bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Evolution of the Skull and Teeth in the Erinaceidae, with Special Reference to Fossil Material in the British Museum
Authors: Butler P. M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A comparative study is made of external features of the skull in the recent genera of Erinaceidae. An account of the dentition and occlusal relations is also given, including some characteristic features of the root‐pattern, hitherto undescribed.A description is given of the Oligoccne and Miocene Erinaceid material in the British Museum (Natural History). This includes a well‐preserved cranium of Neurogymnurus cayluxi which shows the structure of the tympanic cavity, the orbitotemporal region and the ethmoturbinals. Neurogymnurus minor Lydekker is transferred to the genus Galerix. A new genus (Mioechinus) is created for Erinaceus oeningensis Lydekker, and Erinaceus sansaniensis Lartet is provisionally placed in this genus. The name Amphechinus Aymard is substituted for Palaeoerinaceus Filhol on grounds of priority, and certain differences between specimens from the L. Oligocene, U. Oligocene and L. Miocene are noted.The inter‐relationships of the genera of Erinaceidae are discussed, and the conclusions reached differ in some respects from those of Leche (1902). Echinosorex (Gynmura) is rather closely related to Hylomys, but specialized in various characters, though showing a more primitive arrangement of the anterior teeth. Galerix, which appears to resemble Hylomys in its skull, is probably not far from the ancestry of the recent Echinosoricinae. Lanthanotherium shares with the recent Echinosoricinae a characteristic type of M3. Tupaiodon, which possesses the most primitive upper molar pattern known in the family, is probably related to Galerix. Neurogymnurus is placed in a new subfamily, Neurogymnurinae, on account of the structure of the mastoid region of the skull. The North American genera Brachyerix and Metechinus are not closely related to the Erinaceinae, but should probably be placed in the Neurogymnurinae. The recent Erinaceinae are probably derived from Amphechinus, the enlarged incisors of that genus becoming secondarily reduced. Mioechinus is in a number of respects intermediate between Amphechinus and the recent Erinaceinae. Amphechinus approaches the Echinosoricinae in many cranial characters.The following tribal names are proposed: Galericini, Echinosoricini, Neurogymnurini, Brachyericini, Protericini, Erinaceini.The hypothetical Eocene Erinaceidae probably had skulls like Hylomys, and dentitions like Galerix except that the molar pattern resembled Tupaiodon. It is most likely that they were mainly Old World in distribution. The North American genera Entomolestes, Xenacodon and Nyctitherium are considered as possible early Erinaceidae, though probably not ancestral types.A new family, Metacodontidae, is created for Metacodon, Plesiosorex and Meterix, which are of very doubtful affinities.The arrangement of turbinal bones in Neurogymnurus is very similar to that of Erinaceus. A scheme of homologies between the ethmoturbinals of Insectivores and Marsupials is put forward, and a new nomenclature suggested.
The larval stages of Balanus crenatus Bruguière
Authors: Pyefinch K.A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA description is given of the larval stages of Balanus crenatus and the number of naupliar stages found compared with those described for this species by Herz (1933).Six naupliar stages were found in the present investigation, whereas Herz has described eight naupliar stages. It is suggested that the second and fifth stages described by Herz are missing from the present sequence.The number of naupliar stages found in the present survey agrees with that of other species of barnacle which have feeding nauplii. Though the sequence described by Herz may not be typical, variations in the larval sequence of one species at different points in its area of distribution cannot be dismissed as completely impossible.
The Lateral Sensory Canals of Larval Notopterus.
Authors: Omarkhan M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.In larval Notopterus the latero‐sensory canals in the head are extraordinarily spacious and run through the head like huge tunnels. The canal‐system is remarkable in not possessing any opening to the exterior. The disposition of the canals follows the generalized Teleostean pattern. The cavity of the supraorbital canal is isolated from the rest of the system. There are, altogether, 36 neuromasts enclosed within the canals on each side of the head innervated in the typical Teleostean manner. The lateral canal of the body has not yet been formed, and is represented by a row of sense organs located in the epidermis and opening to the exterior. The course of the various canals, the bones associated with them, the histology of the canals and the neuromasts, and the structure of the cupulae, are described. The chemical nature of the cupulae is discussed. It has proved to be problematical. The: development of the latero‐sensory system shows some modifications in comparison to other teleosts. Primary pores are not formed, the system arises from the early stages as a closed system in the head region. The nature of the secondary association of the latero‐sensory canal system with the ear in Notopterus and Gymnarchus, and in some members of Gadidae, Muraenidae and Clupeidae is discussed. It is suggested that as a result of this association the latero‐sensory canal system tends to become modified in two ways; reduction in the external communication, ultimately in some forms leading to a total loss; and increase in the size of the canals. Notopterus shows a high degree of specialization in these directions.
The Anatomy and Histology of the Head, Gut and Associated Structures of Typhlocyba ulmi.
Authors: Willis Daphne M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The arrangement of the sclerites forming the head‐capsule, and the internal anatomy of the head are described. The tentorium consists of one transverse and two longitudinal bars. The sucking‐pump is composed of a thin dorsal epipharynx and a thick, ventral hypopharynx. This structure does not represent a true pharynx. The method of suction is described. Evidence regarding the structure and function of the gustatory organ is given.The salivary pump lies in the hypopharynx and has two large pumpmuscles inserted on it. No valvular arrangement is present at the point of entry of the salivary duct. The ejaculatory duct runs along the hypopharynx lip to the salivary canal within the stylets.The two pairs of stylets and their musculature are described. Retort organs are present in the nymphal stages. A maxillary bar has been observed, but no mandibular lever is present.
Caballine and Zebrine Horses in the Norfolk Forest Beds
Authors: Pirlot Paul 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The fossil remains of a large form of Equus caballus L. and of Equus robustus Pomel found in the Norfolk Forest Beds have been described. Most of the specimens are upper or lower cheek‐teeth, but there is a small number of limb‐bones.
The variability of the dimensions of the third and fourth lower pre‐molars has been expressed numerically.
There is not enough material known from the different localities at which the fossils were collected to show whether there are any significant differences between the various lots of fossils.
A theory of the relations of lateral lines to dermal bones.
Authors: PARRINGTON F. R. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The current view that the pattern of the dermal bones of early fishes was determined primarily by the neuromasts of the lateral‐liue system is considered to be unsatisfactory for three reasons. It results in the establishment of homologies which are suspect on general grounds, it fails to account for the established relations between dermal bones and lateral lines of early amphibia, and it is not in accordance with experimental evidence.
It is maintained that developmental relations between the lateral‐line system and dermal bones of at least the early fishes and early amphibia must be held to exist because in the majority of cases the lateral lines pass directly from one centre of ossification to the next, because lateral lines are in the majority of cases associated with bones which are apparently homologous, because bones associated with branches of the lateral‐line system both develop and evolve ahead of those not so associated, and because in the case of certain modern fishes the earliest appearance of bone cells is known to be in the immediate neighbourhood of neuromasts.
It is contended that if the assumption is made that precursors of dermal bones affect the courses of developing lateral‐line primordia, the developmental association between lateral lines and dermal bones can be accounted for without introducing the difficulties engendered by the current hypotheses. Fields are hypothesized, with their centres at the points of future centres of ossification, which have the property of attracting growing lateral‐line primordia towards them, and changes in either the spatial relations or the relative intensities of these fields are believed to account for changes in the courses of lateral lines. It is held that this conception does not invalidate the belief that the presence of neuromasts may be responsible for the early appearance of osteoblasts in their neighbourhood.
The courses of certain branches of the lateral line system close to the sutures between dermal bones are accounted for as a result of lateral lines developing under the direction of gradient‐fields through areas in which the bone‐precursor fields are relatively weak.
It is suggested that the lateral‐line branches of certain labyrinthodonts which pass neither to centres of ossification nor along sutures indicate the presence of bone‐precursor fields the areas of which were later swamped by neighbouring ossifications. They probably indicate the temporary survival of the precursors of the intertemporal bones.
A comparative study of the anterior superior dental nerve
Authors: RAY L. J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A comparative study of the course of the anterior superior dental nerve has been made.
In all the types studied the nerve to the incisor teeth was derived from the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve.
The anterior superior dental nerve affords an example, in these forms, of a nerve crossing a suture line whilst traversing a canal in bone.
Some of the implications of the observations have been mentioned.
The myology of the inferior extremity of the Malay Bear, Ursus malayanus
Authors: RAY L. J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

