bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbicides or Oat Companion Crops for Alfalfa Establishment and Forage Yields1
Authors: Kust Cyril A. 
Published: July 2010

Abstract‘Vernal’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was established with herbicides in 1964, 1965, and 1966 at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Experimental Farm. The objective was to determine the forage yields that could be obtained from a pure alfalfa stand in the seeding year and to compare them with yields that have been obtained from oat companion crops removed at an immature stage for silage or hay. The assumption was that the previous alfalfa stand had been destroyed by winter killing and that maximum forage production per acre in the seeding year was of prime importance. Alfalfa established with herbicides was comparatively unproductive during the seeding year and much higher forage yields were obtained when alfalfa was established with an oat companion crop and both harvested as forage.
Seed Soaking As A Pre‐Sowing, Drought‐Hardening Treatment in Wheat and Barley Seedlings1
Authors: Salim M. H. , Todd Glenn W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of seed soaking treatment of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was investigated using distilled water or nine other dilute solutions — CaCl2, ZnSO4, Fe2(SO4)3, adenine, gibberellic acid, vitamin K3, 2,4‐D, and garlic extract. Three wheat varieties and two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties were also subjected to seed pre‐sowing treatment in water or 0.25% CaCl2 solution.The seedlings were tested at 3 to 4 weeks of age for desiccation resistance, transpiration, germination and growth in mannitol, and recovery. CaCl2 solution, 0.25%, seemed to be somewhat effective in inducing more desiccation resistance in wheat, with the ‘Ponca’ variety showing the highest response and ‘Red Chief’ the lowest. In barley, water or CaCl2 induced better water retention in ‘Ward’ variety only. No response was detected in ‘Rogers.’ Seed pre‐soaking in 2,4‐D caused a decrease in desirable xeromorphic features. Most of the other treatments had either no effect or undesirable effects.It is concluded that no generalized statement as to the effect of pre‐sowing seed treatment can be made since the response seems to depend upon the treatment and variety used. This may help to explain some of the contradictory results reported in the literature.
Effect of Skip‐Row Culture on Agronomic and Fiber Properties of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Varieties1
Authors: Hawkins B. S. , Peacock H. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAverage lint yields of eight varieties of Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) planted in 1963 and 1964 in solid and 2×2 skip‐row designs showed a significant yield increase in favor of skip‐row planting. Yields from skip‐row planting were 30 and 61% greater in 1963 and 1964, respectively, than yields from solid planting. Yields are reported on an allotted hectare basis.Comparison of average lint yields of all varieties planted in tests from 1959 to 1964 (no test planted in 1961) showed a significant (P=.01) over‐all increase 42% in favor of skip‐row planting. Differential varietal response to method of planting on lint yields was indicated by significant (P=.01) variety) × method interaction for four varieties studied for 5 years. A significandy (P=.01) greater percentage of total seed cotton was harvested at first picking from solid than from skip‐row planting.Bolls from the skip‐row planting were significantly (P=.01) larger than bolls from solid planting in the 1959–1964 tests. Fiber length increased significantly (P=.05) on varieties grown in the skip‐row design, but mean length, strength, and fineness were unaffected by method of planting.
Growth of Roots of Seven Varieties of Spring Wheat at High and Low Moisture Levels1
Authors: Hurd E. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeven varieties of spring wheat, T. aestivum L., were grown at two levels of moisture in glass‐faced boxes. Weekly measurements, made of the roots showing on the glass, and the total weight at each depth were required to determine the root pattern. Four of the varieties were grown in both Weyburn Oxbow Loam and Regina Heavy Clay. Yield of ‘Thatcher’ was reduced less by moisture stress than that of other varieties. Roots of Thatcher penetrated the soil more quickly in dry soil than in wet soil and more quickly than other varieties tested at both moisture levels. When soil dried out in surface layers, root growth of Thatcher increased in the moist layer just below. Two lines developed for the Canadian Prairies were similar to Thatcher but yielded slightly less when moisture stress was high. ‘Nainari 60,’ ‘Lemhi 53,’ and especially ‘Koga II’ produced more roots at high levels of moisture than Thatcher but suffered more under moisture stress. ‘Narino 50’ was earlier and lower yielding but suffered less from moisture stress than most varieties tested. The pattern of roots of the different varieties help to explain their yield performances at different moisture levels. The loam soil was more satisfactory to use in root studies than the clay soil, as it tended to accentuate the differences in response to high and low levels of moisture.
