bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platinum and Non‐Platinum Nanomaterials for the Molecular Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Alonso‐Vante Nicolas 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHerein, some chemical approaches to the tailoring of nanodivided materials are highlighted. Transition‐metal materials in nanodivided form are essentially devoted to study the electrocatalytic reduction of molecular oxygen (ORR) in acid medium. This Minireview focuses on the physical and chemical structures of platinum‐based and non‐platinum‐based materials. Due to the research dynamism in this field, the discussion is limited to a comprehensive review of ORR cathode materials investigated in the author’s laboratory as well as to some relevant work obtained in other laboratories concerning the electrochemical ORR pathway and substrate effects.
Light‐Induced Conformational Changes of the Chromophore and the Protein in Phytochromes: Bacterial Phytochromes as Model Systems
Authors: Scheerer Patrick , Michael Norbert , Park Jung Hee , Nagano Soshichiro , Choe Hui‐Woog , Inomata Katsuhiko , Borucki Berthold , Krauß Norbert , Lamparter Tilman 
Published: April 2010

AbstractRecombinant phytochromes Agp1 and Agp2 from Agrobacterium tumefaciens are used as model phytochromes for biochemical and biophysical studies. In biliverdin binding phytochromes the site for covalent attachment of the chromophore lies in the N‐terminal region of the protein, different from plant phytochromes. The issue which stereochemistry the chromophore adopts in the so‐called Pr and Pfr forms is addressed by using a series of locked chromophores which form spectrally characteristic adducts with Agp1 and Agp2. Studies on light‐induced conformational changes of Agp1 give an insight into how the intrinsic histidine kinase is modulated by light. Comparison of the crystal structure of an Agp1 fragment with other phytochrome crystal structures supports the idea that a light induced rearrangement of subunits within the homodimer modulates the activity of the kinase.
Spectroscopic and Computational Insight into the Intermolecular Interactions between Zwitter‐Type Ionic Liquids and Water Molecules
Authors: Park HoSeok , Jung Young Mee , Yang Seong Ho , Shin Weonho , Kang Jung Ku , Kim Hoon Sik , Lee Hyun Joo , Hong Won Hi 
Published: April 2010

AbstractGeometric and conformational changes of zwitter‐type ionic liquids (ZILs) due to hydrogen‐bonding interactions with water molecules are investigated by density functional theory (DFT), two‐dimensional IR correlation spectroscopy (2D IR COS), and pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo NMR (PGSE NMR). Simulation results indicate that molecular structures in the optimized states are strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding of water molecules with the sulfonate group or imidazolium and pyrrolidinium rings of 3‐(1‐methyl‐3‐imidazolio)propanesulfonate (1) and 3‐(1‐methyl‐1‐pyrrolidinio)propanesulfonate (2), respectively. Concentration‐dependent 2D IR COS reveals kinetic conformational changes of the two ZIL–H2O systems attributable to intermolecular interactions, as well as the interactions of sulfonate groups and imidazolium or pyrrolidinium rings with water molecules. The dramatic changes in the 1H self‐diffusion coefficients elucidate the formation of proton‐conduction pathways consisting of ZIL networks. In ZIL domains, protons are transferred by a Grotthuss‐type mechanism through formation, breaking, and restructuring of bonds between ZILs and H2O, leading to an energetically favorable state. The simulation and experimental investigations delineated herein provide a perspective to understanding the interactions with water from an academic point of view as well as to designing ILs with desired properties from the viewpoint of applications.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Lactide–Styrene Diblock Copolymers via Catalytic Immortal Ring‐Opening Polymerization of Lactide and Nitroxide‐Mediated Polymerization of Styrene
Authors: Poirier Valentin , Duc Michel , Carpentier Jean‐François , Sarazin Yann 
Published: April 2010

AbstractAn efficient, practical, and industrially relevant procedure for the production of polymer materials, in which a part of the oil‐derived polyolefins has been replaced by a renewable, biodegradable, and biocompatible poly(lactide) block, is presented. Binary catalytic systems combining innocuous metals (yttrium, zinc, magnesium, or calcium) and bifunctional alcohols (acting as transfer agents) were developed to promote the immortal ring‐opening polymerization of lactide directly in styrene. Up to 20 000 equivalents of lactide were polymerized (metal catalyst loading of 50–100 ppm) in a controlled fashion in the presence of 10–100 equivalents of a double‐headed transfer agent to give as many end‐functionalized poly(lactide) macromolecules that can be used eventually as macroinitiators for the controlled nitroxide‐mediated polymerization of styrene. The specific use of the sterically shielded complex [BDI‐iPr]Zn‐N(SiMe3)2 ([BDI‐iPr]=bis(diketiminate) ligand) allowed the efficient, catalytic, and controlled production of poly(lactide)‐block‐poly(styrene) materials in a one‐pot, solvent‐free sequential procedure, with nearly 100 % atom‐efficiency.
