bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract B125: Genomic methylation levels in white blood cell DNA among young girls
Authors: Wu Hui-Chen , Esther John M. , Keegan Theresa H. , Jennifer Ferris S. , Cruzata Lissette Delgado , Kappil Maya , Gonzalez Karina , Regina Santella M. , Beth Terry Mary 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Lower levels of genomic DNA methylation in white blood cell DNA (WBC) have been observed in individuals with breast or other cancers. Genomic methylation in WBC has been also associated with risk factors for cancer in adulthood; data on the association with exposures earlier in life are limited. Using information from 31 girls 6 to 17 years of age from families enrolled in the Breast Cancer Family Registry, and 20 girls of similar age from families without breast cancer, we conducted a pilot study to examine whether genomic methylation in WBC is associated with selected breast cancer risk factors. Genomic methylation levels were measured by MethyLight for three repetitive elements (LINE1, Sat2M1 and AluM2), the luminometric methylation assay (LUMA), and LINE1-pyrosequencing. We found that age of menarche was inversely correlated with LINE1 MethyLight (r=−0.41, p=0.02) and pyrosequencing methylation (r=−0.48, p=0.01) levels. Girls with a body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) between 18.5 and 24.9 had lower methylation of LINE1 pyrosequencing compared with girls with higher or lower BMI values. Genomic methylation levels, measured by LUMA, AluM2 MethyLight, and LINE1 pyrosequencing, differed between girls with and without a family history of breast cancer. These data, if replicated in larger samples, suggest that breast cancer risk factors may be associated with genomic methylation in WBC in early life.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B125.
Abstract B127: Family history of breast cancer and risk of contralateral breast cancer
Authors: Reiner Anne S. , Begg Colin B. , Bernstein Leslie , Haile Robert W. , Knight Julia A. , Lynch Charles F. , John Esther M. , Capanu Marinela , Pike Malcolm C. ,   The WECARE Study Collaborative Group, Bernstein Jonine L. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Purpose: Family history of breast cancer increases a woman's risk of developing a first primary breast cancer. A meta-analysis of case-control studies of first primary breast cancer reported an increased risk associated with having an affected first-degree relative (OR=2.1, 95% CI=2.0–2.2), and the risk was even greater when subject and relative were diagnosed before age 50 (OR=3.3, 95% CI=2.8–3.9) (Int J Ca 1997;71:800–9). In this study, we examined family history of breast cancer as a risk factor for developing asynchronous contralateral breast cancer (CBC) and compared these risks to those from the aforementioned meta-analysis.
Methods: The Women's Environmental Cancer and Radiation Epidemiology (WECARE) Study is a case-control study including women from five population-based cancer registries: four in the US and one in Denmark. The 708 cases in this study were women with CBC and the 1399 individually matched controls were women with unilateral breast cancer (UBC). All participants were initially diagnosed between January 1985 and December 2000 at age 54 years or younger, and were queried about family history of breast cancer among female first- and second-degree relatives. Multivariable-adjusted rate ratios (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using conditional logistic regression.
Results: Compared with women who reported no affected relatives, women with at least one first-degree relative with breast cancer were at increased risk of developing CBC (RR=2.1, 95% CI=1.6–2.7); the risk was greater when more than one relative was affected (RR=2.6, 95% CI=1.5–4.6), and was nearly 4-fold (RR=3.9, 95% CI=2.3–6.4) for women having a relative diagnosed with CBC. The risk of CBC was 3.1 (95% CI=1.8–5.3) when both relative and subject were diagnosed before age 45. When the relative was diagnosed before age 45, regardless of subject age, the risk of CBC was 2.6 (95% CI=1.7–4.1). Similarly, when the subject was diagnosed before age 45, regardless of relative's age, the risk of CBC was 2.5 (95% CI=1.7–3.6).
