bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of the use of gas chromatography of cuticular hydrocarbons for identifying members of the Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) complex
Authors: Milligan P.J.M. , Phillips A. , Broomfield G. , Molyneux D.H. , Touré Y. , Coluzzi M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCuticular hydrocarbons were analysed by gas chromatography (GC) in 564 specimens of the Anopheles gambiae Giles complex from several West African sites, to determine whether individual A. gambiae sensu stricto and A. arabiensis Patton can be reliably identified, and to investigate the extent to which distinct chromosomal forms of A. gambiae sensu stricto, which are ecologically restricted as well as in some cases sexually isolated, can be distinguished by their cuticular hydrocarbons. Sympatric A. arabiensis and A. gambiae sensu stricto at Banambani, Mali could be distinguished with 90% correct identifications using the concentrations of four hydrocarbons in a linear discriminant function, but at a second site in Moribabougou, Mali, A. arabiensis was indistinguishable from a small sample of Bamako form of A. gambiae sensu stricto. Sympatric chromosomal forms of A. gambiae sensu stricto could be separated and clearest differences were found between the Mopti and Bamako forms. Direct gene flow between these forms has been found to be completely lacking despite partial intergradation of each form with the savanna form. Ethological isolating mechanisms between these forms have not however been demonstrated. Estimates of the rates of misclassification between the savanna form and the Mopti and Bamko forms reflect the degree of integradation observed amongst these forms by analysis of karyotype frequency in the wild. Discrimination was poor when an allopatric sample of the Mopti form was compared with other samples. An overall test shows that the proportion of correct classifications in discriminant analysis tends to be higher between sympatric than between allopatric populations; however, more extensive sampling would be needed for a rigorous test. The involvement of cuticular hydrocarbons in specific mate recognition systems is discussed.
The distribution of the tsetse flies Glossina morsitans submorsitans and G. palpalis gambiensis (Diptera: Glossinidae) in The Gambia and the application of survey results to tsetse and trypanosomiasis control
Authors: Rawlings P. , Ceesay M.L. , Wacher T.J. , Snow W.F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA country-wide survey of the distribution of tsetse flies Glossina morsitans submorsitans Newstead and G. palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank was carried out in The Gambia, during 1989–1990, using box traps at 1654 sites over an area of 10,000 km2 The general distribution of tsetse had changed little during the last 45 years. G. m. submorsitans was present in dry, canopied woodland throughout most of the country, but was absent from an area south of the River Gambia stretching from the coast to some 100 km inland. G. p. gambiensis occurred in evergreen forest and woodland near the coast, and in riparian habitats along the length of the River Gambia and its major tributaries. Nowhere in the country was more than 20 km from tsetse-infested areas. Five major foci of G. m. submorsitans infestation were identified. Demographic, climatic and environmental factors affect tsetse populations in The Gambia, but it is expected that these foci of infestation will persist for at least the next 5–10 years. The numbers of tsetse trapped, expressed as relative densities, were used to assess the extent and severity of losses from trypanosomiasis to different categories of livestock. Survey results such as these could be used to assess whether control measures to reduce tsetse challenge are likely to be economically viable by using techniques such as insecticide-impregnated targets, pour-ons or chemotherapy.
The fate of released parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Aphidiinae) for biological control of aphids in Chile
Authors: Starý Petr 
Published: July 2009

AbstractResearch on aphid-parasitoid associations was carried out in Chile in 1979–80 and 1991–92 on the biological control of the cereal aphid pests Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker), Sitobion avenae (Fabricius), and Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko). The introduced parasitoid species, Aphidius ervi Haliday, A. rhopalosiphi De Stefani Perez, A. smithi Sharma & Subba Rao, A. uzbekistanicus Luzhetski, Ephedrus cerasicola Starý, E. nacheri QuilisPerez, E. plagiator (Nees), Monoctonus nervosus (Haliday), Prnon gallicum Starý, P. volucre (Haliday) were all recovered in cereal and other ecosystems. Most of the parasitoids had adapted well and some of them had even extended their host range; ecological relationships were all found to extend beyond those of the target pests. The parasitoid complex, which had developed from the indigenous and introduced species, was found to be successful in preventive biocontrol and the endemic fauna of Chile was not affected.
