bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Godfrey-Laux Alcohol Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions Assessment Battery
Authors: Godfrey Sandra S. , Laux Lila F. 
Published: January 2012

The Godfrey-Laux Alcohol Knowledge, Attitudes, and Intentions Assessment Battery (GLB) was developed to measure the impact of information about the effects of alcohol consumption on knowledge, attitudes, and intentions related to alcohol use. Items were selected from existing instruments and new items were constructed. They were factor analyzed, and an attitude scale measuring (in)tolerance toward alcohol use and two behavioral intention scales, one measuring intent to use alcohol responsibly and the other intent to set limits on alcohol use, were constructed based on the factors obtained. A correlational analysis included two scores on the knowledge items (number correct and number wrong), the attitude and intention scales, and reported behavior. The highest correlations were between attitudes and intentions. Knowledge scores correlated with intentions and reported single occasion alcohol consumption rate, and substantial correlations were observed among attitudes, intentions, and reported drinking behavior (whether they drank, how often, and single occasion consumption rate). These results illustrate that knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and reported behavior regarding alcohol consumption are interrelated. Thus information presented in the form of a warning or some other form about the hazards and risks of alcohol use should affect related attitudes, intentions and, theoretically, behavior. The GLB should be useful both for evaluating the effects of information dissemination and for predicting behavior related to alcohol consumption.
Demonstration of Lockheed's Computer-Human Interface Rapid Prototyping (CHIRP) Toolkit
Authors: Remington Robert J. 
Published: January 2012

The main purpose of this demonstration is to show the capabilities of the CHIRP Toolkit which is being developed at the Lockheed Rapid Prototyping Laboratory in Sunnyvale, CA. CHIRP is designed to aid the human factors engineer in the development, demonstration and evaluation of advanced forms of computer-human interaction (CHI). The demonstration will show the ease with which high fidelity prototypes of interactive graphical user interfaces (GUIs) can be developed using a form of visual programming. CHIRP contains both primitive GUI objects (e.g., a button and a menu selection bar) and higher-level prefabricated interface modules (e.g., a panel of buttons and a complete pull-down menu structure). Reusable maps, globes, images, graphs, analog displays and other useful graphical objects are stored in application graphics libraries. Special interactive graphics creation utilities are provided to support rapid development of application scenarios involving orbital mechanics, image processing, tracking and signal processing. Examples resulting from a variety of rapid prototyping activities involving CHIs for graphics-oriented military and commercial applications will be shown. These examples will illustrate the value of CHI prototyping in all phases of the computer system development cycle. CHIRP-based prototypes have been successfully used for marketing activities, for verification of system requirements, for simulating concepts of operation, for risk reduction studies, for usability evaluations, and for training users. Specific examples shown in this demonstration include a data fusion GUI designed for a proof of concept review, an animated 3D graphics orbital mechanics simulation used for requirements analysis and risk reduction studies, and an interactive GUI remote diagnostics prototype used for workload analysis studies and as a part-task trainer. Since the CHIRP Toolkit is a continuously evolving product, the demonstration will include a brief preview of future developments, including a capability to prototype multimedia CHIs which incorporate imagery, sound, and interactive video.
Fuzzy Expert System for Selection of Chairs for Elementary School Pupils
Authors: Fujita Takeshi , Noro Kageyu 
Published: January 2012

The development of a simple method for allocating suitable chairs to obese children as well is difficult but is very important. An attempt was made to develop a decision support system by incorporation of the experience and knowledge of health teachers who have long studied chairs for elementary school pupils. The application of fuzzy logic that is expected to make inferences and judgments close to those of humans was considered appropriate to the new system. The field experiment confirmed that the fuzzy system has the following advantages as simple method for selecting chairs for elementary school pupils.
Target Acquisition Criteria for Human Observers
Authors: Gerhart Grant R. 
Published: January 2012

A primary target acquisition threat to ground vehicle systems is the human observer whose psycho-visual capabilities are a critical element in the simulation of these phenomena. This paper discusses the Army's performance assessment methodology for determining signature countermeasures tradeoffs and the human factors elements essential for this type of analysis. Current Army acquisition models use a very simplistic model of the human visual perception system. The minimum resolvable contrast (MRC) models, for example, consider the target as an equivalent rectangle in a uniform background scene. The criteria for detection, recognition and identification are defined in terms of the number of line pairs across a critical target dimension. Although this simple model is convenient for many battlefield effectiveness simulations; the level of detail is insufficient for most CM applications. Several examples will illustrate the limitations of current target acquisition methodology for visual signature assessment and evaluation. A detailed description of the target/background scene and the observer psychovisual characteristics is essential for a robust simulation of these processes. In particular color, motion, shape, texture, search and clutter are essential parameters in any CM performance assessment methodology. The inclusion of these elements into future target acquisition models is the focal point for this discussion.
The Impact of Alternating between Integral and Separable Displays in a Multidimensional Decision-Making Task
Authors: Purcell Janine A. , Coury Bruce G. 
Published: January 2012

