bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MULTICRITERIA OPTIMIZATION OF MULTIPRODUCT BATCH CHEMICAL PROCESS USING GENETIC ALGORITHM
Authors: MOKEDDEM D. , KHELLAF A. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Optimal design problems are widely known by their multiple performance measures that are often competing with each other. In this paper, an optimal multiproduct batch chemical plant design is presented. The design is first formulated as a multiobjective optimization problem, to be solved using the well‐suited nondominating sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA‐II). The NSGA‐II has the capability to achieve fine tuning of variables in determining a set of nondominating solutions distributed along the Pareto front in a single run of the algorithm. The NSGA‐II ability to identify a set of optimal solutions provides the decision maker with a complete picture of the optimal solution space to gain better and appropriate choices. The effectiveness of NSGA‐II method with multiobjective optimization problem is illustrated through a carefully referenced example. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe inherent dynamic nature of batch processes allows for their ability to handle variations in feedstock and product specifications, and provides the flexibility required for multiproduct or multipurpose facilities. They are thus best suited for the manufacture of low‐volume, high‐value products, such as specialty chemicals, pharmaceuticals, agricultural, food and consumer products, and most recently the constantly growing spectrum of biotechnology‐enabled products. Batch processing in the food industry has some unit operations, such as panning, whipping (emulsifying), and the pulling of taffy, which are not too often used in other industries, as well as other operations,such as blending, tabletting (including granulation) and lyophilization, which are common in other industries. Reduced time to market, lower production costs and improved flexibility are all critical success factors for batch processes.
RHEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SUSPENSIONS OF SUCROSE CRYSTALS IN SATURATED SUCROSE SOLUTIONS
Authors: DE SOUZA ANA CRISTINA , TELIS‐ROMERO JAVIER , TELIS VÂNIA REGINA NICOLETTI 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Suspensions formed by saturated sucrose solutions were analyzed at different temperatures (0 ≤ T ≤ 65C) and with different added fractions (0.005 ≤ φ ≤ 0.40) of known size sucrose crystals (0.163 ≤ dp ≤ 1.26 mm). Saturated sucrose solutions, taken as the suspension dispersant mean, were rheologically characterized using a concentric‐cylinder rheometer and showed Newtonian behavior. The crystal suspensions were rheologically evaluated by using a mixer‐type rheometer constituting an anchor impeller coupled to a rotational rheometer, also known as a mixer‐type rheometer. The studied crystal suspensions also showed Newtonian behavior. Theoretical and semiempirical models were used to describe the correlation between suspension relative viscosity and crystal volumetric fraction. The best results were obtained using the Krieger and Dougherty, and the Mooney model, resulting in values of intrinsic viscosity, (η), and maximum packing fraction, φm, compatible with data reported for coarse concentrated suspensions of nonspherical particles.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSRheological follow‐up of dynamic systems may be useful for a wide variety of applications where there is a manifest interest in studying the rheological evolution of a medium under controlled conditions. In crystallization processes, nucleation and growth of crystals modify the system rheological properties that, when measured during the process, make possible the determination of processing rates in function of operational conditions. Viscosity is important in the work of crystallizers because of its influence in heattransfer rates. Knowledge of viscosity allows sizing of pumps, pipes and also calculation of the necessary torque for crystallizers in order to prevent super sizing of equipment. Fluid viscosity is also fundamental in the characterization of flow as well as in modeling mass and heat transfer processes involved in several unit operations used in food industry.
MODELING HEAT EXCHANGER PERFORMANCE FOR NON‐NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
Authors: ASTERIADOU KONSTANTIA , HASTING A.P.M. , BIRD M.R. , MELROSE JOHN 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT The flow of a shear‐thinning food product in a tube‐in‐tube‐in‐tube (TnTnT) heat exchanger (HE ) is modeled with a CFD (computational fluid dynamics) commercial code, FLUENT 6.1. Results are compared with in‐line industrial measurements. The heating medium was pressurized hot water in counter current flow and constant wall temperature. The equipment was modeled in five meshed sections: three TnTnT heat exchange domains and two 180° bends that connect them. Good agreement was obtained between measured and predicted values of the product outlet temperature at the end of the process. Agreement on temperature profiles in the different sections of the heater, in the center of the flow, was generally poor. Modeled temperature was higher at the outlet of the bend compared with the inlet indicating that mixing took place. Path lines of massless particles that follow the flow show a racetrack effect; with the closer the stream to the inner wall, the sooner it reaches the outlet. Predicted values of shear stress show higher levels on the internal wall, which may have an impact on potential product damage, especially for heat sensitive products. Understanding of the flow regime and temperature distribution profile in a complicated geometry such as a TnTnT HE, with the use of CFD, can lead to more efficient processes and more confidence in validating them. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work describes the difficulties of validation of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models based on in‐line measurements. It also indicates the importance of accurate monitoring methods in the food processing in order to ensure efficiency. CFD can contribute in understanding food flows and processes such as heat transfer in an enclosed domain and determine a better equipment design and selection of control points. Product and process quality can be improved with minimum cost and time investment. Physical and engineering phenomena that take place can be identified and used in favor of the process and the factory.
