bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redetermination of the Crystal Structure of Vesignieite
Authors: Zhesheng Ma , Ruilin He , Xiaoling Zhu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Vesignieite, Cu3Ba(VO4)2(OH)2, crystallizes in space group C2/ m with a ° = 1.0270(2), b ° =0.5911(1), c° = 0.7711(2)nm and β =116.42(3)°. The intensity data were collected with the RIGAKU RASA‐IIS single‐crystal four‐circle diffractometer. The structure was determined by Patterson and Fourier methods and refined by the least‐square technique to a final R index of 0.051 for 614 independent diffraction points with |F| > 3σ| F|.The crystal structure analysis shows that vesignieite has a layer structure parallel to (001).The powder diffraction lines were reindexed.
Fan‐Delta, Braid Delta and the Classification of Delta Systems
Authors: Xue Liangqing  , Galloway W.E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper mainly discusses the origin and depositional features of fan‐deltas and braid deltas. Fan‐deltas are storm discharge‐dominated, while braid deltas are usually flashy flood‐dominated. The two types of delta, like common deltas, were reworked by marine processes. Delta systems are classified into nine delta types on the.basis of. the subaerial depositional processes and the nature of marine reworking.Fan‐ deltas and braid deltas are of great significance for petroleum exploration. In divergent‐ margin foreland and intraplate rift‐subsided basin settings fan‐deltas often form combination traps for petroleum accumulation.
The Thermal History of the Huangmeijian Granite Intrusion in Anhiii and Its Relation to Mineralization: Isotopic Evidence
Authors: Yongfei Zheng , Bin Fu , Bing Gong 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Whole—rock Rb—Sr, zircon U—Pb and hornblende, biotite and K—feldspar K—Ar ages are used to reconstruct the cooling history of the Huangmeijian intrusion in the Anqing—Lujiang quartz—syenite belt in Anhui. Oxygen isotope geothermometry of mineral pairs demonstrates that diffusion is a dominant factor controlling the closure of isotopic systems. Assuming the cooling of the intrusion is synchronous with a dicrease in local geothermal gradients, an emplacement depth of about 8 km and the magma crystallization temperature of 800 ± 50°C are estimated. The Huangmeijian intrusion experienced a rapid cooling process and uplifted after its emplacement and crystallization at 133 Ma B.P. with a cooling rate of 34.5°C / Ma and an uplifting rate of 0.35 mm/ a. The intrusion was rising until it rested at a depth of 3 km at a temperature of 300 ± 50°C about 14 Ma later. Then the intrusion was in slow cooling and uplifting with a cooling rate of 4.4°C / Ma and an uplifting rate of 0.04 mm/ a.U—Pb dating of pitchblende is done for the hydrothermal uranium deposit formed in the contact zone of the Huangmeijian intrusion. The result shows that the mineralization age is close to the closing time of the K—Ar system in biotite. The fluid inclusion thermometry indicates that the mineralization temperature is in agreement with the closure temperature of the biotite K—Ar system. This suggests a close relationship between the slow cooling of the intrusion and the hydrothermal uranium mineralization process.
