bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viral load in patients infected with pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus
Authors: To Kelvin K.W. , Chan Kwok‐Hung , Li Iris W.S. , Tsang Tak‐Yin , Tse Herman , Chan Jasper F.W. , Hung Ivan F.N. , Lai Sik‐To , Leung Chi‐Wai , Kwan Yat‐Wah , Lau Yu‐Lung , Ng Tak‐Keung , Cheng Vincent C.C. , Peiris Joseph S.M. , Yuen Kwok‐Yung 
Published: November 2009

AbstractViral shedding profile of infections caused by the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus has not been reported. The aim of this study was to determine the viral load in different body sites. Viral loads of pandemic H1N1 virus in respiratory specimens, stool, urine, and serum were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Respiratory specimens from patients with seasonal influenza were used as historical controls. Initial pre‐treatment viral load were compared between these two groups. Serial respiratory specimens from patients with pandemic H1N1 virus infection were obtained for analysis of viral dynamics. Twenty‐two pandemic H1N1 cases and 44 seasonal influenza historical controls were included. The mean initial viral load before oseltamivir therapy was 1.84 × 108 copies/ml for pandemic H1N1 virus compared with 3.28 × 108 copies/ml in seasonal influenza historical controls (P = 0.085). Among patients with pandemic H1N1 virus infection, peak viral load occurred on the day of onset of symptoms, and declined gradually afterwards, with no virus being detectable in respiratory specimens by RT‐PCR 8 days and by culture 5 days after the onset of symptoms respectively, except in one patient. Pandemic H1N1 virus was detected in stool and in urine from 4/9 and 1/14 patients, respectively. Viral culture was also positive from the stool sample with the highest viral load. Younger age was associated with prolonged shedding in the respiratory tract and higher viral load in the stool. Data from this quantitative analysis of viral shedding may have implications for formulating infection control measures. J. Med. Virol. 82:1–7, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence flexibility of the immunodominant HLA A*0201 restricted ppUL83 CD8 T‐cell epitope of human cytomegalovirus
Authors: Kopycinski Jakub , Osman Mohamed , Griffiths Paul D. , Emery Vincent C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe cytomegalovirus ppUL83 protein contains an immunodominant A*0201 restricted epitope between residues 495 and 503. We investigated the tolerance of this epitope to sequence variation in the context of peptide binding to HLA A*0201 and the ability to induce an Interferon gamma (IFNγ) response through engagement with the T‐cell receptor (TCR). The majority of mutations investigated resulted in a decrease in the production of IFNγ indicating that if such variants occurred in vivo they would not be recognized by CD8 T‐cell clones specific for the wild‐type epitope. The mechanistic basis for the majority of the mutant peptides was their failure to bind and stabilize class I HLA cell surface expression. However, one peptide with a mutation at the P5 position (methionine to cysteine) resulted in a significant enhanced binding to HLA A*0201 and also an increase in cell surface expression over the wild‐type peptide but was unable to engage with the CD8 TCR and trigger IFNγ production. This peptide acted as a competitive inhibitor of the wild‐type peptide but could not fully inhibit IFNγ production by the latter. We subsequently investigated whether mutations of the HLA A*0201 epitope were evident in immunocompromized patients experiencing either rapid exponential or persistent cytomegalovirus replication. J. Med. Virol. 82:94–103, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
PreS deletion mutations of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected patients with simultaneous seropositivity for hepatitis‐B surface antigen and anti‐HBS antibodies
Authors: Huang Xiangyan , Qin Yanghua , Zhang Peng , Tang Gusheng , Shi Qingfen , Xu Jun , Qi Falian , Shen Qian 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti‐HBs antibodies (anti‐HBs) may coexist in certain chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. This study was designed to further explore the relationship between this coexistence and hepatitis B Virus (HBV) preS deletions. Sera of 28 patients carrying both HBsAg and anti‐HBs (Group I) and those of another 28 HBsAg positive but anti‐HBs negative patients (Group II) were collected from CHB patients. Direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products or sequencing of clones was applied to both groups to determine sequences of HBV preS and S genes. Genotyping of the S gene indicated that all sampled HBVs were either Genosubtype Ba or Genosubtype Ce. Seven samples in Group I harbored HBV preS deletion mutations. Three of the seven samples showed large deletion mutations in 3′ terminus of preS1 and co‐existence of the mutant type and the full‐length wild type, and the remaining four samples showed deletion mutations in 5′ terminus of preS2. All mutant strains were found to be genosubtype Ce. Only two samples in Group I showed G145R/A mutation. Only one sample in Group II contained preS deletion mutation. It is therefore concluded that HBV preS deletion mutations are likely to be related to the coexistence of HBsAg and anti‐HBs in CHB patients (P‐value = 0.024). Some immune reactions may select for the preS deletion in CHB patients with anti‐HBs, the possible marker for immune selection. J. Med. Virol. 