bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moisture Contraction of Spanish Peanuts1
Authors: Paulsen Marvin R. , Brusewitz Gerald H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The linear coefficient of moisture contraction for skinned Spanish peanut kernels was determined at 40°C and at 20, 42, 70, and 80% drying air relative humidities. Kernel lengths and diameters were measured optically with a microprojector. Cubical coefficients of moisture contraction were calculated from the linear-coefficients by approximating peanut volume by a prolate spheroid shape. Cubical coefficients ranged from 5.5 to 7.71 × 10-3 cm3/cm3 % MC and generally increased as drying air relative humidities increased.
Translocation of Photosynthetically Assimilated 14C in Peanut (Arachis) Genotypes1
Authors: Bhagsari A. S. , Brown R. H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted, one in the field and one in a growth chamber to determine the range of translocation of 14C labeled photosynthate among peanut genotypes. Single attached leaves of peanut genotypes, which differed in photosynthetic rates, were exposed to 14CO2 in the field and in a growth chamber. A significant difference in translocation was found among the genotypes in the growth chamber experiment with a range of 22 to 45% of assimilated 14C translocation from the exposed leaf in 6 hours. The average translocation percentage of two cultivated genotypes (Arachis hypogaea L.), common to both experiments, was 27.2 in the field and 41.9 in the growth chamber. By comparison two wild species, A. pintoi Krap. et Greg. (Unpubl.) and A. villosulicarpa Hoehne translocated an average of 19.4% in the field and 27.4% in the growth chamber. However, A. monticola Krap. et Rig., a wild species included in the growth chamber experiment, had a translocation percentage similar to the cultivated species. A significant positive correlation (r = +0.79) was found between the rates of translocation and net photosynthetic rates.
Noise Reduction in Vane-axial Fan-burner Units Used for Drying Peanuts
Authors: Woodward John D. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Methods were investigated for reducing the soundpressure level (SPL) of vane-axial fan-burner units used for drying peanuts. Straight-through mufflers 61-cm (24-in.) long with 10-cm (4-in.), fiber-glass-lined walls were evaluated. In the first setup, one muffler on the fan inlet reduced the average SPL 9.9 dBA. The second setup, a muffler on inlet and exhaust reduced the SPL 13.4 dBA. In the third setup, a redesigned housing incorporating absorption areas on inlet and exhaust but allowing a shorter overall length, reduced SPL by 13.5 dBA. With an absorptive insert equal in diameter to the fan hub installed in the inlet side of the fan, the average SPL was reduced by 8.6, 17.3, and 18.1 in the first, second, and third setups, respectively. The effect of the treatments on airflow rate was negligible. Costs of the treatments are discussed.
Use of Aerial Photography to Detect Diseases in Peanut Fields I. Sclerotinia Blight1
Authors: Powell N. L. , Porter D. M. , Pettry D. E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Aerial surveys were conducted over portions of Southampton County, Virginia, during the 1974 growing season. The flights were conducted to determine the spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics of Sclerotinia blight in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) fields caused by the soil-borne fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Natural color and false color infrared imagery were used in the aerial surveys. Disease detection was best using false color infrared imagery. Sclerotinia blight, characterized by a unique spectral signature, can be detected on false color infrared imagery taken at 19,803 m above mean sea level. High altitude flights (19,803 m) were better for large area disease surveys. However, low altitude flights (3,504 m) gave better resolution for detailed study of individual fields. Aerial photography detected disease patterns which were difficult to observe from the ground. Early detection of the disease via aerial surveys could aid in minimizing disease severity. Imagery will also provide historical data that can be used in implementing control measures in subsequent growing seasons. Imagery evaluation indicates that Sclerotinia blight was widespread in the peanut growing region of Virginia during the 1974 growing season.
