bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on unsaturated polyester composites for high‐temperature applications
Authors: Girase Rajpal , Jaiswal Rajendra , Chaudhari Lokesh , Bhattacharya Subhendu , D'Melo Dawid 
Published: February 2012

AbstractUnsaturated polyesters are widely used in a number of applications. However, they fall short in areas where high thermal stability and performance at higher temperatures are required. Previous investigations have studied the kinetics and degradation behavior of bismaleimide‐based unsaturated polyester composites. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of bismaleimide on the mechanical properties and thermal class of a bismaleimide unsaturated polyester composition. Addition of bismaleimide to the composition resulted in an increase in the thermal index of the material, thus making it useful in applications where high temperature stability is required. However, once degradation was initiated, the addition of bismaleimide had a detrimental effect on the stability of the composites. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
On the limits of using combined U-series/ESR method to date fossil teeth from two Early Pleistocene archaeological sites of the Orce area (Guadix-Baza basin, Spain)
Authors: Duval Mathieu , Falguères Christophe , Bahain Jean-Jacques , Grün Rainer , Shao Qingfeng , Aubert Maxime , Dolo Jean-Michel , Agustí Jordi , Martínez-Navarro Bienvenido , Palmqvist Paul , Toro-Moyano Isidro 
Published: February 2012

The combined U-series/electron spin resonance (ESR) dating method was applied to nine teeth from two Early Pleistocene archaeological sites located in the Orce area (Guadix-Baza Basin, Southern Spain): Fuente Nueva-3 (FN-3) and Barranco León (BL). The combination of biostratigraphy and magnetostratigraphy places both sites between the Olduvai and Jaramillo subchrons (1.78–1.07 Ma).Our results highlight the difficulty of dating such old sites and point out the limits of the combined U-series/ESR dating method based on the US model. We identified several sources of uncertainties that may lead to inaccurate age estimates. Seven samples could not be dated because the dental tissues had (230Th/234U) activity ratios higher than equilibrium, indicating that uranium had probably leached from these tissues. It was however possible to calculate numerical estimates for two of the teeth, both from FN-3. One yielded a Middle Pleistocene age that seems to be strongly underestimated; the other provided an age of 1.19 ± 0.21 Ma, in agreement with data obtained from independent methods. The latter result gives encouragement that there are samples that can be used for routine dating of old sites.
WHOSE DEMOCRACY? HISTORIES OF BRITISH POLITICAL CULTURE BETWEEN THE WARS
Authors: McCARTHY HELEN 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the current state of historical writing on British political culture in the interwar period, with a particular focus on the character of the democratic society which emerged from the franchise extensions of 1918 and 1928. It takes as its starting point the influential interpretation advanced by Ross McKibbin in his two most recent books,Classes and cultures(1998) andParties and people(2010). This holds that Britain's interwar democracy came to be shaped in the image of the anti-socialist middle class, buoyed by the centrist appeal of Baldwinite constitutional Conservatism. Anti-socialism's interwar hegemony, McKibbin further argues, had serious consequences for the progress of social democracy after the Second World War. Whilst this narrative is, in many respects, highly compelling, this review suggests that much recent literature on the period points to a range of alternative interpretative possibilities which offer different answers to McKibbin's core question: what kind of a democracy was Britain between the wars? Drawing on these studies, the review argues that Britain's political culture was rather more ‘democratized’ during these years than McKibbin allows, before finally identifying some directions for future research.
Nonlinear waves and shocks in relativistic two-fluid hydrodynamics
Authors: HAIM L. , GEDALIN M. , SPITKOVSKY A. , KRASNOSELSKIKH V. , BALIKHIN M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractRelativistic shocks are present in a number of objects where violent processes are accompanied by relativistic outflows of plasma. The magnetization parameter σ = B2/4πnmc2 of the ambient medium varies in wide range. Shocks with low σ are expected to substantially enhance the magnetic fields in the shock front. In non-relativistic shocks the magnetic compression is limited by nonlinear effects related to the deceleration of flow. Two-fluid analysis of perpendicular relativistic shocks shows that the nonlinearities are suppressed for σ≪1 and the magnetic field reaches nearly equipartition values when the magnetic energy density is of the order of the ion energy density, Beq2 ~ 4πnmic2γ. A large cross-shock potential eφ/mic2γ0 ~ B2/Beq2 develops across the electron–ion shock front. This potential is responsible for electron energization.
Positive diversifying selection onPlasmodium vivaxRON2 protein
Authors: TANG JIANXIA , DAI YANG , ZHANG HONGWEI , CULLETON RICHARD L. , LIU YAOBO , ZHAO SONG , WANG XIAOTING , GUAN XIAOHONG , KANEKO OSAMU , ZHU YINCHANG 
Published: February 2012

SUMMARYPlasmodiumrhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2), which is released from the neck portion of the merozoite rhoptries and interacts with the microneme protein Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (AMA1), plays a crucial role in erythrocyte invasion. In this study, we sequenced thePlasmodium vivaxRON2 gene from 19P. vivaxisolates collected in central China in order to establish whether this protein is under positive diversifying selection, which may occur as a result of protective host immune pressure†. In comparison with theP. vivaxSal-1 reference line, we found 10 amino acid substitutions dispersed throughout the open reading frame as well as indels caused by polymorphism in a repeat unit (21–23 repeats of (Q/E/K/N/H)(G/D)G(H/L/Y/P)G) in the second tandem repeat region located at amino acid positions 541–650. A McDonald-Kreitman test with RON2 sequences from the primate malaria parasitePlasmodium knowlesi, detected significant departure from neutrality in thePvRON2 3′ region (nucleotide positions 2668–6609). These results suggest that thePvRON2 gene has evolved under positive diversifying selection.
OUT OF THE SHADOWS AND SILENCES: THE LOTTA WENNÄKOSKI IN PROFILE
Authors: Howell Tim 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe sheer quantity and diversity of music being written in Finland today continues to surprise and delight us. But one significant strand in this otherwise egalitarian success story has remained in the shadows: the role of women composers. Kaija Saariaho appears to be the only such figure to hold a truly international reputation, raising basic questions: why should this be so, how are things changing and what kind of music is being produced. Outlining social and political issues that are distinctive to Finland helps to explain the emergence of Saariaho as a role model for younger women composers. It also invites a detailed case study of a leading member of this generation: Lotta Wennäkoski. This focus on an analytical reading of Wennäkoski's compositional process – as evidenced through her orchestral piece Sakara (2003) – reveals how this music communicates so effectively with contemporary audiences.
THE INTERACTION OF FORM AND MATERIAL IN SCHOENBERG'S KLAVIERSTÜCK OP. 33B
Authors: Rice Hugh Collins 
Published: February 2012

AbstractThe least familiar of Schoenberg's piano pieces, op.33b nevertheless can be seen to illuminate the crucial relationship between material and form. Ostensibly a simple ABABA pattern, the form has a multi-faceted character, whose second half performs a different role from the first and even suggests a different style of musical utterance. The opening material is pianistically awkward and though its formal returns suggest different possibilities, it is the strange and beautiful passage at bar 46 which does most to alter the trajectory of the later stages of the piece. Although this passage sits outside the form, it has a role in the broader narrative of the piece and many of its characteristics are taken up in the coda of the work. The developing sense of a more fluent pianism provides a counterpoise to the ABABA shape and the awkwardness of the opening becomes part of the dialogue between form and material.
Reciprocal Relationship between Social Support and Psychological Distress among a National Sample of Older Adults: An Autoregressive Cross-Lagged Model
Authors: Robitaille Annie , Orpana Heather , McIntosh Cameron N. 
Published: February 2012

