bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does Circular Migration Lead to “Guest Worker” Outcomes?
Authors: Doomernik Jeroen 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAt first at the level of the European Commission, and increasingly also in the European Union’s member states, it is being recognized that past labour migration management tools have more or less serious drawbacks in that they produce undesired outcomes and do not sufficiently attain the objectives for which they were designed. The welfare states of north‐western Europe are discovering that their desire of the past three decades to restrict labour immigration as much as possible is no longer “in sync” with changing labour market demands, which are growing both for the highly skilled and the unskilled. In order to satisfy the demand for unskilled labour, schemes are being proposed that would allow for circular migration. The European Commission is a forceful promoter of these schemes. Member states such as the Netherlands, which we take as a case in point, are also considering modes by which to allow temporary unskilled labour migration, but seem intent on employing regulatory tools that are not very different from those used in the “guest worker” era, which brought about large‐scale settlement. Up to the present time, the resulting ethnic minority groups are the subject of large integration efforts on the part of the receiving states. This begs the question of the extent to which “circular migration” would be different from “guest worker” schemes, in its management and its outcomes.
Granulomatous slack skin disease: a review, in comparison with mycosis fungoides
Authors: Shah A. , Safaya A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractGranulomatous slack skin (GSS) is a rare cutaneous disorder characterized by the evolution of circumscribed erythematous loose skin masses, especially in the body folds, and histologically by a loss of elastic fibers and granulomatous T‐cell infiltrates. This disease is often associated with preceding or successive lymphoproliferative malignancies, especially Mycosis Fungoides (MF) and Hodgkin’s Disease (HD). Whether Granulomatous Slack Skin Disease is a benign disorder, an unusual host reaction or a precursor of malignant lymphoma or an indolent Cutaneous T‐cell Lymphoma (CTCL) in itself, is still a controversy. This article reviews its literature on the etiology, clinical findings, and treatment of Granulomatous Slack Skin Disease. It also concentrates on its association with Hodgkin’s disease and its comparison with Mycosis Fungoides and Sezary Syndrome.
The Incumbent Spending Puzzle*
Authors: Magee Christopher S. P. 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveThis article seeks to explain the puzzle of why incumbents spend so much on campaigns despite most research finding that their spending has almost no effect on voters.MethodsThe article uses ordinary least squares, instrumental variables, and fixed‐effects regression to estimate the impact of incumbent spending on election outcomes. The estimation includes an interaction term between incumbent and challenger spending to allow the effect of incumbent spending to depend on the level of challenger spending.ResultsThe estimation provides strong evidence that spending by the incumbent has a larger positive impact on votes received the more money the challenger spends.ConclusionCampaign spending by incumbents is most valuable in the races where the incumbent faces a serious challenge. Raising large sums of money to be used in close races is thus a rational choice by incumbents.
Environmental Concern in Cross‐National Perspective: The Effects of Affluence, Environmental Degradation, and World Society*
Authors: Knight Kyle W. , Messer Benjamin L. 
Published: March 2012

ObjectiveThis study assesses competing macro‐level explanations of national‐level environmental concern. Drawing on previous research, we test the effects of national affluence, environmental degradation, and world society integration on various dimensions of environmental concern.MethodWe utilize factor analysis to separate distinct dimensions of concern. Then, we estimate bivariate correlations using data from the latest (fifth) wave of the World Values Survey (WVS) and a multivariate panel regression model using data from four WVS waves (1990–2008).ResultsBivariate correlations reveal inconsistent relationships across the various dimensions of environmental concern. The panel analysis suggests that environmental degradation is positively associated with environmental concern expressed as willingness to pay higher taxes, affluence is either negatively or not associated, and international nongovernmental organizations are not significantly associated.ConclusionEnvironmental conditions significantly influence levels of environmental concern around the world. It should not be assumed that affluence is the determining factor in global environmental concern.
