bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Undead Ghosts and Living Prey
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the mental mechanisms that evoke fascination with film types such as fantasy and horror. It first discusses general reasons for the salience of fantastic and counterintuitive phenomena, and why the evolution of reason also supports as a side-effect superstitious over-causalization. It then discusses why some themes—agency, predation, death, morality, and social exchange—are central in “supernatural” films. Humans have evolved innate fears of dangerous, and even invisible creatures that feed on humans, and horror films abound with fears of powerful devouring monster-agents like Dracula. Death has been a central problem for mankind, partly because corpses are strongly contagious, and horror films activate innate fears of pollution. Further, in folk psychology, the body is controlled by a strong spirit, and when the body dies, the spirit/ghost poses problems and must also be killed (cf. Dracula). Moral surveillance in large groups is difficult, and counterintuitive agents are often invented to deter immoral behavior, like Sauron or Satan, who prey on those who misbehave. Finally, films with a supernatural content often project models from social life, such as exchanging favors and goods, as a model of how you may deal with nature or supernatural phenomena (by sacrifices, gifts, and so on).
Art Film, the Transient Body, and the Permanent Soul
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe chapter analyzes the concepts and modes of representation that characterize films as art and discuss some of the reasons for the limited appeal of “high art” to a mass audience. The main argument is that a key difference between art films and mainstream films rests on the difference between portraying “permanent” as opposed to “transient” meanings. Our basic experiences of the world are transient in the sense that they stem from concrete, present tense interactions with the world, involving a constant PECMA flow. However, not all our experiences are of this kind. Our ability to recall the past and to construct schemas creates fields of more “permanent” meanings, and our ability to produce abstract concepts likewise gives rise to experiences that are beyond the transient level of concrete interaction. High art typically avoids the middle level of concrete (narrative) interaction in order either to evoke abstract and/or subjective permanent meanings, or to activate a “lower” level of perceptual meaning, “style.” Permanent meanings are often felt to exist only in our minds, not in the objective exterior world. Works of high art will therefore appear to us both as “subjective” and as expressing certain permanent, “eternal,” or spiritual meanings.
Subjective Aesthetics in Film
Authors: Grodal Torben 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter analyzes those features of film that provide the feeling that a given part of a film is not a transparent representation of exterior reality but a representation either of inner life or of exterior reality colored and filtered by subjective elements. It argues that central in evoking subjective feelings is to hinder physical actions or thought actions in films; blocking action provides the film images with static, saturated feelings (equalia) central to film aesthetics. The chapter analyzes six important ways of evoking subjective, saturated emotions in films: (1) minimizing or freezing actions and blocking thought “actions” (i.e., propositions); (2) impeding perceptual access; (3) making the access to the space deviant or distorted; (4) making the portrayed actions deviant or distorted; (5) portraying situations with a problematic reality status; and (6) portraying deviant emotions and emotional reactions. The chapter also discusses the differences in the use of subjective elements in art films and in mainstream films.
Rhetoric as Self-Cultivation: A Question of Language
Authors: Kenneth W. Holloway 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter provides a nuanced study of the relationship between “The Five Aspects of Conduct” and Mencius. In “The Five Aspects of Conduct,” This chapter is an important part of self-cultivation, but this is not true of the Mencius. Mencius’s ethical system is primarily concerned with developing the moral framework of the people. This framework is human nature (ren xing), an innate source of goodness that enables us to act as moral agents. Human nature is entirely absent from “The Five Aspects of Conduct,” which instead employs rhetoric as a means of interlinking people. However, an analysis of the religious function of rhetoric and human nature will uncover a degree of similarity from the perspective of the social application of both concepts: they bridge ruptures that otherwise separate individual processes of self-cultivation.
Conclusion
Authors: Liow Joseph Chinyong 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe conclusion provides reflections on the idea of pietization and politics after the transition from the Mahathir administration to the Abdullah administration in the government, as well as from the reformist leadership of Fadzil Noor in PAS to the fundamentalist leadership of Abdul Hadi Awang. It discusses the intensification of contested authenticities between UMNO and PAS that these changes heralded. In addition to a careful critical deconstruction of the Islamic discourse and praxis of the main political protagonists, the conclusion draws further attention to the cultural context, meanings, and practices of contemporary Islam in Malaysia, and particularly how these factors interplay with mainstream elite politics encapsulated in the UMNO-PAS “Islamization race.” By listening to the voices of those outside the elite who have responded to the effects of UMNO’s and PAS’s mutually reinforcing Islamist politics, the conclusion further assesses the contributions of society (in contradistinction to the state and the political apparatus, as represented by these dominant political parties) either as an alternative vehicle for or as a buffer against Islamization.
