bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil Company Involvement in Canadian Mineral Exploration
Authors: Schiller E.A. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
Oil company involvement in Canadian mineral exploration in 1968 will bereviewed, based on a 35-company questionnaire. Evidence of increases in companyinvolvement in 1967 and 1968 to more direct participation in 1969 will bepresented and shown by data on expenditures for those years and other pertinentinformation. Increases in the number of companies and amounts of spendingreflect a significant movement of oil and gas companies into the mineralsfield. Philosophical and economical aspects of oil company thinking will bediscussed as they pertain to prospecting. The conclusion is drawn that the moveof oil companies to mineral exploration is a logical transfer of men and ideasgeared to changing times and the need for diversification of interests. Oilcompany activity in Canada will be reviewed; special reference will be made tonorthern Saskatchewan, and the implications of the Gulf Minerals uraniumoccurrence will be assessed.

INTRODUCTION
A REVIEW of oil company involvement in Canadian mineral exploration in 1968is presented in this paper, and comparisons are made to activity in 1967 and1969. The word "involvement" rather than "participation" is used because, forthe most part, oil companies have been involved in exploration by way ofindirect participation through joint ventures and syndicates that areprincipally conducted by contractors, consultants or mining companies. Thiswill change in 1969 and succeeding years; based on the level of activity andintensity of pursual in 1967 and 1968, oil companies will move from involvementto direct participation. Data to support this conclusion is presented, asderived from a questionnaire from thirty-five responding oil companies workingin Canada. To begin with, an oil company for the purposes of thisdiscussion is an organization that derives most, if not all, of its income fromsome form of oil and gas operation; this would even include pipeline ortransmission companies, because they are now mineral explorers. The ultimatesources of oil company money is not considered, only the fact that it is spentin Canada. Monies expended 1967, 1968 and 1969 To illustrate oil companyactivity, Figure 1 shows expenditures for the years 1967, 1968 and 1969, and itcan be seen that in the number of companies spending $500,000 on exploration istwice that for the year 1967. Total spending for the same years is estimated at$7 million (1967), $13 million (1968) and $20 million (1969). Due to recentpermit acquisition in Keewatin, mostly by oil companies, a figure closer to $21million maybe more accurate.
Evaluation of New Techniques of Acidizing in Western Canada
Authors: Cruikshank C.G. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
During the period from 1960 to 1968, stimulation with acid has gainedprominence through the development and introduction of new acidizing techniquesin Western Canada. The benefits derived from these innovations are many andvaried. When put to proper use, these new acidizing techniques can producesubstantial returns on dollars invested in stimulation and may in certain casesmake the difference between a well being a commercial or noncommercial producer. Many new products and ideas havebeen tried, but only a limited number have gained a permanent place in thestimulation field. Acidizing with mixtures of acid and alcohol has beenaccepted because of better post-treatment cleanup of the formation. Use of thegases, nitrogen and carbon dioxide, in conjunction with acid treatments to givedeep acid penetration and fast cleanup with savings in rig costs has provedsuccessful. Treatments with high-strength hydrochloric acid provide a veryeconomical means to get deep acid penetration.
Additional benefits are inherent in the use of each of these acidizingmodifications. Basic treatment costs are certainly a consideration whenchoosing a treatment, however they should not be emphasized to a degree whereobvious benefits are lost. Combining treatment technology, laboratoryevaluations, and well and reservoir information with past history, whenavailable, is an essential ingredient for good treatment design.

INTRODUCTION
THE USE OF AUXILIARY AIDS with acid treatments has steadily increased withthe expansion of this service. Many products and techniques have enjoyed ashort period of success in this field, only to be replaced as technicaladvances are made. Acetic acid is an example of a product that was used on manytreatments over a period of several years.
This acid offers low corrosion rates and very slow reaction rates, but itscost is high when the reactive power of acetic acid is compared to HCI. Atpresent, it is being used on very few jobs. This does not mean that operatorshave gone back to using straight 15% HCI in place of acetic acid. The morelogical explanation appears to be that other auxiliary products have gainedincreased usage. The products briefly reviewed in this paper have gamed apermanent place in acidizing and their usage appears to be increasing. Athorough knowledge of available products for acidizing will assist operators inmaking the proper choice of treating solution for a particular well and candefinitely improve the return on dollars invested for this service.
Information Transfer in The Petroleum Industry
Authors: Dolan Frank T. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
This paper enumerates some of the causes behind the present revolution ininformation technology. It offers a pragmatic definition of information and asimplified model of information transfer. The principles of coordinate indexingand retrieval, which are pre-requisite to an understanding of computerizedreference-retrieval systems, are reviewed. Some of the relevant agencies(Information Utilities) concerned with the design, implementation and operationof such systems are cited. One of these, Petroleum Abstracts, which isrepresentative of the others and extremely important to the petroleum engineer, is described in considerable detail. The importance of such services to theengineering community is stressed.

