bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Botryosphaeria dothidea Causing Shoot Blight of Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in Greece
Authors: Thomidis T. , Exadaktylou E. 
Published: September 2010

In the spring of 2010, in commercial orchards located in the Prefecture of Pieria in northern Greece, wilted shoots of kiwifruit cv. Hayward were observed. Blighted shoots took on a distinct dark color. Isolations from the lower margins of the cankers were made by plating sodium-hypochlorite-treated shoot tissue sections of approximately 3 mm on acidified (2.5 ml of 85% lactic acid per liter of nutrient medium to create a pH = 3.5 after autoclaving) potato dextrose agar. Plates were incubated at 23°C for 5 days, and a fast-growing, mouse-gray colored fungus was consistently isolated from diseased stems. Identification of the pathogen was based on morphological characteristics and confirmed by using the four random amplified polymorphic DNA primers (K19 [CAC AGG CGG A], K20 [GTG TCG CGA G], R13 [GGA CGA CAA G], and R15 [GGA CAA CGA G], suggested by Ma et al. (2). This fungus formed darkly pigmented pycnidia (170 × 155 μm), while the conidia observed in these bodies were one-celled, hyaline, ellipsoidal to fusoid with distinctly truncate bases, and measured 10.9 to 21.55 × 3.25 to 10.10 μm. The pycnidia exuded conidia in white tendrils. Koch's postulates were completed in the laboratory by inoculating 20 segments (6 cm long and 1.5 to 2 cm in diameter) of 1-year-old woody shoots of kiwifruit cv. Hayward. Using a cork borer, a 7-mm-diameter wound was created in the middle of each shoot segment by removing the bark and a 6-mm-diameter agar plug bearing mycelia from a 15-day-old culture of B. dothidea was inserted into the wound. The wound was covered with petroleum jelly and wrapped with adhesive tape to prevent desiccation. Ten control segments were similarly wounded and inoculated with an agar disk without fungal mycelium. All inoculated and noninoculated shoot segments were incubated at 25°C in moist chambers, after which the resulting necrosis was recorded. Koch's postulates were satisfied after reisolating the fungus from inoculated shoots that developed symptoms similar to those observed on shoots collected from orchards. Although B. dothidea has been previously reported to cause dieback on kiwifruit in Japan (1), to our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of B. dothidea on kiwifruit in Greece. This pathogen can cause a high level of shoot blights in diseased plants and presents a significant threat to the commercial kiwifruit production in Greece. References: (1) M. Kinugawa and T. Sato. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn. 69:373, 2003. (2) Z. Ma et al. Phytopathology 91:665, 2001.
First Report of an Armillaria Root Disease Pathogen, Armillaria gallica, Associated with Several New Hosts in Hawaii
Authors: Kim M.-S. , Hanna J. W. , Klopfenstein N. B. 
Published: September 2010

The loss and decline of native tree species caused by invasive plant pathogens is a major threat to the endangered endemic forests of the Hawaiian Islands (3). Thus, it is critical to characterize existing pathogens to evaluate potential invasiveness. In August 2005, rhizomorphs and mycelial bark fans of genet HI-4 were collected from dead/declining, mature trees of introduced Monterey pine (Pinus radiata) on the southern flank of Mauna Kea, Hawaii (approximately 19°42′55″N, 155°26′48″W, elevation 2,175 m). In March of 2008, three additional genets (HI-11, HI-13, and HI-16) were collected as rhizomorphs at a site named Pu'u La'au (west slope of the Mauna Kea Forest Reserve area, approximately 19°50′00″N, 155°35′35″W, elevation 2,275 to 2,550 m), approximately 20 km west-northwest of the HI-4 collection. These genets were collected from apparently healthy loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) that were introduced, apparently healthy māmane (Sophora chrysophylla; an endemic tree species of Hawaii), dead and dying māmane, and apparently healthy Methley plum (Prunus cerasifera × Prunus salicina) that was planted. All isolates were determined to have identical sequences in the intergenic spacer-1 rDNA region (GenBank Accession No. DQ995357). On the basis of somatic paring tests against North American Armillaria tester strains and 99% nucleotide sequence