Effect of Oil Treatment of Fertilizers on Crop Yields and Uptake of Fertilizer Constituents1
Authors: Thompson S. O. , Wedin W. F. , Attoe O. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe addition of up to 5% of fuel oil to fertilizers to reduce dustiness and caking had little or no effect on yield and uptake of N, P and K by greenhouse grown oats. Similar results were obtained for field grown corn and for greenhouse and field grown tobacco.
Response of Sudangrass Hybrids to Cutting Practices1
Authors: Holt Ethan C. , Alston George D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo sorghum ✕ sudangrass hybrids were planted in rows I m wide and cut at three stages of development (frequencies) and three stubble heights. Location of apical and secondary meristems at cutting and origin and type of regrowth were recorded as well as yield and total growth. Best forage yields were obtained with less frequent harvest and shorter stubble heights, but stubble height within frequencies did not influence total plant development (forage yield + stubble weight). The number of primary growth primordia left in the stubble increased with greater stubble heights and with earlier harvest stages. The number of secondary meristems remaining after second cutting increased both with greater stubble height and later harvest stages. Tillering was greater with short stubble, while aerial branching increased with stubble height and later stages of maturity. These results suggest that for maximum forage yields, the plants should be allowed to grow long enough between cuttings to fully recover. The most favorable cutting height for forage yield removes the apical meristems and most of the secondary meristems and results in primarily tiller growth. Total carbohydrates increased in the initial growth to the early flowering stage. Although carbohydrates were expended (disappeared) during regrowth, there seemed to be no actual relationship between carbohydrate percentage and yield.
Seedbed Design for Minimizing Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) Seedling Damage by Mild Radiation Freeze1
Authors: Mayland H. F. , Cary J. W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractGreenhouse and field tests were made to evaluate the frost protection afforded by various seedbed designs. Planting in pockets was the most effective in reducing radiative freeze damage to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) seedlings in the two‐leaf stage. Pockets were 7.5 cm in diameter by 5 cm deep, formed at 45° to the horizon in 45° south‐facing slopes on sides of 20‐cm‐high soil ridges. During freeze periods, leaf temperatures of the plants in the pockets averaged 3.4 C and 2.2 C higher than leaf temperatures of plants in the conventional seedbed under greenhouse and field conditions, respectively. Temperature differences were not as great under field conditions because of low soil temperatures. The planting system could, however, add 2 weeks to the spring growing season for sugar beets in southern Idaho, provided soil temperatures are high enough for germination.
Effect of Row and Within‐Row Spacings on Yield and Quality of Flue‐Cured Tobacco1
Authors: Chaplin J. F. , Ford Z. T. , Pitner J. B. , Currin R. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to study the effects of spacing on the cured leaf of flue‐cured tobacco. One involved different numbers of skipped rows and the other involved plant spacings within the row. Yields increased as the number of skipped rows increased. Also, the value per 45.35 kg increased as the number of skipped rows increased, which may indicate a better quality of tobacco produced with the wide rows. Alkaloid content was somewhat lower as the number of skipped rows increased, and the filling value decreased as the number of rows increased. In comparing the common practice of planting four rows and skipping one to the older method of continuous rows, there seemed to be little difference in the cured leaf for reducing sugars, total alkaloids, filling value, or equilibrium moisture content. However, an increase in yield (92 kg) and value per hectare ($188.00) was obtained by skipping every fifth row. In general, the more plants per acre the greater the yield when the plants were topped to a common leaf number. Wider spacings within the row gave the higher value per 45.35 kg; however, there was no difference between the 61‐ and 69‐cm spacing. There was little difference in reducing sugars for any of the spacings, but there was a tendency for alkaloids to increase as spacings increased. Distance between plants in the row seemed to have little effect on filling value and equilibrium moisture content. Results indicate that above 61‐cm spacing in the row is too wide and that close spacing although producing more money return per hectare may tend to reduce the quality of the cured leaf.
