bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pyrolysis of black liquor
Authors: Bhattacharya P. K. , Shrinath A. S. , Kunzru D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractConcentrated black liquor was pyrolysed in a semi‐batch reactor in an inert atmosphere of nitrogen at 873–993 K. The effects of temperature and reaction time on the gas yields and compositions were studied. The main components of the gaseous product were hydrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sulphur‐containing gases. The percentage recovery of energy was also determined. On the basis of the experimental runs, a reaction model was proposed for the kinetics of the pyrolysis reaction, and the activation energies and frequency factors of the rate constants were determined.
Polyethyleneglycol catalytic dehydration kinetics in the liquid phase
Authors: Simarro Ruben , Cervera S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEleven representative polyethyleneglycol (25322–68–3) catalytic dehydration reactions have been studied in the liquid phase at atmospheric pressure. The aim of this research is to build a kinetic model representative of the polyethyleneglycol dehydration process. Three types of reaction take place simultaneously in the process: cyclisation, condensation and alcoholysis. Activation energies and frequency factors are given, and the relationships between kinetic parameters and chain length of reactants and products are discussed according to the reaction type.
The formation of deposits from oil under conditions pertinent to diesel engine pistons
Authors: Alizadeh A. , Trimm D. L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe production of deposits from oil on various materials has been studied under conditions pertinent to the ring zone of a diesel engine piston. Deposition is found to occur only as a result of oxidation, and metal catalysed free radical reactions in the liquid phase appear to be responsible for the problem. Metal species removed from the surface are the most active promoters and these may be deactivated by heavy deposition (encapsulation) or by the addition of deactivating complexing agents.
Effects of slag content, fineness and additive to cement pastes on the corrosion behaviour of embedded reinforcing steel
Authors: El‐Sayed H. A. , Shater M. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPrevious studies proved that the slag content of the blast furnace slag‐Portland cement mix could be increased, while retaining the engineering properties of the produced slag cement pastes within the normal range and increasing the fineness of the mix. The corrosion behaviour of reinforcing steel embedded in the cement pastes giving the optimum mechanical properties was studied using the galvanostatic polarisation technique. The most corrosion‐resistant mix has been determined. The effect of adding CaCl2 to a paste of this mix on the corrosion behaviour of embedded reinforcing steel has been investigated. For the purpose of comparison, anodic polarisation tests were carried out using pastes having the composition of the most corrosion‐resistant mix but at the Blaine area of the ordinary slag cement. Portland and normal slag cements were also tested. The threshold concentration of CaCl2, below which breakdown of steel passivity did not occur, has been determined. The results of this study might have practical implications in the field.
Pressure synthesis of dibenzylamine from benzylamine and benzyl alcohol
Authors: Nandi Dilip K. , Das Birendra N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of dibenzylamine from benzylamine and benzyl alcohol in the presence of a phosphoric acid catalyst has been carried out under pressure. Very high pressure has no beneficial effect on the synthesis of dibenzylamine. Under optimum conditions (473K, 3.10×106Nm−2; residence period 2h; benzylamine to benzyl alcohol mol. ratio, 1:2 and benzylamine to catalyst mol. ratio, 1:0.2174), the conversion of benzylamine to dibenzylamine was 88.50%.
Oxidation of phenol by aqueous hydrogen peroxide catalysed by ferric ion‐catechol complexes
Authors: Hocking Martin B. , Intihar Donald J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractPhenol has been oxidised with aqueous hydrogen peroxide under a wide variety of conditions and yields of the catechol and hydroquinone products recorded. Catalysts tested included a number of transition metal and related ions of which only Cu+, Cu2+, Cr3+, WO42‐, Hg2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ gave any degree of success. Extensive tests with ferric ion established 2.5:1000, Fe3+:phenol mole ratio as being the optimum catalytic range. Temperatures lower than 30°C gave relatively high catechol:hydroquinone product ratios, about 1.9:1, but lowered the yields of dihydroxybenzenes to about 70% of theory. From experiments conducted over the pH range of 1 to 8 the optimum pH for high yield reactions was found to be 2 to 3. Operating at a hydrogen peroxide:phenol mole ratio of 0.30:1.0 gave the highest catechol:hydroquinone product ratios, 1.6:1.0. The catechol:hydroquinone ratio produced decreased as the ratio of reacting peroxide to phenol was increased. Optimised conditions gave dihydroxybenzene yields of 84 and 53% on phenol and hydrogen peroxide respectively, and ratios of 1.5:1 and 2.0:1, catechol:hydroquinone. A research stage economic summary from averaged pairs of experimental results gave a value added of $3.19 (technical grade products) or $8.47 (pure grades) per kg of catechol on a raw material cost base of $2.87, as two among four calculated cost evaluation scenarios.