82:23–31, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of cross‐protective immunity against influenza A virus H5N1 by an intranasal vaccine with extracts of mushroom mycelia
Authors: Ichinohe Takeshi , Ainai Akira , Nakamura Tomoyuki , Akiyama Yukihito , Maeyama Jun‐ichi , Odagiri Takato , Tashiro Masato , Takahashi Hidehiro , Sawa Hirofumi , Tamura Shin‐ichi , Chiba Joe , Kurata Takeshi , Sata Tetsutaro , Hasegawa Hideki 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe identification of a safe and effective adjuvant that is able to enhance mucosal immune responses is necessary for the development of an efficient inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine. The present study demonstrated the effectiveness of extracts of mycelia derived from edible mushrooms as adjuvants for intranasal influenza vaccine. The adjuvant effect of extracts of mycelia was examined by intranasal co‐administration of the extracts and inactivated A/PR8 (H1N1) influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine in BALB/c mice. The inactivated vaccine in combination with mycelial extracts induced a high anti‐A/PR8 HA‐specific IgA and IgG response in nasal washings and serum, respectively. Virus‐specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte responses were also induced by administration of the vaccine with extract of mycelia, resulting in protection against lethal lung infection with influenza virus A/PR8. In addition, intranasal administration of NIBRG14 vaccine derived from the influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1) virus strain administered in conjunction with mycelial extracts fromPhellinus linteusconferred cross‐protection against heterologous influenza A/Indonesia/6/2005 virus challenge in the nasal infection model. In addition, mycelial extracts induced proinflammatory cytokines and CD40 expression in bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells. These results suggest that mycelial extract‐adjuvanted vaccines can confer cross‐protection against variant H5N1 influenza viruses. The use of extracts of mycelia derived from edible mushrooms is proposed as a new safe and effective mucosal adjuvant for use for nasal vaccination against influenza virus infection. J. Med. Virol. 82:128–137, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High prevalence of species D human adenoviruses in fecal specimens from Urban Kenyan children with diarrhea
Authors: Magwalivha Mpho , Wolfaardt Marianne , Kiulia Nicholas M. , van Zyl Walda B. , Mwenda Jason M. , Taylor Maureen B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHuman adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause a wide range of clinical syndromes and are classified in seven species, A–G, comprising 52 serotypes. HAdV‐A31, ‐F40, and ‐F41 have been associated with diarrhea in infants and young children. In developing countries gastroenteritis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children and, in comparison to rotaviruses, there are no data on the HAdVs associated with diarrhea in pediatric patients in Kenya. This study investigates the prevalence and genotypes of HAdVs in 278 stool specimens (211 diarrheal; 67 non‐diarrheal) from children ≤14 years of age in urban and rural areas in Kenya. Stool specimens were screened for HAdVs using a nested polymerase chain reaction and the HAdVs genotyped by sequence analysis of a conserved hexon gene fragment. HAdVs were detected in 104/278 (37.4%) of the stool specimens: 35/43 (81.4%) of diarrheal and 10/61 (16.4%) of non‐diarrheal stool specimens from children in an urban hospice; 25/94 (26.6%) of diarrheal specimens from urban children and 34/80 (42.5%) of diarrheal specimens from children in a rural area. Species D HAdVs were identified as the most prevalent HAdV species in diarrheal stool specimens from urban children comprising 18/37 (48.6%) of the strains identified. In contrast HAdV species F predominated in pediatric diarrheal specimens from the rural area, being identified in 7/16 (43.8%) of the characterized strains. This study provides valuable new data on the prevalence and distribution of HAdV genotypes in diarrheal stool specimens in Kenya and Africa, and highlights the necessity for further investigations. J. Med. Virol. 82:77–84, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental validation of a pinless femoral reference array for computer‐assisted hip arthroplasty