Conclusions: The risk of developing CBC is increased among women with a family history of breast cancer, and this risk is significantly greater among those with an affected relative with bilateral cancer, having more than one affected relative, and having relatives affected at young ages. Our results comparing CBC cases to UBC controls were similar to studies where UBC cases are compared to population controls.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B127.
Abstract B132: Risk factors for uncommon histologically defined subgroups of breast cancer using the Breast Cancer Family Registry
Authors: Boedges Meghan W. , Andrulis Irene L. , John Esther M. , Hopper John L. , Knight Julia A. , Liao Yuyan , O'Malley Frances , Mulligan Anna Marie , Southey Melissa , Hibshoosh Hanina , Zhang Fang Fang , Terry Mary Beth 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease; risk factors may differ for histologically-defined subgroups. Because most breast cancers are of ductal or lobular histology, previous studies have been limited in their ability to evaluate risk factors in rarer histologies, such as medullary, mucinous, and tubular, due to small sample sizes. We evaluated risk factors for histologically-defined breast cancer subgroups (ductal, lobular, tubular, medullary, or mucinous) using population-based data from the Breast Cancer Family Registry. Data were available for 3260 incident breast cancer cases (including 92 cases of medullary, 90 cases of mucinous, and 86 cases of tubular histology) and 2997 unrelated controls. Several reproductive factors were associated with the risk of mucinous breast cancer, whereas cigarette smoking and body mass index (BMI) were associated with the risk of medullary breast cancer. For the mucinous subtype, we observed positive associations with nulliparity (OR=2.54, 95%CI 1.17–5.50) and age at first birth (OR=1.08, 95%CI=1.02–1.14, for each additional year of age), and an inverse association with age at menarche (≥13 vs. ≤11) (OR=0.52, 95%CI 0.29–0.94). These reproductive factors were not associated with other histologic subtypes. Mucinous cases were less likely than controls to have used oral contraceptives (OC use ≤ 5 years: OR=0.50, 95%CI 0.28–0.92; OC use &gt; 5 years, OR=0.45, 95%CI 0.24–0.84), and these findings did not differ by menopausal status. Oral contraceptive use was also inversely associated with tubular histology among premenopausal women only (OC use &gt; 5 years, OR=0.35, 95%CI 0.14–0.87), but was not associated with other histologic subtypes when compared with controls. Medullary histology was inversely associated with smoking status (former smoker vs. never smoker, OR=0.30, 95%CI 0.14–0.62), and positively associated with BMI (OR=1.05, 95%CI 1.01–1.09, for each one-unit increase in BMI). Other known breast cancer risk factors, such as hormone-replacement therapy (HRT), breastfeeding history, and alcohol use, were not associated with the any of the rarer subtypes. Family history of breast cancer was associated with increased risk of all histologic subtypes. If replicated, these findings suggest different patterns for selected breast cancer risk factors, such as parity, oral contraceptive use, and smoking, by tumor histology.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B132.
Abstract B133: Menopausal hormone therapy and colorectal cancer risk in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort
Authors: Johnson Jill R. , Lacey James V. , Danforth Kim N. , Hollenbeck Albert R. , Schatzkin Arthur , Flood Andrew 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Menopausal hormone therapy has been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer yet few studies have evaluated cancer risk by specific formulations (i.e., estrogen versus estrogen plus progestin) or regimens (i.e., sequential versus continuous estrogen plus progestin). We prospectively analyzed colorectal cancer risk associated with duration and recency of specific menopausal hormone therapy formulations and regimens among 121,891 postmenopausal women participants of the National Institutes of Health-AARP Diet and Health Study. Hormone therapy use and other risk factors were ascertained through two questionnaires in 1995–1996 and 1996-1997. We used state cancer registry and vital status databases to identify 1,141 women who were newly diagnosed with invasive colorectal cancer during 653,774 years of follow-up. We used multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of colorectal cancer relative to never-use of menopausal hormone therapy. Use of only unopposed estrogen was associated with a statistically significant 30% reduced risk of colorectal cancer (RR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.56–0.87). The greatest risk reduction in estrogenonly users occurred among current, medium duration (6–9 years) users (RR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.28-0.85). Women who used exclusively estrogen plus progestin had a marginally-significant 17% reduced risk of colorectal cancer (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.68–1.00). The greatest risk reduction in this therapy formulation group occurred among current users of short duration (&lt;5 years) (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.52–1.04). With respect to regimen, both continuous (progestin ≥ 15 days per cycle: RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.65–1.03) and sequential (progestin &lt; 15 days per cycle: RR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.62–1.13) users of estrogen plus progestin had similarly reduced risks, neither of which was statistically significant. Among those on a continuous regimen, current use of short duration (&lt;5 years) was associated with a statistically significant 45% reduced risk of colorectal cancer (RR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.43–0.98). Our data indicate that both unopposed estrogen and estrogen plus progestin menopausal hormone therapies are associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer and that the degree of risk reduction varies by duration and recency of use.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B133.
