bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australian emergency doctors' and nurses' acceptance and knowledge regarding brain death: a national survey
Authors: Marck Claudia H. , Weiland Tracey J. , Neate Sandra L. , Hickey Bernadette B. , Jelinek George A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHealthcare staff's acceptance of brain death (BD) being a valid determination of death is essential for optimized organ and tissue donation (OTD) rates. Recently, resources to increase Australian OTD rates have been aimed at emergency departments (ED) as a significant missed donor potential was discovered.A cross‐sectional survey was conducted to assess Australian ED clinicians' acceptance and knowledge regarding BD. Most (86%) of the 599 medical and 212 nursing staff accepted BD, but only 60% passed a 5‐item‐validated BD knowledge tool. BD knowledge was related to the acceptance of BD. Accepting BD influenced attitudes toward OTD, including willingness to donate. BD acceptance and knowledge were related to education/training regarding OTD, years of experience in EDs, experience with OTD‐related tasks, and increased perceived competence and comfort with OTD‐related tasks. Of concern, more than half of respondents who did not pass the BD test reported feeling competent and comfortable explaining BD to next of kin; of respondents who had recent experience with this, more than a third failed the BD test.Despite being generally positive toward OTD, Australian ED clinicians do not have a sound knowledge of BD. This may be hampering efforts to increase donation rates from the ED.
Covariance among premating, post‐copulatory and viability fitness components in Drosophila melanogaster and their influence on paternity measurement
Authors: DROGE‐YOUNG E. M. , MANIER M. K. , LÜPOLD S. , BELOTE J. M. , PITNICK S. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIn polyandrous mating systems, male fitness depends on success in premating, post‐copulatory and offspring viability episodes of selection. We tracked male success across all of these episodes simultaneously, using transgenic Drosophila melanogaster with ubiquitously expressed green fluorescent protein (i.e. GFP) in a series of competitive and noncompetitive matings. This approach permitted us to track paternity‐specific viability over all life stages and to distinguish true competitive fertilization success from differential early offspring viability. Relationships between episodes of selection were generally not present when paternity was measured in eggs; however, positive correlations between sperm competitive success and offspring viability became significant when paternity was measured in adult offspring. Additionally, we found a significant male × female interaction on hatching success and a lack of repeatability of offspring viability across a focal male’s matings, which may underlay the limited number of correlations found between episodes of selection.
Genetic parameters for claw health and feet and leg conformation traits in Finnish Ayrshire cows
Authors: Häggman J. , Juga J. , Sillanpää M.J. , Thompson R. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryGenetic parameters for different claw disorders, overall claw health and feet and leg conformation traits were estimated for Finnish Ayrshire cows. The merged data set with records of claw health and feet and leg conformation traits consisted of 105 000 observations from 52 598 Finnish Ayrshire cows between 2000 and 2010. The binary claw health data and the linearly scored conformation data were analysed using an animal model and restricted maximum likelihood method by applying the statistical package ASReml. Binomial logistic models with mixed effects were used to estimate genetic parameters for sole haemorrhages, chronic laminitis, white‐line separation, sole ulcer, interdigital dermatitis, heel horn erosion, digital dermatitis, corkscrew claw and overall claw health. Estimated heritabilities for different claw disorders using a binomial logistic model ranged from 0.01 to 0.20. Estimated heritability for overall claw health using a binomial logistic model was 0.08. Estimated heritabilities for feet and leg conformation traits ranged from 0.07 to 0.39. The genetic correlations between claw health and feet and leg conformation traits ranged from −0.40 to 0.42. All phenotypic correlations were close to zero. The moderate genetic correlation, together with higher heritability of feet and leg conformation traits, showed that RLSV (rear leg side view) is a useful indicator trait to be used together with claw trimming information to increase the accuracy of breeding values for claw health in genetic evaluation.
Factors influencing child mental health: A state‐wide survey of Victorian children
Authors: Goldfeld Sharon R , Hayes Linda 
Published: May 2012

Aims: This study aims to estimate the prevalence of mental health problems among Victorian children and to investigate factors associated with poorer mental health.Method: Computer‐assisted telephone interviews were undertaken with the parents of 3370 randomly selected Victorian children aged 4 to 12 years. They reported on their child's mental health and special health‐care needs as well as their own mental health, family functioning and a range of community and socio‐demographic variables. Population estimates and odds ratios (OR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).Results: Overall, 11.6% (95% CI = 10.3–12.9%) of Victorian children were estimated to be at risk of having mental health problems. Factors independently placing children at increased risk of mental health problems that were ‘of concern’ include a child having special health‐care needs (OR = 7.89, 95% CI 5.16 to 12.08), unhealthy family functioning (OR = 3.84, 95% CI 2.19 to 6.74), parental mental health problems (OR = 7.89, 95% CI 5.16 to 12.08), neighbourhood safety (OR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.20 to 5.07) and area of residence (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.33 to 3.02).Conclusions: A significant proportion of Victorian children are at some risk of mental health problems. These limited but important predictors of children's mental health reinforce the need for policy solutions that will extend beyond those offered by traditional mental health service systems.
