bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Construction of Meaning
Authors: Kintsch Walter , Mangalath Praful 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe argue that word meanings are not stored in a mental lexicon but are generated in the context of working memory from long‐term memory traces that record our experience with words. Current statistical models of semantics, such as latent semantic analysis and the Topic model, describe what is stored in long‐term memory. The CI‐2 model describes how this information is used to construct sentence meanings. This model is a dual‐memory model, in that it distinguishes between a gist level and an explicit level. It also incorporates syntactic information about how words are used, derived from dependency grammar. The construction of meaning is conceptualized as feature sampling from the explicit memory traces, with the constraint that the sampling must be contextually relevant both semantically and syntactically. Semantic relevance is achieved by sampling topically relevant features; local syntactic constraints as expressed by dependency relations ensure syntactic relevance.
Comparing Methods for Single Paragraph Similarity Analysis
Authors: Stone Benjamin , Dennis Simon , Kwantes Peter J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe focus of this paper is two‐fold. First, similarities generated from six semantic models were compared to human ratings of paragraph similarity on two datasets—23 World Entertainment News Network paragraphs and 50 ABC newswire paragraphs. Contrary to findings on smaller textual units such as word associations (Griffiths, Tenenbaum, & Steyvers, 2007), our results suggest that when single paragraphs are compared, simple nonreductive models (word overlap and vector space) can provide better similarity estimates than more complex models (LSA, Topic Model, SpNMF, and CSM). Second, various methods of corpus creation were explored to facilitate the semantic models’ similarity estimates. Removing numeric and single characters, and also truncating document length improved performance. Automated construction of smaller Wikipedia‐based corpora proved to be very effective, even improving upon the performance of corpora that had been chosen for the domain. Model performance was further improved by augmenting corpora with dataset paragraphs.
CERTAIN HEMATOLOGIC AND BLOOD CHEMICAL VALUES IN JUVENILE RHESUS MONKEYS (MACACA MULATTA)
Authors: Vondruska James F. , Greco Ronald A. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryCertain hematologic and clinical chemistry values of 148 rhesus monkeys were determined. Mean values, standard deviations and minimal‐maximal values were determined for hemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume; total erythrocyte, total leukocyte and differential leukocyte count; cellular indices; prothrombin time; serum concentrations of glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, bilirubin, creatinine, sodium, potassium and chloride, and serum enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalacetic transaminase, and lactic dehydrogenase. Calculations were made separately for males and females and the data were compared to published values for the species.
Rectal atresia in a newborn donkey
Authors: Teixeira L. G. , Spasiani J. P. , Meirelles A. E. W. B. , Garrido E. , Nogueira A. F. S. , Alessi A. C. , Marques J. A. , Canola J. C. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA case of atype Irectal atresia (also known as membranous rectal atresia) in a newborn donkey is reported. Clinical examination, survey radiographs and barium enema radiographs suggested rectal atresia. An exploratory laparotomy was performed; however, surgical correction of the defect was not possible due to the narrow pelvic cavity. Euthanasia was performed. At necropsy, it was possible to observe a fibrous cord connecting the small colon to a residual rectal ampulla, which opened to a normal anus. The radiographic and anatomical characteristics enabled the classification of the defect astype Irectal atresia, which is a rare congenital anomaly that is difficult to correct through surgery. This report contributes to the study of rectal atresia in newborn equids, alerts for the occurrence in donkeys and is, to our knowledge, the first to be reported in this species in Brazil.
