bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validity of Caregivers’ Reports on Head Trauma Due to Falls in Young Children Aged Less than 2 Years
Authors: Fujiwara Takeo , Nagase Hiroaki , Okuyama Makiko , Hoshino Takahiro , Aoki Kazunori , Nagashima Tastuya , Nakamura Hajime 
Published: December 2010

Objective The clinical presentations of head trauma due to falls among young children aged less than 2 years are controversial, particularly in Japan, as the history of trauma recounted by a caretaker is not always reliable. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of caregiver's reports on head trauma due to falls in young children aged less than 2 years in Japan. Methods All patients <2 years of age presenting with head trauma resulting from a fall who were admitted to 3 children's hospitals in Japan from January 2001 to December 2005 were retrospectively reviewed (N = 58). The clinical presentations were compared among groups categorized by the heights from which the patient fell (short (≤ 120 cm) or long (>120 cm)) and the surface on which the patient landed (carpet, tatami (Japanese mattress), hardwood floor, or concrete). Results Patients who suffered short falls were more likely to present with subdural hemorrhage (SDH) than those who suffered long falls (74% and 40%, respectively, P = 0.027). More specifically, 62% of short falls showed SDH indicative of shaken baby syndrome (e.g. multilayer SDH). Neurological symptoms, cyanosis, and SDH were more commonly observed inpatients who landed on carpeted or tatami surfaces than in those who landed on hardwood or concrete floors. Conclusions Short falls and landing on soft surfaces resulted in the presentation of severer clinical symptoms than did long falls and landing on hard surfaces, suggesting that the validity of caretakers’ reports on infant or young children's head trauma due to falls is low. Further research is warranted to investigate the cause of infant head trauma due to falls.
Human CytosolicX‐Prolyl Aminopeptidase
Authors: Li Xin , Bartlam Mark , Rao Zihe 
Published: December 2010

AbstractX‐prolyl aminopeptidases catalyze the removal of a penultimate prolyl residue from the N‐termini of peptides. Mammalian X‐prolyl aminopeptidases are responsible for the degradation of bradykinin, a blood pressure regulator peptide, and have been linked to myocardial infarction. The X‐ray crystal structure of human cytosolic X‐prolyl aminopeptidase (XPNPEP1) reveals a dimer with a unique three‐domain organization in each subunit, rather than the two domains common to all other known structures of X‐prolyl aminopeptidases and prolidases. The C‐terminal catalytic domain of XPNPEP1 coordinates two metal ions and shares a similar fold with other prolyl aminopeptidases. Metal content analysis and activity assays confirm that the enzyme is double Mn(II) dependent for its activity, which contrasts with the previous notion that each XPNPEP1 subunit contains only one Mn(II) ion.
Regeneration of Organs and Appendages in Zebrafish: A Window into Underlying Control Mechanisms
Authors: Antos Christopher L , Brand Michael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe ability to regenerate organs and appendages is not universal among animals. Humans have a rather limited capacity to regenerate after injury, while other vertebrates such as the zebrafish are capable of regenerating many anatomical structures. Research with the zebrafish indicates that different structures use different regeneration strategies: fin regeneration involves the formation specialised epidermis and the accumulation of blastemal cells at the amputation site. Regeneration of nervous system tissues utilises the activation of resident stem cells, whereas the regeneration of heart muscle appears to employ the proliferation of differentiated cardiomyocytes. This article details how zebrafish appendages, nervous tissues and heart regenerate and how current cell and molecular discoveries from these regenerating fish structures contribute to our understanding of general principles of regenerative biology.Key Concepts:The zebrafish is a remarkablein vivomodel to understand the cell biology and molecular mechanisms required for appendage and organ regeneration.Studying how the zebrafish regenerates its fins, its nervous system and heart will provide information on how endogenous cell populations (whether fully differentiated or stem cells) are reprogrammed to form progenitor cell populations that concertedly regenerate compound structures.
Clinical Laboratory Informatics
Authors: Baron Jason M. , Dighe Anand S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractOver 70% of clinical decisions are based on laboratory data, according to some surveys. Given the critical role that laboratory information plays in patient care, it is imperative that laboratories have effective systems for collecting, managing, storing, analyzing, and distributing this data. This article first provides a general overview of the flow of information to and from the laboratory and the steps involved in laboratory testing. Next, it describes the key role that information systems play in each of these steps. Subsequent sections describe some of the “behind‐the‐scenes” aspects of laboratory informatics, providing an outline of the data structures and standards that support laboratory information management, as well as providing an overview of exciting emerging technologies, including medical language processing and digital image analysis.
