bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Up-regulation of small intestinal interleukin-17 immunity in untreated coeliac disease but not in potential coeliac disease or in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Lahdenperä A I , Hölttä V , Ruohtula T , Salo H M , Orivuori L , Westerholm-Ormio M , Savilahti E , Fälth-Magnusson K , Högberg L , Ludvigsson J , Vaarala O 
Published: October 2011

Summary
Up-regulation of interleukin (IL)-17 in small intestinal mucosa has been reported in coeliac disease (CD) and in peripheral blood in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We explored mucosal IL-17 immunity in different stages of CD, including transglutaminase antibody (TGA)-positive children with potential CD, children with untreated and gluten-free diet-treated CD and in children with T1D. Immunohistochemistry was used for identification of IL-17 and forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)-positive cells and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for IL-17, FoxP3, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (ROR)c and interferon (IFN)-γ transcripts. IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 were studied in supernatants from biopsy cultures. Expression of the apoptotic markers BAX and bcl-2 was evaluated in IL-17-stimulated CaCo-2 cells. The mucosal expression of IL-17 and FoxP3 transcripts were elevated in individuals with untreated CD when compared with the TGA-negative reference children, children with potential CD or gluten-free diet-treated children with CD (P &lt; 0·005 for all IL-17 comparisons and P &lt; 0·01 for all FoxP3 comparisons). The numbers of IL-17-positive cells were higher in lamina propria in children with CD than in children with T1D (P &lt; 0·05). In biopsy specimens from patients with untreated CD, enhanced spontaneous secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-17 was seen. Activation of anti-apoptotic bcl-2 in IL-17-treated CaCo-2 epithelial cells suggests that IL-17 might be involved in mucosal protection. Up-regulation of IL-17 could, however, serve as a biomarker for the development of villous atrophy and active CD.
Survey of caregiver opinions on the practicalities of family‐centred care in intensive care units
Authors: Soury‐Lavergne Aude , Hauchard Inès , Dray Sandrine , Baillot Marie‐Lou , Bertholet Emmanuelle , Clabault Karine , Jeune Sylvie , Ledroit Christelle , Lelias Isabelle , Lombardo Véronique , Maetens Yves , Meziani Ferhat , Reignier Jean , Souweine Bertrand , Tabah Alexis , Barrau Karine , Roch Antoine ,   the Société de Réanimation de Langue Française (SRLF)
Published: October 2011

Aims and objectives.  To determine caregiver opinion on their intensive care unit’s policies with regard to visiting hours, how families are informed and participate in patient care.Background.  Benefits of improving family access to the intensive care unit, information delivery and participation of families in care have been suggested.Design.  Survey of caregivers working in French‐speaking intensive care units.Methods.  An e‐mail invitation to complete an online, closed‐ended questionnaire was issued to caregivers registered in the mailing list of the French society of intensive care.Results.  Caregivers (n = 731) working in 222 adult and 41 paediatric intensive care units completed the questionnaire. Unlike in paediatric intensive care units, 58% of adult intensive care unit had restricted visiting hours (<4 hour). However, 63% of respondents would recommend extended visiting periods. A 24‐hour policy existed in 7% of adult intensive care units; 10% of respondents from these intensive care units thought reducing visiting periods would be very useful or essential; 81% thought that a 24‐hour policy contributed to improved relations with families; and only 9% thought that it was a hindrance to care. Over 90% of caregivers thought that families should be informed of patient progress in a designated room in the presence of the patient’s nurse and that patient records should report family meetings. This policy was only implemented in half of the cases. Family participation in care procedures was strongly encouraged in only 0·5% of adult intensive care units.Conclusions.  Intensive care unit caregivers are in favour of longer visiting hours, increased use of designated rooms for, and nurse participation in, meetings with families. Although caregivers do not associate families with care procedures, they considered that their presence during most interventions should be authorised.Relevance to clinical practice.  Our results could help in implementing intensive care unit policies concerning visiting hours, how families are informed and participate in patient care.
