bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of a GaAsSb/AlAsSb distributed Bragg reflector with a highly stacked InAs quantum dash structure on InP(001) substrate
Authors: Akahane Kouichi , Yamamoto Naokatsu 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe investigated the fabrication of a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) using GaAsSb/AlAsSb with a large difference in the refractive index. We fabricated a well‐defined GaAsSb/AlAsSb periodic structure with high reflectivity and a 135‐nm‐wide stop band. A cavity structure was subsequently fabricated on the DBR, using a highly stacked quantum dash (QDash) structure, by the strain compensation technique. The modulated photoluminescence spectrum from the QDash was also observed in this sample. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Exact solution of the modified Pöschl–Teller potential in the tridiagonal representation
Authors: Huang‐Fu Guo‐Qing , Zhang Min‐Cang 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe Schrödinger equation with the modified Pöschl‐Teller (MPT) potential is studied by working in a complete square integrable basis that supports a tridiagonal matrix representation of the wave operator. The resulting three‐term recursion relation for the expansion coefficients of the wavefunction is presented, and the wavefunctions are expressed in terms of the Jocobi polynomial. The discrete spectrum of the bound states is obtained by diagonalization of the recursion relation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Blending physical and virtual manipulatives: An effort to improve students' conceptual understanding through science laboratory experimentation
Authors: Olympiou Georgios , Zacharia Zacharias C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effect of experimenting with physical manipulatives (PM), virtual manipulatives (VM), and a blended combination of PM and VM on undergraduate students' understanding of concepts in the domain of Light and Color. A pre–post comparison study design was used for the purposes of this study that involved 70 participants assigned to three conditions. The first condition consisted of 23 students that used PM, the second condition consisted of 23 students that used VM, and the third condition consisted of 24 students that used the blended combination of PM and VM. In the case of the blended combination, the use of VM or PM was selected based on whether it provides an affordance that the other medium of experimentation (PM or VM) cannot provide. All conditions used the same inquiry‐oriented curriculum materials and procedures. Conceptual tests were administered to assess students' understanding before, during, and after teaching. Results revealed that the use of a blended combination of PM and VM enhanced students' conceptual understanding in the domain of Light and Color more than the use of PM or VM alone. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 96:21–47, 2012
Covalent Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly of Redox Active Molecular Multilayers on Silicon (100) by Photochemical Thiol‐Ene Chemistry
Authors: Schulz Christian , Nowak Susann , Fröhlich Roland , Ravoo Bart Jan 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe fabrication of thin organic films covalently grafted onto silicon substrates is of significant interest, as they are expected to give access to a broad range of new materials for integration into microelectronic applications. Covalent layer‐by‐layer (LbL) assembly offers a high degree of freedom when designing such thin films. In this work an approach for the preparation of covalent redox active molecular multilayers on silicon (100) surfaces is presented using a highly branched decaallylferrocene and thiol‐ene click chemistry. The multilayers are analyzed by ellipsometry, X‐ray photoelectron sprectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The results indicate that the multilayer growth is linear for at least sixteen layers and the density of ferrocenes per layer is in the range of 6 × 10−11 mol cm−2. Moreover, this method for LbL assembly is extended to surfaces which have been locally passivated by microcontact printing. By atomic force microscopy measurements it is possible to show that the covalent LbL deposition proceeds exclusively in the nonpassivated areas.
Employing TCPS for suppressing oscillations in two‐area system constitute of wind farm and thermal system
Authors: Araghi Ali Roghani , Hosseinian Seyyed Hossein , Gharehpetian Gevorg B. , Vahidi Behrooz 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe use of distributed generation (DG) is growing. However, DG may never be an alternative for major power generation, but they can be used in a combined form with other production units in the network. Among renewable energies, wind power especially when the case is a wind farm has a great power and capability. On the other hand, to generate electricity with desired quality and reliability, having proper dynamic response of wind farm and major network seems necessary. By employing thyristor‐controlled phase shifter (TCPS) in series with the tie‐line between two systems composed of wind farm and thermal system, the dynamic response of the combined system is improved. Results show that in all situations TCPS is able to suppress frequency deviation and tie‐power oscillations effectively under the occurrence of sudden load changes in any of the areas when compared with that obtained without TCPS. Furthermore, the required time to reach steady‐state in any of the areas is decreased dramatically. Also, for tie‐power variations in addition to reduction of oscillations, overshoot is decreased remarkably several times more than the case that system in not equipped with TCPS. © 2011 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The challenges of building cosmopolitan climate expertise: the case of Germany
Authors: Beck Silke 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBy generating intense public scrutiny of international climate science, the ‘climategate’ controversy has paradoxically underlined the authoritative status accorded to scientific knowledge in policy decision making on climate change.In contrast to the universalizing discourse of international climate science (as presented by the intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC)), notable differences exist between countries with regard to the degree of public trust in its expertise. Focusing on the German case, this article explores how and why countries vary when it comes to interpreting and validating ‘universally valid’ expertise. It argues that differences in the way climate change are addressed in national research and decision making cannot be explained solely by the quality of scientific knowledge available, because it is the same body of knowledge (produced by the IPCC) that provides the common point of reference. The reception of scientific evidence for climate change by publics and policy makers depends additionally on the ways in which scientific claims are validated and rendered authoritative for public use and on prior criteria of what counts as scientifically valid and policy‐relevant knowledge. This article then discusses the implications entailed by these national differences in terms of interpreting expertise on matters of global relevance. It shows why the task of producing policy‐relevant knowledge ‘under the public microscope’ requires new forms of interdisciplinary scientific judgment and justification toward wider publics. It reviews recent initiatives set up to respond to ‘climategate’ and discusses the alternatives offered by a wide range of efforts to promote a differentiated, reflexive, and culturally sensitive ‘cosmopolitan’ approach.WIREs Clim Change2012, 3:1–17. doi: 10.1002/wcc.151This article is categorized under:Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Effects of domperidone on augmentation of lactation following cesarean delivery at full term
Authors: Jantarasaengaram Surasak , Sreewapa Praweena 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of domperidone on breast milk production in women who underwent cesarean at full term.MethodsWomen who underwent uncomplicated full‐term cesarean were randomly assigned to receive domperidone or placebo for 4 consecutive days post partum. Breast milk was collected twice daily via electric breast pump. Baseline milk production was determined by measuring the volume of milk collected on the 1st postpartum day, before initiation of study medication (day 0). The daily volume of milk collected was compared between groups. Adverse treatment‐related effects were recorded.ResultsThe study was completed by 22 women in the domperidone group and 23 in the placebo group. Compared with day 0, mean increases in milk volume per participant collected on days 1, 2, 3, and 4 were significantly higher in the domperidone (13.6 ± 23.2 mL, 68.5 ± 71.9 mL, 144.5 ± 122.3 mL, and 191.3 ± 136.1 mL) than in the placebo (2.5 ± 4.6 mL, 24.5 ± 26.5 mL, 72.1 ± 55.6 mL, and 91.4 ± 60.3 mL) group. Minor adverse effects were reported by 7 women in the domperidone group.ConclusionPostpartum treatment with domperidone can augment breast milk production after full‐term cesarean, with minimal adverse effects.
Serous ovarian carcinoma patients with high alpha‐folate receptor had reducing survival and cytotoxic chemo‐response
Authors: Chen Yu-Li , Chang Ming-Cheng , Huang Chia-Yen , Chiang Ying-Cheng , Lin Han-Wei , Chen Chi-An , Hsieh Chang-Yao , Cheng Wen-Fang 
Published: December 2011

