bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Género y regulación de la publicidad en el ordenamiento jurídico. La imagen de la mujer
Authors: Balaguer María Luisa 
Published: March 2011

La publicidad utiliza el cuerpo de la mujer para transmitir contenidos que incitan al consumo. Los poderes públicos han de tener en cuenta la influencia que esto tiene en la creación de estereotipos sobre la imagen de la mujer. Nuestro ordenamiento jurídico contiene una importante cantidad de normas que obligan a respetar la imagen de la mujer en la industria publicitaria, pero estas normas son permanentemente ignoradas por la industria publicitaria. Esta situación se produce por Las dificultades que conlleva la defensa jurídica de estos derechos. Los procedimientos relacionados con la publicidad. La falta de un procedimiento judicial ágil y fácil, que permita obtener una resolución judicial efectiva en un plazo razonable de tiempo, tiene como consecuencia que no sea posible en el plano de la realidad, defender Los derechos de la imagen de Las mujeres. Para llegar a hacer efectivos estos derechos, se proponen medidas procesales, que permitan un procedimiento garantista y eficaz de defensa de la imagen de la mujer en la publicidad.
Circumcision: History, Religion and Law
Authors: Totaro Angelo , Volpe Andrea , Racioppi Marco , Pinto Francesco , Sacco Emilio , Bassi Pier Francesco 
Published: March 2011

The aim of this article is to describe the circumcision procedure during history, its therapeutic and preventive goals, with focus on bioethical, economic and law issues. The origins of this practice are lost in antiquity. It was performed since 3000 BC by the Egyptians for hygienic and religious reasons. Moreover, male circumcision is a religious commandment in Judaism and Islam, and it is customary in some Oriental Orthodox and other Christian churches of Africa. Nowadays, circumcision is performed as a routine procedure by the Jews and the Muslims for religious reasons. The world prevalence of men with circumcision is 12.5–33%, especially in USA, Canada, Islamic people and Africa; in Europe the prevalence rate is low (in Great Britain it is 1.5%). Currently, male circumcision is being highly debated because of ethical, law and scientific issues and the different roles of this procedure: therapeutic, prophylactic (but there is no universal consensus) and ritualistic role. Nowadays, in Italy there is a strong debate about the consensus for this practice and its indications. The Italian law does not allow performing ritualistic circumcision, as a free of charge procedure in public hospitals, at the government's expenses, because the Italian law must protect different religious cultures, in name of the laity of the State. Thus, national bioethical committee (CNB) has established that ritualistic circumcision may only be performed on a paying basis in public hospitals. As a protective practice, circumcision has decreased in the entire world because of the improvement of hygienical conditions and, above all, the lack of unanimous consent on the real usefulness of protective circumcision, even if several studies have recently demonstrated the protecting role of male circumcision against HIV infection.
Refined exercise testing can aid dna‐based diagnosis in muscle channelopathies
Authors: Tan S. Veronica , Matthews Emma , Barber Melissa , Burge James A. , Rajakulendran Sanjeev , Fialho Doreen , Sud Richa , Haworth Andrea , Koltzenburg Martin , Hanna Michael G. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo improve the accuracy of genotype prediction and guide genetic testing in patients with muscle channelopathies we applied and refined specialized electrophysiological exercise test parameters.MethodsWe studied 56 genetically confirmed patients and 65 controls using needle electromyography, the long exercise test, and short exercise tests at room temperature, after cooling, and rewarming.ResultsConcordant amplitude‐and‐area decrements were more reliable than amplitude‐only measurements when interpreting patterns of change during the short exercise tests. Concordant amplitude‐and‐area pattern I and pattern II decrements of >20% were 100% specific for paramyotonia congenita and myotonia congenita, respectively. When decrements at room temperature and after cooling were <20%, a repeat short exercise test after rewarming was useful in patients with myotonia congenita. Area measurements and rewarming distinguished true temperature sensitivity from amplitude reduction due to cold‐induced slowing of muscle fiber conduction. In patients with negative short exercise tests, symptomatic eye closure myotonia predicted sodium channel myotonia over myotonia congenita. Distinctive “tornado‐shaped” neuromyotonia‐like discharges may be seen in patients with paramyotonia congenita. In the long exercise test, area decrements from pre‐exercise baseline were more sensitive than amplitude decrements‐from‐maximum–compound muscle action potential (CMAP) in patients with Andersen‐Tawil syndrome. Possible ethnic differences in the normative data of the long exercise test argue for the use of appropriate ethnically‐matched controls.InterpretationConcordant CMAP amplitude‐and‐area decrements of >20% allow more reliable interpretation of the short exercise tests and aid accurate DNA‐based diagnosis. In patients with negative exercise tests, specific clinical features are helpful in differentiating sodium from chloride channel myotonia. A modified algorithm is suggested. Ann Neurol 2011
