bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutting Edge: IL-27 Induces the Transcription Factor c-Maf, Cytokine IL-21, and the Costimulatory Receptor ICOS that Coordinately Act Together to Promote Differentiation of IL-10-Producing Tr1 Cells
Authors: Pot Caroline , Jin Hulin , Awasthi Amit , Liu Sue Min , Lai Chen-Yen , Madan Rajat , Sharpe Arlene H. , Karp Christopher L. , Miaw Shi-Chuen , Ho I-Cheng , Kuchroo Vijay K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
IL-27 has recently been identified as a differentiation factor for the generation of IL-10-producing regulatory type 1 (Tr1) T cells. However, how IL-27 induces the expansion of Tr1 cells has not been elucidated. In this study we demonstrate that IL-27 drives the expansion and differentiation of IL-10-producing murine Tr1 cells by inducing three key elements: the transcription factor c-Maf, the cytokine IL-21, and the costimulatory receptor ICOS. IL-27-driven c-Maf expression transactivates IL-21 production, which acts as an autocrine growth factor for the expansion and/or maintenance of IL-27-induced Tr1 cells. ICOS further promotes IL-27-driven Tr1 cells. Each of those elements is essential, because loss of c-Maf, IL-21-signaling, or ICOS decreases the frequency of IL-27-induced differentiation of IL-10-producing Tr1 cells.
Cutting Edge: B220+CCR9− Dendritic Cells Are Not Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells but Are Precursors of Conventional Dendritic Cells
Authors: Segura Elodie , Wong June , Villadangos José A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Mouse lymphoid organs contain two major subsets of dendritic cells (DC) that differ in their phenotype and functions: conventional DC (cDC) and plasmacytoid DC (pDC). Recently, it has been proposed that differential expression of CCR9 could distinguish functionally distinct pDC subsets. We show that B220+CCR9− DC do not express classical pDC markers and have a developmental origin different from that of pDC. Furthermore, B220+CCR9− DC do not secrete IFN-α in response to CpG and, unlike pDC, can efficiently present exogenous Ags. Our results demonstrate that B220+CCR9− DC do not represent a subset of pDC. After in vivo transfer, these cells down-regulate B220 expression and convert into the two major cDC subsets, showing that they are a developmental stage of cDC differentiation.
Thermo‐Switchable Charge Transport and Electrocatalysis Using Metal‐Ion‐Modified pNIPAM‐Functionalized Electrodes
Authors: Riskin Michael , Tel‐Vered Ran , Willner Itamar 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMetal ions (Ag+, Cu2+, Hg2+) are incorporated into an electropolymerized, poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide), pNIPAM, thermosensitive polymer associated with an electrode using the “breathing‐in” method. The ion‐functionalized pNIPAM matrices reveal ion‐dependent gel‐to‐solid phase‐transition temperatures (28 ± 1 °C, 25 ± 1 °C, 40 ± 1 °C for the Ag+, Cu2+, and Hg2+‐modified pNIPAM, respectively). Furthermore, the ion‐functionalized polymers exhibit quasi‐reversible redox properties, and the ions are reduced to the respective Ag0, Cu0, and Hg0 nanocluster‐modified polymers. The metal‐nanocluster‐functionalized pNIPAM matrices enhance the electron transfer (they exhibit lower electron‐transfer resistances) in the compacted states. The electron‐transfer resistances of the metal‐nanocluster‐modified pNIPAM can be cycled between low and high values by temperature‐induced switching of the polymer between its contracted solid and expanded gel states, respectively. The enhanced electron‐transfer properties of the metal nanocluster‐functionalized polymer are attributed to the contacting of the metal nanoclusters in the contracted state of the polymers. This temperature‐switchable electron transfer across a Ag0‐modified pNIPAM was implemented to design a thermo‐switchable electrocatalytic process (the temperature‐switchable electrocatalyzed reduction of H2O2 by Ag0‐pNIPAM).
