bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES IN HISTORIC NEIGHBOURHOODS OF ISTANBUL
Authors: ERCAN MÜGE AKKAR 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to explore the success of the recent regeneration efforts in building sustainable communities in historic housing areas of Istanbul that have suffered from growing problems of urban deprivation and poverty. It explains the interplay between conservation, community needs and sustainability, based on the assumption that finding a balance between the needs, aspirations and concerns of local communities and the conservation of the built environments will lead to the creation of more equitable and sustainable communities in Istanbul's historic quarters. After investigating the Turkish urban conservation policy agenda, and the recent changes in the urban and socio‐spatial structure of Istanbul, it examines the European Union‐funded regeneration initiative of Fener and Balat, a declining neighbourhood in the Historic Peninsula. Debating the strengths and weaknesses of the community‐based and participatory programme, the paper attempts to give clues for future regeneration initiatives to develop sustainable community policies in the historic neighbourhoods of Istanbul.
Germ layer differentiation during early hindgut and cloaca formation in rabbit and pig embryos
Authors: Hassoun Romia , Schwartz Peter , Rath Detlef , Viebahn Christoph , Männer Jörg 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRelative to recent advances in understanding molecular requirements for endoderm differentiation, the dynamics of germ layer morphology and the topographical distribution of molecular factors involved in endoderm formation at the caudal pole of the embryonic disc are still poorly defined. To discover common principles of mammalian germ layer development, pig and rabbit embryos at late gastrulation and early neurulation stages were analysed as species with a human‐like embryonic disc morphology, using correlative light and electron microscopy. Close intercellular contact but no direct structural evidence of endoderm formation such as mesenchymal–epithelial transition between posterior primitive streak mesoderm and the emerging posterior endoderm were found. However, a two‐step process closely related to posterior germ layer differentiation emerged for the formation of the cloacal membrane: (i) a continuous mesoderm layer and numerous patches of electron‐dense flocculent extracellular matrix mark the prospective region of cloacal membrane formation; and (ii) mesoderm cells and all extracellular matrix including the basement membrane are lost locally and close intercellular contact between the endoderm and ectoderm is established. The latter process involves single cells at first and then gradually spreads to form a longitudinally oriented seam‐like cloacal membrane. These gradual changes were found from gastrulation to early somite stages in the pig, whereas they were found from early somite to mid‐somite stages in the rabbit; in both species cloacal membrane formation is complete prior to secondary neurulation. The results highlight the structural requirements for endoderm formation during development of the hindgut and suggest new mechanisms for the pathogenesis of common urogenital and anorectal malformations.
Prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents: a systematic review of population‐based studies
Authors: ABU‐ARAFEH ISHAQ , RAZAK SHEIK , SIVARAMAN BASKARAN , GRAHAM CATRIONA 
Published: September 2010

Aim  The aim of this study was to review systematically the prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents and to study the influence of sex, age, and region of residence on the epidemiology.Method  We systematically searched the literature in electronic databases to cover the period between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2007. We assessed and included population‐based studies on epidemiology of headache and migraine in children and adolescents if they fulfilled the following criteria: (1) reporting on unselected childhood population; (2) reliable methods of data collection using a questionnaire or face‐to‐face interviews; (3) using the International Headache Society’s (IHS) criteria (1988 or 2004) for the diagnosis of migraine; and (4) provision of sufficient and explicit data for analysis. We used Excel, Stata, and Confidence Interval Analysis software.Results  We identified and analysed 50 population‐based studies reporting the prevalence of headache and/or migraine in children and adolescents (<20y). The estimated prevalence of headache over periods between 1 month and lifetime in children and adolescents is 58.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 58.1–58.8). Females are more likely to have headache than males (odds ratio [OR] 1.53, 95% CI 1.48–1.6). The prevalence of migraine over periods between 6 months and lifetime is 7.7% (95% CI 7.6–7.8). Females are more likely than males to have migraine (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.60–1.75). Regional differences in prevalence of migraine, though statistically significant, may not be of clinical significance. The change in the IHS’s criteria for the diagnosis of migraine was not associated with any significant change in the prevalence of migraine.Interpretation  This study confirms the global high prevalence of headache and migraine in children and adolescents. Sex, age, and regional differences are evident.
