bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oil Sands Research At the Alberta Research Council
Authors: Wiggins E.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
I was very pleased to receive the invitation from the Program Committee to speak on the subject of Oil Sands Research at the Alberta Research Council, since we like to feel that we pioneered in this field in Canada. Our involvement dates back to the work of the late Dr. Karl Clark on the development of the hot water separation process in the early 1920's, and the operation of a small pilot plant at Fort McMurray in 1929.
Since there are seven other papers at the Symposium by members of the Alberta Research Council staff dealing with specific aspects of oil sands research, I do not feel that it is appropriate for me to discuss any parts of our program in detail. Instead, I will first give a general picture of the Alberta Research Council's role and activities, and then describe our current involvement in the oil sands field.
The Alberta Research Council is one of eight provincial research councils and foundations in Canada, and all of these have a number of features in common: they are applied research organizations dedicated primarily to the development of their regions; they receive varying amounts of base support from their respective provincial governments, but also carry out research on a contract basis for private industry 'and government departments and agencies; and most of them were originally offshoots of a provincial university. They have no organizational ties with the National Research Council, although they work jointly with it in such fields as the operation of the Technical Information Service in the provinces. Likewise, they have no formal ties with each other although they cooperate in areas of mutual interest and have a national association to represent them in matters such as Federal research incentive and contracting policies. To the best of my knowledge, this system of independent regional research organizations is more highly developed in Canada than in any other country of comparable population. Presumably it is one more reflection of the geographic extent of Canada and of the economic and cultural diversity of its regions.
The Alberta Research Council is typical of these provincial research organizations in that its programs are directed primarily to the economic and social development of Alberta, with only limited activities in other parts of the world. It was originally established by joint action of the University of Alberta and the provincial Government, and for much of its early history was physically a part of the university. For the past 25 years it has had its own staff and facilities, although it still occupies a small amount of space in university buildings and operates several programs jointly with the university. The Alberta Research Council has the status of a provincial crown corporation and operates under the direction of a Board? made up of representatives of the Alberta Cabinet, the private sector, and the universities.
Thawing of Permafrost Beneath a Buried Pipe
Authors: Lunardini V.J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The rate of thaw beneath the center of a hot pipe buried in permafrost was calculated by the quasi-steady approximate method. The solution assumes a purely conductive heat transfer model. The heat loss at the surface was included for the case of a pipe buried at a finite depth. Functions are presented which allow the thaw Tate below the pipe and the heat transfer from the pipe to be calculated for any pipe radius, burial depth, temperature of the pipe surface, as well as initial temperature and thermal properties of the surrounding permafrost. The method allows a quick estimate to be made of the effect of burial depth, temperature and soil thermal properties on the phase change beneath a pipe. The same details can also be applied to the case of freezing around a buried pipe.

Introduction
THE PROBLEM OF THAWING beneath a hot pipe buried in permafrost, or in permafrost regions, has been of considerable interest. Unfortunately, the nonlinear nature of the problem precludes exact solutions when the geometry of the system is curvilinear. However, the exact solution for the semi-infinite region, known as the Neumann problem(1) is available and the details of this solution demonstrate the validity of the quasi-steady, or Stefan(2), approximate method. This idea relies on the fact that the rate of movement of the phase change interface is slow enough that the heat transfer for each region is essentially steady-state at any instant of time. This method was extended by Khakimov(3) to the case of a cylinder embedded in an infinite medium, where the concept was used of a finite volume around the cylinder in which the temperature is disturbed. Gupta'" extended the method to the analogous case of the sphere. There are numerous numerical solutions of the problem, such as those of Lachenbruch(5), but these methods are lengthy when applied to two-dimensional problems and are not convenient for quick estimates.

Theory
Consider the case of thawing of a medium initially frozen at temperature To. A hot cylinder with a surface temperature Ta is inserted into the medium at zero time. The thermal effect will extend, at any time, to a finite distance (a), i.e., the initial temperature of the medium will be unchanged at a location sufficiently far from the hot cylinder. This distance is denoted by the radius (a) and it can be assumed that the ratio α = a/R is a constant, using α = 4.5, as did Khakimov. Using the quasi-steady assumption and letting 0 = T ? To, the temperature for each region (see Fig. 1) will be the solution of the one dimensional conduction equation:
(Equation Available In Full Paper)
The energy required to thaw region 1 and increase the temperature of regions 1 and 2 is the sum of the latent plus the sensible heats and can be written as:
The Electrical Conductivity Of Medium Heavy Crude Oil
Authors: Kendall E.J.M. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In this paper, the electrical conductivity of crude oil (S.G.= 0.9) is examined over the temperature range of 50 °C to +75 °C. It is shown that the conductivity of the oil increases exponentially with increasing temperature. Two possible conduction processes based on semiconductor theory and electrokinetic theory are discussed. Conductivities of the order of 2.5 ×10−8υm−1 were observed and the energy gap or activation energy was about 1.0 eV.

