bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of a standardized bronchoalveolar lavage protocol in a comprehensive cancer center
Authors: Sampsonas Fotis , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P. , Dickey Burton F. , Evans Scott E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Flexible bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is performed widely for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections in patients with cancer, but there is no consensus regarding the technical parameters of the lavage procedure in this setting.METHODS:The authors evaluated the mechanics (instilled and recovered volumes), diagnostic yield, and safety of a standardized BAL protocol in 284 patients with cancer who underwent bronchoscopy for the evaluation of new radiologic infiltrates.RESULTS:Physician adherence to the BAL protocol was > 90%. The most common protocol deviations were reductions in the saline volume instilled because of actual or anticipated oxyhemoglobin desaturation during the procedure. The mean volume instilled was 121.5 ± 13.9 mL, the mean volume recovered was 68.7 ± 18.1 mL, and the mean ratio of volume instilled to that recovered was 56.7% ± 14.5%. The overall diagnostic yield of BAL was 33.8% and was higher in the nonhematologic malignancy group (42.3% vs 29.4%; P = .021). The diagnostic yield in neutropenic patients was significantly higher than in non‐neutropenic patients (41.5% vs 24.6%; P = .019). No major complications were encountered.CONCLUSIONS:In summary, the diagnostic performance of a standardized BAL protocol was comparable to that of nonprotocolized BAL reported in the literature with few complications. Adherence to a standardized BAL protocol may improve clinical and laboratory comparisons between studies, potentially facilitating research into the diagnosis and management of pneumonia in patients with cancer. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Precession Electron Diffraction – a versatile tool for the characterization of Phase Change Materials
Authors: Schürmann U. , Duppel V. , Buller S. , Bensch W. , Kienle L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPrecession Electron Diffraction (PED) has become a versatile tool of Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) for enhancing its nanoscale characterization abilities. In this contribution the advantages of PED are demonstrated on bulk samples of Phase Change Materials (PCM) with the nominal compositions Ge8Sb2Te11 and Ge8Bi2Te11. PED was applied in combination with High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) to determine such homologous structures based on variable sequences of layered building units. The efficiency of PED can be shown by the identification of ordering which is not evident from the projection of the structure in HRTEM or by use of Selected Area Electron Diffraction (SAED). Simulations support the ability of PED for recording 3D structural information. The PED patterns of the PCM can be assigned to superstructures which exhibit specific distances between adjacent Te‐Te double layers. PED was also performed to analyze the structural changes after massive irradiation of PCM crystals. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Lignin Solubilization and Aqueous Phase Reforming for the Production of Aromatic Chemicals and Hydrogen
Authors: Zakzeski Joseph , Weckhuysen Bert M. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe solubilization and aqueous phase reforming of lignin, including kraft, soda, and alcell lignin along with sugarcane bagasse, at low temperatures (T≤498 K) and pressures (P≤29 bar) is reported for the first time for the production of aromatic chemicals and hydrogen. Analysis of lignin model compounds and the distribution of products obtained during the lignin aqueous phase reforming revealed that lignin was depolymerized through disruption of the abundant βO4 linkages and, to a lesser extent, the 55’ carbon‐carbon linkages to form monomeric aromatic compounds. The alkyl chains contained on these monomeric compounds were readily reformed to produce hydrogen and simple aromatic platform chemicals, particularly guaiacol and syringol, with the distribution of each depending on the lignin source. The methoxy groups present on the aromatic rings were subject to hydrolysis to form methanol, which was also readily reformed to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. The composition of the isolated yields of monomeric aromatic compounds and overall lignin conversion based on these isolated yields varied from 10–15 % depending on the lignin sample, with the balance consisting of gaseous products and residual solid material. Furthermore, we introduce the use of a high‐pressure autoclave with optical windows and an autoclave with ATR‐IR sentinel for on‐line in situ spectroscopic monitoring of biomass conversion processes, which provides direct insight into, for example, the solubilization process and aqueous phase reforming reaction of lignin.
