bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VITAL DYES AS MARKERS FOR BEHAVIORAL AND POPULATION STUDIES OF THE LARCH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA ERICHSONII (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Heron R. J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLarvae of the larch sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Htg.), were fed foliage of tamarack, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch, treated with solutions of the vital dyes, Nile blue sulphate, rhodamine B, and coriphosphine O, to determine their suitability as markers. Coriphosphine O was highly toxic at the concentrations administered but successful tagging was obtained with the other two dyes. Optimal dye retention and survival were obtained when larvae were fed for 3 days early in the last stadium using Nile blue sulphate and throughout the last stadium using rhodamine B.Both dyes persisted throughout development and were incorporated in the cocoons and the oviposited eggs. They could be readily seen in all stages except for the cocoons and for eggs that contained rhodamine B. The dyes could be detected in cocoons by treating them with cold KOH followed by ethanol. The presence of rhodamine B in the eggs could be ascertained by its yellow fluorescence in ultraviolet.The dyes incorporated in the cocoons are relatively stable and laboratory tests indicate they probably can withstand weathering under normal field conditions over a 1-year period.The use of these dyes for internal marking should prove useful in studying adult dispersal and flight range and as a technique for use in population studies of the larch sawfly.
REACTIONS OF SMALL MAMMALS TO VITAL DYES
Authors: Buckner Charles H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractStudies were conducted on the reactions of small mammals to the vital dyes Rhodamine B and Nile Blue. The dyes are currently in use as biological tracers for the larch sawfly. Two species of voles and two of four individual shrews reacted indiscriminately to dyed and undyed material: the reactions of the two remaining shrews varied. It was concluded that the behavior of small mammals would not affect seriously the results of field experiments using insects labeled with these dyes.
SOME RESPONSES OF FLYING AEDES AEGYPTI TO VISUAL STIMULI
Authors: Wood Peter Wm. , Wright R. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe responses of adult Aedes aegypti L. to real and simulated linear movement at inanimate target areas were investigated. The results suggested that warmth and humidity together were of greatest influence in attracting flying A. aegypti, but a dark object at ambient conditions in the vicinity of a warm humid white target received almost equal attention from the flying mosquitoes. Incident illumination as low as 100 lux markedly reduced the attractiveness of an otherwise attractive surface. Movement had a consistently small but positive attraction, though the effects of this might be obscured by local air turbulence due to the motion.
A NEW SPECIES OF CAMPTOMYIA (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE) FROM DOUGLAS-FIR CONES
Authors: Hedlin Alan F. , Johnson Norman E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractCamptomyia pseudotsugae, a new species of midge in Douglas-fir cones from Washington and British Columbia, is described. Notes on its life history and habits in relation to those of its cohabitant Contarinia washingtonensis Johnson are included.
NOTES ON THE ORGANS AND PROCESSES OF SPERM-TRANSFER IN THE LOWER DIPTERA
Authors: Downes J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn Tanyderidae, Blepharoceridae, and Cylindrotominae, the aedeagus of the male carries three seminal ducts which open independently. In the female, similarly, there are three spermathecae and their ducts lead to independent openings on the ninth sternum, spaced to correspond to those of the male. The aedeagal ducts are very narrow and arise from an ejaculatory pump supplied by the common duct of the testes; and during mating the aedeagal openings are closely applied to the spermathecal openings or inserted into the spermathecal ducts. The ejaculatory pump and closed system during mating occur in many, but not all, Nematocera and perhaps throughout the Brachycera, but the tripartite condition of the organs of sperm transfer is reduced to a bipartite condition in Phlebotominae and to a ’simple’ condition, with only a single opening of the aedeagus and spermathecal system, in nearly all other Diptera. The spermathecae themselves, however, remain three in number almost throughout the order, though their ducts unite before opening; and this pattern must have been derived from the tripartite pattern of the Tanyderidae, etc., which represents the basic condition in the order.In the Culiciformia (Culicidae, Chironomidae, Simuliidae, etc.) on the other hand, there is no ejaculatory pump but its place is taken by a wide duct lined with folded cuticle and covered by a muscular coat. The aedeagus is not suited for close apposition to the spermathecal opening. During mating a larger quantity of sperm-containing material is deposited in the surrounding atrium, as a liquid (Culicidae) or often as a spermatophore. Sperm transfer can be completed rapidly, as the pair meet in flight in the swarm. One primitive family, the Dixidae, constitutes an exception to these generalizations.The Bibionomorpha, except forAnisopus, were not studied.A brief comment is made on the characteristic small size of the dipterous spermatheca and the fineness of the spermathecal ducts.