Introduction
With the wide use of electrical logging and the future possibility of the use of electrical heating methods for the extraction and processing of crude oil, detailed knowledge of the variation and nature of its electrical conductivity is required. To date, work seems to have been done on an ad hoc basis and very little has been published (1,2). The present work was performed On a variety of heavy crude oils (S.G. = 0.9) as extracted, because it is in this state that the oil is first encountered. No attempt has been made to explain the variations encountered for oils from different sources, as each sample followed a similar pattern. Later work will correlate changes in carrier concentration and mobility with chemical composition and the source of the oil.

Experimental Method
The apparatus consisted of two polished circular stainless steel plates, each 100 cm2 in area, spaced 1 cm apart in a perspex holder. The sample oil was poured on top of the lower plate and the upper plate was pressed into position in the holder, pushing some oil into the reservoir provided. The sample was kept in a nitrogen atmosphere to prevent excessive oxidation. The apparatus was installed in a temperature-controlled oven-refrigerator in which the temperature could be varied from −100 °C to + 400 °C, and a thermocouple was installed on the lower plate.
The oven was set at a particular temperature and a series of current measurements were made on the sample for a variety of voltages. Some problems were encountered with initial changes in the results. These appeared to be due to the fact that the oil took an appreciable time to make intimate contact with the electrodes. This settling down period was considerably shorter at higher temperatures. A period of two or three hours was allowed for equilibrium to set in after each temperature change.
The temperature range used was from −50 °C to +75 °C, because below −50 °C the resistance of the oil becomes too high to measure with the present apparatus with any reasonable degree of accuracy. At about +100 °C the various oil specimens became volatile, with a tendency to boil, and the results were not consistent. The apparatus was carefully and scrupulously cleaned and dried between each specimen change.

Experimental Results and Analysis
Initial results at 25 °C showed no change in resistivity with changing voltage or with changing the polarity of the electrodes after various periods of time. This means that the conduction process through the oil is not sensitive to the electrical field applied, at least not from 0 Vm−1 to 10 kVm−1.
Yield Stress Measurement Of Gelling Oils
Authors: Batycky J.P. , Ritter R.A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
An instrument has been developed which permits the reliable measurement at yield stress in gelling crude oils. The improvement of the present apparatus over the standard tubular instruments appears to be related to a lack of formation of fissures in the gel on cooling and also to the fact that a direct measurement o yield stress is obtained. Implications for pipeline start-up are described which suggest that the shear stress must be exceeded locally in all parts of the line. The temperature dependence of yield stress is illustrated for both a refined oil preparation and a crude oil. For the particular curing temperatures employed, the yield stress does not appear to be sensitive to duration of annealing, duration of cooling or the rate of application of stress.

Introduction
Many crude oils throughout the world display properties which can be rheologically described as being thixotropic(1,6,8,10,17,20). Such oils are equivalently characterized as being "high-pour-point" oils. Using a standardized test, the pour point is that experimentally measured temperature at which an oil shows a tendency to gel or to not pour while it is being cooled. The word "high" refers to situations in which this temperature is higher than the ambient conditions which can be encountered as the oil is moved to the refinery. Consequently, its interpretation differs from one geographical region to another. The undesirable gelling behaviour of a thixotropic oil can manifest itself as the oil is being cooled while at rest below a certain temperature, or when the cooled oil is permitted to remain static for a prolonged period.
Often, sufficiently low temperatures can be expected to occur during handling. The implications for storage or pipeline transportation of this type of oil are beyond those normally considered in the design of facilities (1,4,6,7,10,15-19). Difficulties in starting due to the gelling of a thixotropic oil can arise in a pipeline once flow has terminated either as the result of a breakdown or a refitting of the line. With the temperature of the oil at a suitably low level and if the oil has had sufficient time to set, the pump head required to initiate flow can be considerably higher than that necessary for the normal operation of the line. The necessary head which can be related to the shear strength of the oil in its gelled condition is affected by the previous shear and thermal history of the oil as well as the temperature present in the pipeline. The lower the temperature of the oil, the greater the head necessary to fracture the gel. Therefore, provision to accommodate restarting of the line must be incorporated into the design of any facilities transporting such an oil.
There are many alternate approaches to the problem, which can be considered either separately or in combination with one another depending on the economics associated with them. Those most often included are:heat tracing of the line to maintain an elevated temperature, which can certainly be most useful over short distances,
The Great Lloydminster Oil Rush
Authors: Burge Edgar 
Published: March 2010

