bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The quantitative requirement for α-tocopherol by juvenile African catfish, Clarias gariepinus Burchell
Authors: Baker R. T. M. , Davies S. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEmploying practical-type diets containing graded levels of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate (0, 5, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 or 100 mg/kg), the quantitative requirement for a-tocopherol by juvenile African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Burchell) was investigated. Diets, defined with respect to selenium, fatty acid and ascorbate inclusion, were offered for 12 weeks during which catfish grew from 10 g to 120 g. Dietary regime had no significant effect on growth (P > 0·05), although haematocrit values increased with increasing tocopherol dose above 15 mg/kg (assayed) (R2 = 0·71, P < 0·05). Tissue accretion of the vitamin increased concomitant with dietary dose (P < 0·001). Employing a colorimetric assay for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) it was evident that concentration ofTBARS in muscle and liver reflected tissue oxidation status, in that elevated dietary vitamin E resulted in decreased assayed TBARS (P < 0·05). By broken-line analysis the requirement for this species to suppress lipid peroxidation was estimated as 30 to 40 mg all-rac-a-tocopheryl acetate per kg dry diet and this agrees with published requirements of many fish species.
Photoperiodic effect on live-weight gain of bull calves
Authors: Aharoni Y. , Brosh A. , Holzer Z. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe effects of day length, of the daily change in day length and of heat load, together with age effect, on live-weight gain of Holstein-Friesian bull calves, were studied using 8205 gain records of 1019 calves that were maintained in the experimental herd at Newe Ya'ar during a 5-year period (1991 to 1995). The age range of the calves was 150 to 450 days. Effects of day length (h) and of day length change (min/day) were assumed to be linear and effect of age was assumed to be quadratic. Three heat load indexes were calculated, accounting for day temperatures above 27°C, or night temperatures above 18°C, or both, and their effect was assumed to be linear also. Random effect of calf and fixed effect of the year were also accounted for by the regression analysis. The mean gain was 1·274 kg/day. The effect of day length was 0·027 (s.e. 0·003) kg/day per h, and effect of day length change was 0·042 (s.e. 0·003) kg/ay per min/day both effects being highly significant (P < 0·0001). The effects of heat load according to each of the three indexes were either not significant, or tended to be positive, which implies increased gain with increasing heat load. Effect of age was positive (P = 0·0005), and of age2 was negative (P < 0·0001). Based on the regression model that did not include heat load effect, the peak gain was obtained on 19 May, 33 days before the longest day and the trough was obtained on 18 November, with a difference of 0·206 kg/day (proportionately 0·15 of the peak gain) between peak and trough gains. It was calculated by the regression coefficients for the photoperiod effects, that a calf that enters the feedlot at the age of 150 days and a live weight of 180 kg on 1 January, will be 23 kg heavier at the age of 350 days than a calf that enters the feedlot at the same age and weight on 1 July. This difference is reduced to 10 kg at the age of 450 days.
The effect of diet and frequency of watering on the performance of growing cattle given food at maintenance
Authors: Hatendi P. R. , Mulenga F. M. , Sibanda S. , Ndlovu P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn 18-week experiment investigated the effects of type of diet and frequency of watering on the performance of growing cattle given food at maintenance (metabolizable energy (ME) allowance (MJ) = 8·3 + 0·091 M where M = live weight of the animal). Three diets with 20: 80 (low, L), 50:50 (medium, M) and 80: 20 (high, H) roughage to concentrate ratios (10·2, 7·8 and 5·4 MJME per kg dry matter) were used in combination with free access to water for 2·5 h once daily or once every 3rd day. A completely randomized-block design with a 3 (diets) × 2 (watering frequencies) factorial arrangement of treatments was used. Five animals were allocated per treatment (average weight 245 (s.d. 21·6) kg).Dry-matter intake increased as the roughage content of the diet increased (P < 0·05) but was not affected by the watering regime (P > 0·05). Total water intake was found to be positively correlated with dry-matter intake and increased with dietary roughage level. Animals watered daily drank more (P < 0·05) water (12·6 v. 10·0 kg/day) than those watered every 3rd day. The apparent digestibility of the diets decreased as the amount of roughage increased (diet L 734g/kg, M471 g/kg and H 433 g/kg). Similar apparent digestibilities were observed under the two watering frequencies (546 g/kg and 547 g/kg).Type of diet significantly (P < 0·05) affected the final weights of the steers. Animals given diet H were proportionately 0·07 heavier than those offered diet L corresponding to total weight changes of −0·8 and +18·4 kg respectively. Carcass weight, backfat thickness and eye muscle area were not affected by the treatments. The chemical composition of the 9 to 11th rib joint was only affected by diet H which gave less fat (P < 0·05). Water, fat, protein and ash content averaged 607,118,190 and 84 g/kg respectively.
