bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive breast cancer induces laminin-332 upregulation and integrin β4 neoexpression in myofibroblasts to confer an anoikis-resistant phenotype during tissue remodeling
Authors: Kim Baek Gil , Gao Ming-Qing , Choi Yoon Pyo , Kang Suki , Park Haeng Ran , Kang Kyu Sub , Cho Nam Hoon 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Introduction
Although development of anoikis-resistant myofibroblasts during tissue remodeling is known to be associated with tumor invasion, the mechanism by which myofibroblasts become resistant to anoikis is unknown. We previously demonstrated laminin-332 upregulation in the fibrosis around invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC). Because laminin-332 promotes cell survival through binding to integrins, we hypothesized that invasive breast cancer cells confer an anoikis-resistant phenotype on myofibroblasts by upregulating laminin-332 expression during tissue remodeling. Here, we demonstrate that invasive breast cancer cells induce laminin-332 upregulation and integrin β4 neoexpression in myofibroblasts to confer an anoikis-resistant phenotype.

Methods
Three types of fibroblasts were isolated from the tumor burden, the fibrosis, and normal tissue of patients with early stage IDC (less than 10 mm diameter), designated cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), interface fibroblasts (InFs), and normal breast fibroblasts (NBFs), respectively. To investigate direct and indirect crosstalk with tumor cells, fibroblasts were co-cultured with invasive MDA-MB-231 or noninvasive MCF7 cells or in conditioned medium. Anoikis resistance of fibroblasts was measured by cell viability and caspase-3 activity after incubation on poly-HEMA coated plates for 72 hours. Involvement of laminin-332/integrin α3β1 or α6β4 signaling in anoikis resistance was confirmed by treatment with purified laminin-332 or blocking antibodies against laminin-332, integrin β1, or integrin β4.

Results
MDA-MB-231 cells induced laminin-332 upregulation and integrin β4 neoexpression in fibroblasts, leading to anoikis resistance. InFs showed a higher endogenous level of laminin-332 than did CAFs and NBFs. After stimulation with MDA-MB-231-conditioned medium, laminin-332 expression of InFs was dramatically increased and maintained under anoikis conditions. Laminin-332 upregulation was also observed in CAFs and NBFs, but at a lower level than in InFs. Laminin-332 induced Akt (Ser473) phosphorylation by binding to integrin α3β1. Integrin β4 neoexpression induced laminin-332-independent Rac1 activation and promoted anoikis resistance in fibroblasts approximately twofold more effectively than did laminin-332, regardless of the type of fibroblast. In addition, integrin β4 expression suppressed fibroblast aggregation in conditions of anoikis.

Conclusion
Invasive breast cancer cells confer an anoikis-resistant phenotype on myofibroblasts during tissue remodeling by inducing laminin-332 upregulation and integrin β4 neoexpression. Interface fibroblasts appear to be the primary myofibroblasts that interact with invasive tumor cells during tissue remodeling.
Hepatitis B Virus Screening Before Chemotherapy for Lymphoma: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Zurawska Urszula , Hicks Lisa K. , Woo Gloria , Bell Chaim M. , Krahn Murray , Chan Kelvin K. , Feld Jordan J. 
Published: June 2012

