bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolite Profiling Identifies Pathways Associated With Metabolic Risk in Humans
Authors: Cheng Susan , Rhee Eugene P. , Larson Martin G. , Lewis Gregory D. , McCabe Elizabeth L. , Shen Dongxiao , Palma Melinda J. , Roberts Lee D. , Dejam Andre , Souza Amanda L. , Deik Amy A. , Magnusson Martin , Fox Caroline S. , O'Donnell Christopher J. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Melander Olle , Clish Clary B. , Gerszten Robert E. , Wang Thomas J. 
Published: April 2012

Background—
Although metabolic risk factors are known to cluster in individuals who are prone to developing diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, the underlying biological mechanisms remain poorly understood.

Methods and Results—

To identify pathways associated with cardiometabolic risk, we used liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine the plasma concentrations of 45 distinct metabolites and to examine their relation to cardiometabolic risk in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS; n=1015) and the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study (MDC; n=746). We then interrogated significant findings in experimental models of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. We observed that metabolic risk factors (obesity, insulin resistance, high blood pressure, and dyslipidemia) were associated with multiple metabolites, including branched-chain amino acids, other hydrophobic amino acids, tryptophan breakdown products, and nucleotide metabolites. We observed strong associations of insulin resistance traits with glutamine (standardized regression coefficients, −0.04 to −0.22 per 1-SD change in log-glutamine;
P
<0.001), glutamate (0.05 to 0.14;
P
<0.001), and the glutamine-to-glutamate ratio (−0.05 to −0.20;
P
<0.001) in the discovery sample (FHS); similar associations were observed in the replication sample (MDC). High glutamine-to-glutamate ratio was associated with lower risk of incident diabetes mellitus in FHS (odds ratio, 0.79; adjusted
P
=0.03) but not in MDC. In experimental models, administration of glutamine in mice led to both increased glucose tolerance (
P
=0.01) and decreased blood pressure (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—
Biochemical profiling identified circulating metabolites not previously associated with metabolic traits. Experimentally interrogating one of these pathways demonstrated that excess glutamine relative to glutamate, resulting from exogenous administration, is associated with reduced metabolic risk in mice.
Quantifying Uncertainty for Climate Change and Long-Range Forecasting Scenarios with Model Errors. Part I: Gaussian Models
Authors: Gershgorin Boris , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractInformation theory provides a concise systematic framework for measuring climate consistency and sensitivity for imperfect models. A suite of increasingly complex physically relevant linear Gaussian models with time periodic features mimicking the seasonal cycle is utilized to elucidate central issues that arise in contemporary climate science. These include the role of model error, the memory of initial conditions, and effects of coarse graining in producing short-, medium-, and long-range forecasts. In particular, this study demonstrates how relative entropy can be used to improve climate consistency of an overdamped imperfect model by inflating stochastic forcing. Moreover, the authors show that, in the considered models, by improving climate consistency, this simultaneously increases the predictive skill of an imperfect model in response to external perturbation, a property of crucial importance in the context of climate change. The three models range in complexity from a scalar time periodic model mimicking seasonal fluctuations in a mean jet to a spatially extended system of turbulent Rossby waves to, finally, the behavior of a turbulent tracer with a mean gradient with the background turbulent field velocity generated by the first two models. This last model mimics the global and regional behavior of turbulent passive tracers under various climate change scenarios. This detailed study provides important guidelines for extending these strategies to more complicated and non-Gaussian physical systems.
Rebound in Atmospheric Predictability and the Role of the Land Surface
Authors: Guo Zhichang , Dirmeyer Paul A. , DelSole Timothy , Koster Randal D. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Total predictability within a chaotic system like the earth’s climate cannot increase over time. However, it can be transferred between subsystems. Predictability of air temperature and precipitation in numerical model forecasts over North America rebounds during late spring to summer because of information stored in the land surface. Specifically, soil moisture anomalies can persist over several months, but this memory cannot affect the atmosphere during early spring because of a lack of coupling between land and atmosphere. Coupling becomes established in late spring, enabling the effects of soil moisture anomalies to increase atmospheric predictability in 2-month forecasts begun as early as 1 May. This predictability is maintained through summer and then drops as coupling fades again in fall. This finding suggests summer forecasts of rainfall and air temperature over parts of North America could be significantly improved with soil moisture observations during spring.