Persistence ofMycobacterium bovisBacillus Calmette‐Guérin in White‐Tailed Deer (Odocoileus Virginianus) after Oral or Parenteral Vaccination
Authors: Palmer M. V. , Thacker T. C. , Waters W. R. , Robbe‐Austerman S. , Lebepe‐Mazur S. M. , Harris N. B. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryMycobacterium bovisis the cause of tuberculosis in cattle and a serious zoonotic pathogen, most commonly contracted through consumption of unpasteurized dairy products. To control this zoonosis, many countries have developed bovine tuberculosis eradication programmes. Although relatively successful, efforts are hindered in many regions by spillover from wildlife reservoirs ofM. bovisto cattle. Such is the case in the United States where spillover ofM. bovisfrom free‐ranging white‐tailed deer to cattle occurs. One approach to control such inter‐species transmission is vaccination of wildlife. The live, attenuated human vaccineM. bovisBacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) has been shown to reduce disease severity in white‐tailed deer; however, vaccine persistence within tissues has also been noted. Consumption of venison containing BCG by hunters may present a public health concern as BCG exposure, although unlikely to cause disease, could cause false positive tuberculin skin test results. To examine BCG persistence further, 42 white‐tailed deer were vaccinated orally or subcutaneously (SC) with BCG Danish. Three deer from each group were killed and examined at periods ranging from 2 weeks to 11 months after vaccination. BCG was recovered from orally vaccinated deer as late as 3 months after vaccination, while BCG persisted in SC vaccinated deer for as long as 9 months. At no time was BCG isolated from meat; however, prolonged persistence was seen in lymphoid organs. Although vaccine persistence was noted, especially in SC vaccinated deer, the distribution of culture‐positive tissues makes human exposure through consumption unlikely.
COEXISTENCE OR EXCLUSION IN A COMPETITIVE COMMON‐POOL FISHERY: A REVISIONIST VIEW
Authors: McKELVEY ROBERT 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. One of the earliest applications of game theory to renewable resource modeling was Colin Clark's analysis, in 1980, of the competitive exploitation of a common‐pool resource. His model described the dynamics of a single Gordon‐Schaeffer fish stock, being harvested non‐cooperatively by two or more independently managed fleets. He showed that aggressive harvesting by all fleets (a Nash equilibrium) would lead to stock drawdown to a level which would successively eliminate all of the less efficient harvesters. Furthermore, when the fleets were closely matched, the survivor(s) of this aggressive competition would be forced, by the threat of competitors' reentry, to hold the stock in its severely degraded state, and hence to harvest at only marginal profitability. This outcome has often been compared to the open access “tragedy of the commons.” and to the outcome of the well‐known “prisoners' dilemma” game.In this article I will argue that, for closely matched fleets, a more likely outcome is that the fleets will tacitly agree, without overt communication, to focus simultaneously on a specific set of coordinated policies which will permit their continuing coexistence and profitable operation. This policy profile also forms a Nash equilibrium, one which is secured by the mutual ability of the fleets to quickly recognize and credibly punish any unilateral deviations from the anticipated actions. Thus the dynamic harvesting game more nearly resembles the repeated prisoners' dilemma than it does the classical single stage version.
Inadequate pain management: myth, stigma and professional fear
Authors: Notcutt William , Gibbs Gerda 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The ability to effectively relieve pain has been available to health professionals for generations. It should be a primary concern in treating patients but is still often given a low priority or ignored completely. Apathy toward the suffering experienced may be mixed with a fear of the use of the common analgesics. Our own prejudices and ignorance can also contribute. Failures in the primary education of health professionals may be the single most important cause and the identity of the remedy. Raising the profile of pain as an essential educational topic and, more broadly, realising that this is a major public health matter are the way forward.
Freezing of gait in older people: associated conditions, clinical aspects, assessment and treatment
Authors: Thanvi Bhomraj , Treadwell Sean D 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a disabling condition in older people. It is common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and other parkinsonian syndromes. The assessment of this condition poses challenges due to its episodic and transient nature and its frequent association with cognitive impairment. The pathophysiology of FOG is complex and poorly understood. Morphological brain imaging is of limited value in the evaluation of FOG, and functional imaging techniques are currently being developed to study the phenomenon. The treatment of ‘off’ time FOG in PD is relatively straight forward, but ‘on’ freezing in PD and FOG associated with other conditions may be difficult to treat. FOG is a strong risk factor for falls and adversely affects the quality of life of patients and carers. A multidisciplinary team approach is essential for optimum management.
