bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability and Validity of an Instrument to Describe Burnout Among Collegiate Athletic Trainers
Authors: Clapper Daniel C. , Harris Laura L. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext: The existing investigations of professional burnout among certified athletic trainers (ATs) were conducted before 2000. Since 2000, several educational and legal changes have redefined the job duties and responsibilities of the AT working in collegiate athletics.Objective: To develop an instrument to determine factors that contribute to burnout in ATs employed within the collegiate athletics setting.Design: Descriptive study.Setting: National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I-A universities.Patients or Other Participants: Instrument design experts and ATs employed in various NCAA Division I-A athletic programs.Main Outcome Measure(s): The Athletic Training Burnout Inventory (ATBI) included the Maslach Burnout Inventory (18 items) plus 45 new items to address established factors that lead to burnout and to address workload issues specific to athletic training. We initially developed 3 constructs (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, level of stress, and level of organizational support) and included them in the 2 field tests and first pilot test of the ATBI. For the second pilot test, the instrument comprised 4 constructs: emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, administrative responsibility, time commitment, and organizational support. The 2 field tests were conducted to establish face and content validity of the ATBI. Reliability analyses were conducted twice on the 2 separate pilot tests using a Cronbach α set a priori at .70 and an item-to-total correlation.Results: The second pilot test of the ATBI with the 4 constructs was determined reliable (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization, α = .85; administrative responsibility, α = .82; time commitment, α = .86; and organizational support, α = .80); however, some items within 2 constructs appeared suspect with low item-to-total correlations (&lt;0.25).Conclusions: The second administration of the ATBI produced an acceptable response rate. All 4 constructs were reliable; however, the suspect items within the constructs need further investigation. Researchers need to evaluate the conceptual worth of these items to the entire instrument.
Concussion History and Postconcussion Neurocognitive Performance and Symptoms in Collegiate Athletes
Authors: Covassin Tracey , Stearne David , Elbin Robert 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Athletes are at an inherent risk for sustaining concussions. Research examining the long-term consequences of sport-related concussion has been inconsistent in demonstrating lingering neurocognitive decrements that may be associated with a previous history of concussion.

Objective:
To determine the relationship between concussion history and postconcussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms in collegiate athletes.

Design:
Repeated-measures design.

Setting:
Multi-center analysis of collegiate athletes.

Patients or Other Participants:
Fifty-seven concussed collegiate athletes (36 without concussion history, 21 with a history of 2 or more concussions).

Intervention(s):
All subjects were administered an Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing (ImPACT) neurocognitive test battery, which measures verbal memory, visual memory, reaction time, and visual processing speed and 22 concussion symptoms.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Subjects who sustained a concussion were administered 2 follow-up tests at days 1 and 5 postinjury. Independent variables were history of concussion (no history of concussion, 2 or more concussions) and time (baseline, day 1 postconcussion, or day 5 postconcussion).

Results:
A within-subjects effect (time) on ImPACT performance (P &lt; .001), a between-subjects multivariate effect of group (P &lt; .001), and a group-by-time interaction (P  =  .034) were noted. Athletes with a concussion history performed significantly worse on verbal memory (P  =  .01) and reaction time (P  =  .023) at day 5 postconcussion compared with athletes who did not report a previous concussion. No significant group differences were seen at day 5 postinjury on visual memory (P  =  .167), processing speed (P  =  .179), or total concussion symptoms (P  =  .87).

Conclusions:
Concussed collegiate athletes with a history of 2 or more concussions took longer to recover verbal memory and reaction time than athletes without a history of concussion.
Bilateral Medial Tibiofemoral Joint Stiffness in Full Extension and 20° of Knee Flexion
Authors: Aronson Patricia A. , Rijke Arie M. , Ingersoll Christopher D. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
The valgus stress test is used clinically to assess injury to the medial knee structures in 2 positions: full extension and some degree of flexion. The amount of flexion used to “isolate” the medial collateral ligament is not consistent in the literature, but most studies have shown that stiffness of the ligaments was consistent between the limbs.

