bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary CLA Combined with Palm Oil or Ovine Fat Differentially Influences Fatty Acid Deposition in Tissues of Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Martins Susana V. , Lopes Paula A. , Alves Susana P. , Alfaia Cristina M. , Castro Matilde F. , Bessa Rui J. B. , Prates José A. M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation in combination with fat from vegetable versus animal origin on the fatty acid deposition, including that of individual 18:1 and 18:2 (conjugated and non‐conjugated) isomers, in the liver and muscle of obese rats was investigated. For this purpose, 32 male Zucker rats were randomly assigned to one of four diets containing palm oil or ovine fat, supplemented or not with 1% of 1:1 cis(c)9,trans(t)11 and t10,c12 CLA isomers mixture. Total fatty acid content decreased in the liver and muscle of CLA‐fed rats. In the liver, CLA increased saturated fatty acids (SFA) in 11.9% and decreased monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in 6.5%. n‐3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) relative proportions were increased in 30.6% by CLA when supplemented to the ovine fat diet. In the muscle, CLA did not affect SFA but decreased MUFA and PUFA percentages. The estimation of Δ9‐indices 16 and 18 suggested that CLA inhibited the stearoyl‐CoA desaturase activity in the liver (a decrease of 13–38%), in particular when supplemented to the ovine fat diet. Concerning CLA supplementation, the t10,c12 isomer percentage was 60–80% higher in the muscle than in the liver. It is of relevance that rats fed ovine fat, containing bio‐formed CLA, had more c9,t11 CLA isomer deposited in both tissues than rats fed palm oil plus synthetic CLA. These results highlight the importance to further clarify the biological effects of consuming foods naturally enriched in CLA, alternatively to CLA dietary supplementation.
The use of fetal foot length to determine stillborn gestational age in Vietnam
Authors: Hirst Jane E. , Ha Lieu T.T. , Jeffery Heather E. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the use of fetal foot length for predicting gestational age in stillborn fetuses in Vietnam and the ability of this measurement to differentiate early from late fetal deaths.MethodsIn a prospective case series, gestational age was determined from either certain first day of last menstrual period or early ultrasound scan. Foot length was measured, with a non‐elastic tape measure, from the heel to the tip of the longest toe. Agreement of observed and predicted foot length for gestational age was tested, as well as the influence of fetal characteristics.ResultsAccurate gestational age and foot length were available for 52 of 107 participants. Strong agreement was demonstrated between observed and predicted values of foot length across gestations (95% confidence interval, −4.7 to 4.3 weeks). Accuracy of fetal foot length in predicting gestational age was affected by growth restriction but not fetal gender, maceration, or congenital anomalies. Fetal foot length of 55 mm or greater demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 88% in identifying late fetal deaths.ConclusionFoot length is a good differentiator of early and late fetal death, which is important for the global recording of the number of stillbirths.
The legal status of emergency contraception in Latin America
Authors: Hevia Martín 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTimely access to emergency contraception (EC) can contribute to reducing the number of unwanted pregnancies, and ultimately, the number of unsafe abortions and maternal fatalities. In Latin America, where all countries are parties to international human rights treaties that recognize the rights to autonomy, privacy, and health, and recognize sexual and reproductive rights including the right to family planning, the legal status of EC has been discussed in the courts. This article focuses on the analysis of the principal arguments voiced in the courts: the difference between contraceptives and abortifacients, the scientific status of available research on EC, and the age at which people develop a legal right to make decisions about their personal health. The conclusion is that Latin American countries whose laws or regulations ban access to EC in the public and/or the private sector fail to fulfill their obligations under international human rights law.