Experiences of motherhood when suffering from mental illness: A hermeneutic study
Authors: Blegen Nina Elisabeth , Hummelvoll Jan Kåre , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTBeing a mother is inseparable from women's existential life. Mothers with mental illness struggle with conflicting and distressing feelings related to motherhood. They seldom obtain the necessary support to increase their control over the determinants of their role as a mother, thus their opportunity of improving their own and their children's mental health is weakened. The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of being a mother with mental illness. The research question was: How can mothers' experiences of motherhood when suffering from mental illness be understood? The understanding emerged through a hermeneutical interpretation of the empirical material on four different levels of abstraction. The inductive–deductive approach, inspired by the philosophy of Gadamer, was used. The mothers' experiences were understood in their way of struggling to become good enough mothers, managing to become the mother they longed to be, being present in the caring relationship with their child, as well as being recognized as a mother and living openly and honestly in relationships with others. Addressing the existential needs of motherhood is important for their improvement and recovery, as well as for promoting their children's mental health and well‐being.
Explicit bounds on elastic moduli of solids containing isotropic mixture of cracks and voids
Authors: XU X. F. , STEFANOU G. 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTA variational formulation has been recently proposed by the authors (Xu X.F. and Stefanou, G. (2011). Int J Multiscale Comput Engng 9(3) pp. 347–363) to evaluate effective elastic moduli of randomly cracked solids. Using this formulation, explicit expressions have been obtained for the upper bounds of the elastic moduli in the case of penny‐shaped and slit‐like random cracks with parallel and random orientations subject to a spherical exclusion constraint. In this paper, it is shown that the bounds derived previously are directly applicable to solids containing isotropic mixture of cracks with no exclusion constraint, which is a more general case for a cracked solid. The bounds are further extended to solids containing spheroidal voids that are characterized with finite value of aspect ratios.
Ultrasound guidance characteristics and efficiency of suprazygomatic maxillary nerve blocks in infants: a descriptive prospective study
Authors: Sola Chrystelle , Raux Olivier , Savath Laurent , Macq Christine , Capdevila Xavier , Dadure Christophe 
Published: May 2012

SummaryBackground:  Bilateral suprazygomatic maxillary nerve blocks approach improves pain relief after palate surgery. We report the feasibility and efficiency of ultrasound‐guided suprazygomatic maxillary nerve blocks in cleft palate repair in children.Methods:  Twenty‐five children scheduled to undergo surgical cleft palate repair were included. Ultrasound‐guided suprazygomatic maxillary blocks were performed according to landmarks previously defined. The ultrasound probe was located optimally over the maxilla and under the zygomatic bone to visualize the pterygopalatine fossa. 0.15·ml·kg−1 of 0.2% ropivacaine was injected bilaterally. Feasibility of block, spread of local anesthetic, pain scores and side effects were noted.Results:  Fifty ultrasound‐guided suprazygomatic maxillary nerve blocks were performed in 25 children. The needle movement was seen in all cases using an out‐of‐plane approach. The spread of LA was clearly observed in 94% (47/50) of cases. A poor ultrasound imaging was found in 4% (2/50), and the spread of LA was not identified in 2% of case (1/50). The median time to perform the block was 56 s (35–120 s). The median pain scores and consumption of nalbuphine were low during the study period. 80% of patients did not require continuous opioid infusion. No complication related to maxillary blocks was reported.Conclusion:  With a very low technical failure rate and a good clinical success rate, ultrasound appears to be a useful and simple tool to aid suprazygomatic maxillary nerve block in children.
Chloride and organic osmolytes: a hybrid strategy to cope with elevated salinities by the moderately halophilic, chloride‐dependent bacterium Halobacillus halophilus
Authors: Saum Stephan H. , Pfeiffer Friedhelm , Palm Peter , Rampp Markus , Schuster Stephan C. , Müller Volker , Oesterhelt Dieter 
Published: May 2012

SummarySalt acclimation in moderately halophilic bacteria is the result of action of a grand interplay orchestrated by signals perceived from the environment. To elucidate the cellular players involved in sensing and responding to changing salinities we have determined the genome sequence of Halobacillus halophilus, a Gram‐positive moderate halophilic bacterium that has a strict requirement for the anion chloride. Halobacillus halophilus synthesizes a multitude of different compatible solutes and switches its osmolyte strategy with the external salinity and growth phase. Based on the emerging genome sequence, the compatible solutes glutamate, glutamine, proline and ectoine have already been experimentally studied. The biosynthetic routes for acetyl ornithine and acetyl lysine are also delineated from the genome sequence. Halobacillus halophilus is nutritionally very versatile and most compatible solutes cannot only be produced but also used as carbon and energy sources. The genome sequence unravelled isogenes for many pathways indicating a fine regulation of metabolism. Halobacillus halophilus is unique in integrating the concept of compatible solutes with the second fundamental principle to cope with salt stress, the accumulation of molar concentrations of salt (Cl‐) in the cytoplasm. Extremely halophilic bacteria/archaea, which exclusively rely on the salt‐in strategy, have a high percentage of acidic proteins compared with non‐halophiles with a low percentage. Halobacillus halophilus has an intermediate position which is consistent with its ability to integrate both principles.
