bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal evolution of thin Alfven resonance layer
Authors: DMITRIENKO I. S. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe describe the spatio-temporal evolution of one-dimensional Alfven resonance disturbance in the presence of various factors of resonance detuning: dispersion and absorption of Alfven disturbance, nonstationarity of large-scale wave generating resonant disturbance. Using analytical solutions to the resonance equation, we determine conditions for forming qualitatively different spatial and temporal structures of resonant Alfven disturbances. We also present analytical descriptions of quasi-stationary and non-stationary spatial structures formed in the resonant layer, and their evolution over time for cases of drivers of different types corresponding to large-scale waves localized in the direction of inhomogeneity and to nonlocalized large-scale waves.
A Preliminary Account of the Production of Annual Rings in the Scales of Plaice and Flounders
Authors: Cutler D. Ward 
Published: May 2010

It is only within comparatively recent times that it has been proved that the otoliths and scales of certain Teleostean fish can be used for the determination of their age.Rings of growth, as they are called, are produced on these structures, and it is by counting the number that the age is ascertained, in much the same way as the approximate age of a tree may be determined by counting the annual rings.
The older, the lonelier? Risk factors for social loneliness in old age
Authors: HEYLEN LEEN 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTLoneliness is often associated with old age, but many studies have shown that the relationship is not straightforward. This paper seeks a better understanding of the impact of social isolation on feelings of loneliness among older people, by building on the theoretical and actual distinction between social and emotional loneliness. Social loneliness refers to a lack of feelings of social integration; emotional loneliness emerges in the absence of an attachment figure. This paper focuses on social loneliness and has two aims, first to disentangle the direct and intermediate effects of both the number and the quality of social relationships on social loneliness in old age, and second to detect the groups at risk of social loneliness by identifying which personal features correspond with which relational deficits and therefore indirectly increase the risk on social loneliness. Data are analysed for a sample of 1,414 respondents aged 55 or more years drawn from the Panel Study of Belgian Households conducted in 2000. The results confirm that improved understanding is gained by decomposing the interrelation between age and other background features, on the one hand, and the social relational features, on the other, as indirect and direct predictors of social loneliness. Generally, this approach promotes a correct identification of the groups at risk of social loneliness in old age.
Origin, evolution and paleoepidemiology of brucellosis
Authors: D'ANASTASIO R. , STANISCIA T. , MILIA M. L. , MANZOLI L. , CAPASSO L. 
Published: May 2010

SUMMARYBrucellosis is a worldwide disease. Although it has been eradicated in some countries, it continues to be an important disease in many farming areas. Previous works have described the evolution and diffusion of brucellosis in antiquity through direct analysis of ancient human remains collected by the University Museum of Chieti, Italy, and by using paleopathological and historical data. The earliest published case was reported in a skeletal individual dated to the Middle Bronze Age. However, our research group has diagnosed vertebral brucellosis in the partial skeleton of the late PlioceneAustralopithecus africanus, demonstrating that this infectious disease occasionally affected our direct ancestors 2·3–2·5 million years ago. The frequency of brucellosis increased during the Roman period, when the disease would almost certainly have been endemic in Roman society, and during the Middle Ages. Most paleopathological cases involve adult male skeletal individuals, and lumbar vertebrae and sacroiliac joints are most commonly involved.
The emblem that cried wolf: ICRC study on the use of the emblems
Authors: Rolle Baptiste , Lafontaine Edith 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe ICRC Study on Operational and Commercial and Other Non-operational Issues Involving the Use of the Emblems (‘the Emblem Study’) is an efficient and user-friendly tool to tackle issues regarding the use of the emblems of the red cross, red crescent, and red crystal. This article presents the Emblem Study's origin and objectives, and explains the structure and the methodology followed in its preparation. Recurrent questions regarding joint use of emblems and other signs are also examined, in order to demonstrate the Emblem Study's potential as an analytical and practical tool. Particular emphasis is placed on the need to avoid diluting the protective value of the emblems by maintaining a distinction between those entitled to use the emblems, their partners, and other players in the humanitarian field.
Reply to Comment on “The Prediction of Two Large Earthquakes in Greece”
Authors: Uyeda Seiya , Kamogawa Masashi 
Published: May 2010

