bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aggressive course of multiple de novo cavernous malformations
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Bovis George K. , Meyer Fredric B. 
Published: September 2011

The risk of hemorrhage from an intracerebral cavernous malformation has been estimated at 2%–4% per year. In patients with multiple cavernous malformations, typically there are 1 or 2 dominant lesions that result in symptoms. This report highlights an unusual case of recurrent hemorrhage from de novo cavernous malformations.
This 35-year-old man had a generalized seizure in 2007. Magnetic resonance imaging performed at the time showed multiple hemorrhagic lesions suggestive of cavernous malformations. Two years later, the patient had clinical symptoms referable to a midbrain hemorrhage. This lesion was not present on 2007 standard and gradient echo images. One year later, the patient had another clinical hemorrhage at the cervical medullary junction. This lesion was also not present on earlier imaging. Genetic testing was negative for the known familial types of cavernous malformation. A lesion was biopsied to ensure correct diagnosis, and the results were pathologically consistent with a cavernous malformation. The patient had a fourth clinical hemorrhage in 2011 from a separate lesion. All hemorrhage symptoms were mild, and he returned to normal functioning and work after each hemorrhage.
This case highlights several unusual features of the known natural history of intracerebral cavernous malformations. In this case, resection of the hemorrhagic lesion would not have altered future hemorrhage risk since each new hemorrhage was from a de novo lesion.
Study of a large-scale dry slab avalanche and the extent of damage to a cedar forest in the Makunosawa valley, Myoko, Japan
Authors: Takeuchi Yukari , Torita Hiroyuki , Nishimura Koichi , Hirashima Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctAccurate measurements of snow avalanche flows in forests are rare. To understand how forests can stop avalanches, we study a mixed flowing avalanche that stopped in a cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forest in Japan. The large-scale dry slab avalanche occurred in the Makunosawa valley in Myoko on 17 February 2008 and damaged many trees. The site contains a geophone and other devices to detect avalanche activity. A nearby meteorological station provides weather information. Post-event observations were made of the scale of the avalanche and tree damage. These showed that the avalanche released from the east-southeast-facing slope at 1700 ma.s.l. Snow debris reached ~770ma.s.l; the horizontal runout distance was ~3000 m. The area of the runout zone was ~10 ha, and the snow water equivalent of debris was 400–1500 mm. The mass of the avalanche was roughly estimated at 5–10×107 kg (1–2×105m3). We used snowpack simulation models to estimate the height of the fracture zone. The simulations revealed that a faceted snow layer formed at 2 m and the stability index was 0.5 (poor) at the time of the avalanche release, due to heavy snowfall. We estimated the avalanche velocity from the bending stress of the broken cedar trees, in order to verify the effect of forests in reducing avalanche velocity. The avalanche was estimated to flow into the forest at a velocity of >26–31ms–1, with a 17 m high powder snow layer and a dense-flow layer <2m in height. It appears to have slowed down and stopped at ~130m after penetrating the upper edge of the forest.
Response of glaciers in the Suntar–Khayata range, eastern Siberia, to climate change
Authors: Takahashi Shuhei , Sugiura Konosuke , Kameda Takao , Enomoto Hiroyuki , Kononov Yury , Ananicheva Maria D. , Kapustin Gregory 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctFollowing an International Geophysical Year project, we conducted meteorological observations during 2004–07 around the Suntar–Khayata range in eastern Siberia, where a strong temperature inversion exists throughout the winter. The temperature on the flat plain around Oymyakon (~700ma.s.l.) was ~20°C lower than that in a glaciated area located at ~2000ma.s.l. The inversion remained stable from October to April due to the Siberian high. Snowfall was limited to the beginning and end of winter. The stable conditions prevented atmospheric disturbances and inhibited snowfall during midwinter. From 1945 to 2003, glaciers in the Suntar–Khayata range retreated, with an area reduction of 19.3%. To assess this retreat, we estimated the response of the glaciers to climate change. According to US National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) data, the temperature in this region increased by ~1.9°C over 60 years. By calculating snow accumulation and ablation, the sensitivity of the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) to the temperature shift was evaluated. We estimated snow precipitation based on precipitation at <0°C and ablation using the degree-day method. By these estimates, the ELA of Glacier No. 31, assumed 2350 m at present, could rise ~150m if temperature rises an average of 1°C. Furthermore, a 1.8°C temperature rise could cause the ELA to rise to 2600ma.s.l., removing the accumulation zone. With no accumulation zone, the glacier body would decrease, roughly halving in volume after ~400 years.
