bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Geological and Physical Development of Dominica; with Notes on Martinique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and the Grenadines
Authors: Spencer Joseph William Winthrop 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.The features of this chain of islandsform a striking repetition, or rather interrupted continuation, of the mountainous portions of Guadeloupe and Antigua—in a word, they are largely made up of old igneous formations, the surfaces of which have been greatly denuded, surmounted by the more recent volcanic accumulations, some of which rise into high mountain-peaks. The general geological and physical history, with local variations, is repeated to such an extent, that these islands can only be regarded as one physical unit.

The only paper that I have seen upon the geology of Dominica is that entitled ‘Notes of a Visit to Dominica’ by Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy.
1
There are also some scattered references to the late volcanic eruptions of the various islands; but this is not the subject of our investigations. Outside of Dominiea, my personal observations were made at only a few points, where the older volcanic foundations alone were seen, modified by atmospheric agents; these showed, however, a repetition of the features of Guadeloupe and Dominica.

II. Situation and Hydrographical Characteristics.
D o m i n i e a is separated from the Guadeloupe archipelago by a depression in the Antillean plateau from 15 to 20 miles wide,: which is submerged to about 2100 feet (see map, P1. X). This depression is indented by an embayment extending within the line connecting the western shores of Guadeloupe and Dominiea, where even the few soundings reach 1200 feet deeper than those on the surface of the ridge. Martinique
On the Geological and Physical Development of Barbados; with Notes on Trinidad
Authors: Spencer Joseph William Winthrop 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction. As there is an extensive literature on the geology of these islands, the chief object of the present paper is to record some newly observed features, and to extend the studies which have been made by the writer on the other West Indian Islands. The most important contributions as yet made to the geology of Barbados are those of Prof. J. B. Harrison & Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne,
1
supplemented by the studies of the fossil coral-fauna by Prof. J. W. Gregory.
2
In his ‘ Birds of Barbados, ’ Col. H. W. Feilden
3
anticipated some of the conclusions subsequently arrived at by the other writers. In the earlier part of the 19th century some notec by Count Sehomburgk
4
appeared, and earlier still James D. Maycock
5
made the first geological map of the island.

The geological literature of Trinidad is still more voluminous, being especially represented by the numerous papers of Mr. R. J. Lechmere Guppy, and by the earlier Government reports on the ‘Geology of Trinidad’ by G. P. Wall & J. G. Sawkins (1860).
II. Hydrographical Relatiotionships of Barbados
Barbados is an outlying remnant of the dissected and submerged Antillean plateau. It occupies the same relationship to the main chain of islands, although separated from St. Vincent by 100 miles, as Grand’ Terre does to Guadeloupe proper, from which it is divided by a strait only a few hundred feet wide, or as Marie Galante nud The Saints do to Guadeloupe.
Physical Development of Barbados etc.
The Carlisle Earthquakes of July 9th and 11th, 1901
Authors: Davison Charles 
Published: October 2009

The chief title to interest possessed by the Carlisle earthquakes of 1901 is the light which they throw upon the structure of the region underlying the Lake District and the North of Cumberland —a structure which must clearly be very different from that manifested by the surface-rocks. The shocks were at least four in number. The first and strongest occurred on July 9th, at 4.23 p.m.; the second about three minutes later; the third on the same day at 4.45 p.m.; and the fourth on July 11th at about 11.10 p.m. In addition, there are records of four other shocks, depending on the authority of single observers. These are as follows:—

July 9th, about 3 p.m.: Loweswater. A slight shock.

July 10th, about 1.30 a.m.: Crosthwaite (near Keswick). A slight shock without sound.

July 12th, about 2 a.m.: Crosthwaite. The same.

