bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Changes in Cigarette Menthol Content on Acute Nicotine Pharmacology and Smoking Topography
Authors: Dimova Hristina , Schroeder Megan J , Pickworth Wallace B , Wang Jia , Oniyide Olusola , Viray Lauren C , Smith Carson , Koszowski Bartosz , Jackson Kia J 
Published: May 2024

AbstractIntroductionMenthol influences the appeal and addictiveness of cigarette smoking, however the data regarding menthol’s effects on nicotine pharmacokinetics (PK) and smoking topography are inconsistent. This study investigated the impact of different cigarette menthol levels on nicotine pharmacology and smoking topography in current menthol smokers.Aims and MethodsThe study was a double-blind, randomized, four-period, crossover study to investigate the effects of smoking cigarettes with varying menthol content (0, 3, 6, and 12 mg menthol) on nicotine PK, smoking topography, and subjective effects in current menthol smokers. Each experimental session consisted of a prescribed use session, followed by 145 min of no smoking and a 1-h ad libitum smoking session. Serial blood samples were collected; smoking topography was recorded using CReSS Lab topography device.ResultsThere was no significant effect of menthol on nicotine PK after prescribed smoking of cigarettes with varying menthol contents. During ad libitum smoking, there was significantly smaller total puff volume and puff duration in the 12 mg menthol condition compared to other menthol conditions. Subjective and sensory measures indicated significantly higher overall positive ratings for the 3 mg and 6 mg menthol cigarettes compared to the 0 mg menthol cigarette; the 12 mg menthol cigarette was less liked and harsher than the 3 mg condition.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that menthol, at concentrations reflecting the marketplace (3–6 mg), contributes to positive subjective smoking experiences among menthol smokers, but does not have a significant effect on nicotine PK or smoking topography in an acute laboratory setting.ImplicationsWhile our data indicate that varying menthol content does not have a significant impact on nicotine’s pharmacological effects under acute exposure conditions, these data highlight the contribution of menthol’s flavor and sensory effects to product preference and positive smoking experiences, which facilitate repeated experimentation, progression to regular use, and subsequent dependence.
The impact of time-restricted eating on health-related quality of life: a systematic literature review
Authors: Sones Brooke E , Devlin Brooke L 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Context
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a novel dietary intervention shown to facilitate weight loss and improve metabolic health. However, like any dietary intervention, long-term success largely depends on individual adherence, which can be influenced by whether the intervention impacts the individual’s health-related quality of life (HR-QoL). Despite the growing body of research investigating TRE as a dietary approach and its potential impact on HR-QoL in adults, to date there has been no systematic review to summarize these findings.

Objective
To examine the impact of TRE on HR-QoL in adults.

Data Sources
All randomized controlled trials, pre-post and pilot/feasibility studies were searched in PubMed, EMBASE via Ovid, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO via Ovid until March 20, 2023.

Data Extraction
Two researchers were involved in the screening and paper selection process. A single researcher extracted all relevant data from eligible studies.

Conclusion
Overall, 10 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review. Four studies reported improvements in overall HR-QoL scores among participants with type 2 diabetes, middle-aged women with obesity, generally healthy adults, and generally healthy adult employees. Three studies reported significant and nonsignificant improvements in some domains of HR-QoL assessment tools among overweight, sedentary older adults, overweight or obese adults, and 24-hour shift workers. No studies reported that TRE adversely affected HR-QoL. Improvements in HR-QoL appeared to occur primarily at 12 weeks/3 months. There was no clear relationship between HR-QoL scores and TRE protocol, additional study outcomes, participant health status, age, or adherence. Although further research is required to elucidate the impact of TRE on HR-QoL, the findings reveal that no studies show that TRE adversely affects HR-QoL.

