bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Have We Learned since 1989?
Authors: MAIER CHARLES S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis paper is a frankly subjective effort to return to questions posed about the nature of communist rule and the sudden collapse of communism in the light of the intervening two decades. It asks, first, why feelings of elation about the transformations of 1989 faded relatively quickly, second, why the communist system collapsed so clamorously, and, third, how might we best describe its earlier operation. The paper suggests that there will always be a sense of let-down after intensely hopeful political activity. It endeavours to provide a model of social complexity that communist rule with its Marxist archetypes of social development could not really master. But it also rejects the idea that ‘society’ under communism can be judged autonomously apart from the regime that sustained and structured it. Efforts to do so will trivialise the degrees of repression and surveillance. Finally the paper proposes that the nature of communist rule in the decades after Stalin must be described in terms of a ‘life cycle’ metaphor, such as the idea of ‘late style’ provides for artistic creation. It is fruitless to describe an ideal type of transformative political regime that makes no allowance for change over time. Hence, returning to the first enquiry, the paper argues that efforts to reclaim communal fulfilment will always exist or revive alongside efforts at individual emancipation.
The Revolutions of 1989: Causes, Meanings, Consequences
Authors: TISMANEANU VLADIMIR 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe events of 1989 had world-shattering revolutionary consequences. They brought about a new vision of the political based upon a rediscovery of democratic participation and civic activism. The upheaval in the east, and primarily in the central, European countries, represented a series of political revolutions that led to the decisive and irreversible transformation of the existing order. When explaining 1989, one needs to focus on three major themes: the deep-seated meanings of the collapse of state socialist regimes in east central Europe, the nature of revolutions at the end of the twentieth century, and the role of critical (public) intellectuals in politics. There is no single factor that explains the collapse of Leninism: economics as much as politics, and culture as much as insoluble social tensions converged in making these regimes irretrievably obsolete. The aftermath of 1989 generated a fluidity of political commitments, allegiances and affiliations that signalled a general crisis of values and authority. There is a need for ‘social glue’ and the existing political formations have failed to imagine such ingredients for the consensus needed in order to generate constitutional patriotism. A fundamental source for reinforcing democracy in east central Europe is the synthesis between the history and the memory of communism with the purpose of achieving moral justice.
1989 as a Lens for the Communist Past and Post-communist Future
Authors: KOPSTEIN JEFFREY 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPolitical scientists have documented significant variation in political and economic outcomes of the 1989–91 revolutions. Countries bordering on western Europe have become relatively democratic and economically successful, with both democracy and wealth dropping off as one moves east and south. Explanations for this variation and the replication of an older pattern on the Eurasian landmass have moved farther and farther into the past. Yet in moving to thelongue durée, more proximate events such as the revolutions of 1989, the demise of communism and even the communist experience itself recede into the background and are themselves accounted for by antecedent conditions. The article discusses how two more proximate factors helped to change older patterns in central and eastern Europe: the impact of communist modernisation and the prospect of European integration.
(The End of) Communism as a Generational History: Some Thoughts on Czechoslovakia and Poland
Authors: SHORE MARCI 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article explores communism – including its pre-history and aftermath – as a generational history. The structure is diachronic and largely biographical. Attention is paid to the roles of milieu, the Second World War, generational cleavages and a Hegelian sense of time. Nineteen sixty-eight is a turning point, the moment when Marxism as belief was decoupled from communism as practice. The arrival of Soviet tanks in Prague meant a certain kind of end of European Marxism. It also meant the coming of age of a new generation: those born in the post-war years who were to play a large role in the opposition. The anti-communist opposition was organically connected to Marxism itself: the generation(s) of dissidents active in the 1970s and 1980s should be understood as a further chapter in the generational history of communism. Nineteen eight-nine was another moment of sharp generational rupture. The new post-communist generation, Havel's great hope, possessed the virtue of openness. Openness, however, proved a double-edged sword: as eastern Europe opened to the West, it also opened a Pandora's box. Perhaps today the most poignant generational question brought about by 1989 is not who has the right to claim authorship of the revolution, but rather who was old enough to be held responsible for the choices they made under the communist regime. There remains a division between those who have to account for their actions, and those who do not, between those who proved themselves opportunists, or cowards or heroes – and those who have clean hands by virtue of not having been tested.