Research into the format of visual displays of multidimensional data has revealed relative superiority of certain formats in relation to the nature of task demands such as fault diagnosis versus fault detection. Previous research also suggests that order of training or experience in working with alternate display formats might also influence the ability of operators to gain the full benefits of these display formats. This last factor comes into play during the redesign of existing displays and the design of multiple display environments in domains such as nuclear process control, tactical and commercial flight, and anesthesia monitoring. The experiment described in this paper sought to further examine and clarify the types of performance decrements that can emerge after switching visual display formats used to support a complex decision-making task (Purcell and Coury, 1988). Accuracy and response time performance demonstrated that transfer of training was asymmetric after the switch. These results indicate that the order in which operators learn to use a given format of visually displayed data can enhance or hinder their subsequent use of alternate display formats. Redesign efforts and/or the use of multiple display formats in complex decision-making settings must address these effects.
Symposium Analysis and Modeling of Use of Procedures in Dynamic Worlds: Implications for the Design of Computer-Based Procedures
Authors: Roth Emilie M. , Corker Kevin M. 
Published: January 2012

In dynamic high risk environments, such as aviation, air traffic control, and nuclear power plant operations, when emergencies arise, the burden of diagnosing and developing a response strategy in real time can be very high. One response to this problem that has been adopted in a number of domains is to develop preplanned response strategies in the form of procedures that the person-on-the-scene is expected to follow in dealing with the emergency. This symposium examines the cognitive demands inherent in responding to emergencies when procedures are available, and the implications for development of computer-based procedures and related decision-support systems. The four papers examine procedure-supported performance from different perspectives. Three of the papers directly compare operator performance in simulated emergencies using paper-based procedures with operator performance using prototypes of computer-based procedures. The paper by Converse, reports an empirical study comparing operator performance using these two modes of support. The papers by Laughery and Persensky and Hoecker, Corker, Roth, Lipner and Bunzo examine the use of simulation models of operator performance as engineering tools for predicting the effect of computer-based procedures on operator performance. All three papers point to ways in which computer-based procedures facilitate operator performance and ways in which they impose new demands. The fourth paper, by Roth, investigates operator performance in more complex simulated emergencies that are not fully addressed by the procedures. The paper describes the cognitive activities required of operators to recognize and deal with situations that go beyond the available procedural guidance, and discusses implications for the design of computerized procedures and related decision support systems.
Man-Machine Design and Analysis System (MIDAS) Applied to a Computer-Based Procedure-Aiding System
Authors: Hoecker Douglas G. , Corker Kevin M. , Roth Emilie M. , Lipner Melvin H. , Bunzo Marilyn S. 
Published: January 2012

Difficult issues in design criteria confront the designers of human—computer interaction (HCI) implementations for future power plant control rooms. Such HCI-intensive control—room elements include “soft” controls and displays, computerized procedures, alarm presentations, and support for cooperative information—sharing among crewmembers. This shift in technology, from dedicated controls and displays in fixed locations to multifunction computer—driven operator workstations and wall displays, must focus not only on the required functionality of these interfaces, but also on their crafting and integration in such a way as to minimize the likelihood of operator error. With the objective of providing early insight into the cognitively error—prone consequences of selected interface dynamics, we are adapting a computer—based cognitive modeling tool, the Man—machine Integrated Design and Analysis System (MIDAS), to quantitatively model certain user requirements for operating different types of interfaces while dealing with high—consequence events in a control room setting. MIDAS was conceived and is being developed as a joint Army/NASA program at the NASA Ames Research Center to test different design approaches to computerizing the cockpits of advanced commercial and military aircraft. This report presents preliminary results from a project to adapt the MIDAS tool to the nuclear control room domain. These results have enabled comparative observation of cognitive loading depending on whether a supervisor uses computerized procedures or paper procedures to direct crew response to a plant trip event. The results suggest that each technology for procedural support, in its current respective implementation, has its own strengths and weaknesses at different points in the control task dialog.
Contact Area Effects on Discomfort
Authors: Goonetilleke Ravindra S. , Eng Timothy J. 
Published: January 2012