Authors: Renkawitz Tobias , Wegner Melanie , Gneiting Sabine , Haimerl Martin , Sendtner Ernst , Kalteis Thomas , Grifka Joachim 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe use of computer navigation systems during total hip arthroplasty requires the femoral fixation of a reflective dynamic reference base (DRB), which theoretically involves the risk of bony fracture, infection, and pin loosening. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the relative movements between a novel, noninvasive external femoral DRB system and the femur. Secondly, the maximum effects of these 3D movements on intraoperative, computer‐assisted leg length and offset measures were evaluated. An imageless navigation system was used to track the positions of the soft tissue attached, pinless DRB relative to an invasive reference marker on the femur during a less‐invasive, anterior surgical hip approach. Relative translatory movements up to 8.2 mm mediolaterally and up to 8.8° in rotation were measured. Using a measurement technique in which the calculation of leg length and offset changes is primarily based on a specific realignment of the leg, maximum differences of 1.3 mm for leg length and 1.2 mm for offset were found when comparing the pin‐based and pinless methods. Thus, invasive fixation techniques with screws or pins are still the method of choice when standard measurement algorithms for intraoperative leg length and offset measures are used. Though direct translatory and rotational variations between the pinless array and the femoral bone were detected, the pinless array can be used to assess leg length and offset when used with a specific measurement technique that compensates for such variations. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:583–588, 2010
Computational assessment of the effect of polyethylene wear rate, mantle thickness, and porosity on the mechanical failure of the acetabular cement mantle
Authors: Coultrup Oliver J. , Hunt Chris , Wroblewski B. Michael , Taylor Mark 
Published: November 2009

AbstractClinical studies have revealed that aseptic loosening is the dominant cause of failure in total hip arthroplasty, particularly for the acetabular component. For a cemented polyethylene cup, failure is generally accompanied by the formation of fibrous tissue at the cement–bone interface. A variety of reasons for the formation of this tissue have been suggested, including osteolysis and mechanical overload at the cement–bone interface. In this study, a computational cement damage accumulation method was used to investigate the effect of polyethylene cup penetration, cement mantle thickness, and cement porosity on the number of cycles required to achieve mechanical fatigue failure of the cement mantle. Cup penetration was found to increase cement mantle stresses, resulting in a reduction in cement mantle fatigue life of 9% to 11% for a high cup penetration rate. The effect of using a thin (2 mm) over a thick (4 mm) cement mantle also reduced cement mantle fatigue life between 9% and 11%, and greatly raised cancellous bone stresses. Cement porosity was found to have very little effect on cement mantle fatigue life. Failure modes and cement stresses involved suggest that only extreme combinations of a thin cement mantle and high cup penetration may lead to mechanical failure of the cement mantle, thereby allowing wear debris access to the cement–bone interface. A thin cement mantle may also lead to the mechanical overload of the cement–bone interface. In this manner, the authors suggest that the mechanical factors may contribute to the failure mode of cemented polyethylene cups. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:565–570, 2010
Patellofemoral joint kinematics: The circular path of the patella around the trochlear axis
Authors: Iranpour Farhad , Merican Azhar M. , Baena Ferdinando Rodriguez Y. , Cobb Justin P. , Amis Andrew A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractDiffering descriptions of patellar motion relative to the femur have resulted from previous studies. We hypothesized that patellar kinematics would correlate to the trochlear geometry and that differing descriptions could be reconciled by accounting for differing alignments of measurement axes. Seven normal fresh‐frozen knees were CT scanned, and their kinematics with quadriceps loading was measured by an optical tracker system. Kinematics was calculated in relation to the femoral epicondylar, anatomic, and mechanical axes. A novel trochlear axis was defined, between the centers of spheres best fitted to the medial and lateral trochlear articular surfaces. The path of the center of the patella was circular and uniplanar (root‐mean‐square error 0.3 mm) above 16 ± 3° (mean ± SD) knee flexion. In the coronal plane, this circle was aligned 6 ± 2° from the femoral anatomical axis, close to the mechanical axis alignment. It was 91 ± 3° from the epicondylar axis, and 88 ± 3° from the trochlear axis. In the transverse plane it was 91 ± 3° and 88 ± 3° from the epicondylar and trochlear axes, respectively. Manipulation of the data to different axis alignments showed that differing previously published data could be reconciled. The circular path of patellar motion around the trochlea, aligned with the mechanical axis of the leg, is easily visualized and understood. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 28:589–594, 2010
