bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Name ‘ Nepal ’
Authors: Burton-Page J. 
Published: January 2010

In a recently published historical work, Nepālko aitihāsih rūp-rekhā (Historical Outline of Nepal) by Bālcandra Śarmā, Banāras 2008 V.S. (═ A.D. 1951/52) the author devotes some space to the meaning of the name Nepal; as he has no faith in the ‘ traditional ’ explanation, and as the alternative which finds favour with him is open to grave misgivings, a re-examination of this problem might not be out of place now.The first occurrence of the name to which any near date can be assigned is undoubtedly in the posthumous panegyric of Samudragupta, presumed to have been inscribed at the order of his son Candragupta II in the middle of the 4th century A.D., on the rock-pillar of Allāhābād, which cites, among others, the sovereign of Nepāla as a tributary prince:—
The Poetry of Shāh Ismā'īl I
Authors: Minorsky V. 
Published: January 2010

MY interest in Shāh Ismā'īl's poetry was aroused thirty-six years ago, when from my Ahl-i Ḥaqq friends I learnt that the Khāṭu'ī mentioned in one of their hymns was no lessa person than the founder of the Ṣafavi dynasty: Khatā'ī-dä nāṭiq oldï, Türkistanïn pīri oldï “(Godhead) came to speech in the person of Khatā'ī, (who) became the pīr of the Turks (of Āzarbāyjān)”, according to the explanation given to me.For some time I suspected the Ahl-i Ḥaqq doctrines to be identical with the arcana of the Safavids, but later came to the conclusion that the home of the former was in Kurdistan, in the region of Sulaymānī, and that only by a kind of alliance were they related to the Ṣafavi propaganda.It was only in 1920, in Paris, that I could carefully study a copy of Khatā'ī's dīvān (Bibliothéque Nationale, sup. turc 1307). This time my attention was attracted by the autobiographical hintsof the crowned poet and by the dialectic peculiarities of his Turkish poems. I read a paper on Shāh Ismā'īl's poems before the Sociètè Asiatique (9th December, 1921), and started on the preparation of a selection from Khatā'ī's dīvān. My work was several times interrupted.
Matta-vilāsa: a Farce
Authors: Mahendravikrama Varman , Barnett L. D. 
Published: January 2010

The little farce entitled Matta-vilāsa derives a peculiar interest from the personality of its author. For Mahendravikrama-varman (or Mahendra-varman, as he is sometimes called for brevity's sake) was a king of the glorious Pallava dynasty, and one of the most brilliant of his great race.The founders of the Pallava dynasty seem to have been adventurers of Northern origin, who settled in the Dekkan about the beginning of the Christian era. The dissolution of the Sātavāhana or Āndhra empire about the third century gave the family an opportunity to establish themselves as an independent little power, and they rapidly extended their dominions until they ranked among the greatest states of the South, rivalling the mighty neighbouring kingdoms of the Colas, the Ceras, and the Pāṇḍyas. Their chief capital was Kāñcī or Kāñcī-puram, the modern Conjevaram, in which the scene of the present play is laid. To art, literature, and science they extended a generous and cultured patronage, and many of the noblest monuments of architecture and sculpture in Southern India perpetuate the memory of their splendid era.
The History of the Japanese Particle “ I ”
Authors: Yoshitake S. 
Published: January 2010

The Japanese language contains a number of words that are pronounced differently when standing in the attributive position. The following is a list of such words, taken mainly from the literary monuments of the eighth century A.D.1(1) e:a. ame heaven, sky: ama-hire (sky—shawl) cloud. ame rain: ama-giri2 (rain—mist) rainy mist. fune ship: funa-de ( < *funa-ide ship—departure) departure of a ship. ine rice-plant: ina-muširo (rice plant—mat) a pillow-word used for qualifying šiki (dense, heavy, frequent) and kaha (river) which are homonymous with šiki (to spread) and kaha (skin).
Notes on the Statical and some other Participles in Hindustani
Authors: Phillott D. C. 
Published: January 2010