ROLE OF MODEL PARTICLE SHAPE IN DISCRETE ELEMENT MODELS OF BED STRUCTURE IN CONTAINERS
Authors: ABBASPOUR‐FARD MOHAMMAD HOSSEIN , EMADI BAGHER , KHOJASTEHPOUR MEHDI 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT A container comprising 5,000 particles was simulated to investigate the role of particle shape on the bed structure of particulate materials. The effect of particle shape on the packing structure of granular beds was investigated in terms of bed height, the distribution of solid fraction, coordination number and the force acting at the bottom of the container. The solid fraction of the beds, which ranged from 0.7–0.9 for spherical particles and 0.6–0.8 for elongated particles, shows a compacted structure for beds of spherical particles. The average bed's solid fraction was 0.825 and 0.750 for beds of spherical and elongated particles, respectively. The overall reduction in the average solid fraction was about 8% as aspect ratio of particles changed from 1 to 4. The solid fraction frequency distribution of the beds implied a wider variety of void shape and size for elongated particles. There was also a significant difference between the coordination number of spherical particles and nonspherical particles. The coordination number was 4.7 and 3.6 for spherical and elongated particles, respectively. However, the change in the magnitude of coordination number was greater (15.1%) in between beds of spherical and nonspherical particles (particles of aspect ratio 2), than in between beds with aspect ratio 2 and 4 (11.3%). The numerical results indicated that for a reliable prediction of real material behavior via discrete element models, the employed model should be capable of manipulating individual elements with shape as close as possible to the shape of real particles. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAs most of the agricultural materials comprise a system of individual nonspherical particles, a suitable discrete element (DE) model should be employed to gain realistic results. The DE models with spherical particles are very simple, which are less costly, while these models cannot predict the accurate behavior of systems comprising nonspherical particles. Hence, for such materials, using nonspherical models such as multisphere models is a must. Examples of such produce that need models with nonspherical or elongated elements are kernels and some fruits, whereas some other agricultural particles that are nearly spherical can be successfully simulated with DE models of spherical elements. The DE model employing the multisphere method (MSM) can be used for either case (spherical or nonspherical) to study the agricultural particulate materials processing operations on a particle scale (microscale), such as collision forces between individual grain and fruits that cannot easily be gained from experiments.
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION CHANGES AND FAT OXIDATION IN SARDINE MINCE FOLLOWING SODIUM BICARBONATE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE WASHING
Authors: SELMI SALAH , BATISTA IRINEU , SADOK SALOUA , BANDARRA NARCISA M. , NUNES MARIA L. 
Published: August 2009

ABSTRACT Washed sardine mince was prepared according to the following scheme: (1) evisceration and beheading by hand; (2) mince preparation in a deboner; (3) first washing in a water solution with 0.2% NaHCO3 and 0.15% NaCl; second washing in water; and (4) third washing in 0.25% NaCl. A significant increase (P < 0.05) of the peroxide value occurred during the mince preparation process. However, no significant difference in conjugated diene and thiobarbituric acid index was recorded. The washing treatments led to a release of lipids, which were mainly constituted by triacylglycerols rich in n‐3 fatty acids. A significant increase in the polar lipids fraction (especially phosphatidylcholine) was recorded in mince sardine. Eicosapentaenoic acid level of neutral lipid decline throughout the mincing process, but the docosahexaenoic acid level showed a significant increase. Minced sardine obtained in these conditions could be considered a good source of amino acids and n‐3 fatty acids.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSSardine mince was obtained following successive washings with NaHCO3/NaCl solution, tap water and NaCl solution. Assessment of the sardine's biochemical composition at the different processing steps led to a mince product of low fat content. Furthermore, from a technological point of view, it would be quite profitable to recover the oil released in mince washing because of its richness in compounds of high added value, such as triacylglycerols rich in n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Challenges of negotiating obesity‐related findings with African migrants in Australia: Lessons learnt from the African Migrant Capacity Building and Performance Appraisal Project
Authors: RENZAHO André M.N. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim:  To document sub‐Saharan African migrants' and teachers' reaction to and acceptance of findings from African Migrant Capacity Building and Performance Appraisal initiative, and to examine the implications for any community‐based obesity prevention program.Methods:  Two community forums were organised to discuss the research findings: one with 45 African community leaders from various African communities in Melbourne; and the other with 17 primary and secondary teachers from English Language Schools and Centres across Victoria. The dissemination focused on highlighting the rapid weight gain and obesity risks observed among African migrant children.Results:  Sub‐Saharan African migrants' reaction to the findings was that of pride and satisfaction with large body size, seeing it as a job well done, reflecting their perceptions that obesity is not a disease. In addition, they highlighted the intergenerational conflict related to body size ideals between parents and teenage offspring, with the latter preferring model‐like Australian body sizes.Conclusion:  Further research is required to examine the association between shifting preferences in body ideals and obesity among traditional communities, such as sub‐Saharan African migrants. The understanding of how changes in body image perceptions may influence eating and exercise behaviours among sub‐Saharan African migrants would assist in the development of obesity‐related preventive interventional programs for this at‐risk population.
