bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fluorescent Blue Phosphazene Dye: Synthesis, Structure and Optical Properties of 1,6‐Bis(Dimethylamino)‐2,5,7,10‐Tetraazo‐1,6λ5‐Diphosphapyrene
Authors: Lebkücher Anna , Rybina Arina , Herten Dirk‐Peter , Hübner Olaf , Wadepohl Hubert , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: March 2011

AbstractHerein we report on the synthesis, structure, and optical properties of the fluorescent blue phosphazene dye 1,6‐bis(dimethylamino)‐2,5,7,10‐tetraazo‐1,6λ5‐diphosphapyrene, which was isolated as the unexpected product of the reaction between 1,4,5,8‐(tetraamino)naphthalene and [P(NMe2)3Br]Br. This dye, which turned out to be soluble in water and a range of organic solvents (including hexane, tetrahydrofuran / petroleum ether, acetonitrile, and ethanol), was structurally characterized by XRD. Its absorption as well as emission spectra and their sensitivity to pH variations were analyzed. The experimental work is complemented by quantum chemical calculations on the possible intermediate on the way to the isolated product and on its pKa value.
False Traumatic Aneurysms and Arteriovenous Fistulas: Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Davidovic Lazar B. , Banzić Igor , Rich Norman , Dragaš Marko , Cvetkovic Slobodan D. , Dimic Andrija 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of false traumatic aneurysms and arteriovenous fistulas as well as the outcomes of the patients.MethodsA retrospective, 16‐year survey has been conducted regarding the cases of patients who underwent surgery for false traumatic aneurysms (FTA) of arteries and traumatic arteriovenous fistulas (TAVF). Patients with iatrogenic AV fistulas and iatrogenic false aneurysms were excluded from the study. There were 36 patients with TAVF and 47 with FTA. In all, 73 (87.95%) were male, and 10 (12.05%) were female, with an average age of 36.93 years (13–82 years).ResultsIn 25 (29.76%) cases TAVF and FTA appeared combat‐related, and 59 (70.24%) were in noncombatants. The average of all intervals between the injury and surgery was 919. 8 days (1 day to 41 years) for FTA and 396.6 days (1 day to 9 years) for TAVF. Most of the patients in both groups were surgically treated during the first 30 days after injury. One patient died on the fourth postoperative day. There were two early complications. The early patency rate was 83.34%, and limb salvage was 100%. There were no recurrent AV fistulas that required additional operations.ConclusionsBecause of their history of severe complications, FTA and TAV fistulas require prompt treatment. The treatment is simpler if there is only a short interval between the injury and the operation. Surgical endovascular repair is mostly indicated.
Temporal patterns of growth and nutrient accumulation of plant species in a Mediterranean mountainous grassland
Authors: Mamolos Andreas P. , Vasilikos Charilaos V. , Veresoglou Demetrios S. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe temporal patterns of growth and nutrient accumulation into shoots of coexisting species were studied at two neighbouring areas contrasting with respect to long‐term water availability, in an upland herbaceous grassland. Plant growth limiting nutrients were nitrogen (N) in the wet area, and N and phosphorus (P) in the dry area. A series of seven harvests allowed assessment of temporal patterns of peaks for dry matter, N, P and potassium (K) accumulation into shoots and their respective rates of accumulation. Additionally, “pairwise species’ proportion similarities” and “pairwise species’ overlaps” were estimated from shoot biomass data. The peaks of N and P accumulation preceded those of K and dry matter accumulation. Similar trends were evident for the respective rates of accumulation. Compared to the dry area, in the wet area there was a prolonged growing period that increased the inter‐species temporal variability in the rates of nutrient accumulation. Abundance of species was correlated (negatively) to species N and P concentrations only in the dry area. It is argued that the significant negative correlation between abundance and either N or P concentrations in the dry area was indicative of intensified inter‐species competition resulting from declined temporal complementarity.
