bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strain dependent electron drift velocity in Al1–xInxN/AlN/GaN
Authors: Ardaravičius L. , Liberis J. , Kiprijanovič O. , Ramonas M. , Matulionis A. , Xie J. , Wu M. , Leach J. H. , Morkoç H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe have measured the room‐temperature velocity–field characteristics in Al1–x Inx N/AlN/GaN strained structures (x = 0.12, 0.15, 0.22) with two‐dimensional electron gas channels biased up to 200 kV/cm using nanosecond‐pulsed current–voltage technique. The drift velocity was estimated under assumptions of uniform electric field and no change in sheet electron density. No velocity saturation was observed. The lowest velocity was obtained for the heterostructure with an In content of x = 0.22. The experimental results are compared with those for lattice‐matched Al1–x Inx N/AlN/GaN, AlGaN/GaN, AlGaN/GaN/AlN/GaN, and silicon‐doped GaN. The conduction band profile, electron wave functions were calculated for the investigated nitride heterostructures through a self‐consistent solution of Schrödinger–Poisson equations. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A case study on monitoring polynomial profiles in the automotive industry
Authors: Amiri Amirhossein , Jensen Willis A. , Kazemzadeh Reza Baradaran 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn some statistical process control applications, the quality of a process or product can be characterized by a relationship between a response variable and one explanatory variable, which is referred to as profile. We give an example here of a profile that can be described using a polynomial model. This example comes from the automotive industry, where one of the most important quality characteristics of an automobile engine is the relationship between the torque produced by an engine and the engine speed in revolutions per minute. We find for this data set that a second‐order polynomial works well. In addition, we show that there is autocorrelation within each profile, thus an ordinary least‐square method that ignores the autocorrelation is inappropriate. We propose a linear mixed model method as an alternative approach. After the reduction of the data to a series of parameter estimates, we then conduct a step‐by‐step Phase I analysis of the polynomial profiles monitoring using a T2‐based procedure to check the stability of the process and whether or not there are outlying profiles. The remaining profiles are used to form the estimated mean vector and variance–covariance matrix to be used in Phase II studies. Finally, a brief discussion is presented to show how one can use these parameters in Phase II. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential high‐energy pentazolides: HB(N5)3M1∼2(N5)3BH (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cd)
Authors: Xu Yu , Zhao Fengjuan , Zhang Yan , Gu Yulong , Liu Tongxiang , Cui Jian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHB(N5)3M1∼2(N5)3BH (M = Be, Mg, Ca, Zn, and Cd) have been investigated as potential high‐energy density materials in this article by means of density functional theory. They are all of high‐energy content and show kinetic stability as to the breakup of N5 ring, especially HB(N5)3Mg(N5)3BH. The MN bondings in the mononuclear compounds are stronger than those in the corresponding dinuclear ones, except in the Be analogues. Furthermore, except HB(N5)3Zn2(N5)3BH, all the dinuclear compounds are shown to be energetically stable with respect to disproportionation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Ab initio study of ATiO3 (001) surfaces
Authors: Wang Guo‐Zhang , Li Cheng‐Rong , Cui Jie , Man Zhen‐Yong 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe AO and TiO2 terminations have been constructed for the ATiO3 (001) surface. The cleavage and surface energies, surface grand potential and surface relaxation have been calculated for the two types of terminations using ab initio plane waves ultrasoft pseudopotential method based on local density approximation. The results show that, for the AO terminations, the CaTiO3 surface corresponds to the lowest surface energies; the TiO2 termination of BaTiO3 (001) surface is more easily constructed; however, the TiO2 termination for CaTiO3 and SrTiO3 (001) surfaces is unstable compared to theirAO terminations. The AO termination is stable in an O‐ and A‐rich environment; however, its complementary TiO2 termination is stable in O‐ and A‐poor conditions. Moreover, in the range of the accessible value of ΔµO, only the AO terminations are likely to be observed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind Energy Literature Survey No. 14
Authors: Henriksen L. C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAs a service to readers, Wind Energy regularly conducts literature surveys and publishes lists of relevant articles drawn from recent issues of a large number of periodicals including: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, International Journal of Energy Research, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, Electric Power Components and Systems along with a number of periodicals published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers etc. The list is limited exclusively to journals not specifically devoted to wind energy and its applications. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories. Although many papers fit several categories, each paper is listed only once under the category thought most appropriate. Please note that the inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. Compiled by Lars Christian Henriksen, Wind Energy Department, Riso/ National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, P.O. 49, DK‐4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Please e‐mail any suggestions to larh@risoe.dtu.dk.
