bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the carrier distribution in InGaN‐based multi‐quantum‐well structures
Authors: Galler B. , Laubsch A. , Wojcik A. , Lugauer H. , Gomez‐Iglesias A. , Sabathil M. , Hahn B. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe investigate colour‐coded InGaN‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) where the position of a cyan‐emitting quantum well (QW) embedded into a blue‐emitting active region was varied systematically. The intensity ratio between the light output originating from the cyan and the blue QWs for different temperatures is analyzed both under electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) conditions.In EL, the contribution of the cyan QW increases when its position draws nearer to the p‐side. Surprisingly, a similar behaviour is also observed under PL excitation. Clear evidence of limited multi‐quantum‐well (MQW) operation at room temperature is found by comparing the relative emission intensities for different temperatures. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exciton optical transitions in a hexagonal boron nitride single crystal
Authors: Museur L. , Brasse G. , Pierret A. , Maine S. , Attal‐Tretout B. , Ducastelle F. , Loiseau A. , Barjon J. , Watanabe K. , Taniguchi T. , Kanaev A. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractNear band gap photoluminescence (PL) of a hexagonal boron nitride single crystal has been studied at cryogenic temperatures with synchrotron radiation excitation. The PL signal is dominated by trapped‐exciton optical transitions, while the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra show features assigned to free excitons. Complementary photoconductivity and PLE measurements set the band gap transition energy to 6.4 eV and the Frenkel exciton binding energy larger than 380 meV. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Bayesian design of control space for optimal assimilation of observations. Part II: Asymptotic solutions
Authors: Bocquet M. , Wu L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA consistent formalism for a Bayesian design of control space for an optimal assimilation of observations was proposed in Part I of this two‐part article. This optimal discretization of control space leads to an efficient data assimilation scheme implementation. However, the construction of the grid itself, prior to its use for data assimilation, requires an optimization that may be challenging for high‐dimensional systems. This paper derives analytical solutions for these optimal grids in the limit where the discretization of control space has a large number of grid cells. Analytical solutions for the density of grid cells are obtained for the so‐called tilings, qtrees and ftrees, that represent different types of adaptive grids, with more or fewer degrees of freedom. These analytical solutions are explicit and the algorithms that allow densities to be converted into discrete adaptive grids are costless.The approach is tested with a simplified physics in the Jacobian matrix in a tracer dispersion context in which radionuclides are monitored by the global observation network operated by the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Organisation of the United Nations. The asymptotic solutions are then compared to the optimal grids obtained from the methodology perfected in Part I. In this example, and using qtree representations, the discrepancy between the approximate solution and the exact solution almost vanishes when the number of grid cells represents as few as 1% of the total number of grid cells in the finest grid. This opens the way to the application of this multiscale data assimilation framework to computationally challenging problems. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of elevated CO2 on carbon partitioning in young Quercus ilex L. during resprouting
Authors: Aranjuelo Iker , Pintó‐Marijuan Marta , Avice Jean Christophe , Fleck Isabel 
Published: May 2011

AbstractStored carbon (C) represents a very important C pool with residence times of years to decades in tree organic matter. With the objective of understanding C assimilation, partitioning and remobilization in 2‐year‐old Quercus ilex L., those trees were exposed for 7 months to different [CO2] (elevated: 700 µmol mol−1; and ambient: 350 µmol mol−1 CO2). The 13C‐isotopic composition of the ambient CO2 (ca. −12.8‰) was modified (to ca. −19.2‰) under the elevated CO2 conditions in order to analyze C allocation and partitioning before aerial biomass excision, and during the following regrowth (resprouting). Although after 7 months of growth under elevated [CO2], Q. ilex plants increased dry matter production, the absence of significant differences in photosynthetic activity suggests that such an increase was lower than expected. Nitrogen availability was not involved in photosynthetic acclimation. The removal of aboveground organs did