bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey on the occurrence and flight periods of fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a fruit growing area in southwest Nicaragua, 1994/95
Authors: Borge M. Niklaus-Ruiz , Basedow T. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractMcPhail traps baited with hydrolysed protein and borax to trap mainly female fruit flies, Jackson traps baited with trimedlure to attract maleCeratitis capitataWiedemann, and Jackson traps baited with cuelure and methyl eugenol to trapBactroceraspp., were hung in fruit trees at 50 sites and serviced weekly from June, 1994 to March, 1995, over an area of 350 km2in Nicaragua. Samples of fruit were collected and kept separately to rear adult fruit flies and their hymenopterous parasitoids from known host plants. NoBactroceraspp. was trapped or reared from fruit at any site.Ceratitis capitatawas caught in high numbers in McPhail and Jackson traps at nearly all sites in the dry season, attacking coffee berries and fruit ofCitrusspecies.Toxotrypana curvicaudaGerstaecker was attracted to the food lure McPhail traps in low numbers and was widespread throughout the year, attacking papaya (Caricaceae). Of 29Anastrephaspecies known to occur south of Mexico and north of Panama, ten were found during the study, occurring mainly in the rainy season; only two of them were trapped frequently and reared from collected fruit.Anastrepha obliquaMacquart proved to be the second most abundant fruit fly species, with a population peak from June to October when its preferred host plantsMangifera indica, Spondias mombin(Anacardiaceae) andPsidium friedrichsthalianum(Myrtaceae) were ripening.Anastrepha striataSchiner, trapped at 45 sites, occurred from June to November, attackingP. friedrichsthalianumandP. guajava. Sampled fruit of a further eight species in seven families were not attacked by tephritid flies. Parasitism by introduced braconidDiachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead) was very low (3.7% inC. capitata, 2.7% inA. obliquaand 5.3% inA. striata).
Biological and genetic characterization of morphologically similar Therioaphis trifolii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with different host utilization
Authors: Sunnucks P. , Driver F. , Brown W. V. , Carver M. , Hales D. F. , Milne W. M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aphid Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) is indigenous to the western Palaearctic region, where it colonizes lucerne (alfalfa), clovers and related legumes. A form of the species, T. trifolii f. maculata (the spotted alfalfa aphid, SAA), has been known in Australia since 1977, feeding almost exclusively on Medicago sativa (lucerne). Since 1989, T. trifolii has been found in Australia colonizing Trifolium subterraneum (subclover). We have compared samples of T. trifolii in Australia collected on lucerne and subclover using several techniques: survival and reproduction on different hosts, morphology, cuticular hydrocarbon profile, karyology, and a combination of RAPD-PCR and mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome oxidase) genetic markers. Whereas there were no distinct differences in cuticular hydrocarbons and karyology, we found significant correlated differences between the host on which aphids were collected, some morphological characters, and the genotypes of the aphids. Aphids collected from lucerne were always of one genetic type, and nearly all those from subclover were of another. Both groups of aphids are morphologically distinguishable from the yellow clover aphid (YCA), the other form of the species recognized so far. We conclude that the clover-colonizers (spotted clover aphid, SCA) and the lucerne-colonizers (SAA) are each host-restricted forms (biotypes) of T. trifolii. Estimates of mtDNA divergence are in the range of conspecific to closely congeneric, as compared with other insects including aphids. We developed simple diagnostic DNA tests to distinguish the two pest aphids.
Observations on Scale-insects (Coccidae)—V
Authors: Newstead Robert 
Published: July 2009

Aspidoproctus armatus, Newst.PortugueseCongo: San Salvador; on tree of unknown species (Dr. Mercier Gamble).Aspidoproctus ? glaber, Lind.Nyasaland: Mlanje; on “ mwanga ” tree, x. 1913 (S. A. Neave).A small undersized female, unfortunately imperfect. I have placed it here, as it agrees, apart from its size, with Lindinger's description.
On a Braconid parasite of Glossina
Authors: Turner Rowland E. 
Published: July 2009

Coelalysia glossinophaga, sp. nov.♀ Testacea; capite nigro; mandibulis fusco-ferrugineis; scapo fusco; flagello nigro, articulis 40, articulis 15–28 albis; tarsis articulo apicali fusco; terebra, abdomine paullo longiore, nigra; alis hyalinis, iridescentibus, venis nigris.
African Aphididae—Part III
Authors: Theobald Fred. V. 
Published: July 2009

