bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral misoprostol versus intracervical prostaglandin E2 gel for active management of premature rupture of membranes at term
Authors: Nagpal Monika B. , Raghunandan Chitra , Saili Arvind 
Published: April 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the efficacy and safety of oral misoprostol with intracervical prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel for the active management of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at term.MethodsWomen with pregnancies between 37 and 42 weeks presenting with PROM at term and a Bishop score of 5 or less were randomly assigned to receive either a 4‐hourly oral dose of 50 µg of misoprostol up to a maximum of 3 doses or 2 applications of intracervical PGE2 gel at a 6‐hour interval. Oxytocin was given if labor had not started after 12 hours.ResultsTwenty women in the misoprostol group (n = 31) delivered within 12 hours compared with 5 in the PGE2 group (n = 30) (P < 0.001). The induction‐to‐delivery interval in the misoprostol group was shorter than in the PGE2 gel group (615 min vs 1070 min; P < 0.001). The mode of delivery was comparable between the 2 groups (P = 0.821). Abnormalities in uterine contractions and neonatal outcomes were also comparable. The requirement for oxytocin was lower and patient satisfaction was better in the misoprostol group.ConclusionOral misoprostol is a safe and efficacious alternative to intracervical PGE2 gel in the active management of PROM at term.
Unerwünschte Wirkungen von Impfstoffen
Authors: Schneeweiß Burkhard 
Published: April 2009

Einleitung
Impfstoffe sind Arzneimittel, die präventiv zur Verhütung von Infektionskrankheiten eingesetzt werden. Die über 200jährige Impfgeschichte ist eine Erfolgsgeschichte. Die Pocken wurden durch systematische Impfungen ausgerottet. Nächste Eradikationsziele der WHO sind Poliomyelitis und Masern.
Den Impferfolgen – Schutz des Einzelnen und bei hinreichend hohen Impfquoten auch der Gemeinschaft – stehen unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen (UAW) gegenüber. Wie jedes Arzneimittel hat auch jeder Impfstoff Nebenwirkungen. Diese muss der Impfarzt kennen und darüber seinen Impfling bzw. dessen Sorgeberechtigten aufklären. Der Aufklärungspflicht hat der Impfarzt nicht nur aus juristischen Gründen große Aufmerksamkeit zu widmen.
Über die Bedeutung von Schutzimpfungen
Authors: Reiter Sabine 
Published: April 2009

Einleitung
Infektionskrankheiten stellten in der Vergangenheit die häufigste Todesursache dar. Schutzimpfungen, die Verbesserung der Hygiene, der Ernährung und der therapeutischen Möglichkeiten sowie die Bereitstellung sauberen Trinkwassers haben weltweit zu einem drastischen Rückgang der Infektionskrankheiten geführt. Impfungen gehören damit zu den wirksamsten und wichtigsten präventiven Maßnahmen in der Medizin.
HumanDirofilaria repensinfection in Serbia
Authors: Džamić A.M. , Čolović I.V. , Arsić-Arsenijević V.S. , Stepanović S. , Boričić I. , Džamić Z. , Mitrović S.M. , Rašić D.M. , Stefanović I. , Latković Z. , Kranjčić-Zec I.F. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHuman infection byDirofilaria repensin Serbia has been increasing steadily. The first case was reported in 1971, presented in the form of a single subcutaneous nodule on the back of a young boy. As established by a literature search, eight additional cases were reported until mid-2001. The most frequent site of infection was subcutaneous tissue, with the exception of two cases, in which parasites were found in subconjunctiva and epididymis. Our study, conducted from 2001 to 2008, encompasses 19 new cases. Most of them (63.1%) presented as ocular or periocular infections, in which the parasite was typically found under the conjunctiva. In other cases a parasitic nodule was localized in the temporal region of the head, epididymis, testicle, abdomen, breast or arm. The diagnosis was made by morphological and histological analysis of the extracted intact worms and parasite sections from the tissue. Morphology of the filarial worms was well preserved in more than half of the cases (12/19) and there was never more than one parasite found inside the lesions. Adult worms and immature nematodes were observed in nine and seven cases, respectively. Furthermore, in two cases microfilariae were discovered inside the pseudocoelom, sections of the female reproductive tubes filled with clearly visible larval stages.Dirofilaria repensinfection was diagnosed by its morphological features (17/19) or by performing polymerase chain reactions (PCR) using paraffin-embedded tissues (2/19) in the cases where the morphology was insufficient for identification and the parasites had been determined initially asDirofilariaspp. The amplified 246 bp PCR product showed that the worms wereD. repens.
New insights into the biology of filarial infections
Authors: Specht S. , Wanji S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRecent successes in the control of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis need continuing research in order to sustain the achievements and to develop further tools to tackle the new questions that arise when only reduced infection prevalences prevail. In this regard, in a symposium held at the Xth European Multicolloquium of Parasitology (August 2008, Paris) questions such as the impact of filarial immunosuppression, and its lack following filarial control, on the outcome of co-infections were addressed, as were new approaches to treatment with promising drugs such as moxidectin or the antibiotic chemotherapy against Wolbachia endosymbionts in filariae. In particular, longer treatment courses of doxycycline could be carried out by community-directed treatment at high coverage, thus potentially allowing its use in restricted areas with suboptimal responses to ivermectin against onchocerciasis, or in areas with co-infection by loiasis where onchocerciasis or lymphatic filariasis need to be controlled. New, more potent drugs, or eventually vaccines, will be of importance because in many vector–filarial parasite relationships worldwide, transmission efficacy increases with low numbers of ingested microfilariae, and since ivermectin may render treated hosts more susceptible to new infection.
A new species ofArchinome(Polychaeta: Archinomidae) from hydrothermal vents on the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge 37°S
Authors: Fiege Dieter , Bock Gordon 
Published: April 2009

