bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No cerebrocervical venous congestion in patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Doepp Florian , Paul Friedemann , Valdueza José M. , Schmierer Klaus , Schreiber Stephan J. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractObjective:Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by demyelination centered around cerebral veins. Recent studies suggested this topographic pattern may be caused by venous congestion, a condition termed chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI). Published sonographic criteria of CCSVI include reflux in the deep cerebral veins and/or the internal jugular and vertebral veins (IJVs and VVs), stenosis of the IJVs, missing flow in IJVs and VVs, and inverse postural response of the cerebral venous drainage.Methods:We performed an extended extra‐ and transcranial color‐coded sonography study including analysis of extracranial venous blood volume flow (BVF), cross‐sectional areas, IJV flow analysis during Valsalva maneuver (VM), and CCSVI criteria. Fifty‐six MS patients and 20 controls were studied.Results:Except for 1 patient, blood flow direction in the IJVs and VVs was normal in all subjects. In none of the subjects was IJV stenosis detected. IJV and VV BVF in both groups was equal in the supine body position. The decrease of total jugular BVF on turning into the upright position was less pronounced in patients (173 ± 235 vs 362 ± 150ml/min, p < 0.001), leading to higher BVF in the latter position (318ml/min ± 242 vs 123 ± 109ml/min; p < 0.001). No differences between groups were seen in intracranial veins and during VM. None of the subjects investigated in this study fulfilled >1 criterion for CCSVI.Interpretation:Our results challenge the hypothesis that cerebral venous congestion plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of MS. Future studies should elucidate the difference between patients and healthy subjects in BVF regulation. ANN NEUROL 2010;68:173–183
Kolloidale Hybridnanostrukturen: ein neuer Typ von Funktionsmaterialien
Authors: Costi Ronny , Saunders Aaron E. , Banin Uri 
Published: June 2010

AbstractDie Forschung über Nanokristalle hat unter anderem die Entwicklung experimenteller Verfahren zum Ziel, mit denen Zusammensetzung und Form von Nanokristallen über vielfältige Materialkombinationen hinweg gesteuert werden können. Wenn nanometergroße Domänen metallischer, halbleitender und magnetischer Materialien zu einzelnen “Hybrid”‐Nanopartikeln kombiniert werden können, eröffnen sich faszinierende Möglichkeiten für die Herstellung von Nanomaterialien mit mehreren Funktionalitäten oder verbesserten Eigenschaften einer einzelnen Domäne. In unserem Aufsatz diskutieren wir aktuelle Strategien für die Herstellung von Halbleiter/Metall‐Hybridnanopartikeln, neue Eigenschaften dieser Mehrkomponentenmaterialien sowie ihre möglichen Anwendungen.
Colloidal Hybrid Nanostructures: A New Type of Functional Materials
Authors: Costi Ronny , Saunders Aaron E. , Banin Uri 
Published: June 2010

AbstractOne key goal of nanocrystal research is the development of experimental methods to selectively control the composition and shape of nanocrystals over a wide range of material combinations. The ability to selectively arrange nanosized domains of metallic, semiconducting, and magnetic materials into a single hybrid nanoparticle offers an intriguing route to engineer nanomaterials with multiple functionalities or the enhanced properties of one domain. In this Review, we focus on recent strategies used to create semiconductor–metal hybrid nanoparticles, present the emergent properties of these multicomponent materials, and discuss their potential applicability in different technologies.
