bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community monitoring of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme in the National Capital Region of Delhi
Authors: Agarwal Juhi , Pandav Chandrakant S , Karmarkar Madhukar G , Nair Sirimavo 
Published: March 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was conducted to assess the current status of iodine-deficiency disorders (IDD) in the National Capital Region of Delhi (NCR Delhi) and evaluate the implementation and impact of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders Control Programme (NIDDCP).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingSchool-going children (n1230) in the age group of 6–12 years were enrolled from thirty primary schools in the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. Thirty schools were selected using the probability-proportional-to-size cluster sampling methodology. In each identified school forty-one children were surveyed. Urine and salt samples were collected and studied for iodine concentration. A total of sixty salt samples from retail level were also collected.SubjectsSchoolchildren aged 6–12 years.ResultsThe median urinary iodine excretion (UIE) was found to be 198·4 μg/l. The percentage of children with UIE levels of <20·0, 20·0–49·9, 50·0–99·9 and ≥100·0 μg/l was 1·9, 4·3, 9·5 and 84·2 %, respectively. The proportion of households consuming adequately iodized salt (salt with iodine levels of at least 15 ppm at consumption level) was 88·8 %. The assessment of iodine content of salt revealed that only 6·1 % of the families were consuming salt with iodine content less than 7 ppm. At retail level 88·3 % of salt samples had >15 ppm iodine.ConclusionsSignificant progress has been achieved towards elimination of IDD from NCR Delhi. There is a need for further strengthening of the system to monitor the quality of iodized salt provided to the beneficiaries under the universal salt iodization programme and so eliminate IDD from NCR Delhi.
In vivo Assessment of Macrophage CNS Infiltration during Disruption of the Blood–Brain Barrier with Focused Ultrasound: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Liu Hao-Li , Wai Yau-Yau , Hsu Po-Hong , Lyu Lee-Ang , Wu Jia-Shin , Shen Chia-Rui , Chen Jin-Chung , Yen Tzu-Chen , Wang Jiun-Jie 
Published: March 2010

Correction to: Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (2009) 30, 168–177; doi: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.179 Following the publication of this article, the authors noted errors in Figure 1 . The corrected figure appears below:
Morphology of mixed primary and secondary organic particles and the adsorption of spectator organic gases during aerosol formation
Authors: Vaden Timothy D. , Song Chen , Zaveri Rahul A. , Imre Dan , Zelenyuk Alla 
Published: March 2010

Primary organic aerosol (POA) and associated vapors can play an important role in determining the formation and properties of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). If SOA and POA are miscible, POA will significantly enhance SOA formation and some POA vapor will incorporate into SOA particles. When the two are not miscible, condensation of SOA on POA particles forms particles with complex morphology. In addition, POA vapor can adsorb to the surface of SOA particles increasing their mass and affecting their evaporation rates. To gain insight into SOA/POA interactions we present a detailed experimental investigation of the morphologies of SOA particles formed during ozonolysis of α-pinene in the presence of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) particles, serving as a simplified model of hydrophobic POA, using a single-particle mass spectrometer. Ultraviolet laser depth-profiling experiments were used to characterize two different types of mixed SOA/DOP particles: those formed by condensation of the oxidized α-pinene products on size-selected DOP particles and by condensation of DOP on size-selected α-pinene SOA particles. The results show that the hydrophilic SOA and hydrophobic DOP do not mix but instead form layered phases. In addition, an examination of homogeneously nucleated SOA particles formed in the presence of DOP vapor shows them to have an adsorbed DOP coating layer that is ∼4 nm thick and carries 12% of the particles mass. These results may have implications for SOA formation and behavior in the atmosphere, where numerous organic compounds with various volatilities and different polarities are present.
