bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION OF CLOVE BUDS DEODORIZED AQUEOUS EXTRACT (CDAE) AND EVALUATION OF ITS POTENTIAL TO IMPROVE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF CHICKEN MEATBALLS IN COMPARISON TO SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL FOOD ANTIOXIDANTS
Authors: CHAN KIM WEI , KHONG NICHOLAS M.H. , IQBAL SHAHID , CH'NG SOO EE , BABJI ABDUL SALAM 
Published: May 2012

ABSTRACTAntioxidative properties of prepared clove buds deodorized aqueous extract (CDAE) in chicken meatballs are studied. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were found to be 271.9 ± 12.0 mg gallic acid equivalent per gram and 161.6 ± 7.7 mg rutin equivalent per gram CDAE, respectively. Chicken meatball samples were: (1) C (control, i.e., without CDAE), and those supplemented with 200 ppm of; (2) T1 (CDAE); (3) T2 (ascorbic acid); and (4) T3 (butylated hydroxyanisole [BHA] : butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT] = 1:1). Oxidative stability was assessed by measuring peroxide value (PV) and 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) besides determination of color and sensory acceptability, over 12 days of chilled storage (8 ± 1C). All the treated samples showed higher induction period as well as lower PV and TBARS values than “C” throughout 12 days of storage (*P < 0.05). Color analysis showed that CDAE greatly improved redness of meatballs as compared with ascorbic acid and BHA‐BHT (*P < 0.05). Meanwhile, hedonic test indicated that treatment T1 did not affect sensory acceptability of chicken meatballs for all the tested attributes (color, aroma, taste, texture and overall acceptance) (*P > 0.05) up to comparable extent with T2 and T3.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe study provides a valuable method for the preparation of meatballs by replacing harmful synthetic antioxidants with natural ones with promising antioxidant and shelf‐life potential besides maintaining sensory attributes. This adaptation may result in massively enhanced consumption of these meatballs with disease‐preventive and health‐promoting effects.The main hurdle in commercialization of spicy meatballs is the pungent smell of spices as well as use of toxic organic solvents for extraction. The problem has been overcome by developing a method for the preparation of deodorized extracts in aqueous medium, which may significantly enhance the commercialization potential of meatballs and meatball‐based functional foods.
Implementation of School Policies to Prevent Youth Tobacco Use in Alabama
Authors: Geiger Brian F. , Vaid Isam , Beeson Diane , Riddle Barry 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: Public health professionals must monitor the effectiveness of school policies and programs to prevent youth initiation, promote quitting, and eliminate secondhand smoke. This analysis of school tobacco policies was preliminary to release of a state tobacco prevention and control plan for 2010‐2015.METHODS: University health educators collaborated with the state health agency to review policies of 33 school systems in 5 Metropolitan Statistical Areas and 9 public health areas. Authors developed a systematic approach of 8 steps useful to rate implementation of school tobacco control and prevention policies and discuss implications for health education program planning.RESULTS: Thirty school policies prohibited possession and use of tobacco by students, faculty and campus visitors, and 26 of 33 specified disciplinary measures following violations. Only 4 public education agencies included 3 of the 6 elements of a model tobacco prevention and control policy as suggested by the state public health agency. None featured all 6 elements. None specified establishing school‐community partnerships for tobacco prevention and control.CONCLUSIONS: Preparing smoke‐free youth requires implementing and evaluating tobacco education in grades K‐12 including use of model guidelines from federal agencies and professional organizations. Determining the focus of existing school tobacco policies is an initial step to encourage adoption of comprehensive policies to reduce youth use of tobacco. Youth health advocates may act together with school administrators and legislators to strengthen policies to be consistent with model guidelines for tobacco prevention and control.
Association of School Nutrition Policy and Parental Control With Childhood Overweight
Authors: Seo Dong‐Chul , Lee Chung Gun 
Published: May 2012

