bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcome Study of Unilateral Lateral Rectus Recession for Small to Moderate Angle Intermittent Exotropia in Children
Authors: Wang Lihua , Nelson Leonard B. 
Published: October 2009

Purpose:
To report an outcome study of 100 consecutive children with intermittent exotropia treated by unilateral lateral rectus recession for small to moderate angle exodeviation with a minimum follow-up of 6 months.

Methods:
The records of patients with intermittent exotropia younger than 15 years who underwent 7- to 10-mm unilateral lateral rectus recession for exodeviation measuring 15 to 35 prism diopters (PD) from January 2000 to July 2008 were retrospectively reviewed. The surgery was performed according to the amount of distance deviation. A successful alignment was defined as an exodeviation of 5 PD or less and absence of any esotropia in primary and lateral gaze while viewing distant or near targets.

Results:

Successful alignment was achieved in 99%, 88%, and 76% of patients at early postoperative, 6-month, and final follow-up, respectively. One overcorrected patient had an esodeviation of 20 PD at 6 months. The results of the final follow-up did not depend on age or refraction at the level of 0.05, whereas the amount of initial exodeviation was found to be significantly correlated with success at the final examination (
P
= .041). There was a positive significant relationship between results at 6 months and final follow-up (
P
= .000, r = 0.449). Eleven of the 13 patients who had a second surgery and were observed more than 6 months had successful alignment. Eighty-nine percent of the patients achieved a successful outcome with the combined primary and secondary surgery at the final follow-up.

Conclusion:
Unilateral lateral rectus recession is a safe and effective treatment for small to moderate angle intermittent exotropia in children.
Chemokine-Like Receptor-1 Expression by Central Nervous System-Infiltrating Leukocytes and Involvement in a Model of Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease
Authors: Graham Kareem L. , Zabel Brian A. , Loghavi Sanam , Zuniga Luis A. , Ho Peggy P. , Sobel Raymond A. , Butcher Eugene C. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
We examined the involvement of chemokine-like receptor-1 (CMKLR1) in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of human multiple sclerosis. Upon EAE induction by active immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein amino acids 35–55 (MOG35–55), microglial cells and CNS-infiltrating myeloid dendritic cells expressed CMKLR1, as determined by flow cytometric analysis. In addition, chemerin, a natural ligand for CMKLR1, was up-regulated in the CNS of mice with EAE. We found that CMKLR1-deficient (CMKLR1 knockout (KO)) mice develop less severe clinical and histologic disease than their wild-type (WT) counterparts. CMKLR1 KO lymphocytes proliferate and produce proinflammatory cytokines in vitro, yet MOG35–55-reactive CMKLR1 KO lymphocytes are deficient in their ability to induce EAE by adoptive transfer to WT or CMKLR1 KO recipients. Moreover, CMKLR1 KO recipients fail to fully support EAE induction by transferred MOG-reactive WT lymphocytes. The results imply involvement of CMKLR1 in both the induction and effector phases of disease. We conclude that CMKLR1 participates in the inflammatory mechanisms of EAE and represents a potential therapeutic target in multiple sclerosis.
Dendritic Cell Function in Allostimulation Is Modulated by C5aR Signaling
Authors: Peng Qi , Li Ke , Wang Naiyin , Li Qijun , Asgari Elham , Lu Bao , Woodruff Trent M. , Sacks Steven H. , Zhou Wuding 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Regulation of T cell immunity by C5a has been suggested from recent studies. However, the underlying mechanisms, particularly the involved cells and biochemical basis, are not well defined. In this study, the direct modulation of dendritic cell (DC) activation and its function in T cell stimulation by C5a-C5aR interaction and the involved signaling pathways were investigated. We show that DCs from C5aR−/− mice and normal DCs treated with C5aR antagonist have less-activated phenotype characterized with increased IL-10 and decreased IL-12p70 production in response to LPS stimulation, lowered surface expression of MHC class II, B7.2, and consequently have reduced capacity to stimulate allospecific T cells. Conversely, C5a stimulation up-regulates DC activation and its function in allostimulation. Furthermore, stimulation of C5aR mediates the inhibition of cAMP production and protein kinase A activity and is involved in activation of PI3K/AKT and NF-κB signaling in DCs. These results demonstrate that C5a acts directly on C5aR expressed on DCs resulting in the cell activation and subsequently enhances its capacity for allospecific T cell stimulation. It also suggests that NF-κB signaling induced by down-regulation of cAMP/ protein kinase A pathway and up-regulation of PI3K/AKT pathway following C5a stimulation may contribute to up-regulation of DC function.
