bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on Composition of Inclusions in Minerals and Simulation Experiment on Hydrothermal Metasomatic Process of the Bayan Obo Iron Deposit
Authors: Yishan Zeng , Fengzhen Wang , Zongli He , Guoping Liu , Chengqiang Wang , Jicheng Hao 
Published: September 2010

Abstract On the basis of the mechanism of formation of mineral inclusions, it may be assumed that a certain relation exists between the compositions of fluid inclusions in various minerals formed at the same stage of hydrothermal activity. In order to study the genetic relationships between different minerals in the Bayan Obo iron deposit, the compositions (K+, Na +, Ca+, Mg+, F+, Cl+, CO2−2, ∑SO2−4 and pH) of inclusions in fluorite (23), hematite (13), magnetite (3), sodium pyroxene (2) and dolomite (5) from the main mine and the eastern mine were determined by using the vacuum decrepitation and leaching methods, and cluster analyses of the data on the compostions were made. The Q‐mode cluster analysis indicates that some iron oxide minerals in the deposit are related to dolomite of sedimentary origin, while others are related to fluorite and sodium pyroxene — products of hydrothermal activity. The R‐mode cluster analysis shows that the components of the leaching solution may be divided into two groups: one includes CO2−2, Mg2+ and H+ (pH), which are obviously associated with dolomite; the other comprises Na+, K+, Ca+, F+, Cl+ and SO2−4, which may possibly represent the composition of hydrothermal solutions.The reaction of the Na‐F‐Cl solution (pH 4.72) with hematite dolomite at 300°C and 5 × 107 Pa and under alternately “static and dynamic” conditions produced large amounts of hematite and fluorite and small amounts of smectite and Na (Fe) silicates, and the hematite‐fluorite assemblage accords with the actual geological conditions in the deposit. From a comparison between the compositions of “static” and “dynamic” solution samples, it may be known that the flow reaction facilitates the migration of Fe, F, Ca and other components as well as Na‐metasomatism (Na and Si are fixed in a solid phase).The study of the compositions of mineral inclusions and simulation experiments on hydrothermal metasomatism have provided new evidence for the hypothesis of metamorphosed‐sedimentary and hydrothermal‐remoulding origin of the Bayan Obo deposit, and pointed out emphatically that hydrothermal metasomatism plays an important role in the formation of the mineral deposit, particularly in the main and the east mine.
Biogeochemical Model and Simulation of the Effect of Precambrian Algae on the Formation Process of Certain Laminated Cherts
Authors: Qingyu Wu , Zhili Liu , Haoran Zhu 
Published: September 2010

