bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Three Different Application Times of 17% EDTA and 7% Maleic Acid Irrigation Agents on the Removal of Debris and Smear Layer: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Kaya Sadullah , Adıgüzel Özkan , Uysal İbrahim , Ganidağlı Ayaz Selengül 
Published: October 2011

Aim: This study compared smear-layer and debris removal using with three different application times of 17% EDTA and 7% maleic acid irrigation agents.
Methodology: Fifty-two maxillary and mandibular single-rooted teeth were divided randomly into seven groups (n = 8 each, control group n = 4). Three groups received 17% EDTA and three received maleic acid (1, 5, 10 min). Canals were prepared using nickel-titanium rotary files. Smear-layer and debris removal were evaluated in the coronal, middle, and apical thirds of the teeth using scanning electron microscopy, and results were analyzed compared using Mann–Whitney U tests.
Results: Maleic acid removed the smear layer (coronal and middle: p<0.01; apical: p<0.05) and debris (all p< 0.05) more effectively than EDTA in terms of 1 min application period. Effectiveness did not differ significantly with 10-min applications.
Conclusions: Final irrigation with 7% maleic acid is more efficient than 17%EDTA in the removal of smear layer and debris from the coronal, middle and apical third of the root canal system in application within 1 min.
How to cite this article: Kaya S, Adıgüzel Ö, Ganidağlı Ayaz S. Effectiveness of Three Different Application Times of 17% EDTA and 7% Maleic Acid Irrigation Agents on the Removal of Debris and Smear Layer: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study. Int Dent Res 2011;2:48-54.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Surgical Extrusion of a Complete Crown Fractured Tooth: A Case Report
Authors: Yiğit Özer Senem , Uysal İbrahim , Bahşi Emrullah 
Published: October 2011

Complete crown fracture is a dental injury affecting enamel, dentin, and pulp and unfortunately crown is lost usually due to loss of tooth structure. Root-crown lengthening can be performed if an acceptable root-crown ratio is preserved for the retention of root. This paper presents a case report of a mandibular canine incisor tooth having complete crown fracture. Root-crown lengthening is performed by surgical extrusion of the root coronally, splintted using a semi-rigid splint and prognosis was successful after one year later. Treatment of complete crown fracture by surgical extrusion and splintting may be a good alternative for general practitioners since it is an easy and short time requiring technique necessiating less equipments.
How to cite this article: Yiğit Özer S, Uysal İ, Bahşi E. Surgical Extrusion of a Complete Crown Fractured Tooth: A Case Report. Int Dent Res 2011;2:70-74.
Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Self‐Assembly of Tunable Nanocrystal Superlattices Using Poly‐(NIPAM) Spacers
Authors: Karg Matthias , Hellweg Thomas , Mulvaney Paul 
Published: October 2011

AbstractUnderstanding and controlling 3D nanocrystal self‐assembly is a fundamental challenge in materials science. Assembly enables the unique optical and electronic properties of nanocrystals to be exploited in macroscopic materials, and also opens up the possibility to couple the optical response of nanocrystals to the optical modes of the superlattice. To date, assembly of such nanocrystal superlattices (NCSL) has focussed on fixed, close packed structures with particle separations of just 1–3 nm. To achieve highly crystalline structures with tunable optical response, the nanocrystal interparticle separation needs to be precise and easily variable but >50 nm. Here, we show the preparation of nanocrystal superlattices with spacings of 50–500 nm assembled from gold‐poly‐N‐isopropylacrylamide core‐shell particles and the characterization of their fascinating diffraction behavior by means of UV‐vis spectroscopy. These nanocrystal superlattices exhibit pronounced diffraction in the visible (440‐560 nm) with peak half‐widths of the order of 10 nm. The position of the Bragg peak is simply tuned by adjusting the particle volume fraction. Due to the thermoresponsive nature of the polymer shell, temperature is used to initiate crystallization or melting of the superlattice. Heating and cooling cycles cause highly reversible melting/recrystallization in less than a minute.