Dynamic Ca2+ Signal Modalities in the Vascular Endothelium
Authors: TAYLOR MARK S. , FRANCIS MICHAEL , QIAN XUN , SOLODUSHKO VIKTORIYA 
Published: March 2012

Please cite this paper as: Taylor MS, Francis M, Qian X, Solodushko V. Dynamic Ca2+ signal modalities in the vascular endothelium. Microcirculation 19: 423–429, 2012.AbstractThe endothelium is vital to normal vasoregulation. Although acute vasodilation associated with broad endothelial Ca2+ elevation is well known, the control and targeting of Ca2+‐dependent signals in the endothelium are poorly understood. Recent studies have revealed localized IP3‐motivated Ca2+ events occurring basally along the intima that may provide the fundamental basis for various endothelial influences. Here, we provide an overview of dynamic endothelial Ca2+ signals and discuss the potential role of these signals in constant endothelial control of arterial tone and the titration of functional responses in vivo. In particular, we focus on the functional architecture contributing to the properties and ultimate impact of these signals, and explore new avenues in evaluating their prevalence and specific modalities in intact tissue. Finally, we discuss spatial and temporal effector recruitment through modification of these inherent signals. It is suggested that endothelial Ca2+ signaling is a continuum in which the specific framework of store‐release components and cellular targets along the endothelium allows for differential modes of Ca2+ signal expansion and distinctive profiles of effector recruitment. The precise composition and distribution of these inherent components may underlie dynamic endothelial control and specialized functions of different vascular beds.
Identification of parvovirus in the bone marrow of eight cats
Authors: Haynes SM , Holloway SA 
Published: March 2012

Objective  To determine if canine parvovirus (CPV) or feline panleucopenia virus (FPV) genomic sequences are present in adult feline bone marrow samples.Design  Bone marrow samples were obtained from 32 semi‐feral cats that were euthanased at an animal shelter. DNA was extracted and subjected to conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) designed to determine if CPV or FPV DNA was present. Positive PCR products were purified, cloned and sequenced to differentiate between CPV and FPV.Results  Eight of the bone marrow samples contained parvoviral DNA (7 CPV, 1 FPV).Conclusion  CPV and FPV DNA can be found in the bone marrow of healthy adult cats.
Implications from large‐scale spatial diversity patterns of saproxylic beetles for the conservation of European Beech forests
Authors: MÜLLER JÖRG , BRUNET JÖRG , BRIN ANTOINE , BOUGET CHRISTOPHE , BRUSTEL HERVE , BUSSLER HEINZ , FÖRSTER BERNHARD , ISACSSON GUNNAR , KÖHLER FRANK , LACHAT THIBAULT , GOSSNER MARTIN M. 
Published: March 2012

Abstract.  1. European Beech (Fagus sylvatica) is the natural dominant tree species in many forests across Europe. Despite Europe’s global responsibility for these forests, the correct conservation strategies are still a matter of debate. In particular, it remains controversial whether high conservation efforts should be directed towards beech forests, owing to the small number of insects that are Fagus specialists, and at what spatial scale conservation should take place.2. To provide evidence for this discussion, we compiled saproxylic beetle data from 1115 flight‐interception traps in eight countries and addressed two main questions: (i) what percentage of central European species can be expected in beech‐dominated forests? and (ii) which are the important spatial scales for the conservation of biodiversity in beech‐dominated forests?3. We included six spatial scales in our analysis: among traps, forest stands, forest sites, low/high elevations, oligo/eutrophic soils, and European bioregions.4. By extrapolating species numbers, we showed that 70% of the central European saproxylic beetle species can be expected in beech‐dominated forests. Multiplicative β‐diversity partitioning revealed the forest site level as the most important diversity scale for species richness, particularly for red‐listed and rare species, followed by elevation and bioregion.5. We conclude that beech‐dominated forests form a useful umbrella for the high species diversity of central European saproxylic beetles. Conservation activities, such as protecting areas or increasing dead wood, should be undertaken in as many forest sites as possible, at different elevations, and in different bioregions. For this, the Natura 2000 net may provide the most useful template.
