bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The reaction of three spring barley varieties exposed to epidemics of Rhynchosporium secalis of varying intensity and duration
Authors: Rowling R. H. D. , Jones D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree spring barley varieties, Proctor, Vada and Mosanne, were inoculated with Rhynchosporium secalis(Oudem.) J. J. Davies at Growth Stages 3, 7, 10·1 and 10·5 (Large, 1954). The treatments included single inoculation at each growth stage and multiple inoculations at two, three and four of the above growth stages. There was no effect of inoculation oil the number of fertile tillers. Thousand-grain weight was reduced in all seven inoculation treatments in Mosanne but only the quadruple inoculation adversely affected the other two varieties. Numbers of grains of both Mosanne and Vada were reduced by treatments which included an inoculation at ear emergence but Proctor was affected only by the quadruple inoculation. In terms of disease assessment Mosanne was very susceptible and Proctor moderately resistant but Vada, with symptom scores only slightly better than Mosanne, exhibited a degree of tolerance which was reflected by the grain weight results in which small increases were recorded. This tolerance mechanism, possibly acting through compensation in this variety, is compared with compensation reported in wheat.
N use by winter wheat established in cultivated and direct-drilled soils
Authors: Leitch M. H. , Vaidyanathan L. V. 
Published: March 2009

SummarysLabelled fertilizer N (15N depleted ammonium sulphate) was used to investigate both soil and fertilizer N use by winter wheat established in contrasting seed beds, these being soil cultivated to 20 cm depth or left undisturbed. The crop's response to, and recovery of, a range of N levels from 0 to 280 kg/ha given as a divided application in spring, were measured over two seasons. It was found that during the first season the direct-drilled wheat took up, on average, more fertilizer N but less soil N than wheat in cultivated soil, probably through differences in organic-matter mineralization. The different cultivation systems produced similar grain yields at all rates of applied N; however, when no fertilizer N was given, dry-matter production and soil-N uptake by the crop in the undisturbed soil were substantially less than by the crop in the cultivated soil. Crop recovery of the fertilizer N at harvest was between 29 and 40% of that given. After harvest, an average of one third of the applied fertilizer N was found in the top 60 cm of the soil profile. In the following season on the same plots a second winter wheat crop, receiving no fertilizer N, was drilled. At harvest there was shown to be an increase in grain yield and soil- and fertilizer-N uptake at the higher srates of N given in the previous season. In spite of this the recovery of the labelled residues was small, no more than 6% of the original application, or 15% of the residues remaining in the soil, irrespective of cultivation system.
Irrigation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in the Sudan
Authors: Farah S. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn one experiment during 1972 and 1973 five irrigation regimes of every 4, 6, 8 and 10 days and according to stomatal opening, as estimated by the infiltration method, were compared, using an early-maturing variety Zankawa and a late-maturing variety G51. In both experiments early crop growth was checked by the shortest and the longest irrigation intervals.Late growth, on the other hand, was promoted by the shortest intervals in both seasons. Thus the highest yield in 1972 was obtained from the 4–day regime, followed by the infiltration method, then progressively greater yields with shorter intervals. In 1973, however, the shortest interval resulted in the lowest yield, which was significantly less than the other treatments, which showed a similar trend to those of 1972.In a second experiment during 1974 and 1975 a medium-maturing variety 22/9/1 and a late–maturing variety 44/E were added to those of the previous experiment. Watering every 4 and 6 days were eliminated and watering every 12 days added, during the early growth period. Each of these regimes was given irrigation every 6, 8, 10 and 12 days during the late growth period. The early-maturing varieties yielded best when irrigated every 12 days in the early stages, and every 10 days in the late stages, whereas the late-maturing varieties yielded best when irrigated every 10–2 and 8 days in the early and late stages of growth, respectively.
