bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THREE‐WAY STRATIFICATION SAMPLING DESIGN WHEN ONE OF THE STRATIFYING VARIABLES IS TIME
Authors: Ali Ghazali Syed Shakir , Skinner Chris J. , Tahir M. H. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryBryant, Hartley & Jessen (1960)presented a two‐way stratification sampling design when the sample sizenis less than the number of strata. Their design was extended to a three‐way stratification case byChaudhary & Kumar (1988), but this design does not take into account serial correlation, which might be present as a result of the presence of a time variable. In this paper, a new sampling procedure is presented for three‐way stratification when one of the stratifying variables is time. The purpose of such a design is to take into account serial correlation. The variance of the unweighted estimator of the population mean with respect to a super population model is used as the basis for comparison. Simulation results show that the suggested design is more efficient than theChaudhary & Kumar (1988)design.
ARGUMENTS AGAINST PROMOTING ORGAN TRANSPLANTS FROM BRAIN‐DEAD DONORS, AND VIEWS OF CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE ON LIFE AND DEATH
Authors: ASAI ATSUSHI , KADOOKA YASUHIRO , AIZAWA KUNIKO 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTAs of 2009, the number of donors in Japan is the lowest among developed countries. On July 13, 2009, Japan's Organ Transplant Law was revised for the first time in 12 years. The revised and old laws differ greatly on four primary points: the definition of death, age requirements for donors, requirements for brain‐death determination and organ extraction, and the appropriateness of priority transplants for relatives.In the four months of deliberations in the National Diet before the new law was established, various arguments regarding brain death and organ transplantation were offered. An amazing variety of opinions continue to be offered, even after more than 40 years have elapsed since the first heart organ transplant in Japan. Some are of the opinion that with the passage of the revised law, Japan will finally become capable of performing transplants according to global standards. Contrarily, there are assertions that organ transplants from brain‐dead donors are unacceptable because they result in organs being taken from living human beings.Considering the current conditions, we will organize and introduce the arguments for and against organ transplants from brain‐dead donors in contemporary Japan. Subsequently, we will discuss the primary arguments against organ transplants from brain‐dead donors from the perspective of contemporary Japanese views on life and death. After introducing the recent view that brain death should not be regarded as equivalent to the death of a human being, we would like to probe the deeply‐rooted views on life and death upon which it is based.
Effects of chronic maltreatment and maltreatment timing on children’s behavior and cognitive abilities
Authors: Jaffee Sara R. , Maikovich‐Fong Andrea Kohn 
Published: August 2010

Background:  Chronic maltreatment has been associated with the poorest developmental outcomes, but its effects may depend on the age when the maltreatment began, or be confounded by co‐occurring psychosocial risk factors.Method:  We used data from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well‐Being (NSCAW) to identify four groups of children who varied in the timing, extent, and continuity of their maltreatment from birth to 9 years. Internalizing and externalizing problems, prosocial behavior, and IQ were assessed 21 months, on average, following the most recent maltreatment report.Results:  Children maltreated in multiple developmental periods had more externalizing and internalizing problems and lower IQ scores than children maltreated in only one developmental period. Chronically maltreated children had significantly more family risk factors than children maltreated in one developmental period and these accounted for maltreatment chronicity effects on externalizing and internalizing problems, but not IQ. The timing of maltreatment did not have a unique effect on cognitive or behavioral outcomes, although it did moderate the effect of maltreatment chronicity on prosocial behavior.Conclusion:  There is a need for early intervention to prevent maltreatment from emerging and to provide more mental health and substance use services to caregivers involved with child welfare services.
