bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shades of Whiteness: Petits-Blancs and the Politics of Military Allocations Distribution in World War I Colonial Cochinchina
Authors: Firpo Christina 
Published: April 2011

During World War I male French citizens in Cochinchina whom the colonial government had drafted to fight in Europe left their families behind in the colony. Through a complicated subsidies process, the government offered financial assistance to families impoverished by the draftee's departure and the concomitant loss of income. Far from being a monolithic category, the colony's poor white applicants, also known as petits-blancs, received varying government subsidies, depending on their family configurations. This article argues that the military allocations council's judgments correlate with the petits-blancs applicants' relationships to indigenous people and their adherence to traditional gender roles. To guard white prestige, the colonial government effectively penalized petits-blancs applicants who deviated from behavior associated with whiteness.
Pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, les citoyens français résidant en Cochinchine appelés sous les drapeaux pour combattre en Europe ont laissé leurs familles dans cette colonie. A travers un système complexe de secours, le gouvernement colonial français en Indochine fournit une aide financière à ces familles qui se retrouvaient dans le besoin par suite de l'absence du chef de famille et de la perte de revenus qui en découlait. Loin d'être considérés comme une catégorie à part entière, les Français pauvres de la colonie—les « petits-blancs »—reçurent du gouvernement des aides de montants variés qui dépendaient de la composition familiale. Cet article avance l'hypothèse selon laquelle les décisions variables du conseil militaire pour ces allocations sont à mettre en relation avec les rapports qu'entretenaient ces « petits-blancs » demandeurs avec les indigènes et leur adhésion à une conception traditionnelle en matière de genre sexuel et de statut. Dans son souci de conserver le prestige blanc, le gouvernement colonial a effectivement pénalisé les « petits-blancs » demandeurs qui s'étaient écartés des comportements prescrits par leur appartenance au monde blanc.
Across the Waves: Philippe Henriot's Radio War with the Free French at the BBC
Authors: Chadwick Kay 
Published: April 2011

Philippe Henriot was one of the most powerful personalities in World War II France. His appointment as Vichy's secretary of state for information and propaganda in January 1944 substantially changed the nature of the so-called battle of the airwaves. From then until his death at the end of June, at the hands of the Resistance, he directed an unprecedented, sustained attack at the team of Free French who had broadcast from London since the summer of 1940 and who had thus far encountered no other Vichy propagandist of Henriot's skill. This article examines the essence, strategies, and evolution of their exchanges across the airwaves and explores how the two sides argued the events of the day and sought to influence French opinion in the final months of the Occupation.
Philippe Henriot a été une des personnalités françaises les plus influentes de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. En janvier 1944, sa nomination en tant que secrétaire d'Etat à la Propagande et à l'Information du régime de Vichy a profondément changé la soidisant « guerre des ondes ». Dès lors, et jusqu'à sa mort à la fin de juin, aux mains de la Résistance, il a tout fait pour viser les « Français libres », qui parlaient de Londres depuis juillet 1940, et qui, jusque-là, n'avaient eu à affronter aucun propagandiste de Vichy du même talent. Le présent article se propose d'examiner l'essence, les stratégies et l'évolution de leurs échanges sur les ondes, et d'analyser la manière dont les deux camps ont disputé les événements de la guerre et essayé d'influencer l'opinion française pendant les derniers mois de l'Occupation.
Preparation of Glycopolymer-Modified Gold Nanoparticles and a New Approach for a Lateral Flow Assay
Authors: Ishii Jin , Toyoshima Masayuki , Chikae Miyuki , Takamura Yuzuru , Miura Yoshiko 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A novel recognition element has been synthesized using glycopolymer-modified gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in sugar ratios of 0, 6, 12, and 50%. The as-synthesized glycopolymer-modified GNPs have been employed in a novel lateral flow assay for the detection of proteins. A test solution of concanavalin A (ConA) at 0.01–100 µg mL−1 was readily detectable with the glycopolymer-modified GNPs with a sugar ratio of 6%. The results were clear enough to be visible with the naked eye, which demonstrates the convenience of this lateral flow assay for performing the detection of Shiga toxins and influenza viruses. Therefore, this lateral flow assay provides an attractive biosensor for the detection of proteins without the handling of toxic reagents, while allowing an easy and rapid procedure.