Archinome storchisp. nov. is described as the second species of the family Archinomidae. The specimens were collected from a hydrothermal vent site in 2212 m depth on the Pacific–Antarctic Ridge at 37° S. It differs fromArchinome rosaceamainly in the position of the anus, the first appearance of branchiae and the length of the nuchal cirrus. Additional specimens ofA. rosaceacollected from hydrothermal vent locations in the North Fiji Basin and on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were used for morphological comparison. A synoptic table of characters is given forA. rosaceaandA. storchisp. nov. together with a list of records for Archinomidae compiled from the literature.
Harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in north-western France: aerial survey, opportunistic sightings and strandings monitoring
Authors: Jung J.-L. , Stéphan E. , Louis M. , Alfonsi E. , Liret C. , Carpentier F.-G. , Hassani S. 
Published: April 2009

The harbour porpoise(Phocoena phocoena)is one of the common small cetaceans of European waters. This discreet and undemonstrative species is strongly represented throughout the cold waters of the northern hemisphere, and is the most abundant cetacean in the North Sea. In the last few years, some observations and studies indicate a shift of harbour porpoise distribution in European waters, from northern regions of the North Sea to the southern North Sea, English Channel and Celtic Sea. This shift may include a comeback around the coasts of France. Harbour porpoises inhabit shelf-waters and are often observed in shallow waters, conditions offered for instance by the coasts of Brittany in north-western France. We used opportunistic sightings, aerial survey and a ten-year strandings database to study the presence of harbour porpoises along the coasts of Brittany. Opportunistic sightings made by non-specialists did not confirm a strong presence of harbour porpoises along the Brittany coasts, most probably because of the undemonstrative behaviour of this cetacean. However, aerial survey and stranding analysis indicate that harbour porpoises have become natural inhabitants of the Brittany coasts once more: 68.6% of cetacean school sightings made during a 1578 km aerial survey of the Brittany coasts concerned harbour porpoises, with an encounter rate of 1.5 individuals per 100 km that peaked to 5.8 per 100 km to the top of the shallow waters of the south-western Western English Channel. The number of harbour porpoise strandings increased each year from 1997 to 2007, making a total of 135 along the coasts of Brittany. Other cetaceans did not show such an increase during the same period. Strandings of harbour porpoises were also characterized by an apparent increase as a proportion in relation to all the cetacean strandings during the months of September to January, by a marked impact of by-catch during winter, and by an almost total absence of stranded calves. The comeback of the harbour porpoise along Brittany coasts is clearly confirmed by our data, and a stable population seems to be established again along the coasts of Brittany. This tends to confirm the shift of the distribution of the species in certain European waters. Long term monitoring, diet and genetic studies are now planned for a better understanding of this shift, and for the effective implementation of a conservation plan.
Mortality and cause of death among psychiatric patients: a 20-year case-register study in an area with a community-based system of care
Authors: Grigoletti L. , Perini G. , Rossi A. , Biggeri A. , Barbui C. , Tansella M. , Amaddeo F. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundMost mortality studies of psychiatric patients published to date have been conducted in hospital-based systems of care. This paper describes a study of the causes of death and associated risk factors among psychiatric patients who were followed up over a 20-year period in an area where psychiatric care is entirely provided by community-based psychiatric services.MethodAll subjects in contact with the South Verona Community-based Mental Health Service (CMHS) over a 20-year period with an ICD-10 psychiatric diagnosis were included. Of these 6956 patients, 938 died during the study period. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and Poisson multiple regressions were used to assess the excess of mortality in the sample compared with the general population.ResultsThe overall SMR of the psychiatric patients was 1.88. Mortality was significantly high among out-patients [SMR 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.6–1.8], and higher still following the first admission (SMR 2.61, 95% CI 2.4–2.9). The SMR for infectious diseases was higher among younger patients and extremely high in patients with diagnoses of drug addiction (216.40, 95% CI 142.5–328.6) and personality disorders (20.87, 95% CI 5.2–83.4).ConclusionsThis study found that psychiatric patients in contact with a CMHS have an almost twofold higher mortality rate than the general population. These findings demonstrate that, since the closure of long-stay psychiatric hospitals, the physical health care of people with mental health problems is often neglected and clearly requires greater attention by health-care policymakers, services and professionals.
Intensive practice of a cognitive task is associated with enhanced functional integration in schizophrenia
Authors: Schlösser R. , Koch K. , Wagner G. , Schultz C. , Röbel M. , Schachtzabel C. , Reichenbach J. R. , Sauer H. 
Published: April 2009

