bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observing the Forms
Authors: Ballaster Ros 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter takes issue with the ‘myth’ of the female reader in the 18th century, which has tended to represent women's amatory fiction as a sub-cultural form servicing degraded popular taste and bearing little or no relation to the political and ideological mainstream. It is argued that the depiction of the women reader in contemporary periodical and prose fiction was not a realistic representation, but a formal device that served to introduce new concepts concerning the male political subject and his relation to the state. The chapter outlines prevailing conventions in amatory fiction in the last decades of the 17th century in Britain, developed from French models; it explores the specific formal and ideological properties of the French romance, the nouvelle, the scandal chronicle, and epistolary fiction.
The Golden Sandal of Hermes
Authors: Fisch Harold 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter explores another striking image which Blake introduces into his account of the descent of Milton/Raphael into his garden at Felpham. It is the image of the golden sandal bound on the foot of the poet-speaker as the bearer of a continuing mission. This golden sandal is also related to Milton’s account of the dispatch of Raphael to Adam in Book V of Paradise Lost. It is of course the golden, winged sandal of Hermes, the messenger of the gods, whom Milton had conflated with the figure of Raphael. Blake, too, well understood the significance of Hermes in the epic tradition as a whole. He is remembering not only the description of the messenger and his accoutrements in Paradise Lost but also the descent of Mercury in Virgil’s Aeneid.
Hyperbole and the Love-Mad Woman: George III, ‘Rosa Matilda’, and Jane Austen in 1811
Authors: Small Helen 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
‘Rosa Matilda’ and Jane Austen come together in their demonstration of the extent to which the story of a woman's ‘madness from love’ had become not merely conventional but unavoidably so. The attack on sentimentalism brought with it a new scepticism about the desirability of indulging readers with stories about women who lose their minds when they lose their lovers — a scepticism for which Austen is well known, but which shows even in the writing of Charlotte Dacre. Meanwhile, George III furnishes the historian of madness with the most potent symbol of, and justification for, the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries' concern with madness.
Rites of Passage
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
After the merchants and traders offered to ship convicts from England to America, the British government handed over this task to them and thus this ended the role of the government in transportation. Parliament enacted a trade regulation designed to curb the bargains from the merchants and to make sure that convicts were actually going to reach American shores. The shipboard journey spanned from six to eight weeks and the life of convicts fully remained in the hands of merchants and traders. Most of these merchants were corrupt and they cared little about the lives of the convicts in their care, they also made profit from the sale of these convicts in America. Most merchants tried to limit the expenses on the transportation of convicts by restricting water and other provisions. The convicts were not treated at all well.
Trouble in the Chesapeake?
Authors: Ekirch A. Roger 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The American shores became a dumping ground for British criminals and these criminals posed a serious threat to the provincial society of America and they spread lawlessness across the county. These transported white convicts were responsible for most of the crimes committed during the 18th century in America. Transportation did not change the moral character of the imported convicts and most of them remained involved in crime and other evil activities. In 1721, Maryland's provincial court stated that criminal prosecutions increased after the transportation of these white convicts. Then Governor Gooch also blamed increased lawlessness in Virginia on the transported convicts. However, these uprisings were rare in Chesapeake because many convicts migrated to new localities after the expiry of their servitude, hence diffusing any threat to the social peace.
Boteler v. Boteler The battered wife, 1656–1675
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The story of Lady Anne Boteler provides a good example of how much a woman was prepared to endure in the late 17th century before seeking to separate from her husband. The daughter of Sir Robert Austen, a Kentish baronet, in 1656 she made what at the time would have been thought of as a very good marriage to Sir Oliver Boteler, the heir to another and rather richer baronet family of Kent. Sir Oliver claimed that Anne behaved ‘disrespectfully’ towards him, but he gave no examples. Marital cruelty occurred intermittently, but with an increasing degree of seriousness, from 1664 to 1671. It took several forms, both physical and mental, and involved attacks not only upon Anne but upon her children, too.
Otway v. Otway Private and public separation, 1790–1811
Authors: Stone Lawrence 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
What this story brings out so vividly is the intense concern by family friends and legal advisers to avoid the shame and disgrace of airing domestic grievances in open court. On the other hand, such was the obstinacy of Henry Otway that the two critical issues upon which the resolution of the separation negotiations depended were unable to be resolved. These two were, first, a substantial maintenance allowance for Sarah, bearing in mind that the bulk of the fortune of Henry Otway had come from her; and, secondly, some compromise over the custody of the children. Sarah insisted on having full custody of the three girls, with arrangements for visits to their father, conceding to her husband custody of the three boys, but demanding visiting rights to them.
