bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of peer social networks on toothbrushing behaviour in Iranian adolescents in Mashhad
Authors: Dorri Mojtaba , Sheiham Aubrey , Watt Richard 
Published: June 2010

Dorri M, Sheiham A, Watt R. The influence of peer social networks on toothbrushing behaviour in Iranian adolescents in Mashhad. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2010; 38: 498–506. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract – Objectives:  This study aimed to assess the association between the quality and quantity of peer social networks and toothbrushing behaviours of Iranian adolescents in Mashhad. The second objective was to examine whether peer social networks go some way to explain the sex difference in toothbrushing behaviours in Iranian adolescents in Mashhad.Methods:  A representative stratified random sample of 1132 sixth grade Iranian students in Mashhad, with an average age of 12.4 (SD = 0.8) years, answered a 37‐item questionnaire. The questionnaire had items on sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex and parents’ education level), education achievement (last year’s final average mark), frequency of toothbrushing behaviours and peer social networks (number of close friends, frequency of meeting friends, club membership and quality of peer groups). Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to test the association between toothbrushing frequency and peer social networks.Results:  Adolescents who met their friends moderately often and had stronger ties with their friends were more likely to brush their teeth twice or more a day; P = 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively. Club membership and number of close friends were not associated with toothbrushing frequency. Girls were significantly more likely to brush their teeth twice or more a day. They had weaker peer social networks than boys (P < 0.001). When adjusted for sex and father’s education level, all peer social networks variables were significantly associated with toothbrushing frequency. However, the interaction between sex and peer social networks variables was not significant.Conclusions:  Peer social networks are related to toothbrushing frequency among Iranian adolescents in Mashhad but do not explain the differences in toothbrushing frequency between sixth grade Iranian boys and girls.
Tectonics, topography, and mammalian diversity
Authors: Badgley Catherine 
Published: June 2010

Terrestrial vertebrates show striking changes in species richness across topographic gradients. For mammals, nearly twice as many species per unit area occur in topographically complex regions as in adjacent lowlands. The geological context of this pervasive biogeographic pattern suggests that tectonic processes have a first‐order impact on regional diversity.I evaluate ecological, evolutionary, and historical influences of tectonics and topography on the regional diversity of terrestrial mammals, focusing on the hypothesis that diversification rates are higher in active versus passive tectonic settings. Ten predictions follow from this hypothesis. 1) The timing of peaks in speciation should be congruent with the timescale for tectonic episodes. 2) The rates of speciation and genetic differentiation of populations should be greater for species inhabiting topographically complex regions than spatially continuous landscapes. 3) If topographic complexity per se promotes diversification, then a cluster of young divergences should occur for montane species compared to lowland relatives. 4) Endemism in tectonically active regions should reflect origination within the region rather than range reduction from larger areas. 5) Extinction rates should differ for lineages in tectonically active regions compared to adjacent lowlands. 6) The relationship between local and regional species richness should differ between topographic settings because of higher beta diversity in topographically complex regions. 7) Species originating in topographically complex regions should colonize adjacent lowlands more often than the reverse pattern. 8) North‐south mountain ranges should have higher regional species richness than east‐west mountain ranges. 9) Areas with multiple mountain ranges should have higher regional species richness than comparable areas with single mountain ranges. 10) Global climate changes should affect diversification in tectonically active regions. Research addressing these topics places elevational diversity gradients into a geohistorical context and integrates data from modern biotas and the fossil record.
