bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Americium‐241 Uptake by Bahiagrass as Influenced by Soil Type, Lime, and Organic Matter
Authors: Hoyt G. D. , Adriano D. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAvailability of 241Am to bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum), a major forage crop in the southeastern U.S., was studied under greenhouse conditions using two soil types, two rates of lime, and four rates of organic matter. The plants were grown in pots until three clippings were obtained.Americium‐241 concentrations in plant tissues from the unlimed Dothan (24% clay) soil were, on the average, approximately twice as high as those from unlimed Troup (10% clay) soil. Lime significantly reduced 241Am uptake from both soils. The americium concentration ratios (americium concentration in dry plant tissue/average americium concentration in dry soil) for limed treatments were, in general, one order of magnitude lower than those for unlimed treatments. Organic matter, added to the soils as bermuda grass hay, somewhat reduced 241Am uptake, especially when added at high rates in unlimed soils.The effect of lime on uptake could be attributed to immobilization of americium ions external to the roots as a result of decreased solubility of this radionuclide and/or antagonistic effect of increased calcium ion concentration in the soil solution on americium ions. The effect of organic matter on uptake could be attributed to its fixing capacity for metals.
Adherence of Spray‐applied Liquid Digested Sewage Sludge to Tall Fescue
Authors: Chaney Rufus L. , Lloyd Cheryl A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLiquid anaerobically digested sewage sludge was spray‐applied on field plots of mowed and unmowed tall rescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb) at rates of 0, 51, and 103 m3/ha in mid‐September 1975. Forage samples were periodically cut to a 7‐cm height following rainfall events for 80 days, and again the following spring. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were markedly increased by sludge spraying, with a greater increase at the higher sludge rate. The levels of Fe, Pb, and Cu in samples of healthy plants were so high (37,800 mg Fe, 140 mg Pb, and 115 mg Cu/kg dry forage) that absorption‐translocation by the roots could not have supplied them. The %‐sludge in/on the forage was calculated for each element based on the proportion of increased metal content in/on the forage to the metal content of the sludge. The %‐sludge estimates for six elements were in close agreement, confirming sludge contamination rather than metal uptake from soil. Adhering sludge was not removed by washing in 0.1% Na lauryl sulfate. Adhering sludge comprised 22 to 32% of the forage on the day of application; sludge content decreased with time but was not related to rainfall events (27 cm during 15 days following sludge application). Sludge content declined more rapidly in the mowed treatment, apparently because less forage was contaminated and rapid growth diluted contaminated forage. Sludge was no longer found in/on forage samples grown after spring mowing. Adhering sludge could increase exposure of forage consumers to heavy metals and other sludge constituents.
Sorption of a Dispersed Dye by Sand and Soil
Authors: Miyamoto S. , Tram J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe sorption of monoazo dye (a dispersed dye) by sand and calcareous soil is evaluated by laboratory batch and column tests for the purpose of obtaining quantative information needed for disposing of dyeing effluent. In the batch tests, the soil samples were added to dye solutions (or dispersions) having a concentration range of 25 to 125 mg/liter. During the continuous shaking of the solutions, the amount sorbed was measured up to 18 hours. Results indicated that sand and soil sorb the dye and that the reaction is essentially complete within 3 hours. The sorption isotherm was well represented by the Langmuir equation with sorption capacities of 2.6 and 15.1 mg/g for sand and loam, respectively. Subsequent column tests indicated that a sand or soil bed can decolorize the dye solution. The mass transfer equation, considering the sorption and the convective transfer factors, simulates reasonably well the breakthrough curve in sand, but only if an adjustment is made for the reaction rate constant. A filtration mechanism appears to play a significant role in dye removal, especially in a soil bed having fine pore spaces. The sorption data obtained here are relevant to the evaluation of potential ground water contamination resulting from land disposal of dyeing effluent, as well as to the use of a sand bed for decolorization.