Assistant nurses working in care of older people: associations with sustainable work ability
Authors: Hägglund Karin M. , Helsing Christer , Sandmark Hélène 
Published: September 2010

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 325–332

Assistant nurses working in care of older people: associations with sustainable work ability Indicators of health have shown improvements in the Swedish working population during the past decades, but with the exception of low‐skilled women. Earlier research has shown that assistant nurses belong to an occupational group, which has the lowest share of individuals with long‐term health in the total Swedish workforce. Sick leave research has mostly focused on determining risk factors for the development of diseases and dysfunctions. In the process of acquiring knowledge about mechanisms for sick leave, it has become obvious that there is also a need to focus on what contributes to work ability. The aim in this study was to explore what promotes sustainable work ability in female assistant nurses working in care of older people. Associations between factors related to work, health, lifestyle and sustainable work ability were investigated in a cross‐sectional nested case–control study in a cohort of 366 female assistant nurses. Data were collected in self‐reports in a questionnaire. Odds ratios were calculated, and a multiple logistic regression analysis was performed with sustainable work ability as the dependent variable. Sustainable work ability was associated with good self‐rated health, a BMI <30, ability to sleep well, recuperation, low stress level, support from family and friends, being over 25 years of age at birth of the first child, and control over one’s own life in the ≥50 age group. In the logistic regression analysis, the significant associations were good self‐rated health, being over 25 years of age at the birth of the first child and recuperation. In conclusion, the study showed that self‐rated health and factors in private life are important for assistant nurse’s sustainable work ability over time. The results from this study could be applied in health promotion work for employees in the care sector to strengthen and enhance sustainable work ability.
Adenosine and inosine release during hypoxia in the isolated spinal cord of neonatal rats
Authors: Takahashi T , Otsuguro K , Ohta T , Ito S 
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Adenosine and inosine accumulate extracellularly during hypoxia/ischaemia in the brain and may act as neuroprotectants. In spinal cord, there is pharmacological evidence for increases in extracellular adenosine during hypoxia, but no direct measurements of purine release. Furthermore, the efflux pathways and origin of extracellular purines are not defined. To characterize hypoxia‐evoked purine accumulation, we examined the effect of acute hypoxia on the extracellular levels of adenosine and inosine in isolated spinal cords from rats.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Extracellular adenosine and inosine concentrations were assayed in an in vitro preparation of the isolated spinal cord of the neonatal rat by HPLC.KEY RESULTS The extracellular level of inosine was about 10‐fold higher than that of adenosine. Acute hypoxia (10 min) caused a temperature‐dependent increase in these two purines, which were inhibited by an increase in external Ca2+, but not by several inhibitors of efflux pathways or metabolic enzymes of adenine nucleotides. Inhibitors of adenosine deaminase or the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) abolished the hypoxia‐evoked increase in inosine but not adenosine. The inhibition of glial metabolism abolished the increase of both purines evoked by hypoxia but not by oxygen‐glucose deprivation, hypercapnia or an adenosine kinase inhibitor.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that hypoxia releases adenosine itself from intracellular sources. Inosine formed intracellularly may be released through ENTs. During hypoxia, astrocytes appear to play a key role in purine release from neonatal rat spinal cord.
A case of psoriatic arthritis without the appearance of psoriatic skin or nail lesions for 21 years
Authors: TANIGUCHI Atsuo , KAMATANI Naoyuki 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn some patients with psoriatic arthritis, arthritis may precede psoriatic skin lesions. In fact, psoriatic skin lesions may not develop for more than 10 years after the onset of arthritis. Making diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in such patients is therefore challenging. We describe a case with classic features of psoriatic arthritis without psoriatic skin or nail lesions for 21 years. We suggest that recognition of psoriatic arthritis sine psoriasis is important for selecting appropriate therapy to prevent joint damage.
