bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modernization of the SEC Oil and Gas Reserves Reporting Requirements
Authors: Lee W. J. 
Published: November 2009

Summary
Modernized United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) rules for reporting oil and gas reserves are now broadly consistent with the SPE definitions and generally reflect public requests for specific changes in the previous rules. Disclosure requirements based on the revised definitions feature use of annual average prices; wider use of reliable technologies; broader recognition of nontraditional resources, including those from oil sands, shales, and coal; optional disclosure of probable and possible reserves; and replacement of the "certainty" criterion for some reserves by a "reasonably certain" criterion. Official clarification of some of the new terms may be forthcoming; here, I provide my opinion of their intent.
Distribution of soil nematode communities along a section of Shen-Ha Highway
Authors: Tomar V. , Zhang X. , Li Q. , Jiang Y. , Liang W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
The effect of lead on soil nematode communities at the 0–20 cm depth was investigated along an increasing distance from a highway in Northeast China. The results showed that the abundance of total nematodes significantly increased from 40 m and then decreased eventually and the similar trend was also found in most indices studied. Thirty seven genera of nematodes belonging to 8 orders and 24 families were observed in our study, and Helicotylenchus was eudominant genus at all the sampling sites. The numbers of total nematodes significantly correlated with total and available Pb (P < 0.05), while ΣMI had a significantly negative correlation with TOC, Total N (P < 0.01) and C/N ratio (P < 0.05). Total and available Pb in soil had positive correlation with the numbers of total nematodes and bacterivores. The concentration of Pb also had an effect on abundance of Helicotylenchus, which increased in moderate concentration of Pb. NCR could be effectively used as indicators, as it was sensitive to concentration of Pb.
A single bivulval female of Xiphinema diversicaudatum and two bivulval females of Xiphinema vuittenezi (Nematoda: Longidoridae)
Authors: Kumari S. , Decraemer W. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
A population of Xiphinema vuittenezi from an apple orchard and a population of X. diversicaudatum from a peach orchard yielded bivulval females. Morphometrics of these females are presented.
Leonard J. Goldner Award 2009: Intraoperative Pedobarography Leads to Improved Outcome Scores: A Level I Study
Authors: Richter Martinus , Zech Stefan 
Published: November 2009

Background: The purpose was to compare the clinical outcome scores after additional use of intraoperative pedobarography (IP) in comparison with patients treated without IP. Materials and Methods: Patients with arthrodesis and/or correction of the foot and/or ankle were randomized for use of IP or no IP. American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Short-Form 36 (SF-36), and Visual Analogue Scale Foot and Ankle (VAS FA) were analyzed. Results: One hundred patients were included. Fifty-two were randomized for the use of IP, and in 24 of those (46%), the correction was modified after IP during the same operation. At mean followup of 2 years, the average scores were higher in the group with IP than in the group without IP (IP/no IP: AOFAS 89.7/78.2; SF-36 90.3/76.3; VAS FA 90.3/76.3; t-test, all p < 0.05). Conclusion: The use of IP led to improved clinical outcome scores at a mean followup of 2 years. Level of Evidence: I, Prospective Randomized Study
Fractures of the Sustentaculum Tali: Injury Characteristics and Surgical Technique for Reduction
Authors: Della Rocca Gregory J. , Nork Sean E. , Barei David P. , Taitsman Lisa A. , Benirschke Stephen K. 
Published: November 2009

