bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Switch between Life History Strategies Due to Changes in Glycolytic Enzyme Gene Dosage in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wang Shaoxiao , Spor Aymé , Nidelet Thibault , Montalent Pierre , Dillmann Christine , de Vienne Dominique , Sicard Delphine 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Adaptation is the process whereby a population or species becomes better fitted to its habitat through modifications of various life history traits which can be positively or negatively correlated. The molecular factors underlying these covariations remain to be elucidated. Using
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
as a model system, we have investigated the effects on life history traits of varying the dosage of genes involved in the transformation of resources into energy. Changing gene dosage for each of three glycolytic enzyme genes (hexokinase 2, phosphoglucose isomerase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase) resulted in variation in enzyme activities, glucose consumption rate, and life history traits (growth rate, carrying capacity, and cell size). However, the range of effects depended on which enzyme was expressed differently. Most interestingly, these changes revealed a genetic trade-off between carrying capacity and cell size, supporting the discovery of two extreme life history strategies already described in yeast populations: the “ants,” which have lower glycolytic gene dosage, take up glucose slowly, and have a small cell size but reach a high carrying capacity, and the “grasshoppers,” which have higher glycolytic gene dosage, consume glucose more rapidly, and allocate it to a larger cell size but reach a lower carrying capacity. These results demonstrate antagonist pleiotropy for glycolytic genes and show that altered dosage of a single gene drives a switch between two life history strategies in yeast.
Commensal Effect of Pectate Lyases Secreted from
Dickeya dadantii
on Proliferation of
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 EDL933 on Lettuce Leaves
Authors: Yamazaki Akihiro , Li Jin , Hutchins William C. , Wang Lixia , Ma Jincai , Ibekwe A. Mark , Yang Ching-Hong 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