BMP signaling in congenital heart disease: New developments and future directions
Authors: Wang Jun , Greene Stephanie B. , Martin James F. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCongenital heart malformations are the most common of all congenital human birth anomalies. During the past decade, research with zebrafish, chick, and mouse models have elucidated many fundamental genetic pathways that govern early cardiac patterning and differentiation. This review highlights the roles of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in cardiogenesis and how defective BMP signals can disrupt the intricate steps of cardiac formation and cause congenital heart defects. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epigenetic control of embryonic renal cell differentiation by L1 retrotransposon
Authors: Ramos Kenneth S. , Montoya–Durango Diego E. , Teneng Ivo , Nanez Adrian , Stribinskis Vilius 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBACKGROUNDL1 retroelements may play a central role in morphogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms involving recruitment of chromatin modifying protein complexes. Retroelements are repressed in terminally differentiated cells, and highly active in embryonic, undifferentiated, and transformed cells. It is not clear if the modulation of differentiation by L1 is a “cause” or “effect”. The purpose of this study was to determine if murine embryonic kidney cells of clonal origin (mK4 cells) harbor retrotransposition events upon ectopic expression of L1, and the impact of L1 on embryonic kidney cell differentiation. Given that L1 is reactivated by aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands, we also sought to investigate the effects of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) on the genetic network of mK4 cells.METHODSThe mK4 cells overexpressing human L1RP were assessed for changes in proliferation and expression of molecular markers of cellular differentiation.RESULTSL1RP increased proliferation rates and markedly downregulated differentiation programming in mK4 cells. These genetic alterations were recapitulated by exogenous activation of L1 by AHR ligands.CONCLUSIONL1 regulates nephrogenesis in vitro via both insertional and non‐insertional mechanisms that disrupt mesenchymal to epithelial transition. Thus, a feedback loop involving L1, WT1, and AHR may play a role in regulation of kidney morphogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Life and death with arsenic
Authors: Rosen Barry P. , Ajees A. Abdul , McDermott Timothy R. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractArsenic and phosphorus are group 15 elements with similar chemical properties. Is it possible that arsenate could replace phosphate in some of the chemicals that are required for life? Phosphate esters are ubiquitous in biomolecules and are essential for life, from the sugar phosphates of intermediary metabolism to ATP to phospholipids to the phosphate backbone of DNA and RNA. Some enzymes that form phosphate esters catalyze the formation of arsenate esters. Arsenate esters hydrolyze very rapidly in aqueous solution, which makes it improbable that phosphorous could be completely replaced with arsenic to support life. Studies of bacterial growth at high arsenic:phosphorus ratios demonstrate that relatively high arsenic concentrations can be tolerated, and that arsenic can become involved in vital functions in the cell, though likely much less efficiently than phosphorus. Recently Wolfe‐Simon et al. 1 reported the isolation of a microorganism that they maintain uses arsenic in place of phosphorus for growth. Here, we examine and evaluate their data and conclusions.
Intrinsic autotrophic biomass yield and productivity in algae: Experimental methods for strain selection
Authors: Holland Alexandra D. , Dragavon Joseph M. , Sigee David C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractUsing an analogy with fed‐batch heterotrophic growth, the algal photoautotrophic yield ΦDW (in grams of dry weight biomass synthesized per micromole of absorbed photons) was derived from the algae batch growth behavior in nutrient‐replete medium. At known levels of incident light, the yield ΦDW enables the estimate of a maximum productivity, and is therefore critical to compare and select algal cultures and growth conditions for large‐scale production. The algal culture maximum growth rate was shown to be an unreliable indicator of autotrophic biomass yield. The developed carbonate addition method (carbonate addition, neutralization, and sealing) alleviated carbon limitations otherwise seen in aerated batch cultures, leading to two to five fold higher yield estimates. The fully defined FLX growth medium with variable ionic strengths (FLX1‐100) supported excellent growth in most cultures tested. The chosen experimental methods and versatile FLX medium proved well‐suited for small sample volumes and a high number of samples.
