bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The handover process and triage of ambulance‐borne patients: the experiences of emergency nurses
Authors: Bruce Karin , Suserud Björn‐Ove 
Published: September 2010

AbstractOne of the most important tasks that a nurse faces in the emergency room, when receiving a patient, is handover and the triage function. The aim of the study was to explore the experiences of nurses receiving patients who were brought into hospital as emergencies by ambulance crews through an analysis of the handover and triage process. A qualitative descriptive interview study inspired by the phenomenological method was used with six emergency nurses. There are three elements to a handover: a verbal report, handing over documented accounts and the final symbolic handover when a patient is transferred from the ambulance stretcher onto the hospital stretcher. The study identified that the verbal communication between ambulance and emergency nurses was often very structured. The ideal handovers often involved patients with very distinct medical problems. The difficult handover or the ‘non‐ideal’ one was characterized by a significantly more complicated care situation. The handover function was pivotal in ensuring that the patient received the correct care and that care was provided at the appropriate level. The most seriously afflicted patients arrived by ambulance; therefore, the interplay between pre‐hospital and hospital personnel was vital in conveying this important information. To some extent, this functioned well, but this research has identified areas where this care can be improved.
An evaluation of the contribution of critical care outreach to the clinical management of the critically ill ward patient in two acute NHS trusts
Authors: Chellel Annie , Higgs Debbie , Scholes Julie 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper reports on an evaluation of the role and contribution of outreach in the management of the critically ill ward patient using Stake's Responsive Model (Stake, 1975) and case study methodology (Simons, 1980). Twenty cases were examined, purposefully sampling all staff involved in the case identified by an initial interview with the outreach nurse. In total, 80 interviews were carried out, 20 with the outreach nurses and 54 with other members of health care teams involved in the cases, and six further targeted in‐depth interviews with senior anaesthetic and nursing staff. The outreach contribution which emerged from the data analysis consisted of four core categories: action (getting things done, getting decisions made and following through), focusandvision (concentrating on one patient and having a vision of what action was needed to meet their care needs), orchestration (a communication and co‐ordinating role) and expertise (bringing critical care skills and experience to the bedside). These categories were validated and developed in the six in‐depth interviews. Three themes emerged from the data describing aspects of the acute care context in which outreach operates. The interviews revealed a battleweary workforce overwhelmed by the complex and increased demands of the critically ill ward patient. The medical and nursing teams at the bedside are inexperienced and often unsupported by senior clinical decision‐makers. This is dealt with by ‘passing the buck’ creating gaps and delays in care management which are the problems addressed by the outreach contribution. Outreach may solve problems for the critically ill ward patient, but the underlying causes remain poorly understood.
Body positioning and its effect on oxygenation – a literature review
Authors: Marklew Anna 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEvidence‐based health care has become a priority in the National Health Service (NHS), with increased emphasis on clinical practices that are grounded in quality evidence rather than those that persist because of tradition. Turning and positioning of patients are well‐accepted nursing activities. Appropriate positioning of the critically ill patient can dramatically improve gas exchange, resulting in a shorter stay in the critical care unit and an improved outcome. This study reviews the current published literature on the subject of positioning and gas exchange, with emphasis on oxygenation. Conclusions made from this study are that nurses need to be aware of how different positions can affect patients' oxygenation. Further research on exploring patients' experience of positioning within the critical care environment and nurses' understanding of positioning and oxygenation is needed.
Pre‐registration education: making a difference to critical care?
Authors: Collins Timothy J , Price Ann M , Angrave Philip D 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper aims to discuss the development of a pre‐registration high‐dependency nursing programme and evaluate its effects on student's perceived learning and confidence in managing critically ill patients. The programme consists of two modules that compliment one another, ‘Care of the Acutely Ill Adult’ focuses on a variety of disease processes and subsequent nursing care. Whilst the second module titled ‘Caring for the Highly Dependant/Critically Ill Adult’ focuses on assessment skills related to critically ill patients. The paper explores the content and delivery of the modules including the advantages and disadvantages of implementing them. Student evaluation from 59 nursing students found that student's knowledge, assessment skills and management of the critically ill patient had improved since completing the modules. Nurse Consultants, intensive therapy unit matrons and Critical Care Outreach nurses have acknowledged an increase in the number of nursing students identifying and referring critically ill patients to outreach teams. They also stated improvements in nurse recruitment in critical care since commencement of the modules.
