bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of Gas Trapping With Foam Using X-Ray Computed Tomography and Effluent Analysis
Authors: Nguyen Q. P. , Rossen W. R. , Zitha P. L. J. , Currie P. K. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Foam is used worldwide to improve acid placement in matrix acid treatments and to redirect gas flow in improved oil recovery. Gas trapping is a major factor in foam processes; it affects foam mobility and controls diversion of liquids such as acid injected after foam. Most previous studies of gas trapping have relied on fitting effluent-gas tracer profiles to a 1D model for transport of tracer in the presence of trapped gas, including mass transfer between flowing and trapped gas. We present new experiments where X-ray computed tomography (CT) directly determines the gas-tracer distribution in situ. The key is using a gas-phase tracer [xenon (Xe)] visible in CT. The CT images show clearly that the standard 1D model used to interpret tracer effluent profiles is incorrect in its assumptions. For the first time, here we compare the in-situ tracer distribution from CT images to the trapped-gas saturation estimated from fitting the effluent tracer profile to the 1D model, augmented here for the effect of pressure variation along the core. The effluent profile is determined indirectly from the CT images in two ways: (1) by imaging the tracer concentration in the flowline downstream of the core and (2) by using a mass balance on the tracer in the core. Estimates of trapped-gas fraction using the 1D model vary by as much as a factor of 0.2 among reasonable fits to the effluent data, and flowing-gas fraction varies by as much as a factor of 1.5 or 2. The experiments span a range of foam qualities and injection rates in Bentheim sandstone. Estimates of trapped-gas fraction derived from the 1D model decrease with increasing gas-injection rate and increase weakly with increasing liquid-injection rate in our experiments. The CT images show a shift to a wider variety of fluctuating flow paths as liquid- or gas-injection rate increases.
The Legal Status of California's Offshore Oil
Authors: Kline Mortimer A. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction
This discussion will be neither technical nor legal, but principally a factual exposition of the manner in which the state of California leases its tide and submerged lands for oil and gas development.
You may consider this paper an addition to the masterful presentation by Thomas C. Moroney of the Honolulu Oil Corp. before the 1955 Fall Meeting of the AIME. Mr. Moroney's expertly developed thesis reviewed the state of California's legislative trials and tribulations incident to its offshore resources commencing in 1921 and concluding with the epochal Cunningham-Shell Tidelands Act of 1955.
As you know, for many years prior to 1955, the tide and submerged lands under the jurisdiction of the state of California could be leased for oil and gas operations only if they were known or believed to contain oil or gas and were then subject to drainage by a well or wells located on or in adjacent properties. Also, there was a period of leasing inactivity resulting from the decision of the Supreme Court decreeing that California did not own the belt extending three miles off her coast line, but that the United States, because it had to protect the country and conduct its foreign relations, had paramount rights" in and power over the area, an incident to which was full dominion over its resources, including oil, gas and other hydrocarbon substances.
The title situation was rectified by the passage of the "Submerged lands Act" in 1953, which finally established state ownership of the submerged lands in controversy.
The passage by the legislature of the Cunningham-Shell Tidelands Act created a major change in former state policy relating to these resources.
Incidentally, Cunningham and Shell are the names of two legislators and have no connection, direct or remote, with any oil company or oil operator of similar name.
The Cunningham-Shell Tidelands Act is now embodied in the Public Resources Code of California. As you know California is known as one of the"Code" states. By this we mean that the principal body of the law which governs our state is set forth in great detail in a series of publications which we call "CODES".
Correlation of Factors Affecting the Gravity Separation of Crude Oil-Water Mixtures
Authors: Johnston Jerry L. , Campbell John M. 
Published: June 2009

Introduction
This basic investigation was prompted by the lack of a scientific method for determining the amount of settling surface needed to permit the gravity separation of oil and water for a particular set of conditions, i.e., oil gravity, per cent water cut, and oil viscosity. Consequently, both static and dynamic separation tests were performed, in order to determine the relative importance of the variables involved. As a result of this work, a correlation is presented that enables one to predict the length and diameter of settling vessel needed.

Theory
Inasmuch as the settling of water particles in oil is similar to the gravity separation of solid particles in a fluid, it was felt that a modified application of Stokes' law would establish the general relationship of the variables. In order to employ this simple approach, it is convenient to assume that:The water droplet is spherical, incompressible, and nonporous.Gravity is the only accelerating force present.The particle is free moving and is not hindered in any manner.The oil is incompressible and of such volume that no "wall effect"is encountered.