Controlling The Mobility Of Oligonucleotides In The Nanochannels Of Mesoporous Silica
Authors: Lebold Timo , Schlossbauer Axel , Schneider Katrin , Schermelleh Lothar , Leonhardt Heinrich , Bein Thomas , Bräuchle Christoph 
Published: October 2011

AbstractOligonucleotides used in gene therapy and silencing are fragile compounds that degrade easily in biological environments. Porous biocompatible carrier particles may provide a useful strategy to deliver these therapeutics to their target sites. Development of appropriate delivery vehicles, however, requires a better understanding of the oligonucleotide‐host interactions and the oligonucleotide dynamics inside carrier particles. We investigated template‐free SBA‐15 type mesoporous silica particles and report their loading characteristics with siRNA depending on the surface functionalization of their porous network. We show that the siRNA uptake capability of the particles can be controlled by the composition of the functional groups. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching measurements revealed size‐dependent mobility of siRNA and double‐stranded DNA oligonucleotides within the functionalized silica particles and provided evidence for the stability of the oligonucleotides inside the pores. Hence, our study demonstrates the potential of mesoporous silica particles as a means for alternative gene delivery in nanomedicine.
Doping Rules and Doping Prototypes in A2BO4 Spinel Oxides
Authors: Paudel Tula R. , Zakutayev Andriy , Lany Stephan , d'Avezac Mayeul , Zunger Alex 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA2BO4 spinels constitute one of the largest groups of oxides, with potential applications in many areas of technology, including (transparent) conducting layers in solar cells. However, the electrical properties of most spinel oxides remain unknown and poorly controlled. Indeed, a significant bottleneck hindering widespread use of spinels as advanced electronic materials is the lack of understanding of the key defects rendering them as p‐type or n‐type conductors. By applying first‐principles defect calculations to a large number of spinel oxides the major trends controlling their dopability are uncovered. Anti‐site defects are the main source of electrical conductivity in these compounds. The trends in anti‐sites transition levels are systemized, revealing fundamental “doping rules”, so as to guide practical doping of these oxides. Four distinct doping types (DTs) emerge from a high‐throughput screening of a large number of spinel oxides: i) donor above acceptor, both are in the gap, i.e., both are electrically active and compensated (DT‐1), ii) acceptor above donor, and only acceptor is in the gap, i.e., only acceptor is electrically active (DT‐2), iii) acceptor above donor, and only donor is in the gap, i.e., only donor is electrically active (DT3), and iv) acceptor above donor in the gap, i.e., both donor and acceptor are electrically active, but not compensated (DT‐4). Donors and acceptors in DT‐1 materials compensate each other to a varying degree, and external doping is limited due to Fermi level pinning. Acceptors in DT‐2 and donors in DT‐3 are uncompensated and may ionize and create holes or electrons, and external doping can further enhance their concentration. Donor and acceptor in DT‐4 materials do not compensate each other, and when the net concentration of carriers is small due to deep levels, it can be enhanced by external doping.
Manipulating the Motion of Gold Aggregates Using Stimulus‐Responsive Patterned Polymer Brushes as a Motor
Authors: Chen Tao , Chang Debby P. , Zhang Jianming , Jordan Rainer , Zauscher Stefan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAn important goal and major challenge of material science and nanotechnology is building nanomotors for manipulating the motion of nanoparticles (NPs). Here, it is demonstrated that patterned, stimulus‐responsive polymer brush microstructures can be used as motor arrays to manipulate the movement of gold NP aggregates in response to external stimuli that induce a conformational change in the brushes as the driving force. The motion of NP aggregates in the out‐of‐plane direction is achieved with displacements ranging from nanometers to sub‐micrometers. These patterned polymer‐brush microstructures can find applications as efficient motor arrays and nanosensors, and benefit the design of more complex nanodevices.
