bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Helical cell motions in a small ice‐covered meander river reach
Authors: Demers S. , Buffin‐Bélanger T. , Roy A. G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe investigation of the flow field with a pulse‐coherent acoustic Doppler profiler has led to new high resolution observations of the secondary flow pattern occurring in a natural ice‐covered meander reach. Surveys were conducted during two successive winter periods with different ice conditions. Massive frazil ice accumulation was present during one of the survey and its influence on the flow pattern could be assessed. Results show that the primary flow is clearly deflected towards the outer bend. Secondary flows are one order of magnitude less than the primary flow and they display two stacked counter‐rotating helical cells pattern occurring at the entrance of the bend. This pattern is associated with the parabolic shape of the velocity profiles entering the bend. The pattern rapidly evolves downstream, reducing to one helical cell rotating in an opposite direction than what is observed in open channel flows. Flow mixing and morphological non‐uniformity are potential factors governing the development of the helical cells throughout the bend. Our observations show that a similar coherent flow pattern rapidly forms downstream of a massive frazil ice obstruction in the bend. Frazil ice does not constrain the formation of helical flow pattern in river bends. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An embedded DSP hardware encryption module for secure e‐commerce transactions
Authors: Hu J. , Hoang X. D. , Khalil I. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCryptography is one of the key elements in providing security for modern e‐commerce systems. It is well known that software‐based encryption has built‐in security weaknesses due to storing and managing digital certificates/keys in a high‐risk environment such as a local hard disk or software. This makes embedded hardware encryption a superior solution. However, most existing embedded hardware encryption modules need additional dedicated software in order to implement a secure e‐commerce application, which increases cost as well as adds complexity. In this paper, a new embedded hardware DSP (digital signal processor) encryption module, using the RSA (Rivest, Shamir, and Adleman) algorithm, is developed for secure e‐commerce transactions from the client side. The goal is to seamlessly integrate the embedded DSP hardware encryption module, which combines computational power and flexibility in programming, with a widely available web browser that provides the required e‐commerce functions. The integrated system can store and process security sensitive data inside the plug‐in hardware. The proposed scheme tries to maximize security strength while limiting overheads by utilizing a widely available web browser to perform e‐commerce functions such as product searching, etc. A fully functional web e‐commerce system has been developed as a proof of concept. Our major contribution is a design of a functional RSA plug‐in encryptor which can store and encrypt sensitive information originated from the e‐commerce process using standard web browsers. Implementation details addressing challenging issues such as big integer, large message, and communication components have been provided which have never been reported in the public literature. This can be very useful for real‐life industry security applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of salvage therapy on survival in a longitudinal study with treatment by indication
Authors: Kennedy Edward H. , Taylor Jeremy M. G. , Schaubel Douglas E. , Williams Scott 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe consider using observational data to estimate the effect of a treatment on disease recurrence, when the decision to initiate treatment is based on longitudinal factors associated with the risk of recurrence. The effect of salvage androgen deprivation therapy (SADT) on the risk of recurrence of prostate cancer is inadequately described by the existing literature. Furthermore, standard Cox regression yields biased estimates of the effect of SADT, since it is necessary to adjust for prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), which is a time‐dependent confounder and an intermediate variable. In this paper, we describe and compare two methods which appropriately adjust for PSA in estimating the effect of SADT. The first method is a two‐stage method which jointly estimates the effect of SADT and the hazard of recurrence in the absence of treatment by SADT. In the first stage, PSA is predicted in the absence of SADT, and in the second stage, a time‐dependent Cox model is used to estimate the benefit of SADT, adjusting for PSA. The second method, called sequential stratification, reorganizes the data to resemble a sequence of experiments in which treatment is conditionally randomized given the time‐dependent covariates. Strata are formed, each consisting of a patient undergoing SADT and a set of appropriately matched controls, and analysis proceeds via stratified Cox regression. Both methods are applied to data from patients initially treated with radiation therapy for prostate cancer and give similar SADT effect estimates. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy and cut‐off point selection in three‐class classification problems using a generalization of the Youden index
Authors: Nakas, Christos T. , Alonzo Todd A. , Yiannoutsos Constantin T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWe study properties of the indexJ3, defined as the accuracy, or the maximum correct classification, for a given three‐class classification problem. Specifically, usingJ3one can assess the discrimination between the three distributions and obtain an optimal pair of cut‐off pointsc1<c2in the sense that the sum of the correct classification proportions will be maximized. It also serves as the generalization of the Youden index in three‐class problems. Parametric and non‐parametric approaches for estimation and testing are considered and methods are applied to data from an MRS study on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sequential Cox approach for estimating the causal effect of treatment in the presence of time‐dependent confounding applied to data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Gran Jon Michael , Røysland Kjetil , Wolbers Marcel , Didelez Vanessa , Sterne Jonathan A. C. , Ledergerber Bruno , Furrer Hansjakob , von Wyl Viktor , Aalen Odd O. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhen estimating the effect of treatment on HIV using data from observational studies, standard methods may produce biased estimates due to the presence of time‐dependent confounders. Such confounding can be present when a covariate, affected by past exposure, is both a predictor of the future exposure and the outcome. One example is the CD4 cell count, being a marker for disease progression for HIV patients, but also a marker for treatment initiation and influenced by treatment. Fitting a marginal structural model (MSM) using inverse probability weights is one way to give appropriate adjustment for this type of confounding. In this paper we study a simple and intuitive approach to estimate similar treatment effects, using observational data to mimic several randomized controlled trials. Each ‘trial’ is constructed based on individuals starting treatment in a certain time interval. An overall effect estimate for all such trials is found using composite likelihood inference. The method offers an alternative to the use of inverse probability of treatment weights, which is unstable in certain situations. The estimated parameter is not identical to the one of an MSM, it is conditioned on covariate values at the start of each mimicked trial. This allows the study of questions that are not that easily addressed fitting an MSM. The analysis can be performed as a stratified weighted Cox analysis on the joint data set of all the constructed trials, where each trial is one stratum. The model is applied to data from the Swiss HIV cohort study. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The positivity ratio and functioning under stress
Authors: Shrira Amit , Palgi Yuval , Wolf Jonathan Jacob , Haber Yeela , Goldray Orit , Shacham‐Shmueli Einat , Ben‐Ezra Menachem 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe positivity ratio reflects the ratio of positive affect to negative affect. In two studies, the authors investigated the relationship between positivity ratio and functioning under stress. Study 1 examined gastric cancer patients (N = 123) and Study 2 explored hospital personnel exposed to missile attacks (N = 84). In both studies, there was a curvilinear relationship between positivity ratio and functioning. As the positivity ratio increased there was a steep decrease in maladaptive functioning. The decrease in maladaptive functioning leveled at around a ratio of three, from which point maladaptive functioning stayed the same, or even started to mildly ascend, till the maximum positivity ratio score. Taken together, this finding indicates that a moderate positivity ratio is sufficient for optimal functioning at the midst of stress. Implications for the role of affect in coping with stress are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the stress by photoperiod, temperature and noise as possible causes of genomic damaging in an animal model
Authors: Adam Mônica Lúcia , Torres Maria Fernanda Pioli , Franci Ana Cláudia , Sponchiado Graziela , Torres Rodrigo Augusto , Correia Maria Tereza dos Santos 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStress is a defense mechanism of an organism and is directly related to homeostasis, which is the equilibrium state of the multitude of organism systems, both among each other and with the environment. Given that stress is a major cause of cellular instability, it is directly related to its loss homeostasis. The present study assessed the changes caused by stress on the genetic material of Rattus norvegicus using micronuclei analysis. A total of 10 males were studied by being submitted to continuous stress from photoperiod, temperature and noise for 26 days. Peripheral blood samples were obtained immediately before submitting the animals to stress, as well as on the fifteenth and twenty‐sixth days afterwards. Blood smears were stained with Giemsa and the slides were analyzed using light microscopy. Approximately 3,000 polychromatic erythrocytes from each animal were observed and classified as either normal or micronucleated. The analysis indicated a frequency of 0.0012014 for the control sample, whereas samples on days 15 and 26 had frequencies of 0.0035458 and 0.0496850, respectively. A statistical analysis revealed statistically significant differences among the studied cell samples (ANOVA p < 0.00001, significance of 5%). Therefore, the presence of micronuclei in the studied samples is consistent with a cause/effect relationship. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A secure migration process for mobile agents
Authors: Malik Najmus Saqib , Ko David , Cheng Harry H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article describes a decentralized secure migration process of mobile agents between Mobile‐C agencies. Mobile‐C is an IEEE Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) standard compliant multi‐agent platform for supporting C/C++ mobile and stationary agents. Mobile‐C is specially designed for mechatronic and factory automation systems where malicious agents may cause physical damage to machinery and personnel. As a mobile agent migrates from one agency to another in an open network, the security concern of mobile agent systems should not be neglected. Security breaches can be minimized considerably if an agency only accepts mobile agents from agencies known and trusted by the system administrator. In Mobile‐C, a strong authentication process is used by sender and receiver agencies to authenticate each other before agent migration. The security framework also aims to guarantee the integrity and confidentiality of the mobile agent while it is in transit. This assures that all agents within an agency framework were introduced to that framework under the supervision and permission of a trusted administrator. The Mobile‐C Security protocol is inspired from the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, which avoids a single point of failure since it does not rely on a singular remote third party for the security process. In this protocol, both agencies must authenticate each other using public key authentication, before a secure migration process. After successful authentication, an encrypted mobile agent is transferred and its integrity is verified by the receiver agency. This article describes the Mobile‐C secure migration process and presents a comparison study with the SSH protocol. The performance analysis of the secure migration process is performed by comparing the turnaround time of mobile agent with and without security options in a homogeneous environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concise Review: Stem Cells As an Emerging Platform for Antibody Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Frank Richard T. , Najbauer Joseph , Aboody Karen S. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are important tools for cancer therapy, however, three factors limit their effectiveness: toxicity, poor tumor penetration, and inability to cross the blood-brain barrier. This review discusses the emerging field of stem cell-mediated antibody delivery and how this approach may improve antibody therapy of cancer by overcoming these obstacles.