Effects of some plating variables on the electrodeposition of catalytically active nickel‐thallium alloy powders
Authors: El‐Halim Abd , El‐Halim M. Abd , Khalil Reda M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe electrodeposition of nickel‐thallium alloy powders was investigated from a selected bath of the composition 0.0125 NiSO4·6H2O, 0.01 TICI, 0.10 (NH4)2SO4, 0.10 H3BO3 and 0.07 Na2SO4·10 H2O (mol dm−3). The effects of the pH of the bath, deposition current density and deposition time on the cathodic polarisation, current efficiency and composition of the electrodeposited alloy were determined. The properties of the electrodeposits examined, as a function of the above‐mentioned variables, were surface morphology and catalytic activity towards the decomposition of 0.4% H2O2 solution. It was found from this investigation that the operating variables influence to a great extent the current efficiency, composition and surface morphology of the electrodeposited alloys; and the catalytic activity is primarily controlled by the surface morphology.
Dolomite decomposition in a high temperature fluidised bed reactor
Authors: Hehl Martin , Helmrich Harald , Schugerl Karl 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe decomposition of dolomite was investigated in a bench‐scale fluidised bed reactor (30 cm diameter) at temperatures between 600°C and 1000°C in batch and continuous operations. The composition of the solids was determined by X‐ray analysis, the gas composition by infrared (i.r.) spectroscopic analysis. The reaction kinetics were investigated in a small fluidised bed (2.6 cm diameter) as well as in the bench‐scale equipment and compared with kinetic data evaluated from differential thermal gravimetric (DTG) curves. The measurements were carried out by adding small amounts of dolomite into the isothermal fluidised bed. The resulting CO2 concentration within the gas could then be very low, thus MgCO3 and CaCO3 decompose as parallel reactions (singlestage reaction). At somewhat higher CO2 gas concentrations prevailing in technical operational conditions the decomposition mechanism changes into a two‐stage reaction where MgCO3 decomposes first. The bed temperature, pressure drop, superficial gas velocity, solid conversion, and specific interfacial area of solids were determined as functions of time and/or reactor wall temperature with a constant temperature increase rate for batch runs. The distributions of the residence time of solids indicate that in the continuously operated fluidised bed well‐mixed conditions prevail. The concentrations of dolomite, CaCO3, MgO, CaO, and solid conversion as well as the specific surface area of particles were determined as functions of the mean residence time in the continuous reactor. By means of the CO2 concentration in the gas phase and the mean residence time the conversions of the consecutive reactions can be controlled.
Vapour‐phase nitration of paraffin hydrocarbons on bismuth‐molybdenum catalyst
Authors: Toromanova Pepa , Mladenov Ivan 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe effect of bismuth‐molybdenum catalyst on the vapour‐phase nitration of propanebutane fraction with nitric acid has been studied. The catalyst examined increases the total yield of nitroparaffins obtained nearly four times in comparison with the nitration without catalyst. The influence of the temperature, initial mole ratio of gas/nitric acid and contact time on the catalyst activity and the yields of individual nitroparaffins have been studied.
