bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaching Behavior of Fluorine from Soil Stabilized with Recycled Gypsum from Plaster Board
Authors: Sakanakura Hirofumi , Endo Kazuto , Inoue Yuzo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In the present study, fluorine in recycled gypsum was focused on with regard to the morphology in gypsum as well as the leaching behavior when gypsum is mixed with soil as a recycling measure of soil improvement. The analytical results using an electron probe micro analyzer indicated that the chemical form of fluorine in recycled gypsum is calcium fluoride and fluoride apatite, and the form does not change after a leaching test on the soils according to the Japanese Leaching Test No.46 (JLT-46). JLT-46 was adopted for not only recycled gypsum but for mixtures of recycled gypsum and decomposed granite soil, exceeding the environmental standard limit value of 0.8 mg/L for both, by 6.8 and 2.4 mg/L, respectively. This means that countermeasures are prerequisite in the utilization of recycled gypsum as a soil improvement material. A pH-dependence test indicated that leaching of fluorine increases along with the decrease of pH in acidic conditions. A parallel batch leaching test using water indicated that release of fluorine occurs relatively slowly compared with calcium sulfate which reaches chemical equilibrium in less than 0.5 h. Decomposed granite soil has the effect of holding fluorine from leaching.
Combined pallidal and subthalamic nucleus stimulation in sporadic dystonia-parkinsonism
Authors: Wöhrle Johannes C. , Blahak Christian , Capelle Hans-Holger , Fogel Wolfgang , Bäzner Hansjoerg , Krauss Joachim K. 
Published: September 2011

Multifocal deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a new technique that has been introduced recently. A 39-year-old man with dystonia-parkinsonism underwent the simultaneous implantation of subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS electrodes.
While bilateral STN DBS controlled the parkinsonian symptoms well and allowed for a reduction in levodopa, the improvement of dystonia was only temporary. Additional GPi DBS also alleviated dystonic symptoms. Formal assessment at the 1-year follow-up showed that both the parkinsonian symptoms and the dystonia were markedly improved via continuous bilateral combined STN and GPi stimulation. Sustained benefit was achieved at 3 years postoperatively.
Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Severity Indices in Administrative Databases: A Systematic Review
Authors: VINET ÉVELYNE , KURIYA BINDEE , WIDDIFIELD JESSICA , BERNATSKY SASHA 
Published: September 2011

Objective.We aimed to systematically review rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease severity indices for use in administrative healthcare databases. We also provide an overview of alternative methods to control for RA disease severity in administrative database research.Methods.We conducted a systematic review of studies that developed/validated an index for RA disease severity using variables in administrative databases, and compared the convergent validity/reliability of the index with a standard measure of RA severity.Results.After reviewing 539 articles, 2 studies were included. The claims-based index for RA severity (CIRAS) was developed in one study. Components of the CIRAS included tests for inflammatory markers, number of chemistry panels/platelet counts ordered, rheumatoid factor test, number of rehabilitation and rheumatology visits, and Felty’s syndrome. The CIRAS correlated moderately well with a previously validated RA medical records-based index of severity. The second study assessed whether current and lifetime treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and/or biologics accurately predicted RA severity, as measured by the patient-reported Patient Activity Scale (PAS). Treatment variables did not fully distinguish patients in the highest and lowest quartiles of PAS scores (67.2% correctly classified).Conclusion.Two claims-based indices of RA severity were identified but have some limitations for routine use. A concerted effort from experts in the field is needed to define, develop, and validate a widely applicable measure of RA disease severity for administrative database research.
Entre « Nord » et « Sud » : le dynamisme international des transporteurs turcs
Authors: de Tapia Stéphane 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Comme nombre de pays « intermédiaires », la Turquie offre de grands contrastes entre sous-développement et intégration à l’économie mondiale, entre tradition et modernité. Le secteur des transports, intérieurs et internationaux, donne un bon exemple de ces évolutions rapides, parfois chaotiques, qui transforment profondément la société et l’économie. Plusieurs moments historiques rythment ces évolutions : 1923, création de la République, 1950, passage au multipartisme et première libéralisation, 1980, libéralisation et déréglementation pour une pleine entrée dans la mondialisation. Après avoir passé en revue les structures générales du secteur des transports, l’article se penche sur un acteur précis, l’Association des Transporteurs Internationaux ( Uluslararasi Nakliyeciler Derne ﬁ i ). Ce rassemblement de plus en plus puissant et efficace de professionnels de la route, cherche à peser dans la nouvelle approche turque du concept de société civile.