Nationalism and the Collapse of Soviet Communism
Authors: BEISSINGER MARK R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article examines the role of nationalism in the collapse of communism in the late 1980s and early 1990s, arguing that nationalism (both in its presence and its absence, and in the various conflicts and disorders that it unleashed) played an important role in structuring the way in which communism collapsed. Two institutions of international and cultural control in particular – the Warsaw Pact and ethnofederalism – played key roles in determining which communist regimes failed and which survived. The article argues that the collapse of communism was not a series of isolated, individual national stories of resistance but a set of interrelated streams of activity in which action in one context profoundly affected action in other contexts – part of a larger tide of assertions of national sovereignty that swept through the Soviet empire during this period.
Western Communists, Mikhail Gorbachev and the 1989 Revolutions
Authors: PONS SILVIO 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWestern communists reflected two opposing responses to the final crisis of communism that had matured over time. The French communists represented a conservative response increasingly hostile to Gorbachev's perestroika, while the Italians were supporters of a reformist response in tune with his call for change. Thus Gorbachev was the chief reference, positive or negative, against which Western communists measured their own politics and identity. In 1989 the French aligned with the conservative communist leaderships of eastern Europe, and ended up opposing Gorbachev after the collapse of the Berlin Wall. Accordingly, the PCF became a residual entity of traditional communism. On the other hand, the Italian communists agreed with all Gorbachev's choices, and to some extent they even inspired his radical evolution. But they also shared Gorbachev's illusions, including the idea that the fall of the Berlin Wall would produce a renewal of socialism in Europe. Unlike the PCF, the PCI was able to undertake change in the aftermath of the 1989 revolutions, thus standing as a significant ‘post-communist’ force. However, if conservative communism was destined to become marginal, reform communism also failed in its objective of renewing the Soviet system and the communist political culture
Analysis of regional congenital cardiac surgical outcomes in Florida using The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database
Authors: Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Quintessenza James A. , Burke Redmond P. , Bleiweis Mark S. , Byrne Barry J. , Ceithaml Eric L. , DeCampli William M. , Giroud Jorge M. , Perryman Richard A. , Rosenkranz Eliot R. , Wolff Grace , Posner Vicki , Steverson Sue , Blanchard William B. , Schiebler Gerry L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackgroundFlorida is the fourth largest state in the United States of America. In 2004, 218,045 live babies were born in Florida, accounting for approximately 1744 new cases of congenital heart disease. We review the initial experience of The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database with a regional outcomes report, namely the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Florida Regional Report.MethodsEight centres in Florida provide services for congenital cardiac surgery. The Children’s Medical Services of Florida provide a framework for quality improvement collaboration between centres. All congenital cardiac surgical centres in Florida have voluntarily agreed to submit data to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and Duke Clinical Research Institute prepared a Florida Regional Report to allow detailed regional analysis of outcomes for congenital cardiac surgery.ResultsThe report of 2007 from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database includes details of 61,014 operations performed during the 4 year data harvest window, which extended from 2003 through 2006. Of these operations, 6,385 (10.5%) were performed in Florida. Discharge mortality in the data from Florida overall, and from each Florida site, with 95% confidence intervals, is not different from cumulative data from the entire Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database, both for all patients and for patients stratified by complexity.ConclusionsA regional consortium of congenital heart surgery centres in Florida under the framework of the Children’s Medical Services has allowed for inter-institutional collaboration with the goal of quality improvement. This experience demonstrates, first, that the database maintained by the Society of Thoracic Surgeons can provide the framework for regional analysis of outcomes, and second, that voluntary regional collaborative efforts permit the pooling of data for such analysis.
Not a Papal Conspiracy but a Spiritual Principle: Three Early Anglican Apologists for the Practice of Retreat
Authors: Tyers John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe first silent preached retreat in the Anglican Communion was held in 1858. The exercise quickly aroused suspicions because it appeared to be dangerously close to Roman Catholic practice. Based upon original printed sources, this paper reviews arguments put forward during the next ten years by three advocates of the led retreat, to counter such fears. Far from being part of a Roman plot, they claimed that the retreats were an expression of a fundamental spiritual principle, which was not limited to any particular denomination and party.
Why do states have territorial rights?