The effect on human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures – an assessment of babies born following single embryo transfers, Australia and New Zealand, 2002–2006
Authors: Dean JH , Chapman MG , Sullivan EA 
Published: September 2010

Please cite this paper as: Dean J, Chapman M, Sullivan E. The effect on human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures – an assessment of babies born following single embryo transfers, Australia and New Zealand, 2002–2006. BJOG 2010;117:1628–1634.Objective  To assess the effect on the human sex ratio at birth by assisted reproductive technology (ART) procedures.Design  Retrospective population‐based study.Setting  Fertility clinics in Australia and New Zealand.Population  The study included 13 368 babies by 13 165 women who had a single embryo transfer (SET) between 2002 and 2006.Methods  Logistic regression was used to model the effect on the sex ratio at birth of ART characteristics [in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm insemination (ICSI) SET, cleavage‐stage or blastocyst SET, and fresh or thawed SET] and biological characteristics (woman’s and partner’s age and cause of infertility).Main outcome measures  Proportion of male births.Results  The crude sex ratio at birth was 51.3%. Individual ART procedures had a significant effect on the sex ratio at birth. More males were born following IVF SET (53.0%) than ICSI SET (50.0%), and following blastocyst SET (54.1%) than cleavage‐stage SET (49.9%). For a specific ART regimen, IVF blastocyst SET produced more males (56.1%) and ICSI cleavage‐stage SET produced fewer males (48.7%).Conclusions  The change in the sex ratio at birth of SET babies is associated with the ART regimen. The mechanism of these effects remains unclear. Fertility clinics and patients should be aware of the bias in the sex ratio at birth when using ART procedures.
Independent effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation and structural connectivity on forest‐dependent birds
Authors: Mortelliti Alessio , Fagiani Stefano , Battisti Corrado , Capizzi Dario , Boitani Luigi 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  Habitat loss and fragmentation are amongst the greatest threats to biodiversity world‐wide. However, there is still little evidence on the relative influence of these two distinct processes on biodiversity, and no study, to date, has investigated the independent contribution of structural connectivity in addition to habitat loss and fragmentation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the independent effects of habitat loss (the decrease in total amount of habitat), habitat fragmentation per se (habitat subdivision) and structural connectivity (in the form of hedgerow networks) on the distribution of seven resident forest‐dependent birds in central Italy.Location  Central Italy.Methods  We strategically selected 30 landscapes (each of 16 km2 in size) with decreasing total amount of forest cover and with contrasting configuration of patches and contrasting lengths of hedgerow networks. Presence/absence of birds in each landscape unit was studied through point counts.Results  The amount of forest cover in the landscape had the strongest relative influence on birds’ occupancy, whilst habitat subdivision played a negligible role. Structural connectivity and the geographic position of the landscape unit played a relatively important role for four species.Main conclusions  Our study shows the importance of disentangling the contribution of different landscape properties in determining distribution patterns. Our results are consistent with the fact that halting habitat loss and carrying out habitat restoration should be conservation priorities, since habitat loss is the main factor affecting the distribution of the target species; implementation of structural connectivity through hedgerows, instead, should be evaluated with caution since its contribution is secondary to the predominant role of habitat loss.
Getting Physicians to Respond: The Impact of Incentive Type and Timing on Physician Survey Response Rates
Authors: James Katherine M. , Ziegenfuss Jeanette Y. , Tilburt Jon C. , Harris Ann M. , Beebe Timothy J. 
