bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identity priming in the recognition of familiar faces
Authors: Bruce Vicki , Valentine Tim 
Published: April 2011

Morton (1969) proposed that word recognition is mediated by logogens ‐ threshold devices whose thresholds would be lowered after ‘firing’ and only slowly return to near their original levels. Extension and revision of the original logogen model has occurred in response to results obtained in experiments which examine the effect of previous exposure to an item on later recognition thresholds. On the basis of results obtained in such identity priming studies, Warren & Morton (1982) argued that picture recognition might be mediated by pictogens ‐ threshold devices which respond when any picture of an object is seen. Warren & Morton found that recognition of a pictured object was facilitated by earlier exposure to the same or a different picture of the object, but was not facilitated by earlier exposure to the object's name.Recently, several authors have suggested that face recognition might be mediated by units somewhat analogous to logogens or pictogens. In order to explore this analogy, Warren & Morton's procedure of identity priming in picture recognition was adopted to examine identity priming in the recognition of famous faces. When the recognition test involved naming a celebrity's face, identity priming was obtained from prior exposure to the celebrity's name, a different picture or the same picture as that used in the test. If the procedure was modified so that subsequent recognition did not require retrieval of the name, a pattern consistent with the word and picture recognition literature was found. Prior exposure to either a different or the same picture produced a priming effect but prior exposure to the celebrity's name did not. These results are generally consistent with the hypothesis of face recognition units. Differences between face recognition units and pictogens are also discussed.
The development of reading: As you seek so shall you find
Authors: Ellis Nick , Large Barbara 
Published: April 2011

In this paper we critically examine different methods of investigation of reading development and reading disability. We argue that there is need for longitudinal studies of reading where a differential design allows assessment of the relative degree of involvement of associated skills. We then describe one study of this type. The results chart the development of children who become skilled readers and of those with generalized or specific reading disability. They also demonstrate the crucial effects of decisions regarding subject matching, test design, and measurement of differential abilities on the outcomes of such investigations.A cohort of 40 children was assessed for their abilities on 44 variables which involved reading, spelling, vocabulary, short‐term memory (STM), visual skills, auditory‐visual integration, language knowledge, rote knowledge and ordering ability as they developed from five to eight years old. Three groups were extracted at age eight on the basis of reading and IQ scores. Group A showed a relatively specific reading disability (high IQ, low reading), Group B were good readers of similarly high IQ, Group C showed a more generalized reading deficit whereby they were at the same level as Group A in reading but their IQ scores were low. The data were then searched retrospectively to describe the development of these patterns of ability from the very beginnings of reading acquisition.The children with specific reading retardation differed from their better‐reading peers in terms of relatively few variables which concerned phonological segmentation, STM and naming. The children with generalized reading disability differed from their better‐reading peers in almost every respect, but the strong discriminators concerned phonological processing. The children with specific reading disability differed from those with generalized reading disability in terms of abilities which involve visual processing.Thes patterns of ability were replicated at each age from five to seven years old.
Measurement scales and statistics: What can significance tests tell us about the world?
Authors: MacRae A. W. 
Published: April 2011

A debate has continued for more than forty years about the kinds of significance test that can legitimately be performed. One tradition declares that when the data are measured on an ordinal scale, parametric statistics should not be used. The other maintains that only mathematical characteristics of the numbers have to be satisfied in order to justify parametric methods. Two errors in particular have made consensus difficult to reach.Firstly, some writers fail to distinguish between statistical treatment of the data, considered merely as numbers, and the use of numerical results to justify statements about the world. Secondly, statistical significance is sometimes treated as a property of the world or of the data whereas in fact it is a numerical answer to one question out of many alternative questions that might be asked about the data. Each such question has a different, correct answer. These errors often lead to misinterpretation of what classical significance tests actually tell us about the world.If each null hypothesis is framed so as to include any necessary presuppositions of the statistical technique used, the inferences that follow from its rejection, or from a failure to reject it, become much clearer. Doing so also clarifies the interpretation to be made when different tests yield different results.
The ‘reverse‐generation’ effect: A comparison of memory performance between blind and sighted children
Authors: Pring L. 
Published: April 2011

Three studies are reported which investigate word priming and memory in congenitally blind and sighted children. Two conditions were of particular interest, a neutral condition, where children read aloud or repeated a word, and a generate condition, where children supplied a target word to a close semantic associate given as a cue. Later, memory for those items was tested and although the two groups did not differ in overall performance a marked interaction across group and condition was noted. The sighted children showed a significant ‘generation’ effect (Slamecka & Graf, 1978), where active involvement in a word task led to increased memory. In contrast, the congenitally blind remembered relatively less material when active participation was required, showing a ‘reverse‐generation’ effect.The results are discussed with reference to the effect on memory of data and conceptually driven processing in the study phase. It is tentatively suggested that the congenitally blind may show different learning strategies from the sighted as a result of allocating more attention to sensory information processing.
Do older people know how good they are?
Authors: Rabbitt Patrick , Abson Vicki 
Published: April 2011