Influence of wood species on the properties of biopolyurethane prepared from liquefied wood with residue
Authors: Izumo Kenji , Fukushima Masami 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBiopolyurethane prepared from liquefied wood with the residue of the liquefied wood product was investigated in this article. Previous results indicated that the residue of the liquefaction product was composed mostly of compounds originated from lignin. The chemical structures of lignin in softwood and hardwood are different. The influence of soft‐ and hardwood species on the chemical structure and mechanical properties of biopolyurethane prepared from liquefied wood with residue was investigated by tensile testing and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The experimental results showed that the liquefaction of softwood occurs within a shorter time than that of hardwood and the biopolyurethane prepared from softwood was harder than that prepared from hardwood, which suggests that the properties of the liquefaction product and biopolyurethane are influenced by the chemical structure of the lignin. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Electrodeposition of poly(o‐toluidine) on brass from aqueous salicylate solution and its corrosion protection performance
Authors: Patil Dewyani , Patil P. P. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPoly(o‐toluidine) (POT) has been electrodeposited on brass from an aqueous salicylate solution by using cyclic voltammetry, and its corrosion protection performance has been evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in aqueous 3% NaCl solution. The corrosion potential was about 0.115 V vs. SCE more positive for the POT‐coated brass than that of uncoated brass and reduces the corrosion rate of brass almost by a factor of 800. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of bimodal porous copolymer containing β‐cyclodextrin and its inclusion adsorption behavior
Authors: Sun Zhao‐Yang , Shen Ming‐Xing , Cao Gui‐Ping , Deng Jie , Liu Yuan , Liu Tao , Zhao Ling , Yuan Wei‐Kang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA novel insoluble bimodal porous polymer containing β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) was prepared to adsorb aromatic amine compound. The process involved copolymerization of styrene and methyl methacrylate with a maleic acid derivative of β‐CD, subsequently, above formed copolymer was foamed by supercritical CO2. The chemical properties and physical structure of obtained copolymer was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectra, Thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and N2 adsorption techniques. The inclusion adsorption of aromatic amine compounds on β‐CD copolymer was carried out in a batch system. The quantities of aromatic amine compounds adsorbed on β‐CD copolymer reached equilibrium within 60 min. The adsorption kinetic could be fitted to a pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equation, and the linear correlation coefficients varied from 0.9828 to 0.9935. With the influence of molecular structure and hydrophobicity of the aromatic amine compound, the sequence of quantity of aromatic amine compounds adsorbed on β‐CD copolymer is p‐toluidine > aniline > benzidine > o‐toluidine. The adsorption equilibrium data of aromatic amine compound adsorbed on β‐CD copolymer were fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir models, respectively. The linear correlation coefficients of Langmuir model varied from 0.9516 to 0.9940, and the linear correlation coefficients of Freundlich varied from 0.9752 to 0.9976. It is concluded that Freundlich model fits better than Langmuir model, because the adsorption of aromatic amine compound on β‐CD copolymer is a chemical process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation, characterization, structure, and dynamics of carboxymethyl chitosan grafted with acrylic acid sodium salt
Authors: El‐Sherbiny Ibrahim M. , Elmahdy Mahdy M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractGraft copolymerization of different vinyl monomers onto chitosan (Cs) and its derivatives can alter their properties and consequently expands their potential applications. In this study, carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCs) was prepared and characterized. Graft copolymerization of acrylic acid sodium salt (AAs) onto CMCs was accomplished by using ammonium persulphate (APS)‐induced free radical polymerization in aqueous medium under nitrogen atmosphere. Occurrence of grafting was confirmed and the effects of [AAs], [APS], reaction time, and temperature on the extent of grafting were studied. The influence of grafting yield on the structure and dynamics was also investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), two‐dimensional wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (2D‐WAXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and dielectric spectroscopy. Preliminary study, using dielectric spectroscopy, was carried out to the CMCs‐g‐AAs copolymer with grafting percent ∼ 2900%, as an example, in a wide range of temperature (from 299 to 473 K) and frequency (from 1 × 10−2 to 1 × 105 Hz). One relaxation process with Arrhenius type was detected. This process has the characteristics of a secondary relaxation process related to local chain dynamics with activation energy of 53 ± 3 kJ/mol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Melting and crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) blends