Changes in the Deep Western Boundary Current at 53°N
Authors: Myers Paul G. , Kulan Nilgun 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Southward transports in the deep western boundary current across 53°N, over 1949–99, are determined from a historical reconstruction. Long-term mean transports, for given water masses, for net southward transport (the southward component of the transport not including recirculation given in parentheses) are 4.7 ± 2.3 Sv (5.1 ± 2.4 Sv) (Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) for the Denmark Strait Overflow Water, 6.1 ± 2.7 Sv (6.8 ± 1.7 Sv) for the Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water, 6.5 ± 2.6 Sv (7.1 ± 1.8 Sv) for classical Labrador Sea Water, and 2.3 ± 1.9 Sv (2.7 ± 3.4 Sv) for upper Labrador Sea Water. The estimates take into account seasonal and interannual variability of the isopycnal positions and suggest the importance of including this factor. A strong correlation, 0.91, is found between variability of the total and baroclinic transports (with the barotropic velocity removed) at the annual time scale. This correlation drops to 0.32 if the baroclinic transports are, instead, computed based upon the use of a fixed level of no motion at 1400 m. The Labrador Sea Water layer shows significant variability and enhanced transport during the 1990s but no trend. The deeper layers do show a declining (but nonstatistically significant) trend over the period analyzed, largest in the ISOW layer. The Iceland–Scotland Overflow Water presents a 0.029 Sv yr−1 decline or 1.5 Sv over the 50-yr period, an 18%–22% decrease in its mean transport.
The Impact of Forcing Datasets on the High-Resolution Simulation of Tropical Storm Ivan (2004) in the Southern Appalachians
Authors: Sun Xiaoming , Barros Ana P. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
The influence of large-scale forcing on the high-resolution simulation of Tropical Storm Ivan (2004) in the southern Appalachians was investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). Two forcing datasets were employed: the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR; 32 km × 32 km) and the NCEP Final Operational Global Analysis (NCEP FNL; 1° × 1°). Simulated fields were evaluated against rain gauge, radar, and satellite data; sounding observations; and the best track from the National Hurricane Center (NHC). Overall, the NCEP FNL forced simulation (WRF_FNL) captures storm structure and evolution more accurately than the NARR forced simulation (WRF_NARR), benefiting from the hurricane initialization scheme in the NCEP FNL. Further, the performance of WRF_NARR is also negatively affected by a previously documented low-level warm bias in NARR. These factors lead to excessive precipitation in the Piedmont region, delayed rainfall in Alabama, as well as spatially displaced and unrealistically extreme rainbands during its passage over the southern Appalachians. Spatial filtering of the simulated precipitation fields confirms that the storm characteristics inherited from the forcing are critical to capture the storm’s impact at local places. Compared with the NHC observations, the storm is weaker in both NARR and NCEP FNL (up to Δp ~ 5 hPa), yet it is persistently deeper in all WRF simulations forced by either dataset. The surface wind fields are largely overestimated. This is attributed to the underestimation of surface roughness length over land, leading to underestimation of surface drag, reducing low-level convergence, and weakening the dissipation of the simulated cyclone.