Wind and drifting-snow gust factor in an Alpine context
Authors: Naaim-Bouvet Florence , Naaim Mohamed , Bellot Hervé , Nishimura Kouichi 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctWind-transported snow is a common phenomenon in cold windy areas, creating snowdrifts and contributing significantly to the loading of avalanche release areas. It is therefore necessary to take into account snowdrift formation both in terms of predicting and controlling drift patterns. Particularly in an Alpine context, drifting snow is a nonstationary phenomenon, which has not been taken into account in physical modeling carried out in wind tunnels or in numerical simulations. Only a few studies have been conducted to address the relation between wind gusts and drifting-snow gusts. Consequently, the present study was conducted at the Lac Blanc pass (2700ma.s.l.) experimental site in the French Alps using a snow particle counter and a cup anemometer in order to investigate drifting-snow gusts. First, it was shown that the behavior of the wind gust factor was coherent with previous studies. Then the definition of wind gust factor was extended to a drifting-snow gust factor. Sporadic drifting-snow events were removed from the analysis to avoid artificially high drifting-snow gust factors. Two trends were identified: (1) A high 1 s peak and a mean 10 min drifting-snow gust factor, greater than expected, were observed for events that exhibited a gamma distribution on the particle width histogram. The values of drifting-snow gust factors decreased with increasing gust duration. (2) Small drifting-snow gusts (i.e. smaller than or of the same order of magnitude as wind gusts) were also observed. However, in this case, they were systematically characterized by a snow particle size distribution that differed from the two-parameter gamma probability density function.
Glacier flow measurement and radio-echo sounding at Aurora Peak, Alaska, in 2008
Authors: Fukuda Takehiro , Sugiyama Shin , Matoba Sumito , Shiraiwa Takayuki 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctAs part of a deep ice-core drilling project, GPS and ice-radar measurements were made in the vicinity of Aurora Peak, Alaska, USA. Surface and bed elevation maps were obtained over an area of 400 m×700 m, which includes the drilling site. Surface flow velocity was measured at 18 locations in the same area. The results showed that the drilling site was situated on a gentle north–south ridge with saddle-shaped surface geometry. The horizontal ice-flow velocity at the drilling site was <0.5ma–1 and the ice generally flowed eastward and westward along the surface slope. The glacier bed slopes to the east and has more complex topography than the ice surface. The drilling site was situated above a bedrock dip, with an ice thickness of 252±10 m. These data constitute important information for estimating the effect of ice flow to the ice core retrieved from the depth of up to 180.17 m.
Seasonal development of spatial snow-depth variability across different scales in the Swiss Alps
Authors: Egli Luca , Griessinger Nena , Jonas Tobias 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctThe depth of snow cover is temporally and spatially heterogeneous at different scales in Alpine regions. For snow hydrology/climatology the spatial variability of snow depths is a key parameter for capturing the total amount of snow in a given area. Here a scale analysis of the spatial variability of snow depths during the accumulation period is investigated. The development of the variability is characterized by a parameter, β, describing the relationship between the standard deviation and the mean of snow depths. The analysis includes two datasets: (1) 141 snow-depth point measurements representing flat-field observations, and (2) snow precipitation from the numerical weather prediction model COSMO-7. The results reveal that β is almost invariant at scales between 10 and 300 km. The COSMO-7 data exhibit the same scale invariance above 50 km, indicating that the spatial variability of snow depths is formed by the precipitation pattern at these scales. The scaling analysis of β allows determination of the absolute accuracy of estimating the total amount of snow in a given area and helps to validate different snow models or remote-sensing techniques by ground truth verification.
Altitudinal dependency of snow amounts in two small alpine catchments: can catchment-wide snow amounts be estimated via single snow or precipitation stations?
