bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fick and Kleuker on Jones – Riga 1795
Authors: Lehmann Winfred P. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Avenues of the impact of Sir William Jones’s Discourses, especially his Third, on the continent are of great interest, in view of the development of Indo-European historical linguistics there rather than in England. Translations may account for that impact, such as those carried out by Johann Christian Fick (1763–1821) and Johann Friedrich Kleuker (1749–1827). Published in 1795 in Riga, these translations with their notes indicate the information on India at the time, as well as the steps which were necessary to establish the new linguistic and philological disciplines. The notes also indicate the expectations for information from the newly discovered materials regarding clarification of social and cultural arrangements of the day. A part of their interest lies in the inaccurate and erroneous information available on Asia at the time. Yet by making readily available Jones’s discourses, Fick and Kleuker laid some of the groundwork for the 19th-century concern with India and Asia.
Genera verborum quot sunt?
Authors: Hovdhaugen Even 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This article is a study of how Roman grammarians treated a specific grammatical problem, viz., the description and classification of verbal gender in Latin. The results show that various theories were put forward and various possibilities for systematizing and explaining the data were proposed in the works of the grammarians of the 3rd and 4th centuries. Out of the discussion of these grammarians there emerged in the works of the grammarians of the 5th and 6th centuries (notably Phocas, Pompeius, and Priscian) a rather adequate description. While morphological and semantic criteria were intermingled in the earlier period, later grammarians kept them apart. We also find a tendency towards a more theoretical and less data-oriented linguistics. The picture emerging from this in scope rather limited study deviates to some extent from the theories proposed by Bar-wick (1922) concerning the history of Roman linguistics.
The Tekhnē Grammatikē of dionysius thrax
Authors: Kemp Alan 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The major part of the text consists of a new translation of the Tekhnē Grammatikē of Dionysius Thrax, with explanatory notes. In the introduction to the translation a brief account is given of the background to the work, including reference to the disputed question of its date and authenticity, and in general to Stoic and Alexandrian grammar.
The whimsical bloomfield
Authors: Cowan J. Milton 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The author describes and gives excerpts from his correspondence with Leonard Bloomfield, principally between 1942 and 1945, dealing with the problems of preparing material for language-teaching in connection with the war-effort. In these post-cards and letters, in addition to dealing with serious matters, Bloomfield often included humorous remarks, or even invented entire episodes. The correspondence not only illustrates both the serious and the whimsical side of Bloomfield’s nature, but also throws light on various neglected aspects of the rôle played by linguistics in the American war-effort.
Letters from bloomfield to Michelson and Sapir
Authors: Hockett C. F. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Between 1919 and 1930, Leonard Bloomfield corresponded with the anthropologist Truman Michelson (1879–1938) concerning Algonquian linguistics, and between 1924 and 1925 with Edward Sapir (1884–1939), with regard to American Indian languages, linguistic theory, and Bloomfield’s appointment as field-worker for the Canadian Bureau of Mines. The surviving letters are enumerated and discussed, and non-technical portions of them are reproduced, for the light which they shed on three of Bloomfield’s professional concerns: his work in Algonquian; his move from Illinois to Ohio State in 1921 ; and the planning and founding of the Linguistic Society of America in 1924–25. They also afford a few glimpses of his (in general little known) personal life and attitudes.
Bloomfield the Man
Authors: Hall Robert A. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe wide-spread conception of Bloomfield as a cold, unfeeling person, devoted only to a naïve scientism, is discussed and refuted. The very intensity of his feelings led him to repress them and to give vent to them only indirectly, often which quiet but bitter wit and sarcasm. He consequently distanced himself from many of the normal concerns of every-day life and of university politics. This had unfortunate results in the failure of the University of Chicago’s administration to recognize his merits; his move to Yale in 1940; his wife’s resultant mental break-down on separation from her Chicago environment; and his ensuing stroke in 1946. His contribution to linguistics during the war-years (1941–45) was thus outweighed by the loss of further influence he might have had on the development of American “structuralism” after 1946.
