bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CONSTRUCTING AUTHOR AND AUTHORITY: GENERIC DISCOURSE IN CICERO’S DE LEGIBUS
Authors: DOLGANOV ANNA 
Published: June 2012

Atticus: Lucus quidem ille et haec Arpinatium quercus agnoscitur, saepe a me lectus in Mario. Sin manet illa quercus, haec est profecto; etenim est sane uetus.Qvintus: Manet uero, Attice noster, et semper manebit. Sata est enim ingenio; nullius autem agricolae cultu stirps tam diuturna quam poetae uersu seminari potest.Atticus: Indeed I recognize that grove and this Arpinate oak, which I’ve often read about in the Marius. If that oak still stands, it must be this one; for old it certainly is.Quintus: Of course it stands, my dear Atticus, and it will always stand, for it has been planted in the imagination. Indeed no farmer’s cultivation can produce a plant as long-lasting as that which is sown by the verse of a poet.	De legibus 1.1The image of the Marian oak begins De legibus with almost postmodern abruptness. This is in part due to the absence of an authorial preface, such as the long statement of purpose partially preserved in De re publica 1.1–14, which leaves De legibus without a chronological or situational frame of reference. The result is that the treatise begins in a particularly Platonic fashion, as the contemplation of an object in the natural landscape proceeds into a discussion of its symbolic meaning, setting up the dichotomy between perception and reality, ficta and vera, the past and its memory.
THE RAIN MIRACLE OF MARCUS AURELIUS: (RE-)CONSTRUCTION OF CONSENSUS
Authors: ISRAELOWICH IDO 
Published: June 2012

IntroductionThe reign of Marcus Aurelius, although he was acclaimed by ancient and modern commentators as an exemplary ruler, saw many calamities. Marcus was preoccupied with wars for the better part of his reign; the pestilence brought back to Rome from the east by Verus and the Roman army remained endemic in the city for many years to come, and the German wars from the late 160s well into the next decade posed great danger to Rome and caused great anxiety. In addition, a coup was executed. The usurper, Avidius Cassius, was the ruler of the Roman East for three months, enjoying support amongst the local population. After Verus’ death, the emperor embarked on war against the German tribes, but not before summoning priests and magicians from all over the world to help him, many of whom came from provinces far and wide. This attentiveness of Marcus Aurelius to religious issues (the representation of religious themes on his coins and monuments and his religious policy as a whole) introduced some changes to the Roman imperial tradition. Moreover his adaptation of policies that reflected new beliefs and the abandonment of old ones, was indicative of the political, social, and cultural developments during his reign. The desperation of the emperor is made most visible in the pages of Lucian’s Alexander.
Asymmetry in the current sheet and secondary magnetic flux ropes during guide field magnetic reconnection
Authors: Wang Rongsheng , Nakamura Rumi , Lu Quanming , Du Aimin , Zhang Tielong , Baumjohann Wolfgang , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Volwerk Martin , André Mats , Fujimoto M. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Fazakerley Andrew N. , Du Jian , Teh Waileong , Panov Evgeny V. , Zieger Bertalan , Pan Yongxin , Lu San 
Published: June 2012

