bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demographic and attitudinal determinants of protective behaviours during a pandemic: A review
Authors: Bish Alison , Michie Susan 
Published: January 2010

Purpose. A new strain of H1N1 influenza, also known as swine flu was confirmed in the UK in May 2009 and has spread to over 100 countries around the world causing the World Health Organization to declare a global flu pandemic. The primary objectives of this review are to identify the key demographic and attitudinal determinants of three types of protective behaviour during a pandemic: preventive, avoidant, and management of illness behaviours, in order to describe conceptual frameworks in which to better understand these behaviours and to inform future communications and interventions in the current outbreak of swine flu and subsequent influenza pandemics.Methods. Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched for references to papers on severe acute respiratory syndrome, avian influenza/flu, H5N1, swine influenza/flu, H1N1, and pandemics. Forward searching of the identified references was also carried out. In addition, references were gleaned from an expert panel of the Behaviour and Communications sub‐group of the UK Scientific Pandemic Influenza Advisory Group. Papers were included if they reported associations between demographic factors, attitudes, and a behavioural measure (reported, intended, or actual behaviour).Results. Twenty‐six papers were identified that met the study inclusion criteria. The studies were of variable quality and most lacked an explicit theoretical framework. Most were cross‐sectional in design and therefore not predictive over time. The research shows that there are demographic differences in behaviour: being older, female and more educated, or non‐White, is associated with a higher chance of adopting the behaviours. There is evidence that greater levels of perceived susceptibility to and perceived severity of the diseases and greater belief in the effectiveness of recommended behaviours to protect against the disease are important predictors of behaviour. There is also evidence that greater levels of state anxiety and greater trust in authorities are associated with behaviour.Conclusions. The findings from this review can be broadly explained by theories of health behaviour. However, theoretically driven prospective studies are required to further clarify the relationship between demographic factors, attitudes, and behaviour. The findings suggest that intervention studies and communication strategies should focus on particular demographic groups and on raising levels of perceived threat of the pandemic disease and belief in the effectiveness of measures designed to protect against it.
Transportation of Na and Li in Hydrothermally Grown ZnO
Authors: Neuvonen Pekka Tapio , Vines Lasse , Johansen Klaus Magnus , Hallén Anders , Svensson Bengt Gunnar , Kuznetsov Andrej Yu. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSecondary ion mass spectrometry has been applied to study the transportation of Na and Li in hydrothermally grown ZnO. A dose of 1015 cm-2 of Na+ was implanted into ZnO to act as a diffusion source. A clear trap limited diffusion is observed at temperatures above 550 °C. From these profiles, an activation energy for the transport of Na of ∼1.7 eV has been extracted. The prefactor for the diffusion constant and the solid solubility of Na cannot be deduced independently from the present data but their product estimated to be ∼3 × 1016 cm-1s-1. A dissociation energy of ∼2.4 eV is extracted for the trapped Na. The measured Na and Li profiles show that Li and Na compete for the same traps and interact in a way that Li is depleted from Na-rich regions. This is attributed to a lower formation energy of Na-on-zinc-site than that for Li-on-zinc-site defects and the zinc vacancy is considered as a major trap for migrating Na and Li atoms. Consequently, the diffusivity of Li is difficult to extract accurately from the present data, but in its interstitial configuration Li is indeed highly mobile having a diffusivity in excess of 10-11 cm2s-1 at 500 °C.
Bound-exciton recombination in MgxZn1-xO thin films
Authors: Dietrich Christof Peter , Müller Alexander , Stölzel Marko , Lange Martin , Benndorf Gabriele , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius 
Published: January 2010

AbstractExcitons in semiconductor alloys feel a random disorder potential leading to inhomogeneous line broadening and a lack of knowledge about the dominating recombination processes. Nevertheless, we demonstrate competing localization effects due to disorder (random potential fluctuations) and shallow point defects. We were able to spectrally separate donor-bound and quasi-free excitons within the whole wurtzite-type composition range of MgxZn1-xO (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.33) using spectrally resolved (x ≤ 0.06) and time-resolved photoluminescence (x ≥ 0.08). We found out that donor-bound excitons dominate photoluminescence spectra even for Mg-contents up to x = 0.18 and still appear for x = 0.33.
Effect of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on the Mechanical Properties and Tacticity of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)
Authors: Viratyaporn Wantinee , Lehman Richard 
Published: January 2010