Recrystallization of Zeolite Y to Analcime and Zeolite P with <SC>d</SC>‐Methionine as Structure‐Directing Agent (SDA)
Authors: Azizi Seyed Naser , Ehsani Tilami Salma 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this study, the synthesis of template free zeolite Y and its recrystallization to two types of pure zeolite P and analcime in the presence of the amino acid d‐methionine as structure‐directing agent were investigated. The recrystallization occurred solely when specific heating cycles were applyed. A completely crystallized phase of zeolite Y for the mixture of zeolite P and analcime was observed in the presence of d‐methionine at a concentration of 0.015 <SC>m</SC>. The effect of different Si/Al ratios (2.3–9.3), crystallization temperatures (40–160 °C), and crystallization times (28–96 hours) on the achievement of two different zeolite types were studied as well. Pure zeolite P was obtained during conventional heating to 100 °C for 42 hours, whereas pure analcime zeolite was achieved by heating the mixture to 160 °C for 96 hours. The products were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and IR spectroscopy.
Human Milk Fat Substitute from Butterfat: Production by Enzymatic Interesterification and Evaluation of Oxidative Stability
Authors: Sørensen Ann‐Dorit Moltke , Xu Xuebing , Zhang Long , Kristensen Janni B. , Jacobsen Charlotte 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecent data have suggested that the fatty acid composition and molecular structure of fats in infant formulas should be as similar to human milk fat as possible to obtain optimal fat and calcium absorption from the infant formula. This work investigated the possibilities of using enzyme technology and butterfat as a material to produce a fat similar to human milk fat with respect to the above parameters. Moreover, the oxidative stability of the enzyme modified human milk fat substitute (HMFS) was compared to the fat blend used for the production of HMFS. Using a combination of enzyme technology, fractionation and batch deodorization and with butterfat in combination with soybean oil and rapeseed oil as raw materials it was possible to produce HMFS with a molecular structure and fatty acid composition that was very similar to that of human milk fat. The oxidative stability of the HMFS oil was lower than that of the reference oil with the same fatty acid composition. However, oxidation did not lead to a severe increase in rancidity scores during storage. Rather, the panel gave high intensity scores for other off‐flavors such as burnt and bitter. Further optimization of the deodorization process is therefore necessary to remove these off‐flavors.
Ultrasonic evaluation of pupillary light reflex
Authors: Sargsyan Ashot E. , Hamilton Douglas R. , Melton Shannon L. , Amponsah David , Marshall Nathan E. , Dulchavsky Scott A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Background
Evaluation of pupillary light reflex (PLR) is an important neurological test with a variety of clinical applications. Obstacles such as severe soft tissue damage or hyphema may obstruct the visual access to the pupil, thus rendering direct PLR observation difficult or impossible. Multipurpose ultrasonic systems, however, can overcome this problem.

Methods
Using ultrasound imaging, a coronal view of the iris and pupil allowed visualization of PLR upon contralateral stimulation with a penlight. The technique was tested in ten healthy volunteers and a trauma case study.

Results
Satisfactory visualization of the iris was achieved in all subjects, in an average time of 1 min 10 s. Temporal parameters of pupillary constriction, oscillations (hippos) and relaxation could also be measured on M-mode displays.

Conclusions
Real-time coronal imaging of the iris using multipurpose ultrasound imaging is found to be a practical, fast and recordable method that can be used for evaluating PLR.