Perhaps because of my Canadian citizenship, Schlumberger Well Surveying Corporation transferred me to Canada when they first opened an office in this country in 1946. The manager was to be Charlie Bailey, with offices in the Burns Building in Calgary. I was to be the field engineer, located in Lloydminster. The way had been paved for us with a smooth layer of promises by Andrei A. Perebinossoff who, in two months, had become a legend as Mr. "Perry" in all the small towns of Alberta, where a presumably, all the future oil exploration would occur. Arriving dressed like a World War I flying ace (perhaps piloted by his friend Roy Graves of Dowell Incorporated) or striding into a beer parlor like a movie director from Hollywood in his French beret, breeches and riding boots and exuding his unique blend of French-Russian-American charm, "Perry" presented a picture of Schlumberger well logs never seen in Canada before or since.
Largely due to the impression left by Perebinossoff, the Canadian branch immediately operated in the black, but there were other reasons. Our logging truck came cheap, having already been written off as obsolete in California. Also, brilliantly, "Perry" had hired Hughie Gough and Arne Thorson of Okotoks as truck drivers and operators. These two, after rebuilding the truck in Casper, Wyoming, to suit our winter conditions, were apparently willing to carry it on their backs if necessary to maintain our reputation for service.
Our competition was the logging service offered by Halliburton, which became Welex a few years later. We felt that we had the better logs, but we had to admit that they had earned the loyalty of their clients, That loyalty was hard to win over to our side. We were the late-comers, by several months at least. So began a long period of friendship, mutual respect and rivalry with Halliburton's Bob Wark, Stan Nelner, Jack Pettinger and Harold Fairbanks. Stan is still with Welex, in Europe. We all believed that the client's interests came first and we would call in our competition rather than make a well wait, if we were very busy.
The Lloydminster oil boom of the late 1940s was something to experience. When we arrived, there was only one hotel and only one hotel room allowed per company; no rooms for mere families no houses and no office space to be had. However, it did have a very large, busy, dripping beer parlor, which served as a sort of oil forum and labour exchange. Perebinossoff had told me not to get an office, but to operate from the beer parlor in order to be part of the oil picture, but after a week or so I had to give up and rent part of a shack for office space. My wife, and daughter got a room in the Brunswick Hotel in Vermilion and I became a commuter.
Leak Detection — “A Necessity In Today''s Industry ”
Authors: Muth R.B. , Bratrud T.F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Present methods of detecting gas leaks during testing of well heads, tubular goods, flowlines and even complete gas plants are woefully inadequate. If leaks are allowed to continue, the resulting high costs, both financial and in human life, can be disastrous.
A unique method of leak detection is now being employed to record leaks as low as 0.0001 ce/sec (1 SCF in 10 years). With this innovative technology, the oil and gas industry is now able to eliminate the presence of dangerous gases to a degree not possible prior to this development. The process involves the use of a tracer gas (helium) and a portable mass spectrometer tuned to respond to the molecular weight of this gas.
To date, the method has seen widespread use on production platforms in the North Sea, with outstanding success. Its reputation for providing a reliable and safe means of leak detection remains untarnished.
Details of the process and up-to-date job histories will be presented in the paper.

Introduction
In today's petroleum industry, the demands on systems used in the transfer of hydrocarbons are rising steadily. Gas production facilities, chemical plants and oil refineries are operating more efficiently, and at higher capacities. Because these facilities deal with toxic and flammable gases at high pressures, safety standards require a high level of system integrity. This means leaks must be detected and repaired.
Various methods have been used for leak detection, with limited success. Hydrostatic testing is not acceptable for establishing the leak integrity of a gas flow system due to the differences in gas and liquid flow regimes (Santeler/Moller(1)). Methane and H2S gas can closely simulate operating conditions, but the techniques and instruments used do not provide accurate and reliable results. The demand for a safer, more sensitive and quantitative method of leak detection led to the techniques described in this paper.
The use of the helium mass spectrometer to detect leaks is not a novel idea-the technology has been available for over thirty years. Its use has been mainly confined to the high vacuum industry, with specialized applications in space simulation apparatus and nuclear breeder research. Initial development was tied in closely with the manufacture of mercury-are rectifiers and hermetically sealed meters for the aircraft industry. Work has progressed to include the testing of intermediate heat exchangers, as outlined by Hopkins(2) for use in liquid fast breeder facilities, but the methods used were centered around vacuum techniques. Pressurized systems, although as prone to troublesome leaks as vacuum systems, had never received the benefits of advancements in helium leak detection.
Trends In PIP And COR Planning
Authors: Parsons R.B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Now that the PIP and COR rules seem to be taking shape (more than two years after the introduction of PIP and COR!), industry operators and investors are in a better position to do some productive planning in order to optimize their PIP benefits.
This month, Tax Topics examines some of the opportunities that are currently available for such planning.