Most “ergonomic” products attempt to adopt a uniform force distribution strategy to improve comfort. The rationale being that force distribution over a large area reduces pressure and thereby enhances user comfort. However, sensory literature alludes to the concept of spatial summation, i.e. greater sensation by stimulating a larger surface area. Hence spatial summation would tend to suggest a greater discomfort when forces are applied over large surface areas. This study reports the effect of surface area on maximum discomfort causing pressure or maximum pressure tolerance (MPT). Two circular probes of different cross sectional area were used to stimulate the skin surface. The mean MPT with a probe of 5mm diameter was 3.3 times higher than the MPT with a probe of 13mm diameter. These findings suggest the following: • Perceived discomfort and contact area seem to have a “U-relationship” above a critical force value. Traditional thinking of distributing forces is successful only in the first half of the U-curve or with forces below the critical value. The section with the monotonically increasing relationship between discomfort and contact area (i.e., second half of U) may not be seen at very low forces or forces below the critical value. • “High” pressures in concentrated areas may cause less discomfort than “moderate” pressures over a larger area. • The critical or threshold pressure to induce discomfort is force and contact area dependent.
The Time Delay to Start Evacuating upon Hearing a Fire Alarm
Authors: Proulx Guylène 
Published: January 2012

An experiment was designed to observe the evacuation drills of occupants in four mid-rise apartment buildings. Each mid-rise building contained approximately 100 apartments, with 1 to 4 persons per apartment. All printed fire safety procedures stated that upon hearing the fire alarm all occupants should leave the building or move to an area of refuge, which means the movement of 100 to 200 people for each drill. The buildings chosen for this project were characterized as mixed-occupancy buildings; that is, they included adults, children, seniors and people with handicaps. Occupants received a memo that an evacuation drill would take place during the upcoming week. The evacuations were planned and carried out with the full participation of the local fire departments. The evacuation drills were recorded on video-cameras located throughout the buildings. This paper presents the results regarding the time at which each occupant started to evacuate which varies between 30 seconds to over 24 minutes. Most occupants who heard the fire alarm started their evacuation approximately 2 1/2 minutes after the alarm activation. The impact of the alarm system, the location of alarm-bells, training and pre-evacuation actions are discussed.
Gathering and Recording Human-Related Causal Data in Marine and Other Accident Investigations
Authors: Hill Susan G. , Byers James C. , Rothblum Anita M. , Booth Richard L. 
Published: January 2012

One of the missions of the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) is to promote safety at sea through the prevention and mitigation of marine accidents. One means of preventing accidents is through the thorough investigation of the causes of marine casualties, the analyses of which can illuminate needed safety improvements. A study was conducted with the purpose of learning more about the USCG casualty investigation process, analyzing the data entry process, and making recommendations for improvements to the current computer system and the casualty investigation process. The study identified four major factors in the USCG system, particularly related to the reporting of human-related causes, which may have broad application to other safety professionals who contemplate the use of similar automated reporting and analysis systems. These widely applicable factors were: • the reliability and completeness of the data can be affected by the investigators' understanding of the purpose and scope of the accident database; • the collection of human factors data can be overlooked and oversimplified; • the taxonomy/classification scheme affects data collected as well as data reported; • the computer interface used for data entry can affect the reliability, validity, and completeness of the human factors data.
Driver Performance Results from the Travtek IVHS Camera Car Evaluation Study
Authors: Dingus Thomas A. , Hulse Melissa C. , McGehee Daniel V. , Manakkal Raj 
Published: January 2012

The TravTek system constitutes a major Intelligent Vehicle-Highway System (IVHS) Advanced Traveler Information System (ATIS) demonstration project. The system provided in-vehicle information via color touchscreen CRT, steering wheel buttons, and synthesized voice. The TravTek driver interface was developed with the intent of providing navigation, service and attractions, and roadway incident and traffic information to the driver. The design of the TravTek interface had as its primary objectives: (1) more effective driver navigation providing the benefit of saving time, (2) easy access to valuable and convenient location information to alleviate stress and increase driving enjoyment, (3) maintenance of safe driving performance during system use and safety improvement facilitated by information for avoiding hazards and for emergency response, and (4) improvement of roadway efficiency to alleviate congestion. This paper provides detailed data regarding driver performance and behavioral interactions with four TravTek navigation configurations and two conventional methods of navigation: a paper map and a textual direction list. The results indicate that turn-by-turn information, regardless of its method of presentation, results in effective driving and navigation performance. A moving map display with no supplemental information required high visual attention relative to the other conditions. The other TravTek conditions resulted in lower workload superior navigation performance than the paper map control condition.
The Benefits of Auditory Spatial Information in Visual Processing
Authors: Strybel Thomas Z. 
Published: January 2012