Parasites of the Moth-Borers of Sugar-cane in Mauritius
Authors: Moutia L. Andre , Courtois Claude. M. 
Published: July 2009

There are three moth-borers of sugar-cane in Mauritius, Proceras sacchariphagus Boj. (Crambid.), Sesamia vuteria (Stoll) (Agrotid.) and Olethreutes schistaceana (Snell.) (Olethreutid.).The eggs of all three are parasitised by Trichogramma sp. ? australicum Gir., while a second undetermined species of Trichogramma parasitises the eggs of Sesamia and Olethreutes. Sesamia eggs are also parasitised by a Scelionid, Platytelenomus sp. ? hylas Nixon.
The Ecology of Epidemic Sleeping Sickness II.—The Effects of an Epidemic.
Authors: Morris K. R. S. 
Published: July 2009

The most obvious effect of sleeping sickness is depopulation, which can be occasioned directly, through mortality from the disease, and indirectly, through a lowering of the reproductive rate of a community because of induced sterility and increased infant mortality.The problem was studied in the north of the Gold Coast and the neighbouring French Upper Volta Territory, where severe epidemics have occurred, in localised form since at least the middle of last century, and in widespread form during the past 30 years. The vectors have been the riverine tsetse Glossina palpalis and G.tachinoides.A close correlation was found to exist between the incidence of sleeping sickness
and the population trend with a marked depopulating effect coming in at infection
rates above 3 per cent. It was also found that both the rates of trypanosomiasis infection and the extent of depopulation showed closely similar relationships to the proximity of affected villages to the nearest flybelt.
On the Control by Insecticides Of Heteronychus consimilis Kolbe (Dynastidae), A serious Pest Of Wheat in Kenya
Authors: LePelley R. H. , Goddard W. H. 
Published: July 2009

Insecticidal treatments against Heteronychus consimilis Kolbe, a serious pest of wheat in Kenya, killed large numbers of adults and markedly reduced the damagedone by them. Subsequent damage by larvae was prevented.The most effective of the treatments tested were aldrin at 7.2 oz. per acre applied with the fertiliser, BHC in the form of Mergamma A applied as a seed dressing at 3¼ oz. per acre, and BHC in the form of Agrocide 7 applied as a seed dressing at 3¼ lb. per acre. The best treatments resulted in considerable increases in yield and gave promise of effective practical control on a large scale.
Effects of parasites and predators on the cereal aphids Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.) (Hem., Aphididae)
Authors: Dean G. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn a study of aphids and their parasites, hyperparasites and predators in a field of cereals at Rothamsted Experimental Station in 1970–71, samples were taken by counting specimens in 0·3-m lengths of row and by means of a suction trap set 12·2 m above ground and 0·5 km away from the field. Migrant aphids (Metopolophium dirhodum (Wlk.) and Macrosiphum avenae (F.)) and Braconid parasites (Aphidius spp., Ephedrus plagiator (Nees) and Praon volucre (Hal.)) were caught from April–May to August–September, with most from mid-June to August, whereas hyperparasites (Phaenoglyphis sp., Lygocerus aphidivorus Kieff., Asaphes vulgaris Wlk., Coruna clavata Wlk. and Alloxysta sp.) occurred for more of the year. Of the six parasite species attacking aphids on cereals in 1970–71, three Aphidius spp. were more common than E. plagiator and Praon volucre. Parasitism was higher and aphids were fewer in 1971 than in 1970. In the field, more than 80% of the mummies were of old nymphs; parasitism of live old nymphs and apterae was similar, larger than for alatae, and larger for Metopolophium dirhodum than for Macrosiphum avenae. Hyperparasitism by five species affected parasitism, especially in 1970. Migrant Coccinellids were trapped at the start and end of aphid infestations on cereals, Syrphids mainly in July and August, and other predators for longer. The commonest predators were Coccinella septempunctata L. and Propylea quatuordecimpunctata L. in 1970 and Syrphus balteatus (Deg.) in 1971; the others were scarce. July populations of aphids were primarily reduced by the Syrphids.