BACKGROUND: Schools and parents may play important roles in preventing childhood obesity by affecting children's behaviors related to energy balance. This study examined how school nutrition policy and parental control over children's eating and physical activity habits are associated with the children's overweight/obesity (hereafter overweight) status.METHODS: Data were analyzed from a total of 246 pairs of children and parents who were recruited in the 2008‐2009 academic year from 10 randomly selected public secondary schools in Indiana (school response rate = 66.7%; participant response rate = 73.5%). Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine odds ratios of different levels of school nutrition policies and parental control with and without adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics.RESULTS: Children who attended schools where soda pop (OR = 3.79, p < .01) and non‐low‐fat salty snacks (OR = 2.46, p = .05) could be purchased were more likely to be obese than those at schools where such items were not sold. Children whose parents rarely or never ensured that their child was avoiding eating too many sweets (OR = 2.33, p = .08), avoiding spending too much time watching TV (OR = 2.24, p = .06), or engaging in physical activity (OR = 2.35, p = .09) were more likely to be obese than children whose parents did so always or most of the time.CONCLUSIONS: School nutrition policy and parental control over children's eating and physical activity habits are associated with the children's overweight status.
Operational Experience with Biological Aerated Filters1
Authors: Wheale G. , cooper‐smith G. d. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractYorkshire Water has two full‐scale biological aerated filters in operation. The first was installed at North Bierley sewage‐treatment works for the tertiary nitrification of humus―tank effluent to secure consent compliance and ascertain if anticipated future standards could be achieved. The second was recently commissioned at Hedon sewage‐treatment works for secondary treatment, as part of an evaluation of compact plant to meet the requirements of the urban waste water treatment Directive at coastal sites.The plant at North Bierley (near Bradford) is constructed mainly of steel and is designed to achieve an effluent quality of 10 mg/l suspended solids, 10 mg/l BOD, and 5 mg/l ammoniacal nitrogen. The plant at Hedon (near Hull) is constructed of concrete and is designed to achieve a 30 mg/l suspended solids and 25 mg/l BOD standard. Both plants have proved to be capable of meeting their respective effluent requirement.For each works, the paper describes (i) the identification of the problem, (ii) the reasons for selecting the biological aerated filter process, (iii) details of the plant, (iv) operating experiences, and (v) plant performance.
The Upgrading and Automation of a Sewage‐Treatment Inlet Works1
Authors: wheeler M. h. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis paper describes how a problem with pumping plant at the inlet of Budds Farm sewage‐treatment works (near Havant) developed into an upgrading of the inlet works and the installation of an automated operating system.The problem originated because (a) the inlet works had been modified a number of times, and (b) the flow of the incoming sewage was steadily increasing. The resultant hydraulically complex structure received flows from three pumping stations and via a triple inverted siphon. In addition to consequent problems such as poor flow distribution and inadequate settlement, frequent premature discharges of storm sewage occurred.Investigations to optimize new plant requirements and improve flow distribution included pumping tests and the commissioning of a hydraulic model. These resulted in five concurrent contracts which were coordinated with the aid of a TIMELINE computer package to ensure achievement of the deadline for improved works' performance.
Water Resources Management in Scotland1
Authors: wright P. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractFollowing a summary of the administrative arrangements in Scotland relating to water resources, details are given (for 1992‐93) of the available yield of sources developed for public water supply, together with information on the types of sources used by water authorities. The overall water demand situation is described, details are given of the components of demand (including ‘unaccounted for water’), and comment is made on the demand/yield position for the country as a whole. The outcome of two previous national surveys of existing and future water resources is reviewed and a description is given of the third such survey which has commenced recently. This latest survey will draw on the results of the domestic water consumption study which The Scottish Office reported on in 1993; a summary of this study and its findings are given, and proposed changes to institutional arrangements in Scotland are outlined.
Risks Associated with the Uncontrolled Discharge of Ships' Ballast and the Legislative Controls Available in Scotland1
Authors: macleod L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe transportation of goods by sea results in vast amounts of water which is taken on as ballast, being transferred between ports, countries and continents. This can cause pollution, both chemical and biological. Public‐health risks have also been identified. Although many countries, including the UK, have introduced guidelines on the discharge of ballast water, there are practical problems in establishing procedures which are suitable to mandatory control. Despite this, it is currently possible for ballast water discharges to fall within the ambit of the Scottish river purification authorities. This produces a dilemma in that an authority may have statutory duties which it does not have the practical or legal powers to fulfil. This paper explores the risks associated with uncontrolled ballast water discharge, the effectiveness of current controls, and possible further controls which could be exercised.
On‐Line Monitoring of Sewage for the Detection of Toxicity and Measurement of Short‐Term BOD
Authors: reid J. m. c. , nason R. b. , fisher J. t. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAn on‐line monitor is described which measures the short‐term BOD and detects the presence of nitrification inhibitors. The instrument, which is based on a 10‐1 activated‐sludge bioreactor and incorporates auto‐calibration facilities, has been tested over several years operating on crude and settled sewage. Calibrations against sewage strength parameters show linear and reproducible results. Toxicity detection is automatically confirmed by checking the degree of oxidation of a standard solution of ammonia. If detection is confirmed, sampling is initiated and an alarm is triggered.
The Use of Limestone Bed Filtration for the Treatment of Ferruginous Groundwater
Authors: smith P. g. , gaber A. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA pilot plant, consisting of limestone bed and sand filtration units, has been built 15 km south of Cairo to serve about 400 people. The plant comprises three limestone filter units (operated in series) and two sand filters.Operation of the pilot plant has shown that a packed limestone filter unit is a simple and cheap method of removing iron from ferruginous groundwater. The results demonstrate an iron removal rate of about 60% after passing through one 1.15−m deep limestone filter operating with a surface loading rate up to 1.4 m3/m2. h. The overall iron removal after one limestone filter followed by sand filtration was more than 90%.
The Andha Andhi Community Health Project, Nepal
Authors: barrett A. d. , FHKIE FICE 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWaterAid, backed by a pledge from the Institution of Water and Environmental Management to raise £5000, has agreed to support its local partner, Nepal Water for Health which, in turn, will assist the Andha Andhi Community Development Centre in this integrated water, sanitation and health education project. The budget is £10 570 (co‐funded by UNICEF†), to be spent during 1995−96, and the project is to serve 558 people living in Andha Andhi.The scheme comprises: the construction of a gravity water supply system; the installation of pit latrines; training of the scheme caretaker, health volunteers, a health motivator, sanitation worker and coordinator.Benefits are expected to arise from (a) the provision of safe drinking water, (b) education in improved hygiene practices, and (c) the easing of the burden of water collection on women and girls.
Incentivizing self‐regulation: Federal vs. state‐level voluntary programs in US climate change policies
Authors: Hsueh Lily , Prakash Aseem 
Published: May 2012

