bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Russia’s Agricultural Imports: Will the High Growth of the 2000s Continue?  Les importations agricoles russes : la forte croissance des années 2000 va‐t‐elle se poursuivre ?  Russlands Agrarimporte: Wird das starke Wachstum aus den 2000er Jahren anhalten?
Authors: Liefert William M. , Liefert Olga , Shane Mathew 
Published: December 2010

summaryRussia’s Agricultural Imports: Will the High Growth of the 2000s Continue?Russia is the EU region’s second largest foreign market for agricultural goods, after the United States, and in 2007 took 10 per cent of the EU’s agricultural exports, worth €7.7 billion. During the 2000s, Russian total agricultural imports have grown considerably, from €7.4 billion in 2000 to €19.2 billion in 2007, and imports from the EU have increased accordingly. The import growth has made Russia the second largest agricultural importer among emerging markets, after China. The main imports are meat, highly processed goods, fruits, and vegetables. The main reasons for the import rise are macroeconomic in nature ─ high Russian GDP growth which has increased consumer income and purchasing power, and a rise in the value of the ruble in real (inflation‐adjusted) terms, which makes imports less expensive vis‐à‐vis domestically produced goods. The economic crisis that hit Russia in autumn 2008 makes the outlook for the country’s agricultural imports uncertain. Nonetheless, the Russian economy will probably stabilise within the next few years, such that annual GDP growth could rebound to 3–5 per cent. If so, agricultural imports should resume growth, though at a lower rate than in the recent past.
Genetic structure, behaviour and invasion history of the Argentine ant supercolony in Australia
Authors: Suhr Elissa L. , O’Dowd Dennis J. , McKechnie Stephen W. , Mackay Duncan A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBiological invasions have significant ecological, evolutionary and economic consequences. Ants are exemplary invaders and their invasion success is frequently attributed to a shift in social structure between native and introduced populations. Here, we use a multidisciplinary approach to determine the social structure, origin and expansion of the invasive Argentine ant, Linepithema humile, in Australia by linking behavioural and genetic studies with indicators of dispersal pathways and propagule pressure. Behavioural assays revealed a complete absence of aggression within and between three cities – Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth – spanning 2700 km across Australia. Microsatellite analyses showed intracity genetic homogeneity and limited but significant intercity genetic differentiation. Exceptions were two Perth nests that likely represent independent translocations from Adelaide. These patterns suggest efficient local gene flow with more limited jump dispersal via transport corridors between cities. Microsatellite analyses of L. humile from potential source regions, combined with data from port interceptions, trade pathways and the timeline of spread within Australia, implicate the main European supercolony as the source of L. humile in Melbourne. Such an introduction probably then redistributed across Australia and spread to New Zealand to form an expansive Australasian supercolony.
Therapeutic Potential of Kainate Receptors
Authors: Matute Carlos 
Published: December 2010

SUMMARYGlutamate receptors are key mediators of brain communication. Among ionotropic glutamate receptors, kainate receptors (KARs) have been least explored and their relevance to pathophysiology is relatively obscure. This is in part due to the relatively low abundance of KARs, the regulatory function in network activity they play, the lack of specific agonists and antagonists for this receptor subtype, as well as to the absence of striking phenotypes in mice deficient in KAR subunits. Nonetheless, it is now well established that KARs are located presynaptically whereby they regulate glutamate and GABA release, and thus, excitability and participate in short‐term plasticity. In turn, KARs are also located postsynaptically and their activation contributes to synaptic integration. The development of specific novel ligands is helping to further investigate the contribution of KARs to health and disease. In this review, I summarize current knowledge about KAR physiology and pharmacology, and discuss their involvement in cell death and disease. In addition, I recapitulate the available data about the use of KAR antagonists and receptor subunit deficient mice in experimental paradigms of brain diseases, as well as the main findings about KAR roles in human CNS disorders. In sum, subunit specific antagonists have therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases as well as in epilepsy and pain. Knowledge about the genetics of KARs will also help to understand the pathophysiology of those and other illnesses.
Untangling the multiple monooxygenases of Mycobacterium chubuense strain NBB4, a versatile hydrocarbon degrader
Authors: Coleman Nicholas V. , Yau Sheree , Wilson Neil L. , Nolan Laura M. , Migocki Margaret D. , Ly Mai‐anh , Crossett Ben , Holmes Andrew J. 
Published: December 2010

