bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural High North: A High Rate of Fatal Injury and Prehospital Death
Authors: Bakke Håkon Kvåle , Wisborg Torben 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundFinnmark County is the northernmost county in Norway. For several decades, the rate of mortality after injury in this sparsely inhabited region has remained above the national average. Following documentation of this discrepancy for the period 1991–1995, improvements to the trauma system were implemented. The present study aims to assess whether trauma‐related mortality rates have subsequently improved.MethodsAll injury‐associated fatalities in Finnmark from 1995–2004 were identified retrospectively from the National Registry of Death and reviewed. Low‐energy trauma in elderly individuals and poisonings were excluded.ResultsA total of 453 cases of trauma‐related death occurred during the study period, and 327 of those met the inclusion criteria. Information was retrievable for 266 cases. The majority of deaths (86%) occurred in the prehospital phase. The main causes of death were suicide (33%) and road traffic accidents (21%). Drowning and snowmobile injuries accounted for an unexpectedly high proportion (12 and 8%, respectively). The time of death did not show trimodal distribution. Compared to the previous study period, there was a significant overall decline in injury‐related mortality, yet there was no change in place of death, mechanism of injury, or time from injury until death.ConclusionsChanges in injury‐related mortality cannot be linked to improvements in the trauma system. There was no change in the epidemiological patterns of injury. The high rate of on‐scene mortality indicates that any major improvement in the number of injury‐related deaths lies in targeted prevention.
Stress Overload: A New Approach to the Assessment of Stress
Authors: Amirkhan James H. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe link between stress and health has not received strong empirical support, possibly due to problems in the stress measures used. Here, the first wholly empirical development of a new “Stress Overload Scale” is described. A pool of 150 items was formed to reflect “overload”, a common denominator in stress theories. Then, the results of five sequenced studies, conducted in heterogeneous community samples, were used to pare the item pool. Exploratory (n= 431) and confirmatory (n= 433) analyses revealed two factors (Event Load and Personal Vulnerability) corresponding to theoretical constructs; only the best factor markers were submitted to further construct validity (n= 310) and reliability tests (n= 342). The 24 strongest items were selected for the SOS, which demonstrated criterion validity in predicting who (n= 285) would become sick following a common stressor. The SOS is (1) psychometrically strong, especially in its validity relative to popular measures; (2) appropriate to community research, due to its brevity and fit to a broad demographic spectrum; (3) unique in its ability to cross‐section individuals into risk categories. It should prove useful to community psychologists in determining etiology, diagnosing risk for pathology, and evaluating the efficacy of interventions.
Effects of dung beetles on seedling emergence from herbaceous seeds in the dung of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in a temperate Japanese grassland ecosystem
Authors: Ishikawa Haruna 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe effects of dung form and condition and of dung beetles on the emergence of seedlings from herbaceous seeds in sika deer dung were examined in a temperate grassland ecosystem dominated by Zoysia japonica and Hydrocotyle maritima. I conducted field experiments to compare seedling emergence between dung exposed to dung beetles and intact dung using both dung pellets and pats during a typical rainy month (June) and the hottest, drier month (August), when large numbers of seeds of the dominant species were present in the dung. The exposed dung was immediately attacked and broken up by dung beetles, whereas dung protected from the beetles remained intact. In June, at least 12 herbaceous species, including Z. japonica, H. maritima, Mazus pumilus, and Plantago asiatica, emerged from the dung, versus at least six species in August. Decomposition rates of the pellets in June and decomposition scores of the pats in June and August were positively correlated with the number of emerging seedlings, suggesting that the acceleration of decomposition by dung beetles can positively affect seed germination. In this system of interactions among sika deer, herbaceous plants, and dung beetles, sika deer dung prevented seeds from germinating, and beetles had an indirect positive effect on seedling emergence by accelerating decomposition of the dung, although the extent of the effect may depend on the dung type, plant species, and environmental factors.
Identification of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase Inhibitors from Rosa centifolia Petals
Authors: Kondo Hidehiko , Hashizume Kohjiro , Shibuya Yusuke , Hase Tadashi , Murase Takatoshi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDiacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) catalyzes the final step of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, and is considered as a potential target to control hypertriglyceridemia or other metabolic disorders. In this study, we found that the extract of rose petals suppressed TAG synthesis in cultured cells, and that the extract showed DGAT inhibitory action in a dose‐dependent manner. Fractionation of the rose extract revealed that the DGAT inhibitory substances in the extract were ellagitannins; among them rugosin B, and D, and eusupinin A inhibited DGAT activity by 96, 82, and 84% respectively, at 10 μM. These substances did not inhibit the activities of other hepatic microsomal enzymes, glucose‐6‐phosphatase and HMG‐CoA reductase, or pancreatic lipase, suggesting that ellagitannins inhibit DGAT preferentially. In an oral fat load test using mice, postprandial plasma TAG increase was suppressed by rose extract; TAG levels 2 h after the fat load were significantly lower in mice administered a fat emulsion containing rose extract than in control mice (446.3 ± 33.1 vs 345.3 ± 25.0 mg/dL, control vs rose extract group; P < 0.05). These results suggest that rose ellagitannins or rose extract could be beneficial in controlling lipid metabolism and used to improve metabolic disorders.
Glycosidic Bond Cleavage is Not Required for Phytosteryl Glycoside‐Induced Reduction of Cholesterol Absorption in Mice
Authors: Lin Xiaobo , Ma Lina , Moreau Robert A. , Ostlund Richard E. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractPhytosteryl glycosides occur in natural foods but little is known about their metabolism and bioactivity. Purified acylated steryl glycosides (ASG) were compared with phytosteryl esters (PSE) in mice. Animals on a phytosterol‐free diet received ASG or PSE by gavage in purified soybean oil along with tracers cholesterol‐d7 and sitostanol‐d4. In a three‐day fecal recovery study, ASG reduced cholesterol absorption efficiency by 45 ± 6% compared with 40 ± 6% observed with PSE. Four hours after gavage, plasma and liver cholesterol‐d7 levels were reduced 86% or more when ASG was present. Liver total phytosterols were unchanged after ASG administration but were significantly increased after PSE. After ASG treatment both ASG and deacylated steryl glycosides (SG) were found in the gut mucosa and lumen. ASG was quantitatively recovered from stool samples as SG. These results demonstrate that ASG reduces cholesterol absorption in mice as efficiently as PSE while having little systemic absorption itself. Cleavage of the glycosidic linkage is not required for biological activity of ASG. Phytosteryl glycosides should be included in measurements of bioactive phytosterols.
Role of salsolinol in the regulation of pituitary prolactin and peripheral dopamine release
Authors: Oláh Márk , Bodnár Ibolya , Daniel Galit , Tóth Béla E. , Vecsernyés Miklós , Nagy György M. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract(R)‐Salsolinol (SAL), a dopamine (DA)‐related tetrahydroisoquinoline, has been found in extracts of the neuro‐intermediate lobes (NIL) of pituitary glands and in the median eminence of the hypothalamus obtained from intact male rats and from ovariectomized and lactating female rats. Moreover, analysis of SAL concentrations in NIL revealed parallel increases with plasma prolactin (PRL) in lactating rats exposed to a brief (10 min) suckling stimulus after 4‐h separation. SAL is sufficiently potent in vivo to account for the massive discharge of PRL that occurs after physiological stimuli (i.e. suckling). At the same time, it was without effect on the secretion of other pituitary hormones. It has been also shown that another isoquinoline derivative, 1‐methyldihydroisoquinoline (1MeDIQ), which is a structural analogue of SAL, can dose‐dependently inhibit the in‐vivo PRL‐releasing effect of SAL. Moreover, 1MeDIQ can inhibit the elevation of plasma PRL induced by physiological stimuli, for example suckling, or in different stressful situations also. 1MeDIQ also has a psycho‐stimulant action, which is fairly similar to the effect of amphetamine, i.e. it induces an increase in plasma catecholamine concentrations. It is clear from these data that this newly discovered endogenous compound could be involved in regulation of pituitary PRL secretion. It has also been observed that SAL is present in peripheral, sympathetically innervated organs, for example the atrium, spleen, liver, ovaries, vas deferens, and salivary gland. Furthermore, SAL treatment of rats results in dose‐dependent and time‐dependent depletion of the DA content of the organs listed above without having any effect on the concentration of norepinephrine. More importantly, this effect of SAL can be completely prevented by amphetamine and by 1MeDIQ pretreatment. It is clear there is a mutual interaction between SAL, 1MeDIQ, and amphetamine or alcohol, not only on PRL release; their interaction with catecholamine “synthesis/metabolism” of sympathetic nerve terminals is also obvious.
Preliminary study of a traditional Chinese medicine formula in systemic lupus erythematosus patients to taper steroid dose and prevent disease flare‐up
Authors: Liao Yen‐Nung , Liu Ching‐Shen , Tsai Tong‐Rong , Hung Yu‐Chiang , Chang Shun‐Jen , Lin Hong‐Long , Chen Ying‐Chou , Lai Han‐Ming , Yu Shan‐Fu , Chen Chung‐Jen 
Published: May 2011

