bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Theory of Auditory Hallucinations: Outline of an Hypothetical Four‐Factor Model
Authors: SLADE P. D. 
Published: July 2011

The research findings of the writer to date on auditorily hallucinated patients are briefly summarized and an hypothetical four‐factor model outlined to account for them. This general working model envisages auditory hallucinations as stemming from the interaction of psychological stress with an underlying hallucinatory predisposition which is to a large extent genetically determined. A third factor of external stimulation is seen as exerting an inhibitory effect on the conscious experience of the hallucination. While a fourth speculative factor of a positive feedback loop is introduced to account for a number of otherwise incompatible observations.Each of the four factors in the hypothetical model is defined as precisely as is possible at present and discussed in relation to other research findings in this area and to the literature more generally. An attempt is made to spell out some of the theoretical predictions and clinical implications of the model.
The prediction of psychiatric patients' work adjustment in the community
Authors: Griffiths R. D. P. 
Published: July 2011

Five aspects of patients' work behaviour were assessed by supervisors in a rehabilitation unit. The assessments involved task competence, response to supervision, relationships with other patients, motivation and enthusiasm, and confidence‐initiative. These assessments were compared with work adjustment after discharge, and also with intelligence, personality, chronicity and age.All aspects of work behaviour correlated with work success in the community. Predictions based on both the workshop and clerical assessments were very accurate, and the predictions of outcome were better for the clerical than the ‘manual’ patients.Work behaviour was, in general, unrelated to intelligence, personality, age and chronicity, though there were specific exceptions to this trend. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Direct assessment of social behaviour from videotape recordings
Authors: Gillingham P. R. , Griffiths R. D. P. , Care D. 
Published: July 2011

A number of frequency and duration measures, and also general ratings, were made to assess specified aspects of interpersonal behaviour. These were taken from videotape recordings of interviews, or informal conversations, involving psychiatric patients. The frequency and duration measures were found to have high inter‐rater reliability. Pearsonian correlations were in the range of 0$88–0$99. The general ratings were less reliable (0$42–0$86).The patients were divided into two groups. The first were patients whose major difficulties were interpersonal problems. The second contained patients with other psychiatric problems. Comparisons between these groups revealed a number of significant differences in the behavioural frequency and duration measures. Significant differences were also found in the general ratings, but there were disagreements between the two raters which made the interpretation of these differences difficult.When, within the interpersonal problem group, informal conversations were compared with formal interviews, it was found that subjects spent longer looking at the other person during the conversations. No other differences were evident. The implications of the results for social skills research are discussed.
A report on the psychological test results of battering parents
Authors: Hyman Clare A. 
Published: July 2011

The short form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Cattell's 16PF test have been given to patients attending the National Advisory Centre on the Battered Child (NSPCC) and in the case of the personality questionnaire the results compared to non‐battering control adults' scores.The intelligence levels of battering parents conform to normal expectation although there is a non‐significant trend to marginally lower than normal results especially in verbal tests.The 16PF test reveals immature impetuosity on the part of the mothers as a main finding and introversion in the fathers. The relevance of these findings to battering is discussed.
An investigation into disordered adolescents by means of the Brook Reaction Test
Authors: Heim A. W. , Unwin S. M. , Watts K. P. 
Published: July 2011

Three groups of psychologically disordered male adolescents were matched with controls for age and intelligence, on a one‐to‐one basis. Group a (n = 83) comprised delinquents, this designation being determined by a history of at least one court conviction. All of these were in borstals or approved schools. Group b (n = 65) were delinquent‐and‐disturbed: these too had had at least one court conviction and, in addition, they were having psychiatric treatment. Members of group b were also in institutions: these included psychiatric hospitals and prisons, as well as borstals and approved schools. Group c (n = 41) consisted of “disturbed‐only” youths: they had had no convictions but were receiving psychiatric treatment. Each group covered a very wide range of intelligence.All the subjects took the Brook Reaction Test, the aim of the inquiry being to ascertain whether this test differentiates (scored blind) between the experimental groups and their controls. Significant differentiation was found on the following Brook indices: (1) Number of points gained on questionable responses; (2) type of questionable response given; (3) sexual responses; (4) pattern of interests. In all six groups richness of interests proved to be associated with high intelligence.
Encoding in senile dementia and elderly depressives: A preliminary study
Authors: Larner Stuart 
Published: July 2011