AbstractHow does program sponsorship influence the design of voluntary programs? Why and how do voluntary programs on climate change sponsored by the state and federal governments in the United States vary in their institutional design? Scholars emphasize the signaling role of voluntary programs to outside stakeholders, and the excludable benefits that induce firms to take on non‐trivial costs of joining voluntary programs. Scholars have noted several types of benefits, particularly reputational benefits programs provide, but have not systematically studied why different programs emphasize different types of benefits. We suggest that excludable benefits are likely to take different forms depending on the institutional context in which program sponsors function. We hypothesize that federal programs are likely to emphasize less tangible reputational benefits while state programs are likely to emphasize more tangible benefits, such as access to technical knowledge and capital. Statistical analyses show the odds of a voluntary program emphasizing tangible benefits increases by several folds when the program is sponsored by the state as opposed to federal government.
Food Justice, Hunger and the City
Authors: Heynen Nik , Kurtz Hilda E. , Trauger Amy 
Published: May 2012

AbstractWe are amidst a long‐overdue increase of interest in issues related food, cities and inequality within geography. While there has certainly been significant scholarship done on the issue, this area seems to be on the verge of defining many other sub‐disciplinary trajectories as opposed to the opposite which has historically been the case. In this short review essay, we hope to signal the utility of the concepts of community food security, food sovereignty and urban agriculture for conceptually linking food, justice, and cities.
Reflexive Geographies of Europeanization
Authors: Rovnyi Ievgenii , Bachmann Veit 
Published: May 2012

