bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sperm Metabolism and Biochemical Characteristics in First-Time and Second-Time Spawners of Farmed Atlantic Cod
Authors: Hamoutene Dounia , Lush Lynn , Burt Kimberly , Samuelson Stephanie , Drover Dwight , Walsh Andy 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
We compared sperm biochemical characteristics of first-generation (F1) hatchery-reared broodstock of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua during the first and second spawnings to investigate potential improvements in sperm quality between the two spawning events. To gain further perspective on the sperm characteristics investigated, the values for farmed Atlantic cod were also compared with sperm characteristics of wild, experienced spawners that had been kept captive for 4 years. In particular, we investigated differences in the lactate dehydrogenase (glycolytic metabolism) and lipase (lipid catabolism) enzyme activities as well as sperm respiration rates and energy levels. Fertilization percentages for the F1 hatchery males at the first and second spawnings and for the wild broodstock were also obtained. The wild broodstock males were older and larger than the farmed males and produced sperm with higher energy levels, protein levels, and fertilization rates relative to the sperm of farmed naïve spawners. Our results showed no differences in characteristics between the first and second spawnings and seemed to contradict previous findings that demonstrated an improvement between first and second spawnings in captive wild Atlantic cod. Further investigations on sperm of hatchery-reared Atlantic cod broodstock (e.g., sperm motility; fertilization rates of the same males) are necessary to confirm the present findings.
The Role of Activated Lignite Carbon in the Development of Head and Lateral Line Erosion in the Ocean Surgeon
Authors: Hemdal Jay , Odum R Andrew 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Head and lateral line erosion (HLLE) is an acute or chronic, often progressive problem affecting captive fishes. Its etiology is enigmatic. This study examined the relationship between the use of activated carbon as a filtrant and the development of HLLE lesions in ocean surgeons Acanthurus bahianus. Three identical, 454-L marine aquarium systems were established. Thirty-five ocean surgeons were distributed among the three aquarium systems. Activated lignite carbon was added to one system, and pelleted carbon was added to the second system. The fish in the third system were not exposed to any carbon. All 12 fish that were exposed to lignite carbon developed severe HLLE within 3 months. The 12 fish that were exposed to pelleted carbon did not develop gross symptoms, but microscopic lesions were discovered upon histological examination. The 11 control fish did not develop any visible or microscopic lesions. Based on these results, the use of activated lignite carbon in marine aquariums that house HLLE-susceptible species is discouraged.
Ferrite-based material as a permanent magnet for components of electrical generators
Authors: Sebayang Perdamean , Masbah Muljadi , Siregar R T , Walyo Tomi Budi 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
A permanent magnet based on ferrite for use as components of electrical generators has been fabricated by two different methods: solid–solid mixing and cooprecipitation. The conventional solid–solid mixing method uses Fe
2
O
3 and BaCO
3 as starting materials with mole ratio n=BaO:Fe
2
O
3=1: 6. The mixture is calcinated at 1100 °C and two crystal structures, BaOFe
2
O
3 and BaFe
12
O
19, were obtained with particle size of about 0.5–1.5 μm. Sintering at 1100 °C was followed by a magnetization process. Measurements give the following physical parameter values: remanence, Br=0.0792 T; magnetic saturation, Bs=1.21 T; coersivity, Hc=44.7 kA
m
-1; density 3.43 g
cm
-3 and porosity 9.16%. On the other hand, the cooprecipitation method uses FeCl
3 and BaCl
2 solution with mole ratio n=BaCl
2:FeCl
3=1:6. After the calcination at 900 °C and higher temperatures a single crystal structure of BaO·6Fe
2
O
3 is formed with particle size of about 30–60 nm. The optimum sintering temperature for the formation of this single phase crystal structure is 1050 °C. The physical parameters of the final product have the following values: Br=0.2673 T; Bs=1.42 T; Hc=89.4 kA
m
-1; density 4.34 g
cm
-3 and porosity 3.36%.