New Catalytic Performances of Ruthenium and Rhodium Complexes Directed toward Organic Synthesis with High Atom Efficiency
Authors: Kondo Teruyuki 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Low-valent ruthenium complexes often show intriguing and characteristic catalytic activity for novel organic transformations with high atom efficiency. The design and synthesis of novel low-valent ruthenium complexes having a variety of electron-donating and/or electron-withdrawing ligands is most promising strategy. Several ruthenium catalysts achieved the construction of novel functional organic molecules through cleavage of carbon–carbon single bonds, cocyclization of alkynes, alkenes, and/or carbon monoxide, and co-oligomerization of different alkenes without formation of by-products, which meets green and sustainable requirements for organic synthesis in the 21st century. Note that many findings in ruthenium catalysis have opened the door to a new field of rhodium-catalyzed synthetic organic chemistry, represented by cocyclization of alkynes and heterocumulenes.
Stereoselective One-pot 1,4-Elimination and the [1,2]-Wittig Rearrangement of (E)-δ-(Arylmethoxy or 3-Silyl-2-propynyloxy)-substituted Allylic Sulfones
Authors: Horii Susumu , Ishimaru Isao , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The successive treatment of (E)-δ-(arylmethoxy)-substituted allylic sulfones with t-BuOK and LDA afforded the corresponding (Z)-2,4-dienyl alcohols with high stereoselectivities via 1,4-elimination and the [1,2]-Wittig rearrangement. The predominant formation of (Z)-isomers, due to “syn-effect” in the elimination step, was further successfully applied to (E)-δ-(3-silyl-2-propynyloxy)-substituted allylic sulfones.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Cubic Perovskite-type BaMoxTi1−xO3 with x ≈ 0.175
Authors: Kataoka Kunimitsu , Kijima Norihito , Hayakawa Hiroshi , Ohshima Ken-ichi , Akimoto Junji 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Single crystals of a novel solid-solution compound BaMoxTi1−xO3 (x ≈ 0.175) in a BaTiO3 and BaMoO3 system were successfully grown by flux in Ar at 1423 K using the BaCO3–B2O3 system flux. The obtained crystals were black and rectangular with a maximum dimension of 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.3 mm3. The EDX and EPMA analyses confirmed the Mo–Ti solid solution composition. Single-crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed the cubic perovskite structure, space group Pm3m and the lattice parameters of a = 4.0112(6) Å and V = 64.54(3) Å3. The chemical composition and crystal structure were refined by the present structure refinement with the conventional values of R = 1.69% and wR = 1.89% using 156 independent observed reflections.
Confocal Viviperception of a Transparent Medaka Fish (Oryzias latipes) Using Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)
Authors: Lin Wen-Chi , Chiang Chun-Wei , Hong Chen-Yu , Chen Pei-Jen , Wu Kevin C-W 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
With utilization of a transparent medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) and fluorescent confocal microscopy, essential knowledge about biodistribution of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) within a living organism becomes accessible without tissue dissection. Data evidences bioaccumulation of FITC-MSNs in liver, gill, and intestine after one month’s aqueous exposure. FITC-MSNs were mainly retained in liver for at least a week even after those in intestine had been excreted out.
Self-limiting Deposition of N-(3-Trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic Acid for the Production of Aqueous-stable Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Steiner Jason , Esener Sadik 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper presents a novel self-limiting deposition of a carboxysilane functional group to the surface of maghemite iron oxide nanoparticles (IOP). Self-limited deposition of N-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)ethylenediaminetriacetic acid on iron oxide is achieved by rapid injection of the basic silane into acid-stabilized iron oxide. The instant pH shift from 2.3 to 11 through neutral promotes silane deposition on the iron oxide surface but is rapid enough to prevent aggregation and free condensation. Carboxysilane iron oxide particles (CSIOP) are rendered aqueous stable in all pH &gt;5.95. Silane coating is characterized by FTIR, TEM, and DLS.
