bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cessation of the 22–25 June 2006 Coastally Trapped Wind Reversal
Authors: Rahn David A. , Parish Thomas R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Coastally trapped wind reversals (CTWRs) occur periodically in the marine boundary layer off the western coast of the United States and dramatically change the low-level wind regime and coastal weather. Southerly flow becomes established with the passage of a CTWR along with cooler temperatures and a low stratus deck in a narrow band along the coast. CTWRs can propagate northward along the coast for hundreds of kilometers. A strong CTWR commenced in southern California on 22 June 2006 and moved north along the California coastline before stalling at Cape Mendocino on 24 June 2006. A transcritical Froude number differentiates the CTWR layer from the climatologically favored northern wind regime to the north of Cape Mendocino and indicates a barrier to the movement of a density current. A well-defined cloud boundary is present as detected by radar and satellite imagery and sharp gradients exist in the basic-state parameters as measured by instrumented aircraft. As the Pacific high migrates back offshore, the horizontal pressure field near Cape Mendocino becomes increasingly adverse to the continued northward movement of the CTWR layer and typical summertime conditions are reestablished. Observations and modeling results show that the cessation phase of this CTWR was characterized by a surprising lack of topographic blocking due to the mountainous coastal terrain and Cape Mendocino massif. The horizontal pressure field over the ocean to the north of the CTWR was the key impeding force to continued propagation of this event.
Dynamical Feedbacks of the Southern Annular Mode in Winter and Summer
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The persistence of the southern annular mode (SAM) is studied during austral winter (June–September) and summer (December–March) using observations of the three-dimensional vorticity budget. Analysis of the relative vorticity tendency equation shows that convergence of eddy vorticity flux in the upper troposphere, coupled with a secondary circulation, constitutes a positive eddy feedback that acts to sustain the vorticity anomaly associated with the jet shift against drag. The feedback exhibits a strong seasonality, with summer months revealing a positive feedback through much of the hemisphere and winter months showing a positive feedback over the Indian Ocean but not over the western Pacific. Results suggest that the lack of wintertime feedback over the western Pacific is due to the weakness of the eddy-driven midlatitude jet in that region.
Spatiotemporal Wavelet Transform and the Multiscale Behavior of the Madden–Julian Oscillation*
Authors: Kikuchi Kazuyoshi , Wang Bin 
Published: March 2010

