bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A MODIFIED PÓLYA URN PROCESS AND AN INDEX FOR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTIONS WITH VOLUME EXCLUSION
Authors: BINDER BENJAMIN J. , HACKETT-JONES EMILY J. , TUKE JONATHAN , LANDMAN KERRY A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSpatial data sets can be analysed by counting the number of objects in equally sized bins. The bin counts are related to the Pólya urn process, where coloured balls (for example, white or black) are removed from the urn at random. If there are insufficient white or black balls for the prescribed number of trials, the Pólya urn process becomes untenable. In this case, we modify the Pólya urn process so that it continues to describe the removal of volume within a spatial distribution of objects. We determine when the standard formula for the variance of the standard Pólya distribution gives a good approximation to the true variance. The variance quantifies an index for assessing whether a spatial point data set is at its most randomly distributed state, called the complete spatial randomness (CSR) state. If the bin size is an order of magnitude larger than the size of the objects, then the standard formula for the CSR limit is indicative of when the CSR state has been attained. For the special case when the object size divides the bin size, the standard formula is in fact exact.
Sports Law in an Olympic Year: Citius, Altius, Fortius?
Authors: Anderson Jack 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn 2012 London becomes the first city to host an Olympics for the third time. The contrast between the Games of 2012 and those of 1908 and 1948 could not be starker and form a background to some of the matters discussed in this short piece. Central to the discussion is the contention that the development of the body of law now known as sports law is related to the accelerated commercialisation of sport during the past century. In short, the business of modern sport is exactly that – a business; indeed, sport is now a global industry and the commodification of sport will be seen to an exaggerated effect in London throughout the summer of 2012. Accordingly, this article by Jack Anderson begins by giving an outline of the financial robustness of modern sport, epitomised by the Olympics, before presenting a brief history of the evolution of sports law. Thereafter various issues in contemporary sports law are identified and discussed. The conclusion attempts to bring all of these themes together in order to give an overview of the area as a discrete, vibrant, if still emerging, discipline of law.
Controls on the tropospheric oxidizing capacity during an idealized Dansgaard‐Oeschger event, and their implications for the rapid rises in atmospheric methane during the last glacial period
Authors: Levine J. G. , Wolff E. W. , Hopcroft P. O. , Valdes P. J. 
Published: June 2012

The ice core record reveals large variations in the concentration of atmospheric methane, [CH4], over the last 800 kyr. Amongst the most striking natural features are the large, rapid rises in [CH4], of 100–200 ppbv, on timescales of less than 100 years, at the beginning of Dansgaard‐Oeschger (D‐O) events during the last glacial period (21–110 kyr before present). Despite the potential insight they could offer into the likelihood of future rapid rises in [CH4], the relative roles of changes in methane sources and sinks during D‐O events have been little explored. Here, we use a global atmospheric chemistry‐transport model to explore—for the first time, in a process‐based fashion—controls on the oxidizing capacity during an idealized D‐O event that features a characteristically rapid rise in [CH4]. We find that the two controls previously identified in the literature as having had significant (though opposing) influences on the oxidizing capacity between glacial and interglacial periods—changes in air temperature and emissions of non‐methane volatile organic compounds from vegetation—offset one another between idealized Heinrich stadial and Greenland interstadial states. The result is, the net change in oxidizing capacity is very small, implying the rapid rises in [CH4] at the beginning of D‐O events were almost entirely source‐driven. This poses a challenge to earth‐system models—to generate a sufficiently large increase in methane emissions in response to a simulated D‐O event, via a more realistic freshwater forcing impacting the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation or, possibly, other climate‐change mechanisms.
