bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insecticide susceptibility status in individual species of the Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) in an area of The Gambia where pyrethroid impregnated bednets are used extensively for malaria control
Authors: Hemingway J. , Lindsay S.W. , Small G.J. , Jawara M. , Collins F.H. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractPyrethroid-impregnated bednets are being used nationwide in The Gambia. The future success of this malaria control programme depends partly on the vectors remaining susceptible to those insecticides used for treating the nets. The present study was carried out on the south bank of the river Gambia, during the first large scale trial of nets in this country. Thus this area represents a sentinel site for detecting insecticide resistance in local vectors. This study gives an example of how a system of early detection for resistance problems can be set up in a relatively complex situation where multiple vectors and non-vectors are present. Samples of the Anopheles gambiae complex were caught indoors using light traps in twelve villages used in the bednet study. In all villages A. gambiae sensu stricto Giles was the predominant member of the complex as determined using the rDNA-PCR diagnostic assay. Limited bioassays with DDT and permethrin, and biochemical assays for a range of insecticide resistance mechanisms suggest that the A. gambiae complex remains completely susceptible to all major classes of commonly used insecticides including pyrethroids. Biochemical assays suggest that a low frequency of DDT resistance may occur in A. melas Theobald. This is based on elevated glutathione S-transferase levels coupled with increased levels of DDT metabolism and does not involve cross-resistance to pyrethroids. Therefore we do not envisage a decline in the efficacy of treated nets against malaria vectors in the study area in the immediate future, although monitoring should be continued whilst wide-scale use of impregnated bednets is operational.
Spatial patterns of the parasitic mite Hemisarcoptes coccophagus (Astigmata: Hemisarcoptidae): host effect, density-dependence of aggregation, and implications for biological control
Authors: Izraylevich Sergey , Gerson Uri 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe spatial distribution of the parasitic mite Hemisarcoptes coccophagus Meyer on two armoured scale insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae) was highly aggregated in the field. Mites were more aggregated on young than on ovipositing host scale females. No differences in the mite's distribution pattern were found between latania scale (Hemiberlesia lataniae (Signoret)) and oleander scale (Aspidiotus nerii (Bouché)). Mite aggregation was density-dependent on ovipositing host females (the degree of overdispersion decreased as mite abundance increased), but density-independent on young females. The effect of density-dependent and independent mite aggregation on the proportion of hosts escaping attack at different parasite abundances was simulated, and its relevance to biological control of Diaspididae is discussed.
A trial of a cypermethrin ‘pour-on’ insecticide to controlGlossina pallidipes, G. fuscipes fuscipesandG. morsitans submorsitans(Diptera: Glossinidae) in south-west Ethiopia
Authors: Leak S.G.A. , Mulatu Woudyalew , Rowlands G.J. , D'Ieteren G.D.M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTsetse populations and trypanosome prevalence in cattle were monitored from 1986 to 1993 in the Ghibe valley, south-west Ethiopia. From January 1991 to December 1993 between 2000 and 4000 cattle were treated at monthly intervals with a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide, cypermethrin (RS-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxy- benzyl [1RS]-cis, trans-3-[2,2-dichlorovinyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylate). An approximate dosage of 1 ml per 10 kg bodyweight was used to control tsetse flies (Glossinaspp.). Treatments were given as ‘pour-on’ applications along the backlines of animals, using automatic drench-gun applicators. This resulted in a decline of 93% in the apparent density ofG. pallidipesAusten. A reduction of 83% in the apparent density ofG. morsitans submorsitansNewstead was also observed. This reduction was associated with a reduction in trypanosome prevalence in cattle of over 74% in 1993, despite a high level of resistance to all available trypanocidal drugs. The numbers ofStomoxysspp. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Tabanidae were also significantly reduced (P < 0.01).
