bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a Trainer Phantom in the Learning Phase of Sentinel Lymph Node Identification in Breast Cancer
Authors: Lèguevaque Pierre , Motton Stephanie , Courbon Frédéric , Ricard Marcel , Berry Isabelle , Querleu Denis 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe concept of a learning phase is difficult to implement in a university setting, as it is unacceptable to subject a patient who requires only lymphadenectomy to axillary dissection for the purpose of training surgeons. We therefore sought too evaluate intraoperative sentinel node detection using a phantom, the Senti‐Trainer. Learning phases on the Senti‐Trainer and detection rate were assessed in order to determine whether the proficiency of surgeons in training improved with the number of procedures.MethodsTwenty residents each performed 30 detection procedures of a sentinel node on the silicon phantom. Each resident was evaluated at each procedure, and an observation report was made every five procedures. Evaluation was single‐blind as the surgeons did not know the result of the previous detection and were aware of the results only after the thirtieth procedure.ResultsThe mean detection rate was 75% during the first procedure and reached 95% (or 5% detection errors) at the 30th procedure (p < 0.0001; OR = 6.33 with a 95% CI = [2.31; 17.33]). Proficiency in sentinel lymph node (SLN) identification also increased with the number of procedures performed. The ability to localize SLN improved during the learning phase with the increasing number of procedures performed. Mean detection time during the 30 procedures was 150 s (range: 115–210 s).ConclusionsTraining on a phantom showed that this is a valuable teaching tool that enables surgeons to become familiar with gamma probes. It cannot replace the clinical training phase, but is an important aid to proficiency in intraoperative detection.
The use of the reconstruction plate in multiplanar tibial osteotomies in children
Authors: Schaaf Adam C. , Morscher Melanie A. , Weiner Dennis S. 
Published: March 2011

Purpose External fixation and cross-pin fixation appear to be the two most commonly used forms of fixation after a tibial osteotomy in children described in the literature. The purpose of this study is to describe our experience using a properly bent and contoured reconstruction plate for mismatched surfaces after a multiplanar tibial osteotomy. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of 37 multiplanar tibial osteotomy surgeries in 23 children performed by a single surgeon using a reconstruction plate for internal fixation. A low fibular osteotomy and tibial osteotomy that required contouring and shaping of the plate were performed in all cases. A proximal tibial osteotomy was performed in 30 cases and a distal osteotomy in seven cases. All cases were reinforced with a long-leg cast. All charts were reviewed for intra- and postoperative complications. The surgery using the reconstruction plate internal fixation was considered to be a success if there was healing of the osteotomy and no hardware failure. Results A properly bent and contoured reconstruction plate conformed well to the mismatched surfaces after tibial osteotomy. Hardware was removed in all but two cases, on average 7 months after surgery. There were no hardware failures. No child developed a deep wound infection or neurovascular complication, including compartment syndrome. Only two complications in 37 surgeries (5%) were encountered and were typical of any type of internal fixation. One child required an exploratory procedure because of screw extrusion and one child developed a post-plate removal fracture. Conclusions The reconstruction plate is very malleable and can be contoured to fit in nearly every direction to accommodate mismatched appositional surfaces. It has been successfully employed in 37 consecutive cases of multiplanar tibial osteotomy in children with relatively few complications, none directly related to the plate.
Muslim Identity, Local Networks, and Transnational Islam in Thailand's Southern Border Provinces
Authors: LIOW JOSEPH CHINYONG 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper discusses the nature of local permutations of transnational Muslim networks in Thailand's southern Muslim-majority provinces and assesses their impact on creed, custom, and conflict in the region. More specifically, the paper interrogates the agenda and methods of idea and norm-propagation on the part of these agents and networks, and their evolving role, as well as the structures and conduits through which they operate and mobilize. In so doing, it finds a tremendously fluid and dynamic terrain in southern Thailand, where narratives, representations, and expressions of Islamic doctrine, legitimacy, and authority, are increasingly heavily contested within the Muslim community as a whole. In addition, the paper investigates the transnational dimensions of on-going violence in the southern provinces. Here, it argues that there is little by way of substantive evidence of any sustained penetration of the conflict in southern Thailand by external actors. No doubt, many have attempted to draw conclusions to the contrary, but their evidence and arguments, not to mention analytical methodology, are tenuous at best.
