bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Mechanisms of Ocean Fronts‐Induced Decomposition of Particulate Organic Matter and Its Implication for Marine Carbon Burial
Authors: Chen Fajin , Xu Renhao , Lao Qibin , Chen Chunqing , Liu Sihai , Cai Shangjun , Xu Jie , Jin Guangzhe 
Published: February 2025

AbstractOcean fronts are dynamic regions that significantly influence marine biogeochemical processes and climate change. Despite their importance, there is limited research on the dynamics of particulate organic matter (POM) at these fronts, limiting our understanding of carbon burial mechanisms in such environments. Here, we investigated the seasonal physicochemical parameters and stable isotopes of POM in the Beibu Gulf to explore how ocean fronts affect POM fate. During non‐frontal periods, notably summer and fall, microbial consumption of POM is minimal due to strong stratification, resulting in partial mineralization in middle and deep waters only. In contrast, frontal formations during winter enhance the decomposition of POM. In the northern frontal region with shallower water, intense vertical mixing induces upwelling of nutrient‐rich deeper water, stimulating phytoplankton growth and enhancing the production of fresh POM. This is accompanied by significant decomposition (94%) of fresh POM, driven by oxygen replenishment from photosynthesis and vertical mixing. In the eastern frontal region, with its deeper waters, restricted nutrient availability limits phytoplankton growth, resulting in more aging POM. However, decomposition still reaches 73% due to active vertical mixing. Therefore, regardless of the occurrence of phytoplankton blooms within frontal areas, decomposition is identified as a prevailing process, reducing the potential for marine carbon burial and challenging traditional theories that depict ocean fronts solely as carbon sinks. This comprehensive study sheds light on the biological pump mechanisms active within ocean fronts and highlights their potential role as significant carbon sources.
On the Timescales of the Response of the Brewer‐Dobson Circulation to an Abrupt Quadrupling of CO2
Authors: Calvo N. , Garcia R. R. , Chiodo G. , Marsh D. R. , Polvani L. M. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractChanges in the Brewer‐Dobson circulation (BDC) in response to increasing CO2 concentrations can arise from the direct effect of radiative cooling in the stratosphere or the indirect effects induced by warmer sea surface temperatures (SSTs). This study aims to disentangle these two contributions in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) by analyzing the timescales of the tropical upwelling response to an abrupt quadrupling of CO2. Transient atmosphere‐ocean climate model simulations of 100 years under 4xCO2 conditions are compared to preindustrial control simulations and to simulations with an atmosphere‐only version of WACCM that uses preindustrial SSTs. We find that most of the response in both shallow and deep branches of the BDC occurs on fast timescales (first 2‐3 decades). In the shallow branch of the BDC, the response is mainly driven by changes in SSTs in the well‐mixed shallow ocean, which cause tropospheric warming and an intensification and upward displacement of the subtropical jets, and alter wave forcing in their vicinity. The contribution from stratospheric radiative cooling is almost negligible. In the upper stratosphere, the response of tropical upwelling begins earlier and develops faster than in the shallow branch, owing to the larger contribution from the rapid adjustments. At 1 hPa, 70% of the fast response relates to stratospheric radiative cooling and 30% to warmer SSTs. The modulation of the filtering of non‐orographic gravity waves (mainly of frontal origin) in the subtropics explain most of the response in tropical upwelling in the deep branch, on both fast and slow timescales.
Exploring the Jau Crater Cluster, Gale Crater, Mars
Authors: Grant J. A. , Hoffman M. E. , Newsom posthumously H. E. , Kubacki T. , Juarez C. , Moore N. , Wilson S. A. , Parker T. J. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe Jau crater cluster on the north flank of Mt. Sharp in the Gale crater consists of 20–30 simultaneously formed impact structures. The craters are ∼2 to ∼25 m across (generally increasing in size from the ESE to WNW). Using Digital Terrain Models derived from orbital and rover orthomosaics of two of the larger craters, we evaluated the amount and processes of degradation based upon current versus expected original crater morphology. We conclude that the craters in the cluster are the result of a fragmenting primary impactor and that predominantly aeolian degradation at these two craters is responsible for ∼1–2 m wall back‐wasting, 10s of cm of infilling by aeolian drift, and 20–40 cm rim lowering. Other craters in the cluster experienced similar degradation whose expression varied according to crater size: smaller‐scale morphology at smaller craters is more modified by a given amount of erosion. Prevailing winds erode the downhill, NNE side of the craters more though raised rims persist at the larger craters. An estimated vertical erosion rate of 0.1 m/Myr and a horizontal erosion rate of several m/Myr predicted by others appear most consistent with the Jau crater morphology and setting relative to erosion estimates for elsewhere in Gale crater and other Mars landing sites. Factoring in uncertainties in our estimates, these rates are broadly consistent with the scale of erosion inferred for the evolution of larger, older features on Mt. Sharp and suggest that the cluster‐forming impact occurred one to a few and less than ∼5 Ma.
Solar Wind and Magnetospheric Conditions for Satellite Anomalies Attributed to Shallow Internal Charging
