bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF POST PACKAGE REHEATING ON THE QUALITY OF HURDLE TREATED PORK SAUSAGES AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (37 ± 1C) STORAGE
Authors: THOMAS R. , ANJANEYULU A.S.R. , KONDAIAH N. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The study was aimed at optimizing the post package reheating (pasteurization) hurdle for processing shelf stable pork sausages. The temperatures evaluated were 80, 90 and 100C. Reheating resulted in an increase in pH, which was slight at 80C while significant (P < 0.05) at 90 and 100C. Moisture and fat contents decreased significantly while protein content increased significantly with increase in reheating temperature. Reheating of the sausages up to 90C significantly improved their hardness and shear force values. Reheating to 90 and 100C increased the redness (a‐values) and decreased yellowness (b‐values) of the sausages. Despite a lower initial value, the pH of the control sausages increased by 0.3 units on day 3 of storage, while that of reheated samples showed only a slight increase (0.04–0.05 units). About 10 times increase (0.05–0.50) in thiobarbituric acid reacting substances values observed for control sausages during 3 days storage at ambient temperature (37 ± 1C) while the increase in reheated samples was significantly (P < 0.01) lower. Total plate counts reached about 7 log cfu/g on day 3 of storage in control sausages, but it took about 9 days and 12 days, respectively, for those reheated to 80 and 90C and 100C. Post package reheating of pork sausages resulted in initial reduction in most of the sensory attributes, but helped to maintain these attributes for longer time during storage at 37 ± 1C and the sausages subjected to 90C maintained higher overall acceptability compared to other treatments throughout the storage period of 12 days.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDevelopment of a meat product that could be stored at ambient temperature will save the expenses on refrigeration energy and cooler space requirement which is of importance in developing countries, where electricity is a major problem. Further, the successfully evolved process can be tried for developing different shelf stable meat products with other meats.
MOLECULAR AND BIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS AFTER SLAUGHTERING AND THEIR IMPACT ON MEAT QUALITY: A MINI‐REVIEW
Authors: MOHANTY T.R. , PARK K.M. , PRAMOD A.B. , KIM J.H. , CHOE H.S. , HWANG I.H. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The postmortem factors like rate of glycolysis and muscle shortening have a major role on meat characteristics and these have been efficiently manipulated by methods like chilling regime, electrical stimulation and different hanging. These methods have been optimized with time leaving a little scope for further improvement. During the harvesting process of meat there is a generalized cell death often referred to as necrosis or apoptosis. This process of cell death has been well studied with respect to various physiological functions in vivo but its role in postmortem meat quality has received little attention. It is mainly regulated by caspases and also probably by calpains, cathepsins, proteasomes, lysosomal enzymes and other molecules, antioxidants and stress proteins. The term apoptosis appears to be more appropriate as evident by involvement of the enzyme systems and cell shrinkage. Further, examination of postmortem events effecting meat quality and correlating them to understand the cell death process may reveal the possible involvement of both apoptosis and necrosis processes, one preceding the other. This manuscript is an attempt to review the apoptotic process of various cell lines and possible implication for muscle cells after slaughter and meat quality control.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSUnderstanding the intricate biochemical mechanisms governing cell death processes after slaughter may help us provide better solutions for pre‐slaughter animal handling and postslaughter interventions to manage meat toughness. Investigations on these tracks would distinguish muscle cell death processes after slaughter from apoptosis or necrosis, and consequently may lead to enhanced technological meat quality as available literature suggests that a number of molecules such as caspase family are likely to be involved in cell death process after slaughter and also in meat tenderization.
