bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation in the densities of augmented and existing bone in guided bone augmentation
Authors: Yamada Yutaka , Sato Shuichi , Yagi Hiroaki , Ujiie Hisashi , Ezawa Sanae , Ito Koichi 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectives: Our previous work used a rabbit experimental model to investigate the effectiveness of guided bone augmentation (GBA). Although a density similar to that of existing bone is required for successful bone augmentation, few studies have compared the densities of augmented and existing bone. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the correlation in the densities of existing and augmented bone following GBA in rabbit calvaria.Material and methods: The calvaria of 18 adult male Japanese white rabbits were exposed. A circular groove and nine small holes were drilled into the cortical surface of each left parietal bone. A customized, standardized, hemispherical titanium cap was press‐fitted into each groove. Six animals were sacrificed after each healing period of 1, 3, and 6 months and histomorphometric analyses were conducted.Results: Significant increases were observed in the area of augmented bone between 1 and 6 months (62.7±21.6% vs. 93.4±3.9%). In contrast, no significant differences among healing periods were observed in the density of augmented or existing bone. Regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the densities of augmented and existing bone; the strength of this correlation increased with the length of healing (R2=0.97).Conclusions: These results suggest that the area of augmented bone increases significantly with the length of healing, filling the occlusive space after 6 months, and that the density of augmented bone depends on that of the existing bone, such that augmented bone has a density about half that of the existing bone.To cite this article: Yamada Y, Sato S, Yagi H, Ujiie H, Ezawa S, Ito K. Correlation in the densities of augmented and existing bone in guided bone augmentation. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 837–845 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02204.x
Population Growth in Australia: Views and Policy Talk for Possible Futures
Authors: FINCHER RUTH 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDebates about population growth and the policies that might direct it have occurred from time to time in Australia and have always received publicity. This paper explores two facets of Australia's recent discourse about population growth. First, it identifies the major scholarly work of the last two decades that analyses the significance of population growth in Australia, this work seeking to provide an alternative to diverse popular and populist claims made in the 1990s. Second, the paper raises the particular areas of policy thinking on which this debate has drawn when seeking to support the need for population to grow more or grow less (population ageing, the need for urban [social and physical] infrastructure, and the recent discussion of the export industry of education). The paper concludes by asking why certain powerful public discourses constitute population growth as something to be feared.
Reidian Metaethics: Part II
Authors: Cuneo Terence 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDoes moral realism deserve to be the default metaethical position? The issue is contested. While many realists have maintained that theirs is the view to beat, others contend that realists have offered no satisfactory argument for this position. In this essay and its companion, ‘Reidian Metaethics, Part I’, I maintain that Thomas Reid’s moral epistemology can help us make headway on the issue. Reid, I claim, offers an interesting line of argument, that when conjoined with some other assumptions, supports the claim that realism deserves to be the default metaethical position.
Effects of Perimortem Stress on Farmed Atlantic Cod Product Quality: A Baseline Study
Authors: Erikson Ulf , Digre Hanne , Misimi Ekrem 
Published: May 2011

Abstract: The potential effects of handling stress on the product quality of farmed Atlantic cod were studied in a controlled experiment (fish anesthetized with metomidate or isoeugenol, or subjected to stress by chasing for 30 min). For comparison, stress and fillet quality was also studied for commercially slaughtered farmed cod (fish sampled from waiting cage, after pumping and stunning with carbon dioxide, and after bleeding and chilling). Baseline values for stress‐related parameters (blood chemistry, muscle high‐energy phosphates and inosine monophospate, initial pH, muscle twitches, and rigor mortis) of rested Atlantic cod have been established. Since our stress bout showed that this species was not easily excitable, we were less convinced that we actually did study the other extreme, namely, exhausted fish. Nevertheless, the present data from the commercial slaughter of cod suggested that our stress bout was of adequate magnitude to represent potential poor handling routines. Our results consistently showed largely no differences between treatments, and that perimortem handling stress did not cause inferior flesh quality. This suggested that farmed cod can be processed with little risk of reducing product quality (quality index, fillet water content, water‐holding capacity, ultimate pH, adenosine triphosphate‐related degradation products and K‐value, skin and fillet color, water and salt‐soluble proteins, hardness, and gaping). For better maintenance of skin appearance after storage, the importance of storing the gutted cod on the belly, avoiding direct contact between skin and crushed ice, is demonstrated.Practical Application: Baseline (rested) values for Atlantic cod muscle biochemistry have been established. Contrary to observations for a number of other fish species, the present study showed that perimortem stress did not, largely speaking, result in inferior product quality. However, attention to harvesting practices should not be neglected since gentle handling is a prerequisite for good fish welfare. The external appearance (quality index) of the cod after ice storage can be significantly improved if the fish are stored on the belly, avoiding direct contact between skin and ice.