AbstractMainstream academic accounts tend to reduce Europeanization to the processes of domestic adaptation to the project of regional integration epitomized by the European Union. We take a look into the history of this current conceptualization and critically examine the foundations on which such an elitist and parsimonious idea of Europeanization has been built. To attend to the myriad faces of Europeanization as a geopolitical discourse and practice, we argue for a pluralist conduct of inquiry into the manifold power relations in Europe. We thereby call for a reflexive approach which would allow for a more encompassing and contextualized understanding of the sociospatial dimensions of these intricate processes and would address many silences in the multifaceted geographies of Europeanization.
Frequent BRAF Gain in Low‐Grade Diffuse Gliomas with 1p/19q Loss
Authors: Kim Young‐Ho , Nonoguchi Naosuke , Paulus Werner , Brokinkel Benjamin , Keyvani Kathy , Sure Ulrich , Wrede Karsten , Mariani Luigi , Giangaspero Felice , Tanaka Yuko , Nakazato Yoichi , Vital Anne , Mittelbronn Michel , Perry Arie , Ohgaki Hiroko 
Published: May 2012

AbstractChromosomal 7q34 duplication and BRAF‐KIAA1549 fusion is a characteristic genetic alteration in pilocytic astrocytomas. 7q34 gain appears to be common in diffuse astrocytomas, but its significance is unclear. We assessed BRAF gain and BRAF mutations in 123 low‐grade diffuse gliomas, including 55 diffuse astrocytomas, 18 oligoastrocytomas and 50 oligodendrogliomas. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) revealed BRAF gain in 17/50 (34%) oligodendrogliomas, a significantly higher frequency than in diffuse astrocytomas (7/55; 13%; P = 0.0112). BRAF gain was common in low‐grade diffuse gliomas with 1p/19q loss (39%) and those lacking any of the genetic alterations analyzed (31%), but was rare in those with TP53 mutations (2%). Logistic regression analysis showed a significant positive association between 1p/19q loss and BRAF gain (P = 0.0032) and a significant negative association between TP53 mutations and BRAF gain (P = 0.0042). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of 26 low‐grade diffuse gliomas with BRAF gain additionally revealed BRAF‐KIAA1549 fusion in one oligodendroglioma. Sequencing of cDNA in 17 low‐grade diffuse gliomas showed BRAF‐KIAA1549 fusion in another oligodendroglioma. A BRAFV600E mutation was also detected in one oligodendroglioma, and a BRAFA598V in one diffuse astrocytoma. These results suggest that low‐grade diffuse gliomas with 1p/19q loss have frequent BRAF gains, and a small fraction of oligodendrogliomas may show BRAF‐KIAA1549 fusion.
Use of hinged circular fixator constructs for the correction of crural deformities in three dogs
Authors: Choate CJ , Lewis DD , Kim SE , Sereda CW 
Published: May 2012

Background  Hinged circular external skeletal fixator constructs are used to perform sequential correction of angular limb deformities, often with resultant limb segment lengthening, via distraction osteogenesis. Although there are several reports describing the use of these constructs for correction of antebrachial deformities in dogs, there is little information regarding their use on other limb segments. This report describes the use of hinged circular fixator constructs for the correction of acquired crural deformities in three skeletally immature dogs.Case reports  Two dogs had purely frontal plane deformities (one valgus, one varus) and the third dog had frontal (valgus) and sagittal (recurvatum) components to its deformity. At the time of long‐term evaluation, frontal plane angulation relative to the contralateral limb improved from 40° to 22° of valgus, 30° to 5° of valgus, and 20° to 1° of varus in the three individual dogs. Tibial length discrepancies of 12% and 22% that were initially present in two dogs were improved to 6% and 10%, respectively, of the contralateral tibial length at the time of final evaluation; both dogs had compensatory growth of the ipsilateral femur and all dogs had an excellent functional outcome.Conclusion  These cases illustrate the value of using hinged circular fixator constructs for correction of crural angular deformities, particularly when length discrepancies of the tibia are present.
Value of cytologic analysis of bronchial washings in lung cancer on the basis of bronchoscopic appearance
Authors: Lee Gi Dong , Kim Ho Cheol , Kim You Eun , Lee Seung Jun , Cho Yu Ji , Jeong Yi Yeong , Jeon Kyoung‐Nyeo , Jang In Seok , Lee Jong Deok , Hwang Young Sil 
Published: May 2012