Purpose Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is a potentially fatal complication of chemotherapy that can be largely prevented with antiviral prophylaxis. It remains unclear whether HBV screening is cost effective. Methods A decision model was developed to compare the clinical outcomes, costs, and cost effectiveness of three HBV screening strategies for patients with lymphoma before R-CHOP (rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) chemotherapy: screen all patients for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg; Screen-All), screen patients identified as being at high risk for HBV infection (Screen-HR), and screen no one (Screen-None). Patients testing positive were administered antiviral therapy until 6 months after completion of chemotherapy. Those not screened were initiated on antiviral therapy only if HBV hepatitis occurred. Probabilities of HBV and lymphoma outcomes were derived from systematic literature review. A third-party payer perspective was adopted, costs were expressed in 2011 Canadian dollars, and a 1-year time horizon was used. Results Screen-All was the dominant strategy. It was least costly at $32,589, compared with $32,598 for Screen-HR and $32,657 for Screen-None. It was also associated with the highest 1-year survival rate at 84.99%, compared with 84.96% for Screen-HR and 84.86% for Screen-None. The analysis was sensitive to the prevalence of HBsAg positivity in the low-risk population, with Screen-HR becoming least costly when this value was ≤ 0.20%. Conclusion In patients receiving R-CHOP for lymphoma, screening all patients for HBV reduces the rate of HBV reactivation (10-fold) and is less costly than screening only high-risk patients or screening no patients.
The immortal strand hypothesis: still non-randomly segregating opinions
Authors: Wakeman Jane A. , Hmadcha Abdelkrim , Soria Bernat , McFarlane Ramsay J. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCairns first suggested a mechanism for protecting the genomes of stem cells (SCs) from replicative errors some 40 years ago when he proposed the immortal strand hypothesis, which argued for the inheritance of a so-called immortal strand by an SC following asymmetric SC divisions. To date, the existence of immortal strands remains contentious with published evidence arguing in favour of and against the retention of an immortal strand by asymmetrically dividing SCs. The conflicting evidence is derived from a diverse array of studies on adult SC types and is predominantly based on following the fate of labelled DNA strands during asymmetric cell division events. Here, we review current data, highlighting limitations of such labelling techniques, and suggest how interpretation of such data may be improved in the future.
Low loss hollow-core waveguide on a silicon substrate
Authors: Yang Weijian , Ferrara James , Grutter Karen , Yeh Anthony , Chase Chris , Yue Yang , Willner Alan E. , Wu Ming C. , Chang-Hasnain Connie J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Optical-fiber-based, hollow-core waveguides (HCWs) have opened up many new applications in laser surgery, gas sensors, and non-linear optics. Chip-scale HCWs are desirable because they are compact, light-weight and can be integrated with other devices into systems-on-a-chip. However, their progress has been hindered by the lack of a low loss waveguide architecture. Here, a completely new waveguiding concept is demonstrated using two planar, parallel, silicon-on-insulator wafers with high-contrast subwavelength gratings to reflect light in-between. We report a record low optical loss of 0.37 dB/cm for a 9-μm waveguide, mode-matched to a single mode fiber. Two-dimensional light confinement is experimentally realized without sidewalls in the HCWs, which is promising for ultrafast sensing response with nearly instantaneous flow of gases or fluids. This unique waveguide geometry establishes an entirely new scheme for low-cost chip-scale sensor arrays and lab-on-a-chip applications.
Estimation of Corrosion Fatigue-Crack Growth through Frequency Shedding Method
Authors: Prakash Raghu V. , Dhinakaran Sampath 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Corrosion fatigue-crack growth characteristics are important for the design of marine and off-shore structures. Design of critical components requires data on fatigue-crack growth rate at very low frequencies of the order of 10−2 to 10−3 Hz. Experiments at low frequencies pose practical difficulties of enormous test duration. To address this, it is proposed to estimate corrosion crack growth characteristics using a frequency shedding method where the frequency is shed with crack advance using an exponential law. Fatigue-crack growth rate tests have been conducted on Ni–Mn–Cr steel at a constant ΔK range of 18 MPa√m (lower Paris regime) under lab air conditions as well as 3.5 % NaCl solution. Crack growth rate data plotted as a function of test frequency presents a straight-line trend in log–log scale for a frequency range of 1–0.1 Hz; however, there is a change in trend when the frequencies are dropped further, which could be due to domination of corrosion mechanism. To understand the role of crack closure, crack closure estimates were obtained at periodic intervals of crack length and the effective stress intensity graphs suggest acceleration in crack growth rate due to corrosion as the frequency is reduced.
Factors Associated With Uptake of Infant Male Circumcision for HIV Prevention in Western Kenya
Authors: Young Marisa R. , Odoyo-June Elijah , Nordstrom Sherry K. , Irwin Tracy E. , Ongong’a Dedan O. , Ochomo Betha , Agot Kawango , Bailey Robert C. 
