bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular and molecular effects of resveratrol in health and disease
Authors: Yu Wei , Fu Yu‐Cai , Wang Wei 
Published: November 2011

AbstractResveratrol, a natural polyphenol abundantly found in grape skins and red wine, possesses diverse biochemical and physiological actions, including anti‐inflammatory, anti‐oxidation, anti‐proliferation and promotion of differentiation, and chemopreventive effects. Recently, it is attracting increased attention due to its health benefits, especially in common age‐related diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and neurological conditions. In this review, we discuss the latest cellular and molecular findings that account for the beneficial actions of resveratrol. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 752–759, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphology of the european sea bass (dicentrarchus labrax) tongue
Authors: Abbate Francesco , Guerrera Maria Cristina , Montalbano Giuseppe , De Carlos Felix , Suárez Alberto Álvarez , Ciriaco Emilia , Germanà Antonino 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe European sea bass, a member of the Moronidae family, is a food fish, considered one of the first models for the intensive breeding in salt water. It has nowadays an important and increasing presence in the international fishing markets. Sea basses are carnivorous, feeding on little fishes and invertebrates. Considering the important role of the tongue during the intraoral transport and the swallowing of food, scarce data are present in literature about its morphology. The aim of this study was to analyze the morphology of the tongue by means of scanning electron and light microscopy. Adult sea basses were obtained from the aquarium of the Sicilian Center of Experimental Ichthyiopathology of the University of Messina. The fishes were anaesthetized with MS 222 and the heads were then quickly removed and processed for the paraffin embedding and SEM processing. Three different tongue regions could be distinguished: an apex, a body, and a root. Scanning electron and light microscopy showed the presence of numerous canine‐like teeth, surrounded by taste buds and numerous fungiform and conical papillae. The teeth were curved and their tips were posteriorly oriented. The results confirm, in teleosts too, the fundamental role of the tongue in the mechanics of food ingestion. Moreover, the presence of taste buds demonstrates the interaction of food processing and taste. These data could be a potential source to identify new and better methods of nutrition in the breeding of this fish. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Overexpression of survivin is correlated with increased invasion and metastasis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Chu Xiao‐Yuan , Chen Long‐Bang , Wang Jing‐Hua , Su Quan‐Sheng , Yang Ji‐Rong , Lin Yong , Xue Li‐Jun , Liu Xiao‐Bei , Mo Xiao‐Bei 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the association of survivin expression with metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC).MethodsRT‐PCR and Western blot assays were performed to detect survivin expression in CRC cells and normal intestinal epithelial cell. The expression of survivin gene was also detected in 15 CRC tissues, surrounding and adjacent colon tissues. Moreover, survivin expression in 48 CRC tissues with or without lymph node metastasis was analyzed. Multivariate analysis for lymph node metastasis was performed using logistic regression model. RNA interference was used to inhibit survivin expression in CRC cells and analyze its effect on invasion and metastasis of CRC cells.ResultsThe expression levels of survivin mRNA and protein were higher in CRC cells than in normal intestinal epithelial cell line. The average levels of survivin mRNA and protein were higher in CRC tissues than surrounding or adjacent colon tissues (P < 0.05). High survivin expression was an independent factor for predicting lymph node metastasis of CRC (P = 0.043). RNAi‐mediated survivin knockdown could significantly inhibit in vitro invasion and in vivo metastasis of CRC cells, which might be inactivation of matrix metalloproteinases.ConclusionTargeting survivin will be a potential strategy to suppress metastasis of CRC. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:520–528. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Searching for the main anti‐bacterial components in artificial Calculus bovis using UPLC and microcalorimetry coupled with multi‐linear regression analysis