Attainment of puberty and response to superovulation in performance-tested Simmental heifers
Authors: Tregaskes L. D. , Broadbent P. J. , Hutchinson J. S. M. , Roden J. A. , Dolman D. F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPuberty during performance test and the effect of reproductive maturity and performance on test on superovulatory response were investigated using Simmental heifers.Three generations of Simmental heifers (no. = 110) were performance tested for beef characteristics between 23 and 49 weeks of age over 3 years successively. Embryo recoveries were performed at 52 and 61 weeks of age following the end of the performance test. The onset of puberty was observed in 26 of 30 (87%) heifers in the 3rd year. The mean age at puberty was 284·7 (s.e. 6·63) days. Age at puberty was not significantly related to daily live-weight gain (1·5 (s.e. 0·02) kg) up to the onset of puberty. Heifers experienced zero to six oestrous cycles before initiation of the first superovulatory treatments. There was a non-significant tendency (P > 0·05) for heifers that were not cyclic to produce the highest yields of viable and grade 1 embryos at the first embryo recovery.Performance test characteristics recorded were: total food intake (1604·0 (s.e. 13·2) kg), total energy intake (1852·0 (s.e. 169·0) MJ metabolizable energy) and live-weight gain (263·9 (s.e. 2·2) kg) during test; live weight (486·5 (s.e. 31·5) kg), backfat depth (5·6 (s.e. 15) mm) and muscle score (9·6 (s.e. 0·10) units) at the end of test and estimated breeding value for the selection index (+£7·00 (s.e. 0·76)). These were used as independent variables in general linear models to study their relationship with various measures of superovulatory response. Recovery rate of ova and embryos; and the yields of viable and grade 1 embryos were not related to any aspects of performance on test.In conclusion, superovulation and embryo recovery were affected by reproductive maturity at the time of gonadotropin treatment and these procedures may be more effective in juvenile heifers before the establishment of cyclicity. Embryo production from 12- to 15-month-old Simmental heifers following a beef performance test was not related to their performance on test.
Ruminal ammonia concentration and energy expenditure of cattle estimated by the carbon dioxide entry rate technique
Authors: Di Marco O. N. , Castiñeiras P. , Aello M. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFive ruminallyfistulatedAngus steers (360 (s.e. 15·4) kg) were givenfood to maintain body weight constant: maize silage (TO) at 0·6 kg dry matter (DM) per 100 kg body weight twice a day. After a 15-day adaptation period they were infused continuously (I) for 96 h, with a solution of NaH14CO3 at a rate of 7 to 8 micro Curies (μCi) per h. On the last 2 days of infusion 30 g (Tl) and 60 g (T2) urea, respectively, were placed in the rumen at the end of the morning meal. Spot samples of urine (250 ml) were taken before and 5 h after the morning meal and after at least 24 h of infusion. Thereafter, animals continued with TO for one additional week, in which they were prepared with catheters inserted in salivary ducts and infused for 48 h, as previously described. Eighteen pairs of spot samples of urine and saliva were takenfrom three of thefive steers (369 (s.e. 20·7) kg), over a period of 5 h, after at least 24 h infusion (six per animal). Rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) production was estimated as the ratio USA (specific activity of CO2)from which energy expenditure was calculated (22 kj/l CO2). Silage composition, in situ degradability and ruminal ammonia and pH were measured. In situ degradability in thefirst 6 h was 200 g/kg and ruminal ammonia was in the range of 20·6 to 39·6 mg/l. Ammonia increased rapidly to 394·2 (T1) and 673·9 mg/l (T2) 1 h after addition of urea into the rumen but in 6 h in situ degradability was unchanged. Ruminal ammonia decreased linearly at rates (mgll per h) of89·3 in Tl (R2 = 0·57, s.d. = 21·5) and 151·6 in T2 (R2 = 0·81, s.d. = 23·3). Animal energy expenditure rates were not affected (P > 0·05) by treatment (TO = 15·6, Tl = 15·6 and T2 = 15·8 kj/h per M075). There was no difference (P > 0·05) in CO2 production rate (mllh per kg M0·75) determined from the SA of CO2 from urine (604) or saliva (630) samples. It was concluded that the energy cost associated with detoxification of the excess of ruminal ammonia was of minor importance in terms of total animal energy expenditure and that estimations ofC02 ratesfromsamples ofurine or saliva are comparable.