Small‐bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with gastrointestinal food allergy
Authors: Hagel A. F. , de Rossi T. M. , Zopf Y. , Lindner A. S. , Dauth W. , Neurath M. F. , Raithel M. 
Published: October 2011

To cite this article: Hagel AF, de Rossi TM, Zopf Y, Lindner AS, Dauth W, Neurath MF, Raithel M. Small‐bowel capsule endoscopy in patients with gastrointestinal food allergy. Allergy 2012; 67: 286–292.Abstract
Background:  Food allergy may present with a plethora of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal symptoms such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, cardiocirculatory symptoms, cutaneous reactions, or rhinitis. Macropathological lesions like lymphofollicular hyperplasia and erosive or ulcerative lesions have seldom been described in gastroscopy and colonoscopy previously.
Methods:  Fifteen patients presenting with unspecific abdominal symptoms in which food allergy was detected in due course were included. During the examination process, those patients showed various indications for small‐bowel capsule endoscopy, such as weight loss and anemia.
Results:  Fourteen (93.3%) of the 15 small‐bowel capsule endoscopies could be assessed, showing nonerosive lesions such as erythema, swelling, and lymphoid hyperplasia in 8 patients (57.1%) and erosive lesions such as aphthoid lesions, erosions, and petechiae in 4 patients (28.6%) with food allergy.
Conclusion:  In 15 patients with confirmed food allergy and after exclusion of other diseases, 12 (85.7%) showed various unspecific nonerosive or erosive mucosal lesions within the small bowel, resulting, however, partially in grave consequences such as anemia. Lymphoid hyperplasia was the most prominent finding in 7 patients (50%), albeit infectious disease had been excluded. Anemia improved within 1 year after adequate antiallergic treatment.
Urology training: past, present and future
Authors: Gohil Rishma , Khan Reenam S. , Ahmed Kamran , Kumar Pardeep , Challacombe Ben , Khan Mohammed Shamim , Dasgupta Prokar 
Published: October 2011

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Dedicated training hours for surgeons are falling as the complexity of techniques and patient expectations are increasing. Urologists therefore need to train in more sophisticated and effective ways.This article looks at past and current urological training and suggests emerging and innovative ways to teach the next generation of urologists.Since 2004 the estimated available training time, for all doctors, has dropped from 30 000 h to ≈8000 h. By decreasing the initial stages of the learning curve, medical simulation has the potential to compensate for the reduced time available to train urologists. The current urological training pathway consists of 2 years of foundation year training, 2 years of core surgical training, followed by 5 years of specialty training. Training time pressures and the expansion of treatment techniques have led to a trend towards increased sub‐specialization in urology. To optimize patient care, training programmes must evolve, taking into account several key issues and in accordance with advances in urological care.
Image‐guided dose‐escalated intensity‐modulated radiation therapy for prostate cancer: treating to doses beyond 78 Gy
Authors: Eade Thomas N. , Guo Linxin , Forde Elizabeth , Vaux Ken , Vass Justin , Hunt Peter , Kneebone Andrew 
Published: October 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?High doses of radiotherapy correspond to higher cure rates. Most radiation centers in the UK and Australia limit prescription doses to 74–78 Gy and do not use IGRT and IMRT for all patients.The combination of IGRT and IMRT can limit the rectum and bladder to low doses allowing doses above 78 Gy to be delivered, including pelvic lymph node treatment, with low side effects. This paper provides a detailed guide of planning technique and expected toxicity to enable implementation of similar dose escalated prostate programmes in other radiotherapy centres.OBJECTIVE
To determine the short‐term side‐effects of dose‐escalated image‐guided intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IG‐IMRT) for the definitive treatment of prostate cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Eligible patients were treated at doses >78 Gy and with definitive intent.
Patients from a prospective database with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 3.0 (CTCAE) toxicity were recorded weekly during treatment and at follow‐up.
RESULTS
In all, 101 patients were included, with doses ranging from 78.3 to 84 Gy (median = 79.3).
