bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteoporosis in lung transplant candidates compared to matched healthy controls
Authors: Lakey Wanda C. , Spratt Susan , Vinson Emily N. , Gesty‐Palmer Diane , Weber Thomas , Palmer Scott 
Published: May 2010

Lakey WC, Spratt S, Vinson EN, Gesty‐Palmer D, Weber T, Palmer S. Osteoporosis in lung transplant candidates compared to matched healthy controls. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: 426–435. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Abstract:  Purpose:  Advanced lung disease increases the risk for diminished bone mineral density (BMD). The prevalence and severity of osteoporosis in lung transplant candidates is unclear.Methods:  We retrospectively evaluated BMD of subjects screened for lung transplant at our institution. Observed prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia within our cohort was compared to the expected prevalence of each from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) data matched for age, gender, and race. Lateral chest radiographs were evaluated for vertebral fractures.Results:  High prevalence rates of osteoporosis (37%) and combined osteoporosis/osteopenia (86%) were observed. Subjects with pulmonary fibrosis had higher BMD and T‐scores compared to all other subgroups. All subjects within the cohort had a higher observed combined rate of osteoporosis/osteopenia at all bone sites compared to expected rates from healthy, matched controls. Vertebral fractures were present in 23% of subjects but did not correlate with BMD or the diagnosis of osteoporosis.Conclusions:  Abnormal BMD was prevalent in most pre‐lung transplant subjects, with striking differences noted in comparison with a healthy, matched cohort. Lateral chest radiographs in combination with BMD data give a more complete picture of bone abnormalities. Osteoporosis screening prior to lung transplantation should be performed to identify high‐risk subjects for fracture and allow for intervention.
Identification of quantitative trait locus and epistatic interaction for degenerated spikelets on the top of panicle in rice
Authors: Tan C. J. , Sun Y. J. , Xu H. S. , Yu S. B. 
Published: May 2010

With 5 figures and 5 tables AbstractThe phenomenon of degenerated spikelets is very common in cereal crops, and considered as a serious physiological defect to grain production. However, little is known about the genetic base of the spikelet degeneration in rice. To identify genetic factors conferring spikelet degeneration in rice, a line showing severe degenerated spikelets on the top of panicle was selected from a set of chromosomal segment substitution lines that derived from a cross of the sequenced japonica variety ‘Nipponbare’ and the indica variety ‘9311’. Using its derived progeny, two quantitative trait loci (QTL) for the degenerated spikelets were identified on chromosomes 3 and 9. The one on chromosome 3 was confirmed in an about 600‐kb physical interval, and had an epistatic interaction with the other QTL on chromosome 9. The QTL region on chromosome 3 was also found conferring primary panicle length, heading date, the number of primary branches and second branches simultaneously. These results would be helpful in understanding the genetic control of spikelet degeneration on the top of panicle in rice.
Adult Protection of People with Intellectual Disabilities: Incidence, Nature and Responses
Authors: Beadle‐Brown Julie , Mansell Jim , Cambridge Paul , Milne Alisoun , Whelton Beckie 
Published: May 2010

Background  There has been increasing recognition of the importance and extent of abuse of vulnerable adults, including people with intellectual disabilities, leading to the development of monitoring systems. This paper reports findings from one of the largest databases in the UK collected between 1998 and 2005.Method  Analysis of the 1926 referrals relating to people with intellectual disabilities included description of the nature of abuse and the responses to the referrals, comparisons to those relating to other client groups and comparisons between those placed locally and those placed out‐of‐area.Results  About one‐third of all adult protection referrals related to people with intellectual disability, remaining consistent over time. However, the number of referrals increased significantly. The majority of people lived in residential care or supported living and this was reflected in the nature of the referrals – people were more likely to have been abused in the care home and by staff or service users than those without an intellectual disability. The most common type of abuse was physical abuse. Sexual abuse was more prevalent in the intellectual disability sample than in other client groups. People with intellectual disability were more likely to have experienced follow‐up action, usually through more monitoring. There was a different pattern of abuse seen in those placed out‐of‐area.Conclusions  The overall pattern of abuse is similar to that reported in earlier studies. There is some indication that residential situation and in particular being placed in a residential placement out‐of‐area, may be an important factor in predicting adult protection referrals.
Demystifying the process? A multi disciplinary approach to assessing capacity for adults with a learning disability
Authors: Skinner Rachael , Joiner Chris , Chesters Liz , Bates Louise , Scrivener Louise 
Published: May 2010

Accessible summary

The Mental Capacity Act says that everyone has a right to make choices in their life.
Some people find it hard to make a decision when it involves complex information.
People who work in services can be unsure how to decide when people can make a hard decision.
We developed a way of deciding if a person with a Learning Disability is able to make a choice (has capacity).
We tried to make the process clear so that more people can use it.