The alpha‐folate receptor (α‐FR) is highly‐expressed in various non‐mucinous tumors of epithelial origin, including ovarian carcinoma. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between alpha‐folate receptor (α‐FR) and the clinico‐pathologic features and outcomes of serous ovarian carcinoma patients and the possible mechanism of α‐FR to chemo‐resistance. Therefore, semi‐quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reactions for α‐FR expression were performed in the 91 specimens of serous ovarian carcinomas. The expression of α‐FR in each ovarian cancer tissue specimen was defined as the ratio of density of α‐FR to density of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). In vitro apoptotic experiments were tested in the original OVCAR‐3 tumor cells and various OVCAR‐3 α‐FR‐transfectants. Patients with an increased α‐FR expression level had poorer responses to chemotherapy (per α‐FR expression level increase: odds ratio (OR): 8.97 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40–57.36), p = 0.021). An increased α‐FR expression level was an independently poor prognostic factor for disease free interval (DFI) (per α‐FR expression level increase: hazard ratio (HR): 2.45 (95% CI: 1.16–5.18), p = 0.02) and had a negative impact on overall survival (OS) of these serous ovarian cancer patients (per α‐FR expression level increase: HR: 3.6 (95% CI: 0.93–13.29), p = 0.03) by multivariate analyses. α‐FR inhibited cytotoxic drug‐induced apoptosis in our in vitro apoptotic assays. α‐FR could induce chemo‐resistance via regulating the expression of apoptosis‐related molecules, Bcl‐2 and Bax. Therefore, α‐FR can be a potential biomarker for the prediction of chemotherapeutic responses and clinical prognosis. It also could be the target of ovarian cancer treatment.
Central Nervous System Reorganization in a Variety of Chronic Pain States: A Review
Authors: Henry Douglas E. , Chiodo Anthony E. , Yang Weibin 
Published: December 2011

