bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Copper-mines of Namaqualand
Authors: Rubidge R. N. 
Published: October 2009

At the instance of a Mining Company, in 1854, Dr. Rubidge went to Namaqualand to report upon its metal-producing capabilities.
He found that the conditions under which the metalliferous rocks occurred there differed from any which he had previously known or read of, and that they did not take the character of “lodes,” as usually understood. On the contrary, he found that all the “runs of ore” in the southern portion of the district visited had the following characters in common, as described in his letter.
Palichthyologic Notes. No. 9. On some Fish-remains from the neighbourhood of Ludlow
Authors: de Malpas Grey Egerton Philip 
Published: October 2009

At the request of Sir Roderick Murchison I have undertaken the examination of some specimens of Fossil Fishes, discovered by Mr. Salwey and Mr. Lightbody—by the former in the Old Red Sandstone of Acton Beauchamp, and by the latter in the Upper Bonebeds in the neighbourhood of Ludlow. I have performed this task with some reluctance, in consequence of the scanty number and defective condition of the specimens submitted to examination, being strongly impressed with the inconvenience which results from the attempt to define genera and species upon insufficient data, the characters so expressed being liable hereafter to alteration or modification, as our knowledge of the subject becomes enlarged by the discovery of more perfect materials.
It is no less fortunate than singular that, concomitant with the earliest discovery of Cephalaspid remains in England, the contemporaneous beds in Scotland should have furnished the clue to their true character; it is still more singular, but less fortunate, that, although so many years have elapsed since Professor Agassiz first recognized their Ichthyic affinities, and although so many zealous and talented explorers have since been ransacking the English localities, so far as I am aware, not one single specimen has been brought to light which would have enabled even that distinguished naturalist to pronounce a positive opinion as to its place in the scale of nature.
On the Oolite Rocks of Gloucestershire and North Wilts
Authors: Buckman James 
Published: October 2009

The object of the present paper is to
point out the general geological characteristics of the different members of the Oolite rocks, as they occur in the Cotteswold Hills, and as regards the extension of the higher beds into parts of North Wilts.

This will be done mainly with the assistance of two
surveyed sections
which were made purposely for this paper; one extending from the Vale of Gloucester through the bold Cotteswold scarp at Birdlip to the Chalk Hills in Wiltshire, in nearly a straight line from the N.E. to the S.W., to which is added a deviation to Swindon (Pl. VII.); the other from Cirencester, over the Oolitic wolds, and on through the Vale of Moreton to Shipton-on-Stour, in a direction nearly north and south.
On the Upper and Lower Boulder-Clays of the Gorlston Cliffs in Norfolk
Authors: Trimmer Joshua 
Published: October 2009

D
uring
a recent visit to Norfolk, my friend, the Rev. Mr. Gunn, kindly drew my attention to a fact which cleared up some anomalies that had previously perplexed me while adopting the classification of previous observers respecting the tertiary deposits of the district, which are more ancient than the Boulder-clay.

The new fact then brought to my notice, while it removes those anomalies, confirms the views which I published in 1847 of the boulder-clay being the littoral deposit of an arctic sea advancing over sinking land†.
It appears that in the Gorlston Cliffs there are two boulder-clays separated by a mass of sand, which, on the authority of Woodward, has hitherto passed for the Crag, a term which has now become as indefinite as that of “drift” or “drifts.” The lower boulder-clay is the tailing-off of that so well known for its blocks of Scandinavian origin, and which extends over the north of Europe and into the eastern side of England. The upper boulder-clay is characterized by an abundance of oolitic detritus. I had traced these oolitic boulders over the south of Norfolk to the point at which they crossed the chalk-ridge of the S waffham Downs at Lopham Ford, and I had supposed that the oolitic and the Scandinavian erratics met on the same level; whereas Mr. Gunn's observations establish the fact that the former overlaps the latter, with a mass of sand interposed. In my examination of Norfolk during the three years preceding 1847, I had bestowed only
On the Geology of the North-east part of the Dobrutcha
Authors: Spratt T. 
Published: October 2009

H
aving
had an opportunity, during the latter part of last year, of extending my geological inquiries in the eastern part of the Dobrutcha, and of obtaining a better idea of some parts of its character, I am induced to offer a few remarks as a continuation of my former paper on this locality.