The effect of nutrition on the periparturient parasite status of mature ewes
Authors: Donaldson J. , van Houtert M. F. J. , Sykes A. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe rôle of nutrition in the periparturient breakdown of resistance to gastrointestinal parasitism in mature ewes was investigated. Host resistance around this period, as measured by faecal egg concentration and worm burden, was sensitive to protein supply and to a lesser extent energy supply and body condition. Resistance was significantly less in ewes bearing and suckling twin lambs than those with singles. Differences in larval intakes spanning the range likely to be experienced in practice did not appear to be important. In dual infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, the breakdown of resistance occurred almost exclusively with T. circumcincta confirming previous evidence of parasite species specificity in the periparturient breakdown of resistance.
Effect of sex on meat quality of Spanish lamb breeds (Lacha and Rasa Aragonesa)
Authors: Horcada A. , Beriain M. J. , Purroy A. , Lizaso G. , Chasco J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe influence of sex on the meat quality of Lacha (L) and Rasa Aragonesa (RA) lambs was studied. Male and female L lambs were given ewes' milk and were slaughtered at 25 and 24 days of age corresponding to 11·4 and 10·9 kg live weight (LW), respectively. Male and female RA lambs were weaned at 58 days (16·0 kg LW) and then given concentrate and barley straw until slaughter at 89 and 91 days of age, corresponding to 24·5 and 23·1 kg LW, respectively. The parameters measured on the carcasses were: hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, conformation, colour, firmness and thickness of dorsal fat and colour of muscle rectus abdominis. Parameters measured on longissimus dorsi muscle were: ultimate pH (pHu), instrumental colour (L*, a*, b*), myoglobin concentration, ash, crude protein, fat, moisture and water-holding capacity (WHC). Iodine value and fatty acid composition were studied in the intramuscular (IM), intermuscular (IN) and subcutaneous (SC) fat depots. Females of both breeds had higher amount of IM fat (P < 0·001 and P < 0·05 for L and RA breeds, respectively) and firmer SC fat than males (P < 0·05). There were no differences between sexes in pHu, myoglobin concentration, WHC and the L*, a* and b* colour parameters. No significant differences between sexes were observed in the total saturated fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids and in the iodine value in the three fat depots studied in both breeds. However, the females of the breed had significantly higher proportions offatty acids with 15 carbon atoms (pentadecanoic (C15:0)) and with 16 carbon atoms (palmitic (C16:0)and palmitoleic (C16:1)) than the males in the three depots. The females of Rasa Aragonesa breed had a higher proportion of palmitoleic acid (C16:1)in the IM depot (P < 0·001) and of palmitic acid (C16:0)in the SC depot (P < 0·05) than the males. The absence of significant differences in the unsaturated fatty acid content between males and females showed that at the low slaughter weight, sex had no effect on the nature and composition of fat.
