bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3,4‐Dihydro‐3H‐pyrrol‐2‐imines as Conformationally Restrained 1,3‐Diazabutadienes: Synthesis, Structural Properties and Protonation
Authors: Janich Simon , Fröhlich Roland , Wilken Andrea , von Zamory Jan , Wakamiya Atsushi , Yamaguchi Shigehiro , Würthwein Ernst‐Ulrich 
Published: April 2009

Abstract5‐Aryl‐3,3,4,4‐tetramethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐3H‐pyrrol‐2‐imines,conformationally restrained 1,3‐diazabuta‐1,3‐diene derivatives, were easily prepared by treating aryllithium species with 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylsuccinonitrile (1). Trapping the reaction intermediate with chlorotrimethylsilane gave N‐silylated compounds 2a–e, whereas aqueous workup gave N‐H derivatives 3a,b. Pyrenyl‐substituted compound 3b was characterised by X‐ray diffraction studies, revealing the presence of both intermolecular aromatic face‐to‐face contacts and the formation of homodimers by twofold H‐bonding. N‐Silylated derivatives 2a–d were used successfully as nucleophilic components in palladium‐catalysed C–N bond‐forming reactions to obtain N‐arylated compounds 5b–h,j,k,m and 7a–d. The UV spectra of compounds 5 and 7 exhibit long wavelength absorptions up to 462 nm for 7d, thus indicating extended π–π* conjugation. Dihydropyrrolimine‐based compounds with larger conjugated aryl substituents in the 5‐position react with Brønsted and Lewis acids displaying a significant colour change that could be used to estimate the pKb of 3a to a value of –4.5. Derivatives 2c,e and 3a,b, which are not N‐arylated, are fluorescent with a Stokes shift of 107 nm (6034 cm–1) for 3a. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Development of a simplistic vegetative filter strip model for sediment and nutrient retention at the field scale
Authors: White Michael J. , Arnold Jeff G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractVegetative filter strips (VFSs) are a commonly used conservation measure to remove pollutants from agricultural runoff. The effectiveness of VFSs has been widely studied at the plot scale, yet researchers generally agree that field scale implementations are far less effective. The purpose of this research was to develop a field scale VFS submodel for the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). A model for the retention of sediments and nutrients in VFSs was developed from experimental observations derived from 22 publications. A runoff retention model was developed from Vegetative Filter Strip MODel (VFSMOD) simulations. This model was adapted to operate at the field scale by considering the effects of flow concentration generally absent from plot scale experiments. Flow concentration through 10 hypothetical VFSs was evaluated using high resolution (2 m) topographical data and multipath flow accumulation. Significant flow concentration was predicted at all sites, on average 10% of the VFS received half of the field runoff. As implemented in SWAT, the VFS model contains two sections, a large section receiving relatively modest flow densities and a smaller section treating more concentrated flow. This field scale model was incorporated into SWAT and verified for proper function. This model enhances the ability of SWAT to evaluate the effectiveness of VFSs at the watershed scale. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microelectrode Arrays for Electrochemistry: Approaches to Fabrication
Authors: Huang Xing‐Jiu , O'Mahony Aoife M. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMicroelectrode arrays have unique electrochemical properties such as small capacitive‐charging currents, reduced iR drop, and steady‐state diffusion currents. These properties enable the use of microelectrode arrays and have captured much interest in the field of electrochemistry. Techniques for the fabrication of such arrays are reviewed. The relative features and merits of different techniques are also discussed.magnified image
Hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography versus radiographic hysterosalpingography in the evaluation of tubal patency
Authors: Hamed Hossam O. , Shahin Ahmed Y. , Elsamman Aly M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of hysterosalpingo‐contrast sonography (HyCoSy) using a saline solution with that of radiographic hysterosalpingography (HSG) in the assessment of tubal patency.MethodWe compared the findings obtained by the 2 methods with those obtained by standard diagnostic laparoscopy with the chromopertubation test in a study with 88 infertile women younger than 40 years.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy of HyCoSy and HSG were similar, and 65 (74%) of the women reported the pain associated with HyCoSy as mild to moderate.ConclusionThe HyCoSy procedure is well tolerated and can be used as a primary tool for the evaluation of tubal patency in infertile women.