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease. Prolonged complete remission is rare. Most patients with SLE need long‐term treatment with glucocorticoid and immunomodulators. However, side effects because of the above medications are common. We evaluated the effect of adding‐on Dan‐Chi‐Liu‐Wei combination (DCLWC) on SLE patients with conventional therapy in tapering steroid and preventing disease flare‐up. This was a double‐blind and randomized controlled trial. Sixty‐six SLE patients were recruited into this study and 53 patients who fulfilled the 1997 revised criteria for the classification of SLE with an SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score of 2–12 and a steroid (measured with prednisolone) daily dose of less than 20 mg/d were enrolled. The patients were randomized into either an experimental or control group. We checked the urine analysis, hemogram, liver function, renal function, C3, C4, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and anti‐dsDNA, evaluated the SLEDAI score, and recorded the steroid dose at 0 months, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. After 6 months of study, the C4 and blood urea nitrogen level revealed a statistically significant difference in either group. There was a tendency toward a decreased SLEDAI score in the experimental group (p = 0.083) but not in the control group (p = 0.867). The steroid dose was not statistically significant in either group. Renal function and liver function revealed no statistically significant statistics changes in either group. Adding‐on DCLWC to conventional therapy for the treatment of SLE was safe and might have a borderline effect in decreasing disease activity, but it was not possible to taper the dosage of steroid after 6 months of clinical trial. Therefore, a long‐term follow‐up and a large‐scale study are necessary to confirm the effect of DCLWC.
An Exploration of Listener Variability in Intelligibility Judgments
Authors: McHenry Monica 
Published: May 2011

