bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzyme immunoassay of the antibody response to Brucella andYersinia enterocolitica09 infections in humans
Authors: Lindberg A. A. , Hæggman S. , Karlson K. , Carlsson H. E. , Mair N. S. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn enzyme immunoassay, with phenol–water-extracted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fromBrucella abortusas antigen, was used to detect the class-specific antibody response in sera from 173 patients withB. abortus, B. melitensis or B. suisinfection. Sera from 30 patients with salmonellosis, yersiniosis or tularaemia and from 25 healthy individuals served as controls. TheB. abortusLPS antigen permitted a safe diagnosis of acute and chronic brucellosis with high IgM and rising IgG titres in sera collected in the acute stage of the disease, and with elevated IgG titres only in the chronic stage. TheB. abortusLPS antigen also permitted a specific diagnosis with the exception of the high titres estimated in sera from patients withYersinia enterocolitica09 infection. The problem with that well-known reciprocal cross-reactivity was overcome by using two additional antigens:Y. enterocolitica09 native and periodate oxidized and borohydride reduced LPS preparations. In sera from patients with brucellosis high titres were estimated against all three antigens, whereas in sera from patients with yersiniosis caused by serotype 09 high titres were measurable only with theB. abortusand theY. enterocoliticanative LPS antigens. These data suggest that theB. abortusandY. enterocolitica09 LPS share one antigenic determinant resistant to periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction, and that in addition theY. enterocolitica09 LPS has a determinant which is sensitive to periodate oxidation and borohydride reduction.
The development and use of an antibody capture radioimmunoassay for specific IgM to a human parvovirus-like agent
Authors: Anderson M. J. , Davis L. R. , Jones S. E. , Pattison J. R. , Serjeant G. R. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn IgM-antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA) was developed for the detection of IgM antibody specific for the human parvovirus-like agent B19. Diagnosis of infection with this agent by either antigen detection or antibody seroconversion had been made by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in 18 cases of aplastic crisis occurring in children with homozygous sickle-cell disease. The MACRIA described here gave positive results in 17 of these 18 cases; in the remaining case only an acute specimen taken from the patient during viraemia and late convalescent specimens taken 184 and 247 days after onset of illness were available.The test was used to investigate 20 further cases of aplastic crisis in which neither viral antigen nor antibody seroconversion could be detected by CIE. Detection of virus-specific IgM permitted diagnosis of infection with this parvovirus-like agent in 17 of these cases. In the remaining three cases only single serum specimens taken late in convalescence, 82 days or more after the onset of symptoms, were available.In addition to these 34 cases of aplastic crisis in which primary infection with this agent was diagnosed by MACRIA, seven cases of apparent ‘silent’ infection detected by CIE were investigated. The test permitted the discrimination between primary infection and re-exposure to the virus in six of these patients.The use of this assay has added a considerable weight of evidence implicating primary infection with this parvovirus-like agent as an important cause of aplastic crisis in children with sickle-cell disease. Furthermore, MACRIA permits diagnosis of infection when only single serum specimens taken up to ten weeks after infection are available. Thus the use of this test will significantly facilitate the investigation of other clinical syndromes of presumptive infectious aetiology.
Quantitation and analysis of the specificity of post-immunization antibodies to influenza B viruses using single radial haemolysis
Authors: Oxford J. S. , Yetts R. , Schild G. C. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe single radial haemolysis (SRH) technique detected anti-B/HK/8/73 HA antibody rises in 59–85 % of paired sera from persons immunized with different influenza vaccines. In contrast, analysis of the same sera by the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test indicated significant antibody rises in only 27–54% of paired sera. High levels of antibody were detected to influenza B/HK/8/73 and B/Singapore/222/79 viruses in post-immunization sera analysed by SRH, whereas the HI test indicated comparatively low geometric mean antibody titres. Most adults responded to immunization with influenza B virus by producing cross-reactive (CR) antibody which reacted with different influenza B viruses including the early isolate B/Lee/40.
