bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing Catfish Farm Losses Due to Dockages Assessed by Processing Plants
Authors: Wiese Nathaniel , Engle Carole , Trimpey Jeremy , Quagrainie Kwamena , Green Bartholomew 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Dockages can have a significant effect on catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, farm revenues. This study was conducted to quantify common dockages, examine seasonal and yearly variations in dockages assessed, and determine optimal production practices given various dockage scenarios. A convenience survey of invoice records from 30 commercial catfish farms and 10 processing plants provided 3686 daily catfish load records that were used to quantify dockages. A linear programming model was developed to examine optimal production practices given 11 alternative production scenarios with five size‐grading technologies subject to 24 types and levels of dockages. The survey revealed that 95% of catfish loads delivered to processing plants between 1997 and 2002 were assessed dockages that resulted in average losses of 2.45% per load or $0.066/kg of catfish marketed over the study period. Out‐of‐size discounts constituted the greatest losses. Dockage losses can be reduced by shifting either to longer‐term single‐batch production or more intensive grading. Longer‐term production results in fewer smaller fish that would incur dockage losses. However, cash flow constraints require more intensive early‐season grading. The grader choice depended on the dockage tolerance level and rate, the frequency distribution of sizes of catfish in the population, the efficiency of the grading technology, and the cost of the grading method. Larger farms minimize losses with intensive active grading (University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff grader).
The Effects of Plant‐protein‐based Diets Supplemented with Yucca on Growth, Digestibility, and Chemical Composition of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L) Fingerlings
Authors: Gaber Magdy M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Replacement of fish meal (FM) protein with dehulled and solvent‐extracted plant by‐products, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal, and linseed meal was tested in diets for juvenile Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Fish averaging (±SD) 14.2 ± 2.9 g were divided into 18 groups and fed for 6 mo on pelleted feed containing each of the plant protein meal supplemented with Yucca schidigera powder extract at 750 mg/kg. Methionine (1%) and lysine (0.5%) were added to each diet except the control diet (FMC), while diet FMC + Y was supplemented with yucca only. Three groups of fish were fed each of six isonitrogenous (25% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.3 kcal/g) diets replacing 100% of FM protein and performance compared against a nutritionally balanced control and a commercial tilapia feed. After 6 mo of feeding, the fish fed plant protein diets supplemented with yucca exhibited growth performance not differing significantly from that of fish fed FMC + Y, while differing significantly from the control FMC and diet linseed meal (LSM). The highest apparent protein digestibility coefficient was observed for diets treated with yucca, which was significantly higher than that observed for the control diet FMC. No significant differences were found in whole‐body moisture of fish fed different experimental diets. An increase in the whole‐body protein content was observed in fish fed diets supplemented with yucca, which was significantly different from that of the diet FMC. The whole‐body fat content of Nile tilapia was low and showed significant differences among treatments supplemented with yucca compared with the control diet FMC. The whole‐body energy content showed the same trend as whole‐body fat content.
Effects of Temperature on Performance Characteristics and the Cortisol Stress Response of Surubim Pseudoplatystoma sp.