EFFECTS OF pH, LACTATE CATION (K, Na, Ca), AND LACTATE ION CONCENTRATION ON IN VITRO METMYOGLOBIN‐REDUCING ACTIVITY
Authors: HUTCHISON S. , SEYFERT M. , HUNT M.C. , HIGGINS J.J. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT Lactic acid salts with three different cations (K, Na, Ca) were investigated at three lactate (L) concentrations (0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 M) to evaluate in vitro metmyoglobin‐reducing activity (MRA) at three pH levels (5.7, 6.4 and 7.4). All lactates generated MRA at normal meat pH (5.7), with greater MRA at pH 7.4 than at both pH 6.4 and 5.7 (P < 0.05). No consistent differences were noted among lactates for generating MRA, except at pH 7.4 where CaL was greatest (P < 0.05). At pH 6.4 and 7.4, MRA increased (P < 0.05) as lactate concentration increased. This study provides evidence that lactate oxidation at postmortem muscle pH generates reducing equivalents and that addition of CaL, NaL or KL should increase MRA and color stability.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSLactate products are commonly used by the meat industry for microbial control, specifically of Listeria monocytogenes. Previous research has shown lactates to increase meat color stability as well. This research examines whether lactate products, with three different cations, can generate metmyoglobin‐reducing activity (MRA) to a similar extent. Results of this study indicate that the three lactates increase MRA in vitro, even at postmortem meat pH (5.7). These data should lead to further testing of lactate products in both fresh and processed meat systems in different packaging formats, which would add additional information to meat processors' decision‐making process.
EFFECTS OF ENHANCEMENT SOLUTION RECYCLING ON MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF BEEF STRIP LOINS
Authors: PAULSON D.D. , WICKLUND R.A. , ROJAS M.C. , BREWER M.S. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine whether recycling of the enhancement solution would increase the microbial load in the solution and in enhanced steaks, and whether sodium lactate (SL) or a sodium lactate/diacetate mixture would counteract this microbial buildup. Strip loins were cut into 7.5‐cm‐thick strip steaks, then inoculated with 104 cfu/mL Escherichia coli K12. Five steaks were injected to 110% over initial weight with each of three enhancement solutions: 0.4% salt + 0.4% phosphate (C; control), salt + phosphate + 3% SL or salt + phosphate + SL + 0.25% sodium diacetate. After injection, the enhancement solution runoff from the steaks was returned to the feed tank, and the injection process was repeated three more times recycling the solution each time. Total plate counts (TPCs) and coliform counts were determined on the enhancement solution runoff from the steaks, the enhancement solution in the feed tank and the enhanced steaks. Shelf life‐enhancing ingredients had no inhibitory effects on the initial TPCs when compared with the control. The enhancement solution feed tank had significantly more total bacteria after each recycling round than during the previous recycling round.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSTotal plate counts (TPCs) in steaks were affected by both enhancement solution ingredients and by the number of times the enhancement solution was recycled. Steaks had higher TPCs after the solution had been recycled two or three times than prior to recycling or after the solution was recycled once. Steaks enhanced with the salt + phosphate (no shelf life enhancers) solution had higher TPCs than those enhanced with the solutions containing sodium lactate and sodium lactate/sodium diacetate. Using shelf life enhancers in enhancement solutions had positive effects on plate counts. Recycling, possibly because of microbial dilution, did not appear to result in buildup of microbes.
A rapid column‐based ancient DNA extraction method for increased sample throughput
Authors: ROHLAND NADIN , SIEDEL HEIKE , HOFREITER MICHAEL 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGenetic analyses using museum specimens and ancient DNA from fossil samples are becoming increasingly important in phylogenetic and especially population genetic studies. Recent progress in ancient DNA sequencing technologies has substantially increased DNA sequence yields and, in combination with barcoding methods, has enabled large‐scale studies using any type of DNA. Moreover, more and more studies now use nuclear DNA sequences in addition to mitochondrial ones. Unfortunately, nuclear DNA is, due to its much lower copy number in living cells compared to mitochondrial DNA, much more difficult to obtain from low‐quality samples. Therefore, a DNA extraction method that optimizes DNA yields from low‐quality samples and at the same time allows processing many samples within a short time frame is immediately required. In fact, the major bottleneck in the analysis process using samples containing low amounts of degraded DNA now lies in the extraction of samples, as column‐based methods using commercial kits are fast but have proven to give very low yields, while more efficient methods are generally very time‐consuming. Here, we present a method that combines the high DNA yield of batch‐based silica extraction with the time‐efficiency of column‐based methods. Our results on Pleistocene cave bear samples show that DNA yields are quantitatively comparable, and in fact even slightly better than with silica batch extraction, while at the same time the number of samples that can conveniently be processed in parallel increases and both bench time and costs decrease using this method. Thus, this method is suited for harvesting the power of high‐throughput sequencing using the DNA preserved in the millions of paleontological and museums specimens.