Isolations of salmonellas from human, food and environmental sources in the Manchester area: 1976–1980
Authors: Barrell R. A. E. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA retrospective survey was carried out for isolations of salmonellas from humans, foods and sewer swabs from food-handling premises for the period 1976–80.The predominant serotypes isolated from humans were S. typhimurium, S. hadar, S. virchow and S. agona.Salmonellas were found in less than 1% of cooked pork and poultry products and were not detected in cooked beef or lamb. The isolation rates for cooked offal and cooked open pet foods were 2·1% and 19·7% respectively. Isolation rates for uncooked meats ranged from 5% for beef to 36% for poultry. Most of the uncooked meats were sausages in which the predominant serotypes were S. derby, S. typhimurium, S. heidelberg and S. panama.An attempt was made to investigate the relationship between serotypes isolated from humans and from sausages and sewer swabs. S. typhimurium and S. bredeney were predominant in humans, sausages and sewer swabs whilst S. derby, S. panama and S. give were predominant only in sausages and sewer swabs.
Differential typing ofSalmonella agona: type divergence in a new serotype
Authors: Barker Ruth , Old D. C. , Tyc Zofia 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn international collection of 419 isolates ofSalmonella agonawas phage typed, biotyped and colicine typed. Of 16 recognized phage types, 15 were represented. Three phage types (I, V and XVI) accounted for 84% of all isolates, were widely distributed and may be interconvertible. Biotyping afforded little type differentiation; thus 92·6% of the isolates belonged to biotype 1 a. A rhamnose non-fermenting variant line (of biotype 5a) became established in Zaire from 1979 to 1980. A maltose late-fermenting line of biotype 1 a, isolated in Scotland in 1974, did not thereafter become established. Two Col+lines (producing colicine I b) accounted for 45 of 68 colicinogenic isolates. The implication of type diversification and the phylogenetic significance of these findings are discussed.
A survey of nasalStreptococcus pneumoniaein children
Authors: Burr M. L. , Gray S. J. , Howells C. H. L. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryNasal swabs were taken from 369 four-year-old children in two South Wales towns and cultured forStreptococcus pneumoniae. The organism was isolated in 34% of the specimens, similar rates being found in boys and girls in the two towns. The children were swabbed again a year later, when the prevalence of nasal pneumococci had fallen to 25%. There was no association between the presence of the organism on the two occasions. Types 6 and 23 were most often isolated. After excluding children who had received an antibiotic, the proportion carrying a pneumococcus was higher in those who had recently had a respiratory infection than in the rest, although the difference was not quite statistically significant. There was a significant negative association between the presence ofStaphylococcus aureusandStrep. pneumoniae.
Why type streptococci? The epidemiology of group A streptococci in Oxfordshire 1976–1980
Authors: Mayon-White R. T. , Perks Elizabeth M. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe results of typing all group A streptococci isolated in one laboratory in 5 years were reviewed to see if the collected information showed epidemiological patterns. The great majority of the 5858 streptococci typed came from patients seen in general practice: 72% from throat swabs and 11 % from skin lesions. Eight types, M types 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 22 and type 28 R accounted for 65% of strains. These eight types had different patterns: types 2 and 6 caused small circumscribed outbreaks and were uncommon between epidemics; types 3, 4 and 12 caused larger, wider epidemics, whereas types 1, 22 and 28 R had a more stable pattern. Type 4 was more commonly resistant to tetracycline than most other types, a finding which affected the apparent incidence of tetracycline resistance in group A streptococci. Streptococci from superficial sites were more likely to have serum opacity factor and to lack a detectable M-antigen than strains isolated from the throat. Routine typing of streptococci helped to detect outbreaks of infection in special groups. It is concluded that regular streptococcal typing should be continued in some places.
