bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observations on the life-history of Alarodia nana (Möschler) (Lep., Limacodidae) in Jamaica and a method for its control on Citrus
Authors: Strangways-Dixon J. 
Published: July 2009

Alarodia nana (Möschler) (Lepidoptera, Limacodidae) is a major pest of Citrus in Jamaica. An outbreak of the larvae, the ‘ slug caterpillar ’, may result in severe defoliation. All stages are found on the foliage and are present throughtout the year; the adults are inactive by day and appear to be weak fliers.Earlier attempts to breed the insect in the laboratory had been unsuccessful, and, whereas attempts at control had indicated that malathion was effective against the larvae, reingestation had invariably taken place, well-grown larvae being found five weeks after treatment.In the present work, done in 1963–4, adults that emerged from field-collected cocoons held in wire-mesh cages over Citrus plants in the laboratory mated on the night of emergence and the females oviposited readily on the following night. A technique for rearing individual larvae and for measuring their head capsules is described. In the laboratory at a mean midday temperature of about 27°C., the incubation period of the eggs was 6–8 days, and the durations of the larval and pupal phases 25–42 and 14–19 days, respectively.Results of a search for secondary host-plants from which reinfestation might take place were negative. Observations of emergence in the laboratory of adults from cocoons collected just before and just after the application to an orchard of a low-volume malathion spray derived from a 57 per cent. emulsifiable concentrate by dilution at the rate of 1: 80 in water showed that many pupae had survived the application, and suggested that reinfestation might arise from moths emerging from such pupae.A field trial comprising two application of the low-volume spray of malathion was carried out; the second application, designed to destroy larvae derived from pupae that had survived the first application, was made after an interval of 312; weeks and was completely successcful.
Abnormalities of growth and metamorphosis in some Pyrrhocorid bugs: the paper factor
Authors: Carlisle D. B. , Ellis Peggy E. 
Published: July 2009

After exposure of nymphs of some Pyrrhocorid bugs to contact with certain papers or wood chips, abnormal adults are produced. Some have crumpled wings (distorted adults) and a proportion of these do not berrd, others have wing buds resembling those of a last-stage nymph and can never breed (juvenile adults). A study was made on Pyrrhocoris apterus L. and Dysdercus intermedius Dist. of the source of the factors causing these abnormalities, which were more severe in the latter species.Exposure of nymphs to paper fro the Scientific American or the Sunday Express resulted in the production of 60–100 per cent. ‘juvenile’ adults, the others showing lesser deformities. Chips from the Baisam Fir (Abies balsamea) resulted in almost 100 per cent. ‘juvenile adults’ in Dysdercus and over 80 per cent. distorted adults in yPyrrhocoris. Chips from two other common American pulp trees (Pseudotsuga taxifolia and Tsuga albertiana) resulted in only a few distorted adults and no ‘juvenile adults’. Several chemial pulps were tested but none caused deformities, and it was conculded that the chemical processes removed all the active priniciples, even from the wood of the Balsam Fir. Mechanically produced pulp from the Balsam Fir was, in contrast, fully active. It was conculded that daily newspapers may contain enough mechanical pulp from active woods to produce the deformities, but that the active material must be in substances added later in manufacture to the papers used in the Scientific American, some copies of Nature, and tissues.A number of tree products (mainly terpenoids) that are commonly added to paper in the final stages of manufacture were tested as extracts applied to filter paper. Tall oil rosin had little or on effect on the growth of either species, but it resulted in an increase in the number of eggs laid. Gum rosin had little effect on either species, except to produce a few distorted adults. Wood rosin likewise had little effect on P. apterus, but produced many distorted adults of D. intermedius, of which very few laid eggs. Bornly acetate, a common component of the tree orsins, produced some distorted adults of both species, and greatly reduced fertility in D. intermedius.None of the qctive mqteriqls affected locusts (Schistocera gregaria Forsk. and Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F.) except that myrrh oil (a terpenoid) increased the rate of sexusl maturation.