Authors: Rodriguez J. V. , Kress B. T. , Buzulukova N. Y. , Redmon R. J. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSatellite charging in Earth's magnetospheric plasma and radiation belts frequently causes operational anomalies. A recent study of a frequent Space Wire anomaly on GOES linked it to shallow internal charging by 100–300 keV electrons. Solar wind and magnetospheric conditions during a period spanning solar minimum (2017–2021) are analyzed to gain further insight into the anomalies. The anomalies are divided into two groups, with inter‐anomaly intervals shorter than 2 days (clustered) and longer (background). The clusters sometimes exhibit a clear 27‐day recurrence. The magnetic local time (MLT) distributions for background anomalies are statistically uniform, unlike those for clustered anomalies, which peak prior to local noon. The clustered anomaly distributions with respect to Kp are similar to those for surface charging, indicating enhanced plasma sheet access to geostationary orbit. The maximum 100–300 keV fluxes during injections are similar to published extreme fluxes. Through superposed epoch analysis and comparison with published lists of high‐speed streams, clustered anomalies are determined to occur during high‐speed streams with elevated solar wind speed, lower number density, and weakly negative interplanetary magnetic field . The MLT and Kp dependencies of the clustered anomalies may indicate charge accumulating in a thin dielectric with a time constant less than 1 day. The background anomalies, occurring uniformly in local time and varying slowly between solar rotation periods, may indicate a distinct charging location with a time constant greater than a solar rotation.
The Need for a Sub‐L1 Space Weather Research Mission: Current Knowledge Gaps on Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Lugaz Noé , Al‐Haddad Nada , Zhuang Bin , Möstl Christian , Davies Emma E. , Farrugia Charles J. , Banu Sahanaj Aktar , Weiler Eva , Galvin Antoinette B. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractOver the past decades, missions at the L1 point have been providing solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field measurements that are necessary for forecasting space weather at Earth with high accuracy and a lead time of a few tens of minutes. Improving the lead time, while maintaining a relatively high level of accuracy, can be achieved with missions sunward of L1, so‐called sub‐L1 monitors. However, too much is unknown to plan for sub‐L1 monitors as operational missions: both the orbital requirements of such missions, and the achievable accuracy of forecasts based on their measurements have not been quantitatively defined. We review here some proposed mission concepts and explain the knowledge gaps related to coronal mass ejections (CMEs) that require a space weather research or science mission. We first show how STEREO‐A measurements in 2023 can be used as a proof of concept of the use of sub‐L1 monitor slightly off the Sun‐Earth line to forecast the Dst index. We then highlight that separations of are needed to ensure that CMEs measured by a sub‐L1 monitor impact Earth. Next, we show that measurements with angular separations of have negligible errors but separations of a few degrees can result in significant errors in lead time and in the forecasted magnetic field strength of CMEs. We also discuss how CME evolution over the last 0.05–0.2 au before impacting Earth is strongly under‐constrained and needs to be better understood before using measurements of sub‐L1 monitors for real‐time space weather forecasting.
Pressure‐Induced Change in Mechanical Anisotropy Within the Foliation Plane of Antigorite as an Indicator of the Brittle‒Ductile Transition
Authors: Shao Tongbin , Song Maoshuang , Li Jianfeng , Jiang Zhexuan 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThe response of antigorite deformation to preexisting fabrics in subduction zones is unclear. We deform antigorite schist with foliation and lineation (X is parallel to the lineation, Y is in the foliation and perpendicular to the lineation, and Z is normal to the foliation) at different angles to the maximum principal stress (σ1) via a Paterson gas‐medium apparatus under a confining pressure of 200 MPa, a temperature of 600°C, a strain rate of ∼10−5 s−1, and a preheating time of 6 hr. The mechanical results indicate that σ(Z) ≫ σ(X) ≈σ(Y), indicating nearly transverse isotropy. Observations of the recovered samples revealed that less ductile and more brittle deformation occurred simultaneously, indicative of a brittle‐to‐semibrittle regime. Microcracks formed parallel to the foliation likely increase anisotropy. The slightly greater strength, more kinks and/or occurrence of slow stick‐slip along the Y direction suggest that the a‐axis is in a hard‐friction direction, supporting the results of an atomic force microscopy (AFM) study by Campione and Capitani (2013, https://www.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1905) on single‐crystal antigorite under ambient conditions. In contrast, our previous deformation at 1.3 GPa shows that the b‐axis is in a hard‐slip direction, consistent with the results from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations by Amiguet et al. (2014, https://www.doi.org/10.1002/2013jb010791) on antigorite deformed under 1 and 4 GPa. This comparison suggests that mechanical anisotropy within the foliation changes with pressure, likely reconciling the opposite results obtained by the two studies and indicating brittle‒ductile transitions near the mantle wedge corner where deep slow earthquakes related to antigorite may have occurred.
Associations between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and mean diffusivity of the hippocampus and amygdala in infants
Authors: Rosberg Aylin , Merisaari Harri , Lewis John D. , Hashempour Niloofar , Lukkarinen Minna , Rasmussen Jerod M. , Scheinin Noora M. , Karlsson Linnea , Karlsson Hasse , Tuulari Jetro J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity may negatively affect offspring outcomes, including neurodevelopment. This study examined the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (MBMI) and the microstructure of the hippocampus and amygdala in neonates.