Background: The sustentaculum tali of the calcaneus is a vital load-bearing structure. Isolated sustentacular fractures are rare and may have implications for future hindfoot function. This retrospective cohort study describes sustentacular fracture patterns and characteristics, associated foot injuries, and a method of surgical treatment via a medial approach to the calcaneus. Materials and Methods: During a 7-year period, 19 surgically-treated sustentacular fractures without calcaneal posterior facet involvement were identified from a prospectively-collected database at a single Level 1 regional trauma center. Of these, 15 underwent open reduction and internal fixation utilizing a medial approach to the calcaneus. Patient charts, plain radiographs, and CT scans were reviewed for injury characteristics/morphology and associated musculoskeletal injuries. Results: Fourteen patients had associated ipsilateral foot/ankle injuries, and nine had other musculoskeletal injuries. Seven patients had intra-articular middle facet involvement, and seven had subtalar joint subluxation or dislocation. The medial approach to the calcaneus involves distal retraction of the neurovascular bundle and toe flexors. This allowed for an accurate indirect articular reduction using the extraarticular medial calcaneal cortex, as well as reduction of any associated subluxations. No complications were related to the surgical approach. Reduction was maintained through fracture healing. Conclusion: Fractures of the sustentaculum tali are rare injuries associated with high energy mechanisms, and associated ipsilateral foot injuries are common. Open reduction and internal fixation of these fractures was reliable and possible through a medial approach involving distal retraction of the digital flexors and neurovascular bundle, allowing for an anatomical extraarticular cortical reduction. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Early Complications Following the Operative Treatment of Pilon Fractures with and without Diabetes
Authors: Kline Alex J. , Gruen Gary S. , Pape Hans C. , Tarkin Ivan S. , Irrgang James J. , Wukich Dane K. 
Published: November 2009

Background: An increased rate of complications has been clearly shown in diabetic patients undergoing operative treatment for displaced ankle fractures. To date, no studies have specifically looked at the complication rates following the operative management of pilon fractures in this difficult patient population. We performed a retrospective review to determine the rates of complications in diabetic patients undergoing operative fixation of tibial pilon fractures compared with a control group of patients without diabetes. M aterials and Methods: The trauma registry was utilized to identify all patients who underwent primary treatment for a tibial pilon fracture between January 2005 and June of 2007 at a single Level 1 trauma center. A minimum of 6-month followup was required for inclusion. A chart and radiographic review was completed to identify the complications seen in each patient population. Specifically, we looked at the rate of infection (superficial and deep), the rate of nonunion or delayed union, and the rate of surgical wound complications. Results: A total of 14 fractures in 13 diabetic patients, and 69 fractures in 68 non-diabetic patients met inclusion criteria. In the diabetic patient group, the average age was 48 years, the average BMI was 35, and 36% of the fractures were open. In the non-diabetic group, the average age was 47 years, the average BMI was 29, and 35% of the fractures were open. Only the difference in BMI was statistically significant. The infection rate was 71% for diabetic patients (43% deep infection), and 19% for non-diabetic patients (9% deep infection) [ p < 0.001, odds ratio 10.719 (95% confidence interval 2.914 to 39.798)]. Overall, the rate of non-union/delayed union was 43% in the diabetic group versus 16% in the non-diabetic group [ p = 0.02, odds ratio 3.955 (95% confidence interval 1.145 to 13.656)]. The rate of surgical wound complications was 7% in both the non-diabetic and diabetic patient groups. Conclusion: The management of tibial pilon fractures in diabetic patients is difficult, with a high rate of complications compared to non-diabetic patients. These results mirror those previously reported for ankle fractures in diabetic patients. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Prognosis of Painful Plantar Callosity after Hallux Valgus Correction without Lesser Metatarsal Osteotomy
Authors: Lee Keun-Bae , Park Ju-Kwon , Park Young-Hoon , Seo Hyung-Yeon , Kim Myung-Sun 
Published: November 2009

Background: Painful plantar callosities under lesser metatarsal heads are commonly associated with hallux valgus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the prognosis of painful plantar callosities after hallux valgus correction without lesser metatarsal osteotomy in hallux valgus deformity. Materials and Methods: Between September 2004 and June 2007, 31 patients (40 feet) underwent proximal chevron first metatarsal osteotomy with a distal soft tissue procedure, with preoperatively painful plantar callosities under lesser metatarsal heads. Clinical results were evaluated using a visual analogue scale (VAS), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux-metatarsophalangeal interphalangeal scales, and a modified 70-point clinical scale. Radiographic evaluations included hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angle. Results: Thirty-two (80%) of the 40 feet had no pain and callosity and 5 (12.5%) had no pain but residual plantar callosities, and 3 (7.5%) were not improved at final evaluation. The mean VAS and AOFAS scores were improved from 7.8 ± 1.6 to 1.9 ± 1.5 points and from 53.8 ± 14.2 to 92.6 ± 15.3 points, respectively. In terms of the 70-point clinical scale, overall clinical results were good in 34 feet and fair in 6. The mean hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles were improved from 36.6 ± 6.2 to 12.5 ± 5.9 degrees and from 17.5 ± 3.9 to 8.6 ± 3.5 degrees, respectively. Conclusion: Painful plantar callosities under the lesser metatarsals in patients with hallux valgus deformity can be improved by hallux valgus correction alone without lesser metatarsal osteotomy. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Distal Tendinosis of the Tibialis Anterior Tendon
Authors: Beischer Andrew D. , Anat Dip , Beamond Ben M. , Jowett Andrew J. L. , O'Sullivan Richard 
Published: November 2009

