bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A self‐consistent scattering model for cirrus. I: The solar region
Authors: Baran Anthony. J. , Labonnote L.‐C. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this paper a self‐consistent scattering model for cirrus is presented. The model consists of an ensemble of ice crystals where the smallest ice crystal is represented by a single hexagonal ice column. As the overall ice crystal size increases, the ice crystals become progressively more complex by arbitrarily attaching other hexagonal elements until a chain‐like ice crystal is formed, this representing the largest ice crystal in the ensemble. The ensemble consists of six ice crystal members whose aspect ratios (ratios of the major‐to‐minor axes of the circumscribed ellipse) are allowed to vary between unity and 1.84 for the smallest and largest ice crystal, respectively. The ensemble model's prediction of parameters fundamental to solar radiative transfer through cirrus such as ice water content and the volume extinction coefficient is tested using in situ based data obtained from the midlatitudes and Tropics. It is found that the ensemble model is able to generally predict the ice water content and extinction measurements within a factor of two. Moreover, the ensemble model's prediction of cirrus spherical albedo and polarized reflection are tested against a space‐based instrument using one day of global measurements. The space‐based instrument is able to sample the scattering phase function between the scattering angles of approximately 60° and 180° , and a total of 37 581 satellite pixels were used in the present analysis covering latitude bands between 43.75°S and 76.58°N. It is found that the ensemble model phase function is well able to minimize significantly differences between satellite‐based measurements of spherical albedo and the ensemble model's prediction of spherical albedo. The satellite‐based measurements of polarized reflection are found to be reasonably described by more simple members of the ensemble. The ensemble model presented in this paper should find wide applicability to the remote sensing of cirrus as well as more fundamental solar radiative transfer calculations through cirrus, and improved solar optical properties for climate and Numerical Weather Prediction models. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Tropical cyclogenesis sensitivity to environmental parameters in radiative–convective equilibrium
Authors: Nolan David S. , Rappin Eric D. , Emanuel Kerry A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this study, the relationship between the likelihood of tropical cyclogenesis and external environmental forcings is explored in the simplest idealized modelling framework possible: radiative‐convective equilibrium on a doubly periodic f‐plane. In such an environment, control of the equilibrium environmental sounding is reduced to three parameters: the sea‐surface temperature, the Coriolis parameter, and the imposed background surface wind speed. Cloud‐resolving mesoscale model simulations are used to generate environments of radiative‐convective equilibrium determined by these three factors. The favourability of these environments for tropical cyclogenesis is measured in three ways: in terms of the maximum potential intensity (MPI) of the sounding, based on the thermodynamic theory of Emanuel; in terms of the ‘genesis potential’ determined by an empirical genesis parameter; and in terms of the propensity of weak initial vortices in these environments to form into tropical cyclones.The simulated environments of radiative—convective equilibrium with no vertical wind shear are found to be very favourable for tropical cyclogenesis. Weak initial vortices always transition to a tropical cyclone, even for rather low sea‐surface temperatures. However, the time required for these vortices to make the transition from a weak, mid‐level vortex to a rapidly developing tropical cyclone decreases as the MPI increases, indicating the importance of MPI in enhancing the frequency of cyclogenesis. The relationship between this ‘time to genesis’ and the thermodynamic parameters is explored. The time to genesis is found to be very highly (negatively) correlated to MPI, with little or no relationship to convective instability, Coriolis parameter, mid‐level humidity, or the empirical genesis parameter.In some cases, tropical cyclones are found to form spontaneously from random convection. This formation is due to a cooperative interaction between large‐scale moisture, long‐wave radiation, and locally enhanced sea‐surface fluxes, similar to the ‘aggregation’ of convection found in previous studies. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Scandinavian pattern and its climatic impact