Abstract B137: Cancer in population exposed to the Persian Gulf War
Authors: Mosavi-Jarrahi Alireza 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Introduction: Two specific events that occurred during the Persian Gulf War made a severe impact on the environment of the region. In late January 1991, millions of barrels of crude oil were released into the Persian Gulf from tankers and oil terminals and Less than one month later, nearly 700 Kuwaiti oil wells, storage tanks, refineries and facilities were blown up and set on fire and sizeable amount of depleted uranium was introduced into the environment. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of exposure in the incidence cancer.
Methods: A cancer registry monitoring both cancer incidence and mortality was set up in the exposed population (provinces bordering Iraq) and unexposed population (provinces located where no exposures were documented, eastern part of the country). The cancer specific incidence and mortality ration was calculated for the exposed and unexposed.
Results: Apart from the cancers of stomach, prostate, colon and breast, the solid tumors of lung, liver were relatively and unexpectedly more frequent than other cancer sites in the exposed population compared with unexposed. In female the average rate ration for Lymphoma was as high as 3.5 but in the male this figure was 1.4. No differences in Leukemia were seen in male but the female experienced in average 40% more risk of leukemia in comparison with the females in the non exposed area. Different cancer sites were examined. And wide ranges of varation were seen in terms of mortality or morbidity ratios.
Conclusion: The highly diverse nature of the exposure has imposed a certain degree of cancer risk to the population exposed.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B137.
Abstract B138: Chronic lead exposure: A cause of the current breast cancer epidemic in Nigerian women?
Authors: Alatise Olusegun I. , Schrauzer Gerhard N. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Nigeria women. The continuing rise of the breast cancer incidence in Nigerian women suggested contaminations of the soil and water supplies by industrial metals as a major contributing cause. Within this context, lead (Pb) is of particular concern, as it is one of the chief environmental pollutants in Nigeria and is known to promote tumorigenesis by abolishing the cancer-protecting effects of selenium (Se). We assess the possible effect of lead on the occurrence of breast cancer in Nigerian patients.
Patients and Methods: Twelve consenting patients with breast cancer seen at Obafemi Awolowo University were recruited into the study. The hair and fasting blood samples were taken for analysis using ICP-MS method. Samples from twelve age-matched controls were also analyzed.
Results: Consistent with this hypothesis, high and occasionally excessive levels of Pb were detected in blood and scalp hair of Nigerian women with and without breast cancer. These levels were sufficient to overwhelm the anti-carcinogenic effects of Se.
Conclusions: In the clinical setting, multi-element hair analysis provides a non-invasive means of assessing toxic metal exposures, cancer risk and disease progression. Any program of reducing breast cancer risk in Nigerian women thus must include effective measures to reduce the toxic metal burden of the population.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B138.