CXCR2 Is Required for Neutrophilic Airway Inflammation and Hyperresponsiveness in a Mouse Model of Human Rhinovirus Infection
Authors: Nagarkar Deepti R. , Wang Qiong , Shim Jee , Zhao Ying , Tsai Wan C. , Lukacs Nicholas W. , Sajjan Uma , Hershenson Marc B. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Human rhinovirus (RV) infection is responsible for the majority of virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Using a mouse model of human RV infection, we sought to determine the requirement of CXCR2, the receptor for ELR-positive CXC chemokines, for RV-induced airway neutrophilia and hyperresponsiveness. Wild-type and CXCR2−/− mice were inoculated intranasally with RV1B or sham HeLa cell supernatant. Following RV1B infection, CXCR2−/− mice showed reduced airway and lung neutrophils and cholinergic responsiveness compared with wild-type mice. Similar results were obtained in mice treated with neutralizing Ab to Ly6G, a neutrophil-depleting Ab. Lungs from RV-infected, CXCR2−/− mice showed significantly reduced production of TNF-α, MIP-2/CXCL2, and KC/CXCL1 and lower expression of MUC5B compared with RV-treated wild-type mice. The requirement of TNF-α for RV1B-induced airway responses was tested using TNFR1−/− mice. TNFR1−/− animals displayed reduced airway responsiveness to RV1B, even when exogenous MIP-2 was added to the airways. We conclude that CXCR2 is required for RV-induced neutrophilic airway inflammation and that neutrophil TNF-α release is required for airway hyperresponsiveness.
AS04, an Aluminum Salt- and TLR4 Agonist-Based Adjuvant System, Induces a Transient Localized Innate Immune Response Leading to Enhanced Adaptive Immunity
Authors: Didierlaurent Arnaud M. , Morel Sandra , Lockman Laurence , Giannini Sandra L. , Bisteau Michel , Carlsen Harald , Kielland Anders , Vosters Olivier , Vanderheyde Nathalie , Schiavetti Francesca , Larocque Daniel , Van Mechelen Marcelle , Garçon Nathalie 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Adjuvant System 04 (AS04) combines the TLR4 agonist MPL (3-O-desacyl-4′-monophosphoryl lipid A) and aluminum salt. It is a new generation TLR-based adjuvant licensed for use in human vaccines. One of these vaccines, the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Cervarix, is used in this study to elucidate the mechanism of action of AS04 in human cells and in mice. The adjuvant activity of AS04 was found to be strictly dependent on AS04 and the HPV Ags being injected at the same i.m. site within 24 h of each other. During this period, AS04 transiently induced local NF-κB activity and cytokine production. This led to an increased number of activated Ag-loaded dendritic cells and monocytes in the lymph node draining the injection site, which further increased the activation of Ag-specific T cells. AS04 was also found to directly stimulate those APCs in vitro but not directly stimulate CD4+ T or B lymphocytes. These AS04-induced innate responses were primarily due to MPL. Aluminum salt appeared not to synergize with or inhibit MPL, but rather it prolonged the cytokine responses to MPL at the injection site. Altogether these results support a model in which the addition of MPL to aluminum salt enhances the vaccine response by rapidly triggering a local cytokine response leading to an optimal activation of APCs. The transient and confined nature of these responses provides further supporting evidence for the favorable safety profile of AS04 adjuvanted vaccines.
