bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on grapes under semi‐arid tropical climatic conditions
Authors: Mohapatra Soudamini , Ahuja Ashok K , Deepa M , Jagadish GK , Prakash GS , Kumar Sampath 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND: A mixture of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole is excellent in controlling both powdery and downy mildew of grapes. The objective of the present work was to study the behaviour of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on grape berries and soil following treatment with Nativo 75 WG, a formulation containing both fungicides (trifloxystrobin 250 + tebuconazole 500 g kg−1). This study was carried out for planned registration of this mixture for use on grapes in India.RESULTS: Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on grapes were below their maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.5 and 2 mg kg−1, respectively, when Nativo 75 WG was applied at the recommended dose of 175 g product ha−1. The residues dissipated gradually to 0.02 and 0.05 mg kg−1 by 30 days, and were below the quantifiable limit of 0.01 mg kg−1 at the time of harvest (60 days after the last treatment). Trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole dissipated at a pre‐harvest interval (PHI) of 36 and 34 days, respectively, from the recommended treatment dose. The acid metabolite of trifloxystrobin, CGA 321 113, was not detected in grape berries at any point in time. Soil at harvest was free of any pesticide residues.CONCLUSION: Residue levels of both trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole were below MRLs when grapes were harvested 30 days after the last of four applications of 175 g product ha−1 (trifloxystrobin 44 g AI ha−1, tebuconazole 88 g AI ha−1) under the semi‐arid tropical climatic conditions of India. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Improving current spreading of GaN‐based LEDs by N ‐pad current surrounding design
Authors: Tsai Chun‐Fu , Su Yan‐Kuin , Lin Chun‐Liang 
Published: May 2010

AbstractIn this report, the motivation of why we attempt to design current spreading, or current surrounding, is try to provide other current paths, expect to improve the current spreading of LEDs and get lower forward voltage at the same time. Attempt to avoid the trade‐off between p ‐electrode area for uniform current spreading and emitting area for light output of LEDs.Compared to reference LEDs, we can find that the light output intensity of chips with n ‐pad current surrounding design will decay at higher current injection. This can be attributed to the metal on pitch we design, with better current spreading and much metal area connected to n ‐pad, so less current crowding effect and less heat‐accumulation in chips (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cyan and green light emitting diode on non‐polar m ‐plane GaN bulk substrate
Authors: Detchprohm Theeradetch , Zhu Mingwei , You Shi , Li Yufeng , Zhao Liang , Preble Edward A. , Paskova Tanya , Hanser Drew , Wetzel Christian 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe report the development of non‐polar light emitting diodes (LEDs) covering the emission spectra from 480 to 520 nm (dominant wavelength), i.e. from cyan to the green region. The devices are obtained via GaInN‐based homoepitaxy on non‐polar m ‐plane GaN bulk substrate. Owing to the absence of piezoelectric polarization, these LEDs exhibit stable emission color with a wavelength shift less than 3 nm when the drive current density is changed from 0.1–30 A/cm2. However, we observe a decreasing electroluminescence efficiency as the emission wavelengths increases from cyan to green. We tentatively attribute this to a higher density of defects in the longer wavelength structures. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth mechanism of catalyst‐free [0001] GaN and AlN nanowires on Si by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Landré O. , Fellmann V. , Jaffrennou P. , Bougerol C. , Renevier H. , Daudin B. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractReal‐time in‐situ X‐rays scattering experiments were performed to study the nucleation process of GaN nanowires grown by plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy on AlN(0001)/Si(111). From the comparison between the case of nanowires and the case of GaN quantum dots, it is concluded that nanowire precursor islands are completely relaxed from the beginning. Next, based on high resolution electron microscopy analysis, it is demonstrated that relaxation of nanowire precursors is associated to formation of dislocations at the AlN/GaN interface, establishing that three‐dimensional islanding and plastic strain relaxation of GaN are two necessary conditions for nanowire growth. Along the same lines, we demonstrate that three‐dimensional islanding of AlN on SiO2 leads to formation of AlN nanowires with structural and optical properties characteristic of high quality relaxed material (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quaternary nitride heterostructure field effect transistors