identities to GenBank Accession Nos. AY190245 and AY190246, these isolates were identified as Armillaria gallica. Past surveys have noted A. mellea sensu lato and A. nabsnona on numerous hosts in Hawaii, including māmane (3,4). However, to our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of A. gallica in Hawaii, where it was found on māmane, Monterey pine, loblolly pine, and Methley plum. A. gallica has been widely categorized as a beneficial saprophyte, an opportunistic pathogen, or an aggressive pathogen (2). A recent study suggests that A. gallica can be highly pathogenic in some areas of the eastern United States and it is an important component of forest decline (2), especially under increasing stressors such as climate change. The isolation of A. gallica from declining stands on both introduced and endemic hosts under drought conditions suggests this pathogen is a contributing factor to forest decline on the island of Hawaii. Because the māmane tree is an important component of the native forest stands and essential to the endangered palila bird (Loxioides bailleui), which feeds almost exclusively on its green seeds (1), continued monitoring of Armillaria root disease is warranted. References: (1) P. C. Banko et al. J. Chem. Ecol. 28:1393, 2002. (2) N. J. Brazee and R. L. Wick. For. Ecol. Manage. 258:1605, 2009. (3) R. E. Burgan and R. E. Nelson. USDA For. Serv. Tech. Rep. PSW-3, 1972. (4) J. W. Hanna et al. Plant Dis. 91:634, 2007.
Mrt, a Gene Unique to Fungi, Encodes an Oligosaccharide Transporter and Facilitates Rhizosphere Competency in Metarhizium robertsii
Authors: Fang Weiguo , St. Leger Raymond J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The symbiotic associations between rhizospheric fungi and plants have enormous environmental impact. Fungi are crucial to plant health as antagonists of pathogens and herbivores and facilitate the uptake of soil nutrients. However, little is known about the plant products obtained by fungi in exchange or how they are transported through the symbiotic interface. Here, we demonstrate that sucrose and raffinose family oligosaccharides in root exudates are important for rhizosphere competence in the insect pathogen Metarhizium robertsii (formerly known as Metarhizium anisopliae). We identified mutants in the Metarhiziumraffinose transporter (Mrt) gene of M. robertsii that grew poorly in root exudate and were greatly reduced in rhizosphere competence on grass roots. Studies on sugar uptake, including competition assays, revealed that MRT was a sucrose and galactoside transporter. Disrupting MRT resulted in greatly reduced or no growth on sucrose and galactosides but did not affect growth on monosaccharides or oligosaccharides composed entirely of glucose subunits. Consistent with this, expression of Mrt is exclusively up-regulated by galactosides and sucrose. Expressing a green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the Mrt promoter confirmed that MRT was expressed by germlings in the vicinity of grass roots but not in surrounding bulk soil. Disrupting Mrt did not reduce virulence to insects, demonstrating that Mrt is exclusively involved in M. robertsii’s interactions with plants. To our knowledge, MRT is the first oligosaccharide transporter identified and characterized in a fungus and is unique to filamentous fungi, but homologous genes in Magnaporthe, Ustilago, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Epichloe, and Penicillium species indicate that oligosaccharide transport is of widespread significance.
RELATIONS AMONGST VARIOUS LINEAR MEASUREMENTS AND WEIGHT FOR BLACK RHINOCEROSES IN KENYA
Authors: Freeman G. H. , King J. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYRecords of black rhinoceroses obtained from different areas of Kenya suggest a very close relationship between body weight and length and chest girth. The best regressions are: log weight on log length+log girth, and weight on length x girth2. The square of the correlation coefficient in both cases is more than 0.98, and the relations appear to be independent of habitat and sex. In contrast the two sexes show marked differences in the relation between front and back horn length with the males tending to grow relatively longer front horns. Attempts to predict the size of the animal and the length of its horns from the spoor were less successful.
OBSERVATIONS ON LIONS IN THE LAKE MANYARA NATIONAL PARK, TANZANIA
Authors: Makacha Stephen , Schaller George B. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYThe lions of Lake Manyara National Park were observed for 1 1/4 years. About 0.4 lions/km2 inhabited the park, a density nearly double that found in Nairobi National Park and Ngorongoro Crater. One group of lions occupied the southern half of the park; in the northern half, the range of two males included two distinct groups of lionesses each of which confined itself to its own area. The composition and changes in composition of each group are discussed. Buffalo were observed to kill a lion cub on three occasions, and elephant were seen to do so once. The lions' most important prey was buffalo, which comprised 62% of the kills, followed by zebra (18%) and impala (12%). Eighty‐one per cent. of the buffalo killed were males. Lions were seen in trees on 2/3 of the occasions on which they were encountered. Possible reasons for tree‐climbing are given.
AERIAL CENSUS OF BLACK RHINOCEROS USING STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING
Authors: Goddard John 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYDuring 1967–1968 a census was conducted of the black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis L.) population in part of the Tsavo ecological unit. The region concerned covers an area of approximately 23,300 km2 (9,000 square miles). Large parts of the region were systematically covered in a light aircraft and all rhinoceros observed were recorded on a 1:250,000 map. Because of the visibility bias inherent in such censuses correction factors were placed on the raw aerial data and crude estimates obtained. These crude estimates were then checked by intensive work on the ground in several sectors, and adjustments made where necessary.Using these crude estimates approximately two‐thirds of the area under consideration were stratified into five density strata: very high, high, medium, low, and very low. Within this area 250 randomly located 2.59 km2 (1 square mile) plots were intensively searched from the aircraft and all rhinoceros observed on these plots recorded. In the very high, high, and medium density strata these intensive searches resulted, at the 95% level of significance, in a population estimate of 4,200±25% of the mean or an estimate of between 3,150 and 5,255 rhinoceros within these strata. In the low stratum the statistical analysis resulted in a population estimate of 306±83% of the mean or an estimate of between 47 and 565 rhinoceros at the 90% level of significance. In the very low stratum the population estimate, at the 50% level of significance, was 266 ± 50% of the mean or an estimate of between 133 and 400 rhinoceros. A comparison of the crude estimates and the refined statistical estimates illustrates close agreement.The remaining third of the area was covered systematically and correction factors were placed on the raw aerial data. Crude estimates suggest a population of 2,800–3,000 occupying this part of the area. Assuming that this crude estimate, together with the statistical estimates for the low and very low strata, are rough approximations of the actual populations, it is statistically probable that the true population of black rhinoceros in this region lies between 6,130 and 9,220.
THE CAPTURE AND TRANSLOCATION OF THE BLACK RHINOCEROS
Authors: King J. M. 
Published: September 2010

SUMMARYBlack rhinoceroses were hunted on foot, from a vehicle, or from a helicopter throughout their range of habitats. Animals weighing 370–1,260 kg could be handled an average of 13 min after darting with a mixture of etorphine (1.9 μg/kg) and acepromazine (19 μg/kg). Cases of respiratory depression at this dosage were reversed soon after immobilisation by the intravenous injection of cyprenorphine (1.0 μg/kg). The captured animal was transported to camp, lashed on its side to a sledge, for periods of up to 515 min without mishap. A rhinoceros that was unloaded 180 min after darting rose to its feet and tried to push its way through the corner of the pen until antidote was administered at 215 min. This action was not observed in animals that received a total dose of 3.4 μg/kg of cyprenorphine before being unloaded 90–413 min after darting.The addition of hyoscine (at doses as low as 18 μg/kg) to etorphine and acepromazine improved the tractability of rhinoceroses that were only partially immobilised. However, sometimes at this dosage and always at doses above 35 μg/kg, hyoscine prolonged the ‘pushing’ phase for 175–410 min after darting despite the administration of cyprenorphine (4.0 μg/kg).There were no mortalities due to drug action in the series of 59 healthy rhinoceroses that were dart‐immobilised, but there were two deaths due to mishandling and one caused by subsequent mismanagement.
