bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform 65 immunoreactivity in the motor thalamus of humans and monkeys: γ‐aminobutyric acidergic connections and nuclear delineations
Authors: Kultas‐Ilinsky K. , Ilinsky I.A. , Verney C. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe neurotransmitter γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays an important role in the motor thalamic nuclei. This report analyzes the distribution of the GABA‐producing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform 65 (GAD65), stained with monoclonal antibody, in human and rhesus monkey thalami and compares it with staining patterns of some widely used cytoskeletal and calcium binding protein markers. GAD65 immunoreactivity distinctly labeled two systems: fibers and terminals of basal ganglia thalamic afferents and local circuit neurons, revealing fine features of GABAergic circuitry in the human thalamus. Gross distribution patterns of GAD65 were identical in human and rhesus monkey thalami. The area displaying specific staining of large‐caliber beaded fibers coincided with nigro‐ and pallidothalamic afferent territories previously identified in monkeys with anterograde tracers. Accordingly, a similarly stained region in the human thalamus was considered basal ganglia territory. Except for cytoarchitecture, no specific markers differentiating between the nigro‐ and pallidothalamic projection zones within this territory were found. GAD65 staining in the cerebellar afferent territory reflected organization of its local circuit neuron network, distinguishing it from adjacent nuclei. Specific GAD65 staining pattern and negative calcium binding protein immunoreactivity identify the cerebellar afferent territory in humans. It is subdivided further into ventral and dorsal regions based on the cytoskeletal protein SMI31 staining pattern. The nuclear outlines revised according to the results are compared with those of Hassler (Schaltenbrand G and Bailey P [1959] Einfuhrung in die stereotaktishen Operationen mit einem Atlas des menschlichen Gehirns, vol 3. Stuttgart: Thieme) and discussed in light of the ongoing controversy regarding delineations of the motor thalamic nuclei in humans. J. Comp. Neurol. 519:2811–2837, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recurrent Shewanella putrefacians in a chronic peritoneal dialysis patient
Authors: Vickers Jean A. , Ullian Michael E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe gram‐negative marine bacterium Shewanella putrefaciens is an uncommon human pathogen. Five cases of S. putrefacians peritonitis during peritoneal dialysis (one acute and four chronic) have been reported previously. We report a case of S. putrefaciens peritonitis in a patient undergoing continuous cycler peritoneal dialysis. Our case is the first to be reported in a patient from the United States, with recurrence after initial treatment, and with acquired antibiotic resistance. Dial. Transplant.
Supramolecular Assemblies Directed by Hydrogen Bonds and π–π Interactions and Based on N‐Heterocyclic‐Ligand‐Modified β‐Octamolybdate – Structure and Catalytic Application in Olefin Epoxidation
Authors: Du Juan , Yu Jiehui , Tang Jianyuan , Wang Jing , Zhang Wenxiang , Thiel Werner R. , Jia Mingjun 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA series of supramolecular assemblies based on POMs modified by organic ligands, including (Himi)4[(imi)2(Mo8O26)]·H2O (1), (H2bbi)2[Mo8O26] (2), and (H2bbi)[(Hbbi)2 (Mo8O26)]·H2O (3), were synthesized by a one‐step hydrothermal method. All of them are active catalysts for the epoxidation of olefins with tert‐butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. Most interestingly, (Himi)4[(imi)2(Mo8O26)]·H2O (1) exhibits very high catalytic activity and stability, which makes it a truly efficient heterogeneous catalyst for olefin epoxidation.