Nongyrotropic electron velocity distribution functions near the lunar surface
Authors: Harada Yuki , Machida Shinobu , Saito Yoshifumi , Yokota Shoichiro , Asamura Kazushi , Nishino Masaki N. , Tsunakawa Hideo , Shibuya Hidetoshi , Takahashi Futoshi , Matsushima Masaki , Shimizu Hisayoshi 
Published: June 2012

We have analyzed nongyrotropic electron velocity distribution functions (VDFs) obtained near the lunar surface. Electron VDFs, measured at ∼10–100 km altitude by Kaguya in both the solar wind and the Earth's magnetosphere, exhibit nongyrotropic empty regions associated with the ‘gyroloss’ effect; i.e., electron absorption by the lunar surface combined with electron gyromotion. Particle‐trace calculations allow us to derive theoretical forbidden regions in the electron VDFs, thereby taking into account the modifications due to nonuniform magnetic fields caused by diamagnetic‐current systems, lunar‐surface charging, and electric fields perpendicular to the magnetic field. Comparison between the observed empty regions with the theoretically derived forbidden regions suggests that various components modify the characteristics of the nongyrotropic electron VDFs depending on the ambient‐plasma conditions. On the lunar nightside in the magnetotail lobes, negative surface potentials slightly reduce the size of the forbidden regions, but there are no distinct effects of either the diamagnetic current or perpendicular electric fields. On the dayside in the solar wind, the observations suggest the presence of either the diamagnetic‐current or solar wind convection electric field effects, or both. In the terrestrial plasma sheet, all three mechanisms can substantially modify the characteristics of the forbidden regions. The observations imply the presence of a local electric field of at least 5 mV/m although the mechanism responsible for production of such a strong electric field is unknown. Analysis of nongyrotropic VDFs associated with the gyroloss effect near solid surfaces can promote a better understanding of the near‐surface plasma environment and of plasma–solid‐surface interactions.
The wintertime South Pole tropospheric water vapor column: Comparisons of radiosonde and recent terahertz radiometry, use of the saturated column as a proxy measurement, and inference of decadal trends
Authors: Chamberlin R. A. , Grossman E. N. 
Published: June 2012

We use a fifty‐year record of wintertime radiosonde observations at the South Pole to estimate the precipitable water vapor column (PWV) over the entire period. Humidity data from older radiosondes is of limited reliability; however, we think an estimation of PWV is possible using temperature data because the wintertime lower troposphere is very close to saturated. From temperature data we derived PWVSAT which is the PWV if the troposphere was saturated over the entire column. Comparisons to recent radiosonde humidity data indicate that PWV ≃ 0.88PWVSAT. Since 1998 a CMU/NRAO 860 GHz atmospheric radiometer has been operating at the South Pole producing zenith opacity data, τo. It is expected that τo ∝ PWV, and also τo ∝ PWVSAT, since the lower atmospheric column is near to saturation. We compare trends in τo, PWVSAT, and PWV. PWV and PWVSAT showed little trend in the last fifty years, 1961 to 2010, except perhaps in the last two decades, when PWVSAT was below average, followed by an increasing trend to above average. This increasing trend in the last decade was also observed in τo, except for the final two years when it appears that something changed in the instrument response. PWVSAT is a useful metric for estimating PWV in the earlier years of wintertime South Pole radiosonde, and it is generally useful for evaluating the wintertime performance of radiosonde humidity and atmospheric opacity instrumentation.
ETAscape: analyzing protein networks to predict enzymatic function and substrates in Cytoscape
Authors: Bachman Benjamin J. , Venner Eric , Lua Rhonald C. , Erdin Serkan , Lichtarge Olivier 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Summary: Most proteins lack experimentally validated functions. To address this problem, we implemented the Evolutionary Trace Annotation (ETA) method in the Cytoscape network visualization environment. The result is the ETAscape plugin, which builds a structural genomics network based on local structural and evolutionary similarities among proteins and then globally diffuses known annotations across the resulting network. The plugin displays these novel functional annotations, their confidence, the molecular basis for individual matches and the set of matches that lead to a prediction.
Availability: The ETA Network Plugin is available publicly for download at http://mammoth.bcm.tmc.edu/networks/.