Organic Matter Removal from Liquid Peach Waste by Percolation Through Soil and Interrelations with Plant Growth and Soil Properties1
Authors: Hunt Patrick G. , Peele T. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPeach cannery waste of three concentrations was applied to Cecil sandy clay loam and Lakeland sand in lysimeters on which Coastal bermudagrass was growing. The soil was artificially placed in the lysimeters to simulate subsoiling to a depth of 50.8 cm. The waste was applied at a rate of 2.54 cm/hr with total amounts of 7.62 cm twice a week. No ponding was observed, indicating an infiltration rate of at least 2.54 cm/hr. A total of 82.55 cm of waste was applied during the season. The BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) was reduced 98% by the Cecil and 64% by the Lakeland soil. Yield of the grass decreased somewhat as the waste concentration increased but was larger in all cases than non‐irrigated grass. Application of the waste increased the exchangeable sodium in the soil but no appreciable effect on soil structure was found.
Variation in Foam Production by Plants of ‘Vernal’ Alfalfa1
Authors: Rumbaugh M. D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simplified technique to evaluate in vitro foam‐producing capabilities of forage plants is described. The method was successfully used to examine 100 unselected clones of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Sufficient variation was observed to believe the technique may be useful in selecting and breeding cultivars with low foam producing capabilities and possibly low bloat probability of grazing ruminants.
Differential Salt‐Oxygen Levels Influence Plant Growth1
Authors: Aubertin G. M. , Rickman R. W. , Letey J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo salt‐oxygen‐plant growth experiments, one a solution culture, the other involving soil, were conducted in a greenhouse using tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Rutgers) as the test plant. Plant growth as measured by eight growth indices was shown to be adversely affected by decreasing the oxygen content of the aerating gas from 21% or by increasing the salt level of the growth media from 20 meq/liter. Simultaneous changes in both the oxygen and salt levels generally produced significantly greater changes than could be accounted for by considering the effects brought about by the salt and oxygen levels considered independently.Tomato plants affected by high salt or low oxygen levels had similar characteristics of stunting and small, somewhat cup‐shaped, wrinkled, dark green leaves. Severity of the symptoms increased as either the salt level increased or the oxygen level decreased. Severe symptoms appeared at combinations of oxygen and salt levels which individually did not cause the symptoms to appear.Reducing the oxygen level from 21% had a significantly adverse effect on growth at all salt levels, while increasing the salt level from 20 meq/liter caused varying amounts of growth reduction depending on the oxygen level. At any given level of one treatment, increasing the stress of the other treatment generally resulted in a considerable reduction in growth, although where growth was already markedly decreased, applying a more severe treatment produced smaller additional detrimental effects.In both the solution and soil experiments the salt effect was greatest under conditions of adequate oxygen. Under low or inadequate oxygen levels the salt effect appeared but to a much smaller extent.
Direct Observation of Cotton Root Growth under Field Conditions1
Authors: Pearson Robert W. , Lund Zane F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnder favorable soil chemical and physical conditions, cotton primary roots elongated 3.3 times as fast as stems up to July 13. At that time roots had reached the 170‐cm depth, the maximum depth at which observation could be made. The period of maximum root proliferation coincided with the maximum rate of plant height increase and occurred during the period immediately following initiation of the reproductive cycle. There were no identifiable periods of suspense in root extension until the onset of final cessation of root growth. This occurred following maturation of first boll set.