INTRODUCTION
FUNDAMENTAL CHANGES are taking place in our methods of handling information. These changes are attributable to a combination of factors, namely:An increasing awareness of the importance of information and its realequivalence to manpower and dollars.The increase of volume and flow of information intra and inter-industry, government and university.The emergence of new technologies such as electronic computers, newcommunications media and systems, microform technology, etc.The appearance of a new interdisciplinary curriculum (Information Science)focused on modern information-processing sources, systems and techniques.The change from the concept of a library as: a collecting archive, preoccupied with the media, to an information center as a dynamic disseminatorconcerned with the message.The conversion of traditional indexing and abstracting services to Information Utilities capable of supplying information sciences, computer-manipulatableinformation banks and specialized software packages.The formation of information networks to expedite information transfer
There are many definitions of information. They range all the way from thephilosophical, "that precious distillate of human experience," to themathematical definition of Information Theory. The definition offered below isneither philosophical nor mathematical. It is, however, basic andworkable.
An Effective Completion and Stimulation Technique, East Crossfield D-1
Authors: Bennett E.N. , Miller D.K. , Glover R.A. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
The development of a completion and stimulation technique that would achieve satisfactory well producing rates was a major problem in the East Crossfield D-1 Reservoir. Early wells were completed using an open hole or long perforated interval. Different types of acids and additives were used to stimulate the wells; however, after eleven wells had been completed, the average well deliverability was only 3 MMcf/D. Pan American Petroleum Corporation thenstarted using the limited-entry completion technique. This technique consists of perforating a well over 4 continuous feet of Montreal the most porous interval with eight shots per foot and then acidizing with 34 per cent HCI.Nine wells were completed and stimulated in this manner and deliverability averaged 8.8 MMcf/D per well. Six of these treatments consisted of 25,000gallons of 34 per cent HCI and three consisted of 4,000 gallons of 34 per cent HCI atomized with 3,800 sef of N2 per barrel. After ten months'production, the deliverability of the atomized acid-treated wells had declined by almost 50 per cent whereas the 25,000-gallon-treated wells sustained their original deliverability. One well which had originally been considered a dryhole is now maintaining its test deliverability after a limited-entry, large-volume treatment. For this reason, limited-entry, large-volume treatmentsare now being used by Pan American to re-stimulate wells in the East Crossfield D-1 Reservoir. As a result, of the reliability of this technique, the number ofwells required to meet the plant design capacity was reduced by eleven, asaving of over $2.75 million. This paper discusses the field production history of limited entry versus non-limited entry completions and large-volume versusatomized acid stimulations.
Low Fluid Residual Fracturing
Authors: Bullen R.S. 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT
A new process of fracturing virtually eliminates the requirement for loadfluid recovery. Liquid carbon dioxide makes up 80 per cent of the total fluidvolume injected, and this fluid gasifies after a short, period of time in thereservoir. Propping agents are carried at a high concentration in a smallside-stream of gelled alcohol, and then blended with the liquid CO2 pumped into the well. After the C02 gasifies in the formation, onlythe alcohol remains for recovery as a fluid or vapor. The process is primarilydesigned for fracture stimulation of low-permeability gas wells.

