bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atherosclerosis and Related Factors in Immigrants to Israel
Authors: TOOR M. , KATCHALSKY A. , AGMON J. , ALLALOUF D. 
Published: June 2012

Clinical experience in Israel, supported by statistical surveys, showed a low incidence of atherosclerosis among immigrants from eastern countries as compared to immigrants from western countries. In particular, the incidence of atherosclerosis among immigrants from Yemen was found to be strikingly low.
An investigation of the socioeconomic condition, diet, and nutritional status of 2,200 immigrants from western and eastern countries belonging to different social groups was carried out. Determinations of serum total lipids, total cholesterol, alpha and beta cholesterol, phospholipids, lipoproteins, proteins, and protein fractions were performed.
Significantly the lowest serum cholesterol and beta cholesterol values were found among the "recent" Yemenites (after 5 years in Israel), the poorest economically, and with an imbalanced caloric intake of the lowest fat content. Higher cholesterol and beta cholesterol values were found among "early" (after 20 years in Israel) Yemenites, Iraqi, and European manual workers with no significant differences among them, whereas in Europeans of higher economic level these values were even higher.
Review of 5,000 hospitalized cases of myocardial infarction showed a very low incidence for Yemenites, higher for immigrants from other eastern countries, and considerably higher for European immigrants.
A statistical survey of the entire population for the years 1953 to 1957 showed that the mortality rate from atherosclerosis was extremely low for "recent" Yemenites, considerably higher for "early" Yemenites, and still higher for European immigrants.
These results suggest the influence of socioeconomic conditions, diet, and total caloric balance on serum cholesterol values and atherosclerosis morbidity and mortality. They support the assumption that atherosclerosis is a disease of lipid metabolism influenced by phenotypic factors and therefore can be prevented.
Blood Pressure in Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert
Authors: KAMINER BENJAMIN , LUTZ W. P. W. 
Published: June 2012

The blood pressure was studied in 42 males and 36 females in 2 groups of nomadic Bushmen, living near Ghanzi in the Kalahari Desert, as well as in a third group of 21 Bushmen prisoners and farm laborers from the same region. The pressures were also "corrected" for arm girth.
The average systolic pressures were 108.4 mm. Hg (S.D. 11.4) for men and 112.8 mm. Hg (S.D. 14.6) for women. The average diastolic pressures were 66.2 mm. Hg (S.D. 6.9) and 69.6 mm. Hg (S.D. 8.0) for men and women, respectively. These pressures with stated exception, are considered to be lower than for most populations.
In the women, the systolic and diastolic pressures were higher than those in the men.
The blood pressure showed no tendency to rise with age, an observation in contrast to that found in most other populations. It was suggested that an increase of the blood pressure with age may be an indication of the existence of essential hypertension within that population.
The blood pressures of Bushmen prisoners and farm laborers were higher than those in nomadic Bushmen.
Further investigation is needed of the genetic and environmental factors affecting the blood pressure in the nomadic Bushmen.
Cardiac Enlargement in Chronic Severe Anemia
Authors: SANGHVI L. M. , MISRA S. N. , BANERJEE K. 
Published: June 2012

One hundred and fifty patients with chronic severe anemia were studied to determine the nature of cardiac enlargement and its relation to various factors.
Enlargement was present in 120 patients. It showed no consistent relation to the hemoglobin level on admission. A significant increase in the cardiac size and incidence of failure was observed with increased severity of anemia, and in female as compared to male patients. The incidence of enlargement showed no relation to the age and sex of the patient and the duration or the etiologic factor of anemia.
With correction of the anemia, enlargement disappeared rapidly in 92 patients, indicating that it was due to dilatation alone. Some enlargement persisted in 28 patients, and it is believed to be associated with cardiac hypertrophy.
Pericardial effusion due to heart failure in 2 patients contributed to a small extent to the enlargement of the cardiac shadow.
Metastatic Cancer to the Heart
Authors: HANFLING STANLEY M. 
Published: June 2012