Digital diasporas' challenge to traditional power: the case of TibetBoard
Authors: BRINKERHOFF JENNIFER M. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article examines power implications of digital diasporas and the identity negotiation processes they afford. Members of diasporas are potentially socially and psychologically disempowered by two sources: the majority society into which they are dispersed; and the traditional social structures and culture from which they emerged. This potential disempowerment highlights the important role of power in facilitating (or not) migrant integration into new societies, and the integration of values and norms that are increasingly considered universal. The diaspora experience and Internet discussion forums provide enabling normative structures and discourses for individuals to define and pursue their own interests and ideals. Following a review of the literatures on diaspora identity hybridity and power, the case of TibetBoard illustrates how information technology enables diaspora members to explore, negotiate, and validate their self-determined identity and political perspectives, moving beyond passive adoption of traditional perspectives rooted in the Tibetan community of the homeland and in exile.
Securing by design
Authors: WEBER CYNTHIA , LACY MARK 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article investigates how modern neo-liberal states are ‘securing by design’ – harnessing design to new technologies in order to produce security, safety, and protection. We take a critical view toward ‘securing by design’ and the policy agendas it produces of ‘designing out insecurity’ and ‘designing in protection’ because securing by design strategies rely upon inadequate conceptualisations of security, technology, and design and inadequate understandings of their relationships to produce inadequate ‘security solutions’ to ready-made ‘security problems’. This critique leads us to propose a new research agenda we call Redesigning Security. A Redesigning Security Approach begins from a recognition that the achievement of security is more often than not illusive, which means that the desire for security is itself problematic. Rather than encouraging the design of ‘security solutions’ – a securing by design – a Redesigning Security Approach explores how we mightinsecure securing by design. By acknowledging and then moving beyond the new security studies insight that security often produces insecurity, our approach uses design as a vehicle through which to raise questions about security problems and security solutions by collaborating with political and critical design practitioners to design concrete material objects that themselves embody questions about traditional security and about traditional design practices that use technology to depoliticise how technology is deployed by states and corporations to make us ‘safe’.
About those IR theory day jobs: a response to Chris Brown
Authors: PRAGER CAROL A. L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractChris Brown's invitation in ‘IR Theory in Britain – the New Black?’ to consider whether theory's pre-eminence in British IR is warranted appears to have gone unheeded. He asks whether the consuming preoccupation with theory can be justified or will turn out to be as transitory as the ‘new black’ soon to be supplanted by the next ‘new black’. There are many possible explanations for the neglect of Brown's views, but whatever the reason, epistemology can provide some answers. It draws attention to the applied aspect of IR theory as well as the nature of theory's relations with the rest of the discipline, buttressing Brown's arguments to this effect. I go further to ask whether theory's place is not ultimately best seen as one element in an approach not unlike classical redux.
Whyandhow should we go for a multicausal analysis in the study of foreign policy? (Meta-)theoretical rationalesandmethodological rules
Authors: EUN YONG-SOO 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article argues that International Relations (IR) researchers concerned with why-questions about the state's external behaviour ought to employ a multicausal approach attentive to the interrelated relationship between external structures and internal agents, presenting the (meta-)theoretical rationales underlying its argument. Here the author suggests ‘a rich/bold ontology’ regarding foreign policy behaviour. Then the article elaborates on detailed and explicit guidelines on how to traverse the bridge that connects the insights of that rich ontology to the empirical research necessary to make claims about the real world of any one moment. In a related vein, the article claims that a multicausal approach should be established using what the author calls ‘loose-knit deductive reasoning’ through which epistemological and methodological openness can be preserved in a manageable way. More importantly, this article discusses the role of theory for IR scholarship and the standards for judging theoretical contributions and progress in the field of IR. Ultimately, the author argues that a complex and flexible approach – both as a useful mode of explanation and as a progressive model of theory construction – can make important contributions to a better understanding of foreign policy and world politics, not only because it enables researchers to become keenly sensitive to the complex reality underlying a nation's foreign policy and to the interrelated relationship between structures and agents in international relations, but also because it can serve to provide a secure base for the progressive accumulation of the evidence closely associated with multiple causation on which any adequate explanation about complex foreign policy behaviour must surely be founded and without which general theory cannot really flourish.