Systematic Review Registration
Open Science Framework (OSF) (The Impact of Time-Restricted Eating on Health-Related Quality of Life: A Systematic Review; https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/9NK45).
Applying Laws Across Time: Disentangling the ‘Always Speaking’ Principles
Authors: Kelly Martin David 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Common-law judges frequently claim to apply the ‘always speaking’ principle. But they recognise that they are not clear on what it means, with Lord Leggatt recently calling the metaphor ‘enigmatic’. In this article, I seek to clarify this by showing that the ‘always speaking’ metaphor is associated with at least four different types of principle, each of which responds to a distinct issue (although there is a common theme: change over time). I explore the origins of the ‘always speaking’ metaphor, distinguish the four issues and explain how they relate. I argue that it is important to disentangle the four types of ‘always speaking’ principle, with a focus on distinguishing principles of dynamic (versus originalist) interpretation from principles that empower judges to strain or ‘recast’ legislation to deal with new developments sensibly. In doing so, I analyse and critique the judgments in the recent UK Supreme Court case of News Corp.
Validation of an ICD-Code-Based Case Definition for Psychotic Illness Across Three Health Systems
Authors: Deo Anthony J , Castro Victor M , Baker Ashley , Carroll Devon , Gonzalez-Heydrich Joseph , Henderson David C , Holt Daphne J , Hook Kimberly , Karmacharya Rakesh , Roffman Joshua L , Madsen Emily M , Song Eugene , Adams William G , Camacho Luisa , Gasman Sarah , Gibbs Jada S , Fortgang Rebecca G , Kennedy Chris J , Lozinski Galina , Perez Daisy C , Wilson Marina , Reis Ben Y , Smoller Jordan W 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Psychosis-associated diagnostic codes are increasingly being utilized as case definitions for electronic health record (EHR)-based algorithms to predict and detect psychosis. However, data on the validity of psychosis-related diagnostic codes is limited. We evaluated the positive predictive value (PPV) of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes for psychosis.

Study Design
Using EHRs at 3 health systems, ICD codes comprising primary psychotic disorders and mood disorders with psychosis were grouped into 5 higher-order groups. 1133 records were sampled for chart review using the full EHR. PPVs (the probability of chart-confirmed psychosis given ICD psychosis codes) were calculated across multiple treatment settings.

Study Results
PPVs across all diagnostic groups and hospital systems exceeded 70%: Mass General Brigham 0.72 [95% CI 0.68–0.77], Boston Children’s Hospital 0.80 [0.75–0.84], and Boston Medical Center 0.83 [0.79–0.86]. Schizoaffective disorder PPVs were consistently the highest across sites (0.80–0.92) and major depressive disorder with psychosis were the most variable (0.57–0.79). To determine if the first documented code captured first-episode psychosis (FEP), we excluded cases with prior chart evidence of a diagnosis of or treatment for a psychotic illness, yielding substantially lower PPVs (0.08–0.62).

Conclusions
We found that the first documented psychosis diagnostic code accurately captured true episodes of psychosis but was a poor index of FEP. These data have important implications for the case definitions used in the development of risk prediction models designed to predict or detect undiagnosed psychosis.
Positive Reframing of Psychosis Risk Is Seen as More Beneficial and Less Harmful Than Negative Framing by Clinicians: An Experimental Videotaped Simulated Feedback Study
Authors: Sol-Nottes Yamit , Mendlovic Shlomo , Roe David , Koren Danny 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Recent studies show that, despite providing some relief, feedback about being at risk for psychosis often triggers negative emotional reactions. Inspired by Tversky and Kahneman’s (1981) work on the framing effect and medical framings that favors positive framing like “life-threatening” over “high-risk for death,” this study tested the hypothesis that positive reframing of psychosis risk (PR) could alleviate these concerns. To establish the justifiability and feasibility of testing this hypothesis with patients and their families, the study first sought to test whether mental health professionals (MHPs) view positive framing as superior to present state-of-the-art approaches.

Study Design
The study used an experimental design utilizing a simulated feedback session, recorded with professional actors, featuring a clinician, an adolescent, and his mother. One hundred forty-eight MHPs were randomly assigned to view either negatively or positively framed feedback and were asked about its induced impact on the adolescent and mother.

