bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic study of structure of diphenhydramine drug and its products obtained via reactions with tetracynoethylene and iodine reagents and applications
Authors: Zayed M. A. , El‐Habeeb Abeer A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe reactions between diphrenhydramine drug (diphen) in the base form and the iodine amphoteric reagent (n‐donor and/or σ‐acceptor) and tetracyanoethylene as a π‐acceptor reagent (TCNE) have been spectrophotometrically studied at different conditions of reactant concentrations, time intervals, temperatures, solvents, and different wavelengths aiming to shed light on the nature of these reactions. Consequently, it is possible to select the proper conditions for spectrophotometric determination of this biologically active drug in its formulations. The reaction mechanism between iodine and diphen involves the formation of diphen‐I2 outer‐and inner‐sphere complexes, whereas diphen‐TCNE reaction involves the formation of charge transfer (CT) complex. The analytical parameters of the suggested spectrphometric procedures have been calculated. The values of the Sandell sensitivity, standard deviation (SD), relative standard deviation (RSD) and recovery % refer to the high sensitivity of these procedures applied in analysis of diphen in its formulations. This research also presents a new diphen‐I2 promising drug derivative that can be used for the same purpose as its parent. Both diphen‐drug and diphen‐I2 separated solid product are critically investigated by elemental analyses, FT‐IR, 1HNMR, electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI‐MS) and thermal analyses (TA). Practical investigation (TA and MS) data of diphen‐drug and its reaction product are confirmed by MO calculations. This research gives a clear idea about the possible metabolites and metabolic pathways of diphen and its derivative in vitro system that may occur in vivo system. The importance of this drug stems from its use as an antihistamine with anticholinergic (drying) and sedative side effects. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous separation and confirmation of amphetamine and related drugs in equine plasma by non‐aqueous capillary‐electrophoresis‐tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Li X. Q. , Uboh C. E. , Soma L. R. , Guan F. Y. , You Y. W. , Kahler M. C. , Judy J. A. , Liu Y. , Chen J. W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (NACE‐MS) method was developed for simultaneous separation and identification of 12 amphetamine and related compounds in equine plasma. Analytes were recovered from plasma by liquid‐liquid extraction using methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). A bare fused‐silica capillary was used for separation of the analytes. Addition of sheath liquid to the capillary effluent allowed the detection of the analytes by positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry using full scan data acquisition. The limit of detection (LOD) for the target analytes was 10–200 ng/mL and that of confirmation (LOC) was 50–1000 ng/mL in equine plasma. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and mass spectrometry (MS) parameters were optimized for full CE separation and MS detection of the analytes. Separation buffer comprised 25 mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile/methanol (20: 80, v/v) plus 1 M formic acid. Sheath liquid was isopropanol‐water‐formic acid (50:50:0.5, v/v/v). Samples were hydrodynamically injected and separated at 25 kV. Analytes were electrokinectically separated and mass spectrometrically identified and confirmed. This simple, fast, inexpensive and reproducible method was successfully applied to post race equine plasma and research samples in screening for amphetamine and related drugs. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypothesis testing for the validation of the kinetic spectrophotometric methods for the determination of lansoprazole in bulk and drug formulations via Fe(iii) and Zn(ii) chelates
Authors: Rahman Nafisur , Kashif Mohammad 
Published: February 2010

AbstractPoint and interval hypothesis tests performed to validate two simple and economical, kinetic spectrophotometric methods for the assay of lansoprazole are described. The methods are based on the formation of chelate complex of the drug with Fe(III) and Zn(II). The reaction is followed spectrophotometrically by measuring the rate of change of absorbance of coloured chelates of the drug with Fe(III) and Zn(II) at 445 and 510 nm, respectively. The stoichiometric ratio of lansoprazole to Fe(III) and Zn(II) complexes were found to be 1:1 and 2:1, respectively. The initial‐rate and fixed‐time methods are adopted for determination of drug concentrations. The calibration graphs are linear in the range 50–200 µg ml−1 (initial‐rate method), 20–180 µg ml−1 (fixed‐time method) for lansoprazole‐Fe(III) complex and 120–300 (initial‐rate method), and 90–210 µg ml−1 (fixed‐time method) for lansoprazole‐Zn(II) complex. The inter‐day and intra‐day precision data showed good accuracy and precision of the proposed procedure for analysis of lansoprazole. The point and interval hypothesis tests indicate that the proposed procedures are not biased. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategy for identification and characterization of small quantities of drug degradation products using LC and LC‐MS: Application to valsartan, a model drug
Authors: Mehta Surbhi , Shah Ravi P. , Singh Saranjit 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe present study demonstrates the applicability of a strategy involving use of liquid chromatography (LC) and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) techniques for the identification and characterization of minute quantities of degradation products, without their isolation from the reaction matrix in pure form. Valsartan was used as a model drug. It was subjected to forced degradation studies under the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) prescribed conditions of hydrolysis (acid, base and neutral), photolysis, oxidation and thermal stress. The drug showed labiality under acid/neutral hydrolytic and photolytic conditions, while it was stable to base hydrolytic, oxidative and thermal stress. Three small degradation products were formed, which were separated on a C‐18 column using a gradient method. The same were characterized with the help of their fragmentation pattern and accurate masses obtained upon LC‐MS/TOF analyses and online H/D exchange studies. The structures were supported by appropriate mechanistic explanation. The strategy involving use of LC and LC‐MS for the identification and characterization of minute quantities of degradation products was applied on a model drug, valsartan. Three degradation products were successfully characterised without their isolation from the reaction matrix in pure form. The structures were supported by appropriate mechanistic explanation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for operation of a residential fuel cell system with super capacitor storage and its application to an energy network