Abstract B141: The risk of breast cancer among women who start smoking as teenagers
Authors: Odiase Emmanuel O. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Goal: To examine the effect of smoking on breast cancer risk in a large population-based cohort of women, many of whom started smoking as teenagers.
Methods: We followed 102,098 women, ages 30 to 50 years, completing a mailed questionnaire at recruitment to the Nigerian-Kenyan Cohort Study in 1995/1996, through December 2004. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to estimate relative risk (RR) of breast cancer associated with different measures of smoking initiation, duration, and intensity adjusting for confounding variables. We conducted analyses on the entire study population, among women who had smoked for at least 20 years, among non drinkers, and separately for each country.
Results: Altogether, 1,240 women were diagnosed with incident, invasive breast cancer. Compared with never smokers, women who smoked for at least 20 years and who smoked 10 cigarettes or more daily had a RR of 1.34 (95 CI, 1.06–1.70). Likewise, those who initiated smoking prior to their first birth (1.27, 1.00–1.62), before menarche (1.39, 1.03–1.87), or before age 15 (1.48, 1.03–2.13) had an increased risk. In contrast, women who had smoked for at least 20 years, but started after their first birth, did not experience an increased breast cancer risk. The increased RR associated with smoking was observed among nondrinkers of alcohol, women with and without a family history of breast cancer, premenopausal and postmenopausal women, and in both countries.
Conclusion: Our results support the notion that women who start smoking as teenagers and continue to smoke for at least 20 years may increase their breast cancer risk.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B141.
Abstract B142: The risk level of liver cancer cases among smokers in developing countries
Authors: Odiase Emmanuel O. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Introduction: Tobacco use is a rising concern for the developing world. It causes about 5million deaths yearly and is projected to cause 10 million deaths yearly by 2025 with 80% of these deaths from the developing countries if current trends continue. Tobacco is also a majo risk factor for all kinds of cancer including Liver cancer.
Goal: To help determine whether the risk of liver cancer from smoking was less or greater than other forms of cancers caused by tobacco.
Methods: In this study, we ascertained retrospectively the smoking habits of 24,000 adults who had died from liver cancer (cases) in 10 Chines cities, 7 Indian Cities and 5 Nigerian Cities. These areas were choosen for reasons of high population. Smokers from these three countries constitute 40% of smokers worldwide. Calculations of the smoker risk ratios (RR) for liver cancer mortality were standardised for age and locality. We used Cox proportional hazard regression models to adjust for confounding variables. We conducted analyses on the entire study population, among male and females who had smoked for at least 20 years separately for each country.
Results: Among adult men (aged 35+) there was a 36% excess risk of death from liver cancer (smoker standardised risk ratio [RR] =1.36, with 95% confidence interval [Cl] 1.29–1.43, 2p&lt;0.00001; attributable fraction 18%). In the general male population, this indicates absolute risks of death from liver cancer before age 70 of about 4% in smokers (in the absence of other causes). The RR was approximately independent of age, was similar in urban and rural areas, was not significantly related to the age when smoking started but was significantly (p&lt;0.001) greater for cigarette smokers than for smokers of other forms of tobacco. Among men who smoked only cigarettes, the RR was significantly (p&lt;0.001 for trend) related to daily consumption, with a greater hazard among those who smoked 20/day (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.39–1.62) than among those who smoked fewer (mean 10/day: RR=1.32, 95% Cl 1.23–1.41). Smoking was also associated with a significant excess of liver cancer death in women (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.29, 2p=0.003; attributable fraction 3%), but fewer women (17%) than men (62%) were smokers, and their cigarette consumption per smoker was lower. Among women who smoked only cigarettes, there was a significantly greater hazard among those who smoked at least 20/day (mean 22/day: RR=1.45, 95% Cl 1.18–1.79) than among those who smoked fewer (mean 8/day: RR=1.09, 95% Cl 0.94–1.25).
