bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of lignocaine in Icelandic horses after infiltration anaesthesia
Authors: Kristinsson J. , Thordarson T. H. , Johannesson T. 
Published: October 2010

The pharmacokinetics of lignocaine was studied in four Icelandic horses after infiltration anaesthesia. A total of 240 mg of the drug was injected on either side of the left foreleg, over the medial and lateral branches of the palmar nerve. Blood samples were collected up to seven hours after injection and the concentrations of the drug in plasma were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The results showed that lignocaine was rapidly absorbed. A mean maximum concentration of 232 ng/ml was observed after 20 minutes. In three of the horses the decline in the plasma concentration of the drug with time was best described by the sum of two exponential terms, but in one of the horses the decline was monoexponential. The mean half‐life of the distribution phase (a) was 9.8 minutes and that of the elimination phase (β) 48.4 minutes. In all the horses the plasma concentration was below the limit of detection (2 ng/ml) six hours after injection. Anaesthesia was tested in one horse and lasted for one hour.
Surgical treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in six cats
Authors: White R. N. , Forster‐van Hijfte M. A. , Petrie G. , Lamb C. R. , Hammond R. A. 
Published: October 2010

The surgical treatment of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in six cats is described. The preoperative diagnoses were based on the results of abdominal ultrasonography, and mesenteric portography was used during surgery to confirm the diagnosis and establish the morphology of the shunting vessel. In four of the cats the shunt vessel passed through the left division of the liver, compatible with a patent ductus venosus (PDV), in one cat the shunt passed through the central hepatic division and in the other cat it passed through the right hepatic division. During surgery the shunt vessel was manipulated directly either intrahepatically, or post hepatically in the four cats with PDV. In five cats the shunt vessel was partially ligated, and in the other the vessel was completely ligated. The attenuation procedure produced a mean increase in mesenteric venous pressure of 17 cm H2O, with a range from 14 to 20 cm. All the cats recovered from the surgical procedure, but one developed neurological signs shortly after the operation and died from respiratory failure. Four of the cats were clinically normal and required no medication by one month after the operation. One cat required long‐term medication to control its continued clinical signs.
An attempt to reproduce ‘mal seco’ in horses by feeding them Festuca argentina
Authors: Uzal F. A. , Woodman M. P. , Giraudo C. G. , Robles C. A. , Doxey D. L. 
Published: October 2010

‘Mal seco’ is an almost invariably fatal disease of horses in Argentina and Chile, which resembles grass sickness, a dysautonomia of horses in Europe. The aetiology of mal seco remains unknown. An attempt to reproduce the disease was made by feeding horses with Festuca argentina, a plant considered to be toxic to animals and which was consistently found in the diet of nine horses suffering from mal seco. Three horses were fed with F argentina ad libitum for 28 days. The plant was infected with an endophytic fungus, whose morphological characteristics were in agreement with descriptions of Acremonium chlamydosporioides. No clinical abnormalities were observed in two of the horses, but one died on the fifth day of the trial after becoming incoordinated, unsteady and ataxic in the fore‐ and hindlimbs. No gross changes were observed post mortem in any of the horses, with the exception of a small number of Fasciola hepatica in the liver of the horse which died, and a moderate number of Gasterophilus species in the stomach of all three horses. No histopathological changes were observed in any of the organs examined, including several autonomic ganglia, brain including most brain stem nuclei, spinal cord, liver, kidney, stomach and small and large intestine. The results of this study suggest that F argentina is either not implicated in the aetiology of mal seco or produces its effects only when they are triggered by other unknown factors.
Use of the relationship between blood lactate and running speed to determine the exercise intensity of horses
Authors: Guhl A. , Lindner A. , von Wittke P. 
Published: October 2010

