bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Augustinus grammaticus: De Magistro und Augustins Position innerhalb der spätantiken Grammatik
Authors: Fladerer Ludwig 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Augustine’s De Magistro, an early work, is cast as a dialogue between himself and his bright son Adeodatus. It leads from a discussion whether teaching is effected through signs to the conclusion that words are not a route to knowledge, unless the soul is taught by God, the only teacher. Although Augustine is mainly concerned to develop his new theory of signification, the dialogue is set in the frame of traditional grammatical teaching, which had become standard in later Roman antiquity (i. e. quotations from classical writers, explanation of synonyms, discussions about the eight parts of Latin speech). These elements of grammatical education make a good starting point for exploring what precisely was Augustine’s position within this system. Taking into consideration especially his definition of pronomen and the eight parts of speech we come to the conclusion that Augustine as a grammarian is dependent on Charisius and his teacher.
Labelling and optimization of PHOTOFRIN® with 99mTc
Authors: Fakhar-e-Alam M. , Roohi Samina , Atif M. , Firdous S. , Amir Nagina , Zahoor R. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
PHOTOFRIN® was labelled with 99mTc using SnCl2·2H2O as reducing agent. Instant thin layer chromatography (ITLC-SG) in 0.05 M NaOH was used for evaluation of radiochemical purity. Labelling efficiency was dependent on various factors that include the ligand/reductant ratio, pH and time of incubation. Therefore, optimum conditions of labelling were also determined. The stability of 99mTc-PHOTOFRIN® in serum was checked by using fresh human serum. Tissue distribution of 99mTc-PHOTOFRIN® was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats.
PHOTOFRIN® was labelled with an efficiency of >95% under optimum conditions, which were PHOTOFRIN®: 200 μg, pH: 3–4, SnCl2·2H2O: 15 μg and 30 min incubation at room temperature. The 99mTc-labelled PHOTOFRIN® remained stable in human serum for 24 h. Biodistribution study in rats revealed maximum concentration of the labelled compound in liver, lungs and spleen at 0.5 h, and significant activity was also seen in the bladder and urine, indicating the mode of urinary excretion of PHOTOFRIN®.
New cross section measurements for the production of the Auger electron emitters77Br and80mBr
Authors: Spahn I. , Steyn G. F. , Vermeulen C. , Kovács Zoltán , Szelecsényi Ferenc , Shehata M. M. , Spellerberg S. , Scholten B. , Coenen Heinz H. , Qaim Syed M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe two Auger electron emitting radionuclides of bromine, namely77Br (T1/2=57.04 h) and80mBr (T1/2=4.4 h), are promising candidates for internal radiotherapy. In this work, nuclear reaction cross sections were determined for their production using enriched Se targets. Thin Se samples were irradiated with incident protons of energies up to 85 MeV and the induced radioactivity was measuredvianon-destructive γ-ray spectroscopy, allowing the determination and extension of the excitation functions of the four reactions77,78,80Se(p,ߙxn)77Br and80Se(p,ߙn)80mBr. The possible thick target yields were calculated and the different production routes discussed, especially with regard to the yield and the radionuclidic purity of the produced radionuclides.
Spectroscopic study on the mononuclear hydrolysis species of Pu(VI) under oxidation conditions
Authors: Cho Hye-Ryun , Jung E. C. , Park K. K. , Kim W. H. , Song K. , Yun Jong-Il 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe formation constants of mononuclear hydrolysis species of Pu(VI) were determined by absorption spectroscopy under carefully designed experimental conditions. In order to exclude the formation of polynuclear hydrolysis species, the concentration of plutonium was diluted below 50 μM. To maintain the oxidation state of Pu(VI), NaOCl was applied as an oxidant. The trace amount of Pu(V) was monitored by the measurement of redox potential and absorption spectroscopy by using a liquid waveguide capillary cell with the optical path length of 100 cm. The determined molar absorption coefficients (ε, M−1cm−1) were 272±26 and 436±33 for PuO2(OH)+and PuO2(OH)2(aq) species, respectively. The formation constants of mononuclear hydrolysis species of Pu(VI) at ionic strength of 0.01 M NaClO4were determined as follows:logߙ*β′1ߙ(for PuO2(OH)+) = −5.8±0.3,logߙ*β′2ߙ(for PuO2(OH)2(aq)) = −13.4±0.2andlogߙ*β′3ߙ(for PuO2(OH)3−) = −24.3±0.8.