Improved Niobate Nanoscroll Photocatalysts for Partial Water Splitting
Authors: Townsend Troy K. , Sabio Erwin M. , Browning Nigel D. , Osterloh Frank E. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractLayered K4Nb6O17 is a known UV‐light‐driven photocatalyst for overall water splitting, with a band gap of 3.5 eV. Following ion exchange and exfoliation with tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, the layered material separates into nanosheets that coil into 1.0±0.5 μm long and 10±5 nm wide nanoscrolls to reduce their surface energy. Pt and IrOx (x=1.5–2) nanoparticles were photochemically deposited onto the surface of the nanoscrolls to produce two‐ and three‐component photocatalysts. Under UV irradiation, the nanostructures produced H2 from pure water and aqueous methanol, with turnover numbers ranging from 2.3 and 18.5 over a 5 h period. The activity of the catalysts for H2 evolution can be directly correlated with the varying overpotentials for water reduction (210–325 mV). From water, no oxygen is evolved. Instead, the formation of surface‐bound peroxides in a 1:1 stoichiometry with H2 is observed. Slow photochemical oxygen evolution can be achieved with the sacrificial electron acceptor AgNO3, and under an electrochemical bias. The electrochemical water oxidation overpotentials are ca. 600 mV across the series of scrolls. From the photo onset potential the conduction band edge for the unmodified scrolls is estimated as −0.75 V at pH 7. Deposition of a co‐catalyst is found to depress this value by 58 mV (IrOx), 148 mV (Pt/IrOx), and 242 mV (Pt). However, because water oxidation remains rate‐limiting, this does not affect the overall performance of the catalysts.
Noncanonical notch function in motor axon guidance is mediated by Rac GTPase and the GEF1 domain of trio
Authors: Song Jeong K. , Giniger Edward 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe receptor Notch interacts with the Abl tyrosine kinase signaling pathway to control axon growth and guidance in Drosophila motor neurons. In part, this is mediated by binding to Trio, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rho GTPases. We show here that one of the two GEF domains of Trio, the Rac‐specific GEF1, is essential for Trio‐dependent motor axon guidance and for the genetic suppression of Notch function in motor axon patterning, but the Rho‐specific GEF2 domain is not. Consistent with this, we show that Rac, and not Rho1 or Cdc42, interacts genetically with Notch in a manner indistinguishable from that of bona fide Abl signaling components. We infer, therefore, that Rac is a key component of Abl signaling in Drosophila motor axons, and specifically that it is the crucial Rho GTPase in “noncanonical” Notch/Abl signaling. Developmental Dynamics 240:324–332, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vertebrate intestinal endoderm development
Authors: Spence Jason R. , Lauf Ryan , Shroyer Noah F. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe endoderm gives rise to the lining of the esophagus, stomach and intestines, as well as associated organs. To generate a functional intestine, a series of highly orchestrated developmental processes must occur. In this review, we attempt to cover major events during intestinal development from gastrulation to birth, including endoderm formation, gut tube growth and patterning, intestinal morphogenesis, epithelial reorganization, villus emergence, as well as proliferation and cytodifferentiation. Our discussion includes morphological and anatomical changes during intestinal development as well as molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. Developmental Dynamics 240:501–520, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tracking control for industrial robot using notch filtering system with little phase error
Authors: Kataoka Hisashi , Miyazaki Toshimasa , Ohishi Kiyoshi , Katsura Seiichiro , Tungpataratanawong Somsawas 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis paper proposes a new method for generation of a position reference that has both vibration suppression performance and fast tracking performance for industrial robots. It is important for industrial robots to drive at high speed and with high accuracy. In such cases, vibration is generated. Conventionally, the notch filter is used in order to reduce vibration. It is able to eliminate the natural frequency component, but a reference phase error is generated. The reference phase error causes locus error in the robot. Therefore, the accuracy of the robot is degraded by using a notch filter. The proposed method overcomes this problem by using the compensation gain. The proposed compensation gain is used in order to calculate the reference phase error. Compensation of the reference phase error is attained by feedforward input. Numerical and the experimental results confirm that the proposed method is valid for reducing vibration phenomena and that it decreases the phase error. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(1): 53–63, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20931