Bloomfield as an Indo-Europeanist
Authors: Lehmann Winfred P. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
In Bloomfield’s day, Indo-European studies had become ingrown and isolated from general linguistics. Bloomfield was one of those who contributed to restoring Indo-European linguistics to its proper place. His training, especially at Leipzig, gave him control of the data and the theory by which the achievements of the “Neo-Grammarians” had been effected. His mastery of these doctrines is evident in his 1933 Language, whose chapters 17–27 embody an admirable demonstration of the findings of classical Indo-European linguistics. To these, he added considerations of geographical and social variation, leading to the distinction between alterations due to phonetic change and those due to borrowing, both internal (analogical) and external (social). Confirmation of his view of the regularity of sound-change, and hence of the validity of comparative method, was furnished by his well-known reconstruction of Proto-Central Algonquian [çk]. In this way, Bloomfield contributed majorly to the re-incorporation of Indo-European studies into general linguistics.
Leonard Bloomfield’s descriptive and comparative studies of Algonquian
Authors: Goddard Ives 
Published: November 2010

SummaryBloomfield’s Algonquian studies comprise a large body of descriptive and comparative work on Fox, Cree, Menominee, and Ojibwa. The materials he used were derived from his own fieldwork, for the most part, and especially in the case of Fox from the published work of others. His major achievement was to bring explicitness and orderliness to the description of Algonquian inflectional and derivational morphology. An examination of the development of his solution to certain phonological problems in Menominee and of his practices in editing his Menominee texts shows his struggle to reconcile the conflicting goals, formulated in his general statements (in his 1933Languageand elsewhere), of describing a language by determining the norm of the speech community and documenting a language in exhaustive objective detail. In his diachronic studies Bloomfield reconstructed the phonology of Proto-Algonquian and worked out the historical phonology of the languages he was concerned with; his work on morphology was largely confined to the comparison and reconstruction of directly corresponding features. A normative approach to variation is evident in these diachronic studies as well.
Petrus Montanus as a Phonetician and a Theoretician
Authors: Hulsker Jos L. M. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Petrus Montanus’ (1594/95–1638) book on phonetics, De Spreeckonst (1635), which was intended to apply to all languages, could have been an epoch-making standardwork on phonetics, if it had been read and studied more widely. Although he characterized Spreeckonst as a difficult theory he intended it to be an easy textbook. However, Montanus’ terminology made the book almost unreadable.
In the first section special attention is paid to Montanus’ idea that all aspects of his object of inquiry (i.e. the spoken language) had to be characterized as aptly and precisely as possible, after having examined the object (a). Next, (in section 2), an attempt is made to clarify Montanus’ opinion that the precise determination of objects (actually, the result of his scientifc inquiry) should function as a perfect didactic tool for his readers (b). Through names’ the reader could learn to produce speech sounds even better than by simply practising their production. Indeed, Spreeckonst was meant to be both a theory and a practical handbook. This can be explained by pointing out the two functions names had: they were instruments of knowledge (a) and instruments of learning (b). As shown in section 3 Montanus was directly influenced by Simon Stevin (1548–1620) with regard to (b).
In section 4 it is shown that, in essence, the first idea (a) can be traced back to Socrates’ ideas on names, as Plato had Socrates defend them in his Cratylus. The other idea (b) can be traced back to Cratylos’ ideas on names, which were unfolded and discussed in the same work.
Section 5 analyses the sorts of names Montanus actually used. A complete survey of the names of Montanus’ distinctions of speech sounds is presented in this section.
In the concluding section (6) an indication is made of the astonishing results of Montanus’ analyses of spoken language.