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence that the frequently reported working memory impairments in schizophrenia might be partly due to an alteration in the functional connectivity between task-relevant areas. However, little is known about the functional connectivity patterns in schizophrenia patients during learning processes. In a previous study, Koch et al. [Neuroscience (2007) 146, 1474–1483] have demonstrated stronger exponential activation decreases in schizophrenia patients during overlearning of short-term memory material. The question arises whether these differential temporal patterns of activation in schizophrenia patients and controls are going along with changes in task-related functional connectivity.MethodTherefore, in the current study, 13 patients with schizophrenia and 13 controls were studied while performing a short-term memory task associated with increasing overlearning of verbal stimulus material. Functional connectivity was investigated by analyses of psychophysiological interactions (PPI).ResultsResults revealed significant task-related modulation of functional connectivity between the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and a network including the right DLPFC, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, premotor cortex, right inferior parietal cortex, left and right cerebellum as well as the left occipital lobe in patients during the course of overlearning and practice. No significant PPI results were detectable in controls.ConclusionsActivation changes with practice were associated with high functional connectivity between task-relevant areas in schizophrenia patients. This could be interpreted as a compensatory resource allocation and network integration in the context of cortical inefficiency and may be a specific neurophysiological signature underlying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Factor markets in Nieboer conditions: pre-colonial West Africa, c.1500–c.1900
Authors: AUSTIN GARETH 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article reviews the history of factor markets in pre-colonial West Africa, both during and after the Atlantic slave trade. The forms and volume of these markets strongly reflected the natural and technological environment, and a horizontally and vertically uneven distribution of coercive and purchasing power. The general abundance of land and absence of economies of scale in production militated against contracting for land and free labour. Hence the most widespread and large-scale factor market was in slaves. Capital and credit were transacted mostly within networks of trust and/or on the security of human pawns. With considerable social costs, variously reinforced and restricted by states, pawning and (especially) the intra-West-African slave trade channelled labour into the production of commodities for sale, contributing to the nineteenth-century growth of certain coastal and interior economies. It was only in the latter era that land rights began to be commercialized. This was not a response to a general shift in factor ratios, but rather to demand for specific kinds of land in specific places, stimulated by the growth of export markets for agricultural commodities.
Factor markets in England before the Black Death
Authors: CAMPBELL BRUCE M. S. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTModern English factor markets originated during the two centuries of active commercialization that preceded the Black Death. An active labour market was established by the late twelfth century. Evolution of a land market followed the legal reforms of the 1170s and 1180s, which created legally secure and defensible property rights in land. These rights stimulated growth of a capital market, since land became a security against which credit could be obtained. Nevertheless, none of these nascent factor markets functioned unconstrained and each became embedded in legal, tenurial, and institutional complexities and rigidities which it took later generations centuries to reform.
Changes in factor markets in the Ottoman Empire, 1500–1800
Authors: PAMUK ŞEVKET 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThe most important determinant of Ottoman economic institutions and their evolution in the early modern era needs to be sought in the Empire's social structure and political economy. Merchants and producers were never in a position to influence the state elites and to push for institutional changes that would favour the growth of the private sector. As a result, many of the key institutions of the Ottoman order, including the state ownership of land and the urban guilds, remained intact until the nineteenth century. In contrast, institutions related to state borrowing changed significantly. This difference in the political power of different groups explains – better than geography or resource endowments, Islam or culture – the striking divergence in the trajectory of different factor markets.
Factor markets and the narrative of economic change in India, 1750–1950
Authors: ROY TIRTHANKAR 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article revisits an argument that land, labour and credit market transactions in India were restructured by colonialism and globalization, in a manner that left peasants and labourers worse off than before. It shows that the process of change was more diverse than this approach considers, and that it was shaped also by social institutions. I argue further that growth and welfare outcomes of the process cannot be fully understood in terms of market imperfection and state policy. For that purpose, it is necessary to pay more attention to environmental factors and local society.
Land, labour and market forces in Tokugawa Japan
Authors: SAITO OSAMU 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThis article examines the markets for land and labour in traditional Japan, where peasant families accounted for 80 per cent of the population; it focuses on the extent of these markets and how they operated. The survey of evidence, both literary and statistical, indicates that, while the size of the factor markets was small and limited, lease arrangements for farmland and the markets for seasonal labour and the rural–urban transfer of manpower functioned rather well. It is therefore suggested that market forces must have played an indispensable part in the process of Tokugawa Japan's proto-industrialization and Smithian growth.
Is driving a car a risk for Legionnaires' disease?
Authors: SAKAMOTO R. , OHNO A. , NAKAHARA T. , SATOMURA K. , IWANAGA S. , KOUYAMA Y. , KURA F. , NOAMI M. , KUSAKA K. , FUNATO T. , TAKEDA M. , MATSUBAYASHI K. , OKUMIYA K. , KATO N. , YAMAGUCHI K. 
Published: April 2009