A Novel Zwitterionic Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquid Surfactant: 1‐Carboxymethyl‐3‐Dodecylimidazolium Inner Salt
Authors: Liu Xue‐feng , Dong Li‐li , Fang Yun 
Published: March 2011

AbstractA novel zwitterionic imidazolium‐based ionic liquid (IL) surfactant, 1‐carboxymethyl‐3‐dodecylimidazolium inner salt, was synthesized. The molecule structure was confirmed by means of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and elemental analysis. The isoelectric point (pI) is 3.8 ± 0.1 at 35 ± 0.1 °C. The other important physicochemical parameters such as the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surface tension at CMC (γCMC), the adsorption efficiency (pC20), the surface pressure at CMC (ΠCMC), the maximum surface excess (Γm), the minimum molecular cross‐sectional area (Amin), the value of CMC/C20 and the average number of aggregation (Nm) were determined by surface tension and steady‐state fluorescence probe methods, respectively.
Changes in Total Polar Compounds, Peroxide Value, Total Phenols and Antioxidant Activity of Various Oils Used in Deep Fat Frying
Authors: Karakaya Sibel , Şimşek Şebnem 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn this study, the effect of deep fat frying on oil degradation, total phenols (TP) and total antioxidant activity (TAA) of hazelnut, corn, soybean and olive oils were investigated. Oil degradation and oxidation were monitored by measuring the total polar compounds (TPC) and the peroxide value (PV). The amount of TPC in corn, soybean and olive oils increased significantly with the time increment (p < 0.05). The PV of the oils did not exceed the maximum acceptable limit of 10 mequiv O2/kg after 125 min frying except for hazelnut oil (10.64 mequiv O2/kg). Deep‐fat frying did not cause any significant change in the TP of corn oil, soybean oil and olive oil (p < 0.05). A significant decrease in the antioxidant activity was observed after 50 min frying using hazelnut oil and corn oil (p < 0.05). However, the antioxidant activity of soybean oil and olive oil significantly decreased after 75 and 25 min frying, respectively.
The developing oligodendrocyte: key cellular target in brain injury in the premature infant
Authors: Volpe Joseph J. , Kinney Hannah C. , Jensen Frances E. , Rosenberg Paul A. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractBrain injury in the premature infant, a problem of enormous importance, is associated with a high risk of neurodevelopmental disability. The major type of injury involves cerebral white matter and the principal cellular target is the developing oligodendrocyte. The specific phase of the oligodendroglial lineage affected has been defined from study of both human brain and experimental models. This premyelinating cell (pre‐OL) is vulnerable because of a series of maturation‐dependent events. The pathogenesis of pre‐OL injury relates to operation of two upstream mechanisms, hypoxia‐ischemia and systemic infection/inflammation, both of which are common occurrences in premature infants. The focus of this review and of our research over the past 15–20 years has been the cellular and molecular bases for the maturation‐dependent vulnerability of the pre‐OL to the action of the two upstream mechanisms. Three downstream mechanisms have been identified, i.e., microglial activation, excitotoxicity and free radical attack. The work in both experimental models and human brain has identified a remarkable confluence of maturation‐dependent factors that render the pre‐OL so exquisitely vulnerable to these downstream mechanisms. Most importantly, elucidation of these factors has led to delineation of a series of potential therapeutic interventions, which in experimental models show marked protective properties. The critical next step, i.e., clinical trials in the living infant, is now on the horizon.
Sedimentary Cladocera as indicators of past water-level changes in shallow northern lakes
Authors: Nevalainen Liisa , Sarmaja-Korjonen Kaarina , Luoto Tomi P. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe usability of subfossil Cladocera assemblages in reconstructing long-term changes in lake level was examined by testing the relationship between Cladocera-based planktonic/littoral (P/L) ratio and water-level inference model in a surface-sediment dataset and in a 2000-yr sediment record in Finland. The relationships between measured and inferred water levels and P/L ratios were significant in the dataset, implying that littoral taxa are primarily deposited in shallow littoral areas, while planktonic cladocerans accumulate abundantly mainly in deepwater locations. The 2000-yr water-level reconstructions based on the water-level inference model and P/L ratio corresponded closely with each other and with a previously available midge-inferred water-level reconstruction from the same core, showing a period of lower water level around AD 300–1000 and suggesting that the methods are valid for paleolimnological and -climatological use.