Vitiligo: concise evidence based guidelines on diagnosis and management
Authors: Gawkrodger David J , Ormerod Anthony D , Shaw Lindsay , Mauri-Sole Inma , Whitton Maxine E , Watts M Jane , Anstey Alex V , Ingham Jane , Young Katharine 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Vitiligo is a common disease that causes a great degree of psychological distress. In its classical forms it is easily recognised and diagnosed. This review provides an evidence based outline of the management of vitiligo, particularly with the non-specialist in mind. Treatments for vitiligo are generally unsatisfactory. The initial approach to a patient who is thought to have vitiligo is to make a definite diagnosis, offer psychological support, and suggest supportive treatments such as the use of camouflage cosmetics and sunscreens, or in some cases after discussion the option of no treatment. Active therapies open to the non-specialist, after an explanation of potential side effects, include the topical use of potent or highly potent steroids or calcineurin inhibitors for a defined period of time (usually 2 months), following which an assessment is made to establish whether or not there has been a response. Patients whose condition is difficult to diagnose, unresponsive to straightforward treatments, or is causing psychological distress, are usually referred to a dermatologist. Specialist dermatology units have at their disposal phototherapy, either narrow band ultraviolet B or in some cases photochemotherapy, which is the most effective treatment presently available and can be considered for symmetrical types of vitiligo. Depigmenting treatments and possibly surgical approaches may be appropriate for vitiligo in selected cases. There is no evidence that presently available systemic treatments are helpful and safe in vitiligo. There is a need for further research into the causes of vitiligo, and into discovering better treatments.
Phase I Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Combined Valproic Acid/Doxorubicin Treatment in Dogs with Spontaneous Cancer
Authors: Wittenburg Luke A. , Gustafson Daniel L. , Thamm Douglas H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPurpose: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are targeted anticancer agents with a well-documented ability to act synergistically with cytotoxic agents. We recently showed that the HDACi valproic acid sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to doxorubicin in vitro and in vivo. As there are no published reports on the clinical utility of HDACi in dogs with spontaneous cancers, we sought to determine a safe and biologically effective dose of valproic acid administered prior to a standard dose of doxorubicin.Methods: Twenty-one dogs were enrolled into eight cohorts in an accelerated dose-escalation trial consisting of pretreatment with oral valproic acid followed by doxorubicin on a three-week cycle. Blood and tumor tissue were collected for determination of serum valproic acid concentration and evaluation of pharmacodynamic effects by immunofluorescence cytochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Serum and complete blood counts were obtained for determination of changes in doxorubicin pharmacokinetics or hematologic effects.Results: All doses of valproic acid were well tolerated. Serum valproic acid concentrations increased linearly with dose. Doxorubicin pharmacokinetics were comparable with those in dogs receiving doxorubicin alone. A positive correlation was detected between valproic acid dose and histone hyperacetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. No potentiation of doxorubicin-induced myelosuppression was observed. Histone hyperacetylation was documented in tumor and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Responses included 2 of 21 complete, 3 of 21 partial, 5 of 21 stable disease, and 11 of 21 progressive disease.Conclusions: Valproic acid can be administered to dogs at doses up to 240 mg/kg/day prior to a standard dose of doxorubicin. In addition, we have developed the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic tools necessary for future studies of novel HDACi in the clinical setting of canine cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 16(19); 4832–42. ©2010 AACR.
A low cost, easily fabricated radiation shield for temperature measurements to monitor dry bulb air temperature in built up urban areas
Authors: Cheung Henry KW , Levermore Geoff J , Watkins Richard 
Published: August 2010

Temperature measurements for UK and world cities are often taken at local airports. These are usually on the outskirts of the urban areas and so not subject to the urban heat island (UHI) effect. Hence they are not representative of urban and city area temperatures. As most buildings are built in urban and city areas, designers need to know these temperatures. It is therefore very important to study the UHI effect and adjust the weather data used for design to include the UHI effect. This paper emanates from a project to measure the UHI effect in Greater Manchester, UK. With the advent of miniature temperature sensors and data loggers a simpler and cheaper shield was designed and produced. This paper describes the construction and testing of a new, low cost radiation shield that can accommodate a new, low cost combined miniature temperature sensor and data logger. The shield and data loggers are both tested and shown to give very reliable results. Practical application: The low cost, easily fabricated radiation shield with its miniature sensor—logger was designed to measure the dry bulb air temperature in Greater Manchester to investigate the UHI effect. The shield is designed to be mounted, with two stainless steel bands, on a lamppost column, typically at 4 m height. A telescopic pole can be used to unhook the sensor—logger for data collection. The shield can also be used to measure the dry bulb air temperature around buildings by fixing it to an external wall. Tests have shown the shield to perform well in comparison to a Stevenson screen and to greatly reduce any influence of solar irradiance.