SummaryThere appears to be some degree of hesitation and lack of confidence among professionals in conducting capacity assessments. This document explains a two‐phase process developed and implemented by a multi‐disciplinary group of professionals during a pilot project. The first phase in the decision making process is to determine to what extent the person being assessed is able to process and recall information. The second phase involves understanding more detailed information specifically relating to the decision, in this case the procedure or intervention. The use of a two‐phase process is illustrated via case studies. Over a 2‐year period, 17 people who were referred from the eye unit to the capacity team were seen. Of those, two progressed to phase two of the process – and one person demonstrated capacity to make a decision. The process was based on a functional approach, and was used to avoid making decisions based on status approaches. The developed process was fed back to the professionals in the eye unit to enable them to assess capacity in relation to eye surgery. We hope to have demonstrated that capacity assessment skills are inherent in all practitioners working with people with a learning disability and are not the privileged possession of only particular professionals.
The growth of the cranial base in the albino rat revealed by roentgenocephalometry*
Authors: VILMANN H. 
Published: May 2010

Growth in length of the single bones in the cranial base, changes in angulation between these bones and changes in shape of the cranial base have been studied in the rat by serial roentgenocephalometry between 14 and 60 days.All the bones studied showed increase in length during the whole period. However, differences in both absolute and relative increase were found. Sex differences were as a rule of significance from 21 days of age. This phenomenon was explained as a difference in time of maturation between males and females.The cranial base became more dorsally concave with increasing age. This was found to be due to changes in angulation between the basisphenoid bone, the basioccipital bone and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.The development of the rat skull from a clinorhynchal to an orthocranial type was found to be due to a combination of the changes in the cranial base and a high degree of stability of the angle between the cribriform plate and the nasal bone.Furthermore a marked stability of the relative position of the sphenooccipital synchon‐drosis during growth was found. This area corresponds to the position of the hypophysis.
History in the evolution of Apodemus sylvaticus (Mammalia) at one edge of its range
Authors: BERRY R. J. 
Published: May 2010

Apodemus sylvaticus (L.) is phenotypically and taxonomically uniform over a wide area in Europe, but it has been split into 15 races or subspecies in the Hebridean and Shetland groups of islands. It is argued that with one conceivable exception (A. sylvaticus hirtensis of St Kilda) these could not be pre‐glacial survivors. Furthermore the putative relationships of the different races (as revealed by a study of population samples from 26 localities) make it highly unlikely that the island races are relicts of an early post‐glacial colonization. It is much more probable that they were introduced by man, and the Vikings or their descendants seem the most likely agents.Despite having been isolated only during historical times, many of the races are quite distinct. It is suggested that this is a consequence of chance genetical differences among the founding members of each population (irrespective of any later adaptations), and that this is a method whereby rapid changes in gene frequencies can be achieved, and also provides an example of incipient speciation.
Ecology of Myotis nigricans (Mammalia: Chiroptera) on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone
Authors: Wilson Don E. 
Published: May 2010

Myotis nigricans is a small vespertilionid bat limited in distribution to the neotropical zone. These bats are locally abundant in the Panama Canal Zone, and commonly roost in buildings such as the laboratory on Barro Colorado Island where this study was carried out. Homing experiments showed this species to be capable of returning to the roost from distances up to 50 km, but not from 104 km. Night roosting was not observed.Little is known of the food habits of M. nigricans, except that they are insectivorous and probably take some Lepidoptera. The young are left behind in the roost when the females leave to forage at night. Females nurse only their own young and are able to pick them out of a group of 50‐100 youngsters upon returning in the mornings. During the day the bats undergo behavioural thermoregulation in the roost. These movements result in a mixing of the sexes which are otherwise segregated inside the roost, and copulation occurs at this time.
Calling and associated behaviour of some species of Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae)
Authors: Pengilley R. K. 
Published: May 2010

Males of three species of Pseudophryne (Anura: Leptodactylidae) produce a number of kinds of calls during the calling season. Six call types were recorded in P. corroboree and five in both P. dendyi and P. bibroni. All calls except a non‐pulsate threat call are structurally related to the mating call of P. corroboree. The courtship call of this species is essentially a mating call with the addition of three to four similar components. The mating calls of P. dendyi and P. bibroni are essentially shortened versions of the mating call of P. corroboree. The threat calls of all species are very similar structurally and are modifications of one component of the mating call. The auditory premating isolating mechanism in these species is probably the courtship call. Other factors such as differences in colour and time of breeding are probably important in enhancing specific distinctiveness.Diel calling activity of P. corroboree males appears to be primarily dependent on changing light intensities and secondarily on temperature changes. There is also a longer term cycle which is probably dependent on hormonal factors.Males of all species are territorial. The territory is the calling site (the burrow) and is only weakly defended in some species. A non‐phylogenetic series based on increasing degree of aggressiveness follows: P. corroboree (Snowy Mountains), P. corroboree (Fiery and Brinda‐bella Ranges), P. dendyi and P. bibroni.
The distribution and abundance of sand gobies, Gobius minutus, in the Ythan estuary
Authors: Healey M. C. 
Published: May 2010