Daily integrated generation scheduling for thermal, pumped‐storage, and cascaded hydro units and purchasing power considering network constraints
Authors: Sawa Toshiyuki , Sato Yasuo , Tsurugai Mitsuo , Onishi Tsukasa 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe have developed an innovative power generation scheduling method using quadratic programming (QP). The advantage of using our method is that it simultaneously solves unit commitment and economic load dispatch. We relax the binary variables of the unit state into continuous variables to apply QP to this problem. We also add a penalty term to converge the value of those variables to 0 or 1 to the objective function: the sum of the fuel costs and the start‐up costs. This penalty term depends on the per‐unit fuel cost. The possibility of its variable converging to zero increases as the cost increases. This method was applied to a test system of daily generation scheduling that consisted of 29 thermal units, two pumped‐storage units, four cascaded hydro units, and one transmission. The schedule satisfied all constraints, that is, load‐power balance, operation reserve, power flow, minimum up/down‐times, and fuel consumption. This result shows that the proposed method is effective. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 175(1): 25–34, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21014
Carbohydrate–Porphyrin Conjugates with Two‐Photon Absorption Properties as Potential Photosensitizing Agents for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Achelle Sylvain , Couleaud Pierre , Baldeck Patrice , Teulade‐Fichou Marie‐Paule , Maillard Philippe 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWe report the synthesis of a series of conjugated zinc porphyrin oligomers designed as photodynamic therapy agents. These compounds exhibit exceptionally high two‐photon absorption cross‐sections, redshifted linear absorption spectra, and high singlet oxygen quantum yields, making them ideal for one‐photon‐ and two‐photon‐excited photodynamic therapy. These products are substituted by three α‐mannose units on each chromophore with the aim to target tumor cells with over‐expressing lectin‐type membrane receptors.
A new indicator of elastic spectral shape for the reliable selection of ground motion records
Authors: Mousavi Mehdi , Ghafory‐Ashtiany Mohsen , Azarbakht Alireza 
Published: January 2011

AbstractHow to select a limited number of ground motion records (GMRs) is an important challenge for the non‐linear analysis of structures. Since epsilon (εSa) is an indicator of spectral shape, which has a significant correlation with the non‐linear response of a structure, the selection of GMRs based on the hazard‐related target εSa is a reasonable approach. In this paper, an alternative indicator of spectral shape is proposed, which results in a more reliable prediction of the non‐linear response for the structures with the natural period of 0.25 to 3.0 s. This new parameter, named eta (η), is a linear combination of εSa and the peak ground velocity epsilon (εPGV). It is shown that η, as a non‐linear response predictor, is remarkably more efficient than the well‐known and convenient parameter εSa. The influence of η‐filtration in the collapse analysis of an eight‐story reinforced concrete structure with special moment‐resisting frames was studied. Statistical analysis of the results confirmed that the difference between ε‐filtration and η‐filtration can be very significant at some hazard levels. In the case of this structure, the resulting annual frequency of collapse was found to be lower in the case of η‐based record selection, in comparison with the ε‐based record‐selection approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors associated with pharyngoesophageal stricture in patients treated with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Best Simon R. , Ha Patrick K. , Blanco Ray G. , Saunders John R. , Zinreich Eva S. , Levine Marshall A. , Pai Sara I. , Walker Melissa , Trachta Jaclyn , Ulmer Karen , Murakami Peter , Thompson Richard , Califano Joseph A. , Messing Barbara P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to elucidate factors associated with pharyngoesophageal strictures after treatment for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of patients receiving cisplatin and 5‐fluorouracil chemotherapy combined with concurrent hyperfractionated radiation therapy for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.ResultsStrictures developed in 13 of 67 patients (19%). Strictures were associated with tumor location (tonsil vs base of tongue; p = .03), neck dissection after completion of therapy (p = .03), and the