bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCGPred: A Score-Based Method for Gene Structure Prediction by Combining Multiple Sources of Evidence
Authors: Li Xiao , Ren Qingan , Weng Yang , Cai Haoyang , Zhu Yunmin , Zhang Yizheng 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Predicting protein-coding genes still remains a significant challenge. Although a variety of computational programs that use commonly machine learning methods have emerged, the accuracy of predictions remains a low level when implementing in large genomic sequences. Moreover, computational gene finding in newly sequenced genomes is especially a difficult task due to the absence of a training set of abundant validated genes. Here we present a new gene-finding program, SCGPred, to improve the accuracy of prediction by combining multiple sources of evidence. SCGPred can perform both supervised method in previously well-studied genomes and unsupervised one in novel genomes. By testing with datasets composed of large DNA sequences from human and a novel genome of Ustilago maydi, SCGPred gains a significant improvement in comparison to the popular ab initio gene predictors. We also demonstrate that SCGPred can significantly improve prediction in novel genomes by combining several foreign gene finders with similarity alignments, which is superior to other unsupervised methods. Therefore, SCGPred can serve as an alternative gene-finding tool for newly sequenced eukaryotic genomes. The program is freely available at http://bio.scu.edu.cn/SCGPred/.
Studies in Milk Records: The Influence of Foetal Growth on Yield
Authors: Gavin William 
Published: March 2009

In a previous paper on the “Interpretation of Milk Records” the following points were dealt with:I. Selection of a figure definitive of a cow's milking capability.II. The influences affecting such a figure.(a) The usual methods of describing a cow by her total yield per calendar year, per lactation, or per average week are inconvenient both for practical breeding on a large scale and for definite enquiry on the inheritance of milk yield or its possible correlation with other characters. The figures are inconvenient because a variety of circumstances which affect them must be stated for every individual case before such figures can be reliable. Chief of these circumstances are age of cow, length of lactation, number of weeks dry before calving, interval between calving and subsequent service, and time of year of calving.
The Effect of One Crop upon Another
Authors: Bedford  , Pickering Spencer Umfreville 
Published: March 2009

Every growing crop results in the formation of a substance which is toxic to the growth of other plants, and still more so to itself.By oxidation this toxin loses its toxic properties and enhances the fertility of the soil. The plants previously poisoned eventually outstrip those which had not been subjected to the poisoning, except in cases where the toxic effect has been sufficient to produce a permanent stunting.The toxic effect must necessarily vary considerably with the different conditions obtaining, both as to the nature of the soil, the plant affected, and the vigour of growth of the plant producing the toxin.There is no reason for assuming the excretion of any toxic matter from a plant, the debris from the growing roots is probably sufficient to account for the formation of the toxin.The heating of a soil produces toxic matter from the organic substances present in it, and in much greater quantities than that produced by the growth of a crop. In both cases the toxin, after oxidation, increases the fertility of the soil.
The Preparation and Composition of Lime-Sulphur Sprays
Authors: Ramsay A. A. 
Published: March 2009

In the preparation of lime-sulphur solutions used for spraying purposes by boiling together lime, sulphur and water, the following equations represent reactions which might occur primarily:(1) 3CaH2O2 + S4 = 2CaS + CaS2O3 + 3H2O,(2) 3CaH2O2 + S12 = 2CaS5 + CaS2O3 + 3H3O.According to the above equations 3 molecules slaked lime CaH2O2 or 3 molecules of quick lime CaO may combine with 4 to 12 atoms sulphur; or 1 part of quick lime (by weight) should combine with ·7619 to 2·2857 parts of sulphur.
The shrinkage of soils
Authors: Tempany H. A. 
Published: March 2009

