bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems of a Western European Union
Authors: Knorr Klaus 
Published: August 2009

In a divided world and one in which there is no peace, a nation's military power fixes the extent to which it can hope to influence its own destiny. Only a few years ago, Europe west of the Stettin-Trieste line encompassed four out of seven Great Powers. Today it is militarily and economically prostrate and sapped by political dissent and moral incertitude. The unexampled accumulation of power across the Atlantic and beyond the Iron Curtain turns this weakness into relative impotence. No wonder that many western Europeans have reacted against this striking change in their fortunes by demanding that their several countries recapture jointly what as individual nations they have irretrievably lost.The problem before us is a formidable one but its elements are simple. Many years ago Alexis de Tocqueville foresaw the day when each of the European nations, caught between the mass of Americans and the mass of Russians, would feel itself tragically weak, indeed powerless.
The Person and the Common Good
Authors: Maritain Jacques , FitzGerald John J. 
Published: August 2009

Among the truths of which contemporary thought stands in particular need and from which it could draw substantial profiit, is the doctrine of the distinction between individuality and personality. The essential importance of this distinction is revealed in the principles of St. Thomas. Unfortunately, a right understanding of it is difficult to achieve and requires an exercise of metaphysical insight to which the contemporary mind is hardly accustomed.Does society exist for each one of us, or does each one of us exist for society? Does the parish exist for the parishioner or die parishioner for the parish? This question, we feel immediately, involves two aspects, in each of which there must be some element of truth. A unilateral answer would only plunge us into error. Hence, we must disengage the formal principles of a truly comprehensive answer and describe the precise hierarchies of values which it implies.
The Soviet Union and World Peace
Authors: Timasheff N. S. 
Published: August 2009

On the two victory days, military action on the fronts stopped. But peace did not return, nor does anyone know when it will. Peace is not simply absence of military .ction. It is a state of international relations corresponding to “periods of normalcy” in the internal affairs of a nation. Peace exists, when these relations are dominated by good will, mutual understanding and friendly cooperation.The post-war world longs for peace. But there is no peace because, among the sovereign states, there is one which acts against peace. This is the Soviet Union. Is it, however, certain that the foreign policy of the Soviets is aggressive? Is it not true that, in Moscow, aggressiveness is ascribed to the United States and to the alleged Western bloc headed by it?In March, 1946, Professor E. Tarle, an authoritative spokesman of the Soviet government, placed in opposition “the old imperialistic concept of international relations” practiced by London and Washington and “the Soviet conception which is based on respect for the rights of the peoples and their real independence.”
Peace or Armistice in the Near East?
Authors: Arendt Hannah 
Published: August 2009

Peace in the Near East is essential to the State of Israel, to the Arab people and to the Western world. Peace, as distinguished from an armistice, cannot be imposed from the outside, it can only be the result of negotiations, of mutual compromise and eventual agreement between Jews and Arabs.The Jewish settlement in Palestine may become a very important factor in the development of the Near East, but it will always remain a comparatively small island in an Arab sea. Even in the event of maximum immigration over a long period of years the reservoir of prospective citizens of Israel is limited to roughly two million, a figure that could be substantially increased only by catastrophic events in the United States or the Soviet Union. Since, however, (apart from the improbability of such a turn of events) the State of Israel owes its very existence to these two world powers, and since failure to achieve a genuine Jewish-Arab understanding will necessarily make its survival even more dependent upon continued sympathy and support of one or the other, a Jewish catastrophe in the two great surviving centers of world Jewry would lead almost immediately to a catastrophe in Israel.
Britain and the Middle East, 1944–1950
Authors: Fitzsimons M. A. 
Published: August 2009