The detection of rubella-specific IgM by an immunosorbent assay with solid-phase attachment of red cells (SPARC)
Authors: Sexton S. A. , Hodgson J. , Morgan-Capner P. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAn immunosorbent assay using solid-phase attachment of red cells (SPARC) was used for the detection of rubella-specific IgM. The method is described and the results compared with those obtained by the IgM antibody capture radioimmunoassay (MACRIA). One hundred and ninety-nine sera were investigated for the presence of rubella-specific IgM and only one discrepant result occurred, namely a false positive obtained by MACRIA in a patient with infectious mononucleosis. Rheumatoid factor, heterophile antibody, and rubella-specific IgG did not interfere with the results obtained by the SPARC technique. Advantages of the SPARC technique include the ease and lack of expense of testing large numbers of sera, the small volume of sample required and the fact that pretreatment of serum is not necessary.
Rabbit nasopharyngeal colonization byBordetella pertussis: the effects of immunization on clearance and on serum and nasal antibody levels
Authors: Ashworth L. A. E. , Fitzgeorge R. B. , Irons L. I. , Morgan C. P. , Robinson A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryTwoBordetella pertussisantigen preparations, outer membrane protein (OMP) and filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), and a standard vaccine were used to immunize rabbits, and the effects on nasopharyngeal colonization by the organism were determined. Antibodies were measured in serum and in nasal washes by ELISA before and after challenge of the rabbits with 106bacteria of strain M2. Recoveries ofB. pertussisin nasal washes were used to assess colonization, which in controls persisted for at least 65 days. Some rabbits of all the immunized groups showed enhanced clearance, but there was no correlation between the elimination ofB. pertussisand serum antibodies to OMP, FHA, lipopolysaccharide, lymphocytosis-promoting factor or agglutinogen 3. In contrast, nasal IgA antibody to FHA showed significant inverse correlation with bacterial persistence. Such antibody was induced by the OMP preparation as well as by FHA, but to different extents depending on the immunization schedule and adjuvant used.
Influenza in the United Kingdom 1977–1981
Authors: Pereira M. S. , Chakraverty P. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe laboratory surveillance of influenza in the UK has continued to demonstrate the regularity of influenza outbreaks each winter even in the absence of increase in the other indices which reflect the morbidity and mortality associated with influenza.The period of five years from 1976 to 1981 has seen the appearance of a second sub-type of influenza A with the return of the historic H1N1 virus; and the continued circulation of H3N2 concurrently with H1N1 virus. Variants of both these influenza A viruses have been demonstrated as well as further changes in the strains of influenza B virus isolated during this time.
Hospital-acquired infections in a burns unit caused by an imported strain of Staphylococcus aureus with unusual multi-resistance
Authors: Espersen F. , Nielsen P. Bo , Lund K. , Sylvest B. , Jensen K. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryDuring the past year five patients from countries in the Middle East admitted to a burns unit were found to harbour a strain of Staphylococcus aureus with unusual multi-resistance to antibiotics. The admission of the first patient was followed by an outbreak of infection with this strain involving ten patients in the unit. In addition five staff members were found to be nasal carriers of the strain. As a result of this incident, the following four patients admitted to the unit were isolated on admission and the spread of their strains was thus prevented. It is recommended that patients on admission to burns units, or similar departments with patients very susceptible to infection, are isolated until their bacterial floras have been examined.
The survival of multi-antibacterial drug-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium in stored static slurry from a veal calf unit
Authors: Hinton M. , Linton A. H. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySalmonella typhimurium phage type DT 193 survived in small numbers, in stored static slurry derived from veal calves, for the 7-week period of observation. The viable coliform count fell by 1½ logs during the first 2 weeks of storage, thereafter there were only relatively small fluctuations in the coliform population. In all 735 of 752 Escherichia coli isolates examined from eight samples of slurry were resistant to 3–6 antibacterial drugs. There was no dramatic change in the overall level of drug resistance amongst the E. coli with time. Chloramphenicol resistance was recorded in 400 (55%) of the E. coli. It was always associated with multiple resistance, with 96% of the strains being resistant to 5 or 6 drugs, although the proportion of isolates of each of the ten most prevalent O-serotypes resistant to chloramphenicol was variable and ranged between none and 97·5%. The use of biotyping together with O-serotyping indicated that the E. coli population was extremely complex, although certain components of the population remained relatively stable within the dominant flora with time since several of the more common O-serotype/biotype combinations were isolated from more than half of the eight slurry samples examined.