Authors: Rahimzadeh Khoshroo L. , Ketteniss N. , Mauder C. , Behmenburg H. , Woitok J. F. , Booker I. , Gruis J. , Heuken M. , Vescan A. , Kalisch H. , Jansen R. H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe report on AlInGaN/AlN/GaN heterostructures on 2′ sapphire substrates with different compositions grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE). High‐resolution X‐Ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements allowed a reliable thickness determination and indicated sharp interfaces. HRXRD mappings showed good quality and single‐phase growth in all barrier layers. At room temperature, the samples yielded average two‐dimensional carrier densities in the range of 1.51 – 1.81 × 1013 cm‐2, systematically decreasing with rising GaN content in the barrier layer. Room temperature (RT) mobilities up to 1790 cm2/Vs were measured. When cooled to 77 K, the sheet resistivity decreased to 37% of the RT value at no noticeable change of ns. Atomic force microscopy reveals very low roughness and improved step‐flow morphology. Further processing yielded high electron mobility transistors exhibiting a transconductance of around 265 mS/mm for all samples and drain currents ranging from 848 mA/mm to 1051 mA/mm at 0 V gate voltage (Lg = 1 μm) (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dislocation density assessment via X‐ray GaN rocking curve scans
Authors: Booker I. , Rahimzadeh Khoshroo L. , Woitok J. F. , Kaganer V. , Mauder C. , Behmenburg H. , Gruis J. , Heuken M. , Kalisch H. , Jansen R. H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe line shape of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) rocking curves of GaN layers grown epitaxially on (0001) oriented sapphire substrates is analyzed. Measurements performed with double‐ and triple‐crystal setup show a q‐3 and q‐4 intensity decay, respectively, as expected for peak broadening dominated by randomly distributed dislocations. A model developed in [2], based on a restricted random dislocation distribution is fitted to the entire peak shape and used to extract dislocation densities and correlation lengths for edge and screw type threading dislocations. Parameters extracted by double‐ and triple‐crystal x‐ray diffraction measurements agree well with each other but still must be verified by systematic cross‐sectional TEM measurements. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
P‐type doping of semipolar GaN(11$ \bar 2 $2) by plasma‐assisted molecular‐beam epitaxy
Authors: Das A. , Lahourcade L. , Pernot J. , Valdueza‐Felip S. , Ruterana P. , Laufer A. , Eickhoff M. , Monroy E. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractWe report the effect of Mg doping on the growth kinetics of semipolar GaN(11‐22) synthesized by plasma‐assisted molecular‐beam epitaxy. Mg tends to segregate on the surface, inhibiting the formation of the self‐regulated Ga film which is used as a surfactant for the growth of undoped and Si‐doped GaN(11‐22). As a result, the growth widow is reduced for Mg doped layers, and we observe a certain deterioration of the surface morphology. In spite of this difficulties, homogenous Mg incorporation is achieved and layers display p ‐type conductivity for Mg atomic concentration higher than 7×1018 cm‐3. Microscopy studies show no evidence of the pyramidal defects or polarity inversion domains found in Mg‐doped GaN(0001). (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of field emitters using GaN particles
Authors: Minakuchi Yuichiro , Neo Yoichiro , Mimura Hidenori , Hara Kazuhiko 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe field emission from GaN particles has been demonstrated successfully for the first time. The novel field emitting device has a simple structure consisting of an electrically conductive polymer layer and GaN particles spread randomly on it. The GaN particles used for this device, which were synthesized in advance by the two‐stage vapor phase method, have vertices and ridges formed by well‐developed crystal planes. The electron emission started at an electric field of about 20 V/μm, and the current reached 10 nA at 28 V/μm. The maximum current density was 0.26 mA/cm2at 43 V/μm. The Fowler‐Nordheim (F‐N) plot of the I ‐V data indicated that the observed electron emission is originated from the F‐N tunneling. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Downstream effects of diversion dams on sediment and hydraulic conditions of Rocky Mountain streams
