bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of ruminal and abomasal digestion on seed germinability of Japanese wild plants
Authors: Obara Michihiro , Ogura Shin‐ichiro , Shishido Tetsuro , Sugawara Kazuo 
Published: November 2009

AbstractEffects of ruminal and abomasal digestion on seed germinability were investigated for Dactylis glomerata, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Zoysia japonica, Trifolium repens and Carex albata for varying in vitro incubation periods. Seed surface characteristics were examined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) following ruminal digestion. Abomasal digestion, but not ruminal digestion, reduced the germinability of D. glomerata seed (P < 0.001). For A. odoratum, ruminal digestion reduced germinability (P < 0.001), whereas for Z. japonica and T. repens, both ruminal and abomasal digestion (P < 0.001) decreased germinability. In contrast, both ruminal and abomasal digestion increased germination rates for C. albata seeds with a significant interaction (P < 0.001). SEM observations indicated few ruminal bacteria attached to the seed surface of C. albata, whereas bacterial attachments were numerous for other species. These results indicate the resistance of C. albata seed surface to microbial digestion and enhancement of seed germinability by abomasal digestion.
The virtues of frugality — why cosmological observers should release their data slowly
Authors: Starkman Glenn D. , Trotta Roberto , Vaudrevange Pascal M. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Cosmologists will soon be in a unique position. Observational noise will gradually be replaced by cosmic variance as the dominant source of uncertainty in an increasing number of observations. We reflect on the ramifications for the discovery and verification of new models. If there are features in the full data set that call for a new model, there will be no subsequent observations to test that model's predictions. We give specific examples of the problem by discussing the pitfalls of model discovery by prior adjustment in the context of dark energy models and inflationary theories. We show how the gradual release of data can mitigate this difficulty, allowing anomalies to be identified and new models to be proposed and tested. We advocate that observers plan for the frugal release of data from future cosmic-variance-limited observations.
On Geographic and geography
Authors: Johnston Ron 
Published: November 2009