Cellobiose dehydrogenase of Chaetomium sp. INBI 2‐26(–): Structural basis of enhanced activity toward glucose at neutral pH
Authors: Vasilchenko Liliya G. , Karapetyan Karen N. , Yershevich Olga P. , Ludwig Roland , Zamocky Marcel , Peterbauer Clemens K. , Haltrich Dietmar , Rabinovich Mikhail L. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractCellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular fungal flavocytochrome specifically oxidizing cellooligosaccharides and lactose to corresponding (‐lactones by a variety of electron acceptors. In contrast to basidiomycetous CDHs, CDHs of ascomycetes also display certain activity toward glucose. The objective of this study was to establish the structural reasons of such an activity of CDH from mesophilic ascomycete Chaetomium sp. INBI 2‐26 (ChCDH). The complete amino acid sequence of ChCDH displayed high levels of similarity with the amino acid sequences of CDHs from the thermophilic fungi Thielavia heterotallica and Myriococcum thermophilum. Peptide mass fingerprinting of purified ChCDH provided evidence for the oxidation of methionine residues in the FAD‐domain. Comparative homology modeling of the structure of the ChCDH FAD‐domain in complex with the transition state analog based on the structure of the same complex of basidiomycetous CDH (1NAA) as template indicated possible structural reasons for the enhanced activity of ascomycetous CDHs toward glucose at neutral pH, which is a prerequisite for application of CDH in a variety of biocompatible biosensors and biofuel cells.
Self‐guided clinical cases for medical students based on postmortem CT scans of cadavers
Authors: Bohl Michael , Francois Webster , Gest Thomas 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn the summer of 2009, we began full body computed tomography (CT) scanning of the pre‐embalmed cadavers in the University of Michigan Medical School (UMMS) dissection lab. We theorized that implementing web‐based, self‐guided clinical cases based on postmortem CT (PMCT) scans would result in increased student appreciation for the clinical relevance of anatomy, increased knowledge of cross‐sectional anatomy, and increased ability to identify common pathologies on CT scans. The PMCT scan of each cadaver was produced as a DICOM dataset, and then converted into a Quicktime movie file using Osirix software. Clinical cases were researched and written by the authors, and consist of at least one Quicktime movie of a PMCT scan surrounded by a novel navigation interface. To assess the value of these clinical cases we surveyed medical students at UMMS who are currently using the clinical cases in their coursework. Students felt the clinical cases increased the clinical relevance of anatomy (mean response 7.77/10), increased their confidence finding anatomical structures on CT (7.00/10), and increased their confidence recognizing common pathologies on CT (6.17/10). Students also felt these clinical cases helped them synthesize material from numerous courses into an overall picture of a given disease process (7.01/10). These results support the conclusion that our clinical cases help to show students why the anatomy they are learning is foundational to their other coursework. We would recommend the use of similar clinical cases to any medical school utilizing cadaver dissection as a primary teaching method in anatomy education. Clin. Anat. 24:655–663, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of Influenza Virus Activity by Multivalent Glycoarchitectures with Matched Sizes
Authors: Papp Ilona , Sieben Christian , Sisson Adam L. , Kostka Johanna , Böttcher Christoph , Ludwig Kai , Herrmann Andreas , Haag Rainer 
Published: March 2011

AbstractWe describe the synthesis of a series of sialic acid‐conjugated, polyglycerol‐based nanoparticles with diameters in the range of 1–100 nm. Particle sizes were varied along with the degree of functionalization to match the corresponding virus size and receptor multiplicity in order to achieve maximum efficiency. To build up these architectures, we used biocompatible, hyperbranched polyglycerols as scaffolds and recently developed polyglycerol‐based nanogels, the sizes of which can be varied between 2–4 nm and 40–100 nm, respectively. We demonstrate here that such multivalent nanoparticles inhibit influenza A virus cell binding and fusion and consequently infectivity. The potential of multivalency is evident from larger particles showing very efficient inhibition of viral infection up to 80 %. Indeed, both the size of the nanoparticle and the amount of ligand density are important determinants of inhibition efficiency. The inhibitory activity of the tested polymeric nanoparticles drastically increased with size. Particles with similar dimensions to the virus (50–100 nm) are exceedingly effective. We also observed a saturation point in degree of surface functionalization (i.e. ligand density), above which inhibition was not significantly improved. Our study emphasizes the importance of matching particle sizes and ligand densities to mimic biological surfaces and improve interactions; this is a vital concept underlying multivalent interactions.