Tin–Tungsten Mixed Oxide as Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst for Conversion of Saccharides to Furan Derivatives
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuya , Sakurada Tomoaki , Ogasawara Yoshiyuki , Mizuno Noritaka 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The Sn–W mixed oxide prepared by calcination of the Sn–W mixed hydroxide precursor with Sn/W molar ratio of 2:1 at 800 °C (Sn–W oxide) acts as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural from various hexoses (including polysaccharides) and pentoses, respectively.
Sources of Variability in Measurements of Cardiac Troponin T in a Community-Based Sample: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study
Authors: Agarwal Sunil K , Avery Christy L , Ballantyne Christie M , Catellier Diane , Nambi Vijay , Saunders Justin , Sharrett A Richey , Coresh Josef , Heiss Gerardo , Hoogeveen Ron C 
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND
Application of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) as a marker of myocyte damage requires knowledge of its measurement variability. Using a highly sensitive assay for measurement, we evaluated the long-term storage stability of plasma cTnT at −70 °C and the sources of cTnT variability.

METHODS
Samples from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study collected in 1996–1998 and 2005–2006 were assayed centrally to quantify variability in cTnT attributable to processing (replicates from same blood draw, n = 87), laboratory (replicates after freeze thaw, n = 29), short-term (n = 40) and long-term biological variation (repeat visit, n = 38), and degradation in frozen storage (n = 7677).

RESULTS
Approximately 30% of this population-based cohort had cTnT concentrations below the detection limit (3 ng/L). Reliability coefficients for all paired comparisons exceeded 0.93 except for samples drawn 8 years apart (r = 0.36). Sources of cTnT variation (as CVs) were: laboratory, 2.1% and 11.2% in those with and without heart failure, respectively; processing, 18.3%; biological, 16.6% at 6 weeks and 48.4% at 8 years. The reference change value at 6 weeks (68.5%) indicated that 4 samples are needed to determine a homeostatic set point within ±25%. The estimated cTnT degradation rate over the first year in long-term frozen storage was 0.36 ng/L per year.

CONCLUSIONS
cTnT was detectable in approximately 70% of community-dwelling middle-aged study participants and stable in −70 °C storage. The variability in cTnT attributable to 1 freeze–thaw cycle is of small magnitude. The observed high laboratory and intraindividual (biological) reliability of cTnT support its use for population-based research, and in clinical settings that rely on classification and serial measurements.
Analysis and Prevention of Quenching Failures and Proper Selection of Quenching Media: An Overview
Authors: Luo X. , Totten G. E. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractQuenching is an essential part of the thermal process used for the manufacture of metallic parts. Quenching involves rapid cooling of a metal from an austenitizing temperature to a lower temperature; usually, but not necessarily, room temperature. The quenching process is typically accompanied by thermal and transformational stresses, which are the main causes for most quenching failures. Any failures or defects during the quenching process result in excessive waste and an often unacceptable increase in the overall production cost. Prevention and elimination of quenching failures are of great significance especially with respect to the rational utilization of energy and resources and the reduction of carbon emissions. Therefore, the quenching method and quenching medium are among the most important factors to be considered in the design of the manufacturing process. The objective of this paper is to discuss quenching failures and to analyze their causes. Counter-measures for prevention of quenching failures and a new criterion for quenchant selection are also suggested.
Validation of the Effectiveness of a Vancomycin Nomogram in Achieving Target Trough Concentrations of 15–20 mg/L Suggested by the Vancomycin Consensus Guidelines
Authors: Kullar Ravina , Leonard Steven N. , Davis Susan L. , Delgado George , Pogue Jason M. , Wahby Krista A. , Falcione Bonnie , Rybak Michael J. 
