bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Determining Correlation between Severity of Primary Dysmenorrhea and Resting Metabolic Rate in College-Going Girls of 18–25 Years of Age:” An Observational Study
Authors: Rathi Rajeshree , Mahishale Arati 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Dysmenorrhea is painful cramps originating from the uterus that occurs during menstruation. There is a dearth in the literature assessing a possible association between primary dysmenorrhea and resting metabolic rate (RMR).

Aims and Objectives:
To find the the correlation resting metabolic rate and primary dysmenorrhea in college going girls between 18 – 25 years using numeric pain rating scale and Harris benedict equation Material and Method: This study included a total of 206 college-going girls between 18 and 25 years of age with primary dysmenorrhea based on the selection criteria. They were administered with the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS), which divided them into mild, moderate, and severe pain and demographic data including age (years), height (cm), and weight (kg) which was employed into Harris–Benedict Equation to calculate their respective RMR and then it was correlated with the severity of dysmenorrhea.

Results:
The overall comparison of groups, based on the NPRS values, with RMR scores, showed a statistically significant difference (F = 3.0951, P = 0.0280). While analyzing pair-wise comparison within each group of pain scores for their metabolic rate values, the RMR of females with no pain that is, NPRS score - 0, showed a significantly higher metabolic rate than the ones with mild pain (P = 0.0027), moderate pain (P = 0.0123), as well as the ones with severe pain (P = 0.0036). Spearman rank correlation test revealed no association between different groups of NPRS scores and RMR values (t = −0.0926, P = 0.9263).

Conclusion:
The study concluded that there is no correlation between the severity of primary dysmenorrhea and RMR in girls between 18 and 25 years. However, girls who do not experience dysmenorrhea showed higher RMR than the girls with primary dysmenorrhea.
ABO Blood Types among Iraqi Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: AL-Khikani Falah Hasan Obayes , Alkhafaji Zaytoon Abdulridha 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
A case–control study was performed to determine ABO blood group distribution in Iraqi hospitalized patients infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and healthy individuals. The severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) molecularly identified by detecting coronavirus RNA in the nasal swabs.

Materials and Methods:
10770 participants were divided into 200 patients with SARS-CoV-2 and 10570 served as the control group. All patients were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and computed tomography scans from three hospitals in Babylon, Iraq. For the ABO blood type, three blood drops were obtained from each individual by pricking the tip of the index finger. Each drop was put on a slide that contained an antiblood typing serum to detect A, B, and D antigens. Statistical analysis was performed by Chi-square in SPSS version 23.

Results:
The distribution of the ABO blood group system in the healthy group was 24.30%, 38.80%, 26.02%, and 10.86% for type A, O, B, and AB, respectively, while in the COVID-19 patients, the distribution was 36%, 28%, 26%, and 10% for type A, O, B, and AB, respectively. Blood group type A was significantly high in the patient group (36%) compared to healthy participants, whereas the type O blood group was significantly low in patients (28%) compared to control participants.

Conclusion:
People with blood group A are at high risk to infect with COVID-19 (P < 0001) and the Odds ratio (OR) is 1.7. While blood group O is considered a protective factor against COVID-19 (P = 0.002) and the OD ratio is 0.6. Blood type A was most prevalent in nonsurvivor COVID-19 patients than survivors (P < 0.0001).
Efficacy of Fentanyl versus Clonidine as an Adjuvant to Ropivacaine Compared to Ropivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in Caudal Block for Infraumblical Pediatric Surgeries: A Prospective Double-Blinded Randomized Control Study
Authors: Prasad T. Krishna , Sankar J. Balu , Govindan Dilip Kumar , Priyadharsini K. Soundarya 
Published: May 2024

Background:
Postoperative pain and its management are a budding specialty in the medical field. The additions of adjuvants to local anesthetics were one of the effective methods to improve postoperative analgesia in terms of duration and profile. The study was done primarily to assess the duration of analgesia in terms of pain score and total analgesic requirement among fentanyl and clonidine.

