bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meta-Review of Metanalytic Studies with Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) for the Treatment of Major Depression
Authors: Dell’Osso Bernardo , Camuri Giulia , Castellano Filippo , Vecchi Vittoria , Benedetti Matteo , Bortolussi Sara , Altamura A. Carlo 
Published: November 2011

Background:Major Depression (MD) and treatment-resistant depression (TRD) are worldwide leading causes of disability and therapeutic strategies for these impairing and prevalent conditions include pharmacological augmentation strategies and brain stimulation techniques. In this perspective, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique with a favorable profile of tolerability which, despite being recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of patients with medication-refractory unipolar depression, still raises some doubts about most effective parameters of stimulation.Methods:A literature search was performed using PubMed for the years 2001 through February 2011 in order to review meta-analytic studies assessing efficacy and safety issues for rTMS in depressive disorders. Fifteen meta-analyses were identified and critically discussed in order to provide an updated and comprehensive overview of the topic with specific emphasis on potentially optimal parameters of stimulation.Results:First meta-analyses on the efficacy of rTMS for the treatment of MD and TRD have shown mixed results. On the other hand, more recent meta-analytic studies seem to support the antidepressant efficacy of the technique to a greater extent, also in light of longer periods of stimulation (e.g. > 2 weeks).Conclusion:rTMS seems to be an effective and safe brain stimulation technique for the treatment of medication refractory depression. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to better define specific stimulation-related issues, such as duration of treatment as well as durability of effects and predictors of response.
Why Do We Sleep? Human Sleep: Neurobiology and Function
Authors: J. Shirine Allam  , Christian Guilleminault  
Published: October 2011

Sleep takes up one third of the human life and has always been a subject of fascination for human beings. In the past century, significant progress has been made in the study of sleep. Sleep is defined as a reversible state of decreased responsiveness to the environment. It has been historically thought to be a passive state of inactivity; however, electrical recordings of brain waves have shown that the brain remains very active during sleep, but that this activity is distinctively different from the wake state. Sleep is divided into two main states, non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The latter is thought to be the state where the most vivid dreams occur. Different brain regions and groups of neurons in the brain are responsible for the generation of each of these two states. Human fetuses have been shown to display sleep brain waves as early as 28 weeks of gestation. The question of “why do we sleep?” has been occupying scientists for some time and a clear answer has yet to be accepted by all. Many hypotheses exist. The evolutionary adaptation hypothesis claims that sleep evolved to protect the organism by making it quiescent during times where activity would be dangerous (exposure to predators or injury), while also saving energy during those times. More recent evidence suggests that, during sleep, the brain regenerates energy that has been depleted by wakefulness. Other studies also suggest that sleep enhances learning and memory formation.
Primary Snoring and Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome
Authors: Kannan Ramar  , Eric J. Olson  
Published: October 2011

Snoring is the sound of soft tissues vibrating within the upper throat during sleep. The vibration is a result of turbulent air flow through the throat as it narrows during sleep. Snoring is very common in adults and may occur alone or be a feature of other conditions characterized by greater throat narrowing during sleep, namely upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSA). UARS is marked by daytime sleepiness and/or fatigue in the context of frequent respiratory-effort related arousals (RERAs). RERAs are episodic arousals that follow periods of more intense breathing effort as resistance to airflow in the throat increases. Once the throat is very narrow, hypopneas (partial reduction in airflow) and apneas (complete cessation of airflow) occur, and these events comprise OSA. Whether UARS is an entity distinct from OSA remains still debated. Risk factors for snoring and UARS are similar and include obesity, nasal congestion, alcohol and drug consumption before bed, and abnormalities of the bony and soft tissue structures of the head and neck. Snoring can be a nuisance, but generally does not produce daytime sequelae, while UARS may lead to daytime fatigue and sleepiness. Treatment options for snoring and UARS include risk factor modifications, nasal-directed therapies, oral appliances, upper airway surgery, while continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is an additional option for UARS.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Arman Qamar  , Kavitha S. Kotha  , Octavian C. Ioachimescu  
Published: October 2011