Methods
Diffusion tensor imaging was used to assess mean diffusivity (MD) in these brain regions in 122 infants (mean gestational age: 39.9 weeks, mean age at scan: 24.8 days) from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study (www.finnbrain.fi). Linear regression was applied to explore associations between MBMI and MD at the regional level, while non-parametric permutation analysis was used for voxelwise investigations.

Results
A positive association was found between MBMI and hippocampal MD, particularly in the right hippocampus. Voxelwise analyses showed stronger associations in distinct areas: posterior for the right hippocampus and anterior for the left. No significant association was found between MBMI and amygdala MD.

Conclusion
These findings suggest that in utero exposure to high MBMI may influence hippocampal microstructure in infants, underscoring the need for further research on the intergenerational effects of maternal obesity on early brain development.
Absence of TAAR1 function increases methamphetamine-induced excitability of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons and drives binge-level methamphetamine intake
Authors: Rios Samantha M. , Mootz John R. K. , Phillips Tamara J. , Ingram Susan L. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent psychostimulant capable of exerting both rewarding and aversive effects, the balance of which likely drives variation in voluntary MA intake. Understanding the genetic factors underlying sensitivity to these effects of MA is critical for developing effective treatments. The activity of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons is linked to reward processing. Here, we performed whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology in dorsal raphe serotonin neurons from mice with high or low MA intake corresponding with high or low MA reward sensitivity. The MA drinking (MADR) mice consist of the MA reward sensitive MA high drinking (MAHDR) and the MA reward insensitive MA low drinking (MALDR) lines. MA is a trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist, and MAHDR mice are homozygous for a mutation in the Taar1 gene, Taar1

m1J
, that encodes non-functional TAAR1, whereas MALDR mice possess at least one copy of the reference Taar1

+
allele that encodes functional TAAR1. Our previous research using CRISPR-Cas9-generated MAHDR-Taar1

