bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efflorescence: Evaluation of Published Test Methods for Brick and Efforts to Develop a Masonry Assembly Test Method
Authors: Chin Ian R. , Behie Bill 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The test method determining the efflorescence potential of brick is found in ASTM C67-08, Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile. This test method is based upon the “wick tests” performed at the National Bureau of Standards in 1930 to determine the tendency for 684 brick to effloresce. Both Britain and Russia have also published efflorescence test methods for brick. From 1995 through 2006, Task Group C15.02.26 on Efflorescence, a subcommittee of ASTM C15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile, evaluated the effectiveness of the ASTM C67-08 efflorescence test method. C15.02 is a subcommittee of committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units. The performance results for the ASTM, British, Russian and a modified ASTM C67-08 test on a standard brick were compared. This evaluation revealed that the ASTM C67-08 and the Russian efflorescence test methods were equally effective in predicting efflorescence potential of brick. The British test method was shown not to be effective in predicting efflorescence potential of brick. The efflorescence that developed on the types of brick rated as “effloresced” was more extensive and intense on the brick tested by the ASTM C67-08 method than the brick tested by the Russian method. In 1998, Task Group C15.05.15 on Efflorescence of Masonry Assemblies of ASTM subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry Assemblies prepared ASTM C1400-07, Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls. C15.05 is a subcommittee of committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units. Subsequently, Task Group C15.05.15 began testing to obtain information to develop a test method to predict efflorescence potential in new masonry assemblies. The testing is ongoing. The various test methods evaluated to date include the following: (1) Open top plastic box with brick test specimen inserted in each face and filling of the box with a slurry of the test mortar ingredients; (2) open top brick masonry box constructed with the brick and mortar test specimens and filling of the box with water; (3) brick masonry wallettes constructed with the brick and mortar test specimens and placed in 1-in.-deep water and exposed to moving air from a fan; and (4) masonry cubes made from ground-up brick test specimens and mortar test specimens and placed in 1-in.-deep water and exposed to moving air from a fan. This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the ASTM C67-08 efflorescence test method by Task Group C15.02.26 and of the efforts made to date by Task Group C15.05.15 to develop an efflorescence test method for masonry assemblages.
Sediment Volume Tests for Expansive Soil Identification and Classification
Authors: Prakash K. , Sridharan A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Equilibrium sediment volume tests are conducted on field soils to classify them based on their degree of expansivity and/or to predict the liquid limit of soils. The present technical paper examines different equilibrium sediment volume tests, critically evaluating each of them. It discusses the settling behavior of fine-grained soils during the soil sediment formation to evolve a rationale for conducting the latest version of equilibrium sediment volume test. Probable limitations of equilibrium sediment volume test and the possible solution to overcome the same have also been indicated.
Modeling the Effects of Temperature and Loading Rate on Fatigue Property of Asphalt Binder
Authors: Wen Haifang , Shen Shihui , Ma Zhanpeng , Wang Jingan 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Fatigue cracking is one of three major distresses for asphalt pavement. Asphalt binder is a very important component of asphaltic mixture. The fatigue performance of asphalt binder also greatly affects that of asphaltic mixture. Asphalt binder’s fatigue characteristics are affected by external conditions, such as temperature and loading rate. It is warranted to study the effects of these external conditions on fatigue of asphalt binder and take them into account. New fatigue tests and properties have been proposed to characterize the fatigue behavior of asphalt binders, such as monotonic constant shear-rate tests. This study investigated the effects of temperature and shear rate on fatigue properties of asphalt binder. Two asphalt binders were tested with a range of temperature and shear rates. It was found that time-temperature superposition principle also applies to critical strain energy density and shear strength of asphalt binders. The values of shift factors for building the master curves of critical strain energy and shear strength are comparable.
DATEV-INTERACT - eine Businessapplikation für Microsoft Surface
Authors: Hanke Marion , Toussaint Claude 
Published: May 2010

