bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silica Sulfuric Acid-promoted Deacylation of α-Bromo-β-diketones
Authors: Aoyama Tadashi , Kubota Sho , Takido Toshio , Kodomari Mitsuo 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Novel deacylation of α-bromo-β-diketones using silica sulfuric acid (SSA) has been developed. Deacylation of 3-bromopentane-2,4-diones and 2-bromobutane-1,3-diones were carried out in the presence of SSA in dichloroethane under mild conditions to obtain the corresponding α-bromo ketones in good to excellent yields. SSA also promoted the Friedel–Crafts type alkylation of benzene with 3-(sec-alkyl)-2,4-pentanediones to give the corresponding triarylmethanes in high yields in benzene.
Ion Transport across Planar Bilayer Lipid Membrane Driven by d-Fructose Dehydrogenase-catalyzed Electron Transport
Authors: Sasakura Keisuke , Shirai Osamu , Hichiri Kei , Goda-Tsutsumi Maiko , Tsujimura Seiya , Kano Kenji 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Electron transport catalyzed by a membrane-bound enzyme, d-fructose dehydrogenase (FDH), from one aqueous phase (W1) containing d-fructose to another one (W2) containing [Fe(CN)6]3− across a planar bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) containing 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) was investigated electrochemically. We found that the ion transport across the BLM was driven at the same time by the electromotive force generated by the electron transport.
Monitoring access to out-of-hours care services in Scotland – a review
Authors: Godden Sylvia , Hilton Simon , Pollock Allyson M 
Published: April 2011

Objectives Changes in the contractual responsibilities of primary care practitioners and health boards have resulted in a plethora of arrangements relating to out-of-hours healthcare services. Rather than being guaranteed access to a GP (usually either their own or another through a local GP co-operative), patients have a number of alternative routes to services. Our objective was to identify and assess the availability and adequacy of relevant standards, responsibilities and information systems in Scotland to monitor the impact of contractual changes to out-of-hours healthcare services on equity of access. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting All providers of primary care out-of-hours services in Scotland. Participants Not applicable. Main outcome measures First, identification and policy review of current standards and performance monitoring systems, data and information, primarily through directly contacting national and local organizations responsible for monitoring out-of-hours care, supplemented by literature searches to highlight specific issues arising from the review; and second, mapping of data items by out-of-hours provider type to identify overlap and significant gaps. Results In Scotland, data monitoring systems have not kept pace with changes in the organization of out-of-hours care, so the impact on access to services for different population groups is unknown. There are significant gaps in information collected with respect to workforce, distribution of services, service utilisation and clinical outcomes. Conclusions Since 2004 there have been major changes to the way patients access out-of-hours healthcare in the UK. In Scotland, none of the current systems provide information on whether the new services satisfy the key NHS principle of equity of access. There is an urgent need for a comprehensive review of data standards and systems relating to out-of-hours care in order to monitor and evaluate inputs, processes and outcomes of care not least in respect of access and fairness of distribution of resources.
Adenosquamous Carcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Tochigi Naobumi , Dacic Sanja , Nikiforova Marina , Cieply Kathleen M. , Yousem Samuel A. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Molecular testing of pulmonary adenocarcinomas for EGFR and KRAS mutations is becoming more common as tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy is used for EGFR-mutated adenocarcinomas. Adenosquamous carcinomas represent a hybrid carcinoma, and there is no literature addressing the frequency of EGFR and KRAS mutations in this subset of lung carcinomas in Western populations. For this study, 23 adenosquamous carcinomas were microdissected with the glandular and squamous components analyzed for EGFR and KRAS mutations and EGFR amplification. In 3 cases (13%), there were EGFR mutations, with 2 having the identical mutation in the glandular and squamous elements. In 3 cases (13%), there were KRAS mutations in both histologic elements. Great heterogeneity existed in the rates of EGFR amplification in the 2 histologic components. Amplification was most common in both glandular and squamous components (11/23 [48%]). EGFR mutations occur in adenosquamous carcinoma in the same percentages as in conventional adenocarcinoma in the Western population. KRAS mutations are less common.