Effects of a newly developed tricyclic PARP‐1 inhibitor, on ischemic stroke
Authors: Yoo A. Rum , Koh Seong‐Ho , Noh Min Young , Cho Goang Won , Park Ji‐Seon , Kim Youngchul , Lee Han‐Chang , Kim Myung‐Hwa , Kim Seung Hyun 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPoly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP)‐1 plays an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of ischemic stroke. A number of studies have been undertaken to develop PARP‐1 inhibitors for clinical use. We report on the newly developed PARP‐1 inhibitors, among which 12a showed good activity (IC50=7.8 nM in an enzyme‐based assay and=0.73 µM in a cell‐based assay) and pharmacokinetic profiles. Treatment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded rats with 3 mg/kg 12a reduced infarct volume suggesting that, may be a good candidate for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Drug Dev Res 71: 253–260, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tolerogenicity is not an absolute property of a dendritic cell
Authors: Farquhar Claire A. , Paterson Alison M. , Cobbold Stephen P. , Garcia Rueda Hugo , Fairchild Paul J. , Yates Stephen F. , Adams Elizabeth , Saunders Nigel J. , Waldmann Herman , Nolan Kathleen F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPharmacological modulation is known to temper the immune capacity of DC, enhancing the notion that modulated Ag‐bearing DC might be used therapeutically to induce tolerance. We have investigated phenotypic features shared by such DC, and queried their potential to tolerize in different settings. Immature, IL‐10, TGF‐β and 1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3‐modulated BMDC all induced tolerance to male skin in female TCR transgenic A1.RAG mice, and the modulated DC also tolerized after exposure to the TLR4‐ligand LPS. Transcript profiling revealed that this was achieved despite retaining much of the normal LPS‐maturation response. No shared tolerance‐associated transcripts could be identified. Equivalent BMDC could not tolerize in Marilyn TCR‐transgenic mice. Simultaneous presentation of both A1.RAG and Marilyn peptide‐Ag (Dby‐H2Ek and Dby‐H2Ab) on immature (C57BL/6JxCBA/Ca) F1 BMDC also only achieved tolerance in A1.RAG mice. Both strains registered Ag, but Foxp3+ Treg were only induced in A1.RAG mice. In contrast, Marilyn T cells showed greater proliferation and an inflammatory bias, in response to Ag presented by immature F1 BMDC in vitro. In summary, while pharmacological agents can skew DC to reinforce their immature tolerogenic phenotype, the outcome of presentation is ultimately an integrated response including T‐cell‐intrinsic components that can over‐ride for immune activation.