Background: Disorders of the tibialis anterior (TA) tendon have infrequently been reported but spontaneous rupture of this tendon is well recognized. The clinical presentation of tendinosis without rupture of the distal TA has not previously been reported and is the basis of this paper. Materials and Methods: A study of 29 patients diagnosed with distal TA tendinosis was undertaken. Data collected included, patient demographics, weight, height, pain profile and examination findings. All patients underwent MRI of the symptomatic foot. Operative findings of those patients undergoing surgery for this condition were collected. Results: Twenty-nine patients (32 feet) were included in the study group. Their mean age was 62 years and 27 patients were female. Twenty-one patients were overweight. The usual presenting symptom was burning medial midfoot pain that was often reported to be worst at night. Swelling over the TA tendon was frequently observed. On MRI the TA was thickened in all patients. Longitudinal split tears were observed in 19 feet. Chondral thinning and/or osteophyte formation at the first tarsometatarsal or medial naviculocuneiform joints was observed in 11 feet. Eleven feet underwent surgery. Universally the TA tendon was macroscopically thickened and had lost its normal fibrillary appearance. Longitudinal split tears were observed in eight tendons. Pathology was typical of a degenerative tendinosis. Conclusion: Distal TA tendinosis is a condition that seems to predominantly affect overweight elderly women. It often presents with nocturnal burning medial midfoot pain. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Limb Salvage in Charcot Foot and Ankle Osteomyelitis: Combined Use Single Stage/Double Stage of Arthrodesis and External Fixation
Authors: Paola Luca Dalla , Ceccacci Tanja , Ninkovic Sasa , Sorgentone Sara , Marinescu Maria Grazia 
Published: November 2009

Background: Charcot neuroarthropathy of the foot/ankle is a devastating complication of diabetes. Along with neuroarthropathy, osteomyelitis can occur which can result in amputation. This prospective study evaluated a limb salvage procedure as an alternative to amputation through surgical treatment of osteomyelitis of the midfoot or the ankle and stabilization with external fixation. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients with Charcot arthropathy and osteomyelitis underwent debridement and attempted fusion with an external fixator. Chart and radiograph review was performed to assess the success of the fusion and eradication of infection. Results: Out of 45 patients, 39 patients healed using emergent surgery to drain an acute manifestation of the infection while maintaining the fixation for an average of 25.7 weeks. Two patients were treated with intramedullary nail in a subsequent surgical procedure. In four patients, the infection could not be controlled, therefore a major amputation was carried out. Conclusion: For select patients, external fixation proved to be a reasonable alternative to below-knee amputation. Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series
Severity of Functional and Mechanical Ankle Instability in an Active Population
Authors: Hirai Derek , Docherty Carrie L. , Schrader John 
Published: November 2009