A Requirement for Bid for Induction of Apoptosis by Photodynamic Therapy with a Lysosome‐ but Not a Mitochondrion‐targeted Photosensitizer
Authors: Chiu Song‐mao , Xue Liang‐yan , Lam Minh , Rodriguez Myriam E. , Zhang Ping , Kenney Malcolm E. , Nieminen Anna‐Liisa , Oleinick Nancy L. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) with lysosome‐targeted photosensitizers induces the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis via the cleavage and activation of the BH3‐only protein Bid by proteolytic enzymes released from photodisrupted lysosomes. To investigate the role of Bid in apoptosis induction and the role of damaged lysosomes on cell killing by lysosome‐targeted PDT, we compared the responses of wild type and Bid‐knock‐out murine embryonic fibroblasts toward a mitochondrion/endoplasmic reticulum‐binding photosensitizer, Pc 4, and a lysosome‐targeted sensitizer, Pc 181. Whereas apoptosis and overall cell killing were induced equally well by Pc 4‐PDT in both cell lines, Bid−/− cells were relatively resistant to induction of apoptosis and to overall killing following PDT with Pc 181, particularly at low PDT doses. Thus, Bid is critical for the induction of apoptosis caused by PDT with the lysosome‐specific sensitizers, but dispensable for PDT targeted to other membranes.
Patient Expectations From Implantable Defibrillators to Prevent Death in Heart Failure
Authors: Harris Scott , Tepper David , Ip Randy 
Published: June 2010

Abstract.  Background. Indications for implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators (ICDs) in heart failure (HF) are expanding and may include more than 1 million patients. This study examined patient expectations from ICDs for primary prevention of sudden death in HF. Methods and Results. Study participants (n=105) had an ejection fraction <35% and symptomatic HF without history of ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation or syncope. Participants completed a written survey about perceived ICD benefits, survival expectations, and circumstances under which they might deactivate defibrillation. Mean age was 58 years, mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 21%, 40% had New York Heart Association class III or IV disease, and 65% already had a primary prevention ICD. Most patients anticipated more than 10 years’ survival despite symptomatic HF. Nearly 54% expected an ICD to save ≥50 lives per 100 during 5 years. ICD recipients expressed more confidence that the device would save their own lives compared with those without an ICD (P<.001). Despite understanding the ease of deactivation, 70% of ICD recipients indicated they would keep the ICD on even if dying of cancer, 55% even if having daily shocks, and none would inactivate defibrillation even if experiencing constant dyspnea at rest. Conclusions. HF patients anticipate long survival, overestimate survival benefits conferred by ICDs, and express reluctance to deactivate their devices even for end‐stage disease.—Stewart GC, Weintraub JR, Pratibhu PP, et al. Patient expectations from implantable defibrillators to prevent death in heart failure. J Card Fail. 2010;16:106–113.
Lake Temperature and Ice Cover Regimes in the Alaskan Subarctic and Arctic: Integrated Monitoring, Remote Sensing, and Modeling1
Authors: Arp C.D. , Jones B.M. , Whitman M. , Larsen A. , Urban F.E. 
Published: June 2010

Arp, C.D., B.M. Jones, M. Whitman, A. Larsen, and F.E. Urban, 2010. Lake Temperature and Ice Cover Regimes in the Alaskan Subarctic and Arctic: Integrated Monitoring, Remote Sensing, and Modeling. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 777‐791. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2010.00451.xAbstract:  Lake surface regimes are fundamental attributes of lake ecosystems and their interaction with the land and atmosphere. High latitudes may be particularly sensitive to climate change, however, adequate baselines for these lakes are often lacking. In this study, we couple monitoring, remote sensing, and modeling techniques to generate baseline datasets of lake surface temperature and ice cover in the Alaskan Subarctic and Arctic. No detectable trends were observed during this study period, but a number of interesting patterns were noted among lakes and between regions. The largest Arctic lake was relatively unresponsive to air temperature, while the largest Subarctic lake was very responsive likely because it is fed by glacial runoff. Mean late summer water temperatures were higher than air temperatures with differences ranging from 1.7 to 5.4°C in Subarctic lakes and from 2.4 to 3.2°C in Arctic lakes. The warmest mean summer water temperature in both regions was in 2004, with the exception of Subarctic glacially fed lake that was highest in 2005. Ice‐out timing had high coherence within regions and years, typically occurring in late May in Subarctic and in early‐July in Arctic lakes. Ice‐on timing was more dependent on lake size and depth, often varying among lakes within a region. Such analyses provide an important baseline of lake surface regimes at a time when there is increasing interest in high‐latitude water ecosystems and resources during an uncertain climate future.
