bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial Congruency Between Stimulus Presentation and Response Key Arrangements in Arithmetic Fact Retrieval
Authors: Fabbri Marco 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIt is known that number and space representations are connected to one another in numerical and arithmetic abilities. Numbers are represented using the metaphor of a mental number line, oriented along horizontal and vertical space. This number line also seems to be linked to mental arithmetic, which is based partly on arithmetic fact retrieval. It seems that number representation and mental arithmetic are linked together. The present study tested the effect of spatial contextual congruency between stimulus presentation and response key arrangements in arithmetic fact retrieval, using number-matching and addition verification tasks. For both tasks in Experiment 1, a contextual congruency effect was present horizontally (i.e., horizontal presentation of stimuli and horizontal response key alignments) but not vertically (i.e., vertical presentation of stimuli but horizontal response key alignments). In Experiment 2, both tasks showed a contextual congruency effect for both spatial conditions. Experiment 1 showed that the interference and distance effects were found in the horizontal condition, probably because of the spatial congruency between stimulus presentation and response key arrangements. This spatial congruency could be related to the activation of the horizontal number line. Experiment 2 showed similar interference and distance effects for both spatial conditions, suggesting that the congruency between stimulus presentation and response alignment could facilitate the retrieval of arithmetic facts. This facilitation could be related to the activation of both horizontal and vertical number lines. The results are discussed in light of the possible role of a mental number line in arithmetic fact retrieval.
The Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology and Francis Cecil Sumner
Authors: Thomas Roger K. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In 1939, a psychologist could become a member of the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SSPP) automatically with the endorsement of two members, payment of dues, and membership in the American Psychological Association (APA). Non-APA members with endorsements and payment of dues had to be voted in by the membership. In 1940, the rules for admission were changed to eliminate the automatic membership for APA members. Francis Cecil Sumner, the first African American PhD in psychology, qualified for SSPP membership as a member of the APA in 1939, but the SSPP’s council delayed his membership and introduced the amendment to its constitution that eliminated Sumner’s route to membership. This article examines the circumstances surrounding council’s actions and the role that Sumner’s application for membership played in it as an example of the role that race and discrimination played in the decision to change the route to SSPP membership for members of the APA.
Preferences for colorectal cancer screening tests and screening test use in a large multispecialty primary care practice
Authors: Hawley Sarah T. , McQueen Amy , Bartholomew L. Kay , Greisinger Anthony J. , Coan Sharon P. , Myers Ronald , Vernon Sally W. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) screening test preference and examine the association between test preference and test completed.METHODS:Patients (n = 1224) were 50‐70 years, at average CRC risk, and overdue for screening. Outcome variables were preference for fecal occult blood test (FOBT), colonoscopy (COL), sigmoidoscopy (SIG), or barium enema (BE), measured by telephone survey, and concordance between test preference and test completed assessed using medical records.RESULTS:Thirty‐five percent preferred FOBT, 41.1% COL, 12.7% SIG, and 5.7% BE. Preference for SIG or COL was associated with having a physician recommendation, greater screening readiness, test‐specific self‐efficacy, greater CRC worry, and perceived pros of screening. Preference for FOBT was associated with self‐efficacy for doing FOBT. Participants who preferred COL were more likely to complete COL compared with those who preferred another test. Of those screened, only 50% received their preferred test. Those not receiving their preferred test most often received COL (52%).CONCLUSIONS:Lack of concordance between patient preference and test completed suggests that patients' preferences are not well incorporated into screening discussions and test decisions, which could contribute to low screening uptake. Physicians should acknowledge patients' preferences when discussing test options and making recommendations, which may increase patients' receptivity to screening. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Understanding the Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin
Authors: Patwardhan Pushkaraj R. , Brown Robert C. , Shanks Brent H. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the present study, pyrolysis of corn stover lignin was investigated by using a micro‐pyrolyzer coupled with a GC–MS/FID (FID=flame ionization detector). The system has pyrolysis‐vapor residence times of 15–20 ms, thus providing a regime of minimal secondary reactions. The primary pyrolysis product distribution obtained from lignin is reported. Over 84 % mass balance and almost complete closure on carbon balance is achieved. In another set of experiments, the pyrolysis vapors emerging from the micro‐pyrolyzer are condensed to obtain lignin‐derived bio‐oil. The chemical composition of the bio‐oil is analyzed by using GC–MS and gel permeation chromatography techniques. The comparison between results of two sets of experiments indicates that monomeric compounds are the primary pyrolysis products of lignin, which recombine after primary pyrolysis to produce oligomeric compounds. Further, the effect of minerals (NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2) and temperature on the primary pyrolysis product distribution is investigated. The study provides insights into the fundamental mechanisms of lignin pyrolysis and a basis for developing more descriptive models of biomass pyrolysis.