(a) (1) Considerable confusion exists as regards the Statical Participles.On page 174 of his Grammar, Platts states: “ Rem. The so-called Staticals differ from Conthraatives in denoting temporary or accidental state. The two forms are clearly distinguished in most native grammars, but are strangely misunderstood by European grammarians, who teach that the participle is inflected in Staticals and not inflected in Continuatives! Now, the fact is that it is just to indicate duration or continuity (and occasionally a habitual state) that the particle (sic) or verbal adjective is changed into an adverb and inflected. This is evident from such forms as chalte chalte thak gayā, ‘ I wearied through much or continued walking …,’ ”
A Burushaski Text from Hunza
Authors: Lorimer D. L. R. 
Published: January 2010

Burushaski, the language of Hunza and Nagir, has not up to the present received any undue measure of attention.The list of authorities in the Linguistic Survey of India is a short one containing only nine items. Of these only three are of serious importance:—Dr. G. W. Leitner, The Languages and Races of Dardistan, Lahore, 1877.Col. J. Biddulph, JRAS., vol. xvi, pt. i (1884), “The Boorishki Language,” being a corrected reprint of the Grammar and Vocabulary of the language, published in his Tribes of the Hindu Rush, Calcutta, 1880.Dr. G. W. Leitner. The Hunza and Nagyr Handbook, pt. i, Calcutta, 1889.
The Varṇārhavarṇa Stotra of Mātṛceṭa (II)
Authors: Bailey D. R. Shackleton 
Published: January 2010

For the remaining eight sections of this stotra the Tibetan text has not been published. The version here reproduced is that of the Snar than edition of the Bstan hgyur (Bstod pa, folios 100–110), for the loan of which I am indebted to the Librarian of the Commonwealth Relations Office. It contains a thirteenth chapter of thirty-two slokas for which the Sanskrit MSS. have no equivalent (cf. JRAS., 1948, p. 57), and which is therefore omitted here.Perhaps the most interesting of these sections is the seventh, with its elaborate (and to European taste frigid) parallels between Brahmanical and Buddhist vocabulary. In establishing Mātṛceṭa's identity and date, Sect. VIII, v. 23, which proves him to have been a Mahāyānist, is of capital importance. I should add that my own conclusions, summarized on p. 672, n. 2, of the last issue of this journal, were reached independently of this (corroborative) piece of evidence.
Zur Chronologie des Stimmtonverlusts im dravidischen Anlaut.
Authors: Kuiper F. B. J. 
Published: January 2010

Bekanntlich unterscheidet sich die Tamil-Malayālam-Gruppe in ihrem Lautsystem dadurch von den anderen dravidischen Sprachen in wesentlicher Weise, dass sie im Anlaut nur stimmlose Verschlusslaute, in intervokalischer Stellung und nach tönenden Lauten dagegen nur die stimmhaften Varianten derselben kennt. Weil die Aussprache eines Verschlusslautes somit durch seineStellung im Worte bestimmt ist, kann die Schrift mit einem Zeichen für die stimmlose und stimmhafte Variante beide Lautwerte wiedergeben. Nun zeigt die Tamilschrift, die aus den ersten Jahrhunderten unserer Zeitrechnung stammen muss, dieses Prinzip seit der ältesten Zeit, offenbar wurde also das Lautsystem schon zur Zeit der Einführung der Schrift von dieser eigentümlichen Regel beherrscht.Im Anschluss an diese Auffassung hat dann Subbaya, Ind. Ant., 1909, 217 u.s.w., zuerst den Versuch gemacht, den stimmhaften Anlaut, der in alien dravidischen Sprachen ausser der Tamil-Malayālam- Gruppe sehr häufig vorkommt, zu erklären. Einige Jahre vorherhatte dagegen Sten Konow, Ling. Survey, iv, 288, den entgegengesetzten Standpunkt verteidigt, dass namlich die eigentümliche Eegel, die im Tamil den Gebrauch von stimmlosen und stimmhaften Konsonanten beherrscht, sekundär und sogar ziemlich jungen Datums sei. Auch Bloch, BSL., XXV, 12, vertritt diese Ansicht.
The change of a to e in the Indo-Aryan Loan Words of Malayāḷam
Authors: Varma K. Goda 
Published: January 2010