Pathology Archive
Authors: Smith Matthew A. , Barnes E. Leon , Chiosea Simion I. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Tissue repositories maintained by pathology departments represent an abundant resource of clinically annotated human specimens. The storage expenses associated with pathology archives are known to administrators of most pathology departments. However, such basic repository characteristics as the quality of stored materials, ease of access, and search and retrieval rates are often unclear.
The aims of our work were to design a framework to assess the quality of a historic pathology archive, to propose the definition of “archive integrity,” and to provide benchmarks for tissue block retrieval rates and DNA integrity. We share our experience with scanning approximately 120,000 pathology reports from 1956 to 1979 into an electronically searchable archive, with a $9,000 budget, completed in 6 weeks. Several ethical and legal considerations that shaped the technical side of this project are discussed.
Clinical Outcome for Atypia of Undetermined Significance in Thyroid Fine-Needle Aspirations
Authors: VanderLaan Paul A. , Marqusee Ellen , Krane Jeffrey F. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the Bethesda System for reporting thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNAs), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS) is a category with limited reported follow-up and outcome data. We report a retrospective analysis of our institution’s experience during nearly 4.5 years with a tiered classification scheme conforming to the Bethesda System in which repeated FNA was recommended for most patients with an initial AUS diagnosis. Of 4,691 thyroid FNAs, 512 (10.9%) had a diagnosis of AUS. Cytologic or histologic outcome data were available for 331 cases (64.6%), of which 240 (72.5%) were benign and 91 (27.5%) were malignant. Of patients with a surgical diagnosis, there was no statistically significant difference in malignancy rate among patients who went directly to surgery after a single AUS diagnosis (37/90 [41%]), patients having 2 successive AUS FNA diagnoses (22/51 [43%]), and patients with a benign aspirate after AUS (2/7 [29%]). Although AUS confers an intermediate risk of malignancy, guidelines recommending repeated FNA for most cases should be reevaluated.
Evaluation of European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation Lyophilized Plasmas for INR Derivation Using the PT/INR Line
Authors: Ibrahim Saied A. , Jespersen Jørgen , Pattison Albert , Poller Leon 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (PT/INR) Line method based on 5 certified European Concerted Action on Anticoagulation (ECAA) plasmas provides reliable local INR values without conventional World Health Organization international sensitivity index calibrations. The present study investigated the use of different numbers and types of ECAA calibrant plasmas to derive accurate PT/INR Lines and reliable INR values. The numbers ranged from 3 to 10 plasmas in a set with normal or abnormal samples. Sets were selected, and sampling was repeated 1,000 times for each center to derive PT/INR Lines. The lines were selected randomly or from clusters. The INR values of 5 independent “validation” plasmas were compared before and after correction.
In 56 calibrations, 5 ECAA plasmas gave better results than did fewer plasmas. Plasmas with wide-ranging INR values gave better results than randomly selected sets, and including a normal plasma was not essential. The INR deviations of validation plasmas from certified values were reduced with sets of human, bovine/combined, and rabbit reagents. Deviations of more than 10% from certified INR values were significantly reduced (P &lt; .001).
Hemoglobin A1c Testing Alone Does Not Sufficiently Identify Patients With Prediabetes
Authors: Bersoux Sophie , Cook Curtiss B. , Wu Qing , Burritt Mary F. , Hernandez James S. , Verona Patricia M. , Larson Marcia H. , LaRosa Carolyn S. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Whether hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values are suitable for diagnosing diabetes has been debated. We sought to assess the prevalence of elevated HbA1c levels in a prediabetes patient population.
Oral glucose tolerance tests and HbA1c levels were analyzed for patients entering a diabetes prevention program between January 1, 2007, and September 13, 2009. We calculated the percentage of patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) who had HbA1c values in the 6.0% to 6.4% range or in the 5.7% to 6.4% range.