Soil Temperature and Sewage Sludge Effects on Corn Yield and Macronutrient Content
Authors: Sheaffer C. C. , Decker A. M. , Chaney R. L. , Douglass L. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAvailability of plant nutrients and subsequent plant growth are influenced by sewage sludge loading rates and soil temperature, but published information on the interaction of these two factors is limited. Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown in a sandy Typic Hapludult soil amended with 0, 56, or 112 metric tons/ha of anaerobically digested sewage sludge in field experiments during 1975 and 1976. Soil temperature regimes of 16, 27, 35°C or ambient (x̄ = 22°C) were applied to plots each year from planting to harvest. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of soil temperature on sewage sludge nutrient release for corn growth.Increases in soil temperature increased germination and maturation rates of corn. A 16°C soil temperature significantly decreased stover and grain yields both years. In 1975, temperatures above ambient did not result in higher grain or stover yields, but in 1976 grain and stover yields increased as soil temperature rose to 35°C.Sewage sludge application had no significant effect on 1975 stover yield, but at a 16°C soil temperature grain yields were significantly higher for the 112‐metric tons/ha sludge plots. In 1976, when pH and soil fertility of check plots had declined, check plots had significantly lower grain yields than sludge‐amended plots at all soil temperatures. Stover yields from 112‐metric tons/ha sludge plots were significantly higher than for check plots at all soil temperatures except 16°C.Nitrogen, P, and K levels in corn ear leaves were higher at 35 than 16°C in both years, but Ca was lower. Higher ear leaf levels of N, P, Ca, and Mg occurred with 112 metric tons/ha sludge than the check in both 1975 and 1976.
Effect of Crushed Limestone Barriers on Chromium Attenuation in Soils
Authors: Artiole Juan , Fuller Wallace H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of agricultural limestone as a low‐cost landfill liner to retard the migration rate of Cr in municipal solid waste leachate through soils was studied. A limestone layer, 2 cm thick over a 10‐cm depth of soil in a column, delayed the breakthrough concentration (C/Co = 1.0) of the Cr in the effluent manyfold over that without limestone. Crushed limestone was more effective in retaining the cation Cr(III) than the anion Cr(VI). Retention of Cr(III) in soils due to the presence of a limestone liner is much greater than that for other metals tested (Be, Cd, Fe, Ni, and Zn). There appears to be a combined influence on the retention of Cr between the limestone liner and soil not apparent when municipal leachate was passed through the limestone barrier and soil independently. Usefulness of limestone (ranging up to 16% at breakthrough concentration) depends primarily on the pH and volume of the solution passed through the limestone.
Organic Matter Decomposition in a Soil Heavily Amended with Poultry Manure
Authors: Weil R. R. , Kroontje W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA Davidson clay loam (Rhodic Paleudult) was planted to maize annually and amended with poultry manure at the rates of 0, 27, 54, 85, and 110 metric ton ha−1 year−1 for 5 years. In the fifth year soil organic matter content, microbial respiration, and leaf decomposition were studied to determine how these applications of poultry manure had affected the organic matter‐assimilating capacity of the soil.In early May soil organic matter in the top 8 cm of the unmanured controls and the most heavily manured plots were 2.8 and 7.25, respectively. By November the latter value had dropped to 5.4% while the former remained unchanged. At the 28‐ to 36‐cm depth, well below the depth of tillage, organic matter averaged over all treatments increased from 0.70% in April to 1.16% in September, possibly due to leaching and earthworm activity.Microbial respiration, as indicated by CO2 evolved from soil samples taken in November and incubated at 28°C, increased from 0.02 mg C g−1 in the unmanured soil to 0.101 mg C g−1 day−1 at the 85 metric tons ha−1 year−1 rate. However, at the highest rate of manure soil respiration dropped to 0.069 mg C g−1 day−1.Disappearance of maize leaf pieces from litter bags with mesh openings of 0.02, 0.1, 1.0, and 7.0 mm was initially retarded in the manured plots. However, the total amount of leaf disappearance was generally greater in the 1.0‐ and 7.0‐mm mesh bags than in the 0.02‐ and 0.1‐mm mesh bags, indicating a significant contribution by the meso‐ and macrofauna in the soil. The manure treatments increased the numbers of mites (Acari) and springtails (Collembola) by two orders of magnitude, but greatly reduced the diversity of the soil arthropod community.The overall ability of the soil to accept and dispose of the poultry manure did not appear to be seriously impaired even at high rates of manure application for it was estimated that only 7% of the 393 metric tons of organic matter added per ha remained in the plowlayer after the 5‐year period.
