bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract B93: Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of childhood Burkitt's lymphoma in the Uganda Cancer Institute
Authors: Weiderpass Elisabete , Orem Jackson 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Introduction: Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), the most common type of childhood cancer in Africa, is a major cause of cancer death among Ugandan children. We conducted a study about trends in the clinical characteristics and outcome of childhood BL over time in the Uganda Cancer Institute (UCI).
Subjects and methods: Medical records of individuals with BL aged less than 18 years admitted to the UCI between 1985 and 2005 were reviewed. The study period was divided into the following periods of diagnosis: 1985–1990, 1991–1995, 1996–2000, and 2001–2005.
Results: Of the 1,237 medical records of children with BL obtained from UCI patient registers, 1,217 had sufficient recorded information and could be included in our study: 766 (62.94%) boys and 451 (37.60%) girls; the mean age at diagnosis was 6.69 years. There were no significant changes in the proportion of boys and girls diagnosed, nor in the mean age at diagnosis throughout the study period. The most common tumor presentations were facial tumor (77.65%), abdominal disease (69.19%), systemic presentation with generalized lymphadenopathy (42.07%), and hepatic mass (37.80%). Presentation with hepatic mass (p=0.001) and malignant pleocytosis (p&lt;0.001) increased during the study period, whereas other tumor presentations remained similar. Most children presented with stage C (32.12%) or D (26.67%) BL, and there was an increase in the proportion of children presenting with advanced-stage BL during the study period (p=0.005). Overall 89.97% of children in the present study received at least one cycle of chemotherapy, and overall remission was observed in 75.71% of them. The most common symptoms at BL diagnosis were fever (51.03%), anemia (48.73%), and weight loss (48.32%). Significant increases in the proportion of children presenting with fever were observed during the study period (p=0.007), as well as significant changes in the proportion of children presenting with anemia, night sweats (p&lt;0.001 each) and severe infection (p=0.002) between periods of diagnosis. HIV positivity was 3.87%, and no substantial differences in the proportion of children who where HIV positive were revealed in different periods of diagnosis (p=0.205). Five-year mortality was not significantly different during the study period.
Conclusions: Mortality was similar in boys and girls, but higher in older children with BL compared to younger ones. Mortality was lower in children who presented with facial tumors compared to other tumor presentations, and higher in those presenting with advanced-stage BL and HIV-positive children. Mortality was substantially lower among those who received chemotherapy.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):B93.
Abstract CN08-03: Oncogenic stress regulates sensitivity of tumor cells to elimination by natural killer cells and T cells
Authors: Raulet David H. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell receptors regulate the capacity of NK cells and in some cases T cells to attack tumor cells and infected cells. Cancer cells become susceptible to NK cells by up-regulating stimulatory ligands, such as the Raet1/Mult1/H60/ULBP/MICA families of proteins recognized by the NKG2D receptor. This presentation will discuss the role of activating receptors such as NKG2D in tumor surveillance in vivo and the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways responsible for induction of NKG2D ligands in cancer cells and their relationship to major pathways regulating tumorigenesis. Evidence will be presented that tumor associated stress pathways induce NKG2D ligands by acting at distinct levels of biogenesis (transcription, mRNA stabilization, protein stabilization). The role of NKG2D recognition in mobilizing lymphocytes against tumors in vivo will be discussed.
Supported by grants from NCI, NIAID and Prostate Cancer Foundation.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):CN08-03.
Abstract ED01-01: Cell imaging at the nanoscale: Detecting nuclear chromatin alterations in field carcinogenesis
Authors: Backman Vadim 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Although compelling evidence suggests that cellular nanoarchitecture and nanoscale environment where molecular interactions take place would be expected to significantly affect macromolecular processes, biological ramifications of cellular nanoscale organization have been largely unexplored. This understanding has been hampered in part by the diffraction limited resolution of optical microscopy. The talk will discuss a novel optical microscopy technique, partial wave spectroscopic (PWS) microscopy that is capable of quantifying statistical properties of cell structure at the nanoscale. Animal and human studies demonstrated that an alteration in the statistical properties of the nanoscale mass density distribution in the cell nucleus (e.g. nuclear nanoarchitecture) is one of the earliest and ubiquitous events in carcinogenesis and precedes any other known morphological changes at larger length scales (e.g. microarchitecture). This appears to be a general event in carcinogenesis, which is supported by our data in five types of cancer: colon, pancreatic, lung, esophageal and ovarian cancers.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):ED01-01.
