bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Foundations for Imperative Logic I: Logical Connectives, Consistency, and Quantifiers*
Authors: Vranas Peter B. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractImperatives cannot be true or false, so they are shunned by logicians. And yet imperatives can be combined by logical connectives: “kiss me and hug me” is theconjunctionof “kiss me” with “hug me”. This example may suggest that declarative and imperative logic are isomorphic: just as the conjunction of two declaratives istrueexactly if both conjuncts are true, the conjunction of two imperatives issatisfiedexactly if both conjuncts are satisfied—what more is there to say? Much more, I argue. “If you love me, kiss me”, aconditionalimperative, mixes a declarative antecedent (“you love me”) with an imperative consequent (“kiss me”); it issatisfiedif you love and kiss me,violatedif you love but don't kiss me, andavoidedif you don't love me. So we need a logic ofthree‐valued imperatives whichmixesdeclaratives with imperatives. I develop such a logic.
Frankfurt's Argument against Alternative Possibilities: Looking Beyond the Examples1
Authors: McKenna Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHarry Frankfurt dramatically shaped the debates over freedom and responsibility by arguing that the sort of freedom germane to responsibility does not involve the freedom to do otherwise. His argument turns upon an example meant to disprove the Principle of Alternative Possibilities: A person is morally responsible for what she has done only if she could have done otherwise.Debate over Frankfurt's argument has turned almost exclusively on the success of the example meant to defeat it. But there is more to Frankfurt's argument than the example in question, and this is not widely recognized. Inattention to these other aspects of Frankfurt's argument has distorted the force of it. In this paper I shall explore avenues for both refuting and advancing Frankfurt's argument that look beyond the examples. These further considerations invite us to think in broader terms about moral responsibility's nature and the sort of freedom required for it.
A Third Way in Metaethics
Authors: Schroeter Laura , Schroeter François 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhat does it take to count as competent with the meaning of a thin evaluative predicate like ‘is the right thing to do’? According to minimalists like Allan Gibbard and Ralph Wedgwood, competent speakers must simply use the predicate to express their own motivational states. According to analytic descriptivists like Frank Jackson, Philip Pettit and Christopher Peacocke, competent speakers must grasp a particular criterion for identifying the property picked out by the term. Both approaches face serious difficulties. We suggest that these difficulties derive from a shared background assumption that competence conditions must be explained in terms of a determinate conceptual role. We propose a new way of characterizing competence with evaluative terms: what's required for competence is participation in a shared epistemic practice with a term. Our approach, we argue, better explains the nature of evaluative inquiry and the extent of disagreement about evaluative questions.
Chicken, Eggs, and Speciation1
Authors: Matthen Mohan 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStandard biological and philosophical treatments assume that dramatic genotypic or phenotypic change constitutes instantaneous speciation, and that barring such saltation, speciation is gradual evolutionary change in individual properties. Both propositions appear to be incongruent with standard theoretical perspectives on species themselves, since these perspectives are (a) non‐pheneticist, and (b) tend to disregard intermediate cases. After reviewing certain key elements of such perspectives, it is proposed that species‐membership is mediated by membership in a population. Species‐membership depends, therefore, not on intrinsic characteristics of an organism, but on relationship of an organism to others. A new definition of speciation is proposed in the spirit of this proposal. This definition implies that dramatic change is neither necessary nor sufficient for speciation. It also implies, surprisingly, that an organism can change species during its lifetime.
Why Experience Told Me Nothing about Transparency1
Authors: Molyneux Bernard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe transparency argument concludes that we're directly aware of external properties and not directly aware of the properties of experience. Focusing on the presentation used by Michael Tye (2002) I contend that the argument requires experience to have content that it cannot plausibly have. I attribute the failure to a faulty account of the transparency phenomenon and conclude by suggesting an alternative understanding that is independently plausible, is not an error‐theory and yet renders the transparency of experience compatible with mental‐paint style views.
