bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential conditioning and long-term olfactory memory in individual Camponotus fellah ants
Authors: Josens Roxana , Eschbach Claire , Giurfa Martin 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY
Individual Camponotus fellah ants perceive and learn odours in a Y-maze in which one odour is paired with sugar (CS+) while a different odour(CS–) is paired with quinine (differential conditioning). We studied olfactory retention in C. fellah to determine whether olfactory learning leads to long-term memory retrievable 24 h and 72 h after training. One and 3 days after training, ants exhibited robust olfactory memory through a series of five successive retention tests in which they preferred the CS+and stayed longer in the arm presenting it. In order to determine the nature of the associations memorized, we asked whether choices within the Y-maze were driven by excitatory memory based on choosing the CS+ and/or inhibitory memory based on avoiding the CS–. By confronting ants with a novel odour vs either the CS+ or the CS– we found that learning led to the formation of excitatory memory driving the choice of the CS+ but no inhibitory memory based on the CS– was apparent. Ants even preferred the CS–to the novel odour, thus suggesting that they used the CS– as a contextual cue in which the CS+ was embedded, or as a second-order cue predicting the CS+ and thus the sugar reward. Our results constitute the first controlled account of olfactory long-term memory in individual ants for which the nature of associations could be precisely characterized.
Detritus decorations of an orb-weaving spider,Cyclosa mulmeinensis(Thorell): for food or camouflage?
Authors: Tan Eunice J. , Li Daiqin 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMany species of the orb-web spider genus Cyclosa often adorn their webs with decorations of prey remains, egg sacs and/or plant detritus, termed`detritus decorations'. These detritus decorations have been hypothesised to camouflage the spider from predators or prey and thus reduce predation risk or increase foraging success. In the present study, we tested these two alternative hypotheses simultaneously using two types of detritus decorations(prey remain and egg sac) built by Cyclosa mulmeinensis (Thorell). By monitoring the possible responses of predators to spiders on their webs with and without decorations in the field, we tested whether web decorations would reduce the mortality of spiders. Wasp predators were observed to fly in the vicinity of webs with decorations slightly more often than in the vicinity of webs without decorations but there were very few attacks on spiders by wasps. By comparing the insect interception rates of webs with and without decorations in the field, we tested whether web decorations would increase the foraging success. Webs decorated with prey remains or egg sacs intercepted more insects than those without in the field. By calculating colour contrasts of both prey-remain and egg-sac decorations against spiders viewed by bird(blue tits) and hymenopteran (e.g. wasps) predators as well as hymenopteran(bees) prey, we showed that C. mulmeinensis spiders on webs with egg-sac decorations were invisible to both hymenopteran prey and predators and bird predators over short and long distances. While spiders on webs with prey-remain decorations were invisible to both hymenopterans and birds over short distances, spiders on webs with prey-remain decorations were visible to both predators and prey over long distances. Our results thus suggest that decorating webs with prey remains and egg sacs in C. mulmeinensis may primarily function as camouflage to conceal the spider from insects rather than as prey attractants, possibly contributing to the interception of more insect prey. However, the detritus decorations exhibit varying success as camouflage against predators, depending on whether predators are jumping spiders, wasps or birds, as well as on the decoration type.
Division of labour and sex differences between fibrillar, tarsal adhesive pads in beetles: effective elastic modulus and attachment performance
Authors: Bullock James M. R. , Federle Walter 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMany beetles employ arrays of adhesive setae to control attachment during locomotion. Here we investigate whether and how variation in seta structure,both between sexes and between tarsal pads on the same leg, determines the mechanical properties and adhesive performance of fibrillar arrays. We vertically compressed individual adhesive pads to determine their effective elastic modulus. Distal adhesive arrays were significantly softer than middle and proximal ones. Variation in stiffness was mainly due to different seta diameters, but calculated elastic moduli of seta cuticle were relatively constant at 5–16 GPa. Consistent with their greater compliance, distal pads generated higher adhesion and friction on rough substrates. However, the greater stiffness of proximal pads conveys a superior ability to push. Proximal pads of males were less direction dependent than distal pads and generated larger pushing forces in the distal and lateral directions. In females, proximal pads also produced higher friction forces than distal pads,but only in the lateral direction. Video recordings of vertically climbing beetles confirmed that each pad was used differently. When legs above the body centre of gravity were pulling, beetles mainly engaged the distal pads,whereas legs below the centre of gravity mainly pushed with the proximal pads. Attachment performance was additionally compared between sexes on different substrates. Our findings demonstrate the presence of sex-specific specialisations of the fibrillar system as well as a division of labour between different adhesive pads on the same tarsus.