Authors: Bueh Cholaw , Nakamura Hisashi 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMaintenance mechanisms of the Scandinavian teleconnection pattern and its possible impact on the Eurasian climate are investigated on the basis of long‐term monthly data. Its upstream portion over the North Atlantic is forced and maintained by feedback forcing from transient eddies migrating along the nearby storm track, with an additional contribution from incoming Rossby wave activity from further upstream. The primary anomaly centre over the Scandinavian Peninsula and the downstream portion of the pattern manifest themselves basically as Rossby waves propagating towards central Siberia and east Asia, under the modest feedback forcing from transient eddies. The pattern shows apparent seasonality in its dynamical properties, including the wave‐train orientation and wavelength, under the seasonally varying transient‐eddy feedback forcing and waveguide structure for Rossby waves. In cold seasons, the positive phase of the pattern causes cold‐air accumulation over a vast area extending from western Siberia to the regions around Lake Baikal and Lake Balkhash, while giving rise to decreased precipitation over northeastern Europe, western Siberia and some of the Arctic coastal regions. The pattern also changes the North Atlantic sea surface temperature differently between autumn and winter. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Selection of IASI channels for use in numerical weather prediction
Authors: Collard A. D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) is an infrared Fourier‐transform spectrometer that has been flying on the MetOp satellite series since October 2006. It measures the radiance emitted from the Earth in 8461 channels, covering the spectral interval 645–2760 cm−1 at a resolution of 0.5 cm−1 (apodized). The high volume of data resulting from IASI presents many challenges, particularly in the areas of data transmission, storage and assimilation.The simplest methods for reducing the data volume are spatial sampling and channel selection. In this paper, the issue of channel selection is discussed, and a selection of 300 channels suitable for transmission to numerical‐weather‐prediction centres is examined; the primary aim is the improvement of the temperature, humidity, ozone and carbon‐dioxide state vectors. The channel‐selection method takes account of redundancy, the effects of interfering species, and robustness against the choice of assumed background‐error covariance and atmospheric state. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Comparison of ground‐based GPS precipitable water vapour to independent observations and NWP model reanalyses over Africa
Authors: Bock O. , Bouin M.‐N. , Walpersdorf A. , Lafore J. P. , Janicot S. , Guichard F. , Agusti‐Panareda A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis study aims at assessing the consistency between different precipitable water vapour (PWV) datasets over Africa (between 35°N and 10°S). This region is characterized by large spatial and temporal variability of humidity but also by the scarcity of its operational observing network, limiting our knowledge of the hydrological cycle. We intercompare data from observing techniques such as ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS), radiosondes, AERONET sun photometers and SSM/I, as well as reanalyses from European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ERA‐40) and National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP2). The GPS data, especially, are a new source of PWV observation in this region. PWV estimates from nine ground‐based GPS receivers of the international GPS network data are used as a reference dataset to which the others are compared. Good agreement is found between observational techniques, though dry biases of 12–14% are evidenced in radiosonde data at three sites. Reasonable agreement is found between the observational datasets and ERA‐40 (NCEP2) reanalyses with maximum bias ⩽9% (14%) and standard deviation ⩽17% (20%). Since GPS data were not assimilated in the ERA‐40 and NCEP2 reanalyses, they allow for a fully independent validation of the reanalyses. They highlight limitations in the reanalyses, especially at time‐scales from sub‐daily to periods of a few days. This work also demonstrates the high potential of GPS PWV estimates over Africa for the analysis of the hydrological cycle, at time‐scales ranging between sub‐diurnal to seasonal. Such observations can help studying atmospheric processes targeted by the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis project. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The low‐level katabatic jet height versus Monin–Obukhov height
Authors: Grisogono B. , Kraljević L. , Jeričević A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this short note we discuss a long‐standing problem in modelling the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) over complex terrain: namely, an excessive use of the Monin–Obukhov length scale LMO. This issue becomes increasingly relevant with the ever‐increasing resolution of numerical weather‐prediction and climate models, which typically use LMO in one way or another for parametrizing the surface layer, or at least for formulating the lower boundary conditions. Hence, inevitably, the models under‐represent a significant part of the mesoscale flow variability.We focus here on the stable ABL over land: in particular, sloped cooled flows. However, a qualitatively similar reasoning applies to the corresponding unstable ABL. We show that for sufficiently stratified flows over moderately sloped surfaces, Monin–Obukhov scaling is inadequate for describing the basic ABL dynamics, which is often governed by katabatic and drainage flows. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The relation between airflow and orographic precipitation on the southern side of the Alps as revealed by weather radar