Objective:
To determine (1) if the stiffness of the medial knee structures was the same bilaterally, and (2) if the stiffness was different in full extension compared with 20° of knee flexion.

Design:
Criterion standard, before-after design.

Setting:
University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Both knees of 45 healthy and active volunteers (26 females, 19 males; age  =  23.2 ± 3.96 years, height  =  170.6 ± 7.75 cm, mass  =  74.2 ± 15.14 kg) were studied.

Intervention(s):
A valgus force of 60 N was applied to the lateral aspect of both knees in full extension and in 20° of flexion.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
The slope of the force-strain line of the medial knee during a valgus force was calculated using the LigMaster arthrometer.

Results:
Slope means in full extension were 16.1 ± 3.3 (right knee) and 15.8 ± 3.1(left knee). Means for 20° of flexion were 12.2 ± 3.1 (right) and 11.7 ± 2.8 (left). Stiffness was greater when the knee was in full extension versus 20° of flexion (t44  =  12.04, P &lt; .001). No difference was noted between the slopes of the 2 knees in extension (t44  =  0.74, P  =  .46) or in flexion (t44  =  1.2, P  =  .27).

Conclusions:
These findings support the use of the contralateral knee as a control. Further, the valgus stress test should be performed in full extension and in some degree of flexion to assess the different restraining structures of the medial tibiofemoral joint.
Ankle Bracing, Fatigue, and Time to Stabilization in Collegiate Volleyball Athletes
Authors: Shaw Megan Y. , Gribble Phillip A. , Frye Jamie L. 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Fatigue has been shown to disrupt dynamic stability in healthy volunteers. It is not known if wearing prophylactic ankle supports can improve dynamic stability in fatigued athletes.

Objective:
To determine the type of ankle brace that may be more effective at providing dynamic stability after a jump-landing task during normal and fatigued conditions.

Design:
Two separate repeated-measures analyses of variance with 2 within-subjects factors (condition and time) were performed for each dependent variable.

Setting:
Research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:
Ten healthy female collegiate volleyball athletes participated (age  =  19.5 ± 1.27 years, height  =  179.07 ± 7.6 cm, mass  =  69.86 ± 5.42 kg).

Intervention(s):
Athletes participated in 3 separate testing sessions, applying a different bracing condition at each session: no brace (NB), Swede-O Universal lace-up ankle brace (AB), and Active Ankle brace (AA). Three trials of a jump-landing task were performed under each condition before and after induced functional fatigue. The jump-landing task consisted of a single-leg landing onto a force plate from a height equivalent to 50% of each participant's maximal jump height and from a starting position 70 cm from the center of the force plate.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Time to stabilization in the anterior-posterior (APTTS) and medial-lateral (MLTTS) directions.

Results:
For APTTS, a condition-by-time interaction existed (F2,18  =  5.55, P  =  .013). For the AA condition, Tukey post hoc testing revealed faster pretest (2.734 ± 0.331 seconds) APTTS than posttest (3.817 ± 0.263 seconds). Post hoc testing also revealed that the AB condition provided faster APTTS (2.492 ± 0.271 seconds) than AA (3.817 ± 0.263 seconds) and NB (3.341 ± 0.339 seconds) conditions during posttesting. No statistically significant findings were associated with MLTTS.

