Prediction of Scales in Boilers for Thermal Recovery Projects
Authors: Thimm H.F. , Kwasniewski K. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The production of silica in thermal petroleum recovery projects is a well-known phenomenon, and considerable efforts for its control are a common feature of facilities engineering in such projects. In solutions of high pH, such as boiler feedwater and blowdown, however, the silicates of iron, calcium, magnesium and sodium are of greater interest than the silica itself.
Scaling by such silicates is usually predictable by means of computer programs that rely on free energy minimizations. Where instabilities for scaling are predicted in this way, often a large range of potential mineral deposits are identified as potential scale deposits. The reality is, however, that only one or two such minerals are ever found in the analysis of pigging solids.
A simple method, that permits the prediction by non-chemists of both type and quantity of preferential scales, is derived and its use in SAGD water management and recycling schemes is illustrated. The effect of the presence of chelants in boiler feedwater may not prevent silicate scales, but merely shift the preferred scale. Sample recovery and handling, on the other hand, may cause a shift in scale preference under laboratory conditions, as opposed to facility conditions.

Introduction
The observation of scaling by metal silicates, rather than amorphous silica, is a phenomenon in SAGD operations that has been recognized relatively recently. A variety of alkaline earth silicates and mixed silicates have been observed(1,2) in various unit operations of SAGD plants, including boiler tubes, production headers and separation facilities. Analyses of fluid interactions in disposal wells also often predict formation damage due to precipitation of such silicates.
The prediction or thermodynamic confirmation of the scales found analytically is usually accomplished by water chemistry software that is based on free energy minimization. The program used in this work is the well-known SOLMINEQ program developed by the Alberta Research Council.

Silicate Scales in SAGD
A number of scales have been observed by various authors in the past few years. Table 1 provides a summary of silicate scale type and references.
The most commonly encountered scales appear to be Talc, a magnesium silicate and Tremolite, which is a more complex calcium magnesium silicate of the asbestos variety. From time to time, isomorphic substitutions are reported. Among them is Richterite, where one of the calcium atoms in Tremolite is replaced by sodium atoms.
In general, it is found that the predictive programs, when run with a given analysis, tend to predict a range of metal silicates. Given that waters in SAGD operations are generally quite soft, only one or two of the scales predicted will be found in practice, however. The purpose of this paper is to provide a simple method of predicting which of the predicted scales will be the preferred one. The importance of this work is the prediction of scale quantity. The predictive programs are able to predict a scaling index, which is not necessarily related to quantity.