bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High cesarean prevalence in a national population‐based study in Brazil: the role of private practice
Authors: REBELO FERNANDA , DA ROCHA CAMILLA MEDEIROS MACEDO , CORTES TAÍSA RODRIGUES , DUTRA CARMEM LÚCIA , KAC GILBERTO 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground. Excessive use of cesarean sections (CSs) is a serious problem worldwide. Objective. To estimate the frequency and identify factors associated with cesarean deliveries in Brazil. Design. Cross‐sectional study conducted in 2006–2007 as part of the third edition of the Children's and Women's National Demographic and Health Survey. Setting. Brazil. Sample. Brazilian women in reproductive age. Methods. Socioeconomic and demographic data were utilized, including maternal age, education level, per capita income, skin color, smoking habit, marital status, age at first delivery, parity, and type of prenatal services. Main outcome measures. Adjusted estimate of the prevalence ratios of the type of delivery performed (cesarean or vaginal). Results. Cesarean prevalence was 43.9% (95% CI: 40.9–46.9), 68.7% for women who had per capita income greater than US$ 125 per month, and 77.2% for those who had attended private or privately insured prenatal services. In the adjusted analysis, the variables that presented significant prevalence ratios (95% confidence interval) were macro‐region [southeast = 1.45 (1.21–1.73); south = 1.48 (1.24–1.77), and midwest = 1.43 (1.21–1.71)], maternal age above 25 years [26–30 years = 1.57 (1.25–1.97); ≥ 31 years = 1.77 (1.39–2.27)], education levels ≥ 9 years (PR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.55–2.23), and having attended private or privately insured prenatal services (PR = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.65–2.12) and parity [primipara = 1.87 (1.47–2.36)]. Conclusions. CS rates are generally very high in Brazil. They are significantly higher than the average among women attending private/insured antenatal care, among the highly educated, and in provinces with higher socioeconomic levels.
Preliminary assessment of dynamic contrast-enhanced CT implementation in pretreatment FDG-PET/CT for outcome prediction in head and neck tumors
Authors: Abramyuk Andrij , Wolf Gunter , Shakirin Georgy , Haberland Ulrike , Tokalov Sergey , Koch Arne , Appold Steffen , Zöphel Klaus , Abolmaali Nasreddin 
Published: June 2010

Background: Recently published data show some controversy concerning the impact of [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in predicting head and neck tumors (HNT) outcome. Assessment of tumor blood supply parameters using dynamic contrast-enhanced CT (DCE-CT) may deliver additional information concerning this important question. Purpose: To evaluate the contribution of DCE-CT implemented in pretherapeutic FDG-PET/CT protocol for prognosis prediction in patients with HNT. Material and Methods: Ten consecutive patients (median age 50 years, range 47–74 years) with histologically proven HNT underwent FDG-PET/CT with DCE-CT before treatment. FDG uptake was measured by maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Relative tumor blood volume (rTBV) was determined from DCE-CT using Patlak analysis. Intratumoral heterogeneity was assessed by means of lacunarity analysis. Obtained values were compared with time-to-progression and overall survival. PET and DCE-CT images were compared on a pixel-by-pixel basis using Pearson coefficient of correlation. Results: Three patients with lower FDG uptake (SUVmax: 8±1) and five patients with higher FDG uptake (SUVmax: 15±4, P=0.004) were free of local recurrence for 24 months. Two groups of patients with significantly differing lower (group A: 0.37±0.02, n=6) and higher (group B: 0.52±0.01, n=4; P<0.01), tumor heterogeneity (lacunarity) were identified. Corresponding mean rTBV was higher in group A (9.6±1.8 ml/100 ml) than in group B (6.2±0.6 ml/100 ml). All six patients with homogeneous tumor blood supply (lower lacunarity) and higher rTBV were free of local recurrence during 24 months, while two of four patients with heterogeneous tumor blood supply (higher lacunarity) and lower rTBV died during follow-up due to tumor relapse. A weak correlation between FDG-PET and DCE-CT rTBV was observed (R2=0.1). Conclusion: FDG-PET/CT and DCT-CT are complementary methods for surveillance assessment in patients with HNT. Implementation of DCE-CT in the pretreatment FDG-PET/CT protocol may improve tumor outcome prediction.
Scaling-up a Reactive Extrusion Operation: A One-dimensional Simulation Analysis
Authors: Ortiz-Rodriguez E. , Tzoganakis C. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
The peroxide-initiated degradation of polypropylene is simulated by means of a one-dimensional (1D) reactive extrusion (REX) model. Two scale-up rules, namely, constant thermal time and specific energy consumption (SEC) are evaluated for co-rotating intermeshing twin screw extruders (COITSEs) of various sizes. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw) and the polydispersity index (PDI) are selected as the evaluation parameters for testing the scale-up procedures being analyzed. The results for the simulated operating conditions show that when the REX operation is scaled-up under constant thermal time, very good agreement is obtained between the Mw and PDI of the larger extruders and the values of these parameters corresponding to the reference extruder. For the constant SEC approach, more significant variations are observed for both of the aforementioned parameters. In the case of the constant thermal time scale-up approach, the effect of operating conditions of the reference extruder on the scaled-up operation is further analyzed. For a constant screw speed, when the reference mass throughput increases the predicted time of extrusion increases. Regarding the temperature of reaction, the higher increase of this parameter corresponds, in general terms, to the lower mass throughputs and higher screw speeds specified for the reference extruder.
German Environmentalism: Still Feeding on Its Romantic, Anti-Modern Heritage?
Authors: Brand Karl-Werner 
Published: June 2010

