bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Birth weights of reciprocally cross-bred calves
Authors: Donald H. P. , Russell W. S. , Taylor C. S. 
Published: March 2009

This study is based on 1015 live single calves brod by artificial insemination in a herd of Ayrshire, Friesian, Jersey and two-breed and three-breed cross cattle derived from them. Birth weights, subjected to a least squares analysis, show little effect of year or season of calving. Males were 6·0 lb. heavier than females; second and later parity calves were 6·6 lb. heavier than first parity calves.Over the range of breeds and crosses studied, heredity was the principal determinant of mean birth weight. No evidence of heterosis was found— means for crossbred calves, however, differed in reciprocal crosses. They deviated from the mean of the parents in the direction of the maternal weight at birth. If 0 is the mean birth weight of the dam's breed or cross and 0 of the sire's breed, the mean weight of offspring is closely estimated byThis expression may not apply to the crossing of breeds differing much more in weight than the Jersey and Friesian breeds. In such crosses it is likely that small dams depress foetal growth more than large dams promote it. The maternal influence on birth weight in cattle as expressed above is in both qualitative and quantitative agreement with the maternal influence as derived from egg transfer studies in sheep.It is a pleasure to record the authors' heavy obligations to many friends for help during the course of this long experiment. The Milk Marketing Board, in the persons of Dr J. Edwards, C.B.E., Mr T. O'Sullivan, and their colleagues at the A.I. centres made the breeding programme possible. Much time has been saved and much statistical computation cut short by the help afforded us at the Rothamsted Statistical Department by Dr F. Yates and his staff, particularly Mr J. H. A. Dunwoody. Responsibility for the animals on the farms fell at first upon Mr W. S. Biggar, and from 1950 upon Mr J. S. Tavernor. They were aided by many of whom mention must be made of Mr H. L. Williams, Mr R. Pringle and Mr R. Simpson. In the preparation of this paper the authors have been much influenced by the work and criticism of their colleagues.
The effect of histamine combined with formic or acetic acid on food intake and rumen motility, when infused into the omasum of a ram
Authors: Neumark H. , Tadmor A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAfter establishing a permanent omasal fistula in a ram, solutions containing histamine with or without formic or acetic acid were introduced directly into the omasum. It was found that histamine, together with formic or acetic acid, stopped feeding and rumen motility, but formic acid and histamine, infused separately, had no effect on food intake.
Yields of, and N uptakes by, some grass species and varieties under different glasshouse conditions
Authors: Mitchell J. D. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe amount of dry matter produced and N taken up by seven grass species and varieties grown in a glasshouse were compared with perennial ryegrass (S. 23) and Italian ryegrass (S. 22) at different day-lengths and light intensities.The ryegrasses Westerwolds, Italian (S. 22) and Perennial (S. 321) yielded more than S. 23. At the smallest light intensities, Westerwolds, Italian (S. 22) and Perennial (S. 24) (S. 321) ryegrasses and Meadow fescue (S. 215) took up more N than S. 23. Westerwolds and Perennial (S. 24) (S. 321) ryegrasses should be useful alternatives to the S. 23 or S. 22 strains as test crops in nutrient experiments in the glasshouse, especially when grown in the dim light during winter.
Seasonal changes in the composition of winter wheat plants, in relation to frost resistance
Authors: Newton R. , Brown W. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. The adaptation of plants to resist frost appears to depend on seasonal changes which give the protoplasm stability. A study has been made of the changes occurring in winter wheat plants, of varieties differing widely in winter hardiness, during the fall and winter months.2. By analysing the press-juice as well as the entire tissues at progressive dates, it has been possible to study the distribution of the more important constituents between the physiologically active cell fluids and the relatively inert supporting framework.3. One of the most important changes in the quantitative relations of the various plant constituents is the reduction in moisture content. This takes place to a greater degree in hardy varieties. The resulting concentration of colloids and sugars in the cell fluids increases the resistance to freezing.