A revised key to the Enicospilus antefurcalis (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) species-group of the Afrotropical region
Authors: Gauld I. D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA revised key is given to the Enicospilus antefurcalis (Szépl.) species-group, some species of which are parasites of Lepidoptera of economic importance, of the Afrotropical region. One Oriental species, E. laqueatus (End.), is recorded for the first time from Africa and two species, E. watshami sp. n. and E. polemus sp. n., are described.
Species composition and cyclical changes in numbers of savanna blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) caught by suction traps in the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area of West Africa
Authors: Johnson C. G. , Crosskey R. W. , Davies J. B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTen large suction traps were operated continuously, day and night, throughout the wet season of 1977 at four widely separated places within the area of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin (OCP) in West Africa. At least ten species ofSimuliums.l. were trapped and the daily catches were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. In the total catch of 9189 flies there were 187 males and 9002 females; among the latter only six were gravid and only five contained a full blood-meal. Cyclical changes in numbers, with periodicities ranging from 10 to 20 days, were analysed in series of overlapping Gaussian distributions, each possibly reflecting the rise and fall of a distinct population. Similar patterns in the sequence of cycles were shown byS. adersiPomeroy,S. ruficorneMacq.,S. evillenseFain, Hallot & Bafort and other species at a particular trapping site. Patterns differed between catching sites, except in the general tendency for population maxima to increase during the season. In some species, notablyS. adersi, populations decreased in late July and early August before increasing greatly in September (end of the rains) prior to the October onset of the dry season. Among the species caught,S. evillensewas present at all four trapping sites and particularly abundant at two of them, although the species has never been recorded before in West Africa and its early stages remain undiscovered there despite special searches for them since the capture of adult flies. By contrast, only four specimens ofS. hargreavesiGibbins were trapped although this species is abundant in local breeding sites. Diel flight periodicity was recorded over a one-week period at the extreme end of the wet season and showed that most flies were caught in the daytime;S. ruficorneshowed a greater tendency to a unimodal periodicity than other species. The behaviour of flies at the time of capture is discussed, including a consideration of the local wind speeds and the air speed ofSimuliums.l.
The distribution and synonymy of Coccus Celatus De Lotto (Hemiptera: Coccidae) and its importance on coffee in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Williams D. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractCoccus celatus De Lotto is now established on coffee in Papua New Guinea where it is causing some concern. As a result of studying extensive collections of this species from the Sudan and Papua New Guinea, it is now possible to synonymise the name C. consimilis De Lotto with C. celatus. An account of the distribution and host range is given.
A new subspecies of Dimorphopterus Cornutus Slater (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) from Papua New Guinea on rice and carpet grass
Authors: Ghauri M. S. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDimorphopterus cornutus novaeguineae subsp.n. is described from Papua New Guinea. Adults and immatures were collected from dying rice and a lawn of carpet grass (Axonopus compressus). Members of the genus Dimorphopterus and allied genera are known as chinch bugs and damage Gramineae in the tropics and subtropics. The differences between this subspecies and D. cornutus cornutus Slater are illustrated and described in detail.
The dispersal and survival of Anopheles Culicifacies Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Sri Lankan village under malathion spraying
Authors: Rawlings P. , Davidson G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo mark-release-recapture experiments with Anopheles culicifacies Giles were carried out immediately before and one month after a round of malathion spraying of houses (at 2 g/m2) in a village in north-western Sri Lanka. In the first experiment the measurement of bidirectional movement of females collected in two halves of the village showed that movement was somewhat affected by wind direction; the percentage of migrants moving partially upwind was greater (11·4) than that in the reverse direction (6·4). The best estimates of daily survival were 0·79 before spraying and 0·44 after spraying; population sizes were about 44 500 and 1300, respectively. The proportion of females resting in the collection huts rose after spraying. The results are discussed with reference to the evolution of insecticide resistance in populations under insecticidal pressure and those populations not selected by spraying.