Developing an online program to prevent obesity in preschool‐aged children: What do parents recommend?
Authors: JONES Rachel A. , PRICE Nathan , OKELY Anthony D. , LOCKYER Lori 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim:  The purpose of the present study was to describe preliminary research preceding the development of an online educational program for parents of preschool‐aged children who are overweight or at‐risk of overweight.Methods:  The study consisted of an evaluation of current health‐related websites and four focus groups with typical‐end point users. It was conducted in one metropolitan region in New South Wales. Twenty‐seven participants were recruited for the focus groups. The focus groups aimed to investigate the thoughts and opinions of participants towards an online educational program. Focus group transcripts were analysed using logico‐inductive analysis procedures.Results:  The evaluation of the websites revealed that most were largely repositories of information and did not provide guidance on how to practically implement the information into everyday life. Several themes emerged from the focus groups, including: usability and readability; credibility; inclusiveness; personalisation and practical help in modifying current behaviours.Conclusions:  The present study highlights many of the limitations in current online programs/websites and interventions targeting preschool children. We have attempted to address these in the design and development of the Time2bHealthy Program. The present study describes the first step in the development of a novel and innovative initiative that has the potential to make a contribution to long‐term health of preschool children and their families.
How many Australian deaths from heart disease and stroke could be avoided by a small reduction in population cholesterol levels?
Authors: HUXLEY Rachel , CLIFTON Peter , PERKOVIC Vlado , WOODWARD Mark , NEAL Bruce 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim:  To quantify the number of premature deaths from coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke that potentially could be avoided annually among the Australian population if a sustained 10% reduction in the mean population level of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were to be achieved.Methods:  Data were obtained on the number of deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke in the Australian population, subdivided into age and sex strata, and on the mean population level of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. Published relative risks (95% CI) from a meta‐analysis of lipid‐lowering therapy were used to calculate the reduction in the relative risk for coronary heart disease and stroke associated with a 5%, 10% and 15% reduction in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol. The expected number of deaths from coronary heart disease and ischaemic stroke avoidable with a 10% reduction in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was modelled. Secondary analyses were performed assuming reductions in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol of 5% and 15%.Results:  A 10% reduction in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol would prevent 2279 deaths from coronary heart disease (95% CI: 2025–2531 deaths) and 641 deaths from ischaemic stroke (95% CI: 440–881 deaths). The projected benefits are greatest among the elderly, although some benefit would be expected in all age and sex groups and among individuals with a broad range of baseline levels of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol.Conclusions:  A small leftward shift in the low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol distribution of the adult Australian population has the potential to save about 3000 lives from coronary heart disease and stroke annually. Achieving this goal will require the active participation of key public health, food industry and government stakeholders.
Structural change in Medicare funding: Impact on the dietetics workforce
Authors: MITCHELL Lana J. , CAPRA Sandra , MACDONALD‐WICKS Lesley 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAim:  To review the dietetic workforce profile and share of Enhanced Primary Care claims in the context of the Strengthening Medicare support for allied health services.Methods:  Dietitians Association of Australia membership data from 2004 to 2007 were analysed to assess changes in the number and work hours of private practice dietitians. Medicare data for 2004–2005 to 2006–2007 were reviewed regarding uptake and distribution of allied health consultations.Results:  The number of allied health Enhanced Primary Care consultations doubled between 2004–2005 and 2005–2006, with similar increases in 2006–2007. Physiotherapists claimed most, followed by podiatrists, then dietitians. Dietitians claimed most consultations per provider in 2004–2005 and 2005–2006, surpassed by podiatrists and diabetes educators in 2006–2007. The number and full‐time equivalents of private practice dietitians increased since 2004. Almost one‐third of members were engaged in private practice work by 2007. Approximately half of these worked eight hours or fewer per week in this setting over the period surveyed (45.9–50.8%).Conclusions:  Medicare funding for allied health has provided structural change and presents an opportunity for growth in the private sector of dietetics. While the number and full‐time equivalents of private practice dietitians increased since 2004, the anticipated sharp increase relative to other work areas was not seen. Dietetics had a high uptake of Medicare consultations per provider and consultations increased each year; however, the declining share of total consultations demonstrates that dietitians are not using the opportunity presented by Medicare to the same degree as some allied health professions.