Published: September 2010

Objective. To study the effects of payment timing, form of payment, and requiring a social security number (SSN) on survey response rates.Data Source. Third‐wave mailing of a U.S. physician survey.Study Design. Nonrespondents were randomized to receive immediate U.S.$25 cash, immediate U.S.$25 check, promised U.S.$25 check, or promised U.S.$25 check requiring an SSN.Data Collection Methods. Paper survey responses were double entered into statistical software.Principal Findings. Response rates differed significantly between remuneration groups (χ32=80.1, p<.0001), with the highest rate in the immediate cash group (34 percent), then immediate check (20 percent), promised check (10 percent), and promised check with SSN (8 percent).Conclusions. Immediate monetary incentives yield higher response rates than promised in this population of nonresponding physicians. Promised incentives yield similarly low response rates regardless of whether an SSN is requested.
Age‐associated changes to pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐induced inflammatory mediator production in dogs
Authors: Deitschel Sarah J. , Kerl Marie E. , Chang Chee‐Hoon , DeClue Amy E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective –To determine whether older dogs will have a more pronounced pro‐inflammatory response and blunted anti‐inflammatory response to pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) compared with younger dogs.Design –Prospective.Setting –University teaching hospital.Animals –Thirty‐eight privately owned sexually altered dogs of various ages.Interventions –Blood was collected for HCT, WBC count, plasma biochemical analysis, and whole blood culture. Whole blood was stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or, lipoteichoic acid or, peptidoglycan or, addition of phosphate‐buffered saline. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐10 production from whole blood were compared among young, middle aged, and geriatric dogs.Measurements and Main Results –LPS, lipoteichoic acid, and peptidoglycan stimulated significant TNF, IL‐6, and IL‐10 production from canine whole blood compared with phosphate‐buffered saline. Whole blood from geriatric dogs had a blunted IL‐10 response to LPS stimulation and middle‐aged dogs had increased LPS‐induced TNF production compared with the other groups.Conclusion –PAMPs from gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria stimulate TNF, IL‐6, and IL‐10 production from canine whole blood. The inflammatory mediator response to PAMPs from gram‐negative bacteria alters with age and may be one factor contributing to mortality in geriatric dogs with sepsis.
Comparison of regular insulin infusion doses in critically ill diabetic cats: 29 cases (1999–2007)
Authors: Claus Melissa A. , Silverstein Deborah C. , Shofer Frances S. , Mellema Matthew S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective –To compare biochemical parameters, neurologic changes, length of hospital stay, and clinical improvement in 3 groups of cats with diabetic ketosis/diabetic ketoacidosis (DK/DKA) prescribed varied doses of regular insulin as a continuous rate of infusion (CRI).Design –Retrospective study.Setting –University teaching hospital.Animals –Twenty‐nine client‐owned cats with DK/DKA prescribed a regular insulin CRI.Interventions –Cats were grouped as follows: 7 cats each in Group 1 and 2, (prescribed 1.1 and 2.2 U/kg/d, respectively), and 15 cats in Group 3 (prescribed increasing doses as needed).Measurements and Main Results –None of the groups received the total prescribed dose of insulin. The mean actual dose administered/kg/d ranged from 0.30 (0.21) to 0.87 (0.32) U/kg/d in Groups 1, 2, and 3. There was no difference in mean minimum blood glucose (BG) per 4 hours or change in BG from baseline per 4 hours between Groups 1 and 2 (P=0.63, 0.50). There was no difference between groups regarding the time required to reach a BG ≤13.9 mmol/L (250 mg/dL), serum phosphorus or potassium concentrations relative to baseline values (P=0.53, 0.90), length of time until urine or serum ketones were no longer detected (P=0.73), the animal commenced eating (P=0.24), or length of hospital stay (P=0.63). Four of the cats had declining mentation during hospitalization; there were no relationships between osmolality at presentation, either prescribed or administered insulin dose, and mentation changes. Three of the 4 cats with declining mentation survived. Twenty‐seven of the 29 cats (93%) survived to discharge.Conclusions –In this study, prescribing the published canine dose (2.2 U/kg/d) of regular insulin to cats with DK/DKA does not appear to increase the frequency of adverse neurologic or biochemical sequelae compared with cats that are prescribed the published cat dose (1.1 U/kg/d). The use of a sliding scale for determination of infusion rates significantly reduces the amount of insulin cats receive in this setting. Determination of whether adverse sequelae would occur more frequently if cats with DK/DKA received the full insulin prescribed doses of 1.1, 2.2, or >2.2 U/kg/d is warranted. Further controlled studies are necessary to determine if higher doses of insulin are associated with beneficial effects on morbidity or mortality.