The outbreaks caused by enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 on leafy greens have raised serious and immediate food safety concerns. It has been suggested that several phytopathogens aid in the persistence and proliferation of the human enteropathogens in the phyllosphere. In this work, we examined the influence of virulence mechanisms of
Dickeya dadantii
3937, a broad-host-range phytopathogen, on the proliferation of the human pathogen
E. coli
O157:H7 EDL933 (EDL933) on postharvest lettuce by coinoculation of EDL933 with
D. dadantii
3937 derivatives that have mutations in virulence-related genes. A type II secretion system (T2SS)-deficient mutant of
D. dadantii
3937, A1919 (Δ
outC
), lost the capability to promote the multiplication of EDL933, whereas Ech159 (Δ
rpoS
), a stress-responsive σ factor RpoS-deficient mutant, increased EDL933 proliferation on lettuce leaves. A spectrophotometric enzyme activity assay revealed that A1919 (Δ
outC
) was completely deficient in the secretion of pectate lyases (Pels), which play a major role in plant tissue maceration. In contrast to A1919 (Δ
outC
), Ech159 (Δ
rpoS
) showed more than 2-fold-greater Pel activity than the wild-type
D. dadantii
3937. Increased expression of
pelD
(encodes an endo-pectate lyase) was observed in Ech159 (Δ
rpoS
)
in planta
. These results suggest that the pectinolytic activity of
D. dadantii
3937 is the dominant determinant of enhanced EDL933 proliferation on the lettuce leaves. In addition, RpoS, the general stress response σ factor involved in cell survival in suboptimal conditions, plays a role in EDL933 proliferation by controlling the production of pectate lyases in
D. dadantii
3937.
Transformation System for
Hypocrea jecorina
(
Trichoderma reesei
) That Favors Homologous Integration and Employs Reusable Bidirectionally Selectable Markers
Authors: Steiger Matthias G. , Vitikainen Marika , Uskonen Pekka , Brunner Kurt , Adam Gerhard , Pakula Tiina , Penttilä Merja , Saloheimo Markku , Mach Robert L. , Mach-Aigner Astrid R. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Hypocrea jecorina
is an industrially important filamentous fungus due to its effective production of hydrolytic enzymes. It has received increasing interest because of its ability to convert lignocellulosic biomass to monomeric sugars, which can be converted into biofuels or platform chemicals. Genetic engineering of strains is a highly important means of meeting the requirements of tailor-made applications. Therefore, we report the development of a transformation system that allows highly efficient gene targeting by using a
tmus53
(human
LIG4
homolog) deletion strain. Moreover, it permits the unlimited reuse of the same marker by employing a Cre/loxP-based excision system. Both marker insertion and marker excision can be positively selected for by combining resistance to hygromycin B and loss of sensitivity to fluoroacetamide. Finally, the marker
pyr4
, also positively selectable for insertion and loss, can be used to remove the
cre
gene.
Human Neurocysticercosis: Comparison of Different Diagnostic Tests Using Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Michelet Lorraine , Fleury Agnès , Sciutto Edda , Kendjo Eric , Fragoso Gladis , Paris Luc , Bouteille Bernard 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Neurocysticercosis (NC), caused by the larval stage of
Taenia solium
, is one of the most common parasitic diseases of the central nervous system. The diagnosis of NC is mostly based on costly brain neuroimaging (computed tomography and/or nuclear magnetic resonance), which is rarely accessible in most affected areas. The most sensitive and specific tools for NC diagnosis are imagery techniques. The identification of specific antibodies and antigens is currently used only to support NC diagnosis due to their limited specificity and sensitivity. This study was performed to compare immunodiagnostic assays (antibody detection by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA] and enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blotting [EITB] and HP10 antigen detection by ELISA) with the detection of parasite DNA by PCR amplification of a repetitive element of the parasite genome in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 121 radiologically and clinically characterized NC patients. Patients were divided into six groups according to the stage of the parasites and their localization. The CSF cellularity of each patient was also recorded. When all patients were considered, PCR exhibited the highest sensitivity (95.9%) and variable specificity (80% or 100%) depending on the controls used. The sensitivities of antibody detection by ELISA and EITB were not significantly different, and ELISA identified HP10 antigen mostly when vesicular cysticerci were located in the subarachnoideal basal cisterns. These results can help in the selection of different individual assays or combinations of assays to be used in NC diagnosis according to different requirements.
Analysis of the Bacterial Communities Present in Lungs of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis from American and British Centers
Authors: Stressmann Franziska A. , Rogers Geraint B. , Klem Erich R. , Lilley Andrew K. , Donaldson Scott H. , Daniels Thomas W. , Carroll Mary P. , Patel Nilesh , Forbes Benjamin , Boucher Richard C. , Wolfgang Matthew C. , Bruce Kenneth D. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to determine whether geographical differences impact the composition of bacterial communities present in the airways of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients attending CF centers in the United States or United Kingdom. Thirty-eight patients were matched on the basis of clinical parameters into 19 pairs comprised of one U.S. and one United Kingdom patient. Analysis was performed to determine what, if any, bacterial correlates could be identified. Two culture-independent strategies were used: terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) profiling and 16S rRNA clone sequencing. Overall, 73 different terminal restriction fragment lengths were detected, ranging from 2 to 10 for U.S. and 2 to 15 for United Kingdom patients. The statistical analysis of T-RFLP data indicated that patient pairing was successful and revealed substantial transatlantic similarities in the bacterial communities. A small number of bands was present in the vast majority of patients in both locations, indicating that these are species common to the CF lung. Clone sequence analysis also revealed that a number of species not traditionally associated with the CF lung were present in both sample groups. The species number per sample was similar, but differences in species presence were observed between sample groups. Cluster analysis revealed geographical differences in bacterial presence and relative species abundance. Overall, the U.S. samples showed tighter clustering with each other compared to that of United Kingdom samples, which may reflect the lower diversity detected in the U.S. sample group. The impact of cross-infection and biogeography is considered, and the implications for treating CF lung infections also are discussed.
Alternative Splicing of the Human Cytomegalovirus Major Immediate-Early Genes Affects Infectious-Virus Replication and Control of Cellular Cyclin-Dependent Kinase
Authors: Du Guixin , Dutta Nirmal , Lashmit Philip , Stinski Mark F. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