Materials and Methods:
The study was a double-blinded randomized control trial among 72 pediatric subjects where the subjects were randomly allocated into: Fentanyl group: received 0.75 ml/kg ropivacaine 0.2% along with fentanyl 1 μg/kg, clonidine group received 0.75 ml/kg ropivacaine 0.2% along with clonidine 1 μg/kg and ropivacaine alone group received 0.75 ml/kg 0.2% ropivacaine alone. Pain was assessed by objective pain scale score and Ramsay Sedation Scale was used to assess postoperative sedation. The data were entered into Microsoft Excel and analyzed using SPSS 16.

Results:
Clonidine group showed bradycardia and hypotension intraoperatively and postoperatively as compared to the other groups (P < 0.05). Both the fentanyl and clonidine group showed increased sedation (3.13 [0.34] vs. 2.13 [0.54] and 1.96 [0.36]) longer duration of analgesia (15.50 [1.35], 11.67 [3.71] and 9.17 [1.86]) and lesser pain score compared to the placebo group (P < 0.05). Among the groups, clonidine showed a better profile.

Conclusion:
The study concluded that both fentanyl and clonidine as an adjuvant to ropivacaine showed longer duration of analgesia with increased sedation score and lesser pain score. Clonidine showed a better profile in terms of duration of analgesia, pain, and sedation.
Fetus Papyraceus in Twin Pregnancy: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Dharwadkar Arpana , Viswanathan Vidya , Vimal Shruti , Iqbal Banyameen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Fetus papyraceous is the intrauterine fetal demise of one of the twins in early pregnancy which gets retained resulting in compression and resembles parchment paper. We report one such case of twin pregnancy where a 23 years primigravida with 36 weeks amenorrhea was referred to our hospital for delivery. Ultrasonography done during antenatal visits revealed twin pregnancy with one dead fetus. She delivered one healthy baby, placenta, and another pale white membranous tissue with firm areas. Multiple sections from the tissue revealed areas of developing bone, cartilage, ciliated epithelium, and muscular tissue confirming the diagnosis of fetus papyraceus. The basic concern of fetus papyraceus is its effect on the surviving fetus and on the mother. To avoid possible complications, intrauterine diagnosis of fetus papyraceus by serial ultrasound examinations and routine placental examination postdelivery to search for fetus papyraceus should be keenly followed.
Correlation of Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen with Gleason’s Score/Grade Group in Prostate Cancers and their Histopathological Findings: A 4-Year Retrospective Study at a Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Sharma Ritu , Bansal Megha , Sharma Honey Bhaskar , Kumar Nikhilesh , Vinish  , Gupta Monika , Sirohi Manju Singh 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background:
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been widely used as a screening method in different prostatic pathology including prostate cancer. The malignant potential of prostate cancer is associated with tumor volume at diagnosis and studies of the correlation between serum PSA levels and Gleason’s grading which remains one of the most powerful predictors of prostate cancer.

Aim:
To correlate serum PSA and Gleason’s score/Group grade in various neoplastic prostatic biopsies and to study their histopathological findings at a tertiary care center.

Materials and Methods:
This study uses PSA as a screening tool and to correlate serum PSA level to Gleason scores/group grades in various neoplastic and nonneoplastic prostatic biopsies, received at the Department of Pathology, T. S. Misra Medical College and Hospital, Lucknow during 4 years from June 2016 to July 2020.

Results:
The mean serum PSA value in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) without prostatitis cases was 1.80 ng/ml and BPH with prostatitis was 5.86 and in malignant cases was 55.2 ng/ml. Serum PSA in the range of 0–4 ng/ml was significantly associated with benign lesions and a value of more than 20 ng/ml was significantly associated with malignant lesions. The most frequent Gleason score was 7 and Grade group II was the highest in number. The highest incidence of malignancies and prostatic hyperplasia occurred among the 60–69 years of age group. PSA values increased significantly (P < 0.05) in prostatic carcinoma cases (Group grade II and III).

