bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disentangling the Impact of ENSO and Indian Ocean Variability on the Regional Climate of Bangladesh: Implications for Cholera Risk
Authors: Cash Benjamin A. , Rodó Xavier , Kinter James L. , Yunus Md 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Recent studies arising from both statistical analysis and dynamical disease models indicate that there is a link between the incidence of cholera, a paradigmatic waterborne bacterial illness endemic to Bangladesh, and the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Cholera incidence typically increases following boreal winter El Niño events for the period 1973–2001. Observational and model analyses find that Bangladesh summer rainfall is enhanced following winter El Niño events, providing a plausible physical link between El Niño and cholera incidence. However, rainfall and cholera incidence do not increase following every winter El Niño event. Substantial variations in Bangladesh precipitation also occur in simulations in which identical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies are prescribed in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. Bangladesh summer precipitation is thus not uniquely determined by forcing from the tropical Pacific, with significant implications for predictions of cholera risk.
Nonparametric statistical analysis is used to identify regions of SST anomalies associated with variations in Bangladesh rainfall in an ensemble of pacemaker simulations. The authors find that differences in the response of Bangladesh summer precipitation to winter El Niño events are strongly associated with the persistence of warm SST anomalies in the central Pacific. Also there are significant differences in the SST patterns associated with positive and negative Bangladesh rainfall anomalies, indicating that the response is not fully linear. SST anomalies in the Indian Ocean also modulate the influence of the tropical Pacific, with colder Indian Ocean SST tending to enhance Bangladesh precipitation relative to warm Indian Ocean SST for identical conditions in the central and eastern tropical Pacific. This influence is not fully linear. Forecasts of Bangladesh rainfall and cholera risk may thus be improved by considering the Niño-3 and Niño-4 indices separately, rather than the Niño-3.4 index alone. Additional skill may also be gained by incorporating information on the southeast Indian Ocean and by updating the forecast with information on the evolution of the SST anomalies into spring.
A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index
Authors: Vicente-Serrano Sergio M. , Beguería Santiago , López-Moreno Juan I. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe authors propose a new climatic drought index: the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI). The SPEI is based on precipitation and temperature data, and it has the advantage of combining multiscalar character with the capacity to include the effects of temperature variability on drought assessment. The procedure to calculate the index is detailed and involves a climatic water balance, the accumulation of deficit/surplus at different time scales, and adjustment to a log-logistic probability distribution. Mathematically, the SPEI is similar to the standardized precipitation index (SPI), but it includes the role of temperature. Because the SPEI is based on a water balance, it can be compared to the self-calibrated Palmer drought severity index (sc-PDSI). Time series of the three indices were compared for a set of observatories with different climate characteristics, located in different parts of the world. Under global warming conditions, only the sc-PDSI and SPEI identified an increase in drought severity associated with higher water demand as a result of evapotranspiration. Relative to the sc-PDSI, the SPEI has the advantage of being multiscalar, which is crucial for drought analysis and monitoring.
Heat Budget of the Upper Ocean in the South-Central Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Liu Hailong , Lin Wuyin , Zhang Minghua 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) over the tropical Pacific, with a spurious band of maximum annual sea surface temperature (SST) south of the equator between 5°S and 10°S, is a chronic bias in coupled ocean–atmosphere models. This study focuses on a region of the double ITCZ in the central Pacific from 5°S to 10°S and 170°E to 150°W, where coupled models display the largest biases in precipitation, by deriving a best estimate of the mixed layer heat budget for the region. Seven global datasets of objectively analyzed surface energy fluxes and four ocean assimilation products are first compared and then evaluated against field measurements in adjacent regions. It was shown that the global datasets differ greatly in their net downward surface energy flux in this region, but they fall broadly into two categories: one with net downward heat flux of about 30 W m−2 and the other around 10 W m−2. Measurements from the adjacent Manus and Nauru sites of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM), the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) buoys, and the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) are then used to show that the smaller value is more realistic. An energy balance of the mixed layer is finally presented for the region as primarily between warming from surface heat flux of 7 W m−2 and horizontal advective cooling in the zonal direction of about 5 W m−2, with secondary contributions from meridional and vertical advections, heat storage, and subgrid-scale mixing. The 7 W m−2 net surface heat flux consists of warming of 210 W m−2 from solar radiation and cooling of 53, 141, and 8 W m−2, respectively, from longwave radiation, latent heat flux, and sensible heat flux. These values provide an observational basis to further study the initial development of excessive precipitation in coupled climate models in the central Pacific.
