bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jury Deliberations
Authors: Helm Rebecca K 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers how individual juror verdicts are combined to ultimately result in a jury verdict, and how this process can ameliorate or exacerbate weaknesses of individual juror decisions. While significantly less research has examined jury verdicts compared to individual juror verdicts, research highlights the importance of individual juror verdicts in predicting jury verdicts. The chapter begins by reviewing a range of existing research on factors that affect how individual juror impressions are translated into jury verdicts, complemented by research on group decision-making more generally. It then draws on this research, alongside an existing model of jury decision-making (the DISCUSS Model) and the Representation-Based Model of juror decision-making, to develop a proposed Representation-Based Model of the translation of individual preferences into jury verdicts. Referring to this model and existing work, the chapter assesses strengths and weaknesses of the deliberation process, and concludes with some notes on how knowledge relating to jury deliberation can be combined with knowledge about how jurors formulate initial impressions to feed into procedures designed to improve deliberations and, ultimately, to improve verdicts against proposed benchmarks.
Improving Juror Decisions
Authors: Helm Rebecca K 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter draws on the Representation-Based Model of juror decision-making and accompanying research discussed in this book to evaluate the consistency between theory relating to the jury and juror decision-making in practice. It then considers how interventions might improve juror decisions. Recommendations include changes to directions and guidance, changes to the way expert evidence is introduced, the utilization of targeted decision aids, the utilization of agreed questions for cross-examination, evidence-based rules on admissibility, and more careful design of legal standards. In some areas, discussions focus primarily on England and Wales, although some references are made to other jurisdictions, and many recommendations apply more broadly.
Improving Deliberations and Utilizing Other Decision-Makers
Authors: Helm Rebecca K 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses a range of interventions that have the potential to alter the way that individual preferences are translated into group verdicts and, as a result, to potentially change the impact of minority voices, and to promote the influence of those with the most appropriate contributions (rather than those with high social status or power). These interventions focus on increasing the diversity and representativeness of the jury, as well as ensuring that the most valuable contributions effectively feed through into ultimate decisions. The chapter then briefly outlines some examples where limitations of juror and jury decision-making mean that other decision-makers may be helpfully used to supplement the jury. It concludes with four final take-home messages relating to the recommendations in this chapter and the previous chapter, and highlights the fact that although juries can work, they have important weaknesses that should be addressed through evidence-based intervention.
Dowland
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Dowland celebrates the story of one of the most important, most studied, and most performed composers to emerge from early modern England. More than just a biography, this monograph contextualizes the geographical, political, religious, cultural, and musical aspects of the life of John Dowland (1563–1626). In doing so, the book provides a window into life as a musician in the Elizabethan-Jacobean era, illuminating the importance of social, courtly, and academic connections. The narrative follows a master lutenist, renowned for his virtuosic skills, on journeys to France, through the German and Italian lands, and into the Danish and English courts of Christian IV and James I, as he developed a musical style that was at once personal and cosmopolitan. Dowland also closely explores and contextualizes Dowland’s musical compositions, which consisted of lute song–airs, lute solos and duos, consort music, and psalm harmonizations. During his lifetime, the composer issued four songbooks, including the most successful secular music anthology of the era, a collection of consort music, and a theoretical translation, all printed in London. In these publications, Dowland utilized innovative print formats and set new standards for contemporary genres. Dowland’s music also appears in many other prints and manuscripts in both England and on the Continent, a testimony to his widespread appeal. As a complete record, Dowland captures the entrepreneurial resourcefulness of the foremost musician of his day, a performing composer who understood expected conventions, seized opportunities, and created a musical legacy that still stands firm four centuries after his death.
“Musicke, which from my childhoode I haue euer aymed at”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The year 1563, when John Dowland was born, witnessed a number of notable events in the early reign of Elizabeth I. Against this background, this chapter explores the England in which Dowland was born and raised. As nothing is known of Dowland’s life prior to circa 1579, his musical education must be envisioned on the basis of contemporaneous musical training practices. After an exploration of Dowland’s national origins, genealogy, and the reasons that birth records of the time can be elusive, a discussion of musical education and training in the Elizabethan era is presented with a focus on apprenticeship, the usual means by which sixteenth-century English instrumentalists, including lutenists, learned their craft. This type of preparation was necessary for Dowland’s future musical pursuits.