duration of treatment‐induced mucositis (weeks with mucositis grade ≥2; National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Toxicity Criteria; p < .001). Age, sex, race, tumor stage, nodal stage, American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, human papillomavirus (HPV) status, smoking, radiation dose, maximum severity of mucositis, amifostine use, and pretreatment swallow dysfunction were not significantly associated with stricture. In multivariate analysis, only duration of mucositis, after controlling for age, sex, and tumor location, remained highly significant (p < .01).ConclusionThe duration of treatment‐related mucositis is an independent risk factor for stricture formation in patients with oropharyngeal SCC treated with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation therapy. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Effects of Cissus quadrangularis on the proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization of human osteoblast like SaOS‐2 cells
Authors: Muthusami Sridhar , Senthilkumar Krishnamoorthy , Vignesh Chandragandan , Ilangovan Ramachandran , Stanley Jone , Selvamurugan Nagarajan , Srinivasan Narasimhan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractOsteoporosis is a public health problem which is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The repair of bone defect is still a big challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Traditional use of Cissus quadrangularis (C. quadrangularis) in the treatment of bone disorders has been documented. The present study was employed to delineate the effects of ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis on the proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization of human osteoblast like SaOS‐2 cells. Lactate dehydrogenase assayed in the conditioned medium of control and C. quadrangularis treated cells did not differ significantly indicating that ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis is nontoxic to osteoblastic cells. [3H] Thymidine incorporation assay revealed that C. quadrangularis treatment has increased the DNA synthesis of human osteoblastic SaOS‐2 cells indicating increased proliferation of these cells. The data on alizarin red and ALP staining revealed increased matrix mineralization of human osteoblast like SaOS‐2 cells. The study also revealed that the anabolic actions of ethanolic extract of C. quadrangularis in human osteoblast like cells are mediated through increased mRNA and protein expression of Runx2, a key transcription factor involved in the regulation of bone matrix proteins. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed increased transcriptional activity of Runx2 on the promoter of osteocalcin after C. quadrangularis treatment. These results indicate positive regulation of C. quadrangularis on the proliferation, differentiation, and matrix mineralization of human osteoblast like SaOS‐2 cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1035–1045, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of p‐CREB‐1 on transforming growth factor‐β3 auto‐regulation in hepatic stellate cells
Authors: Deng Liang , Li Ying , Huang Jin ming , Zhou Guan yu , Qian Wei , Xu Ke shu 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPrevious studies have demonstrated that transforming growth factor‐β3 (TGF‐β3) protected liver against fibrosis in vivo and vitro, but its regulation is poorly understood. In addition, the cAMP‐responsive element (CRE) in TGF‐β3 promoter is recognized as an important regulatory site for TGF‐β3 auto‐regulation. Thus, we hypothesize that transcription factor CRE‐binding protein‐1 (CREB‐1) regulates the auto‐induction of TGF‐β3 in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We used exogenous TGF‐β3 to activate the signal pathway of TGF‐β3 auto‐regulation in HSCs, results indicated that exogenous TGF‐β3 could up‐regulate the protein and mRNA expressions of TGF‐β3, and provoke the phosphorylation of CREB‐1 on Ser‐133, besides, it could induce the DNA binding activity of p‐CREB‐1 and activate TGF‐β3 promoter as well. Additionally, we used pGenesil‐1.1‐shRNA‐CREB‐1 and pRSV‐CREB‐1 expression vector to silence and up‐regulate CREB‐1 gene expression respectively, and the results indicated that inhibition of CREB‐1 suppressed exogenous TGF‐β3 stimulation of TGF‐β3 mRNA and protein expressions in HSCs, whereas up‐regulation of CREB‐1 induced this stimulation. Our results indicate that exogenous TGF‐β3 up‐regulates the activity of TGF‐β3 promoter by activating CREB‐1, then induces the mRNA and protein expressions of TGF‐β3. Especially, p‐CREB‐1 is a critical transcription factor in mediating TGF‐β3 auto‐induction. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1046–1054, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transnational Islam, immigrant NGOs and poverty alleviation: The case of the IGMG