The composition of milk Part I. Variation in the solids not fat, fat and protein content of cow’s milk, and their relationship
Authors: Cranfield H. T. , Griffiths D. G. , Ling E. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Percentages of fat, solids not fat and protein were determined in over 700 samples of mixed milk from 15 herds during 1925–26. In the case of fat content, nine herds produced one or more samples below 3 per cent., one herd recording 25 per cent, of samples below this limit. With regard to solids not fat, twelve herds produced milk containing less than 8·5 per cent, on one or more occasions, the highest percentage of deficient samples recorded being 40.2. Frequency distributions of fat, solids not fat and protein percentages in the samples analysed, are given, together with standard deviations, and mean percentages with probable errors for these three constituents.3. Correlation tables of fat with solids not fat, and protein with solids not fat have been prepared, and graphs illustrating the variations are given.
Development of mould on the cut surfaces of potato tubers
Authors: Weston W. A. R. Dillon , Taylor R. Eric 
Published: March 2009

1. Cut potato tissue possesses strong inherent powers of healing which are impaired by treatment with salts of copper, cobalt, nickel and iron. Treatment is followed by mould growth, particularly by Penicillium spp., this being most profuse with copper salts and least with those of iron.2. Association between mould growth and treatment with salts of copper, cobalt, nickel and iron suggests a periodic relationship.3. Development of Penicillium on potato tissues following treatment with salts of copper is greater than may be explained solely on the basis of saprophytic growth following phytocidal action and. the prevention of suberization.4. Under moist conditions, treatment of nonliving substrata such as straw, leather and skin with copper sulphate tends to prevent mould growth whilst considerable growth develops on these materials when untreated.
Digestibility trials with poultry. XI. The digestibility and metabolizable energy of raw and cooked potatoes, potato flakes, dried potato slices and dried potato shreds
Authors: Halnan E. T. 
Published: March 2009

A series of digestibility trials on fowls with a number of potato products led to the following conclusions:1. Raw potatoes, though readily consumed by fowls when mixed with other foods, are not readily utilized, the potato starch largely escaping digestion.2. Boiled potatoes are readily utilized by the fowl, the preliminary cooking altering the structure of the starch grain in such a way as to render the starch readily digestible.3. The energy derived from 1 lb. of cooked potatoes is, in the fowl, equivalent to the energy derived from no less than 5 lb. of raw potatoes.4. The food value of dried potato products is shown to be dependent upon the nature of the heat treatment to which the potatoes are subjected in the preliminary treatment of drying.5. Dried potato slices of the type produced in sugar-beet factory driers have a value approximating that of well-boiled potatoes, both values being compared on a dry-matter basis.
The composition and nutritive value of marrow stem kale and thousand head kale
Authors: Woodman H. E. , Evans R. E. , Eden A. 
Published: March 2009

The paper records the results of an investigation into the composition, digestibility and nutritive value of marrow stem kale (both unthinned and singled-out) and thousand head kale. A number of the main findings are recorded below.The average dry-matter content of unthinned marrow stem kale during September and October was 13·3 per cent. During the following January it had reached a slightly higher level, namely, 14·2 per cent. Singling out of the marrow stem kale appeared to exercise little effect on the dry-matter content of the crop. Thousand head kale, with an average dry-matter content of 15·8 per cent., is significantly richer in dry matter than the marrow stem kale, although this advantage was offset by the lower yield, in terms of green matter, given per acre by the thousand head kale.
Studies in the absorption and excretion of certain minerals by poultry. I. The excretion of calcium, phosphorus, carbonate and chloride by hens, with special reference to variations during the day, and in relation to oviposition
Authors: Tyler Cyril 
Published: March 2009

1. An experiment was performed to obtain information on the fluctuations in excretion of calcium, carbonate, phosphorus and chloride within the day.2. It was found that there was a lower excretion of calcium and carbonate in the 12 midnight–8 a.m. subperiod than in the 8 a.m.–4 p.m. and 4 p.m.–12 midnight subperiods. Phosphorus showed a much smaller variation, whilst chloride gave inconsistent results.3. When eggs were laid there was a distinct increase in phosphorus and chloride excretion and a fall in calcium and carbonate excretion. These changes, although related in time to each other, were not clearly related to the time of oviposition. Thin-shelled eggs did not give the same results, much smaller changes being observed.4. When changes were made in the amount of calcium carbonate added to the basal ration the effect on the composition of the excreta was noted within 4 hr., the full effect showing itself within 16 hr.5. The significance of these results in relation to egg-shell formation is discussed.