Wash-off potential of urban use insecticides on concrete surfaces
Authors: Jiang Weiying , Lin Kunde , Haver Darren , Qin Sujie , Ayre Gilboa , Spurlock Frank , Gan Jay 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Contamination of surface aquatic systems by insecticides is an emerging concern in urban watersheds, but sources of contamination are poorly understood, hindering development of regulatory or mitigation strategies. Hardscapes such as concrete surfaces are considered an important facilitator for pesticide runoff following applications around homes. However, pesticide behavior on concrete has seldom been studied, and standardized evaluation methods are nonexistent. In the present study, a simple batch method for measuring pesticide wash-off potential from concrete surfaces was developed, and the dependence of washable pesticide residues was evaluated on pesticide types, formulations, time exposed to outdoor conditions, and number of washing cycles. After application to concrete, the washable fraction of four pyrethroids (bifenthrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, and cyhalothrin) and fipronil rapidly decreased, with half-lives ≤3 d, likely due to irreversible retention in micropores below the concrete surface. The initial fast decrease was followed by a much slower declining phase with half-lives ranging from one week to two months, and detectable residues were still found in the wash-off solution for most treatments after 112 d. The slow decrease may be attributed to a fraction of pesticides being isolated from degradation or volatilization after retention below the concrete surface. Wash-off potential was consistently higher for solid formulations than for liquid formulations, implying an increased runoff contamination risk for granular and powder formulations. Trace levels of pyrethroids were detected in the wash-off solution even after 14 washing–drying cycles over 42 d under outdoor conditions. Results from the present study suggest that pesticide residues remain on concrete and are available for contaminating runoff for a prolonged time. Mechanisms for the long persistence were not clearly known from the present study and merit further investigation. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1203–1208. © 2010 SETAC
Dual enantioselective effect of the insecticide bifenthrin on locomotor behavior and development in embryonic–larval zebrafish
Authors: Jin Meiqing , Zhang Ying , Ye Jing , Huang Changjiang , Zhao Meirong , Liu Weiping 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBifenthrin (BF) is a synthetic pyrethroid that targets the nervous system of insects and may have adverse effects on the behavior and development of nontarget organisms. However, no reports have been issued on the effects of different enantiomers on locomotor behavior for synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) in zebrafish, and whether locomotor activity is associated with the developmental toxicities remains unclear. In this study, enantioselectivity of BF (1S and 1R) on the acute locomotor activity and developmental toxicities of embryonic–larval zebrafish were first evaluated. The results indicated that 1R-BF was more toxic, causing morphological impairments, with a 96-h median effective concentration (EC50) of 226 µg/L for pericardial edema and 145 µg/L for curved body axis. Administration of 20 µg/L of one enantiomer of BF had differential effects on the locomotor activity of zebrafish larvae at 4 d postfertilization (dpf) under alternating light and dark conditions. Larvae treated with 1R-BF were not sensitive to the alteration of light to dark, and the locomotor activities were reduced to a level similar to that observed in light, which otherwise increased rapidly and markedly. However, 1S-BF did not alter the general pattern of zebrafish response to the light or dark compared with the control. The results demonstrated that the differential effects on development might have contributed to the enantioselectivity in the locomotor activity. The consistency of enantioselectivity with insecticidal activity may also indicate a common mode of action. Furthermore, 1R-BF accelerated the spontaneous movement and hatching process, whereas 1S-BF seemed to be inhibitory. The results suggest the need to link behavioral changes to developmental toxicities in order to achieve more comprehensive health risk assessments of chiral pesticides. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1561–1567. © 2010 SETAC
Impact of changes in analytical techniques for the measurement of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides on temporal trends in herring gull eggs