A. J. Ellis As Dialectologist
Authors: Shorrocks Graham 
Published: November 2010

SummaryAlexander John Ellis (1814–1890) occupies an important position within the history of phonetics and that of the spelling reform movement. In this article, it is argued that Ellis’s standing as a dialectologist might profitably be reassessed. All too often in the past, Ellis’s work in the field of dialectology has been adversely criticized, underestimated or even completely ignored. Yet Ellis’s dialectological work was pioneering in many ways: he produced the first large-scale survey of English dialects, rejecting printed sources and using the direct method in part; invented an intricate system of phonetic notation (thepalaeotype); produced a detailed classification of the English dialects; and illustrated his classification by means of two summary maps complete with isoglosses. A number of scholars have reported in recent years that the results of their investigations accord well with Ellis’s findings. These facts are sufficient to warrant a reassessment of Ellis’s position in the history of English dialectology, and, more generally, within the history of linguistic geography as a whole.
Theorie Et Histoire De La Linguistique
Authors: Simone Raffaela 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThe history of linguistics is presented as a crucial part of linguistics as a whole, in view of its contribution to the understanding of the logical and cognitive structure and evolution of the linguistic discipline itself. The basis for this view is to be found in Saussure’s distinction between the ‘matter’ and ‘object’ of linguistic science: what changes through time is not merely the object of study, namely, the complex system we call ‘language’, but also its matter, since the evidence we put forward is not simply givenper se, but is selected by the investigator in accordance with certain determinants both internal and external to the discipline. Furthermore, this change affects the way in which evidence and theory are linked, i.e., the cognitive procedures leading from the former to the latter, which in turn are influenced by internal and external factors. This thesis is illustrated in a discussion of three crucial chapters in the history of linguistic thinking: Renaissance philosophy of language, Port-Royal linguistic theory, and Saussure.
The roots of franz boas’ view of linguistic categories as a window to the human mind
Authors: Mackert Michael 
Published: November 2010

SummaryHistoriographers of linguistics have frequently pointed out the presence of the Humboldtian term ‘inner form’ in Franz Boas’ (1858–1942) work on linguistic categorization and have suggested a link to Heymann Steinthal’s (1823–1899)Völkerpsychologieand psycholinguistics. This essay demonstrates, however, that Boas’ discourse on the inner form of language, grammatical categories, and the human mind did not develop in a unilinear fashion from the work of Steinthal. Although Boas adhered to a Steinthalian notion of inner form of language and linguistic relativism and his research on Native American languages was initially guided by Steinthal’s criteria ‘form’ and ‘material,’ Boas’ texts also exhibit some disontinuities with Steinthal’s work, and they carry traces linking his linguistics to the work of Adolf Bastian (1826–1905), Theodor Waitz (1826–1864), Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920), and Daniel Garrison Brinton (1837–1899). Boas strategically distanced his discourse from the hierarchical thinking underlying the work of Steinthal, Spencer, and Wundt. As part of this distancing strategy, Boas shifted from Herbartian psychology, informing his early phonetic theory, to an associationist framework, and he postulated a universal mental faculty of abstraction as a necessary condition for human language to arise. Boas also introduced the concept of ‘coordinate elements’ in morphology, and he assumed the existence of universal relational functions in the languages of the world.
Remarks on Dionysios Thrax’s concept of ‘Diáthesis’
Authors: Andersen Paul Kent 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The purpose of this paper is to present a new interpretation of Dionysios Thrax’s original definition of diáthesis. Diáthesis was regarded as one of seven morphological categories of the (finite) verb of which there were two and only two formal variants, i.e., enérgeia “performance” and páthos “experience” (generally referred to as the active and middle sets of personal endings respectively). Diáthesis was manifested in the personal ending of the verb, whose function was to represent various properties of the ‘subject’, i.e., its person and number as well as its diáthesis “disposition” – or general thematic relation – to the verb. The morpheme for the diáthesis enérgeia “performance” exhibited the active set of personal endings as its ‘form’ and expressed the person and number of the subject as well as the fact that it ‘performed’ the predication as its ‘schematic’ meaning; the morpheme for the diáthesis páthos “experience” exhibited the middle set of personal endings as its ‘form’ and expressed the person and number of the subject as well as the fact that it ‘experienced’ the predication as its ‘schematic’ meaning. Moreover, just as the other Greek (and Roman) grammarians, so too was Dionysios Thrax well aware of instances in which there was a discrepancy between ‘form’ and ‘meaning’. Accordingly, he incorporated such ‘anomalies’ into his definition by mentioning four concrete examples and labeling them with his technical term mesótēs “middle”: the first two examples were active forms which exhibited the meaning of páthos, whereas the second two examples were middle forms which exhibited the meaning of enérgeia.