Feeding value of pea (Pisum sativum, L.) 2. Nutritional value in the pig
Authors: Grosjean F. , Bastianelli D. , Bourdillon A. , Cerneau P. , Jondreville C. , Peyronnet C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNineteen round white-feed peas (FP) varieties, six coloured-flowered peas (CP) varieties and four wrinkled white-flowered peas (WP) varieties were given to growing pigs in order to measure their feeding value. Mean values of energy apparent digestibility measured at the faecal level of FP, CP and WP were respectively 0·886, 0·812 and 0·823. Mean values for digestible energy were 16·34, 1506 and 15·60 M]l kg dry matter. Mean values of faecal apparent digestibility of protein were 0·840, 0·760 and 0·828. The lower energy and crude protein (CP) apparent digestibility of CP relative to FP can be explained by their higher fibre content and by the presence of condensed tannins whilst the lower energy and CP apparent digestibility in WP relative to FP can be explained by their higher fibre content, their lower starch content and their higher amylosel amylopectine ratio. Among the feed peas, there was no difference between peas with low trypsin inhibitor activity and peas with medium trypsin inhibitor activity.
Effect of intermittent light regimens on the performance of intact male turkeys
Authors: Lewis P. D. , Perry G. C. , Sherwin C. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn 8-h photoperiod, compared with 12-, 16- or 23-h photoperiods, has been shown to reduce the incidence of injurious pecking and leg problems in intact male turkeys but to result in lower body weights, slower sexual development and less efficient food conversion. The effect of 8 h of illumination given as a solid photoperiod, as eight 1-h periods equally spread through the 24 h or concentrated into a 12-h part of the day on the performance of BUT 8 intact male turkeys was investigated.Fragmentation of the daily illumination increased body weight, improved food conversion efficiency but did not significantly affect food intake. Increased sexual displaying and significantly better food conversion between 16 and 20 weeks by the two intermittently illuminated groups strongly suggested that both regimens were interpreted as stimulatory daylengths. Generally, losses due to mortality and culling were higher in both fragmented groups, while injurious pecking was higher in 8(1L: ID) birds before 5 weeks and in birds given a 12-h ‘subjective day’ after 5 weeks than in 8-h controls. Culling due to leg problems was significantly higher in birds on the 8(1L:2D) regimen but the incidence of leg imperfections was minimal (< 0·037) in all groups. Both intermittent groups but the 8(1L: 2D) in particular, showed a reduced response to hand movement across the eyes compared with 8-h controls. The controls ate proportionately more food during their 16-h dark period than did the intermittent group during their 12-h ‘subjective night’, though both groups increased their ‘nocturnal’ feeding with age.
Sozioökonomische Unterschiede im Substanzkonsum von Jugendlichen
Authors: Richter Matthias , Hurrelmann Klaus 
Published: September 2010

<B>Fragestellung:</B> Der Beitrag geht der Frage nach, ob der Konsum psychoaktiver Substanzen im Jugendalter mit dem sozioökonomischen Status der Eltern und dem Schultyp der Jugendlichen variiert. </P><P> <B>Methodik:</B> Die Daten stammen aus dem deutschen Teil der internationalen WHO-Studie »Health Behaviour in School-aged Children«, in der 5.650 Schulkinder im Alter von 11 bis 15 Jahren im Jahr 2002 befragt wurden. </P><P> <B>Ergebnisse:</B> Während der Berufsstatus der Eltern und der familiäre Wohlstand nur einen schwachen Einfluss auf den Substanzkonsum von Jugendlichen aufweisen, steht der Schultyp in einer engeren Beziehung zum Tabak-und Alkoholkonsum. Für den Cannabiskonsum konnten weder sozioökonomische noch schulformspezifische Unterschiede nachgewiesen werden. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerungen:</B> Die Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass präventive Maßnahmen, die auf eine Reduzierung aktueller ebenso wie späterer gesundheitlicher Ungleichheiten abzielen, verstärkt im schulischen Kontext – insbesondere in den Haupt- und Realschulen – zu implementieren sind.
