bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalytic synthesis of methyl acrylate from acetylene, carbon monoxide and methanol under pressure
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Sen A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractOptimum reaction conditions for this synthesis have been evolved. The best catalyst used was nickel iodide supported on silica (Ni/SiO2 50:50). Besides methyl acrylate, the products obtained were acrylic acid, acetaldehyde, liquid hydrocarbons (acetylene polymers), CO2, ethylene, ethane and a trace of methane, and hydrogen. In addition resinous products were obtained (probably polymerised methyl acrylate) which led to low conversions and poor material balances. Possible mechanisms to account for the products are suggested.
Analysis of toxic gaseous combustion products
Authors: Fish A. , Franklin N. H. , Pollard R. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA rapid and accurate gas‐chromatographic method of analysis of toxic gases produced during the burning of solids containing chlorine has been developed. This technique enables chlorine, hydrogen chloride, phosgene, carbon dioxide and simple hydrocarbons to be estimated from a single sample; one further sample affords determination of carbon monoxide also.The method was applied to the combustion under a variety of conditions of temperature, oxygen availability and reaction time of a fire‐retardant building paper containing ∼20% of chlorine. Large quantities of carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride were produced, chlorine, carbon monoxide and phosgene being minor products. The results are compared with maximum permissible concentrations and their application to actual fires is discussed.
Thermal degradation of melamine‐formaldehyde resins
Authors: Moore W. R. , Donnelly E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThermal degradation of three melamine‐formaldehyde resins in air at temperatures from 150° to 350° has been studied by thermogravimetric and infra‐red analysis. Weight loss is markedly dependent on particle size and, for a given temperature and time, appears to increase with decreasing melamine/formaldehyde ratio. This suggests that degradation involves methylene and/or methylene ether bridges and possibly methylol groups. Below about 250° only these groups appear to be involved and fairly high initial rates of weight loss are followed by decreased rates of loss. At 250° an increased rate of loss follows the initial rate. This is accompanied by a decrease in infra‐red absorption associated with the triazine ring and one of the products of decomposition is melamine. Above 250° breakdown of methylene and/or methylene ether bridges and loss of melamine occur together from the start of heating.
Variation in concentration of some tar constituents in coke‐oven gas
Authors: Girling G. W. , Ormerod E. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe variation in concentration of some constituents of tar in coke‐oven gas during the carbonising cycle has been investigated. The gas was sampled from the ascension pipe of the oven and examined by gas‐liquid chromatography for eleven hydrocarbons boiling in the range 180 to 340°. The concentrations of naphthalene and phenanthrene increased to maxima late in the cycle; those of methyl‐ and some dimethyl‐naphthalenes reached maxima early in the cycle.
Extraction of thorium from nitric acid solutions by some cyclohexyl‐ and benzyl‐alkylamines
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe partition of thorium between nitric acid solutions and the solutions of some cyclohexyl‐ and benzyl‐alkylamines in benzene has been investigated at different concentrations of nitric acid and solvent, and at different temperatures. The extraction of nitric acid by these amines in benzene has also been examined. Further an infra‐red spectral study has been made of the organic solutions obtained. The mechanism of thorium extraction in this system is discussed on the basis of the results obtained.
Decomposition of methyl oleate hydroperoxide on the celite/dinitrophenylhydrazine‐hydrochloric acid column
Authors: Horikx M. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe hydroperoxides in oxidised methyl oleate can be converted in high yield into the dinitro‐phenylhydrazones of aldehydes and aldehyde esters by reaction on a Celite/dinitrophenylhydrazine‐hydrochloric acid column. The aldehydes and aldehyde esters formed are the same as those produced during the thermal decomposition of methyl oleate hydroperoxide.The dinitrophenylhydrazones of unsaturated conjugated C18 keto esters are also formed.
