bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence‐Based Practices Reduce Juvenile Recidivism: Can State Government Effectively Promote Implementation Among Probation Departments?
Authors: Seave Paul L. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractCalifornia places tens of thousands of juveniles into its 58 county‐based justice systems every year. The offenders do not generally experience reduced rates of recidivism. Evidence‐based practices can reliably and significantly reduce these rates. Probation departments have infrequently chosen to implement these practices, in large part because of the training, data collection, and organizational change required. Current state law does not effectively mandate these practices and more importantly fails to recognize and fund the substantial and ongoing training and technical assistance that would be required to implement these practices. State government could best promote evidence‐based practices by working collegially with probation departments to obtain and distribute private and public funding to support effective implementation.
Ethical Dilemmas in Genetic Testing: Examples from the Cuban Program for Predictive Diagnosis of Hereditary Ataxias
Authors: Mariño Tania Cruz , Armiñán Rubén Reynaldo , Cedeño Humberto Jorge , Mesa José Miguel Laffita , Zaldivar Yanetza González , Rodríguez Raúl Aguilera , Santos Miguel Velázquez , Mederos Luis Enrique Almaguer , Herrera Milena Paneque , Pérez Luis Velázquez 
Published: January 2011

AbstractPredictive testing protocols are intended to help patients affected with hereditary conditions understand their condition and make informed reproductive choices. However, predictive protocols may expose clinicians and patients to ethical dilemmas that interfere with genetic counseling and the decision making process. This paper describes ethical dilemmas in a series of five cases involving predictive testing for hereditary ataxias in Cuba. The examples herein present evidence of the deeply controversial situations faced by both individuals at risk and professionals in charge of these predictive studies, suggesting a need for expanded guidelines to address such complexities.
Investigation on Conductance Behavior of Water/Dioctyl Sulfosuccinate Sodium Salt/Alkanol/Toluene Reverse Microemulsions
Authors: Liu Jie‐xiang , Zhang Hai‐jiao , Zhang Xiao‐guang , Han En‐shan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe conductivity (σ) measurement was carried out on water/dioctyl sulfosuccinate sodium salt (DOSS)/heptanol (decanol)/toluene reverse microemulsions. Addition of toluene was distinctly observed to inhibit the conductance percolation of water/DOSS/decanol/toluene systems. The effect of additives (sodium chloride, sodium salicylate and sodium cholate) with various concentrations on the conductivity behavior of water/DOSS/heptanol (decanol)/toluene systems was also investigated and discussed. The conductivity of a water/DOSS/heptanol/toluene system was almost unchanged in the concentration ranges of sodium chloride and sodium salicylate studied, while it decreased with the increase in the sodium cholate concentration. The conductance of the water/DOSS/decanol/toluene system increased with increasing of sodium cholate and sodium salicylate concentrations, and it changed little with the sodium chloride concentration. The lnσ value exhibited a linear correlation with temperature in the range of 5–40 °C. No percolation threshold induced by temperature was detected either in the absence or in the presence of additives. Furthermore, the activation energy for conductivity was estimated and discussed according to the Arrhenius type equation. The present study would provide useful information for selecting a suitable template for nanometer materials preparation.
Decrease in outpatient department visits and operative interventions due to bisphosphonates in children with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: de Graaff F. , Verra W. , Pruijs J. E. H. , Sakkers R. J. B. 
Published: January 2011

Introduction Bisphosphonates are currently the medical treatment most often used in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). The purpose of this retrospective pre–post study was to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with bisphosphonates. We measured the effect by evaluating the number of outpatient department consultations and operative interventions before and after treatment with bisphosphonates in children with OI. Methods and materials Outpatient department consultation and operative intervention frequencies before and after treatment with bisphosphonates were registered. Children who had at least 2 years of medical records before treatment and at least 2 years after treatment were used in this study. Results Of 118 children who were treated with bisphosphonates, 51 (23 boys and 28 girls) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Statistical analysis revealed a significant decrease in outpatient department consultations ( P < 0.000) and operative intervention ( P < 0.003) before and after bisphosphonate treatment. Conclusion The pre-post design of our study shows a significant reduction of the number of outpatient department consultations and operative interventions in patients with OI after treatment with bisphosphonates.
An intervention program focused on self‐understanding and interpersonal interactions to prevent psychosocial distress among Japanese university students
Authors: Ando Mikayo 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the impact of a preventive intervention program focused on self‐understanding and interpersonal interactions to prevent psychosocial distress among Japanese university students. Two hundred and twenty‐two undergraduate students were divided into a treatment group and a control group to complete Time 1 and Time 2 surveys. The intervention program included eleven weekly sessions covering self‐understanding, self‐control, interpersonal relationships, problem solving, conflict resolution, and stress management. Both female and male students in the treatment group reported a significant increase in social self‐efficacy in interpersonal relationships from Time 1 to Time 2, but no significant changes were noted in the control group. Anxiety significantly decreased from Time 1 to Time 2, and no difference in depression was noted in the female treatment group, although anxiety and depression significantly increased in the female control group. The intervention program effectively prevented some aspects of psychosocial distress.
