bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multisectoral Movement Alliances and Media Access: Salvadoran Newspaper Coverage of the Health Care Struggle
Authors: Kowalchuk Lisa 
Published: November 2010

AbstractFocusing on the social movement that resisted the privatization of health care in El Salvador in 2002–3, this article asks how the movement's multisectoral composition influenced news coverage of the health care policy debate. Specifically, it examines whether the diversity of perspectives in the alliance was reflected in the media's source selection and framing of the policy issues. A content analysis of Salvadoran newspapers' coverage shows that the media relied mainly on just two movement actors to represent the antiprivatization position: the striking doctors and the leftist opposition party. It also reveals that a period of elite dissensus on the policy issues opened a temporary opportunity to insert movement messages in the coverage. The study indicates that a multisectoral alliance does not enhance movement influence through the news media, though broad alliances confer strategic advantages for the movement's broader communication work.
The Association of Controlling Pseudoephedrine Availability on Methamphetamine‐related Emergency Department Visits
Authors: Hendrickson Robert G. , Cloutier Robert L. , Fu Rongwei 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectives:  Methamphetamine is a drug of abuse that has been manufactured locally by chemical conversion from the decongestant pseudoephedrine. In July 2006, an Oregon state law was enacted to establish pseudoephedrine as a schedule III drug and make it available by prescription only. This study sought to determine if this legislation altered the number of emergency department (ED) visits that are related to methamphetamine use.Methods:  This was a retrospective analysis of a database created during a prospective study aimed at determining the effect of methamphetamine on ED visits. That prospective study was 1 year in duration and required ED clinicians to determine whether a patient’s visit was related to methamphetamine and if the patient had confirmed use of methamphetamine. The clinicians received initial and continued education and training on methamphetamine during the study period. The questions were asked at every ED visit during the study period and were electronically linked to the patient’s disposition and could not be circumvented. The study period was divided into prelegislation (February 5, 2006, to June 30, 2006) and postlegislation periods (July 1, 2006, to February 5, 2007).Results:  Over the 1‐year study period, 37,625 patients were enrolled, 1.90% (n = 714) of patients had methamphetamine‐related ED visits (MREDVs), and 1.65% (n = 620) had confirmed methamphetamine use. Patients with MREDVs were more likely than patients with non‐MREDVs to be white and uninsured. The number and proportion of weekly MREDVs significantly decreased from the prelegislation period to the postlegislation period (mean number of weekly visits, 18.0 vs. 11.3, p = 0.001; mean proportion of weekly visits, 2.3% vs. 1.6%, p = 0.003). The number and proportion of weekly confirmed users of methamphetamine also significantly decreased during the study period (mean number of weekly users, 14.6 vs. 10.3, p = 0.004; mean proportion of weekly users, 1.9% vs. 1.4%, p = 0.017). There were no significant differences in the diagnoses of MREDVS between the pre‐ and postlegislation periods.Conclusions:  This study found an association between the enactment of legislation that limits pseudoephedrine availability and a decrease in MREDVs and confirmed users of methamphetamine in the study ED.ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1216–1222 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
A non‐human primate model for analysis of safety, persistence, and function of adoptively transferred T cells
Authors: Berger C. , Berger M. , Anderson D. , Riddell S.R. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractBackground  Adoptive immunotherapy with antigen‐specific effector T‐cell (TE) clones is often limited by poor survival of the transferred cells. We describe here a Macaca nemestrina model for studying transfer of T‐cell immunity.Methods  We derived, expanded, and genetically marked CMV‐specific CD8+ TE clones with surface markers expressed on B cells. TE cells were adoptively transferred, and toxicity, persistence, retention of introduced cell‐surface markers, and phenotype of the persisting T cells were evaluated.Results  CD8+ TE clones were efficiently isolated from distinct memory precursors and gene‐marking with CD19 or CD20 permitted in vivo tracking by quantitative PCR. CD19 was a more stable surface marker for tracking cells in vivo and was used to re‐isolate cells for functional analysis. Clonally derived CD8+ TE cells differentiated in vivo to phenotypically and functionally heterogeneous memory T‐cell subsets.Conclusions  These studies demonstrate the utility of Macaca nemestrina for establishing principles for T‐cell therapeutics applicable to humans.