+/+
knock-in mice in which Taar1

m1J
was replaced with Taar1

+
, and non-edited MAHDR-Taar1

m1J/m1J
controls demonstrated that lack of TAAR1 function is critical for heightened MA consumption and MA reward sensitivity. Here, electrophysiological recordings in the MADR lines demonstrate a MA-induced decrease in dorsal raphe serotonin neuron activity from MALDR, but not MAHDR mice. However, in the presence of serotonin autoreceptor antagonists, MA potentiates dorsal raphe serotonin neuron activity of MAHDR, but not MALDR mice. Importantly, potentiation in the presence of the antagonists is abolished in knock-in mice expressing functional TAAR1. The knock-in mice did not display binge-level MA intake, consistent with the loss of MA-reward sensitivity previously reported in mice with functional TAAR1. Finally, because MA is a substrate of the serotonin transporter, we evaluated whether the serotonin transporter is necessary for MA-induced potentiation of dorsal raphe serotonin neuron activity in mice with non-functional TAAR1. The serotonin transporter antagonist fluoxetine blocks MA-induced potentiation for both MAHDR and MAHDR-Taar1

m1J/m1J
mice. Thus, TAAR1 function directly impacts MA reward sensitivity and MA intake and serves as a critical regulator of MA-induced activity of dorsal raphe serotonin neurons through its interaction with the serotonin transporter.
Cryo-EM structure of the botulinum neurotoxin A/SV2B complex and its implications for translocation
Authors: Khanppnavar Basavraj , Leka Oneda , Pal Sushant K. , Korkhov Volodymyr M. , Kammerer Richard A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin A1 (BoNT/A1) belongs to the most potent toxins and is used as a major therapeutic agent. Neurotoxin conformation is crucial for its translocation to the neuronal cytosol, a key process for intoxication that is only poorly understood. To gain molecular insights into the steps preceding toxin translocation, we determine cryo-EM structures of BoNT/A1 alone and in complex with its receptor synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2B (SV2B). In solution, BoNT/A1 adopts a unique, semi-closed conformation. The toxin changes its structure into an open state upon receptor binding with the translocation domain (HN) and the catalytic domain (LC) remote from the membrane, suggesting translocation incompatibility. Under acidic pH conditions, where translocation is initiated, receptor-bound BoNT/A1 switches back into a semi-closed conformation. This conformation brings the LC and HN close to the membrane, suggesting that a translocation-competent state of the toxin is required for successful LC transport into the neuronal cytosol.
The neurobench framework for benchmarking neuromorphic computing algorithms and systems
Authors: Yik Jason , Van den Berghe Korneel , den Blanken Douwe , Bouhadjar Younes , Fabre Maxime , Hueber Paul , Ke Weijie , Khoei Mina A. , Kleyko Denis , Pacik-Nelson Noah , Pierro Alessandro , Stratmann Philipp , Sun Pao-Sheng Vincent , Tang Guangzhi , Wang Shenqi , Zhou Biyan , Ahmed Soikat Hasan , Vathakkattil Joseph George , Leto Benedetto , Micheli Aurora , Mishra Anurag Kumar , Lenz Gregor , Sun Tao , Ahmed Zergham , Akl Mahmoud , Anderson Brian , Andreou Andreas G. , Bartolozzi Chiara , Basu Arindam , Bogdan Petrut , Bohte Sander , Buckley Sonia , Cauwenberghs Gert , Chicca Elisabetta , Corradi Federico , de Croon Guido , Danielescu Andreea , Daram Anurag , Davies Mike , Demirag Yigit , Eshraghian Jason , Fischer Tobias , Forest Jeremy , Fra Vittorio , Furber Steve , Furlong P. Michael , Gilpin William , Gilra Aditya , Gonzalez Hector A. , Indiveri Giacomo , Joshi Siddharth , Karia Vedant , Khacef Lyes , Knight James C. , Kriener Laura , Kubendran Rajkumar , Kudithipudi Dhireesha , Liu Shih-Chii , Liu Yao-Hong , Ma Haoyuan , Manohar Rajit , Margarit-Taulé Josep Maria , Mayr Christian , Michmizos Konstantinos , Muir Dylan R. , Neftci Emre , Nowotny Thomas , Ottati Fabrizio , Ozcelikkale Ayca , Panda Priyadarshini , Park Jongkil , Payvand Melika , Pehle Christian , Petrovici Mihai A. , Posch Christoph , Renner Alpha , Sandamirskaya Yulia , Schaefer Clemens J. S. , van Schaik André , Schemmel Johannes , Schmidgall Samuel , Schuman Catherine , Seo Jae-sun , Sheik Sadique , Shrestha Sumit Bam , Sifalakis Manolis , Sironi Amos , Stewart Kenneth , Stewart Matthew , Stewart Terrence C. , Timcheck