bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bob Fosse’s Wife, His Mistress, and His Daughter
Authors: Rosenblum Joshua 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Maltby is hired to direct Fosse, a Broadway revue celebrating the work of the legendary director/choreographer. In the process, he finds himself working with Gwen Verdon (Bob Fosse’s widow), Ann Reinking (Fosse’s longtime girlfriend and frequent muse), and Fosse’s daughter, Nicole. The show was the brainstorm of Chet Walker, the dancer/choreographer and longtime “keeper of the Fosse flame.” Walker reconstructed the Fosse choreography for all the early workshops but was later fired by Verdon and replaced by Reinking. Fosse goes on to win the 1999 Tony for Best Musical, the second show directed by Maltby—after Ain’t Misbehavin’—to achieve that honor. The producer, Garth Drabinsky, was arrested for fraud and forgery the day after the pre-Broadway tryout of Fosse opened in Toronto.
Brazil
Authors: Schneider Ben Ross 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In Brazil, major reforms often came from states. Ceará developed an effective program for promoting literacy in primary school. Pernambuco gradually expanded special full-time secondary schools that raised student learning. In both states, teacher unions cooperated with reforms. Political continuity, often with candidates for continuity gaining votes, was essential for consolidating reforms. Civil society from São Paulo also supported reforms in these two states. In addition, the federal government enacted major reforms to redistribute educational finance and a common national curriculum. Civil society from São Paulo was crucial in pushing the curriculum through.
Introduction
Authors: Borck Tobias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
During the 2010s, stability in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) was the declared objective of pretty much every government in the region, and every country outside the region. And yet, this seemingly shared objective did not yield cooperation; instead, the decade saw fierce competition over influence, including between Saudi Arabia, the UAE, and Qatar—the three main subjects of this book. This chapter provides the background for the book’s analysis of the three Gulf Arab monarchies’ foreign policies during the 2010s by offering brief overviews of their respective rise to regional power status.
Qatar’s Conception of Stability
Authors: Borck Tobias 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Qatar’s conception of stability in the MENA during the 2010s. The chapter argues that Qatar saw stability as resulting from governments that constructively engaged with their populations, and prevented the radicalization of political demands through a degree of inclusion in political processes and by facilitating economic opportunity. Regionally, Qatar sought a system of order that protected the independence of small states by curbing the influence of individual regional powers and arresting the region’s polarization into competing blocs. Finally, Qatar saw the consistent engagement of external powers—most importantly the USA—as essential for regional stability. Yet, it wanted them to coordinate their regional policies with partners in the MENA, ideally Qatar itself, and primarily focus on guaranteeing the regional order, rather than imposing their own interests.
Smugglers and Spies
Authors: McQuade Joseph 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces British attempts to secure Rash Behari Bose’s deportation from Japan and shows how Japanese nationalists, chaffing at their country’s perceived subservience to British interests, spirited Bose into hiding in a popular bakery in Tokyo. British officials did not take Bose’s disappearance lightly, and the continued threat posed by him and by other Indian revolutionaries from San Francisco to Singapore stimulated an unprecedented expansion of imperial intelligence services across what was then known as the “Far East.”
Fatima Elizabeth Cates
Authors: Mahmood Hamid 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the life and struggles of Fatima Elizabeth Cates (1865-1900), one of the first known female converts to Islam in Britain. Being a key early member of Abdullah Quilliam’s (1856-1932) Liverpool Muslim community, Cates is often cited in discussions about the Liverpool Muslim Institute (LMI), yet little has been written about her life. She was born Frances Elizabeth Murray in Birkenhead on the Wirral, near Liverpool in 1865. Her father John Murray, an Irishman, was a porter at Birkenhead Market, which was walking distance from their home, and her mother was Agnes Murray, née Mitchell. From the outset, Frances’ life was characterized by adversity and sorrow. John Murray died when Frances was just five years old, leaving her mother Agnes as the head of the family. From then on, Frances looked up to her brothers, David and William. Three years after the death of John, Frances’ mother married Peter Cottam, a stone mason. This union was blessed with a daughter Clara who, later as a teenager, was inspired by Frances to accept Islam.