Intensity‐dependent Direct Solar Radiation‐ and UVA‐induced Radical Damage to Human Skin and DNA, Lipids and Proteins
Authors: Haywood Rachel , Andrady Carima , Kassouf Nick , Sheppard Nick 
Published: November 2010

AbstractSkin can be exposed to high‐intensity UV‐radiation in hot countries and during sunbed use; however, the free‐radical damage at these intensities is unknown. We used electron spin resonance spectroscopy to measure free‐radical generation in ex vivo human skin/substitutes +/− the spin‐trap 5,5 dimethyl‐1‐pyrroline N‐oxide (DMPO) exposed to solar‐irradiation equivalent to Mediterranean sunlight. Skin‐substitutes, model DNA‐photosensitizer systems, lipids and proteins were also irradiated with low‐intensity UVA/visible light. Without DMPO a broad singlet was detected (using both irradiations) in skin/substitutes, nail‐keratin, tendon‐collagen, phospholipid and DNA + melanin or riboflavin. In addition to lipid‐derived (tentatively tert‐alkoxyl/acyl‐) and protein radicals detected with DMPO at lower intensities, isotropic carbon‐, additional oxygen‐ and hydrogen‐adducts were detected in solar‐irradiated skin/substitutes at higher intensities. Carbon‐adducts were detected in UVA‐irradiated human skin cells, DNA + melanin or riboflavin and soybean‐phospholipid. Anisotropic protein‐adducts, comparable to adducts in solar‐irradiated tendon‐collagen, were absent in UVA‐irradiated skin fibroblasts suggesting the trapping of extracellular collagen radicals. Absence of hydrogen‐adducts in fibroblasts implies formation in the extracellular compartment. We conclude damage at high intensities is part cellular (carbon‐ and oxygen‐radicals) and part extracellular (protein‐ and hydrogen/H+ + e−), and skin substitutes are suitable for sunscreen testing. While UVA absorption and lipid‐oxidation is direct, DNA and protein‐oxidation require photosensitisation.
Trapeze-Flap Plasty: An Effective Technique for Postburn Edge Elbow Contracture Elimination
Authors: Grishkevich Viktor M. 
Published: November 2010

Background Scar flexion elbow contracture is a common complication of burns that restricts upper limb function and requires surgical elimination. In spite of the many surgical techniques that have been suggested, the contracture reconstruction still presents a challenge for surgeons. Methods One hundred and twenty-six patients with 174 edge elbow contractures were operated on. Edge elbow contracture, comprising 70% of all elbow contractures, is characterized by the presence of the fold located on the medial or/and lateral edge of cubital fossa. A crescent-shaped fold consists of a lateral sheet, comprising scars; the medial sheet and cubital fossa consists of healthy skin. The fold's crest is the edge of the scar sheet. The contracture is caused by the scar sheet's surface deficit in length; the scar's surface deficit is present all the way from the fold's crest to the joint rotation axis, and possesses a trapezoid shape. The best tissue for scar sheet deficit compensation and contracture elimination the comprises healthy skin of the cubital fossa and medial fold sheet. After fold sheet division, scar sheet dissection and joint extension, the trapeze-shaped wound is formed as a rule. The adipose-cutaneous trapezoid flap, which includes all the cubital fossa and medial fold sheet surface, is elevated. The flap advances on the wound with tension. As a result of flap tension, the adjacent skin of the contralateral side and the back surfaces of the elbow are displaced towards the cubital fossa, participating in donor wound coverage and contracture elimination. Results Mild edge elbow contractures were eliminated with a single trapezoid flap. In the case of moderate and severe contractures, additional trapezoid adipose-scar flaps were elevated from the scar sheet in order to cover the donor wound on the sides of the main flap. The adipose-cutaneous and adipose-scar trapezoid flaps are large, have no acute angles, do not undergo rotation and have steady blood circulation. Contractures were eliminated completely in 166 cases. Local flap end necrosis of the adipose-scar flap occurred in eight cases. The extended healthy flap's skin continued to grow. Full range of flexion and extension was achieved in all cases, except for eight cases with articular changes; there was no contracture recurrence and no re-operations were needed. The cubital fossa as the donor site preserved a normal shape as a result of growth of the stretched skin. Conclusion The single-staged trapeze-flap technique using cubital fossa flap is easy to plan and perform; edge elbow contractures of different severity were eliminated in full and definitively without skin grafting, pedicled and free flaps.
Healing of Arthroscopic Portals in Shoulder Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Different Methods of Closure
Authors: Loveridge Jeremy M. , Gardner Richard , Barnett Andrew , Davis Nicky , Dunkley Alan 
Published: November 2010

Background Suturing of portals following arthroscopic shoulder surgery is the standard method of closure, but may be unnecessary. We carried out a randomised controlled trial to compare patients whose arthroscopic portals were closed by suturing and those that were covered by a simple dressing. We randomised 60 patients undergoing diagnostic shoulder arthroscopy, arthroscopic subacromial decompression and arthroscopic acromioclavicular joint excision. Methods At 10 to 12 days following surgery, patients attended the GP surgery for a wound check and removal of sutures as required. At 3 weeks and 3 months every patient was reviewed by a designated, blinded, observer and the wounds assessed. The patients completed a questionnaire including visual analogue scores to determine their satisfaction with wound appearance and any complications such as infection. Results At 3 weeks and 3 months no patients had needed antibiotics with no wound erythema or signs of infection. The number of dressings needed was comparable in both groups (p=0.73). The difference in the level of patient satisfaction was not statistically significant in either group (p=0.46). The wound cosmesis score was not statistically different in either group (p=0.66). Conclusion We conclude that both closure techniques were equivalent but the non-suture technique is cheaper with lower morbidity. From our study there is no need to suture shoulder arthroscopy portal wounds.
