bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kahneman's “Objective Happiness”
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn ‘Objective Happiness', Daniel Kahneman apparently means to offer an account of the nature of happiness. A person's objective happiness level at a moment (or “instant utility”) is defined as the extent to which he wants the experience he is having at that moment to continue. Objective happiness during an interval is the temporal integral of instant utilities for all the moments during the interval. Kahneman suggests that objective happiness is worth recording because it indicates happiness; and the welfare levels of citizens track their happiness so understood. However, arguments are presented that show it is doubtful that “objective happiness” is tightly related to anything we would ordinarily call happiness. It is also doubtful that it is related in any interesting way to welfare. A person can be very happy and doing well at a time even though she does not want her experience to continue.
What is This Thing Called Happiness?
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 2 contained criticism of sensory hedonism. Chapter 6 contains a defense of attitudinal hedonism about happiness. According to this theory, the atoms of happiness are episodes in which a person takes attitudinal pleasure in some state of affairs. Principles about attitudinal pleasure are presented, emphasizing how it differs from sensory pleasure. Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness is explained and defended. Many writers seem to assume that ‘happy’ in ordinary English is multiply ambiguous. In Appendix C some typical claims of ambiguity are reviewed. In fact, there is not much evidence to support the claim that ‘happy’ is ambiguous. It appears that in its central uses in ordinary English, ‘happy’ is vague, but fundamentally univocal. To say that a person is happy means—roughly—that he takes on balance more attitudinal pleasure than displeasure in things.
Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAccording to Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness (AHH), to be happy at a time is to have a positive net balance of intrinsic occurrent attitudinal pleasure at that time. Happiness in an interval is the integral of happiness at moments within the interval. Happiness in a domain of life is happiness taken in objects suitably associated with the domain. Happiness in life as a whole is happiness in the interval that is your whole life. Chapter 7 contains discussion of some objections to AHH. One of these objections involves the claim that AHH goes wrong in the case of “objectless moods”. The second is based on the idea that AHH ignores the “cheery feelings” that some think are a crucial element in happiness. Cases that were introduced earlier in connection with competing theories of happiness are revisited. The aim is to clarify AHH as well as to show that it is an attractive theory of happiness.
Eudaimonism
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEudaimonism is the doctrine that welfare tracks happiness. Section 8.2 contains critical discussion of several proposed tests designed to help us to focus on the concept of welfare. The Crib Test and the Sympathy Test are not entirely decisive. Alternatively, we may be able to identify welfare by noting how it fits into a web including such concepts as benefit, harm, self‐interest, prudence, selflessness, altruism, and quality of life. Amartya Sen suggested that when a person's happiness depends upon “desperate survival strategies”, his welfare may be lower than his happiness level. In section 8.3 the objection is critically examined. Another problem for eudaimonism arises in the case of a person whose happiness is “fragmented”. The extent to which the fragmented happiness of such a person constitutes a difficulty for eudaimonism is discussed in section 8.4. Appendix D distinguishes among several different theories that may go by the name ‘eudaimonism’.
Disgusting Happiness
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn ancient objection to eudaimonism is based on the idea of “disgusting happiness”. Steven Cahn developed an interesting version of this objection based on a fictional character—Judah Rosenthal, from the Woody Allen film Crimes and Misdemeanors. Judah passes all popular tests for happiness but is utterly morally corrupt. His case casts doubt on the naive identification of happiness with welfare. It's not clear that the case is decisive. Nevertheless, a form of eudaimonism that is intended to circumvent this problem can be developed. According to this novel form of the theory, the welfare value of each episode of happiness must be adjusted so as to reflect the extent to which the object of that happiness deserves to be enjoyed. It is left to the interested reader to determine whether the modification is really needed.
Our Authority over Our Own Happiness
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWriters on happiness often discuss a question about our authority with respect to our own happiness. Some maintain that we do have authority; others deny it. This is a vexed topic, in part because talk of ‘authority’ is ambiguous. To say that a person “has authority” over his own happiness might be to say that he has knowledge about his own happiness. In another sense it might be to say that she has some sort of control over how happy she will be. Section 11.1 contains discussion of several different principles about epistemic authority. Arguments are presented to show that all these principles about epistemic authority are false. Section 11.2 contains discussion of several different principles about controlling authority. Each of these principles is false. A strategy for increasing one's own level of happiness is proposed. If Attitudinal Hedonic Eudaimonism is true, then there is a procedure that we can use to make ourselves happier.
