bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Cost of Serious Injurious Falls in a Canadian Acute Care Hospital
Authors: Zecevic Aleksandra A. , Chesworth Bert M. , Zaric Gregory S. , Huang Qing , Salmon Anneke , McAuslan Deb , Welch Randy , Brunton Douglas 
Published: May 2012

RÉSUMÉLes chutes représentent 40 pour cent des accidents d’hôpitaux et leurs conséquences vont de zéro à des blessures graves. Le but de cette étude a été d’estimer le coût moyen à l’hôpital de la durée du séjour (DS) associée aux chutes liées aux préjudices graves dans un hôpital de soins actifs. Nous avons utilisé les données de gestion des risques et des bases de données qui représentent les frais associés à une blessure grave après une chute à l’hôpital. On a comparé trente-sept patients blessés à 2,330 contrôles en utilisant le diagnostic le plus responsable médical, et par l’âge et par le sexe des patients. En utilisant les t-tests et la regréssion multivariée, on a comparé le coût et la DS. Les coûts moyens pour ceux qui se sont grièvement blessés en tombant, et pour les contrôles sans chutes, étaient DC 44,203 $ et DC 13,507 $ tandis ceux de la DS était, respectivement, 45 et 11 jours. Le coût des soins d’hospitalisation pour un patient qui a subi une chute résultante en blessures graves était 30,696 $ (95% IC : $25,158 – $36,781) supérieur au coût pour quelqu’un qui ne s’est pas tombé. Les gestionnaires d’hôpitaux jouent un rôle de premier plan en créant des programmes dans le réseau pour prévenir les chutes et réduire les coûts hospitaliers.
Cardiovascular-associated tracheobronchial obstruction in children
Authors: Lai Shen-Hao , Liao Sui-Ling , Wong Kin-Sun 
Published: May 2012

