bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Lee Alfred Ian , LaCasce Ann S. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma (NLPHL) is a rare subtype of HL with unique clinicopathologic features. The hallmark histologic feature is the presence of malignant LP cells, unusual CD20+CD15−CD30− variants of Reed-Sternberg cells, embedded within a nodular pattern of infiltrating lymphocytes. Compared with classical HL, NLPHL shows a slightly older median age at presentation (30–40 years), greater male predominance (3:1), less mediastinal involvement (&lt;15%), and lower occurrence of classical HL risk factors. The differential diagnosis includes progressive transformation of germinal centers, lymphocyte-rich classical HL, and T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma, the latter of which may share a common biologic relationship. The vast majority of patients present with limited stage disease (70%–80%), the standard treatment for which is involved field radiotherapy at 30–36 Gy. Response rates to primary therapy exceed 90%, although relapses are common and may occur years after the initial diagnosis. Secondary malignancies, particularly non-Hodgkin lymphoma, may also occur at a frequency similar to that of relapsed NLPHL. Patients with advanced stage disease may have lower response rates and overall survival times than those with limited stage disease. For relapsed disease, treatment options include the salvage therapies used in classical HL, and rituximab.
Bioaccumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins and Dibenzofurans in Catfish and Crabs Along an Estuarine Salinity and Contamination Gradient
Authors: Dean Kirk E. , Suarez Monica P. , Rifai Hanadi S. , Palachek Randy M. , Koenig Larry 
Published: July 2009

AbstractElevated but variable levels of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were observed in hardhead sea catfish (HH) and blue crabs (BCs), as well as in water and sediment, of the Houston Ship Channel system, Texas, USA. It is hypothesized that the variation was caused by the spatial variability of PCDD/F contamination, together with the natural mobility of organisms in satisfying prey, temperature, salinity, and reproductive requirements. Structural equation modeling was applied to explore the congener-specific relationships between PCDD/F levels in HH and BC tissues and independent predictors such as PCDD/F contamination levels, environmental factors such as salinity and temperature, temporal-spatial factors such as site depth and season, and biological factors such as length, weight, and lipid content. Contamination levels in both sediment and water were statistically significant predictors of the levels of less chlorinated congeners in both HH and BCs, with the standardized regression weight for sediment concentration roughly twice that for the water concentration. This implies that sediments are the dominant route for PCDD/F exposure and remediation efforts should focus on legacy sediment contamination. Tissue lipid content was a significant predictor of tissue concentrations in HH but only to a lesser extent in BCs, perhaps due to their low lipid content. Site depth and seasonal factors also were significant predictors of tissue concentrations. For the highly chlorinated congeners, only a small fraction of the variance in tissue concentrations was explained by the independent predictors, possibly indicating that uptake and elimination kinetics, biotransformation processes, or both may be more important factors controlling the bioaccumulation of those congeners.
Multiple stressor effects of methoprene, permethrin, and salinity on limb regeneration and molting in the mud fiddler crab (UCA pugnax)
Authors: Stueckle Todd A. , Shock Barbara , Foran Christy M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractExposure to multiple stressors from natural and anthropogenic sources poses risk to sensitive crustacean growth and developmental processes. Applications of synthetic pyrethroids and insect growth regulators near shallow coastal waters may result in harmful mixture effects depending on the salinity regime. The potential for nonadditive effects of a permethrin (0.01–2 μg/L), methoprene (0.03–10 μg/L), and salinity (10–40 ppt) exposure on male and female Uca pugnax limb regeneration and molting processes was evaluated by employing a central composite rotatable design with multifactorial regression. Crabs underwent single-limb autotomy followed by a molting challenge under 1 of 16 different mixture treatments. During the exposure (21–66 d), individual limb growth, major molt stage duration, abnormal limb regeneration, and respiration were monitored. At 6 d postmolt, changes in body mass, carapace width, and body condition factor were evaluated. Dorsal carapace tissue was collected, and protein and chitin were extracted to determine the composition of newly synthesized exoskeleton. The present results suggest chronic, low-dose exposures to multiple pesticide stressors cause less-than-additive effects on U. pugnax growth processes. Under increasing concentrations of methoprene and permethrin, males had more protein in their exoskeletons and less gain in body mass, carapace width, and body condition compared to females. Females exhibited less gain in carapace width than controls in response to methoprene and permethrin. Females also displayed elevated respiration rates at all stages of molt, suggesting a high metabolic rate. Divergent growth and fitness between the sexes over the long term could influence crustacean population resilience.
