bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interstitial iridium-192 implantation for malignant brain tumours. Part I: Techniques of dosimetry planning
Authors: Wu Andrew , Chun Mison , Kasdon D. , Heros D. , McKeough P. , Chang H. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Interstitial implants for brain tumours with removable iridium-192 radioactive seeds have been performed using a Brown–Roberts–Wells stereotactic frame. A simple and accurate computed-tomography-guided dosimetry pre-planning technique and procedure prior to implant have been developed and are discussed.
Films, screens and cassettes for mammography
Authors: Law J. , Kirkpatrick A. E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Various film–screen combinations intended for mammography have been compared for image quality and for dose. Image quality was assessed as in an earlier paper, using a test object having details which are both realistic and quantitative. Relative doses required to give film densities of 1.0 were measured. The Kodak MinR–MinR combination was taken as a standard against which others were compared, and in general a lower dose was accompanied by poorer image quality. The Fuji NH film with Fuji Hi-Mammo screen was the sole exception, giving slightly better image quality at about half the dose required by the MinR combination. A number of cassettes were also compared with each other and with evacuated envelopes. The Dupont Cronex cassette and three carbon-fibre fronted cassettes all performed well in image quality.
Unusual long bone changes in thalassaemia: findings on plain radiography and computed tomography
Authors: Singcharoen T. 
Published: July 2009

Bone change is one of the most outstanding radiological manifestations of marrow hyperplasia in thalassaemia. The “hair-on-end” skull, a variety of radiological changes of the ribs and osteoporosis with coarse trabeculation of other bones have been well described (Moseley, 1974; Lawson et al, 1981). We have encountered three thalassaemic patients with unusual marrow proliferation in the long bones of the extremities.
An 8-year-old boy had β-thalassaemia major diagnosed in early childhood. Haemoglobin levels ranged from 3 to 7g/100 ml. Splenectomy was performed at 7 years of age. The patient still suffers from severe anaemia and frequent episodes of congestive heart failure. A plain radiograph of the skull showed widening of the diploic space with “hair-on-end” appearance, typical of thalassaemia (Fig. la).
Radiation dose to urological surgeons during X-ray fluoroscopy for percutaneous stone extraction
Authors: Law J. , Inglis J. A. , Tolley D. A. 
Published: July 2009

Radiation protection of staff using X rays in UK hospitals is generally acknowledged to be satisfactory. This is supported by the fact that relatively few need to be Classified Workers under the Ionizing Radiations Regulations (HMSO, 1985). This view is based on routine measures to protect the main body of the worker, e.g. with a lead apron, and the results of routine dose monitoring, generally with monitors underneath such aprons.
There remains the problem of dose to unshielded parts of the body from procedures such as fluoroscopy where protection depends mainly on lead aprons, and where some staff are very close to unshielded X-ray beams. Doses to heads and arms of radiologists were reported earlier (Law, 1985). This paper reports doses received by one surgeon conducting percutaneous nephrolithotomy using an overcouch system. This procedure requires the surgeon's fingers, head and neck to be very close to the X-ray beam, and monitors were therefore worn on two fingers of each hand, as well as over the thyroid. Satisfactory sterile conditions were maintained.
Under the Ionizing Radiations Regulations (HMSO, 1985) there is renewed emphasis on monitoring dose to staff, and under the 1988 Regulations (HMSO, 1988) on protection of the patient there is a requirement for adequate training of all staff using X-ray equipment, not only radiologists and radiographers.
A new high-definition microfocal X-ray unit
Authors: Buckland-Wright J. C. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A new microfocal unit is described with an operating range up to 170 kVp (limited to 125 kVp for medical use), 0–1 mA and a maximum output of 75–80 W. The unit comprises a lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6) cathode, a single electromagnetic lens and a stationary oil-cooled multifaced tungsten target. The estimated source size ranges from 6 to 20 μm between 14 and 77 W. The tube's output is × 3 to × 3.5 greater than that of a conventional X-ray unit. The use of fast rare-earth film–screen systems permits exposures of most views of the patient within 1 s. The spatial resolution within these film–screen systems is 40–30 μm diameter at magnifications of × 5–10. The tube is fixed so as to project a horizontal beam and the patient table is designed to position the patient close to the source (20–30 cm) with the film placed at a focus–film distance of 1–3 m. Stereopair macroradiographs permit greater accuracy in the identification and location of radiographic features. The large magnification and resolution of macroradiographs allow direct and accurate measurement of radiographic features.
Value of bone scanning and computed tomography in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
Authors: Carter S. R. , Davies A. M. , Evans N. , Grimer R. J. 
Published: July 2009

