bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field trials of a new sub-acute rodenticide flupropadine, against wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Buckle A. P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYFifteen experimental treatments with rodenticidal baits containing 0·1, 0·15 or 0·2% flupropadine were conducted on farmsteads against Raltus norvegicus infestations. Eight treatments were completely successful and the others gave kills ranging from 36 to 72% in 28 days. Treatments with 0·1 and 0·15% flupropadine were less successful against large infestations than against small ones. Flupropadine was most successful at 0·2% but still gave incomplete kills on farms where abundant alternative food was available. The compound was more effective than acute poisons in achieving complete control of Norway rat infestations, but was less reliable in doing so than anticoagulants. On the other hand, many flupropadine treatments gave quicker control and used smaller quantities of bait than anticoagulant treatments.
Pen and field trials of flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Bradfield A. , Swinney T. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYLaboratory and field trials were conducted to determine the efficacy of the candidate rodenticide flupropadine against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.). In laboratory feeding tests, family groups of wild mice maintained in pens and conditioned to feeding on plain foods were offered flupropadine at either 0·10%, 0·15%, 0·18% or 0·20% in pinhead oatmeal bait. Overall mortalities in replicated 21-day treatments were 66/71 (93·0%), 71/79 (89·9%), 72/70 (94·7%) and 69/75 (92·0%) respectively.In 17 field trials carried out against mice infesting farm buildings, flupropadine was used at 0·10%, 0·15% and 0·18% in oatmeal bait. Mean treatment success, estimated from live-capture and mortality data, was 88·6%, 96·2% and 96·6% respectively.Flupropadine was found to be as near effective against mice as calciferol/warfarin and the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides difenacoum, bromadiolone and brodifacoum. In further comparison with the anticoagulants, treatment with flupropadine bait achieved markedly quicker control.
Chemical closet treatment of typhoid carrier faeces
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYAn investigation to test the efficiency of chemical closets in treating excreta from typhoid carriers is described. The use of these closets kept a stream, which had in the past frequently contained Salmonella typhi, typhoid free for 24 months. Selenite broth as made in this laboratory, containing a final concentration of 0·8% sodium hydrogen selenite when inoculated with the water sample, was significantly better than commercial selenite brilliant green enrichment broth for the recovery of S. typhi.
Rabies vaccines and interferon
Authors: Turner G. S. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSamples of Fermi, Semple, modified Semple, Duck embryo and tissue culture rabies vaccine were inoculated by different routes and in different doses into rabbits, mice and hamsters. The vaccines induced neither detectable interferon nor immediate protection against lethal challenge with CVS rabies virus.Under similar conditions, high but transient levels of interferon were induced in control animals of the same species with the polynucleotide complex Poly I.C. Hamsters but not mice were protected by Poly I.C.-induced interferon.No autointerference by vaccine with challenge virus was established. Vaccineinduced protection in mice was directly related to immune response.
Diphtheria infection in North West Canada, 1969, 1970 and 1971
Authors: Jellard C. H. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn three years,Corynebacterium diphtheriaewas isolated from 1238 people, consisting of 820 North American Indians or Metis, 318 people of Caucasian origin, 97 Eskimos and 3 Asiatic Indians. Diphtheria infection of the throat, nose, ears and skin was common in the North American Indian and Metis people, but rarely caused severe symptoms. The infection occurred less often in white people but was more serious; of 27 cases of toxic respiratory diphtheria, 25 were white people. The public health significance of the endemic infection of the North American Indian and Metis people is discussed.
