bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Chemical Model of the Variable Oxygen Content of YBa2Cu3O7 — y
Authors: Schwitzgebel G. , Junk St. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe reversible oxygen exchange of YBa2Cu3O7 — y (y: O‐deficiency) between 670 and 970 K could be discribed by a chemical equilibrium model, which is assumed between O2(g) and the ions (Cu+, Cu2+, O− or Cu3+) of the basal plane of the structure. The O2 pressure and temperature dependences of the O‐deficiency, which were derived from the model, are completely fulfilled. — The electrical conductivity at higher temperatures is approximately proportional to (1 — y)2, i.e. to the product of the concentrations of two defects, which are involved in the conductance process. It is best interpreted by the small polaron model of the h· type. The deviation from the proportionality was tentatively ascribed to the progressive disorder, which appears with increasing y in the O site occupancy of the basal plane.
A Mößbauer Investigation of the Kinetics of Internal Redox Reactions in Oxide Solid Solutions of the Type (Mg1 — xFex)O
Authors: Becker K. D. , Dreher S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractWe have made a temperature dependent in‐situ Mößbauer investigation of the kinetics of internal reactions in the system Mg — Fe — O. We confirm the predicted parabolic rate law for the internal oxidation of polycrystalline (Mg1—xFex)O solid solutions with x = 0.01, x = 0.02, and x = 0.05 for temperatures between about 1000°C and 1100°C. The reaction rate constant is found to be inversely proportional to the iron content. The internal reduction of a (Mg0.85Fe0.15)O solid solution at 1000°C, i.e. for the formation of metallic precipitates, also follows the parabolic rate law. Furthermore, preliminary results are reported of an analogous internal reaction investigation in the system Al — Fe — O.
Kinetics from Indirectly Detected Hyperpolarized NMR Spectroscopy by Using Spatially Selective Coherence Transfers
Authors: Harris Talia , Giraudeau Patrick , Frydman Lucio 
Published: November 2010

AbstractAn important recent development in NMR spectroscopy is the advent of ex situ dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) approaches, which are capable of yielding liquid‐state sensitivities that exceed considerably those afforded by the highest‐field spectrometers. This increase in sensitivity has triggered new research avenues, particularly concerning the in vivo monitoring of metabolism and disease by NMR spectroscopy. So far such gains have mainly materialized for experiments that focus on nonprotonated, low‐γ nuclei; targets favored by relatively long relaxation times T1, which enable them to withstand the transfer from the cryogenic hyperpolarizer to the reacting centers of interest. Recent studies have also shown that transferring this hyperpolarization to protons by indirectly detected methods could successfully give rise to 1H NMR spectra of hyperpolarized compounds with a high sensitivity. The present study demonstrates that, when merged with spatially encoded methods, indirectly detected 1H NMR spectroscopy can also be exploited as time‐resolved hyperpolarized spectroscopy. A methodology is thus introduced that can successfully deliver a series of hyperpolarized 1H NMR spectra over a minutes‐long timescale. The principles and opportunities presented by this approach are exemplified by following the in vitro phosphorylation of choline by choline kinase, a potential metabolic marker of cancer; and by tracking acetylcholine’s hydrolysis by acetylcholine esterase, an important enzyme partaking in synaptic transmission and neuronal degradation.