Structure of a pectin methylesterase fromYersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Boraston Alisdair B. , Abbott D. Wade 
Published: January 2012

Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are family 8 carbohydrate esterases (CE8s) which remove the methyl group from methylesterified galacturonic acid (GalA) residues within pectin. Although the role of pectinases such as PMEs within dedicated phytopathogens has been well established, the significance of homologous enzymes found within the genomes of human enteropathogens remains to be determined. Presented here is the low-resolution (3.5 Å) structure of the CE8 fromYersinia enterocolitica(YeCE8). The high degree of structural conservation in the topology of the active-site cleft and catalytic apparatus that is shared with a characterized PME from a bacterial phytopathogen (i) indicates thatYeCE8 is active on methylated pectin and (ii) highlights a more prominent role for pectin utilization inYersiniathan in other enteropathogenic species.
Oestrogen receptor β in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glands
Authors: Marques Yonara M F S , Giudice Fernanda S , Freitas Vanessa M , Abreu e Lima Maria do C C , Hunter Keith D , Speight Paul M , Machado de Sousa Suzana C O 
Published: January 2012

Marques Y M F S, Giudice F S, Freitas V M, Abreu e Lima M d C C, Hunter K D, Speight P M & Machado de Sousa S C O  (2012) Histopathology 60, 609–616 Oestrogen receptor β in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary glandsAims:  This study aimed to describe the expression of oestrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ and aromatase in salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC).Methods and results:  ERα, ERβ and aromatase expression was analysed by immunohistochemistry in tissue microarray blocks from 38 cases of ACC and seven normal salivary glands. The intracellular localization and amount of total protein expression were investigated by immunofluorescence and western blotting in an ACC cell line. Western blotting analysis showed overexpression of ERα, ERβ and aromatase in the ACC cell line; however, with immunofluorescence, only ERβ was shown to be expressed in the nucleus. Immunohistochemistry revealed positive nuclear expression of ERβ, positive cytoplasmic expression of aromatase and a lack of ERα expression as compared with normal salivary glands.Conclusions:  The nuclear expression of ERβ indicates that oestrogen may be active in ACC and possibly able to mediate E2‐targeted gene transcription. This study strongly suggests that ERβ may be involved in tumour progression, playing a role in tumour development, and thus corroborating the indication for ER antagonists in the clinical control of ACC. This study opens a new perspective on the potential use of anti‐oestrogens and aromatase inhibitors as therapeutic agents against ACC.
Fell‐Muir Lecture: Chondroitin sulphate glycosaminoglycans: fun for some and confusion for others
Authors: Caterson Bruce 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis review emphasizes the importance of glycobiology in nature and aims to highlight, simplify and summarize the multiple functions and structural complexities of the different oligosaccharide combinatorial domains that are found in chondroitin sulphate/dermatan sulphate (CS/DS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. For example, there are 1008 different pentasaccharide sequences possible within CS, DS or CS/DS hybrid GAG chains. These combinatorial possibilities provide numerous potential ligand‐binding domains that are important for cell and extracellular matrix interactions as well as specific associations with cytokines, chemokines, morphogens and growth factors that regulate cellular differentiation and proliferation during tissue development, for example, morphogen gradient establishment. The review provides some details of the large and diverse number of different enzymes that are involved in CS/DS biosynthesis and attempts to explain how differences in their expression patterns in different cell types can lead to subtle but important differences in the GAG metabolism that influence cellular proliferation and differentiation in development as well as regeneration and repair in disease. Our laboratory was the first to generate and characterize monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that very specifically recognize different ‘native’ sulphation motif/epitopes in CS/DS GAG chains. These monoclonal antibodies have been used to identify very specific spatio‐temporal expression patterns of CS/DS sulphation motifs that occur during tissue and organ development (in particular their association with stem/progenitor cell niches) and also their recapitulated expression in adult tissues with the onset of degenerative joint diseases. In summary, diversity in CS/DS sulphation motif expression is a very important necessity for animal life as we know it.
New Product Development Speed: Too Much of a Good Thing?
Authors: Chen Jiyao , Reilly Richard R. , Lynn Gary S. 
Published: January 2012

New product development (NPD) speed has become increasingly important for managing innovation in fast‐changing business environments due to continuous reduction in the product life cycle time and increase in competition from technological advancements and globalization. While the existing literature has not produced consistent results regarding the relationship between speed and success for NPD projects, many scholars and practitioners assert that increasing NPD speed is virtually always important to NPD success. The purpose of this paper is to examine the implicit assumption that faster is better as it relates to new product success (NPS).From the perspectives of time‐compression diseconomies and absorptive capacity, the authors question the assumption that speed has a linear relationship with success. The authors further argue that time‐compression diseconomies depend on levels of uncertainty involved in NPD projects. Using survey data of 471 NPD projects, the hypotheses were tested by hierarchical regression analysis and subgroup polynomial regression. The results of this study indicate that NPD speed has a curvilinear relationship with NPS, and the nature of the speed–success relationship varies, depending on type and level of uncertainty. When turbulence or technological newness is high, the relationship is curvilinear, but when uncertainties are low, the relationship is linear. In contrast, the results of this study suggest a curvilinear relationship under conditions of low market newness but not when market newness is high.The present paper asserts that time‐compression diseconomies and absorptive capacity are important theoretical constructs in understanding speed in NPD. The different impact of market newness and market turbulence on NPD speed supports the distinction of newness and turbulence as two different sources of uncertainty. Discussion focuses on the implications of NPD speed under the different conditions of uncertainty. NPD teams need to pursue NPD speed as a critical strategy, but it is necessary to analyze the source and degree of uncertainty about projects before a time‐based strategy is selected. In order to address the challenges of high uncertainty, a firm needs to probe, learn, and iterate fast. In particular, NPD teams need to distinguish between the different requirements for new products in emerging and new markets, and those in fast‐changing markets. Moreover, NPD teams need to balance how fast they need to go with how fast they can go by considering team absorptive capacity and customer absorptive capacity.
The function of platelet‐derived growth factor in the differentiation of mouse tongue striated muscle
Authors: Suzuki E. , Aoyama K. , Fukui T. , Nakamura Y. , Yamane A. 
Published: January 2012

Suzuki E., Aoyama K., Fukui T., Nakamura Y., Yamane A. The function of platelet‐derived growth factor in the differentiation of mouse tongue striated muscle.  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:39–51. © John Wiley & Sons A/SStructured AbstractObjective –  to determine the function of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) in the final differentiation phase of tongue striated muscle cells.Materials and Methods –  We analyzed the expressions of PDGF‐A, ‐B, platelet‐derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)‐α, and PDGFR‐β in mouse tongues between embryonic days (E) 11 and 15. Furthermore, we examined the effects of human recombinant PDGF‐AB and the peptide antagonist for PDGFRs using an organ culture system of mouse embryonic tongue. Mouse tongues at E12 were cultured in BGJb medium containing human recombinant PDGF‐AB for 4 days or the peptide antagonist for PDGF receptors for 8 days.Results –  PDGF‐A, ‐B, PDGFR‐α, and ‐β were expressed in the differentiating muscle cells between E11 and 15. The human recombinant PDGF‐AB induced increases in the mRNA expressions of myogenin and muscle creatine kinase (MCK) and the number of fast myosin heavy chain (fMHC)‐positive cells, markers for the differentiation of muscle cells. On the other hand, the peptide antagonist for PDGFRs induced suppressions in the mRNA expressions of myogenin and MCK, and the number of fMHC‐positive cells. Both the PDGF‐AB and the antagonist failed to affect the expressions of cell proliferation markers.Conclusion –  These results suggest that PDGF functions as a positive regulator in the final differentiation phase of tongue muscle cells in mouse embryos.
Orthodontic tooth movement causes decreased promoter expression of collagen type 1, bone sialoprotein and alpha‐smooth muscle actin in the periodontal ligament
Authors: Olson C. , Uribe F. , Kalajzic Z. , Utreja A. , Nanda R. , Rowe D. , Wadhwa S. 
Published: January 2012

Olson C., Uribe F., Kalajzic Z., Utreja A., Nanda R., Rowe D., Wadhwa S.  Orthodontic tooth movement causes decreased promoter expression of collagen type 1, bone sialoprotein and alpha‐smooth muscle actin in the periodontal ligament.  Orthod Craniofac Res 2012;15:52–61 © John Wiley & Sons A/SStructured AbstractObjective –  To evaluate the effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the promoter expression of collagen type 1 (3.6Col1), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and alpha‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA) in the periodontal ligament (PDL) using transgenic mice containing transgenes of these promoters fused to green fluorescent proteins (GFP).Materials and Methods –  The maxillary first molars of 10‐12 week‐old transgenic mice were loaded with 10–12 g of force for 12, 48 h, or 7 days. Mice were transgenic for one of the following GFP‐tagged bone markers of osteoblast lineage cells: 3.6‐kb fragment of the rat collagen type 1 promoter (3.6Col1), BSP or α‐smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Loaded molars under compression and tension were compared with contra‐lateral unloaded controls.Results –  On the compression side of the PDL, orthodontic tooth movement caused a significant decrease in GFP expression of all the promoters at each time point. On the tension side, there was a significant increase in BSP–GFP expression, 12 h following loading compared to the contralateral unloaded controls.Conclusions –  An in vivo tooth movement model using transgenic mice with promoter–GFP constructs provides an efficient and effective way of investigating the cellular events underlying orthodontic tooth movement. PDL cells may undergo decreased differentiation in response to the compressive force.
Assessing the Impact of Thrombolysis on Progress through Inpatient Rehabilitation after Stroke: A Multivariable Approach
Authors: Meyer M. , Murie-Fernandez M. , Hall R. , Liu Y. , Fang J. , Salter K. , Foley N. , Teasell R. 
Published: January 2012

Background Acute administration of tissue plasminogen activator has been shown to improve immediate and long-term patient recovery after ischaemic stroke. Yet, despite widespread clinical application, many patients who receive acute tissue plasminogen activator still require inpatient rehabilitation. Aims and Hypothesis This study aimed to examine the effect of tissue plasminogen activator administration on recovery among patients requiring inpatient rehabilitation after stroke in Ontario, Canada. It was hypothesized that after covariate adjustment, administration of tissue plasminogen activator would be associated with accelerated progress through inpatient rehabilitation. Methods Acute and rehabilitation data were retrieved from the Registry of the Canadian Stroke Network and the National Rehabilitation Reporting System for all ischaemic stroke patients admitted to an acute facility and a rehabilitation unit between July 1, 2003 and March 31,2008. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received tissue plasminogen activator and those who were medically eligible but did not receive tissue plasminogen activator. Three rehabilitation progress indicators were compared between groups: Functional Independence Measure gain, active length of stay, and discharge destination. Indicators were modelled using multivariable generalized linear models or logistic regression as appropriate. Results Patients who received tissue plasminogen activator experienced shorter active lengths of stay (log estimate ± standard error: −0.04 ± 0.01 days), and were slightly more likely to be discharged home compared to controls (adjusted odds ratio 1.35, 95% confidence interval 1.004–1.82). No differences were noted on Functional Independence Measure gain during rehabilitation. Conclusion Results suggest that tissue plasminogen activator may contribute to accelerated progress through inpatient rehabilitation; however, there is no evidence to suggest that it contributes to greater functional improvement as measured by the Functional Independence Measure.
Effect of Sexual Maturation on Thermal Stability, Viscoelastic Properties, and Texture of Female Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Fillets
Authors: Aussanasuwannakul Aunchalee , Weber Greg M. , Salem Mohamed , Yao Jianbo , Slider Susan , Manor Meghan L. , Brett Kenney P. 
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  The nutrient and energy demand of sexual maturation in many fish cultivars causes structural change to key contractile proteins and thereby, affects fillet firmness. Thermal denaturation and viscoelastic properties of white muscle from diploid (2N; fertile) and triploid (3N; sterile) female rainbow trout were investigated at 6 age endpoints from July 2008 through spawning in March 2009. Differential scanning calorimetry showed, in March, that the actin denaturation temperature (Tmax,actin) of 2N females was higher than that observed in 3N females (78.17 versus 77.27 °C). From 35 to 45 °C, viscoelastic measurement revealed that muscle from 2N females and younger fish (July, 16 mo) had greater elasticity (lower tan δ) than muscle from 3N females and older fish (November to March; 20 to 24 mo), respectively. The highest elastic response and the firmest fillets were observed in July. Raw fillets were softer (Allo‐Kramer shear; P < 0.05) from September to January (288.77 g/g on average) than those collected in July (475.15 g/g) and March (366.79 g/g). Soft fillets became firmer after cooking except for January samples. Greater cook yield and softer fillets were observed in January compared to December. Lipid accumulation in 3N females may lubricate muscle fibers and protect them from losing functionality during the spawning season for animals on a high plane of nutrition.Practical Application:  The relationship between fish maturation, measured as egg development, and chemical characteristics of fillets from fertile and sterile fish was evaluated. Thermal denaturation and viscoelastic characterization revealed changes in stability and gelling properties of muscle proteins that were related to changes in fillet texture.
Total Phenols and Antioxidant Capacity in 10 Moroccan Pomegranate Varieties
Authors: Legua Pilar , Melgarejo Pablo , Abdelmajid Haddioui , Martínez Juan José , Martínez Rafael , Ilham Hmid , Hafida Hanine , Hernández Francisca 
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  The study focused on characterizing the 10 major Moroccan cultivars to acknowledge the quality and bioactive compounds of the fruits. The following determinations were assessed: pomegranate fruit maturity index, which truly defines juice taste, as well as organic acids and sugar contents, total phenols, and antioxidant activity of pomegranate juice. The cultivar per se (genotype) behaved as the most influencing factor conditioning pomegranate sugar and organic acids profiles, antioxidant activity, and total phenolics. The assessment of pomegranate chemical compositions implies the great potential of Moroccan cultivars for both fresh market and fruit processing. In fact, the "Hamde” sour cv. seems particularly suitable for juice production because of its high phenolics content. Additionally, the presence of bioactive compounds in pomegranate juices may encourage their consumption for potential health benefits.Practical Application:  The cultivar per se (genotype) behaved as the most influencing factor conditioning pomegranate sugar and organic acids profiles, antioxidant activity, and total phenolics. Given the divergence observed on bioactive compounds concentrations and antioxidant activity among evaluated cultivars, the genotype factor should be considered as the most influencing factor in future breeding programs to enhance the synthesis of beneficial bioactive compounds.
Characterization of Ergocalciferol Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
Authors: Patel Mandar R. , San Martin‐Gonzalez M. Fernanda 
Published: January 2012

Abstract:  The use of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) is a technique that has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for the last 2 decades and has become of increasing interest to food scientists due to its potential for encapsulation and controlled release. Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) is a bioactive compound whose deficiency may lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. In this study, ergocalciferol was encapsulated in tripalmitin SLNs stabilized by polysorbate 20 (Tween 20). SLN dispersions (5% w/w) were prepared by hot homogenization technique using a nozzle‐type high‐pressure homogenizer. Ergocalciferol at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/w of lipid) was dissolved in the molten lipid at 80 °C, mixed with a 5% (w/w) aqueous solution of polysorbate 20 and homogenized at 138 MPa at 80 °C. Particle size, thermal properties, and microstructure were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) respectively. As the proportion of ergocalciferol in the SLN increased from 0% to 20%, the Z‐average values of the particles gradually decreased (P≤ 0.05) from approximately 120 nm to approximately 65 nm. DSC analysis of freeze dried SLN samples showed gradual decrease in enthalpies of fusion and crystallization for stable β‐subcell whereas for SLN dispersions, the enthalpy of fusion of unstable α‐subcell crystal increased with increased ergocalciferol loading. The TEM images of the ergocalciferol loaded SLN samples showed the presence of spherical as well as rod‐shaped nanoparticles. It was also observed that the turbidity of the SLN dispersions reduced noticeably with increased ergocalciferol loading. This finding could be useful in terms of fortification of clear juices with ergocalciferol.Practical Application:  Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were used in this study to encapsulate vitamin D2, a vitamin important for bone health. It was found that as the concentration of vitamin D2 increased in the lipid phase of SLN dispersion, the clarity of the dispersion increased. Also, with increased vitamin D2 concentration, the stability of lipid crystal structure was affected in a way that indicates higher capacity of lipid to incorporate the vitamin molecules and hence to protect them better from oxygen and light. This vitamin loaded SLNs may offer alternatives to milk and margarine as a source of vitamin D.