Development of the Children's Attributions about Psychological Problems in their Peers Scale
Authors: Swords L. , Hennessy E. , Heary C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackground  Research has shown that children's beliefs about the causes of psychological problems are related to their attitudes and reactions towards affected peers. This study describes the development of the Children's Attributions about Psychological Problems in their Peers (CAPPP) Scale, which assesses children's beliefs about the causes of an internalizing and an externalizing condition.Methods  The 16 items comprising the CAPPP are derived from previous qualitative research findings. Five hundred and ninety‐five young people, drawn from five different age groups spanning early childhood to late adolescence, completed a CAPPP Scale for each of two vignettes describing the behaviour of hypothetical peers with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression.Results  Modifications following consideration of psychometric properties and conceptual fit resulted in a 12‐item scale. For both the ADHD and depression conditions, the components that emerged were ‘Volition’, ‘Recent Life Stress’, ‘Family Factors’ and ‘School Factors’.Conclusions  The present study represents the first field trial of the CAPPP. Results suggest that children's and adolescents' beliefs about the causes of psychological problems are multidimensional and incorporate both individual and environmental factors.
Acute exacerbations of fibrotic interstitial lung disease
Authors: Churg Andrew , Wright Joanne L , Tazelaar Henry D 
Published: September 2010

Churg A, Wright J L & Tazelaar H D (2011) Histopathology 58, 525–530 Acute exacerbations of fibrotic interstitial lung diseaseAn acute exacerbation is the development of acute lung injury, usually resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome, in a patient with a pre‐existing fibrosing interstitial pneumonia. By definition, acute exacerbations are not caused by infection, heart failure, aspiration or drug reaction. Most patients with acute exacerbations have underlying usual interstitial pneumonia, either idiopathic or in association with a connective tissue disease, but the same process has been reported in patients with fibrotic non‐specific interstitial pneumonia, fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, desquamative interstitial pneumonia and asbestosis. Occasionally an acute exacerbation is the initial manifestation of underlying interstitial lung disease. On biopsy, acute exacerbations appear as diffuse alveolar damage or bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) superimposed upon the fibrosing interstitial pneumonia. Biopsies may be extremely confusing, because the acute injury pattern can completely obscure the underlying disease; a useful clue is that diffuse alveolar damage and organizing pneumonia should not be associated with old dense fibrosis and peripheral honeycomb change. Consultation with radiology can also be extremely helpful, because the fibrosing disease may be evident on old or concurrent computed tomography scans. The aetiology of acute exacerbations is unknown, and the prognosis is poor; however, some patients survive with high‐dose steroid therapy.
Functional test of the influence ofWolbachiagenes on cytoplasmic incompatibility expression inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Yamada R. , Iturbe‐Ormaetxe I. , Brownlie J. C. , O'Neill S. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWolbachiaare inherited intracellular bacteria that infect a broad range of invertebrate hosts. They commonly manipulate host reproduction in a variety of ways and thereby favour their invasion into host populations. While the biology ofWolbachiahas been extensively studied at the ecological and phenotypic level, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction betweenWolbachiaand their hosts. Recent comparative genomics studies ofWolbachiastrains have revealed putative candidate genes involved in the expression of cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) in insects. However the functional testing of these genes is hindered by the lack of available genetic tools inWolbachia. To circumvent this problem we generated transgenicDrosophilalines expressing variousWolbachiaCI candidate genes under the control of the GAL4/UAS system in order to evaluate their possible role inWolbachia‐related phenotypes inDrosophila. The expression of a number of these genes inDrosophila melanogasterfailed to mimic or alter CI phenotypes across a range ofWolbachiabackgrounds or in the absence ofWolbachia.