Functional Ultrastructure of the Proximal Tubule
Authors: Maunsbach Arvid B. , Christensen Erik Ilsø 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Location of Proximal TubuleFixation of Proximal Tubule Cells for Electron MicroscopyUltrastructure of the Mammalian Proximal Tubule CellGeneral CytologyCell ShapeSegmentation of the Mammalian Proximal TubuleLuminal Cell SurfaceBasal and Lateral Cell SurfaceJunctionsNucleusMitochondriaEndoplasmic ReticulumGolgi ApparatusVacuolar Apparatus (Lysosomes and Endocytic Vacuoles)PeroxisomesCytoskeletonCytoplasmic Ground Substance and InclusionsStructure of Proximal Tubule Cells in Submammalian SpeciesBirdsReptilesAmphibiansFishesUltrastructure of Experimentally Perfused TubulesQuantitative Ultrastructure of Proximal TubulesTransepithelial Transport RoutesThe Transcellular RouteThe Paracellular RouteFunctions of the Vacuolar ApparatusProtein Absorption by the Proximal Tubule CellsTranstubular Transport of ProteinsBasolateral Binding and Uptake of ProteinsEndocytosis of NonproteinsAutophogocytosisLysosomal Accumulation of Metals and Other Substances
Ion and Water Transport in Toad Urinary Epithelia in Vitro
Authors: MacKnight Anthony D. C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Structure of Toad Urinary BladderIon Movements Across EpitheliumApical Plasma MembraneWhat ore the occurrence and characteristics of individual channels?Basolateral Plasma MembraneParacellular PathwayRepresentations of Transepithelial TransportMembrane PotentialsWater Movements Across EpitheliumComposition of Epithelial CellsSodiumPotassiumChlorideCalciumpHMetabolism and Transepithelial TransportRegulation and Control of Transepithelial Transport and of Cell CompositionHormonal Control of Transepithelial TransportSummary
Mechanisms of Fluid Transport Across Renal Tubules
Authors: Schafer James A. , Reeves W. Brian , Andreoli Thomas E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Theoretical Foundations of Water Transport in EpitheliaVolume Absorption in the Proximal TubuleWater Permeability of the Proximal TubuleMeasurement of Water PermeabilityImportance of the Osmotic Water PermeabilityLocation of the Osmotic GradientLuminal Hypotonicity Produced by Solute AbsorptionAbsorbate Hypertonicity“Passive” Driving Forces for Volume AbsorptionNaCl Diffusion in Volume AbsorptionReflection Coefficient DifferencesModels of Solute‐Solvent Coupling in Proximal Volume AbsorptionRoutes of Volume Movement in the Proximal NephronMeasurement of Cell Membrane Osmotic Water PermeabilitiesConsequences of Transcellular Volume FlowTheADH‐Sensitive Distal NephronMeasurement of Permeability Changes Produced byADHWafer Permeability ofADH‐Sensitive Nephron Segments in Vivo and in VitroSite of the Change in Water Permeability withADHEvaluation of thePf/PDwRatioLarge Pore HypothesisUnstirred Layer EffectsThe Narrow Channel Hypothesis: Single‐File Diffusion Through Small Aqueous ChannelsADHIncreases the Number of Narrow Aqueous Channels in Apical Plasma MembranesThe ApparentEAfor Water Transport in Cortical Collecting TubulesThe Raw DataCorrection for Diffusion Constraints in Series with Apical MembranesThe “True” EAfor Water TransportPseudo‐“Breaks” inEAMeasurementsComparison ofADH‐Dependent Apical Membrane Water Channels with Gramicidin A ChannelsParallel Paths for Water and Solute PermeationMorphologic StudiesIntracellular Mediators ofADHActionModulation ofADHAction—α‐Adrenergic AgentsAtrial Natriuretic PeptideProstaglandinsCalciumProtein Kinase CSummary
Renal Ion Channels
Authors: Palmer Lawrence G. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Historical OverviewWhat is an Ion Channel?Techniques for Studying Ion ChannelsFluctuation (Noise) AnalysisReconstitution in Lipid BilayersPatch‐ClampApplication of the Patch‐Clamp to Renal TubulesParameters Derived from Patch‐Clamp MeasurementsIon Channels Along the NephronProximal TubuleThick Ascending Limb/Diluting SegmentCollecting Tubule/Urinary BladderChannels in Cell Volume HomeostasisSummary