SummaryMycobacterium strain NBB4 was isolated on ethene as part of a bioprospecting study searching for novel monooxygenase (MO) enzymes of interest to biocatalysis and bioremediation. Previous work indicated that strain NBB4 contained an unprecedented diversity of MO genes, and we hypothesized that each MO type would support growth on a distinct hydrocarbon substrate. Here, we attempted to untangle the relationships between MO types and hydrocarbon substrates. Strain NBB4 was shown to grow on C2–C4 alkenes and C2–C16 alkanes. Complete gene clusters encoding six different monooxygenases were recovered from a fosmid library, including homologues of ethene MO (etnABCD), propene MO (pmoABCD), propane MO (smoABCD), butane MO (smoXYB1C1Z), cytochrome P450 (CYP153; fdx‐cyp‐fdr) and alkB (alkB‐rubA1‐rubA2). Catabolic enzymes involved in ethene assimilation (EtnA, EtnC, EtnD, EtnE) and alkane assimilation (alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases) were identified by proteomics, and we showed for the first time that stress response proteins (catalase/peroxidase, chaperonins) were induced by growth on C2–C5 alkanes and ethene. Surprisingly, none of the identified MO genes could be specifically associated with oxidation of small alkanes, and thus the nature of the gaseous alkane MO in NBB4 remains mysterious.
The extent and nature of dental fear and phobia in Australia
Authors: Armfield JM 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  For the general dental practitioner, fearful patients are harder and more stressful to treat and are most likely to attend irregularly. This study presents updated and refined dental fear and phobia prevalence estimates in Australia as well as information on the nature of dental fear and phobia.Methods:  A total of 1084 Australian adults (response rate = 71.7%) completed a mailed questionnaire. The survey contained four measures of dental fear and phobia, as well as questions regarding potentially anxiety‐eliciting dental stimuli and past aversive dental experiences.Results:  The prevalence of high dental fear ranged from 7.8% to 18.8%, and more incapacitating dental phobia from 0.9% to 5.4%, depending upon the scale, cut‐point and specific criteria used. Dental phobia was significantly associated with blood‐injection‐injury (BII) concerns. The cost of dental treatment was endorsed as the most anxiety‐eliciting dental situation (64.5%), followed by fear of needles/injections (46.0%) and painful or uncomfortable procedures (42.9%). Anxiety‐eliciting stimuli and the type of aversive dental experiences varied significantly by gender, age, income, education, language spoken at home and dental visiting frequency.Conclusions:  High dental fear and dental phobia are common in Australia although prevalence estimates are highly dependent on both the scale and cut‐points used.
Effect of bleaching versus repolishing on colour and surface topography of stained resin composite
Authors: Elhamid M Abd , Mosallam R 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  The aim of this study was to examine the effect of ozonated gel, carbamide peroxide bleaching agent and polishing paste on the colour and surface topography of stained resin composite.Methods:  Ninety disc‐shaped resin composite specimens were used in this study. They were randomly divided into three groups of 30 specimens each according to the immersion solutions used, i.e., tea, cola or artificial saliva. Each group was further subdivided into three equal subgroups (n = 10) according to the type of whitening treatment applied; 30% carbamide peroxide, ozonated KY gel or polishing paste. Colour and surface roughness was measured at baseline, after immersion, also following whitening procedures by using a stereomicroscope. The results were recorded, tabulated and statistically analysed.Results:  The colour values of artificial saliva displayed the highest statistically significant mean colour difference compared to cola and tea. However, there was no statistically significant difference in surface roughness. Also, a superior whitening effect was demonstrated with ozonated gel. Ozonated gel showed statistically significant lowest roughness compared to both carbamide peroxide and polishing paste.Conclusions:  Immersion solutions have a positive influence on the colour of resin composite. Also, ozonated gel is an efficient bleaching agent with the least adverse effect on surface roughness.
Simulation of medical emergencies in dental practice: development and evaluation of an undergraduate training programme
Authors: Newby JP , Keast J , Adam WR 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBackground:  The evidence available suggests that many dentists on graduation do not feel competent managing medical emergencies; a problem requiring improved undergraduate training. This study developed a comprehensive simulation based training programme for final year undergraduate dental students and assessed student attitudes towards training.Methods:  Final year dental students (n = 52) from The University of Melbourne were required to complete simulation training incorporating an interactive tutorial and realistic, simulated emergency scenarios conducted in the students’ real clinical environment. A post‐participation questionnaire utilizing a 5‐point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree, 5 = strongly agree) assessed student attitudes.Results:  Student responses supported simulation training, evidenced by the following selected questionnaire responses: achieved greater confidence in managing emergencies 4.65 ± 0.48 (n = 52); prefer lecture to simulation 1.46 ± 0.74 (n = 52); simulation training is important in undergraduate teaching 4.86 ± 0.35 (n = 43).Conclusions:  Realistic simulation training in management of medical emergencies for dental students is an effective adjunct to traditional lecture style teaching. Given the importance of this subject, this mode of training would benefit students if incorporated into undergraduate dental courses.
GUIDELINES FOR THEORIZING ABOUT REALIZATION
Authors: Morris Kevin 
Published: December 2010

