bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of behavioral mind‐sets in goal‐directed activity: Conceptual underpinnings and empirical evidence
Authors: Wyer Robert S. , Xu Alison Jing 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe cognitive and motor behavior that people perform in the course of pursuing a goal can induce a mind‐set that persists to influence the strategy they use to attain very different goals in unrelated situations. Although the strategies governed by a mind‐set are typically applied consciously and deliberately, they are performed without awareness of the reasons for their selection. Research in both social psychology and consumer behavior exemplifies the impact of mind‐sets on comprehension, judgments, and decision making, thus providing evidence of the scope and diversity of their effects.
Maternal dietary patterns in pregnancy and the association with small-for-gestational-age infants
Authors: Thompson John M. D. , Wall Clare , Becroft David M. O. , Robinson Elizabeth , Wild Chris J. , Mitchell Edwin A. 
Published: March 2010

Maternal nutritional status before and during pregnancy is important for the growth and development of the fetus. The effects of pre-pregnancy nutrition (estimated by maternal size) are well documented. There is little information in today's Western society on the effect of maternal nutrition during pregnancy on the fetus. The aim of the study was to describe dietary patterns of a cohort of mothers during pregnancy (using principal components analysis with a varimax rotation) and assess the effect of these dietary patterns on the risk of delivering a small-for-gestational-age (SGA) baby. The study was a case–control study investigating factors related to SGA. The population was 1714 subjects in Auckland, New Zealand, born between October 1995 and November 1997, about half of whom were born SGA ( ≤ 10th percentile for sex and gestation). Maternal dietary information was collected using FFQ after delivery for the first and last months of pregnancy. Three dietary patterns (traditional, junk and fusion) were defined. Factors associated with these dietary patterns when examined in multivariable analyses included marital status, maternal weight, maternal age and ethnicity. In multivariable analysis, mothers who had higher ‘traditional’ diet scores in early pregnancy were less likely to deliver a SGA infant (OR = 0·86; 95 % CI 0·75, 0·99). Maternal diet, particularly in early pregnancy, is important for the development of the fetus. Socio-demographic factors tend to be significantly related to dietary patterns, suggesting that extra resources may be necessary for disadvantaged mothers to ensure good nutrition in pregnancy.
Combining enteral with parenteral nutrition to improve postoperative glucose control
Authors: Lidder Paul , Flanagan Daniel , Fleming Simon , Russell Mark , Morgan Noel , Wheatley Tim , Rahamin Jo , Shaw Steve , Lewis Stephen 
Published: March 2010

The provision of parenteral nutrition (PN) to ‘stressed’ patients often results in hyperglycaemia, which may be detrimental. In animal models limited amounts of enteral nutrition (EN) improve intestinal integrity and stimulate intestinal incretin production, which may lead to improved glucose control. We set out to assess if combining EN with PN results in improved glucose homeostasis rather than PN given alone. We conducted a randomised trial in a university teaching hospital of patients undergoing a ‘curative’ oesophagectomy for adenocarcinoma. Differences between the two intervention groups were assessed for continuous glucose measurement, insulin sensitivity using insulin tolerance tests (ITT) and homeostasis model analysis (HOMA), the incretin glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and intestinal permeability. The combination of PN with EN resulted in lower interstitial glucose concentrations (P = 0·002), reduced insulin resistance, improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-insulin resistance (IR)P = 0·045; HOMA βP = 0·037; ITTP = 0·006), improved intestinal permeability (P < 0·001) and increased GIP (P = 0·01) when compared with PN alone. The combination of EN with PN, when compared with PN alone, results in reduced glucose concentrations, reduced insulin resistance, increased incretins and improvements in intestinal permeability.
