bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paper 5: Actuator Disc Theory of the Compressible Flow in Free-Vortex Turbo-Machinery
Authors: Hawthorne W. R. , Ringrose J. 
Published: June 2010

The actuator disc method, in which each blade row of a turbo-machine is represented by a plane, axisymmetric discontinuity in the flow field, is used to produce an approximate solution of the problem of compressible, irrotational flow through an axial compressor or turbine. The flow equations are linearized and a solution for a single, isolated disc is found. The effects of mutual interference between neighbouring discs are studied for two adjacent discs. A method for extending the solution to any number of discs is outlined. Examples showing applications of the method are given and experimental measurements made near the inlet guide vanes of an axial compressor agree well with the theoretical predictions. A new exact solution for two adjacent actuator discs is also given.
Paper 3: Use of Higher Stresses in the Design of Pressure Vessels
Authors: Raymond M. J. M. , Osbeldiston K. 
Published: June 2010

This paper summarizes very briefly the history of the use in Germany and elsewhere of design stresses for vessels which are higher by up to 50 per cent than those allowed by British Standard 1500 and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Code, and of the approach of Imperial Chemical Industries to this problem. On the technical side the criteria which should govern local stresses in pressure vessels and their permissible values were then considered, an aspect of design which has received less public discussion than the estimation of stresses due to local loads. The conclusions reached have formed the basis of recommendations submitted in collaboration with other interested organizations to the British Standards Institution. The use of higher design stresses implies that there is a smaller margin for errors in design or shortcomings in quality of materials or manufacture. The administration of the pressure vessel code in Germany is reviewed and comparisons are drawn with the bodies available for similar purposes in Britain.
Paper 7: A Comparative Examination of Some Potential Inorganic Lubricants on the Shell Four-Ball Tester and on a Crossed-Cylinder Wear Machine
Authors: Middleton K. 
Published: June 2010

Several workers have reported the use of mixtures of solid lubricants in dry film systems and, in particular, combinations of various metallic sulphides with molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) in the dry state have been shown to be successful. Here, data obtained using a Shell four-ball tester is presented in which selected inorganic sulphides and oxides dispersed in oil have been examined; the variation in the size of wear scars with load in the range 20 to 800 kg is shown. Examples are also given of the variation in the wear-load curve with concentration of dispersed solid, where it is shown that the amount of wear decreases with increasing concentration of solid up to an optimum concentration of approximately 0·7 per cent by volume, with the exception of sulphur, which performs equally well at all concentrations between 0·2 and 20 per cent by volume. The same solids have also been examined in the form of dry rubbed films in three atmospheres on a crossed-cylinder wear machine, and only MoS2 has been found to provide effective lubrication as a dry unbonded film.
Paper 9: Friction between Unlubricated Steel Surfaces at Sliding Speeds up to 750 Feet per Second
Authors: Williams K. , Giffen E. 
Published: June 2010

A brief description of the apparatus used for making the measurements discussed in this paper is followed by a record of the intended scope of the investigation. The experimental programme conducted is outlined, the results discussed and presented in graphical form. The experimental results are supplemented with photographs of the contact surface of the specimens when examined under the microscope. The experimental results are analysed in terms of the effects of the variables in the investigation upon the coefficient of friction; the most important variables were sliding speed and normal load. The effects are also examined by reference to the photographs of the surfaces. The photographic evidence leads also to conclusions regarding the relation between the state of the oxide layer, the mechanism of the frictional process, and the resultant value of the coefficient of friction.
Paper 11: The Use of a Motored Engine to Study Piston-Ring Wear and Engine Friction
Authors: Pike W. C. , Spillman D. T. 
Published: June 2010

The paper describes a study of the conditions which lead to mechanical, or attritive, wear of a top piston- ring. A motored single-cylinder engine was used, and piston-ring wear measurements were made using a radioactive tracer technique. By connecting the inlet and exhaust ports together and pressurizing the system with nitrogen, peak cylinder pressures could be matched to those in a firing engine and corrosive wear minimized. Ring belt oil viscosities were matched to those in service either by using low-viscosity oils or by restricting the cooling. Wear was caused, under steady-speed conditions, by increasing the peak pressure or the cylinder-liner temperature. However, even under the most severe conditions, the wear rate eventually became negligible with the liner surface becoming highly polished. Under comparable conditions in a fired engine a steady rate of wear was observed. It was found that large variations in piston-ring wear could occur without any detectable change in the motoring torque. Torque was linearly related to the peak cylinder pressure. The component of the motoring torque attributable to the piston assembly friction varied as the square root of the ring belt oil viscosity. The results suggest that, in a fired engine, hydrodynamic lubrication should be attainable throughout the stroke if roughening of the surfaces by the effects of combustion products could be prevented.
Paper 9: Ceramic-Metal Composites: Nucerite
Authors: Wood W. 
Published: June 2010

