bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroencephalographic and Clinical Studies of Epilepsy during the Maturation of the Monkey*
Authors: CAVENESS W. F. , NIELSEN K. C. , YAKOVLEV P. I. , ADAMS R. D. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYFocal seizures were induced in the Macaca mulatto at successive age levels by the intracortical injection of 25,000 U. penicillin into the right hand‐face area. The development of the abnormal electroencephalographic and clinical activity from its inception to its peak has been presented in representative newborn, pubescent and adult animals. The structural organization that underlies these seizure phenomena, as regards cellular, myelin and neuropil development of the cerebral cortex, has been described in brief. The following is a recapitulation of the principal seizure events.RÉSUMÉII a été provoque des crises focales chez des Macaca mulattoďâges successifs, par ľinjection intracorticale de 25,000 U. de pénicilline dans les régions manuelle et faciale droites. Le développement ďun E.E.G. anormal et ľactivité clinique, du début jusqu'au sommet, ont été contrôlés chez des animaux représentatifs nouveaux‐nés, pubéres et adultes. ľauteur donne une courte description de ľorganisation structural qui forme la base de ces phénoménes de crise en ce qui concerne le développement cellulaire, myélinique et neuropien du cortex cérébral. Les lignes ci‐dessous résument les principaux événements de la crise.
Semiological Value of Adversive Epilepsy
Authors: COTTE‐RITTAUD M. R. , COURJON J. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIn a series of 300 electro‐clinical observations adversive epilepsy has been often encountered in children. The most frequent causes have been obstetric traumata, traumatic damage to the skull, atrophic cerebral lesions, more rarely tumours, abscess and meningo‐encephalitis.Rarely isolated, the adversion of the head and eyes represents most frequently the onset of a generalised or partial motor seizure or a psychomotor seizure. It has proved unconscious twice as often as conscious.The elective localisations of electric anomalies, ictal discharges or permanent anomalies have been the frontal region, then the temporal and occipital, diffuse anomalies of subcortical origin being equally frequent. Occipital localisations have been observed particularly in infants.Seizures with a conscious beginning corresponded often to a frontal focus; from the outset unconscious seizures arose, rarely, from a prefrontal localisation, more readily from temporal or occipital anomalies or were of a deep origin. These results as a whole corroborate the classical data of Penfield. The rare ipsiversive seizures have sometimes assumed the type of seizures of the supplementary motor area with fronto‐vertical elective localisation; seizures with alternating adversion were equally often the expression of anomalies of the vertex.The rare gyratory seizures, a major form of adversive epilepsy, have seemed to us to have often a subcortical origin.RESUMEDans une série de 300 observations électro‐cliniques, ľépilepsie adversive a été souvent rencontrée chez des enfants. Les causes les plus fréquentes en ont été les traumatismes obstétricaux, les traumatismes crâniens, les lésions atrophiques cérébrales, plus rarement des tumeurs, abcés et méningoencéphalites.Rarement isolée, ľadversion de la tête et des yeux représente le plus souvent le début ďune crise motrice généralisée ou partielle ou ďune crise psychomotrice. Elle s'est avérée deux fois plus fréquemment inconsciente que consciente.Les localisations électives des anomalies électriques, décharges critiques ou anomalies permanentes, ont été les régions frontales, puis temporales et occipitales, des anomalies diffuses ďorigine sous‐corticale étant également assez fréquentes. Les localisations occipitales ont été particulierément observées chez les nourrissons.Les crises à début conscient correspondaient souvent à un foyer frontal; les crises ďemblée inconscientes relevaient rarement ďune localisation préfrontal, plus volontiers ďanomalies temporales ou occipitales ou ďune origine profonde. Ces résultats corroborent dans ľensemble les données classiques de Penfield. Les crises ipsiversives, rares, ont parfois revêtu le type de crises de ľaire motrice supplémentaire avec localisation élective fronto‐verticale; les crises avec adversion alternante se traduisaient également souvent par des anomalies sur le vertex.Les rares srises ďenroulement, forme majeure ďépilepsie adversive, nous ont semblé avoir souvent une origine sous‐corticale.