Patient safety incidents involving neuromuscular blockade: analysis of the UK National Reporting and Learning System data from 2006 to 2008
Authors: Arnot‐Smith J. , Smith A. F. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryNeuromuscular blockade is a powerful anaesthetic tool that has the potential for significant adverse outcomes. We sought to explore the national picture by analysing incidents relating to neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia from the National Reporting and Learning System from England and Wales between 2006 and 2008. We searched the database of incidents using SNOMED CT® search terms and reading the free text of relevant incidents. There were 231 incidents arising from the use or reversal of neuromuscular blocking agents. The main themes identified were: non‐availability of drugs (45 incidents, 19%), possible unintentional awareness under general anaesthesia (42 incidents, 18%), potential allergic reaction (31 incidents, 13%), problems with reversal of blockade (13 incidents, 6%), storage (13 incidents, 6%) and prolonged apnoea (11 incidents, 5%). We make recommendations to reduce human error in the use of neuromuscular blocking agents and on future incident reporting in anaesthesia.
An intranasal administration of Lactococcus lactis strains expressing recombinant interleukin‐10 modulates acute allergic airway inflammation in a murine model
Authors: Marinho F. A. V. , Pacífico L. G. G. , Miyoshi A. , Azevedo V. , Le Loir Y. , Guimarães V. D. , Langella P. , Cassali G. D. , Fonseca C. T. , Oliveira S. C. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryBackground
Around 300 million people world‐wide suffer from asthma, and the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased. Much effort has been used in the study of mechanisms involved in the immune response observed in asthma to intervene for the treatment of this condition. During inflammation in asthma, Th2 cytokines and eosinophils are essential components of the host immune system. Furthermore, for therapeutic interventions against this disease, IL‐10 is an important cytokine because it has a central role in the regulation of inflammatory cascades.Objective
To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of Lactococcus lactis strains expressing recombinant IL‐10 in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced acute airway inflammation.Methods
L. lactis expressing recombinant IL‐10 in a cytoplasmic (LL‐CYT) or secreted form (LL‐SEC) and wild‐type (LL‐WT) were used. IL‐10 production by the recombinant strains was evaluated by ELISA. After an intranasal administration of L. lactis producing recombinant IL‐10 and the induction of acute allergic airway inflammation in mice, blood samples were collected to detect IgE anti‐OVA, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was harvested for eosinophil count. Additionally, the lungs were collected for the detection of the eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) activity, measurement of cytokines and chemokines and evaluation of pathology.Results
Mice that received LL‐CYT and LL‐SEC strains showed a significant decrease in eosinophils numbers, EPO activity, anti‐OVA IgE and IgG1 levels, IL‐4 and CCL3 production and pulmonary inflammation and mucus hypersecretion, compared with the asthmatic group. Only the LL‐CYT/OVA group showed reduced levels of IL‐5, CCL2, CCL5 and CCL11.Conclusion
Treatment with L. lactis producing recombinant IL‐10 used in this study (LL‐CYT and LL‐SEC) modulated experimental airway inflammation in the mouse model independently of Treg cells. Additionally, the LL‐CYT strain was more efficient in the suppression of lung inflammation. Cite this as: F. A. V. Marinho, L. G. G. Pacífico, A. Miyoshi, V. Azevedo, Y. Le Loir, V. D. Guimarães, P. Langella, G. D. Cassali, C. T. Fonseca and S. C. Oliveira, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 1541–1551.
Ectopic lymphoid tissue formation in the lungs of mice infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae is associated with epithelial macrophage inflammatory protein-2/CXCL2 expression
Authors: Fitch P M , Wheelhouse N M , Bowles P , Paterson M , Longbottom D , Entrican G , Howie S E M 
Published: September 2010

Summary
Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cp) accounts for around 10% of community acquired bacterial pneumonia and has been associated with other chronic inflammatory conditions. We describe a C57/Bl6 murine model of Cp lung infection characterized by a dose-dependent, resolving neutrophilia followed by lymphocytic infiltration of the lungs. By 21 days post-infection, mice exhibit a T helper type 1 (Th1) polarized serum antibody response with local mucosal antibody secretion and organization of ectopic lymphoid tissue which persisted in the absence of detectable Cp DNA. Macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2/CXCL2, which recruits neutrophils and lymphocytes and is associated with ectopic lymphoid tissue formation, was secreted in the lungs post-infection. In vitro, lung epithelial cells up-regulated MIP-2/CXCL2 in response to both rough lipopolysaccharide (reLPS) and Cp infection. We conclude that Cp infection can have long-term inflammatory effects on tissue that persist after clearance of active infection.