SUMMARYLegionnaires' disease (LD) is a major cause of severe community-acquired pneumonia but the source and mode of transmission are not always apparent, especially in sporadic cases. We hypothesized that LD can be acquired from the air-conditioning systems of motor cars. Swabs were taken from the evaporator compartments of the air-conditioning system of scrapped cars. Healthy subjects who were mainly employees of regional transportation companies were tested for antibody toLegionella pneumophilaserogroups 1–6; they also completed a questionnaire.Legionellaspecies were detected in 11/22 scrapped cars by the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. The prevalence of microplate agglutination titres ⩾1:32 was significantly higher in subjects who sometimes used car air-conditioning systems. Although we did not prove a direct link betweenLegionellaspp. in the car evaporator and LD, our findings point to a potential risk of car air-conditioning systems in LD, which needs further investigation.
SABIO-RK: Curated Kinetic Data of Biochemical Reactions
Authors: Wittig Ulrike 
Published: April 2009

AbstractSABIO-RK ("http://sabio.villa-bosch.de/SABIORK/":http://sabio.villa-bosch.de/SABIORK/) is a curated, web-accessible database for modellers and wet-lab scientists to get comprehensive information about biochemical reactions and their kinetic properties. It integrates data from different origin in order to facilitate the access to reaction kinetics data and corresponding information. Since most of the kinetic data is exclusively found in the literature SABIO-RK offers data manually extracted from the literature and related information obtained from other publicly available biological databases. For instance, the kinetic data are related to reactions, organisms, tissues and cellular locations. The type of the kinetic mechanism and corresponding rate equations are presented together with their parameters and experimental conditions. Additionally, SABIO-RK also includes data about the detailed mechanism for some of the reactions based on literature information. This not only includes the graphical representation of the mechanism but also the single reaction steps with their corresponding kinetic data.The data in SABIO-RK are extracted manually from literature and the selection of articles is not restricted to any biological source (e.g. organisms or organism classifications). All the data are curated and annotated by biological experts using a web-based input interface. To support the curation process and data integration we have implemented different constraints in the input interface and offer several controlled vocabularies as lists of values, as well as additional semi-automatic consistency checks to avoid errors and inconsistencies in the database. Controlled vocabularies and annotations to external resources and ontologies were used to identify and relate the data to their biological context. All these efforts to unify and integrate the data augment the content and the semantics of the SABIO-RK database entries to enable a comprehensive understanding and comparison of the data for the user.SABIO-RK can be accessed via a web-based user interface or via web-services. The user interface allows the definition of complex queries by specifying reactions and reaction participants, kinetic parameters, environmental conditions or literature sources. Links to other databases based on the annotations of thedata enable the user to gather further information for example for compounds, reactions or proteins. Selected data about reactions and their kinetics, together with their annotations, can be exported in SBML (Systems Biology Mark-up Language), a widely used standard exchange format in systems biology.