bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
[{Au(IPr)}2(μ‐OH)]X Complexes: Synthetic, Structural and Catalytic Studies
Authors: Ramón Rubén S. , Gaillard Sylvain , Poater Albert , Cavallo Luigi , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of a series of dinuclear gold hydroxide complexes has been achieved. These complexes of type [{Au(IPr)}2(μ‐OH)]X (X=BF4, NTf2, OTf, FABA, SbF6; IPr=2,6‐bis(disopropylphenyl)imidazol‐2‐ylidene; NTf2=bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imidate; OTf=trifluoromethanesulfonate; FABA=tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) are easily formed in the presence of water and prove highly efficient in the catalytic hydration of nitriles. Their facile formation in aqueous media suggests they are of relevance in gold‐catalyzed reactions involving water. Additionally, a series of [Au(IPr)(NCR)][BF4] (R=alkyl, aryl) complexes was synthesized as they possibly occur as intermediates in the catalytic reaction mechanism. 1H and 13C NMR data as well as key bond lengths obtained by X‐ray diffraction studies are compared and reveal an interesting structure–activity relationship. The collected data indicate a negligible effect of the nature of the nitrile on the reactivity of [Au(L)(NCR)][X] complexes in catalysis.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of cycloSaligenyl‐Nucleosyl‐Phosphotriesters
Authors: Rios Morales Edwuin H. , Balzarini Jan , Meier Chris 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA diastereoselective synthesis of cycloSal‐phosphotriesters (cycloSal=cycloSaligenyl) based on chiral auxiliaries has been developed that allows the synthesis of single diastereomers of the cycloSal‐pronucleotides. In previously described synthesis routes, the cycloSal‐compounds were always obtained as 1:1 diastereomeric mixtures that could be separated in only rare cases. However, it was shown that the diastereomers have different antiviral activity, toxicity, and hydrolysis stabilities. Here, first a chiral thiazoline derivative was used to prepare nonsubstituted and 5‐methyl‐cycloSal‐phosphotriesters in 48 and ≥95 % de (de=diastereomeric excess). However, this approach failed to give the important group of 3‐substituted cycloSal‐nucleotides. Therefore, two other chiral groups were discovered that allowed the synthesis of (RP)‐ and (SP)‐3‐methyl‐cycloSal‐phosphotriesters as well. The antiviral activity was found to be five‐ to 20‐fold different between the two individual diastereomers, which proved the importance of this approach.
From Helix to Macrocycle: Anion‐Driven Conformation Control of π‐Conjugated Acyclic Oligopyrroles
Authors: Haketa Yohei , Maeda Hiromitsu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAnion‐responsive pyrrole‐based linear receptor oligomers were newly synthesized and their anion‐driven dynamic conformation changes were investigated. Phenylene‐bridged dimers and a tetramer of dipyrrolyldiketone boron complexes as π‐conjugated acyclic anion receptors formed anion‐driven helical structures in the solid and solution states. In fact, single‐crystal X‐ray analyses of the receptor‐anion complexes exhibited various helical structures, such as [1+1]‐ and [1+2]‐type single helices and a [2+2]‐type double helix according to the lengths of oligomers and the existence of terminal aryl substituents. Anion‐binding modes and behaviors of the oligomers in solution state were also examined by 1H NMR and UV/Vis spectra along with ESI‐TOF MS. Differences in the binding modes were observed in the solid and solution states. The oligomers showed augmented anion‐binding constants and anion‐tunable electronic and optical properties in comparison with the monomer receptor. A negative cooperative effect in the tetramer was observed in the second anion binding of the [1+2]‐type single helix due to electrostatic repulsion between two anions captured in the helix. Further, an anion‐template coupling reaction from the linear dimer provided a receptor macrocycle, which was obtained as a Cl− complex with distinct electronic and optical properties. The macrocycle exhibited extremely high anion‐binding constants (>1010 m−1 in CH2Cl2) through multiple hydrogen bonding.
ChemInform Abstract: New Lanthanide Silicates Based on Anionic Silicate Chain, Layer, and Framework Prepared under High‐Temperature and High‐Pressure Conditions.
Authors: Zhao Xinguang , Li Jiyang , Chen Peng , Li Yi , Chu Qingxin , Liu Xiaoyang , Yu Jihong , Xu Ruren 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe crystal structures of the new lanthanide silicates (III), (VI), and (VIII) with novel three‐dimensional frameworks are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Praseodymium Orthoborate λ‐PrBO3.