This paper describes ‘Nucerite’, a new material of construction consisting of a ceramic-metal composite which has improved mechanical strength and abrasion resistance over glassed steel. A wide range of ceramics is available and these can be bonded to a range of base metals, thus giving a very wide choice of properties. An outline of the induced crystalline structure in the ceramic shows how Nucerite is suitable for high temperature use together with good corrosion resistance. The application of Nucerite in the chemical and related industries shows how its versatility can be used to solve high temperature, corrosion, and abrasion problems. Examples of items of equipment, together with the conditions under which they are being used, confirms that there is a big future for Nucerite as it is developed and its properties are improved even further.
Paper 3: The Influence of Track Twist on Vehicle Design
Authors: Batchelor G. H. 
Published: June 2010

The paper draws attention to the importance of the torsional stiffness of vehicle bodies as well as the adequacy of suspensions in limiting pseudo-static wheel load variations caused by uneven track. The magnitude and incidence of effective twist gradients in track are considered, together with suitable criteria for vehicle design. Expressions are quoted for the evaluation of wheel load change for bogie and four-wheeled vehicles on track with continuous twist and also effective twist due to local low points. Torsional stiffness data for a range of representative vehicle bodies are given together with several numerical examples which serve to illustrate the effect of the parameters involved.
Paper 4: Instruments Used in the Development of Diesel Engines
Authors: Daft C. H. J. 
Published: June 2010

An account is presented of some experiences of the various techniques and instruments used in the development of diesel engines. The measurement of mass fuel consumption by electronic methods to reduce testing time is detailed, together with a discussion on the elimination of the consequent inaccuracy. The accuracy of single-cycle techniques and the point-by-point method for dynamic pressure measurements are considered together with frequency-modulated techniques, direct current techniques, oscilloscopes, and galvanometer recorders. Details of the response time and repeatability of fast-response thermocouples for gas temperature measurements are discussed. The use of digital equipment such as voltmeters for strain and counters for speed and flow measurement is also described.
The Engineer's Viewpoint
Authors: Saunders Owen 
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses the academic policy of a mechanical engineering department in a university and a college of technology and considers its relation to the policy of other departments with regard to the scope and range of undergraduate and postgraduate studies. The special circumstances of academic staff and the need to minimize the burden of administration is emphasized. The considerations affecting the arrangement of facilities including lecture rooms, drawing offices, laboratories and workshops and the special problems occurring in the provision of services, suppression of vibrations and the disposal of exhaust fumes from engines are discussed and the need for providing student and staff amenities is made plain. The appendices include details of the Mechanical Engineering Department at Imperial College.
Paper 1: The Architect's Approach to the Design of Mechanical Engineering Departments
Authors: Stillman John 
Published: June 2010

This paper discusses decisions to be taken at three stages in the design of new mechanical engineering departments for universities and colleges of advanced technology. These decisions, which are to be taken within a framework of educational and financial policies, are concerned with the brief, the planning and the structure. Planning and structure include all the three-dimensional aspects of design. Decisions are centred on the problem of flexibility and how this relates to a number of factors including costs, service provisions, and the architectural expression. Implications of the design decisions are illustrated by reference to the evolution of the plans for the engineering complex at Brunei College, now under construction, and by other British and continental examples. In dealing with the construction of heavy laboratories notes are included on lighting, sound insulation and vibration, mechanical handling and methods of integrating services. Throughout, emphasis is placed on co-operative working between the client and the professional team, which although it is led by the architect, must include the consulting mechanical, electrical and structural engineers and the quantity surveyors.
Paper 3: The Enlarging of an Engineering Faculty on an Existing Site
Authors: Webb C. R. 
Published: June 2010

The paper deals with the execution of a post-war plan to create new buildings for the Faculty of Engineering at Queen Mary College, one of the four Engineering Schools of London University. The buildings were to provide for an annual undergraduate intake of 150 together with sixty postgraduate students engaged in research. The site of the new buildings was adjacent to that of the existing College; however, it faced a main traffic route unlike the secluded existing site, so that special problems arose. Current building regulations affected the design and planning of the facilities and, in general, added to the cost. Noise and vibration arising internally had to be carefully considered. With the need to site some heavy laboratories on upper floors, special measures were needed to deal with the handling of equipment. To deal with unpredictable changes in the curricula, the maximum flexibility in the use of rooms was desirable and means for the easy installation of additional services at any time was built in.
Paper 4: The Adaptation of an Existing Industrial Building as Temporary Accommodation for a Department of Mechanical Engineering at a College of Advanced Technology
Authors: Chisholm A. W. J. , Taylor F. 
Published: June 2010