It is known that the northern extremity of the Dobrutcha is terminated by a chain of mountains that obtain an elevation of between 1000 and 2000 feet. They consist of highly-inclined limestones, shales, and schistose rocks. But the bold features usually assumed by the description and elevation of rocks of this nature are generally subdued here by their flanks and shoulders being covered by a considerable deposit of arenaceous marls, of reddish, grey, and brown colours. The marls are undoubtedly of a late date; but their origin I am not able to determine, from the total absence of fossils wherever examined by me.
In this remark I allude especially to the group of superficial, earthy or arenaceous, red and brownish marls of the Steppe, as separable from the known freshwater marls ; for I have recently ascertained that the former are not a continuation of the lower fresh-water deposits which I have already noticed at Kustenjeh, and as I once supposed.
I shall commence my remarks at the north end of the Dobrutcha by simply referring to the existence of these older rocks at Isatchka, Tultcha, and Besh Tepeh on the Danube; and, although some appear to
On the Freshwater Deposits of the Levant
Authors: Spratt T. 
Published: October 2009

T
he
brief account recently published of the extensive freshwater deposits which exist on the western shores of the Grecian Archipelago calls for a notice of those within my knowledge on the eastern shores.

The freshwater tertiaries of Smyrna and Scio have been traced by me as fragments along the eastern and southern coasts of Mitylene, as well as on the coasts opposite,—the detached and disturbed condition of these deposits being due to extensive outbursts of igneous rocks that form large districts within this island and on the main land opposite to it. For instance, the Moskonisi and Aivali districts, the Assos Range to Cape Baba, Touzla, and Alexandria-Troas, and, in Mitylene, the north-eastern part of the island, including Mount Lepethimus, as well as the entire peninsula west of Port Kelloni, are composed of volcanic rocks. Besides these there are several lesser protrusions of trap in numerous parts of the intermediate districts.
The vicinity of Mitylene presents an interesting association of the trap and the freshwater deposits, particularly to the south, as shown in the following section, fig. 1.

At Cape Vourkas we meet with the trap and tertiary strata in proximity, particularly on the east short of Port Kelloni, while the white freshwater marls are nearly vertical, and contain several specimens of a small
Helix
.
On some Outline-drawings and Photographs of the Skull of
Zygomaturus trilobus
, Macleay, from Australia
Authors: Owen  
Published: October 2009

Abstract

A
bout
a month since. Prof. Owen received from Sir R. Murchison seven photographs, three of which are stereoscopic, of perhaps the most extraordinary Mammalian fossil yet discovered in Australia.

These photographs, with a brief printed notice of their subject by William Sharp Macleay, Esq., F.L.S., and some MS. notes by J. D. Macdonald, M.D., R.N., had been transmitted to Sir R. Murchison by His Excellency Governor Sir W. Denison, from Sydney, New South Wales; and by desire of Sir Roderick the Professor brought the subject under the notice of the Geological Society of London, to whom Sir Roderick desires to present the photographs on the part of His Excellency Sir W. Denison.
On some Sections of the Strata near Oxford
Authors: Phillips John 
Published: October 2009

T
he
value of exact records of the peculiarities of local sections is strongly felt by every geological reasoner who touches problems of the distribution of oceanic sediments, the boundaries of land and sea, the mixture or alternation of fresh and salt water, or the local origin and geographical diffusion of particular forms of life. This is specially found to be the case while considering the lines of contemporaneity in the mesozoic strata of England, in which the influences of diversified tracts of land and lines of shore, and of unequal sea-depth and varying currents, are complicated by inequalities in the duration of the several groups of organic remains.

