bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetic polyneuropathies: update on research definition, diagnostic criteria and estimation of severity
Authors: Dyck Peter J. , Albers James W. , Andersen Henning , Arezzo Joseph C. , Biessels Geert‐Jan , Bril Vera , Feldman Eva L. , Litchy William J. , O'Brien Peter C. , Russell James W. ,   on behalf of The Toronto Expert Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy
Published: June 2011

AbstractPrior to a joint meeting of the Neurodiab Association and International Symposium on Diabetic Neuropathy held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 13‐18 October 2009, Solomon Tesfaye, Sheffield, UK, convened a panel of neuromuscular experts to provide an update on polyneuropathies associated with diabetes (Toronto Consensus Panels on DPNs, 2009). Herein, we provide definitions of typical and atypical diabetic polyneuropathies (DPNs), diagnostic criteria, and approaches to diagnose sensorimotor polyneuropathy as well as to estimate severity. Diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN), or typical DPN, usually develops on long‐standing hyperglycaemia, consequent metabolic derangements and microvessel alterations. It is frequently associated with microvessel retinal and kidney disease—but other causes must be excluded. By contrast, atypical DPNs are intercurrent painful and autonomic small‐fibre polyneuropathies. Recognizing that there is a need to detect and estimate severity of DSPN validly and reproducibly, we define subclinical DSPN using nerve conduction criteria and define possible, probable, and confirmed clinical levels of DSPN. For conduct of epidemiologic surveys and randomized controlled trials, it is necessary to pre‐specify which attributes of nerve conduction are to be used, the criterion for diagnosis, reference values, correction for applicable variables, and the specific criterion for DSPN. Herein, we provide the performance characteristics of several criteria for the diagnosis of sensorimotor polyneuropathy in healthy subject‐ and diabetic subject cohorts. Also outlined here are staged and continuous approaches to estimate severity of DSPN. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management
Authors: Spallone Vincenza , Ziegler Dan , Freeman Roy , Bernardi Luciano , Frontoni Simona , Pop‐Busui Rodica , Stevens Martin , Kempler Peter , Hilsted Jannik , Tesfaye Solomon , Low Phillip , Valensi Paul ,   on behalf of The Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy (CAN) Subcommittee of the Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy worked to update CAN guidelines, with regard to epidemiology, clinical impact, diagnosis, usefulness of CAN testing, and management. CAN is the impairment of cardiovascular autonomic control in the setting of diabetes after exclusion of other causes. The prevalence of confirmed CAN is around 20%, and increases up to 65% with age and diabetes duration. Established risk factors for CAN are glycaemic control in type 1 and a combination of hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, and glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. CAN is a risk marker of mortality and cardiovascular morbidity, and possibly a progression promoter of diabetic nephropathy. Criteria for CAN diagnosis and staging are: (1) one abnormal cardiovagal test result identifies possible or early CAN; (2) at least two abnormal cardiovagal test results are required for definite or confirmed CAN; and (3) the presence of orthostatic hypotension in addition to abnormal heart rate test results identifies severe or advanced CAN. Progressive stages of CAN are associated with increasingly worse prognosis. CAN assessment is relevant in clinical practice for (1) diagnosis of CAN clinical forms, (2) detection and tailored treatment of CAN clinical correlates (e.g. tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, non‐dipping, QT interval prolongation), (3) risk stratification for diabetic complications and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and (4) modulation of targets of diabetes therapy. Evidence on the cost‐effectiveness of CAN testing is lacking. Apart from the preventive role of intensive glycaemic control in type 1 diabetes, recommendations cannot be made for most therapeutic approaches to CAN. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The classical CD14++CD16− monocytes, but not the patrolling CD14+CD16+ monocytes, promote Th17 responses to Candida albicans
Authors: Smeekens Sanne P. , van de Veerdonk Frank L. , Joosten Leo A. B. , Jacobs Liesbeth , Jansen Trees , Williams David L. , van der Meer Jos W. M. , Kullberg Bart Jan , Netea Mihai G. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the functional differences between cluster of differentiation (CD)14++CD16− and CD14+CD16+ monocytes during anti‐Candida host defense. CD14++CD16− are the “classical” monocytes and represent the majority of circulating monocytes in humans, while CD14+CD16+ monocytes patrol the vasculature for maintenance of tissue integrity and repair. Both monocyte subsets inhibited the germination of live Candida albicans, and there was no difference in their capacity to phagocytose and kill Candida. Although production of IL‐6 and IL‐10 induced by C. albicans was found to be similar between monocyte subsets, IL‐1β and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was higher in CD14++CD16− compared with CD14+CD16+ monocytes. In line with the increased production of IL‐1β and PGE2, central mediators for inducing Th17 responses, CD14++CD16− monocytes induced greater Th17 responses upon stimulation with heat‐killed C. albicans yeast. The percentage of cells that expressed mannose receptor (MR) was higher in the CD14++CD16− monocyte subset, and MR‐specific stimulation induced higher Th17 responses only in co‐cultures of CD14++CD16− monocytes and CD4 lymphocytes. In conclusion, both monocyte subsets have potent innate antifungal properties, but only CD14++CD16− monocytes are capable of inducing a potent Th17 response to C. albicans, an important component of antifungal host defense.