Design of UHV AC transmission line in China
Authors: Liang Zheng‐ping , Li Yong‐shuang , Hu Hong‐chun , Jia Jiang‐bo 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYUltra High Voltage (1000 kV; UHV) AC transmission technology is the most advanced AC transmission mode with the highest voltage until now. Based on the construction experience of 1000 kV Jindongnan–Nanyang–Jingmen UHV AC Pilot Demonstration Project, the major design principles and the key technical solutions of UHV AC transmission line (including large crossing) are introduced, such as the choosing of conductor and earth wire, overvoltage and insulation coordination, lightening protection and grounding, insulator string and fittings, clearance to obstacles, tower and foundation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stone tool analysis and human origins research: Some advice from uncle Screwtape
Authors: Shea John J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe production of purposefully fractured stone tools with functional, sharp cutting edges is a uniquely derived hominin adaptation. In the long history of life on earth, only hominins have adopted this remarkably expedient and broadly effective technological strategy. In the paleontological record, flaked stone tools are irrefutable proof that hominins were present at a particular place and time. Flaked stone tools are found in contexts ranging from the Arctic to equatorial rainforests and on every continent except Antarctica. Paleolithic stone tools show complex patterns of variability, suggesting that they have been subject to the variable selective pressures that have shaped so many other aspects of hominin behavior and morphology. There is every reason to expect that insights gained from studying stone tools should provide vital and important information about the course of human evolution. And yet, one senses that archeological analyses of Paleolithic stone tools are not making as much of a contribution as they could to the major issues in human origins research.
Sexual conflict in primates
Authors: Stumpf Rebecca M. , Martinez‐Mota Rodolfo , Milich Krista M. , Righini Nicoletta , Shattuck Milena R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractSexual conflict is increasingly recognized as a major force for evolutionary change and holds great potential for delineating variation in primate behavior and morphology. The goals of this review are to highlight the rapidly rising field of sexual conflict and the ongoing shift in our understanding of interactions between the sexes. We discuss the evidence for sexual conflict within the Order Primates, and assess how studies of primates have illuminated and can continue to increase our understanding of sexual conflict and sexual selection. Finally, we introduce a framework for understanding the behavioral, anatomical, and genetic expression of sexual conflict across primate mating systems and suggest directions for future research.
Control of kinetics by cooperative interactions
Authors: Hellmann N. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCooperative effects in ligand binding and dissociation kinetics are much less investigated than steady state kinetics or equilibrium binding. Nevertheless, cooperativity in ligand binding leads necessarily to characteristic properties with respect to kinetic properties of the system. In case of positive cooperativity as found in oxygen binding proteins, a typical property is an autocatalytic ligand dissociation behavior leading to a time dependent, apparent ligand dissociation rate. To follow systematically the influence of the various potentially involved parameters on this characteristic property, simulations based on the simple MWC model were performed which should be relevant for all types of models based on the concept of an allosteric unit. In cases where the initial conformational distribution is very much dominated by the R‐state, the intrinsic kinetic properties of the T‐state are of minor influence for the observed ligand dissociation rate. Even for fast conformational transition rates, the R‐state properties together with the size of the allosteric unit and the allosteric equilibrium constant define the shape of the curve. In such a case, a simplified model of the MWC‐scheme (the irreversible n‐chain model) is a good approximation of the full scheme. However, if in the starting conformational distribution some liganded T‐molecules are present (a few percent is enough), the average off‐rates can be significantly altered. Thus, the assignment of the initial rates to R‐state properties has to be done with great care. However, if the R‐state strongly dominates initially it is even possible to get an estimation of the lower limit for the number of interacting subunits from kinetic data: similar to the Hill‐coefficient for equilibrium conditions, a measure for “kinetic cooperativity” can be derived by comparing initial and final ligand dissociation rates. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(5): 329–336, 2011
Modifications to the Vilsmeier‐Haack formylation of 1,4‐dimethylcarbazole and its application to the synthesis of ellipticines