1. By determination of the internal pore space in blocks of soils and comparison with the observed value for the linear shrinkage it is found that a linear relationship appears to exist between the two values.2. By extrapolating the curve thus obtained an approximation for the limiting value of the shrinkage in the case of pure colloidal clay is arrived at amounting to approximately 23 per cent.3. On this assumption it becomes possible to calculate the approximate content of colloidal material in any soil from a knowledge of the linear shrinkage.4. Results are adduced, showing the values obtained for the shrinkage in the case of separated fine silt and clay fractions in the case of two soils of known shrinkage and physical composition, and compared with the values calculated from previous assumptions.5. The results of the calculation of the content of colloidal clay in the foregoing manner in the case of 16 Leeward Islands soils are appended.
Colloidal properties of winter wheat plants in relation to frost resistance
Authors: Newton Robert 
Published: March 2009

1. Certain colloidal properties of winter wheat plants have been found to be closely related to frost resistance, and provide indices of hardiness which may have practical application in the breeding and selection of hardy varieties.2. The imbibition pressure of fresh leaves, in the winter-hardened condition, was found to be in most cases directly related to hardiness.3. The volume of press-juice obtained per 100 gm. of hardened leaves was inversely proportional to the hardiness of a variety. This volume is largely determined by two hardiness factors, the dry matter content and imbibition pressure of the leaves.4. When unhardened leaves were used, no relation could be found between imbibition pressure or volume of press-juice and hardiness.5. The imbibition pressure of hardened leaves appears to depend on the physical state of the cell colloids characteristic of living tissues, since this property was lost when the tissues were killed.6. The moisture content of hardened tissues tends to be inversely proportional to hardiness. There is some evidence that in hardy varieties it fluctuates less with changes in weather conditions, and a possible explanation of this as a colloidal property is suggested.7. The quantity of hydrophilic colloids contained in the press-juice, as measured by an effect on the activity of water, was found to be directly proportional to hardiness.
The rapid determination of available phosphate in soil by the coeruleo-molybdate reaction of Denigès
Authors: Atkins W. R. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. The coeruleo-molybdate method of Denigès affords a rapid means of estimating phosphates in such dilute solutions as are given by aqueous extracts of soils, 1:5, even when the extract is diluted twenty-fold.2. High phosphate values were found for bog peats, but the majority of the soils studied gave to the extract phosphate corresponding to under two parts per million of phosphorus pentoxide. Dunged soil gave 20 p.p.m. or more.3. Extraction for 3–4 hours gives values as high as extraction for 4–7 days with ordinary soils of low phosphate content, but the phosphate of richer soils may undergo a reversion to an insoluble form during prolonged extraction.
An electrical method for the reduction of draught in ploughing
Authors: Crowther Edward M. , Haines William B. 
Published: March 2009

An electrical method is suggested for reducing the friction between a metal surface and soil, or other moist substances; and its possible application to soil cultivation is considered.Large reductions in friction were obtained in laboratory tests with a metallic slider moving over moist soil.Preliminary tests in the field demonstrated that the draught of a plough was reduced by applying a current between the coulter and the mouldboard. The magnitude of the reduction obtained with this arrangement was too small to have immediate practical value, but the possibility of increasing the effect is discussed.
Investigations on yield in the cereals. I
Authors: Engledow F. L. , Wadham S. M. 
Published: March 2009

The results of a yield trial may be usefully indicative; they can never be decisive. Geographical differences of soil and climate and seasonal fluctuations, limit the applicability of results to the locality and the year of the experiment. No more can be achieved than to ensure that the data accumulated in the prescribed circumstances have as high as possible a degree- of statistical probability. For this, there must be adequate precautions against a variety of factors predisposing to error. These factors may be broadly classified as follows:(a) Soil differences within the locality,i.e.major-scale differences as, for example, between the two ends of a 10-acre field.(b) Soil differences within small portions of the test area,e.g.as between contiguous areas of 1 square ft. or even as between the areas occupied by neighbouring single plants.(c) Differences in the seeds sown.(d) Damage by wire-worm, etc., resulting in the killing off of some plants especially in the very early stages of growth.(e) Irregularities in light intensity and inter-plant competition owing to irregular seed rate or depth of sowing, etc.(f) Losses during harvesting.(g) Irregularities in the water content of the harvested material.
The relationship between the crude-fibre content of pasture and other feeding-stuffs and their digestibility and starch equivalent
Authors: Hallsworth E. G. 
Published: March 2009

