bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self Psychology
Authors: Silverstein Marshall L. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Psychoanalytic self psychology was introduced by Heinz Kohut (Kohut, 1966, 1971) to better explain and more efficaciously treat disorders of narcissism, a personality disturbance that had met with limited success when treatment relied on principles derived from Freud's (1926) drive theory and its revision as ego psychology. Understanding narcissism was problematic for Freud (Baudry, 1983), despite several attempts to find a satisfactory solution. Kohut (1971) viewed his initial explanation of narcissistic personality disorder as an extension of classical psychoanalytic theory, and he thus remained faithful to the major premises of Freud's vision of mental phenomena and the psychoanalytic method of treatment. As his work progressed, however, Kohut's ongoing clinical observations led him to a theoretical viewpoint that departed from some of the major tenets of classical psychoanalysis, notably the prominence of the ego in drive regulation and symptom formation and the unique significance of the oedipal conflict in personality development.
Self‐Efficacy
Authors: Bandura Albert 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Perceived self‐efficacy is concerned with people's beliefs in their ability to influence events that affect their lives. This core belief is the foundation of human motivation, performance accomplishments, and emotional well‐being (Bandura, 1997, 2006). Unless people believe they can produce desired effects by their actions, they have little incentive to undertake activities or to persevere in the face of difficulties. Whatever other factors may serve as guides and motivators, they are rooted in the core belief that one can make a difference by one's actions.
Self‐Report Inventories
Authors: Ben‐Porath Yossef S. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSelf‐report inventories (SRIs) have been a mainstay of assessment psychology for more than eight decades. They are used frequently in a broad range of settings and applications (e.g., mental health diagnosis and treatment planning, medical settings, substance abuse treatment facilities, psycholegal evaluations, and screening of candidates for public safety positions). SRIs typically require test takers to respond to a series of statements (items) by indicating whether, or to what extent, the item describes some aspect of their functioning. The response format varies from a dichotomous true or false to a Likert scale indication of degree of agreement with the statement as a self‐description. Some SRIs focus primarily on abnormal functioning or psychopathology, whereas others concentrate more on the normal personality range. Still others cover both normal and abnormal aspects of personality and psychopathology.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Dick‐Niederhauser Andreas , Silverman Wendy K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is a common psychiatric disorder of childhood and early adolescence characterized by recurrent excessive and unrealistic fear of separation from home or major attachment figures, typically the mother. SAD can interfere considerably with social, family, and academic functioning and often leads to age‐inappropriate behaviors. SAD should not be confused with separation anxiety, which occurs as a normal stage of development during the first year of life, when infants begin to understand that they are separate from their primary caregiver.
Sexual Harassment
Authors: Fernandez Shantel , Hanson Rochelle F. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSexual harassment is illegal and occurs in a variety of settings. Laws have been developed to protect individuals from this problem in workplace, housing, and educational contexts. Both females and males experience sexual harassment. However, women are more likely to experience sexual harassment than men (Nora et al., 2002; Street, Gradus, Stafford, & Kelly, 2007). According to a study of federal employees, approximately 44% of women and 19% of men have experienced sexual harassment over a 2‐year period (United States Merit Systems Protection Board, 1995). In 2007, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) received 12,510 charges of sexual harassment, with only 16% of those charges filed by males. Additionally, charges of sexual harassment can be quite costly. According to the EEOC web site (http://www.eeoc.gov), in 2007, 11,592 sexual harassment charges were resolved by the EEOC, with $49.9 million in monetary benefits recovered for charging parties and other aggrieved individuals. Importantly, this amount did not include monetary benefits obtained through litigation.
Shyness
Authors: Henderson Lynne , Zimbardo Philip , Carducci Bernardo 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Shyness as an emotional state is considered by some researchers to be universal, a blend of fear and interest, and adaptive in evolution. Shyness as a personality trait may be defined experientially as excessive self‐focus characterized by negative self‐evaluation that creates discomfort or inhibition in social situations and interferes with pursuing one's interpersonal or professional goals. The experience of shyness can occur at any or all of the following levels: cognitive (e.g., excessive negative self‐evaluation), affective (e.g., heightened negative emotion), physiological (e.g., racing heart), and behavioral (e.g., failure to respond appropriately). It may be triggered by a wide variety of situational cues. Among the most typical situations are interactions with authorities and strangers, one‐on‐one opposite‐sex interactions, and unstructured social settings.
Single‐Participant Research Designs