Effects of season and breed on sow performance in the seasonal-equatorial climate of Southern Nigeria
Authors: Steinbach J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPreweaning litter traits of 289 Large White (LW) and of 167 Landrace (LR) litters born between 1 January, 1967 and 31 December, 1969 were analysed for seasonal effects. The month during which farrowing occurred exerted highly significant effects on the average piglet weight at birth and at weaning, as well as on the preweaning piglet weight gain (P <0·001). Piglet weight at birth was higher during the hot and dry months of the year, while the preweaning piglet weight gain was greater during the cooler season. The heaviest piglets at weaning were those born in August, the coldest month of the year. Piglet weight at birth was negatively correlated with the mean relative humidity of the month of farrowing (r = -0·79; P <0·01). The percentage of stillborn piglets was high in litters born during March and April (P < 0·005), and the positive correlation between the mean physiologically effective temperature and the percentage of stillborn piglets (r = +0·57) approached significance (P < 0·10).The considerable variations in litter size and litter weight at birth and at weaning as well as the variations in preweaning mortality were not significant.The two breeds differed significantly (P < 0·005) in piglet weight at birth (LW: 2·8 lb; LR: 3·0 lb), in litter weight at birth (LW: 24 lb; LR: 28 lb), and in the percentage of stillborn piglets (LW: 4·5%; LR: 7·5%).
The effects of the date of applying anhydrous ammonia or a solid nitrogen fertilizer on the spring growth from a pure perennial ryegrass sward
Authors: Reid D. , Catle M. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo 1-year experiments are described in which a single dressing of 120 lb N/acre (134 kg/ha) was applied to a grass sward as anhydrous ammonia (82% N), ammonium nitrate (34·5% N) or sulphate of ammonia (21% N) at various dates from December to April. The pattern of primary growth from each of the treatments was recorded from early April until mid-June by frequent sampling of the herbage to determine the dry matter and crude protein yields. At every date of fertilizer application from late January to mid-April the growth rate of the herbage was markedly lower with anhydrous ammonia than with ammonium nitrate. With the December applications the spring growth rate of herbage from the anhydrous ammonia treatment was similar to that from the ammonium nitrate treatment. Applications of sulphate of ammonia gave results almost identical with those obtained from ammonium nitrate. The calculation of the dates on which a yield of 2000 lb dry matter/acre (2242 kg/ha) would have been available for dairy cow grazing showed clearly a delay of 12–15 days where anhydrous ammonia rather than ammonium nitrate was applied. The response to anhydrous ammonia was improved by applying it early in the year but solid nitrogen fertilizers, applied either early in the season or when growth was starting, gave higher yields of herbage than anhydrous ammonia.
Effects of some soil conditions on sugar-beet seedling emergence
Authors: Longden P. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSeven soil conditioners added to a sandy clay soil at Saxmundham did not benefit sugar-beet seedling emergence in four experiments in 3 years. In microplots at Broom's Barn free draining peat and sandy loam gave consistently more seedlings than limestone loam or flinty loam. In the laboratory, for each of three soil types, emergence was maximal only for a small soil moisture range and decreased rapidly when soils became drier or wetter. This suggests that conditioners which increase water-holding capacity should be tested on sandy loams rather than clay soils and that seed-bed preparation on heavier soils should seek to aerate the soil.