A model predicting waterborne cadmium bioaccumulation in Gammarus pulex: The effects of dissolved organic ligands, calcium, and temperature
Authors: Pellet Bastien , Geffard Olivier , Lacour Céline , Kermoal Thomas , Gourlay-Francé Catherine , Tusseau-Vuillemin Marie-Hélène 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Metal bioavailability depends on the presence of organic ligands in the water and on the concentrations of competitive cations. The present study aims at testing whether the diffusive gradient in thin films technique (DGT) could be used to take into account Cd speciation and its consequences on bioavailability in a bioaccumulation model and whether the influences of the Ca concentration and temperature also should be considered. Four kinetic experiments were conducted on Gammarus pulex: a calibration of Cd turnover rates and of the DGT lability in mineral water, a study of the influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and humic acids (HA) on uptake rates, and two experiments testing the influence of the Ca concentrations and temperature on Cd uptake clearance rates (ku). In mineral water, where Cd was considered fully labile, the ku was 0.46 L g−1 d−1, and the depuration rate was 0.032 d−1. The initial Cd influxes were lowered significantly by additions of 10 μg L−1 of EDTA or 10 mg L−1 of HA in the water but not at 5 mg L−1 HA, even if DGT measurements proved that Cd formed Cd–HA complexes in that treatment. Increasing Ca concentrations lowered ku values, and a competitive inhibition model between Ca and Cd fitted the data. A 30% enhancement of ku values was observed when the temperature was increased by 8°C, which appeared comparatively as a weak effect. Thus, taking into account the metal speciation and the influence of the Ca concentration should improve Cd bioaccumulation modeling in amphipods. In freshwater, where metal bioavailability is reduced by the presence of dissolved organic matter, forecasting Cd waterborne uptake using the labile concentrations should allow robust comparisons between laboratory and field studies.
Small but Different Effect of Fouling on the Uptake Rates of Semipermeable Membrane Devices and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers
Authors: Harman Christopher , Bøyum Olav , Thomas Kevin V. , Grung Merete 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were exposed to a cocktail of organic chemicals using a flow-through system. Samplers were removed and analyzed every 7 d over a four-week period in order to determine sampling rates (Rs) for individual compounds. Prior to laboratory exposure, half of the samplers were allowed to foul naturally for six weeks, in order to examine differences in uptake due to fouling. The amount of fouling ranged from 0.2 to 2.8 g dry weight/dm2 for POCIS and 0.1 to 1.4 g dry weight/dm2 for SPMDs, and the pattern of accumulation was also different between them. The Rs values were determined by fitting curves to time course uptake data and also by using performance reference compounds (PRCs) for SPMDs. Sampling rates ranged from 2.7 to 14.2 L/d for SPMDs and 0.01 to 0.27 L/d for POCIS. Fouled SPMDs showed a reduction in Rs (&lt;20%) for all but one compound, and there was a similar reduction in the release of PRCs. However, PRC-predicted Rs values were overall somewhat higher than those from fitted curves. Uptake of alkylated phenols in POCIS was generally higher (up to 55%) in fouled samplers. The reason for this is not known, but is possibly due to some reduction in interactions with the membrane in fouled samplers. There was no overall pattern in the relationship of sampling rate differences with log KOW or over time for either sampler. Release of compounds from POCIS after a drop in exposure water concentrations provides some encouragement for the application of a PRC approach to polar passive samplers.
