bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preingestive Detection of Tannins byChoristoneura fumiferana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Cardinal-Aucoin Michael , Bauce E , Albert P J 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is considered the most important pest threatening coniferous forests of eastern North America. Its major hosts are balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.)], white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss], red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.), and black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) Britton, Sterns and Poggenb.], all of which contain antiherbivore defensive compounds, including tannins. Tannins are known to act as feeding deterrents, digestibility reducers, and toxins in numerous insects and specifically to reduce growth and survival in the spruce budworm. Using two-choice feeding assays, we show that tannic acid deters spruce budworm feeding, whereas tannins extracted from white spruce and containing 97.8% condensed tannins stimulate it. Moreover, a dose-response relationship was demonstrated for both types of tannin. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a phagostimulatory role of condensed tannins in any insect. Tannic acid only deterred feeding when in solution with sucrose but remained undetected when in solution alone, whereas the condensed spruce tannins produced a positive response alone, and this response was increased by the addition of sucrose. Based on these results, we speculate that both types of tannins produce their respective effects through different mechanisms: tannic acid seems to interfere with sucrose detection, whereas spruce tannins can evidently stimulate feeding directly in this insect. For both types of tannins, the insects do not seem to be able to detect the 0.75% tannin concentration, suggesting a possible response threshold. Rearing insects on diets containing tannic acid revealed possible effects of aversion learning and of induction when tested in feeding assays with tannic acid and spruce tannins, respectively.
RECENT RESEARCH IN REINFORCED CONCRETE, AND ITS APPLICATION TO DESIGN. STRUCTURAL PAPER NO 26. (INCLUDES PHOTOGRAPHS).
Authors: BAKER A L L 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis The Paper presents a general plastic theory for the solution of statically indeterminate reinforced-concrete frameworks, and also for calculating the ultimate strength in bending of reinforced-concrete and pre-stressed-concrete beams, of both bonded and non-bonded types. The Author has attempted to avoid the use of complex mathematical methods by assuming that all bending strains have linear distribution. The neutral axis of members subject to bending is located by the ultimate strains at the extremities of the section for non-sustained load, and safe limiting values are determined by tests. The shape of the compression-stress distribution and the position of its centre of gravity are denoted by symbols for which safe limiting values are obtained experimentally. A plastic theory for the ultimate longitudinal bending strength of cylindrical shells is also presented. The Author indicates the distribution of longitudinal stress which causes maximum transverse bending stress so that, again, simplification is achieved by the use of safe limiting values which may be based on experimental evidence. Tests to destruction on pre-stressed beams and two cylindrical shells, and the methods employed for measuring strains by dial and electrical gauges, are described and also the procedure for determining, from the tests, safe limiting values of the factors which govern ultimate strength. The experimental work is not yet complete, but some of the results so far obtained are given. Final results will be given in an Addendum to the Paper. A new method of testing is described, in which a machine referred to as a bending-simulation machine, is used to obtain the fundamental stress-strain data required for calculations within the plastic range.
FURTHER EXPERIMENTS ON WAVE PRESSURES.
Authors: DENNY D F 
Published: June 2009

Snopsis Experimental investigation of the pressures exerted by waves breaking against a vertical wall has provided further numerical information in support of the theory published in 1939 by Bagnold, who concluded that an air pocket between the wave and the wall played a dominant part in the generation of shock pressures. Although many precautions were taken to obtain exactly constant waves, which were then allowed to break in calm water, the pressure observations varied greatly; however, by taking a large number of waves it was possible to apply statistical methods of analysis which showed that the pressures were substantially proportional to wave-height. The greatest pressures were exerted on the upper part of the wall and extended chiefly over the upper four-tenths of the wave height. Their duration was very brief, of the order of 0.001 second for the more intense shocks, and, as found by Bagnold, the product of pressure and duration tended to be constant. The impulse contained in the shock was relatively small compared with the ordinary impulse of reflexion of the whole wave, and did not exceed 0.07 of the momentum of the wave; but the pressure-rise was very rapid, and the Paper includes an estimate of the greatest rate of rise of pressure to be expected from sea-waves. The probability of true scaling-up of the model results is also discussed.
A METHOD FOR CALCULATING THE FAILURE LOAD FOR A FRAMED STRUCTURE SUBJECTED TO FLUCTUATING,LOADS.