The Art of Scandal
Authors: Latham Sean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This book advances a relatively simple claim with far-reaching consequences for modernist studies: writers and readers throughout the early 20th century revived the long-despised codes of the roman à clef as a key part of that larger assault on Victorian realism we now call modernism. In the process, this resurgent genre took on a life of its own, reconfiguring the relationship between literature, celebrity, and the law. This book explores the complex process in which the roman à clef emerged to challenge fiction’s apparent autonomy from the social and political world. These diffuse yet potent experiments conducted by readers, writers, and critics provoked not only a generative aesthetic crisis, but a gradually unfolding legal quandary that led Britain’s highest courts to worry that fiction itself might be illegal. Writers like James Joyce, Jean Rhys, Oscar Wilde, and D. H. Lawrence deliberately employed elements of the roman à clef, only to find that it possessed an uncanny and even dangerous agency of its own. Close reading and archival excavation mix in chapters on the anonymous case study, Oscar Wilde’s trial, libel law, celebrity salons, and Parisian bohemia. This book thus both salvages the roman à clef and traces its weird itinerary through the early 20th century. In the process, it elaborates an expansive concept of modernism that interweaves coterie culture with the mass media, psychology with celebrity, and literature with the law.
Introduction
Authors: Latham Sean 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
As gateway to the book’s arguments, this chapter broadly explores the shadowy history of the roman à clef and its intersection with the collection of narrative innovations we now call modernism. Because the roman à clef depends upon an unstable mixture of fact and fiction, it presents a unique set of critical, aesthetic, ethical, and epistemological challenges. This has often led readers and scholars to dismiss it as mere ephemera, but this chapter argues that modernist writers drew on its unstable structures in order to launch their own thoroughgoing critique of literary realism. Understanding modernism thus requires us to take the roman à clef seriously and this chapter develops a pragmatic, social theory of genre criticism to locate it squarely within a larger history of narrative. Doing so, however, reveals that the roman à clef has an uncanny agency of its own and thus cannot be easily constrained either by the authors who invoke it or the critics who attempt to understand its complex workings.
Privilege or Punish
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This book answers two basic but under-appreciated questions: first, how does the American criminal justice system address a defendant's family status? And, second, how should a defendant's family status be recognized, if at all, in a criminal justice system situated within a liberal democracy committed to egalitarian principles of non-discrimination? After surveying the variety of “family ties benefits” and “family ties burdens” in our criminal justice system, the book explains why policymakers and courts should view with caution and indeed skepticism any attempt to distribute these benefits or burdens based on one's family status. This is a controversial stance, but this book argues that in many circumstances there are simply too many costs to the criminal justice system when it gives special treatment based on one's family ties or responsibilities. It offers an important synthetic view of the intersection between crime, punishment, and the family. Although in recent years scholars have been successful in analyzing the indirect effects of certain criminal justice policies and practices on the family, few have recognized the panoply of laws (whether statutory or common law-based) expressly drawn to privilege or disadvantage persons based on family status alone. It is critically necessary to pause and think through how and why our laws intentionally target one's family status and how the underlying goals of such a choice might better be served in some cases.
A Normative Framework for Family Ties Benefits
Authors: Markel Dan , Collins Jennifer M. , Leib Ethan J. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter shifts from the descriptive to the normative, as it considers the factors that should help determine whether a particular accommodation of family interests by the criminal justice system is an appropriate policy choice. It argues that a presumption against family ties benefits is warranted when considering a potential policy in the criminal justice system that confers upon family members specific perquisites because most family ties benefits implicate concerns about patriarchy, accuracy, equality, and the creation of crime, because not every family ties benefit triggers all of these concerns. The bare proposal of a benefit should not be categorically rejected under this framework—it just means the benefit should undergo scrutiny.
Ark Treatises
Authors: Rorem Paul 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter introduces and summarizes Hugh’s spiritual writings on the biblical ark of Noah: Noah’s Ark, Booklet on the Making of the Ark (Libellus de formatione arche) including the question of a diagram, and On the Vanity of the World. It thus covers creation and restoration, the church and history, the restless heart, the tree of life, and the eternal home.