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) (synonym: myositis ossificans progressiva) is an extremely rare congenital disorder characterized by unremitting heterotopic ossification associated with typical skeletal abnormalities (Rogers & Geho, 1979; Connor & Evans, 1982; Thickman et al, 1982). The prevalence in the UK population has been estimated to be less than 0.1 per million (Wynne-Davies et al, 1985) but despite this, or possibly because of it, there have been in excess of 700 publications worldwide on the subject (Illingworth, 1971) since the first description in 1692 (Patin, 1692).
We report a case of FOP presenting as a suspected soft-tissue neoplasm and discuss the value of bone scanning and computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis and evaluation of this rare condition.
An 11-year-old boy first presented to his local Accident and Emergency department when his father noticed a large mass over the child's right scapula. The swelling was not tender and there was no history of trauma. Plain radiographs of the shoulder showed no abnormality and a clinical diagnosis of a haematoma was made. The swelling decreased in size over the next month but a further hot, tense mass developed over the left shoulder.
Biopsy of both masses was reported as showing muscle infiltrated with slender spindle cells in a myxoid stroma, and a pathological diagnosis of fibromatosis was made with the recommendation that total excision should be performed because of the risks of local recurrence.
Book reviews
Authors: Berman Andrew 
Published: July 2009

“Pattern recognition leading to the development of differential diagnoses is the essence of radiology … This book offers differential diagnoses for a broad spectrum of radiographic patterns, not only in conventional radiography but also in ultrasound and computed tomography … A wealth of illustrations is provided … extensive cross referencing …”
from the Preface.
The author presents a well organized, thorough list of differential diagnosis of various radiological patterns, accompanied by high-quality photographs to aid him in this task.
Relative proton density and relaxation times in liver metastases during interferon treatment
Authors: Andersson T. , Ericsson A. , Eriksson B. , Hemmingsson A. , Lindh E. , Nyman R. , Oberg K. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Relaxation times and relative proton densities were calculated from magnetic resonance examinations of the liver in eight patients with liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumours. Single, spinm—echo sequences with eight different repetition times and a four-echo sequence were used to calculate T 1, and T 2 in tumour and normal liver, and the proton density tumour-liver quotient, before and during treatment with interferon. Changes over time of these parameters were compared with variations in tumour marker levels and changes in size and number of the metastases. During therapy, six out of eight cases showed a decrease in tumour T 1, five responding to therapy and one with stationary disease, while the two patients with progressive disease showed unchanged tumour T 1. The proton density quotient also decreased in a corresponding way, indicating a change in water content in tumours responding to interferon therapy. No significant change in liver T 1, tumour T 2 or liver T 2 occurred in any patient. It is thus possible to perform reliable measurements of relaxation parameters over time, which may be valuable in follow-up of tumour treatment.
The influence of type of tube and experience of the operator on performance of small bowel enema
Authors: Nicholson D. A. , Zammit-Maempel I. , Hughes M. , Kumar E. Nanda , Martin D. F. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Seventy patients underwent small bowel enema (SBE) to assess the influence of experience of the radiologist on the ease of jejunal intubation and the adequacy of SBE using two types of tubes. Comparing intubation time, intubation screening time, total screening time and total room time, we conclude that jejunal intubation is achieved easily, in a reasonable time with both types of tube, by all grades of radiologist, although the experienced operator using the Silk tube achieved intubation in a significantly shorter time. Overall patient acceptability was satisfactory (75%) but was better using the Silk tube, with which entero-gastric reflux and vomiting were less.
Radiation toxicity of indium-111–2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide on HeLa S-3 cells
Authors: Su Hong Seong , Ford Edith H. , Greenspan Bennet 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
As one of a series of systematic studies to determine the cytotoxicity of radiopharmaceuticals, indium-111–2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide (111In-mere) was studied using a monolayer of HeLa S-3 cells. Exponentially growing cells were incubated with up to 2.96MBq/ml (80 μCi/ml) of 111In-mere (molecular ratio of In/Cd to mere was 1:1000) in phosphate buffered saline for up to 240 min at room temperature. Surviving fractions were assayed by the colony-forming method. The cell uptake curve was upward concave with increasing activity and was saturated after an incubation time of 60 min. A clonogenic assay resulted in an exponential dose-survival curve with a shoulder (D0 of 0.44MBq/ml (12 μCi/ml); n = 5), and an upward concave time-survival relationship. Mere alone and decayed In-mere were non-toxic at the equivalent range, substantiating radiation-induced cytotoxicity of 111In-mere.
Distal bowel infarction following angioplasty of the internal iliac artery
Authors: Bennett I. C. , Downes M. O. , Collins R. E. C. 
Published: July 2009

