bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Losing the Waterways: The Displacement of Khmer Communities from the Freshwater Rivers of the Mekong Delta, 1945–2010
Authors: TAYLOR PHILIP 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn the latter half of the twentieth century thousands of Khmer people were displaced from their homes along the freshwater rivers of Vietnam's Mekong delta. Their pattern of settlement along freshwater tidal rivers was an ecological adaptation unique in the Khmer-speaking world, of which only vestiges remain. Drawing upon oral histories and ethnographic observations of O Mon, a district in the central Mekong delta, this paper reconstructs a picture of the traditional river-based livelihoods, social structure and religious life of Khmers in this region in the 1940s. It describes how these Khmers were driven from their villages early in the First Indochina War. Experiencing ongoing dislocations in subsequent periods of war and peace, most have been prevented from returning to their former homes or reclaiming their land. Relying on testimony by elderly Khmers, who witnessed the disintegration of their riverside communities, the account challenges existing depictions of the ecology and history of the Mekong delta, offering new insights into the complexity of the Indochina wars and the severity of their consequences.
Walking with lions: why there is no role for captive-origin lions Panthera leo in species restoration
Authors: Hunter Luke T.B. , White Paula , Henschel Philipp , Frank Laurence , Burton Cole , Loveridge Andrew , Balme Guy , Breitenmoser Christine , Breitenmoser Urs 
Published: July 2012

AbstractDespite formidable challenges and few successes in reintroducing large cats from captivity to the wild, the release of captives has widespread support from the general public and local governments, and continues to occur ad hoc. Commercial so-called lion Panthera leo encounter operations in Africa exemplify the issue, in which the captive breeding of the lion is linked to claims of reintroduction and broader conservation outcomes. In this article we assess the capacity of such programmes to contribute to in situ lion conservation. By highlighting the availability of wild founders, the unsuitability of captive lions for release and the evidence-based success of wild–wild lion translocations, we show that captive-origin lions have no role in species restoration. We also argue that approaches to reintroduction exemplified by the lion encounter industry do not address the reasons for the decline of lions in situ, nor do they represent a model that can be widely applied to restoration of threatened felids elsewhere.
Selling Gasoline with a Smile: Gas Station Attendants between the United States, Italy, and the Third World, 1945–1970
Authors: Bini Elisabetta 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article analyzes the ways in which Esso Standard Italiana, the Italian affiliate of Standard Oil (New Jersey), and the state-owned firmAzienda Generale Italiana Petroli(Italian General Oil Company, Agip), redefined the job of gas station attendants in post-war Italy. It argues that, drawing on US scientific management and marketing, the two companies advanced a new understanding of masculinity and class. They promoted the idea that gas station attendants should distance themselves from the forms of male working-class identity that were associated with mechanical work and combine technical expertise with the ability to market products by relying on appearance. It shows how during the 1960s Agip exported such Americanized business practices to the developing world, by organizing a series of training courses for gas station attendants from North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa. This article looks in turn at how attendants challenged the two companies' efforts to standardize and rationalize their services by joining trade associations and organizing strikes, in the name of their rights as shopkeepers and small businessmen.
The Return of Merchant Capitalism
Authors: Lichtenstein Nelson 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTo understand the economic character, transnational politics, and labor regime characteristic of contemporary globalization, it is useful to revisit the concept of “merchant capitalism,” a form of market exchange that dominated trade in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Then as now, commodities proved crucial to world commerce, merchants held the whip hand over manufacturers, while workers found their remuneration and working conditions subject to competitive pressures that often debased their status. The transnational retailers who today dominate so many global supply chains therefore play many of the same roles as did the antebellum merchants of New York and Liverpool who favored free trade and formed an alliance with those who deployed unfree labor to grow the cotton and other commodities upon which the trading system of their day was built.