AbstractTracheobronchial compression of cardiovascular origin is an uncommon and frequently unrecognised cause of respiratory distress in children. The compression may be due to encircling vessels or dilated neighbouring cardiovascular structures. Bronchoscopy and detailed radiography, especially computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are among the most powerful diagnostic tools. Few previous reports have addressed the relationship between bronchoscopic findings and underlying cardiovascular anomalies. The objective of this study was to correlate bronchoscopic and radiographic findings in children with cardiovascular-associated airway obstruction. A total of 41 patients were recruited for the study. Patients with airway obstruction were stratified on the basis of the aetiology of the cardiovascular structures and haemodynamics into an anatomy-associated group and a haemodynamics-associated group. In the anatomy-associated group, stenosis and malacia were found with comparable frequency on bronchoscopy, and the airway obstructions were mostly found in the trachea (71% of patients). In the haemodynamics-associated group, malacia was the most common bronchoscopic finding (85% of patients), and nearly all locations of airway involvement were in the airway below the carina (90% of patients). The tracheal compression was usually caused by aberrant systemic branching arteries in the anatomy-associated group. In the haemodynamics-associated group, the causal relationships varied. Tracheal compression was often caused by lesions of the main pulmonary artery and aorta, whereas obstruction of the right main bronchus was caused by lesions of the main pulmonary artery and right pulmonary artery. The causes of left main bronchus compression were more diverse. In summary, the bronchoscopic presentations and locations are quite different between these two groups.
Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes during Relational Retrieval in Normal Aging and Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Giovanello Kelly S. , De Brigard Felipe , Hennessey Ford Jaclyn , Kaufer Daniel I. , Burke James R. , Browndyke Jeffrey N. , Welsh-Bohmer Kathleen A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe earliest cognitive deficits observed in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) appear to center on memory tasks that require relational memory (RM), the ability to link or integrate unrelated pieces of information. RM impairments in aMCI likely reflect neural changes in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC). We tested the hypothesis that individuals with aMCI, as compared to cognitively normal (CN) controls, would recruit neural regions outside of the MTL and PPC to support relational memory. To this end, we directly compared the neural underpinnings of successful relational retrieval in aMCI and CN groups, using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), holding constant the stimuli and encoding task. The fMRI data showed that the CN, compared to the aMCI, group activated left precuneus, left angular gyrus, right posterior cingulate, and right parahippocampal cortex during relational retrieval, while the aMCI group, relative to the CN group, activated superior temporal gyrus and supramarginal gyrus for this comparison. Such findings indicate an early shift in the functional neural architecture of relational retrieval in aMCI, and may prove useful in future studies aimed at capitalizing on functionally intact neural regions as targets for treatment and slowing of the disease course. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–12)
A pain survey to support role development for Radiation Therapists in Ghana
Authors: Kyei K. A. , Engel-Hills P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA research study was conducted at the radiation oncology department of a large teaching hospital in Ghana, to determine whether the use of a pain questionnaire would facilitate a contribution by the radiation therapists (RTs) to the management of pain in the patients undergoing external beam radiotherapy. The rationale for the study was to test the pain questionnaire as a tool for routine use by RTs and to increase the knowledge and skill of the RTs with regard to pain assessment in order that they could have an effective role in the multidisciplinary approach to pain management.The pain questionnaire for administration by RTs was adapted as a tool for assessing pain. The tool and the process were tested in a prospective study of 90 participants who willingly consented to participate. The data was analysed as a means of evaluating the questionnaire and learning about pain in this group of cancer patients. The results of this analysis were integrated with the findings from textual data published in a previous paper.Findings revealed that RTs could administer a limited pain questionnaire and use this for clinical assessment of patients with pain, refer patients who need urgent medical attention to the doctors, monitor the patients receiving radiotherapy and adjuvant chemotherapy as well as provide meaningful suggestions to the multidisciplinary team on the management of pain.Through this reflective process it is recommended that because RTs have daily contact with patients during external beam radiotherapy treatment and because the majority of cancer patients in the study population experience pain, the RTs should enhance their knowledge of pain and participate in routine pain assessment. Through engagement in this role development the quality of care to the patient population in Ghana will be improved.
The reliability of quantitative thresholding methods for PET aided delineation of GTVs in Head and Neck tumours
Authors: Barrett S. , Appleyard R. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroduction: PET–CT scans are commonly used for the purpose of gross tumour volume (GTV) delineation in head and neck cancers. Qualitative visual methods (QVM) are currently employed in most radiotherapy departments but these are subject to inter- and intra-observer variability. Quantitative thresholding methods which appear in the published literature are evaluated with respect to their reliability for delineation of GTVs in head and neck cancers.Discussion: Image segmentation involves the application of a distinct value to all pixels or voxels in an image dataset. This is a complex process affected by numerous variables. Some of the following segmentation thresholds may be applied to automatically delineate specified regions. Standardised uptake value (SUV) is commonly used to apply a threshold for GTV delineation, however this leads to inappropriately large GTVs. A further common quantitative threshold is based on the maximum signal on the PET image relative to the background uptake, known as signal to background ratio (SBR). This method generates GTVs that correlate well with surgically removed tumour volumes. Applying a fixed threshold of a percentage of the maximal intensity uptake is also documented in the literature but was found to be unsuitable for the purpose of head and neck GTV contouring. Systems based on the physical features of the PET-CT images are also discussed and are found to produce very promising results.Conclusion: A number of quantitative techniques are evaluated and currently the most suitable is found to be SBR, however even this method was not found to be entirely reliable. More promising techniques need further evaluation before they could be implemented clinically and a Radiation Oncologist or Nuclear Medicine Radiologist must still validate all GTVs produced by quantitative methods.
Timescales for electron quasi‐linear diffusion by parallel and oblique lower‐band chorus waves
Authors: Mourenas D. , Artemyev A. V. , Ripoll J.‐F. , Agapitov O. V. , Krasnoselskikh V. V. 
Published: May 2012