RÉSUMÉDans cette étude, nous avons examiné les relations longitudinales entre les cinq dimensions de soutien social et la détresse psychologique afin de déterminer si (1) le soutien social est lié à niveaux subséquentes de la détresse psychologique ; ou (2) si les niveaux de détresse psychologique ont été liés à des niveaux ultérieurs de soutien social ; ou (3) si la détresse et le soutien avaient une relation réciproque (bi-directionnel) à travers le temps. L’étude a examiné le rapport bidirectionnel longitudinal entre les dimensions différentes du soutien social et la détresse psychologique, en utilisant un modèle autorégressif de corrélation avec décalage pour cinq périodes de données. Nous avons trouvé des preuves (d’appui) de la relation réciproque entre le soutien affectueux et la détresse. L’augmentation de la détresse psychologique etait liée à des niveaux élevés de la suite des interactions sociales positives et significativement liée a un soutien par la suite plus émotionnel et informationnel. Aucune relation significative n’a été trouvée entre un soutien tangible et structurelle et la détresse psychologique. Cette étude démontre que les différents types de soutien sont associés avec la détresse psychologique d’une manière correspondante et que la détresse psychologique peut être important, deux ans plus tard, pour prévoir des niveaux de soutien social.
Psychometric validation of a knowledge questionnaire on micronutrients among adolescents and its relationship to micronutrient status of 15–19-year-old adolescent boys, Hyderabad, India
Authors: Augustine Little Flower , Vazir Shahnaz , Rao Sylvia Fernandez , Rao M Vishnuvardhana , Laxmaiah A , Ravinder P , Rao V Vikas , Nair K Madhavan 
Published: February 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a psychometrically valid questionnaire for testing knowledge on micronutrients and to assess the relationship between knowledge and biomarkers of micronutrient status among adolescents.DesignCross-sectional, institution-based, validity and reliability study.SettingSeven higher secondary schools were covered in the limits of Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation, Hyderabad, India.SubjectsStudents aged 15–19 years,n92 for the pre-test,n108 for test–retest andn109 for studying the relationship between knowledge and biomarkers of Fe, retinol, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, folic acid and vitamin B12status.ResultsFrom an item pool of 106, thirty-one items were selected based on content validity. Statistical tools to obtain a valid and reliable questionnaire among adolescent boys and girls resulted in eighteen items with a difficulty index of 0·11–0·86, discrimination index of 0·20–0·72 and validity index (point bi-serial correlation) of 0·10–0·62. Reliability as measured by Cronbach'sαwas 0·71 and the intra-class correlation coefficient was 0·80. A Bland–Altman plot showed good agreement between test and retest scores. The mean response score to the eighteen-item questionnaire was 5·2 (sd2·68). The mean values of serum retinol were significantly different (P= 0·022) between groups below (24·8 (sd6·64) μg/dl) and above (28·0 (sd7·67) μg/dl) the 50th percentile of knowledge score. The relationship persisted after controlling for economic status as a covariate using analysis of covariance (P= 0·018). Other micronutrients did not show any significant relationship.ConclusionsA valid and reliable eighteen-item knowledge questionnaire was constructed and found to have a significant positive relationship with plasma retinol status alone.
Trigeminal satellite cells modulate neuronal responses to triptans: relevance for migraine therapy
Authors: de Corato Alice , Capuano Alessandro , Currò Diego , Tringali Giuseppe , Navarra Pierluigi , Dello Russo Cinzia 
Published: February 2012

In the present paper, we have further developed an in vitro model to study neuronal–glial interaction at trigeminal level by characterizing the effects of conditioned medium (CM) collected from activated primary cultures of satellite glial cells (SGCs) on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) release from rat trigeminal neurons. Moreover, we investigated whether such release is inhibited by a clinically relevant anti-migraine drug, sumatriptan. CM effects were tested on trigeminal neuronal cultures in different conditions of activation and at different time points. Long-term exposures of trigeminal neurons to CM increased directly neuronal CGRP release, which was further enhanced by the exposure to capsaicin. In this framework, the anti-migraine drug sumatriptan was able to inhibit the evoked CGRP release from naïve trigeminal neuron cultures, as well as from trigeminal cultures pre-exposed for 30 min to CM. On the contrary, sumatriptan failed to inhibit evoked CGRP release from trigeminal neurons after prolonged (4 and 8 h) pre-exposures to CM. These findings were confirmed in co-culture experiments (neurons and SGCs), where activation of SGCs or a bradykinin priming were used. Our data demonstrate that SGCs activation could influence neuronal excitability, and that this event affects the neuronal responses to triptans.
Overcooling in the upper thermosphere during the recovery phase of the 2003 October storms
Authors: Lei Jiuhou , Burns Alan G. , Thayer Jeffrey P. , Wang Wenbin , Mlynczak Martin G. , Hunt Linda A. , Dou Xiankang , Sutton Eric 
Published: February 2012