Computer thermodynamic modeling of the transport and deposition of Sb and Au during the formation of Au-Sb deposits
Authors: Obolensky A.A. , Gushchina L.V. , Borisenko A.S. , Borovikov A.A. , Nevol’ko P.A. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Using the Chiller computer program, we performed modeling of the mechanisms of the joint transport and deposition of Au and Sb from various ore-forming solutions during the formation of Au-Sb deposits. Three models are considered by the example of the Uderei Au-Sb deposit in the Yenisei Ridge: (1) simple cooling (cooling only), (2) iso-enthalpy boiling (P = f(T)), and (3) solution–rock interaction (rock titration model). The behavior of Sb(III) and Au(I) in the system Au–Sb–Fe–Cu–Pb–Zn–As–H2O–Cl–H2S–CO2 under hydrothermal conditions was studied. It is shown that both weakly alkaline (near-neutral) and reduced acidic Feaq2+-enriched low-chloride high-CO2 and high-chloride hydrothermal solutions play a crucial role in the formation of gold parageneses of Au-Sb ores.
ON POINT SETS IN VECTOR SPACES OVER FINITE FIELDS THAT DETERMINE ONLY ACUTE ANGLE TRIANGLES
Authors: SHPARLINSKI IGOR E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFor three points$\vec {u}$,$\vec {v}$and$\vec {w}$in then-dimensional space 𝔽nqover the finite field 𝔽qofqelements we give a natural interpretation of an acute angle triangle defined by these points. We obtain an upper bound on the size of a set 𝒵 such that all triples of distinct points$\vec {u}, \vec {v}, \vec {w} \in \cZ $define acute angle triangles. A similar question in the real space ℛndates back to P. Erdős and has been studied by several authors.
OPTIONS FOR TAXING FINANCIAL SUPPLIES IN VALUE ADDED TAX: EU VAT AND AUSTRALIAN GST MODELS COMPARED
Authors: DE LA FERIA RITA , WALPOLE MICHAEL 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe taxation of financial services is one of the most vexing aspects of a Value Added Tax (VAT). Conceptually, VAT should apply to any fee for service but where financial services are concerned there is a difficulty in identifying the taxable amount, ie the value added by financial institutions. As a result, most jurisdictions, including the EU, simply exempt financial services from VAT. Treating financial services as exempt, however, gives rise to significant legal and economic distortions. Consequently, a few countries have in recent years attempted an alternative VAT approach to financial services. Amongst these is Australia, which in 2000 introduced a Goods and Services Tax (GST) with a ‘reduced input tax credit’ system. This paper compares the current treatment of financial supplies, under a VAT-type system, in the EU and in Australia. The aim is to ascertain whether the Australian GST treatment of financial services is, as commonly thought, superior to the EU one, and consequently, whether introducing an Australian-type model should constitute a policy consideration for the EU.
ADDRESSING THE ‘POST-KYOTO’ STRESS DISORDER: REFLECTIONS ON THE EMERGING LEGAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE CLIMATE REGIME
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn December 2007, the international community adopted the Bali Action Plan which launched a process to reach an ‘agreed outcome’ on long-term cooperative action on climate change, with a scheduled end in Copenhagen, December 2009. The term ‘an agreed outcome’ suggests a lack of agreement on both the legal form that the likely outcome of this process could take, and the level of ambition that it should reflect. This lack of agreement continues to haunt the process. There are a range of legal form options for a new climate instrument—from a set of Conference of Parties decisions to a legally binding instrument, either to replace or supplement the Kyoto Protocol—and the choice between them for States is predicated primarily on political and strategic considerations. Nevertheless the legal status, procedural requirements, symbolic signalling effects and regime-building characteristics of different legal form options will play an important role in determining the legal form of the Copenhagen ‘agreed outcome’. This article identifies and explores the range of legal form options available to States in the negotiation process, and outlines the political and strategic considerations at play and will ultimately govern choice of legal form. This article argues that one of the most significant factors hindering substantive progress on a post-2012 climate agreement is what is characterized here as the ‘post-Kyoto stress disorder’, a lack of trust amongst some developing countries that industrialized countries will, given current and past form, honour their commitments, and/or take the lead in the new climate agreement. This article makes the case that post-Kyoto stress disorder will likely prevent certain legal form options from acquiring traction in the process and favour others.