The median (range) age was 71 (46–83) years; 60% received concurrent androgen deprivation and 35% had pelvic lymph node treatment.
The median (range) IPSS at baseline, on treatment and at first follow‐up were 7 (0–35), 15 (1–34) and 6 (0–30), respectively.
The percentages of patients with grade 2 or higher toxicity during treatment, at 3 months and at 2 years were, respectively, 6.9%, 1% and 2% for gastrointestinal symptoms and 39%, 6.9% and 3% for genitourinary symptoms.
There was no significant difference in gastrointestinal toxicity during treatment (P= 0.860) or at 3 months (P= 0.334) between patients with and without lymph node treatment.
CONCLUSION
Doses >78 Gy delivered using daily image guidance and IMRT are well tolerated, and by 3 months short‐term side‐effects have normalized for the majority of patients.
Varicocoele and saphenofemoral reflux: are they coincidentally related?
Authors: Yazıcı Cenk Murat , Kayhan Arda , Malkoc Ercan , Verim Samet 
Published: October 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?It has been proposed that there is a significant relation between varicocoele and saphenofemoral reflux.Our results show that there is no statistically significant relation between varicocoele and saphenofemoral reflux.OBJECTIVE
To determine whether a relation between varicocoele and venous insufficiency at the level of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) is present.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
A total of 100 patients with varicocoele and 50 age‐matched controls seen in the outpatient urology clinic were included in our prospectively designed survey. Patients with a history of scrotal, inguinal or vascular surgery were excluded from the study.
Following a physical examination by the same urologist, coloured Doppler ultrasonography of the pampiniform plexus and the SFJ were performed by the same radiologist. Patients who had spermatic veins greater than 3.0 mm in diameter and reversed blood flow in Doppler ultrasonography were included in the study group.
The competence of the SFJ was evaluated and retrograde venous flow for longer than 0.5 s was noted as positive for saphenofemoral incompetence.
RESULTS
The mean age of varicocoele patients and the control group was 22.9 and 23.7 years, respectively. There were 83 patients with left varicocoele, five patients with right varicocoele and 12 patients with bilateral varicocoele.
In the varicocoele group, 36 (36%) patients had saphenofemoral reflux while 64 (64%) had no reflux, whereas corresponding figures for the control group were 13 (26%) and 37 (74%) respectively (P= 0.32).
There were 39 (46.9%) patients with a maximal vein diameter less than 3.6 mm (median 3.1 ± 0.3 mm) while there were 44 (53.1%) patients with a maximal vein diameter over 3.6 mm (median 4.1 ± 0.37 mm) (P= 0.20).
CONCLUSION
There is no statistically significant relation between varicocoele and SFJ insufficiency. Varicocoele may not be attributable to a systemic vascular insufficiency; however, further comprehensive series with larger populations are required
Comparison of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and retrograde flexible nephrolithotripsy for the management of 2–4 cm stones: a matched‐pair analysis
Authors: Akman Tolga , Binbay Murat , Ozgor Faruk , Ugurlu Mesut , Tekinarslan Erdem , Kezer Cem , Aslan Rahmi , Muslumanoglu Ahmet Yaser 
Published: October 2011

Study Type – Therapy (case control)Level of Evidence 3bWhat's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Recently European Association of Urology 2011 guidelines on urolithiasis recommended retrograde intrarenal surgery as the second‐line therapy for the treatment of kidney stones <10 mm in diameter.This study shows that retrograde intrarenal surgery may be an alternative therapy to percutaneous nephrolithotomy, with acceptable efficacy and low morbidity for 2–4 cm stones.OBJECTIVE
Currently, the indications for retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) have been extended due to recent improvements in endoscopic technology. In this study, we compare the outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) and RIRS in the treatment of 2–4 cm kidney stones.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Between September 2008 and January 2011, 34 patients who had renal stones ranging from 2 to 4 cm in diameter were treated with RIRS. The outcomes of these patients were compared with patients who underwent PCNL using matched‐pair analysis (1:1 scenario).