Introduction
With the enactment of the legislation to give effect to the exploration and development grant programs of the federal and Alberta governments, applicants for grants are now better able to plan the operating structure through which they and their participants will carry on qualified exploration and development activities. The governing legislation is set out in the Canadian Ownership and Control Determination Act (COCDA), the Petroleum Incentives Program Act (PIPA) and the Alberta Petroleum Incentives Program Act (APIPA).
It is to be noted, however, that the references herein to the regulations issued under the COCDA are based on the draft thereof issued by the Minister of Energy, Mines and Resources ("Minister ") in the spring of 1982. However, it appears that by virtue of Section 62 of the COCDA, these draft regulations may be relied upon by applicants for a control and ownership certificate under that statute. As of the date of writing, the "final" regulations had not been issued. It is understood that these "final" regulations will differ to some degree from the existing draft, but apparently not in a substantive way.
The purpose of this article is to identify certain specific situations which, in the author's view, illustrate some of the planning techniques that can be used to good advantage. In this context, the focus will be on three broad categories of objectives, as follows:shifting control of an entity to Canada;increasing or maintaining the Canadian ownership rate (COR) of an entity; andincreasing the costs which qualify for grants under the PIP A or APIPA, as the case may be (referred to hereafter as "PIP grants ").
It is a fundamental precondition of eligibility for PIP grants that the applicant therefore be controlled in Canada and have a minimum COR of 50%(1). Thus, for entities that are not controlled in Canada, a fundamental question will be whether access to PIP grants will warrant a shift in control to Canadians. As will be illustrated, this will likely be an issue primarily for those entities that have a high COR to begin with.
For an entity that is Canadian controlled, a primary planning objective will be to increase its COR so as to qualify it for PIP grants or increase the PIP grant levels to which it is entitled. A complementary planning objective for these entities is to ensure that arrangements entered into with non-eligible persons (NEP)(2) do not have a downward impact on the PIP grants to which they would otherwise be entitled.
Access to PIP grants can also be an issue for a NEP as well as ensuring that the arrangements entered into with qualified applicants reflect the value of the NEP's contribution to the venture.
Of “Superfluous And Tedious Statutes ”
Authors: Parsons R.B. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Nobody knows better than the petroleum industry that the legislative network confronting the industry is one of Canada's most infamous growth stories, as this country's legislators continue to complicate the income tax and other laws. At some magical point, there is presumably some balance to be struck between legislation which is equitable and unambiguous on the one hand, and at the same time is efficiently complied with and administered. It is becoming increasingly clear that the legislation is not in balance, and that there is a pressing need for some simplification of the income tax rules and regulations —especially in areas of critical importance to the resource industries — even though such simplification will likely involve some sacrifice of equity and certainty.

Introduction
"I would wish that...the superfluous and tedious statutes were brought into one sum together, and made more plain and short, to the intent that men might better understand them." Edward VI, King of England 1547–1553.
Regal decree notwithstanding, the legislation of most developed nations continues to become more complex, lengthy, and confusing than ever before. Canada's income tax system cannot escape the accusatory finger pointing at examples of this serious problem which plagues all of us today.
Although many areas of our tax law could easily warrant some degree of simplification, for those who are involved with this country's resource sector, that horrendous, almost unreadable, part of our tax legislation which deals with resource taxation must be regarded as a prime candidate for simplification.
In recent decades, but particularly in the past ten years since tax reform in 1972, budget after budget, both federal and provincial, have amended, massaged, modified, and manipulated the resource tax rules to the point where not only are taxpayers totally lost in their attempts to make some sense of the entanglement of rules, but also the draftsmen themselves acknowledge that the outer limits of complexity are being reached, and that the whole set of rules is on the verge of grinding to a groaning halt under its own weight of nonsense and frustration.
In fact, the petroleum industry probably suffers considerably more than other industries, in terms of having to deal with complex fiscal regimes. No other industry has to face the multiple perils of the Petroleum and Gas Revenue Tax, the Natural Gas and Gas Liquids Tax, the Incremental Oil Revenue Tax, and the Petroleum Compensation Charge. In addition, each of the producing provinces levies its own production royalties, with rates and bases varying from province to province, and even within a province depending on the type of oil, the age of the discovery, and other factors.
The clamor for simplification of the tax system is nothing new, but little, if anything, has been done about it. Why not? The easy answer is that "nothing can be done about tax simplification ". This answer is unacceptable! As this article suggests, something can be done about minimizing the complexities of our income tax legislation.