Two‐dimensional Optical Spectroscopy: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Jeon Jonggu , Park Sungnam , Cho Minhaeng 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Two‐dimensional (2D) optical spectroscopy, despite its short history, has emerged as a promising technique to study the structure and dynamics of complex molecular systems in condensed phases. This article reviews the basic principles, implementation, and application of this spectroscopic technique. 2D optical spectroscopy employs multiple femtosecond laser pulses in the infrared (IR) or visible frequency range to induce multiple quantum transitions and displays the detected signal in a 2D frequency space. This enables a natural resolution of congested and averaged spectral features often found in condensed‐phase 1D spectra. Coupled multichromophore systems exhibit off‐diagonal cross peaks reflecting their coupling strengths, which can be monitored in time to extract information on the system dynamics. To provide a perspective on the development of 2D optical spectroscopy, we discuss its brief history. Since 2D spectroscopic features arise from multiple nonlinear optical transitions, their interpretation requires the knowledge of nonlinear response properties of molecular systems. This theoretical background is presented in some detail together with working formulas for two of the most popular techniques, 2D pump‐probe and 2D photon echo spectroscopy. Technically, 2D optical spectroscopy has been made possible by the availability of ultrafast femtosecond laser pulses and the spectral interferometric detection method to detect weak signals. The experimental setup of 2D spectrometer is, therefore, described with brief introductions to recent technological developments in instrumentation. Computational methods to simulate 2D optical spectra are also described, which play a vital role in the interpretation of the experimental spectra. General features of 2D spectra and their relations to underlying physical processes are important for proper application of the technique and they are discussed separately. 2D optical spectroscopy has the unique advantage of ultrafast time resolution in addition to spectral resolution in 2D frequency space. It will therefore continue to evolve with technical refinement and provide incisive analytical means to study structure and dynamics of chemical and biological systems.
Generation of Volatile Compounds for Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy
Authors: Dȩdina Jiří 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe generation of volatile compounds (VCs) is a technique employed for gaseous‐phase sampling as an alternative to the conventional liquid‐phase sampling in all methods of analytical atomic spectroscopy. The technique is currently not only applicable for the determination of mercury and “classical” hydride‐forming elements (arsenic, antimony, bismuth, germanium, lead, selenium, tellurium, and tin) but also for a wide range of other elements including a long list of transition metals. There are several approaches employed for the generation of analytically useful VCs. Generation of VCs involves separation of the analyte from the sample matrix together with high efficiency of analyte transport to the detector which results in exceptional detection power of the method. It offers other important benefits: simple analyte preconcentration and an extension of application to elemental speciation analysis. A brief description of theory, instrumentation, methodology, interferences and approaches to speciation analysis is presented in this article together with a critical discussion of advantages and limitations of the technique.
Non‐size‐exclusion Chromatography Analysis of Synthetic Polymers
Authors: Lee Wonmok , Chang Taihyun 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWhile nature is capable of producing uniform macromolecules as found in complex biosystems, man‐made polymers are hardly homogeneous. They exhibit inherent distributions at least in molecular weight, and often come with multivariate distributions in chemical composition, functionality microstructure, chain architecture, and so on. Size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been the most widely employed chromatographic technique for the characterization of molecular weight and its distribution of synthetic polymers since its inception about half a century ago. Compared to conventional molecular weight characterization methods, SEC is an excellent method with regard to precision, analysis speed, required amount of samples, etc. Nonetheless, SEC separates the polymer molecules in terms of their chain size, which is not only a function of molecular weight but also depends on other molecular characteristics such as composition, branching, and microstructure. Therefore, SEC cannot characterize nonlinear polymers or copolymers effectively. In contrast to SEC, in which the different pore accessibility of the macromolecules is the major separation mechanism, interaction chromatography (IC) fractionates the polymer sample by enthalpic interaction between the polymer solutes and the stationary phase. As a result, IC is sensitive to the chemical nature as well as the molecular weight of the polymers, whereas it is less sensitive to long‐chain branching than SEC. By judiciously selecting the IC separation condition, one can characterize specific molecular properties of polymers with much higher resolution than SEC. Furthermore, one can access the chromatographic critical condition (CC) for a given polymer system by adjusting the solute interaction strength with the stationary phase until the exclusion and interaction contributions to the solute retention are exactly compensated. Liquid chromatography at the critical condition (LCCC) can be used as a unique tool for the characterization of polymers. Of late, 2D liquid chromatography (LC) separations by a rational combination of SEC, IC, and LCCC has become more and more popular for the characterization of multivariate polymers. In this article, recent advances in non‐SEC analysis methods of a variety of synthetic polymers are reviewed.
