bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the Temporal Resolution Problem by Localized Gridpoint Nudging in Regional Weather and Climate Models
Authors: Termonia Piet , Degrauwe Daan , Hamdi Rafiq 
Published: January 2011

Most regional numerical models in the atmospheric sciences use temporally interpolated data provided by other low-resolution models, either for a gridpoint coupling at their lateral boundaries or for a spectral nudging of the large scales in the entire domain. In some cases, such as fast-propagating storms, these interpolations can seriously corrupt the meteorological fields. This article shows how to use an operational high-pass filter of the surface pressure field to detect and to localize a propagating storm, and to use this information to locally reinject the available uncorrupted storm in the coupled model. This is achieved by applying a technique of gridpoint nudging in a subarea of the domain, limited to a compact region around the eye of the depression. As an application it is shown that this restores the strength of the storm, while leaving the model state in the rest of the domain quasi intact. It is then discussed how this can improve numerical weather prediction and regional climate models.
The Utility of Upper-Boundary Nesting in NWP
Authors: McTaggart-Cowan Ron , Girard Claude , Plante André , Desgagné Michel 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
The importance of stratospheric influences for medium-range numerical weather prediction (NWP) of the troposphere has led to increases in the heights of global model domains at operational centers around the world. Grids now routinely extend to 0.1 hPa (approximately 65 km) in these systems, thereby covering the full depth of the stratosphere and the lower portion of the mesosphere. Increasing the vertical extent of higher-resolution limited-area models (LAMs) nested within the global forecasts is problematic because of the computational cost of additional levels and the possibility of inaccuracy or instability in the high-speed stratospheric jets. An upper-boundary nesting (UBN) technique is developed that allows information from high-topped driving grids to influence the evolution of a lower-topped (~10 hPa) LAM integration in a manner analogous to the treatment of lateral boundary conditions.
A stratospheric vortex displacement event in the winter of 2007 is used to study the effectiveness of the UBN technique. Tropospheric blocking over Europe leads to the development of an amplifying planetary-scale wave in the lower stratosphere that culminates in an anticyclonic wave break over Asia and a marked increase of wave-1 asymmetry. The rapid evolution of stratospheric potential vorticity (PV) is poorly represented in low-topped models, resulting in PV-induced forecast height errors throughout the depth of the troposphere on time scales as short as 2–5 days. Application of the UBN technique is shown to be an effective way for low-topped configurations to benefit from stratospheric predictability without the problems associated with the inclusion of the stratospheric flow in the higher-resolution model domain. The robustness and relative ease of implementation of the UBN technique may make this computationally inexpensive strategy attractive for a wide range of NWP applications.
Surgical Preparation for Articular Cartilage Regeneration Without Penetration of the Subchondral Bone Plate
Authors: Mika Joerg , Clanton Thomas O. , Pretzel David , Schneider Gerlind , Ambrose Catherine G. , Kinne Raimund W. 
Published: January 2011

Background: To prevent hemorrhage, fibrin clot formation, and subsequent activation of the inflammatory response, surgical preparation for articular cartilage regeneration should avoid penetration of the subchondral bone plate. Hypothesis: Current surgical procedures with ring curettes do not violate the subchondral bone plate. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: The subchondral bone plates of normal human (n = 5) or sheep (n = 12) cadaver femoral condyles were prepared in vitro using either traditional debridement for autologous chondrocyte implantation/transplantation (ACI/ACT) or a modified approach aimed at deliberately violating the subchondral bone plate (ie, brute force). Effects were analyzed by light microscopy. In addition, subchondral bone plates of osteoarthritic (OA) human knees undergoing total knee arthroplasty (n = 5) or normal sheep knees (n = 5) were prepared in vivo. To approximate normal/regular wear, in humans, only OA samples with maximally grade 3A (International Cartilage Repair Society score) were used. Results: In both human and sheep (in vitro), no penetration of the subchondral bone plate was observed by either standard preparation or brute force. In vivo, standard preparation of human or sheep knees also did not violate the tidemark line. Human and sheep specimens prepared by brute force, however, occasionally showed areas with an open bone marrow space. Conclusion: Traditional debridement techniques for ACI/ACT using a ring curette do not violate the normal subchondral bone plate in vitro or in vivo. Even in OA knee joints, the bone plate is only violated by brute force. Therefore, the standard technique appears suitable for studies on cartilage regeneration in cases of traumatic and possibly even osteoarthritic defects. Clinical Relevance: The described surgical preparation technique is the traditional debridement technique for the ACI/ACT. The classic indication for the ACI/ACT is an articular cartilage injury, common in athletes.
Arthroscopic Capsulolabral Revision Repair for Recurrent Anterior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Bartl Christoph , Schumann Katrin , Paul Jochen , Vogt Stephan , Imhoff Andreas B. 
Published: January 2011