July 14th, about 11 p.m.: Crosthwaite. The same.

a. July 9th , 4.23 P.M.
Intensity, 5 centre of isoseismal 5, 1at. 54° 47·8' N., long. 3° 0·4' W. Number of records 267, from 155 places; and negative records fi'om 50 places.
Isoseismallines and disturbed area.—The two continuous curves in the map (p.372) refer to this earthquake. The isoseismal 5 is very nearly a circle, 29 miles in diameter, and 660 square miles in area. Its centre is situated at a point 7 miles south-south-west of Carlisle.
The isoseismal 4 is an
A System of Glacier-Lakes in the Cleveland Hills
Authors: Kendall Percy Fry 
Published: October 2009

It is now 8 years since I commenced observations upon the Glacial phenomena of the Cleveland area—using the term in its broadest sense as including the whole of the Jurassic mass of North-eastern Yorkshire, but no results were attained in the first 5 years. The investigation, however, of a tract of country on the western edge of the Yale of York familiarized me with many of the more patent signs of old glacier-lakes, especially the phenomena of abandoned overflows, and this experience enabled me to recognize the great Newton-Dale valley as belonging to this category. Following this clue backward, I discovered the great system of lakes and related phenomena now to be described.
The progress of the investigation of the area west of the Ouse has been briefly recorded in papers submitted to the British Association, and on various occasions has been communicated to the Yorkshire Geological & Polytechnic Society. A new stimulus to these studies was given by Prof. W. M. Davis, who accompanied me in the examination of a tract of country round Knaresborough, where an extra-morainic diversion of the River Nidd and some other lake-overflows are well displayed. Prof. Davis on that occasion mentioned some work of a like nature which was engaging the attention of Prof. G. K. Gilbert; and I am impelled to mention the fact, as this statement of Prof. Gilbert's views undoubtedly aided me, to how great an extent I am unable to say.
II. Modern Extra-Morainic Lakes
Whenever a glacier or ice-sheet
The Fossil Flora of the Cumberland Coalfield, and the Palæobotanical Evidence with regard to the Age of the Beds
Authors: Arber E. A. Newell 
Published: October 2009

I. Inroduction
The most important area of the Cumberland Coalfield is situated on, or near, the western coast-line, extending from the neighbourhood of Whitehaven on the south to that of Mary port on the north. The geology of this district was first studied by Sedgwick, and has since formed the subject of numerous memoirs, to many of which reference will here be made. In this paper, however, we are only concerned with the physical and stratigraphical geology of the Cumberland Coalfield, in regard to the horizons from which plant-remains have been obtained, and the evidence which these plants present as to the age of the different beds.
The succession of Upper Carboniferous rocks in the region in question is apparently twofold: an essentially arenaceous series, overlying argillaceous and carbonaceous deposits.
The arenaceous series, of at present unknown vertical extent, but which is at least 600 feet thick, consists of yellowish-grey, red, or purple, massive sandstones, alternating with beds of shale and fireclay of secondary importance. Thin bands of coal and hæmatite also often occur. This series is typically developed in the immediate neighbourhood of Whitehaven, as well as in other parts of the district, and is commonly known as the Whitehaven Sandstone. The term ‘Whitehaven Sandstone’ has, however, been applied, on grounds which are not entirely satisfactory, to rocks of somewhat similar lithological composition in other districts. I propose, therefore, to speak of this series, as developed in this area of the Cumberland Coalfield, as the Sandstone Series.
The carbonaceous
Geological Notes on the North-West Provinces (Himalayan) of India
Authors: Stephens Francis J. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
‘The country examined extends in a north-westerly direction across the line of strike, from ... South-eastern Kumaon to north of the Alaknunda River.’ The foothills consist of Tertiary clays and sandstones, the snowy ranges of gneissose, granitic, and metamorphic rocks of various descriptions. ‘Between the snowy ranges, or rather the more southerly range of the Himalaya chain, a band of hills extends, for nearly 50 miles on an average, to the foothills. The whole area is rich in minerals.’ The Author refers to the occurrence of various rocks, met with mainly in this third belt. They include slates with vein-quartz; mica- and graphitc-schists; dykes of dolerite; granites; clay-slates, sandstones, and schists, with copper, lead, and tin; limestones, serpentines, and hornblendic rocks, with tale, steatite, etc.; various schists, quartzites, and limestones. The summary of the Author's observations leads him to ‘suppose that there are at least three distinct limestone or calcareous series in Kumaon and Garhwal, and that schists and quartzites, with several isolated patches of granitic rock, form a large part of the remaining formations.’
The Semna Cataract or Rapid of the Nile: a Study in River-Erosion
Authors: Ball John 
Published: October 2009