Measuring Happiness
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEmpirical scientists often engage in research designed to reveal the relationship between happiness and such things as age, wealth, or nationality. Some of the tests used to measure happiness are based on the notion that a person's level of happiness is equal to his level of satisfaction with his own standing in several domains of life such as marriage, work, finances, health, leisure‐time activities, and housing. There are reasons to doubt that the scores generated by this “domains of life” approach correspond to anything worthy of the name ‘happiness'. If it is a mistake to identify happiness with life satisfaction, then even if a test accurately measured life satisfaction, it still would not be measuring happiness. A better test is sketched. The proposed test would give more accurate assessments of the levels of happiness of the subjects in a variety of cases. Criteria for the evaluation of happiness measuring tests are presented and applied.
Empirical Research; Philosophical Conclusions
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractPhilosophers and others have alleged that empirical research on happiness has important implications for some long‐standing philosophical questions about happiness. The distinguished British economist Richard Layard seems to claim that the empirical research such as that done by the psychologist Richard Davidson has philosophical implications. Layard apparently thinks that this empirical research supports the conclusion that “there is such a thing as happiness”. He also suggests that it demonstrates that interpersonal comparisons of levels of happiness are feasible. Finally, there is a suggestion that this research might help to show that happiness is a natural kind rather than a mere figment of “folk psychology”. In this chapter, the relevant empirical research is described. There is an attempt to reconstruct the arguments that purport to show that the empirical research supports the philosophical conclusions. In each case it turns out that the research does not have any relevance to philosophy.
The Central Points of the Project as a Whole
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: May 2010

AbstractChapter 14 summarizes the main points of the book. The reader is reminded that Part I focused on the descriptive concept of happiness. This is not itself an evaluative concept; it is probably a matter of psychology. The main philosophical theories about the nature of happiness so construed were critically examined. Attitudinal Hedonism about Happiness was then offered as a more plausible alternative. Part II started with a discussion of the relevant concept of welfare, or well‐being. It was suggested that welfare tracks happiness—the happier you are, the better your life is going for you. Part III contained discussion of some questions concerning interactions between the philosophical theory of happiness and empirical research. An approach to the measurement of happiness was sketched. This approach emerges from the theory of happiness defended in Part I. Questions were raised about the philosophical relevance of empirical research on happiness.
Soft Innovation
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAt its heart this book is about innovation and the innovation process. On the way, it considers culture and the cultural industries, aesthetics, creativity and the creative industries, and a number of other similar areas of study, but the common point of interest is innovation. One main purpose of the book is to argue that there is a type of innovation, here labelled soft innovation, primarily concerned with changes in products (and perhaps processes) of an aesthetic or intellectual nature, that has largely been ignored in the study of innovation prevalent in economics. Examples of innovations that, as a result of this refocusing, are here placed at the centre of the analysis, include the writing and publishing of a new book; the writing, production, and launching of a new movie/film; the development and launch of a new advertising promotion; the design and production of a new range of furniture; and architectural activity in the generation of new-built form designs. The realisation of the existence of soft innovation means that not only is innovation more widespread than previously thought, but may also take a different form than commonly considered. The book has three parts. Part 1 is concerned with attempts to define and measure the extent and nature of soft innovation, with Chapter 1 introducing and overviewing the whole. Part 2 of the book is directed towards the economic analysis of soft innovation. Part 3 of the book is concerned with impacts and implications.
3 Aggregate Measures of Soft Innovation
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter takes a macro economic view and attempts to provide some feel for the extent of such innovation in the economy as a whole and the economic activities built upon it. At the macro level, indicators of soft innovation include the numbers of creative employees in different sectors, the extent of design activity, and head counts of copyrights and registered trademarks. The difference between the latter and indicators of R&D spending is considered as potentially the most useful on account of both concept and data availability. It is shown that that the extent of soft innovation in the creative and other industries is extensive, probably greater that that indicated by measures of formal R&D activity, and also growing faster than TPP activity. Across industries, the apparent balance in innovative effort between sectors after taking account of soft innovation is also shown to be much more even than reliance upon measures of TPP innovation alone would suggest.
5 Soft Innovation Outside the Creative Industries: Food, Pharmaceuticals, and Financial Services
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter is the second taking a micro view and explores the role of soft innovation in three industries outside the creative industries, i.e. food, pharmaceuticals, and finance. Outside the creative sector the measurement of soft innovation is hampered by data availability. However, it is possible to observe extensive soft innovation as reflected in new product launches that do not reflect changed functionality. This is especially prevalent in the food industry, but also can be found in banking and pharmaceuticals. The study of generics in pharmaceuticals suggests that soft innovation activity may be the larger part of innovative activity in that industry. All the data at differing levels of aggregation indicates that rates of soft innovation are high and that such innovation is widespread and extensive. The chapter argues that to concentrate solely on TPP innovation and to ignore soft innovation provides only a limited and biased picture of total innovative activity.