Background: Open capsulolabral repair is still considered the standard revision procedure for a failed anterior shoulder instability repair. To date, only a few studies have evaluated the outcome of arthroscopic revision instability repair. Purpose: This study was undertaken to assess the clinical outcome and postoperative sports activity level of arthroscopic revision stabilization using defined inclusion criteria and a standardized operative revision technique. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Fifty-six patients with recurrent anterior shoulder instability after an anatomic index procedure (open or arthroscopic) were included in the study. Arthroscopic revision repair was performed by a single surgeon using standardized suture anchor repair technique via an anteroinferior 5:30-o’clock approach. Patients were evaluated after a mean follow-up of 37 months (range, 25-72 months) with the Rowe, the Constant score, and the Simple Shoulder Test (SST). Return to sports, including sports level and discipline, were evaluated with a sports activity assessment tool. Results: For the revision repair, a minimum of 3 anchors were placed in the lower glenoid half. Recurrent instability after the revision procedure was found in 6 cases (11%). There were 4 recurrent instability cases caused by trauma and 2 atraumatic cases. Arthroscopic revision repair did not result in an additional loss of external rotation or additional subscapularis muscle insufficiency. The Rowe and Constant scores and the SST were significantly improved by the procedure. Eighty-six percent of the patients rated their result as good or excellent. Sports activity level was significantly improved by the procedure and the majority of patients returned to their previous sports level. Conclusion: Arthroscopic capsulolabral revision repair via the anteroinferior 5:30-o’clock approach achieves results comparable with open revision repairs with a low recurrent instability rate. Arthroscopic revision repair reached a high patient satisfaction, good clinical outcomes, and a high rate of return to sports. The results suggest that arthroscopic revision repair is a viable treatment option for selected patients with a failed index repair.
Control of Posterior Tibial Slope and Patellar Height in Open-Wedge Valgus High Tibial Osteotomy
Authors: Hinterwimmer Stefan , Beitzel Knut , Paul Jochen , Kirchhoff Chlodwig , Sauerschnig Martin , von Eisenhart-Rothe Rüdiger , Imhoff Andreas B. 
Published: January 2011

Background: Valgus-producing open-wedge high tibial osteotomy is an established treatment for varus malalignment and medial osteoarthritis, with reproducible results in the frontal plane. However, an undesirable but often accepted increase in posterior tibial slope and decrease in patellar height are still routinely seen. Purpose: To evaluate the influence of valgus open-wedge high tibial osteotomy on posterior tibial slope and patellar height when special techniques are used to minimize unwanted changes. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Twenty-five patients, 3 women and 22 men (mean age, 40.2 years), underwent valgus open-wedge high tibial osteotomy. Several technical steps were taken to prevent an increase in posterior tibial slope during the osteotomy. To minimize patellar height changes, the tibial tuberosity was left on either the proximal or distal fragment, depending on the desired patellofemoral effect. The medial and lateral posterior slope was measured using the proximal posterior cortex as a reference; the patellar height was assessed with the Caton-Deschamps Index and compared on preoperative and postoperative radiographs. Results: No significant posterior tibial slope changes were observed. Patellar height increased with both types of tibial tuberosity osteotomy. With the proximal osteotomy, the Caton-Deschamps Index increased from 0.95 to 0.97; with the distal osteotomy, it increased from 0.89 to 0.95. The change was not significant with either osteotomy. The posterior tibial slope did not change on the medial side, measuring 4.2 preoperatively and postoperatively. The lateral slope decreased from 5.4 to 5.1. There was no correlation between the correction in the coronal plane and the changes in the sagittal plane. Conclusion: Open-wedge high tibial osteotomy can be performed without significant changes in patellar height or posterior tibial slope if specific intraoperative methods are used to prevent their occurrence. Analysis and control of sagittal changes in valgus open-wedge high tibial osteotomy should reduce the incidence of unwanted changes in patellar height and posterior tibial slope.
Endoscopic Surgery for Young Athletes With Symptomatic Unicameral Bone Cyst of the Calcaneus
Authors: Innami Ken , Takao Masato , Miyamoto Wataru , Abe Satoshi , Nishi Hideaki , Matsushita Takashi 
Published: January 2011