Authors: Deane Fiona M. , Miller Charlotte M. , Maguire Anita R. , McCarthy Florence O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn improved method for the preparation of 3‐formyl‐1,4‐dimethylcarbazole, a key intermediate in the synthesis of ellipticine, is presented. Conditions of the Vilsmeier‐Haack reaction have been modified to facilitate the production of 3‐formyl‐1,4‐dimethylcarbazole as a major product leading to an overall improvement in yield of ellipticine from 3% to 14%. This approach was also applied to the synthesis of 6‐methylellipticine and 9‐methoxyellipticine. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some 7‐aryl‐5,6‐dihydro‐14‐aza[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐b]phenanthren‐8H‐ones
Authors: Brahmbhatt Dinker I. , Patel Niraj H. , Patel Anil K. , Patel Mehul A. , Patel Varun G. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe title compounds, 7‐aryl‐5,6‐dihydro‐14‐aza[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐b]phenanthren‐8H‐ones 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3l have been synthesized by reacting various 4‐hydroxy coumarins 1a, 1b, 1c with 2‐arylidene‐1‐tetralones 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d in the presence of ammonium acetate and acetic acid under Krohnke's reaction condition. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were supported by analytical, IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR data. All the synthesized compounds 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j, 3k, 3l have been screened for their antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli (Gram −ve bacteria), Bacillus subtilis (Gram +ve bacteria), and antifungal activity against Candida albicans (Fungi). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Ultrasound‐assisted emulsification microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet combined with HPLC‐UV for the analysis of antidepressant drugs in biological samples
Authors: Ebrahimzadeh Homeira , Saharkhiz Zahra , Tavassoli Marya , Kamarei Fahimeh , Asgharinezhad Ali Akbar 
Published: April 2011

AbstractUltrasound‐assisted emulsification microextraction based on the solidification of floating organic droplet combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultra violet (HPLC‐UV) detection was applied for the extraction and determination of fluoxetine, citalopram, and venlafaxine as antidepressants drugs in biological samples. In total, 30 μL of undecanol was injected slowly into a glass‐centrifuge tube containing 5 mL alkaline sample solution that was located inside the ultrasonic water bath. The formed emulsion was centrifuged and the fine droplets of solvent were floated at the top of the test tube. The test tube was then cooled in an ice bath and the solidified solvent transferred into a conical vial; it melted quickly at room temperature. Then the analysis of the extracts was carried out by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Under optimal conditions, the preconcentration factors were between 174 and 316. Detection limits (LODs) of 3 μg/L were obtained and the calibration graphs were linear within the range of 10–1000 μg/L. Finally, the feasibility of the proposed method was successfully confirmed by extraction and determination of the antidepressant drugs in human urine and plasma samples in the range of microgram per liter and suitable results were obtained.
Headspace solid‐phase microextraction combined with GC×GC‐TOFMS for the analysis of volatile compounds of Coptis species rhizomes
Authors: Gao Xin , Yang Xiuwei , Mitrevski Blagoj S. , Marriott Philip J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn this study, the investigation of the volatile compounds of dried rhizomes of Coptis chinensis Franch, C. deltoidea C. Y. Cheng et Hsiao, and C. teeta Wall was carried out to complete the chemical composition of these valuable natural products. Volatile profiles were established and compared after headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) using a polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB, 65 μm) fibre coupled to comprehensive 2D gas chromatography time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC‐TOFMS). Analyses were performed and compared on two column‐phase combinations (non‐polar/polar and polar/non‐polar). The majority of the identified compounds eluted as well‐separated (pure) components as a result of high‐resolution capability of the GC×GC method, which significantly reduces co‐elution. Therefore, this increases the likelihood that pure mass spectra can be obtained. More than 290 volatile and semi‐volatile organic compounds were tentatively characterized by means of GC×GC in tandem with TOFMS detection. Improved result interpretations were obtained in terms of compound classification based on the organized structure of the peaks of structurally related compounds in the GC×GC contour plot. These compounds are distributed over the chemical groups of hydrocarbons, acids, alkenes, alkynes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, esters, furans, and terpenoids. Among all the chemical groups, terpenoids present the higher number of identified compounds (44), alkenes (41), and aldehydes and ketones (28). This study completed the volatile phytochemical analysis of the headspace composition of various Coptis species rhizomes, and should serve as a means to identify the difference between the rhizomes and may also be useful to confirm individual species based on their volatile chemical profile.