Authors: Xie Fei , Lofgren Elizabeth A. , Jabarin Saleh A. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe crystallization and melting behaviors as well as the crystalline morphologies of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/Poly(m‐xylylene adipamide) (PET/MXD6) blends have been examined and characterized with the aid of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle x‐ray diffraction (WAXD). The isothermal and nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of the blends were studied as functions of the contents of MXD6, catalyst concentrations, and the effects of the interchange reactions between PET and MXD6. Wide angle x‐ray scattering has been used to examine the crystalline morphologies of the PET/MXD6 blends, to characterize their crystalline and amorphous phases, and to determine crystallite sizes in the blends. Results indicate that the catalyst has both catalyzing and nucleation effects on the PET/MXD6 blends, with the extents of each effect dependent upon the content of catalyst. In addition the crystalline morphology was found to be dominated by the MXD6 content as well as the crystallization temperature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles obtained through ultrasonic irradiation
Authors: Zhong Xinrui , Fei Guoxia , Xia Hesheng 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles with a size of 50–100 nm were prepared by the oxidation polymerization of the monomer 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) under ultrasonic irradiation. The structure and morphology of PEDOT, as well as the electrical conductivity were characterized. Compared with the conventional stirring method, the PEDOT nanoparticles prepared by ultrasonic irradiation have a smaller particle size and are more uniform and spherical due to the dispersion, emulsifying and disruption effects of ultrasound. The yield of PEDOT by ultrasonic irradiation can reach ∼ 50%, and the conductivity of PEDOT is high up to 11 S/cm. A decrease in particle size due to the ultrasonication can lead to more effective doping and enhanced conductivity. The reaction time, temperature and ultrasound power output have significant effects on the field and electrical conductivity of PEDOT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Rheology behavior of high‐density polyethylene/diluent blends and fabrication of hollow‐fiber membranes via thermally induced phase separation
Authors: Wang Jianli , Wang Liang , Ruan Wenxiang , Zhang Cheng , Ji Jianbing 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe phase‐separation behavior of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/diluent blends was monitored with a torque variation method (TVM). The torque variation of the molten blends was recorded with a rheometer. It was verified that TVM is an efficient way to detect the thermal phase behavior of a polymer–diluent system. Subsequently, polyethylene hollow‐fiber membranes were fabricated from HDPE/dodecanol/soybean oil blends via thermally induced phase separation. Hollow‐fiber membranes with a dense outer surface of spherulites were observed. Furthermore, the effects of the spinning temperature, air‐gap distance, cold drawing, and HDPE content on the morphology and gas permeability of the resultant membranes were examined. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Crystallization kinetics, melting behavior, and morphologies of poly(butylene succinate) and poly(butylene succinate)‐block‐poly(propylene glycol) segmented copolyester
Authors: Huang Xi , Li Chuncheng , Guan Guohu , Zhang Dong , Xiao Yaonan 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThis article investigated the crystallization kinetics, melting behavior, and morphologies of poly(butylene succinate)(PBS) and its segmented copolyester poly(butylene succinate)‐block‐poly(propylene glycol)(PBSP) by means of differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, and wide angle X‐ray diffraction. Avrami equation was used to describe the isothermal crystallization kinetics. For nonisothermal crystallization studies, the Avrami equation modified by Jeziorny, and the model combining Avrami equation and Ozawa equation were employed. The results showed that the introduction of poly(propylene glycol) soft segment led to suppression of crystallization of PBS hard segment. The melting behavior of the isothermally and nonisothermally crystallized samples was also studied. Results showed that the isothermally crystallized samples exhibited two melting endotherms, whereas only one melting endotherm was shown after nonisothermal crystallization. The spherulitic morphology of PBSP and wide angle X‐ray diffraction showed that the polyether segments were excluded from the crystals and resided in between crystalline PBS lamellae and mixed with amorphous PBS. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Influence of collecting velocity on fiber orientation, morphology and tensile properties of electrospun PPESK fabrics