Authors: Baker D. W. , Bledsoe B. P. , Albano C. M. , Poff N. L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractReduced streamflow via flow diversion has the potential to limit the sediment‐transport capacity of downstream channels and lead to accumulation of fine sediments and habitat degradation. To investigate, we examined the effects of variable levels of flow diversion on fine‐sediment deposition, hydraulic conditions and geomorphic alteration. Our study consisted of a detailed field analysis pairing reaches above and below diversion dams on 13 mountain streams in north‐central Colorado and southern Wyoming USA. Diversions are ubiquitous across the American West, yet previous comparative studies on the effects of flow diversion have yielded mixed results. Through application of strict site‐selection criteria, multiple fine‐sediment measures, and an intensive sampling scheme, this study found that channels downstream of diversions contained significantly more fine sediment and slow‐flowing habitat as compared to upstream control reaches. Susceptibility to fine‐sediment accumulation was associated with decreasing basin size, decreasing bankfull depth and smaller d84, and it appears to be magnified in streams of less than 3% slope. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotope analysis reveals food web structure and watershed impacts along the fluvial gradient of a Mesoamerican coastal river
Authors: Winemiller Kirk O. , Hoeinghaus David J. , Pease Allison A. , Esselman Peter C. , Honeycutt Rodney L. , Gbanaador Donmale , Carrera Elizabeth , Payne Josiah 
Published: May 2010

AbstractEcosystem processes and biological community structure are expected to change in a relatively predictable manner along fluvial gradients within river basins. Such predictions are heavily based on temperate rivers, and food web variation along fluvial gradients in Mesoamerican rivers has received limited attention. In this study, we analyzed carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of basal carbon sources and dominant consumer species to examine aquatic food web structure along the fluvial gradient of the Monkey River Basin, Belize. Similar to previous studies in other regions, consumer species richness and functional diversity increased along the downstream fluvial gradient, due in part to the addition of estuarine species in lower reaches and increasing diversity of piscivorous species along the gradient. Aquatic food webs in upstream reaches were primarily supported by allochthonous production sources, and in‐stream sources increased in importance along the downstream gradient. Our study system traversing the Maya Mountain Marine Area Transect also provided a unique opportunity to test the utility of primary consumer δ15N as an indicator of watershed impacts within a tropical basin with a diverse biota and a different type of agricultural impact than typically studied (i.e. banana plantations vs. tilled row cropping). As expected, primary consumer δ15N at sites draining impacted watersheds was enriched compared to values from forested reference sites. Assessment of primary consumer δ15N may be a feasible option for monitoring watershed impacts on aquatic food webs in service of the ridge‐to‐reef conservation strategy adopted for this watershed as well as in other tropical river basins. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sustainable development as a community of practice: insights from rural water projects in Egypt
Authors: Armanios Daniel Erian 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA community‐of‐practice (CoP) approach is used to analyze rural water sustainability. In combining CoP with the capability approach (CA), a dichotomy is generated between project goals and project practices and whether they are locally or externally driven. Four possible project scenarios are developed from this framework: empowerment (local goals and practices), apprenticeship (local practices and external goals), assistencialism (external practices and local goals) and determinism (external goals and practices). A novel arrangement of indicators is used that incorporates economic (costs), environmental (natural resources) and engineering (skills) sustainability. A meta‐synthesis of 23 Egyptian rural water projects indicates that sustainability potential should optimize environmental and engineering sustainability on one hand, with economic sustainability on the other. The policy implication is that managing a series of village‐level water projects at a regional level best achieves both economy of scale and adequate cultivation of local practices. However, such a policy is only possible if national institutions enable decentralized regional governance. If institutions resist decentralization, institutional incentives are likely necessary to ensure a more enabling environment. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Surface characterization of activated carbons obtained from olive bagasse by chemical activation