‘The even progression of life’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on developments after Rhodesia became a republic on 2 March 1970. The British foreign secretary announced that the assumption of republican status was illegal and warned civil servants that they would be considered to have joined the rebellion if they remained at their desk. There were no mass resignations. The government, having failed to provide pomp and circumstance, could hardly blame the local press for showing more interest in the Apollo 13 space mission. The constitution replaced the previous system of divided rolls, based on franchise qualifications, with two racial rolls: one for Europeans and the other for Africans.
‘This void in our national life’
Authors: Godwin Peter , Hancock Ian 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Two themes stand out in the domestic history of White Rhodesia between 1973 and 1975. First, the war and the events in southern Africa were already changing the political agenda and the Rhodesian way of life. Secondly, most Rhodesians reacted to the new circumstances by affirming the dominant value of the past. Neither the world outside nor the threats from the inside figured prominently in the day-to-day outlook of communities whose version of reality had prepared them to enjoy the good and to absorb or deflect the unpleasant.
The Town Governments of Holland
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA comparative approach is made possible by the fact that, despite their great differences in size, the government systems within the eighteen voting towns in Holland were sufficiently similar to make a relatively brief general discussion possible, though it cannot do justice to the rich variety of local institutions and practices. All of the town governments had more or less the same components, but the way in which these worked, and in particular the location of final political power within the governments, varied considerably from town to town. The main elements of government were the schout, the representative of the sovereign and chief police official; the burgemeesters, responsible for the day-to-day administration of the town; the schepenen, the local court of law; and the vroedschap, concerned with general policy. Also the schout, burgemeesters, and schepenen together formed a body (often called the gerecht) to issue local ordinances and deal with relatively minor administrative matters.
Religion, the Reformed Church, and Urban Politics
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractReligion in general, and the Reformed Church in particular, played an important role in the politics of the towns of Holland, not only in the first decades of the 17th century, when the clash between remonstrants and contraremonstrants was a dominant issue, but throughout the rest of the century. The Reformed Church had a peculiar position in the political life of the Dutch state because it functioned as one of the few unifying symbols which the decentralised and heterogeneous Dutch Republic possessed. As the official church it had a political significance which the other churches and sects lacked: while membership of the church or attendance at its services was not imposed on the inhabitants of the country at large, it was nevertheless in an important sense the state church and all holders of public office at every level were supposed to be members.
The Power of the Princes of Orange
Authors: Price J. L. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe princes of Orange have to be brought into any consideration of the role of the province of Holland in the politics of the Dutch Republic because they, not any or all of the other provinces, were its main rivals for the leadership of the state throughout the 17th century and, indeed, throughout the whole history of the Republic. What makes this structural opposition particularly intriguing is that, while Holland's power and influence were based on distinctly mundane sources, primarily economic strength, the princes derived their peculiar place within the Republic's political system from a complex and sometimes even bizarre combination of specific powers and offices, together with an indispensable charismatic element. This chapter is concerned with their political influence in the Republic as a whole.
Labour on the Prairies
Authors: ADELMAN JEREMY 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the labour supply conditions in the Canadian prairies. The prairies, so far from the concentrations of populations in central Canada, and cut off by the pre-Cambrian shield through Ontario, presented intractable obstacles to enjoying an effective supply of labour. This chapter describes immigration policy, immigration to the prairies from 1890 to 1914, the homesteader dependency on the labour market, and tenancy on the prairies. Migrants to the Canadian west were different and were determined to become permanent members of the region's economy. Their strategy of economic advancement was based on the prospect of landownership, to reap all the earnings themselves and realize capital gains at some future date.
Traditional Law: The Patriarchal Family and Pressures for Change
Authors: Wagner William G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter describes the Imperial family law as being partial to the patriarchal family, i.e., practicing principles of patriarchal authority, unequal status, and patrilineal kinship. It provides a comparison between the Imperial Law and the Western European Law regarding rights, obligations, and authority within the family. Petitions on changes to be made to the law, particularly on separation and divorce, are also presented.
The Possibilities of Judicial Revision
Authors: Wagner William G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks at how the high court redefined property and inheritance law based on social and economic needs, with a wider range of revision compared with those for the family law. The high court geared toward limiting patrimonial property by giving owners more options on disposing patrimonial property, rather than by a complete abolition within the kin-group. A move to define the attributes of testamentary power is also described.