Study Results
The study results supported our main hypothesis, indicating significant benefits of positive framing over negative in areas like empathy, stress reduction, stigma, help-seeking, and hope. Contrary to our second hypothesis, familiarity with PR did not affect these results.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that MHPs view positive reframing of PR as more beneficial and less harmful than present negative framing approaches. This sets the stage for subsequent phases that will assess the perceptions and preferences of individuals at risk and their families. The discussion highlights possible misconceptions of positive framing, such as labeling, positive psychology, and de-medicalization.
Climate change, malaria and neglected tropical diseases: a scoping review
Authors: Klepac Petra , Hsieh Jennifer L , Ducker Camilla L , Assoum Mohamad , Booth Mark , Byrne Isabel , Dodson Sarity , Martin Diana L , Turner C Michael R , van Daalen Kim R , Abela Bernadette , Akamboe Jennifer , Alves Fabiana , Brooker Simon J , Ciceri-Reynolds Karen , Cole Jeremy , Desjardins Aidan , Drakeley Chris , Ediriweera Dileepa S , Ferguson Neil M , Gabrielli Albis Francesco , Gahir Joshua , Jain Saurabh , John Mbaraka R , Juma Elizabeth , Kanayson Priya , Deribe Kebede , King Jonathan D , Kipingu Andrea M , Kiware Samson , Kolaczinski Jan , Kulei Winnie J , Laizer Tajiri L , Lal Vivek , Lowe Rachel , Maige Janice S , Mayer Sam , McIver Lachlan , Mosser Jonathan F , Nicholls Ruben Santiago , Nunes-Alves Cláudio , Panjwani Junaid , Parameswaran Nishanth , Polson Karen , Radoykova Hale-Seda , Ramani Aditya , Reimer Lisa J , Reynolds Zachary M , Ribeiro Isabela , Robb Alastair , Sanikullah Kazim Hizbullah , Smith David R M , Shirima GloriaSalome G , Shott Joseph P , Tidman Rachel , Tribe Louisa , Turner Jaspreet , Vaz Nery Susana , Velayudhan Raman , Warusavithana Supriya , Wheeler Holly S , Yajima Aya , Abdilleh Ahmed Robleh , Hounkpatin Benjamin , Wangmo Dechen , Whitty Christopher J M , Campbell-Lendrum Diarmid , Hollingsworth T Déirdre , Solomon Anthony W , Fall Ibrahima Socé 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
To explore the effects of climate change on malaria and 20 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), and potential effect amelioration through mitigation and adaptation, we searched for papers published from January 2010 to October 2023. We descriptively synthesised extracted data. We analysed numbers of papers meeting our inclusion criteria by country and national disease burden, healthcare access and quality index (HAQI), as well as by climate vulnerability score. From 42 693 retrieved records, 1543 full-text papers were assessed. Of 511 papers meeting the inclusion criteria, 185 studied malaria, 181 dengue and chikungunya and 53 leishmaniasis; other NTDs were relatively understudied. Mitigation was considered in 174 papers (34%) and adaption strategies in 24 (5%). Amplitude and direction of effects of climate change on malaria and NTDs are likely to vary by disease and location, be non-linear and evolve over time. Available analyses do not allow confident prediction of the overall global impact of climate change on these diseases. For dengue and chikungunya and the group of non-vector-borne NTDs, the literature privileged consideration of current low-burden countries with a high HAQI. No leishmaniasis papers considered outcomes in East Africa. Comprehensive, collaborative and standardised modelling efforts are needed to better understand how climate change will directly and indirectly affect malaria and NTDs.
The Putti Sign Following Residual Brachial Plexus Birth Injury: Prevalence and Significance
Authors: Dragos Hutanu , Corona Pablo , Rojas-Neira Juliana , Díaz-Gallardo Paula , Velásquez-Giron Eduardo , Soldado Francisco 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The Putti sign, a common deformity and complaint in children with brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI), stems from a glenohumeral (GH) abduction contracture. Despite recent clinical studies offering insights into this deformity, none have explored the prevalence of the Putti sign or its correlation with GH abduction contractures.