‘The Life of Individuals as well as of Nations’: International Law and the League of Nations’ Anti-Trafficking Governmentalities
Authors: LEGG STEPHEN 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper will address an often-neglected agenda of the much-derided League of Nations: its ‘social’ and ‘technical’ works. These targeted human security through regulating different forms of international mobility, including the fight against trafficking in women and children. The League used conventions and conferences to commit nation-states, in a legal model, to standardized anti-trafficking measures. It also, however, worked to educate and inform states, voluntary organizations, and the general public about the nature of trafficking and the ways of combating it. The latter techniques are here interpreted using Foucault's governmentality writings, which encourage us to look beyond the juridical epistemologies of international relations and international law, but not beyond the interlacing of laws and norms, here explored through interwar League governmentalities.
Targeted Killing and Its Law: On a Mutually Constitutive Relationship
Authors: KRASMANN SUSANNE 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAlthough initially perceived as illegal and illegitimate, targeted killing has gained legal approval and greater acceptance as a tactic in the US fight against terrorism. Rather than being accomplished extra-legally or gradually normalized as an exception to the rule, as critics proclaim, targeted killing becomes inscribed into a law that was, and is, prepared to accept it as a practice. Conceiving of law as a practice renders the mutually constitutive relationship between targeted killing and the law visible. As a practice, law is indissoluble from the forms of knowledge both that enact it and that its enactment invokes. Targeted killing could assert itself as a security dispositif that displaces and relocates political notions underlying and defining international law.
Two Governments and One Legitimacy: International Responses to the Post-Election Crisis in Côte d'Ivoire
Authors: RIM YEJOON 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article examines international responses to the post-election crisis in Côte d'Ivoire, where two distinct governments were established due to contradiction between the election results proclaimed domestically and those certified by the internationally entrusted authority observing the election. Between two competing authorities, the international community stood firmly in favour of the internationally recognized president-elect as ‘legitimate authority’ while acting against the opponent whom they considered to hold ‘illegitimate authority’. Considering the principle of democracy as the underlying rationale grounding the international responses, this article identifies three mechanisms that incorporate and thus promote the principle of democracy: international election monitoring as setting mechanism, international representation as consolidating mechanism, and international intervention as enforcing mechanism. In accordance with these analyses, the current stage of democracy in international legal discourse is queried, particularly the democratic entitlement of a government in relation to determination of its international legitimacy.
Reactions to Non-Performance of Treaties in International Law
Authors: FORLATI SERENA 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIdentifying the range of lawful reactions to non-performance of treaties is still problematic, as shown by the case concerning the Application of the Interim Accord of 13 September 1995 (FYROM/Greece). After reviewing the current understanding of the relationship between the law of treaties and the law of international responsibility, the author analyses the legal regime pertaining to suspension and termination of treaties on grounds of breach, on the one hand, and, on the other, to countermeasures, arguing that the exceptio inadimpleti contractus may still play an independent, albeit limited, role as a reaction to lawful non-performance of international treaties.
A Conversation with Antonio Cassese
Authors: ACQUAVIVA GUIDO 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis ‘interview’, prepared posthumously with original material from Judge Antonio Cassese, traces the origins of his academic and professional career. It further attempts to shed some light on Antonio Cassese's multifaceted contributions to the fields of human rights, self-determination, and international criminal law. In particular, it attempts to show in his own words the passion and rigour with which Judge Cassese approached the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) as well as its seminal first steps, which marked a resurgence of international criminal justice and paved the way for a host of contemporary international criminal institutions.
Factors associated with being lost to follow-up before completing tuberculosis treatment: analysis of surveillance data
Authors: MILLETT E. R. C. , NOEL D. , MANGTANI P. , ABUBAKAR I. , KRUIJSHAAR M. E. 