A large outbreak of streptococcal pyoderma in a military training establishment
Authors: Cruickshank J. G. , Lightfoot N. F. , Sugars K. H. , Colman G. , Simmons M. D. , Tolliday J. , Oakley E. H. N. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYAn outbreak of streptococcal pyoderma in a military institution into which fresh susceptible recruits were regularly introduced involved more than 1300 persons over an eighteen-month period. Two M types were responsible for the great majority of the cases and an attack by one conferred immunity to that strain but not to the other. Lesions varied from trivial to disabling. Epidemiological studies indicated that contact – direct or indirect – through such things as gymnasium equipment and room dust was the means of transmission. The outbreak was eventually controlled by vigorous case finding, thorough treatment of cases and the strict application of hygienic principles to prevent spread. There were no late complications and throat streptococci were not involved. It is possible to control such an outbreak without isolation or the making of any significant concessions in the training programme even when large numbers of persons are living and working at close quarters.
Market fish hygiene in Kenya
Authors: Binta Gorette M. , Tjaberg T. B. , Nyaga P. N. , Valland M. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYVibrio parahaemolyticuswas isolated from 53 out of 584 samples (9·1%) of market fish. All strains were Kanagawa negative and were distributed as follows: sea fish 5 out of 370 samples (1·4%), shellfish 48 out of 214 samples (22·4%). Other fish spoilage microflora recovered were:Alcaligenes faecalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Aeromonasspp. andVibrio alginolyticus. Total aerobic counts and coliform counts per gram for the lake fish ranged from 2·6 × 102to 6·6 × 107and 10 to 1·0 × 102, respectively. Those from marine fish ranged from 1·0 × 105to 8·8 × 105and 2·0 × 103to 1·6 × 104, respectively. Counts for marine fish gills alone ranged from 1·4 × 105to 3·4 ×108and 7·2 × 102to 1·4 × 107, respectively. No hightemperature (44°) coliforms were recovered from either lake or marine samples.
Hepatitis B virus infection in prisons: A seroepidemiological survey in prisoners and attending staff
Authors: Chiaramonte M. , Trivello R. , Renzulli G. , Zampieri L. , Fanecco A. , Floreani A. , Naccarato R. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYPrisoners and attending staff from six houses of detention were screened for serum HBsAg, antiHBs, antiHBc and transaminases. Both prisoners and warders showed an increased prevalence of HBV serum markers with respect to age- and sex-matched general population control groups. The HBsAg carrier rate was 6·7% in prisoners and 6·6% in staff. Sixty-five per cent of the HBsAg-positive subjects were antiHBe-positive. When the blood samples were taken, all the HBsAg-positive subjects were asymptomatic; transaminases were normal in 80% and only slightly elevated in 20%.Illicit drug abuse was found to be a relevant risk factor for HBV infection among prisoners under 35 years of age, but not in the older group, whereas no correlation emerged between presence of HBV serum markers and tattoos or admitted homosexuality. A high prevalence of HBV serum markers was also found among young warders who had been in service for a short time: most of them, however, come from areas of Italy with a particularly elevated HBV circulation.Although the results suggest that many of the HBV infections are not recently acquired within the institution, this survey confirms that prisons should be regarded as high risk areas for HBV infection, both for prisoners and warders.