AbstractMeteorological and geophysical phenomena involve multiple-scale processes. Here the spatiotemporal wavelet transform (STWT) is applied to detect significant, nonstationary, wave propagation signals from a time–space domain. One of the major advantages of the STWT is the capability to localize the wave properties in both space and time, which facilitates the study of interactions among multiple-scale disturbances by providing relevant information about energy concentration at a given time and space. The global wavelet spectrum (scalogram) of the STWT, which gives an integrated view of the spectrum as wavenumber and frequency, provides a lucid picture of the spectral power distribution that is consistent with the result obtained from the Fourier-based space–time power spectrum. The STWT has also the capability of reconstruction and thus can be used as a spatiotemporal wave filter.The STWT analysis is applied to analyze the multiscale structure of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) studied by Nakazawa. All types of convectively coupled equatorial waves were identified. The analysis results reveal the structural differences between the MJO and Kelvin waves and their different relationships with the embedded westward propagating inertio-gravity (WIG) waves: for the Kelvin wave the enhanced activity of the WIG waves coincides with the most active convective area, whereas for the MJO the enhanced WIG waves occur to the east of the MJO convective center. In addition, the WIG waves in the MJO have shorter wavelengths and periods, but those in the Kelvin waves have longer wavelengths and periods. This difference may hold a key to understanding the propagation speed difference between the MJO and Kelvin waves. The possible “upscale feedback” of the WIG waves on the MJO and Kelvin waves is also discussed.
Opposite Annular Responses of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres to Indian Ocean Warming
Authors: Li Shuanglin , Perlwitz Judith , Hoerling Martin P. , Chen Xiaoting 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Atmospheric circulation changes during boreal winter of the second half of the twentieth century exhibit a trend toward the positive polarity of both the Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM) and the Southern Hemisphere annular mode (SAM). This has occurred in concert with other trends in the climate system, most notably a warming of the Indian Ocean. This study explores whether the tropical Indian Ocean warming played a role in forcing these annular trends. Five different atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) are forced with an idealized, transient warming of Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA); the results of this indicate that the warming contributed to the annular trend in the NH but offset the annular trend in SH. The latter result implies that the Indian Ocean warming may have partly cancelled the influence of the stratospheric ozone depletion over the southern polar area, which itself forced a trend toward the positive phase of the SAM. Diagnosis of the physical mechanisms for the annular responses indicates that the direct impact of the diabatic heating induced by the Indian Ocean warming does not account for the annular response in the extratropics. Instead, interactions between the forced stationary wave anomalies and transient eddies is key for the formation of annular structures.
Reducing Forecast Errors Due to Model Imperfections Using Ensemble Kalman Filtering
Authors: Koyama Hiroshi , Watanabe Masahiro 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A method is introduced for reducing forecast errors in an extended-range to one-month forecast based on an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The prediction skill in such a forecast is typically affected not only by the accuracy of initial conditions but also by the model imperfections. Hence, to improve the forecast in imperfect models, the framework of EnKF is modified by using a state augmentation method. The method includes an adaptive parameter estimation that optimizes mismatched model parameters and a model ensemble initialized with the perturbed model parameter. The main features are the combined ensemble forecast of the initial condition and the parameter, and the assimilation for time-varying parameters with a theoretical basis.
First, the method is validated in the imperfect Lorenz ’96 model constructed by parameterizing the small-scale variable of the perfect model. The results indicate a reduction in the ensemble-mean forecast error and the optimization of the ensemble spread. It is found that the time-dependent parameter estimation contributes to reduce the forecast error with a lead time shorter than one week, whereas the model ensemble is effective for improving a forecast with a longer lead time. Moreover, the parameter assimilation is useful when model imperfections have a longer time scale than the forecast lead time, and the model ensemble appears to be relevant in any time scale. Preliminary results using a low-resolution atmospheric general circulation model that implements this method support some of the above findings.
Derecho and MCS Development, Evolution, and Multiscale Interactions during 3–5 July 2003
Authors: Metz Nicholas D. , Bosart Lance F. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
From 3 to 5 July 2003 during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX), multiple mesoscale convective systems (MCSs 1 and 2) and derechos (derechos AN, AS, A, BW, and BE) progressed across a preferred upper Midwest corridor. The derechos evolved in a favorable synoptic-scale environment. However, the environmental details associated with each derecho, such as the characteristics of the initial surface boundary, the formation position relative to the upper-level jet stream, the presence of an upper-level mesoscale disturbance, and the CAPE/shear environment varied from derecho to derecho.
The MCSs and derechos composed three distinct convective episodes. Multiple mesoscale interactions between the MCSs and derechos and the environment altered the character and longevity of these episodes. The first convective episode consisted of derecho A, which formed from merging derechos AN and AS (northern and southern systems, respectively). The ∼200-hPa-deep cold pool associated with derecho A decreased surface potential temperatures by 4–8 K. MCS 1 dissipated upon entering this cold pool and an inertia–gravity wave was emitted that helped to spawn MCS 2. This inertia–gravity wave connected MCSs 1 and 2 into a compound convective episode. As derecho BW (western system) approached a strong surface boundary across Iowa created by the cold pools of derecho A and MCS 1, derecho BE (eastern system) formed. The remnants of derecho BW merged with derecho BE creating another compound convective episode.
The upscale effects resulting from this active convective period directly affected subsequent convective development. Upper-level diabatic heating associated with derecho A resulted in NCEP GFS 66-h negative 1000–500-hPa thickness errors of 4–8 dam (forecast too cold) and negative 200-hPa wind errors of 10–20 m s−1 (forecast too weak). The resulting stronger than forecast 200-hPa jet stream likely increased synoptic-scale forcing for the formation and evolution of derecho BW.
Comparison of the Performance of Different Analog-Based Bayesian Probabilistic Precipitation Forecasts over Bilbao, Spain
Authors: Fernández-Ferrero Alejandro , Sáenz Jon , Ibarra-Berastegi Gabriel 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
This study evaluates the performance of different analog-based downscaling models for probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts over the metropolitan area of Bilbao, Spain. The analog-based statistical downscaling models used are a probability of the exceedance models in which the probability is derived from the probabilities given by a set of analogs and three Bayesian models. Results show that the differences in the performance of the models are subtle. The simplest model, which makes no use of Bayesian methods, performs better than the other models in the forecast of very low precipitation events, very likely due to the quality of the found analogs, since these categories are very populated in the phase space and forecast is very easy. However, as precipitation rates increase, Bayesian models perform better than the simple one based on probability of exceedance from individual analogs. The Bayesian models involving precipitation in the computation of the likelihood show in general the smallest biases in the forecast versus observed probabilities.
Estimating Mental Distress in Vietnam: the Use of the SRQ-20
Authors: Richardson Lisa K. , Amstadter Ananda B. , Kilpatrick Dean G. , Gaboury Mario T. , Trinh Luong Tran  , Lam Tu Trung  , Nguyen Thanh Tam  , Tuan Tran , La Thi Buoi  , Tran Thu Ha  , Tran Duc Thach  , Acierno Ron 
Published: March 2010