Authors: Demiral İlknur , Demiral Hakan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this study, activated carbons were prepared from olive bagasse by chemical activation using H3PO4. Chemical activation was carried out by mixing the solution of H3PO4 and olive bagasse with a chemical agent/waste ratio (wt/wt) varying from 1 to 4. The carbonization treatment was performed at 400, 500, 600 and 700 °C. The pore properties including surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution and average pore diameter of the activated carbons were determined by N2 adsorption at 77 K using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), t‐plot and density functional theory (DFT) methods. The highest surface area and total pore volume of the activated carbon were 936 m2/gand 0.598 cm3/g, respectively. The pore size distribution showed that the activated carbons include both micro and mesopores. Under the experimental conditions employed, a carbonization temperature of 400 °C with an impregnation ratio of 4 was found to be suitable for producing activated carbon of high surface area. Surface morphologies of the olive bagasse and the activated carbon were investigated by SEM. According to the experimental results, olive bagasse is a suitable raw material for activated carbon production. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing the IR spectra of H‐terminated inner and outer silicon surfaces
Authors: Romano E. , Cerofolini G. F. , Narducci D. , Galati C. , Renna L. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAn array of nanocavities in silicon offers an inner surface defined by nearly flat, highly ordered, planes which can be passivated by hydrogen injection from aqueous solution of HF. The infrared spectrum shows that the inner surface is mainly constituted by monohydrides in different morphologies. The corresponding signals are very narrow (full width at half maximum at room temperature below 5 cm−1, depending on the line), this being evidence for high local order. Such an inner surface can be used as a benchmark for the assignment of infrared signals observed on outer surfaces, where the sources of errors—and the consequent uncertainty in the spectral attribution—may be large. The comparison between the spectra from a well‐characterized external Si(1 0 0) surface and from an internal one (in both cases hydrogen‐terminated) has allowed a better qualification of the external surface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SIMS using negative primary ion bombardment
Authors: Pillatsch L. , Wirtz T. , Migeon H.‐N. , Scherrer H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry (D–SIMS) is an extremely powerful analysis technique for studying surfaces and thin films. The development of ion sources using electronegative elements is necessary to optimize the analysis of the electropositive elements. In this paper, we present SIMS analyses carried out with an F− primary ion beam. We discuss the performance of the duoplasmatron ion source operated with different gas mixtures in order to extract F− primary ions. The brightness of the F− ion beam was calculated and found to be superior to that obtained with an O− ion beam. Finally, we compare the useful yields of positive secondary ions obtained with F− bombardment to those determined for O− primary ions. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titanium layers on aluminum bond pads: Characterisation of thin layers on rough substrates
Authors: Puchner S. , Zechmann A. , Detzel Th. , Hutter H. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA big challenge in the semiconductor industry is to control surface contamination, especially on bond pads, since they might take influence on bond wire adhesion and reliability behavior. The impact of fluorine and organic contamination on wire bonding is already well documented.1Nevertheless, the influence of metal contamination has not yet been investigated in detail.As titanium contamination has been found on bond pad surfaces, owing to some manufacturing process steps, this presentation concerns preliminary investigations on titanium‐contaminated aluminum structures.Titanium layers of different thicknesses in the nanometer range have been deposited by means of physical vapor deposition, either directly after aluminum deposition, or after an air break, in order to study their influence on wire bond quality in a systematic manner.Depth profile measurements have been carried out by means of TOF‐SIMS. In order to study the oxide and the titanium distribution, those measurements have been performed in positive and negative modes.To overcome the big challenge to distinguish between the thicknesses of thin layers in the nanometer scale, depth profiling parameters were optimized regarding signal intensities.This work deals with our analytical results and shows the possibility to clearly identify nanoscale layers and interdiffusion areas between different materials by enhanced depth resolution. In the near future, we will quantitatively investigate the impact of different titanium contaminations on bond pads on the adherence of Al‐wedge bonds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced dendritic availability of μ‐opioid receptors in inhibitory neurons of the extended amygdala in mice deficient in the corticotropin‐releasing factor‐1 receptor