The loss of relativistic electrons from the Earth's radiation belts can be described in terms of the quasi‐linear pitch angle diffusion by cyclotron‐resonant waves, provided that their frequency spectrum is broad enough. Chorus waves at large wave‐normal angles with respect to the magnetic field are often present in CLUSTER and THEMIS measurements in the outer belt at moderate to high latitudes. An approximate analytical formulation of diffusion coefficients has been derived in the low‐frequency limit, leading to a simplified analytical expression of diffusion coefficients and lifetimes for energetic trapped electrons. Large values of the wave‐normal angles between the Gendrin and resonance angles are shown to induce important increases in diffusion, thereby strongly reducing the particle lifetimes (by almost two orders of magnitude). The analytical diffusion coefficients and lifetimes obtained here are found to be in a good agreement with full numerical calculations based on CLUSTER chorus waves measurements in the outer belt for electron energies ranging from 100 keV to 2 MeV. Such very oblique chorus waves could contribute to a predominantly perpendicular anisotropy of the global equatorial electron population on the dayside and to a relative isotropization at low energy under disturbed conditions. It is also suggested that they might play a significant role in pulsating auroras.
South Pole neutron monitor forecasting of solar proton radiation intensity
Authors: Oh S. Y. , Bieber J. W. , Clem J. , Evenson P. , Pyle R. , Yi Y. , Kim Y.‐K. 
Published: May 2012

We describe a practical system for forecasting peak intensity and fluence of solar energetic protons in the tens to hundreds of MeV energy range. The system could be useful for forecasting radiation hazard, because peak intensity and fluence are closely related to the medical physics quantities peak dose rate and total dose. The method uses a pair of ground‐based detectors located at the South Pole to make a measurement of the solar particle energy spectrum at relativistic (GeV) energies, and it then extrapolates this spectrum downward in energy to make a prediction of the peak intensity and fluence at lower energies. A validation study based upon 12 large solar particle events compared the prediction with measurements made aboard GOES spacecraft. This study shows that useful predictions (logarithmic correlation greater than 50%) can be made down to energies of 40–80 MeV (GOES channel P5) in the case of peak intensity, with the prediction leading the observation by 166 min on average. For higher energy GOES channels, the lead times are shorter, but the correlation coefficients are larger.
Effect of Rate-Alteration on Speech Perception in Noise in Older Adults With Normal Hearing and Hearing Impairment
Authors: Adams Elizabeth M. , Gordon-Hickey Susan , Morlas Holly , Moore Robert 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of using slow and fast speaking rates in competing noise on older adults with normal hearing (NH) and those with hearing impairment (HI).

Method

Thirty-four older adults (56–85 years) were grouped based on hearing ability—NH (
N
= 15) and HI (
N
= 19). Rate-altered Quick Speech-in-Noise Test (QuickSIN; Etymotic Research, 2001) stimuli were presented at 3 speech rates (slow, average, and fast), and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) loss was calculated for each.

Results
The older participants with HI had significantly higher SNR loss than the NH participants at all 3 speech rates. The NH participants showed improved speech perception in noise when a slow rate of speech was used. This benefit was not observed for the participants with HI. Both groups performed poorly with the fastest speech rate.

Conclusion
Results suggest that older adults with HI who are not wearing hearing aids are not able to take advantage of additional processing time afforded by the use of slow speaking rates when speech (70–75 dB HL) is presented in competing noise. Additionally, the use of a fast speaking rate significantly reduces an individual’s ability to perceive speech in noise, regardless of hearing status. Decreasing from a fast speaking rate to an average rate is beneficial and should be recommended by audiologists to increase the likelihood of older adults understanding speech in noise.
Association Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Hearing Sensitivity
Authors: Loprinzi Paul D. , Cardinal Bradley J. , Gilham Ben 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
As a follow-up to previous smaller scale studies, the purpose of the present study was to examine the link between cardiorespiratory fitness and hearing sensitivity using a nationally representative U.S. sample of adults.