Abstract New Zealand Geographic is one of a number of geographical magazines published in the English‐speaking world that make little or no reference to work by academic geographers. It recently launched a New Zealand Geographic Trust to promote research into ‘New Zealand's life, culture and sciences’ and collaborated with four other publishers of geographical magazines to raise awareness of climate change: the work of academic geographers is again ignored. This exclusion of academic and school geography from such enterprises raises important issues regarding the discipline's public profile in New Zealand and suggests the need for greater public engagement activity by the country's geographers.
Spatial history of kauri driving dam placement in the Kauaeranga Valley, Coromandel Peninsula
Authors: Napier Aaron , Boswijk Gretel , Brierley Gary 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUnderstanding past anthropogenic influences on fluvial systems is an integral part of riverine research. In this paper the spatial history of kauri driving dam placement from the 1870s to the 1930s is studied using oral histories, historic documents and GIS in an attempt to assess the accuracy of historical accounts in reference to dam position in the landscape and assess the relationship of dam position to landscape features and characteristics. GIS results supported historical documentation showing that key factors influencing dam placement were location to kauri, geomorphic impediments to transport, slope and distance to deep water for rafting.
Grassland revolutions in New Zealand: Disaggregating a national story
Authors: Winder Gordon M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe grassland revolution is a national story but the intensification of New Zealand pastoral agriculture was made possible by many changes in farm practice, and application varied within New Zealand. This paper identifies aggregation issues in the narrative and explores their implications for any reassessment of the revolution. Data from six counties are analysed to illustrate some of the varied experiences across New Zealand farm districts. The paper redirects attention to local‐ and farm‐scale studies as a way to investigate the significance of the diverse drivers of pastoral productivity, their timing and effects.
The new blackbirds? Vanuatu guestworkers in New Zealand
Authors: Hammond Jeremy , Connell John 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn agricultural guestworker scheme for Pacific island states began in New Zealand in 2007 to remedy domestic agricultural labour shortages. Vanuatu was one of the first countries to take advantage of the scheme. After a pilot venture in 2007 greater numbers of workers were recruited in 2008. In Tanna, the recruits, though mainly male, represented a cross‐section of the population. Their objectives were income generation for education fees, house building and eventually small business development. Early returnees acquired significant capital and met some of these objectives. The scheme has benefited both countries and the first generation of guestworkers.
What's on top for geography teachers? National Certificate of Educational Achievement and the prioritization of professional development
Authors: Taylor Mike 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGeography teachers' work is influenced by multiple education policy initiatives. Professional development opportunities emerge to support these policy changes and associated compliance issues. This paper reports the results of a survey in which geography teachers self‐reported their knowledge and prioritized professional development needs. The data indicate that some compliance issues associated with assessment policy reform have largely been resolved, while more substantive assessment and course design issues continue to be prioritized for professional development. However, professional development that continues to focus on assessment reform may marginalize geography teachers' engagement with concurrent curriculum and pedagogical policy initiatives.
The USA's Reaction to the Bolivian Revolution of 1952: Pragmatism and the Inter‐American System
Authors: Murphey Oliver 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMany historians view the Eisenhower administration's policies towards Latin America as dominated by a narrowly anti‐communist mindset and based on a limited understanding of Latin American nationalism. A closer examination of the administration's relationship with Bolivia's revolutionary regime challenges this over‐simplification. By nurturing Bolivian nationalism, while simultaneously pushing it towards more agreeable policy stances, the Eisenhower administration wanted to show nationalists across Latin America and beyond that there were benefits in co‐operating with the USA. Appreciating the importance and power of Third‐World nationalism in the post‐war era, Eisenhower sought to ensure that these emerging nations remained firmly in the Western camp economically and diplomatically. In Bolivia, this effort was ultimately unsuccessful. High aid levels and co‐operative policies proved insufficient to bring lasting prosperity and stability to Bolivia. Furthermore, although many officials recognised the importance of co‐opting regional nationalism, growing US influence on Bolivian domestic policy served to antagonise nationalist resentment. Bolivians and the many other Latin Americans continued to feel economic hardship and neglect, and were more influenced by polarising US interventions in Guatemala and Cuba than by seemingly benevolent US policies in Bolivia.
Cross‐Sectional Imaging Characteristics of Pituitary Adenomas, Invasive Adenomas and Adenocarcinomas in Dogs: 33 Cases (1988–2006)
Authors: Pollard Rachel E. , Reilly Christopher M. , Uerling Megan R. , Wood Farica D. , Feldman Edward C. 
Published: November 2009

Background:Pituitary tumors in dogs can be adenomas, invasive adenomas, or adenocarcinomas. In people, invasive adenomas and pituitary adenocarcinomas carry a worse prognosis than adenomas.Hypothesis/Objective:To identify differentiating features on cross‐sectional imaging in dogs with pituitary adenomas, invasive adenomas, and adenocarcinomas.Animals:Thirty‐three dogs that had computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed and a necropsy diagnosis of pituitary adenoma (n= 20), invasive adenoma (n= 11), or adenocarcinoma (n= 2).Methods:Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for signalment, history, and diagnosis. CT and MR images were reviewed for characteristics of pituitary tumors.Results:Mean (± standard deviation) age for dogs with pituitary adenomas (10.6 ± 2.9 years) was greater than that of those with invasive adenomas (8.3 ± 2.7 years,P= .04). Eighteen out of 20 (90%) dogs with adenomas had contrast‐enhancing masses. Thirteen out of 20 (65%) had homogeneous enhancement. Mean adenoma height was 1.2 ± 0.7 cm. Eight out of 20 (40%) adenomas were round and 8/20 (40%) compressed surrounding brain. Eleven out of 11 dogs (100%) with invasive adenomas had contrast‐enhancing masses. Seven out of 11 (64%) masses were homogeneous. Mean invasive adenoma height was 1.8 ± 0.7 cm, which was significantly greater than adenomas (P= .03). Mass shape varied from round to oval to irregular. Six out of 11 (55%) masses compressed surrounding brain. Clinical and imaging features were variable for 2 dogs with adenocarcinomas.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance:Invasive adenoma should be suspected if a dog with a pituitary tumor is <7.7 years of age and has a mass >1.9 cm in vertical height. Adenocarcinomas are uncommon and metastatic lesions were not seen with imaging.
Role of Latent Feline Leukemia Virus Infection in Nonregenerative Cytopenias of Cats
Authors: Stützer B. , Müller F. , Majzoub M. , Lutz H. , Greene C.E. , Hermanns W. , Hartmann K. 
Published: November 2009