Chloride Transport
Authors: Kokko Juha P. , Baum Michel 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Proximal Tubule Chloride TransportAmphibian Proximal TubuleMammalian Proximal Convoluted TubuleProximal Straight TubuleDescending Limb of HenleThin Ascending Limb of HenleThick Ascending Limb of HenleDistal Convoluted TubuleAmphibian Distal TubuleMammalian Distal TubuleCollecting DuctCortical Collecting TubuleOuter Medullary Collecting DuctInner Medullary Collecting DuctSummary
Renal Acidification: Integrated Tubular Responses
Authors: Cogan Martin G. , Quan Albert H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Normal Acidification by Nephron SegmentsOverview of Mechanisms of AcidificationRates of AcidificationpH GradientPhysiological Roles of Normal Renal AcidificationRenal Response to Change in Glomerular Filtration Rate and Luminal Flow RateBicarbonate ReabsorptionRenal Response to Decrease in Plasma Bicarbonate Concentration: Metabolic AcidosisBicarbonate ReabsorptionAmmonium FormationTitratable Acid FormationIntegrated Nephron Response: Renal Net Acid ExcretionRenal Response to Increase in Plasma Bicarbonate Concentration: Metabolic AlkalosisExogenous Bicarbonate Administration without Extracellular Volume Contraction or Potassium DepletionBicarbonate Generation or Administration in the Setting of Chloride and Potassium DeficienciesRenal Response to Alterations in PlasmaBicarbonate ReabsorptionAmmonium and Titratable Acid FormationIntegrated Nephron Response: Bicarbonate Reabsorption and Net Acid Excretion by the Whole Kidney
Renal Handling of Urea
Authors: Marsh Donald J. , Knepper Mark A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Urea SynthesisRole of Urea in Systemic MetabolismRole of Urea in Systemic Nitrogen BalanceRole of Urea in Systemic Acid‐Base BalanceRegulation of Urea Production and ExcretionEffects of Urea on Cellular Function: Role of MethylaminesMembrane Transport of UreaLipid BilayersErythrocytes and Other Nonepithelial CellsNonrenal EpitheliaUrea Transport in the KidneyIntroductionIndividual Tubule SegmentsRole of Urea in the Urinary Concentrating MechanismQuestions Remaining
Effects of Diuretics on Renal Function
Authors: Puschett Jules B. , Winaver Joseph 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Diuretic Effects on Renal HemodynamicsDrugs That Primarily Alter Glomerular FunctionDrugs That Primarily Alter Tubular FunctionDiuretic Effects on Intrarenal Blood Flow DistributionDiuretic Interactions with the Renin–Angiotensin‐Aldosterone systemDiuretic Interactions with Prostaglandin Synthesis and with the Inhibition of Prostaglandin SynthetaseNephron Sites of Action and Effects of Diuretics on Solute ExcretionReview and Comparison of MethodologiesUtility of the Clearance Technique for the Study of Diuretic Site and Mechanism of Action in ManDiuretic Effects on the Excretion of Specific SolutesCellular and Molecular Actions of DiureticsCarbonic Anhydrase InhibitorsLoop DiureticsThiazidesMineralcorticoid AntagonistsAmiloride
Effects of Noise Exposure on Auditory Sensitivity
Authors: Ward W. Dixon 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:DecibelsThe Ear as a Sound Detector and the Microtrauma TheoryNoise Levels and ExposuresNoise‐Induced Threshold Shifts, Presbyacusis, Sociacusis, and NosoacusisEstimation of Noise‐Induced Permanent Threshold ShiftsTemporary Threshold Shifts from Steady Noise ExposuresTemporary Threshold Shifts from Intermittent ExposuresTemporary Threshold Shifts from Impulse NoiseDamage‐Risk Contours Based on Temporary Threshold ShiftsGovernment StandardsImplications of Extant Data on Permanent Threshold ShiftsRiskThe Biological Baseline — Its use and MisuseSummary