Separation and purification of no-carrier-added arsenic from bulk amounts of germanium for use in radiopharmaceutical labelling
Authors: Jahn M. , Radchenko V. , Filosofov D. V. , Hauser H. , Eisenhut M. , Rösch Frank , Jennewein M. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractRadioarsenic labelled radiopharmaceuticals could add special features to molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). For example the long physical half-lives of72As (T1/2=26 h) and74As (T1/2=17.8 d) in conjunction with their high positron branching rates of 88% and 29%, respectively, allow the investigation of slow physiological or metabolical processes, like the enrichment and biodistribution of monoclonal antibodies in tumour tissue or the characterization of stem cell trafficking. A method for separation and purification of no-carrier-added (nca) arsenic from irradiated metallic germanium targets based on distillation and anion exchange is developed. It finally converts the arsenic into an*As(III) synthon in PBS buffer and pH 7 suitable for labelling of proteinsviaAs-S bond formations. The method delivers radioarsenic in high purity with separation factors of 106from germanium and an overall yield from target to labelling synthon of >40%. In a proof-of-principle experiment, the monoclonal antibody Bevacizumab, directed against the human VEGF receptor, was labelled with a radiochemical yield >90% within 1 h at room temperature with nca72/74/77As.
Effect of solvent on the extraction of lanthanides with picrolonic acid
Authors: Ali Akbar , Rehmann Habib-ur , Anwar Jamil , Mufazzal Saeed Muhammad 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Extraction of Eu(III), Tb(III) and Lu(III), as representatives of lanthanides, has been studied with picrolonic acid [1-p-nitrophenyl-3-methyl-4-nitro-5-pyrazolone (HPA)] as extractant in various solvents such as acetylacetone (ACAC), 1-octanol (ONL), n-hexanol (HNL), 1-butanol (nBNL), 2-butanol (iBNL), cyclohexanone (CHN), n-butyl ether (BE), di(1,2-dichloroethyl)ether (DCEE), diisobutylketone (DIBK), benzene and toluene from aqueous solution of pH 1–2, having ionic strength of 0.01 mol dm−3 (K+/H+, Cl−). The composition of the extracted adduct has been determined as M(PA)3 except in DCEE where it is M(PA)3·(HPA). Extraction constants (logߙK
ex) were calculated and on the basis of logߙK
ex, the role of diluents in the extraction process has been discussed. The solvents with respect to their extractability of the rare earth metal ions can be arranged in the order ACAC>DIBK>BE>DCEE>ONL>HNL>CHN.
The Incidence and Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Global and Regional Perspective
Authors: Venook Alan P. , Papandreou Christos , Furuse Junji , Ladrón de Guevara Laura 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the burden of this devastating cancer is expected to increase further in coming years. The collection and analysis of epidemiologic HCC data will play a critical role in guiding future disease prevention strategies and optimizing patient management. Previous epidemiologic studies have highlighted striking global variations in the incidence of HCC, which is particularly high in much of east Asia and sub-Saharan Africa, and lower, but on the increase, in North America and most of Europe. This variation appears to be related to the complex etiology of HCC, with different risk factors, primarily infection with hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus, responsible for driving HCC incidence rates in different regions. Although previous studies have contributed considerably to the knowledge of HCC epidemiology, there are limitations associated with the currently available data, which arise from studies performed at different times in the past, using varying methodologies, and with diverse patient populations. A new and global approach to the study of HCC epidemiology is required if HCC disease prevention and treatment strategies are to be adequately directed and supported in coming years.