Electrosynthesis of Halogenated δ‐Lactones
Authors: Quintanilla Gloria , Pérez Iván , Záková Lenka , Uth Christina , Barba Fructuoso 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe cathodic reduction of 2,2‐disubstituted‐3‐oxopropyl trichloroacetates in dichloromethane/tetraethylammonium chloride yields 3,3‐dichloro‐4‐hydroxy‐5,5‐disubstituted‐tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones or alternatively, depending on the workup, 3‐chloro‐4‐hydroxy‐5,5‐disubstituted‐5,6‐dihydro‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones. The charge consumption is 2 Faradays per mol. The aldol trichloroacetates, required for the reduction, are obtained in a one‐step synthesis based on commercially available compounds.
Foldamers Based on Oxazolidin‐2‐ones
Authors: Tomasini Claudia , Angelici Gaetano , Castellucci Nicola 
Published: June 2011

AbstractFoldamers are artificial molecules capable of organization into well defined secondary structures such as helixes, β sheets and turns. The essential requirement for an oligomer to qualify for inclusion in the foldamer family is to possess a well defined, repetitive secondary structure, imparted by conformational restrictions imposed by the monomeric unit. These compounds may be composed of subunits of any kind, but most of them contain unusual amino acids and/or aromatic units. We describe the synthesis, the conformation analysis and the physical properties (in the solid state) of pseudopeptide foldamers containing imido‐type functions, obtained by coupling the nitrogen of a 4‐carboxy oxazolidin‐2‐one unit with the carboxylic acid moiety of the next unit, which may be another 4‐carboxy oxazolidin‐2‐one or an amino acid. Such an imido‐type function is characterized by a nitrogen atom connected both to an endocyclic and to an exocyclic carbonyl group, and tends always to adopt the trans conformation. As a consequence of this remarkable property, which causes local constraint, these imido‐type oligomers are forced to fold in ordered conformations. In combination with interactions of other kinds (H bond, apolar interactions, etc.), these lead to the formation of supramolecular materials. The synthetic approach is highly tuneable with endless variations, so materials with required properties may be prepared “on demand”, simply by changing the design and the synthesis.