Zusammenfassung
Wie kann man die Möglichkeiten eines interaktiven Multi-Touch-Tisches optimal nutzen? Mit dieser zentralen Frage setzt sich designaffairs in den verschiedensten Projekten auseinander. Für die DATEV eG entwickelte die Münchner Agentur eine Microsoft Surface Anwendung, die den Steuerberater beim Mandantengespräch unterstützt. Im Folgenden werden die Erkenntnisse aus der Konzeption und Realisierung dieser Anwendung beschrieben und diskutiert.
User Centered Product Innovation
Authors: Hofer Ron , Götzfried Stefanie 
Published: May 2010

Zusammenfassung
Mythen umgeben die meisten großen Erfindungen. Fast immer findet man darin den Heureka-Moment: Newton musste erst ein Apfel auf den Kopf fallen, damit er die Gravitationstheorie beschreiben konnte. Die Entwicklung erfolgreicher Innovationen gestaltet sich weitaus nüchterner. Was macht Sie aus, die Innovation, wenn es nicht die magische Idee ist? In diesem Beitrag wird User Centered Product Innovation als eine Möglichkeit vorgestellt, im Wettlauf der Innovationen, Konzepte zu identifizieren, die sich an die (zukünftigen) Bedürfnisse der (zukünftigen) Nutzergruppen richten. Die Darstellung des Methodenspektrums des noch jungen Feldes zeigt, welche kreativen Wege zur Sondierung neuer Innovationsfelder bereits beschritten werden, welche Unterschiede sich zum klassischen User Research im Usability Engineering ergeben und in welchen Bereichen noch Bedarf zur Weiterentwicklung dieses Ansatzes besteht.
Radioiodination of humic substances
Authors: Franke K. , Kupsch H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe known IODO-GEN™-method [1] was adapted for radiolabeling of humic and fulvic acids with131I. The water insoluble oxidizing agent 1,3,4,6tetrachloro-3α,6α-diphenylglycoluril (IODO-GEN™) forms an iodous ion species (I+), which undergoes an electrophilic I/H-substitution on aromatic moieties of the humic and fulvic acids. This method offers mild conditions with a lesser extent of oxidative alterations of the target molecule, accompanied by an easy handling due to the virtual water-insolubility of the oxidizing agent. The method was optimized and different techniques were tested for the purification of the radioiodinated humic material. The yield of the labeling procedure varies between 45 and 75% depending on the provenance of the humic material and the applied purification method. A specific activity up to 40 MBq/mg was achieved. Furthermore, the known inherent photo-susceptibility of the iodinated humic substance and the influence of reducing agents were verified. An additional release of131I up to 20% and up to 35%, respectively were observed.
Comments on “Optimization of the decision threshold for single radioactive counting”
Authors: Sterlinski S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIt is argued that in the recent papers by A. Vivier and J. Aupiais (Radiochim. Acta95, 471 (2007) and96, 385 (2008)) some relevant probability distributions are incorrectly composed. The argument is supported by applying the Feller and Markov formulae.
Coprecipitation of gadolinium with calcium sulphate dihydrate
Authors: Bouhlassa S. , Selhamen F. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The present study reports the coprecipitation of gadolinium with calcium sulphate dihydrate, in aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid, at constant ionic strength using a radiotracer technique.
The experimental results obtained at ambient temperature, show that the quantity of gadolinium ions coprecipitated in gypsum identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and elemental analysis is very small, lower than 4ߙat.ߙ%. The mechanism of coprecipitation of Gd(III) has been discussed, although the elementary processes of the mechanism are not clear.
The distribution of gadolinium between precipitate of gypsum and saturated aqueous solutions of H2SO4 has been measured between 30 and 70 °C. Experiments of coprecipitation indicate that the coefficient of distribution of Gd(III) depends on the solubility and nature of solid calcium sulphate phase.
