bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lactobacillus casei prevents the development of dextran sulphate sodium-induced colitis in Toll-like receptor 4 mutant mice
Authors: Chung Y W , Choi J H , Oh T-Y , Eun C S , Han D S 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Probiotics, defined as live or attenuated bacteria or bacterial products, confer a significant health benefit to the host. Recently, they have been shown to be useful in the treatment of chronic inflammatory bowel disease and infectious colitis. In this study, we investigated the effect of probiotics on the development of experimental colitis using Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) mutant (lps–/lps–) mice. TLR-4lps–/lps– and wild-type (WT) mice were given 2·5% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) in drinking water to induce colitis with or without Lactobacillus casei pretreatment. Clinical and histological activity of DSS-colitis was attenuated markedly both in TLR-4lps–/lps– and WT mice pretreated with L. casei. Interestingly, histological activity was less severe in TLR-4lps–/lps– mice than in WT mice. The levels of myeloperoxidase activity and interleukin (IL)-12p40 were attenuated in pretreated TLR-4lps–/lps– mice after DSS administration. By contrast, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-10 mRNA and protein expressions were increased markedly in pretreated TLR-4lps–/lps– mice. The current results suggest that L. casei has a preventive effect in the development of acute DSS-induced colitis and its action depends largely upon TLR-4 status. L. casei modulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and down-regulates neutrophilic infiltration in the case of incomplete TLR-4 complex signalling.
Restoration of anti-tetanus toxoid responses in patients initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy with or without a boost immunization: an INITIO substudy
Authors:   the INITIO Trial International Co-ordinating Committee, Burton C T , Goodall R L , Samri A , Autran B , Kelleher A D , Poli G , Pantaleo G , Gotch F M , Imami N 
Published: July 2010

SummaryINITIO is an open-labelled randomized trial evaluating first-line therapeutic strategies for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. In an immunology substudy a tetanus toxoid booster (TTB) immunization was planned for 24 weeks after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). All patients had received tetanus toxoid immunization in childhood. Generation of proliferative responses to tetanus toxoid was compared in two groups of patients, those receiving a protease inhibitor (PI)-sparing regimen (n = 21) and those receiving a PI-containing (n = 54) regimen. Fifty-two participants received a TTB immunization [PI-sparing (n = 15), PI-containing (n = 37)] and 23 participants did not [PI-sparing (n = 6) or PI-containing (n = 17)]. Cellular responses to tetanus antigen were monitored by lymphoproliferation at time of immunization and every 24 weeks to week 156. Proportions with a positive response (defined as stimulation index ≥ 3 and Δ counts per minute ≥ 3000) were compared at weeks 96 and 156. All analyses were intent-to-treat. Fifty-two participants had a TTB immunization at median 25 weeks; 23 patients did not. At weeks 96 and 156 there was no evidence of a difference in tetanus-specific responses, between those with or without TTB immunization (P = 0·2, P = 0·4). There was no difference in the proportion with response between those with PI-sparing or PI-containing regimens at both time-points (P = 0·8, P = 0·7). The proliferative response to tetanus toxoid was unaffected by initial HAART regimen. Anti-tetanus responses appear to reconstitute eventually in most patients over 156 weeks when treated successfully with HAART, irrespective of whether or not a TTB immunization has been administered.
Clinical Immunology Review Series: An approach to the patient with recurrent infections in childhood
Authors: Slatter M A , Gennery A R 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Recurrent or persistent infection is the major manifestation of primary immunodeficiency, which also results in atypical infection with opportunistic organisms. Young children are also vulnerable to infection and recurrent infection is common. While most children with recurrent infection have a normal immunity, it is important to recognize the child with an underlying primary immunodeficiency and investigate and treat appropriately and yet not over investigate normal children. Prompt, accurate diagnosis directs the most appropriate treatment, and early and judicious use of prophylactic antibiotics and replacement immunoglobulin can prevent significant end organ damage and improve long-term outlook and quality of life. This paper describes important presenting features of primary immunodeficiency and indicates when further investigation is warranted.