The effects of spraying on the amounts of airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus present in loose-boxes
Authors: Sellers R. F. , Herniman K. A. J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe air of loose-boxes which had previously held pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease was sampled for virus after various procedures. Removal of infected pigs led to a 12- to 16-fold reduction in the amount of virus after 5 min. and a 400-fold reduction after 60 min. After heavy spraying (1·2 mm. of water in 5 min.) the amount of virus was reduced 500-fold compared to 30-fold after light spraying (0·20 mm. of water in 5 min.). The partition of infectivity associated with particle size was measured. The partition found after light spraying was similar to that found 5 min. after the pigs had been removed. Heavy spraying brought about a reduction in the infectivity associated with the large particles (> 6 μm.) but had no effect on particles less than 3 μm. A similar partition was found 60 min. after the pigs had been removed. The findings are discussed in relation to the spread of foot-and-mouth disease by the airborne route.
Effectiveness of hand washing and disinfection methods in removing transient bacteria after patient nursing
Authors: Ojajärvi Juhani 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe effectiveness of various hand washing and disinfection methods in removing transient skin bacteria was studied in hospital after dry or moist contamination of the hands when nursing burn patients. The results were compared with those of laboratory tests with volunteers. A fairly good correlation of the bacterial reductions existed between hospital and laboratory tests. All other methods removedSlaph. aureusfrom the hands more effectively than liquid soap. Gram-negative bacilli were more easily removed than staphylococci, even with soap wash alone.In hospital, none of the washing and disinfection methods always removed all patient-borne bacteria from the hands. After dry or moist contamination and subsequent washing with soap only, colonies ofStaph. aureuswere often detected in finger-print samples. Staphylococci wero more often completely removed by a 4% chlorhexidine detergent scrub and alcoholic solutions (either with or without previous soap wash) than by liquid soap, hexachlorophene or iodophor preparations. Gram-negative bacilli were more easily removed by all the washing and disinfection methods. After moist contamination, Gram-negative bacilli were more often completely removed from the hands by ethanol than by other treatments.The results of the present study emphasize the importance of always using gloves when nursing a profuse spreader of bacteria or one who must be protected from infection.
Serial subcultivation of Czechoslovakian and Japanese BCG strains
Authors: Osborn T. W. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYChanges in the Danish BCG strain under certain regimens of subculture have been shown in preceding studies to be associated with selection of a minority population. Three Czechoslovakian BCG strains, all originally derived from the Danish strain but thereafter and in distinction from it maintained on potato media, have now been investigated. Changes in the immunizing potency of two of these strains have been attributed by other workers to employment of the richer potato media in place of Sauton medium as used for maintenance of the parent Danish strain. However, results from the present study suggest rather that selection of a pre-existing minority genotype or of a now mutant occurred. This proposal is supported by the finding that the third strain has maintained characteristics similar to those of the Danish parent despite many previous transfers on potato media.Another BCG strain investigated was the Japanese which, like the three Czechoslovakian strains, had been previously maintained on potato media. This strain has been shown in the present study to resemble the Danish strain in supporting a minority population yielding non-spreading colonies. Czechoslovakian vaccine prepared with seed culture supplied from Tokyo has retained characteristics similar to those of the Japanese parent. Although a majority population yielding spreading colonies appears so far to have been retained in both centres, it is considered that selection of the minority could still occur in the course of routine transfer.
Clostridium botulinum in British soil
Authors: Smith G. R. , Young Angela M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSoil samples from various parts of Britain were examined for Clostridium botulinum by a sensitive technique comparable with that recently used for mud samples from British aquatic environments. The results showed beyond doubt that in Britain the prevalence of the organism in soil is much lower than in mud. Of 174 samples from all sites examined only 10 (5·7%) could be shown to contain Cl. botulinum; this finding was consistent with the results of surveys made by less sensitive techniques in 1922, 1928 and 1942. No type other than B was found. The evidence suggested that in certain localized areas the prevalence was likely to be high.Three sites associated for many years with animals were included in the survey; at the Zoological Society's premises at Regent's Park and at the Market paddocks, Gorgie, Edinburgh, the prevalence of Cl. botulinum was either very low, or nil. In an earlier survey of the redeveloped site of the former Metropolitan Cattle Market, London, 25% of soil samples gave a positive result and no less than four types (B, C, D and E) were demonstrated.
