bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colloidal Gold and Silver Triangular Nanoprisms
Authors: Millstone Jill E. , Hurst Sarah J. , Métraux Gabriella S. , Cutler Joshua I. , Mirkin Chad A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIt is now well‐known that the size, shape, and composition of nanomaterials can dramatically affect their physical and chemical properties, and that technologies based on nanoscale materials have the potential to revolutionize fields ranging from catalysis to medicine. Among these materials, anisotropic particles are particularly interesting because the decreased symmetry of such particles often leads to new and unusual chemical and physical behavior. Within this class of particles, triangular Au and Ag nanoprisms stand out due to their structure‐ and environment‐dependent optical features, their anisotropic surface energetics, and the emergence of reliable synthetic methods for producing them in bulk quantities with control over their edge lengths and thickness. This Review will describe a variety of solution‐based methods for synthesizing Au and Ag triangular prismatic structures, and will address and discuss proposed mechanisms for their formation.magnified image
Achieving high and consistent rendering performance of Java AWT/Swing on multiple platforms
Authors: Wang Yi‐Hsien , Wu I‐Chen 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWang et al. (Softw. Pract. Exper. 2007; 37(7):727–745) observed a phenomenon of performance inconsistency in the graphics of Java Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT)/Swing among different Java runtime environments (JREs) on Windows XP. This phenomenon makes it difficult to predict the performance of Java game applications. Therefore, they proposed a portable AWT/Swing architecture, called CYC Window Toolkit (CWT), to provide programmers with high and consistent rendering performance for Java game development among different JREs. They implemented a DirectX version to demonstrate the feasibility of the architecture. This paper extends the above research to other environments in two aspects. First, we evaluate the rendering performance of the original Java AWT with different combinations of JREs, image application programming interfaces, system properties and operating systems (OSs), including Windows XP, Windows Vista, Fedora and Mac OS X. The evaluation results indicate that the performance inconsistency of Java AWT also exists among the four OSs, even if the same hardware configuration is used. Second, we design an OpenGL version of CWT, named CWT‐GL, to take advantage of modern 3D graphics cards, and compare the rendering performance of CWT with Java AWT/Swing. The results show that CWT‐GL achieves more consistent and higher rendering performance in JREs 1.4 to 1.6 on the four OSs. The results also hint at two approaches: (a) decouple the rendering pipelines of Java AWT/Swing from the JREs for faster upgrading and supporting old JREs and (b) use other graphics libraries, such as CWT, instead of Java AWT/Swing to develop cross‐platform Java games with higher and more consistent rendering performance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automated dynamic detection of busy–wait synchronizations
Authors: Tian Chen , Nagarajan Vijay , Gupta Rajiv , Tallam Sriraman 
Published: March 2009

AbstractWith the advent of multicores, multithreaded programming has acquired increased importance. In order to obtain good performance, the synchronization constructs in multithreaded programs need to be carefully implemented. These implementations can be broadly classified into two categories: busy–wait and schedule‐based. For shared memory architectures, busy–wait synchronizations are preferred over schedule‐based synchronizations because they can achieve lower wakeup latency, especially when the expected wait time is much shorter than the scheduling time. While busy–wait synchronizations can improve the performance of multithreaded programs running on multicore machines, they create a challenge in program debugging, especially in detecting and identifying the causes of data races. Although significant research has been done on data race detection, prior works rely on one important assumption—the debuggers are aware of all the synchronization operations performed during a program run. This assumption is a significant limitation as multithreaded programs, including the popular SPLASH‐2 benchmark have busy–wait synchronizations such as barriers and flag synchronizations implemented in the user code. We show that the lack of knowledge of these synchronization operations leads to unnecessary reporting of numerous races. To tackle this problem, we propose a dynamic technique for identifying user‐defined synchronizations that are performed during a program run. Both software and hardware implementations are presented. Furthermore, our technique can be easily exploited by a record/replay system to significantly speedup the replay. It can also be leveraged by a transactional memory system to effectively resolve a livelock situation. Our evaluation confirms that our synchronization detector is highly accurate with no false negatives and very few false positives. We further observe that the knowledge of synchronization operations results in 23% reduction in replay time. Finally, we show that using synchronization knowledge livelocks can be efficiently avoided during runtime monitoring of programs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach to aid understanding emerging research fields—the case of knowledge management
Authors: Nie Kun , Ma Tieju , Nakamori Yoshiteru 
Published: March 2009

AbstractEmerging research fields bring confusion to many people. This paper puts forward an approach, based on domain analysis and journal mining, to aiding people to get an overview of an emerging research field. The approach extends the traditional domain analysis method by adding two additional aspects: objectives and applications, and explores six essential issues regarding a research field, which include: why the research field is necessary, what enables its birth or triggers actions on it, what it deals with, how to implement it, how to support it, and where it has been applied. After introducing the approach, this paper gives a case study of applying it to explore the knowledge management (KM) field. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Fetal Auditory Stem Cells Can Be Expanded In Vitro and Differentiate Into Functional Auditory Neurons and Hair Cell-Like Cells
