bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science choices in Norwegian upper secondary school: What matters?
Authors: Bøe Maria Vetleseter 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThere is international concern about young people's participation in science. This study investigated the relevant importance of various issues in 1628 Norwegian upper secondary students' choices of postcompulsory subject combinations: natural science and mathematics (henceforth Science) or languages, social science and economics (henceforth HumSoc). Questionnaire items based on the Eccles et al. model of achievement‐related choices were grouped into six constructs by factor analysis: expectation of success, interest‐enjoyment value, self‐realization value, fit to personal beliefs value, utility value for university admission, and relative cost. Interest‐enjoyment and fit to personal beliefs were somewhat less important to Science students than to HumSoc students, especially to girls taking Science. Utility value for university admission was much more important to Science than to HumSoc students, and more important to Science girls than to Science boys. Costs in terms of time and effort were much more important to HumSoc than to Science students. The findings indicate that students choose Science both for identity reasons, such as interests, self‐realization and fit to personal beliefs, and for strategic utility reasons. Some of the students, especially the girls, appear to have placed more weight on utility than on their interests. Implications for participation in postcompulsory science are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:1–20, 2012
Gene Expression Profiling of Neural Stem Cells and Identification of Regulators of Neural Differentiation During Cortical Development
Authors: Ohtsuka Toshiyuki , Shimojo Hiromi , Matsunaga Mitsuhiro , Watanabe Naoki , Kometani Kohei , Minato Nagahiro , Kageyama Ryoichiro 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
During mammalian brain development, neural stem cells transform from neuroepithelial cells to radial glial cells and finally remain as astrocyte-like cells in the postnatal and adult brain. Neuroepithelial cells divide symmetrically and expand the neural stem cell pool; after the onset of neurogenesis, radial glial cells sequentially produce deep layer neurons and then superficial layer neurons by asymmetric, self-renewing divisions during cortical development. Thereafter, gliogenesis supersedes neurogenesis, while a subset of neural stem cells retain their stemness and lurk in the postnatal and adult brain. Thus, neural stem cells undergo alterations in morphology and the capacity to proliferate or give rise to various types of neural cells in a temporally regulated manner. To shed light on the temporal alterations of embryonic neural stem cells, we sorted the green fluorescent protein-positive cells from the dorsolateral telencephalon (neocortical region) of pHes1-d2EGFP transgenic mouse embryos at different developmental stages and performed gene expression profiling. Among dozens of transcription factors differentially expressed by cells in the ventricular zone during the course of development, several of them exhibited the activity to inhibit neuronal differentiation when overexpressed. Furthermore, knockdown of Tcf3 or Klf15 led to accelerated neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in the developing cortex, and neurospheres originated from Klf15 knockdown cells mostly lacked neurogenic activities and only retained gliogenic activities. These results suggest that Tcf3 and Klf15 play critical roles in the maintenance of neural stem cells at early and late embryonic stages, respectively.