CT, MR, and ultrasound image artifacts from prostate brachytherapy seed implants: The impact of seed size
Authors: Robertson Andrew K. H. , Basran Parminder S. , Thomas Steven D. , Wells Derek 
Published: March 2012

Purpose:To investigate the effects of brachytherapy seed size on the quality of x‐ray computed tomography (CT), ultrasound (US), and magnetic resonance (MR) images and seed localization through comparison of the 6711 and 9011125I sources.Methods:For CT images, an acrylic phantom mimicking a clinical implantation plan and embedded with low contrast regions of interest (ROIs) was designed for both the 0.774 mm diameter 6711 (standard) and the 0.508 mm diameter 9011 (thin) seed models (Oncura, Inc., and GE Healthcare, Arlington Heights, IL). Image quality metrics were assessed using the standard deviation of ROIs between the seeds and the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) within the low contrast ROIs. For US images, water phantoms with both single and multiseed arrangements were constructed for both seed sizes. For MR images, both seeds were implanted into a porcine gel and imaged with pelvic imaging protocols. The standard deviation of ROIs and CNR values were used as metrics of artifact quantification. Seed localization within the CT images was assessed using the automated seed finder in a commercial brachytherapy treatment planning system. The number of erroneous seed placements and the average and maximum error in seed placements were recorded as metrics of the localization accuracy.Results:With the thin seeds, CT image noise was reduced from 48.5 ± 0.2 to 32.0 ± 0.2 HU and CNR improved by a median value of 74% when compared with the standard seeds. Ultrasound image noise was measured at 50.3 ± 17.1 dB for the thin seed images and 50.0 ± 19.8 dB for the standard seed images, and artifacts directly behind the seeds were smaller and less prominent with the thin seed model. For MR images, CNR of the standard seeds reduced on average 17% when using the thin seeds for all different imaging sequences and seed orientations, but these differences are not appreciable. Automated seed localization required an average (±SD) of 7.0 ± 3.5 manual corrections in seed positions for the thin seed scans and 3.0 ± 1.2 manual corrections in seed positions for the standard seed scans. The average error in seed placement was 1.2 mm for both seed types and the maximum error in seed placement was 2.1 mm for the thin seed scans and 1.8 mm for the standard seed scans.Conclusions:The 9011 thin seeds yielded significantly improved image quality for CT and US images but no significant differences in MR image quality.
PCR Detection of Babesia ovata from Cattle Reared in Japan and Clinical Significance of Coinfection with Theileria orientalis
Authors: Sivakumar Thillaiampalam , Tagawa Michihito , Yoshinari Takeshi , Ybañez Adrian P. , Igarashi Ikuo , Ikehara Yuzuru , Hata Hiroshi , Kondo Seiji , Matsumoto Kotaro , Inokuma Hisashi , Yokoyama Naoaki 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

We describe here the clinical significance of coinfection with
Theileria orientalis
and
Babesia ovata
in cattle. Anemia status in a herd of dairy cattle in Japan was investigated in relation to infection with these parasites. Our findings indicate that while
B. ovata
infection might not be the primary cause of anemia in the cattle, it may contribute to the clinical development of anemia in animals coinfected with both
B. ovata
and
T. orientalis
.
Effect of Glacial Acetic Acid Treatment of Liquid-Based Cytology Collections on Performance of Cervista HPV HR for Detection of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Munson Erik , Du Chateau Brian K. , Nelson Bridget E. , Griep Judith , Czarnecka Jolanta , Amrhein Robert D. , Schroeder Elizabeth R. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Inadequate cervical cytological analysis can be facilitated by glacial acetic acid (GAA) treatment of primary liquid-based collections to remove mucus, erythrocytes, inflammatory cells, and cellular debris. In the context of a commercial human papillomavirus (HPV) hybridization assay performed on 465 tandem specimens with and without GAA treatment, we show that GAA treatment significantly reduces genomic DNA content (
P
< 0.0001) and creates an increased potential for indeterminate and false-negative results. In the context of cytological workflow, laboratories should consider providing a specimen aliquot for HPV DNA detection prior to GAA treatment.