The following are some new species of Aphididae found in Africa. The majority are from the collection sent me by Mr. F. C. Willcocks, Entomologist to the Sultanic Agricultural Society of Egypt. Others have been received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.Four previously described species are added, so as to keep these lists complete:—1. Macrosiphum dahliafolii, nov. sp.2. Aphis durantae, sp. nov.3. Aphis zizyphi, sp. nov.4. Aphis ficus, sp. nov.5. Aphis tamaricis, sp. nov.
A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Bot-flies, Gastrophilus intestinalis, DeG., G. haemorrhoidalis, L., and G. nasalis, L.
Authors: Hadwen S. , Cameron A. E. 
Published: July 2009

The eggs of the three species of bot-flies discussed in this paper are distinguished by the fact of that of G. haemorrhoidalis being the only one stalked. It is also longer than those of the other two species, which are of about equal length. Further, it is brownish black in colour, that of G. intestinalis being whitish yellow and G. nasalis yellow. The egg of G. intestinalis adheres to the hair by clasping flanges, which run only two-thirds of its length, whilst the flanges of the G. nasalis egg run almost the entire length.The egg of G. haemorrhoidalis is not inserted nor screwed into the skin of the host. The eggs of G. intestinalis are laid indiscriminately on the body of the host, but preferably on the long hairs investing the inside of the foreleg. G. nasalis lays its eggs on the hairs of the intermaxillary space, and G. haemorrhoidalis on the hairs of the lips, preferably the lower.
An Examination of the Sense-reactions of Flies
Authors: Lodge Olive C. 
Published: July 2009

1. There appears to be a general similarity in the tastes of the different species with regard to various chemicals and foods; the tastes of Musca domestica and Phormia azurea, in many cases, being found to approximate most nearly. It will be interesting to discover whether there is a closer correspondence between the sense-organs of these flies than between these of other species.2. These experiments emphasise the extreme curiosity of house-flies, and again show the catholicity of their tastes and the difficulty of finding any substances which will either attract or repel all those that come near it. The mineral and tar oils seem to be amongst the most repellent substances. With regard to poisons, good results were obtained with sodium iodate, large numbers being killed when very small amounts were used, although it did not always attract many flies. Sodium iodate has the disadvantage of being very expensive. But further experiments require to be made before any definite conclusions can be arrived at as to the importance of the iodates of sodium and other metals as poisons for general use.3. House-flies were not found to show any colour-preference.4. For house-flies the optimum temperature was found to be between 36°–44° C., the maximum and minimum between 55°–58° C. and 10°–13° C., respectively.5. It appears that curiosity plays an important part in causing house-flies to come to baits and to investigate traps, etc., although the senses of smell and to a less extent that of sight are also concerned; the former, however, to a much less extent than it is with blow-flies, and it appears to be most used when the flies are close to the baits.
On a Parasitic Drosophila from Trinidad
Authors: Lamb C. G. 
Published: July 2009

The material for this paper was forwarded to the author by Dr. Guy Marshall, of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and was collected by Mr. C. B. Williams.The insects were said by him to be parasitic on a Cercopid of the genus Clastoptera, which was found attacking cacao trees. This highly unusual habit gives much interest to the species. Unfortunately the number of individuals sent was quite inadequate to enable one to deal satisfactorily with such small and obscure insects, especially as shrivelling takes place to a different extent in various individuals, which renders the provision of a reasonably large number more necessary than in more normal forms of fly. The individuals sent included three pinned ones of a species from Trinidad (West Indies), and one pinned one of a species from Panama, together with the fragments of two others of the latter species in spirit. In spite of the paucity of material, it was felt to be desirable to put on record as fair a description as could be made under the circumstances. Two of the individuals of the Trinidad species were of one sex, and the third was apparently the other sex of the same species. The two former had all the appearance of representing the male, having brighter eyes, darkened wings, and the general facies of that sex. The genitalia were small and hidden in a terminal hood, such as is found in Drosophila melanogaster and Leucophenga maculata, but it was smaller than in either of these, even than in the latter, in which the hood is only moderately open at the tip, while widely so in the former.
On the Effects produced by the Attacks of the Pink Bollworm on the Yield of Cotton Seed and Lint in Egypt
Authors: Gough L. H. 
Published: July 2009