Background: Open curettage with bone graft has been the traditional surgical treatment for symptomatic unicameral calcaneal bone cyst. Endoscopic procedures have recently provided less invasive techniques with shorter postoperative morbidity. Hypothesis: The authors’ endoscopic procedure is effective for young athletes with symptomatic calcaneal bone cyst. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Of 16 young athletes with symptomatic calcaneal bone cyst, 13 underwent endoscopic curettage and percutaneous injection of bone substitute under the new method. Three patients were excluded because of short-term follow-up, less than 24 months. For the remaining 10 patients, with a mean preoperative 3-dimensional size of 23 × 31 × 35 mm as calculated by computed tomography, clinical evaluation was made with the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale just before surgery and at the most recent follow-up (mean, 36.2 months; range, 24-51 months), and radiologic assessment was performed at the most recent follow-up, to discover any recurrence or pathologic fracture. Furthermore, the 10 patients—all of whom returned to sports activities—were asked how long it took to return to initial sports activity level after surgery. Results: Mean ankle-hindfoot scale score improved from preoperative 78.7 ± 4.7 points (range, 74-87) to postoperative 98.0 ± 4.2 points (range, 90-100) ( P < .001). Pain and functional scores significantly improved after surgery ( P < .01 and P < .05, respectively). Radiologic assessment at most recent follow-up revealed no recurrence or pathologic fracture, with retention of injected calcium phosphate cement in all cases. All patients could return to their initial levels of sports activities within 8 weeks after surgery (mean period, 7.1 weeks; range, 4-8 weeks), which was quite early as compared with past reports. Conclusion: Endoscopic curettage and injection of bone substitute appears to be an excellent option for young athletes with symptomatic calcaneal bone cyst for early return to sports activities, because it has the possibility to minimize the risk of postoperative pathologic fracture and local recurrence after early return to initial level of sports activities.
Temporal relationship between environmental influenza A and Epstein–Barr viral infections and high multiple sclerosis relapse occurrence
Authors: Oikonen Mervi , Laaksonen Mikko , Aalto Ville , Ilonen Jorma , Salonen Reijo , Erälinna Juha-Pekka , Panelius Martin , Salmi Aimo 
Published: January 2011

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses have been associated with viral and bacterial infection epidemics in MS patients who have not used interferon. Objectives: We studied whether environmental viral infections in the general population can be associated with increased MS relapse occurrence using retrospective data from 1986 to 1995 when interferons were not yet available. Methods: Logistic regression modelling was used to compare retrospectively the monthly relapse occurrence from 407 MS patients in Turku University hospital archives and data on ten different specifically diagnosed viral infection epidemics in the general population of Southwestern Finland from 1986 to 1995. The outcome was the odds ratio (OR) of very high relapse occurrence versus low relapse occurrence, or moderate versus low relapse occurrence. Results: After a peak in diagnosed influenza A cases in the general population, the MS relapse occurrence was 6.5 times more likely to be very high (95% CI 1.8–24.0) and 7.1 times more likely to be moderately high (95% CI 1.5–33.2). An increase in MS relapse counts also followed Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections (OR 4.4, 95% CI 1.3–15.1), but we found no significant association with adenovirus infections and MS relapses. The MS relapse occurrence was lowest in the summer months July–August (Chi-square test, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that influenza A and EBV viral infections in the general population are associated with a higher occurrence of exacerbations in MS patients, and thus environmental infection data should be included in epidemiological models on MS relapses.
Vitamin D status and antibody levels to common viruses in pediatric-onset multiple sclerosis
Authors: Mowry Ellen M , James Judith A , Krupp Lauren B , Waubant Emmanuelle 
Published: January 2011

Background: The relative contribution and interaction of risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS) have not been evaluated. Objectives: To determine whether vitamin D status is associated with antibody levels to common viruses in pediatric-onset MS or clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients and controls. Methods: We assessed whether vitamin D status was associated with viral antibody levels to Epstein–Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 or -2 in subjects who demonstrated evidence of remote infection with these viruses and whether these associations differed depending on disease status. Results: In 140 subjects, vitamin D status was weakly associated with antibody levels to CMV but not to the other viruses. However, there were some interactions between vitamin D status and disease state. Among those with vitamin D sufficiency (≥30 ng/ml), MS/CIS patients had higher antibody levels to Epstein–Barr nuclear antigen-1 than controls. Vitamin D sufficiency was associated with higher CMV antibody levels in MS/CIS subjects but lower CMV antibody levels in controls. Higher vitamin D levels appeared to be associated with higher titers to HSV-2 in MS/CIS patients but not controls. Conclusions: Vitamin D status may be differentially associated with antibody levels to common childhood viruses among seropositive subjects.
Inhibition of immune activation by a novel nuclear factor-kappa B inhibitor in HTLV-I–associated neurologic disease
Authors: Oh Unsong , McCormick Matthew J. , Datta Dibyadeep , Turner Richard V. , Bobb Kathryn , Monie Dileep D. , Sliskovic D. Robert , Tanaka Yuetsu , Zhang Jie , Meshulam Jeffrey , Jacobson Steven 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) causes a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system termed HTLV-I–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HTLV-I encodes a protein known to activate several host-signaling pathways involved in inflammation, such as the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). The contribution of the NF-κB pathway to the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP, however, has not been fully defined. We show evidence of canonical NF-κB activation in short-term cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from subjects with HAM/TSP. NF-κB activation was closely linked to HTLV-I viral protein expression. The NF-κB activation in HAM/TSP PBMCs was reversed by a novel small-molecule inhibitor that demonstrates potent and selective NF-κB antagonist activity. Inhibition of NF-κB activation led to a reduction in the expression of lymphocyte activation markers and resulted in reduced cytokine signaling in HAM/TSP PBMCs. Furthermore, NF-κB inhibition led to a reduction in spontaneous lymphoproliferation, a key ex vivo correlate of the immune activation associated with HAM/TSP. These results indicate that NF-κB activation plays a critical upstream role in the immune activation of HAM/TSP, and identify the NF-κB pathway as a potential target for immunomodulation in HAM/TSP.
Robust joint analysis allowing for model uncertainty in two-stage genetic association studies
Authors: Pan Dongdong , Li Qizhai , Jiang Ningning , Liu Aiyi , Yu Kai 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
The cost efficient two-stage design is often used in genome-wide association studies (GWASs) in searching for genetic loci underlying the susceptibility for complex diseases. Replication-based analysis, which considers data from each stage separately, often suffers from loss of efficiency. Joint test that combines data from both stages has been proposed and widely used to improve efficiency. However, existing joint analyses are based on test statistics derived under an assumed genetic model, and thus might not have robust performance when the assumed genetic model is not appropriate.

