bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF GERMINATION INSCRIPPSIELLA TROCHOIDEA(DINOPHYCEAE) RESTING CYSTS1
Authors: Binder Brian J. , Anderson Donald M. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACTThe effects of aging, temperature, and growth medium on germination in culture‐produced resting cysts of the marine dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich are examined. Cysts undergo a mandatory period of dormancy lasting approximately 25 days, during which germination does not occur. The duration of this period is not affected by temperature. Once the dormancy period is completed, germination is regulated by external factors. Cysts germinate optimally in nutrient replete medium at temperatures greater than approximately 14°C. At lower temperatures or in nutrient‐depleted media germination rate is dramatically slowed, although the final germination frequency appears unchanged. The large Q10of this temperature effect (ca. 11) suggests that the reduction in germination rate at lower temperatures is not merely the reflection of generally reduced metabolic rates, but rather the result of a temperature response specific to germination. At the highest temperatures tested (22‐25°C), germination rate remains maximal although vegetative growth is greatly reduced. A shift in temperature or nutrient conditions, per se, is not necessary for germination. The relatively short dormancy period combined with the absence of a requirement for a dramatic shift in environmental conditions could facilitate rapid cycling between resting and vegetative stages in natural S. trochoidea populations. At the same time, the dramatic reduction in germination rate at low temperatures would permit cysts of this species to serve as overwintering cells as well.
PHOSPHATE ACCUMULATION AND METABOLISM BY HETEROSIGMA AKASHIWO (RAPHIDOPHYCEAE) DURING DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION IN A STRATIFIED MICROCOSM1
Authors: Watanabe Masataka , Kohata Kunio , Kunugi Masayuki 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT Diel vertical migration by Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada (Raphidophyceae) was monitored in a 1.5 in tall microcosm. Vertical stratification, with low salinity and low orthophosphate (Pi) concentration in the upper layer and high salinity and high Pi concentration in the lower layer, was simulated in the tank, analogous to summer stratification in the Seto Inland Sea. The phosphate metabolism of H. akashiwo during this vertical migration was studied using 31P‐NMR spectroscopy. At night this species migrated to the lower phosphate‐rich layer and took up inorganic phosphate (Pi) which then was accumulated as polyphosphate (PPi) by an increase in the chain length of PPi During the daytime this species migrated to the phosphate‐depleted surface water and utilized the accumulated PPi for photophosphorylation by decreasing the chain length of PPi During the first night after the phosphorus was introduced to the previously impoverished waters, the cells took up inorganic phosphate, accumulating the new phosphorus nutrient internally as Pi But the cells did not convert Pi to PPi presumably due to their lack of ATP. After the second day of the experiment, conversion of Pi to PPi at night was much more rapid than on the first day, presumably due to increased ATP availability. Then the cycle continued, with uptake of Pi and conversion to PPi at night at the bottom and its utilization during the day at the surface. These data suggest that the role of PPi in the metabolism of this species appears to be as a phosphate pool which regulates the level of Pi and ATP in the cell. Diel vertical migration allows this red tide species to shuttle between the phosphate‐rich lower layer and the photic upper layer in stratified waters. 31P‐NMR is shown to be a valuable tool in studying the phosphorus metabolism in migrating organisms.
Emergency Department Throughput, Crowding, and Financial Outcomes for Hospitals
Authors: Handel Daniel A. , Hilton Joshua A. , Ward Michael J. , Rabin Elaine , Zwemer, Jr Frank L. , Pines Jesse M. 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:840–847 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractEmergency department (ED) crowding has been identified as a major public health problem in the United States by the Institute of Medicine. ED crowding not only is associated with poorer patient outcomes, but it also contributes to lost demand for ED services when patients leave without being seen and hospitals must go on ambulance diversion. However, somewhat paradoxically, ED crowding may financially benefit hospitals. This is because ED crowding allows hospitals to maximize occupancy with well‐insured, elective patients while patients wait in the ED. In this article, the authors propose a more holistic model of hospital flow and revenue that contradicts this notion and offer suggestions for improvements in ED and hospital management that may not only reduce crowding and improve quality, but also increase hospital revenues. Also proposed is that increased efficiency and quality in U.S. hospitals will require changes in systematic microeconomic and macroeconomic incentives that drive the delivery of health services in the United States. Finally, the authors address several questions to propose mutually beneficial solutions to ED crowding that include the realignment of hospital incentives, changing culture to promote flow, and several ED‐based strategies to improve ED efficiency.
