bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Updated national birth prevalence estimates for selected birth defects in the United States, 2004–2006
Authors: Parker Samantha E. , Mai Cara T. , Canfield Mark A. , Rickard Russel , Wang Ying , Meyer Robert E. , Anderson Patrick , Mason Craig A. , Collins Julianne S. , Kirby Russell S. , Correa Adolfo ,   for the National Birth Defects Prevention Network
Published: September 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: The National Birth Defects Prevention Network collects state‐specific birth defects surveillance data for annual publication of prevalence estimates and collaborative research projects. In 2006, data for 21 birth defects from 1999 through 2001 were presented as national birth prevalence estimates. The purpose of this report was to update these estimates using data from 2004 through 2006. METHODS: Population‐based data from 11 active case‐finding programs, 6 passive case‐finding programs with case confirmation, and 7 passive programs without case confirmation were used in this analysis. Pooled birth prevalence estimates for 21 birth defects, stratified by case ascertainment approach, were calculated. National prevalence estimates, adjusted for maternal race/ethnicity and maternal age (trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and Down syndrome only) were determined using data from 14 programs. The impact of pregnancy outcomes on prevalence estimates was also assessed for five specific defects. RESULTS: National birth defects prevalence estimates ranged from 0.72 per 10,000 live births for common truncus to 14.47 per 10,000 live births for Down syndrome. Stratification by type of surveillance system showed that active programs had a higher prevalence of anencephaly, anophthalmia/microphthalmia, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, reduction defect of upper limbs, and trisomy 18. The birth prevalence of anencephaly, trisomy 13, and trisomy 18 also varied substantially with inclusion of elective terminations. CONCLUSION: Accurate and timely national estimates of the prevalence of birth defects are needed for monitoring trends, assessing prevention efforts, determining service planning, and understanding the burden of disease due to birth defects in the United States. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compliance with Producer Responsibility Legislation: Experiences from UK Small and Medium‐sized Enterprises
Authors: Wilson Christopher , Williams Ian David , Kemp Simon 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the legal performance of UK small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) with producer responsibility legislation. The research incorporated legislation controlling packaging and packaging waste, waste electrical and electronic equipment and the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment. Compliance audits and interviews were conducted with SMEs, regulators, government officials and SME support organisations. A total of 44 SMEs from the north‐west of England were audited between April and September 2008. The study's findings suggest:

low levels of ‘letter of the law’ and ‘spirit of the law’ compliance;
enforcement activity and surveillance of SME compliance was generally low; there has not been any formal enforcement action taken under the WEEE Regulations or the RoHS Regulations and enforcement under the PER Regulations is extremely low.Recommendations on how to improve SME compliance control systems are provided. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Promising to tell the truth makes 8‐ to 16‐year‐olds more honest
Authors: Evans Angela D. , Lee Kang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTechniques commonly used to increase truth‐telling in most North American jurisdiction courts include requiring witnesses to discuss the morality of truth‐ and lie‐telling and to promise to tell the truth prior to testifying. While promising to tell the truth successfully decreases younger children's lie‐telling, the influence of discussing the morality of honesty and promising to tell the truth on adolescents' statements has remained unexamined. In Experiment 1, 108 youngsters, aged 8–16 years, were left alone in the room and asked not to peek at the answers to a test. The majority of participants peeked at the test answers and then lied about their transgression. More importantly, participants were eight times more likely to change their response from a lie to the truth after promising to tell the truth. Experiment 2 confirmed that the results of Experiment 1 were not solely due to repeated questioning or the moral discussion of truth‐ and lie‐telling. These results suggest that, while promising to tell the truth influences the truth‐telling behaviors of adolescents, a moral discussion of truth and lies does not. Legal implications are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Perceived cultural spaces and cultural in‐betweens: Consumption among Korean Australians
Authors: Sutton‐Brady Catherine , Davis Teresa , Jung Mary 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
This study explores the influence of both generation and acculturation on food and media consumption patterns of Korean migrant families in Australia. Given the lack of studies specifically examining acculturative and generational influences on changes occurring in a culturally adaptive context, this study's objectives are to explore not only the experience of consumption for the families but also the differences between first‐ and second‐generation migrants and the differences within the family between parent and child. The findings of the study demonstrate the conflicted and negotiated construction of consumption around the dual cultural identities. The complexity and creolised effect of consumption appears when traditional food meets with the multi‐cuisine foodscape of Australia. The nostalgic consumption of certain kinds of ‘ethnic media’ meets up with the second generation's consumption of the same kinds of media for easy and quick‐fix ‘socialisation’. Elements of ‘reverse socialisation’ are also observed in the data. The study contributes to a better understanding of the cumulative and often intertwined effects of acculturation and/or generation in consumption changes.