Differences in the susceptibility of seeds of selected varieties of cowpea to Bruchidius atrolineatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Ofuya T.I. , Credland P.F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe bruchid Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) causes significant damage to the stored protein rich seeds of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, in the West African Sahel. Twenty varieties of cowpea were evaluated for susceptibility to attack by B. atrolineatus in the laboratory. The bruchid showed differential response to the seeds in terms of developmental period, percentage adult emergence, seed weight loss due to feeding by one larva, adult weight at emergence and life-time fecundity of females reared from them. Based on these criteria, IT85F-2205 and IT84S-275-9 were the least susceptible varieties. The development of B. atrolineatus was most significantly delayed in these varieties. The beetle larvae consumed less of their seed material and adults reared from them were smallest and least fecund. The varieties IT87S-1393, IT90K-391 and IT84D-460 also had relatively lower susceptibility to the beetle than others. In a no-choice oviposition experiment, B. atrolineatus females laid equally on all varieties. Percentage egg hatch on the different cowpea varieties did not differ significantly. The results are discussed in relation to previous reports on susceptibility of cowpea and other legumes to bruchids.
A new mind (Heteroptera) pest of cashew in northern Australia
Authors: Stonedahl G.M. , Malipatil M.B. , Houston W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractHelopeltis pernicialis, a new species of bryocorine Miridae, is described from northern Australia, where it has become established as a serious pest of cultivated cashews, Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae). Information on the biology and pest status of the bug is provided from studies conducted near Darwin, Northern Territory.
Suggestions for the Limitation and Destruction of Glossina morsitans
Authors: Shircore J.O. 
Published: July 2009

Several months' constant traveling in the “proclaimed area” has led the writer to conclude that it contains at least four “primary centres” which harbour tsetse-flies, situated as shown on the map as follows:No. 1, opposite Rifu, near Patsanjoka Marsh ;No. 2, W. & S.W. of Kuti Marsh ;No. 3, at Nyansato near the Chitawa Marsh ; andNo. 4, along and on each side of the Lingadsi River, between Long. 38° 8′ and 34° 13′ E.
Time series analysis of variation in abundance of selected cocoa insects and fitting of simple linear predictive models
Authors: Bigger M 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA plot of cocoa trees at the Cocoa Research Institute, Tafo, Ghana, was inspected weekly for the presence on each tree of 18 species of insects. The 306 consecutive weekly records of percentage of trees occupied by each species were subjected to time series analysis. Auto-correlation and partial auto-correlation functions were calculated for each series and used to identify simple autoregressive linear models to account for the serial correlation. It was found that all species needed a stabilizing autoregressive parameter of lag 1 and all but four a second autoregressive parameter of lag 2. Seasonal autoregressive parameters at lags 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, or 13 were needed for over half the species, either in addition to the parameter at lag 2 or in place of it. It is postulated that these seasonal parameters mimic generation cycles. Runs of the models using random inputs produced series which were close to the originals in general form. The models could be further refined by adjusting the fixed mean levels assumed by the models to take into account the effects due to the abundance of young extension growth on the trees and atmospheric moisture, as measured by afternoon relative humidity readings. Although the production of extension growth is cyclical it would seem that it does not induce the cyclical behaviour observed in some of the insect series. The peaks in the latter cycles are, however, reinforced when they coincide with peaks in extension growth.
Cytotaxonomic revision of the Simulium sanctipauli subcomplex (Diptera: Simuliidae) in Guinea and the adjacent countries including descriptions of two new species
Authors: Boakye D.A , Post R.J , Mosha F.W , Surtees D.P , Baker R.H.A 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe Simulium sanctipauli Vajime & Dunbar subcomplex of the West African S. damnosum Theobald complex is cytotaxonomically revised for the western part of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme area. The subcomplex is defined and a chromosomal key provided for the identification of the sibling species and forms recognized. Two sibling species are newly described, S. leonense Boakye, Post & Mosha (Sierra Leone) and S. konkourense Boakye, Post, Mosha & Quilleévéré (Guinea and Sierra Leone). Detailed chromosomal data are provided as warranty for the conclusions about the specific or infraspecific status of the taxa recognized.