FMRFamide-like peptides in root knot nematodes and their potential role in nematode physiology
Authors: Johnston M.J.G. , McVeigh P. , McMaster S. , Fleming C.C. , Maule A.G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFMRFamide-like peptides (FLPs) are a diverse group of neuropeptides that are expressed abundantly in nematodes. They exert potent physiological effects on locomotory, feeding and reproductive musculature and also act as neuromodulators. However, little is known about the specific expression patterns and functions of individual peptides. The current study employed rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) to characterizeflpgenes from infective juveniles of the root knot nematodes,Meloidogyne incognitaandMeloidogyne minor. The peptides identified from these transcripts are sequelogs of FLPs from the free-living nematode,Caenorhabditis elegans; the genes have therefore been designated asMi-flp-1,Mi-flp-7,Mi-flp-12,Mm-flp-12andMi-flp-14.Mi-flp-1encodes five FLPs with the common C-terminal moiety, NFLRFamide.Mi-flp-7encodes two copies of APLDRSALVRFamide and APLDRAAMVRFamide and one copy of APFDRSSMVRFamide.Mi-flp-12andMm-flp-12encode the novel peptide KNNKFEFIRFamide (a longer version of RNKFEFIRFamide found inC. elegans).Mi-flp-14encodes a single copy of KHEYLRFamide (commonly known as AF2 and regarded as the most abundant nematode FLP), and a single copy of the novel peptide KHEFVRFamide. These FLPs share a high degree of conservation betweenMeloidogynespecies and nematodes from other clades, including those of humans and animals, perhaps suggesting a common neurophysiological role which may be exploited by novel drugs. FLP immunoreactivity was observed for the first time inMeloidogyne, in the circumpharyngeal nerve ring, pharyngeal nerves and ventral nerve cord. Additionally,in situhybridization revealedMi-flp-12expression in an RIR-like neuron andMi-flp-14expression in SMB-like neurons‡, respectively. These localizations imply physiological roles for FLP-12 and FLP-14 peptides, including locomotion and sensory perception.
The gastrotrich community of a north Adriatic Sea site, with a redescription ofMusellifer profundus(Chaetonotida: Muselliferidae)
Authors: Leasi F. , Todaro M.A. 
Published: October 2009

During a survey of the marine meiobenthos in a predominantly muddy area, 40 km south of Venice (northern Adriatic Sea, Italy), 11 species of gastrotrichs were recorded. Gastrotrichs were found in 11 out of the 16 investigated stations, with densities (mean ± standard deviation) ranging from 0.6 ± 0.5 to 97.7 ± 71.2 ind./10 cm2. The community was dominated byMusellifer profundus, which made up 24.5% of the entire gastrotrich assemblage and reached in a single station the abundance peak of 18.3 ind./10 cm2. The finding bears relevance to the biogeography and ecology of several species. The presence of numerous specimens of the rareM. profundusallowed new insights into the arrangement and functioning of the hermaphroditic sexual apparatus in this phylogenetically important genus, for which such data are scanty. The new information will certainly be useful in evolutionary studies aimed at reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Gastrotricha, while offering at the same time additional morphological traits to be used in reliable species identification. Although only three species ofMuselliferhave been described so far, there are several others awaiting a formal affiliation, a task that will benefit from this new information.
Polemics and patronage in Safavid Iran: The debate on Friday prayer during the reign of Shah Tahmasb
Authors: Stewart Devin J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis study argues that five treatises on the legal status of Friday prayer in Twelver Shiite law that were composed between 1555 and 1563, in the middle of the reign of Safavid Shah Tahmasb, were all penned as part of a heated competition over the post ofshaykh al-islāmof the Safavid capital Qazvin. Detailed analysis of the first four treatises and the context in which they were produced, building on a 1996 article that discussed the fifth, demonstrates the influence of politics and academic rivalry on texts of Islamic law and other sciences, the types of rhetorical strategies used by scholars in the competition for patronage, and the importance of support of scholars for the establishment of legitimate rule and an official religion.