A brief account is given of the reasons for deciding that a complete department should be moved to temporary premises rather than to use these premises to provide additional space for a number of departments. Consideration of the requirements of each section of the department, such as headroom, materials handling problems, machine foundations and the like are considered. A brief description of the building giving the main features of construction and an assessment of the accommodation it offered is given, together with details of how the accommodation was to be utilized by the various sections of the department. An account of the work to be done and the assistance obtained from consultant architects and from college staff is then provided. The actual transfer of the equipment to the temporary premises and the problems encountered are considered, together with the phasing of the work. The final layout of the laboratories and the problems encountered since moving in are examined. The paper concludes with a general examination of the value of the move in relation to the provision of permanent accommodation for the department concerned to be provided in the college building programme.
Paper 29: The Mechanism of Relative Eddy Flows in Mixed-Flow Turbo-Machines
Authors: Lewis R. I. 
Published: June 2010

In mixed-flow turbo-machines the energy transfer results partly from fluid deflection and partly from Coriolis forces due to the radial motion. The relative motion produces another effect not occurring in axial machines, namely that of slip or relative eddy. In this paper a conformai transformation theory is developed for radial bladed conical flow machines along similar lines to that of Busemann. The flow is regarded as the superposition of source/vortex prewhirl flow and a blade lifting vortex. The lift components due to Coriolis forces and deflection are thus separable. The theory also permits the calculation of surface velocities and streamlines. The main intention is to provide an exact theory for comparison with the extended Schlichting analysis of Pollard.
Paper 23: An Experimental Investigation of Non-Steady Flow in a Radial Gas Turbine
Authors: Benson R. S. , Scrimshaw K. H. 
Published: June 2010

Comprehensive steady and non-steady flow tests on a small radial turbine turbo-charger are given. Steady flow tests included both full admission and partial admission over the whole speed and pressure range from zero flow to maximum flow. Non-steady flow tests were carried out over a pulse frequency range from 30 to 70 pulses/s and turbine speeds from 30 000 to 60 000 rev/min with the turbine coupled to the exhaust system of a six-cylinder pulse generator under partial admission conditions. Extensive transient pressure and temperature measurements were taken upstream and downstream (pressure only) of the turbine. The total mass flow and power were also measured. A quasi-steady flow analysis was carried out using the steady flow test data. The tests results showed that for a six-cylinder exhaust pipe configuration, with two exhaust pipes entering separate nozzle segments in the radial turbine, the quasi-steady flow analysis using partial admission data grossly underestimated the mass flow and power output of the turbine. Using full admission data the ratio of measurement mass flow and horsepower to the calculated mass flow and horsepower was nearly always greater than unity. Furthermore, the average turbine efficiency was greater under non-steady flow than under steady flow. The magnitude of the recorded effects was dependent on the pulse frequency and turbine speed.
Paper 22: The Extension of Schlichting'S Analysis to Mixed Flow Cascades
Authors: Pollard D. 
Published: June 2010

An analysis is given which enables the performance of a rotating cascade in a mixed flow machine to be calculated. A method of singularities previously used for obtaining the flow through a cascade of blades in two dimensions has been modified to take into account the effects of the relative motion between the fluid and the machine, which includes vorticity. The flow through the mixed-flow cascade is specified by a meridional stream surface which is mapped on to a two-dimensional plane by means of a conformai transformation. Distributed vorticity in the two-dimensional plane is related to the relative vorticity in the meridional plane through the transformation, and a solution of the flow through the cascade in the two-dimensional plane with the distributed vorticity gives a result which includes the ‘slip’ effect, as well as the usual cascade deviation. Examples of the calculation of slip factors for radial flow machines are given and show excellent agreement with exact theories. The method can be used also for mixed flow machines, and flow angles and pressure distributions may be calculated.
Paper 12: Derivation of Furnace Heat Transfer from Fluid Dynamic Behaviour
Authors: Anson D. 
Published: June 2010

The principles underlying radiant heat transfer in boiler furnaces are fundamentally simple, but their application requires a knowledge of empirical quantities describing the emissivity of the flame and the boiler surfaces and the relationship between their geometries. This paper draws attention to the dependence of local heat release rates on fuel/air mixing. In the case of a downshot coal-fired furnace, the performance of which was investigated in detail, the size and position of the effective flame envelope could be derived from a knowledge of the flow and mixing rates. These in turn should be capable of being measured on isothermal models, and research should be directed to this end.
Paper 28: Laminar Radial Flow between Parallel Plates and its Application to Viscosity Measurements
Authors: Moses John Ll. 
Published: June 2010

