bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tibetan Reform and the Kalmyk Revival of Buddhism
Authors: Sinclair Tara 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe anti-religious campaigns of the Soviet Union in the 1930s eradicated Kalmyk Buddhism from the public sphere. Following perestroika the Kalmyks retain a sense of being an essentially Buddhist people. Accordingly, the new Kalmyk government is reviving the religion with the building of temples and the attempted training of Kalmyk monks, yet monasticism is proving too alien for young post-soviets. According to traditional Kalmyk Gelug Buddhism authoritative Buddhist teachers must be monks, so monastic Tibetans from India have been invited to the republic to help revive Buddhism. The subsequent labelling by these monks of 'surviving' Kalmyk Buddhist practices as superstitious, mistaken or corrupt is an initial step in the purification of alternate views, leading to religious reform. This appraisal of historical practices is encouraged by younger Kalmyks who do not find sense in surviving Buddhism but are enthused with the philosophical approach taught by visiting Buddhist teachers at Dharma centres. By discussing this post-Soviet shift in local notions of religious efficacy, I show how the social movements of both reform and revival arise as collusion between contemporary Tibetan and Kalmyk views on the nature of true Buddhism.
Citizenship and Ethnicity: Old Propiska and New Citizenship in Post-Soviet Uzbekistan
Authors: Hojaqizi Guliatir 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper looks at two modes of 'belonging' in Uzbekistan: the first as a full citizen and the second as an 'illegal' resident of the place, these being two different ways of perceiving oneself as an Uzbek citizen. It is of crucial importance to consider the direct effect of existing internal registration regulations (propiska) on the self-perception of being a citizen and an Uzbek. I argue that this local policy, together with the failure of citizenship, has led to other kinds of memberships within non state institutions. The overarching Uzbek national identity has become a formal cover and an instrument for political discourse only at a higher level. At the lower level, as local discourses indicate, 'ethnic' or regional net-works and identities have been strengthened and regained their importance in the everyday lives of people in Uzbekistan. I will make use of contemporary approaches to the studies of citizenship that focus on the experiences of citizens and social construction of citizenship from below. The data used in the article was collected as part of fieldwork of thirteen months conducted in Uzbekistan.
A State of Passion: The Use of Ethnogenesis in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Gullette David 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article analyses former President Askar Akaev's use of ethnogenesis, a theoretical approach concerned with demonstrating continuous social groups and group identity, in his nation-building campaign. In particular, it examines the president's sympathy for the work of Lev Gumilev, a prominent ethnogenetic theorist, and the ways he combined this with people's understandings of their ancestors. Akaev promoted the image of ancestors through Gumilev's concept of passionate energy. This is demonstrated through two commemorative ceremonies to ancestors. A further comparison between Gumilev's concept of 'passion' and charisma reveals other characteristics in the Kyrgyz nation-building campaign and how it attempts to influence people's everyday lives.
Challenging Colonial Power: Kazak Cadres and Native Strategies
Authors: Kendirbai Gulnar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe paper brings into focus the mediating role of Kazak leaders in sustaining a feasible balance between the workings of Russian imperial and Kazak native structures. By placing the analysis in the pre-Soviet colonial context and involving the native perspective, the paper challenges the vision of colonialism as viewed from the coloniser's perspective. It argues that not imperial policies but the vicissitudes of everyday colonial practice had finally reshaped the relationship between the Russian coloniser and the Kazak colonised. As the paper shows, this framework enabled the latter to renegotiate the terms under which they could continue to make use of their tribal networks. Ultimately, these networks came to operate as a middle ground and a buffer zone that facilitated Kazak participation in imperial Russian and Soviet structures and, at the same time, proved instrumental in alleviating the devastating effects of central decision making.
The 12th Dorje Phagmo of Tibet, 'Female Living Buddha' and Cadre: A Political Paradox?