Results
In this paper, we propose joint analyses based on two robust tests, MERT and MAX3, for GWASs under a two-stage design. We developed computationally efficient procedures and formulas for significant level evaluation and power calculation. The performances of the proposed approaches are investigated through the extensive simulation studies and a real example. Numerical results show that the joint analysis based on the MAX3 test statistic has the best overall performance.

Conclusions
MAX3 joint analysis is the most robust procedure among the considered joint analyses, and we recommend using it in a two-stage genome-wide association study.
TEAD1-dependent expression of the FoxO3a gene in mouse skeletal muscle
Authors: Qiu Haifang , Wang Fengli , Liu Chuxin , Xu Xuewen , Liu Bang 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background

TEAD1 (TEA domain family member 1) is constitutively expressed in cardiac and skeletal muscles. It acts as a key molecule of muscle development, and trans-activates multiple target genes involved in cell proliferation and differentiation pathways. However, its target genes in skeletal muscles, regulatory mechanisms and networks are unknown.

Results
In this paper, we have identified 136 target genes regulated directly by TEAD1 in skeletal muscle using integrated analyses of ChIP-on-chip. Most of the targets take part in the cell process, physiology process, biological regulation metabolism and development process. The targets also play an important role in MAPK, mTOR, T cell receptor, JAK-STAT, calcineurin and insulin signaling pathways. TEAD1 regulates foxo3a transcription through binding to the M-CAT element in foxo3a promoter, demonstrated with independent ChIP-PCR, EMSA and luciferase reporter system assay. In addition, results of over-expression and inhibition experiments suggest that foxo3a is positively regulated by TEAD1.

Conclusions
Our present data suggests that TEAD1 plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression and different signaling pathways may co-operate with each other mediated by TEAD1. We have preliminarily concluded that TEAD1 may regulate FoxO3a expression through calcineurin/MEF2/NFAT and IGF-1/PI3K/AKT signaling pathways in skeletal muscles. These findings provide important clues for further analysis of the role of FoxO3a gene in the formation and transformation of skeletal muscle fiber types.
Targeting choroid plexus epithelia and ventricular ependyma for drug delivery to the central nervous system
Authors: Gonzalez Ana Maria , Leadbeater Wendy E , Burg Michael , Sims Karen , Terasaki Tetsuya , Johanson Conrad E , Stopa Edward G , Eliceiri Brian P , Baird Andrew 
Published: January 2011

Abstract

Background
Because the choroid plexus (CP) is uniquely suited to control the composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), there may be therapeutic benefits to increasing the levels of biologically active proteins in CSF to modulate central nervous system (CNS) functions. To this end, we sought to identify peptides capable of ligand-mediated targeting to CP epithelial cells reasoning that they could be exploited to deliver drugs, biotherapeutics and genes to the CNS.

Methods
A peptide library displayed on M13 bacteriophage was screened for ligands capable of internalizing into CP epithelial cells by incubating phage with CP explants for 2 hours at 37C and recovering particles with targeting capacity.

Results
Three peptides, identified after four rounds of screening, were analyzed for specific and dose dependant binding and internalization. Binding was deemed specific because internalization was prevented by co-incubation with cognate synthetic peptides. Furthermore, after i.c.v. injection into rat brains, each peptide was found to target phage to epithelial cells in CP and to ependyma lining the ventricles.

Conclusion
These data demonstrate that ligand-mediated targeting can be used as a strategy for drug delivery to the central nervous system and opens the possibility of using the choroid plexus as a portal of entry into the brain.