Chronic Anticonvulsive Therapy, Peripheral Nerve Conduction Velocity, and EMG
Authors: Danner R. , Partanen V. J. , Riekkinen P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary:Chronic, mentally subnormal epileptic patients were clinically and neurophysiologically studied in order to determine the occurrence and type of peripheral nerve dysfunction. We observed significant impairment of motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities and H‐reflex latencies. Amplitudes of sensory and motor responses were diminished. Motor distal latencies were not prolonged. Conclusive EMG signs of active denervation were not observed. The possible role of anticonvulsive treatment as an underlying noxa is discussed.RÉSUMÉDes épileptiques chroniques, mentalement subnor‐maux, ont été cliniquement et neurophysiologiquement étudiés de façon à déterminer Tincidence et la type de dysfonction des nerfs périphériques. II a été observé: une altération significative des vitesses de conduction motrice et sensitive et des latences du réflexe H: une diminution de l'amplitude des réponses sensitives et motrices: un défaut de prolongation des latences motrices distales: une absence de signes EMG de dénervation active. Le rôle possible du traitement anti‐convulsif comme agent de cette dysfonction est discuté.RESUMENSe estudió un grupo de pacientes con epilepsia y retraso mental desde un punto de vista clinico y neuro‐fisiologico con objeto de determinar la incidencia y el tipo de disfunción nerviosa periférica. Observamos una anomalía significativa tanto en la velocidad de conducción motora y sensorial como en la latencia del reflejo H. Las amplitudes de las respuestas motoras y sensoriales estaban disminuidas, aunque las latencias motoras no estaban prolongadas. Signos electromiográficos de denervación activa no se vieron. El posible papel de los anticomiciales como agente patógeno es discutido.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGUrn bei chronisch kranken, geistig retardierten epileptischen Patienten die Häufigkeit und die Art von Funktionsstörungen peripherer Nerven zu unter‐suchen, wurden klinische und neurophysiologische Untersuchungen durchgefuehrt. Wir beobachteten eine signifikante Verlangsamung motorischer und sen‐sorischer Nervenleitgeschwindigkeiten und eine signifikante Verlängerung der H‐Reflex Latenzzeit. Die Amplituden der sensorischen und motorischen Ner‐venaktionspotentiale waren verkleinert. Eine Verlängerung der motorischen distalen Latenzzeit wurde nicht beobachtet. Im EMG ergab sich kein sicherer Hinweis auf akute Denervationsaktivität. Die mog‐liche Ursache der chronischen antikonvulsiven Behandlung auf die periphere Nervenfunktion wird erörtert.
Measuring Adherence to Alternative vs. Conventional Agricultural Paradigms: A Proposed Scale*
Authors: Beus Curtis E. , Dunlap Riley E. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Current debates and conflicts in agriculture appear to reflect the competing perspectives of two increasingly distinct camps of agricultural stakeholders: proponents of “alternative agriculture” and proponents of “conventional agriculture.” Several analysts have argued that members of these two camps hold fundamentally divergent paradigms of agriculture, and thus, literally see the world quite differently. The purpose of this paper is to describe an instrument—the Alternative‐Conventional Agriculture Paradigm Scale (or ACAP Scale)—developed to measure the basic beliefs and values assumed to constitute the two competing perspectives in agriculture.Items designed to tap all of the major dimensions identified in the alternative‐conventional agriculture debate were included in surveys of known groups of alternative and conventional agriculturalists, as well as in a statewide survey of farmers. The items discriminate significantly between the three samples (with the statewide farmer sample taking the intermediate position), suggesting their validity as measures of the elements of the competing agricultural paradigms. The items also exhibit a high degree of internal consistency, indicating the appropriateness of combining them into a single instrument to measure adherence to alternative versus conventional agriculture. As expected, the known groups provide more consistent responses than do the statewide sample of farmers, presumably reflecting the greater ideological coherence of social movement and interest group members. However, the alternative agriculturalists are far more consistent than are the conventional agriculturalists, and potential explanations for this finding are drawn from recent work on social movements.