Conclusion:
PSA is a valid, sensitive, and early screening method for the diagnosis of both neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions of the prostate. PSA values correlated significantly with Gleason’s score/grade groups of prostatic carcinoma.
The Practiced Pattern of Vascular Access used in Hemodialysis
Authors: Bitrou Rodaba Ahmed , Shaibani Badreddin , Ahmed Hajir Salih , Ayad Khiri 
Published: May 2024

Background:
The incidence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is increasing considerably worldwide; moreover, most of the patients start their therapy by hemodialysis (HD). Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the best type of vascular access for use in such therapy, due to its decreased rate of complications, followed by arteriovenous graft (AVG) and finally, central venous catheters, which are associated with, increased mortality and morbidity. In this study, we aim to find out the proportion of the current to initial vascular access used, the timing of creating permanent access, and any complications experienced.

Patients and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on two hundred eighteen patients currently on regular hemodialysis program. Their records were reviewed and the data was analyzed for vascular accesses type used at the start of hemodialysis and at the current time, the timing of the creation of permanent access, and the complications occurred. Data collected were statistically analyzed using IBM-SPSS statistics software Inc. Chicago, IL, USA.

Results:
Out-of-the 218 patients on hemodialysis, 193 patients (88.5%) started hemodialysis via Central venous catheters (CVC), 23 patients (10.5%) had an arterio-venous fistula (AVF), and only two patients (0.9%) used tunneled CVC, while no one has AV-graft. Currently, 82.1% of patients have AVF, 7.8% have chronic CVC, 5.9% have acute CVC and only 4.1% have AV-Graft, Many complications are noted in all types of access with different percentages of occurrence.

Conclusion:
We concluded that although a high percentage of patients have AVF, still pre-emptive AVF counts very low percentage, serious complications are still happening and we recommend the establishment of joined pre-dialysis clinic with surgeons and psychologists in each dialysis center.
Limbal Versus Fornix Incision for Strabismus Surgery
Authors: Alfreihi Shatha , Ammar Hebatallah 
Published: May 2024

PURPOSE:
This study aims to identify the use of limbal versus fornix incisions among strabismus surgeons in Saudi Arabia and the preferred approach to teaching trainees with the shortest learning curve.

METHODS:
Two designed questionnaires were sent to local strabismus surgeons and ophthalmology trainees.

RESULTS:
A total of 127 participants responded to our survey: fifty-nine consultants (53% Saudi nationals and 43% expat ophthalmologists) and 68 trainees. The limbal approach was the preferred approach for all settings, including the primary pediatric procedure (30, 55.9%), pediatric reoperation (40, 64.7%), adult primary procedure (32, 55.9%), and reoperation (40, 70%). The reason was attributed to better exposure. As for fornix incision, the most commonly cited reason was less pain and discomfort. For the adjustable suture technique, 29 (49.2%) did not use adjustable sutures, and 22 (37.3%) prefer the limbal approach. When we compared Saudi versus non-Saudi surgeons, 26 (83.87%) Saudi surgeons were trained to perform the limbal method, whereas 16 (57.14%) non-Saudi surgeons were trained to perform the fornix approach. Of the trainees, 35 (51%) were trained on the limbal approach. When asked about the learning curve for different methods, 41 (60.3%) noted a faster learning curve with the limbal approach.

CONCLUSION:
Despite the many advantages of the fornix incision, it remains uncommon in our region. Each technique of strabismus surgery has its advantages and disadvantages. Programs should teach all methods to trainees. One should add all styles to his armamentarium and choose the appropriate one for each patient.
Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Risk Factors among Diabetic Patients at University of Gondar Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center, North-West Ethiopia
Authors: Ejigu Tesfahun , Tsegaw Asamere 
Published: May 2024

PURPOSE:
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). It is the most common cause of blindness among the working age group in the developed world and the fifth leading cause of global blindness. In Sub-Saharan Africa, 2.8% of all blindness is caused by DR. Studies addressing the prevalence of DR and associated factors are scarce in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to determine the Prevalence and associated factors of DR development among DM patients attending University of Gondar, Tertiary Eye Care and Training center.