In the district immediately surrounding Oxford, sections illustrating these causes of local diversity may have more than ordinary interest at this juncture, since here some of the Oolitic strata are supposed to die out, while below them the Upper Lias, and above them the Cornbrash, continue unchanged in mineral character and unchanged in their organic contents; and others, as the Kimmeridge Clay and Coralline Oolite, are supposed to disappear, while either the Wealden takes a great northern development, or the Lower Greensand spreads out into an estuarine and fluviatile deposit. I propose to present, on the present occasion, sections showing the base and the top of the Great Oolite in the valley of the Cherwell. Hereafter I hope to offer similar data for the base of the cretaceous system, at Culham, in the valley of the Thames.
No. 1. Junction of Lias
On the Yellow Sandstone of Dura Den and its Fossil Fishes
Authors: Anderson John 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
his geological remarks on Dura Den, the author described the sedimentary strata in the vicinity as consisting of (in ascending order)—1. Grey sandstone, the equivalent of the Carmylie and Forfarshire flagstones, with
Cephalaspis
and
Pterygotus
. 2. The red and mottled beds, such as those of the Carse of Gowrie, and the Clashbennie zone with
Holoptychius nobilissimus, Phyllolepis concentricus
, and
Glyptolepis elegans
, 3. Conglomerates, marls, and cornstone, with few and obscure fossils. 4. The Yellow Sandstone, rich in remains of
Holoptychius
and other fishes, and about 300 or 400 feet in thickness. This sandstone is seen to rest unconformably on the Clashbennie series of the Old Red at the northern opening of the Den, and at the southern end is unconformably overlain by the Carboniferous rocks. It is also exposed beneath the lower coal-series of Cults, the Lomonds, Binnarty, and the Cleish Ilills. It is seen also in Western Scotland (Renfrewshire and Ayrshire), and in Berwickshire and elsewhere in the south, with its Pterichthyan and Holoptychian fossils. In the author's opinion it is entirely distinct from the “Yellow Sandstone” of the Irish geologists.

At Dura Den one thin bed in the Yellow Sandstone especially teems with fossil fish. The Pamphractus-bed, towards the top of this thick deposit, is the only other stratum bearing fossil remains.

In 1858 a remarkably fine
Holoptychius Andersoni
was met with in the fish-bed; and this, with many other specimens, fully bears out Agassiz’s conjectures for completing the form and details of the fish where his materials had been insufficient. Dr. Anderson thinks that the supine position of the
Holoptychii
is of rare occurrence; he has observed them usually to lie on their side.
H. Andersoni
and
H. Flemingii
are regarded by the author as specifically one, as he has not been able, in the numerous
Holoptychii
that he has seen, to regard as distinct the differences pointed out in the descriptions of these two reputed species.

Dr. Anderson also offered some remarks on the
Glyptopomus minor
(Agass.), the specimen of which was obtained from this locality; and he drew attention to two as yet undescribed fishes* also from Dura Den.
Remarks on the Geology of Spitzbergen
Authors: Lamont James 
Published: October 2009

I
n
the summer of 1858 I passed a month cruising in my yacht around the shores of Spitzbergen and its many outlying inlets (or “skerries,” as we should call them in the Highlands), and, although I have but a very slight knowledge of geology, still I was very much struck by the singular geological aspect of the country. As I visited a part of Spitzbergen which has never before been seen by any one except the ignorant seal-fishers who frequent the coast, I have been induced to commit a few of my observations to writing, in hope that others better acquainted with the theories of glacial action and upheaval of land may be able to understand the changes which are being brought about in those regions by the above agencies.