Goodbody, Axel. 2007. Nature, Technology and Cultural Change in Twentieth-Century German Literature: The Challenge of Ecocriticism. New York: Palgrave.Markham, William T. 2008. Environmental Organizations in Modern Germany: Hardy Survivors in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. New York: Berghahn Books.
Immunity to Pre-1950 H1N1 Influenza Viruses Confers Cross-Protection against the Pandemic Swine-Origin 2009 A (H1N1) Influenza Virus
Authors: Skountzou Ioanna , Koutsonanos Dimitrios G. , Kim Jin Hyang , Powers Ryan , Satyabhama Lakshmipriyadarshini , Masseoud Feda , Weldon William C. , Martin Maria del Pilar , Mittler Robert S. , Compans Richard , Jacob Joshy 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe 2009 H1N1 influenza virus outbreak is the first pandemic of the twenty-first century. Epidemiological data reveal that of all the people afflicted with H1N1 virus, &lt;5% are over 51 y of age. Interestingly, in the uninfected population, 33% of those &gt;60 y old have pre-existing neutralizing Abs against the 2009 H1N1 virus. This finding suggests that influenza strains that circulated 50–60 y ago might provide cross-protection against the swine-origin 2009 H1N1 influenza virus. To test this, we determined the ability of representative H1N1 influenza viruses that circulated in the human population from 1930 to 2000, to induce cross-reactivity to and cross-protection against the pandemic swine-origin H1N1 virus, A/California/04/09. We show that exposure of mice to the 1947 virus, A/FM/1/47, or the 1934 virus, A/PR/8/34, induced robust cross-protective immune responses and these mice were protected against a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted A/California/04/09 H1N1 virus. Conversely, we observed that mice exposed to the 2009 H1N1 virus were protected against a lethal challenge with mouse-adapted 1947 or 1934 H1N1 viruses. In addition, exposure to the 2009 H1N1 virus induced broad cross-reactivity against H1N1 as well as H3N2 influenza viruses. Finally, we show that vaccination with the older H1N1 viruses, particularly A/FM/1/47, confers protective immunity against the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus. Taken together, our data provide an explanation for the decreased susceptibility of the elderly to the 2009 H1N1 outbreak and demonstrate that vaccination with the pre-1950 influenza strains can cross-protect against the pandemic swine-origin 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.
Secretory-IgA Antibodies Play an Important Role in the Immunity to Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Fukuyama Yoshiko , King Janice D. , Kataoka Kosuke , Kobayashi Ryoki , Gilbert Rebekah S. , Oishi Kazunori , Hollingshead Susan K. , Briles David E. , Fujihashi Kohtaro 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
This study was designed to investigate whether secretory-IgA (S-IgA) Abs induced by a pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA)-based nasal vaccine are necessary for prevention of streptococcal colonization. Mice nasally immunized with PspA plus a plasmid expressing Flt3 ligand (pFL) cDNA as a mucosal adjuvant showed significantly higher levels of PspA-specific S-IgA and IgG Ab responses in both plasma and nasal washes when compared with naive mice. Although IgA−/− mice given nasal PspA plus pFL had significantly high levels of PspA-specific IgG Abs, high numbers of CFUs were detected in nasal washes and nasal passages. In contrast, vaccinated wild-type mice showed essentially no bacteria in the nasal cavity. Further, a nasal vaccine consisting of PspA plus pFL effectively reduced pre-existing Streptococcus pneumoniae in the nasal cavity. These results show that PspA-based vaccine-induced specific S-IgA Abs play a necessary role in the regulation of S. pneumoniae colonization in the nasal cavity.
Cutting Edge: CTNNBL1 Is Dispensable for Ig Class Switch Recombination
Authors: Han Li , Masani Shahnaz , Yu Kefei 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Ig class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). The search for AID-interaction factors has been a major research effort in the field, as the mechanism of preferential targeting of AID to Ig loci remains elusive. CTNNBL1 is one of the few identified AID-interacting factors and has been shown to affect AID-mediated mutation and gene conversion in chicken DT40 cells. CTNNBL1 was also implicated in mammalian CSR by the fact that an AID mutant that fails to interact with CTNNBL1 also fails to support CSR in AID-deficient mouse B cells. To directly assess the role of CTNNBL1 in CSR, we disrupted the CTNNBL1 gene on both alleles in mouse CH12F3 cells by gene targeting. We found normal levels of CSR in CTNNBL1-deficient cells, indicating that CTNNBL1 is dispensable for CSR.
Predicting Dissemination of a Disaster Mental Health “Train-the-Trainer” Program
Authors: Cross Wendi , Cerulli Catherine , Richards Heidi , He Hua , Herrmann Jack 
Published: June 2010