Radioactive Materials — Determinants of Dose to the Respiratory Tract
Authors: Walsh P. J. , Hamrick P. E. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Dose DefinitionAerosol CharacteristicsDose CalculationsCritical CellsDose from Radon DaughtersAerosol CharacteristicsDeposition ModelsClearanceCritical TissueDepth‐Dose CalculationsRelationship of Working‐Level Month Exposure to Dose in RadsAssumptions in ModelsResearch NeedsConcluding Remarks
Tissue and Cellular Reactions to Particles, Fibers, and Aerosols Retained after Inhalation
Authors: Harington J. S. , Allison A. C. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Nature and Origin of Materials RetainedTissue and Cellular Reactions to Retained MaterialsEffect of Size and Shape on the Fate of Inhaled Particles and FibersMechanism of PhagocytosisSilicaAmorphous SilicaCrystalline SilicaAsbestosIn Vitro StudiesIn Vivo EffectsCarcinogenicity of AsbestosFibrogenesis and The Fibroblastic ReactionCoalIn Vivo EffectsPhagocytosis and CytotoxicityOther MaterialsAerosolsCigarette Smoke
Determinants of Xenobiotic Transport at Biological Barriers
Authors: Jackson Michael J. , Cohn Victor H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Transport at Simple BarriersNonselective TransportDiffusionCriteria for DiffusionDeterminants of PermeabilityUnstirred Water LayersSolvent DragDiffusive Transport of Weak ElectrolytesSelective TransportTransport at Complex BarriersConcluding Remarks
Action of Environmental Agents on Nucleic Acids and Their Metabolism
Authors: Troll Walter , Shapiro Robert 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Chemical Reactions That Modify Nucleic AcidsNoncovalent InteractionsCovalent InteractionsChemical Consequences of ModificationBiological Consequences of ModificationMutagenesis: CarcinogenesisDNARepair SynthesisExamples of Environmental Chemicals that React with Nucleic AcidsChemicals Requiring No Prior ActivationChemicals Requiring Prior Activation
Chemical Mechanism of Myosin‐CatalyzedATPHydrolysis
Authors: Webb Martin R. , Trentham David R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Kinetics ofATPBinding and HydrolysisNature ofATPHydrolysis StepOxygen ExchangeOxygen Isotope IncorporationPositional Isotope ExchangeStereochemistry of Phosphoryl Group TransferStructure of Magnesium‐Nucleotide ComplexesPerspectives on Mechanism and Function ofATPHydrolysis in Muscle
Electrical Properties of Striated Muscle
Authors: Adrian Richard H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Cable Theory for Striated MuscleVoltage‐Clamp Methods for Striated MuscleGap MethodsMicroelectrode‐Clamping MethodsAction Potential in Striated MuscleSodium CurrentPotassium CurrentCalcium CurrentAction‐Potential CalculationsCurrents in the Inactive MembranePotassium ConductanceChloride ConductanceVoltage‐Dependent Membrane Capacitance
Impedance Measurement of the Electrical Structure of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Eisenberg Robert S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Methods and TechniquesMicroelectrode TechniquesAnalysis of Sinusoidal DataImpedance Analysis With Fourier TechniquesInstrumentation NoiseManipulation of Impedance DataTheory and Curve FittingElectrical Models of the T SystemNecessity for MorphometryResults of Impedance MeasurementsImpedance Measurements of Normal Frog FibersOther Preparations of Skeletal MuscleImpedance Measurements of Muscle Fibers in Various ConditionsComparison With Other ResultsDiscussionImpedance Measurements of NonlinearitiesOther Methods
Design and Analysis of Aging Studies
