bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Adverse Drug Events in the Outpatient Setting: An 11-Year National Analysis
Authors: Bourgeois Florence T. , Mandl Kenneth D. , Valim Clarissa , Shannon Michael W. 
Published: September 2009

OBJECTIVE: Adverse drug events (ADEs) are a common complication of medical care, but few pediatric data are available describing the frequency or epidemiology of these events. We estimated the national incidence of pediatric ADEs requiring medical treatment, described the pediatric population seeking care for ADEs, and characterized the events in terms of patient symptoms and medications implicated.
METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics, which collects information on patient visits to outpatient clinics and emergency departments throughout the United States. We analyzed data for children 0 to 18 years of age seeking medical treatment for an ADE between 1995 and 2005.
RESULTS: The mean annual number of ADE-related visits was 585922 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 503687–668156) of which 78% occurred in outpatient clinics and 12% occurred in emergency departments. Children 0 to 4 years of age had the highest incidence of ADE-related visits, accounting for 43.2% (95% CI: 35.6%–51.2%) of visits. The most common symptom manifestations were dermatologic conditions (45.4% [95% CI: 36.9%–54.1%]) and gastrointestinal symptoms (16.5% [95% CI: 11.1%–23.8%]). The medication classes most frequently implicated in an ADE were antimicrobial agents (27.5% [95% CI: 21.5%–34.5%]), central nervous system agents (6.5% [95% CI: 4.0%–10.5%]), and hormones (6.1% [95% CI: 3.1%–11.6%]). While ADEs related to antimicrobial agents were most common among children 0 to 4 years old and decreased in frequency among older children, ADEs resulting from central nervous system agents and hormones increased in frequency among children 5 to 11 and 12 to 18 years old.
CONCLUSIONS: ADEs result in a substantial number of health care visits, particularly in outpatient clinics. The incidence of ADEs and medications implicated vary by age, indicating that age-specific approaches for monitoring and preventing ADEs may be most effective.
Postnatal Diagnosis of Down Syndrome: Synthesis of the Evidence on How Best to Deliver the News
Authors: Skotko Brian G. , Capone George T. , Kishnani Priya S. ,   for the Down Syndrome Diagnosis Study Group
Published: September 2009

CONTEXT: Many parents of children with Down syndrome (DS) have expressed dissatisfaction with how they learned about their child's diagnosis. DS remains the most common chromosomal condition, occurring in 1 of every 733 births, with the majority of children still diagnosed postnatally.
OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to review systematically all available evidence regarding how physicians should approach the conversation in which they explain DS for the first time to new parents.
METHODS: We searched online databases from 1960 to 2008, including Medline and PsychInfo, as well as Web sites maintained by academic organizations (eg, American Academy of Pediatrics) and other nonprofit or private organizations (eg, the National Down Syndrome Society), by using the terms “Down syndrome,” “trisomy 21,” “mongolism,” “prenatal diagnosis,” “postnatal care,” and “delivery of health care.” Articles were selected that answered ≥1 research question, established a priori: (1) Who is the best person to communicate the news? (2) When is the best time to share the news? (3) Where is the best place or setting to deliver the news? (4) What information should be delivered? and (5) How should the news be communicated? All studies were evaluated for quality according to the method outlined by the US Preventative Services Task Force. Final recommendations were based on the strength of evidence.
RESULTS: Parents prefer to receive the diagnosis together in a joint meeting with their obstetrician and pediatrician. The conversation should take place in a private setting as soon as a physician suspects a diagnosis of DS. Accurate and up-to-date information should be conveyed, including information about local support groups and resources.
CONCLUSION: By implementing a few cost-neutral measures, physicians can deliver a postnatal diagnosis of DS in a manner that will be deemed by new parents as sensitive and appropriate.
Use of the Beta Distribution To Determine Well-Log Shale Parameters
Authors: Gullco Robert , Anderson Malcolm 
Published: September 2009

Summary
The Beta distribution in n-dimensions is introduced to describe the proportions of the mineralogical components existing in a certain stratigraphie interval (the porosity is included as a "mineralogical component"). The justification for doing so is empirical. The model allows the calculation of well-logging parameters, such as GRma, GRsh, and shale density, without having to introduce them by "eye." It also allows the probabilistic calculation of the rock composition at each depth when there are more mineralogical components than logs: that is, there is a shortage of equations. In addition to this, the Beta model can be used to test the hypothesis that the relationship between any two components can be regarded as random, which should have applications in reservoir characterization.
Validation of QSAR models for legislative purposes
Authors: Tichý Miloň , Rucki Marián 
Published: September 2009