LOMAMYIA LATIPENNIS (NEUROPTERA: BEROTHIDAE) LIFE HISTORY AND LARVAL DESCRIPTIONS
Authors: Tauber Catherine A. , Tauber Maurice J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study includes the first published record of a berothid life history and the first description of a second instar larva. The incubation period was 7 days (N = 21), and the median durations of the first and third stages were 12.5 days (N = 8) and 20.8 days (N = 5). The length of the second stadium was 3 days (N = 5). One adult emerged, after being within the cocoon for 20 days (all temperatures, 75±3°F).Eggs were laid in a stalked cluster in which there were fewer stalks than eggs. The first and third instars, which have piercing–sucking type mouthparts, were carnivorous and fed on the termite Zootermopsis angusticollis. Both of these stages were very mobile. On the other hand, the second instar, apparently a non-feeding stage, hung downward by the abdominal tip. It was not active except when disturbed, whereupon the body snapped into a straight position and then back again into the original C-shaped attitude. The cocoon was oval and transparent.Viability decreased with successive instars and it is possible that the prey offered to the immatures was an inappropriate termite species and therefore a suboptimum food source. It is also likely that unfavorable physical conditions contributed to the high mortality of the immatures.Both the second and third instar larvae are described, and the third instar is compared with a previously described third instar larva of an undetermined species within the same genus.
LIFE HISTORY, HABITS, AND DAMAGE OF A GALL MIDGE, OLIGOTROPHUS PAPYRIFERAE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), INJURIOUS TO PAPER BIRCH IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOligotrophus papyriferae Gagné is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge in mid-May and the females deposit small egg clusters on the underside of the leaf near the petiole of paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.). Larval eclosion occurs 1–2 weeks later; there are three instars. The larvae bore into and down the petiole and enter the stem or a bud attending the leaf base. Galls appear in early August. There are petiole-bud and petiole-stem galls, depending on which tissues are infested. Third-instar larvae vacate the galls in late September, work their way into the litter, and construct cocoons in which they overwinter. Pupation occurs the following May. Trees from 2 to 30 ft tall are attacked; lower branches are attacked the heaviest. Large galls kill buds, twigs, and entire branches. Small galls leave deeply indented branch scars and deformed limbs.
PHYTOSEIIDAE (ACARINA: MESOSTIGMATA) IN THE NEW JERSEY APPLE ORCHARD ENVIRONMENT WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF SPERMATHECAE AND THREE NEW SPECIES
Authors: Specht H. B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn New Jersey, Typhlodromus pomi (Parrott) was the only predacious phytoseiid mite on most non-sprayed apple and deciduous trees. It also became the most numerous phytoseiid mite recolonizing apple trees a year after toxic spray residues had dissipated. Amblyseius fallacis (Garman) was the first phytoseiid mite collected from apple trees following cessation of toxic sprays and was usually abundant at the time of large red mite populations; later, an influx of several different species occurred. A. fallacis was the most common phytoseiid mite on low growing plants and was able to tolerate higher residues of toxic materials than other species. Other phytoseiids taken from sprayed apple trees in order of abundance included A. driggeri n. sp., A. amicus (Chant), T. longipilus Nesbitt, T. conspicuus (Garman), T. mexicanus (Garman), T. caudiglans Schuster, and A. pepperi sp. n. Species other than T. pomi found on non-sprayed apple trees were A. finlandicus (Oudemans), T. longipilus, T. caudiglans, and T. conspicuus. None of these species was entirely confined to apple. Five other species were collected that were not found on apple: T. flumenis Chant, T. pyri Scheuten, A. elongatus (Garman), A. okanagensis (Chant), and A. picketti sp. n. Three species collected from greenhouse plants in association with tetranychid mites were: A. fallacis, T. longipilus, and A. picketti.Three new species of Amblyseius are described. Two undescribed males and the spermathecae of the females are illustrated.