A Mass Balance Study of Application of Municipal Waste Water to Forests in Michigan
Authors: Burton Thomas M. , Hook James E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mass balance study of the effects of secondary municipal waste water on phosphorus and nitrogen cycling was conducted in 1976 and 1977 on three 1.2‐ha plots in a late successional, sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.)‐beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) forest in southern Michigan. The treatments included an unirrigated control plot and 5‐ and 10‐cm/week waste water application plots. The 10‐cm/week site was deliberately overloaded hydraulically. Chloride concentrations at the 150‐cm depth on the waste water application plots did not approach input concentrations until the end of the 1976 irrigation season. Thus, 1977 data are emphasized in mass balance calculations. About 96% of the added inorganic nitrogen from 5 cm/week of waste water application leached past the root zone. Application of 10 cm/week waste water increased inorganic nitrogen “retention” on a mass balance basis to 69% of input apparently as a result of denitrification under anaerobic conditions in the water‐logged soils. However, the 10‐cm/week application resulted in nitrate concentrations approaching those of waste water input concentrations during peak runoff periods. The 10‐cm/week application also resulted in death of trees in the lower areas of the forest where water tended to pool. Phosphorus retention by the system was 96.5% at an application rate of 5 cm/week but decreased to 66% when the irrigation rate was increased to 10 cm/week as a result of runoff losses. Changes in soils included increased available phosphorus and exchangeable magnesium and potassium in the top 15 cm of soil and increased sodium and chloride concentrations throughout the 150‐cm depth sampled.
Runoff Losses of Surface‐Applied Herbicides as Affected by Wheel Tracks and Incorporation
Authors: Baker J. L. , Laflen J. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effects of incorporation and wheel‐track compaction on runoff losses of herbicides were determined by measuring losses of propachlor (2‐chloro‐N‐isopropylacetanilide), atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine], and alachlor [2‐chloro‐2′,6′‐diethyl‐N‐(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] in water and sediment from small plots during 122 mm of simulated rainfall. Losses of propachlor, atrazine, and alachlor that were surface‐applied to plots without wheel tracks were 3.0, 4.7, and 8.0%, respectively. Corresponding losses from plots where the herbicides were incorporated by disking were only 0.8, 1.6, and 1.7%. Hydrologic differences (more and sooner runoff) caused by wheel tracks on plots where herbicides were surface‐applied increased the corresponding losses to 12.7, 18.3, and 22.1%. Although herbicide concentrations were greater in sediment than in water for all treatments, from 82 to 89% of the losses were in solution.
Soil Lead Accumulation Alongside a Newly Constructed Roadway
Authors: Milberg Ronald P. , Lagerwerff John V. , Brower Donald L. , Biersdorf George T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAccumulation of lead (Pb) in soil along a new north‐south section of Interstate 95 at Beltsville, Md., was monitored annually between 1971 and 1977. The increase in Pb content of the top 10 cm of soil was closely correlated with cumulative leaded fuel‐burning traffic. Of the Pb accumulated between 8 and 50 m from the highway, between 95 and 98% was found within the 8‐ to 25‐m region. Within this zone, the accumulation rate was estimated to be 0.85 ± 0.16 µg Pb/g soil per 106 leaded fuel‐burning vehicles at the 90% confidence level. Accumulation rates at 8 m from the highway were 1.04 ± 0.26 µg Pb/g soil per 106 vehicles on the west or upwind side and 2.06 ± 0.73 at 8 m on the east or downwind side. Although the fraction of traffic burning leaded fuel decreased from an estimated 94% in 1971 to 73% in 1977, the decline was offset by the increased average daily traffic on the highway and no significant decrease in the rate of Pb accumulation was found through 1977.
Effects of Slash Burial on Stream Water Quality
Authors: Larson A. G. , Wooldridge D. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA 3‐year study investigated impacts of buried logging residue on stream water composition. Burying of logging slash has been proposed as an alternative to burning. Residue was buried in trenches adjacent to two small ephemeral streams; one trench was filled with approximately 180 m3 of logging slash, the other with 94 m3 of mill residue. Streamflow was diverted to flow through the burial pits.Stream water samples collected from above (pretreatment) and below (post‐treatment) the burial sites were analyzed for dissolved oxygen, pH, electrical conductance, alkalinity, temperature, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, NO3‐N, NH4‐N, SO4‐S, PO4‐P, total N, and total P. Changes in chemical composition occurring between pre‐ and post‐treatment sampling sites were tested for significance using a paired sample t test.With the exception of dissolved oxygen, surface water degradation resulting from burial was of no practical importance. Many ions decreased in concentration as waters passed through buried residue. Statistical comparisons of pre‐ and post‐treatment water composition indicate significant increases were limited to H; pH decreased from 6.56 to 6.42 as a result of the buried slash. Oxygen depletion may be the most serious burial effect, with mean concentrations in the buried slash stream decreasing from 10 to approximately 8 mg/liter, a drop in oxygen saturation from 93 to 71%.