Introductory.
Of the numerous ancient inscriptions discovered in Egypt by Lepsius during his expedition of 1842–1845, few were of a higher degree of interest than those on the rocks at Semna, between the Second and Third Cataracts of the Nile, which record the levels of high Nile in various years under the 12th and 13th dynasties. For, apart from their purely historical value as indicating the importance attached, even at that early age, to precise records of the river which has always been the life-stream of Egypt, these marks serve as a means of gauging the local changes which have taken place through the geological agency of river-erosion during a period of about 4200 years.
Lepsius spent 12 days at Semna and the neighbouring village of Kumna, and besides copying a large number of the inscriptions and making detailed plans of the two temples situated one on each side of the river, he made a sketch-plan of the rapid, and determined the fact that the high-Nile level indicated by the sculptured marks on the rocks is about 24 feet higher than the high Nile of our own day. The data published by Lepsius in his great work were the subject of a careful consideration from the geological standpoint by a former president of the Geological Society, Horner, in 1850. Horner, who does not appear to have himself visited the place, came to the conclusion that
‘the only hypotheses that could meet the requirements of the facts observed, would be either
The Amounts of Nitrogen and Organic Carbon in some Clays and Marls
Authors: Miller N. H. J. 
Published: October 2009

Before discussing the results obtained from the different deposits which form the subject of this note, it will be useful to consider some of the changes which we know the organic matter of soils is liable to undergo. The nature of these changes will depend mainly on the conditions of aëration, on the climate, and on the character of the mineral substances with which the vegetable matter is associated; and the chemical properties of the predominating constituents of the decaying plants, which may be proteids, carbohydrates, or resins, etc., may, according to circumstances, have an important influence on the character of the products.
Without going into the complicated questions involved in the breaking-down of the different plant-constituents, or the question of the production of complex organic substances from elementary nitrogen, it may be stated that the general, but not invariable, tendency of decaying vegetable matter is to become more nitrogenous, owing to the relatively greater ease with which, under most conditions, gaseous compounds of carbon are liberated as compared with nitrogen. An example of a change of this kind is afforded by some analyses made in 1865, 1881, and 1893, of the soil of the continuously unmanured plot of the Rothamsted wheat-field. The results (see Table I, below) show a decrease in the amount both of total nitrogen and of organic carbon, the loss of carbon being relatively greater than that of nitrogen. An example of a change of this kind is afforded by some analyses made in 1865, 1881
The Overthrust Torridonian Rocks of the Isle of Rum, and the Associated Gneisses
Authors: Harker Alfred 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction :
The Relatively-Unmoved Tract
.