Comparisons of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and viromes in human saliva reveal bacterial adaptations to salivary viruses
Authors: Pride David T. , Salzman Julia , Relman David A. 
Published: May 2012

SummaryExplorations of human microbiota have provided substantial insight into microbial community composition; however, little is known about interactions between various microbial components in human ecosystems. In response to the powerful impact of viral predation, bacteria have acquired potent defences, including an adaptive immune response based on the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs)/Cas system. To improve our understanding of the interactions between bacteria and their viruses in humans, we analysed 13 977 streptococcal CRISPR sequences and compared them with 2 588 172 virome reads in the saliva of four human subjects over 17 months. We found a diverse array of viruses and CRISPR spacers, many of which were specific to each subject and time point. There were numerous viral sequences matching CRISPR spacers; these matches were highly specific for salivary viruses. We determined that spacers and viruses coexist at the same time, which suggests that streptococcal CRISPR/Cas systems are under constant pressure from salivary viruses. CRISPRs in some subjects were just as likely to match viral sequences from other subjects as they were to match viruses from the same subject. Because interactions between bacteria and viruses help to determine the structure of bacterial communities, CRISPR‐virus analyses are likely to provide insight into the forces shaping the human microbiome.
Prostatic relaxation induced by agmatine is decreased in spontaneously hypertensive rats
Authors: Lee Liang‐Ming , Tsai Tsung‐Chin , Chung Hsien‐Hui , Tong Yat‐Ching , Cheng Juei‐Tang 
Published: May 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Neurotransmitters are known to control prostate contractility. Agmatine is one of them and induces relaxation through imidazoline receptors.The paper shows that the action of agmatine is reduced in hypertensive rats, and that this change is related to the decrease of ATP‐sensitive potassium channels in the prostate. The findings can increase our understanding of the possible underlying mechanism for the development of clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia.OBJECTIVES
To compare agmatine‐induced prostatic relaxation in hypertensive and control rats.
To investigate the responsible mechanism(s) and the role of the ATP‐sensitive potassium channel.
METHODS
Prostate strips were isolated from male spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats and normal Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats for measurement of isometric tension. The strips were precontracted with 1 µmol/L phenylephrine or 50 mmol/L KCl. Dose‐dependent relaxation of the prostatic strips was studied by cumulative administration of agmatine, 1 to 100 µmol/L, into the organ bath.
Effects of specific antagonists on agmatine‐induced relaxation were studied.
Western blotting analysis was used to measure the gene expression of the ATP‐sensitive potassium channel in the rat prostate.
RESULTS
Prostatic relaxation induced by agmatine was markedly reduced in SH rats compared with WKY rats.
The relaxation caused by agmatine was abolished by BU224, a selective imidazoline I2‐receptor antagonist, but was not modified by efaroxan at a dose sufficient to block imidazoline I1‐receptors.
The relaxation induced by diazoxide at a concentration sufficient to activate ATP‐sensitive potassium channels was markedly reduced in the SH rat prostate.
Expressions of ATP‐sensitive potassium channel sulphonylurea receptor and inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir) 6.2 subunits were both decreased in the prostate of SH rats.
CONCLUSION
The decrease of agmatine‐induced prostatic relaxation in SH rats is related to the change in ATP‐sensitive potassium channels.
Percutaneous cryoablation of solitary sporadic renal cell carcinomas
Authors: Schmit Grant D. , Thompson R. Houston , Kurup Anil N. , Weisbrod Adam J. , Carter Rickey E. , Callstrom Matthew R. , Atwell Thomas D. 
Published: May 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Percutaneous renal cryoablation is a safe and effective treatment for patients with small renal masses, who are poor surgical candidates.Oncological outcomes from previous percutaneous ablation studies are difficult to interpret because of the large number of patients treated with a history of RCC (38% in our experience) and the large number of treated renal masses without a pathology‐proven diagnosis. This cryoablation study addresses these issues by evaluating only solitary, sporadic biopsy‐proven RCC. Oncological outcomes and complications were also evaluated by tumour T‐stage, which allows some degree of comparison with previously published surgical results.OBJECTIVE
To evaluate retrospectively our single institution experience with percutaneous cryoablation of solitary, sporadic renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), and to compare the efficacy and safety of this technique for treatment of different T‐stage RCC.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
116 patients were treated with percutaneous cryoablation for a solitary, sporadic biopsy‐proven RCC in a single treatment session between November 2003 and November 2010.