Pulmonary function, airway cytology and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid drug concentration after aerosol administration of cefquinome to horses
Authors: Art T. , Ramery E. , Fraipont A. , Lekeux P. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe administration of antibiotics by aerosol to horses suffering from respiratory infections may partially circumvent the limitations of antimicrobial therapy, e.g. large injection volumes, low bioavailability and risk of diarrhoea. Only injectable formulations are available currently and usually contain other substances that could irritate the mucosa and induce coughing and bronchospasm. In addition, the quality of the aerosol, particularly in terms of the delivery of antibiotics to the deep parts of the lung, is unknown. Although used under field conditions, cefquinome delivered by aerosol has never been studied in horses.This study examined the safety of cefquinome injectable solution, administered by aerosol at a dose of 225 mg/inhalation to 7 healthy horses, by assessing (1) pulmonary function before and 15 min after a single inhalation, at the first day (Day 1) and the fifth day (Day 5) of a 5 day period treatment; and (2) the inflammatory status of the lung, i.e. percentage neutrophils and myeloperoxidase concentration, based on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at D1 and D5. In addition, cefquinome concentrations were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid after aerosol, intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administrations.A single aerosol of cefquinome injectable solution did not induce any immediate nor delayed pulmonary side effects in healthy horses and produced cefquinome concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) within 30 min that were higher than the minimal inhibitory concentration of the main equine respiratory pathogens. These results should stimulate further studies, especially in horses suffering from bronchial hyper‐reactivity. Aerosol delivery of antibiotics may well have a role in equine therapeutics.
Fat-1 gene modulates the fatty acid composition of femoral and vertebral phospholipids
Authors: Lau Beatrice Y.Y. , Ward Wendy E. , Kang Jing X. , Ma David W.L. 
Published: August 2010

Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) incorporation into bone may alter its metabolism through changes in the fatty acid composition of membrane phospholipids. Alteration of the membrane phospholipid fatty acid composition may influence bone cell signalling and, potentially, bone mineralization. The objective of this study was to use the fat-1 mouse, a transgenic model that synthesizes n-3 from n-6 PUFA, to determine if the fat-1 gene modulates the fatty acid composition of femoral and vertebral phospholipids, and if so, whether the fatty acid levels would correlate with bone mineral density (BMD) at both skeletal sites. Male and female wild-type and fat-1 mice were fed an AIN93-G diet, containing 10% safflower oil, from weaning to 12 weeks of age. The fatty acid composition of femoral and vertebral phospholipids was measured by gas liquid chromatography. At 12 weeks of age, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine fractions in the vertebrae of fat-1 mice had a significantly lower n-6/n-3 ratio than wild-type mice (p < 0.05). In fat-1 femurs, these fractions, along with phosphatidylinositol, had a lower n-6/n-3 ratio than wild-type mice (p < 0.001). Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was positively correlated with BMD in all fractions in the vertebrae, and in phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylserine in the femur (p < 0.05). Overall, the fat-1 gene resulted in changes in the fatty acid composition of both femoral and vertebral phospholipids. Significant correlations between DHA and BMD may indicate a positive effect on bone mineralization.
Hypohydration and muscular fatigue of the thumb alter median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials
Authors: Montain Scott J. , Tharion William J. 
Published: August 2010

The mechanisms by which dehydration impairs endurance performance remain unresolved but may involve alterations in afferent neural processing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of hypohydration on somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) at rest and during recovery from fatiguing exercise. Fourteen volunteers (12 men, 2 women) performed repetitive isometric thumb contractions (50% maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and 100% MVC in a 5:1 ratio, each contraction separated by 5 s of rest) until exhaustion when euhydrated (EU) and when hypohydrated by 4% body mass (HY). SEPs were obtained from the median nerve. The results indicated that HY did not produce statistical differences in time to exhaustion (EU = 754 (SD 255); HY = 714 (SD 318) s; p = 0.66) or rate of muscle fatigue. However, HY was associated with greater subjective feelings of fatigue and loss of vigor after exhaustive exercise (p < 0.01). HY affected N20 latency with an interaction effect of hydration by fatigue state (EU-Rest: 18.5 (SD 1.6) ms; EU-Fatigue: 19.0 (SD 1.6) ms; HY-Rest: 18.3 (SD 1.3) ms; HY-Fatigue: 18.4 (SD 1.5) ms; p = 0.034), but N20 and N20-P22 amplitude responses were similar between HY and EU trials. We concluded that moderate water deficits appear to alter afferent signal processing within the cerebral cortex.