Authors: Grünewald Thomas , Lehning Michael 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctThe spatial distribution and the local amount of snow in mountainous regions strongly depend on the spatial characteristics of snowfall, snow deposition and snow redistribution. Uniform altitudinal gradients can only represent a part of these influences but are without alternative for use in larger-scale models. How well altitudinal gradients represent the true snow distribution has not been assessed. We analyse altitudinal characteristics of snow stored in two high-alpine catchments in Switzerland. Peak winter snow depths were monitored using high-resolution airborne laser scanning technology. These snow depths were transferred to snow water equivalent by applying simple density estimations. From these data, altitudinal gradients were calculated for the total catchment areas and for selected subareas characterized by different accumulation patterns. These gradients were then compared with gradients resulting from automated snow depth measurements obtained from several snow stations on different height levels located in the catchments, and with estimations from climatological precipitation gradients. The analysis showed that neither precipitation gradients nor flat-field stations estimate catchment-wide snow amounts accurately. While the climatological gradient showed different trends for different areas and years, the snow stations tended to overestimate mean snow amounts.
Simulation of a snow avalanche model test using computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Oda Kenichi , Moriguchi Shuji , Kamiishi Isao , Yashima Atsushi , Sawada Kazuhide , Sato Atsushi 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctHere we apply a two-phase flow model to simulate snow avalanche motion. Flowing snow is modeled as a Bingham fluid. Small-scale laboratory experiments were conducted using a rotating viscometer to validate the constitutive model. Experimental scale model test-runs were also performed, and run-out distances and impact pressures obtained in the model tests were reproduced using the two-phase flow model. Comparisons revealed that the simulated results were strongly dependent on the basal friction angle and calculation mesh size. Although the method reproduced the laboratory model results quite well, constitutive aspects of the basal surface remained unsolved. Future research will need to incorporate a numerical technique to handle the basal boundary, such as a boundary-fitted coordinate technique.
Sea-ice extent variation along the coast of Hokkaido, Japan: Earth’s lowest-latitude occurrence of sea ice and its relation to changing climate
Authors: Takahashi Shuhei , Kosugi Tomofumi , Enomoto Hiroyuki 
Published: September 2011

AbstarctThe seasonal duration of sea-ice cover in the region immediately north of Hokkaido in the Sea of Okhotsk was estimated from daily sea-ice concentration maps (1995–2009) produced by the Japanese Coast Guard. The results show that this period is generally well represented by the proxy record of sea-ice duration in the region of Utoro in the Shiretoko peninsula. Comparison of the duration of seasonal sea-ice cover along the coast of Hokkaido with meteorological conditions over the period of sea-ice mapping by the Japanese Coast Guard indicates that all sea ice will disappear from the coast of Hokkaido once air temperature is increased by 2–4˚C over present values by the effects of climate change.
Rapid Viral Response of Once-Daily Tmc435 plus Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin in Hepatitis C Genotype-1 Patients: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Manns Michael , Reesink Henk , Berg Thomas , Dusheiko Geoffrey , Flisiak Robert , Marcellin Patrick , Moreno Christophe , Lenz Oliver , Meyvisch Paul , Peeters Monika , Sekar Vanitha , Simmen Kenneth , Verloes Rene 
Published: September 2011

Background Antiviral activity of TMC435, an oral, once-daily, HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor, was evaluated with pegylated interferon-α2a/ribavirin (P/R) in HCV genotype-1 patients. Methods Optimal Protease inhibitor Enhancement of Response to TherApy (OPERA-1; TMC435-C201; NCT00561353) is a Phase IIa, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Treatment-naive patients ( n=74) received 25, 75 or 200 mg TMC435 once daily, or placebo for 7 days followed by 21 days of triple therapy with P/R, or triple therapy for 28 days. Treatment-experienced patients ( n=37; 56.8% with cirrhosis) received 75, 150 or 200 mg TMC435 once daily, or placebo with P/R for 28 days. Patients continued P/R up to week 48. Results Treatment-naive patients who received initial monotherapy had a rapid decline in HCV RNA by day 3. At day 7, HCV RNA reductions were greatest for the 75 and 200 mg doses (0.02, -2.63, -3.43 and -4.13 log10 IU/ml for placebo, and TMC435 25, 75 and 200 mg, respectively). At day 28, all patients who received triple therapy with TMC435 75 or 200 mg had HCV RNA<25 IU/ml versus 4/9 for placebo. In total, 18/28 treatment- experienced patients (9/9 prior relapsers, 9/19 non-responders) who received TMC435 had HCV RNA<25 IU/ml at day 28 versus 0/9 for placebo; similar results were observed for the 150 and 200 mg doses. Most adverse events were grade 1/2. No relevant changes in laboratory parameters occurred, except mild and reversible bilirubin elevations, mostly at the 200 mg dose. Conclusions Once-daily TMC435 with P/R showed potent, dose-dependent antiviral activity over 28 days, and had a favourable tolerability profile.