QTc prolongation in children following congenital cardiac disease surgery
Authors: Punn Rajesh , Lamberti John J. , Balise Raymond R. , Seslar Stephen P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIntroductionQTc prolongation has been reported in adults following cardiopulmonary bypass; however, this phenomenon has not been studied in children with congenital cardiac disease. This study's aim was to formally assess QTc in children undergoing cardiac surgery.MethodsPre-operative and post-operative electrocardiograms during hospital stays were prospectively analysed on 107 consecutive patients under 18 years of age undergoing cardiac surgery. QTc was measured manually in leads II, V4, and V5. Measurements of 440 and 480 milliseconds were used to categorise patients. Peri-procedural data included bypass and cross-clamp time, medications, and electrolyte measurements. Outcome data included arrhythmias, length of mechanical ventilation, and hospital stay. Patients with post-operative new bundle branch block or ventricularly paced rhythm were excluded.ResultsIn all, 59 children were included, out of which 26 had new QTc over 440 milliseconds and 6 of 59 had new QTc over 480 milliseconds post-operatively. The mean increase in post-operative QTc was 25 milliseconds, p=0.0001. QTc over 480 was associated with longer cross-clamp time, p=0.003. Other risk factors were not associated with post-operative QTc prolongation. This phenomenon was transient with normalisation occurring in 67% of patients over 60 hours on average. One patient with post-operative QTc over 440 milliseconds developed ventricular tachycardia. There was no correlation between prolonged QTc and duration of mechanical ventilation, or hospital stay.ConclusionA significant number of children undergoing cardiac surgery showed transient QTc prolongation. The precise aetiology of QT prolongation was not discerned, though new QTc over 480 milliseconds was associated with longer cross-clamp time. In this cohort, transient QTc prolongation was not associated with adverse sequela.
Polymer-based micromachined rectangular coaxial filters for millimeter-wave applications
Authors: Jaimes-Vera Aline , Llamas-Garro Ignacio , Ke Maolong , Wang Yi , Lancaster Michael J. , Pradell Lluís 
Published: March 2011

In this paper, micromachined devices for millimeter-wave applications at U- and V-bands are presented. These structures are designed using a rectangular coaxial line built of gold-coated SU-8 photoresist layers, where the coaxial center conductor is suspended in air by stubs. The designs include a stepped coplanar waveguide (CPW)-to-coaxial transition at 63 GHz, with an insertion loss of 0.39 dB at 67.75 GHz and a return loss better than −10 dB across the band of operation between 54.7 and 70.3 GHz. Two filters have been designed; one centered at 42 GHz with a 10% bandwidth, and another at 63 GHz with a 5% bandwidth. Measured insertion losses of 0.77 and 2.59 dB were obtained for these filters, respectively. Measured return loss lower than 13.8 dB over the passband was achieved for both designs. The structures presented in this paper involve a low-cost manufacturing process suitable to produce integrated subsystems at millimeter waves.
Requirement for kinase-induced conformational change in eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) restricts phosphorylation of Ser51
Authors: Dey Madhusudan , Velyvis Algirdas , Li John J. , Chiu Elaine , Chiovitti David , Kay Lewis E. , Sicheri Frank , Dever Thomas E. 
