bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Work on Mercury as an Insecticide against Insect Pests of Stored Grain
Authors: Nasir M. Maqsud 
Published: July 2009

A review of the work carried out on mercury as a preservative against stored grain pests is given.The influence of the duration of exposure to mercury vapour upon eggs of different stages of development is discussed.Temperature and humidity within ordinary limits do not affect the efficiency of mercury.Under airtight conditions this preservative is effective within a radius of three feet in receptables with or without grain.Paper strips coated with mercury cannot be recommended for grain stored in bags and kept in piles because pressure and weight of the grain, or even shaking, will cause the mercury to be expelled from the strips.Mercury dispersed in chalk cannot be used for grain destined for consumption. It is, however, quite suitable for preserving grain for seed.Plastering the walls with mercury paste or afflxing slabs to the walls of godowns is not effective owing to the limited range of mercury vapour.Application of mercury in various types of receptacles is discussed and advocated. Fumigation with mercury does not seem to be practicable.
The Control of Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newstead in Kenya Colony
Authors: Wilson S. G. 
Published: July 2009

Of the various methods for the eradication of G. palpalis that have been tried in Kenya, hand-catching has the most limited application.Total and discriminative bush-clearings of the river banks have been used on a considerable scale and progress on the Yala, Magori, and Nyando rivers is reviewed. The decrease in fly-populations caused by these clearings is gradual, but complete eradication may be achieved. Maintenance of the clearings is however difficult, the initial cost varied from £200 to £300 per mile and labour was often difficult to obtain in sufficient numbers.The use of 5 per cent. DDT sprays on the fringing vegetation along 20 miles of the Mbogo river gave dramatic results and G. palpalis was eradicated at a cost of £42 per mile. The rate of application was 15 to 20 lbs. of DDT per acre and the residual effect lasted for at least 14 days during dry weather, but was rapidly lost during the rains.Spraying along the Ainamotua gave equally promising results.Areas under treatment, either by hand-catching, bush-clearing or spraying with DDT, must be properly isolated from other tsetse-infested areas if quick results are to be achieved.
An improved Method for testing Liquid Contact Insecticides in the Laboratory
Authors: Craufurd-Benson H. J. 
Published: July 2009

1. Methods for laboratory testing of contact insecticides are reviewed, and some of the disadvantages of these methods are discussed. Reasons are given for preferring an immersion to a spraying method, and the necessity for a supply of “ standardised ” insects is stressed.2. An improved immersion method for laboratory testing of contact insecticides is described, and the rigid technique necessary is detailed.3. The effect on the resistance ofAhasverus advenato a derris insecticide of varying the time of immersion, the age of the insects, the temperature and the humidity before, during, and after immersion is illustrated and shows the necessity of controlling all these factors.4. Results with a standard derris insecticide are given to show the great accuracy that can be obtained by the new method ; that the same result with the same insecticide can be repeated from day to day; and that two workers using the same insecticide have obtained identical results.5. The reaction to starvation is correlated with variations in age, temperature, and humidity, to show that the starvation death rate is a measure of the insects' powers of resistance to an insecticide.6. Statistical analysis and discussion of methods of expressing mortality is reserved for a later communication.
The Effects of High Temperature on the common Clothes Moth,Tineola bisselliella(Humm.)
Authors: Rawle Sylvia G. 
Published: July 2009

All stages ofTineola bisselliellawere subjected to temperatures between 30°C. and 43°C. for periods varying between a few hours and a number of days.Although humidity was not an important factor, it was controlled at 70 per cent., and various other humidities were used at some of the lower temperatures.Complete mortality occurred at relatively low temperatures, 41°C. for four hours being lethal to all stages of the insect.The eggs appear to be the most resistant stage. Some are able to hatch at 35°C. and some to survive exposure of four hours at 40°C.Development through the entire life-cycle is possible at 33°C.
Further Observations on the Extermination of Glossina palpalis fuscipes Newstead by Hand-catching
Authors: Glasgow J. P. , Duffy B. J. 
Published: July 2009