Long-term anti-arthritic and anti-osteoporotic effects of raloxifene in established experimental postmenopausal polyarthritis
Authors: Jochems C , Lagerquist M , Håkansson C , Ohlsson C , Carlsten H 
Published: July 2010

Summary
Both oestrogen deficiency and the inflammatory disease contribute to the generalized bone loss seen in postmenopausal rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Oestradiol and the selective oestrogen receptor modulator raloxifene have been shown to ameliorate the disease in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), a well-established animal model for human RA. The aim of this study was to investigate whether raloxifene-treatment would be beneficial in long-term treatment of established CIA, both regarding anti-arthritic and anti-osteoporotic properties. Female dilute brown agouti mice were ovariectomized and CIA was induced. Raloxifene or vehicle treatment was administered 5 days per week, and the clinical arthritis score was evaluated continuously. At termination, bone mineral density was analysed, paws were collected for histological examination and sera were analysed for markers of bone and cartilage turnover, as well as antibodies to type II collagen and levels of interleukin (IL)-6. Treatment with raloxifene is beneficial in long-term treatment of established CIA. It hampers the disease severity and frequency, protects the joints from destruction and protects against the development of osteoporosis. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 was down-regulated in raloxifene-treated mice compared with controls. The serum levels of antibodies to collagen were not affected by raloxifene-treatment. Long-term treatment with raloxifene has both anti-arthritic and anti-osteoporotic effects in established experimental postmenopausal polyarthritis.
Local floral composition and the behaviour of pollinators: attraction to and foraging within experimental patches
Authors: LÁZARO AMPARO , TOTLAND ØRJAN 
Published: July 2010

1. Understanding how foraging decisions take place at the local scale is relevant because they may directly affect the fitness of individual plants. However, little is known about how local diversity and density affect the foraging behaviour of most pollinator groups.2. By introducing two potted plant species (Salvia farinacae and Tagetes bonanza) into two populations of Taraxacum officinale, we investigated how plant identity, the mixtures of these plant species, and total plant density affected the attraction to and the foraging within a patch for six pollinator groups.3. The foraging behaviour was mainly driven by the availability of the preferred plant species, and secondly by patch diversity and density. In general, dense patches and those containing the three‐species mixture were preferred by all insect groups for arrival, although muscoid and hover flies responded less to local floral composition than bees. Local diversity and density had, however, a weaker effect on foraging behaviour within patches. Site dependence in response to floral treatments could be attributable to differences between sites in pollinator assemblage and Taraxacum density.4. Studies like ours will help to understand how foraging decisions occur at the local scale and how foraging patterns may differ between pollinators and sites.
Responses of terrestrial ecosystems to temperature and precipitation change: a meta‐analysis of experimental manipulation
Authors: WU ZHUOTING , DIJKSTRA PAUL , KOCH GEORGE W. , PEÑUELAS JOSEP , HUNGATE BRUCE A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGlobal mean temperature is predicted to increase by 2–7 °C and precipitation to change across the globe by the end of this century. To quantify climate effects on ecosystem processes, a number of climate change experiments have been established around the world in various ecosystems. Despite these efforts, general responses of terrestrial ecosystems to changes in temperature and precipitation, and especially to their combined effects, remain unclear. We used meta‐analysis to synthesize ecosystem‐level responses to warming, altered precipitation, and their combination. We focused on plant growth and ecosystem carbon (C) balance, including biomass, net primary production (NPP), respiration, net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and ecosystem photosynthesis, synthesizing results from 85 studies. We found that experimental warming and increased precipitation generally stimulated plant growth and ecosystem C fluxes, whereas decreased precipitation had the opposite effects. For example, warming significantly stimulated total NPP, increased ecosystem photosynthesis, and ecosystem respiration. Experimentally reduced precipitation suppressed aboveground NPP (ANPP) and NEE, whereas supplemental precipitation enhanced ANPP and NEE. Plant productivity and ecosystem C fluxes generally showed higher sensitivities to increased precipitation than to decreased precipitation. Interactive effects of warming and altered precipitation tended to be smaller than expected from additive, single‐factor effects, though low statistical power limits the strength of these conclusions. New experiments with combined temperature and precipitation manipulations are needed to conclusively determine the importance of temperature–precipitation interactions on the C balance of terrestrial ecosystems under future climate conditions.