A magnetic reconnection event with a moderate guide field encountered by Cluster in the near‐Earth tail on 28 August 2002 is reported. The guide field points dawnward during this event. The quadrupolar structure of the Hall magnetic field within the ion diffusion region is distorted toward the northern hemisphere in the earthward part while toward the southern hemisphere tailward part of X‐line. Observations of current density and electron pitch angle distribution indicate that the distorted quadrupolar structure is formed due to a deformed Hall electron current system. Cluster crossed the ion diffusion region from south to north earthward of the X‐line. An electron density cavity is confirmed in the northern separatrix layer while a thin current layer (TCL) is measured in the southern separatrix layer. The TCL is formed due to electrons injected into the X‐line along the magnetic field. These observations are different from simulation results where the cavity is produced associated with inflow electrons along the southern separatrix while the strong current sheet appears with the outflow electron beam along the northern separatrix. The energy of the inflowing electron in the separatrix layer could extend up to 10 keV. Energetic electron fluxes up to 50 keV have a clear peak in the TCL. The length of the separatrix layer is estimated to be at least 65 c/ωpi. These observations suggest that electrons could be pre‐accelerated before they are ejected into the X‐line region along the separatrix. Multiple secondary flux ropes moving earthward are observed within the diffusion region. These secondary flux ropes are all identified earthward of the observed TCL. These observations further suggest there are numerous small scale structures within the ion diffusion region.
Environmental enrichment and practical applications for welfare in production agriculture.
Authors: Dixon L. M. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Environmental enrichment refers to stimuli that are added to an animal's environment in an attempt to improve biological functioning and animal welfare by increasing the complexity of the environment and providing opportunities for the animal to perform species-appropriate activities. Enrichments are often provided to help decrease or alleviate performance of abnormal behaviour patterns that are often found in barren and static environments. Enrichments can be divided into four categories: foraging opportunities, structural complexity, sensory stimulation/novelty and social stimulation from conspecifics or humans. However, different species have different behavioural requirements and therefore may benefit from different types of enrichment. To summarize the research that has been conducted on environmental enrichment, tables have been created for some of the more common production species, which give examples of enrichments that can be used and the potential benefits and costs found from implementing them. In general, most species seem to benefit from the provision of a foraging substrate/bedding, places to hide/dividers/platforms and access to conspecifics. However, most enrichment studies are performed on a much smaller scale than normally found in production environments; therefore the full benefits and costs of the enrichment may not yet be known. Practically, enrichments should improve animal welfare and satisfy behavioural needs while being inexpensive, available and easy to maintain for the producer. The development of improved welfare brands that require certain enrichment items should help improve the lives of production animals and help guide producers on the environmental enrichments to provide for their animals.
Olives and olive oil: diet and health impacts.
Authors: Lopez S. , Bermudez B. , Varela L. M. , Ortega A. , Jaramillo S. , Abia R. , Muriana F. J. G. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The Mediterranean diet is a compilation of the nutritional and dietary habits of the countries of the Mediterranean Basin. The principal product of the Mediterranean Basin is virgin olive oil, which is obtained from different varieties of olives that confer their individual nutritional and organoleptic properties. Virgin olive oil is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs; mainly oleic acid), but contains other minor compounds (mainly polyphenols), both of which have been demonstrated to have benefits on human health. Epidemiological studies, long- and short-term intervention studies, and postprandial studies have found associations between a virgin-olive-oil-rich diet and decreased cardiovascular risk factors, stroke incidence and type-2 diabetes. Lowered plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels, haemostatic factors and inflammation markers, as well as improved endothelial function and insulin sensitivity, are common outcomes of such studies. Furthermore, these studies showed additional protection against oxidative stress, LDL oxidation and thrombosis, which were attributed to minor compounds in virgin olive oil.
Factors Affecting Migration Timing, Growth, and Survival of Juvenile Coho Salmon in Two Coastal Washington Watersheds
Authors: Roni Philip , Bennett Todd , Holland Ranae , Pess George , Hanson Karrie , Moses Raymond , McHenry Mike , Ehinger William , Walter Jason 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRecent improvements in tagging technology allow for the examination of the migration of individual fish, the detection of previously unidentified life histories, and the detailed examination of factors affecting growth, migration, and survival. Using passive integrated transponder tags and instream readers installed near tidewater, we examined the migration, growth, and survival of 18,642 juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in two small western Washington rivers from 2005 to 2009. In most years, more than 50% of the juvenile coho salmon from a given brood year migrated to sea between 1 October and 31 December (fall migrants). These fall migrants were significantly smaller at tagging than fish that migrated between 1 January and 30 June (spring migrants) but were similar in size to fish that were never detected after tagging and assumed to have died. Annual coho salmon survival estimates from tagging to out‐migration ranged from 31% to 40% for fall and spring migrants combined but from 5% to 15% for spring migrants only. The best fitting regression models indicated that survival differed by river and year and was negatively correlated with tagging location (river kilometer) and positively correlated with fish length: larger fish and those tagged lower in the watershed were more likely to survive. The number of days juvenile coho salmon spent in freshwater before migrating to sea was positively correlated with tagging location, fish length (mm), and habitat depth (m) and negatively with density (coho salmon/m2). Our results suggest that fall or early winter migration is a common life history for juvenile coho salmon that is driven in part by fish size and location in the watershed. The exclusion of fall migrants may lead to underestimates of the total number of migrants and parr‐to‐smolt survival.
The Effect of Nonnative Salmonids on Social Dominance and Growth of Juvenile Atlantic Salmon