Eight thoroughbred horses, trained for racing competition, were subjected to a standardised incremental speed test to determine the relationship between their blood lactate concentrations and running speed. Between 14 days before and 14 days after completing the standardised exercise test, the horses were timed for runs of 2000 to 6000 m. The blood lactate concentration after each run was measured and compared with the blood lactate concentration predicted from the individual horse's blood lactate‐running speed relationship curve determined from the standardised exercise test. The relationship between the predicted and measured lactate concentrations was evaluated by linear regression. For 42 exercise runs there was a significant positive correlation between the measured and the predicted lactate concentrations and a significant regression: measured lactate (mmol/litre) = 1.01 predicted lactate (mmol/litre) ‐ 0.36 (r2 =0.79, standard error of estimate 0.63 mmol/litre, P<0.001). It was concluded that the standardised exercise test was a useful technique for predicting the blood lactate concentrations of horses after field exercise.
Cardiopulmonary effects of desflurane in ponies, after induction of anaesthesia with xylazine and ketamine
Authors: Clarke K. W. , Song D. Y , Alibhai H. I. K. , Lee Y. H. 
Published: October 2010

Cardiopulmonary parameters were measured in 12 ponies (small horses) before anaesthesia and, following induction with xylazine and ketamine, during maintenance of anaesthesia with desflurane. In six of the ponies (group A) anaesthesia was maintained for three hours with desflurane at an endtidal concentration of 7.4 per cent. In the other six ponies (group B), anaesthesia was maintained in the same way for one hour and then the effects of end‐tidal desflurane concentrations of 7.4 per cent and 9.6 per cent with and without artificial ventilation were investigated. In group A ponies the arterial blood pressure and the systemic vascular resistance index (sviu) decreased significantly during the first 45 minutes of anaesthesia but recovered with time. The cardiac index and heart rates were unchanged throughout the measurement period but arterial carbon dioxide tensions increased significantly. In group B ponies, with either mode of ventilation, increasing desflurane concentration resulted in decreases in arterial blood pressure, cardiac index and mixed venous oxygen tension, although the changes were not always statistically significant. There were marked individual differences in the cardiovascular responses to the high desflurane concentrations, the minimum mean arterial blood pressure ranging from 35 to 62 mm Hg, and the cardiac index from 23 to 50 ml/kg/min. The study concludes that during maintenance of anaesthesia with end tidal concentrations of desflurane of 7.4 per cent, cardiac index is well maintained and the initial fall in arterial blood pressures results from a fall in svRi. However, increasing the concentration of desflurane causes a fall in blood pressure due to cardiac depression.
Field evaluation of a fenbendazole slow release bolus in the control of nematode infections in first‐season cattle
Authors: Bauer C. , Holtemöller H. , Schmid K. 
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of a fenbendazole slow release bolus in controlling nematode infections of first‐season cattle was evaluated in a field study in northern Germany. Two groups, each of 11 male calves, were set‐stocked on separate pastures from May until October 1989 (157 days). The animals of one group were given the bolus at turnout and the animals of the control group were treated with fenbendazole (7.5 mg/kg bodyweight) eight weeks after turnout. Clinical inspections and measurements of faecal egg and larval counts, herbage trichostrongyle larval counts, plasma pepsinogen concentrations and bodyweight were made throughout the study. All the animals were slaughtered for worm counts and the evaluation of carcase quality two weeks after housing. The pasture grazed by the control group showed a marked increase in trichostrongyle larvae from late August onwards and, as a result, the control calves had increasing faecal egg counts and increased plasma pepsinogen concentrations in the latter part of the grazing season, although no clinical signs of parasitic gastroenteritis were apparent. The fenbendazole slow release bolus suppressed the trichostrongyle infections during the grazing season, and larval counts on the pasture grazed by the bolustreated group remained low throughout the study. Postmortem examination showed that the bolus‐treated calves harboured significantly (P<0.01) fewer trichostrongyle worms, including inhibited stages, than the controls. Because of an inadequate lungworm challenge during the grazing season it was not possible to evaluate the efficacy of the fenbendazole slow release bolus in preventing parasitic bronchitis. At slaughter, the bolus‐treated animals weighed more than the controls and tended to have a better carcase quality.
Options for management of acute pain in the rat
Authors: Abbott F. V. , Bonder M. 
Published: October 2010