The word “apnea” means literally "without breath", and thus “sleep apnea” means not breathing while sleeping. Normally, during sleep we do not have pauses in-between breaths. Individuals with sleep apnea often stop breathing completely (apnea) or partially (hypopnea) during sleep for 10 seconds or more and sometimes for more than one minute, which leads to low oxygen in the brain and other organs. Sleep apnea is, therefore, a chronic condition where the normal sleep respiratory cycle is disrupted. Approximately 25% of adults seem to have sleep apnea of some degree. Men seem to be more commonly affected than women (especially pre-menopausal women). Other risk factors include: older age, overweight or obesity, and having a small mouth, jaw or throat, large tongue or retro-position of the lower jaw. Smoking, alcohol, ingestion of sedative medications, chronic nasal inflammation (rhinitis) with obstruction, large neck girth, etc represent risk factors for this disorder. Sleep apnea can be treated by applying continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), dental appliances or surgery. The decision to treat and with what specific modality is dependent on a complex interplay of symptoms, co-existent disorders and disease severity. This decision should be made by the patient in conjunction with the healthcare provider, preferably a specialist in Sleep Medicine who has enough experience in diagnosing and treating this condition.
Sleep and Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Alexander Babayeuski  , Octavian C. Ioachimescu  
Published: October 2011

In our fast-paced world, sleep frequently becomes a casualty of the “24/7 model” of the society. Obesity, diabetes and heart disease epidemics seem to go hand in hand with significant and persistent alterations in human metabolism. Clinical studies have shown that people who sleep less than 6 hours or more than 8 hours a day are often overweight or obese. Obesity has become, at least in the western society, a very common condition. There is a strong connection between sleep apnea and obesity, diabetes and heart disease. In fact, we now know that individuals with untreated sleep apnea are at a greater risk of heart attacks, strokes, development of diabetes and/or hypertension. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined very differently in the literature, but seems to be defined most of the time by a constellation of findings such as central (abdominal) obesity, diabetes, impaired glucose tolerance or pre-diabetes, abnormally elevated lipids and/or other metabolic abnormalities which accompany what is called insulin resistance (IR). Given the obesity high frequency in the general population, the prevalence of MetS is, undoubtedly, on the rise.
Sleep and Epilepsy
Authors: Silvia Neme-Mercante,  , Nancy Foldvary-Schaefer  
Published: October 2011

There is a substantial amount of evidence linking sleep and epilepsy. In both adults and children with epilepsy, sleep and sleep deprivation can precipitate seizures. EEG recordings are more likely to reveal abnormalities during sleep than during the awake state. There are some types of epilepsy that are characterized by seizures arising exclusively during sleep or immediately upon awakening. One of the most common complaints of people with epilepsy is daytime sleepiness or fatigue. Despite the potential impact of these complaints on a person's quality of life, little research has been done in this area. Sleepiness and fatigue are often attributing to the effects of seizures or ant-seizure medications. However, recent studies suggest that people with epilepsy may be at particular risk for sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, which can also contribute to fatigue and daytime sleepiness. Furthermore, exciting preliminary data suggest that treating sleep problems may improve seizure control. As a result, people with epilepsy, particularly if seizures have continued despite appropriate treatment, should be evaluated for sleep disorders. People with daytime sleepiness, difficulty falling or staying asleep, or breathing disturbances during sleep should consult their physician. An overnight sleep study (polysomnogram; PSG) sometimes combined with electroencephalography (EEG) can diagnose common sleep disorders such as sleep apnea.
Pediatric Sleep Issues
Authors: Paul R. Carney  , Sachin S. Talathi  , James D. Geyer  
Published: October 2011

