bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FERTILITY DECLINE UNDER SEEMINGLY UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS IN ORISSA, INDIA
Authors: SAHOO HARIHAR 
Published: April 2012

SummaryOrissa, one of the extremely backward states of India with moderately high infant mortality, extreme poverty, low female literacy and very low level of industrialization and urbanization, has shown an impressive fertility decline in the last two decades. This anomaly calls for an indepth understanding of the fertility transition of the state. An analysis of the period parity progression ratios computed from the fertility histories obtained in the National Family Health Survey III shows a high progression up to the second birth, but a gradual decline after that. Thus, the transition at low level of socioeconomic development suggests a fall in the thresholds for fertility decline from levels presumed to be required in the past.
Helix advancement meatoplasty
Authors: Goodyear P W A , Reddy C E , Lesser T H J 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe describe a new technique of helix advancement meatoplasty. This technique is useful in both mastoid surgery and some cases of otitis externa. The technique is designed to avoid the problems of (1) inferior positioning of the meatoplasty at the time of surgery, and (2) later inferior migration of the pinna (as can occur when the suspensory ligaments of the pinna have been cut or weakened). Such outcomes can result in a mastoid cavity which is difficult to clean as the approach to it is awkward; in such cases, it is common to have to look up into the cavity rather than directly into it. Helix advancement meatoplasty improves post-operative visualisation and aeration. It eases cleaning of the cavity by creating a more superiorly placed meatoplasty, which is supported by the tragus and is therefore less likely to drop.
Prospective study of cannabis use in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis: impact on conversion to psychosis and functional outcome
Authors: Auther A. M. , McLaughlin D. , Carrión R. E. , Nagachandran P. , Correll C. U. , Cornblatt B. A. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundClinical and epidemiological studies suggest an association between cannabis use and psychosis but this relationship remains controversial.MethodClinical high-risk (CHR) subjects (age 12–22 years) with attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis (CHR+,n=101) were compared to healthy controls (HC,n=59) on rates of substance use, including cannabis. CHR+ subjects with and without lifetime cannabis use (and abuse) were compared on prodromal symptoms and social/role functioning at baseline. Participants were followed an average of 2.97 years to determine psychosis conversion status and functional outcome.ResultsAt baseline, CHR+ subjects had significantly higher rates of lifetime cannabis use than HC. CHR+ lifetime cannabis users (n=35) were older (p=0.015, trend), more likely to be Caucasian (p=0.002), less socially anhedonic (p<0.001) and had higher Global Functioning: Social (GF:Social) scores (p<0.001) than non-users (n=61). CHR+ cannabis users continued to have higher social functioning than non-users at follow-up (p<0.001) but showed no differences in role functioning. A small sample of CHR+ cannabis abusers (n=10) showed similar results in that abusers were older (p=0.008), less socially anhedonic (p=0.017, trend) and had higher baseline GF:Social scores (p=0.006) than non-abusers. Logistic regression analyses revealed that conversion to psychosis in CHR+ subjects (n=15) was not related to lifetime cannabis use or abuse.ConclusionsThe current data do not indicate that low to moderate lifetime cannabis use is a major contributor to psychosis or poor social and role functioning in clinical high-risk youth with attenuated positive symptoms of psychosis.
Longitudinal follow-up of cavum septum pellucidum and adhesio interthalamica alterations in first-episode psychosis: a population-based MRI study
Authors: Trzesniak C. , Schaufelberger M. S. , Duran F. L. S. , Santos L. C. , Rosa P. G. P. , McGuire P. K. , Murray R. M. , Scazufca M. , Menezes P. R. , Hallak J. E. C. , Crippa J. A. S. , Busatto G. F. 