THE ACCUMULATION OF URIC ACID IN THE FAT BODY OF SAWFLIES AND ITS DETECTION
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. , Philogène B. J. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractUric acid accumulation in the fat body of several species of Tenthredinidae and Diprionidae was determined on a qualitative and quantitative basis. Variations were found in the number of crystal agglomerations per cell and in the nature of the agglomerations between species. Uric acid dosage revealed considerable variations in concentration. Such variations could be useful for taxonomic purposes.
THE INNERVATION OF THE TERMINAL ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS (VIII–XI) OF THE DESERT LOCUST,SCHISTOCERCA GREGARIA
Authors: Seabrook W. D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe innervation of a pregenital, the genital, and postgenital segments of the male and female ofSchistocerca gregaria(Forskäl) is described in detail and is compared with other orders of the Insecta.
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE ON THE SURVIVAL OF COCOONS, AND ON ADULT EMERGENCE OF BUCCULATRIX CANADENSISELLA
Authors: Blais J. R. , Pilon J. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBucculatrix canadensisella Chambers, an important defoliator of birch trees in Canada, overwinters as a cocoon in forest-floor debris. Cocoons obtained from the field over a 3-year period showed that high mortality attributable to climatic conditions could occur during this stage. Field and laboratory experiments indicated that cocoons were quite resistant to various conditions of moisture and to cold in the fall and through the winter, but that they were highly susceptible to dry conditions at the time of morphogenesis in the spring. Cool temperatures retarded adult emergence; in nature, this would expose cocoons to a prolonged period of predation. It is concluded that weather conditions during a critical period of a few weeks in late spring could greatly affect cocoon survival of this insect. Warm, moist weather would offer optimum conditions while cool and (or) dry weather would result in high mortality.
THE SEASONAL MOVEMENTS OF WIREWORMS (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE) IN RELATION TO SOIL MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE IN THE ORGANIC SOILS OF SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Lafrance J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA 4-year study in the virgin organic soils of southwestern Quebec revealed that most elaterid larvae moved from the subsurface to the top 10 in. of soil in early May, when the soil temperature at a depth of 4 in. was approximately 35°F. This upward movement readied its peak when the topsoil moisture content was 200% and the soil temperature at 4 in., 55°F. In early June, when the soil temperature reached 67°F, the larvae began to move downward and very few larvae were found in the first top layers of soil when the temperature was above 72°F. This downward movement lasted until the end of August and again the larvae moved up to feed near the surface of the soil until the first frost, usually recorded in mid-November. The data indicate that June to early September is generally the most favourable period for growing vegetables.
INSECTS AFFECTING SEED PRODUCTION OF SHORTLEAF PINE IN THE GEORGIA PIEDMONT
Authors: Franklin Rudolph T. , Coulson Robert N. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo orders of insects, Lepidoptera and Diptera, are responsible for most of the seed destruction in shortleaf pine in the Georgia Piedmont. The phycitids Dioryctria amatella (Hulst), D. zimmermani (Groté), and D. clarioralis (Walker) were found in approximately equal numbers. A gelechiid, Battaristis vitella (Bsk.), was commonly found in dried cones. Three genera of cecidomyiids, Hyperdiplosis, Lestodiplosis, and Mycodiplosis, were found to inhabit cones and cause considerable damage.An inquiline nitidulid, Coleopterus truncatus (Rand), commonly occurs in Dioryctria-damaged cones.
THE MORTALITY OF THE PALE APPLE LEAFROLLER AND WINTER MOTH BY FUNGI AND NEMATODES APPLIED TO SOIL
Authors: Jaques R. P. , Stultz H. T. , Huston Frank 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMortality of larvae of the pale apple leafroller, Pseudexentera mail (Freeman), and the winter moth, Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus), that formed cocoons and pupated in soil or vermiculite treated with pathogens was determined in orchard and insectary tests. The entomogenous fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae reduced survival to less than 5% in most tests. The entomogenous nematode DD136 was slightly less effective. The fungus Beauveria bassiana had little effect. Less than 50% of the test insects survived in non-treated media.
SUBTERRANEAN TERMITE STUDIES IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Esenther G. R. , Gray D. E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA cooperative project between Forest Products Laboratories in the United States and Canada, initiated in 1966 to study the control effectiveness of an insecticide-treated termite attractant, is reported. It represents a bait method of control being developed to eradicate relatively large pockets of infestation.Wooden bait blocks decayed by Lenzites trabea (Pers.) Fr., which attracts termites, with and without poison coating (Mirex insecticide) were installed in experimental plots at Oxley, Ont. An abrupt suppression of termite foraging occurred in plots where insecticide was used. Observations will be continued and work extended to determine whether the poison will prevent subterranean expansion of colonies and to assess its degree of effectiveness in eliminating localized pockets of infestation.