Primat de l’authenticité et besoin de reconnaissance. La société de consommation et la nouvelle régulation du religieux1
Authors: Gauthier François 
Published: April 2012

La lecture de la production en sociologie des religions donne à penser que nous sommes toujours dans une période transitoire, en chemin vers une nouvelle configuration religieuse encore largement indiscernable. Or la littérature sociologique et les enquêtes empiriques depuis une trentaine d’années décrivent une situation se stabilisant autour de certaines caractéristiques globales, tant et si bien qu’on peut se demander si de nouvelles logiques n’auraient pas vu le jour dont il serait possible de montrer la systématicité. Inspiré des travaux de Charles Taylor, cet article esquisse les grandes lignes de l’hypothèse d’une nouvelle régulation du religieux en proposant de comprendre l’avènement de la société de consommation sous l’angle d’un accomplissement du tournant subjectif moderne et de la radicalisation conséquente de la culture de l’authenticité et de l’expressivité. Par-delà leur éclatement, les religiosités contemporaines se donnent à lire comme autant de réponses à l’impératif social d’un projet de soi, des constructions identitaires ou « itinéraires de sens » (Raymond Lemieux) soumis aux enjeux d’une reconnaissance porteuse d’une puissante normativité. The bulk of the production in the sociology of religion today tends to corroborate the idea that contemporary societies are defined by their transience, as if en route towards some kind of future religious configuration still indiscernible. Yet one can note that empirical studies and scientific literature alike have been describing a situation which has tended to stabilize around certain characteristics these last two or three decades. This article argues that such stability signifies that these characteristics form an interdependent and coherent system and sketches out the hypothesis of a new regulation of religion in our societies contradicting such ideas as fragmentation and atomization. Following some of Charles Taylor’s ideas, this article considers the advent of consumer society as realizing the subjective-turn part of the modernization process through a radicalization of the culture of authenticity and expressivity. Thus contemporary religiosities are individual answers to the social imperative to construct a self and a personal life narrative which in turn must be expressed in order to be recognized, this recognition being the mechanism through which consumer societies efficiently regulate.
Comprehensive Assessment of Human Pharmacokinetic Prediction Based on In Vivo Animal Pharmacokinetic Data, Part 1: Volume of Distribution at Steady State
Authors: Lombardo Franco , Waters Nigel J. , Argikar Upendra A. , Dennehy Michelle K. , Zhan Jenny , Gunduz Mithat , Harriman Shawn P. , Berellini Giuliano , Rajlic Ivana Liric , Obach R. Scott 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe authors present a comprehensive analysis on the estimation of volume of distribution at steady state (VDss) in human based on rat, dog, and monkey data on nearly 400 compounds for which there are also associated human data. This data set, to the authors— knowledge, is the largest publicly available, has been carefully compiled from literature reports, and was expanded with some in‐house determinations such as plasma protein binding data. This work offers a good statistical basis for the evaluation of applicable prediction methods, their accuracy, and some methods‐dependent diagnostic tools. The authors also grouped the compounds according to their charge classes and show the applicability of each method considered to each class, offering further insight into the probability of a successful prediction. Furthermore, they found that the use of fraction unbound in plasma, to obtain unbound volume of distribution, is generally detrimental to accuracy of several methods, and they discuss possible reasons. Overall, the approach using dog and monkey data in the íie‐Tozer equation offers the highest probability of success, with an intrinsic diagnostic tool based on aberrant values (<0 or >1) for the calculated fraction unbound in tissue. Alternatively, methods based on dog data (single‐species scaling) and rat and dog data (íie‐Tozer equation with 2 species or multiple regression methods) may be considered reasonable approaches while not requiring data in nonhuman primates.
Efficacy of Recombinant Human Soluble Thrombomodulin in Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Authors: Sugawara Junichi , Suenaga Kaori , Hoshiai Tetsuro , Sato Takahiro , Nishigori Hidekazu , Nagase Satoru , Yaegashi Nobuo 
Published: April 2012

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) in disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) associated with severe postpartum hemorrhage (PPH). Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of 36 patients with severe PPH complicated by DIC admitted to a single tertiary center. The first 26 patients were treated without rTM (control group), and the next 10 consecutive patients were treated with rTM. Clinical parameters including bleeding symptoms and coagulation indices were evaluated. Results: Baseline characteristics, total blood loss, and transfusion requirements were similar between the 2 groups. On day 2, there was a significant difference between the 2 groups in the decrease in d-dimer level from baseline. The incidence of bleeding symptoms was decreased in the rTM group compared with the control group. No adverse events were observed in the rTM group. Conclusion: Recombinant human thrombomodulin may be an effective adjunctive therapy in the management of DIC related to PPH.
