bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Three Cutting Systems on the Yield, Water Use Efficiency, and Forage Quality of Sainfoin1
Authors: Koch D. W. , Dotzenko A. D. , Hinze G. O. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractYield, water use efficiency, and forage quality of ‘Eski’ sainfoin (Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.) were examined at the Central Great Plains Field Station, Akron, Colo. to determine its potential as a forage crop under dryland conditions. Despite below‐average rainfall during both years of the experiment, average seasonal forage yields over all treatments were 3,494 and 2,383 kg/ha dry matter for 1969 and 1970, respectively. Most of the forage yield was produced by the first cutting. Water use efficiency was high for the first cutting, but was low for the second cutting due to the slow regrowth. A prolonged late‐season drought stress occurred during both years and plants were dormant during this time. Roots extracted soil moisture from depths of 180 cm. Survival rate over the 2‐year period was slightly lower for plants harvested consistently at the early bloom stage of maturity. Forage quality, in terms of leaf, protein, and mineral percentages, cell wall components, and in vitro dry matter digestibility decreased little from early to late‐bloom maturity. This could be attributed to the high retention of leaves and rapid rate of maturation. Leaves had higher percentages of protein, in vitro digestibility, Ca, and Mg and had lower percentages of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, cellwall constituents, and K than stems.
Modified Laboratory Silo Unit for Studying the Fermentation of Corn (Zea mays L.) Grain1
Authors: Danley Michael M. , Vetter R. L. , Wedin W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour experiments were conducted to evaulate a modified laboratory silo apparatus. The design of the laboratory system is such that the effects of light, temperature, and pressure on fermentation can be studied simultaneously or independently. Temperature within the thermostatically controlled cabinet varied 0.5 with no cooling mechanism, regardless of temperature setting. Air pressure was maintained with a 4.32 g/cm2 differential. Evolved carbon dioxide and nitrogen gases from fermentation were flushed into absorption bottles by a circulating‐gas system, eliminating the complex syphon system used in the previously reported Minnesota silo unit.Carbon dioxide evolution was directly related to dry matter and nitrogen loss in all experiments (r = .83 and r = .84, respectively). A direct relationship also existed between dry matter and nitrogen loss (r = .73). Large losses of dry matter and nitrogen occurred when reconstituted shelled corn (Zea mays L.) was ensiled under aerobic conditions. Formic acid significantly (P<.05) reduced dry matter, total nitrogen, and gaseous losses.
Effect of Southwestern Corn Borer Feeding on Maize1
Authors: Scott Gene E. , Davis Frank M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe extent of damage to corn (Zea mays L.) caused by infestation with southwestern corn borers (Diatraea grandiosella Dyar) was determined. Corn hybrids were manually infested with corn borer egg masses to simulate a uniform heavy natural infestation. First‐brood larval feeding significantly reduced plant height by an average of 16 cm over the 2 years of the test. Significant yield losses of 20 and 9% occurred from first‐ and second‐brood damage, respectively. On plots infested with both broods, yields were reduced 29%. Reduced kernel weight or number of ears produced did not account for the total yield losses that were obtained for different borer treatments. Therefore, we concluded that a considerable portion of the yield reductions caused by southwestern corn borer feeding must be a reflection of the reduction in the number of kernels produced per plant.The magnitude of the yield losses caused by this insect as shown in these tests certainly justifies a breeding program to develop hybrids resistant to the southwestern corn borer. Because first‐brood feeding caused a higher percentage of yield losses, a concentration of initial effort on breeding for leaf‐feeding resistance seems logical.