not enable the balance between C availability and C requirements to be achieved. The isotopic characterization revealed that before the cutting, C partitioning to the stem (main C sink) prevented leaf C accumulation. During regrowth the roots were the organ with more of the labelled C. Furthermore, developing leaves had more C sink strength than shoots during this period. After the cutting, the amount of C delivered from the root to the development of aboveground organs exceeded the requirements of leaves, with the consequent carbohydrate accumulation. These findings demonstrate that, despite having a new C sink, the responsiveness of those resprouts under elevated [CO2] conditions will be strongly conditioned by the plant's capacity to use the extra C present in leaves through its allocation to other organs (roots) and processes (respiration). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gross and net rates of nitrogen mineralisation in soil amended with composted olive mill pomace
Authors: Gómez‐Muñoz B. , Hatch D. J. , Bol R. , Dixon E. R. , García‐Ruiz R. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOlive mill pomace is the major waste product in the olive oil industry and composting these by‐products for the purpose of recycling nutrients and organic matter is a sound environmental strategy. Yet little is known about the quantity and timing of nitrogen (N) release from composted olive mill pomace. This paper assesses both gross (using the 15N dilution technique) and net (aerobic incubation) nitrogen (N) mineralisation and N2O emissions of soil amended with seven commercially available composts of olive mill pomace (COMP). All are currently produced in Andalusia and differ in the proportions of raw materials co‐composted with the pomace. The absence of significant differences in net N or gross mineralisation and nitrification in COMP‐amended soil compared with a control, except for COMP combined with poultry manure, highlighted the recalcitrant nature of the COMP‐N. Applications of COMP are hence unlikely to supply available N in available forms, at least in the short‐term. Furthermore, N2O emissions from COMP‐amended soil were negligible and, therefore, applications in the field should not result in increased N loss through denitrification. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential growth of the fungus Absidia cylindrospora on 13C/15N‐labelled media
Authors: Crotty F. V. , Blackshaw R. P. , Murray P. J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMany studies utilise enrichment of stable isotopes as tracers to follow the interactions occurring within soil food webs and methods have been developed to enrich bacteria, soil fauna and plant litter, Here for the first time we attempt to enrich a soil fungus to 99 atom% with 13C and 15N stable isotopes. In this study our objectives were to (a) assess whether the saprotrophic zygomycete fungus Absidia cylindrospora could grow on a medium enriched to 99 atom% with 13C‐glucose and 15N‐ammonium chloride, (b) to determine the level of enrichment obtained, and (c) to examine the change in growth rate of this fungus while it was growing on the dually enriched medium. To achieve this, the fungus was grown on agar enriched with 13C and 15N to 99 atom% and its growth rate monitored. The results showed that A. cylindrospora would grow on the highly labelled growth medium, but that its rate of growth was affected compared with the rate on either natural abundance media or media highly enriched with a single isotope (13C or 15N). The implications of these results is that although the fungus is able to utilise these heavier isotopes, the biochemical processes involved in growth are affected, and consideration should be given to these differences when using stable isotope tracers in, for example, soil food web studies. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organic matter flow in the food web at a temperate heath under multifactorial climate change
Authors: Andresen Louise C. , Konestabo Heidi S. , Maraldo Kristine , Holmstrup Martin , Ambus Per , Beier Claus , Michelsen Anders 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe rising atmospheric CO2concentration, increasing temperature and changed patterns of precipitation currently expose terrestrial ecosystems to altered environmental conditions. This may affect belowground nutrient cycling through its intimate relationship with the belowground decomposers. Three climate change factors (elevated CO2, increased temperature and drought) were investigated in a full factorial field experiment at a temperate heathland location. The combined effect of biotic and abiotic factors on nitrogen and carbon flows was traced in plant root → litter → microbe → detritivore/omnivore → predator food‐web for one year after amendment with15N13C2‐glycine. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) measurement of15N/14N and13C/12C in soil extracts and functional ecosystem compartments revealed that the recovery of15N sometimes decreased through the chain of consumption, with the largest amount of bioactive15N label pool accumulated in the microbial biomass. The elevated CO2concentration at the site for 2 years increased the biomass, the15N enrichment and the15N recovery in detritivores. This suggests that detritivore consumption was controlled by both the availability of the microbial biomass, a likely major food source, and the climatic factors. Furthermore, the natural abundance δ13C of enchytraeids was significantly altered in CO2‐fumigated plots, showing that even small changes in δ13C‐CO2can be used to detect transfer of carbon from primary producers to detritivores. We conclude that, in the short term, the climate change treatments affected soil organism activity, possibly with labile carbohydrate production controlling the microbial and detritivore biomass, with potential consequences for the decomposition of detritus and nutrient cycling. Hence, there appears to be a strong coupling of responses in carbon and nitrogen cycling at this temperate heath. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perspectives on genome‐wide multi‐stage family‐based association studies
Authors: Van Steen K. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWith the establishment of large consortiums of researchers, genome‐wide association (GWA) studies have become increasingly popular and feasible. Although most of these association studies focus on unrelated individuals, a lot of advantages can be exploited by including families in the analysis as well. To overcome the additional genotyping cost, multi‐stage designs are particularly useful. In this article, I offer a perspective view on genome‐wide family‐based association analyses, both within a model‐based and model‐free paradigm. I highlight how multi‐stage designs and analysis techniques, which are quite popular in clinical epidemiology, can enter GWA settings. I furthermore discuss how they have proven successful in reducing analysis complexity, and in overcoming one of the most cumbersome statistical hurdles in the genome‐wide context, namely controlling increased false positives due to multiple testing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2011 Damping issue—smart buildings: viscous dampers, Part I and II
Authors: Taylor Douglas , Hart Gary C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIt is a pleasure to present the second annual damping issue, Part I and II. The vision when this journal was founded was to bridge the gap between research and design, and also to speed up the review process so that technology can be implemented as fast as possible. Many great papers have been received and published from around the world. Each year, in at least one issue of the journal, readers can look forward to a collection of excellent papers that are receiving special recognition for their ingenuity in the use of dampers. This year, because of the number of excellent papers, there will be two issues with the accepted papers on damping in buildings. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Folkbiology
Authors: Solomon Gregg E. A. , Zaitchik Deborah 
Published: May 2011

AbstractRecent work in cognitive science suggests that children have framework theories unique to specific domains such as physics, psychology, and biology that provide causal explanations and support predictions about phenomena within them. They further guide how children develop the later theories of adults, both formal and informal. In this article, we focus on a particular framework or naïve theory, folkbiology, and review debates concerning how it ought best to be characterized, its origins and developmental course, whether aspects of it can be said to be universal to people in all cultural settings, how it informs our understanding of the brain, and what implications it has for science education. In so doing, we discuss how the cognitive scientific study of folkbiology takes us across disciplinary bounds into related work in the philosophy of science, cultural anthropology, neuropsychology, and education.WIREs Cogn Sci2012, 3:105–115. doi: 10.1002/wcs.150This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and Aging
Elemental characterization of edible plants and soils in an abandoned mining region: assessment of environmental risk