Forty‐seven subjects (19 elderly dements, 18 elderly depressives, 10 elderly physically ill) were given a continuous false recognition technique (FRT) in a test battery including a measure of short‐term memory and the Kendrick Synonym Learning Test. Results were analysed according to signal detection theory and interpreted in terms of an encoding breakdown. Depressives were found to be characterized by conservative error‐free performance whereas the demented made more errors, partly because of their more liberal criterion and partly because of their greater loss of encoding characteristics.From these results, an optimal cut‐off score was chosen for differential dignosis using the FRT. This was shown to hold more promise than the SLT in discriminating between dementia and depression.
A study of work behaviour in a psychiatric rehabilitation unit
Authors: Watts Fraser N. 
Published: July 2011

A rating scale developed by Griffiths (1973) was used to assess four separate areas of the work behaviour of patients in a psychiatric rehabilitation unit. Assessments were made at an early and a late stage of rehabilitation.The ability of ratings on this scale to predict resettlement at work was confirmed in a prospective study. The scale was also used to provide information about four separate areas of work behaviour. Social relationships provided the strongest predictor of resettlement in employment, response to supervision and enthusiasm predicted only in psychotic patients; task competence failed to predict. Changes in work behaviour during rehabilitation, and the relationships between self‐reported attitudes and work behaviour were also examined.
Organizational factors and participation in committees
Authors: Chell E. 
Published: July 2011

Previous studies of group dynamics have shown that in laboratory situations individuals can be labelled as high, low or medium participators. Moreover, it appeared that high participators tended to dominate the group, have more influence and contribute more in terms of attempted solutions (Bales, 1953; Barber, 1966; Chell, 1976). Was this an artifact of the laboratory situations or can these particular dynamics be applied to field groups?Data were collected from joint consultative committees in five organizations. Groups were divided into high, medium and low participators and it was predicted that if high participators were dominating then they would make more lengthy speeches and would thus have a higher average speech length than medium or low participators. Total number of utterances of each participant of each meeting was correlated with his average speech length. The hypothesis received substantial support. It seems that the division of groups into high, medium and low participators is meaningful.
The temporal relationship between hostility and depressed mood
Authors: Blackburn Ivy M. , Lyketsos G. , Tsiantis John 
Published: July 2011

Nineteen depressed in‐patients were studied in a follow‐up design for 8 weeks or until discharge, using three depression scales and a hostility questionnaire. It was hypothesized within a cognitive theory of depression that, self‐rated hostility being a measure of negative thoughts and attitudes, changes in hostility would precede mood changes. Analysis was by contemporaneous and cross‐correlations between mood and hostility measures. High intercorrelations were obtained among the mood ratings which decreased significantly over time, as did two of the four hostility measures.The hypothesis was confirmed by the cross‐correlations between nurses' mood ratings and intropunitiveness and direction of hostility. The cross‐correlations with Beck and Hamilton scales supported the hypothesis at a non‐significant level.
Some conceptual difficulties with the term ‘schizophrenia’ An alternative model
Authors: Slade P. D. , Cooper R. 
Published: July 2011

The term ‘schizophrenic’ is used in two distinct ways: namely to describe a particular type of illness and also as a label for the person suffering from this illness. If we concentrate on the ‘illness’ conception of schizophrenia it readily becomes apparent that its definition and nature varies somewhat from one proponent to another. Added to this is the problem that the major conceptions of schizophrenia are based on disjunctive concepts.The basic argument of this paper is that while all clinical conceptions of schizophrenia have assumed the existence of a disease‐entity syndrome, no attempt has ever been made to test its logical alternative: namely a random‐symptom model. Some data will be presented which are at least compatible with this alternative and some of the theoretical implications spelt out.
The training and generalization of conversation behaviours in psychiatric in‐patients: A controlled study employing multiple measures across settings
Authors: Lindsay William R. 
Published: July 2011

This report provides an account of a conversation training programme for psychiatric in‐patients, developed on the basis of previous work in the area and on analyses of normal conversations carried out by the author. A further aim was to generalize these increases in social behaviour to patients' general ward settings. Generalization procedures include tasks for patients to do between training sessions and a reduction in the number of stimulus differences between treatment and generalization settings. Two control groups were employed to assess the effectiveness of this treatment as compared to (1) an existing behavioural approach to the problem of withdrawn patients and (2) a group who received similar increases in staff attention, tangible reinforcement, and who also had their own attention focused on social behaviour. This latter control group then went on to receive the training given to the experimental group. Patients were assessed before treatment, after treatment and at 8‐week follow‐up. Measures were taken on frequency of conversation during treatment, frequency of conversation on the ward, quality of various social behaviours during videotaped interviews and quality of social behaviours during audiotaped conversations. The results indicate the following: (1) both behavioural treatments increased patients' utterances during treatment sessions; (2) the experimental treatment was superior in generalizing this increased frequency, although these increases reduced at follow‐up; (3) the experimental group show some superiority when assessed on videotape, and gains made in the quality of interaction do not reverse as markedly as in frequency; (4) on the audiotaped conversations, the experimental group improved their social ability considerably and these improvements were still evident at follow‐up.The behavioural treatment control showed some improvements on generalized measures but not as much or as consistently as the experimental group. The attention control group went on to replicate the experimental group treatments and results.
Marital quality and disturbed child behaviour
Authors: Kotler Tamara , Hammond S. B. 
Published: July 2011

A set of 12 measures based on separate reports by husbands and wives was used to determine whether families of children displaying disturbed behaviour have poorer marital relations than those of children without presenting symptoms.Following an initial discriminant analysis which revealed significant differences between a clinical and a non‐clinical group of marital pairs, cluster analysis of the total sample yielded three subgroups with greater homogeneity. Two discriminant functions distinguished significantly between these groups; the first function, which accounted for most of the variance, arranged the groups in linear order along a general dimension of marital quality. The second, smaller function separated the middle group from the two extremes which represented mainly clinical and non‐clinical cases respectively.The quality of marital relations was found to decline from high levels of mutual regard and consensus in the non‐clinical group to mutual dissatisfaction in the clinical group and this was greater for wives than husbands. In the middle group, of mixed clinical and non‐clinical cases, the wives remained strongly committed to parental and marital roles but dissatisfaction was expressed in the quality of their interpersonal conduct.In general the wife's evaluation of her husband was an important contributor to her level of marital satisfaction and, in turn, to the general quality of the marital relation.
Differential effects of induced mood on the recall of positive, negative and neutral words
Authors: Teasdale John D. , Russell M. Louise 
Published: July 2011

Previous investigations have consistently found differential effects of induced moods on the accessibility of personal memories differing in hedonic tone. Findings for effects of retrieval mood on recall of verbal material have been less consistent. This study examined the effect of induced mood on the recall of previously learned personality trait words. Trait words were presented in normal mood and recall tested in elated or depressed mood. More positive words were recalled in elated than in depressed mood. Conversely, more negative words were recalled in depressed than in elated mood. There was no effect of mood on the recall of neutral words. Subjects in whom the mood induction procedures had failed to affect mood substantially did not show differential word recall.Differential effects of retrieval mood on recall of verbal material can be shown, but the nature of the material may be important. It may be necessary for the material to have been differentially associated with mood states in the subjects's life experience. This suggestion is discussed within Bower's (1981) associative network theory of mood and memory, and the implications for models of depression are considered.
Some characteristics of regular and irregular attenders for dental check‐ups
Authors: Liddell Andrée , May Brenda 
Published: July 2011

Previous surveys of dental care have shown that a substantial proportion of people do not attend dentists regularly. Reasons given for such non‐attendance included fear as well as other negative attitudes. Recent studies have attributed fear of dentistry to painful traumatic experiences.The purpose of this study was to compare regular and irregular or non‐attenders for dental check‐ups on a number of variables, including sex and age, self and family dental anxiety, and previous dental experience. A sample of 531 subjects of both sexes and ranging in age from 16 to 78 years was made available by two large organizations in London and surveyed during office hours. Dental anxiety appeared as a significant factor in non‐attendance but there was little support for a simple conditioning hypothesis to explain dental anxiety. Attenders and non‐attenders differed markedly in their perception of dentists but there was no difference between the groups as to sex and age.
A classroom rating scale for use with mentally retarded children
Authors: Evans P. L. C. , Hogg J. 
Published: July 2011

A behaviour rating scale intended primarily for use with mentally retarded children is described that is based on the behavioural descriptions of such children given by Pevsner (1963). A factor analysis showed that these descriptions could be viewed as being representable by two independent factors. The first of these factors, the AD factor may be seen to relate to attention/distractibility aspects of behaviour and shows a reliable correlation with verbal age and verbal quotient as assessed by the English Picture Vocabulary Test (EPVT), such that low EPVT scores predict greater distractibility.The second factor, the inhibition/excitation (IE) factor, did not correlate significantly with verbal age or verbal quotient but has, in other studies, shown relationships with style of social interaction and may be interpreted as relating to aspects of temperament.It is concluded that individual differences in the classroom behaviour of mentally retarded children may not be qualitatively different from those in non‐retarded children and that the scale described is a useful instrument for measuring these individual differences.
A phenomenon‐oriented strategy in depression research
Authors: Shapiro M. B. 
Published: July 2011

This paper discusses the presence of important uninvestigated assumptions in every aspect of depression research. It is suggested that a general phenomenon‐oriented strategy might reduce the number of assumptions, if pursued in accordance with the requirements of natural science, which aims at maximizing the accuracy of our ideas about phenomena.Possible consequences of this strategy are: (1) the provisional selection of single, well‐established, target and criterion variables, together with comparison variables, all suggested by special investigations and previous research results; (2) maximizing the phenomenological validity of current observation procedures, in the light of results of research into questionnaire and interview methods; (3) inclusion of hitherto neglected, but scientifically legitimate, individual‐centred, experimental and longitudinal specific strategies: the strategies of choice for the investigation of psychological processes; (4) invention of tactics to facilitate the ethically acceptable use of scientific method in investigations of clinically relevant psychological phenomena; (5) explication and eventual testing of all assumptions; (6) focus upon the understanding, prediction and control of well‐established clinically relevant phenomena, with theory playing a secondary role of facilitating systematic investigation; and (7) immediate restriction, and eventual cessation, of the use of current forms of psychiatric diagnosis in fundamental depression research.
A controlled study of combined hormonal and psychological treatment for sexual unresponsiveness in women
Authors: Dow Michael G. T. , Gallagher James 
Published: July 2011

Thirty couples, whose presenting complaint was general sexual unresponsiveness in the female partner, were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups: testosterone plus sexual counselling; placebo plus the same form of counselling; or testosterone alone. Therapy was time‐limited to 16 weeks, and assessments were conducted pre‐treatment, at the end of treatment and at a four‐month follow‐up.There were no notable differences in outcome between the two counselling groups, both of which showed significantly greater improvement on a number of measures of sexual and general interpersonal adjustment and attitude change than the group that received testosterone alone. Although a significant improvement with testosterone alone was found on ratings of vaginal lubrication, frequency of sexual interest and coital pleasure, significant changes on the same variables were also apparent in the other two groups. On no measure was testosterone alone shown to be significantly superior to either of the other two treatments.These results, in accordance with those of other recent related research, therefore indicate no significant advantages in using testosterone with an otherwise unselected sample of sexually unresponsive women.
Violent behaviour and interpretative bias: An experimental study of the resolution of ambiguity in violent offenders
Authors: Copello Alex G. , Tata Philip R. 
Published: July 2011

The present study used an information‐processing approach to investigate differences in interpretaion of sentences which were ambiguous for violent or neutral meaning across three groups of subjects: violent offenders, non‐violent offender controls and a group of non‐offender controls.Subjects were presented with unambiguous and ambiguous sentences. The ambiguous sentences were selected so that they could be interpreted in either a threatening or neutral manner. A recognition memory test indicated that both offender groups were more likely to interpret violent ambiguous sentences in a threatening fashion, with the opposite being shown by the non‐offender group. This difference was found to be significant. A control condition suggested that the interpretative bias was specific to violent material and not a general anxiety response. Furthermore, the tendency to infer violent threat was found to correlate with hostility. The results are discussed in relation to cognitive theories of anger and aggression.
First impressions count: A controlled investigation of social skill following closed head injury
Authors: Spence Sharon E. , Godfrey Hamish P. D. , Knight Robert G. , Bishara Samir N. 
Published: July 2011

This study examined social skills in 14 closed head injured (CHI) patients who were assessed at four months post‐injury and compared with 19 orthopaedic control (OC) patients. Social skills deficits were found to be more common in the CHI patients, of whom over half were classified as socially unskilled. CHI patients displayed poorer social skills in the earlier (but not later) part of an extended social interaction, indicating that they make a poor first impression. It is suggested that poor initial impression formation skills may be one reason why CHI patients fail to establish and maintain friendships. Implications of these findings for patient management are discussed.Close others of CHI patients reported higher levels of mood disturbance. Higher levels of close other hostility were associated with social skills deficits in CHI patients.