bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design, Synthesis, and Hybridisation of Water‐Soluble, Peptoid Nucleic Acid Oligomers Tagged with Thymine
Authors: Zarra Rosa , Montesarchio Daniela , Coppola Cinzia , Bifulco Giuseppe , Di Micco Simone , Izzo Irene , De Riccardis Francesco 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe preparation of a new class of backbone‐modified PNA mimetic incorporating thymine is described. Target dipeptoid monomer 21 was synthesised from an N‐[2‐(thymin‐1‐yl)ethyl]glycinate ester and a properly protected iminodiacetic acid. The distinctive structural motif in the backbone is acarboxy group, inserted to impart water solubility to the oligomer. Two achiral oligopeptoid sequences (8‐mer and 12‐mer), characterised by the shift of the amide carbonyl group away from the nucleobase, were efficiently assembled according to solid‐phase synthesis protocols. Thermal denaturation studies showed that the two homopyrimidine oligopeptoids do not effectively hybridise with complementary sequences of DNA and RNA or fully synthetic (2,4‐diamino)triazin‐6‐yl‐tagged peptoid 22. A possible reason could reside in the concurrent unfavourable influence of the anionic N‐(carboxymethyl) moieties and the flexible nucleobase/backbone ethylene linker.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Baylis–Hillman Reaction of 1‐Formyl‐β‐carboline: One‐Step Synthesis of the Canthin‐6‐one Framework by an Unprecedented Cascade Cyclization Reaction
Authors: Singh Virender , Hutait Samiran , Batra Sanjay 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA one‐step access to the canthin‐6‐one architecture by the Baylis–Hillman reaction of methyl 1‐formyl‐9H‐β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylate or 1‐formyl‐9H‐β‐carboline involving an unprecedented cascade cyclization reaction is reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Comparison of Metallothionein Detection by Using Brdicka Reaction and Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay Employing Chicken Yolk Antibodies
Authors: Krizkova Sona , Blahova Pavlina , Nakielna Johana , Fabrik Ivo , Adam Vojtech , Eckschlager Tomas , Beklova Miroslava , Svobodova Zdenka , Horak Vratislav , Kizek Rene 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this study, two methods for metallothioneins (MT) determination in a biological sample were compared. Particularly, twenty five human and nine pig blood serum samples and liver and kidney samples from thirty five carps (Cyprinus carpio) were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and differential pulse voltammetry Brdicka's reaction. The results obtained by these two methods were in good agreement. For commercially available MT standard the correlation coefficient between the single concentrations signal height was 0.99. In biological samples the correlation coefficients were 0.90 for fish liver and kidney samples, 0.91 for pig blood serum and 0.93 for human blood serum.
Simultaneous Determination of Trace Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II) by Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping Voltammetry Using a MWCNTs–NaDBS Modified Stannum Film Electrode
Authors: Tian Yun Qing , Li Nian Bing , Luo Hong Qun 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA multiwalled carbon nanotubes–sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (MWCNTs–NaDBS) modified stannum film electrode was employed for the determination of cadmium(II) and zinc(II). The Sn/MWCNTs‐NaDBS film electrode was prepared by applying MWCNTs–NaDBS suspension to the surface of the GCE, while the Sn film was plated in situ simultaneously with the target metal ions. Under optimal conditions, linear calibration curves were obtained in a range of 5.0 −100.0 μg L−1 with detection limits of 0.9 μg L−1 for zinc(II) and 0.8 μg L−1 for cadmium(II), respectively. This film electrode was successfully applied to the determination of Zn(II) and Cd(II) in tap water sample.
Strategy for Low Background‐Current Levels in the Electrochemical Biosensors Using Horse‐Radish Peroxidase Labels
Authors: Kang Hyun Ju , Aziz Md. Abdul , Jeon Boyoun , Jo Kyungmin , Yang Haesik 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis article describes an electrochemical strategy to achieve low background‐current levels in horse‐radish peroxidase (HRP)‐based electrochemical immunosensors. The strategy consists of (i) the use of an HRP substrate/product redox couple whose formal potential is high and (ii) the use of an electrode that shows moderate electrocatalytic activity for the redox couple. The strategy is proved by a model biosensor using a catechol/o‐benzoquinone redox couple and an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The combined effect of high formal potential and moderate electrocatalytic activity allows o‐benzoquinone electroreduction with minimal catechol electrooxidation and H2O2 electroreduction. The detection limit for mouse‐IgG is 100 pg/mL.