The aims of this study were, first, to describe the distribution and abundance of the sand goby (Gobius minutus) in the Ythan estuary and, when it became apparent that there were striking seasonal changes in the abundance of gobies, to attempt to explain these changes.Gobies were abundant in the estuary from July until January or February each year, and scarce for the rest of the year. The sharp drop in goby numbers in the estuary in January or February each year was associated with a change in the sex ratio from 50% females to 80% females, and a change in dispersion from aggregated to random, and a restriction of the gobies’range to the lower half of the estuary. It seemed to me that these associated changes should all be the result of a common cause.The disappearance of gobies in January or February was not a result of low water temperatures in the estuary in winter, nor was it the result of changes in water salinity. Measurements of food intake and available food supplies suggested that there was no shortage of food at this time. The disappearance was, however, associated with gonad maturation, suggesting that the loss of fish had something to do with the breeding requirements of the goby. I put forward the hypothesis that the loss of gobies in winter was the result of their migrating to sea to breed because their eggs would not develop in the estuary. I tested this hypothesis by attempting to capture gobies at sea, by measuring their salinity preference, and by attempting to rear their eggs at various salinities. I was unable to capture more than a few gobies outside the estuary. Ripe fish did not show any preference for high salinity water, and their eggs were intolerant of high salinities. It seemed, therefore, that my hypothesis of an emigration to sea to breed was incorrect, and that something else must explain the losses of gobies in winter, possibly heavy predation.
The functional and classifieatory significance of combined metrical features of the primate shoulder girdle
Authors: Ashton E. H. , Flinn R. M. , Oxnard C. E. , Spence T. F. 
Published: May 2010

Contrary to the major pattern of results that emerges when certain “residual” dimensions of the scapula–selected so as to be apparently unassociated with locomotor function–are compared individually in different primate genera, combination of these dimensions by multivariate (canonical) techniques arranges the genera not into categories corresponding with taxonomic divisions, but in a pattern which correlates broadly with the extent to which the forelimb is habitually subject to tensile or compressive forces.When these dimensions are compounded with a series of “locomotor” dimensions– selected so as to be mechanically related to essential locomotor functions of the region– a spectrum of separation is produced which not only highlights the principal divisions of the Anthropoidea into brachiators, semibrachiators (with which are grouped the prosimian hangers), and quadrupeds, but enables a number of subgroups to be more or less clearly distinguished. Thus, for instance, prosimian quadrupeds are, to some extent, differentiated from the arboreal and terrestrial quadrupeds of the Anthropoidea, while prosimian hangers are distinguished from the anthropoid semibrachiators. Man lies clearly apart in a unique plane of the canonical space.This pattern of grouping is fully confirmed when single linkage cluster analysis is applied to the matrix of squared generalized distances derived from the canonical analysis. It is also unaffected when certain genera, for which only small numbers of specimens are available, are included in, or excluded from, the analysis. Such separation into taxonomic subgroups as occurs, appears incidental to this locomotor separation.It is concluded that, in the case of the scapula, general form and proportions are far more closely related to mechanical function than to the accepted taxonomy of the Primates.
Blood protozoa of insectivores, bats and primates in Central Africa*
Authors: Keymer I. F. 
Published: May 2010

A survey was made of blood protozoa of wild mammals in Central Africa and the parasites from Insectivora, Chiroptera and Primates are described. Trypanosoma petrodromi was rediscovered in Petrodromus tetradactylus and redescribed. A similar trypanosome found in Elephantulus brachyrhynchus is considered to be a new subspecies, Trypanosoma petrodromi chitali. This elephant‐shrew was also infected with “Plasmodium” [gen. indet.] brodeni and probably represents a new host record. Rhynchocyon cirnei also appears to be a new host record for Sarcocystis sp. An unidentified trypanosome was found in a Crocidura sp. of shrew.A Hepatocystis sp. (probably H. epomophori) was found in Epomophorus labiatus and a Nycteria sp. (probably N. medusiformis) in Nycteris thebaica. So called “broad trypano‐somes” were found in four species of insectivorous bats and Trypanosoma vespertilionis in Hipposideros caffer. Trypanosoma perodictici was found in Galago crassicaudatus; Hepatocystis kochi in Cerco‐pithecus aethiops and a Hepatocystis in Papio ? cynocephalus.No parasites were found in the insectivores, Crocidura luna and C. flavescens or in the bats, Tadarida (Mops) condylura and T. (Chaerephori) pumila.There was no evidence that any of the parasites were pathogenic.
Burrowing and burrow patterns of East African mole‐rats Tachyoryctes, Heliophobius and Heterocephalus
Authors: Jarvis Jennifer U. M. , Sale John B. 
Published: May 2010