Assessment of Circadian and Light‐Entrainable Parameters in Mice Using Wheel‐Running Activity
Authors: Banks Gareth T. , Nolan Patrick M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn most organisms, physiological variables are regulated by an internal clock. This endogenous circadian (∼24‐hr) clock enables organisms to anticipate daily environmental changes and modify behavioral and physiological functions appropriately. Processes regulated by the circadian clock include sleep‐wake and locomotor activity, core body temperature, metabolism, water/food intake, and available hormone levels. At the core of the mammalian circadian system are molecular oscillations within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus. These oscillations are modifiable by signals from the environment (so called zeitgebers or time‐givers) and, once integrated within the suprachiasmatic nucleus, are conveyed to remote neural circuits where output rhythms are regulated. Disrupting any of a number of neural processes can affect how rhythms are generated and relayed to the periphery and disturbances in circadian/entrainment parameters are associated with numerous human conditions. These non‐invasive protocols can be used to determine whether circadian/entrainment parameters are affected in mouse mutants or treatment groups. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:369‐381 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Controlled Fabrication of PbS Quantum‐Dot/Carbon‐Nanotube Nanoarchitecture and its Significant Contribution to Near‐Infrared Photon‐to‐Current Conversion
Authors: Wang Defa , Baral Jayanta K , Zhao Haiguang , Gonfa Belete Atomsa , Truong Vo‐Van , El Khakani My Ali , Izquierdo Ricardo , Ma Dongling 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA solution‐processed nanoarchitecture based on PbS quantum dots (QDs) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is synthesized by simply mixing the pre‐synthesized high‐quality PbS QDs and oleylamine (OLA) pre‐functionalized MWCNTs. Pre‐functionalization of MWCNTs with OLA is crucial for the attachment of PbS QDs and the coverage of QDs on the surface of MWCNTs can be tuned by varying the ratio of PbS QDs to MWCNTs. The apparent photoluminescence (steady‐state emission and fluorescence lifetime) “quenching” effect indicates efficient charge transfer from photo‐excited PbS QDs to MWCNTs. The as‐synthesized PbS‐QD/MWCNT nanoarchitecture is further incorporated into a hole‐conducting polymer poly(3‐hexylthiophene)‐(P3HT), forming the P3HT:PbS‐QD/MWCNT nanohybrid, in which the PbS QDs act as a light harvester for absorbing irradiation over a wide wavelength range of the solar spectrum up to near infrared (NIR, ≈1430 nm) range; whereas, the one‐dimensional MWCNTs and P3HT are used to collect and transport photoexcited electrons and holes to the cathode and anode, respectively. Even without performing the often required “ligand exchange” to remove the long‐chained OLA ligands, the built nanohybrid photovoltaic (PV) device exhibits a largely enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 3.03% as compared to 2.57% for the standard bulk hetero‐junction PV cell made with P3HT and [6,6]‐Phenyl‐C61‐Butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) mixtures. The improved performance of P3HT:PbS‐QD/MWCNT nanohybrid PV device is attributed to the significantly extended absorption up to NIR by PbS QDs as well as the effectively enhanced charge separation and transportation due to the integrated MWCNTs and P3HT. Our research results suggest that properly integrating QDs, MWCNTs, and polymers into nanohybrid structures is a promising approach for the development of highly efficient PV devices.