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Three randomized trials demonstrated male circumcision decreases female-to-male HIV incidence by 60%. Male circumcision research in sub-Saharan Africa has focused on adolescents and adults. Modeling suggests infant male circumcision (IMC) will be cost saving for HIV prevention in high to moderate seroprevalent regions. This study examined parental decision-making and differences in characteristics of parents accepting and declining IMC services in western Kenya.METHODS:This case-control study was conducted in 2010 at 5 government hospitals in Nyanza Province, Kenya. Cases were mothers and fathers accepting circumcision for their son. Controls were parents who declined IMC services. A questionnaire comprising 41 questions was administered.RESULTS:A total of 627 mothers and 493 fathers enrolled. In multivariable logistic regression modeling, factors associated with accepting IMC among mothers were the following: father circumcised (odds ratio [OR] = 2.30, P &lt; .001) and agreeing with the father about the IMC decision (OR = 4.38, P &lt; .001). Among fathers, factors associated with accepting IMC were the following: being circumcised (OR = 1.77, P = .016) and agreeing with the mother about IMC (OR = 11.0, P &lt; .001). Fathers were the primary decision makers in most instances (66%). Few parents (3%) reported they would prefer a future son to remain uncircumcised.CONCLUSIONS:Fathers are important in the IMC decision-making process. Fathers, as well as mothers, should be targeted for optimal scale-up of IMC services. Circumcision programs should offer services for males of all ages, as male circumcision at some age is highly acceptable to both men and women.
Maternal Exercise and Growth in Breastfed Infants: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Daley Amanda J. , Thomas Adele , Cooper Helen , Fitzpatrick Hannah , McDonald Catherine , Moore Heather , Rooney Rebecca , Deeks Jonathan J. 
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Studies have revealed that women who breastfeed their infants may be reluctant to exercise due to concerns that to do so would adversely affect their breast milk and consequently the growth of their infants. In this review, we seek to systematically review and statistically synthesize evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have assessed the effects of maternal exercise on breastfed infant growth (weight gain and gain in length).METHODS:Searches of the following electronic bibliographic databases were performed to identify RCTs: Cochrane Library (CENTRAL), Medline/PubMed, Embase, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and SPORT Discus. RCTs that compared any type of exercise intervention with other treatments or no treatment in women exclusively or predominately breastfeeding were eligible for inclusion, as were trials involving exercise as a cointervention. Two authors extracted data from studies independently.RESULTS:Four RCTs (5 comparisons) were included in the meta-analysis of infant weight gain that incorporated 170 participants. In breastfed infants, maternal exercise did not significantly affect infant weight gain (difference in mean weight gain = 18.6 g [95% confidence interval: −113.52 to 150.80, P = .73]). Only 1 trial assessed infant gain in length; no difference between the exercise and control groups was reported. Trials were classified as moderate or good methodological quality (moderate risk of bias).CONCLUSIONS:It appears that mothers can exercise and breastfeed without detriment to the growth of their infants, but this is based on limited evidence, and more research is required before this finding is confirmed.
Microscopic Measurements of Electrical Potential in Hydrogenated Nanocrystalline Silicon Solar Cells
Authors: Jiang C.-S. , Moutinho H.R. , Reedy R.C. , Al-Jassim M.M. , Yan B. , Yue G. , Sivec L. , Yang J. , Guha S. , Tong X. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTWe report on a direct measurement of electrical potential and field profiles across the n-i-p junction of hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc-Si:H) solar cells, using the nanometer-resolution potential imaging technique of scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy (SKPFM). It was observed that the electric field is nonuniform across the i layer. It is much higher in the p/i region than in the middle and the n/i region, illustrating that the i layer is actually slightly n-type. A measurement on a nc-Si:H cell with a higher oxygen impurity concentration shows that the nonuniformity of the electric field is much more pronounced than in samples having a lower O impurity, indicating that O is an electron donor in nc-Si:H materials. This nonuniform distribution of electric field implies a mixture of diffusion and drift of carrier transport in the nc-Si:H solar cells. The composition and structure of these nc-Si:H cells were further investigated by using secondary-ion mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The effects of impurity and structural properties on the electrical potential distribution and solar cell performance are discussed.
Mechanism of Twin Formation in Excimer-laser-induced Lateral Solidification of Si Films
Authors: Ganot G.S. , van der Wilt P.C. , Effron H.K. , Turk B.A. , Chung U.J. , Chitu A.M. , Limanov A.B. , Im James S. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we present experimental findings pertaining to the formation of twins in isolated single-crystal islands obtained via the dot-SLS method. Systematic characterization of the islands using EBSD reveals that Σ = 3 CSL twins constitute the predominant extended defect. Given this, the surface orientation of the seed and twinned regions are shown to be related by a 180° rotation about a <111> axis, and the orientation of the twinned area is apparently manifested in the inverse pole figure as a reflection across the {112} zone. By considering (1) the overall pattern of the twin boundaries within the islands, (2) that solidification proceeds via a facetted mode of growth and, (3) that intragrain-defect-free regions were obtained when the dot-SLS process was performed on a {100} surface-oriented seed, we suggest that these twins are most likely generated heterogeneously at the Si/SiO2interface during the ledge nucleation stage of rapid lateral solidification of the films.
Homelessness and CKD
Authors: Hall Yoshio N. , Choi Andy I. , Himmelfarb Jonathan , Chertow Glenn M. , Bindman Andrew B. 
Published: June 2012