Disposable Bismuth Oxide Screen Printed Electrodes for the High Throughput Screening of Heavy Metals
Authors: Kadara Rashid O. , Jenkinson Norman , Banks Craig E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe present a simplified approach for the trace screening of toxic heavy metals utilizing bismuth oxide screen printed electrodes. The use of bismuth oxide instead of toxic mercury films facilitates the reliable sensing of lead(II), cadmium(II) and zinc(II). A linear range over 5 to 150 μg L−1 with detection limits of 2.5 and 5 μg L−1 are readily observed for cadmium and lead in 0.1 M HCl, respectively. Conducting a simultaneous multi‐elemental voltammetric detection of zinc, cadmium and lead in a higher pH medium (0.1 M sodium acetate solution) exhibited a linear range between 10 and 150 μg L−1 with detection limits of 5, 10 and 30 μg L−1 for cadmium, lead and zinc respectively. The sensor is greatly simplified over those recently reported such as bismuth nanoparticle modified electrodes and bismuth film coated screen printed electrodes. The scope of applications of this sensor with the inherent advances in electroanalysis coupled with the negliable toxicity of bismuth is extensive allowing high throughput electroanalysis.
Simultaneous Determination of Thallium and Lead on a Chemically Modified Electrode with Langmuir– Blodgett Film of a p‐tert‐Butylcalix[4]arene Derivative
Authors: Zou Lina , Zhang Yufeng , Qin Haili , Ye Baoxian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA new voltammetric sensor, Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film of a p‐tert‐butylcalix[4]arene derivative modified glassy carbon electrode, was designed and successfully used in simultaneous determination of Tl+ and Pb2+ by square‐wave anodic stripping voltammetry. Under the optimum experimental conditions, this newly developed sensor reveal good linear response for Tl+ and Pb2+ in the concentration range of 3×10−8–4×10−6 mol L−1 and 2×10−7–2×10−5 mol L−1 respectively. The detect limits are 2×10−8 mol L−1 for Tl+ and 8×10−8 mol L−1 for Pb2+. Using proposed method, Tl+ and Pb2+ in environment samples were determined with satisfactory results.
Cooperative breeding and human cognitive evolution
Authors: Burkart J. M. , Hrdy S. B. , Van Schaik C. P. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDespite sharing a recent common ancestor, humans are surprisingly different from other great apes. The most obvious discontinuities are related to our cognitive abilities, including language, but we also have a markedly different, cooperative breeding system. Among many nonhuman primates and mammals in general, cooperative breeding is accompanied by psychological changes leading to greater prosociality, which directly enhances performance in social cognition. Here we propose that these cognitive consequences of cooperative breeding could have become more pervasive in the human lineage because the psychological changes were added to an ape‐level cognitive system capable of understanding simple mental states, albeit mainly in competitive contexts. Once more prosocial motivations were added, these cognitive abilities could also be used for cooperative purposes, including a willingness to share mental states, thereby enabling the emergence of shared intentionality. Shared intentionality has been identified as the original source of many uniquely human cognitive abilities, including cumulative culture and language. Shared intentionality rests on a fundamentally prosocial disposition that is strikingly absent in chimpanzees, but present in cooperatively breeding primates. Thus, our hypothesis is that while chimpanzees and perhaps all great apes exhibit many of the importantcognitivepreconditions for uniquely human mental capacities to evolve, they lack thepsychologicalpreconditions. In humans, we argue, the two components merged, the cognitive component due to common descent from ape ancestors and the motivational component due to convergent evolution of traits typical of many cooperative breeders.