We welcome the critical comments of Papadopoulos [2010]. We must point out, however, that most of them are incorrect.First, on 1 February 2008, P. A. Varotsos et al. (Seismic electric signals and 1/f “noise” in natural time, version 3, 2008; available at http://arxiv.org/abs/0711.3766v3) did document the seismic electric signal (SES) activity for the M 6—class earthquake, recorded at station PIR (one of the SES measuring stations located close to Pirgos city in western Greece) on 14 January 2008, and assigned the epicentral area (approximately 250 × 250 kilometers). Two weeks after the documentation, the Mw 6.9 Greek earthquake in question occurred, on 14 February 2008. As to the occurrence time of this earthquake, the newspaper Ethnos on 10 February 2008 (http://www.ethnos.gr/article.asp?catid=11424&subid2&tag=8777&pubid=444473) reported it as “imminent.” Second, we did not mention two relatively small Patras shocks on 4 February 2008 simply because VAN also documented them (P. A. Varotsos et al., 2008, version 3) based on separate SES activity recorded on 10 January 2008 at Patras.
Improving Understanding of the Agulhas Current and Its Global Climate Impacts: Working Group on the Climatic Importance of the Greater Agulhas System; Portland, Oregon, 20–21 February 2010
Authors: Beal Lisa , Biastoch Arne 
Published: May 2010

The first meeting of the new Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) Working Group 136 was held to discuss recent developments in understanding the greater Agulhas Current system and future research directions. The overarching goal of the working group is to improve understanding and awareness of the regional and global climate impacts of the Agulhas Current, a major western boundary current that flows along the east coast of Africa, and its interocean leakage.In addition to studying modern circulation, the working group is motivated by recent paleodata that suggest that through the currents' southern influence on the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), changes in the leakage of warm and salty Agulhas waters into the Atlantic may have triggered the end of ice ages. In terms of global climate, this arguably puts the importance of the greater Agulhas system on a par with Heinrich (land‐ice release) events and high‐latitude deepwater formation.
Angiotensin II and the ERK pathway mediate the induction of myocardin by hypoxia in cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes
Authors: Chiu Chiung-Zuan , Wang Bao-Wei , Chung Tun-Hui , Shyu Kou-Gi 
Published: May 2010

Hypoxic injury to cardiomyocytes is a stress that causes cardiac pathology through cardiac-restricted gene expression. SRF (serum-response factor) and myocardin are important for cardiomyocyte growth and differentiation in response to myocardial injuries. Previous studies have indicated that AngII (angiotensin II) stimulates both myocardin expression and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of myocardin and AngII after hypoxia in regulating gene transcription in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia, and the expression of myocardin and AngII were evaluated. Different signal transduction pathway inhibitors were used to identify the pathway(s) responsible for myocardin expression. An EMSA (electrophoretic mobility-shift assay) was used to identify myocardin/SRF binding, and a luciferase assay was used to identify transcriptional activity of myocardin/SRF in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Both myocardin and AngII expression increased after hypoxia, with AngII appearing at an earlier time point than myocardin. Myocardin expression was stimulated by AngII and ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) phosphorylation, but was suppressed by an ARB (AngII type 1 receptor blocker), an ERK pathway inhibitor and myocardin siRNA (small interfering RNA). AngII increased both myocardin expression and transcription in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Binding of myocardin/SRF was identified using an EMSA, and a luciferase assay indicated the transcription of myocardin/SRF in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Increased BNP (B-type natriuretic peptide), MHC (myosin heavy chain) and [3H]proline incorporation into cardiomyocytes was identified after hypoxia with the presence of myocardin in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, hypoxia in cardiomyocytes increased myocardin expression, which is mediated by the induction of AngII and the ERK pathway, to cause cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Myocardial hypertrophy was identified as an increase in transcriptional activities, elevated hypertrophic and cardiomyocyte phenotype markers, and morphological hypertrophic changes in cardiomyocytes.
UMA and MABP domains throw light on receptor endocytosis and selection of endosomal cargoes
Authors: de Souza Robson F. , Aravind L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Interactions of the ESCRT complexes are critical for endosomal trafficking. We identify two domains with potential significance for this process. The MABP domain present in metazoan ESCRT-I/MVB12 subunits, Crag, a regulator of protein sorting, and bacterial pore-forming proteins might mediate novel membrane interactions in trafficking. The UBAP1-MVB12-associated UMA domain found in MVB12 and UBAP1 defines a novel adaptor that might recruit diverse targets to ESCRT-I.
Contact: aravind@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at ftp://ftp.ncbi.nih.gov/pub/aravind/UMA/MVB12.html.
Functions of Heteromeric and Homomeric Isoamylase-Type Starch-Debranching Enzymes in Developing Maize Endosperm
Authors: Kubo Akiko , Colleoni Christophe , Dinges Jason R. , Lin Qiaohui , Lappe Ryan R. , Rivenbark Joshua G. , Meyer Alexander J. , Ball Steven G. , James Martha G. , Hennen-Bierwagen Tracie A. , Myers Alan M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Functions of isoamylase-type starch-debranching enzyme (ISA) proteins and complexes in maize (Zea mays) endosperm were characterized. Wild-type endosperm contained three high molecular mass ISA complexes resolved by gel permeation chromatography and native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two complexes of approximately 400 kD contained both ISA1 and ISA2, and an approximately 300-kD complex contained ISA1 but not ISA2. Novel mutations of sugary1 (su1) and isa2, coding for ISA1 and ISA2, respectively, were used to develop one maize line with ISA1 homomer but lacking heteromeric ISA and a second line with one form of ISA1/ISA2 heteromer but no homomeric enzyme. The mutations were su1-P, which caused an amino acid substitution in ISA1, and isa2-339, which was caused by transposon insertion and conditioned loss of ISA2. In agreement with the protein compositions, all three ISA complexes were missing in an ISA1-null line, whereas only the two higher molecular mass forms were absent in the ISA2-null line. Both su1-P and isa2-339 conditioned near-normal starch characteristics, in contrast to ISA-null lines, indicating that either homomeric or heteromeric ISA is competent for starch biosynthesis. The homomer-only line had smaller, more numerous granules. Thus, a function of heteromeric ISA not compensated for by homomeric enzyme affects granule initiation or growth, which may explain evolutionary selection for ISA2. ISA1 was required for the accumulation of ISA2, which is regulated posttranscriptionally. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that the ISA1 transcript level was elevated in tissues where starch is synthesized and low during starch degradation, whereas ISA2 transcript was relatively abundant during periods of either starch biosynthesis or catabolism.
Regulation of the Nitrogen Transfer Pathway in the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis: Gene Characterization and the Coordination of Expression with Nitrogen Flux
Authors: Tian Chunjie , Kasiborski Beth , Koul Raman , Lammers Peter J. , Bücking Heike , Shachar-Hill Yair 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) brings together the roots of over 80% of land plant species and fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota and greatly benefits plants through improved uptake of mineral nutrients. AM fungi can take up both nitrate and ammonium from the soil and transfer nitrogen (N) to host roots in nutritionally substantial quantities. The current model of N handling in the AM symbiosis includes the synthesis of arginine in the extraradical mycelium and the transfer of arginine to the intraradical mycelium, where it is broken down to release N for transfer to the host plant. To understand the mechanisms and regulation of N transfer from the fungus to the plant, 11 fungal genes putatively involved in the pathway were identified from Glomus intraradices, and for six of them the full-length coding sequence was functionally characterized by yeast complementation. Two glutamine synthetase isoforms were found to have different substrate affinities and expression patterns, suggesting different roles in N assimilation. The spatial and temporal expression of plant and fungal N metabolism genes were followed after nitrate was added to the extraradical mycelium under N-limited growth conditions using hairy root cultures. In parallel experiments with 15N, the levels and labeling of free amino acids were measured to follow transport and metabolism. The gene expression pattern and profiling of metabolites involved in the N pathway support the idea that the rapid uptake, translocation, and transfer of N by the fungus successively trigger metabolic gene expression responses in the extraradical mycelium, intraradical mycelium, and host plant.
Why do people with anxiety disorders become depressed? A prospective‐longitudinal community study
Authors: Wittchen H‐U. , Kessler R. C. , Pfister H. , Höfler M. , Lieb R. 
Published: May 2010