Summary

Background and objectives
This study examined the associations between homelessness and clinical outcomes of CKD among adults from the urban healthcare safety net.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This retrospective cohort study examined 15,343 adults with CKD stages 3–5 who received ambulatory care during 1996–2005 from the Community Health Network of San Francisco. Main outcome measures were time to ESRD or death and frequency of emergency department visits and hospitalizations.

Results
Overall, 858 persons (6%) with CKD stages 3–5 were homeless. Homeless adults were younger, were disproportionately male and uninsured, and suffered from far higher rates of depression and substance abuse compared with adults with stable housing (P<0.001 for all comparisons). Over a median follow-up of 2.8 years (interquartile range=1.4–6.1), homeless adults experienced significantly higher crude risk of ESRD or death (hazard ratio=1.82, 95% confidence interval=1.49–2.22) compared with housed adults. This elevated risk was attenuated but remained significantly higher (adjusted hazard ratio=1.28, 95% confidence interval=1.04–1.58) after controlling for differences in sociodemographics, comorbid conditions, and laboratory variables. Homeless adults were also far more likely to use acute care services (median [interquartile range] number of emergency department visits was 9 [4–20] versus 1 [0–4], P<0.001) than housed counterparts.

Conclusions
Homeless adults with CKD suffer from increased morbidity and mortality and use costly acute care services far more frequently than peers who are stably housed. These findings warrant additional inquiry into the unmet health needs of the homeless with CKD to provide appropriate and effective care to this disadvantaged group.
Sticks and Carrots: The Effect of Contract Frame on Effort in Incomplete Contracts
Authors: Christ Margaret H. , Sedatole Karen L. , Towry Kristy L. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACT
In this study, we examine the effect of incentive contract framing on agent effort in an incomplete contract setting. Prior research suggests that when governed by complete incentive contracts, agents exert greater effort under penalty contracts relative to bonus contracts. However, in an incomplete contract setting, in which the incentive contract does not govern all tasks for which the agent is responsible, the agent's trust in the principal is relevant. In this setting, we predict that bonus contracts create a more trusting environment, and this effect spills over to tasks not governed by the incentive contract, such that bonus contracts elicit greater effort on these tasks as compared to penalty contracts. We develop and experimentally validate a theoretical model of the effects of contract frame on trust and effort in this incomplete contract setting. The main intuition behind the model is that the framing of an incentive contract affects the degree to which the contract terms are interpreted by the agent as a signal of mistrust. More specifically, penalty contracts engender greater distrust than do bonus contracts and, therefore, when contracts are incomplete, penalty contracts lead to lower effort on tasks not governed by the contract than do bonus contracts.
Early Loss of the Glucagon Response to Hypoglycemia in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Siafarikas Aris , Johnston Robert J. , Bulsara Max K. , O’Leary Peter , Jones Timothy W. , Davis Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE
To assess the glucagon response to hypoglycemia and identify influencing factors in patients with type 1 diabetes compared with nondiabetic control subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemic clamp studies were performed in all participants. The glucagon response to both hypoglycemia and arginine was measured, as well as epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia. Residual β-cell function was assessed using fasting and stimulated C-peptide.