A study of the published data for feeding-stuff composition, digestibility and starch equivalent has shown that a linear relationship exists between the crude-fibre content and digestibility, and between crude-fibre content and starch equivalent.No significant difference was found between the regression coefficients for crude fibre and digestibility for sheep and cattle, but the coefficients for horses and pigs were notably larger, and significantly so for pigs.For pasture herbage the relationship between protein and starch equivalent was found to be merely a reflexion of the fibre content, and the regression coefficient between them became non-significant when crude fibre was included in the regression analysis. An equation has been obtained connecting crude fibre with starch equivalent, which is valid over a wide range of pasture species and fibre contents.
Severe experimental hyperthyroidism in the ruminant. I. Metabolic effects
Authors: Blaxter K. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. Metabolism experiments have been made with five sheep fed iodinated casein in doses sufficient to give symptoms of hyperthyroidism, ranging from moderate to severe. Two comparable sheep were included to serve as controls.2. The same ration was used throughout each experiment, and it was found that the digestibility of its dry matter and of its crude protein content declined when the sheep were made hyperthyroid. This was due to increased peristalsis.3. The treated sheep lost body N when iodinated casein was given, the loss being proportional to dosage. Calculations indicated increases in the endogenous catabolism by up to 120%, and also increases in deamination.4. There was an increased excretion of urea and ammonia during hyperthyroidism, the latter being associated with a decrease in the plasma carbon dioxide combining capacity.5. Purine catabolism was accelerated by more than 50% in some sheep. Starvation of one sheep did not depress nucleoprotein catabolism as it does in the normal sheep.
The composition and digestibility of Northern Irish hays: II. Meadow hays
Authors: Rutledge W. A. , Common R. H. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. The compositions and digestibilities of ten selected typical Northern Irish meadow hays have been ascertained and compared with similar data published by other workers for meadow hays produced in the British Isles.2. It is suggested that average Northern Irish meadow hay of reasonably good quality has a starch equivalent value in the region of 35 on a drymatter basis. Poor samples will have a value in the region of 25.
Cobalt and copper in the nutrition of sheep (2)
Authors: Marston Hedley R. , Lee Hector John , McDonald Ian W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of cobalt deficiency and of varying degrees of copper deficiency in young sheep were investigated.Five of six evenly matched groups of hoggets aged about 8 months when transferred to the deficient pastures were supplemented with the equivalent of 1 mg. Co/day, 10 mg. Cu/day, 1 mg Co + 1 mg. Cu/day, 1 mg. Co + 5 mg. Cu/day, 1 mg. Co + 10 mg. Cu/day, respectively, administered thrice weekly as a drench; the sixth group was untreated.All individuals that received no cobalt developed typical symptoms of cobalt deficiency and most of them died within a year. After 11 months the remaining cases were removed to the laboratory. They were then in the advanced stages of the terminal cachexia.
The estimation of “polysulphide” sulphur in spray materials
Authors: Goodwin WM. , Martin H. 
Published: March 2009

1. The value of lime-sulphur, liver of sulphur and ammonium polysulphide depending upon the amount of polysulphides that they contain, there is need for an exact method for the estimation of their content of polysulphide sulphur.2. The method of R. M. Chapin has been tested under a variety of conditions and, after making slight modifications to increase rapidity and ease of manipulation, it is recommended as being sufficiently accurate for the purpose in view.
The control of manganese deficiency in soils: I. The effects of sulphur and thiosulphates on crops growing on manganese-deficient soils
Authors: Quastel J. H. , Hewitt E. J. , Nicholas D. J. D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARY1. Pot and field experiments were made to compare the effects of thiosulphates and sulphur on the incidence of manganese deficiency in oat, beet and pea grown in two manganese-deficient soils.2. The addition of sodium or calcium thiosulphate to oat plants growing in a manganese-deficient fen soil in boxes markedly reduced symptoms of ‘grey speck’ and increased the soluble manganese content in the leaf tissues, but the effect was transient.3. The growth of beet in this soil in clay pots was improved by the addition of thiosulphates, and also by painting the exterior of the pots with bitumen paint or by covering the surface of the soil with a thin layer of sand. The thiosulphate treatments increased the manganese uptake by the plants and reduced the symptoms of manganese deficiency, particularly when applied to pots painted with bitumen paint.4. Field experiments with an old garden soil deficient in manganese showed that thiosulphate treatments increased the manganese uptake of beet. Placement treatments were more effective than broadcast treatments and greatly improved the growth of beet and reduced or eliminated manganese-deficiency symptoms, without producing any change in soil pH.
Studies in mole-draining Interim report on an experimental drainage field
Authors: Childs E. C. 
Published: March 2009