Catalytic migratory oxidative coupling of nitrones through an outer‐sphere C(sp3)‐H activation process
Authors: Hashizume Shogo , Oisaki Kounosuke , Kanai Motomu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOuter‐sphere redox catalysis is key to efficient C‐H activation, which has attracted increased interest in organic chemistry. In this account, we describe a CuI‐catalyzed oxidative coupling between nitrones and various ethers or amines as an example. Predictable site‐selective C‐C bond formation was achieved through activation of the C‐H bonds in each coupling partner and the migration of a C‐N double bond. Mechanistic studies strongly suggested that the reaction proceeded via an oxonium/iminium cation species as the key intermediate. The mechanistic information allows for future extension of outer‐sphere redox catalysis. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100024
Aging—RNA in development and disease
Authors: Cookson Mark R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGiven that RNA is involved in virtually all biological processes, it is perhaps not surprising that several RNA‐binding proteins are associated with aging and with different age‐related disorders. Other articles in this volume will discuss some specific examples of diseases where RNA plays a role that are also associated with aging, such as cancer and inflammation, so here I will discuss some general aspects of how RNA changes with the aging process. I will also discuss some specific examples of RNA‐binding proteins that are associated with age‐dependent neurological diseases as these provide an interesting framework to examine how lifetime mutations might lead to a late onset disease, although the answers to these questions are still not well understood.WIREs RNA2012, 3:133–143. doi: 10.1002/wrna.109This article is categorized under:RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in DiseaseRNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Inflammatory pseudotumors mimicking intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma of the liver; IgG4‐positivity and its clinical significance
Authors: Ahn Keun Soo , Kang Koo Jeong , Kim Yong Hoon , Lim Tae Jin , Jung Hye Ra , Kang Yu Na , Kwon Jung Hyeok 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundInflammatory pseudotumor (IPT) of the liver is a benign condition with a good prognosis. However, it is difficult to distinguish clinical and radiological findings of IPT from those of malignancies. The aims of this study are to determine the clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics, particularly relating to the role of the autoimmune mechanism in the development of inflammatory pseudotumours (IPTs) of the liver, and to suggest appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategy.Study designThe clinical, diagnostic, and pathological characteristics including IgG4 immunohistochemical stain and follow‐up data of 22 IPT patients were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThe patients were 16 men and 6 women with a mean age of 59 years. Fifteen patients (68.2%) had associated biliary diseases. Of the 16 patients treated conservatively, the masses completely resolved in 10 patients, and reduced in size in 5 patients within the first 6 months. The remaining 6 patients were treated by surgical resection. IgG4 staining of 17 tissue samples from 22 patients were negative, most of the infiltrate being of fibrohistiocytic type, whereas 4 of 5 lymphoplasmacytic cells of dominant tumors show positive staining of IgG4. Although IgG4‐related sclerosing cholangitis was mostly of lymphoplasmacytic type, other histological and clinical characteristics were similar in both types of IPTs.ConclusionsIPTs of the liver can be diagnosed based on radiological and pathological findings by needle biopsy. Although the lymphoplasmacytic type of IPTs seems to correspond to IgG4‐related disease, as assessed by IgG4 immunohistochemical stain, its clinical significance is unknown. Although most IPTs can be resolved with conservative therapy, surgical resection should be considered in cases of uncertain biopsy result, presumed malignant lesion, combination with other pathology, or lack of response to conservative management.
Screening, cultivation, and biocatalytic performance of Rhodococcus boritolerans FW815 with strong 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarbonitrile hydratase activity
Authors: Wang Ya-Jun , Liu Zhi-Qiang , Zheng Ren-Chao , Xue Ya-Ping , Zheng Yu-Guo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In this work, a mild, efficient bioconversion of 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarbonitrile (DMCPCN) to 2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxamide (DMCPCA) in distilled water system was developed. The isolate FW815 was screened using the enrichment culture technique, displaying strong DMCPCN hydratase activity, and was identified as Rhodococcus boritolerans based on morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Cultivation outcomes indicated that R. boritolerans FW815 was a neutrophile, with a growth optimum of 28–32°C; its DMCPCN hydratase belonged to the Fe-type family, and was most active at 38–42°C, pH 7.0, with maximal activity of 4.51 × 104 U g−1 DCW. R. boritolerans FW815 was found to be DMCPCA amidase-negative, eliminating the contamination of dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid. Moreover, it displayed high activity and acceptable reusability in the non-buffered distilled water system, comparable to those in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer (50.0 mmol l−1).