An account of the dissection of the musculature of the inferior extremity of Ursus malayanus is given.
Attention is drawn in particular to the presence in the foot of a layer of intermediate flexors, arising from the plantar aspect of the combined deep flexors and inserting into the intermediate phalanges.
The presence of muscles similar to these has been reported in the literature of the past, but they have not been accurately described or given the attention that is their due.
Muscles similar to these intermediate flexors have never been described as such in the literature relating to the anomalies of human myology, but slips of similar function and comparable attachments have been mentioned.
The comparative anatomy of the blood‐supply of the mammalian testis
Authors: HARRISON R. G. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.The vascular patterns in the testes of 49 different species of mammals have been examined, chiefly by the methods of arteriography and microarteriography. It is found that these patterns show a considerable morphological stability in different groups of mammals, and may thus be of some taxonomic importance.The literature is reviewed and suggestions made as to the functional importance of the pattern of the vascular supply of the testis as part of a thermo‐regulatory mechanism
A contribution to the study of fore‐limb eruption in metamorphosing Anura.
Authors: NEWTH D. R. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The fore‐limbs of Xenopus laevis are freed from their brachial sacs at the onset of metamorphosis in response to an endocrine stimulus.
The disappearance of the tissues overlying the young limbs is not a result of mechanical pressure exercised by limb growth, nor is it aided by stresses created by changes in head shape during metamorphosis. Mechanical pressure resulting from movements of the limbs hastens their liberation, but the thinning and perforation of the overlying tissues can take place in the experimentally contrived absence of the limb.
Metamorphic changes in the branchial chamber, in particular the involution of larval structures, can play no part in initiating the perforation process in this species. It is suggested that the rôle of substances released by degenerating gills in inducing opercular perforation in the normal metamorphosis of other Anuran species has not been satisfactorily established.
The process of fore‐limb liberation in the precociously induced metamorphosis of young tadpoles is regarded as essentially similar to the equivalent process in normal metamorphosis. This consideration, taken with the results of some earlier workers, leads to a rejection of the claim that Anurau fore‐limbs are liberated as a consequence of the histolytic properties of the secretion of glands in their skin.
The only factor that may be regarded as universally effective in the perforation process is the specificity of the tissues concerned to atrophy in response to endocrine conditions at the onset of metamorphosis. It is suggested that this factor alone is responsible for initiating the process in Xenopus, and probably in other species as well.
There is no justification for regarding the process of perforation as an example of double assurance.
Weather Factors and Spermatogenesis in Birds
Authors: MARSHALL A. J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The testes and stomachs of four species of woodland passerine birds were examined on 13th to 15th March, after the exceptionally severe winter of 1946‐47. A similar examination was made at exactly the same time of year after the exceptionally mild winter of 1947‐48.
The overall and tubular diameters of the 1947 testes were much smaller than those of 1948. In no instance in 1947 birds had spermatogenesis passed beyond the primary spermatocyte stage. All 1948 testes contained secondary spermatocytes, two species had undergone spermatogenesis and individuals of all species contained some fuchsinophil cells in the interstitium.
Stomachs were almost devoid of animal food at time of collection after the “hard” winter, but contained appreciable quantities of normal food after the mild one.
Despite the arrested development at the primary spermatocyte stage in mid‐March, 1947, at least three species bred at about the normal time following a sharp (higher than normal) rise in temperature and sunshine in April. Following the abnormally warm winter of 1947‐48 three (and probably four) species bred abnormally early.
The results indicate that proximate factors other than the number of hours of daylight and resultant activity are significant in the timing of breeding seasons in birds. Temperature and sunshine may play an important rôle in some species.
The structure and some physical properties of the testudinian eggshell.
Authors: YOUNG J. D. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