Trapping female cabbage root flies (Delia radicum (L.)) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) with allylisothiocyanate-Baited traps
Authors: Finch S. , Skinner G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField experiments in England with traps baited with allylisothiocyanate (ANCS) showed that females of Delia radicum (L.) were distributed more or less evenly through established brassica crops. Reducing the quantity of ANCS released from the traps either by diluting the concentrate with liquid paraffin or by presenting the concentrate in Wädenswil dispensers reduced the numbers of females caught. There was no indication that ANCS became repellent, even when released at a rate of 24 ml/trap per day. For maximum effectiveness, the ANCS dispenser had to be placed at the centre rather than at the edge of the trap. Attempts to make traps more effective by releasing the ANCS from several point sources around a trap, in the hope that this broader odour plume would ‘ attract ’ more flies, were unsuccessful. The ANCS-baited trap had an effective zone only 5 m in radius.
A comparison of two types of trap for sampling dung beetle populations (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Doube Bernard M. , Giller Paul S. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effectiveness of pitfall traps baited with cattle dung enclosed in a gauze bag and pads of cattle dung on soil as methods for sampling dung beetle populations was assessed in the summer-rainfall regions of South Africa using 17 species of nocturnal/crepuscular tunnelling beetles. Pitfall traps accumulated the catch and prevented both access to and emigration from the dung bait. In contrast, beetles had direct access to dung pads on soil which allowed colonists to modify the bait and to emigrate. The number of beetles collected was therefore the net result of immigration and emigration. On each of five occasions in November–December 1985, 40 pitfall traps and 40 dung pads were set out in the evening and the trapped beetles recovered the following morning. Overall, 3774 individuals were trapped. For most species there was no significant difference between trap types in the numbers caught but two species were significantly more numerous in pitfall traps and one species was more numerous in the dung pads. However, both methods produced similar patterns of rank abundance of species (r=0.95). There was no evidence that beetles were more evenly distributed between dung pad baits than between pitfall traps.
Intensive free-choice and no-choice cohort tests for evaluating resistance to Maruca testulalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in cowpea
Authors: Echendu T.N.C. , Akingbohungbe A.E. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA method for intensive screening of cowpea for resistance to Maruca testulalis (Geyer) is described. It is capable of ensuring uniform infestation and thus eliminating problems due to escapes. Four cowpea varieties earlier identified from field screening trials as resistant (TVU 946, TVU 1896 AG, H 51–1 and 2 AK) and three susceptible varieties (Ife Brown, H 144–1 and 58–185) were screened using this method. The results confirmed the status of the resistant varieties. Some effects on M. testulalis included, non preference for oviposition and larval feeding, and antibiosis manifested by reduced final larval instar weight, elongated pupal period and smaller sized emerging adult females.
Toxicity of sesame extracts to the symbiotic fungus of leaf-cutting ants
Authors: Pagnocca Fernando Carlos , da Silva Osvaldo Aulino , Hebling-Beraldo Maria Jose , Bueno Odair Correa , Fernandes João Batista , Vieira Paulo Cesar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExtracts of different sesame plant (Sesamum indicum) Linnaeus organs inhibited the in vitro growth of the fungus Leucocoprinus gongylophorus (Möller) (=Rozites gongylophora Möller), which is cultivated by the leaf-cutting ants of the species Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). The presence of the factor responsible for this inhibition was detected in methanol or chloroform extracts and is constant in the plant.
