bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal Th1 and Th17 regulation by mesenchymal stem cells: Implication for multiple sclerosis
Authors: Darlington Peter J. , Boivin Marie‐Noëlle , Renoux Christel , François Moïra , Galipeau Jacques , Freedman Mark S. , Atkins Harold L. , Cohen Jeffrey A. , Solchaga Luis , Bar‐Or Amit‐ 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHuman mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are being considered for clinical trials of multiple sclerosis (MS). We examined the effects of adult bone marrow‐derived hMSCs on responses of primary human Th1, Th17, and Th1/17 double‐expressing T‐cell subsets, all implicated in MS. As expected, soluble products from hMSCs inhibited Th1 responses; however, Th17 responses were increased. Secretion of interleukin (IL)‐10, considered anti‐inflammatory, was decreased. Pretreating hMSCs with the proinflammatory cytokine IL‐1β accentuated these effects, and caused decreases in the Th1/17 subset. These findings underscore the importance of further preclinical work and immune‐monitoring to define hMSC effects on disease‐relevant immune responses under variable conditions. ANN NEUROL 2010
The adaptor protein CIKS/ACT1 is necessary for collagen‐induced arthritis, and it contributes to the production of collagen‐specific antibody
Authors: Pisitkun Prapaporn , Claudio Estefania , Ren Nina , Wang Hongshan , Siebenlist Ulrich 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveCIKS/ACT1 is an adaptor molecule that is necessary for signaling by members of the interleukin‐17 cytokine family. The aim of this study was to determine whether this adaptor is required for the initiation of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA). If it is required, then CIKS‐mediated signaling could be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsCIA model studies were performed with CIKS‐deficient and CIKS‐sufficient mice on an otherwise wild‐type (WT) C57BL/6 background or on a C57BL/6 background lacking Fcγ receptor IIb (FcγRIIb). In addition, collagen antibody–induced arthritis (CAIA) studies were performed in WT and CIKS‐deficient mice. Pathologic changes of arthritis were evaluated by visual inspection of the paws, by histochemical analysis of tissue sections, and by measurements of collagen‐specific antibodies.ResultsPathologic changes of CIA were readily induced in WT mice, with exacerbation of the changes in FcγRIIb‐deficient mice. In contrast, CIKS‐deficient mice were protected from all aspects of CIA pathology, even on an FcγRIIb‐deficient background. The absence of CIKS completely prevented neutrophil infiltration into joints, bone erosion, and cartilage damage; furthermore, the production of type II collagen (CII)–specific antibodies was reduced. In contrast to the CIA model, CIKS‐deficient mice in the CAIA model remained susceptible to arthritis.ConclusionCIKS‐mediated signaling is necessary for the pathogenesis of CIA, but not CAIA. These findings suggest critical functions of CIKS during the development of arthritis in the CIA model, including in the formation of CII antibodies, and they mark the CIKS adaptor as a potential therapeutic target in RA.
Engagement of fatty acids with toll‐like receptor 2 drives interleukin‐1β production via the ASC/caspase 1 pathway in monosodium urate monohydrate crystal–induced gouty arthritis
Authors: Joosten Leo A. B. , Netea Mihai G. , Mylona Eleni , Koenders Marije I. , Malireddi R. K. Subbarao , Oosting Marije , Stienstra Rinke , van de Veerdonk Frank L. , Stalenhoef Anton F. , Giamarellos‐Bourboulis Evangelos J. , Kanneganti Thirumala‐Devi , van der Meer Jos W. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveThe concept that intraarticular crystals of uric acid by themselves trigger episodes of painful gouty arthritis is inconsistent with the clinical reality. Patients with large deposits of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals (tophi) do not necessarily experience gouty attacks. In fact, it is the excessive consumption of food or alcohol that elicits the inflammation of the acute gout attack. The aim of this study was to identify the precise mechanism that initiates flares of gouty arthritis.MethodsHuman peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and murine macrophages were stimulated in vitro with MSU, free fatty acids (FFAs), or both in combination. Thereafter, production of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and activation of caspase 1 were determined. Gouty arthritis was induced in mice with deficiencies in the genes for caspase 1, ASC, NALP3, or IL‐1β, and the lack of inflammasome activity during joint swelling or other joint pathologic features was investigated in these mice.ResultsMSU crystals had no biologic effects on PBMCs from healthy subjects, whereas the FFA C18:0 in the presence of MSU crystals induced the release of large amounts of IL‐1β following engagement of Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR‐2). Interaction of FFAs, but not alcohol, with TLR‐2 synergized with MSU crystals to induce an inflammatory reaction. An important event of MSU/FFA‐induced acute joint inflammation is the activation of the inflammasome. MSU/FFA‐induced release of IL‐1β was dependent on activation of caspase 1 and ASC, but surprisingly, not NALP3.ConclusionThe synergistic effect between FFAs and MSU crystals leads to ASC/caspase 1–driven IL‐1β release. This mechanism could explain how constitutionally derived metabolic events initiate attacks of gout via the induction of IL‐1β–mediated joint inflammation.