Splenic re-irradiation for waldenstrőm’s macroglobulinemia
Authors: Wei Zhou , Yanxia Yu , Ying Xu , Han Wang , Yuhua Jiang 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We report on a case of Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (WM) treated with splenic re-irradiation. To the best of our knowledge this has not been reported before. A 69-year-old Asian female patient with WM received a three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy, with 24 Gy in 12 treatment fractions in the first stage. She tolerated the treatment well, with a 37% reduction of the monoclonal immunoglobulin, an impalpable spleen, and improved hematological laboratory tests for 4 months. She was then treated with splenic re-irradiation up to 24 Gy for tumor progression. She showed no evidence of progression one year after re-irradiation, with a 55% reduction of the monoclonal immunoglobulin. Our experience demonstrates that splenic irradiation is an effective treatment to control the progression of WM.
On mapping seafloor mineral deposits with central loop transient electromagnetics
Authors: Swidinsky Andrei , Hölz Sebastian , Jegen Marion 
Published: April 2012

Electromagnetic methods are commonly employed in exploration for land-based mineral deposits. A suite of airborne, land, and borehole electromagnetic techniques consisting of different coil and dipole configurations have been developed over the last few decades for this purpose. In contrast, although the commercial value of marine mineral deposits has been recognized for decades, the development of suitable marine electromagnetic methods for mineral exploration at sea is still in its infancy. One particularly interesting electromagnetic method, which could be used to image a mineral deposit on the ocean floor, is the central loop configuration. Central loop systems consist of concentric transmitting and receiving loops of wire. While these types of systems are frequently used in land-based or airborne surveys, to our knowledge neither system has been used for marine mineral exploration. The advantages of using central loop systems at sea are twofold: (1) simplified navigation, because the transmitter and receiver are concentric, and (2) simplified operation because only one compact unit must be deployed. We produced layered seafloor type curves for two particular types of central loop methods: the in-loop and coincident loop configurations. In particular, we consider models inspired by real marine mineral exploration scenarios consisting of overburdens 0 to 5 m thick overlying a conductive ore body 5 to 30 m thick. Modeling and resolution analyses showed that, using a [Formula: see text] transmitting loop with 20 A of current, these two configurations are useful tools to determine the overburden depth to a conductive ore deposit and its thickness. In the most extreme case, absolute voltage errors on the order of 10 nV are required to resolve the base of a 30 m thick ore deposit. Whether such noise floors can be achieved in real marine environments remains to be seen.
Emergency department imaging protocol for suspected acute renal colic: re-evaluating our service
Authors: Patatas K , Panditaratne N , Wah T M , Weston M J , Irving H C 
Published: April 2012

Objectives: The objective of our study is to determine the positive rate for urolithiasis in male and female patients, and evaluate whether there has been any change at our institution in the use and outcome of unenhanced multidetector CT (CT KUB) performed in the emergency department (ER) for patients presenting with suspected acute renal colic.
Methods: A retrospective review of all 1357 consecutive cases between August 2007 and August 2009 admitted to the ER and investigated with CT KUB.
Results: The positive rate for urolithiasis was 47.5% and the rate of other significant findings was 10%. Female patients had a significantly lower positive rate than male patients (26.8% vs 61.6%, p&lt;0.001). Urological intervention was required in 37% and these patients had a larger average stone size. In young female patients with a significantly sized ureteric calculus (&gt;4 mm), the presence of hydronephrosis vs no hydronephrosis was 83% vs 17%, respectively. Among them, only three patients required ureteroscopy for stone removal.
Conclusion: Contrary to other studies there has been no “indication creep” in the use of CT KUB at our institution. However, the young female patient presenting with suspected urolithiasis presents a particular diagnostic problem, and the significant percentage of negative examinations in females implies that an improvement in current practice is needed. The indiscriminate use of CT KUB in all female patients with flank pain should be avoided, and it is suggested that they should be initially evaluated with ultrasound to detect the presence of hydronephrosis.