Authors: Zang Qing‐Ce , Wang Jia‐Bo , Kong Wei‐Jun , Jin Cheng , Ma Zhi‐Jie , Chen Jing , Gong Qian‐Feng , Xiao Xiao‐He 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe fingerprints of artificial Calculus bovis extracts from different solvents were established by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and the anti‐bacterial activities of artificial C. bovis extracts on Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) growth were studied by microcalorimetry. The UPLC fingerprints were evaluated using hierarchical clustering analysis. Some quantitative parameters obtained from the thermogenic curves of S. aureus growth affected by artificial C. bovis extracts were analyzed using principal component analysis. The spectrum–effect relationships between UPLC fingerprints and anti‐bacterial activities were investigated using multi‐linear regression analysis. The results showed that peak 1 (taurocholate sodium), peak 3 (unknown compound), peak 4 (cholic acid), and peak 6 (chenodeoxycholic acid) are more significant than the other peaks with the standard parameter estimate 0.453, −0.166, 0.749, 0.025, respectively. So, compounds cholic acid, taurocholate sodium, and chenodeoxycholic acid might be the major anti‐bacterial components in artificial C. bovis. Altogether, this work provides a general model of the combination of UPLC chromatography and anti‐bacterial effect to study the spectrum–effect relationships of artificial C. bovis extracts, which can be used to discover the main anti‐bacterial components in artificial C. bovis or other Chinese herbal medicines with anti‐bacterial effects.
Petrous apex cholesterol granulomas: Endonasal versus infracochlear approach
Authors: Scopel Tiago Fernando , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Pinheiro‐Neto Carlos D. , Peris‐Celda Maria , Paluzzi Alessandro , Gardner Paul A. , Hirsch Barry E. , Snyderman Carl H. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the surgical anatomy of two different routes to access and drain petrous apex (PA) cholesterol granulomas: the expanded endonasal approach (EEA) and the transcanal infracochlear approach (TICA).Study Design:Anatomic and radiologic study.Methods:The EEA and TICA to the PA were performed in 11 anatomic specimens with the assistance of imaging guidance. The PA was categorized into three zones: superior PA, anterior‐inferior PA, and posterior‐inferior PA. The maximum drainage window achieved by each approach was calculated using the imaging studies of each anatomic specimen.Results:The EEA was able to reach superior PA and anterior‐inferior PA in all specimens and posterior‐inferior PA in 90%. The TICA did not provide access to superior PA in any case. The TICA was suitable to reach anterior‐inferior PA in 80% of specimens and posterior‐inferior PA in 60%. Based on the radiologic study, the EEA provided a drainage window three times larger than the TICA.Conclusions:The transnasal approach provides reliable access to the PA when combined with internal carotid artery exposure and allows for large drainage window. The transcanal approach is less versatile and more limited than the transnasal approach but provides access to the most posterior and inferior portion of the PA without Eustachian tube transection. Here we propose a new surgical classification that may help to decide the most suitable approach to the PA according to the location and extension of the lesion. Laryngoscope, 2012
Tracheotomy‐related catastrophic events: Results of a national survey
Authors: Das Preety , Zhu Hannah , Shah Rahul K. , Roberson David W. , Berry Jay , Skinner Margaret L. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis:To gather qualitative and semiquantitative information about catastrophic complications during and following tracheotomy.Study Design:National survey distributed to American Academy of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery members via the Academy weekly email newsletter during April and May 2011.Methods:A total of 478 respondents provided estimates of the number of four specific tracheotomy‐related complications (innominate artery fistula, esophageal fistula, acute tracheotomy occlusion, and obstructing granuloma), all catastrophic events, and events resulting in death or permanent disability encountered during their careers. There were 253 respondents who provided 405 free‐text descriptions of specific events.Results:The respondents experienced approximately one catastrophic event every 10 years and one event resulting in death or permanent disability every 20 years. More than 90% occurred more than 1 week after surgery. Categories of physicians who experienced more events per year included academic physicians and laryngologists. Pediatric otolaryngologists had twice as many innominate artery fistulas per year of practice as others. Qualitative (free‐text) descriptions of the most serious events demonstrated that more of these events involved loss of airway and volume bleeds, usually from innominate or carotid artery erosion. Many of the events due to airway loss involved potentially correctable deficits in family education, nursing care, home care, and other structural factors.Conclusions:Even when we allow for selection bias, these data suggest that a substantial number of tracheotomy complications leading to death or permanent disability occur at a national level. The vast majority of events occur more than 1 week after the procedure. Many of the described events were caused by factors that should be amenable to prospective system improvement strategies. Laryngoscope, 122:30–37, 2012