Efficiencies of Extractants Used in Analyses of Heavy Metals in Sludges
Authors: Neuhauser E. F. , Hartenstein R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA comparison of extractability was made for three solvents commonly used in estimating availability of heavy metals in soils to living plants. Small, intermediate, and large amounts of heavy metals were removed, respectively, from an anaerobic digest of a sewage sludge with 2.5% acetic acid, 0.1N HCl, and 1.0N HCl respectively. With 10, 20, 30, and 40 ml 1N HCl per g sludge, approximately the same amount of each heavy metal was extracted during 1 hour of shaking, while for 0.1N HCl and 2.5% acetic acid increasing amounts were extracted at 10, 20, and 30 ml/g, with somewhat higher or lower amounts being obtained at a ratio of 40 ml extractant per g sludge. With 0.1N HCl, an extraction period of 0.5 hour appeared to be sub‐optimal, while periods longer than 1 hour did not yield significantly greater extractability except for Cd, extracted for 3 hours. Extraction of Ni for 5 hours and Pb for 5 or 7 hours resulted in significantly less metal than was obtained at 1 hour. Since it is highly likely that availability of heavy metals to plants will depend on numerous and unpredictable variables, it is proposed that until such factors are resolved, a standard extraction procedure be used by all workers on sludges and soils. This would provide a basis for comparisons of published data.
Simulated Forest Response to Chronic Air Pollution Stress
Authors: West D. C. , McLaughlin S. B. , Shugart H. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA mathematical model (FORET) previously developed to examine the successional dynamics of eastern deciduous forests was applied to the study of long‐term interactions of air pollution stress and forest community dynamics. Differential levels of growth reduction (0, 10, and 20%) were applied to trees in three pollution sensitivity classes to simulate changes in biomass of both individual species and the entire forest stand. The response of individual species in a forest stand may differ markedly from results predicted on the basis of responses determined in the absence of plant competition. Some species may show growth enhancement in spite of pollutant stress, since they may gain a competitive advantage as a result of greater impacts on other species with which they interact in the successional process. Other species may experience much greater than anticipated beneficial or injurious impacts due to reduced competitive potential. The results presented are intended to stress important considerations to be addressed in predicting the response of a forest to stresses such as air pollution. Responses described are not intended to be final quantitative answers.
Geologic Nitrogen: A Potential Geochemical Hazard in the San Joaquin Valley, California
Authors: Strathouse Scott M. , Sposito Garrison , Sullivan P. J. , Lund L. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen geochemistry was studied in two selected drainage basins of the Diablo Range, which is adjacent to the San Joaquin Valley in California. Cantua Creek Basin drains into alluvial soils which contain up to 2,000 mg/liter indigenous nitrate N in the soil solution. It represents a fairly complete stratigraphic section of Upper Cretaceous to Tertiary geologic sediments, dominated by fine‐grained mudrocks and shales. The Ortigalita Creek Basin drains into alluvial soils with low levels of indigenous nitrate. It contains an incomplete stratigraphic section dominated by Upper Cretaceous coarse‐clastic rocks with subordinate amounts of mudrocks, capped by Tertiary gravels and marls.Total N concentrations in the Cantua Creek Basin geologic sediments ranged from a few µg/g to nearly 4,800 µg/g. Organic N was the major species in the Cretaceous sediments, reaching a maximum concentration approaching 1,200 µg/g. Nitrate N concentrations were always < 100 µg/g in the Cretaceous sediments, but approached 4,800 µg/g in a rock sample from a recent Tertiary unit. The total N and nitrate N concentrations increased from older to younger geologic sediments, while ammonium N concentrations varied from a few µg/g to 360 µg/g.Organic N concentrations in the Ortigalita Creek Basin geologic sediments attained a maximum value of 500 µg/g and nitrate N concentrations there reached a maximum of 600 µg/g. However, the highest total N concentration of 2,000 µg/g occurred as 75% fixed and soluble‐exchangeable ammonium.The contrast in concentrations and chemical species of nitrogen between the two basins was explained partially by sediment type. Organic matter is associated with fine‐grained sediments and, consequently, Cantua Creek sediments contain a higher portion of organic matter and a more available geologic source of nitrogen. On the other hand, the presence of high ammonium concentrations and a corresponding high‐charge smectite in the Ortigalita Creek Basin suggested that one of the principal sources of nitrogen in rocks from that basin was fixed ammonium bound to layer silicates.