Diagnostic utility of nailfold capillaroscopy
Authors: ROBERTS‐THOMSON P. J. , COX S. R. , WALKER J. G. , DUGAR M. , AHERN M. J. , SMITH M. D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAim:  To determine the diagnostic utility of qualitative nailfold capillaroscopy (NC) in a clinical setting.Methods:  One hundred and sixty‐seven patients, generally with Raynaud's phenomena of uncertain significance, were referred to an experienced operator for NC. NC was performed using low power wide field microscopy. Nailfold capillary arcades, number, calibre and presence of microbleeds were assessed on the third fourth and fifth nailfolds in each patient. Patients’ final diagnoses were determined by case note review following a mean of 6.6 years post‐initial NC.Results:  Nailfold capillaroscopy was considered abnormal in 86/167 patients (51%), suspicious in eight, technically unsatisfactory in two and normal in the remainder. In those 86 patients with abnormal findings the follow‐up diagnosis revealed scleroderma in 79, dermatomyositis in four and antisynthetase myositis in three. Three patients with suspicious findings also developed scleroderma. Of those 71 patients with initial normal NC only four were found to have developed scleroderma at follow‐up. For a diagnosis of scleroderma NC demonstrated a sensitivity of 95%, a specificity of 91%, a positive predictive value of 92% and a negative predictive value of 94%. Nailfold capillary microbleeds were also frequently observed in patients with scleroderma, but were less specific than capillary morphological changes.Conclusion:  Qualitative NC performed by an experienced operator is considered to have high diagnostic utility in the early assessment of patients with Raynaud's phenomena, and when abnormal, is highly suggestive of scleroderma, dermatomyositis or antisynthetase myositis.
Squamous‐cell carcinoma of the skin induced by cyclosporin in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: PIMENTA Emanuela Marques , CARDOZO Juliana Bahia , SANTIAGO Mittermayer B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) or its treatment with methotrexate has been associated with a higher incidence of lymphoma. We describe a 59‐year‐old white female diagnosed with ulcerative rectocolitis associated with deforming RA, refractory to various medications, who developed squamous cell carcinoma of the skin (SCC) after prolonged use of cyclosporin. To our knowledge, this represents the first reported case of SCC induced by the use of cyclosporin in a patient with RA.
The incidence of hip fracture in Malaysians above 50 years of age: variation in different ethnic groups
Authors: LEE Joon‐Kiong , KHIR Amir S. M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAims:  Hip fracture is frequently studied to reflect osteoporosis related fractures. The aim of this study was to look at ethnic differences in the incidence of hip fractures between the three races in Malaysia.Methods:  This was a retrospective study performed for the years 1996 and 1997. Data from hospitals treating hip fractures in elderly patients were collected throughout the whole country.Result:  The overall incidence of hip fractures was 90 per 100 000 individuals. Sixty‐three percent of patients presenting with hip fractures were Chinese. This was followed by Malays at 20% and Indians, 13%. Race‐specific incidence data showed that the fracture rates are highest among the Chinese (160 per 100 000) followed by Indians (150 per 100 000) and Malays (30 per 100 000). Females were twice as commonly affected compared to males. Race and sex‐specific incidence data showed that the incidence was highest among Chinese females (220 per 100 000), followed by Indian females (200 per 100 000). The age‐specific incidence was 500 per 100 000 for patients above 75 years, compared to 10 per 100 000 in those between 50 and 54 years.Conclusion:  Hip fractures are common in Malaysia. There are differences in hip fracture incidence depending upon ethnicity.
Sarah Bernhardt's ‘Doctor God’: Jean‐Samuel Pozzi (1846–1918)
Authors: DE COSTA Caroline , MILLER Francesca 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSamuel Pozzi was a major figure in the early development of modern gynaecological surgery. His textbook, A Treatise on Gynaecology, published in French in 1890 and rapidly translated into five other languages, was the first internationally acclaimed text integrating modern principles of anaesthesia, antisepsis, diagnosis, surgical technique and postoperative care, and in later editions remained a standard reference up to the 1930s. He was the author of more than 400 papers on gynaecological and general abdominal surgery and his technical expertise drew surgeons from all over the world to his theatre in the Hospital Broca, in one of the poorer parts of Paris. He was equally successful in several professional fields apart from medicine. However, his name is now little known in the English‐speaking world. This short biography aims to re‐introduce Pozzi to readers of English.