Drilling With Surfactant Muds
Authors: Hyde R.B. , McCaskill James N. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The need for and the development of surfactant muds is briefly discussed. The components, preparation and application of four types of surfactant muds are given. Case histories of both calcium and sodium surfactant muds are traced. Incidental to the problems occurring, the calcium surfactant mud was successfully converted to a low sodium system. In another well, a low sodium system was successfully converted to saturated salt surfactant mud and desired total depth was reached. Because of their flexibility and stability under severe conditions, these muds should find wide application in future deep drilling operations. They have proved to be a practical solution of many of the shale problems; stable at high temperature; and an excellent completion fluid.

Introduction
Drilling operations to greater depths and in areas of complex drilling problems have often been handicapped or halted because of the inability of conventional drilling fluids to remain stable under the severe conditions encountered. Elevated bore-hole temperatures, solids build-up, and contamination greatly unbalance conventional drilling fluids, causing excessive viscosities, gel strengths, and fluid losses. These abnormal physical properties in turn contribute to more severe problems, such as lost circulation, blow outs, salt-water flows, and stuck pipe or casing strings. The result of these problems may be either a loss of time, expensive fishing jobs, or a complete failure of the drilling operation to reach the desired objective. Surfactant muds are a new concept in drilling fluids designed to eliminate some of the problems associated with deep drilling. These muds were originally developed for high temperature stability. However, field experience with surfactant muds has demonstrated their capacity to resist solids build-up, severe contamination from salt or anhydrite, and maintain excellent viscosity, gel strength and fluid loss properties under very difficult drilling conditions.
The Long-Range Crude Oil Productive Capacity of the United States
Authors: Davis Warren B. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Both physical and economic factors should be considered in long-range predictions of U. S. productive capacity. A mathematical model of the U. S. producing industry which considers both types of factors has been developed. This model has been used to predict the future crude oil producing rates of the U. S. under several possible conditions. The predictions indicate even with an increase of 33 per cent in the real price of crude oil, production probably will reach a peak about 1967 and decline thereafter. Even with a substantial volume of shale oil production, steadily increasing crude imports probably will be needed. The two principal factors affecting ultimate volume of crude to be found in the U. S. are drilling return [barrels of reserves developed per foot drilled], and crude oil price.

Introduction
Several estimates of the future crude oil producing rates of the U. S. petroleum industry have been made. The published versions of these estimates have made assumptions that have a critical effect on the answers obtained. The most significant assumption, one made in all cases known, is that there will be found and produced in the U. S. some finite volume of crude oil. A second universal characteristic of these estimates is that they apparently take no explicit account of many of the economic factors which should affect the answers. Probably some account of these factors has been taken, but the published data do not show it. In particular, no published study considers the effect of variations in the price of crude oil.
It is a well known fact that crude oil deposits vary enormously in size. There is no obvious reason why there should be a lower limit to the size of these deposits. There is some evidence that occasionally operators have drilled into a deposit so small that it is depleted in the process of carrying out a drill stem test. There is a lower limit to the size of a commercial deposit at the present time, but if the economic factors involved in crude oil production were changed radically, this lower commercial limit could change. This might make many deposits, not now commercial, producible. Therefore, the economic factors should affect not only the rate of recovery but also the ultimate volume of oil to be recovered in the U.S.
Use of serial laminar tissue collection via biopsy in conscious healthy horses
Authors: Hanly Brenna K. , Stokes Ashley M. , Bell Amy M. , Johnson Jill R. , Keowen Michael L. , Paulsen Daniel B. , Sod Gary A. , Moore Rustin M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the feasibility of performing serial laminar and skin biopsies on sedated horses and whether sampling affected adjacent tissues.
Animals—6 horses.
Procedures—Laminar tissues were harvested via biopsy through the hoof wall from healthy conscious horses via sedation and regional anesthesia. Eight specimens were collected at 4 time points during 24 hours from a single foot. Laminar biopsy specimens were harvested with a 6-mm-diameter biopsy punch after burring through the horny corium to the stratum medium. Skin biopsy specimens were collected from an area proximal to the coronary band. All tissues were examined via light microscopy. Total RNA was extracted and quantified, and gene expression analysis was completed for 2 housekeeping genes and the inflammatory mediator cyclooxygenase-2.
Results—Laminar and skin biopsies yielded adequate specimens for histologic and gene expression evaluation. There was no extension of inflammation or detectable damage to adjacent tissues during the 24-hour period in either laminar or skin specimens as judged via histologic findings and cyclooxygenase-2 expression. Lameness and discomfort induced by the procedure were minimal.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Laminar biopsy provided a satisfactory method of collecting laminar specimens and allowed serial sampling of individual horses.
Evaluation of anesthesia recovery quality after low-dose racemic or S-ketamine infusions during anesthesia with isoflurane in horses
Authors: Larenza M. Paula , Ringer Simone K. , Kutter Annette P. N. , Conrot Aude , Theurillat Regula , Kummer Martin , Thormann Wolfgang , Bettschart-Wolfensberger Regula 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare anesthesia recovery quality after racemic (R-/S-) or S-ketamine infusions during isoflurane anesthesia in horses.