The history of but few insects can be compared with that ofPectinophora(Geleckia)gossypiella, which, having started as a minor pest in its native country and having been transported by human agency to a new country, has there suddenly leapt to the most important position as a major pest of the crop it attacks. In this respect it may be placed with thePhylloxeraand the gipsy moth.Although the chief object of this paper is to consider certain aspects of the damage done by the pink bollworm to the cotton crop, the following short summary of the established facts concerning the life-history of the insect may be useful to readers not familiar with its habits.Food-Plants. The pink bollworm feeds on cotton (Gossypium, various species), okra (Hibiscus esculentus; Arabic :bamia; Hindustani :bhindi), Deccan hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus; Arabic :til), hollyhock (Althaea rosea), mallow (Malvasp., probablysilvestris),Thespesia populnea(fideFullaway ; this record is considered doubtful by Busck), andAbutilonsp. (Arabic :hanbuk;fideKing).It will be noticed that all these plants belong to the Malvaceae. The record for pomegranates given by Dudgeon and Gough is without doubt due to error.Of all these food-plants cotton is preferred. The larvae attack the stems (feeding in the cambium and boring a tunnel which encircles the stem), flowers, flower-buds, bolls and seeds.
On the Biology of Dysdercus howardi, Ballou (Hem.)
Authors: MacGill Elsie I. 
Published: July 2009

1. At 27°C. the life-cycle of Dysdercus howardi occupies approximately 32 days.2. Copulation (at 27°C.) takes place approximately 2·8 days after the last moult of the female insect.3. At 27°C. oviposition begins about 8 days after the last moult of the female, and 5–6 days after mating.4. The average number of eggs laid by one female is 141·9 and the average number of batches is two.5. Mortality appears to be highest among the 5th stage nymphs.6. The ratio of females to males is 1: 1·27.7. The average length of adult life in the female Dysdercus howardi is eleven days.8. A table comparing D. howardi with other species of the genus Dysdercus is given.
Second Report on an Investigation into the Biological Control of West Indian Insect Pests
Authors: Myers J. G. 
Published: July 2009

1. The report covers a period of 3½ years actually spent in the field.2. During this time 19 major pests have been studied, with special reference to their natural enemies and other limiting factors. The pests of sugar-cane have, however, received by far the most attention, partly because this is the most important crop throughout the region as a whole, and partly because the industry has made substantial financial contributions.3. Advice has been given, on request, to local Governments, planters' organisations and individual planters, and schemes have been drawn up for intensive local research on cane-borers, on froghopper and on mongoose. The researches of the two investigators of the cane-borer (Diatraea spp.), under grants from the Colonial Development Fund, have been supervised so far as their technical aspect is concerned.4. For the control of the small moth-borer (Diatraea) the most important pest of sugar-cane as a whole, the Cuba fly (Lixophaga) has been introduced (in collaboration with Mr. Box) into the Leeward and Windward Islands, and the Amazon fly (Metagonistylum) into British Guiana (in collaboration with Mr. Cleare). Both these very promising parasites, the second of which was discovered during the course of the investigation, are now widely established.5. A specific parasite is now needed for Diatraea canella in British Guiana and D. impersonatella in Trinidad. It is possible that experiments now in progress (in collaboration with Mr. Pickles and Mr. Cleare respectively) that Paratheresia will serve for the first and Metagonistylum for the second, but a highly specific parasite for D. canella remains greatly desirable.
Notes on Apanteles sesamiae, Cam., a Parasite of the Maize Stalk-borer (Busseola fusca, Fuller) in South Africa
Authors: Ullyett G. C. 
Published: July 2009

1. Apanteles sesamiae, Cam., is the only parasite of Busseola fusca, Fuller, which is of importance in the Eastern Transvaal.2. The adult is described, and the morphology of the last stage larva of the parasite is discussed in detail.3. The biology and bionomics of the species are dealt with, and the effect of parasitism on the host is described.4. The extent of natural parasitism and the rapidity of increase in the field shows that A. sesamiae is an effective parasite of the Maize Stalk-borer in South Africa.5. The results of cold storage experiments are given and the methods of shipping parasite material are described. It was found impracticable to ship cocoons, but successful consignments of parasitised borer larvae were sent to Canada.
Climate, the vital Factor in the Ecology of Glossina
Authors: Nash T. A. M. 
Published: July 2009