Published: July 2012

SUMMARYCompletion of treatment is key to tuberculosis control. Using national surveillance data we assessed factors associated with tuberculosis patients being lost to follow-up before completing treatment (‘lost’). Patients reported in England, Wales and Northern Ireland between 2001 and 2007 who were lost 12 months after beginning treatment were compared to those who completed, or were still on treatment, using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Of 41 120 patients, men [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1·29; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·23–1·35], 15- to 44-year-olds (P<0·001), and patients with pulmonary sputum smear-positive disease (aOR 1·25, 95% CI 1·12–1·45) were at higher risk of being lost. Those recently arrived in the UK were also at increased risk, particularly those of the White ethnic group (aOR 6·39, 95% CI 4·46–9·14). Finally, lost patients had a higher risk of drug resistance (aOR 1·41, 95% CI 1·17–1·69). Patients at risk of being lost require enhanced case management and novel case retention methods are needed to prevent this group contributing towards onward transmission.
Nuculidae (Bivalvia) in the Cape Melville Formation, King George Island, Antarctica, with an overview of the bivalve fauna
Authors: Whittle Rowan J. , Quaglio Fernanda , Alistair Crame J. , Linse Katrin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNuculid bivalves of the Cape Melville Formation (Early Miocene, King George Island) are reviewed. Ten bivalve taxa are listed from the formation in the families Nuculidae (two species), Sareptidae, Malletiidae, Limopsidae (two species), Limidae, Pectinidae, Hiatellidae, and Periplomatidae. The Nuculidae consist of two species of Leionucula Quenstedt, 1930. One of these, L. melvilleana n. sp., is described and the other consists of the two species named previously by Anelli et al. (2006), which are demonstrated to be synonymous and are assigned to the species Leionucula frigida (Anelli, Rocha-Campos, Santos, Perinotto & Quaglio 2006). This assemblage, dominated by protobranchs (89% of specimens), is a typical fauna of offshore soft substrates, with a few specimens transported from hard substrates nearby. The diversity of Nuculidae has decreased in the Antarctic region through the Cenozoic.
Real-time evidence for age grad(ing) in late adolescence
Authors: Wagner Suzanne Evans 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis study provides real-time support for the hypothesis, previously inferred from apparent time studies, that stable sociolinguistic variables are age-graded. Stable variables have been shown to exhibit a curvilinear pattern with age in which adolescents use nonstandard variants at a higher rate than adults do. An analysis of the morphophonological variable (ing) was carried out using recordings and ethnographic observations of 13 young American women during and after their final years of high school. Offering a detailed look at the late adolescent life stage, the study also explores speakers’ motivations for retaining or retreating from nonstandard variants as they prepare to enter adulthood. These are examined at both the group and the individual level. The results indicate that the degree of retreat from nonstandard variants is socially differentiated, in line with apparent time findings. Future enrollment in a locally oriented college, and alignment to a local ethnic network (Irish or Italian)—not social class—were the predictors of retention in high school.
Connectivity for Bridge-Addable Monotone Graph Classes
Authors: ADDARIO-BERRY L. , MCDIARMID C. , REED B. 
Published: July 2012

A classof labelled graphs isbridge-addableif, for all graphsGinand all verticesuandvin distinct connected components ofG, the graph obtained by adding an edge betweenuandvis also in; the classismonotoneif, for allG∈and all subgraphsHofG, we haveH∈. We show that for any bridge-addable, monotone classwhose elements have vertex set {1,. . .,n}, the probability that a graph chosen uniformly at random fromis connected is at least (1−on(1))e−½, whereon(1) → 0 asn→ ∞. This establishes the special case of the conjecture of McDiarmid, Steger and Welsh when the condition of monotonicity is added. This result has also been obtained independently by Kang and Panagiotou.