AbstractNanoparticles were incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix by the mean of in situ bulk polymerization. Particle chemistry, size, shape, and percent loading were experimental variables in the synthesis and mechanical properties were assessed, particularly impact resistance, which showed improvement at the optimal particle loading. In assessing the mechanisms of this improvement, the elongated shape of zinc oxide particles appears to promote crack deflection processes to introduce a pull-out mechanism similar to that observed in fiber composite systems. Raman spectroscopy was performed to examine the effect of polymer chain conformation and configuration with the addition of nanoparticles.
TEM Analysis of Microstructures of AlN/sapphire grown by MOCVD
Authors: Cai Bo , Nakarmi Mim L 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe report on microstructure analysis of aluminum nitride (AlN) epilayers by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). AlN epilayer samples were grown on sapphire substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Cross section and plan view images were taken by TEM to investigate the threading dislocations. Edge type threading dislocations dominate the total dislocation density. The threading dislocations are greatly reduced by inserting an intermediate layer prior to the growth of high temperature AlN epilayer. The dislocations further reduce with increasing thickness. Our results correlate with the dislocation density estimated from x-ray diffraction analysis.
Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors Deposited on AlN Thin Films
Authors: Justice J. L. , Mukdadi O. M. , Korakakis D. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractOver the past few decades, there has been considerable research and advancement in surface acoustic wave (SAW) technology. At present, SAW devices have been highly successful as frequency band pass filters for the mobile telecommunications and electronics industries. In addition to their inherent frequency selectivity, SAW devices are also highly sensitive to surface perturbations. This sensitivity, along with a relative ease of manufacture, makes SAW devices ideally suited for many sensing applications including mass, pressure, temperature, and biosensors. In the area of biosensing, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are still in the forefront of research and development, but advancement in SAW sensors could prove to have significant advantages over these technologies. This study investigates the advantages of using aluminum nitride (AlN) as a material for SAW sensors. AlN retains its piezoelectric properties at relatively high temperatures when compared to more common piezoelectric materials such as lead zirconium titanate (PZT), lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) and zinc oxide (ZnO). AlN is also a very robust material making it suitable for biosensing applications where the sensing target is selectively absorbed by an active layer on the device which may attack the piezoelectric layer. AlN thin films of different thicknesses have been deposited on Si substrates by DC reactive sputtering. Rayleigh-wave SAW devices have been fabricated by the deposition of platinum contacts and interdigital transducers (IDTs) onto AlN thin films using standard photolithographic processes. Experiments have been conducted to measure Rayleigh velocities, resonant frequencies, and insertion loss. Experimental results are compared to theoretical calculations.
Electrochemical Charge Transfer to Diamond and Other Materials
Authors: Chakrapani Vidhya , Angus John C. , Kash Kathleen , Anderson Alfred B. , Desai Sharvil , Sumanasekera Gamini 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe oxygen redox couple in adsorbed water films acts as an “electrochemical ground” that tends to pin the Fermi level in solids at the electrochemical potential of the redox couple. We discuss this effect on the conductivity of diamond; the conductivity type of sp2-based carbons including single-walled, semiconducting carbon nanotubes and graphene; the photoluminescence of GaN and ZnO; and the contact charging of metals.
Titania Coated Silica Nanowires
Authors: Shalav Avi , Venkatachalam Dinesh Kumar , Reichardt Fabian , Fischer Frederic J.C. , Elliman Robert G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe morphology, phase and stability of titania-coated SiOX NWs are investigated for two coating methods: solution-based deposition of Ti-alkoxides and Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Analysis of as-deposited and annealed films shows that it is possible to produce stable coatings of the anatase phase of TiO2. The limitations of these two approaches are also discussed.
Linear Electrogyration Study on Eu:In2O3 Nanocrystals
Authors: Sun Zhaoyong , Kityk Ivan V , Fang Jiye 
Published: January 2010

