bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiologic and Nuclear Medicine Predictors of Tumor Invasiveness in Patients With Clinical Stage IA Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Tamura Masaya , Oda Makoto , Matsumoto Isao , Shimizu Yosuke , Waseda Ryuichi , Watanabe Go 
Published: June 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to analyze parameters to predict tumor invasiveness according to high‐resolution computed tomography and positron emission tomography in patients with clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma.MethodsA total of 122 patients with clinical stage IA lung adenocarcinoma were enrolled in the study. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed for three factors—the degree of solid tumor component (solid%), maximum standard uptake value (SUVmax) and tumor size—and cutoff values were determined to reveal the highest sensitivity and specificity to diagnose tumor invasiveness. We created an algorithm for detecting tumor invasiveness (model 1). The data for the three factors were combined and their ROC curves constructed (model 2). A prospective study was conducted to validate the utility of these models.ResultsMultivariate analysis identified solid%, SUVmax, and tumor size as potentially important predictors of tumor invasiveness. In the ROC curve analysis, solid% (area under the curve was 0.882) had the largest area under the curve, followed by the SUV (0.867) and tumor size (0.747). The combination assay using all three factors had the highest sensitivity and specificity for prediction (0.902). Models 1 and 2 were applied to the prospectively enrolled cases, and their utility was reviewed. Both models showed 100% sensitivity, with model 2 showing a slightly higher diagnostic value than model 1.ConclusionsThe solid portion ratio was a more powerful clinical predictor for lymphovascular invasion than the SUVmax. Our novel scoring model for tumor invasiveness can be employed for preoperative assessment of tumor invasiveness.
Pleiotropic Effects of a Schweinfurthin on Isoprenoid Homeostasis
Authors: Holstein Sarah A. , Kuder Craig H. , Tong Huaxiang , Hohl Raymond J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe schweinfurthins, a family of natural products derived from the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway (IBP), have marked growth inhibitory activity. However, the biochemical basis for the schweinfurthins cellular effects has remained ill‐defined. Here, the effects of the synthetic schweinfurthin, 3‐deoxyschweinfurthin (3dSB) on multiple aspects of isoprenoid homeostasis are explored. Cytotoxicity assays demonstrate a synergistic interaction between 3dSB and the HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitor lovastatin but not with other IBP inhibitors in a variety of human cancer cell lines. The cytotoxic effects of 3dSB were enhanced in cells incubated in lipid‐depleted serum. 3dSB was found to enhance the lovastatin‐induced decrease in protein prenylation. In addition, 3dSB decreases intracellular farnesyl pyrophosphate and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate levels in both established cell lines and primary cells. To determine whether 3dSB alters the regulation of expression of genes involved in isoprenoid homeostasis, real‐time PCR studies were performed in human cell lines cultured in either lipid‐replete or ‐deplete conditions. These studies demonstrate that 3dSB abrogates lovastatin‐induced upregulation of sterol regulatory element‐containing genes and lovastatin‐induced downregulation of ABCA1. In aggregate, these studies are the first to demonstrate that a schweinfurthin exerts pleiotropic effects on isoprenoid homeostasis.
Paleoproterozoic Quartz-Pebble Conglomerate Type Uranium Mineralisation in Mankarhachua Area, Angul District, Orissa
Authors: Chakrabarti Kalyan , Ecka N.R.R. , Mishra B. , Babu P.V. Ramesh , Parihar P.S. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:
Ground Radiometric survey of Paleoproterozoic pyritiferous quartz-pebble conglomerate (QPC) occurring to the north of Pallahara area led to the discovery of a QPC type uranium mineralisation near Mankarhachua village. Significant radioactivity is recorded in three sub-parallel uraniferous QPC horizons with metamorphosed pebbly to medium grained recrystallised massive sandstones. Detrital grains of uranothorite, thorite, radioactive allanite, monazite, zircon, minute uraninite grains in carbonaceous matter and thucolite contributes to the radioactive phases present in QPC matrix. Adsorbed U on limonite and goethite, secondary uranyl minerals in matrix, along bedding planes and fractures are commonly observed. This discovery has opened up a new horizon for future exploration for QPC type uranium mineralization in the area. The paper presents observations on geology, radioactivity, petrological and geochemical nature of the uraniferous QPC horizons.