Background:Nonregenerative cytopenias such as nonregenerative anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia in cats with feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigen are assumed to be caused by the underlying FeLV infection. In addition, cats with negative FeLV antigen‐test results that have cytopenias of unknown etiology often are suspected to suffer from latent FeLV infection that is responsible for the nonregenerative cytopenias.Objective:The purpose of this study was to assess the role of latent FeLV infection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in bone marrow of cats with nonregenerative cytopenias that had negative FeLV antigen test results in blood.Animals:Thirty‐seven cats were included in the patient group. Inclusion criteria were (1) nonregenerative cytopenia of unknown origin and (2) negative FeLV antigen test result. Antigenemia was determined by detection of free FeLV p27 antigen by ELISA in serum. Furthermore, 7 cats with positive antigen test results with nonregenerative cytopenia were included as control group I, and 30 cats with negative antigen test results without nonregenerative cytopenia were included as control group II.Methods:Whole blood and bone marrow samples were tested by 2 different PCR assays detecting sequences of the envelope or long terminal repeat genes. FeLV immunohistochemistry was performed in bone marrow samples.Results:Two of the 37 cats (5.4%) in the patient group were positive on the bone marrow PCR results and thus were latently infected with FeLV.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The findings of this study suggest that FeLV latency is rare in cats with nonregenerative cytopenias.
Sequential Plasma Lactate Concentrations as Prognostic Indicators in Adult Equine Emergencies
Authors: Tennent‐Brown B.S. , Wilkins P.A. , Lindborg S. , Russell G. , Boston R.C. 
Published: November 2009

Background:Sequential lactate concentration ([LAC]) measurements have prognostic value in that hospitalized humans and neonatal foals that have a delayed return to normolactatemia have greater morbidity and case fatality rate.Hypothesis:Prognosis for survival is decreased in horses with a delayed return to normal [LAC].Animals:Two hundred and fifty adult horses presented for emergency evaluation excepting horses evaluated because of only ophthalmologic conditions, superficial wounds, and septic synovitis without systemic involvement.Methods:Prospective observational study. [LAC] was measured at admission and then at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours after admission. The change in [LAC] over time ([LAC]ΔT) was calculated from changes in [LAC] between sampling points.Results:Median [LAC] was significantly (P< .001) higher at admission in nonsurvivors (4.10 mmol/L [range, 0.60–18.20 mmol/L]) when compared with survivors (1.30 mmol/L [range, 0.30–13.90 mmol/L]) and this difference remained at all subsequent time points. The odds ratio for nonsurvival increased from 1.29 (95% confidence interval 1.17–1.43) at admission to 49.90 (6.47–384) at 72 hours after admission for every 1 mmol/L increase in [LAC]. [LAC]ΔTwas initially positive in all horses but became negative and significantly lower in nonsurvivors for the time periods between 24–72 hours (− 0.47,P= .001) and 48–72 hours (− 0.07,P= .032) when compared with survivors (0.00 at both time periods) consistent with lactate accumulation in nonsurvivors.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:These results indicate that lactate metabolism is impaired in critically ill horses and [LAC]ΔTcan be a useful prognostic indicator in horses.
International Relations Studies in Korea: Retrospects and Prospects*
Authors: Kook Kim Hyung , Young Cho Yun 
Published: November 2009