Validation of QSAR models for legislative purposesOECD principles of validation of Quantitative Structure - Activity Relationships (QSAR) models for legislative purposes are given and explained. Reasons of their origination and development, like system REACH, are described. A basic impulse has come from some OECD countries followed by all (almost) other countries of the world.
Surgical treatment of adult degenerative spondylolisthesis by instrumented transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion in the Han nationality
Authors: Xu Hao , Tang Hao , Li Zhonghai 
Published: September 2009

Object
The transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) procedure was developed to provide the surgeon with a fusion procedure that may reduce many of the risks and limitations associated with posterior lumbar interbody fusion, yet produce similar stability in the spine. There are few large series with long-term follow-up data regarding instrumented TLIF and placement of 1 diagonal polyetheretherketone (PEEK) cage. The authors performed a prospective study to evaluate the outcome and safety of instrumented TLIF with 1 diagonal PEEK cage for degenerative spondylolisthesis in the Han nationality in China.

Methods
Between May 2001 and April 2006, 60 patients (35 men and 25 women; mean age 55.5 years, range 45–70 years) with symptomatic degenerative spondylolisthesis underwent the TLIF procedure with 1 diagonal PEEK cage and additional pedicle screw internal fixation at the authors' institution. The inclusion criteria involved degenerative spondylolisthesis (Grades I and II) in patients with chronic low-back pain with or without leg pain.

Results
One patient had a postoperative temporary motor and sensory deficit of the adjacent nerve root. Reoperation was required in 1 patient because of pedicle screw migration. One patient developed a pseudarthrosis and had increasing complaints of low-back pain 1 year postoperatively and underwent a subsequent revision surgery. Two patients had nerve root symptomatic compression resulting from cage migration and insufficient decompression after surgery, and they underwent revision. Two patients had a dural tear that required fibrin glue application during surgery. No implant fracture or subsidence occurred in any patient. Clinically, the pain index and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) score improved significantly from before surgery to the 2-year follow-up. In the TLIF group, the pain index improved from 69 to 25 (p < 0.001). The postoperative ODI showed a significant postoperative reduction of disability during the whole period of follow-up (p < 0.001). The preoperative mean ODI score was 32.3 (16–80), and postoperative 13.1 (0–28). Disc space height and foraminal height were restored by the surgery and maintained at the latest follow-up time.