The Use of the Revised Trauma Score as an Entry Criterion in Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock Studies: Data from the DCLHb Clinical Trials
Authors: Sloan Edward P. , Koenigsberg Max , Clark James M. , Desai Amol 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIntroductionThe Revised Trauma Score (RTS) has been proposed as an entry criterion to identify patients with mid-range survival probability for traumatic hemorrhagic shock studies.Hypothesis/ProblemDetermination of which of four RTS strata (1-3.99, 2-4.99, 1-4.99, and 2-5.99) identifies patients with predicted and actual mortality rates near 50% for use as an entry criterion in traumatic hemorrhagic shock clinical trials.MethodsExisting database analysis in which demographic and injury severity data from two prior international Diaspirin Cross-Linked Hemoglobin (DCLHb) clinical trials were used to identify an RTS range that could be an optimal entry criterion in order to find the population of trauma patients with mid-range predicted and actual mortality rates.ResultsOf 208 study patients, the mean age was 37 years, 65% sustained blunt trauma, 49% received DCLHb, and 57% came from the European Union study arm. The mean values were: ISS, 31 (SD = 18); RTS, 5.6 (SD = 1.8); and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), 10.4 (SD = 4.8). The mean TRISS-predicted mortality was 34% and the actual 28-day mortality was 35%. The initially proposed 1-3.99 RTS range (n = 41) had the highest predicted (79%) and actual (71%) mortality rates. The 2-5.99 RTS range (n = 79) had a 62% predicted and 53% actual mortality, and included 76% blunt trauma patients. Removal of GCS <5 patients from this RTS 2-5.99 subgroup caused a 48% further reduction in eligible patients, leaving 41 patients (20% of 208 total patients), 66% of whom sustained a blunt trauma injury. This subgroup had 54% predicted and 49% actual mortality rates. Receiver operator curve (ROC) analysis found the GCS to be as predictive of mortality as the RTS, both in the total patient population and in the RTS 2-5.99 subgroup.ConclusionThe use of an RTS 2-5.99 inclusion criterion range identifies a traumatic hemorrhagic shock patient subgroup with predicted and actual mortality that approach the desired 50% rate. The exclusion of GCS <5 from this RTS 2-5.99 subgroup patients yields a smaller, more uniform patient subgroup whose mortality is more likely related to hemorrhagic shock than traumatic brain injury. Future studies should examine whether the RTS or other physiologic criteria such as the GCS score are most useful as traumatic hemorrhagic shock study entry criteria.Sloan EP, Koenigsberg M, Clark JM, Desai A. The use of the Revised Trauma Score as an entry criterion in traumatic hemorrhagic shock studies: data from the DCLHb clinical trials. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2012;27(4):1-15.
Theory of Mind in Children with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Dennis Maureen , Simic Nevena , Gerry Taylor H. , Bigler Erin D. , Rubin Kenneth , Vannatta Kathryn , Gerhardt Cynthia A. , Stancin Terry , Roncadin Caroline , Yeates Keith Owen 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTheory of mind (ToM) involves thinking about mental states and intentions to understand what other people know and to predict how they will act. We studied ToM in children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and age- and gender-matched children with orthopedic injuries (OI), using a new three-frame Jack and Jill cartoon task that measures intentional thinking separate from contingent task demands. In the key ToM trials, which required intentional thinking, Jack switched a black ball from one hat to another of a different color, but Jill did not witness the switch; in the otherwise identical non-ToM trials, the switch was witnessed. Overall accuracy was higher in children with OI than in those with TBI. Children with severe TBI showed a larger decline in accuracy on ToM trials, suggesting a specific deficit in ToM among children with severe TBI. Accuracy was significantly higher on trials following errors than on trials following correct responses, suggesting that all groups monitored performance and responded to errors with increased vigilance. TBI is associated with poorer intentional processing in school-age children and adolescents relative to peers with OI; furthermore, children with TBI are challenged specifically by intentional demands, especially when their injury is severe. (JINS, 2012,19, 1–9)
