bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
introduction to Japanese Capitalism and Entrepreneurship discusses the value of The studying Japanese business history. It begins by outlining the long-standing interest of Western scholars in the country as a means of understanding the sources of its economic power. It also explains the need to go beyond cultural explanations in order to properly understand the dynamics of the rise of Japanese companies. Finally, it shows the relevance of using an approach inspired by work in the history of capitalism and entrepreneurship to offer a fresh and contemporary look at the history of companies and entrepreneurs in Japan.
Victorian Ethical Optics
Authors: Prizel Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Victorian Ethical Optics asks how artists and authors in the Victorian period answer the ethical question of how one should live with others by turning to a more specific one: how should one look at others? Looking would seem to necessarily lead to interpretation and judgment, but this book shows how Victorian artists and authors imagined other ethical and optical relations. In an era in which aberrant, deformed, and disabled bodies proliferated—particularly those bodies ravaged by industrial labor and poverty—the ideological and economic stakes of looking at such bodies peaked; moreover, as work became a gospel and the question of deservingness became central, looking at aberrant bodies was always a matter of ethics and politics. The aesthetic thinking of John Ruskin animates the ethical optics at the center of this book, as he advocates for “innocence of the eye,” which calls for a return to infantile sight of a kind that precedes judgment or classification. Although Ruskin understands such innocence to be an asymptote, optical innocence remains an ethical demand, and it is to this demand that this book attends. Encounters between normative and aberrant characters or figures within the texts and objects under discussion shape the encounter that the external reader or viewer has with those same aberrant bodies. Among the authors and artists included are Charles Dickens, George Eliot, Wilkie Collins, Henry Mayhew, Ford Madox Brown, John Everett Millais, other members of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, and English genre painters.
Stunners
Authors: Prizel Natalie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The final chapter focuses on the aesthetic relations that come to the fore as one encounters extranormative stunners (to borrow a term from the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood), particularly in John Everett Millais’s The Blind Girl (1856). The chapter articulates an aesthetics of stillness; this painting simultaneously represents stillness and imposes it on its viewers, and this stillness becomes a condition for articulating ideas about what constitutes the aesthetic. The chapter discusses how to recognize stunning by way of paragone arguments regarding the relative value of painting and sculpture. It compares a series of texts and art objects, most notably Randolph Rogers’s sculpture Nydia, the Blind Girl of Pompeii, with The Blind Girl. The potentiality of optical innocence allows for ethical defense of the focus on beautiful surfaces, usually associated with women, that characterizes the move from Pre-Raphaelitism to Aestheticism.
The evolution of the syntax of the subject in French and factors of variation
Authors: Prévost Sophie 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates two main changes that took place in French between the twelfth and the seventeenth centuries: the increase in overt subjects and their growing anteposition to the verb. Although these two changes are partly related from a linguistic point of view, a close examination of the data shows that they display very different trajectories and are not equally sensitive to the following criteria of variation: time, dialect, domain, form, enunciative situation (direct speech/narrative), and verbal person. The study aims to account for both changes while attempting to highlight the specific influence of each of these different factors and to explain this contrasted situation, especially the reasons why most of these factors had little influence on the evolution of the position of subjects.
The evolution of ‘background’ from Middle to pre-Classical French
Authors: Combettes Bernard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the evolution of the distinction between foreground and background in narrative texts during the French pre-Classical period. In the course of a move towards broader textual cohesion, the chapter explores how descriptive text emerges as an autonomous text type and how ‘explicative’ background, already attested in argumentative texts in Middle French, develops in narrative texts. The following linguistic factors are considered: the change of discourse function of the ‘direct’ order (SVX); the role played by secondary predications; the creation of connectors and subordinators; the emergence of ‘inverse’ subordination; and the gradual implementation of tense agreement.
The French language and eighteenth-century Italian women
Authors: Sanson Helena 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Against the background of the ever-expanding influence of French language and culture across Europe, this chapter explores the roles that knowledge of French played for Italian women in the eighteenth century. Some Italian theorists deplored women’s interest in, and study of, French as an expression of female vanity that was responsible for the perceived decadence of Italian and Italy’s culture more broadly. Nevertheless, French allowed women access to the latest intellectual developments that were taking place in France and in Europe more broadly. Some women also acted as cultural mediators and engaged in literary or scientific debates by means of their own translations from French into Italian: for them, knowledge of French was an important tool of scholarship and a means to acquire and transmit knowledge.