Abstract ED02-01: Prevention of cancer in patients and survivors: Epidemiology of survivorship, late effects burden, setting the stage
Authors: Ganz Patricia A. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
There are almost 12 million cancer survivors in the US today, and this number will increase dramatically with the aging of the population. The first baby-boomers turned 65 years old in 2011 and their generation will be diagnosed with common age-related malignancies such as breast, colorectal and prostate cancers. The vast majority of these individuals will have disease detected through screening, and thus can expect long-term survival; however, in addition, the presence of comorbid condition such as hypertension, diabetes, arthritis, and cardiopulmonary disease may synergistically affect their function and outcomes after cancer treatment. In addition, pre-existing comorbid conditions may influence the choice of cancer directed therapies. Obesity and physical inactivity increase with aging and may predispose to the initial cancer diagnosis, as well as second cancers. This talk will focus on the clinical epidemiology of cancer survivorship, and the set the stage for the other talks in this session. We will use this opportunity to address cancer prevention strategies in cancer survivors who are a high risk population, vulnerable for second cancers and other late effects of cancer treatment.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):ED02-01.
Abstract PL02-01: Energy balance and cancer prevention: Mechanistic insights from mutant mice
Authors: Hursting Stephen David 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The prevalence of obesity, an established risk and progression factor for many cancers, has risen steadily during the past several decades in the US and many other countries. Unfortunately, the mechanisms underlying the obesity and cancer connection are not well understood, and new targets and strategies for offsetting the impact of obesity on cancer risk are urgently needed. Calorie restriction (CR), the most commonly recommended dietary strategy for preventing or reversing obesity, inhibits spontaneous, transplanted and chemically induced tumors in a variety of animal models. In contrast, diet-induced obesity enhances tumorigenesis in many of these same models. We demonstrated in a series of transgenic mouse model systems and microarray studies that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 pathway appears central to many of the anticancer effects of CR and procancer effects of obesity. Using AZIP/F1 transgenic mice (which lack white adipose tissue but have high levels of insulin, IGF-1 and inflammatory markers), and liver-specific IGF-1-deficient mice, we showed that components of the IGF-1 and inflammatory pathways (independent of the adipose tissue per se) are important targets for disrupting the obesity-cancer link. Also, genetic or pharmacologic (rapamaycin, metformin) inhibition of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in murine models of breast, skin and pancreatic cancer blocks the effects of obesity on tumor development and progression. We are currently conducting parallel studies in high-risk human subjects and relevant animal models to further elucidate underlying mechanisms, biomarkers, and effective interventions for offsetting the effects of obesity on cancer.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):PL02-01.
Abstract PL03-01: Smoking cessation: An imperative for cancer patients and survivors
Authors: Gritz Ellen R. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Tobacco use — smoked or smokeless — is now recognized as having serious adverse effects on cancer treatment, outcome and quality of life, in addition to its causal role in cancer etiology. Further, nicotine itself has been shown to interfere with the anti-apoptotic effects of some chemotherapeutic agents. Two major thrusts are imperative for research and clinical efforts:To further document the adverse effects of tobacco use through systematic efforts in all clinical trials, by incorporating assessments at every patient visit; andTo incorporate tobacco cessation treatment as a routine, mandatory aspect of patient care.
Efforts to achieve these goals will be described, as well as an overview of current tobacco cessation programs targeted to oncology patients.
Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2011;4(10 Suppl):PL03-01.
Steady-State Large-Eddy Simulations to Study the Stratocumulus to Shallow Cumulus Cloud Transition
Authors: Chung D. , Matheou G. , Teixeira J. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This study presents a series of steady-state large-eddy simulations (LESs) to study the stratocumulus to shallow cumulus cloud transition. To represent the different stages of what can be interpreted as an Eulerian view of the transition, each simulation is assigned a unique sea surface temperature (SST) and run until statistically steady. The LES runs are identical in every other aspect. These idealized boundary-driven steady-state LESs allow for a simple parametric assessment of cloud-controlling factors in isolation from initial conditions and time-lag effects inherent in the Lagrangian view of the transition. The analysis of the thermodynamic energy budget reveals that, as the cloud regime transitions from stratocumulus to shallow cumulus, changes in the cloud radiative cooling term are balanced by changes in the subsidence warming term. This leads to a linear regression between the cloud fraction (CF) and an integral that scales, to a first-order approximation, as the lower-tropospheric stability (LTS). The study also considers the response of the boundary layer to a step change in SST that triggers the transition from stratocumulus to shallow cumulus. An examination of the time-lag conditional average centered on events when cumulus thermals are penetrating the stratocumulus deck suggests that the net effect of cumulus thermals in the transition is not to dry the stratocumulus deck but rather to moisten it. It is shown that the Gaussian probability density function (pdf) model of Sommeria and Deardorff describes the evolution of CF well during this step-change transition, suggesting that the systematic decrease in cloud cover is essentially associated with the mean drying of the air just below the cloud top.
