bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE DURING EMBRYOGENESIS ON EMBRYOGENESIS, EMBRYO SURVIVAL, AND EGG HATCHING IN THE RED TURNIP BEETLE, ENTOMOSCELIS AMERICANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Gerber G.H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEmbryogenesis, embryo survival, and hatching were studied in eggs of the red turnip beetle, Entomoscelis americana Brown, incubated at 9 constant temperatures (5–35 °C) for 5–50 days before cold storage at −5 °C for 200 days during winter. Embryogenesis occurred at all temperatures tested, but the threshold and upper limit for embryogenesis were near 5 and 35 °C, respectively, and the optimum-temperature range was about 12.5–20 °C. Embryo survival was about 12–65% lower in eggs incubated at 5 °C for 50 days and at 7.5 and 10 °C for 30–50 days than in those incubated at these temperatures for shorter times, indicating that prolonged exposure to temperatures near the threshold during embryogenesis adversely affects the embryos. Embryo survival declined to low levels in eggs incubated at 25 and 30 °C for more than 30 and 5 days, respectively, and only a small number of embryos survived in those incubated at 35 °C for 5 days. The times to 50% hatch in eggs that contained late-stage embryos before cold storage and had been incubated at 25, 30, and 35 °C were 1.6, 2.6, and 6.5 times longer, respectively, than in those at 12.5–20 °C. These results indicate that embryos incubated at 25–35 °C during embryogenesis before diapause require a recovery period before initiating the normal postdiapause events, and that these events can be adversely affected by unfavorably high temperatures before diapause. The physiological and ecological significance of the data is discussed.
COMPARATIVE BIONOMICS OF TEMPERATE AND TROPICAL BUMBLE BEES WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BOMBUS EPHIPPIATUS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Laverty Terence M. , Plowright R.C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn laboratory colonies, 8 temperate Bombus Latreille species and the tropical montane species, B. ephippiatus Say, had significantly more first-brood workers, more rapid worker development time, and faster rates of worker production than the tropical lowland species, B. atratus Franklin. Bombus ephippiatus did not differ from most temperate species in any of the 3 characters. Differences in these bionomic characters among arctic, temperate, and tropical Bombus are assessed in terms of latitudinal trends.
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN SUPPLEMENTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONION MAGGOTS (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON AXENIC ONION AGAR
Authors: Eymann M. , Friend W.G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUnder axenic conditions, larvae of Delia antiqua develop to the adult stage on onion agar only if the agar is supplemented with mixtures of 10 essential amino acids and 8 water-soluble vitamins. The omission of the amino-acid mixture allowed no development past the first instar. When the vitamin mixture was omitted, 1 of 25 larvae developed to the pupal stage. Omission of individual vitamin supplements caused less marked effects. Omitting supplemental choline, thiamine, pyridoxine, or pantothenic acid had no significant effect on development. Omitting supplemental biotin or nicotinic acid resulted in suboptimal development to the adult stage. Omitting riboflavin or folic acid resulted in development to the adult stage, but the adults did not lay viable eggs. Presumably nutrients that are in insufficient supply in onion tissue are supplied by bacteria in nature.
IDENTIFICATION OF SEX-PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF THE SIBLING SPECIES EUXOA RIDINGSIANA (GRT.) AND EUXOA MAIMES (SM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND BLENDS FOR THEIR SPECIFIC ATTRACTION
Authors: Struble D.L. , Byers J.R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe sex-pheromone components of the sibling species Euxoa ridingsiana and Euxoa maimes were identified in abdomen-tip washes and extracts of calling female moths. Both species produced the same primary pheromone component, (Z)-9-tetradecenyl acetate (i.e. Z9-14:Ac), but they produced different amounts of secondary pheromone components. In the field, male moths of E. ridingsiana were specifically attracted to a 3-component blend of Z7-12:Ac, and Z7-14:Ac, and Z9-14:Ac in a ratio of 1:2:40 at 500 μg per dispenser, and males of E. maimes were specifically attracted to a 5-component blend of Z7-14:Ac, Z9-14:Ac, Zl 1-14:Ac, Zll-16:Ac, andZll-16:OH in a ratio of 1.5:500:5:50:2.5 at 500 μg per dispenser. Both synthetic pheromone blends were competitive with conspecific females. These pheromone analyses confirm that E. ridingsiana and E. maimes are valid biological species that can maintain their reproductive isolation solely by specific sex pheromones.
POSTERIOR DISPERSAL OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF MICROCTONUS VITTATAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) IN CRUCIFER-INFESTING FLEA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Wylie H.G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMicroctonus vittatae Mues. oviposit in the hemolymph of flea beetles, Phyllotreta striolata (F.) and Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), by inserting the ovipositor into the host's mouth and occasionally, membranous areas between body segments. Some of the eggs are transported in the hemolymph posteriorly from the head to the thorax or abdomen, and some laid in the thorax are carried into the abdomen, but eggs hatch in all 3 body regions of the hosts. First-instar larvae that eclose in the head and thorax disperse into the abdomen where they develop. Egg and larval dispersal into the abdomen increase the probability that the parasite has adequate space for development.