Purpose
This study was designed to assess potential contributors to listener variability in judgments of intelligibility.

Method
A total of 228 unfamiliar everyday listeners judged speech samples from 3 individuals with dysarthria. Samples were the single-word phonetic contrast test, the Sentence Intelligibility Test, an unpredictable sentence intelligibility test, and conversational speech.

Results
Across speakers, significant variability was found for all samples except the phonetic contrast test. Across tasks, significant variability was found for all speakers. There were no significant differences in age, gender, or education between the highest and lowest scoring listeners on the phonetic contrast test.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that seemingly objective intelligibility tests are subject to a number of factors that affect scores.
Parent Perceptions of the Language Development of Toddlers With Developmental Delays Before and After Participation in Parent-Coached Language Interventions
Authors: Romski MaryAnn , Sevcik Rose A. , Adamson Lauren B. , Smith Ashlyn , Cheslock Melissa , Bakeman Roger 
Published: May 2011

Purpose
This study examined parent perception of early communication development before and after participation in language intervention.

Method
Fifty-three parents of toddlers with developmental delays and fewer than 10 spoken words completed the Parent Perception of Language Development, an experimental measure, before and after the children were randomly assigned to a language intervention, 2 of which focused on augmented communication with a speech-generating device, and 1 of which focused exclusively on speech.