The Mycovirus CHV1 Disrupts Secretion of a Developmentally Regulated Protein in Cryphonectria parasitica
Authors: Kazmierczak Pam , McCabe Patricia , Turina Massimo , Jacob-Wilk Debora , Van Alfen Neal K. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Infection of the chestnut blight fungus
Cryphonectria parasitica
with
Cryphonectria hypovirus 1
(CHV1) causes disruption of virulence, pigmentation, and sporulation. Transcriptional downregulation of key developmentally regulated fungal genes occurs during infection, but vegetative growth is unaffected. Previous studies showed that CHV1 utilizes
trans
-Golgi network (TGN) secretory vesicles for replication. In this study, the fungal cell surface hydrophobin cryparin was chosen as a marker to follow secretion in virally infected and noninfected strains. Subcellular fractionation, cryparin-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion, and Western blot studies confirmed that vesicles containing cryparin copurify with the same fractions previously shown to contain elements of the viral replication complex and the TGN resident endoprotease Kex2. This vesicle fraction accumulated to a much greater concentration in the CHV1-infected strains than in noninfected strains. Pulse-chase analysis showed that the rates and amount of cryparin being secreted by the CHV1 containing strains was much lower than in noninfected strains, and the dwell time of cryparin within the cell after labeling was significantly greater in the CHV1-infected strains than in the noninfected ones. These results suggest that the virus perturbs a specific late TGN secretory pathway resulting in buildup of a key protein important for fungal development.
HIV-1 and HIV-2 Reverse Transcriptases: Different Mechanisms of Resistance to Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
Authors: Boyer Paul L. , Clark Patrick K. , Hughes Stephen H. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT
As anti-HIV therapy becomes more widely available in developing nations, it is clear that drug resistance will continue to be a major problem. The related viruses HIV-1 and HIV-2 share many of the same resistance pathways to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). However, clinical data suggest that while HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) usually uses an ATP-dependent excision pathway to develop resistance to the nucleoside analog zidovudine (AZT), HIV-2 RT does not appear to use this pathway. We previously described data that suggested that wild-type (WT) HIV-2 RT has a much lower ability to excise AZT monophosphate (AZTMP) than does WT HIV-1 RT and suggested that this is the reason that HIV-2 RT more readily adopts an exclusion pathway against AZT triphosphate (AZTTP), while HIV-1 RT is better able to exploit the ATP-dependent pyrophosphorolysis mechanism. However, we have now done additional experiments, which show that while HIV-1 RT can adopt either an exclusion- or excision-based resistance mechanism against AZT, HIV-2 RT can use only the exclusion mechanism. All of our attempts to make HIV-2 RT excision competent did not produce an AZT-resistant RT but instead yielded RTs that were less able to polymerize than the WT. This suggests that the exclusion pathway is the only pathway available to HIV-2.
Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody Recognizes a Unique Epitope on Varicella-Zoster Virus Immediate-Early 63 Protein
Authors: Mueller Niklaus H. , Bos Nathan L. , Seitz Scott , Wellish Mary , Mahalingam Ravi , Gilden Don , Cohrs Randall J. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT
We previously constructed a recombinant monoclonal antibody (rec-MAb 63P4) that detects immediate-early protein IE63 encoded by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in the cytoplasm of productively infected cells. Here, we used ORF63 truncation mutants to map the rec-MAb 63P4 binding epitope to amino acids 141 to 150 of VZV IE63, a region not shared with other widely used anti-IE63 antibodies, and found that the recombinant antibody does not bind to the simian IE63 counterpart.
Identification of I137M and Other Mutations That Modulate Incubation Periods for Two Human Prion Strains
Authors: Giles Kurt , De Nicola Gian Felice , Patel Smita , Glidden David V. , Korth Carsten , Oehler Abby , DeArmond Stephen J. , Prusiner Stanley B. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

We report here the transmission of human prions to 18 new transgenic (Tg) mouse lines expressing 8 unique chimeric human/mouse prion proteins (PrP). Extracts from brains of two patients, who died of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), contained either sCJD(MM1) or sCJD(VV2) prion strains and were used for inocula. Mice expressing chimeric PrP showed a direct correlation between expression level and incubation period for sCJD(MM1) prions irrespective of whether the transgene encoded methionine (M) or valine (V) at polymorphic residue 129. Tg mice expressing chimeric transgenes encoding V129 were unexpectedly resistant to infection with sCJD(VV2) prions, and when transmission did occur, it was accompanied by a change in strain type. The transmission of sCJD(MM1) prions was modulated by single amino acid reversions of each human PrP residue in the chimeric sequence. Reverting human residue 137 in the chimeric transgene from I to M prolonged the incubation time for sCJD(MM1) prions by more than 100 days; structural analyses suggest a profound change in the orientation of amino acid side chains with the I→M mutation. These findings argue that changing the surface charge in this region of PrP greatly altered the interaction between PrP isoforms during prion replication. Our studies contend that strain-specified replication of prions is modulated by PrP sequence-specific interactions between the prion precursor PrP
C
and the infectious product PrP
Sc
.
Increased Protection from Vaccinia Virus Infection in Mice Genetically Prone to Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Authors: Seedhom Mina O. , Mathurin Keisha S. , Kim Sung-Kwon , Welsh Raymond M. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACTMutations in the genes that encode Fas or Fas ligand (FasL) can result in poor restraints on lymphocyte activation and in increased susceptibility to autoimmune disorders. Because these mutations portend a continuously activated immune state, we hypothesized that they might in some cases confer resistance to infection. To examine this possibility, the immune response to, morbidity caused by, and clearance of vaccinia virus (VACV) Western Reserve was examined in 5- to 7-week-old Fas mutant (lpr) mice, before an overt lymphoproliferative disorder was observable. On day 6 after VACV infection, C57BL/6-lpr(B6-lpr) mice had decreased morbidity, decreased viral titers, and an increased percentage and number of CD4+and CD8+T cells. As early as day 2 after infection, B6-lprmice had decreased liver and spleen viral titers and increased numbers of and increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ) production by several different effector cell populations. Depletion of individual effector cell subsets did not inhibit the resistance of B6-lprmice. Uninfected B6-lprmice also had increased numbers of NK cells, γδ+T cells, and CD44+CD4+and CD44+CD8+T cells compared to uninfected B6 mice. Antibody to IFN-γ resulted in increased virus load in both B6 and B6-lprmice and eliminated the differences in viral titers between them. These results suggest that IFN-γ produced by multiple activated leukocyte populations in Fas-deficient hosts enhances resistance to some viral infections.
A Physical Interaction between Viral Replicase and Capsid Protein Is Required for Genome-Packaging Specificity in an RNA Virus
Authors: Seo Jang-Kyun , Kwon Sun-Jung , Rao A. L. N. 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT

Genome packaging is functionally coupled to replication in RNA viruses pathogenic to humans (
Poliovirus
), insects (
Flock house virus
[FHV]), and plants (
Brome mosaic virus
[BMV]). However, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We have observed previously that in FHV and BMV, unlike ectopically expressed capsid protein (CP), packaging specificity results from RNA encapsidation by CP that has been translated from mRNA produced from replicating genomic RNA. Consequently, we hypothesize that a physical interaction with replicase increases the CP specificity for packaging viral RNAs. We tested this hypothesis by evaluating the molecular interaction between replicase protein and CP using a FHV-
Nicotiana benthamiana
system. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation in conjunction with fluorescent cellular protein markers and coimmunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that FHV replicase (protein A) and CP physically interact at the mitochondrial site of replication and that this interaction requires the N-proximal region from either amino acids 1 to 31 or amino acids 32 to 50 of the CP. In contrast to the mitochondrial localization of CP derived from FHV replication, ectopic expression displayed a characteristic punctate pattern on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This pattern was altered to relocalize the CP throughout the cytoplasm when the C-proximal hydrophobic domain was deleted. Analysis of the packaging phenotypes of the CP mutants defective either in protein A-CP interactions or ER localization suggested that synchronization between protein A-CP interaction and its subcellular localization is imperative to confer packaging specificity.