Authors: Doi Yusuke , Ishida Masayoshi , Aki Hirohisa 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe propose electric double‐layer capacitor storage, which has quick response in the output or input of electricity but has a smaller capacity than normal secondary batteries, by application to a residential fuel cell cogeneration system to reduce spike‐shaped electric power consumption. The method is expected to enhance the system utilization rate and to moderate the burdens on a power grid connected to fuel cells or other distributed generators. A low‐pass filter method was introduced for balancing the power supply and demand, and leveling the power input from the grid. According to simulations performed using practically measured load patterns, the appropriate storage capacity is about 500 Wh for a household, and the fuel cell utilization rate or the grid burden improvement is increased by around 40% in comparison with the case of a system without storage capacity. It has been shown that, in an energy network method of five or more households, the storage capacity can be reduced to approximately 40% with extreme burden improvement of less than 90% of the stand‐alone condition. We have also verified the practical operation and the performance of the method by using an experimental system. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 16–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20913
Numerical simulation of critical current performance in Nb3Sn strand subjected to periodic bending deformation
Authors: Murakami Haruyuki , Ueda Hiroshi , Ishiyama Atsushi , Koizumi Norikiyo , Okuno Kiyoshi 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn the ITER Engineering Design Activity (EDA), four NB3Sn model coils were developed and successfully tested. However, it was revealed that the critical current of the conductor degraded with the increase of electromagnetic force. One of the explanations of this phenomenon is a strand bending caused by enormous electromagnetic force. The authors therefore developed a simulation code using the distributed circuit model to investigate dependency of the critical current performance on the periodic bending deformation. The simulation results were in good agreement with the experiments. The dependence of the critical current on the periodic transverse load, temperature, periodic load pitch, thickness of Ta barrier which prevents Cu stabilizer from being contaminated by Sn, twist pitch of the strand, and RRR of the bronze matrix was investigated using the developed code. The results showed that the critical current degraded less with decreasing the pitch of the transverse load and increasing the Ta barrier thickness. It suggests that the shorter cabling pitch and the larger bending stiffness prevent the critical current degradation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 7–15, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20923
Long‐span seek control system for hard disk drive without mode‐switching
Authors: Takakura Shinji 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn hard disk drives (HDD) there are two control modes: the head positioning control mode and the other is the seek control mode. In the head positioning control mode, a feedback controller is optimally designed to suppress disturbances. In the long‐span seek mode, a velocity feedback control system is applied in order to move the heads fast. Thus, an HDD has multiple control systems, and the head is moved to the target position while changing from one control system to the other. However, changing the control system causes a discontinuous control signal, which activates the resonant mode of an actuator. Past methods can only decrease discontinuous control, and therefore a single control system that can be used for both a seek control mode and a head positioning control mode is necessary for a narrow track pitch. In the proposed method, the feedback controller is decomposed into an integrator and a phase compensator. The VCM model is updated by the output of the phase compensator, and the integrator and the output of the velocity feedback controller control the VCM. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed by numerical and experimental results using a miniature 2.5‐inch hard disk drive. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 51–60, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20935
Measurement of polarization plane rotation of propagating light in a partially ionized atmosphere under discharge conditions
Authors: Shiina Tatsuo , Honda Toshio , Fukuchi Tetsuo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe rotation angle of the polarization of plane of a propagating beam was experimentally measured using a polarization‐controlled laser beam, a repeating square mirror, and a discharge apparatus. A rotation angle of 0.29° was obtained for a discharge gap of 5 cm and a charge voltage of 50 kV. This result was in good agreement with a simulation of the experimental model. The waveform of the rotation angle showed a similar time dependence to the discharge current, with a correlation coefficient of >0.94. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 171(3): 1–6, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20954
A Selective Chromium Catalyst System for the Trimerization of Ethene and Its Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Peitz Stephan , Peulecke Normen , Aluri Bhaskar R. , Hansen Sven , Müller Bernd H. , Spannenberg Anke , Rosenthal Uwe , Al‐Hazmi Mohammed H. , Mosa Fuad M. , Wöhl Anina , Müller Wolfgang 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this paper a novel ligand of the type [PNPNH] is presented for the application in a new homogeneous highly selective ethene trimerization system for the formation of 1‐hexene, which consists of the chromium source CrCl3(thf)3, the ligand Ph2PN(iPr)P(Ph)N(iPr)H (1), and Et3Al as an activator in toluene. The excellent characteristics of this new system, e.g. very high selectivity to C6 with highest purity of the C6 fraction (>99 % 1‐hexene), activity on a constant level on a long timescale, use of small amounts of Et3Al as a cheap activator, and only very low production of PE, make it to a hot candidate for industrial application. Its organometallic background gives an indication of the nature of the active catalyst species.