Linguistic evidence and grammatical theory
Authors: Schütze Carson T. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article surveys the major kinds of empirical evidence used by linguists, with a particular focus on the relevance of the evidence to the goals of generative grammar. After a background section overviewing the objectives and assumptions of that framework, three broad kinds of data are considered in the three subsequent sections: corpus data, judgment data, and (other) experimental data. The perspective adopted is that all three have their place in the linguist's toolbox: they have relative advantages and disadvantages that often complement one another, so converging evidence of more than one kind can reasonably be sought in many instances. Points are illustrated mainly with examples from syntax, but often can be easily translated to other levels (e.g., phonology, morphology, semantics, and pragmatics). WIREs Cogni Sci 2011 2 206–221 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.102This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
Linguistics > Linguistic Theory
Role of systems pharmacology in understanding drug adverse events
Authors: Berger Seth I. , Iyengar Ravi 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSystems pharmacology involves the application of systems biology approaches, combining large‐scale experimental studies with computational analyses, to the study of drugs, drug targets, and drug effects. Many of these initial studies have focused on identifying new drug targets, new uses of known drugs, and systems‐level properties of existing drugs. This review focuses on systems pharmacology studies that aim to better understand drug side effects and adverse events. By studying the drugs in the context of cellular networks, these studies provide insights into adverse events caused by off‐targets of drugs as well as adverse events‐mediated complex network responses. This allows rapid identification of biomarkers for side effect susceptibility. In this way, systems pharmacology will lead to not only newer and more effective therapies, but safer medications with fewer side effects. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 129–135 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.114This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods
Translational, Genomic, and Systems Medicine > Therapeutic Methods
Analytical and Computational Methods > Topological Methods
Pancreaticobiliary Reflux in Patients with and without Cholelithiasis: Is It a Normal Phenomenon?
Authors: Beltrán Marcelo A. , Contreras Mario A. , Cruces Karina S. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackgroundPancreaticobiliary reflux is a pathologic phenomenon occurring in patients with gallstones. However, the occurrence of pancreaticobiliary reflux has not been studied in patients without gallstones. The objective of the present study was to measure the bile levels of amylase and lipase in patients without gallstones submitted to cholecystectomy as part of another surgical procedure, and to compare these values with the bile levels of amylase and lipase of patients submitted to cholecystectomy for gallstone disease.Patients and methodsA prospective observational and comparative study was designed. A sample of 136 consecutive patients was included. Amylase and lipase levels were measured in bile. At our institution, normal plasma concentrations of amylase are 28–100 IU/l and lipase 13–60 IU/l. Normal values for pancreatic enzyme concentrations in bile have not been established. Therefore, bile amylase and lipase concentrations exceeding normal plasma concentrations were deemed to be elevated.ResultsOf the patients in the present study, 103 (76%) had gallstones and 33 (24%) had healthy gallbladders without gallstones. According to normal plasma levels for amylase and lipase, these enzymes in bile were elevated in 83.5% patients with gallstones, compared to elevated levels of amylase in 6% patients and lipase in 3% patients without gallstones (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsPancreaticobiliary reflux is a common phenomenon in patients with gallstones and an uncommon phenomenon in patients with healthy gallbladders without gallstone disease.