Published: April 2012

BackgroundNeurodevelopmental alterations have been described inconsistently in psychosis probably because of lack of standardization among studies. The aim of this study was to conduct the first longitudinal and population-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation of the presence and size of the cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and adhesio interthalamica (AI) in a large sample of patients with first-episode psychosis (FEP).MethodFEP patients (n=122) were subdivided into schizophrenia (n=62), mood disorders (n=46) and other psychosis (n=14) groups and compared to 94 healthy next-door neighbour controls. After 13 months, 80 FEP patients and 52 controls underwent a second MRI examination.ResultsWe found significant reductions in the AI length in schizophrenia FEP in comparison with the mood disorders and control subgroups (longer length) at the baseline assessment, and no differences in any measure of the CSP. By contrast, there was a diagnosis×time interaction for the CSP length, with a more prominent increase for this measure in the psychosis group. There was an involution of the AI length over time for all groups but no diagnosis×time interaction.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the CSP per se may not be linked to the neurobiology of emerging psychotic disorders, although it might be related to the progression of the disease. However, the fact that the AI length was shown to be shorter at the onset of the disorder supports the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia and indicates that an alteration in this grey matter junction may be a risk factor for developing psychosis.
Familiarity breeds: incest and the Ptolemaic dynasty
Authors: Ager Sheila L. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis paper examines the problem of Ptolemaic incest from a variety of cross-disciplinary perspectives. Specifically, it seeks to establish the following: that there is little in the ancient record to support the common claim that the Ptolemies suffered extensively from the deleterious genetic effects of inbreeding; that the various theories so far put forward as explanations for Ptolemaic incest offer at best only a partial rationale for this dynastic practice; that the most compelling rationale for Ptolemaic incest is to be found in complex, and perhaps unconscious, symbolic motivations analogous to those observed by anthropologists in other cultures; and finally, that, for the Ptolemies, incest was, like thetruphêfor which they were so notorious, a dynastic signature which highlighted their singularity and above all, their power.
On the source of Burnet's construal of Apology 30b 2–4: a correction
Authors: Burnyeat M.F. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe construal of Apology 30b 2–4 which in JHS 123 (2003) I attributed to John Burnet had appeared in print sixteen years before his edition of Euthyphro, Apology and Crito. I now suggest that it probably originated in the mind of J.A. Smith, who was an undergraduate contemporary of Burnet's at Balliol College, Oxford, and later Waynflete Professor of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy. The unexpected construal, transmitted by Balliol tradition, is typical of Smith's cast of mind.
Islamic family law in Europe? From dichotomies to discourse – or: beyond cultural and religious identity in family law
Authors: Büchler Andrea 
Published: April 2012

AbstractIn a number of European countries there are fears that foreign, particularly Islamic, family law is becoming entrenched. All parties to this discussion see themselves as under threat. Migrant populations claim their right to cultural identity, while their host countries' domestic populations see a risk to social cohesion. Family law brings the underlying tensions into sharp focus. Cultural and religious identity and family law are interrelated in a number of ways and raise various complex issues. European legal systems have taken various approaches to meeting these challenges, many of which have been apologetic, and few of which have been informed by theory. I propose to examine this complexity and indicate areas in which conflicts may arise by analysing a family-law case involving migrants living transnationally. I will include questions of international private law, comments on the various degrees of consideration accorded to cultural identity within substantive family law, and remarks on models of legal pluralism and the dangers that go along with them. I will conclude with an evaluation of approaches which are process-based rather than institution-based.
Personal family law systems – a comparative and international human rights analysis
Authors: Tagari Hadas 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThis article analyses the structures and substances of personal systems of family law based on religious affiliation within their social, political and historical contexts, and explores the varied ways in which they implicate the human rights of those governed by these systems, and the way international law and jurisprudence of human rights respond to these challenges. This analysis suggests that looking at the specific manifestations of personal family law systems in concrete contexts illuminates significant human rights implications which have not received sufficient attention in mainstream human rights discourse, for various legal, cultural and political reasons. The contexts which this article will draw on are personal family law systems in Israel, India, Lebanon and Morocco, which comprise a varied sample of family law structures and legal, cultural, social and political contexts.