Authors: Jaferi Azra , Zhou Ping , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractActivation of the corticotropin‐releasing factor‐1 (CRF‐1) receptor in the anterolateral BNST (BSTal), a key subdivision of the extended amygdala, elicits opiate‐seeking behavior exacerbated by stress. However, it is unknown whether the presence of CRF‐1 affects expression of the μ‐opioid receptor (μ‐OR) in the many GABAergic BSTal neurons implicated in the stress response. We hypothesized that deletion of the CRF‐1 receptor gene would alter the density and/or subcellular distribution of μ‐ORs in GABAergic neurons of the BSTal. We used electron microscopy to quantitatively examine μ‐OR immunogold and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoperoxidase labeling in the BSTal of CRFr‐1 knockout (KO) compared to wild‐type (WT) mice. To assess regional specificity, we examined μ‐OR distribution in dorsal striatum. The μ‐ORs in each region were predominantly localized in dendrites, many of which were GABA‐immunoreactive. Significantly, more cytoplasmic μ‐OR gold particles per dendritic area were observed selectively in GABA‐containing dendrites of the BSTal, but not of the dorsal striatum, in KO compared to WT mice. In both regions, however, significantly fewer GABA‐immunoreactive axon terminals were present in KO compared to WT mice. Our results suggest that the absence of CRF‐1 results in enhanced expression and/or dendritic trafficking of μ‐ORs in inhibitory BSTal neurons. They also suggest that the expression of CRF‐1 is a critical determinant of the availability of GABA in functionally diverse brain regions. These findings underscore the complex interplay between CRF, opioid, and GABA systems in limbic and striatal regions and have implications for the role of CRF‐1 in influencing the pharmacological effects of opiates active at μ‐ORs. Synapse 65:8–20, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feedback‐based multi‐layered STBC system for MIMO multi‐cellular networks with cochannel interference
Authors: Wang Jui Teng 
Published: May 2010

AbstractA feedback‐based multi‐layered STBC (MLSTBC) system, which is adapted to cochannel interference, is proposed. This system can adjust its transmitter configuration so that the largest throughput for the given SINR is obtained, also, it can use joint beamforming and power control to minimize cochannel interference so that the throughput requirement is satisfied. We propose an iterative algorithm to realize joint beamforming and power control for the feedback‐based MLSTBC system, and in this algorithm, we derive the required SINR and the corresponding transmitter configuration for attaining the throughput requirement. Some properties and simulation results are presented, they show that the proposed algorithm helps the feedback‐based MLSTBC system increase the probability of the success in meeting the throughput requirement, also they show that the feedback‐based MLSTBC system results in larger throughput than MLSTBC (with fixed transmitter configuration), STBC, and V‐BLAST. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributed grid‐type architectures
Authors: Alnoshan Abdullah A. , Rotenstreich Shmuel 
Published: May 2010

AbstractResearch advances in the distributed computing have led to grid computing, which unlike many other areas of distributed computing focuses on large‐scale resource sharing and discovery for better performance. Traditionally, grid computing has been performed in a client/server format. However, recent advances in the area of peer‐to‐peer computing have brought a paradigm shift in the field of distributed systems and have forced researchers in the area of grid computing to discuss peer‐to‐peer grids. In this article, we will review the work done in the area of grid computing and discuss peer‐to‐peer grids with a focus on a framework that provides incentive to the participating resources in a peer‐to‐peer grid environment. The framework provides the basis for defining a utility function that is used by participating nodes to efficiently allocate the resources that are available in a system. We finish by mentioning the evolving area of cloud computing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.This article is categorized under:Software for Computational Statistics > High Performance Software