Evolution of S/N surface functional group of zhungeer lignite/char during rapid combustion
Authors: Hu Song , Zhang An C. , Fu Peng , Xiang Jun , Sun Lu S. , Su Sheng , Qiu Ji H. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSurface characteristics of Chinese lignite were studied under the combustion conditions at temperatures ranging from 1037 to 1337 K. The characteristics of major pollution elements (nitrogen and sulfur) and their related functional groups on the surface of zhungeer (ZG) raw coal and chars were determined using the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and element analysis. The research results showed that particle surface contained similar component of pyridinic and pyrrolic nitrogen and had six kinds of sulfur functionalities. Moreover, functional groups of major pollution elements on particle surface presented different evolution trends during combustion. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mercury and halides emissions from 200 MW pulverized coal combustion boiler
Authors: Wu Hui , Qiu Jian‐Rong , Tang Shun‐Lin , Liu Hao , Wang Quan‐Hai , Zeng Han‐Cai 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMercury emission from coal‐fired power plants is the major industrial source of mercury pollution in China. For a better understanding about the coal combustion Hg emission in China, a field measurement was conducted on a 200 MW pulverized coal fired boiler. Halides being proved to be mercury transformation participators, the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) recommended Ontario Hydro method (OHM) and EPA Method 26A were adopted to determine the speciation of Hg and halides in postcombustion flue gases, respectively. Results indicated that, as the flue gas cooling down, the percentage of oxidized mercury in total gas phase mercury (Hg2+(g)/HgT(G)) increased from 41% to about 74% across the electrostatic precipitator (ESP) outlet. Oxidized mercury (Hg2+(g)) was more apt to be absorbed onto the fly ash. The main halides measured in flue gas were HF and HCl, while the concentrations of Cl2 and HBr were extremely low and no Br2 was detected in flue gas. Analysis indicated that acid flue gas components, such as HCl, HF, SO2 and NO, showed a certain extent of promotion on Hg oxidation. The measured mercury emission factor (EMF) in this test was 5.63 g/1012J (13.1 lb/1012Btu). Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and synthesis of separation process based on a hybrid method
Authors: Li Chunshan , Wozny Günter , Suzuki Kenzi 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA new general hybrid methodology for separation process synthesis and design is proposed, which considers different separation technologies by integrating mathematical modeling—Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) with heuristic approaches and thermodynamic insights. The methodology can provide suitable guidance for the initial separation process design and energy saving. Firstly, a general separation synthesis system based on thermodynamic insights is developed to select suitable separation techniques before sequencing, which reduces the complexity and size of synthesis search space. Then, the pseudo‐component concept is proposed and used to deal with the azeotrope contained in the mixture, which widens the scope of the application of the proposed methodology. The AHP method is used to make a separation sequence by pairwise comparison matrices. Lastly, the separation of the pseudo‐component will be considered, and it performs energy integration and a detailed process design. Application of the proposed methodology is highlighted through two industrial examples: one is the separation synthesis of a light‐end refinery mixture. The other is azeotrope system, the mixture of phenol, o‐cresol, p‐cresol, and m‐cresol. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the mechanical properties of lyocell textile materials crosslinked with 2,4‐diacrylamidobenzenesulfonic acid under swollen and nonswollen conditions
Authors: Ibbett Roger , Su Yan , Renfew Hunter , Phillips Duncan , Taylor Jim 
Published: July 2009