Influence of fish oil or folate supplementation on the time course of plasma redox markers during pregnancy
Authors: Franke Corinna , Demmelmair Hans , Decsi Tamas , Campoy Cristina , Cruz Milagros , Molina-Font Juan A. , Mueller Klaus , Koletzko Berthold 
Published: March 2010

Maternal supplementation with long-chain PUFA, to improve infant neurological development, might cause additional increase of oxidative stress. Pregnant women aged 18–41 years were randomised into one of four supplementation groups. From week 22 on, they received supplements containing either modified fish oil (n69), 5-methyl-tetrahydro-folate (n65), both (n64), or placebo (n72). Plasma Trolox-equivalent antioxidative capacity (TEAC), concentrations of α-tocopherol, retinol, β-carotene, free thiol groups, uric acid and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) were determined at weeks 20 and 30 and at delivery. The studied antioxidants showed no significant differences between the four supplementation groups. At week 30 plasma TBARS levels were found to be significantly higher in the fish oil group (0·80 (sem0·04) μmol/l) than in the folate (0·67 (sem0·03) μmol/l;P = 0·024) and control (0·69 (sem0·04) μmol/l;P = 0·01) groups. Concentrations of retinol and free thiol groups decreased during pregnancy, whereas uric acid increased and β-carotene as well as TEAC showed only minor changes. Fish oil supplementation during the second half of pregnancy appears not to decrease antioxidant status. The increased TBARS levels at week 30 may indicate a period of increased oxidative stress in plasma at this time.
Lycopene isomerisation takes place within enterocytes during absorption in human subjects
Authors: Richelle Myriam , Sanchez Belén , Tavazzi Isabelle , Lambelet Pierre , Bortlik Karlheinz , Williamson Gary 
Published: March 2010

Lycopene in fruits and vegetables occurs mostly (80–97 %) in the all-Econfiguration, whereas a considerable proportion of lycopene in the human body is present asZ-isomers. TheZ-isomers offer potentially better health benefits and show improved antioxidant activityin vitrowhen compared with the all-E-isomer. The absorption of dietary lycopene is a complex process involving transfer of the carotenoid from the food matrix into micelles, uptake by enterocytes, packaging into chylomicrons and finally secretion into plasma. Isomerisation could take place at any of these individual steps. By exploitingin vitroandin vivomodels, we traced lycopene isomerisation during absorption using various methods to mimic gastric and duodenal conditions, incorporation into mixed micelles, absorption and metabolism by various Caco-2 cell clones, and performed a postprandial study in human subjects to identify the profile of lycopene isomers in plasma chylomicrons. We demonstrate that all-E-lycopene remains unchanged during its passage in the gastrointestinal tract, including its incorporation into mixed micelles. The key site of lycopene isomerisation is inside the intestinal cells resulting in 29 % of lycopene asZ-isomers. Lycopene isomerisation in the various Caco-2 cell clones is consistent with that observed in human chylomicrons formed in a postprandial state. There is no selection in the release of lycopene isomers from enterocytes. Although there is a huge inter-individual variability of total lycopene absorption reported both inin vitrointestinal cell lines as well as in human chylomicrons, the lycopene isomer profile is quite similar.
Comparison of sex hormonal and metabolic profiles between omnivores and vegetarians in pre- and post-menopausal women
Authors: Karelis Antony D. , Fex Annie , Filion Marie-Eve , Adlercreutz Herman , Aubertin-Leheudre Mylène 
Published: March 2010

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the sex hormonal and metabolic profiles in vegetarians and compare these with the profiles in omnivores. The design of the present study was cross-sectional. The study sample of pre- and post-menopausal women included forty-one omnivores and twenty-one vegetarians. Thereafter we determined: (1) plasma sex hormones, (2) fasting insulin, NEFA as well as apo-A and apo-B, (3) BMI, (4) a dietary profile (3 d dietary records), (5) physical activity and (6) total faecal excretion per 72 h and total urinary excretion per 72 h. Vegetarians showed higher levels of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), apo-A, total faecal excretion per 72 h and total fibre intake as well as lower levels of apo-B, free oestradiol, free testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-s) and BMI. Interestingly, after controlling for BMI, significant differences between groups still persisted except for apo-B. Moreover, stepwise regression analysis showed that total fibre intake explained 15·2 % of the variation in SHBG in our cohort, which accounted for the greatest source of unique variance. Results of the present study indicate that pre- and post-menopausal vegetarians present higher concentrations of SHBG, which could be explained, in part, by higher levels of fibre intake. This may explain, at least in part, the lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
The Battle of Butlin's: Vulgarity and Virtue on the North Wales Coast, 1939–49
Authors: GRUFFUDD PYRS 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAt the outbreak of the Second World War the holiday camp entrepreneur Billy Butlin agreed a secret deal to build an Admiralty training camp near Pwllheli in North Wales. The camp would be transferred to Butlin at the end of the war for use as a holiday camp. Whilst planners were initially horrified, the strategic argument that such camps would concentrate coastal development and also provide the necessary places for the expansion of ‘holidays with pay’ prevailed. More sustained opposition came from those concerned about the imposition of a culture of urbanised mass leisure on the Welsh heartland of the Llŷn Peninsula. For some, the threat was ‘bathing beauties’ and alcohol; more profoundly, many feared the destruction of a Welsh-speaking rural polity. National sentiment rallied around an alternative social service camp and an overt form of Welsh nation-building. Nonetheless, Butlin won the case and the holiday camp opened in 1947.