Factors influencing oviposition, larval growth and mortality in Chrysomya megacephala (Diptera: Calliphoridae), a pest of salted dried fish in south-east Asia
Authors: Esser John R. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory investigations were conducted into factors affecting oviposition, larval growth and mortality in the blowfly Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius), an important cause of losses of salted dried fish in south-east Asia. When presented with a choice of fish spiked with recently laid C. megacephala eggs and unspiked fish, the flies preferentially oviposited on the spiked fish. Subsequently choice experiments indicated that the attraction exerted by the eggs was mainly olfactory in nature. When presented with oviposition media of a range of salt concentrations, C. megacephala preferentially oviposited on the medium of lowest concentration. In the absence of choice, C. megacephala readily oviposited on fish that had been salted to levels of up to 40% dry weight basis (dwb). Trials investigating the effects of feeding medium salt concentration on larval growth and mortality indicated that a high salt concentration of about 40% (dwb) is necessary to effectively control infestation of salted fish by C. megacephala. Such high salt concentrations are rarely obtained in commercially produced salted dried fish in south-east Asia and would be unlikely to gain consumer acceptance.
Sterilizing tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) in the field: a successful trial
Authors: Hargrove J.W. , Langley P.A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe juvenile hormone mimic, pyriproxyfen, applied topically to female tsetse flies, Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen, effectively sterilizes them by arresting development of their offspring in the pupal stage. Between July and November 1989, 41 odour baited traps treated with pyriproxyfen were deployed near Rekomitjie Research Station, Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe, in a 12.3 km2 block of woodland habitat of G. m. morsitans and G. pallidipes. Tsetse entering the traps brushed against material dosed with 2 mg/cm2 pyriproxyfen and were then allowed to escape. Emergence rates from pupae of the two species collected in the block fell to 30% and 2.7%, respectively, of control levels after three months. Of more than 750 pupae of each species dissected 78% and 94%, respectively, showed incomplete development. The average ovarian age category of female G. pallidipes sampled in the block doubled during the trial. This was due to immigration of older flies and the declining birth rate which, if sustained over a large area for a year, was estimated as sufficient to cause a population reduction to 10−6 of its original level.
Traps and odour baits for the tsetse fly, Glossina longipennis (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Kyorku C. , Brightwell R. , Dransfield R.D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractStudies were carried out at Nguruman, south-west Kenya to develop an effective trap/odour bait system that could be used for sampling and possibly controlling the tsetse Glossina longipennis Corti. Neither acetone nor cow urine increased trap catches significantly when used alone, but together they increased catches by about four to five times. Used with a target and electric screens, acetone with p-cresol, 3-n-propyl phenol and 1-octen-3-ol gave a significantly higher index of increase than did acetone and cow urine. The use of odour baits did not affect the age composition of the catch. The standard F3 trap was about three and a half times more effective for females than was the biconical trap and about eight times more effective when used without its blue floor. The NG2B was the best of the NGU series of designs, and caught about four times more females than did the biconical trap. Neither the F3 nor the NG2B caught significantly more males than the biconical trap. The NG2B caught a significantly higher proportion of parous female flies than the biconical. Either the F3 or the cheaper NG2B, baited with acetone and cow urine or phenols, is recommended as a sampling tool for G. longipennis. Electric screen experiments showed that the NG2B caught less than 10% of the flies that approached it. Despite this, it might still be effective for control of G. longipennis given the high mobility of this species and the consequent likelihood of encountering traps.
Exploration for natural enemies of the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihoti(Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in South America for the biological control of this introduced pest in Africa
Authors: Löhr B. , Varela A.M. , Santos B. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAreas in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil and Paraguay were searched for the cassava mealybug,Phenacoccus manihotiMatile-Ferrero. The mealybug was located in the Paraguay River basin in the Santa Cruz de la Sierra area of eastern Bolivia, the Mato Grosso do Sul state in South-Western Brazil and in Paraguay east of the Paraguay River. Mealybug populations were extremely low in all areas but there was a period of increase from August to December. Eighteen species of natural enemies were found attackingP. manihoti: the most abundant and also most important were a solitary, internal parasitoid,Epidinocarsis lopezi(DeSantis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae),Hyperaspis notataMulsant andDiomusspp. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), andOcyptamusspp. (Diptera: Syrphidae). Collections of a closely related mealybug,Phenacoccus herreniCox & Williams yielded two additional encyrtid parasitoids,Epidinocarsis diversicornis(Howard) andAenasiussp. nrvexansKerrich, but they did not survive onP. manihoti.Four parasitoids (E. lopezi, E. diversicornis, Parapyrus manihotiNoyes andAllotropasp.) and four predators (H. notata, Diomussp.,Sympherobius maculipennisKimmins, andExochomussp.) were sent for quarantine. With the exception ofParapyrus manihoti, all mentioned natural enemy species were forwarded to the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture at Ibadan, Nigeria for mass rearing and subsequent release.