The Pattern of spontaneous activity in the tsetse flyGlossina morsitansWestw. (Diptera, Glossinidae) at low temperatures
Authors: Brady John 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe pattern of spontaneous activity of the tsetse flyGlossina morsitansWestw. was measured in LD 12:12 at constant low temperature. At 22°C the typical V-shaped pattern was unchanged; at 19°C, when activity was reduced to five flights per day, the morning arm of the V was retained but the evening one suppressed. Cold therefore changes the shape of the endogenous rhythm only slightly, and its effects in the field must concern activity level rather than pattern. Examination of the published data shows that the correlation of field activity with temperature is not as good as is generally supposed.
Descriptions of the larvae of some rhinoceros beetles (Col., Scarabaeidae, Dynastinae) associated with coconut palms in New Guinea
Authors: Bedford G. O. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThird-stage larvae of the following species of Dynastidae associated with coconut palms are described:Xylotrupes gideon(L.) (including four subspecies,X. g. ulysses(Guérin),X. g. szekessyiEndrődi,X. g. beckeriSchaufuss andX. g. asperulusMinck), Scapanes australis (Boisduval) (including three subspecies,S. a. grossepunctatusSternberg,S. a. salomonensisSternberg andS. a. australis(Boisduval)),Trichogomphus fairmaireiArrow,Oryctes rhinoceros(L.),O. centaurusSternberg,Oryctoderus latitarsisBoisduval andOryctoderussp. (eitherO. coronatusBates orO. godeffroyi(Fairmaire). A key to species, based on larval characters, is included. Some small differences, particularly in setation, were found among the four subspecies ofX. gideonexamined, and differences in setation of the abdominal segments were found betweenS. a. grossepunctatusandS. a. salomonesison the one hand, andS. a. australison the other.
The dietary effect of windbreak pollens on longevity and fecundity of a predacious mite Euseius addoensis addoensis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) found in citrus orchards in South Africa
Authors: Grout T.G. , Richards R.I. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe predacious mite Euseius addoensis addoensis (McMurtry) is an important predator of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips aurantii Faure, and Tetranychid mites on citrus in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa. It can also survive and reproduce on certain pollens. In this study, pollen collected from windbreaks commonly used around citrus orchards, was compared with that from Carpobrotus muirii (Mesembryanthemaceae) as a food source for predacious mites. Bioassays were conducted in the laboratory using a leaf-disk technique and both mite mortality and fecundity were recorded through one generation. Casuarina cunninghamiana (Casuarinaceae) was the only windbreak tested that produced pollen capable of sustaining E. a. addoensis for a generation with fecundity similar to that obtained with Carpobrotus muirii. Pollens collected from Pinus radiata (Pinaceae), Cupressus arizonica, C. goveniana and C. torulosa (Cupressaceae) were unsuitable. Casuarina spp. windbreaks may therefore help to maintain predacious mite populations during autumn when natural sources of prey are diminishing.
The ability of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acarina: Ixodidae) stocks in Kenya to become infected with Theileria parva
Authors: Kubasu S.S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEight steers of European breed, Bos taurus type which were shown to be negative for antibodies against Theileria parva, were divided into two groups of four animals each. Animals in one group were inoculated with 0.5 ml undiluted tick-derived T. p. parva Muguga strain and animals in the other group were inoculated with 1 ml undiluted tick-derived T. p. parva Kilae strain to infect them. The two infected groups of cattle were simultaneously infested with uninfected nymphal Rhipicephalus appendiculatus Neumann in separate cloth patches. Ticks were from five populations, i.e., four from different geographical zones in Kenya and one laboratory population, in separate cloth patches. After moulting, the adult ticks were fed on rabbits for three days and their salivary glands were examined by microscopy for infective stages of the parasite. This revealed significant differences in the five populations as regards to their susceptibility to Theileria parva parasites.