Authors: Stilz Anna 
Published: July 2009

What gives a particular state the right to exercise jurisdiction and enforcement power over a particular territory? Why does the state of Denmark have rights over the territory of Denmark, and not over the territory of Sweden, and vice versa? This paper first considers a popular argument that purports to ground state territorial rights in citizens’ rights of land ownership. On this view, the state has jurisdiction over territory insofar as its peopleownsthe territory, and delegates jurisdictional powers over their land to the state. It is argued that we should reject this approach, because it is unable to explain: (a) how the state can establish a continuous territory; (b) why later generations consent to the state’s jurisdiction; and (c) why non-consenting property owners cannot secede.Rather than considering state jurisdiction to bederivedfrom the people’s prior property rights, this paper claims that we should consider state jurisdictional rights over territory to be primitive. It defends an alternative Kantian account of territorial rights. On this view, a state’s claim to jurisdiction over territory is justified if that state imposes a system of property law that meets certain basic conditions of legitimacy. This Kantian approach, it is argued, allows us to make better sense of state territorial rights.
Building Communities Through Performance: Emerging Approaches to Interculturality
Authors: Parent Roger 
Published: July 2009

Objective: Changing definitions of culture are modifying approaches to intercultural education and training. This paper outlines the principal features of these emerging models for innovation and capacity building in communities. Methods: Semiotics provides a theoretical frame for the interdisciplinary analysis of research on cultural competency, especially regarding recent studies on “cultural intelligence”, performance and creativity. Results: Interdisciplinary research on cultural literacy is shifting from cultural knowledge to intercultural know-how. This know-how translates into the individual's capacity to innovate and illustrates the influence of culture on individual and group performance. Conclusions: Research on cultural intelligence, performance and creativity provides promising new models for capacity building in communities. These approaches constitute a synthesis of previous research on cultural competency and provide new avenues for innovative social action through intercultural exchange.
Social and Emotional Wellbeing Training of Psychiatrists in Victoria: Preliminary Communication
Authors: Duke Michael , Ewen Shaun 
Published: July 2009

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to document the processes towards ensuring that all psychiatrists in training in Victoria have appropriate Indigenous mental health experience and training. Conclusions: This paper describes the process of implementation of the 2004 Indigenous Mental Health Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) Training By-Laws within Victoria. It is likely that the challenges of ensuring access to this training experience, within the Victorian RANZCP Training Program, have been experienced to varying degrees within other Australian training programs. The vertical integration of Indigenous health curriculum extends work being done in all undergraduate medical schools in Australia and New Zealand, and which the Australian Medical Council have incorporated into their accreditation of medical schools.
Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization and Colonization or Infection at Other Body Sites in Patients on a Burn Trauma Unit
Authors: Reighard Amber , Diekema Daniel , Wibbenmeyer Lucy , Ward Melissa , Herwaldt Loreen 
Published: July 2009

Objective.To determine whether Staphylococcus aureus isolates from the nares of patients on a burn trauma unit were related to isolates colonizing or infecting other body sites.Design.Active surveillance for S. aureus, a case-control study, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of S. aureus isolates.Setting.A burn trauma unit of a Midwestern university teaching hospital.Patients.Patients admitted from February 1, 2002, through March 30, 2007, who had S. aureus isolated either from a nasal culture and from another body site (case patients) or from a nasal culture alone (control subjects).Results.Nineteen patients met the case patient definition and had paired isolates from the nares and an additional site available for typing. Of the 19 case patients, 8 had infections, 7 of which were caused by methicillin-resistant S. aureus (5 USA100 strain and 2 USA300 strain). A total length of stay of more than 3 weeks (odds ratio [OR], 8.75 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.2–34.6]; P = .002), residence in a long-term care facility (OR, 9.4 [95% CI, 2.1–42.5]; P = .004), and diabetes (OR, 3.2 [95% CI, 1.0–10.0]; P = .05) were associated with the isolation of S. aureus from the nares and other sites. Seventeen case patients (89.5%) had closely related isolates obtained from culture of samples from the nares and from other sites.Conclusions.Prolonged length of stay, diabetes, or residing in a long-term care facility increased the risk of having S. aureus at sites other than the nares. S. aureus isolates from other body sites usually were closely related to nasal isolates. Most case patients had colonized or infected wounds that could be a source of S. aureus for other patients.
