bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational Study of Macroscopic Properties of Macromolecules with Industrial Interest
Authors: Burusco Kepa K. , Jaime Carlos , Franch‐Lage Felicidad , Beltran Lluís , Granero Francesc 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThere is an increasing demand on the market for environmentally compatible lubricants. Refined vegetable oils have been used as biolubricants, but synthetic esters from renewable resources could also be considered as biolubricants, and can be prepared by combining different alcohols with linear or branched fatty acids. A tool has been developed to predict the properties of esters based on the chemical structure. A multilinear approach was used to correlate the experimental viscosity with theoretical parameters (diffusion coefficient, dipole moment and solvation energy) calculated from the expected chemical structure with a high degree of correlation.
Genetik des atopischen Ekzems
Authors: Marenholz I. , Lee Y.A. 
Published: November 2009

Zusammenfassung
Das atopische Ekzem (AE) – auch atopische Dermatitis – ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Erkrankung der Haut, zu deren Charakteristika starker Juckreiz, eine gestörten Hautbarriere und die Bildung von IgE-Antikörpern (Immunglobulin E) gegen Umweltallergene zählen. Das AE ist eine multifaktoriell-polygene Erkrankung, die genetische Prädisposition und der Einfluss von Umweltfaktoren gelten seit langem als entscheidende Auslöser. Dennoch stellt die Aufdeckung der Krankheitsursachen aufgrund der Vielzahl der beteiligten Gene und Umwelteinflüsse sowie deren möglicher Interaktionen eine enorme Herausforderung für die Wissenschaft dar. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Genetik des AE, über jüngste Erfolge und mögliche Probleme. Vor allem die Identifizierung einer genetischen Ursache des Hautbarrieredefekts hat unser Verständnis des AE in den letzten Jahren entscheidend vorangebracht und könnte zu neuen Ansätzen in dessen Prävention und Therapie führen.
Down‐regulation of murine testicular 17β‐HSD3 and hepatic CYP1A2 enzymes by a bovine testes extract
Authors: Chatuphonprasert Waranya , Thadsri Tawiphark , Jarukamjorn Kanokwan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPurposeWe investigated the effects of a bovine testes extract (BTE), which was developed as an alternative product for andropausal men, on expression of testicular enzymes responsible for sex hormone synthesis genes and a carcinogen activation related gene.MethodsExpression of testicular CYP1A2, CYP11A1, CYP17, 3β‐HSD, and 17β‐HSD3 mRNAs as well as hepatic CYP1A2 mRNA were semi‐quantitatively determined by RT‐PCR. In addition, expression of hepatic CYP1A2 protein and methoxyresorufinO‐demethylase activity were carried out.ResultsBovine testes extract did not alter the testicular expression of CYP11A1, CYP17, and 3β‐HSD mRNAs, while that of CYP11A1 was significantly down‐regulated by testosterone. Interestingly, administration of BTE for 3 weeks significantly suppressed testicular 17β‐HSD3 and hepatic CYP1A2 mRNA. Correspondingly, methoxyresorufinO‐demethylase (MROD) activity and expression of hepatic CYP1A2 protein were significantly decreased.ConclusionsThese findings strongly suggested considering risks versus benefits and raised concerns regarding the use of BTE as an alternative medication or health supplement in andropausal men due to its potential for suppressing expression of both 17β‐HSD3 and CYP1A2 mRNAs, testicular enzymes responsible for sex hormone gene synthesis.
Giving wings to logic: Mary Everest Boole's propagation and fulfilment of a legacy
Authors: VALENTE K. G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn his influential Laws of Thought (1854), the mathematician George Boole presented a formulation of logic using algebraic expressions and manipulations. His widow, Mary Everest Boole, undertook an ambitious project of disseminating his ideas by introducing lay audiences to the law of pulsation, a prescription for correct reasoning that incorporates two of his fundamental insights. Contemporary scholarship presents a fragmented picture of Mary Boole, regarding her largely as a source of information on the religio-psychological impetus for her husband's contributions to logic, among other matters. Some studies rightly acknowledge that her better-known commentary on educational reform relates to a promotion of the Laws of Thought, yet these typically fail to expand on how she articulated such relationships for readers. This paper provides a more complete understanding of her efforts by examining texts on various subjects motivated by a dedication to propagating as much as fulfilling the intellectual legacy she associated with her husband. In doing so it considers her interventions – like those undertaken by other Victorian women who sought to cultivate scientific enterprises – within a contextual framework broad enough to include strategic responses to cultural realities and possibilities.
Introduction: Labour Institutions in a Global Perspective, from the Seventeenth to the Twentieth Century
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro 
Published: November 2009