The effects of winter nutrition on the subsequent live-weight performance and intake of herbage by beef cattle
Authors: Wanyoike Margaret M. , Holmes W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThirty-six Friesian and Friesian cross-bred cattle about 11 months old were fed to grow at the rates of 0·50 (low) and 1·08 (high) kg/day in a 12-week winter feeding period and then turned out on high quality pasture. For 12 weeks after turning out the ‘low’ and ‘high’ animals gained weight at 1·17 and 0·90 kg/day respectively. There was a negative correlation (– 0·57, P < 0·01) between winter and grazing live-weight gain.On two occasions herbage intake was estimated. Average intake of ‘low’ animals was 12% higher than of ‘high’ animals although herbage digestibility, estimated from faecal N, was similar for the two treatments. Differences in live-weight gain on pasture between treatments were largely accounted for by differences in intake.The low rate of winter growth did not have any significant effects on age at slaughter, carcass weights or grades attained by the restricted animals.
Influence of rest interval, grazing duration and mowing on the growth, mineral content and utilization of a lucerne pasture in a subtropical environment
Authors: Leach G. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe influence of rest interval and grazing duration on herbage production of dryland lucerne (Medicago sativa L., cv. Hunter River) pastures was studied in a 6-year experiment on a black earth in subtropical southern Queensland. Rest intervals (R) of from 32 to 60 days were combined with grazing durations (G) of 4, 8 or 16 days, or with mowing (M), in the following treatments: (1) R32-4, (2) R32-G16, (3) R44-G4, (4) R44-G16, (5) R56-4, (6) R40-G8, (7) R36-M, (8) R48-M and (9) R60-M. Grazing was with sheep at a rate equivalent to 20/ha on a year-round basis. Amounts of dry matter of lucerne and of volunteer species on offer were measured prior to grazing or mowing, and some measurements of the residue remaining after grazing were made. Chemical composition of representative lucerne samples was also determined.Mean total amount of lucerne on offer declined from 10·8 to 7·2 t/ha/year between the first 2 years and the last 2 years, whereas total amount of volunteer species, principally grasses, increased from 3·0 to 18·2 t/ha/year over the same period. This difference was partly due to lower utilization of volunteer species. The decrease in amount of lucerne was due to loss of plants, and treatment effects arose through differences in the degree to which amounts from individual surviving plants increased to compensate for stand thinning. Concentrations of mineral elements in lucerne were always above critical levels for plant and animal growth.Treatment R40-G8 maintained the largest amounts of lucerne on offer to the end of the experiment, with treatments R32-G4 and R32-G16 then having least. Large amounts of grass were associated with 4-day grazing, and to a lesser extent with short rest periods. The results confirm the need for a minimum rest period between grazings in a subtropical environment and also show the need for grazing to control excessive grass growth as well as lucerne if lucerne productivity is to be ensured. Some requirements which would lead to more successful management of lucerne in the subtropics are discussed.
A critical limit for the response of rice and wheat to applied zinc in Tarai soils
Authors: Sakal R. , Sinha H. , Singh A. P. , Thakur K. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe DTPA-extractable Zn in 28 Tarai soils was found to be significantly correlated with Bray's ‘percent yield’ values for rice and wheat. The critical limit of ‘available’ Zn, below which responses of both crops to applied Zn may be expected, was 0–53 mg Zn/kg soil. On the basis of this critical limit, it may be inferred that in the 16 Zn deficient soils, rice and wheat yields would respond markedly to zinc application. The magnitude of crop response in these soils was greater in rice (39–244%; mean value 117%) than in wheat (33–101%; mean value 60%).
The response of two soya-bean varieties to the loss of apical dominance at the vegetative stage of growth
Authors: Tayo T. O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn three pot experiments and one field trial, the apical portion of the main stem of two soya-bean varieties (cv. Hampton and cv. Bossier) were removed at 3 weeks or 5 weeks after sowing in order to evaluate the response of the plants to the loss of apical dominance.The results showed that early loss of apical dominance in Hampton (an indeterminate variety) led to increased vegetative development but shorter plants, higher dry-matter accumulation and increased seed yield through the production of more and/or heavier pods. On the other hand, apical debudding of Bossier (a determinate variety) during the vegetative stage evoked no significant beneficial response and in the case of field debudding at 3 weeks after sowing, plant height was decreased and seed yield was significantly reduced.The response of soya bean to the loss of apical dominance therefore seems to be a function of the stage of vegetative development when the loss occurs as well as the growth habit of the variety.