Rapid intrapartum or postpartum HIV testing at a midwife obstetric unit and a district hospital in South Africa
Authors: Theron Gerhard B. , Shapiro David E. , Van Dyke Russell , Cababasay Mae P. , Louw Jeanne , Watts D. Heather , Smith Elizabeth , Bulterys Marc , Maupin Robert 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the prepartum and postpartum feasibility and acceptance of voluntary counseling and rapid testing (VCT) among women with unknown HIV status in South Africa.MethodsEligible women were randomized according to the calendar week of presentation to receive VCT either while in labor or after delivery.ResultsOf 7238 women approached, 542 (7.5%) were eligible, 343 (63%) were enrolled, and 45 (13%) were found to be HIV infected. The proportions of eligible women who accepted VCT were 66.8% (161 of 241) in the intrapartum arm and 60.5% (182 of 301) in the postpartum arm, and the difference of 6.3% (95% CI, − 1.8% to 14.5%) was not significant. The median times (44 and 45 minutes) required to conduct VCT were also similar in the 2 arms. In the intrapartum arm, all women in true labor received their test results before delivery and all those found to be HIV positive accepted prophylaxis with nevirapine before delivery.ConclusionsRapid testing in labor wards for women with an unknown HIV status is feasible and well accepted, and allows for a more timely antiretroviral prophylaxis than postpartum testing.
Fairchildite K2Ca(CO3)2 in phoscorites from Phalaborwa, South Africa: the first occurrence in alkaline carbonatite complexes
Authors: Sharygin V.V. , Zhitova L.M. , Nigmatulina E.N. 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The paper is devoted to monomineralic and multiphase (melt) inclusions in magnetites from the phoscorites of the Loolekop deposit, the Phalaborwa alkaline carbonatite complex, South Africa. Multiphase inclusions vary greatly in phase composition from essentially carbonate to carbonate–silicate–oxide. Their main components are dolomite, calcite, fluorapatite, picroilmenite, phlogopite, magnesite, and brucite. In one multiphase inclusion, a rare carbonate, fairchildite K2Ca(CO3)2, was found in the central part of a large magnetite grain. It coexists with dolomite, picroilmenite, phlogopite, brucite, witherite, and halite. This is the first occurrence of fairchildite in carbonatite complexes and in igneous rocks in general. The composition of this mineral (38.54 wt.% K2O, 23.15 wt.% CaO, 1.47 wt.% FeO, 0.63 wt.% Na2O, n = 5) is close to the ideal K2Ca(CO3)2. The phase relationships within the inclusion show that potassium–calcium carbonate crystallized after phlogopite and picroilmenite, but before dolomite. Temperature estimations from the pairs magnetite–ilmenite and dolomite–calcite indicate that phoscorites began to form at T &gt; 630–750 °C and the phase K2Ca(CO3)2 is a high-temperature modification (fairchildite) which crystallized directly from melt rather than by solid-phase reactions. However, it can be transformed into a low-temperature modification (bütschliite) with decreasing temperature at 547 °C. Apparently, the extremely low Na content and relatively high K content of the initial calciocarbonatite melt favored the formation of fairchildite in the Phalaborwa phoscorites. According to literature data, if Na2O dominates over K2O in the carbonatite melt, nyerereite Na2Ca(CO3)2 is a favorable phase for crystallization and K incorporates into its structure as a minor component.
Dust variation recorded by lacustrine sediments from arid Central Asia since ~ 15 cal ka BP and its implication for atmospheric circulation
Authors: An Cheng-Bang , Zhao Jiaju , Tao Shichen , Lv Yanbin , Dong Weimiao , Li Hu , Jin Ming , Wang Zongli 
Published: January 2011

AbstractA long dust history established using geological archives from dust provenance areas is necessary to understand the role of atmospheric dust in the global climate system better. Core sediments from a closed-basin groundwater-recharged lake in arid Central Asia were investigated using a multi-proxy approach (e.g. 14C AMS dating, pollen, and grain size) to trace the dust history since ~ 15 cal ka BP. Pollen analysis showed that before 7.9 cal ka BP, the vegetation was of desert type. After 7.9 cal ka BP, vegetation density increased, probably due to slightly increased moisture. The Chenopodiaceae-dominated desert expanded rapidly at 4.2–3.8 cal ka BP. Grain-size analysis was conducted for samples of lake deposits, modern aeolian dust, and dust trapped in snow, and the data showed that there was strong aeolian dust deposition at 11.8–11.1, 10.6–8, 6.1–4.9, and after 3.3 cal ka BP. This timing corresponds well with periods of increased terrestrial dust fluxes recorded by Greenland ice cores. Our study may document changes in the location and intensity of the Siberia High. These changes may play a more important role in the history of dust emission in arid Central Asia than previously thought.
