucerne hay.2. These experiments showed that the steers with zebu blood were significantly superior to the Herefords with regard to dry-matter digestibility and apparent nitrogen digestibility. The breed difference disappeared when nitrogen digestibility was calculated from the relationship feed nitrogen minus undigested faecal residue nitrogen, divided by feed nitrogen.3. Two further nitrogen metabolism experiments with six Africander x Hereford and four Hereford steers fed natural pasture hay plus lucerne hay, and one experiment with two Brahman x Shorthorn, two Africander x Hereford and two Hereford steers fed chaffed wheat straw were carried out. The steers were fed an equal amount of ration, irrespective of body weight.4. In these three experiments faecal nitrogen was fractionated into undigested residue nitrogen, non-dialysable centrifugable nitrogen, non-dialysable non-centrifugable nitrogen, and dialysable nitrogen. The breed groups differed significantly in the amount of dialysable faecal nitrogen excreted but not in any other component.5. The amount of dialysable faecal nitrogen excreted on equal intake was very significantly negatively correlated with body weight (r = −0·807, P < 0·01).6. It was found that in two experiments the mean difference between Africander x Herefords and Hereford steers, mean body weights 863 and 686 lb., respectively, was 1·81 ± 0·51 g. nitrogen per day. It was calculated that this would represent about 70 ± 20% of the body-weight difference between the breeds if the lost nitrogen was fully utilizable. This agreed well with the estimate of 65% derived from the square of the correlation coefficient.
Variation between and within birds in the estimation of the metabolizable energy content of diets for laying hens
Authors: Foster W. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree experiments were performed in which variation in metabolizable energy (M.E.) determinations was studied using a total of 137 laying hens. Consistent breed differences in classical M.E. estimates were found, and there were statistically significant differences between pullets within strains. Estimates were obtained of the within-bird variation in classical M.E. determinations and, from the estimated variance components, standard errors of the mean classical M.E. value were predicted for determinations using various numbers of pullets of one breed and various numbers of measurements per pullet.
The nutritive and manurial values of sugar beet tops
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Bee J. W. 
Published: March 2009

The heavy yields of sugar beet tops which remain on the land after the removal of the sugar beet crop may be utilised in two ways. They may either be ploughed into the land as manure, or they may be fed to stock. Where large areas of sugar beet are grown, and where in consequence it may not be possible to secure consumption of the whole of the tops before decomposition of the material sets in, a combination of these two methods of utilisation may be resorted to. In other words, the feeding of the tops may be continued so long as they remain wholesome, after which the remainder may be ploughed into the land.In view of the present importance of the sugar beet crop in English agriculture, and the urgent necessity of making the fullest possible use of all the various by-products arising in connection with this crop both in the field and in the factory, it is of importance that data should be available relating to the value of sugar beet tops both as a feeding stuff and as a manure. The purpose of the present communication is to detail the results of investigations which have been carried out with a view to securing such information.
The variations in milk yields caused by season of the year, service, age, and dry period and their elimination: Part II. Service
Authors: Sanders H. G. 
Published: March 2009

All Cows. It is proposed, in dealing with this question, to follow the same lines as in the previous Part—namely, to describe the effect as found from all the Norfolk records (comparing the results, where possible, with those found in the case of Penrith) and then to treat the various breeds, and high and low yielders separately, in order to bring out any peculiarities that may exist as regards those groups.It has already been seen that, as would be expected, the length of the S.P. very largely influences the length of the lactation, and it would seem probable on the face of it, that as pregnancy progresses the milk flow declines; this latter is dealt with in Section B of this Part, but we are here concerned with the total effect of both of these on the yield of milk in the lactation.
Further note on the capillary forces in an ideal soil
Authors: Fisher R. A. 
Published: March 2009