Lifestyle factors and other health measures in a Canadian university community
Authors: Pérusse-Lachance Émilie , Tremblay Angelo , Drapeau Vicky 
Published: August 2010

With the increasing prevalence of obesity, there is a continuous search for effective obesity-prevention and health-promotion interventions. These interventions should be based on factors that have the potential to influence body weight and health. This study describes various health-related factors in a Canadian university community with the aim of developing more specific obesity interventions. A total of 3143 individuals completed an online questionnaire made up of 3 sections — on physical activity (PA), food habits, and other relevant lifestyle factors. The sampling error was ±3.3% with a 95% confidence interval. Results showed that 22.9% of students and 37.3% of staff members were either overweight or obese. Students had less desirable eating patterns than staff members in terms of fish, energy drink, and regular milk product intake, and both groups reported undesirable breakfast consumption and quality. Nevertheless, results also showed that a high percentage of individuals in both groups did not meet the recommendations for vegetable, fruit, and fish intake, or PA. Only a few gender differences were observed in eating habits. Soft drink and energy drink consumption was higher and breakfast consumption was lower in men, whereas a higher percentage of women did not meet the recommendations for vegetable, fruit, or fish consumption. Dieting behaviours, disinhibition susceptibility, and moderate-intensity (MIPA) were the 3 lifestyle factors most highly associated with overweight and obesity in both groups. Results also suggest that female students were highly preoccupied with their body weight. This study shows that overweight and obesity are problems in a university community, and that they are associated with many health-related lifestyle behaviours. Although most of the lifestyle factors and health measures examined are similar across groups and genders, some differences call for the development of health-promotion programs with specific targeting strategies.
The effect of short-term creatine loading on active range of movement
Authors: Sculthorpe Nicholas , Grace Fergal , Jones Peter , Fletcher Iain 
Published: August 2010

During high-intensity exercise, intracellular creatine phosphate (PCr) is rapidly broken down to maintain adenosine triphosphate turnover. This has lead to the widespread use of creatine monohydrate as a nutritional ergogenic aid. However, the increase in intracellular PCr and the concomitant increase in intracellular water have not been investigated with regard to their effect on active range of movement (ROM). Forty male subjects (age, 24 ± 3.2 years) underwent restricted randomization into 2 equal groups, either an intervention group (CS) or a control group (C). The CS group ingested 25 g·day–1 of creatine monohydrate for 5 days, followed by 5 g·day–1 for a further 3 days. Before (24 h before starting supplementation (PRE) and after (on the 8th day of supplementation (POST)) this loading phase, both groups underwent goniometry measurement of the shoulder, elbow, hip, and ankle. Data indicated significant reductions in active ROM in 3 movements: shoulder extension (57 ±11.3° PRE vs. 48 ±11.2° POST, p < 0.01), shoulder abduction (183.4 ± 6.8° PRE vs. 180.3 ± 5.1° POST, p < 0.05), and ankle dorsiflexion (14.2 ± 4.7° PRE vs. 12.1 ± 6.4° POST, p < 0.01). There was also a significant increase in body mass for the CS group (83.6 ± 6.2 kg vs. 85.2 ± 6.3 kg, p < 0.05). The results suggest that short-term supplementation with creatine monohydrate reduces the active ROM of shoulder extension and abduction and of ankle dorsiflexion. Although the mechanism for this is not fully understood, it may be related to the asymmetrical distribution of muscle mass around those joints.
Effect of eccentric contraction velocity on muscle damage in repeated bouts of elbow flexor exercise
Authors: Barroso Renato , Roschel Hamilton , Ugrinowitsch Carlos , Araújo Rubens , Nosaka Kazunori , Tricoli Valmor 
Published: August 2010

Eccentric exercise induces muscle damage, but controversy exists concerning the effect of contraction velocity on the magnitude of muscle damage, and little is known about the effect of contraction velocity on the repeated-bout effect. This study examined slow (60°·s–1) and fast (180°·s–1) velocity eccentric exercises for changes in indirect markers of muscle damage following 3 exercise bouts that were performed every 2 weeks. Fifteen young men were divided into 2 groups based on the velocity of eccentric exercise: 7 in the Ecc60 (60°·s–1) group, and 8 in the Ecc180 (180°·s–1) group. The exercise consisted of 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors at each velocity, in which the elbow joint was forcibly extended from 60° to 180° (full extension) on an isokinetic dynamometer. Changes in maximal voluntary isometric contraction strength, range of motion, muscle soreness, and plasma creatine kinase activity before and for 4 days after the exercise were compared in the 2 groups using a mixed-model analysis (group × bout × time). No significant differences between groups were evident for changes in any variables following exercise bouts; however, the changes were significantly smaller (p < 0.05) after the second and third bouts than after the first bout. These results indicate that the contraction velocity does not influence muscle damage or the repeated-bout effect.
