bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐awareness of mastery and improvability of entrepreneurial competence in small businesses in the agrifood sector
Authors: Lans Thomas , Biemans Harm , Mulder Martin , Verstegen Jos 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAn important assumption of entrepreneurial competence is that (at least part of) it can be learned and developed. However, human resources development (HRD) practices aimed at further strengthening and developing small‐business owner–managers' entrepreneurial competence are complex and underdeveloped. A multisource assessment of owner–managers' entrepreneurial competence in a well‐defined sector was conducted to provide an answer to the research question: How do self‐assessments about mastery and improvability of entrepreneurial competence made by owner–managers relate to the same assessments made by significant others in the small‐business work environment? The data show that owner–managers rate their own mastery of entrepreneurial competence significantly lower than internal assessors in their work environment do. Furthermore, the assessors indicate many possible areas for improvement of owner–managers' entrepreneurial competence. Nonetheless, mastery and improvability patterns differ considerably between the assessors. Multisource assessments as adopted in this study can help owner–managers raise their self‐awareness, and consequently help them bypass some of their often costly trial‐and‐error learning.
Parameterization for wind–induced preferential deposition of snow
Authors: Dadic R. , Mott R. , Lehning M. , Burlando P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn mountain regions, wind is known to cause inhomogeneous snow distribution. Recently, it has been shown that this snow distribution can be explained by considering high‐resolution flow fields created by numerical flow models. It has also been shown that small–scale deposition features are mainly caused by saltation and snow redistribution, larger‐scale inhomogeneities are caused by preferential deposition, and the total deposition patterns correlate well with the mean wind speeds. On the basis of the strong correlation between wind fields and snow depth, we develop a new empirical parameterization of preferential deposition of precipitation, which is only governed by the mean flow field. The parameterization is based on case studies, where the physically based model for wind‐induced snow transport ALPINE3D was combined with wind fields from the regional atmospheric model ARPS (Advanced Regional Prediction System). The parameterization, along with ARPS wind fields and a distributed energy balance snowmelt model, is used to simulate the 2006/2007 accumulation season over the catchment of Haut Glacier d'Arolla, a glacierized Alpine basin. The results were validated with a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR)‐derived fully distributed high‐resolution dataset of snow depth and show that the developed parameterization, despite being simple, is able to largely reduce the difference between modelled and measured snow depth and is suitable for application in glacier mass balance models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relative impacts of climate change and urbanization on the hydrological response of a Korean urban watershed
Authors: Chung Eun‐Sung , Park Kyungshin , Lee Kil Seong 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe assessed the relative hydrological impacts of climate change and urbanization using an integrated approach that links the statistical downscaling model (SDSM), the Hydrological Simulation Program—Fortran (HSPF) and the impervious cover model (ICM). A case study of the Anyangcheon watershed, a representative urban region in Korea, illustrates how the proposed framework can be used to analyse the impacts of climate change and urbanization on water quantity and quality. The evaluation criteria were measurements of low flow (99, 95, and 90 percentile flow), high flow (10, 5, and 1 percentile value), pollutant concentration (30, 10, and 1 percentile value), and the numbers of days required to satisfy the target water quantity and quality for a sensitive comparison of subtle impacts of variations in these measures. Nine scenarios, including three climate scenarios (present conditions, A1B, and A2) and three land use change scenarios, were analysed using the HSPF model. The impacts of climate change on low flow (34·1–59·8% increase) and high flow (29·1–37·1% increase) were found to be much greater than those on the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) (3·8–10·0% decrease). On the other hand, the impacts of urbanization on water quality (19·0–44·6% increase) are more significant than those on high (1·0–4·4% increase) and low flow (11·4–25·6% decrease). Furthermore, low flows are more sensitive to urbanization than high flows. The number of days required to satisfy the target water quantity and quality can be a sensitive criterion to compare the subtle impacts of climate and urbanization on human society, especially as they are much more sensitive than low flow and pollutant concentration. Finally, urbanization has a potent impact on BOD while climate change has a high impact on flow rate. Therefore, the impacts of both climate change and urbanization must be included in watershed management and water resources planning for sustainable development. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of density functionals with long‐range and/or empirical dispersion corrections for conformational energy calculations of peptides