Authors: Haberer Almut , Kaindl Reinhard , Huppertz Hubert 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSingle crystals of the title compound are prepared by high temperature/high pressure reaction of Pr6O11, B2O3, and PrF3 in the ratio of 11:6:27 (BN crucible, 3 GPa, 800 °C, 60 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Complexes as Linkages for Assembly of Supertetrahedral T4 Clusters.
Authors: Wang Yu‐Hong , Zhang Ming‐Hui , Yan Yun‐Meng , Bian Guo‐Qing , Zhu Qin‐Yu , Dai Jie 
Published: December 2010

Abstract(III) and (V) are members of a new type of T4 supertetrahedral compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of 1,2‐Disubstituted 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐3‐benzazepines by Means of the Stevens Rearrangement.
Authors: Valpuesta Maria , Ariza Manuela , Diaz Amelia , Suau Rafael 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA number of novel analogues of SCH 23390 and SCH 39166 are prepared using the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Trisubstituted Allenynes by Phosphane‐Mediated Deoxygenation of 2,4‐Pentadiyn‐1‐ol.
Authors: Jiang Huanfeng , Wang Wei , Yin Biaolin , Liu Weibing 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA variety of propargyl alcohols can be transformed into allenynes in moderate to good yields under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Bicyclic Phosphine‐Thiazole Ligands for the Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Olefins.
Authors: Li Jia‐Qi , Paptchikhine Alexander , Govender Thavendran , Andersson Pher G. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe new complex (I) is found to be a highly efficient catalyst for trisubstituted olefins.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis in the Stereoselective Bromohydrin Reaction of Alkenes.
Authors: Bar Sukanta 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis general method for bromohydroxylation and bromomethoxylation of alkenes occurs in the presence of diphenylthiourea as a catalyst and NBS as the halogen source providing the products with excellent anti‐selectivity and yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Allylboronates Bearing a Tertiary or Quaternary B‐Substituted Stereogenic Carbon by NHC‐Cu‐Catalyzed Substitution Reactions.
Authors: Guzman‐Martinez Aikomari , Hoveyda Amir H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDisubstituted as well as trisubstituted alkyl or aryl allylic carbonates are effective substrates.
ChemInform Abstract: New Chiral Imino‐ and Amino‐Sulfoxides as Activators of Allyl Trichlorosilane in the Asymmetric Allylation of Aldehydes.
Authors: De Sio Vincenzo , Acocella Maria Rosaria , Villano Rosaria , Scettri Arrigo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractSome new sulfoxides such as (I)—(III) are prepared and their catalytic activity in asymmetric allylation of aldehydes is tested.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura Coupling of Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Hatakeyama Takuji , Hashimoto Toru , Kondo Yoshiyuki , Fujiwara Yuichi , Seike Hirofumi , Takaya Hikaru , Tamada Yoshinori , Ono Teruo , Nakamura Masaharu 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA novel iron‐catalyzed Suzuki—Miyaura coupling of nonactivated alkyl halides with arylboron compounds is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Stereoselective Alkene Aziridination with Sulfonimidamides.
Authors: Robert‐Peillard Fabien , Di Chenna Pablo H. , Liang Chungen , Lescot Camille , Collet Florence , Dodd Robert H. , Dauban Philippe 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCu‐catalyzed treatment of olefins with the chiral substrate (I) allows stereoselective access to aziridines.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐(p‐Tolylsulfinyl)benzyl Halides as Efficient Precursors of Optically Pure trans‐2,3‐Disubstituted Aziridines.
Authors: Arroyo Yolanda , Meana Angela , Sanz‐Tejedor M. Ascension , Alonso Ines , Garcia Ruano Jose Luis 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBase‐mediated treatment of the benzyl iodide (I) with N‐sulfinylaldimines allows a highly efficient access to optically pure trans‐2,3‐disubstituted aziridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of trans‐4‐Trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐2,3‐dihydrofurans from Arsonium Ylides and (E)‐α‐Trifluoromethylsulfonyl‐α,β‐unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Chen Zhenqi , Zhang Jiaping , Chen Jie , Deng Hongmei , Shao Min , Zhang Hui , Cao Weiguo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe reaction tolerates a wide range of functional groups at the arsonium ylides and a variety of aromatic and furanyl substituents at the α,β‐unsaturated ketones and proceeds with complete stereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Catalyzed Rapid Synthesis of 5‐Hydroxy‐benzo[g]indole Scaffolds by a Modified Nenitzescu Reaction.