Modulation of thioacetamide‐induced hepatocellular necrosis by prostaglandins is associated with novel histologic changes
Authors: Bergasa Nora V. , Borque Maria J. , Wahl Larry M. , Rabin Lionel , Jones E. Anthony 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Cytoprotective effects of the prostaglandins 16, 16‐dimethyl PGE2(dmPGE2) and PGF2α tromethamine (PGF2α) were evaluated in the rat model of acute hepatocellular necrosis induced by thioacetamide (TAA). dmPGE2(100 μg/kg SC 8 hourly) did not induce a significant increase in survival when started after the onset of TAA‐induced fulminant hepatic failure. However, priming with dmPGE2(100 μg/kg SC 30 min before TAA) reduced TAA‐induced elevations in serum ALT (684 ± 68 (SEM) vs 274 ± 135 IU/1, p>0.01). This phenomenon did not occur if dmPGE2was administered after TAA or by the IP route. Modulation of TAA‐induced centrizonal hepatocellular necrosis by dmPGE2was associated with a striking increase in centrizonal ballooning of hepatocytes (p>0.01), and, as assessed by stereology, less hepatocellular necrosis and degenerative changes. PGF2α, which in contrast to dmPGE2does not act via cAMP, had no effect on TAA‐induced changes in serum ALT or hepatic histology. These findings suggest that dmPGE2decreases hepatocellular necrosis by activating surface membrane adenylate cyclase and consequently stimulating cAMP. Ballooning of hepatocytes could occur secondary to these membrane events and appears to be a marker of dmPGE2‐induced cytoprotection in this model.The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as official or as reflecting the views of the Department of the Army or the Department of Defense.
Pancreatic B‐Cell Sensitivity to Alloxan in Vico
Authors: Boquist Lennart 
Published: August 2010

Serum glucose, inorganic phosphate, acid‐base balance and islet morphology were studied in mice subjected to different kinds of treatment before alloxan administration. In preceding studies, pretreatment with D‐glucose, D‐mannose, D‐fructose, sodium lactate and NaHCO3, but not with D‐galactose, was found to protect against alloxan toxicity. In this study alloxan antagonism was found by pre‐treatment with L‐leucine, but not with L‐arginine or NaH2PO4. Blood analyses, carried out 10 minutes after injection of the test compounds, disclosed' that the serum inorganic phosphate concentration was decreased in mice given D‐glucose, D‐mannose, D‐fructose, sodium lactate, NaHCO3, L‐leucine, and L‐arginine, but was not affected in those treated with D‐galactose, and was increased in those receiving NaH2PO4. With the exception of L‐arginine, blood pH was increased in the groups which exhibited decreased serum inorganic phosphate concentration;pH was not affected in mice treated with D‐galactose, L‐arginine and NaH2PO4. Alterations in inorganic phosphate and hydrogen ion concentration may affect the B‐cell sensitivity to alloxan (»Pi‐pH hypothesis«).
Sodium Nitrite-Mediated Killing of the Major Cystic Fibrosis Pathogens
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Staphylococcus aureus
, and
Burkholderia cepacia
under Anaerobic Planktonic and Biofilm Conditions
Authors: Major Tiffany A. , Panmanee Warunya , Mortensen Joel E. , Gray Larry D. , Hoglen Niel , Hassett Daniel J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

A hallmark of airways in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is highly refractory, chronic infections by several opportunistic bacterial pathogens. A recent study demonstrated that acidified sodium nitrite (A-NO
2
−
) killed the highly refractory mucoid form of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, a pathogen that significantly compromises lung function in CF patients (S. S. Yoon et al., J. Clin. Invest.
116:
436-446, 2006). Therefore, the microbicidal activity of A-NO
2
−
(pH 6.5) against the following three major CF pathogens was assessed:
P. aeruginosa
(a mucoid,
mucA22
mutant and a sequenced nonmucoid strain, PAO1),
Staphylococcus aureus
USA300 (methicillin resistant), and
Burkholderia cepacia
, a notoriously antibiotic-resistant organism. Under planktonic, anaerobic conditions, growth of all strains except for
P. aeruginosa
PAO1 was inhibited by 7.24 mM (512 μg ml
−1
NO
2
−
).
B. cepacia
was particularly sensitive to low concentrations of A-NO
2
−
(1.81 mM) under planktonic conditions. In antibiotic-resistant communities known as biofilms, which are reminiscent of end-stage CF airway disease, A-NO
2
−
killed mucoid
P. aeruginosa
,
S. aureus
, and
B. cepacia
; 1 to 2 logs of cells were killed after a 2-day incubation with a single dose of ∼15 mM A-NO
2
−
. Animal toxicology and phase I human trials indicate that these bactericidal levels of A-NO
2
−
can be easily attained by aerosolization. Thus, in summary, we demonstrate that A-NO
2
−
is very effective at killing these important CF pathogens and could be effective in other infectious settings, particularly under anaerobic conditions where bacterial defenses against the reduction product of A-NO
2
−
, nitric oxide (NO), are dramatically reduced.