The mean age of the 242 patients was 62 years; 64.0% were women, and 88.0% were white. Isolated IFG was detected in about 56.2% of patients and combined IFG and IGT in about 37.2%. Only 28.5% of patients had HbA1c values in the 6.0% to 6.4% range, whereas 65.3% had values in the 5.7% to 6.4% range.
Our data suggest that reliance on HbA1c testing alone to identify candidates for a diabetes prevention program would miss a substantial number of eligible patients.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With t(14;19)(q32;q13) Is Characterized by Atypical Morphologic and Immunophenotypic Features and Distinctive Genetic Features
Authors: Huh Yang O. , Schweighofer Carmen D. , Ketterling Rhett P. , Knudson Ryan A. , Vega Francisco , Kim Ji E. , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Keating Michael J. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Abruzzo Lynne V. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The t(14;19)(q32;q13) involving the IGH@ and BCL3 loci is an infrequent cytogenetic abnormality detected in B-cell malignancies. We describe the clinicopathologic, cytogenetic, and molecular genetic characteristics of 14 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) with t(14;19)(q32;q13). All patients (10 men and 4 women) had lymphocytosis; 10 had lymphadenopathy. Blood and bone marrow lymphocytes were predominantly small, but cytologically and immunophenotypically atypical. In all cases, t(14;19) was found in the neoplastic stem line; it was the sole abnormality in 4. Ten cases showed additional cytogenetic abnormalities, including trisomy 12 in 9 and complex karyotypes in 7. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated IGH@/BCL3 fusion gene in all cases. In all cases, the IGHV genes were unmutated, but only 7 expressed ZAP70. Seven cases preferentially used IGHV4-39. Our results indicate that t(14;19)(q32;q13) identifies a subset of CLL/SLL with distinctive clinicopathologic and genetic features. Furthermore, t(14;19) may represent an early, possibly primary, genetic event.
Association of JAK2 Mutation Status and Cytogenetic Abnormalities in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms and Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Authors: Dunlap Jennifer , Kelemen Katalin , Leeborg Nicky , Braziel Rita , Olson Susan , Press Richard , Huang James , Gatter Ken , Loriaux Marc , Fan Guang 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Myeloproliferative neoplasms and myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms are heterogeneous disorders. JAK2 mutation testing and karyotyping are routinely used for diagnosis but have not been incorporated into risk stratification in Philadelphia chromosome–negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. This study correlated cytogenetic abnormalities with disease stage and JAK2 status. A total of 179 cases were analyzed for the JAK2 mutation. Among them, cytogenetic data were available for 97 cases—45 of 106 JAK2+ and 52 of 73 JAK2–. The JAK2+ group showed a higher frequency of cytogenetic anomalies than the JAK2– group (23/45 [51%] vs 14/52 [27%]). Chromosome 9, chromosome 7, and 20q– were recurrent abnormalities in the JAK2+ group, whereas 13q– and trisomy 21 were common in the JAK2– group. In the JAK2+ group, chromosome 7 and complex cytogenetic abnormalities were associated with excess blasts/blastic transformation (P &lt; .05), whereas no cases with 20q– underwent blastic transformation. Our results suggest that incorporation of JAK2 mutation testing and karyotyping allows for monitoring of disease progression with prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Intermolecular interaction between a branching ribozyme and associated homing endonuclease mRNA
Authors: Birgisdottir Ása B. , Nielsen Henrik , Beckert Bertrand , Masquida Benoît , Johansen Steinar D. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
RNA tertiary interactions involving docking of GNRA (N; any base; R; purine) hairpin loops into helical stem structures on other regions of the same RNA are one of the most common RNA tertiary interactions. In this study, we investigated a tertiary association between a GAAA hairpin tetraloop in a small branching ribozyme (DiGIR1) and a receptor motif (HEG P1 motif) present in a hairpin structure on a separate mRNA molecule. DiGIR1 generates a 2′, 5′ lariat cap at the 5′ end of its downstream homing endonuclease mRNA by catalysing a self-cleavage branching reaction at an internal processing site. Upon release, the 5′ end of the mRNA forms a distinct hairpin structure termed HEG P1. Our biochemical data, in concert with molecular 3D modelling, provide experimental support for an intermolecular tetraloop receptor interaction between the L9 GAAA in DiGIR1 and a GNRA tetraloop receptor-like motif (UCUAAG-CAAGA) found within the HEG P1. The biological role of this interaction appears to be linked to the homing endonuclease expression by promoting post-cleavage release of the lariat capped mRNA. These findings add to our understanding of how protein-coding genes embedded in nuclear ribosomal DNA are expressed in eukaryotes and controlled by ribozymes.