EFFECT OF OVIPOSITION SITES ON EGG PRODUCTION AND LONGEVITY OF TROGODERMA PARABILE (COLEOPTERA: DERMESTIDAE)
Authors: Loschiavo S. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPairs of adults of Trogoderma parabile Beal were held in glass vials and provided with one of seven types of oviposition sites. Among the types of oviposition sites tested, the highest mean egg production was recorded on cotton balls and the lowest in empty glass vials. Egg production was not increased by adding food to vials that contained cotton balls. A suitable oviposition site, which provided crevices for insertion of the ovipositor, was more important than food in stimulating egg production. Non-ovipositing females lived longer than productive females on the various oviposition media. Adults fed, but did not require food to lay eggs. Mated females laid practically the same number of eggs during the oviposition period whether or not males were present.
AN ENVIRONMENTAL CABINET WITH VARIABLE AIR VELOCITY FOR INSECT STUDIES
Authors: Scott K. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA controlled environment cabinet for the study of insects or plant–insect interactions which has a novel air velocity control mechanism is described. The useful working space is 0.56 × 0.84 × 1.83 m long and the temperature in this area can be selected from 18° to 35°C at air velocities ranging from 1.5 to 18.0 km/hr. Fluorescent lamps provide a light intensity of 32,300 lm/m2, 0.32 m below the lamps.Temperatures were controlled within ±0.67°C and the air velocity was uniform within 20% throughout the working area.
STUDIES ON THE SITKA SPRUCE WEEVIL, PISSODES SITCHENSIS, IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Silver G. T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe life history of the Sitka spruce weevil, Pissodes sitchensis Hopk., is described. Adults overwinter in duff at the base of trees and emerge in April or early May. Oviposition begins in late April on leaders. The larvae hatch and mine downward, eventually girdling and killing the leader. Larvae pupate in chip cocoons under the bark. Newly developed adults start emerging in August and, prior to hibernation, feed on leaders of young trees. Adults have been observed in the field as late as December.Predators caused heavy mortality but the weevil population maintained itself and increased in some years. Parasitism was light. Natural control factors reduced the population level but were incapable of controlling a population. Satisfactory control was obtained by applying DDT and phosphamidon to leaders with a hand-sprayer early in the spring, but repeated applications would be necessary to protect a plantation through the critical years.Damage to Sitka spruce regeneration and plantations in British Columbia is severe. At present, protection of Sitka spruce plantations would require considerable expense.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. III
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe following new pyraustine taxa are described: Psammotis turkestanica n. sp., East Turkestan; P. orientalis n. s p., Hokkaido, Far-Eastern SSR, Manchuria and Siberia; Xanthopsamma, n. gen., type-sp. X. aurantialis n. sp., Chekiang, Kiangsu and Hunan provs., China; X. youboialis n. sp., Hainan I., China; Nascia cilialis christophi n. subsp., Far-Eastern SSR; N. c. kumatai n. subsp., Hokkaido; Perinephela lancealis bergmeni n. subsp., Kurile Is.; P. l. pryeri n. subsp., Hokkaido; P. l. honshuensis n. subsp., Honshu; P. l. sinensis n. subsp., Shensi Prov. and West and South China; P. l. taiwanensis n. subsp., Taiwan.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO A STUDY OF THE PYRAUSTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) OF TEMPERATE EAST ASIA. IV
Authors: Munroe Eugene , Mutuura Akira 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe following taxa are described as new: Pronomis n. gen., type-species Pyrausta delicatalis South, also containing Pyrausta profusalis Warren; Pronomis flavicolor n. sp., Taiwan; Nomis albopedalis tomariensis n. subsp., Kuriles; Nomis brunnealis n. sp., Japan and China; Gynenomis n. gen., type-species Pyrausta sericealis Wileman; Gynenomis mindanaoensis n. sp., Philippine Is., Paranomis n. gen., type-species Paranomis denticosta n. sp., Yuennan Prov., China; Paranomis nodicosta n. sp., Shensi Prov., China; Paranomis sidemialis n. sp., Manchuria; Paranomis moupinensis n. sp., Szechwan Prov., China; Oronomis n. gen., type-species Pyrausta xanthothysana Hampson.