“I trauelled the chiefest parts of France”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Documentation of John Dowland’s first-known professional alliance points to about 1579, when the musician was employed in the entourage of Sir Henry Cobham, English Ambassador to France. Although little is known of the details of Dowland’s position or his daily activities, this chapter reconstructs the environment of Cobham’s embassy, known activities of the French court, and the musical atmosphere of Paris at the time, including consideration of important anthologies of French song published during the lutenist’s years there. All of these facets laid a foundation for Dowland’s future international and domestic activities. The chapter also provides an overview of Protestant-Catholic tensions at the time, both in England and in France, and introduces the circumstances of Dowland’s initial conversion to the Catholic faith.
“Enfranchisd in the ingenuous profession of Musicke”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the decade following John Dowland’s return to England from France, the musician established his reputation as England’s most accomplished lutenist through a series of achievements, most especially a Bachelor of Music degree granted by Christ Church, Oxford, and possible participation in a number of entertainments produced for presentation before Queen Elizabeth I when she was on progress or during festivities surrounding annual Accession Day tilts. One such occasion, which celebrated retiring “Knight of the Crown” Sir Henry Lee, featured songs with lyrics that later appear in Dowland’s lute song anthologies. This chapter considers paths taken to obtain baccalaureate degrees in late-fifteenth-century England and the associated value gained for those who completed requirements for the honor. It also explores performances of Dowland’s music before the queen. The chapter ends with consideration of Dowland’s application for a position in Queen Elizabeth’s court after the death of lutenist John Johnson, a post that was never granted to him, in his recollection because of perceptions of his Catholic faith.
“A man to serve any prince in the world”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the mid-1590s, after being rejected for a coveted position in Elizabeth I’s court, John Dowland traveled to the German-speaking lands, most notably visiting the courts of Heinrich Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg at Wolfenbüttel, and Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse at Kassel. These German rulers were part of a northern European Protestant network and closely connected through marital, geographical, and political alliances. In this chapter, primary and secondary source material, both historical and musical, is presented that examines the environments Dowland experienced. The text illuminates Dowland’s relationships with German nobles, musicians, and associates, including lutenist Gregory Howet, Alessandro Orologio, and organist Michael Praetorius, and considers his activities within these German courts. During this time Dowland also had his first opportunity to meet future employer Christian IV of Denmark.
“I founde the Cities furnisht with all good Artes”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
After his time in Germany, Dowland set forth on a trip to the Italian lands in 1595. Although few specifics are known of this journey, this chapter considers the musicians he may have met and other musical influences he may have experienced in the cities he stated he visited in his First Booke preface: Venice, Padua, Genoa, Ferrara, and Florence, cities known for both lute making and music printing. Among the known highlights of his tour were an introduction to Venetian composer Giovanni Croce and a performance before Grand Duke Ferdinando I de’ Medici in Florence. A primary purpose of Dowland’s trip was ostensibly to meet and study with composer Luca Marenzio, who resided in Rome. The goal of connecting in person with the great Italian madrigalist, however, was never realized, and Dowland was diverted along his path by papist sympathizers. An awareness of the predicament in which he found himself, one that might have been perceived as disloyalty to the English crown, precipitated a lengthy letter from Dowland to Robert Cecil, English Secretary of State. In this important piece of correspondence, now housed in the Cecil Papers in the Hatfield House Archives, Dowland divulged his activities, put forth a great deal of biographical information, and pled for understanding from his countryman.
“You shall not neede to doubt of satisfaction here”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
At some time after his 1595 Italian travels, Dowland returned to the court of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse, traveling via Nuremburg. In 1596, he received a letter from an old patron, Sir Henry Noel, who encouraged his return to England, intimating that the time had come for him to take his place in the Elizabethan court (Folger Shakespeare Library, V.a.321). Unfortunately, Noel died soon after and, although Dowland returned to England, the aforementioned prospects never materialized. Dowland composed a collection of seven four-part settings of penitential psalms and prayers in commemoration of his friend, creating music that honored Noel in a way appropriate for a Protestant patron within the Church of England, but that also showed a certain Italian influence, perhaps inspired by the music of Giovanni Croce. This chapter examines primary-source documents related to Dowland’s final 1596 months in the German lands, briefly explores the history of musical psalm prints in England, and considers Dowland’s previous and future forays into setting metrical psalms, including those included in musically harmonized editions of The Whole Booke of Psalmes produced by Thomas East (1592) and Thomas Ravenscroft (1621), contrasting them with the funeral psalms for Noel.