Since the end of World War II British Policy in the Middle East has been plagued by the devils of the past, joined by a more formidable company of contemporary devils, some of whom bear a mocking resemblance to still earlier ones. Most of this region was once largely in the weak hands of the Turkish Empire. In this area, strategic for the control of the Mediterranean and the security of the Suez Canal, British policy had been to support the Turkish Empire against the heavy pressure of Tsarist Russia, until Turkey's association with Germany drove Britain to moderate its rivalry with Russia, to accept her partnership in Persia (1907), following a similar accommodation of differences with France (1904).During the First World War the British sponsored the Arab Revolt against Turkey, thus shattering the feeble union of those lands, and creating in the Middle East a parody of the Habsburg succession states, complicated by concessions to France (the Sykes-Picot Agreement) and to Zionism (the Balfour Declaration).
Propaganda as Psychical Coercion
Authors: Meaney John W. 
Published: August 2009

Aristotle mentions coercion first in his description of the elements of involuntariness: “What sort of acts, then, should be called compulsory? We answer that without qualification actions are so when the cause is in the external circumstances and the agent contributes nothing.” This statement clearly marks the essence of coercion as exteriority, as opposition not only to the higher degree of interiority, of “from-withinness,” which distinguishes voluntary actions, but also to the spontaneity common to all natural processes. Aristotle gives some instances of physical coercion: a man blown from his path by the wind, and a man carried away by kidnappers.But we know that psychical forces can also bring about coercion. For example, the movements commanded of a person in deep hypnosis have their origin externally to him in the will of the hypnotist; the hypnotized person contributes nothing by way of voluntary decision to those movements. He is an instrument moved by the external, psychical force of the hypnotist's will; that is, he is subject to psychical coercion.
Communism, Islam and Nationalism in China
Authors: Lindbeck John M. H. 
Published: August 2009

On January 19, 1950 the People's Republic of China established “a regional coalition Government” in Northwest China, embracing the five provinces of Shensi, Kansu, Ninghsia, Chinghai, and Sinkiang. This region is of special importance to China because of its strategic position at the nexus of Central Asia where Russian, Chinese and Pan-Islamic interests meet. The political orientation of the people in this area is of fundamental concern to the government of China.Moslem communities are scattered throughout China, but the largest concentration of these is in China's Northwest. In this region under the present jurisdiction of the Northwest Military and Administrative Committee, having its seat of government at Sian, appear to be about half of China's Moslems. Within the region they represent something less than half the total population of about 23 million. The place of the Moslem communities in the Northwest Region determines in part its character and strength, for without the cooperation and loyalty of its Moslem groups, the region is politically weak and a constant strategic danger to Chinese authority and integrity in Central Asia.
The Masque of Uncertainty: Britain and Munich
Authors: Fitzsimons M. A. 
Published: August 2009

Unless you are prepared on the one hand to say, “I will fight in every case on behalf of peace, which is one and indivisible,” or on the other hand to say, “I will only fight when I am myself the victim of attack”mdash;unless you are prepared to take one of those two positions there is an inevitable no-man's land of uncertainty lying between which is quite incapable, as I think, of antecedent definition.—Viscount Halifax in the House of Lords, March 3, 1937.
Alexis de Tocqueville on England
Authors: Zemach Ada 
Published: August 2009

“I have so many feelings and ideas in common with the English that for me England has become a second intellectual home.” So wrote de Tocqueville to one of his English friends, when signs of Napoleonic despotism reappeared in the troubled French skies and alarmed liberals began to worry about final issues and coming dangers.England and its historical pattern of behavior, its “moeurs”, its institutions and above all the peculiar rhythm of its social development, played a most important part in the general formation of de Tocqueville's thought. The Anglo-Saxon world was in his eyes a fairly bright spot in a gloomy and unhappy European picture, a world from which one could occasionally gather some valuable guiding principles as to the understanding of the continental malady and its possible cure.
The Strength and the Weaknesses of the Soviet Union
Authors: Timasheff N. S. 
Published: August 2009

On the political scene of the postwar world, the opposition between the United States and the Soviet Union has been the dominant fact. The unfolding of this opposition has been, and will be, to a large extent, determined by the relative strength of the two parties: the closer it is to equality, the easier could it develop into a shooting war. If it so develops, die same relationship of strength will become one of the major determinants of victory.What is the relative strength of the central foes? In this paper, the strength of the United States will be taken for granted. Contrariwise, the strength of the Soviet Union will be treated as an unknown magnitude to be found on the basis of evidence available.
HumanBrucella canisoutbreak linked to infection in dogs
Authors: LUCERO N. E. , CORAZZA R. , ALMUZARA M. N. , REYNES E. , ESCOBAR G. I. , BOERI E. , AYALA S. M. 
Published: August 2009