Information and procedures that have been overlearned during a lifetime form a body of ‘crystallized’ intelligence that is relatively unaffected by ageing. Thus in spite of marked decrements in their ‘fluid’ memory abilities it is possible that older people may retain knowledge about the limitations and characteristics of their own memory (‘metamemory’). To test whether efficiency of metamemory is, indeed, independent of age‐related decline in fluid intelligence, 320 people aged from 50 to 79 years were asked to predict their probable performance on four simple memory tasks which had been carefully explained to them. They then experienced the tasks and their predictions were compared with their actual performances.Actual task performance was modestly predicted by chronological age and by AH 4 and Mill Hill IQ test scores but not by subjective self‐ratings of everyday memory and cognitive efficiency (the Broadbent CFQ, and the Sunderland & Harris MQ). The data suggest that absolute levels of prediction of performance were associated with self‐confidence and were best predicted by scores on the Beck depression scale and by fluid IQ test scores. There was also evidence that individuals with higher test scores gave more accurate as well as more optimistic predictions of their own abilities. Taken together these results suggest that the accuracy of individuals' assessments of their own abilities does alter with age‐related changes in fluid IQ, but probably more radically by age‐related changes in self‐regard and in life‐style.
William James's The Principles of Psychology: ‘A seemingly inexhaustible source of ideas’
Authors: Valentine Elizabeth R. 
Published: April 2011

Selected topics from The Principles of Psychology are evaluated in the light of current psychological knowledge. It is argued that James's main contribution lies in his acute observation of experience, resulting in the framing of searching questions about fundamental problems, and that many of his insights have inspired recent work. This is illustrated with reference to his chapters on the will, attention and emotion. The main advances since his time have been in the reformulation of his ideas in information‐processing terms, enabling their empirical testing in laboratory experiments, computer simulation and neuropsychology.James' Principles is without question the most literate, the most provocative, and at the same time the most intelligible book on psychology that has ever appeared in English or in any other language … Part of James' genius was his ability to recognize a fundamental problem, to formulate it clearly, to marshall the available facts and theories, and then to throw it back to the reader, cleaned and polished, as a challenge to his curiosity … If ever there was a man who knew how to ask searching questions, it was William James (MacLeod, 1969, p. v.).
Children read affixed words and non‐words
Authors: Laxon Veronica , Rickard Mary , Coltheart Veronika 
Published: April 2011

Children aged seven, eight and nine, subdivided according to reading ability were asked to read affixed words and non‐words ending in ‐ed and ‐er morphemes. There was evidence that the performance of these young children was comparable with Taft's (1985) account of skilled reading which suggests that morphologically complex items are decomposed and this facilitates reading in children. Both better and poorer readers read affixed words more accurately than pseudo‐affixed words, and affixed words significantly better than non‐words with a word stem; all readers were better at reading non‐words with a word as opposed to a non‐word stem.The most notable finding was that words and non‐words ending in ‐er were read more accurately than those ending in ‐ed and adult word reading latencies showed no difference between the two types of ending. This is not straightforwardly explained by decomposition in Taft's (1985) terms, age of acquisition, affix frequency, or by any simplistic recourse to surface and/or base frequency. It is suggested that the explanation lies in the inconsistent pronunciation of the ‐ed ending, and that the syntactic rules for generating affixes need to be augmented by phonological rules in order to explain naming data in children. There was evidence that these children were in a transitional stage between a lexicon which is decomposed and one which is not, and that the lexicon becomes progressively decomposed as suggested by Taft (1985) and Seymour (1987).
Annett's theory that individuals heterozygous for the right shift gene are intellectually advantaged: Theoretical and empirical problems
Authors: McManus I. C. , Shergill S. , Bryden M. P. 
Published: April 2011