Genetic barcoding of commercial Bêche‐de‐mer species (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)
Authors: UTHICKE SVEN , BYRNE MARIA , CONAND CHANTAL 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThere are more than 47 species of holothurians used for bêche‐de‐mer production, many of which are locally overfished. With three exceptions, all bêche‐de‐mer species are Aspidochirotida and species identification of many of these is difficult. We analysed available genetic information and newly generated sequences to determine if genetic barcoding with the mitochondrial COI gene can be used to identify bêche‐de‐mer species. Although genetic data were available for ∼50% of bêche‐de‐mer species, sufficient information and within‐species replication were only available for six species. We generated 96 new COI sequences extending the existing database to cover most common species. COI unambiguously identified most bêche‐de‐mer species providing a genetic barcode for the identification of known species. In addition, conspecific (1.3%) variation and congeneric (16.9%) divergence were well separated (‘barcoding‐gap’) albeit with a small overlap, which may lead to some error if genetic sampling alone was applied for species discovery. In addition to identification of adults, COI sequences were useful to identify juveniles that are often morphologically different. Sequence data showed that large (deep) and small (shallow) morphotypes of Holothuria atra are the same species, but suggested potential cryptic species within this taxon. For bêche‐de‐mer, the COI barcode proved useful in species clarification and discovery, but further genetic and taxonomic work is essential for several species. Some bêche‐de‐mer clades were problematic with morphologically disparate specimens sharing the same barcode. Our study indicated the presence of undescribed species (Bohadschia sp.) and species that constitute separate species in the Indian and Pacific Ocean (e.g. Holothuria fuscogilva).
Current experiences with robotic surgery at Severance Hospital, Yonsei University in Korea
Authors: Lee WJ , Hyung WJ , Chung WY , Rha KH , Kim YT , Song HJ , Lee YA , Chi HS 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe started performing laparoscopic cholecystectomies in 1991. Since that time, many surgeons have been trained in laparoscopic and minimally invasive surgery, and laparoscopic surgery has been used in numerous procedures, with patients benefitting as a result.We performed the first automated surgery in Korea using Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning in June 1996. Inspired by Inbae Yoon and assisted by his generous donation, our hospital started the IB Yoon Multi‐Specialty Endoscopic Research & Training Center in 1998. Subsequently in March 2005, we started the Severance Robotic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Center. The establishment of these centers has enabled us to widen the use of laparoscopic surgery and to teach many surgeons the principles of and the techniques involved in laparoscopic and robotic surgery.We performed our first robotic surgery using the da Vinci Surgical System in July 2005. In the 4 years since introducing the da Vinci Surgical System, we have successfully performed more than 2600 robotic surgical procedures. As the collaboration between medicine and robotic engineering produces more technically advanced results, we hopefully can develop our own version of the robotic system in the near future.