The emergence of human uniqueness: Characters underlying behavioral modernity
Authors: Hill Kim , Barton Michael , Hurtado A. Magdalena 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough scientists are aware that humans share the same biological heritage as do all other organisms on the planet, the reliance ofHomo sapienson culture and cooperation has resulted in what can best be described as “a spectacular evolutionary anomaly.”1:11The extra‐somatic adaptations, technological dominance, and success of our species in colonizing every terrestrial habitat have no parallel.2Moreover,Homo sapiensaccounts for about eight times as much biomass as do all other terrestrial wild vertebrates combined,3an amount equivalent to the biomass of all 14,000+ species of ants,4the most successful terrestrial invertebrates. Human societies are complex, with more specialized economic niches in the United States than the total number of mammalian species on the planet.5While some might suggest that only post‐industrial humans achieved stunning biological success, data suggest that humans living as hunter‐gatherers would have attained a world population of more than 70 million individuals6and a total biomass greater than that of any other large vertebrate on the planet if agriculture had not been repeatedly invented as they spread.
The lost dream of ecological determinism: Time to say goodbye? … Or a White Queen's proposal?
Authors: Koenig Andreas , Borries Carola 
Published: October 2009

Abstract“‘What is the matter?’ she [Alice] said, as soon as there was a chance of making herself heard. ‘Have you pricked your finger?’ ‘I haven't pricked it yet,’ the [White] Queen said, ‘but I soon shall – oh, oh, oh!’” (emphasis as in1:82)
Cooperation and competition in chimpanzees: Current understanding and future challenges
Authors: Mitani John C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTwo goals in the study of evolutionary anthropology are to determine the factors that make humans unique and to reconstruct the evolution of our behavior. As humans' closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) have always been of special interest in this regard. Because of their close evolutionary relationship to us, these animals provide the requisite comparative data to evaluate claims made about human uniqueness. In addition, knowledge of the differences among chimpanzees, bonobos, and us furnishes important insights into the changes that occurred during human evolution. Given these circumstances, studies of chimpanzees and bonobos remain high priorities for research. The volatile political situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, home to bonobos, has made long‐term study of their behavior difficult, if not impossible. In contrast, field research on chimpanzees, initiated by Jane Goodall1and Toshisada Nishida2nearly 50 years ago, continues to grow and thrive. While past and ongoing field work has added enormously to our understanding of the behavior of chimpanzees,3–8gaps in knowledge persist. In this paper, I summarize some of these gaps, giving special emphasis to male cooperation and female competition.
Metal ionophores – An emerging class of anticancer drugs
Authors: Ding Wei‐Qun , Lind Stuart E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractCompounds that bind metals such as copper and zinc have many biological activities, including the ability to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. Although some of these compounds have been considered to act as chelators of metals, decreasing their bioavailability, others increase intracellular metal concentrations. We review recent work regarding the recognition of the biological effects of metal ionophores with different structures, particularly with regard to their actions upon cancer cells focusing on dithiocarbamates, pyrithione, and the 8‐hydroxyquinoline derivative, clioquinol. We provide a biologically based classification of metal‐binding compounds that allows an experimental distinction between chelators and ionophores that can be readily used by biologists, which may lead to further study and classification of metal‐binding drugs. Metal ionophores may kill cancer cells by a number of mechanisms, including lysosomal disruption and proteasome inhibition, and likely others. Because some of these compounds have been safely administered to animals and humans, they have the potential to become clinically useful anticancer agents. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1013–1018, 2009
Methionine gamma‐lyase: The unique reaction mechanism, physiological roles, and therapeutic applications against infectious diseases and cancers
