bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship of
Pneumocystis jiroveci
Humoral Immunity to Prevention of Colonization and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in a Primate Model of HIV Infection
Authors: Kling Heather M. , Shipley Timothy W. , Patil Sangita P. , Kristoff Jan , Bryan Marianne , Montelaro Ronald C. , Morris Alison , Norris Karen A. 
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT

Pulmonary colonization by the opportunistic pathogen
Pneumocystis jiroveci
is common in HIV
+
subjects and has been associated with development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Host and environmental factors associated with colonization susceptibility are undefined. Using a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) model of HIV infection, the immunologic parameters associated with natural
Pneumocystis jiroveci
transmission were evaluated. SHIV-infected macaques were exposed to
P. jiroveci
by cohousing with immunosuppressed,
P. jiroveci
-colonized macaques in two independent experiments. Serial plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples were examined for changes in antibody titers to recombinant
Pneumocystis
-kexin protein (KEX1) and evidence of
Pneumocystis
colonization by nested PCR of BAL fluid. In experiment 1, 10 of 14 monkeys became
Pneumocystis
colonized (Pc
+
) by 8 weeks post-SHIV infection, while 4 animals remained
Pneumocystis
colonization negative (Pc
−
) throughout the study. In experiment 2, 11 of 17 animals became
Pneumocystis
colonized by 16 weeks post-SHIV infection, while 6 monkeys remained Pc
−
. Baseline plasma KEX1-IgG titers were significantly higher in monkeys that remained Pc
−
, compared to Pc
+
monkeys, in experiments 1 (
P
= 0.013) and 2 (
P
= 0.022). Pc
−
monkeys had greater percentages of
Pneumocystis
-specific memory B cells after SHIV infection compared to Pc
+
monkeys (
P
= 0.037). After SHIV infection, Pc
+
monkeys developed progressive obstructive pulmonary disease, whereas Pc
−
monkeys maintained normal lung function throughout the study. These results demonstrate a correlation between the KEX1 humoral response and the prevention of
Pneumocystis
colonization and obstructive lung disease in the SHIV model. In addition, these results indicate that an effective
Pneumocystis
-specific memory B-cell response is maintained despite progressive loss of CD4
+
T cells during SHIV infection.
Results on the Existence and Convergence of Best Proximity Points
Authors: Abkar Ali , Gabeleh Moosa 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe first consider a cyclic "Equation missing"-contraction map on a reflexive Banach space "Equation missing" and provide a positive answer to a question raised by Al-Thagafi and Shahzad on the existence of best proximity points for cyclic "Equation missing"-contraction maps in reflexive Banach spaces in one of their works (2009). In the second part of the paper, we will discuss the existence of best proximity points in the framework of more general metric spaces. We obtain some new results on the existence of best proximity points in hyperconvex metric spaces as well as in ultrametric spaces.
Complexity, Parsing, and Factorization of Tree-Local Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammar
Authors: Nesson Rebecca , Satta Giorgio , M. Shieber Stuart 
Published: July 2010

Tree-Local Multi-Component Tree-Adjoining Grammar (TL-MCTAG) is an appealing formalism for natural language representation because it arguably allows the encapsulation of the appropriate domain of locality within its elementary structures. Its multicomponent structure allows modeling of lexical items that may ultimately have elements far apart in a sentence, such as quantifiers and wh-words. When used as the base formalism for a synchronous grammar, its flexibility allows it to express both the close relationships and the divergent structure necessary to capture the links between the syntax and semantics of a single language or the syntax of two different languages. Its limited expressivity provides constraints on movement and, we posit, may have generated additional popularity based on a misconception about its parsing complexity. Although TL-MCTAG was shown to be equivalent in expressivity to TAG when it was first introduced, the complexity of TL-MCTAG is still not well understood. This article offers a thorough examination of the problem of TL-MCTAG recognition, showing that even highly restricted forms of TL-MCTAG are NP-complete to recognize. However, in spite of the provable difficulty of the recognition problem, we offer several algorithms that can substantially improve processing efficiency. First, we present a parsing algorithm that improves on the baseline parsing method and runs in polynomial time when both the fan-out and rank of the input grammar are bounded. Second, we offer an optimal, efficient algorithm for factorizing a grammar to produce a strongly equivalent TL-MCTAG grammar with the rank of the grammar minimized.
Linguistically Annotated Reordering: Evaluation and Analysis
Authors: Xiong Deyi , Zhang Min , Aw Aiti , Li Haizhou 
Published: July 2010