Deep sequencing-based transcriptome profiling analysis of bacteria-challenged Lateolabrax japonicus reveals insight into the immune-relevant genes in marine fish
Authors: Xiang Li-xin , He Ding , Dong Wei-ren , Zhang Yi-wen , Shao Jian-zhong 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackgroundSystematic research on fish immunogenetics is indispensable in understanding the origin and evolution of immune systems. This has long been a challenging task because of the limited number of deep sequencing technologies and genome backgrounds of non-model fish available. The newly developed Solexa/Illumina RNA-seq and Digital gene expression (DGE) are high-throughput sequencing approaches and are powerful tools for genomic studies at the transcriptome level. This study reports the transcriptome profiling analysis of bacteria-challengedLateolabrax japonicususing RNA-seq and DGE in an attempt to gain insights into the immunogenetics of marine fish.ResultsRNA-seq analysis generated 169,950 non-redundant consensus sequences, among which 48,987 functional transcripts with complete or various length encoding regions were identified. More than 52% of these transcripts are possibly involved in approximately 219 known metabolic or signalling pathways, while 2,673 transcripts were associated with immune-relevant genes. In addition, approximately 8% of the transcripts appeared to be fish-specific genes that have never been described before. DGE analysis revealed that the host transcriptome profile ofVibrio harveyi-challengedL. japonicusis considerably altered, as indicated by the significant up- or down-regulation of 1,224 strong infection-responsive transcripts. Results indicated an overall conservation of the components and transcriptome alterations underlying innate and adaptive immunity in fish and other vertebrate models. Analysis suggested the acquisition of numerous fish-specific immune system components during early vertebrate evolution.ConclusionThis study provided a global survey of host defence gene activities against bacterial challenge in a non-model marine fish. Results can contribute to the in-depth study of candidate genes in marine fish immunity, and help improve current understanding of host-pathogen interactions and evolutionary history of immunogenetics from fish to mammals.
Distinguishing between cancer driver and passenger gene alteration candidates via cross-species comparison: a pilot study
Authors: Ji Xinglai , Tang Jie , Halberg Richard , Busam Dana , Ferriera Steve , Peña Maria Marjorette O , Venkataramu Chinnambally , Yeatman Timothy J , Zhao Shaying 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackgroundWe are developing a cross-species comparison strategy to distinguish between cancer driver- and passenger gene alteration candidates, by utilizing the difference in genomic location of orthologous genes between the human and other mammals. As an initial test of this strategy, we conducted a pilot study with human colorectal cancer (CRC) and its mouse model C57BL/6JApcMin/+, focusing on human 5q22.2 and 18q21.1-q21.2.MethodsWe first performed bioinformatics analysis on the evolution of 5q22.2 and 18q21.1-q21.2 regions. Then, we performed exon-targeted sequencing, real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and real time quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) analyses on a number of genes of both regions with both human and mouse colon tumors.ResultsThese two regions (5q22.2 and 18q21.1-q21.2) are frequently deleted in human CRCs and encode genuine colorectal tumor suppressorsAPCandSMAD4. They also encode genes such asMCC(mutated in colorectal cancer) with their role in CRC etiology unknown. We have discovered that both regions are evolutionarily unstable, resulting in genes that are clustered in each human region being found scattered at several distinct loci in the genome of many other species. For instance,APCandMCCare within 200 kb apart in human 5q22.2 but are 10 Mb apart in the mouse genome. Importantly, our analyses revealed that, while known CRC driver genesAPCandSMAD4were disrupted in both human colorectal tumors and tumors fromApcMin/+mice, the questionableMCCgene was disrupted in human tumors but appeared to be intact in mouse tumors.ConclusionsThese results indicate thatMCCmay not actually play any causative role in early colorectal tumorigenesis. We also hypothesize that its disruption in human CRCs is likely a mere result of its close proximity toAPCin the human genome. Expanding this pilot study to the entire genome may identify more questionable genes likeMCC, facilitating the discovery of new CRC driver gene candidates.