Authors: Lima Luciene C. , Ribeiro Lincoln P. , Malison Jeffrey A. , Barry Terence P. , Held James A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Three experiments were conducted in flow‐through tanks at 24, 27 and 30 C to evaluate growth, food conversion, morbidity, survival, and the cortisol stress response of surubim Pseudoplatystoma sp. at different temperatures. In Experiment 1, fish (mean initial weight, 33.3 ± 7.2 g) reared at 27 and 30 C for 60 d grew significantly faster than fish reared at 24 C (P < 0.05). Fish at the lowest temperature showed the poorest feed conversion ratio (FCR, 5:1), while fish at 27 and 30 C had FCRs of 2.5:1 and 3.5:1, respectively. Mortality and morbidity rates were inversely proportional to the temperatures tested. In Experiment 2, serum cortisol levels following an acute handling stressor peaked at 30 min after stress, returned to near‐resting levels at 1 h after stress, and completely returned to resting levels at 3 h after stress in fish at all temperatures tested. Peak serum cortisol levels were higher in fish at 30 C (321.1 ± 38.8 ng/mL) than those in fish at 27 and 24 C (143.3 ± 37.4 ng/mL and 104.2 ± 37.2 ng/mL, respectively). In Experiment 3, fish (mean initial weight, 67 ± 8.58 g) reared at 27 C for 137 d grew significantly faster than fish at 30 and 24 C. Virtually, all fish reared in 30 C had some sign of morbidity (skin lesions and fin abrasion) compared to only a small percentage of fish in the other two temperatures. Again, the highest cortisol peak level was measured in fish reared at 30 C (117.6 ± 16.7 ng/mL), as compared to fish at 24 and 27 C (99.2 ± 15.5 ng/mL and 80.2 ± 12.8 ng/mL, respectively). Our findings indicate that the optimum temperature for rearing surubim in tanks is 27 C. At 30 C, these fish may suffer from stress, as suggested by the elevated peak of cortisol and morbidity and mortality rates. The relatively rapid cortisol stress response of surubim suggests that they may be more tolerant to handling stressors than other fish species.
Analysis of Digestive Gland Expressed Sequence Tag Library from the Disk Abalone, Haliotis discus discus
Authors: Munasinghe Helani , Kang Hyun Sil , Lee Jehee 
Published: August 2010

Abstract As a first step toward the functional annotation of unknown genes in the disk abalone, Haliotis discus discus, 900 clones from an abalone digestive gland complementary DNA library were selected for partial sequencing from the 5′ end. A total of 841 clones were successfully sequenced and assembled into 122 clusters and 510 singletons using TIGR Assembler. Each of the identified clusters consisted of at least two expressed sequence tags (ESTs), with each cluster considered to be derived from the same gene. The 122 clusters contained a total of 331 sequences. The 632 unique transcripts were compared against the National Center for Biotechnology Information databases by BlastX and BlastN programs. Out of these unique transcripts, 354 were significantly (E < 10−5) similar to sequences present in the databases. Therefore, this study identified and sequenced 278 putative novel transcripts. The ESTs generated in this study will be useful both as molecular markers and as a resource for the identification of novel genes.
ANALYSIS OF IMPLEMENTATION BARRIERS FOR STATE SCENIC RIVER SYSTEM FORMULATION1
Authors: Knudson Douglas M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT: Efforts to protect free flowing streams of state significance have met with limited success. Some states established large numbers of “instant” scenic rivers through legislation, then have worked out procedures to add new streams. Other have inadequate current funding and staff to implement the law. The chief barriers to growth of the systems are:

lack of program staffing and funding and support in some states,
slowness of the study and planning process,
landowner uncertainties about the effects on their property and rights, and
legal complexities.

There are few difficulties experienced in evaluation criteria, but a lack of objective rating systems may cause future problems.The state systems which have grown require careful planning, thorough communications with landowners, flexible land use control programs, and systematic education of community leaders about the values and operation of the program. State systems now protect about four times the river mileage of the federal wild and scenic rivers program. This gap is likely to widen even more, if state programs can achieve their growth potential. No state appears to be yet near to achieving the full purpose of the policy makers who designed and instituted the scenic rivers programs.
MEASUREMENT OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION IN CANBERRA SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors: Irwin Robert P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractEditor's note: Unfortunately, no revised text of Dr. Irwin's presentation to the Workshop was available for inclusion in these proceedings.Alcohol consumption in Canberra secondary schools was measured in a variety of ways. Decisions about these measurements were based on a medical ecological model. Data were collected by a number of methods in the three phases of the ANU Drug Education Project. Research comparisions were made in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies. The longitudinal studies allowed individual change in alcohol use to be used as a measure. Analysis added meaning to this data collection. The purpose of measurement was seen as providing both quantitative and qualitative data. Difficulties in research into alcohol consumption need to be met in many ways in order to make progress of our understanding of research findings.