Clinical recommendations for analgesics in laboratory rodents are usually derived from basic research. However, animal models of pain often involve withdrawal reflexes evoked by threshold‐level stimuli, whereas pain associated with surgery or disease involves injury and inflammation. Moreover, the analgesics used in research tend to be chosen as exemplars of a drug class, without regard for whether the route of administration is practical, whether the drug has useful kinetics or whether the side effects are tolerable. This paper provides data on the efficacy of drugs from four classes, using the formalin test as a model of injury‐induced pain. Formalin (50 ül, 2.5 per cent) was injected subcutaneously into a rat's paw and the behavioural response (lifting or licking of the paw) was recorded. Buprenorphine at 0.1 mg/kg and dipyrone at 200 mg/kg completely suppressed the pain responses. When formalin was injected six hours after buprenorphine or dipyrone, pain scores were 30 per cent of control scores. In the absence of pain and handling, 0.6 mg/kg buprenorphine was lethal to 25 per cent of rats. Locomotor activity was slightly depressed by 300 mg/kg dipyrone. Xylazine at 2 mg/kg suppressed pain responses, but the analgesia had decreased to less than 50 per cent after two hours and the effects were variable thereafter; at 8 mg/kg rats were unresponsive to a strong pinch. Acepromazine at 2.5 mg/kg reduced pain to 20 per cent of control scores and this level of analgesia was maintained for six hours; neuroleptic effects were prominent at 5 mg/kg.
Ocular signs in four dogs with hypertension
Authors: Sansom J. , Bodey A. 
Published: October 2010

Four dogs suddenly developed visual problems associated with retinal detachment and haemorrhage. They all had a high arterial blood pressure measured with a Doppler ultrasonic blood pressure monitor. Two of the dogs showed evidence of cardiac hypertrophy and one had hypercholesterolaemia; in three of them there was no conclusive evidence of underlying systemic disease. The condition was treated and assessed over a period of 12 months. In the absence of any findings suggesting the presence of underlying systemic disease, it is possible that the ocular changes were the result of primary hypertension, although not every possible cause of secondary hypertension could be excluded.
Persistence of the efficacy of pour‐on and injectable moxidectin againstOstertagia ostertagiandDictyocaulus viviparusin experimentally infected cattle
Authors: Vercruysse J. , Claerebout E. , Dorny P. , Demeulenaere D. , Deroover E. 
Published: October 2010

The persistence of the efficacy of moxidectin 0.5 per cent pour‐on and moxidectin 1 per cent injectable againstOstertagia ostertagiandDictyocaulus viviparusin calves was studied in two experimental trials. In the first trial two groups of seven calves were treated with either the pour‐on or the injectable formulation, while a third group remained untreated. All the animals were infected daily from Monday to Friday with infective stages ofO ostertagiandD viviparusbetween the day of treatment (day 0) and day 33, and were necropsied for worm counts three days later. The experimental design of the second trial was similar to that of the first but the period of infection was from 28 to 45 days after the treatment, and the necropsy was five days after the last infection. In both trials both moxidectin formulations had very high efficacies (99.6 per cent) against adult and developing stages of0 ostertagiandD viviparus. The higher efficacy of the moxidectin pour‐on preparation against early fourth stage larvae in both trials suggested that its effect was more persistent. It was calculated that the efficacy of moxidectin againstO ostertagipersisted for at least five weeks for the injectable formulation and six weeks for the pour‐on. The efficacy of moxidectin againstD viviparuslasted for at least six weeks for both formulations.
Prevention of surgical infections in dogs with a single intravenous injection of marbofloxacin: an experimental model
Authors: Gruet P. , Richard P. , Thomas E. , Autefage A. 
Published: October 2010

Eighteen healthy beagle dogs of both sexes were each given 0, 2 or 4 mg/kg marbofloxacin intravenously before the subcutaneous implantation of a silicon tissue cage. Two millilitres of a suspension containing 1.3 × 104colony forming units (CFU)/ ml ofStaphylococcus intermediuswere then injected into the cage 15 minutes after the intravenous injection. The dogs were clinically assessed immediately, and then two, four, eight and 24 hours after the challenge. Samples of inflammatory fluid were harvested at the same times in order to count staphylococci and to assay marbofloxacin concentrations. Blood samples were taken in order to assay plasma marbofloxacin levels. The staphylococcal counts were lower in both treated groups than in untreated dogs (P<0.01). All the clinical criteria were similar in the three groups. The concentration of marbofloxacin was similar in plasma and inflammatory fluid. Both doses were well tolerated and no adverse reactions were observed.
Treatment of porcine cysticercosis with oxfendazole: a dose‐response trial
Authors: Gonzalez A. E. , Falcon N. , Gavidia C. , Garcia H. H. , Tsang V. C. W. , Bernal T. , Romero M. , Gilman R. H. 
Published: October 2010