Streptococcal infection in a Junior Detention Centre: a five-year study
Authors: Colling A. , Kerr Ida , Maxted W. R. , Widdowson Jean P. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYIn 1972 more than 20% of boys admitted to a closed community (Junior Detention Centre) developed acute tonsillitis and group-A streptococci were isolated from more than 40% of all boys at some time during their stay of two months. The most common serotype was M-type 5, which has frequently been associated with rheumatic fever in other epidemics; four cases of rheumatic fever occurred between 1972 and 1977. Various methods were tried to eliminate the infection, but only full penicillin prophylaxis (0·25 g oral penicillin 4 times a day for 10 days) to all boys on entry appeared to be effective.In a sample of cases of acute tonsillitis, group-A haemolytic streptococci were isolated from 31·7% by the use of dry swabs or unenriched transport medium, but with enrichment medium duplicate swabs, 77·0% yielded positive results. We question the current practice in some laboratories of reporting positive cultures only when more than ten colonies of β-haemolytic streptococci are present. In this survey viruses did not appear to be an important cause of acute tonsillitis.High titres of streptococcal antibodies (antistreptolysin O, anti-desoxyribonuclease B and anti-M associated protein) were found, not only in cases and carriers, but in boys on entry to the centre. This supports epidemiological evidence that adolescent boys on entry to the centre. This supports epidemiological evidence that adolescent boys are particularly prone to streptococcal throat infections.
The evaluation of fabrics in relation to their use as protective garments in nursing and surgery. III. Wet penetration and contact transfer of particles through clothing
Authors: Mackintosh C. A. , Lidwell O. M. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA method is described for comparing the resistance to penetration by aqueous fluids, under rubbing contact, of a representative series of fabrics. Untreated woven fabrics are rapidly penetrated, but some non-woven synthetic materials resist penetration for much longer and tightly woven proofed cotton fabrics for prolonged periods, even after repeated washing and sterilizing. If a wetting agent is added to water, penetration occurs more quickly, but fabrics containing natural cotton are penetrated more slowly by serum.The same fabrics were examined by a test designed to simulate transfer of dry participate material, e.g. skin scales, through them during nursing contact. The proportionate differences observed were much greater than for air dispersal during exercise and closely resembled those obtained by a laboratory rubbing test. In particular, one of the non-woven fabrics showed much greater relative penetration when examined by these methods than the relative dispersal of skin scales through it during exercise.
Outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Glasgow Royal Infirmary: microbiological aspects
Authors: Timbury M. C. , Donaldson J. R. , McCartney A. C. , Fallon R. J. , Sleigh J. D. , Lyon D. , Orange G. V. , Baird D. R. , Winter J. , Wilson T. S. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe bacteriological investigation of an outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in Glasgow Royal Infirmary affecting 16 patients is described. Most of the patients had been treated in high-dependency areas on two floors of the hospital supplied by the same two air-conditioned ventilation systems. The source of infection was traced to contamination of a cooling tower from which a plume of spray discharged into the intake vents of the two ventilation systems. Rubber grommets within the cooling tower probably provided a nidus of infection there. The control and management of the outbreak are discussed: a policy of frankness about the course and progress of the investigations was adopted and helped to allay anxiety on the part of both staff and media.