A review of the literature of metastatic cancer to the heart is presented, and a new classification offered.
Autopsy data of The New York Hospital have been analyzed. In the 7-year period, 1947 to 1953, in 694 deaths from cancer, an over-all incidence of 18.3 per cent (127 cases) of metastases to the heart was observed. In a group of 169 cases of lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma, there was an incidence of 36 per cent (61 cases) of metastases to the heart. In the remaining 525 cases, there was an incidence of 12.6 per cent (66 cases) of metastases to the heart. In 61 of these, gross lesions were present, an incidence of 11.6 per cent (61 cases) of gross metastases to the heart. These figures are comparable to those reported in other series.
Dynamic Aspects of Cholesterol Metabolism in Different Areas of the Aorta and Other Tissues in Man and Their Relationship to Atherosclerosis
Authors: FIELD HENRY , SWELL LEON , SCHOOLS P. E. , TREADWELL C. R. 
Published: June 2012

Tracer doses of cholesterol-4-C
14
were administered to each of 8 patients with limited life expectancies. Chemical determinations of free and esterified cholesterol and determinations of their C
14
-specific activities were made in serially collected sera, in tissues, and in the different layers of the abdominal aorta, the intimas of which were separated where possible, into normal-appearing intima, thickened intima, and free-lying lipid material. The turnover times of the free and esterified cholesterol fractions of the various tissues and the portions of those fractions derived from the plasma and by synthesis were calculated from these data.

The plasma and liver free cholesterol fractions were in equilibrium at the earliest time, 2.5 days. The free cholesterol fractions of other tissues were in equilibrium with the plasma free cholesterol at later dates. The esterified cholesterol fractions of the various tissues, including liver, were in equilibrium with that of the plasma at later dates than were their free fractions.
The findings indicate that a large portion of the cholesterol ester of the plasma is not derived from the liver.
The greater part of both the free and ester cholesterols of other tissues was derived from the plasma, although a significant portion was derived by synthesis, except for both fractions of skeletal muscle. The adrenal glands were the most active in the synthesis of free cholesterol.
The data indicate that a major portion of adrenal cortical hormones is synthesized directly from acetate, without cholesterol as an intermediary product.
A major portion of the cholesterol of the intima was derived from plasma through interchange but a considerable amount of cholesterol was synthesized in the intima. The free-lying lipids in the intima appeared to be inert.
Data concerning the changes of the lipid contents of the intima with the development of atherosclerosis have been presented.
One patient, who died of a second myocardial infarction, differed from the others in having a longer turnover time of the cholesterol of his intima.
Atrial Repolarization—Its Importance in Clinical Electrocardiography
Authors: TRANCHESI JOAO , ADELARDI VICTOR , DE OLIVEIRA JORGE MARTINS 
Published: June 2012

A complete study of the electrical effects of the atrial repolarization is made, since it seems that such effects are often inadequately considered in the routine daily interpretation of electrocardiograms.
The alterations of the atrial repolarization are classified as follows: (1) primary, related to ischemia or injury of the atria, and hypersympathetic activity, (2) secondary, when appearing with modifications of the atrial activation, in cases of dilatation, hypertrophy, or intra-atrial block. The electrocardiographic changes produced by hypersympathetic activity are characterized by a P-PR junction (Ja) in the isoelectric line, descending P-R segment, depressed J point, and ascending S-T segment. The P-R and S-T segments have concordant deviations, which means that they behave as "arcs of a same circumference." The record of these electrical events is made in such a manner that the tracing can be morphologically compared to an anchor. An S-T depression has no pathologic significance whenever it is preceded by a concordant and symmetric P-R depression.
A myocardial injury is diagnosed only when the P-R and S-T segments are discordant, that is, when they correspond to "arcs of different circumference." An electrocardiographic exercise test is considered as negative, even in the presence of S-T depression, as long as this segment is inscribed with the same radius as that of the preceding P-R segment.
Other processes that act upon the atrial repolarization, such as atrial infarction, wounds, dilatation, hypertrophy, and pericarditis, are also analyzed, and their influence on the inscription of the ventricular repolarization is stressed.
Exact knowledge of the phenomena of atrial repolarization allows a more accurate interpretation of S-T displacements, and therefore is a safer diagnosis of the pathologic changes acting upon the ventricular repolarization.
Observations on the Occurrence of Right Bundle-Branch Block Following Open Repair of Ventricular Septal Defects
Authors: BRISTOW J. DAVID , KASSEBAUM DONALD G. , STARR ALBERT , GRISWOLD HERBERT E. 
Published: June 2012