Authors: NEAL B G , SYMONDS P S 
Published: June 2009

Synopsis When a rigidly-jointed framed structure is subjected to several loads, each of which can vary independently of the other loads between prescribed limits, a type of failure termed incremental collapse may have to be considered. As the loads vary, there is a possibility that certain peak-load combinations will follow one another in a sequence which will result in definite increments occurring in the permanent deformations of the structure. Repetition of this sequence will cause the same increments in the permanent deformations in the same sense, so that eventually large deformations will be built up, rendering the structure useless. This type of failure is distinct from the plastic collapse occurring under a single application of load which is usually considered as the basis of plastic design methods. Incremental collapse is discussed in the Paper, and a new general method for the determination of the values of the loads which cause this kind of failure is presented.
Regional reference variation provides ecologically meaningful protection criteria for northern World Heritage Site
Authors: Bowman Michelle , Spencer Paula , Dubé Monique , West David 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Unprecedented rates of resource development and climate change at northern latitudes coupled with a lack of baseline information limits our ability to set ecologically meaningful criteria needed to protect these inherently sensitive ecosystems. We surveyed water and sediment chemistry, community composition of benthic algae and invertebrates and fish, and condition of a sentinel fish species, slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus), in 2 rivers adjacent to metal mines and in 20 reference rivers in the headwaters of a World Heritage Site, the South Nahanni River Basin, NWT, Canada. The normal range (i.e., mean ± 2 standard deviations) of biological conditions in regional reference sites (grouped by community type) were used to set ecologically meaningful effect sizes. These effect sizes were used in noncentral hypotheses tests to assess the ecological condition of potentially impaired sites. Significant impairments at sites influenced by current and historical mining activity were indicative of mild enrichment (e.g., increased benthic abundance and sculpin condition) and bioaccumulation of metals (e.g., increased concentrations of Cu and Fe in muscle tissue of sculpin). Comparisons between our regional reference study and a concurrent upstream–downstream study showed that the sensitivity of biological endpoints was typically related to the impairment criteria used and not to the type of study design. Concentrations of metals such as Al, Cu, and Fe in river water at reference sites were above federal and regional guidelines, suggesting that these guidelines are not appropriate for the metal-rich headwaters of the South Nahanni River. The ephemerellid mayflies Drunella spinifera and Ephemerella maculata were present in 4 of our study sites; their occurrence had not previously been documented in the Yukon or Northwest Territories. Our results confirmed that the lack of baseline information on the physiochemical and biological composition of northern rivers is hampering our ability to evaluate changes in these understudied ecosystems. However, the use of noncentral hypotheses tests based on empirically derived effect sizes enabled us to develop ecologically meaningful protection criteria, maintain statistical rigor, and provide probabilities of impairment that can be used directly in risk assessment. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:12–27. © 2009 SETAC
Thresholds of toxicological concern for endocrine active substances in the aquatic environment
Authors: Gross Melanie , Daginnus Klaus , Deviller Genevieve , de Wolf Watze , Dungey Stephen , Galli Corrado , Gourmelon Anne , Jacobs Miriam , Matthiessen Peter , Micheletti Christian , Nestmann Earle , Pavan Manuela , Paya-Perez Ana , Ratte Hans-Toni , Safford Bob , Sokull-Klüttgen Birgit , Stock Frauke , Stolzenberg Hans-Christian , Wheeler James , Willuhn Marc , Worth Andrew , Zaldivar Comenges Jose Manuel , Crane Mark 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
The threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) concept proposes that an exposure threshold value can be derived for chemicals, below which no significant risk to human health or the environment is expected. This concept goes further than setting acceptable exposure levels for individual chemicals, because it attempts to set a de minimis value for chemicals, including those of unknown toxicity, by taking the chemical's structure or mode of action (MOA) into consideration. This study examines the use of the TTC concern concept for endocrine active substances (EAS) with an estrogenic MOA. A case study formed the basis for a workshop of regulatory, industry and academic scientists held to discuss the use of the TTC in aquatic environmental risk assessment. The feasibility and acceptability, general advantages and disadvantages, and the specific issues that need to be considered when applying the TTC concept for EAS in risk assessment were addressed. Issues surrounding the statistical approaches used to derive TTCs were also discussed. This study presents discussion points and consensus findings of the workshop. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:2–11. © 2009 SETAC
Environmental fate factors and human intake fractions for risk assessment of petroleum products