Inhibition of Insulin and T3‐Induced Fatty Acid Synthase by Hexanoate
Authors: Akpa Murielle M. , Point Floriane , Sawadogo Sabine , Radenne Anne , Mounier Catherine 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFatty acid synthase (FAS) is responsible for the de novo synthesis of palmitate and stearate. This enzyme is activated by insulin and T3, and inhibited by fatty acids. In this study, we show that insulin and T3have an inducing effect on FAS enzymatic activity, which is synergetic when both hormones are present. Octanoate and hexanoate specifically inhibit this hormonal effect. A similar inhibitory effect is observed at the level of protein expression. Transient transfections in HepG2 cells revealed that hexanoate inhibits, at least in part, FAS at a transcriptional level targeting the T3response element (TRE) on the FAS promoter. The effect of C6 on FAS expression cannot be attributed to a modification of insulin receptor activation or to a decrease in T3entry in the cells. Using bromo‐hexanoate, we determined that hexanoate needs to undergo a transformation in order to have an effect. When incubating cells with triglyceride–hexanoate or carnitine–hexanoate, no effect on the enzymatic activity induced by insulin and T3is observed. A similar result was obtained when cells were incubated with betulinic acid, an inhibitor of the diacylglycerol acyltransferase. However, the incubation of cells with Triacsin C, a general inhibitor of acyl‐CoA synthetases, completely reversed the inhibitory effect of hexanoate. Our results suggest that in hepatic cells, hexanoate needs to be activated into a CoA derivative in order to inhibit the insulin and T3‐induced FAS expression. This effect is partially transcriptional, targeting the TRE on the FAS promoter.
Psychological changes and the resolution of acute neck pain after a motor vehicle accident
Authors: Vangronsveldl Karoline L. , Morleyl Stephen , Petersl Madelon L. , Vlaeyenl Johan W. , Goossensl Mariëlle E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study examines the changes in self‐perception during resolution of an acutely painful neck injury sustained in a motor vehicle accident. We tested predictions from self‐discrepancy theory and a model of self‐pain enmeshment. Measures of discrepancy between the current (actual) self and both the ideal and feared‐for self were predicted to remain stable over a 21‐day recovery period whereas a measure of enmeshment was predicted to decrease as pain resolved. We also examined the relationship between daily ratings of achievement in several domains and participants perceived ideal performance. Sixty patients with possible acute neck injury recruited within 1 month after a motor vehicle accident gave consent and data were obtained from 42 participants. Standard questionnaire measures of pain, disability, fear of movement, pain catastrophizing and self‐discrepancies, self‐pain enmeshment and data from diaries (measures of pain, mood, self‐discrepancies, pain catastrophizing and fear of movement) were obtained.In general the relationships between the measures of self‐discrepancy and enmeshment and mood were in accord with both theoretical predictions and previous observations. Resolution of pain was associated with a reduction in enmeshment but not to change in self‐discrepancy. Multilevel analyses of the diary data showed that concordance between actual and ideal performance increased over the 21 days of data collection. These data provide preliminary support for aspects of self‐discrepancy theory and the self‐pain enmeshment model.
Adolescent pregnancy outcomes and risk factors in Malaysia
Authors: Omar Khairani , Hasim Suriati , Muhammad Noor Azimah , Jaffar Aida , Hashim Syahnaz Mohd , Siraj Harlina Halizah 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the outcomes and risk factors of adolescent pregnancies in 2 major hospitals in Malaysia.MethodsWe conducted a case‐control study of pregnant girls aged 10 through 19 years. The controls were women aged 20 through 35 years who did not become pregnant in their adolescence. Cases and controls were matched for parity and place of delivery. Data were collected from questionnaires and the hospitals’ medical records.ResultsThe study included 102 cases and 102 controls. There were significant associations between adolescent pregnancy and low education level, low socioeconomic status, being raised by a single parent, not engaging in extracurricular school activities, engaging in unsupervised activities with peers after school, and substance abuse (P < 0.05 for all); being anemic, being unsure of the expected delivery date, and having few antenatal visits and a late delivery booking; and low Apgar scores and perinatal complications.ConclusionAdolescent pregnancies are high‐risk pregnancies. Better sexual health strategies are required to address the associated complications.
Are stock returns still mean‐reverting?
Authors: Mukherji Sandip 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study uses a powerful nonparametric block bootstrap method and fresh data to examine the unresolved issue of mean reversion in stock returns. The results show that both large and small company stocks experienced significant mean reversion in returns for periods of 1 through 5 years during 1926–1966. In 1967–2007, there was significant mean reversion in 5‐year returns of large company stocks, and 1‐, 4‐, and 5‐year returns of small company stocks. The findings indicate that, although mean reversion in stock returns has weakened in recent decades, it persists, particularly for small company stocks.