Darusentan is a potent inhibitor of endothelin signaling and function in both large and small arteriesThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the two-part special issue entitled 20 Years of Endothelin Research.
Authors: Liang Faquan , Glascock Christopher B. , Schafer Denise L. , Sandoval Jennifer , Cable LouAnn , Melvin Lawrence , Hartman J. Craig , Pitts Kelly R. 
Published: August 2010

Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor often up-regulated in hypertension. Endothelin vasoconstriction is mediated via the G-protein coupled endothelin A (ETA) receptor present on vascular smooth muscle. Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) have been shown to antagonize ET-induced vasoconstriction. We describe the primary pharmacology of darusentan, a propanoic acid based ERA currently in phase 3 clinical trials for resistant hypertension. Darusentan was tested in membrane-, cell-, and tissue-based assays to determine its biochemical and functional potency. Rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (RAVSMs) were characterized using flow cytometry. RAVSM membrane fractions tested in saturation experiments exhibited moderate endothelin receptor density. Receptor counting revealed that >95% of the endothelin receptors in these fractions were the ETAsubtype. (S)-Darusentan competed for radiolabeled endothelin binding in RAVSM membranes with single-site kinetics, exhibiting a Ki= 13 nmol/L. (R)-Darusentan exhibited no binding activity. In cultured RAVSMs, endothelin induced increases in inositol phosphate and Ca2+signaling, both of which were attenuated by (S)-darusentan in a concentration-dependent manner. In isolated endothelium-denuded rat aortic rings, (S)-darusentan inhibited endothelin-induced vascular contractility with a pA2= 8.1 ± 0.14 (n = 4 animals; mean ± SD). (R)-Darusentan had no effect. The vasorelaxant potency of (S)-darusentan did not change when determined in isolated denuded rat mesenteric arterioles, suggesting a similar mode of action in both conductance and resistance arteries. In vascular smooth muscle, (S)-darusentan is an ERA with high affinity for the ET receptor, which in this preparation is predominantly ETAreceptors. (S)-Darusentan inhibits endothelin-induced signaling related to pro-contractile activity and is a potent inhibitor of vasoconstriction in large and small arteries.
From NPC Therapeutic Target Identification to Potential Treatment Strategy
Authors: Lan Ming-Ying , Chen Chi-Long , Lin Kuan-Ting , Lee Sheng-An , Yang Wu-Lung R. , Hsu Chun-Nan , Wu Jaw-Ching , Ho Ching-Yin , Lin Jin-Ching , Huang Chi-Ying F. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is relatively rare in Western countries but is a common cancer in southern Asia. Many differentially expressed genes have been linked to NPC; however, how to prioritize therapeutic targets and potential drugs from unsorted gene lists remains largely unknown. We first collected 558 upregulated and 993 downregulated NPC genes from published microarray data and the primary literatures. We then postulated that conversion of gene signatures into the protein-protein interaction network and analyzing the network topologically could provide insight into key regulators involved in tumorigenesis of NPC. Of particular interest was the presence of cliques, called fully connected subgraphs, in the inferred NPC networks. These clique-based hubs, connecting with more than three queries and ranked higher than other nodes in the NPC protein-protein interaction network, were further narrowed down by pathway analysis to retrieve 24 upregulated and 6 downregulated bottleneck genes for predicting NPC carcinogenesis. Moreover, additional oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, genes involved in protein complexes, and genes obtained after functional profiling were merged with the bottleneck genes to form the final gene signature of 38 upregulated and 10 downregulated genes. We used the initial and final NPC gene signatures to query the Connectivity Map, respectively, and found that target reduction through our pipeline could efficiently uncover potential drugs with cytotoxicity to NPC cancer cells. An integrative Web site (http://140.109.23.188:8080/NPC) was established to facilitate future NPC research. This in silico approach, from target prioritization to potential drugs identification, might be an effective method for various cancer researches. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(9); 2511–23. ©2010 AACR.
Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor and/or Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Inhibition Induces Apoptosis Signaling through Lipid Rafts in Glioblastoma Xenograft Cells
Authors: Chetty Chandramu , Lakka Sajani S. , Bhoopathi Praveen , Gondi Christopher S. , Veeravalli Krishna Kumar , Fassett Daniel , Klopfenstein Jeffrey D. , Dinh Dzung H. , Gujrati Meena , Rao Jasti S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated transcriptional knockdown of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), alone or in combination, inhibits uPAR and/or MMP-9 expression and induces apoptosis in the human glioblastoma xenograft cell lines 4910 and 5310. siRNA against uPAR (pU-Si), MMP-9 (pM-Si), or both (pUM-Si) induced apoptosis and was associated with the cleavage of caspase-8, caspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, protein levels of the Fas receptor (APO-1/CD-95) were increased following transcriptional inactivation of uPAR and/or MMP-9. In addition, Fas siRNA against the Fas death receptor blocked apoptosis induced by pU-Si, pM-Si, or pUM-Si, thereby indicating the role for Fas signaling in pU-Si–, pM-Si–, or pUM-Si–mediated apoptotic cell death of human glioma xenograft cells. Thus, transcriptional inactivation of uPAR and/or MMP-9 enhanced localization of Fas death receptor, Fas-associated death domain-containing protein, and procaspase-8 into lipid rafts. Additionally, disruption of lipid rafts with methyl β cyclodextrin prevented Fas clustering and pU-Si–, pM-Si–, or pUM-Si–induced apoptosis, which is indicative of coclustering of Fas death receptor into lipid rafts in the glioblastoma xenograft cell lines 4910 and 5310. These data indicate the crucial role of the clusters of apoptotic signaling molecule-enriched rafts in programmed cell death, acting as concentrators of death receptors and downstream signaling molecules, and as the linchpin from which a potent death signal is launched in uPAR- and/or MMP-9–downregulated cells. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(9); 2605–17. ©2010 AACR.
More than Markers: Biological Significance of Cancer Stem Cell-Defining Molecules
Authors: Keysar Stephen B. , Jimeno Antonio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSmall populations within an increasing array of solid tumors, labeled cancer stem cells (CSC) or tumor-initiating cells (TIC), have the ability to differentiate, self-renew, and replicate the original tumor in vivo. To date, these cells have been distinguished from the bulk-tumor population by the expression pattern of cell-surface proteins (e.g., CD24, CD44, CD133) and cellular activities, such as the efflux of Hoechst dye or aldehyde dehydrogenase activity. Recent data have shown that these markers are inducible by exposure to anticancer agents; this finding highlights not only the potential fluidity of the CSC compartment, but also the functionality of these markers. The involvement of CD44 in invasion, adhesion, and metastasis, or the role of CD24 in modulation of src, FAK, and GLI1 are examples of these relevant roles. Instead of looking solely at the marker expression in these populations, we hope to clarify the biologically significant roles these markers and activities play in tumor progression, metastases, and as possible targets for therapy. Mol Cancer Ther; 9(9); 2450–7. ©2010 AACR.
A Dietary Tomato Supplement Prevents Prostate Cancer in TRAMP Mice
Authors: Pannellini Tania , Iezzi Manuela , Liberatore Marcella , Sabatini Federica , Iacobelli Stefano , Rossi Cosmo , Alberti Saverio , Di Ilio Carmine , Vitaglione Paola , Fogliano Vincenzo , Piantelli Mauro 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTransgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) is a model for progressive prostate cancer that mirrors the stages of the human form. In this study, the effects of a diet enriched with processed whole tomatoes on survival, tumorigenesis, and progression of prostate cancer, and the antioxidant and inflammatory status of TRAMP mice were investigated. Tomato diet significantly increased overall survival (P &lt; 0.01), delayed progression from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia to adenocarcinoma, and decreased the incidence of poorly differentiated carcinoma. Biochemical data disclosed an increase in serum antioxidant activity and a reduction of serum inflammation/angiogenesis biomarkers of particular importance in prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res; 3(10); 1284–91. ©2010 AACR.