Background: Community-based estimates of psychopathology prevalence in developing countries such as Vietnam, are needed to reduce presumed significant burden of poor mental health. Aims: This study derived population-based prevalence estimates of mental distress, as measured by the SRQ-20, in a community sample of 4,981 adults living in Vietnam. This study also examined correlates of mental distress based on SRQ-20 caseness indications. Risk and protective factors were identified in terms of their unique contribution to caseness. Results: Using a cut-off of 7/8, 19.2% of the sample was considered to be a probable case ( n = 954), with females endorsing more items than males. Marital status and employment status were not associated with mental health distress. Higher wealth, endorsing religious affi liation, and self-reports of good health were associated with lower SRQ-20 scores. Age and being female were associated with higher SRQ-20 scores. Conclusions: A single item was as adequate a measure of wealth as multi-item rating scales. Our estimate of mental distress using the SRQ-20 is much greater than that of other studies, and in contrast to western prevalence studies, age was not a protective factor in this study. The SRQ-20 is a brief, cost-effective and reasonably valid measure of both community and individual mental distress.
The Protective Functions of Relationships, Social Support and Self-Esteem in the Life Satisfaction of Children of Migrant Workers in Shanghai, China
Authors: Fu Keung Wong Daniel , Yingli Chang  , Xuesong He  , Qiaobing Wu  
Published: March 2010

Background: At present, China has approximately 20 million migrant school-aged children accompanying their parents in relocating to the cities. However, very little is known about them. Using a resilience framework, the present study attempted to examine the psychosocial factors affecting their life satisfaction in Shanghai, China. Methods: A total of 625 migrant children were recruited from 10 schools in Shanghai through a cross-sectional survey design using multi-stage cluster sampling method. The questionnaire included measures of life satisfaction, self-esteem, social support, relationships at school and the parent—child and peer relationships. Results: Hierarchical regression analysis was performed to explore the relative effects of different relationship domains, self-esteem and social support on the life satisfaction of migrant children. The results suggested that parent—child and peer relationships significantly influenced the life satisfaction of children of migrant workers. Relationships in school did not exert such effect. Both social support and self-esteem had significant effects on the life satisfaction of migrant children. Conclusions: Relationship factors, social support and self-esteem are critical factors affecting the life satisfaction of migrant children. The findings and implications were discussed in relation to developmental and migration-related issues and the social contexts of the lives of children of migrant workers in Shanghai, China.
Model-based optimal start control strategy for multi-chiller plants in commercial buildings
Authors: Yongjun Sun  , Shengwei Wang  , Gongsheng Huang  
Published: March 2010

Chiller start control is to schedule chillers start-up operation, including how many chillers to be put into operation and when to start these chillers, for cooling down building internal temperature to a desired level before occupying. Chiller optimal start aims to find the most efficient way to schedule the chiller start operation for energy savings. Previous studies on chiller optimal start mainly focus on determining the pre-cooling lead time based only on initial outdoor and indoor temperatures without considering the impact of the recovery ability, i.e. the ability of the chillers to return the indoor air temperature to its set-point value. Different from previous studies, a new optimal start strategy is proposed in this article, which considers both the recovery ability and the cooling load condition as the optimizing variables. The new strategy is model-based and realized in two steps. The first step is to predict the building cooling load using a simplified building model, and identify a feasible set for the operating chiller number. The second step is to estimate the pre-cooling lead time using the simplified building model for each number inside the feasible range identified in the first step, and calculate the corresponding energy consumption. The number and its corresponding pre-cooling lead time which yields the least energy consumption constitute the optimal start operation. Practical application: The proposed strategy, validated through case studies, can be used in practical applications to select the optimal number of operating chillers and determine the associated pre-cooling lead time in order to achieve minimum energy consumption in the pre-cooling period.
Measurement and prediction of road traffic noise at different building floor levels in Hong Kong
Authors: Mak CM , Leung WK , Jiang GS 
Published: March 2010

In Hong Kong, approximately one million people are affected by severe road traffic noise. It is crucial to estimate the vertical distribution of traffic noise levels at different levels in high-rise buildings during the planning and design stages for new residential buildings. The Calculation of Road Traffic Noise (CRTN) has been adopted in Hong Kong to estimate traffic noise from the road. However, there have been criticisms of the CRTN model’s accuracy and suitability for predicting road traffic noise in Hong Kong. This study examines and evaluates the accuracy of the CRTN method in predicting the vertical distribution of traffic noise level LA10 at different floor levels of a 20-storey residential building in Hong Kong. Also, measurements have been conducted of the traffic noise levels at each floor level of the building. Both the predicted and measured LA10 show a similar trend: the higher the floor level, the lower the traffic noise levels. However, the predicted LA10 at the building façade has a tendency of overestimation, especially at the higher floor levels, with a mean difference of +2.0 dBA between the predicted and measured results. A correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9331 between the predicted and the measured LA10 indicates that the predicted levels correlate closely with the measured levels. The CRTN is therefore a useful tool in predicting traffic noise levels at different floor levels during the building planning stage. Practical application: This study provides an evaluation of the accuracy of the CRTN method in predicting the vertical distribution of traffic noise level at different floor levels of a residential building. It suggests that the CRTN is a useful tool in predicting traffic noise levels at different floor levels during the building planning stage.
A New Histology Scoring System for the Assessment of the Quality of Human Cartilage Repair: ICRS II
Authors: Mainil-Varlet Pierre , Van Damme Boudewijn , Nesic Dobrila , Knutsen Gunnar , Kandel Rita , Roberts Sally 
Published: March 2010