This paper aims at examining the research on theory and policy that has been funded by Korean international relations (IR) scholarships during the past 50 years.In theoretical perspectives, lots of theoretical paradigms, including those of realists, liberals, constructivists, and radicals, have competed with each other in the field of Korean IR studies. Currently, the Korean IR scholarships no longer rely on just importing foreign thoughts and ideas. Now is the time to facilitate the process of appropriating the study of IR to the standards of Koreanization. First, it is desirable to pursue inter‐disciplinary research with historians. Second, such research cannot be completed within academic circles alone. Hundreds and hundreds of civilian sectors are raising their voices, especially in democratic environments. Scholars are required to have open‐mindedness to these demands. Third, we need to promote cooperation with other countries, including Japan and China, as South Korea needs to combine expertise on Korean issues with broader knowledge of the world in the contemporary era when global communications are more urgently needed than ever before.With regard to policies, South Korea, in a state of national division, has constantly been faced with threats – military and political – from North Korea. The Korean IR scholarship is required to devote itself to finding proper ways to promote peace and prosperity on the Korean Peninsula. Thus, scholars of Korean IR are urged to continuously carry out their historical mission of offering wide‐ranging suggestions for external policies for the nation and the East Asian region.
VIM-19, a Metallo-β-Lactamase with Increased Carbapenemase Activity from
Escherichia coli
and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Rodriguez-Martinez Jose-Manuel , Nordmann Patrice , Fortineau Nicolas , Poirel Laurent 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Two carbapenem-resistant isolates, one
Escherichia coli
isolate and one
Klebsiella pneumoniae
isolate, recovered from an Algerian patient expressed a novel VIM-type metallo-β-lactamase (MBL). The identified
bla
VIM-19
gene was located on a ca. 160-kb plasmid and located inside a class 1 integron in both isolates. VIM-19 differed from VIM-1 by the Asn215Lys and Ser228Arg substitutions, increasing its hydrolytic activity toward carbapenems. Site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that both substitutions were necessary for the increased carbapenemase activity of VIM-19. This study indicates that MBLs with enhanced activity toward carbapenems may be obtained as a result of very few amino acid substitutions.
Anti-
Clostridium difficile
Potential of Tetramic Acid Derivatives from
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Quorum-Sensing Autoinducers
Authors: Ueda Chihiro , Tateda Kazuhiro , Horikawa Manabu , Kimura Soichiro , Ishii Yoshikazu , Nomura Kaoru , Yamada Kanako , Suematsu Takashi , Inoue Yasuhisa , Ishiguro Masaji , Miyairi Shinichi , Yamaguchi Keizo 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

We have examined the potential bactericidal activities of several tetramic acids derived from
Pseudomonas
autoinducers against
Clostridium difficile
, a cause of antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. Clinical isolates of
C. difficile
(
n
= 4) were incubated in broth with a chemically synthesized
Pseudomonas
autoinducer and its tetramic acid derivatives. The structure-activity relationship and the mechanisms of action were examined by a time-killing assay and by determination of the morphological/staining characteristics. The use of some tetramic acids derived from
N
-3-oxododecanoyl
l
-homoserine lactone resulted in more than 3-log reductions in the viability of
C. difficile
within 30 min at 30 μM. The outer membrane was suggested to be one of the targets for the bactericidal activity of tetramic acid, because disturbance of the bacterial outer surface was demonstrated by alteration of the Gram-staining characteristic and electron microscopy. The data for the tetramic acid derivatives demonstrate that the keto-enol structure and the length of the acyl side chain of tetramic acid may be essential for the antibacterial activity of this molecule. These results suggest the potential for tetramic acid derivatives to be novel agents with activity against
C. difficile
.
Fitness Costs and Stability of a High-Level Ciprofloxacin Resistance Phenotype in
Salmonella enterica
Serotype Enteritidis: Reduced Infectivity Associated with Decreased Expression of
Salmonella
Pathogenicity Island 1 Genes
Authors: O'Regan Edel , Quinn Teresa , Frye Jonathan G. , Pagès Jean-Marie , Porwollik Steffen , Fedorka-Cray Paula J. , McClelland Michael , Fanning Séamus 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