The matching parameters were the size, number and location of the stones as well as age, gender, body mass index, solitary kidney, degree of hydronephrosis, presence of previous shock wave lithotripsy and open surgery.
Data were analysed using Fisher's exact test, Student's t test and the Mann–Whitney U test.
RESULTS
Stone‐free rates after one session were 73.5% and 91.2% for RIRS and PCNL respectively (P= 0.05). Stone‐free rate in the RIRS group improved to 88.2% after the second procedure.
Mean operation duration was 58.2 (±) 13.4 min in the RIRS group but 38.7 (±) 11.6 min in the PCNL group (P < 0.0001). Blood transfusions were required in two patients in the PCNL group.
Overall complication rates in the PCNL group were higher, but the differences were not statistically significant. Hospitalization time was significantly shorter in the RIRS group (30.0 + 37.4 vs 61.4 + 34.0 h, respectively; P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Satisfactory outcomes can be achieved with multi‐session RIRS in the treatment of 2–4 cm renal stones. RIRS can be used as an alternative treatment to PCNL in selected cases with larger renal stones.
The Swedish Corporate Control Model: Convergence, Persistence or Decline?
Authors: Henrekson Magnus , Jakobsson Ulf 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: PerspectiveResearch Question/Issue: In the finance literature theoretical arguments have largely predicted a world‐wide convergence towards the Anglo‐American model of corporate control. Still, there are few signs that this convergence is underway. This paper explores the reasons for the persistence of the blockholder model by an in‐depth examination of a single country – Sweden – where blockholding always has been strong and where it still predominates among public firms. In spite of the fact that we explore the effects of deregulation, globalization and regulatory reform on corporate governance in a single country, a further aim is to shed some light on the wider issue of the world‐wide persistence of the blockholder model.Research Findings/Insights: We find that globalization has undermined the traditional model of corporate control in Sweden. However, there is no sign of expansion of the Anglo‐American model of corporate control. A prerequisite for a well‐functioning model of dispersed ownership and management control is a certain degree of autonomy/entrenchment for management relative to owners. In Sweden this option is precluded by the corporate law and prevailing social norms. As a result, the Anglo‐American model is not viable and blockholder control still predominates among public firms. However, the importance of the stock exchange is declining and there is strong growth of control models outside the stock exchange, notably private equity and foreign ownership.Theoretical/Academic Implications: In the theoretical argumentation for the inevitability of the Anglo‐American model in a mature economy too little attention has been given to the necessary conditions for the viability of management control in the case of dispersed ownership. A rigorous treatment of this question is needed if we want to formulate a relevant theory for the nature of endogenous adjustment of control models in response to globalization.Practitioner/Policy Implications: Reforms in corporate finance implemented in the European Union are greatly inspired by the UK system. In traditional blockholder governance systems such reforms undermine the basis for blockholder control. If there are strong cultural and/or legal impediments to the emergence of firms with dispersed ownership and management control, institutional convergence could result in an erosion of national stock markets in Europe. The study also provides support for the argument that the efficiency of a particular corporate governance model hinges on the complementarity of several constitutive elements, and therefore an isolated change in a certain element leads to inconsistencies, making the model less efficient.
Neighbourhood effects on young people's future living conditions: Longitudinal findings from Sweden
Authors: Brännström Lars 
Published: October 2011

Brännström L. Neighbourhood effects on young people's future living conditions: longitudinal findings from SwedenUsing extensive longitudinal data for three Swedish birth cohorts born in the late 1970s, this study asked whether the social characteristics of the neighbourhood affect future outcomes that are important for their living conditions (labour‐market participation, economic hardship and criminality). To assist decision‐making about the balance between area‐targeted policies and wider form of social interventions at the individual level, this study also assessed whether the estimated impact of neighbourhood context has any bearing on the effect of preventive interventions directed at distressed neighbourhoods. The overall findings suggest that there is no clear evidence that the impact of neighbourhood varies sufficiently between the different types of neighbourhoods when selection and other confounding factors have been taken into consideration. It is concluded that the estimated effect of neighbourhood on youth development does not underpin area‐targeted policies directed at distressed neighbourhoods.