The geological literature of the Isle of Rum is not extensive. The earliest important contribution is found in Macculloch’s ‘Western Islands of Scotland,’ and illustrates the close observation and acute reasoning which characterize that remarkable work. In his small sketch-map Macculloch shows the northern part of the island and a strip along the eastern coast occupied by red sandstone, which he correctly identifies with that of Skye [Torridonian]. The rest of the island he divides among the igneous rocks, of which he distinguishes syenite [granite and granophyre], ‘augit-rock’ [peridotite, gabbro, etc.], and basalt and amygdaloid. In spite of the extremely crude topography of the map, the distribution of these rocks is roughly indicated, and some of the leading facts concerning their relations are set forth in the text. Since Macculloch’s time no systematic account of the geology of Rum has been published. The igneous rocks, now recognized as of Tertiary age, have received some notice, and a valuable description of the peridotites in particular has been given by Prof. Judd. Numerous references to Rum appear in the writings of Sir Archibald Geikie; and in ‘The ’Ancient Volcanoes of Great Britain’ he has given an account not only of the igneous rocks, but also of some of the highly disturbed strata, with associated gneisses, to be described below. The present communication is the outcome of the detailed mapping of the island carried out by the writer for the Geological Survey of Scotland.
The Isle of
On a Fossiliferous Band at the Top of the Lower Greensand near Leighton Buzzard (Bedfordshire)
Authors: Lamplugh George William , Walker John Francis 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
During an examination of the Lower Cretaceous outcrop in Bedfordshire by one of the writers in June 1902, he was delighted to find in the sands immediately below the base of the Gault-Clay, in the large sand-pits at
Shenley Hill, 1½ miles north-east of Leighton Buzzard, a richly-fossiliferous horizon which does not appear to have been hitherto noticed. Four separate visits were afterwards made by him to the locality, for the purpose of studying the section and collecting the fossils; but as these did not serve to exhaust the possibilities of the bed, the second author undertook to carry on the investigation, and for this purpose spent ten days on the ground in August. On the material thus jointly collected, along with further supplies since received from the quarrymen, the palæontological results given in this paper are based, while for the stratigraphical details of the sections, and for opinions expressed thereon, the first-named author is mainly responsible.
The nearest locality from which fossils have been previously recorded in the Lower Greensand of this part of England, lies between Great and Little Brickhill, 4 miles to the northward of Shenley Hill, where they were found abundantly in working a ‘coprolite-bed’ at the base of the Lower Greensand. The only other recorded occurrence of marine Lower Cretaceous fossils in Bedfordshire is at Potion, 19 miles to the north-eastward of Shenley Hill, where, in the workings of a pebbly ‘coprolite-bed’ which forms a band in the Greensands
The Sedimentary Deposits of Southern Rhodesia
Authors: Molyneux Arthur J. C. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
Southern Rhodesia lies between the Rivers Zambesi and Limpopo where they approach nearest to each other, a distance of 400 miles. Its greatest breadth is from the Victoria Falls on the west to the 33rd degree of longitude on the east, a distance of 450 miles, and it has an area of 192,000 square miles. The major portion of this extent is occupied by grey granite and gneiss, and by the metamorphic schists and slates that contain the numerous quartz-veins extensively worked by an ancient people, and now being again opened up for the extraction of gold and copper. The area over which these rocks occur measures 140,000 square miles, the remaining portion being taken up by sandstones and volcanic rocks.
Whatever may have been the original condition of the slates and schists of the gold-belts, igneous or sedimentary, they are now so indurated and cleaved by lateral pressure that their present state only is recognized in this paper, and they are referred to as schists or metamorphic rocks, or when associated with the granites and gneisses, are included in the term Archæan rocks. The slates lie at an almost vertical angle, and the lapse of time and vast amount of erosion that took place before they were covered by the deposition of the sedimentary beds now to be described (which, in striking contrast, lie at low angles or horizontally) give rise to the ‘great unconformity’ of Rhodesian geology.
The Archæan rocks of Rhodesia have frequently formed the
Notes on some Lamellibranchiate Mollusca obtained by Mr. Molyneux from the Sengwe Coalfield
Authors: Hind Wheelton 
Published: October 2009

Four small slabs of sandstone obtained by Mr. Molyneux are covered with imperfectly-preserved bivalve shells, which seem to represent two species.
Three of these slabs, numbered 7, exhibit numerous specimens of a small oval shell, the largest measuring about 9 millimetres in antero-posterior length. Some examples show the surface-markings or casts left by an impression of the surface, while a few bear traces of the anterior adductor muscle-scar. They all have a markedly Unioniform aspect; but none appear to exhibit the hinge-plate, which is a very important factor in determining the genus to which they belong.
Prof. Amalitsky has shown that in the Permian beds of the Oka-Volga Basin there occur several genera of Unioniform shells, for the generic determination of which the hinge-characters are essential. The same author has studied the collection of lamellibranchs from the Karoo Formation of South Africa in the possession of the Geological Society, and has recognized several species identical with those from the Permian near Nizhni Novgorod. I have had the privilege of examining Prof. Amalitsky's type-specimens in St. Petersburg, and, in his company, the beds in which they were discovered near Nizhni Novgorod. I have also studied the Bain Collections from South Africa, in the Geological Society's Museum, used by Sharpe. On the whole, my biological results agree with those of Prof. Amalitsky, and I only differ from him on mere questions of nomenclature. I think that the small oval gibbose bivalves discovered by Mr. Molyneux in the Sengwe Coalfield should most probably
On the Probable Source of some of the Pebbles of the Triassic Pebble-Beds of South Devon and of the Midland Counties
Authors: Shrubsole Octavius Albert 
Published: October 2009

The strongly-marked character of the pebbles of the Bunter and the wide dispersal of so many of them in our old river-gravels have caused a considerable amount of speculation as to their origin. The subject, however, appears to me to be not yet exhausted; and this must be my apology for adding another to the long list of papers connected therewith.