Authors: Ozkan Mehmet 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn the literature of economic development and civil society, extensive research has been done on the role of western NGOs in fighting poverty; however, there is hardly any study on the role of the NGOs originating from Muslim nations on this issue. There is even a complete silence when it comes to expatriate Muslim NGOs that are functional in the West. This paper aims to fill this gap by studying a Muslim immigrant NGO, Islamische Gemeinschaft Milli Görüş (IGMG), with a focus on its Kurban (meat distribution) projects in more than 70 countries between 2004 and 2009. It argues that a strong transnationalism tendency exists in the expatriate Turkish community living in Germany. The Kurban projects have both the characteristics of this transnational leaning and play an important role in strengthening their own identity in Germany. Through such projects, immigrants not only get first hand information about the situation of Muslims in other countries but also feel part of transnational Islamic community, ummah. Such activities create awareness about poverty among Muslim immigrants and directly contribute to poverty alleviation by aid, investment and projects. From a broader perspective, this study argues that such projects reinforce their identity as immigrants internally/domestically by highlighting the transnational role of Islam and challenges the argument that immigrants are only consumers rather than active contributors to the poverty alleviation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The submandibular musculature of phyllomedusinae (Anura: Hylidae): A reappraisal
Authors: Faivovich J. , Baêta D. , Candioti F. Vera , Haddad C.F.B. , Tyler M.J. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe submandibular musculature of 37 species of the five currently recognized genera of the subfamily Phyllomedusinae (Anura: Hylidae) is described; observations are made on the variation and ontogeny of these muscles. Supplementary apical elements of the m. intermandibularis occur in all phyllomedusines studied, in addition to the supplementary posterolateral elements previously reported. Our observations are discussed in the context of 1) the proposed homology between supplementary apical and posterolateral elements; 2) the homology with the apical elements reported for Pelodryadinae (sister taxon of Phyllomedusinae); and 3) the implications for our understanding of the relationships between Phyllomedusinae and Pelodryadinae. Anatomical differences between the apical and posterolateral elements and their co‐occurrence in phyllomedusines indicate that these supplementary elements are not homologous. Despite differences between phyllomedusines and pelodryadines in the adhesion of supplementary fibers to the principal element of the m. intermandibularis and the occurrence of a broad aponeurosis or a medial raphe, the extensive morphological and developmental resemblances of the apical elements indicate that these structures are homologous, and that the presence of apical elements is a synapomorphy of Phyllomedusinae + Pelodryadinae. J. Morphol., 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diabetes mellitus alters the mechanical properties of the native tendon in an experimental rat model
Authors: Fox Alice J. S. , Bedi Asheesh , Deng Xiang‐Hua , Ying Liang , Harris Paul E. , Warren Russell F. , Rodeo Scott A. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the diabetic phenotype on the mechanical properties of the native patellar tendon and its enthesis. Diabetes was induced via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin in Lewis rats. Control (n = 18) and diabetic animals (n = 20) were killed at 12 and 19 days for analysis. Statistical comparisons were performed using Student's t‐tests and a two‐tailed Fisher test with significance set at p < 0.05. Pre‐ and post‐injection intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests demonstrated significant impairment of glycemic control in the diabetic compared to control animals (p = 0.001). Mean serum hemoglobin A1c levels at 19 days was 10.6 ± 2.7% and 6.0 ± 1.0% for the diabetic and control groups, respectively (p = 0.0001). Fifteen of sixteen diabetic animals demonstrated intrasubstance failure of the patellar tendon, while only 7 of 14 control specimens failed within the tendon substance. The Young's modulus of the diabetic tendon was significantly lower than control specimens by 19 days post‐induction (161 ± 10 N m−2 compared to 200 ± 46 N m−2, respectively) (p = 0.02). The metabolic condition of poorly controlled diabetes negatively affects the mechanical properties of the native patellar tendon. These altered structural properties may predispose diabetic patients to a greater risk of tendinopathy and/or traumatic rupture. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 29:880–885