Metal Accumulation in Marine Bivalves Under Various Tributyltin Burdens
Authors: Tang Chuan-Ho , Lin Chan-Shing , Wang Wei-Hsien 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the present study, a field survey was conducted to measure the accumulation of butyltin, Cu, Zn, and Cd in green mussels (Perna viridis) and Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) at the regions along a tributyltin pollution gradient. A negative correlation was found between the tributyltin/total butyltin ratio (0.87–0.31) and tributyltin content (114–5,817 ng/g as tin dry wt) in oysters, while the Cu content (44.2–381 mg/kg dry wt) was positively correlated with the logarithm of tributyltin content during the summer and winter. This suggests that as the tributyltin burden increases, the rates of tributyltin metabolism may be elevated, leading to enhanced Cu accumulation. A similar accumulation pattern for Zn was also found in oysters. In mussels, however, the tributyltin/total butyltin ratio and the Cu and Zn contents remained relatively constant (∼0.7, 12, and 100 mg/kg dry wt, respectively) regardless of the tributyltin burden. Clearly, the butyltin and Cu/Zn accumulation processes in oysters differ from those in mussels under tributyltin pollution. These observations provide valuable information for those who evaluate or compare tributyltin and/or Cu/Zn pollution using oysters and mussels as bioindicators.
Women's Preferences for Place of Delivery in Rural Tanzania: A Population-Based Discrete Choice Experiment
Authors: Kruk Margaret E. , Paczkowski Magdalena , Mbaruku Godfrey , de Pinho Helen , Galea Sandro 
Published: July 2009

Objectives. We fielded a population-based discrete choice experiment (DCE) in rural western Tanzania, where only one third of women deliver children in a health facility, to evaluate health-system factors that influence women's delivery decisions. Methods. Women were shown choice cards that described 2 hypothetical health centers by means of 6 attributes (distance, cost, type of provider, attitude of provider, drugs and equipment, free transport). The women were then asked to indicate which of the 2 facilities they would prefer to use for a future delivery. We used a hierarchical Bayes procedure to estimate individual and mean utility parameters. Results. A total of 1203 women completed the DCE. The model showed good predictive validity for actual facility choice. The most important facility attributes were a respectful provider attitude and availability of drugs and medical equipment. Policy simulations suggested that if these attributes were improved at existing facilities, the proportion of women preferring facility delivery would rise from 43% to 88%. Conclusions. In regions in which attended delivery rates are low despite availability of primary care facilities, policy experiments should test the effect of targeted quality improvements on facility use.
Estimate of Equation of State Uncertainty for Manometric Sorption Experiments: Case Study With Helium and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: van Hemert P.. , Rudolph E.S.J.. S.J. , Bruining J.. , Wolf K-H.A.A.. A.A. 
Published: July 2009

Summary
The sorption of gases on coal is of great importance for the use of gas injection to enhance coalbed methane production. Furthermore, when injecting carbon dioxide (CO2), the project is eligible for carbon credits as the CO2 is sequestrated.
Accurate measurements of sorption at in-situ conditions have proven to be a complicated matter. Especially, the sorption of CO2, pure or in a mixture, are particularly sensitive to experimental errors, because common in-situ conditions of deep coalbeds are near the critical point of CO2. One source of uncertainty in sorption measurements is the accuracy with which gas densities have been determined. Accurate determinations of gas densities at in-situ conditions are complex and require the inclusion of specialized equipment. Therefore, gas densities are usually calculated from pressure and temperature measurements using an Equation of State (EoS). The accuracy of this EoS then influences the uncertainty in the sorption measurement. Therefore, it is essential that an EoS is used that is most accurate at the experimental conditions. However, there is generally little information available on the accuracy of an EoS for the conditions of interest. This is particularly true for the calculation of densities of mixtures with an EoS.
This paper describes an experimental method to estimate the accuracy of an EoS using a manometric sorption apparatus. This is demonstrated by using He and CO2 at 318.11 K and pressures between 0.1 and 17 MPa, which covers the range of interest for deep coalbeds.