abstractRealization can be roughly understood as a kind of role‐playing, a relationship between a property that plays a role and a property characterized by that role. This rough sketch previously received only moderate elaboration; recently, however, several substantive theories of realization have been proposed. But are there any general constraints on a theory of realization? What is a theory of realization supposed to accomplish? I first argue that a view of realization is viable, in part, to the extent that physical realization under that view explains or accounts for why instances of realized properties are necessitated by how things are physically in a modally strong sense. In this sense, I claim that physical realization should explain physical supervenience. I then call into question two alternative desiderata and raise a challenge for attempts to explicate realization in terms of isomorphism or analogy. Finally, I explain how a causal‐functional account of realization, as well as less demanding accounts, can meet the preferred desideratum.
LOYALTY AND THE ART OF WISE LIVING: THE INFLUENCE OF PLATO ON THE MORAL PHILOSOPHY OF JOSIAH ROYCE
Authors: Shew Melissa , Foust Mathew A. 
Published: December 2010

abstractThis essay investigates Josiah Royce's sustained interest in the Platonic dialogues by focusing not only on Royce's explicit commentary on Socrates and Plato but also on significant philosophical connections between Royce and these figures. In section 1, we explain the nature of loyalty according to Royce and how Socratic loyalty exemplifies Royce's ideas in both evident and surprising ways. In section 2, we claim that Royce's treatment of “lost causes” (particularly truth as a lost cause) relates to Socrates' dedication to the logos; the Platonic dialogues are reinvestigated in order to make this point. In section 3, we explain the nature of “cause” both in Royce's thought and in the Platonic dialogues in order to see how loyalty to a cause culminates in the art of wise living—Socrates' philosophical practice.
Direct and indirect control of orexin/hypocretin neurons by glycine receptors
Authors: Karnani Mahesh M. , Venner Anne , Jensen Lise T. , Fugger Lars , Burdakov Denis 
Published: December 2010

Non‐technical summaryNormal wakefulness relies on brain cells called orexin/hypocretin neurons. Activity of these cells stimulates awakening while their loss produces the sleep disorder narcolepsy. By studying what makes orexin/hypocretin cells more or less active, we can thus gain insights into how the brain switches between different states of consciousness. We describe a new way to turn orexin/hypocretin cells off using a chemical called glycine. We show that glycine shuts down the electrical activity of orexin/hypocretin neurons from the adult brain, but has the opposite effect in the very young brain. Apart from these direct actions on orexin/hypocretin cells, glycine also enhances the ability of other nerve cells to communicate with orexin/hypocretin neurons. These data shed new light on the basic chemical and physical mechanisms regulating orexin/hypocretin neurons, which may also be useful in improving therapeutic strategies for disorders such as insomnia.
Clinical Characteristics of Bloodstream Infections Due to Ampicillin-Sulbactam-Resistant, Non-Extended- Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing
Escherichia coli
and the Role of TEM-1 Hyperproduction
Authors: Waltner-Toews Rebecca I. , Paterson David L. , Qureshi Zubair A. , Sidjabat Hanna E. , Adams-Haduch Jennifer M. , Shutt Kathleen A. , Jones Mark , Tian Guo-Bao , Pasculle Anthony W. , Doi Yohei 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACT

Ampicillin-sulbactam is commonly used as an empirical therapy for invasive infections where
Escherichia coli
is a potential pathogen. We evaluated the clinical and microbiologic characteristics of bloodstream infection due to
E. coli
, with focus on cases that were nonsusceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam and not producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL). Of a total of 357 unique bacteremic cases identified between 2005 and 2008, 111 (31.1%) were intermediate or resistant to ampicillin-sulbactam by disk testing. In multivariate analysis, a history of liver disease, organ transplant, peptic ulcer disease, and prior use of ampicillin-sulbactam were independent risk factors for bloodstream infection with ampicillin-sulbactam-nonsusceptible
E. coli
. Among cases that received ampicillin-sulbactam as an empirical therapy, an early clinical response was observed in 65% (22/34) of susceptible cases but in only 20% (1/5) of nonsusceptible cases. Among 50 ampicillin-sulbactam-resistant isolates examined, there was no clonal relatedness and no evidence of production of inhibitor-resistant TEM (IRT). Instead, the resistance was attributed to hyperproduction of TEM-1 β-lactamase in the majority of isolates. However, promoter sequences of
bla
TEM-1
did not predict resistance to ampicillin-sulbactam. While the plasmid copy number did not differ between representative resistant and susceptible isolates, the relative expression of
bla
TEM-1
was significantly higher in two of three resistant isolates than in three susceptible isolates. These results suggest high-level
bla
TEM-1
expression as the predominant cause of ampicillin-sulbactam resistance and also the presence of yet-unidentified factors promoting overexpression of
bla
TEM-1
in these isolates.
Characterization of the E138K Resistance Mutation in HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Conferring Susceptibility to Etravirine in B and Non-B HIV-1 Subtypes
Authors: Asahchop Eugene L. , Oliveira Maureen , Wainberg Mark A. , Brenner Bluma G. , Moisi Daniela , Toni Thomas d'Aquin , Tremblay Cecile L. 
Published: December 2010

ABSTRACTWe have selected for resistance to etravirine (ETR) and efavirenz (EFV) in tissue culture using three subtype B, three subtype C, and two CRF02_AG clinical isolates, grown in cord blood mononuclear cells. Genotypic analysis was performed at baseline and at various weeks of selection. Phenotypic resistance in regard to ETR, EFV, and nevirapine (NVP) was evaluated at weeks 25 to 30 for all ETR-selected viruses and in viral clones that contained specific resistance mutations that were inserted by site-directed mutagenesis into pNL-4.3 and AG plasmids. The results show that ETR selected mutations at positions V90I, K101Q, E138K, V179D/E/F, Y181C, V189I, G190E, H221H/Y, and M230L and that E138K was the first of these to emerge in most instances. The time to the emergence of resistance was longer in the case of ETR (18 weeks) compared to EFV (11 weeks), and no differences in the patterns of emergent mutations could be documented between the B and non-B subtypes. Viral clones containing E138K displayed low-level phenotypic resistance to ETR (3.8-fold) and modestly impaired replication capacity (2-fold) compared to wild-type virus. ETR-selected virus showed a high degree of cross-resistance to NVP but not to EFV. We identified K101Q, E138K, V179E, V189I, G190E, and H221Y as mutations not included among the 17 currently recognized resistance-associated mutations for ETR.
P-012 Solitaire FR in acute ischemic stroke: preliminary experience in a consecutive series of 21 cases
Authors: Bonafe A , Machi P , Costalat V , Riquelme C , Arquizan C 
Published: December 2010