Conclusion: This study goes to show that even though liver cancer from tobacco use kills about 200,000 people yearly in these three developing countries, the deaths from lung cancer (1.5 million yearly worldwide) is still higher than liver cancer deaths.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B142.
Abstract B145: The role of biomarkers of risk and smoking cessation
Authors: Hopkins Raewyn , Eaton Tam , Young Robert 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Smoking prevalence fell steeply after the 1960s when smoking was linked to lung cancer through epidemiological studies, which is long before public health measures were adopted. It is generally accepted that although most smokers want to quit, their smoking habit is maintained by the combination of addiction and optimistic bias (denial). Smokers demonstrate varying degrees of optimistic bias, the belief that complications of smoking will affect other smokers but not them. A new paradigm in smoking cessation called the 3Ts encompasses Tension, Trigger and Treatment. Motivational tension is the state of anxiety a smoker feels about their smoking. This tension can be elevated by triggers (teachable moments) such aswhich might be a health scare highlighting their vulnerability to smoking the complications of smoking and thereby undermining the optimistic bias. There is growing evidence that smokers respond to triggers by quitting, with at greater quit rates being relative to theaccording to the severity of the trigger. Quit rates in smokers are as high as 50–60% after a heart attack or diagnosis of lung cancer. Triggers may also involve the assessment of risk for a future life threatening event. Older smokers cite fear of future poor health as the most important trigger to quitting. Advances in genetic technology hasAdvances in genetic technology have revealed a number aof genetic variants that are associated with lung cancer susceptibility and that in combination (several susceptibility variants and along with clinical variables), identifies identify those smokers who are at greatest risk. There is growing evidence that personalized genomics information is accepted by lay people, promotes positive treatment changes by doctors and helps smokers to quit. There is also data to suggest that smokers taking these susceptibility tests are not de-motivated from quitting by taking the results of these tests. The paper will present data to support these claims suggesting personalized genomics could assist existing public health measures to promote smoking cessation. Such a personalized approach has been successfully used in the risk factor modification of coronary risk factors and significant reduction in coronary mortality over the last 2 decades.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B145.
Abstract B16: The influence of cultural beliefs on breast cancer risk factor knowledge of women in Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Williams Michelle S. , Kuffuor George , Ekuadzi Edmund , Ampem Prince Tuffuor , Brandt Heather M. , El-Duah Miriam , Korang-Yeboa Maxwell , Messias DeAnne 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Background and Significance: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death among women in Ghana, West Africa. Previous studies of breast cancer among women in Ghana indicate that 70 – 80% of women who seek treatment for breast problems are diagnosed with Stage III and IV breast cancer tumors. The objectives of this study were to determine 1) the knowledge of general cancer risk factors, and 2) the knowledge of general cancer signs and symptoms among women in Kumasi, Ghana; and 3) to identify cultural factors that influence their beliefs about breast cancer risk factors.
Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted using a questionnaire with 53 qualitative and quantitative items. Female residents (n=220) of Kumasi, Ghana where selected to participate in the study. A purposive sampling plan was designed to ensure that women with breast or cervical cancer (n = 49) where included in the study. Interviews where conducted in public areas, the Peace and Love Hospital, and the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. Comparative and descriptive statistics were used analyze the data.
Results: Findings indicated that the respondents' cancer risk factor knowledge was relatively low (mean score 2.91; range 0 – 5) and the difference in the cancer risk factor knowledge scores of women with various levels of education was not statistically significantly different. The overall knowledge of cancer signs and symptoms was also low (mean score 2.19; range 0 –6). In addition, cultural beliefs had an influence on women's beliefs about the risk factors for breast cancer e.g. 10.9% of respondents indicated that money in the bra causes breast cancer.
Conclusions: There is a wide-spread lack of accurate knowledge of general cancer risk factors and cancer signs and symptoms. There is a need for a mass breast cancer education intervention. Inaccurate cultural beliefs must be addressed to correct misconceptions about the causes of breast cancer.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(1 Suppl):B16.