Utilization behavior: Clinical and theoretical approaches
Authors: BESNARD J. , ALLAIN P. , AUBIN G. , OSIURAK F. , CHAUVIRÉ V. , ETCHARRY-BOUYX F. , LE GALL D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractLhermitte (1983) coined the term “utilization behavior” (UB) to define a neurobehavioral syndrome in which the visuo-tactile presentation of objects compels patients to grasp and use them, despite the fact that they have not been instructed to do so. The author suggested that UB was the consequence of frontal lobe damage. Thereafter, Shallice, Burgess, Schon, and Baxter (1989) questioned Lhermitte’s (1983) procedure for eliciting UB, putting forward an alternative research methodology that led to differentiate two forms of UB: “induced” and “incidental.” To date, there has been no direct comparison between these two procedures, nor have any other methodologies been used to explore this clinical sign, which is related to fundamental concepts such as free will and human autonomy. We investigated UB in 70 subjects (25 patients with frontal lobe lesions, 10 patients with posterior brain damage and 35 control subjects) using the methodologies of Lhermitte (1983) and Shallice et al. (1989), as well as an original “verbal generation” procedure. Our results show that the verbal generation procedure reveals UB efficiently and that elicitation of this sign appears to be directly linked to the content of the task. We discuss the interpretation of UB in terms of an executive control deficit. (JINS, 2010, 16, 453–462.)
Rejecting familiar distracters during recognition in young adults with traumatic brain injury and in healthy older adults
Authors: OZEN LANA J. , SKINNER ERIN I. , FERNANDES MYRA A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe most common cognitive complaint reported by healthy older adults and young adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is memory difficulties. We investigated the effects of normal aging and the long-term effects of TBI in young adults on the susceptibility to incorrectly endorse distracter information on a memory test. Prior to a study phase, participants viewed a “pre-exposure” list containing distracter words, presented once or three times, and half of the target study words. Subsequently, during the study phase, all target words were presented such that, across lists, study words were viewed either once or three times. On the recognition test, TBI and older adult participants were more likely to falsely endorse “pre-exposed” distracter words viewed three times as being from the target study list, compared to non-head-injured young controls. Normal aging and head injury in young may similarly compromise one’s ability to reject highly familiar, but distracting, information during recognition. Older adult and TBI participants were also slower to complete the Trail Making task and had poorer output on a Digit Span task, suggesting these two populations share a deficit in executive function and working memory. Similar changes in frontal lobe function may underlie these shared cognitive deficits. (JINS, 2010,16, 556–565.)
Primordial Nucleosynthesis After WMAP
Authors: Steigman Gary 
Published: March 2010

AbstractDuring its early evolution, the hot, dense Universe provided a laboratory for probing fundamental physics at high energies. By studying the relics from those early epochs, such as the light elements synthesized during primordial nucleosynthesis when the Universe was only a few minutes old, and the relic, cosmic microwave photons, last scattered when the protons, alphas, and electrons (re)combined some 400 thousand years later, the evolution of the Universe may be used to test the standard models of cosmology and particle physics and to set constraints on proposals of physics beyond these standard models.
6Li in metal-poor halo stars: real or spurious?
Authors: Steffen M. , Cayrel R. , Bonifacio P. , Ludwig H.-G. , Caffau E. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe presence of convective motions in the atmospheres of metal-poor halo stars leads to systematic asymmetries of the emergent spectral line profiles. Since such line asymmetries are very small, they can be safely ignored for standard spectroscopic abundance analysis. However, when it comes to the determination of the 6Li/7Li isotopic ratio, q(Li)=n(6Li)/n(7Li), the intrinsic asymmetry of the 7Li line must be taken into account, because its signature is essentially indistinguishable from the presence of a weak 6Li blend in the red wing of the 7Li line. In this contribution we quantity the error of the inferred 6Li/7Li isotopic ratio that arises if the convective line asymmetry is ignored in the fitting of the λ6707 Å lithium blend. Our conclusion is that 6Li/7Li ratios derived by Asplund et al. (2006), using symmetric line profiles, must be reduced by typically Δq(Li) ≈ 0.015. This diminishes the number of certain 6Li detections from 9 to 4 stars or less, casting some doubt on the existence of a 6Li plateau.
Nucleosynthesis of the Elements in Faint Supernovae and Hypernovae
Authors: Nomoto Ken'ichi , Moriya Takashi , Tominaga Nozomu 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe review the properties of supernovae (SNe) as a function of the progenitor's massM. (1)Mup- 10M⊙stars are super-AGB stars and resultant electron capture SNe may be Faint supernovae like Type IIn SN 2008S. (2) 10 - 12M⊙stars undergo Fe-core collapse to form neutron stars (NSs) and Faint supernovae. (3) 12M⊙-MBNstars undergo Fe-core collapse to form NSs and normal core-collapse supernovae. (4)MBN- 90M⊙stars undergo Fe-core collapse to form Black Holes. Resultant supernovae are bifurcate into Hypernovae and Faint supernovae. The observed properties of SN 2008ha can be explained with this type of Faint supernovae. (5) 90 - 140M⊙stars produce Luminous SNe, like SNe 2007bi and 2006gy. (6) 140 - 300M⊙stars become pair-instability supernovae which could be Luminous supernovae (SNe 2007bi and 2006gy). (7) Very massive stars withM≳ 300M⊙undergo core-collapse to form intermediate mass black holes. Some SNe could be more Luminous supernovae (like SN 2006gy).
Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor (CEMP) stars
Authors: Aoki Wako 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA significant fraction of metal-poor stars have large over-abundances of carbon, and are called Carbon-Enhanced Metal-Poor (CEMP) stars. Most of CEMP stars also show excesses of heavy neutron-capture elements like Ba, indicating that their origin is the nucleosynthesis in AGB stars. Remaining CEMP stars that have Ba abundances as low as non-carbon-rich stars appear in the lowest metallicity range ([Fe/H]≲−2.5), and connections with the two most iron-deficient stars (so-called Hyper Metal-Poor stars) are suggested. Although the origins of the carbon-excesses in these objects have not been well identified, some objects suggest contributions of faint supernovae. Remaining problems on CEMP stars, such as the binary fraction, excess of r-process elements, are discussed.
s/r ratios in carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars
Authors: Allen Dinah M. , Ryan Sean G. , Rossi Silvia , Tsangarides Stelios A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present the results of [Ba/Eu] ratio determinations for a sample of Carbon-Enhanced Metal Poor (CEMP) stars, comparing them with other CEMP stars found in the literature for which abundances for both elements are available. The stellar spectra were observed at 4.2m William Herschel Telescope (WHT) on July/2003, using Utrecht Echelle Spectrograph (UES) with R ~ 52000 and S/N ~ 40. WHT covers a wavelength range of λλ3700-5700.
EMP stars with high mass IMF and hierarchical galaxy formation
Authors: Komiya Yutaka , Suda Takuma , Habe Asao , Fujimoto Masayuki Y. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractExtremely metal-poor (EMP) stars in the Galactic halo are stars formed in the very early stage of the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. In previous study, we proposed that typical mass of EMP stars are massive, based on observations of carbon-enhanced EMP stars. In this study, we build a merger tree of the Galaxy semi-analytically and follow the chemical evolution along the merger tree. We also consider the effect of binary and high-mass initial mass function(IMF). Resultant theoretical metallicity distribution function (MDF) and abundance distribution are compared with observed metal-poor halo stars.
Thermohaline mixing in stars and the long-standing 3He problem
Authors: Charbonnel Corinne , Lagarde Nadège 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThermohaline mixing has been recently identified as the dominating process that governs the photospheric composition of low-mass bright giant stars (Charbonnel & Zahn 2007). Here we present the predictions of stellar models computed with the code STAREVOL taking into account this mechanism together with rotational mixing and atomic diffusion. We compare our theorical predictions with recent observations and discuss how the corresponding yields for 3He are compatible with the observed behaviour of this light element in our Galaxy.
The Stellar Population of the Galactic Bulge
Authors: Zoccali M. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe Galactic bulge is the central spheroid of our Galaxy, containing about one quarter of the total stellar mass of the Milky Way (Mbulge= 1.8 × 1010M⊙; Sofue, Honma & Omodaka 2009). Being older than the disk, it is the first massive component of the Galaxy to have collapsed into stars. Understanding its structure, and the properties of its stellar population, is therefore of great relevance for galaxy formation models. I will review our current knowledge of the bulge properties, with special emphasis on chemical abundances, recently measured for several hundred stars.
Chemical Composition of the Galactic Bulge in Baade's Window
Authors: McWilliam Andrew , Fulbright Jon , Rich R. Michael 
Published: March 2010

Abstract1. McWilliam and Zoccali (2009) show the existence of two Red Clump populations towards the Galactic bulge, based on 2MASS data. 2.Measured [Mg/Fe], [Al/Fe], and [La/Eu] ratios in the bulge are consistent with a rapid formation timescale (<1Gyr), which also requires a slightly top-heavy IMF to reproduce the mean bulge metallicity. The [C/O] and [O/Fe] ratios are consistent if their predicted metal-dependent yields from massive stars with winds are considered. The decline in explosive [α/Fe] (Si, Ca, and Ti) can only be understood if their yields also decline with metallicity above [Fe/H]~−1.
The Stellar Population of the Thin Disk
Authors: Prieto Carlos Allende 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe discuss recent observations of stars located close to the symmetry plane of the Milky Way, and examine them in the context of theories of Galaxy formation and evolution. The kinematics, ages, and compositions of thin disk stars in the solar neighborhood display complex patterns, and interesting correlations. The Galactic disk does not seem to pose any unsurmountable obstacles to hierarchical galaxy formation theories, but a model of the Milky Way able to reproduce the complexity found in the data will likely require a meticulous study of a significant fraction of the stars in the Galaxy. Making such an observational effort seems necessary in order to make a physics laboratory out of our own galaxy, and ultimately ensure that the most relevant processes are properly understood.
Metallicity gradients in the Milky Way
Authors: Maciel Walter J. , Costa Roberto D. D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractRadial metallicity gradients are observed in the disks of the Milky Way and in several other spiral galaxies. In the case of the Milky Way, many objects can be used to determine the gradients, such as HII regions, B stars, Cepheids, open clusters and planetary nebulae. Several elements can be studied, such as oxygen, sulphur, neon, and argon in photoionized nebulae, and iron and other elements in cepheids, open clusters and stars. As a consequence, the number of observational characteristics inferred from the study of abundance gradients is very large, so that in the past few years they have become one of the main observational constraints of chemical evolution models. In this paper, we present some recent observational evidences of abundance gradients based on several classes of objects. We will focus on (i) the magnitude of the gradients, (ii) the space variations, and (iii) the evidences of a time variation of the abundance gradients. Some comments on recent theoretical models are also given, in an effort to highlight their predictions concerning abundance gradients and their variations.
Elemental abundances in the Galactic bulge from microlensed dwarf stars
Authors: Bensby T. , Feltzing S. , Johnson J. A. , Gould A. , Sana H. , Gal-Yam A. , Asplund M. , Lucatello S. , Melendez J. , Udalski A. , Kubas D. , James G. , Adén D. , Simmerer J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe present elemental abundances of 13 microlensed dwarf and subgiant stars in the Galactic bulge, which constitute the largest sample to date. We show that these stars span the full range of metallicity from Fe/H= −0.8 to +0.4, and that they follow well-defined abundance trends, coincident with those of the Galactic thick disc.
Detailed Chemical Abundances in a Metal-Poor Stellar Stream
Authors: Roederer Ian U. , Sneden Christopher , Thompson Ian B. , Preston George W. , Shectman Stephen A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractWe have observed 9 bright metal-poor stars whose kinematics suggest they are members of a stellar stream in the vicinity of the Solar neighborhood. These 9 stars exhibit no star-to-star dispersion in their [X/Fe] ratios for the α and Fe-peak elements, and the neutron-capture elements suggest mild enrichment by the main r-process. The abundance patterns seen in this stream are very similar to those found in the metal-poor globular cluster M15, and the kinematics of M15 are similar to those of the stream, suggesting that these two groups of stars may have shared a common origin.