Structures of Authority the County and the Sessions
Authors: Eastwood David 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Quarter Sessions, which emerged as the principal focus of authority within English local government and was less firmly grounded in statutory powers than that of the parish. The power of the Quarter Sessions as an agency of government lay in magistrates' statutory duty to ensure that parishes and other subordinate bodies discharged their responsibilities adequately and legally, and in the Quarter Sessions constituting the court of appeal on most local administrative matters. This chapter also discusses its developments, offices and officials, and procedures and reform.
Goths and Romans 332–489
Authors: Heather Peter 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book examines the collision of Goths and Romans in the fourth and fifth centuries. In these years Gothic tribes played a major role in the destruction of the western half of the Roman Empire, establishing successor states in southern France and Spain (the Visigoths) and in Italy (the Ostrogoths). Our understanding of the Goths in this ‘Migration Period’ has been based upon the Gothic historian Jordanes, whose mid-sixth-century Getica suggests that the Visigoths and Ostrogoths entered the Empire already established as coherent groups and simply conquered new territories. Using more contemporary sources, the author is able to show that, on the contrary, Visigoths and Ostrogoths were new and unprecedentedly large social groupings, and that many Gothic societies failed even to survive the upheavals of the Migration Period. This study explores the complicated interactions with Roman power, which both prompted the creation of the Visigoths and Ostrogoths around newly emergent dynasties and helped bring about the fall of the Roman Empire.
Territories and Boundaries
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The vagueness and permeability of the Upper Rhine's natural frontiers in the later Middle Ages were reflected in the boundaries of territorial authority. Only the Vosges, separating the lordships of Alsace from the duchy of Lorraine, constituted in any sense a political frontier. On the right bank of the river, the territories of the margraves of Baden, the counts of Fürstenberg, and the Habsburg archdukes all rode effortlessly over the ridges of the Black Forest mountains. Still less did the river Rhine itself mark a clear political divide. Aside from the enclaves of the secular territory of the bishops of Basel on the right bank around Schliengen and Istein, and the district of Beinheim on the left bank opposite Rastatt which the margraves of Baden had acquired in the fourteenth century, it was above all the extensive Habsburg possessions on the Upper Rhine, known collectively as Outer Austria, which spanned the river. Here the Rhine served only as a convenient distinction between administrative districts.
The Regional Provisioning of Meat
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In Germany, the sixteenth century ushered in the great age of what was known as good police, when governments for the first time began actively to intervene in economic and commercial affairs for reasons other than the purely fiscal (the raising of taxes). At imperial and territorial level, the authorities began to tackle issues such as monopolies, price-rigging, and forestalling, as well as seeking to regulate and secure supplies of essential commodities. Issues of welfare were also part of good police, as princes and magistrates struggled to come to grips with the plague of the age — vagrancy and begging by the poor, the homeless, and unemployed or discharged mercenaries. In relatively self-contained territories such as Bavaria or Württemberg, edicts to enforce good police flowed unimpeded from princely chanceries. Throughout the sixteenth century, the police assemblies of the Rappen league in the Upper Rhine addressed two fundamental issues — the provisioning and price regulation of meat and grain — which were of existential importance in an age of rising population and gathering inflation.
The Regional Provisioning of Grain
Authors: Scott Tom 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Unlike the constant struggle to regulate the meat market on the southern Upper Rhine, the provisioning of grain rarely presented the authorities with a serious challenge until the last third of the sixteenth century, when a series of harvest failures, possibly exacerbated by demographic pressure, led to repeated bouts of dearth and famine. The authorities' only concern was to prevent Fürkauf, understood in this context not as a general hostility to commerce or towards foreigners, but in the exact sense of forestalling, pre-empting the workings of a free market by buying corn on the ear directly from the peasantry or at unlicensed markets in the countryside. The desire to conserve dwindling stocks of grain within a given territory prompted bans on exports, although these were subject to innumerable exceptions. Whereas with meat the Rappen league had depended on supplies brought into its area either from its fringes or from abroad, with grain its members traded freely throughout the Upper Rhine.
Waiting for Stunde Null Exiled Leaders and Resistance Cadres
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter examines the prehistory of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) in West Germany before 1945. The Republic's final years had conditioned the political behaviour of the post-war KPD. In 1932, the KPD made a quantitative success in terms of vote and membership. However, most of the votes were protest votes and the vast majority of a fluctuating mass membership were unemployed and difficult to integrate into a stable Communist milieu. After the war, the KPD returned to a significantly different social condition, and its readjustment process lasted well into the 1950s. The Nazi persecution also kept the Communist resistance cadres in a form of suspended animation, unable to return to leadership.