Salep‐g‐poly(sodium acrylate)/alumina as an environmental‐sensitive biopolymer superabsorbent composite: Synthesis and investigation of its swelling behavior
Authors: Bardajee Ghasem R. , Pourjavadi Ali , Soleyman Rouhollah , Ghavami Somayeh 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA novel kind of a biopolymer‐based superabsorbent composite, salep‐g‐poly(sodium acrylate)/alumina, was prepared from salep, sodium acrylate, and alumina by aqueous polymerization, using N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a cross‐linker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The reaction parameters [i.e., acrylic acid (AA), MBA, APS amounts, and neutralization percentage of AA as well as alumina/salep weight ratio] affecting the water absorbency of the hydrogel composite were optimized using systematic method to achieve a composite with high swelling capacity as possible. The swelling behavior of optimum superabsorbent composite was measured in various pH solutions. In addition, swelling kinetics, swelling in various NaCl concentrations, swelling in various solvents, and the absorbency underload were investigated. Also, pH‐reversibility and the on–off switching behaviors of the composite in various environments were investigated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 41–51, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20233
Illumination intensity effects on the dielectric properties of schottky devices with Co, Ni‐doped PVA nanofibers as an interfacial layer
Authors: Dökme İlbilge , Yildiz D. Esra , Altindal Şemsettin 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this study, the Au/poly(vinyl alcohol) (Co, Ni‐doped)/n‐Si Schottky devices (SDs) were fabricated using n‐type single crystal silicon (phosphor‐doped). The ohmic and rectifier contacts were thermally formed by annealing them in an evaporating system. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/(Co–Ni) nanofiber film was used as an interfacial layer between metal‐semiconductor. After the PVA/(Co–Ni) acetate was obtained, the nanofiber film was fabricated on silicon wafer using electrospinning technique. The dielectric properties of Au/PVA (Co,Ni‐doped)/n‐Si SDs were investigated in the gate voltage range of −1.5 to +1.5 V, before and after various illumination levels at 1 MHz. The dielectric constant (ε′, dielectric loss (ε″), dielectric loss tangent (tanδ, the ac electrical conductivity (σac), and the real and imaginary parts of electric modulus (M′ and M″) were obtained from the measured capacitance and conductance values. Experimental results show that the values of the dielectric parameters in dark and under illumination were different from each other. Also, these parameters were found to be functions of illumination intensity and gate voltage. Such illumination level‐related behavior of dielectric parameters can be explained on the basis of Maxwell–Wagner interfacial polarization and restructuring and reordering of the charges at the interface states. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 31: 63–70, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20236
Preparation and characterization of interpenetrating polymer network beads for controlled release of acebutolol hydrochloride
Authors: Venkata Prasad C. , Yerri Swamy B. , Mallikarjuna B. , Sreekanth K. C. , Subha M. C. S. , Chowdoji Rao K. , Yu Jong‐Sung 
Published: October 2011

AbstractGraft copolymer of sodium alginate (SA) with N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (N‐VP) was prepared using potassium persulphate (PPS) as an initiator. The effect of monomer content on the percentage of graft yield was investigated. It was observed that N‐vinylpyrrolidone (N‐VP) content has remarkable influence on the percentage graft yield. SA and their graft copolymer (SA‐g‐VP) beads were prepared in various formulations using glutaraldehyde (GA) as a cross‐linking agent and acebutolol hydrochloride (ABHCl) as a model drug. Beads were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Chemical stability of ABHCl after encapsulation into beads was confirmed by FT‐IR analysis. Preparation conditions of the SA‐g‐N‐VP beads were optimized by considering the percentage entrapment efficiency, particle size, swelling capacity, and their release data. In vitro release studies of different formulations were performed at 37°C in an intestinal fluid atmosphere (pH 7.4). The effect of graft copolymer, cross‐linker and drug concentrations on the release of ABHCl was discussed. It was observed that ABHCl release from the beads increased with the increasing N‐VP upto 30%, and then decreases beyond this concentration. It was also observed that, as GA and ABHCl concentration increases, rate of drug release decreases. The highest ABHCl release upto 12 h was obtained is 98.5%% for beads cross‐linked with 0.5 mL GA containing 10% monomer and 10% ABHCl. From these studies, it was observed that SA on grafting with N‐VP showed variation in drug release profiles. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: 87–99, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20238