Sorption of water on compacts of bottle‐hydrated cement. II. Thermodynamic considerations and theory of volume change
Authors: Feldman R. F. , Sereda P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order that the hydrated‐cement—water sorption may be adequately analysed, two thermodynamic processes connected with the material, encountered in adsorption, are discussed.The B.E.T. surface area computed by the use of a modified form of the Gibbs adsorption equation, is found to be in close agreement with the value obtained by an experimental method of determining zero adsorbed water. The surface area calculated from the pore‐size distribution is also in agreement with these values. It is found that over the range of vapour pressures from 0 to 25% the Gibbs adsorption and Bangham equations are obeyed.Beyond 25% R.H. physical adsorption and the readmittance of the interlayer hydrate water of tricalcium silicate occur simultaneously. The secondary hysteresis observed in the sorption isotherm and other anomalies previously observed in the system are explained with these data.Mechanisms of volume changes for the whole extent of the isotherm are presented; thermodynamic equations are applied to different regions of the isotherm to express the volume change and spreading force developed in the system during sorption. These are compared with those used in other volume‐change mechanisms described for this system and the thermodynamic consistency of these is discussed. Calculations of Young's modulus from the above equations lead to the conclusion that the values obtained are for the individual elements of the body and that as such they will yield values larger than those obtained for the body as a whole.
An improved method for the calculation of pore size distribution from adsorption data
Authors: Dollimore D. , Heal G. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method for calculating the pore size distribution from adsorption isotherms on porous solids is described, which is more exact and less tedious to use than some previously described methods. The method of compiling tables for calculation is shown and an example of such a calculation is given.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. XII. Hydration of dolomitic lime
Authors: Glasson D. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDolomitic lime samples differing widely in surface activity (specific surface, 5–65 m.2g.−1) have been ‘dry’ hydrated by exposure to water vapour at 22° and ‘wet’ hydrated by liquid water at 22° and 95°.In general, the calcium oxide hydrates much more rapidly than the magnesium oxide in the dolimes. During the ‘dry’ hydration of dolime, the calcium hydroxide impedes subsequent hydration of the magnesium oxide. In the ‘wet’ hydrations, changes in surface area and crystal structure resemble those during the separate hydration of lime and magnesia.
Catalytic vapour‐phase transformation of isoquinoline to phthalimide
Authors: Ray S. K. , Murty G. S. , Kulsrestha G. N. , Rao H. Shreepathi , Lahiri A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCatalytic oxidation of isoquinoline yields phthalimide (major product) and smaller amounts of pyridine and hydrogen cyanide. The reaction mechanism is discussed.
The action of oxygen on amino‐acids in relation to self‐heating of moist wool
Authors: Rothbaum H. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe chemical reactions responsible for heating of moist wool above the maximum temperature at which bacteria metabolise, have been investigated. A model system with glycine spread on the surface of asbestos gave large heat outputs in oxygen at 90°, when the R.H. was above 60%. The reaction was studied with radioactive glycine, and was shown to be a decarboxylation‐oxidation reaction producing water‐soluble polymers.Similar reactions are shown by other organic compounds with functional groups involving oxygen or nitrogen and probably also provide the heat in the ‘wet combustion’ process for sewage treatment. In particular, moist wool oxidises exothermally in oxygen at 90°, giving large amounts of water‐soluble products which lower the equilibrium R.H. and therefore the thermal conductivity of wet wool.It was also found that glycine and wool decompose to a small extent in nitrogen at 90°, but no significant amounts of heat are produced by this reaction if no oxidation has taken place previously.
Retardation of water evaporation by the monolayers of octadecyl alcohol and of its condensation products with ethylene glycol
Authors: Shukla R. N. , Kulkarni S. B. , Gharpurey M. K. , Biswas A. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRetardation of the evaporation of water by monolayers of octadecyl alcohol, and of the compounds formed by condensing 1, 2 and 3 ethylene oxide molecules with octadecyl alcohol and of a few typical mixtures of these was investigated in the temperature range of 20°–40°. A very good retardation was obtained with the monoethylene oxide condensation product, while the triethylene oxide product was much inferior. Mixed monolayers, even those containing the latter, gave good retardation.
Alkyloxymethyl ethers of sucrose and glucose as surfactants
Authors: Ames G. R. , Blackmore Hazel M. , King T. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlkyl chloromethyl ethers react with excess of sucrose in dimethylformamide solution to give, under suitable conditions, mono‐ and di‐alkyloxymethyl ethers. Certain of these compounds have shown a high degree of surface activity and, in the presence of conventional builders, of detergency. In laboratory detergency tests they were more effective than sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate. The properties of some glucose alkyloxymethyl ethers are also reported.