Authors: Huitema Bradley E. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Single‐participant research designs involve the intensive study of one participant continuously or repeatedly across time. The participant may be a person or a single molar unit, such as an industrial organization or a political unit. As with conventional group designs based on reasonably large samples of subjects, single‐participant designs are employed to determine whether different variables are related or whether a treatment or intervention causes some effect on relevant response measures. There are situations in which it is more meaningful, more convenient, more ethical, and/or less expensive to study one or very few participants intensively than to study many participants. A basic difference between group and single‐participant designs is that one or very few observations are generally obtained from each participant with group designs, whereas many observations are usually obtained from a single participant across time in the case of single‐participant designs. The design categories of correlational, quasi‐experimental, and experimental, which are frequently used to classify different types of group designs, can also be used to classify various single‐participant designs.
Sleep Disorders
Authors: McGlinchey Eleanor , Harvey Allison 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
There have been important advances in knowledge on many of the functions of human sleep. For example, it is increasingly evident that sleep plays a critical role in many domains of health and psychological functioning. Hence, sleep disorders have become a significant public health concern. It is estimated that the direct medical costs of insomnia alone are $13.9 billion each year, with indirect costs such as missing work nearly doubling that cost (Walsh & Engelhardt, 1999).
Social Facilitation
Authors: Guerin Bernard 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The question at the heart of social facilitation research is how the presence of another person affects performance. If you play a musical instrument alone versus in front of an audience, is your performance typically better or worse? If you type on a computer with no one around, compared with when someone else is merely working in the background or observing you, how do these conditions affect both the speed and the accuracy of your typing?
Social Isolation
Authors: Andrews Keelah D. , Flanagan Kelly S. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Social interaction is integral to mental health across development. Lack of social interaction, or social isolation, not only is a painful experience but also can negatively impact child development. Distinctions have been made between emotional isolation, appearing in the absence of close emotional attachment, and social isolation, which appears in the absence of an engaging social network. Social isolation can lead to feelings of loneliness, low self‐esteem and alienation, negative self‐concept and powerlessness, increased shyness and anger, decreased activity, depression, social and academic difficulties, and in some cases, delinquent behavior and violence. Recent studies suggest that social anxiety may be a precursor to social isolation and that the loneliness that accompanies social isolation uniquely contributes to severe emotional problems.
Social Psychophysiology
Authors: Cacioppo John T. , Berntson Gary G. , Aue Tatjana 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Social psychophysiology is characterized by the use of noninvasive procedures to study the relationships between actual or perceived physiological events and the verbal or behavioral effects of human interactions. The field represents the intersection of social psychology and psychophysiology. Social psychology, the older of the two spawning disciplines, is directed toward understanding the reportable and behavioral effects of human presence and interactions, whereas psychophysiology employs noninvasive procedures to study the interrelationships between physiological events and a person's reportable or overt behavior.
Socialization
Authors: Wilson Janelle L. , Sonnad Subhash R. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSocialization is the process of becoming a social being. During this process, individuals acquire ways of learning, thinking, acting, and feeling that enable them to familiarize themselves with the culture and become active participants in the social process. Agents of socialization are persons or institutions that are influential in this process; key agents include family, peers, schools, and media. The increasingly ubiquitous role of popular culture and the media in the socialization process has gained the attention of scholars these past several years. Most recently, the role of rapidly changing technologies, such as cell phones, BlackBerrys, and iPods, as agents of socialization (especially among children and adolescents) has raised questions about their effect on human development. Peer groups have also gained in importance, because the family system has been subjected to significant changes that include single‐parent child rearing, stepparent socialization, multiple‐parent siblings, and fragmentation of family roles and responsibilities.
Society for the Psychology of Women
Authors: Chrisler Joan C. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Division of the Psychology of Women was formally established in 1973 as Division 35 of the American Psychological Association (APA). Its name was changed to the Society for the Psychology of Women in 1991, and today the division is known to its members both as Division 35 and SPW. The impetus for the founding of the division came from women's social and political activism in the late 1960s, especially from members of the Association for Women in Psychology (AWP), which was founded in 1969. AWP and SPW continue to work together today by cosponsoring a hospitality suite during APA conventions and a prize for student research on the psychology of women and gender.
Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
Authors: King Cheryl A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology (SCCAP), which is Division 53 of the American Psychological Association (APA), represents psychologists active in teaching, research, clinical services, administration, and advocacy in clinical child and adolescent psychology. Its mission statement provides a clear statement of the organization's purpose:

The purpose of Division 53 (Society of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology) is to encourage the development and advancement of clinical child and adolescent psychology through integration of its scientific and professional aspects. The division promotes scientific inquiry, training, professional practice, and public policy in clinical child and adolescent psychology as a means of improving the welfare and mental health of children, youth, and families. In the service of these goals, the division promotes the general objectives of the American Psychological Association. (Society for Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Bylaws, 2007)
Sociology
Authors: Winfield Idee 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSociology is the social scientific study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behavior (American Sociological Association, 2006). For sociologists, the lives of individuals can be understood only through the social contexts in which they live. By focusing on the social patterns and societal forces that shape people, sociology looks beyond individual psychology and unique events to the predictable broad patterns and regular occurrences of social life that influence our individual destinies.
Spatial Memory
Authors: Poucet Bruno 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Spatial memory is ubiquitous. Almost every action takes place in space and requires some form of spatial memory. Also, it can easily be studied in animals, which often have outstanding spatial capabilities. Consider, for instance, the memory capabilities of food‐storing birds. During autumn, many birds store seeds that they retrieve later on (often several months after the storing episode), when the environment does not provide the necessary amount of fresh food. Thus an individual bird will store hundreds of food items in numerous caches scattered throughout its home range. Retrieving these food caches will depend at least partly on the bird's memory for their locations. For example, laboratory experiments show that Clark's nutcrackers show excellent retention of many spatial locations over time periods greater than 9 months. Other observations suggest that scrub jays remember more than just spatial locations. They also remember what type of food has been cached and whether it is perishable.
Speech Perception
Authors: Holt Lori L. , Idemaru Kaori 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Spoken words exist for mere moments, but from this fleeting acoustic signal, we are able to apprehend considerable information. We can decode the linguistic message of the speaker, as well as information about his or her gender, age, region of origin, identity, and emotional state. As adult listeners, we are so adept at speech perception that the ability seems trivial. However, the ease with which we perceive speech belies the complexity of the perceptual, cognitive, and neural mechanisms involved.
State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory
Authors: Spielberger Charles D. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Anxiety was defined by Freud as “something felt,” an emotional state that included feelings of apprehension, tension, nervousness, and worry accompanied by physiological arousal. Consistent with Darwin's evolutionary perspective, Freud observed that anxiety was adaptive in motivating behavior that helped individuals cope with threatening situations and that intense anxiety was prevalent in most psychiatric disorders. In measuring anxiety, Cattell (1966) emphasized the importance of distinguishing between anxiety as an emotional state and individual differences in anxiety as a personality trait.
Stereotype Threat
Authors: Maxfield Molly , Pyszczynski Tom 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The concept of stereotype threat was developed in response to the observation that African American undergraduates underperform relative to their Caucasian counterparts. A common explanation for this frequently observed group difference is that African American students receive inferior preparation for college, largely due to lower socioeconomic status; however, African American students with SAT scores equivalent to Caucasian students were still less successful in college than their nonminority classmates. Steele (2003) provides an overview of the origins of stereotype threat. He and his colleagues began to consider the psychological influences of one's social identity, suggesting that increased awareness of negative stereotypes associated with one's group amplifies concern about confirming that stereotype. This concern ultimately interferes with one's ability to perform and can thus result in the fulfillment of the stereotype. Steele proposed that the existing stereotype that African Americans do not develop strong intellectual abilities negatively influences group members' ability to achieve in college. More generally, because all groups have stereotypes, everyone is potentially susceptible to the performance‐undermining effect of stereotype threat.
Stroop Color‐Word Test
Authors: Schiehser Dawn M. , Bondi Mark W. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