The occurrence of right bundle-branch block and varying degrees of altered ventricular conduction in a group of cases of ventricular septal defects repaired by direct closure is presented.
The development of abnormal conduction is correlated with the location of the ventricular septal defects and the relationship of the conduction tissue.
The etiologic role of operative trauma to the conduction system is reviewed, and the influence of ventriculotomy alone is discounted.
The Effect of Lipemia upon Tissue Oxygen Tension in Man
Authors: JOYNER CLAUDE R. , HORWITZ ORVILLE , WILLIAMS PHYLLIS G. 
Published: June 2012

The effect of varying levels of lipemia upon tissue oxygen tension has been investigated in human subjects with normal and decreased peripheral blood flow. Oxygen tension of the skin was determined during rapid clearing of lipemia to avoid the difficulties inherent in prolonged study over the several hours of increasing lipemia following a fat meal. Regardless of whether peripheral blood flow was normal or decreased, a mean increase of 21.7 per cent in skin oxygen tension occurred during heparin-induced clearing of plasma turbidity. In addition, skin oxygen tension increased during the spontaneous decline of lipemia in 1 subject. Oxygen tension was not increased after a saline placebo injection during lipemia or following heparin injections in subjects with "clear" fasting serum.
The observed increase could not be attributed to changes in blood flow. Skin temperature remained stable during the experiments and the subject's response could not be correlated with skin blood flow as measured by the vasodilatation test. The increase in tissue oxygen tension that occurs during clearing of plasma seems most probably to be due to increased diffusion of oxygen to or from the erythrocytes.
The Vectorcardiogram in the Differential Diagnosis of Atrial Septal Defect in Children
Authors: LIEBMAN JEROME , NADAS ALEXANDER S. 
Published: June 2012

Vectorcardiograms have been analyzed in 32 atrial septal defects of the secundum type and 23 endocardial cushion defects, as well as 6 patients in special groups.
All but 1 patient in both major groups showed right ventricular hypertrophy, with clear-cut evidence of additional right bundle-branch block being present in only 3.
The principal difference between ostium secundum and endocardial cushion defects consists in the loop being inferior in the former, superior in the latter. The direction of inscription in the frontal plane tends to be clockwise in the ostium secundum lesions, counterclockwise in the endocardial cushion group.
The 6 patients in special groups could be readily distinguished from the 2 major groups with the use of the vectorcardiogram.
The superior position of the vector loop (left axis deviation in the electrocardiogram) characteristic of endocardial cushion defects, is thought not to be secondary to left ventricular hypertrophy but rather to a congenital anomaly in the conduction system.
A correlation was attempted between the vectorcardiogram and hemodynamic data in 22 patients in each group. The ratio of right to left ventricular work appeared to relate well to the vectorcardiogram. As the ratio increased, more right ventricular hypertrophy appeared.
SYMPOSIUM ON CORONARY HEART DISEASE
Authors: ANDRUS E. COWLES 
Published: June 2012

No technic or procedure yet devised surpasses the carefully taken clinical history in the diagnosis of angina pectoris. The electro-cardiogram recorded during an attack, occurring with the patient's ordinary activity or, in the few instances in which it is indicated after standard exercise, is particularly helpful. The ballistocardiogram, though of suggestive value in some instances, has not yet achieved that degree of correlation with clinical findings to be uniformly valuable as a diagnostic tool, in view of the progressive increase in the proportion of abnormal records in the years beyond 40.
The fact remains that the incidence of severe coronary atherosclerosis is so high, particularly among men 45 years of age and older, as to demand continual effort to differentiate angina pectoris from other types of chest discomfort, to detect its earliest manifestations, or even to search out some refinement of diagnostic technic that may predict the consequences of coronary artery disease before coronary insufficiency has supervened.
The Mammary Souffle of Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: TABATZNIK BERNARD , RANDALL THOMAS W. , HERSCH COLIN 
Published: June 2012