La grammatica proverbiandi y La nova ratio nebrissensis
Authors: Esparza Torres Miguel Ángel , Fernández Vicente Calvo 
Published: November 2010

Summary
Antonio de Nebrija (1444?–1522) published his Gramática Castellana in 1492, at a time when humanist appreciation of Castilian as a cultural language had not yet advanced to a discussion of its possibilities to become an established norm. However, an analysis of Nebrija’s linguistic and grammatical theories does shed some light on this question. For instance, it becomes clear that the new method which he proposes for the teaching of Latin (nova ratio Nebrissensis) presupposed a recognition of the presence of universal grammatical concepts in the pupil’s mother tongue. Such a conception is possible because Nebrija accepts an essential starting point of the medieval speculative tradition: language composition may be reduced to two basic concepts: materia (lexical element submitted to ‘corruption’) and forma (other elements – ‘accidents’ – which are stable). This composition is common to all languages. Therefore, Nebrija holds that by making use of the constrastive method it is possible to study two languages such as Latin and Castilian (which also happen to be closely related). Therefore, we must not consider the Gramática Castellana as separate from the rest of Nebrija’s scholarly production. He himself had coined the notion of ‘unity in diversity’ concerning his grammatical work. In order to teach the Castilian language and, starting from Castilian, Latin, Nebrija writes grammatical and lexicographical works which have an underlying unity. His general approach was exclusive to Nebrija; however, although nobody before him had worked out such an ambitious project, there is no doubt that he was continuing on the way in which grammatical tradition had been heading for some time. An example of this tradition is the so-called Grarnmatica proverbiandi. In this paper, the main features of this kind of medieyal grammar are analyzed. It is argued that they constitute the immediate precursor of the Nebrija’s undertaking, since we find in them didactic postulates which he developed further. These postulates led Nebrija to a contrastive grammar of Latin and Castilian and the creation of a grammatical terminology for the vernacular.
The Saleski family and the founding of the LSA linguistic institutes
Authors: Falk Julia S. , Joseph John E. 
Published: November 2010

Summary
The Linguistic Institutes (LIs) of the Linguistic Society of America (LSA) were first envisaged by R. E. Saleski (1890–1971), an obscure scholar who for a time played a prominent role within the LSA (including the administration of the early LIs), but was inexplicably marginalized around 1931–32. E. H. Sturtevant’s 1940 history of the LI does not even mention Saleski’s name. Saleski proposed a course on “The Sociological Study of Language” for the 1929 LI – an extremely early date for such a course – and we consider the sources of his interest in this and related subjects. In addition to sketching Saleski’s life and career, we examine the careers of his sisters Else and Mary Agnes, like him minor academics, but steadfast members of LSA in its fledgling years.