A defensin with highly potent antipathogenic activities from the seeds of purple pole bean
Authors: Lin Peng , Wong Jack Ho , Ng Tzi Bun 
Published: April 2009

A 5443 Da peptide with sequence homology to defensins was purified from purple pole beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. ‘Extra-long Purple Pole bean’). This peptide was isolated by adsorption on an affinity chromatographic medium Affi-Gel Blue gel and ion-exchange chromatographic media SP-Sepharose (sulfopropyl-Sepharose) and Mono S and by gel filtration on Superdex peptide. The peptide inhibited mycelial growth in Mycosphaerella arachidicola, Helminthosporium maydis, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahliae, Rhizoctonia solani, Candida albicans and Setosphaeria turcica with an IC50 of 0.8, 0.9, 2.3, 3.2, 4.3, 4.8 and 9.8 μM respectively. Its antifungal potency was higher than that of the plant defensin coccinin (IC50&gt;50 μM). It induced membrane permeabilization in C. albicans as evidenced by SYTOX Green uptake, but did not affect erythrocyte membrane permeability. It inhibited growth in M. arachidicola by inducing chitin accumulation at hyphal tips as was shown by Congo Red staining. The antifungal activity was pH stable and thermostable. The peptide inhibited the proliferation of hepatoma (HepG2), breast cancer (MCF7), colon cancer (HT29) and cervical cancer (SiHa) cells but not that of human embryonic liver (WRL68) cells. Its anti-HepG2 activity (IC50=4.1±0.8 μM, n=3) was higher than that of another plant defensin, gymnin (IC50&gt;50 μM). Its anti-MCF7 activity (IC50=8.3±0.3 μM, n=3) was similar to that of other plant defensins. It reduced the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase with an IC50 of 0.5±0.1 μM, n=3, much more potently than other plant defensins (IC50&gt;40 μM). There is the possibility of using the purple pole bean defensin for producing antifungal drugs and/or transgenic plants with fungal resistance.
Resuming Daily Life With Expressive Forms of Severe Aphasia: Observations of Adults Who Have Successfully Made Life Transitions and Clinical Implications
Authors: Lyon Jon G. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Thirty years of observation of people attempting to restructure their daily lives following aphasia's onset reveals a small fraction who have not only made this transition well but claim discovery of certain life facets or domains that exceed pre-injury presence, function, or status. This article singles out commonalities among those successful restorers of daily life in aphasia's wake and attempts to apply their lessons to our own therapeutic efforts to aid the larger percentage of individuals whose outcomes are less positive or desirable.
COX‐2 and iNOS are critical in advanced glycation end product‐activated chondrocytes in vitro
Authors: Huang C.‐Y. , Hung L.‐F. , Liang C.‐C. T. , Ho L.‐J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackground  The advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulate in joints of osteoarthritis patients. This study aimed to investigate the roles of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) pathways in AGE‐mediated cartilage damage.Materials and methods  Methylglyoxal‐modified albumin was used as the source of AGE. Porcine and human chondrocytes were prepared from the joint cartilage of pigs and osteoarthritis patients. The activation of COX‐2, iNOS, nuclear factor‐kappaB (NF‐κB), activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) and protein kinases was determined by Western blotting, kinase assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) or transfection assay. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and NO concentrations were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Griess reaction respectively. The enzymatic activity of COX was determined by measuring the conversion of arachidonic acid to PGE2. The release of sulphated glycosaminoglycan and the intensity of Safranin O staining were used to measure cartilage degradation.Results  AGE potently induced COX‐2‐PGE2 and iNOS‐NO activation in porcine and human chondrocytes. Meanwhile, the upstream molecules regulating COX‐2/iNOS activation, such as AP‐1, NF‐κB, extracellular signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) and c‐jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), were activated by AGE. Although AGE could not activate p38 directly, by measuring COX enzyme activity, the inhibition of p38 resulted in suppressing AGE‐induced conversion of arachidonic acid to PGE2. Furthermore, successful blockage of either COX‐2 or NOS activity significantly reduced AGE‐mediated proteoglycan release and cartilage degradation.Conclusions  This study highlights the significance of COX‐2 and iNOS pathways in AGE‐mediated OA pathogenesis and their potential as therapeutic targets that are beyond pain killing for OA treatment.