Pediatric sleep disorders are quite common and often disturbing to either the patient or the child&#039;s family. As the patient matures into an adult, sleep disorders continue to be common and an important factor in development, both social and cognitive. Nonrestorative sleep can hamper a child&#039;s ability to concentrate and control emotions and behavior. Sleep disorders vary among age groups, but most can occur with varying frequency at any age. Several disorders are typically seen only during the first few years of life, including colic, excessive nighttime feedings, and sleep onset association disorder. A number of conditions are common during childhood but begin to improve as the child ages. The non-REM sleep parasomnias, including sleepwalking, confusional arousals, and night terrors, are the most common in the pediatric category. Nightmares are also common in childhood but can occur at any age. Sleep-related breathing disorders including obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, central alveolar hypoventilation syndrome, and Cheyne-Stokes respiration are not found only in adults but are, in fact, quite common in the pediatric population. While these disorders can occur at any age, treatment options vary substantially by age.
Independent and Combined Effects of Exercise Training and Metformin on Insulin Sensitivity in Individuals With Prediabetes
Authors: Malin Steven K. , Gerber Robert , Chipkin Stuart R. , Braun Barry 
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE
Physical activity or metformin enhances insulin sensitivity and opposes the progression from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes. The combination may be more effective because each treatment stimulates AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle. We evaluated the effects of exercise training plus metformin on insulin sensitivity in men and women with prediabetes, compared with each treatment alone.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
For 12 weeks, men and women with prediabetes were assigned to the following groups: placebo (P), 2,000 mg/day metformin (M), exercise training with placebo (EP), or exercise training with metformin (EM) (n = 8 per group). Before and after the intervention, insulin sensitivity was measured by euglycemic hyperinsulinemic (80 mU/m2/min) clamp enriched with [6,6-2H]glucose. Changes due to intervention were compared across groups by repeated-measures ANOVA.

RESULTS
All three interventions increased insulin sensitivity (P &lt; 0.05) relative to the control group. The mean rise was 25–30% higher after EP than after either EM or M, but this difference was not significant.

CONCLUSIONS
Insulin sensitivity was considerably higher after 12 weeks of exercise training and/or metformin in men and women with prediabetes. Subtle differences among condition means suggest that adding metformin blunted the full effect of exercise training.
Sporting Recommendations for Teaching Fair Play: A Logical and Evolutionary Account
Authors: Kretchmar R. 
Published: November 2011

Sporting Recommendations for Teaching Fair Play: A Logical and Evolutionary AccountIn this paper I argue for a cross-disciplinary approach to teaching sport ethics. I call this a logical and evolutionary account because information that emanates from cell biology, anthropology, philosophy and everywhere in between, I claim, is needed in developing effective fair play pedagogies. The gist of the argument is this: We need to teach smarter, not just harder. Teaching smarter, I say, comes from an understanding of human nature and the logic of sport. I discuss animal behavior, emotions, genetic predispositions, human evolution, the structure of games, philosophical idealism, and other factors in producing five recommendations for teaching sport ethics.
Out-of-Step Relays Testing Procedure
Authors: Sauhats Antans , Utans Andrejs , Pashnin Gregory , Antonovs Dmitrijs 
Published: October 2011

Out-of-Step Relays Testing ProcedureThe paper presents out-of-step (OOS) protection device testing methodology under close-to-real power system operation conditions. The power system stability modelling software is used as source of test signals. The accurate modelling of power system in conjunction with dynamical modelling features allows the correct choice of the most reliable OOS protection scheme. Methodology was applied for out-of-step relay "AGNA" testing and device settings verification.
Model for Technical-Economic Analysis of ENTSO-E and IPS/UPS Power System Optimal Interconnection Concepts
Authors: Kochukov Olegs , Mutule Anna , Krishans Zigurds , Oleinikova Irina 
Published: October 2011

Model for Technical-Economic Analysis of ENTSO-E and IPS/UPS Power System Optimal Interconnection ConceptsThis paper considers the analysis of large-scale power system optimal interconnection concept as well as description of the model for evaluation of its costs and benefits. Paper contains the method for technical-economic analysis of different scenarios of interconnection of two world largest power systems - ENTSO-E and IPS/UPS. The research has shown that developed model is capable to make deep analysis and is ready for calculation of interconnection links optimal locations, transmission capacities and interconnection type.
Extra Losses in Imperfect Closed Grids
Authors: Survilo Josifs , Biela Edite 
Published: October 2011

Extra Losses in Imperfect Closed GridsClosed grids consist of two-terminal power lines or/and of rings (loops). In non-uniform two-terminal lines, equalizing and circulating currents appear, in rings - circulating current. These currents cause extra power losses. Those losses are equal to the product of summary resistance and squared said extra currents and are independent of the direction of said currents. Equalizing current causes considerable losses by phase discrepancy of terminal voltages even when voltage magnitudes are equal. Equalizing current losses do not exceed 1/4 of load losses when terminal voltage difference is equal to maximum load voltage loss. The degree of non-uniformity of inhomogeneous rings can be estimated by inhomogeneous factor. The increased reliability and higher electricity quality in distribution grids can be attained by use of uniform or ameliorated ringed grids but the reservation can be implemented by controllable links between adjacent rings.
Market Based Analysis of Power System Interconnections
Authors: Obushevs Artjoms , Turcik Mario , Oleinikova Irina , Junghans Gatis 
Published: October 2011

Market Based Analysis of Power System InterconnectionsAnalysis in this Article is focused on usage of transmission grid under liberalized market with implicit transmission capacity allocation method, e.g. Nordic market. Attention is paid on fundamental changes in transmission utilization and its economical effective operation. For interconnection and power flow analysis and losses calculation model of Nordic grid was developed and transmission losses calculation method was created. Given approach will improve economical efficiency of system operation in electricity market conditions.
Estimation of Economical Validity of Usage Remote Operated Disconnectors for 110kV Switchgear Schemes From Optimal Reliability Level Point of View
Authors: Lvovs Aleksandrs , Mutule Anna 
Published: October 2011

Estimation of Economical Validity of Usage Remote Operated Disconnectors for 110kV Switchgear Schemes From Optimal Reliability Level Point of ViewThe paper gives results of technical and economical calculations performed for estimation of validity of usage remote operated disconnectors for most commonly used 110kV switchgears from optimal reliability level point of view. Paper contains description of performed technical calculations - calculations of 110kV switchgear schemes' reliability level depending on type of disconnectors installed, and economical calculations, that are related with additional costs of Transmission System Operator and changes in total customer costs of power supply interruptions.
The choice of optimum cross section for overhead line by economic intervals' method
Authors: Guseva Svetlana , Petrichenko Lubov 
Published: October 2011

The choice of optimum cross section for overhead line by economic intervals' methodIn this paper an approach to choosing the optimum cross section for overhead line in conditions of incomplete and uncertain information is considered. The two methods of such choice are presented: method of economic current density and economic intervals' method. The correction of the economic intervals method is offered under market conditions of costs. As example 20 kV and 110 kV overhead lines with aluminum, copper and ferroaluminum wires are selected. Universal nomograms with different standard cross section are calculated and constructed. The graphics using Mathcad software are offered.
Sensorless Detection of Induction Motor Rotor Faults Using the Clarke Vector Approach
Authors: Vaimann Toomas , Kallaste Ants , Kilk Aleksander 
Published: October 2011

Sensorless Detection of Induction Motor Rotor Faults Using the Clarke Vector ApproachDue to their rugged build, simplicity and cost effective performance, induction motors are used in a vast number of industries, where they play a significant role in responsible operations, where faults and downtimes are either not desirable or even unthinkable. As different faults can affect the performance of the induction motors, among them broken rotor bars, it is important to have a certain condition monitoring or diagnostic system that is guarding the state of the motor. This paper deals with induction motor broken rotor bars detection, using Clarke vector approach.
Basic Statements of Research and Magnetic Field of Axial Excitation Inductor Generator
Authors: Stroganovs Igors , Zviedris Andrejs 
Published: October 2011