Current Practice in Assessing and Reporting Speech Outcomes of Cleft Palate and Velopharyngeal Surgery: A Survey of Cleft Palate/Craniofacial Professionals
Authors: Kummer Ann W. , Clark Stacey L. , Redle Erin E. , Thomsen Leisa L. , Billmire David A. 
Published: April 2011

Objective To determine methods by which professionals serving cleft palate/craniofacial teams are evaluating velopharyngeal function and to ascertain what they consider as a successful speech outcome of surgery. Design A 12-question survey was developed for professionals involved in management of velopharyngeal dysfunction. Participants The survey was distributed through E-mail lists for the American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association and Division 5 of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. Only speech-language pathologists and surgeons were asked to complete the survey. A total of 126 questionnaires were completed online. Results Standard speech evaluations include perceptual evaluation (99.2%), intraoral examination (96.8%), nasopharyngoscopy (59.3%), nasometry (28.9%), videofluoroscopy (19.2%), and aerodynamic measures (4.3%). Significant variation existed in the types and levels of perceptual rating scales. Pharyngeal flap (52.9%) is the most commonly performed procedure for velopharyngeal insufficiency, followed by sphincter pharyngoplasty (27.5%). Criteria for surgical success included normal speech (50.8%), acceptable speech (27.9%), and “improved” speech (8%). However, most respondents felt that success should be defined as normal speech (71.2%). Most respondents believed that surgical success should be determined by the team speech-language pathologist (81.5%); although, some felt success should be determined by the patient/family (17.7%). Conclusion This survey shows considerable variability in the methods for evaluating and reporting speech outcomes following surgery. There is inconsistency in what is considered a successful surgical outcome, making comparison studies impossible. Most respondents thought that success should be defined as normal speech, but this is not happening in current practice.
How Do Consumer-Directed Health Plans Affect Vulnerable Populations?
Authors: Haviland Amelia M , Sood Neeraj , McDevitt Roland , Marquis M Susan 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
We use health care claims data from 59 large employers to estimate how consumer-directed health plans (CDHPs)—plans that combine a high deductible with personal accounts—affect health care costs and the use of preventive services by vulnerable populations. The vulnerable populations studied are those that will have increased access to health insurance under health care reform: families with high health care needs and low income families. A difference-in-difference framework is used with costs and use available for a full year before and after enrolling in a CDHP and for controls.
Our key finding is that in almost all cases, CDHP benefit designs affect lower income populations and the chronically ill to the same extent as non-vulnerable populations. These effects include significant reductions in overall spending that increase with the level of the deductible and greater reductions for high deductible plans when paired with health savings accounts (HSAs) in comparison to health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs). However, enrollment in CDHPs also leads to reductions in care that is considered beneficial for all groups, and this may have greater health consequences for lower income and chronically ill people than for others.