Changes in Composition of Sudangrass and Forage Sorghum with Maturity1
Authors: Farhoomand M. B. , Wedin W. F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractUnder three managements, stockpiled (no summer cut), hay (one summer cut), and pasture (three summer cuts), significant differences were noted in percent dry matter, crude protein, and crude fiber in the leaves, stems, and heads of ‘Piper’ sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf) and ‘RP30F’ forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) with advancing maturity. These changes were particularly striking when the forage was saved for fall use. Generally, sudangrass analyzed significantly higher in percent dry matter and crude fiber but lower in percent crude protein than forage sorghum. Percent dry matter in the leaves, stems, and heads of both species differed significantly with management and increased with maturity, except in the heads of sudangrass under the stockpiled management where percent dry matter increased until full maturation and decreased abruptly thereafter, possibly because of seed shattering and loss. In both sudangrass and forage sorghum, the heads were highest in percent dry matter, the leaves intermediate, and the stems lowest. Percent crude protein and crude fiber differed significantly between species, plant parts within each species, and dates of sampling. Percent crude protein generally decreased as the date of sampling was delayed. The leaves of both species were highest in percent crude protein, the heads intermediate, and the stems lowest. Percent crude fiber increased in the leaves and stems of sudangrass, but decreased in the leaves and stems of forage sorghum as plants matured. Percent crude fiber decreased in the heads of both species with advancing maturity.
Boron and Manganese Effects on Cotton Yield, Lint Quality, and Earliness of Harvest1
Authors: Anderson O. E. , Boswell Fred C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractManganese (2.23 and 4.46 kg/ha) and boron (0.45 and 0.89 kg/ha) were applied as a sidedressing to cotton on 13 different soils in Georgia. Both total yield and the percent of that yield obtained at first harvest were increased without detrimental effect on lint strength, length, or fineness, despite the fact that no deficiency symptoms of Mn or B were observed on the check plots. Yield increases were negatively correlated with the water soluble soil Mn and B, and positively correlated with pH. With few exceptions, the Mn and B content of soil and leaf samples from untreated plots were higher than those usually rated as deficient, suggesting that cotton yield and earliness of harvest benefit from relatively high levels of these elements.
Competition Between Ladino Clover Seedlings and Established Orchardgrass in Nutrient Solution Cultures1
Authors: Gross C. F. , Robinson R. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLadino clover seedlings were grown alone and in association with established orchardgrass in nutrient solution cultures in the greenhouse. Techniques were devised to control competition for light. Nutrient solutions at each of two concentrations were (1) changed frequently and (2) not changed during the experiment. Where solutions were not changed, pH values were controlled and nutrients replenished.There was no evidence that actively growing roots of well‐established orchardgrass released substances in the nutrient solution that affected the yield of ladino clover seedlings.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer on an Old Stand of Crested Wheatgrass1
Authors: McGinnies William J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNitrogen fertilizer, in the form of urea, was applied to a 16‐year‐old stand of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schult.] at rates of 0, 22, 45, 67, 90, and 112 kg N/ha/yr. Annual and biennial applications were made over a 6‐year period starting in 1962. Average herbage yield was increased by the addition of N at all rates. The greatest increase in herbage yield per kg N applied was at the 22‐kg/ha rate; the increase in yield per kg N applied declined as the rate of N increased. Total average herbage yield was highest at the 67‐, 90‐, ll2‐kg rates. Annual fertilizer applications produced significantly higher average yields than biennial applications. The unfertilized plots declined in productivity during the period covered by the study, but as little as 22 kg N/ha/yr appeared to prevent the stand deterioration.A one‐time‐only application of 0, 22, 45, 67, 90, 112, 135, 180, 225, and 449 kg N/ha was applied in 1962. The 22‐ and 45‐kg/ha rates increased herbage yield in the first year, and 67‐ to 225‐kg/ha rates increased yields through 1965. The 449 kg/ha rate increased yield through 1966, but had no significant effect in 1967.The magnitude of the response to N and the relative efficiency per kilogram applied depended upon moisture availability.