Requirements and Tolerance to Elements by Alfalfa1
Authors: Brown J. C. , Graham J. H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlfalfa (Medicago sativa L., ‘DuPuits’, F.C. 40247) is a cultivar of the Flemish type selected on a clay‐loam soil in northern France. It matures early and grows rapidly after each cutting, but little is known about its nutrient requirements. The objective of this study was to determine the nutrient requirements or tolerance of DuPuits alfalfa for specific elements. It was subjected to Fe, Zn, and Cu stresses, and to Mn and Al toxiclties by growing it on seven soils known to produce these deficiency or toxicity symptoms in other crops. DuPuits alfalfa developed severe Zn deficiency symptoms on most alkaline soils, Al toxicity symptoms on acid Bladen soil, and Mn toxicity symptoms on acid Richland soil. When lime was added to the two acid soils, the plants developed Cu deficiency symptoms on Bladen (pH 5.3) and deficiency symptoms on Richland (pH 7.0). The deficiency symptoms were corrected by adding Cu and B to these soils, respectively. DuPuits alfalfa absorbed and transported Fe from the alkaline soils and it never developed Fe deficiency symptoms.
Assembly for Mounting Hydraulic Soil Core Sampler on Tractor Front1
Authors: Ginn L. H. , Heatherly Larry G. , Russell W. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA front‐mounted tractor assembly for support of a hydraulic soil core sampler was constructed. The design satisfies requirements for rapid soil or root core sampling. An essential part of the assembly is a tool bar which allows lateral movement of the mounted core sampler. The assembly with mounted sampler is capable of extracting 1.9 to 10.2‐cm diameter cores to depths as great as 125 cm throughout a 102‐cm lateral path.
Effects of Corn Stover, Manure, and Nitrogen on Soil Properties and Crop Yield1
Authors: Ketcheson J. W. , Beauchamp E. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractResidues and farmyard manures are considered important in determining the N fertilizer requirement of crops. This relationship was studied in a 10‐year field experiment on a Typic Hapludalf soil (pH 7.8). Five levels of fertilizer N were applied annually with three management treatments which included 1) returning the stover produced by the preceding corn (Zea mays L.) crop, 2) poultry manure equivalent to 112 kg N/ha/year and 3) no stover returned or manure applied. Dry matter yields and N in grain and stover were measured each year.In general, the manure treatment without N fertilizer gave yields comparable with any other treatment. Where fertilizer N was not applied, stover depressed yields; but where N was applied, stover resulted in slightly higher fields than where stover was removed. Stover returned to the soil did not increase fertilizer N requirements at nomal rates of application. Fertilizer N narrowed the C/N ratio of the stover residue, but this additional N was not reflected in the total N content of the grain or the soil. Regression equations for yields of grain and N on N applied indicated that a single term, the square root of N applied, would fit the response pattern for the majority of treatments, not including manure in most years. Treatments including manure required terms with the square and cube of applied fertilizer N levels to describe the response pattern. Yields from residual N were higher on plots where stover had not been applied than where applied and, at the highest level of applied N, equalled those from residual manure. Soil organic matter (OM) declined during the experiment, but stover residues and manure gave a smaller decline than without residues. Applied N did not help to conserve OM, but increased inorganic N (NO3‐ + NH4+) in the soil. The degree of water‐stable aggregation was increased by stover and manure treatments. It was concluded that corn stover residue did not affect the N fertilizer requirement of this soil for grain corn production. Annual applications of liquid poultry manure, containing N equivalent to 112 kg/ha, precluded a requirement for fertilizer N.
Uptake of 15N‐Labeled Nitrate by Sugar Beets from Depths Greater than 180 CM1
Authors: Peterson G. A. , Anderson F. N. , Varvel G. E. , Olson R. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious investigations had shown that irrigated sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.) extracted NO3− from depths of 135 cm. Since excessive N availability late in the growing season can adversely affect root sucrose content, it was necessary to determine if the plant could extract NO3− from even greater depths. Thus, a field experiment was conducted on a Typic Haplustoll with 15N labeled NO‐N placed at depths of 180, 210, and 240 and below the soil surface in tracer amounts. Petiole 15N uptake was monitored on 2 July, 1 August, 1 September, and 12 October, representing points during the growing season of 86, 107, 138, and 165 days after emergence, respectively. At 86 days no 15N uptake had occurred from any placement depth. By 107 days slight uptake was occurring at all depths. Between the 107th and 138th days large increases in uptake occurred from the 180‐ and 210‐cm depths.It was concluded that under growing season lengths such as those in western Nebraska sugar beet roots can effectively absorb nitrate from depths as great as 210 cm. Slight absorption may occur from depth as great as 240 cm.