INTRODUCTION
FRACTURING OF LOW-PERMEABILITY Reservoirs has always presented the problemof fluid compatibility with the formation core and formation fluids, particularly in gas wells. For example, many formations contain clays whichswell when contacted by aqueous fluids causing restricted permeability, and itis not uncommon to see reduced flow through gas-well cores tested with variousoils. In the past, the approach to the swelling problem has been the use ofchemical additives, such as salts or pH control additives, to water forfracturing water-sensitive formations. Where hydrocarbons are used, lightproducts such as gelled condensate have seen a wide degree of success, but arerestricted in use due to the inherent hazards of pumping volatile fluids. Amore recent technological improvement to the fracturing ofpermeability-sensitive reservoirs essentially eliminates contact of theformation with any fracturing fluids at all. Stimulation is effected byfracturing the well with liquid carbon dioxide as the basic fracturing fluid.Propping agents are blended in a separate stream of gelled alcohol and blendedwith the C02 in the well. The net effect is that the well isfractured with a base fluid with liquid properties. After a short period oftime in the formation, however, the CO2 gasifies, leaving only a lowfluid residual (LFR) of alcohol to recover. This alcohol, in turn, is solublein reservoir gas (methane) and is essentially returned as a vapor.

TREATMENT MECHANICS
Earlier experimentation with LFR fracturing indicated that the alcohol hadto be gelled to a viscosity of 20 centipoise or higher in order to besufficient to carry the high concentration of proppant agent through theblender and pumping equipment. Alcohol was chosen as the proppant-carryingagent in view of its compatibility with most gas reservoirs, its low freezingpoint and its potential chemical benefit to the stimulation. Alcohol is alsocompletely compatible and miscible with CO2 for immediate blendingof the two fluids.
Taber South - Canada's First Polymer Flood
Authors: Lozanski W.R. , Martin I. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Three years of actual performance of the Taber South Mannville "B" pool polymer flood has resulted in sufficient data to review the initial decision to implement this type of secondary recovery scheme. Comparison of performance to the original forecasts to a critical re-examination of those forecasts and to the performance of conventional waterfloods in pools with similar characteristics has been made. Operating costs and capital costs caused by polymer injection have been studied. Consideration of ultimate polymer slug size and operational procedures has been undertaken to provide a guide for optimum future performance. The conclusion has been reached that polymer flooding has been economically successful and appears to have been significantly more profitable than a conventional waterflood.

INTRODUCTION
CANADA'S FIRST POLYMER FLOOD was initiated in February 1967 in the Taber South Manriville "B" oil Pool, located approximatehr 35 miles southeast of Lethbridge, Alherta (Figure 1).
The Taber South Mannville "B" pool was discovered in March 1963 with the drilling of the CPOG Taber S 2-29-7-16 well. A total of 23 oil wells and 1l dry holes drilled on a 40-acre spacing- pattern, to an average depth of 3,230 ft, defined a reservoir containing an estimated 40,010,000 st. barrels of oil.

Reservoir Description

ROCK PROPERTIES
The producing horizon is a lenticular Lower Cretaceous Mannville sandstone extending approximately 4 miles in a north-south direction and having a maximum width of slightly more than half a mile, as shown in Figure 2. The reservoir is structurally located on a north-south plunging nose which dips 90 ft from the south to the north end of the pool. The Mannville "B" pool is separated from the adjacent Taber South Mannville "A" pool by a high in the underlying Rierdon unconformity. No gas cap or water zone is associated with this oil pool.
The sandstone is generally homogeneous, with only a few minor shale stringers. The net pay ranges from 6 ft on the west edge to a maximum of 73 ft at the 11-16-7-16 well. The average porosity and permeability for the pool are 26.6 per cent and 2,100 md, respectively. The average water saturation, as determined from restored-state data and later-log calculations, is 9.5 per cent. The average sand properties and reservoir fluid data are shown in Table I.
The cut-offs for determining the net oil pay were 78 microseconds for the sonic travel time and 50 md for the core data) as determined from well completion experience and log data. Less than 1 per cent of the cored sections had a permeability 100ver than 50 md.

Fluid Properties
The fluid properties indicated a highly undersaturated oil reservoir, as the discovery pressure was 1,472 psia and the saturation pressure was indicated to be 415 psia. The latter pressure appears to be low, as bottom-hole pressure surveys indicate the bubble-point pressure to be in the range of 500 psia. The oil contained 65 cu.ft of gas and had a viscosity of 58 centipoises at the saturation pressure.
Development And Utilization of Engineers In an Oil Company
Authors: Mutch J.R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The efficient development and utilization of the individual engineer is one of the most vital tasks facing an oil company. Development of the young engineer starts with the training program and continues throughout his career. The training program seldom really trains an engineer, but it should show him what engineers do, what is expected of them and how they fit into the company.
The first five to ten years of professional experience is the basis of all future technical and managerial growth. It is of extreme importance that the young engineer be exposed to a wide variety of assignments under a number of supervisors in a variety of locations during the initial period.
The rapid development of technology has tended to produce specialized groups within engineering departments. It is essential that these departments be made to interact with other engineering groups and with nontechnical personnel.