Authors: Qi Wen , Lu Chun , Chen Ping , Cui Tianfang 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPoly(phthalazinone ether sulfone ketone) (PPESK) is a novel kind of soluble thermoplastic resin with excellent thermal resistance properties. In this article, PPESK nonwoven fabrics were successfully prepared using electrospinning technique, and the influence of collecting velocity on fibers orientation, morphology and tensile properties was studied by changing the collecting velocity during electrospinning process. Results indicate that collecting velocity has a strong influence on fiber orientation and mechanical performance. When the collecting linear velocity increases from 0.36 to 3.35 m/s, fiber angular standard deviation is decreased from 63.8° to 45.5°, and tensile strength of PPESK fabrics is increased from 0.0246 to 3.677 MPa. However, when collecting velocity is higher than 3.35 m/s, fabrics tensile strength shows a declining tendency due to the breaking down of the fibers at a high of collecting speed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Reactive green HE‐4BD functionalized supermacroporous poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) cryogel for heavy metal removal
Authors: Arpa Çiğdem , Bereli Nilay , Özdil Elif , Bektaş Sema , Denizli Adil 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the heavy metal adsorption performance of supermacroporous poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) [PHEMA] cryogel. The PHEMA cryogel was produced by cryo‐polymerization. The PHEMA cryogel was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The PHEMA cryogel containing 385 μmol Reactive Green HE‐4BD/g were used in the adsorption studies. Adsorption capacity of the PHEMA cryogel for the metal ions, i.e., Cu2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ were investigated in aqueous media containing different amounts of the ions (5–600 mg/L) and at different pH values (3.2–6.9). The maximum adsorption capacities of the PHEMA cryogel were 11.6 mg/g (56 μmol/g) for Pb2+, 24.5 mg/g (385 μmol/g) for Cu2+ and 29.1 mg/g (256 μmol/g) for Cd2+. The competitive adsorption capacities were 10.9 mg/g (52 μmol/g) for Pb2+, 22.1 mg/g for Cd2+ (196 μmol/g) and 23.2 mg/g (365 μmol/g) for Cu2+. The PHEMA/Reactive Green HE‐4BD cryogel exhibited the following metal ion affinity sequence on molar basis: Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Pb2+. The PHEMA/Reactive Green HE‐4BD cryogel can be easily regenerated by 50 mM EDTA with higher effectiveness. These features make the PHEMA/Reactive Green HE‐4BD cryogel a potential adsorbent for heavy metal removal. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation, intermolecular motion, and thermal properties of thiodiphenyl epoxy
Authors: Chiu Yie‐Chan , Tsai Hsieh‐Chih , Chou I‐Chen , Lin Wei‐Ning , Yang Shih‐Yi , Tien Hsin‐Wen , Ma Chen‐Chi M. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe thiodiphenyl epoxy (THEP) was prepared by the 4,4′‐thiodiphenol (THDOL) and the epichlorohydrin (ECH) without using any NaOH or KOH catalysts. The THEP possessed weak hydrogen bonding in the cured THEP/DGEBA system. The intermolecular motion parameters k and q were 0.26 and −168.5, respectively, which determined by the Gordon‐Taylor and Kwei equations. The soft sulfide linkage (S) of the THEP degraded at lower temperature than cured DGEBA material, and further to form various thermal stable sulfate derivative chars. The char yields increased from 11.43 to 25.94 wt % and from 0.65 to 1.04 wt % in the nitrogen and air, respectively. Introduction of the THEP into the DGEBA could provide the antioxidation thermal property and improve the thermal stability of the DGEBA epoxy in the air. In the air atmosphere, the activation energies of the second thermal degradation were increased from 66.67 to 103.42 kJ/mol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Neuropeptide regulators of the juvenile hormone biosynthesis (in vitro) in the beetle, Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Abdel‐latief Mohatmed , Hoffmann Klaus H. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe genome of Tribolium castaneum encodes two allatostatin [AS type B; W(X)6Wamide and AS type C; PISCF‐OH] and one allatotropin (AT) precursor, but no AS type A (FGLamide) (Tribolium Genome Sequencing Consortium, 2008: Nature 452:949–955). Here we studied the activity (in vitro) of peptides derived from these precursors on the synthesis/release of juvenile hormone (JH) III. The corpora cardiaca‐corpora allata (CC‐CA) complexes of adult females of another tenebrionid beetle, the mealworm Tenebrio molitor, were used. Incubating the gland complexes in a medium containing Trica‐AS B3 peptide, we showed that the peptide has allatostatic function in T. molitor. The activity of the type C AS depended on the age of the test animals and their intrinsic rate of JH III biosynthesis. The Trica‐AS C peptide inhibited the JH release from CA of 3‐day‐old females with a high intrinsic rate