Scanning for Genomic Regions Subject to Selective Sweeps Using SNP-MaP Strategy
Authors: Deng Libin , Tang Xiaoli , Chen Wei , Lin Jiari , Lai Zhiqing , Liu Zuoqi , Zhang Dake 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Population genomic approaches, which take advantages of high-throughput genotyping, are powerful yet costly methods to scan for selective sweeps. DNA-pooling strategies have been widely used for association studies because it is a cost-effective alternative to large-scale individual genotyping. Here, we performed an SNP-MaP (single nucleotide polymorphism microarrays and pooling) analysis using samples from Eurasia to evaluate the efficiency of pooling strategy in genome-wide scans for selection. By conducting simulations of allelotype data, we first demonstrated that the boxplot with average heterozygosity (HET) is a promising method to detect strong selective sweeps with a moderate level of pooling error. Based on this, we used a sliding window analysis of HET to detect the large contiguous regions (LCRs) putatively under selective sweeps from Eurasia datasets. This survey identified 63 LCRs in a European population. These signals were further supported by the integrated haplotype score (iHS) test using HapMap II data. We also confirmed the European-specific signatures of positive selection from several previously identified genes (KEL, TRPV5, TRPV6, EPHB6). In summary, our results not only revealed the high credibility of SNP-MaP strategy in scanning for selective sweeps, but also provided an insight into the population differentiation.
SNPTransformer: A Lightweight Toolkit for Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Dong Changzheng 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
High-throughput genotyping chips have produced huge datasets for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that have contributed greatly to discovering susceptibility genes for complex diseases. There are two strategies for performing data analysis for GWAS. One strategy is to use open-source or commercial packages that are designed for GWAS. The other is to take advantage of classic genetic programs with specific functions, such as linkage disequilibrium mapping, haplotype inference and transmission disequilibrium tests. However, most classic programs that are available are not suitable for analyzing chip data directly and require custom-made input, which results in the inconvenience of converting raw genotyping files into various data formats. We developed a powerful, user-friendly, lightweight program named SNPTransformer for GWAS that includes five major modules (Transformer, Operator, Previewer, Coder and Simulator). The toolkit not only works for transforming the genotyping files into ten input formats for use with classic genetics packages, but also carries out useful functions such as relational operations on IDs, previewing data files, recoding data formats and simulating marker files, among other functions. It bridges upstream raw genotyping data with downstream genetic programs, and can act as an in-hand toolkit for human geneticists, especially for non-programmers. SNPTransformer is freely available at http://snptransformer.sourceforge.net.
REFLEXIBLE REGULAR MAPS WITH NO NON-TRIVIAL EXPONENTS FROM RESIDUAL FINITENESS
Authors: ŠIRÁŇ JOZEF , STANEKOVÁ ĽUBICA , OLEJÁR MARIÁN 
Published: March 2011

AbstractRegular maps, that is, graph embeddings with the ‘highest level’ of orientation-preserving symmetry, can be identified with two-generator presentations of groups G of the form 〈x, y; xm = y2 = (xy)n = … = 1〉; the parameters m and n are the valence and the covalence of the map, respectively. The element j ∈ Zm* is an exponent of such a map if the assignments x ↦ xj and y ↦ y extend to an automorphism of G. The element −1 is an exponent if and only if the map is reflexible, that is, isomorphic to its mirror image. Non-trivial exponents, j ≠ ±1, induce automorphisms of the underlying graph, which are not map automorphisms but can nevertheless be considered as ‘external symmetries’ of the map. In this paper we show with the help of residual finiteness of triangle groups that for any given m, n≥3 such that 1/m + 1/n ≤ 1/2, there exist infinitely many finite, reflexible and regular maps of valence m and covalence n with no non-trivial exponent.
Prediction of grape production by grapevine cultivar Godello in north-west Spain
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-GONZÁLEZ M. , ESCUREDO O. , RODRÍGUEZ-RAJO F. J. , AIRA M. J. , JATO V. 