Substitution mit oder ohne Behandlungsvertrag? Eine Untersuchung von Substitutionsfällen im kleinstädtischen und ländlichen Raum
Authors: Zitzmann Reiner , Weiler Detlef 
Published: September 2010

<B>Ziel:</B> Diese Untersuchung verfolgt die Frage, ob eine vertraglich geregelte Substitutionsbehandlung erfolgreicher ist als eine ohne Behandlungsvertrag. </P><P> <B>Methodik:</B> Es handelt sich um eine retrospektive Analyse von 186 standardisiert dokumentierten Behandlungsfällen. Für die Überprüfung der Frage, ob sich Patienten mit oder ohne Vertrag bezüglich einiger Erfolgskriterien unterscheiden, wurde der Chi<SUP>2</SUP>-Test eingesetzt. Veränderungen der körperlichen und psychischen Situation wurden mit dem Wilcoxon-Test überprüft. </P><P> <B>Ergebnisse:</B> Günstigere Ergebnisse erzielen die Patienten mit Vertrag vor allem bei der psychischen Stabilisierung und bei Verbesserungen in den Bereichen Wohnung, Partnerschaft, Freizeit und Tagesstrukturierung. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerungen:</B> Die im Behandlungsvertrag festgelegten Absprachen zur psychosozialen Betreuung führen zu einer intensiveren und erfolgreicheren Arbeit mit den Substituierten.
Drogen als Ursache für Verkehrsunfälle, im Fokus: Cannabis
Authors: Kauert Gerold , Iwersen- Bergmann Stefanie 
Published: September 2010

<B>Fragestellung:</B> Die Unfallumstände von 108 Verkehrsunfällen, mit dem Nachweis psychoaktiver Substanzen im Blut des schuldhaften Verursachers wurden mit der Fragestellung ausgewertet, ob es Zusammenhänge zwischen Drogentyp, -konzentration und Unfallumständen gibt. </P><P> <B>Methodik:</B> Es standen der toxikologische Blutbefund und die Ermittlungsakten der Staatsanwaltschaft zur Auswertung zur Verfügung. Aus den Rohdaten wurden klassifizierte Merkmale gebildet. </P><P> <B>Ergebnisse:</B> Die Cannabis-Unfälle stellten die größte Gruppe unter den Einzeldrogen, wiesen am häufigsten unauffällige körperliche Befunde und gleichzeitig die schwersten Unfallfolgen auf. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerungen:</B> Die Auswertung zeigt, dass Cannabis im Zusammenhang mit der Teilnahme am Straßenverkehr keineswegs als »weiche« oder »harmlose« Droge eingestuft werden kann.
Virale Hepatitis und HIV aus der Sicht von Drogenkonsumentinnen
Authors: Brodbeck Jeannette , Matter Monika , Roos Markus , Moggi Franz 
Published: September 2010

<B>Fragestellung:</B> Analyse von Ansatzpunkten für die HBV/HCV-Präventionsempfehlungen für das sexuelle Risikoverhalten von Drogenkonsumentinnen. </P><P> <B>Methodik:</B> Einschätzungen zu HBV/HCV und HIV von 146 Befragten wurden verglichen und ihr Zusammenhang mit dem sexuellen Risikoverhalten analysiert. </P><P> <B>Resultate:</B> HBV/HCV-Infektionen wurden als weniger schwerwiegend eingeschätzt und die Schutzmotivation und der Wissensstand bezüglich HBV/HCV waren geringer ausgeprägt als bei HIV. Personen mit geringerer Selbstwirksamkeit, Schutzmotivation und geringerem Wissen hinsichtlich HBV/HCV hatten häufiger sexuelles Risikoverhalten. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerungen:</B> Selbstwirksamkeit und Schutzmotivation sind Ansatzpunkte für die HBV/HCV- und HIV-Prävention. Für HBV/HCV muss zudem das Problembewusstsein erhöht und der Wissensstand verbessert werden.