Sammlungspolitik in the Wilderness The KPD’s Extra-Parliamentary Campaigns
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the efforts of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) to establish political alliances outside parliament in West Germany. It argues that the KPD failed to take advantage of the rearmament issue to alter the political allegiance of voters. Based on an analysis of the 1953 Bundestag, it is clear that the KPD was not able to use any remilitarization to its advantage. And despite the instrumentalization of the KPD leadership's initiatives, there were undoubtedly loyal pacifists among the party's campaigners.
From Mass Party to Cadre Party The Organization of the KPD
Authors: Major Patrick 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of the organizational structure of the Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (KPD) in West Germany from a mass party to a party of professional revolutionary cadres. Under the exceptional circumstances of late Weimar, the KPD was unable to preserve its mass base under the Nazi regime and it was forced into an ultra-conspiratory role. After emerging from this illegality, the KPD broke off isolation and decided to become not only a proletarian mass party but a Volkspartei with national appeal.
J. F C. Fuller: Positivism, Evolution, Fascism, and Future Warfare
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
John Frederick Charles Fuller was known for his intellectual intensity, wide-ranging interests and literary scope. In 1930s he was involved in Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists. This involvement was seen as an unfortunate event in his career, mainly attributed to his eccentric personality or to fascist emphasis on order and all things military. This chapter aims to discuss and advance some of the propositions about the life and standpoint of Fuller on the issue of fascism. This chapter discusses Fuller's development as intellectual before he became a military thinker. The chapter also discusses his formative years and its influence in moulding him as a participant in the proto-fascist mood. Discussion also includes his interest in and major contributions to his own military profession. Discussed as well is his vision of the mechanization of warfare which was spurred by his outlook and interests.
German Right-Wing Radicalism, Strategic Adventurism, and Mechanized Warfare
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
German fascism is inevitably marked by Nazism which had created a great impact across the modern German, Western, and the world history. However the Nationalist Socialist party and its leader, Adolf Hitler only became significant political forces in the beginning of the 1930s. Their emergence to power only came about when a complex circumstance catapulted them into power hence paving an excuse where they can exhibit their gruesomeness in a grand scale manner. This chapter discusses the emergence of German right-wing radicalism which took shape in the late nineteenth century in the wake of Germany's industrialization. This chapter focuses on Adolf Hitler's regime and its attitude towards modernist fascism. Of all fascist movements, Hitler's regime was the least modern. Hitler suppressed the most radical and avant-garde elements of his movements after assuming power. On the other hand, Hitler and his regime exalted the most spectacular and dynamic products of technology. They associated themselves with and made extensive use of aircraft and fast car. Nazism and the orientation of the right-wing radicals within the armed forces redirected German rearmament towards modern means of war, revolutionary doctrines, and radical operational schemes.
Anselm and His Canonical Sources
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses Anselm and his canonical resources, looking at new sources and methods in reform collections, the Pseudo-Isidore, the 74T, Cardinal Deusdedit’s Collectio canonum, and other genuine and patristic resources. The single most important of Anselm’s formal and material resources was the Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals. An important source of the Pseudo-Isidorian texts was the Diversorum partum sententie sive Collectio in LXXIV titulos digesta or the 74T, which accounted for some 101 texts. The 74T was one of the earliest and one of the most significant of the reform collections. It also served as a formal source for a number of post-Gregorian collections. Meanwhile, Cardinal Deusdedit’s Collectio canonum has been called the second of the major Gregorian collections.
The Hecatomb and the Church’s Silence?
Authors: KERR DONAL A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The total failure of the potato resulted in death on a massive scale through hunger, disease, and exposure during the winter of 1847. Although by the standards of the time, there had been a major outlay of public money, the relief schemes were overwhelmed by the scale of the disaster. The soup kitchens, Russell’s tardy but most effective measure, were not in operation until the end of March or later. During that long and bitter winter, hundreds of thousands of peasants died. A world was disappearing as a whole class of people perished or emigrated, and what was once one of the most densely populated areas in Europe saw farms, hamlets, and villages abandoned. An important reason why the bishops took no collective action was that they were themselves disunited. Their annual meetings, long a source of unity and strength, had become the occasion for enervating wrangling.