Accuracy of High-Resolution Ultrasonography in the Diagnosis of Articular-Sided Partial Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Modi Chetan S. , Smith Christopher D. , Ho Kevin , Karthikeyan Shanmugam , Rai Santosh , Boer Ronald , Drew Steven J. 
Published: November 2010

Background The present study aimed to assess the accuracy of high-resolution ultrasonography in the detection of articular-sided partial thickness rotator cuff tears. Methods Two-hundred and forty-six shoulders of 245 patients underwent ultrasonography and subsequent shoulder arthroscopy. All scans were performed by an experienced specialist musculoskeletal radiologist and arthroscopies were carried out by a single surgeon. Results Fifty-eight partial thickness tears (of which 56 were articular-sided) were found at arthroscopy. Of the remaining shoulders, 90 had full thickness tears and 98 had intact rotator cuffs. Ultrasonography correctly identified 21 of 56 articular-sided tears as partial thickness tears. It had a sensitivity of 7%, a specificity of 98% and an accuracy of 74% for the diagnosis of articular-sided partial thickness tears. If a full thickness tear was considered as a true positive, the sensitivity increased to 89%, specificity to 98% and accuracy to 96%. Discussion Ultrasonography is not sufficiently accurate to diagnose articular-sided partial thickness tears. A higher accuracy can be achieved if a full thickness tear is considered a positive finding. Ultrasonography should not be considered a first line investigation for a clinically suspected partial thickness rotator cuff tear. An articular-sided partial thickness rotator cuff tear should be considered in all patients undergoing an arthroscopic rotator cuff procedure.
A Description of Crack Growth From Defects Under Creep
Conditions
Authors: Williams J. A. , Price A. T. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Methods previously used to describe crack growth under creep conditions are reviewed. Under some conditions, materials can be notch insensitive and a model is developed based on engineering analyses of creeping structures using reference or skeletal point stresses. This stress, dependent on crack length and geometry, is derived for conventional test pieces. Examination of the relaxed stress distributions around stress concentrations suggests that the behavior of cracked structures is dependent on the total creep strain/stress index, p. Two categories of materials behavior are distinguished: when p&gt;5, the reference stress description should be applicable and when p→1, the stress intensity factor description appears appropriate. Finally, the general applicability of the model is discussed with respect to the metallurgical aspects of creep damage accumulation, suggesting that crack initiation may dominate life when p&gt;5 and crack growth when p→1. A comparison is then made with previous experimental data.
Laminar Incompressible Viscous Flow in Curved Ducts of Regular
Cross-Sections
Authors: Ghia K. N. , Sokhey J. S. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The laminar three-dimensional flow in curved ducts has been analyzed for an incompressible viscous fluid. The mathematical model is formulated using three-dimensional parabolized Navier-Stokes equations. The equations are generalized using two indices which permit the choice of Cartesian or cylindrical coordinate systems and straight or curved ducts. The solutions are obtained numerically using an ADI method for a number of duct geometries and flow parameters. The study presents detailed results for developing laminar flow in rectangular curved ducts; also, the effect of longitudinal curvature on secondary flow is fully analyzed. An investigation is made of the occurrence of Dean’s instability and, for curved square ducts, it is found to first appear at Dean number ≃ 143.
Entry Flow in Straight and Curved Channels With Slender Channel
Approximations
Authors: Blottner F. G. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The slender channel equations for laminar flow are solved downstream of the entrance of curved channels of variable height. The singularities at the entrance are removed with coordinate transformations which stretch the boundary layer and shrink the core flow. Initial conditions at the entrance are obtained from the governing equations with only the streamwise velocity specified. A modified box scheme is used to develop a finite-difference method which allows the derivatives of the dependent variables across the channel to be discontinuous at the interface between the boundary layer and core flow. Numerical results are presented for several channel geometries and entry conditions.