Authors: Gonzalez‐Fernandez O. , Batista M. J. , Abreu M. M. , Queralt I. , Carvalho M. L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe chemical concentrations of 11 elements in 6 species of edible plants grown in 7 soils, developed in different gossanous materials of the abandoned mine area of Sao Domingos, in southern Portugal, was measured by energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. The total fraction of elements in the soils from which the plants were sampled, was measured, using wavelength dispersive X‐ray fluorescence. The elemental content in bioavailable fraction was obtained by using three different leaching tests: DIN 38414‐S4, 1 M ammonium acetate and 0.005 M DTPA. Leachates were analyzed by Induced Coupled Plasma—Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP‐OES) and Induced Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometer (ICP‐MS). The mineralogy of the same soils was evaluated by X‐ray diffraction to identify the species present. The results show that levels in plants can be hazardous especially for Pb and As. Important concentrations of Fe and K were also observed. A different uptake was observed in the several plants for the different elements. The highest assimilation of metals was observed in sampling points containing soluble sulfate salts. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Syntheses, Structures, and Thermal Reactivity of New ZnII and CdII Thio‐ and Selenocyanato Coordination Compounds
Authors: Boeckmann Jan , Reinert Thorben , Jeß Inke , Näther Christian 
Published: May 2011

AbstractReaction of ZnII and CdII thiocyanate or selenocyanate with pyrazine leads to the formation of new ZnII and CdII coordination compounds. The structures of [Zn(NCSe)2(pyrazine)2]n (1A), [Cd(NCS)2(pyrazine)2]n (2A) and [Cd(NCSe)2(pyrazine)2]n (3A) consist of octahedrally coordinated metal cations which are surrounded by two terminal N‐bonded anions and two μ2‐bridging pyrazine molecules. The metal cations are connected via the pyrazine ligands into layers, which are further linked by weak intermolecular S···S respectively Se···Se interactions. Investigations on the thermal degradation behavior of 1A, 2A, and 3A using simultaneous differential thermoanalysis and thermogravimetry as well as X‐ray powder diffraction, IR‐ and Raman spectroscopy prove that on heating, the pyrazine‐rich compound 1A decomposes in one step into zinc selenocyanate without the formation of a pyrazine‐deficient intermediate. In contrast, for compounds 2A and 3A a stepwise decomposition is observed, leading to the formation of the pyrazine‐deficient compounds [Cd(NCS)2(pyrazine)]n (2B‐I and 2B‐II) and [Cd(NCSe)2(pyrazine)]n (3B) as intermediates. The structures and the thermal reactivity are discussed and compared with that of related transition metal thiocyanates and selenocyanates with pyridine as N‐donor ligand.
Quasistatic delamination models for Kirchhoff‐Love plates
Authors: Freddi L. , Paroni R. , Roubíček T. , Zanini C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA quasistatic rate‐independent brittle delamination problem and also an adhesive unilateral contact problem is considered on a prescribed normally‐positioned surface in a plate with a finite thickness. By letting the thickness of the plate go to zero, two quasistatic rate‐independent crack models with prescribed path for Kirchhoff‐Love plates are obtained as limit of these quasistatic processes.
Pediatric Sub‐specialist Controversies in the Treatment of Congenital Heart Disease in Trisomy 13 or 18
Authors: Yates Andrew R. , Hoffman Timothy M. , Shepherd Edward , Boettner Bethany , McBride Kim L. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTrisomy 13 and 18 are associated with congenital heart disease. Cardiac palliation has been reported in the literature, but is not usually done in this population. Thus, a multi‐disciplinary team may experience controversy in formulating a care plan that includes cardiac intervention. Our objective was to determine differences in recommendations for cardiac intervention in this population between physicians specializing in pediatric cardiac critical care, neonatology, and genetics. A web‐based survey was performed between April 2007 and August 2008. This survey evaluated surgical and transcatheter cardiac palliations that had been performed for individuals with trisomy 13 or 18 at the respondent's institution, the respondent's recommendations for cardiac intervention in hypothetical symptomatic patients with trisomy 13 or trisomy 18 and the influence of parental preference on these recommendations. Eight hundred fifty‐nine responses were obtained from a primarily academic practice setting (59%). Cardiologists were most likely to recommend intervention; low risk interventions were recommended by 32% of cardiologists, 7% of neonatologists and 20% of geneticists. Parental request to intervene resulted in a 3 fold increased in the likelihood of all specialist recommending intervention. Counseling of families frequently occurred by multiple sub specialists (50%) and there was frequently (71%) a difference in opinion. Individuals with trisomy 13 or 18 are receiving cardiac intervention at many institutions. Cardiologists were more likely than geneticists or neonatologists to recommend intervention on all heart lesions other than single ventricle palliation which no specialists recommended. Parental wishes that “everything be done” significantly influenced all specialists’ recommendations.