Equipment. Simultaneous observation of the performance of several mole drains in heavy grassland requires recording flowmeters. Simple instruments recording instantaneous rate of flow have been designed and found satisfactory. A recording rain gauge is a necessary adjunct.Plot size and edge effects. Where the land is laid up in ridge and furrow, even though rudimentary, the ridge forms an effective barrier between furrows. One drained furrow at the edge of a plot is a sufficient, but not always necessary, guard against the neighbouring plot. Where the land is farmed on the flat, a single catch-water furrow forms adequate protection.The nature of British rainfall. Rainstorms producing drainage are almost invariably of discontinuous type, consisting of well-defined intense showers separated by periods of almost complete quiescence. Thus a storm of 8 hr. duration may consist of as many as six quite distinct showers.
Note on the Determination of Exchangeable Sodium in Soils
Authors: Williams Rice 
Published: March 2009

1. The application of the zinc uranyl acetate method to the determination of exchangeable sodium in soils is discussed.2. Using this method of determination, good agreement was found between the exchangeable sodium extracted by 0·5 N acetic acid and that extracted by N ammonium chloride.3. The procedure for estimating sodium in acetic acid extracts is described, and the results for a number of typical non-saline Welsh soils are given.
Studies on the Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in the soil. II. The Extraction of the Organic Matter of the Soil With Alkali
Authors: Arnold C. W. B. , Page H. J. 
Published: March 2009

The alkali extraction of the organic matter from the soils of certain plots of the classical permanent experiments on Barnfield and Broadbalk at Rothamsted, receiving respectively organic manure, artificial fertilisers and no manurial treatment, has been studied, together with a colorimetric examination of the extracts for the comparison of the content of humic matter.It is shown that, in spite of the different cultural and manurial treatments which the different plots have received, there is a marked similarity in the properties of the organic matter of these soils, with regard to its behaviour on extraction with cold and hot dilute caustic soda, and the colour intensity of the organic matter in the extracts.The methods used for the determination of organic carbon in the soils and their extracts are noted in an Appendix.The results discussed in this paper are further considered, along with those in the two next following Parts (III and IV), in Part V of this series, in their bearings on the origin of the humic matter of the soil.
A complex pig-feeding experiment
Authors: Yates F. 
Published: March 2009

Summary1. The conditions which must be fulfilled in the design of an animal husbandry experiment if the results are to be statistically valid are summarised, together with possible methods of improving the efficiency by suitable design.2. The results of a pig-feeding experiment conducted at Rothamsted are discussed. The experiment showed that green food was essential to young pigs under the conditions of the experiment, that pigs fed on a wet mash grew at a faster rate than pigs fed on dry meal, the difference being due to the greater quantity of food consumed by the former, and that the effects of numbers in a pen (giving equal floor space per pig) were negligible in spite of the greater possibilities of exercise in the larger pens.
Milk production in mice
Authors: Falconer D. S. 
Published: March 2009