The Islamofascists are coming! (or are they?) Assessing the accuracy of a common contemporary analogy
Authors: Bloomfield Alan 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper assesses the accuracy of the common analogy by which contemporary Islamists are casually conflated with classical fascists. It argues that there are some parallels, in particular the manner in which Islamists and fascists, when pursuing their political agendas, are and were both deeply intolerant of “deviants” and prepared to readily deploy violence against opponents. But it also argues that the analogy remains substantially flawed: in the context of domestic politics, Islamists face authoritarian regimes prepared to use violence against them and which are therefore very different to the liberalist regimes the fascists faced. And from an international perspective the Islamists face great powers united in their determination to ensure they do not rise to power by “capturing” a state, unlike the fascists. While current changes in the Arab world may create conditions more amenable for Islamists to carry out “stealthy” take-overs, until such occur the analogy remains at best only partially valid.
Authoritarian states and internet social media: Instruments of democratisation or instruments of control?
Authors: Kyriakopoulou Kalliopi 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Internet-enabled technologies are said to allow individuals to consume, create and distribute their own content without governmental control. They also provide opportunities for new forms of activism and mobilisation that can challenge repressive governments. Recent reports on citizens’ mobilisation in authoritarian states suggest that the Internet can generate new forms of opposition against totalitarian rules. The aim of this paper is to examine whether these new technologies can be regarded as vehicles of democracy or instruments of authoritarianism. Can Internet-enabled technologies promote values of openness and freedom that gradually and significantly act as anti-totalitarian tools?
Anti-totalitarian rhetoric in contemporary German politics (its ambivalent objects and consistent
Authors: Carrier Peter 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The concept of totalitarianism was particularly prevalent in intellectual and political debate in Germany in the 1970s, and was motivated largely by anti-totalitarian convictions. Although it did not enter everyday language, it persists in political rhetoric, where it is used today as a political football in speeches and constitutional reports. In response to historical approaches to the concept of totalitarianism, which generally contextualise the term and put forward alternative terms, this article probes the meaning of this term as it is actually used and misused in political and educational contexts in contemporary Germany. It concludes by highlighting the fictitious (figurative, semantic and epistemological) dimensions of the rhetoric of anti-totalitarianism, and calls for a more genuinely liberal, non-totalitarian, posture.
The shadow of fascism over the Italian Republic
Authors: Amyot Grant 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The Italian Republic was created at the close of World War II by the political forces that had taken part in the Resistance, with an explicitly anti-fascist ideological foundation. However, the official commitment to anti-fascism and democracy was belied by the continuing role of neo-fascist parties and organizations in the political system. This role was firstly as a potential alternative source of support for the ruling Christian Democrats, and secondly as the key element of a hidden network ready to use violent and undemocratic means to condition the normal political process. This network moved into action at the height of the “strategy of tension” (1969–80). Analysis of this period leads us to reassess the nature of postwar Italian democracy. In the “Second Republic” (post-1994) Silvio Berlusconi has promoted a revisionist approach to Fascism and the Resistance as part of his own strategy to maintain himself in power, while also espousing a plebiscitarian conception of democracy that presents certain analogies with the methods and style of the Fascist regime.
Tracing the sign národ in political thinking in post-totalitarian Slovakia
Authors: Menzies Catriona 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This paper sets out to examine political thinking in post-totalitarian Slovakia. Using the discourse theory and signification of Laclau and Mouffe, it considers the sign národ (a specific conception of the Slovak nation) in relation to democracy and the EU. Seeking to pinpoint political thinking amongst the general populace, it bases its analysis on an examination of newspaper articles on “Building the State” published in the 1990s. It traces the roots of the sign from the 1960s to the present day and predicts that the EU signifier will impact on the content of the floating signifier of národ.
The Post-Communist Manifesto
Authors: Bělohradsky Václav 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The essay is the critical reflection on the current state of global politics. It points to the importance of reconnecting politics with more substantial “human affairs”. The search for new understanding and conceptual tools is necessary on both sides of the political spectrum, however, the left should press for its lost identity more urgently. But what is even more urgent is the planetary vision based on reflexive rationality and a politics of dialogue, respect for the environment and civil society, overcoming obsolete and pointless political strategies and forms of life. Knowledge and nature are to be taken as public assets.