A Highly Order‐Structured Membrane Electrode Assembly with Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes for Ultra‐Low Pt Loading PEM Fuel Cells
Authors: Tian Zhi Qun , Lim San Hua , Poh Chee Kok , Tang Zhe , Xia Zetao , Luo Zhiqiang , Shen Pei Kang , Chua Daniel , Feng Yuan Ping , Shen Zexiang , Lin Jianyi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA simple method was developed to prepare ultra‐low Pt loading membrane electrode assembly (MEA) using vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) as highly ordered catalyst support for PEM fuel cells application. In the method, VACNTs were directly grown on the cheap household aluminum foil by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), using Fe/Co bimetallic catalyst. By depositing a Pt thin layer on VACNTs/Al and subsequent hot pressing, Pt/VACNTs can be 100% transferred from Al foil onto polymer electrolyte membrane for the fabrication of MEA. The whole transfer process does not need any chemical removal and destroy membrane. The PEM fuel cell with the MEA fabricated using this method showed an excellent performance with ultra‐low Pt loading down to 35 μg cm−2which was comparable to that of the commercial Pt catalyst on carbon powder with 400 μg cm−2. To the best of our knowledge, for the first time, we identified that it is possible to substantially reduce the Pt loading one order by application of order‐structured electrode based on VACNTs as Pt catalysts support, compared with the traditional random electrode at a comparable performance through experimental and mathematical methods.
Assessing the effects of cognitive experiments on the welfare of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) by direct comparison of activity budget between wild and captive chimpanzees
Authors: Yamanashi Yumi , Hayashi Misato 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe investigated the effects of cognitive experiments by direct comparison of activity budgets between wild and captive chimpanzees. One goal of captive management is to ensure that the activity budgets of captive animals are as similar as possible to those of their wild counterparts. However, such similarity has rarely been achieved. We compared the activity budget among three groups of chimpanzees: wild chimpanzees in Bossou (Guinea, n = 10), and captive chimpanzees who participated in cognitive experiments (experimental chimpanzees, n = 6) or did not participate in the experiments (nonexperimental chimpanzees, n = 6) at the Primate Research Institute (Japan). The experimental chimpanzees voluntarily participated in computer‐controlled cognitive tasks and small pieces of fruits were provided as rewards. The data from captivity were obtained on the experimental days (weekdays) and nonexperimental days (weekends). In both study sites, we followed each chimpanzee from about 7 a.m. until the time when chimpanzees started to rest in the evening. The behaviors were recorded every 1 min. The results showed that on weekdays, feeding time and resting time of the experimental chimpanzees were almost the same as those of wild chimpanzees. However, for the nonexperimental chimpanzees, feeding time was significantly shorter and resting time was longer than those of the wild chimpanzees. In contrast, no difference was found in feeding time or resting time of the two groups of captive chimpanzees on weekends. The results suggested that the cognitive experiments worked as an efficient method for food‐based enrichment. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1231–1238, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sex differences in the stone tool‐use behavior of a wild population of burmese long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea)
Authors: Gumert Michael D. , Hoong Low Kuan , Malaivijitnond Suchinda 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe investigated sex differences in how Burmese long‐tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis aurea) used stone tools to open shelled food items along the shores of two islands in Laemson National Park, Thailand. Over a 2‐week period in December 2009, we collected scan and focal samples on macaques when they were visible along the shores and mangroves. We found females used stones more often while feeding and used smaller tools than males. Females also processed sessile oysters more than males, whereas males processed unattached foods more than females. It was unclear which sex was overall more proficient at stone tool use, but males did perform significantly better at opening unattached food items with large pounding stones. Females also struck food items more times during tool‐use bouts and at a faster rate, but no significant difference was found in average tool‐use bout duration. Males processed foods slightly faster within a tool‐use bout, but we were unable to detect a significant difference in the rate of food processing while foraging with tools. In summary females chipped open sessile oysters with an axing technique more than males, while males used larger stones to pound open unattached shelled food more often than females. Despite using pounding more than females, males also regularly utilized the axing technique on sessile oysters. Our results are the first assessment of sex differences in macaque stone tool use, providing a basis for comparison with tool use in other primates, and to nonfunctional forms of stone use in other macaques. Am. J. Primatol. 73:1239–1249, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.