We first reached the shores of Spitzbergen, about 20 miles north of South Cape, and inside of what is known as Stour-fiord or Wybe Jan's Water, an immense sound of about 300 miles long, and varying from 6 to 60 miles broad. This Sound is improperly marked in the maps as a Gulf, whereas it is in reality a Sound, dividing Spitzbergen into two nearly equal halves; but the north end, being very narrow, is invariably almost choked with heavy ice, and, being consequently impassable, has given rise to that error: boats are known, however, to have actually passed through from the north coast into Stour-fiord.
The first thirty or forty miles of coast along which we sailed consisted almost
On the Formation of Gypsums and Dolomites
Authors: Hunt T. Sterry 
Published: October 2009

T
he
deposits of gypsum in nature may be divided into two classes. One of these comprises the gypsums formed by the alteration of beds of limestone. The vapours of solfataras, the sulphuric acid produced by the slow oxidation of moist sulphuretted hydrogen gas (as shown by Dumas), and springs containing free sulphuric acid are the agents which have changed and are still changing carbonate into sulphate of lime. Such springs, containing from

to

ths of free sulphuric acid (evolved probably from the reaction between sulphate of lime and siliceous matters under the influence of heat at considerable depths), are frequent in Western Canada; and their effects in giving rise to masses of gypsum in the quaternary clays of that region I have long since pointed out (Rep. Geol. Survey of Canada, 1848, p. 155).

The gypsums of the second class, which are the more frequent, are met with interstratified with marls, dolomites, and rock-salt, with which they are evidently contemporaneous. Reserving for another occasion the discussion of the theories which have been proposed to account for the origin and association of these substances, I propose to mention some recent observations of mine which serve to throw light upon the question.
When a solution of bicarbonate of lime in carbenic-acid water is mingled with one of sulphate of magnesia, there are formed sulphate of lime and bicarbonate of magnesia; so that in presence of an excess of bicarbonate of lime there is obtained a saturated solution of gypsum, from which
On some Fossils from the Grey Chalk near Guildford
Authors: Godwin-Austen R. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

I
n
the cast of the body-chamber of a large
Nautilus elegans
, from the Grey Chalk of the Surrey Hills, near Guildford, the author found (the specimen having been broken up by frost) some lumps of iron-pyrites, and numerous specimens of
Aporrhais Parkinsoni
, with fragments of
Turrilites tuberculatus, Ammonites Coupei, A. varians
, and
Inoceramus concentricus
. These species are either rare in the Grey Chalk or not known to the author as occurring in this bed; and he believes that the specimens referred to were accumulated in the shell of the Nautilus (possibly by the animal having taken them as a meal shortly before death) at a different zone of sea-depth to that in which the Nautilus and its contents sank and became fossilized. Mr. Godwin-Austen referred to these specimens as being indicative of the contemporary formation of different deposits with their peculiar fossils, at different sea-zones; of the transport of the inhabitants of one zone to the deposits of another; and as a possible explanation of the abundance of small angular fragments of Mollusks, Echinoderms and Crustaceans in the midst of the very finest Cretaceous sediment.
Notes about Spitzbergen in 1859
Authors: Lamont James 
Published: October 2009

H
aving
passed upwards of two months last summer (1859) on the coast of Spitzbergen, and amongst the great fields of floating ice in the surrounding seas, I beg to offer the few following observations.

I left Leith on the 6th of June; reached Hammerfest on the 23rd, left Hammerfest on the 26th, and arrived at Spitzbergen on the 2nd of July.
We found a large quantity of heavy drift-ice off the south-eastern end of Spitzbergen and amongst the “Thousand Islands.” At the mouth of Stour Fiord (“Wybe Jan's Water” of the charts) we met two small sealing-vessels, the masters of which told us that the north coast was unapproachable this summer, on account of the ice being jammed against the north-western corner of the island, about Hakluyt's Headland; and we therefore proceeded to coast around the edges of the ice towards the east side of the country.
On the 8th, during a dense fog, we passed the last of the Thousand Islands, and lay-to off the S.E. corner of Edge’s Land. The coast from here to Ryke Yse Islands is frightfully barren and desolate, and the mountains are quite destitute of vegetation; these mountains are limestone, and descend abruptly into the sea without the intervening flat muddy plain so usual in other parts of Spitzbergen*. There are three glaciers on this part of the coast, all protruding into the sea. The two southernmost ones are of no great size; but the third is one of the largest and most remarkable
On the So-called Wealden Beds at Linksfield, and the Reptiliferous Sandstones of Elgin
Authors: Moore Charles 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