The effects of trans‐polyoctylene rubber on thermal analysis and fatigue properties of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber
Authors: Noriman N. Z. , Ismail H. , Rashid A. A. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe incorporation of trans‐polyoctylene rubber (TOR) into the blends of styrene butadiene rubber/recycled acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (SBR/NBRr) was investigated. The thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fatigue life of SBR/NBRr blends with and without TOR were studied. Results showed that SBR/NBRr blends with TOR exhibited better thermal stability than SBR/NBRr blends without TOR. A DSC result showed that with incorporation of TOR into the SBR/NBRr blends, it alters the calorimetric profile particularly for SBR/NBRr/TOR (R05/TOR), which shows changes in the horizontal line from a high to low energy level along with a greater delta H value. The fatigue life of SBR/NBRr blends with the incorporation of TOR showed higher values than SBR/NBRr blends without TOR, particularly at 75/25, 65/35, and 50/50 blend ratios. The scanning electron microscopy images of SBR/NBRr blends with TOR illustrated that the failure surface became rougher with many tear lines compared to SBR/NBRr without TOR, indicating that a good interaction occurred between the NBRr and SBR matrix with the presence of TOR. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: 100–108, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20240
The application of response surface methodology on the synthesis of grafted polypropylene through the solvothermal route
Authors: Zheng Yuying , Zhao Songfang , Zeng Anran , Guo Yong 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSolvothermal synthesis is an important technology to prepare the inorganic matter. In this investigation, xylene–water‐thermal reaction of polypropylene (PP), styrene (St), and maleic anhydride (MAH) under pressure was carried out to prepare grafting polymers. Infrared (IR) spectra and NMR spectra confirmed that MAH and St were successfully grafted onto the PP backbones. Through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray analysis, it was found that the crystallinity of grafting polymers decreased due to the formation of side chains. Response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to investigate the influence of various factors on the grafting percentage. The predicted results coincided well with the experimental values at optimum reaction conditions; therefore, the response model was adequate to reflect the expected optimization. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: 109–117, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20242
Influence of epoxide level and reactive blending on properties of epoxidized natural rubber and nylon‐12 blends
Authors: Narathichat Maswanee , Kummerlöwe Claudia , Vennemann Norbert , Sahakaro Kannika , Nakason Charoen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA simple blend (i.e., blend without curative) of 60/40 rubber/nylon‐12 with three different types of natural rubber (i.e., air‐dried sheet natural rubber (ADS) and epoxidized natural rubbers (ENR) with 25 and 50 mol% epoxide) was prepared by the melt‐mixing process. Influence of different types of rubbers and the level of epoxide groups in ENR molecules on the properties of the blends were investigated. It was found that all the blends exhibited a co‐continuous phase morphology. Furthermore, the ENR/nylon‐12 blends exhibited superior mechanical properties, stress relaxation behavior, thermal and rheological properties, and a finer grain morphology than that of the ADS/nylon‐12 blend. This may be attributed to the higher interfacial adhesion between the ENR and nylon‐12 phases via a chemical interaction of epoxide groups in ENR molecules and polar functional groups in the nylon‐12 molecules. Temperature scanning stress relaxation (TSSR) measurement was also performed. Improvement in stress relaxation and thermal resistance of the blends with ENR was observed. Moreover, the higher temperature coefficient and lower glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nylon‐12 phase in the ENR‐50/nylon‐12 blends were found. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 32: 118–129, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/adv.20243