Conclusions:
Fatigue increased APTTS for the AA condition. Because the AB condition was more effective than the other 2 conditions during the posttesting, the AB appears to be the best option for providing dynamic stability in the anterior-posterior direction during a landing task.
Subtalar Joint Position During Gastrocnemius Stretching and Ankle Dorsiflexion Range of Motion
Authors: Johanson Marie , Baer Jennifer , Hovermale Holley , Phouthavong Phouvy 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Gastrocnemius stretching exercises often are prescribed as part of the treatment program for patients with overuse injuries associated with limited ankle dorsiflexion. However, little is known about how the position of the subtalar joint during gastrocnemius stretching affects ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM).Objective:To determine the effect of subtalar joint position during gastrocnemius stretching on ankle dorsiflexion ROM.Design:This study was a 3-way mixed-model design. The 3 factors were subtalar joint position (supinated, pronated), lower extremity (experimental, control), and time (pretest, posttest). Lower extremity and time were the repeated measures.Setting:University research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:Thirty-three healthy volunteers (29 women, 4 men).Intervention(s):Participants performed a gastrocnemius stretching exercise 2 times daily for 3 weeks with the subtalar joint of the randomly assigned experimental side (dominant or nondominant) in the randomly assigned position (supination or pronation). The contralateral lower extremity served as the control.Main Outcome Measure(s):Before and after the 3-week gastrocnemius stretching program, we used goniometers to measure ankle dorsiflexion ROM in weight-bearing and non–weight-bearing positions with the subtalar joint positioned in anatomic 0°.Results:Ankle dorsiflexion ROM measured in weight-bearing and non–weight-bearing positions increased after the gastrocnemius stretching program (P  =  .034 and .003, respectively), but the increase in ROM did not differ based on subtalar joint position (P  =  .775 and .831, respectively).Conclusions:Subtalar joint position did not appear to influence gains in ankle dorsiflexion ROM after a gastrocnemius stretching program in healthy volunteers.
Sweat Rates and Fluid Turnover in Professional Football Players: A Comparison of National Football League Linemen and Backs
Authors: Godek Sandra Fowkes , Bartolozzi Arthur R. , Burkholder Richard , Sugarman Eric , Peduzzi Chris 
Published: December 2009

Abstract

Context:
Many National Football League (NFL) teams practice 2 times per day over consecutive days in a hot and humid environment. Large body surface area (BSA) and use of protective equipment result in high sweat rates and total sweat loss in these football players.

Objective:
To compare sweat rate, sweat loss, fluid consumption, and weight loss between NFL linemen and backs during preseason practices.

Design:
Between-groups design.

Setting:
Preseason training camp with wet bulb globe temperature between 19°C and 25°C.

Patients or Other Participants:
Eight linemen and 4 backs and receivers participated.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
Data were collected during both practice sessions on 2 separate days during the first week of August. Sweat rate was calculated as change in mass adjusted for all fluids consumed between prepractice and postpractice body mass measurements and the urine produced during practice divided by the length of the practice session. Gross daily sweat losses also were calculated.

Results:
Height, mass, and BSA were higher in linemen than in backs. Sweat rate was also higher in linemen (2385 ± 520 mL/h) than in backs (1410 ± 660 mL/h, P &lt; .001), as was the total volume of sweat lost during both practices in 1 day (6870 ± 1034 mL/d versus 4110 ± 2287 mL/d, P  =  .014). Compared with backs, linemen consumed more fluids during practice (2030 ± 849 mL versus 1179 ± 753 mL, P  =  .025) but produced less urine (53 ± 73 mL versus 163 ± 141 mL, P  =  .018). There was no difference in postpractice weight loss (linemen  =  −1.15 ± 0.83%, backs  =  −1.06 ± 0.76%).