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty is becoming more widely used, finding clinical application not only in peripheral vascular occlusion (Zeitler et al, 1983; Doubilet & Abrams, 1984), but also in renovascular hypertension (Levin, 1984) and coronary artery disease (Levin et al, 1985).
While success rates, particularly for peripheral vascular disease, are in the order of 90% (Katzen, 1984; Gardiner et al, 1986), there is a definite morbidity with complications occurring in about 2–5% of cases (Gardiner et al, 1985, 1986). We report a case in which angioplasty of the internal iliac artery was complicated by infarction of the distal bowel, as a consequence of previously impaired mesenteric blood flow due to radiotherapy.
A 70-year-old man presented with a history of increasing left buttock claudication over a 2-year period. He had a past history of a transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, which had been treated 4 years previously by partial cystectomy and pelvic irradiation. He gave a precise history of left buttock pain brought on by walking 300 yards, which was relieved by rest. He admitted to being a heavy smoker for most of his life.
No tenderness or mass was evident on abdominal palpation or rectal examination. Both femoral pulses were present; in the right leg pulses were palpable to the level of the ankle, but in the left leg no distal pulses could be felt.
Magnetic resonance imaging in recurrent carcinoma of the cervix
Authors: Williams Michael P. , Husband Janet E. , Heron Christine W. , Cherryman Graham R. , Koslin D. Bradley 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Twenty patients with suspected recurrent cervical carcinoma were evaluated with computed tomography (CT) and highfield magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Histological verification of the imaging findings were available in all cases. Computed tomography and MRI were equally effective in making the diagnosis of disease recurrence. The extent of vaginal recurrence and involvement of pelvic floor muscles was better shown on MRI than on CT.
Upper-half body irradiation for oat cell carcinoma of the bronchus
Authors: Stockdale A. D. , Rostom A. Y. 
Published: July 2009

Small-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus (SCCB) is considered to be a chemosensitive tumour. For many physicians, chemotherapy is the treatment of first choice. However, despite prolonged and aggressive therapy, overall 2-year survival of less than 10% may be expected (Spiro, 1985), which, for example, is very similar to the bad prognosis associated with high-grade cerebral gliomas (Bloom, 1982).
Radiotherapy has an established role in the palliation of advanced disease. We have previously investigated the use of single, large fractions of radiotherapy in patients with drugresistant multiple myeloma and shown excellent responses and prolonged survival (Rostom et al, 1984). As the majority of patients present with disseminated disease, we have investigated the use of a single fraction of radiotherapy to the upper half of the body (including the liver) in 24 patients with SCCB.
Twenty-four patients (11 male and 13 female) with small-cell anaplastic carcinoma of the bronchus have been treated with upper-half body irradiation (UHBI) since 1983. In 18 patients, this was the initial therapy. Five patients had relapsed following systemic chemotherapy, one of whom had also received radiotherapy to the mediastinum and neck. A further patient was treated prophylatically following lobectomy for a peripheral anaplastic small-cell carcinoma. Disease was classified as limited to one hemithorax or the ipsilateral supraclavicular fossa or as being more extensive (Table I). Of the 14 patients with extensive disease, two presented with epileptic fits but had negative radionuclide scans of the brain. A third had cerebral metastases confirmed by scanning.
Biological equivalence between fractionated radiotherapy treatments using the linear-quadratic model
Authors: Yaes R. J. , Feola J. , Wierzbicki J. , Urano M. , Maruyama Y. 
Published: July 2009