On the Intermittency of Gravity Wave Momentum Flux in the Stratosphere
Authors: Hertzog Albert , Alexander M. Joan , Plougonven Riwal 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn this article, long-duration balloon and spaceborne observations, and mesoscale numerical simulations are used to study the intermittency of gravity waves in the lower stratosphere above Antarctica and the Southern Ocean; namely, the characteristics of the gravity wave momentum-flux probability density functions (pdfs) obtained with these three datasets are described. The pdfs consistently exhibit long tails associated with the occurrence of rare and large-amplitude events. The pdf tails are even longer above mountains than above oceanic areas, which is in agreement with previous studies of gravity wave intermittency in this region. It is moreover found that these rare, large-amplitude events represent the main contribution to the total momentum flux during the winter regime of the stratospheric circulation. In contrast, the wave intermittency significantly decreases when stratospheric easterlies develop in late spring and summer. It is also shown that, except above mountainous areas in winter, the momentum-flux pdfs tend to behave like lognormal distributions. Monte Carlo simulations are undertaken to examine the role played by critical levels in influencing the shape of momentum-flux pdfs. In particular, the study finds that the lognormal shape may result from the propagation of a wave spectrum into a varying background wind field that generates the occurrence of frequent critical levels.
Comments on “Reconstruction of the Extratropical NH Mean Temperature over the Last Millennium with a Method That Preserves Low-Frequency Variability”
Authors: Moberg Anders 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Christiansen and Ljungqvist have presented an extratropical NH temperature reconstruction using a method (LOC) that they claim “preserves” low-frequency variability, at the expense of exaggerated high-frequency variability. Using theoretical arguments and a pseudoproxy experiment, it is demonstrated here that the LOC method is not guaranteed to preserve variability at any frequency. Rather, LOC reconstructions will have more variance than true large-scale temperature averages at all frequencies. This variance inflation, however, can be negligible at those frequencies where the noise variance in individual proxies is small enough to be effectively cancelled when computing an average over the available proxies. Because the proxy noise variance at low frequencies cannot be directly estimated, and thus has to be regarded as unknown, it is safer to regard a reconstruction with the LOC method as providing an estimate of the upper bound of the large-scale low-frequency temperature variability rather than one with a correct estimate of this variance.
The Shift of the Northern Node of the NAO and Cyclonic Rossby Wave Breaking
Authors: Wang Yi-Hui , Magnusdottir Gudrun 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Several studies have found an eastward shift in the northern node of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) during the winters of 1978–97 compared to 1958–77. This study focuses on the connection between this shift of the northern node of the NAO and Rossby wave breaking (RWB) for the period 1958–97. It is found that the region of frequent cyclonic RWB underwent a northeastward shift at high latitudes in the latter 20-yr period. On a year-to-year basis, the cyclonic RWB region moves along a southwest–northeast (SW–NE)-directed axis. Both latitude and longitude of the winter maximum frequency of cyclonic RWB occurrence are positively correlated with the NAO index.
To investigate the role of location of cyclonic RWB in influencing the NAO pattern, the geographical location of frequent cyclonic RWB is divided into two subdomains located along the SW–NE axis, to the south (SW domain) and east (NE domain) of Greenland. Two composites are assembled as one cyclonic RWB occurrence is detected in one of the two subdomains in 6-hourly instantaneous data. The forcing of the mean flow due to cyclonic RWB within individual subdomains is found to be locally restricted to where the breaking occurs, which is usually near the jet exit region and far removed from the jet core. The difference in the jet between the NE and SW composites resembles the difference in the mean jet between the 1978–97 and 1958–77 periods, which suggests that the change in cyclonic RWB occurrence in the two subdomains is associated with the wobbling of the jet on the decadal time scale.