Background and purposePrompt recanalization of occluded brain arteries in patient victims of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is associated with a better clinical outcome. Several trials have assessed the efficacy and safety of intra-arterial (IA) mechanical thrombectomy combined with intravenous (IV) administration of thrombolytic drugs in the therapy of AIS. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy and the safety of Solitaire™ FR (SFR) (ev3 Inc, Irvine, California, USA) as a revascularization device in the treatment of AIS in combination with IV administration of thrombolytic drugs.Materials and methodsData from 21 patients treated with SFR within 7 h of AIS symptom onset in the setting of a prospectively defined IV–IA combined therapy were analyzed.ResultsSFR was successful in achieving complete recanalization in 19 patients (90.4%) with a final score of 3 according to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction classification (TIMI). Partial recanalization (TIMI 2) was obtained in one patient (4.7%). Treatment failure was observed (TIMI 0) in one patient (4.7%).Four adverse events were recorded (21%): two intraprocedural thromboembolic events (10.5%) and two symptomatic intracranial hemorrhagic infarctions (10.5%). One patient died during the hospitalization due to massive brainstem infarction.Marked improvement of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale from baseline to 24 h after recanalization was obtained in 12 patients (57.1%).ConclusionsSFR was effective in achieving a high rate of complete artery recanalization with a low rate of complications. SFR may be considered a promising tool for endovascular cerebral thrombectomy.
P-017 ‘Double barrel’ stent reconstruction of a symptomatic fusiform basilar artery aneurysm
Authors: Bain M , Hussain M , Spiotta A , Vivekananda G , Sivapatham T , Moskowitz S , Gupta R 
Published: December 2010

Objective and importanceGiant fusiform aneurysms of the basilar artery are associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. Treatment of these lesions can be difficult especially when there are poor anatomic collaterals such as posterior communicating arteries. Often times these lesions have no acceptable treatment. We present a case of a patient with a large, symptomatic, fusiform basilar artery aneurysm successfully treated with a side by side, telescoping stent construct and coiling of the giant basilar artery aneurysm.Clinical presentationA 56-year-old man presented with chief complaints of dysarthria and left-sided hemiparesis. MRI and conventional catheter based angiography revealed a dolichoectatic basilar artery with three large fusiform aneurysms throughout its length. Flow through the patient's aneurysm was successfully reduced with a side by side stent construct and coiling of the proximal aneurysm dilation. The patient experienced stabilization of his ischemic events and neurologic recovery.Intervention and techniqueA total of eight Neuroform-2 4.5×30 mm stents were navigated and positioned from the proximal posterior cerebral arteries to the distal vertebral arteries in a side by side, telescoping manner. These were deployed simultaneously by two operators to oppose the stent struts as well as the arterial wall. Next, the proximal aneurysmal dilation was coiled to near occlusion.ConclusionWe present a novel, endovascular stenting technique for successfully treating symptomatic, giant basilar artery aneurysms. The above patient at 4 months was living independently with no further neurologic events or decline.Abstract P-017 Figure 1
P-018 Curative transvenous embolization of craniofacial arteriovenous malformation
Authors: Feng L , Mattson-Gates G , Sosa V , Baker C 
Published: December 2010

BackgroundCraniofacial arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a challenging disease to eradicate, often requiring the combination of embolization and reconstructive surgery. The tortuosity of distal feeding arteries and the presence of abundant collaterals make it difficult to obliterate the nidus with transarterial embolization. In this small case series, we report curative transvenous embolization of craniofacial AVM under transient arrest of arterial inflow.Materials and methodsFour patients with craniofacial AVMs (two in the scalp, one in the face and one in the forehead) were embolized transvenously with Onyx. In all cases, the dominant feeding arteries were first embolized with Onyx to reduce arterial inflow. The major draining veins were then accessed transfemorally or via direct puncture. Detachable coils were placed in the venous pouches to further obstruct outflow from the AVM nidus. After arterial inflow was completely stopped with the placement of a tourniquet on the head or inflation of a balloon catheter in the external carotid artery, we injected Onyx into the venous pouch to retrogradely fill the entire AVM nidus. Follow-up angiograms were performed 1 year later.ResultsAngiographic cure was achieved in all four patients. The mass effect from the Onyx cast was not disfiguring. No patient had skin necrosis or a visible black mark on the skin. The first two patients underwent surgical removal of the Onyx cast which was scheduled before embolization. The next two patients declined surgery because they were not bothered by the Onyx cast. No recurrence was found at the 1 year follow-up angiogram.ConclusionHead and neck AVM can be safely cured with transvenous embolization using Onyx.Abstract P-018 Figure 1Angiogram of a facial arteriovenous malformation before and after embolization.Abstract P-018 Figure 2Transvenous embolization with Onyx after partial coiling and transient occlusion of the external carotid artery with a balloon (A). Onyx cast showing the nidus and numerous small feeders (B).