Annett & Manning (1989; 1990a,b) have proposed that left‐handedness is maintained by a balanced polymorphism, whereby the rs+/‐ heterozygote manifests increased intellectual ability compared with the rs‐/‐ and rs+/+ homozygotes. In this paper we demonstrate that Annett's method of dividing subjects into putative genotypes does not allow the rs+/‐ genotype to be compared with the rs‐/‐ genotype within handedness groups. Our alternative method does allow heterozygous right‐handers to be compared both with rs+/+ and rs‐/‐ homozygotes. Using this method in undergraduates we find no evidence that supposed heterozygotes are relatively more intellectually able than homozygotes on tests of verbal IQ, spatial IQ, diagrammatic IQ or vocabulary.Theoretical analysis of the balanced polymorphism hypothesis reveals additional limitations. Although estimation of the size of the heterozygote advantage suggests that it must be very large (21 or 45 IQ points) to explain the effects found by Annett & Manning, it nevertheless must be very small (3.4 IQ points) to be compatible with the known differences between right‐ and left‐handers in social class and intelligence. Moreover power analysis shows that the latter effect size is too small for Annett & Manning to have found effects in their studies. Additional power analyses show that studies looking for effects in groups of high intellectual ability, such as university students, are incapable of finding significant results, despite Annett claiming such effects.If the Annett & Manning paradigm does demonstrate differences in intellectual ability related to skill asymmetry then those differences are unlikely to result from a balanced polymorphism, but instead probably reflect motivational or other differences between right‐handers of high and low degrees of laterality.
A connectionist model of alexia: Covert recognition and case mixing effects
Authors: Mayall Kate , Humphreys Glyn 
Published: April 2011

A connectionist model was developed to simulate the production of phonological, semantic and orthographic lexical representations from an orthographic input code. When lesioned, the network displayed many of the characteristics of the neurological disorder, pure alexia. These included: greater accuracy in the recognition of letters compared to words, and (in some cases) spared semantic categorization and lexical decision ability relative to naming. Performance was superior for high relative to low frequency words and (for some lesions) for ‘high imageability’ words with more semantic referents. Similar to alexic patients, errors in the model tended to be visually rather than semantically related to target words and disrupted input had a greater effect on naming than on lexical decision performance. There were also tendencies apparent in the model which have not so far been reported for alexic patients but are found in other neurological patients, including category specificity effects and superior performance on superordinate relative to subordinate semantic categorization.Noise was added to the input units of the unlesioned and lesioned model in an attempt to simulate case mixing effects on both normal and alexic reading. The unlesioned model demonstrated similar effects to normal readers with mixed case stimuli (Besner & McCann, 1987; Mayall & Humphreys, 1996). Further, effects on the lesioned model were comparable to those found with alexic patients (Bub & Arguin, 1995; Mayall & Humphreys, submitted).The similarity of the performance characteristics of the model to those of pure alexic patients suggests that the architectures of the modelled and the human reading system encompass common properties, and that covert recognition in pure alexia can be attributed to the architecture of the word processing system.
Histopathologic Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in the 21st Century
Authors: Guarner Jeannette , Brandt Mary E. 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARYFungal infections are becoming more frequent because of expansion of at-risk populations and the use of treatment modalities that permit longer survival of these patients. Because histopathologic examination of tissues detects fungal invasion of tissues and vessels as well as the host reaction to the fungus, it is and will remain an important tool to define the diagnostic significance of positive culture isolates or results from PCR testing. However, there are very few instances where the morphological characteristics of fungi are specific. Therefore, histopathologic diagnosis should be primarily descriptive of the fungus and should include the presence or absence of tissue invasion and the host reaction to the infection. The pathology report should also include a comment stating the most frequent fungi associated with that morphology as well as other possible fungi and parasites that should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Alternate techniques have been used to determine the specific agent present in the histopathologic specimen, including immunohistochemistry,in situhybridization, and PCR. In addition, techniques such as laser microdissection will be useful to detect the now more frequently recognized dual fungal infections and the local environment in which this phenomenon occurs.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in Resource-Poor Countries: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Parsons Linda M. , Somoskövi Ákos , Gutierrez Cristina , Lee Evan , Paramasivan C. N. , Abimiku Alash'le , Spector Steven , Roscigno Giorgio , Nkengasong John 
Published: April 2011