SUMMARYThe zoonotic risk ofBrucella canishas been considered fairly high for persons who handle breeding dogs in kennels or are exposed to infected animals. Transmission to humans in other circumstances has been thought to be rare. We describe an uncommon outbreak of brucellosis caused byB. caniswhich, to the best of our knowledge, is the first reported in the literature. This outbreak involved six persons (three children and three adults), a bitch and three puppies which had close daily contact with the family. The clinical symptoms of the index case led to an erroneous diagnosis and the infection would have gone undiagnosed if culture had not been positive. This report aims to increase awareness of medical personnel of the need to order screening tests for children, immunodeficient persons or pregnant women presenting with fever of unknown origin, unexplained spleen or liver enlargement or other systemic signs. The emerging zoonotic potential of this disease in urban areas and the need to coordinate canine brucellosis surveillance systems should be evaluated.
Assessment of physical activity using accelerometry, an activity diary, the heart rate method and the Indian Migration Study questionnaire in South Indian adults
Authors: Bharathi Ankalmadagu V , Kuriyan Rebecca , Kurpad Anura V , Thomas Tinku , Ebrahim Shah , Kinra Sanjay , Lyngdoh Tanica , Reddy Srinath K , Dorairaj Prabhakaran , Vaz Mario 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo validate questionnaire-based physical activity level (PAL) against accelerometry and a 24 h physical activity diary (24 h AD) as reference methods (Protocol 2), after validating these reference methods against the heart rate–oxygen consumption (HRVO2) method (Protocol 1).DesignCross-sectional study.SettingTwo villages in Andhra Pradesh state and Bangalore city, South India.SubjectsNinety-four participants (fifty males, forty-four females) for Protocol 2; thirteen males for Protocol 1.ResultsIn Protocol 2, mean PAL derived from the questionnaire (1·72 (sd 0·20)) was comparable to that from the 24 h AD (1·78 (sd 0·20)) but significantly higher than the mean PAL derived from accelerometry (1·36 (sd 0·20); P < 0·001). Mean bias of PAL from the questionnaire was larger against the accelerometer (0·36) than against the 24 h AD (−0·06), but with large limits of agreement against both. Correlations of PAL from the questionnaire with that of the accelerometer (r = 0·28; P = 0·01) and the 24 h AD (r = 0·30; P = 0·006) were modest. In Protocol 1, mean PAL from the 24 h AD (1·65 (sd 0·18)) was comparable, while that from the accelerometer (1·51 (sd 0·23)) was significantly lower (P < 0·001), than mean PAL obtained from the HRVO2 method (1·69 (sd 0·21)).ConclusionsThe questionnaire showed acceptable validity with the reference methods in a group with a wide range of physical activity levels. The accelerometer underestimated PAL in comparison with the HRVO2 method.
Genoscape: a Cytoscape plug-in to automate the retrieval and integration of gene expression data and molecular networks
Authors: Clément-Ziza Mathieu , Malabat Christophe , Weber Christian , Moszer Ivan , Aittokallio Tero , Letondal Catherine , Rousseau Sandrine 
Published: August 2009