Characterization of Candida sp. NY7122, a novel pentose-fermenting soil yeast
Authors: Watanabe Itsuki , Ando Akira , Nakamura Toshihide 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Yeasts that ferment both hexose and pentose are important for cost-effective ethanol production. We found that the soil yeast strain NY7122 isolated from a blueberry field in Tsukuba (East Japan) could ferment both hexose and pentose (d-xylose and l-arabinose). NY7122 was closely related to Candida subhashii on the basis of the results of molecular identification using the sequence in the D1/D2 domains of 26S rDNA and 5.8S-internal transcribed spacer region. NY7122 produced at least 7.40 and 3.86 g l−1 ethanol from 20 g l−1 d-xylose and l-arabinose within 24 h. NY7122 could produce ethanol from pentose and hexose sugars at 37°C. The highest ethanol productivity of NY7122 was achieved under a low pH condition (pH 3.5). Fermentation of mixed sugars (50 g l−1 glucose, 20 g l−1 d-xylose, and 10 g l−1 l-arabinose) resulted in a maximum ethanol concentration of 27.3 g l−1 for the NY7122 strain versus 25.1 g l−1 for Scheffersomyces stipitis. This is the first study to report that Candida sp. NY7122 from a soil environment could produce ethanol from both d-xylose and l-arabinose.
Picture of all Solutions of Successive 2-Block Maxbet Problems
Authors: Choulakian Vartan 
Published: September 2011

The Maxbet method is a generalized principal components analysis of a data set, where the group structure of the variables is taken into account. Similarly, 3-block[12,13] partial Maxdiff method is a generalization of covariance analysis, where only the covariances between blocks (1, 2) and (1, 3) are taken into account. The aim of this paper is to give the global maximum for the 2-block Maxbet and 3-block[12,13] partial Maxdiff problems by picking the best solution from the complete solution set for the multivariate eigenvalue problem involved. To do this, we generalize the characteristic polynomial of a matrix to a system of two characteristic polynomials, and provide the complete solution set of the latter via Sylvester resultants. Examples are provided.
LC‐PUFA Biosynthesis in Rainbow Trout is Substrate Limited: Use of the Whole Body Fatty Acid Balance Method and Different 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 Ratios
Authors: Thanuthong T. , Francis D. S. , Senadheera S. P. S. D. , Jones P. L. , Turchini G. M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFive experimental diets with constant total C18 PUFA and varying 18:3n‐3/18:2n‐6 ratios were fed to rainbow trout over an entire production cycle. The whole‐body fatty acid balance method demonstrated a clear trend of progressively reduced fatty acid bioconversion activity along the n‐3 and n‐6 pathways, up to the production of 20:5n‐3 and 20:4n‐6, respectively. This suggests that the pathway exhibits a “funnel like” progression of activity rather than the existence of a single rate limiting step. The production of 22:5n‐3 and 22:6n‐3 was more active than that of 20:5n‐3. However, despite this trend in reduced apparent in vivo net enzyme activity, the efficiency of the various bioconversion steps (measured as % of bioconverted substrate) confirmed an opposing trend. A 3.2‐fold higher Δ‐6 desaturase affinity towards 18:3n‐3 over 18:2n‐6 and an 8‐fold greater Δ‐5 desaturase affinity towards 20:4n‐3 over 20:3n‐6 were recorded. The main results of the study were that (1) rainbow trout are quite efficient at bioconverting 18:3n‐3 to 22:6n‐3, and (2) the LC‐PUFA biosynthetic pathway is substrate limited. Fillet n‐3 LC‐PUFA concentrations increased with the increasing dietary supply of 18:3n‐3. Despite an almost identical dietary supply of n‐3 LC‐PUFA, originating from the fish meal fraction of the diets, the fillets of trout fed the diet richest in 18:3n‐3 were 2‐fold higher in n‐3 LC‐PUFA than fish fed low 18:3n‐3 diets. Nevertheless, fillets of trout fed a fish oil control diet contained more than double the amount of n‐3 LC‐PUFA compared to fish fed the diets richest in 18:3n‐3.