Authors: Chen Wei , Johnson Stuart L. , Marcotti Walter , Andrews Peter W. , Moore Harry D. , Rivolta Marcelo N. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In the quest to develop the tools necessary for a cell-based therapy for deafness, a critical step is to identify a suitable stem cell population. Moreover, the lack of a self-renovating model system for the study of cell fate determination in the human cochlea has impaired our understanding of the molecular events involved in normal human auditory development. We describe here the identification and isolation of a population of SOX2+OCT4+ human auditory stem cells from 9-week-old to 11-week-old fetal cochleae (hFASCs). These cells underwent long-term expansion in vitro and retained their capacity to differentiate into sensory hair cells and neurons, whose functional and electrophysiological properties closely resembled their in vivo counterparts during development. hFASCs, and the differentiating protocols defined here, could be used to study developing human cochlear neurons and hair cells, as models for drug screening and toxicity and may facilitate the development of cell-based therapies for deafness.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Use of ultrasound to distinguish between fetal hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism on discovery of a goiter
Authors: Huel C. , Guibourdenche J. , Vuillard E. , Ouahba J. , Piketty M. , Oury J. F. , Luton D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectivesTo determine whether sonography can be used to distinguish hyperthyroidism from hypothyroidism in pregnancies with fetal goiter.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 39 cases of fetal goiter. The majority of the mothers had Graves' disease. Fetuses were scanned for the existence of a hypertrophic thyroid gland (goiter) beginning at 22 gestational weeks. Once a goiter was diagnosed, different echographic features were analyzed and the effect of chosen treatment on fetal thyroid development was monitored.ResultsOn color Doppler, 68.8% of hypothyroid goiters had a peripheral vascular pattern vs. 20% in cases of fetal hyperthyroidism (P = 0.0574). No hypothyroid goiter presented central vascularization whereas half the hyperthyroid goiters did (P = 0.0013). Fetal tachycardia was a good indicator of hyperthyroidism (57.1% v.s 6.3%; P = 0.0055). Delayed bone maturation was seen in hypothyroid goiters (46.9% vs. 0%; P = 0.0307), while advanced bone maturity was specific to hyperthyroid goiters (85.7% vs. 0%; P < 0.0001). Lastly, an increase in fetal movement was observed in cases of fetal hypothyroidism (43.8% vs. 0%; P = 0.0364).ConclusionBased on the color Doppler pattern of goiter, fetal heart rate, bone maturation and fetal mobility, we established an ultrasound score to predict fetal thyroid function in cases of fetal goiter. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrasonographic measurement of thymus size in IUGR fetuses: a marker of the fetal immunoendocrine response to malnutrition
Authors: Cromi A. , Ghezzi F. , Raffaelli R. , Bergamini V. , Siesto G. , Bolis P. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is associated with decreased thymus size in the human fetus.MethodsThe thymus perimeter was measured in 60 consecutive IUGR fetuses at prenatal ultrasound examination. IUGR was defined as an abdominal circumference (AC) <5th centile. Sixty controls were identified by selection of the next consecutive appropriately grown fetus of similar gestational age (±1 week). To exclude fetal size effects, ratios between thymus perimeter and fetal biometry measurements including biparietal diameter (BPD), AC and femur length (FL), as well as estimated fetal weight (EFW) were compared between IUGR fetuses and controls.ResultsThe proportion of fetuses with thymus perimeter <5th centile for gestation was significantly higher in IUGR fetuses than in controls (58/60 vs. 7/60, P < 0.0001). The mean thymus perimeter/BPD ratio (0.87 ± 0.20 vs. 1.13 ± 0.13, P < 0.0001), thymus perimeter/AC ratio (0.28 ± 0.06 vs. 0.35 ± 0.03, P < 0.0001), thymus perimeter/FL ratio (1.18 ± 0.26 vs. 1.51 ± 0.19, P < 0.001) and thymus perimeter/EFW ratio (0.05 ± 0.01 vs. 0.06 ± 0.01, P = 0.02) were significantly lower in IUGR fetuses than in controls. There was a significant positive correlation between the observed‐to‐expected mean for gestation thymus perimeter ratio and the enrolment‐to‐delivery interval (r = 0.44, P < 0.001).ConclusionIUGR is associated with a disproportionately small thymus. This supports the hypothesis that thymic involution may be part of the fetal neuroendocrine response to intrauterine starvation. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between ultrasound findings and extent of trophoblastic invasion into the tubal wall in ampullary pregnancy
Authors: Pereira P. P. , Cabar F. R. , Schultz R. , Zugaib M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectivePredictive factors of damage to the Fallopian tube may guide the treatment of patients with tubal pregnancy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the depth of trophoblastic invasion into the tubal wall, assessed on postoperative histological examination, with the findings obtained on transvaginal sonography (TVS) in women with ampullary pregnancy.MethodsWomen with ampullary pregnancy undergoing salpingectomy were enrolled into the study. Only women with a finding of either an embryo with cardiac activity or a tubal ring on TVS were included in the analysis, a total of 85 patients. Trophoblastic invasion was assessed postoperatively and was histologically classified as Stage I when limited to the tubal mucosa, Stage II when extending to the muscle layer and Stage III in the case of complete tubal wall infiltration. The association between findings on TVS and the stage of trophoblastic invasion was evaluated.ResultsThere was a significant association between the findings on TVS and the depth of trophoblastic invasion (P < 0.001). All patients in whom an embryo with cardiac activity had been identified were found to have Stage II (17.9%) or Stage III (82.1%) invasion, whereas in those patients who showed a tubal ring on TVS, Stage I invasion was the most frequent finding (41.3%).ConclusionsIn ampullary pregnancy, the finding on TVS of an embryo with cardiac activity is associated with deeper penetration of trophoblastic tissue into the tubal wall than is the finding of a tubal ring. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the real transmission of an x‐ray lens for micro‐focus XRF at the SEM by coupling measurement with calculation of scatter spectra