Kinetics and mechanism of adsorption of triton x‐100 on a reservoir sand
Authors: Singh Vimal Sheel , Pandey Birendra Prasad 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAdsorption of Triton X‐100 on a reservoir sand (characterised by chemical analysis and i.r. spectra to be silica) has been studied under field conditions. The adsorption behaviour is best characterised by Freundlich and Temkin adsorption models. The kinetics of adsorption is found to be very much dependent on temperature and the rate of adsorption shows an anti‐Arrhenius temperature dependence. The adsorption is proposed to proceed through Si—CH3 bond formation. Addition of common inorganic salts is found to cause maxima and minima in the adsorption isotherm and to change the shape of the isotherm.
Cure of elastomeric building sealants
Authors: Beech J. C. , Turner C. H. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe cure of a range of elastomeric building sealants is investigated by measuring tack‐free time and hardness under a range of laboratory test regimes and under natural exposure. Temperature, relative humidity and ultraviolet light were noted to have an interactive effect on cure, although the influence of these factors varied between the different sealant types studied. The investigation identifies laboratory conditions which are favourable to cure, and these are compared with cure conditions specified in standard tests.
Sorption of caesium by complex hexacyanoferrates iii. a study of the sorption properties of potassium copper ferrocyanide
Authors: Lee Edward F. T. , Streat Michael 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCommercially available potassium copper ferrocyanide (KCuFC) has been studied for caesium sorption. An effective capacity of 2.25 ± 0.06 mmol g−1 can be achieved at a caseium concentration of 0.015m. The presence of 0.82m, magnesium nitrate reduces the effective capacity to 2.04 ± 0.06 mmol g−1. The cyanoferrate also shows high caesium uptake in various simulated process solutions relevant to the treatment of radioactive wastes. KCuFC also possesses a high selectivity for caesium in high salt concentration solution. However, the cyanoferrate is not stable in acidic solution of pH < 3. Desorption of the sorbed caesium at various nitric acid concentrations has been investigated and it is concluded that caesium is eluted by a chemical reaction step as a consequence of the oxidation of the cyanoferrate.
Kinetics of the dissolution of copper(ii) oxide in acidified ascorbic acid solution
Authors: Harvey Helen , Malati Mounir A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe zero order kinetics of the dissolution of CuO in ascorbic acid solution, acidified with HCl, was followed by measuring the absorbance of the coloured solution formed at 750 nm. From the variation of the logarithm of the rate constant with the reciprocal of the absolute temperature, an activation energy of 36 kJ mol‐1 was calculated. The infrared spectrum of a solid isolated from the reaction mixture was compared with the spectrum of ascorbic acid. A tentative mechanism of the reaction is suggested.
Ternary data for the acetic acid‐water‐mesityl oxide system
Authors: Hegazi Mohamed F. , Salem Abu‐Bakr 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ternary equilibrium data for the system acetic acid‐mesityl oxide‐water were determined at different temperatures. The results showed no significant effect of temperature on the solubility area. However, addition of about 10% sodium chloride increased the area under the binodal curve by more than 40 %. The tie line data were also determined. These data proved that mesityl oxide particularly in presence of salt is a promising solvent for acetic acid extraction from aqueous solutions.
Fibrous active carbons from coir
Authors: Hitchcock Stephanie J. , Mcenaney Brian , Watling Stephen J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe production and adsorptive properties of fibrous active carbons produced from coir were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis, gas adsorption, adsorption from solution, mercury porosimetry and electron microscopy. Additions of ZnCl2 to coir increased carbon yield by lowering the temperature of primary carbonisation. Apparent specific surface areas of the carbons lie in the range 435–880 m2 g‐1; the carbons are microporous and exhibit strong preferential adsorption of p‐nitro‐phenol from solution. Macropores in the carbons were identified as interfilamentary voids in the carbon fibre bundles.
Ternary phase equilibrium studies of the systems tetrahydrofuran—water—solvents
Authors: Patel Amrit N. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTernary phase equilibrium data for tetrahydrofuran (THF) with water and the hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, cyclohexane, chlorobenzene and nitrobenzene are presented. The tie‐line data for the systems have been correlated and the plait‐points have been located. The distribution of THF is more in favour of the organic phase for all the systems. Among the five solvents studied, benzene showed the highest distribution coefficient and selectivity for THF, followed by toluene.