The minimal seed of turbulent transition in the boundary layer
Authors: Cherubini S. , De Palma P. , Robinet J.-C. , Bottaro A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis paper describes a scenario of transition from laminar to turbulent flow in a spatially developing boundary layer over a flat plate. The base flow is the Blasius non-parallel flow solution; it is perturbed by optimal disturbances yielding the largest energy growth over a short time interval. Such perturbations are computed by a nonlinear global optimization approach based on a Lagrange multiplier technique. The results show that nonlinear optimal perturbations are characterized by a localized basic building block, called the minimal seed, defined as the smallest flow structure which maximizes the energy growth over short times. It is formed by vortices inclined in the streamwise direction surrounding a region of intense streamwise disturbance velocity. Such a basic structure appears to be a robust feature of the base flow since it is practically invariant with respect to the initial energy of the perturbation, the target time, the Reynolds number and the dimensions of the computational domain. The minimal seed grows very rapidly in time while spreading, and it triggers nonlinear effects which bring the flow to turbulence in a very efficient manner, through the formation of a turbulence spot. This evolution of the initial optimal disturbance has been studied in detail by direct numerical simulations. Using a perturbative formulation of the Navier–Stokes equations, each linear and nonlinear convective term of the equations has been analysed. The results show the fundamental role of the streamwise inclination of the vortices in the process. The nonlinear coupling of the finite amplitude disturbances is crucial to sustain such streamwise inclination, as well as to generate dislocations within the flow structures, and local inflectional velocity distributions. The analysis provides a picture of the transition process characterized by a sequence of structures appearing successively in the flow, namely, $ \mrm{\Lambda} $ vortices, hairpin vortices and streamwise streaks. Finally, a disturbance regeneration cycle is conceived, initiated by the fast nonlinear amplification of the minimal seed, providing a possible scenario for the continuous regeneration of the same fundamental flow structures at smaller space and time scales.
Statistical mechanics and molecular dynamics in evaluating thermodynamic properties of biomolecular recognition
Authors: Wereszczynski Jeff , McCammon J. Andrew 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMolecular recognition plays a central role in biochemical processes. Although well studied, understanding the mechanisms of recognition is inherently difficult due to the range of potential interactions, the molecular rearrangement associated with binding, and the time and length scales involved. Computational methods have the potential for not only complementing experiments that have been performed, but also in guiding future ones through their predictive abilities. In this review, we discuss how molecular dynamics (MD) simulations may be used in advancing our understanding of the thermodynamics that drive biomolecular recognition. We begin with a brief review of the statistical mechanics that form a basis for these methods. This is followed by a description of some of the most commonly used methods: thermodynamic pathways employing alchemical transformations and potential of mean force calculations, along with end-point calculations for free energy differences, and harmonic and quasi-harmonic analysis for entropic calculations. Finally, a few of the fundamental findings that have resulted from these methods are discussed, such as the role of configurational entropy and solvent in intermolecular interactions, along with selected results of the model system T4 lysozyme to illustrate potential and current limitations of these methods.
IX.—St. Paul's School before Colet
Authors: Leach A. F. 
Published: November 2011

To talk of St. Paul's School before Colet will to most people seem pure absurdity. Even those who know there was such a school think that it was only a poor sort of choir-boys' school, and would be inclined to apply to it, mutatis mutandis, the famous Scotch bull on the roads in the Highlands:If you'd seen these roads before they were made,You'd hold up your hands and bless General Wade.
XXII.—The Submerged Greek and Roman Foreshore near Naples
Authors: Günther R. T. 
Published: November 2011

‘Soleo eniin et in aliena castra transire, non tamquam transfuga, sed tamquam explorator.’ Seneca, Epistul. Mor. I., Ep. II.Some years ago it occurred to the author that certain submerged ruins in the Bay of Naples were sufficiently well preserved to repay investigation with a view to supplementing the history of the post-Roman land-movements, as recorded upon the columns of the Macellum of Puteoli, commonly known as the “Temple of Serapis.”
