bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global priority areas for incorporating land–sea connections in marine conservation
Authors: Halpern Benjamin S. , Ebert Colin M. , Kappel Carrie V. , Madin Elizabeth M.P. , Micheli Fiorenza , Perry Matthew , Selkoe Kimberly A. , Walbridge Shaun 
Published: May 2009

AbstractCoastal marine ecosystems rank among the most productive ecosystems on earth but are also highly threatened by the exposure to both ocean‐ and land‐based human activities. Spatially explicit information on the distributions of land‐based impacts is critical for managers to identify where the effects of land‐based activities on ecosystem condition are greatest and, therefore, where they should prioritize mitigation of land‐based impacts. Here, we quantify the global cumulative impact of four of the most pervasive land‐based impacts on coastal ecosystems—nutrient input, organic and inorganic pollution, and the direct impact of coastal populations (e.g., coastal engineering and trampling)—and identify hotspots of land‐based impact using a variety of metrics. These threat hotspots were primarily in Europe and Asia, with the top three adjacent to the Mississippi, Ganges, and Mekong rivers. We found that 95% of coastal and shelf areas (<200 m depth) and 40% of the global coastline experience little to no impact from land‐based human activities, suggesting that marine conservation and resource management in these areas can focus on managing current ocean activities and preventing future spread of land‐based stressors. These results provide guidance on where coordination between marine and terrestrial management is most critical and where a focus on ocean‐based impacts is instead needed.
Detection and Quantification of Minor Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Variants Harboring K103N and Y181C Resistance Mutations in Subtype A and D Isolates by Allele-Specific Real-Time PCR
Authors: Hauser Andrea , Mugenyi Kizito , Kabasinguzi Rose , Bluethgen Kerstin , Kuecherer Claudia , Harms Gundel , Kunz Andrea 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACTNevirapine (single dose), commonly used to prevent the mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in developing countries, frequently induces viral resistance. Even mutations which occur only in a minor population of the HIV quasispecies (<20%) are associated with subsequent treatment failure but cannot be detected by population-based sequencing. We developed sensitive allele-specific real-time PCR (ASPCR) assays for two key resistance mutations of nevirapine. The assays were specifically designed to analyze HIV-1 subtype A and D isolates accounting for the majority of HIV infections in Uganda. Assays were evaluated using DNA standards and clinical samples of Ugandan women having preventively taken single-dose nevirapine. Lower detection limits of drug-resistant HIV type 1 (HIV-1) variants carrying reverse transcriptase mutations were 0.019% (K103N [AAC]), 0.013% (K103N [AAT]), and 0.29% (Y181C [TGT]), respectively. Accuracy and precision were high, with coefficients of variation (the standard ratio divided by the mean) of 0.02 to 0.15 for intra-assay variability and those of 0.07 to 0.15 (K103N) and 0.28 to 0.52 (Y181C) for inter-assay variability. ASPCR assays enabled the additional identification of 12 (20%) minor drug-resistant HIV variants in the 20 clinical Ugandan samples (3 mutation analyses per patient; 60 analyses in total) which were not detectable by population-based sequencing. The individual patient cutoff derived from the clinical baseline sample was more appropriate than the standard-based cutoff from cloned DNA. The latter is a suitable alternative since the presence/absence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains was concordantly identified in 92% (55/60) of the analyses. These assays are useful to monitor the emergence and persistence of drug-resistant HIV-1 variants in subjects infected with HIV-1 subtypes A and D.
Liposomes Recruit IpaC to the
Shigella flexneri
Type III Secretion Apparatus Needle as a Final Step in Secretion Induction
Authors: Epler Chelsea R. , Dickenson Nicholas E. , Olive Andrew J. , Picking Wendy L. , Picking William D. 
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT

Shigella flexneri
contact with enterocytes induces a burst of protein secretion via its type III secretion apparatus (TTSA) as an initial step in cellular invasion. We have previously reported that IpaD is positioned at the TTSA needle tip (M. Espina et al., Infect. Immuno. 74:4391-4400, 2006). From this position, IpaD senses small molecules in the environment to control the presentation of IpaB to the needle tip. This step occurs without type III secretion induction or IpaC recruitment to the
S. flexneri
surface. IpaC is then transported to the
S. flexneri
surface when target cell lipids are added, and this event presumably mimics host cell contact. Unlike IpaB mobilization, IpaC surface presentation is closely linked to secretion induction. This study demonstrates that sphingomyelin and cholesterol are key players in type III secretion induction and that they appear to interact with IpaB to elicit IpaC presentation at the TTSA needle tip. Furthermore, IpaB localization at the needle tip prior to membrane contact provides the optimal set of conditions for host cell invasion. Thus, the
S. flexneri
type III secretion system can be induced in a stepwise manner, with the first step being the stable association of IpaD with the needle tip, the second step being the sensing of small molecules by IpaD to mobilize IpaB to the tip, and the third step being the interaction of lipids with IpaB to induce IpaC localization at the needle tip concomitant with translocon insertion into the host membrane and type III secretion induction.
Is the simple versus complex classification of concussion a valid and useful differentiation?
Authors: Makdissi M 
Published: May 2009