A review of coronectomy
Authors: Frafjord R. , Renton T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCoronectomy or intentional partial odontectomy is a procedure whereby the root(s) of a lower third molar tooth that is deemed close to the inferior alveolar canal on radiographic imaging is left in‐situ. Coronectomy is a relatively new procedure and to date there have only been a handful of publications that investigate its' effectiveness as a treatment modality. As a result it is still not commonly practiced worldwide. However, coronectomy is gaining popularity as a risk reducing procedure. This article looks at nine most recent studies on coronectomy and reviews each paper with respect to treatment outcomes.
Marlin, software to create, run, and analyse spatially realistic simulations
Authors: MEIRMANS PATRICK G. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMarlin is a software to create, run, analyse, and visualize spatially explicit population genetic simulations. It provides an intuitive user interface with which the geographical layout of a metapopulation can be drawn by hand or loaded from a map. Furthermore, the interface allows easy selection of the many different simulation settings. Marlin then uses the program QuantiNemo to run the simulation in the background. When simulations are finished, Marlin directly analyses and plots the results, thereby greatly simplifying the simulation workflow. This combination of simulation and analysis makes Marlin ideal for teaching and for scientists who are interested in doing simulations without having to learn command‐line operations. Marlin is available for computers running Mac OS X and can be downloaded from: http://www.patrickmeirmans.com/software.
Innovation, Branding, and Organization: What International Design Managers Think About Their Performance
Authors: Joziasse Frans , Selders Tim , Woudhuysen James 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSince the dot.com boom and Clayton Christensen's book, The Innovator's Dilemma, there has been an international revival of interest in innovation. At the same time, corporate interest in branding remains buoyant. On a third issue—a world of cost‐cutting, off‐shoring, and IT—millions of managers have been forced to focus on organization. What is unclear is how design managers interpret their tasks in the current climate, and how well they think they are performing these tasks.PARK, a network of consultants in advanced design management, worked with Wouter Voskuijl, a masters student at the Delft University of Technology, to seek responses from 300 design managers worldwide. Positive and negative correlations were then made between their primary objectives and their experiences.Broad conclusions were drawn from the survey. These include the persistence of silos and the prevalence of competition within organizations, which lead design managers to feel left in the dark about other internal departments. It is also apparent that design managers feel far removed from corporate strategy. This may explain design management's fascination with measuring its performance to be commendable, which perhaps reflects a level of defensiveness.
In‐House Design: How Do Design Managers Manage Change?
Authors: Gornick Naomi 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis study examines new directions in design and management theory and practice, and illustrates how design managers in large corporations are responding to organizational change and new contexts for design. The paper will re‐visit design managers who have initially trained as designers and whose career flowed naturally into this field, as well as those design managers who undertook specific post‐graduate training in order to enter the field.Companies such as BAA, Nokia, and Procter & Gamble are represented in order to provide a picture of the evolutionary changes taking place within these organizations and how the work of design managers is affected.Interviewees were asked to comment on the changes they have experienced in their companies over a period of several years and comment on the increasing overlap of their work with that of their management colleagues. In conclusion, the paper discusses potential opportunities for new design roles and the advanced education needed to train effectively for those roles.
Virus-Induced Ca
2+
Influx Extends Survival of West Nile Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Scherbik Svetlana V. , Brinton Margo A. 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

West Nile virus (WNV) infection leads to rapid and sustained Ca
2+
influx. This influx was observed with different strains of WNV and in different types of cells. Entry during virion endocytosis as well as through calcium channels contributed to the Ca
2+
influx observed in WNV-infected cells. Ca
2+
influx was not detected after infection with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and occurred only through endocytosis in Sindbis virus-infected cells. Caspase 3 cleavage and activation of several kinases, including focal adhesion kinase (FAK), mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), and protein-serine kinase B alpha (Akt), at early times after WNV infection were shown to be dependent on Ca
2+
influx. Although the activation of these kinases was sustained in virus-infected cells throughout infection, UV-inactivated WNV induced only a transient activation of FAK and ERK1/2 at early times after infection. The Ca
2+
-dependent FAK activation observed in WNV-infected cells was not mediated by αvβ3 integrins. Reduction of Ca
2+
influx at early times of infection by various treatments decreased the viral yield and delayed both the early transient caspase 3 cleavage and the activation of FAK, Akt, and ERK signaling. The results indicate that Ca
2+
influx is required for early infection events needed for efficient viral replication, possibly for virus-induced rearrangement of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Increased caspase 3 cleavage at both early (transient) and late times of infection correlated with decreased activation of the FAK and ERK1/2 pathways, indicating a role for these kinases in extending the survival of flavivirus-infected cells.