Postnatal changes in some skin and wool characteristics associated with vitamin A blood concentration
Authors: Guirgis R. A. , Ashmawy G. , El-Ezz S. S. Abu 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe present work was carried out on 24 coarse-wool Barki and ⅝ Merino–⅜ Barki ram lambs to study the effect of vitamin A supplementation on some skin and wool characteristics. Lambs, at the age of 6 months, were allotted to three groups receiving no vitamin A supplement, 50000 i.u. and 100000 i.u. of vitamin A/head monthly. Blood samples were taken monthly for the assessment of vitamin A in the plasma. It was found that vitamin A in the plasma ranged from 42·4 to 17·50 and from 41·67 to 50·03/ μg/100 ml in the control and treated groups respectively, from the start of the experiment till the end at the age of 17 months.Vitamin A supplementation caused increments in external diameters, of primary and secondary follicles in Barki and primaries in ⅝ Merino, higher than those encountered in internal diameters. An increase in staple length and clean fleece weight of ⅝ Merino and a slight increase in Barki fibre diameter was observed in vitamin-A-supplemented animals.
Effect of inoculant endomycorrhizal fungi on white clover growth in soil cores
Authors: Hall I. R. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe growth of Huia white clover was followed in undisturbed and unsterilized soil cores containing a normal endomycorrhizal fungal population which had been inoculated with one of eight additional endomycorrhizal fungal isolates. Most of the endophytes significantly stimulated growth over filtrate controls at some stage in the experiment. Glomus mosseae, G. tenue and Gigaspora margarita produced large growth increments over a range of applied phosphorus levels. The inocula also contained a filtrable agent that was capable of reducing the growth of white clover.
The technique of weighing bullocks on summer grass
Authors: Hughes G. Pearson , Harker K. W. 
Published: March 2009

The investigations carried out refer to the relative degree of accuracy obtained when weighing grazing bullocks at different times during the day. An endeavour was made to find a time when animals could be weighed with the minimum of disturbance in their grazing habits and when the weights recorded had the minimum day-to-day variation.It is suggested that weights recorded early in the day when the animals are generally of a constant habit have day-to -day variations comparable to those obtained after overnight fasting.Alternatively, it is suggested that cattle at grass should be weighed after fasting overnight. In this case the fast should follow ‘the-end-of-evening’ grazing and water should be provided in the fasting yard.
Effects of age and state of incisor dentition on body composition and lamb production of sheep grazing hill pastures
Authors: Sykes A. R. , Field A. C. , Gunn R. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFifty-nine Scottish Blackface female sheep were used to measure the effects of age and state of permanent incisor dentition on the loss of body reserves during pregnancy and lactation and on the ability to replenish them during the dry period, while grazing hill pastures. There were 27 6½-year-old sheep (11 with sound mouths and 16 with broken mouths), 16 5½-year-old sheep (with all permanent incisors clipped to gum level) and 16 2½-year-old sheep. Samples of sheep from each group were slaughtered at the beginning of pregnancy and in mid-lactation, and samples of those with broken mouths and of 5½-year-old and 2½-year-old sheep at the end of the subsequent dry period. Carcasses were dissected into soft tissue and skeleton fractions and the changes in chemical composition of the former are presented. The sheep were weighed at approximately monthly intervals; lamb birth weights and growth rates to 6 weeks of age were recorded.There was no evidence that broken mouth or the clipping of the teeth impaired the ability of sheep to maintain body weight in early pregnancy, but there was evidence that sheep with broken mouths lost most weight in late pregnancy. There was also evidence that sheep with broken mouths may have poor milk yields as judged by the growth rates of their lambs but more data are needed to establish this conclusion.The young sheep were most able and the sheep with the broken mouths least able to resist catabolism of their soft tissue protein during pregnancy and lactation. The losses amounted to 18, 20, 21 and 30% in the 2½-year-old, 5½-year-old and 6½-year-old sheep with sound mouths and with broken mouths, respectively. The young sheep replaced their protein reserves more rapidly than the sheep with broken mouths. It is suggested that the ability to restore body protein may be related to maturity.There was evidence for a redistribution of protein in the body of undernourished sheep in mid-lactation. The soft tissues were overhydrated at this time but much of the fluid which accumulates during pregnancy had apparently cleared.