The accuracies of the following EoSs have been estimated: Peng-Robinson with Stryjek-Vera modification for CO2; Peng-Robinson with an alpha parameter proposed by Twu in 1995 for He; multiparameter crossover equation of state by Sun, Kiselev, and Ely for CO2; modified Benedict-Webb-Rubin EoS by McCarty and Arp for He; and the reference EoS for CO2 by Span and Wagner.
The experimental method provides a lower limit estimate of the accuracy for an EoS. This estimate can be used as a first approximation of the EoS accuracy in the a priori error analysis of manometric sorption experiments.
Wellbore-Stability Performance of Water-Based Mud Additives
Authors: Ewy Russell T. , Morton E. Keith 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A critical property for many water-based muds is the ability to prevent near-wellbore pore pressure increase in shales. By slowing or preventing this pressure increase, a true overbalance pressure is maintained, which promotes wellbore stability. Using a device that simulates downhole rock stress and overbalance fluid pressure conditions and using preserved shale samples, we tested four different muds containing different additives. Direct measurements of shale pore pressure vs. time were obtained, representing the pore pressure inside the wall of the wellbore. All muds slowed the loss of overbalance pressure compared to a base-case brine fluid, but two muds were very effective at slowing and/or preventing the loss of overbalance. One active mechanism appears to be an increase in the osmotic membrane efficiency, but permeability measurements conducted during these same tests show that physical plugging of the pore space is also an important mechanism for these two fluids. Measurements of fluid-induced swelling were also conducted in this same set of tests, and all four muds resulted in less swelling than the base-case brine. The most effective fluid was repeat tested using completely different shales; it again was found to be very effective at preventing near-wellbore pore pressure increase for one of the shales, but not for all shales.
Maternal Risk Factors and Morbidity Pattern of Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A NICU Based Study at Eastern Nepal
Authors: Poudel Prakash , Budhathoki Sunil , Shrivastava Manoj Kumar 
Published: July 2009

Background: Preterm deliveries of babies weighing less than 1500 grams (VLBW, very low birth weight) are of major concern because of maximum perinatal morbidity and mortality found in this group. VLBW babies overload the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and their mortality contributes significantly to neonatal and infant mortality. Objectives: To study the common maternal risk factors associated with VLBW births. To study the morbidity and mortality patterns of VLBW babies. Methods: This was a hospital based retrospective study done in NICU of BP Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Data were collected from medical records of VLBW babies admitted in NICU over a period of three years (13 April 2005 to 12 April 2008). Data were analyzed with SPSS 10.0 software. Results: Data of 140 VLBW babies were analyzed. Mean birth weight was 1188.9 (±212.78), 10.7% were home deliveries, 24.3% were twins, 31.4% required active resuscitation at birth and 46.4% were exposed to antenatal steroid. Common maternal risk factors associated with premature deliveries were inadequate antenatal check up (ANC) visits (95.7%), twin pregnancy (24.3%), antepartum hemorrhage (APH, 28.6%), premature rupture of membrane (23.6%), pregnancy induced hypertension (12.9%), bad obstetric history (12.9%) and maternal age less than 20 years (8.6%). Common morbidities among VLBW babies were clinical sepsis (77.1%), non physiological hyperbilirubinemia (73.6%), apnea (48.6%), shock (42.9%), hypoglycemia(39.3%), anemia (29.3%), hyaline membrane disease (HMD, 21.4%), patent ductus arteriosus (15.0%), severe hypothermia (12.1%), culture proven sepsis (15.7%), retinopathy of prematurity (5.7%), and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (3.6%). Overall survival was 54.3% and major causes of death were HMD (51.0%) and sepsis (34.7%). Median durations of hospital stay were 17.5 days for survivors and five days for expired cases.Conclusion: Increasing the coverage of ANC visits, early diagnosis and treatment of APH and pregnancy induced hypertension, discouraging the childbirth at too young age, early diagnosis and treatment of acute infections and chronic medical diseases in mothers are important measures to decrease the burden of VLBW births. Common morbidities in VLBW babies are sepsis, HMD, apnea, hyperbilirubinemia, patent ductus arteriosus, shock, anemia, hypoglycemia, hypothermia and hypocalcemia. Common causes death of VLBW babies are HMD and sepsis. Overall survival of VLBW babies in our settings is less. More numbers of well equipped NICUs and services like surfactant therapy are needed to improve survival of VLBW infants in our set up. Key words: Maternal risk factors, Morbidity, Mortality, Very low birth weight. doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2040 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.59-66
