bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Buderath Matthias 
Published: September 2009

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is a new class of air vehicles for which many of the options in design are still fairly open. This also includes UAV health management and with this, structural health monitoring (SHM). This article presents a procedure by which SHM technology can be selected, which meets the requirements that have been set for the monitoring of the UAV system. Derivation of these requirements is made from a set of top‐level requirements of the UAVs. Aspects such as the need for decision support, operational cost reduction through SHM, as well as SHM certification is discussed. Much emphasis is placed on the issue of integrating SHM into the UAV health management system. This is discussed along the needs of loads and damage monitoring and how this can be linked with Open Systems Architecture for Condition‐Based Maintenance (OSA‐CBM). This article presents a procedure along which SHM technology can be selected, which allows to match the requirements that have been set for the UAV system to be monitored.
Comparative Vacuum Monitoring (
CVM
™)
Authors: Barton Duncan P. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Comparative Vacuum Monitoring, or ™CVM, relies on the fact that a vacuum maintained in a small volume is extremely sensitive to leaks. The technology uses this basic phenomenon to accurately monitor surface defects (cracks in metals and disbond or delamination in composite materials) in structures. As a vacuum cannot exist naturally on Earth, the system enjoys a number of self‐checking characteristics as a result. The system can be monitored continuously, in real time, or on a periodic basis as required by the structural health management protocol with existing instrumentation. The technology has been applied in laboratory applications through to in‐service trials in a range of industries including aerospace and automotive.
Monitoring of Aircraft Engines
Authors: Kadirkamanathan Visakan , Fleming Peter 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAircraft engines are highly reliable complex systems with enhanced safety requirements. Monitoring engine component degradations to avoid the high flight shut down and repair costs is vital for the aircraft manufacturers and operators in the current business model. Monitoring systems are required to perform diagnosis of developing faults and prognosis to plan maintenance actions. The common engine faults are due to the mechanical components requiring vibration analysis and oil and debris monitoring, as well as the gas path component faults requiring efficiency and other performance parameter monitoring. For vibration monitoring, spectral signatures are used for detecting changes to the normal engine operation. On the other hand, prognosis is often based on trending the gas path performance parameters. The use of intelligent systems methods such as case‐based reasoning, neural networks, and fuzzy systems has proved popular because of the lack of precise knowledge about the behavior of a complex system like the aircraft engine. Where accurate models are available, model‐based methods such as the Kalman filter, observers and, where dynamic data are available, system identification approaches have found application. Often, information from more than one analysis is integrated in decision making. The grid computing architecture‐based distributed Aircraft Maintenance Environment (DAME) project shows the future direction in which aircraft engine monitoring is heading.
Design Benefits in Aeronautics Resulting from
SHM
Authors: Schmidt Hans‐Juergen , Schmidt‐Brandecker Bianka 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The current FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) and CS (Certification Standard) damage tolerance requirements and their interpretation impact the design and the weight of large areas of civil transport aircraft made of metal. Examples for these areas are specific stiffened panels of the fuselage and the wing. The application of structural health monitoring (SHM) in these areas allows inspections of internal and external structures at small intervals. This improved information compared with the results of traditional inspections, especially about the internal structure, allows a less conservative interpretation of the damage scenarios used in the so‐called damage tolerance analysis. The resulting benefits can be used either for reduction of the maintenance requirements, for an optimization of the design to achieve weight savings or for a combination of both benefits.
This article deals with the major aspects of SHM application for improving the design efficiency of metallic fuselage structures of a large civil transport aircraft. The presentation discusses major details such as the general philosophy, possible sensor application, and requirements about the durability of the integrated SHM system. General examples using typical fuselage design features and synthetic operational stresses of the biaxial loaded panels in different fuselage areas are presented. Parametric damage tolerance analyses using fracture mechanics methods show the possible weight savings or the possible reduction of the maintenance program for the defined assumptions, e.g., material of structure, location of sensors and detectable damage size.
Design, Analysis, andSHMof Bonded Composite Repair and Substructure
Authors: Soutis Constantinos , Ihn Jeong‐Beom 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe behavior of bonded patch repaired composite laminates loaded in uniaxial in‐plane tension or compression is examined. A nonlinear stress analysis is performed on a double‐lap joint to identify critical joint parameters and design an efficient external patch repair. It is found that oversized patches not only increase the structure's weight but also increase the stress concentrations in the repaired region, which can cause premature failure. Reducing the patch thickness near the edges of the overlap and increasing the local adhesive thickness decreases the stress concentration in both shear and peel stresses. A three‐dimensional finite element analysis is then performed to determine the stresses in the optimum repaired configuration and used with a stress‐based failure criterion to predict the ultimate failure load. Experimental measurements show that carefully designed bonded patch repairs can recover up to 80% of the undamaged laminate strength. The integrity of the bonded repair in terms of crack growth underneath the patch, which can arise from fatigue loading, impact, improper surface preparation, or environmental exposures, can be successfully monitored by inserting two smart layers (an embedded network of piezoelectric actuators/sensors) into the repair patch.
Aircraft Structural Diagnostic and Prognostic Health Monitoring for Corrosion Prevention and Control
Authors: Galea Stephen C. , Trueman Tony , Davidson Len , Trathen Peter , Hinton Bruce , Wilson Alan , Muster Tim , Cole Ivan , Corrigan Penny , Price Don 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStructural health monitoring (SHM) systems that provide diagnostic and prognostic information on corrosion‐related damage will enable maintainers and operators of aircraft to manage the prevention and control of corrosion in aircraft structural components on a condition basis rather than on elapsed number of (flying) hours. This article discusses the key elements associated with such a system, viz., corrosion sensors, environment monitors, corrosion‐prediction models, system architecture, and maintenance decisions. The article gives a brief overview of current demonstrators. It is envisaged that SHM systems will assist aircraft maintainers and operators in making decisions as to whether corroded components should be repaired, replaced, or may be treated and left in place until a more convenient inspection period.
Experience with Health and Usage Monitoring Systems in Helicopters
Authors: Le Dy Dinh 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Advisory Circular 29‐2 C, Section MG‐15, Airworthiness Approval of Rotorcraft Health and Usage Monitoring System (HUMS), provides guidance for achieving airworthiness approval for installation, credit validation, and instructions for continued airworthiness for a full range of HUMS applications. The state‐of‐the‐art HUMS and recent advancements including usage monitoring, flight regime recognition, fault, and crack detection technologies have begun to allow the use of HUMS for the condition‐based maintenance or maintenance credits. “Maintenance credit” means to give approval to a HUMS application that adds to, replaces, or intervenes in industry‐accepted maintenance practices or flight operations.
Additionally, the future use of HUMS can eventually allow the fatigue life of rotorcraft components to be extended or the life‐limited components to be removed before its fatigue life is fully consumed. Therefore, HUMS technologies and their applications can be used to achieve the safety goal, maintain continued airworthiness, and improve operating costs of rotorcraft.
This article provides the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) perspective of how HUMS are being used or may be used in rotorcraft to address safety and continued airworthiness issues. This article also describes a few FAA‐critical research efforts to achieve the full implementation of HUMS for usage credits.
Validation ofSHMSensors in AirbusA380 Full‐Scale Fatigue Test
Authors: Paget Christophe , Speckmann Holger , Krichel Thomas , Eichelbaum Frank 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIABG is responsible for conducting the A380 full‐scale fatigue test at its company site in Dresden, Germany. The A380 full‐scale fatigue test setup has been erected by IABG in 2004/2005 and the test was started on September 1, 2005. Airbus has introduced a number of Structural health monitoring (SHM) means into the test specimen for validation of innovative shm technologies.
Aerospace Applications ofSMARTLayer Technology
Authors: Qing Xinlin P. , Beard Shawn J. , Ikegami Roy , Chang Fu‐Kuo , Boller Christian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractStructural health monitoring (SHM) is increasingly being considered by the aerospace industry as a new and innovative technique to enhance the safety and reliability of structures, maximize structure operational efficiency, and minimize their operational cost. This article summarizes the latest developments in SHM systems based on SMART Layer technology in aerospace‐related applications. The systems consist of three major components: sensor/actuator network, integrated hardware, and diagnostic software. Two types of SHM systems in terms of their applications are introduced: one is the onboard system and the other is the off‐board system. The onboard SHM system has all components integrated with the host structures, and data can be automatically taken and processed. However, the off‐board system requires only the sensor network to be integrated with the structures, while the hardware and software are detached from the structures and form a portable stand‐alone unit. Data are taken only when the unit is reconnected to the sensor network. A variety of applications of both onboard and off‐board systems are discussed, including monitoring damage in composite pressure vessels and large composite barrels, cracks in the pipes of liquid rocket engines, multisite damage in riveted joints, bondlines in composite repairs, detection of impacts on the thermal protection systems (TPS) of space vehicles, and monitoring composite rocket motor cases.
Long‐Term Monitoring of Dynamic Loads on the Brandenburg Gate
Authors: Rücker Werner 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The reason for a certain amount of damage at the well‐known national monument “Brandenburg gate” should be investigated and clarified. In order to get sufficient information of the current static and dynamic structural behavior, a modal analysis of the gate has been carried out. The impacts on the gate because of railroad and road traffic, construction work, and special events like the “love parade” have been measured and investigated by using a permanently operating monitoring system. With the help of modal analysis and results from the condition monitoring system, the reason for the damage could be identified and threshold values for further impact to the structure could be defined. The results of the investigation serve also as a basis for the development of the best technical and economical rehabilitation measures.
Development of a Monitoring System for a Long‐span Cantilever Truss Bridge
Authors: Catbas F. Necati , Aktan A. Emin 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Structural health monitoring (SHM) is a paradigm that enables an integrated systems approach for a reliable measurement‐based understanding of the loading environment of major bridges, and how their structural systems carry their loads as they operate and fulfill their functions. For long‐span bridges, some of the most pressing challenges are solving performance problems that are related to objectionable movements and geometry changes, displacements, vibrations, and visible signs of aging. In this study, an overview of a comprehensive monitoring project of the longest cantilever truss bridge in the United States is presented. A critical objective of this study is the development and demonstration of a complete SHM framework with Internet‐based real‐time monitoring modules, various sensors, data‐acquisition systems, data management and communication protocols, and data analysis methods. The monitoring of this long‐span bridge incorporated various intermittent and long‐term monitoring studies on the bridge to explore several operational, maintenance, and safety issues. This study also presents the need for an integrated systems approach to technology development and for the leveraging of technology in order to make a difference in how we manage major bridges. Integrated systems approach requires that we correctly identify, measure, understand, and then incorporate, in any management decision, the interactions between natural, sociotechnical, and constructed systems that govern the performance of all infrastructure components and systems.
Modular Architecture of
SHM
System for Cable‐Supported Bridges
Authors: Wong Kai‐Yuen , Ni Yi‐Qing 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Structural health monitoring system for cable‐supported bridges has been implemented and operated in Hong Kong for a decade. The bridge health monitoring system in Hong Kong is referred to as
wind and structural health monitoring system (WASHMS)
. The WASHMS, which is devised to monitor structural condition and evaluate structural degradation as it occurs rather than to detect structural failures, is composed of six modules, namely, module 1—sensory system, module 2—data acquisition and transmission system (DA&TS), module 3—data processing and control system, module 4—structural health evaluation system, module 5—structural health data management system, and module 6—inspection and maintenance system. This article provides a description of the function of individual modular systems and the operation of the integrated modular systems.
Bridge Monitoring in Japan
Authors: Abe Masato , Fujino Yozo 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThe development of health monitoring of bridges in Japan is reviewed from geographical and socioeconomical background to specific applications. The backgrounds are categorized as (i) environment and natural disasters, (ii) stock management, and (iii) risk and safety. In other words, severe environment, limited resource for maintenance, and increased requirement for safety are the key factors for development of structural health monitoring.To understand the environment and natural disasters, environment and loading have been monitored at various bridges for decades. Although these measurements were intended to measure loading and not necessarily to measure structural condition, analyses indicate usefulness of these measurements for evaluation of structural integrity.For improvement of stock management, monitoring technologies for common workhorse bridges, preventive maintenance, and improvement in routine inspection are being developed and applied.For improved safety, several monitoring technologies for risk and vulnerability have been developed and implemented, especially for railway bridges. When a threatening failure mode can be identified, a specific monitoring device is selected for risk management. Also, vulnerability monitoring to evaluate integrity of structures is introduced. This technique can be used to compare relative safety, and prioritize the action for improvement. Structural health monitoring technologies in this domain can be categorized into (i) microscopic monitoring, where damage detection and localization are the main interests; and (ii) macroscopic monitoring, where holistic structural integrity and its comparison are the main focus. The former is the conventional mainstream of structural health monitoring and is advancing steadily, whereas the latter is recently attracting interest, especially from the practical point of view to connect health monitoring and existing inspection methodology.
Continuous Vibration Monitoring and Progressive Damage Testing on the
Z
24 Bridge
Authors: Reynders Edwin , Roeck Guido De 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
The Z24 bridge project is unique in the sense that a long‐term continuous monitoring test is combined with realistic short‐term progressive damage tests on a full‐scale bridge. The measurement data have been presented as a benchmark test for system identification methods for operational modal analysis as well as a benchmark test for algorithms for structural health monitoring and damage identification. This article contains a description of the bridge tests as well as a literature review of results obtained with the measurement data.
Condition Compensation in Frequency Analyses—a Basis for Damage Detection
Authors: Veit‐Egerer Robert 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Recent publications have raised doubts as to whether damage in structures can be detected by the application of frequency analyses. In fact, very often, temperature changes show larger reactions in spectra than any smaller damage. Beside temperature, other environmental influences such as radiation from sunshine create changes in the structural systems that have to be considered.
Multiple‐Model Structural Identification
Authors: Smith Ian F. C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractComplex structures create important challenges in structural health monitoring. Direct measurement of all phenomena is not possible. Modeling of behavior is rarely accurate. Measurement systems also have errors that may compensate modeling errors so that wrong models are identified. Generation and subsequent filtering of candidate models using rationally defined error thresholds provides systematic support to structural identification. Five orders of identification are described. At the lowest level (order 0), the model used for design is calibrated with measurements. At the highest level (order 4), candidate models are generated using the criterion that the differences between measurements and predictions fall below a threshold value that is fixed probabilistically. At identification order 4, candidate models are then filtered using data‐mining techniques and the addition of specially targeted measurement data. The best order to choose depends on available information and resources, as well as the level of decision support required for specific infrastructure‐management tasks.
SHM
Actions on the
H
oly
S
hroud
C
hapel in
T
orino
Authors: De Stefano Alessandro 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Architectural heritage is a resource and a fundamental part of the cultural European background; it also causes concern due to the huge investment needed to maintain it, or even to repair it, after environmental injuries. Dynamic testing is a fundamental tool to perform a general, low‐cost, recurring or continuous on‐line survey on the structural whole body. A study on the Holy Shroud Chapel in Torino (Italy) is reported as a validation of the monitoring techniques adopted at present on ancient buildings, although the refinement of the model updating procedure is not yet concluded.
Condamine Floating Dock,
M
onaco
Authors: Ortega Luis M. , Floriano Manuel A. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
This article describes the monitoring carried out on the floating dock for the enlargement of the Port of Monaco. This dock is a floating caisson 352.7‐m long and weighing 167 000 t, which was built in Algeciras Bay and towed by sea to its destination Monaco. The purpose of the monitoring was to control the bending forces suffered by the caisson while being transported by sea from its building location to its final destination. This enabled meeting the requirements of the owner (and of the insurance companies involved) to experimentally check that such bending forces did not exceed those outlined in the project for this operation, thus guaranteeing that the dock had not suffered any damage during transport.
A complete description of the instrumentation used is given, which includes the measurement of pressures, rotations, strains, and temperatures. The main results obtained are discussed.
Soil–Structure Interaction and Seismic Effects
Authors: Achs Günther 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn recent years, considerable research and development in all fields of earthquake engineering was conducted. In particular, the reassessment of the seismic risk in countries with former low seismicity has brought about considerable changes in civil engineering.In general, monitoring of soil–structure interaction effects is something that needs to be intensified in the future. As there is very poor current practice on this topic, this article should indicate a perspective view on possible applications.For a realistic seismic assessment of structures, it is often necessary to use methodologies that regard the influence of the subsoil on one hand and can assess the real bearing capacity of the structure on the other hand. These two major issues are discussed within this article. In the first part of this article, a brief overview of the theoretical methodology of soil–structure interaction techniques is given, which should cover the needs of realistic modeling in earthquake engineering. The second part should mainly describe an approach for the experimentally based seismic assessment of structures, demonstrated at a practical example. Finally, the last part of the article should give an overview of seismic effects in general.