A study of the hydrogenation of kelex 100 loaded with copper
Authors: Demopoulos George P. , Distin Philip A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDirect metal precipitation from loaded organic extractants by reaction with hydrogen may offer certain potential advantages over the conventional alternative steps of stripping and electrowinning in extractive metallurgy. As part of an experimental programme involving the interaction of loaded chelating extractants with hydrogen, the thermal and chemical behaviour of loaded Kelex 100 (an alkylated derivative of 8‐hydroxyquinoline) was studied. Copper was found to precipitate stoichiometrically with simultaneous organic regeneration from loaded Kelex l00/decanol/kerosene solvents by reaction with hydrogen. The chemical stability of the extractant was some‐what reduced when the decanol was removed from the system. In the latter case, some limited hydrogenation of the quinoline nucleus of the extractant and some of the impurities present was observed. When loaded Kelex 100 was heated under nitrogen, a slow thermal dissociation was observed resulting in copper precipitation and apparent organic regeneration.
Kinetics of desorption of hydrogen from copper chromite catalyst
Authors: Choudhary Vasant R. , Srinivasan K. R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIsothermal desorption of hydrogen from copper chromite has been studied from 50 to 300°C. An empirical expression, β exp [—αq]= t, is found to fit the desorption data satisfactorily, while the application of the Elovich and the first order desorption rate expressions lead to the detection of three kinetic stages in the desorption process. The rate parameters obtained using these latter two models have a complex trend in their behaviour with temperature. The Elovich rate parameters are found to undergo undulatory changes with temperature like those of the adsorption isobar and their transition regions are very close to those of the adsorption isobar. Also, there seems to be a close relationship between the surface coverage at transition points and the adsorption isobars. The presence of the three kinetic stages in the desorption process may be accounted for by considering the three distinctly different types of adsorption sites on the reduced copper chromite.
Synthesis and antibacterial activity of some new pyrazolone dyes
Authors: El‐Kashef H. S. , Abd‐Alla M. A. , Bayoumi B. E. , El‐Timawy A. A. M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSome 1‐phenyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐(thia‐and/or selenadiazolylphenylhydrazo)‐Δ2‐pyrazolin‐5‐one derivatives have been prepared and screened in vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Sorption of caesium by complex hexacyanoferrates. v. a comparison of some cyanoferrates
Authors: Lee E. F. T. , Streat M. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe properties of copper cyanoferrates and potassium cobalt ferrocyanide prepared at Imperial College and similar commercial products for caesium sorption have been investigated. Copper and cobalt based cyanoferrates have different chemical compositions and appear to be good adsorbers for the removal of caesium in aqueous solutions. Different caesium sorption mechanisms were observed for these cyanoferrates. A conventional ion exchange reaction, physical adsorption and a combination of the two processes were observed. The difference in caesium sorption mechanism also reflects the kinetics of the sorption process. Potassium copper ferrocyanide has the highest effective capacity but the caesium sorption rate is the slowest, whilst potassium cobalt ferrocyanide possesses faster kinetics but considerably lower effective capacity. Copper ferrocyanide tends to have better mechanical stability and moderate sorption kinetics and caesium uptake.
Properties and structures of some butoxysiloxanes
Authors: Alagar M. , Krishnasamy V. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTetrabutoxysilane and polybutoxysiloxanes were prepared by reacting SiCl4 with I‐butanol and I‐butanol‐water mixtures in liquid phase. The effect of water content on some of the physical properties, such as viscosity, density, surface tension, refractive index, specific heat, thermal expansion and ultrasonic sound velocity, was determined. Also, the molecular weights and the percentages of silica and butoxy group were estimated. Using these experimentally determined physical properties, other properties such as Rao's number, molecular radius, Van der Waal's constant, isothermal and adiabatic compressibilities, the ratio of specific heats, thermal conductivity and the activation energies for vaporisation and viscosity were calculated theoretically. Based on the experimental values and theoretical calculations, the cyclic structure of some of the compounds was established.