Background:At the Second International Conference on Concussion in Sport, concussion was classified as “simple” or “complex” based largely on duration of clinical features. The purpose of the classification system was to assist clinicians in identifying higher grades of injury severity and guide injury management. The aim of the current paper is to review the validity and clinical usefulness of the simple versus complex classification system.Study design:Qualitative review of the literature on concussion in sport, with a focus on time course of clinical recovery and prognostic factors.Intervention:Pubmed, Medline and Sport Discus databases were reviewed. Fifty journal articles were included in the review.Results:Prospective studies support the recovery of symptoms, balance deficits and cognitive impairment in the majority of concussed athletes within 10 days of injury. However, clinical factors that predict higher grades of injury severity or poor outcome following concussion remain unclear. At present, concussion severity can only be accurately determined in retrospect after all clinical features have resolved.Conclusion:It is recommended that concussion in sport be considered as a single entity. Clinical factors that have demonstrated to be associated with longer duration of symptoms (for example, post-traumatic amnesia) or poor outcome (for example, repetitive head injury) may serve as “modifying” factors to assist the treating practitioner in identifying potential for higher grades of injury severity or adverse outcomes.
Is protective equipment useful in preventing concussion? A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Benson B W , Hamilton G M , Meeuwisse W H , McCrory P , Dvorak J 
Published: May 2009

Objective:To determine if there is evidence that equipment use reduces sport concussion risk and/or severity.Data sources:12 electronic databases were searched using a combination of Medical Subject Headings and text words to identify relevant articles.Review methods:Specific inclusion and exclusion criteria were used to select studies for review. Data extracted included design, study population, exposure/outcome measures and results. The quality of evidence was assessed based on epidemiologic criteria regarding internal and external validity (ie, strength of design, sample size/power calculation, selection bias, misclassification bias, control of potential confounding and effect modification).Results:In total, 51 studies were selected for review. A comparison between studies was difficult due to the variability in research designs, definition of concussion, mouthguard/helmet/headgear/face shield types, measurements used to assess exposure and outcomes, and variety of sports assessed. The majority of studies were observational, with 23 analytical epidemiologic designs related to the subject area. Selection bias was a concern in the reviewed studies, as was the lack of measurement and control for potentially confounding variables.Conclusions:There is evidence that helmet use reduces head injury risk in skiing, snowboarding and bicycling, but the effect on concussion risk is inconclusive. No strong evidence exists for the use of mouthguards or face shields to reduce concussion risk. Evidence is provided to suggest that full facial protection in ice hockey may reduce concussion severity, as measured by time loss from competition.
Self-report scales/checklists for the measurement of concussion symptoms: a systematic review
Authors: Alla S , Sullivan S J , Hale L , McCrory P 
Published: May 2009

Objective:To identify self-reported sport concussion symptom scales and to describe the psychometric properties of these identified scales.Design:Systematic review.Intervention:PubMed, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, Sport Discus, PsycINFO and AMED were searched from their establishment until December 2008. The medical subject heading terms “brain concussion”, “signs or symptoms” and “athletic injuries”. The search was limited to articles published in English. An additional search of the reference lists of the retrieved articles was conducted. Only full-text articles were considered for this study and these were retrieved to determine whether they met the inclusion criteria.Results:The initial search resulted in 421 articles, which were reduced to 290 articles after removing duplicates. The hand search resulted in 17 articles, thus giving a total of 307 articles. Full text was available for 295 articles of which 60 met the criteria for inclusion. The excluded 235 articles were case reports, reviews and guidelines on concussion management or studies that had not used a symptom scale or checklist.Conclusions:Six core scales were identified with a broad range of symptom items but with limited information on their psychometric properties. There were numerous derivative scales reported, most of which have not been methodically developed or subjected to scientific scrutiny. Despite this, they do make a contribution to the detection, assessment and return to play decisions but there is a need for the clinical user to be aware that many of these scales have “evolved” rather than being scientifically developed.
Are productivity and richness related consistently after different crops in the Neotropics?
Authors: Myster Randall W. 
Published: May 2009