Linguistic knowledge plays an important role in phrase movement in statistical machine translation. To efficiently incorporate linguistic knowledge into phrase reordering, we propose a new approach: Linguistically Annotated Reordering (LAR). In LAR, we build hard hierarchical skeletons and inject soft linguistic knowledge from source parse trees to nodes of hard skeletons during translation. The experimental results on large-scale training data show that LAR is comparable to boundary word-based reordering (BWR) (Xiong, Liu, and Lin 2006), which is a very competitive lexicalized reordering approach. When combined with BWR, LAR provides complementary information for phrase reordering, which collectively improves the BLEU score significantly. To further understand the contribution of linguistic knowledge in LAR to phrase reordering, we introduce a syntax-based analysis method to automatically detect constituent movement in both reference and system translations, and summarize syntactic reordering patterns that are captured by reordering models. With the proposed analysis method, we conduct a comparative analysis that not only provides the insight into how linguistic knowledge affects phrase movement but also reveals new challenges in phrase reordering.
De novis libris iudicia How Ideal is the Oldest Ideal Greek Novel?
Authors: De Temmerman Koen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this review article, I first offer a critical discussion of S.D. Smith’s Greek Identity and the Athenian Past in Chariton: The Romance of Empire (Groningen 2007). Subsequently, I analyze in detail what I consider to be one of the most important contributions of the book; this is Smith’s identification of what I would call ‘epistemological relativism’ as a pattern underlying Chariton’s narrative technique. I single out two thematic areas in which this pattern is particularly relevant and make some additions of my own regarding specific readings by Smith in each area. I argue that these two thematic strands challenge the widely-held view that Chariton is one of the most prototypical representatives of the genre of the ideal Greek novel.
Pragmatism, Power, and Politics: A Pentecostal Conversation with President Obama's Favorite Theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr
Authors: Richie Tony Lee 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn conversation with Reinhold Niebuhr, this essay explores ecumenical, economical, and political theology and practice against a contextual backdrop of recent developments in Cuba relative to the United States with specific implications for North American Pentecostal Christians. First, it argues that Niebuhr's Christian realism and Pentecostalism's pragmatic orientation may be allies in addressing economic and political issues; and second, his perspective on the spiritual nature and proper use of power may inform Pentecostalism's traditional approach to power so as to expand its parameters for more precise political and social implementation. Further, the contemporary relevance of this discussion is framed and informed by President Barack Obama's vaunted appropriation of Niebuhr in a creative integrative practice of faith and politics.
Reading in Tongues: The Case for a Pneumatalogical Hermeneutic in Conversation with James K. Smith
Authors: Coombs Clayton 
Published: July 2010

AbstractJames K. Smith's recent article "Thinking in Tongues" has made an important contribution in mining Pentecostal instincts and practices for their theological foundations and implications. He not only strikes a chord with Pentecostal readers, but presents a powerful apologetic for Pentecostal theology to non-Pentecostal readers also. The following article uses Smith's thinking as a springboard to introduce a distinctively Pentecostal hermeneutic that seeks an encounter with the Spirit in the reading of the text and is rooted in the mission of the church.
The Pathos of Theology as a Pneumatological Derivative or a Poiemata of the Spirit? A Review Essay of Reinhard Hütter's Pneumatological and Ecclesiological Vision of Theology
Authors: Studebaker Steven 
Published: July 2010