Assessing Niche Separation among Coexisting
Limnohabitans
Strains through Interactions with a Competitor, Viruses, and a Bacterivore
Authors: Šimek Karel , Kasalický Vojtěch , Horňák Karel , Hahn Martin W. , Weinbauer Markus G. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

We investigated potential niche separation in two closely related (99.1% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) syntopic bacterial strains affiliated with the R-BT065 cluster, which represents a subgroup of the genus
Limnohabitans
. The two strains, designated B4 and D5, were isolated concurrently from a freshwater reservoir. Differences between the strains were examined through monitoring interactions with a bacterial competitor,
Flectobacillus
sp. (FL), and virus- and predator-induced mortality. Batch-type cocultures, designated B4+FL and D5+FL, were initiated with a similar biomass ratio among the strains. The proportion of each cell type present in the cocultures was monitored based on clear differences in cell sizes. Following exponential growth for 28 h, the cocultures were amended by the addition of two different concentrations of live or heat-inactivated viruses concentrated from the reservoir. Half of virus-amended treatments were inoculated immediately with an axenic flagellate predator,
Poterioochromonas
sp. The presence of the predator, of live viruses, and of competition between the strains significantly affected their population dynamics in the experimentally manipulated treatments. While strains B4 and FL appeared vulnerable to environmental viruses, strain D5 did not. Predator-induced mortality had the greatest impact on FL, followed by that on D5 and then B4. The virus-vulnerable B4 strain had smaller cells and lower biomass yield, but it was less subject to grazing. In contrast, the seemingly virus-resistant D5, with slightly larger grazing-vulnerable cells, was competitive with FL. Overall, our data suggest contrasting ecophysiological capabilities and partial niche separation in two coexisting
Limnohabitans
strains.
DOUBLY PERIODIC TEXTILE STRUCTURES
Authors: MORTON HUGH R. , GRISHANOV SERGEI 
Published: December 2009

Knitted and woven textile structures are examples of doubly periodic structures in a thickened plane made out of intertwining strands of yarn. Factoring out the group of translation symmetries of such a structure gives rise to a link diagram in a thickened torus, as in [2]. Such a diagram on a standard torus in S3 is converted into a classical link by including two auxiliary components which form the cores of the complementary solid tori. The resulting link, called a kernel for the structure, is determined by a choice of generators u, v for the group of symmetries. A normalized form of the multi-variable Alexander polynomial of a kernel is used to provide polynomial invariants of the original structure which are essentially independent of the choice of generators u and v. It gives immediate information about the existence of closed curves and other topological features in the original textile structure. Because of its natural algebraic properties under coverings we can recover the polynomial for kernels based on a proper subgroup from the polynomial derived from the full symmetry group of the structure. This enables two structures to be compared at similar scales, even when one has a much smaller minimal repeating cell than the other. Examples of simple traditional structures are given, and their Alexander data polynomials are presented to illustrate the techniques and results.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON THE STOCHASTIC GATING OF THE IP3R CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL: A NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY
Authors: HAERI H. H. , HASHEMIANZADEH S. M. , MONAJJEMI M. 
Published: December 2009

The importance of the kinetic study of endoplasmatic calcium ion channels in different intracellular processes is known today. Although there are few experimental reports on the temperature dependency of IP3R channel functions, we did not find any detailed theoretical study on this subject. For this purpose, we used a modified Gillespie algorithm to investigate the effect of temperature on the conditions affecting the open state of a single subunit of the De Young-Keizer (DYK) model. Population of the states was considered as the subject of fluctuation. Key features of the channel, such as bell-shaped dependency of open probability to the Calcium concentrations were modeled at different temperatures, too. The range of temperature variation was selected by regarding the experimental data on IP3R channel.By increasing the temperature, we had the very slow time domains (t: 10-1s ) and the much slower time domains (t: 100s ) in addition to other time domains, which could be seen as new time categories in InsP3R studies, and so the results were reported in these time domains, as well.We found out that increase in temperature declined the open probability in some concentrations of Ca2+and/or IP3. Also, by introducing the intensity graphs, broadening of the range of fluctuations and lowering of the order of frequency of fluctuations for the population of each state were observed due to the temperature increments.The temperature effects on the activation and inactivation states of the channel were studied in the framework of the reaction paths. We did not find similar paths at different time domains; several paths observed which were totally different all together. These time-dependent reaction paths are also depending on the Ca2+and/or the IP3 concentrations. So, one can predict the most probable reaction paths at different concentrations and temperatures and also determine which kind of the path it is; a path for closing the channel or a path to open it.Finally, the temperature effects on the calcium inhibited states were studied. We found out that calcium ion inhibitions were shifted to lower calcium concentration by increasing the temperature. The results suggests that inhibiting role of calcium is not only [ Ca2+] and/or [IP3] dependent, but also temperature dependent.