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Packaging of healthy and unhealthy food products for children and parents: The relative influence of licensed characters and brand names
Authors: Levin Aron M. , Levin Irwin P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract

Using a sample of 43 7–8‐year olds and their parents, we examined the extent to which children's judgments about food products are influenced by the same factors as their parents'. The factors manipulated were healthiness of product, brand name familiarity, and use of licensed cartoon characters (children) or celebrity endorsers (parents). Brand name familiarity was a more important factor than familiar cartoon characters or celebrity endorsers on food product evaluations. Parents and girls but not boys rated healthy products higher than unhealthy ones (e.g., breakfast cereal vs. pastries). However, parents placed greater weight on healthiness when choosing products for themselves than when choosing for their children. Discussion focuses on the promotion of healthy eating habits in children.
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD Study of Effects of Module Geometry on Forced Convection in a Channel with Non‐Conducting Fins and Flow Pulsation
Authors: Olayiwola B. O. , Schaldach G. , Walzel P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCFD simulations were carried out to investigate the effects of the module geometry on forced convection in a rectangular channel containing series of regularly spaced non‐conducting baffles with flow oscillation. The simulations were performed at constant wall temperature. Steady‐flow Reynolds numbers Re in the range of 200 and 600 were studied. The results of the CFD simulations show that, for the effect fin spacing to be significant on heat transfer enhancement in finned system with oscillating flow, the oscillating flow velocity must be higher than the mean flow velocity. Superposition of oscillation yields increasing heat transfer performance with increasing fin height. Fin geometry with pyramidal shape yields highest performance in terms of the heat transfer effectiveness.
Numerical Simulation of Absorbing CO2 with Ionic Liquids
Authors: Wang X. , Dong H. , Zhang X. , Xu Y. , Zhang S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAlthough separating CO2 from flue gas with ionic liquids has been regarded as a new and effective method, the mass transfer properties of CO2 absorption in these solvents have not been researched. In this paper, a coupled computational fluid dynamic (CFD) model and population balance model (PBM) was applied to study the mass transfer properties for capturing CO2 with ionic liquids solvents. The numerical simulation was performed using the Fluent code. Considering the unique properties of ionic liquids, the Eulerian‐Eulerian two‐flow model with a new drag coefficient correlation was employed for the gas‐liquid fluid dynamic simulation. The gas holdup, interfacial area, and bubble size distribution in the bubble column reactor were predicted. The mass transfer coefficients were estimated with Higbie's penetration model. Furthermore, the velocity field and pressure field in the reactor were also predicted in this paper.
Separation of Hydrazine from Air by Wetted Wire Column
Authors: Pakdehi S. G. , Taheri S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHydrazine vapor is hazardous and should be removed from air. Several methods have been suggested for this purpose. Gas absorption by a packed‐bed column (PBC) is a conventional method. Due to some disadvantages of the PBC, the wetted‐wire column (WWC) was introduced as a new contact device. In this paper, the performance of the WWC was studied and compared with the PBC under the same conditions of gas and liquid volume flow rates. The ranges of the gas and liquid flow rates were 0–100 L min–1 and 0–2.5 L min–1, respectively. The results showed that the pressure drop in the WWC was much smaller than in the PBC. Moreover, the removal efficiency of hydrazine from air is quite comparable in the WWC and the PBC.