63Ni in Chernobyl “ruthenium hot particles” and in forest soil samples
Authors: Kleszcz Krzysztof , Mietelski Jerzy W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Results of 63Ni and 60Co determination in forest litter samples collected in 2007 in highly contaminated Chernobyl exclusion zone as well as in isolated “ruthenium hot particles” collected in 1986 in Northeastern Poland are presented. In case of bulk samples relatively complicated radiochemical procedure was necessary for nickel separation from matrix elements and other radioisotopes present. The main steps in radiochemical operations were cobalt separation on Dowex 1×8 anion-exchange resin and separation of most of the matrix elements under basic conditions. Nickel was precipitated with sodium sulfide and when dissolved in aqua regia, Ni-DMG complex was formed, extracted with chloroform and back-extracted with hydrochloric acid. 63Ni activity was measured with a liquid scintillation spectrometer, and the chemical yields were controlled by means of AAS method. A significant correlation between 60Co and 63Ni was found for both sets of samples, and the 63Ni/60Co mean ratio (decay corrected) is comparable for the two sets of samples.
Modeling of transport of radionuclides in beds of crushed crystalline rocks under equilibrium non-linear sorption isotherm conditions
Authors: Palágyi S. , Stamberg Karel 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
A simple method for fitting the values of the experimental breakthrough curves in the form of pulse response obtained in dynamic flow column experiments is presented. It is based on the equation obtained by the analytical solution of a 1-D advection-dispersion equation (ADE) under defined conditions (equilibrium dynamics, linear sorption isotherm, constant bed height, pulse input), where the concentration (or activity) dependence on the number of pore volumes is expressed explicitly. It is shown that the method can be used in the case of validity of a non-linear Freundlich sorption isotherm if the experimental data are fitted by means of a Newton-Raphson multidimensional non-linear regression procedure in which the regression function consists of the above mentioned ADE equation and of the equation for a retardation coefficient including the first derivative of the Freundlich equation. Values of four parameters, namely, Freundlich equation parameters (nF, kF), Peclet number (Pe) and integration constant (k
int) are sought in the course of the regression procedure. Applicability of the method is demonstrated in the evaluation of breakthrough curves of the 137Cs and 85Sr obtained by dynamic flow column experiments in beds of five different types of crushed crystalline rocks, where synthetic groundwater spiked with both radionuclides is used.
Influence of nitric acid and plutonium concentrations in dissolver solution of mixed oxide fuel on decontamination factors for uranyl nitrate hexahydrate crystal
Authors: Nakahara M. , Nomura K. , Washiya T. , Chikazawa T. , Hirasawa I. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In order to examine the decontamination behavior of the Pu and fission products (FPs) that contained with the uranyl nitrate hexahydrate (UNH) crystals in the U crystallization process, experiments were carried out using mixed oxide (MOX) fuel dissolver solution. The experiments confirmed that Eu was adequately decontaminated by washing the UNH crystals with a HNO3 solution. However, Ba crystallized as Ba(NO3)2 and the washing was ineffective for the decontamination of Ba. High HNO3 and Pu concentrations in the mother liquor, the decontamination factor (DF) of Cs was low because Cs precipitated with Pu as Cs2Pu(NO3)6. The Pu clearly showed a reasonable DF because the amount of Pu in the dissolver solution was higher than that of Cs. Almost all the amount of Pu remains in the mother liquor except the one in the Cs2Pu(NO3)6 precipitate.
IGF-binding protein 1 and abdominal obesity in the development of type 2 diabetes in women
Authors: Lewitt Moira S , Hilding Agneta , Brismar Kerstin , Efendic Suad , Östenson Claes-Göran , Hall Kerstin 
Published: May 2010