3 Theology as a Bull Session
Authors: Rauser Randal 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter applies recent philosophical analysis on the nature of bullshit to contemporary theology. It begins by outlining two factors that contribute to academic bullshit: careerism and theological scepticism. Next, it outlines the major types of bullshit that arise from scepticism, including intention-based and product-based bullshit. Finally, it applies this analysis to recent theology: here it is argued that Sallie McFague's view of theology as persuasive metaphor is an example of intention-based bullshit while Jürgen Moltmann's view of theology as perpetual conversation is a type of product-based bullshit. Both views signal the devolution of theology from knowledge discourse into a perpetual bull session.
5 ‘As Kant has Shown…’
Authors: Chignell Andrew 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter explains Kant's attitude towards analytic theology, in particular his reasons for thinking that the results of such a practice will have the status of Belief. The goal is more than merely to provide a specific sort of analytic theology with the imprimatur of an eminent historical philosopher. The motive for focusing on Kant stems rather from the fact that his influence among people working in theology and religious studies is by all accounts immense, and that while many embrace that influence, others — especially those inclined towards analytic theology — find that influence deeply regrettable. It is argued that Kant engages in substantive theology himself and would not stand in clear opposition either to the project of providing analyses of religious concepts (including our concept of God), or to the application of the tools and methods of analytic metaphysics to theological topics.
7 How Philosophical Theology Became Possible within the Analytic Tradition of Philosophy
Authors: Wolterstorff Nicholas 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter examines how developments in the analytic tradition during the 20th century not only made room for analytic philosophical theology, but contributed to its flourishing. The flowering of philosophical theology was made possible by the surrender, by analytic philosophers, of certain assumptions characteristic of philosophy in the modern period, and by the emergence of a new understanding of the task of philosophy and its role in culture. It is argued that behind attempts to belittle the significance of the flourishing of analytic philosophical theology is almost always a refusal to surrender those traditional assumptions, and resistance to accepting this new self-understanding of the task and role of the philosopher.
Non-proliferation Law and the United Nations System: The International Court of Justice
Authors: Joyner Daniel H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the International Court of Justice, the principal judicial organ of the United Nations in the area of non-proliferation law. It analyzes Security Council Resolution 1540 and other potential ultra vires acts by the Council, and the role of the ICJ in providing a judicial check upon the Chapter VII powers of the Council in the area of non-proliferation law specifically. The Court's prior jurisprudence in the non-proliferation law area is also considered.
Jus ad Bellum in the Age of WMD Proliferation
Authors: Joyner Daniel H. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter addresses the normative question of what should be the character of the rules and institutions of international law covering international uses of force, in the age of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction technologies. It suggests that international use of force law is currently in a state of crisis, precipitated by the proliferation of WMD technologies and the revised set of national security calculations, which determine when and why states choose to use force internationally, that have been thrust upon states as a result. It reviews a number of options which have been proposed for changing the substance of international laws and institutions which currently regulate this area, in order to make them responsive to this change in international security realities, and more effective and useful to states. However, it is argued that none of these proposals truly grasps the nettle of the problems facing states in the postproliferated age, and the challenge of designing and maintaining effective and supportable rules and institutions in this area.
The Attraction of Tory Democracy: Keith Feiling
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Emerging as the first of a new generation of conservative polemicists in 1913, Feiling continued writing as a paternalistic Tory democrat for the rest of his life. His successive repetitions of conservative ideas were cited and repeated by conservative intellectuals and politicians in both Britain and America through the 1960s. He reached an influential public through his training of Conservative politicians at Oxford, his columns for The Observer, his lectures throughout the country and on the BBC, and his historical and political writing, which provided 20th‐century British conservative thought with a moral, romantic, and philosophical basis.
The Phenomenon of Arthur Bryant: Patriotism, Conservatism, and the Greater Public
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
During the inter‐war decades, Bryant became a major asset to the Conservative Party and to conservatism. Through his historical writing and conservative polemics, Bryant readily surpassed every other contemporary historian in finding and keeping the widest audience. A popular historian and journalist, Bryant vigorously and aggressively defined, explained, and justified conservatism by appealing to those seeking self‐improvement; or the possibility of effective political and social commitment; or, most of all, a patriotic reaffirmation of national values that testified to his convictions about the soundness, security, unity, inclusiveness, and exceptionalism of England and the English people.
Epilogue: The Future of the Conservative Past
Authors: Soffer Reba N. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Epilogue compares the kinds of conservatism that dominated Britain and America and the ideas that were held in common and separately, especially in the decades following the Second World War, which saw Britain's relative decline and the emergence of America as the unchallenged world power politically, economically, and culturally. The conservative historian's influence upon thought and policy is assessed as part of a discussion of why, with the advent of both Thatcher and Reagan in the 1970s, the conservative ideas and prescriptions previously advocated by British and American conservative historians and accepted by a powerful and popular audience were essentially denied.
Constraints
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the concepts of linearization and stability. It then covers conformally formulated (CF) constraints, solutions on compact manifolds, solution of the momentum constraint, Lichnerowicz equation, system of constraints, solutions on asymptotically Euclidean manifolds, momentum constraint, solution of the Lichnerowicz equation, solutions of the system of constraints, and gluing solutions of the constraint equations.
Global Existence Theorems: The Cosmological Case
Authors: Choquet-Bruhat Yvonne 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of Gowdy cosmological models. It then covers S1 invariant Einsteinian universes, equations; invariant Einstein universes, the Cauchy problem; the Andersson-Moncrief theorem, and Einstein non-linear scalar field system.
Has My Model of Global Justice Made Adequate Space for Legitimate Forms of Nationalism?
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe chapter shows how the model of global justice developed in this book makes clearer to us the scope an adequate form of nationalism can defensibly have and illustrates how this would work, drawing on examples introduced in Chapters 5–9. Nations have internal and external responsibilities. So long as individuals within the nation are adequately respected and positioned to enjoy decent lives, and provided that nations play their part in the collective project of ensuring a globally just world, there is discretionary space for nations to pursue national aspirations. Cosmopolitans must balance concern for individuals within and outside states, and we can do this via various mechanisms discussed in the book, such as reconceptualizing sovereignty as responsibility and introducing institutional arrangements that can help us to discharge both sets of responsibilities appropriately, without necessarily having to compromise either in objectionable ways. Several illustrations are provided.
Scepticism about Feasibility and Conclusions
Authors: Brock Gillian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by summarizing central findings from the book. The main task of the chapter, however, is to address feasibility skeptics, that is, those who believe that trying to implement the model of global justice argued for in this work is not feasible. Feasibility concerns may take a number of forms. Eight kinds of skepticism about the feasibility of global justice are distinguished, covering such areas as, feasibility about the goals of global justice, how we might make progress toward them, how we might track progress, and how we might create the motivation to pursue global justice. Responses to all eight kinds of feasibility skepticism are supplied, drawing on material introduced throughout the book as well as introducing relevant new arguments.
Securities Law (the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law)
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter discusses Japanese securities law. Topics covered include the development of securities law in Japan; enactment of the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law (FIEL); goal, scope, and concepts of the FIEL; concepts of securities and financial instruments; collective investment schemes; financial instruments business and firms; tender offer; and market supervision.
Neo‐liberalism and its Impact on Health
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter sets public health and health care in more of a political economy context. It argues that neo-liberalism —the form of free market economic philosophy and ideology that has increasingly pervaded the globe in the last thirty years —is bad for the health of the people of those nations that embrace it. It also argues that global institutions, such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), further the hegemony of neo-liberalism, and that, with few exceptions, these issues too have been mostly ignored by health economists.
Some Further Implications for Health Economics and the Economics of Health Policy
Authors: Mooney Gavin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter considers a few more issues both in health economics per se and in the economics of health policy, where the adoption of the paradigm of this book might make a difference. It examines how the new paradigm might affect health economics in the specific context of economic evaluation. It looks at the economics of health care policy, and addresses the question of whether the paradigm can work in practice.
Chapter 13 Irrelevant Alternatives
Authors: Roberts Kevin 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter examines the notion of ‘irrelevant alternatives’ in the context of social choice problems. It is shown that seemingly irrelevant alternatives could be relevant because of their information content. This leads to a consideration of aggregation rules where an endogenous condition of independence of irrelevant alternatives is imposed. The analysis leads to the characterization of a unique procedure to aggregate preferences — Borda's rule. This new characterization provides insight into independence conditions and into the status of Borda's rule. An extension to a domain incorporating interpersonal comparisons is also pursued.