European guidelines for quality assurance in cervical cancer screening: recommendations for collecting samples for conventional and liquid‐based cytology*
Authors: Arbyn M. , Herbert A. , Schenck U. , Nieminen P. , Jordan J. , Mcgoogan E. , Patnick J. , Bergeron C. , Baldauf J‐J. , Klinkhamer P. , Bulten J. , Martin‐Hirsch P. 
Published: September 2010

The current paper presents an annex in the second edition of the European Guidelines for Quality Assurance in Cervical Cancer Screening. It provides guidance on how to make a satisfactory conventional Pap smear or a liquid‐based cytology (LBC) sample.Practitioners taking samples for cytology should first explain to the woman the purpose, the procedure and how the result will be communicated.Three sampling methods are considered as acceptable for preparing conventional Pap smears: (i) the cervical broom; (ii) the combination of a spatula and an endocervical brush; and (iii) the extended tip spatula. Smear takers should take care to sample the entire circumference of the transformation zone, to quickly spread the cellular material over a glass slide, and to fix the preparation within a few seconds to avoid drying artefacts. According to local guidelines, one of these three methods may be preferred. Sampling with a cotton tip applicator is inappropriate.Similar procedures should be followed for sampling cells for LBC, but only plastic devices may be used. The collected cells should be quickly transferred into a vial with fixative liquid according to the instructions of the manufacturer of the LBC system.Subsequently, the slide or vial and the completed request form are sent to the laboratory for cytological interpretation.
Inconsistent use of host plants by the Alaskan swallowtail butterfly: adult preference experiments suggest labile oviposition strategy
Authors: MURPHY SHANNON M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. The Alaskan swallowtail butterfly (Papilio machaon aliaska) uses three unrelated plant species as hosts: Cnidium cnidiifolium (Apiaceae), Artemisia arctica (Asteraceae), and Petasites frigidus (Asteraceae). The research presented here investigated whether there are any consistent patterns in host choice by P. m. aliaska females.2. The first two experiments were designed to test if P. m. aliaska host preference is constant or if it changes from day to day. If host preference is labile, the experiments were designed to also test whether a female’s diet breadth narrows or expands over time.3. The third experiment tested the host preferences of female offspring from several wild‐caught P. m. aliaska females. If P. m. aliaska individuals are specialised in their host use, then all of the offspring from a single female would likely prefer the same host‐plant species. This experiment was also designed to test the Hopkins’ host selection principle; does the food plant on which a female is reared as a larva influence her future choices when she is searching for host plants for her own offspring?4. The results from all of these experiments indicate that P. m. aliaska females vary greatly in their oviposition behaviour and in their preferences for the three host plants. Most populations appear to consist of generalists with labile oviposition behaviour. There is no evidence to support the Hopkins’ host selection principle.5. It is suggested that the generalised selection of host plants by P. m. aliaska females may be a ‘bet‐hedging’ strategy and that this strategy may maximise reproductive fitness in an unpredictable environment.
Inter‐ and intra‐sexual variation in immune defence in the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)
Authors: STOEHR ANDREW M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract 1. Immune defence imposes fitness costs as well as benefits, so organisms are expected to optimise, not maximise, their immune responses. This should result in variation in immune responses under varying environmental conditions.2. Males and females are expected to exhibit different immune responses because life‐history differences between the sexes affect optimal immune response. These life‐history differences should usually result in a greater female, than male, immune defence. In this study, intra‐ and inter‐sexual variation in one component of immune defence, the encapsulation response, in cabbage white butterflies (Pieris rapae L.), was examined.3. Encapsulation decreased with increasing age and in response to reduced diet quality.4. Contrary to predictions, males generally had greater immune responses than females, although this pattern varied with age.5. These patterns of inter‐ and intra‐sexual variation in encapsulation may result from resource‐based trade‐offs with components of reproductive effort and/or because of sexual dimorphism in melanin‐based wing patterns.