Landslide impact on organic carbon cycling in a temperate montane forest
Authors: Hilton Robert G. , Meunier Patrick , Hovius Niels , Bellingham Peter J. , Galy Albert 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn humid, forested mountain belts, bedrock landslides can harvest organic carbon from above ground biomass and soil (OCmodern) while acting to refresh the landscape surface and turnover forest ecosystems. Here the impact of landslides on organic carbon cycling in 13 river catchments spanning the length of the western Southern Alps, New Zealand is assessed over four decades. Spatial and temporal landslide maps are combined with the observed distribution and measured variability of hillslope OCmodern stocks. On average, it is estimated that landslides mobilized 7.6 ± 2.9 tC km−2 yr−1 of OCmodern, ~30% of which was delivered to river channels. Comparison with published estimates of OCmodern export in river suspended load suggests additional erosion of OCmodern by small, shallow landslides or overland flow in catchments. The exported OCmodern may contribute to geological carbon sequestration if buried in sedimentary deposits. Landslides may have also contributed to carbon sequestration over shorter timescales (<100 years). 5.4 ± 3.0 tC km−2 yr−1 of the eroded OCmodern was retained on hillslopes, representing a net‐carbon sink following re‐vegetation of scar surfaces. In addition, it was found that landslides caused rapid turnover of the landscape, with rates of 0.3% of the surface area per decade. High rates of net ecosystem productivity were measured in this forest of 94 ± 11 tC km−2 yr−1, which is consistent with rapid landscape turnover suppressing ecosystem retrogression. Landslide‐OCmodern yields and rates of turnover vary between river catchments and appear to be controlled by gradients in climate (precipitation) and geomorphology (rock exhumation rate, topographic slope). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The strange blood: Natural hybridization in primates
Authors: Zinner Dietmar , Arnold Michael L. , Roos Christian 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHybridization between two closely related species is a natural evolutionary process that results in an admixture of previously isolated gene pools. The exchange of genes between species may accelerate adaptation and lead to the formation of new lineages. Hybridization can be regarded as one important evolutionary mechanism driving speciation processes. Although recent studies have highlighted the taxonomic breadth of natural hybridization in the primate order, information about primate hybridization is still limited compared to that about the hybridization of fish, birds, or other mammals. In primates, hybridization has occurred mainly between subspecies and species, but has also been detected between genera and even in the human lineage. Here we provide an overview of cases of natural hybridization in all major primate radiations. Our review emphasizes a phylogenetic approach. We use the data presented to discuss the impact of hybridization on taxonomy and conservation.
Inter‐individual variability in aroma release during sweet mint consumption
Authors: Repoux Marie , Sémon Etienne , Feron Gilles , Guichard Elisabeth , Labouré Hélène 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTInter‐individual variations of in vivo aroma release kinetics have been observed widely in the literature. However, the corresponding causes are yet to be clearly identified. For this purpose, 68 subjects in whom salivary flow rates (at rest and Parafilm™‐stimulated) had been determined were recruited for the study. The release of menthone was measured using atmospheric pressure ionisation–mass spectrometry during the consumption of a sweet mint tablet. The subjects complied with an imposed protocol of oral movements. Inter‐individual variability was investigated through a qualitative analysis of the oral movements inducing menthone release, and through quantitative analysis. Swallowing events were the main contributors to menthone release. Tongue and jaw movements did not induce menthone release in all the subjects, thus explaining inter‐individual differences in menthone release curve profiles. Inter‐individual differences in term of the quantity of menthone released partly arose from the percentage of sweet mint tablet degradation. The greater the degree of degradation, the more menthone was released. Although protein concentrations in the saliva gave a first indication of differences in mint tablet degradation between subjects, other factors such as the content of specific proteins, and particularly enzymes, still need to be explored. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution of flow around complex‐shaped surfaces by an immersed boundary‐body conformal enrichment method