Authors: de Solla Shane R. , Weseloh D.V. Chip , Hebert Craig E. , Pekarik Cynthia 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Changes in analytical approaches during the tenure of monitoring programs for organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) may affect estimates of temporal trends. We used an in-house reference material to create multiplication factors to adjust the estimates of OC pesticides and PCBs (Aroclor equivalents) in Great Lake herring gull eggs analyzed using electron capture detection (1987–1997) to be more equivalent to estimates using mass spectrometric detection (1998–2005) as well as accompanying differences in analytical procedures. We examined temporal trends in contaminant concentrations in herring gull eggs using change point regressions, to determine whether significant changes in long-term trends were associated with analytical methodology. The highest frequency of change point occurrences shifted from 1997 (when analytical methodology was altered) to 2003 after data adjustment. The explanatory power (r2) of the regressions was lower after adjustment, although only marginally so (mean r2 difference = 0.04). The initial rates of decline before change points in contaminant concentrations were generally slower after the data adjustment, but after any change points the declines were not significantly different. The regression models did not change for 83.3% of the cases. The effects on the interpretation of long-term temporal trends in herring gull eggs, although not negligible, were minor relative to the magnitude of the temporal changes. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:1476–1483. © 2010 SETAC
On the approximation of local efflux/influx bed discharge in the shallow water equations based on a wave propagation algorithm
Authors: Mahdizadeh Hossein , Stansby Peter K. , Rogers Benedict D. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn cities, flood waves may propagate over street surfaces below which lie complicated pipe networks used for storm drainage and sewage. The flood and pipe flows can interact at connections between the underground pipes and the street surface. The present paper examines this interaction, using the shallow water equations to model the flood wave hydrodynamics. Sources and sinks in the mass conservation equation are used to model the pipe inflow and outflow conditions at bed connections. We consider the problem reduced to one dimension. The shallow water equations are solved using a Godunov‐type wave propagation scheme. Wave speeds are modified in the wave propagation algorithm to enable flows to be simulated over nearly dry beds and dry states. First, the model is used to simulate vertical flows through finite gaps in the bed. Next, the interaction of the vertical flows with a dam break flow is considered for both dry and wet beds. An efflux number, En, is defined based on the vertical efflux velocity and the gap length. Comparisons are made with numerical predictions from STAR‐CD, a commercial Navier–Stokes solver that models the free‐surface motions, and a parameter study is undertaken to investigate the effect of the one‐dimensional approximation of the present model, for a range of non‐dimensional efflux numbers. It is found that the shallow flow model gives sensible predictions at all time provided En<0.5, and for long durations for En>0.5. Dam break flow over an underground connecting pipe is also considered. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessments of learning‐related skills and interpersonal skills constructs within early childhood environments in Singapore
Authors: Lim Sok Mui , Rodger Sylvia , Brown Ted 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSocial skills are necessary for developing successful relationships and promoting learning. Interpersonal skills (IPS) are needed for maintaining friendships while learning‐related skills (LRS) are required for positive classroom behaviours. In this study, we investigated the construct validity of LRS and IPS within two existing assessments: the Child Behavior Rating Scales (CBRS) and the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales—2nd edition (PKBS‐2). Teachers completed the CBRS and PKBS‐2 for 117 Singaporean children aged 3–6 years. Rasch analysis was used to identify items that fit the unidimensional constructs of LRS and IPS within each instrument. Specific items from within the CBRS were found to measure LRS and IPS. Within the PKBS‐2, items were found to measure IPS and a new construct labelled Compliance. Instead of creating new assessment tools to measure new constructs, this study innovatively demonstrated how Rasch analysis can be used to document the existence of new constructs within already existing tools. The identification of new constucts and the use of these tools in an Asian context are presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self–other awareness and peer relationships in toddlers: gender comparisons
Authors: Levine Laura E. , Conway James M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractToddlers' growing self–other awareness has been linked with their ability to interact with peers, but there is reason to think that self–other awareness may relate to different aspects of peer relationships for boys and girls. We hypothesized that boys would express self–other awareness by separating self from other through claiming toys, while girls would express self–other awareness by creating similarities between self and other through use of the duplicate of a partner's toy. For 52 22–26 month olds, self–other awareness was assessed through four tasks: mirror self recognition, perceptual role taking, pronoun recognition and pronoun use. Each child subsequently interacted with a same‐sex peer for 30 min. Girls high in self–other awareness, and their partners were more likely to engage in duplicate toy use than girls low in self–other awareness. No differences in toy claiming were found. Future longitudinal research would clarify how the onset of self–other awareness relates to developments in peer interaction for girls and boys. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The anger–distress model of temper tantrums: associations with emotional reactivity and emotional competence