Published: March 2011

SUMMARYAdvance knowledge of potential grape production is of great value for harvest and post-harvest planning, in that it enables the winery to estimate requirements in terms of crop insurance and grape-picking workforce, and to optimize post-harvest processes.An aerobiological and phenological study of the Godello grape variety was carried out at a vineyard belonging to the Ribeiro Designation of Origin (Ourense, Spain) from 2004 to 2009. Aerobiological data were obtained using a Lanzoni VPPS-2000 volumetric trap placed inside the vineyard, while phenological observations were conducted on 20 selected vines, using the Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and chemical industry(BBCH) standardized scale. Pollen production per anther and per grapevine was studied during the flowering stage, and airborneVitispollen counts were recorded. This information was used to develop a model for predicting local grape production. The equation obtained accounted for 0·99 of harvest variability, thus enabling accurate prediction of grape production 1-month in advance.
Spelling, phonology and etymology in Hittite historical linguistics
Authors: Weeden Mark 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis is a review article on Alwin Kloekhorst,Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon(Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series 5. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2008. $199. ISBN 978 90 04 16092 7). The article addresses issues arising from Kloekhorst's depiction of Hittite cuneiform spelling conventions in the context of the wider cuneiform world (Mesopotamia and Northern Syria). In particular the representation of a glottal stop in Hittite and relevant cuneiform writing is addressed. The second part of the article addresses further individual graphic and lexical issues arising throughout the etymological dictionary.
The peripheral protectionist backlash in theFirst Globalization: Spain (1870-1913)
Authors: Sabaté Marcela , Fillat Carmen , Gracia Ana Belén 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis paper studies the role played by different trade barriers (transport costs, customs and currency) in the evolution of Spanish imports during theFirst Globalization(1870-1913). Through the estimation of several gravity equations with panel data analysis, we obtain the elasticities of imports to each barrier, which allows us to combine them into a singlead valoremmeasure of barriers to trade (which we call thetrade costs tariff equivalent). More interestingly, the contribution of the barriers to the profile of thetariff equivalent, as well as the assignment of an active role to the peseta exchange rate as a barrier, illustrates the existence of a protectionist backlash against the sustained decline in transport costs in the period 1870-1913.
Solute behaviour and export rates in neotropical montane catchments under different land-uses
Authors: Bücker Amelie , Crespo Patricio , Frede Hans-Georg , Breuer Lutz 
Published: March 2011

Abstract:To improve our knowledge of the influence of land-use on solute behaviour and export rates in neotropical montane catchments we investigated total organic carbon (TOC), Ca, Mg, Na, K, NO3and SO4concentrations during April 2007–May 2008 at different flow conditions and over time in six forested and pasture-dominated headwaters (0.7–76 km2) in Ecuador. NO3and SO4concentrations decreased during the study period, with a continual decrease in NO3and an abrupt decrease in February 2008 for SO4. We attribute this to changing weather regimes connected to a weakening La Niña event. Stream Na concentration decreased in all catchments, and Mg and Ca concentration decreased in all but the forested catchments during storm flow. Under all land-uses TOC increased at high flows. The differences in solute behaviour during storm flow might be attributed to largely shallow subsurface and surface flow paths in pasture streams on the one hand, and a predominant origin of storm flow from the organic layer in the forested streams on the other hand. Nutrient export rates in the forested streams were comparable to the values found in literature for tropical streams. They amounted to 6–8 kg ha−1y−1for Ca, 7–8 kg ha−1y−1for K, 4–5 kg ha−1y−1for Mg, 11–14 kg ha−1y−1for Na, 19–22 kg ha−1y−1for NO3(i.e. 4.3–5.0 kg ha−1y−1NO3-N) and 17 kg ha−1y−1for SO4. Our data contradict the assumption that nutrient export increases with the loss of forest cover. For NO3we observed a positive correlation of export value and percentage forest cover.