Structural basis for the methylation of G1405 in 16S rRNA by aminoglycoside resistance methyltransferase Sgm from an antibiotic producer: a diversity of active sites in m 7 G methyltransferases
Authors: Husain Nilofer , Tkaczuk Karolina L. , Shenoy Rajesh T. , Kaminska Katarzyna H. , Čubrilo Sonja , Maravić-Vlahoviček Gordana , Bujnicki Janusz M. , Sivaraman J. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractSgm (Sisomicin-gentamicin methyltransferase) from antibiotic-producing bacterium Micromonospora zionensis is an enzyme that confers resistance to aminoglycosides like gentamicin and sisomicin by specifically methylating G1405 in bacterial 16S rRNA. Sgm belongs to the aminoglycoside resistance methyltransferase (Arm) family of enzymes that have been recently found to spread by horizontal gene transfer among disease-causing bacteria. Structural characterization of Arm enzymes is the key to understand their mechanism of action and to develop inhibitors that would block their activity. Here we report the structure of Sgm in complex with cofactors S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) and S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) at 2.0 and 2.1 Å resolution, respectively, and results of mutagenesis and rRNA footprinting, and protein-substrate docking. We propose the mechanism of methylation of G1405 by Sgm and compare it with other m 7 G methyltransferases, revealing a surprising diversity of active sites and binding modes for the same basic reaction of RNA modification. This analysis can serve as a stepping stone towards developing drugs that would specifically block the activity of Arm methyltransferases and thereby re-sensitize pathogenic bacteria to aminoglycoside antibiotics.
Imaging Embryonic Development in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Mohler William A. , Isaacson Ariel B. 
Published: March 2010

INTRODUCTIONEmbryos are remarkable for their combination of pluripotency, three-dimensionality, and swiftness of subcellular and developmental rearrangements. Embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is uniquely suited among model systems to high-resolution dynamic imaging. Within a single high-magnification, high-numerical aperture (NA) microscope field, at submicrometer resolution, it is possible to observe several entire animals taking form. The full ~14-h course of embryonic cleavage and morphogenesis of this transparent, free-living worm is essentially invariant. Observing specific fluorescently labeled components during embryonic development promises to reveal the roles of organelles and molecules in an extremely diverse and reproducible set of contexts. The C. elegans community has created a growing collection of hundreds of transgenic strains expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled versions of distinct endogenously expressed genes. The task of correlating the resulting expression and localization patterns in space and time is simultaneously alluring and technically demanding. This article describes the use of four-dimensional (4D) laser-scanning microscopy and subsequent data processing to record, portray, analyze, and compare the expression of fluorescently tagged gene products during development of the nematode embryo.
Introduction to Linkage Disequilibrium, the HapMap, and Imputation
Authors: Neale Benjamin M. 
Published: March 2010

INTRODUCTIONThroughout the human genome, a correlation structure exists across genetic variation of different loci. Such a correlation structure means that knowing the genotype at one locus might provide information about the genotype at a second locus. This correlation between variation at different loci is termed linkage disequilibrium (LD). LD has implications in numerous avenues of genetic research. This article discusses the importance of LD in genetics, touching on both population genetics and association studies. It then introduces the seminal collaborative scientific endeavor to map LD in the human genome--the International HapMap Project--and its relevance for imputation.
SOMBRERO, BEARSKIN1, and BEARSKIN2 Regulate Root Cap Maturation inArabidopsis
Authors: Bennett Tom , van den Toorn Albert , Sanchez-Perez Gabino F. , Campilho Ana , Willemsen Viola , Snel Berend , Scheres Ben 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe root cap has a central role in root growth, determining the growth trajectory and facilitating penetration into the soil. Root cap cells have specialized functions and morphologies, and border cells are released into the rhizosphere by specific cell wall modifications. Here, we demonstrate that the cellular maturation of root cap is redundantly regulated by three genes, SOMBRERO (SMB), BEARSKIN1 (BRN1), and BRN2, which are members of the Class IIB NAC transcription factor family, together with the VASCULAR NAC DOMAIN (VND) and NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR (NST) genes that regulate secondary cell wall synthesis in specialized cell types. Lateral cap cells in smb-3 mutants continue to divide and fail to detach from the root, phenotypes that are independent of FEZ upregulation in smb-3. In brn1-1 brn2-1 double mutants, columella cells fail to detach, while in triple mutants, cells fail to mature in all parts of the cap. This complex genetic redundancy involves differences in expression, protein activity, and target specificity. All three genes have very similar overexpression phenotypes to the VND/NST genes, indicating that members of this family are largely functionally equivalent. Our results suggest that Class IIB NAC proteins regulate cell maturation in cells that undergo terminal differentiation with strong cell wall modifications.