AbstractColloidal Europium-doped In2O3 nanocrystals were successfully prepared in a noncoordinating solvent using indium (III) and europium (III) acetates as precursors. The concentration of doped europium was varied up to 2.88 at%. Linear electrogyration induced by coherent circularly-polarized light was observed from samples in which europium-doped In2O3 nanocrystals were embedded in photopolymer oligoethracryalte matrices. The result on ˜2.5 at% europium-doped sample shows that the maximal linear electrogyration could reach to ˜12 deg./mm at an electric field of 120V/cm for He-Ne laser.
A High Efficiency, Purcell-enhanced Microcavity Single Photon Emitting Diode
Authors: Ellis David J.P. , Bennett Anthony J. , Dewhurst Samuel J. , Nicoll Christine A. , Ritchie David A. , Shields Andrew J. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractEfficient, high-frequency quantum light sources are a prerequisite for advanced quantum information processing. Here, we report the observation of a Purcell enhancement in the radiative decay rate of a single quantum dot, embedded in a microcavity light-emitting diode structure. An annulus of low-refractive-index aluminium oxide, formed by wet oxidation, is used to simultaneously achieve lateral confinement of both the optical mode and the current through the device. This technique reduces the active area of the device without impeding the electrical properties of the p-i-n diode. We measure a photon collection efficiency of 14 ± 1% and demonstrate single photon electroluminescence at repetition rates up to 0.5 GHz.
Comparison of MISLEDs Made on Si-rich SiOx and SiNx
Authors: Chen Chun-Chieh , Lin Cheng-Tao , Pai Yi-Hao , Lin Gong-Ru 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe compare the turn-on voltage, P-I, and EL responses between the MISLEDs made by Si-rich SiNx and SiOx films. Active layer thickness enlarged from 120 to 360 nm is achieved by lengthening deposition time from 10 to 30 min, which inevitably increases the forward turn-on voltage from 3 to 41 V. We observe that the forward turn-on voltage of SiNx based MISLED is only 10.43 V and that of SiOx based one is 69 V with the same film thickness of 100 nm. The tunneling-based carrier transport mechanism is dominated due to the exponential like V-I behavior, while the tunneling probability is strongly dependent on the height of the barriers between metal/dielectric and dielectric/nc-Si matrices. The P-I slope of SiNx and SiOx based MISLEDs are 1.6 and 115.2 mW/A, respectively. The SiNx MISLED reveals threshold current and voltage of only 4 A and 12 V due to lower barrier height of both ITO/SiNx and SiNx/nc-Si, whereas the threshold current and voltage of SiOx based MISLED are 400 A and 78 V, respectively. In comparison, the higher tunneling current through the SiNx MISLED fails to promote the larger external quantum efficiency of the MISLED, indicating that such lower barriers are not beneficial to the confinement of tunneling carriers and the enhancement of light-emission efficiency.
Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence of Chlorophylls in Single Light-Harvesting Complexes
Authors: Mackowski Sebastian , Piatkowski Dawid , Wörmke Stephan , Hartschuh Achim , Bräeuchle Christoph , Brotosudarmo Tatas H. P. , Scheer Hugo , Agarwal Ashish , Kotov Nicholas A. , Govorov Alexander O 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWe show that the fluorescence of peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein complexes can be strongly enhanced via coupling with plasmon excitations localized in metal nanostructures. The results of ensemble and single-molecule spectroscopy experiments at room temperature demonstrate six-fold increase of the emission intensity of the light-harvesting complex when it is placed in the vicinity of chemically prepared silver islands. Irrespective of the enhancement, we observe no effect of the metal nanoparticle on the fluorescence emission energy of the complex. This observation implies that plasmon excitations may be applied for controlling the optical properties of complex biomolecules.
Effects of Plasmon-Exciton Coupling on the Optical Properties of CdSe/Zns Quantum Dots Coupled to Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Chou Shin Grace , Kang Hyeong Gon , Clarke Matthew L , Hwang Jeeseong 
Published: January 2010