Transcriptional modulation by VIP: a rational target against inflammatory disease
Authors: Ibrahim Hiba , Barrow Paul , Foster Neil 
Published: May 2011

AbstractVasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a pleiotropic, highly conserved, peptide found in many different biological systems throughout invertebrate phyla. VIP is produced by cells of the immune system but also inhibits many different inflammatory products produced by these immune cells, including cytokines and chemokines. VIP inhibits these immune mediators by affecting transcriptional regulators such as NFκB and activator protein 1 which transcribes genes responsible for the production of inflammatory mediators in response to pathogens or cytokines. In this review, the therapeutic potential of VIP will be discussed in the context of transcriptional regulation of immune cells in in vitro and in vivo animal models.
Differences in Workers' Narratives of Contention in Two Central Indian Towns
Authors: Nair Manjusha 
Published: May 2011

AbstractContract work in India, though legally regulated by a 1970 Act, is widespread and mostly unrecognized. With the implementation of neoliberal policies in India since the 1990s, contract work has become the norm. There are now few spaces in which contract workers can get redress through the legal system. Using oral history narratives of contract workers' participation in a labor movement, this article shows how narratives of contention differ in the rendering of agency, success, and future, between one group of contract workers employed in the 1970s in a state-owned mine and another employed in the 1990s in an industrial area owned by private and foreign capital. The evidence for the article is ethnographic, collected in Chhattisgarh region in central India. This article suggests that these workers' narratives show the transformation in practices of citizenship, resistance, and militancy in India over time. Such differences are essential in understanding phenomena like the resurgence of the Maoist movement in Chhattisgarh.
The Turn of the Gulf Tide: Empire, Nationalism, and South Asian Labor Migration to Iraq, c. 1900–1935
Authors: Tetzlaff Stefan 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis paper looks at various circumstances of labor migration from South Asia to Iraq between 1900 and 1935. It stresses that inter-regional labor migration existed to varying degrees before, during, and after the First World War. This was predominantly a function of longstanding commercial ties besides the wartime engagement. At another level, the article offers an interpretation of how labor migration intersects with imperial formations as well as nationalisms evolving in both realms. It argues that the issue of migration to Iraq has to be seen in the context of a plethora of interventions and demands in the relationship between India and the Persian Gulf region over a much longer time period.
A framework for the analysis and synthesis of 3D dynamic human gait
Authors: Firmani Flavio , Park Edward J. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYA comprehensive framework for the analysis and synthesis of 3D human gait is presented. The framework consists of a realistic morphological representation of the human body involving 40 degrees of freedom and 17 body segments. Through the analysis of human gait, the joint reaction forces/moments can be estimated and parameters associated with postural stability can be quantified. The synthesis of 3D human gait is a complicated problem due to the synchronisation of a large number of joint variables. Herein, the framework is employed to reconstruct a dynamically balanced gait cycle and develop sets of reference trajectories that can be used for either the assessment of human mobility or the control of mechanical ambulatory systems. The gait cycle is divided into eight postural configurations based on particular gait events. Gait kinematic data is used to provide natural human movements. The balance stability analysis is performed with various ground reference points. The proposed reconstruction of the gait cycle requires two optimisation steps that minimise the error distance between evaluated and desired gait and balance constraints. The first step (quasi-static motion) is used to approximate the postural configurations to a region close to the second optimisation step target while preserving the natural movements of human gait. The second step (dynamic motion) considers a normal speed gait cycle and is solved using the spacetime constraint method and a global optimisation algorithm. An experimental validation of the generated reference trajectories is carried out by comparing the paths followed by 19 optical markers of a motion tracking system with the paths of the corresponding node points on the model.