Authors: van de Meent Dik , Hollander Anne , Comber Michael , Parkerton Thomas 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Petroleum products may contain up to thousands of individual hydrocarbon compounds, which vary widely in environmental behavior and ecotoxicity. Environmental risk assessment of these complex substances is facilitated by use of the hydrocarbon block method (HBM). The HBM assigns similarly behaving hydrocarbons to the same blocks and then relates release rates of petroleum products to environmental concentrations and human intake rates by means of so-called environmental fate factors and human intake fractions of the hydrocarbon blocks. We have derived such fate factors and intake fractions and associated uncertainties with a library of representative hydrocarbon structures. Fate factors and intake fractions of over 1500 individual representative hydrocarbons have been modeled according to the EU Technical Guidance Documents. Fate factors and intake fractions for the chosen hydrocarbon blocks are then estimated from average values obtained for the individual compounds in the blocks. Fate factors and intake fractions of the hydrocarbon blocks vary by up to 10 orders of magnitude for the different emission scenarios and compartments/spatial scales. The highest fate factors are obtained for the exposure scenarios with the highest emission intensity (the local emission scenarios) and for the most direct exposure chain. Uncertainties introduced by the “blocking” method are typically smaller than 30% and rarely larger than a factor of 3. Various hydrocarbon blocking schemes of different resolution were tested, and all schemes investigated appeared to perform satisfactorily. The use of the library-based HBM was illustrated by assessing the aquatic ecological risk of gas oil, emitted to water. The aquatic risk characterization ratio of gas oil hydrocarbons in regional freshwater is estimated to be 6 × 10−5 per unit of emission (1 kg/d released 1:10:100 to local, regional, and continental scales, respectively), with an uncertainty of 32%. In view of other uncertainties in environmental risk assessment, the precision achieved with the procedure presented here is judged to be reasonable. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:135–144. © 2009 SETAC
Using data from drug discovery and development to aid the aquatic environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals: Concepts, considerations, and challenges
Authors: Winter Matthew J , Owen Stewart F , Murray-Smith Richard , Panter Grace H , Hetheridge Malcolm J , Kinter Lewis B 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Over recent years, human pharmaceuticals have been detected in the aquatic environment. This, combined with the fact that many are (by design) biologically active compounds, has raised concern about potential impacts in wildlife species. This concern was realized with two high-profile cases of unforeseen environmental impact (i.e., estrogens and diclofenac), which have led to a flurry of work addressing how best to predict such effects in the future. One area in which considerable research effort has been made, partially in response to regulatory requirements, has been on the potential use of preclinical and clinical pharmacological and toxicological data (generated during drug development from nonhuman mammals and humans) to predict possible effects in nontarget, environmentally relevant species: so-called read across. This approach is strengthened by the fact that many physiological systems are conserved between mammals and certain environmentally relevant species. Consequently, knowledge of how a pharmaceutical works (the “mode-of-action,” or MoA) in nonclinical species and humans could assist in the selection of appropriate test species, study designs, and endpoints, in an approach referred to as “intelligent testing.” Here we outline the data available from the human drug development process and suggest how this might be used to design a testing strategy best suited to the specific characteristics of the drug in question. In addition, we review published data that support this type of approach, discuss the potential pitfalls associated with read across, and identify knowledge gaps that require filling to ensure accuracy in the extrapolation of data from preclinical and clinical studies, for use in the environmental risk assessment of human pharmaceuticals. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2010; 6:38–51. © 2009 SETAC
Modeling Wettability Alteration by Surfactants in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Delshad Mojdeh , Najafabadi Nariman Fathi , Anderson Glen A. , Pope Gary A. , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Laboratory surfactant and hot-water floods have shown a great potential in increasing oil recovery for reservoirs that are naturally fractured and have low-permeability, mixed-wet matrix rocks. Fractured, mixed-wet formations usually have poor waterflood performance because the injected water tends to flow in the fractures and imbibition into the matrix is not very significant. Surfactants have been used to change the wettability for increasing the oil recovery by increased imbibition of the water into the rock matrix. The mechanisms for oil recovery are combined effects of reduced interfacial tension (IFT), reduced mobility ratio, and wettability alteration. The goal of this research is to adapt an existing numerical reservoir simulator to model chemical processes leading to wettability alteration in naturally fractured reservoirs. Surfactants have been used to change the wettability, with the goal of increasing the oil recovery by increased imbibition of the water into the rock matrix. Reservoir simulation is required to scale up the process from laboratory to field conditions, as well as to understand and interpret reservoir data. A chemical-flooding simulator is adapted to model improved-oil-recovery processes involving wettability alteration using surfactants. Multiple relative permeability and capillary pressure curves corresponding to different wetting states are used to model the wettability alteration. Simulations are performed to better understand and predict enhanced oil recovery as a function of wettability alteration, and to investigate the impact of uncertainties in the fracture and matrix properties, reservoir heterogeneity, matrix diffusion, buoyancy-driven flow, initial water saturation, and formation wettability. The proposed wettability-alteration model and its implementation were successfully validated against laboratory experiments. Upscaled simulations indicated the importance of matrix properties on the rate of imbibition. The oil recovery increases with an increase in matrix permeability and a decrease in matrix initial water saturation.
