bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Natural Progression and Regression of Erectile Dysfunction: Follow-Up Results from the MMAS and MALES Studies
Authors: Travison Thomas G. , Sand Michael S. , Rosen Raymond C. , Shabsigh Ridwan , Eardley Ian , McKinlay John B. 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Introduction
Using the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) data from the years 1987–1995, we previously demonstrated high rates of both progression (33%) and regression (35%) of self-reported severity of erectile dysfunction (ED). These results have not been replicated using more recent data—relevant in light of the introduction of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) to treat ED—nor compared with those from other populations.

Aim
To estimate age-specific progression and regression of ED severity among subjects with at least mild self-reported ED.

Methods
We used the two most recent data collection waves from the MMAS (baseline in 1995–1997 and follow-up in 2002–2004, approximately 7 years of follow-up) and data from the Men's Attitudes to Life Events and Sexuality (MALES) study (baseline in 2001 and follow-up in 2004, approximately 3 years of follow-up); 367 MMAS and 617 MALES subjects contributed data. MMAS participants were a population-based sample of men living in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. MALES subjects were obtained from a multinational convenience sample.

Main Outcome Measures
ED was measured using the validated single-question self-report of ED severity (“none,”“minimal,”“moderate,” or “complete”). ED progression was defined as worsening of ED over time, whereas regression was defined as a lessening of ED severity. Logistic regression analyses were adjusted for age, body mass index (MMAS only), and use of PDE5i.

Results
In MMAS and MALES, 21% (confidence interval [CI]: 17%, 25%) and 25% (22%, 29%) of subjects, respectively, exhibited regression; 51% (45%, 57%) in MMAS and 28% (23%, 33%) in MALES exhibited ED progression. A minority of subjects (14% in MMAS and 28% in MALES) reported use of PDE5i. The proportion of subjects reporting progression increased with age. The higher rate of progression in MMAS may be due in part to the shorter follow-up time (∼3 years) in MALES.

Conclusions
Among subjects with some level of self-reported ED, progression and regression are common over a several-year period. Strategies for therapy and intervention for ED should acknowledge this basic evolution with time.
Female Orgasm Rates are Largely Independent of Other Traits: Implications for “Female Orgasmic Disorder” and Evolutionary Theories of Orgasm
Authors: Zietsch Brendan P. , Miller Geoffrey F. , Bailey J. Michael , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The criteria for “female orgasmic disorder” (FOD) assume that low rates of orgasm are dysfunctional, implying that high rates are functional. Evolutionary theories about the function of female orgasm predict correlations of orgasm rates with sexual attitudes and behavior and other fitness-related traits.

Aim
To test hypothesized evolutionary functions of the female orgasm.

Methods
We examined such correlations in a community sample of 2,914 adult female Australian twins who reported their orgasm rates during masturbation, intercourse, and other sexual activities, and who completed demographic, personality, and sexuality questionnaires.

Main Outcome Measures
Orgasm rates during intercourse, other sex, and masturbation.

Results
Although orgasm rates showed high variance across women and substantial heritability, they were largely phenotypically and genetically independent of other important traits. We found zero to weak phenotypic correlations between all three orgasm rates and all other 19 traits examined, including occupational status, social class, educational attainment, extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, impulsiveness, childhood illness, maternal pregnancy stress, marital status, political liberalism, restrictive attitudes toward sex, libido, lifetime number of sex partners, risky sexual behavior, masculinity, orientation toward uncommitted sex, age of first intercourse, and sexual fantasy. Furthermore, none of the correlations had significant genetic components.

Conclusion
These findings cast doubt on most current evolutionary theories about female orgasm's adaptive functions, and on the validity of FOD as a psychiatric construct.
Heme Oxygenase‐1 is Associated with Wheat Salinity Acclimation by Modulating Reactive Oxygen Species HomeostasisF
Authors: Xie Yanjie , Cui Weiti , Yuan Xingxing , Shen Wenbiao , Yang Qing 
Published: May 2011

Abstract Heme oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) has been recently identified as an endogenous signaling system in animals. In this study, HO‐1 upregulation and its role in acquired salt tolerance (salinity acclimation) were investigated in wheat plants. We discovered that pretreatment with a low concentration of NaCl (25 mmol/L) not only led to the induction of HO‐1 protein and gene expression, as well as enhanced HO activity, but also to a salinity acclimatory response thereafter. The effect is specific for HO‐1, since the potent HO‐1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX blocks the above cytoprotective actions, and the cytotoxic responses conferred by 200 mmol/L NaCl are reversed partially when HO‐1 inducer hemin is added. Heme oxygenase catalytic product, carbon monoxide (CO) aqueous solution pretreatment, mimicked the salinity acclimatory responses. Meanwhile, the CO‐triggered re‐establishment of reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis was mainly guaranteed by the induction of total and isozymatic activities, or corresponding transcripts of superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and cytosolic peroxidase (POD), as well as the downregulation of NADPH oxidase expression and cell‐wall POD activity. A requirement of hydrogen peroxide homeostasis for HO‐1‐mediated salinity acclimation was also discovered. Taken together, the above results suggest that the upregulation of HO‐1 expression was responsible for the observed salinity acclimation through the regulation of ROS homeostasis.
Feasibility and safety of multicomponent apheresis donation
Authors: Moog R. 
Published: May 2011

Background and Objectives  Modern apheresis devices offer the possibility to collect blood components that are well standardized, as compared with those available with manual whole blood donations. Recent technologic advances in multicomponent donation have made possible the development of systems that can collect different blood components from the same donor during one apheresis session. Red blood cells (RBCs) can be concurrently collected with plasma or platelets (PLTs).Materials and Methods  A PLT yield of ≥2 × 1011 per unit according to European guidelines can be targeted by the algorithm of the blood cell separators after entering donor specific parameters such as body weight, height and blood counts. Furthermore, two units of RBCs can also be collected during one apheresis session provided that the donor fulfils the eligibility criteria for that procedure.Results  The haemoglobin content of apheresed RBCs after addition of additive solution is higher than the minimal European requirement of whole blood derived RBCs of 40 g per unit due to standardization. Automated blood cell separators permit predictable collection of blood components with consistent yields and volumes. Repeat apheresis donors accept multicomponent donation and consent to concurrent component collection in >90% of the procedures. The results of a national survey showed that approximately 75% were willing to give an additional RBC unit four times per year. This allows blood centres to increase the number of units colleted at low extra costs. Collecting an additional RBC unit in plateletpheresis causes extra costs of approximately 20€ for disposables and work load compensating the production costs with respect to the selling price. The incidence of acute adverse events in multicomponent apheresis was reported with less than 1%. Small, female donors with lower pre‐donation haematocrit were at higher risk for adverse events, especially when RBCs were collected. Double unit RBC collection showed to be safe if special eligibility criteria were respected.Conclusion  Previous definitions of blood component yield and volume as well as the flexibility to collect those multicomponents allow the blood centre to collect those components that maximize donors’ contribution and to meet the demands of its area hospitals for blood components. Blood transfusion services are progressively increasing their reliance on apheresis technology to optimize the number of blood components collected per donor visit and to reduce the number of donors a patient is exposed to. The use of these systems has shown at the same time that multicomponent donations have been well tolerated by the donors and are cost‐effective.
Is intravenous immunoglobulin effective to reduce exchange transfusion in Rhesus haemolytic disease of the newborn?
Authors: Santos M. C. P. , Sá C. A. M. , Gomes S. C. , Camacho L. A. B. , Moreira M. E. L. 
Published: May 2011

Background  Haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) is a persistent public health problem in Brazil due to the lack of efficient prophylactic measures. The standard therapeutic interventions for the newborn are phototherapy and exchange transfusion (ET). Intravenous immunoglobulin has been used for several years in some neonatal centres to reduce the need for ET among newborns with jaundice, but the scientific evidence on the efficacy of this treatment is still not definitive.Objective  To assess the evidence of efficacy of non‐specific immunoglobulin in decreasing the need for ET in newborns with haemolytic disease of the newborn.Methods  All randomized controlled trials on the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) to reduce the need of ET in the treatment of Rhesus haemolytic disease were included by searching MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Scopus, Lilacs, Scielo, http://www.clinicaltrial.gov and abstracts from SPR.Results  Six trials were found including 281 neonates: Rubo et al. (1992) (32); Alpay et al. (1999) (23); Dagoglu et al. (1995) (41); Nasseri et al. (2006) (13); Santos et al. (2010) (92); Smits‐Wintjens et al. (2011) (80). Most of the trials used the immunoglobulin in a prophylactic approach and only one used it when the jaundice was already established. Only two studies used placebo in the control group and described a method of blinding the intervention after allocation. The phototherapy protocols were not the same neither the efficacy of the units used. There was difference on the doses of the IVIG and on the number of infusions.Conclusions  Although current guidelines support the therapeutic effect of the intravenous immunoglobulin effect on decreasing the need for ET in newborns with Rhesus haemolytic disease it shall not yet be routinely recommended.
Predicting the distributions of under‐recorded Odonata using species distribution models
Authors: HASSALL CHRISTOPHER 
Published: May 2011

Abstract.1. Absences in distributional data may result either from the true absence of a species or from a false absence due to lack of recording effort. I use general linear models (GLMs) and species distribution models (SDMs) to investigate this problem in North American Odonata and present a potential solution.2. I use multi‐model selection methods based on Akaike’s information criterion to evaluate the ability of water–energy variables, human population density, and recording effort to explain patterns of odonate diversity in the USA and Canada using GLMs. Water–energy variables explain a large proportion of the variance in odonate diversity, but the residuals of these models are significantly related to recorder effort.3. I then create SDMs for 176 species that are found solely in the USA and Canada using model averaging of eight different methods. These give predictions of hypothetical true distributions of each of the 176 species based on climate variables, which I compare with observed distributions to identify areas where potential under‐recording may occur.4. Under‐recording appears to be highest in northern Canada, Alaska, and Quebec, as well as the interior of the USA. The proportion of predicted species that have been observed is related to recorder effort and population density. Maps for individual species have been made available online (http://www.odonatacentral.org/) to facilitate recording in the future.5. This analysis has illustrated a problem with current odonate recording in the form of unbalanced recorder effort. However, the SDM approach also provides the solution, targeting recorder effort in such a way as to maximise returns from limited resources.
Smart materials in dentistry
Authors: McCabe JF , Yan Z , Al Naimi OT , Mahmoud G , Rolland SL 
Published: May 2011

AbstractMost dental materials are designed to have a relatively ‘neutral’ existence in the mouth. It is considered that if they are ‘passive’ and do not react with the oral environment they will be more stable and have a greater durability. At the same time, it is hoped that our materials will be well accepted and will cause neither harm nor injury. This is an entirely negative approach to material tolerance and biocompatibility and hides the possibility that some positive gains can be achieved by using materials which behave in a more dynamic fashion in the environment in which they are placed.An example of materials which have potential for ‘dynamic’ behaviour exists with structures which are partly water‐based or have phases or zones with significant water content and for which the water within the material can react to changes in the ambient conditions. Such materials may even be said to have the potential for ‘smart’ behaviour, i.e. they can react to changes in the environment to bring about advantageous changes in properties, either within the material itself or in the material‐tooth complex. The controlled movement of water or aqueous media through the material may cause changes in dimensions, may be the carrier for various dissolved species, and may influence the potential for the formation of biofilms at the surface. Some of these issues may be closely interrelated.Clearly, materials which do not have the capacity for water transport or storage do not have the potential for this sort of behaviour.Some materials which are normally resistant to the healthy oral environment can undergo controlled degradation at low pH in order to release ions which may prove beneficial or protective. It is doubtful whether such behaviour should be classified as ‘smart’ because the material cannot readily return to its original condition when the stimulus is removed.Other materials, such as certain alloys, having no means of transporting water through their structure, can display smart behaviour by undergoing predictable changes in structure in response to applied mechanical or thermal stimuli. It has been difficult to harness such behaviour to the benefit of patients but progress in this area is slowly being made.
Liners and bases in general dentistry
Authors: Weiner R 
Published: May 2011

AbstractOne of the most controversial areas of restorative dentistry is the subject of liners and bases. Currently, there is no single protocol, with respect to the use of liners and bases, for clinicians to follow. This article is an in‐depth literature review that discusses the use of liners and bases and the types of materials that are available to the restorative dentist. The new emerging concept of minimally invasive dentistry will require new restorative techniques. These changes will require the clinician to reevaluate their use of liners and bases. Other clinical considerations and findings from recent research are discussed.
Current perspectives on post systems: a literature review
Authors: Goracci C , Ferrari M 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis literature review summarizes the most recent and reliable evidence on post systems. A search was limited to review articles published over the last 10 years in dental journals with an impact factor. Papers cited in the initially retrieved review articles were also included if significant. Preservation of tooth tissue, presence of a ferrule effect, and adhesion are regarded as the most effective conditions for long‐term success of post‐endodontic restorations. Adhesively luted fibre‐reinforced composite post restorations have demonstrated satisfactory survival rates over relatively long follow‐up periods. The clinical effectiveness of such restorations has been mainly ascribed to the more biomimetic behaviour of fibre‐reinforced composite posts that reduces the risk of vertical root fractures. The most common type of failure when using fibre posts is post debonding and it is generally agreed that achieving stable adhesion to intraradicular dentine is more challenging than to coronal dentine. Several factors related to endodontic treatment, root canal shape, post space preparation, post translucency, adhesive cement handling and curing may have an influence on the outcome of the luting procedure. The most reliable results in fibre post cementation are obtained by etch‐and‐rinse adhesives in combination with dual‐cure resin cements. The use of self‐adhesive resin cements has also been proposed. Simplification is an obvious advantage of these new materials. However, the durability of their bond still needs to be verified with long‐term clinical studies. Several techniques for pre‐treating the fibre‐reinforced composite post surface have been tested with the aim of improving the bond strength at the post‐core and post‐cement interfaces. Silicoating followed by silanization currently appears to be the most effective and convenient method for this purpose. In conclusion, the available evidence validates the use of fibre posts as an alternative to metal posts and preferably to other tooth‐coloured posts, such as zirconia dowels, in the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Longer term clinical trials are expected to further strengthen this evidence.
CAD/CAM systems available for the fabrication of crown and bridge restorations
Authors: Miyazaki T , Hotta Y 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDental biomaterials are widely used in all areas of routine dental practice. There are mainly two methods for their application. Firstly, dental biomaterials are placed into living tissues, such as teeth, to fill the space. Secondly, dental devices such as crown and bridge restorations and dentures are fabricated using various materials to restore the morphology and function of the dentition.Crown and bridge restorations are one of the main treatment methods used by general practitioners to achieve lifelike restoration of form and function. The recent introduction of osseointegrated implants has expanded the application of crown and bridge restorations for partially edentulous patients.Mechanical durability and precision fit are mandatory requirements for crowns and bridges. The development of various casting alloys and precise casting systems has contributed to the successful use of metal‐based restorations. However, patient requests for more aesthetic and biologically ‘safe’ materials has led to an increased demand for metal‐free restorations.There is also a growing demand to provide all‐ceramic restorations more routinely. New materials such as highly sintered glass, polycrystalline alumina, zirconia based materials and adhesive monomers, will assist dentists to meet this demand. In addition, new fabrication systems combined with computer‐assisted fabrication systems (dental CAD/CAM) and various networks are now available. Dental technology was centred on lost‐wax casting technology but we now face a revolution in crown and bridge fabrication.This article reviews the history and recent status of dental CAD/CAM, the application of CAD/CAM fabricated tooth‐coloured glass ceramic crowns, and the application of all‐ceramic crowns and bridges using CAD/CAM fabricated zirconia based frameworks.
VARIATIONS IN THE EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF NORMAL ADOLESCENTS.*
Authors: WHEELER OLIVE A. 
Published: May 2011

RésuméDES VARIATIONS DANS LE DÉVELOPPEMENT ÉMOTIF DE L'ADOLESCENT NORMAL.Par une considération des témoignages convergents des observations faites par des adultes sur la conduite des adolescents, des réponses fournies par ceux‐ci à des questionnaires, des journaux et autobiographies écrits par eux, l'auteur démontre que le développement émotif, pendant l'adolescence, suit ordinairement trois directions principales; premièrement le rehaussement du sentiment du moi, duquel résulte un mouvement vers l'indépendance psychologique; deuxièmement l'apparition, ou l'accroissement d'intensité, des émotions sexuelles; troisièmement le développement des émotions sociales, esthétiques et religieuses. Il se produit dans ce développement émotif, des variations en ce qui concerne son temps, sa vitesse, son intensité générale (ce qui semble soutenir l'hypothèse de Burt d'un facteur émotif central), et dans l'importance rélative des diverses émotions, surtout dans le cas du groupe passif des émotions et du groupe actif.Le milieu exerce une influence puissante, pour faciliter ou troubler le développement de l'adolescent, et dans le milieu avant tout la famille. Des conditions presque universelles de chômage constituent une menace grave au développement harmonieux de l'adolescent moderne, et empêchent, dans bien des cas, le synchronisme des trois ajustements qui caractérisent le mieux cer âge de la vie.ÜbersichtVERÄNDERUNGEN IN DER ENTWICKLUNG DER GEMÜTSBEWEGUNGEN IM NORMALEN JÜNGLINGSALTER.Indem sie zusammenlaufende Beweislinien aus den Betrachtungen Erwachsener in Bezug auf das Benehmen junger Menschen, aus den Antworten auf Fragelisten, und aus den von Jünglingen geschriebenen Tagebüchern und Lebensgeschichten in Betracht zieht, zeigt die Verfasserin, dass die Entwicklung der Gemütsbewegungen im Jünglingsalter gewöhnlich in drei Hauptrichtungen stattfindet; erstens, in einem gesteigerten Selbstgefühl, das nach psychologischer Unabhängigkeit strebt; zweitens, in einer Steigerung oder Anspannung von Geschlechtsempfindungen; und drittens, in der Entwicklung sozialer, ästhetischer und religiöser Gefühle. Veränderungen kommen in dem Tempo dieser Gefühlsentwicklung vor; in ihrer allgemeinen Stärke (welches scheint, mit Burts Voraussetzung eines zentralen Gefühlsfaktors im Einklang zu sein); und in einer Verschiedenheit des Nachdruckes auf verschieden en Empfindungen, besonders auf der aktiven und passiven Gruppe der Gemütsbewegungen.Einflüsse der Umgebung spielen eine grosse Rolle, indem sie die Gefühlsentwicklung eines Jünglings unterstützen oder stören; und der grösste dieser Einflüsse ist der Familienkreis. Weit verbreitete Arbeitslosigkeit bedroht die friedliche Entwicklung der modernen Jünglinge und in manchen Fällen hemmt sie die Gleichzeitigkeit der drei eigentümlichsten Berichtungen der Periode.