Supplementation of DHA‐Rich Microalgal Oil or Fish Oil During the Suckling Period in Mildly n‐3 Fatty Acid‐Deficient Rat Pups
Authors: Kimura Fumiko , Ito Shiho , Endo Yasushi , Doisaki Nobushige , Koriyama Tsuyoshi , Miyazawa Teruo , Fujimoto Kenshiro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractLong‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA), particularly arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are considered critical for the development of infants and are commonly supplemented in infant formulae. In this study, two common sources of n‐3 LC‐PUFA, fish oil (FO) and DHA‐rich microalgal oil (DMO), were fed to rat pups of mildly n‐3 PUFA‐deficient dams to compare changes in LC‐PUFA of tissue phospholipids. The milk from dams fed a n‐3 PUFA‐deficient diet contained less n‐3 LC‐PUFA than that of dams fed a control diet (AIN‐93G). The pups' were given orally 1 mg/g weight of either FO or DMO for 17 days between the ages of 5 and 21 days, the pups were weaned, and sacrificed 1 week later for analysis of fatty acid compositions of brain, heart, kidney, spleen, and thymus phospholipids. Although both FO and DMO brought about a recovery in the tissue DHA levels compared to those of the control group (pups from AIN‐93G‐fed dams), DMO was more effective at restoring tissue LC‐PUFA status because it was richer in DHA than FO. FO had a slightly lower PUFA level than that required to bring the LC‐PUFA status completely to normal levels in this experiment, and EPA did not accumulate in tissues under the conditions tested here. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of ingesting either FO or DMO in the pre‐weaning period for improving mild n‐3 PUFA deficiency.
PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs and Pesticides in Cold‐Pressed Vegetable Oils
Authors: Roszko M. , Szterk A. , Szymczyk K. , Waszkiewicz‐Robak B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (marker and dioxin‐like congeners), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (EPA 15 + 1), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (14 predominant congeners) and pesticides (74 compounds) in various cold‐pressed vegetable oils. Poppy seed oil, rapeseed oil, sesame seed oil, pumpkinseed oil, hempseed oil, linaire oil, borage oil and evening star oil were investigated. Results of this study revealed that concentrations of PCBs, PBDEs and PAHs were low in majority of the investigated samples. However, high concentrations of organophosphorus insecticides were found. Chlorpyrifos methyl and pirimiphos methyl were the pesticide residues most commonly found in the studied oils. Concentration of 15 + 1 EPA PAHs was within the 17.85–37.16 μg kg−1 range, concentration of (marker) PCBs varied from 127 to 24,882 pg g−1, dioxin‐like TEQ values were below 0.1 pg TEQ g−1. Concentration of PBDEs was below LOQ in most cases.
Identification of video subsequence using bipartite graph matching
Authors: Guimarães Silvio Jamil Ferzoli , do Patrocínio Zenilton Kleber Gonçalves 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Subsequence identification consists of identifying real positions of a specific video clip in a video stream together with the operations that may be used to transform the former into a subsequence from the latter. To cope with this problem, we propose a new approach, considering a bipartite graph matching to measure video clip similarity with a target video stream which has not been preprocessed.
The main contributions of our work are the application of a simple and efficient distance to solve the subsequence identification problem along with the definition of a hit function that identifies precisely which operations were used in query transformation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method performances achieve 90% recall with 93% precision, though it is done without preprocessing of the target video.
Integrating a relaxation response‐based curriculum into a public high school in Massachusetts
Authors: Foret Megan M. , Scult Matthew , Wilcher Marilyn , Chudnofsky Rana , Malloy Laura , Hasheminejad Nicole , Park Elyse R. 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTAcademic and societal pressures result in U.S. high school students feeling stressed. Stress management and relaxation interventions may help students increase resiliency to stress and overall well‐being. The objectives of this study were to examine the feasibility (enrollment, participation and acceptability) and potential effectiveness (changes in perceived stress, anxiety, self‐esteem, health‐promoting behaviors, and locus of control) of a relaxation response (RR)‐based curriculum integrated into the school day for high school students. The curriculum included didactic instruction, relaxation exercises, positive psychology, and cognitive restructuring. The intervention group showed significantly greater improvements in levels of perceived stress, state anxiety, and health‐promoting behaviors when compared to the wait list control group. The intervention appeared most useful for girls in the intervention group. The results suggest that several modifications may increase the feasibility of using this potentially effective intervention in high schools.