Published: March 2011

As phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) on Ser51 inhibits protein synthesis, cells restrict this phosphorylation to the antiviral protein kinase PKR and related eIF2α kinases. In the crystal structure of the PKR–eIF2α complex, the C-terminal lobe of the kinase contacts eIF2α on a face remote from Ser51, leaving Ser51 ∼20
Å
from the kinase active site. PKR mutations that cripple the eIF2α-binding site impair phosphorylation; here, we identify mutations in eIF2α that restore Ser51 phosphorylation by PKR with a crippled substrate-binding site. These eIF2α mutations either disrupt a hydrophobic network that restricts the position of Ser51 or alter a linkage between the PKR-docking region and the Ser51 loop. We propose that the protected state of Ser51 in free eIF2α prevents promiscuous phosphorylation and the attendant translational regulation by heterologous kinases, whereas docking of eIF2α on PKR induces a conformational change that regulates the degree of Ser51 exposure and thus restricts phosphorylation to the proper kinases.
Active liquid-like behavior of nucleoli determines their size and shape in
Xenopus laevis
oocytes
Authors: Brangwynne Clifford P. , Mitchison Timothy J. , Hyman Anthony A. 
Published: March 2011

For most intracellular structures with larger than molecular dimensions, little is known about the connection between underlying molecular activities and higher order organization such as size and shape. Here, we show that both the size and shape of the amphibian oocyte nucleolus ultimately arise because nucleoli behave as liquid-like droplets of RNA and protein, exhibiting characteristic viscous fluid dynamics even on timescales of < 1 min. We use these dynamics to determine an apparent nucleolar viscosity, and we show that this viscosity is ATP-dependent, suggesting a role for active processes in fluidizing internal contents. Nucleolar surface tension and fluidity cause their restructuring into spherical droplets upon imposed mechanical deformations. Nucleoli exhibit a broad distribution of sizes with a characteristic power law, which we show is a consequence of spontaneous coalescence events. These results have implications for the function of nucleoli in ribosome subunit processing and provide a physical link between activity within a macromolecular assembly and its physical properties on larger length scales.
Analysis of 2‐Acetyl‐1‐Pyrroline in Rice by HSSE/GC/MS
Authors: Grimm Casey C. , Champagne Elaine T. , Lloyd Steven W. , Easson Michael , Condon Brian , McClung Anna 
Published: March 2011

ABSTRACTAn extremely sensitive method for the analysis of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline (2AP) in rice, employing stir bar sorptive extraction (Twister) was studied. The Twister stir bar is placed in the headspace of a 20‐mL vial containing 1 g of rice kernels, 7.5 mL of 0.1M KOH, and 2.2 g of NaCl, along with a second Teflon‐coated stir bar for mixing. Analytes are adsorbed onto the Twister for 4 hr at 40°C and then desorbed at 270°C into a GC column while cryofocusing at –80°C. The headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) method was able to detect <0.1 ppb of 2AP in rice. The precision of the HSSE method (>10%) was not as good as the GC/FID method (≈6%). Using HSSE, 2AP was observed in all samples generally considered to be aromatic and was not observed in any nonaromatic samples. Additionally, a modified method for the synthesis of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline was studied and the presence of a tautomer of 2‐acetyl‐1‐pyrroline was confirmed.
First Report of Tomato spotted wilt virus on Tobacco in Campania, Italy
Authors: Carrieri R. , Sorrentino R. , Lahoz E. , Alioto D. 