AbstractSummary: Genoscape is an open-source Cytoscape plug-in that visually integrates gene expression data sets from GenoScript, a transcriptomic database, and KEGG pathways into Cytoscape networks. The generated visualisation highlights gene expression changes and their statistical significance. The plug-in also allows one to browse GenoScript or import transcriptomic data from other sources through tab-separated text files. Genoscape has been successfully used by researchers to investigate the results of gene expression profiling experiments.Availability: Genoscape is an open-source software freely available from the Genoscape webpage (http://www.pasteur.fr/recherche/unites/Gim/genoscape/). Installation instructions and tutorial can also be found at this URL.Contact: Mathieu.clement-ziza@biotec.tu-dresden.de; sandrine.rousseau@pasteur.frSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A phylogenetic and Markov model approach for the reconstruction of mutational pathways of drug resistance
Authors: Buendia Patricia , Cadwallader Brice , DeGruttola Victor 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMotivation: Modern HIV-1, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus antiviral therapies have been successful at keeping viruses suppressed for prolonged periods of time, but therapy failures attributable to the emergence of drug resistant mutations continue to be a distressing reminder that no therapy can fully eradicate these viruses from their host organisms. To better understand the emergence of drug resistance, we combined phylogenetic and statistical models of viral evolution in a 2-phase computational approach that reconstructs mutational pathways of drug resistance.Results: The first phase of the algorithm involved the modeling of the evolution of the virus within the human host environment. The inclusion of longitudinal clonal sequence data was a key aspect of the model due to the progressive fashion in which multiple mutations become linked in the same genome creating drug resistant genotypes. The second phase involved the development of a Markov model to calculate the transition probabilities between the different genotypes. The proposed method was applied to data from an HIV-1 Efavirenz clinical trial study. The obtained model revealed the direction of evolution over time with greater detail than previous models. Our results show that the mutational pathways facilitate the identification of fast versus slow evolutionary pathways to drug resistance.Availability: Source code for the algorithm is publicly available at http://biorg.cis.fiu.edu/vPhyloMM/Contact: pbuendia@miami.edu
The Integrated Genome Browser: free software for distribution and exploration of genome-scale datasets
Authors: Nicol John W. , Helt Gregg A. , Blanchard Steven G. , Raja Archana , Loraine Ann E. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Summary: Experimental techniques that survey an entire genome demand flexible, highly interactive visualization tools that can display new data alongside foundation datasets, such as reference gene annotations. The Integrated Genome Browser (IGB) aims to meet this need. IGB is an open source, desktop graphical display tool implemented in Java that supports real-time zooming and panning through a genome; layout of genomic features and datasets in moveable, adjustable tiers; incremental or genome-scale data loading from remote web servers or local files; and dynamic manipulation of quantitative data via genome graphs.
Availability: The application and source code are available from http://igb.bioviz.org and http://genoviz.sourceforge.net.
Contact: aloraine@uncc.edu
Multiple testing in genome-wide association studies via hidden Markov models
Authors: Wei Zhi , Sun Wenguang , Wang Kai , Hakonarson Hakon 
Published: August 2009

AbstractMotivation: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) interrogate common genetic variation across the entire human genome in an unbiased manner and hold promise in identifying genetic variants with moderate or weak effect sizes. However, conventional testing procedures, which are mostly P-value based, ignore the dependency and therefore suffer from loss of efficiency. The goal of this article is to exploit the dependency information among adjacent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to improve the screening efficiency in GWAS.Results: We propose to model the linear block dependency in the SNP data using hidden Markov models (HMMs). A compound decision–theoretic framework for testing HMM-dependent hypotheses is developed. We propose a powerful data-driven procedure [pooled local index of significance (PLIS)] that controls the false discovery rate (FDR) at the nominal level. PLIS is shown to be optimal in the sense that it has the smallest false negative rate (FNR) among all valid FDR procedures. By re-ranking significance for all SNPs with dependency considered, PLIS gains higher power than conventional P-value based methods. Simulation results demonstrate that PLIS dominates conventional FDR procedures in detecting disease-associated SNPs. Our method is applied to analysis of the SNP data from a GWAS of type 1 diabetes. Compared with the Benjamini–Hochberg (BH) procedure, PLIS yields more accurate results and has better reproducibility of findings.Conclusion: The genomic rankings based on our procedure are substantially different from the rankings based on the P-values. By integrating information from adjacent locations, the PLIS rankings benefit from the increased signal-to-noise ratio, hence our procedure often has higher statistical power and better reproducibility. It provides a promising direction in large-scale GWAS.Availability: An R package PLIS has been developed to implement the PLIS procedure. Source codes are available upon request and will be available on CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org/).Contact: zhiwei@njit.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Route of delivery and baseline left ventricular ejection fraction, key factors of bone‐marrow‐derived cell therapy for ischaemic heart disease
Authors: Brunskill Susan J. , Hyde Christopher J. , Doree Carolyn J. , Watt Suzanne M. , Martin‐Rendon Enca 
Published: August 2009