AbstractReinhard Hütter is a leading theologian who has made important contributions to ecclesiology, pneumatology, and Christian rationality, but his most fundamental one is to the nature of theology and theological method. What makes his work of particular interest to Pentecostals is its attempt to give theology a pneumatological and ecclesiological ground. He suggests that the pathos of theology is doctrina and core church practices; theology receives its character and content from church doctrine and practices. Although successful in respect to his ecclesiological program, his proposal does not give theology a direct pneumatological ground and pathos. Nevertheless, his notion that theology receives its pathos from church doctrine and practices can be adapted to suggest a pneumatological pathos of Christian experience and theology. The result is a proposal that the Holy Spirit conditions the pathos of Christian experience and theology, which provides a theological and explicitly a pneumatological pathos not only for Pentecostal experience and theology but also for the role of Pentecostal experience in developing a uniquely "orthopathic" ecumenical contribution to Christian theology.
Why We Cannot Make History. Some Remarks on a Lesson from Early Historicism
Authors: Vogt Peter 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThere are various perspectives from which the meaning of historicism can be understood. Historically, the interpretation of historicism has predominantly been interested in either questions concerning historical methodology, or the relationship between the natural and human sciences, or the normative consequences of historicism. My intention is not to cast doubt upon the legitimacy of these different research approaches, but rather to supplement them by confronting the meaning of historicism from the perspective of a different question. Did historicism in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries formulate a notion of historical chance or of historical contingency, a notion of what is neither necessary nor impossible in history but rather the result of accident and chance? To answer this question, I begin with Reinhart Koselleck’s interpretation of historicism presented in two rather short essays, “Der Zufall als Motivationsrest in der Geschichtsschreibung” and “Über die Verfügbarkeit von Geschichte”. In the next step of my analysis, I confront Koselleck’s interpretation of the historicist sensibility for contingency and chance with Odo Marquard’s conceptual distinction between two notions of contingency and chance. This line of argumentation gives rise to a definition of historicism as a theoretical sensibility for the “fatefully accidental” (Marquard). I further support this claim with an analysis of Savigny’s legal history, of Schleiermacher’s theology and of the “anti-Faustian” (Werner Busch) art of Caspar David Friedrich. Historicism ultimately teaches us that history is never the exact outcome of the intentions of historical actors. Though human beings undeniably act in history, they cannot make history or at least cannot make it as they please. It is in this regard that I find, in my concluding remarks, Hermann Lübbe’s description of historicism as a “sermon of human finitude” to be wholly accurate.
Elevated frequencies of highly activated CD4+ T cells in HIV+ patients developing immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome
Authors: Antonelli Lis R. V. , Mahnke Yolanda , Hodge Jessica N. , Porter Brian O. , Barber Daniel L. , DerSimonian Rebecca , Greenwald Jamieson H. , Roby Gregg , Mican JoAnn , Sher Alan , Roederer Mario , Sereti Irini 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) is a considerable problem in the treatment of HIV-infected patients. To identify immunologic correlates of IRIS, we characterized T-cell phenotypic markers and serum cytokine levels in HIV patients with a range of different AIDS-defining illnesses, before and at regular time points after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Patients developing IRIS episodes displayed higher frequencies of effector memory, PD-1+, HLA-DR+, and Ki67+ CD4+ T cells than patients without IRIS. Moreover, PD-1+ CD4+ T cells in IRIS patients expressed increased levels of LAG-3, CTLA-4, and ICOS and had a Th1/Th17 skewed cytokine profile upon polyclonal stimulation. Elevated PD-1 and Ki67 expression was also seen in regulatory T cells of IRIS patients. Furthermore, IRIS patients displayed higher serum interferon-γ, compared with non-IRIS patients, near the time of their IRIS events and higher serum interleukin-7 levels, suggesting that the T-cell populations are also exposed to augmented homeostatic signals. In conclusion, our findings indicate that IRIS appears to be a predominantly CD4-mediated phenomenon with reconstituting effector and regulatory T cells showing evidence of increased activation from antigenic exposure. These studies are registered online at http://clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00557570 and NCT00286767.
Delivery of chemotherapeutic agents using drug-loaded irradiated tumor cells to treat murine ovarian tumors
Authors: Kim Daejin , Hoory Talia , Monie Archana , Wu Annie , Hsueh Wei-Ting , Pai Sara I , Hung Chien-Fu 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death among women with gynecologic malignancies in the United States. Advanced ovarian cancers are difficult to cure with the current available chemotherapy, which has many associated systemic side effects. Doxorubicin is one such chemotherapeutic agent that can cause cardiotoxicity. Novel methods of delivering chemotherapy without significant side effects are therefore of critical need.