A quest for sustainable materials for building elements in Sri Lanka: Foundations
Authors: Yasantha Abeysundara U.G. , Babel Sandhya 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSelection of environmentally benign, economical and socially favorable materials for construction is helpful in sustainable development. This article presents a method to select such materials (i.e., sustainable materials) for foundations of buildings (elements) in Sri Lanka taking into consideration environmental, economic and social assessments of materials in a life cycle perspective. Rubble and burnt clay bricks elements which are widely used for the masonry buildings in Sri Lanka were selected for this study. Major materials used for these elements are rubble, burnt clay bricks, cement, sand, concrete aggregates and steel (reinforcements). Environmental burdens associated with these materials were analyzed in terms of embodied energy, global warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment. Economic analysis was based on market prices and affordability of materials. Social factors that were taken into account were ability to construct rapidly, strength, reusability and durability. It was found that the rubble element was superior to the brick element in all environmental scores (embodied energy, global warming, acidification and nutrient enrichment). The embodied energy of the rubble element was found as 6.7 GJ and that of the brick element was 444.7 GJ. However, on economic score the brick element was slightly better and on social score also, this element was better. The social score of the brick element was 104.7 and that of the rubble element was 94.6. These scores are presented in a matrix which will help to select sustainable materials for these elements. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Sulfanes: A new solution for sulphur disposal
Authors: de Angelis Alberto , Flego Cristina , Parker Wallace O' Neil , Pollesel Paolo 
Published: February 2010

AbstractHuge quantities of sulphur are yielded as by‐products in the oil and gas industry. Disposal raises a relevant environmental issue. Sulfanes, H2Sn (n > 2), could be the ideal molecular form for sulphur disposal. They are up to 99% wt. made of sulphur and being liquid can be pumped into geological structures, even at room temperature. Since sulfanes can be synthesized only at low yield (<1%) by direct reaction between H2S and sulphur, we investigated a new amine‐catalyzed synthesis. Using aliphatic long‐chained amines as catalysts, it is possible to obtain sulfanes by direct H2S and sulphur reaction in almost quantitative yield. Structures of the sulfanes formed during this new reaction were studied by GC‐MS, LC‐MS and 1H NMR, to investigate the nature of the complexes formed between amine and sulfane. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2010
Near‐source seismic demand and pulse‐like records: A discussion for L'Aquila earthquake
Authors: Chioccarelli Eugenio , Iervolino Iunio 
Published: February 2010

AbstractRupture directivity effects in ground motion are known since many years to both seismologists and earthquake engineers, i.e. in sites that are in a particular geometrical configuration with respect to the rupture, the velocity fault‐normal signals may show a large pulse which occurs at the beginning of the record and contains the most of energy. The results are waveforms different from ordinary ground motions recorded in the far field or in geometrical conditions not favorable with respect to directivity. Current attenuation laws are not able to capture such effect well, if at all, and current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is not able to predict the resulting peculiar spectral shape. Moreover, it is believed that structures with dynamic behavior in a range of periods related to the pulse period may be subjected to underestimated seismic demand. In the paper this is investigated and increments in both elastic and inelastic seismic actions are quantified using a large dataset of records, from the next generation attenuation project (NGA), in which a fraction is comprised of velocity pulses identified in other studies. These analyses employ recently developed tools and procedures to assess directivity effects and to quantify the associated threat in terms of seismic action on structures. Subsequently, the same tools are used in one of the first attempts to identify near‐source effects in the data recorded during a normal faulting earthquake, the mainshock of the recent Abruzzo (central Italy) sequence, leading to conclude that pulse‐like effects are likely to have occurred in the event, that is (1) observation of pulse‐like records in some near‐source stations is in fair agreement with existing predictive models, (2) the increment in seismic demand shown by pulse‐like ground motion components complies with the results of the analysis of the NGA data, and (3) seismic demand in non‐impulsive recordings is generally similar to what expected for ordinary records. The results may be useful as a benchmark for inclusion of near‐source effect in design values of seismic action and structural risk analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐iterative equivalent linearization of inelastic SDOF systems for earthquakes in Japan and California