AimsPrevious evaluation of autologous bone‐marrow stem‐cell (BMSC) therapy following acute myocardial infarction (AMI) suggests that cell dose and timing of stem‐cell administration post‐MI are important factors in the efficacy of cellular therapy. This study aimed to assess whether route of delivery and baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of the participants may also affect the outcome of BMSC treatment in patients with AMI and ischaemic heart disease (IHD).Methods and resultsRandomized controlled trials of BMSCs as treatment for AMI and IHD were identified by searching MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and the Current Controlled Trials Register through to November 2008. Twenty‐one trials (25 comparisons) with a total of 1091 participants were eligible. Data were analysed using a random‐effects model. Improvement in LVEF in favour of the control was observed when BMSC were adminstered by intracoronary infusion [−0.19% (95% CI, −0.24 to −0.14; P < 0.00001)] in IHD patients. However, the effect on LVEF was statistically significant and in favour of BMSC when cells were delivered by intra‐myocardial injection [5.85% (95% CI, 2.50–9.19; P = 0.0006)]. The significant improvement in LVEF observed in AMI patients was independent from the baseline LVEF of the participants. However, in patients suffering from chronic IHD, increase in LVEF was significant only in the group with lower LVEF at baseline [4.42% (CI, 1.87–6.96; P = 0.0007)].ConclusionClinical evidence suggests that route of delivery and baseline LVEF influence the effect of BMSC therapy in treating AMI and chronic IHD.
Hierarchical poroelasticity: movement of interstitial fluid between porosity levels in bones
Authors: Cowin Stephen C. , Gailani Gaffar , Benalla Mohammed 
Published: August 2009

The governing equations for the theory of poroelastic materials with hierarchical pore space architecture and compressible constituents undergoing small deformations are developed. These equations are applied to the problem of determining the exchange of pore fluid between the vascular porosity (PV) and the lacunar–canalicular porosity (PLC) in bone tissue due to cyclic mechanical loading and blood pressure oscillations. The result is basic to the understanding of interstitial flow in bone tissue that, in turn, is basic to understanding of nutrient transport from the vasculature to the bone cells buried in the bone tissue and to the process of mechanotransduction by these cells. A formula for the volume of fluid that moves between the PLC and PV in a cyclic loading is obtained as a function of the cyclic mechanical loading and blood pressure oscillations. Formulas for the oscillating fluid pore pressure in both the PLC and the PV are obtained as functions of the two driving forces, the cyclic mechanical straining and the blood pressure, both with specified amplitude and frequency. The results of this study also suggest a PV permeability greater than 10
−9
m
2
and perhaps a little lower than 10
−8
m
2
. Previous estimates of this permeability have been as small as 10
−14
m
2
.
International variations in infection supportive care practices for paediatric patients with acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Lehrnbecher Thomas , Ethier Marie‐Chantal , Zaoutis Theoklis , Creutzig Ursula , Gamis Alan , Reinhardt Dirk , Aplenc Richard , Sung Lillian 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThis study described infection‐related supportive care practices amongst centres participating in two large paediatric acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) cooperative groups, Children’s Oncology Group (COG) and Berlin‐Frankfurt‐Muenster (BFM). We surveyed 216 COG and 55 BFM institutions. The overall survey response rate was 83·8%. Antibacterial prophylaxis was more common among BFM (15/46, 32·6%) compared to COG (24/180, 13·3%, P < 0·0001) institutions. Antifungal prophylaxis also was more common among BFM (42/46, 91·3%) compared to COG (137/178, 77·0%, P = 0·03). There were systematic differences in infection‐related supportive care practices. This information may be used to encourage harmonization of supportive care practices and future randomized trials.