Assessment of Urban Soundscapes
Authors: Marry Solène 
Published: November 2011

This article presents the different tools for assessing soundscapes within urban public spaces and develops in particular the use of the sonic mind map. We will successively define the notions of sonic perception and representation, and sonic and spatial evaluation; we will approach the concept of soundscape and finally give details about the sonic mind-map tool. Through this tool, the soundscape of urban public spaces can be understood, not through speech analysis, but through spatial representations of memorised sonic ambiances.Investigation results based among other things on sonic mind-map analyses explain the significance of sonic spatialisation and of the sound source distance in urban soundscape assessment. Using the sonic mind map to analyse the sonic representations associated with certain urban spaces seems to be relevant for researchers in space sciences or even for urban planners.
Long‐term changes in the thermospheric neutral winds over Arecibo: Climatology based on over three decades of Fabry‐Perot observations
Authors: Brum Christiano Garnett Marques , Tepley Craig A. , Fentzke Jonathan T. , Robles Eva , dos Santos Pedrina Terra , Gonzalez Sixto A. 
Published: November 2011

We present a study of the climatology of thermospheric neutral wind (TNW) meridional and zonal components measured with the 630.0 nm nightglow Fabry‐Perot interferometer at the Arecibo Observatory from 1980 to 2010. We show and discuss the solar and geomagnetic dependencies as well as the long‐term trend of the TNW components and their variation over time and season. A main result of this study was the detection of a substantial seasonal and local time dependence of the response of the TNW to solar and geomagnetic activity. In addition, we found that there is a long‐term trend in the thermospheric neutral wind, which can be of a larger magnitude than the variation found in the seasonal, solar cycle, and geomagnetic activity influences. A major signature of this trend over the last 30 years was an increase in the meridional northward component up to 1.4 m s−1 yr−1 before midnight local time during the summer.
Construction of an extended library of adult male 3D models: rationale and results
Authors: Broggio D , Beurrier J , Bremaud M , Desbrée A , Farah J , Huet C , Franck D 
Published: November 2011

In order to best cover the possible extent of heights and weights of male adults the construction of 25 whole body 3D models has been undertaken. Such a library is thought to be useful to specify the uncertainties and relevance of dosimetry calculations carried out with models representing individuals of average body heights and weights. Representative 3D models of Caucasian body types are selected in a commercial database according to their height and weight, and 3D models of the skeleton and internal organs are designed using another commercial dataset. A review of the literature enabled one to fix volume or mass target values for the skeleton, soft organs, skin and fat content of the selected individuals. The composition of the remainder tissue is fixed so that the weight of the voxel models equals the weight of the selected individuals. After mesh and NURBS modelling, volume adjustment of the selected body shapes and additional voxel-based work, 25 voxel models with 109 identified organs or tissue are obtained. Radiation transport calculations are carried out with some of the developed models to illustrate potential uses. The following points are discussed throughout this paper:
- justification of the fixed or obtained models’ features regarding available and relevant literature data;
- workflow and strategy for major modelling steps;
- advantages and drawbacks of the obtained library as compared with other works.
The construction hypotheses are explained and justified in detail since future calculation results obtained with this library will depend on them.
Defining fishing grounds with vessel monitoring system data
Authors: Jennings Simon , Lee Janette 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Jennings, S., and Lee, J. 2012. Defining fishing grounds with vessel monitoring system data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 51–63. Methods for defining fishing grounds to support marine spatial planning and management are developed, applied, and compared. The methods are broadly applicable and repeatable because they use vessel monitoring system (VMS) data that are archived and increasingly accessible. For several fleets at regional and national scales, an attempt is made to assess how the choice of criteria for defining grounds influences (i) size, shape, and location, (ii) overlap among grounds, and (iii) the extent to which annual and multi-annual patterns of fishing activity describe grounds used seasonally or by individual vessels. The results show that grounds defined by excluding infrequently fished margins (areas with <10% of total fishing activity) are typically 50% smaller than total fished area. However, landings weight or value (LWV) per unit activity can be higher at the margins, with 10% of activity usually accounting for 10–20% of LWV. The removal of fishing activity in the margins, as a consequence of regulation or fleet behaviour, would lead to disproportionately greater reductions in interactions with other fisheries, sectors, and the environment. Accessible high-resolution information on the “anatomy” of all fishing grounds would better inform debates on the allocation and the use of marine space and the integration of fisheries and environmental management.