METHODS:
A cross-sectional study was carried out from March 2019 to February 2020 involving all consecutive diabetes patients who visited the center during the study period. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and data extraction check list and entered into SPSS version 20 and analyzed. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were done to identify predictors of DR. Statistical significance was determined with 95% confidence interval (CI) using odds ratio and P < 0.05.

RESULTS:
A total of 225 DM patients with a mean age of 55.4 ± 13.5 years were studied, of whom 95 (42.2%) had DR. Duration of diabetes ≥6 years (AOR = 2.91: 95% CI; 1.01–8.35) and baseline age < 60 years (AOR = 3.2: 95% CI; 1.19–8.63) were significantly associated with DR. DR was significantly associated with the form of therapy. Those on insulin (P = 0.025) and oral hypoglycemic agents (OHA) with insulin combination (P = 0.014) had statistically significantly associated with the development of DR. Patients with systolic blood pressure of <140 mmHg were 3.6 times (AOR = 0.28: 95% CI: 0.09–0.82) less likely to have DR. A majority of patients had nonproliferative DR without diabetic macular edema (DME) (34.2%). DME and proliferative DR were seen in 5.7% and 3.6% of the patients, respectively. Vision threatening DR (VTDR) was seen in 10.7% of patients. There was a significant association between age <60 years and VTDR (AOR = 4.19: 95% CI; 1.23–14.35).

CONCLUSION:
The prevalence of DR among our study patients was very high. Longer duration of diabetes, higher systolic blood pressure, baseline age <60 years, use of insulin alone, and use of combination of insulin with OHA were independently associated with DR. Health education, early screening, and treatment are recommended.
Strabismus Surgery Outcomes and Their Determinants in Patients with Chronic Sixth Nerve Palsy
Authors: Alghofaili Ruba S. , Sesma Gorka , Khandekar Rajiv 
Published: May 2024

PURPOSE:
Patients with chronic sixth nerve palsy (CSNP) comprise a heterogeneous population, and the optimal surgical solution remains uncertain. Here, we present the success rate and factors associated with the success of strabismus surgeries for CSNP.

METHODS:
This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with strabismus due to CSNP operated on between 2015 and 2019 in a tertiary eye hospital in central Saudi Arabia. Surgical success was defined as a horizontal deviation of ≤10 prism diopters (PDs) assessed at least 12 months after surgery. Differences between groups with respect to the primary outcome were assessed.

RESULTS:
Fifty-five patients were analyzed with a median follow-up of 24 (range 12–48) months. Superior rectus and inferior rectus transposition (34.5%) and medial rectus recession with lateral rectus resection (32.7%) were the main surgeries performed. The overall success rate was 67.3% (95% confidence interval 54.9–79.7). Bilateral CSNP (P = 0.05), a higher preoperative angle of deviation (P = 0.002), or a greater degree of preoperative limitation of abduction (P = 0.012), but not the type of surgery (P = 0.09), were more likely to result in an under-corrected outcome of >10 PD. The preoperative deviation angle showed a trend toward being associated with a poor outcome after surgery (P = 0.06). Six patients with high-angle deviation before surgery required second surgery.

CONCLUSION:
While the surgical procedure does not impact outcomes, the severity of preoperative horizontal deviation might impact surgical success and the need for reoperation. Patients with severe CSNP should be counseled appropriately about the chances of surgical success and the potential need for further interventions.
Correlation of C-Reactive Proteins With Chronic Periodontitis. A Prospective Study
Authors: Santhosh V. C. , Varkey Anish , Reddy R. Naveen , Vempalli Swetha , Shivappa Anil B. , Mohammed Azhar , Mahajan Ankit 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Context:
The C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase reactant protein that is produced in response to various inflammatory and noxious stimuli that include exposure to heat, traumatic conditions, varieties of infectious processes, and conditions of hypoxia. Estimation of CRP levels in serum samples helps in providing important information related to the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of inflammatory processes and various associated diseases.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective longitudinal study was designed to evaluate serum CRPs in subjects who were selected for study participation after fitting into inclusion criteria, which were as follows: a) study participants who were clinically diagnosed with chronic generalized periodontitis along with periodontal pocket depths of ≥5 mm and also radiographic alveolar bone loss; b) subjects within the age range of 35 to 55 years; and c) no smoking habit or use of tobacco in any other form. Results: Patients were assessed for clinical parameters such as gingival index, sulcular bleeding index, mean depth of periodontal pocket, and loss of clinical attachment. Blood was collected at required visits, and CRP was evaluated. Study evaluation periods were baseline (day 0), day 14 (2nd appointment), and day 45 (3rd appointment).