The Challenge of Prognosis and Staging for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Marrero Jorge A. , Kudo Masatoshi , Bronowicki Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a heterogeneous condition, with multiple confounding factors making patient assessment extremely complex. Tumor burden, the presence of symptoms, liver function, and comorbidities must all be considered to ensure accurate patient assessment, thereby providing physicians with a common language on which to base treatment decisions and guide research. Although many staging classifications have been developed, there is no consensus on the best classification to use. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer system is a promising candidate for a standard western classification, because it has been externally validated and is endorsed by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Similarly, the biomarker-combined Japanese Integrated Staging (JIS) score is the most promising candidate for a standard Asia-Pacific classification, because it has been externally validated and shown to be superior to conventional JIS. Because risk factors vary significantly by region, so too does the predictive power of current staging classifications; any standard global staging classification would need to be validated in both western and Asia-Pacific patients. To date, no such globally validated classification exists. Findings from scientific research have improved our understanding of HCC and enabled us to refine current classifications. The role of tumor markers to predict survival was recently reported, and α-fetoprotein, lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive α-fetoprotein, and des-γ-carboxyprothrombin have now been incorporated into some classifications. Molecular markers have also been linked with poor outcomes and will likely play a role in future classifications. Although more work is required, it is hoped that these and other ongoing research efforts will eventually enable the development of a global staging classification.
Inspection and maintenance of Severn Bridge suspension cables
Authors: Young J. S. , Lynch M. J. 
Published: November 2010

The Severn Bridge, completed in 1966, was the first suspension bridge to adopt a streamlined box girder deck that reduced the dead weight and improved aerodynamic performance. The 988 m span bridge crosses the estuary of the River Severn and is an important asset within the UK highway network. In 2006, the UK's Highways Agency, through the concessionaire Severn River Crossing plc, commissioned a programme of internal intrusive examination of the main suspension cables of the Severn Bridge with Faber-Maunsell/Weidlinger acting as consultants for the inspection. The information obtained during these investigations provided the basic data for use in a formal strength assessment of the suspension cables undertaken by Mott MacDonald, the UK government's representative for the Severn Crossings concession. Analytical techniques developed over the past 3 years have enabled the adoption of limit state principles for the assessment in line with UK practice. In addition, deterioration modelling has been developed to improve understanding of the current condition of the cables and to assist in the future management of the bridge. In parallel with the strength assessment, process maintenance management strategies have been developed and implemented that have enabled the continued safe operation of the bridge.
Behaviour of very long cable-stayed bridges during erection
Authors: Morgenthal G. , Yamasaki Y. 
Published: November 2010

Stonecutters Bridge and Sutong Bridge in China have pushed the world record for main span length of cable-stayed bridges to over 1000 m. The design of these bridges, both located in typhoon-prone regions, was strongly influenced by wind effects during erection. Rigorous wind tunnel test programmes were devised and executed to determine the aerodynamic behaviour of the structures in the most critical erection conditions. Testing was augmented by analytical and numerical analyses to verify the safety of the structures throughout construction and to ensure that no serviceability problems would affect the erection process. This paper outlines the wind properties assumed for the bridge sites, the experimental test programme with some of its results, the dynamic properties of the bridges during free-cantilevering erection and an assessment of their aerodynamic performance. The similarities and some revealing differences between the two bridges in terms of their dynamic response to wind action are also discussed.
Effectiveness of a Regional Prepregnancy Care Program in Women With Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Murphy Helen R. , Roland Jonathan M , Skinner Timothy C. , Simmons David , Gurnell Eleanor , Morrish Nicholas J. , Soo Shiu-Ching , Kelly Suzannah , Lim Boon , Randall Joanne , Thompsett Sarah , Temple Rosemary C. 
Published: November 2010

OBJECTIVE
To implement and evaluate a regional prepregnancy care program in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Prepregnancy care was promoted among patients and health professionals and delivered across 10 regional maternity units. A prospective cohort study of 680 pregnancies in women with type 1 and type 2 diabetes was performed. Primary outcomes were adverse pregnancy outcome (congenital malformation, stillbirth, or neonatal death), congenital malformation, and indicators of pregnancy preparation (5 mg folic acid, gestational age, and A1C). Comparisons were made with a historical cohort (n = 613 pregnancies) from the same units during 1999–2004.