The Stroop Color‐Word Test (SCWT; Stroop, 1935) is one of the oldest and most commonly used tests in psychology for examining executive functions and response inhibition. There are a number of versions of the task, several of which have been translated into different languages and modified for use with diverse populations, including children, adults, and clinical patients. In the standard form of the task, a participant is asked to (1) read words that are the names of colors (i.e., word reading), (2) name the color of ink patches (i.e., color naming), and (3) name the color of the ink in which incongruent color words are printed (e.g., say “red” when the word
green
is printed in red ink). This latter condition is thought to require response inhibition, as one must inhibit the easier and more automatic word reading in order to name the color of the ink (see MacLeod & MacDonald, 2000).
Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Savalei Victoria , Bentler Peter M. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract

Many constructs in psychology, such as intelligence, achievement motivation, and mental health status, cannot be measured directly. Such constructs are termed
latent variables,
or
factors,
and the data analytic technique designed to study the relationships among such variables is called structural equation modeling (SEM). SEM merges multivariate regression and factor analysis. In regression, a dependent variable
y
is predicted from
p
predictors as
y
= α + β
1
x
1
+ β
2
x
2
+ … + β

p

x

p

+
e
. SEM extends regression by allowing (1) latent variables, in which the
x
s are unobserved factors (a measurement model); (2) latent regressions, in which both
x
s and
y
s are latent variables; (3) multiple equations simultaneously with dependent variables
y
1
,
y
2
, … ,
y

m

, latent or observed; and (4) a dependent variable in one equation to be a predictor in another equation, and vice versa. A model with only observed
x
s and
y
s is called a
path
or
simultaneous equation
model.
Suicidality
Authors: Lester David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The psychological study of suicidal behavior has been hindered by problems of terminology and classification. Those who die from suicide are known as completed suicides. It is estimated that, for every completed suicide, about 10 individuals make attempts at suicide but survive. In the past, these individuals were called attempted suicides, but scholars pointed out that many attempted suicides had no intention of dying. For a while, the term parasuicide was adopted for this behavior, but more recently the terms “deliberate self‐harm” and “self‐injurious behavior” have become more common.
Supportive‐Expressive Therapy
Authors: Barber Jacques P. , Sharpless Brian A. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The term “supportive‐expressive psychoanalytic psychotherapy” (SET) was used originally to describe the open‐ended, psychoanalytically oriented therapy conducted at the Menninger Foundation. One can trace SET's conceptual origins to Freud's technical papers and the works of several of his followers (e.g., Bibring, Fenichel, Stone). SET was formally manualized by Luborsky in the late 1970s (Luborsky, 1984) and has since that time been the focus of considerable research. This manualized version of SET is the focus of the present article.
Symbiosis
Authors: Silverman Doris K. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
As Freud reflected on children's developing sense of self, their dealings with nonpleasurable bodily experiences, and their growing recognition of reality, he understood these progressive changes as occurring gradually. He considered infants as initially undifferentiated, merged with their mothers, and slowly advancing toward differentiation. Freud was describing the infant's first experiences of symbiosis based on the then‐limited information about infants' developmental capacities. Freud's ideas took hold in the psychoanalytic literature, and many theoreticians continue to support the view of infants' merger and fusion feelings. However, current research on infants' early experiences suggests the need to retire the concept of early‐stage symbiosis in infancy.
Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised
Authors: Derogatis Leonard R. , Unger Rachael 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised (SCL‐90‐R) is a 90‐item self‐report symptom inventory developed by Leonard R. Derogatis in the mid‐1970s to measure psychological symptoms and psychological distress. It is designed to be appropriate for use with individuals from the community, as well as individuals with either medical or psychiatric conditions. The SCL‐90‐R assesses psychological distress in terms of nine primary symptom dimensions and three summary scores termed global scores. The principal symptom dimensions are labeled Somatization (SOM), Obsessive‐Compulsive (OBS), Interpersonal Sensitivity (INT), Depression (DEP), Anxiety (ANX), Hostility (HOS), Phobic Anxiety (PHOB), Paranoid Ideation (PAR), and Psychoticism (PSY). The global measures are referred to as the Global Severity Index (GSI), the Positive Symptom Distress Index (PSDI), and the Positive Symptom Total (PST).
Synesthesia
Authors: Brang David 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Synesthesia is a perceptual experience in which a stimulus presented through one modality (e.g., hearing) will spontaneously evoke a sensation experienced in an unrelated modality (e.g., vision). For example, an individual may experience a specific color for every given note (e.g., C sharp is red) or every number may be tinged with a specific hue (e.g., five is indigo and seven is green). Although synesthesia can occur in response to drugs (LSD, mescaline, peyote), sensory deprivation, or, in rare cases, brain damage, research has largely focused on individuals with the heritable trait of developmental synesthesia. Synesthesia has no known association with any disorder or condition, and research suggests a higher occurrence among artists and musicians. Furthermore, synesthetes will often lament the loss of these experiences that sometimes occurs because of depression or the use of antidepressants.
Systematic Desensitization
Authors: McGlynn F. Dudley 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Systematic desensitization is a behavior therapy developed by Joseph Wolpe (1915–1997) for fear and anxiety. Treatment begins with an assessment that describes the objects and/or events that elicit fearfulness. It continues with three basic procedures: The therapist teaches the patient to relax the voluntary muscles. At the same time, the therapist and patient develop detailed descriptions of personal encounters with the objects and/or events that provoke fear and arrange them in order of increasing fearsomeness. Then the therapist instructs the patient to visualize the encounters in increasingly fearsome order while relaxed. The therapist also encourages the patient to confront the fearsome objects and/or events sometime after relaxed visualization of them.