Authors: Panziera L. , Germann U. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe relative importance of various environmental parameters in determining orographic precipitation patterns in the Lago Maggiore region in the southern part of the European Alps is investigated. We examine 58 long‐lasting and widespread orographic precipitation events corresponding in total to 106 days of rainfall. The mesoscale winds are estimated by means of Doppler velocity radar measurements; air‐mass stability is computed from both radiosoundings and pairs of ground stations located at different heights. High‐quality radar‐derived rain rates at the ground are used to characterize the precipitation field.The mesoscale flows are estimated within the layers with a mean wind velocity that correlates best with rainfall in the mountains; these layers are located around 1 km above sea level (asl) upstream of the Alps and around 3 km above the first alpine peaks. Upstream wind velocity has the largest impact on the intensity and frequency of precipitation in the mountains, while the direction of the wind determines the spatial distribution of precipitation. Unstable conditions cause more precipitation over the mountains compared with stable cases; however, differences in air‐mass stability have a minor impact on the precipitation intensity compared with wind speed and direction. The intensity of the flow also dominates rainfall patterns in different Froude number airflows.This study builds the scientific framework necessary to develop a heuristic system for nowcasting orographic precipitation in the Alpine region by exploiting the presence of orographic forcing. The latter is shown to give repeatability to the rainfall patterns typically observed in the region with particular environmental conditions. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Contribution of computer‐assisted surgery in total wrist prosthesis: a comparative preliminary study of eight cases
Authors: Facca Sybille , Gherissi Anes , Liverneaux Philippe A. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBackgroundThe outcome of total wrist prostheses is disappointing due to complications, mainly loosening or absence of osseointegration. The main reason is poor placement. The aim of this study was to examine whether computer‐assisted surgery (CAS) was advantageous in wrist prosthesis implantation.MethodsOur study group comprised eight patients. Group I was operated on with CAS and Group II without. In both groups, we used the RE‐MOTION PGT® prosthesis. In Group I, we used a navigation system to navigate the guide pin and K‐wire of the radial component. The evaluation consisted of measuring the operating time, intra‐operative stability and mobility and orientation of the prosthetic components on X‐rays.ResultsThe operating time was increased by 34 min with CAS. Intra‐operative mobility in the two groups was comparable. There was no difference between the two groups with regard to the position of prosthetic components, except for the lateral view of the radial component.ConclusionsOur results show that CAS could improve placement of total wrist prostheses. All that is left to be done is to convince industrialists to invest in navigation systems dedicated to small joints. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The generality of abundance‐environment relationships in microhabitats: A comment on Lancaster and Downes (2009)
Authors: Lamouroux N. , Mérigoux S. , Capra H. , Dolédec S. , Jowett I. G. , Statzner B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe comment on a criticism of hydraulic preference models and instream habitat models. We provide evidence of the generality of many hydraulic preference models, which supports their use in instream habitat modelling even if the detailed mechanistic causes of the observed preferences are not fully known. We also reply to the assertion that preference models are not based on sound ecological theory. We identify unbalanced use of available knowledge and point out limitations relating to too detailed biological focusses. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Chain‐like Copper Molybdate [Cu(dien)]2[MoO4]2·H2O
Authors: Alam Nure , Feldmann Claus 
Published: January 2010

Abstract[Cu(dien)]2[MoO4]2·H2O is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of (NH4)6Mo7O24·4H2O and Cu(NO3)2·4H2O in the presence of diethylenetriamine. According to single‐crystal structure analysis, the compound crystallizes monoclinic (C2/c; a = 12.623(3); b = 7.813(2); c = 20.850(4) Å; β = 105.5(1) °; Z = 4) and is composed of (Cu(N)3O3) octahedra and (MoO4) tetrahedra that are interlinked to form infinite {}^1_\infty[{Cu(dien)O1/2O2/3}){(MoO2/1O1/2O1/3)}]2 chains. Between these chains one molecule of water per formula unit is incorporated through hydrogen bonding. FT‐IR and UV/Vis spectroscopy as well as thermogravimetry confirm the composition and purity of the title compound.