Deehan and O'Donoghue (1988) have shown that, in the context of the linear-quadratic (LQ) model, it is possible to define “generally equivalent” courses of treatment that will produce equal effects in all tissues and tumours. The LQ isoeffect relations used by Deehan and O'Donoghue have no dependence on the total treatment time and thus account for sublethal damage repair but not for cell proliferation. The authors have implied that a generalization of their result to a model that does describe cell proliferation with an explicit time dependence would be difficult. In fact, such a generalization is simple and appreciation of this could greatly aid radiation therapists in their clinical practice and could prove useful.
In the LQ model it is assumed that both normal-tissue damage and tumour control result from the depletion of specific target stem cell populations (Douglas & Fowler, 1976; Thames et al, 1982).
Soft-tissue sarcoma: neutrons versus photons for post-operative irradiation
Authors: Glaholm J. , Harmer C. 
Published: July 2009

Our paper describes five patients of the Royal Marsden Hospital Sarcoma Unit who were referred to the Hammersmith Hospital for neutron irradiation.
Radiation field sizes were obtained from case notes and correspondence in the absence of planning details from the Hammersmith Hospital. We acknowledge the above discrepancies. It is to be noted that the field area used to treat Case 10 was smaller than that which we have quoted yet despite this the patient developed serious late tissue damage. Case 11 was excluded from analysis of late-effects because the patient died very soon after radiotherapy. Although this patient had macroscopic disease prior to radiotherapy and therefore technically breached the study protocol, we do not consider this to be a reason for exclusion from the report.
A physical evaluation of the imaging performance of a high-resolution fluorography system
Authors: Cowen A. R. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
A physical evaluation of the imaging performance of a unique high-resolution fluorography system is presented. Measurements have been made of contrast performance, unsharpness (modulation transfer function) and noise (Wiener spectrum and threshold contrast detectability), and the results have been compared with those measured from medium-fast calcium tungstate and rare-earth screen-film combinations and a standard fluorography system. The results have proved sufficiently encouraging that a full-scale trial is now underway to evaluate the system's performance in routine clinical application.
Book reviews
Authors: Peters A. M. 
Published: July 2009

This is a short, easy-to-read book, generally well illustrated, in which the reader is shown radionuclide images and then questioned on them. In each case, the images are shown again on the following pages with a discussion of the findings and outcome.
The cases are a reasonably good reflection of current nuclear medicine referrals, except I thought some monoclonal antibody studies should have been introduced and there are only two cardiac studies in the 54 cases.
Magnetic resonance imaging of the normal prostate at 1.5 T
Authors: Gevenois P. A. , Salmon I. , Stallenberg B. , van Sinoy M. L. , van Regemorter G. , Struyven J. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Prostatic magnetic resonance images of 22 male volunteers less than 30 years old and with no known genito-urinary tract disease were obtained at 1.5 T. Normal anatomical features of the prostate were studied with spin–echo techniques. Different zones of the normal gland are shown by T 2weighted images: the anterior fibromuscular fascia, the central prostate, the peripheral prostate and the periurethral zone' can be differentiated. The normal prostate gland is shown on T 1-weighted images as a homogeneous appearance. It is important to recognize the normal zonal anatomy of the prostate since prostatic disorders arise in different anatomical zones.
Book reviews
Authors: Savage John R. K. 
Published: July 2009