The biology of Hindola spp. (Homoptera: Machaerotidae) vectors of Sumatra disease of clove and some related species in Indonesia
Authors: Lomer C.J , Stride A.B , Balfas R 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe different stages of Hindola striata Maa in Java and H. fulva Baker on clove (Syzygium) in Sumatra were investigated. Data are presented on the duration of egg and nymphal stages and their positions on the plant. Hymenopterous and Dipterous parasites attacking the eggs and nymphs are described. The natural enemy complex of these clove-dwelling insects is contrasted with that of H. viridicans Stål on Melastoma sp. Some observations on adult behaviour and biology are made, particularly as these relate to the spread of Sumatra disease.
Development and fecundity of Sesamia calamistis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Shanower T.G , Schulthess F , Bosque-Perez N 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe developmental rates and fecundity of two important African maize pests, Sesamia calamistis Hampson and Eldana saccharina Walker, were studied under constant temperatures and with two larval diets. Five temperatures (15°, 20°, 25°, 30° and 35°C) were used to investigate developmental rates and three temperatures (20°, 25° and 30°C) were used in fecundity experiments. Larvae were reared on maize stem cuttings and on artificial diet. The developmental period for S. calamistis on artificial diet required over 700 degree-days (DD); eggs needed 122 DD above a threshold of 9.7°, larvae required 383 DD above 12.2°C and pupae 204 DD above 10.2°C. The developmental period for E. saccharina on artificial diet was 665 DD; eggs required 125 DD above 9.1°C, larvae 400 DD above 10.6°C and pupae 140 DD above 8.8°C. On artificial diet both species developed faster and had higher threshold temperatures for larval development than when reared on maize stem cuttings. Pupal development rates did not differ between artificial diet and maize stem for either species, although developmental thresholds were marginally lower on artificial diet. S. calamistis averaged 250–690 eggs/female although some individuals produced more than 1000 eggs. Adult females lived 5.7 days at 30°C and 10 days at 20°C. E. saccharina females produce more eggs and lived longer than S. calamistis females. Average fecundity for E. saccharina was 470–620 eggs/female, but several individuals produced more than 1200 eggs. Adult females lived 6.6 days at 30°C and 14.6 days at 20°C.
Visual responses of tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) to odour-baited targets
Authors: Vale G.A 
Published: July 2009

AbstractField studies in Zimbabwe showed how targets 1 m tall and 25–400 cm wide, composed of vertical panels of visual material and net and baited with odours of acetone, 1-octen-3-ol, and phenols, could be refined for controlling Glossina morsitans morsitans Westwood and G. pallidipes Austen. Attraction from a distance was not affected by swivelling movement but improved several-fold as the width of visual panels increased from 25 to 200 cm. Blue or blue/black targets were about as effective as black for G. m. morsitans but slightly more effective for G. pallidipes. Fine and coarse net was unattractive at long range but the flies avoided coarse net when close. The percentage of tsetse alighting on visual panels before flying round increased up to several times when the panels were widened, and when non-shiny black replaced blue or shiny black, but the percentage of flies alighting before departure was not much affected expect by panel width, being near 0% at 25 cm and 85% at 2 m. Most tsetse alighted first near the centre of targets, especially where black contrasted with nearby blue. Studies of various fabrics and paints and of restricted deposition of insecticide suggested several disposable targets that could have the costs of materials and insecticide, with efficacy preserved for G. m. morsitans and increased by up to 50% for G. pallidipes.