AbstractLyocell fabrics were treated with 2,4‐diacrylbenzenesulfonic acid (DABS) crosslinking agent under wet and dry reaction conditions, and also for comparison with a conventional dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea (DMDHEU) agent, reacted under dry conditions. All treatments with DABS led to an improvement in wet and also dry fabric abrasion resistance, measured using the Martindale test, whereas treatment with DMDHEU reduced dry abrasion resistance. A model based on the kinetic strength theory of Zhurkov was used to interpret results, where dry‐state abrasion is reduced through stress concentration at the rigid DMDHEU crosslinks, which does not occur with the larger flexible DABS crosslinks. Tensile testing of treated lyocell fabrics revealed that breaking strength initially increased at low levels of DABS fixation, but fell at similar levels of DMDHEU fixation. The effect with DABS is due to an increase in the effective molecular weight, which can outweigh the development of stress concentration due to crosslinking. The Zhurkov model was also used to interpret the wet‐state abrasion resistance of lyocell fabrics. From this it is concluded that water swelling leads to an increase in stress concentration within fiber structure because of the loss of lateral interfibrillar connectivity, which is reestablished by both DMDHEU and DABS crosslinking. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Degradation of nano ZnO‐glass fiber‐unsaturated polyester composites
Authors: Peng Guirong , Li Qingshan , Yang Yanling , Wang Haifeng 
Published: July 2009

AbstractDegradation behavior of ZnO‐glass fiber‐unsaturated polyester composite under exposure to a metal halide lamp is investigated by means of DSC and FTIR. The FTIR results show that the UV photons can increase the carbonyl group on the surface, but ZnO can decrease the carbonyl content and further contribute to the breaking of single bond of carbon to oxygen on the surface. All of the results indicate that for pure unsaturated polyester under the UV exposure in air, the major reaction is photo‐initiated oxidation, whereas for the composites with ZnO, decarbonylation is the major effect. In addition, when the content of ZnO is not higher than 4 wt %, the composites are still transparent, and its effects on the crosslinking process and thermal stability are insignificant. Thus, ZnO can be used as a stabilizer of unsaturated polyester for the glass fiber reinforced polymer industry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Crystallization behavior and crystallization kinetic studies of isotactic polypropylene modified by long‐chain branching polypropylene
Authors: Ni Qing‐Lin , Fan Jia‐Qi , Dong Jin‐Yong 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn this article, we discuss the crystallization behavior and crystallization kinetics of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) modified by long‐chain‐branching (LCB) high‐melt‐strength iPP over a wide composition range, that is, LCB‐iPP from 10 to 50 wt %. Over the entire range we investigated, the presence of LCB‐iPP accelerated crystallization in both the isothermal crystallization process and nonisothermal crystallization process, even when the LCB‐iPP content was as low as 10%, and both crystallization processes were enhanced more significantly as the LCB‐iPP content increased. Hoffman–Lauritzen theory analysis revealed that the fold‐free energy decreased effectively with the occurrence of the LCB structure, although the growth rate of spherulites was depressed, as shown by polarized optical microscopy. Meanwhile, the regime III–regime II transition temperature was about 15° higher for all of the LCB‐iPP compositions than that of iPP because the LCB structure reduced the mobility of the polypropylene chains. Furthermore, the γ‐form crystal structure was favored by LCB compared to the β form, which was supported by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A versatile approach to develop porous hydrogels with a regular pore distribution and investigation of their physicomechanical properties
Authors: Samaryk Volodymyr , Voronov Andriy , Tarnavchyk Ihor , Kohut Ananiy , Nosova Natalya , Varvarenko Serhiy , Voronov Stanislav 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPorous polyacrylamide (PAAm) hydrogels with enhanced mechanical properties and regular pore distribution have been synthesized by a unique and facile methodology, which involves formation of the hydrogel pores by leaching out chemically modified silica particles. To improve the pore distribution and mechanical properties of the hydrogel network, porogen particles have been modified with PAAm chains chemically attached to the silica surface. Grafting polymerization initiated by peroxide groups immobilized on the particle surface has been used for this modification. The grafted PAAm layer on the silica surface improves the dispersibility of the porogen material in the hydrogel composition, and simultaneously forms pore “walls” reinforcing the hydrogel network, after leaching out the silica particles. The proposed synthetic way for the development of porous hydrogels includes three steps: (i) tethering of PAAm chains to silica particles due to the grafting polymerization initiated by an adsorbed polyperoxide macroinitiator (PPM), (ii) simultaneous crosslinking of grafted PAAm chains and PAAm forming hydrogel network, and (iii) pore formation by leaching out silica particles in the presence of hydrofluoric acid. The PPM has been synthesized by a free radical copolymerization of the peroxide monomer (PM) N‐(tert‐butylperoxymethyl)acrylamide with acrylamide. Both PM and PPM have been developed in our lab, and applied for the synthesis of porous polymeric hydrogels. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Poly(MMA)‐b‐poly(monophosphonic acrylate) diblock copolymers obtained by ATRP and used as additives for anticorrosive coatings