The construction of authority and community in French official correspondence from Spanish Louisiana
Authors: Thomas Jenelle 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the French used in official communication from eighteenth-century Louisiana, focusing on the ways that writers use the formulae involved in report and request strategies in conjunction with descriptive sections of text to orient their identities towards interlocutors above them in the governmental hierarchy, and towards their role in the colonial ecosystem more broadly. Specifically, this chapter examines the construction of authority and community in letters composed by officials, citizens, and foreigners during a period when the Louisiana territory was part of the Spanish colonial empire. It begins with a discussion of the choice of French instead of Spanish, then explores variation in the use of requests, information-sharing formulae, and the discourse surrounding national identity. While the genre of official correspondence is often characterized as formal and highly conventionalized, it will be shown that these formalized elements can also be adjusted as part of identity construction and thus are an important source for historical sociolinguistic investigation in French.
Attitudes towards the French language
Authors: Walsh Olivia 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chroniques de langage, or language columns, are articles discussing questions related to language which are produced by a single author and published regularly in the periodical press (Remysen 2005: 270–1). While the content of the columns can vary, all deal with questions of language, most frequently focusing on advising readers on the supposedly correct and incorrect use of the French language. Using a sample of language columns from newspapers published in France during the twentieth century, this chapter examines the metalanguage used to describe and make judgements about particular language usages to determine, first, the attitudes towards the French language that are (re-)produced in these columns during the twentieth century and, second, whether these attitudes change over time. The role played by the standard language ideology in forming these judgements is then considered.
Minoritized languages in France and Ireland
Authors: Carruthers Janice , Ó Mainnín Mícheál B. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores policy, practice, and vitality in relation to minoritized languages in France and Ireland, with a focus on the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Setting the discussion of this period in theoretical and historical contexts, the chapter investigates the impact of policy and practice on linguistic vitality. While there are certain parallels between the two settings in the nineteenth century, the situation in the twentieth- and twenty-first centuries demonstrates inverse policy positions in France and the Republic of Ireland, with particular complexities in the case of Northern Ireland. Nonetheless, despite high status in the case of the Republic of Ireland, alongside widespread visibility and high numbers of L2 speakers, minoritized languages in both the French and Irish contexts confront similar problematic issues as far as future vitality is concerned, notably in relation to questions around authenticity, legitimacy, the role of ‘new speakers’, and support for communities of speakers.
Recovery from Schizophrenia
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This book tells the amazing story of significant improvement and recovery of 538 people once severely and chronically disabled with schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. They were “hopeless cases” in state hospitals in Vermont and Maine. As part of two studies three decades-long funded by the National Institute of Mental Health, the Vermonters received a pioneering rehabilitation program and the Mainers did not. Against all expectations, 68% of Vermont patients were able to reclaim their lives, while the Maine patients achieved improvement at 49%. Nine other very long-term studies from across the world also revealed similar findings on improvement and recovery in schizophrenia. These data provide impetus for a paradigm shift in psychiatry as well as significant implications for the redesign of public policy and programs. Most clinicians believe they are already doing recovery work, but old treatment models abound. The primary biomedical model uses maintenance, stabilization, medications, and entitlements, in an inpatient model that maintains chronicity for outpatients. This book is written for a wide audience, using mostly nonacademic language and many stories. Current and past patients, family members, medical students, residents, professors, and clinical researchers, as well as program administrators and public policymakers, should find this book helpful. The author has been working with clinicians all system components for 40 years and knows their concerns. They are hardworking but tired and often disheartened. They need new ideas and methods, and patients need new avenues to get their lives back.
Shocking Treatment in Colonial Vermont and Elsewhere
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a very brief history of how god-awful supposed care was, not just in the early days of our nation but in Vermont in particular. A quick historical review is important because most people have lost sight of the barbarous treatment given to people with mental illness in the past. The chapter presents a brief overview on the state of “treatment” from colonial times until the 1950s, featuring asylums, state hospitals, hospitals for the insane, shock treatments, and more. The remaining chapters of the book reflect how far treatment methods have progressed today. On the whole, the book discusses how, despite progress, treatment has not come nearly far enough to help those with mental illness resume productive lives.