Pleural mesothelioma mortality and asbestos exposure mapping in Italy
Authors: Fazzo Lucia , De Santis Marco , Minelli Giada , Bruno Caterina , Zona Amerigo , Marinaccio Alessandro , Conti Susanna , Comba Pietro 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundAn epidemic of asbestos‐related diseases is ongoing worldwide. Mortality from malignant pleural neoplasms in Italy was analyzed, to estimate the health impact of asbestos at national and local level.MethodsMortality from ICD‐9 code 163 was considered, in the time‐window 1995–2002, using National Bureau of Statistics data. National and regional standardized rates and municipal Standardized Mortality Ratios (SMR) were calculated. Municipal clusters were identified by applying Spatial Scan Statistics procedure. Relative risks (RR) express the ratio of risk within the cluster to the risk outside the cluster.ResultsThe national standardized annual mortality rate was 1.9 per 100,000. Significant clusters corresponded to asbestos‐cement industries (Casale Monferrato: RR = 11.63), shipyards (Monfalcone, RR = 7.43), oil refineries (Falconara, RR = 2.52), petrochemical industries (Priolo, RR = 3.81).ConclusionsThe present study confirms malignant pleural neoplasms mortality as a suitable indicator of asbestos exposure at geographic level. In addition to asbestos‐cement industries and shipyards, other industrial settings are associated with pleural neoplasm mortality. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:11–24, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma fibrinogen: A possible link between job stress and cardiovascular disease among Chinese workers
Authors: Xu Weixian , Hang Juan , Guo Lijun , Zhao Yiming , Li Zhaoping , Gao Wei 
Published: October 2011

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the effect of effort–reward imbalance (ERI) on fibrinogen. We aimed to examine the association between ERI and fibrinogen among Chinese workers.MethodsA total of 732 subjects without vascular diseases were analyzed. Associations between job stress evaluated by ERI model and plasma fibrinogen were explored by multiple regression.ResultsEffort, overcommitment, and ERI were significantly positively associated with fibrinogen, while reward was negatively related with fibrinogen both for men and for women. Compared with low level group, high level of effort, overcommitment, and ERI significantly increased risk of elevated fibrinogen (more than mean concentration) with adjusted OR of 3.3, 12.5, and 7.7 for men; 2.9, 7.2, and 7.2 for women, respectively; however, high reward reduced 80% risk for elevated fibrinogen.ConclusionsEffort, overcommitment, and ERI are significantly associated with fibrinogen among Chinese workers. High fibrinogen may be a possible link between job stress and cardiovascular disease. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:167–175, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bulk properties of palm kernel cake for solid‐state fermentation
Authors: Saw Horng Yuan , Phang Hooi Kim , Janaun Jidon 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTThe bulk volumes of hydrated palm kernel cake (PKC) were investigated to generate information on bulk properties for solid‐state fermentation (SSF). Measurements were made under ambient conditions as regards the range of moisture level, sieved and unsieved PKC and two substrate handling procedures, viz. loading, tapping and hydration (LTH) and hydration, loading and tapping (HLT) methods. Because of the combined effects of particle size, inconsistent particle surface characteristics, moisture level and particle agglomeration caused by substrate hydration before loading, different trends in volume changes were observed. Empirical models were developed to predict the bulk volume changes with information on three measurable parameters, namely, moisture level, initial volume of a known quantity of dry PKC and particle size. For sieved PKC in the LTH method, unsieved PKC in the LTH method and unsieved PKC in the HLT method, three models were derived respectively. As for sieved PKC in the HLT method, significant scatters in the volume changes restricted the establishment of a single model. Instead, six models were proposed for six particle sizes for more precise estimation. The findings from this work are useful, first, in assisting the determination of dimensions of SSF equipment for substrates of different particle sizes and moisture levels and, second, for the interpretation of fermentation results, e.g. effects of particles swelling and handling procedures on microbial performance. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.