Fertilizer Nutrient Losses from Rangeland Watersheds in Central Oklahoma
Authors: Olness Alan , Rhoades E. D. , Smith S. J. , Menzel R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour native grassland watersheds were monitored for nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient losses in surface runoff. The watersheds, paired in surface hydrology and grazing management, were 8 to 11 ha in area with 3% slopes. One watershed of each pair was fertilized with 85 kg N/ha (as NH4+‐N) and 75 kg P/ha surface broadcast. Ten 3.66 by 5.49 m (20 m2) areas within each watershed were covered with plastic sheets during fertilization to provide unfertilized check plots. Fertilizer losses in surface runoff over the first year were 5% or less of the amounts applied. Soluble NH4+‐N concentrations in surface runoff increased significantly only during the first month after fertilizer application. Soluble P concentrations increased sharply after fertilization and remained relatively high even after 12 mo. Forage yields were increased 50 to 100% on fertilized areas. Increases in nutrient uptake of fertilized vegetation the first year equaled 17 to 25.5 kg/ha and 7.5 to 11 kg/ha of the added N and P, respectively.
Adsorption‐Desorption of Diuron by Freshwater Sediments
Authors: Peck D. E. , Corwin D. L. , Farmer W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFreshwater sediments were collected from eight different locations in California to study the influence of sediment properties on the adsorption and desorption of the model herbicide, diuron (3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea). The sediments were characterized as to physical and chemical properties using the same methods used for soils. The sediments had a range of organic carbon of 0.91 to 19% and were high in silt and clay. The adsorption of diuron was described by the Freundlich equation. Adsorption at 25°C expressed as the Freundlich coefficient, k, was positively correlated to the amount of organic carbon present. There was no correlation with total CEC. The desorption of diuron was evaluated by taking the difference between the slopes of the adsorption and desorption isotherms. As the difference between these slopes increased, less diuron was desorbed. These differences were positively correlated to k and organic carbon. Adsorption at temperatures of 5, 25, and 40°C on three sediments indicated that the adsorption of diuron decreased as the temperature increased.
The Role of Forest Vegetation in the Biogeochemical Cycle of Heavy Metals
Authors: Heinrichs H. , Mayer R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentration of the heavy metals Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb was measured in different compartments of vegetation and soil in a beech (Fagus silvatica) and a spruce (Picea abies) forest and the inventory of these elements was calculated. During a period of 3 years the heavy metal concentration in precipitation and soil water fluxes below tree root zone was determined and total element fluxes were calculated.Annual input from the atmosphere is small (≤30%) for the metals Cr, Mn, and Ni when compared to the amounts stored in the annual increment of biomass. The percentage is higher for Fe (40 to 60%). Uptake of these metals must be supplied partly by weathering of soil minerals. Accumulation of Cu in biomass is completely accounted for by atmospheric input. Total uptake of Co, Zn, Cd, and Pb into the cycling fraction (leaves, needles) and the noncycling fraction (wood) can be accounted for or is exceeded by atmospheric input. Air pollution from industry, home firing, and motor vehicles is the probable source.Biomass contained up to 27% of total Cd in the ecosystem, but only about 8% of Cu, 2 to 5% of Ni, Zn, and Mn, about 1% of Pb and Cr, and <0.3% of Fe and Co. Accumulation of Pb, Fe, and Co is very strong in the organic surface layer which contains up to 180 times the amount of metal reaching soil as annual litterfall, but only 3 times the amount of Mn, indicating a fast release of the metal by decomposition of organic matter.