bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutritional support and brain tissue glucose metabolism in poor-grade SAH: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Schmidt J Michael , Claassen Jan , Ko Sang-Bae , Lantigua Hector , Presciutti Mary , Lee Kiwon , Connolly E Sander , Mayer Stephan A , Seres David S , Badjatia Neeraj 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Introduction
We sought to determine the effect of nutritional support and insulin infusion therapy on serum and brain glucose levels and cerebral metabolic crisis after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Methods
We used a retrospective observational cohort study of 50 mechanically ventilated poor-grade (Hunt-Hess 4 or 5) aneurysmal SAH patients who underwent brain microdialysis monitoring for an average of 109 hours. Enteral nutrition was started within 72 hours of admission whenever feasible. Intensive insulin therapy was used to maintain serum glucose levels between 5.5 and 7.8 mmol/l. Serum glucose, insulin and caloric intake from enteral tube feeds, dextrose and propofol were recorded hourly. Cerebral metabolic distress was defined as a lactate to pyruvate ratio (LPR) > 40. Time-series data were analyzed using a general linear model extended by generalized estimation equations (GEE).

Results
Daily mean caloric intake received was 13.8 ± 6.9 cal/kg and mean serum glucose was 7.9 ± 1 mmol/l. A total of 32% of hourly recordings indicated a state of metabolic distress and < 1% indicated a state of critical brain hypoglycemia (< 0.2 mmol/l). Calories received from enteral tube feeds were associated with higher serum glucose concentrations (Wald = 6.07, P = 0.048), more insulin administered (Wald = 108, P < 0.001), higher body mass index (Wald = 213.47, P < 0.001), and lower body temperature (Wald = 4.1, P = 0.043). Enteral feeding (Wald = 1.743, P = 0.418) was not related to brain glucose concentrations after accounting for serum glucose concentrations (Wald = 67.41, P < 0.001). In the presence of metabolic distress, increased insulin administration was associated with a relative reduction of interstitial brain glucose concentrations (Wald = 8.26, P = 0.017), independent of serum glucose levels.

Conclusions
In the presence of metabolic distress, insulin administration is associated with reductions in brain glucose concentration that are independent of serum glucose levels. Further study is needed to understand how nutritional support and insulin administration can be optimized to minimize secondary injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.
Descending aortic calcification increases renal dysfunction and in-hospital mortality in cardiac surgery patients with intraaortic balloon pump counterpulsation placed perioperatively: a case control study
Authors: Nowak-Machen Martina , Rawn James D , Shekar Prem S , Mitani Aya , Tuli Sagun , Bingold Tobias M , Lawlor Garrett , Eltzschig Holger K , Shernan Stanton K , Rosenberger Peter 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Introduction
Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery increases length of hospital stay and in-hospital mortality. A significant number of patients undergoing cardiac surgical procedures require perioperative intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) support. Use of an IABP has been linked to an increased incidence of perioperative renal dysfunction and death. This might be due to dislodgement of atherosclerotic material in the descending thoracic aorta (DTA). Therefore, we retrospectively studied the correlation between DTA atheroma, AKI and in-hospital mortality.

Methods
A total of 454 patients were retrospectively matched to one of four groups: -IABP/-DTA atheroma, +IABP/-DTA atheroma, -IABP/+DTA atheroma, +IABP/+DTA atheroma. Patients were then matched according to presence/absence of DTA atheroma, presence/absence of IABP, performed surgical procedure, age, gender and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). DTA atheroma was assessed through standard transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) imaging studies of the descending thoracic aorta.

Results
Basic patient characteristics, except for age and gender, did not differ between groups. Perioperative AKI in patients with -DTA atheroma/+IABP was 5.1% versus 1.7% in patients with -DTA atheroma/-IABP. In patients with +DTA atheroma/+IABP the incidence of AKI was 12.6% versus 5.1% in patients with +DTA atheroma/-IABP. In-hospital mortality in patients with +DTA atheroma/-IABP was 3.4% versus 8.4% with +DTA atheroma/+IABP. In patients with +DTA atheroma/+IABP in hospital mortality was 20.2% versus 6.4% with +DTA atheroma/-IABP. Multivariate logistic regression identified DTA atheroma > 1 mm (P = *0.002, odds ratio (OR) = 4.13, confidence interval (CI) = 1.66 to 10.30), as well as IABP support (P = *0.015, OR = 3.04, CI = 1.24 to 7.45) as independent predictors of perioperative AKI and increased in-hospital mortality. DTA atheroma in conjunction with IABP significantly increased the risk of developing acute kidney injury (P = 0.0016) and in-hospital mortality (P = 0.0001) when compared to control subjects without IABP and without DTA atheroma.

Conclusions
Perioperative IABP and DTA atheroma are independent predictors of perioperative AKI and in-hospital mortality. Whether adding an IABP in patients with severe DTA calcification increases their risk of developing AKI and mortality postoperatively cannot be clearly answered in this study. Nevertheless, when IABP and DTA are combined, patients are more likely to develop AKI and to die postoperatively in comparison to patients without IABP and DTA atheroma.
Implications for health and disease in the genetic signature of the Ashkenazi Jewish population
Authors: Guha Saurav , Rosenfeld Jeffrey A , Malhotra Anil K , Lee Annette T , Gregersen Peter K , Kane John M , Pe'er Itsik , Darvasi Ariel , Lencz Todd 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Background
Relatively small, reproductively isolated populations with reduced genetic diversity may have advantages for genomewide association mapping in disease genetics. The Ashkenazi Jewish population represents a unique population for study based on its recent (< 1,000 year) history of a limited number of founders, population bottlenecks and tradition of marriage within the community. We genotyped more than 1,300 Ashkenazi Jewish healthy volunteers from the Hebrew University Genetic Resource with the Illumina HumanOmni1-Quad platform. Comparison of the genotyping data with that of neighboring European and Asian populations enabled the Ashkenazi Jewish-specific component of the variance to be characterized with respect to disease-relevant alleles and pathways.

Results
Using clustering, principal components, and pairwise genetic distance as converging approaches, we identified an Ashkenazi Jewish-specific genetic signature that differentiated these subjects from both European and Middle Eastern samples. Most notably, gene ontology analysis of the Ashkenazi Jewish genetic signature revealed an enrichment of genes functioning in transepithelial chloride transport, such as CFTR, and in equilibrioception, potentially shedding light on cystic fibrosis, Usher syndrome and other diseases over-represented in the Ashkenazi Jewish population. Results also impact risk profiles for autoimmune and metabolic disorders in this population. Finally, residual intra-Ashkenazi population structure was minimal, primarily determined by class 1 MHC alleles, and not related to host country of origin.

Conclusions
The Ashkenazi Jewish population is of potential utility in disease-mapping studies due to its relative homogeneity and distinct genomic signature. Results suggest that Ashkenazi-associated disease genes may be components of population-specific genomic differences in key functional pathways.
Hydraulic leg extension is not necessarily the main drive in large spiders
Authors: Weihmann Tom , Günther Michael , Blickhan Reinhard 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYUnlike most other arthropods, spiders have no extensor muscles in major leg joints. Therefore, hydraulic pressure generated in the prosoma provides leg extension. For decades, this mechanism was held responsible for the generation of the majority of the ground reaction forces, particularly in the hind legs. During propulsion, the front leg pairs must shorten whereas the hind legs have to be extended. Assuming that hind legs are essentially driven by hydraulics, their force vectors must pass the leg joints ventrally. However, at least in accelerated escape manoeuvres, we show here for the large cursorial spider species Ancylometes concolor that these force vectors, when projected into the leg plane, pass all leg joints dorsally. This indicates a reduced impact of the hydraulic mechanism on the generation of ground reaction forces. Although hydraulic leg extension still modulates their direction, the observed steep force vectors at the hind legs indicate a strong activity of flexors in the proximal joint complex that push the legs against the substrate. Consequently, the muscular mechanisms are dominant at least in the hind legs of large spiders.
Polymorphic male color morphs visualized with steroids in monomorphic females: a tool for designing analysis of sex-limited trait inheritance
Authors: Olsson Mats , Healey Mo , Wilson Mark , Tobler Michael 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
In diploid animals, males and females share most of the genome (except sex-specific elements, such as sex chromosome genes), yet despite sharing the underlying genes that hard-wire traits, males and females may differ in their phenotypes when traits are controlled by proximate mechanisms, such as hormones. In color polymorphic species where coloration is only expressed in one sex, the design of studies of the inheritance of color and coevolved morph-specific traits (e.g. territorial vs sneaker strategies, skewed energetic investment in territorial defense vs sperm production, etc.) is compromised as the expression of morph-coding genes is only visualized in one sex. Here, we circumvented this problem by first characterizing oxidative stress traits in both sexes and then using testosterone implants in females to expose their otherwise ‘silent’ coloration. Males of our model species are highly territorial and exhibit morph-specific levels of aggression, whereas females are non-territorial and display very low levels of aggression. Interestingly, reactive oxygen species levels were found to be morph specific regardless of sex, despite considerable differences in lifestyle. Males and females did differ remarkably, however, in superoxide levels depending on whether they sported a colored throat bib or not, a trait also used in male sexual signaling. Females with throat bibs had significantly lower levels of superoxide than females without a bib, which was not the case for males.
Transient Ca2+ mobilization caused by osmotic shock initiates salmonid fish sperm motility
Authors: Takei Gen L. , Mukai Chinatsu , Okuno Makoto 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYSalmonid fish sperm motility is known to be suppressed in millimolar concentrations of extracellular K+, and dilution of K+ upon spawning triggers cAMP-dependent signaling for motility initiation. In a previous study, however, we demonstrated that suspending sperm in a 10% glycerol solution and subsequent dilution into a low-osmotic solution induced motility independently of extracellular K+ and cAMP. In the present study, we further investigated the glycerol-induced motility mechanism. We found that treatment with solutions consisting of organic or inorganic ions, as well as glycerol, induced sperm motility in an osmolarity-dependent manner. Elimination of intracellular Ca2+ by BAPTA-AM significantly inhibited glycerol-treated sperm motility, whereas removal of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA did not. Monitoring intracellular Ca2+, using fluo-4, revealed that intracellular Ca2+ increased when sperm were suspended in hypertonic solutions, and a subsequent dilution into a hypotonic solution led to a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ concomitant with motility initiation. In addition, upon dilution of sperm into a hypertonic glycerol solution prior to demembranation, the motility of demembranated sperm was reactivated in the absence of cAMP. The motility recovery suggests that completion of axonemal maturation occurred during exposure to a hypertonic environment. As a result, it is likely that glycerol treatment of sperm undergoing hypertonic shock causes mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ from the intracellular Ca2+ store and also causes maturation of axonemal proteins for motility initiation. The subsequent dilution into a hypotonic solution induces a decrease in intracellular Ca2+ and flagellar movement. This novel mechanism of sperm motility initiation seems to act in a salvaging manner for the well-known K+-dependent pathway.
Growth and innate immunity are not limited by selection for high egg testosterone content in Japanese quail
Authors: Kankova Zuzana , Zeman Michal , Okuliarova Monika 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARYThe effects of maternal androgens on fitness-related traits of offspring are generally assumed to be epigenetic adaptations to the environment that may be encountered by the next generation. Possible constraints of high yolk androgen transfer are still not understood, although a suppressed immune response in offspring is frequently considered. The aim of our study was to examine the innate immune defence in high (HET) and low egg testosterone (LET) lines of Japanese quail, which differ in the hormonal milieu of their eggs, thus providing a good physiological model for the study of androgen-mediated maternal effects. Acute phase response was induced by a lipopolysaccharide injection in 12-day-old quail and plasma corticosterone and the heterophil:lymphocyte ratio were measured at 1 and 3 h post-treatment. Basal levels of non-specific antibodies (IgY) were determined in the circulation. We found that HET quail were heavier than LET quail from the second week of age, indicating enhanced post-hatching growth. At 1 h post-lipopolysaccharide challenge, plasma corticosterone concentrations increased in the HET but not in the LET line. The heterophil:lymphocyte ratio rose in both lines at 3 h post-immune challenge, with a more pronounced response in HET quail. Moreover, HET chicks displayed higher IgY levels than LET chicks, suggesting either enhanced passive immunoprotection or stimulated endogenous antibody production. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that the genetic selection for high egg testosterone content positively influences growth and, simultaneously, does not limit the acute phase response in young quail.
Smelling your way to food: can bed bugs use our odour?
Authors: Harraca V. , Ryne C. , Birgersson G. , Ignell R. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
The resurgence in developed countries of the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, has led to a search for new sustainable methods to monitor and control this human ectoparasite. Because of increased resistance to insecticides, traps baited with attractive cues are considered a promising method to be developed into efficient monitoring tools for bed bugs. Despite their potential as attractants, only a few studies have investigated the odorant cues implicated in the attraction of bed bugs to human hosts. In this study, we used aeration extracts from human volunteers to assess the role of olfaction in host searching by bed bugs. By coupled gas chromatography and single sensillum recordings on all the antennal sensilla, we measured the electrophysiological response elicited by the compounds present in our human odour extracts. Only five compounds were clearly detected by the olfactory receptor neurons housed in the smooth-peg sensilla of the bed bugs. We tested the behavioural effect of these extracts in a still-air arena and showed a gradient of repellence linked to the dose, as well as a higher propensity of local search behaviour associated with human odours containing a lower ratio of 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one to C7–C10 aldehydes. We conclude that human odour alone has a weak influence on the behaviour of C. lectularius and we propose that human kairomones may have a significant impact on bed bug behaviour in combination with heat and carbon dioxide, the only two currently known attractive vertebrate cues used by bed bugs for host seeking.
A novel function for a carotenoid: astaxanthin used as a polarizer for visual signalling in a mantis shrimp
Authors: Chiou Tsyr-Huei , Place Allen R. , Caldwell Roy L. , Marshall N. Justin , Cronin Thomas W. 
Published: January 2012

SUMMARY
Biological signals based on color patterns are well known, but some animals communicate by producing patterns of polarized light. Known biological polarizers are all based on physical interactions with light such as birefringence, differential reflection or scattering. We describe a novel biological polarizer in a marine crustacean based on linear dichroism of a carotenoid molecule. The red-colored, dichroic ketocarotenoid pigment astaxanthin is deposited in the antennal scale of a stomatopod crustacean, Odontodactylus scyllarus. Positive correlation between partial polarization and the presence of astaxanthin indicates that the antennal scale polarizes light with astaxanthin. Both the optical properties and the fine structure of the polarizationally active cuticle suggest that the dipole axes of the astaxanthin molecules are oriented nearly normal to the surface of the antennal scale. While dichroic retinoids are used as visual pigment chromophores to absorb and detect polarized light, this is the first demonstration of the use of a carotenoid to produce a polarizing signal. By using the intrinsic dichroism of the carotenoid molecule and orienting the molecule in tissue, nature has engineered a previously undescribed form of biological polarizer.
Berührungslose Mehrlagen-Schichtdickenmessung industrieller Beschichtungen mittels THz-Messtechnik
Authors: Feige Volker K. S. , Berta Milan , Nix Stephan , Ellrich Frank , Jonuscheit Joachim , Beigang René 
Published: January 2012

Zusammenfassung
In vielen Industriebereichen ist der Schutz von nicht-metallischen Substraten, wie z. B. Kunststoff, Holz und Beton, durch die aufgebrachten Beschichtungssysteme entscheidend. Nur wenn die richtigen Schichtdicken aufgetragen sind, existiert ein optimaler Schutz der Substrate. Zur Sicherstellung der exakten Schichtdicken und zur Defekterkennung werden zerstörungsfreie Messtechniken eingesetzt, wobei berührungslose Terahertz-basierende Messprinzipien ein hohes Anwendungspotenzial versprechen [1]. Elektromagnetische Wellen mit Wellenlängen von 50 bis 3000 μm durchdringen elektrisch nicht leitfähige Beschichtungen und ermöglichen vielfältige Analysemethoden aufgrund der charakteristischen komplexen Brechungsindizes im Terahertz-Frequenzspektrum. Schichtdickenmessungen wurden für faserverstärkte Kunststoffe mit elektromagnetischen Pikosekunden-Impulsen erforscht. Die spektralen Materialeigenschaften berücksichtigend stellen wir Algorithmen zur Schichtdickenbestimmung in Mehrlagen-Systemen vor.
Genetic Risk Assessment of Type 2 Diabetes–Associated Polymorphisms in African Americans
Authors: Cooke Jessica N. , Ng Maggie C.Y. , Palmer Nicholette D. , An S. Sandy , Hester Jessica M. , Freedman Barry I. , Langefeld Carl D. , Bowden Donald W. 
Published: January 2012

OBJECTIVE
Multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility have been identified in predominantly European-derived populations. These SNPs have not been extensively investigated for individual and cumulative effects on T2D risk in African Americans.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Seventeen index T2D risk variants were genotyped in 2,652 African American case subjects with T2D and 1,393 nondiabetic control subjects. Individual SNPs and cumulative risk allele loads were assessed for association with risk for T2D. Cumulative risk was assessed by counting risk alleles and evaluating the difference in cumulative risk scores between case subjects and control subjects. A second analysis weighted risk scores (ln [OR]) based on previously reported European-derived effect sizes.

RESULTS
Frequencies of risk alleles ranged from 8.6 to 99.9%. Eleven SNPs had ORs &gt;1, and 5 from ADAMTS9, WFS1, CDKAL1, JAZF1, and TCF7L2 trended or had nominally significant evidence of T2D association (P &lt; 0.05). Individuals carried between 13 and 29 risk alleles. Association was observed between T2D and increase in risk allele load (unweighted OR 1.04 [95% CI 1.01–1.08], P = 0.010; weighted 1.06 [1.03–1.10], P = 8.10 × 10−5). When TCF7L2 SNP rs7903146 was included as a covariate, the risk score was no longer associated with T2D in either model (unweighted 1.02 [0.98–1.05], P = 0.33; weighted 1.02 [0.98–1.06], P = 0.40).

CONCLUSIONS
The trend of increase in risk for T2D with increasing risk allele load is similar to observations in European-derived populations; however, these analyses indicate that T2D genetic risk is primarily mediated through the effect of TCF7L2 in African Americans.
Effects of Ankle Taping on Single and Double Leg Balance
Authors: Knight Adam , Weimar Wendi 
Published: January 2012

Effects of Ankle Taping on Single and Double Leg Balance
Ankle sprains are a common injury and athletic tape is often applied to help prevent this injury, however, the effects of ankle taping on balance are relatively unclear. Additionally, the dominant and non-dominant legs often have different demands placed upon them and may yield different balance scores. Twenty five healthy participants (18 female, 7 male; age=20.5±1.19 years; mass=69.24±12.72 kg; height=1.69±.087 m) completed double and single leg balance assessments with the eyes open and eyes closed under three ankle support conditions: no ankle tape, PowerTape™, and Coach™ Tape, on the Neurocom Basic BalanceMaster™. Balance assessments were completed before ankle taping (pre-test), immediately after ankle taping (acute-test), and after 20 minutes of walking (post-test). The sway velocity of the participants' center of gravity (deg/s) was the dependent variable. A significant three way interaction was found for the single leg, eyes closed assessment (P = .037), with increased sway velocity for the PowerTape™ and Coach™ tape condition. The non-dominant leg had significantly less sway velocity than the dominant leg for the eyes open condition (P < .001). These results indicate differing affects on balance for different types of athletic tape, and balance differences between the dominant and non-dominant leg, with the non-dominant leg presenting lower sway velocities.
The Psychosocial Dynamics of Youth Disability Sport
Authors: Martin Jeffrey 
Published: January 2012

The Psychosocial Dynamics of Youth Disability SportThe purpose of this article is to review research on the psychosocial aspects of youth disability sport and physical activity (PA). Sport psychology research spanning the self-perception areas of self-concept, self-esteem, athletic identity, self-efficacy, and perceived competence will be examined. More specifically research documenting the psychological benefits of disability sport will be covered such as self-esteem enhancement. A second focus of the current chapter will be on the social aspects of disability sport. For instance, both the positive (e.g., enhanced peer relations) and negative (e.g., teasing) ramifications of sport and PA involvement will be reviewed. Research on the family, parents, siblings, and peers will be examined. Finally, the intersection of both areas (i.e., psychological and social) will also be covered as social mechanisms of influence (e.g., parental encouragement) have strong influences on psychological constructs such as athlete's perceived competence and PA. The chapter will be concluded with a brief summary.