Infrared Sensors
Authors: Lucena Rafael 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This article provides a general overview of infrared‐based sensors following a top‐down model. The importance of sensors in analytical chemistry is firstly outlined. Later on, a general description of sensors is developed, paying special attention to their classification, which can be used as a conceptual map for the reader. After an introduction of the main concepts in optical sensing, the use of infrared spectroscopy (IR) in the development of sensing devices is finally explored.
Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction
Authors: Cruz‐Vera Marta 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) is a new microextraction technique with a high potential in sample pretreatment. This article presents the state of the art and discusses the prospects of DLLME. A contextual description of sample pretreatment techniques ranging from liquid–liquid extraction to microextraction is provided for the readers to gain a better understanding of the topic. General and specific concepts of the fundamental theory of DLLME that are required to understand and implement the technique are described, and examples of recent innovations and applications are provided to illustrate its potential for the determination of a wide range of compounds in various types of matrices. Finally, its combined use with other pretreatment approaches, and separation and detection techniques, is also discussed.
Supramolecular Analytical Chemistry in Separation Techniques
Authors: Ballesteros‐Gómez Ana , Dolores Sicilia María , Rubio Soledad 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Supramolecular analytical chemistry is an emergent science covering the study and application of supramolecular systems (host molecules and molecular aggregates) in analytical processes. This article covers the progress on both theoretical and practical aspects related to the use of supramolecular systems in separation techniques reported over the last decade. Principles of supramolecular chemistry that allow a better understanding of the mechanisms of formation of the supramolecular entities and solubilization of solutes are outlined. Developments related to the use of supramolecular solvents and hemimicellar or admicellar sorbents in analytical extractions are critically discussed. Advances in the use of micelles in liquid chromatography (LC) and electrophoresis as well as developments in chiral chromatography and electrophoresis based on the use of cyclodextrins (CDs) and their derivatives are presented. Emphasis is placed on the strategies developed to make these techniques compatible with mass spectrometry (MS). The capability of supramolecular systems to effectively solubilize solutes in a wide polarity range is highlighted.
Competitive Analysis
Authors: Shankar Venkatesh 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Competitive analysis refers to the evaluation of strategies relating to a focal brand, product, strategic business unit (SBU), or firm relative to current and potential competitors in its market or industry. Competitive analysis is undertaken before the formulation and development of positioning strategy, value propositions, and marketing mix strategies. It is also undertaken for a new brand or product, in particular, prior to its launch in a new market. Competitive analysis can be performed using game theoretic models. Competitive analysis in a new‐product entry context involves a solid understanding of a framework that comprises the determinants of new‐product entry strategy, its interrelationship with competitor response, and the drivers of competitor response. Research on competitive analysis in the new‐product context offers important frameworks and insights. Competitive analysis can be enriched by including competitive benchmarking, convergence analysis, and coopetition analysis.
Thinking Deeper about Customer Experience
Authors: Olson Jerry , Zaltman Gerald 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
We describe three ways that customer experience has been conceptualized and measured. “True experience” is a customer's personal interpretation of “what happened.” Because significant aspects of customers' interpretations are unconscious, they cannot be revealed by traditional measures. The Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) is capable of uncovering the unconscious interpretations of customers. We provide a brief example of the deeper and rich understanding of customer experience that a ZMET analysis can provide.
Customer Lifetime Value (
CLV
)
Authors: Lemon Katherine N. , Lemon Loren J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Customer lifetime value (CLV) is defined as the net profit from a customer (customer margin less the costs of acquiring and serving the customer) over the lifetime of the customer's relationship with the firm, discounted to the present. While the terminology may vary from model to model, the essential elements of CLV estimation consist of the following: acquisition cost, time interval, net profit, retention rate, and discount rate. CLV estimations can be made for a specific customer, specific customer segment, or a generalized calculation based on the firm's generalized experience for its customers. CLV is useful in assisting a firm in making a determination of whether any new initiatives by the firm are worthwhile. For example, initiatives focusing on acquiring new customers can be evaluated to determine whether the costs of such new initiates may be worth it given the potential expected future profits from such customers. Initiatives focusing on current customer (either to increase the revenues from existing customer or improving the retention rate for such customers) can be evaluated by first estimating the CLV for such customers prior to the initiative and then reestimating the expected CLV with the new initiatives.