Conclusions:
Linemen sweated at higher rates, lost larger volumes of sweat, consumed more fluids, and produced less urine during practice compared with the physically smaller backs, but they did not lose a greater percentage of body weight. Sodium losses could be considerable in NFL players during the preseason because of high daily sweat losses in backs and in linemen.
The Diagnostic Value of the Clarke Sign in Assessing Chondromalacia Patella
Authors: Doberstein Scott T. , Romeyn Richard L. , Reineke David M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext: Various techniques have been described for assessing conditions that cause pain at the patellofemoral (PF) joint. The Clarke sign is one such test, but the diagnostic value of this test in assessing chondromalacia patella is unknown.Objective: To (1) investigate the diagnostic value of the Clarke sign in assessing the presence of chondromalacia patella using arthroscopic examination of the PF joint as the “gold standard,” and (2) provide a historical perspective of the Clarke sign as a clinical diagnostic test.Design: Validation study.Setting: All patients of one of the investigators who had knee pain or injuries unrelated to the patellofemoral joint and were scheduled for arthroscopic surgery were recruited for this study.Patients or Other Participants: A total of 106 otherwise healthy individuals with no history of patellofemoral pain or dysfunction volunteered.Main Outcome Measure(s): The Clarke sign was performed on the surgical knee by a single investigator in the clinic before surgery. A positive test was indicated by the presence of pain sufficient to prevent the patient from maintaining a quadriceps muscle contraction against manual resistance for longer than 2 seconds. The preoperative result was compared with visual evidence of chondromalacia patella during arthroscopy.Results: Sensitivity was 0.39, specificity was 0.67, likelihood ratio for a positive test was 1.18, likelihood ratio for a negative test was 0.91, positive predictive value was 0.25, and negative predictive value was 0.80.Conclusions: Diagnostic validity values for the use of the Clarke sign in assessing chondromalacia patella were unsatisfactory, supporting suggestions that it has poor diagnostic value as a clinical examination technique. Additionally, an extensive search of the available literature for the Clarke sign reveals multiple problems with the test, causing significant confusion for clinicians. Therefore, the use of the Clarke sign as a routine part of a knee examination is not beneficial, and its use should be discontinued.
Individual Moral Philosophies and Ethical Decision Making of Undergraduate Athletic Training Students and Educators
Authors: Caswell Shane V. , Gould Trenton E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext: Ethics research in athletic training is lacking. Teaching students technical skills is important, but teaching them how to reason and to behave in a manner that befits responsible health care professionals is equally important.Objective: To expand ethics research in athletic training by (1) describing undergraduate athletic training students' and educators' individual moral philosophies and ethical decision-making abilities and (2) investigating the effects of sex and level of education on mean composite individual moral philosophies and ethical decision-making scores.Design: Stratified, multistage, cluster-sample correlational study.Setting: Mailed survey instruments were distributed in classroom settings at 30 institutions having Commission on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)–accredited athletic training programs.Patients or Other Participants: Undergraduate students and educators (n = 598: 373 women, 225 men; mean age = 23.5 ± 6.3 years) from 25 CAAHEP-accredited athletic training programs.Main Outcome Measure(s): We used the Ethics Position Questionnaire and the Dilemmas in Athletic Training Questionnaire to compute participants' mean composite individual moral philosophies (idealism and relativism) and ethical decision-making scores, respectively. Three separate 2 (sex: male, female) × 3 (education level: underclass, upper class, educator) between-subjects factorial analyses of variance using idealism, relativism, and ethical decision-making scores as dependent measures were performed.Results: Respondents reported higher idealism scores (37.57 ± 4.91) than relativism scores (31.70 ± 4.80) (response rate = 83%). The mean ethical decision-making score for all respondents was 80.76 ± 7.88. No significant interactions were revealed. The main effect for sex illustrated that men reported significantly higher relativism scores (P = .0014, η2 = .015) than did women. The main effect for education level revealed significant differences between students' and educators' idealism (P = .0190, η2 = .013), relativism (P &lt; .001, η2 = .050), and ethical decision-making scores (P &lt; .001, η2 = .027). Tukey honestly significant difference post hoc analysis indicated that educators possessed lower idealism scores (36.90 ± 5.70) and relativism scores (29.92 ± 4.86) and higher ethical decision-making scores (82.98 ± 7.62) than did students.Conclusions: Our findings do not support changes in athletic training ethics education practices to address sex-specific needs. However, when opportunities occur for students to reason using different ethical perspectives, educators should be aware of their students' and their own moral philosophies in order to optimally facilitate professional growth.