“MALHAMÉ–MALFAMÉ”: LEVANTINE ELITES AND TRANSIMPERIAL NETWORKS ON THE EVE OF THE YOUNG TURK REVOLUTION
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article examines the rise and fall of the Malhamé family at the court of Abdülhamit II. The point of departure is the flight and arrest of six Malhamé brothers and the accompanying outbursts of popular anger at them during the Young Turk Revolution of 1908. The analysis locates the historical conditions that made the Malhamé phenomenon possible in the interstices between Levantine society, late Ottoman bureaucracy, and European diplomacy and capitalist expansion. In order to bring into conversation the hitherto unconnected literatures on the Levant and the Ottoman state, the Malhamé story is framed in the analytical concept of transimperialism. This concept shares affinities with wider transnational studies. But it is also grounded in the specific political, economic, and social processes of the Levant—both within the Ottoman Empire and among it and its British, French, German, and Italian imperial rivals at the height of the “Eastern Question.”
EVERYDAY FORMS OF STATE POWER AND THE KURDS IN THE EARLY TURKISH REPUBLIC
Authors: Aslan Senem 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThis article analyzes the exercise of state authority in Kurdish areas in the early Turkish Republic and discusses the state's ineffectiveness in dominating these areas. It argues that the mere existence of a highly ambitious social-engineering project, increased state presence in the region, and military power does not mean high levels of state capacity. Based on primary documents, this article discusses the problems of autonomy, coherence, and implementation that the Turkish state encountered in its nation-building project. It shows how the state's ideological rigidities and its shortage of resources and dedicated personnel undermined its capacity to control and shape the Kurdish areas. While the state attempted to regulate citizens’ private lives in Kurdish areas, the local society also tried to mold state employees in accordance with its own interests. A blurred boundary between the state and society was one of the unintended consequences of increased state presence in everyday life.
CONTRADICTORY EVIDENCE AND THE EXEMPLARY SCHOLAR: THE LIVES OF SAHNUN B. SAʿ ID (D. 854)
Authors: Brockopp Jonathan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractWhen writing biographies of historical figures, narrative convention requires that concision and clarity be wrested from sources that are multiple and often confusing. In this article, I argue that multiple accounts of a person's life may be more than an accident arising from the way that information was compiled. Rather, such multiplicity renders exemplary figures adaptable to a wide variety of circumstances, making them even more useful as a focus of devotion and emulation. Examining multiple accounts of early Maliki scholar Sahnun b. Saʿ id (d. 854), including those of his travels in search of knowledge and of his suffering under themiḥna(trial) in Kairouan, I find that close attention to apparently contradictory evidence may not get us any closer to understanding the man himself, but it does offer us much information about the ways in which he was considered an exemplary individual.
Malignant melanoma of nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses: report of 24 patients and literature review
Authors: Clifton N , Harrison L , Bradley P J , Jones N S 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:To report our experience of the management of patients with primary sinonasal malignant melanoma, and to review the relevant medical literature.Method:Retrospective review examining treatment and outcomes.Results:Twenty-four patients were treated between 1982 and 2007. The mean age at presentation was 67.5 years. The overall five-year survival was 30 per cent; mean survival was three years and eight months.Conclusion:Sinonasal malignant melanoma is associated with a poor outcome, and survival statistics have not improved over the last 40 years. Treatment should include radical surgery wherever possible. Local recurrence is common; radiotherapy may help control this but does not appear to affect overall survival. The limited evidence available suggests that endoscopic removal of sinonasal malignant melanoma is as effective as other local surgical means, but that craniofacial resection remains the ‘gold standard’ for tumours that contact or traverse the skull base. Novel biological treatments are emerging and hold promise for the future.
Nasal craniopharyngioma: case report and literature review
Authors: Magill J C , Ferguson M S , Sandison A , Clarke P M 
Published: January 2011

AbstractObjective:We report the first case in the English language literature of an adamantinomatous infrasellar craniopharyngioma, and we describe our management strategy.Case report:A 46-year-old woman presented with a six-month history of left-sided nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Rhinological examination revealed a left-sided, polypoidal lesion lying medial to the middle turbinate. An urgent examination under anaesthesia was organised; biopsies were considered characteristic of craniopharyngioma. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography demonstrated a well defined, heterogeneous, infrasellar mass centred in the midline, extending anteriorly into the left nasal cavity and posteriorly encasing both internal carotid arteries. Craniofacial resection was performed via a midfacial degloving approach, with adjuvant radiotherapy. The patient was disease-free one year post-operatively.Conclusion:Craniopharyngiomas should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a unilateral nasal polyp. Although technically benign, they are locally aggressive. Therefore, we recommend complete excision with adjuvant radiotherapy if margins are involved or close.
Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory
Authors: Ellis Bruce J. , Boyce W. Thomas , Belsky Jay , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. , van Ijzendoorn Marinus H. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTwo extant evolutionary models, biological sensitivity to context theory (BSCT) and differential susceptibility theory (DST), converge on the hypothesis that some individuals are more susceptible than others tobothnegative (risk-promoting) and positive (development-enhancing) environmental conditions. These models contrast with the currently dominant perspective on personal vulnerability and environmental risk: diathesis stress/dual risk. We review challenges to this perspective based on emerging theory and data from the evolutionary, developmental, and health sciences. These challenges signify the need for a paradigm shift in conceptualizing Person × Environment interactions in development. In this context we advance an evolutionary–neurodevelopmental theory, based on DST and BSCT, of the role of neurobiological susceptibility to the environment in regulating environmental effects on adaptation, development, and health. We then outline current thinking about neurogenomic and endophenotypic mechanisms that may underpin neurobiological susceptibility, summarize extant empirical research on differential susceptibility, and evaluate the evolutionary bases and implications of BSCT and DST. Finally, we discuss applied issues including methodological and statistical considerations in conducting differential susceptibility research; issues of ecological, cultural, and racial–ethnic variation in neurobiological susceptibility; and implications of differential susceptibility for designing social programs. We conclude that the differential susceptibility paradigm has far-reaching implications for understanding whether and how much child and adult development responds, for better and for worse, to the gamut of species-typical environmental conditions.
Prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity?
Authors: Pluess Michael , Belsky Jay 
Published: January 2011

AbstractEvidence indicates that maternal prenatal distress predicts problematic health and behavioral outcomes in children as well as infant/child cortisol levels and negative emotionality as reviewed here. Evidence that these physiological and behavioral characteristics themselves moderate environmental effects on development in a “for betterandfor worse” manner consistent with Belsky's differential susceptibility hypothesis and Boyce and Ellis' notions of biological sensitivity to context raises the prospect that susceptibility to rearing is a function of nurture (i.e., fetal environment), consistent with Boyce and Ellis' proposal that plasticity can be shaped by developmental experience. This hypothesis is supported by new findings from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development showing that low birth weight, a marker for an adverse prenatal environment, predicts infant difficult temperament, which is a susceptibility factor that we previously showed as moderating, in a for betterandfor worse manner, the effects of parenting and child care quality on socioemotional functioning. Moreover, recent Gene × Environment interaction research raises the prospect that some fetuses may be more susceptible to such “prenatal programming of postnatal plasticity” as a result of their genetic makeup. If this proves true, it will be consistent with the conclusion that early developmental plasticity is a function of both nature and nurture and may be evolutionarily adaptive, a further possibility considered in the discussion.
Heritability of children's prosocial behavior and differential susceptibility to parenting by variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene
Authors: Knafo Ariel , Israel Salomon , Ebstein Richard P. 
Published: January 2011

AbstractTheoretical considerations and new empirical evidence suggest that children's development cannot simply be explained by either genes or environment but that their interaction is important to understanding child behavior. In particular, a genetic polymorphism, the exon III repeat region of the dopamine receptor D4, has been the focus of interest regarding differential susceptibility to parental influence. To study environmental and genetic influences on children's prosocial behavior, 168 twin pairs (mean age = 44 months) participated in an experiment that assessed prosocial behavior via three measures: compliant prosocial behavior elicited in response to social requests, self-initiated prosocial behavior enacted voluntarily, and mothers' rating of children's behavior. Genetic effects accounted for 34% to 53% of the variance in prosocial behavior. The rest of the variance was accounted for by nonshared environment and error. Parenting measures of maternal positivity, negativity, and unexplained punishment did not correlate significantly with children's prosocial behavior. However, when parenting was stratified by presence or absence of the child's dopamine receptor D4 7-repeat allele in an overlapping sample of 167 children to model differential susceptibility to parental influence, a richer picture emerged. Positive parenting related meaningfully to mother-rated prosocial behavior, and unexplained punishment related positively to self-initiated prosocial behavior, but only among children carrying the 7-repeat allele. The findings demonstrate that a molecular genetic strategy, based on genotyping of common polymorphisms and combined with a classic twin approach, provides a richer description of how genes and environment interact to shape children's behavior, and allows for the identification of differential sensitivity to parental influence.