Antifoaming and Defoaming in Agricultural Tank Mixes: Revisiting, Revising, and Reviving a Method
Authors: O’Connell Todd J. , Ruscko Lisa 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The foam that is generated in agricultural tank mixes is of great concern because this foam can cause problems such as slow mixing and worker exposure. Antifoaming and defoaming agents are used to control this foam. Developing a reproducible test that accurately predicts the real world performance of these products has been difficult. Several methods are briefly reviewed. An ASTM method has been developed and established. However, this method intuitively is difficult to translate into real world performance. An older possible method has been shown to have obvious and significant problems. Several new modifications to this older method are proposed as a means of overcoming the problems and measuring the performance of products. The proposed method involves a large, polypropylene beaker that is charged with a foaming solution. The solution is stirred and foam is generated using an air sparge and a sparge stone defined in another current ASTM method. Defoamer is added to the foam and the time required for the foam to collapse and to reform is measured separately. The way the foam disintegrates and redevelops can also be observed and recorded or described. Statistical data indicate that, using this method, differences between the performances of various defoaming/antifoaming agents can be determined. The differences are reproducible enough to identify performance differences that will be appreciable in the field. As a result, quantitative and qualitative data may be generated using the proposed method. Also significant is that the method separates antifoaming and defoaming into discrete measurements. This separation of the two measurements provides a better measurement for how a product will perform in the field relative to other products. Calculations resulting in new terms are proposed as a means to create a scale that will allow direct comparison of the performance of various antifoams/defoamers.
Prädiktive Regelung nichtlinearer Systeme unter asynchronen Mess- und StellsignalenNonlinear Predictive Control based on Asynchronous Measurement and Control Signals
Authors: Faulwasser Timm , Kern Benjamin , Varutti Paolo , Findeisen Rolf 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung
In vielen Regelungsproblemen stehen die notwendigen Messgrößen nicht zu äquidistanten Zeitpunkten zur Verfügung und es kann auf die zu regelnde Strecke nicht zu äquidistanten Zeitpunkten eingewirkt werden. Daneben treten auf Grund von notwendigen Auswertungszeiten im Sensor, etwaigen Kalibrierungsvorgängen des Stellglieds oder Sensors oder auch Rechenverzögerungen im Regler oft unvermeidliche Verzögerungen auf. Sowohl die variablen Abtastzeiten als auch die Verzögerungen müssen im Reglerentwurf berücksichtigt werden, um Instabilität oder Einschränkungen der Regelgüte zu vermeiden.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird aufgezeigt, dass prädiktive Regelungsverfahren basierend auf kontinuierlichen Streckenmodellen in der Lage sind, Systeme unter nicht äquidistanter Abtastung und Verzögerungen zu stabilisieren. Zusätzlich werden neue Konzepte umrissen, die aufzeigen, wie durch aktive Sensoren Messungen ausgelöst werden können, sodass Stelleingriffe nur erfolgen, wenn dies notwendig ist.
Development of Student Professionalism
Authors: Roth Mary T. , Zlatic Thomas D. ,   American College of Clinical Pharmacy
Published: May 2009

In late 2007, the American College of Clinical Pharmacy (ACCP) charged their National StuNet Advisory Committee to formulate tenets of professionalism, with the primary goal of introducing students to essential attitudes and behaviors of professionalism. The committee's list of tenets served as a working document for the development of this White Paper. This collaborative effort of the ACCP Board of Regents and the National StuNet Advisory Committee sought to complement other published documents addressing student professionalism. The purpose of this White Paper is to enhance student understanding of professionalism, emphasizing the importance of the covenantal or “fiducial” relationship between the patient and the pharmacist. This fiducial relationship is the essence of professionalism and is a relationship between the patient and the pharmacist built on trust. This White Paper also outlines the traits of professionalism, which were developed after an extensive review of the literature on professionalism in medicine and pharmacy. The traits of professionalism identified here are responsibility, commitment to excellence, respect for others, honesty and integrity, and care and compassion. It is from these traits that student actions and behaviors should emanate. Students, pharmacy practitioners, and faculty have a responsibility to each other, to society as a whole, and to individual patients whom they serve to ensure that their words and actions uphold the highest standards of professional behavior.It is important that students, pharmacy practitioners, and faculty recognize what is truly at the heart of professionalism—the pharmacist‐patient fiducial or covenantal relationship. Professionalism is driven by much more than one's actions and behaviors—professionalism hinges on a trust relationship. The pharmacist‐patient fiducial or covenantal relationship obligates the pharmacist to act in the best interest of the patient. As a result, the patient has a firm belief, an unwavering trust that the pharmacist will provide him or her with the best possible care. The traits of professionalism (responsibility, commitment to excellence, respect for others, honesty and integrity, care and compassion) should be discussed, practiced, and, most important, modeled. Students, pharmacy practitioners, and faculty have a responsibility to each other, to society as a whole, and to the individual patients and students whom they serve to ensure that their words and actions both within and outside the classroom uphold the highest standards of professional behavior.