Oviposition, larval arrest and establishment of Chilo partellus (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on maize genotypes during anthesis
Authors: Kumar Harish 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe oviposition, larval arrest and establishment by the stem borer Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) were measured on different maize genotypes during anthesis. The maize genotypes tested were: Inbred A (Susceptible), Mp 704, MBR-8637, MBR-8650, MBR-8668, Poza Rica 7832, ER-29 SVR, Katumani Composite B, MMV 400, Bulk CG 4141, and ICZ2-CM. The moths oviposited on the middle leaves of the plant and the neonate larvae moved to leaf sheaths and ear husks to feed (arrest). As they grew older, the larvae invaded the stem, ear shanks and tassel to complete feeding (establishment) and to pupate. The response of the stem borer differed with resistant and susceptible maize genotypes at anthesis. More eggs were laid and larval arrest was higher on the susceptible than on resistant genotypes. Genotypes also differed in the resistance of feeding sites to larval establishment; the genotype Poza Rica 7832 showed resistance to larval establishment in the stems and ears, but the shank was heavily infested. By contrast, MBR 8637 showed greater resistance to larval establishment in the shank than the other genotypes. These resistance sources could be utilized effectively in a maize breeding programme to develop varieties with moderate to high levels of resistance at all potential feeding sites.
Biology and climatic requirements of Perapion antiquum (Coleoptera: Apionidae) in southern Africa: implications for the biological control of Emexspp. in Australia
Authors: Scott John K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe potential distribution of the South African weevil, Perapion antiquum (Gyllenhal), a biological control agent for the weeds Emex spp., was deter mined by the computer program CLIMEX, using its native distribution, phenology and abundance together with development parameters. The predicted distribution included parts of Hawaii where the weevil successfully controlled Emex australis and E. spinosa. In Australia, sites of past unsuccessful releases have climates that this analysis indicates are unsuitable for the insect. The most favourable regions for establishment of the weevil are near the coast in the southern half of Australia, but most of these do not overlap with regions where Emex spp. are a problem. In western Cape Province, South Africa, E. australis plants are abundant and the weevil attacks the plant after seeds have formed. In Hawaii, a fortuitous combination of climatic conditions favours the weevil during the period after seed germination, and this may be the key to its control of the weed. Sites with climatic conditions similar to successful control sites in Hawaii are not found in Australia. It was concluded that P. antiquum will be of limited use as a biological control agent in Australia even in areas suitable for its establishment.
Studies on egg predation by ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) especially on the eucalyptus borer Phoracantha semipunctata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Portugal
Authors: Way M.J. , Cammell M.E. , Paiva M.R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIridomyrmex humilis (Mayr) and some other ants, through preference, efficient foraging and recruitment, quickly removed artificially exposed batches of insect eggs including those of the serious pest of eucalyptus, Phoracantha semipunctata (Fabricius). This supports evidence of the importance of some ants as predators of the many insects that lay freely exposed eggs. However, P. semipunctata normally lays eggs in peeling bark crevices where the approximately 60% laid within gaps less than ca. 0.65 mm wide could not be reached even by small ants such as I. humilis and Pheidole pallidula (Nyland-er). In tree trunks, which can become heavily infested after felling, egg predation by ants seems unimportant compared with the later large mortality of competing larvae, so, egg predation cannot account for the observed striking positive correlation between presence of I. humilis and lack of Phoracantha semipunctata damage to standing trees. Egg predation and other effects of I. humilis may be more important on living trees which are attacked initially by relatively few P. semipunctata. This needs more detailed investigation as do the overall egg predatory roles of ant species in biological control.
Partners in biological control of cocoa pests: Mutualism betweenDolichoderus thoracicus(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) andCataenococcus hispidus(Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Ho C.T. , Khoo K.C. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe observed mutualistic relationship between the black cocoa antDolichoderus thoracicus(Smith) and the mealybugCataenococcus hispidus(Morrison) was examined. The importance ofC. hispidustoD. thoracicusas a food source was investigated by givingD. thoracicusaccess toC. hispidusonly, toC. hispidusand other food sources, and denying access to any obvious food sources.Dolichoderus thoracicuswas seen to depend onC. hispidusalone as a source of food over an eight-week period of observation without showing ill effects. The role ofD. thoracicusin spreadingC. hispiduswas studied in an experiment consisting of combinations ofD. thoracicusandC. hispidusexclusion. It was shown thatD. thoracicuswas responsible for carryingC. hispidusacross a ‘mealybug excluder’. Data on the frequency and duration of transport ofC. hispidusbyD. thoracicuswere obtained by direct observation for a total of 90 h over 17 days. Both adults and nymphs ofC. hispiduswere carried byD. thoracicuswith its mandibles in a brief and erratic manner, in the general direction of the trail. Such transportation is nevertheless considered to be important in view of the large number of individuals ofD. thoracicusmoving along a trail. The close mutualistic relationship betweenD. thoracicusandC. hispidusreiterates the necessity to manipulate both organisms for control of cocoa pests.
