bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting the ethanol stability of bovine skim-milk
Authors: Horne David S. , Parker Thomas G. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYThe ethanol (EtOH) stability characteristics of skim-milk concentrates were found to be governed by their chloride ion content. This effect appeared to be largely one of ionic strength. At pH values around 7·0 and above, EtOH stability showed a linear decrease with increasing chloride content but at pH values < 7 the relationship was non-linear. This empirical observation allows the EtOH stability of a skim-milk concentrate to be predicted from simple measurements on the original milk sample. Moreover, predicted increases in the EtOH stability of concentrated milks were obtained when the levels of monovalent ions in the system were reduced either by dialysis before or after concentration or by ultrafiltration.
Antagonistic activity of Debaryomyces hansenii towards Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Cl. butyricum
Authors: Fatichenti Fabrizio , Bergere Jean L. , Deiana Pietrino , Farris Giovanni A. 
Published: June 2009

SUMMARYA study of the inhibitory action of Debaryomyces hansenii (31 strains) on Clostridium tyrobutyricum (5 strains) and Cl. butyricum (2 strains) on laboratory media showed that Deb. hansenii inhibited the growth of these organisms, and that this effect was due not only to competition for nutrients but also to the production of both extra-and intracellular antimicrobial metabolites. The inhibitory effect varied with strain and occurred whether the yeasts were grown aerobically or under reduced O2 tension.
Fouling of a plate heat exchanger used in ultra-high-temperature sterilization of milk
Authors: Lalande Marc , Tissier Jean-Pierre , Corrieu Georges 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe composition and weight of deposit formed in all sections of an ultra-high-temperature milk sterilization plant were determined. Deposits formed in the preheating, heating and cooling sections during sterilization of pasteurized whole milk were analysed for dry matter, protein, fat and mineral contents. The weight and composition of components of the deposit varied in different sections of the plant and with the heating temperature. Two categories of deposit could be distinguished: one in the preheating section consisting of (w/w) protein 50%, minerals 40% and fat 1% and another in the heating section consisting of minerals 75%, proteins 15% and fat 3%. Concerning the rate of formation of these deposits, a comparison of the results with those obtained for pasteurization shows that fouling was more rapid during pasteurization of raw milk than during sterilization of previously pasteurized milk. Hypotheses concerning mechanisms of formation of protein deposition are discussed.
Effect of pasteurization temperature on the keeping quality of whole milk
Authors: Schröder Monika J. A. , Bland Michael A. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe keeping quality (KQ) of whole milks pasteurized at 72 °C, 78 °C or 83 °C for 20 s and stored at 12 or 7 °C was examined by assessment of the naturally contaminating thermoduric microflora and of the numbers of Gram-negative rods, a single strain of the latter being introduced deliberately by post pasteurization inoculation. A pasteurization temperature of 83 °C reduced the KQ at 7 °C by about 15% compared with pasteurization at 72 °C or 78 °C, with a 2 d loss in the absence, and aid loss in the presence, of the post pasteurization contamination. The KQ of milks stored at 12 °C was not significantly affected by the pasteurization temperature. Milks pasteurized at 78 °C tended to have a slightly better KQ than those pasteurized at 72 °C, especially at 7 °C. However, pasteurization at both 78 °C and 83 °C caused a reduction in cream rising and considerably increased the risk of cream plugging.
Effect of storage, light and homogenization on the colour of ultra heat treated and sterilized milk
Authors: Andrews Geoffrey R. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryThe rates of change in light reflectance and in CIELAB tri-stimulus colour values were compared for direct and indirect ultra heat treated (UHT) and sterilized milk in glass and polyethene bottles stored under different conditions. The rate of change of milk reflectance was higher at shorter wavelengths and the milk colour changed more rapidly at 30 and 37 °C than at room temperature. Sterilized milk in polyethene bottles was bleached when stored in an illuminated cabinet. The colour of skimmed milk changed more rapidly than that of whole milk. The rate of change in reflectance of direct UHT milk above 590 nm was found to be higher than in other milks. A statistical interaction was found between the fat content and the storage temperature for the CIELAB values. The homogenization pressure used in processing UHT milk samples did not affect the rate of change of the milk colour. The main implication of these findings may be that milk colour cannot be used to assess the heat treatment of a milk when the age or storage conditions of the milk are unknown.