Chemical Weathering of the Indo-Gangetic Alluvium with Special Reference to Release of Fluoride in the Groundwater, Unnao District, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Kumar S. , Saxena A. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract:
In the central part of Indo-Gangetic alluvium in the Unnao district, Uttar Pradesh there are many pockets where groundwater shows high fluoride content. Drinking of fluorinated ground water has effected a large population and in many villages more than 80% of the population is suffering from fluorosis. The source of this fluoride appears to be the alluvial sediments deposited in the geological past as no hard rock terrain is present in the nearby areas. The area is dominantly made up of mud with pockets of sand. The sand fraction is made up of quartz, plagioclase, microcline, muscovite and biotite along with some accessory minerals like garnet, epidote, chlorite, tourmaline, hornblende, kyanite and a few opaque minerals. Moreover, the fluoride content in the groundwater varies both spatially and with depth indicating a sporadic occurrence. The surface water is devoid of high content of fluoride but is reported in hand pumps and in the dug wells. This paper deals with the geochemical study of the sediments up to a depth of 45m as most of the hand pumps are up to this depth to understand the source of fluoride. 14C dates of calcretes have suggested that the 45 m thick succession must have been formed in about 45000 years.
Two different location sites were selected; one showing higher concentration of fluoride (Marksnagar village) while at other site which is about 4 km east of Marksnagar, the fluoride content was minimal (Durgajkhera village). Major elements and 24 trace elements were determined using XRF and it was found that when major elements are normalized with respect to upper continental crust (UCC) there is an enrichment of Si in all the samples. Na shows depletion where as Ti and K show enrichment. Fe and Mn show enrichment probably due to the formation of clay minerals. Si, and K enrichment is due to weathering of feldspar while Mg, Fe and K may have been released by the weathering of biotite. The CIA for the ancient sediments ranges from 54 – 64 while for the modern sediments of the Ganga River it varies from 50 – 64 indicating that there is no change in the rate of weathering in both modern and ancient sediments. The rate of weathering at all the sample locations was compared with that of UCC. The CIA values also suggest that there is an incipient weathering and indicate that the weathering of biotite is more progressive than muscovite. There is also a positive correlation between CIA values and the fluoride content in the ground water. Higher percentage of biotite and chlorite (altered biotite) was found at Marksnagar in comparison to Durgajkhera. It appears that the fluoride content in the ground water is due to dissociation/alteration of mica minerals mainly biotite.
The Provenance of RIB 1389 and the Rebuilding of Hadrian's Wall in AD 158
Authors: Hodgson Nick 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRIB 1389 is an inscription, found in 1751, that records building work on Hadrian's Wall in ad 158. The stone is lost and there have long been doubts about its exact findspot. The source for the reading of the inscription and the discovery of the stone is a manuscript in the British Library. Re-examination of this shows that: 1. the inscription was found in the Newburn area (Wall Mile 8 or 9) and not near Heddon as is usually stated; 2. RIB 1389 certainly came from the curtain of Hadrian's Wall or one of its structures, and not from a fort; 3. there is a second contemporary illustration of the inscription which confirms that the previously published text is without doubt correct. The stone can be seen as part of a group of stones whose inscriptions indicate an extensive building operation. Given that it is now generally accepted that the Antonine Wall in Scotland was only held for a brief single period, the building programme of ad 158 can be seen as marking the decision to abandon Scotland and make a permanent return to the Wall on the southern isthmus.
