bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Mechanism of Pacific Multidecadal Climate Variability in CCSM3: The Role of the Subpolar North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Zhong Yafang , Liu Zhengyu 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Previous analyses of the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3) standard integration have revealed pronounced multidecadal variability in the Pacific climate system. The purpose of the present work is to investigate physical mechanism underlying this Pacific multidecadal variability (PMV). To better isolate the mechanism that selects the long multidecadal time scale for the PMV, a few specifically designed sensitivity experiments are carried out. When the propagating Rossby waves are blocked in the subtropics from the midbasin, the PMV remains outstanding. In contrast, when the Rossby waves are blocked beyond the subtropics across the entire North Pacific, the PMV is virtually suppressed. It suggests that the PMV relies on propagating Rossby waves in the subpolar Pacific, whereas those in the subtropics are not critical.
A novel mechanism of PMV is advanced based on a more comprehensive analysis, which is characterized by a crucial role of the subpolar North Pacific Ocean. The multidecadal ocean temperature and salinity anomalies may originate from the subsurface of the subpolar North Pacific because of the wave adjustment to the preceding basin-scale wind curl forcing. The anomalies then ascend to the surface and are amplified through local temperature–salinity convective feedback. Along the southward Oyashio, these anomalies travel to the Kuroshio Extension (KOE) region and are further intensified through a similar convective feedback. The oceanic temperature anomaly in the KOE is able to feed back to the large-scale atmospheric circulation, inducing a wind curl anomaly over the subpolar North Pacific, which in turn generates anomalous oceanic circulation and causes temperature and salinity variability in the subpolar subsurface. Thereby, a closed loop of PMV is established in the form of an extratropical delayed oscillator. The phase transition of PMV is driven by the delayed negative feedback that resides in the wave adjustment of the subpolar North Pacific via propagating Rossby waves, whereas the convective positive feedback provides the growth mechanism. A significant role of salinity variability is unveiled in both the delayed negative feedback and convective positive feedback.
Statistical Characteristics of Multipeak Raindrop Size Distributions at the Surface and Aloft in Different Rain Regimes
Authors: Radhakrishna B. , Narayana Rao T. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Two years (∼672 h) of lower-atmospheric wind profiler (LAWP) and 4 yr (∼733 h) of Joss–Waldvogel disdrometer measurements are utilized to study the multipeak (MP) occurrence statistics at the surface and aloft. For the first time, an attempt has been made to address several key questions regarding MPs: their occurrence statistics and their dependency on height, season, and type of precipitation. MPs are not exceptional; rather, they are observed at all altitudes, albeit with different occurrence percentages. The occurrence of MPs seems to be height dependent, and this dependency varies with the type of rain system. The occurrence percentage of bimodal echo (two peaks) is high above (below) the melting level (ML) in convection (in other types of rain). The percentage occurrence of bimodal echo in warm rain is similar to that in cold rain, but only below the ML. The spectrum with more than two peaks appears to be predominantly in convection, particularly above 4 km. The MP statistics on the surface DSD derived from disdrometer data also support the profiler statistics qualitatively (occurrence is more likely in convection); however, the magnitudes of the percentage of occurrence are different at the surface and aloft. The peaks in the raindrop size distribution (DSD) spectra exist predominantly in drop diameter ranges of 0.45–0.65 and 0.9–1.3 mm in all types of rain, consistent with earlier numerical and observational studies. The MP occurrence does not have seasonal dependence aloft, but shows some variation at the surface with a larger percentage of the occurrences in the southwest monsoon. However, peaks in the surface DSD exist at same diameters in both monsoon seasons.