The new observations of Haines on the pressure deficiency of liquid in a soil-like aggregate confirm the theoretical deduction that the pressure deficiency falls off with increasing water content, but do not justify his belief in a high static stress as saturation is approached.A theorem is established connecting the static stress at any water content with the pressure deficiency and the dry area of the surface. This, together with general considerations of the energy conditions of physical equilibria, appears to dispose of the two assumptions from which the high values for the cohesive stress at saturation have been deduced.
The use of the in vitro fermentation technique to estimate the digestible energy content of some Egyptian forages: III. The effect of periodical renewal of medium on volatile fatty acid production and cellulose digestion in vitro as criteria of energy content
Authors: El-Shazly K. , Naga M. A. , Abaza M. A. , Abou Akkada A. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEleven forages of known digestible energy/kg dry matter (Naga & el-Shazly, 1963) were used in in vitro fermentation experiments. Direct determinations of digestible energy (D.E./kg D.M.) using the bomb calorimeter were also included, and the values were corrected for gas losses.In vitro fermentations were interrupted every 12, 8 and 6 h, the medium was renewed and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and cellulose digestion were estimated. Volatile fatty acid production from legumes was high early in the fermentation periods and became lower in later periods. Non-legumes behaved in an opposite manner.Significant negative correlation coefficients between VFA production and D.E./kg D.M. were found for legumes at later intervals of fermentation, while correlation coefficients for non-legumes lost their significance at later periods of fermentation.Digestible energy/kg dry matter could best be predicted for legumes from the volatile fatty acids produced in the second 12 h fermentation period or from the sum of the VFA produced in second, third and fourth 6 h periods of fermentation.
Effect of early weaning at about 30 days after farrowing on the reproductive characteristics in gilts and sows
Authors: Shimizu Hirokazu , Takeuchi Saburo 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRecords have been analysed from a small herd in which early weaning was practised. Piglets were weaned when average weight was 7–8 kg, at about 30 days old. Decreased feeding of sows, followed by a short period of fasting, was practised at weaning.Mean duration of suckling was 31·5 days and mean interval from weaning to oestrus 6·0 days. 93% of sows conceived to service at the first or second heat period. Mean farrowing interval for all sows was 159·7 days (151·9 days for those holding to the first service). Corresponding annual farrowing frequencies, calculated from these figures, are 2·29 and 2·40.Litter sizes at birth and at weaning were 10·7 and 9·3; corresponding weights of piglets were 1·74 and 7·99 kg. With increase of litter sequence there was a significant decrease of weaning weights; however, there was also an increase in size of litter weaned. Seasonal changes of piglet weight were also found. Early weaning can be considered a useful way to increase production.
An examination of the sampling observations on wheat of the crop-weather scheme
Authors: Barnard M. M. 
Published: March 2009

The paper gives an account of the results obtained from the data provided by the first three years of the Sampling Observations on Wheat of the Crop-Weather Scheme.Section I describes the Sampling Observations on Wheat of the Crop Weather Scheme which have been initiated in order that the effect of weather conditions may be studied at all stages of the wheat crop’s growth from germination to maturity.In Section II several curves are given which illustrate the progress of the wheat crop. The shoot-number curves bear a marked resemblance to one another subsequent to the period when the shoot number is a maximum in spite of the wide divergences which exist between the maximum shoot numbers themselves.Section III indicates the statistical processes involved in the analyses given in the succeeding sections.Sections IV-VIII are devoted primarily to discussions of the effects of various meteorological factors on specific stages of the crop’s growth. The following results have emerged:The length of the interval from sowing to appearance above ground is shown to be largely dependent on the mean soil temperature during this interval, the relation being well expressed by a quadratic regression. The growth rates of the plants at this time are shown to be in good agreement with those which would be obtained by applying Van ‘t Hoff’s law. Neither the rainfall nor the variation in temperature during the period appear to affect its length.Squarehead’s Master appears above ground consistently later than Yeoman, but the amount of this lag is apparently uninfluenced by variations in soil temperature.