Authors: Borthakur Moyurima , Gogoi Shyamalee , Gogoi Junali , Boruah Romesh C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe preparation of the pharmacologically important title compounds (III) (12 examples) involves a Michael addition of acetophenone derivatives to naphthoquinone followed by aza cyclization using urea as source of ammonia.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐Functionalized Pyrazoles from Boronic Acids.
Authors: Beveridge Ramsay E. , Fernando Dilinie , Gerstenberger Brian S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe method allows a straightforward synthesis of a broad spectrum of highly substituted, synthetically important pyrazole structures (18 examples),
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1‐Dibromo‐1‐alkenes as Valuable Partners in the Copper‐Catalyzed Direct Alkynylation of Azoles.
Authors: Berciano Beatriz Pacheco , Lebrequier Sabrina , Besselievre Francois , Piguel Sandrine 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA variety of substituted oxazoles, benzoxazole, benzothiazole, triazole and purine are applied in the reaction with the aromatic, heteroaromatic and olefinic vinyl bromides to afford the alkynylation products with generally moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐Isoxazolines and Pyrroles from Allenoates.
Authors: Lopes Susana M. M. , Nunes Claudio M. , Pinho e Melo Teresa M. V. D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBy choosing the conditions for the reaction of nitrones, generated in situ from allenoates, with alkynes the isoxazoline or pyrrole products are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: The Facile One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Imidoylbenzotriazoles via a Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes.
Authors: Pi Hong‐Jun , Liu Li‐Feng , Jiang Shan‐Shan , Du Wenting , Deng Wei‐Ping 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe reaction proceeds via the formation of oxime sulfonates from oximes and MesCl, which upon treatment with benzotriazole generates the desired products with high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Oxa‐ and 3‐Azabicyclo[4.1.0]heptanes by Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Cyclopropenes.
Authors: Miege Frederic , Meyer Christophe , Cossy Janine 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe reaction is applied to a wide range of racemic and chiral stereodefined cyclopropenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Promoted One‐Pot Tandem Reaction of 3‐(1‐Alkynyl)chromones under Microwave Irradiation to Functionalized Amino‐Substituted Xanthones.
Authors: Liu Yang , Huang Liping , Xie Fuchun , Hu Youhong 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe derivative (IIId) can be coupled with aldehydes to afford fused analogues like (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Iridium‐Catalyzed Annulation of N‐Arylcarbamoyl Chlorides with Internal Alkynes.
Authors: Iwai Tomohiro , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Terao Jun , Tsuji Yasushi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe reaction is catalyzed by [IrCl(cod)]2 in the presence of the additional cyclooctadiene in catalytic or equimolar amount and leads to a wide range of bi‐, tri‐ and tetracyclic quinoline derivatives in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed C—O Activation of Phenol Derivatives with Potassium Heteroaryltrifluoroborates.
Authors: Molander Gary A. , Beaumard Floriane 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe reaction is general and is applied to a wide range of aromatic and heteroaromatic mesylates and aromatic and heteroaromatic trifluoroborates tolerating many functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of 1‐(4,5‐Diphenylpyrimidin‐2‐yl)thiourea.
Authors: Han Wen‐Yong , Zhang Zun‐Ting , Zhang Ying‐Chun , Xue Dong , Li Gang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCyclocondensation of isoflavones (I) and (IV) with amidinothiourea (II) leads to the formation of previously unknown (diphenylpyrimidinyl)thioureas (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Synthesis of Substituted Pyrrolidines from Racemic Cyclopropanes and Aldimines: Reaction Development and Mechanistic Insights.
Authors: Parsons Andrew T. , Smith Austin G. , Neel Andrew J. , Johnson Jeffrey S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe choice of the N‐protecting group (2‐methoxybenzyl) is crucial.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Various Olefins under Oxidative Conditions.
Authors: Dickschat Arne , Studer Armido 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe reaction of aryl radicals, generated from the boronic acids, with olefins proceeds using Mn(OAc)3 via double olefin addition and aromatic substitution to provides tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives with moderate yields and diastereoselectivities under the inert atmosphere [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Dolabellane Diterpene and Three Cycloartane Glycosides from Thalictrum squarrosum.