The pronunciation of a coming after certain initial consonants as e, is the most important of the vowel changes met with in the Indo-Aryan loanwords of Malayāḷam, and also perhaps the most interesting from a phonological point of view.The first to note and record the change was Gundert. He observed that a occurring after the voiced sounds g, j, d, d, y, and r is heard as e in the pronunciation of the Malayāḷis (A Grammar of the Malayalam Language, 2nd ed., p. 8). Gundert's observation is obviously imperfect inasmuch as the change is regularly manifested after b and l also, over and above the sounds specified by him.
Vedico yúḥ “ se ipsum ”
Authors: Pisani Vittore 
Published: January 2010

M. Bloomfield, cerca, nella Miscellanea in onore di Ernst Kuhn (Aufsätze zur Kultur- und Sprachgeschichte … Monaco, 1916, p. 211 sgg.), di sostenere la sua proposta (JAOS., xxvii, p. 72 sgg.), secondo cui RV., viii, 18, 13 dovrebbe leggersi:yó naḥ káç cid rírikṣati rakṣa1E63;tvéna mártya1E25;suáiḥ ṣá évai jánaḥin luogo del tramandato ririṣīṣṭa yur; rappresenterebbe una contrazione di e il Bloomfield traduce in conseguenza :“ The mortal who with demonic practices desires to harm us : may that person by his own doings injure his life! ”
The influence of the Tajik language on the vocalism of Central Asian Arabic dialects
Authors: Tsereteli George V. 
Published: January 2010

The Arabs in Central Asia occupied in the past, as is well known, considerable territory, especially in the lower parts of the basins of the Zarafshān and Qashqa-daryā rivers, and also in Khojend and the south-eastern regions of Tajikistan.In the course of centuries the majority of the Central Asian Arabs have lost their language and only small groups of them continue to speak Arabic up to the present time in the villages of Jōgarḹ, Čardaḹ (Ġijduwān district) and ‘Arab-Xōna (Wobkend district) of the Bukhārā region and in the village of Jeinau in the Qashqa-daryā region.
The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML): Language Specification for Level 3 Version 1 Core (Release 1 Candidate)
Authors: Hucka Michael , Bergmann Frank , Hoops Stefan , Keating Sarah , Sahle Sven , Wilkinson Darren 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis is the specification for Release 1 Candidate of *SBML Level 3 Version 1 Core*, an electronic model representation format for systems biology.SBML is oriented towards describing biological processes of the sort common in research on a number of topics, including metabolic pathways, cell signaling pathways, and many others. SBML is defined neutrally with respect to programming languages and software encoding; however, it is oriented primarily towards allowing models to be encoded using XML. This document contains many examples of SBML models written in XML.More information about SBML and this specification is available online at "http://sbml.org/Documents/Specifications/ ":http://sbml.org/Documents/Specifications/.
Combined inhibition of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid formation and of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids degradation attenuates hypertension and hypertensioninduced end-organ damage in Ren-2 transgenic rats
Authors: Chábová Věra Čertíková , Walkowska Agnieszka , Kompanowska-Jezierska Elzbieta , Sadowski Janusz , Kujal Petr , Vernerová Zdenka , Vaňourková Zdeňa , Kopkan Libor , Kramer Herbert J. , Falck John R. , Imig John D. , Hammock Bruce D. , Vaněčková Ivana , Červenka Luděk 
Published: January 2010