Authors: Ilinca F. , Hétu J.‐F. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYSolving the flow around objects with complex shapes may involve extensive meshing work that has to be repeated each time a change in the geometry is needed. Time consuming meshing can be avoided when the solution algorithm can tackle grids that do not fit the shape of immersed objects. This work presents applications of a recently proposed immersed boundary—body conformal enrichment method to the solution of the flow around complex shaped surfaces such as those of a metallic foam matrix. The method produces solutions of the flow satisfying accurately Dirichlet boundary conditions imposed on the immersed fluid/solid interface. The boundary of immersed objects is defined using a level‐set function, and the finite element discretization of interface elements is enriched with additional degrees of freedom, which are eliminated at element level. The method is first validated in the case of flow problems for which reference solutions on body‐conformal grids can be obtained: flow around an array of spheres and flow around periodic arrays of cylinders. Then, solutions are shown for the more complex flow inside a metallic foam matrix. A multiscale approach combining the solution at the pore level by the immersed boundary method and the macro‐scale solution with simulated permeability is used to solve actual experimental configurations. The computed pressure drop as a function of the flow rate on the macro scale configuration replicating two experimental setups is compared with the experimental data for various foam thicknesses. Copyright © 2011 National Research Council Canada
Geotechnical performance of a novel gravity base type shallow foundation for offshore wind turbines
Authors: Sturm Hendrik 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThis paper presents a novel foundation solution specially developed for offshore wind turbines installed on sandy or stiff soils. It is a pre‐fabricated cross‐shaped structure which rests on the seabed through four skirted plates. The geotechnical performance of the foundation has been analysed numerically with respect to both capacity and displacement during extreme loading and normal operation. The effects of different geometrical aspects such as skirt length and structural stiffness have been studied by means of 2D and 3D Finite Element simulations. Fully coupled stress equilibrium and pore water flow simulations have been performed in order to analyse the influence of accumulated excess pore pressure due to cyclic loading. The long‐term behaviour of the foundation is discussed based on stability and failure considerations. The results of the numerical study show that the proposed foundation solution offers a viable alternative as a safe foundation for offshore wind turbines. This has been demonstrated representatively for a 5 MW wind turbine installed in a water depth of 35 m on homogeneous ground subjected to the governing design load cases.Geotechnisches Verhalten eines neuartigen Flachfundaments zur Gründung von Offshore Windenergieanlagen In diesem Beitrag wird ein neuartiges Gründungskonzept für Offshore Windenergieanlagen vorgestellt, das besonders für sandige und steife Böden geeignet ist. Es handelt sich um eine vorgefertigte kreuzförmige Hohlkastenkonstruktion, die mittels vier Platten mit Schürzen auf dem Meeresboden ruht. Sowohl das Tragverhalten für ein Extremlastereignis als auch die Gebrauchstauglichkeit für eine repräsentative zyklische Belastung wurden mithilfe numerischer Berechnungen untersucht. In 2D und 3D Finite Element Berechnungen wurde der Einfluss der Schürzenlänge, der Struktursteifigkeit und anderer Eigenschaften analysiert. Neben voll dränierten Berechnungen wurden auch gekoppelte Spannungsgleichgewichts‐ und Porenwasserfluss‐Berechnungen durchgeführt, um den Einfluss der Porenwasserdruckakkumulation aus quasi‐statisch zyklischer Belastung aus Wind und Wellen zu erfassen. Eine Abschätzung des Langzeitverhaltens der Gründung wird auf Basis von Stabilitäts‐ bzw. Versagensbetrachtungen gegeben. Die Ergebnisse der numerischen Berechnungen zeigen, dass das vorgestellte Fundament eine geeignete Alternativlösung zur sicheren Gründung von Offshore Windenergieanlagen darstellt. Dies wird beispielhaft für eine 5 MW Anlage gezeigt, die in 35 m Wassertiefe auf homogenem Grund installiert ist und mit typischen Einwirkungen aus Wind und Wellen belastet wird.