A revised account of the structure of the fowl's egg is given. It has been found that the layer previously described as amorphous (von Nathusius, 1861) and as composed of small interlaced calcite crystals by Stewart (1934), consists in fact of very large calcite crystals which enclose the ovo‐keratin foundation of the shell. It is also found that the shell exhibits no sphaerulite structure whatever.
The structure of the eggshell of four species of tortoise is described.
The inorganic part of these shells is composed of sphaerulites of aragonite.
The presence of pores in the fowl's egg is demonstrated by two different techniques.
Pores are absent from the eggs of Testudo graeca and T. radiata. They appear to be present in the shells of Emys orbicularis and Amyda euphratica.
Rate of water loss is both absolutely and per unit of area less from the intact tortoise egg than from the intact fowl's egg.
These findings are discussed in relation to the mode of life of tortoises.
The gross anatomy of the blood vascular system of the Eel Anguilla anguilla.
Authors: MOTT J. C. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.

The gross anatomy of the Eel's circulation is described.
The following points are noted:–.(a) the simplification of the cranial circulation owing to the absence of a pseudobranch; (b) the existence of forked ventral ends to the efferent branchials; (c) the origin of the coronary arteries; (d) the distribution of the gut arteries; (e) the unusual vascular supply of the pneumatic duct and gas bladder and its possible significance; (f) the tendency to asymmetry especially in the venous system.
It is concluded that the Eel's vascular system is relatively unspecialized though the absence of a pseudobranch and the presence of the pneumatie duct capillary network must be regarded as specialized features.