Central bisectionectomy (bisegmentectomy) of the liver (with video)
Authors: Yanaga Katsuhiko 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSurgical techniques and indications for central bisectionectomy (bisegmentectomy) of the liver, i.e., resection of Couinaud's segments 4, 5 and 8, are described. Parenchymal dissection between the left medial and lateral sections is performed by dividing Glisson's branches arising from the right side of the umbilical portion towards the confluence between the middle and left hepatic veins. Parenchymal dissection between the right anterior and posterior sections is performed along the demarcation line created by obliterating the Glisson's pedicle of the right anterior section (Couinaud's segments 5 and 8), and then along the left side of the right hepatic vein. The root of the middle hepatic vein is divided at the bottom of the right and left plane of the parenchymal division. The indications for central bisectionectomy include benign and malignant tumors occupying both the left medial and right anterior sections, i.e., Couinaud's segments 4, 5 and 8, while sparing the left lateral and right posterior sections, i.e., Couinaud's segments 2, 3, 6 and 7. This technique is advocated especially for liver tumors arising in chronic liver diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma complicating viral hepatitis and metastatic liver tumor with concomitant steatosis of the non‐cancerous liver parenchyma, for which right or left trisectionectomy could result in less than optimal remnant liver volume and function.
Mapping prodromal psychosis: A critical review of neuroimaging studies
Authors: Fusar-Poli P. , McGuire P. , Borgwardt S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe onset of schizophrenia is usually preceded by a prodromal phase characterized by functional decline and subtle prodromal symptoms, which include attenuated psychotic phenomena, cognitive deterioration and a decline in socio-occupational function. Preventive interventions during this phase are of great interest because of the impressive clinical benefits. However, available psychopathological criteria employed to define a high risk state for psychosis have low validity and specificity. Consequently there is an urgent need of reliable neurocognitive markers linked to the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie schizophrenia. Neuroimaging techniques have rapidly developed into a powerful tool in psychiatry as they provide an unprecedented opportunity for the investigation of brain structure and function. This review shows that neuroimaging studies of the prodromal phases of psychosis have the potentials to identify core structural and functional markers of an impending risk to psychosis and to clarify the dynamic changes underlying transition to psychosis and to address significant correlations between brain structure or function and prodromal psychopathology. Additionally, neurochemical methods can address the key role played by neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glutamate during the psychosis onset. To conclude, multimodal neuroimaging may ultimately clarify the neurobiology of the prodromal phases by the integration of functional, structural and neurochemical findings.
Cylinder rolling on a wall at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Merlen Alain , Frankiewicz Christophe 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe flow around a cylinder rolling or sliding on a wall was investigated analytically and numerically for small Reynolds numbers, where the flow is known to be two-dimensional and steady. Both prograde and retrograde rotation were analytically solved, in the Stokes regime, giving the values of forces and torque and a complete description of the flow. However, solving Navier–Stokes equation, a rotation of the cylinder near the wall necessarily induces a cavitation bubble in the nip if the fluid is a liquid, or compressible effects, if it is a gas. Therefore, an infinite lift force is generated, disconnecting the cylinder from the wall. The flow inside this interstice was then solved under the lubrication assumptions and fully described for a completely flooded interstice. Numerical results extend the analysis to higher Reynolds number. Finally, the effect of the upstream pressure on the onset of cavitation is studied, giving the initial location of the phenomenon and the relation between the upstream pressure and the flow rate in the interstice. It is shown that the flow in the interstice must become three-dimensional when cavitation takes place.
Chronic ingestion of deoxynivalenol and fumonisin, alone or in interaction, induces morphological and immunological changes in the intestine of piglets
Authors: Bracarense Ana-Paula F. L. , Lucioli Joelma , Grenier Bertrand , Drociunas Pacheco Graziela , Moll Wulf-Dieter , Schatzmayr Gerd , Oswald Isabelle P. 
Published: September 2011

Deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FB) are mycotoxins produced byFusariumspecies, which naturally co-occur in animal diets. The gastrointestinal tract represents the first barrier met by exogenous food/feed compounds. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of DON and FB, alone and in combination, on some intestinal parameters, including morphology, histology, expression of cytokines and junction proteins. A total of twenty-four 5-week-old piglets were randomly assigned to four different groups, receiving separate diets for 5 weeks: a control diet; a diet contaminated with either DON (3 mg/kg) or FB (6 mg/kg); or both toxins. Chronic ingestion of these contaminated diets induced morphological and histological changes, as shown by the atrophy and fusion of villi, the decreased villi height and cell proliferation in the jejunum, and by the reduced number of goblet cells and lymphocytes. At the end of the experiment, the expression levels of several cytokines were measured by RT-PCR and some of them (TNF-α, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-10) were significantly up-regulated in the ileum or the jejunum. In addition, the ingestion of contaminated diets reduced the expression of the adherent junction protein E-cadherin and the tight junction protein occludin in the intestine. When animals were fed with a co-contaminated diet (DON+FB), several types of interactions were observed depending on the parameters and segments assessed: synergistic (immune cells); additive (cytokines and junction protein expression); less than additive (histological lesions and cytokine expression); antagonistic (immune cells and cytokine expression). Taken together, the present data provide strong evidence that chronic ingestion of low doses of mycotoxins alters the intestine, and thus may predispose animals to infections by enteric pathogens.