Abstract The source of silica in the formation of the Precambrian laminated cherts has long remained a problem to be solved. Through experiments on cherts and living blue‐green algae, the authors found that the collected chert samples probably come from primary deposits, and there is a great biomass of fossil algae in chert, among which the filamentous algae can be compared with the living blue‐green algae Oscillatoria; that a higher Pco2 of the gas would be favourable for the increase of the biomass of living blue‐green algae and consequently raises the pH value of the water body; and that lack of free oxygen and a higher concentration of SiO2 in the water have no apparent influence on the biomass of blue‐green algae. Based on the evidence above, a biogeochemical model concerning the origin of Precambrian laminated chert has been set up, in which the photosynthesis of algae under the presumed atmospheric conditions of the Precambrian might raise the pH value of the water body and promote the dissolution of silicate minerals, thus providing a source of colloid SiO2 for the formation of Precambrian laminated chert.Furthermore, a simulation experiment device has been designed successfully, which can control the temperature (30 ± 0.5°), Pco2 (50662.5 Pa) and Po2 (about zero Pa) of the gas, the rate of photosynthesis of algae and the movement of the water carrying opal. In the simulation experiments, separate measurements have been made on the rate of photosynthesis of algae, pH value and concentration of SiO2 of the water body, with the results indicating that under the conditions similar to the presumed Precambrian atmosphere, the photosynthesis of algae can make the pH value of the water body go up steadily to over 9.7, leading to the dissolution of the silicate minerals, with the concentration of SiO2 measured reaching as high as 84 mg/l. Finally, through the vaporation of water, a phenomenon of colloid floccilation has been observed.The simulation experiment has verified the proposed biogeochemical model illustrating the origin of Precambrian laminated chert. Moreover, the device and method of its kind may also be applied to the research on the relationship of the Precambrian algae with the formation of some other mineral deposits such as of Fe, Mn, U and carbonates.
Animals and Mineralization of Phosphorus: Ore‐Forming Mechanism of Insular Phosphorites1
Authors: Guozhong Wang , Bingquan Lu , Songqing Quan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhosphorite, or guano, or insular phosphorite, commonly containing 10‐35% P2O5, is one of the sources of phosphatic fertilizer. Taking the modern insular phosphorite on the Xisha Islands as an example, this paper discusses the ore‐forming mechanism of phosphate and the important contribution made by animals to this process.The phosphorite occurs in the middle part of carbonate sand cays of coral reef surrounded by longshore sandbanks, which assumes a dish‐shape. The surface of the cays is covered by unconsolidated guano. The phosphorite, yellowish brown to dark brown, is made up of thick‐bedded sand and gravel cemented by collophanite; and partly replaced by carbonate apatite.The mechanism of mineralization is as follows:The average content of phosphorus in the sea water is only 0. 07 ppm, but through the sea food. chain concentration, phosphorus content may become higher. The phytoplanktons, as producers, suck up phosphorus out of sea water. The primary consumers, zooplanktons, obtain phosphorus by eating phytoplanktons, then they are followed by the second and third consumers. Sea birds living on fish, as the third consumers, concentrate and transport the phosphorus to the carbonate sand cays. Finally layers of guano are deposited under the arbores.Under the tropical climatic conditions with high temperature and plentiful rainfall, soluble matters are leached out of the guano and infiltrated into deeper horizon. In alkaline groundwater with pH greater than 7. 0, the phosphoritization takes place, bioclastics are cemented and replaced by collophanite or carbonate apatite. Finally, the phosphorus is fixed and phosphate formed.
The Origin and Features of Late Sinian Phosphatic Stromatolites in Fuquan, Guizhou Province
Authors: Wenjie Xia , Jicheng Yin , Xiuhua Li 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe phosphatic stromatolite discussed in this paper is a columnar type, comprised chiefly of collophane and subordinately of microcrystalline apatite. The column is composed of alternations of dark, cryptocrystalline laminae formed by the biological processes of algae and bacteria, and light, microcrystalline laminae formed by chemical precipitation. The intercolumnar filler, showing a concave anti‐stromatolitic structure, is composed of alternations of loose laminae formed by mechanical deposition, and dense, crypto‐, microcrystalline laminae formed by chemical precipitation and algal bacterial organic process.Under the SEM, the column differs clearly from the intercolumnar filler in ultramicro‐fabric. The three basic types of ultramicro‐laminae that can be distinguished in the column are: prismatic apatite laminae of chemical origin, clastic apatite laminae of mechanical origin and branched‐tubular apatite laminae of algal‐bacterial origin, of which the first and second categories constitute light laminae and the third, dark laminae. The dark and light laminae were formed during the alternation of flourishing and dormant periods of algae and bacteria.Under the SEM, the clastic texture is obvious in the loose laminae of the intercolumnar filler. And four types of ultramicro‐apatite assemblages can be distinguished in the dense laminae, i. e., the. framboidal and the tubular apatite of algal‐bacterial origin, the framboidal‐prismatic and the framboidal‐tubular‐prismatic apatite of chemical organic origin. The alternation of the loose and the dense laminae depends upon the changes of the energy in the water.In the stromatolites, no replacement phenomena have been found and there exists abundant prismatic apatite kept in the initial form of upward‐crystallization, and especially, in the forms of algae and bacteria (framboidal, tubular and branched). All these undoubtedly indicate that the stromatolites were originally formed by algae and bacteria.The ultramicro‐fabric features indicate that the collophane is not a simple mineral, but a disorderly arranged aggregate of ultramicro‐granular apatite.
Summary of the Lithospheric Dynamics in China
Authors: Xingyuan Ma 
Published: September 2010