The Seasonal Factor.1. The period of stress due to extreme climatic conditions is far shorter in the forest than in the meadow-pan.2. G. tachinoides is primarily dependent upon riverine vegetation or residual forest, and has only a very limited wet season spread. G. submorsitans is primarily an open woodland fly with great powers of dispersal which are annually checked by adverse climate that enforces a temporary dependence upon the riverine forests.3. G. tachinoides abounds within the stream-bed or residual forest ; G. submorsitans abounds on the forest fringe.4. The dispersal of both species is closely associated with evaporation and saturation deficiency. A mean monthly evaporation of 20–28 cc. and a saturation deficiency of 5 to 8 millibars results in maximal dispersal ; dispersal yields to concentration as the evaporative power of the air increases above these zones.5. The extent of the annual dispersal is indirectly governed by the duration of the wet season—the longer the season the more extensive the dispersal.6. The population of G. submorsitans steadily increases throughout the rains as the evaporation falls, and becomes maximal towards the end when the evaporation is in the optimum zone (20—25 cc.) ; density steadily falls throughout the dry season as evaporation rises, and becomes minimal at the end when evaporation is maximal. G. tachinoides is believed to behave similarly, but the optimum zone of evaporation is probably about 6 to 10 cc.
The prepupal Stage in Ichneumonidae, illustrated by the life-history of Exenterus abruptorius, Thb.
Authors: Morris K. R. S. 
Published: July 2009