Authors: Hodoroaba V.‐D. , Procop M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe accurate knowledge of the x‐ray excitation spectrum is a prerequisite for the x‐ray fluorescence analysis (XRFA), particularly when a standardless algorithm is applied. For micro‐focus XRFA the excitation spectrum is the x‐ray tube spectrum multiplied with the transmission of the x‐ray lens. The tube spectrum is usually calculated by fundamental equations. The transmission function is conventionally determined by measuring two scatter spectra, with and without lens, and dividing them by each other. The measurement without lens is costly, requiring a calibrated collimator to be interchanged with the lens.The alternative to the measurement of the scatter spectrum without lens is its calculation. A rather simple scatter model can be applied for the calculation of the transmission when scatter spectra are calculated for two different tube voltages and measured with lens at the same voltages. The procedure was verified with an iMOXS x‐ray source attached to the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM was equipped with an efficiency calibrated energy dispersive x‐ray (EDX) spectrometer to enable the comparison between measured and calculated spectra. The transmission obtained was in good agreement with that resulted from two measured scatter spectra.The procedure is especially recommended after an exchange of the x‐ray tube. This will likely modify the alignment of the lens relative to the x‐ray spot on the tube target. Because the transmission of the lens is quite sensitive to this alignment, the real transmission has to be calculated. Additionally, the procedure is sensitive to the effect of possible degradation of the tube target or window. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strontium depth distribution in human bone measured by micro‐PIXE
Authors: Zamburlini M. , Campbell J. L., , de Silveira G., , Butler R., , Pejović‐Milić A., , Chettle D. R., 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStrontium is naturally present in human bone, where it may exert beneficial or detrimental health effects depending on its concentration. The way strontium influences bone health and the concentrations at which the beneficial/detrimental health effects of strontium become important are still unknown, due partly to the difficulty of assessing the bone strontium concentration in vivo non‐invasively. An x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) system was developed, which is capable of measuring normal bone strontium levels in vivo non‐invasively and therefore has the potential of becoming an important tool to understand bone strontium health effects. This technique, however, has the limitation that it relies on assumptions about bone strontium distribution to obtain a quantitative strontium measurement. To understand, to which degree, if any, the bone strontium distribution in bone changes from person to person, the bone strontium depth distribution was explored using micro‐PIXE in five ex vivo cadaver fingers, taken from normal people exposed to strontium only through diet. We found that, in the measured samples, strontium was uniformly distributed across the cortical and trabecular bone, and therefore corrections do not need to be applied to in vivo strontium XRF data to correct for strontium depth distribution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peer‐Reviewed, Evidence‐Based Analysis of Vitamin D and Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Weaver Storm , Doherty David B. , Jimenez Camilo , Perrier Nancy D. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundResearch into the actions of vitamin D on the human body has been increasing at an exponential rate, as has understanding of the impact of vitamin D on various aspects of the endocrine system. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a disease of the endocrine system that can result in debility if not diagnosed. New understanding about the effect of vitamin D on parathyroid hormone regulation may provide an opportunity to better understand the coexistence of PHPT and vitamin D deficiency.MethodsAn evidence‐based literature review was based on a PubMed search for research involving vitamin D and primary hyperparathyroidism, and evaluating existing research on vitamin D. The PubMed search included English‐language articles published between 1977 and 2008, with a focus on research and analysis completed between 2005 and the present. This study examined recent developments in understanding the relationship between vitamin D and PHPT. This review of existing literature examined the impact of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, including the impact on diagnosis of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency, diagnosis and management of PHPT, and the impact on overall health. The level of evidence was determined according to criteria proposed by Sackett et al. and the grade of recommendation according to the criteria proposed by Heinrich et al.ResultsLevel III and level IV evidence predominates the vitamin D/PHPT based literature, with several notable Heinrich grade A, B, and C studies available. Additional evaluation of studies’ review is provided by reference and by section.ConclusionsVitamin D metabolism plays an important role in PHPT etiology, diagnosis, and management. Care of both conditions may have an important impact on overall health in humans.