Cluster Complexes with the Novel Heterometallic Cluster Core {Mo5NbI8}: Synthesis, Excision Reactions, and Crystal Structures
Authors: Artemkina Sofia B. , Naumov Nikolay G. , Kondrakov Konstantin N. , Virovets Alexander V. , Kozlova Svetlana G. , Fedorov Vladimir E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractA series of new heterometallic niobium–molybdenum iodido complexes were synthesized from a polymeric precursor by cluster excision technique: [Mo5NbI8(H2O)3(OH)3]·2H2O, trigonal space groupR\bar{3}c(No. 167),a= 9.6859(2),b= 9.6859(2),c= 43.6282(14) Å,Z= 6,V= 3544.69(20) Å3, K3[Mo5NbI8(OH)6]·11H2O, triclinic space groupP\bar{1}(No. 2),a= 9.5522(10),b= 12.2871(14),c= 16.0484(14) Å,α= 90.141(3),β= 91.409(3),γ= 107.798(3) °,V= 1792.8(3) Å3,Z= 4, K[Mo5NbI8(H2O)2Cl4], orthorhombic space groupCmca(No. 64),a= 9.3906(4),b= 16.7816(10),c= 16.0314(9) Å,Z= 4,V= 2526.4(2) Å3, (Pr4N)3[Mo5NbI8(CN)6], cubic space groupIm\bar{3}m(No. 229),a= 14.96850(10) Å,Z= 2,V= 3353.78(4) Å3. Syntheses, X‐ray crystal structures, and electronic structures of the new compounds are discussed in this article.
Hydrothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Characterization of Two New Metal Diphosphonates with a 3D Pillared Layered Structure
Authors: Zhang Na , Huang Cui‐Ying , Sun Zhen‐Gang , Zhang Jing , Liu Lei , Lu Xin , Wang Wei‐Nan , Tong Fei 
Published: January 2010

AbstractTwo new metal diphosphonates with a 3D pillared layered framework, [Zn2L]·2H2O (1) and [Sb(HL)(H2O)]·H2O (2) (H4L = H2O3PCH2NC4H8NCH2PO3H2), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction as well as IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, and thermogravimetric analyses. For compound 1, each ZnO3N tetrahedron is in turn corner‐sharing through three CPO3 tetrahedra from three different phosphonate ligands to form two‐dimensional inorganic layers in the ab plane. In compound 2, the inorganic puckered layers are composed of pseudo‐octahedral bipyramidal SbO5 and CPO3 tetrahedra in the bc plane. The overall structure of both compounds may be described in terms of alternating inorganic infinite layers and organic pillars{–CH2N(C2H4)2NCH2–} to form a 3D pillared layered structure.
A New Chair‐shaped Conformation Containing HgHgOHgHgO: Synthesis and Structure of Hg4(L2)2(NO3)4 (L2 = morpholin‐4‐ylpyridin‐2‐ylmethyleneamine)
Authors: Dehghanpour Saeed , Taleghani Somayeh 
Published: January 2010

Abstract. The complex Hg4(L2)2(NO3)4 (1) (L2 = morpholin‐4‐ylpyridin‐2‐ylmethyleneamine) has been synthesized and characterized by CHN analysis, IR, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The crystal structure of 1 was determined using single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The crystal structure of 1 contains four mercury atoms, four nitrate anions (two terminal and two bridge ones) and two L2 ligand molecules. A chair shape, six‐membered ring is formed with the sequence OHgHgOHgHg built from Hg–Hg dumbbells and oxygen atoms from the nitrate co‐ligands. In the crystal structure, the asymmetric unit of the compound is built up by one‐half of the molecule. It contains the Hg22+ moiety with a mercury–mercury bonded core, in which one diimine ligand is coordinated to one of the mercury atoms. The nitrate anions act as anisobidentate and bidentate ligands.
Decolonization of orthopedic surgical team S. aureus carriers: impact on surgical-site infections
Authors: Portigliatti Barbos M. , Mognetti Barbara , Pecoraro S. , Picco W. , Veglio V. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Background
Orthopedic surgical-site infection (SSI), mostly due to S. aureus, is recognized as a major adverse event. This research aims to verify the usefulness of surgical team decolonization in order to reduce the risk of surgical-site infection.

Materials and methods
We performed swabs of both nares and oropharynx to identify S. aureus carriers among orthopedic team members who consented to cooperate with the study. Carriers were treated with local application of mupirocin ointment.