Methods
In the current study, we generated an irradiated tumor cell-based drug delivery system which uses irradiated tumor cells loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin.

Results
We showed that incubation of murine ovarian cancer cells (MOSEC) with doxorubicin led to the intracellular uptake of the drug (MOSEC-dox cells) and the eventual death of the tumor cell. We then showed that doxorubicin loaded MOSEC-dox cells were able to deliver doxorubicin to MOSEC cells in vivo. Further characterization of the doxorubicin transfer revealed the involvement of cell contact. The irradiated form of the MOSEC-dox cells were capable of treating luciferase-expressing MOSEC tumor cells (MOSEC/luc) in C57BL/6 mice as well as in athymic nude mice resulting in improved survival compared to the non drug-loaded irradiated MOSEC cells. Furthermore, we showed that irradiated MOSEC-dox cells was more effective compared to an equivalent dose of doxorubicin in treating MOSEC/luc tumor-bearing mice.

Conclusions
Thus, the employment of drug-loaded irradiated tumor cells represents a potentially innovative approach for the delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs for the control of ovarian tumors.
Chromosomal instability in Streptomyces avermitilis: major deletion in the central region and stable circularized chromosome
Authors: Chen Wei , He Fei , Zhang Xiaojuan , Chen Zhi , Wen Ying , Li Jilun 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
The chromosome of Streptomyces has been shown to be unstable, frequently undergoing gross chromosomal rearrangements. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear, with previous studies focused on two chromosomal ends as targets for rearrangements. Here we investigated chromosomal instability of Streptomyces avermitilis, an important producer of avermectins, and characterized four gross chromosomal rearrangement events, including a major deletion in the central region. The present findings provide a valuable contribution to the mechanistic study of genetic instability in Streptomyces.

Results
Thirty randomly-selected "bald" mutants derived from the wild-type strain all contained gross chromosomal rearrangements of various types. One of the bald mutants, SA1-8, had the same linear chromosomal structure as the high avermectin-producing mutant 76-9. Chromosomes of both strains displayed at least three independent chromosomal rearrangements, including chromosomal arm replacement to form new 88-kb terminal inverted repeats (TIRs), and two major deletions. One of the deletions eliminated the 36-kb central region of the chromosome, but surprisingly did not affect viability of the cells. The other deletion (74-kb) was internal to the right chromosomal arm. The chromosome of another bald mutant, SA1-6, was circularized with deletions at both ends. No obvious homology was found in all fusion sequences. Generational stability analysis showed that the chromosomal structure of SA1-8 and SA1-6 was stable.

Conclusions
Various chromosomal rearrangements, including chromosomal arm replacement, interstitial deletions and chromosomal circularization, occurred in S. avermitilis by non-homologous recombination. The finding of an inner deletion involving in the central region of S. avermitilis chromosome suggests that the entire Streptomyces chromosome may be the target for rearrangements, which are not limited, as previously reported, to the two chromosomal ends.
Trivalent Arsenic Inhibits the Functions of Chaperonin Complex
Authors: Pan Xuewen , Reissman Stefanie , Douglas Nick R , Huang Zhiwei , Yuan Daniel S , Wang Xiaoling , McCaffery J Michael , Frydman Judith , Boeke Jef D 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe exact molecular mechanisms by which the environmental pollutant arsenic works in biological systems are not completely understood. Using an unbiased chemogenomics approach in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we found that mutants of the chaperonin complex TRiC and the functionally related prefoldin complex are all hypersensitive to arsenic compared to a wild-type strain. In contrast, mutants with impaired ribosome functions were highly arsenic resistant. These observations led us to hypothesize that arsenic might inhibit TRiC function, required for folding of actin, tubulin, and other proteins postsynthesis. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that arsenic treatment distorted morphology of both actin and microtubule filaments. Moreover, arsenic impaired substrate folding by both bovine and archaeal TRiC complexes in vitro. These results together indicate that TRiC is a conserved target of arsenic inhibition in various biological systems.
Neuropsychological Status in Children After Repair of Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Quartermain Michael D. , Ittenbach Richard F. , Flynn Thomas B. , Gaynor J. William , Zhang Xuemei , Licht Daniel J. , Ichord Rebecca N. , Nance Michael L. , Wernovsky Gil 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:
The majority of previous studies that described the neuropsychological effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children were performed after surgery in infancy for complex congenital heart disease (CHD). We sought to limit confounding variables and isolate potential independent effects of CPB by describing neuropsychological function in school-aged children after repair of acyanotic CHD.