I. Previous Incestigations.

The first attempt to deal with the subject in a systematic way was in a paper on ‘On the Pebble-Beds of Budleigh Salterton,’ by W. Yicary & J. W. Salter, which appeared in the Journal of this Society for 1864 Iu this important paper Salter came to the conclusion that the fossils found in the Budleigh-Salterton pebbles were not British types at all, but must be referred to the May Sandstone and the Grès Armoricain of Normandy. He did not,however, deal with all the material submitted to him, and admitted the existence of ‘possibly Devonian’ forms.
In 1867 the Rev. P. B. Brodie drew attention to the lithologieal and pal~eontological resemblance between certain pebbles found in the Drift of Warwickshire and others in the Budleigh-Salterton Pebble-Bed.
In 1869 Thomas Davidson completed the work of J.W. Salter by showing that many of the Budleigh-Salterton pebbles did contain Devonian fossils (braehiopoda). He was inclined to look to some tract of land now occupied by the English Channel for the source of the pebbles.
In the same year appeared the Geological Survey Memoir on ‘The Permian & Trias of
Geology of the Ashbourne & Buxton Branch of the London & North-Western Railway:—Crake Low to Parsley Hay
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose Henry Howe 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction
In a previous paper read before this Society, I gave a description of the geology of 6 miles of the new Ashbourne & Buxton Railway from Ashbourne to Crake Low. The sections described were in Bunter Sandstone, Boulder-Clay, shales and thin limestones (Yoredale Series of the Geological Survey), and volcanic tuff. The present paper is a continuation of the former one, and deals with the geology of the cuttings (Nos. 9 to 23) in the next 8 miles as far as Parsley Hay.
After passing through Yoredale Shales in the second cutting (No. 10), the railway enters the thick beds of Mountain-Limestone, in which it continues as far as Buxton. Several of the cuttings are of considerable length and depth; but, owing in some cases to the folded state of the beds, and in others to their nearly horizontal position, no very great thickness of limestone is seen.
It was not found possible to correlate the beds in the different cuttings. Although the limestones in the Cold-Eaton and Heathcote cuttings are somewhat similar in character and are divided up by intercalations of clay, we cannot be certain that they represent the same series of beds. The clay-partings do not in any way correspond. They are farther apart in the Cold-Eaton than in the Heathcote cutting. In the former six wayboards of clay are contained in 230 feet of limestone, and in the latter eight in a little more than 100 feet.
The chief points of interest brought to
On some Disturbances in the Chalk near Royston (Hertfordshire)
Authors: Woodward Horace Bolingbroke 
Published: October 2009

On the Geological-Survey map (Sheet 47, old series) a ‘line of flexure’ is marked in the Chalk-area from Therfield, south-west of Royston in Hertfordshire, to near Heydon in Cambridgeshire, a distance of rather more than 6 miles. The line is a curved one, and in three places to the north of it, and in one to the south, arrows are engraved on the map to indicate that the Chalk dips northward or north-north-westward at angles varying from 22° to 60°. It may be noted that the line of the flexure is drawn, not at right angles to the directions indicated by the arrows, but a little below the crest of the Upper Chalk-escarpment, which has here been eroded in a broad semicircular hollow; and that it is continued east of Heydon as the ‘approximate line of division between the Upper and the Middle Chalk.’
The late W. H. Penning, who surveyed the area, called attention to the flexure in 1876, when describing some ancient ‘river-gravels’ which lie in the vale to the north, but he did so only incidentally, remarking on its post-Eocene age, and expressing his opinion that the upper extremity of the Wardington valley—the semicircular hollow before mentioned—was due to this flexure in the Chalk. Particulars of the sections, with illustrations of those near Reed and Barkway, were published two years later in the Survey Memoir. Therein Penning (p. 11) stated that‘The flexure appears to have been very local, and of no great vertical extent. It occurs so