Effect of the systemic fungicide benomyl on the symbionts and mycetocytes of the bird cherry—oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi) (Homoptera: Aphididae) reared on wheat plants
Authors: Akhtar S. , van Emden H.F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractOnly a few symbionts and mycetocytes in the bird cherry–oat aphidRhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus) reared for three days were affected on plants treated with 50 ppm benomyl. The symbionts of aphids reared for the same time on plants treated with 100 ppm benomyl, however, were abnormal and at an early stage of degeneration. Mycetocytes contained more residual bodies than normal. The symbionts and mycetocytes of embryonic aphids on such plants were also abnormal. When aphids were reared for 3 days on plants treated with 200 ppm benomyl, the symbionts and mycetocytes were drastically affected. Most of the symbionts were very abnormal and had degenerated. The mycetocytes were full of electron-lucent and electron-dense structures intermixed with abnormal cell organelles. Symbionts and mycetocytes of embryonic aphids were abnormal. In contrast, when the systemic insecticide pirimicarb was used to kill aphids, it did not affect the symbionts and mycetocytes. When aphids were reared for 6 days on plants treated with 50 ppm benomyl, their symbionts and mycetocytes and those of their offspring were also degenerate and abnormal, as were those of Fl generation aphids from mothers reared from birth on plants treated with 50 ppm benomyl. From a consideration of the known mode of action of benomyl on tubulin and the presence of tubulin only in the mycetocyte cells, it is concluded that the degeneration of symbionts in benomyl-treated aphids is a secondary consequence of the degeneration of the aphid mycetocytes.
Effect of defensive behaviour by cattle on the feeding success and nutritional state of the tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae)
Authors: Baylis M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted at Galana Ranch, Kenya, which examined, under natural conditions, the relationships between the number of tsetse flies (Glossina pallidipes Austen) attracted to cattle, the rate at which the cattle made defensive movements, and the feeding success of the tsetse. The most frequent defensive movements were skin ripples and tail swishes, while leg kicks were of intermediate frequency, and head and ear movements were infrequent. In one experiment, the rate of skin ripples, but no other type of defensive movement, was significantly correlated with the number of tsetse attracted to the cattle. The proportion of tsetse that engorged was significantly (P < 0.004) correlated with the rate of leg kicks, more weakly with the rate of head movements (P < 0.07), and uncorrelated with the rates of other types of defensive movement. In the second experiment, the rates of skin ripples, tail swishes and leg kicks were significantly correlated with the number of tsetse attracted to the cattle. The proportion of tsetse that engorged was again significantly correlated to the rate of leg kicks (P < 0.03), more weakly to the rate of head movements (P < 0.04), and unrelated to the rates of other types of defensive movement. In neither experiment was there a significant relationship between the number of tsetse attracted to the cattle and the proportion that engorged, suggesting that any density-dependent feeding success was too weak to be detected. In experiment 1, the relative fat content of the male G. pallidipes that fed decreased as the rate of leg kicks increased, suggesting that when hosts are more active the sub-sample of tsetse that feed, out of those that approach, is both smaller and hungrier. There was no detectable effect of host defensive behaviour on the bloodmeal size of male G. pallidipes.
Spectral sensitivity of the compound eye of the cabbage root fly,Delia radicum(Diptera: Anthomyiidae)
Authors: Brown P.E. , Anderson M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe spectral sensitivity of the compound eye of the cabbage root fly,Delia radicum(Linnaeus), was measured using the electroretinogram (ERG) technique, at fifteen selected wavelengths between 340 nm and 670 nm. The form of the ERG was found to be diphasic in nature. A primary peak of spectral sensitivity in the UV (340–350 nm), and a smaller secondary peak in the blue-green region (460–546 nm) were found, together with a shoulder of sensitivity, representing a ‘pseudo-peak’ as reported for other Diptera, in the red region (630 nm). No significant differences were found between the dorsal and ventral regions of the eye. The peak response in the green region (546 nm) agrees well with existing behavioural data on colour attraction and visual discrimination of host plants by the cabbage root fly.