Available Boron in Calcareous Soils of Lebanon1
Authors: Khan Z. D. , Ryan J. , Berger K. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHeretofore, virtually no information was available on the B status of Lebanese soils and its implication for plant growth. In this study, boron availability in soils of the major agricultural areas of Lebanon was measured and the B content of crops growing on these soils was determined. A total of 33 crops was sampled. Though the 162 soil samples varied widely in chemical and physical properties, only pH was significantly and negatively related to available B. However, a significant relationship was found between available B and the B content of most crops. A marked regional variation in available B contents was noted. The data indicate that B availability in Lebanese soils is adequate and that no toxicity occurs.
Nonstructural Carbohydrate Residue, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and In Vitro Dry Matter Disappearance of Forages1
Authors: Burns J. C. , Smith Dale 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTotal nonstructural carbohydrate residue (TNCR) has been considercd “structural carbohydrates” and assumed to be mainly cell wall constituents. Consequently, TNCR should have composition similar to other fiber residues, as neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and could be similarly correlated with dry matter digestibility. Such a relationship would permit the determination of the total non‐structural carbohydrate (TNC) status and the nutritive value of forages in the same analysis. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between TNCR and NDF and to test the use of each to predict in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD).Forages evaluated were timothy (Phleum pratense L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and Coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Samples were analyzed for IVDMD, TNC, TNCR, total N, several fiber fractions, and water soluble carbohydrates (WSCHO).The TNCR was significantly (*, 0.05 and **, 0.01 levels) correlated with NDF in timothy (r = 0.98**), tall fescue (r = 0.98**), and sorghum (r = 0.86*), but not in alfalfa (r = 0.30) or Coastal bermudagrass (r = 0.51). The level of TNCR was similar to that of NDF in timothy, but averaged 7.7 to 15.3 percentage units higher in the other forages. TNCR was more closely correlated with IVDMD for sorghum (r = −0.94** vs. −0.75*) and for bermudagrass (r = −0.79∗ vs. −0.43) than was NDF. The IVDMD was best predicted for four of the five forages and for all five forages (in a combined analyses) when TNCR plus N composed the model compared with NDF + N. Coastal bermudagrass IVDMD was equally well predicted by a model containing TNC + N and not considering either NDF or TNCR. The TNCR was apparently as accurate as NDF for predicting IVDMD of the cool season grasses and possibly more accurate for the warm season grasses.
Emergence Force of Cotton Seedlings as Influenced by Salinity1
Authors: Sexton P. D. , Gerard C. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSoil crusting and salinity reduce emergence of seedlings and stands of many crops throughout the world. The force exerted by germinating plants such as cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under stress due to salinity has not been determined. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the force exerted by emerging cotton seedlings under different soil and solution salinities using a force transducer.Emergence force of cotton seedlings was a curvilinear function of soil salinity. Each unit increase in soil salinity in the range of ECe (the electrical conductivity of the soil solution) of 4 to 17.0 mmhos/cm caused an average decrease of 23.5 g of emergence force. Emergence force of cotton seedlings was also a curvilinear function of the EC of the saline nutrient solutions. The force exerted by cotton seedlings was not significantly different when seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions having EC of 1.6 and 9 mmhos/cm. However, emergence force by cotton grown in saline solutions of 9 to about 30 mmhos/cm was a linear function of solution salinity expressed in mmhos/cm. Each unit increase in nutrient solution salinity caused a 20 g decrease in emergence force. In soils (Udic palenustalf) irrigated with saline water, emergence force would be a dynamic expression of the continually changing salinity and moisture conditions in the zone of the emerging seedling.In the range of salinities of 1.6 to 17.3 mmhos/cm the time required for expression of maximum force ranged from 58 to 77 hours. In contrast each unit increase in salinity in the range of 17.3 to 29.7 mmhos/cm increased the time required for expression of maximum force by almost 13 hours.Growth of hypocotyls which influence the force exerted by cotton seedlings was a function of solution salinity. Cross sectional areas of hypocotyls ranged from 0.13 to 0.04 cm2. Emergence force appears to be an excellent expression of growth conditions or stress caused by salinity and possibly could be used to determine the salinity tolerance of emerging seedlings.