Method

Data from the 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES; U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011) were used in the analyses. After exclusions, the final sample included 1,082 NHANES participants ages 20–49 years. Maximum oxygen uptake (VO
2max
) was obtained from an established nonexercise prediction equation and through heart-rate extrapolation during a treadmill-based submaximal test. Audiometry data were objectively measured to obtain estimates of low (LPTA) and high (HPTA) pure-tone frequency average.

Results

VO
2max
was not associated with hearing sensitivity when using the heart-rate extrapolation method but was significantly associated with hearing sensitivity (for women) when applying the nonexercise prediction equation for both LPTA and HPTA (
p
< .01). Women with higher predicted cardiorespiratory fitness were 6% more likely than women with lower predicted cardio-respiratory fitness to have good hearing compared to worse hearing.

Conclusion

Cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with hearing sensitivity when using the nonexercise prediction equation to measure VO
2max
. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Findings suggest a potentially auditory-protective effect of cardiorespiratory fitness.
Assessing the Development of Binaural Integration Ability With the French Dichotic Digit Test: Écoute Dichotique de Chiffres
Authors: Jutras Benoît , Mayer David , Joannette Élyse , Carrier Marie-Eve , Chénard Gwendoline 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
Binaural integration is assessed by dichotic listening tests. This study aimed to assess the development of binaural integration ability using a newly developed dichotic digit test in French.

Method
Twenty-eight children with normal hearing sensitivity and binaural integration capacity, assessed with a dichotic listening word test, participated in the study. The children were divided into 3 groups: nine 6-year-olds, nine 9-year-olds, and ten 12-year-olds. They completed 4 subtests with earphones at normal conversational level. Three subtests consisted of 1, 2, and 3 different digit pairs, respectively, between 1 and 9 that were sent dichotically to the ears. The fourth subtest consisted of 4 digits, but only the 2 middle digits were sent dichotically.

Results
Performance improved significantly as a function of age and decreased with increasing number of digits to be repeated. All groups performed significantly better on digits presented in the right ear than the left ear, and on the digit rather than the word test.

Conclusion
The new French dichotic digit test would be useful in assessing binaural integration in children. The 4 subtests make it suitable for inclusion in a test battery to assess central auditory processing in children and are an alternative, especially the fourth subtest, to the French version of the Staggered Spondaic Word Test (Rudmin & Normandin, 1983).
The Challenge of Detecting Minimal Hearing Loss in Audiometric Surveys
Authors: Schlauch Robert S. , Carney Edward 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
This tutorial provides framework and context for understanding the complex interaction of hearing measurement methodology and cohort social factors, as well as their relation to approaches to data interpretation and identification of minimal hearing loss (HL) in audiometric surveys.

Method
Pertinent archival studies were reviewed, and an original analysis on U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) audiometric survey data from children (ages 6–19) was performed.

Conclusion
The definition of an otologically normal individual, the pass–fail criterion representing the upper limit of the range of normal hearing, and the quality of the audiometry affect the percentage of persons who are falsely identified as having a minimal HL. An upper limit of normal hearing of 15 dB HL yields an unacceptably high false-positive rate, particularly when the more variable higher audiometric frequencies are examined. When air-conduction thresholds are assessed in isolation to estimate potential noise damage, the failure to exclude persons who have possible middle and external ear problems, including earwax, results in high false-positive rates. When these factors and other limitations are considered, audiograms from teens from a recent CDC survey do not show evidence consistent with widespread noise-induced HL. Suggestions are made to improve the effectiveness of pure-tone audiometry and the identification of minimal HL.
Survey of Audiological Immittance Practices
Authors: Emanuel Diana C. , Henson Olivia E. C. , Knapp Rita R. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to examine current immittance practices and trends over time, reasons why multifrequency (MF) and multicomponent (MC) tympanometry have been underused, and the prevalence of negative patient reactions to acoustic reflex (AR) testing.

Method

Two audiological practice surveys were conducted regarding tympanometry (2008,
n
= 156) and AR (2009,
n
= 90).