To better understand the relationship between productivity and species richness after disturbance in the Neotropics, I tested two hypotheses using tree stem data collected in permanent plots set up after abandonment from agriculture. I found that (i) species richness had a significant positive relationship with productivity, where the slopes of the regression lines decreased over time for all fields taken together suggested the early upswing, leveling off, and later downswing of a unimodal curve; and (ii) this unimodal pattern held true both in the recovering sugarcane ( Saccharum officinarum L.) and in the recovering banana ( Musa sp.) plantations. There was a delay, however, in the development of the unimodal pattern in the seeded pasture, perhaps due to root competition between the residual tussock grass ( Setaria sphacelata (Schumacher) Moss) and Neotropical tree seedlings. Taken together, the results imply that a unimodal model between productivity and species richness after agriculture may be independent of specific field conditions such as past crop and, therefore, represent a more universal ecological concept.
Negotiating Nostalgia: The Rhetoricity of Thylacine Representation in Tasmanian Tourism
Authors: Turner Stephanie 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe recently extinct thylacine, endemic to Australia, has become a potent cultural icon in the state of Tasmania, with implications for Australian ecotourism and Tasmanian conservation strategies. While the thylacine's iconicity has been analyzed by naturalists and cultural historians, its significance in Tasmanian tourism has yet to be examined. Thylacine representations in tourism-related writings and images, because of their high degree of ambivalence, function as a rich site of conflicting values regarding national identity and native species protection. Drawing on cultural studies of the thylacine and constructivist theories of tourism, this study identifies and documents three polarities in thylacine representation: the thylacine as wild yet domesticated, present yet absent, and an Australian national—yet distinctly regional—subject. A close reading of contradictory textual and visual elements in tourist guides, travel writing, specialized maps, and museum exhibits illuminates ongoing debates about Australian econationalism in the global tourism economy.
Making Wildlife Viewable: Habituation and Attraction
Authors: Knight John 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe activity of wildlife viewing rests on an underlying contradiction. Wild animals are generally human-averse; they avoid humans and respond to human encounters by fleeing and retreating to cover. One would therefore expect human viewing of wild animals to be at best unpredictable, intermittent, and fleeting. Yet in recent decades, wildlife viewing has become a major recreational activity for millions of people around the world and has emerged as a thriving commercial industry. How can these two things—widespread wildlife intolerance of humans and large-scale human observation of wildlife—be squared? The answer is that wild animals are only viewed on this scale because they have been made viewable through human intervention. This article examines two kinds of intervention—habituation and attraction—that change wildlife behavior toward humans and render hitherto elusive animals susceptible to regular, proximate, and protracted human viewing.
Divergent selection for inherent fearfulness leads to divergent yolk steroid levels in quail
Authors: Richard-Yris  , Kotrschal  , Houdelier  , Möstl  , Richard  , Bertin  , Lumineau  
Published: May 2009