AbstractChronic pain can develop from numerous conditions and is one of the most widespread and disabling health problems today. Unfortunately, the pathophysiology of chronic pain in most of these conditions, along with consistently effective treatments, remain elusive. However, recent advances in neuroimaging and neurophysiology are rapidly expanding our understanding of these pain syndromes. It is now clear that substantial functional and structural changes, or plasticity, in the central nervous system (CNS) are associated with many chronic pain syndromes. A group of cortical and subcortical brain regions, often referred to as the “pain matrix,” often show abnormalities on functional imaging studies in persons with chronic pain, even with different pain locations and etiologies. Changes in the motor and sensory homunculus also are seen. Some of these CNS changes return to a normal state with resolution of the pain. It is hoped that this knowledge will lead to more effective treatments or even new preventative measures. The purpose of this article is to review recent advances in the understanding of the CNS changes associated with chronic pain in a number of clinical entities encountered in the field of physical medicine and rehabilitation. These clinical entities include nonspecific low back pain, fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome, postamputation phantom pain, and chronic pain after spinal cord injury.
Effect of altering dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on cardiovascular risk measures in patients treated with statins: a pilot study
Authors: Lee Sabrina P. S. , Dart Anthony M. , Walker Karen Z. , O'Dea Kerin , Chin-Dusting Jaye P. F. , Skilton Michael R. 
Published: December 2011

Increasing dietary n-3 PUFA decreases the risk of CHD. Since n-6 PUFA compete with n-3 PUFA for common metabolic enzymes, the n-6:n-3 ratio intake rather than the n-3 PUFA intake levels per se may be critical. We aimed to examine whether altering the n-6:n-3 ratio affects cardiovascular risk factors in hypercholesterolaemic patients on lipid management with statins. Adhering to a randomised, crossover study design, patients on statins (n 11) were placed on one of two dietary interventions (Diet high-ratio (HR) – n-6:n-3 = 30:1 or Diet low-ratio (LR) – n-6:n-3 = 1·7:1) for 4 weeks followed after an 8-week washout period by the alternate diet. Foods enriched with n-3 or n-6 PUFA were delivered to each patient, who were given clear guidance on consumption expectations for the study. Measures of lipid profile, blood pressure and vascular function were determined. Diet LR significantly reduced body weight, LDL-cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, blood pressure and the apoA-1:apoB ratio. While Diet HR trended towards a similar cardioprotective profile, most of the parameters examined did not reach statistical significance. A direct comparison between diets demonstrated no significant superiority of Diet LR over Diet HR. These results suggest that a dietary intervention focused on n-6 and n-3 fatty acids may improve cardiovascular risk factors in patients over and above standard lipid management, but there is no significant advantage of a low n-6:n-3 ratio diet when compared to a high-ratio diet.
The Ottomans and the Funj sultanate in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
Authors: Peacock A.C.S. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis article examines sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Ottoman sources for the Funj sultanate that ruled the Gezira and Nile Valley regions of the modern Sudan. It also aims to elucidate the relationship between the Ottoman empire and the Funj sultanate. In the first part of the article, the sixteenth-century Ottoman sources, largely documents from the Ottoman archives in Istanbul, are translated and analysed. In the second part, two seventeenth-century Ottoman accounts of the Funj are examined: that by the famous Ottoman traveller Evliya Çelebi, and that by the geographer Abu Bekr el-Dimaşki. The text of the relevant passage from Dimaşki's work is provided alongside a translation. The article also examines evidence for religious links between the Ottomans and the Funj.
Non-pharmacological management of orthostatic hypotension in the older patient
Authors: Ryan Daniel J , Cunningham Conal J , Fan Chie Wei 
Published: December 2011

SummaryOrthostatic hypotension (OH) occurs in up to 30% of community-dwelling older people. Its presence confers a greater risk of incident co-morbid disease and all-cause mortality. As per guidelines, first-line treatment should consist of non-pharmacological therapies. Effective lifestyle modification advice includes the avoidance of rapid postural changes and large meals. Physical counter-manoeuvres, when comprehensively described, effectively abate symptom progression. Patients should drink 1.5 to 2 litres of water daily, though reports suggest only half of older people comply with this regime. Moderate salt consumption is advised, though with caution as supine hypertension often co-exists. Compression hosiery benefits older people and, contrary to popular opinion, is well tolerated. Potential, future therapies include impedance threshold devices. Older patients with OH frequently have co-morbid disease such that a pharmacological approach is ill-advised. They respond well to non-pharmacological therapies and these should form the primary therapeutic approach.
The Baptismal Covenant and the Proposed Anglican Covenant
Authors: Meyers Ruth A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAn exploration of the development and meaning of the text of the Baptismal Covenant in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer of the Episcopal Church provides the basis for a discussion of the proposed Anglican Communion Covenant. The article concludes by suggesting how biblical, theological and liturgical understandings of covenant offer a perspective by which to assess the proposed Covenant for the Anglican Communion.
A New General Allometric Biomass Model
Authors: Zeng Wei Sheng , Tang Shou Zheng 
Published: December 2011