The absence of creativity in Feist and the computational process
Authors: Warner Julian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1991 in Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tel. Service Co. affirmed originality as a constitutional requirement for copyright. Originality has a specific sense and is constituted by a minimal degree of creativity and independent creation. The not original is the more developed concept within the decision. It includes the absence of a minimal degree of creativity as a major constituent. Different levels of absence of creativity also are distinguished, from the extreme absence of creativity to insufficient creativity. There is a gestalt effect of analogy between the delineation of the not original and the concept of computability. More specific correlations can be found within the extreme absence of creativity. “[S]o mechanical” in the decision can be correlated with an automatic mechanical procedure and clauses with a historical resonance with understandings of computability as what would naturally be regarded as computable. The routine within the extreme absence of creativity can be regarded as the product of a computational process. The concern of this article is with rigorously establishing an understanding of the extreme absence of creativity, primarily through the correlations with aspects of computability. The understanding established is consistent with the other elements of the not original. It also revealed as testable under real‐world conditions. The possibilities for understanding insufficient creativity, a minimal degree of creativity, and originality, from the understanding developed of the extreme absence of creativity, are indicated.
Development of Luciferin Analogues Bearing an Amino Group and Their Application as BRET Donors
Authors: Takakura Hideo , Sasakura Kiyoshi , Ueno Tasuku , Urano Yasuteru , Terai Takuya , Hanaoka Kenjiro , Tsuboi Takashi , Nagano Tetsuo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe systematically synthesized bioluminogenic substrates bearing an amino group on benzothiazole, quinoline, naphthalene, and coumarin scaffolds. They emit bioluminescence in various colors: red, orange, yellow, and green. An amino‐substituted coumarylluciferin derivative, coumarylaminoluciferin (CAL), showed the shortest bioluminescence wavelength among substrates reported so far. Further, the fluorescence of CAL did not exhibit solvatochromism, which suggests that its bioluminescence is not susceptible to environmental factors. We applied CAL as an energy‐donor substrate for a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system with click beetle red luciferase (CBRluc), a mutant of firefly luciferase, as the energy‐donor enzyme and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) as the energy‐acceptor fluorophore, and obtained a clearly bimodal bioluminescence spectrum. Stable bioluminescence that is not influenced by environmental factors is highly desirable for reliable measurements in biological assays.
Creating value in African biofuels
Authors: Sapp Meghan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDuring the global financial crisis, prospects for biofuels in Africa looked gloomy. Moving beyond the crisis and the food vs fuel debate, biofuel producers, academics, and policy‐makers alike are looking for ways to create value from sustainably produced biofuels in Africa. Meghan Sapp from PANGEA looks at why it is important that biofuels are ‘done right’ and for the benefit of Africa. © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Activity and Phase Diagram
Authors: Chou Kuo‐Chih , Li Wen‐Chao , Reddy R. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA series of rigorous relationships between activity and phase boundary for four kinds of equilibrium in phase diagrams have been developed which can be used to calculate activity of components along the liquidus. In terms of above rigorous equations the corresponding approximate equations for calculating activities at a fixed temperature can also be derived, which are significant, especially, when the experimental data are not available.