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To assess and validate the effectiveness of a newly constructed vancomycin dosing nomogram in achieving target trough serum concentrations of 15–20 mg/L.Design. Prospective multicenter study.Setting. Five tertiary care teaching hospitals.Patients. A total of 200 adults who required vancomycin dosages targeted to attain recommended trough vancomycin serum concentrations of 15–20 mg/L.Intervention. The new nomogram, which based dosing on weight and renal function, was used to calculate patients' initial vancomycin dosages. Serum trough concentrations were measured before the fourth or fifth dose, and dosages were adjusted as needed.Measurements and Main Results. Median patient age was 56 years (interquartile range [IQR] 49–65 yrs), median weight was 71.2 kg (IQR 63–85 kg), and median creatinine clearance was 66.5 ml/minute (IQR 52–82 ml/min). The median initial vancomycin trough concentration achieved was 17.5 mg/L (IQR 15.0–20.0 mg/L), with 116 patients (58%) achieving the initial target trough of 15–20 mg/L. The median percent error was 13.6%, and the mean ± SD error for predicted versus actual serum trough concentrations was −0.50 ± 0.021 mg/L. One hundred fifty‐four patients (77%) eventually achieved the trough target concentration within a median of 2 days. One hundred forty patients (70%) achieved initial troughs of 14–21 mg/L and 160 (80%) achieved troughs of 13–22 mg/L. Nine patients (4.5%) experienced nephrotoxicity while receiving vancomycin, which occurred after a median of 8 days of therapy. The median initial vancomycin trough concentration for these patients was 18.5 mg/L (IQR 15.3–19.3 mg/L), with eight of the nine patients having trough concentrations of 15 mg/L or greater.Conclusion. Fifty‐eight percent of patients achieved the target trough of 15–20 mg/L (median 17.5 mg/L). The performance of the nomogram improved to 80% when the trough range was adjusted to 13–22 mg/L. Caution should be applied when using this nomogram. The nomogram should not replace clinical judgment, and dosage adjustments should be based on pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic targets and clinical response.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Use and Cardiovascular Risks After Coronary Stent Implantation
Authors: Schmidt Morten , Pedersen Lars , Maeng Michael , Lassen Jens F. , Lash Timothy L. , Nielsen Torsten T. , Sørensen Henrik T. 
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To determine whether use of nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2)‐selective inhibitors in patients with coronary stents increased the 3–year rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE).Design. Population‐based cohort study.Data Sources. The Danish National Patient Registry, the Western Denmark Heart Registry, the Danish Nationwide Prescription Database, the Danish Civil Registration System, and the National Registry of Causes of Deaths.Patients. A total of 13,001 patients who underwent first‐ever percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation between January 1, 2002, and June 30, 2005.Measurements and Main Results. All patients were followed for 3 years after stent implantation for MACE, defined as the first occurrence of myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, target‐lesion revascularization, or cardiac death. Patients' comorbidities were identified from the hospital registries; time‐varying use of NSAIDs and concomitant drugs was determined from the Danish Nationwide Prescription Database. For each clinical outcome (MACE), the 3–year risk was computed. We used Cox proportional‐hazards regression analysis to compute hazard ratios (HRs) as a measure of relative risk, controlling for potential confounders. During the follow‐up period, 5407 patients (41.6%) redeemed at least one NSAID prescription. There were 686 hospitalizations for myocardial infarction (5.3% of patients), 146 for stent thrombosis (1.1%), and 1091 for target‐lesion revascularization (8.4%). A total of 1220 patients (9.4%) died during the follow‐up period; 637 (4.9%) died of cardiac causes. Compared with no NSAID use, the adjusted HR for MACE was 1.04 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83–1.31) for nonselective NSAID use and 1.00 (95% CI 0.81–1.25) for COX‐2 inhibitor use.Conclusion. Use of nonselective NSAIDs or COX‐2 inhibitors was not associated with an increased rate of MACE in patients with coronary stents. However, we cannot rule out small risks associated with individual NSAIDs.