Trabecular Bone Structure Analysis in the Osteoporotic Spine Using a Clinical In Vivo Setup for 64-Slice MDCT Imaging: Comparison to μCT Imaging and μFE Modeling
Authors: Issever Ahi S , Link Thomas M , Kentenich Marie , Rogalla Patrik , Schwieger Karsten , Huber Markus B , Burghardt Andrew J , Majumdar Sharmila , Diederichs Gerd 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Assessment of trabecular microarchitecture may improve estimation of biomechanical strength, but visualization of trabecular bone structure in vivo is challenging. We tested the feasibility of assessing trabecular microarchitecture in the spine using multidetector CT (MDCT) on intact human cadavers in an experimental in vivo–like setup. BMD, bone structure (e.g., bone volume/total volume = BV/TV; trabecular thickness = Tb.Th; structure model index = SMI) and bone texture parameters were evaluated in 45 lumbar vertebral bodies using MDCT (mean in-plane pixel size, 274 μm2; slice thickness, 500 μm). These measures were correlated with structure measures assessed with μCT at an isotropic spatial resolution of 16 μm and to microfinite element models (μFE) of apparent modulus and stiffness. MDCT-derived BMD and structure measures showed significant correlations to the density and structure obtained by μCT (BMD, R2 = 0.86, p &lt; 0.0001; BV/TV, R2 = 0.64, p &lt; 0.0001; Tb.Th, R2 = 0.36, p &lt; 0.01). When comparing μCT-derived measures with μFE models, the following correlations (p &lt; 0.001) were found for apparent modulus and stiffness, respectively: BMD (R2 = 0.58 and 0.66), BV/TV (R2 = 0.44 and 0.58), and SMI (R2 = 0.44 and 0.49). However, the overall highest correlation (p &lt; 0.001) with μFE app. modulus (R2 = 0.75) and stiffness (R2 = 0.76) was achieved by the combination of QCT-derived BMD with the bone texture measure Minkowski Dimension. In summary, although still limited by its spatial resolution, trabecular bone structure assessment using MDCT is overall feasible. However, when comparing with μFE-derived bone properties, BMD is superior compared with single parameters for microarchitecture, and correlations further improve when combining with texture measures.
The IGF system after insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt in patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Holland-Fischer Peter , Vilstrup Hendrik , Frystyk Jan , Nielsen Dennis Tønner , Flyvbjerg Allan , Grønbæk Henning 
Published: April 2009

ObjectiveInsertion of a transjugular intrahepatic porto-systemic shunt (TIPS) into patients with liver cirrhosis usually induces a gain in body cell mass. Changes in the IGF system in favor of anabolism may be involved. We, therefore measured blood concentrations of the components of the IGF system in cirrhosis patients before and after elective TIPS.Design and methodsThe study comprised 17 patients and 11 healthy controls. Patients were examined before and 1, 4, 12, and 52 weeks after TIPS. Biochemical analyses of the IGF system were compared with changes in body composition (bioimpedance analysis), glucose and insulin, and metabolic liver function (galactose elimination capacity).ResultsAfter TIPS, body cell mass rose by 3.2 kg (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0–5.5) at 52 weeks, in correlation with baseline liver function (r2=0.22;P=0.03). Peripheral blood concentrations of total IGF1 and 2, bioactive IGF1, and the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBP-1, -2, and -3) remained unchanged throughout the study period. There was no change in fasting glucose, whereas fasting insulin rose by 40% (CI: 11–77%) and glucagon by 58% (CI: 11–132%) from baseline to 52 weeks after TIPS.ConclusionOur data confirm that TIPS was associated with an increase in body cell mass in patients with liver cirrhosis, but without any change in the circulating IGF system. Thus, the results do not support the notion that effects on the circulating IGF system are involved in the anabolic effects of TIPS insertion.