Clay mineralogy and geochemistry and their palaeoclimatic interpretation of the Pleistocene deposits in the Xuancheng section, southern China
Authors: Hong Hanlie , Gu Yansheng , Li Rongbiao , Zhang Kexin , Li Zhaohui 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA red soil profile in Xuancheng, Anhui province, southern China, in the middle to lower reaches of the Yangtze River, was investigated using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer, and scanning electron microscopy. The mobile components K2O and Na2O and trace elements Ba and Sr of the Xuancheng section exhibit a general trend of decrease downward along the red soil profile, together with an increase downward of chemical index of alteration (CIA) values, suggesting more intense depletion in the lower portion than in the upper portion. The major components SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3, as well as SiO2/Al2O3, SiO2/Fe2O3 and Al2O3/Fe2O3 ratios, show notable fluctuations along the soil profile, indicating intense climatic oscillations in the area during the Pleistocene age. The clay mineral assemblage of the Xuancheng section can be generally subdivided into three groups, suggesting a general trend of three stages of climate changes. The lower portion of ∼10.4–6.3 m depth has a lower illite content and higher abundance of kaolinite and illite–smectite (I/S) clays, indicating that a warm and wet climate prevailed over the episode of ca. 600–350 ka BP. A decrease in abundance of kaolinite and I/S clays and increase in illite content at a depth of ∼6.3–2.2  m probably indicate a transition stage of climate change from warm/humid to cool/dry in the period ca. 350–80 ka BP. The higher illite content and lower abundance of kaolinite and I/S clays in the upper portion of ∼2.2–0 m depth suggest that a relatively cool and dry climate dominated since ca. 80 ka BP. Based on changes in clay mineralogy and chemical indices of the sediments, seven warm/cold fluctuations were determined in the area since the Middle Pleistocene. Climate changes documented in the Xuancheng section are in agreement with the δ18O records of sediments from the equatorial Pacific Core V28‐238 and the loess–palaeosol sequences in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. Correlated to the episode of S4 and S5 soil units in the Loess Plateau, the period of ca. 600–350 ka BP in the Xuancheng area was dominated by the particularly strong East Asia summer monsoon, as indicated by its most abundant kaolinite and I/S clays. Fluctuations in clay mineralogy along the Xuancheng soil profile were mainly controlled by both the East Asia summer and winter monsoons in response to the global changes in the Middle–Late Pleistocene. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A major ice drainage pathway of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet: the Tyne Gap, northern England
Authors: Livingstone Stephen J. , Cofaigh Colm Ó , Evans David J. A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Tyne Gap is a wide pass, situated between the Scottish Southern Uplands and the English Pennines that connects western and eastern England. It was a major ice flow drainage pathway of the last British–Irish Ice Sheet. This study presents new glacial geomorphological and sedimentological data from the Tyne Gap region that has allowed detailed reconstructions of palaeo‐ice flow dynamics during the Late Devensian (Marine Isotope Stage 2). Mapped lineations reveal a complex palimpsest pattern which shows that ice flow was subject to multiple switches in direction. These are summarised into three major ice flow phases. Stage I was characterised by convergent Lake District and Scottish ice that flowed east through the Tyne Gap, as a topographically controlled ice stream. This ice stream was identified from glacial geomorphological evidence in the form of convergent bedforms, streamlined subglacial bedforms and evidence for deformable bed conditions; stage II involved northerly migration of the Solway Firth ice divide back into the Southern Uplands, causing the easterly flow of ice to be weakened, and resulting in southeasterly flow of ice down the North Tyne Valley; and stage III was characterised by strong drawdown of ice into the Irish Sea Ice Basin, thus starving the Tyne Gap of ice and causing progressive ice sheet retreat westwards back across the watershed, prior to ice stagnation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal → nematic phase transition in the liquid crystalline system 1‐isothiocyanato‐4‐(trans‐4‐propylcyclohexyl) benzene (3CHBT) probed by temperature‐dependent micro‐Raman study and DFT calculations