RESULTS
A total of 181 (27%) women attended, and 499 women (73%) did not attend prepregnancy care. Women with prepregnancy care presented earlier (6.7 vs. 7.7 weeks; P &lt; 0.001), were more likely to take 5 mg preconception folic acid (88.2 vs. 26.7%; P &lt; 0.0001) and had lower A1C levels (A1C 6.9 vs. 7.6%; P &lt; 0.0001). They had fewer adverse pregnancy outcomes (1.3 vs. 7.8%; P = 0.009). Multivariate logistic regression confirmed that in addition to glycemic control, lack of prepregnancy care was independently associated with adverse outcome (odds ratio 0.2 [95% CI 0.05–0.89]; P = 0.03). Compared with 1999–2004, folic acid supplementation increased (40.7 vs. 32.5%; P = 0.006) and congenital malformations decreased (4.3 vs. 7.3%; P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
Regional prepregnancy care was associated with improved pregnancy preparation and reduced risk of adverse pregnancy outcome in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Prepregnancy care had benefits beyond improved glycemic control and was a stronger predictor of pregnancy outcome than maternal obesity, ethnicity, or social disadvantage.
Anaemia and heart failure
Authors: Vizzardi Enrico , Bordonali Tania , Tanghetti Elena , Metra Marco , Cas Livio 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Anaemia is one of the most frequent co-morbidities in patients with heart failure. Its prevalence increases from 4% to7% in subjects with asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction to >30% in patients with severe heart failure. Renal insufficiency, activation of inflammatory mediators and treatment with renin-angiotensin antagonists seem to be its main determinants. The results of many studies agree in providing evidence that anaemia is a powerful independent determinant of survival in patients with heart failure. However, the mechanisms of this relation are still not fully understood. Moreover a favourable effect of the correction of anaemia on prognosis has not yet been shown. Also In addition to this, controlled studies assessing its effects on exercise tolerance have yielded controversial results. Further research is needed to assess the effect of correcting anaemia in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients; ongoing reduction of events with RED-HF (Darbepoetin alpha in heart failure) trial will help define the role.
Serum Ferritin in Healthy Women and Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Ćujić Danica , Stefanoska Ivana , Golubović Snežana 
Published: November 2010

Serum Ferritin in Healthy Women and Breast Cancer PatientsSerum tumor markers are important tools in managing patients with breast cancer. Currently used CA 15-3 and CEA have found their clinical application particularly in the follow-up of patients with advanced disease. Ferritin belongs to a group of other molecules of potential interest to clinicians whose concentration is also altered in sera of patients with breast tumors. In this study the serum ferritin concentration was estimated in the sera of breast cancer patients before initial surgical treatment or those with advanced disease, and compared to healthy women as control. Ferritin level was measured by an immunoradiometric assay. The aim was to asses whether the serum ferritin concentration was altered in breast cancer and whether it could be related to progression of the disease. In healthy women, a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in ferritin concentration was observed between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In both breast cancer groups ferritin levels were higher than in healthy premenopausal women (both p<0.05). In patients with advanced disease, ferritin was further elevated (p<0.05) compared to preoperative levels in the patient group undergoing initial surgical treatment. These results indicate that an elevated ferritin concentration in the serum of younger women could serve as an additional parameter in breast cancer diagnosis and staging.