Authors: van Zwol Jessica A. , Neff Bryan D. , Wilson Chris C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractNonnative species have been shown to negatively impact the native community in which they are introduced. In the Great Lakes, competition with nonnative salmonids may be hindering the restoration efforts of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar, a once‐native top predator in Lake Ontario. We examined the effects of brown trout S. trutta and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, two nonnative fishes in Lake Ontario, on the social dominance and growth rate of juvenile Atlantic salmon from three strains being used for reintroduction efforts in Lake Ontario. Using seminatural stream channels, we found that the presence of either rainbow trout or brown trout reduced aggression, dominance, and food consumption of the Atlantic salmon. Brown trout had the strongest effect, increasing aggression levels in the channels by a factor of two and sharply reducing the dominance of Atlantic salmon. When both nonnatives were present, initiated aggression by Atlantic salmon decreased by a factor of three and food consumption halved as compared with when the salmon were alone. Consequently, over a 7‐d time period, standard growth rate of the Atlantic salmon dropped from no change in mass when alone to a value of –0.3% per day when with the nonnative species. Of the three strains tested, one strain was least affected by the nonnative trouts, implicating genetic differences among the strains and suggesting that one strain may have greater poststocking success in Lake Ontario tributaries with naturalized populations of brown trout and rainbow trout.
Genetic Variability in a Recruiting Population of Endangered Razorback Suckers from Lake Mead, Arizona–Nevada
Authors: Dowling Thomas E. , Saltzgiver Melody J. , Adams Deborah , Marsh Paul C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe razorback sucker Xyrauchen texanus once was common and widely distributed throughout the Colorado River drainage of western North America. Water development and predation by nonnative species led to a significant decrease in the species’ range and a dramatic reduction in the size of remaining populations. Here, we report analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and microsatellite variation in larval and adult razorback suckers from Lake Mead, one of the few locations with recent evidence of recruitment. Analysis of three temporal samples of larvae from Lake Mead yielded considerable variation, but it was significantly lower than variation in Lake Mead adults or in larval and adult samples from Lake Mohave, the largest extant population. This pattern is consistent with analyses of individual temporal samples from Lake Mohave, indicating that larvae were likely produced by a relatively small number of adults. The four adult samples spanned approximately 20 years from the early 1990s to the present. Patterns of microsatellite variation were comparable among all Lake Mead adult samples, but variation was lower than that in Lake Mohave, consistent with the smaller population size in Lake Mead. Levels of mtDNA variation in adults were significantly lower for the early 1990s and 2011 samples than for the 2002 samples. The result for the early 1990s sample was consistent with current knowledge of the Lake Mead population's dynamics; however, the reduced variation in the 2011 sample are somewhat surprising, as the Lake Mead population is thought to be expanding in size. Additional spatial and temporal sampling is essential to accurately assess levels of variation and population size of Lake Mead razorback suckers.
A simple and convenient set-up for high-temperature Brillouin light scattering
Authors: Guerette Michael , Huang Liping 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
An emulated platelet geometry (or reflection-induced platelet geometry) is employed to collect photons scattered from both longitudinal and transverse acoustic waves travelling within a bulk transparent sample sitting on a reflective Pt plate. Temperature of the sample was controlled with a Linkam TS1500 optical furnace (maximum temperature of 1500 °C). This simple and convenient set-up allows a full determination of elastic constants of transparent materials in situ as a function of temperature from Brillouin light scattering. Structural information can be gained at the same time by guiding the scattered light into a Raman spectrometer using a flipping mirror or a beam splitter. We will demonstrate the applications of this set-up in transparent inorganic glasses, but it can be easily extended to any other transparent materials, either crystalline or amorphous in nature.
Surface structure and field emission properties of cost effectively synthesized zinc oxide nanowire/multiwalled carbon nanotube heterojunction arrays
Authors: Nayeri F Dehghan , Darbari S , Soleimani E A , Mohajerzadeh S 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A cost-effective and efficient approach for the synthesis of single-crystalline zinc oxide nanowires on vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT) array is presented. ZnO nanowires are grown on the base of individual CNT through the low-temperature wet-chemical batch deposition technique, while the size and interspacing of the nanowires can be controlled by precursor concentration, growth temperature and time duration. The scanning electron microscopy image showed that the ZnO nanostructures are successfully grown on the CNT's surface uniformly. The produced nanostructures are characterized by x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Also, field emission characteristics of the fabricated double-stage ZnO nanowire/CNT array are investigated and compared with the emission behaviour of CNT and ZnO nanowire arrays. The ZnO nanowire/CNT heterojunction array resulted in a low turn-on field of 1.5 V µm−1 and a threshold field of 4.5 V µm−1, which were lower than both the vertical CNT and ZnO arrays. The field emission properties and stability of the fabricated nanostructures also demonstrated great potential for field emission applications.
Theoretical computation of thermophysical properties of high-temperature F2, CF4, C2F2, C2F4, C2F6, C3F6 and C3F8 plasmas
Authors: Wang WeiZong , Wu Yi , Rong MingZhe , Éhn László , Černušák Ivan 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The calculated values of thermodynamic and transport properties of pure F2 and fluorocarbon compounds CF4, C2F2, C2F4, C2F6, C3F6 and C3F8 at high temperatures are presented in this paper. The thermodynamic properties are determined by the method of Gibbs free energy minimization, using standard thermodynamic tables. The transport properties, including electron diffusion coefficients, viscosity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, are evaluated using the Chapman–Enskog method expanded up to the third-order approximation (second order for viscosity). The most accurate cross-section data that could be located are used to evaluate collision integrals. The calculations based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium are performed for atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the temperature range from 300 to 30 000 K for different pressures between 0.1 and 10 atm. The results of F2, CF4, C2F2, C2F4 and C2F6 are compared with those of previously published studies. Larger discrepancies occur for transport coefficients; these are explained in terms of the different values of the collision integrals that were used. The results presented here are expected to be more accurate because of the improved collision integrals employed.
Accuracy of Ultrasound-guided Nerve Blocks of the Cervical Zygapophysial Joints
Authors: Siegenthaler Andreas , Mlekusch Sabine , Trelle Sven , Schliessbach Juerg , Curatolo Michele , Eichenberger Urs 
Published: June 2012