ACCESSIBILITY MODELLING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR HEALTH SERVICE PLANNING
Authors: Sheerin Ian G. , Barnett J. Ross 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe appropriateness of accessibility models for evaluating efficiency and equity in the distribution of general practitioners in New Zealand cities is examined, using the example of Christchurch. Such models, commonly used in town planning and increasingly in health services research abroad, represent an objective technique for aiding decision‐makers in assessing planning options. There are considerable variations in accessibility to primary health care in Christchurch with the greatest shortage being experienced in the eastern suburbs. Computer simulation of several possible locations for new doctors' surgeries indicates a decentralised pattern to be most equitable and efficient.
PREVALENCE OF SOME RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN RURAL WESTERN AUSTRALIAN CHILDREN
Authors: Margetts Barrie , Armstrong Bruce , Binns Colin , Masarei John , McCall Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSitting and standing blood pressures, pulse rate, body height and weight, triceps skinfold thickness and mid‐upper arm circumference were measured in 285 girls and 304 boys of caucasian origin aged 12 or 13 years in six Western Australian country towns. Means, standard deviations and 5th and 95th centiles of these variables and Quetelet's index (weight/height2) are presented in each sex for 12 and 13 year‐olds separately. The mean heights and weights of children in this survey were generally greater than have been recorded in previous surveys of Australian children of the same age. Mean blood pressures, however, were appreciably lower. They were lower also than levels measured in recent surveys in the United States of America, Norway, Greece and Italy. Compared with these four populations, Western Australian children were taller than most, and intermediate with respect to body weight and obesity. Levels of these variables were not noticeably correlated with mortality from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in adults in the same populations. There was some evidence, however, of a relationship between IHD mortality and mean plasma cholesterol levels in children.
HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS' IMAGES OF DISABLED PEOPLE
Authors: Westbrook Mary T. , Adamson Barbara J. , Westbrook Johanna I. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA questionnaire survey of 907 students in six health professions, indicated inaccuracies in their knowledge of handicapped people. The size of the handicapped population was overestimated and major disabling conditions misidentified. The number of institutionalized handicapped and their social isolation was exaggerated. Handicapped people's employment status and qualifications were underestimated but community assistance received was overestimated. There was little awareness of sex differences in handicap. Students' descriptions of the disabling conditions of relatives and friends, when compared with population morbidity, suggest their perception of the composition of the handicapped population is biased. Mental retardation, paralysis and cerebral palsy were cited far more frequently than would be expected from population morbidity data but less visible disabilities were under‐reported. Possible consequences of such lack of knowledge are discussed.
A POPULATION‐BASED DIABETES REGISTER — DEVELOPMENT & APPLICATIONS
Authors: Brown Laurie J. , Scott Russell S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPopulation‐based registers for chronic disorders are invaluable for better understanding the epidemiology, aetiology and natural history of a particular disorder. Insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus is one example where registers have been used. The disorder often develops at a relatively young age continuing throughout life with adverse influences on health, frequently causing premature mortality. It is well suited to systematised data collection and register development.In this paper, the rationale for registers is considered and methods used in development of a diabetes register in the Canterbury region of New Zealand (pop. one‐third of a million) are described.A preliminary analysis of data using prevalence date of 1 January 1984, has shown that there are 1,148 (M = 574, F = 574) insulin‐treated diabetic persons on the register. Ages range from two to 93 years (median = 52 years). Only 11.1 per cent of the diabetic population were aged under 20 years whereas 27 per cent were 65 or more years of age. Duration of diabetes was one to 58 years (median = 12 years). Only 28 per cent of cases had presented with diabetes at age under 20 years, most being diagnosed in adult life. The overall prevalence of insulin‐treated diabetes was 3.3 per 1,000 population and peak prevalence was observed in those aged 60–69 years (7.5 per 1,000).Ongoing research with this register will document the natural history of the disorder, its morbidity and mortality, and will measure the use of secondary health care resources, particularly in‐patient services.