Authors: David Ghislain , Negrell Claire , Manseri Abdelatif , Boutevin Bernard 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of dimethyl(methacryloyloxy)methyl phosphonate (MAC1P) was investigated in toluene, in the presence of methyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate as the initiator, and using different metal and ligand systems. Polymerization proceeded with very low monomer conversion, which was attributed to the ability of phosphorus to complex the copper ions, removing copper ions from original ligand, and then stopping the MAC1P polymerization. Poly(MMA)‐b‐poly(phosphonate acrylate) diblock copolymer structure was efficiently obtained by the ATRP process, based on a four‐step reaction. Poly(MMA)‐b‐poly(tert‐butyl acrylate) diblock copolymer was first obtained by ATRP, then the tert‐butyl groups were removed and phosphonate functions were incorporated by esterification reaction, using 4‐dimethylaminopyridine as the catalyst. This new diblock copolymer was used as an additive for anticorrosive coating; however, no improvement (using the salt spray test technique) was observed comparatively with the statistical copolymer with the same acid content. This study enhanced that the acid content of phosphonic additives is the main parameter, unlike their structuration, to increase the resistance to corrosion. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Effects of enhancers and coating substrates on the transgene expression mediated by branched polyethylenimine
Authors: Tseng Wen‐Chi , Fang Tsuei‐Yun , Chang Kuang‐Wei , Tang Chien‐Hsiang , Su Ling‐Yu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractGene delivery is an important step in the preparation of cell arrays. A highly efficient delivery system is required to modulate the cellular functions for analysis. In this study, branched polyethylenimine (bPEI), a very potent and cost‐effective polymer for transfection, was used as a primary carrier for gene delivery. The percentage of cells expressing green fluorescent protein was used to indicate the transfection efficiency. Various substrates were coated on slides for the examination of cell growth and transfection efficiency. Different enhancers, such as polyethylene glycol, dextran, and gelatin, were combined with the transfection reagent in an attempt to increase the transfection efficiency. For the slides coated with gelatin type B that could provide better cell growth, the transfection efficiency was observed to strongly depend on the amount of plasmid contained within the transfection reagent in a dosage response. In the absence of any enhancers, the efficiency reached 20%, whereas in the presence of polyethylene glycol of MW 2000 or gelatin type A, the efficiency could be further enhanced to around 70%. When bPEI was replaced with dextran‐grafted bPEI, a more efficient carrier for transfection in cell culture, very minimal levels of GFP positive cells were detected, suggesting that different factors might exist in transfecting cells in culture and those in microarrays for PEI‐based vectors to achieve high efficiency. This study showed that using bPEI combined with an enhancer as a gene delivery system could efficiently modulate cellular functions for the preparation of cell arrays. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Physical properties of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes–cycloolefin copolymer nanocomposites
Authors: Dorigato Andrea , Pegoretti Alessandro , Migliaresi Claudio 
Published: July 2009

AbstractProperties of cycloolefin copolymer (COC)–polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) nanocomposites, prepared by melt compounding, have been investigated. Composites retained the optical transparency of the matrix up to a nanofiller content of 5 wt %. whereas for higher percentages the formation of a crystalline phase, due to the presence of agglomerated nanoparticles, was revealed by X‐Ray diffraction (XRD). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) evidenced a significant decrease of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and of the thermal decomposition rate, with the POSS content. Similarly, at increasing filler content, both quasi‐static tensile tests in the solid state and rheological measurements on melts showed a decrease of measured parameters (elastic modulus, ultimate elongation, loss and storage shear modulus, viscosity). These results were attributed to the formation of a soft interphase at the nanoparticles/polymer boundary due to the presence of isobutylic groups on POSS nanoparticles that limited the stress transfer process and acted in the COC matrix as a molecular lubricant agent. A small increase of the receding contact angle with the nanofiller content was also detected from dynamic contact angle (DCA) measurements. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) compatibility by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Mbareck Chamekh , Nguyen Trong Quang , Saiter Jean Marc 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTo prepare ion‐exchange membrane from poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly (sodium‐4‐styrene sulfonate) (PSSNa), the polymer compatibility was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry, attenuated total reflection Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Using the strong–fragile concept to interpret the differential scanning calorimetric results, we show that the interactions between the segments of both polymers increase with decrease in PVA fraction. Because of these intermolecular interactions, the PVA crystallinity degree decreased with the decrease in PVA fraction, and a single‐transition temperature was observed for the polymer blend in the amorphous phase. At the nanoscopic scale, the Fourier Transform Infrared results show that the PVA/PSSNa compatibility is mainly promoted by hydrogen bonds and dipole–ion interactions between PVA and PSSNa segments, whereas at microscopic scale, the morphology obtained by scanning electron microscopy technique shows that PVA and PSSNa form one homogeneous phase. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Rheology and morphology of high impact polystyrene/ polyethylene blends and the effect of compatibilization on their properties
Authors: Aghjeh M. K. Razavi , Khodabandelou M. , Khezrefaridi M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAttempts were made to study rheology and morphology of high impact polystyrene/polyethylene (HIPS/PE) blends. The Effect of compatibilization using styrene‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer (SBS) and styrene‐ethylene‐butylene‐styrene copolymer (SEBS) on their properties was also studied. The results of linear viscoelastic properties showed negative deviation of viscosity and elasticity from the mixing rules in low HIPS content blends, while positive deviation was observed for high HIPS content blends. The former was related to weak interface and the latter was attributed to the hydrodynamic interaction of PE and PB particles. A wide range of co‐continuity was observed for HIPS/PE blends which decreased using compatibilization. It was found that SEBS had better efficiency of compatibilization than SBS due to lower molecular weight and the presence of ethylene block in SEBS structure. The fracture behavior of low and high HIPS content blends showed different mechanism because of higher volume contraction of PE than HIPS in solidification process and also different mechanical properties of HIPS and PE. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Influence of starch on the properties of carbon‐black‐filled styrene–butadiene rubber composites
Authors: Wu You‐Ping , Liang Gui‐Hua , Zhang Li‐Qun 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe influence of starch on the properties of carbon‐black‐filled styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) composites was investigated. When the starch particles were directly melt‐mixed into rubber, the stress at 300% elongation and abrasion resistance decreased evidently with increasing starch amount from 5 to 20 phr. Scanning electron microscopy observations of the abrasion surface showed that some apparent craters of starch particles were left on the surface of the composite, which strongly suggested that the starch particles were large and that interfacial adhesion between the starch and rubber was relatively weak. To improve the dispersion of the starch in the rubber matrix, starch/SBR master batches were prepared by a latex compounding method. Compared with the direct mixing of the starch particles into rubber, the incorporation of starch/SBR master batches improved the abrasion resistance of the starch/carbon black/SBR composites. With starch/SBR master batches, no holes of starch particles were left on the surface; this suggested that the interfacial strength was improved because of the fine dispersion of starch. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis showed that the loss factor at both 0 and 60°C increased with increasing amount of starch at a small tensile deformation of 0.1%, whereas at a large tensile strain of 5%, the loss factor at 60°C decreased when the starch amount was varied from 5 to 20 phr. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009