Animals—10 horses undergoing arthroscopy.
Procedures—After administration of xylazine for sedation, horses (n = 5/group) received R-/S-ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) or S-ketamine (1.1 mg/kg), IV, for anesthesia induction. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen and R-/S-ketamine (1 mg/kg/h) or S-ketamine (0.5 mg/kg/h). Heart rate, invasive mean arterial pressure, and end-tidal isoflurane concentration were recorded before and during surgical stimulation. Arterial blood gases were evaluated every 30 minutes. Arterial ketamine and norketamine enantiomer plasma concentrations were quantified at 60 and 120 minutes. After surgery, horses were kept in a padded recovery box, sedated with xylazine, and video-recorded for evaluation of recovery quality by use of a visual analogue scale (VAS) and a numeric rating scale.
Results—Horses in the S-ketamine group had better numeric rating scale and VAS values than those in the R-/S-ketamine group. In the R-/S-ketamine group, duration of infusion was positively correlated with VAS value. Both groups had significant increases in heart rate and mean arterial pressure during surgical stimulation; values in the R-/S-ketamine group were significantly higher than those of the S-ketamine group. Horses in the R-/S-ketamine group required slightly higher end-tidal isoflurane concentration to maintain a surgical plane of anesthesia. Moderate respiratory acidosis and reduced oxygenation were evident. The R-norketamine concentrations were significantly lower than S-norketamine concentrations in the R-/S-ketamine group.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared with R-/S-ketamine, anesthesia recovery was better with S-ketamine infusions in horses.
Psychometric testing of the Helsinki chronic pain index by completion of a questionnaire in Finnish by owners of dogs with chronic signs of pain caused by osteoarthritis
Authors: Hielm-Björkman Anna K. , Rita Hannu , Tulamo Riitta-Mari 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To determine the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of a published chronic pain index by completion of a questionnaire in Finnish by owners of dogs with chronic signs of pain caused by osteoarthritis.
Animals—61 client-owned dogs with osteoarthritis.
Procedures—Validity, internal consistency, and repeatability testing of the questionnaire were evaluated by completion of questions in Finnish by owners of 61 dogs; the questionnaire was named the Helsinki chronic pain index (HCPI). Sensitivity testing of the questionnaire was determined from data of 2 smaller groups of dogs treated with carprofen (n = 17) or placebo (17). Owners completed the questionnaire 5 times during a 16-week period. Psychometric properties of the HCPI were evaluated.
Results—Principal component analysis yielded only a single stable component, indicating that the HCPI was best explained as an 11-item single construct index of chronic pain. Changes in the HCPI correlated well with change in quality of life and with change in the mobility visual analogue scale (r = 0.72 and r = 0.67, respectively), indicating a high predictive validity. Internal consistency (Cronbach A value = 0.82) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.84 for items and 0.92 for the HCPI) were high. Changes in scores (from baseline to treatment and back to no treatment) between the carprofen treatment group and placebo control group were significant, indicating high sensitivity.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The Finnish version of the HCPI provided a valid, reliable, and responsive tool for assessment of response to treatment in dogs with osteoarthritis.
Evaluation of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the prevention of atopic dermatitis in dogs
Authors: Marsella Rosanna 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of the probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG for the alleviation or prevention of clinical signs of atopic dermatitis (AD) in genetically predisposed dogs.
Animals—2 adult Beagles with severe AD and 16 puppies.
Procedures—The 2 adult Beagles were bred twice, with a year between breedings. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG was administered to the bitch during the second pregnancy and to the puppies of the second litter from 3 weeks to 6 months of age. Both litters were epicutaneously sensitized to Dermatophagoides farinae. Blood samples were collected from puppies every 6 weeks to measure serum titers of allergen-specific IgE. At 6 months of age, all puppies underwent intradermal allergen testing and environmental challenge with D farinae. Clinical signs were scored.
Results—In the first litter, at 6 months of age, 7 of 7 puppies were strongly seropositive for IgE against D farinae, 6 had a positive reaction to intradermal testing, and 7 developed severe clinical signs of AD after the environmental challenge. In the second litter, 7 of 9 puppies were seropositive, 3 had a positive reaction to intradermal testing, and 6 developed dermatitis and pruritus after the challenge. The second litter had a significantly lower serum titer of allergen-specific IgE and milder reaction to intradermal testing, compared with the first litter. Clinical scores did not differ between litters.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of L rhamnosus GG to puppies appeared to reduce immunologic indicators of AD, although no significant decrease in clinical signs was detected.