Learning About Research, the Generosity of the Field, and Politics in Science
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Much to the author’s great surprise, the project was declared of interest by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Review Committee. Despite being initiated by a bachelor-level student, the proposal was funded through the support of Professor John Strauss of Rochester; Malcolm Bowers, Vice Chair at Yale; Loren Mosher, then Chief of the NIMH Schizophrenia Center; and Jack Maser, his assistant. The author describes the NIMH team’s site visit. They were impressed with Brooks’s knowledge of his patients and the availability of excellent records. The author describes the rewrite of her grant application and the course that her own studies took as she became both a member of the University of Vermont faculty and one of its graduate students.
A Whole Bunch of People Got Better
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The author describes her initial visit Yale University to show John Strauss, who had moved there, the study’s findings. The research data were clear: recovery in schizophrenia was possible. Improvements in levels of functioning, reduced hospital time and symptoms, and improvements in meeting basic needs, working, relating well to others, and fullness of life challenged more than a century’s worth of pessimistic thinking about the long-term outcome of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. This despite the fact that ideas of marginal levels of functioning and a downward course, espoused by Emil Kraepelin more than 125 years ago, was still stalwartly defended by the psychiatric community. With this scenario of hopelessness presented to family and patients, it is no wonder they become discouraged.
Vermont Data Supported the DSM-5 Deletion of Subtypes in Schizophrenia
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter was written by a collaboration between Malcolm Bowers, MD, vice chair of psychiatry at Yale, and a bunch of us at UVM. It focuses on how the Vermont data challenged the existing notion of schizophrenia subtypes and backed up decisions to delete them in the DSM-5. An astonishing table reveals how the group of 52 originally diagnosed with the catatonia subtype by the DSM-I spread out to only 46 people by the DSM-II and to 14 by the DSM-III. These patients crossed other subtypes and other diagnostic categories. Alan Breier then looked at patients with paranoid subtypes against people with nonparanoid schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and affective disorder. Social functioning turned out to be the strongest predictor of outcome, whereas work and community function washed out. Paranoid people had more affectivity than fully appreciated, and schizoaffective disorder seemed to move closer to affective disorders. These studies were funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.
Eating Humble Pie
Authors: Harding Courtenay M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Recovery is possible for schizophrenia. Significant improvement is possible for schizophrenia. The author’s visit with the grandfather of European psychiatry and fellow long-term study researchers, Manfred Bleuler and Luc Ciompi with Joe Zubin, Bonnie Spring, and John Strauss, is described. Information from peer groups about recovery and struggles to overcome many of the obstacles that systems of care put in their way is delineated. Information for systems of care and the obstacles which they face are also discussed. Staff behaviors which impede recovery are defined. Last, as the Vermont and Maine Longitudinal Studies were completed, the author reminisces about issues associated with conducting longitudinal research such as how outcome is a research artifact, that two cross-sectionals do not a longitudinal make, assessing a moving target, determining current status, and the impact of raters’ worldviews.
Arlen and Yip Harburg
Authors: Frisch Walter 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Arlen’s collaboration with E.Y. (“Yip”) Harburg, which began in 1932 and extended into the 1970s, was his longest, yielding some one hundred fifty songs. The team worked on four Broadway shows, including Life Begins at 8:40 (lyrics co-written by Ira Gershwin), Bloomer Girl, and Jamaica, and on many films, among them The Wizard of Oz and Cabin in the Sky. Harburg’s rich poetic imagination complemented Arlen’s inventiveness in songs ranging from the child-like “Over the Rainbow,” to the poignant “Happiness is Just a Thing Called Joe,” to the composer’s own favorite, the complex, sophisticated “Last Night When We Were Young.”
Accountable to Semilingualism
Authors: Flores Nelson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways that the remedial framing of the BEA produced a dichotomous framing of bilingual students into those deemed limited enough to justify remediation and those deemed proficient enough in English not to require these services. This provided an incentive for bilingual education activists to define limited as broadly as possible to ensure that the maximum number of bilingual students were deemed eligible for these programs. This incentive, coupled with increasing reliance on standardized assessments in determining program placement, led bilingual education activists to refer to many bilingual students as semilingual because of supposed lack of proficiency in any language. The chapter traces the specter of this ideology up to the present through an examination of the raciolinguistic category of long-term English language learner. It also makes connections between this raciolinguistic category and the ways that Black and Native American students are also framed in schools.