Differential transcription of two highly divergent gut‐expressed Bm86 antigen gene homologues in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodida)
Authors: Kamau L. , Skilton R. A. , Odongo D. O. , Mwaura S. , Githaka N. , Kanduma E. , Obura M. , Kabiru E. , Orago A. , Musoke A. , Bishop R. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe transcriptional control of gene expression is not well documented in the Arthropoda. We describe transcriptional analysis of two exceptionally divergent homologues (Ra86) of the Bm86 gut antigen from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Bm86 forms the basis of a commercial vaccine for the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The R. appendiculatus Ra86 proteins contain 654 and 693 amino acids, with only 80% amino acid sequence identity. Reverse‐transcription PCR of gut cDNA showed transcription of only one genotype in individual female ticks. PCR amplification of 3′ untranslated sequences from genomic DNA indicated that both variants could be encoded within a single genome. When both variants were present, one of the two Ra86 genotypes was transcriptionally dominant.
PsOr1, a potential target for RNA interference‐based pest management
Authors: Zhao Y. Y. , Liu F. , Yang G. , You M. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInsect pests cause billions of dollars in agricultural losses, and attempts to kill them have resulted in growing threats from insecticide resistance, dietary pesticide pollution and environmental destruction. New approaches to control refractory insect pests are therefore needed. The host‐plant preferences of insect pests rely on olfaction and are mediated via a seven transmembrane‐domain odorant receptor (Or) family. The present study reports the cloning and characterization of PsOr1, the first candidate member of the Or gene family from Phyllotreta striolata, a devastating beetle pest that causes damage worldwide. PsOr1 is remarkably well conserved with respect to other insect orthologues, including DmOr83b from Drosophila melanogaster. These insect orthologues form an essential non‐conventional Or sub‐family and may play an important and generalized role in insect olfaction. We designed double‐stranded (ds) RNA directly against the PsOr1 gene and exploited RNA interference (RNAi) to control P. striolata. The chemotactic behavioural measurements showed that adult beetles were unable to sense the attractant or repellent odour stimulus after microinjection of dsRNA against PsOr1. Reverse Transcription (RT)‐PCR analysis showed specific down‐regulation of mRNA transcript levels for this gene. Furthermore, host‐plant preference experiments confirmed that silencing PsOr1 by RNAi treatment impaired the host‐plant preferences of P. striolata for cruciferous vegetables. These results demonstrate that this insect control approach of using RNAi to target PsOr1 and its orthologues might be effective in blocking host‐plant‐seeking behaviours in diverse insect pests. The results also support the theory that this unique receptor type plays an essential general role in insect olfaction.
Gper and ESRs are expressed in rat round spermatids and mediate oestrogen‐dependent rapid pathways modulating expression of cyclin B1 and Bax
Authors: Chimento A. , Sirianni R. , Zolea F. , Bois C. , Delalande C. , Andò S. , Maggiolini M. , Aquila S. , Carreau S. , Pezzi V. 