8 The Diffusion of Soft Innovations
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers alternative models of the demand for (diffusion of) soft innovations. From the several models, the list of factors shown to be important in the innovation process includes the level and, particularly, changes in costs of generating and developing innovations, fixed costs of production, variable production costs, the number of suppliers, the allocation of buyers' preferences, buyers' knowledge bases, buyers price, and technology expectations and the nature of the product. The theoretical analysis in Chapters 7 and 8 also jointly shows that there is no guarantee that free markets will produce a welfare optimal outcome. The outcome may involve either too much or too little variety and innovation. The market failure thus identified can come from a number of sources. One general source is that there are positive or negative externalities in the market that drive a wedge between private and social incentives. Other factors such as creative destruction effects and the standing on shoulders effects also have a role to play.
10 Soft Innovation, Intellectual Property Rights, Competition, and Welfare
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter explores the role of intellectual property rights in the process of soft innovation, and the extent to which the standard analysis is appropriate and can provide insight or requires modification. Analysis usually applied to patents is extended to copyrights, trade marks and design rights. The functioning of the UK (and European) IPR system is also discussed, as is the benefit of contestable markets.
11 The Impact of Soft Innovation upon Firm Performance
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter is concerned with impacts and policy, and addresses the private returns to investment in soft innovation. It shows that the existing literature on impacts is, not surprisingly, dominated by TPP-based approaches and, although such approaches can and have been applied to soft innovations using soft innovation proxies such as head counts and trademarks, it is argued that such approaches are not ideal. Instead, a number of successful soft innovations are presented as examples which show that soft innovation may stimulate firm performance and increase producer surplus.
12 Soft Innovation and Government Policy
Authors: Stoneman Paul 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers policy issues. Given the potential benefits of soft innovation it is natural to consider whether government can speed up or extend such activity. However, this is not necessarily welfare desirable. The real issue concerns whether markets will or will not, unaided, produce the welfare optimal outcome. The literature considered shows that this question cannot be answered irrefutably in either direction. Market failure is thus not a strong ground on which to base policy intervention. Alternatively, international comparisons of soft innovation performance may be used by governments as a basis for policy. The chapter shows that the UK is not the international leader in soft innovation. Looking at returns to the Community Innovation Survey provides some insight into barriers to innovations and may be argued to support certain policy interventions. There is also only limited evidence on the potential effectiveness of policies.
2 IPR and US Economic Catch‐Up
Authors: Mowery David C. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the case of USA, in which economic catch‐up with such European countries as Britain and Germany occurred during the final decades of the nineteenth century. Throughout this catch‐up process, its growth trajectory changed from the one that relied on expanding capital and labor inputs to a more knowledge‐intensive one. It acquired knowledge needed for this transition from outside as well as from within. The patent law was enacted in 1790, soon after its independence, and influenced the development of corporate structure and strategy. The chapter discusses the technology transfer and intellectual property protection in the textile industry that occurred mainly in 1810–60, the “Golden Age” of the independent inventor, such as Edison, in 1860–1900, the patent regime and economic catch‐up in organic chemicals in 1900–30, and the relationship between patent policy, antitrust policy, and the structure of industrial R&D.
4 IPR and the Catch-Up Process in Japan
Authors: Odagiri Hiroyuki , Goto Akira , Sunami Atsushi 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the experience of Japan, whose catch‐up efforts started after the Meiji Restoration of 1868 that established the modern central government. It also had the second catch‐up period after the defeat in World War II. Its patent and other intellectual property laws were enacted during 1884–8. The laws have been modified several times to accommodate increasing applications and changing needs. Japan imported numerous technologies from abroad through licensing, joint ventures, capital participation by foreign firms, and reverse‐engineering. The presence of IPR probably facilitated technology importation and gave incentives for domestic firms to invest in improving imported technology and commercializing it. Yet, there are also cases in which IPR created cost disadvantages or barriers for Japanese firms, such as those of nylon and semiconductors. It is therefore extremely difficult to argue whether IPR helped or deterred Japan's catch‐up.