The major immediate-early (MIE) gene locus of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the master switch that determines the outcomes of both lytic and latent infections. Here, we provide evidence that alteration in the splicing of HCMV (Towne strain) MIE genes affects infectious-virus replication, movement through the cell cycle, and cyclin-dependent kinase activity. Mutation of a conserved 24-nucleotide region in MIE exon 4 increased the abundance of IE1-p38 mRNA and decreased the abundance of IE1-p72 and IE2-p86 mRNAs. An increase in IE1-p38 protein was accompanied by a slight decrease in IE1-p72 protein and a significant decrease in IE2-p86 protein. The mutant virus had growth defects, which could not be complemented by wild-type IE1-p72 protein in
trans
. The phenotype of the mutant virus could not be explained by an increase in IE1-p38 protein, but prevention of the alternate splice returned the recombinant virus to the wild-type phenotype. The lower levels of IE1-p72 and IE2-p86 proteins correlated with a delay in early and late viral gene expression and movement into the S phase of the cell cycle. Mutant virus-infected cells had significantly higher levels of cdk-1 expression and enzymatic activity than cells infected with wild-type virus. The mutant virus induced a round-cell phenotype that accumulated in the G
2
/M compartment of the cell cycle with condensation and fragmentation of the chromatin. An inhibitor of viral DNA synthesis increased the round-cell phenotype. The round cells were characteristic of an abortive viral infection.
Unstimulated Primary CD4
+
T Cells from HIV-1-Positive Elite Suppressors Are Fully Susceptible to HIV-1 Entry and Productive Infection
Authors: Rabi S. Alireza , O'Connell Karen A. , Nikolaeva Daria , Bailey Justin R. , Jilek Benjamin L. , Shen Lin , Page Kathleen R. , Siliciano Robert F. , Blankson Joel N. 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACT

Elite controllers or suppressors (ES) are a group of HIV-1-infected individuals who maintain viral loads below the limit of detection of commercial assays for many years. The mechanisms responsible for this remarkable control are under intense study, with the hope of developing therapeutic vaccines effective against HIV-1. In this study, we addressed the question of the intrinsic susceptibility of ES CD4
+
T cells to infection. While we and others have previously shown that CD4
+
T cells from ES can be infected by HIV-1 isolates
in vitro
, these studies were confounded by exogenous activation and
in vitro
culture of CD4
+
T cells prior to infection. In order to avoid the changes in chemokine receptor expression that have been associated with such exogenous activation, we infected purified CD4
+
T cells directly after isolation from the peripheral blood of ES, viremic patients, and uninfected donors. We utilized a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing proviral construct pseudotyped with CCR5-tropic or CXCR4-tropic envelope to compare viral entry using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based, single-round virus-cell fusion assay. The frequency of productive infection was also compared by assessing GFP expression. CD4
+
T cells from ES were as susceptible as or more susceptible than cells from viremic patients and uninfected donors to HIV-1 entry and productive infection. The results of this physiological study strongly suggest that differences in HIV-1 entry and infection of CD4
+
T cells alone cannot explain the elite control of viral replication.
Caffeine-induced natriuresis and diuresis via blockade of hepatic adenosine-mediated sensory nerves and a hepatorenal reflex
Authors: Ming Zhi , Lautt W. Wayne 
Published: November 2010

The hepatorenal reflex, activated by intrahepatic adenosine, is involved in the regulation of urine production in healthy rats and renal pathogenesis secondary to liver injury. Hepatic adenosine A1receptors regulate the hepatorenal reflex. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether caffeine mediates renal natriuresis and diuresis in healthy and diseased liver through this mechanism. Rats were anesthetized and instrumented to monitor systemic, hepatic, and renal circulation and urine production. Intrahepatic (intraportal but not intravenous) caffeine (5 mg·kg–1) increased urine flow (~82%) in healthy rats. This effect was abolished by liver denervation. Intraportal infusion of adenosine decreased urine production, and this response was abolished by intraportal but not intravenous caffeine. Liver injury was induced by intraperitoneal injection of thioacetamide (500 mg·kg–1), and functional assessment was performed 24 h later. Liver injury was associated with lower (~30%) glomerular filtration rate, lower (~18%) renal arterial blood flow, and lower urine production. Intraportal but not intravenous caffeine improved basal urine production and renal ability to increase urine production in response to saline overload. The liver-dependent diuretic effect of caffeine is consistent with the hypothesis for the adenosine-mediated mechanism of hepatorenal syndrome.
Comparison Between Ultrafast and Standard Single-Photon Emission CT in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Gimelli Alessia , Bottai Matteo , Giorgetti Assuero , Genovesi Dario , Kusch Annette , Ripoli Andrea , Marzullo Paolo 
Published: November 2010