Abstract This paper presents a summary of the explanatory notes for the 1 : 4, 000, 000 scale “Lithospheric Dynamics Map of China and Adjacent Seas”, which gives an outline of the geological and geophysical processes that are presently active or were once active during the Cenozoic. The focus is concentrated on intraplate phenomena and on explaining them in terms of fundamental plate tectonic processes.The lithosphere in China is very heterogeneous. Its dynamics can be described in terms of the relative motions of 8 active subplates and related 17 tectonic blocks, and the characteristics of neotectonic deformation. The present‐day movement and deformation of the lithosphere in China, their relationship with the deep‐seated processes, and the lateral heterogeneity, mass difference and stress state within it that will tend to cause crustal movement in the future are illustrated.The intraplate tectonics and stress field are mainly controlled by the heterogeneity of the lithosphere and the mode of interaction between subplates and their boundary conditions. The collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate began and proceeded along the Tethys ocean side, which has produced a strong compressional stress in western China and brought about a high shear stress in the regions round the eastern and western corners of the Himalaya block. However, the eastern part of China is directly influenced by the western Pacific plate boundaries. The minimum principal stress here is tensional, which makes the shear stress high, it may be the cause of the high seismicity in North China and maritime region of southeastern China.
Economy of Operon Formation: Cotranscription Minimizes Shortfall in Protein Complexes
Authors: Sneppen Kim , Pedersen Steen , Krishna Sandeep , Dodd Ian , Semsey Szabolcs 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Genes of prokaryotes and
Archaea
are often organized in cotranscribed groups, or operons. In contrast, eukaryotic genes are generally transcribed independently. Here we show that there is a substantial economic gain for the cell to cotranscribe genes encoding protein complexes because it synchronizes the fluctuations, or noise, in the levels of the different components. This correlation substantially reduces the shortfall in production of the complex. This benefit is relatively large in small cells such as bacterial cells, in which there are few mRNAs and proteins per cell, and is diminished in larger cells such as eukaryotic cells.
Partial recanalization of concomitant internal carotid–middle cerebral arterial occlusions promotes distal recanalization of residual thrombus within 24 h
Authors: Loh Y , Liebeskind D S , Shi Z S , Jahan R , Gonzalez N R , Tateshima S , Vespa P M , Starkman S , Saver J L , Viñuela F , Duckwiler G R 
Published: September 2010

ObjectivesAcute, simultaneous, concomitant internal carotid artery (ICA) and middle cerebral arteries (MCA) occlusions almost invariably lead to significant neurological disability if left untreated. Endovascular therapy is frequently the method of treatment in such situations but there remains a chance of incomplete recanalization. Successful recanalization of the proximal aspect of the occlusion may allow for endogenous thrombolysis and facilitate further endogenous recanalization of any residual MCA occlusion.MethodsConsecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke undergoing endovascular therapy for tandem extracranial ICA–MCA or contiguous intracranial ICA–MCA occlusions were retrospectively analyzed. Rates of facilitated endogenous recanalization at 24 h (FER24) were compared by imaging within the immediate post-intervention 5–24 h period in those with proximal recanalization and in those without.Results17 patients were included in the analysis. 12 patients had good initial proximal recanalization but a residual partial or total occlusion of the MCA while five patients failed any recanalization. Seven patients (58.3%) in the first group and none in the second had FER24on interval imaging after intervention (p=0.04). The probability of death and disability at discharge was less in patients with FER24than those without (p=0.05).ConclusionsMore than half of all patients who present with both ICA and MCA occlusions who are only partially recanalized will undergo facilitated endogenous recanalization within the subsequent 24 h following intervention.
Reporting standards for endovascular repair of saccular intracranial cerebral aneurysms
Authors: Meyers Philip M , Schumacher H Christian , Higashida Randall T , Derdeyn Colin P , Nesbit Gary M , Sacks David , Wechsler Lawrence R , Bederson Joshua B , Lavine Sean D , Rasmussen Peter 
Published: September 2010