Effects of variations in somatic cell count on the rennet coagulation properties of milk and on the yield, composition and quality of Cheddar cheese
Authors: Grandison Alistair S. , Ford Graeme D. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryCheddar cheeses were prepared from low somatic cell count (SCC) milks and from milks containing 10, 20 and 30% added high SCC milk to give modestly elevated SCC. Increased SCO in the milk were associated with a reduction in the coagulum strength and an increase in moisture content of the cheeses. Cheese texture was affected significantly as judged both by the findings of an assessment panel and by instrumental physical measurement. The panel scores for flavour were also slightly altered. It was concluded that even a small increase in SCC is detrimental to cheese composition and quality, although no significant effects on yield were detected. Relationships between cheese yield, composition and properties, coagulation properties and composition of the milk were also studied. Yield was related to the total solids and fat in the milk but not to the coagulation properties or the flavour or texture of the cheeses. Coagulum strength, cheese composition and cheese texture were strongly interrelated.
Increased milking vacuum in teatcups fitted with non-return valves
Authors: Andrews R. Jeffrey , Mein Graeme A. , Williams David M. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryAn experimental non-return valve was fitted in the short milk tube so that flow was permitted only in one direction, away from the teat. Liner movement was minimal because no air admission to the liner above the valve was provided. The extent of liner opening therefore depended on the amount of milk extracted within a pulsation cycle and on any air leakage past the liner mouthpiece. Milking experiments using four cows showed that the mean vacuum level in nominally open liners of valved teatcups during peak milk flow was 8·6 kPa higher than in conventional teatcups. Bench tests showed that the increase in liner vacuum (LV) depended on the nominal plant vacuum level, the pressure difference between initial LV and maximum pulsation chamber vacuum, the liner elasticity and mounting tension. The main source of energy available to raise LV above the nominal plant vacuum is the release of strain energy, stored within the liner during the collapse phase of each pulsation cycle.
Studies on the Morphology and Systematics of Plant and Soil Nematodes mainly from Andhra Pradesh. I. Tylenchoidea
Authors: Singh Sunita D. 
Published: June 2009

SummaryDescriptions of four new tylenchs belonging to different genera are given : (1)Tylenchus (Tylenchus) holochmatusn.sp., (2)Tylenchorhynchus varicaudatusn.sp., (3)Trichotylenchus trilokiaen.sp., (4)Helicotylenchus pteracercusn.sp. The material of the first described species was collected in North India and that of the other new species in South India. Systematic features of new species are fully discussed and compared with those of the related forms.Detailed descriptions are given ofTylenchorhynchus digitatusandPratylenchus indicusdescribed by Das (I960) from Hyderabad. The material was collected from type locality but from different hosts.Tylenchorhynchus curvusWilliams, 1960, is recorded from India.Species reported as causing damage to economically important plants in Hyderabad are :Hoplolaimus seinhorstiLuc, 1958, parasitic in cauliflower;Pratylenchus thorneiSher and Allen, 1953, parasitic in maize andRotylenchulus reniformisLinford and Oliveira, 1940, parasitic in grape vines.
Composition and structure of helminth communities in eels Anguilla anguilla from Italian coastal lagoons
Authors: Kennedy C.R. , Di Cave D. , Berrilli F. , Orecchia P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe composition and diversity of total and intestinal helminth component and infracommunities were determined in eels Anguilla anguilla from four shallow coastal lagoons near Rome. The lagoons differed principally in respect of their salinity. Only Lake Burano still received an input of freshwater, and both freshwater and marine helminth species were found in eels. In the other three lagoons all helminth species were marine or euryhaline and communities were dominated by digeneans. At component community level these three lagoons were far more similar to each other than to Lake Burano, but this distinction almost disappeared at infracommunity level. Species richness and diversity declined with increasing salinity at component community level but not at infracommunity level. Despite the changes and differences in helminth community composition, intestinal helminth infracommunity structure was very similar in all four lagoons and to that in eels from freshwater localities in Britain. The findings thus provide further and unexpected support for the view that some factor(s) other than supply side ones must be operating to produce the fundamental structural similarity in helminth communities in eels.