How the People of Butembo (RDC) were Chosen to Embody ‘the New Congo’: Or What the Appearance of a Poster in a City's Public Places can Teach about its Social Tissue
Authors: GEENEN KRISTIEN 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn this article, I translate local narratives about one particular event into a reading of a city as a whole. The city concerned is Butembo, a secondary city in the North Kivu province (DRC). The incident relates to the appearance of a foreign flower in the late 1950s. This water hyacinth — named ‘Congo ya Sika’, which means ‘the New Congo’— caused severe damage to the waterways of the Belgian Congo, and the colonial authorities mobilized the population in an effort to eradicate the plague. Pamphlets and posters were spread, with the request to destroy the pictured flower when spotted. People of Butembo reacted in a most particular way to the appearance of these posters in their city, ascribing the Congo ya Sika flower mythical proportions right from the start. In their interpretation, the appearance of the flower was a sign that ‘the new Congo’ would rise in their town, endowing their place exclusively with a particular force. I scrutinize the myth's origin and analyse its social meaning, in an effort to gain a better understanding of Butembo's society. Throughout my analysis, special attention is paid to (self) representation, and to noise stuck to colonial messages.RésuméCe travail part de récits locaux à propos d'un événement particulier pour restituer une lecture de toute une ville. Il s'agit de Butembo, une ville secondaire de la province congolaise du Nord‐Kivu. L'incident est liéà l'introduction d'une fleur étrangère à la fin des années 1950. Cette jacinthe d'eau appelée Congo ya Sika, qui signifie ‘Nouveau Congo’ a proliféré dangereusement dans les voies d'eau du Congo belge, incitant les autorités coloniales à mobiliser la population afin d'éradiquer la plante. Des brochures et affiches ont été diffusées, demandant de détruire la fleur représentée dès qu'elle était repérée. La population de Butembo a alors réagi d'une manière très singulière, donnant à la fleur Congo ya Sika une dimension mythique dès le début. Selon l'interprétation des habitants, l'apparition de la fleur était le signe que le ‘nouveau Congo’ naîtrait dans leur ville, conférant à ce site une force spécifique. Après avoir étudié l'origine du mythe, cet article analyse sa signification sociale afin d'appréhender au mieux la société de Butembo. Une attention particulière est accordée à l'(auto)représentation et aux signaux parasites qui se sont raccrochés au message des autorités coloniales.
Ceruloplasmin deficiency results in an anxiety phenotype involving deficits in hippocampal iron, serotonin, and BDNF
Authors: Texel Sarah J. , Camandola Simonetta , Ladenheim Bruce , Rothman Sarah M. , Mughal Mohamed R. , Unger Erica L. , Cadet Jean Lud , Mattson Mark P. 
Published: October 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120, 125–134.AbstractCeruloplasmin (Cp) is a ferroxidase involved in iron metabolism by converting Fe2+ to Fe3+, and by regulating cellular iron efflux. In the ceruloplasmin knockout (CpKO) mouse, the deregulation of iron metabolism results in moderate liver and spleen hemosiderosis, but the impact of Cp deficiency on brain neurochemistry and behavior in this animal model is unknown. We found that in contrast to peripheral tissues, iron levels in the hippocampus are significantly reduced in CpKO mice. Although it does not cause any discernable deficits in motor function or learning and memory, Cp deficiency results in heightened anxiety‐like behavior in the open field and elevated plus maze tests. This anxiety phenotype is associated with elevated levels of plasma corticosterone. Previous studies provided evidence that anxiety disorders and long‐standing stress are associated with reductions in levels of serotonin (5HT) and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. We found that levels of 5HT and norepinephrine (NE), and the expression of BDNF and its receptor trkB, are significantly reduced in the hippocampus of CpKO mice. Thus, Cp deficiency causes an anxiety phenotype by a mechanism that involves decreased levels of iron, 5HT, NE, and BDNF in the hippocampus.