SummaryComparative analyses of labour often assume a dividing line between free and forced labour which is universally applicable. The contributions to this special theme argue that the tensions between “freedom” and “unfreedom” may be identified more precisely as those between multiple notions and practices of contract, status, and social conditions. Free and unfree labour on the one hand, status and contract on the other, are historically determined categories. This introduction argues that those histories do not run in parallel but are strictly intersected. From that point of view, social and economic inequalities are mutually linked to legal entitlements; a modification in legal entitlements strongly influences the economic and social equilibrium, and vice versa. Underlying this conclusion is a perspective that is resolutely non-Eurocentric and global. We do not endeavour to find the “missing” freedom of contract in the “periphery”, nor do we consider the “cultural” and economic domination of “the West” as a starting point. We stress instead the mutual connection between “peripheries” and “core” categories and practices. Such a bilateral circulation of ideas and practices contrasts with the argument according to which “the West” invented “freedom” and coercion as well.
The Legal Status of Labour from the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century: Russia in a Comparative European Perspective
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro 
Published: November 2009

SummarySince at least the eighteenth century, free labour in “the West” has been contrasted with serf labour in Russia and “eastern Europe”. This paper intends to call that view into question and to show that serfdom was never officially institutionalized in Russia, and that the regulations usually invoked to justify that opinion were actually intended not to “bind” the peasantry but to identify noble estate owners, as distinct from nobles in state service or the “bourgeoisie”. However, it is a matter not only of legal definitions. This paper studies how the tsarist administration, nobles, and peasants themselves made use of courts of law in order to contest ownership titles and, on that basis, the obligations and legal status of peasants and workers. Great changes had occurred in their legal status before the official abolition of serfdom in 1861, in outcomes that were rather similar to those which had been recently achieved in the “second serfdom” in Prussia, Lithuania, and Poland. In turn, that means that such labour contracts and institutions were not the opposites of “free labour” contracts and institutions, which placed many more constraints on workers than is usually acknowledged. To prove the point, we compare tsarist regulations with the Master and Servants Acts and indenture in Britain and its Empire and with French regulations on labour, domesticity, and day labourers.
Finding Captain Swing: Protest, Parish Relations, and the State of the Public Mind in 1830
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2009

SummaryFrom the 1950s to the 1970s, the study of English popular protest was dominated by the work of Eric Hobsbawm, George Rudé, and Edward Thompson, and it is no exaggeration to suggest that their combined approach became the standard against which all subsequent work was judged. It was seminal, innovative and crucial to the emergence of a new “history from below”. But it was, to a degree, also formulaic: it relied on a trusted framework that historians have since struggled to deviate from. Through a detailed investigation of a set of disturbances in Berkshire, England during the so-called “Swing riots”, this essay seeks to demonstrate that a continued reliance on this model can be seen to have stifled a more nuanced understanding of particular “moments” of protest in the locality, and in doing so it places a much greater emphasis on local social – and in particular, parochial – relations than has previously been the case. In sum, within the context of late-Hanoverian popular protest, this essay is a plea for a new “history from within” to supplement the (now venerable) tradition of “history from below”.
Swing, Swing Redivivus, or Something After Swing? On the Death Throes of a Protest Movement, December 1830–December 1833
Authors: Griffin Carl J. 
Published: November 2009

SummaryPublished in 1969, Hobsbawm and Rudé’s Captain Swing remains the sole national account of the so-called “Swing riots” that diffused throughout most of rural southern, central, and eastern England in the autumn and winter of 1830. Whilst much revisionist work has been published since, Hobsbawm and Rudé’s contention that Swing’s brutal judicial repression effectively ended the protests has remained essentially unchallenged. Through an archival re-examination of the resort to protest between the 1830 trials and December 1833, this paper contends that the received understanding that Swing was crushed is too simplistic. In some locales, Swing maintained its momentum, in others it revived. Swing also morphed into different forms, both real and phantasmagorical. But the intensity of protests did decline. By the autumn of 1833, protests were less frequent, now representing a fractured, isolated spatiality instead of a coherent protest campaign.
Freedom, Precariousness, and the Law: Freed Persons Contracting out their Labour in Nineteenth-Century Brazil
Authors: Lima Henrique Espada 
Published: November 2009

SummaryThis essay discusses the relationship between Brazilian labour laws and the labour arrangements entered into by former slaves (libertos – freed persons) in Brazil during the nineteenth century. It discusses firstly how the definition of “contract” was important in guiding the labour laws on Brazilian national and immigrant workers, as well as on former slaves. By analysing a sample of labour contracts entered into by freed persons and recorded in the archives of notaries in the southern Brazilian city of Desterro (now Florianópolis) between the 1840s and 1887, this essay discusses too the conflicted meanings of “freedom of labour” to freed persons and their employers. It attempts further to show how efforts to deal with precariousness were central to the strategies of freed persons and the negotiations underlying those contracts. Finally, this essay aims to understand the possible reasons for the disappearance of the contracts from notarial records after the end of slavery.
Captain Swing: A Retrospect
Authors: Randall Adrian 
Published: November 2009