An Experimental Investigation of Incompressible Channel Flow Near
Transition
Authors: Feliss N. A. , Potter M. C. , Smith M. C. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
This paper complements an earlier paper by Karnitz, Potter, and Smith [1] (1974) in which the mechanism of the transition of a plane Poiseuille flow between parallel plates was examined. In the present investigation an experimental critical Reynolds number of 7500 (based on average velocity and channel height) was achieved at which the flow became unstable and transition to turbulence occurred. The linear theoretical Reynolds number of 7700 for instability appears to be a simple extrapolation of the present data as the disturbance intensity is allowed to shrink to zero. Bursting (an alternating turbulent to laminar flow) was observed at transition. The transient changes in the velocity profile when the flow is intermittent between a turbulent burst and a laminar flow were observed. The major portion of the burst profile is characteristic of the one-seventh power law profile common to fully turbulent flow. Disturbances were observed to amplify to turbulent bursts in the wall boundary layers in the entrance region of the channel in high Reynolds number flows (the Reynolds number must exceed the critical Reynolds number by a sufficient amount). Thus, the wall boundary layer becomes unstable, resulting in a transition to turbulence before the flow becomes fully developed at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers.
Instability of Elastically Suspended Tainter-Gate System Caused by
Surface Waves on the Reservoir of a Dam
Authors: Ishii Noriaki , Imaichi Kensaku , Hirose Akio 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In this study, it is theoretically shown that an elastically suspended Tainter-gate system with damping effects possesses the property of a self-excited oscillation, provided that the center of the curved weir plate is not in agreement with the location of the trunnion pin. Moreover, the theoretically obtained characteristics for the self-excited oscillation are confirmed with experiments, and it is shown that the theoretical results are in good agreement with experiments. It is concluded that when designing a dam system with Tainter-gates or other similar devices, more interest and attention to the dynamical behavior of Tainter-gates should be taken in order to prevent disasters such as that which occurred in Japan.
A Three Dimensional Density Field Measurement of Transonic Flow From
a Square Nozzle Using Holographic Interferometry
Authors: Clark L. T. , Koepp D. C. , Thykkuttathil J. J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
The three dimensional static density field was measured for transonic flow from a square nozzle using holographic interferometry. These measurements are presented in order to show the efficiency of this method for obtaining accurate experimental data of transonic flows. The accuracy of the measurement was estimated by operating the nozzle at a pressure ratio of 1.89 where the flow should expand to the ambient pressure with no afterexpansion effects. The standard deviation in the static density was approximately 1 percent over the isentropic (potential core) part of the flow. Data are also presented for a pressure ratio of 2.14 where afterexpansion effects are important. The method described represents a significant technical improvement in practical interferometry.
A Wear Equation for Bonded Solid Lubricant Films: Estimating Film
Wear Life
Authors: Finkin E. F. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
A review of the literature establishes that the wear of bonded solid lubricant films for conditions of low average contact stress (say 10,000 psi and below), obeys an equation of the form V = KPL, where V is the wear volume, P is the normal load, L is the total sliding distance, and K is a constant. The limits on allowable bonded film thickness are examined, in the light of this equation, and it is shown that for low contact stress situations optimum film thickness is on the order of 10−3 in., rather than the popularly believed value of 10−4 in. This latter figure is the unfortunate consequence of applying data obtained at very high contact stress to contact conditions which are fundamentally different. Practical aspects of using this equation are explored by the development of specialized expressions which allow a design engineer or engineering analyst to estimate film wear life in terms of hours of operation or number of operating cycles. To aid in this purpose, wear coefficients for common solid lubricant-binder combinations are tabulated. A series of examples show how these expressions can be applied to typical situations. Equations are derived for the contact stress, area of contact, and average contact stress, for solid lubricant film covered surfaces under cylindrical or spherical contact. The use of these equations should replace the use of the Hertz contact equations in analyzing solid lubricated contact conditions.
Elastohydrodynamic Squeeze Films Between Two Cylinders in Normal
Approach
Authors: Herrebrugh K. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
In this approach the fundamental hydrodynamic and elasticity equations that govern the problem are reduced to one single integral equation. Although the resulting integral equation in the present problem is at first sight similar in form to the one governing the steady rolling problem, on closer consideration it appears that the former constitutes a different type of equation, which is mainly characterized by the existence of a bifurcation point not occurring in the equation for steady rolling. By proper treatment of this complication, solutions also in the range of conditions where deformation may be expected to be large are obtained.
Steady-State Experiments on Rotating Externally Pressurized
Air-Lubricated Journal Bearings
Authors: Cunningham R. E. , Fleming D. P. , Anderson W. J. 
Published: November 2010

Abstract
Experimental load, stiffness and attitude angle data for a pair of 2 1/2-in-dia, 3 3/4-in-long externally pressurized air journal bearings are compared with two small eccentricity perturbation theories. Results show that load capacity is generally less than predicted by either theory, however, agreement with the small eccentricity pressure perturbation theory is better than with the linearized PH theory. Self-acting effects from journal rotation are greatest at the higher eccentricity ratios and lower supply pressures. Attitude angles vary with shaft speed as predicted by theory but are generally larger in magnitude. Measured air mass flow through the bearings agreed well with calculated values. Results were obtained for speeds up to 25,000 rpm and radial loads varied up to 20.2 psi.