Effects of camptothecin and hydroxycamptothecin on insect cell lines Sf21 and IOZCAS‐Spex‐II
Authors: Zhang Lan , Zhang Yanning , He Weizhi , Ma Dejun , Jiang Hongyun 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND: In recent years, concerns over the potential impact of synthetic pesticides on the environment have made the discovery and development of environmentally friendly pesticides a more pressing issue. Camptothecin (CPT) and its derivatives have attracted much attention owing to their unique mechanisms of action against insects. In this paper, two insect cell lines, Sf21 and IOZCAS‐Spex‐II, were used to conduct a preliminary investigation of the potential of CPT and hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) as inducers of apoptosis in insect cell lines, and to illustrate the mechanism of action of CPT on insects at the cellular level.RESULTS: The results showed that both CPT and HCPT demonstrate potent cytotoxic effects to the tested insect cell lines in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The DNA fragmentation, activation of caspases and cytochrome c release were observed in both IOZCAS‐Spex‐II and Sf21 treated with CPT and HCPT. There is no significant difference in cytotoxicity and caspase‐3 activation (P < 0.05, except when treated for 2 h) between CPT and HCPT, although the caspase‐3 activation was slightly stronger when treated with HCPT in both Sf21 and IOZCAS‐Spex‐II.CONCLUSION: The results confirm the existence of the mitochondrial‐dependent pathway of apoptosis induced by CPT and HCPT in Sf21 and IOZCAS‐Spex‐II cell lines. Further investigations are required to reveal the mitochondrial mechanisms and regulation of caspase activation during apoptosis. These studies will provide basic knowledge needed to understand the mechanisms of action of CPT and to develop CPT and its derivatives as insecticides. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
“It should at least seem scientific!” Textual features of “scientificness” and their impact on lay assessments of online information
Authors: Thomm Eva , Bromme Rainer 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe Internet is a convenient source of information about science‐based topics (e.g., health matters). Whereas experts are familiar with the conventions of “true” scientific discourse and the assessment of scientific information, laypeople may have great difficulty choosing among, evaluating, and deciding on the vast amount of information available online on the basis of their fragmentary understanding of science. The evaluation of science‐based text information may require an (at least rudimentary) understanding of the norms of scientific discourse. Two studies investigated whether laypeople have an adequate grasp of what makes a text scientific and whether their perceptions of text “scientificness” contribute to their evaluation of the credibility of online text information. Furthermore, we investigated whether laypeople distinguish between their own judgments of science‐based information and those they expect experts to make, indicating a divergence between their understanding of “official science” and their personal beliefs. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:187–211, 2012
UTOPIAAND CIVIC POLITICS IN MID-SIXTEENTH-CENTURY LONDON
Authors: BISHOP JENNIFER 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTDuring the seven years of Edward VI's reign, a variety of ideas about how best to reform the religious, economic, political, and social structures of the English commonwealth were devised, debated, and enacted. London's citizens and governors were increasingly occupied with developing legislative and institutional solutions for pressing social ills such as poverty and vagrancy: the question of how best to govern the commonwealth was not just a philosophical dilemma, but a practical concern. It was within this context that the first English translation of Thomas More'sUtopiaappeared in London. Published in 1551 by a group of citizens with a keen interest in social reform, the EnglishUtopiamay best be described as constituting an engagement with ideas of ‘good government’. This article draws on surviving evidence for the activities and concerns ofUtopia's producers, and in particular the sponsor and instigator of the translation, George Tadlowe, in order to demonstrate that this publication represented a timely combination of humanist theory and political practice typical of the civic culture of the Edwardian reformation.