SUMMARY
With an estimated 9.4 million new cases globally, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a major public health concern. Eighty percent of all cases worldwide occur in 22 high-burden, mainly resource-poor settings. This devastating impact of tuberculosis on vulnerable populations is also driven by its deadly synergy with HIV. Therefore, building capacity and enhancing universal access to rapid and accurate laboratory diagnostics are necessary to control TB and HIV-TB coinfections in resource-limited countries. The present review describes several new and established methods as well as the issues and challenges associated with implementing quality tuberculosis laboratory services in such countries. Recently, the WHO has endorsed some of these novel methods, and they have been made available at discounted prices for procurement by the public health sector of high-burden countries. In addition, international and national laboratory partners and donors are currently evaluating other new diagnostics that will allow further and more rapid testing in point-of-care settings. While some techniques are simple, others have complex requirements, and therefore, it is important to carefully determine how to link these new tests and incorporate them within a country's national diagnostic algorithm. Finally, the successful implementation of these methods is dependent on key partnerships in the international laboratory community and ensuring that adequate quality assurance programs are inherent in each country's laboratory network.
Economic impact of fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries in Guadalajara Metropolitan Area and Jalisco, Mexico
Authors: Pérez-Núñez Ricardo , Ávila-Burgos Leticia , Híjar-Medina Martha , Pelcastre-Villafuerte Blanca , Celis Alfredo , Salinas-Rodríguez Aarón 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveTo estimate the economic cost of fatal and non-fatal road traffic injuries (RTI) in Guadalajara metropolitan area (GMA) and Jalisco, Mexico during 2007.Materials and methodsUsing an incidence-based cost of illness analysis from a household perspective employing a bottom-up approach all direct medical and non-medical costs, and indirect costs were estimated for a sample of RTI people who sought care during 1 month in four different medical facilities. Individuals were surveyed just before discharge from emergency rooms (ER) and hospitalisation services. Hospitalised individuals were followed up at 8 weeks after discharge. Productivity loss was estimated with the human capital approach. Using estimated costs and administrative records of mortality and morbidity, the economic costs were dimensioned for GMA and for Jalisco. A multivariate and probabilistic sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate variations resulting from assumptions used.Results297 injured were included in the study, 20% were hospitalised and 237 only received care at ER. A total cost of US$21 190 was estimated in all injured receiving care at ER and $83 309 for those hospitalised. Direct cost represents more than 30% of reported income in 8% of the ER users and 80% of hospitalised. Total economic cost was US$329 061 813 for GMA (discount rate of 3%), nearly 51% of the state total (US$650 908 924 or 1.3% of State GNP).ConclusionsThis estimation shows the high cost (both, direct and indirect) RTI impose in households affecting their economy and leading families to lose wealth assets, get in debt or impoverished.
Review of the long-term disability associated with hip fractures
Authors: Bertram Melanie , Norman Rosana , Kemp Linda , Vos Theo 
Published: April 2011

ObjectivesTo determine the proportion of hip fracture patients who experience long-term disability and to re-estimate the resulting burden of disease associated with hip fractures in Australia in 2003.MethodsA literature review of the functional outcome following a hip fracture (keywords: morbidity, treatment outcome, disability, quality of life, recovery of function, hip fractures, and femoral neck fractures) was carried out using PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE.ResultsA range of scales and outcome measures are used to evaluate recovery following a hip fracture. Based on the available evidence on restrictions in activities of daily living, 29% of hip fracture cases in the elderly do not reach their pre-fracture levels 1 year post-fracture. Those who do recover tend to reach their pre-fracture levels of functioning at around 6 months. These new assumptions result in 8251 years lived with disability for hip fractures in Australia in 2003, a 4.5-fold increase compared with the previous calculation based on Global Burden of Disease assumptions that only 5% of hip fractures lead to long-term disability and that the duration of short-term disability is just 51 days.ConclusionsThe original assumptions used in burden of disease studies grossly underestimate the long-term disability from hip fractures. The long-term consequences of other injuries may similarly have been underestimated and need to be re-examined. This has important implications for modelling the cost-effectiveness of preventive interventions where disability-adjusted life years are used as a measure of health outcome.
Participation of bile ductular cells in the pathological progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Chiba Mayumi , Sasaki Motoko , Kitamura Seiko , Ikeda Hiroko , Sato Yasunori , Nakanuma Yasuni 
Published: April 2011

AimsNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of pathological conditions, ranging from simple steatosis to hepatic fibrosis with progression to cirrhosis. While activated hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are known to be involved in intralobular, perisinuosidal fibrosis, the mechanisms of portal and bridging fibrosis remain speculative. This study investigated the roles of bile ductules in portal and septal fibrosis.Methods48 liver biopsies were obtained from NAFLD patients. These cases were divided into four stages according to the Brunt classification.ResultsBile ductules positive for CK19 were increased along with the progression of staging and fibrosis of NAFLD, and the increased bile ductules were associated with portal inflammation and fibrosis. The cellular senescence marker; p16INK4aand p21WAF1/Cip1-positive bile ductular cells were increased in stages 3 and 4. Such senescent bile ductules frequently express chemotactic protein, CCL2 (MCP-1), which may be responsible for chemoattraction of activated HSC around the bile ductules in portal and septal fibrosis and for portal inflammation. The migration of cultured mouse HSC was significantly facilitated in the presence of cultured senescent mouse biliary epithelial cells (BEC), and this migration was mediated by CCL2 secreted from senescent cultured BEC. Small spindle-like cells positive for CK7 alone in the hepatic parenchyma in the advanced stage seem to differentiate to periportal bile ductular cells positive for CK19 and CK7.ConclusionsIt seems possible that increased bile ductules expressing cellular senescence markers and chemokines are at least partly involved in the progressive portal and bridging fibrosis in NAFLD.