Some factors affecting responses of four stored product beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae & Bostrichidae) to pheromones
Authors: Obeng-Ofori D. , Coaker T.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMales of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum (Duval) (Tenebrionidae), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Bostrichidae) secrete aggregation pheromones attractive to both sexes. Responses of the four species to synthetic aggregation pheromones were investigated in relation to age, habituation, time of day, sex and previous mating experience in an olfactometer in which odour gradients were set up in moving air. Habituation reduced pheromone response in all the species tested but all recovered to pre-habituation levels after 48 h except Tribolium spp. males. Both sexes of T. castaneum and T. confusum were responsive to pheromone immediately upon eclosion, males reaching maximum response after 19 and 21 days and females after 21 and 16 days, respectively. Pheromone response was linearly related to age of the Tribolium spp. and T. castaneum males showed a greater response than the females. Sex or having mated did not affect the responses of T. confusum, P. truncatus and R. dominica. All the pheromones evoked periodicity of response, peaking between 10.00 and 18.00 h.
Tsetse fly (Diptera: Glossinidae) population dynamics and the estimation of mortality rates from life-table data
Authors: Williams Brian G. , Dransfield Robert D. , Brightwell Robert 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe estimation of tsetse fly mortality rates from life-table data is central to opulation dynamics studies and to the development of tsetse fly control programmes. For a population at equilibrium with a stable age distribution, the age-specific mortalities may be estimated directly from the number of individuals in each age class, but a correction must be applied when the population is growing or declining. Furthermore, if the mortality rates are changing with time, inaccuracies will be introduced into estimates of the mortality rates derived from the age structure of the population since the population will take time to reach a new stable age distribution. In this paper we use the Euler-Lotka equation, which relates the age-specific mortality and fecundity to the overall growth rate of the population, to study the loss rate of the tsetse flyGlossina pallidipes(Austen) as a function of pupal mortality, adult mortality and mortalities applied to each age class seperately. We then present a simulation model in order to quantity and to set limits on the precision of estimates of mortalities when the mortalities are themselves changing.
Effects of juvenile hormone mimics on the codling moth Cydia Pomonella (L.) (Lep., Olethreutidae)
Authors: Gelbič I. , Sehnal F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLaboratory experiments with juvenile hormone analogues on Cydia pomonella (L.) showed that Cecropia C17 juvenile hormone (methyl 10,ll-epoxy-3,7,ll-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate) was the most active of the 28 compounds tested. When applied to four-hour-old eggs at 0.1 μg/egg, the hormone caused 100% failure in embryogenesis, while the other compounds were at least five times less effective. Depending on the time since ecdysis and the dose, juvenile hormone mimics applied to last-instar larvae resulted in a wide range of intermediate forms. Against three-day-old last-instar larvae, the Cecropia C17 hormone gave 100% inhibition of development at a dose of 1 μg/larva, while three other compounds (methyl 10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate, ethyl 11-chloro-3,7,11-trimethyl-2-dodecenoate and ethyl 3,7,11-tri-methyl-2,4-dodecadienoate) gave the same effect at 2–5 μg/larva. Against newly emerged adults, the last two compounds at 10–50 μg/insect reduced fecundity and fertility to 0–81% and 0–50%, respectively, of their normal levels.