Recovery from arrhythmias in lambs infected withStrongyloides papillosusfollowing worm elimination
Authors: Nakamura Y. , Ooba C. , Hirose H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCalves and lambs heavily infected withStrongijloides papillosusdevelop cardiac arrest by ventricular fibrillation which is preceded by continuous sinus tachycardia and prolongation of the PQ interval during the patent infection. In the present study, cardiac rhythms following anthelmintic treatment were investigated in lambs infected withS. papillosusto ascertain whether cardiac disorders due to the infection are based on a reversible and curable change. Eight lambs were given a lethal dose ofS. papillosus. Five of the animals were injected with ivermectin when they developed continuous sinus tachycardia and prolongation of the PQ interval. The other three animals served as untreated controls. In the treated animals, elevated heart rates and PQ intervals began to decrease between 10 and 21 h, then continuous sinus tachycardia and prolongation of PQ interval disappeared within 39 h of treatment. No arrhythmias were detected after the disappearance of sinus tachycardia. Faecal egg counts became negative within 61 h of treatment. Only a few worms were collected from the small intestine at necropsy. The control animals developed ventricular fibrillation by 349 h after infection, having high faecal egg counts and intestinal worm burdens. These results indicate that cardiac disorders generated byS. papillosusinfection are reversible and curable following worm elimination.
Epidemiology of trichinellosis in lynx in Finland
Authors: Oksanen A. , Lindgren E. , Tunkkari P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThree hundred and twenty seven European lynx (Lynx lynx) were examined forTrichinellasp. larvae using the muscle digestion method. The animals were of both sexes, various ages, and collected between 1989 and 1994 in different locations in Finland. Forty percent of them (132) were found to be infected. Infection was overdispersed, so that the majority of infected lynx only harboured small amounts of larvae, while a minority had higher densities of infection, but never significantly exceeding 40 larvae per gram of muscle (lpg). The median density of infection was 1.04 lpg. To find factors statistically associated with the risk of infection, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Male sex, increasing age, and the density of raccoon dog population in the area were all significantly associated with infection. However, the association with age was not linear and prevalence did not increase after middle age. The mean density of infection decreased slightly with age. The association with the density of the raccoon dog population leads to a tentative hypothesis that the raccoon dog might be an important reservoir of sylvatic trichinellosis in Finland.
Predictability of morphological gradients in the tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta
Authors: Pappas P.W. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe strobila of an adult tapeworm represents a continual gradient of developmental stages from immature to gravid proglottids. The purpose of this study was to determine if organogenesis (as measured by the develop mental gradient) in tapeworms within a single host and among different hosts occurred at the same rates. Rats were infected with Hymenolepis diminuta and the tapeworms were recovered 20 days post-infection. The total number of proglottids in each worm was determined, and five “benchmarks” of organogenesis were quantified. The data demonstrated that organogenesis in worms from a single host occurred at a relatively constant rate, but that rates in tapeworms from different hosts were different.
Histochemical glycogen and neutral lipid in Echinostoma trivolvis cercariae and effects of exogenous glucose on cercarial longevity
Authors: Fried B. , Eyster L.S. , Pechenik J.A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractHistochemical glycogen and neutral lipid studies were conducted on Echinostorna trivolvis cercariae maintained in artificial spring water (ASW) at 24–25°C for up to 24 h after emergence from host snails. Treatment of whole cercariae by the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reagent with or without 1% malt diastase showed that cercariae depleted glycogen mainly from the tail by 6 to 24 h postemergence. The posterior tip of the tail remained PAS positive and diastase fast suggesting the presence of mucopolysaccharides there. Fresh cercariae or those stained up to 24 h postemergence with Oil Red 0 showed the presence of neutral lipid droplets in the excretory system. There was no discernible difference in the size, abundance, or distribution of these droplets in fresh or aged cercariae. Cercariae maintained in ASW plus 1% glucose for 12 or 23 h showed no evidence of resynthesizing glycogen. Nevertheless, cercariae survived longer in 1% glucose than in either 0.0, 0.1 or 0.5% glucose; but only at 23 h were any differences statistically greater (one way ANOVA, P <0.05).