Authors: Diemberger Hildegard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper looks at the Samding Dorje Phagmo as an example of a minority nationality cadre who has been appointed to high positions in the Chinese administration in the name of her ethnicity, religious role and gender. Like most cadres who were co-opted from traditional elites she is unique because of her historical profile and role, but she embodies practices that are widespread among Tibetan cadres. Historically the Samding Dorje Phagmo was an important religious institution, established in the fifteenth century as the reincarnation of the tantric goddess Vajravārāhī. In the 1950s the 12th Dorje Phagmo was included among the members of the local religious elite by the newly-established Chinese rule. She is currently the Vice-president of the National People's Congress of the Tibet Autonomous Region and a member of the National People's Political Consultative Conference. She is therefore one of the more senior Tibetan cadres and one whose career has been most long-lived. Her political practice shows that the contemporary Sino-Tibetan relationship is not always a clear-cut one of domination and resistance, or secular communist suppression of Buddhist beliefs and practices, but full of paradoxes.
Contesting the Words that Wound: Ethnicity and the Politics of Sentiment in China
Authors: Bulag Uradyn 
Published: March 2011

AbstractNation is as much a sentimental community as an imagined community. This paper is an attempt to study the role of sentiment as a motor of ethnopolitics in China. Using as a heuristic device the recent Mongolian cadres' protest at 'Mongol Doctor' – a Chinese ethnic slur against the Mongols, the paper examines the formation of the Mongol sentimental community vis-à-vis the Chinese sentimental community historically and especially in the twentieth century.
Devouring Perspectives: On Cannibal Shamans in Siberia
Authors: Stépanoff Charles 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThroughout Siberia, shamans are suspected of 'devouring' other humans. This article, based on ethnographic literature about Siberian peoples and on fieldwork conducted in Tuva, examines different theoretical interpretations of this conception. A 'perspectivist' approach explains that shamans become cannibal because they see humans as prey animals. The paradoxes of this interpretation lead to a critical discussion of the philosophical premises of the perspectivist theory. Another approach is then proposed: Siberian traditions demonstrate two distinct understandings of the kinds of body connected with different pragmatic contexts. Legendary narratives elaborate a definition of the body by its position in an interaction. The logic of practices is ruled by distinctly more essentialist schemas. The theme of shamans' cannibalism contributes convincingly to broader hypotheses about the internal properties of the shamanic bodies which are necessary to their ritual practices.
Cooking the Mongols/Feeding the Han: Dietary and Ethnic Intersections in Inner Mongolia
Authors: Billé Franck 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to draw attention to the changing practices and perceptions of the Han residing in Inner Mongolia. Arguing that studies of Inner Mongolia all too frequently focus exclusively on the Mongols, and that the few Han appearing in them tend to be portrayed as agents of modernization and acculturation, the article seeks to challenge this limiting framework and to propose a more integrative approach. Taking dietary practices as its focus, the article suggests that the consumption patterns of foods traditionally marked as 'ethnic' do not neatly follow ethnic boundaries, and that limiting ethnographies of the region to the Mongols in fact obscures and conceals the numerous trends that cut across ethnic lines.
Pilgrims, Fieldworkers, and Secret Agents: Buryat Buddhologists and the History of an Eurasian Imaginary
Authors: Bernstein Anya 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article looks at the pre-Revolutionary history of Buryats' engagement with greater Eurasia, drawing on the legacies of the long underappreciated Russian Buddhological school and exploring the intellectual and political context of its emergence in the late nineteenth century. Exploring the role of Russian Orientalists and political figures such as the Orientalists V.P. Vasil'ev and Prince E.E. Ukhtomskii, and taking a close look at the fieldwork of the first Russian-trained indigenous Buryat Buddhologists G.Ts. Tsybikov and B.B. Baradiin, I demonstrate that this ultimately Eurasianist school of Buddhology was borne out of conflicting sentiments towards Russia's cosmopolitanism, statehood, and imperial destiny in Asia, as well as representations of indigenous peoples of southern Siberia. As a conclusion, I map the emergent forms of what I call 'Asian Eurasianism', linking it to contemporary cultural debates in Buryatia. I suggest that the term offers us a better way to understand the many ways by which many non-Russians position themselves in relation to the vast Eurasian continent.