Methods:
We conducted a prospective analysis of 238 patients (median age 7.5 years; range, 4.1–16.2) with residual BPBI seen in the clinic from December 2019 to December 2022. Epidemiological data, including demographics, palsy levels, modified Mallet scale sum, surgical history, and presence/absence of the Putti sign and glenohumeral adduction angle (GHADD), were collected. Patients were categorized into 4 age groups: 0 to 5 years (n=67), 6 to 10 years (n=102), 11 to 15 years (n=53), and 16 years and older (n=16). Results were expressed as medians (minimum-maximum), with frequency comparisons done using Pearson’s chi-square analysis. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for quantitative variable comparison, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis determined the threshold GHADD angle for Putti sign appearance.

Results:
Main findings included: (1) 27% of patients with residual BPBI exhibited the Putti sign, (2) confirmed correlation between the Putti sign and GH adduction contractures, (3) Putti sign manifestation with GHADD angle measuring less than −5° because to abduction contracture, and (4) association between this deformity and reduced activities requiring external rotation. No significant differences in Putti sign prevalence were found across age groups.

Conclusions:
Our study underscores the common occurrence of the Putti sign in children with residual BPBI. It is important to note that we highlight its functional significance beyond cosmetic concerns. Contrary to prior literature, our analysis reveals functional impairment associated with the Putti sign. Although no age-based differences in Putti sign prevalence were observed, patients aged 0 to 5 years and 11 to 15 years showed more severe glenohumeral abduction contractures, possibly due to growth spurts.

Level of Evidence:
Diagnosis IV.
Physiologic Determinants of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Derived Cerebral and Tissue Oxygen Saturation Measurements in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Cody Neil , Bradbury Ian , McMullan Ross R. , Quinn Gerard , O’Neill Aisling , Ward Kathryn , McCann Justine , McAuley Daniel F. , Silversides Jonathan A. 
Published: May 2024

OBJECTIVES:
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a potentially valuable modality to monitor the adequacy of oxygen delivery to the brain and other tissues in critically ill patients, but little is known about the physiologic determinants of NIRS-derived tissue oxygen saturations. The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of routinely measured physiologic parameters to tissue oxygen saturation measured by NIRS.

DESIGN:
An observational sub-study of patients enrolled in the Role of Active Deresuscitation After Resuscitation-2 (RADAR-2) randomized feasibility trial.

SETTING:
Two ICUs in the United Kingdom.

PATIENTS:
Patients were recruited for the RADAR-2 study, which compared a conservative approach to fluid therapy and deresuscitation with usual care. Those included in this sub-study underwent continuous NIRS monitoring of cerebral oxygen saturations (SctO2) and quadriceps muscle tissue saturations (SmtO2).

INTERVENTION:
Synchronized and continuous mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and pulse oximetry (oxygen saturation, Spo
2) measurements were recorded alongside NIRS data. Arterial Paco
2, Pao
2, and hemoglobin concentration were recorded 12 hourly. Linear mixed effect models were used to investigate the association between these physiologic variables and cerebral and muscle tissue oxygen saturations.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Sixty-six patients were included in the analysis. Linear mixed models demonstrated that Paco
2, Spo
2, MAP, and HR were weakly associated with SctO2 but only explained 7.1% of the total variation. Spo
2 and MAP were associated with SmtO2, but together only explained 0.8% of its total variation. The remaining variability was predominantly accounted for by between-subject differences.