A quality framework for addiction treatment programmes: Results of a concept mapping strategy
Authors: Nabitz Udo , van den Brink Wim , Walburg Jan 
Published: September 2010

Ein Qualitätsrahmen für Suchtbehandlungsangebote: Ergebnisse einer Concept Mapping Strategie Ziel: Empirische Identifikation von Qualitätskriterien, -clusters und -dimensionen für Programme der Suchtbehandlung. </P><P>Methode: Drei Interessengruppen (Stakeholders N=90) generierten 667 Ideen, die zu 70 Statements zusammengefasst und mit mulitivariaten statistischen Techniken analysiert wurden. </P><P>Ergebnisse: Neun Cluster mit zwei Dimensionen »Best Practice« und »Effektivität« wurden identifiziert. Die drei wichtigsten Qualitätscluster waren »Klientenorientierung«, »Behandlungsangebot« und »Einstellung der Behandler«. Die drei wichtigsten Statements waren: »Effektivität des Programms«, »respektvolle Interaktion mit dem Patienten« und »leichter Zugang zu den Behandlungsangeboten«. </P><P>Schlussfolgerungen: Der empirisch abgeleitete Qualitätsrahmen für Suchtbehandlungsangebote ist spezifisch und umfassend. Es zeigen sich Übereinstimmungen und Ergänzungen zu bestehenden Zertifizierungs- und Qualitätssicherungssystemen.
Replikation und Spezifität von vier Persönlichkeitstypen bei Alkoholabhängigen
Authors: Becker Peter , Quinten Claudia 
Published: September 2010

Ziel: Überprüfung der Fragestellungen: <OL><LI>Unterscheiden sich Alkoholabhängige in Persönlichkeitseigenschaften von unausgelesenen Personen aus der Bevölkerung?<LI>Lassen sich verschiedene Persönlichkeitstypen von Alkoholabhängigen replizieren?<LI>Welche Persönlichkeitsstörungen treten bei diesen Typen auf?<LI>Wie spezifisch sind diese Typen hinsichtlich ihrer Auftretenshäufigkeit im Vergleich zu einer Kontrollgruppe aus der allgemeinen Bevölkerung? </OL></P><P>Methodik: Mit dem Trierer Integrierten Persönlichkeitsinventar (TIPI) und dem SKID-II wurden 266 Alkoholabhängige untersucht und mit 1026 nach Zufall ausgelesenen Erwachsenen aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung verglichen. Statistische Berechnungen erfolgten mithilfe einer Clusteranalyse und logistischen Regressionsanalysen. </P><P>Ergebnisse: Vier Persönlichkeitstypen bei Alkoholabhängigen lassen sich replizieren, die der Kontrollgruppe seltener auftreten, als zu erwarten ist. Sie sind für Alkoholabhängige relativ spezifisch. Bei 30 % der Patienten werden Persönlichkeitsstörungen diagnostiziert. </P><P>Schlussfolgerungen: Sowohl eine typologische als auch eine eigenschaftsorientierte Betrachtung von Alkoholabhängigen sowie die Berücksichtigung komorbider Persönlichkeitsstörungen könnten sich für die Therapieplanung und -evaluation als fruchtbar erweisen.
Vergleich der Komorbidität von Cannabis- und Mischkonsumenten in Behandlung
Authors: Sack Peter-Michael , Küstner Udo J. , Ott Katja , Jäger Christian , Thomasius Rainer 
Published: September 2010

<B>Fragestellung:</B> Weisen betreute Jugendliche und junge erwachsene Cannabiskonsumenten (THC) »ähnliche« komorbide Störungen auf wie betreute polytoxikoman Konsumierende (PTX)? </P><P> <B>Methodik:</B> Patientenkarten des Jahres 2003 von n=208 THC (74 % abhängig) und n=150 PTX (81 % abhängig) ,jeweils ambulant betreut, wurden ausgewertet. </P><P> <B>Ergebnisse:</B> Nur zufällig unterscheiden sich betreute THC und PTX im Erstalter des Substanzkonsums und in den psychiatrisch-komorbiden Diagnosen (v. a. affektive Störungen, Persönlichkeitsstörungen, Entwicklungsstörungen) sowie in Betreuungsaufwand und Behandlungsergebnissen. </P><P> <B>Schlussfolgerungen:</B> Angesichts der beobachteten Komorbiditätsraten sollten die Angebote im Suchthilfesystem so ausdifferenziert werden, dass jugendlicher Substanzmissbrauch und Komorbidität standardmäßig integriert behandelt werden können.