ABSTRACTObjective: Disaster mental health (DMH) is vital to comprehensive disaster preparedness for communities. A train-the-trainer (TTT) model is frequently used in public health to disseminate knowledge and skills to communities, although few studies have examined its success. We report on the development and implementation of a DMH TTT program and examine variables that predict dissemination.Methods: This secondary analysis examines 140 community-based mental health providers' participation in a TTT DMH program in 2005–2006. Instructors' dissemination of the training was followed for 12 months. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to predict dissemination of the training program.Results: Sixty percent of the trainees in the DMH TTT program conducted training programs in the 12-month period following being trained. The likelihood of conducting training programs was predicted by a self-report measure of perceptions of transfer of training. The number of individuals subsequently trained (559) was predicted by prior DMH training and sex. No other variables predicted dissemination of DMH training.Conclusions: The TTT model was moderately successful in disseminating DMH training. Intervention at the organizational and individual level, as well as training modifications, may increase cost-effective dissemination of DMH training.(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2010;4:339-343)
Weed Control, 1. Fundamentals
Authors: Müller Franz , Appleby Arnold P. 
Published: June 2010

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

1.1.

Definitions of Weeds

1.2.

Losses from Weeds

2.

Biology of Weeds

2.1.

Plant Types

2.1.1.

Land Plants

2.1.2.

Aquatic Plants

2.1.3.

Parasitic Seed Plants

2.2.

Life Cycles

2.2.1.

Annuals

2.2.2.

Biennials

2.2.3.

Perennials

2.3.

Reproduction

2.4.

Interference Between Crops and Weeds

2.4.1.

Competition

2.4.2.

Allelopathy

2.5.

Biological Variability and Adaptability in Relation to Control Systems

2.5.1.

Species Shifts

2.5.2.

Resistance Development within a Species

3.

General Concepts Underlying Weed Control

4.

Physical Methods of Weed Control

4.1.

Manual Methods

4.2.

Tillage Methods

4.3.

Mowing and Cutting

4.4.

Flooding

4.5.

Mulching

4.6.

Use of Heat

5.

Biological Control of Weeds

5.1.

Herbivore Management

5.2.

Classical Biological Control

5.3.

Inundative Biological Control

6.

Controlling Weeds by Habitat Management

7.

Chemical Control of Weeds

7.1.

History and Introduction

7.2.

Adjuvants

7.2.1.

Surfactants

7.2.2.

Oils

7.2.3.

Drift Retardants

7.2.4.

Other Adjuvants

7.3.

Herbicide Formulations

7.3.1.

Spray Formulations

7.3.1.1.

Soluble Concentrates (SC)

7.3.1.2.

Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)

7.3.1.3.

Wettable Powders (WP)

7.3.1.4.

Flowables (F)

7.3.1.5.