Significance of a Midlatitude SST Frontal Zone in the Formation of a Storm Track and an Eddy-Driven Westerly Jet*
Authors: Sampe Takeaki , Nakamura Hisashi , Goto Atsushi , Ohfuchi Wataru 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
In a set of idealized “aquaplanet” experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model to which zonally uniform sea surface temperature (SST) is prescribed globally as the lower boundary condition, an assessment is made of the potential influence of the frontal SST gradient upon the formation of a storm track and an eddy-driven midlatitude polar front jet (PFJ), and on its robustness against changes in the intensity of a subtropical jet (STJ). In experiments with the frontal midlatitude SST gradient as that observed in the southwestern Indian Ocean, transient eddy activity in each of the winter and summer hemispheres is organized into a deep storm track along the SST front with an enhanced low-level baroclinic growth of eddies. In the winter hemisphere, another storm track forms just below the intense STJ core, but it is confined to the upper troposphere with no significant baroclinic eddy growth underneath. The near-surface westerlies are strongest near the midlatitude SST front as observed, consistent with westerly momentum transport associated with baroclinic eddy growth. The sharp poleward decline in the surface sensible heat flux across the SST frontal zone sustains strong near-surface baroclinicity against the relaxing effect by vigorous poleward eddy heat transport. Elimination of the midlatitude frontal SST gradient yields marked decreases in the activity of eddies and their transport of angular momentum into midlatitudes, in association with equatorward shifts of the PFJ-associated low-level westerlies and a subtropical high pressure belt, especially in the summer hemisphere. These impacts of the midlatitude frontal SST gradient are found to be robust against modest changes in the STJ intensity as observed in its interannual variability, suggesting the potential importance of midlatitude atmosphere–ocean interaction in shaping the tropospheric general circulation.
Downstream Development of the Summertime Tropical Cyclone/Submonthly Wave Pattern in the Extratropical North Pacific
Authors: Ko Ken-Chung , Hsu Huang-Hsiung 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The impact of tropical perturbation on the extratropical wave activity in the North Pacific in the submonthly time scale is demonstrated here. Previous studies identified a tropical cyclone (TC)/submonthly wave pattern, which propagated north-northwestward in the Philippine Sea and recurved in the oceanic region between Japan and Taiwan. This study found that, after the arrival of the TC/submonthly wave pattern at the recurving region, the eastward-propagating wave activity in the extratropical North Pacific was significantly enhanced. It is suggested that the TC/submonthly wave pattern, which is originated in the tropical western North Pacific, enhances the eastward energy propagation of Rossby wave–like perturbation in the extratropical North Pacific and may have an impact on the long-range weather predictability in the eastern North Pacific and western North America.
Relationship between Precipitation in the Great Plains of the United States and Global SSTs: Insights from the IPCC AR4 Models
Authors: Capotondi Antonietta , Alexander Michael A. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Multicentury preindustrial control simulations from six of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report (IPCC AR4) models are used to examine the relationship between low-frequency precipitation variations in the Great Plains (GP) region of the United States and global sea surface temperatures (SSTs). This study builds on previous work performed with atmospheric models forced by observed SSTs during the twentieth century and extends it to a coupled model context and longer time series. The climate models used in this study reproduce the precipitation climatology over the United States reasonably well, with maximum precipitation occurring in early summer, as observed. The modeled precipitation time series exhibit negative “decadal” anomalies, identified using a 5-yr running mean, of amplitude comparable to that of the twentieth-century droughts. It is found that low-frequency anomalies over the GP are part of a large-scale pattern of precipitation variations, characterized by anomalies of the same sign as in the GP region over Europe and southern South America and anomalies of opposite sign over northern South America, India, and Australia. The large-scale pattern of the precipitation anomalies is associated with global-scale atmospheric circulation changes; during wet periods in the GP, geopotential heights are raised in the tropics and high latitudes and lowered in the midlatitudes in most models, with the midlatitude jets displaced toward the equator in both hemispheres. Statistically significant correlations are found between the decadal precipitation anomalies in the GP region and tropical Pacific SSTs in all the models. The influence of other oceans (Indian and tropical and North Atlantic), which previous studies have identified as potentially important, appears to be model dependent.