DEVELOPMENT RATES OF TRICHOGRAMMA MINUTUM (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TIMING AUGMENTATIVE RELEASES FOR SUPPRESSION OF EGG POPULATIONS OF CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Lawrence Robert K. , Houseweart Mark W. , Jennings Daniel T. , Southard Susan G. , Halteman William A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDevelopment rates of the parasitoid, Trichogramma minutum Riley, were studied to provide information required in timing field releases of T. minutum for suppression of egg populations of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens). Development was observed in eggs of 2 host species, C. fumiferana and Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier), at constant temperatures of 14, 21, and 27 °C. Parasitoid development varied directly with temperature. Parasitoids developed more rapidly in eggs of S. cerealella than in those of C. fumiferana. Parasitoid males developed faster than females in some host-temperature treatments. Development of T. minutum is apparently rapid enough to allow progeny of parasitoids released early in the spruce budworm's oviposition period to mature and be available to oviposit in budworm eggs deposited later in the budworm oviposition period. Potential release strategies are discussed.
TOXICOLOGICAL AND ELECTROPHORETIC POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS OF WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM,CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS(LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Robertson J. L. , Stock M. W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe responses of 11 population samples of sixth-instar larvae of the western spruce budworm,Choristoneura occidentalisFreeman, to carbaryl spray were determined. Representatives of one population each from Arizona, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, and Washington were included. Five response levels of progressively higher tolerance were apparent; the most tolerant population sample was ca. 18 times more tolerant than the most susceptible sample to carbaryl. Trends in relationships of site characteristics and response to carbaryl were not evident. Previous spray history of an area, however, appeared to be related to response at a site; populations from sites sprayed with DDT were significantly more tolerant than those from sites where DDT had not been used. The most tolerant groups were collected from a Montana population in an area where both DDT and carbaryl had been applied. The electrophoretic characteristics of each population sample were determined. No loci detectable by electrophoresis were correlated with response to carbaryl.
A LOW-SPRAY APPLE-PEST-MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR SMALL ORCHARDS
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFrom 1981 to 1984, a low-spray management program was employed against injurious arthropods on the 40 disease-resistant apple trees in my experimental orchard in Massachusetts. The program consisted of an annual early-season application of petroleum oil followed by 2 applications of phosmet (1 at petal fall and another 10–14 days later). Visual traps were used to suppress Rhagoletis pomonella flies. For all years combined, a mean of 89.7% of fruit sampled at harvest in this orchard was free of insect injury compared with 0% uninjured fruit on neighboring unsprayed trees. Populations of foliar-feeding pests never reached injurious levels.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFESTATION LEVELS AND YIELD LOSS CAUSED BY WHEAT MIDGE, SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN SPRING WHEAT IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Olfert O.O. , Mukerji M.K. , Doane J.F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLosses in yield of spring wheat due to infestations of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) were determined for 700 000 ha of arable land in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada in 1983. The proportion of kernels infested (y) was a power function of the number of wheat-midge larvae (x) (y = 35.3x0.725). One, 2, 3, and 4 larvae per kernel resulted in a level of infestation of 38, 58, 78, and 96%, respectively. There was no significant difference between infestation levels from fields sampled at the heading stage of crop growth and the estimates of infestation levels for these fields at harvest time. Yield of grain (y) was negatively exponential to an increase in level of infestation (x) (ln y = 5.7−0.017x). Infestations of 30, 60, and 90% reduced yields of spring wheat by 40, 65, and 79%, respectively. The average decrease in crop yield in the study area was about 30%, which resulted in estimated losses in total gross revenue of about $30 million.
REDEFINITION OF MEGAGATHIS KRIECHBAUMER, AND REASSIGNMENT OF NEW WORLD SPECIES TO ZACREMNOPS NEW GENUS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE: AGATHIDINAE)
Authors: Sharkey M.J. , Wharton R.A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genus Zacremnops Sharkey & Wharton is erected to include 2 New World species formerly placed in Megagathis Kriechbaumer. Phylogenetic relationships between Zacremnops and selected genera of Agathidinae are briefly discussed.