A block of a mile and a half of riverine forest on the Kuja River was separated from other riverine bush by clearings of 2 and 3 miles. Clearing costs are recorded.An attempt was made to exterminate G. palpalis in the block by hand-catching. This failed, because the clearings did not exclude immigrant G. palpalis.More G. palpalis could be caught from boats on the river than from paths beside the river.Two attempts were made to prevent G. palpalis from crossing the clearings :—(a) by stretching hessian screens treated with DDT right across the river.(b) by placing large numbers of DDT treated “ trap-screens ” in the clearings. Neither had a decisive effect.No evidence was found to indicate that hand-catching would not work in a completely isolated block, but it appears to be quite impracticable to isolate a block of G. palpalis bush on a permanent river.
Studies on the Responses of the FemaleAëdesMosquito. Part I.—The Search for Attractant Vapours
Authors: Brown A. W. A. , Sarkaria D. S. , Thompson R. P. 
Published: July 2009

The question of the attractancy of water-vapour, carbon dioxide and candidate attractant compounds was investigated by the use of an olfactometer emitting freely into a 360-cu. ft. cage filled with female adultAëdes aegypti. Moist air (85 per cent. R.H.) was found to attract 3–5 times as many mosquitos as dry air (15 per cent. R.H.). A moistened billiard-ball was found to attract about seven times as many mosquitos as a dry one, the result being similar whether black or white balls were used. The attractancy was reduced and even reversed at very high room humidities.The addition of 10 per cent. CO2to a dry air stream approximately doubled its ability to bring mosquitos within 0·5 inches of the olfactometer port. Its addition to a moist air-stream did not significantly increase its attractancy. Pure CO2vapour proved to be no more attractive than dry air, and several times less attractive than moist air.A number of chemical compounds found in body exudations, and some housefly attractants, were tested in the olfactometer for their effect onAëdesadults. None were consistently attractive, and many were significantly repellent. However, sweat itself proved significantly attractive at a low vapour concentration, while significantly repellent at a high concentration.
Experiments on the Use of DDT for preventing Bed-bug Infestation of new Houses
Authors: Busvine J. R. , Wilson N. F. 
Published: July 2009

An experiment on a semi-practical scale was made to determine the effectiveness of DDT treatment to a new house, in quelling an infestation of bed-bugs introduced with untreated furniture. Two small huts were constructed, one being finally treated with DDT, the other acting as a control. Rabbits introduced nightly represented the hosts and infested rabbit-hutches the furniture.Forty adult bugs were introduced on the infested hutches in each hut. In the untreated chamber, the bug population soared up to over 400 in six months. In the treated hut the population remained at 10 to 20 up to the end of the experiment (28 weeks) ; these bugs remained in the untreated hutch. Translating these results to practical conditions, it appears that a bug colony might persist in an untreated bed in a room sprayed with DDT. However, the wandering bugs would be destroyed which would severely check population growth and prevent a heavy and widespread infestation.Observations in the untreated hut indicated the decline of the first generation adults, the rise and decline of the second generation and emergence of the third.A few preliminary tests with marked bugs proved that these insects do not usually return to the same site after going to the host to take a meal.
Tomato Gall Mites from Morocco
Authors: Lamb K. P. 
Published: July 2009

Descriptions are given of the tomato erineum mite, Aceria lycopersici, and the tomato russet mite, Vasates lycopersici, in Morocco, from which country the latter species is recorded for the first time.A. cladophthirus is shown to be a synonym of A. lycopersici.These two mites are almost world-wide in distribution and probably occur in most countries where tomatos are grown, but A. lycopersici has not been recorded from Australia or New Zealand.
Trees as Habitats of the Fowl Tick, Argas persicus (Oken)
Authors: Abdussalam M. , Sarwar M. M. 
Published: July 2009