The leading methods of suicide in Taiwan, 2002-2008
Authors: Lin Jin-Jia , Chang Shu-Sen , Lu Tsung-Hsueh 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
Diverse socioeconomic and cultural developments between geographic regions and cities/counties have resulted in different physical availability and socio-cultural acceptability of certain methods of suicide. This study examined the changes in distribution of the leading methods of suicide across cities/counties in Taiwan between 2002-04 and 2006-08.

Methods
Mortality data for all deaths classified as suicide or as of undetermined intent from 2002 through 2008 were extracted for analysis. The number of deaths and proportion of completed suicides by four main methods were calculated in order to identify the leading lethal methods in each city/county.

Results
Hanging was the leading method of suicide in 18 out of 22 cities/counties in 2002-04 but decreased to 10 out of 22 in 2006-08. On the other hand, charcoal burning was not the leading method in any city/county in 2002-04 but increased to 10 out of 22 in 2006-08. The younger the age of the deceased, the more likely the leading method of suicide changed from 2002-04 to 2006-08. Charcoal burning was the most often used method in most cities/counties among those aged 15-44; however, hanging was most frequent for those aged 45 or above. Pesticides were the leading method for the elderly in five counties with a high percentage of agricultural population in 2006-08.

Conclusion
The leading method of suicide varied by age group and changed from 2002-04 to 2006-08 in Taiwan. This was due primarily to changes in socio-cultural acceptability of the use of charcoal burning as a method for suicide by younger age groups.
Factors associated with dental caries among institutionalized residents with schizophrenia in Taiwan: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Chu Kuan-Yu , Yang Nan-Ping , Chou Pesus , Chiu Hsien-Jane , Chi Lin-Yang 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
Little research has been done on the relationship between dental caries and the personal characteristics of institutionalized residents diagnosed with schizophrenia. This study investigates the individual and treatment factors associated with the dental caries among institutionalized residents with schizophrenia in Taiwan.

Methods
An oral health survey of institutionalized residents with schizophrenia in the largest public psychiatric hospital was conducted in Taiwan in 2006. Based on this data, multiple logistic analyses were used to determine the relationship between some explanatory variables and the outcome variables of dental caries among subjects with schizophrenia.

Results
Among the 1,108 subjects with schizophrenia, age was the only variable independently associated with DMFT > 8 (OR = 7.74, 95% CI = 3.86-15.55, p < 0.001 in comparison to residents aged 65 + years vs. 20-44 years; OR = 3.06, 95% CI = 2.03-4.61, p < 0.001 in comparison to residents aged 55-64 years vs. 20-44 years) after making adjustments for other explanatory variables. In addition, those with an education of only elementary school (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.08-2.56, p = 0.021), low income (OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.02-2.44, p = 0.039), and length of stay (LOS) of > 10 years (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.30-3.37, p = 0.002) were associated with a care index < 54.7%. Older age, lower educational level, and longer hospital stays were associated with number of remaining teeth being < 24.

Conclusions
Aging was the most important factor related to a high level of dental caries. Low educational level, low income, and LOS were also associated with the indicators of dental caries among institutionalized subjects with schizophrenia. It is necessary to address the treatment factors such as prolonged stay in institutions when decision-makers are planning for preventive strategies of oral health for institutionalized residents with schizophrenia.