Evaluation of High-Resolution Satellite Precipitation Products over Very Complex Terrain in Ethiopia
Authors: Hirpa Feyera A. , Gebremichael Mekonnen , Hopson Thomas 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
This study focuses on the evaluation of 3-hourly, 0.25° × 0.25°, satellite-based precipitation products: the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42RT, the NOAA/Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN). CMORPH is primarily microwave based, 3B42RT is primarily microwave based when microwave data are available and infrared based when microwave data are not available, and PERSIANN is primarily infrared based. The results show that 1) 3B42RT and CMORPH give similar rainfall fields (in terms of bias, spatial structure, elevation-dependent trend, and distribution function), which are different from PERSIANN rainfall fields; 2) PERSIANN does not show the elevation-dependent trend observed in rain gauge values, 3B42RT, and CMORPH; and 3) PERSIANN considerably underestimates rainfall in high-elevation areas.
Transport and Mixing in the Extratropical Tropopause Region in a High-Vertical-Resolution GCM. Part I: Potential Vorticity and Heat Budget Analysis
Authors: Miyazaki Kazuyuki , Watanabe Shingo , Kawatani Yoshio , Tomikawa Yoshihiro , Takahashi Masaaki , Sato Kaoru 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
A high-vertical-resolution general circulation model (GCM) output has been analyzed to clarify transport and mixing processes in the extratropical tropopause region. The high-resolution GCM, with a vertical resolution of about 300 m above the extratropical upper troposphere, allows simulation of fine atmospheric structures near the tropopause, such as the extratropical tropopause transition layer (ExTL) and the tropopause inversion layer (TIL). The high-resolution GCM realistically simulates fine thermal and dynamic structures in the extratropical tropopause region. The thickness and maximum stability of the simulated TIL are consistent with observations. The high-resolution output was analyzed using a zonal mean potential vorticity (PV) equation to identify dominant transport processes in the extratropical tropopause region. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics during winter, mean downward advection sharpens the PV gradient between the tropopause and 20 K below it, whereas latitudinal variation in isentropic mixing sharpens the vertical PV gradient between the tropopause and 10 K above it. During summer, vertical mixing substantially sharpens the vertical PV gradient at 10–25 K above the tropopause. These sharpening effects may be strongly related to the formation mechanisms of strong concentration gradients of chemical tracers around the ExTL. Mechanisms of evolution of the TIL are also discussed by analyzing a thermodynamic equation. Downward heat advection and radiation processes primarily determine the seasonality of the TIL. The analysis results suggest that the locations of the TIL and the ExTL can be similar because of common dynamic processes and interactions between constituent distributions and thermal structure.
Jet Alignment in a Two-Layer Quasigeostrophic Channel Using One-Dimensional Grid Warping
Authors: Beechler Brad E. , Weiss Jeffrey B. , Duane Gregory S. , Tribbia Joseph 
Published: December 2009

Abstract
Because of position errors traditional methods of data assimilation can broaden and weaken jets or other flow structures leading to reduced forecast skill. Here a technique to assimilate properties of coherent structures is developed and tested. Focusing on jets, the technique identifies jets in both the modeled and observed fields and warps the model grid so that the jet positions are better aligned prior to further assimilation of observations. The technique is tested using optimal interpolation on the flow in a two-layer quasigeostrophic channel. The results show that a simple and fast jet position correction algorithm can significantly improve the skill of a 12-h forecast. Furthermore, the results indicate that this method of position correction maintains its utility when observations become sparse.