The bacterial colonization of the large bowel of pre-term low birth weight neonates
Authors: Stark P. L. , Lee A. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe bacterial colonization of the large bowel of 11 pre-term, low birth weight neonates who were nourished by expressed breast milk was examined by culturing serial faecal samples and compared to that observed in eight breast-fed and seven formula-fed full-term neonates.Pre-term neonates were colonized by high counts of facultatively anaerobic bacteria from the first days of life while bifidobacteria colonized only six babies during the first week and appeared in only one baby before day 5. Bacteroides spp. and clostridia were isolated from seven and six pre-term babies respectively during week 1 and were first observed on day 2.The intestinal colonization of pre-term infants differed from that in full-term breast-fed infants in the high counts of facultatively anaerobic bacteria and late appearance of bifidobacteria, and from both groups of full-term infants in the early stable colonization by Bacteroides spp.It is postulated that the composition of the normal intestinal microflora of pre-term low birth weight babies contributes to their predisposition to neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis. Results are discussed in relation to the effect of infant feeding regimens on intestinal microbial populations.
Evaluation of a human diploid cell strain rabies vaccine: final report of a three year study of pre-exposure immunization
Authors: Turner G. S. , Nicholson K. G. , Tyrrell D. A. J. , Aoki F. Y. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe antibody responses of 194 volunteers were studied for up to 3 years after primary immunization with one, two or three doses of human diploid cell rabies vaccine, administered either in 0·1 ml volumes intradermally (i.d.) or as 1·0 ml intramuscularly (i.m.). Sero-conversion occurred in 95% of subjects after the first injection and in 100% after the second. The highest titres and most durable antibody responses were induced by three injections of vaccine.Booster doses were administered either by the subcutaneous (s.c.) or i.d. route, after 6, 12 or 24 months to randomly grouped volunteers; these induced responses ≥ 5·0 i.u. per ml in 95% of subjects. The responses were rapid and were neither influenced by the primary regimen nor by the timing and route of the booster dose.Antibody titres after i.d. immunization were only two-fold lower than those induced by the larger volume of vaccine. The findings suggest that the i.d. route is both effective and economic.
A comparison of the R25 modification of Rappaport's enrichment medium with strontium chloride B for salmonella isolation from sewage polluted natural water
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe relation of salmonella isolation efficiency and the size of inoculum introduced from a buffered peptone water culture of sewage polluted water into strontium chloride B medium was investigated. Two separate studies were made, one using enrichment at 37°C, the other at 43°C. From these trials, two inocula suitable for efficient salmonella isolation were determined. Using this information, strontium chloride B medium was compared with modified Rappaport's broth (R25). The inoculum used with R25 was 0·005 ml, determined in an earlier study. Two incubation temperatures were employed with strontium chloride enrichment (37 and 43°C). Rappaport's medium was incubated at 37°C only. Elevated temperature enrichment at 43°C improved the performance of strontium chloride B, but Rappaport's broth still gave significantly better results. This supports earlier studies on simplification of salmonella isolation and standardization of routine technique on a single enrichment medium: Rappaport broth (R25) incubated at 37°C.
An investigation into the properties of klebsiella strains isolated from ankylosing spondylitis patients
Authors: Pease Phyllis E. , Tyler Ruth A. , England J. R. , Colthorpe Diane , Ebringer A. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThirty-nine strains of klebsiella isolated from ankylosing spondylitis patients were examined by the methods of Cowan & Steel (1974), those described by Edmondson et al. (1980) and by capsular typing. No significant difference was detected by any of these methods between these strains and those examined by other workers from non-ankylosing spondylitis patients and other environments.
Guanidine and heat sensitivity of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains
Authors: Nettleton P. F. , Davies Marilyn J. , Rweyemamu M. M. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA study of the ability of 49 strains of FMD virus to replicate in BHK-21 monolayer cells maintained under a standard agar overlay containing 5·2 mM guanidine hydrochloride and to withstand heat inactivation at 54°C for 1 h showed that strains belonging to serotypes C, O and Asia 1 were generally more resistant to guanidine and heat stable than the SAT 1, 2 and 3 serotypes. The type A viruses as a whole occupied an intermediate position between these two groups.In vitro passage in BHK-21 cells influenced the guanidine sensitivity of 3(O, C and SAT 3) of the 7 FMD serotypes suggesting that this is not a stable genetic marker. Heat stability of the FMD viruses, however, did not change on passage, suggesting that this is a stable characteristic inherent in any homogeneous FMD virus population.