AbstractTo implement monitoring and assessment of national forest biomass, it is becoming the trend to develop generalized single-tree biomass models suitable for large scale forest biomass estimation. Considering that the theoretical biomass allometric model developed by West et al. [1,2] was statistically different from the empirical one, the two parameters in the most commonly used biomass equation M=aDb were analyzed in this paper. Firstly, based on the knowledge of geometry, the theoretical value of parameter b was deduced, i.e., b=7/3(~2.33), and the comparison with many empirical studies conducted throughout the globe indicated that the theoretical parameter could describe soundly the average allometric relationship between aboveground biomass M and D (diameter on breast height). Secondly, using five datasets of aboveground biomass which consisted of 1441 M-D pairs of sample trees, the new general biomass allometric model was validated. Finally, the relationship between parameter a and wood density p was analyzed, and the linear regression was developed. The new model, which is not only simple but also species-specific, offers a feasible approach on establishment of generalized biomass models for regional and national forest biomass estimation.
Endocavitary Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) – Work in Progress
Authors: Heinzmann A. , Müller T. , Leitlein J. , Braun B. , Kubicka S. , Blank W. 
Published: December 2011

Zusammenfassung
Ziel: Darstellung der diagnostischen Möglichkeiten der endokavitären Anwendung von Ultraschallkontrastmittel über Drainagen, im biliären System sowie bei oraler Gabe zur Untersuchung des GI-Traktes.
Material und Methoden: Kochsalzlösung unter Zumischung eines Tropfens SonoVue® wurde über die Drainage bzw. pro-/retrograd in das biliäre System eingebracht. Bei der oralen Anwendung wurden unterschiedliche Mischungsverhältnisse von Wasser mit SonoVue® verabreicht.
Ergebnisse: Die Kontrastmittelzumischung in Kochsalzlösung erleichtert die Lagekontrolle der Drainage und liefert zusätzliche Informationen zur Ausdehnung des zu drainierenden Prozesses. Komplikationen wie Fisteln zu den Gallengängen, Gefäßen, Darmschlingen, anderen Organen oder in die freie Bauchhöhle sind sensitiv erkennbar. Das biliäre System lässt sich gut darstellen. Bei der Gabe per os lässt sich das Kontrastmittel im Gastrointestinaltrakt verfolgen. Auch lassen sich Anastomoseninsuffizienzen und Perforationsstellen erkennen.
Schlussfolgerung: Die Gabe eines verdünnten Ultraschallkontrastmittels über eine Drainage bringt wertvolle Informationen über Lage, die Ausdehnung und Kommunikation des drainierten Prozesses zur Umgebung. Das biliäre System ist darstellbar. Die Gabe von Ultraschallkontrastverstärker per os ist möglich und kann Anastomoseninsuffizienzen und Perforationsstellen darstellen.
Exploring one-state downhill protein folding in single molecules
Authors: Liu Jianwei , Campos Luis A. , Cerminara Michele , Wang Xiang , Ramanathan Ravishankar , English Douglas S. , Muñoz Victor 
Published: December 2011

A one-state downhill protein folding process is barrierless at all conditions, resulting in gradual melting of native structure that permits resolving folding mechanisms step-by-step at atomic resolution. Experimental studies of one-state downhill folding have typically focused on the thermal denaturation of proteins that fold near the speed limit (
ca.
10
6
s
-1
) at their unfolding temperature, thus being several orders of magnitude too fast for current single-molecule methods, such as single-molecule FRET. An important open question is whether one-state downhill folding kinetics can be slowed down to make them accessible to single-molecule approaches without turning the protein into a conventional activated folder. Here we address this question on the small helical protein BBL, a paradigm of one-state downhill thermal (un)folding. We decreased 200-fold the BBL folding-unfolding rate by combining chemical denaturation and low temperature, and carried out free-diffusion single-molecule FRET experiments with 50-μs resolution and maximal photoprotection using a recently developed Trolox-cysteamine cocktail. These experiments revealed a single conformational ensemble at all denaturing conditions. The chemical unfolding of BBL was then manifested by the gradual change of this unique ensemble, which shifts from high to low FRET efficiency and becomes broader at increasing denaturant. Furthermore, using detailed quantitative analysis, we could rule out the possibility that the BBL single-molecule data are produced by partly overlapping folded and unfolded peaks. Thus, our results demonstrate the one-state downhill folding regime at the single-molecule level and highlight that this folding scenario is not necessarily associated with ultrafast kinetics.