WHERE THERE'S SMOKE…CARBON MONOXIDE EXPOSURES IN SMOKING AND SMOKE‐FREE WORKPLACES
Authors: Tutt Douglas , Harris Wendy 
Published: August 2010

AbstractComparisons of expired air carbon monoxide levels in non‐smoking staff in six licensed clubs (a smoking workplace) were made with those of non‐smoking staff of a large public hospital (a smoke‐free workplace).There was a significant difference between clubs and hospital in levels of CO at end of work. The average concentration of club workers was 8.7 ppm (Hospital, 5.3 ppm). Approximately one third of these non‐smokers in licensed clubs exceeded 10 ppm putting them in the ‘light smoker’ category according to the manufacturer of the monitoring equipment. Club workers increased their CO level during work time by four times the increase of Hospital staff. This study suggests that there are significant gains to be made in reduction of intake of harmful passive‐smoking products by removing tobacco smoke from workplaces.
Structural consequences after intravitreal bevacizumab injection without increasing apoptotic cell death in a retinopathy of prematurity mouse model
Authors: Akkoyun Imren , Karabay Gulten , Haberal Nihan , Dagdeviren Attila , Yilmaz Gursel , Oto Sibel , Erkanli Leyla , Akova Yonca A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Purpose:  To evaluate the effect of different bevacizumab concentrations on retinal endothelial cell proliferation, retinal structures and apoptotic activity after intravitreal injection in a retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) mouse model.Methods:  A total of 35 of C57BL/J6 mice were exposed to 75 ± 2% oxygen from postnatal day 7 to postnatal day 12. On day 12, 10 mice (group C) were injected with 2.5 μg intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB), 11 mice (group D) were injected with 1.25 μg IVB, and 14 mice (group E) were injected with 0.625 μg IVB in one eye. The contralateral eyes were injected with isotonic saline (control group = group B). Four nonexposed mice served as negative controls (group A). Neovascularization was quantified by counting the endothelial cell proliferation on the vitreal side of the inner limiting membrane of the retina. Histological and ultrastructural changes were examined by light and electron microscopy. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxy‐UTP‐nick end labelling (TUNEL) was used to detect apoptosis.Results:  The endothelial cell count per histological section was lower in groups C (p < 0.0001), D (p < 0.0001) and E (p < 0.0001) compared with the control group B. Histological evaluation showed no retinal toxicity in any group. Electron microscopy revealed hyperoxia‐induced mitochondrial dysmorphology in group B. Mitochondrial dysmorphology displayed dose‐dependent gradual increase in IVB‐injected eyes. Intravitreal bevacizumab induced no significant increase in apoptotic cell death.Conclusion:  Bevacizumab suppresses endothelial cell proliferation in a ROP mouse model. In addition to hyperoxia‐induced mitochondrial dysmorphology of C57BL/J6 retina, morphological findings implicate further mitochondrial vulnerability because of bevacizumab without increase in apoptotic cell death.
The activated sludge bulking filament Eikelboom morphotype 0914 is a member of the Chloroflexi
Authors: Speirs Lachlan B. M. , McIlroy Simon J. , Petrovski Steve , Seviour Robert J. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe filamentous bacterium Eikelboom morphotype type 0914 responsible for bulking in activated sludge plants is identified here for the first time as a member of the phylum Chloroflexi subgroup 1. Two FISH probes, CFX67a and CFX67b, targeting the 16S rRNA sequences of this filament morphotype were designed, validated and used successfully for its in situ identification. A survey of plants in eastern Australia with the CFX67a probe showed it targeted only the type 0914 morphotype that was common especially in long sludge age plants designed to remove phosphorus and nitrogen microbiologically, although being in very low abundance in many samples. Filaments responding to the CFX67b probe also exhibited the type 0914 morphology but were less frequent, although again occurring in similarly configured plants. All these filaments showed an uneven FISH signal suggesting their ribosomes are localized at the ends of their cells. Furthermore, some generated distinctive FISH signals in all biomass samples containing them, where only certain cells within any single trichome fluoresced with probes designed against different target sites. Helper probes for each of these were required before all cells fluoresced above the visual detection limits of FISH.