Use of Aerial Photography to Detect Diseases in Peanut Fields II. Cylindrocladium Black Rot1
Authors: Powell N. L. , Griffin G. J. , Garren K. H. , Pettry D. E. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Aerial surveys were conducted over portions of the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) growing region of Virginia during September, 1974. The flights were conducted to determine the spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics of Cylindrocladium black rot disease in peanut fields utilizing false color infrared and natural color imagery. The disease, caused by the soil-borne fungus Cylindrocladium crotalariae (Loos) Bell and Sobers, was detected on imagery obtained at 19,803 m above mean sea level. The disease was easily detectable on either false color infared or natural color imagery at 3,504 m above mean sea level. With its unique spectral/spatial signature, the disease was distinguishable from other diseases of peanuts such as Sclerotinia blight. Disease patterns that were difficult to observe from the ground were easily detected with aerial photography. Analysis of field soil samples for C. crotalariae microsclerotia confirmed results of imagery analysis. Detection of the disease by aerial surveys will permit prompt control measures to minimize spread of the disease. Information from this study will provide permanent records that can be used to monitor the change in extent and severity of the disease in future growing seasons.
Comparative Field Performance of Plants Developing from Normal and Abnormal Seedlings of Peanuts1
Authors: Sullivan G. A. , Perry A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The percentage of abnormal peanut seedlings was determined in 18 field plantings during 1973–74. Characteristics of mature plants that developed from normal and abnormal seedlings were compared. Seedlings that emerged 7–10 days later than the field average were identified as abnormal. Plants that developed from abnormal seedlings produced, on the average, less than one-half of the yield of plants that developed from normal seedlings. Pod yields of the plants that developed from abnormal seedlings varied from zero to normal. SMK percentages were significantly different at six of the 15 locations that were measured.
Approximately 95 percent of the plants that developed from abnormal seedlings had abnormal root systems. The most common abnormalities were twisted hypocotyls and/or missing taproots. Abnormal seedlings commonly result from seeds subjected to mechanical impacts during harvesting and processing.
Evaluation of the Arginine Maturity Index (AMI) Method of Maturity Estimation for Virginia Type Peanuts1
Authors: Johnson B. R. , Mozingo R. W. , Young C. T. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The arginine maturity index (AMI) method of predicting maturity in peanuts was evaluated on Virginia type peanuts grown in the North Carolina-Virginia area. Analyses of data from a two year study showed statistical differences (P &gt; .05) of AMI values for cultivars, location and digging dates. Official grade factors suggested maturity levels consistent with AMI maturity predictions. Maximum yields per acre were observed near minimum AMI values. Optimum yields and dollars per acre were observed primarily at AMI values of 100. However, no sufficiently definitive value was determined to be the recommended point for digging peanuts.
The AMI method was tested on commercial grades of shelled peanuts. Significant differences (P &gt; .05) between AMI values of cultivars were also observed.
Factors Affecting Peanut Peg Attachement Force
Authors: Troeger J. M. , Williams E. J. , Butler J. L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The peg attachement force (p.a.f.) of peanuts was measured using an unbonded strain gage transducer. Dimensions, weight and moisture content (m.c.) of the peanuts and their component parts were also measured.
Results showed that p.a.f. is extremely variable, the coefficient of variation ranging from 20 to 40 percent in individual tests. Spanish varieties had the highest p.a.f. and Runners the lowest. Dividing p.a.f. by the pod projected surface area showed that varieties with highest p.a.f./projected surface area maintained lowest field losses.
P.a.f. increases with increasing m.c. and decreases with increasing maturity. Use of Kylar (succinic acid 2, 2 dimethyl hydrazide) growth regulator did not have significant effect on p.a.f. or on peg diameter.
Interactions Among Peanut Cultivars, Herbicide Sequences, and A Systemic Insecticide1
Authors: Hauser E. W. , Buchanan G. A. , Ethredge W. J. , Jellum M. D. , Cecil S. R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Soil type and weather conditions influenced interactions among peanut cultivars (Florunner, GK 3, and Tifspan), herbicide sequences, and a systemic insecticide (disulfoton). Disulfoton interacted more frequently with cultivars than did herbicides. More interactions occurred in 1974 than in 1973. When peanut yields from the eight studies (on four soil series) were averaged, disulfoton significantly increased peanut yields, especially on Greenville sandy clay loam. On all soil types, except Dothan sandy loam, an insecticide x cultivar interaction occurred at least once accompanied by consistent and significant increases in the yield of Florunner treated with disulfoton. Disulfoton increased yields of Tifspan twice but did not change significantly the yields of GK 3. When compared to a hand-weeded check, herbicides did not decrease average yields significantly unless the sequence terminated with multiple postemergence treatments. Herbicides interacted with cultivars in two of eight experiments, once on Greenville sandy clay loam and once on Tifton sandy loam. In general, GK 3 reacted more to herbicide sequences than did Florunner. Least affected by herbicides was the cultivar Tifspan. An herbicide x insecticide interaction occurred only once (on Dothan sandy loam) when disulfoton increased yields with either the no herbicide treatment or when benefin-vernolate was applied. In general, genetic and environmental factors influenced organoleptic quality and the fatty acid composition of peanut oil much more than did the herbicide or insecticide treatments.