Recent studies have shown that the renal CYP450 (cytochrome P450) metabolites of AA (arachidonic acid), the vasoconstrictor 20-HETE (20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid) and the vasodilator EETs (epoxyeicosatrienoic acids), play an important role in the pathophysiology of AngII (angiotensin II)-dependent forms of hypertension and the associated target organ damage. The present studies were performed in Ren-2 renin transgenic rats (TGR) to evaluate the effects of chronic selective inhibition of 20-HETE formation or elevation of the level of EETs, alone or in combination, on the course of hypertension and hypertension-associated end-organ damage. Both young (30 days of age) prehypertensive TGR and adult (190 days of age) TGR with established hypertension were examined. Normotensive HanSD (Hannover Sprague–Dawley) rats served as controls. The rats were treated with N-methylsulfonyl-12,12-dibromododec-11-enamide to inhibit 20-HETE formation and/or with N-cyclohexyl-N-dodecyl urea to inhibit soluble epoxide hydrolase and prevent degradation of EETs. Inhibition in TGR of 20-HETE formation combined with enhanced bioavailability of EETs attenuated the development of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, proteinuria, glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis as well as renal tubulointerstitial injury. This was also associated with attenuation of the responsiveness of the systemic and renal vascular beds to AngII without modifying their responses to noradrenaline (norepinephrine). Our findings suggest that altered production and/or action of 20-HETE and EETs plays a permissive role in the development of hypertension and hypertension-associated end-organ damage in this model of AngII-dependent hypertension. This information provides a basis for a search for new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of hypertension.
‘School was just a nightmare’: childhood abuse and neglect and school experiences
Authors: Frederick John , Goddard Chris 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTChildren who have experienced abuse display significant difficulties in dealing with all aspects of the school environment. This paper examines the experiences at school of a group of respondents who had been subject to abuse and neglect during their childhood and adolescence. A qualitative research approach, utilizing in‐depth interviews, was used to explore their perspectives and insights in relation to their experiences. The findings of this study show how the various forms of abuse and neglect experienced in their families had consequences for them in the school setting. A further important finding was a lack of professional student welfare support for the interviewees at school. Implications for prevention and intervention approaches in relation to both policy and service delivery are outlined.
Young children returning home from care: the birth parents' perspective
Authors: Malet Montserrat Fargas , Mcsherry Dominic , Larkin Emma , Kelly Greg , Robinson Clive , Schubotz Dirk 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTWhile a wide range of literature exists on the experiences of children in foster care or adoption, much less is known about children who return home from care to their birth parents. This paper focuses on the perspectives of a small sample of birth parents of young children who returned home from care. It draws on findings from the Northern Ireland Care Pathways and Outcomes Study that has been following a population (n = 374) of children who were under 5 years and in care in Northern Ireland on the 31st of March 2000. As part of this study, interviews were conducted with the foster parents of 55 children, the adoptive parents of 51 children and the birth parents of nine children who had returned home from care. The paper explores the birth parents' views on how they coped while their child was in care, how they were coping after the child had returned home and how their child was faring at home. Results revealed that these parents, and their children, were experiencing multiple difficulties and struggled to cope after the children had returned home.
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy: an effective and evidence‐based treatment – comments in response to Mercer and Pignotti
Authors: Becker‐Weidman Arthur , Hughes Daniel 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the evidence base for Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy as an evidence‐based, empirically validated, and effective family‐therapy treatment for children with reactive attachment disorder and complex trauma. It is in response to a note by Mercer, Pennington, Pignotti, & Rosa. to our previous paper describing the evidence‐base of Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy. The paper summarizes the extensive empirical literature that describes the effectiveness of such dimensions of Dyadic Develop‐mental Psychotherapy as affect arousal and regulation, gradual expo‐sure to trauma, parent education and consultation, explaining how the past may be continuing to affect present behaviour, forming and maintaining a therapeutic relationship through therapist acceptance, affirmation, empathy and various other dimensions. The paper presents several generally accepted criteria for determining evidence‐based practice and evidence‐based treatment and demonstrates how Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy meets those criteria. These criteria include those developed by Saunders et al., the UK National Health Services system, and the US Preventative Services Task Force system for ranking the quality of evidence. Finally, the paper responds to specific points raised by Mercer et al. indicating those with which we agree and those with which we disagree.
Islet inflammation and CXCL10 in recent-onset type 1 diabetes
Authors: Roep B O , Kleijwegt F S , Van Halteren A G S , Bonato V , Boggi U , Vendrame F , Marchetti P , Dotta F 
Published: January 2010