Bring the captive closer to the wild: redefining the role of ex situ conservation
Authors: Pritchard Diana J. , Fa John E. , Oldfield Sara , Harrop Stuart R. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn situ conservation is central to contemporary global biodiversity protection and is the predominant emphasis of international regulation and funding strategies. Ex situ approaches, in contrast, have been relegated to a subsidiary role and their direct contributions to conservation have been limited. We draw on a variety of sources to make the case for an enhanced role for ex situ conservation. We note the advances occurring within institutions specializing in ex situ conservation and stress that, although much remains to be done, many constraints are being addressed. We argue that the evidence of increasing extinction rates, exacerbated by climate change, challenges the wisdom of a heavy dependence on in situ strategies and necessitates increased development of ex situ approaches. A number of different techniques that enable species and their habitats to survive should now be explored. These could build on the experience of management systems that have already demonstrated the effective integration of in situ and ex situ techniques and hybrid approaches. For organizations specializing in ex situ conservation to become more effective, however, they will require tangible support from the institutions of global biodiversity governance. Resistance is anticipated because in situ conservation is entrenched through powerful groups and organizations that exert influence on global conservation policy and facilitate the flow of funding. The chasm that has traditionally divided in situ and ex situ approaches may diminish as approaches are combined. Moreover, the relentless loss of the ‘wild’ may soon render the in situ / ex situ distinction misleading, or even obsolete.
In vitro and in vivo behaviour of sympatric Leishmania (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) peruviana and their hybrids
Authors: CORTES SOFIA , ESTEVES CARINA , MAURÍCIO ISABEL , MAIA CARLA , CRISTOVÃO JOSÉ MANUEL , MILES MICHAEL , CAMPINO LENEA 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYLeishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is the main cause of highly disfiguring mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL) in South America. The related species L. (V.) peruviana has only been identified in simple cutaneous lesions (CL). Hybrids between L. braziliensis and L. peruviana have been reported although genetic exchange in Leishmania is considered to be rare. Here we compared growth in vitro, adaptive capacity under thermal and oxidative stress and behaviour in a hamster model, of L. braziliensis, L. peruviana, and their putative hybrids. At 24°C, the optimal temperature for in vitro growth, L. braziliensis had the highest growth rate. In in vitro studies hybrid clones presented heterogeneous phenotypes, from slower growth rates, similar to L. peruviana, to higher growth rates, as observed in L. braziliensis. Hamsters infected with hybrid strains, presented the highest parasite densities and aggressive relapses at a later stage of infection. Hybrids generally presented higher plasticity and phenotypic diversity than the putative parental species, with potential eco-epidemiological implications, including an impact on the success of disease control.
Prefects in Search of a Role in a Europeanised France
Authors: Cole Alistair 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBased on extensive new empirical fieldwork (via a case study of the reform of the territorial State in 2007–2010), this article interrogates the meaning of the prefectoral institution in France. The central puzzle this article addresses is the survival of a pre-democratic institution – the Prefect in – a democratic, decentralizing and Europeanised Republic. Changing conditions have required institutional resilience and adaptation in a period of state restructuring and rescaling. The case study of the prefectures as old institutions is framed using language and tools of new institutionalism across three dimensions: the timing and sequence of decision-making, the logic of appropriateness, and interaction. Beyond the narrow case of the prefectures in France, the article makes the case for combining modes of institutionalist analysis in order to penetrate generalities about the black box of institutions.