Two hundred and fifty-seven consecutive South African Bantu women were examined during pregnancy and the puerperium in order to determine the incidence of the mammary souffle. It was found in 15.3 per cent of women examined in the postpartum period, 13.3 per cent in the third trimester of pregnancy, 17.9 per cent in the second trimester, and in none before the twelfth week of pregnancy.
The phonocardiographic features of the murmur are illustrated and evidence is presented to indicate that the murmur is arterial in origin.
It is suggested that the murmur may arise at the site of anastomosis between branches of the aortic intercostal arteries and branches of the internal mammary artery.
Myocardial Blood Flow and Oxygen Consumption during Postprandial Lipemia and Heparin-Induced Lipolysis
Authors: REGAN TIMOTHY J. , BINAK KENAN , GORDON SEYMOUR , DEFAZIO VALENTINO , HELLEMS HARPER K. 
Published: June 2012

The role of the physical state of plasma as a determinant of oxygen availability to the myocardium has been investigated during the course of alimentary lipemia. After the development of substantial plasma lactescence, the coronary blood flow (nitrous oxide method) and myocardial oxygen consumption were assessed in 7 normal human subjects and repeated after heparin-induced lipolysis. The lipemic state was further contrasted with a control fasting group, comparable in age and sex.

The mean coronary blood flow for 15 fasting controls was 83 ml. per 100 Gm. of left ventricle per minute with a myocardial oxygen extraction of 11.04 volumes per cent, and a myocardial oxygen consumption of 9.0 ml. per 100 Gm. of left ventricle per minute. By contrast, the mean coronary blood flow during maximal lipemia in the 7 subjects fed cream was 20 per cent below normal, with a value of 67 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute (
p
=< 0.01). As the extraction of oxygen was not significantly affected, the calculated myocardial oxygen consumption was proportionately reduced to 7.02 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute (
p
=< 0.01). A failure of the anticipated oxygen extraction increment in the face of coronary blood flow reduction suggests an impediment of blood-tissue oxygen transport during lipemia.

After the administration of 60 mg. of heparin to the 7 lipemic subjects, a 65 per cent decline in plasma lactescence was observed by 45 minutes, when the coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were elevated to 87 ml. per 100 Gm. per minute (
p
=< 0.05) respectively. Thus, the reduced coronary flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were restored in each instance to normal levels during the process of plasma clearing. There were no associated systemic hemodynamic changes to account for such increments. These heparin effects appear dependent on the lipemia-clearing property, for no alteration in coronary dynamics was found in 6 additional patients in whom this activity was not manifest after the same heparin dosage.

The residual lactescence after post-heparin lipolysis was associated with no significant deviation of coronary dynamics from the normal. That a concentration-dependent phenomenon is operative, was confirmed in a separate group of patients in whom low lactescence values developed in the course of alimentary lipemia without affecting myocardial oxygen consumption.
The relevance of the lipemic state, per se, to the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia appears to depend upon the establishment of an oxygen gradient within the myocardium, presumably through altered pressure-flow relationships produced by lipemic blood within a pathologic vessel.
Reoperation for Mitral Stenosis
Authors: HARKEN DWIGHT E. , BLACK HARRISON , TAYLOR WARREN J. , THROWER WENDELL B. , ELLIS LAURENCE B. 
Published: June 2012

A series of 80 reoperations for mitral stenosis in 79 patients is reported and analyzed.
The most important causes of deterioration after valvuloplasty for mitral stenosis are inadequate initial operation, restenosis, and mitral insufficiency. Generally more than one of these factors pertain.
An adequate mitral valvuloplasty requires the complete opening of both the anterior and posteromedial commissures and the mobilization of the chordae tendineae from each other and from the wall of the ventricle.
The advantages and limitations of closed reoperation, open reoperation, the right-sided approach, and the use of the transventricular valvulotome are reviewed.
More complete correction of stenosis with mobilization of posteromedial, anterior, and subvalvular chordae is emphasized. This is attained by operating from both the ventral and dorsal aspects of the patient through a left posterolateral thoracotomy incision.
An Ivalon operating tunnel sutured to the left atrial wall at reoperation makes it possible to carry out the more extensive valvuloplasty at reoperations.
A lower operative mortality, better longterm results, and fewer instances of deterioration are anticipated when this concept of improved valvuloplasty is effected initially.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Drainage at Cardiac Level
Authors: ROWE R. D. , GLASS I. H. , KEITH J. D. 
Published: June 2012