Results:
Statistically significant reductions in both clinical and serum CRP levels were obtained at subsequent appointments.

Conclusion:
This study has demonstrated and supported the evidence that serum CRPs act as a biomarker in determining the prognosis of chronic periodontitis patients after nonsurgical periodontal treatment.
Prevalence of HPV in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through p16 IHC: A Hospital-Based Study in Eastern India
Authors: Rout Twinkle , Panda Sangram Keshari , Shankar Kottareddygari Vikas , Kar Dattatreya , Mohanty Debi Prasad , Agrawala Sunil 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Context:
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), the third most prevalent solid cancer in India with 45% incidence, is associated with 20%–50% of cases having human papillomavirus (HPV) infection; however, the current role of HPV in managing OSCC remains unclear, particularly in high-incidence areas such as Eastern India.

Aim:
The study aims to determine the prevalence of HPV in OSCC patients and evaluate its role as an independent risk factor in the progression of OSCC.

Settings and Design:
This cross-sectional study, conducted in an Eastern Indian tertiary care hospital, involved 140 identified and treated OSCC patients.

Materials and Methods:
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to determine HPV immunoreactivity using the marker p16. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 27.0 with a significance level of P < 0.05.

Results:
Among 140 patients, 11 showed strong P16 positivity (>70%) for HPV, resulting in a prevalence rate of 7.86%. However, no statistically significant association of HPV (p16 positivity) with any groups was found. Interestingly, all P16-positive patients in our study had a history of tobacco use (9.5%), suggesting that HPV may not be considered an independent factor for oral cancer.

Conclusion:
In our cases, p16 positivity is seen in 7.85% of cases. This finding suggests that further sub-analysis concerning p16 as a prognostic marker and its therapeutic implication is further required in oral cancer. Correlation with PCR is also required to substantiate TNM staging of p16 by the IHC method.
A Pilot Study for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Disease Patients Suggests that A964G (rs153109)—Interleukin 27 may be Protective
Authors: Badamasi Ibrahim Mohammed , Yusuf Abdullahi Asuku , Abubakar Isa Sadeeq , Bala Jamilu Abubakar , Aliyu Isah Abubakar , Salman Julius , Salami Kolawale , Kabir Imam-Malik 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Context:
Variation in the transcription of host genes of inflammatory cytokines may underscore variation in their production. Thus, the host-immune status plays a vital role in determining the fate of the invading bacilli.

Materials and Methods:
Two hundred consenting volunteers and drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) patients had their blood samples amplified for the A964G (rs153109) gene. The amplicons were digested using the Xhol enzyme for genotyping purpose.

Results:
Among the cases: AA (homozygous wild type; n = 33), AG (heterozygous wild type; n = 36), GG (homozygous mutant, n = 10), A (wild allele, n = 102), and T (mutant allele; n = 66); while among the healthy volunteers: AA (homozygous wild type; n = 20), AG (heterozygous wild type; n = 40), GG (homozygous mutant, n = 4) A (wild allele, n = 80), and T (mutant allele; n = 48). The Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) assessment of the samples from the control participants was statistically significant (P = 0.015). Nevertheless, the assessment of the association between the genotypes and the phenotypes assessed revealed that the healthy volunteers had more (twice) heterozygous genotype (AG) (crude statistics: P =0.045, OR = 1.99 (1.02–3.90)) when compared to the DR-TB patients.

Conclusion:
Although the AG genotype of A964G (rs153109)—Interleukin 27 gene may have a protective role against the development of MTB/XPERT positive DR-TB disease, the significant HWE finding among the genotype from the samples of the healthy volunteers suggests that this current result may be a false positive finding.