Published: March 2011

During the spring and summer of 2010, a survey for viruses was conducted in two tobacco field trials at the Agricultural Research and Experimentation Council in Scafati, Campania, Italy. A total of 1,392 symptomatic and asymptomatic tobacco plants (cv. Burley) were sampled, and leaves were analyzed by double-antibody sandwich-ELISA using polyclonal antisera against five tobacco-infecting viruses: Tobacco mosaic virus, Potato virus Y, Cucumber mosaic virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus, and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Loewe, Munich, Germany). Only one plant was positive to TSWV. Symptoms on this plant were severe necroses on the stem with a few chlorotic/necrotic leaflets on the top of the plant. This result was subsequently confirmed by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. The primers (5′-ATGTCTAAGGTTAAGCTC-3′ forward and 5′-TTAAGCAAGTTCTGTGAG-3′ reverse) targeted the nucleocapsid gene of TSWV and amplified the expected product of approximately 800 bp (2). The resultant sequence (GenBank Accession No. JF290419) was aligned and edited using BlastN, displaying 99.9% identity with deposited TSWV nucleocapsid gene sequences in GenBank, with no similarity to any other targets, which confirmed the presence of TSWV in tobacco. Leaf homogenate from the tobacco symptomatic plants was inoculated onto three plants of Nicotiana benthamiana, N. glutinosa, and Datura metel. All plants developed a systemic necrosis after 7 days. Inoculation from N. glutinosa back to cv. White Burley tobacco produced symptoms similar to those observed in the field. Two plants from each species were used as noninoculated controls, which remained asymptomatic. TSWV infection has been responsible for severe epidemics on tobacco throughout the United States and Greece, with losses estimated as much as 85% (1,3). The presence of TSWV in Italy could therefore represent a serious threat for tobacco in the region, especially considering that it is prevalent in other crops in the area and vectors are widespread. References: (1) E. K. Chatzivassiliou. Plant Dis. 92:1012, 2008. (2) R. K. Jain et al. Plant Dis. 82:900, 1998. (3) B. Mandal et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 151:67, 2007.
First Report of a Rhabdovirus Infecting Alfalfa in Argentina
Authors: Bejerman N. , Nome C. , Giolitti F. , Kitajima E. , de Breuil S. , Pérez Fernández J. , Basigalup D. , Cornacchione M. , Lenardon S. 
Published: March 2011

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a major forage crop in Argentina with an estimated cultivated area of 4 million ha in the 2009–2010 season, which constitutes a primary component for the animal production chain. In early summer of 2010, alfalfa plants showing virus-like symptoms were identified in 20 commercial fields in La Pampa Province with 95% disease prevalence. Diseased plants had shortened internodes, a bushy appearance, deformations, puckering, epinasty of leaflet blades, vein enations, and varying sized papillae on the adaxial leaflet surfaces. Similar symptoms were observed in alfalfa crops in Buenos Aires, Cordoba, Santa Fe, and Santiago del Estero provinces. Electron microscopy (EM) and molecular assays were performed on leaf tissue from one asymptomatic and two symptomatic plants. EM of ultrathin sections revealed membrane-bound bullet-shaped particles associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of phloem cells from symptomatic plants only. Total RNA was extracted from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants with the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) for a template in one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR assays with the Access RT-PCR Kit (Promega, Madison, WI). RT-PCR assays employed degenerate primers targeting conserved regions of plant rhabdovirus polymerase (L) genes (2). An amplicon of approximately 1 kilobase pairs (detected only from symptomatic plants) was gel purified with the Wizard SV Gel and PCR Clean-Up System (Promega), cloned into pGEM-T Easy Vector System (Promega), and sequenced. Three independents clones were sequenced in both directions at Macrogen Inc. (Korea Republic) to generate a consensus sequence (GenBank Accession No. HQ380230) and compared to sequences of other plant rhabdoviruses available on GenBank. The partial L gene sequence of the alfalfa-infecting rhabdovirus shared highest nucleotide (68.0%) and amino acid (76.5%) sequence identity with the cytorhabdovirus Strawberry crinkle virus (Accession No. AY331390). A phylogenetic tree based on partial amino acid sequences of the polymerase gene indicated the alfalfa-infecting virus was more closely related to cytorhabdoviruses than to nucleorhabdoviruses. Symptoms observed resembled those reported for alfalfa plants infected with a plant rhabdovirus named Alfalfa enation virus (1), which has never been fully characterized. Collectively, the data implicate the observed rhabdovirus as the etiological agent. To our knowledge, this is the first report in Argentina (and South America) of a rhabdovirus infecting alfalfa. Additional field surveys and monitoring of vector/s and yield losses need to be conducted. References: (1) B. Alliot and P. A. Signoret. Phytopathol. Z. 74:69, 1972. (2) R. L. Lamprecht et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 123:105, 2009.