Objective: To examine the temporal relationships of anxiety and depressive disorders, their risk factors and to explore why people with anxiety develop depression. Method: Data from an original 4–5‐year prospective‐longitudinal community study (N=3021) of adolescents and young adults with DSM‐IV anxiety and depressive disorders identified with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview are used to examine risk factors, as well as course and outcome. Results: (i) Anxiety disorders, except for panic disorder, are almost always primary conditions. (ii) Over the follow‐up period, rates of comorbid anxiety‐depression increased substantially and resulted in increased impairment and disabilities. (iii) Predictors for first onset of ‘pure’ depressive and ‘pure’ anxiety disorders revealed recognizable differences. (iv) Baseline clinical characteristics of anxiety disorders were significantly associated with an increased risk to develop major depression over the follow‐up period. Conclusion: Findings suggest that most anxiety disorders are primary disorders that substantially increase the risk for secondary depression.
Development of the International Classification of Mental Health Care (ICMHC)
Authors: De Jong A. 
Published: May 2010

Objective: Evaluations of the process of providing mental health care have been hampered because a tool to systematically describe the interventions actually provided by the services was lacking. In this paper the development of such a tool (the International Classification of Mental Health Care; ICMHC) is described. Method: Subsequent versions of the ICMHC were developed, using comments from experts in 24 WHO field centres and results from a number of field trials. In the final version 10 Modalities of Care can be used to describe Modules of Care, using the Level of Specialization scale. The inter‐rater reliability of this version was evaluated by the Italian research team, using data from 43 services. Results: Reliability ranged from excellent for nine modalities to reasonably good for the remaining modality. Conclusion: In the context of evaluation studies, the ICMHC can be used to describe systematically mental health care interventions.
Mental health care in Piedmont: a description of its structure and components using a new technology for service assessment
Authors: Munizza C. , Tibaldi G. , Cesano S. , Dazzi R. , Fantini G. , Palazzi C. , Scala E. , Zuccolin M. 
Published: May 2010