“Directed” Assembly of Metallacalix[n]arenes with Pyrimidine Nucleobase Ligands of Low Symmetry: Interchanging Metals in Mixed‐Metal Metallacalix[4]arenes and Incorporating Additional Metals at the Exocyclic Groups
Authors: Khutia Anupam , Sanz Miguel Pablo J. , Lippert Bernhard 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe pyrimidine (pym) nucleobase cytosine (H2C) forms cyclic ring structures (“metallacalix[n]arenes”) when treated with square‐planarcis‐a2MIIentities (M=Pt, Pd; a=NH3or a2=diamine). The number of possible linkage isomers for a givennand the number of possible rotamers can be substantially reduced if a “directed” approach is pursued. Hence, two cytosine ligands are bonded in a defined way to a kinetically robust platinum corner stone. In the accompanying paper (Part I: A. Khutia, P. J. Sanz Miguel, B. Lippert,Chem. Eur. J.2010,17, DOI: 10.1002/chem.2010002722) we have demonstrated this principle by allowingcis‐[Pta2(H2C‐N3)2]2+to react with (en)PdIIto give cycles of (N1,N3⋅N3,N1▪)x(withx=2 or 3;⋅represents PtIIand ▪ represents PdII). In an extension of this work we have now preparedcis‐[Pta2(HC‐N1)2] (1; HC=monoanion of cytosine) and treated it with (bpy)PdII(bpy=2,2′‐bipyridine) to give the Pt2Pd2cyclecis‐[{Pt(NH3)2(N1‐HC‐N3)2Pd(bpy)}2](NO3)4⋅13H2O (5) with the coordination sites of the metals inverted; hence, platinum is bonded to N1 and palladium is bonded to N3 sites. Again, not only the expected single linkage isomer is formed, but at the same time the solid‐state structure and1H NMR spectroscopy reveal the preferential occurrence of a single rotamer (1,3‐alternate). The addition of (bpy)PdIIto5led to the formation of Pd6Pt2complex6in which the exocyclic N4H2groups of the cytosine ligands have undergone deprotonation and chelate four more (bpy)PdIIentities through the O2 and N4H sites. With a large excess of (bpy)PdIIover5(4:1),cis‐(NH3)2PtIIis eventually substituted by (bpy)PdIIto give the Pd8complex7. In both6and7stacks of three (bpy)PdIIentities occur. The linkage isomer of5,cis‐[{Pt(NH3)2(N3‐HC‐N1)2Pd(bpy)}2](NO3)4⋅9H2O (8), has been structurally characterized and the two complexes compared. The acid/base properties ofcis‐[Pt(NH3)2(H2C‐N1)2] (1) have been determined and compared with those of the corresponding N3 isomer. The complexation of AgCl by1is reported.
A Mild Oxidative Aryl Radical Addition into Alkenes by Aerobic Oxidation of Arylhydrazines
Authors: Taniguchi Tsuyoshi , Zaimoku Hisaaki , Ishibashi Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA mild and practical oxyarylation of alkenes by oxidative radical addition has been developed by using aerobic oxidation of hydrazine compounds. The use of a catalytic amount of potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate (K4[Fe(CN)6]⋅3 H2O) and water accelerated this radical reaction to give peroxides or alcohols from simple alkenes in good yields. The environmentally friendly and economical radical reactions were achieved at room temperature in the presence of iron catalyst, oxygen gas, and water. A method involving aniline as a radical precursor is also described.
Synthesis and Binding Studies of Novel Diethynyl‐Pyridine Amides with Genomic Promoter DNA G‐Quadruplexes
Authors: Dash Jyotirmayee , Waller Zoë A. E. , Pantoş G. Dan , Balasubramanian Shankar 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHerein, we report the design, synthesis and biophysical evaluation of novel 1,2,3‐triazole‐linked diethynyl‐pyridine amides and trisubstituted diethynyl‐pyridine amides as promising G‐quadruplex binding ligands. We have used a CuI‐catalysed azide–alkyne cycloaddition click reaction to prepare the 1,2,3‐triazole‐linked diethynyl‐pyridine amides. The G‐quadruplex DNA binding properties of the ligands have been examined by using a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) melting assay and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) experiments. The investigated compounds are conformationally flexible, having free rotation around the triple bond, and exhibit enhanced G‐quadruplex binding stabilisation and specificity between intramolecular promoter G‐quadruplex DNA motifs compared to the first generation of diarylethynyl amides (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 15 950–15 956). The ligands show versatility in molecular recognition and promising G‐quadruplex discrimination with 2–50‐fold selectivity exhibited between different intramolecular promoter G‐quadruplexes. Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic analysis suggested that at higher concentration these ligands disrupt the c‐kit2 G‐quadruplex structure. The studies validate the design concept of the 1,3‐diethynyl‐pyridine‐based scaffold and demonstrate that these ligands exhibit not only significant selectivity over duplex DNA but also variation in G‐quadruplex interaction properties based on small chemical changes in the scaffold, leading to unprecedented differential recognition of different DNA G‐quadruplex sequences.