Continuous positive airway pressure administered via face mask in tranquilized dogs
Authors: Briganti Angela , Melanie Pierre , Portela Diego , Breghi Gloria , Mama Khursheed 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective
–
To evaluate the tolerance of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) mask in tranquilized dogs and compare PaO2 in arterial blood in dogs receiving oxygen with a regular face mask or CPAP mask set to maintain a pressure of 2.5 or 5 cm H2O.Design
–
Prospective, randomized clinical study.Setting
–
University teaching hospital.Animals
–
Sixteen client‐owned dogs without evidence of cardiopulmonary disease were studied.Interventions
–
Eight animals were randomly assigned to each of 2 treatment groups: group A received 2.5 cm H2O CPAP and group B received 5 cm H2O CPAP after first receiving oxygen (5 L/min) by a regular face mask. Animals were tranquilized with acepromazine 0.05 mg/kg, IV and morphine 0.2 mg/kg, IM. An arterial catheter was then placed to facilitate blood sampling for pHa, PaO2, and PaCO2 determinations before and after treatments. Direct mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature were also recorded after each treatment.Measurements and Main Results
–
CPAP administration was well tolerated by all animals. The mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, temperature, PaCO2, and pHa, did not differ at any time point between groups. Differences were seen in oxygenation; in group A, PaO2 significantly increased from a mean of 288.3±47.5 mm Hg with a standard mask to a mean of 390.3±65.5 mm Hg with the CPAP mask and in group B, PaO2 increased similarly from 325.0±70.5 to 425.2±63.4 mm Hg (P<0.05); no differences were detected between the 2 CPAP treatments.Conclusions
–
In healthy tranquilized dogs noninvasive CPAP is well tolerated and increases PaO2 above values obtained when using a regular face mask.
Levosimendan improves calcium sensitivity of diaphragm muscle fibres from a rat model of heart failure
Authors: van Hees HWH , Andrade Acuña GL , Linkels M , Dekhuijzen PNR , Heunks LMA 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSEDiaphragm muscle weakness occurs in patients with heart failure (HF) and is associated with exercise intolerance and increased mortality. Reduced sensitivity of diaphragm fibres to calcium contributes to diaphragm weakness in HF. Here we have investigated the ability of the calcium sensitizer levosimendan to restore the reduced calcium sensitivity of diaphragm fibres from rats with HF.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHCoronary artery ligation in rats was used as an animal model for HF. Sham‐operated rats served as controls. Fifteen weeks after induction of HF or sham operations animals were killed and muscle fibres were isolated from the diaphragm. Diaphragm fibres were skinned and activated with solutions containing incremental calcium concentrations and 10 µM levosimendan or vehicle (0.02% DMSO). Developed force was measured at each calcium concentration, and force–calcium concentration relationships were plotted.KEY RESULTSCalcium sensitivity of force generation was reduced in diaphragm muscle fibres from HF rats, compared with fibres from control rats (P< 0.01). Maximal force generation was ∼25% lower in HF diaphragm fibres than in control fibres (P< 0.05). Levosimendan significantly increased calcium sensitivity of force generation in diaphragm fibres from HF and control rats, without affecting maximal force generation.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSLevosimendan enhanced the force generating capacity of diaphragm fibres from HF rats by increasing the sensitivity of force generation to calcium concentration. These results provide strong support for testing the effect of calcium sensitizers on diaphragm muscle weakness in patients with HF.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic assessment of topiramate dosing regimens for children with epilepsy 2 to <10 years of age
Authors: Girgis Ihab G. , Nandy Partha , Nye Jeffrey S. , Ford Lisa , Mohanty Surya , Wang Steven , Ochalski Stefan , Eerdekens Marielle , Cox Eugène 
Published: September 2010