Structural Stability of Myosin Rod from Silver Carp as Affected by Season
Authors: Yuan Chunhong , Wang Xichang , Chen Shunsheng , Qu Yinghong , Konno Kunihiko 
Published: May 2011

Abstract:  Chymotrypsin digestion and Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy were used to study the structural stability of myosin rods prepared from silver carp in summer and winter. Differences in the thermal stability were clearly demonstrated by the chymotryptic digestion patterns and CD data obtained at pH 7.5 in 0.5 M KCl for myosin rods in both seasons, indicating the structural properties differed seasonally. In winter, the myosin rods were more susceptible to be cleaved into short (40 kDa) subfragments when digested at high temperature (30 °C). The major peaks in unfolding profiles showed that transition temperatures for the rods were 35 °C in winter, and 36 and 41 °C in summer. Rod subfragments (S‐2 and LMM) were isolated and further analyzed by CD. In both winter and summer, the LMM fragments showed an unfolding transition at around 35.5 °C, but the S‐2 fragments showed large seasonal difference; in winter, they showed a major unfolding peak around 35 °C and a minor peak at 40.5 °C, while in summer, they unfolded mostly at 44.5 °C, which was 8 °C higher than that for the LMM fragments. Short (40 kDa) S‐2 subfragments isolated from winter rods gave a single unfolding transition at 41 °C. These results suggest that differences in the thermal stability of myosin rods between winter and summer were due to differences in the stability of S‐2 region.Practical Application:  The aim of this study was to detect the differences in the structure thermal stability of myosin rods between summer and winter, which is a very important portion for gel formation. The information will be very useful for producing surimi from freshwater fish species in different seasons.
‘Love was in the next Degree’: Lyric, Satire, and Inventive Modulation
Authors: FAIRER DAVID 
Published: May 2011

AbstractTaking ancient Greek lyric and its musical performance as a starting‐point, this essay considers the creative potential of modulation, the skilful deploying of dynamic and tonal effects in poetry. It argues that poets of the period from 1660 to 1740 found in the Classical tradition a range of contrasting lyric modes that could be varied and combined in inventive ways. From this perspective it is also possible to appreciate how the period's satiric writing exploits the more flexible and responsive elements of the lyrist's skill, its modal creativity. In this period, lyric and satire are closer together than we might think.
‘My Muse loves a little Variety’: Writing Drama and the Creative Life of Frances Burney
Authors: SKINNER GILLIAN 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article focuses on Frances Burney's abortive career as a playwright and uses her journals and letters to examine three key points: the suppression of her first comedy, The Witlings; the sole performance of her tragedy Edwy and Elgiva; and the withdrawal from rehearsal of her second comedy, Love and Fashion. I argue that close reading of the journals and letters surrounding these events tells us something about the complexity with which Burney herself, and those close to her, viewed her creativity, and reveals conflicting discourses of inspiration and labour, always complicated by gender.
How do young adults perceive the risk of chlamydia infection? A qualitative study
Authors: Newby Katie V. , Wallace Louise M. , French David P. 