Differential Cytokine Production and Bystander Activation of Autoreactive B Cells in Response to CpG-A and CpG-B Oligonucleotides
Authors: Avalos Ana M. , Latz Eicke , Mousseau Betty , Christensen Sean R. , Shlomchik Mark J. , Lund Frances , Marshak-Rothstein Ann 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs have been shown to induce proliferation, differentiation, and cytokine production in B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells through a TLR9-dependent mechanism. A class (CpG-A) and B class (CpG-B) oligonucleotides display distinct physical properties. CpG-A, but not CpG-B, can multimerize to form exceedingly large lattices. CpG-A cannot effectively activate B cells but does induce plasmacytoid dendritic cells to produce high levels of IFNα, while CpG-B is a potent B cell mitogen. In this study, we report that CpG-A is internalized by B cells, and CpG-A and CpG-B accumulate in distinct intracellular compartments. When present in the form of an immune complex (CpG-A IC), CpG-A is taken up more efficiently by AM14 IgG2a-specific B cells, and elicits a robust TLR9-dependent B cell proliferative response. B cells proliferating comparably and in a TLR9-dependent fashion in response to CpG-A IC and CpG-B exhibited distinct cytokine profiles. CpG-A IC induced enhanced production of RANTES and markedly reduced levels of IL-6 when compared with CpG-B. We also found that engagement of the AM14 BCR by a protein IC, which cannot by itself induce proliferation, promoted TLR9-dependent but BCR-independent proliferation by bystander CpG-A or fragments of mammalian dsDNA. These data identify direct and indirect mechanisms by which BCR engagement facilitates access of exogenous ligands to TLR9-associated compartments and subsequent B cell activation.
Optical Fiber Systems
Authors:   Lucent Technologies, Optical Fiber Solutions
Published: October 2009

AbstractFiber‐Optic Systems in PerspectiveTypes of Optical FibersCharacteristics Affecting Optical Fiber PerformanceGlass ProcessingImprovements in LasersLight‐Emitting Diode for TelecommunicationsErbium‐Doped Fibers for AmplificationOptical Fibers in AircraftFiber Optics in BiomedicineFiber Optic Communications in BotanyFiber Optics in the Private NetworkFiber Optics in Industrial Instrumentation and NetworksOptical Fiber Terminology
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors:   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Published: October 2009

AbstractChlamydiaGonorrheaSyphilisSymptomsDiagnosis and TreatmentGenital Warts (Human PapillomavirusHPV)Genital Herpes (Herpes Simplex VirusHSV)HepatitisB(HBV)TrichomoniasisBacterial Vaginosis (BV)The Role ofSTDDetection and Treatment inHIVPreventionWhat Are the Implications forHIVPrevention Programs?STDsand PregnancyPelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
The kinetics of the reduction of iron oxide by carbon monoxide mixed with carbon dioxide
Authors: Bohn C. D. , Cleeton J. P. , Müller C. R. , Davidson J. F. , Hayhurst A. N. , Scott S. A. , Dennis J. S. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractResults are reported for the repeated reduction of iron oxide particles, 300–425 μm diameter, by a mixture of CO, CO2, and N2 in a fluidized bed of 20 mm internal diameter. The conclusions were as follows: (1) Reduction of either Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 or of Fe3O4 to Fe0.947O is first‐order in CO. (2) With the particle sizes used, the rates of the reduction reactions are controlled by intrinsic chemical kinetics. Activation energies and pre‐exponential factors are reported. (3) The first cycle gave anomalous results, but (a) the rate of reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 remained constant over cycles 2–10; (b) the rate of reduction of Fe3O4 to Fe0.947O declined by 60–85% over cycles 2–10. (4) The rates of reduction declined with solids conversion down to zero at 80% conversion. The rates were incorporated into a conventional model of a fixed bed, which was used to predict, satisfactorily, the reduction behavior of iron oxide. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Katalyse mit Palladium in hoher Oxidationsstufe: neue Reaktivität für die organische Synthese
Authors: Muñiz Kilian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDie vergangenen Jahre waren Zeuge der schnellen Entwicklung eines neuen Gebiets der Palladium‐Katalyse in der organischen Synthese. Entsprechende Reaktionen verlaufen außerhalb der normalerweise beobachteten Pd0/PdII‐Katalysezyklen und werden durch die Gegenwart starker Oxidationsmittel ermöglicht, die an einem gegebenen Punkt des Katalysezyklus weitere Palladium(II)‐Reaktionen durch selektive Oxidation des Metalls verhindern. Die dabei entstehenden Palladium‐Komplexe in höherem Oxidationszustand sind für die Entwicklung einer Reihe von neuen Umwandlungen genutzt worden, die nicht über herkömmliche Palladium‐Katalysen realisiert werden können. Eine derartige Katalyse mit Palladium in höherem Oxidationszustand ist von erheblichem Synthesepotenzial.