Authors: Kang Young Kee , Byun Byung Jin 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDensity functionals with long‐range and/or empirical dispersion corrections, including LC‐ωPBE, B97‐D, ωB97X‐D, M06‐2X, B2PLYP‐D, and mPW2PLYP‐D functionals, are assessed for their ability to describe the conformational preferences of Ac‐Ala‐NHMe (the alanine dipeptide) and Ac‐Pro‐NHMe (the proline dipeptide) in the gas phase and in water, which have been used as prototypes for amino acid residues of peptides. For both dipeptides, the mean absolute deviation (MAD) is estimated to be 0.22–0.40 kcal/mol in conformational energy and 2.0–3.2° in torsion angles ϕ and ψ using these functionals with the 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set against the reference values calculated at the MP2/aug‐cc‐pVTZ//MP2/aug‐cc‐pVDZ level of theory in the gas phase. The overall performance is obtained in the order B2PLYP‐D ≈ mPW2PLYP‐D > ωB97X‐D ≈ M06‐2X > MP2 > LC‐ωPBE > B3LYP with the 6–311++G(d,p) basis set. The SMD model at the M06‐2X/6‐31+G(d) level of theory well reproduced experimental hydration free energies of the model compounds for backbone and side chains of peptides with MADs of 0.47 and 4.3 kcal/mol for 20 neutral and 5 charged molecules, respectively. The B2PLYP‐D/6‐311++G(d,p)//SMD M06‐2X/6‐31+G(d) level of theory provides the populations of backbone and/or prolyl peptide bond for the alanine and proline dipeptides in water that are consistent with the observed values. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
What is the minimum number of water molecules required to dissolve a potassium chloride molecule?
Authors: Sen Anik , Ganguly Bishwajit 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis work answers an unsolved question that consists of determining the least number of water molecules necessary to separate a potassium chloride molecule. The answer based on accurate quantum chemical calculations suggests that tetramers are the smallest clusters necessary to dissociate KCl molecules. The study was made with Møller‐Plesset second‐order perturbation theory modified with the cluster theory having single, double, and perturbative triple excitations. With this extensive study, the dissociation of KCl molecule in different water clusters was evaluated. The calculated results show that four water molecules stabilize a solvent separated K+/Cl− ion‐pair in prismatic structure and with six water molecules further dissociation was observed. Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy of KCl dissolved in water establishes that clusters are made of closely bound ions with a mean of five water molecules per ion‐pair [K+(H2O)5Cl−]. (Max and Chapados, Appl Spectrosc 1999, 53, 1601; Max and Chapados, J Chem Phys 2001, 115, 2664.) The calculated results tend to support that five water molecules leads toward the formation of contact ion‐pair. The structures, energies, and infrared spectra of KCl molecules in different water clusters are also discussed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Removal of heavy metals using a brewer's yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: application to the treatment of real electroplating effluents containing multielements
Authors: Machado Manuela D. , Soares Eduardo V. , Soares Helena M. V. M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: Yeast cells have been recognized as an effective type of biomass for the treatment of wastewaters containing heavy metals. However, its capability to treat efficiently complex effluents loaded with several metals ions (Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn) has never been reported. The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of a hybrid technology, which combines chemical precipitation at pH 6.0 with a subsequent biotechnological‐based process (using heat‐killed cells of a flocculent brewing strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae), to remove simultaneously several metals from real electroplating effluents.RESULTS: Two effluents containing Cu, Ni and Zn (effluent A) or Cr, Cu and Ni (effluent B) were treated. In both effluents, pH was adjusted to 6.0; in effluent B, Cr(VI) was previously reduced to Cr(III). Chemical speciation studies allowed defining the amount of biomass to be employed with a minimum number of batches. Subsequently to pH adjustment to 6.0, effluents were fully treated with a serial batch of biomass. After the third batch, metal concentrations were lowered to below the legal limits of discharge; removals ≥ 89, 91, 92 and 94% were attained for Ni, Cu, Cr and Zn, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: In the present work, the usefulness of using flocculent brewing yeast cells to treat complex industrial effluents loaded with several heavy metals was demonstrated. The hybrid process developed was shown to be an efficient alternative for the treatment of real electroplating effluents. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