Tragverhalten von Flachdecken aus Stahlfaserbeton im negativen Momentenbereich und Bemessungsmodell für das Gesamtsystem
Authors: Michels Julien , Maas Stefan , Zürbes Arno , Waldmann Danièle 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDer vorliegende Artikel befasst sich mit dem Tragverhalten von Flachdecken aus Stahlfaserbeton im negativen Momentenbereich. Zugkräfte werden allein von den in der Betonmatrix eingebetteten Stahlfasern aufgenommen, letztere ermöglichen in einer Dosierung von 100 kg/m3 (1.3 % des Volumens) eine hohe Rotationsfähigkeit bei gleichzeitig hoher Tragfähigkeit. In einer ersten Phase kann anhand von Laborversuchen an Deckenausschnitten gezeigt werden, dass bei Flachdecken mit reiner Faserbewehrung und unter rotationssymetrischer Belastung kein Durchstanzen auftritt und sich ein Biegeversagen mit deutlicher Bruchlinienbildung einstellt. Neben den erhaltenen Informationen über Versagensart und ‐last konnte ebenfalls eine abfallende Faserwirksamkeit mit steigender Plattendicke festgestellt werden. Kombiniert mit den experimentellen Untersuchungen kann anhand nicht‐linearer FE‐Simulationen der Einfluss von Aussparungen bei lokalem Plattenversagen im Stützenbereich auf die Traglast beschrieben werden. Anhand der Festigkeitsstreuungen und einem semi‐probabilistischen Sicherheitskonzept wird ein Sicherheitsfaktor hergeleitet, welcher es ermöglicht, einen Bemessungswert der Querschnittstragfähigkeit zu berechnen. Wegen dem experimentell festgestellten Biegeversagen wird die Bruchlinientheorie als Rechenmodell angewendet.Bearing Capacity of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) Flat Slabs in the Negative Bending Moment Area and Design Model for the Complete SystemThe present paper deals with the bearing behaviour of steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) flat slabs in the negative bending moment area. Tensile forces are carried only by steel fibers. The latter allow, due to a dosage of 100 kg/m3 (1.3% in volume), a high rotation capacity with simultaneously high bearing capacities. In a first step experimental analysis showed that under symmetrical loading no punching shear failure occurred. A bending behaviour with creation of yield lines was observed for all test specimens. Furthermore, a decreasing fibre orientation with growing plate height could be noticed. The effect of openings in the column area on the bearing capacity loss in a local failure were evaluated with the use of non‐linear finite element software. Scatter in bending tensile strengths was used to calculate a safety factor by the means of a semi‐probabilistic safety concept. Eventually, slab design is performed by using yield line theory.
Merkblatt B3 – Elektrochemische Potentialmessungen zur Detektion von Bewehrungsstahlkorrosion
Authors: Sodeikat Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractElektrochemische Potentialmessungen (auch Potentialfeldmessungen) haben sich seit Jahren bewährt, Bereiche mit aktiver chloridinduzierter Korrosion an tausalzexponierten Bauwerken, wie z. B. Brückentafeln sowie Zwischendecks und Bodenplatten von Parkhäusern und Tiefgaragen nachzuweisen.Bereits 1990 erschien die erste Fassung des Merkblatts B3 der DGZfP. Das DAfStb Heft 422 (1991) – Prüfung von Beton Empfehlungen und Hinweise zu DIN 1048 – enthielt die Potentialfeldmessung bzw. das Merkblatt B3 im Anhang. In Deutschland liegen somit zwei Jahrzehnte Erfahrungen mit den entsprechenden Regelwerken und natürlich auch in der praktischen Anwendung vor. In der Praxis zeigte sich jedoch auch, dass die Anwendung verbessert werden muss. Die Potentialmessung wurde vielfach sogar falsch durchgeführt, wichtige Messungen fehlten und auch die Interpretation bzw. Bewertung der Messergebnisse erfolgte nicht mit dem erforderlichen ingenieurmäßigen Sachverstand. Häufig erfolgte die Bewertung nur auf Grundlage des amerikanischen Regelwerks ASTM Standard C 876–91, welches sich auch aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Bauweisen in Deutschland jedoch nur sehr bedingt eignet. Dies und auch das Vorliegen neuer technischer und wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse veranlassten den DGZfP‐Fachausschuss für Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung im Bauwesen den Unterausschuss Korrosionsnachweis bei Stahlbeton zu beauftragen, das Merkblatt B3 zu überarbeiten und neu heraus zu geben. Das neue Merkblatt wurde schließlich im April 2008 veröffentlicht.Ziel des nachfolgenden Beitrags ist es, das Potentialmessverfahren in kurzer Form darzustellen, insbesondere jedoch das Merkblatt B3 der Fachöffentlichkeit vorzustellen, da sich immer wieder gezeigt hat, dass dieses Merkblatt bei Anwendern und Auftraggebern nur sehr wenig bekannt ist.Der Inhalt des Merkblatts B3 wird nachfolgend in Auszügen dargestellt, erläutert und Hinweise zur praktischen Ausführung und Bewertung der Potentialmessung gegeben. Ferner werden an einigen Stellen Hintergrundinformationen gegeben, die im Merkblatt B3 nicht enthalten sind. Auf neuere wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse wird verwiesen. Die Kapiteleinteilung des Merkblatts B3 wird übernommen. Manche besonders wichtige Passagen des Merkblatts werden weitgehend wörtlich übernommen, wobei diese Passagen der besseren Lesbarkeit halber nicht extra gekennzeichnet werden.