Results
After intervention, the parents' perceptions of success became more positive. Their perceptions of the severity of the child’s language difficulties decreased for the augmented interventions but increased for the spoken intervention. Child outcome correlated positively with success and negatively with difficulty, but only the correlation between number of spoken words and difficulty was statistically significant.

Conclusions
Augmented language intervention may not only help the child communicate but also have a positive impact on parent perception of language development.
Identifying Residual Speech Sound Disorders in Bilingual Children: A Japanese-English Case Study
Authors: Preston Jonathan L. , Seki Ayumi 
Published: May 2011

Purpose
To describe (a) the assessment of residual speech sound disorders (SSDs) in bilinguals by distinguishing speech patterns associated with second language acquisition from patterns associated with misarticulations and (b) how assessment of domains such as speech motor control and phonological awareness can provide a more complete understanding of SSDs in bilinguals.

Method
A review of Japanese phonology is provided to offer a context for understanding the transfer of Japanese to English productions. A case study of an 11-year-old is presented, demonstrating parallel speech assessments in English and Japanese. Speech motor and phonological awareness tasks were conducted in both languages.

Results
Several patterns were observed in the participant’s English that could be plausibly explained by the influence of Japanese phonology. However, errors indicating a residual SSD were observed in both Japanese and English. A speech motor assessment suggested possible speech motor control problems, and phonological awareness was judged to be within the typical range of performance in both languages.

Conclusion
Understanding the phonological characteristics of the native language can help clinicians recognize speech patterns in the second language associated with transfer. Once these differences are understood, patterns associated with a residual SSD can be identified. Supplementing a relational speech analysis with measures of speech motor control and phonological awareness can provide a more comprehensive understanding of a client’s strengths and needs.
Disclosure of Membership in the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Community by Individuals With Communication Impairments: A Preliminary Web-Based Survey
Authors: Kelly Rebecca J. , Robinson Gregory C. 
Published: May 2011

Purpose
The purpose of this preliminary investigation was to examine potential barriers to seeking services for communication impairments perceived by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people. Specifically, this clinical survey investigated (a) the rate and importance of disclosure of membership in the LGBT community by people with communication impairments to their clinicians and (b) the perception of bias of audiologists and speech-language pathologists against LGBT individuals with communication impairments.

Method
A total of 192 people identifying as LGBT with a communication impairment responded to a web-based survey. The survey contained questions about the respondents' demographic information, living situation, and experiences with clinical services for communication impairments. In addition, the survey contained open-ended comment sections.

Results
There were differences in the responses of LGBT people with speech-language impairments and those with hearing impairments. The majority of respondents did not disclose their membership in the LGBT community, although they felt it was important. Most respondents reported perceiving bias toward a heterosexual orientation from their clinicians.