Methods for Estimating Background Variation in Field Experiments1
Authors: Warren J. A. , Mendez I. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA widely useful method for estimating background variation in field experiments would provide experimenters with a diagnostic tool that could be used to reveal trials for which customary design‐based analyses are inadequate. Such a diagnostic tool would provide reassurance for cases suited for customary analyses and would signal a need for corrective analyses when plot to plot variation has not been properly accounted for.This paper is an early step in the search for such a widely useful diagnostic tool. It examines the performance of a number of methods that have been proposed for describing plot to plot variation and explores the effectiveness of these methods over widely different data sets from uniformity trials.Methods were assessed primarily on the basis of consistency of providing residual mean squares usable as a diagnostic measure of background variation. In addition, methods were compared in terms of how well they described plot to plot variation (R2 for estimated and observed responses).Results obtained made it clear that the suitability of a method forestimating background variation must be evaluated over a number of different trials, including trials sensitive to block size and orientation. Most methods performed well in at least one or two trials. Few were generally effective. Preliminary indications were that the Best Blocks of Two Method was most generally useful and that Polynomial Regressions and the Modified Papadakis method were promising. The versions used of the following methods were not consistently effective in estimating background variation: Rows and Columns, Ordinary Papadakis, Fourier Analysis and Inverse Polynomial.
Influence of Date and Method of Metribuzin Application for Quackgrass Control in Alfalfa1
Authors: Leroux G. D. , Harvey R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn Wisconsin, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) occupies about 1.2 of the 1.6 million hectares of forage grown. However, quackgrass (Agropyron repens L.) causes deleterious effects on alfalfa productivity. In order to evaluate alfalfa tolerance to, and quackgrass control by, metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐rert‐butyl‐3‐(methylthio)‐as‐triazin‐5 (4H)‐one] applied postemergence, established stands of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa at two field locations were treated at four growth stages during 1978‐1979 and 1979‐1980. Metribuzin was applied to Piano silt loam (finesilty, mixed, mesic Typic Argiudoll) in early fall and late spring (growing alfalfa) and in late fall and early spring (dormant alfalfa) at the rate of 1.12 kg/ha, using either water or dry fertilizer as the carrier. Weed control, crop tolerance, and influence of metribuzin on botanical composition and dry matter yield were evaluated. Alfalfa tolerance and quackgrass suppression depended upon the growth stage at the time of application. In both experiments, alfalfa tolerance, and. full season alfalfa and herbage dry matter yields were greater when dormant alfalfa was treated than when growing alfalfa was treated. In general, spring dormant applications were superior in controlling weeds and resulted in greater alfalfa yields than fall dormant applications. For both studies, spring treatments improved botanical composition of the forage harvested in the first cutting, as compared to fall treatments. Although differences in yields were found between methods of application, they were not constant throughout the dates. These data indicate that season or method of application were not as determinant as the growth stage at the time of treatment in providing consistent herbicidal response from metribuzin.
Influence of Tillage on Phenology and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Spring Wheat1
Authors: Chevalier P. M. , Ciha A. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNo‐tillage systems help reduce soil erosion, yet crop growth is often adversely affected by the presence of surface residue. The specific effects of no‐tillage systems on phenological events of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) have been poorly characterized. A field study was conducted on a Palouse silt loam (fine‐silty, mixed, mesic Pachic Ultic Haploxeroll) during 1983 and 1984 to examine the growth and development of four spring wheat cultivars grown under conventional (fall plow and spring disk) and no‐tillage (direct drilling) tillage systems. Throughout the two growing seasons, leaf and tiller production, tiller abortion, and soil moisture were monitored while leaf area, leaf weight, and stem weight were determined at weekly intervals in 1983. The length of the second leaf on the main stem, rate of leaf production, and rate of tiller production were reduced in plants grown in no‐tillage compared with conventional tillage. Except for the cultivar ‘Waverly’, tiller production was reduced by no‐tillage but tiller abortion was not. More soil water was available throughout the season in the no‐tillage plots, yet the plants grown in no‐tillage tended to be smaller than conventionally grown plants. Total nonstructural carbohydrates in the lower stem‐crown area at 12 days after anthesis were not affected by tillage treatment, and all cultivars had used most of this stored carbohydrate by physiological maturity. Overall, these results indicated that stresses that occur early in seedling development under no‐tillage reduced early growth and the plants were unable to overcome these effects prior to maturity. However, cultivars differed in tolerance to these early stresses. Thus, it should be possible to develop spring wheat cultivars for growth under no‐tillage.