Infrared radiative emissions by carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitric oxide (NO) are the major cooling mechanisms of the lower thermosphere. During geomagnetically active periods, the NO density and cooling rate in the auroral regions increase significantly as a result of particle precipitation and Joule heating. Previous studies have shown that the time for NO density to recover to quiet time levels is longer than that of the thermosphere temperature or density recovery. This study explores the implications of these different recovery rates for the post‐storm thermosphere. Thermosphere densities retrieved from the CHAMP and GRACE accelerometer measurements and NO cooling rates measured by TIMED/SABER are used to examine their variations during the post‐storm period of the October 2003 geomagnetic storms. It was found that thermosphere densities at both CHAMP and GRACE altitudes recovered rapidly and continuously decreased below the quiet time densities during the post‐storm period, especially at middle latitudes. Compared with the quiet time values, the maximum depletion in the CHAMP and GRACE densities after the storm is about 23–36%, and the estimated decrease of thermospheric temperature is as large as 70–110 K. Our analysis suggests that the elevated NO cooling rate, resulting from the slower recovery of NO densities in the post‐storm period, is a plausible cause for this apparent post‐storm overcooling of the thermosphere.
Mentor Contour Profile Gel Implants
Authors: Hammond Dennis C. , Migliori Mark M. , Caplin David A. , Garcia M. Emily , Phillips Christine A. 
Published: February 2012

Background:
MemoryShape (Contour Profile Gel) is a textured contoured implant filled with a cohesive silicone gel intended for use in aesthetic and reconstructive breast surgery. The 6-year summary of the clinical outcomes and satisfaction rates for this device from a 10-year, prospective, open-label, multicenter clinical trial is presented.

Methods:
According to 2006 guidelines set forth by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 955 women were enrolled: 572 undergoing primary augmentation, 124 undergoing revision-augmentation, 191 undergoing primary reconstruction, and 68 undergoing revision-reconstruction. The cumulative incidence of selected complications was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results:
For the primary augmentation cohort, Kaplan-Meier estimated 6-year cumulative incidence rates for key complications by patient were as follows: 2.4 percent Baker grade III/IV capsular contracture, 0.9 percent infection, 7.0 percent explantation, and 18.1 percent any reoperation. Corresponding rates were 9.7, 2.1, 13.6, and 24.1 percent for revision-augmentation; 10.1, 1.6, 21.8, and 44.5 percent for primary reconstruction; and 16.4, 3.0, 34.2, and 45.4 percent for revision-reconstruction. The Kaplan-Meier estimated rupture rate at 6 years was 2.1 percent for primary augmentation, 2.9 percent for revision-augmentation, 1.5 percent for primary reconstruction, and 0 percent for revision-reconstruction. Implantation of Contour Profile Gel breast implants resulted in a significant increase in circumferential chest size in the overall population (mean change, 1.5 inches; p < 0.0001), and 96.6 percent of patients would make the same decision to have Contour Profile Gel breast implant surgery.

Conclusions:
At 6 years postoperatively, Contour Profile Gel breast implants were found to be effective and have an acceptable safety profile in women undergoing breast augmentation, reconstruction, and revision surgery.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
Intraspecific trait cospecialization of constitutive and inducible morphological defences in a marine snail from habitats with different predation risk
Authors: Bourdeau Paul E. 
Published: February 2012

Summary1. Studies examining the integration of constitutive and inducible aspects of multivariate defensive phenotypes are rare.2. I asked whether marine snails (Nucella lamellosa) from habitats with and without abundant predatory crabs differed in constitutive and inducible aspects of defensive shell morphology.3. I examined multivariate shell shape development of snails from each habitat in the presence and absence of waterborne cues from feeding crabs (Cancer productus). I also examined the influence of constitutive and inducible shell morphology on resistance to crushing.4. Regardless of the presence of crabs, snails from high‐risk (HR) habitats developed rotund, short‐spired shells, while snails from low‐risk habitats developed elongate shells, tall‐spired shells, indicating among‐habitat divergence in constitutive shell shape. Moreover, allometry analyses indicated that constitutive developmental patterns underlying this variation also differed between habitats. However, snails from HR habitats showed greater plasticity for apertural lip thickness and apertural area in the presence of crab cues, indicating among‐habitat variation in defence inducibility.5. Both shell shape and apertural lip thickness contributed to shell strength suggesting that constitutive shell shape development and inducible lip thickening have evolved jointly to form an effective defence in habitats where predation risk is high.
The ancillary protein 1 of Streptococcus pyogenes FCT‐1 pili mediates cell adhesion and biofilm formation through heterophilic as well as homophilic interactions
Authors: Becherelli Marco , Manetti Andrea G. O. , Buccato Scilla , Viciani Elisa , Ciucchi Laura , Mollica Giulia , Grandi Guido , Margarit Imma 
Published: February 2012

