bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bimetallic Au–Pd Nanoparticles Confined in Tubular Mesoporous Carbon as Highly Selective and Reusable Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation Catalysts
Authors: Hao Yan , Hao Guang‐Ping , Guo De‐Cai , Guo Chun‐Zao , Li Wen‐Cui , Li Ming‐Run , Lu An‐Hui 
Published: August 2012

AbstractSize‐uniform and highly dispersed bimetallic Au–Pd nanoparticles were formed in situ and confined in tubular mesoporous carbon by successive incipient wetness impregnation and a thermal annealing method. The bimodal mesoporous carbon (CMK‐5) encapsulated Au–Pd nanoparticles with 1 wt % metal loading enables superior activity compared with mono‐modal mesoporous carbon for benzyl alcohol oxidation. A conversion of >99 % and selectivity of >99 % can be reached within 3 h under mild conditions, for example, at 80 °C and at atmospheric pressure. It is found that during the catalyst preparation, the Au and Pd precursor impregnation sequence is a key factor to the formation of Au–Pd nanoparticles under identical conditions. A relatively high activity is realized by the first impregnation of the Au precursor, followed by the second impregnation of the Pd precursor. The crystalline structure and distribution of Au–Pd nanoparticles are characterized by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), and XRD. It is found that a larger proportion of surface‐exposed Pd atoms in Au–Pd nanoparticles have a positive effect on catalytic activity. The Au–Pd nanoparticles have a narrow size distribution that is concentrated at approximately 4 nm. TEM and N2 adsorption results reveal that the catalyst has a large surface area and well‐developed bimodal pore interconnectivity, which contribute to its excellent activity. The used catalyst retained a high selectivity but conversion decreased with recycling. The deactivation mechanism was attributed to the tiny amount of incompletely removed benzaldehyde adsorbed onto the active surface, which blocked access from the active sites to benzyl alcohol. Importantly, the used catalyst can be recovered by a simple heat treatment at 200 °C in air after the catalytic cycles have completed; the adsorbed benzaldehyde is removed from the active surface. Hence, Au–Pd nanoparticles confined in tubular mesoporous carbon can be used as an alternative method to develop highly dispersed nanocatalysts to improve catalytic efficiency.
Synthesis and Properties of Thiophene‐Fused Benzocarborane
Authors: Morisaki Yasuhiro , Tominaga Masato , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe o‐carborane‐based π‐conjugated compound, benzocarborano‐ [2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophene was synthesized. Its crystal structure revealed high coplanarity for the two thiophene rings of the 2,2′‐bithiophene skeleton, which is fixed in the cisoid structure by the o‐carborane unit. Theoretical calculations indicated non‐aromaticity for its center C6 ring moiety as well as decreased HOMO and LUMO levels. The o‐carborane moiety provides an electron‐withdrawing character to the 2,2′‐bithiophene unit through an inductive effect.
Study of children evacuation from pre‐school education institutions
Authors: Kholshchevnikov V. V. , Samoshin D. A. , Parfyonenko A. P. , Belosokhov I. P. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper deals with research into the evacuation of children from pre‐school educational institutions. The research was designed to determine possible values for their pre‐movement time and to thoroughly investigate the parameters of their movement along the emergency escape routes. All the stages of the research conducted are described including the preparation and arrangements for the actual observation studies and the collection of basic empirical data and their statistical treatment. This includes the analysis of the pre‐movement time for pre‐school educational institutions, a theoretical analysis for establishing the relationships between speed and density of flows of children of different age groups during their upward and downward movement on stairs, through door openings, along horizontal routes at a normal walking speed, and while running. It also includes the categorization of movement by a degree of emotional state and psychological abilities of those people involved. The use of the results obtained for evacuation planning under various conditions in pre‐school educational institutions is also discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computational and experimental studies of an orthopedic implant: MRI‐related heating at 1.5‐T/64‐MHz and 3‐T/128‐MHz
Authors: Liu Yan , Chen Ji , Shellock Frank G. , Kainz Wolfgang 
Published: August 2012