Gene Expression and Metabolite Profiling of Developing Highbush Blueberry Fruit Indicates Transcriptional Regulation of Flavonoid Metabolism and Activation of Abscisic Acid Metabolism
Authors: Zifkin Michael , Jin Alena , Ozga Jocelyn A. , Zaharia L. Irina , Schernthaner Johann P. , Gesell Andreas , Abrams Suzanne R. , Kennedy James A. , Constabel C. Peter 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) fruits contain substantial quantities of flavonoids, which are implicated in a wide range of health benefits. Although the flavonoid constituents of ripe blueberries are known, the molecular genetics underlying their biosynthesis, localization, and changes that occur during development have not been investigated. Two expressed sequence tag libraries from ripening blueberry fruit were constructed as a resource for gene identification and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction primer design. Gene expression profiling by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that flavonoid biosynthetic transcript abundance followed a tightly regulated biphasic pattern, and transcript profiles were consistent with the abundance of the three major classes of flavonoids. Proanthocyanidins (PAs) and corresponding biosynthetic transcripts encoding anthocyanidin reductase and leucoanthocyanidin reductase were most concentrated in young fruit and localized predominantly to the inner fruit tissue containing the seeds and placentae. Mean PA polymer length was seven to 8.5 subunits, linked predominantly via B-type linkages, and was relatively constant throughout development. Flavonol accumulation and localization patterns were similar to those of the PAs, and the B-ring hydroxylation pattern of both was correlated with flavonoid-3′-hydroxylase transcript abundance. By contrast, anthocyanins accumulated late in maturation, which coincided with a peak in flavonoid-3-O-glycosyltransferase and flavonoid-3′5′-hydroxylase transcripts. Transcripts of VcMYBPA1, which likely encodes an R2R3-MYB transcriptional regulator of PA synthesis, were prominent in both phases of development. Furthermore, the initiation of ripening was accompanied by a substantial rise in abscisic acid, a growth regulator that may be an important component of the ripening process and contribute to the regulation of blueberry flavonoid biosynthesis.
Age and ethnic differences in the onset, persistence and recurrence of alcohol use disorder
Authors: Grant Julia D. , Vergés Alvaro , Jackson Kristina M. , Trull Timothy J. , Sher Kenneth J. , Bucholz Kathleen K. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTAims  To estimate ethnic differences in three components of alcohol use disorder and alcohol dependence course (onset, persistence and recurrence) in a developmental framework.Design  Longitudinal data from The National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), collected using face‐to‐face interviews.Setting  Civilian non‐institutionalized US population aged 18 years and older, with oversampling of Hispanics, blacks and those aged 18–24 years.Participants  Individuals who completed both NESARC assessments, were not life‐long abstainers and were either white (n = 17 458), black (n = 4995), US‐born Hispanic (n = 2810) or Hispanic‐born outside the United States (n = 2389).Measurements  Alcohol dependence (AD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD; abuse or dependence) onset, persistence and recurrence were examined using the Alcohol Use Disorders and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule, DSM‐IV version.Findings  Among men: relative to whites aged 18–29, AUD onset and persistence were elevated only in US‐born Hispanics aged 40 years and older; odds were reduced for all non‐US‐born Hispanics, older whites, most blacks and US‐born Hispanics aged 30–39. For AD, onset risk was elevated for all younger minority men and only reduced among non‐US‐born aged Hispanics 40 or older. For women: compared to young whites, non‐US‐born Hispanics were at decreased AUD and AD onset risk; AUD and AD onset and persistence were increased for older blacks and US‐born Hispanics.Conclusions  In the United States, ethnic differences in alcohol disorder transitions (onset, persistence, and recurrence) vary across age, gender and whether a broad (alcohol use disorder) or narrow (alcohol dependence) alcohol definition is used. Evidence of increased risk for some transitions in minority groups suggests that attention should be paid to the course of alcohol use disorders, and that differences in prevalence should not be assumed to reflect differences in specific transitions.