Determination of the optimal stylet strategy for the C‐MAC® videolaryngoscope
Authors: McElwain J. , Malik M. A. , Harte B. H. , Flynn N. H. , Laffey J. G. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe C‐MAC® videolaryngoscope is a novel intubation device that incorporates a camera system at the end of its blade, thereby facilitating obtaining a view of the glottis without alignment of the oral, pharyngeal and tracheal axes. It retains the traditional Macintosh blade shape and can be used as a direct or indirect laryngoscope. We wished to determine the optimal stylet strategy for use with the C‐MAC. Ten anaesthetists were allowed up to three attempts to intubate the trachea in one easy and three progressively more difficult laryngoscopy scenarios in a SimMan® manikin with four tracheal tube stylet strategies: no stylet; stylet; directional stylet (Parker Flex‐It™); and hockey‐stick stylet. The use of a stylet conferred no advantage in the easy laryngoscopy scenario. In the difficult scenarios, the directional and hockey‐stick stylets performed best. In the most difficult scenario, the median (IQR [range]) duration of the successful intubation attempt was lowest with the hockey‐stick stylet; 18 s (15–22 [12–43]) s, highest with the unstyletted tracheal tube; 60 s (60–60 [60, 60]) s and styletted tracheal tube 60 s (29–60 [18–60]) s, and intermediate with the directional stylet 21 s (15–60 [8–60]) s. The use of a stylet alone does not confer benefit in the setting of easy laryngoscopy. However, in more difficult laryngoscopy scenarios, the C‐MAC videolaryngoscope performs best when used with a stylet that angulates the distal tracheal tube. The hockey‐stick stylet configuration performed best in the scenarios tested.
Effects of woohwangcheongsimwon suspension on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its active metabolite, 4‐hydroxybupropion, in healthy subjects
Authors: Kim Hyunmi , Bae Soo Kyung , Park Soo‐Jin , Shim Eon‐Jeong , Kim Ho‐Sook , Shon Ji‐Hong , Liu Kwang‐Hyeon , Shin Jae‐Gook 
Published: March 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT• Woohwangcheongsimwon suspension has traditionally been used for the treatment and prevention of stroke, hypertension, palpitations, convulsions and unconsciousness in various Asian countries.• Woohwangcheongsimwon suspensions showed an inhibitory effect on CYP2B6 activityin vitro. Two terpenoids, borneol and isoborneol, are major constituents of woohwangcheongsimwon suspension, and show a competitive inhibition of CYP2B6 withKivalues of 9.5 and 5.9 µm, respectively.• Bupropion undergoes metabolic transformation to the active metabolite, 4‐hydroxybupropion, primarily via CYP2B6 bothin vivoandin vitro. It is often used as a CYP2B6 substrate for clinical drug–drug interaction studies.• Drug interactions may occur between woohwangcheongsimwon suspension and bupropion.WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS• Co‐administration with woohwangcheongsimwon suspension did not alter the pharmacokinetics of bupropion or its metabolite, 4‐hydroxybupropion.• Dosage adjustment of bupropion is unnecessary in patients concomitantly administered the highest recommended daily dose of woohwangcheongsimwon suspension.AIMSTo examine the effects of woohwangcheongsimwon suspension on the pharmacokinetics of bupropion and its active metabolite, 4‐hydroxybupropion, formed via CYP2B6in vivo.METHODSA two‐way crossover clinical trial with a 2 week washout period was conducted in 14 healthy volunteers. In phases I and II, subjects received 150 mg bupropion with or without woohwangcheongsimwon suspension four times (at −0.17, 3.5, 23.5 and 47.5 h, with the time of bupropion administration taken as 0 h) in a randomized balanced crossover order. Bupropion and 4‐hydroxybupropion plasma concentrations were measured for up to 72 h by LC‐MS/MS. Urine was collected up to 24 h to calculate the renal clearance. In addition, theCYP2B6*6 genotype was also analyzed.RESULTSThe geometric mean ratios and 90% confidence interval of bupropion with woohwangcheongsimwon suspension relative to bupropion alone were 0.976 (0.917, 1.04) for AUC(0,∞) and 0.948 (0.830,1.08) forCmax, respectively. The corresponding values for 4‐hydroxybupropion were 0.856 (0.802, 0.912) and 0.845 (0.782, 0.914), respectively. Thetmaxvalues of bupropion and 4‐hydroxybupropion were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). The pharmacokinetic parameters of bupropion and 4‐hydroxybupropion were unaffected by woohwangcheongsimwon suspension.CONCLUSIONSThese results indicate that woohwangcheongsimwon suspension has a negligible effect on the disposition of a single dose of bupropionin vivo. As a result, temporary co‐administration with woohwangcheongsimwon suspension does not seem to require a dosage adjustment of bupropion.