The Effect of Fiber Dowel Heights in Resin Composite Cores on Restoration Failures of Endodontically Treated Teeth
Authors: Mekayarajjananonth Trakol , Chitcharus Nattinee , Winkler Sheldon , Bogert Meredith C. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
In vitro and in vivo testing suggest that fiber posts may reduce the incidence of root fractures of endodontically treated teeth. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of fiber post height in resin composite cores on the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. Forty maxillary central incisors were randomly divided into 2 control groups (Groups 1 and 2) of 5 teeth each, and 3 experimental groups (Groups 3, 4, and 5) of 10 teeth each. The teeth in Group 1 had their opening restored with composite resin, the teeth in Group 2 were restored with quartz fiber posts without resin composite cores, and the teeth in Groups 3, 4, and 5 were restored with quartz fiber posts of 2, 4, and 6 mm high, respectively, in 6-mm resin composite cores. Ceramic crowns were fabricated for the specimens. Specimens were positioned in a mounting device and aligned at a 130-degree angle to the long axis of each tooth. A universal testing machine was used to apply constant load at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure occurred. The highest fracture load and mode of failure of each specimen was recorded. The highest fracture resistance force was observed in Group 2 (290.38 ± 48.45 N) and decreased, respectively, in Group 1 (238.98 ± 26.26 N), Group 5 (228.35 ± 58.79 N), Group 4 (221.43 ± 38.74 N), and Group 3 (199.05 ± 58.00 N). According to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's test (P ≤ .05), there was no statistically significant increase in the force from Group 3 to Group 5, and the force in Group 2 was significantly higher than that of the experimental groups. There was no statistical significance difference in force among the experimental groups, and the amount of residual tooth structure was found to be the critical factor in fracture resistance. The results suggest that endodontically treated teeth should be restored with the longest possible post height while preserving maximum tooth structure.
Political therapy: an encounter with Dr John Alderdice, psychotherapist, political leader and peer of the realm
Authors: Little Graham 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThis paper comprises an encounter by the author in 1992 with the distinguished Northern Ireland psychotherapist and political leader, The Lord Alderdice of Knock. Born in Northern Ireland in 1955, John Alderdice graduated in Medicine in 1978, and qualified as a member of the Royal College of Psychiatrists in 1983, followed by higher specialist training in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy. Alderdice joined the Northern Ireland Alliance Party in 1978, and in 1987 was elected Party Leader. Raised to the peerage as Baron Alderdice in 1996, he was one of the key negotiators of the Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998. This 1997 paper includes the author's interview with Alderdice, together with his observations on Alderdice's two‐handed psychoanalytic and political practice, his “political therapy”. Drawing upon the author's roots as a Belfast‐born Australian, the paper reflects on the possibilities of Alderdice's applied psychoanalysis – of politics “off the couch”. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pyrazoles and Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines Incorporating a Benzenesulfonamide Moiety
Authors: Ashour Hayam M. A. , Wahab Abeer E. Abdel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSynthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazoles and pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines are reported. Fourteen compounds were selected by the NCI and tested for their preliminary in‐vitro anticancer activity, whereas all the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in‐vitro antimicrobial activity. Compound 12a was proven to possess the highest anticancer activity with a broad spectrum profile. It showed particular effectiveness towards leukemia HL‐60 (TB), K‐562, non‐small cell lung cancer NCI‐H23, and colon cancer HT 29, KM 12 cell lines (GI50 = 6.59, 4.44, 1.37, 3.33, and 9.63 μM, respectively). Out of the synthesized compounds, thirteen derivatives were found to display pronounced antimicrobial activity especially against P. aeruginosa. Compounds 2c, 5b, 10, 11b, 17b, 18b, and 19 were proven to be the most active with a broad spectrum of activity. Compound 19 was found to be equipotent to ampicillin against B. subtilis, whereas compounds 11b and 19 were four times superior to ampicillin against P. aeruginosa, while compounds 5b and 18b were equipotent to ampicillin against the same organism. Moreover, compounds 2c, 10, and 11b were nearly equipotent to ampicillin against E. coli. On the other hand, compounds 2c, 5b, 10, 11a, 17b, and 18b exerted nearly half the activity of clotrimazole against C. albicans.