Thermal transformation of alumina trihydrate, hydrargillite
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe thermal transformation of hydrargillite (alumina trihydrate) prepared by seeded decomposition of sodium aluminate solution to α‐alumina has been studied by X‐ray diffraction and infra‐red spectra.It is concluded that the thermal transformation of hydrargillite proceeds in the following sequence: magnified image
Thermal decomposition of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate
Authors: Hartland S. , Nesbitt R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSamples of uranyl nitrate hexahydrate weighing between 3·5 and 14·7 mg. were decomposed in a hot air stream flowing at 455–673 cm./sec. and at temperatures between 100 and 350°. Values of percentage weight‐loss for various reaction times were obtained. The decomposition, which involved several phase changes, was also followed visually by means of a colour cine film.The results between 200° and 350° suggest that decomposition proceeds by way of two first‐order reactions:magnified imageandmagnified imagewhere k1 is much greater than k2.These results do not agree with those of previous workers who used larger samples and lower gas flow rates and did not work in a purely chemical regime.
Performance of turbine impellers in sparger‐aerated fermentation vessels
Authors: Blakebrough N. , Sambamurthy K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe gas‐handling capacity and influence on mass transfer of turbine impellers have been investigated in baffled 5–1, vessels, mainly in a three‐phase mixture containing a high proportion of fibrous solids. The ability of the impellers to disperse the gas was strongly dependent on the speed of rotation and to a smaller extent on blade size. In the non‐Newtonian systems investigated, the correlation of mass transfer and ‘impeller factor’ showed two regions which were characterised by different constants of proportionality. Within each region, mass transfer was directly related to the impeller factor, regardless of the impeller design. The range of power inputs of importance in many industrial fermentation processes lies in the region characterised by the lower constant of proportionality. It is suggested that bubble coalescence is the dominant factor limiting impeller performance in this region.When the baffles were not in contact with the walls of the vessels, partially‐baffled conditions were produced in Newtonian systems of low viscosity. This resulted in a reduction of the power required for a given rate of mass transfer. This advantage was less marked in non‐Newtonian systems.
Characteristics of porous cellulose acetate membranes for the separation of some inorganic salts in aqueous solution
Authors: Sourirajan S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperimental results are presented to illustrate the effect of operating variables on the separation and flow characteristics of porous S & S cellulose acetate membranes. The results are discussed from the point of view of the preferential sorption and capillary flow mechanism, together with the concept of related and unrelated solution systems.
Surface properties of precipitated alumina. V. A radiochemical investigation of chloride‐ion contamination
Authors: Lucas J. W. , Newton G. W. , Sing K. S. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRadiochemical exchange experiments (using 36C1−) have been conducted on ‘hydrous’ alumina precipitates containing chloride ions. The precipitates have been prepared in two ways: (a) by reacting aluminium chloride and sodium hydroxide under controlled conditions of pH, concentration and flow rate, and (b) by the hydrolysis of aluminium s‐butoxide across a benzene‐water interface, with chloride ions added to the aqueous medium. All precipitates were washed and dried at room temperature and portions of some were heated at a series of temperatures up to 1000°.The radiochemical investigations have revealed that most of the chloride ions held by the precipitates are readily accessible; some of these ions are transferred to the exchange solution and the remainder are available for rapid exchange. Important differences are, however, evident between the two types of precipitate: the fractional surface coverage by the chloride ions, Øc1, calculated from the amount exchanged and the BET surface area, is reasonably constant and close to unity only in the case of the class (a) precipitates. It is suggested that the chloride ions in these samples are present in the form of a well‐defined monolayer, but that the chloride ions held by the class (b) precipitates are probably clustered in the pores of the solid. The Øc1 = 1 relation is maintained with heat treatment of the class (a) precipitates up to at least‐60° and is associated with a relatively low degree of thermal ageing.
Dealkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: Harrisson R. J. , Brooks J. D. , McG. Bowling K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA description is given of a thermal dealkylation process in which hydrocarbon vapours and hydrogen are passed through a reactor containing a relatively small incandescent metal surface. No catalyst is required and the reaction proceeds satisfactorily at atmospheric pressure.Particular attention has been given to the dealkylation of toluene, but other compounds, commercial mixtures of wider boiling range, and even neutral tars, have also been dealkylated. Several distinct types of reactor have been developed and tested to evaluate the potential of the process for larger‐scale operation and eventual practical application.The effects of the principal operating variables have been studied, and the types and yields of products determined over a wide range of conditions. Preliminary data on energy consumption are given.
Extraction of uranium (VI) from nitric acid solutions by long‐chain aliphatic amines
Authors: Sato Taichi 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe partition of uranium (VI) between nitric acid solutions and organic solutions of long‐chain aliphatic amines has been investigated at different concentrations of nitric acid and solvent, and at different temperatures. The effects of amine structure and of organic solvent and the mechanism of uranium extraction are discussed on the basis of the results obtained. It is postulated, from infrared spectroscopy measurements, that the complex formed in the extraction of uranium (VI) from nitric acid solution by tri‐n‐dodecylamine in benzene is a nitrato complex of uranium.
Vapour‐liquid equilibria in the system ethanol‐benzene‐cyclohexane
Authors: Deshpande A. K. , Lu B. C.‐Y. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractVapour‐liquid equilibrium data were determined at atmospheric pressure for the system ethanolbenzene‐cyclohexane using a modified Gillespie still. The thermodynamic consistency of the data was tested by the Li & Lu method.
The roasting of copper sulphides. II. Natural copper sulphides
Authors: Razouk R. I. , Kolta G. A. , Mikhail R. Sh. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEarlier work on the roasting of precipitated copper sulphide has been extended to comprise a study of the roasting of covellite and chalcopyrite concentrates. It is found that the mechanism of roasting of covellite does not differ from that of precipitated sulphide proposed earlier. In case of chalcopyrite, sulphatation of iron takes place more readily than that of copper, but above 450° interaction between the formed ferric sulphate and copper oxide leads to the production of copper sulphate in increasing quantities. Above 600° both sulphates decompose to yield the corresponding oxides which react together at 900° to form cupric ferrite.
Use of a wetted‐wall column for the examination of a reacting gas‐liquid system in a packing
Authors: Thomas W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA wetted‐wall column is used to determine the values of HOL and KLa for the flow of a viscous cuprous ammonium lactate solution countercurrent to a H2/CO gas mixture.Kapitsa's equation is used to calculate the value of the interfacial area on the rippled liquid surface. Values of KL are calculated and the effects of liquid and gas flow on KL are determined. It is shown that there is a significant effect of gas flow even though the absorption is liquid film controlled.With a viscous solution the wetted‐wall column can simulate conditions in a packing. The results from the wetted‐wall and packed towers are examined by a new method to obtain the degree of wetting of the packing while mass transfer is occurring.
Thermodynamic properties of phosphorus compounds. II. Low‐temperature heat capacity and entropy of sodium mono‐, di‐, and tri‐phosphates
Authors: Andon R. J. L. , Counsell J. F. , Martin J. F. , Mash C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHeat capacities from 10–320°K of nine sodium phosphates have been measured by adiabatic calorimetry and the entropies of the compounds have been calculated. The values of S298 found were: NaH2PO4 30.47; Na2HPO4 35.97; Na3PO4 41.54; Na2H2P2O7 52.63; Na4P2O7 64.60; Na3P3O9 68.47; Na5P3O10.6H2O146.1; Na5P3O10 (I) 91.25; Na5P3O10 (II) 87.37 cal/deg. mole. The estimation of thermodynamic properties of other sodium phosphates is discussed.