5 IPR and Technological Catch‐Up in Korea
Authors: Lee Keun , Kim Yee Kyoung 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the catch‐up experience of Korea, in which the present intellectual property legislation was established in 1961. Three stylized facts are noted about patenting trend: shift from petty (utility) patents to regular (invention) patents, shift from individual inventors to corporate inventors, and shift of share among patent applications from domestic applicants (when foreigners had little interest in Korean IPRs) to foreign applicants and, in the 1990s, again to domestic applicants. These shifts suggest that Korean firms had accumulated high‐tech capabilities and became sensitive to IPRs by the mid‐1980s. Korean firms, particularly in electronics, invested heavily in R&D to accumulate their own technologies and, having learnt the importance of IPR through a number of patent‐related legal disputes with American and Japanese firms, started to utilize their own IPRs to achieve competitive advantages.
9 Accumulation of Technological Capabilities and Economic Development: Did Brazil's IPR Regime Matter?
Authors: Mazzoleni Roberto , Póvoa Luciano Martins Costa 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses Brazil. After a long period of decline, growth spurted during 1950–80 and, in 1968–73, the growth rate reached 11.2 percent. As three case studies illustrate, the patent system mattered little for Brazil's industrial development. The success of two national champions, Embraer (aircraft) and Petrobras (oil drilling), in building world‐class technological capabilities mostly derive from various government policies that promoted them, and the patent system neither helped nor hindered them. In the case of the pharmaceutical industry, where the patent system usually plays a more significant role, the 1969 patent law amendment to help domestic firms was not successful. Thus the chapter argues that a coherent government policy, including education policy and trade policy, rather than intellectual property policy, plays a much more significant role in deciding the rate and direction of the development of technological capabilities.
10 Relationships between IPR and Technology Catch‐Up: Some Evidence from China
Authors: Xue Lan , Liang Zheng 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the catch‐up process of China post‐1949, especially after the initiative of “Open Doors” since 1978. Domestic firms adapted to the intellectual property right system through gradual innovation, especially using utility models, i.e. petty patents. Even though most Chinese firms have not been able to become true innovators, several succeeded in developing innovative capabilities, such as Huawei, a communication equipment manufacturer. The litigation brought by Cisco against Huawei stimulated the formulation and improvement of Huawei's IPR strategy and, gradually, Huawei has developed new collaborative relationships with multinationals. However, this case is rather exceptional and most inventions are carried out by a handful of large firms. China's patent system has played an important role in stimulating innovation for both multinationals and domestic firms even though its net impact on technology transfer and domestic firms' catch‐up is yet unclear.
11 The Accumulation of Capabilities in Indian Pharmaceuticals and Software: The Roles that Patents Did (and Did Not) Play
Authors: Sampat Bhaven N. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses India. Following the 1972 patent law amendment that prohibited product patents in pharmaceuticals, new Indian pharmaceutical firms entered and old firms expanded, competing to reverse‐engineer bulk drugs. Also, two government pharmaceutical firms provided a training ground for scientists who later established private firms. Since the 1990s, some firms began to move away from imitation to innovation but, with the 2005 reform of the patent law to comply with TRIPS, the future of the pharmaceutical industry is yet unclear. In software, the growth was supported by the liberalization in the 1980s and 1990s that made the import of hardware and multinationals' investment easier, and by the presence of a large pool of technically trained engineers. Unlike pharmaceuticals, however, patents were generally not a big factor.
A crosslinguistic survey of the morphological diversity of adpositions and adpositional phrases
Authors: Hagège Claude 
Published: May 2010

AbstractNow that a comprehensive characterization of adpositions (Adps) has been given in Chapter 2, this chapter studies them from the morphological point of view, showing the diversity they exhibit in this respect. This will be done in four steps. Section 3.1 first examines the distribution of Adps in the languages of the world, as viewed by various authors. Section 3.2 studies the word-order characteristics of Adps, and the Adp types these word-orders produce. Section 3.3 examines some special morphological characteristics of Adps and Adp-phrases. Section 3.4 examines the relationships between Adps and the main lexical units, verbs and nouns.
Introduction
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book as a whole. It presents the data set, and explores some of the issues that need to be addressed in a study of these verbs as well as indicating some general concerns in the study of event structure. It is observed that there are three main classes of perception verb — listen‐class verbs; hear‐class verbs; and sound‐class verbs — and there is some exploration of how different perception verbs fit into these categories, and what the core features of the categories are. This chapter locates the study in the relevant literature, and explains the features of Word Grammar, which is the organizing framework for the analysis in this book. It ends with a section describing what is coming up in the rest of the book.