Gravity-Drainage and Oil-Reinfiltration Modeling in Naturally Fractured Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Ladron de Guevara-Torres J. Ernesto , Rodriguez-de la Garza Fernando , Galindo-Nava Agustin 
Published: June 2009

Summary
The gravity-drainage and oil-reinfiltration processes that occur in the gas-cap zone of naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs) are studied through single porosity refined grid simulations. A stack of initially oil-saturated matrix blocks in the presence of connate water surrounded by gas-saturated fractures is considered; gas is provided at the top of the stack at a constant pressure under gravity-capillary dominated flow conditions. An in-house reservoir simulator, SIMPUMA-FRAC, and two other commercial simulators were used to run the numerical experiments; the three simulators gave basically the same results.
Gravity-drainage and oil-reinfiltration rates, along with average fluid saturations, were computed in the stack of matrix blocks through time. Pseudofunctions for oil reinfiltration and gravity drainage were developed and considered in a revised formulation of the dual-porosity flow equations used in the fractured reservoir simulation.
The modified dual-porosity equations were implemented in SIMPUMA-FRAC (Galindo-Nava 1998; Galindo-Nava et al. 1998), and solutions were verified with good results against those obtained from the equivalent single porosity refined grid simulations. The same simulations—considering gravity drainage and oil reinfiltration processes—were attempted to run in the two other commercial simulators, in their dual-porosity mode and using available options. Results obtained were different among them and significantly different from those obtained from SIMPUMA-FRAC.
Stability Criteria for Thermal Adaptive Implicit Compositional Flows
Authors: Moncorgé Arthur , Tchelepi Hamdi A. 
Published: June 2009

Summary
Linear stability analysis is performed for thermal/compositional displacement processes, and a concise statement of the stability limits is given. The discrete formulation is based on standard (low-order) space- and time-discretization schemes of the mass- and energy-conservation equations, which are widely used in general-purpose reservoir simulators. The analysis is applicable for thermal multicomponent multiphase flows and accounts for mass and heat convection, heat conduction, fluid compressibility, gravity, and capillarity. The derived stability limits reduce to those presented by Coats (2003a, 2003b) for isothermal compositional systems. The thermal-adaptive-implicit method (TAIM) stability criteria are tested thoroughly using a flexible thermal/compositional reservoir simulator based on the natural variable-set formulation. These numerical tests indicate that the obtained stability limits are quite sharp for a wide range of the parameter space. Specifically, small violations of these limits lead to unstable solutions for temperature and saturations. Moreover, small violations of the stability limits lead to significant deviations from reference solutions, and large persistent violations lead to completely unstable numerical results. Detailed analysis and extensive numerical testing indicate that a TAIM-based formulation, which uses the stability limits derived here as adaptive local criteria to decide whether to treat a variable as implicit or explicit, is a very promising approach for efficient simulation of thermal/compositional problems.
Interactions between canthaxanthin and lipid membranes — possible mechanisms of canthaxanthin toxicity
Authors: Sujak Agnieszka 
Published: June 2009

AbstractCanthaxanthin (β, β-carotene 4, 4′ dione) is used widely as a drug or as a food and cosmetic colorant, but it may have some undesirable effects on human health, mainly caused by the formation of crystals in the macula lutea membranes of the retina. This condition is called canthaxanthin retinopathy. It has been shown that this type of dysfunction of the eye is strongly connected with damage to the blood vessels around the place of crystal deposition. This paper is a review of the experimental data supporting the hypothesis that the interactions of canthaxanthin with the lipid membranes and the aggregation of this pigment may be the factors enhancing canthaxanthin toxicity towards the macula vascular system. All the results of the experiments that have been done on model systems such as monolayers of pure canthaxanthin and mixtures of canthaxanthin and lipids, oriented bilayers or liposomes indicate a very strong effect of canthaxanthin on the physical properties of lipid membranes, which may explain its toxic action, which leads to the further development of canthaxanthin retinopathy.