Minimally Invasive Inguinal Approach for Tube Cystostomy
Authors: BRAY JONATHAN P. , DOYLE RONAN S. , BURTON CAROLYN A. 
Published: April 2009

Objective—To report a technique for tube cystostomy placement via a minimally invasive inguinal approach and outcome in 9 dogs and 6 cats with urinary tract obstruction or detrusor atony.Study Design—Case series.Animals—Dogs (n=9) and cats (6).Methods—Medical records (January 2004–January 2008) of dogs and cats that had tube cystostomy via an inguinal approach were reviewed. Retrieved data included signalment, diagnosis, surgical technique, and complications. Access to the bladder was through a muscle splitting approach in the inguinal region with the cystostomy tube placed through a skin incision made several centimeters proximal to this incision and secured in the bladder by a purse string suture. Cystopexy during closure of the muscle layers ensured secure closure and minimized the likelihood of uroabdomen if tube dislodgment occurred.Results—Cystostomy tubes were placed in 5 cats as an emergency procedure for treatment of acute urinary tract obstruction or urethral rupture, and as an elective procedure in 9 dogs and 1 cat. No complications occurred during cystostomy tube placement. Postprocedural complications were minor (peristomal irritation in 2 dogs with latex catheters, catheter laceration, premature removal) and only occurred when tubes were retained for >4 weeks. Urinary tract infection at catheter removal in 6 dogs resolved with antibiotic administration.Conclusions—An inguinal approach for cystostomy tube placement facilitated rapid catheter placement into the bladder with minimal soft tissue dissection. Cystopexy during abdominal wall closure provided peritoneal protection should premature dislodgement of the cystostomy tube occur.Clinical Relevance—An inguinal approach should be considered for rapid tube cystostomy particularly in metabolically compromised animals.
Bundle‐Branch Reentrant Ventricular Tachycardia: A Possible Mechanism of Flecainide Proarrhythmic Effect
Authors: SAOUDI N. , GALTIER M. , HIDDEN F. , GERBER L. , LETAC B. 
Published: April 2009

A 42‐year‐old male with cardiomyopathy and paroxysmal at atrial fibrillation was on chronic oral amiodarone therapy (200 mg/day) and received an additional 400 mg of flecainide per day because his nondocumented palpitations recurred. Ten syncopes occurred in the two following months and the patient was referred for electrophysiologic study. The basic H#V interval was prolonged (80 msec) and QRS slightly prolonged (110 msec). Programmed ventricular stimulation consistently found a critical SH delay (260 msec) that was followed by a left bundle‐branch block type of QRS. The latter was always preceded by a His deflection (H), thereby evoking His‐Purkinje reentry. Three premature beats induced a rapid (cycle length 270 msec), sustained, poorly tolerated ventricular tachycardia (VT) with a QRS morphology identical to the bundle‐branch reentrant phenomenon.Each ventricular electrogram was preceded by an H, H‐V varying from 100 to 130 msec. Three weeks after flecainide withdrawal, the H‐V interval was 60 msec and no VT was inducible. This observation is representative of a proarrhythmic effect of flecainide in association with amiodarone.Bundle‐branch reentry ventricular tachycardia is the most likely mechanism of arrhythmia‐aggravation in this observation. It could have been induced because of intraventricular depression of conduction.