Continued Evolution of H5N1 Influenza Viruses in Wild Birds, Domestic Poultry, and Humans in China from 2004 to 2009
Authors: Li Yanbing , Shi Jianzhong , Zhong Gongxun , Deng Guohua , Tian Guobin , Ge Jinying , Zeng Xianying , Song Jiasheng , Zhao Dongming , Liu Liling , Jiang Yongping , Guan Yuntao , Bu Zhigao , Chen Hualan 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
Despite substantial efforts to control H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs), the viruses have continued to evolve and cause disease outbreaks in poultry and infections in humans. In this report, we analyzed 51 representative H5N1 AIVs isolated from domestic poultry, wild birds, and humans in China during 2004 to 2009, and 21 genotypes were detected based on whole-genome sequences. Twelve genotypes of AIVs in southern China bear similar H5 hemagglutinin (HA) genes (clade 2.3). These AIVs did not display antigenic drift and could be completely protected against by the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 (GS/GD/1/96)-based oil-adjuvanted killed vaccine and recombinant Newcastle disease virus vaccine, which have been used in China. In addition, antigenically drifted H5N1 viruses, represented by A/chicken/Shanxi/2/06 (CK/SX/2/06), were detected in chickens from several provinces in northern China. The CK/SX/2/06-like viruses are reassortants with newly emerged HA, NA, and PB1 genes that could not be protected against by the GS/GD/1/96-based vaccines. These viruses also reacted poorly with antisera generated from clade 2.2 and 2.3 viruses. The majority of the viruses isolated from southern China were lethal in mice and ducks, while the CK/SX/2/06-like viruses caused mild disease in mice and could not replicate in ducks. Our results demonstrate that the H5N1 AIVs circulating in nature have complex biological characteristics and pose a continued challenge for disease control and pandemic preparedness.
Hit-and-Run Stimulation: a Novel Concept To Reactivate Latent HIV-1 Infection without Cytokine Gene Induction
Authors: Wolschendorf Frank , Duverger Alexandra , Jones Jennifer , Wagner Frederic H. , Huff Jason , Benjamin William H. , Saag Michael S. , Niederweis Michael , Kutsch Olaf 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) efficiently controls HIV-1 replication but fails to eradicate the virus. Even after years of successful ART, HIV-1 can conceal itself in a latent state in long-lived CD4
+
memory T cells. From this latent reservoir, HIV-1 rebounds during treatment interruptions. Attempts to therapeutically eradicate this viral reservoir have yielded disappointing results. A major problem with previously utilized activating agents is that at the concentrations required for efficient HIV-1 reactivation, these stimuli trigger high-level cytokine gene expression (hypercytokinemia). Therapeutically relevant HIV-1-reactivating agents will have to trigger HIV-1 reactivation without the induction of cytokine expression. We present here a proof-of-principle study showing that this is a possibility. In a high-throughput screening effort, we identified an HIV-1-reactivating protein factor (HRF) secreted by the nonpathogenic bacterium
Massilia timonae
. In primary T cells and T-cell lines, HRF triggered a high but nonsustained peak of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activity. While this short NF-κB peak potently reactivated latent HIV-1 infection, it failed to induce gene expression of several proinflammatory NF-κB-dependent cellular genes, such as those for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Dissociation of cellular and viral gene induction was achievable, as minimum amounts of Tat protein, synthesized following application of a short NF-κB pulse, triggered HIV-1 transactivation and subsequent self-perpetuated HIV-1 expression. In the absence of such a positive feedback mechanism, cellular gene expression was not sustained, suggesting that strategies modulating the NF-κB activity profile could be used to selectively trigger HIV-1 reactivation.