The Financialization of Urban Redevelopment
Authors: Rutland Ted 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSpurred by the conviction that not only financial capital but also changes in finance and changes in its relations with non‐financial activities have immense and complicated consequences for ongoing processes of urban redevelopment, this article puts the presently separate financialization and urban redevelopment literatures in conversation. The article begins with a review of the financialization literature, outlining and evaluating four different approaches to the topic and seeking to consider what, if anything, they might have to offer to an area of inquiry that has long considered finance to be a central concern. The second section examines how financial capital has been analyzed in the urban redevelopment literature since the pioneering work of David Harvey in the 1970s. The final section examines how financialization has played out in the medium‐sized port city of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Drawing on interviews with financiers and property developments, as well as secondary research materials, the study describes how a recent urban design process in Halifax enlisted urban images and ideas to rewrite development regulations, eliminate popular political involvement in the development approvals process, and lever open the downtown landscape to the whims of worldwide financial markets. The essay concludes that studies of urban redevelopment would indeed gain something by engaging with the financialization literature, so long as the former continue to attend not just to financial capital but also to the material and ideological mechanisms through which property is continually reproduced as a financial asset.
Hydrogeomorphic Processes in Temperate and Tropical Forests: Effects of Land Use and Scale
Authors: Sidle Roy C. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe science of hydrogeomorphology has evolved during the past few decades to include not only the coupling of hydrologic and geomorphic processes but also the spatial and temporal interactions of these processes. Bioclimatic factors play an important role in determining which hydrologic and geomorphic processes dominate in various environments and how these processes evolve and distribute in time and space. Herein, sediment production and transport are discussed as examples of important hydrogeomorphic phenomena at different spatial and temporal scales in the context of climate, forest cover, hydrology, and geomorphic setting. Examples are presented that illustrate the dominant hydrogeomorphic processes in steep (typical slope gradients >30°) humid tropical and temperate forests. Landslides contribute substantial sediment loads to streams, particularly in steep temperate forest terrain; however, the timing between the mass wasting event on the hillslope and the delivery and mobilization of the sediment in the channel can be highly variable. Linkages between surface erosion on hillslopes and sediment response in streams are more direct if connected pathways exist. The connectivity of sediment sources with flow pathways in catchments can be greatly enhanced by land uses (particularly unpaved roads and trails) that compact and disturb soils and redistribute water onto susceptible landforms.
Spatio‐Temporal Attributes of Pandemic and Epidemic Diseases
Authors: Bossak Brian H. , Welford Mark R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractHuman‐to‐human transmissible pandemics, most notably the Medieval Black Death and Spanish Flu of 1918, have historically resulted in the world’s greatest mortality events. Today, as global transportation networks move people rapidly around the world, there are few barriers to emergent diseases. The mystery of the next great pandemic is not if, but rather when and where it will emerge. Therefore, understanding basic epidemiological attributes of infection, and the highly variable matrix of political, economic, and cultural attributes which affect micro‐scale disease transmission, is now more critical than ever. An emergent disease has the capacity to become a deadly global pandemic if optimized for infectivity, lethality, and environmental persistence. Lacking optimization in any one of these broad attributes can lead to a disease that is technically a pandemic with high infectivity, yet exhibits low lethality, such as Swine Flu (H1N1). In addition, a disease could emerge with very high lethality, yet which does not persist in the environment very long outside of a host, nor kills slow enough to allow for a large amount of secondary infections to occur from contact with a primary infected host, similar to the Ebola virus in Sub‐Saharan Africa. The spatial dynamics of emergent diseases is also affected by socioeconomic processes such as the built environment, migration, poverty, race, ethnicity, and gender relationships. Yet even with so many variables present, super‐spreading events, whereby a few infected individuals secondarily infect a high number of susceptible individuals, can rapidly transmit infectious diseases across very heterogeneous spaces. Today’s global social networks and connectivity are leading toward an enhanced potential for pandemic infections and greater disease virulence as a bio‐evolutionary consequence toward pathogenic success.
Climate Change Impacts in Alpine Environments
Authors: Grabherr Georg , Gottfried Michael , Pauli Harald 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlpine ecosystems (alpine tundra) occur at a range of air density, water availability and seasonality worldwide on the treeless high terrain of mountains. They vary along geographic scales: boreal dwarf‐shrub heaths, temperate sedge heaths, subtropical dwarf shrubs and tussock grasslands, and tropical giant forblands. Along local topographic gradients plant cover changes from windswept dwarf‐shrub heath, to dense grass‐sedge heath, to snowbank vegetation. These cold and relatively little exploited alpine ecosystems, nonetheless, are among those where climate warming impacts are forecast to be pronounced and detectable early on. We first review alpine life conditions and organism traits as a background to understanding climate impact related processes. Next, we provide an account of how alpine flora and vegetation have been impacted by recently observed climate change. Finally, a global network for long‐term monitoring of climate‐induced changes of vegetation and biodiversity in alpine environments is described.