Thermomechanical processing environment and morphology development of a thermotropic polymer liquid crystal
Authors: Viana Júlio C. , Simões Ricardo , Mano João F. , Oliveira Maria. J. , Denchev Zlatan Z. , Brostow Witold , Cunha António M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe have studied a longitudinal polymer liquid crystal consisting of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and p‐hydroxybenzoic acid, namely PET/0.6PHB, where 0.6 is the mole fraction of the second component. The material was injection molded with systematic variations of the melt and mold temperatures and injection flow rate using design of experiments based on a Taguchi orthogonal array. Thermomechanical environment defined by local melt temperatures and shear rates and stresses imposed during processing was estimated by computer simulations of the mold‐filling phase. The morphology of the moldings was characterized by optical and scanning electronic microscopy, wide‐ and small‐angle X‐ray scattering, and differential scanning calorimetry. An analysis of variance approach identified the significant processing variables and their contributions to variations of morphological parameters. The processing environment affects strongly the melt viscosity, and there is a strong thermo‐mechanical coupling. The result is a complex multilaminated and hierarchical microstructure, whose morphological features are very sensitive to the processing conditions. Relationships between local thermomechanical variables (rather than global ones) and the morphological parameters are established. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermal aging of a blend of high‐performance fibers
Authors: Arrieta Carlos , David Eric , Dolez Patricia , Vu‐Khanh Toan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe focus of this work is the study of the thermal aging of high‐performance fibers used in the making of fire protective garments. Accelerated thermal aging tests were carried out on fabric samples made up of a blend of Kevlar® (poly p‐phenylene terephthalamide) and PBI (poly benzimidazole) staple fibers, as well as on yarns pulled from this fabric, by means of exposure to elevated temperatures, comprised between 190°C and 320°C. All samples underwent loss of breaking force retention. The material thermal life, defined as the time required for the fibers to attain a 50% reduction of the original breaking force, ranged between a dozen of days at the lowest exposure temperature, to less than an hour at the highest. Breaking force data were fitted using the Arrhenius model following two different approaches, namely the extrapolated thermal life value and the shift factors yielded by the time‐temperature superposition (TTS). The Arrhenius model seemed to describe appropriately the overall aging process, as inferred from the excellent fit obtained when using both approaches, although activation energies provided from both approaches are different. To follow the chemical evolution of the material with thermal aging, Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) analyses were conducted. The qualitative analysis of the FTIR spectra showed little evidence of chemical changes between the aged and the nonaged samples, indicating either that the aging process carries on without significant modification of the chemical structure of the fibers, or that FTIR is not an appropriate method to spot such a modification. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The substituent effects on the structure and surface morphology of polyaniline
Authors: Sahin Mutlu , Özcan Levent , Özcan Ali , Usta Betül , Sahin Yücel , Pekmez Kadir 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this work, poly(2‐fluoroaniline), poly(2‐chloroaniline), poly(2‐methylaniline), and poly(N‐ethylaniline) were prepared by a self‐assembly method using an oxidizing system consisting of a dopant anion, p‐toluene sulfonate with ammonium peroxydisulfate. The effects of substituents on the surface morphology, conductivity, molecular weight, spectral and thermal properties of the polymers were studied. SEM results revealed that the surface morphology of the resulting polymers changed from nanofiber to spherical structure by changing the substituent on the aniline monomers. The structure and properties of these conducting films were characterized by FTIR, UV‐vis, elemental analysis, TGA, conductivity, and cyclic voltammetry. The polymer films show electroactivity in monomer free solution. Molecular weight of the polymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The dry electrical conductivity values of the substituted‐polyanilines were found to be lower than that of PANI. The results revealed that the molecular structures of the polymers were similar to those of the emeraldine form of polyaniline. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Polyvinyl alcohol fuller's earth clay nanocomposite films