Plasma Protein Carbonyls and Breast Cancer Risk in Sisters Discordant for Breast Cancer from the New York Site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry
Authors: Zipprich Jennifer , Terry Mary Beth , Liao Yuyan , Agrawal Meenakshi , Gurvich Irina , Senie Ruby , Santella Regina M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Reactive oxygen species are important in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including breast cancer. Several population-based case-control studies have shown that various biomarkers of oxidative stress are associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. We selected sisters discordant for breast cancer (n = 645) from the New York site of the Breast Cancer Family Registry to explore factors that contribute to variation in plasma protein carbonyls, and to determine whether this biomarker is associated with an increase in breast cancer risk among those with a family history. Late age at menarche, hormone replacement therapy use, and Hispanic race were significantly associated with lower plasma protein carbonyl levels in unaffected sisters. Plasma protein carbonyls were associated with an increase in breast cancer risk [Q2 odds ratio (OR), 1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.8–2.7; Q3 OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.1–4.9; Q4 OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 0.8–4.2], although not in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that oxidative damage is a risk factor for breast cancer in high-risk women. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2966–72]
ABT-510 Is an Effective Chemopreventive Agent in the Mouse 4-Nitroquinoline 1-Oxide Model of Oral Carcinogenesis
Authors: Hasina Rifat , Martin Leslie E. , Kasza Kristen , Jones Colleen L. , Jalil Asif , Lingen Mark W. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Despite numerous advances, the 5-year survival rate for head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) has remained largely unchanged. This poor outcome is due to several variables, including the development of multiple primary tumors. Therefore, it is essential to supplement early detection with preventive strategies. Using the 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) mouse model, we sought to define an appropriate dose and duration of administration that would predict the histologic timeline of HNSCC progression. Additionally, we sought to determine the timing of the onset of the angiogenic phenotype. Finally, using ABT-510 as a proof-of-principle drug, we tested the hypothesis that inhibitors of angiogenesis can slow/delay the development of HNSCC. We determined that 8 weeks of 100 μg/mL 4-NQO in the drinking water was the optimal dosage and duration to cause a sufficient incidence of hyperkeratoses, dysplasias, and HNSCC over a period of 32 weeks with minimal morbidity and mortality. Increased microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in hyperkeratotic lesions provided evidence that the initiation of the angiogenic phenotype occurred before the development of dysplasia. Importantly, ABT-510 significantly decreased the overall incidence of HNSCC from 37.3% to 20.3% (P = 0.021) as well as the combined incidence of dysplasia and HNSCC from 82.7% to 50.6% (P &lt; 0.001). These findings suggest that our refinement of the 4-NQO model allows for the investigation of the histologic, molecular, and biological alterations that occur during the premalignant phase of HNSCC. In addition, these data support the hypothesis that inhibitors of angiogenesis may be promising chemopreventive agents.
Observations of Entry and Exit of Potential Vorticity at the Sea Surface
Authors: Czaja Arnaud , Hausmann Ute 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Although potential vorticity (PV) is central to many theories of the oceanic circulation, the entry–exit of PV at the sea surface has not been thoroughly discussed from an observational perspective. After clarifying the notion of “PV entry and exit,” and the mechanisms responsible for it, a climatology of this quantity for the Northern Hemisphere is presented.
It is found that surface PV loss over western boundary current regions and their interior extension is a robust feature over the North Pacific and Atlantic basins. At high latitudes, mechanical and diabatic effects act in concert in the North Atlantic to drive the net PV exit. In the Pacific, however, these effects oppose each other and the net entry–exit of PV is more uncertain. At low latitudes, surface winds are found to be particularly important in setting the surface PV exit in the Pacific, equatorward of the intertropical convergence zone.