Authors: Sato Dan , Nozaki Tomoyoshi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractSulfur‐containing amino acids (SAAs) are essential components in many biological processes and ubiquitously distributed to all organisms. Both biosynthetic and catabolic pathways of SAAs are heterogeneous among organisms and between developmental stages, and regulated by the environmental changes. Limited lineage of organisms ranging from archaea to plants, but not human, possess a unique enzyme methionine gamma‐lyase (MGL, EC 4.4.1.11) to directly degrade SAA to α‐keto acids, ammonia, and volatile thiols. The reaction mechanisms and the physiological roles of this enzyme are partially demonstrated by the enzymological analyzes, structure determination, isotopic labeling of the intermediate metabolites, and functional analyzes of deficient mutants. MGL has been exploited as a drug target for the infectious diseases caused by parasitic protozoa and anaerobic periodontal bacteria. In addition, MGL has been utilized to develop therapeutic interventions of various cancers, by introducing recombinant proteins to deplete methionine essential for the growth of cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of enzymological properties, putative physiological roles, and therapeutic applications of MGL. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1019–1028, 2009
Fluorescent proteins for live cell imaging: Opportunities, limitations, and challenges
Authors: Wiedenmann Jörg , Oswald Franz , Nienhaus Gerd Ulrich 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria can be used as a genetically encoded fluorescence marker due to its autocatalytic formation of the chromophore. In recent years, numerous GFP‐like proteins with emission colors ranging from cyan to red were discovered in marine organisms. Their diverse molecular properties enabled novel approaches in live cell imaging but also impose certain limitations on their applicability as markers. In this review, we give an overview of key structural and functional properties of fluorescent proteins that should be considered when selecting a marker protein for a particular application and also discuss challenges that lie ahead in the further optimization of the glowing probes. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1029–1042, 2009
Fabry Disease: Treatment and diagnosis
Authors: Rozenfeld Paula A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFabry disease is an X‐linked lysosomal disorder that results from a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α‐galactosidase A leading to accumulation of glycolipids, mainly globotriaosylceramide in the cells from different tissues. Classical Fabry disease affects various organs. Clinical manifestations start at early age and include angiokeratoma, acroparesthesia, hypohydrosis, heat/exercise intolerance, gastrointestinal pain, diarrhea, and fever. The main complications of Fabry disease are more prominent after the age of 30 when kidney, heart, and/or cerebrovascular disorders appear. Most of the heterozygous females are symptomatic. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the only specific treatment for Fabry disease. The beneficial effect of ERT on different organs/systems has been extensively evaluated. Quality of life of patients receiving ERT is improved. Enzyme replacement stabilizes or slows the decline in renal function and reduces left ventricular hypertrophy. Fabry disease may be underdiagnosed because of nonspecific and multiorgan symptoms. Different screening strategies have been carried out in different at‐risk populations in order to detect undiagnosed Fabry patients. An increasing knowledge about Fabry disease within the medical community increases the chances of patients to receive a timely diagnosis and, consequently, to access the appropriate therapy. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1043–1050, 2009
Design, development, synthesis, and docking analysis of 2′‐substituted triclosan analogs as inhibitors for Plasmodium falciparum Enoyl‐ACP reductase
Authors: Kapoor Neha , Banerjee Tanushree , Babu Ponnusamy , Maity Koustav , Surolia Namita , Surolia Avadhesha 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA structure‐based approach has been adopted to develop 2′‐substituted analogs of triclosan. The Cl at position 2′ in ring B of triclosan was chemically substituted with other functional groups like NH2, NO2 and their inhibitory potencies against PfENR were determined. The binding energies of the 2′ substituted analogs of triclosan for enoyl‐acyl carrier protein reductase (ENR) of Plasmodium falciparum were determined using Autodock. Based on the autodock results, we synthesized the potential compounds. The IC50 and inhibition constant (Ki) of 2′ substituted analogs of triclosan were determined against purified PfENR. Among them, two compounds, 2‐(2′‐Amino‐4′‐chloro‐phenoxy)‐5‐chloro‐phenol (compound 4) and 5‐chloro‐2‐(4′‐chloro‐2′‐nitro‐phenoxy)‐phenol) (compound 5) exhibited good potencies. Compound 4 followed uncompetitive inhibition kinetics with crotonoyl CoA and competitive with NADH. It was shown to have an IC50 of 110 nM; inhibition constant was 104 nM with the substrate and 61 nM with the cofactor. IC50 of compound 5 was determined to be 229 nM. Compounds 4 and 5 showed significant inhibition of the parasite growth in P. falciparum culture. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1083–1091, 2009
PGC‐1α activation as a therapeutic approach in mitochondrial disease