The Dissolution of the Buryat Autonomous Okrugs in Siberia: Notes from the Field
Authors: Long Joseph , Graber Kathryn 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis field report comprises observations on the political processes through which the two Buryat autonomous okrugs in Siberia were dissolved into (or, in local political rhetoric, 'unified' with) the larger territories surrounding them in 2008. The two sections discuss the dissolution decisions as observed by the authors in the course of fieldwork, in Pribaikal'e (Cisbaikal) by Joseph Long and in Zabaikal'e (Transbaikal) by Kathryn Graber. Some joint reflections on these events are given at the end.
The Relationship Between A-lce lha-mo Troupes and Their Sponsors
Authors: Drokar Dikey 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper provides an introduction to A-lce lha-mo, also called 'Tibetan Opera', an ancient form of performing art as currently practised in Tibet. It explores the strategies used to reconstruct this tradition in different contexts and looks at various structures of patronage through the example of three troupes currently performing in Tibet.
De novis libris iudicia Images, Inscriptions and Interpretation
Authors: Tybout Rolf 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA recent collection of papers focusing on the relationship between inscriptions and the images they accompany postulates a great variety in subjective ‘reader/viewer response’ and underlines discrepancies between texts and images. Inscriptions are believed to complicate rather than elucidate representations and to have been set up to pose challenges to readers. However, many of the examples selected are exceptional in one way or another. As a rule inscriptions intend to provide authoritative information to readers prepared to accept it as such. Inscriptions anchor floating images, investing the general with the specific and consequently serving an hermeneutic purpose. The ambit of ‘reader/viewer response’ tends to be inversely proportional to the amount of inscribed text, though with exceptions admitted: its room is potentially enlarged, first with the lapse of time, and secondly with inscriptions meant to be read in private space, especially in a sympotic context. The reconstruction of responses to inscribed images should start from (more or less) contemporary sources rather than modern viewers’ speculations. What is known of ancient reader/viewer reception in the domestic sphere (inter alia the ekphrasis of paintings in Lucian’s De domo) suggests that texts may have been subjected to several types of variatio and paintings may have elicited subject-orientated comments devoid of ingenious associations.
Anaximander’s Fragment: Another Attempt*
Authors: Mansfeld Jaap 
Published: March 2011

AbstractI argue for the interpretation of Anaximander’s world as an unstable system. The inconsistency found by scholars in Theophrastus/Simplicius’ text disappears when it is realized that the elemental forces of nature do not change into each other. They are in the Infinite in time as well as in space. To some extent preference is given to Aristotle’s evidence over the doxographical vulgate habitually derived from Theophrastus, though of course the Theophrastean passage containing the verbatim quotation remains the primary witness.
Koerneria sudhausi n. sp. (Nematoda: Diplogastridae); a hermaphroditic diplogastrid with an egg shell formed by zygote and uterine components
Authors: Fürst von Lieven Alexander 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA new hermaphroditic species belonging to the diplogastrid taxon Koerneria is described. Although Koerneria sudhausi n. sp. displays all known apomorphies of Koerneria, it shares apomorphic characters with Mononchoides colobocercus (originally described as Diplenteron colobocercus). I assume that the apomorphic features of Koerneria exist in M. colobocercus too and were overlooked in the original description. Consequently M. colobocercus is transferred from Mononchoides to Koerneria, becoming Koerneria colobocerca n. comb. Koerneria sudhausi n. sp. and its sister species, K. colobocerca, together form the Diplenteron species group within Koerneria. Characteristic features of K. sudhausi n. sp. are the species group-specific prerectum in combination with a short but pointed tail in both sexes. In K. sudhausi n. sp. a stoma dimorphism between stenostomatous and eurystomatous morphs occurs. Eurystomatous K. sudhausi n. sp. hermaphrodites lack two denticles in the armature of the left subventral stegostomatal sector. All adults possess pore-like amphids. Although K. sudhausi n. sp. is hermaphroditic, a considerable frequency of males (up to 16.6%) occurs. In cultures of K. sudhausi n. sp. males are functional. In K. sudhausi n. sp. males, the phasmid is situated between caudal papillae v6 and v7. The formation of a secondary egg shell by a uterine shell gland is described. Koerneria sudhausi n. sp. possesses an exceptionally high number of intestine cells, an inexplicable dimorphism in egg length, and a dauer juvenile that lacks the oily substance usually found in diplogastrid dauers.