Cryosectioning
Authors: Watkins Simon 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis unit describes sample preparation and sectioning methods for frozen tissue. Sections of this type are used in a variety of light microscopic procedures including in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme histochemistry. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 48:12.15.1‐12.15.7. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiplexed Analysis of Peptide Antigen‐Specific Antibodies
Authors: Drummond James E. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMany experiments require the simultaneous measurement of more than one parameter at a time. These protocols describe a multiplex method that can be used to detect two or more analytes simultaneously in the same sample preparation. Our example detects antibodies directed against peptide antigens but is amenable to most typical EIA format configurations to allow measurement of alternative analytes. We chose to use the LumAvidin bead‐based assay system due to the simplicity of coupling synthesized biotin‐peptides to the spectrally distinct bead types. The coupled beads were stored at 4°C. Using unlabeled beads as a negative control posed a significant risk of antigen migration from other labeled beads in the multiplex format. Therefore, labeled beads should be mixed immediately prior to performing the assay. Peptide‐specific units were assigned to a polyclonal standard control allowing for quantitation of sample responses. The assay has proven to be quite robust. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 48:13.10.1‐13.10.7. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Precision Polymers: Monodisperse, Monomer‐Sequence‐Defined Segments to Target Future Demands of Polymers in Medicine
Authors: Hartmann L. , Börner H. G. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe established technology platforms of solid‐phase‐supported oligopeptide and oligonucleotide synthesis can be expanded to access fully synthetic macromolecules, preserving both the monodisperse character and the defined monomer sequence. Precision polymers are sequentially assembled from a library of functional building blocks, enabling one to program interaction capabilities or generate functions by sequence‐specific positioning of functionalities. Examples are provided, showing that these monodisperse macromolecules can be conjugated to oligonucleotides, oligopeptides, or poly(ethylene glycol)s. The resulting model systems can contribute to the understanding of complex biomedical‐related processes. Due to the absence of chemical and molecular‐weight distributions in these multifunctional segments, exact correlation of the monomer sequence and (bio)properties is attainable. This is demonstrated by the design of carrier systems that exhibit fine‐tuned interactions with plasmid DNA, actively controlling important steps in DNA delivery and transfection, such as polyplex formation, DNA compression, and release of the cargo.
Marketing preferences of small‐scale farmers in the context of new agrifood systems: a stated choice model
Authors: Blandon Jose , Henson Spencer , Islam Towhidul 
Published: April 2009

AbstractConsidering the dynamic changes in agrifood systems in developing countries, this study uses a stated choice model to explore the marketing preferences of small‐scale producers of fresh fruits and vegetables in Honduras. Eight attributes, proposed in hypothetical contracts to farmers, are evaluated. The results suggest that farmers have strong marketing preferences associated with new supply chains, such as prearranging prices and quantities with buyers, but have remaining preferences for some attributes of traditional spot markets, such as the lack of grading produce, receiving cash payments, lack of delivery schedules, ability to sell at the farm gate, and ability to sell individually. Further, farmers prefer market channels that do not require major upfront investments. The results suggest that the traditional marketing preferences of farmers could impede participation of small‐holders in emerging supply chains and take advantage of the potential opportunities that new agrifood supply chains can offer. [JEL Code: Q13 O14]. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of low intensity ultraviolet‐C light on monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Lorenz Christopher M. , Wolk Bradley M. , Quan Cynthia P. , Alcala Emily W. , Eng Marian , McDonald Daniel J. , Matthews Timothy C. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAs part of an investigation to identify potential new viral reduction strategies, ultraviolet‐C (UV‐C) light was examined. Although this technology has been known for decades to possess excellent virus inactivation capabilities, UV‐C light can also introduce significant unwanted damage to proteins. To study the effect on monoclonal antibodies, three different antibodies were subjected to varying levels of UV‐C light using a novel dosing device from Bayer Technology Services GmbH. The range of fluencies (or doses) covered was between 0 and 300 J/m2 at a wavelength of 254 nm. Product quality data generated from the processed pools showed only minimal damage done to the antibodies. Aggregate formation was low for two of the three antibodies tested. Acidic and basic variants increased for all three antibodies, with the basic species increasing more than the acidic species. Peptide maps made for the three sets of pools showed no damage to two of the three antibody backbones, whereas the third antibody had very low levels of methionine oxidation evident. Samples held at 2–8°C for 33 days showed no increase in aggregates or charge variants, indicating that the proteins did not degrade and were not damaged further by reactive or catalytic species that may have been created on exposure to UV‐C light. Overall, UV‐C light was shown to induce very little damage to monoclonal antibodies at lower fluencies and appears to be a viable option for viral inactivation in biotechnology applications. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009