Neoliberalism and Geography: Expansions, Variegations, Formations
Authors: Springer Simon 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe pervasiveness of neoliberalism within the field of human geography is remarkable, especially when we consider its virtual absence from the literature less than a decade ago. While the growing attention afforded to neoliberalism among geographers is new, the phenomenon of neoliberalism is not. This paper traces the intellectual history of neoliberalism and its expansions across various institutional frameworks and geographical settings. I review the primary contributions geographers have made to the literature, and specifically their recognition for neoliberalism’s variegations within existing political economic matrixes and institutional frameworks. Contra the prevailing view of neoliberalism as a pure and static end‐state, geographical inquiry illuminates neoliberalism as a dynamic and unfolding process. The concept of ‘neoliberalization’ is thus seen as more appropriate to geographical theorizations insofar as it recognizes neoliberalism’s hybridized and mutated forms as it travels around our world. I also consider some of the most salient ways that neoliberalism has been theorized among human geographers. In particular, I highlight understandings of neoliberalism as a hegemonic ideology, as a policy‐based approach to state reform, and as a particular logic of governmentality, arguing that while there are significant differences between these various formations, it may also be important to work beyond methodological, epistemological, and ontological divides in the larger interest of social justice.
Chinese Spatial Inequalities and Spatial Policies
Authors: Dunford Michael , Li Li 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn the last fifty years Chinese spatial inequalities have expanded in phases of industrial expansion and contracted in phases favourable to agriculture. Since 1985 real per capita disposable income and real per capita expenditure have increased rapidly in all parts of China. The increases were however much greater (i) in areas on the east coast than in the centre, northeast and west creating widening macro‐territorial inequalities, (ii) in some provinces rather than others increasing inter‐provincial inequalities and (iii) in urban areas rather than rural areas. These imbalances have seen the adoption of a succession of policies designed initially to promote a more equilibrated model of co‐ordinated national development and more recently a more sustainable and more equitable development path consistent with the more recent emphasis on the goal of harmonious development. This paper examines the evolution and impact of these trends in inequality and policy initiatives paying attention to a variety of geographical scales.
The Business of Temporary Staffing: A Developing Research Agenda
Authors: Coe Neil M. , Jones Katharine , Ward Kevin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper offers a critical review of the existing literatures on temporary staffing. It argues that while research on both client firm rationales and the experiences and characteristics of temporary agency workers are relatively well advanced, work that explores the temporary staffing industry and its own strategies and expansionary logics is still in its infancy. This is a significant oversight given the increasingly widespread influence of this particular form of labour market intermediary. Grounded in recent work in economic geography, the paper maps a future research agenda.
NGOs in Microfinance: Learning from the Past, Accepting Limitations, and Moving Forward
Authors: Baruah Bipasha 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOver the past three decades, microfinance has become an extremely popular and populist development intervention. The Grameen Bank and its founder, Dr. Muhammad Yunus, were awarded the 2006 Nobel Peace Prize and the Global Microcredit Summit in Halifax, Nova Scotia set itself the goal of lending to 175 million people around the world by 2015. Despite such global enthusiasm, the limitations of microfinance are gradually being acknowledged even by its most vociferous proponents. The vast majority of NGOs in microfinance not only face tremendous challenges in balancing outreach and financial sustainability, but there is also growing evidence of their failure to make an aggregate impact on poverty reduction. At the same time, there is evidence that NGOs can – even without offering credit or savings programs – play extremely important roles in areas such as poverty relief, marketing, enterprise development, innovation, and social intermediation. This article looks at strategies NGOs in microfinance can use to meet their social justice goals without becoming completely seduced by commercial values or being lured away from their major objective of serving the poor. As a development methodology, microfinance is firmly embedded within a neo‐liberal framework that seeks to increase poor people’s access to financial resources without really challenging the entrenched status quo of unequal power relations between different groups of people. The continued popularity of microfinance should not foreclose the possibility of more creative and complex engagement with inequality as well as for more boldly original visions and innovative solutions to promote human dignity and social justice.