Using a fingertip whole blood sample for rapid fatty acid measurement: method validation and correlation with erythrocyte polar lipid compositions in UK subjects
Authors: Gordon Bell J. , Mackinlay Elizabeth E. , Dick James R. , Younger Irene , Lands Bill , Gilhooly Thomas 
Published: June 2011

It is well accepted thatn-3 long-chain PUFA intake is positively associated with a range of health benefits. However, while benefits have been clearly shown, especially for CVD, the mechanisms for prevention/benefit are less understood. Analysis of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipids (PL) have been used to measure the status of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), especially EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3), although the time and complexity of the process places limitations on the sample numbers analysed. An assay has been developed using whole blood, collected by finger prick, and stored on absorbant paper, subjected to direct methylation and fatty acids quantified by automated GC. Tests on fatty acid stability show that blood samples are stable when stored at − 20°C for 1 month although some loss of HUFA was seen at 4°C. A total of fifty-one patients, including twenty-seven who consumed no fatty acid supplements, provided a blood sample for analysis. Concentrations of all major fatty acids were measured in erythrocyte PL and whole blood. The major HUFA, including EPA, DHA and arachidonic acid (ARA; 20 : 4n-6), as well as the ARA:EPA ratio and the percentagen-3 HUFA/total HUFA all showed good correlations, between erythrocyte PL and whole blood. Values ofr2ranged from 0·48 for ARA to 0·95 for the percentage ofn-3 HUFA/total HUFA. This assay provides a non-invasive, rapid and reliable method of HUFA quantification with the percentage ofn-3 HUFA value providing a potential blood biomarker for large-scale nutritional trials.
Digestive physiological outcomes related to polydextrose and soluble maize fibre consumption by healthy adult men
Authors: Vester Boler Brittany M. , Rossoni Serao Mariana C. , Bauer Laura L. , Staeger Michael A. , Boileau Thomas W. , Swanson Kelly S. , Fahey George C. 
Published: May 2011

The objective of the present study was to evaluate digestive physiological outcomes elicited by functional fibres fed to healthy adult men. A total of twenty-one healthy adult men were utilised in a cross-over design. Each subject received polydextrose (PDX) or soluble maize fibre (SCF) (21 g/d) or no supplemental fibre (no fibre control; NFC) in a snack bar. Periods were 21 d and faeces were collected during the last 5 d of each period. Food intake, including fibre intake, did not differ among treatments. Flatulence (P = 0·001) and distention (P = 0·07) were greatest when subjects consumed PDX or SCF. Reflux was greater (P = 0·04) when subjects consumed SCF compared with NFC. All tolerance scores were low ( < 2·5), indicating only slight discomfort. Faecal ammonia, 4-methylphenol, indole and branched-chain fatty acid concentrations were decreased (P < 0·01) when subjects consumed the functional fibre sources compared with NFC. Faecal acetate, propionate and butyrate concentrations were lower (P < 0·05) when subjects consumed PDX compared with SCF and NFC. Faecal pH was lower (P = 0·01) when subjects consumed SCF compared with NFC, while PDX was intermediate. Faecal wet weight was greatest (P = 0·03) when subjects consumed SCF compared with NFC. Faecal dry weight tended to be greater (P = 0·07) when subjects consumed PDX compared with NFC. The functional fibres led to 1·4 and 0·9 g (PDX and SCF, respectively) increases in faecal dry mass per g supplemental fibre intake.Bifidobacteriumspp. concentrations were greater (P < 0·05) when subjects consumed SCF compared with NFC. These functional fibres appear to be beneficial to gut health while leading to minimal gastrointestinal upset.
IPOs versus Acquisitions and the Valuation Premium Puzzle: A Theory of Exit Choice by Entrepreneurs and Venture Capitalists
Authors: Bayar Onur , Chemmanur Thomas J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe analyze a private firm’s choice of exit mechanism between initial public offerings (IPOs) and acquisitions, and we provide a resolution to the “IPO valuation premium puzzle.” The private firm is run by an entrepreneur and a venture capitalist (VC) (insiders) who desire to exit partially from the firm. A crucial factor driving their exit choice is competition in the product market: While a stand-alone firm has to fend for itself after going public, an acquirer is able to provide considerable support to the firm in product market competition. A second factor is the difference in information asymmetry characterizing the two exit mechanisms. Finally, the private benefits of control accruing to the entrepreneur post-exit and the bargaining power of outside investors versus firm insiders are also different across the two mechanisms. We analyze two situations: the first, where the entrepreneur can make the exit choice alone (independent of the VC), and the second, where the entrepreneur can make the exit choice only with the concurrence of the VC. We derive a number of testable implications regarding insiders’ exit choice between IPOs and acquisitions and about the IPO valuation premium puzzle.