Intraoperative Blood Loss is a Critical Risk Factor for Peritoneal Recurrence After Curative Resection of Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Kamei Takao , Kitayama Joji , Yamashita Hiroharu , Nagawa Hirokazu 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackgroundPerioperative blood transfusion has been shown to be associated with poor outcome in various types of malignancy. However, the relationship between the amount of blood loss and specific types of cancer recurrence has not been documented.MethodsWe retrospectively examined the amount of intraoperative blood loss and the recurrence pattern in 146 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer and assessed the possible correlation between intraoperative blood loss and peritoneal, locoregional, and hematogenous recurrences.ResultsThe amount of intraoperative blood loss in patients who developed peritoneal recurrence was significantly greater than that in patients without peritoneal recurrence, irrespective of blood transfusion. In contrast, the blood loss was not associated with nodal or hematogenous recurrence. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that large blood loss as well as operative curability B and adjuvant chemotherapy were independent risk factors for peritoneal recurrence and a worse outcome in advanced gastric cancer.ConclusionsIntraoperative blood loss in curative gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer may have a specific association with the development of peritoneal recurrence. Surgeons must remember that clean and dry surgery may lessen not only 30‐day mortality and morbidity but long‐term peritoneal recurrence in gastric cancer.
Postmortem studies on a patient with mucopolysaccharidosis type I: Histopathological findings after one year of enzyme replacement therapy
Authors: Yano S. , Moseley K. , Pavlova Z. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryDeficiency of lysosomal α‐l‐iduronidase results in systemic accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Cardiac lesions due to accumulation of GAGs include hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valvular insufficiency/stenosis, and coronary artery stenosis due to intimal proliferation. Cardiac dysfunction is one of the most common causes of death in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I). Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with laronidase has shown clear effects in reduction of hepatomegaly and it has been unclear whether ERT could improve or prevent the cardiac lesions. Postmortem findings in a 3 1/2‐year‐old boy diagnosed with MPS I at age 2 years are described. He received ERT with laronidase at 100 U/kg/week for one year. He suddenly developed cardiorespiratory failure and died the next day after C2–3 spinal surgery for instability. Postmortem examination showed hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, severe aortic valve and mitral valve thickening with shortened chordae, and endocardial fibroelastosis. Histology of the cardiac tissue revealed increased perivascular and interstitial connective tissue in the myocardium and intimal thickening causing stenosis in the cardiac vessels. Electron‐microscopic (EM) studies of the thickened endocardium revealed numerous histiocytes with enlarged lysosomes. EM examination of the liver and the cardiac muscle revealed no accumulation of GAGs. ERT with laronidase showed clear effects in removing GAGs from the liver and the cardiac muscle. However, it did not show a clear effect on the thickened endocardium, myocardial perivascular and interstitial connective tissue or intimal thickening in the epicardial vessels.
Aggregation of Alcohols Ethoxylates in n‐Heptane
Authors: Gárate José Antonio , de los Ángeles Valenzuela María , Gárate María Pilar , Olea Andrés F. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe solubility and aggregation process of polyethoxylated non‐ionic surfactants, of general formula CiH2i+1–(O–CH2–CH2)j–OH with i = 6, 8, 10 and j = 3–6 (CiEOj), in heptane were studied. The aggregation of CiEOj surfactants in heptane was investigated by using methylene blue (MB) as an absorption probe. In solutions of MB in the presence of these surfactants in heptane, at concentrations larger than the re‐dissolution concentration, the UV bands associated to free MB (A1) and MB–EO complex (A2) were detected. The ratio of these intensities A2/A1, was used to study the kinetics of the complex formation in pure surfactant. The value of A2/A1 depends on the surfactant structure and the media wherein MB is dissolved, being larger in the pure surfactant than in heptane solutions. These results are explained in terms of solvent effect and aggregate structures on the complex formation.