Morphological and molecular characterisation of two putative Xiphinema americanum-group species, X. parasimile and X. simile (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Serbia
Authors: Barsi László , Luca Francesca 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Problems associated with the taxonomic status of Xiphinema parasimile and X.
simile are reviewed. Their accurate identification is difficult due to their
high morphological and morphometrical similarity. A comparative
morphological and molecular study of these species was done to define their
specific status and differences. Lip region morphology showed less
variability in comparison with tail shape in both species, which was more
variable in X. simile. Differences in lip region were constant between these
species, but specimens with similar tail shape rarely occurred. Both species
showed considerable overlap in all morphometrical data and a polytomous key
is inadequate for their practical identification. In practice, the most
reliable approach for accurate determination of X. parasimile and X. simile
is the use of a combination of morphometrics with morphology of lip and
vulval regions and tail shape. Total DNA was isolated from individual
nematodes of both species and the ITS region of the 18S and 26S rDNA and
D1-D2 expansion segments of the 26S rDNA were amplified and cloned. The
ITS-RFLP patterns clearly revealed X. simile and X. parasimile to be
distinct species. The restriction profiles of the D1-D2 amplicons also
discriminated these species. D1-D2 sequences revealed no intrapopulation
variability and their comparison showed 89% of similarity to each other.
These data show that both ribosomal regions are useful to differentiate X.
parasimile and X. simile as two distinct species despite similar morphology
and morphometrics.
Asylum Seekers and Informed Consent — European Perspective
Authors: Prudil Lukáš 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFor centuries, people of various nationalities from various States have sought asylum for varied reasons. These people seeking asylum can need medical care in the host country. In this article I would like to discuss to what extent informed consent is needed, and to what extent informed consent must be sought. The problem is discussed from the perspective of European international documents, mainly on those of the Council of Europe.
Access to Health Care for Illegal Immigrants: A Specific Organisation in France
Authors: Bévière Bénédicte , Duguet Anne-Marie 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHealth care is a fundamental human right in Europe, and all Member States recognise everyone’s right to the access to preventive healthcare and to receive medical care in the event of sickness or pregnancy. Nevertheless, this right is focused on citizens and the application to migrants, particularly undocumented migrants, varies widely in the EU. The French legislation is organized with a humanitarian approach. In this article, the authors present the French system of social protection, the “Couverture médicale universelle” or CMU, which provides the same protection to asylum seekers and documented immigrants as to nationals, and the “Aide médicale d’état” or AME, that is open to every person who does not fulfil the legal conditions to obtain the CMU, such as illegal immigrants. Created in 1995, recently access to the AME has been restricted. A claim of discrimination has been rejected by the Conseil d’Etat and 215 000 persons received the AME in 2009. The expenses incurred by the AME increased by 17% in 2010, and there is a debate in Parliament to limit care and to ask the recipient for a financial contribution.