Mediated Web information retrieval for a complex searching task
Authors: Lee Hyuk‐Jin , Muresan Gheorghe 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe goal of this study is to understand whether providing a search intermediary familiar with a problem domain and its topical structure would support a user's Web searching tasks, especially complicated tasks with multifaceted topics, and whether the order of searching tasks or system usage influences their successful completion. This study investigates the effect of two factors, the interaction mode and the display layout, on the three main measures of the user's Web searching behaviors: effectiveness, efficiency, and usability. Two interaction modes are compared, mediation via a domain‐specific document collection versus nonmediated search, and two display layouts, a combination of browsing‐supporting hierarchic display and ranked list of results versus the simple linear list of search results. The results are analyzed in the Flow theory point of view; they were analyzed by order of the tasks and system usage order. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of how the mediation system and/or the combined display support a Web information user.
A computer experiment application to the design and optimization of a capacitive accelerometer
Authors: Alvarez M. J. , Gil‐Negrete N. , Ilzarbe L. , Tanco M. , Viles E. , Asensio A. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn accelerometer is a transducer that allows measuring the acceleration acting on a structure. Physically, an accelerometer consists of a central mass suspended by thin and flexible arms and its performance is highly dependent on the dimensions of both the mass and the arms. The two most important parameters when evaluating the performance of these devices are the sensitivity and the operating frequency range (or bandwidth), the latter one being limited to \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\usepackage{amsbsy}\usepackage[mathscr]{euscript}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\frac{1}{5}$\end{document} of the resonance frequency. Therefore, it is very convenient to gain knowledge on how changes in the dimensions of the mass and arms affect the value of the natural frequency of the accelerometer, as it will provide guidelines to design accelerometers that fulfil frequency requirements of a specific application. A quadratic polynomial function of the natural logarithm of the frequency versus geometrical factors has been obtained using response surface methodology approach. A faced‐centered cube design was used in the experimentation. The data were obtained conducting computer simulations using finite element design techniques. A better understanding of how these variables affect the value of frequency has been reached, which will be very useful for the device design purposes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust designs for misspecified exponential regression models
Authors: Xu Xiaojian 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe consider the construction of designs for exponential regression. The response function is an only approximately known function of a specified exponential function. As well, we allow for variance heterogeneity. We find minimax designs and corresponding optimal regression weights in the context of the following problems: (1) for nonlinear least‐squares (LS) estimation with homoscedasticity, determine a design to minimize the maximum value of the integrated mean‐squared error (IMSE), with the maximum being evaluated for the possible departures from the response function; (2) for nonlinear LS estimation with heteroscedasticity, determine a design to minimize the maximum value of IMSE, with the maximum being evaluated over both types of departures; (3) for nonlinear weighted LS estimation, determine both weights and a design to minimize the maximum IMSE; and (4) choose weights and design points to minimize the maximum IMSE, subject to a side condition of unbiasedness. Solutions to (1)–(4) are given in complete generality. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential design in quality control and validation of land cover databases
Authors: Carfagna Elisabetta , Marzialetti Johnny 
Published: April 2009

AbstractWe have faced the problem of evaluating the quality of land cover databases produced through photo‐interpretation of remote‐sensing data according to a legend of land cover types. First, we have considered the quality control, that is, the comparison of a land cover database with the result of the photo‐interpretation made by a more expert photo‐interpreter, on a sample of the polygons. Then we have analysed the problem of validation, that is, the check of the photo‐interpretation through a ground survey.We have used the percentage of area correctly photo‐interpreted as a quality measure. Since the kind of land cover type and the size of the polygons affect the probability of making mistakes in the photo‐interpretation, we stratify the polygons according to two variables: the land cover type of the photo‐interpretation and the size of the polygons.We have proposed an adaptive sequential procedure with permanent random numbers in which the sample size per stratum is dependent on the previously selected units but the sample selection is not, and the stopping rule is not based on the estimates of the quality parameter. We have proved that this quality control and validation procedure allows unbiased and efficient estimates of the quality parameters and allows reaching high precision of estimates with the smallest sample size. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Highly Functionalized Furanoid Glycal and 2,5‐Dihydrofuran Building Blocks