Sultan Jahan and the Woking Muslim Mission
Authors: Robinson-Dunn Diane 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
While scholarship on the Woking Muslim Mission has tended to focus on male experiences, women played an important role in its establishment and growth. Together Shahjahan Begum and her daughter Sultan Jahan Begum, the successive rulers of the Indian princely state of Bhopal, made possible the erection of the Shah Jahan Mosque and the creation of the WMM. The latter, through her travels, writings, and other feminist activities, fostered the development of new female networks in England and India linking them to each other. In addition, defining the proper role of women became an issue of considerable importance for the WMM, and the chapter examines how Sultan Jahan’s writings and other WMM discourses reveal Muslim femininity as a fluid concept during the First World War period. Topics addressed include women’s suffrage, female contributions to the war effort, polygamy, purdah, veiling and the “modernist” and “traditionalist” camps within Indian Muslim feminism.
‘We Were Not Anything Like What They Imagined!’
Authors: Lambert-Hurley Siobhan , Majchrowicz Daniel 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on travel accounts written by South Asian Muslim women from the early 1890s to the late 1930s, primarily in Urdu. These writings offer a rare source from which to extrapolate their experiences of and reflection on travel to Britain in the age of empire. The authors came from different parts of India and inhabited distinct social spaces, but most viewed travel to Britain as a learning opportunity. Their writings are thus saturated with quotidian observations about the people and places with which they came in contact. Against an unfamiliar backdrop, female authors constructed an image of themselves that, whether intentionally or otherwise, gives insight into their ideas of self, community, religion, culture, service, foreignness, and familiarity.
Muhammad’s Expeditions to Byzantine Frontiers
Authors: Ibrahim Ayman S. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines the traditions of Muhammad’s expeditions to the Christian Byzantine frontiers. It highlights several Muslim attempts to raid Christian tribes in northern Hijaz and even to attain the Byzantine Empire’s superpower, and focuses on three important encounters: the raid to Mu’ta, the raid to Tabūk, and Usāma’s incursion to Greater Syria. In the analyses of these stories, the sectarian inclinations and political leanings of Muslim historians are clear. A pro-Shīᶜite historian insists on portraying ᶜAlī and Banū Hāshim as the most crucial warriors for Muhammad, while ᶜAbbāsid historians do not hesitate to magnify the image of al-ᶜAbbās as the major aid of Muhammad. This strengthens one of the overall arguments of this study: Muslim traditionists never relinquish their sectarian commitment or political sympathies when they design their narratives. Still, these accounts emphasize Muhammad as the military commander of the Muslims until his last breath.
Introduction
Authors: Morier-Genoud Eric 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The text unpacks the subject, highlighting five themes in particular, ranging from state religious policy to Islamic reform and competition between and within faiths. It discusses the title of the volume, its meaning, and the question it raises. Next, it situates historically the period under consideration, from the arrival of Islam in South-East Africa to the independence of Mozambique. Finally, the text explores methodological questions on how to approach the history of Islam scientifically, and it outlines the primary sources used in the research for this book.
Problematising Radicalisation
Authors: Ford Kieran , Jackson Richard 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter subjects the radicalization discourse to a critical assessment, drawing attention to the problematic and ideological consequences of the current discourse of radicalization. Specifically, the chapter explores ten key problems with the theory and practice of radicalization and counter-radicalization, divided into two groups: the first group focuses on some of the main conceptual, ontological and analytical problems with the term as it is currently understood and articulated; the second group examines five practical or strategic problems that have emerged from the attempt to put counter-radicalization strategies into practice, revealing the human and political costs of deploying such a contentious term. A central problem which ties many of these challenges together is that it is a profoundly state-centric concept that functions primarily to obscure and legitimise everyday forms of state violence while simultaneously giving enhanced powers to the authorities. The scale and seriousness of these conceptual, ontological, epistemological and practical challenges, as well as the obvious harms caused by the discourse to individuals and communities should give real pause to scholars working within this discourse. Finally, this chapter also briefly reflects on alternatives to the radicalization discourse as a response to the problem of political violence.
Introduction
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book’s key themes and arguments, outlining the concept of extremism in a UK context, and why gender is a useful tool to understand it. In particular, it outlines three reasons why the study of masculinities is appropriate to extremism: first, contemporary British extreme groups are homosocial; second, strict gender roles are a fundamental organizing principle of contemporary violent groups; third, the role of misogyny and masculinities in extremism are poorly understood; and finally, international norms require the consideration of gender. It also provides a summary of the objectives and history of the two extreme movements that are the book’s focus: the anti-Islam radical right, and an Islamist network linked to the banned group al-Muhajiroun. The chapter also introduces the key finding: that radicalization is in essence a masculinity project, in which women can also participate enthusiastically; that there is no one masculinity associated with extreme groups; that both movements exhibit misogyny towards in-group and out-group women, but that gender and misogyny do not work in the same way in the radical right and Islamist movements presented. A chapter outline is also included.