Legal Migration in the Relationship between the European Union and ACP Countries: The Absence of a True Global Approach Continues
Authors: Devisscher Purdey 
Published: March 2011

AbstractFor a long time, the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) was characterized by the focus on trade issues. In recent years however, other policy aspects have emerged, amongst which migration. This evolution results from the gradual recognition of the importance of migration in the Union’s external relations. The mainstreaming of migration in the relations with third countries raised the need for a Global Approach to Migration (2005) connecting illegal and legal migration, as well as introducing a positive migration-development nexus. The acknowledgement of a possible positive contribution of legal migration ‐ if well managed ‐ for developing countries, has resulted into new concrete initiatives such as circular migration, mobility partnerships and the Blue Card Directive. A closer look at the policy frameworks, as well as specific measures demonstrate however, that a true comprehensive approach is a long way from home. It is examined if the specific EU-ACP relationship offers a different point of view and effectively makes migration work for the development of both parties. More specifically, do the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) correspond to the abovementioned goal? A comprehensive and coherent legal framework that unites the interests of the Union and its Member States, on the one hand, and those of the developing countries, on the other hand, seems a distant perspective. It is concluded that ambitious policy objectives have been set and are waiting to be addressed by corresponding policy frameworks and legal commitments.
Regulating Tenancy Relationships in Jordan: Pro-Landlord, Neutral, and Pro-Tenant
Authors: Malkawi Bashar H. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe legal relationship between landlords and tenants has always been a complex issue. This article analyzes landlord‐tenant legal relationships in Jordan and the extent to which the legal rules are pro-landlord, neutral, or pro-tenant. The analysis will help in providing proposals for reforming the law in a manner that take the interests of all parties involved into account. This article concludes by arguing that legislation on landlord and tenant relations in Jordan is weakened by the conflicting rules in the Civil Code and the Landlord‐Tenant Law.
The Language of the Poor: Bible Stories as a Critical Narrative of the Present
Authors: Gal Nissim 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe series of photographs called Bible Stories (2003-2006), made by the photographer Adi Nes, offers a visual interpretation of the biblical narrative as a source for a critical reflection on contemporary culture. The Bible Stories series uncovers the aesthetic, ethical and social codes of the current visual culture. Nes processes the biblical text and rereads it via photography. The renewed appearance of the bible stories connects contemporary photorealism with the tradition of biblical illustration. The contemporary appearance and interpretative recomposition of the biblical episodes invert the hierarchies exemplified in some of the stories, and restructure the apparent gender relations, opening up a way to societal Others in the present, and conscripting the transcendent status of the text in order to criticize contemporary culture through the creative act.
New Forms of Ladino Cultural Production in the Late Ottoman Period: Sephardi Theater as a Tool of Indoctrination
Authors: Borovaya Olga 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe reforms in the Ottoman Empire aiming at the modernization of the state (1839–76) and the arrival of the schools of the Alliance Israélite Universelle as of the 1860s led to significant changes in the life of the Ottoman Sephardi community. As a result of westernization, the last third of the nineteenth century witnessed the emergence of new forms of cultural production: press, belles lettres, and theater. They had no counterparts in previous epochs and were imported from Europe through the influence of the Alliance Israélite Universelle and the local westernizers. All of them took root and developed in their own way in the local Sephardi culture. As its title shows, this paper will deal with Sephardi theater as a sociocultural institution rather than with its aesthetic aspects which, as will be demonstrated, were not of great importance even to its creators. The paper examines the factors that brought Sephardi Theater into existence, as well as its functions in the Sephardi community.
Methods of Encoding in Samuel De Archevolti's Arugat Ha-Bosem
Authors: Ofer Yosef 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe grammar book Arugat Ha-Bosem is the major work compiled by the Italian scholar R. Sh'muel ben Elhanan Ya'acov Archevolti, born c. 1530 and died in 1611. The book was completed in the city of Padua in 1602 and was published in Venice. It is a comprehensive, 32-chapter book dealing with the Hebrew language. Chapter Thirty in this book discusses many different ways of encoding a text, its perspective being that these too are types of human “languages of communication,” and are thus worthy of being discussed in a book dealing with language. The writer discusses ways of communicating with a deaf mute who neither hears nor speaks, with physical encoding by means of hidden inks, and mainly with the systematic encoding of messages, some systems being simple and others more complex.