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between the severity of functional and mechanical ankle instability in physically active individuals. Materials and Methods: Eighty college aged physically active individuals from a large university were recruited for this study. All subjects had unilateral functional ankle instability (FAI). FAI was defined as a history of at least two ankle sprains and a score less than or equal to 27 on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT). The contralateral limb had no history of ankle injury or instability. Anterior displacement (mm) and talar tilt (degrees) were measured using the LigMaster™ joint arthrometer to identify mechanical ankle instability(MAI). Individuals were tested bilaterally and the maximum value attained during talar tilt and anterior displacement was used for statistical analysis. Results: First we evaluated side-to-side differences in MAI in all subjects. We found no significant difference between the FAI and the non-FAI ankle for anterior displacement ( t1.79 = 1.66, p = 0.10) or talar tilt ( t1.79 = −0.07, p = 0.95). Secondly, we evaluated the relationship between the FAI and MAI measures and found no significant correlations between the severity of FAI and magnitude of anterior displacement( r = 0.18, p = 0.12) or talar tilt ( r = 0.09, p = 0.42). Conclusion: This study demonstrated there was no side-to-side difference in MAI in individuals with unilateral functional ankle instability. Similarly, we also conclude there was no significant relationship between the severity of FAI and MAI. We feel that these findings suggest the symptoms of FAI may not be related to ankle joint laxity, but instead due to other factors associated with FAI. Level of Evidence: III, Comparative Series
Hindfoot Alignment Valgus Moment Arm Increases in Adult Flatfoot with Achilles Tendon Contracture
Authors: Arangio George , Rogman Alberic , Reed James F. 
Published: November 2009

Background: Adult acquired flatfoot is often associated with Achilles tendon contracture and may be associated with isolated spring ligament insufficiency without Achilles tendon contracture. We have studied the hypothesis that standing valgus hindfoot alignment moment arm is increased in adult acquired flatfoot with Achilles tendon contracture when compared to adult acquired flatfoot without Achilles tendon contracture. Materials and Methods: The standing hindfoot alignment, standing lateral tibial-calcaneal angle, lateral talo-first metatarsal angle, lateral medial cuneiform arch height, and anteroposterior talonavicular coverage angle were measured in 22 patients with a clinical diagnosis of adult acquired flatfoot with one foot with clinical Achilles tendon contracture and one without that diagnosis. We compared the adult acquired flatfoot group to a control group of 15 patients with no foot or ankle deformities or previous foot or ankle surgeries. Results: In patients with flatfoot and Achilles tendon contracture, there was a significantly increased valgus hindfoot alignment, talo-first metatarsal angle, talonavicular coverage angle, tibiocalcaneal angle and a decreased arch height when compared to the control group. In all flatfeet, we found an increased tibiocalcaneal angle. In both flatfoot groups, an increasing tibiocalcaneal angle and an increasing talo-first metatarsal angle was correlated to a decreasing arch height. In adult acquired flatfoot without Achilles tendon contracture diagnosed by clinical exam, an increasing talonavicular coverage angle was correlated to an increasing talo-first metatarsal angle and a decreasing arch height. Conclusion: Adults with flatfoot and Achilles tendon contracture have a significantly increased standing hindfoot valgus alignment moment arm and other associated deformities. Level of Evidence: III, Comparative Series
Treatment of Calcaneal Osteomyelitis with Free Serratus Anterior Muscle Flap Transfer
Authors: Xu Xiang-Yang , Zhu Yuan , Liu Jin-Hao 
Published: November 2009

Background: Chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis is a difficult problem to eradicate. The infected bone and soft tissue can rarely be successfully treated conservatively. But after aggressive debridement, there is usually a large defect in the calcaneus and soft tissue. Free serratus anterior muscle flap can not only fill the defect but can help eliminate the infection of the bone and soft tissue. Materials and Methods: Thirteen patients with calcaneal osteomyelitis were treated with free serratus anterior muscle flap transfer and skin graft from 2000 to 2006. The mean patient age was 36 (range, 18 to 48) years. Four patients were women and nine were men. The followup averaged 34 months (range, 6 months to 6 years). Results: All flaps survived and there was no infection recurrence. The mean operation time was 6.3 ± 1.3 hours. Partial skin graft necrosis was found in one patient, which resolved uneventfully after another skin graft. There was minimal donor site morbidity. Winged scapula or dysfunction of the shoulder was not found in any of the patients. Conclusion: The serratus anterior muscle has many advantages owing to its anatomical features. We believe it is a good option for treatment of calcaneal osteomyelitis. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Combined Anterior and Posterior Athroscopic Portals for Loose Body Removal and Synovectomy for Synovial Condromatosis
Authors: Bojanic Ivan , Bergovec Marko , Smoljanovic Tomislav 
Published: November 2009