The fitness costs associated with high-level fluoroquinolone resistance were examined for phenotypically and genotypically characterized ciprofloxacin-resistant
Salmonella enterica
serotype Enteritidis mutants (104-cip and 5408-cip; MIC, >32 μg/ml). The stability of the fluoroquinolone resistance phenotype in both mutants was investigated to assess whether clones with better fitness could emerge in the absence of antibiotic selective pressure. Mutants 104-cip and 5408-cip displayed altered morphology on agar and by electron microscopy, reduced growth rates, motility and invasiveness in Caco-2 cells, and increased sensitivity to environmental stresses. Microarray data revealed decreased expression of virulence and motility genes in both mutants. Two clones, 104-revert and 1A-revertC2, with ciprofloxacin MICs of 3 and 2 μg/ml, respectively, were recovered from separate lineages of 104-cip after 20 and 70 passages, respectively, on antibiotic-free agar. All fitness costs, except motility, were reversed in 104-revert. Potential mechanisms associated with reversal of the resistance phenotype were examined. Compared to 104-cip, both 104-revert and 1A-revertC2 showed decreased expression of
acrB
and
soxS
but still overexpressed
marA
. Both acquired additional mutations in SoxR and ParC, and 1A-revertC2 acquired two mutations in MarA. The altered porin and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) profiles observed in 104-cip were reversed. In contrast, 5408-cip showed no reversal in fitness costs and maintained its high-level ciprofloxacin resistance for 200 passages on antibiotic-free agar. In conclusion, high-level ciprofloxacin resistance in
S
. Enteritidis is associated with fitness costs. In the absence of antibiotic selection pressure, isolates may acquire mutations enabling reversion to an intermediate-level ciprofloxacin resistance phenotype associated with less significant fitness costs.
Ceftobiprole Is Superior to Vancomycin, Daptomycin, and Linezolid for Treatment of Experimental Endocarditis in Rabbits Caused by Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Tattevin P. , Basuino L. , Bauer D. , Diep B. A. , Chambers H. F. 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

Beta lactam agents are the most active drugs for the treatment of streptococci and methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
endocarditis. However, methicillin-resistant
S. aureus
(MRSA) is resistant to all beta lactam agents licensed to date, and alternative treatments are limited. Ceftobiprole is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin that binds with high affinity to PBP 2a, the penicillin binding protein that mediates the methicillin resistance of staphylococci and is active against MRSA. Ceftobiprole was compared to vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid in a rabbit model of MRSA aortic valve endocarditis caused by the homogeneously methicillin-resistant laboratory strain COL. Residual organisms in vegetations were significantly fewer in ceftobiprole-treated rabbits than in any other treatment group (
P
< 0.05 for each comparison). In addition, the numbers of organisms in spleens and in kidneys were significantly lower in ceftobiprole-treated rabbits than in linezolid- and vancomycin-treated animals (
P
< 0.05 for each comparison). Anti-MRSA beta lactam agents such as ceftobiprole may represent a significant therapeutic advance over currently available agents for the treatment of MRSA endocarditis.
Method for Screening Compounds That Influence Virulence Gene Expression in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Nielsen Anita , Nielsen Kristian F. , Frees Dorte , Larsen Thomas O. , Ingmer Hanne 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACT

We present a simple assay to examine effects of compounds on virulence gene expression in the human pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
. The assay employs transcriptional reporter strains carrying
lacZ
fused to central virulence genes. Compounds affecting virulence gene expression and activity of the
agr
locus are scored based on color change in the presence of a chromogenic β-galactosidase substrate. The assay can be used to screen for novel antivirulence compounds from many different sources, such as fungi, as demonstrated here.
Characteristics and Population Dynamics of MosaicpenAAllele-ContainingNeisseria gonorrhoeaeIsolates Collected in Sydney, Australia, in 2007-2008
Authors: Tapsall John W. , Ray Sanghamitra , Limnios Athena 
Published: November 2009

ABSTRACTEighteen hundredNeisseria gonorrhoeaeisolates collected in Sydney, Australia, in 2007 and 2008 were examined for mosaicpenAalleles that mediated cephalosporin resistance, and the genotypes of the isolates were evaluated. In 2008, there were substantial increases in numbers (from 15 to 85) and proportions (from 1.5 to 10.3%) of mosaic-containing gonococci and major shifts in genotypic patterns, with 10 new genotypes representing 74 of the 85 mosaic-containing isolates and genotypes detected between 2001 and 2005 having disappeared. Enhanced surveillance of gonococcal resistance to cephalosporins is necessary.