Low temperature mortality and overwintering of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: McDonald J.R. , Bale J.S. , Walters K.F.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe UK glasshouses in which the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is prevalent offer protection from adverse winter conditions. As such, F. occidentalis may not have been exposed to selection for cold tolerance that would allow successful overwintering in the field. In this study, the cold tolerance of larval and adult F. occidentalis has been assessed in the laboratory. Both age groups show pre-freeze mortality in chronic and acute cold exposures though adults are more cold hardy. Larvae and adults are both able to increase their cold tolerance in response to a combination of lower temperatures and decreased photoperiod. Field experimentation confirmed that F. occidentalis is unlikely to survive for the duration of a harsh UK winter, but a level of cold tolerance that would be adequate for survival in mild winters or for short exposures at sub-zero temperatures was observed.
Photoperiodic termination of diapause in field-collected adults of the Bombay locust, Nomadacris succincta (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in southern Japan
Authors: Tanaka S. , Sadoyama Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe role of photoperiod in controlling the termination of adult diapause in the Bombay locust, Nomadacris succincta Linnaeus (formerly Patanga succincta) was examined by exposing pairs of field-collected adults to different photoperiods at 30°C. Adults of this species appear in June and remain in diapause until March in the following spring. Female adults collected in November started laying eggs earlier at a 14 h photoperiod (L:D 14:10) than at a 12 h photoperiod (L:D 12:12), although the mean pre-ovipositional periods at the two photoperiods were not significantly different from each other. All first egg-pods produced by long-day females contained fertilized eggs while only some short-day pairs produced fertilized eggs in their first pod, indicating that mating was suppressed at a short photoperiod. In adults collected in January and exposed to a 10 h photoperiod (L:D 10:14), the mean time of first oviposition was significantly delayed compared to those exposed to a 14 h photoperiod. These results demonstrate that N. succincta uses daylength as a cue to control the time of diapause termination in the field. The time interval between the first and second egg-pod depositions was influenced not only by the physiological state of the females but also by the environmental conditions, i.e. photoperiod, and it was positively correlated with the length of pre-ovipositional period. The occurrence of a change in host preference by diapause adults and its ecological significance were also pointed out.
Pear thripsTaeniothrips inconsequens(Thysanoptera: Thripidae) life history and population dynamics in sugar maple in Pennsylvania
Authors: Teulon D. A. J. , Leskey T. C. , Cameron E. A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe pear thripsTaeniothrips inconsequens(Uzel) was sampled for four years in a small sugar mapleAcer saccharumplantation in Centre County, Pennsylvania, USA. The life cycle ofT. inconsequenswas univoltine with the main period of emergence and flight from late March to mid May. Adults, eggs, and first and second instar larvae were associated with sugar maple budburst and early leaf development from late April to late May. Larval drop occurred from mid to late May. Mature second instar larvae, propupae, pupae and adults spent from June to March in the ground; development from larva to adult occurred between September and November. From March to May most (usually >90%) thrips adults and larvae sampled wereT. inconsequens.NoT. inconsequensmales were found. In soil samples taken in spring, summer and autumnT. inconsequenswere found to a depth of 50 cm but over 87% were in the top 20 cm. Almost noT. inconsequenswere found in the litter layer. Large variations inT. inconsequensadult emergence and larval drop were recorded. The most important contributing factors in fluctuations ofT. inconsequenspopulations were the length of sugar maple budburst, the degree of synchrony between thrips emergence and sugar maple budburst, and the occurence of sugar maple flowering.