Contact: lichtarge@bcm.edu
BatMis: a fast algorithm for k-mismatch mapping
Authors: Tennakoon Chandana , Purbojati Rikky W. , Sung Wing-Kin 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Motivation: Second-generation sequencing (SGS) generates millions of reads that need to be aligned to a reference genome allowing errors. Although current aligners can efficiently map reads allowing a small number of mismatches, they are not well suited for handling a large number of mismatches. The efficiency of aligners can be improved using various heuristics, but the sensitivity and accuracy of the alignments are sacrificed. In this article, we introduce Basic Alignment tool for Mismatches (BatMis)—an efficient method to align short reads to a reference allowing k mismatches. BatMis is a Burrows–Wheeler transformation based aligner that uses a seed and extend approach, and it is an exact method.
Results: Benchmark tests show that BatMis performs better than competing aligners in solving the k-mismatch problem. Furthermore, it can compete favorably even when compared with the heuristic modes of the other aligners. BatMis is a useful alternative for applications where fast k-mismatch mappings, unique mappings or multiple mappings of SGS data are required.
Availability and implementation: BatMis is written in C/C++ and is freely available from http://code.google.com/p/batmis/
Contact: ksung@comp.nus.edu.sg
Supplementary Information: Supplementary information is available from Bioinformatics online.
Life‐time drinking course of driving‐while‐impaired offenders
Authors: Lapham Sandra C. , Skipper Betty J. , Russell Marcia 
Published: June 2012

AbstractAimsThis retrospective study compared drinking histories of 283 men and 413 women convicted of driving while impaired (DWI) in New Mexico and interviewed 15 years following a first conviction and screening referral.DesignWe characterized drinking course and plotted drinking status (stable abstainers, abstainers, moderate or risky drinkers) from age 15 to 60 years.SettingPacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Albuquerque, New Mexico.ParticipantsCommunity sample of previously convicted DWI offenders.MeasurementsPsychiatric disorders from the Comprehensive International Diagnostic Interview; drinking histories from the Cognitive Lifetime Drinking History.FindingsRisky drinking was prevalent at all ages for both genders. Almost half the population reported either a life‐time drinking course of risky drinking (19%) or resumed risky drinking after at least one interval of abstinence or moderate drinking (25%), while about one‐fifth followed a never risky or risky to moderate drinking course. Offenders with a life‐time diagnosis of substance dependence more often transitioned to risky drinking, and those with life‐time alcohol dependence were more prone to transition to abstinence. Across time, those who began risky drinking at age 15 years or later quit at double the rate of those who began before age 15 years. Women's and men's drinking courses were similar, but women began risky drinking at a later age and moved to abstinence more often.ConclusionsAmong people convicted of driving while impaired in the United States, younger age of initiation of drinking and co‐occurrence of psychiatric and substance use appear to be associated with a poorer trajectory of subsequent risky drinking behaviour. Women who are convicted of driving while impaired appear to start drinking later in life and be more likely to subsequently become abstainers.
Late‐onset progressive retinal atrophy in the Gordon and Irish Setter breeds is associated with a frameshift mutation in C2orf71
Authors: Downs L. M. , Bell J. S. , Freeman J. , Hartley C. , Hayward L. J. , Mellersh C. S. 