AbstractBy using a multi-color, multi-modal imaging platform, we look into the effects of exciton-plasmon coupling on optical properties of a semiconductor quantum dot (QD) that is coupled to a nearby gold NPs (AuNPs). By exciting this coupled material with laser excitation energies that are either strongly or weakly resonating with the plasmon resonance of the AuNP, the effects of plasmon-exciton coupling was studied in detail by analyzing the changes in the photoluminescence signal, the photoluminescence lifetime, and the blinking pattern of the QD.
Optical Transmission through Optically Thin and Thick Sub-wavelength Hole Arrays
Authors: Aksu Serap , Altug Hatice 
Published: January 2010

AbstractIn this work we have studied transmission and scattering of light through hexagonally packed circular subwavelength holes in optically thin and thick metallic film. The gold nanohole arrays are fabricated on glass substrate by combining nanosphere lithography with dry-etching technique. We observed that the transmission resonances of the thin films are significantly different than that of the thick films due to the coupling of plasmons at metal/air and metal/glass interfaces. We also investigated the effect of the diameter and the periodicity on the transmission resonance by controlling the dry-etching time and the bead size used in lithography, respectively. Finally, we have looked at the spectral response of the fabricated structures in media with different refractive indexes for bio-sensing application.
Obtaining Circularly Polarized Optical Spots Beyond the Diffraction Limit Using Plasmonic Nano-Antennas
Authors: Ogut Erdem , Kiziltas Gullu , Sendur Kursat 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWith advances in nanotechnology, emerging plasmonic nano-optical applications, such as all-optical magnetic recording, require circularly-polarized electromagnetic radiation beyond the diffraction limit. In this study, a plasmonic cross-dipole nano-antenna is investigated to obtain a circularly polarized near-field optical spot with a size smaller than the diffraction limit of light. The performance of the nano-antenna is investigated through numerical simulations. In the first part of this study, the nano-antenna is illuminated with a diffraction-limited circularly-polarized radiation to obtain circularly polarized optical spots at nanoscale. In the second part, diffraction limited linearly polarized radiation is used. An optimal configuration for the nano-antenna and the polarization angle of the incident light is identified to obtain a circularly polarized optical spot beyond the diffraction limit from a linearly polarized diffraction limited radiation.
Gold-black as IR absorber and solar cell enhancer
Authors: Peale Robert E. , Cleary Justin W , Ishigami Masahito , Smith Christian W , Baillie Kevin , Colwell Josh E , Beck Kenneth M , Joly A.G. , Edwards Oliver , Fredricksen Chris J 
Published: January 2010