Adsorption Characteristic of Methanol in Activated Carbon Impregnated with Lithium Chloride
Authors: Oliveira R. G. , Wang R. Z. , Xian Li T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe amount of methanol adsorbed in composite sorbents made of activated carbon impregnated with two different mass fractions of LiCl were assessed at selected temperatures and pressures. The adsorbed amounts, temperature, and pressure were well correlated with a Langmuir‐type equation that had the same set of coefficients for different isotherms and isobars. However, sorption hysteresis was observed in the composite sorbent and the main practical implication of this phenomenon was the increase of the regeneration temperature necessary to desorb a certain amount of methanol. The specific cooling capacity and the coefficient of performance of the studied adsorbents were calculated, and it was found that the sorbent with 21.3 wt % of LiCl had specific cooling capacities 11 % to 31 % higher than those obtained with the untreated activated carbon, when the regeneration temperature was 388 K. The heat sink temperature was 303 K, and the evaporation temperature ranged between 263 and 283 K. However, at the same operation conditions, the coefficient of performance of both sorbents was similar.
Comparison of Electrocoagulation and Chemical Coagulation for Heavy Metal Removal
Authors: Akbal F. , Camcı S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCopper (Cu), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) removal from metal plating wastewater by electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation was investigated. Chemical coagulation was performed using either aluminum sulfate or ferric chloride, whereas electrocoagulation was done in an electrolytic cell using aluminum or iron electrodes. By chemical coagulation, Cu‐, Cr‐, and Ni‐removal of 99.9 % was achieved with aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride dosages of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg L–1, respectively. Removal of metals by electrocoagulation was affected by the electrode material, wastewater pH, current density, number of electrodes, and electrocoagulation time. Electrocoagulation with iron electrodes at a current density of 10 mA cm–2, electrocoagulation time of 20 min, and pH 3.0 resulted in 99.9 % Cu‐, 99.9 % Cr‐, and 98 % Ni‐removal.
The Use of Nonlinearity Measures in the Estimation of Kinetic Parameters of Sugarcane Bagasse Pyrolysis
Authors: Lira T. S. , Santos K. G. , Murata V. V. , Gianesella M. , Barrozo M. A. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe majority of the pyrolysis kinetics models presented in the literature is nonlinear. In these models, the influence of temperature is normally described by the Arrhenius equation. In some studies related to parameter estimation of nonlinear models suggestions can be found for reparameterization of the Arrhenius‐type equation due to inadequate results on the parameter estimation. In this work, kinetic modeling is proposed in order to predict the primary biomass decomposition behavior under a dynamic regime. This model is based on the traditional model of parallel reactions and uses the Arrhenius‐type equation in the reparameterized form. Some nonlinearity measures are used as a tool to correctly estimate the kinetic parameters of the pyrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The predictions from the proposed model properly reproduced the experimental DTG curves. The reparametrized model showed non‐significance for bias and nonlinearity measures.
Adjustable Twin‐Slit Rheometer for Shear Viscosity Measurement of Extruded Complex Starchy Melts
Authors: Robin F. , Engmann J. , Tomasi D. , Breton O. , Parker R. , Schuchmann H. P. , Palzer S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn online rheometer with an innovative system of height‐adjustable and independently temperature‐controlled slits was designed to measure the shear viscosity of extruded wheat bran fiber‐containing starchy materials. The range of melt pressures and temperatures, obtained with a die, could be covered by the rheometer. A close ingredient thermomechanical history in the extruder was achieved both with the die and the rheometer, while covering an apparent shear rate from 5 to 30 s–1. Although minor technical problems remained, first rheological data were obtained and showed a pseudoplastic flow behavior for all recipes. The flow curves were fitted by a power law model. Wheat bran fiber addition influenced both the K‐ and n‐values, leading to more shear‐thinning melt behavior and an increase in true shear viscosity. Only a limited effect on these values was found in these preliminary experiments when further increasing the fiber content.
Comparison of Various Alkaline Solutions for H2S/CO2‐Selective Absorption Applied to Biogas Purification
Authors: Dubois L. , Thomas D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBiogas is a common renewable energy resource. A very important stage of biogas upgrading, studied in the present work, is its purification from H2S traces. The selective absorption of H2S and CO2 into oxido‐alkaline solutions containing hydrogen peroxide and into amine solutions was compared by performing absorption test runs in a cables‐bundle scrubber at 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The absorption rate and selectivity for H2S over CO2 were determined for various solute partial pressures, different alkaline absorbents and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the scrubbing liquid, and different pH values. Higher H2S‐selective absorption performances with oxido‐alkaline solutions than with amine solutions could be observed provided that the solution is at a low pH value (9.5) and contains a sufficient hydrogen peroxide concentration.