The First Booke of Songes or Ayres
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Dowland’s first publication, The First Booke of Songes or Ayres (1597), printed by Peter Short, was one of the most influential and bestselling musical anthologies of the Tudor-Stuart eras. While it was not the first to include lute songs (pieces written for voice and lute), it was the first lute song book comprised of music by a single English composer. The volume also standardized tablebook format, in which musicians could share a single book, opened upon a table, with parts facing different directions, to allow for viewing by all. In doing so, the composer moved away from the typical partbook format that required volumes of music for each individual part. Dowland’s collection was so popular that it was reproduced in 1600, 1603, 1606, and 1613, marking it as the most successful music book of its time. In addition to including information on the prints associated with the anthology, this chapter examines prefatory material, as well as important individual songs in The First Booke such as “Can she excuse my wrongs” and “Now, O now I needs must part,” providing commentary on Dowland’s innovations and influence on subsequent similar publications, as well as consideration of how the volume exemplified the role of music within sixteenth-century English culture, most especially that surrounding the Elizabethan court, and the courtly poetry it provided the larger population.
“Personal Lutenist to the King”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In 1598, John Dowland was appointed royal lutenist to Christian IV, King of Denmark, commencing the most important and well-paid position he held during his career. Christian’s court was one of the most highly regarded in all of Europe, thanks in part to the king’s support of and access to musicians of excellence. This chapter explores the atmosphere of the Danish court, as well as reasons why the lutenist chose Denmark over a position in the Kassel court of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse. Similarly, the text also considers the allure that Dowland’s talents and skills held for King Christian. Circumstances of the first half of Dowland’s tenure in Denmark, including his recruitment, terms of contract, courtly role, and relationship to King Christian and other court musicians such as Melchior Borchgrevinck, are also probed. The chapter concludes with details of Dowland’s first trip back to England on Danish business.
The Second Booke of Songs or Ayres (1600) and The Third and Last Booke of Songs or Aires (1603)
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
During John Dowland’s tenure in Denmark, he produced some important musical volumes, including the The Second Booke of Songs or Ayres (1600) and The Third and Last Booke of Songs or Aires (1603), both printed in England. The Second Booke was published while the composer was in Denmark and the process for publication, in which his wife assumed the initial role of agent, George Eastland publisher, and Thomas East printer, sheds light on printing practices in late Elizabethan England. The Second Booke also includes an often overlooked acrostic based on the name of dedicatee Lucy Harington Russell, Countess of Bedford, that hides a Dowland musical reference. This chapter comments upon Dowland’s mature style, his adaptation of pieces from lute solo to the expected lute song format of the day, set in motion by his own First Booke, and the inclusion of some of his most iconic songs, including “Flow my tears,” “Sorrow stay,” and “If floods of tears,” compositions that helped form Dowland’s perceived status as the leading musician of a trendy melancholic philosophy. In many ways, the third book functions as a response to the second. Most importantly, the chapter reveals unspoken meaning found in the lyrics of both books, related to Robert Devereux, second Earl of Essex, before and after his execution, and the earl’s relationship to Queen Elizabeth, which was understood and exemplified in Dowland’s music.
“Frozen in a colde and forreine country”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
During the second half of his time serving Christian IV in Denmark, Dowland was in contact with English agent Stephen Lesieur, who worked for Robert Cecil to improve shipping disputes between England and Denmark. One primary source document, a letter from Lesieur to Dowland, housed in Copenhagen’s Royal Library (NKS1305, 2o, læg 5), requests assistance from the musician, prompting questions as to Dowland’s loyalties to the Danish court versus his home country. During this time Dowland also traveled back to England to oversee publication of his consort collection Lachrimae and to cement English aristocratic connections. The timeline coincides with the death of Elizabeth I, and in 1603, Dowland met with the new King James I’s wife, Anna of Denmark, to whom his 1604 Lachrimae is dedicated. This chapter examines Dowland’s connections with Lesieur, his travels back to London, and his reputation in England throughout his Danish tenure, as recorded in contemporaneous literature by authors such as Frances Meres, Joshua Sylvester, and Richard Barnfield, and concludes with information on the musician’s final months in Denmark.