Background and purposeThe goal of this article is to provide consensus recommendations for reporting standards, terminology, and written definitions when reporting on the radiological evaluation and endovascular treatment of intracranial, cerebral aneurysms. These criteria can be used to design clinical trials, to provide uniformity of definitions for appropriate selection and stratification of patients, and to allow analysis and meta-analysis of reported data.MethodsThis article was written under the auspices of the Joint Writing Group of the Technology Assessment Committee, Society of Neurolnterventional Surgery, Society of Interventional Radiology; Joint Section on Cerebrovascular Neurosurgery of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons and Congress of Neurological Surgeons; and Section of Stroke and Interventional Neurology of the American Academy of Neurology. A computerized search of the National Library of Medicine database of literature (PubMed) from January 1991 to December 2007 was conducted with the goal to identify published endovascular cerebrovascular interventional data about the assessment and endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms useful as benchmarks for quality assessment. We sought to identify those risk adjustment variables that affect the likelihood of success and complications. This article offers the rationale for different clinical and technical considerations that may be important during the design of clinical trials for endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Included in this guidance article are suggestions for uniform reporting standards for such trials. These definitions and standards are primarily intended for research purposes; however, they should also be helpful in clinical practice and applicable to all publications.ConclusionsThe evaluation and treatment of brain aneurysms often involve multiple medical specialties. Recent reviews by the American Heart Association have surveyed the medical literature to develop guidelines for the clinical management of ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Despite efforts to synthesize existing knowledge on cerebral aneurysm evaluation and treatment, significant inconsistencies remain in nomenclature and definition for research and reporting purposes. These operational definitions were selected by consensus of a multidisciplinary writing group to provide consistency for reporting on imaging in clinical trials and observational studies involving cerebral aneurysms. These definitions should help different groups to publish results that are directly comparable.
Mesure en place des coefficients de perméabilité et des coefficients de consolidation horizontaux et verticaux
Authors: Mieussens C. , Ducasse P. 
Published: September 2010

A method for the in situ measurement of the horizontal and vertical coefficients of permeability and consolidation is presented in this paper.Following a brief review of the theories developed by Gibson for the constant and falling head tests, the results of the integration of the consolidation equations are given in the case of a cylindrical permeameter in an orthotropic soil. An experimental method for measuring kv, kh, cv, and ch is described. The main difficulties are related to the placement of the permeameter with the least possible disturbance of the soil and to the accurate measurement of the flow.The first problem has found a satisfactory solution by using the self-boring technique for the placement of the permeameters. The flow is measured with an automated unit, described in this paper, which allows for a rigorous stabilisation of the applied depression and a resolution of 10 mm3 in the measurement of the volumes. [Journal translation]
Sub-Word Indexing and Blind Relevance Feedback for English, Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi IR
Authors: Leveling Johannes , Jones Gareth J. F. 
Published: September 2010

The Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE) provides document collections, topics, and relevance assessments for information retrieval (IR) experiments on Indian languages. Several research questions are explored in this article: 1) How to create create a simple, language-independent corpus-based stemmer, 2) How to identify sub-words and which types of sub-words are suitable as indexing units, and 3) How to apply blind relevance feedback on sub-words and how feedback term selection is affected by the type of the indexing unit. More than 140 IR experiments are conducted using the BM25 retrieval model on the topic titles and descriptions (TD) for the FIRE 2008 English, Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi document collections.
The major findings are: The corpus-based stemming approach is effective as a knowledge-light term conflation step and useful in the case of few language-specific resources. For English, the corpus-based stemmer performs nearly as well as the Porter stemmer and significantly better than the baseline of indexing words when combined with query expansion. In combination with blind relevance feedback, it also performs significantly better than the baseline for Bengali and Marathi IR.
Sub-words such as consonant-vowel sequences and word prefixes can yield similar or better performance in comparison to word indexing. There is no best performing method for all languages. For English, indexing using the Porter stemmer performs best, for Bengali and Marathi, overlapping 3-grams obtain the best result, and for Hindi, 4-prefixes yield the highest MAP. However, in combination with blind relevance feedback using 10 documents and 20 terms, 6-prefixes for English and 4-prefixes for Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi IR yield the highest MAP.
Sub-word identification is a general case of decompounding. It results in one or more index terms for a single word form and increases the number of index terms but decreases their average length. The corresponding retrieval experiments show that relevance feedback on sub-words benefits from selecting a larger number of index terms in comparison with retrieval on word forms. Similarly, selecting the number of relevance feedback terms depending on the ratio of word vocabulary size to sub-word vocabulary size almost always slightly increases information retrieval effectiveness compared to using a fixed number of terms for different languages.
A tool for designing high-confidence implantable biosensor networks for medical monitoring
Authors: Gupta Sandeep K. S. 
Published: September 2010

In this work we describe a software tool for designing implantable biosensor network (BSN) applications. BSNs are next generation medical monitoring systems, which provide continuous monitoring and actuation capabilities to medical personnel. They usually form a wireless network on a subject's body and can be controlled remotely. Before deploying any mission critical systems, it is important to be able to evaluate their performnce in the appropriate settings, and fine tune the design choices made. This is especially important for BSNs which are cyber-physical in nature --- they interact and influence their environment of deployment.
Toward this goal we present the development of a software tool which can be used by developers and medical personnel to emulate an actual deployment of biosensor applications and evaluate its performance in different scenarios. We use Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL) in order to implement our tool as it provides an easy to use interface for specifying complex systems, and their environments. In this paper we discuss various aspects of developing such a tool including prinicipal characteristics of BSNs that need to be considered by it along with its functional architecture. We also provide an example scenario of how the tool can be used to evlauate a specific biosensor application.
The declarative imperative
Authors: Hellerstein Joseph M. 
Published: September 2010

The rise of multicore processors and cloud computing is putting enormous pressure on the software community to find solutions to the difficulty of parallel and distributed programming. At the same time, there is more--and more varied--interest in data-centric programming languages than at any time in computing history, in part because these languages parallelize naturally. This juxtaposition raises the possibility that the theory of declarative database query languages can provide a foundation for the next generation of parallel and distributed programming languages.
In this paper I reflect on my group's experience over seven years using Datalog extensions to build networking protocols and distributed systems. Based on that experience, I present a number of theoretical conjectures that may both interest the database community, and clarify important practical issues in distributed computing. Most importantly, I make a case for database researchers to take a leadership role in addressing the impending programming crisis.
This is an extended version of an invited lecture at the ACM PODS 2010 conference [32].
Beyond isolation
Authors: Kot Lucja , Gupta Nitin , Roy Sudip , Gehrke Johannes , Koch Christoph 
Published: September 2010

There are many database applications that require users to coordinate and communicate. Friends want to coordinate travel plans, students want to jointly enroll in the same set of courses, and busy professionals want to coordinate their schedules. These tasks are difficult to program using existing abstractions provided by database systems because in addition to the traditional ACID properties provided by the system they all require some type of coordination between users. This is fundamentally incompatible with isolation in the classical ACID properties.
In this position paper, we argue that it is time for the database community to look beyond isolation towards principled and elegant abstractions that allow for communication and coordination between some notion of (suitably generalized) transactions. This new area of declarative data-driven coordination (D3C) is motivated by many novel applications and is full of challenging research problems. We survey existing abstractions in database systems and explain why they are insufficient for D3C, and we outline a plethora of exciting research problems.