Mutations in 23S rRNA at the Peptidyl Transferase Center and Their Relationship to Linezolid Binding and Cross-Resistance
Authors: Long Katherine S. , Munck Christian , Andersen Theis M. B. , Schaub Maria A. , Hobbie Sven N. , Böttger Erik C. , Vester Birte 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

The oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid targets the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) on the bacterial ribosome. Thirteen single and four double 23S rRNA mutations were introduced into a
Mycobacterium smegmatis
strain with a single rRNA operon. Converting bacterial base identity by single mutations at positions 2032, 2453, and 2499 to human cytosolic base identity did not confer significantly reduced susceptibility to linezolid. The largest decrease in linezolid susceptibility for any of the introduced single mutations was observed with the G2576U mutation at a position that is 7.9 Å from linezolid. Smaller decreases were observed with the A2503G, U2504G, and G2505A mutations at nucleotides proximal to linezolid, showing that the degree of resistance conferred is not simply inversely proportional to the nucleotide-drug distance. The double mutations G2032A-C2499A, G2032A-U2504G, C2055A-U2504G, and C2055A-A2572U had remarkable synergistic effects on linezolid resistance relative to the effects of the corresponding single mutations. This study emphasizes that effects of rRNA mutations at the PTC are organism dependent. Moreover, the data show a nonpredictable cross-resistance pattern between linezolid, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and valnemulin. The data underscore the significance of mutations at distal nucleotides, either alone or in combination with other mutated nucleotides, in contributing to linezolid resistance.
Trypanosoma cruzi
-Induced Activation of Functionally Distinct αβ and γδ CD4
−
CD8
−
T Cells in Individuals with Polar Forms of Chagas' Disease
Authors: Villani Fernanda Nobre Amaral , da Costa Rocha Manoel Otávio , Nunes Maria do Carmo Pereira , Antonelli Lis Ribeiro do Valle , Magalhães Luisa Mourão Dias , dos Santos Janete Soares Coelho , Gollob Kenneth J. , Dutra Walderez O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

CD4
−
CD8
−
(double-negative [DN]) T cells have recently been shown to display important immunological functions in human diseases. They express γδ or αβ T-cell receptors that recognize lipid/glycolipid antigens presented via the nonclassical major histocompatibility complex molecules of the CD1 family. We recently demonstrated that while αβ DN T cells serve primarily to express inflammatory cytokines, γδ DN T cells express mainly interleukin-10 (IL-10) in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. We also demonstrated a correlation between DN T cells and the expression of gamma interferon in the acute phase of
Trypanosoma cruzi
experimental infection. In this work, we sought to investigate whether αβ or γδ DN T cells display distinct immunoregulatory potentials in patients with polar forms of human Chagas' disease. Our data showed that
in vitro
infection with
T. cruzi
leads to expansion of DN T cells in patients with the indeterminate and severe cardiac clinical forms of the disease. However, while αβ DN T cells primarily produce inflammatory cytokines in both forms of the disease, γδ DN T cells display a marked, significant increase in antigen-specific IL-10 expression in indeterminate patients relative to cardiac patients. Finally, higher frequencies of the IL-10-producing γδ DN T cells were correlated with improved clinical measures of cardiac function in the patients, suggesting a protective role for these cells in Chagas' disease. Taken together, these data show distinct functional characteristics for αβ and γδ DN T cells associated with distinct morbidity rates and clinical forms in human Chagas' disease.