Modeling Socioeconomic Class in Variationist Sociolinguistics
Authors: Dodsworth Robin 
Published: August 2009

AbstractModeling socioeconomic class has been a persistent challenge in the analysis of sociolinguistic variation. While early stratificational models formulated on the basis of socioeconomic indicators such as income, occupation, and area of residence revealed compelling patterns of linguistic variation, they were critiqued for their lack of explanatory power at the interactional level and for their marginalization of those without paid employment. Subsequent models have employed cross‐disciplinary concepts such as the linguistic market, social networks, and communities of practice, prioritizing local social distinctions that are understood to reflect or even constitute abstract structural categories such as ‘working class’ or ‘middle class’. It is argued that a full socioeconomic class paradigm for sociolinguistics would also theorize class at the aggregate level, and to this end, sociological class models may prove useful. Contemporary sociological class analysis at the level of social practice offers additional avenues for interfacing with sociology.
Assembling the Space Economy: Governmentality and Economic Geography
Authors: Prince Russell , Dufty Rae 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe emergence of a ‘new’ economic geography in recent years has emphasised the ways economic processes are inextricably linked to political, cultural and social processes. This article argues that the Foucauldian governmentality literature has the potential to make a contribution here through its operationalisation of the idea that ‘the economic’emerges as a sphere that is distinct from the political, cultural and social spheres rather than being distinct a priori. Drawing on work at the intersection of economic geography and governmentality, this article shows how governmentality has provided a distinctive perspective on many of the key concepts and processes economic geographers study, including particular spaces like the region, particular actors like the manager, and the processes of globalisation and neoliberalism. It is argued that governmentality analysis reveals how knowledge about these concepts and processes shapes their realisation through informing the rationalised deployment of existing and reinvented technologies and programmes of government. The article concludes by arguing that bringing economic geography and governmentality agendas together in theoretically and methodologically innovative research programmes has benefits for both: for the former further cultivating an appreciation for the particular role of the myriad of actors, knowledges and technologies involved in the formation of economic systems, and for the latter by extending the spatial scope of governmentality analyses that have tended to focus on governmental regimes associated with the spatiality of the nation‐state.
The Geopolitics of Global Energy Security
Authors: Bradshaw Michael J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis study examines the geopolitics of global energy security, defined as the influence of geographical factors, such as the distribution of centres of supply and demand, on state and non‐state actions to ensure adequate, affordable and reliable supplies of energy. The first part of this study describes the geographical dimensions of energy supply and demand and the recent global shift in the location of energy production and demand growth. This shift is the result of increasing demand in emerging markets, such as China and India. At the same time, the centres of production are now focused on the Middle East, Africa and the former Soviet Union. These changes present major geopolitical challenges to the energy importing economies of the ‘developed’ world. The second part of the study analyses three of the major issues that now dominate the literature of global energy security: the US addiction to imported oil, the European Union’s reliance on natural gas imports from Russia, and China’s strategy of ‘going out’ to secure equity oil in Africa. In conclusion, it is suggested that there is a need to rethink the geopolitics of energy security to incorporate the interests of both the energy exporting states and new energy importing states and to incorporate the challenge of climate change.
Principles of immunosuppression in uveitis
Authors: WILLERMAIN F , CASPERS L 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNon infectious uveitis is a heterogeneous group of diseases mediated through autoimmune and autoinflammatory mechanisms. It is thus crucial to perform a complete work‐up to characterise the disease and eventually find a precise aetiology or a systemic associated condition. When the inflammation is bilateral and the vision threatened, systemic drugs are usually proposed. Despite tremendous progress in the understanding of the disease, treatments are generally based on the administration of non specific immunosuppressive molecules. Currently, high doses oral corticosteroids are first given, followed by a slow tapering of the dosage. If this strategy does not lead to disease control, a steroid‐sparing agent should be considered. Antimetabolites, T‐cell inhibitor and alkylating agents will be chosen (alone or in combination), depending on the severity of the disease and patients general status. Recently the development of biologic agents offers the possibility to target various specific molecules important in non infectious uveitis development. Nowadays, anti‐TNFα have been mostly tested with encouraging results. However, it is likely that different uveitis subtypes would require different biologic agents. In the future, the growing production of specific inhibitors might lead to a more tailored approach of uveitis treatment.