Failure of Intimate Partner Violence Screening Among Patients With Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Choo Esther K. , Nicolaidis Christina , Jenkinson Robert H. , Cox Jessi M. , John McConnell K. 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:886–889 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  This study examined the relationship between substance use disorder (SUD) and intimate partner violence (IPV) screening and management practices in the emergency department (ED).Methods:  This was a retrospective cohort study of adult ED patients presenting to an urban, tertiary care teaching hospital over a 4‐month period. An automated electronic data abstraction process identified consecutive patients and retrieved visit characteristics, including results of three violence screening questions, demographic data, triage acuity, time of visit, and International Classifications of Disease, 9th revision (ICD‐9), diagnosis codes. Data on management were collected using a standardized abstraction tool by two reviewers masked to the study question. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of screening and management.Results:  In 10,071 visits, 6,563 violence screens were completed. IPV screening was documented in 33.5% of patients with alcohol‐related diagnoses (95% confidence interval [CI] = 27.7% to 39.3%, χ2 = 116.78, p < 0.001) and 53.3% of patients with drug‐related diagnoses (95% CI = 44.3% to 62.3%, χ2 = 7.69, p = 0.006), compared to 66.1% of patients without these diagnoses (95% CI = 65.2% to 67.1%). In the multivariate analysis, alcohol (odds ratio [OR] = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.40) and drug use (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.83) were associated with decreased odds of screening. Of completed screens, 429 (6.5%) were positive, but violence was addressed further in only 55.7% of patients. Substance abuse did not appear to affect the odds of having positive screens addressed further by providers (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 0.39 to 10.14).Conclusions:  This study found an association between SUD and decreased odds of IPV screening. Failure to screen for IPV in the setting of substance use may represent a missed opportunity to address a critical health issue and be a barrier to successful intervention.
Effect of Race and Insurance on Outcome of Pediatric Trauma
Authors: Hakmeh Wael , Barker Jarrod , Szpunar Susan M. , Fox James M. , Irvin Charlene B. 
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:809–812 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency MedicineAbstractObjectives:  This study sought to determine if insurance or race status affect trauma outcomes in pediatric trauma patients.Methods:  Using the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB; v6.2), the following variables were extracted: age (0–17 years), payment type (insured, Medicaid/Medicare, or self‐pay), race (white, Black/African American, or Hispanic), Injury Severity Score (ISS > 8), type of trauma (blunt or penetrating), and discharge status (alive or dead). Data were analyzed using logistic regression.Results:  Of the 70,781 patient visits analyzed, 67% were insured, 23% were Medicaid/Medicare, and 10% were self‐pay. Self‐pay patients had higher mortality (11%, compared to Medicaid/Medicare at 5% and insured at 4%; p < 0.001). African Americans and Hispanics also had higher mortality (7 and 6%) compared to whites (4%; p < 0.001). Self‐pay patients more likely suffered penetrating trauma than insured patients (12% vs. 4%; p < 0.001), and mortality for penetrating trauma self‐pay patients was 29%, compared to only 11% for penetrating trauma insured patients (p < 0.001). The mortality rate varied from a low of 3% for insured whites, to 18% for self‐pay African Americans. Logistic regression (including race, insurance status, injury type, and ISS) revealed that African Americans and Hispanics both had an increased risk of death compared to whites (African American odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, Hispanic OR = 1.20). Medicaid/Medicare patients had a slightly increased risk of death with OR = 1.14, but self‐pay patients were almost three times more likely to die (adjusted OR = 2.92).Conclusions:  After controlling for ISS and type of injury, mortality disparity exists for uninsured, African American, and Hispanic pediatric trauma patients. Although the reasons for this are unclear, efforts to decrease these disparities are needed.