SummaryGram‐positive pili are known to play a role in bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells and in the formation of biofilm microbial communities. In the present study we undertook the functional characterization of the pilus ancillary protein 1 (AP1_M6) from Streptococcus pyogenes isolates expressing the FCT‐1 pilus variant, known to be strong biofilm formers. Cell binding and biofilm formation assays using S. pyogenes in‐frame deletion mutants, Lactococcus expressing heterologous FCT‐1 pili and purified recombinant AP1_M6, indicated that this pilin is a strong cell adhesin that is also involved in bacterial biofilm formation. Moreover, we show that AP1_M6 establishes homophilic interactions that mediate inter‐bacterial contact, possibly promoting bacterial colonization of target epithelial cells in the form of three‐dimensional microcolonies. Finally, AP1_M6 knockout mutants were less virulent in mice, indicating that this protein is also implicated in GAS systemic infection.
Light and abscisic acid signalling are integrated by MIZ1 gene expression and regulate hydrotropic response in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: MORIWAKI TEPPEI , MIYAZAWA YUTAKA , FUJII NOBUHARU , TAKAHASHI HIDEYUKI 
Published: February 2012

ABSTRACTPlant roots undergo tropic growth in response to environmental cues, and each tropic response is affected by several environmental stimuli. Even its importance, molecular regulation of hydrotropism has not been largely uncovered. Tropic responses including hydrotropism were impacted by other environmental signal. We found that hydrotropism was reduced in dark‐grown seedling. Moreover, we found that the expression of MIZ1, an essential gene for hydrotropism, was regulated by light signal. From our genetic analysis, phytochrome A (phyA)‐, phyB‐ and HY5‐mediated blue‐light signalling play curial roles in light‐mediated induction of MIZ1 and hydrotropism. In addition, we found that abscisic acid (ABA) also induced MIZ1 expression. ABA treatment could recover weak hydrotropism and MIZ1 expression level of hy5, and ABA synthesis inhibitor, abamineSG, further reduced hydrotropic curvature of hy5. In contrast, ABA treatment did not affect ahydrotropic phenotype of miz1. These results suggest that ABA signalling regulates MIZ1 expression independently from light signalling. Our results demonstrate that environmental signals, such as light and stresses mediated by ABA signalling, are integrated into MIZ1 expression and thus regulate hydrotropism. These machineries will allow plants to acquire sufficient amounts of water.
Geographic differences in perioperative opioid administration in children
Authors: Rabbitts Jennifer A. , Groenewald Cornelius B. , Räsänen Jukka 
Published: February 2012

SummaryObjectives:  To investigate whether geographic differences exist in perioperative opioid administration to children.Aim:  To investigate whether perioperative fentanyl use for cleft lip and palate surgery varies between children of three different geographic regions.Background:  Differences have been found in perioperative opioid administration to children of differing ethnicity in the USA. Whether similar differences exist in perioperative opioid administration to children residing in different geographic regions is unknown.Methods/Materials:  We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of ASA I children who underwent surgery under standardized general anesthesia between January 2010 and April 2011 during SMILE Network International mission trips to Africa, India and Central and South America. Perioperative administration of fentanyl was compared between these three locations.Results:  We analyzed data from 79 children who underwent surgery in Africa, 76 in India and 153 in Central and South America. Children in Central and South America were given <50% of the intraoperative amount of fentanyl (2.0 ± 1.2 mcg·kg−1) administered to children in Africa (4.1 ± 2.4 mcg·kg−1; P < 0.001) and children in India (4.3 ± 2.2 mcg·kg−1; P < 0.001). Postoperatively, fentanyl was administered in equivalent doses to all groups.Conclusions:  Children in Central and South America received less opioid intraoperatively than African and Indian children, under standardized anesthesia for cleft surgeries. Further research is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms underlying these group differences.