Response of Plants to Polyphosphate on Calcareous Soils1
Authors: Stroehlein J. L. , Sabet S. A. , Clementz D. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAmmonium polyphosphate (APP) was compared to ammonium orthophosphate (AOP) with successive crops grown on four calcareous soils in the greenhouse. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) the first crop, responded to P on three of the soils, with AOP superior to APP on two soils. With tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum), the second crop, APP was significantly better than AOP on all soils. APP was a satisfactory P source and was superior to AOP for the second crop.
UV Aflatoxin Quantitation with Polaroid Recordings1
Authors: Chang Chung‐Min , Lynd J. Q. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA method is presented for precise, permanent color recordings of TLC plates used in aflatoxin quantitation. Improvement over black and white film recordings include close duplication of blue and yellow green chroma actually observed with UV fluorescence with less distortion from the differential intensities apparent between the B and G groups with aflatoxin concentration changes.
Growth of Crops in Soils after Herbicidal Treatments for Brush Control in the Tropics1
Authors: Bovey R. W. , Miller F. R. , Diaz‐Colon J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHerbicides 4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), a 1:1 mixture of the butyl esters of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,4,5‐trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D:2,4,5‐T), and a 2:2:1 mixture of the isooctyl esters of 2,4‐D:2,4,5.T:picloram at 6.7, 26.9, and 16.8 kg/ha (6, 24, and 15 1b/A) respectively, were applied as foliar sprays to control guava (Psidium guajava L.). Six crop species were planted in soil collected from each plot, 1, 2, 3, 6½, 9½, and 13½ months after treatment, to detect herbicide residues and to determine crop tolerance. Corn, sorghum, wheat, rice and cotton could be grown without reduction in fresh weight as early as 3 months after application. Soybeans were the most susceptible crop to herbicide residues.
Effect of Time of Molybdenum Application on Soybean Yield and on Nitrogen, Oil, and Molybdenum Contents
Authors: Boswell Fred C. , Anderson O. E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn evaluation of the effects of molybdenum (Mo) on soybeans (Glycine max) when applied at various periods indicated significant yield responses especially on the moderately acid shaly soils. Mo applied as a seed treatment, as a spray at the early stage (20‐cm height), and as a spray at the pre‐bloom stage were not significantly different. However, these treatments resulted in significantly greater yields than spray treatments applied 6 or 9 weeks after the early spray stage. Mo application increased the N and Mo content of the leaves and protein content of the soybeans. A highly significant negative correlation occurred between protein and oil content of the soybeans when various Mo treatments were applied.
pH Effect on Root Growth and Water Uptake by Plants
Authors: Thorup James T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA direct pH effect upon root growth and water uptake by plants was demonstrated. When the OH‐ ion concentration increased sufficiently, the curtailment of water uptake was almost instantaneous.Extreme wilting of plants growing in nutrient solution occurred in a matter of 15 min after the addition of Na2CO3 when temperatures were sufficiently high to cause rapid transpiration. Roots were damaged in a similar period of time as indicated by an over all discoloring of the root system and a blackening of root tips and small laterals. Plants treated with an equivalent amount of NaCl showed no adverse effects.Since the addition of Na2CO3 to nutrient solutions produced excessively high pH values, a study of the effect of pH upon plant growth was made. Growth was curtailed at pH 9 and above. Wilt and root damage occurred at these pH values similar to that observed with Na2CO3 treatments. The critical pH for tomato plants (lycopersicon esculentum) was 8.8 if the plants were established in nutrient solution for several days before treatments were added. For young developing roots, the critical pH was even lower, about 8.2. The only effect of different anions upon plant growth under these conditions proved to be a buffering effect upon the solution pH. Adventitious roots failed to grow in solutions buffered at 8.2 or above. New growth occurred readily at pH values below 8.0 with a concomitant revitalized plant growth.