An Adjuvant for the Induction of Potent, Protective Humoral Responses to an H5N1 Influenza Virus Vaccine with Antigen-Sparing Effect in Mice
Authors: Lau Yuk-Fai , Tang Lay-Hoon , McCall Amber W. , Ooi Eng-Eong , Subbarao Kanta 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT

Intramuscular administration of inactivated influenza virus vaccine is the main vaccine platform used for the prevention of seasonal influenza virus infection. In clinical trials, inactivated H5N1 vaccines have been shown to be safe and capable of eliciting immune correlates of protection. However, the H5N1 vaccines are poorly immunogenic compared to seasonal influenza virus vaccines. Needle-free vaccination would be more efficient and economical in a pandemic, and the development of an effective and safe mucosal adjuvant will be an important milestone. A stabilized chemical analog of double-stranded RNA, PIKA, was previously reported to be a potent mucosal adjuvant in a murine model. While PIKA stimulates dendritic cells
in vitro
, little was known about its receptor and adjuvanting mechanism
in vivo
. In this study, we demonstrated that the immunostimulatory effect of PIKA resulted in an increased number of mature antigen-presenting cells, with the induction of proinflammatory cytokines at the inoculation site. In addition, coadministration of PIKA with a poorly immunogenic H5N1 subunit vaccine led to antigen sparing and quantitative and qualitative improvements of the immune responses over those achieved with an unadjuvanted vaccine in mice. The adjuvanted vaccine provided protection against lethal challenge with homologous and heterologous H5N1 wild-type viruses. Mice lacking functional TLR3 showed diminished cytokine production with PIKA stimulation, diminished antibody responses, and reduced protective efficacy against wild-type virus challenge following vaccination. These data suggest that TLR3 is important for the optimal performance of PIKA as an adjuvant. With its good safety profile and antigen-sparing effect, PIKA could be an attractive adjuvant for use in future pandemics.
Vaccinia Virus A25 and A26 Proteins Are Fusion Suppressors for Mature Virions and Determine Strain-Specific Virus Entry Pathways into HeLa, CHO-K1, and L Cells
Authors: Chang Shu-Jung , Chang Yu-Xun , Izmailyan Roza , Tang Yin-Liang , Chang Wen 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACT
Mature vaccinia virus enters cells through either fluid-phase endocytosis/macropinocytosis or plasma membrane fusion. This may explain the wide range of host cell susceptibilities to vaccinia virus entry; however, it is not known how vaccinia virus chooses between these two pathways and which viral envelope proteins determine such processes. By screening several recombinant viruses and different strains, we found that mature virions containing the vaccinia virus A25 and A26 proteins entered HeLa cells preferentially through a bafilomycin-sensitive entry pathway, whereas virions lacking these two proteins entered through a bafilomycin-resistant pathway. To investigate whether the A25 and A26 proteins contribute to entry pathway specificity, two mutant vaccinia viruses, WRΔA25L and WRΔA26L, were subsequently generated from the wild-type WR strain. In contrast to the WR strain, both the WRΔA25L and WRΔA26L viruses became resistant to bafilomycin, suggesting that the removal of the A25 and A26 proteins bypassed the low-pH endosomal requirement for mature virion entry. Indeed, WRΔA25L and WRΔA26L virus infections of HeLa, CHO-K1, and L cells immediately triggered cell-to-cell fusion at a neutral pH at 1 to 2 h postinfection (p.i.), providing direct evidence that viral fusion machinery is readily activated after the removal of the A25 and A26 proteins to allow virus entry through the plasma membrane. In summary, our data support a model that on vaccinia mature virions, the viral A25 and A26 proteins are low-pH-sensitive fusion suppressors whose inactivation during the endocytic route results in viral and cell membrane fusion. Our results also suggest that during virion morphogenesis, the incorporation of the A25 and A26 proteins into mature virions may help restrain viral fusion activity until the time of infections.