Dispersible Granules or Dry Flowables (DF)

7.3.1.6.

Invert Emulsions

7.3.1.7.

Encapsulated Formulations

7.3.2.

Formulations Applied Dry

7.3.3.

Active Ingredient vs. Acid Equivalent

7.4.

Factors Influencing Foliage‐Applied Herbicides

7.5.

Factors Influencing Soil‐Applied Herbicides

7.5.1.

Microbiological Effects

7.5.2.

Adsorption on Soil Colloids

7.5.3.

Chemical Decomposition

7.5.4.

Leaching

7.5.5.

Volatilization

7.5.6.

Photodecomposition

7.5.7.

Uptake and Translocation from the Soil

7.6.

Selective Action of Herbicides

7.7.

Classification of Herbicides

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Regulatory Aspects of Pesticides

10.

General Comments
Activation Analysis
Authors: Dams Richard , Strijckmans Karel , Bichler Max 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Neutron Activation Analysis2.1.Basic Principles2.2.Methods of Neutron Activation2.3.Standardization2.4.Sources of Errors2.5.Measuring Equipment2.6.Procedures for Activation Analysis2.7.Sensitivity and Detection Limits3.Photon Activation Analysis4.Charged‐Particle Activation Analysis5.Applications5.1.High‐Purity Materials5.2.Environmental Materials5.3.Biological Materials5.4.Geo‐ and Cosmochemistry5.5.Art and Archaeology6.Evaluation of Activation Analysis
Capillary Electrophoresis of Dendrimer‐Related Medical Nanodevices
Authors: Shen Mingwu , Shi Xiangyang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRecent advances in dendrimer‐based nanomedicine show that dendrimers have been used in many different ways in medical applications. Dendrimer can be used as a platform to covalently conjugate targeting moieties and to physically encapsulate drug molecules inside their interior to improve the water solubility and bioavailability of the drugs. Various types of analytical techniques have been used to characterize dendrimeric nanoparticles, including capillary electrophoresis (CE). This article gives an overview of the recent advances of CE analysis and characterization of various dendrimer nanomaterials from simple dendrimer derivatives to complex multifunctional dendrimeric medical nanodevices.
Microdialysis
Authors: Carroll Jamie , Brookshire Bethany R. , Mathews Tiffany A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractMicrodialysis is one of the most popular techniques for sampling biological molecules from living tissue. Dialysis is the process of sampling fluid in the in vivo environment, which uses a semi‐permeable membrane that allows endogenous biological molecules to diffuse into a sample via a concentrated gradient. This article focuses on microdialysis of the brain.
Surrogate‐based superstructure optimization framework
Authors: Henao Carlos A. , Maravelias Christos T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractIn principle, optimization‐based “superstructure” methods for process synthesis can be more powerful than sequential‐conceptual methods as they account for all complex interactions between design decisions. However, these methods have not been widely adopted because they lead to mixed‐integer nonlinear programs that are hard to solve, especially when realistic unit operation models are used. To address this challenge, we develop a superstructure‐based strategy where complex unit models are replaced with surrogate models built from data generated via commercial process simulators. In developing this strategy, we study aspects such as the systematic design of process unit surrogate models, the generation of simulation data, the selection of the surrogate's structure, and the required model fitting. We also present how these models can be reformulated and incorporated into mathematical programming superstructure formulations. Finally, we discuss the application of the proposed strategy to a number of applications. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Local learning‐based adaptive soft sensor for catalyst activation prediction
Authors: Kadlec Petr , Gabrys Bogdan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis work presents an algorithm for the development of adaptive soft sensors. The method is based on the local learning framework, where locally valid models are built and maintained. In this framework, it is possible to model nonlinear relationship between the input and output data by the means of a combination of linear models. The method provides the possibility to perform adaptation at two levels: (i) recursive adaptation of the local models and (ii) the adaptation of the combination weights. The dataset used for evaluation of the algorithm describes a polymerization reactor where the target value is a simulated catalyst activity in the reactor. This dataset is also used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results show that the traditional recursive partial least squares algorithm struggles to deliver accurate predictions. In contrast to this, by exploiting the two‐level adaptation scheme, the proposed algorithm delivers more accurate results. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 57, 2011
The hexasiladigermacubane dianion
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya. , Takanashi Kazunori , Matsuno Tadahiro , Ichinohe Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: June 2010

AbstractInteraction of the heavy analog of the cyclobutadiene dianion derivative [(t‐Bu2MeSi)4Si3Ge]2−·2K+ with the complexing reagent, [2.2.2]cryptand, results in the formation of the first heteronuclear cubane dianion derivative [(t‐Bu2MeSi)6Si6Ge2]2−·2K+, in which both negative charges are exclusively localized at the diagonal Ge atoms. The structure of the title compound was determined by X‐ray crystallography. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aldehyde functionalized cellulose support for hydrogels
Authors: Wang Yuhong , Hsieh You‐Lo 
Published: June 2010

AbstractActivated cellulose carrying aldehyde (CHO) and acylchloride (COCl) reactive sites was created by reacting cellulose with dialdehydes, i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG) diacylchloride and glutaraldehyde (GA), to yield Cell‐PEG‐COCl and Cell‐CHO, respectively. Cellulose fibers and microcrystalline cellulose were readily esterified by PEG diacylchloride to form Cell‐PEG‐COCl to reach as high as 0.24 to 0.37 mmol aceylchloride per gram cellulose, respectively. The generation of free COOH from PEG diacylchloride reactions was optimized at the lower COCl/OH ratio, where the tendency to half‐ester formation was more prevalent than to diesters. Reactions with 8 and 16% GA, generated 0.83 to 1.26 μmol free aldehyde per gram of cellulose, respectively. The reactivity of the aldehyde groups toward poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydroxyl was robust, generating cellulose fiber supported PVA hydrogels that could swell up to 62 times. These reactions have shown to be highly effective to create aldehyde functionalized cellulose and demonstrated a simple, yet viable way to support PVA hydrogels for superior swelling and improved mechanical stability. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Electrical and thermal conductivity and tensile and flexural properties of carbon nanotube/polycarbonate resins
Authors: King Julia A. , Via Michael D. , Caspary Jeffrey A. , Jubinski Mary M. , Miskioglu Ibrahim , Mills Owen P. , Bogucki Gregg R. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAdding conductive carbon fillers to insulating thermoplastic polymers increases the resulting composite's electrical conductivity. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are very effective at increasing composite electrical conductivity at low loading levels without compromising composite tensile and flexural properties. In this study, varying amounts (2–8 wt %) of CNTs were added to polycarbonate (PC) by melt compounding, and the resulting composites were tested for electrical conductivity (1/electrical resistivity), thermal conductivity, and tensile and flexural properties. The percolation threshold was less than 1.4 vol % CNT, likely because of CNTs high aspect ratio (1000). The addition of CNT to PC increased the composite electrical and thermal conductivity and tensile and flexural modulus. The 6 wt % (4.2 vol %) CNT in PC resin had a good combination of properties for electrical conductivity applications. The electrical resistivity and thermal conductivity were 18 Ω‐cm and 0.28 W/m · K, respectively. The tensile modulus, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and strain at UTS were 2.7 GPa, 56 MPa, and 2.8%, respectively. The flexural modulus, ultimate flexural strength, and strain at ultimate flexural strength were 3.6 GPa, 125 MPa, and 5.5%, respectively. Ductile tensile behavior is noted in pure PC and in samples containing up to 6 wt % CNT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation, characterization, and property testing of condensation‐type silicone/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Voulomenou A. , Tarantili P. A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractNanocomposites (NCs) of silicone rubber and organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) nanoparticles were prepared and characterized. It was shown that OMMT loadings of 2 and 3.5 parts per hundred resin/filler per weight (phr) produced exfoliation or delamination hybrids, whereas at a concentration of 5 phr, the filler seemed to retain its original crystallographic morphology, and the system shifted to an ordinary reinforced elastomer. Fourier transform infrared analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis testing were performed for characterization and showed no effect of the nanofiller on the structural parameters of the composites, with the exception of a reduction in the crystallinity. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed an increase in the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) at OMMT concentrations of 2 and 3.5 phr, whereas at 5 phr, Tg dropped again. Finally, mechanical testing showed an improvement in the tensile strength and stiffness, whereas improved solvent resistance was recorded by swelling experiments in toluene. This experimental study allowed us to explore the range where the OMMT filler produced NCs with silicone elastomers and, furthermore, showed that the incorporation of OMMT into silicone rubber did not introduce any chemical changes but increased the density of crosslinks; this led to a loss of crystallinity, an increase in Tg, and a significant improvement in the tensile properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010