Héritage reconnu, patrimoine menacé : la maison traditionnelle à Tananarive
Authors: Fournet-Guérin Catherine 
Published: September 2011

Résumé Les maisons traditionnelles de Tananarive constituent un patrimoine architectural original, fruit du métissage entre des apports merina et européens. Ces maisons font aujourd’hui l’objet d’enjeux symboliques et identitaires forts car elles sont à la fois considérées comme la maison des ancêtres, ce qui nécessite leur maintien au sein de la famille, et comme le support du statut des « hautes castes » qui s’efforcent aujourd’hui de les protéger pour affirmer une identité menacée. Toutefois, le processus de dégradation de ces maisons du xix e siècle est très avancé, parfois irréversible, tant les facteurs d’altération sont nombreux et tant les politiques de préservation apparaissent dérisoires dans un contexte économique fragile. Néanmoins, certains facteurs, variables selon les quartiers, permettent une évolution différenciée de l’état des maisons.
Individus et collectifs dans l'appropriation des ressources : le cas d'une communauté andine péruvienne
Authors: Aubron Claire 
Published: September 2011

Résumé	Dans un contexte de communauté paysanne où les rapports fonciers sont des combinaisons complexes de droits individuels et collectifs, les modalités d’appropriation des ressources et leurs évolutions conditionnent la durabilité des systèmes de production. Cet article se propose de les analyser dans le cas de Sinto, communauté andine péruvienne issue d’une coopérative formée par la réforme agraire et aujour-d’hui sur la voie de l’intensification laitière. Pour cela, nous traçons l’évolution historique de l’appropriation des ressources, puis utilisons la matrice des maîtrises foncières conçue par E. Le Roy, qui distingue plusieurs niveaux de contrôle des ressources (droits fonciers) et de collectifs s’appropriant les ressources. Ces analyses permettent de repérer les adaptations en cours concernant l’appropriation des ressources ainsi que les situations de crise.
Sustainable Composites: Glass Reinforced Plastic Waste Filled Concrete
Authors: Osmani Mohamed , Pappu Asokan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAt present, glass reinforced plastics (GRP) waste recycling worldwide is very limited due to its intrinsic thermoset properties, lack of characterization results, and nonavailability of viable recycling and recovery routes. GRP waste produced by the polymer composite manufacturing process in the United Kingdom has a low recycling rate because of a number of factors, namely, lack of information on its characterization and knowledge on potential recycling options. At present, most of the GRP waste is sent to landfill. However, current and impending waste management legislation have put more pressure on the industry to address the options available for dealing with GRP waste in a more sustainable and resource‐efficient manner. Hence, efforts were made to characterize GRP waste and explore the possibilities to assess its recycling potential in concrete composites. These are summarized in this article. Detailed characterization studies of GRP waste were carried out, and a comprehensive testing program was conducted to identify the potential use of GRP waste as an admixture and as a partial substitute for fine aggregate at different proportions in concrete composite. The findings of this work pave the way for further composite waste recycling in construction products for use in various applications.
Bonded Repair of Composite Aircraft Structures
Authors: Baker Alan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe trend in extensive use of composites, especially carbon/epoxy, in commercial and military aircraft structures, including highly loaded primary structure, is driving the requirement for cost‐effective and efficient repair techniques. Repair patches may be attached to the parent structure by adhesive bonding or mechanical fastening. This article focuses on adhesively bonded repairs and discusses the various key issues, including types of damage, repair criteria and requirements, simple design procedures, choice of materials, moisture problems, and repair implementation.
Carbon/Carbon Composites
Authors: Luo Ruiying , Zhang Jincao , Li Jinsong , Zhang Yunfeng , Zhang Jiangsong , Su Chenhan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCarbon/carbon (C/C) composites as high temperature structural materials have been widely used in aeronautics and astronautics because of their remarkable mechanical, thermophysical, and tribological properties. For the deep investigation of carbon deposition mechanism, newly developed approaches of fast densification of C/C composites have been indicated, such as thermal gradient chemical vapor infiltration (TCVI), pressure gradient chemical vapor infiltration (PCVI), electrified CVI (ECVI), and chemical liquid‐vaporized infiltration (CLVI). Multilayer coating system provides a new way for the long‐term antioxidation of C/C composites. Carbon nanotubes and nanofibers, forming the bridge between carbon fibers of micrometer size, could also further enhance the mechanical properties of composite materials. Bonded repair of C/C composite structure is used to extend the life of wear or underdesigned components and joins different components at a reasonable cost. All these studies promote the research and development of advanced C/C composites.