Studies with lucerne (Medicago sativa)—row distances and “smother” crops
Authors: Garner F. H. , Sanders H. G. 
Published: March 2009

As a result of one detailed experiment and four demonstrations carried out on the University Farm at Cambridge the following conclusions can be drawn:1. Lucerne drilled at a constant seed rate per acre, in narrow rows (3½ and 7 in.), gave a greater yield per acre than when drilled in rows 10½ and 14 in. in width. Over a four-year period the yield of dry matter per acre from narrow rows was half a ton more than from wide rows. No evidence was obtained that weed infestation is reduced by narrow drilling.2. The broadcasting of 5 lb. of trefoil per acre at the time the lucerne was drilled had no effect on the total yield or on weed infestation.3. Wild white clover broadcast at the rate of 2 lb. per acre at the time of drilling the lucerne slightly reduced the yield of lucerne in the first harvest year, but subsequently it served to secure some control of weeds, and thereby favoured the persistence of the lucerne. Differences in yield associated with sowing wild white clover were, however, slight.4. Commercial cocksfoot broadcast at the rate of 10 lb. per acre at the time of drilling the lucerne led to very considerable increases in total yield (nearly 3 tons per acre of dry matter over a four-year period). The increments were obtained principally during the spring growth, and some loss of lucerne plants was suffered, so that in a very dry summer the total aftermath yield was slightly reduced. Since cocksfoot almost completely controlled weeds and its mixture with lucerne was very suitable for hay or for silage, it is regarded as a plant that may be included in a lucerne ley with advantage.
Studies on the metabolism of fowls: III. The determination of the comparative nett energy of Sussex ground oats and white maize meal for fattening cockerels
Authors: Deighton T. , Hutchinson J. C. D. 
Published: March 2009

1. The comparative nett energy for fattening of Sussex ground oats and white maize meal have been determined on Light Sussex cockerels by difference experiments with a direct calorimeter.2. The mean values for nett energy per gram dry matter, nett energy/ metabolizable energy, metabolizable energy per gross feed energy and digestible energy per gross feed energy were as follows:3. There was no significant difference in the utilization of metabolizable energy from the two cereals. The higher nett energy of the white maize meal was due to its higher digestibility.We again welcome the opportunity of expressing our indebtedness to Mr G. A. Childs for his assistance in carrying out the experiments.
A repeated cross between inbred lines of poultry
Authors: Greenwood Alan W. , Blyth J. S. S. 
Published: March 2009

In view of the present interest in the development of commercial poultry flocks by crossing inbred lines, at least two questions of importance arise. One is, how well does a successful cross between two inbred lines repeat itself with successive generations of the particular parental lines involved? The other, bound up with the manifest degenerative change that seems to be the fate of most inbred lines, is related to the possibility of determining minimal and/or optimal degrees of inbreeding necessary to produce commercially satisfactory offspring.As a preliminary to a major investigation of these problems it would perhaps be useful to record briefly observations on small groups of pullets derived from such a cross, which has been repeated at intervals over 11 years within the Centre's flock of Brown Leghorn fowls, and to compare them with the parental lines.