Primitive mesodermal cells with a neural crest stem cell phenotype predominate proliferating infantile haemangioma
Authors: Itinteang Tinte , Tan Swee T , Brasch Helen , Day Darren J 
Published: August 2010

AimsInfantile haemangioma is a tumour of the microvasculature characterised by aggressive angiogenesis during infancy and spontaneously gradual involution, often leaving a fibro-fatty residuum. The segmental distribution of a subgroup of infantile haemangioma, especially those associated with midline structural anomalies that constitute posterior fossa malformations–hemangiomas–arterial anomalies–cardiac defects–eye abnormalities–sternal cleft and supraumbilical raphe syndrome (PHACES), led us to investigate whether neural crest cells might be involved in the aetiology of this tumour.MethodsImmunohistochemical staining on paraffin embedded infantile haemangioma sections and immunocytochemical staining on cells derived from proliferating haemangioma cultures were performed.ResultsThe endothelium of proliferating infantile haemangioma contains abundant cells that express the neurotrophin receptor (p75), a cell surface marker that identifies neural crest cells, and also for brachyury, a transcription factor expressed in cells of the primitive mesoderm. The endothelium is also immunoreactive for the haematopoietic stem cell marker, CD133; the endothelial-haematopoietic stem/progenitor marker, CD34; the endothelial cell markers, CD31 and VEGFR-2; and the mesenchymal stem cell markers, CD29 and vimentin. Additionally, immunoreactivity for the transcription factors, Sox 9 and Sox 10, that are expressed by prospective neural crest cells was also observed. Cells from microvessel-like structures were isolated from in vitro cultured haemangioma tissue explants embedded in a fibrin matrix. Immunostaining of these cells showed that they retained expression of the same lineage-specific markers that are detected on the paraffin embedded tissue sections.ConclusionsThese data infer that infantile haemangioma is derived from primitive mesoderm and that the cells within the lesion have a neural crest stem cell phenotype, and they express proteins associated with haematopoietic, endothelial, neural crest and mesenchymal lineages. The authors propose a model to account for the natural progression of infantile haemangioma based upon the multipotent expression profile of the primitive mesoderm and their neural crest stem cell phenotype to form all the cell lineages detected during infantile haemangioma proliferation and involution.
Tissue microarray construction from gross specimens: development of a novel simple technique
Authors: Sharma Santosh Kumar , Deka Lopamudra , Gupta Ruchika , Gupta Shilpa , Singh Deepak Kumar , Singh Sompal 
Published: August 2010

BackgroundThe tissue microarray (TMA) technique is becoming a useful tool for research and quality control methods in surgical pathology. However, the widespread use of this technique in routine surgical pathology practice, especially in developing nations, is hampered by the high cost of commercially available instruments. The authors describe a novel, inexpensive technique of construction of TMA from gross specimen.MethodsThe authors used a 16-gauge bone marrow trephine biopsy needle to obtain cores from 150 specimens of breast carcinoma. These cores were processed in the tissue processor as per the routine processing techniques of the department. A recipient block was prepared, followed by drilling of a suitable number of holes. The processed tissue cores were arrayed into the recipient block. These blocks were used for immunohistochemistry and compared with conventional whole tissue sections.ResultsOf the 150 cases, only two showed suboptimal preservation in the TMA block, and this was also reflected in the conventional tissue sections. Immunohistochemical staining for oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, Her2.neu and Ki-67 was found to be satisfactory in 148 cases with the staining intensity comparable with that performed on the conventional sections.ConclusionThis study describes a satisfactory technique for construction of TMA from a gross tumour specimen. Such a technique is well suited to centres which handle a high number of cases of a particular type, such as breast carcinoma. Further studies on other tumour types would help in validating these results.
Ensemble Synoptic Analysis
Authors: Hakim Gregory J. , Torn Ryan D. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Synoptic and mesoscale meteorology underwent a revolution in the 1940s and 1950s with the widespread deployment of novel weather observations, such as the radiosonde network and the advent of weather radar. These observations provoked a rapid increase in our understanding of the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere by pioneering analysts such as Fred Sanders. The authors argue that we may be approaching an analogous revolution in our ability to study the structure and dynamics of atmospheric phenomena with the advent of probabilistic objective analyses. These probabilistic analyses provide not only best estimates of the state of the atmosphere (e.g., the expected value) and the uncertainty about this state (e.g., the variance), but also the relationships between all locations and all variables at that instant in time. Up until now, these relationships have been determined by sampling in time by, for example, case studies, composites, and time-series analysis. Here the authors propose a new approach, ensemble synoptic analysis, which exploits the information contained in probabilistic samples of analyses at one or more instants in time.
One source of probabilistic analyses is ensemble-based state-estimation methods, such as ensemble-based Kalman filters. Analyses from such a filter may be used to study atmospheric phenomena and the relationships between fields and locations at one or more instants in time. After a brief overview of a research-based ensemble Kalman filter, illustrative examples of ensemble synoptic analysis are given for an extratropical cyclone, including relationships between the cyclone minimum sea level pressure and other synoptic features, statistically determined operators for potential-vorticity inversion, and ensemble-based sensitivity analysis.