Direct and Interactive Marketing
Authors: Mulhern Frank J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Direct marketing consists of marketing communications that use direct media technologies such as direct mail and print catalogs. Interactive marketing is an extension of direct marketing into media technologies that allow two‐way communications between a buyer and a seller. Examples of interactive marketing are e‐mail, online ads that can be clicked through, and e‐commerce web sites. The advantages of direct and interactive marketing include the ability to precisely communicate to individuals with addressable messages that can be customized in ways that make messages more relevant to consumers.
Direct and interactive marketing techniques typically include a response mechanism that allows consumers to respond directly to a communication and potentially make a purchase. Compared to mass media communications, direct and interactive marketing is much more precise and measurable. The ability to measure direct and interactive marketing effects allows marketers to design communication programs that target consumers based on recency – the amount of time since last purchase, frequency – the number of previous purchases, and monetary value – the total expenditures a customer makes over time. The strategies, methods, and metrics of direct and interactive marketing are becoming more central to marketing strategy as digital technologies allow interactive marketing communications to take place through television and mobile devices.
Marketing Channel Strategy
Authors: Coughlan Anne T. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Marketing channel strategy – one of the “Four P's” of the marketing mix (“place,” along with product, price, and promotion) – comprises the set of decisions made, and structures created, that help move a manufacturer's product or service from its place of manufacturer to the ultimate end‐user. Channel design and management involves long‐term attention to end‐users' demands not only for the firm's products, but also for the services the channel can offer; the necessity to manage the significant costs that distribution inflicts on the company, through judicious allocation of responsibility for channel flow performance to the chosen members of the channel; and the ability to maintain channel partners' positive incentives and motivations to execute on the specified channel design. Unlike the other three “P's,” it inherently involves collaboration and interaction among multiple corporate entities, all in the pursuit of a single goal: profitable end‐user sales. This article lays out the key elements of effective channel design and channel management.
Marketing Strategy
Authors: Varadarajan Rajan 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

A cursory examination of marketing literature suggests that the term
marketing strategy
is used in a wide variety of contexts. At one extreme, marketing strategy is broadly conceptualized as a multidimensional construct encompassing a broad array of integrated and internally consistent set of coordinated behaviors by an organization in the marketplace; that is, behaviors directed at consumers, customers, competitors, and/or other key constituencies in the marketplace. At the other extreme, narrow conceptualizations of marketing strategy essentially focus on specific aspects or subsets of the broader array of behaviors that essentially constitute an organization's marketing strategy. In multibusiness firms, the marketing strategies of individual businesses in the firm's portfolio are influenced by as well as influence the firm's corporate strategy. This article provides an overview of the scope of marketing strategy and presents a definition of marketing strategy. It also highlights the relevance of a number of other articles in this volume of the encyclopedia in the broader context of marketing strategy content and formulation process, and marketing strategy drivers and outcomes.
Causal Research
Authors: Oppewal Harmen 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Causal knowledge is one of the most useful types of knowledge. Causal research aims to investigate causal relationships and therefore always involves one or more independent variables (or hypothesized causes) and their relationships with one or multiple dependent variables. Causal relationships can be tested using statistical and econometric methods. However, in many cases conclusions about causality are stronger if they can be based on
designed
experiments. Experiments typically include one or more experimental conditions and a control condition. Random assignment of units to these conditions allows the application of statistical theory to infer the probability of effects being caused by other factors than the designed, manipulated factor. Designing an experiment involves making a series of decisions about, among others, the unit of observation, the setting in which the experiment is to be conducted, the creation of experimental stimuli and observation instruments, the number of conditions to create and how many test units to include, and how to assign units to the conditions. Design types vary based on whether they are quasi‐experimental or true experiments, how many independent factors they include, whether they include all possible conditions or only a subset of conditions, and whether they expose units to single or multiple treatments.
Marketing Research Proposal
Authors: Bhalla Gaurav 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
One of the defining characteristics of contemporary management practice is information‐based decision making. However, business/marketing executives do not always have a complete or an accurate understanding of markets and their elements, such as customers, competitors, and consumption occasions. Marketing research (MR) is widely used to provide relevant and timely information to client companies and their decision makers. The MR departments of client companies issue request for proposals (RFP)s and review MR proposals from competing service providers to identify and select the best company for the assignment. The quality of the MR proposal plays a significant role in determining which company wins the business. Key drivers of the quality of an MR proposal are a deep understanding of the client's business issue, how well that understanding is parlayed into designing a research study, the conceptual framework guiding data collection, and the analytical tools used to extract information and insights from the data collected. The article presents a framework for proposal development and discusses how its various elements should be discussed to ensure that what is communicated to the client is rigorous, systematic, and complete.