of JH synthesis, but activated JH release from the CA of 7‐day‐old females with a lower intrinsic rate of JH production. The allatotropin peptide (Trica‐AT) also activated the JH release from the CA of 7‐day‐old females in a dose‐dependent and reversible manner. Unexpectedly, a type A AS derived from the precursor of the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (Peram‐AS A2b) inhibited the JH release from the CA of younger and older females in the concentration range of 10−8 to 10−4 M, and the effects were fully reversible in the absence of peptide. These data suggest a complex role of allatoactive neuropeptides in the regulation of JH III biosynthesis in beetles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production and characterization of a recombinant beta‐1,4‐endoglucanase (glycohydrolase family 9) from the termite Reticulitermes flavipes
Authors: Zhou Xuguo , Kovaleva Elena S. , Wu‐Scharf Dancia , Campbell James H. , Buchman George W. , Boucias Drion G. , Scharf Michael E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractCell‐1 is a host‐derived beta‐1,4‐endoglucanase (Glycohydrolase Family 9 [GHF9]) from the lower termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Here, we report on the heterologous production of Cell‐1 using eukaryotic (Baculovirus Expression Vector System; BEVS) and prokaryotic (E. coli) expression systems. The BEVS‐expressed enzyme was more readily obtained in solubilized form and more active than the E. coli–expressed enzyme. Km and Vmax values for BEVS‐expressed Cell‐1 against the model substrate CMC were 0.993% w/v and 1.056 µmol/min/mg. Additional characterization studies on the BEVS‐expressed enzyme revealed that it possesses activity comparable to the native enzyme, is optimally active around pH 6.5–7.5 and 50–60°C, is inhibited by EDTA, and displays enhanced activity up to 70°C in the presence of CaCl2. These findings provide a foundation on which to begin subsequent investigations of collaborative digestion by coevolved host and symbiont digestive enzymes from R. flavipes that include GHF7 exoglucanases, GHF1 beta glucosidases, phenol‐oxidizing laccases, and others. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis and Antibacterial, Antitubercular, and Anticancer Activities of Novel 1,4‐Dihydropyridines
Authors: Sirisha Kalam , Achaiah Garlapati , Reddy Vanga Malla 
Published: June 2010

AbstractA series of twenty new 4‐substituted‐2,6‐dimethyl‐3,5‐bis‐N‐(heteroaryl)‐carbamoyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines have been prepared from a three‐component one‐pot condensation reaction of N‐heteroaryl acetoacetamide, an aromatic/heteroaromatic aldehyde, and ammonium acetate under four different experimental conditions. Except for the conventional method, all the experimental conditions were simple, eco‐friendly, economical, and the reactions were rapid and high‐yielding. The methods employed have been compared in terms of yields, cost, and simplicity. The synthesized compounds were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and evaluated for their in‐vitro anticancer, antibacterial, and antitubercular activities. Amongst the compounds tested, compound 25 exhibited the highest anticancer activity while compounds 14 and 18 exhibited significant antibacterial and antitubercular activities.
The reliance on unclaimed cadavers for anatomical teaching by medical schools in Africa
Authors: Gangata Hope , Ntaba Phatheka , Akol Princess , Louw Graham 
Published: June 2010

AbstractThe study of gross Anatomy through the use of cadaveric dissections in medical schools is an essential part of the comprehensive learning of human Anatomy, and unsurprisingly, 90% of the surveyed medical schools in Africa used cadaveric dissections. Donated cadavers now make up 80% of the total cadavers in North American medical schools and all the cadavers used for dissection in the United Kingdom are donated. Because the sources of cadavers used in Africa are not clearly known, a questionnaire to gather information on cadavers used at medical schools was designed from the relevant literature and was sent by electronic mail to 123 Anatomy lecturers in 23 African countries (48 medical schools). Fourteen lecturers from 14 medical schools in ten countries responded to the questionnaires. The results indicate that, in most countries, the cadavers are unclaimed bodies from the hospitals and prisons, and the bodies of dead bandits. In South Africa and Zimbabwe, the donations are mostly from the white community, and medical school in the Islamic country of Libya is importing cadavers from India. The lack of knowledge about body donation programes and firmly held cultural and religious burial traditions may explain the lack of bequests from black communities. The use of unclaimed bodies may disproportionally affect people who were homeless and poor, criminals, people with fewer social links, and social outcasts. The Anatomy lecturers felt that there should be broader national awareness programes for body donations, although the benefits of this could take decades to materialize. Anat Sci Educ, 2010. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.