Persistent or not persistent? Polychlorinated biphenyls are readily depurated by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis)
Authors: Christensen Jennie R. , Letcher Robert J. , Ross Peter S. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Major pharmacokinetic processes influencing polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) accumulation in mammals include uptake, biotransformation, respiration, and excretion. We characterized some of the factors underlying PCB accumulation/loss by evaluating PCB concentrations and patterns in pre- and posthibernation grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) and their prey. The PCB congeners with vicinal meta- and para-chlorine unsubstituted hydrogen positions consistently showed loss both before and during hibernation, supporting the idea of a dominant role for biotransformation. Retention of all other studied congeners relative to that of PCB 194 varied widely (from &lt;1 to 100%) and was highly correlated with log octanol--water partition coefficient (p &lt; 0.0001). A lack of loss for most of these other congeners during hibernation supports the notion that excretion (e.g., fecal or urinary) or lack of uptake during the feeding season underlies their lack of accumulation, because hibernating bears do not eat or excrete. We estimate that grizzly bears retain less than 10% of total PCBs taken up from their diet. Our results suggest that for grizzly bears, depuration of PCBs via biotransformation is important (explaining ∼40% of loss), but that nonbiotransformation processes, such as excretion, may be more important (explaining ∼60% of loss). These findings, together with the approximately 91% loss of the persistent PCB 153 congener relative to PCB 194 in grizzly bears, raise important questions about how one defines persistence of PCBs in wildlife and may have bearing on the interpretation of food-web biomagnification studies.
Impact of Downscaling on the Simulation of Seasonal Monsoon Rainfall Over the Indian Region Using a Global and Mesoscale Model
Authors: Dutta Surya K. , Das Someshwar , Kar S.C. , Mohanty U.C. , Joshi P.C. 
Published: May 2009

A global model (T80L18; Triangular Truncation at wave number 80 with 18 vertical layers) and a mesoscale model MM5 (nested at 90 and 30 km resolutions) are integrated for 5 monsoon years 1998-2002. The impact of dynamical downscaling from global to mesoscale in the simulations of Indian summer monsoon rainfall is studied.
Comparisons between the global and the mesoscale models show that, though the global model has an edge over the mesoscale model in simulating the all-India mean rainfall closer to the observation, the T80L18 model lacks in simulating the spatial variations in rainfall. The effect of downscaling is better represented in the rainfall variations produced by MM5 both quantitatively and qualitatively over the foothills of the Himalayas and along Nepal to North-eastern India. It is also seen that the mesoscale model is able to represent the dispersion (standard deviation) present in the observed rainfall over India. In the five monsoon seasons, RMSE of mean rainfall (monthly and seasonal) of T80L18 forecasts are mostly lower than that of MM5 forecasts. However, synoptic features like the Somali Jet and Tibetan anticyclone are better represented by MM5. This model has also simulated the regions of convection better than the T80L18 model. However, the MM5 simulations produced an anomalous circulation over the Saudi Arabian region (15-200 N and 45-500 E) in many
cases. The mesoscale model simulates better wind fields than the global model in general. Over peninsular India T80L18 model showed higher temperature gradient but, over Central India this model has better temperature field as compared to MM5. Over southern and north-eastern India, the temperature field of T80L18 and MM5 are very similar.
Cephalometric Floating Norms as a Guide toward a Harmonious Individual Craniofacial Pattern among Filipinos
Authors: Sevilla-Naranjilla Marian Almyra , Rudzki-Janson Ingrid 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective: To construct a harmony box based on correlated cephalometric variables, which may serve as a valuable diagnostic tool in orthodontic treatment planning, by analyzing the harmonious relationships of existing individual craniofacial patterns among Filipinos.
Materials and Methods: Eighty-one subjects, 37 females and 44 males, were selected from the student population of a University according to established inclusion criteria. Five cephalometric angular measurements were obtained and digitized. Pearson correlation coefficients described the high association among the five variables. The bivariate linear regression analysis was used to construct a harmony box, which contained the cephalometric floating norms of the five correlated variables. Multiple regression analysis and the standard error of the estimate were calculated to construct the harmony schema, which describes the individual craniofacial pattern.
Results: Correlations between the five variables were significant at .001 and .05 levels. Linear regression equations with corresponding r2 and standard error of the estimate (SE) were illustrated as the harmony box. The multiple correlation coefficient R, the adjusted R2, and the SE when one of the five measured variables was predicted from the remaining four by means of a multiple regression analysis were displayed as the harmony schema.