Taenia solium cysticercosis is an important public health problem in developing countries. Oxfendazole has been shown to be highly effective against porcine cysticercosis, when given as a single dose at 30 mg/kg bodyweight. This dose, however, was estimated from experience with albendazole. A controlled dose‐response trial was therefore undertaken to determine the efficacy and safety of three concentrations of oxfendazole. Twenty‐four naturally parasitised pigs were divided into four groups and treated with oxfendazole at 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg or 30 mg/kg, or left untreated. Eight to 10 weeks later the pigs were killed and the viability of the parasites assessed by evagination. No side‐effects of oxfendazole treatment were observed. In the control group more than 90 per cent of the cysts were viable. Viable cysts were found in the muscle and brain of the pigs treated with 10 or 20 mg/kg oxfendazole. At 30 mg/kg there were no viable cysts in any of the tissues examined, indicating that this concentration of oxfendazole provided an effective treatment against porcine cysticercosis.
Comparison of histology with maternal and fetal serology for the diagnosis of abortion due to bovine neosporosis
Authors: Otter A. , Jeffrey M. , Scholes S. F. E. , Helmick B. , Wilesmith J. W. , Trees A. J. 
Published: October 2010

An indirect fluorescent antibody test was applied to sera from normally calving and aborting cows and to samples of pleural fluid from their aborted calves, and the antibody titres were compared with histology and immunocytochemistry for the diagnosis ofNeospora‐associated abortion. Two groups of aborting cows and a third group of cows which had calved normally were used; group A consisted of 36 cows which aborted calves showing characteristic non‐suppurative inflammatory lesions in whichNeosporawas demonstrated by immunocytochemistry, group B consisted of 100 cows which aborted calves without histological evidence of neosporosis, and group C consisted of 128 normally calved cows which were sampled within one month of calving. Serology on the maternal sera and fetal fluids was highly specific and sensitive forNeosporainfection although 5 per cent of the cows which abortedNeospora‐negative calves and 4.7 per cent of the normally calved cows were also seropositive. Anti‐Neosporaantibodies were also detected in 7 per cent of the samples of fetal fluid fromNeospora‐negative abortions.
Body condition score, health, yield and fertility in dairy cows
Authors: Markusfeld O. , Galon N. , Ezra E. 
Published: October 2010

The effects of body condition score at drying off and after calving and the rate of loss of body condition score during the dry period on the performance of 2162 cows in eight commercial Israeli Holstein herds were evaluated. The relationships between health, fertility and yield and body condition score were examined by using multiple logistic regressions for measurements with only two outcomes and general linear models for the continuous variables. Herds, parity, season, length of dry period, postparturient diseases, twinning, stillbirth, induction of calving and high somatic cell counts were used as confounding and other exposure variables. Multiparous cows that were underconditioned at calving were culled and exhibited more postparturient uterine diseases. The risk of retained placenta was greater for cows that were underconditioned at drying off, whereas cows that lost more body condition during the dry period suffered more from both retained placenta and metritis; the two effects being independent of each other. An apparent increase in the risk of ketosis associated with overconditioning at calving could be partly attributed to long dry periods. Cows with a higher condition score at calving were less prone to anoestrus but did not conceive more successfully to first service. A reduction of six open days in primiparous cows was estimated for each additional unit of body condition score at calving. Multiparous cows that lost more body condition during the dry period suffered more from inactive ovaries and were more likely to be open 150 days after calving in the next lactation. Cows calving in a higher body condition score produced more milk, fat and protein in the first 90 days of lactation, the effect being most pronounced on milk fat content.
Performance of the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test in identifying cattle with tuberculous lesions in Irish herds
Authors: Costello E. , Egan J. W. A. , Quigley F. C. , O'Reilly P. F. 
Published: October 2010