Desire, Infinity, and the Meaning of Life
Authors: Ellis Fiona 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn his paper ‘Truth, Invention, and the Meaning of Life’ David Wiggins identifies a certain framework in terms of which to tackle the question of life's meaning. I argue that his criticisms of this framework are justified, and develop an alternative which trades upon some themes from Hegel, Schopenhauer, and Levinas. This alternative remains in the spirit of Wiggins' own preferred standpoint, although he would take issue with its theological implications. I argue that such misgivings are misplaced, and that a move in the direction of God may be precisely what is needed if we are to provide an adequate alternative to the framework under attack.
Disagreement, Democracy, and the Goals of Science: Is a Normative Philosophy of Science Possible, If Ethical Inquiry Is Not?
Authors: Keren Arnon 
Published: September 2011

AbstractW.V.Quine and Philip Kitcher have both developed naturalistic approaches to the philosophy of science which are partially based on a skeptical view about the possibility of rational inquiry into certain questions of value. Nonetheless, both Quine and Kitcher do not wish to give up on the normative dimension of the philosophy of science. I argue that Kitcher's recent argument against the specification of the goal of science in terms of truth raises a problem for Quine's account of the normative dimensions of the discipline. However Kitcher's alternative suggestion, that the goal of science is to be specified in terms of an ideal democratic procedure, does not escape this problem, given Kitcher's own limited skepticism about rational inquiry into certain questions of value.
Has China's Foreign Energy Quest Enhanced Its Energy Security?
Authors: Shaofeng Chen 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn recent years China's national oil companies (NOCs) have proactively ventured abroad to look for more fossil fuel supply. Despite the divided views on their foreign energy quest, previous studies tend to consider the Chinese government and its NOCs to be a monolithic organism, and explicitly or implicitly presuppose that the Chinese NOCs' foreign energy quest could enhance China's energy security. This is, however, an untested hypothesis. To fill the gap, this article assesses the impact of Chinese NOCs' foreign energy quest on the country's energy security. Findings show that the Chinese NOCs have made some progress in their foreign energy quest, which contributes to their coffers and reserves, but that does not mean that China's energy security is greatly enhanced; in particular, the diversity and reliability of China's foreign oil sources are questionable.
Revolutionizing Antiquity: The Shanghai Cultural Bureaucracy in the Cultural Revolution, 1966–1968
Authors: Ho Denise Y. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article examines the response of Shanghai's cultural bureaucracy during the Attack on the Four Olds, the Red Guard repudiation of old culture launched in the early years of China's Cultural Revolution (1966–76). It focuses on how local officials, acting in a space created by the Central Cultural Revolution Group and the Shanghai Revolutionary Committee, worked to control the damage wrought by the political campaign and justified their activities by adapting the rhetoric of revolution. Based on the archival documents of the Shanghai Bureau of Culture, this article traces the reinvention of the cultural bureaucracy and the subsequent shift in the language of preservation. It argues that during the Cultural Revolution, there was an institutionalized and ideologically legitimated movement to protect historic sites and cultural objects. Faced with the destruction of antiquity, Shanghai officials instead proposed its rectification, defending cultural relics in the name of revolution.
A Reasonable Frugality
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: September 2011

1. I begin with a citation from Our Final Century. Its author is Sir Martin Rees, the current President of the Royal Society.
A race of scientifically advanced extra-terrestrials watching our solar system could confidently [have predicted] that Earth would face doom in another 6 billion years, when the sun in its death throes swells up into a ‘red giant’ and vaporizes everything remaining on our planet's surface. But could they have predicted this unprecedented spasm [visible already] less than half way through Earth's life – these million human-induced alterations occupying, overall, less than a millionth of our planet's elapsed lifetime and seemingly occurring with runaway speed? ….It may not be absurd hyperbole – indeed, it may not be an overstatement – to assert that the most crucial location in space and time (apart from the big bang itself) could be here and now. I think that the odds are no better than 50-50 that our present civilization on Earth will survive to the end of the present century without a serious setback….Our choices and actions could ensure the perpetual future of life… or, in contrast, through malign intent or through misadventure, misdirected technology could jeopardize life's potential, foreclosing its human and post-human future.
Decoupling of ammonium regulation and ntcA transcription in the diazotrophic marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp. IMS101
Authors: Post Anton F , Rihtman Branko , Wang Qingfeng 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Nitrogen (N) physiology in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium IMS101 was studied along with transcript accumulation of the N-regulatory gene ntcA and of two of its target genes: napA (nitrate assimilation) and nifH (N2 fixation). N2 fixation was impaired in the presence of nitrite, nitrate and urea. Strain IMS101 was capable of growth on these combined N sources at &lt;2 μm but growth rates declined at elevated concentrations. Assimilation of nitrate and urea was impaired in the presence of ammonium. Whereas ecologically relevant N concentrations (2–20 μm) suppressed growth and assimilation, much higher concentrations were required to affect transcript levels. Transcripts of nifH accumulated under nitrogen-fixing conditions; these transcript levels were maintained in the presence of nitrate (100 μm) and ammonium (20 μm). However, nifH transcript levels were below detection at ammonium concentrations &gt;20 μm. napA mRNA was found at low levels in both N2-fixing and ammonium-utilizing filaments, and it accumulated in filaments grown with nitrate. The positive effect of nitrate on napA transcription was abolished by ammonium additions of &gt;200 μm. This effect was restored upon addition of the glutamine synthetase inhibitor l-methionin-dl-sulfoximine. Surprisingly, ntcA transcript levels remained high in the presence of ammonium, even at elevated concentrations. These findings indicate that ammonium repression is decoupled from transcriptional activation of ntcA in Trichodesmium IMS101.
Comparative analyses of foregut and hindgut bacterial communities in hoatzins and cows
Authors: Godoy-Vitorino Filipa , Goldfarb Katherine C , Karaoz Ulas , Leal Sara , Garcia-Amado Maria A , Hugenholtz Philip , Tringe Susannah G , Brodie Eoin L , Dominguez-Bello Maria Gloria 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Foregut fermentation occurs in mammalian ruminants and in one bird, the South American folivorous hoatzin. This bird has an enlarged crop with a function analogous to the rumen, where foregut microbes degrade the otherwise indigestible plant matter, providing energy to the host from foregut fermentation, in addition to the fermentation that occurs in their hindguts (cecum/colon). As foregut fermentation represents an evolutionary convergence between hoatzins and ruminants, our aim was to compare the community structure of foregut and hindgut bacterial communities in the cow and hoatzin to evaluate the influences of host phylogeny and organ function in shaping the gut microbiome. The approach used was to hybridize amplified bacterial ribosomal RNA genes onto a high-density microarray (PhyloChip). The results show that the microbial communities cluster primarily by functional environment (foreguts cluster separately from hindguts) and then by host. Bacterial community diversity was higher in the cow than in the hoatzin. Overall, compared with hindguts, foreguts have higher proportions of Bacteroidetes and Spirochaetes, and lower proportions of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The main host differences in gut bacterial composition include a higher representation of Spirochaetes, Synergistetes and Verrucomicrobia in the cow. Despite the significant differences in host phylogeny, body size, physiology and diet, the function seems to shape the microbial communities involved in fermentation. Regardless of the independent origin of foregut fermentation in birds and mammals, organ function has led to convergence of the microbial community structure in phylogenetically distant hosts.
From Generation to Generation the Spirit Seeks the Way: Slovene Musical Creativity in the Past and Today*
Authors: Lebič Lojze 
Published: September 2011

Time present and time pastAre both perhaps present in time future,And time future contained in time past.(T. S. Eliot, Four Quartets)The early strains of Slovene music resound with the echoes of Illyrians and Celts, peoples who once travelled across present-day Slovene territory, now peopled by Slovenes who remained here as the most westernly settled branch of Slavs.
The Reemergence of Slovakia
Authors: Ramet Sabrina Petra 
Published: September 2011

There are no differences between the Czech and Slovak governments’ views on the forms of the future coexistence and relations between the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. Our positions are literally identical.Vladimir Meciar, Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic (August 1990)Since our democratic revolution, the situation [in relations between the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic] has never been as serious and precipitous as it is today.Vaclav Havel, President of the Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (September 1991)On 9 June 1992 came the shattering announcement by newly elected Czech Republic Prime Minister Vaclav Klaus, that the Czechoslovak federation was no more. An interim (but trimmed) federal government was to be set up to preside over the hasty dismantlement of the 74-year old state. By 30 September, the Czechoslovak Republic was to be completely split in two. And by January 1993, the finances of state are supposed to be completely divided.
Monetary Policy and Banking
Authors: Kallas Siim 
Published: September 2011

Banking in Estonia Before 1992Under the Soviet regime Estonian banking, like banking anywhere in the Soviet Union, was controlled and managed by the Central Bank of the Soviet Union. Besides the central bank, there was a limited number of all-Union banking structures with their numerous local branches in Estonia as well as in other Soviet republics. The whole banking system was state-owned and rigidly controlled from the center.