Background
Cervical zygapophysial joint nerve blocks typically are performed with fluoroscopic needle guidance. Descriptions of ultrasound-guided block of these nerves are available, but only one small study compared ultrasound with fluoroscopy, and only for the third occipital nerve. To evaluate the potential usefulness of ultrasound-guidance in clinical practice, studies that determine the accuracy of this technique using a validated control are essential. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks of the cervical zygapophysial joints using fluoroscopy as control.

Methods
Sixty volunteers were studied. Ultrasound-imaging was used to place the needle to the bony target of cervical zygapophysial joint nerve blocks. The levels of needle placement were determined randomly (three levels per volunteer). After ultrasound-guided needle placement and application of 0.2 ml contrast dye, fluoroscopic imaging was performed for later evaluation by a blinded pain physician and considered as gold standard. Raw agreement, chance-corrected agreement κ, and chance-independent agreement Φ between the ultrasound-guided placement and the assessment using fluoroscopy were calculated to quantify accuracy.

Results
One hundred eighty needles were placed in 60 volunteers. Raw agreement was 87% (95% CI 81-91%), κ was 0.74 (0.64-0.83), and Φ 0.99 (0.99-0.99). Accuracy varied significantly between the different cervical nerves: it was low for the C7 medial branch, whereas all other levels showed very good accuracy.