Uncommon Coordination Behaviour of P(S) and P(Se) Units when Bonded to Carboranyl Clusters: Experimental and Computational Studies on the Oxidation of Carboranyl Phosphine Ligands
Authors: Popescu Adrian‐Radu , Laromaine Anna , Teixidor Francesc , Sillanpää Reijo , Kivekäs Raikko , Llambias Joan Ignasi , Viñas Clara 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOxidation of closo‐carboranyl diphosphines 1,2‐(PR2)2‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H10 (R=Ph, iPr) and closo‐carboranyl monophosphines 1‐PR2‐2‐R′‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H10 (R=Ph, iPr, Cy; R′=Me, Ph) with hydrogen peroxide, sulfur and elemental black selenium evidences the unique capacity of the closo‐carborane cluster to produce uncommon or unprecedented P/P(E) (E=S, Se) and PO/PS chelating ligands. When H2O2 reacts with 1,2‐(PR2)2‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H10 (R=Ph, iPr), they are oxidized to 1,2‐(OPR2)2‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H10 (R=Ph, iPr). However, when S and Se are used, different reactivity is found for 1,2‐(PPh2)2‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H10 and 1,2‐(PiPr2)2‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H10. The reaction with sulfur produces mono‐ and dioxidation products for R=Ph, whereas Se produces the mono‐oxidation product only. For R=iPr, only monooxidation takes place with S, and the second CcPiPr2 bond breaks to yield 1‐SPiPr2‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H11. When Se is used, only 1‐SePiPr2‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H11 is formed. The potential of the mono‐chalcogenide carboranyl diphosphines 1‐EPPh2‐2‐PPh2‐1,2‐closo‐C2B10H10 (E=S, 9; Se, 15) to behave as unsymmetric chelating bidentate ligands was studied for different metal complexes, different solvents and in the solid state. Dechalcogenation takes place in each case. Computational studies provided information on the PE (E=S, Se) bonds. Steric effects block the bonding ability of the PE group due to interactions between the chalcogen and the neighbouring hydrogen atoms (three from the phenyl rings and one from the carborane cluster). The electronic effects originate from the strongly electron‐withdrawing character of the closo carborane cluster, which polarizes the PE (E=S, Se) bond towards the phosphorus atom. As a consequence, the E atom is the electron‐poor site and the P atom the electron‐rich site in the PE bond.
Corona Quenching – Electrostatic Precipitation at High Aerosol Concentration
Authors: Lübbert Christian , Riebel Ulrich 
Published: March 2011

AbstractDer Betriebszustand des Corona Quenching, der im Elektroabscheider bei hohen Aerosolkonzentrationen auftritt, geht mit einer reduzierten Stromaufnahme und einer hohen Partikelemission einher. Der Vorgang wird theoretisch und experimentell untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass Corona Quenching keine Betriebsstörung ist, sondern ein besonderer, für die Abscheidung sehr effizienter Betriebszustand, der einer separaten Auslegung und Optimierung bedarf.
Thermodynamic Modeling of Solubility
Authors: Rüther Feelly , Sadowski Gabriele 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBei der Auslegung von Kristallisationsprozessen ist die Kenntnis der Löslichkeit einer gewünschten Komponente in unterschiedlichen Lösungsmitteln und Lösungsmittelgemischen eine wichtige Voraussetzung. Da Löslichkeitsmessungen im Allgemeinen zeitaufwendig sind, ist es praktisch unmöglich, die Löslichkeit in allen denkbaren Lösungsmitteln und Gemischen verschiedener Zusammensetzung experimentell zu bestimmen. Deshalb ist ein physikalisch fundiertes und thermodynamisch konsistentes Modell nötig, das Vorausberechnungen der Löslichkeiten in unterschiedlichen Lösungsmitteln und Lösungsmittelgemischen basierend auf nur wenigen experimentellen Daten ermöglicht. Hierzu wird in dieser Arbeit die Perturbed‐Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC‐SAFT)‐Zustandsgleichung eingesetzt. Die Arbeit konzentriert sich insbesondere auf die Berechnung der Löslichkeit spezieller organischer Substanzen (z. B. Pharmazeutika) und komplexer (Bio‐)Moleküle.