Theory
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of theoretical approaches to radicalization within terrorism studies, the historical absence of gender and the gaps in understanding that this absence has produced: for instance, the inability of the field to predict or understand the migration of young women to Islamic State. However, it cautions against simplistic gendered explanations for extremism such as “toxic masculinity” or misogyny, both of which undermine the notion of agency in extreme groups. It also notes that while gender studies focused on women have added much to our knowledge of terrorist and extreme groups, a holistic approach to gender as relevant to both women and men is the best framework to understand the power dynamics of extremism. The chapter provides an introduction to masculinities studies and argues for the usefulness of engaging this theory, and gender to better understand radicalization, whatever the ideology, and whether in academia or in policy.
The Internal Logic of an Elite Network
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 exposes the logic of elite network formation. It delivers a network theory and an economic theory explanation behind elite network formation with an emphasis on its high levels of betweenness centrality and homophily. Elite networks are shown to be highly topocratic, meaning that they condense wealth-seeking opportunities and privileged information within narrow powerful groups. It then adds a cost-benefit analysis to understand under which conditions individuals enter such groups, and finally, it dives deeper in the three historical principles of how people mitigate risk in order to survive. Given that societies were entrapped for centuries under the violence power principle it is difficult to simply break up elite networks arising from it.
The Role of the Firm
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 looks at the firm and how its rent-seeking activities, in the form of exclusive government procurement contracts or favorable legislation and regulation, get realized through an elite network. It delivers the key distinction between two main types of firms: rent-seekers and customer-seekers. As long as elite networks render effects that favor rent-seekers, adverse socioeconomic outcomes are inevitable. The chapter concludes by examining the empirical evidence showing how politically connected banks in the United States benefited the most from the 2008–2009 bailout allocation.
The Three Levers
Authors: Vuković Vuk 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The context delivered in the previous two chapters opens up room for reform proposals in Chapter 10 on how to achieve lower political power, reduce incentives for elite network formation, and consequentially lower inequality. These are presented in the form of three powerful levers whose goal is to exploit the democratic trial-and-error mechanism in order to rebuild interpersonal trust and trust in public institutions, and through second- and third-order effects increase civic engagement, improve selection into politics, depersonalize governing institutions, turn politicians into true servants of their people, and empower both citizens and their communities. The First Lever is a set of reforms aimed at lowering centralized political power. The Second Lever is a set of reforms aimed at empowering citizens. The Third Lever is a set of reforms aimed at empowering the community.
On African Globalities and Frontier Zones
Authors: Thakur Vineet 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
This chapter starts the concluding section of Africa’s Global Infrastructures by illuminating key contributions of the book to the understanding of South–South relations and how they affect broader changes in international relations. It critically assesses the potential of thinking through globalities and from economic frontiers. Drawing from the author’s extensive work on India and non-Western International Relations, the chapter also reflects on how the book speaks to debates around agency, non-Western international relations and the decolonising of knowledge production, and racism in Africa’s multiple global politics.
Centers of Power in the Arab Gulf States
Authors: Ulrichsen Kristian Coates 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
How are authority and influence accumulated and wielded across the six Gulf states? Mixing theoretical and empirical insights, and utilising both historical and contemporary examples, this book offers a comparative analysis of military, political, economic and religious power in Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as well as of the power of narrative. While many volumes examine each of these states individually, Centers of Power in the Arab Gulf States assesses the Arabian Peninsula as a whole, filling a significant gap in the literature. It surveys the myriad factors which have influenced the emergence of these states, societies and political economies, which have become increasingly assertive actors in today’s global order. Exploring domestic, regional and transnational pressures, Kristian Coates Ulrichsen sheds light on the varying concepts of power and authority, the different forms they take, the ways they are projected, and the practical constraints on their exercise. From whom does power derive? Is it something different from influence and ambition? Is decision-making top-down or bottom-up, or a mixture of both? From bureaucrats to scholars, and from royals to opposition figures, Coates Ulrichsen uncovers the power relations shaping the Gulf today.