METHODS:
This was a prospective study of patients who were aged 5 to 18 years and undergoing repair of acyanotic CHD. Neuropsychological testing battery included assessment of intelligence, memory, motor, attention, executive function, and behavior before and 6 months after CPB. The independent effects of anesthesia, surgery, and hospitalization on neuropsychological function were assessed by testing a surgical control group of patients who were undergoing repair of pectus deformities. In addition, an outpatient group of children with mild CHD were enrolled to assess the practice effects of serial testing.

RESULTS:
Patients included CPB (n = 35), surgical control (n = 19), and nonsurgical (n = 12). Groups were comparable in age, gender, and race and demonstrated similar unadjusted group mean scores on baseline and 6-month follow-up neuropsychological testing. When adjusted for practice effects, the CPB group performed similar to the non-CPB groups in all assessed neuropsychological domains, with the exception of 1 of 4 tests of executive function.

CONCLUSIONS:
When controlling for the non-CPB effects of surgery (eg, hospitalization, anesthesia, thoracotomy) and the practice effects of serial testing, there were no consistent independent effects of CPB on neuropsychological status in a cohort of children and adolescents 6 months after repair of acyanotic CHD.
Retinopathy of Prematurity in 7 Neonatal Units in Rio de Janeiro: Screening Criteria and Workload Implications
Authors: Zin Andrea A. , Moreira Maria Elisabeth Lopes , Bunce Catey , Darlow Brian A. , Gilbert Clare E. 
Published: July 2010

OBJECTIVES:
The goals were to determine optimal screening criteria for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in 7 neonatal units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and to explore the workload implications of applying different criteria.

METHODS:
Infants with birth weights of ≤2000 g or gestational age of &lt;37 weeks were examined by 3 ophthalmologists in 7 of the largest units in Rio de Janeiro, during a 34-month period. ROP was classified by using the international classification, and laser treatment was given to infants developing type 1 ROP.

RESULTS:
A total of 3437 (87%) of 3953 eligible infants were examined, of whom 124 (3.6% [range: 2.1%–7.8%]) were treated. Eleven infants were treated for aggressive posterior ROP. Appropriate screening criteria for the 2 NICUs with high survival rates (ie, ≥80% among infants with birth weights of &lt;1500 g) would be ≤1500 g or &lt;32 weeks. For NICUs with low survival rates (ie, &lt;80%), appropriate criteria would be ≤1500 g or ≤35 weeks. UK, US, and previous Brazilian criteria would all miss infants needing treatment.

CONCLUSIONS:
ROP programs in Brazil should use the wider criteria of ≤1500 g or ≤35 weeks until further evidence-based criteria become available, although this would mean a slight increase in workload across the city, compared with use of the narrower criteria in the better units. Whether survival rates can be used as a proxy to indicate screening criteria requires further investigation.
Formation of Mixed Layer Minerals by Potassium Fixation in Montmorillonite
Authors: Dyal R. S. , Hendricks S. B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe amount of ethylene glycol retained by a clay is used as an index of interlayer swelling. Potassium montmorillonites after drying at 100° C show markedly lower glycol retention than do calcium and hydrogen montmorillonites. X‐ray diffraction data indicate that these potassium clays are in part unsolvated between silicate layers, and in part solvated with two layers of ethylene glycol.