This report reviews the methodologies used to evaluate the carcinogenic risk of radiation with particular reference to their applicability to chemical carcinogens. The mechanisms of action of chemicals are much more varied than ionizing radiation and concepts of “dose” and “dose-response” much less well defined. Add to this the problems posed by in vivo metabolism, organ specificity and the associated complexities introduced into mathematical modelling and it is obvious that risk and risk estimate exercises are much more-uncertain.
The responsible National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Task Group, under the able Chairmanship of Dr A. C.
Book reviews
Authors: Gifford Derek 
Published: July 2009

This book is described as consisting of a collection of 74 worked problems in the general field of health protection from ionizing radiation. There could be little that is more revealing of the difference between the work of a health physicist in the nuclear industry and that of a medical physicist in a hospital, or of the difference between the American question and answer style of teaching and the system in the UK, where there are as yet few courses leading to formal qualifications in radiation protection and one is expected to go away and work by oneself, than this collection of 74 worked problems in the general field of protection from ionizing radiation.
As is inevitable in a book of this size which attempts to cover a wide range of subject matter—there are 17 topic headings, ranging from accelerators (two examples) to units—the coverage in each field is sometimes superficial.
Book reviews
Authors: Paine C. H. 
Published: July 2009

This short book provides an excellent overview of several different but related problems that face not only cancer physicians, but other groups of doctors too in the whole field of modern medicine.
In his preface, Dr Stoll draws attention to the sensitive area of the limitation of active treatment in advanced disease. Serious ethical problems arise here and the cost of continuing active treatment is not only financial but also relates to the risk of lessening the quality of the remainder of the patient's life rather than improving it. High technology plays its part in this dilemma, as may inappropriate recourse to surgery or intensive cytotoxic chemotherapy. The increasing age of the population in developed countries makes these decisions even more difficult.
The computed tomographic appearances and clinical significance of intussusception in adults with malignant neoplasms
Authors: Lorigan James G. , DuBrow Ronelle A. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The computed tomography (CT) appearances of intussusception in 14 patients and the clinical follow-up of this condition in 17 adults with known primary malignant neoplasms were retrospectively reviewed. The ages of the 11 men and six women ranged from 25 to 83 years. Nine patients had been treated for malignant melanoma and the others for various primary neoplasms. Intussusception on CT was characterized by thickening of the affected bowel segment in all 14 patients and by the presence of intraluminal fat density material in 13, a concentric ring or “target” lesion in four, and an intra-luminal soft-tissue mass in nine. Five patients had intussusception, without other evidence of disease, caused by metastases in three patients, lipoma in one and idiopathic in one. Eleven of the other 12 patients had extensive disease, and one had small bowel cytomegalovirus infection. Five of these patients had more than one site of bowel involvement. Ten of the 12 patients had progression of disease on follow-up CT examinations and six died between 26 days and 7 months after diagnosis of intussusception. Intussusception may occur as the first indication of tumour recurrence or metastasis, but is more commonly a manifestation of widespread disease. However, even in patients with malignant neoplasms, it may be idiopathic or a result of benign neoplasm.
Clinical study of relative biological effectiveness for cervical carcinoma treated by 252Cf neutrons and assessed by histological tumour eradication
Authors: Maruyama Yosh , Feola Jose M. , Wierzbicki Jacek , van Nagell John R. , Powell Deborah , Yoneda Justine 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Clinical data of the University of Kentucky trial using californium (252Cf), or caesium (137Cs), are reviewed for dose–response based on the endpoint of tumour eradication estimated from hysterectomy specimens obtained 4–6 weeks after preoperative irradiation. These data are used to assess the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for 252Cf neutrons compared with l37Cs γ radiation. Tumours treated were of common stage but were of bulky or barrel shape suitable for “radiosurgical” therapy. Dose–response curves were constructed, and additional data from the literature used to analyse the curve shape. The photon dose–response curve is complex on a logarthmic plot, whereas the 252Cf neutron curve is exponential. This indicates that the RBE can be different depending on the number of implants, schedule and size of dose delivered per session. The RBE values were approximately 8.0 at low doses or for multiple implants but they may rise to approximately 16 at larger doses or for single 252Cf implants.