Nasogastric tube insertion in difficult cases with the aid of a flexible nasendoscope
Authors: Der Kureghian J , Kumar S , Jani P 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjective:Nasogastric tube insertion is often difficult, due to a variety of reasons, e.g. skewed laryngeal anatomy. We present a previously unreported method of facilitating nasogastric tube insertion, using a flexible nasendoscope.Method:The nasogastric tube is anchored to a flexible nasendoscope using sodium alginate dressing ties. The nasendoscope is then passed into the upper oesophagus, along with the nasogastric tube. Once the nasogastric tube has passed the cricopharyngeus, gentle traction on the nasendoscope releases it from the nasogastric tube. The nasendoscope can then be withdrawn. A previous safety study of sodium alginate ingestion showed no adverse effects.Conclusion:This method enables nasogastric tube insertion under direct vision, and allows the tube to be guided past the larynx and into the upper oesophagus.
Molecular and morphological data place Blarneya in Tylophoron (Arthoniaceae)
Authors: ERTZ Damien , BUNGARTZ Frank , DIEDERICH Paul , TIBELL Leif 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBased on morphological, anatomical, chemical, ecological and molecular evidence, Blarneya is synonymized here with Tylophoron. The molecular phylogeny derived from sequences obtained from sporodochia of Blarneya places this genus, described to accommodate an anamorphic lichen with white cushion-shaped sporodochia, within Tylophoron. This conclusion is further supported by the discovery of Tylophoron-type ascomata emerging directly from thalli with Blarneya-type sporodochia and producing identical hyaline conidia. In one specimen pycnidia were also observed. This represents a surprising variety of morphologically different conidiomata. A different anamorphic type was previously reported from Tylophoron, and this is confirmed here by molecular analysis for T. moderatum: besides thalli with ascomata this species has anamorphic thalli with an irregularly delimited brown sporodochial felt and brown conidia. Ascomata are not known from these entirely anamorphic thalli, whereas they do occur infrequently in Tylophoron species with Blarneya-type sporodochia. A key to all currently accepted species of Tylophoron is provided. In addition to the corticolous Tylophoron hibernicum, confined to humid forests, two saxicolous species with Blarneya-type sporodochia are described here as new: T. galapagoense, known only from Galapagos, differs from T. hibernicum by a thicker, more compact, beige rather than white, more strongly C+ red thallus, growing below sheltered rock overhangs in dry forests; T. stalactiticum has a C− thallus with stipitate, white, C+ red sporodochia; the species is known only from a single locality in Tenerife, on a large slope with volcanic boulders.
Familial clustering of suicide risk: a total population study of 11.4 million individuals
Authors: Tidemalm D. , Runeson B. , Waern M. , Frisell T. , Carlström E. , Lichtenstein P. , Långström N. 
Published: June 2011

BackgroundResearch suggests that suicidal behaviour is aggregated in families. However, due to methodological limitations, including small sample sizes, the strength and pattern of this aggregation remains uncertain.MethodWe examined the familial clustering of completed suicide in a Swedish total population sample. We linked the Cause of Death and Multi-Generation Registers and compared suicide rates among relatives of all 83 951 suicide decedents from 1952–2003 with those among relatives of population controls.ResultsPatterns of familial aggregation of suicide among relatives to suicide decedents suggested genetic influences on suicide risk; the risk among full siblings (odds ratio 3.1, 95% confidence interval 2.8–3.5, 50% genetic similarity) was higher than that for maternal half-siblings (1.7, 1.1–2.7, 25% genetic similarity), despite similar environmental exposure. Further, monozygotic twins (100% genetic similarity) had a higher risk than dizygotic twins (50% genetic similarity) and cousins (12.5% genetic similarity) had higher suicide risk than controls. Shared (familial) environmental influences were also indicated; siblings to suicide decedents had a higher risk than offspring (both 50% genetically identical but siblings having a more shared environment, 3.1, 2.8–3.5v. 2.0, 1.9–2.2), and maternal half-siblings had a higher risk than paternal half-siblings (both 50% genetically identical but the former with a more shared environment). Although comparisons of twins and half-siblings had overlapping confidence intervals, they were supported by sensitivity analyses, also including suicide attempts.ConclusionsFamilial clustering of suicide is primarily influenced by genetic and also shared environmental factors. The family history of suicide should be considered when assessing suicide risk in clinical settings or designing and administering preventive interventions.