SummaryCaptain Swing, authored by Eric Hobsbawm and George Rudé and published in 1969, was one of the key texts in the development of the new British social history of the 1960s and 1970s. On its fortieth anniversary, this introduction to the special theme looks back at the significance and impact that Captain Swing had, and continues to have, on the study of popular protest. The author locates the approach taken by its writers within the political and historiographical context of its time and examines how successive historians – including the two authors following this retrospect – have built upon and challenged the arguments which the book advanced.
Schistosomiasis and neglected tropical diseases: towards integrated and sustainable control and a word of caution
Authors: UTZINGER J. , RASO G. , BROOKER S. , DE SAVIGNY D. , TANNER M. , ØRNBJERG N. , SINGER B. H. , N'GORAN E. K. 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYIn May 2001, the World Health Assembly (WHA) passed a resolution which urged member states to attain, by 2010, a minimum target of regularly administering anthelminthic drugs to at least 75% and up to 100% of all school-aged children at risk of morbidity. The refined global strategy for the prevention and control of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis was issued in the following year and large-scale administration of anthelminthic drugs endorsed as the central feature. This strategy has subsequently been termed ‘preventive chemotherapy’. Clearly, the 2001 WHA resolution led the way for concurrently controlling multiple neglected tropical diseases. In this paper, we recall the schistosomiasis situation in Africa in mid-2003. Adhering to strategic guidelines issued by the World Health Organization, we estimate the projected annual treatment needs with praziquantel among the school-aged population and critically discuss these estimates. The important role of geospatial tools for disease risk mapping, surveillance and predictions for resource allocation is emphasised. We clarify that schistosomiasis is only one of many neglected tropical diseases and that considerable uncertainties remain regarding global burden estimates. We examine new control initiatives targeting schistosomiasis and other tropical diseases that are often neglected. The prospect and challenges of integrated control are discussed and the need for combining biomedical, educational and engineering strategies and geospatial tools for sustainable disease control are highlighted. We conclude that, for achieving integrated and sustainable control of neglected tropical diseases, a set of interventions must be tailored to a given endemic setting and fine-tuned over time in response to the changing nature and impact of control. Consequently, besides the environment, the prevailing demographic, health and social systems contexts need to be considered.
Neuroticism as a common dimension in the internalizing disorders
Authors: Griffith J. W. , Zinbarg R. E. , Craske M. G. , Mineka S. , Rose R. D. , Waters A. M. , Sutton J. M. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundSeveral theories have posited a common internalizing factor to help account for the relationship between mood and anxiety disorders. These disorders are often co-morbid and strongly covary. Other theories and data suggest that personality traits may account, at least in part, for co-morbidity between depression and anxiety. The present study examined the relationship between neuroticism and an internalizing dimension common to mood and anxiety disorders.MethodA sample of ethnically diverse adolescents (n=621) completed self-report and peer-report measures of neuroticism. Participants also completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID).ResultsStructural equation modeling showed that a single internalizing factor was common to lifetime diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders, and this internalizing factor was strongly correlated with neuroticism. Neuroticism had a stronger correlation with an internalizing factor (r=0.98) than with a substance use factor (r=0.29). Therefore, neuroticism showed both convergent and discriminant validity.ConclusionsThese results provide further evidence that neuroticism is a necessary factor in structural theories of mood and anxiety disorders. In this study, the correlation between internalizing psychopathology and neuroticism approached 1.0, suggesting that neuroticism may be the core of internalizing psychopathology. Future studies are needed to examine this possibility in other populations, and to replicate our findings.
Affective symptoms as predictors of Alzheimer's disease in subjects with mild cognitive impairment: a 10-year follow-up study
Authors: Ramakers I. H. G. B. , Visser P. J. , Aalten P. , Kester A. , Jolles J. , Verhey F. R. J. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundAffective symptoms are common in subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but there is disagreement whether these symptoms are predictive for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated the predictive accuracy of affective symptoms for AD during a follow-up study in subjects with MCI, and whether the predictive accuracy was modified by age, the presence of amnestic MCI or the length of follow-up.MethodNewly referred subjects (n=263) with MCI older than 55 years were selected from a memory clinic and followed up after 2, 5 and 10 years. Predictors investigated were: symptoms of depression, anxiety, apathy and sleeping problems.ResultsAffective symptoms were present in 50–70% of the subjects. The average follow-up period was 5.4 years and 79 subjects (29%) developed AD. Sleeping problems were associated with a decreased risk for AD [odds ratio (OR) 0.35,p<0.001]. Symptoms of depression (OR 0.61,p=0.059) and anxiety (OR 0.58,p=0.051) showed a trend in the same direction. The OR of apathy for AD was 0.67 (p=0.14). Depression was associated with a decreased risk for AD only in subjects without amnestic MCI, but not in subjects with amnestic MCI. Moreover, anxiety was related to the risk for AD differently between subjects diagnosed with AD at the 5-year follow-up (OR 0.23) and subjects diagnosed with AD at the 10-year follow-up (OR 1.7).ConclusionsAffective symptoms are associated with a decreased risk for AD. The risk may be dependent on MCI subtype or length of follow-up, but it does not depend on age.
Job insecurity, socio-economic circumstances and depression
Authors: Meltzer H. , Bebbington P. , Brugha T. , Jenkins R. , McManus S. , Stansfeld S. 
Published: November 2009