Pre‐induction sonographic assessment of the cervix in the prediction of successful induction of labour in nulliparous women
Authors: KEEPANASSERIL Anish , SURI Vanita , BAGGA Rashmi , AGGARWAL Neelam 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObjective:  To compare the efficacy of ultrasonographic cervical assessment with Bishop score before induction of labour in predicting the success of labour induction in nulliparous women.Methods:  This is a prospective study conducted in 138 women who underwent cervical assessment with transvaginal sonography followed by digital cervical assessment using Bishop score before induction of labour. Ultrasonographic parameters evaluated were cervical length, posterior cervical angle and funnelling were blinded to the managing physicians. Statistical analysis was carried out using Mann–Whitney test, χ2 test, receiver operating characteristics curves and logistic regression analysis.Results:  Induction of labour was successful in 106 (76.8%) of the women. Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated cervical length and posterior cervical angle assessed by transvaginal sonography as independent predictors of successful outcome after induction of labour. Neither Bishop score nor its individual parameters were found to be significant in the regression analysis. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for cervical length and posterior cervical angle was greater than that of the Bishop score in predicting a successful labour induction. The best cut‐off point for the parameters in receiver operating characteristics curve was 3.0 cm for cervical length and 100° for posterior cervical angle. Cervical length of 3.0 cm had a sensitivity of 84.9%, and a specificity of 90.6% and a posterior cervical angle of 100° with 65% and 72%, respectively.Conclusions:  Transvaginal sonographic assessment of cervical length and posterior cervical angle is better than conventional Bishop score in predicting successful labour induction in nulliparous women.
Maternal weight characteristics influence recurrence of fetal macrosomia in women with normal glucose tolerance
Authors: MAHONY Rhona , FOLEY Michael , MCAULIFFE Fionnuala , O’HERLIHY Colm 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between maternal weight characteristics and recurrence of macrosomia in 111 non‐diabetic women who delivered a second baby following primiparous delivery of a macrosomic infant (> 4500 g). Recurrence of fetal macrosomia was associated with greater maternal body mass index (P = 0.032), greater initial pregnancy weight (P < 0.05) and total weight gain during second pregnancy (P < 0.01). Women delivering a first macrosomic infant should avoid excessive weight gain before and during a subsequent pregnancy.
Does postoperative misoprostol use induce intestinal motility? A prospective randomised double‐blind trial
Authors: DEMIRCI Fuat , SOMUNKIRAN Asli , GUL Ozlem Kemik , DEMIRARAN Yavuz , OZDEMIR Ismail , GUL Ozgur Baris 
Published: August 2010

AbstractBackground: Misoprostol has been shown to increase colonic activity and decrease colonic transit time in chronic constipation patients.Aims: The aim of this prospective, randomised, double‐blind study was to examine the effectiveness of rectally administered misoprostol on inducing intestinal motility after gynaecological surgery.Methods: Eighty women who underwent hysterectomy were divided randomly into three groups. Group A received misoprostol 200µg rectally while group B received 400µg rectal misoprostol after surgery before leaving the operating room. Patients in group C received no drugs. Bowel sounds in four quadrants were checked every hour and possible side‐effects of misoprostol like nausea, vomiting, and distension were evaluated. The time interval between surgery and flatus pass and the need of analgesics were noted. Statistical analyses were done with Mann–WhitneyU‐test and χ2tests where available.Results: The time between surgery and presence of bowel sounds in four quadrants were similar in all groups (2.7 ± 1.6, 2.9 ± 1.2, 2.8 ± 1.3 h, for groups A, B, and C, respectively). No difference was observed in flatus pass time. The incidence of nausea was significantly increased in group B compared to controls (P < 0.01). Additional analgesic need was significantly higher in groups A and B when compared to controls (P < 0.05 andP < 0.01, for groups A and B, respectively).Conclusion: Rectally administered misoprostol does not improve intestinal motility in the early postoperative period and thus, it is not effective in providing early oral food intake. On the contrary, it causes distention that requires additional analgesics and vomiting that naturally limits oral diet intake.