The association between kemp and some vigour and wool characteristics in Barki and Merino Barki cross
Authors: Guirgis R. A. , Galal E. Salah E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYData were collected from 549 Barki and Merino cross sheep during 1967, 1968 and 1969 to study the relation between kemp production and body vigour. The study also included the staple length and greasy fleece weight. The results showed that:Age had a marked effect on the traits studied. Whereas kemp frequency (score) declined slightly as age proceeded, showing a significant reduction in the seventh shearing season, the staple length and fleece weight decreased after the second shearing season.Differences due to sex, year and breed occurred, though the pattern differed in the different traits.Kemp showed a highly significant correlation with birth and weaning weights, as indicating the animal vigour, and was negatively correlated with fleece weight.Staple length was negatively correlated with birth and weaning weights and positively correlated with fleece weight.Fleece weight was positively correlated to birth and weaning weights and negatively correlated to kemp score.Kemp score in the Barki sheep was shown to be quite repeatablo (repeatability = 0·5).
Foraging of bees on oil-seed rape (Brassica napus L.) in relation to the stage of flowering of the crop and pest control
Authors: Free J. B. , Ferguson A. W. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryLarge populations of bees often continue to forage on oil-seed rape crops until flowering ceases. Applications of insecticide to crops in the late flowering stage could be hazardous to these bees.
Soil temperature and its association with maize yield variations in the Highlands of Kenya
Authors: Cooper P. J. M. , Law R. 
Published: March 2009

summaryIn the Highlands of Kenya every 1-week delay in planting maize after the onset of the rains reduces the grain yield by approximately 0·6 t/ha. No satisfactory explanation has been found for this phenomenon. A physiological growth study was made on four dates of planting per year over 4 years. Early growth rates and maximum crop growth rates showed a progressive decline with delay in planting which resulted in smaller plants at 5 weeks post-emergence and at 50 % tassel emergence in maize planted later. There was a strong relationship between the size of plant at tasselling and the final grain yield and a highly significant relationship (r = 0·94) between the size of plant at 5 weeks post emergence and the final grain yield. Other environmental studies showed that soil temperature at 7·5 cm, coupled with a soil moisture stress factor, largely controlled the dry-matter production rate during early growth, and consideration of the mean value of these two variables over the first 5 weeks of growth accounted for 70% of the variation of dry matter at 5 weeks post-emergence. It was further shown that 82% of the variation in final grain yield caused by date of planting could be accounted for by consideration of the mean value of these two variables during the first 5 weeks of growth.
Field experiments on concentrated organic nitrogen fertilizers
Authors: Warren R. G. , Cooke E. H. , Cooke G. W. 
Published: March 2009

Hoof, formalized hoof, formalized casein, leather wastes and dried blood were compared with ammonium sulphate for vegetables in several field experiments which were continued for a number of years. Residual effects were measured in one experiment at Rothamsted.For crops which had a high requirement for nitrogen, hoof and formalized casein tended to give somewhat lower yields than equivalent ammonium sulphate. Organic nitrogen fertilizers tended to be slightly superior to ammonium sulphate for less responsive crops, and also in experiments where the high rate of ammonium gave lower yields than the medium rate.Crushed hoof and a formalized casein product gave similar yields of most crops. There were no marked gains from treating hoof with formalin; a coarse (5·7 mm.) sample of formalized casein did not give materially different yields from the ordinary fine (2 mm.) product.One leather product made by simple roasting was inferior to ammonium sulphate and to hoof. Other leather wastes processed by alkalis did not behave very differently from crushed hoof or from ammonium sulphate. Dried blood was tested in a few experiments, there were no significant differences between yields given by blood and by ammonium sulphate.In experiments on a light soil, spring cabbages planted in autumn were very sensitive to the time of applying nitrogen fertilizer; there were much larger gains in yield from ammonium sulphate applied half at planting and half in spring, than from either ammonium sulphate or organic nitrogen fertilizers applied wholly at planting.
The feeding of cod-liver oil to growing-fattening pigs
Authors: Worden Alastair N. 