In 6 patients with total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage at cardiac level, differentiation between pulmonary veins entering the right atrium and those entering the coronary sinus was possible after selective angiocardiography into the pulmonary artery.
The principal feature of the angiocardiogram of the coronary sinus variety is an egg-shaped opacification over the spine within the right atrial contour. In the direct connection of pulmonary veins to the right atrium, the latter chamber may fill promptly after pulmonary venous return, sometimes starting as a circular shadow with the right atrium but never having the ovoid appearance of the coronary sinus variety.
Ballistocardiographic Evaluation of the Cardiovascular Aging Process
Authors: MOSS ARTHUR J. 
Published: June 2012

A clinically adaptable, ultra-low frequency acceleration ballistocardiograph that met all theoretic considerations of biophysical design was used to evaluate the cardiovascular aging process in 307 overtly healthy men aged 18 to 54.
A new practical method for quantitative ballistocardiographic analysis is described, and the changing ballistocardiographic pattern with advancing age is elucidated.
Criteria for ballistocardiographic abnormality are established in terms of accelerated cardiovascular aging, and the degree of abnormality is graded (I-III).
The initial appearance of accelerated cardiovascular aging (grade-I abnormality) was present on the ballistocardiogram in 16 per cent of the population by age 35. A more severe degree of aging (grade II) was evident in 16.5 per cent of the individuals by age 50. There was a rather constant attack rate for the initial development of an abnormal ballistocardiogram (grade I) during the 20 to 39 age period, and an accelerated attack rate after age 40. The rate of conversion to a more severe grade of ballistocardiographic abnormality increased significantly in the fifth decade.
The relationship between an abnormal ballistocardiogram, accelerated cardiovascular aging and coronary artery disease is discussed.
Aortic Stenosis
Authors: BJÖRK VIKING OLOV , CULLHED INGEMAR , LODIN HERMAN 
Published: June 2012

In 36 cases of valvular heart disease with a clinical diagnosis of isolated or significant aortic stenosis we have performed percutaneous intercostal puncture of the left ventricle for pressure measurements and, in all but one case, left ventricular angiocardiography. The possible correlations between the pressure gradient and the angiocardiographic findings are discussed.
With the exception of the unsatisfactory angiocardiograms due to oblique projection of the valvular planes, valuable information was obtained regarding the degree of aortic stenosis. This was especially the case if the aortic stenosis was combined with mitral valve disease, resulting in a small or no systolic pressure gradient.
Long-Term Results of Aortic-Pulmonary Anastomosis for Tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: PAUL MILTON H. , MILLER ROBERT A. , POTTS WILLIS J. 
Published: June 2012

The first 100 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot upon whom an aortic-pulmonary anastomosis could be performed were subjected to a clinical and physiologic evaluation 11 to 13 years after operation.
At this long-term follow-up 92 patients were traced. Nine patients died at the time of surgery and, in the period from 1946 to 1959, 10 patients died, most often from congestive heart failure. To our knowledge only three patients have required a second shunt operation to relieve recurrent cyanosis. The clinical results were considered good or excellent in 68 per cent of the survivors, fair in 30 per cent, and poor in 2 per cent.
The long-term poor results and mortality were usually associated with too large an initial anastomosis leading to either left ventricular overwork and congestive heart failure or severe pulmonary hypertension and progressive pulmonary vascular obstruction.
Right heart catheterization studies indicated that in a group of 18 patients in whom the pulmonary vascular bed could be evaluated, 15 patients had a normal pulmonary vascular resistance after 11 to 13 years of a clinically adequate aortic-pulmonary shunt.
The role of the shunt procedures as a valuable salvage operation at the present time for a select segment of patients with tetralogy of Fallot and certain other complex cyanotic lesions is reemphasized.