The Role of Shoe Design in Ankle Sprain Rates Among Collegiate Basketball Players
Authors: Curtis Claudia K. , Laudner Kevin G. , McLoda Todd A. , McCaw Steven T. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Much of the recent focus in shoe design and engineering has been on improving athletic performance. Currently, this improvement has been in the form of “cushioned column systems,” which are spring-like in design and located under the heel of the shoe in place of a conventional heel counter. Concerns have been raised about whether this design alteration has increased the incidence of ankle sprains.Objective:To examine the incidence of lateral ankle sprains in collegiate basketball players with regard to shoe design.Design:Prospective cohort study.Setting:Certified athletic trainers at 1014 National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-affiliated schools sponsoring basketball during the 2005–2006 regular season were notified of an online questionnaire. Athletic trainers at 22 of the 1014 schools participated.Patients or Other Participants:A total of 230 basketball players (141 males, 89 females; age  =  20.2 ± 1.5 years) from NCAA Division I–III basketball programs sustained lateral ankle sprains.Main Outcome Measure(s):Ankle sprain information and type of shoe worn (cushioned column or noncushioned column) were collected via online survey. The incidence of lateral ankle sprains and type of shoes worn were compared using a chi-square analysis.Results:No difference was noted in ankle sprain incidence between groups (χ2  =  2.44, P  =  .20, relative risk  =  1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]  =  0.32, 6.86). The incidence of ankle sprains was 1.33 per 1000 exposures in the cushioned column group (95% CI  =  0.62, 3.51) and 1.96 per 1000 exposures in the noncushioned column group (95% CI  =  0.51, 4.22).Conclusions:No increased incidence of ankle sprains was associated with shoe design.
Lower Extremity Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces After Prophylactic Lace-Up Ankle Bracing
Authors: DiStefano Lindsay J. , Padua Darin A. , Brown Cathleen N. , Guskiewicz Kevin M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractContext:Long-term effects of ankle bracing on lower extremity kinematics and kinetics are unknown. Ankle motion restriction may negatively affect the body's ability to attenuate ground reaction forces (GRFs).Objective:To evaluate the immediate and long-term effects of ankle bracing on lower extremity kinematics and GRFs during a jump landing.Design:Experimental mixed model (2 [group] × 2 [brace] × 2 [time]) with repeated measures.Setting:Sports medicine research laboratory.Patients or Other Participants:A total of 37 healthy subjects were assigned randomly to either the intervention (n  =  11 men, 8 women; age  =  19.63 ± 0.72 years, height  =  176.05 ± 10.58 cm, mass  =  71.50 ± 13.15 kg) or control group (n  =  11 men, 7 women; age  =  19.94 ± 1.44 years, height  =  179.15 ± 8.81 cm, mass  =  74.10 ± 10.33 kg).Intervention(s):The intervention group wore braces on both ankles and the control group did not wear braces during all recreational activities for an 8-week period.Main Outcome Measure(s):Initial ground contact angles, maximum joint angles, time to reach maximum joint angles, and joint range of motion for sagittal-plane knee and ankle motion were measured during a jump-landing task. Peak vertical GRF and the time to reach peak vertical GRF were assessed also.Results:While participants were wearing the brace, ankle plantar flexion at initial ground contact (brace  =  35° ± 13°, no brace  =  38° ± 15°, P  =  .024), maximum dorsiflexion (brace  =  21° ± 7°, no brace  =  22° ± 6°, P  =  .04), dorsiflexion range of motion (brace  =  56° ± 14°, no brace  =  59° ± 16°, P  =  .001), and knee flexion range of motion (brace  =  79° ± 16°, no brace  =  82° ± 16°, P  =  .036) decreased, whereas knee flexion at initial ground contact increased (brace  =  12° ± 9°, no brace  =  9° ± 9°, P  =  .0001). Wearing the brace for 8 weeks did not affect any of the outcome measures, and the brace caused no changes in vertical GRFs (P &gt; .05).Conclusions:Although ankle sagittal-plane motion was restricted with the brace, knee flexion upon landing increased and peak vertical GRF did not change. The type of lace-up brace used in this study appeared to restrict ankle motion without increasing knee extension or vertical GRFs and without changing kinematics or kinetics over time.