Conclusions
In the authors' experience, instrumented TLIF with 1 diagonal PEEK cage can be a surgical option for treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis in the Han nationality in China.
CD11chigh Dendritic Cells Are Essential for Activation of CD4+ T Cells and Generation of Specific Antibodies following Mucosal Immunization
Authors: Fahlén-Yrlid Linda , Gustafsson Tobias , Westlund Jessica , Holmberg Anna , Strömbeck Anna , Blomquist Margareta , MacPherson Gordon G. , Holmgren Jan , Yrlid Ulf 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
To generate vaccines that protect mucosal surfaces, a better understanding of the cells required in vivo for activation of the adaptive immune response following mucosal immunization is required. CD11chigh conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) have been shown to be necessary for activation of naive CD8+ T cells in vivo, but the role of cDCs in CD4+ T cell activation is still unclear, especially at mucosal surfaces. The activation of naive Ag-specific CD4+ T cells and the generation of Abs following mucosal administration of Ag with or without the potent mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin were therefore analyzed in mice depleted of CD11chigh cDCs. Our results show that cDCs are absolutely required for activation of CD4+ T cells after oral and nasal immunization. Ag-specific IgG titers in serum, as well as Ag-specific intestinal IgA, were completely abrogated after feeding mice OVA and cholera toxin. However, giving a very high dose of Ag, 30-fold more than required to detect T cell proliferation, to cDC-ablated mice resulted in proliferation of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. This proliferation was not inhibited by additional depletion of plasmacytoid DCs or in cDC-depleted mice whose B cells were MHC-II deficient. This study therefore demonstrates that cDCs are required for successful mucosal immunization, unless a very high dose of Ag is administered.
CD8+ Cell Depletion of SHIV89.6P-Infected Macaques Induces CD4+ T Cell Proliferation that Contributes to Increased Viral Loads
Authors: Mueller Yvonne M. , Do Duc H. , Boyer Jean D. , Kader Muhamuda , Mattapallil Joseph J. , Lewis Mark G. , Weiner David B. , Katsikis Peter D. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that depletion of CD8+ cells during acute and chronic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection leads to increased viral replication, morbidity, and mortality, which have been attributed to loss of CD8+ T cell-mediated control of SIV. However, these studies did not exclude that CD8+ cell depletion increased homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ T cells, resulting in increased viral targets and, therefore, viral rebound. Chronically SHIV89.6P-infected cynomolgus macaques were CD8+ cell-depleted, and the frequency, cell number, and phenotype of CD4+ T cells and viral infection were examined using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time PCR. The frequency and number of Ki-67-expressing CD4+ T cells were increased with CD8+ cell depletion. This proliferation of CD4+ T cells occurred even in animals with no rebound of viral loads. Most of the proliferating cells were effector memory CD4+ T cells. Plasma simian HIV (SHIV) RNA copies positively correlated with proliferating CD4+ T cells and SHIV DNA copies in Ki-67+ CD4+ T cells. Although this study does not exclude an important role for virus-specific CD8+ T cells in SIV and SHIV infection, our data suggest that homeostatic proliferation is an important contributor to increases in plasma viremia that follow CD8+ cell depletion.
Fibers, Elastomeric
Authors: Boliek John E. , Jensen Arnold W. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Elastomeric fibers can be made from natural or synthetic polymeric materials that provide product with high elongation, low modulus, and good recovery from stretching. These fibers are made primarily from polyisoprenes (natural rubber) or polyurethanes and to a lesser extent, segmented polyesters. In the United States the generic designation spandex has been given to a manufactured fiber in which the fiber‐forming substance is a long‐chain synthetic polymer comprised of at least 85% of a segmented polyurethane. Manufacture of cut rubber and extruded latex thread are discussed. Spandex fiber can be produced by four processes: melt extrusion, reaction spinning, solution dry spinning (the most common method) and solution wet spinning. Uses for cut thread and extruded latex are as a covered rubber in narrow fabrics, braids, surgical hosiery, and strip lace. Spandex fibers are used extensively in sportswear and hosiery products.
Insulin and Other Antidiabetic Agents
Authors: Shoelson Steven E. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractDiabetes mellitus is a pathologic condition characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (elevated blood glucose) and additional disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Diabetes is divided into two forms: Insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (Type 1) and non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (Type 2). Type 1 is juvenile‐onset diabetes and Type 2 is maturity‐onset diabetes. The goals of therapy include elimination of the clinical symptoms of hyperglycemia. Therapeutic regimens are usually tailored to the individual. Insulin is a peptide hormone produced in the islets of Langerhans within the pancreas, which acts as the principal regulator of glucose homeostasis. Today most insulin for human use is produced by DNA recombinant methods, although some parts of the world still use porcine and bovine insulin. Insulin preparations are classified as rapid‐, regular‐, intermediate‐, and long‐acting injections. There are six classes of diabetes pills and several combinations of oral medications available for persons with Type 2 diabetes. They are classified as insulintropic, compounds, sensitizers, thiazolidinediones, inhibitors of α‐glucose, and DDP‐4 inhibitors. Newer developments are discussed such as insulin from herbal extracts and the search for insulin in an oral form.
Movement Disorders
Authors: Houghton David J , Hurtig Howard I 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Movement disorders comprise a wide group of neurologic conditions seen by the practicing physician. Abnormal movements are characterized by their phenomenology with much differentiation made by their speed (hypokinetic=‘too slow’ and hyperkinetic=‘too fast’). Such findings may be described as parkinsonism, tremor, dystonia, chorea, athetosis, ballism, myoclonus, tics and/or ataxia. Familiar movement disorder diagnoses include Parkinson disease, Huntington disease and Tourette syndrome. Most movement disorders arise from abnormalities within the basal ganglia and its connections. Symptomatic treatment is available for most conditions, but complete resolution or cure remains elusive.
Expert Opinion:
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Under what conditions United States courts can admit expert opinion evidence is a topic that has been the subject of a number of important court decisions. Among the most important ones are,
Frye v. United States
(1923),
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
(1993), and
Kumho Tire v. Carmichael
(1999). These decisions and this article describe the path of the early approach of
Frye
, which suggested that novel scientific evidence was admissible if based on principles that were generally accepted in the relevant scientific field, to the more modern view discussed in the latter cases, that explained that admissibility depends, not on general acceptance, but on proof of reliability of the underlying principles.
Expert Opinion in Court: Civil Law Jurisdictions (
F
rance,
G
ermany,
I
taly, and
S
pain)
Authors: Turner Barry 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Civil jurisdictions around the world have evolved from many very different legal philosophies and traditions. These lead in many ways to quite large differences in procedure and the use of evidence in trials. By examining a number of variant legal traditions, this article will attempt to illustrate the differences in approach and also to show that where expert evidence is concerned there is more often more a similarity or even a consensus in the assembly and application of expert testimony in litigation.
Cross‐Examination of Experts
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
After an expert witness has come to court to testify, and has given testimony under direct examination, he may thereafter also be questioned by the opposing litigant. The principal purposes of cross‐examination are to explore the qualifications of the witness and to discover potential weaknesses in the evidence given during direct examination. When the cross‐examination is concluded, the litigant who conducted the initial direct examination has a further opportunity to question the expert again to clear up any ambiguities about what the expert said when responding to cross‐examination questions. This is called re‐direct examination. In some instances the opposing litigant may be permitted to again clarify what was said during re‐direct by engaging in a re‐cross examination. The article describes some salient points of the entire process.
D

aubert v.