Selective separation of flavonoid glycosides in Dalbergia odorifera by matrix solid‐phase dispersion using titania
Authors: Xu Lingyan , Shi Hui , Liang Tu , Feng Jiatao , Jin Yu , Ke Yanxiong , Liang Xinmiao 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDalbergia odorifera contains high concentrations of flavonoid aglycones and trace flavonoid glycosides. In this study, trace flavonoid glycosides were separated from D. odorifera by titania with matrix solid‐phase dispersion (MSPD). Before the MSPD experiment, four standards, including two isoflavone glycosides (genistin and formononetin‐8‐C‐apiosyl (1–6)‐glucoside) and their aglycones (genistein and formononetin), were used to compare their retention on a titania column. The effect of acetonitrile concentration and pH on their retention was investigated and a conclusion was drawn that high acetonitrile concentration and pH lead to the greatest difference in the retention of flavonoid as glycosides and aglycones. Besides hydrophilic interaction and ligand‐exchange interaction may exist between sugar moiety of flavonoid glycoside and titania, so that flavonoid glycosides have stronger retention than that of aglycones. Based on the chromatographic rule of flavonoid as glycosides and aglycones on the titania column, the MSPD method was optimized to elute high concentration flavonoid aglycones first with 90% acetonitrile and 10% water containing 100 mM ammonium acetate buffer, and then to elute trace flavonoid glycosides with 20% acetonitrile and 80% water containing 1% trifluoroacetate (TFA). Isolated flavonoid glycosides were further analyzed by UPLC‐MS/MS, and their fragmentation in MS2 showed they are C‐glycosyl flavonoids.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Pegylated Fluorescent Nanoparticles by RAFT Miniemulsion Polymerization Using a Phase Inversion Process
Authors: Grazon Chloé , Rieger Jutta , Méallet‐Renault Rachel , Clavier Gilles , Charleux Bernadette 
Published: April 2011

AbstractWater‐soluble and fluorescent core–shell nanoparticles (FNP) are synthesized in a miniemulsion reversible addition‐fragmentation transfer (RAFT) polymerization and are shown to respond to pH. The particles are obtained from a hydrophilic PEO‐b‐PAA macromolecular RAFT agent which is block‐extended with styrene and a fluorescent BODIPY monomer. A miniemulsion is then formed with the residual hydrophobic monomers. After completion of the polymerization, FNP of ≈ 60 nm in diameter are obtained. The fluorescence of the BODIPY dye in the particles is found to remain (0.2 quantum yield). The particles can be precipitated in acidic pH and redispersed upon addition of base without loss of their integrity or noticeable rearrangement.
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Decatungstate (W10O)/Silane: A New and Promising Radical Source Under Soft Light Irradiation
Authors: Lalevée Jacques , Blanchard Nicolas , Tehfe Mohamad‐Ali , Fouassier Jean Pierre 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe use of decatungstate ${\left( {{\rm W}_{{\rm 10}} {\rm O}_{{\rm 32}}^{{\rm 4}{-} } } \right)}$ in combination with silanes to generate silyl radicals under green fluorescence bulb irradiation as well as sunlight exposure is described. The mechanisms are investigated by ESR and laser flash photolysis experiments. The high potential of this reaction is evidenced here when using a decatungstate/silane/diphenyl iodonium salt combination as an initiating system for the ring opening photopolymerization of epoxides.