To supplement viscosity measurements of water made by the more conventional methods, for example by capillary or rotating cylinder viscometers, it was decided to make a ‘radial flow viscometer’ as outlined by H. Gümbel in Barr's ‘Monograph of viscosity’ (1)†. The radial flow viscometer consists principally of two flat discs separated by a known distance, the fluid being forced to flow radially inward and leaving the discs through a hole in the centre of one of the discs. Before the method could be adopted, it was essential to devise a formula which would account for the inertia term in the equation of motion, since disregard of the inertia term would render the final equation inaccurate. An equation has been developed from the Navier-Stokes equations, which gives a solution involving elliptic integrals. An attempt is made to compare the above solution with the well-known creeping flow solution and with experimental results. Preliminary tests for varying flows and varying widths of separation of the discs have shown discrepancies of under 2 per cent between experimental and theoretical values.
Paper 8: Fixed-Direction Probes for Aerodynamic Measurements
Authors: Lewis W. E. 
Published: June 2010

This paper reviews the problems of using null-yaw and fixed-direction, multi-hole probes for aerodynamic measurements. The preparation of calibration charts for the use of fixed-direction three-hole probes in two-dimensional flow regimes and for the use of their five-hole counterparts in three-dimensional flow systems is described. Some of the sources of error in the use of these types of probes are also discussed. In an Appendix, numerical examples demonstrating the use of the calibration charts are discussed. A novel type of probe, fitted with a rotating sting is described. This probe is being developed to combine the advantages of null-yaw and fixed-direction probes.
Paper 9: A Rotating Cylinder Viscometer for Measurement at Elevated Temperature and Pressure
Authors: Wonham J. 
Published: June 2010

This paper records some of the recent experimental methods used to determine the viscosity of water. In drawing attention to the many techniques used (most relying upon calibration of the instrument by a fluid of known viscosity), the conclusion may be drawn that an absolute instrument is required which will produce results over a wide range of temperature and pressure. It has long been known that the rotating cylinder viscometer is capable of a high degree of accuracy, but technical considerations have, in the past, restrained most workers from pursuing this method at high pressures. Progress in the development of the rotating cylinder instrument for these conditions is described and specific problems encountered with this method are discussed. This work is a continuation of the design studies of Kjelland-Fosterud (1)† and Whitelaw (2) who both gave considerable thought to the problems associated with this type of instrument. The first instrument to be tested by the author was based on Whitelaw's design but it was found that certain aspects of this instrument required major alteration. A new instrument was set up and has been found suitable for accurate viscosity determination.
Paper 5: The Dynamic Behaviour of Mineral Insulated Thermocouples
Authors: Furber B. N. , Broderick R. 
Published: June 2010

This paper deals with the experimental determination and correlation of the dynamic response of mineral insulated thermocouples. In a given installation the dynamic response is largely dependent on the resistance to heat transfer between the hot junction and the region of which the temperature is to be measured. This thermal resistance is composed of (1) the resistance from the sheath to the surroundings—usually a conduction or forced convection problem; at elevated temperatures radiation could be important. (2) the resistance from the thermocouple hot junction to the sheath—a conduction problem complicated by the difficulty of defining the physical properties of the thermocouple materials, the interface resistances, and the geometry. In many applications the thermocouple is inserted into a pocket to provide protection or support. In this case there is an additional resistance from the sheath to the containing pocket which involves conduction and/or radiation across a gas film and resistance (1) becomes the resistance between the pocket and its surroundings. The effects of all these resistances have been investigated, but for the application of particular interest to the authors, i.e. the dynamic response in gas flows at temperatures below 400°C, the dominant resistance was found to be resistance (1) above. Emphasis has therefore been placed on determining the influence on the time constant of the following parameters: Reynolds number Temperature level Direction (heating or cooling) and magnitude of the transient. A correlation of the data has been obtained which enables the time constant to be predicted for a range of thermocouple and pocket diameters and of gas conditions.
Paper 6: Effect of Vapour Drag on Laminar Film Condensation on a Vertical Surface
Authors: Mayhew Y. R. , Griffiths D. J. , Phillips J. W. 
Published: June 2010

A simple theory is presented for laminar film condensation of a pure vapour on a vertical surface which takes account of the drag induced on the liquid film by the flow of the condensing vapour. Experiments were carried out with steam at atmospheric pressure condensing inside a vertical 1.824 in diameter tube 8 in high. The downward vapour velocity was varied from 5 to 150 ft/s, the corresponding range of the film Reynolds number at the bottom of the tube being 200-500. Experimental results agreed well with the theory.