This work was carried out during the tenure of a maintenance grant from the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
Note on the cranial and dental characters of a specimen of rhinoceros sondaicus Desm
Authors: Finlayson H. H. 
Published: August 2010

Summary.A hitherto unexamined specimen of Rhinoceros sondaicus Desm. in the South Australian Museum is recorded. Attention is drawn to uncertainty in the diagnostic value of some cranial and dental characters formerly used in separating sondaicus and unicornis, following upon the recent work of Pocock.The skull of the present specimen is compared with a skull of unicornis, and on the whole found to accord with the earlier statements of Flower, etc. Dimensions of the two skulls are quoted and a revised inventory of museum specimens of sondaicus given.
On the food, feeding mechanism and alimentary canal of Corixidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera)*
Authors: SUTTON MURIEL F. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

The food of corixids includes solid substances and is obtained partly from detritus, from algae including filamentous genera and to a lesser extent from free‐swimming pond animals, e. g. chironomids, tubifex etc.
The methods of feeding can be summarized as follows:‐ (a) Detritus is “shovelled” to the tip of the rostrum by the palae and then sucked into the alimentary canal by the pharyngeal pump. (b) Algal filaments and free‐swimming pond animals are held by the palae, the stylets inserted, and the food, partly digested by enzymes secreted into it, is sucked into the alimentary canal. (c) The surfaces of stones, dead animals etc. are scraped with the palae, and the material so freed is sucked into the alimentary canal.
The structure of the alimentary canal which presents several remarkable features is described. The unusual features to be seen are:‐ (a) the buccopharyngeal teeth; (b) the well‐developed proventriculus and the oesophageal valve; (c) the peritrophic membrane, formed in the presence of large quantities of food by delamination from a brush border.
(a) The examination of the alimentary canal of Naucoris shows the presence of solid food, associated with which are pharyngeal teeth, and an oesophageal valve. The proventriculus is reduced and there is no peritrophic membrane. (b) The examination of the alimentary canal of Notonecta shows that only liquid food is present. There are no pharyngeal teeth, oesophageal valve, proventriculus nor is a peritrophic membrane present.
The peritrophic membrane is to be regarded as a primitive feature because of its wide distribution including its presence in at least one annelid. Its formation in Melinna, in part from mucus, and the absence of the goblet cells in those regions of the gut in which it is found, indicates its fundamentally protective function.
The nature of the food and the unusual features of the alimentary canals of corixids and naucorids, in particular the presence of the peritrophic membrane in Corixidae indicates that they are very primitive Hemiptera, the corixids more primitive than naucorids.
Staining by special methods to demonstrate the Golgi apparatus and the presubstance, gives information as to which cells in the midgut are secretory in function. Two definite and two less certain methods of secretion are found. Definite (a) the production of non‐nucleate vesicles containing the enzymes; (b) the liberation of the enzymes unaccompanied by any part of the cell other than the dense lipoid containing substance which may adhere to the product. Less certain (c) the production of nucleate vesicles; (d) the disintegration into fine granules of part of the cell.
Observations on the feeding of some British false scorpions.
Authors: Sc. OWEN GILBERT. M. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.Food capture and feeding in four British false scorpions was studied by providing captive animals with Drosophila larvae. Ncobisium muscorum. N. maritimum and Dactylochelifer latreilli made considerable use of the pedipalps in food capture while Chthonius ischnocelus disabled the prey with the chelicerae, behaviour possibly correlated with the large chelicerae and with the absence of a palpal venom apparatus in the genus Chthoius. During feeding in D. latreilli, the chelicerae were quite still, whereas in Neobisium and Chthonius they actively kneaded the prey. A correlation between the structure of the cheliceral serrulae and the method of feeding is suggested.
Notes on external characters of the barred bandicoot (Perameles gunnii Gray), with special reference to the pouch young.
Authors: LYNE A. G. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY.

A large number of immature and adult barred bandicoots from Victoria and Tasmania have been examined, and the external characters of three immature specimens from Victoria have been described and compared with similar specimens from Tasmania.
The result of this investigation shows, beyond doubt, that the barred bandicoots of southern Victoria and Taswnania belong to one and the same species, that is, Perameles gunnii Gray.
In addition to the characters given by Waterhouse (1846, p. 380), P. gunnii differs markedly from P. fasciata in the structure of the pes. On this character alone these two bandicoots may be separated.