Authors: Yoshimitsu Hitoshi , Miyashita Hiroyuki , Nishida Makiko , Mineno Tomoko , Nohara Toshihiro 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe plant Thalictrum squarrosum has been used in the traditional Chinese medicine as an antacid.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly α‐Selective Hydrolysis of α,β‐Epoxyalcohols Using Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride.
Authors: Mukerjee Purba , Abid Mohammed , Schroeder Frank C. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe ring opening proceeds at the normally believed disfavored α‐position leading to arabino‐ or lyxo‐configured triols with the full retention of the stereoconfiguration.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐O‐MEM‐2,3‐unsaturated‐β‐O‐glycosides and Elaboration to Useful Synthetic Tools.
Authors: Di Bussolo Valeria , Fiasella Annalisa , Frau Ileana , Favero Lucilla , Crotti Paolo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of the title compounds proceeds via alcoholytic ring opening of an epoxide, generated from the novel intermediate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Crotalionosides A‐C, Three New Megastigmane Glucosides, Two New Pterocarpan Glucosides and a Chalcone C‐Glucoside from the Whole Plants of Crotalaria zanzibarica.
Authors: Shitamoto Junko , Matsunami Katsuyoshi , Otsuka Hideaki , Shinzato Takakazu , Takeda Yoshio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCrotalionoside A (Ia), B (Ib), C (II), two pterocarpane glucosides (III) and a chalcone C‐glucoside (IV) are isolated from the MeOH exract of the leaves of the title herb.
ChemInform Abstract: Alsmaphorazines A (Ia) and B (Ib), Novel Indole Alkaloids from Alstonia pneumatophora.
Authors: Koyama Koichiro , Hirasawa Yusuke , Nugroho Alfarius Eko , Hosoya Takahiro , Hoe Teh Chin , Chan Kit‐Lam , Morita Hiroshi 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlsmaphorazine A (Ia) inhibits the NO production in LPS‐stimulated J774.1 without affecting the cell viability (IC50 49.2 μM).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Dimeric Alkaloid from the Leaf of Psychotria calocarpa.
Authors: Zhou Hua , He Hong‐Ping , Wang Yue‐Hue , Hao Xiao‐Jiang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPsychotriasine(I), composed of two tryptamine‐related moieties containing one indoline and one 1H‐indole chromophore, represents the first example of a dimeric tryptamine‐related alkaloid that contains a free N‐methyltryptamine unit in the molecule.
Entrepreneurial Architecture: A Blueprint for Entrepreneurial Universities
Authors: Nelles Jen , Vorley Tim 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUniversities are increasingly challenged to become more socially and economically relevant institutions. While this phenomenon has prompted a growing literature documenting the evolution of the contemporary university, it remains at once both too broadly conceptualized and overly fragmented. Thus, while these literatures continue to grow, they remain largely undertheorized. This paper employs the concept of “entrepreneurial architecture” as a more nuanced perspective to understand this new mission of contemporary universities. This newly emphasized mission has been politically driven through public policy and funding. While providing a theoretical contribution to the study of the entrepreneurial university/university entrepreneurship, the paper also has broader implications for institutions and policymakers as a pragmatic approach. Copyright © 2010 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved Inhibitors of Trypanothione Reductase by Combination of Motifs: Synthesis, Inhibitory Potency, Binding Mode, and Antiprotozoal Activities
Authors: Eberle Christian , Lauber Birgit Sophia , Fankhauser Daniel , Kaiser Marcel , Brun Reto , Krauth‐Siegel R. Luise , Diederich François 
Published: December 2010

AbstractTrypanothione reductase (TR) is an essential enzyme in the trypanothione‐based redox metabolism of trypanosomatid parasites. This system is absent in humans and, therefore, offers a promising target for the development of selective new drugs against African sleeping sickness and Chagas' disease. Over the past two decades, a variety of nonpeptidic small‐molecule ligands of the parasitic enzyme were discovered. A current goal is to decipher the binding mode of these known inhibitors in order to optimize their structures. We analyzed the binding mode of recently reported 1‐(1‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐yl)cyclohexyl)piperidine (BTCP) analogues using computer modeling methods. This led us to conclude that the analogues occupy a different region of the active site than the diaryl sulfide‐based class of inhibitors. A combination of the two motifs significantly increased affinity for the enzyme compared to the respective parent compounds. The newly synthesized conjugates exhibit Kic values for TR as low as 0.51±0.1 μM and high selectivity for the parasitic enzyme over the related human glutathione reductase (hGR), as was predicted by our molecular modeling studies. In vitro studies showed IC50 values in the low micromolar to submicromolar range against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, often in combination with low cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. Interestingly, even stronger activities were found against Plasmodium falciparum.