All stages of Argas persicus were found in crevices in the bark of 49 of 266 trees belonging to 16 species in West Pakistan. These trees had not been used as roosts by domestic birds. The infestation seemed to be restricted to those trees used by vultures (Pseudogyps bengalensis) or herons (Ardea cinerea) for nesting or roosting. Several of the ticks collected contained recently sucked avian blood in the gut but intramuscular injection of crushed material from the ticks into a hen produced no blood infection.Infested trees may be important as sources of the pest near poultry farms and chicken houses.
Lipid consumption inIxodes ricinus(Acari: Ixodidae): temperature and potential longevity
Authors: van Es R.P. , Hillerton J.E. , Gettinby G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe effect of temperature on the rate of consumption of the lipid reserves inIxodes ricinusLinnaeus was characterized in constant temperature experiments. There was a consistent linear relationship between temperature and lipid consumption in nymphs and adult females and males between 5 and 37°C. Nymphs and adults were able to withstand extended periods of exposure to temperatures within the range of 2–37°C, although at 2°C there was evidence of thermal stress. The variance about the median rate of lipid consumption was found to increase with increasing rate of lipid consumption. Predictions of longevity were made using the rates of lipid consumption for the three stages studied, which ranged from 16 weeks to more than two years depending on temperature and stage. The predictions were consistent with reported survival times forI. ricinusand followed patterns reported for other ixodid ticks.
New Species of Podagrica (Halticinae, Coleoptera) from Africa
Authors: Bryant G. E. 
Published: July 2009

The genus Podagrica occurs in very large numbers in Africa, both as regards species and specimens, and from the records we already have, at least twelve are recorded as doing damage to cotton, Hibiscus and other plants. A list of these is given and also a list of described African species, there being at present no up-to-date catalogue of the Halticinae.Weise, in Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands, 26, 1886, p. 681, sinks the genus Nisotra, Baly, 1864, to Podagrica, Foudras, 1860, quite rightly. There are already 39 described African species, to which I now add eight new ones. There can be no doubt that the whole genus will prove to be destructive to various crops. It ranges from Europe to Australia, but does not occur in North or South America. The species are very difficult to define, almost as much so as the genus Haltica ; the species having the prothorax fulvous and the elytra blue form the largest group ; another group is entirely flavous or fulvous, and a third small group has spots or slight markings.
A Preliminary Study of the Glossina pallidipes Austen Population at Makueni, Kenya
Authors: Wilson S. G. 
Published: July 2009

The Makueni fly belt is chiefly infested with Glossina pallidipes Aust. and lies between 4,000 and 2,600 feet above sea level. The climate is hot and dry with two wet and two dry seasons, annually. The dry period during January and February is hot with bright sunlight while during the June to September dry period the temperatures are lower and with dull cloudy periods. The vegetation is Acacia-Commiphora dry grassland association with the Commiphora especially predominating at the lower altitudes in the east. The non-riverine deciduous bushland and thickets show two leafless periods in the year, corresponding with the dry seasons. A system of regular fly patrols has been in operation in this area since January 1949. The total flies caught show a regular seasonal increase during February-March each year and less regular and smaller increases during June-July and October-November. The same seasonal increases in the fly-populations are shown by the average number of old male flies caught per patrol.Flies caught during 1951 were fewer than in 1950 in the settled areas and at Thwake camp, but at Kikumeni in the dense Commiphora-Acacia thickets the catches in 1951 were at least as numerous as in 1950.
Final Results of an Experiment on the Control of Onchocerciasis by Eradication of the Vector
Authors: Garnham P. C. C. , McMahon J. P. 
Published: July 2009