BackgroundEconomic recessions are characterized by job insecurity and rising unemployment. The relationship between job insecurity and poor mental health is known. However, we do not know how this relationship is affected by individual socio-economic circumstances.MethodA random probability sample comprising 3581 respondents (1746 men and 1835 women) were selected from the third national survey of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain. Fieldwork was carried out throughout 2007. Depression was assessed using the revised Clinical Interview Schedule and ICD-10 research diagnostic criteria administered by well-trained lay interviewers.ResultsOne-fifth of all working men and women aged 16–64 years felt that their job security was poor. From a multivariate analysis of several job stressors, there was an increased likelihood of depression among those agreeing that their job security was poor [odds ratio (OR) 1.58, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.22–2.06,p<0.001]. After controlling for age and sex, job insecurity (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.47–2.35,p<0.001) and being in debt (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.58–2.98,p<0.001) were independently associated with depression.ConclusionsJob insecurity has a strong association with feelings of depression even after controlling for biographic characteristics (age and sex), economic factors (personal debt) and work characteristics (type of work and level of responsibility). Despite the organizational changes needed to cope with a recession, employers should also take note of the additional distress experienced by workers at a time of great uncertainty, particularly those in less skilled jobs and in financial straits.
What Is Comparative Political Theory?
Authors: March Andrew F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis paper examines what is involved in using comparative methods within political theory and whether there should be a comparative political theory subfield. It argues that political theory consists of multiple kinds of activities that are either primarily “scholarly” or “engaged.” It is easy to imagine how scholarly forms of political theory can be, and have been, comparative. The paper critiques (not rejects) existing calls for the creation of a comparative political theory subfield focused on the study of non-Western texts. Comparative political theory needs to explain why it is not merely expanding the canon to include non-Western texts and why a certain non-Western text is “alien,” thus justifying the monikercomparative. Ten discrete theses are presented that argue that the strongest warrant for anengagedcomparative political theory is the first-order evaluation of the implication of the contestations of norms, values, and principles between distinct and coherent doctrines of thought.
Liberal Democracy and the Right to Religious Freedom
Authors: Perry Michael J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Roman Catholic Church was famously late to embrace the right to religious freedom. Some have plausibly maintained that when, in 1965, the cardinals and bishops at the Second Vatican Council overwhelmingly adopted the Declaration on Religious Freedom—known by the first two words of its official Latin version:Dignitatis Humanae—the church betrayed one of its most traditional and established theological teachings. The right to religious freedom, according to international law, rests in part on respect for human dignity. Thus there is a prima facie link between the liberal democratic justification and the church's 1965 justification. But, as I will argue, the appeal to human dignity is not a preserve of modern liberal democracy. Indeed, we can imagine a government that limits religious freedom because it wishes to save souls, and this precisely out of a respect for human dignity. A similar view was held by the pre-Vatican II church. Thus the appeal to human dignity is not evidence of a fundamental shift by the church. What then does account for the church's undeniable change of direction? Human dignityby itselfcannot provide the fundamental justification for the right to religious freedom. Another ingredient is needed: distrust, born of long historical experience, of government authority to adjudicate questions of religious truth. The church inDignitatis Humanaeaccepted this lesson of history, a lesson available to believers of a variety of stripes as well as nonbelievers.
Theocracy, Liberalism, and Modern Judaism
Authors: Arkush Allan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe paper examines the efforts of several Jewish thinkers to cope with the discrepancy between the inherently theocratic principles of their religion and the modern, liberal ideas with which they wished to bring Judaism into harmony. It focuses first on Moses Mendelssohn's attempt at the end of the eighteenth century to provide a rationale for the dissolution of Judaism's coercive, collectivist dimension and to render the Jewish religion fully compatible, in practice, with liberalism. The next major focus is the recent work of David Novak, who has sought in different ways to show how one can proceed from traditional Jewish premises to the endorsement of nonliberal political arrangements that nonetheless preserve the best of liberalism's achievements. The final focus is on the Israeli religious thinker Isaiah Leibowitz's widely celebrated but in principle merely provisional relinquishment of the theocratic idea.