AbstractAvian yolk steroid levels may vary according to maternal condition or environmental factors, causing epigenetic modulation of offspring phenotype. Here we test whether artificial selection based on divergent duration of tonic immobility (TI) in Japanese quail (i.e., divergent inherent fearfulness) is correlated with divergent levels of yolk steroids. We analysed yolk steroid levels and egg quality in quail selected for either long or short duration of TI. Yolk steroids, i.e., immunoreactive progesterone and androstenedione, were found to be significantly less concentrated in eggs of the high inherent fearfulness line compared to eggs of the low inherent fearfulness line. A similar trend was found with testosterone levels. Larger eggs with lighter eggshell were also found in more fearful quail. Hence, the selection for divergent fearfulness has led to correlated changes in yolk steroid levels and egg quality. These data suggest that hormones of maternal origin, egg quality and genetic background may all contribute to line differences in phenotype. A modulation of progesterone concentrations by selection for behaviour in egg yolk is reported here for the first time. Although the effect of this hormone on avian embryos remains unknown, we argue it may have significant effects on phenotypic outcome.
Host plant resistance to Radopholus similis in a diploid banana hybrid population
Authors: Tenkouano Abdou , De Waele Dirk , Dochez Carine , Ortiz Rodomiro , Whyte Jim 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe objective of the research was to study the genetics of host plant resistance to Radopholus similis in a diploid banana population. Screening of a hybrid population and determination of the segregation ratios can provide information on the inheritance and number of alleles controlling this trait in banana. The diploid banana hybrid population used was derived by crossing the diploid hybrids TMB2x 6142-1 and TMB2x 8075-7. The diploid banana hybrid population was evaluated with the individual root inoculation method using an R. similis population from Namulonge, Uganda. Of the 81 hybrids evaluated, 37 hybrids were resistant, 13 hybrids were partially resistant and 31 hybrids were susceptible to R. similis. After chi-square analysis, the results indicated that resistance to R. similis is controlled by two dominant genes, A and B, both with additive and interactive effects, whereby recessive bb suppresses dominant A.
Surface coat proteins of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus: profiles of stage- and isolate-specific characters
Authors: Takeuchi Yuko , Shinya Ryoji , Kuroda Kouichi , Miura Natsuko , Futai Kazuyoshi , Ueda Mitsuyoshi 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe present study was made to determine the binding patterns of several lectins to the surface coat (SC) proteins of various isolates and developmental stages of the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Also, the detailed characteristics of the SC proteins were profiled by using molecular techniques. The lectin-binding study demonstrated the stage-specific characters of SC in binding to the lectin, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA). WGA binding was observed only to the outer surfaces of third-stage propagative juveniles and to the egg shells, and this occurred more frequently in virulent than in avirulent PWN isolates. A greater variety of lectins bound to eggs than to any other life stage. For characterisation, the SC proteins extracted were separated by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and analysed by lectin blotting. The results showed that the carbohydrate and protein patterns of the SC of the PWN changed during nematode development.
Reviving the Past: al-Shartūnī's Kitāb Matāli' and the Theory of Compilation in the Nahdah
Authors: Patel Abdulrazzak 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe Arab Renaissance (nahdah) in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries represents one of the most crucial periods in the development of Arabic literature and culture. This period witnessed a significant revival by nineteenth-century Arab poets and critics of their own literary and cultural heritage in the wake of Western influence. This article examines Sa'īd al-Shartūnī's thesis on poetry, which is part of his larger manual on style and eloquence, Kitāb Matāli'. Studying al-Shartūnī's ideas and approach within his immediate nineteenth-century context reveals him as a compiler who synthesises for a new generation of students the tradition of Arabic criticism as found in the great classics of the medieval period. In so doing, this article exposes broader literary structures underlying writing, reading and interpretation in the nahdah.
A Victory Celebration after a Military Defeat? Al-Mutanabbī's 'Ayniyyah of 339/950
Authors: Al-Mallah Majd Yaser 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper analyzes al-Mutanabbī's 'Ayniyyah, one of the poet's early odes in the court of Sayf al-Dawlah al-Hamdanī (d. 356/967), presented to the emir in the year 339/950. The ode in question is composed after a battle that the historical sources refer to as “ghazāt al-Musibah” (the battle of the disaster), a major military defeat that Sayf al-Dawlah suffered at the hand of the Byzantines. Taking into account the akhbār (anecdotes) and historical documents associated with this ode, the paper argues that al-Mutanabbī composes his poem in the context of celebrating victory in court ceremonial. The main purpose was to legitimize Sayf al-Dawlah's position in the community by means of his military victory despite the fact that the emir was defeated in this battle. The paper analyzes the poem's structure, rhetorical strategies and allusions, showing that al-Mutanabbī's poetic build-up is rooted in the Jāhilī pre-Islamic ethos of blood vengeance, used as a call for a new beginning and a quest for the Muslim polity's fertility and renewal.
The Procedural Rules Governing the Production of Documentary Evidence in International Arbitration – As Applied in Practice
Authors: O'Malley Nathan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis article considers the provisions of the IBA Rules on the Taking of Evidence in International Commercial Arbitration pertaining to documentary evidence, Articles 2, 3, and 9. The IBA Rules have emerged over time as a compromise set of standards appropriate for international arbitration and are widely used by tribunals throughout the world. This piece provides examples of arbitral case law in respect of the application of the Rules to issues concerning the taking and admission of documentary evidence. Moreover, the article also addresses issues regarding the role of the IBA Rules in the judicial review of arbitral awards, and their use in investor-state arbitration as opposed to international commercial arbitration. The goal of this article is to provide a thorough, case based commentary on the common approach used by tribunals in this area of procedure.
A New Challenge to International Law: The Disappearance of the Entire Territory of a State
Authors: Oliver Selma 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe physical disappearance of a state's entire territory is an event forecasted to happen as a result of sea-level rise, affecting some of the smallest nation states in the world, primarily islands in the South Pacific. The focus of this article is on the human rights of the inhabitants of the disappearing states when they are forced to relocate.
Late Sovereign Diplomacy
Authors: Adler-Nissen Rebecca 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMost scholars are inclined to assume that the diplomatic practices of the European Union's member states remain fundamentally unchanged. The EU's Council of Ministers is accordingly seen as a setting where sovereign states speak with one another. Yet if state interaction in the EU is only viewed from this perspective, a number of important qualitative changes will remain underexposed. This article argues that leading political forces in the European states have come to view their nations as anchored so deeply within the supranational institutions of the EU that their diplomats merge the promotion of national interests with those of the Union. In this late sovereign phase of diplomacy, political and legal authorities overlap, territorial exclusivity is replaced with functional boundaries, and states begin to speak with one voice. The article explores three interlinked aspects of late sovereign diplomacy: the teleological interpretation of the EC and EU treaties; the intense socialization of state representatives; and the negotiation process, which promotes national positions as part of a European cause, thereby delocalizing the national interest. While the EU has not rendered national diplomacy obsolete, it has profoundly changed its meaning and consequences.