Microstructure and water sorption mechanism of coconut pith
Authors: Idiculla Roschen , Radhika L. G. , Seshadri S. K. , Satyanarayana K. G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe water sorption isotherm of coconut pith is studied in order to get an insight into the nature of the sorption process. The surface area available for adsorption, heat of adsorption and approximate size of possible capillaries are computed from the isotherm. A considerable hysteresis effect is observed. The cell structure of coconut pith is studied using an optical microscope. On the basis of the computations and microscopic observations, the similarity of the sorption process with that of woody materials is established.
Fitting the momentum dependent loss function in EELS
Authors: Bertoni Giovanni , Verbeeck Jo , Brosens Fons 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMomentum dependent inelastic plasmon scattering can be measured by electron energy loss in a transmission electron microscope. From energy filtered diffraction, the characteristic angle of scattering and the cutoff angle are measured, using a thin film of aluminum as a model test. Rather than deconvolving the data (as done in previous works), a fitting technique is used to extract the loss function from angular resolved spectra, starting from a simple model simulation. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigations of SiC merged pin Schottky diodes under isothermal and non‐isothermal conditions
Authors: Zarębski J. , Dąbrowski J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe paper concerns the problem of SPICE modeling of the merged pin Schottky (MPS) diodes. In the paper, the SPICE electrothermal model (ETM) of the SiC MPS diodes proposed by Infineon Technologies is investigated. The model was verified experimentally by comparing the calculated and the measured d.c. characteristics of the diode IDT06S60C. Some modifications of the model resulting in the improvement of its accuracy at d.c. analysis are proposed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subgroups within a team: The role of cognitive and affective integration
Authors: Cronin Matthew A. , Bezrukova Katerina , Weingart Laurie R. , Tinsley Catherine H. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWe examine the effects of subjectively experienced (as opposed to objectively prescribed) subgroups in a team. We propose two mechanisms that might explain the consequences of subgroup perceptions in teams: Affective integration (the degree to which teammates think they have quality interpersonal relationships) and cognitive integration (CI) (the degree to which teammates have learned to understand others interpretive frameworks). We test our theory using 64 MBA project teams. Cognitive integration moderated the effect of subgroup formation on team effectiveness, while affective integration mediated the decrement that subgroup formation had on team satisfaction. Our model is general for any team that has subgroups (regardless of their reason for forming), and so provides prescriptions as to how to maximize the benefits of subgroups while minimizing their liabilities. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crafting scholarly life: Strategies for creating meaning in academic careers
Authors: Wellman Ned , Spreitzer Gretchen 
Published: July 2010

AbstractJob crafting, which occurs when individuals proactively make changes to their jobs, can be a useful tool for academics seeking more meaningful careers. We suggest changes to the cognitive, task, and relational aspects of academic jobs that can infuse scholarly work with more personal meaning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple method for detection of penicillinase‐negative variants among large numbers of penicillinase‐producing staphylococcal colonies
Authors: Borowski Jerzy 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs has been shown by the studies of BARBER (1948, 1949), FAIRBROTHER et al. (1954). BONDI et al. (1953), HAMBURGER et al. (1958, 1960) and by BOROWSKI (1963a, 1963b), penicillinase‐producing staphylococci may give rise to penicillinase‐negative mutants displaying full sensitivity to penicillin. BOROWSKI (1963) reported that strains yielding penicillinase‐negative mutants in appreciable numbers are found most frequently among staphylococci of phage group I. HAMBURGER et al. (1958, 1960), and BOROWSKI (1963) isolated penicillin‐sensitive variants from the organs of infected animals which were challenged with penicillinase‐producing Staphylococcus aureus strains.
Streptomyces sp. producing litmocidin
Authors: Abou‐Zeid A. A. , El‐Gammal Amira A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMorphological and physiological studies on an isolated strain of Streptomyces from an Egyptian soil, producing high yields of litmocidin, were carried out. The local strain was compared with litmocidin producing species. The morphological and physiological characteristics revealed that the isolated strain is more related to Streptomyces litmocidini. The local strain was considered to be a new species of Streptomyces producing than to Nocadia. The utilization of the different carbon sources by the microorganism for the production of the antibiotic was investigated.