Authors: Pandey Pratibha , Bhattacharyya Arup Ranjan , Gutch Pranav Kumar , Chauhan Ram Singh , Pant Satish Chandra 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNano fuller's earth was prepared by milling and subsequent sonication of clay. The polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and PVA ‐Nano clay composite films were prepared by solution casting method. The films were characterized for their structural, mechanical, and thermal properties using electron microscopes (SEM, TEM), Tensile Tester, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA), and Raman spectroscopy. The nanocomposite films showed improvement in mechanical properties, viscoelastic behavior as well as resistance towards thermal degradation. Uniform distribution of clay due to intimate interaction between clay and polymer appears to be the cause for improved properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of branching on the thermal and crystallization behavior of bimodal polyethylenes synthesized with binary late‐transition‐metal catalyst combinations
Authors: Long Ying‐Yun , Liu San‐Rong , Cui Lei , Li Yue‐Sheng 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTwo reactor blends of linear and branched polyethylene resins with bimodal molecular weight distributions were synthesized in a one‐reactor polymerization process through the combination of 2,6‐bis[1‐(2,6‐dimethyphenylimino)pyridyl]cobalt dichloride (1) and 2,3‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)butanediimine nickel dibromide (2) or 1,2‐bis(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)cyclohexene diimine nickel dibromide (3) in the presence of modified methylaluminoxane. The linear correlation between the catalyst activity and concentration of the nickel compounds suggested that the catalysts performed independently of one another. The molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, and crystalline and phase structures of the blends were investigated with a combination of high‐temperature gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering techniques. The branching degree of the polyethylene produced with 3 was much higher than the branching degree of the sample produced with 2, although their molecular weights were relatively close. In addition, the crystallization rate, melting temperature, degree of crystallinity, and crystallization temperature of more highly branched blends produced with 1/3 were lower. The long periods and thickness of the crystalline region were greatly influenced by the addition of highly branched polyethylene. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Relationship Between Anticancer Activity and Stereochemistry of Saldach Ligands and their Iron(III) Complexes
Authors: Hille Annegret , Gust Ronald 
Published: October 2009

Abstract(R,R)‐, (S,S)‐ and (R,S)‐N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane (saldach) and their iron(III) complexes were screened for anticancer activity against MCF‐7 and MDA‐MB 231 breast cancer as well as HT‐29 colon carcinoma cells. Antiproliferative effects depended on the presence of the central atom iron but were independent on the configuration at the saldach ligand. While the free ligands were inactive, the iron(III) derivatives displayed anticancer activity within a concentration range of 1 to 5 μM irrespective of the used cell line. At 5 μM they were even more active than cis‐platin. A mode of action comparable to cis‐platin can be excluded because it is very likely that the DNA is not the primary target of [FeIII (saldach)] complexes.
On a robust synchronization problem via internal model approach
Authors: Sun Weijie , Huang Jie 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper formulates the synchronization of the Duffing system and the Van der Pol oscillator as a robust output regulation problem and presents the solution to this problem based on the internal model design. The controller thus obtained is able to achieve the synchronization of the outputs of these two systems in the presence of the parameter uncertainty of the Duffing system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
A diagnosis of warm‐core and cold‐core extratropical cyclone development using the Zwack–Okossi equation
Authors: Azad Roohollah , Sorteberg Asgeir 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this study, the development of a warm‐core and cold‐core extratropical cyclone over North Atlantic is examined. The geostrophic relative vorticity tendency used to diagnose the development is calculated utilizing the so‐called extended form of the Zwack–Okossi development equation. In both cases, the cyclonic vorticity advection acted to develop the system, but warm‐air advection (diabatic heating) made the largest contribution to explosive development in the cold‐core (warm‐core) case. Further, a vertical cross section of the temperature advection in the warm‐core case reveals that the largest values of this contributor are located far and ahead of the cyclone center. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society