Summary
Type 1 diabetes results from a T cell-mediated destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. Little is known on local factors contributing to migration of T cells to pancreatic tissue. We recently demonstrated evidence of viral infection in β cells in several recent-onset type 1 diabetes patients. Islet inflammation was analysed in a series of new- or recent-onset type 1 diabetic patients and non-diabetic control subjects. Autoimmune T cell reactivity was studied in lymphocytes derived from pancreas-draining lymph nodes of one recent-onset type 1 diabetes patient in partial clinical remission. Insulitic lesions were characterized by presence of β cells, elevated levels of the chemokine CXCL10 and infiltration of lymphocytes expressing the corresponding chemokine receptor CXCR3 in all pancreatic lesions of type 1 diabetes patients, regardless of enterovirus infection of β cells. CXCR3 and CXCL10 were undetectable in pancreata of non-diabetic control subjects. T cells isolated from draining lymph nodes of a recent-onset patient with virally infected β cells and in clinical remission reacted with multiple islet autoantigens and displayed a mixed interferon (IFN)-γ/interleukin (IL)-10 cytokine pattern. Our data point to CXCL10 as an important cytokine in distressed islets that may contribute to inflammation leading to insulitis and β cell destruction, regardless of local viral infection. We demonstrate further pro- and anti-inflammatory islet autoreactivity, indicating that different adaptive and innate immune responses may contribute to insulitis and β cell destruction.
Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration cytology: a state of the art review
Authors: Cameron S. E. H. , Andrade R. S. , Pambuccian S. E. 
Published: January 2010

S. E. H. Cameron, R.S. Andrade and S.E. Pambuccian Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration cytology: a state of the art reviewEndobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) is a recently developed, accurate, safe and cost‐effective technique that allows sampling of mediastinal lymph nodes and peribronchial lesions including pulmonary and mediastinal lesions. Its major indications are the nodal staging of non‐small cell carcinomas of the lung, their restaging after chemotherapy and/or radiation, the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and of metastases from extrathoracic malignancies, and the diagnosis of mediastinal lymphadenopathy and masses of unknown aetiology. From our experience at the University of Minnesota and a comprehensive review of the literature, we discuss technical aspects of the procedure, its advantages and limitations in comparison with other methods of sampling mediastinal lymph nodes, focusing on the role of the cytopathologist in ensuring the effectiveness of the procedure. An algorithmic approach to the cytological diagnosis, starting with the determination of the adequacy of the sample, is also presented.
Climate change effects on plant biomass alter dominance patterns and community evenness in an experimental old‐field ecosystem
Authors: KARDOL PAUL , CAMPANY COURTNEY E. , SOUZA LARA , NORBY RICHARD J. , WELTZIN JAKE F. , CLASSEN AIMEE T. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAtmospheric and climatic change can alter plant biomass production and plant community composition. However, we know little about how climate change‐induced alterations in biomass production affect plant species composition. To better understand how climate change will alter both individual plant species and community biomass, we manipulated atmospheric [CO2], air temperature, and precipitation in a constructed old‐field ecosystem. Specifically, we compared the responses of dominant and subdominant species to our climatic treatments, and explored how changes in plant dominance patterns alter community evenness over 2 years. Our study resulted in four major findings: (1) all treatments, elevated [CO2], warming, and increased precipitation increased plant community biomass and the effects were additive rather than interactive, (2) plant species differed in their response to the treatments, resulting in shifts in the proportional biomass of individual species, which altered the plant community composition; however, the plant community response was largely driven by the positive precipitation response of Lespedeza, the most dominant species in the community, (3) precipitation explained most of the variation in plant community composition among treatments, and (4) changes in precipitation caused a shift in the dominant species proportional biomass that resulted in lower community evenness in the wet relative to dry treatments. Interestingly, compositional and evenness responses of the subdominant community to the treatments did not always follow the responses of the whole plant community. Our data suggest that changes in plant dominance patterns and community evenness are an important part of community responses to climatic change, and generally, that such compositional shifts can alter ecosystem biomass production and nutrient inputs.