Is There a Risk of Bleeding Associated with Standardized Ginkgo bilobaExtract Therapy? A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Kellermann Andrea J. , Kloft Charlotte 
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To determine the effect of standardized Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts (GBE) on outcome parameters of hemostasis associated with risk of bleeding.Design. Meta‐analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials.Subjects. A total of 1985 adults were enrolled to receive either GBE or placebo; 87% were patients with dementia, peripheral artery disease, or diabetes mellitus; 13% were healthy volunteers.Measurements and Main Results. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and SciSearch databases were searched from inception through 2009. The following outcome parameters of hemostasis were assessed: blood flow, blood viscosity, adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP)‐induced platelet aggregation, fibrinogen concentration, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and prothrombin time (PT). Reference parameter values were taken into account when assessing clinical relevance of statistically significant treatment effects. The quality and risk of bias of each study were evaluated by using the Jadad score and Cochrane Collaboration tool, respectively. According to the continuous data, the following statistical methods were used: weighted mean difference (WMD), standardized mean difference (SMD), and generic inverse variance (GIV), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Random‐effects models of effects on baseline change or mean difference showed a positive effect of GBE on blood perfusion, as shown by a significant reduction in blood viscosity (WMD −1.03 mPa•sec, 95% CI −1.29 to −0.78 mPa•sec), but no evidence of any significant effect on ADP‐induced platelet aggregation (WMD −.35%, 95% CI −5.16−4.46%), fibrinogen concentration (GIV −2.45 mg/dl, 95% CI −1.59‐6.70 mg/dl), aPTT (GIV −.42 sec, 95% CI −.97−.12 sec), and PT (SMD 0.00, 95% CI −.09−.09). Subgroup analyses revealed a statistically significant reduction in aPTT for subgroups receiving high‐dose GBE of 240 mg/day or more (GIV −.47 sec, 95% CI −.88 to −.05 sec) and for studies including only patients, not healthy volunteers (GIV −.61 sec, 95% CI −.95 to −.27 sec); however, both findings were not clinically relevant.Conclusion. Based on meta‐analysis of hemostasis outcomes, comparison of mean difference or baseline change between treatment and placebo groups did not indicate a higher bleeding risk associated with standardized GBE. This finding ultimately contributes to an informed evaluation of GBE use, including patient self‐medication.
Enteral Fish Oil for Treatment of Parenteral Nutrition‐Associated Liver Disease in Six Infants with Short‐Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Tillman Emma M. , Crill Catherine M. , Black Dennis D. , Hak Emily B. , Lazar Linda F. , Christensen Michael L. , Huang Eunice Y. , Helms Richard A. 
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To evaluate the use of enteral fish oil for the treatment of parenteral nutrition‐associated liver disease (PNALD).Design. Retrospective case series.Setting. Pediatric academic hospital and outpatient clinic.Patients. Six parenteral nutrition‐dependent infants with short‐bowel syndrome and PNALD.Measurements and Main Results. The six infants received supplementation with enteral fish oil, and treatment was evaluated over a 12‐week period. The PNALD, as reflected by elevated total bilirubin levels, completely reversed in four of the six infants within a mean ± SD of 5 ± 2.6 weeks (range 2–8 wks) after initiation of the enteral fish oil supplementation. In addition, improvement in enteral feedings occurred after starting enteral fish oil therapy.Conclusion. Enteral fish oil may be an effective adjunctive treatment option for infants with PNALD, particularly for those infants with PNALD who are tolerating some amount of enteral nutrition as the result of an adequate amount of small bowel.
Social Justice Advocacy in Nursing: What is It? How do we Get There?
Authors: Paquin Siobhan O'Mahony 
Published: April 2011

Social justice advocacy is an expectation of all nurses as expressed in the professional codes that guide nursing practice. Nursing literature reflects this shift in the focus of nursing advocacy, providing insight into the potentials and challenges associated with nursing's evolution toward a broader social justice advocacy model. This article describes the concept of social justice advocacy as currently reflected in professional codes and nursing literature and contrasts this with the individual patient–nurse advocacy model, which continues to dominate in nursing practice today. Challenges associated with movement toward a social justice advocacy model and options for addressing these hurdles are also discussed. Nurses work individually and with others for social justice and to advocate for laws, policies and procedures designed to bring about equity. (Canadian Nurses Association [CNA], 2008, p. 21)
A regio- and stereoselective three-component synthesis of 5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives under solvent-free conditions
Authors: Rahmati Abbas 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn efficient one-pot method for regio- and stereoselective synthesis of 5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines under solvent-free and catalyst-free conditions has been developed. The method involves employing a three-component condensation reaction of an aromatic aldehyde and ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoro-3-oxobutanoate or 1,1,1-trifluoropentane-2,4-dione in the presence of 1,2,4-triazol-3-amine at 90°C.