1. Lactation was studied quantitatively in a heterogeneous stock of laboratory mice, in order to find out whether the milk production of mice could be satisfactorily evaluated from measurements of the growth of the young; and, if individual differences were proved to be readily detectable, to find out to what extent these differences were heritable.2. The total weight of the litter suckled, at 12 days of age, was found to provide a convenient measure of milk production.3. Since the amount of milk given by a mouse is greatly influenced by the number of young suckled, allowance for differences of litter size was made by means of an index of performance which expressed the amount of milk given by a mouse at a particular lactation as a percentage of the average amount given to litters of that size. The index of performance thus evaluated the response of the mouse to a standard stimulus and gave no indication of the maximum productivity of the mouse.
Behaviour of some external characteristics in Essex pigs
Authors: Olbrycht T. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. The colour pattern in the Essex breed shows continuous variation in width and in shape of the belt, in size and number of the distal white points, in pigmentation of the skin and in the occurrence of all-black colour.2. The variation in ear shape extends from long, hanging ears to small, erect (prick) ears.3. ‘Rose back’ was observed in a small percentage of pure-bred Essex pigs.4. Observed results of crossing Wessex with Essex pigs, and the similarity in variation of colour of the two breeds, indicate that the factors upon which the colour depends are the same in Essex and in Wessex, and that there is no genetical difference in colour in these two breeds.
Studies on the relationship between nutrition and wool production of Merino sheep. II. The effect of the administration of cystine, cystein, sulphur and of methionine on the growth of wool of a Merino ewe on a protein-poor ration
Authors: Marston Hedley R. 
Published: March 2009

1. The question whether the amount of cystine in the wool grown may exceed that in the diet is discussed.2. When 1 gm. of laevo-cystine was added to the daily ration of a ewe on a low protein diet, the wool grown upon a circumscribed area was 14 per cent, more than that grown during a similar period immediately preceding. Four-fifths of the sulphur in the added cystine was absorbed, about half of which was excreted in the urine during the period the cystine was being fed.3. When 1 gm. of laevo-cystein was injected subcutaneously each day for 10 days, a 34 per cent, increase in wool growth occurred. During three succeeding periods, of 10 days each, immediately after the injections had been discontinued, the increases were 30, 18 and 7 per cent, respectively. Of the 2.6 gm. of sulphur in the cystein injected during the 10 days, 1.7 gm. was retained and could be accounted for by the extra amount of wool grown during that and the succeeding periods.
The ensilage of sugar beet tops
Authors: Woodman Herbert Ernest , Amos Arthur 
Published: March 2009

The question of the composition of sugar beet tops and their utilisation for feeding purposes has been dealt with in a recent publication (l). The purpose of the present communication is to record the results of investigations into the problem of the preservation of sugar beet tops by the method of ensilage. The account falls naturally under four headings:I. Ensilage of sugar beet tops alone.II. Ensilage of sugar beet tops mixed with wheat chaff.III. Ensilage of sugar beet tops mixed with wet sugar beet pulp.IV. Nutritive value, as determined by digestion trials on sheep, of the silage obtained from the mixture of tops and pulp.
Chamomile (Mayweed) and a taint in milk
Authors: Procter F 
Published: March 2009

It is of great importance that milk should possess a pleasant flavour, but in spite of much trouble which is devoted by farmers and dairymen to this aspect of dairying, it happens from time to time that mishaps do occur. Taints and flavours in milk are due chiefly to the following three causes:1. The activity of contaminating micro-organisms.2. The action of milk on metals.3. The influence of the foods eaten on the milk produced.It must be admitted that we have very little knowledge of the subject of milk flavours and taints, and there seems little doubt but that the blame for many taints caused by micro-organisms has been associated wrongly with foods and sometimes with manures.
The Evaluation of Pyrethrum Flowers (Chrysanthemum Cinerariaefolium)
Authors: Martin J. T. , Tattersfield F. 
Published: March 2009

1. The analytical methods of Tattersfield, Hobson and Gimingham(6) and Gnadinger and Corl(1) for the determination of the pyrethrins in pyrethrum flowers are compared, and certain modifications in technique suggested.2. Good concordances have been obtained between analytical data and insecticidal tests employingAphis rumicis.3. A new method for the rapid and approximate evaluation of unadulterated samples, employing small quantities of material, is described.4. Observations on the pyrethrin content of individual flowers in the various stages of development are recorded, making use of a modification of the method indicated under (3).