Transient Evolution of Langmuir Turbulence in Ocean Boundary Layers Driven by Hurricane Winds and Waves
Authors: Sullivan Peter P. , Romero Leonel , McWilliams James C. , Melville W. Kendall 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A large-eddy simulation (LES) model, which adopts wave-averaged equations with vortex force, is used to investigate Langmuir turbulence and ocean boundary layer (OBL) dynamics in high-wind hurricane conditions. The temporally evolving spatially asymmetric wind and wave Stokes drift velocity imposed in the LES are generated by a spectral wave prediction model adapted to Hurricane Frances traveling at a speed of 5.5 m s−1. The potency of Langmuir turbulence depends on the turbulent Langmuir number, the wind–Stokes drift alignment, and the depth scale of the Stokes profile Ds relative to the OBL depth h. At the time of maximum winds, large-scale vigorous coherent cells develop on the right-hand side of the storm under the inertially rotating winds; the Stokes drift velocity is well tuned to the surface winds. Much weaker cells develop on the left-hand side of the storm, partly because of reduced Stokes production. With misaligned winds and waves the vertical momentum fluxes can be counter to the gradient of Stokes drift, and the cell orientation tracks the direction of the mean Lagrangian shear. The entrainment flux is increased by 20% and the sea surface temperature is 0.25 K cooler on the right-hand side of the storm in the presence of Langmuir turbulence. Wave effects impact entrainment when the ratio Ds/|h| &gt; 0.75. Because of wind–wave asymmetry Langmuir cells add quantitatively to the left–right asymmetry already understood for hurricanes due to resonance. And the transient evolution of the OBL cannot be understood simply in terms of equilibrium snapshots.
Vertical Air Motion Retrieved from Dual-Frequency Profiler Observations
Authors: Williams Christopher R. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The 50-MHz profiler operating near Darwin, Northwest Territory, Australia, is sensitive to both turbulent clear-air (Bragg) and hydrometeor (Rayleigh) scattering processes. Below the radar bright band, the two scattering peaks are observed as two well-separated peaks in the Doppler velocity spectra. The Bragg scattering peak corresponds to the vertical air motion and the Rayleigh scattering peak corresponds to the hydrometeor motion. Within the radar bright band, the Rayleigh scattering peak intensity increases and the downward velocity decreases causing the hydrometeor peak to overlap or merge with the air motion peak. If the overlap of the two peaks is not taken into account, then the vertical air motion estimate will be biased downward. This study describes a filtering procedure that identifies and removes the downward bias in vertical air motions caused by hydrometeor contamination. This procedure uses a second collocated profiler sensitive to hydrometeor motion to identify contamination in the 50-MHz profiler spectra. When applied to four rain events during the Tropical Warm Pool-International Cloud Experiment (TPW-ICE), this dual-frequency filtering method showed that approximately 50% of the single-frequency method vertical air motion estimates within the radar bright band were biased downward due to hydrometeor contamination.
Oceanographic Field Estimates from Remote Sensing and Glider Fleets
Authors: Alvarez A. , Mourre B. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
This work investigates the merging of temperature observations from a glider fleet and remote sensing, based on a field experiment conducted in an extended coastal region offshore La Spezia, Italy, in August 2010. Functional optimal interpolation and spline formalisms are used to integrate temperature profiles from a fleet of three gliders with remotely sensed sea surface temperature into a volumetric thermal field estimate. Independent measurements from a towed ScanFish vehicle are used for validation. Results indicate that the optimal interpolation approach performs better than the spline model at and above the thermocline depth as long as anisotropic covariances computed from the remote sensing data are used. Below the thermocline, the two merging techniques give similar performance.
The West Coast Thermal Trough: Climatology and Synoptic Evolution
Authors: Brewer Matthew C. , Mass Clifford F. , Potter Brian E. 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Although the West Coast thermal trough (WCTT) is the most important mesoscale feature over the U.S. west coast during the warm season, its initiation, evolution, and structure are not well understood. Originating in the southwest United States, this inverted trough can extend northward into Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, with large impacts on temperature, wind, humidity, and air quality.
Using NCEP’s North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), annual and diurnal climatologies of WCTTs reaching the northwest United States were constructed. For the entire year, WCTTs are most frequent along the coast near the California–Oregon border, with weaker maxima west of the Cascade and coastal mountains. Over the coastal region, they occur most often during autumn, while east of the Cascade Mountains, the highest frequency is during summer. There is strong diurnal variability in WCTT frequency during the summer, with little diurnal variation in winter.
Though compositing revealed important seasonal differences in WCTT evolution, some common features emerged. An upper-level ridge moves over the northwest United States and associated high pressure builds in the lower troposphere over southwest Canada, resulting in the development of near-surface easterlies and downslope flow over the western slopes of major terrain barriers of the region. Simultaneously, the WCTT extends northward from California into the Pacific Northwest. As the synoptic configuration changes, the WCTT either moves eastward and merges with the larger thermal low over the Great Basin region, which is most common in summer, or it recedes back into California and dissipates, as often happens in winter.