Apramycin and gentamicin resistance inEscherichia coliand salmonellas isolated from farm animals
Authors: Wray C. , Hedges R. W. , Shannon K. P. , Bradley D. E. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSince the aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin was licensed for veterinary use in 1980, all isolates ofEscherichia coliand salmonellas received at the Central Veterinary Laboratory have been monitored for resistance to apramycin and the related antibiotic gentamicin. During the period 1982–4, the incidence of resistance inE. colito apramycin increased from 0·6% in 1982 to 2·6% in 1984. In salmonellas the incidence of resistance to apramycin increased from 0·1% in 1982 to 1·4% in 1984. Resistance to both apramycin and gentamicin was detected in six different salmonella serotypes, although an isolate ofSalmonella thompsonfrom poultry was resistant to gentamicin but not apramycin. Most of the cultures were isolated from pigs, although the incidence of apramycin resistance inS. typhimurium(DT 204C) from calves has shown a recent dramatic increase. All the isolates with one exception produced the enzyme aminoglycoside 3-N-acetyltransferase IV (ACC(3)IV). The resistance was transferable by conjugation in most of the strains examined, and the plasmids specifying the resistance have been found to belong to a number of different incompatibility groups. Plasmids from threeE. colistrains were compatible with all the reference plasmids and belonged to a previously undescribed group which was investigated further.It is suggested that bacteria from humans should be examined for resistance to apramycin and gentamicin to determine the possibility of the antibiotic-resistance bacteria, and their genes, spreading from animals to humans.
Capture-ELISA for serum IgM antibody to respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Cevenini R. , Donati M. , Bertini S. , Moroni A. , Sambri V. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA four-component solid-phase capture enzyme immunoassay was set up to test for serum IgM antibody to respiratory syncytial (RS) virus and was compared with immunofluorescence assay (IFA).A total of 128 young children with acute respiratory infections were studied. Thirty-six were shown to be RS virus-positive by the detection of RS virus in nasopharyngeal secretions and 92 were RS virus-negative. A serum specimen was collected after admission to the hospital (days 0–4) and a further specimen was obtained during days 10–14. Out of 36 RS virus-positive patients, 28 (77·7%) were found to be positive for IgM by both capture-ELISA and IFA. Out of 92 RS virus-negative patients 5 (5·4%) were IgM-positive. Four false-positive results were obtained by IFA due to the presence of rheumatoid factor.The capture-ELISA was shown to be a reliable technique in detecting specific IgM antibody to RS virus.
Plasmid-determined antibiotic resistance inShigella flexneriisolated in England and Wales between 1974 and 1978
Authors: Frost J. A. , Rowe B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThe majority ofShigella flexneristrains isolated in England and Wales are from infections contracted abroad. Most of these strains are drug-resistant, over 75% being resistant to streptomycin and sulphonamides, sulphonamides alone or streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. A selection of resistant strains was tested for resistance transfer and the plasmids identified were characterized by compatibility grouping.Streptomycin and sulphonamide resistance was usually determined by a non-autotransferring plasmid which may be mobilized by standard transfer factors, or by the plasmid which conferred tetracycline resistance where this was present. The remaining resistant strains were predominantly resistant to four or more drugs. These strains carried autotransferring plasmids of a variety of compatibility groups, of which groups B, I1and FIIwere the most common.
Effect of various oral dose levels of a trimethoprim/sulphadiazine mixture on Bordetella bronchiseptica infection and on the proliferation of trimethoprim-resistant faecal coliforms in pigs
Authors: Dassanayake L. , White G. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYWhen a 1:5 mixture of trimethoprim (TMP) and sulphadiazine was fed to pigs intra-nasally infected with Bordetella bronchiseptica, 10 mg/kg/day was shown to be highly effective in suppressing the organism. This dose level had little effect on numbers of TMP-resistant coliforms in faeces, but oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day eventually selected a resistant population. It is suggested that the proliferation of resistant coliforms would be minimized by administration of the lowest oral dose rates of antibacterial drugs compatible with efficacy.
Plasmid-encoded trimethoprim resistance in salmonellas isolated in Britain between 1970 and 1981
Authors: Threlfall E. J. , Frost Jennifer A. , King Hilary C. , Rowe B. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTrimethoprim resistance was plasmid-encoded in all trimethoprim-resistant Salmonella typhimurium and in the majority of trimethoprim-resistant salmonellas of other serotypes isolated since 1970 from humans and food animals in Britain. In S. typhimurium, non-autotransferring plasmids of compatibility group 3 and autotransferring plasmids of group H2 predominated. The predominance of these plasmid types has resulted from the spread of clones of trimethoprim-resistant strains of phage types 18,170 and 204c. In other salmonellas, a variety of plasmid compatibility groups have been identified. Almost all plasmids which conferred resistance to trimethoprim also coded for sulphonamide resistance.