AbstractIntroduction:  We evaluated the diagnostic yield of cytologic analysis of bronchial washing in addition to forceps biopsy on the basis of bronchoscopic appearance and histologic type in lung cancer.Methods:  This retrospective study included 611 patients who had lung cancer and underwent bronchoscopic procedures between April 2003 and December 2008. Bronchoscopic appearance was classified into six types (tumor, infiltrative, necrotic, normal, compressive and aspecific) on the basis of endoscopic morphology.Results:  The forceps biopsy were positive in 492 cases (80.5%), and the diagnostic yield of the combination of forceps biopsy with cytologic analysis of bronchial washing was 84.1% (514/611 cases), that is, a statistically significant increase of 3.6% (P < 0.001). Washing cytologic analysis in the case of tumor, infiltrative and necrotic lesions had higher diagnostic yields than that in the case of normal, compressive and aspecific lesions (41.7% vs 29.3%), but its diagnostic yield did not increase on combination with forceps biopsy (P > 0.05). However, in the case of normal and compressive lesions, the addition of forceps biopsy to washing cytologic analysis significantly increased the diagnostic yield (P < 0.05). The histologic type of lung cancer did not significantly affect the difference in diagnostic yield between forceps biopsy alone and the combination of forceps biopsy and washing cytologic analysis (P > 0.05).Conclusions:  The combination of forceps biopsy and washing cytologic analysis offers a better diagnostic yield than biopsy alone in diagnosing lung cancer. Both procedures should be performed during bronchoscopy even if no endobronchial lesion is present.Please cite this paper as: Lee GD, Kim HC, Kim YE, Lee SJ, Cho YJ, Jeong YY, Jeon K‐N, Jang IS, Lee JD and Hwang YS. Value of cytologic analysis of bronchial washings in lung cancer on the basis of bronchoscopic appearance. Clin Respir J 2013; 7: 128–134.
Estimation of demo‐genetic model probabilities with Approximate Bayesian Computation using linear discriminant analysis on summary statistics
Authors: ESTOUP ARNAUD , LOMBAERT ERIC , MARIN JEAN‐MICHEL , GUILLEMAUD THOMAS , PUDLO PIERRE , ROBERT CHRISTIAN P. , CORNUET JEAN‐MARIE 
Published: May 2012

AbstractComparison of demo‐genetic models using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) is an active research field. Although large numbers of populations and models (i.e. scenarios) can be analysed with ABC using molecular data obtained from various marker types, methodological and computational issues arise when these numbers become too large. Moreover, Robert et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108, 15112) have shown that the conclusions drawn on ABC model comparison cannot be trusted per se and required additional simulation analyses. Monte Carlo inferential techniques to empirically evaluate confidence in scenario choice are very time‐consuming, however, when the numbers of summary statistics (Ss) and scenarios are large. We here describe a methodological innovation to process efficient ABC scenario probability computation using linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on Ss before computing logistic regression. We used simulated pseudo‐observed data sets (pods) to assess the main features of the method (precision and computation time) in comparison with traditional probability estimation using raw (i.e. not LDA transformed) Ss. We also illustrate the method on real microsatellite data sets produced to make inferences about the invasion routes of the coccinelid Harmonia axyridis. We found that scenario probabilities computed from LDA‐transformed and raw Ss were strongly correlated. Type I and II errors were similar for both methods. The faster probability computation that we observed (speed gain around a factor of 100 for LDA‐transformed Ss) substantially increases the ability of ABC practitioners to analyse large numbers of pods and hence provides a manageable way to empirically evaluate the power available to discriminate among a large set of complex scenarios.