Mitochondrial DNA: a blind spot in neuroepigenetics
Authors: Manev Hari , Dzitoyeva Svetlana , Chen Hu 
Published: April 2012

AbstractNeuroepigenetics, which includes nuclear DNA modifications, such as 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and modifications of nuclear proteins, such as histones, is emerging as the leading field in molecular neuroscience. Historically, a functional role for epigenetic mechanisms, including in neuroepigenetics, has been sought in the area of the regulation of nuclear transcription. However, one important compartment of mammalian cell DNA, different from nuclear DNA but equally important for physiological and pathological processes (including in the brain), mitochondrial DNA has for the most part not had a systematic epigenetic characterization. The importance of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (particularly its mutations) in central nervous system physiology and pathology has long been recognized. Only recently have the mechanisms of mitochondrial DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation, including the discovery of mitochondrial DNA-methyltransferases and the presence and functionality of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mitochondrial DNA (e.g., in modifying the transcription of mitochondrial genome), been unequivocally recognized as a part of mammalian mitochondrial physiology. Here, we summarize for the first time evidence supporting the existence of these mechanisms and propose the term ‘mitochondrial epigenetics’ to be used when referring to them. Currently, neuroepigenetics does not include mitochondrial epigenetics – a gap that we expect to close in the near future.
Climate variability and silicoflagellate fluxes in Alfonso Basin (southern Gulf of California)
Authors: Martínez-López Aída , Álvarez-Gómez Irela G. , Durazo Reginaldo 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
We conducted a study from January 2002 to February 2008 on silicoflagellate fluxes in Alfonso Basin at the entrance to the Gulf of California. Thirteen taxa were identified in sediment trap samples, with Octactis pulchra as the dominant species. Total flux climatology reached a maximum value of 5×106 skeletons m-2 day-1 in December and then sharply decreased to a minimum value in February (2.3×103 skeletons m-2 day-1) concurrently with the climatological sea surface temperature (SST) minimum. Subsequently, there was a positive trend with a second relative maximum of 1.6×106 skeletons m-2 day-1 in September coincident with a maximum in climatological SST. During this period, there was a similar increase to 1.4×106 skeletons m-2 day-1 in May. Factor analysis identified three patterns of variation: “subtropical oceanic,” “subarctic,” and “equatorial El Niño.” Factors had reasonable correlations with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), North Pacific Gyre oscillation (NPGO), and El Niño Modoki indices (r=0.53, 0.67, and 0.63, respectively). The first and second modes were apparently linked to decadal climatic conditions correlated to PDO and NPGO, as suggested by the silicoflagellate species Dictyocha messanensis forma messanensis and the assemblage of D. epiodon and Distephanus speculum, respectively; the third mode was related to the presence of warm equatorial-oceanic waters identified by D. messanensis forma spinosa, which defines El Niño influence. These results demonstrate the importance of the region where there is a confluence of the low-frequency, high-latitude PDO, NPGO, and high-frequency El Niño signals.
Higher Kronecker “limit” formulas for real quadratic fields
Authors: Vlasenko Maria , Zagier Don 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
For every integer k ≧ 2 we introduce an analytic function of a positive real variable and give a universal formula expressing the values ζ(ℬ, k) of the zeta functions of narrow ideal classes in real quadratic fields in terms of this function and its derivatives up to order k − 1 evaluated at reduced real quadratic irrationalities associated to ℬ. We show that our functions satisfy functional equations and use these to deduce explicit formulas for the rational numbers ζ(ℬ, 1 − k). We also give an interpretation of our formula for ζ(ℬ, k) in terms of cohomology groups of SL(2, ℤ) with analytic coefficients and describe a “twisted” extension of the main formula that allows one to treat zeta values of zeta functions of ray classes rather than just ideal classes. Finally, we use our formulas to compute some zeta-values numerically and test that they are expressible as combinations of higher polylogarithm functions evaluated at algebraic arguments.