“Maister Doctor Dowland”
Authors: Grapes K Dawn 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Dowland’s final years were spent as a musician in the London courts of James I and Charles I as one of a group of “Musicians for the Lutes.” This chapter outlines the terms of his employment and considers the musician’s other activities of the years 1612 through 1626 and his ongoing reputational legacy in both England and on the Continent. His contributions to William Leighton’s Teares or Lamentacions of a Sorrowfull Soule and Thomas Ravenscroft’s A Briefe Discourse and Whole Booke of Psalmes also receive attention, as do contemporaneous mentions of the composer by authors and musicians such as Johannes-Philippus Mendelius, Thomas Tompkins, and William Webb. The chapter ends with commentary on the career and family of son Robert Dowland, and presents details of John Dowland’s 1626 death and burial at St. Ann Blackfriars, London.
Common Law Liberalism
Authors: Hasnas John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Libertarian philosophers of law often argue that unless law arises from some express or implicit social contract by which individuals consent to be bound, it constitutes unjustified coercion that subjects some human beings to the will of others. This book argues that this is a false dilemma. Law can arise through a process of unplanned evolution in which those subject to law are bound, but not by the will of any identifiable human beings. Although law is inherently coercive, it is not inherently a vehicle for domination. Anglo-American common law that evolves without a guiding human intelligence is this type of law. This book maintains that the common law generative process can provide all the law that is needed to maintain a peaceful, prosperous society.
Whither Criminal Law?
Authors: Hasnas John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Most people assume that a system of criminal law is necessary to preserve order in society. But this is because most people also assume that there is no other option, and that a world without criminal law is one with no mechanism for discouraging violent, harmful, and dishonest actions. This chapter argues that this is not a proper comparison. It presents an analysis of the historical development of the criminal law and the psychology and philosophy of punishment to show that the underlying system of tort law can supply all the order-providing service currently provided by the criminal law, and can do so in a neutral and more just manner than the contemporary criminal law.
Market Failure, Regulation, and Invisible Gorillas
Authors: Hasnas John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The market failure argument is one of the conventional arguments for government regulation of the market. It holds that private transactions can generate negative externalities—costs to third parties that the transacting parties do not take into account. As a result, the government must regulate the market to prevent transactions where such costs to third parties are great enough to render the transaction socially detrimental. This chapter argues that this argument is flawed to the extent that it ignores the regulatory effect of common law civil liability. When revised to take this into account, the market failure argument provides a much smaller scope for government regulation of market transactions.
Two Theories of Environmental Regulation
Authors: Hasnas John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the common law addresses environmental problems. It begins with a description of the tragedy of the commons, which shows that the only solutions to environmental problems are to restrict access to the commons or privatize the commons. The conventional approach to environmental problems is to enact environmental legislation. This is designed to protect the environment by restricting access to the commons. In contrast, common law privatizes the commons. This means that preventing environmental degradation requires a comparative analysis of the two approaches. Such an analysis shows that common law privatization is almost always the more effective way of protecting the environment.
Empirical Natural Rights
Authors: Hasnas John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Traditional theories of natural rights—those associated with Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Robert Nozick—provide a powerful argument for limited government. However, because they lack a firm philosophical grounding, they are unpersuasive to those who are not already supporters of natural rights. This chapter offers an alternative understanding of natural rights—empirical natural rights—that has a secure normative grounding. Empirical natural rights are rights that evolve in the state of nature through human interaction in the absence of centralized government authority. Such rights are normatively well-grounded because they are productive of peaceful human interaction in society, which is a universal instrumental moral value.
The Law of Anarchy
Authors: Hasnas John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the historical development of the common law. In doing so, it distinguishes the customary law and old common law from legislation and the modern common law, and goes on to show how customary law and the old common law form a body of nonpolitically generated law. It then demonstrates how a modernized version of the customary law/old common law can still function in our contemporary society, and that this law is sufficient to support a peaceful and prosperous society. Because this law does not depend on the existence of the state, it is the law of anarchy.
Can an Anarchist Have a Moral Duty to Obey the Law?
Authors: Hasnas John 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that there can be a duty to obey the law of anarchy. It distinguishes between political obligation—the duty to obey the state—and the duty to obey the law, which, as the preceding chapter demonstrates, need not be created by the state. When the law is created by the evolutionary forces of the customary and common law, the law can bind individuals without subjecting them to the conscious control of any other human beings. This implies that there can be a meaningful conception of the rule of law when the law consists of customary law or common law. This, in turn, implies that there can be a well-grounded ethical duty to obey the law.