Curing Agent
Authors: Frigione Mariaenrica , Maffezzoli Alfonso 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Reactive compounds in thermosetting matrices of composite materials are monomers or oligomers characterized by a functionality that ranges from a minimum of two up to six or more, in order to produce a cross‐linked network. The generic term of resin is usually referred either to the monomer present in the larger amount either to the mix containing the main monomer and all other reactive components, that is, curing agents, catalysts, and initiators. The same base monomer can thus be used to produce cross‐linked polymers characterized by properties strongly different depending on the curing agents.
In this section, the curing agents involved in and strictly necessary to the curing reactions, are only considered. In very basic terms, curing agents are divided in two classes depending on the role they play in the curing reactions. In step reactions curing agents participate to form the cross‐linked network being present in a significant amount and are often referred as hardeners. In radical chain reactions the initiator, producing the first radical promoting the initiation step, is present in a very limited amount in the reactive mixture (a few percent by weight). The discussion will be essentially limited to epoxy resin and partly to polyester and vinylester resins.
Design with Composites: Material Uncertainty in Designing Composites Component
Authors: Conceição António Carlos 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe propagation of material uncertainty of the structural response of composites using two different approaches: a first‐order local method and a global sensitivity analysis supported by a variance‐based method, is studied. The importance measures of input parameters on the structural response based on numerical results are established and discussed as functions of the anisotropy of composite materials. The effects of uncertainty propagation on the response of composite structures under nonlinear geometric behavior are analyzed, especially the effects of uncertainty of material properties on the response of stiffened shell composite structures supporting buckling loads.The reliability assessment of composite structures is presented, and difficulties of structural reliability definition are identified. The most probable failure point (MPP) search in composite structures introduces new uncertainty factors associated with multiple failure points influencing the structural reliability system. The reliability index is very sensitive to the uncertainty in mean values of the mechanical properties of composites. The analyzed case studies demonstrate that knowledge of uncertainty propagation and reliability analysis are two important challenges toward more realistic modeling of failure in the design of composites.
Epoxy Resins: Fluorine Systems
Authors: Park Soo‐Jin , Jin Fan‐Long 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Commercially available epoxy resins are extensively used as coatings, electronic materials, and adhesives; they find use in structural applications owing to their outstanding mechanical and electrical properties, including those of adhesion, chemical resistance, and minimal shrinkage after curing. Currently, several types of fluorine‐containing epoxy resins have been developed and are being evaluated for practical uses. In this article, we present in‐depth information on epoxy resins and fluorine systems including contemporary processing technologies of epoxy composites and recent advances in epoxy composite materials. Finally, we introduce new areas of application of epoxy resins in detail, such as in the biomedical, electronic, and other fields.
Fatigue and Fracture of Rubbers
Authors: Bathias Claude , Dong Shanyan 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
This article is a review of what was done in our laboratory by several PhD students (Lu Chuming, K. Legorju, and S. Dong) in order to have a better understanding and prediction of the mechanical behavior and of the damage of elastomeric matrix used for rubber composites. Both monotonic and cyclic loadings are of interest.
Honeycomb
Authors: Othman Abdul Rahim 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Honeycomb has been widely used as a core material in sandwich structure. It possesses distinctive characteristics compared to other solid or cellular cores. The preference in selecting the type of honeycomb is based on the material types, cell diameters, and densities as well as the cost.
In this contribution, the reader will be first provided with a general type of honeycomb material and its classification. In addition, different types of manufacturing process of the honeycomb structure will also made available in this article. Emphases on the details of mechanical properties and test methods are presented to the reader for further reference in establishing the right type of honeycomb. The final section provides the brief overview on new developments in the honeycomb core technologies.
Laminates: Developments in the Multiscale Analysis of Multifunctional Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Reddy J. N. , Unnikrishnan V. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Analysis of multiscale nanocomposite materials continues to evolve with new developments in several fronts. Most of the recent advances include theoretical developments in improving the accuracy and efficiency of multiple physics‐based mathematical and computational models, and also generation of new defect‐free nanomaterial systems for large‐scale applications. In this article, the authors discuss some of the recent developments on multiscale mechanical and thermal analysis of nanotube and nanocomposite systems. This article also examines the effect of interfacial thermal characteristics on the overall effective thermal properties of a composite system, using a multiscale computational strategy involving atomistic simulations coupled with mesoscale thermal analysis models. Apart from the various computational models described in this article, several relevant works from literature are also cited to enhance the developed theoretical models discussed in this article.