The sensitivity of the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test, as applied in the Republic of Ireland, was estimated in 353 cattle with tuberculous lesions. These cattle had been removed from 47 herds which were depopulated owing to chronic or extensive infection with Mycobacterium bovis. The test had a sensitivity of 909 per cent, because 321 (909 per cent) of the 353 cattle with tuberculous lesions gave a positive or inconclusive result, and 32 gave a negative result. These 32 negative cattle came from 17 (36 per cent) of the 47 depopulated herds.
Investigations into field cases of porcine colitis with particular reference to infection with Serpulina pilosicoli
Authors: Thomson J. R. , Smith W. J. , Murray B. P. 
Published: October 2010

Investigations into the possible causes of colitis and typhlocolitis were carried out on 85 pig units in the United Kingdom between 1992 and 1996. Serpulina pilosicoli was identified most commonly, occurring as the suggested primary agent on 21 (25 per cent) of the units but forming part of mixed infections on another 23 (27 per cent) of the units, the main co‐infections being Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (eight units), proliferative enteropathy (six units), Salmonella species (four units) or Serpulina hyodysenteriae (two units). ‘Atypical’ Serpulina species, S hyodysenteriae, Salmonella typhimurium, Y pseudotuberculosis and Lawsonia intracellularis (proliferative enteropathy) were the suggested primary agents on seven, six, four, four and three units, respectively. Various combinations of mixed infections involving the latter organisms and other possibly incidental agents were recorded on another 10 units. Investigations on a further six units failed to detect any recognised pathogens. On units where S pilosicoli was the suggested primary agent, pigs ranging between 20 to 40 kg (eight to 16 weeks of age), but occasionally up to 50 kg, had diarrhoea and grew poorly over a period of two to three weeks. The prevalence was estimated to be between 5 and 15 per cent in affected batches, with a mortality of approximately 1 per cent. The clinical signs usually developed seven to 14 days after the moving and mixing of pigs. At postmortem examination, affected pigs had liquid contents in their colon, which contained accumulations of mucus in some chronic cases. Gross and histological lesions of colitis were prominent in the mid‐spiral region of the colon. In mixed infections with Y pseudotuberculosis, Salmonella typhimurium or S hyodysenteriae, lesions were more extensive and affected the caecum as well as the colon. In the colon, lesions of proliferative enteropathy were usually confined to the proximal half of the ascending spiral but mixed infection with S pilosicoli caused more extensive colitis. Mixed infections were reported to prolong the time taken for pigs to recover naturally and to have a more detrimental effect on growth rates than S pilosicoli infection alone. Despite the successful treatment of batches of pigs with tiamulin or lincomycin, S pilosicoli infection persisted as a chronic problem on many units, with diarrhoea and colitis in successive batches of pigs unless prophylactic medication was used.
Comparison of detomidine/ketamine and guaiphenesin/thiopentone for induction of anaesthesia in horses maintained with halothane
Authors: Bennett R. C. , Taylor P. M. , Brearley J. C. , Johnson C. B. , Luna S. P. L. 
Published: October 2010

This prospective clinical study compared the physiological effects of two commonly usedanaesthetic induction techniques in horses maintained with halothane. One hundred horses admitted for elective surgery were randomly allocated to receive either guaiphenesin (to effect) and thiopentone (5 mg/kg), or detomidine (20 μg/kg) and ketamine (2 mg/kg) for the induction of anaesthesia after acepromazine premedi cation. Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane in oxygen. There were no significant differences in breed, age, sex, weight, type of surgery and duration of anaesthesia between the groups. Immediately after induction of anaesthesia heart rate was higher after guaiphenesin and thiopentone, and arte‐ rial blood pressure was higher after detomidine and ketamine. Thereafter hypotension, often necessitating an infu‐ sion of dobutamine, developed in both groups. Arterial blood gases and respiratory rates were similar in the two groups. There were no significant differences between the groups in the subjectively scored quality of induction and recovery, or in recovery time.