Comparative Quality of Florunner and Spanish Peanut Cultivars in Texas1
Authors: Brown David F. , Smith Olin D. , Simpson Charles E. , Freund Rudi J. , Cater Carl M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Starr (St), Spancross (Sp), Goldin I (GI) and Florunner (F1) peanuts were grown at Pearsall (latitude 28° 53′ N) and Stephenville (latitude 32° 12′ N), Texas, with the planting dates adjusted within locations to provide similar environments during pod maturation. Two harvests were made per location with the first harvest approximately 128 days after planting for St and Sp, and 150 days for F1 and GI, and the second harvest 143 and 165 days after the respective plantings. Yields averaged: F1 4,869, GI 4,638, St 4,500, and Sp 4,042 kg/ha. Quality factors including oleic/linoleic acid ratios, oil and protein contents and free fatty acid and peroxide numbers were affected slightly by growing period and location.
Peanut butters representing cultivars, locations, and harvests were prepared and evaluated by semitrained flavor panels prior to and at 40-day intervals during accelerated storage tests at 38°C. Statistically significant differences (p = 0.0001) were found between locations, cultivars and storage periods. Preferences for freshly prepared (0-day storage) peanut butters were St &gt; F1 = GI &gt; Sp. After 6 weeks or more storage the flavor and acceptance ratings of Fl and St were equivalent and much higher than for Sp and GI. Peanut butters from Stephenville-grown cultivars scored higher than Pearsall. Late harvest peanut butters were preferred, p = 0.05. Results indicate Florunner is adapted for production in southern portions of the Southwest peanut area, and the qualities of Florunner peanuts and peanut butter compare favor ably with traditional Spanish peanut cultivars.
Hybridization of Peanuts in Growth Chambers1
Authors: Banks D. J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Hand crosses in peanuts require much time and generally are done by emasculating the flowers late in the evening or at night, and then pollinating the plant the next morning when pollen is available. A new method, in which a growth chamber is operated on a reversed day-night schedule (12-hour, 29 C day commencing at 4:30 p.m. and 12-hour, 21 C night commencing at 4:30 a.m. CST), allows the emasculations to be made between 8:00 and 10:00 a.m. and the pollinations to follow immediately. This method permits crossing to be done during normal work-day hours and allows up to three crossing cycles and growth generations per year. In 1971 and 1972 tests of this method showed more than 50% success in achieving viable hybrids per pollination.
Interaction of Peanut Variety and Insecticide1,2
Authors: Campbell W. V. , Emery D. A. , Wynne J. C. , Batts R. W. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
It is generally assumed that insecticide performance is independent of the peanut variety; however, tests conducted for several years indicate insecticide performance is influenced by the peanut variety. The most significant variety-insecticide interaction resulted from systemic insecticides used for control of thrips and leafhoppers on bunch type peanuts.
Thimet (phorate) was more effective than Furadan (carbofuran) for thrips control regardless of the peanut variety. Erratic control of thrips and leafhoppers was obtained on bunch, Virginia type peanuts NC Ac 15754, NC Ac 15753, and ‘Shulamit.’ Thimet applied to runner and intermediate growth type peanuts reduced thrips and thrips damage in excess of 90%. Furadan was ineffective against thrips on NC Ac 15754 and gave less than 50% control on Shulamit.
Thimet failed to control the potato leafhopper on NC Ac 15753 and Shulamit but gave good control on NC Ac 15754. Furadan which failed to control thrips on NC Ac 15754 gave approximately 50% control of leafhoppers. Furadan which reduced thrips by only 65% on NC Ac 15753 reduced leafhopper damage by 90%.