Polymer‐Embedded Metal and Metal Sulfide Clusters
Authors: Carotenuto Gianfranco , Giannini Cinzia , Siliqi Dritan , Nicolais Luigi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTransition metal alkane‐thiolates [i.e., organic salts with formula Me(SR)x, where R is a linear aliphatic hydrocarbon group, −CnH2n+1] undergo a thermolysis reaction at moderately low temperatures (close to 200°C), which produces metal atoms or metal sulfide species and an organic by‐product, disulfide (RSSR) or thioether (RSR) molecules, respectively. Alkane‐thiolates are nonpolar chemical species that may dissolve in most techno‐polymers and the resulting solid solutions can be annealed to generate polymer‐embedded metal or metal sulfide clusters. Here, the preparation of silver and gold clusters embedded into amorphous polystyrene by thermolysis of a dodecyl‐thiolate precursor is described in detail. However, this chemical approach is quite general and a large variety of polymer‐embedded metals or metal sulfides can be similarly prepared.
Prepreg Manufacturing
Authors: Seferis James C. , Velisaris Chris N. , Drakonakis Vasileios M. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Continuous carbon fiber impregnation by polymeric systems, either thermoplastic or thermosets, has been practiced for almost 50 years. The process defined as prepreg may be viewed as a viscoelastic unit operation in a classic chemical engineering sense, where the elastic fibers are impregnated with viscous polymers. However, to lead to a final solid laminate, the resulting product form requires further processing by the application of heat and pressure. This feedback on product quality and process specification cannot be easily accomplished on‐line and in real‐time, thus restricting in the application of quality principles to the prepreg process. By defining a series of dimensionless numbers, the prepregging process can be described on the basis of fundamental engineering principles and thus can reach beyond required limitations. This was the case for the development of double pass impregnation with thermosetting resins that gave rise to a layered structure exceeding in toughening most thermoplastic systems as well.
Processing and Performance of Braided Composites
Authors: Carey Jason P. , Ayranci Cagri 
Published: September 2011

AbstractTextile braiding and composites production have been carried out throughout human history. In this article we focus on a review of two‐ and three‐dimensional braiding processing and mechanical performance, discuss available predictive modeling techniques, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of braiding as it relates to other similar manufacturing methods; in contrast to the earlier version of this article, we also emphasize the importance of two‐dimensional braiding. The article concludes by discussing possible future research directions.
Putting Anion–π Interactions Into Perspective
Authors: Frontera Antonio , Gamez Patrick , Mascal Mark , Mooibroek Tiddo J. , Reedijk Jan 
Published: September 2011

AbstractSupramolecular chemistry is a field of scientific exploration that probes the relationship between molecular structure and function. It is the chemistry of the noncovalent bond, which forms the basis of highly specific recognition, transport, and regulation events that actuate biological processes. The classic design principles of supramolecular chemistry include strong, directional interactions like hydrogen bonding, halogen bonding, and cation–π complexation, as well as less directional forces like ion pairing, π–π, solvophobic, and van der Waals potentials. In recent years, the anion–π interaction (an attractive force between an electron‐deficient aromatic π system and an anion) has been recognized as a hitherto unexplored noncovalent bond, the nature of which has been interpreted through both experimental and theoretical investigations. The design of selective anion receptors and channels based on this interaction represent important advances in the field of supramolecular chemistry. The objectives of this Review are 1) to discuss current thinking on the nature of this interaction, 2) to survey key experimental work in which anion–π bonding is demonstrated, and 3) to provide insights into the directional nature of anion–π contact in X‐ray crystal structures.
Tissue‐specific biomass recalcitrance in corn stover pretreated with liquid hot‐water: SEM imaging (part 2)
Authors: Zeng Meijuan , Ximenes Eduardo , Ladisch Michael R. , Mosier Nathan S. , Vermerris Wilfred , Huang Chia‐Ping , Sherman Debra M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn the first part of our work, we combined compositional analysis, pretreatment and enzyme hydrolysis for fractionated pith, rind, and leaf tissues from a hybrid stay‐green corn, in order to identify the role of structural characteristics on enzyme hydrolysis of cell walls. Hydrolysis experiments coupled with chemical analysis of the different fractions of corn stover showed significant differences in cell wall structure before and after liquid hot water pretreatment. The extent of enzyme hydrolysis followed the sequence rind < leaves < pith with 90% conversion of cellulose to glucose in 24 h in the best cases. Since similar lignin contents remained after liquid hot water pretreatment of leaves, rind, and pith, our results indicated that the amount of lignin alone is not sufficient to explain the different enzymatic hydrolysis characteristics of the fractions. While the role of structural characteristics on enzyme hydrolysis of cell walls is measured as described in part I, the SEM images presented in this part II of our work show that sugar yields from enzymatic hydrolysis of corn fractions correlate with changes in plant cell wall structure both before and after liquid hot water pretreatment. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:398–404. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.