Direct numerical simulation of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers. Part 4. Effect of high enthalpy
Authors: Duan L. , Martín M. P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper we present direct numerical simulations (DNS) of hypersonic turbulent boundary layers to study high-enthalpy effects. We study high- and low-enthalpy conditions, which are representative of those in hypersonic flight and ground-based facilities, respectively. We find that high-enthalpy boundary layers closely resemble those at low enthalpy. Many of the scaling relations for low-enthalpy flows, such as van-Driest transformation for the mean velocity, Morkovin’s scaling and the modified strong Reynolds analogy hold or can be generalized for high-enthalpy flows by removing the calorically perfect-gas assumption. We propose a generalized form of the modified Crocco relation, which relates the mean temperature and mean velocity across a wide range of conditions, including non-adiabatic cold walls and real gas effects. The DNS data predict Reynolds analogy factors in the range of those found in experimental data at low-enthalpy conditions. The gradient transport model approximately holds with turbulent Prandtl number and turbulent Schmidt number of order unity. Direct compressibility effects remain small and insignificant for all enthalpy cases. High-enthalpy effects have no sizable influence on turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) budgets or on the turbulence structure.
Experimental study of the turbulent boundary layer in acceleration-skewed oscillatory flow
Authors: van der A Dominic A. , O’Donoghue Tom , Davies Alan G. , Ribberink Jan S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractExperiments have been conducted in a large oscillatory flow tunnel to investigate the effects of acceleration skewness on oscillatory boundary layer flow over fixed beds. As well as enabling experimental investigation of the effects of acceleration skewness, the new experiments add substantially to the relatively few existing detailed experimental datasets for oscillatory boundary layer flow conditions that correspond to full-scale sea wave conditions. Two types of bed roughness and a range of high-Reynolds-number, $\mathit{Re}\ensuremath{\sim} O(1{0}^{6} )$, oscillatory flow conditions, varying from sinusoidal to highly acceleration-skewed, are considered. Results show the structure of the intra-wave velocity profile, the time-averaged residual flow and boundary layer thickness for varying degrees of acceleration skewness, $\ensuremath{\beta} $. Turbulence intensity measurements from particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) show very good agreement. Turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress increase as the flow accelerates after flow reversal, are maximum at around maximum free-stream velocity and decay as the flow decelerates. The intra-wave turbulence depends strongly on $\ensuremath{\beta} $ but period-averaged turbulent quantities are largely independent of $\ensuremath{\beta} $. There is generally good agreement between bed shear stress estimates obtained using the log-law and using the momentum integral equation, and flow acceleration skewness leads to high bed shear stress asymmetry between flow half-cycles. Turbulent Reynolds stress is much less than the shear stress obtained from the momentum integral; analysis of the stress contributors shows that significant phase-averaged vertical velocities exist near the bed throughout the flow cycle, which lead to an additional shear stress, $\ensuremath{-} \rho \tilde {u} \tilde {w} $; near the bed this stress is at least as large as the turbulent Reynolds stress.
Paving the way for transgenic schistosomes
Authors: BECKMANN S. , GREVELDING C. G. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn parasitological research, significant progress has been made with respect to genomics and transcriptomics but transgenic systems for functional gene analyses are mainly restricted to the protozoan field. Gene insertion and knockout strategies can be applied to parasitic protozoa as well as gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi). By contrast, research on parasitic helminthes still lags behind. Along with the major advances in genome and transcriptome analyses e.g. for schistosomes, methods for the functional characterization of genes of interest are still in their initial phase and have to be elaborated now, at the beginning of the post-genomic era. In this review we will summarize attempts made in the last decade regarding the establishment of protocols to transiently and stably transform or transfect schistosomes. Besides approaches using particle bombardment, electroporation or virus-based infection strateies to introduce DNA constructs into adult and larval schistosome stages to express reporter genes, first approaches have also been made in establishing protocols based on soaking, lipofection, and/or electroporation for RNA interference to silence gene activity. Although in these cases remarkable progress can be seen, the schistosome community eagerly awaits major breakthroughs especially with respect to stable transformation, but also for silencing or knock-down strategies for every schistosome gene of interest.