Conclusions
Exploration of issues important to the LGBT community contributes to the growing emphasis on diversity and cultural competency in communication sciences and disorders. Specific clinical recommendations and directions for future research are discussed.
Isolation of Human Capillary Endothelial Cells Using Paramagnetic Beads Conjugated to Anti-PECAM Antibodies
Authors: Springhorn Jeremy P. 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONThe protocol described below outlines a technique to isolate and maintain pure populations of human capillary endothelial cells using an active selection technique that targets the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM or CD31). Human abdominal wall adipose tissue is used as the source for capillary endothelial cells, which are partially purified before selection.
Drosophila Appetitive Olfactory Conditioning: Figure 1.
Authors: Krashes Michael J. , Waddell Scott 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONOlfactory memory paradigms have been extensively used to study memory in Drosophila since the late 1960s, and over the intervening years, investigators have made a series of worthwhile changes and “tweaks” to the procedures. This protocol provides the reader with a detailed description of the appetitive (odor–sugar) memory assay currently used in the Waddell laboratory. We also describe the essential control assays for sensory acuity and locomotor behavior. It should be emphasized that the assays we describe work adequately in our laboratory, but are also amenable to, and may be further improved by additional adjustments.
Conjugation of Magnetic Beads for Immunopurification of Protein Complexes
Authors: Cristea Ileana M. , Chait Brian T. 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONKnowledge of the composition of protein complexes provides key insights into their functions. Immunoaffinity purification provides an effective means for isolating protein complexes and elucidating their composition. Immunoisolation is achieved with antibodies directed either specifically against the proteins of interest or against tags that are coupled to the proteins of interest. This approach uses immunoaffinity purification on magnetic beads coated with antibodies for the rapid and efficient purification of protein complexes from cells or tissues. This protocol describes conjugation of magnetic beads with antibodies in preparation for immunopreciptation of protein complexes.
Dissection of Embryonic Mouse Kidney, Culture In Vitro, and Imaging of the Developing Organ
Authors: Costantini Frank , Watanabe Tomoko , Lu Benson , Chi Xuan , Srinivas Shankar 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONIn this article, we outline procedures for the dissection of intact kidneys and the isolation of the ureteric bud (UB) and the metanephric mesenchyme (MM) from mouse embryos. The apparatus required for the culture of these tissues in vitro is described in detail as well as the equipment necessary for performing time-lapse imaging studies of the developing kidney.
Characterization of Protein–DNA Interactions Using Protein Microarrays
Authors: Hu Shaohui , Xie Zhi , Blackshaw Seth , Qian Jiang , Zhu Heng 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONProtein–DNA interactions (PDIs) are critical for many cellular processes. We present here a protocol for the identification of PDIs in vitro using protein microarray technology. The procedure involves double-stranding synthesized DNA oligonucleotides with a fluorescent-labeled primer, binding the labeled double-stranded DNA directly to the protein microarray, and analyzing binding of the resulting PDIs. This approach provides simultaneous identification of PDIs for thousands of proteins, and multiple carefully designed DNA probes can be tested in parallel, which enables a rapid mapping of PDIs on a proteome-wide scale.
Generation of Replication-Competent and -Defective HSV Vectors
Authors: Goins William F. , Krisky David M. , Wechuck James B. , Wolfe Darren , Huang Shaohua , Glorioso Joseph C. 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONEngineering effective vectors has been crucial to the efficient delivery and expression of therapeutic gene products in vivo. Among these, HSV-1 represents an excellent candidate vector for delivery to the peripheral and central nervous systems. The natural biology of HSV-1 includes the establishment of a lifelong latent state in neurons in which the viral genome persists as an episomal molecule. Genomic HSV vectors can be produced that are completely replication-defective, nontoxic, and capable of long-term transgene expression. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors are constructed by using a replication-deficient vector backbone (TOZ.1) for homologous recombination with a shuttle plasmid containing a cassette expressing the gene of interest inserted into the UL41 gene sequence. The TOZ.1 vector expresses a reporter gene (lacZ) in the UL41 locus, such that recombination of the transgenic cassette into the UL41 locus results in the loss of the reporter gene activity. The TOZ.1 vector also contains a unique PacI endonuclease site for digestion of parental viral DNA that substantially reduces the nonrecombinant background. Following homologous recombination of the shuttle plasmid into the PacI-digested TOZ.1 genome, the recombinants are identified as clear plaques. After three rounds of limiting dilution analysis, the structure of the recombinants can be confirmed by Southern blot or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.
Two-Photon Uncaging Microscopy
Authors: Matsuzaki Masanori , Kasai Haruo 
Published: May 2011

INTRODUCTIONTwo-photon uncaging takes advantage of the inherent optical sectioning power of two-photon excitation to generate highly localized concentration increases of neurotransmitters such as glutamate. This can be used to activate isolated clusters of receptors and, thus, produce maps of receptor densities, or activate intracellular signal transduction under these receptors, in three dimensions and in complex structures such as hippocampal brain slices. Used in combination with two-photon imaging, two-photon uncaging provides a means to study the long-term structural and functional consequences of stimulation of structures such as dendritic spines. This protocol gives an overview of the procedures used for two-photon uncaging microscopy. It includes a detailed description of the development of a microscope that enables effective two-photon release of caged neurotransmitters and provides several examples of its use in cultured and acutely isolated hippocampal neurons.