Published: May 2011

Objectives. This study aimed to improve understanding of how young UK genito‐urinary medicine (GUM) patients perceive the risk of chlamydia, and identify implications for health education.Design. A qualitative methodology was chosen.Methods. Semi‐structured interviews with 27 respondents aged 16–22 years old were conducted. Data were subjected to thematic analysis.Results. Respondents made assessments of the perceived seriousness of, and their personal susceptibility to, chlamydia infection. Judgements about seriousness were related to beliefs about the controllability of symptoms and the long‐term health consequences of infection. Susceptibility estimates were related to beliefs about the extent to which personal exposure put them in contact with chlamydia, and about the prevalence of infection amongst their peer group. This is consistent with the content of illness risk representations proposed by Cameron (2003). Respondents demonstrated some beliefs, which appeared to influence perceptions of seriousness and susceptibility in unhelpful ways.Conclusions. Young people may be underestimating their risk of chlamydia infection due to the presence of unhelpful beliefs. Dialogue between health professionals and patients within GUM clinics, or through consultations as part of the National Chlamydia Screening Programme (NCSP), could provide vehicles to deliver health education to target these. Suggested health education includes highlighting false reassurance provided by treatment beliefs and exposing the fallibility of using overt characteristics to judge the likelihood that a potential sexual partner poses a risk of infection.
Complete Genome Analysis of Coxsackievirus A2, A4, A5, and A10 Strains Isolated from Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease Patients in China Revealing Frequent Recombination of Human Enterovirus A
Authors: Hu Y. F. , Yang Fan , Du J. , Dong J. , Zhang T. , Wu Z. Q. , Xue Y. , Jin Qi 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTCoxsackievirus (CV) strains CVA2, CVA4, CVA5, and CVA10 were isolated from patients with hand, foot, and mouth disease during a 2009 outbreak in China. Full genome sequences for four representative strains, CVA2/SD/CHN/09 (A2SD09), CVA4/SZ/CHN/09 (A4SZ09), CVA5/SD/CHN/09 (A5SD09), and CVA10/SD/CHN/09 (A10SD09), were determined. Phylogenetic and recombination analyses of the isolates by comparison with human enterovirus A prototype strains revealed that genetic recombination occurred during cocirculation of the viruses. The A2SD09 and A4SZ09 strains were most closely related to their corresponding prototype strains in the capsid region but shared noncapsid sequences with each other. Similarly, strains A5SD09 and A10SD09 had serotype-specific homology for the capsid proteins but shared noncapsid sequences with each other. Phylogenetic analyses of the four isolates with homotypic strains showed that CVA2 strains were divided into five genotypes. The A2SD09 strain clustered with Mongolia strains isolated in 2003, forming genotype V. The A4SZ09 strain and other isolates from mainland China and Taiwan clustered with genotype III strains and are likely related to strains that circulated in Europe and Mongolia. The A5SD09 strain is closely related to other Chinese strains isolated in 2008. The A10SD09 isolate, together with other Chinese strains isolated since 2004, formed a distinct lineage that was likely imported from Japan and South Korea. This study shows that natural recombination is a frequent event in human enterovirus A evolution. More comprehensive surveillance of enteroviruses that focus not only on EV71 or CVA16 is needed for us to understand the molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses and to track recombination events which may ultimately affect the virulence of viruses during outbreaks.