Results
Retrospective study of 1,000 consecutive patients operated before surgical team decolonization showed 6‰ SSIs. Of the 300 cases considered after decolonization, none developed SSI.

Conclusions
Though we are aware that more data need to be collected, this work might be relevant for the introduction of a new preventive protocol.
THE ANGLICAN ATTACK ON HOBBES IN PARIS, 1651
Authors: RAYLOR TIMOTHY 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTAbout the circumstances surrounding Hobbes's dismissal from Charles's court and his subsequent departure from Paris at the end of 1651 we know little. While recent scholarship has clarified the broad outline of events, fresh evidence allows us to add some detail, showing that Leviathan was attacked in a sermon delivered by Richard Steward in the Anglican chapel of Sir Richard Browne, thus confirming Hobbes's claim for the involvement of the Anglican establishment in engineering his dismissal from court and giving us a slightly clearer sense of the source and character of the move against him.
THE JURIDIFICATION OF NATURAL LAW: CHRISTOPH BESOLD'S CLAIM FOR A NATURAL RIGHT TO BELIEVE WHAT ONE WANTS
Authors: VON FRIEDEBURG ROBERT 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACTLuther's early statements, such as that belief is a ‘free work’ and must not be coerced, gained crucial relevance in the juridical debates about the meaning of the Augsburg Peace of Religion in the empire. Christoph Besold was among those transforming the reformers' message into a legal claim of subjects against their governments, based on an alleged natural right to believe what one wants. He thus transferred Luther's claim based on the reformer's trust in the work of the divine word into a juridical claim for subjects against their civil and ecclesiastical magistrates. Besold's argument is thus an example of the important changes in political and religious thought developing within the genre of the German politica during the first half of the seventeenth century.
Wirthiotrema: a new genus for the Thelotrema glaucopallens group (Ascomycota: Ostropales: thelotremoid Graphidaceae)
Authors: RIVAS PLATA Eimy , KALB Klaus , FRISCH Andreas 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe new genus Wirthiotrema Rivas Plata, Kalb & Frisch. is described for the Thelotrema glaucopallens group, based on molecular and morphological evidence, with W. glaucopallens as the type species. The genus is characterized by myriotremoid thalli and apothecia, in combination with a paraplectenchymatous excipulum, I− ascospores, and stictic acid as a secondary compound. The new combinations W. glaucopallens (Nyl.) Rivas Plata & Kalb comb. nov., W. santessonii (Hale) Rivas Plata & Frisch comb. nov., and W. trypaneoides (Nyl.) Rivas Plata & Lücking comb. nov., are proposed and a key to the three species is presented.
Acaricidal activities of traditional Chinese medicine against the house dust mite,Dermatophagoides farinae
Authors: WU HAI-QIANG , LI JING , HE ZHEN-DAN , LIU ZHI-GANG 
Published: January 2010

SUMMARYObjective.This paper assessed the potential of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) preparations for using as environmentally acceptable and alternative commercial acaricides.Methods.22 kinds of TCM, which contained abundant essential oils and showed insecticidal effects, were collected. Samples extracted with petroleum ether, ethyl acetate and methanol were tested against house dust mitesDermatophagoides farinaeand their toxicity assessed.Results.The results showed that 3 TCM ofCinnamonum cassia, Eugenia caryophyllataandPogostemon cablinhave higher activity, and the parallel tests showed that the petroleum ether extract had higher activities (0·0046 mg/cm2, 0·005 mg/cm2and 0·006 mg/cm2respectively, 24 h, LD50) than the extracts of ethyl acetate and methanol. The acaricidal activity of the ethyl acetate extracts fromC. cassia,P. cablinandAsarum sieboldii(0·00144 mg/cm2, 0·00347 mg/cm2and 0·05521 mg/cm2respectively, 24 h, LD50) were almost comparable to that of benzyl benzoate and dibutyl phthalate. However, the methanolic extracts of were less effective.Conclusions.This study shows the use of extracts with petroleum ether ofC. cassia,P. cablinandE. caryophyllataas eco-friendly biodegradable agents for the control of the house dust mite.