Demanding Bilingual Choices, Receiving Bilingual Scraps
Authors: Flores Nelson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between bilingual education and school choice in the post–Civil Rights era. It uses two California case studies to examine the ways that initial efforts by bilingual education advocates to engage with the politics of school choice in the 1970s failed. In addition to political realities that prevented the enactment of educational vouchers for private schools, notions of the public that is ostensibly served by public schools continued to be overrepresented as white in ways that constrained the possibilities available to alternative public schools. The chapter then examines the ways that the bipartisan consensus that emerged related to charter schools in the 1990s offered a new pathway for bilingual education advocates. It uses a case study in Philadelphia to illustrate the limits of these efforts as Latinx community activists are pitted against one another in the fight for scarce resources.
Selling Bilingual Education, Inheriting Racial Inequality
Authors: Flores Nelson 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the recent proliferation of dual-language education as an alternative to transitional bilingual education in response to assaults on bilingual education documented previously in the book. It pays particular attention to the ways that proponents of dual-language education have appropriated neoliberal multicultural discourses to justify expanding these programs by emphasizing the importance of parental choice and preparing students for the global economy. This is reflected in the discourse of Proposition 58 in California that rescinded the state’s ban on bilingual education. Yet, simply selling bilingual education as both a choice for white professional parents and as a solution to the challenges confronting “English language learners” does little to address the structural barriers confronting Latinxs and other racialized communities. This is illustrated through a case study of attempts to expand dual-language education in the School District of Philadelphia, which suggests the need to situate struggles for bilingual education within broader efforts to address racial inequities.
The Limits and Potential of Dialogue to Counter Polarization in Educative Settings
Authors: de Haan Mariëtte 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter investigates the potential of dialogical interaction in educational contexts that are characterized by opposition and conflict related to, for instance, social class, ethnicity, religion, or otherwise defined diversity. It discusses the various theoretical viewpoints on the potential as well as the limitations of dialogue for reconciliation, creating mutual understanding, or defining common action in polarized settings. The chapter takes insights from political philosophy, language philosophy, the politics of difference, and dialogism—in particular, Ragnar Rommetveit’s theory of communication—to ask the question of how a priori-opposing and incommensurable perspectives can or not be bridged in dialogue. Finally, these insights are translated into seven design principles that can form the basis for designing dialogical models for interventions in educational settings that are characterized by polarized relationships.
Engaging in Dialogic Activities in an Online Community
Authors: Silseth Kenneth , Erstad Ola , Christian Arnseth Hans 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Digitalization connects people from different parts of the world to form communities based on common interests and pursuits. In these communities, people build meaning together and engage in dialogues about each other’s social and cultural worlds. Even though the founding scholars of dialogism, such as Rommetveit, were primarily interested in face-to-face dialogues, we believe that many of the ideas about meaning making and interaction put forward in this field are still relevant and important for exploring the dialogues that emerge in these online communities. Drawing on a case study of intercultural education mediated through a designed social medium called Space2Cre8 (S28), where young people from different parts of the world came together to form a community and learn about each other’s everyday lives, we discuss how digital technologies offer opportunities for dialogues across time and space.
Not Just Change: Dialogue in Times of Crisis
Authors: Jornet Alfredo 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The present volume takes up the longstanding, foundational problem of the role of language and dialogue in the development of human subjectivity and culture. The book’s introduction frames this issue as relating to a changing world. Societies are indeed changing, and the three overall themes that organize this book, along with the chapters that actualize them, do describe central dimensions involved in this change. However, the notion change may not capture the essence of what is ongoing in the current times as aptly as the notion crisis does. In this commentary, I re-frame the chapters’ contributions and relevance to a world that is not just changing, but which is in deep social and ecological crisis.
Anti-Black Skin, White Sheets
Authors: Chen Xiqiao , Kelleher Jeremy , Boiardo Anthony , Ealey Dashawn , Gaztambide Daniel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Sexual desire and attraction are often construed as personal, idiosyncratic, and private. Critical examinations of sexual desire and the “science of attraction,” however, reveal that these apolitical constructions uphold white supremacy and perpetuate sexual racism. Thus, the idea of “sexual color-blindness”—intentionally or unintentionally ignoring racialized desires—detaches desire from larger societal forces, limits reflection, and maintains a racialized sexual hierarchy. Drawing on critical race theory and psychoanalysis, this chapter analyzes public discourse (including via social media) to explore how sexual color-blindness cloaks the desire for whiteness under consumer preference within neoliberal political economies. This analysis reveals how the psychological science of attraction is itself textured by sexual color-blindness, normalizing sexual racism under the rubric of science. “Sexual humility” is proposed as an alternative to encourage discourse confronting sexual racism and to explore our desires without shame or moralization, working toward decolonizing desire in the streets and under the sheets.