An OECD for the Third World
Authors: Helleiner G. K. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Periodic resolution‐passing conferences can educate, legitimize, set the stage for, and sometimes stimulate the process of detailed bargaining and consultation which alone can make progress towards improved international arrangements. The multiplicity of international forums dealing with related issues, and the manner in which pressures in one can generate counter‐pressures in others, strengthens the need for a Third World OECD, a professional secretariat capable of developing strategies and tactics across the whole range of international economic issues, developing feasible sequences for reform‐mongering efforts in the most appropriate forums. Care should be taken in designing the staffing and conditions of service of such a body to prevent it becoming just another tier of international bureaucracyRESUMEN Una OECD para el Tercer MundoSólo el proceso de negociación y consulta detalladas puede producir avances hacia mejores arreglos internacionales, pero las conferencias periódicas que adoptan resoluciones pueden educar, dar legitimidad al proceso, servirle de escenario y a veces estimularlo. La multiplicidad de foros internacionales que tratan problemas conexos y la forma en que las presiones en unos pueden generar contra‐presiones en otros refuerza la necesidad de que haya una OECD del Tercer Mundo, un secretariado profesional capaz de formular estrategias y tácticas respecto de toda la problemática económica internacional, planteando secuencias factibles para promover reformas en los foros más apropiados. La contratación del personal y las condiciones de servicio en un organismo como ése deben ser concebidos con cuidado para evitar que pase a ser un escalón más de la burocracia internacional.RESUME Une OCDE au sein du tiers‐mondeDes conférences regulières, donnant lieu à des résolutions positives favorisent les négociations et consultations les plus propices à la réalisation de meilleures ententes internationales. D'innombrables réunions internationales traitant sans issue de problèmes analogues, n'engendrant que des séries de contrariétés, soulignent le besoin urgent d'une OCDE, savoir un secrétariat professionnel, compétent à élaborer des stratégies adaptées à l'ensemble des problèmes économiques internationaux et à militer, au sein de réunions appropriées, en faveur de réformes valables. Il faudrait veiller à ce que ce nouvel organisme ne tienne aucun trait de bureaucratie internationale.
Notes on Lessons from the Tin Agreement
Authors: Fortin Carlos 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY The Tin Agreement is generally regarded as successful, but it has basic limitations as recent difficulties have shown. It has been fairly successful in smoothing out short‐term fluctuations in the price curve, and in guaranteeing minimum revenues. The floor price has been readjusted upwards, though within conservative limits. The OPEC example, and dramatic increases in their import costs have recently increased the feeling among producers that unilateral action might have achieved both a stable and overall higher price, though the growth of this feeling has produced some concessions on the consumer side. The promise of the Agreement as a model for other commodities is limited if the aim is to effect a real transfer of surpluses from the industrialised to the developing world.RESUMEN Notas sobre las Lecciones del Convertio del EstañoEl Convenio del Estaño se considera generalmente exitoso, pero tiene limitaciones básicas, como lo demuestran sus recientes dificultades. Su éxito ha residido en eliminar fluctuaciones de corto plazo en la curva de precios, y en garantizar retornos minimos. El precio minimo se ha reajustado hacia arriba, aunque dentro de limites conservadores. El ejemplo de la OPEP y los dramáticos incrementos en los costos de las importaciones han intensificado entre los productores el sentimiento de que una acción unilateral podria haber conseguido tanto un precio estable como un nivel más alto, y ello a su vez ha producido algunas concesiones de parte de los consumidores. Como modelo para otros productos primarios el Convenio parece limitado si lo que se persigue es una transferencia real de excedentes del mundo industrializado al mundo en desarrollo.RESUME Leçons tirées de l'accord sur l'étainMalgré son succès général, cet accord est déficient à certains égards. Il réussit assez bien à éliminer les fluctuations à court terme de la courbe des prix et à garantir les revenus minimaux. Le prix garanti s'est réglé vers le haut, mais sans dépasser les limites conservatrices. L'exemple OPEP et la majoration du coût des importations tendent à faire penser les producteurs (bien que ces sentiments aient conduit à de consessions du côté consommateurs) qu'une action unilatérale aurait assuré la stabilisation ainsi qu'une hausse générale des prix. La perspective prometteuse, permettant à cet accord de servir de modèle à de nouvels accords sur d'autres produits de base se diminue dès qu'il sagit du transfert des surplus reéls du monde industrialisé vers les pays en développement.