The measurement and character of caramel colour
Authors: GROVER D. W. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. The colour of commercial caramels has been studied by measuring the extinction of monochromatic light (λ 0.4 to 0.7 μ) by solutions in water over a concentration range of 0.02‐2.5 g/100 ml. the Lambert‐Beer ‘law’is proved to apply within the accuracy of measurement, and a straight line relationship between log E and λ is established. Similar observations are made for beverages containing caramel.Based on these measurements, the colour characteristics of the materials are derived in terms of the Comité Internationale de l'Eclairage (C.I.E.) system, providing explanations for the differences and similarities between caramels, the difficulty of visual matching, and the changes in colour which occur on dilution.A proposal is made for the assessment of the colouring power of caramel by measurement of extinction at wavelengths of 0.5 and 0.6 μ.
Differential thermal analysis of frozen food systems. I. The determination of unfreezable water
Authors: DUCKWORTH R. B. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA method is described for the determination of the amounts of unfreezable water in food materials by the use of differential thermal analysis (D.T.A.). Results for a range of different food materials and food constituents are summarized and compared with a smaller number of values obtained by other workers using a variety of other techniques. The method described is simple and direct and is free from the uncertainties which attend the procedures involved in most of the methods previously employed.
A simple, enzymic test for monitoring the efficient thermal pasteurization of chicken egg‐white
Authors: MONSEY J. B. , JONES J. B. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryA simple, rapid test has been developed to monitor the efficient thermal pasteurization of a single sample of egg‐white. The starch‐degrading enzyme activity of seventy‐two individual raw egg‐whites and eighteen samples of commercial bulked raw egg‐white has been determined. The enzyme was found in all samples and the variation between bulked samples was small. The enzyme was virtually completely destroyed when egg‐white was pasteurized at 57.2°C (135°F) for 2.5 min which are the conditions currently in use commercially in the United Kingdom. A sample of egg‐white, pasteurized for 2.5 min failed the test if (a) the temperature fell below 56°C or (b) the sample contained more than 0.15% w/w yolk, or (c) the sample was contaminated after pasteurization with more than 2% w/w of raw egg‐white. Storage of raw or pasteurized samples up to 9 months at ‐20°C or of eggs‐in‐shell up to 20 days at 20°C did not alter the enzyme activity.The test can be completed in 75 min and several tests can be run simultaneously.
Influence of heat and sulphur dioxide treatments on some quality characteristics of intermediate‐moisture banana
Authors: LEVI A. , RAMIREZ‐MARTINEZ J. R. , PADUA H. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe effect of duration of heat treatment (blanching) on the firmness, dehydration rate, colour, and pectin esterase (PE) activity, was investigated in sulphited, unsulphited, blanched and non heat‐treated intermediate‐moisture banana (IMB). The product was significantly firmer if the bananas had been blanched, and in either event, firmness as measured with a texturometer, also increased with increasing SO2 concentration. The average rate of water removal (dehydration) increased, with increasing blanching time, up to about 4 min, and increased also with increasing SO2 concentration. There was a decrease in PE activity in both blanched and non‐heat‐treated IMB, with increasing SO2 content. The effect of sulphiting on pectolytic enzyme activities does not appear to have been reported previously.
Solubilization of wheat gluten with sodium hydroxide
Authors: BATEY I. L. , GRAS P. W. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe solubility of wheat gluten may be increased greatly by treatment with 0.25 M sodium hydroxide. At temperatures of 40°C and above, the solubility of the protein exceeds 100 mg/ml in a reaction time of 6 hr or less. The products from the reaction of 60°C and 80°C were darker than the original gluten and had an unpleasant odour of H2S on dissolution in water. They also contained traces of lysinoalanine. The 40°C reaction product was about the same colour as gluten, and its solutions in water did not smell of H2S. Reaction of gluten at 20°C also caused a large increase in solubility, but after 24 hr the solubility was only 77 mg/ml. This product was also of the same colour as gluten, and did not smell of H2S in solution. Neither the 20°C nor the 40°C products contained detectable traces of lysinoalanine. For reasons of flavour, colour, lysinoalanine content and economy of time, the optimum reaction conditions are 6 hr at 40°C.