The peanut variety also influenced insecticidal control of the southern corn rootworm. NC Ac 15753 exhibited 2 to 3 times more rootworm damage than ‘Florigiant’ when both peanut varieties were treated with the same rates of insecticides. Diazinon was ineffective against the rootworm on NC Ac 15753 and Mocap performance was significantly reduced when applied on NC Ac 15753. These data indicate the peanut variety should be considered an integral part of an insect control program.
Effect of Calcium and Irrigation Treatments on Peanut Yield, Grade and Seed Quality1
Authors: Cox F. R. , Sullivan G. A. , Martin C. K. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The effect of irrigation and/or Ca (calcium) application on yield, grade and seed quality was studied using Florigiant peanuts planted on three dates. Calcium application resulted in a small, but consistent, yield increase at all planting dates. Irrigation resulted in a large yield response on early planted peanuts and no response on late planted ones. Grade, specifically sound mature kernel percentage, was improved by both Ca and irrigation treatments but the effects were only slightly additive. Similar interaction effects were noted as these treatments increased the germination percentage of the seed produced and decreased the percentage of kernels with the form of damage termed dark plumule. Both treatments also decreased the amount of watery hypocotyl damage and increased the Ca concentration in the seed. Germination was 89 to 94% when the seed Ca level was greater than 420 ppm, but fell linearly to 52% when the seed Ca decreased from 420 to 200 ppm.
Correlation of Volatile Components of Peanut Products with Flavor Score I. Shelf Life Studies on Peanut Butter1
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Dupuy H. P. , Wadsworth J. I. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Samples of three commercial brands of peanut butter stored in the dark at about 25°C were evaluated periodically by direct gas chromatography and by their processors' taste panels. The areas of 9 peaks of each volatiles profile were computed and correlated with flavor scores. The natural logarithm of methyl-butanal peak area/hexanal peak area correlated with flavor score of peanut butter in earlier work, correlated well with flavor score for one brand of peanut butter, but other gas chromatographic peak ratios gave better correlations for the two other brands.
Inheritance of Dry Matter Deposition and Free Arginine Level in Maturing Peanuts, Arachis hypogaea L
Authors: Tai Peter Y. P. , Young Clyde T. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Nine F2 families from crosses among six peanut cultivars and breeding lines were used to investigate the inheritance of dry matter deposition and free arginine as a parameter of maturity. Results indicated that dry matter was a quantitative character governed by multiple genes, whereas free arginine level seemed to be controlled by two major genes with partial dominance for the low arginine character. Marked transgressive segregation of F2 families below the lower dry matter parents and above the higher arginine parents was found in most of the nine crosses of various genotypes. Broad sense heritabilities were lower for the dry matter (38 to 78%) than for the level of arginine (60% to 93%). The higher broadsense heritability of the free arginine level in these peanut cultivars examined lends theoretical support to the use of the arginine maturity index (AMI) as a measure of maturation. Correlation coefficients between dry matter and AMI varied from − .198 to − .946.
Physiology of Oil Seeds. VI. A Means to Break Dormancy of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds in the Field1,2
Authors: Ketring D. L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Peanut seedling emergence is not uniform in some years. Lack of uniformity is most prevalent among the large-seeded peanut types (Virginia and Runner). Variations in the degree of dormancy of the large-seeded peanuts are a contributing factor. A procedure is described that will aid in increasing uniformity of large-seeded peanut seedling emergence by overcoming the dormancy factor.
A dust formulation of Ethrel (15%/W) was diluted with fungicide (Orthocide/Botran, 60-20 S.P. dust PN 5213) and applied to dry, Virginia-type ‘NC-13’ peanut seeds by shaking in a plastic bag. Concentrations of 0.5, 1, 3 and 5% Ethrel were tested for their effects on rate and total emergence of dormant seeds from vermiculite/sand potting mixtures and from 3 different soils. Also, seeds were stored after treatment and then planted at monthly intervals in soil to test the stability of the Ethrel-fungicide mixture, as indicated by the emergence of the initially dormant seeds.
All concentrations of Ethrel released the seeds from dormancy and achieved at least 90% emergence, except at the 0.5% concentration. Compared to the other concentrations, 1% Ethrel provided the most rapid rate of emergence. Growth of the hypocotyl-radicle of afterripened, NC-13 seed samples treated with the 1% concentration was initially slower than that of the controls, but recovery had occurred by the 5th day from planting. However, emeregnce of nondormant ‘Starr’, Spanish-type seedlings was retarded by 1%, but not by 0.5% Ethrel. The Ethrel-fungicide mixture remained stable in storage for 6 months. Field plantings at two locations of dormant, 1% Ethrel-treated seeds resulted in greater than 95% emergence, but the rate of emergence was slower at one location. The data suggest that the Ethrel dust could be combined with the usual fungicide treatment of peanut seeds to stimulate germination of dormant seeds in the field.
Some Inorganic Compounds as Sprays: Their Effects on Insect Biology on Arachis hypogaea L.1,2
Authors: Leuck D. B. , Hammons R. O. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Inorganic compounds containing plant nutrient elements sprayed on peanut, Arachis hypogaea L., foliage affected antibiosis expressions of the plant to feeding by the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith).
Drying Spanish Peanut Pods with Short Duration, High Temperature Air Cycled Daily1
Authors: Rogers R. A. , Brusewitz G. H. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Freshly harvested Spanish peanut pods were dried with three different treatments in a controlled temperature and humidity environment. Each treatment included a different combination of temperature above 35°C and time held above this temperature. This procedure, or cycle of time and temperature, was repeated every 24 hours until a wet basis moisture content of approximately 10% was reached. A statistical analysis was conducted to determine whether or not there was any significant difference between treatments. At the 0.1 level of significance, statistical difference between treatments could not be shown. However, on the average, high temperature drying affected the percentage splits more than rate of drying. Splits also seemed to be affected more by temperature level than by exposure length. Findings relating to peanut quality are subject to large experimental error due to variations in variety, climatic and soil conditions, and maturity. Comparison of percentage sound splits was more meaningful when corrected for grade.
Spinning of Peanut Protein Fibers1
Authors: Fletcher D. L. , Ahmed E. M. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Raw Altika peanuts were blanched, partially defatted, ground and the protein was removed using an aqueous alkaline extraction, precipitated at pH 4.0 and freeze dried to yield a protein concentrate with 85.5% protein, 3.1% fat and 2.0% ash on a dry weight basis. Peanut protein concentrate was used to produce dope solutions for the spinning of fibers. Viscosity of dope solutions increased rapidly with increases in protein concentration from 11 to 14%; the highest protein concentration gelled within a short time after mixing. Dope solution viscosity increased with increasing NaOH concentration from 0.85% to 0.90%. Higher NaOH concentrations, up to 1.05%, however, resulted in a continued decrease in dope viscosity. Dope viscosity increased as a function of maturation time, especially at NaOH concentrations that yielded the highest viscosities. The best conditions for spinning peanut protein fibers were: 1) dope pH 11.4, 2) maturation time of 12 hours for a 13.0% protein dope or 2 hours for 13.5% protein dope, 3) coagulating bath conditions of 2N acetic acid and 20% NaC1, and 4) dope extrusion pressure of 15 psi. Suitability of dope solutions for spinning depended on the interaction between protein concentration, pH and dope maturity.
Response of Peanut Protein Spun Fibers to Applied Stresses1
Authors: Ahmed E. M. , Fletcher D. L. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Dope solutions prepared from Altika peanuts protein concentrate were used for the spinning of fibers. The effects of protein concentration in the dope, as well as NaC1 and acetic acid concentrations in the coagulating bath, storage duration at 1°C and orientation configuration on the responses of the spun fibers to applied stresses were studied. The Instron Universal Testing Machine model TM was used for all measurements. Spun fibers prepared from dope solutions containing 13.0% protein were more resistant to applied tensile and shear stresses than those prepared from 13.5% protein dope solutions. Fiber strength was maximal when acetic acid and NaC1 concentrations were 2 N and 20%, respectively. Minimum concentrations of 2 N acetic acid and 15 NaC1 in the coagulating bath were required for fiber formation. Fibers stored at 1°C for 3 weeks showed increased tensile strength, stretchability and shear strength than the non-stored fibers. Orientation test results showed that two fiber tows placed in a 45° orientation were more resistant to punch shear stresses than tows placed in 90°, random or parallel orientation. Two tows required higher punch shear forces than a single tow.