Vertical augmentation with interpositional blocks of anorganic bovine bone vs. 7‐mm‐long implants in posterior mandibles: 1‐year results of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Felice Pietro , Pellegrino Gerardo , Checchi Luigi , Pistilli Roberto , Esposito Marco 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectives: To evaluate whether 7‐mm‐long implants could be an alternative to longer implants placed in vertically augmented posterior mandibles.Materials and methods: Sixty patients with posterior mandibular edentulism with 7–8 mm bone height above the mandibular canal were randomized to either vertical augmentation with anorganic bovine bone blocks and delayed 5‐month placement of ≥10 mm implants or to receive 7‐mm‐long implants. Four months after implant placement, provisional prostheses were delivered, replaced after 4 months, by definitive prostheses. The outcome measures were prosthesis and implant failures, any complications and peri‐implant marginal bone levels. All patients were followed to 1 year after loading.Results: One patient dropped out from the short implant group. In two augmented mandibles, there was not sufficient bone to place 10‐mm‐long implants possibly because the blocks had broken apart during insertion. One prosthesis could not be placed when planned in the 7 mm group vs. three prostheses in the augmented group, because of early failure of one implant in each patient. Four complications (wound dehiscence) occurred during graft healing in the augmented group vs. none in the 7 mm group. No complications occurred after implant placement. These differences were not statistically significant. One year after loading, patients of both groups lost an average of 1 mm of peri‐implant bone. There no statistically significant differences in bone loss between groups.Conclusions: When residual bone height over the mandibular canal is between 7 and 8 mm, 7 mm short implants might be a preferable choice than vertical augmentation, reducing the chair time, expenses and morbidity. These 1‐year preliminary results need to be confirmed by follow‐up of at least 5 years. To cite this article:
Felice P, Pellegrino G, Checchi L, Pistilli R, Esposito M. Vertical augmentation with interpositional blocks of anorganic bovine bone vs. 7‐mm‐long implants in posterior mandibles: 1‐year results of a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Oral Impl. Res21, 2010; 1394–1403. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01966.x
Effects of increased exposure times of simplified etch‐and‐rinse adhesives on the degradation of resin–dentin bonds and quality of the polymer network
Authors: Reis Alessandra , Ferreira Sabrina Q. , Costa Thays R. F. , Klein‐Júnior Celso A. , Meier Márcia M. , Loguercio Alessandro D. 
Published: July 2010

Reis A, Ferreira SQ, Costa TRF, Klein‐Júnior CA, Meier MM, Loguercio AD. Effects of increased exposure times of simplified etch‐and‐rinse adhesives on the degradation of resin–dentin bonds and quality of the polymer network.  Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 502–509. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci One of the reasons for resin–dentin degradation is poor polymerization of the adhesive layer. This study evaluated the effect of prolonged polymerization times on the immediate and 6‐month resin–dentin bond strengths, silver nitrate uptake, and polymer quality of etch‐and‐rinse adhesives. Thirty extracted teeth were obtained, and a flat dentin surface was exposed on each tooth. Adhesives (Adper Single Bond 2 and One Step Plus) were applied to the dentin surface of these teeth and light‐cured for 10, 20, or 40 s at 600 mW cm−2. Bonded sticks (0.6 mm2) were tested in tension (0.5 mm min−1) and analyzed, after immersion in 50% silver nitrate, using scanning electron microscopy. The polymer quality of adhesive films was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. Statistically higher bond strengths were observed for both adhesives when light‐cured for 40 s. Degradation of dentin bonds occurred under all experimental conditions but it was less pronounced for adhesives light‐cured for 40 s. Longer exposure times reduced silver nitrate uptake for Adper Single Bond 2. Solvent retention and the amount of residual monomer were statistically lower when both adhesives were light‐cured for 40 s. Although longer exposure times than those recommended cannot prevent degradation of the dentin bonds, they can increase bond strength, probably because of the removal of an increased amount of solvent and the presence of a lower amount of residual monomer.