Manipulating the physical: water's body and soul
Authors: Hunt John Dixon 
Published: November 2011

The Japanese dry garden apart, water has been an essential ingredient in all garden-making. From its sources in agricultural and other modes of food production, water has been used to irrigate and maintain a host of necessary functions, some of which, like the water wheel in Mediterranean cultures [1], have been (and still are) crucial elements of agricultural cultivation.But the other crucial feature of water, unless it is manipulated in some way by human agency, is its capacity to seek the path of least resistance. It may wear away rocks and soils, but essentially it seeks to find the easier and least resistant path through the local elements. The manipulation of water, then, in designed landscapes is a cultural mode of soliciting from water its best features, drawing out its performative aspects. But the features deemed ‘best’ are the result of a whole range of objectives that transcend physical properties to communicate and exploit specific and very local cultural capabilities.
Iodine-induced goitre and high prevalence of anaemia among Saharawi refugee women
Authors: Henjum Sigrun , Barikmo Ingrid , Strand Tor A , Oshaug Arne , Torheim Liv Elin 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveThe main objective was to assess iodine status (thyroid volume (Tvol) and urinary iodine concentration (UIC)) and their determinants in Saharawi refugee women.DesignA cross-sectional survey was performed during January–February 2007. Tvol was measured by ultrasound and iodine concentration was analysed in spot urine samples and in household drinking water. Anthropometry and Hb concentration were measured and background variables were collected using pre-coded questionnaires.SettingThe survey was undertaken in four long-term refugee camps in the Algerian desert.SubjectsNon-pregnant women (n394), 15–45 years old, randomly selected.ResultsMedian (25th percentile–75th percentile (P25–P75)) UIC was 466 (294–725) μg/l. Seventy-four per cent had UIC above 300 μg/l and 46 % above 500 μg/l. Median (P25–P75) Tvol was 9·4 (7·4–12·0) ml and the goitre prevalence was 22 %. UIC was positively associated with iodine in drinking water and negatively associated with breast-feeding, and these two variables explained 28 % of the variation in UIC. The mean (sd) Hb level was 11·8 (2·4) g/dl. In total 46 % were anaemic with 14 %, 25 % and 7 %, classified with respectively mild, moderate and severe anaemia.ConclusionsThe Saharawi women had high UIC, high levels of iodine in drinking water and increased Tvol and probably suffered from iodine-induced goitre. The high prevalence of anaemia is considered to be a severe public health concern. To what extent the excessive iodine intake and the anaemia have affected thyroid function is unknown and should be addressed in future studies.
Overwinter Mortality of Gizzard Shad: Evaluation of Starvation and Cold Temperature Stress
Authors: Fetzer William W. , Brooking Thomas E. , Jackson James R. , Rudstam Lars G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOverwinter mortality of gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum has been attributed to starvation, cold stress, and predation; however, the interactions among these factors are not well understood and can change across winter. We evaluated possible causes for overwinter mortality of age‐0 gizzard shad through a combination of experiments and field sampling during the winters of 2005–2006 and 2006–2007. In the first experiment, gizzard shad were placed into cages in Oneida Lake, New York, during three time periods prior to ice formation. The fish exhibited low mortality at temperatures above 8°C but high mortality (>75%) in all cages as temperature dropped below 8°C. We observed no consistent patterns of length‐dependent mortality or changes in total percent dry weight (DW). However, the viscerosomatic index (VSI) decreased during all time periods, indicating disproportionate use of visceral tissues. In the second experiment, gizzard shad were exposed to temperature treatments of 1, 2, and 4°C in experimental cold rooms. Little mortality occurred as temperature dropped from 8°C to 4°C, but mortality increased after temperature reached 4°C and was highest in the two coldest treatments. Within a temperature treatment, small fish died faster, and mortality exhibited a weak negative correlation with VSI and percent DW. Average size of fish in field collections increased through the winter, indicating higher mortality of smaller individuals and proportional changes in somatic DW and visceral DW. Results from both experiments and the field collections suggest that cold stress and an inability to acclimate—rather than starvation—are driving gizzard shad mortality at low temperatures.