bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personal view: Writing for the future
Authors: Popescu Petru 
Published: September 2011

Until 1974 Petru Popescu was a successful young writer living in Bucharest, where his novels, short stories and books of poems continued to be published, despite the never-ending wrangles with the censor. That year he was allowed to go abroad and, after a spell as Writer in Residence at Iowa University and travels in the United States and Europe, made his home in England. With his American wife he now lives in London, where he teaches comparative literature and pursues his writing career. In an interview for Index on Censorship he discusses with George Theiner the reasons that led him to emigrate and a variety of other topics ranging from the different roles assigned to the writer in Eastern and Western Europe to the problems of writers in exile.
Tortured in Chile
Authors: Cassidy Sheila 
Published: September 2011

After her release on 29 December 1975, Dr Sheila Cassidy accused the Chilean authorities of torturing political suspects and other detainees undergoing interrogation by the Secret Police. This was vigorously denied by Chilean spokesmen. On 19 January this year Dr Cassidy gave evidence before the United Nations Ad Hoc Working Group of the Commission on Human Rights in Geneva, describing in detail how she was arrested, detained for four days in a ‘house of interrogation’ where she was ill-treated and humiliated by police officials, threatened with rape and on three occasions tortured by the administration of electric shocks. Three weeks in solitary confinement in another detention centre and five more weeks in the Tres Alamos camp for women political prisoners followed before she was finally released as a result of British diplomatic representations to the Chilean government. In her statement to the UN Commission, Sheila Cassidy also recounted many stories of torture and brutality inflicted on other women prisoners which she learned about during her internment at Tres Alamos, making it clear that this was hearsay evidence she had no reason to disbelieve but could not herself corroborate. What follows is the main part of her testimony dealing with her own case from the day she was asked to give medical aid to Nelson Gutierrez (a leftist revolutionary who later spent three months in asylum at the Papal Nunciature and on 21 February left for Sweden) to her release from custody and expulsion from Chile.
Disruption of barrier function in dermatophytosis and pityriasis versicolor
Authors: LEE Weon Ju , KIM Jun Young , SONG Chang Hyun , JUNG Hong Dae , LEE Seok‐Jong , KIM Do Won 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDermatophytes have the ability to form molecular attachments to keratin and use it as a source of nutrients, colonizing keratinized tissues, including the stratum corneum of the skin. Malassezia species also affect the stratum corneum of the skin. Therefore, dermatophytosis and pityriasis versicolor of the skin are thought to be important factors of profound changes in skin barrier structure and function. We aimed to describe the changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL), stratum corneum hydration, and skin pH in the lesions of the dermatophytosis and pityriasis versicolor. Thirty‐six patients with dermatophytosis (14 with tinea cruris, 13 with tinea corporis and nine with tinea pedis or tinea manus) and 11 patients with pityriasis versicolor were included in this study. TEWL, stratum corneum conductance and skin pH were determined by biophysical methods to examine whether our patients exhibited changes in barrier function. Dermatophytosis and pityriasis versicolor except tinea pedis and tinea manus showed highly significant increase in TEWL compared with adjacent infection‐free skin. Hydration was significantly reduced in lesional skin compared with adjacent infection‐free skin. From this study, infections with dermatophytes and Malassezia species on the body can alter biophysical properties of the skin, especially the function of stratum corneum as a barrier to water loss. On the contrary, infections with dermatophytes on the palms and soles little affect the barrier function of the skin.
Molecular and clinical rationale for therapeutic targeting of interleukin‐5 and its receptor
Authors: Molfino N. A. , Gossage D. , Kolbeck R. , Parker J. M. , Geba G. P. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryInterleukin‐5 is a Th2 homodimeric cytokine involved in the differentiation, maturation, migration, development, survival, trafficking and effector function of blood and local tissue eosinophils, in addition to basophils and mast cells.The IL‐5 receptor (IL‐5R) consists of an IL‐5‐specific α subunit that interacts in conformationally dynamic ways with the receptor's βc subunit, an aggregate of domains it shares with binding sites of IL‐3 and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor. IL‐5 and IL‐5R drive allergic and inflammatory immune responses characterizing numerous diseases, such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, hyper‐eosinophilic syndrome, Churg‐Strauss syndrome and eosinophilic nasal polyposis. Although corticosteroid therapy is the primary treatment for these diseases, a substantial number of patients exhibit incomplete responses and suffer side‐effects.Two monoclonal antibodies have been designed to neutralize IL‐5 (mepolizumab and reslizumab). Both antibodies have demonstrated the ability to reduce blood and tissue eosinophil counts. One additional monoclonal antibody, benralizumab (MEDI‐563), has been developed to target IL‐5R and attenuate eosinophilia through antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity. All three monoclonal antobodies are being clinically evaluated. Antisense oligonucleotide technology targeting the common βc IL‐5R subunit is also being used therapeutically to inhibit IL‐5‐mediated effects (TPI ASM8). Small interfering RNA technology has also been used therapeutically to inhibit the expression of IL‐5 in animal models.This review summarizes the structural interactions between IL‐5 and IL‐5R and the functional consequences of such interactions, and describes the pre‐clinical and clinical evidence supporting IL‐5R as a therapeutic target.