A distributional analysis of social group inequality in rural India
Authors: Azam Mehtabul 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the differences in welfare, as measured by per capita expenditure (PCE), between social groups in rural India across the entire welfare distribution. The paper establishes that the disadvantage suffered by two historically disadvantaged groups‐ Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs)—is underestimated when the comparison group is Non‐SCs/STs rather than General Category (GC) (mostly higher castes). The ST households are the most disadvantaged followed by the SC and the Other Backward Caste (OBC) households with respect to GC households, and the disadvantage exists across the entire distribution. Better covariates and better returns to those covariates contribute to the advantage of the GC households. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binary phase shaping for selective single‐beam CARS spectroscopy and imaging of gas‐phase molecules
Authors: Wrzesinski Paul J. , Pestov Dmitry , Lozovoy Vadim V. , Xu Bingwei , Roy Sukesh , Gord James R. , Dantus Marcos 
Published: June 2010

AbstractWe report on mode‐selective single‐beam coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy of gas‐phase molecules. Binary phase shaping (BPS) is used to produce single‐mode excitation of O2, N2, and CO2 vibrational modes in ambient air and gas‐phase mixtures, with high‐contrast rejection of off‐resonant Raman modes and efficient nonresonant‐background suppression. In particular, we demonstrate independent excitation of CO2 Fermi dyads at ∼1280 and ∼1380 cm−1 and apply BPS for high‐contrast imaging of CO2 jet in ambient air. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman characterization of the structural evolution in amorphous and partially nanocrystalline hydrogenated silicon thin films prepared by PECVD
Authors: Li Zhi , Li Wei , Jiang Yadong , Cai Haihong , Gong Yuguang , He Jian 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHydrogenated silicon (Si:H) thin films were obtained by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the structural evolution in phosphor‐doped n‐type amorphous hydrogenated silicon thin films, which were prepared under different substrate temperatures and gas pressures. Meanwhile, the effect of nitrogen doping on the structure of P‐doped thin films was also investigated by Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the transition from the amorphous state to the nanocrystalline state of undoped Si:H films deposited through low argon dilution was studied by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that Raman spectroscopy can sensitively detect the structural evolution in hydrogenated silicon thin films deposited under different conditions in a PECVD system. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual benzamide contamination in synthetic oligonucleotides observed using UV resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Addison Christopher J. , Konorov Stanislav O. , Georg Schulze H. , Turner Robin F. B. , Blades Michael W. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSpectroscopic methods based on Raman scattering have for many years employed synthetic oligonucleotides in a broad range of applications, either as probes or as model analytes for biophysical investigations. Benzamide is commonly used as a protecting group in the phosphoramidite synthesis of oligonucleotides and, while standard desalting used after synthesis yields sufficiently pure reagents for most assay reactions or other routine uses of the oligomer, it does not completely remove benzamide. We show that the 1609 cm−1 band of residual benzamide contamination can interfere with certain nucleic acid bands, particularly when using excitation wavelengths near 244 nm where the benzamide band is strongly enhanced. For example, the 1609 cm−1 band of benzamide could obscure (or be mistaken as) a weak vibration attributed to an NH2 scissoring. The extent of benzamide contamination in desalted preparations varies considerably among different commercial sources, and hence caution is advised when making direct comparisons of ultraviolet Raman data of oligonucleotides from different sources. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospun Alginate Nanofibers with Controlled Cell Adhesion for Tissue Engineeringa