Postnatal Development of Central Effects of Atropine and Oxotremorine in Dogs in Relation to Brain Development
Authors: Winbladh B. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The central effects of atropine, methylatropine and oxotremonne have been investigated in dogs at five different ages, i. e. newborn, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months and adult. The evaluation of the central effects has been made by behavioural and neurological tests, especially designed for the different age groups. In adult dogs 0.5 mg/kg of atropine and 20 mg/kg of methylatropine cause typical behavioural disturbances, i. e. ataxia, non‐responsiveness, non‐retreating behaviour and increased motor activity, while oxotremorine 0.025 mg/kg produces a pronounced tremor. In the newborn dogs no central effects can be detected with atropine, 0.5‐5.0 mg/kg, or methylatropine, 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, tremor can not be elicited with 0.01‐1.0 mg/kg of oxotremorine in this age group. Among the 3 weeks old puppies, the neurologically and behaviourally most mature animals show central effects similar to those in the adult following 0.5 mg/kg of atropine, while more immature dogs show no symptoms even after 5.0 mg/kg. The sensitivity to the tremorogenic affect of oxotremorine is the same in this age group as in the adult dogs. At six weeks and three months of age the effects of the two drugs are the same as in the adult animals. In order to evaluate the development of the central cholinergic system, the activities of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterases have been determined in whole brain, cerebellum, caudate nucleus and cerebral cortex in the different age groups. An increase is found in relative enzyme activity from birth up to adulthood.The changes in the effects of atropine and oxotremorine are discussed in relation to the development of the two enzymes, and to other biochemical, pharmacological, electrophysiological and behavioural data known for the dog. It is suggested that the change in sensitivity to the two drugs reflects the development of the central cholinergic system, which parallels the general development of the brain.
Evolution and Function of the Uterine Serpins (SERPINA14)
Authors: Padua Maria B. , Hansen Peter J. 
Published: July 2010

Citation Padua MB, Hansen PJ. Evolution and function of the uterine serpins (SERPINA14). Am J Reprod Immunol 2010Uterine serpins (recently designated as SERPINA14) are hormonally induced proteins secreted in large quantities by the endometrial epithelium during pregnancy. The SERPINA14 proteins belong to the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily, but their apparent lack of inhibitory activity toward serine proteinases suggests that these proteins evolved a different function from the anti‐proteinase activity typically found in most members of the serpin superfamily. The gene is present in a limited group of mammals in the Laurasiatheria superorder (ruminants, horses, pigs, dolphins and some carnivores) while being absent in primates, rodents, lagomorphs and marsupials. Thus, the gene is likely to have evolved by gene duplication after divergence of Laurasiatheria and to play an important role in pregnancy. That role may vary between species. In sheep, SERPINA14 probably serves an immunoregulatory role to prevent rejection of the fetal allograft. It is inhibitory to lymphocyte proliferation and natural killer cell function. In the pig, SERPINA14 is involved in iron transport to the fetus by binding to and stabilizing the iron‐binding protein uteroferrin. It is possible that SERPINA14 has undergone divergence in function since the original emergence of the gene in a common ancestor of species possessing SERPINA14.