Authors: Wenz Tina 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMitochondria play a central role in cellular homeostasis. Hence, mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in impaired ATP supply is detrimental to cell viability and causes severe and often fatal disorders. Current treatment of these mitochondrial disorders is limited and mostly addresses the symptoms, but not the deficiency itself. Recent work in cell and animal models of mitochondrial disease shows that increased mitochondrial biogenesis can boost residual OXPHOS capacity and thereby prevent the bioenergetic crisis. In animal models, this strategy results in increased health and lifespan. Here, I review which mitochondrial processes are affected in known mitochondrial disorders and discuss why PGC‐1α mediated mitochondrial biogenesis offers a promising venue for treatment of mitochondrial disorders. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1051–1062, 2009
Galactose toxicity in animals
Authors: Lai Kent , Elsas Louis J. , Wierenga Klaas J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn most organisms, productive utilization of galactose requires the highly conserved Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. Yet, if this metabolic pathway is perturbed due to congenital deficiencies of the three associated enzymes, or an overwhelming presence of galactose, this monosaccharide which is abundantly present in milk and many non‐dairy foodstuffs, will become highly toxic to humans and animals. Despite more than four decades of intense research, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of galactose toxicity in human patients and animal models. In this contemporary review, we take a unique approach to present an overview of galactose toxicity resulting from the three known congenital disorders of galactose metabolism and from experimental hypergalactosemia. Additionally, we update the reader about research progress on animal models, as well as advances in clinical management and therapies of these disorders. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 61(11): 1063–1074, 2009
The rate of learning‐by‐doing: estimates from a search‐matching model
Authors: Prat Julien 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe construct and estimate by maximum likelihood a job search model where wages are set by Nash bargaining and idiosyncratic productivity follows a geometric Brownian motion. The proposed framework enables us to endogenize job destruction and to estimate the rate of learning‐by‐doing. Although the range of the observations is not independent of the parameters, we establish that the estimators satisfy asymptotic normality. The structural model is estimated using Current Population Survey data on accepted wages and employment durations. We show that it accurately captures the joint distribution of wages and job spells. We find that the rate of learning‐by‐doing has an important positive effect on aggregate output and a small impact on employment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate free energy calculation along optimized paths
Authors: Chen Changjun , Xiao Yi 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe path‐based methods of free energy calculation, such as thermodynamic integration and free energy perturbation, are simple in theory, but difficult in practice because in most cases smooth paths do not exist, especially for large molecules. In this article, we present a novel method to build the transition path of a peptide. We use harmonic potentials to restrain its nonhydrogen atom dihedrals in the initial state and set the equilibrium angles of the potentials as those in the final state. Through a series of steps of geometrical optimization, we can construct a smooth and short path from the initial state to the final state. This path can be used to calculate free energy difference. To validate this method, we apply it to a small 10‐ALA peptide and find that the calculated free energy changes in helix‐helix and helix‐hairpin transitions are both self‐convergent and cross‐convergent. We also calculate the free energy differences between different stable states of β‐hairpin trpzip2, and the results show that this method is more efficient than the conventional molecular dynamics method in accurate free energy calculation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010
Quantum mechanics and quasiclassical study of the H/D+FO → OH/OD+F, HF/DF+O reactions: Chemical stereodynamics
Authors: Chu Tianshu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe time‐dependent quantum wave packet and the quasi‐classical trajectory (QCT) calculations for the title reactions are carried out using three recent‐developed accurate potential energy surfaces of the 11A′, 13A′, and 13A″ states. The two commonly used polarization‐dependent differential cross sections, dσ00/dωt, dσ20/dωt, with ωt being the polar coordinates of the product velocity ω′, and the three angular distributions, P(θr), P(Φr), and P(θr,Φr), with θr, Φr being the polar angles of the product angular momentum, are generated in the center‐of‐mass frame using the QCT method to gain insight into the alignment and the orientation of the product molecules. Influences of the potential energy surface, the collision energy, and the isotope mass on the stereodynamics are shown and discussed. Validity of the QCT calculation has been examined and proved in the comparison with the quantum wave packet calculation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2010