AGE-DEPENDENT ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING BY EXERISTES ROBORATOR (F.) (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Wardle A.R. , Borden J.H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFemales of the polyphagous ichneumonid parasitoid, Exeristes roborator (F.), that were conditioned for 10 days to hosts in a specific habitat demonstrated associative learning by responding with ovipositor probes into the habitat alone. Females conditioned immediately after eclosion showed a higher participation rate, intensity, and duration (approximately 7 days) of learned behavior than those conditioned 5 or 10 days after eclosion, despite the fact that newly eclosed females did not probe for hosts with their ovipositors until 4 or 5 days after eclosion. The reduction in the learning ability of females within a short time after eclosion may impart a selective advantage to E. roborator by reducing the costs of learning. It could also reflect developmental constraints on the process of learning. The results suggest that carefully controlled associative learning could be exploited to improve the efficiency of host location by parasitoids released in biological-control programs.
BIOLOGY AND REARING OF PARAPHLEPSIUS IRRORATUS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE), A VECTOR OF PEACH X-DISEASE
Authors: Chiykowski L.N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA method of rearing Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say) under artificial conditions was developed by using a leguminous plant species as the oviposition host and a gramineous species as the food plant for nymphs. Nymphs completed their development on all 10 gramineous species tested. Total time for completion of the 5 nymphal instars ranged from 31.8 to 59.2 days, depending on the plant species used. With the exception of Alopecurus pratensis, all monocotyledonous species tested were found to be suitable food plants for nymphs, allowing 50% or more of the insects to survive for 3 weeks or more. Only 5 dicotyledonous species supported a similar survival level of nymphs. Adult survival remained above the 50% level on Apium graveolans var. dulce, 6 members of the Leguminosae, and all members of Composite with the exception of Callistephus chinensis. Survival of adult leafhoppers on monocotyledons was relatively high after 1 week but considerable mortality followed longer confinement. Although nymphs emerged from eggs laid on a wide range of plant species, the numbers recorded on monocotyledons suggest that monocots are important as oviposition hosts for P. irroratus in nature.
IDENTIFICATION OF CHRYSOPIDAE IN CANADA, WITH BIONOMIC NOTES (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Garland J.A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractChrysopidae in Canada comprise 24 species in 9 genera and 2 subfamilies. Additional southern species are mentioned, 1 as a new combination, and other nomenclatorial changes are reviewed in relation to the Canadian fauna. Generic diagnosis of males employs sternum VIII + IX, the arcessus, gonapsis, pseudopenis, and tignum. Generic diagnosis of females is based on the dorsal furrow, ectoprocts, spermatheca, subgenitale, and a non-genitalic trait, the innermost gradate crossvein in the wings. The ecological implications and inherent difficulties in taxonomy are discussed for coloration in Chrysopidae, to develop a practical key to differentiate 26 species using color and other non-genitalic traits. A checklist summarizes maps of the geographic distribution in Canada and notes species in Alaska, based on specimens examined. Patterns of distribution for the Canadian chrysopid fauna are either Holarctic for 1 species or indigenously Nearctic, with eastern, western, or boreal foci. Disjunctions are apparent for species with a more southern, transcontinental distribution, which enter Canada primarily in Ontario and British Columbia. Life-history and bionomic notes are limited to 6 species in Canada, for which synonymies and figures are based on specimens examined. Most data originate from studies performed in Ontario. There are 5 species of parasites from 2 chrysopids. Hosts include 11 species of insects and mites, with 2 cases of hyperpredation. Three insecticides account for the more recent scarcity of chrysopids in the Niagara region. Conclusions relate the following: variable color in the 1 Holarctic species to post-glacial mingling in the northwest; gaps in temporal and spatial distribution to extinctions in progress; and renewed interest in Chrysopidae to earlier research on this group in Canada.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA AND PUPA OF CARDIOCLADIUS ALBIPLUMUS SAETHER (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Oliver D.R. , Bode R.W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe larva and pupa of Cardiocladius albiplumus Saether are described and compared with other members of Cardiocladius and the genus Eukiefferiella. The male adult is typically Cardiocladius, whereas the immature stages have many characteristics of Eukiefferiella. The traits of this species indicate a need to redefine the generic limits for Cardiocladius and Eukiefferiella.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON SURVIVAL AND RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF PTEROMALUS VENUSTUS (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Whitfield G.H. , Richards K.W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIncidence of parasitism by Pteromalus venustus Walker in populations of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), in western Canada from 1976 to 1983 was found to average ca. 1%. An average of 17.4 parasite adults emerged from each host cocoon and the ratio of males to females was 1:1. Temperature-dependent development and survival at 8 constant temperatures are described. The range of temperatures for greatest survival of the parasite (30–32 °C) coincided with the recommended incubation temperatures for cocoons of the leafcutter bee. Development data fitted a 4-parameter development model. Linear regression of development rate versus temperature provided estimates of base temperature and development time in degree-days for the egg, larval, pupal, and combined stages.
LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF IPS LATIDENS (LECONTE) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Miller D.R. , Borden J.H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life history and biology of Ips latidens (LeConte) were investigated using bark-sandwich and whole-log rearing methods. In contrast with other Ips spp., some females initiated galleries under conditions of female-biased sex ratios, and sometimes 2 or more males were present in a gallery. In general, however, I. latidens exhibited typical ipine characteristics. A single male usually admitted 1–3 females into a gallery. Females oviposited at a rate of 2.25 eggs/day and achieved a mean fecundity of 64.4 eggs. The larval stage comprised 80% of the generation time (egg to teneral adult) and analysis of head-capsule widths disclosed 3 larval instars. The mean survivorship within broods was 56.0% after 70 days; the reproductive success of monogamous pairs of beetles was 36.1 teneral adults. Single females constructed 3–4 egg tunnels/gallery system; hence, harem size cannot always be inferred from the number of egg tunnels in each gallery. The mean generation time in the laboratory was 2.07 × greater than for I. pini. By comparing laboratory data on I. latidens with laboratory and field data on I. pini, the generation time of I. latidens is estimated at 64–124 days in the field. In south-central British Columbia, I. latidens probably has 1 generation, and possibly 2 broods, per year.
EVALUATION OF MONITORING TECHNIQUES FOR THE CARROT WEEVIL, LISTRONOTUS OREGONENSIS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Boivin Guy 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFive trap designs were evaluated for their efficiency in capturing overwintering adults of the carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (Le Conte). Trap catches were compared with counts of oviposition and nutrition cavities found in carrots placed on the ground. A trap consisting of 22 wooden plates, separated by metal washers and placed over a carrot which was used as bait, proved to be the most efficient. The weevils crawl between the plates, feed on the carrot, and are collected by dismantling the trap over a pan. This technique provided a seasonal record of carrot-weevil activity comparable to that obtained with carrot sections and can be used to issue insecticide-treatment recommendations prior to the beginning of the carrot-weevil oviposition period.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARASITISM OF LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) AND DEAD HOSTS IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, 1973–1983
Authors: Ryan Roger B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBetween 1973 and 1983 two newly introduced parasites, Agathis pumila (Ratz.) and Chrysocharis laricinellae (Ratz.), caused an increasing impact on populations of the larch casebearer, Coleophora laricella (Hbn.), as measured by percentage parasitism based on adult emergence and the associated mortality of hosts that did not produce parasites. Total impact of the parasites cannot be measured by adult emergence alone but must include parasite-killed hosts from which no parasites emerged. Nevertheless, trends in parasite effectiveness are represented by percentages based solely on adult emergence. Only 53.1% of the adult A. pumila successfully emerged in 1983 samples. Furthermore, the number of emerged plus non-emerged A. pumila was only 53.3% of the number expected based on previous samples of that same generation. This mortality of A. pumila took place even in the absence of significant populations of C. laricinellae, indicating that although C. laricinellae may cause some reduction in parasitism by A. pumila, other factors are also responsible.
IMPACT OF FEEDING BY LEPIDOPTERA LARVAE ON THE PRODUCTION OF HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY IN THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Gillespie David R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLepidoptera larvae on highbush blueberry fed more frequently in flower and fruit clusters than in leafrolls during April, May, and early June. Their feeding reduced the harvest from individual clusters to about half of that of undamaged clusters. Larval feeding caused losses of production in blueberry fields of from 2.5 to 7% depending on leafroller densities. Insecticide treatments in experimental plots decreased leafroller populations and increased cluster yields.
IL-15 Regulates Both Quantitative and Qualitative Features of the Memory CD8 T Cell Pool
Authors: Sandau Michelle M. , Kohlmeier Jacob E. , Woodland David L. , Jameson Stephen C. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Memory T cells are critical for immunity to various intracellular pathogens. Recent studies have indicated that CD8 secondary memory cells, induced by prime-boost approaches, show enhanced protective function compared with primary memory cells and exhibit phenotypic and functional characteristics that distinguish them from primary memory cells. However, little is known about the cytokine requirements for generation and maintenance of boosted memory CD8 T cells. We studied the role of IL-15 in determining the size and composition of the secondary (2°) memory CD8 T cell pool induced by Listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. Following boosting, IL-15–deficient animals failed to generate a subset of CD8 effector memory cells, including a population of IL-7Rαlow cells, which were prominent among secondary memory cells in normal mice. IL-15 deficiency also resulted in changes within the IL-7RαhighCD62Llow subset of 2° memory CD8 T cells, which expressed high levels of CD27 but minimal granzyme B. In addition to these qualitative changes, IL-15 deficiency resulted in reduced cell cycle and impaired Bcl-2 expression by 2° memory CD8 T cells, suggesting a role for IL-15 in supporting both basal proliferation and survival of the pool. Analogous qualitative differences in memory CD8 T cell populations were observed following a primary response to Sendai virus in IL-15−/− animals. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that IL-15 plays an important role in dictating the composition rather than simply the maintenance of the CD8 memory pool.