W
hen
visiting the section at Linksfield, near Elgin, in the autumn of 1859, the author recognized a similarity of appearance between the shales and thin limestone-bands at Linksfield and those of the Bone-bed series (at the base of the Lias) at Pylle Hill, near Bristol, at Aust Passage and at Penarth, on the Severn, and at the Uphill cutting on the Great Western Railway. Giving in detail the sections at Pylle Hill, at Uphill, and at Linksfield, the author pointed out some close lithological resemblances, and stated that he recognized the “White Lias,” the “Cotham Marble,” the “Bone-bed,” and the gypseous clay-bands of the south in the quarry at Linksfield.
Cyprides, Estheriœ
, remains of
Hybodus, Lepidotus, Acrodus
, and
Plesiosaurus, Mytilus, Modiola, Unio, Cyclas, Astarte, Ostrea, Paludina
, &c., from the Linksfield beds, were among the palæontological evidences which the author brought forward as supporting his correlation of the beds in question. The following are the detailed Sections.

The author next offered some observations on the red layer of clay, sand, and stones intercalated between the Linksfield shales and the cornstone; and, not accepting Capt. Brickenden's opinion‡ of its having been thrust in by the action of ice against the escarpment during the formation of the Boulder-clay, he suggested that an early glacial period, contemporaneous with the Lower Lias, destroyed some of the lower shales and limestone of Linksfield, leaving their remnants imbedded in a red drift to be covered by the succeeding undisturbed deposits of t h e bone-bed series.
Mr. C. Moore next remarked that the Cornstone at Linksfield, on which all the above-mentioned beds rest, might possibly be of Triassic date, as he had observed on the flanks of the Mendips and elsewhere a stone, of a similar aspect, belonging to the Trias, and occasionally yielding remains of Reptiles and Fishes; to this rock the author refers the “druidical” stones of Stanton Drew.

Some observations on the discovery of reptilian and mammalian teeth near Frome, by the author, in a fissure containing a probably Triassic deposit,—on the possible relations of some of these to the
Reptilia
found in the Lossiemouth sandstone,—and on the probable Secondary age of the latter, concluded the paper.
On the Presence of the London Clay in Norfolk, as proved by a Well-boring at Yarmouth
Authors: Prestwich Joseph 
Published: October 2009

T
he
northward extension of the London Clay has hitherto been considered to have its limits in the southern part of Suffolk. Its lower beds outcrop near Ipswich; at Harwich it is only 23 feet thick; and, as from thence to Bawdsey near Orford, the rise is to the northward, the impression is given that the Eocene series ends under the Coralline Crag somewhere about Orford or Aldborough, and that further north the Pleiocene series reposes directly on the Chalk; such being in fact their superposition throughout North Suffolk and Norfolk wherever the base of that series is visible.

An exception, however, to this order has been proved by a well-boring at Great Yarmouth, which was brought to my notice by the Rev. John Gunn, F.G.S., of Irstead.
It appears that in the year 1840, the firm of Sir E. Lacon and Co., being desirous of obtaining a larger supply of water, had a shaft dug to the depth of 22 feet, and then a boring carried down to the depth of 597 feet, by Messrs. Clark of Tottenham. Unfortunately this spirited undertaking was not successful so far as the water-supply was concerned; but geologists are nevertheless indebted to Messrs. Lacon and Co. for having preserved a full record of the boring, and specimens of the strata penetrated, which have brought to light some geological facts of interest.
On either side of Yarmouth the cliffs consist of Boulder-Clay, with underlying sand- and gravel-beds, ranging for miles in a comparatively horizontal position