Background A reliable and reproducible method is needed to assess cartilage repair. Purpose This study was undertaken to test the reproducibility of 2 established histological scoring systems, the Modified O'Driscoll Scale (MODS) and International Cartilage Research Society (ICRS) Visual Assessment Scale (ICRS I), and subsequently to develop and evaluate a new grading system for cartilage repair. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods A total of 107 cartilage biopsy specimens were graded using MODS and ICRS I, and the reader variability was measured. The new grading system, ICRS II, was developed and the inter- and intrareader variability determined by 3 independent readers. Collagen type II deposition was assessed immunohistochemically. Results The MODS and ICRS I demonstrated high interreader variability, with MODS also showing high intrareader variability. A new histological scoring system, ICRS II, was developed comprising 14 criteria to assess parameters related to chondrocyte phenotype and tissue structure. The ICRS II demonstrated lower inter- and intrareader variability compared with MODS or ICRS I. The overall assessment and matrix staining scores had the best correlation coefficients for inter- and intrareader variability (r = .81 and .82, respectively). The extent of collagen type II in cartilage, considered a marker of differentiation toward hyaline cartilage, could represent a measure of good cartilage repair. A correlation coefficient of .56 was obtained between the extent of collagen type II staining and the overall assessment score. Conclusion The ICRS II represents an improvement over current histological cartilage repair grading systems in terms of reader reproducibility. The clinical relevance and its ability to predict long-term repair durability will be assessed once long-term clinical data become available.
Acute glucose dysmetabolism in the early phase of ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the age response
Authors: Lazzeri Chiara , Valente Serafina , Chiostri Marco , Picariello Claudio , Gensini Gian Franco 
Published: March 2010

In elderly patients with AMI, hyperglycaemia is associated with increased mortality. Recently it has been observed that insulin resistance, as assessed by the HOMA index, proved an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality. The interaction between age and glucose metabolism response in the acute phase of patients with STEMI without previously known diabetes has not yet been explored. We aimed to assess this relationship in 346 consecutive patients with STEMI admitted to our ICCU after primary PCI. When compared with the other age subgroups, the very oldest patients (aged > 79 years) showed the lowest LVEF (p=0.011), the highest incidence of 2- and 3-vessel coronary artery disease (p=0.002), and, finally, the highest mortality (p=0.037). Advancing age was associated with increased values of fibrinogen (p=0.022) and ESR (p=0.001), as well as of NT-pro-BNP (p<0.001). The very oldest patients (aged > 79 years) exhibited the highest values of glycaemia and peak glycaemia, while the incidence of insulin resistance (as inferred by HOMA index) remained unchanged across the age subgroups. This glycaemic pattern was confirmed after exclusion of patients with HbA1c > 6.5%, that is patients with a poor glycaemic control in the previous 2—3 months. In the acute phase of STEMI acute glucose metabolism is affected by age, since older patients showed the highest glucose levels and the poorest glycaemic control during ICCU stay despite the lack of differences in insulin resistance incidence.
A key role for ATF3 in regulating mast cell survival and mediator release
Authors: Gilchrist Mark , Henderson William R. , Morotti Andrew , Johnson Carrie D. , Nachman Alex , Schmitz Frank , Smith Kelly D. , Aderem Alan 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that plays a regulatory role in inflammation, cell division, and apoptosis. Mast cells (MCs) initiate many inflammatory responses and have a central role in allergy and allergic diseases. We report here that ATF3 has a central role in MC development and function. Bone marrow–derived MC populations from ATF3-deficient mice are unresponsive to interleukin-3 (IL-3)–induced maturation signals, and this correlates with increased apoptosis, diminished activation of the Akt kinase, and decreased phosphorylation of the proapoptotic protein Bad. Furthermore, ATF3-null mice lacked MCs in the peritoneum and dermis, showing that the in vitro results are recapitulated in vivo. ATF3-null MCs also showed functional defects; high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor–mediated degranulation was significantly inhibited, whereas IL-4 and IL-6 expression was enhanced. This dual role of ATF3 provides insight into the complex interplay between MC development and its subsequent physiologic role.