Authors: Goda Katsuichiro , Atkinson Gail M. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe seismic performance of existing structures can be assessed based on nonlinear static procedures, such as the Capacity Spectrum Method. This method essentially approximates peak responses of an inelastic single‐degree‐of‐freedom (SDOF) system using peak responses of an equivalent linear SDOF model. In this study, the equivalent linear models of inelastic SDOF systems are developed based on the constant strength approach, which does not require iteration for assessing the seismic performance of existing structures. To investigate the effects of earthquake type and seismic region on the equivalent linear models, four ground‐motion data sets—Japanese crustal/interface/inslab records and California crustal records—are compiled and used for nonlinear dynamic analysis. The analysis results indicate that: (1) the optimal equivalent linear model parameters (i.e. equivalent vibration period ratio and damping ratio) decrease with the natural vibration period, whereas they increase with the strength reduction factor; (2) the impacts of earthquake type and seismic region on the equivalent linear model parameters are not significant except for short vibration periods; and (3) the degradation and pinching effects affect the equivalent linear model parameters. We develop prediction equations for the optimal equivalent linear model parameters based on nonlinear least‐squares fitting, which improve and extend the current nonlinear static procedure for existing structures with degradation and pinching behavior. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioaccumulation of tetrachlorobiphenyl and hexachlorobiphenyl congeners byYoldia limatulaandNephtys incisafrom bedded sediments: Effects of sediment- and animal-related parameters
Authors: Means Jay C , McElroy Anne E 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSediments from Narragansett Bay (RI, USA) were fortified with two chlorobiphenyl congeners, 2,4,2′,4′-tetrachloro-biphenyl (IUPAC 47) and 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (IUPAC 153), and equilibrated for various times up to 30 d to assess the bioaccumulation potential of sediment-sorbed polychlorinated biphenyls by the benthic invertebrates Yoldia limatula and Nephtys incisa. Bioaccumulation was investigated at steady state and using a single-compartment kinetic model over exposure periods of up to 60 d for Nephtys and 30 d for Yoldia. Normalization of exposure and tissue accumulation data to hydrophobic reservoirs yielded accumulation factors (AFs) that fell within model prediction ranges. However, persistent, statistically different values of AFs were obtained from sediments with varying organic carbon contents. Growth of the organisms, feeding strategies, and lipid content were all significant variables in interpreting wet weight steady-state accumulation. Kinetically determined AF values were not statistically different from those measured at steady state. A role of interstitial water colloidal organic matter in mediating bioaccumulation was strongly suggested by the results.
Degradation pathway of quinolines in a biofilm system under denitrifying conditions
Authors: Johansen Sys Stybe , Arvin Erik , Mosbæk Hans , Hansen Asger B 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis article reports for the first time the degradation pathways of quinoline, isoquinoline, and methylquinolines by a mixed culture in a biofilm under nitrate-reducing conditions. A simple reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method using ultraviolet detection at 223 nm for determination of seven quinoline analogues and 15 metabolites was developed, and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography analyses were used for identification. The inhibition of nitrification by the parent compounds and their degradation products was assessed by a nitrification toxicity test called MINNTOX. Quinoline and 3-, 4-, 6-, and 8-methylquinoline were all transformed by hydroxylation into their 2-hydroxyquinoline analogues (2-quinolinones), and isoquinoline was transformed into 1-hydroxyisoquinoline. 2-Methylquinoline was not transformed by this microcosm, likely due to the blockage at position 2 by the methyl group. The hydroxylated metabolites of isoquinoline and quinolines methylated at the heterocyclic ring were not transformed further, whereas metabolites of quinoline and quinolines methylated at the homocyclic ring were hydrogenated at position 3 and 4, and the resulting 3,4-dihydro-2-quinolinone analogues accumulated. Of these metabolites, only 3,4-dihydro-2-quinolinone from the degradation of quinoline was further transformed into unidentified products. All quinolines and their metabolites had inhibiting effects on the nitrifying bacteria at the same level (ppm) in the applied bioassay, indicating that the inhibition of the compounds was not influenced by the initial transformation reactions.