Expression and promoter methylation status of mismatch repair gene hMLH1 and hMSH2 in epithelial ovarian cancer
Authors: ZHANG Hui , ZHANG Shiqian , CUI Jing , ZHANG Aifeng , SHEN Liang , YU Hao 
Published: August 2010

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between methylation and loss of hMLH1 and hMSH2 expression in ovarian cancer.Methods: We examined the methylation status of hMLH1 and hMSH2 promoter region by methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) in 56 primary ovarian cancer tissues and 20 normal ovarian tissues, the relationship between the methylation status of these two genes and clinicopathological characteristics were analysed. We then treated SKOV3 and 3AO ovarian cancer cell lines with the demethylating agent 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐dc). The hMLH1 and hMSH2 methylation was further assessed by MSP, and their mRNA expression was compared by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) before and after 5‐aza‐dc treatment in these two cell lines.Results: The methylation frequency of hMLH1 and hMSH2 was 30.4% (17 of 56) and 51.7% (29 of 56) in ovarian cancers, respectively, while no methylation was detected in normal ovarian tissues (P = 0.015). There is a significant correlation between hMLH1 promoter hypermethylation and histological grade (P = 0.028) as well as lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.003). Methylation of hMSH2 correlated with histological grade (P = 0.035) and lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.015). Besides, the methylation rates of hMSH2 were significantly higher in endometrioid adenocarcinoma tissues than in other pathological types of ovarian cancer. After 5‐aza‐dc treatment, the expression of hMLH1 and hMSH2 was reversed in two cell lines.Conclusion: Our results indicate that promoter hypermethylation is an important mechanism for loss of hMLH1 and hMSH2 expression in human ovarian cancer and may be a potential prognostic factor in ovarian cancer.
Thyroid function tests and thyroid autoantibodies in an unselected population of women undergoing first trimester screening for aneuploidy
Authors: McELDUFF Aidan , MORRIS Jonathan 
Published: August 2010

Context: Thyroid dysfunction in early pregnancy is associated with a number of adverse outcomes. Furthermore, the presence of thyroid autoantibodies has been associated with an increased risk of miscarriage.Objective: To determine the prevalence of thyroid autoantibodies and their effect on thyroid function tests in an unselected population of women in early pregnancy.Design and setting: Cross‐sectional study of samples that were collected for aneuploidy screening between 10 and 14 weeks gestation in Northern Sydney Area Health Service. Thyroid function tests (free T3, free T4 and thyroid‐stimulating hormone) and thyroid autoantibodies to thyroperoxidase and thyroglobulin were measured.Patients and methods: Thyroid function tests were performed on a random sample of 257 blood samples.Results: The presence of thyroid autoantibodies was common (18.3%) and was associated with subtle changes in thyroid function consistent with impaired thyroidal reserve.Conclusions: The prevalence of antithyroid Abs in an unselected pregnant population in the late first trimester was about 18%.
Explaining Domestic Violence Policy Outcomes in Chile and Argentina
Authors: Franceschet Susan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article explains why Chile has outperformed Argentina in policy responses to the problem of domestic violence. It argues that policy variation is due to both macro-level institutional features (state capacity and centralization) and to more contingent political factors that shape the structure, role, and resources of the women's policy agencies that coordinate and implement domestic violence policies. The initial design of Chile's National Women's Service has allowed it to act as a crucial “insider” ally to advocacy groups. In contrast, Argentina's National Women's Council has suffered repeated downgrading and loss of resources due to ideological conflicts and changes in government, rendering it unable to coordinate policy responses to domestic violence effectively or to act as an ally to advocates inside and outside the state seeking increased resources and more effective policy responses to violence against women.
Sustaining Labor-Environmental Coalitions: Banana Allies in Costa Rica
Authors: Frundt Henry J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWhat is required for sustaining an alliance between union and environmental activists? Applying grounded theory to a case study in the Costa Rican banana sector, this article reveals five historical phases. First, unions and environmentalists identify common opportunity structures for joint action. Second, a preexisting network becomes a resource for mobilization. Third, the new coalition engages in communicative action that leads to shared identity and cultural framing and a foundation for handling exogenous global forces. Market policy changes in the fourth phase stimulate a transnational activist network and framing linkages. Dramatic supply disruptions in the fifth precipitate autonomous organizational approaches that require reframing, identity extension, and flexibility. This study argues that the Costa Rican case can be generalized to other labor-environmental coalitions if such alliances create simple, open structures that agilely adapt to external opportunity structures and expand frames that encourage collaborative autonomy and dualistic collective definitions.