Determination of iron metal optical constants: Implications for ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared remote sensing of airless bodies
Authors: Cahill Joshua T. S. , Blewett David T. , Nguyen N. V. , Xu Kun , Kirillov Oleg A. , Lawrence Samuel J. , Denevi Brett W. , Coman Ecaterina I. 
Published: April 2012

Iron metal is an opaque phase common in planetary materials both as an igneous mineral and as a space‐weathering by‐product. In either form, iron metal has a large influence on the interpretation of ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared spectra of planetary surfaces obtained from Earth‐ or space‐based observatories. Therefore, the optical properties of iron are a critical input necessary for accurate theoretical radiative‐transfer mixing models for inversion of maturity and mineral proportions from reflectance spectra. Here we report new measurements of the optical constants of iron in the ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (∼160 to 1700 nm). These values are determined from an iron metal film vapor‐deposited onto a fused silica prism. Optical constant determination is carried out using an ellipsometer that performs the measurement within the prism, sensing the side of the metal film unexposed to the ambient atmosphere. The data we report have important implications for modeling planetary spectra and for comparison of laboratory measurements of extraterrestrial samples with remotely sensed data sets.
Cusanus
Authors: Sonderegger Erwin 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
More often than not Cusanus is interpreted in a theological manner, under strong theological presuppositions and within a religious range. This is understandable since he was a cardinal and had important functions in the Papal States. The inadequacy of this approach, however, is evident when one considers that not all of his texts are meant to assert traditional beliefs but instead to reflect upon their presuppositions. A word-for-word interpretation of the first proposition of the appendix of the dialogue De non aliud («Definitio, quae se et omnia definit, ea est, quae per omnem mentem quaeritur») reveals a shift in the concept of definitio during the dialogue. Cusanus begins in a quite traditional manner and ends in a supremely abstract and speculative intuition. The not-other determines itself in a vision, setting everything in its proper place; a vision we aspire to repeat in our mental life. In this way, Cusanus does what all great philosophers do: he reflects in a given set of traditions and beliefs upon their presuppositions.
Production.
Authors: Bosland P. W. , Votava E. J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the most common production methods for peppers. The importance of climatic factors, soil type, land preparation, irrigation, fertilizers and mycorrhizal fungi in pepper production and the effects of nutrient deficiencies, flower drop, growth regulators and weed, disease and pest control in pepper yield are discussed. The benefits of greenhouse pepper production and the use of row tunnels are also pointed out.
Compost barns - an alternative housing system for dairy cows?
Authors: Klaas I. C. , Bjerg B. S. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Cultivated compost housing systems for dairy cattle are reported in the literature from Israel, the USA and the Netherlands. A deep-bedded pack is commonly supported by large amounts of wood shavings and sawdust to enhance microbial activity and evaporation. Aerobic composting processes are maintained by cultivating the bedded pack once or twice daily with a heavy harrow. Existing studies indicate that cultivated compost housing systems can be an alternative to free-stall housing systems for dairy cows, which improves animal welfare in terms of low prevalence of lame cows, high cow comfort with low prevalence of hock lesions and unrestrained lying comfort. Udder health and milk quality appear to be acceptable, but high bacterial counts in the bedding emphasize that a high level of hygiene at milking is vital to keep the incidence of mastitis low and maintain a high milk quality. Ammonia emission from a compost barn with slatted floor in the feeding alley may be comparable to levels of a free stall barn with slatted floor aisles, but results are conflicting. Cultivated compost housing systems may potentially pose challenges in relation to emission of ammonia, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane, but the literature is sparse. Feasibility of sustainable bedding material is essential to develop and spread the system among farmers in different geographic locations, and therefore we need to know more about potential bedding materials, their effect on mastitis pathogens and emission of ammonia and greenhouse gases.