Rasburicase for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia in tumor lysis syndrome
Authors: Kennedy LeAnne D , Ajiboye Violette O 
Published: November 2009

Purpose. To review current knowledge about tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), a set of metabolic imbalances, including hyperuricemia, that often occur during chemotherapeutic or biotherapeutic treatment of patients with hematologic malignancies. Data sources. English language journal articles indexed in PubMed. Study selection. Recent reviews and original research articles related to TLS, hyperuricemia, and treatment of hyperuricemia were selected for inclusion. Results. The incidence of TLS depends highly on the type of malignancy, its growth characteristics, and the total tumor burden. Patients are at heightened risk if they have hyperuricemia, hypovolemia, or poor renal function before anticancer therapy begins. Recently published guidelines make risk assessment and patient staging more systematic. Prophylactic measures should be used to reduce the risk for TLS in vulnerable patients. Such measures include hydration to facilitate urinary excretion and administration of allopurinol to prevent de novo production of uric acid. If hyperuricemia occurs despite preventative efforts, uric acid concentrations can be reduced with rasburicase, a recombinant, intravenously administered urate oxidase. The cost of rasburicase therapy is substantial but is considerably less than that of hemodialysis and extended hospitalization. Shorter courses or smaller doses of rasburicase than those recommended may be effective in reducing hyperuricemia in some patients, but it is important to recognize that the alternative dosing still awaits validation. Conclusions. Allopurinol and rasburicase are recommended for preventing hyperuricemia in patients at intermediate or high risk for TLS, respectively. If hyperuricemia develops despite preventative measures, rasburicase treatment is an effective method for lowering uric acid concentrations within normal limits.
Hydrogen speciation and trace element contents of igneous, hydrothermal and
metamorphic quartz from Norway
Authors: Müller A. , Koch-Müller M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Concentrations of a series of trace elements of 14 quartz samples from
various geological settings (hydrothermal, igneous, metamorphic) in Norway were
determined by LA-ICP-MS. FTIR spectroscopy was applied to the same quartz crystals
in order to determine the H concentrations and the speciation of H in the quartz
lattice. A refined hypothetical charge neutrality equation is suggested, where the
atomic ratio of (Al3+ + Fe3+ +
B3+) to (P5+ +
H+ + Li+ + Na+ +
K+) should correspond to 1 for natural quartz crystals.
The determined concentrations of Al, Fe, B, P, Li, K and OH-
species confirm approximately the charge neutrality equation. The high H/(Li+K+P)
ion ratio of igneous quartz compared to hydrothermal and metamorphic quartz,
suggests that igneous quartz preferentially incorporates H as OH- in lieu of Li, K
and P. The results confirm that the FTIR absorption of the OH- band at 3595
cm-1 is attributed to structural B defects in the quartz
lattice. The dominating H impurity in most of the quartz samples is, however,
molecular H2O. The molecular H2O is
presumably related to waterbearing micro pores and not to visible fluid
inclusions, because the spectra were recorded from microscopically clear
crystals.
Growth related zonations in authigenic and hydrothermal quartz characterized by SIMS-, EPMA-, SEM-CL- and SEM-CC-imaging
Authors: Lehmann K. , Berger A. , Götte T. , Ramseyer K. , Wiedenbeck M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAuthigenic quartz overgrowths and hydrothermal quartz crystals from locations in Oman and Switzerland have been investigated with SIMS, EPMA, SEM-CL and SEM-CC. All techniques reveal similar zonation patterns with SEM-CL having the best resolution followed by SEM-CC, EPMA and finally SIMS. The observed zonations reflect chemical and/or physical changes during growth in the precipitation environment or disequilibrium precipitation at the crystal surface (i.e. sectoral and intrasectoral zonation). Based on the total Al content, two types of authigenic quartz are distinguishable. When the Al concentration is <500 μg g–1the predominant CL emission is at ~630 nm; in such quartzes, SEM-CL and SEM-CC are directly correlated, and signal intensities drop as a function of increasing Al concentration. In contrast, authigenic quartz with Al concentrations between 500 μg g–1and 1000 μg g–1has CL emission maxima at both ~630 nm and ~380—400 nm, at which point the panchromatic SEM-CL and SEM-CC intensities become decoupled.
Characteristics and origin of agates in sedimentary rocks from the Dryhead
area, Montana, USA
Authors: Götte J. , Möckel R. , Kempe U. , Kapitonov I. , Vennemann T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Agates from the Bighorn district in Montana (USA), the so-called Dryhead
area, and their adjacent host rocks have been examined in the present study.
Analyses by XRD, polarizing microscopy, LA-ICP-MS, cathodoluminescence (CL), SEM
and of oxygen isotopes were performed to obtain information surrounding the
genesis of this agate type.
Investigations of the agate microstructure by polarizing microscopy and CL
showed that chalcedony layers and macrocrystalline quartz crystals may have formed
by crystallization from the same silica source by a process of self-organization.
High defect densities and internal structures (e.g. sector zoning) of quartz
indicate that crystallization went rapidly under non-equilibrium conditions. Most
trace-element contents in macrocrystalline quartz are less than in chalcedony due
to a process of ‘selfpurification’, which also caused the formation of Fe oxide
inclusions and spherules.
Although the agates formed in sedimentary host rocks, analytical data
indicate participation of hydrothermal fluids during agate formation. Trace
elements (REE distribution patterns, U contents up to
70 ppm) and CL features of agate (transient blue CL), as well as associated
minerals (fluorite, REE carbonates) point to the
influence of hydrothermal processes on the genesis of the Dryhead agates. However,
formation temperatures <120°C were calculated from O-isotope compositions
between 28.9‰ (quartz) and 32.2‰ (chalcedony).