Word frequency modulates morpheme-based reading in poor and skilled Italian readers
Authors: MARCOLINI STEFANIA , TRAFICANTE DANIELA , ZOCCOLOTTI PIERLUIGI , BURANI CRISTINA 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTA previous study reported that, similar to young and adult skilled readers, Italian developmental dyslexics read pseudowords made up of a root and a derivational suffix faster and more accurately than simple pseudowords. Unlike skilled readers, only dyslexic and reading-matched younger children benefited from morphological structure in reading words aloud. In this study, we show that word frequency affects the probability of morpheme-based reading, interacting with reading ability. Young skilled readers named low- but not high-frequency morphologically complex words faster than simple words. By contrast, the advantage for morphologically complex words was present in poor readers irrespective of word frequency. Adult readers showed no facilitating effect of morphological structure. These results indicate that young readers use reading units (morphemes) that are larger than the single-grapheme grain size. It is argued that morpheme-based reading is important for obtaining reading fluency (rather than accuracy) in transparent orthographies and is useful particularly in children with limited reading ability who do not fully master whole-word processing.
Morphological awareness and word reading in English language learners: Evidence from Spanish- and Chinese-speaking children
Authors: RAMIREZ GLORIA , CHEN XI , GEVA ESTHER , LUO YANG 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThis study examined the effects of first language characteristics on the development of two aspects of English morphological awareness: derivational and compound awareness in English language learners (ELLs) with Chinese or Spanish as their first language. It also assessed the contribution of derivational and compound awareness to word reading in the two groups of ELLs as well as in monolingual English-speaking children. Participants included 89 Spanish-speaking ELLs, 77 Chinese-speaking ELLs, and 78 monolingual English-speaking children from Grade 4 and Grade 7. Results showed that Chinese-speaking ELLs performed similarly to monolingual English speakers on English compound awareness, and monolingual English speakers outperformed Spanish-speaking ELLs. Spanish-speaking ELLs and monolingual children, in contrast, both outperformed Chinese-speaking ELLs on derivational awareness. Another key finding was that in all three groups of children, morphological awareness made a unique contribution to word reading after controlling for nonverbal ability, maternal education, and other reading related variables. These results underscore the influence of first language structure on the development of second language morphological awareness, and the similar contribution of morphological awareness to word reading across monolinguals and ELLs.
Stem and derivational-suffix processing during reading by French second and third graders
Authors: COLÉ PASCALE , BOUTON SOPHIE , LEUWERS CHRISTEL , CASALIS SEVERINE , SPRENGER-CHAROLLES LILIANE 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTMorphological processing by French children was investigated in two experiments. The first showed that second and third graders read pseudowords such as chat-ure (cat-ish) composed of an illegally combined real stem and real derivational suffix faster and more accurately than they read matched pseudowords composed of a pseudostem and a real derivational suffix (e.g., chot-ure) or a pseudostem and a pseudosuffix (e.g., chot-ore). More, the chot-ure items were read faster and more accurately than the chot-ore items. These results suggest that beginning French readers are able to use morphological units (both stems and derivational suffixes) to decode new words. The second experiment compared the impact of display format on reading time. Suffixed words were presented in four segmentation formats: syllabic (ma lade), morphological (mal ade), morphological + 1 grapheme (mala de), or unsegmented (malade). For both groups of readers, the morphological + 1 condition generated the longest reading times but there was no difference between the other three conditions. It was concluded that syllables, morphemes, and whole word forms contribute to a similar extent to word reading for low-frequency words. Morphological processing may therefore be used early by French children to identify both new words and low-frequency words.