Urinary iodide concentration in hyperthyroid cats
Authors: Wakeling Jennifer , Elliott Jonathan , Petrie Aviva , Brodbelt David , Syme Harriet M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare concentrations of urinary iodide (UI) in euthyroid and untreated hyperthyroid cats.
Animals—118 euthyroid and 88 hyperthyroid client-owned cats from 2 nonreferral veterinary practices.
Procedures—Iodide concentration was measured in 5 urine samples collected every 3 to 12 months from selected cats, and variability of results between euthyroid cats and hyperthyroid cats prior to the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism was evaluated via 1-way ANOVA, after logarithmic transformation of UI concentrations (logUIs). The UI concentration in hyperthyroid cats was measured at diagnosis and 2 to 6 weeks and 3 to 6 months after treatment for hyperthyroidism. The pretreatment logUI in hyperthyroid cats was compared with that in euthyroid cats, taking into account the effects of renal function on UI concentration. Iodine intake was estimated in euthyroid cats following calculation of the volume of daily urine output, with a fixed value for iodine concentration in feces.
Results—The variability of UI concentrations did not differ significantly between hyperthyroid (n = 10) and euthyroid (8) cats. The logUI increased 2 to 6 weeks after initiation of treatment in hyperthyroid cats (n = 80) and was lower in azotemic versus nonazotemic cats. Hyperthyroid cats had a lower logUI than euthyroid cats, and there was no evidence of deficient iodine intake in euthyroid cats.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The logUI was lower in cats with azotemia and with untreated hyperthyroidism, compared with that in euthyroid cats from the same population. Additional studies are needed to determine whether iodine intake plays a role in the development of hyperthyroidism in cats.
Comparison of equine tendon-, muscle-, and bone marrow–derived cells cultured on tendon matrix
Authors: Stewart Allison A. , Barrett Jennifer G. , Byron Christopher R. , Yates Angela C. , Durgam Sushmitha S. , Evans Richard B. , Stewart Matthew C. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To compare viability and biosynthetic capacities of cells isolated from equine tendon, muscle, and bone marrow grown on autogenous tendon matrix.
Sample Population—Cells from 4 young adult horses.
Procedures—Cells were isolated, expanded, and cultured on autogenous cell-free tendon matrix for 7 days. Samples were analyzed for cell viability, proteoglycan synthesis, collagen synthesis, and mRNA expression of collagen type I, collagen type III, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP).
Results—Tendon- and muscle-derived cells required less time to reach confluence (approx 2 weeks) than did bone marrow–derived cells (approx 3 to 4 weeks); there were fewer bone marrow–derived cells at confluence than the other 2 cell types. More tendon- and muscle-derived cells were attached to matrices after 7 days than were bone marrow–derived cells. Collagen and proteoglycan synthesis by tendon- and muscle-derived cells was significantly greater than synthesis by bone marrow–derived cells. On a per-cell basis, tendon-derived cells had more collagen synthesis, although this was not significant. Collagen type I mRNA expression was similar among groups. Tendon-derived cells expressed the highest amounts of collagen type III and COMP mRNAs, although the difference for COMP was not significant.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tendon- and muscle-derived cells yielded greater cell culture numbers in shorter time and, on a per-cell basis, had comparable biosynthetic assays to bone marrow–derived cells. More in vitro experiments with higher numbers may determine whether tendon-derived cells are a useful resource for tendon healing.
Effect of a tart cherry juice blend on exercise-induced muscle damage in horses
Authors: Ducharme Normand G. , Fortier Lisa A. , Kraus Marc S. , Hobo Seiji , Mohammed Hussni O. , McHugh Malachy P. , Hackett Richard P. , Soderholm Leo V. , Mitchell Lisa M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate whether administering a tart cherry juice blend (TCJB) prior to exercise would reduce skeletal and cardiac muscle damage by decreasing the inflammatory and oxidative stress response to exercise in horses.
Animals—6 horses.
Procedures—Horses were randomly allocated into 2 groups in a crossover study with a 2-week washout period and orally administered either TCJB or a placebo solution (1.42 L, twice daily) in a double-masked protocol for 2 weeks prior to a stepwise incremental exercise protocol. Horses were tested for serum activities of creatine kinase and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; an indicator of oxidative stress), and serum amyloid A (SAA; an indicator of inflammation). To ensure that treatment would not result in positive results of an equine drug-screening protocol, serum samples obtained from each horse prior to and after 2 weeks of administration of TCJB or the placebo solution were tested.
Results—All horses had negative results of drug screening at both sample times. The exercise protocol resulted in a significant increase in TBARS concentration, SAA concentration, and serum AST activity in all horses. Administration of TCJB or placebo solution was not associated with an effect on malondialdehyde or SAA concentrations. However, administration of TCJB was associated with less serum activity of AST, compared with administration of placebo solution.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of TCJB may diminish muscle damage induced by exercise.