Distributional migrations, expansions, and contractions of tropical plant species as revealed in dated herbarium records
Authors: Feeley Kenneth J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSpecies are predicted to respond to global warming through ‘cold‐ward’ shifts in their geographic distributions due to encroachment into newly suitable habitats and/or dieback in areas that become climatically unsuitable. I conduct one of the first‐ever tests of this hypothesis for tropical plant species. I test for changes in the thermal distributions of 239 South American tropical plant species using dated herbarium records for specimens collected between 1970 and 2009. Supporting a priori predictions, many species (59%) exhibit some evidence of significant cold‐ward range shifts even after correcting for collection biases. Over 1/3 of species (35%) show significant cold‐ward movement in their hot thermal limits (mean rate of change = 0.022 °C yr−1). Most of these species (85%; 30% of all study species) show no corresponding shift in their cold thermal limits. These unbalanced changes in the species’ thermal range limits may indicate species that are experiencing dieback due to their intolerance of rising temperatures coupled with an inability to expand into newly climatically suitable habitats. On the other hand, 25% of species show significant cold‐ward shifts in their cold thermal range limits (mean rate of change = 0.003 °C yr−1), but 80% of these species (20% of all study species) show no corresponding shift in their hot thermal range limits. In these cases, the unbalanced shifts may indicate species that are able to ‘benefit’ under global warming, at least temporally, by both tolerating rising temperatures and expanding into new suitable habitat. An important ancillary result of this study is that the number of species exhibiting significant range shifts was greatly influenced by shifting collector biases. This highlights the need to account for biases when analyzing natural history records or other long‐term records.
Antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of a novel irrigant, QMiX
Authors: Stojicic S. , Shen Y. , Qian W. , Johnson B. , Haapasalo M. 
Published: November 2011

Stojicic S, Shen Y, Qian W, Johnson B, Haapasalo M. Antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of a novel irrigant, QMiX. International Endodontic Journal, 45, 363–371, 2012.AbstractAim  To assess in a laboratory experimental model the efficacy of a novel root canal irrigant, QMiX, against Enterococcus faecalis and mixed plaque bacteria in planktonic phase and biofilms. In addition, its ability to remove smear layer was examined.Methodology  Enterococcus faecalis and mixed plaque bacteria were exposed to QMiX, 2% chlorhexidine (CHX), MTAD and 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) for 5 s, 30 s and 3 min. Following exposure, samples were taken, serially diluted and grown aerobically and anaerobically on tryptic soy agar (TSA) plates or on blood agar plates for 24 and 72 h, respectively, to measure killing of bacteria. E. faecalis and plaque biofilms were grown for 3 weeks on collagen‐coated hydroxyapatite or dentine discs and exposed for 1 and 3 min to QMiX, 2% CHX, MTAD, 1% and 2% NaOCl. The amount of killed bacteria in biofilms was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscopy using viability staining. Dentine blocks were exposed to QMiX and 17% EDTA for 5 min. The effectiveness of smear layer removal by the solution was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy. For statistical analysis, one‐way analysis of variance and comparison of two proportions were used.Results  QMiX and 1% NaOCl killed all planktonic E. faecalis and plaque bacteria in 5 s, while 2% CHX and MTAD were unable to kill all plaque bacteria in 30 s, and some E. faecalis cells survived even 3 min of exposure. QMiX and 2% NaOCl killed up to 12 times more biofilm bacteria than 1% NaOCl (P < 0.01), 2% CHX (P < 0.05; P < 0.001) and MTAD (P < 0.05; P < 0.001). QMiX removed smear layer equally well as EDTA (P = 0.18 × 10−5).Conclusion  QMiX and NaOCl were superior to CHX and MTAD under laboratory conditions in killing E. faecalis and plaque bacteria in planktonic and biofilm culture. Ability to remove smear layer by QMiX was comparable to EDTA.