bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of four perioperative misoprostol regimens for surgical termination of first‐trimester pregnancy
Authors: Chambers Dennis G. , Mulligan Ea C. , Laver Anthony R. , Weller Bronwen K. , Baird Jane K. , Herbert Wye Y. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the outcomes of 4 different perioperative misoprostol regimens for surgical termination of first‐trimester pregnancy.MethodsRetrospective analysis of the records of 4000 women (4 cohorts of 1000 each) who underwent surgical termination of pregnancy. The 4 cohorts received: no misoprostol; 200 μg of oral misoprostol 30 minutes preoperatively; 200 μg of sublingual misoprostol 30 minutes preoperatively; or 200 μg of oral misoprostol 3 hours preoperatively plus 200 μg of vaginal misoprostol postoperatively. Adverse effects of the last regimen were surveyed in 1000 women.ResultsIn the cohorts that received misoprostol, the difficulty of cervical dilatation was reduced (P < 0.001) compared with the cohort of women that did not receive misoprostol. The frequency with which women made postoperative contacts with the clinic was also reduced in the cohorts that received misoprostol (P < 0.05). Adverse effects were minimal.ConclusionsThis retrospective study showed an association between perioperative administration of misoprostol, reduced difficulty for operators, and reduced demand for postoperative care. The regimen associated with the greatest reduction in difficult cervical dilatations and postoperative consultations was 200 μg of oral misoprostol 3 hours preoperatively plus 200 μg of misoprostol vaginally at the end of the surgical procedure.
Deliberation in the face of power: Stakeholder planning in Egypt
Authors: Connelly Stephen 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This paper explores how the expansion of processes of public engagement underpinned by the increasingly globalised principles of deliberative democracy depends on the presence and conscious exercise of discursive and institutional power. Using a case study of participatory planning programmes in the rural villages and smaller cities of Egypt – a context in which participation is an unfamiliar activity and governance is only nominally democratic – I address how the promotion of deliberation intersects with existing modes of governance and their underpinning institutional structures and cultural assumptions. This leads to a discussion of the potential for deliberation to contribute to broader democratisation processes, and of the nature of ‘deliberative democracy’, in politically hostile contexts. I conclude that designers of deliberative processes need to embrace the power-laden nature of all governance, and consciously ‘design in’ democratising institutional structures and discourses.
Some regional indicators of the Tertiary–Quaternary geodynamics in the paleocoastal part of the Bengal basin (India)
Authors: Dey S. , Ghosh S. , Debbarma C. , Sarkar P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractSedimentary processes in the paleocoastal part of the Bengal basin that occured in the Tertiary and Quaternary have been addressed. Three indicators were used: sedimentary bedding forms, microstructure of the sediment, and trace fossils. Various forms of sedimentary structures developed under the influence of dynamic geomorphic processes in the study area in the Quaternary. The microstructure analysis of the sedimentary materials was made by two methods: microphotography and Digital Color Analysis (DCA). The microstructure analysis shows that the geomorphic process remained very dynamic in the Quaternary, influencing the form, thickness, and mineral composition of the sediment strata. The enrichment of the sediments in heavy minerals evidences either oscillating or combined flow sedimentation, while under stable conditions light-mineral deposition took place. The digital data of microfabric study by the DCA method also show that larger particles deposited in the oscillating or high-flow environment and evidence a greater amount of heavy minerals like ferruginous materials. Trace fossils found in the sediments of this area also strongly support the concept that the environment remained dynamic during the Tertiary and Quaternary. The Late Tertiary deposition shows that, during these periods, the sediments were transported from tide-dominated marine coast with low flow energy, which is typical of hot and humid conditions. From Late Tertiary to Early Quaternary, the macrotidal coast became mesotidal (wave-dominated). The second phase is the Middle Pleistocene, when the environment was stable, favoring the continuous deposition of finer particles under low- to medium-flow energy conditions. The third phase, the Recent, is marked by the shoreline shift and modification of the environment. In the Early–Middle Holocene, the shoreline started to shift, which modified the geomorphic conditions of this place from coastal to estuarine and, finally, inland fluvial.
Assignment of igneous rocks to lamproite: major- and trace-element criteria and implications for the history of the Tomtor pluton (northwestern Yakutia)
Authors: Bagdasarov Yu.A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The paper presents objections against assigning picritic and some other igneous rocks to lamproite as suggested by N.V. Vladykin, both in general and in particular for the case of the large Tomtor pluton of alkaline and carbonatite rocks in northwestern Sakha Republic (Yakutia). Classifying the Tomtor picrites (picritic porphyry and its breccia-like varieties) as lamproite appears to be inconsistent with their chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. Discussed are errors and poorly proven postulates in the related publications by Vladykin, which contradict the available field data.
Identifying a lens of frozen ground in a low-conducting layer, from dc resistivity surveys
Authors: Kovbasov K.V. , Epov M.I. , Shurina E.P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We explore the possibility to identify a nonconducting object of a known size and geometry buried in sand-clay conducting sediments lying over frozen ground. The anomaly, which is located on the surface of the low-conducting layer, is detected with a multi-electrode dc array. Its 3D electric field is simulated as a boundary-value problem using specially designed software. The new algorithm is tested with synthetic and field data and the results are used to develop the procedure of object identification and location.
The magnetic relaxation effect on TEM responses of a two-layer earth
Authors: Kozhevnikov N.O. , Antonov E.Yu. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
We have simulated ungrounded horizontal loop transient responses of a two-layer earth consisting of a magnetically viscous layer above (model 1) or below (model 2) a nonmagnetic layer. The transient responses of a two-layer magnetically viscous earth can be computed using the superposition principle because magnetic relaxation and eddy current responses are independent at electrical conductivities typical of the real subsurface. The transients are presented and analyzed in the form of Y = f(h1) functions, where h1 is the upper layer thickness and Y is the response (at some fixed time) of a two-layer ground normalized to that of a uniform ground with its magnetic viscosity as in the upper (model 1) or lower (model 2) layer. In model 1, the Y function increases as magnetic viscosity grows in the upper layer while the latter is thinner than the loop size, but the magnetic relaxation responses of a thicker upper layer are almost identical to that of a uniform magnetically viscous ground. In model 2, the Y responses are likewise almost identical to that of a uniform magnetically viscous ground (h1 = 0) as far as the thickness of the upper layer remains small, but they decrease, first slowly and then ever more rapidly, after the layer becomes 15–20% thicker than the transmitter size. The effective sounditng depth in a magnetically viscous ground being controlled by the size of the transmitter, it is reasonable to use geometrical sounding to resolve the vertical distribution of magnetic viscosity.
New FTIR spectroscopy data on the composition of the medium of diamond crystallization in metamorphic rocks of the Kokchetav Massif
Authors: Sitnikova E.S. , Shatsky V.S. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
A representative sample of microdiamonds in calc-silicate and garnet-pyroxene-quartz rocks and gneisses from the cross section of an adit driven at the Kumdy-Kol’ deposit (Northern Kazakhstan) has been analyzed. Microdiamonds from these rocks were studied by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the first time. It has been established that nitrogen impurity content (300–3000 ppm) and nitrogen aggregation degree (14–75%) vary widely and do not correlate with each other. The variation is probably due to the uneven distribution of nitrogen in crystals and to their specific internal structures.
The results of the study show that in most diamondiferous rocks, diamonds crystallized from a fluid/melt of composition varying between aqueous-carbonate and aqueous-silicate end-members. Spectroscopy studies partly disagree with literature data on individual nanoinclusions in diamonds. The cause of this discrepancy may be the evolution of the fluid/melt during diamond crystallization.
Reconstruction of phosphate formation environments (from data on distribution of lanthanides)
Authors: Shatrov V.A. , Voitsekhovskii G.V. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The criteria for the evaluation of the REE composition of phosphorites and sedimentary rocks have been determined. These data are required to reconstruct depositional environments. Literature data on the geochemistry of some phosphorite deposits of Eurasia are considered. The REE patterns of Mesozoic phosphorites of the East European Platform are studied. On the basis of REE contents, the ratios of lanthanides and fields on the La–(Nd + Sm)–(Y + Dy), La–(Ce + Nd + Sm)–(Y + Dy), and LREE–MREE–(HREE×10) diagrams have been determined as indicators of climate and the depth and facies conditions of sedimentation.
Isoferroplatinum mineral assemblage from the Burgastain Gol placer (Western Mongolia)
Authors: Oyunchimeg T. , Izokh A.E. , Vishnevsky A.V. , Kalugin V.M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractPlatinum group element (PGE) mineral assemblage has been discovered in the gold placers along the Burgastain Gol and Iljgen Gol (Western Mongolia). It includes isoferroplatinum (Pt3Fe) grains with inclusions of cooperite (PtS), laurite-erlichmanite (RuS2-OsS2), cuprorhodsite-malanite (CuRh2S4-CuPt2S4), irarsite-hollingworthite (IrAsS-RhAsS), and bowieite (Rh2S3).It has been established that the isoferroplatinum assemblage was generated from a volcanoplutonic picrite complex in the Ureg Nuur area, which is widespread in the central part of the Harhiraa accretionary terrane. According to composition, the PGE mineral–Cr-spinel assemblage was referred to as the Ural-Alaskan type.
Hydrogeological conditions of the Pre-Yenisei petroleum subprovince
Authors: Novikov D.A. , Shvartsev S.L. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The study presents results of a hydrogeological and hydrogeological research conducted on the Mesozoic–Cenozoic sedimentary cover and Precambrian–Paleozoic platform deposits of the Pre-Yenisei petroleum subprovince. The hydrogeological structure of the study area is found to be of a transition type from the West Siberian to Tunguska artesian basins, with its own set of pertinent parameters, such as groundwater depths, rock permeabilities, water chemistry and gas compositions, gas saturation, vertical zoning, etc. The upper part of the sedimentary section is known to be flushed with the infiltration waters to depths of 2–2.5 km. The deeper intervals contain the older sedimentary waters with the moderate metamorphic grade. The results of the study provide implications for the petroleum potential of the area of interest.
Stress may enhance nicotine effects on periodontal tissues. An in vivo study in rats
Authors: Benatti Bruno Braga , Nogueira‐Filho Getúlio R. , Diniz Marcelo Carvalho , Sallum Enilson Antonio , Sallum Antonio Wilson , Nociti Francisco H. 
Published: September 2009

Objectives and background:  Diabetes mellitus and smoking have been described as important risk factors that may affect the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Recent studies have pointed to potentially periodontal risk indicators, which include stress. The present study investigated the effects of stress associated with nicotine administration on periodontal breakdown resulting from ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats.Methods:  Twenty adult male Wistar rats were used. After anesthesia, both mandibular first molars received a cotton ligature in the dento‐gingival area. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the following experimental groups: A – saline solution, B – 0.73 mg of nicotine/kg/d (intraperitoneal), C – stress (immobilization – 2 h/d/40 d) associated with an intraperitoneal administration of saline solution, and D – stress (immobilization – 2 h/d/40 d) associated with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.73 mg of nicotine/kg/d. Forty days later, the animals were sacrificed and the specimens routinely processed for serial decalcified sections.Results:  Intergroup analysis (ANOVA) revealed a greater bone loss (P < 0.05) in the animals of group D compared with the animals from groups A, B and C. In addition, the data revealed a significant effect of nicotine (group B) compared with groups A and C (P < 0.05), and no difference between groups A and C (P > 0.05).Conclusion:  Within the limits of the present study, although stress did not affect periodontitis by itself, it significantly enhanced the effects of nicotine on the periodontal tissues.
The effects of exurbanization on the food and habitat of pileated woodpeckers
Authors: Wilson Marie , Casey Jordan , Haskell David , Hollingshead Nick 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Background/Question/Methods
Dryocopus pileatus (pileated woodpeckers) are the largest woodpeckers in the United States. They require large trees for roosting, nesting, and feeding and these trees must be dead or dying for ease of excavation and presence of the woodpeckers' main prey of ants and grubs. Because of these habitat requirements, pileated woodpeckers are used as an indicator species for mature forests. However, their status in exurban areas, or places of low-density development beyond the suburban fringe, is poorly known. Because exurbanization covers a large and growing portion of the eastern U.S.A., we examined how pileated woodpeckers and their habitat vary across a gradient of exurbanization. We tested the hypothesis that presence of pileated woodpeckers is positively correlated with forest structure and food availability, in exurban and forested areas. We conducted the study in Sewanee, Tennessee, U.S.A., establishing 30 randomly located sample points evenly divided between exurban and forested areas. At each point we assessed pileated woodpecker presence through visual and vocal surveys; forest structure through measures of downed wood, standing trees, and understory density; and food availability through presence of ants and grubs in soil cores and pitfall traps.

Results/Conclusions
We found no difference between the presence of pileated woodpeckers, amount and rot class of dead wood, and ant and grub abundance between exurban and forested areas. Mean tree diameter was larger in exurban areas most likely because many small trees had been removed by human landscaping. These data suggest that some exurban areas may provide habitat for pileated woodpeckers. However, more studies are needed to examine the breeding success and survival rates of pileated woodpeckers in exurban and forested areas. Because the mature forest characteristics that pileated woodpeckers prefer can be found in exurban areas, it is possible that other species requiring these characteristics could also find usable habitat in exurban areas. This could apply most specifically to those secondary cavity-nesting species that use old pileated woodpecker nesting cavities. More studies should be conducted to further explore the effects of exurbanization on other species that are thought of as indicating mature forests.
Gas Plasma Sterilization -- Application of Space-Age Technology
Authors: Crow Sue , Smith John H. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractGas plasma sterilization is new to the healthcare field. The first such sterilizer has been manufactured by Advanced Sterilization Products (J&J, Irvine, CA). The system uses hydrogen peroxide as the substrate gas and radio frequency emissions to generate plasma. This system is a low-temperature, quick-acting process with no toxic residues. It appears that this sterilizer system holds promise in the healthcare field and could help to reduce the use of ethylene oxide.
Electron Bernstein wave heating via the slow X–B mode conversion process with direct launching from the high field side in LHD
Authors: Igami H. , Yoshimura Y. , Kubo S. , Shimozuma T. , Takahashi H. , Tanaka H. , Nagasaki K. , Inagaki S. , Mutoh T. , Komori A. 
Published: September 2009

In the Large Helical Device (LHD), direct oblique launching of the fundamental extraordinary (X-) mode from the high magnetic field side (HFS) is available without installation of any additional launching equipment on the inner side wall of the torus. In the experiment, power absorption was observed in two separated regions by the X-mode launching. The central electron density was about 8% of the cutoff density. The result of numerical analysis with the ray-tracing calculation suggests that most power of the launched X-mode is damped out as the X-mode in the fundamental electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) layer before it reaches the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) layer where the electron Bernstein wave (EBW) occurs which is excited via the slow X (SX-) B mode conversion process. Only about 0.2% of the launched power is mode converted to the EBW and is then absorbed at a maximum. One of the two separated power absorption regions observed in the experiment agrees well with the power absorption region of the X-mode suggested by the ray tracing. The other one agrees well with that of the O-mode despite the setting of the X-mode launching. Supposedly mixed waves of the X- and the O-mode might be launched in the experiment. We assumed that the incident transverse electromagnetic waves in vacuum couple with the electromagnetic modes in the plasma at the last closed flux surface (LCFS). However, the coupling point was supposedly located outside the LCFS.
For the few rays that can reach the UHR layer we have recognized that the parallel component of the refractive index N
∥ becomes close to zero and power absorption as the X-mode weakens when the rays pass through the fundamental ECR layer. A numerical investigation assuming a higher central electron density, that is 23% of the cutoff density, suggests a scenario of effective EBW excitation. The ray that passes through the centre of the focused Gaussian beam launched from the HFS so that N
∥ becomes close to zero near the ECR layer, Z can reach the UHR layer without being damped out and excite EBW. About 71% of power of the launched X-mode is mode converted to the EBW and absorbed in the Doppler-shifted ECR layer.
Observation of the parametric decay waves suggests that the decay wave was excited in the ‘exterior’ UHR layer which is located outside the LCFS before the launched X-mode reaches the HFS. The combination of tunnelling, reflection and mode-coupling processes, the so-called ‘Budden's problem’, is suggested to occur in the evanescent region between the ‘exterior’ right handed cyclotron cutoff and the UHR layer outside the LCFS. The tunnelling rate should be considered for estimating the power that can penetrate inside the LCFS from the HFS, in particular in the higher density regime where the excitation of the EBW is expected.
Menopause and gynaecological disorders: a life course perspective
Authors: Crawford Sybil , Johannes Catherine 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the factors at each stage of life that affect timing of the menopause, common urogenital disorders and the decision to have a hysterectomy, and the level of symptomatology experienced during the menopause transition and the decision to take hormone replacement therapy (HRT). In particular, it considers whether developmental processes or early life experiences influence these outcomes in addition to genetic and adult social and biological factors.
Quality assurance
Authors: Meinert Curtis L. , Tonascia Susan 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Quality assurance, as applied to clinical trials, is any method or procedure for collecting, processing, or analyzing study data that is aimed at maintaining or enhancing their reliability or validity. This chapter details the general procedures needed to ensure the quality of the data generated in a trial. Topics covered include ongoing data intake, data editing, replication as a quality control measure, monitoring for secular trends, and data integrity and assurance procedures.
Health Equity: Perspectives, Measurability, and Criteria
Authors: SEN AMARTYA 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This chapter continues the measurement discussion with a consideration of some of the greatest challenges inherent in attempts to measure inequities in health. It raises the question of what the informational basis should be for assessing health. Ideas of good health and ill health are themselves open to debate. What kind of information should we use to judge the relative goodness or badness of health? A critical distinction concerns the difference between the “internal” and “external” views of illness and health. Should we go by self-perception of bad health (what the patient herself thinks), or should we concentrate, instead, on professional assessment of illness and indifferent health? This also raises a question about the relevance and usefulness of indirect indicators (such as mortality rates and life expectancy).
United States: Social Inequality and the Burden of Poor Health
Authors: KUBZANSKY LAURA D. , KRIEGER NANCY , KAWACHI ICHIRO , ROCKHILL BEVERLY , STEEL GILLIAN K. , BERKMAN LISA F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe United States has the dubious distinction of ranking first among industrialized nations in inequalities in both income and wealth. It also manifests poorer health than many other developed nations and has experienced growing socioeconomic inequalities in health. This chapter draws attention to ways that inequality both shortens and impairs people's lives by focusing on premature mortality and functional disability. It measures health inequity as the disparity in these health outcomes across race/ethnicity, gender, and income group, as experienced in representative samples of the U.S. population. The results give a sense of both the relative unfairness and the burden of poor health in the United States. The chapter argues for the assessment of the full impact of disparities in health across the social gradient, not just on those at highest risk.
Russia: Socioeconomic Dimensions of the Gender Gap in Mortality
Authors: SHKOLNIKOV VLADIMIR M. , FIELD MARK G. , ANDREEV EVGUENIY M. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractRussia experienced a steep mortality increase after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the liberalization of prices in 1992. The existing evidence suggests that the health crisis of the early 1990s can be related to certain socioeconomic and socio-psychological factors such as labor market shocks and stresses, growing income inequalities and relative deprivation, lack of law and order, and decline of social cohesion. One striking development, however, was that the mortality trends in Russia were comparatively worse for men than for women. By the mid-1990s, the gender gap in life expectancy at birth exceeded thirteen years and was at a level approximately double that of other industrialized countries, and four years greater than it was in Russia in the 1960s. This chapter provides an analysis of the socioeconomic dimensions of this gender gap to reveal underlying causes and consequences.