Published: September 2010

SummarySpermatogenesis is a precisely controlled and timed process, comprising mitotic divisions of spermatogonia, meiotic divisions of spermatocytes, maturation and differentiation of haploid spermatids giving rise to spermatozoa. It is well known that the maintenance of spermatogenesis is controlled by gonadotrophins and testosterone, the effects of which are modulated by a complex network of locally produced factors, including oestrogens. However, it remains uncertain whether oestrogens are able to activate rapid signalling pathways directly in male germ cells. Classically, oestrogens act by binding to oestrogen receptors (ESRs) 1 and 2. Recently, it has been demonstrated that rapid oestrogen action can also be mediated by the G‐protein‐coupled oestrogen receptor 1 (Gper). The aim of the present study was to investigate ESRs and Gper expression in primary cultures of adult rat round spermatids (RS) and define if oestradiol (E2) is able to activate, through these receptors, pathways involved in the regulation of genes controlling rat RS apoptosis and/or maturation. In this study, we demonstrated that rat RS express ESR1, ESR2 and Gper. Short‐time treatment of RS with E2, the selective Gper agonist G1 and the selective ESR1 and ERβ agonists, 4,4′,4″‐(4‐propyl‐[1H]pyrazole‐1,3,5‐triyl) trisphenol (PPT) and 2,3‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐propionitrile (DPN), respectively, determined activation of Extra‐cellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK1/2) through the involvement of epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. In addition, we investigated the effects of ESRs and Gper pathway activation on factors involved in RS maturation. Expression of cyclin B1 mRNA was downregulated by E2, G1 and PPT, but not by DPN. A concomitant and inverse regulation of the pro‐apoptotic factor Bax mRNA expression was observed in the same conditions, with DPN being the only one determining an increase in this factor expression. Collectively, these data demonstrate that E2 activates, through ESRs and Gper, pathways involved in the regulation of genes controlling rat RS apoptosis and differentiation such as cyclin B1 and Bax.
Factors influencing the evolution of clutch size in a gregarious insect parasitoid
Authors: Zaviezo Tania , Mills Nick 
Published: September 2010

Summary 1. In this study we examined the clutch size of Hyssopus pallidus (Askew) (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae), a gregarious ectoparasitoid of codling moth (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) larvae that is characterized by a host handling time of 2 days approximately. 2. Clutch size increased asymptotically with host larval size (fresh weight) to a maximum of 32 eggs. A single male developed from each clutch, brood survival was 83% and pupal size of female offspring was 0·45 mg, all independent of clutch size. 3. A comparison of the response of both experienced and naïve adult parasitoids to varying host larval size, indicated that experience was not necessary for H. pallidus to be able to accurately estimate host size. 4. Clutch size increased by 50% for medium size host larvae (30–40 mg) and 83% for large host larvae (60–76 mg) when the encounter rate was reduced from one host every second day to one every seventh day. A significantly lower clutch size was produced on the last day at the highest encounter rate for large host larvae, suggesting exhaustion of the egg supply for H. pallidus. 5. Manipulation of parasitoid clutch size on constant size host larvae did not influence sex ratio (single male) or brood survival (93%), but produced a linear trade‐off between clutch size and the size (fresh weight) of female pupae. Longevity, lifetime fecundity, total number of hosts attacked, and clutch size all increased linearly with the adult size (female pupal weight). 6. The observed clutch size in newly emerged H. pallidus is consistent with a strategy of maximizing lifetime fitness gain rather than the gain from individual hosts (Lack clutch size) despite a significant investment in the time required to attack each host.
A world‐wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures
Authors: Körner Christian , Paulsen Jens 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  At a coarse scale, the treelines of the world's mountains seem to follow a common isotherm, but the evidence for this has been indirect so far. Here we aim at underpinning this with facts.Location  We present the results of a data‐logging campaign at 46 treeline sites between 68° N and 42° S.Methods  We measured root‐zone temperatures with an hourly resolution over 1–3 years per site between 1996 and 2003.Results  Disregarding taxon‐, landuse‐ or fire‐driven tree limits, high altitude climatic treelines are associated with a seasonal mean ground temperature of 6.7 °C (±0.8 SD; 2.2 K amplitude of means for different climatic zones), a surprisingly narrow range. Temperatures are higher (7–8 °C) in the temperate and Mediterranean zone treelines, and are lower in equatorial treelines (5–6 °C) and in the subarctic and boreal zone (6–7 °C). While air temperatures are higher than soil temperatures in warm periods, and are lower than soil temperatures in cold periods, daily means of air and soil temperature are almost the same at 6–7 °C, a physics driven coincidence with the global mean temperature at treeline. The length of the growing season, thermal extremes or thermal sums have no predictive value for treeline altitude on a global scale. Some Mediterranean (Fagus spp.) and temperate South Hemisphere treelines (Nothofagus spp.) and the native treeline in Hawaii (Metrosideros) are located at substantially higher isotherms and represent genus‐specific boundaries rather than boundaries of the life‐form tree. In seasonal climates, ground temperatures in winter (absolute minima) reflect local snow pack and seem uncritical.Main conclusions  The data support the hypothesis of a common thermal threshold for forest growth at high elevation, but also reflect a moderate region and substantial taxonomic influence.
Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) at treeline: a century of change in the San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA
Authors: Elliott Grant P. , Baker William L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDuring a repeat photography study quaking aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) was observed invading conifer stands at treeline in the San Juan Mountains of south‐western Colorado. Aspen tree core samples were collected from nine plots ranging in elevation from 3192 to 3547 m, and estimated dates of establishment of aspen were grouped into 10‐year intervals for analysis. Estimated periods of establishment were compared with century‐long climate data records to derive any correlations with aspen invasion. Other disturbance agents, such as fire and livestock grazing were also considered. Quantitative analysis of climate variables suggests that decreased mean spring precipitation and increased mean summer maximum temperature provide optimal conditions for aspen establishment. Episodes of invasion were non‐synchronous, but all occurred after 1900, and are likely from seed germination, considered unusual in aspen. Different climate variables explain stand initiation from seed and subsequent peak establishment from vegetative reproduction. Long‐term climate records indicate a general warming since the beginning of the 20th century and explain the continued invasion and persistence of aspen at treeline, resulting from asexual reproduction. Short‐term climate records identify anomalously cool, moist years that explain rarely observed sexual reproduction in aspen.
Areas of endemism of vascular plants in the Eastern Alps in relation to Pleistocene glaciation
Authors: Tribsch Andreas 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAim  The central aim of this paper is to localize areas of endemism of the vascular plant flora in the Eastern Alps. Moreover, causes for location and limits of the areas of endemism are assessed.Location  The study area includes the Eastern European Alps and adjacent lowland areas.Methods  Analyses were based on 288 vascular plant taxa endemic to the study region, scored in 115 operational geographic units, which were predominantly mountain ranges. For each of these units, number of endemic taxa, range down weighted endemism, environmental variables, elevation of the last glacial maximum ice sheet, and elevation of the snowline during the last glacial maximum, were estimated. To evaluate the relationships between the geographical areas, the presence/absence matrix of endemics in areas was used to calculate phenograms and cladograms. Values from the range down weighted endemism superimposed on phenograms and cladograms were used to indicate areas of endemism. Linear regressions between richness in endemism and environmental as well as palaeo‐environmental variables were used to infer causes of the observed patterns of endemism.Results  The endemic taxa of the Eastern Alps show a very uneven distribution, the majority being confined to one or few mountain ranges. High levels of endemism are found in the southern, southeastern, easternmost, and northeastern Eastern Alps. Trees obtained from phenetic and cladistic methods were largely congruent. Seven areas of endemism were clearly delimited, all in regions that are regarded as glacial refugia. Two of them are located on siliceous, four on calcareous bedrock. Not all endemic taxa, however, grow in the areas of endemism. Therefore, enlargement areas are suggested. Linear regression showed a significant correlation between high endemism and low glacial ice cover, but not with other environmental variables.Main conclusions  Vicariance resulting from Pleistocene glaciations is the most important factor causing distributional patterns of endemic plants and the formation of areas of endemism. Mapping values of weighted endemism onto trees facilitated delimitation and definition of the areas of endemism. Because of their strong dependence on siliceous bedrock and the resulting disjunct distributional patterns of some taxa in the Southern Alps, the inclusion of a few operational geographic units with high levels of endemism was not supported by the analyses. Despite post‐vicariant dispersal that causes problems in analyses of areas of endemism, the circumscription of areas of endemism in the Eastern Alps was possible to a satisfactory extent. Other methodological approaches, however, which include concepts of post‐vicariant dispersal and that allow overlap of areas of endemism would be highly useful.