Advances in the understanding of haemoglobin switching
Authors: Sankaran Vijay G. , Xu Jian , Orkin Stuart H. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe study of haemoglobin switching has represented a focus in haematology due in large part to the clinical relevance of the fetal to adult haemoglobin switch for developing targeted approaches to ameliorate the severity of the β‐haemoglobinopathies. Additionally, the process by which this switch occurs represents an important paradigm for developmental gene regulation. In this review, we provide an overview of both the embryonic primitive to definitive switch in haemoglobin expression, as well as the fetal to adult switch that is unique to humans and old world monkeys. We discuss the nature of these switches and models of their regulation. The factors that have been suggested to regulate this process are then discussed. With the increased understanding and discovery of molecular regulators of haemoglobin switching, such as BCL11A, new avenues of research may lead ultimately to novel therapeutic, mechanism‐based approaches to fetal haemoglobin reactivation in patients.
Disconnect between standardized field‐based testing and mannitol challenge in Scottish elite swimmers
Authors: Clearie K. L. , Williamson P. A. , Vaidyanathan S. , Short P. , Goudie A. , Burns P. , Hopkinson P. , Meldrum K. , Howaniec L. , Lipworth B. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryBackground
Elite swimmers have high rates of rhinoconjunctivitis and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction. Moreover, exposure to chlorine and chlorine metabolites is known to induce bronchial hyper‐reactivity.Objective
To assess the early and late effects of chlorine and exercise on the unified airway of elite swimmers, and to compare the response to mannitol and field‐based exercise challenge.Methods
The Scottish national squad underwent exhaled tidal (FENO) and nasal (NNO) nitric oxide measurement, peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF), and forced expiratory volume in 1 s before, immediately after, and 4–6 h post‐swimming. A sport‐specific exercise test was carried out during an intensive lactate set (8 min at 80% maximum hear rate). All swimmers underwent mannitol challenge, and completed a health questionnaire.Results
N=61 swimmers were assessed: 8/59 (14%) of swimmers had a positive mannitol challenge. Nine out of 57 (16%) of swimmers had a positive exercise test. Only one swimmer was positive to both. Swimmers with a positive mannitol had a significantly higher baseline FENO (37.3 vs. 18.0 p.p.b., P=0.03) than those with a positive exercise challenge. A significant decrease in FENO was observed pre vs. immediate and delayed post‐chlorine exposure: mean (95% CI) 18.7 (15.9–22.0) p.p.b. vs. 15.9 (13.3–19.1) p.p.b. (P<0.01), and 13.9 (11.5–16.7) p.p.b. (P<0.01), respectively. There were no significant differences in NNO. Mean PNIF increased from 142.4 L/min (5.8) at baseline to 162.6 L/min (6.3) immediately post‐exposure (P<0.01). Delayed post‐exposure PNIF was not significantly different from pre‐exposure.Conclusions
No association was found between mannitol and standardized field‐based testing in elite swimmers. Mannitol was associated with a high baseline FENO; however, exercise/chlorine challenge was not. Thus, mannitol may identify swimmers with a ‘traditional’ inflammatory asthmatic phenotype, while field‐based exercise/chorine challenge may identify a swimmer‐specific bronchoconstrictor response. A sustained fall in FENO following chlorine exposure suggests that a non‐cellular, perhaps neurogenic, response may be involved in this group of athletes. Cite this as: K. L. Clearie, P. A. Williamson, S. Vaidyanathan,
P. Short, A. Goudie, P. Burns, P. Hopkinson, K. Meldrum, L. Howaniec and B. J. Lipworth, Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 2010 (40) 731–737.