Authors: Pal Pinki , Kumar Brijesh , Shaw Arun K. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDifferently protected enantiomerically pure furanoid glycals (5a–d) and highly functionalized 2,5‐dihydrofurans (6a–b) were synthesized from their respective 2,3,4‐trisubstituted tetrahydrofurans. These furanoid glycals were identified as1,4‐anhydro‐2‐deoxy‐5,6‐O‐isopropylidene‐3‐O‐benzyl‐L‐arabino‐hex‐1‐enitol, 1,4‐anhydro‐2‐deoxy‐5,6‐O‐isopropylidene‐3‐O‐benzyl‐L‐ribo‐hex‐1‐enitol, 1,4‐anhydro‐2‐deoxy‐5,6‐O‐isopropylidene‐3‐O‐benzyl‐D‐ribo‐hex‐1‐enitol and 1,4‐anhydro‐2‐deoxy‐5,6‐O‐isopropylidene‐3‐O‐benzyl‐D‐arabino‐hex‐1‐enitol, respectively. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Pyridine‐based PBI Composite Membranes for PEMFCs
Authors: Quartarone E. , Magistris A. , Mustarelli P. , Grandi S. , Carollo A. , Zukowska G.Z. , Garbarczyk J. E. , Nowinski J. L. , Gerbaldi C. , Bodoardo S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractPolybenzimidazole (PBI) activated with H3PO4 is one of the membranes of choice to replace Nafion® in PEMFCs in order to allow their use above 100 °C. The limits of PBI in terms of acid leaching and low conductivity below 160 °C can be overcome by a proper monomer tailoring, and by the addition of new fillers. Here, we report on new pyridine‐based PBI membranes with: (i) imidazole‐silica (SiO2‐Im) and (ii) mesostructured silica (SBA‐15) fillers. Both the thermal stability and the permanent conductivity are improved by adding 5 wt.‐% of filler, but SiO2‐Im gives the best results. Permanent conductivity values higher than 10–3 S cm–1 are obtained at 120 °C and 50% R.H. Vibrational spectroscopies (FT‐IR and Raman) are used to investigate the relationships among the polymer, the filler and the activating H3PO4 acid.
Perception of head and neck cancer quality of life within the medical world: A multicultural study
Authors: Demez Pierre H. , Moreau Pierre R. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundPhysician's perception of quality of life of patients with cancer is unclear. No reports have evaluated its influence on patient management.MethodsFive hundred otolaryngologists completed a questionnaire regarding the quality of life of patients with head and neck cancer.ResultsSeventy‐eight percent of responders thought that quality of life must be considered when choosing treatment, even if this meant decreased survival. Seventy‐five percent thought it justified to withhold curative treatment if this would lead to impaired quality of life. Pain and breathing were the most important symptoms to consider. The perception was worse for physicians practicing in Latin culture, working in private practice, or with no personal acquaintance with a head and neck cancer victim and was better after radiotherapy than after surgery and chemotherapy.ConclusionQuality of life is important for physicians and is considered as essential as survival by many physicians. The perception of patient's quality of life influences the treatment choice. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Role of vitamin D deficiency in continued hyperparathyroidism following parathyroidectomy
Authors: Redman Carolyn , Bodenner Donald , Stack Brendan 
Published: April 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate vitamin D deficiency as an etiology for patients with elevated parathormone (PTH) levels after parathyroidectomy.MethodsFifity‐five patients were identified who had undergone parathyroidectomy between January 2003 and November 2006 with complete records that included measurements of preoperative and postoperative PTH, vitamin D, calcium, ionized calcium, and sestamibi localization results.ResultsThirteen patients (24%) had elevated PTH at 1 week postoperatively. Sixty‐two percent of these patients (N = 8, 15% overall) had vitamin D deficiency. Thirty‐one percent (N = 4, 7% overall) had persistent biochemical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism. Three of the 4 had a subsequent positive sestamibi parathyroid localization of an additional adenoma (5.5% series incidence of double adenomas).ConclusionGiven the known prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, consideration should be given to preoperative vitamin D testing to avoid confusion about the etiology of persistently elevated PTH following surgery. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009