Maternal and Fetal Response to Fetal Persistent Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus*
Authors: Hansen Thomas R. , Smirnova Natalia P. , Van Campen Hana , Shoemaker Megan L. , Ptitsyn Andrey A. , Bielefeldt‐Ohmann Helle 
Published: July 2010

Citation Hansen TR, Smirnova NP, Van Campen H, Shoemaker ML, Ptitsyn AA, Bielefeldt‐Ohmann H. Maternal and fetal response to fetal persistent infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010Problem  Infection of naïve pregnant cows with non‐cytopathic (ncp) bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) results in transplacental infection of the fetus. Infection of the pregnant cow with ncp BVDV late in gestation (after day 150) results in transient infection (TI), as both the dam and fetus can mount an immune response to the virus. In contrast, if the fetus is infected with ncp BVDV early in gestation (before day 150), the fetal immune system is undeveloped and unable to recognize the virus as foreign. This results in induction of immune tolerance to the infecting BVDV strain and persistent infection (PI).Methods  Infection of naïve pregnant heifers with ncp BVDV2 on day 75 was hypothesized to induce differential gene expression in white blood cells of the dams and their fetuses, adversely affecting development and antiviral immune responses in PI fetuses.Results  Gene expression differed in maternal blood cells in the presence of PI versus uninfected fetuses. PI adversely affected fetal development and antiviral responses, despite protective immune responses in the dam.Conclusion  Fetal PI with BVDV alters maternal immune function, compromises fetal growth and immune responses, and results in expression of maternal blood biomarkers that can be used to identify cows carrying PI fetuses.
Pathogenesis of tinea
Authors: Brasch Jochen 
Published: July 2010

SummaryDermatophytes are hyphomycetes that can degrade keratin. This puts them in a position to cause infections of the keratin‐containing superficial skin. The resulting clinical picture is called tinea. The pathogenesis and course of tinea is decisively determined by pathogen‐related factors and by the defense mechanisms of the host. An infection starts with an adherence of fungal propagules, followed by the formation of hyphae that can spread within the tissue. This process is accompanied by a release of fungal enzymes and other pathogenic factors. Next keratinocytes are activated, the epidermal barrier is destroyed, epidermal proliferation is enhanced and defensins are expressed within the epidermis. In addition, innate and specific immune responses are initiated, involving neutrophilic granulocytes, macrophages, antibodies and T cells. The cellular mechanisms are thought to be crucial for healing. Special conditions apply to nail infections, because within nail plates the fungi are not accessible to effective defense mechanisms, as well as to infections of hair follicles that contain specific concentrations of steroid hormones. Dermatophytes that penetrate into the dermis can cause granulomatous inflammatory reactions and systemic immune reactions are supposed to be a trigger of so‐called id reactions.
Work and financial stability in late‐onset first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Woodside Harriet , Krupa Terry 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim: To explore employment and financial experiences of persons with late‐onset first‐episode (LOFE) psychosis.Methods: The study used a grounded theory approach. The subjects were eight participants and five secondary participants from a larger study. Data in the form of interview texts were coded. Analysis focused on work and financial considerations before treatment of psychosis and during recovery.Results: In LOFE participants, their illness disrupted an established work history. Their recovery goals focused on returning to work and were driven by financial need.Conclusions: It is important for clinicians to consider return to work and financial issues when supporting the recovery of individuals with late‐onset first‐episode psychosis. Examples of interventions include counseling about financial benefits, negotiating workplace accommodations and identifying new workplace skills. The study suggests the importance of connecting with employers during early detection campaigns.
Can Sanctions Reduce Insider Trading? The Experience of the USA in the 1980s
Authors: Min Se‐Jin 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis paper empirically examines whether insider trading sanctions in the USA in the 1980s reduced insider trading in advance of mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Using a sample consisting of 291 firms, both merged and non‐merged in 1983 and 1989, I measured insider trading volume and the “news media effect.” I conclude that the sanctions reduced insider trading on average, and also resulted in larger noise trading on M&A‐related news and rumors. No evidence was found that insiders were increasingly camouflaging their trades by concentrating them on days on that they knew trading volume would be abnormally high, such as on days containing M&A‐related news.