Conclusion: The cephalometric floating norms describing the individual craniofacial pattern among Filipinos were established based on five correlated variables in the form of a harmony box.
Automated Cephalometry: System Performance Reliability Using Landmark-Dependent Criteria
Authors: Tanikawa Chihiro , Yagi Masakazu , Takada Kenji 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate reliability of a system that performs automatic recognition of anatomic landmarks and adjacent structures on lateral cephalograms using landmark-dependent criteria unique to each landmark.
Materials and Methods: To evaluate the reliability of the system, the system was used to examine 65 lateral cephalograms. The area of each system-identified anatomic structure surrounding the landmark and the position of each system-identified landmark were compared with norms using confidence ellipses with α = .01, which were derived from the scattergrams of 100 estimates obtained according to the method reported by Baumrind and Frantz. When the system-identified area overlapped with the norm area, anatomic structure recognition was considered successful. In addition, when the system-identified point was located within the norm area, landmark identification was considered successful. Based on these judgment criteria, success rates were calculated for all landmarks.
Results: The system successfully identified all specified anatomic structures in all the images and determined the positions of the landmarks with a mean success rate of 88% (range, 77%– 100%).
Conclusion: With the incorporation of the rational assessment criteria provided by confidence ellipses, the proposed system was confirmed to be reliable.
Effects of Intrusive Force on Selected Determinants of Pulp Vitality
Authors: Veberiene Rita , Smailiene Dalia , Danielyte Jovita , Toleikis Adolfas , Dagys Arvydas , Machiulskiene Vita 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Objective: To determine the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in the pulp of orthodontically intruded teeth and to test the sensitivity of these teeth by means of electrical pulp testing (EPT).
Materials and Methods: The study sample consisted of 21 healthy subjects who needed extraction of first premolars for orthodontic reasons. In every subject, one premolar included in a 0.016″– 0.022″ stainless steel spring from the first molar and loaded by the force was regarded as a test tooth. The magnitude of the intrusive tipping force for every tooth was calculated with the use of ANSYS 10.0 software. The contralateral premolar was used as a control tooth. After 7 days, the spring was removed, and EPT was applied to test and control teeth. The teeth were extracted, and the dental pulp was removed. AST activity in the pulp was determined spectrophotometrically at 20°C.
Results: Estimated mean AST activity values ranged from 0.572 ± 0.097 U/mg in the test teeth to 0.348 ± 0.053 U/mg in the control teeth (P &lt; .01). The EPT test showed significant differences between test and control teeth (P &lt; .001). The mean estimated magnitude of the intrusive tipping force was 61 ± 4.5 g.
Conclusion: Seven days of orthodontic intrusion can cause metabolic changes in the pulp expressed by increased AST activity. The increased threshold in the pulp reaction to EPT indicates changes in the neural response of the pulp.
The Efficacy and Safety of Saxagliptin When Added to Metformin Therapy in Patients With Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes With Metformin Alone
Authors: DeFronzo Ralph A. , Hissa Miguel N. , Garber Alan J. , Luiz Gross Jorge , Yuyan Duan Raina , Ravichandran Shoba , Chen Roland S. ,   for the Saxagliptin 014 Study Group
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
This 24-week trial assessed the efficacy and safety of saxagliptin as add-on therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes with inadequate glycemic control with metformin alone.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of saxagliptin (2.5, 5, or 10 mg once daily) or placebo plus a stable dose of metformin (1,500–2,500 mg) in 743 patients (A1C ≥7.0 and ≤10.0%). Efficacy analyses were performed using an ANCOVA model using last observation carried forward methodology on primary (A1C) and secondary (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] and postprandial glucose [PPG] area under the curve [AUC]) end points.

RESULTS
Saxagliptin (2.5, 5, and 10 mg) plus metformin demonstrated statistically significant adjusted mean decreases from baseline to week 24 versus placebo in A1C (−0.59, −0.69, and −0.58 vs. +0.13%; all P &lt; 0.0001), FPG (−14.31, −22.03, and −20.50 vs. +1.24 mg/dl; all P &lt; 0.0001), and PPG AUC (−8,891, −9,586, and −8,137 vs. −3,291 mg · min/dl; all P &lt; 0.0001). More than twice as many patients achieved A1C &lt;7.0% with 2.5, 5, and 10 mg saxagliptin versus placebo (37, 44, and 44 vs. 17%; all P &lt; 0.0001). β-Cell function and postprandial C-peptide, insulin, and glucagon AUCs improved in all saxagliptin treatment groups at week 24. Incidence of hypoglycemic adverse events and weight reductions were similar to those with placebo.

CONCLUSIONS
Saxagliptin once daily added to metformin therapy was generally well tolerated and led to statistically significant improvements in glycemic indexes versus placebo added to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin alone.