A full description is given of the life-history of Exenterus abruptorius, Thb., an important parasite of the pine sawfly, Diprion sertifer, Geoff.The insect is univoltine, like the host. It oviposits on the last stage larva or prepupa and only hatches after the host has spun its cocoon. Only one-quarter of the primary larvae develop immediately, the remainder resting up to two and a-half months during the summer before proceeding with their development. On the completion of feeding the parasite larva spins its cocoon within the host cocoon and enters the prepupal stage, which can be divided into two distinct phases, eonymphal and pronymphal. Hibernation is always in the eonymphal stage. In Sweden 37 per cent. of this species remained in hibernation for two winters, but in Hungary all emerged in the spring following the year of development. Further than this, in Sweden the sexes were in approximately equal proportions; in Hungary females exceeded males by four to one. This may indicate the existence of biological races.Other Ichneumonidae exhibit the prepupal stage, with eonymphal and pronymphal phases, in their development. The typical facies of this is analogous to that in the prepupal stage in Tenthredinidae, in which, however, ecdysis precedes this stage, which is then a distinct instar. It is suggested that an instar is lost in the development of the Ichneumonidae, though the facies of the prepupal stage is retained.
Oviposition, life cycle, and parasitoids of the spruce cone maggot, Strobilomyia anthracina (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), in the Alps
Authors: Brockerhoff E. G. , Kenis M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe life cycle of Strobilomyia anthracina (Czerny) which exploits Norway spruce seed cones was investigated in 1992 and 1993 in the Alps at c. 1800 m at Torgnon (Valle d'Aosta, Italy) and Lac de Tseuzier (Valais, Switzerland) by sampling cones at fortnightly intervals. Oviposition occurred primarily singly in the basal third of cones at the beginning of June when cone scales were open for pollination. Infestation rates were higher when cone crops were poor. Most larvae left the cones in August to pupate in the litter beneath trees, usually at a depth of 1–4 cm. Prolonged diapause of pupae coincided with failed or poor cone crops. Parasitism was investigated at these two and 27 additional sites in the Swiss, French and Italian Alps. Among several hundred host eggs only one was parasitized by Trichogramma sp. (Trichogrammatidae). Among the larval-pupal endoparasitoids, the figitid Sarothrus areolatus Hartig was more common than an ichneumonid, Atractodes sp., but parasitism by both was commonly below 10%. Parasitism by an ichneumonid larval ectoparasitoid, Scambus sp., also rarely exceeded 10%. Puparia of S. anthracina that were buried in the litter to detect pupal parasitoids revealed the gregarious pteromalid Tritneptis sp. near lophyrorum (Rushka). This is the first record of a pupal parasitoid of Strobilomyia species. Information on the biology of the three larval parasitoids is presented. The potential for biological control of North American Strobilomyia neanthracina Michelsen and S. appalachensis Michelsen by importation of natural enemies of S. anthracina appears limited.
Biochemical mechanisms of organophosphate resistance inRhyzopertha dominica(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) populations from the United States and Brazil
Authors: Guedes R. N. C. , Kambhampati S. , Dover B. A. , Zhu K. Y. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractFour possible biochemical mechanisms of organophosphate resistance were examined in populations ofRhyzopertha dominica(Fabricius) collected from eight locations in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo in Brazil and from seven locations in northeast Kansas, United States. Results from insecticide bioassays with synergists (triphenyl phosphate, diethylmaleate, and piperonyl butoxide) suggested that metabolic detoxification mechanisms might be involved in organophosphate resistance in some of the populations ofR. dominica. However, overall low synergism, non-synergism or even antagonism presented by these synergists in all 15 resistant populations suggested that carboxylesterases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and glutathioneS-transferases were not likely to play a major role conferring organophosphate resistance inR. dominica. This hypothesis was strongly supported by our biochemical studies showing no significant difference in these enzyme activities, as well as cytochrome b5, P420, and P450 levels between the susceptible and resistant populations. In contrast, all resistant populations ofR. dominicashowed higher acetylcholinesterase activity than the susceptible population both in the presence and absence of malaoxon. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase from the resistant populations was less sensitive to inhibition by malaoxon than that from the susceptible. These results suggested that quantitative and qualitative changes in acetylcholinesterase might contribute to organophosphate resistance in these populations ofR. dominica.
Biotype determination of Spanish populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Guirao P. , Beitia F. , Cenis J. L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA survey was made to assess the biotype status of populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in Spain. The study involved observation of the squash silverleaf reaction, analysis of esterase patterns and application of a RAPD-PCR technique. The results obtained by the three methods were fully consistent and showed that the Spanish populations of B. tabaci were composed of two genetic types. One corresponded to populations of the B biotype, found in Tenerife (Canary Islands), Barcelona, Madrid, Malaga and Almeria. The other, showing a unique RAPD and esterase pattern, was found in Majorca (Balearic Islands), Seville, Valencia, Murcia and Almeria, as well as in the Algarve Region of Portugal. RAPD patterns of other populations from the rest of the world used for comparison showed that populations from Arizona (USA), Israel, France, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands and Japan have similar RAPD patterns typical of the B biotype. By contrast, populations from the Iberian Peninsula, Turkey, India, Pakistan and Arizona (A biotype), showed different and unique patterns.
Morphological and electrophoretic taxonomy of the Australian eucalypt leaf-blister sawfly genusPhylacteophaga(Hymenoptera: Pergidae): a potential major pest group of eucalypts worldwide
Authors: Mayo G. M. , Austin A. D. , Adams M. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe taxonomic status ofPhylacteophagaFroggatt is re-evaluated using the independent techniques of allozyme electrophoresis and detailed morphological comparison. Analysis of 45 scorable loci showed highly significant fixed differences (46–51%) among two currently recognized subspecies,P. eucalypti eucalyptiFroggattP. e. froggattiRiek, and a previously unrecognized taxon from Tasmania, demonstrating that they are different species. In addition to colour, significant variation is revealed amongP. e. occidensBenson,P. rubidaRiek and the three electrophoretically defined species, in body size, structure of the antennae, the shape of the crest, dorsal spines and saw teeth of the ovipositor, and in male genitalia. Based on these results there is substantial justification in recognizingP. occidensandP. rubidaas separate species, distinct fromP. eucalypti,P. froggatti, andP. amygdalinisp. n.Further, comparison of the holotype ofP. e. tasmanicaRiek shows it to be conspecific with the lectotype ofP. eucalypti(designated here) so that the former species is considered a junior synonym. The distribution ofP. eucalyptiandP. froggattiis extended to include Tasmania, and a key is presented to distinguish the males and females of all five species. The biology and host plant relations of the species concerned are discussed, along with their pest status and potential to spread to other regions of the world where eucalypts are grown.