Background—
A novel technology has been developed for ultrafast (UF) single-photon emission CT (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging by using a pinhole collimation design and multiple cadmium zinc telluride crystal arrays. The purpose of this study was to compare myocardial perfusion imaging obtained by UF-SPECT with standard (S) SPECT in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease.

Methods and Results—

A total of 34 patients underwent single-day
99m
Tc-tetrofosmin stress/rest myocardial perfusion imaging. UF-SPECT was performed 10 minutes before S-SPECT. Images were qualitatively analyzed, and the summed stress score and summed rest score were calculated. The segmental tracer uptake value (percentage of maximum myocardial uptake) also was quantified for both UF- and S-SPECT. When only 29 of 34 patients with significant coronary lesions were analyzed, the summed stress score was 10.1±4.4 versus 6.4±2.9, respectively, for UF- and S-SPECT (
P
=0.002). Qualitative and quantitative per-patient analysis showed similar results in detection of coronary artery disease for UF- and S-SPECT. In contrast, per-vessel analysis demonstrated higher regional sensitivity of UF- versus S-SPECT. UF-SPECT showed higher sensitivity in detecting multivessel disease (
P
=0.003) versus S-SPECT.

Conclusions—
This pilot study confirms that UF-SPECT provides high-quality fast myocardial perfusion imaging and suggests that it may allow a more-accurate evaluation of both extent and severity of myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary artery disease.
Cardiovascular Imaging for Assessing Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Men Versus Women
Authors: Jain Aditya , McClelland Robyn L. , Polak Joseph F. , Shea Steven , Burke Gregory L. , Bild Diane E. , Watson Karol E. , Budoff Matthew J. , Liu Kiang , Post Wendy S. , Folsom Aaron R. , Lima João A.C. , Bluemke David A. 
Published: November 2010

Background—
Coronary artery calcium (CAC), carotid intima-media thickness, and left ventricular (LV) mass and geometry offer the potential to characterize incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in clinically asymptomatic individuals. The objective of the study was to compare these cardiovascular imaging measures for their overall and sex-specific ability to predict CVD.

Methods and Results—

The study sample consisted of 4965 Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis participants (48% men; mean age, 62±10 years). They were free of CVD at baseline and were followed for a median of 5.8 years. There were 297 CVD events, including 187 coronary heart disease (CHD) events, 65 strokes, and 91 heart failure (HF) events. CAC was most strongly associated with CHD (hazard ratio [HR], 2.3 per 1 SD; 95% CI, 1.9 to 2.8) and all CVD events (HR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 1.9). Most strongly associated with stroke were LV mass (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.7) and LV mass/volume ratio (HR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 to 1.6). LV mass showed the strongest association with HF (HR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.6 to 2.1). There were no significant interactions for imaging measures with sex and ethnicity for any CVD outcome. Compared with traditional risk factors alone, overall risk prediction (C statistic) for future CHD, HF, and all CVD was significantly improved by adding CAC, LV mass, and CAC, respectively (all
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—
There was no evidence that imaging measures differed in association with incident CVD by sex. CAC was most strongly associated with CHD and CVD; LV mass and LV concentric remodeling best predicted stroke; and LV mass best predicted HF.
Embodied Intelligent (?) Souls: Plants in Plato’s Timaeus
Authors: Carpenter Amber D. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractIn the Timaeus, plants are granted soul, and specifically the sort of soul capable of perception and desire. Also in the Timaeus, perception requires the involvement of to phronimon. It seems it must follow that plants are intelligent. I argue that we can neither avoid granting plants sensation in just this sense, nor can we suppose that ‘to phronimon’ is something devoid of intelligence. Indeed, plants must be related to intelligence, if they are to be both orderly and good. Plants must have individual souls if they are to be distinguished from each other, each with an orderly life; but the intelligence their perceptions require is not similarly individuated, for their ultimate good is only derivative: it is only as completing the body of the cosmos that plants are good things. Plants have their own perceptions and desires in virtue of the intelligence ordering the cosmos as a whole.
Posterior Analytics and the Definition of Happiness in NE I
Authors: Natali Carlo 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe first book of NE is organised on the model of investigating definitions described in the second Book of the Posterior Analytics, although, of course, with some adaptation due to the subject matter. It first establishes if the object exists and looks for the meaning of the terms used in common language to indicate it, next considers some necessary qualities of the object and then concludes with a definition of the object. We find there a dialectical syllogism of definition, and not the procedure in three steps described in NE VII 1, sometimes called ‘the method of ethics’. In fact, the method described in NE VII 1 does not apply to the first book of the NE. Its relevance for the NE has been somehow exaggerated.
Nine Fragments on Psychological Phenomenology
Authors: Cairns Dorion 
Published: November 2010