Techniques for the production of externalized, “3-dimensional” sound images for acoustic signals presented via headphone were developed in the past decade. These 3-D sound systems simulate both interaural time and intensity cues, and cues based on the action of the pinnae on incoming sound sources (e.g. Wenzel, Wightman and Foster, 1988). It has been anticipated that these 3-D sound systems would be useful in the cockpit and other work settings because they provide a natural method directing an operator to some event in the environment. This symposium is a progress report on research which has either examined potential applications of 3-D sound systems in the workplace, or attempted to understand how auditory spatial cues direct visual attention. Researchers at NASA Ames Research Center and Wright Patterson Air Force Base have identified cockpit tasks that can benefit from auditory spatial cueing. Some of these tasks include gate identification, blunder avoidance, and traffic identification of approaching and receding targets. The benefits of audio spatial cueing are usually measured by determining the reduction in search latency that is realized when searching for targets with and without auditory spatial cues. These benefits can be explained by the findings that both simple detection and identification times are faster and more constant across the frontal hemifield when auditory spatial cues are presented with the target. Furthermore, for sounds presented in the central visual field, auditory spatial cues can either supplement or substitute for abrupt visual onsets in directing visual attention.
Distribution of Discretionary Time by Retired People
Authors: Modrick John A. , Meyers Susan , Papke Robert 
Published: January 2012

This study is a survey of the activities of retirees of a Fortune 500 manufacturing company. The objective was to provide a baseline description of activities as people adjust to changes associated with retirement and decremental changes of aging. A sample of 40 retirees was interviewed to obtain information on 1) demographics, living conditions, and health; 2) distribution of time over activities of work, recreation, family, and volunteering; 3) changes associated with aging and socio-economic factors. It is intended to provide an activity picture that will be a context for identifying behavioral problems and devices, organizations, and supporting aids to enhance quality of life. Respondents represent the gamut of occupations and skill levels, socio-economic conditions, and ethnic diversity characteristics of a large, midwestern manufacturing corporation. The distribution of ages in the retiree population and sample were equivalent The activities surveyed include reading, watching television, household chores and maintenance, skill or craft hobbies, intentional exercise, care-giving, volunteer work, and work for pay. Analyses include differences and changes in activities as a function of gender, age, length of retirement, health, and living situation. Volunteer work is analyzed in detail concerning type, location of the work, and time spent on it.
Adding and Subtracting Percentiles — How bad can it be?
Authors: Kreifeldt John G. , Nah Keoun 
Published: January 2012

When performing anthropometric analysis or design, it frequently happens that some particular anthropometric value is not tabulated although it would appear to be derivable by adding or subtracting two relevant and tabulated dimensions. Because percentile values are usually required, there is the temptation to add or subtract the relevant percentile values of the two tabulated dimensions. In some cases, this will produce minimal or no error between the actual percentile value and the result of adding/subtracting the tabulated values, while in other cases, the resulting percentile will be very seriously in error. The magnitude of the errors depends on the percentiles, correlation coefficient and ratio of the standard deviations of the two variates. This paper details the combinations of these three factors for which adding/subtracting two identical percentile values produces acceptable as well as grossly misleading results. Several tables, charts and equations are provided to aid in this common problem. The results may be particularly useful when only the ratio of standard deviations may be known or approximated rather than their individual values. In general, subtracting percentiles leads to greater errors than adding them.
Job Design and Job Stress among Female and Male Experts: Comparisons of Journalists and Judges
Authors: Immonen Stina , Järvenpää Eila 
Published: January 2012

This paper deals job design factors and stress outcomes in two expert jobs. The study concerned 14 journalists and 28 judges in Finland. Data was collected by interviews and questionnaires. Connections between job design factors and stress outcomes were studied. Possible differences between male and female experts in their perceptions of job design factors and stress outcomes were of special interest. The results showed that both the judges and the journalists reported high levels of skill variety, task identity, autonomy and dealing with others and workload. However, both groups reported a rather low level of anxiety. Slight differences between men and women were found in stress outcomes, which indicate that in the same job women might experience job stress differently from men. These findings indicate that gender might be important in job design, and that the effects of gender should be further studied.