RESULTS
Twenty-eight nonobese adolescents with type 1 diabetes (14 female, mean age 14.9 years [range 11.2–19.8]) and 12 healthy control subjects (6 female, 15.3 years [12.8–18.7]) participated in the study. Median duration of type 1 diabetes was 0.66 years (range 0.01–9.9). The glucagon peak to arginine stimulation was similar between groups (P = 0.27). In contrast, the glucagon peak to hypoglycemia was reduced in the group with diabetes (95% CI): 68 (62–74) vs. 96 (87–115) pg/mL (P &lt; 0.001). This response was greater than 3 SDs from baseline for only 7% of subjects with type 1 diabetes in comparison with 83% of control subjects and was lost at a median duration of diabetes of 8 months and as early as 1 month after diagnosis (R = −0.41, P &lt; 0.01). There was no correlation in response with height, weight, BMI, and HbA1c. Epinephrine, cortisol, and growth hormone responses to hypoglycemia were present in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The glucagon response to hypoglycemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes is influenced by the duration of diabetes and can be lost early in the course of the disease.
Differences in Prevalence, Extent, Severity, and Prognosis of Coronary Artery Disease Among Patients With and Without Diabetes Undergoing Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Rana Jamal S. , Dunning Allison , Achenbach Stephan , Al-Mallah Mouaz , Budoff Matthew J. , Cademartiri Filippo , Callister Tracy Q. , Chang Hyuk-Jae , Cheng Victor Y. , Chinnaiyan Kavitha , Chow Benjamin J.W. , Cury Ricardo , Delago Augustin , Feuchtner Gudrun , Hadamitzky Martin , Hausleiter Jörg , Kaufmann Philipp , Karlsberg Ronald P. , Kim Yong-Jin , Leipsic Jonathon , Labounty Troy M. , Lin Fay Y. , Maffei Erica , Raff Gilbert , Villines Todd C. , Shaw Leslee J. , Berman Daniel S. , Min James K. 
Published: June 2012

OBJECTIVE
We examined the prevalence, extent, severity, and prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) in individuals with and without diabetes (DM) who are similar in CAD risk factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We identified 23,643 consecutive individuals without known CAD undergoing coronary computed tomography angiography. A total of 3,370 DM individuals were propensity matched in a 1-to-2 fashion to 6,740 unique non-DM individuals. CAD was defined as none, nonobstructive (1–49% stenosis), or obstructive (≥50% stenosis). All-cause mortality was assessed by risk-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models.

RESULTS
At a 2.2-year follow-up, 108 (3.2%) and 115 (1.7%) deaths occurred among DM and non-DM individuals, respectively. Compared with non-DM individuals, DM individuals possessed higher rates of obstructive CAD (37 vs. 27%) and lower rates of having normal arteries (28 vs. 36%) (P &lt; 0.0001). CAD extent was higher for DM versus non-DM individuals for obstructive one-vessel disease (19 vs. 14%), two-vessel disease (9 vs. 7%), and three-vessel disease (9 vs. 5%) (P &lt; 0.0001 for comparison), with higher per-segment stenosis in the proximal and mid-segments of every coronary artery (P &lt; 0.001 for all). Compared with non-DM individuals with no CAD, risk of mortality for DM individuals was higher for those with no CAD (hazard ratio 3.63 [95% CI 1.67–7.91]; P = 0.001), nonobstructive CAD (5.25 [2.56–10.8]; P &lt; 0.001), one-vessel disease (6.39 [2.98–13.7]; P &lt; 0.0001), two-vessel disease (12.33 [5.622–27.1]; P &lt; 0.0001), and three-vessel disease (13.25 [6.15–28.6]; P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with matched non-DM individuals, DM individuals possess higher prevalence, extent, and severity of CAD. At comparable levels of CAD, DM individuals experience higher risk of mortality compared with non-DM individuals.