The burrowing behaviour and burrow patterns of the mole‐rats Tachyoryctes (Family Rhizomyidae), Heliophobius and Heterocephalus (Family Bathyergidae) were compared. Remarkable similarities were found both in the method of digging and the basic burrow pattern of the three genera. Dissimilarities in burrow length can be attributed to the availability of food and the number of animals occupying one burrow system. Thus, the solitary Tachyoryctes, which eats a wide range of foods, has the shortest burrow system; while the colonial Heterocephalus, which eat a limited range of foods and live in arid regions, have very extensive burrow systems.All the mole‐rats bite at the earth face with well developed incisors; collect the excavated soil with their fore and hind feet and push it behind them. Tachyoryctes differs from the bathyergids in then turning round and using one side of its face and one fore foot to push the excavated soil along the burrow and out onto the surface. The bathyergids back up to the soil and push with their hind feet. Tachyoryctes has a multi‐purpose nest chamber used for sleeping, food storage and sanitary purposes; the bathyergids have a simple nest chamber used solely for sleeping, they do not store food but instead partly expose tubers in the foraging burrows and eat pieces from them when hungry.Differences between the bathyergids are largely attributable to their social structure; Heliophobius is solitary and Heterocephalus colonial. Digging and soil disposal are essentially similar but in Heterocephalus the various stages are taken by different members of the colony and a digging chain is established. Soil type and moisture content influence mound formation; Heterocephalus kicks out a spray of fine dry soil through an open hole. The other two mole‐rats live in areas with higher soil moisture content and push out solid cores of soil.
Functional design and evolution of the polychaete Aphrodite aculeata
Authors: Mettam C. 
Published: May 2010

The body form of Aphrodite is attributed to its exploitation of the nereid creeping mechanism. It employs a fast stepping pattern, individual limb movements being extension and retraction of the neuropodium with coordinated chaetal movement. The downward and backward propulsive stroke raises the worm clear of a hard substratum. The notopodium is stabilized and its long chaetae raised and lowered in defence.The segments are short but wide. The body wall muscles, relieved of locomotory function, are a basketwork of longitudinal and diagonal muscles capable of maintaining constant body dimensions. Muscles of the appendages originate from stabilized points on the body wall. Trunk septa are reduced, in association with the constant body shape, but the first few septa form a membrane enclosing the proboscis. Complete and muscular septa occur in the rectal segments.During respiratory movements the elytra are depressed by intrinsic and extrinsic elytrophore muscles and elevated by coelomic pressure. Coelomic pressure drops immediately before elytral depression and is controlled by the body wall muscles, especially the diagonal muscles. Aphrodite differs from its near relative Hermione in the reduction of septa and simplification of body musculature.
The biology and functional morphology of Galeomma (Paralepida) takii (Bivalvia: Leptonacea)
Authors: Morton Brian 
Published: May 2010

The ecology, habits and functional morphology of Galeomma (Paralepida) takii (Kuroda) are described, and comparisons made with other free living and more specialized commensal galeommatids, other Leptonacea and other bivalve phylogenies. Galeomma takii lives under stones at mid tide level and possesses both primitive and specialized characters which make it successful in such a restricted habitat. One of the most important specializations is numerous pallial tentacles that can autotomize and, it is thought, release a noxious substance to deter would be predators. Such a mechanism is advantageous for an animal living in a well defined ecological niche shared by other species, some of which may be predatory. Post settlement protection of the young also probably occurs.
The anatomical basis of function in the buccal mass of prosobranch and amphineuran molluscs
Authors: Graham Alastair 
Published: May 2010

A comparative account is given of the muscular anatomy of the buccal mass in chitons and a number of species of prosobranch gastropods. From this can be deduced a basic muscular organization consisting of buccal constrictors and dilators, protractors and retractors of the odontophore, protractors and retractors of the subradular membrane and an approximator muscle of the supporting cartilages. In addition to these many ancillary muscles act as tensors: these are numerous in chitons, monoplacophorans and rhipidoglossan proso‐branchs. In the first two groups, which have a poorly developed anterior end covered by a shell, they act in place of the muscles of the mobile wall of the head of gastropods; in the last they are necessary for the fine control of an odontophore brushing the substratum. In prosobranchs which forcibly rasp their food they are lost.The dominating influence in the evolution of the buccal mass in neogastropods is the proboscis. Its narrowness and elongation have had profound effects on the anatomy of the buccal mass.