Objective: The northern‐Italian region of Piedmont has a total population of 4.3 million. The regional territory is currently divided into 22 local health services, each serving a population not exceeding 300 000 and incorporating a Department of Mental Health. The organization of psychiatric assistance can be described as relatively stable and conforms with the standards imposed by national regulations. Drawing upon previous research experience, and with the support of the relevant regional authorities, our survey implements the methodology developed by the EPCAT team and will eventually embrace about 80% of all local health service areas in this region. Methods: The survey was preceded by a number of preliminary steps including the training of four researchers, inter‐rater reliability testing (particularly for the International Classification of Mental Health Care), and the adjustment of the methodology developed by the EPCAT team to facilitate understanding and use of the instrumentation by the psychiatric professionals involved in the data collection. Results: This paper summarizes data on the structure and components of the mental health service in three areas of Piedmont, with special reference to structures funded by the National Health System. Conclusion: Overlooking the imbalances affecting both the resources available for different populations, and the operational profiles of psychiatric agencies of the same type, our data allow an assessment of the descriptive and comparative capabilities of the proposed methodology.
The European Socio‐Demographic Schedule (ESDS): rationale, principles and development
Authors: Beecham J. , Johnson S. ,   EPCAT Group
Published: May 2010

Objective: To design an internationally valid and practical instrument on which data can be recorded for small areas that describes the sociodemographic characteristics known to be associated with psychiatric morbidity and service use. Method: (1) Identification of a set of sociodemographic characteristics which, on the basis of currently available evidence, would be expected to influence needs for and provision of mental health care in different countries. (2) Selection of a subset of these for inclusion in the schedule based on likely degree of cross‐cultural validity and on the types and formats of the data routinely available in each country. (3) Revision of the schedule following a pilot by EPCAT members. Results: The European Socio‐Demographic Schedule (ESDS) was successfully employed to collect sociodemographic data in seven catchment areas. Differences were found between the areas in terms of availability of data as well as in the resulting profiles. Conclusion: The ESDS has been shown to be applicable in a number of European countries.
Assessment instruments: standardization of the European Service Mapping Schedule (ESMS) in Spain
Authors: Salvador‐Carulla L. , Romero C. , Martinez A. , Haro J. M. , Bustillo G. , Ferreira A. , Gaite L. , Johnson S. ,   EPCAT/PSICOST Group
Published: May 2010

Objective: To adapt the European Service Mapping Schedule (ESMS) for use in Spain and assess the quality of this schedule. Method: Following linguistic and conceptual translation, 77 services in five Spanish catchment areas were described by independent local raters, including two experts in health services research. Feasibility (applica‐bility, acceptability and practicality), descriptive validity and overall percentage agreement were assessed. Results: ESMS feasibility was considered adequate. The tree system facilitates reporting and comparison of data. Face, content and discriminant validity are adequate for almost all services. The overall reliability was high but completion of the service utilization section required expert supervision. The ESMS revealed large differences in service availability and utilization in the five different areas of Spain. Conclusion: The ESMS has proved useful for describing mental health services in Spain, and facilitates comparisons between catchment areas.
Genetic heterogeneity and selection signature at the KIT gene in pigs showing different coat colours and patterns
Authors: Fontanesi L. , D’Alessandro E. , Scotti E. , Liotta L. , Crovetti A. , Chiofalo V. , Russo V. 
Published: May 2010

SummaryMutations in the porcine KIT gene (Dominant white locus) have been shown to affect coat colours and colour distribution in pigs. We analysed this gene in several pig breeds and populations (Sicilian black, completely black or with white patches; Cinta Senese; grey local population; Large White; Duroc; Hampshire; Pietrain; wild boar; Meishan) with different coat colours and patterns, genotyping a few polymorphisms. The 21 exons and parts of the intronic regions were sequenced in these pigs and 69 polymorphisms were identified. The grey‐roan coat colour observed in a local grey population was completely associated with a 4‐bp deletion of intron 18 in a single copy KIT gene, providing evidence that this mutation characterizes the Id allele described in the early genetic literature. The white patches observed in black Sicilian pigs were not completely associated with the presence of a duplicated KIT allele (Ip), suggesting that genetic heterogeneity is a possible cause of different coat colours in this breed. Selection signature was evident at the KIT gene in two different belted pig breeds, Hampshire and Cinta Senese. The same mutation(s) may cause the belted phenotype in these breeds that originated in the 18th–19th centuries from English pigs (Hampshire) and in Tuscany (Italy) in the 14th century (Cinta Senese). Phylogenetic relationships of 28 inferred KIT haplotypes indicated two clades: one of Asian origin that included Meishan and a few Sicilian black haplotypes and another of European origin.