Responses of plant functional types to environmental gradients in the south-west Ethiopian highlands
Authors: Wana Desalegn , Beierkuhnlein Carl 
Published: March 2011

Abstract:Plant functional types across environmental gradients can be considered as a powerful proxy that reveals vegetation–environment relationships. The objectives of this study were to investigate the response in the relative abundance of plant functional types along altitudinal gradients and to examine the relationship of plant functional types to environmental variables. The study was conducted in the Gughe-Amaro Mountains, in the south-west Ethiopian highlands. We established 74 plots with an area of 400 m2(20 × 20 m) each along altitudinal ranges between 1000 and 3000 m asl. Data on site environmental conditions and on the abundance of plant functional types were analysed using the constrained linear ordination technique (RDA) in order to identify the relationships between plant functional types and environmental variables. Altitude, soil organic carbon, soil sand fraction and surface stone cover were significantly related to the relative abundance of plant functional types across the gradient. Tussocks and thorns/spines were abundant in lower altitudinal ranges in response to herbivory and drought while rhizomes and rosettes were abundant at higher altitudes in response to the cold. Generally our results show that topographic attributes (altitude and slope) as well as soil organic carbon play an important role in differentiating the relative abundance of plant functional types in the investigated gradient. Thus, considering specific plant functional types would provide a better understanding of the ecological patterns of vegetation and their response to environmental gradients in tropical regions of Africa prone to drought.
Effects of altitude and vegetation on small-mammal distribution in the Urucum Mountains, western Brazil
Authors: Caceres Nilton Carlos , Godoi Maurício Neves , Hannibal Wellington , Ferreira Vanda Lúcia 
Published: March 2011

Abstract:We conducted a study on small-mammal composition, abundance and diversity across altitudinal and vegetational gradients in the Urucum Mountains (from 150 to 1000 m asl) in western Brazil, a complex biogeographic region. Small mammals were collected in 31 sampling units distributed along altitudinal and vegetational gradients (forest and grassland), totalling 18 112 trap-nights for pitfall and 3500 trap-nights for live-trap. Community variation among sampling units was assessed by randomization tests, setting altitude, vegetation, locality and time as factors, and using presence/absence data. Correlation and logistic regression analyses were run for species and diversity along gradients of altitude and vegetation, according to abundance and presence/absence data. Nineteen species (seven marsupial and 12 rodent) and 355 individuals were recorded. The species composition of small mammals differed according to altitude, vegetation type, locality and time. Species diversity varied significantly according to altitude. Species were influenced solely by altitude or vegetation, or by both vegetation and altitude concomitantly. The small-mammal community was divided in two groups according to biogeographic affinities. The grassland group is capable of invading forest habitats. The results are discussed in light of current hypotheses that attempt to explain community variation along altitudinal gradients around the world.
‘God's earth will be sacred’: Religion, Theology, and the Open Space Movement in Victorian England
Authors: BAIGENT ELIZABETH 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe Victorian open space movement is accounted for variously by nostalgia, progress, and a changed conception of national identity, but explanatory factors are generally understood in secular ways which take little account of the pervasive influence of contemporary Christianity. These explanations overlap with discussions of nineteenth-century leisure which stress its links with secularisation. Christianity however was a significant motivation for some open space campaigners whose theology explainedhownature was to uplift those who experienced it. This paper considers the Commons Preservation Society, founded in 1865; the preservation of Epping Forest for recreation between 1865 and 1880; and the forest's management in the 1880s and 1890s. It argues that although histories of the Commons Preservation Society and the Epping Forest campaign describe them in secular, rational terms, many prominent campaigners were motivated by religion, in the sense of orthodox Christianity. Practical religion significantly affected the development of mass recreation for the poor in the forest. Explanations of the open space movement which ignore religion thus seem inadequate.
Herman on Moral Literacy
Authors: Engstrom Stephen 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn her recent book, Barbara Herman explores a range of topics commonly associated with virtue ethics; her focus, however, is not so much on virtue as on normal moral competence and the basic moral capacity underpinning it. To explicate this competence, Herman introduces the idea of moral literacy, arguing that it reveals Kantian ethical thought to be better able than Humean views to account for our readiness to hold persons responsible even for conduct reflecting character flaws that stem from deficiencies in their upbringing. Examination of Herman's account raises a question, however, about how intimately moral literacy is related to the basic moral capacity.
Embracing Kant's Formalism
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn response to critical discussions of my book,Moral Literacy, by Stephen Engstrom, Sally Sedgwick and Andrews Reath, I offer a defence of Kant's formalism that is not only friendly to my claims for the moral theory's sensitivity to a wide range of moral phenomena and practices at the ground level, but also consistent with Kant's high rationalist ambitions.