Improved Identification of Yeast Species Directly from Positive Blood Culture Media by Combining Sepsityper Specimen Processing and Microflex Analysis with the Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Biotyper System
Authors: Yan Yingjun , He Ying , Maier Thomas , Quinn Criziel , Shi Gongyi , Li Haijing , Stratton Charles W. , Kostrzewa Markus , Tang Yi-Wei 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Current methods for identification of yeast from blood cultures may take several days after these microorganisms have been observed by Gram stain smears from positive blood cultures. We explored the use of a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) Biotyper system in combination with Sepsityper specimen processing and Microflex analysis for improved detection and identification of yeast species directly from positive blood culture specimens demonstrating yeast-like organisms by Gram stain. The limit of detection of yeast species in blood culture medium was determined to be 5.9 × 10
5
CFU, with intra- and interstrain coefficients of variation of 1.8 to 3.6% and 2.9%, respectively. A total of 42 yeast-containing positive blood culture specimens were processed, and the identification results were compared to those obtained by routinely used phenotypic methods. Specimens with discrepant results between the Biotyper and phenotypic methods were identified on the basis of internal transcribed spacer region sequencing. The MALDI Biotyper system correctly identified the 42 specimens to species level, including 28 (66.7%)
Candida albicans
, 8 (19.0%)
Candida parapsilosis
, and 5 (11.9%)
Candida tropicalis
isolates and 1 (2.4%)
Cryptococcus neoformans
isolate. The entire procedure, from specimen extraction to final result reporting, can be completed within 1 h. Our data indicated that the Sepsityper specimen processing and Microflex analysis by the MALDI Biotyper system provide a rapid and reliable tool for yeast species identification directly from positive blood culture media.
Optimization of Periprosthetic Culture for Diagnosis of Propionibacterium acnes Prosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Butler-Wu Susan M. , Burns Erica M. , Pottinger Paul S. , Magaret Amalia S. , Rakeman Jennifer L. , Matsen Frederick A. , Cookson Brad T. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Propionibacterium acnes
is increasingly recognized as an important agent of prosthetic joint infection (PJI). However, the optimum culture conditions for recovery of this organism from PJI specimens have not been determined. By applying a prolonged 28-day culture incubation to all periprosthetic specimens received for bacterial culture from 198 revision arthroplasty procedures, we retrospectively determined that a 13-day culture incubation period is necessary for the recovery of
P. acnes
from patients with PJI. Incubation beyond this period was associated with increasing recovery of nondiagnostic isolates: 21.7% of
P. acnes
isolates believed to be clinically unimportant were recovered after 13 days of incubation. Importantly, a diagnosis of
P. acnes
PJI would have been missed in 29.4% of patients had extended culture incubation been applied only to anaerobic culture media. Although specimens from
P. acnes
PJIs were more commonly associated with the presence of ≥2 culture media positive for growth, acute inflammation (≥5 neutrophils/high-power field) was observed in only 40% of patients with PJIs that had more than one specimen submitted for bacterial culture. These results support the need for a minimum culture incubation period of 13 days to be applied to both aerobic and anaerobic culture media for all periprosthetic specimens. Optimal recovery of infecting organisms from PJI specimens will be an important component in generating a universal definition for PJI due to indolent agents of infection, such as
P. acnes
.
Identification of Toxoplasma gondii SUB1 Antigen as a Marker for Acute Infection by Use of an Innovative Evaluation Method
Authors: Hruzik A. , Asif A. R. , Groß U. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTBy the separation ofToxoplasmalysate using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and its analysis with human serum samples and mass spectrometry, the subtilisin-like protein (SUB1) was identified to be a potential marker for acute toxoplasmosis. Following expression of the C-terminal domain of SUB1 inEscherichia coli, it was tested in a line blot assay using a total of 80 human serum samples. Two computer programs based on different evaluation strategies were used for judgment of the line blot results: (i) a time-dependent method with a predefined cutoff value and (ii) a fixed-time-point method with a calculated cutoff. Thereby, SUB1 was proven to be rather reactive with specific immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG of patients with an acute infection. This finding makes this antigen an attractive candidate for improving diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and demonstrates that not only the selection of respective antigens but also the evaluation method chosen are important for the evaluation of new diagnostic markers.
Protective Effects of Broadly Neutralizing Immunoglobulin against Homologous and Heterologous Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Infection in Horses with Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: Taylor Sandra D. , Leib Steven R. , Wu Wuwei , Nelson Robert , Carpenter Susan , Mealey Robert H. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Using the equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) lentivirus model system, we previously demonstrated protective effects of broadly neutralizing immune plasma in young horses (foals) with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). However,
in vivo
selection of a neutralization-resistant envelope variant occurred. Here, we determined the protective effects of purified immunoglobulin with more potent broadly neutralizing activity. Overall, protection correlated with the breadth and potency of neutralizing activity
in vitro
. Four of five SCID foals were completely protected against homologous challenge, while partial protection occurred following heterologous challenge. These results support the inclusion of broadly neutralizing antibodies in lentivirus control strategies.