THE STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF THE WEED HYPERICUM PERFORATUM IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Harris P. , Peschken D. , Milroy J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBiological control attempts against the weed Hypericum perforatum L. in the interior of British Columbia are summarized. Three of the insects introduced, Zeuxidiplosis giardi Kieff., Agrilus hyperici (Cr.), and Chrysolina varians (Schall.), did not survive, and reasons for their failure are discussed. Two beetles, C. hyperici (Forst.) and C. quadrigemina (Suff.), are established and their population build-up in several areas is followed over a period of 15 years. The beetles reach their optimum effectiveness in different moisture zones but neither species is effective at the arid end of the H. perforatum range. A moth, Anaitis plagiata L., was released in this zone in 1967.
CONTROL OF THE PEAR RUST MITE, EPITRIMERUS PYRI (ACARINA: ERIOPHYIDAE)
Authors: Downing R. S. , Moilliet T. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMorestan applied at the white bud, calyx, or white bud plus calyx stage on Bartlett pears gave good control of the pear rust mite, Epitrimerus pyri (Nal.), and prevented fruit russet caused by rust mite feeding. A June spray of Morestan or ethion also controlled the mite but did not prevent fruit russet. During the white bud and calyx stage, the rust mite is found at the base of leaves and flowers but moves to the fruit shortly after the calyx stage. By early June, it can cause considerable fruit russet, especially on the calyx end of the pears.
AMERICAN SPECIES OF DIORYCTRIA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE): I. WESTERN CANADIAN SPECIES OF THE ZIMMERMANI GROUP
Authors: Mutuura Akira , Munroe Eugene , Ross D. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDioryctria tumicolella, from pine blister rust, Peridermium spp., swellings on Pinus ponderosa Lawson and Son in British Columbia, Washington, Montana, and Colorado; D. contortella, from Peridermium swellings on P. contorta Douglas in British Columbia, Alberta, and Washington; D. monticolella, from trunks of P. monticola Douglas in British Columbia; and D. banksiella, from trunks of P. banksiana Lambert in Alberta, Northwest Territories and eastward, are described as new species and distinguished from the western D. cambiicola (Dyar) and the eastern D. zimmermani (Grote).
RESPONSES OF ABIES GRANDIS TO ATTACK BY SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Berryman Alan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe reactions of resistant and susceptible Abies grandis to attacks by Scolytus ventralis are described. Resistant reactions were characterized by the production of secondary resin in the cells of the phloem parenchyma and the formation of callus tissue and traumatic resin cavities at the cambium–sapwood interface. S. ventralis exhibited varying degrees of gallery establishment on resistant hosts. Some individuals were repelled by phloem resinosis before reaching the vascular cambium while others were able to construct galleries of varying length before they were repelled by resin flow from the phloem and traumatic cavities. The degree of gallery establishment appeared to be inversely associated with the rapidity of the host’s response. Necrotic resinous lesions developed around the attack and extended vertically to various distances from the attack. Callus tissue, produced at the margins of this lesion, eventually grew over and healed the wound. Vulnerable grand firs were characterized by the lack of resinosis in the phloem parenchyma, and the absence of extensive callus production and traumatic cavity formation.
ARCTIC OLETHREUTINAE (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: MacKay Margaret R. , Downes J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo species of Olethreutinae (Tortricidae), Olethreutes inquietana and Olethreutes mengelana, are known to occur in the far north. Their respective hosts are Pedicularis and Dryas. Life-history notes on inquietana, and larval descriptions and illustrations of both species are given in this paper.
AN EVALUATION OF A NEW PREDACEOUS CENTIPEDE LAMYCTES SP., ON THE GARDEN SYMPHYLAN SCUTIGERELLA IMMACULATA
Authors: Waterhouse J. Stallard 
Published: December 2009

AbstractLamyctes sp. (Chilopoda) is a predator of Scutigerella immaculata Newport and rapidly decimates symphylan soil storage cultures. In a limited soil environment this centipede controls symphylan populations to a level allowing for normal plant growth. Field populations of this predator are too small to effectively control symphylan injury to seeds and transplants.