The Remarkable Chemistry of Trannulenes: Green Fluorinated Fullerenes with Unconventional Aromaticity
Authors: Khakina Ekaterina A. , Troyanov Sergey I. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Soulimenkov Ilya V. , Polyakova Natalya V. , Troshin Pavel A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe report the first reaction of trannulenes involving their thermal isomerization to a new class of compounds termed “triumphenes”. The thermodynamically controlled conversion of trannulenes into triumphenes is accompanied by an unprecedented migration of three organic addends from one hemisphere of the fullerene cage to another. The reaction products, bearing aliphatic substituents, might find applications in materials science as strong electron acceptors due to the presence of fifteen electron‐withdrawing fluorine atoms in their molecular framework. It was revealed that the isomerization of trannulenes can be affected by the presence of unsaturated compounds in the reaction mixture. Heating of trannulenes C60F15R3 with C60, C70, anthracene, or pentacene at reflux in 1,2‐dichlorobenzene yields fluorinated derivatives C60F14R2A, which possess a fused cyclic addend A. The products of this reaction have “triumphene‐type” addition patterns and seem to be formed through an unprecedented sequence of elimination, addition, and isomerization steps. The molecular structure of a representative triumphene was proven unambiguously by X‐ray single‐crystal diffraction analysis and by NMR spectroscopy. The reactions revealed here open up numerous opportunities for chemical derivatization of fluorinated fullerenes. This method promises to provide a new path towards valuable photoactive materials and a new generation of fullerene‐based compounds that are suitable for biomedical applications.
Determination of the Surfactant Density on SWCNTs by Analytical Ultracentrifugation
Authors: Backes Claudia , Karabudak Engin , Schmidt Cordula D. , Hauke Frank , Hirsch Andreas , Wohlleben Wendel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe report on the extensive characterization of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) dispersed in a variety of surfactants, such as sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), sodium cholate (SC), and three synthesized perylene‐based surfactants, by using differential sedimentation in H2O and D2O. Multidimensional evaluation of the absorption profiles over radius, wavelength, and time allows the determination of the anhydrous specific volumes of the SWCNT–surfactant complexes as well as the concentration of the surfactant reservoir in free micelles with very slow sedimentation coefficients (<1 Svedberg). Among the perylene bisimide surfactants, the smallest derivative is densely adsorbed on the nanotube backbone with an anhydrous specific volume significantly above that of SC or SDBS. Bulky Newkome dendritic groups on one or both ends of the perylene moiety gradually reduce the adsorption density, in accord with the absolute adsorption between 0.66 and 1.7 mmol surfactant per gram SWCNTs. Furthermore, hydrodynamic analysis reveals that SDBS favors the “tails‐on” configuration. The distribution of sedimentation coefficients of SWCNTs prepared by high‐pressure carbon monoxide decomposition (HiPco) is broader and shifted to faster sedimentation than those prepared by using cobalt–molybdenum catalysis (CoMoCAT), which reflects the polydispersity in diameter and length.
Artificial Transcription Factors which Mediate Double‐Strand DNA Cleavage
Authors: Li Chao , Du Chao , Tian Hua , Jiang Chao , Du Min , Liu Yan , Qiao Ren‐Zhong , Jia Yan‐Xing , Zhao Yu‐Fen 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new family of artificial transcription factor (ATF)‐based conjugates have been designed and synthesized as potent chemical nucleases. Polyamides as the important and efficient ATFs were used to modify and activate several anchor compounds. The results demonstrate that the resulting conjugates remarkably promote the rate accelerations and non‐random double‐strand DNA cleavage activity. Interestingly, the cleavage activity of both the hydrolytic and oxidative agents was promoted efficiently through the modification of the ATFs.