Sociability and social interaction on social networking websites
Authors: Keenan Andrew , Shiri Ali 
Published: July 2009

PurposeSocial websites have become a major medium for social interaction. From Facebook to MySpace to emergent sites like Twitter, social websites are increasing exponentially in user numbers and unique visits every day. How do these websites encourage sociability? What features or design practices enable users to socialize with other users? The purpose of this paper is to explore sociability on the social web and details how different social websites encourage their users to interact.Design/methodology/approachFour social websites (Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn and Twitter) were examined from a user study perspective. After thoroughly participating on the websites, a series of observations were recorded from each experience. These experiences were then compared to understand the different approaches of each website.FindingsSocial websites use a number of different approaches to encourage sociability amongst their users. Facebook promotes privacy and representing “real world” networks in web environment, while MySpace promotes publicity and representing both real world and virtual networks in a web environment. Niche websites like LinkedIn and Twitter focus on more specific aspects of community and technology, respectively.Originality/valueA comparison of different models of sociability does not yet exist. This study focuses specifically on what makes social websites “social.”
Call centres, quality of work life and HRM practices
Authors: Connell Julia , Hannif Zeenobiyah 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe paper seeks to determine whether and how the quality of working life (QWL) varies between call centres (CCs) in the in‐house/outsourced, public and private sectors and the implications of these findings on human resource management (HRM).Design/methodology/approachThis paper reports on findings derived through empirical qualitative case study research in two Australian CCs: Govtcall, an in‐house, public‐sector CC, and Salesplus, an outsourced, private‐sector CC. Quality of work life outcomes are determined through in‐depth interviews with CSOs, supervisors and managers, where a comparative approach is utilised.FindingsThe in‐house, public‐sector CC Govtcall emerges as being inferior in terms of job content, working hours and managerial/supervisory style and strategies. Conversely, Salesplus features a management model that is more akin to what would be expected in a CC operating under a professional service model.Research limitations/implicationsThe sample size was limited to two CCs; thus, the findings may not be representative of the wider CC context.Practical implicationsA productivity orientation and employee focus are not a mutually exclusive phenomenon. Union presence and public‐sector status do not guarantee better working conditions and higher QWL. Managerial styles and strategies have a significant impact on QWL in the CC context.Originality/valueQWL is an under‐researched area where CCs are concerned. Similarly, much of the existing CC research is based on the private sector, despite the public sector emerging as a large user of CC operations.
Evaluating the prevalence of “envelope wages” in Europe
Authors: Williams Colin C. 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThis paper aims to evaluate the prevalence in Europe of a so far little discussed wage practice in which employers pay their declared employees two wages, one declared and the other an undeclared (“envelope”) wage.Design/methodology/approachTo evaluate the pervasiveness of envelope wages in Europe, a 2007 Eurobarometer survey on undeclared work is reported involving 26,659 face‐to‐face interviews which included a section on whether employees are paid an additional envelope wage by their declared employer.FindingsThe finding is that one in 20 employees receive some of their wage from their employer as an undeclared “envelope wage” and on average this amounts to two‐fifths of their wage packet. This payment arrangement, however, is more prevalent in some businesses, places and populations than others. Smaller businesses and construction firms are more likely to pay envelope wages. Men, younger persons and the lower paid are more likely to receive such wages. And geographically, envelope wages are more common in East‐Central Europe, where such payments are more likely to be for regular employment hours, whilst in Continental Europe and Nordic countries envelope wages are less common and received more for overtime or extra work conducted.Practical implicationsThrough an evaluation of its prevalence, this paper displays the need for action to tackle this illegitimate wage practice and briefly reviews a range of policy options and measures.Originality/valueThis is the first extensive evaluation of the commonality of envelope wages in Europe.
The insurance distribution systems and efficiency in the property‐casualty insurance industry
Authors: Park Jin , Lee Sukho , Bin Kang Han 
Published: July 2009

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate coexistence of multiple distribution systems in property‐casualty (P/C) insurance industry in the USA.Design/methodology/approachStochastic frontier analysis is used to measure cost and revenue efficiencies of P/C insurance companies utilizing different distribution systems.FindingsIndependent agent insurers are found to be cost inefficient compared to insurers with other distribution systems, but the independent agent insurers have better revenue efficiency compared to their long counterpart, the exclusive agent insurers. This study also documents that the direct writing system provides higher cost and revenue efficiencies than other distribution systems, although their efficiencies have been deteriorating during the same time period.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could examine whether the findings change by measuring efficiencies with a non‐parametric method, i.e. data envelopment analysis.Practical implicationsA start‐up insurer should consider a direct writing system, which is most cost and revenue efficient.Originality/valueThis paper investigates efficiencies of insurers by four different distribution systems and tracks efficiency changes of insurers over 12‐year periods.