Published: June 2012

SummaryProgressive retinal atrophy (PRA) in dogs is characterised by the degeneration of the photoreceptor cells of the retina, resulting in vision loss and eventually complete blindness. The condition affects more than 100 dog breeds and is known to be genetically heterogeneous between breeds. Around 14 mutations have now been identified that are associated with PRA in around 49 breeds, but for the majority of breeds the mutation(s) responsible have yet to be identified. Using genome‐wide association with 16 Gordon Setter PRA cases and 22 controls, we identified a novel PRA locus, termed rod–cone degeneration 4 (rcd4), on CFA17 (Praw = 2.22 × 10−8, Pgenome = 2.00 × 10−5), where a 3.2‐Mb region was homozygous within cases. A frameshift mutation was identified in C2orf71, a gene located within this region. This variant was homozygous in 19 of 21 PRA cases and was at a frequency of approximately 0.37 in the Gordon Setter population. Approximately 10% of cases in our study (2 of 21) are not associated with this C2orf71 mutation, indicating that PRA in this breed is genetically heterogeneous and caused by at least two mutations. This variant is also present in a number of Irish Setter dogs with PRA and has an estimated allele frequency of 0.26 in the breed. The function of C2orf71 remains unknown, but it is important for retinal development and function and has previously been associated with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa in humans.
Emotional impact of genetic trials in progressive paediatric disorders: a dose‐ranging exon‐skipping trial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Garralda M. E. , McConachie H. , Le Couteur A. , Sriranjan S. , Chakrabarti I. , Cirak S. , Guglieri M. , Bushby K. , Muntoni F. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground  Gene‐modifying trials offer hope for improvement in chronic paediatric disorders, but they may also lead to disappointment and have an adverse emotional effect on families. This study aimed to examine emotional impact on participants in a paediatric exon‐skipping trial.Methods  Nineteen male children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), and their parents, taking part in a dose‐ranging study of an i.v. administered morpholino splice‐switching oligomer (which can restore the reading frame in DMD and induce dystrophin expression) underwent a psychosocial/psychiatric examination at trial entry. Emotional impact was assessed at trial completion using questionnaires.Results  The mean child age was 8.9 years (SD 2.1); 13(68%) were attending mainstream school. Most families were well adjusted psychosocially at trial entry. Post‐trial median child emotional impact scores were 5/10 (n= 18), but impact was rated as positive by 6/14 (42%), neutral/mixed by 5 (35%) and negative by 3 (21%). Median post‐trial psychosocial/psychiatric change scores in children and parents were minimal. Actual post‐trial negative impact was statistically significantly associated with higher expected impact at trial entry, at which time the families of the three children displaying actual negative impact reported higher family stress levels in combination with a variety of other psychosocial risks factors.Conclusions  In carefully selected families with low levels of psychosocial stress/distress at trial entry, and with good support from paediatric research units (including psychiatric input when required), genetic trials in progressive disorders such as DMD can have a predominantly positive or neutral emotional impact. Nevertheless, negative impact is reported by a minority of families and possible psychosocial predictors deserving further scrutiny have been identified.
Predicting leisure participation of school‐aged children with cerebral palsy: longitudinal evidence of child, family and environmental factors
Authors: Bult M. K. , Verschuren O. , Lindeman E. , Jongmans M. J. , Westers P. , Claassen A. , Ketelaar M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjective  This longitudinal study aims to determine which child, family and environmental variables measured at 2 years of age predict leisure participation in formal and informal activities in school aged children with cerebral palsy (CP).Methods  Parents of 46 children with CP (mean age at baseline: 2 years 6 months, SD 0 years 1 month; at follow‐up 6 years 7 months, SD 0 years 9 months; n = 26 boys, n = 20 girls; Gross Motor Classification System I = 30%, II = 7%, III = 28%, IV = 24%, V = 11%) completed the Children's Assessment of Participation and Enjoyment indicating their child's participation. Multivariate regression models were used to identify early predictors of participation.Results  Movement ability was a significant child‐related predictor for formal activities (R2 17%, P < 0.05). Movement ability and social skills were most predictive (R2 62%, P < 0.00) for informal activities. The feeling of being restricted in family participation was the single most predictive factor for formal and informal activities at family level (R2 12%, P < 0.05, R2 25%, P < 0.05). Type of daycare was the only environmental variable that was predictive, and only for informal activities (R2 16%, P < 0.05). In the overall model movement ability was most predictive for leisure participation in formal activities (R2 17%, P < 0.05). Movement ability and social skills are the most important predictors for informal leisure participation (R2 62%, P < 0.01).Conclusions  Several variables are found to be related to formal and informal participation at age 6. Movement ability and social skills at age 2 are most predictive of leisure participation when the child is 6 years old.