Egg laying suppression inDrosophila melanogaster(Diptera: Drosophilidae) andDacus (Bactrocera) oleae(Diptera: Tephritidae) by phloroglucinol, a peroxidase inhibitor
Authors: Keramaris K.E. , Margaritis L.H. , Zografou E.N. , Tsiropoulos G.J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEggshell peroxidase (ESP) is responsible for the hardening process in several Diptera, includingDrosophila melanogasterMeigen andBactrocera oleaeGmelin. Its action can be inhibited by phloroglucinol, a natural phenolic substance, during the formation of the egg-shell. We used phloroglucinol, in the diet of adults ofD. melanogasterandB. oleae, at concentrations of 1 mM, 10 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM and 400 mM to study its effect on egg laying. In both insects, 1 mM had no effect. At concentrations above 10 mM, egg laying ofD. melanogasterwas gradually affected leading to the deposition of empty shells and chorion-less eggs, while inB. oleae, it was gradually suppressed and only amorphous masses were laid. The effect of phloroglucinol at the tested concentrations was reversible. It is concluded that phloroglucinol added at appropriate, non-lethal concentrations, affected egg-laying ofD. melanogasterandB. oleaein different ways, related to differences in the ovipositor diameter relative to egg size. InB. oleae, it is relatively narrow, causing breakage of the phloroglucinol-induced non-elastic egg-shell, since covalent crosslinking of the chorion proteins is prevented. InD. melanogaster, chorion-less eggs and separate chorions are laid, due to egg dechorionation. A possible field application of these results is discussed.
Population biology of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), in an experimental model of a fabric treatment
Authors: Mason P.L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe response of populations of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Linnaeus) (7022/1 strain), to insecticide treatments of different extent and standard concentration was studied over 16 weeks (no more than two generations) in experimental bins containing a wheat bulk and 16 kibbled wheat-filled refuges. Populations comprised initially low frequencies of resistant phenotypes, as would occur in natural populations where resistant alleles had newly arisen. The degree of control achieved was related to the extent of treatment. Distribution of adult beetles was greatly influenced by the effects of insecticide treatment superimposed on intrinsic microhabitat preferences. Live beetles were recovered from all bins, although numbers sampled from wheat bulks of treated bins were 1–6% of that of the untreated bin. More live beetles were sampled from wheat bulks than were recovered from all respective refuges, except in one treated bin. Live beetles were more numerous in refuges in corners and in those furthest from refuges on treated walls. Beetles were more likely to die in refuges in coiners and lower down in the bins or in refuges on treated walls adjacent to untreated walls. Although treatments produced heavy mortality, the frequencies of resistant individuals did not increase significantly. This could either be because treatments were equally successful in eliminating homozygous susceptible and heterozygous individuals, or because selection in favour of resistant individuals was too weak to be detectable, especially if there were negative correlations between viability and fecundity. Significant genetic structuring of refuge subpopulations with respect to the resistance phenotypes was noted and appeared to be related to behavioural preferences for microhabitat.
Foraging, nesting and damage caused by Microtermes subhyalinus (Isoptera: Termitidae) in a sugarcane plantation in the Central African Republic
Authors: Mora P. , Rouland C. , Renoux J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe ecology of Microtermes subhyalinus Silvestri in savanna and an adjoining sugarcane plantation in the Central African Republic is described. Other species of termites were associated with savanna and sugarcane but M. subhyalinus was the most prevalent and the only one causing damage to sugarcane. Damage to the crop by M. subhyalinus was assessed throughout the year. Termite attacks were confined initially to the root system just after cutting but as the cane matured and growth ceased, termites tunnelled up into the above-ground stems. Losses accounted for 5–10% of total annual production. The nesting and foraging behaviour of this species altered with the change from natural savanna to sugarcane cultivation. The vertical distribution of M. subhyalinus fungus combs in soil under savanna and sugarcane over different seasons was analysed. There was a linear relationship between monthly rainfall and foraging activity in savanna while in sugarcane no relationship was observed.