Bohrtechnische und baubetriebliche Auswirkungen von Bohrlochinstabilitäten auf die Bohr‐ und Sprengarbeiten beim Bau des Flusskraftwerks Rheinfelden/Baden
Authors: Plinninger Ralf J. , Warning Nils , Krämer Manfred 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSeit 2003 wird in Rheinfelden/Baden‐Württemberg der Ersatz des aus dem späten 19. Jahrhundert stammenden bestehenden Rheinkraftwerks Rheinfelden realisiert. Das neue Kraftwerk mit einer projektierten Leistung von 100 MW besteht im Wesentlichen aus einem quer zur Fließrichtung errichteten Stauwehr und einem neuen Maschinenhaus. Zur Errichtung des Maschinenhauses sowie zur Erhöhung des nutzbaren Gefälles wurden in der Felssohle des Rheinbetts umfangreiche Lockerungssprengungen erforderlich. Im Zuge der Bauausführung zeigte sich, dass die Bohr‐ und Sprengarbeiten in vielfältiger Weise durch Bohrlochinstabilitäten beeinflusst wurden. Um auch in Lockergestein und gestörtem Fels eine definierte Ladesäule aufbauen und den Sprengerfolg sicherstellen zu können, wurden umfangreiche bohr‐ und sprengtechnische Anpassungen vorgenommen, mit denen das Projekt schließlich erfolgreich realisiert werden konnte. Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst die Rahmenumstände des Projekts, die technischen Grundlagen der Bohr‐ und Sprengarbeiten und die im Zuge der baubegleitenden Dokumentation gewonnenen Erfahrungen zur Interaktion von Geologie, Bohr‐ und Sprengtechnik und Baubetrieb zusammen.Technical and operational aspects of borehole instability on drill and blast works at the Rheinfelden Hydroelectric Power Plant. Since 2003, a new Hydroelectric Power Plant has been under construction in the river Rhine near the city of Rheinfelden/Germany. The new Rheinfelden power plant with a projected power capacity of 100 MW mainly consists of a new concrete dam and a new powerhouse as a replacement for the old facilities constructed in the late 19th century. The construction of the powerhouse and the increase of the available river gradient required extensive loosening blasts in the riverbed, which is formed by Triassic limestone and alluvial river deposits. In the course of the drill and blast works, it was observed that unstable rock mass sections and borehole instabilities influenced the drilling, loading and blasting of the rock in many ways. In order to ensure a defined loading in loose alluvial deposits and faulted rock, extensive changes were made to the drilling and blasting methods, for instance insertion of plastic casings or the use of the RBS cased drilling method. The implementation of these measures enabled the works to be completed successfully. This paper gives the basic outlines of the project and the techniques used, and summarises some of the findings on the interaction of geology on the one hand and technical and operational aspects of drilling and blasting on the other hand.
Linear mixed modelling of snow distribution in the central Yukon
Authors: Kasurak Andrew , Kelly Richard , Brenning Alexander 
Published: June 2011

AbstractRemote sensing estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE) in mountainous areas are subject to large uncertainties. As a prerequisite for testing passive microwave algorithm estimations of SWE, this study aims to collect snow depth (SD) data and provide an understanding of its complex spatial structure as part of the Canadian International Polar Year observations theme. Snow accumulation, redistribution and ablation are controlled by processes that depend on a variety of topographic factors as well as land surface characteristics, which leads us to modelling SD as a function of proxy variables derived from digital elevation model and Landsat data. Field measurements were performed at 3924 locations compromising 184 sites in 50 transects over 2 years. These measurements were used to predict SD over the study area using a spatial linear mixed‐effects model, a model type capable of handling the hierarchical structure of the field data.The model, built using stepwise variable selection, uses as predictor variables transformed elevation, slope, the logarithm of slope, potential incoming solar radiation and its transform; the normalized difference vegetation index, and a transformed tasseled cap brightness from Landsat imagery. A second, simpler model links SD with density giving SWE. The cross‐validated root mean squared error of the SD distribution model was 14 cm around an overall mean of 80 cm over a domain of 250 × 250 km.This instantaneous end‐of‐season peak‐accumulation snow map will enable the validation of satellite remote sensing over a generally inaccessible area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural basis of thrombin–protease‐activated receptor interactions
Authors: Gandhi Prafull S. , Chen Zhiwei , Appelbaum Eric , Zapata Fatima , Di Cera Enrico 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAggregation of platelets is an essential step in the formation of a stable blood clot during vascular injury. The trypsin‐like protease thrombin acts as the dominant agonist of platelet activation on engagement of protease‐activated receptors (PARs). Important details on the molecular aspects of thrombin–PAR interactions have been revealed recently by structural biology. In the case of human platelets, PAR1 engages thrombin via an extended surface of recognition encompassing the active site and exosite I. In the case of murine platelets, PAR4 binds to the active site in a conformation that leaves exosite I free for interaction with cofactors like PAR3. Human PAR4 mimics the murine receptor binding mechanism for residues upstream of the scissile bond. This information is consistent with existing functional data and provides a solid background for future structural and mutagenesis studies of PAR interaction with thrombin and related proteases. © 2011 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 63(6): 375–382, 2011