CONCLUSIONS:
Our findings demonstrated that only a small proportion of variability in NIRS-derived cerebral and tissue oximetry measurements could be explained by routinely measured physiologic variables. We conclude that for NIRS to be a useful monitoring modality in critical care, considerable further research is required to understand physiologic determinants and prognostic significance.
State of the art and upcoming trends in HER2-directed therapies in gastrointestinal malignancies
Authors: Lee Jaeyop , Ku Geoffrey 
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review
This review critically evaluates the evolution and current status of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-directed therapies in upper gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies, a timely and relevant inquiry given the dynamic shifts in therapeutic strategies over the past decade. Initial enthusiasm following the Trastuzumab for Gastric Cancer (ToGA) study's demonstration of trastuzumab's efficacy, however, encountered hurdles due to subsequent trials showing limited progress, underscoring the necessity for a reevaluation of therapeutic approaches and the exploration of novel agents.

Recent findings
The review highlights significant breakthroughs in the form of immune checkpoint inhibitors and innovative therapeutic technologies, which have redefined treatment paradigms and shown promising efficacy in HER2-positive cases. Emerging treatments such as trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd), zanidatamab and evorpacept further illustrate the ongoing efforts to leverage unique mechanisms of action for improved HER2-positive antitumor activity.

Summary
The advancements in HER2-directed therapies underscore a pivotal era in the management of upper GI malignancies. These developments not only reflect the profound impact of integrating novel therapeutic combinations but also highlight the critical role of ongoing research in overcoming resistance mechanisms and tailoring treatment to individual disease profiles.
Sarcoma incidence worldwide: regional differences in histology and molecular subtypes
Authors: Lee Ming-Jing , Chen Tom Wei-Wu 
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review
There are numerous sarcoma subtypes and vary widely in terms of epidemiology, clinical characteristics, genetic profiles, and pathophysiology. They also differ widely between ethnic groups. This review focuses on the different incidence rates of sarcomas in different regions and the potential explanations for these disparities.

Recent findings
In an intercontinental study using national cancer registry databases from France and Taiwan, the French population had a higher risk of liposarcomas, leiomyosarcomas, and synovial sarcomas, whereas the Taiwanese population had a higher incidence of angiosarcomas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. The anatomical distribution of these sarcomas also varied between these two regions. In France, most angiosarcoma cases occurred in the extremities and trunk, whereas in Taiwan, angiosarcoma cases in the abdomen and pelvis were more common. Another international study showed that in addition to the common known TP53 and NF1 germline mutations, genes involved in centromere and telomere maintenance were also involved in sarcomagenesis. We reviewed factors related to genetics, environmental effects, chemical exposure, and radiation exposure that could explain the differences in sarcoma incidence among different geographical or ethnic regions.

Summary
Our understanding of the potential cause of sarcomas with different subtypes is limited. Establishing a comprehensive global database for patients with sarcomas from all ethnic groups is essential to deepen our understanding of the potential risk factors and the pathophysiology of all sarcoma subtypes.
State-of-the-art and trends in fibroblast growth factor receptor-directed therapies in gastro-intestinal malignancies
Authors: Hanssens Charlotte , Mouna Oumnia , Meyers Michel , Hendlisz Alain 
Published: May 2024

Purpose of review
This review is timely and relevant due to the increasing recognition of the significance of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family in cancer biology. Understanding the role of FGFRs and their dysregulation in various cancers is crucial for developing targeted therapies and improving patient outcomes.

Recent findings
The review highlights the importance of the FGFR family in cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, and survival. It discusses how abnormalities in FGFR2, including overexpression, gene amplification, and other genetic alterations, contribute to cancer progression, particularly in gastro-intestinal cancers. The paper also emphasizes the promising results of FGFR-targeted therapies, especially tyrosine kinase inhibitors, in certain cancers such as cholangiocarcinoma and oesophagogastric cancers.

Summary
The findings underscore the potential of FGFR-targeted therapies in treating cancers with FGFR dysregulation. However, the review also addresses the challenges associated with these therapies, including toxicities and mechanisms of resistance. Understanding these complexities is essential for optimizing the efficacy of FGFR-targeted treatments and improving patient outcomes in clinical practice and research efforts.