Prospective Memory Deficits are Associated with Poorer Everyday Functioning in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Pirogovsky Eva , Woods Steven Paul , Vincent Filoteo J. , Gilbert Paul E. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAlthough individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) evidence moderate deficits in prospective memory (PM), it is not known whether PM deficits confer an increased risk of poorer everyday functioning. In the current study, 33 individuals with PD and 26 demographically similar normal controls (NC) were administered performance-based and self-report measures of PM and everyday functioning, including medication and financial management. As compared to NC, PD participants demonstrated significantly lower scores on performance-based measures of PM and financial capacity, worse performance at a trend level on performance-based medication management and endorsed significantly greater self-reported declines in PM and instrumental activities of daily living (iADLs). In the PD sample, the laboratory measure of PM significantly correlated with performance-based measures of financial capacity and medication management and a self-report measure of medication management. Self-reported PM failures significantly correlated with perceived declines in iADLs, worse medication management, and poorer health-related quality of life. Although future studies are needed to examine the incremental ecological validity of PM in PD, findings from this study extend prior research by providing preliminary evidence that PM impairment may play a significant role in a range of critical everyday functions in PD. (JINS, 2012, 18, 1–10)
Comparison and Validation of Visual Assessment and Image Processing Algorithms to Quantify Morphology Dynamics ofEuglena gracilis
Authors: Krishnan Anand , Watson Ian , Parton Roger , Sharp James 
Published: July 2012

AbstractImage processing algorithms were developed and compared with visual assessment from 12 volunteers to quantify the temporal morphological structure of a singleEuglena gracilisorganism. Representative images ofE. gracilis, showing different morphological characteristics from ovate to cylindrical and elongate, were captured with a bright-field video microscopy system. These images were ranked by the volunteers in order from ovate to elongate. The images were analyzed in the spatial and spatial frequency domain, and the order of the images from each analysis was ranked against the visual assessment. The assessment methods agreeing with the volunteer's preferred sequence were an eccentricity measurement (major axis over the sum of the minor axis at three points), the cross correlation of the image without high pass filtering or edge detection, and cross correlation of the power spectral density.
Video-Based Tracking of Single Molecules Exhibiting Directed In-Frame Motion
Authors: Yüce M. Yavuz , Jonáš Alexandr , Kiraz Alper , Erdoğan Alper T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractTrajectories of individual molecules moving within complex environments such as cell cytoplasm and membranes or semiflexible polymer networks provide invaluable information on the organization and dynamics of these systems. However, when such trajectories are obtained from a sequence of microscopy images, they can be distorted due to the fact that the tracked molecule exhibits appreciable directed motion during the single-frame acquisition. We propose a new model of image formation for mobile molecules that takes the linear in-frame motion into account and develop an algorithm based on the maximum likelihood approach for retrieving the position and velocity of the molecules from single-frame data. The position and velocity information obtained from individual frames are further fed into a Kalman filter for interframe tracking of molecules that allows prediction of the trajectory of the molecule and further improves the precision of the position and velocity estimates. We evaluate the performance of our algorithm by calculations of the Cramer-Rao Lower Bound, simulations, and model experiments with a piezo-stage. We demonstrate tracking of molecules moving as fast as 7 pixels/frame (12.6 μm/s) within a mean error of 0.42 pixel (37.43 nm).
THE LOST SLOW MOVEMENT FROM BEETHOVEN'S QUARTET OP. 18 NO. 2
Authors: COOPER BARRY 
Published: July 2012

ABSTRACTIn October 1799 Beethoven delivered manuscript copies of three new quartets (Op. 18 Nos 1–3) to Prince Lobkowitz. The following year, however, he revised Nos 1 and 2, writing a new slow movement for No. 2 in which little of the original material was retained. The original slow movement was discarded and is now lost, but many sketches for it survive in the sketchbook Grasnick 2. Although these sketches seem disjointed and fragmentary, they represent all seventy-four bars of a complete movement, with some lower parts also indicated for more than half the bars, enabling the movement to be reconstructed in much detail. This lost movement is of great interest, with some striking imitation and modulations in the two contrasting episodes, and an ending that reconciles the opening theme with the stormy second section. The movement is of particular importance since no other lost works completed by Beethoven that are of such substance are known from such a late date.