Effect of vanadium pentoxide (and other transition metal oxides) on gas‐phase combustion. III. The isobutene‐oxygen system
Authors: Matthews C. J. , Tipper C. F. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe slow combustion of isobutene at 320–360° in a static system, using vessels coated with vanadium pentoxide, molybdenum oxide and bismuthphosphomolybdate, has been studied. No pressure decrease and little autocatalysis was observed. The maximum rate of oxidation in a V2O5‐coated vessel was independent of isobutene pressure and of added inert gas pressure, but depended markedly on the oxygen pressure. The overall activation energy was about 28 kcal/mole. The main products were CO, CO2 and H2O and there was less acetone, methacrolein, isobutyraldehyde and formic acid. Packing the V2O5‐coated vessel reduced the rate of consumption of isobutene considerably. With a MoO3‐coating the yields of organic products were generally greater and those of carbon oxides were less. With a bismuthphosphomolybdate coating the yield of methacrolein was higher than with other surfaces and that of isobutyraldehyde was lower.Possible homogeneous and heterogeneous processes in the oxidation mechanism are discussed. It is concluded that most of the isobutene was consumed in the propagation steps of an unbranched chain reaction, initiation being homogeneous and termination heterogeneous. However, some direct heterogeneous oxidation of the olefin occurred, and the methacrolein was formed by oxidative dehydrogenation of the isobutyraldehyde at the surface.
Effect of vanadium pentoxide (and other transition metal oxides) on gas‐phase combustion. IV. oxidation of isobutyraldehyde and related compounds
Authors: Matthews C. J. , Tipper C. F. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe slow combustion of isobutyraldehyde at 290–330° in a static system, using vessels coated with vanadium pentoxide, molybdenum oxide and bismuthphosphomolybdate, has been studied. Some results have also been obtained with isobutene oxide, isobutyric acid, propionaldehyde and n‐butyraldehyde. A rapid oxidation of isobutyraldehyde occurred at 320°, the initial rate with the phosphomolybdate coating depending markedly on both the aldehyde and oxygen pressures and the overall activation energy being 23 kcal/mole. High yields of methacrolein were obtained using this coating, but much lower ones with the V2O5and MoO3surfaces, considerable quantities of other products such as acetone being formed. Using the phosphomolybdate‐coated vessel much the same analytical results were obtained with isobutene oxide (as with isobutyraldehyde) and quite a high initial yield of methacrylic acid was obtained from isobutyric acid oxidation. However, with the straight‐chain aldehydes, little of the corresponding unsaturated aldehydes was formed.The oxidative dehydrogenation probably occurred on the surface and involved an allyl type intermediate. The reaction was most likely with carbonyl compounds of the structure R1R2CHC(R3)CO. With isobutyraldehyde, bismuth phosphomolybdate was an active catalyst and specific towards methacrolein formation, while MoO3was not very active but probably quite specific and V2O5was active but not very specific.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. XVIII. Production of plasters
Authors: Glasson D. R. , O'Neill P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConditions for production of plasters are surveyed in relation to variations in phase composition, surface area and crystallite size.The commercially known α‐ and β‐hemihydrate plasters prepared by autoclaving and dry calcination are not two distinct phases—they differ in crystal habit, surface area, crystallite size and lattice perfection. The terminal β‐hemihydrate and γ‐CaSO4 produced in vacuo have greater surface areas than samples produced in air.The most active γ‐CaSO4 (Class C plaster) samples are finely porous and rapidly rehydrate in atmospheric water vapour with considerable loss of surface area and porosity. ‘Wet’ rehydration (liquid water) or γ‐CaSO4 causes more rapid development of the 6.01 Å (10.10) spacing, in accord with the c‐direction elongation of the ‘α’‐hemihydrate crystals prepared by autoclaving or precipitation from 50% HNO3.The porosity of the γ‐CaSO4 diminishes considerably between 200° and 300°, but remains to a smaller extent up to 500° when the γ‐CaSO4 has changed to β‐CaSO4, anhydrite (Class D plaster). Anhydrite sintered extensively between 500° and 900° before decomposing to lime at temperatures up to 1400° (Estrich Gips plaster). Removal of the SO2 and O2 is facilitated by streams of nitrogen or carbon dioxide, which increases the decomposition rate. Calcination at temperatures below 1200° gives anhydrite and lime crystals of more comparable sizes, and avoids complete ‘dead‐burning’ of the lime.