The behaviour of growing pigs during experimental social encounters
Authors: Fraser D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree experiments studied the behaviour of pigs which were brought together for brief periods of observation on successive days. Two distinct patterns of aggressive behaviour were observed, one involving biting and the other involving butting. Biting was common when the pigs first met, and butting seemed to replace biting in some cases. Pairs of pigs which had no previous contact frequently showed a straight forward type of dominance with one pig performing almost all the biting and butting; among well-acquainted pairs, however, the relationships were frequently more complex.Of all the experimental manipulations, familiarity between two animals had the most profound effect on the behaviour. Biting, but not butting, was reduced if the pigs were housed in neighbouring pens, or if they had previously shared the same pen. Biting was almost eliminated, and butting was reduced, if the pigs lived together throughout the time of the observations. There were no differences between females and castrated males, or between individually-housed and group-housed animals in either type of behaviour.Pigs which were subjected to repeated biting generally became less active, refraining from some social and non-social activities. Butting did not appear to have similar effects on the recipient animals.The experiments illustrated some complex social interactions involving a large number of distinct social activities. In this light, the usefulness of such broad terms as ‘aggression’ and ‘dominance’ is discussed.
The nutrition of the bacon pig: III. The minimum level of protein intake consistent with quick growth and satisfactory carcass quality (Part I)
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. , Turpitt W. G. , Callow E. H. 
Published: March 2009

The influence of three feeding treatments of differing protein content on growth and carcass quality in bacon pigs has been investigated by the individual-feeding and group-feeding techniques. The protein supplement, which was used in conjunction with barley meal, weatings and a small allowance of lucerne meal, was composed of a mixture of ex. soya-bean meal, dried separated milk and feeding blood meal. Expressing, on the nitrogen basis, the amount of protein food in terms of its equivalent of white fish meal, the standard-protein treatment B supplied the equivalent of 9% of fish meal up to 90 lb. live weight, 7·6% from 90 to 150 lb. live weight and 3·8% from 150 to 200 lb. live weight. The corresponding figures for the low-protein treatment A were 4·5, 3·8 and 1·9%, and for the high-protein treatment C, 18, 15·2 and 7·6%.Considering the period of feeding up to 200 lb. live weight as a whole, it was found that differences of feeding treatment gave rise to no significant differences in respect of mean rate of live-weight increase and efficiency of food conversion (see Table VI). Only in the earliest stage of the feeding period did the pigs on the low-protein treatment A show a slightly, though significantly, lower rate of live-weight increase and poorer efficiency of food conversion than the pigs on treatments B and C, but such differences had ceased to be manifested by the time the pigs had arrived at 60 lb. live weight, and the slight initial disadvantage experienced by the low-protein pigs was wiped out during the later stages of the feeding period.
A note on the employment of a mixture of sand and calcium bentonite as the growth medium in pot culture and the establishment therein of a sward of perennial rye grass
Authors: Greenhill A. W. , Page H. J. 
Published: March 2009

Summary and Conclusions1. A mixture of sand and bentonite (after converting it to the calcium clay), containing 6 per cent, by weight of the latter, was found to be a suitable medium in pot cultures for the growth of grass. A good sward of perennial rye grass was established in the medium by suitable watering, manuring and cutting of the grass, within 11 weeks of sowing.2. The mixture allowed of easy control of the moisture content, and appeared to possess a moisture-retaining capacity comparable with that of a natural soil.3. The mixture is almost totally deficient in both nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and markedly deficient in potash and in some of the less common elements necessary for plant growth.4. In view of the above properties and of the buffering action due to the presence of the bentonite, the mixture would appear to be suited to the more general study in pot culture of plant nutrition problems, and to offer several important advantages over either sand alone or natural soil for this purpose.
Quantitative analysis of the growth, development and distribution of flowers and pods in oil seed rape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Tayo T. O. , Morgan D. G. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe growth and development of single plants of oil seed rape, variety Zollerngold, are described quantitatively and particular attention paid to the sequence and pattern of flower and pod production on the different inflorescences. The period of flower opening over the whole plant spanned an average of 26 days and more than 75% of the pods which were retained to maturity were formed from flowers which opened within 14 days of anthesis. Most of these flowers were found on the terminal raceme and on the basal and middle regions of the axillary inflorescences arising from the uppermost three nodes.