Immunomodulatory and Clinical Effects of Long-Term Low-Dose Macrolide Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis
Authors: Perić Aleksandar , Vojvodić Danilo , Baletić Nenad , Perić Aneta , Miljanović Olivera 
Published: November 2010

Immunomodulatory and Clinical Effects of Long-Term Low-Dose Macrolide Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal PolyposisImmunomodulatory treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) by macrolide antibiotics represents a challenging alternative to conventional therapy and surgery, still being at the very beginning. Immune and inflammatory processes in nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa, crucial in the etiopathogenesis of nasal polyps (NPs) are reflected in levels of various local mediators, found both in mucosa and nasal fluid. In this prospective study, we assessed the immunomodulatory and clinical effects of longterm low-dose oral macrolide treatment in the management of CRSwNP. Twenty-two (n = 22) nonasthmatic, nonallergic patients with CRSwNP were administered clarithromycin (CAM) 500 mg/day single oral dose for eight weeks. We measured the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TNF-β, and IL-1β, Th1 cytokines IL-2, IL-12, and IFN-γ, Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10, and chemokine IL-8 in the nasal fluid samples, before and after treatment, using a flow cytometric method. We also scored each of the 22 patients before and after therapy according to Tsicopoulos' global nasal symptom score and Malm's endoscopic score. Following treatment, we found significantly reduced levels of IL-8 (p<0.01) and TNF-α (p<0.01) in nasal secretions. Macrolide therapy decreased the size of polyps in 45.45% of the patients. We concluded that long-term low-dose treatment with CAM was effective in the management of CRSwNP. We suggest that macrolides can be an alternative to topical and systemic corticosteroids in the management of CRSwNP.
Analysis of Serum Proteins and Enzymes Level in Human Subjects with Osteoarthritis
Authors: Ahmad Areeba , Irshad Mohd , Ahmad Waseem , Khan Abdul , Ahmad Riaz 
Published: November 2010

Analysis of Serum Proteins and Enzymes Level in Human Subjects with OsteoarthritisThe aim of the present study was to assess the serum proteins and enzymes level using polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic (PAGE) profiles in human subjects with osteoarthritis (OA). Forty-one subjects with confirmed OA were selected for the present study. Sera were collected from these individuals and loaded in equal amounts on native and denaturing PAGE separately. Software analysis of these profiles was done using Scion Imaging (Beta release-4, Scion Corporation) and GelPro (Media Cybernetics, USA) programs. To visualize esterases (Est) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes in the sera of these patients substrate specific staining was performed. Differences in the values of control and OA subjects were tested statistically. Software analysis of native-PAGE profiles revealed the presence of nineteen peptides in control and twenty one in OA subjects respectively. Two extra peptides were present in the β-globulins region of OA subjects. Significant decline from 42.77% to 34.72% in albumin levels (hypoalbuminemia) was observed in OA subjects with total albumin to globulin ratio 0.58. In SDS-PAGE, the difference in control and OA subjects was observed among eight peptides with molecular weight 25, 22 and 20 kDa (absent in OA) and five novel peptides 270, 125, 30, 21.36 and 18.4 kDa (absent in controls), while albumin retains the major activity. For enzymes, Est follow a relative order, BchEst (42.86%)> ArylEst (16.24%)>AchEst (6.85%) in OA subjects with the expression of a new BchEst isoform in 4.78% and two isoforms of ArylEst at 2.13 and 1.61% concentrations respectively. Significantly declined albumin esterase-like activity (AlbEst) was observed (34%) (P<0.05) in diseased subjects compared with controls (47%). Significant increase in LDH-5 and decline in LDH-1 and -2 isoenzymes were also observed in the sera of OA subjects. However, the overall rank of LDH isoenzymes was similar in control and OA subjects. Our results demonstrate noticeable differences in the sera PAGE profiles and enzymes activity in control and OA subjects and provide evidence to select serum for its use in the search for suitable biochemical markers in osteoarthritis.
The Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Lipid Peroxidation, Erythrocyte Glutathione and Glutathione Peroxidase
Authors: Ali Abdellah , Sultan Phalisteen 
Published: November 2010

The Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Lipid Peroxidation, Erythrocyte Glutathione and Glutathione PeroxidaseThe aim of this study was to determine if lipid peroxidation, glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase levels can be effected by hyperthyroidism. Twenty-three subjects with hyperthyroidism (18 females/5 males), and 19 euthyroid subjects (11 females/8 males) were examined in this study. Plasma and erythrocytes malondialdehyde (MDA), erythrocytes glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were measured. Results show that an increase in lipid peroxidation was observed in the hyperthyroid patients (p < 0.001). This was accompanied by a decrease in glutathione and glutathione peroxidase in the same subjects (p < 0.001). The results suggest that hyperthyroidism has some effects on lipid peroxidation and free radical scavengers.