Investigating the relationships between environmental stressors and stream condition using Bayesian belief networks
Authors: ALLAN J. David , YUAN LESTER L. , BLACK PAUL , STOCKTON TOM , DAVIES PETER E. , MAGIEROWSKI REGINA H. , READ STEVE M. 
Published: September 2011

Summary1. Stream reaches found to be impaired by physical, chemical or biological assessment generally are associated with greater extent of urban and agricultural land uses, and lesser amount of undeveloped lands. However, because stream condition commonly is influenced by multiple stressors as well as underlying natural gradients, it can be difficult to establish mechanistic relationships between altered land use and impaired stream condition.2. This study explores the use of Bayesian belief networks (BBNs) to model presumed causal relationships between stressors and response variables. A BBN depicts the chain of causal relationships resulting in some outcome such as environmental impairment and can make use of evidence from expert judgment as well as observational and experimental data.3. Three case studies illustrate the flexibility of BBN models. Expert elicitation in a workshop setting was employed to model the effects of sedimentation on benthic invertebrates. A second example used empirical data to explore the influence of natural and anthropogenic gradients on stream habitat in a highly agricultural watershed. The third application drew on several forms of evidence to develop a decision support tool linking grazing and forestry practices to stream reach condition.4. Although data limitations challenge model development and our ability to narrow the range of possible outcomes, model formulation forces participants to conceptualise causal mechanisms and consider how to resolve data shortfalls. With sufficient effort and resources, models with greater evidentiary strength from observational and experimental data may become practical tools to guide management decisions.5. Such models may be used to explore possible outcomes associated with a range of scenarios, thus benefiting management decision‐making, and to improve insight into likely causal relationships.
The fate of European breeding birds under climate, land‐use and dispersal scenarios
Authors: Barbet‐Massin Morgane , Thuiller Wilfried , Jiguet Frédéric 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMany species have already shifted their distributions in response to recent climate change. Here, we aimed at predicting the future breeding distributions of European birds under climate, land‐use, and dispersal scenarios. We predicted current and future distributions of 409 species within an ensemble forecast framework using seven species distribution models (SDMs), five climate scenarios and three emission and land‐use scenarios. We then compared results from SDMs using climate‐only variables, habitat‐only variables or both climate and habitat variables. In order to account for a species’ dispersal abilities, we used natal dispersal estimates and developed a probabilistic method that produced a dispersal scenario intermediate between the null and full dispersal scenarios generally considered in such studies. We then compared results from all scenarios in terms of future predicted range changes, range shifts, and variations in species richness. Modeling accuracy was better with climate‐only variables than with habitat‐only variables, and better with both climate and habitat variables. Habitat models predicted smaller range shifts and smaller variations in range size and species richness than climate models. Using both climate and habitat variables, it was predicted that the range of 71% of the species would decrease by 2050, with a 335 km median shift. Predicted variations in species richness showed large decreases in the southern regions of Europe, as well as increases, mainly in Scandinavia and northern Russia. The partial dispersal scenario was significantly different from the full dispersal scenario for 25% of the species, resulting in the local reduction of the future predicted species richness of up to 10%. We concluded that the breeding range of most European birds will decrease in spite of dispersal abilities close to a full dispersal hypothesis, and that given the contrasted predictions obtained when modeling climate change only and land‐use change only, both scenarios must be taken into consideration.
Complex terrain leads to bidirectional responses of soil respiration to inter‐annual water availability
Authors: Riveros‐Iregui Diego A. , McGlynn Brian L. , Emanuel Ryan E. , Epstein Howard E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractResearch on the terrestrial C balance focuses largely on measuring and predicting responses of ecosystem‐scale production and respiration to changing temperatures and hydrologic regimes. However, landscape morphology can modify the availability of resources from year to year by imposing physical gradients that redistribute soil water and other biophysical variables within ecosystems. This article demonstrates that the well‐established biophysical relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture interacts with topographic structure to create bidirectional (i.e., opposite) responses of soil respiration to inter‐annual soil water availability within the landscape. Based on soil respiration measurements taken at a subalpine forest in central Montana, we found that locations with high drainage areas (i.e., lowlands and wet areas of the forest) had higher cumulative soil respiration in dry years, whereas locations with low drainage areas (i.e., uplands and dry areas of the forest) had higher cumulative soil respiration in wet years. Our results indicate that for 80.9% of the forest soil respiration is likely to increase during wet years, whereas for 19.1% of the forest soil respiration is likely to decrease under the same hydrologic conditions. This emergent, bidirectional behavior is generated from the interaction of three relatively simple elements (parabolic soil biophysics, the relative distribution of landscape positions, and inter‐annual climate variability), indicating that terrain complexity is an important mediator of the landscape‐scale soil C response to climate. These results highlight that evaluating and predicting ecosystem‐scale soil C response to climate fluctuation requires detailed characterization of biophysical‐topographic interactions in addition to biophysical‐climate interactions.