Nebrija y las gramáticas del español en el siglo de oro
Authors: Alconchel José Luis Girón 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This article is intended as a contribution to the history of Spanish grammar of the 16th and 17th centures. It has two parts. In the first the author places grammar studies within the framework of Spanish linguistics of the Renaissance; in the second, he delineates their evolution with reference to Latin grammar and the teaching Spanish as a foreign language. It is well known that nationalism and the intention to establish the literary foundations of the language are the most important agents of grammatical studies during the Renaissance; yet, attention must also be paid to the rupture of medieval Latin-Romance bilingualism, to the new intellectual paradigm in which rhetorics substitutes for syllogism, and to the influence of Erasmus. The grammar of the troubadours and Latin grammar – medieval and humanist – evoke an interest in developing grammars of Romance languages; it made the appearance of Nebrija possible. In his grammar of Spanish we may stress its capacity to be a grammar for foreigners and the value of this document for the history of Spanish. Spanish grammar writing of the 16th century is dominated by Nebrija; is strong presence is evident with the critical reception Villalon and Valdes give to his work. In the 17th century the work of Sanctius initiates a rationalism which favours pedagogical methodology and linguistic nationalism. Jimenez Paton, Correas and Caramuel are the most important authors of that period. With an exemplary linguistic realism Correas applies Sanctius’ theory of the elipsis to Spanish, and he recognizes the singularity of Spanish grammar in contrast to that of Latin. The grammars written for foreigners in the 17th century are at the height of inductive methodology.
Langage et expressivité chez august friedrich pott
Authors: Bologna Maria Patrizia 
Published: November 2010

Résumé
Cet article traite de la manière dont August Friedrich Pott (1802–1887), l’un des représentants de la linguistique générale allemande au XIXe siècle, s’occupe de certains faits linguistiques que l’on peut compter parmi les manifestations de l’expressivité dans le langage, à savoir les interjections, les mots onomatopéiques, les procédés phonétiques revenant au phonosymbolisme et le redoublement. On note que l’intérêt porté par Pott à ce sujet s’inscrit dans l’intérêt plus général pour l’analyse de 1’ ‘aspect intérieur’ de la langue, en d’autres termes, dans le cadre d’une ébauche de théorie sémantique soutenant – selon une orientation humboldtienne – le rôle médiateur de la langue dans l’expérience. Il s’agit essentiellement d’un intérêt pour les formes linguistiques dans lesquelles on observe une réduction de l’écart entre le caractère ‘subjectif et le caractère ‘objectif propres à tous les faits de langue, c’est-à-dire pour les formes linguistiques dont la nature paraît motiver dans une certaine mesure le lien entre 1’ ‘aspect intérieur’ et 1’ ‘aspect extérieur’ et où un certain degré d’immédiateté des traits phonétiques obscurcit le rôle médiateur de la langue dans l’intuition du monde. L’article soutient que ce ne sont pas des considérations d’ordre pragmatique sur la fonction expressive des faits linguistiques en question, mais des considérations d’ordre sémiotique rapportant l’expressivité à l’iconicité.
Los Origenes del término diglosia
Authors: Fernández Mauro 
Published: November 2010

Summary
This article reviews the history of the term ‘diglossia’, particularly from its first documented use by Rhoidis in 1885 to refer to the Greek linguistic situation, to Ferguson’s 1959 landmark article, in order to reveal its origin and process of circulation. The few authors who have dealt with the pre-Ferguson history of the term ‘diglossia’ depict it as a small series of isolated, sparsely scattered, barely connected occurrences. Contrary to this commonly accepted view, in this article it is argued that there existed a continuous use of the term in several languages between 1885 and 1959. It is suggested that this continuous use could have been inferred even from the scarce number of pre-Ferguson references which had been located previously. Some interpretations about the coinage of the term and the diffusion paths of these interpretations are discussed; it is shown why these accounts are inaccurate or highly implausible. Finally, focus is placed on the first documented usages of Greek διγλωσσία and French diglossie in 1885 to mean ‘two forms of the same language’. Contrary to the common opinion that διγλωσσία used to mean simply ‘bilingualism’, it is argued that this development is recent and follows the coinage of bilinguisme in French, bilingualism in English, bilinguismo in Italian, etc. Furthermore, any linguistic sense of the Greek term διγλωσσία is argued to be relatively recent; thus, Rhoidis’ pioneering use must be seen as a creative neologism based on the traditional sense of Greek διγλωσσία as “falsehood”, “hypocrisy”, “deceitfulness” or “double-tonguedness”.