Study of Visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala-azar) in Children of Nepal
Authors: Joshi Durga Datt 
Published: July 2009

Introduction: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or Kala-azar is a potentially fatal vector-borne (sand fly phlebotomies spp) zoonotic disease caused by a protozoan parasite, Leishmania donovani. In Nepal, the disease is restricted to the Eastern Terai region which lies adjacent to the Bihar state of India. Although leishmaniasis is regarded as a significant health problem in Nepal by the Ministry of Health, there is no active case detection programme in the country. Objective: Objectives of this study were to determine the up-to-date morbidity and mortality trend for VL in children of Nepal. Method: The epidemiological surveillance team from the NZFHRC visited to eight zonal hospitals in Terai region during the month from September to December of each year 2003 to 2007. The morbidity and mortality data up to the year 2007 were collected every year. The team has also collected 66 blood serum samples of which 18 samples from children were collected for the diagnosis. Results: A total 25890 cases with 599 deaths were reported during the year 1980-2006. The case fatality rate (CFR) varied from 0.23% to 13.2%. Districtwise analysis showed that, during 2003, highest incidence was in Mahottari district (184/100,000), followed by Sarlahi (100/100,000) and Sunsari (96/100,000). The highest CFR was in Dhanusha (2.9%) followed by Bara (2.4%) and Saptari (2.0%). Majority (70.9%) of persons affected by VL were aged 15 years and above, followed by 10-14 years (13.9%), 5-9 years (11.9%) and 1-4 years (3.3%). VL cases recorded from different district of Nepal for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 are recorded. CFR for the year 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007 were 3.2%, 3.7%, 16.67% and 11.42% respectively. Conclusions: There should be regular surveillance research work to be carried out in endemic area. Mass public health education, to make the people aware about preventive aspects of the disease is important. The possibility of the existence of animal reservoirs as zoonotic disease should also be considered. This disease is very much serious in children below 15 years of age both in male and female, therefore it is essential to have paediatrician post at least in all VL six endemic districts. Key words: Epidemiology, Leishmaniasis, Kala-azar, Sandfly doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2041 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.67-73
Child Health Status of Nepal: Social Exclusion Perspective
Authors: Gurung Gagan 
Published: July 2009

Introduction: Nepal has achieved a spectacular success in child health over the last decades but the achievement is not uniform across different social groups. Therefore, there is urgent need to identify the groups who are excluded from access of child health services which would give us population at risk to prioritize and utilize the scarce resources available in health sector more effectively and efficiently. Methods: The study was descriptive type and was based on review of secondary data of different studies done in past. The study used World Bank framework of dimension of exclusion to analyze social exclusion in child health in Nepal. The health differentials in child health across different social groups were analyzed using simple descriptive analysis like percentage and ratios. The trends of the child health disparities over the ten years were done comparing the data of NFHS1996 and NDHS 2006. Results: The study showed there were disparities in child health status by ethnicity, location, wealth status. In most of the cases, the trends of disparities are increasing for mortality indicators and malnutrition status. Interestingly, the gaps in accessibility indicators of child health services are becoming narrowed down. Conclusion: This study showed the discrepancies in child health status in different social groups. The inequality in childhood mortality and malnutrition are increasing over the period for different groups where as it is decreasing for accessibility indicators of childhood health services. Key words: Child health status, inequality, social exclusion, social groups. doi: 10.3126/jnps.v29i2.2044 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol 29, No. 2, pp.79-84