More than Visiting Hours: Maintaining Ties Between Incarcerated Mothers and Their Children
Authors: Michalsen Venezia , Flavin Jeanne , Krupat Tanya 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe majority of people in America’s prisons are the parents of minor children. Incarcerated mothers, in particular, were likely to have been a part of their children’s lives before their imprisonment, and most will soon be returning to the community and to their children. Research has shown that it is in the best interests of the mothers and the children to maintain a relationship across the prison bars. In this article, we use the example of New York State to show how institutional policies and structures can impede or encourage efforts to maintain ties between women and their children and why demonstrating support for family ties must extend well beyond having visiting hours.
Social Movements Through the Gender Lens
Authors: Yulia Zemlinskaya 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAlthough it is widely acknowledged that many aspects of social life are gendered, only relatively recently have feminist researchers begun to address the ‘gender blindness’ of the social movement theory. Integrating findings from multiple studies, the article considers how gender affects social movement dynamics. It is argued that gender exerts pervasive influence on every aspect of social movement activities. The patterns of mobilisation, political and cultural opportunities, framing process and intra‐movement dynamics are all gendered. It is argued that although ample evidence demonstrates that protest is gendered, we do not yet know whether there is any general pattern of influence of gender on social movements, a pattern that enables a systematic explanation of the effects of gender on social movement dynamics. In conclusion, I will examine the reasons for this and suggest avenues for research.
Expanding Horizons of Risk in Criminology
Authors: Anderson Leon , Brown Michelle 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFew topics in the social sciences have witnessed as dramatic an increase in scholarly attention over the past two decades as the topic of risk. In this essay we examine sociological approaches to risk in criminological research and theory. After briefly describing the concept of risk in classical and neoclassical criminology, we turn our attention to three emerging social science perspectives on risk, those associated with the scholarship on risk society, edgework, and governmentality. We examine the new directions that these emerging ``risk paradigms'' open for criminological theory and research, including new perspectives on the motivation for criminal risk‐taking, the organization of policing and criminal justice systems, and public and political responses to crime. We conclude by reviewing critiques of the scholarship associated with the new risk paradigms and by suggesting promising future directions for criminological research seeking to advance these perspectives.
Under One Roof: A Review of Research on Intergenerational Coresidence and Multigenerational Households in the United States
Authors: Keene Jennifer Reid , Batson Christie D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractWhat motivates adult children, parents, and even grandchildren to live together? To answer this question, we review the sociological and social gerontological research on multigenerational households and families. We first provide a snapshot of multigenerational coresidence in the US and then discuss the primary theoretical perspectives used to explain these patterns: exchange theory, altruism, and norms and obligations. Structural conditions including economic crises tend to facilitate adult children moving in with parents (often with dependent children in tow), while spousal loss and declining health act as catalysts for parents moving in with adult children. Furthermore, economic struggles often facilitate the formation of grandparent‐headed families where the middle generation parents may or may not be present. We suggest that the current economic recession and housing crises will have profound effects on multigenerational households and may also encourage more coresidence. Changes in social welfare policies, increases in coresident grandparenting, and changes in the racial and ethnic composition of the US also have implications for multigenerational households’ economic and social security.
Family Genealogy: A Sociological Imagination Reveals Intersectional Relations
Authors: Hackstaff Karla B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article depicts everyday family genealogy as a vehicle for the sociological imagination that links personal biography to social–historical contexts across generations. As genealogists construct current from past identities, they engage a sociological imagination that potentially enables them to grasp how intersectionality – gender, race, ethnic, sexuality, nation, class, and age relations – is articulated through history. The key aims here are: (1) to provide background conditions behind the growth of genealogy; (2) to reveal how doing and studying family genealogy engages a sociological imagination that can be a vehicle for perceiving theintersectionalunderpinnings of social memories. Genealogy can be seen as a political practice where race‐class‐gender within social memories can contribute to diverse stories from new standpoints in American history.