The technical success of the ablation procedure, complications and evidence for local or metastatic tumour recurrence were evaluated for each patient.
RESULTS
83 patients (72%) were treated for a stage T1a RCC, 27 patients (23%) for a stage T1b RCC, and six patients (5%) for a stage T2 RCC.
Technical success was achieved in the treatment of 115 of 116 (99%) renal tumours. The single technical failure occurred in the treatment of a 4.3‐cm RCC.
Local recurrent tumour was identified in one of 88 patients (1%) with follow‐up computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging available for review >3 months from the time of ablation. The median (range) imaging follow‐up in these patients was 21 (3–73) months. The local tumour recurrence was identified on CT 11 months after the ablation procedure in a patient treated for a 2.7 cm RCC.
None of the patients developed metastatic RCC.
The major complication rate was 4% for patients with stage T1a tumours, 15% for those with stage T1b tumours, and 33% for those with stage T2 tumours. There were no procedural‐related deaths.
CONCLUSIONS
Percutaneous renal cryoablation of RCC can be performed with high technical success in patients with tumours up to, and beyond 7 cm in maximum diameter.
The tumour recurrence rate after percutaneous renal cryoablation was low, and recurrence was not related to tumour size in this group of patients.
Statistically significant higher complication rates were seen with treatment of larger (higher T‐stage) RCCs.
Detecting internet activity for erectile dysfunction using search engine query data in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Davis Niall F. , Smyth Lisa G. , Flood Hugh D. 
Published: May 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Despite the increasing prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED), there is reluctance among symptomatic patients to present to healthcare providers for appropriate advice and treatment.A number of Internet campaigns have been launched by the Irish healthcare media since 2007 aiming to provide easily accessible advice on ED. Novel online technologies appear to provide a useful tool for educating the general public on the symptoms of ED because there has been a significant increase in overall Internet search activity for this term since 2007.OBJECTIVES
To assess Internet search trends for erectile dysfunction (ED) subsequent to public awareness campaigns being launched within the Republic of Ireland
To assess whether the advent of such campaigns correlates with increased Internet search activity for ED.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Google insights for search was utilized to examine Internet search trends for the term ‘erectile dysfunction’ across all categories between January 2005 and December 2011.
Search activity was limited to users from the Republic of Ireland within this timeframe.
Additionally, the number of Irish Internet media campaigns and Irish web pages providing information on ED was assessed between January 2005 and December 2011.
Statistical analysis of the data was performed using analysis of variance and Student's t‐tests for pairwise comparisons.
RESULTS
There has been a significant increase in mean search activity for ED on an annual basis since 2007 (P < 0.001).
The number of Irish web pages associated with information on ED has also increased significantly on an annual basis since 2007 (P < 0.001).
There have been seven different Irish Internet media campaigns on ED since 2007 compared to two from 2005 to 2007 (P < 0.001).
There was no significant change in mean search activity for ED from 2005 to 2007
CONCLUSIONS
The advent of recent Internet media campaigns and increasing number of Irish web pages is associated with a significant increase in online activity for ED in the Republic of Ireland.
Novel online technologies appear to provide a useful tool for educating the general public on the symptoms and treatment options available for ED.
Development of insulin allergy after bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Yoshida N. , Okubo M. , Ishiguro K. , Mori Y. 
Published: May 2012

Diabet. Med. 29, 1339–1341 (2012)AbstractBackground  Insulin allergy is a not uncommon condition even though human insulin and insulin analogues are widely used. However, the development of insulin allergy after bone marrow transplantation has not been reported.Case report  A 44‐year‐old Japanese woman had aplastic anaemia and secondary haemochromatosis. She was diagnosed with having diabetes at age 32 years and had been treated with human insulin. At age 34 years, bone marrow transplantation was performed. One year later, a rash and urticaria appeared immediately after insulin injections. Intracutaneous tests were positive for both human insulins and analogues, whereas the test for protamine was negative. Furthermore, an IgE–radioallergosorbent test against insulin was positive. Thus, we diagnosed the patient with having an IgE‐mediated type I allergy against insulin. Insulin therapy with insulin aspart, which showed the least skin reaction, was continued and the insulin allergy disappeared in 7 years.Conclusions  This is the first description of insulin allergy after bone marrow transplantation. Our case underscores the effects of bone marrow cells on IgE‐mediated type I allergy for insulin.