Authors: Jeong Sung In , Krebs Melissa D. , Bonino Christopher A. , Khan Saad A. , Alsberg Eben 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAlginate, a natural polysaccharide that has shown great potential as a cell scaffold for the regeneration of many tissues, has only been nominally explored as an electrospun biomaterial due to cytotoxic chemicals that have typically been used during nanofiber formation and crosslinking. Alginate cannot be electrospun by itself and is often co‐spun with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). In this work, a cell adhesive peptide (GRGDSP) modified alginate (RA) and unmodified alginate (UA) were blended with PEO at different concentrations and blending ratios, and then electrospun to prepare uniform nanofibers. The ability of electrospun RA scaffolds to support human dermal fibroblast cell attachment, spreading, and subsequent proliferation was greatly enhanced on the adhesion ligand‐modified nanofibers, demonstrating the promise of this electrospun polysaccharide material with defined nanoscale architecture and cell adhesive properties for tissue regeneration applications.magnified image
Structural Analysis of Liquid Crystal Polymer Based Nanocomposites by X‐Ray Scattering
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Jayita , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Bousmina Mosto 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe main theme of this work is to support the unusual melt‐state rheological properties of the clay‐containing nanocomposites of thermotropic liquid crystal polymers by small‐ and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering. The changes of dispersion of silicate particles in the LCP matrix as well as change in crystal growth of LCP were extensively studied by X‐ray scattering in both small‐ and wide‐angle regions. The generalised indirect Fourier transformation technique developed by Glatter was used to study the structural changes in nanocomposites with temperature. This is a new approach recently proposed by us for the quantitative analysis of the nanoparticles dispersion in the polymer matrix.magnified image
Characterization of New Amphiphilic Block Copolymers of N‐Vinylpyrrolidone and Vinyl Acetate, 2 ‐ Chromatographic Separation and Analysis by MALDI‐TOF and FT‐IR Coupling
Authors: Fandrich Nick , Falkenhagen Jana , Weidner Steffen M. , Staal Bastiaan , Thünemann Andreas F. , Laschewsky André 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPVP‐block‐PVAc block copolymers were synthesized by controlled radical polymerization applying a RAFT/MADIX system and were investigated by HPLC and by coupling of chromatography to FT‐IR spectroscopy and MALDI‐TOF MS. Chromatographic methods (LACCC and gradient techniques) were developed that allowed a separation of block copolymers according to their repeating units. The results of the spectroscopic and spectrometric analysis clearly showed transfer between radicals and process solvent. With the use of hyphenated techniques differences between main and side products were detected. In agreement with previously published results, obtained by NMR, SEC, static light scattering and MALDI‐TOF MS, our data proved a non‐ideal RAFT polymerization.magnified image
A Simple Water‐Based Synthesis of Au Nanoparticle/PDMS Composites for Water Purification and Targeted Drug Release
Authors: Scott Adina , Gupta Ritu , Kulkarni Giridhar U. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAuNP/PDMS nanocomposites have been synthesized in the form of gels, foams, and films with distinctive structure and morphology. A simple in situ process in aqueous medium for the formation of such composite materials is described. The nanoparticles are held firmly within the PDMS while still being chemically accessible to substances soluble in PDMS. We demonstrate the utility of this property for water purification applications such as removing aromatic solvents and sulfur‐containing contaminants from water. The contaminants can be freed from the composite with a simple thermal treatment, allowing the material to be reused. We also demonstrate chemically selective uptake and release of a fluorescent dye by the nanocomposite as a drug delivery model system.magnified image
Heterogeneity of Nanofilled EPDM Elastomers Investigated by Inverse Laplace Transform 1H NMR Relaxometry and Rheometry
Authors: Moldovan Dumitrita , Fechete Radu , Demco Dan Eugen , Culea Eugen , Blümich Bernhard , Herrmann Volker , Heinz Manfred 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe heterogeneous effects due to filler interactions and chain dynamics of reinforcing nano‐filler particles were characterized on a series of filled EPDM elastomers using the Payne effect and low field NMR, 1H transverse (T2), longitudinal (T1) and longitudinal in rotating frame (T1ρ) relaxation time measurements. Measurement of the Payne effect and NMR relaxation curves were used to obtain the distribution of filler/filler interactions and chain dynamics by one‐dimensional Laplace inversion. Distributions of shear‐strain constants in the Payne effect reveal the existence of weak, medium and strong filler/filler interactions which were correlated to filler properties and content. The analysis of relaxation‐time distributions leads to the identification of multimodal polymer network dynamics.magnified image