Results
Most respondents conduct tympanometry and AR threshold (ART) testing. MF and MC tympanometry were rarely reported, generally due to a lack of equipment and training. ART testing was reported most often using both ipsilateral and contralateral presentation. Contralateral testing has decreased over time. Patient complaints of discomfort following AR testing were common. Complaints of tinnitus or hearing loss were present, although rare.

Conclusion
Tympanometry and ART tests have remained popular for the past 30 years, whereas acoustic reflex decay (ARD) testing has decreased in popularity. MF and MC tympanometry are conducted infrequently. AR is frequently associated with discomfort but rarely associated with other symptoms. However, one respondent reported that AR testing had caused permanent tinnitus and hearing loss.
Hearing Aid Processing Changes Tone Burst Onset: Effect on Cortical Auditory Evoked Potentials in Individuals With Normal Audiometric Thresholds
Authors: Easwar Vijayalakshmi , Glista Danielle , Purcell David W. , Scollie Susan D. 
Published: May 2012

Purpose
The validity of using the cortical auditory evoked potential (CAEP) as an objective measure of hearing aid outcome has been questioned in the literature due to stimulus modifications caused by hearing aid processing. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hearing aid processing on the CAEP elicited with tone bursts that may have altered onsets.

Method
CAEPs to unprocessed and hearing aid–processed tone bursts were obtained from 16 individuals with normal audiometric thresholds when the onset time, level, and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) were matched between the 2 conditions. Tone bursts processed by the hearing aid were recorded in an anechoic box and were presented through insert receivers. Unprocessed tone bursts were superimposed with hearing aid noise floor to match the SNR of the hearing aid–processed tone bursts.

Results

Shortening of rise time and overshoot at the onset of the tone burst were evident in the hearing aid–processed stimuli. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant effects of hearing aid processing on the latency or amplitude of CAEP peaks (
p
> .05).

Conclusion
The changes in rise time occurring in the tone bursts due to hearing aid processing may not confound CAEP measures that are used to validate hearing aid fitting.
Ideal glass transitions by random pinning
Authors: Cammarota Chiara , Biroli Giulio 
Published: May 2012

We study the effect of freezing the positions of a fraction
c
of particles from an equilibrium configuration of a supercooled liquid at a temperature
T
. We show that within the random first-order transition theory pinning particles leads to an ideal glass transition for a critical fraction
c
=
c

K

(
T
) even for moderate supercooling; e.g., close to the Mode-Coupling transition temperature. First we derive the phase diagram in the
T
-
c
plane by mean field approximations. Then, by applying a real-space renormalization group method, we obtain the critical properties for |
c
-
c

K

(
T
)| → 0, in particular the divergence of length and time scales, which are dominated by two zero-temperature fixed points. We also show that for
c
=
c

K

(
T
) the typical distance between frozen particles is related to the static point-to-set length scale of the unconstrained liquid. We discuss what are the main differences when particles are frozen in other geometries and not from an equilibrium configuration. Finally, we explain why the glass transition induced by freezing particles provides a new and very promising avenue of research to probe the glassy state and ascertain, or disprove, the validity of the theories of the glass transition.
Dr Lecter's Taste for ‘Goldberg’, or: The Horror of Bach in the Hannibal Franchise
Authors: Cenciarelli Carlo 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTThe repeated use of the ‘Goldberg’ Variations in the Hannibal Lecter saga offers a route into the complexities of cinema's appropriation of Western art music. To an extent, the affiliation of Bach with a cannibalistic serial killer rehearses the notion of ‘classical music’ as socially and culturally other. Yet at the same time, from its first appearance in a memorable scene in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), the music is tied to the workings of a mass-media phenomenon. This becomes evident in the sequel, Hannibal (2001), where the ‘Goldberg’ Aria, used as title song, crossing in and out of the diegesis and mixed with sound effects, becomes part of the development of the character into a media franchise, of the romanticizing of his masculinity and the spectacularization of his violence. Thus, in the process of capitalizing on Lecter's success, the saga at once insists on classical music's otherness and blurs its difference from film music.