ObjectiveLow levels of IGF-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) are associated with metabolic syndrome and predict diabetes development in men. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of IGFBP1 in women who later develop diabetes, in relation to abdominal obesity, and to compare these levels with those of men.MethodsIGFBP1 levels were determined at baseline and after 8 years in a case–control, prospective study of Swedish women aged 35–56 years. Individuals with normal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) who developed abnormal glucose regulation (n=240) were pair matched to controls for age and family history of diabetes and also compared to men of the same age (n=355).ResultsLow fasting IGFBP1 and increased waist measurement predicted development of diabetes in women (n=60; odds ratio (OR) 70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8–661, lowest tertile and OR 27, 95% CI 5–141, highest tertile). In women developing diabetes, baseline IGFBP1 levels were lower than expected for fasting insulin values, were associated with impaired suppression after OGTT and increased during 8 years despite an increase in fasting insulin. All individuals in the highest tertile for waist and with ≤40% suppression of IGFBP1 developed diabetes within 8 years. Circulating IGFBP1 concentrations were higher in women compared to men. Women and men who developed diabetes had a similar degree of abdominal obesity, corrected for height.ConclusionsWe conclude that low IGFBP1 and elevated waist measurement predict diabetes development and that IGFBP1 production is suppressed by a novel factor(s) in women developing diabetes. Increasing levels of IGFBP1 during the emergence of diabetes in men and women suggest the emergence of hepatic insulin resistance.
Obesity and Cancer
Authors: Wolin Kathleen Y. , Carson Kenneth , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Weight, weight gain, and obesity account for approximately 20% of all cancer cases. Evidence on the relation of each to cancer is summarized, including esophageal, thyroid, colon, renal, liver, melanoma, multiple myeloma, rectum, gallbladder, leukemia, lymphoma, and prostate in men; and postmenopausal breast and endometrium in women. Different mechanisms drive etiologic pathways for these cancers. Weight loss, particularly among postmenopausal women, reduces risk for breast cancer. Among cancer patients, data are less robust, but we note a long history of poor outcomes after breast cancer among obese women. While evidence on obesity and outcomes for other cancers is mixed, growing evidence points to benefits of physical activity for breast and colon cancers. Dosing of chemotherapy and radiation therapy among obese patients is discussed and the impact on therapy-related toxicity is noted. Guidelines for counseling patients for weight loss and increased physical activity are presented and supported by strong evidence that increased physical activity leads to improved quality of life among cancer survivors. The “Five A's” model guides clinicians through a counseling session: assess, advise, agree, assist, arrange. The burden of obesity on society continues to increase and warrants closer attention by clinicians for both cancer prevention and improved outcomes after diagnosis.
Gender-Related Needs and Preferences in Cancer Care Indicate the Need for an Individualized Approach to Cancer Patients
Authors: Wessels Hester , Graeff Alexander , Wynia Klaske , Heus Miriam , Kruitwagen Cas L.J.J. , Woltjer Gerda T.G.J. , Teunissen Saskia C.C.M. , Voest Emile E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Enumerate reasons for a patient-centered model of care and plan changes in your practice/facility consistent with patient-centered care.Differentiate between the general preferences of male and female cancer patients and tailor care of individual patients accordingly.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Aim.
Improving quality of care for cancer patients requires insight into their specific wishes, needs, and preferences concerning cancer care. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of gender on cancer patients' needs and preferences.