A Portable Chamber for Measuring Canopy Gas Exchange of Crops Subject to Different Root Zone Conditions1
Authors: Meyer W. S. , Reicosky D. C. , Barrs H. D. , Shell G. S. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe measurement of above ground plant function is an integral part of monitoring crop response to root zone conditions. The objective of this work was to adapt a field gas exchange chamber technique to a lysimeter facility so that apparent photosynthesis (APS) and evapotranspiration (ET) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) could be studied. A cylindrical chamber covered with clear Teflon film was manipulated with a gantry to enclose plants growing in each of 32 different soil cores within a lysimeter facility. Air was circulated within the chamber and sub‐sampled to measure change in CO2 and H2O vapor concentrations with an infra‐red gas analyser (IRGA) during a 45‐s‐measurement period. Measurement timing and data processing were computer controlled. Sensitivity of measurement was ± 0.02 mg CO2 m−2s−1 for APS and ± 4.5 mg H2O m−2s−1 for ET which was about 2 to 3% of values measured in a well‐watered, fully developed cotton canopy. Values of ET from IRGA measurements were similar (P>0.05, r2 =0.89) to those calculated from psychrometer measurements. The system permits accurate, rapid, and repetitive measurements over soil cores in which concurrent measurements of root zone conditions can be made.
Ergopeptine Alkaloids in Grazed Tall Fescue
Authors: Belesky D. P. , Stuedemann J. A. , Plattner R. D. , Wilkinson S. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEndophyte (Acremonium coenophialum Morgan‐Jones et Gams) ‐infected tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) produces ergopeptine alkaloids (EP) that may be associated with fescue toxicosis symptoms in cattle (BOS taurus). A study was conducted during 1983 and 1984 at Watkinsville, GA, to determine the effects of endophyte infection, season, and N fertilization on EP concentration and steer average daily gain (ADG) in grazed 0.7‐ha tall fescue paddocks. Treatments included low (LF) and high (HF) endophyte infection frequency ‘Kentucky‐31’ (KY‐31) tall fescue fertilized with 134 or 336 kg N ha−1 (2✕2 factorial) replicated three times. The cultivars AU Triumph and Johnstone were also evaluated. Animals were managed using put‐and‐take grazing system. Ergopeptine alkaloid concentration (ergovaline was 80% of total) was greater in HF KY‐31 than LF KY‐31 in both years. Peak ergovaline concentrations occurred in spring and again in autumn (1984) when concentrations in HF KY‐31 approached 1 mk kg−1. Mid‐summer concentrations were about one‐third the autumn maximum for HF and LF KY‐31. Nitrogen fertilization had minimal effect on ergovaline concentration in the spring‐summer of 1983 but increased concentrations in LF KY‐31 in 1984. Ergopeptine alkaloids were not detected in endophyte‐free AU Triumph, and were detected in low amounts (< 0.1 mg kg−1) in a pre‐varietal release of Johnstone containing 7 to 10% endophyte. Increased ergovaline was associated with decreased ADG in the spring‐summer of 1983 and 1984; however, there was no significant association between ergovaline and ADG when the entire (April‐December) 1984 growing season was considered, suggesting that ergopeptine alkaloids may operate in conjunction with other environmental and nutritional factors to elicit fescue toxicosis symptoms.