Waste‐Derived Bioorganic Substances for Light‐Induced Generation of Reactive Oxygenated Species
Authors: Bianco Prevot Alessandra , Avetta Paola , Fabbri Debora , Laurenti Enzo , Marchis Tatiana , Perrone Daniele G. , Montoneri Enzo , Boffa Vittorio 
Published: December 2010

AbstractUrban waste‐derived bioorganic substances (UW‐BOS) have shown promise as chemical auxiliaries for a number of technological applications in the chemical industry and in environmental remediation. In this study, the application of these substances in the photodegradation of organic pollutants is addressed. The experimental work is specifically focused on the photolysis mechanism promoted by AC8, a UW‐BOS isolated from a 2:1 w/w mixture of food and green residues, composted for 110 days, using 4‐chlorophenol (4‐CP) as probe molecule. The production of ⋅OH and the 1O2 is monitored by EPR spectroscopy. The correlation between radical species evolution and photodegradation of 4‐CP is investigated. The effect of 1O2 and ⋅OH scavengers on the 4‐CP degradation process is also checked. The results suggest that the role of these species in the photodegradation of 4‐CP depends on AC8 concentration. AC8 is thereby proven to be a photosensitizer for applications in environmental remediation. The results on AC8 further support the use of urban bio‐waste as a versatile source of chemical auxiliaries of biological origin for use in diversified applications.
Pharmacophore inference and its application to computational drug discovery
Authors: Wallach Izhar 
Published: December 2010

AbstractPharmacophores are fundamental tools in the process of rational drug discovery. Pharmacophores are associated with binding sites of proteins and characterize the arrangement of chemical and physical features that govern the modes of interactions of different ligands within the binding sites. Methods designed to infer pharmacophores computationally have been successfully applied in drug discovery pipelines. Virtual high‐throughput screening (HTS), lead optimization, and de novo drug design are just a few areas in which pharmacophores are actively used. This review surveys different computational methods to elucidate pharmacophores and discuss their utilization in drug discovery applications. Drug Dev Res 72: 17–25, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanistic disease modeling as a useful tool for improving CNS drug research and development
Authors: Geerts Hugo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDespite tremendous advances in the basic understanding of CNS diseases, successful clinical drug development in psychiatry and neurology has been limited, putting huge pressure on remaining CNS R&D programs in pharmaceutical companies. In this report, it is proposed that re‐engineering parts of the pharmaceutical Research and Development process by integrating complex modeling and simulation approaches, similar to the aerospace and micro‐electronics industry, has the potential to increase the clinical predictability of animal models and to reduce the attrition rate in clinical drug development. This report will present top‐down Mechanistic Disease Modeling approaches in relation to bottom‐up Systems Biology with specific emphasis on CNS drug R&D. Both combine basic research data with human clinical outcome, but in contrast to System Biology that generically models intracellular pathways and protein‐protein networks, Mechanistic Disease Modeling models the emergent properties of neuronal cell firing activity in large interacting neuronal networks. Such an outcome is much closer to physiological and behavioral processes that drive actual clinical scales. Also illustrated here are some practical applications in the area of Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia for CNS Research and Development, such as guiding multitarget drug discovery, evaluating both the harmful and beneficial off‐target human effects of candidate drugs, as well as exploring the effect of co‐medications and functional genotypes on the candidate drug efficacy and sensitivity analysis for responder identification. Drug Dev Res 72: 66–73, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular similarity and diversity approaches in chemoinformatics
Authors: Khanna Varun , Ranganathan Shoba 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCombinatorial synthesis and high‐throughput screening (HTS) are playing increasingly important roles in chemoinformatics. This review gives an overview of the strategies available for library design and compound selection. Although the traditional approach of diversity‐oriented library design continues to be an important criterion in lead generation, nevertheless, pharmacokinetic properties are also widely recognized in compound selection for generating lead libraries. We summarize all the current molecular similarity and diversity methods employed in chemoinformatics to design lead libraries for in silico drug discovery. We have also included a section on popular molecular descriptors and similarity/diversity coefficients. Recent developments, include multi‐optimization design algorithms to select suitable molecules, such as Pareto‐optimization, representing a compromise between several competing objectives, have also been discussed in the context of virtual screening and library design. Drug Dev Res 72: 74–84, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.