Authors: Vikram K. , Tarcea Nicolae , Srivastava S. K. , Asthana B. P. , Popp J. , Singh Ranjan K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractRaman spectra of 3CHBT in unoriented form were recorded at 14 different temperature measurements in the range 25–55 °C, which covers the crystal → nematic (N) phase transition, and the Raman signatures of the phase transition were identified. The wavenumber shifts and linewidth changes of Raman marker bands with varying temperature were determined. The assignments of important vibrational modes of 3CHBT were also made using the experimentally observed Raman and infrared spectra, calculated wavenumbers, and potential energy distribution. The DFT calculations using the B3LYP method employing 6‐31G functional were performed for geometry optimization and vibrational spectra of monomer and dimer of 3CHBT. The analysis of the vibrational bands, especially the variation of their peak position as a function of temperature in two different spectral regions, 1150–1275 cm−1 and 1950–2300 cm−1, is discussed in detail. Both the linewidth and peak position of the (CH) in‐plane bending and ν(NCS) modes, which give Raman signatures of the crystal → N phase transition, are discussed in detail. The molecular dynamics of this transition has also been discussed. We propose the co‐existence of two types of dimers, one in parallel and the other in antiparallel arrangement, while going to the nematic phase. The structure of the nematic phase in bulk has also been proposed in terms of these dimers. The red shift of the ν(NCS) band and blue shift of almost all other ring modes show increased intermolecular interaction between the aromatic rings and decreased intermolecular interaction between two NCS groups in the nematic phase. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis and chromatographic fingerprinting for the quality evaluation of Forsythia suspensa extract by HPLC coupled with photodiode array detector
Authors: Xia Yonggang , Yang Bingyou , Wang Qiuhong , Liang Jun , Wei Youhe , Yu Hedan , Zhang Qingbo , Kuang Haixue 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA simple and reproducible HPLC‐photodiode array detector method has been described for evaluating and controlling quality of Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE). First, by analysis of chromatographic fingerprints, the similarities of chromatograms of FSE samples from the same pharmaceutical company exceeded 0.999, 0.997 and 0.960, respectively, although they were much lower from different pharmaceutical companies. Second, by further comparing many batches of extract chromatograph charts with the corresponding reference herb materials, the “common peaks” 3, 5, 7 and 10 were defined as “marker peaks”, which were identified as (+)‐pinoresinol‐β‐D‐glucoside, forsythiaside, phillyrin and phillygenin, respectively. Third, four “marker peaks” were simultaneously determined based on fingerprint chromatogram for further controlling the quality of FSE quantitatively. Namely, the newly developed method was successfully applied to analyze 38 batches of FSE samples supplied by three pharmaceutical factories, which showed acceptable linearity, intra‐day precision (RSD<2.76%), inter‐day precision (RSD<3.43%) and the average recovery rates in the range of (95.38±2.96)% to (101.60±3.08)%. At last, hierarchical clustering analysis and Bayes discriminant analysis statistical methods were used to classify and differentiate the 38 FSE samples to provide the basis for guiding reasonable use of FSE and controlling its quality better.
Investigation of relationships between barley stress peptides and beer gushing using SDS‐PAGE and MS screening
Authors: Hégrová Blanka , Farková Marta , Macuchová Simona , Havel Josef , Preisler Jan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe relationship between gushing and antifungal peptides in barley and malt kernels was examined for five barley varieties produced in the Czech Republic with four conditions of infection and treatment. Proteome changes during pathogen‐seed interaction were observed with SDS‐PAGE and MALDI‐TOF MS. These methods were applied as a fast screening for observing the relationship between gushing and peptides/proteins. It was found that the presence of basic peptides, presumably hordothionins and non‐specific lipid transfer protein type 1, did not correlate with the degree of gushing for malt (∣r∣∈<0.07, 0.34>), (∣r∣∈<0.01, 0.49>), respectively, as detected by both methods.