Jonathan , Tömen Nergis , Urgese Gianvito , Verhelst Marian , Vineyard Craig M. , Vogginger Bernhard , Yousefzadeh Amirreza , Zohora Fatima Tuz , Frenkel Charlotte , Reddi Vijay Janapa 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Neuromorphic computing shows promise for advancing computing efficiency and capabilities of AI applications using brain-inspired principles. However, the neuromorphic research field currently lacks standardized benchmarks, making it difficult to accurately measure technological advancements, compare performance with conventional methods, and identify promising future research directions. This article presents NeuroBench, a benchmark framework for neuromorphic algorithms and systems, which is collaboratively designed from an open community of researchers across industry and academia. NeuroBench introduces a common set of tools and systematic methodology for inclusive benchmark measurement, delivering an objective reference framework for quantifying neuromorphic approaches in both hardware-independent and hardware-dependent settings. For latest project updates, visit the project website (neurobench.ai).
Lack of harmonisation of greenhouse gases reporting standards and the methane emissions gap
Authors: Cenci Simone , Biffis Enrico 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Monitoring companies’ contributions to climate dynamics and their exposure to transition risks requires accurate measurements of their non-carbon dioxide greenhouse gas emissions (non-CO2 GHG). However, carbon accounting standards are not harmonised and allow for some discretion when converting emissions of different GHGs into CO2 equivalent units, the currency in which carbon footprints are expressed. Focusing on methane, we build counterfactual harmonised standards using the latest IPCC Global Warming Potential (GWP) values over 100 years and estimate a cumulative gap in reported methane emissions of 170MtCO2e ( ~6Tg) over a sample of 2864 companies. Changing the counterfactual from GWP100to GWP20, as recently codified in certain jurisdictions and initiatives, increases the cumulative gap to 3300MtCO2e ( ~40Tg). The gap only covers direct emissions and hence understates the extent of potential under-reporting across value chains. Overall, our study underscores the importance of global harmonisation of CO2-equivalence standards to coherently track corporate GHG emissions and their exposure to transition risks.
A comprehensive metabolomic study of three Egyptian Salsola species revealed their potential anti-inflammatory activity
Authors: Zakaria Abdelrhman , Kassem Fahima. F. , Ghareeb Doaa A. , Shams Eldin Safa M. , Selim Dina A. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Salsola plants are halophytic crops that are distributed worldwide, with more than 100 species figured out in Asia, the Mediterranean region and North Africa. Different Salsola species were reported to exert marked anti-inflammatory activities, whereas the potential anti-inflammatory activities of the three species, S. tetrandra, S. tetragona and S. vermiculata, have not been evaluated. This study provides a comprehensive metabolic study of the shoots and roots of those three species to identify potential anti-inflammatory candidates. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass-mass spectrometry (UHPLC MS/MS) method in conjunction with multivariate analysis principles was utilized in an attempt to decipher their bio-active metabolites and their relevant anti-inflammatory activities. Eighty metabolites were identified in the tested extracts, where nitrogenous compounds and phenolics were highly detected in S. tetragona samples, meanwhile, saponins and phenolic acids were highly dominant in S. tetrendra sample and S. vermiculata samples have a similar chemical profile as S. tetrandra. Concerning the anti-inflammatory activity of the tested extracts, the safety margin of all the tested extracts was higher than that of the standard drug piroxicam. The shoots of the three species demonstrated more potent anti-inflammatory activities compared to the roots. The shoot extract of S. tetrandra was the most biologically active fraction. The obtained results revealed the shoots of the three Salosla species to be promising anti-inflammatory drug candidates of high safety and efficacy that could be used in the pharmaceutical industry.