Hierarchical Bayesian inference for HIV dynamic differential equation models incorporating multiple treatment factors
Authors: Huang Yangxin , Wu Hulin , Acosta Edward P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStudies on HIV dynamics in AIDS research are very important in understanding the pathogenesis of HIV‐1 infection and also in assessing the effectiveness of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. Viral dynamic models can be formulated through a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODE), but there has been only limited development of statistical methodologies for inference. This article, motivated by an AIDS clinical study, discusses a hierarchical Bayesian nonlinear mixed‐effects modeling approach to dynamic ODE models without a closed‐form solution. In this model, we fully integrate viral load, medication adherence, drug resistance, pharmacokinetics, baseline covariates and time‐dependent drug efficacy into the data analysis for characterizing long‐term virologic responses. Our method is implemented by a data set from an AIDS clinical study. The results suggest that modeling HIV dynamics and virologic responses with consideration of time‐varying clinical factors as well as baseline characteristics may be important for HIV/AIDS studies in providing quantitative guidance to better understand the virologic responses to ARV treatment and to help the evaluation of clinical trial design in response to existing therapies.
Metabolic flux determination in perfused livers by mass balance analysis: Effect of fasting
Authors: Orman Mehmet A. , Arai Kosuke , Yarmush Martin L. , Androulakis Ioannis P. , Berthiaume Francois , Ierapetritou Marianthi G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIsolated perfused livers from fasted rats have been extensively studied to understand the underlying mechanisms of injury‐induced acute and chronic changes in liver metabolism. In this study, we investigated the impact of fasting on perfused liver metabolism. The methodology we used combines a flux variability approach, sampling analysis and singular value decomposition (SVD) to analyze the data using the same metabolic reaction network for both fed and fasted livers. Considering both experimental observations and mathematical analysis, the results show that 24 h fasting results in a limited glucose production from glycogen and up‐regulation of gluconeogenic pathway. Glutamate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation are also slightly up‐regulated whereas aspartate metabolism is down‐regulated after fasting. Moreover, SVD analysis elucidates that glycogen breakdown mainly affects the pentose phosphate pathway in fasted state whereas co‐occurrence pattern associated with glycogen breakdown and glycolysis observed in flux samples of fed state is dominant. In conclusion, this analysis provides a detailed description of the metabolic changes in two different states, considering the entire steady state flux space and dominant flux patterns that capture the system variations within the flux space. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 825–835. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Photodegradation as a mechanism for controlled drug delivery
Authors: Griffin Donald R. , Patterson Joseph T. , Kasko Andrea M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA drug‐releasing model compound based on photosensitive acrylated ortho‐nitrobenzylether (o‐NBE) moiety and fluorescein was synthesized to demonstrate photolysis as a mechanism for drug release. Release of this model compound from a hydrogel network can be controlled with light intensity (5–20 mW/cm2), exposure duration (0–20 min) and wavelength (365, 405, 436 nm). Due to the high molar absorptivity of the compound (5,984 M−1 cm−1), light attenuation is significant in this system. Light attenuation can be used to self‐limit the dosing from a hydrogel, and allow subsequent release from the drug reservoir after equilibration, or attenuation can be utilized to create a chemical gradient within the hydrogel. A model of photodegradation that uses an integrated form of Beer–Lambert's law quantitatively predicts release from hydrophilic hydrogels with low crosslink density, but fails to quantitatively predict release from more hydrophobic systems, presumably due to partitioning of the hydrophobic model compound in the hydrogel. In contrast to other mechanisms of release (enzymolysis, hydrolysis), photolysis provides real‐time on demand control over drug release along with the unique ability to create chemical gradients within the hydrogel. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010;107: 1012–1019. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nature, causes and consequences of unintended events in surgical units
Authors: van Wagtendonk I , Smits M , Merten H , Heetveld M J , Wagner C 
Published: July 2010

Abstract

Background
Several studies have shown that the rate of unintended harm is higher in surgical than in non-surgical care. To improve patient safety in surgery, information about the underlying causes is needed. This observational study examined the nature, causes and consequences of unintended events in surgical units, and the completeness of event reporting.