Mismatch between the timing of oviposition and the seasonal optimum. The stochastic phenology of Mediterranean acorn weevils
Authors: BONAL RAUL , MUÑOZ ALBERTO , MARÍA ESPELTA JOSEP 
Published: March 2010

1. The timing of reproduction is predicted to match the period of maximum food availability. In this sense, the case of many phytophagous insects in temperate regions is very illustrative, as their larvae usually depend on a resource only available for a limited period of time each year.2. For 3 years the interactions between the weevil Curculio elephas and the Mediterranean Holm oak Quercus ilex were studied. Weevil larvae grow within the acorns, feeding on the cotyledons. The timing of oviposition will determine food availability for the larvae, as acorns stop growing once they are attacked.3. Acorn temporal growing patterns did not change between years and food availability for larvae was at its highest in October, when temperature was still suitable for larval development. However, oviposition phenology did change between years. In 2002 females oviposited later, larvae grew within larger acorns, and their body mass was significantly higher than in 2003 or 2004, when females oviposited into early acorns.4. Thus, weevils do not always adjust oviposition to the best possible feeding conditions for their offspring. Rather, they seem to maximise their own lifetime fitness, ovipositing as soon as they emerge in late summer. Emergence, in turn, depends strongly on stochastic events such as summer storms in the Mediterranean region.5. Under a climate change perspective, the trend towards higher August rainfall recorded in our study area may alter oviposition phenology, with the subsequent cascade effects on weevil body size and fitness
Ex vivo assessment of irrigant penetration and renewal during the cleaning and shaping of root canals: a digital subtraction radiographic study
Authors: Bronnec F. , Bouillaguet S. , Machtou P. 
Published: March 2010

Bronnec F, Bouillaguet S, Machtou P.
Ex vivo assessment of irrigant penetration and renewal during the cleaning and shaping of root canals: a digital subtraction radiographic study. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 275–282, 2010.AbstractAim  To assess radiographically irrigant penetration in the root canal system of curved roots during root canal shaping procedures ex vivo.Methodology  Thirty extracted mandibular molar teeth with moderate to severe curvature were used. A special aiming device was used to guarantee that each successive radiograph was taken with the same positioning. The mesiolingual canal of each tooth was instrumented using the ProTaper system. For each step of the shaping procedure, two irrigation modalities were repeated in the same order. Active irrigation consisted of a 0.5‐mL flush of sodium diatrizoate solution (Hypaque 50%) immediately followed by agitation with a size 08 K‐file. Passive irrigation consisted of a 0.5‐mL flush of sodium hypochlorite solution delivered with a syringe through a 27‐gauge notched tip needle. A digital radiograph was taken after each modality and stored on computer for subsequent digital subtraction and measures of the depths of irrigant penetration. Comparisons were performed within an analysis‐of‐variance framework in a repeated‐measures approach.Results  The penetration of irrigants was significantly greater for each successive step of the shaping procedure when the two modalities were analysed separately (P < 0.001). The difference between the two modalities was statistically significant for each step of the shaping procedure (P < 0.0001).Conclusions  Shaping root canals improved both penetration and exchange of irrigant inside the root canal system. Complete renewal of the solution was impossible to achieve with a conventional syringe delivery system and a limited volume of solution. Recapitulation with a K‐file after flushing improved irrigant penetration.