Published: March 2009

1. Fresh, good quality cod-liver oil, containing an antioxidant, was incorporated at varying levels of up to 5% in the rations of pigs throughout the whole period from weaning (at 56 days) to bacon weight (at 196 days), without any evidence of detrimental effect.2. Cod-liver oil did not at any level produce discoloration of the body fat, fishiness or other taint, or any other adverse effect upon carcass quality as judged subjectively and by routine measurements. Increasing levels of cod-liver oil increased the iodine number of the body fat, but this was not accompanied by any visual softening.3. Although the experiment was not designed to assess the effect of high levels of cod-liver oil upon productive efficiency, it was, nevertheless, found that improvement in food conversion accompanied increases in the amount of cod-liver oil fed.
The comparative precision of estimates of body composition in living pigs, obtained from numerous different predictors applied severally or jointly
Authors: Houseman R. A. , McDonald I. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe body composition of 24 pigs reared at different rates of growth from 25 kg live weight was estimated when they each weighed about 90 kg live weight. Feed conversion corrected for the energy requirements of maintenance (CFCR), external and ultrasonic measurements, and measurements of Evans Blue, deuterium oxide and potassium-42 were applied simultaneously to each pig, and were used to predict the weights of the fat-free mass, lipid, and dissectible fat and lean.The best individual predictors of body composition were CFCR, deuterium oxide and potassium-42, but Evans Blue, external and ultrasonic measurements were not as closely associated with the four body components.In combination, it was generally found that two predictors could predict the weight of a body component more closely than either predictor in isolation.
Influence of diet on plasma thyroxine response to thyroid stimulating hormone in growing lambs
Authors: Godden Patricia M. M. , Weekes T. E. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn an initial experiment four mature sheep were injected with saline or 25, 75 or 150 m units bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)/kg live weight. All doses of TSH stimulated a similar release of thyroxine.In a second experiment ten lambs were fed chopped dried grass from weaning until 108 days old (period 1). Five of the lambs (group 1) were then fed 30% barley: 70% grass until 178 days of age; the remaining lambs (group 2) continued to receive grass (period 2). After 178 days group 1 was fed 70% barley: 30% grass and group 2 30% barley: 70% grass (period 3). All lambs were injected with 25 m units TSH/kg live weight at 105–108 days of age, 174–178 days and 220–227 days. The thyroxine response to TSH was greatest in lambs fed 30% barley: 70% grass in periods 2 and 3. Plasma insulin and glucose concentrations tended to decrease after TSH.
Interactions of phosphorus, magnesium and zinc affecting the iron content of maize
Authors: Agbim N. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFive calcareous soils (pH 7·3–7·7) designated A-E, deficient in or responsive to Zn and containing Fe in the critical or adequate range, were used in a glasshouse study on maize to assess the effects of P alone or in combination with Mg, Zn or both on the content of Fe in maize.Overall, P significantly depressed Fe in maize. When Mg was applied to a P or PZn treatment, it either depressed or had no effect on Mg in maize but it significantly (P < 0·001) increased Fe. For the soil where Fe in maize was increased with P treatment, the Zn concentration in the tissue was relatively very low. By contrast, in another exception where PMg treatment depressed Fe in maize, tissue Zn concentration was relatively very high. There was a significant negative correlation (r = –0·45; P < 0·05) between Zn and Fe in maize tops.
Nitrogen and potassium uptake by high-yielding potato crops
Authors: Ifenkwe O. P. , Allen E. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYResults are presented from two experiments (1973 and 1974) in which high potato yields were obtained (60–70 t/ha). In both, Désirée and Maris Piper accumulated much more N and K (> 200 and 300 kg/ha respectively) than was applied as fertilizer (160 kg N and 189 kg K/ha). Increasing planting density (to levels above commercial practice) increased nutrient accumulation but had only small effects on yields. Thus, high yields are associated with but not necessarily caused by large accumulations of nutrients. As a general principle, increasing fertilizer rates above those shown to be optimal will not increase yields.