Epidemiology ofToxocaraspp. in stray dogs and cats in Dublin, Ireland
Authors: O'Lorcain P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA survey was undertaken to study the epidemiology ofToxocaraspp. in 350 dogs and 181 cats. A prevalence of 82.6% was recorded forToxocara canisand 42% forT. cati. The distribution of parasite burdens in both dogs and cats was overdispersed. The highest parasite prevalence rates and burdens were found in hosts of 12 to 24 weeks of age. NoToxocaraparasites were found in cats between 0 to 4 weeks old. There was no significant difference in parasite prevalence between male and female dogs or between male and female cats. The relationships between host age and sex with parasite prevalence, burden and length are discussed. FemaleT. canisworms with mature ova and those with immature ova differed significantly with regard to their length. The relationship between the length of matureT. canisfemale worms and the proportion of body length occupied by the uterus was highly significant.
On some representatives of the Cestode Genus Avitellina from India
Authors: Bhalerao G. D. 
Published: June 2009

Two new species of Avitellina, A. woodlandi and A. tatia, have been described and separated from the allied species of the genus. Both these species are remarkable for having cirrus sac longer than vulva.Additional data are provided in regard to the structure of the species A. sudanea, A. lahorea and A. chalmersi.The development of the female genitalia of A. chalmersi, which may be regarded as typical of the genus, has been given in detail for the first time.New observations on the development of the inner column of testes in A. sudanea are made.A review of the existing species of Avitellina has been taken and a key to all the known species of the genus has been given.
Studies on the Helminths of India. Trematoda I
Authors: Bhalerao G. D. 
Published: June 2009

The material of Eurytrema pancreaticum from Hyderabad (Deccan) was examined and found to agree with the material of this species from China and Japan, described by Looss (1907) except in the case of cirrus sac which terminates anterior to ventral sucker.Numerous specimens of the variety of E. pancreaticum with deeply lobed testes from the pancreatic ducts of a cow in Bengal were examined and it is found that the smaller and the larger forms belong to the same species. Variations occurring in several organs of this variety have been recorded.A discussion on the existing species of Eurytrema has been evoked and these have been grouped under five subgenera, four of which being new ones.The species E. ovis, E. robustum and E. cuyabai are considered to be synonyms of E. pancreaticum, E. lubens and E. intermedium respectively.The species E. parvum Travassos, 1916 being a homonym the name E. travassosi has been suggested for it.Paradistomum moghei n.sp. has been described and separated from the existing species of Paradistomum.Mesoccelium leiperi n.sp. has been described and separated from the existing species of Mesocalium.Mesoccelium sociale has been recorded from Rana tigrina and measurements of some of its organs are given.
Studies on the Helminths of India. Trematoda II
Authors: Bhalerao G. D. 
Published: June 2009

The formation of the family Ommatobrephidæ forOmmatobrephusNicoll has been accepted.With the help of the material fromZamenis mucosusthe speciesO. foliumThapar & Ali has been shown to be a synonym ofO. lobatumMehra. The descriptions of this species given by Mehra and Thapar & Ali have been critically reviewed. Measurements of the material ofO. lobatumat the writer's disposal have been given.Acanthostomum burminis(Bhalerao) fromTropidonotus piscatorin Nagpur has been recorded.The synonymy of Lepodermatidæ Odhner with Plagiorchidæ Lühe has been discussed and the latter name has been accepted in preference to the former.The family status of Cephalogonimidæ has not been agreed upon, but Cephalogoniminæ as a subfamily of Plagiorchidæ has been accepted.Variations occurring inCephalogonimus amphiumœobtained fromLissemys punctatain Nagpur have been noted and the speciesC. gangeticusPande andC. magnusSinha have been shown to be its synonyms. A review of the various species ofCephalogonimusrecorded up to the present moment has been made. Measurements of the writer's specimens ofC. amphiumœhave been given.The new species,Styphlodora nicolli, from the intestine ofZamenis mucosushas been described and separated from the allied species of the genus. A key to the existing species ofStyphlodorahas been given.Encyclometra colubrimurorum(Rud.) has been recorded fromZamenis mucosusin Calcutta.Tremiorchis ranarumMehra & Negi has been recorded fromRana tigrinain Karnal. The synonymy ofCentrovitus pentadelphiBhalerao with the former species has been pointed out.An adult specimen ofAstiotrema loossiMehra obtained fromLissemys punctatahas been described and many differences existing between it and the immature specimen described by Mehra have been pointed out. The speciesA. gangeticushas been shown to be a synonym ofA. loossi.The new species,Astiotretna rami, has been described and separated from the allied species. A review of the existing species ofAstiotremahas been made and a key to them has been given.A. odhnerin.sp. is proposed to replaceA. reniferumof Odhner, 1911.