AbstractPurpose:To use numerical modeling to predict the worst‐case of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐induced heating of an orthopedic implant of different sizes under 1.5‐T/64‐MHz and 3‐T/128‐MHz conditions and to apply the experimental test to validate the numerical results for worst‐case heating.Materials and Methods:Investigations of specific absorption rate (SAR) and the temperature rise of an orthopedic implant of different sizes within a standard phantom were accomplished by numerical finite‐difference time‐domain modeling and experimental measurements. MRI‐related heating experiments were performed using standardized techniques at 1.5‐T/64‐MHz and 3‐T/128‐MHz.Results:The numerical modeling results indicated that the induced energy deposition is almost linearly related to the dimension of the orthopedic implant when it is less than 100 mm for 1.5‐T/64‐MHz and 3‐T/128‐MHz conditions. At 3‐T/128‐MHz, when the dimension is greater than 100 mm, the linear relation does not exist, which suggests a wavelength effect at higher frequency. Higher temperature rises occurred at 1.5‐T/64‐MHz MRI than at 3‐T/128‐MHz for both numerical modeling and experimental studies.Conclusion:The numerical technique predicted which device size had maximum heating and its location. Temperature rise data agreed well with thermal simulation results. The presented method proved to be suitable to assess MRI‐induced heating of complex medical implants. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2013;37:491–497. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
pH effects on binding between the anthrax protective antigen and the host cellular receptor CMG2
Authors: Rajapaksha Maheshinie , Lovell Scott , Janowiak Blythe E. , Andra Kiran K. , Battaile Kevin P. , Bann James G. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThe anthrax protective antigen (PA) binds to the host cellular receptor capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) with high affinity. To gain a better understanding of how pH may affect binding to the receptor, we have investigated the kinetics of binding as a function of pH to the full‐length monomeric PA and to two variants: a 2‐fluorohistidine‐labeled PA (2‐FHisPA), which is ∼1 pH unit more stable to variations in pH than WT, and an ∼1 pH unit less stable variant in which Trp346 in the domain 2β3‐2β4 loop is substituted with a Phe (W346F). We show using stopped‐flow fluorescence that the binding rate increases as the pH is lowered for all proteins, with little influence on the rate of dissociation. In addition, we have crystallized PA and the two variants and examine the influence of pH on structure. In contrast to previous X‐ray studies, the domain 2β3‐2β4 loop undergoes little change in structure from pH ∼8 to 5.5 for the WT protein, but for the 2‐FHis labeled and W346F mutant there are changes in structure consistent with previous X‐ray studies. In accord with pH stability studies, we find that the average B‐factor values increase by ∼20–30% for all three proteins at low pH. Our results suggest that for the full‐length PA, low pH increases the binding affinity, likely through a change in structure that favors a more “bound‐like” conformation.
Test generation from state based use case models
Authors: Nogueira Sidney , Sampaio Augusto , Mota Alexandre 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
We present a strategy for the automatic generation of test cases from parametrised use case templates that capture control flow, state, input and output. Our approach allows test scenario selection based on particular traces or states of the model. The templates are internally represented as CSP processes with explicit input and output alphabets, and test generation is expressed as counter-examples of refinement checking, mechanised using the FDR tool. Soundness is addressed through an input–output conformance relation formally defined in the CSP traces model. This purely process algebraic characterisation of testing has some potential advantages, mainly an easy automation of conformance verification and test case generation via model checking, without the need to develop any explicit algorithm.
Selected topics in arctic atmosphere and climate
Authors: Perrie William , Long Zhenxia , Hung Hayley , Cole Amanda , Steffen Alexandra , Dastoor Ashu , Durnford Dorothy , Ma Jianmin , Bottenheim Jan W. , Netcheva Stoyka , Staebler Ralf , Drummond James R. , O’Neill N. T. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This paper summarizes the main elements of four IPY projects that examine the Arctic Atmosphere. All four projects focus on present conditions with a view to anticipating possible climate change. All four investigate the Arctic atmosphere, ocean, ice, and land interfacial surfaces. One project uses computer models to simulate the dynamics of the Arctic atmosphere, storms, and their interactions with the ocean and ice interface. Another project uses statistical methods to infer transports of pollutants as simulated in large-scale global atmospheric and oceanic models verifying results with available observations. A third project focuses on measurements of pollutants at the ice-ocean–atmosphere interface, with reference to model estimates. The fourth project is concerned with multiple, high accuracy measurements at Eureka in the Canadian Archipelago. While these projects are distinctly different, led by different teams and interdisciplinary collaborators, with different technical approaches and methodologies, and differing objectives, they all strive to understand the processes of the Arctic atmosphere and climate, and to lay the basis for projections of future changes. Key findings include:
• Decreased sea ice leads to more intense storms, higher winds, reduced surface albedo, increased surface air temperature, and enhanced vertical mixing in the upper ocean.
• Arctic warming may affect toxic chemicals by remobilizing persistent organic pollutants and augmenting mercury deposition/retention in the environment.
• Changes in sea ice can dramatically change processes in and at the ice surface related to ozone, mercury and bromine oxide and related chemical/physical properties.
• Structure and properties of the Arctic atmospheric—troposphere to stratosphere—and tracking of transport of pollution and smoke plumes from mid-latitudes to the poles.
Collection of volatiles from honeybee larvae and adults enclosed on brood frames
Authors: Carroll Mark J. , Duehl Adrian J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
We describe a system for the in situ collection of volatiles from bees enclosed on a standard Langstroth frame face. The system includes an observation frame consisting of a glass plate and an aluminum frame that encloses a single frame face. A push–pull airflow system and an in-line volatile collection filter allow for air exchange and headspace volatile capture. This system can provide insight into colony chemical communication. The emissions of four compounds (2-heptanone, methyl benzoate, decanal, and 3-carene) associated with adult bees or colony materials remained steady or increased slightly in repeated collections from frames with maturing larvae. The emissions of the larval food component octanoic acid reflected changes in food consumption patterns by differently aged larvae. The production of the primer pheromone E-β-ocimene was greatest in comb containing young larvae and recently capped brood, but was lower on comb with capping larvae.
Development mechanism of cathode surface plasmas of high current pulsed electron beam sources for microwave irradiation generation
Authors: Li Limin , Chang L. , Zhang L. , Liu J. , Chen G. , Wen J. 
Published: August 2012

AbstractThis paper presents the development mechanism of surface plasmas of carbon-fiber-cathode electron beam source and its effects on the operation of a high-power microwave source, reflex triode vircator powered by about 400 kV, 9 kA, about 350 ns pulsed power accelerator. Based on the current and voltage characteristics of diodes using carbon fiber cathode, the axial expansion velocity is 1.2 cm/μs and the delay time of explosive emission is 2 ns. Further, the comparison of carbon fiber and stainless steel cathodes is made. It was found that the threshold electric field for carbon fiber cathode is about 25 kV/cm, and the delay time of explosive emission and threshold electric field for stainless steel cathode is, respectively, 4.5 ns and 40 kV/cm. The radial expansion velocity of individual emitting centers is estimated to be 1.2 cm/μs, equal to the axial expansion velocity, and this shows the cathode plasma spots spherically expand. In the optimal diode gap for microwave irradiation or at the average current density of 230 A/cm2using carbon fiber cathode, the screening radius was 0.67 cm, the lifetime of cathode emitting centers was about 60 ns, the cathode plasma density was 5 × 1015 cm−3, and the Debye radius of cathode plasma was <3 × 10−5 cm−3. The self-quenching behavior of explosive emission centers occurs, due to the process of cathode surface material release and cooling. The generation and self-quenching of emitting centers, and screening effect of cathode plasmas determine the increase and decrease of cathode emitting area, which is independent of the current density and background pressure. The relation between the lifetime of virtual cathode and background pressure was discussed. It was found, both theoretically and experimentally, that a lower background pressure indicates a longer microwave pulse or a better microwave waveform. It was observed by comparison that the temporary behavior of cathode emitting area is similar to the development process of microwave pulse. The changes of emitting area affects the stability of beam current injected into the virtual cathode region, further leading to the fluctuation of microwave pulse of vircator.
A story about a word: does narrative presentation promote learning of a spatial preposition in German two-year-olds?
Authors: NACHTIGÄLLER KERSTIN , ROHLFING KATHARINA J. , MCGREGOR KARLA K. 
Published: August 2012

ABSTRACTWe trained forty German-speaking children aged 1;8–2;0 in their comprehension of UNTER [UNDER]. The target word was presented within semantically organized input in the form of a ‘narrative’ to the experimental group and within ‘unconnected speech’ to the control group. We tested children's learning by asking them to perform an UNDER-relation before, immediately after, and again one day after the training using familiarized and unfamiliarized materials. Compared to controls, the experimental group learned better and retained more. Children with advanced expressive lexicons in particular were aided in generalizing to unfamiliarized materials by the narrative presentation. This study extends our understanding of how narrations scaffold young children's enrichment of nascent word knowledge.
Design and performance of a wireless sensor network for catchment‐scale snow and soil moisture measurements
Authors: Kerkez Branko , Glaser Steven D. , Bales Roger C. , Meadows Matthew W. 
Published: August 2012

A wireless sensor network (WSN) was deployed as part of a water balance instrument cluster across a forested 1 km2headwater catchment in the southern Sierra Nevada of California. The network, which integrates readings from over 300 sensors, provides spatially representative measurements of snow depth, solar radiation, relative humidity, soil moisture, and matric potential. The ability of this densely instrumented watershed to capture catchment‐scale snow depth and soil moisture distributions is investigated through comparison with three comprehensive gridded surveys and 1 day of detailed lidar snow data. Statistical analysis shows that the network effectively characterized catchment‐wide distributions of snow depth, while offering a cost‐effective, reliable, and energy‐efficient means for collecting distributed data in real time. A temporal analysis of snow depth variability reveals that canopy cover is the major explanatory variable of snow depth and that under‐canopy measurements persistently show higher variability compared to those in open terrain. An analysis of soil moisture shows lower variability at deeper soil depth and a correlation between mean soil moisture and variability for shallow soils. A three‐phase design procedure was used to optimize the WSN deployment. First, as off‐the‐shelf performance of current WSN platforms for large‐scale, long‐term deployments cannot be guaranteed, statistics from a prototype deployment were analyzed. Two indicators of network performance, the packet delivery ratio and received signal strength indicator, showed that for our site conditions, a conservative 50 m node‐to‐node spacing would ensure low‐power, reliable, and robust network communications. Second, results from the prototype were used to refine hardware specifications and to guide the layout of the full 57‐node wireless network. Of these nodes, 23 were used actively for sensing, while the remaining 34 nodes were used as signal repeaters to ensure proper spatial radio coverage and robust network operations. Further analysis of network statistics is conducted during the third, operational, phase to validate system performance.
Multiple microRNAs induced by Cdx1 suppress Cdx2 in human colorectal tumour cells
Authors: Tagawa Takanobu , Haraguchi Takeshi , Hiramatsu Hiroaki , Kobayashi Kazuyoshi , Sakurai Kouhei , Inada Ken-Ichi , Iba Hideo 
Published: August 2012

The mammalian transcriptional factors, Cdx1 and Cdx2 (Cdx is caudal-type homeobox) are paralogues and critical for the cellular differentiation of intestinal or colorectal epithelia. It has been reported previously that in Cdx1 transgenic or knockout mice, endogenous Cdx2 levels are inversely correlated with Cdx1 levels. Recently, we found that exogenous Cdx1 expression can suppress Cdx2 in a human colorectal tumour cell line, SW480, although the underlying molecular mechanisms were unclear. In the present study, we show that several microRNAs induced by exogenous Cdx1 expression directly bind to the CDX2 mRNA 3′UTR (untranslated region) to destabilize these transcripts, finally leading to their degradation. Using microarray analysis, we found that several miRNAs that were computationally predicted to target CDX2 mRNAs are up-regulated by exogenous Cdx1 expression in SW480 cells. Among these molecules, we identified miR-9, miR-16 and miR-22 as having the potential to suppress Cdx2 through the binding of the 3′UTR to its transcript. Importantly, simultaneous mutations of both the miR-9- and miR-16-binding sites in the CDX2 3′UTR were shown to be sufficient to block Cdx2 suppression. The results of the present study suggest a unique feature of miRNAs in which they contribute to homoeostasis by limiting the levels of transcription factors belonging to the same gene family.
We have travelled a long distance and sorted out the mess in the drawers: Metaphors for moving towards the end in psychotherapy
Authors: Råbu Marit , Haavind Hanne , Binder Per-Einar 
Published: August 2012

AbstractAim: To explore the process of ending in psychotherapy, in particular how clients and therapists draw on their notions of client improvements and prepare for the upcoming end. Data: The data comes from an intensive process‐outcome study at the University of Oslo, Norway. The study includes audio‐recording from all sessions and separate post‐therapy interviews with clients and therapists. Twelve psychotherapy dyads were selected because they had reached a ‘good enough’ ending. Therapy duration ranged from 7–43 months. The number of sessions ranged from 10–67. Method and analysis: A hermeneutical‐phenomenological approach analysed and combined the observational and reflexive data. The analysis was carried out using a method for systematic text condensation and through reflexive dialogues with the material and between the researchers. Findings and discussion: The language of improvement towards the end of treatment seemed packed with metaphors conveying growth in both affective and relational management. Metaphors based on travel (how they have moved); cleaning (how they have cleaned up and sorted out things); sensing (how the clients have grown stronger, got their heads above water and see things differently); and the clients’ feeling of having received something (gifts or tools) are widely used. Such metaphors are created in the interaction with a mutual sensitivity to their capacity to confirm and regulate affect towards the end. In this sense, the metaphors celebrate accomplishments in a way that exceeds therapy, and the client can keep them to use afterwards.
PRISM: Pair-read informed split-read mapping for base-pair level detection of insertion, deletion and structural variants
Authors: Jiang Yue , Wang Yadong , Brudno Michael 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Motivation: The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has enabled novel methods for detecting structural variants (SVs). Current methods are typically based on depth of coverage or pair-end mapping clusters. However, most of these only report an approximate location for each SV, rather than exact breakpoints.
Results: We have developed pair-read informed split mapping (PRISM), a method that identifies SVs and their precise breakpoints from whole-genome resequencing data. PRISM uses a split-alignment approach informed by the mapping of paired-end reads, hence enabling breakpoint identification of multiple SV types, including arbitrary-sized inversions, deletions and tandem duplications. Comparisons to previous datasets and simulation experiments illustrate PRISM’s high sensitivity, while PCR validations of PRISM results, including previously uncharacterized variants, indicate an overall precision of ∼90%.
Availability: PRISM is freely available at http://compbio.cs.toronto.edu/prism.
Contact: yue.jiang.hit@gmail.com (YJ); ydwang@hit.edu.cn (YW); brudno@cs.toronto.edu (MB)
Supplementary Information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MetiTree: a web application to organize and process high-resolution multi-stage mass spectrometry metabolomics data
Authors: Rojas-Chertó Miguel , van Vliet Michael , Peironcely Julio E. , van Doorn Ronnie , Kooyman Maarten , te Beek Tim , van Driel Marc A. , Hankemeier Thomas , Reijmers Theo 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Summary: Identification of metabolites using high-resolution multi-stage mass spectrometry (MSn) data is a significant challenge demanding access to all sorts of computational infrastructures. MetiTree is a user-friendly, web application dedicated to organize, process, share, visualize and compare MSn data. It integrates several features to export and visualize complex MSn data, facilitating the exploration and interpretation of metabolomics experiments. A dedicated spectral tree viewer allows the simultaneous presentation of three related types of MSn data, namely, the spectral data, the fragmentation tree and the fragmentation reactions. MetiTree stores the data in an internal database to enable searching for similar fragmentation trees and matching against other MSn data. As such MetiTree contains much functionality that will make the difficult task of identifying unknown metabolites much easier.
Availability: MetiTree is accessible at http://www.MetiTree.nl. The source code is available at https://github.com/NetherlandsMetabolomicsCentre/metitree/wiki.
Contact: m.rojas@lacdr.leidenuniv.nl or t.reijmers@lacdr.leidenuniv.nl