Synthesis and Characterization of an Amidinate‐Stabilized cis‐1,2‐Disilylenylethene [cis‐LSi{C(Ph)C(H)}SiL] and a Singlet Delocalized Biradicaloid [LSi(μ2‐C2Ph2)2SiL]
Authors: Yeong Hui‐Xian , Xi Hong‐Wei , Lim Kok Hwa , So Cheuk‐Wai 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of novel cis‐1,2‐disilylenylethene [cis‐LSi{C(Ph)C(H)}SiL] (2; L=PhC(NtBu)2) and a singlet delocalized biradicaloid [LSi(μ2‐C2Ph2)2SiL] (3) are described. Compound 2 was prepared by the reaction of [{PhC(NtBu)2}Si:]2 (1) with one equivalent of PhCCH in toluene. Compound 3 was synthesized by the reaction of 1 with two equivalents of PhCCPh in toluene. The results suggest that the reaction proceeds through an [LSi{C(Ph)C(Ph)}SiL] intermediate, which then reacts with another molecule of PhCCPh to form 3. Compounds 2 and 3 have been characterized by X‐ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. X‐ray crystallography and DFT calculations of 3 show that the singlet biradicals are stabilized by the amidinate ligand and the delocalization within the “Si(μ2‐C2Ph2)2Si” six‐membered ring.
A Highly Selective Fluorescence‐Based Polymer Sensor Incorporating an (R,R)‐Salen Moiety for Zn2+ Detection
Authors: Xu Ying , Meng Jie , Meng Lingxing , Dong Yu , Cheng Yixiang , Zhu Chengjian 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA chiral polymer incorporating an (R,R)‐salen moiety was synthesized by the polymerization of (R,R)‐1,2‐diaminocyclohexane with 2,5‐dibutoxy‐1,4‐di(salicyclaldehyde)‐1,4‐diethynyl‐benzene by a nucleophilic addition–elimination reaction. The fluorescence responses of the (R,R)‐salen‐based polymer toward various metal ions were investigated by fluorescence spectra. Compared with other cations, such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Ag+, Cd2+, Hg2+, and Pb2+, Zn2+ can lead to a pronounced fluorescence enhancement as high as 7.8‐fold together with an obvious blue‐shift change of the chiral polymer. More importantly, the fluorescent color of the polymer changed to bright blue instead of weak yellow after addition of Zn2+, which can be easily detected by the naked eye. The results indicate that this kind of chiral polymer, incorporating an (R,R)‐salen moiety as a receptor in the main chain backbone, can exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity for Zn2+ recognition.
Synthesis of the Core Structure of the Lipoteichoic Acid of Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Pedersen Christian Marcus , Figueroa‐Perez Ignacio , Boruwa Joshodeep , Lindner Buko , Ulmer Artur J. , Zähringer Ulrich , Schmidt Richard R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractStreptococcus pneumoniae LTA is a highly complex glycophospholipid that consists of nine carbohydrate residues: three glucose, two galactosamine and two 2‐acetamino‐4‐amino‐2,4,6‐trideoxygalactose (AATDgal) residues that are each differently linked, one ribitol and one diacylated glycerol (DAG) residue. Suitable building blocks for the glucose and the AATDgal residues were designed and their synthesis is described in this paper. These building blocks permitted the successful synthesis of the core structure Glcβ(1‐3)AATDgalβ(1‐3)Glcα(1‐O)DAG in a suitably protected form for further chain extension (1 b, 1 c) and as unprotected glycolipid (1 a) that was employed in biological studies. These studies revealed that 1 a as well as 1 lead to interleukin‐8 release, however not via TLR2 or TLR4 as receptor.
Unprecedented Water Addition to the α,β‐Unsaturated Enone Bond, Mediated by the Combination of Carbonate and Platinum(II)
Authors: Marqués‐Gallego Patricia , Reedijk Jan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe cytostatic compounds cis‐[Pt(A9pyp)(dmso)Cl2] (1) and [Pt(A9pyp)(dmso)(cbdca)] (2) (A9pyp=(E)‐[1‐(9‐anthryl)‐3‐(2‐pyridyl)‐2‐propenone) as carrier ligand; cbdca=cyclobutane dicarboxylate) have been found to add water across the enone CC bond of the ligand A9pyp. The water addition occurs in the presence of carbonate buffer, and has been followed in detail using NMR and ESI‐MS spectroscopy. The spectroscopic data clearly indicate that the platinum(II) ion, the carbonate species, and the proximity of the enone CC bond to the metal ion, are all required for this unusual hydration. A difference in kinetics is observed between chloride and cbdca, showing that the Pt–ligand dissociation plays an important role in the hydration kinetics.