SummaryPurpose: To identify and validate the efficacious monotherapy dosing regimen for topiramate in children aged 2 to <10 years with newly diagnosed epilepsy using pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK–PD) modeling and simulation bridging.Methods: Several models were developed in pediatric and adult populations to relate steady‐state trough plasma concentrations (Cmin) of topiramate to the magnitude of clinical effect in monotherapy and adjunctive settings. These models were integrated to derive and support the monotherapy dosing regimen for pediatric patients.Key Findings: A two‐compartmental population PK model with first‐order absorption described the time course of topiramate Cminas a function of dosing regimen. Disposition of topiramate was related to age, body weight, and use of various concomitant antiepileptic drugs. The PK–PD model for monotherapy indicated that the hazard of time to first seizure decreased with increasing Cminand time since randomization. Higher baseline seizure frequency increased risk for seizures. Age did not significantly influence hazard of time to first seizure after randomization to monotherapy. For adjunctive therapy, the distribution of drug and placebo responses was not significantly different among age groups. Based on the available PK–PD modeling data, the dosing regimen expected to achieve a 65–75% seizure freedom rate after 1 year for pediatric patients age 2–10 years is approximately 6–9 mg/kg per day.Significance: This analysis indicated no difference in PK–PD of topiramate between adult and pediatric patients. Effects of indication and body weight on PK were adequately integrated into the model, and monotherapy dosing regimens were identified for children 2–10 years of age.
Plerixafor and granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) in patients with lymphoma and multiple myeloma previously failing mobilization with G‐CSF with or without chemotherapy for autologous hematopoietic stem cell mobilization: the Austrian experience on a named patient program
Authors: Worel Nina , Rosskopf Konrad , Neumeister Peter , Kasparu Hedwig , Nachbaur David , Russ Gudrun , Namberger Konrad , Witt Volker , Schloegl Ernst , Zojer Niklas , Linkesch Werner , Kalhs Peter , Greinix Hildegard T. 
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND: Plerixafor in combination with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) has been shown to enhance stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma, non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease who demonstrated with previous mobilization failure. In this named patient program we report the Austrian experience in insufficiently mobilizing patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty‐seven patients from eight Austrian centers with a median (range) age of 58 (19‐70) years (18 female, nine male) were included in the study. Plerixafor was limited to patients with previous stem cell mobilization failure and was given in the evening of Day 4 of G‐CSF application.RESULTS: A median increase of circulating CD34+ cells within 10 to 11 hours from administration of plerixafor by a factor of 4.7 over baseline was noted. Overall, 20 (74%) patients reached more than 10 × 106 CD34+ cells/L in the peripheral blood, resulting in 17 (63%) patients collecting at least 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg body weight (b.w.; median, 2.6 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg b.w.; range, 0.08 × 106‐8.07 × 106). Adverse events of plerixafor were mild to moderate and consisted of gastrointestinal side effects and local reactions at the injection site. Thirteen (48%) patients underwent autologous transplantation receiving a median of 2.93 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg (range, 1.46 × 106‐5.6 × 106) and showed a trilinear engraftment with a median neutrophil recovery on Day 12 and a platelet recovery on Day 14.CONCLUSION: Our study confirms previous investigations showing that plerixafor in combination with G‐CSF is an effective and well‐tolerated mobilization regimen with the potential of successful stem cell collection in patients with previous mobilization failure.