Authors: Costa Paul T. , McCrae Robert R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Stability and Change in Mean LevelsCross‐Sectional DesignsLongitudinal DesignsCross‐Sequential DesignsDemonstrating Stability of Mean LevelsElaborations of the Basic DesignRepresentativeness and Attrition in Longitudinal StudiesScreening for Clinical ConditionsStability and Change in Individual DifferencesPotential Problems in the Measurement of Rank‐Order StabilityAdvanced Topics in Design and Analysis of Aging StudiesChanges in Variance and in StructureBiomarkers and Functional Age: Flawed ConceptsGrowth Curves and Age ChangesSurvival Analysis and the Identification of Risk FactorsCorrelates of ChangeCausal Inferences from Observational DataSome Considerations for the Design of Longitudinal StudiesCombining Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal DesignsCombining Hypothesis‐Driven and Exploratory ResearchCreative Exploitation of the Data
Animal Models
Authors: Weindruch Richard 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Selection of an Appropriate Animal ModelAnimal Models and the Main Ways of Studying AgingDefined Longevity CharacteristicsAwareness of Late‐Life Disease PatternsDefined Environmental ConditionsDietGenetic CharacteristicsAvailability and CostPatterns of Animal Use in Aging StudiesAnimal Use in Aging Research, 1972–1992Overuse of the Male Fischer 344 RatNeed for the Use of a Wide Spectrum of ModelsLessons from NonmammalsRodentsCarnivoresNonhuman PrimatesSummary and Conclusions
Gene Expression and Protein Degradation
Authors: Van Remmen Holly , Ward Walter F. , Sabia Robert V. , Richardson Arlan 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:TranscriptionRNASynthesismRNALevelsTranscriptional and Posttranscriptional Processing ofmRNAFactors That Regulate TranscriptionEffect of Dietary Restriction on TranscriptionTranslationProtein SynthesisEffect of Dietary Restriction on Protein SynthesisFidelity of Protein SynthesisVarious Steps of Protein SynthesisProtein DegradationDegradation of Mixed Protein PopulationsDegradation of Individual ProteinsDegradation of Abnormal ProteinsEffect of Dietary Restriction on Protein DegradationSummary and Conclusions
Skin
Authors: Chuttani Anjali , Gilchrest Barbara A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:In Vitro StudiesIntrinsic AgingClinical FeaturesHistopathologyExtrinsic AgingPhotoagingCigarette SmokingPhysiological ChangesBarrier FunctionImmune FunctionInflammatory ResponseWound HealingVitamin D ProductionSummary
Bone
Authors: Kalu Dike N. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Bone CompositionBone CellsBone RemodelingBone Loss as A Major Occurrence During AgingOsteoporosisParathyroid Hormone, 1,25(OH)2Vitamin D, and CalcitoninAltered Calcium Homeostatic Control HypothesesRat Model of Postmenopausal Bone LossAltered Hematopoiesis and Local Factor HypothesisRisk Factors for Age‐Related Bone LossPeak Bone MassExerciseNutritionSmoking, Alcohol, and CaffeineEstrogen Receptors in Intestinal Cells
Immune System
Authors: Miller Richard A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:T Lymphocyte SubsetsHelper (CD4) and Cytotoxic (CD8) T Cell SubsetsNaive and Memory T Cell SubsetsOther T Cell SubsetsT Lymphocyte FunctionIL‐2 ProductionResponse toIL‐2Production of Other LymphokinesT Cell ActivationClonal Diversify. A “Mosaic” Model for T Cell SenescenceT Cell DevelopmentThymic InvolutionProthymocylesB LymphocytesB Cell Number and SubsetsProliferation and Antibody ProductionAntibodies: Levels, Repertoire, and AutoreactivityB Cell DevelopmentAccessory Cells and Their CytokinesDendritic Cells and Langerhans CellsCytokine ProductionNatural CytotoxicityRestoration of Immune FunctionImmunity, Disease, and LongevitySummary: Immune Models for Aging Research
Neuromuscular Adaptation
Authors: Edgerton V. R. , Bodine‐Fowler S. , Roy R. R. , Ishihara A. , Hodgson J. A. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Matching of Motoneurons and Muscle Fiber Properties During Normal DevelopmentMuscle DevelopmentMotoneuron DevelopmentSynapse EliminationSummaryNeural and Nonneural Sources of Control of Adult Skeletal Muscle PropertiesCross‐ReinnervationProlonged Electrical SilenceMorphological and Metabolic Properties of MotoneuronsRelationship of Soma Size and Metabolic PropertiesAdaptability of Soma Size and Metabolic PropertiesGene Amplification Within a Motor UnitOverall Summary
Vertebrate Nervous System
Authors: Ulinski Philip S. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:How Many Parts Does the Nervous System Have?Early Development of the Nervous SystemBody and Brain SegmentsNeurogenetic CompartmentsCell Lineage ClustersBrain and Body SizeHow is Sensory Information Represented in the Brain?Receptor‐Based MapsEvolution of Receptor‐Based MapsConstructed MapsDistributed RepresentationsHow Are Movements Generated and Controlled?ReflexesCentral Pattern GeneratorsOrienting MovementsOngoing MovementsGrasping MovementsHow Are Different Kinds of Information Integrated in the Pallium?Association Cortex and Pallial OrganizationCategorizing SequencesCognitive MapsTraditional Hypotheses of Vertebrate Brain Evolution Reconsidered
Vertebrate Cardiovascular Systems
Authors: Burggren W. , Farrell A. , Lillywhite H. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:Diversity of Vertebrate Cardiovascular PatternsVertebrate Origins and Driving Forces behind Cardiovascular EvolutionCardiovascular Patterns in VertebratesFunctional Properties of Vertebrate HeartsOverviewElectrical Properties of Cardiac CellsExcitation–Contraction CouplingMechanical Properties of Cardiac MuscleCardiac Output and Cardiac PerformanceCoronary Circulations, Myocardial O2Consumption, and Myocardial O2SupplyPeripheral Circulation and HemodynamicsArterial Blood Pressure and Its RegulationBlood Volume and Its RegulationCardiovascular Performance Under Special ConditionsAerobic ExerciseBreath Holding and DivingReduced MetabolismDigestive StateResponses to GravityDevelopment of Cardiovascular SystemsConclusions and Future DirectionsMechanistic UnknownsAdaptive UnknownsIntegrative UnknownsDevelopmental Unknowns
Mechanical and Metabolic Design of the Muscular System in Vertebrates
Authors: Rome Lawrence C. , Lindstedt Stan L. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe sections in this article are:An Integrative and Absolute Approach to Adaptation and DesignCaveats and Potential Limitations of the ApproachScience and Semantics of Adaptation and DesignOrganization of the ChapterComponents of the Mechanical SystemMolecular LevelCellular LevelOrgan Level/Anatomical LevelDesign Constraints of the Mechanical SystemDesign Constraint 1: Myofilament OverlapDesign Constraint 2: V/Vmaxfor Maximum Power ProductionDesign Constraint 3: Setting of Kinetics of Force Generation and Muscle RelaxationFinal Considerations about Mechanical Design ConstraintsComponents of the Metabolic SystemMolecular/Enzyme LevelCellular LevelOrgan LevelSystem LevelEmergent Design Principles of the Metabolic SystemMolecular/Enzyme Level—Design Constraint 1:ATPDemand Is a Function of Contractile SpeedCellular Level—Design Constraint 2: Maximum Oxygen Uptake of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria Is a Constant Function of Mitochondrial Inner‐Membrane Surface AreaOrgan Level—Design Constraint 3: Oxygen Conductance through the Tissue Must Be Set to Meet theATPDemandSystem Level—Design Constraint 4: The Capacities of the Most Phenotypically Plastic Structures Will Be “Just Adequate” to Match the Maximum Oxidative Requirements of the MusclesFinal Considerations about Metabolic Design ConstraintsMechanical and Metabolic Design of the Muscular SystemDesign for Power GenerationDesign for Steady Terrestrial LocomotionDesign for Sound ProductionDesign for Heat ProductionConclusion: Principles of Design