The application of technology to the processing of dry‐salted fish in peninsular Malaysia: comparison of sun‐dried and oven‐dried fish
Authors: YU S.Y. , SIAW C.L. , IDRUS A.Z. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryInvestigation of processing of dry‐salted fish is described. The use of a satisfactory ratio of salt to fish, optimization of salting time and the use of mechanical driers to reduce drying time, insect infestation and microbial spoilage were investigated. Results indicated that oven‐dried fish salted at 10% and 20% levels were most acceptable. The corresponding sun‐dried samples had an undesirable odour, flavour and texture due to their higher moisture contents. At the 30% and 40% salt levels for both processes, the differences were less pronounced, but the samples that were sun‐dried were more acceptable mainly as a result of a better appearance.
Optimization of yield and properties of silken tofu from soybeans.
Authors: BEDDOWS C. G. , WONG J. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryThe coagulation and post‐coagulation treatment of tofu preparation was examined with respect to bulk yield, protein and solid recovery, and texture. The optimum calcium sulphate concentration is 9–10 mM for protein yield and texture. The stirring speed during coagulant addition was found to be critical and the optimum for protein conversion, net yield and texture is 240–280 rpm. The optimum filtration pressure is 4–6 g/cm2.
Effect of soyflour supplementation on the quality of cooked noodles
Authors: SINGH N. , CHAUHAN G. S. , BAINS G. S. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryNoodles were prepared from semolina of durum and aestivum wheats and flour of aestivum with or without 10% of different types of full fat soyflour (i.e. enzyme active, conventional and roasted soyflour) and defatted soyflour. Cooked weight and water absorption of noodles increased with the increase in cooking time but decreased with addition of soy solids. The latter also increased losses of total solids and deceased losses of nitrogen into the cooking water. Sensory evaluation of noodles indicated that the product made from durum semolina containing 10% of defatted soyflour was as good as that from durum semolina alone.
Properties of extruded blends of wheat dried distiller grain flour with other flours
Authors: KIM C. H. , MAGA J. A. , MARTIN J. T. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryZero, 10, 20 and 40% dried distiller grain (DDG) from wheat was blended with corn, potato, rice, and wheat flours at total moisture levels of 15 and 22% and extruded in a Brabender laboratory single screw extruder at three sets of barrel temperatures of 80, 130, 160°C; 100, 160, 210°C and 120, 190, 250°C at a constant screw speed (100 r.p.m.), screw configuration (3:1 compression ratio) and die size (3.175 mm). Resulting torque, yield, radial expansion (RA), longitudinal expansion index (LEI), density, water absorption index and colour were measured.All the blends were successfully extruded over a wide temperature range. As the amount of DDG increased, in general torque, yield and RE decreased, and colour darkened while density and LEI increased. Wheat flour was the base material found to vary most from the above trends.
Stability and opacity of orange oil cloudy emulsions based on gum elemi and gum arabic
Authors: JACOME‐GUTH O. , ASERIN A. , GARTI N. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryOrange oil cloudy emulsions based on naturally occurring oil‐soluble gum elemi and naturally occurring water‐soluble gum arabic have been prepared and evaluated. Cloud and emulsion stability, as well as the opacity of each emulsion, were recorded and compared. It was demonstrated that the emulsion stability is determined by the gum elemi/orange oil ratio, the orange oil content, and the gum arabic/orange oil ratio. The opacity is a function of the orange oil content and to a lesser extent also depends on the gum elemi/orange oil ratio. Since the gum elemi/orange oil ratio is a critical parameter affecting both opacity and stability it should be carefully chosen and controlled.Gum arabic is not the sole emulsifier, as gum elemi also adsorbs on the oil droplets and plays a role in emulsion stability.
Automated fluorimetry in quality control of pasteurized and ultra‐high temperature‐treated starch soup
Authors: MATTILA‐SANDHOLM T. , ALI‐VEHMAS T. , WIRTANEN G. , RÖNNER U. , SANDHOLM M. 