INTRODUCTION
OIL COMPANIES are dependent on their engineering departments for most of their plans, programs, studies and reviews. Engineers also contribute many of the creative ideas that make a company grow. In same companies, they handle most of the field supervision. In order to be able to make these important contributions, young engineers need to go through some period of initial training. They must be allowed to develop their full potential and their must also be effective organized.
This paper discusses, what can be reasonably expected from an engineering training program. Engineering development, after the initial training period, is discussed and a program is suggested that will allow the engineer to develop fully. Current organization trends are reviewed and suggestions made that will make the best use of an engineer's special talents and training.

ENGINEERING TRAINING
Twenty years ago, the young man graduating in engineering had a very clear idea of what he wanted the wanted a job! The present-day graduate is quite a bit more discerning the may not have a clear idea of the exact type of engineering work he wants to do, but he has definite ideas on other aspects of his future employment. Most young engineers are looking for a technically stimulating job; they also want to see that they are making a real contribution. Many have ideas that they want to work into supervisory or management jobs at an early date.
What is the best way to utilize this pool of talent that is itching to be put to work? Most of the larger companies have a training program for graduate engineers. Probably the main thing in common is that programs are either being started, changed or discontinued. Most training programs are conceived as a means to train the engineer in the specialized techniques used by petroleum engineers. In practice, this is impossible in any reasonable period of time. At best, the training program acquaints the young engineer with what people do in the engineering department and how the engineering department relates to the company.
Canadian Oil Security And the Impact of Supply Disruptions
Authors: Havlena Z.G. , Holder C.D. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This paper examines Canada's role as an industrialized energy-intensive consuming nation in the western world. It focuses on Canada's attitude toward the restricted utilization of its petroleum resources, petroleum being the country's main single source of energy. It examines the political wisdom and the corporate and national economics of Canada's "buy cheap and sell high" oil import/export policy and it attempts to solve, in at least a semi-quantitative way. the "risk/payoff/loss" equation of the international oil poker table at which Canada is but a four- percenter.
In attempting to grapple with this complex subject, the paper first reviews Canada's role as a special member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (DECO) and the objectives of the OECD which unite the industrial nations of the western world. It then specifically considers:the pattern of energy demand and supply in the OECD community and the international petroleum trade which results from these interrelations;the results of previous supply disruptions in the unstable, but oil-rich, OPEC block which feeds the DEOD nations with oil, and the impact of such disruptions on Canada;the possibility, nature and magnitude of future oil supply disruptions, the resultant scenario, and the impact that they would have on Canada in both physical and economic terms having regard to existing and potential back-up sources of oil supplies.
Finally, the paper attempts to quantify the real cost/ price economics of international integrated producer/ refiners operating in Eastern Canada, for the purpose of determining the profit incentive driving such companies to maintain the status-quo; it also provides the basis of a fundamental benefit/cost study of Canada's oil import policy, without which scrutiny of the "N.O.P." becomes an entirely qualitative exercise (to be presented in Part II).
The paper suggests that the security of Canada's imported oil supplies is diminishing with time due to the current near capacity situation of the aging U.S. and Venezuelan oil industries. It also develops as a basic theme Canada's obligations to the OECD community and the premise of sharing remaining supplies among the energy-hungry DECD countries in times of oil supply disruptions. Because of this concept, the paper notes that a supply disruption amounting to some 20 per cent of OECD demand would be magnified to have double that effect on Eastern Canada.
The paper concludes that Canada is pursuing a policy on oil imports which both jeopardizes the economic security of Eastern Canadians, through exposing them to a growing uninsured oil supply risk and runs against the public interest of Canadians as a whole from a national cost/benefit point of view.
The authors recommend that Canada should take a much closer and more sophisticated look at the changing situation in, view of their preliminary findings. They also suggest that a connection to domestic sources of supply could provide coverage of the security risk noted.