Methods
Ten surgical units in the Netherlands participated. The study period per unit was 8–14 weeks, during which healthcare providers reported unintended events. Event reports were analysed with a root cause analysis tool (PRISMA). In addition, an independent surgeon reviewed about 40 patient records of patients in each surgical unit to examine whether an unintended event had occurred.

Results
A total of 881 unintended events were reported and analysed, of which 33·0 per cent were categorized as medication events. Most root causes were human (72·3 per cent), followed by organizational (16·1 per cent) and technical (5·7 per cent). More than half of the events had consequences for the patient. Sixty-four unintended events were identified in a review of 320 patient records. Only one of these events was also reported by a healthcare provider.

Conclusion
Event reporting and patient record review provide insight into diverse types of unintended events and complement each other. The information on unintended events from both sources may help target research and interventions to increase patient safety.
Functionalizing Mesoporous Bioglasses for Long‐Term Anti‐Osteoporotic Drug Delivery
Authors: López‐Noriega Adolfo , Arcos Daniel , Vallet‐Regí María 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) associated with an anti‐osteoporotic drug (ipriflavone) have been prepared. With this aim, MBGs were functionalised with different organic groups by following a post‐grafting method, thus retaining the mesoporous network of the bioactive substrates. Drug‐delivery tests were carried out by using ipriflavone as a hydrophobic model drug. Our results revealed that by means of the proper functionalisation, most of the drug is retained in the mesoporous network. By tailoring the hydrophobicity of the surface with functional groups, the drug–material link can be tuned, thereby ensuring the long‐term delivery of ipriflavone. In vitro bioactive tests demonstrate that these systems exhibit the same excellent behaviour of non‐functionalised MBGs. The possibility to add a bone resorption inhibitor such as ipriflavone to highly bioactive materials confirms functionalised MBGs as very promising bone‐tissue regeneration systems.
3,4,5‐Trinitropyrazole‐Based Energetic Salts
Authors: Zhang Yanqiang , Guo Yong , Joo Young‐Hyuk , Parrish Damon A. , Shreeve Jean'ne M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh‐density energetic salts that are comprised of nitrogen‐rich cations and the 3,4,5‐trinitropyrazolate anion were synthesized in high yield by neutralization or metathesis reactions. The resulting salts were fully characterized by 1H, 13C NMR, and IR spectroscopy; differential scanning calorimetry; and elemental analysis. Additionally, the structures of the 3,5‐diaminotriazolium and triaminoguanidinium 3,4,5‐trinitropyrazolates were confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Based on the measured densities and calculated heats of formation, the detonation performances (pressure: 23.74–31.89 GPa; velocity: 7586–8543 ms−1; Cheetah 5.0) of the 3,4,5‐trinitropyrazolate salts are comparable with 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB; 31.15 GPa and 8114 ms−1). Impact sensitivities were determined to be no less than 35 J by hammer tests, which places these salts in the insensitive class.