On the energy transport in internal transport barriers of RFP plasmas
Authors: Lorenzini R. , Alfier A. , Auriemma F. , Fassina A. , Franz P. , Innocente P. , López-Bruna D. , Martines E. , Momo B. , Pereverzev G. , Piovesan P. , Spizzo G. , Spolaore M. , Terranova D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Single helical axis (SHAx) states obtained in high current reversed field pinch (RFP) plasmas feature an internal transport barrier delimiting the hot helical core region. The electron temperature jump across this region, and the related temperature gradient, display a clear relationship with the normalized amplitude of the secondary MHD modes. A transport analysis performed with the ASTRA code, taking into account the helical geometry, yields values of the thermal conductivity in the barrier region as low as 5 m2 s−1. The thermal conductivity is also related to the secondary mode amplitude. Since such amplitude is reduced when plasma current is increased, it is expected that higher current plasmas will display even steeper thermal gradients and hotter helical cores.
Physics of intrinsic rotation in flux-driven ITG turbulence
Authors: Ku S. , Abiteboul J. , Diamond P.H. , Dif-Pradalier G. , Kwon J.M. , Sarazin Y. , Hahm T.S. , Garbet X. , Chang C.S. , Latu G. , Yoon E.S. , Ghendrih Ph. , Yi S. , Strugarek A. , Solomon W. , Grandgirard V. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Global, heat flux-driven ITG gyrokinetic simulations which manifest the formation of macroscopic, mean toroidal flow profiles with peak thermal Mach number 0.05, are reported. Both a particle-in-cell (XGC1p) and a semi-Lagrangian (GYSELA) approach are utilized without a priori assumptions of scale separation between turbulence and mean fields. Flux-driven ITG simulations with different edge flow boundary conditions show in both approaches the development of net unidirectional intrinsic rotation in the co-current direction. Intrinsic torque is shown to scale approximately linearly with the inverse scale length of the ion temperature gradient. External momentum input is shown to effectively cancel the intrinsic rotation profile, thus confirming the existence of a local residual stress and intrinsic torque. Fluctuation intensity, intrinsic torque and mean flow are demonstrated to develop inwards from the boundary. The measured correlations between residual stress and two fluctuation spectrum symmetry breakers, namely E × B shear and intensity gradient, are similar. Avalanches of (positive) heat flux, which propagate either outwards or inwards, are correlated with avalanches of (negative) parallel momentum flux, so that outward transport of heat and inward transport of parallel momentum are correlated and mediated by avalanches. The probability distribution functions of the outward heat flux and the inward momentum flux show strong structural similarity.
First‐line sunitinib plus FOLFIRI in Japanese patients with unresectable/metastatic colorectal cancer: A phase II study
Authors: Tsuji Yasushi , Satoh Taroh , Tsuji Akihito , Muro Kei , Yoshida Motoki , Nishina Tomohiro , Nagase Michitaka , Komatsu Yoshito , Kato Takeshi , Miyata Yoshinori , Mizutani Naoko , Hashigaki Satoshi , Lechuga Maria Jose , Denda Tadamichi 
Published: April 2012

This phase II, open‐label, single‐arm study investigated sunitinib + FOLFIRI in Japanese patients with treatment‐naïve unresectable/metastatic colorectal cancer. Patients received i.v. FOLFIRI (levo‐leucovorin 200 mg/m2 + irinotecan 180 mg/m2, followed by 5‐fluorouracil 400 mg/m2 bolus then 2400 mg/m2 46‐h infusion) every 2 weeks, and oral sunitinib 37.5 mg/day on Schedule 4/2 (4 weeks on, 2 weeks off), until disease progression or treatment withdrawal. Progression‐free survival (PFS) was the primary endpoint, with a target median of 10.8 months (35% improvement over FOLFIRI alone). Seventy‐one patients started a median of 3 (range 1–11) sunitinib cycles (median relative dose intensity, <60%). The median PFS was 6.7 months (95% confidence interval, 4.7–9.2) by independent review, 7.2 months (95% confidence interval, 5.4–9.5) by investigator assessment. Objective response rate (complete responses + partial responses) was 36.6% (independent review) and 42.3% (investigator assessment). Clinical benefit rate (complete responses + partial responses + stable disease) was 83.1% (independent review) and 88.7% (investigator assessment). Common all‐causality, any‐grade, adverse events were: neutropenia and leukopenia (both 97.2%); thrombocytopenia (84.5%); diarrhea and nausea (both 78.9%); decreased appetite (74.6%); and fatigue (66.2%). Neutropenia (96%) was the most frequent grade 3/4 adverse event. This study was closed early due to findings from a concurrent phase III study of sunitinib + FOLFIRI in non‐Japanese patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. In conclusion, the median PFS for sunitinib + FOLFIRI in Japanese patients was shorter than the 10.8 month target, indicating that sunitinib did not add to the antitumor activity of FOLFIRI. This study was registered with www.ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT00668863). (Cancer Sci, doi: 10.1111/j.1349‐7006.2012.02320.x, 2012)
Idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension is associated with poor survival: results of a long‐term cohort study
Authors: Schouten J. N. L. , Nevens F. , Hansen B. , Laleman W. , van den Born M. , Komuta M. , Roskams T. , Verheij J. , Janssen H. L. A. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundIdiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension (INCPH) is a rare disease in the Western world. As a result, little is known about the clinical characteristics and outcome of these patients. Survival in these patients is considered to be similar to that of the general population.AimTo investigate the clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, outcome and determinants of survival in Western INCPH patients.MethodsMulticentre cohort study of INCPH patients.ResultsA total of 62 patients were followed for a median time of 90 months (range 24–310). Initial manifestations leading to the diagnosis of INCPH were related to portal hypertension in 82% of the patients. Histological signs of portal blood supply disturbances were present in nearly all patients. During follow‐up, 12 of 62 patients developed liver decompensation, of which four were considered for liver transplantation. One patient died in the context of variceal bleeding. Hepatocellular carcinoma was not observed during follow‐up. A total of 23 patients died during follow‐up, only four of them due to liver related mortality. The Kaplan–Meier estimates for overall survival were 100% (95% CI 95–100%), 78% (95% CI 67–89%) and 56% (95% CI 40–72%) at 1, 5 and 10 years respectively. Survival for INCPH was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) compared to survival of the general population. Ascites was an independent predictor of poor outcome.ConclusionsIn comparison to the general population, survival in INCPH patients is poor. Mortality is related to associated disorders and medical conditions occurring at older age. Patients rarely die due to liver related complications. Patients with ascites have a poor prognosis.
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is inversely associated with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)
Authors: Hjelkrem M. , Morales A. , Williams C. D. , Harrison S. A. 
Published: April 2012

SummaryBackgroundIt has been recognised that unconjugated bilirubin contains hepatic anti‐fibrogenic and anti‐inflammatory properties and is a potent physiological antioxidant cytoprotectant. We believe that unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia may protect against development of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).AimThis study was conducted to assess the association of serum unconjugated bilirubin levels and histological liver damage in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis involving adult patients from a tertiary medical centre undergoing liver biopsy to evaluate suspected NAFLD or NASH and a control group without NAFLD based on normal liver ultrasound, labs and history. Identification of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia was based on the presence of predominantly unconjugated bilirubin ≥1.0 mg/dL (17.1 μmol/L) while fasting, in the absence of haemolytic disease or other hepatic function alteration.ResultsSix‐hundred and forty‐one patients were included. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia was inversely associated with NASH (OR 16.1, 95% CI 3.7–70.8 P < 0.001). Of the patients without NAFLD (133 patients), 13 (9.8%) had unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (range 1.0–1.8, mean 1.4). Of the patients with NAFLD without NASH (285 patients), 32 (11.2%) had unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (range 1.0–3.0, mean 1.4). Of the patients with NASH (223 patients), three (1.3%) had unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (1.0, 1.1, 1.4).ConclusionsUnconjugated hyperbilirubinemia is inversely associated with the histopathological severity of liver damage in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.