Diels–Alder Cycloaddition‐Cycloreversion: A Powerful Combo in Materials Design
Authors: Sanyal Amitav 
Published: June 2010

AbstractReactive polymers are increasingly becoming materials of wide interest because they offer solutions to challenges in biomolecular immobilization, drug‐delivery and enzyme modifications. The Diels–Alder (DA) cycloaddition and the retro Diels–Alder (rDA) cycloreversion reaction in combination enables synthesis of maleimide based reactive polymeric materials. Also, the DA cycloaddition offer a reagent‐free ‘click’ reaction to construct various macromolecular architectures. Furthermore, the thermally reversible nature of the DA adducts makes them attractive building blocks for the design of thermoreversible materials. A discussion of some of the author's own research work in this area is presented in this article within the context of recent reports in polymer chemistry employing this reaction combo.magnified image
Electrospun Polycaprolactone/Silk Fibroin/Small Intestine Submucosa Composites for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Hong Soongee , Kim Geun Hyung 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNatural biomaterials were used to improve the biocompatibility of synthetic biopolymers. PCL was electrospun with natural biopolymers, silk fibroin, and small intestine submucosa. Due to increased electrical conductivity, the diameter of the composite fibers highly depended on the amount of SIS in the polymer solution. PCL/SF/SIS electrospun composites exhibited various synergistic effects, including enhanced mechanical properties and incredibly improved hydrophilicity compared to those of pure PCL and PCL/SF fibers. An initial cell attachment test demonstrated that the interactions between PC‐12 nerve cells and the PCL/SF/SIS composites were more favorable than those between PC‐12 cells and a PCL/SF composite.magnified image
Efficient DNA Binding and Condensation Using Low Molecular Weight, Low Charge Density Cationic Polymer Amphiphiles
Authors: Mindemark Jonas , Bowden Tim 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA new class of biodegradable cationic macromolecules for DNA binding and condensation was developed by end‐group‐functionalization of poly(trimethylene carbonate). A series of one‐ and two‐armed structures was synthesized and their interaction with DNA was evaluated. To aid data interpretation, a non‐linear modeling method was applied to show efficient DNA binding that was intimately related to cationic charge density and macromolecular architecture. One‐armed, low charge density structures were consistently found to bind to DNA at lower charge ratios than their two‐armed, high charge density counterparts. This suggests that polymer backbone structure and characteristics are important considerations in the development of efficient cationic polymer systems for DNA condensation and delivery.magnified image
Enhancement of electro‐optical properties in holographic polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal films by incorporation of multiwalled carbon nanotubes into a polyurethane acrylate matrix
Authors: Kim Eun Hee , Lee Jae Hyun , Jung Yeon Gil , Paik Ungyu 
Published: June 2010

AbstractHolographic polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC) films were fabricated with varying amounts of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to optimize the electro‐optical performance of the HPDLC films. The MWCNTs were well dispersed in the prepolymer mixture up to 0.5 wt%, implying that polyurethane acrylate (PUA) oligomer chains wrap the MWCNTs along their length, resulting in high diffraction efficiency and good phase separation. The hardness and elastic modulus of the polymer matrix were enhanced with increasing amounts of MWCNTs because of the reinforcement effect of the MWCNTs with intrinsically good mechanical properties. The increased elasticity of the PUA matrix and the immiscibility between the matrix and the liquid crystals (LCs) gradually increased the diffraction efficiency of the HPDLC films. However, the diffraction efficiency of HPDLC films with more than 0.05 wt% MWCNTs was reduced, caused by poor phase separation between the matrix and LCs because of the high viscosity of the reactive mixture. HPDLC films showing a low driving voltage (<3 V µm−1), a fast response time (<10 ms) and a high diffraction efficiency (>75%) could be obtained with 0.05 wt% MWCNTs at 40 wt% LCs. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry