bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of production efficiency, physicochemical properties and storage stability of spray‐dried chlorophyllide, a natural food colourant, using gum Arabic, maltodextrin and soy protein isolate‐based carrier systems
Authors: Comunian Talita A. , Monterrey‐Quintero Ednelí S. , Thomazini Marcelo , Balieiro Julio C. C. , Piccone Pierpaolo , Pittia Paola , Favaro‐Trindade Carmen S. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe aim of this research was to study spray drying as potential action to protect chlorophyllide from environmental conditions for shelf‐life extension and characterisation of the powders. Six formulations were prepared with 7.5 and 10 g of carrier agents [gum Arabic (GA), maltodextrin (MA) and soybean protein isolate (SPI)]/100 mL of chlorophyllide solutions. The powders were evaluated for morphological characteristics (SEM), particle size, water activity, moisture, density, hygroscopicity, cold water solubility, sorption isotherms, colour and stability, during 90 days. All the powders were highly soluble, with solubility values around 97%. A significant lower hygroscopicity was observed for GA powders, whilst the lower Xm values obtained by GAB equation fitting of the sorption isotherms was observed for the 7.5 g MA/100 mL samples. All formulations, but the 1 (7.5 g SPI/100 mL of chlorophyllide), provided excellent stability to the chlorophyllide during 90 days of storage even at room temperature.
Comparison of the stability of palm olein and a palm olein/canola oil blend during deep‐fat frying of chicken nuggets and French fries
Authors: Enríquez‐Fernández Blanca Estela , Álvarez de la Cadena y Yañez Liliana , Sosa‐Morales María Elena 
Published: May 2011

SummaryStability of palm olein (PO) and a blend 50% palm olein/50% canola oil (POC) during deep‐fat frying at 180 °C of French fries (FF) or chicken nuggets (CN) was studied through the determination of physical and chemical parameters in the fresh and used oils. Degradation at the end of the study resulted in total polar compounds of 12–13.5% for PO and 11.5–14.5% for POC and viscosity of 65–123.3 cP for PO and 63–72.8 cP for POC. Lower peroxide values (5.33–6.32) were obtained for the blend (PO had 5.21–8.55). Food type affected colour parameters and p‐anisidine value of the oils. For CN, the lowest fat content and higher hardness were obtained when they were fried in PO. CN caused a faster deterioration in the oils, in comparison with FF, especially in POC. Gas chromatography allowed to observe differences in fatty acids composition for both used oils.
Porosity determination of deep‐fat‐fried coatings using pycnometer (Fried batter porosity determination by pycnometer)
Authors: Adedeji Akinbode A. , Ngadi Michael 
Published: May 2011

SummaryThe effect of processing conditions such as frying time and temperature, and batter formulation on pore development in deep‐fat fried chicken nuggets coatings were studied using helium pycnometer method. Chicken nuggets with preformed and laboratory prepared batter coatings were fried at temperatures between 170 and 190 °C for a time range between 0 and 240 s. There was significant (P < 0.05) effect of frying temperature and batter formulation on porosity. Porosity increased with frying time and temperature, and ranged between 2.15 and 47.92% for the preformed batter and 9.96 and 54.76% for the formulated batters. Apparent and bulk densities of the preformed batters increased and decreased with frying time, respectively, but both declined gradually with increasing frying temperature. As the level of rice flour in the formulation increased, apparent and bulk densities also increased. Batter formulation and frying temperature significantly (P < 0.05) influenced the variation in moisture and fat content of the fried batter. Porosity demonstrated positive and negative correlation with fat uptake and moisture loss, respectively, for all the batter coatings.
Isolation by oceanographic distance explains genetic structure for Macrocystis pyrifera in the Santa Barbara Channel
Authors: ALBERTO FILIPE , RAIMONDI PETER T. , REED DANIEL C. , WATSON JAMES R. , SIEGEL DAVID A. , MITARAI SATOSHI , COELHO NELSON , SERRÃO ESTER A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOcean currents are expected to be the predominant environmental factor influencing the dispersal of planktonic larvae or spores; yet, their characterization as predictors of marine connectivity has been hindered by a lack of understanding of how best to use oceanographic data. We used a high‐resolution oceanographic model output and Lagrangian particle simulations to derive oceanographic distances (hereafter called transport times) between sites studied for Macrocystis pyrifera genetic differentiation. We build upon the classical isolation‐by‐distance regression model by asking how much additional variability in genetic differentiation is explained when adding transport time as predictor. We explored the extent to which gene flow is dependent upon seasonal changes in ocean circulation. Because oceanographic transport between two sites is inherently asymmetric, we also compare the explanatory power of models using the minimum or the mean transport times. Finally, we compare the direction of connectivity as estimated by the oceanographic model and genetic assignment tests. We show that the minimum transport time had higher explanatory power than the mean transport time, revealing the importance of considering asymmetry in ocean currents when modelling gene flow. Genetic assignment tests were much less effective in determining asymmetry in gene flow. Summer‐derived transport times, in particular for the month of June, which had the strongest current speed, greatest asymmetry and highest spore production, resulted in the best‐fit model explaining twice the variability in genetic differentiation relative to models that use geographic distance or habitat continuity. The best overall model also included habitat continuity and explained 65% of the variation in genetic differentiation among sites.
Rhinovirus‐induced bronchiolitis and asthma development
Authors: Jartti Tuomas , Korppi Matti 
Published: May 2011

To cite this article: Jartti T, Korppi M. Rhinovirus‐induced bronchiolitis and asthma development. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 350–355.AbstractHuman rhinovirus (HRV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) are commonly associated with bronchiolitis. The breaking point in the dominance is approximately 12 months – rhinovirus dominates in the older children. Predisposition may markedly increase the prevalence of HRV bronchiolitis. Especially, low interferon responses and atopy‐related factors have been associated with HRV bronchiolitis. The former has been considered as a sign of poor antiviral defense, and the latter could be associated with atopic airway inflammation in wheezing children. Although recurrent wheezing is common after both RSV and HRV bronchiolitis, HRV bronchiolitis carries a markedly higher risk of persistent wheezing until 6 years of age and for childhood asthma. This association has been independent from atopy at 7.2 (median) years of age. The increased risk of asthma in adulthood after non‐RSV bronchiolitis vs. RSV bronchiolitis in infancy (at the time when PCR was not available for HRV diagnosis) offers indirect evidence for the association between HRV bronchiolitis and chronic asthma.
A re‐evaluation of the risk of transfusion‐transmitted HIV prevented by the exclusion of men who have sex with men from blood donation in England and Wales, 2005–2007
Authors: Davison K. L. , Brant L. J. , Presanis A. M. , Soldan K. 
Published: May 2011

Background and Objectives  One component of the rationale for lifetime exclusion of men who have sex with men (MSM) from blood donation in the UK is the probable reduction in the risk of transfusion‐transmitted HIV; this exclusion has recently been questioned.Materials and Methods  Data about HIV in blood donors and MSM were analysed to estimate the risk of infectious donations entering the blood supply under different scenarios of donor selection criteria (and donor compliance) for MSM and a heterosexual group with increased risk of HIV.Results  In 2005–2007, a change from lifetime exclusion of MSM to 5‐year deferral or no deferral increased the point estimate of HIV risk by between 0·4% and 7·4% depending on compliance with the deferral (range −4% to 15%) and 26·5% (range 18% to 43%) respectively. A change from a 12‐month deferral of the high‐risk heterosexual group to lifetime exclusion reduced the estimated risk by about 7·2% (range 6% to 9%). Each point estimate was within the probable range of risk under the current criteria.Conclusion  If prevalence is the only factor affected by a reduced deferral, then the increased risk of HIV is probably negligible. However, the impact of a change depends on compliance; if this stays the same or worsens, the risk is expected to increase because of more incident infections in MSM who donate blood. The risk of transfusion‐transmitted HIV could probably be reduced further by improving compliance with any exclusion, particularly after recent risk behaviours.
The safety of blood donation by elderly blood donors
Authors: Zeiler T. , Lander‐Kox J. , Eichler H. , Alt T. , Bux J. 
Published: May 2011

Background  Due to the ageing population, blood donation by the elderly is necessary to maintain blood supply. We initiated a prospective study, to assess whether there is an increased risk of donor reactions in elderly donors.Study Design and Methods  In this prospective study, regular donors aged from 66 to 68 and 69 to 71 years were invited to continue blood donation on mobile collection sites of the German Red Cross Blood Service West. A control group (50–52 years) was established. Admission of donors in all groups followed the German national guidelines for blood donation. Donor deferrals and all kinds of donor reactions during donation (on‐site) and in the 48 h following donation (off‐site) were monitored.Results  A total of 64 260 valid cases were entered in the study. Donor deferrals increased with age from 1·12% in the control group up to 8·74 in female donors aged 69–71 years. Adverse reactions to blood donation were rare with an overall reaction rate of 0·63% (0·05% on‐site; 0·58% off‐site). Off‐site reactions significantly decreased with increasing age. The relative risk (RR) for adverse reactions in elderly donors compared to the control group (50–52 years) was slightly increased for on‐site reactions in the 69‐ to 71‐year‐old donors (RR 1·0309; 95% CI 1·0292–1·0325). In all other comparisons, the RR for adverse reactions was distinctively lower in elderly donors (RR 0·3785 – 0·7778).Conclusions  Our data confirm that elderly regular blood donors may safely continue blood donation at least to the age of 71. Based on these data, we increased the upper age limit.
Maternal mental disorders and pregnancy outcomes: A clinical study in a Japanese population
Authors: Hironaka Masae , Kotani Tomomi , Sumigama Seiji , Tsuda Hiroyuki , Mano Yukio , Hayakawa Hiromi , Tanaka Satoshi , Ozaki Norio , Tamakoshi Koji , Kikkawa Fumitaka 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim:  To assess the maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with mental disorders in Japan.Material and Methods:  We conducted this retrospective cohort study to examine the patients who delivered at Nagoya University Hospital (2005–2009). Thereafter, the patients without any complications other than mental disorders and with several sources of psychiatric information were included in the present series, and the maternal and neonatal outcomes between patients with or without maternal mental disorders were compared. The psychiatric outcomes and the adverse effects of psychotropic drugs were also examined.Results:  A total of 1649 women delivered during this period, and 63 of them were complicated by maternal mental disorders. After the selection of patients for comparison purposes, women with mental disorders (n = 51) had a slightly but significantly shorter gestational age (39.2 ± 0.2 vs 39.8 ± 0.1 weeks, P = 0.003) and smaller birth weight (2993.0 ± 56.7 vs 3152.4 ± 23.6 g, P = 0.010) compared with the control group (n = 278). Intervention by psychiatrists was required for only 10 patients, and no patients required termination of pregnancy due to exacerbation of mental disorders. In schizophrenia patients who were taking atypical antipsychotics and benzodiazepine, a significant increase in maternal gestational weight gain, and a significant shorter gestational age were detected, respectively, compared with patients who were not receiving any drug treatments.Conclusion:  A trend towards a lower birth weight and shorter gestational age was observed in Japanese women with well‐controlled mental disorders, but the effect of well‐controlled mental disorders on the perinatal outcome was minimal.
Contralateral ovarian pregnancy after single tubal recanalisation
Authors: Goswami Deepti , Zutshi Vijay , Khurana Nita , Tyagi Shakun , Batra Swaraj 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOvarian pregnancy accounts for less than 3% of all ectopic pregnancies. A 30‐year‐old who had undergone right tubal reanastomosis seven months prior presented with pain abdomen and spotting. Her last menstrual period was 30 days prior. Examination revealed stable vitals, tenderness and shifting dullness per abdomen, fullness in the pouch of Douglas, a tender left adnexal mass and normal size uterus. Urine pregnancy test was positive. Culdocentesis revealed blood. A heteroechoic 3 × 3.2 × 3.1 cm left adnexal mass and free fluid were detected on ultrasound. There was no intrauterine gestational sac. On laparotomy 800 mL of hemoperitoneum was present. There was no evidence of tubal pregnancy. Left ovary had a 3 × 5 cm hemorrhagic mass. Partial ovariectomy was done and histopathology revealed ovarian pregnancy. This is the first reported case of an ovarian pregnancy occurring after tubal recanalisation. After successful tubal recanalisation procedure, altered motility of the reconstructed tube may cause expulsion of fertilized ovum into the peritoneal cavity and contralateral ovarian implantation.
The role of locus coeruleus in the antiepileptic activity induced by vagus nerve stimulation
Authors: Fornai Francesco , Ruffoli Riccardo , Giorgi Filippo S. , Paparelli Antonio 
Published: May 2011

AbstractStimulation of the vagus nerve produces antiepileptic effects. This is used clinically to treat drug‐refractory epilepsies. The mechanisms responsible for these effects depend on the activation of vagal afferents reaching the nucleus of the solitary tract. This review focuses on the neuroanatomy of the nucleus of the solitary tract and its relation with the nucleus locus coeruleus as a preferential anatomical substrate in producing antiepileptic effects. In fact, following the transient or permanent inactivation of locus coeruleus neurons, some antiepileptic effects of vagus nerve stimulation are lost. The activation of locus coeruleus per se is known to limit the spread of a seizure and the duration of a variety of seizure types. This is due to the fine chemical neuroanatomy of norepinephrine pathways that arise from the locus coeruleus, which produce widespread changes in cortical areas. These changes may be sustained by norepinephrine alone, or in combination with its co‐transmitters. In addition, vagus nerve stimulation may prevent seizures by activating the serotonin‐containing dorsal raphe neurons.
Tips and tricks to facilitate ultrasound‐guided placement of peripheral nerve catheters in children
Authors: De José María Belén , Banús Ester , Navarro‐Egea Montse , Banchs Richard J. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryAim:  To describe an approach to facilitate ultrasound (US)‐guided placement of peripheral nerve catheters in children.Background:  Continuous peripheral nerve blocks (CPNB) provide excellent surgical anesthesia and postoperative analgesia. However, catheters can be difficult to place, especially in children.Methods:  Ten US‐guided peripheral nerve catheters were placed and placement difficulties encountered were recorded. Four series of 15 consecutive US‐guided CPNB were then performed, adding in each series one possible solution to each of the troubles previously encountered. Finally, all maneuvers were employed in the placement of 15 US‐guided CPNB in children 3–10 years old and then followed clinically.Results:  Initial difficulties encountered were as follows: (i) introducing the catheter, (ii) catheter tip visualization, (iii) length of catheter to be introduced, and (iv) catheter fixation and appropriate long‐lasting dressing. The proposed facilitating procedure that addresses each of these difficulties is as follows: (i) three‐hand technique: an assistant’s hand holds the US transducer, the proceduralist anesthetist slightly withdraws and rotates the needle tip with one hand and advances the catheter with the other, (ii) needle visualization in long axis (LAX) whenever possible with catheter placed inside the needle and US guidance of spread of local anesthetic (LA) through the catheter, (iii) catheter advanced until resistance is found or up to a maximum of 5 cm, and (iv) subcutaneous tunneling of the catheter, Dermabond glue, and careful transparent dressing. All catheters in the last series were 100% effective during surgery and provided complete analgesia for ≥3 days without complications.Conclusions:  Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in children should be placed under US guidance in LAX whenever possible, with a three‐hand technique and slightly withdrawing or rotating the needle tip to introduce the catheter, administering LA through the catheter, and performing subcutaneous tunneling and careful dressing.
Extending Backward Polygon Beam Tracing to Glossy Scattering Surfaces
Authors: Duvenhage B. , Bouatouch K. , Kourie D. G. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackward polygon beam tracing methods, that is beam tracing from the light source (L), are well suited to gather path coherency from specular (S) scattering surfaces. These methods are useful for modelling and efficiently simulating caustics on diffuse (D) surfaces; an effect due to LS+D transport paths. This paper generalizes backward polygon beam tracing to include a glossy (G) scattering surface. To this end the details of a beam tracing lumped model and implementation of L(S | G)D transport paths are presented. Although we limit the discussion to short transport paths, we show that backward beam tracing is faster than photon mapping by an order of magnitude for rendering caustics from glossy and specular surfaces.
DYNAMIC WELFARE COST OF STAGNATION: AN ALTERNATIVE MEASURE TO THE LUCAS–OBSTFELD MODEL
Authors: MIYAKOSHI TATSUYOSHI , OKUBO MASAKATSU , SHIMADA JUNJI 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe present paper proposes an alternative measure to the Lucas–Obstfeld model to analyze the welfare costs of stagnation, and provides a practical illustration of both the Lucas–Obstfeld model and the alternative model. Compared with the Lucas–Obstfeld model, the alternative model can evaluate: (i) whether policy was implemented in a timely fashion; (ii) whether the policy cost was expensive compared with the cost of stagnation; and (iii) whether the policy implemented was effective or whether an additional policy is required.
IS CORRUPTION REALLY PERSISTENT?
Authors: SELDADYO HARRY , DE HAAN JAKOB 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTheoretical and empirical research on corruption generally concludes that corruption is persistent. However, using International Country Risk Guide data for the period 1984–2008 for 101 countries, we find strong evidence that corruption changes over time. In the present study, corruption levels of many countries decline, whereas those of other countries rise over the same period. We find that this convergence process is not continuous: there is an improvement in world corruption in the first part of our sample period, but a worsening in the second half.
Pre‐ and Post‐Migration Determinants of Socio‐Cultural Integration of African Immigrants in Italy and Spain
Authors: Fokkema Tineke , de Haas Hein 
Published: May 2011

AbstractUsing a unique dataset (N=2,014), we examine the pre‐ and post‐migration determinants of socio‐cultural integration among first‐generation immigrant groups in southern Europe: Moroccan and Senegalese migrants in Spain, and Egyptian and Ghanaian migrants in Italy. The results of the pooled and immigrant‐group specific regression analyses partly highlight the dominance of pre‐migration factors. Immigrants who were well‐educated and well‐informed prior to migrating and who migrate at a young age, achieve higher levels of socio‐cultural integration. Going against some hypotheses found in the literature, female gender and North African origin have a positive effect on socio‐cultural integration as opposed to male gender and sub‐Saharan origin. With regard to post‐migration factors, occupational status is the main economic determinant of socio‐cultural integration. Interestingly, being employed as such has no significant effect on socio‐cultural integration. This suggests that labour market segmentation and discrimination negatively impact upon socio‐cultural integration. The results also suggest that policies allowing immigrants to benefit from the human capital they carry across borders and achieve upward socio‐economic mobility are likely to enhance their socio‐cultural integration.
Landscape partitioning by nocturnal rodent assemblages in the Llanos de Ojuelos, in Mexico’s Central High Plateau
Authors: Riojas‐López Mónica E. , Mellink Eric , Raoul Francis , Luévano Jaime , Vaniscotte Amélie , Giraudoux Patrick 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAim  The Llanos de Ojuelos in Mexico’s Central High Plateau supports unique Opuntia scrublands and the southernmost Chihuahuan grasslands. Although human activities have modified strongly its landscape and impacted its biodiversity at an unknown scale, such impacts are poorly known. We aimed at understanding how nocturnal rodent species distributed across the landscape and formed assemblages and on the role and integration of the different habitats at the landscape level.Location  The study was carried out at 43 sites in a study area of approximately 3350 km2 in the Llanos de Ojuelos.Methods  During the Spring of 2008, we surveyed nocturnal rodents, through live‐trapping. We redefined habitat classes based on log‐linear multinomial regressions of rodent captures. Species rarefaction curves and true alpha, beta and gamma diversities were calculated for the different habitat classes. A map of the different habitats was constructed based on Landsat imagery.Results  We captured 458 individuals of 20 rodent species. Multinomial regressions caused the merger of 11 a priori defined habitat classes into 7. Leguminous scrub and mixed nopaleras, both secondary habitats, had the highest alpha and gamma diversity values. Closed arboreal nopaleras and grasslands had the highest within‐habitat variability (1Dβ) and the lowest area coverage. Within‐habitat 1Dβ was larger than landscape 1Dβ, because of the great overlap in rodent assemblage composition between the habitats.Main conclusions  There are no ‘typical’ rodent assemblages per habitat class, but they are organized loosely and have fuzzy borders. Rodent community organization was highly species‐centred. At the landscape level, secondary habitats have a profound effect on rodent diversity and should be included in management schemes for biological conservation. The most endangered habitats seem to be the closed arboreal nopaleras and grasslands. Any conservation efforts must consider their conservation and an increase in the size of remaining patches.