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MicroRNA profiling for the identification of cancers with unknown primary tissue‐of‐origin
Authors: Ferracin Manuela , Pedriali Massimo , Veronese Angelo , Zagatti Barbara , Gafà Roberta , Magri Eros , Lunardi Maria , Munerato Gardenia , Querzoli Giulia , Maestri Iva , Ulazzi Linda , Nenci Italo , Croce Carlo M , Lanza Giovanni , Querzoli Patrizia , Negrini Massimo 
Published: April 2011

AbstractCancer of unknown primary (CUP) represents a common and important clinical problem. There is evidence that most CUPs are metastases of carcinomas whose primary site cannot be recognized. Driven by the hypothesis that the knowledge of primary cancer could improve patient's prognosis, we investigated microRNA expression profiling as a tool for identifying the tissue of origin of metastases. We assessed microRNA expression from 101 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) samples from primary cancers and metastasis samples by using a microarray platform. Forty samples representing ten different cancer types were used for defining a cancer‐type‐specific microRNA signature, which was used for predicting primary sites of metastatic cancers. A 47‐miRNA signature was identified and used to estimate tissue‐of‐origin probabilities for each sample. Overall, accuracy reached 100% for primary cancers and 78% for metastases in our cohort of samples. When the signature was applied to an independent published dataset of 170 samples, accuracy remained high: correct prediction was found within the first two options in 86% of the metastasis cases (first prediction was correct in 68% of cases). This signature was also applied to predict 16 CUPs. In this group, first predictions exhibited probabilities higher than 90% in most of the cases. These results establish that FFPE samples can be used to reveal the tissue of origin of metastatic cancers by using microRNA expression profiling and suggest that the approach, if applied, could provide strong indications for CUPs, whose correct diagnosis is presently undefined. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetocaloric effect and size‐effect related thermal hysteresis reduction in MnAs1‐xPx compounds
Authors: Sun Naikun , Xu Songning , Li Da , Zhang Zhidong 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn MnAs1‐xPx compounds (x = 0.006 and 0.01), prepared by mechanical alloying, the thermal hysteresis is greatly reduced from about 10–30 K in MnAs‐based compounds, prepared by conventional melting, to 2 K for x = 0.01 (or 4 K for x = 0.006). Such obvious hysteretic reduction is ascribed to the grain‐size effect, largely due to the preparation method of mechanical alloying. Meanwhile, a maximum value of the magnetic‐entropy change ΔSM of 11.3 J/kg K for a field change of 2 T is obtained at 294.5 K for MnAs0.994P0.006. The study on the MnAs1‐xPx system and also the effect of the preparation technology may be beneficial for the realization of magnetic refrigerants for application at room temperature.
Heterogeneous background‐error covariances for the analysis and forecast of fog events
Authors: Ménétrier Benjamin , Montmerle Thibaut 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn ensemble assimilation, which is based on the operational cloud‐resolving model Applications de la Recherche à l’Opérationnel à Méso‐Echelle (AROME) and its 3D‐Var assimilation system, is used to diagnose background‐error covariances separately in areas with and without fog.The fog and haze analysis system Cartographies des Analyses du RIsque de BrOUillard (CARIBOU) is used as reference to calibrate the best fog predictor from model fields, which was found to be a low‐level nebulosity. It appears that the physical processes in fog layers lead to very specific balances between control variables as well as much shorter vertical correlation length‐scales at low levels in background‐error covariances. In order to spread the information from surface and satellite observations with adequate structures in fog areas, a binary heterogeneity based on the use of geographical masks is added to the background‐error covariances. After the elimination of discontinuities at the mask borders, the positive impact of this formalism on the analysis‐increment structure is discussed. Impact studies based on long‐term real cases indicate that the global impact is closely related to the quality of the fog mask, for which future improvements are awaited. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Investment Institutions' Beliefs About and Attitudes Toward Socially Responsible Investment (SRI): A Comparison Between SRI and Non‐SRI Management
Authors: Jansson Magnus , Biel Anders 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates psychological drivers and financial motives that may influence major Swedish investments institutions to adopt socially responsible investment (SRI). Based on an instrument that captures concepts in the Value‐Belief‐Norm theory, and potential financial beliefs that may influence the SRI intentions of investors, a survey was addressed to all major Swedish investments institutions. Fifty‐eight respondents from 17 different investment institutions participated in the survey of whom 31 were conventional (non‐SRI) investors and 27 were socially responsible investors. Our results show that conventional and SRI investors share similar beliefs about short‐term and long‐term performance on SRI investments in that SRI gives less return in the short term but slightly more than conventional investments in the longer term. However, SRI investors express significantly more interest in increasing their future SRI investments than conventional investors do. We discover that future SRI is not influenced by social and environmental concerns. Rather, financial beliefs about risk and beliefs about increased market shares drive SRI forward. The business case for SRI seems therefore to be the only reason for major investment institutions to adopt SRI. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.