Comparison of radioimmunoassay with the complement fixation test and the indirect haemolysis test in the field diagnosis of bovine brucellosis
Authors: Chappel R. J. , Hayes J. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYSera were collected from female cattle in 118 commercial herds being subjected to a programme to eradicate brucellosis by test and slaughter, in an area in which vaccination of heifer calves with Brucella abortus strain 19 was compulsory. Of 4583 sera positive by the Rose Bengal plate test, the brucellosis radioimmunoassay was positive for 1524, the complement fixation test for 1363 and the indirect haemolysis test for 1141. These figures, and supporting evidence from the eradication programme, suggest that the radioimmunoassay may be a useful supplementary test in problem herds.
The serotyping of hospital strains of streptococci belonging to Lancefield group C and group G
Authors: Efstratiou Androulla 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYA collection of more than 300 strains belonging to either Lancefield group C or group G was made. The cultures had been isolated either sporadically from patients with serious disease or as apparent clusters from various nosocomial outbreaks. T-protein antigens were sought. So far, nine distinct serotypes have been found among the group G streptococci and seven serotypes amongst theStreptococcus equisimilis(group C) strains. Of the sixteen serotypes, four were the original T-types 7, 16, 20 and 21 described by Griffith (1934). Because of the similarities of representatives of the two groups to Lancefield group A streptococci (Griffith, 1934; Maxted & Potter, 1967) a few strains not unexpectedly carried T antigens usually seen in group A streptococci. Using this scheme it has been possible to serotype 76% ofS. equisimilisstrains of human origin and 82% of group G streptococci from human clinical material. A small collection of group C and group G streptococci of animal origin could not be serotyped with the experimental T-antisera.
Electrophoretic study of the genome of human rotaviruses from Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Pará, Brazil
Authors: Pereira H. G. , Azeredo Rosete S. , Leite J. P. G. , Candeias J. A. N. , Rácz Maria L. , Linhares A. C. , Gabbay Yvonne B. , Trabulsi J. R. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYHuman rotaviruses from the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo and Pará of Brazil were analysed by RNA electrophoresis. At least some bands characteristic of rotavirus double-stranded RNA were detected in 138 (86·8%) of 159 faecal samples in which the presence of rotavirus had been demonstrated by enzyme immunoassay. Of the RNA-positi ve samples, 18 (13·0%) were classified as subgroup 1, 94 (68·1%) as subgroup 2, and 26 (18·8%) could not be classified due to absence of visible bands 10 and 11. Subgroup 2 was more frequent in the three states. All strains of subgroup 1 detected in Rio de Janeiro were associated with a single short-lived school outbreak. All strains of subgroup 1 resembled each other in electrophoretie pattern, irrespective of geographical origin, although minor differences could be detected by co-electrophoresis. Subgroup 2, on the other hand, showed a great degree of electrophoretic heterogeneity and could be divided into several sub-categories.
Distribution of immunity to pertussis in the population of England and Wales
Authors: Fine P. E. M. , Clarkson J. A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYThis paper presents three different methods of estimating the number and age distribution of individuals susceptible to pertussis in England and Wales. The first approach is an extrapolation from data in the prevaccine era, the second is based upon theoretical consideration of the transmission dynamics of pertussis, and the third is a detailed cohort analysis of available notification and vaccination data. Each of these analyses suggests that the total number of people susceptible to pertussis infection in England and Wales has remained at 3–4 million for the past 40 years, despite the increase and changes in numbers vaccinated. The effect of vaccination has been to reduce the incidence of infection and disease, but not to reduce the number of susceptibles. These findings, which are consistent with ‘mass action theory’, could be tested by an appropriately designed seroepidemiological survey.