DNA vaccination with all-trans retinoic acid treatment induces long-term survival and elicits specific immune responses requiring CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation in an acute promyelocytic leukemia mouse model
Authors: Furugaki Kouichi , Pokorna Katerina , Le Pogam Carole , Aoki Masayuki , Reboul Murielle , Bajzik Véronique , Krief Patricia , Janin Anne , Noguera Marie-Elena , West Robert , Charron Dominique , Chomienne Christine , Pla Marika , Moins-Teisserenc Hélène , Padua Rose Ann 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
DNA vaccination and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) result in a survival advantage in a mouse model of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Depletion of CD4+ or CD8+ cells abolished this effect. CD4+ depletions of long-term survivors resulted in relapse and death within 3 months, thus demonstrating the need of both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets for the generation of DNA-driven antileukemic immune responses and underscoring a crucial role of CD4+ cells in the maintenance of durable remissions. Degranulation and cytotoxic carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester–based assays showed major histocompatibility complex–restricted APL-specific T cell–mediated immune responses. Sorted APL-specific CD8+CD107a+ T cells showed an increase of antileukemic activity. Effectors from ATRA + DNA–treated mice were shown to secrete interferon-γ when stimulated with either APL cells or peptides from the promyelocytic leukemia-RARα vaccine-derived sequences as detected by ELISpot assays. Our results demonstrate that DNA vaccination with ATRA confers the effective boosting of interferon-γ–producing and cytotoxic T cells in the leukemic mice.
Molecular signatures to improve diagnosis in peripheral T-cell lymphoma and prognostication in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma
Authors: Iqbal Javeed , Weisenburger Dennis D. , Greiner Timothy C. , Vose Julie M. , McKeithan Timothy , Kucuk Can , Geng Huimin , Deffenbacher Karen , Smith Lynette , Dybkaer Karen , Nakamura Shigeo , Seto Masao , Delabie Jan , Berger Francoise , Loong Florence , Au Wing Y. , Ko Young-Hyeh , Sng Ivy , Armitage James Olen , Chan Wing C. ,   for the International Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Project
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is often challenging to diagnose and classify. Gene expression profiling was performed on 144 cases of PTCL and natural killer cell lymphoma and robust molecular classifiers were constructed for angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (ALK+) anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL), and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. PTCL-unclassifiable was molecularly heterogeneous, but we were able to identify a molecular subgroup with features of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and a poor survival compared with the remaining PTCL–not otherwise specified cases. Many of the pathologic features and substantial components of the molecular signature of AITL are contributed by the follicular dendritic cells, B-cell, and other stromal components. The expression of Th17-associated molecules in ALK+ ALCL was noted and may represent aberrant activation of Th17-cell differentiation by abnormal cytokine secretion. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma has a homogeneous molecular signature demonstrating high expression of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1–induced genes. These classifiers reflect the biology of the tumor cells as well as their microenvironment. We also constructed a molecular prognosticator for AITL that appears to be largely related to the microenvironmental signature, and the high expression of 2 immunosuppressive signatures are associated with poor outcome. Oncogenic pathways and tumor-host interactions also were identified, and these findings may lead to better therapies and outcome in the future.
An experimental loop design for the detection of constitutional chromosomal aberrations by array CGH
Authors: Allemeersch Joke , Van Vooren Steven , Hannes Femke , De Moor Bart , Vermeesch Joris Robert , Moreau Yves 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackgroundComparative genomic hybridization microarrays for the detection of constitutional chromosomal aberrations is the application of microarray technology coming fastest into routine clinical application. Through genotype-phenotype association, it is also an important technique towards the discovery of disease causing genes and genomewide functional annotation in human. When using a two-channel microarray of genomic DNA probes for array CGH, the basic setup consists in hybridizing a patient against a normal reference sample. Two major disadvantages of this setup are (1) the use of half of the resources to measure a (little informative) reference sample and (2) the possibility that deviating signals are caused by benign copy number variation in the "normal" reference instead of a patient aberration. Instead, we apply an experimental loop design that compares three patients in three hybridizations.ResultsWe develop and compare two statistical methods (linear models of log ratios and mixed models of absolute measurements). In an analysis of 27 patients seen at our genetics center, we observed that the linear models of the log ratios are advantageous over the mixed models of the absolute intensities.ConclusionThe loop design and the performance of the statistical analysis contribute to the quick adoption of array CGH as a routine diagnostic tool. They lower the detection limit of mosaicisms and improve the assignment of copy number variation for genetic association studies.