1. Disappearance of Simulium neavei after DDT-treatment of rivers in Kodera, Kenya, is still manifest after seven years, and the species seems to have been eradicated from the district.2. Skin microfilaria rates have dropped from something under 7 per cent. to nil in the under 4 years age group; from 37 to 5 per cent. or less in the 4–8 years; and from 70 per cent. to 50 per cent. in adults.3. The length of life of the adult worm can be at least seven years.
Ingestion of sugar, protein and water by adultLucilia cuprina(Wied.) (Diptera, Calliphoridae)
Authors: Roberts J. A. , Kitching R. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe food and water requirements of adults of the blowflyLucilia cuprina(Wied.), singly or in groups of ten, were recorded under laboratory conditions from the intake of water and of sucrose and bovine serum albumin plus liver extract, either in solution or in dry form. Water intake by both male and female flies is negligible when sucrose solution is available. When fed sucrose females live 18–19 days as opposed to 4–5 days on water alone. Intake of sucrose solution increases in both male and female flies when protein is also available. Protein is ingested from the day of emergence by both sexes of the blowfly. A peak of protein intake occurs early in each ovarian cycle of the female. The amount of protein feeding by females remains the same and appears independent of the sucrose concentration; carbohydrate uptake is inversely related to that of protein. In males protein intake declines steadily after an earlier lower peak. Knowledge of the dietary requirements of the blowfly, related to nutritional and reproductive demands, has allowed recognition of a series of behavioural phases in adult life.
Field studies of the female sex pheromone of the cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) in Cyprus
Authors: Campion D. G. , Bettany B. W. , Nesbitt Brenda F. , Beevor P. S. , Lester R. , Poppi R. G. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe four components of the synthesised sex pheromone of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) are tetradecan-1-yl acetate (I); cis-9-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (IIA); trans-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate (IIB); and cis-9, trans-11-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (III). Dissolved in hexane they were dispensed in small polythene containers either singly or in combination over water-trough (WT) traps located in the potato-growing region of south-east Cyprus. Only III was necessary to attract male moths. Increased loadings of III resulted in an increased catch during the 20-day test periods; at a loading of 500 μg per dispenser the material was attractive for approximately 20 days, and at 5000 μg for up to 40 days. IIA combined with III in WT traps or with virgin females in the vane traps markedly reduced the catch of male moths. The level of inhibition induced by IIA on the attraction of female moths was related to the loading of this substance in the dispensers. An inhibitory effect on the attraction of female moths in vane traps was also shown for cis-11-tetradecen-1-yl acetate, although this substance was less active compared with IIA at the same loading. No marked attraction or inhibition was shown for I or IIB, neither was any synergistic action demonstrated for these substances when in combination with III. When 200 polythene dispensers each containing 500 μg of III were evenly distributed throughout a potato field of 2000 m2 during the test period of 19 days virtually no males were caught in a trap baited with virgin females located in the centre of the field. Using only 100 point sources of III at twice the loading, only a slight reduction in catch compared with control catches was noted.
Experiments in the Use of Insecticides for the Protection of Grain in Storage
Authors: Le Pelley R. , Kockum S. 
Published: July 2009

Five experiments in the use of insecticides against Calandra oryzae (L.) in stored maize are described. The results with statistical analysis and deductions are given. The insecticides used were BHC, DDT, pyrethrum, pyrethrin-piperonyl butoxide mixtures; the diluting dusts used were a local diatomite, a local bentonitic clay, and a local soapstone.Among the chief conclusions are the following:—The insect damage in conditioned grain did not reach, throughout an eight-month period, the high level which it did in unconditioned grain, the conditioning process alone therefore is a valuable treatment for insect control.Bentonite alone is not a protectant and its addition to grain may on the contrary provide a more favourable environment for Calandra.A Kenya soapstone (from Kisii) is not an effective protectant but had some effect in reducing Calandra populations over the period when an initial increase was occurring in control bags.Kenya diatomite is a protectant. It reduces the percentage of grain damaged, but when used in bagged grain this is not proved to be due solely to intrinsic toxicity, but may in fact be due chiefly to the slippery nature of the material inhibiting insect distribution through the bulk of grain.Gamma BHC at 1 p.p.m. is completely effective for 16 months.Gamma BHC at 0.5 p.p.m. has some protectant effect but is not fully effective.DDT at 7 p.p.m. has not a protectant effect.
The Effect of Rainfall on the Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica (De Berg.) in the Gezira, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Authors: Hanna A. D. 
Published: July 2009