Partners’ experiences of the postdischarge period after day surgery – a qualitative study
Authors: Majholm Birgitte , Esbensen Bente A , Thomsen Thordis , Engbæk Jens , Møller Ann M 
Published: June 2012

Aims and objectives. Day surgery shifts the responsibility of care from the hospital to patients and their families. This study explored how partners of day surgery patients experienced their role after patient discharge.Background.  Many surgical procedures formerly requiring inpatient care are now carried out on a day surgery basis, shifting responsibility of care to patients and their partners/relatives. Little is known about how partners of day surgery patients manage this responsibility.Design.  Qualitative descriptive.Methods.  Individual semi‐structured interviews with 11 partners of day surgery patients who had undergone shoulder surgery. Systematic text condensation was used to analyse data.Results.  The following aspects were identified: the first is ‘It’s all about being there for the patient by taking care of the patient’s needs and by mobilising one’s network,’ referring to the provision of reassurance, helping with activities of daily living, facilitating information, being on the alert for adverse events and taking an average 1–4 days off work. The second is ‘Contributing to society as a partner,’ referring to partners’ sense of citizenship resulting from being carers. Finally, prior experiences of hospitalisation and illness appeared to impinge upon partners’ ways of taking on the responsibility of care.Conclusion.  Partners readily accepted their role as carers. This is essential for the day surgery concept to succeed.Relevance to clinical practice.  In the light of the continuing expansion of day surgery and the ensuing transfer of care to patients and their relatives, it is important for healthcare professionals to assess relatives’ capability to care for day surgery patients.
Predictors of dietary and fluid non‐adherence in Jordanian patients with end‐stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Khalil Amani A , Darawad Muhammad , Al Gamal Eklas , Hamdan‐Mansour Ayman M , Abed Mona A 
Published: June 2012

Aims and objectives.  The purpose of this study is to provide insight into the relationship between dietary and fluid non‐adherence, depressive symptoms, quality of life, perceived barriers and benefits of exercise, and perceived social support among Jordanian patients with end‐stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis using Pender’s health promotion model.Background.  Non‐adherence to dietary and fluid restrictions is a leading cause of treatment failure and poor outcomes in end‐stage renal disease. Yet, factors that interfere with the patients’ ability to follow their dietary restrictions are unknown.Design.  A descriptive, correlational, cross‐sectional design was used.Methods.  Jordanian patients (n = 190) with end‐stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis from three main Jordanian cities were included. The dialysis diet and fluid nonadherence questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory‐II, Quality Of Life Index, Dialysis Patient‐Perceived Exercise Benefits and Barriers Scale, and the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support were employed to measure the key variables.Results.  Patients were more likely men with mean age of 48·2 ± 14·9. Only 27% of the patients showed full commitment to diet guidelines and 23% to fluid guidelines during the last 14 days. Depression (M = 18·8 ± 11·4) had significant negative association with quality of life (importance and satisfaction) (r = −0·60, r = −0·32, p = 0·001, respectively). Multiple hierarchal regressions revealed a predictive model of only two variables: age (B = −0·22, p = 0·05) and residual renal function (B = −0·23, p = 0·012) for dietary non‐adherence.Conclusions.  Non‐adherence to diet and fluid guidelines association with individual characteristics, health perception and psychosocial variables should be investigated in a longitudinal design. Relationship of non‐adherence with culture‐related factors should deeply be assessed among Jordanian patients with end‐stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis.Relevance to clinical practice.  Identification of the factors that may worsen dietary and fluid non‐adherence may lead to improved therapeutic interventions within the mainstream of medical practice for Jordanian patients with end‐stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis.