bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of urine Gram stain in young febrile infants with a suspected urinary tract infection: a cohort study
Authors: Gomez Borja , Mier Ana , Ugedo Alberto , Aguirre-Quiñonero Amaia , Benito Javier , Mintegi Santiago 
Published: June 2024

ObjectiveTo analyse the performance of the urine Gram stain for predicting a positive urine culture (UC) in young infants with fever without source (FWS) and pyuria.DesignObservational study; secondary analysis of a prospective registry-based cohort study.SettingPaediatric emergency department; tertiary teaching hospital.PatientsInfants ≤90 days old with FWS, pyuria and urine Gram stain requested seen between 2010 and 2022.Main outcome measurePerformance of the Gram stain, defined as positive if any bacteria were seen, for predicting urinary tract infection (UTI: UC by urethral catheterisation growing >10 000 CFU/mL of a single bacterial pathogen).ResultsAmong 367 febrile infants with pyuria, 281 (76.6%) had a positive Gram stain and 306 (83.3%) had a positive UC (277; 90.5%Escherichia coli).Rates of positive UC in patients with positive and negative Gram stains were 97.2% and 38.4%, respectively (p<0.01), showing a sensitivity of 89.2% (95% CI: 85.2% to 92.2%) and a specificity of 86.9% (95% CI: 76.2% to 93.2%). Sensitivity was lower for diagnosing UTIs caused by bacteria other thanE. coli(69.0% vs 91.3% for UTIs caused byE. coli; p<0.01).Two (2.1%) of the 86 infants with negative Gram stains were diagnosed with bacteraemia unrelated to a UTI (Streptococcus pneumoniaeandStaphylococcus aureus).ConclusionsAround a third of infants with pyuria and a negative Gram stain will eventually be diagnosed with a UTI. These patients have a higher rate of UTIs caused by bacteria other thanE. coli. Bacterial infections other than UTIs should also be considered in such cases.
Genetic parameters and correlations for female reproductive performance and early growth performance of piglets in Landrace breed across various regions of Vietnam
Authors: Van Le Sang , Trinh Son Hong 
Published: June 2024

This study aimed to estimate the genetic parameters for reproductive and early performance traits in Vietnam-purebred Landrace pigs. Traits analysed included the total number of pigs born (TB), number of pigs born alive (NBA), number of weaned pigs (NW), individual birth weight (BW), litter birth weight (LBW), individual weaning weight (WW), and litter weaning weight (LWW). This analysis was based on 5294 farrowing records collected from 2013 to 2019 from 1500 Landrace sows across three locations in Vietnam. Genetic parameters were estimated using ASReml-R. Heritability estimates for reproduction traits were negligible, below 0.10, ranging from 0.019 ± 0.012 to 0.071 ± 0.014, with repeatability ranging from 0.019 ± 0.014 to 0.152 ± 0.016. The genetic correlations ranged from −0.788 ± 0.09 to 0.993 ± 0.163, with the highest between IBW and LWW and the lowest between TB and IBW. NBA showed positive and moderate to high correlations with other traits, except for a negative correlation with IBW. Phenotypic correlations among reproductive traits ranged from −0.42 ± 0.013 to 0.879 ± 0.004. Negative phenotypic correlations were observed between TB, NBA, and NW with IBW and IWW, while positive correlations were observed with LBW and LWW. In conclusion, the heritability for reproductive performance and early growth traits in Vietnam-purebred Landrace pigs is negligible, indicating limited genetic progress from direct selection.
The Folster Lake Formation, Nunavut: remnant of a littoral to fluvio-deltaic source to the Paleoproterozoic-age Penrhyn basin
Authors: Corrigan David , Wodicka Natasha , Lebeau Lorraine 
Published: June 2024

The Folster Lake Formation consists of Paleoproterozoic-age sedimentary cover units unconformably deposited on deeply weathered Archean basement of the Rae craton on Melville Peninsula, Nunavut. It comprises a lower member, formed of basal conglomerate, hematite-specularite iron-formation, mudstone, siltstone, silty limestone, and cross-bedded arkose, and an upper member dominated by arkose with planar and trough cross-beds, including giant (up to 10 m thick) compound cross-beds, overlain by quartz arenite with heavy mineral laminae. The entire succession has been historically interpreted as a near-shore, tide-dominated succession derived from a source to the southeast. Our field observations, supported by SHRIMP U–Pb analyses on detrital zircon, suggest that the Folster Lake Formation represents the remnants of a 1.91–1.88 Ga sand-dominated delta advancing on a tide-dominated shoreline, sourced by detritus eroded from the Thelon, Queen Maud, and Boothia-Somerset uplift to the west-northwest. This fluvio-deltaic system transported sediments to the Upper Penrhyn Group, which was contemporaneously being deposited in a basin opened to the southeast.
Short‐Term Statin Treatment Reduces, and Long‐Term Statin Treatment Abolishes, Chronic Vascular Injury by Radiation Therapy
Authors: Ait‐Aissa Karima , Guo Xutong , Klemmensen Madelyn , Juhr Denise , Leng Linette N. , Koval Olha M. , Grumbach Isabella M. 
Published: June 2024

Background
The incidental use of statins during radiation therapy has been associated with a reduced long‐term risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We examined whether irradiation causes chronic vascular injury and whether short‐term administration of statins during and after irradiation is sufficient to prevent chronic injury compared with long‐term administration.

Methods and Results

C57Bl/6 mice were pretreated with pravastatin for 72 hours and then exposed to 12 Gy X‐ray head‐and‐neck irradiation. Pravastatin was then administered either for an additional 24 hours or for 1 year. Carotid arteries were tested for vascular reactivity, altered gene expression, and collagen deposition 1 year after irradiation. Treatment with pravastatin for 24 hours after irradiation reduced the loss of endothelium‐dependent vasorelaxation and protected against enhanced vasoconstriction. Expression of markers associated with inflammation (NFκB p65 [phospho‐nuclear factor kappa B p65] and TNF‐α [tumor necrosis factor alpha]) and with oxidative stress (NADPH oxidases 2 and 4) were lowered and subunits of the voltage and Ca
2+
activated K
+
BK channel (potassium calcium‐activated channel subfamily M alpha 1 and potassium calcium‐activated channel subfamily M regulatory beta subunit 1) in the carotid artery were modulated. Treatment with pravastatin for 1 year after irradiation completely reversed irradiation‐induced changes.

Conclusions
Short‐term administration of pravastatin is sufficient to reduce chronic vascular injury at 1 year after irradiation. Long‐term administration eliminates the effects of irradiation. These findings suggest that a prospective treatment strategy involving statins could be effective in patients undergoing radiation therapy. The optimal duration of treatment in humans has yet to be determined.
Prognostic Value of Serial Risk Stratification in Adult and Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lokhorst Chantal , van der Werf Sjoukje , Berger Rolf M. F. , Douwes Johannes M. 
Published: June 2024

Background
In pulmonary arterial hypertension, it is recommended to base therapeutic decisions on risk stratification. This systematic review aims to report the prognostic value of serial risk stratification in adult and pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension and to explore the usability of serial risk stratification as treatment target.

Methods and Results
Electronic databases PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science were searched up to January 30, 2023, using terms associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension, pediatric pulmonary hypertension, and risk stratification. Observational studies and clinical trials describing risk stratification at both baseline and follow‐up were included. Sixty five studies were eligible for inclusion, including only 2 studies in a pediatric population. C‐statistic range at baseline was 0.31 to 0.77 and improved to 0.30 to 0.91 at follow‐up. In 53% of patients, risk status changed (42% improved, 12% worsened) over 168 days (interquartile range, 137–327 days; n=22 studies). The average proportion of low‐risk patients increased from 18% at baseline to 36% at a median follow‐up of 244 days (interquartile range, 140–365 days; n=40 studies). In placebo‐controlled drug studies, risk statuses of the intervention groups improved more and worsened less compared with the placebo groups. Furthermore, a low‐risk status, but also an improved risk status, at follow‐up was associated with a better outcome. Similar results were found in the 2 pediatric studies.

Conclusions
Follow‐up risk stratification has improved prognostic value compared with baseline risk stratification, and change in risk status between baseline and follow‐up corresponded to a change in survival. These data support the use of serial risk stratification as treatment target in pulmonary arterial hypertension.
1. The Cases of Riley and Rooney
Authors: Placzynta Karolina 
Published: June 2024

Despite the benefits of the intersectional approach to antisemitism studies, it seems to have been given little attention so far. This chapter compares the online reactions to two UK news stories, both centred around the common theme of cultural boycott of Israel in support of the BDS movement, both with a well-known female figure at the centre of media coverage, only one of which identifies as Jewish. In the case of British television presenter Rachel Riley, a person is attacked for being female as well as Jewish, with misogyny compounding the antisemitic commentary. In the case of the Irish writer Sally Rooney, misogynistic discourse is used to strengthen the message countering antisemitism. The contrastive analysis of the two datasets, with references to similar analyses of media stories centred around well-known men, illuminates the relationships between the two forms of hate, revealing that—even where the antisemitic attitudes overlap— misogynistic insults and disempowering or undermining language are being weaponised on both sides of the debate, with additional characterisation of Riley as a “grifter” and Rooney as “naive”.
More research comparing discourses around Jewish and non-Jewish women is needed to ascertain whether this pattern is consistent; meanwhile, the many analogies in the abuse suffered by both groups can perhaps serve a useful purpose: shared struggles can foster understanding needed to then notice the particularised prejudice. By including more than one hate ideology in the research design, intersectionality offers exciting new approaches to studies of antisemitism and, more broadly, of
hate speech or discrimination.
Education or indoctrination? An exploration of the resistance towards making policing a degree-level profession
Authors: Andrews Tom 
Published: June 2024

Following a governmental U-turn on the requirement for new police officers to have degrees, this article examines what happened within just 7 years to cause this; specifically from the perspective of chief constables. This is contextualised through social learning and followership, and examining best practice in police leadership. It concludes that with unambiguous buy-in of ideas - such as the requirement for professionalisation through education - officers accept them; but that in this example that was not the case. It demonstrates that where chief constables supported the entry routes, satisfaction rates were higher; but chiefs who obstructed their delivery ensured its failure.
Genotype-phenotype correlations in chronic granulomatous disease: insights from a large national cohort
Authors: Wolach Baruch , Gavrieli Ronit , Wolach Ofir , Salamon Pazit , de Boer Martin , van Leeuwen Karin , Abuzaitoun Omar , Broides Arnon , Gottesman Giora , Grisaru-Soen Galia , Hagin David , Marcus Nufar , Rottem Menachem , Schlesinger Yechiel , Stauber Tali , Stepensky Polina , Dinur-Schejter Yael , Zeeli Tal , Hanna Suheir , Etzioni Amos , Frizinsky Shirly , Somech Raz , Roos Dirk , Lachover-Roth Idit 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Neutrophils execute and modulate immune responses by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immune deficiency disorder of phagocytes, caused by inherited mutations in the genes of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced oxidase enzyme. These mutations lead to failure of ROS generation followed by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections, frequently associated with hyperinflammatory manifestations. We report a multicenter cumulative experience in diagnosing and treating patients with CGD. From 1986 to 2021, 2918 patients experiencing frequent infections were referred for neutrophil evaluation. Among them, 110 patients were diagnosed with CGD: 56 of Jewish ancestry, 48 of Arabic ancestry, and 6 of non-Jewish/non-Arabic ancestry. As opposed to other Western countries, the autosomal recessive (AR) CGD subtypes were predominant in Israel (71/110 patients). Thirty-nine patients had X-linked CGD, in most patients associated with severe infections (clinical severity score ≥3) and poor outcomes, presenting at a significantly earlier age than AR-CGD subtypes. The full spectrum of infections and hyperinflammatory manifestations is described. Six patients had hypomorphic mutations with significantly milder phenotype, clinical severity score ≤2, and better outcomes. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was implemented in 39 of 110 patients (35.5%). Successful engraftment was achieved in 92%, with 82% long-term survival and 71% full clinical recovery. CGD is a complex disorder requiring a multiprofessional team. Early identification of the genetic mutation is essential for prompt diagnosis, suitable management, and prevention.
Impact of proficiency in the transcatheter aortic valve implantation procedure on clinical outcomes: a single center retrospective study
Authors: Miyoshi Hirotsugu , Kamiya Satoshi , Ikeda Tsuyoshi , Narasaki Soshi , Kondo Takashi , Syourin Daiki , Sumii Ayako , Kido Kenshiro , Otsuki Sachiko , Kato Takahiro , Nakamura Ryuji , Tsutsumi Yasuo M. 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
We used transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) procedure time to investigate the association between surgical team maturity and outcome.

Methods
Among patients who underwent TAVI between October 2015 and November 2019, those who had Sapien™ implanted with the transfemoral artery approach were included in the analysis. We used TAVI procedure time and surgery number to draw a learning curve. Then, we divided the patients into two groups before and after the number of cases where the sigmoid curve reaches a plateau. We compared the two groups regarding the surveyed factors and investigated the correlation between the TAVI procedure time and survey factors.

Results
Ninety-nine of 149 patients were analysed. The sigmoid curve had an inflection point in 23.2 cases and reached a plateau in 43.0 cases. Patients in the Late group had a shorter operating time, less contrast media, less radiation exposure, and less myocardial escape enzymes than the Early group. Surgical procedure time showed the strongest correlation with the surgical case number.

Conclusion
The number of cases required for surgeon proficiency for isolated Sapien™ valve implantation was 43. This number may serve as a guideline for switching the anesthesia management of TAVI from general to local anesthesia.
Dietary patterns and micronutrients in respiratory infections including COVID-19: a narrative review
Authors: Salehi Zahra , Askari Mohammadreza , Jafari Alireza , Ghosn Batoul , Surkan Pamela J. , Hosseinzadeh-Attar Mohammad Javad , Pouraram Hamed , Azadbakht Leila 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
COVID-19 is a pandemic caused by nCoV-2019, a new beta-coronavirus from Wuhan, China, that mainly affects the respiratory system and can be modulated by nutrition.

Methods
This review aims to summarize the current literature on the association between dietary intake and serum levels of micronutrients, malnutrition, and dietary patterns and respiratory infections, including flu, pneumonia, and acute respiratory syndrome, with a focus on COVID-19. We searched for relevant articles in various databases and selected those that met our inclusion criteria.

Results
Some studies suggest that dietary patterns, malnutrition, and certain nutrients such as vitamins D, E, A, iron, zinc, selenium, magnesium, omega-3 fatty acids, and fiber may have a significant role in preventing respiratory diseases, alleviating symptoms, and lowering mortality rates. However, the evidence is not consistent and conclusive, and more research is needed to clarify the mechanisms and the optimal doses of these dietary components. The impact of omega-3 and fiber on respiratory diseases has been mainly studied in children and adults, respectively, and few studies have examined the effect of dietary components on COVID-19 prevention, with a greater focus on vitamin D.

Conclusion
This review highlights the potential of nutrition as a modifiable factor in the prevention and management of respiratory infections and suggests some directions for future research. However, it also acknowledges the limitations of the existing literature, such as the heterogeneity of the study designs, populations, interventions, and outcomes, and the difficulty of isolating the effects of single nutrients from the complex interactions of the whole diet.
Accessibility to palliative care services in Colombia: an analysis of geographic disparities
Authors: Sánchez-Cárdenas Miguel Antonio , León Marta Ximena , Rodríguez-Campos Luisa Fernanda , Vargas-Escobar Lina María , Cabezas Laura , Tamayo-Díaz Juan Pablo , Piñeros Angela Cañon , Mantilla-Manosalva Nidia , Fuentes-Bermudez Genny Paola 
Published: June 2024

AbstractObjectivesDue to the increase in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and the Colombian demographic transition, the necessity of palliative care has arisen. This study used accessibility and coverage indicators to measure the geographic barriers to palliative care.MethodsPopulation-based observational study focused on urban areas and adult population from Colombia, which uses three measurements of geographic accessibility to services: a) density of palliative care services per 100,000 inhabitants, b) analysis of geographic distribution by territorial nodes of the country, and c) spatial analysis of palliative care services using Voronoi diagrams. ArcGIS Pro software was used to map services’ locations and identify geographic disparities.ResultsA total of 504 palliative care services were identified, of which 77% were primary health care services. The density of palliative care services in Colombia is 1.8 primary care services per 100,000 inhabitants and 0.4 specialized services per 100,000 inhabitants. The average palliative care coverage is 41%, two regions of the country have a coverage below 30%. Twenty-eight percent of the services provide care for a population greater than 50,000 inhabitants within their coverage area, exceeding the acceptable limit by international standards.ConclusionsPalliative care services are concentrated in three main regions (Bogotá D.C., the Center, and the Caribbean) and are limited in the Orinoquia and Amazonia nodes. Density of specialized palliative care services is extremely low and there are regions without palliative services for adults with palliative needs.
Exploring moral competence regression: a narrative approach in medical ethics education for medical students
Authors: Zielina Martin , Škoda Jaromír , Ivanová Kateřina , Dostál Daniel , Juríčková Lubica , Anthony Procházka David , Straka Barbora , Doležal Adam 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
Studies from different countries report a stagnation or regression of moral competence in medical students between the first and the last year of their studies, and the value of various educational interventions remains uncertain.

Methods
We used Moral Competence Test (MCT) to measure C-scores of moral competence to determine the change in the MCT C-scores between the first- and the fifth-year medical students from two medical schools in the Czech Republic in the academic year 2022/2023 and to analyze factors associated with the C-scores (observational study). In addition, for the first-year students, we compared the results of the MCT before and after an intervention in medical ethics curriculum (interventional study). We used a cross-sectional and descriptive design for the observational study. Students completed the MCT, consisting of two moral dilemmas (Worker´s Dilemma and Doctor´s Dilemma), the results measured by the C-score, which represents moral competence.

Results
In total, 685 students participated in the observational study. Objective 1: based on the analysis of the C-score, we observed a decrease in moral competence between the first and the fifth-year medical students (p < .001). Objective 2: we did not observe a statistically significant effect of gender (p = .278), or self-rated religiosity (p = .163). Objective 3: in the interventional study, 440 students participated in the pretest and 422 students participated in the posttest. The test of statistical significance found no improvement in students’ moral competence after the intervention (p = .253).

Conclusion
Medical students show a regression in moral competence during medical education; it was lower in medical students in their fifth year, compared to the first-year medical students without the effect of gender, or self-rated religiosity. Although educational intervention consisting of multiple tools of medical ethics teaching (PBL, CBL, KMDD and StorED) did not lead to increase in moral competence, the longitudinal effect of such intervention remains to be seen.
Using a smartphone-based self-management platform to study sex differences in Parkinson’s disease: multicenter, cross-sectional pilot study
Authors: Xu Zhiheng , Jin Lirong , Chen Weijie , Hu Tianyu , Li Shiyu , Liang Xiaoniu , Han Xixi , Chen Yi , Tang Yilin , Wang Jian , Wu Danhong 
Published: June 2024

Abstract
Background
Patient-reported outcome (PRO) is a distinct and indispensable dimension of clinical characteristics and recent advances have made remote PRO measurement possible. Sex difference in PRO of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is hardly extensively researched.

Methods
A smartphone-based self-management platform, offering remote PRO measurement for PD patients, has been developed. A total of 1828 PD patients, including 1001 male patients and 827 female patients, were enrolled and completed their PRO submission through this platform.

Results
Sex differences in PROs have been identified. The female group had a significantly lower height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) than the male group (P < 0.001). For motor symptoms, a higher proportion of patients reporting dyskinesia was observed in the female group. For non-motor symptoms, there is a higher percentage (P < 0.001) as well as severity (P = 0.016) of depression in the female group. More male patients reported hyposmia, lisp, drooling, dysuria, frequent urination, hypersexuality, impotence, daytime sleepiness, and apathy than females (P < 0.05). In contrast, more female patients reported headache, palpation, body pain, anorexia, nausea, urinal incontinence, anxiety, insomnia (P < 0.05) than males.

Conclusions
We provide evidence for sex differences in PD through the data collected from our platform. These results highlighted the importance of gender in clinical decision-making, and also support the feasibility of remote PRO measurement through a smartphone-based self-management platform in patients with PD.