Conclusions
Ultrasound-imaging is an accurate technique for performing cervical zygapophysial joint nerve blocks in volunteers, except for the medial branch blocks of C7.
USP11 augments TGFβ signalling by deubiquitylating ALK5
Authors: Al-Salihi Mazin A. , Herhaus Lina , Macartney Thomas , Sapkota Gopal P. 
Published: June 2012

Summary

The TGFβ receptors signal through phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of SMAD2/3. SMAD7, a transcriptional target of TGFβ signals, negatively regulates the TGFβ pathway by recruiting E3 ubiquitin ligases and targeting TGFβ receptors for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. In this report, we identify a deubiquitylating enzyme USP11 as an interactor of SMAD7. USP11 enhances TGFβ signalling and can override the negative effects of SMAD7. USP11 interacts with and deubiquitylates the type I TGFβ receptor (ALK5), resulting in enhanced TGFβ-induced gene transcription. The deubiquitylase activity of USP11 is required to enhance TGFβ-induced gene transcription.
RNAi
-mediated depletion of USP11 results in inhibition of TGFβ-induced SMAD2/3 phosphorylation and TGFβ-mediated transcriptional responses. Central to TGFβ pathway signalling in early embryogenesis and carcinogenesis is TGFβ-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition. USP11 depletion results in inhibition of TGFβ-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
Arabidopsis Class I and Class II TCP Transcription Factors Regulate Jasmonic Acid Metabolism and Leaf Development Antagonistically
Authors: Danisman Selahattin , van der Wal Froukje , Dhondt Stijn , Waites Richard , de Folter Stefan , Bimbo Andrea , van Dijk Aalt DJ , Muino Jose M. , Cutri Lucas , Dornelas Marcelo C. , Angenent Gerco C. , Immink Richard G.H. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR1 (TCP) transcription factors control developmental processes in plants. The 24 TCP transcription factors encoded in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genome are divided into two classes, class I and class II TCPs, which are proposed to act antagonistically. We performed a detailed phenotypic analysis of the class I tcp20 mutant, showing an increase in leaf pavement cell sizes in 10-d-old seedlings. Subsequently, a glucocorticoid receptor induction assay was performed, aiming to identify potential target genes of the TCP20 protein during leaf development. The LIPOXYGENASE2 (LOX2) and class I TCP9 genes were identified as TCP20 targets, and binding of TCP20 to their regulatory sequences could be confirmed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. LOX2 encodes for a jasmonate biosynthesis gene, which is also targeted by class II TCP proteins that are under the control of the microRNA JAGGED AND WAVY (JAW), although in an antagonistic manner. Mutation of TCP9, the second identified TCP20 target, resulted in increased pavement cell sizes during early leaf developmental stages. Analysis of senescence in the single tcp9 and tcp20 mutants and the tcp9tcp20 double mutants showed an earlier onset of this process in comparison with wild-type control plants in the double mutant only. Both the cell size and senescence phenotypes are opposite to the known class II TCP mutant phenotype in JAW plants. Altogether, these results point to an antagonistic function of class I and class II TCP proteins in the control of leaf development via the jasmonate signaling pathway.
Structure of the regulatory domain of the LysR family regulator NMB2055 (MetR-like protein) fromNeisseria meningitidis
Authors: Sainsbury Sarah , Ren Jingshan , Saunders Nigel J. , Stuart David I. , Owens Raymond J. 
Published: June 2012

The crystal structure of the regulatory domain of NMB2055, a putative MetR regulator fromNeisseria meningitidis, is reported at 2.5 Å resolution. The structure revealed that there is a disulfide bond inside the predicted effector-binding pocket of the regulatory domain. Mutation of the cysteines (Cys103 and Cys106) that form the disulfide bond to serines resulted in significant changes to the structure of the effector pocket. Taken together with the high degree of conservation of these cysteine residues within MetR-related transcription factors, it is suggested that the Cys103 and Cys106 residues play an important role in the function of MetR regulators.