On Brugia (Brugiella subgen. nov.) buckleyi n.sp., from the Heart and Blood Vessels of the Ceylon Hare
Authors: Dissanaike A. S. , Paramananthan D. C. 
Published: June 2009

1. A new species of Brugia (Brugiella subgen. nov.) buckleyi is described from the heart and blood vessels of the Ceylon Hare (Lepus nigricollis singhala).2. This worm is much larger than the other species of Brugia. It lacks a distinct head bulb and has a relatively much shorter oesophagus. The vulva in the female is close to the posterior extremity of the oesophagus. In the male the caudal papillae differ in their number and arrangement and the spicule ratio is much smaller.
The Early Development of Contracaecum osculatum
Authors: Davey J. T. 
Published: June 2009

1. Eggs of Contracaecum osculatum, extracted from grey seal faeces, have been hatched in the laboratory at different temperatures and the morphology and behaviour of the larvae described.2. Artificial exsheathment of the second stage larva from the first stage cuticle has been demonstrated.3. In attempting to establish the first intermediate host of the life cycle, two species of harpacticoid copepods have been successfully infected but no significant developments reported.
Self Insemination in Echinococcus granulosus in vivo
Authors: Smyth J. D. , Smyth M. M. 
Published: June 2009

Self insemination appears to be the normal process of sperm transfer in Echinococus granulosus and has been observed in both terminal and subterminal proglottids of worms from dogs.Cross fertilization between adjacent proglottids or between proglottids of different strobila was not observed.In some instances, the genital pore was found occluded by a ‘plug’ of material which may represent an antige–antibody precipitate.The implications of self-insemination in relation to in vitro studies and to the genetics of ‘strain’ production in the genus Echinococcus are discussed.
Intrauterine development of the microfilariae of Dipetalonema viteae
Authors: Ellis D. S. , Rogers Rosemary , Bianco A. E. , Denham D. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe egg shell of Dipetalonema viteae separated from the oolemma and became highly convoluted at an early stage of development. No second oolemma or trilaminate membrane was seen. Channels containing electron dense material (thought to be nutrient material from the uterine wall) were formed between adjacent embryos. Many developing embryos died.Microvilli were formed by the uterine wall and developing embryos were closely apposed to these (again presumably to obtain nutrient).Embryos emerged from the egg in the uterus and were born as unsheathed microfilariae.
Studies on humoral immunity againstTaenia taeniaeformisinfection in rats
Authors: Kwa B. H. , Liew F. Y. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTRats were infected with doses of 100, 1000, 5000 and 10 000 eggs ofTaenia taeniaeformis. Haemagglutinating antibody to cysticercus antigen was detected at the 4th week of infection. The appearance and levels of antibody titre did not vary greatly with the infective dose. An IgM peak appeared at the 6th week, with IgG appearing slightly later and continuing to rise. Transfer of serum from the 1st week onwards from infections with 1000 eggs however could confer significant protection. Dilutions of hyperimmune serum (1 ml volumes) of up to 1/32 conferred significant protection on normal recipients. Hyperimmune serum transferred up to 4 days before challenge could confer 80% protection whereas serum transferred 4 days after challenge was totally non-protective. The significance of this finding is discussed in the light of current knowledge of metacestode immunity.