Patients and Methods.
Data were obtained from 386 questionnaires assessing cancer patients' preferences for health care. Multivariate regression analyses were performed with data obtained from medical oncology patients treated in seven Dutch hospitals, using the scales of the questionnaire as dependent variables.

Results.
Patients rated safety, expertise, performance, and attitude of physicians and nurses highest on their list of preferences. There were significant differences between male and female patients concerning preferences in health care in 15 of the 21 scales and in two of the eight single items. Without exception, women found the care aspects mentioned in these scales and items more important than men. Multivariate regression analysis showed that, of all the patient- and disease-related factors, gender was the most important independent predictor of patient preferences.

Conclusion.
Gender impacts cancer patients' needs and preferences and should be taken into account for optimal cancer care. Cancer care might be tailored toward gender, for example, with regard to the means and extent of communication, manner and extent of support, counseling and rehabilitation, consultation length, and physician assignment. The results of this study may guide health care professionals and organizations to develop a gender-specific health care approach to further improve cancer patient–centered care.
Family Job Search, Wage Bargaining, and Optimal Unemployment Insurance
Authors: Ek Susanne , Holmlund Bertil 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
In this paper we develop an equilibrium search and matching model where two-person families as well as singles participate in the labor market. We show that equilibrium entails wage dispersion among equally productive risk-averse workers. Marital status as well as spousal labor market status matters for wage outcomes. In general, employed members of two-person families receive higher wages than employed singles. The model is applied to a welfare analysis of alternative unemployment insurance systems, recognizing the role of spousal employment as a partial substitute for public insurance. The optimal system involves benefit differentiation based on marital status as well as spousal labor market status.
Physical Activity Behavior of People With Multiple Sclerosis: Understanding How They Can Become More Physically Active
Authors: Beckerman Heleen , de Groot Vincent , Scholten Maarten A. , Kempen Jiska C.E. , Lankhorst Gustaaf J. 
Published: May 2010

Background
People with multiple sclerosis (MS) are less physically active than those without the disease. Understanding the modifiable factors that are related to physical inactivity is important for developing effective physical activity programs.

Objective
The objectives of this study were to determine levels of physical activity and to determine factors related to the physical activity behavior of adults with MS by use of the Physical Activity for People With a Disability (PAD) model. The PAD model combines the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health framework of disability and theoretical models of physical activity behavior.

Design
This investigation was a cross-sectional study.

Methods
The study participants were 106 people who had MS and who, since their definite diagnosis, had been participating in a prospective cohort study. Physical activity was assessed with the Short Questionnaire to Assess Health-Enhancing Physical Activity. The independent roles of disease characteristics and demographic, cognitive-behavioral, and environmental factors were determined using questionnaires for which reliability and validity have been established.

Results
The median total level of physical activity of participants with MS (mean age=42.8 years, median Expanded Disability Status Scale score=3, disease duration=6 years) was 10.68 metabolic equivalents × h/d (interquartile range=3.69–16.57). On average, participants spent 30 h/wk on activities with metabolic equivalents of 2 or more (interquartile range=10.7–45.0 h/wk). The regression models predicting physical activity behavior on the basis of demographic (29.4%) and disease-related (28.3%) variables explained more variance than the models based on cognitive-behavioral (12.0%) and environmental (9.1%) variables. Combining significant variables yielded a final regression model that explained 37.2% of the variance in physical activity. Significant determinants were disease severity, a disability pension, and having children to care for.

Limitations
Changes in physical activity behavior were not measured.

Conclusions
Participants with MS were less active if their disease was more severe, if they received a disability pension, or if they had children to care for. The PAD model was helpful in understanding the physical activity behavior of participants with MS.
Botulinum toxin for temporary corneal protection after surgery for vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Prell Julian , Rampp Stefan , Rachinger Jens , Scheller Christian , Alfieri Alex , Marquardt Liane , Strauss Christian , Bau Viktoria 
Published: May 2010

Object
High-grade postoperative facial nerve paresis after surgery for vestibular schwannoma with insufficient eye closure involves a risk for severe ocular complications. When conservative measurements are not sufficient, conventional invasive treatments include tarsorrhaphy and eyelid loading. In this study, injection of botulinum toxin into the levator palpebrae muscle was investigated as an alternative for temporary iatrogenic eye closure.

Methods
Injection of botulinum toxin was indicated by an interdisciplinary decision (neurosurgery and ophthalmology) in patients with a postoperative facial nerve paresis corresponding to a House-Brackmann Grade of IV or greater and documented abnormalities concerning corneal status such as keratopathia or conjunctival redness. Twenty-five IUs of botulinum toxin were injected transcutaneously and transconjunctivally.

Results
Six of 11 patients with high-grade paresis showed abnormal corneal findings in the early postoperative period. In 4 of these patients, botulinum toxin was injected; 1 patient declined the treatment, and in 1 patient it was not performed because of contralateral blindness. Temporary eye closure was achieved for 2 to 6 months in all cases. In all cases, facial nerve function had recovered sufficiently in terms of eye closure when the effect of botulinum toxin subsided.

Conclusion
The application of botulinum toxin for temporary iatrogenic eye closure is an excellent low-risk and temporary alternative to other invasive measures for the treatment of postoperative high-grade facial nerve paresis when the facial nerve is anatomically intact.