The Gezira Scheme is divided into three areas according to the incidence of the Cotton Jassid, Empoasca lybica.1. The Northern area of normal abundance.2. The Central area of occasional abundance.3. The Southern area of possible abundance.The causes for this difference in the number of Jassids in the three areas were studied and rainfall in showers over 10 mm. in July and August was found to be the important factor. A definite correlation was found between the number of Jassids on cotton and the amount of this rainfall.Some experiments were carried out which proved that the effect of rain was due to the splashing of mud from the soil on to the lower side of the leaves. The rain could therefore be effective if it is heavy enough to produce mud splashing.It was shown by a simple apparatus that mud splashing hardly rises more than 30–40 mm.The correlation between the number of Jassids and the amount of rainfall in July and August might be used as a basis for forecasting the extent of Jassid attack on cotton every year.
The Bionomics and Morphology of Brenthia leptocosma Meyrick (Lep., Glyphipterygidae)
Authors: Williams J. R. 
Published: July 2009

Brenthia leptocosma is a Microlepidopteron which feeds upon the Boraginaceous bush, Cordia macrostachya. This plant, since its accidental introduction into Mauritius about 1900, has become a pest of considerable agricultural importance. Other food-plants are C. myxa, C. abyssinica and C. holstii, which are all unimportant trees. B. leptocosma has been recorded only from Mauritius. It is not likely to be indigenous for it is restricted to Cordia species, none of which are considered to be native to Mauritius.The morphology and biology of the various stages are described.The distribution of B. leptocosma is that of its food-plants: it is extremely numerous in all regions below about 1,500 feet, which is the upper limit for C. macrostachya. The abundance of the moth is due to the excessive growth of C. macrostachya. Owing to its mode of life, it is of no value as a controlling agent of C. macrostachya.Larval and pupal parasites are recorded.
Notes on the Nomenclature of Australian Tabanidae: Sub-family Pangoniinae
Authors: Ferguson Eustace W. 
Published: July 2009

The question of the proper allocation of the subgeneric names introduced by Walker (Insect. Saund. Dipt, i, 1850) for the division of the genus Pangonia, Latr., appears never to have been entirely or satisfactorily settled.In his work Walker subdivided Pangonia into 15 subgenera, for which he proposed the names Nuceria, Fidena, Dicrania, Melpia, Scaptia, Pangonia, Tacina, Phara, Clanis, Osca, Philoliche, Scione, Plinthina, Scarphia and Lilaea. Three of these names (Dicrania, Pangonia, and Philoliche) were, however, adopted from previous authors. Three of the names (Dicrania, Pangonia, and Scione) have been utilized since that date, though in the case of Dicrania the name of the genus has recently been altered to Elaphella, while Walker used the name Pangonia for a group of the genus (sens, lat.) in which the type species was not included.
A New Grasshopper injurious to Rice in Siam
Authors: Uvarov B. P. 
Published: July 2009

♀. Very slender, strongly resembling an Atractomorpha in general appearance.Antennae basally somewhat dilated and slightly compressed, about half as long again as the head. Head conical, as long as pronotum. Face very strongly oblique, obsoletely punctured and with irregular subobliterate longitudinal rugosities. Frontal ridge between antennae raised, below ocellum very low, with the sulcus distinct throughout, widened at the fastigium ; margins very obtuse. Eyes strongly elongate. Fastigium of vertex (fig. 4) about as long as an eye, and about half as long again as the basal width ; its sides, seen from above, distinctly concave ; surface convex, with a faint trace of the median carinula in the hind part, the carinula being better developed on the occiput.
Notes on the Sweet Potato Pyralid Moth, Megastes grandalis, Guen
Authors: Cowland J. W. 
Published: July 2009

Megastes grandalis was first reported from Brazil ; there have been no other records until 1919, when it was reported from Trinidad as a serious pest during certain seasons of the year to the roots and tubers of the sweet potato. At present this is the only known food-plant.The eggs are laid two or three together in the axils of the leaf-petioles or on the underside of the leaf. The laxva at first feeds near the place where it hatches, then travels to the base of the stem and bores its way in, eating out tunnels through the roots and tubers, leaving the cortex untouched. It pupates in a silken cocoon near the surface. The moths live only a few days during which oviposition takes place. Descriptions of the immature stages are given. The writer obtained a Trichogramma egg parasite and Tachinid larval parasites.This work was undertaken at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture, Trinidad, West Indies.The Imperial Bureau of Entomology kindly identified the parasites.