Background: Synovial chondromatosis is a rare disorder characterized by formation of cartilaginous bodies within the synovia of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae secondary to a synovial metaplastic process. Recent literature has described using only an anterior approach to the ankle for these patients. It is unclear how well, if at all, synovectomy of the posterior part of the ankle joint was performed. Most recurrences occur years after surgery, as a result of incomplete synovectomy. Materials and Methods: We treated five patients (mean age 31.6 years; range, 21 to 63; four male, one female) with synovial chondromatosis of the ankle. We performed arthroscopic loose body removal and total synovectomy using both posterior and anterior ankle arthroscopic portals. At latest followup of a mean of 34.2 (range, 13 to 58) months, the functional result was assessed with the AOFAS score. Results: The AOFAS score improved from a mean of 67 (range, 58 to 77) points to a mean of 94 (range, 77 to 100) points. Overall patient satisfaction was good to excellent. We noted only one minor complication when a loose body was lost in the subcutaneous tissue, and was removed two weeks after the arthroscopy. Conclusion: Our experience in this small group of patients seems to indicate that a 2 portal approach with total synovectomy and removal of loose bodies gives the best result and minimizes the risk of recurrence. Level of Evidence: IV, Retrospective Case Series
Life Tables of Two-Spotted Spider Mite <i>Tetranychus urticae</i> Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) and its Predator <i>Phytoseiulus persimilis</i> Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Hoque M Fazlul , Islam W , Khalequzzaman M 
Published: November 2009

Life table of Tetranychus urticae and Phytoseiulus persimilis on bean leaflets were studied under laboratory conditions in three seasons. For T. urticae the development time from egg to adult varied from 7 to 24 days and the highest immature mortality was 78.70 % in winter. Eggs laid by females were 88.1 eggs in autumn and 70.6 eggs in summer season. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was the highest (65.51) in autumn and 52.50 in summer. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was the highest (15.862) in autumn and 8.916 in summer. The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) and finite capacity for increase (λ) reached maximal values (0.1873 and 1.206) in autumn, whereas minimal values (0.056 and 1.058) were in winter season. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest in summer and double (3.701) days in autumn. The development time of P. persimilis from egg to adult varied from 5 to 14 days. The highest immature mortality was 60% in summer. Eggs laid by females were 39.4 eggs in autumn and 30.2 eggs in summer. The gross reproductive rate (GRR) was the highest (31.4) in autumn and 24.0 in summer. The net reproductive rate (Ro) was the highest (10.573) in autumn and 8.460 in winter. The intrinsic rates of increase (rm) and finite capacity for increase (λ) reached maximal values (0.1823 and 1.200) in summer, whereas minimal values (0.1025 and 1.108) were in winter. The mean generation time (T) was the shortest in summer. The results suggested that P. persimilis could develop and reproduce within a wide range of temperatures. Key words: Tetranychus urticae, Phytoseiulus persimilis, immature mortality, intrinsic rates of increase, reproductive rate, Survival DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3733 J. bio-sci. 16: 1-10, 2008
Fertility Life Tables of <i>Plastanoxus westwoodi</i> (Kieffer) (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) on <i>Cryptolestes pusillus</i> (Schon.) (Coleoptera: Cucujidae)
Authors: Rahman MM , Islam W , Ahmed KN 
Published: November 2009

Plastanoxus westwoodi is an efficient ectoparasitoid of larvae and pupae of the red flat grain beetle Cryptolestes pusillus. Fertility life tables and effects of host instar on life table parameters of P. westwoodi on C. pusillus were studied in the laboratory. Generally adult females lived for 13-16 days. Oviposition commenced on the 1st day of adult emergence and continued till death or 1-2 days before the death of a parasitoid. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) was found to be 0.2291 per female per day. The net reproductive rate (R0) was 64.07; the innate capacity for increase (rc) was 0.2096. The finite rate of increase (λ) was calculated as 1.4735 per female per day, while corrected generation time (T) was computed as 18.16 days. Key words: Plastanoxus westwoodi, Cryptolestes pusillus, Oviposition, Life table, Biological control DOI:10.3329/jbs.v16i0.3737 J. bio-sci. 16: 25-28, 2008