Basic Statements of Research and Magnetic Field of Axial Excitation Inductor GeneratorIn this work the main features of axial excitation inductor generators are described. Mathematical simulation of a magnetic field is realized by using the finite element method. The objective of this work is to elucidate how single elements shape, geometric dimensions and magnetic saturation of magnetic system affect the main characteristics of the field (magnetic induction, magnetic flux linkage). The main directions of a magnetic system optimization are specified.
Electromechanical Battery, Electrical Machines Mass Functions Analysis
Authors: Podgornovs Andrejs , Sipovics Anton 
Published: October 2011

Electromechanical Battery, Electrical Machines Mass Functions AnalysisIn this paper different types of electrical machines in electromechanical battery, were described. The most known manufactured battery data is composed. Three types of machines: synchronous machine with salient poles and electromagnetic excitation, with permanent magnets on rotor and reluctance synchronous machine were analyzed. For all types of machines, mass is function of general geometrical size of magnetic system and machines electrical power.
Comparison of Induction Motor Transient Processes Characteristics Obtained Experimentally With Those Obtained by Means of FORTRAN and MATLAB Softwear
Authors: Orlovskis Guntis , Konuhova Marina , Ketners Karlis 
Published: October 2011

Comparison of Induction Motor Transient Processes Characteristics Obtained Experimentally With Those Obtained by Means of FORTRAN and MATLAB SoftwearIn this article there is made comparison of induction motor real transient processes data given from mathematical model and experimental way. Theoretical investigation of induction motor was executed under two software - MATLAB and FORTRAN. The MATLAB soft induction motor model is created as a completed set. In FORTRAN there is created calculation algorithm. In both above mentioned soft there are fixed similar conditions. It was experimentally examined 300 W induction motor.
The Influence of Pole Pair Number and Magnets' Width on Mechanical Torque of Magnetic Coupler with Rounded Permanent Magnets
Authors: Ose Baiba , Pugachov Vladislav 
Published: October 2011

The Influence of Pole Pair Number and Magnets' Width on Mechanical Torque of Magnetic Coupler with Rounded Permanent MagnetsIn this paper it is researched the influence of permanent magnets' width and number of pole pairs on the mechanical torque of magnetic coupler with rounded magnets. The mechanical torque is calculated applying the program QuickField. For given magnetic coupler it is found the most suitable design taking into account the number of pole pairs and magnets' width.
Study of Simple MPPT Converter Topologies for Grid Integration of Photovoltaic Systems
Authors: Zakis Janis , Vinnikov Dmitri 
Published: October 2011

Study of Simple MPPT Converter Topologies for Grid Integration of Photovoltaic SystemsThis paper presents a study of two simple MPPT converter topologies for grid integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems. A general description and a steady state analysis of the discussed converters are presented. Main operating modes of the converters are explained. Calculations of main circuit element parameters are provided.Experimental setups of the MPPT converters with the power of 800 W were developed and verified by means of main operation waveforms. Also, experimental and theoretical boost properties of the studied topologies are compared.Finally, the integration possibilities of the presented MPPT converters with a grid side inverter are discussed and verified by simulations.
Lossless Dynamic Models of the Quasi-Z-Source Converter Family
Authors: Vinnikov Dmitri , Husev Oleksandr , Roasto Indrek 
Published: October 2011

Lossless Dynamic Models of the Quasi-Z-Source Converter FamilyThis paper is devoted to the quasi-Z-source (qZS) converter family. Recently, the qZS-converters have attracted attention because of their specific properties of voltage boost and buck functions with a single switching stage, which could be especially beneficial in renewable energy applications. As main representatives of the qZS-converter family, the traditional quasi-Z-source inverter as well as two novel extended boost quasi-Z-source inverters are discussed. Lossless dynamic models of these topologies are presented and analyzed.