AbstractNine short manuscript fragments by Dorion Cairns, one of Husserl’s closest followers, are edited and presented here from Cairns’ Nachlass (The Unpublished Papers), which are held at the Center for Advanced Research on Phenomenology, Inc. at the University of Memphis. The fragments address aspects of method for phenomenological psychology, namely: the natural theoretical attitude, reflection, psychological epochē and reduction, eidetic and factual description, understanding, and intersubjective verification.
Combating Discrimination and Intolerence with a Free Speech Framework
Authors: Callamard Agnès 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe objective of this article is to address the questions as to whether Articles 19 and 20 of the ICCPR are an indivisible whole, and particularly as to whether States can impose restrictions on freedom of expression without first embracing the full scope of such freedom? The overriding objective is to clarify the nature of the obligations of States under Article 20 (limitations as an option or an obligation) following a series of freedom of expression related incidents that have polarised societies, created tensions and fuelled xenophobia and racist attitudes and highlighted the substantive ambiguities as to the “demarcation line” between freedom of expression and hate speech, especially in relation to religious issues.
Reliability, Validity, and Responsiveness of a Modified International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Form (Pedi-IKDC) in Children With Knee Disorders
Authors: Kocher Mininder S. , Smith Jeremy T. , Iversen Maura D. , Brustowicz Katherine , Ogunwole Olabode , Andersen Jason , Yoo Won Joon , McFeely Eric D. , Anderson Allen F. , Zurakowski David 
Published: November 2010

Background: The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Subjective Knee Form is a knee-specific measure of symptoms, function, and sports activity. A modified IKDC Subjective Knee Form (pedi-IKDC) has been developed for use in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric characteristics of the pedi-IKDC in children and adolescents with knee disorders. Hypothesis: The pedi-IKDC is a reliable, valid, and responsive patient-administered outcome instrument in the pediatric population with knee disorders. Study Design: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: Test-retest reliability, content validity, criterion validity, construct validity, and responsiveness to change were determined for the pedi-IKDC in patients aged 10 to 18 years with a variety of knee disorders. Test-retest reliability was measured in a group of 72 patients with a stable knee disorder. Validity was measured in a group of 589 patients with the Child Health Questionnaire to determine criterion validity. Responsiveness was measured in a group of 98 patients undergoing a variety of knee surgical procedures. Results: The overall pedi-IKDC had acceptable test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient, .91) and excellent internal consistency (Cronbach alpha, .91). The form also demonstrated acceptable floor (0%) and ceiling (6%) effects. There was acceptable criterion validity with significant ( P < .01) correlation between the overall pedi-IKDC and 9 relevant domains of the Child Health Questionnaire. Construct validity was acceptable, with all 11 hypotheses demonstrating significance ( P < .0001). Responsiveness to change was acceptable (effect size, 1.39; standardized response mean, 1.35). Conclusion: The pedi-IKDC demonstrated overall acceptable psychometric performance for outcome assessment of children and adolescents with various disorders of the knee.