The Laminated Environment
Authors: Edwards Terra 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 follows the protactile movement to Gallaudet University, which is a Deaf university in Washington, D.C. I shifted my research to this new field site nearly a decade after the inception of the movement in order to find out how protactile principles were being interpreted and applied by DeafBlind people, given very different social and historical conditions. I found that the problems described in earlier chapters were also encountered at Gallaudet. However, in addressing those problems the focus was not primarily language and communication as conventions from Seattle were acquired. Instead, DeafBlind thinkers were interested in the capacity of architecture and urban planning to reinforce, amplify, and protect those practices by creating physical structures that could simultaneously support the “cool visual expansiveness” of Deaf communication and the “compact warmth” of protactile communication. Building on theories of participation in linguistic anthropology, I understand this as a “laminated environment”.
The Development of the Principle of Non-Intervention from the End of the Religious Wars in Europe to the Outbreak of the Second World War
Authors: Roscini Marco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
During the 18th century in Europe, non-intervention became a corollary of state sovereignty as vested in the person of the monarch: as such, it shielded states from external interferences and consolidated internal sovereignty. By the 1830s, the principle of non-intervention was a well-established rule of the jus publicum europæum. In the 19th century’s later half, a distinction emerged between different situations of internal unrest. Intervention without establishing a state of war required states to have either a treaty-based right to do so or a justification excusing the violation. In the period between the two World Wars, states often adopted a position of negative equality with respect to situations of internal unrest in other countries regardless of whether or not belligerency was recognized. While undoubtedly a trend detectable in the state practice of the time, negative equality with respect to civil wars was however not yet an obligation under customary international law.
The Content of the Principle of Non-Intervention
Authors: Roscini Marco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
In the UN Charter era, treaties, resolutions, and state practice have determined the coexistence of two sets of legal standards: a general principle that prohibits the exercise of coercion in the domestic affairs of other states and a number of rules of application prohibiting specific coercive means, some of which have customary status while others are still controversial. The general principle prohibits coercion in both its forms: dictatorial coercion and forcible coercion. The specific rules of application that flow from the general principle of non-intervention prohibit armed, economic, and political coercion as well as support for subversive, terrorist, and armed activities and interference in civil strife in another state.
The Application of the Principle of Non-Intervention to Civil Strife and the Role of Consent
Authors: Roscini Marco 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
The principle of non-intervention protects the domestic affairs of states. When the insurgents succeed in establishing a new state or are recognized as belligerents, the application of the principle of non-intervention is displaced: the use of force in support of any party must at this point be consistent with the jus contra bellum codified in the UN Charter. The principle of non-intervention prohibits interventions against a state but leaves unaffected those consented by it. In case of rival governmental administrations, the one that was in effective control of the state’s territory, population, and apparatus at the beginning of the situation of the civil strife continues to be entitled to consent to foreign intervention until it is defeated, or its resistance becomes purely nominal. Consent to intervention constitutes an agreement between the intervening state and that where the intervention takes place and can be granted in writing or orally, publicly or secretly, expressly or implicitly, but cannot be presumed. State practice shows that treaty-based open-ended consent needs to be confirmed before each intervention can validly take place. A state can consent to interventions only on its territory (as consent exclusively operates in the relations between the consenter and the consentee) and only to acts that it could itself lawfully undertake. Last but not least, consent must be valid and the limits attached to it must be respected for it to produce its effects.
1QSb. The Scroll of Blessings
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
1QSb is very fragmentary. This chapter reviews the debate about its structure and argues for a five-fold division: 1:1–20: Blessing of those who fear God; 1:21–3:2:1 Blessing of the priests; 3:22–4:15 (end point uncertain): Blessing of the Sons of Zadok; 4:16–5:19 (beginning point uncertain): Blessing of the High Priest; 5:20–29: Blessing of the Prince of the Congregation. These blessings draw frequently on the priestly blessing of Numbers 6. “Prince of the Congregation” is a messianic title. The Blessings may be regarded as a celebration of, or prayer for, the ideal fulfillment of Israel and its institutions in the messianic age.
Related Texts
Authors: Collins John J. , Nati James 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Chapters 9–22 offer transcriptions, translations, notes, and commentary on all manuscripts of the Rule of the Association apart from 1QS-1QSa-1QSb. While recognizing the considerable textual overlaps across the manuscripts, each manuscript in Chapters 9–22 is presented separately in order to facilitate an analysis of their unique characteristics. Differences from 1QS in particular are highlighted in the analysis of each text, and the implications of these differences—and, in many cases, clusters of differences—are explored. While containing many of the same rules for life in the yaḥad (see 1QS 5–7), these different texts, it is suggested, often present those rules differently. The various presentations here point likewise to a variety of ways in which these rules were understood, even among members of the same Association.