Is the use of cholesterol in mortality risk algorithms in clinical guidelines valid? Ten years prospective data from the Norwegian HUNT 2 study
Authors: Petursson Halfdan , Sigurdsson Johann A. , Bengtsson Calle , Nilsen Tom I. L. , Getz Linn 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Many clinical guidelines for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention contain risk estimation charts/calculators. These have shown a tendency to overestimate risk, which indicates that there might be theoretical flaws in the algorithms. Total cholesterol is a frequently used variable in the risk estimates. Some studies indicate that the predictive properties of cholesterol might not be as straightforward as widely assumed. Our aim was to document the strength and validity of total cholesterol as a risk factor for mortality in a well‐defined, general Norwegian population without known CVD at baseline.Methods  We assessed the association of total serum cholesterol with total mortality, as well as mortality from CVD and ischaemic heart disease (IHD), using Cox proportional hazard models. The study population comprises 52 087 Norwegians, aged 20–74, who participated in the Nord‐Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT 2, 1995–1997) and were followed‐up on cause‐specific mortality for 10 years (510 297 person‐years in total).Results  Among women, cholesterol had an inverse association with all‐cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 0.94; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.89–0.99 per 1.0 mmol L−1 increase] as well as CVD mortality (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.88–1.07). The association with IHD mortality (HR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.92–1.24) was not linear but seemed to follow a ‘U‐shaped’ curve, with the highest mortality <5.0 and ≥7.0 mmol L−1. Among men, the association of cholesterol with mortality from CVD (HR: 1.06; 95% CI: 0.98–1.15) and in total (HR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.93–1.03) followed a ‘U‐shaped’ pattern.Conclusion  Our study provides an updated epidemiological indication of possible errors in the CVD risk algorithms of many clinical guidelines. If our findings are generalizable, clinical and public health recommendations regarding the ‘dangers’ of cholesterol should be revised. This is especially true for women, for whom moderately elevated cholesterol (by current standards) may prove to be not only harmless but even beneficial.
Use of the Internet by parents of middle school students: Internet rules, risky behaviours and online concerns
Authors: DOWDELL E. B. 
Published: September 2011

Accessible summary
Parents and children use the Internet differently with the majority of parents reporting that they have rules at home for Internet use and routinely check the computer histories so they can know where online their child has been.
Both parents and children are reporting that they are participating in risky online behaviours such as talking to strangers and using the Internet to harass someone intentionally.
Parents are concerned about the child's exposure to sexually explicit materials and online strangers, but the majority of parents do not know where to report negative or unsafe Internet experiences.
AbstractUsing the Internet is a daily occurrence for parents and children in today's world. Although they use the Internet differently, many individuals may face online hazards that they may be ill equipped to deal with. To better understand Internet use and online behaviours, a study was conducted with 227 parents of early adolescent (ages 11 to 14 years) middle school students (grades 6, 7 and 8). Four important findings emerged: (1) parents are using the Internet like their children but have different online behaviours; (2) parents have Internet use rules at home; (3) parents are participating in risky Internet behaviours (electronic aggression, intentional online harassment and communication with online strangers); and (4) parents are concerned about their child's online safety, specifically about the exposure to sexually explicit materials and online strangers, but the majority of parents do not know where to report negative or unsafe Internet experiences. Nurses, clinicians, healthcare providers and other professionals can and do provide comprehensive care to families by identifying needs and areas of knowledge deficit. By asking Internet use questions, nurses and other professionals are able to develop plans of care for all family members that will promote Internet safety and healthy lifestyle choices.
The application of a violence risk assessment tool among Chinese psychiatric service users: a preliminary study
Authors: YAO X. , LI Z. , ARTHUR D. , HU L. , CHENG G. 
Published: September 2011

Accessible summary
The lack of standardized violence risk assessment instruments has disadvantaged Chinese nurses in clinical practice.
The Violence Risk Screening‐10 (V‐RISK‐10), a 10‐item scale with strongly sound face and content validity and evidence of reliability, is worth to be tested in Chinese culture.
This study, conducted in eight closed wards in a psychiatric hospital in China, revealed that the instrument has acceptable reliability and validity and can be readily used by psychiatric nurses in China.
Such an instrument provides nurses with a quick and easily administered method of determining if a psychiatric service user is potentially violent, thus allowing for early intervention and avoiding unnecessary, disruptive conflict. Only minor modifications were necessary to make the instrument more useful and appropriate for nurses and potentially violent consumers.
AbstractThe Violence Risk Screening‐10 (V‐RISK‐10) is one of the few instruments available for evaluating violence risk among general psychiatric service users. This naturalistic prospective study involved 376 inpatients in a general psychiatric hospital in Beijing and intended to determine whether this brief instrument could be applied to a sample of Chinese consumers and whether its predictive properties could be retained. Risk assessment at admission was compared to the record of aggression and violence during the first month of hospitalization. During the research period, 108 of the 376 consumers caused 265 incidences of aggression. Receiver operating characteristics for the V‐RISK‐10 Chinese version yielded an area under the curve of 0.63. Its sensitivity/specificity was 0.80/0.38 and the corresponding positive/negative predictive value was 0.34/0.82. Intraclass correlation coefficient for the whole instrument was 0.89. Compared to the results of the original V‐RISK‐10, its predictive accuracy was lower. However, with some modification, the V‐RISK‐10 still shows promise as an instrument for use in daily practice in Chinese clinical settings.
The secret food diary of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia
Authors: HARDY S. , GRAY R. 
Published: September 2011

Accessible summary
We wanted to find out whether looking at the food diaries filled in by people with schizophrenia would help us find out when they eat, what they eat and why they eat those foods. We looked at the food diaries filled in by eight people with schizophrenia during 1 week.
All the people managed to fill in their diaries. The food diaries showed that most of the people:
The people with schizophrenia in our study do not have a very healthy diet. This could be because they:
The people with schizophrenia all managed to fill in their diaries. This shows that:
AbstractThe objective was to consider the feasibility of food diaries as a method of understanding the dietary behaviour of people with schizophrenia. Examination of the food diaries completed in 1 week by eight patients with schizophrenia. All the patients were successful in completing the task. Examination of the food diaries revealed that: eating fruit and vegetables was largely absent; there was very little variety in most of the patients' diets; patients relied heavily on convenience food and ready meals for their main meal; as a rule patients followed an ordered mealtime routine; generally patients did not drink enough fluid; they were not big treat eaters; only one patient recorded drinking any alcohol; overall there appeared to be poor diet literacy in our small sample. The results show that on the whole, people with schizophrenia have a poor diet. This could be due to a combination of financial difficulty, lack of skills in food preparation, lack of motivation to prepare food or ignorance of what constitutes a healthy diet. The fact that they all managed to complete the task is perhaps evidence of motivation to improve their health and demonstrates the utility of food diaries in educating this population.
Islands in the ice: detecting past vegetation on Greenlandic nunataks using historical records and sedimentary ancient DNA Meta‐barcoding
Authors: JØRGENSEN TINA , KJÆR KURT H. , HAILE JAMES , RASMUSSEN MORTEN , BOESSENKOOL SANNE , ANDERSEN KENNETH , COISSAC ERIC , TABERLET PIERRE , BROCHMANN CHRISTIAN , ORLANDO LUDOVIC , GILBERT M. THOMAS P. , WILLERSLEV ESKE 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNunataks are isolated bedrocks protruding through ice sheets. They vary in age, but represent island environments in ‘oceans’ of ice through which organism dispersals and replacements can be studied over time. The J.A.D. Jensen’s Nunataks at the southern Greenland ice sheet are the most isolated nunataks on the northern hemisphere – some 30 km from the nearest biological source. They constitute around 2 km2 of ice‐free land that was established in the early Holocene. We have investigated the changes in plant composition at these nunataks using both the results of surveys of the flora over the last 130 years and through reconstruction of the vegetation from the end of the Holocene Thermal Maximum (5528 ± 75 cal year BP) using meta‐barcoding of plant DNA recovered from the nunatak sediments (sedaDNA). Our results show that several of the plant species detected with sedaDNA are described from earlier vegetation surveys on the nunataks (in 1878, 1967 and 2009). In 1967, a much higher biodiversity was detected than from any other of the studied periods. While this may be related to differences in sampling efforts for the oldest period, it is not the case when comparing the 1967 and 2009 levels where the botanical survey was exhaustive. As no animals and humans are found on the nunataks, this change in diversity over a period of just 42 years must relate to environmental changes probably being climate‐driven. This suggests that even the flora of fairly small and isolated ice‐free areas reacts quickly to a changing climate.