Published: July 2010

SummaryAutomated monitoring of the microbiological quality of heat‐processed foods by the resazurin reduction test was applied to microtitration plate incubator‐fluorimeter technology. The appearance and disappearance of the fluorescing peak of resorufin was monitored on microtitration trays. Pasteurized or ultra‐high temperature‐treated starch‐based soup was used as the model food system. Bacillus subtilis spores (ultra‐high temperature treatment) and vegetative cells of Enterococcus faecalis (pasteurization) were inoculated into the soup before the heat treatment at levels which resulted in some survival. The timing of appearance of maximum fluorescence correlated with the number of bacteria in pre‐incubated samples. Automated resazurin‐reduction fluorimetry was compared with conventional plating, turbidometry and microcolony count by the direct epifluorescent filter technique. The results of the resazurin test correlated well with those of all the other methods tested. Fluorimetry had the advantage that the results could be read within 1–5h and the reproducibility was superior to the other methods.
Biogeographical kinetics on mainland and island volcanoes
Authors: Fattorini Simone 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAim  To compare post‐eruption biotic recolonization times on mainland and island volcanoes.Location  The research involved the study of the recolonization kinetics of Mt Vesuvius (a mainland volcano in southern Italy) and the Island of Vulcano (southern Italy). Comparisons were also made with Jorullo Volcano (Mexico) and Mount St Helens (USA) (two mainland volcanoes) and with Krakatau (Indonesia) (an island volcano).Methods  Island volcanoes are expected to possess inherently impoverished faunas and floras, and recolonization after eruption is expected to occur to a low level. In comparison, the recolonization kinetics for a mainland volcano should be characterized by a higher plateau of species, and by species with low dispersal ability. To test this model, recolonization times after the small‐scale Plinian eruption of 1631 were calculated for various insect groups of Mt Vesuvius and compared with recolonization times calculated for the Island of Vulcano, which erupted dramatically in 1888. For this purpose, thorough insect checklists, based on exhaustive samplings, were extracted from the literature. Results obtained from Mt Vesuvius and Vulcano were also compared with recolonization times calculated for biotas of other mainland and island volcanoes.Results  Insect recolonization times from the 1631 Vesuvius eruption varied according to the ecology of the animal group considered and appeared very long when compared with those obtained for the island volcano of Vulcano. Results obtained from Vulcano also suggest the possibility that this island hosts more species than expected at equilibrium, a state of affairs also found for the butterflies of Krakatau.Main conclusions  In keeping with the predictions of multi‐phase models developed in island biogeography theory, island volcanoes have a lower species richness at equilibrium than do mainland volcanoes, but might host, in a first phase of recolonization, more species than expected at equilibrium, because ecological space is unsaturated and inter‐specific interactions are limited. The lower isolation of mainland volcanoes (allowing higher immigration rates) leads to higher rates and longer periods of recolonization and hence to higher species richness at equilibrium.
Serological Studies on Lymphocytotoxic Antibodies in Primiparous Women
Authors: TONGIO M. M. , BERREBI A. , PFEIFFER B. , MAYER S. 
Published: July 2010

24 sera from primiparous women were studied. The HL—A phenotypes of both husbands and wives were determined in 21 cases out of 24. A comparative study was performed between the specificity of the antibodies detected and that of the antibodies expected from the husband's HL—A phenotype. In 4 cases, the specificity of the antisera could not be defined. In 8 cases, the antisera contained a single antibody directed against a single HL—A antigen. In 12 cases, the specificities of the antibodies were broader than expected. In 3 cases, antibodies were detected against an antigen of a given cross‐reacting group (CREG) in women already carrying an antigen belonging to the same CREG. They concerned two anti‐HL—A2 antibodies detected in woman carrying Da15 (W28) antigen and an anti‐FJH antibody in a woman carrying an HL—A7 antigen.The strength of the sera from primiparous women was compared with that of sera from multiparous women. No significant difference was observed between the two groups of sera. The persistence of antibodies is variable: some antibodies disappear within less than 17 weeks after delivery; some others remain present for over 4 years.