M

errell

D

ow

P

harmaceuticals
Authors: Smith Ann C. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
is the landmark US Supreme Court case dealing with the admissibility of forensic expert opinion testimony. The opinion was handed down in 1993. Despite the often noted comment that
Daubert
is to be considered the most important American Court decision dealing with forensic evidence ever decided, its ultimate impact on expert witnessing is also called in question [1]. The decision may be cited by referring to any of the following law reports:
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals
, 509 U.S. 579, 113S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993).

In
Daubert
, the Court interpreted the Federal Rules of Evidence (hereinafter FRE) on expert testimony enacted in 1975.
Daubert
held that the trial judge is to act as a “gatekeeper” in determining whether proffered expert scientific evidence is reliable as well as relevant to the case being litigated. To achieve this result, the Court suggested that the trial judges use a multipart test to guide their reliability evaluation. These suggested guidelines are often referred to as the
Daubert
factors.

Although the decision is technically applicable only to US federal courts, all forensic experts should be familiar with it, because court decisions in other jurisdictions refer to and often rely on it [3]. In other countries, seminars at professional meetings also discuss the impact on forensic science of needing proof to satisfy the
Daubert
factors.

Subsequent court decisions such as General
Electric v. Joiner
and
Kumho Tire v. Carmichael
provide further clarification on the admissibility rules of forensic expert testimony.
Daubert
's impact on testifying as an expert is seen as revolutionary by many in the forensic sciences, though the decision is also controversial [2]. Some experts believe that its standards are too lenient and others that they are too strict. This article discusses the Court's holding, its influence, and its impact on forensic science.
Discovery: Depositions
Authors: Wheate Rhonda M. 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Depositions are a pretrial method of obtaining evidence in common law legal systems to assist in the preparation of a legal case. Deponents give evidence under oath and a transcript of the deposition is often relied upon and referred to in subsequent legal proceedings. Deponents are advised to prepare for a deposition in the same way as they would prepare for giving expert in a criminal trial or civil hearing.
F

rye v.

U

nited

S

tates
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

The decision of
Frye v. United States
is a key decisions that, despite its age, is still valid law today in many jurisdictions, and remains of importance in others. The case held that before a judge can admit expert opinion testimony of a novel nature, the principles on which the testimony is based must have obtained “general acceptance” in the scientific field in which it belongs. Even though it is an American court decision, it has been cited in cases worldwide.
Jury Instructions on Expert Testimony
Authors: Moenssens Andre 
Published: September 2009

Abstract

In adversary system jurisdictions, the jury is the finder of the facts. Before the jury is asked to deliberate and determine what, in their view, happened in the case being litigated, the trial judge must instruct them in the legal requirements that the jury must consider when it seeks to resolve the factual issues. In those instructions, the jury will be told,
inter alia
, that they cannot give greater weight to expert testimony than to that of ordinary fact witnesses. Another instruction will tell jurors that they can ignore expert testimony they find not credible. To obviate having testimony ignored or disbelieved, it is that forensic scientists receive training on giving effective court testimony.
Asphyxia
Authors: Pollanen Michael S. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractAsphyxial or rapid anoxial deaths are due to oxygen deprivation of the brain. The most common mechanisms of rapid anoxial deaths are mechanical, those that interfere with cerebral arterial perfusion, breathing, or airflow through the nose, mouth, or upper aerodigestive tract. Rapid anoxial deaths present technical challenges to the pathologist due to the nonspecificity of autopsy findings and the need to consider circumstantial information. Although some myths have been dispelled (e.g., the postmortem signs of asphyxia), there remain open questions that need to be addressed to provide a firmer evidence‐based foundation and a more scientific approach to the postmortem diagnosis of rapid anoxial death.
Odontology
Authors: Cattaneo Cristina , De Angelis Danilo 
Published: September 2009

Abstract
Forensic odontology deals with research and application of specific knowledge to forensic cases where teeth can provide any sort of evidence. Forensic odontology training depends on the country; however, the starting point is usually considered to be a degree in dentistry (DDS, MDS) that can be followed by further specialization in universities and private institutions or affiliation to national or international associations. This adds forensic skills to the medical background of the dentist (anatomical, physiological, pathological, and therapeutic knowledge of the oral and facial tissue). The role of the forensic odontologist often starts from the recovery of the material to be studied; therefore, their knowledge should include elements of scene investigation, photographic, and topographic survey. Computer knowledge allows the odontologist to operate with modern software, particularly image elaboration programs, absolutely necessary nowadays. Once training is completed, professional activity is usually performed in close contact with universities, police authorities, prosecutors, and attorneys. Main activities, besides research and training, consist of positive identification of human remains, aging the living, and bitemark analysis.