AbstractInfrared absorbance and visible/near-IR excited plasmon resonances are investigated in gold-black, a porous nano-structured conducting film. Polymer infusion (for hardening) generally reduced absorbance in the long wave IR but has little effect at THz wavelengths. The characteristic length scales of the structured films vary considerably as a function of deposition parameters, but the absorbance is found to be only weakly correlated with these distributions. Initial investigations of gold-black by photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM) reveal plasmon resonances, which have potential to enhance the efficiency of thin film solar cells. For films with different characteristic length scales, the plasmon resonances appear in structures with similar length scales.
Universal Correlation and Mechanism for the Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Sotiriou Georgios A. , Camenzind Adrian , Krumeich Frank , Meyer Andreas , Panke Sven , Pratsinis Sotiris E. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractSilver clusters (4-150 nm) anchored on nanostructured silica particles (300-400 m2/g) with closely controlled Ag content and size were made in one-step by scalable flame spray pyrolysis of Ag-nitrate and hexamethyldisiloxane containing solutions. Composite Ag/SiO2 nanoparticles were characterized by S/TEM, EDX spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption. The activity of such nanoparticles against the Gram negative bacterium Escherichia coli was investigated by monitoring the recombinantly synthesized green fluorescent protein. It is shown that higher Ag content particles exhibit a stronger antibacterial effect.
Alginate Based Microparticle Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Eye Cancer
Authors: Batyrbekov Yerkesh O , Rakhimbaeva Dinara , Musabekov Kuanyshbek , Zhubanov Bulat 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAlginate based microparticle drug delivery systems were prepared for the sustained release of antitumor drugs. Two drugs, cyclophosphane and 5-fluorouracil, were encapsulated into the microparticles. The drug loaded microparticles were fabricated using a very convenient method under very mild conditions by the gelation of alginate with calcium cation. Modified microparticles were obtained by syringed dropwise a solution of drugs in sodium alginate into chitosan solution in calcium chloride. The effect of polymers concentration and the drug loading (1.0, 5.0 and 10%) on the release profile of drugs were investigated. The amount of drug release was much higher initially (approximately 25%), followed by a constant slow release profile. All the release data show the typical pattern for a matrix controlled mechanism. The cumulative amount of drug released from alginate gels was linearly related to the square root of the time and the release rate decreased this time. The process is controlled by the diffusion of antitumor drugs through the chitosan coating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analysis revealed differences between the formulations as to their appearance and size distribution. The experiments for anticancer action of alginate microparticles were determined at 120 inbreeded white rats (females, weight 120-125 g, age 2-3 month) infected by malignant Rhabdomyoma strain at the dose of 10 000 cells. Medical-biological tests show that the duration of anticancer activity for the drug-containing alginate microparticles increases at 5-8 times in comparison of free drugs. Such systems may have potential for controlled delivery of antitumor drugs for the treatment of eye cancer
Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Properties of Mg-Cu, Mg-Al Eutectic Alloy
Authors: Shin Ho , Eto Yuma , Takeshita Hiroyuki T. , Tanaka Koji 
Published: January 2010

AbstractMg has 7.6 mass% of high gravimetric hydrogen density, an abundance of resources and inexpensive price compared with other functional materials. Owing to these merits, it has been the major subject of hydrogen storage study. However, it is unsuitable for practical application due to thermodynamic stability and slow kinetics of Mg hydride. Therefore, many ways such as fabrication of nanocrystalline or addition of catalyst have been proposed to solve the problems of Mg hydride system. Copper and aluminum are inexpensive and can obtain easily as well as Mg. Each eutectic alloy could be produced by sintering process and observed improvement of reaction with hydrogen. Mg2Cu laminate, one phase of Mg-Cu eutectic alloy, could also be produced by cold-rolling process, and it showed reversible reaction with hydrogen, at this study.
Aluminum Thermo Compression Bonding Characterization
Authors: Cakmak Erkan , Dragoi Viorel , Pabo Eric , Matthias Thorsten , Alford T. L. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWafer level bonding is an important technology for the manufacturing of numerous Microelectromechanical Systems. In this work the aluminum thermo-compression wafer bonding is characterized. The effects and significance of various bond process parameters and surface treatment methods are reported on the final bond interfaces integrity and strength. Experimental variables include the bonding temperature, bonding time, and bonding atmosphere (forming gas and inert gas). Bonded wafer samples were investigated with scanning acoustic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and four point bending test. Interfacial adhesion energy and bond quality were found to be positively correlated with bonding temperature. A bonding temperature of 500 °C or greater is necessary to obtain bond strengths of 8-10 J/m2.
MD Simulation of Dislocation Dynamics in Copper Nanoparticles
Authors: Kogure Yoshiaki , Kogugi Toshio , Nozaki Tadatoshi , Doyama Masao 
Published: January 2010

AbstractAtomistic configuration and motion of dislocation have been simulated by means of molecular dynamics method. The embedded atom method potential for copper is adopted in the simulation. Model crystal is a rectangular solid containing about 140,000 atoms. An edge dislocation is introduced along [112] direction near the center of model crystal, and the system is relaxed. After the dislocation configuration is stabilized, a shear stress is applied and released. Wavy motion of dislocation is developed on the Peierls valleys when the free boundary condition is adopted. Motion of pinned dislocation is also simulated.