Between authenticity and alienation: The Druzes and Lebanon's history
Authors: Hazran Yusri 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlmost ninety years have passed since the establishment of the Lebanese state, but it still lacks a consensual and unifying historical narrative. The Druzes of Lebanon, who claim to be the real founders of the historical Lebanese entity, reject the Lebanese historiography elaborated by Christian historians as ideologically motivated, sectarian and fabricated. Furthermore, they claim that their contribution to Lebanon's history has been systematically minimized. The Druze leader, Kamāl Junblāṭ, was the first to raise public awareness of the importance of rewriting Lebanon's history, and the process of doing so has gained momentum among Druze intellectuals since the 1980s. This article discusses the efforts of the Druze intelligentsia to cultivate a historical narrative that presents an alternative to what they call the “Maronite narrative”; it focuses predominantly on the Emirate's history during the Middle Ages and the reciprocal relations between the Druze political experience within modern Lebanon and the intellectual formulation of their narrative.
Grammaticalization of the notion of “passing” in Chinese (aspectual values)
Authors: Iljic Robert 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article deals with the grammaticalization of the lexical meaning of GUO “to cross, pass” in Mandarin Chinese. GUO displays two aspectual/temporal values, known as the experiential suffix-guoand the phase complementguorespectively. The first indicates that in the past there is at least one instance of the event represented by the sentence and the second that an expected event has occurred and is now over. The experiential suffix refers to indefinite occurrences, whereas the phase complement refers to definite occurrences. These two values can be unified at a theoretical level. Aspectual GUO is concerned in all cases with the location of events in time: it situates an event in the (relative) past and it indicates either that among past events there is at least one occurrence of this type of event (suffix-guo), or that a particular (previously identified) event has passed, that is, entered the class of the past events (phase complementguo).
Source Data for Nautical Charts: Problems in the Gulf of Suez
Authors: Cox P. G. 
Published: October 2009

This paper touches on some of the problems with which the chart compiler has to contend in an area such as the Gulf of Suez. It is assumed that readers are familiar with the system of keeping charts up to date through Notices to Mariners and new editions of charts. Details of the system can be found in The Mariner's Handbook. Space does not allow a full evaluation of all the influences source data for charts may have on the final product, and in particular no treatment is given here of one significant area, the influence of source data on choices of chart limits and scales. The paper will look first at some more general points which find expression in the charting of the Gulf of Suez, and then take as an example chart 2375 of the Strait of Gubal, examining aspects of it in detail in the light of the general points raised.This paper was presented at an International Conference on ‘Navigation in the Gulf of Suez’ held in Alexandria in October 1986.)
Radar Reflectors, Radar Beacons and Transponders as Aids to Navigation
Authors: McGeoch Ian , Stawell W. B. 
Published: October 2009

A decade ago the opinion was expressed in that authoritative work The Use of Radar at Sea that:In its peaceful application marine radar is hardly out of its adolescence. In twenty years it may have grown out of recognition. Whether it does so or not depends upon a number of factors of which, perhaps, the most important is progressive thought on the part of the user and his employers (p. 258).
The Environment, COST-301 and Coastal State Policy
Authors: De Bièvre Aline , Kemp J. F. 
Published: October 2009

This paper was presented at a seminar entitled a European Concerted Approach to Vessel Traffic Services for Safe Navigation – EEC Project COST-301, sponsored jointly by the Institute's Netherlands branch and the Royal Institute of Engineers, Delft University of Technology and the Netherlands Directorate General for Shipping and Maritime Affairs held in Delft on 20 January 1986. It was published under the auspices of the European Environmental Bureau, an independent coalition body of leading environmental organizations in all the European Economic Community countries (with a total membership of over 10 million). The paper, of which the following is a condensed version, seeks to comment on the implications for environmental protection of the various COST-301 research programmes, and to assess the contribution which the findings resulting from them may make to future European coastal state policy and international measures.Aline De Bièvre is with the European Environmental Bureau and John Kemp is Professor Emeritus at the City of London Polytechnic.
Data Dissemination and Display
Authors: Newson D. W. 
Published: October 2009

The 1987 Conference of the Institute was held at the Penta Hotel, London, in the autumn. A selection of nine papers from the Conference is reprinted here, following an introductory summary.The complete proceedings, comprising some 40 papers, may be obtained from the Institute price £25 to Members (£50 to non-Members).