Authors: Giesbrecht Gerald F. , Miller Michael R. , Müller Ulrich 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe goals of this investigation were (a) to assess the structural validity of the anger–distress model of temper tantrums, and (b) to examine the associations among temper tantrums, emotional reactivity and emotional competence in a community sample of preschoolers. A parent‐report measure, the Temper Tantrum Grid, was used to measure the frequency of common tantrum behaviours. Laboratory and parent‐report measures of emotional reactivity and emotional competence were administered. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposal that anger and distress are separate but overlapping tantrum processes. Correlation analyses showed that temper tantrum anger and distress were related to emotional reactivity and emotional competence. There was no evidence to support the notion that emotional competence moderated the effect of emotional reactivity on temper tantrums. In contrast, emotional competence was a significant mediator of the association between emotional reactivity and temper tantrums. Overall, the results support the anger–distress model of temper tantrums. The findings suggest that children's temper tantrums are systematically related to the overall organization of emotion and behaviour in preschool children. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental risk assessment for the serotonin re-uptake inhibitor fluoxetine: Case study using the European risk assessment framework
Authors: Oakes Ken D , Coors Anja , Escher Beate I , Fenner Kathrin , Garric Jeanne , Gust Marion , Knacker Thomas , Küster Anette , Kussatz Carola , Metcalfe Chris D , Monteiro Sara , Moon Thomas W , Mennigen Jan A , Parrott Joanne , Péry Alexandre RR , Ramil Maria , Roennefahrt Ines , Tarazona José V , Sánchez-Argüello Paloma , Ternes Thomas A , Trudeau Vance L , Boucard Tatiana , Van Der Kraak Glen J , Servos Mark R 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The serotonin re-uptake inhibitor fluoxetine was selected for an environmental risk assessment, using the most recent European guideline (EMEA 2006) within the European Union (EU)-funded Environmental Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals (ERAPharm) project due to its environmental persistence, acute toxicity to nontarget organisms, and unique pharmacokinetics associated with a readily ionizable compound. As a widely prescribed psychotropic drug, fluoxetine is frequently detected in surface waters adjacent to urban areas because municipal wastewater effluents are the primary route of entry to aquatic environments. In Phase I of the assessment, the initial predicted environmental concentration of fluoxetine in surface water (initial PECSW) reached or exceeded the action limit of 10 ng/L, when using both a default market penetration factor and prescription data for Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom. Consequently, a Phase II risk assessment was conducted in which green algae were identified as the most sensitive species with a NOEC of &lt;0.6 µg/L. From this value, a predicted no effect concentration for surface waters (PNECSW) of 0.012 µg/L was derived. The PEC/PNEC ratio was above the trigger value of 1 in worst-case exposure scenarios indicating a potential risk to the aquatic compartment. Similarly, risks of fluoxetine for sediment-dwelling organisms could not be excluded. No risk assessment was conducted for the terrestrial compartment due to a lack of data on effects of fluoxetine on soil organisms. The need for a separate risk assessment for the main metabolite of fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, was not conducted because of a lack of fate and effect studies. Based on published data, fluoxetine and norfluoxetine appeared to have a low to moderate bioaccumulation potential, which should be confirmed in formal studies according to OECD guidelines. Exposure assessments for fluoxetine according to the current framework rely heavily on KOC and KOW values. This approach is problematic, because fluoxetine is predominantly a cationic substance at environmental pH values. Consequently, the fate of fluoxetine (and other ionic substances) cannot be predicted using partition coefficients established for nonionic compounds. Further, published estimates for partition coefficients of fluoxetine vary, resulting in considerable uncertainties in both the exposure and environmental risk assessments of fluoxetine. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010;6:524–539. © 2009 SETAC