Sprouty 2 Binds ESCRT-II Factor Eap20 and Facilitates HIV-1 Gag Release
Authors: Medina G. N. , Ehrlich L. S. , Chen M. H. , Khan M. B. , Powell M. D. , Carter C. A. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

The four ESCRT (
e
ndocytic
s
orting
c
omplexes
r
equired for
t
ransport) complexes (ESCRT-0, -I, -II, and -III) normally operate sequentially in the trafficking of cellular cargo. HIV-1 Gag trafficking and release as virus-like particles (VLPs) require the participation of ESCRTs; however, its use of ESCRTs is selective and nonsequential. Specifically, Gag trafficking to release sites on the plasma membrane does not require ESCRT-0 or -II. It is known that a bypass of ESCRT-0 is achieved by the direct linkage of the ESCRT-I component, Tsg101, to the primary L domain motif (PTAP) in Gag and that bypass of ESCRT-II is achieved by the linkage of Gag to ESCRT-III through the adaptor protein Alix. However, the mechanism by which Gag suppresses the interaction of bound ESCRT-I with ESCRT-II is unknown. Here we show (i) that VLP release requires the steady-state level of Sprouty 2 (Spry2) in COS-1 cells, (ii) that Spry2 binds the ESCRT-II component Eap20, (iii) that binding Eap20 permits Spry2 to disrupt ESCRT-I interaction with ESCRT-II, and (iv) that coexpression of Gag with a Spry2 fragment that binds Eap20 increases VLP release. Spry2 also facilitated release of P7L-Gag (i.e., release in the absence of Tsg101 binding). In this case, rescue required the secondary L domain (YPX
n
L) in HIV-1 Gag that binds Alix and the region in Spry2 that binds Eap20. The results identify Spry2 as a novel cellular factor that facilitates release driven by the primary and secondary HIV-1 Gag L domains.
Chemical Induction of Endogenous Retrovirus Particles from the Vero Cell Line of African Green Monkeys
Authors: Ma Hailun , Ma Yunkun , Ma Wenbin , Williams Dhanya K. , Galvin Teresa A. , Khan Arifa S. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Endogenous retroviral sequences are present in high copy numbers in the genomes of all species and may be expressed as RNAs; however, the majority are defective for virus production. Although virus has been isolated from various Old World monkey and New World monkey species, there has been no report of endogenous retroviruses produced from African green monkey (AGM) tissues or cell lines. We have recently developed a stepwise approach for evaluating the presence of latent viruses by chemical induction (Khan et al., Biologicals
37:
196–201, 2009). Based upon this strategy, optimum conditions were determined for investigating the presence of inducible, endogenous retroviruses in the AGM-derived Vero cell line. Low-level reverse transcriptase activity was produced with 5-azacytidine (AzaC) and with 5′-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IUdR); none was detected with sodium butyrate. Nucleotide sequence analysis of PCR-amplified fragments from the
gag
,
pol
, and
env
regions of RNAs, prepared from ultracentrifuged pellets of filtered supernatants, indicated that endogenous retrovirus particles related to simian endogenous type D betaretrovirus (SERV) sequences and baboon endogenous virus type C gammaretrovirus (BaEV) sequences were induced by AzaC, whereas SERV sequences were also induced by IUdR. Additionally, sequence heterogeneity was seen in the RNAs of SERV- and BaEV-related particles. Infectivity analysis of drug-treated AGM Vero cells showed no virus replication in cell lines known to be susceptible to type D simian retroviruses (SRVs) and to BaEV. The results indicated that multiple, inducible endogenous retrovirus loci are present in the AGM genome that can encode noninfectious, viruslike particles.