bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A phase II, multicenter, open‐label study evaluating dosing and preliminary safety and efficacy of canakinumab in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis with active systemic features
Authors: Ruperto Nicolino , Quartier Pierre , Wulffraat Nico , Woo Patricia , Ravelli Angelo , Mouy Richard , Bader‐Meunier Brigitte , Vastert Sebastiaan J. , Noseda Emanuele , D'Ambrosio Daniele , Lecot Jean , Chakraborty Abhijit , Martini Alberto , Chioato Andrea ,   Paediatric Rheumatology International Clinical Trials Organisation
Published: September 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo assess dosing, preliminary safety, and efficacy of canakinumab, a fully human anti–interleukin‐1β (anti–IL‐1β) antibody, in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and active systemic features.MethodsIn this phase II, multicenter, open‐label, dosage‐escalation study, children with systemic JIA who were ≥4 years of age, had fever, and were receiving ≤0.4 mg/kg/day of corticosteroids were administered a single subcutaneous dose of canakinumab, 0.5–9 mg/kg of body weight, and were redosed upon relapse. Response to treatment was assessed according to an adaptation of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) pediatric criteria for improvement.ResultsA total of 23 children ages 4–19 years with active disease were enrolled. Of these, 1 patient was excluded from analysis, and 3 of the reenrolled patients were included twice in the efficacy analysis. By day 15 of the first treatment cycle, 15 of 25 patients (60%) had achieved an adapted ACR Pediatric 50 response, with 4 of them achieving inactive disease status. Response was sustained over time, with 11 of 13 patients able to maintain their response throughout the study. In 8 of the 11 responders who had been receiving steroids at baseline, the steroid dosage was decreased from a mean of 0.38 mg/kg/day to 0.13 mg/kg/day over the first 5 months, and 4 of them were able to discontinue steroids. At a dose of 4 mg/kg of canakinumab given subcutaneously every 4 weeks, the median percentage of patients predicted to relapse within 4 weeks was estimated to be 6% (95% confidence interval 1–21). Therapy was generally well tolerated and few patients experienced injection‐site reactions.ConclusionCanakinumab has a promising preliminary safety and efficacy profile in this limited cohort. Based on the findings of this trial, further studies in a larger population of children with systemic JIA are warranted.
Silk tape nanostructure and silk gland anatomy of trichoptera
Authors: Ashton Nicholas N. , Taggart Daniel S. , Stewart Russell J. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCaddisflys (order Trichoptera) construct elaborate protective shelters and food harvesting nets with underwater adhesive silk. The silk fiber resembles a nanostructured tape composed of thousands of nanofibrils (∼ 120 nm) oriented with the major axis of the fiber, which in turn are composed of spherical subunits. Weaker lateral interactions between nanofibrils allow the fiber to conform to surface topography and increase contact area. Highly phosphorylated (pSX)4 motifs in H‐fibroin blocks of positively charged basic residues are conserved across all three suborders of Trichoptera. Electrostatic interactions between the oppositely charged motifs could drive liquid–liquid phase separation of silk fiber precursors into a complex coacervates mesophase. Accessibility of phosphoserine to an anti‐phosphoserine antibody is lower in the lumen of the silk gland storage region compared to the nascent fiber formed in the anterior conducting channel. The phosphorylated motifs may serve as a marker for the structural reorganization of the silk precursor mesophase into strongly refringent fibers. The structural change occurring at the transition into the conducting channel makes this region of special interest. Fiber formation from polyampholytic silk proteins in Trichoptera may suggest a new approach to create synthetic silk analogs from water‐soluble precursors. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 97: 432–445, 2012.
Determination of enalapril and enalaprilat in small human serum quantities for pediatric trials by HPLC–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ramusovic Sergej , Thielking Gabriele , Läer Stephanie 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTThe angiotensin converting enzyme‐inhibitor enalapril is the prodrug of enalaprilat and used in the treatment pediatric hypertension and chronic heart failure. Pharmacokinetic data are lacking to provide adequate dosing and for pediatric pharmacotherapeutical trials it is imperative to minimize sample volume. Therefore an HPLC‐tandem mass spectrometry (MS) method for the determination of enalapril and enalaprilat in 100 μL of human serum was developed and validated with benazepril as internal standard (IS). After solid‐phase extraction, chromatography was performed on a Luna® RP‐C18(2) column with methanol–water–formic acid (65:35:1, v/v/v) as mobile phase and a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The MS was set to positive‐mode electrospray ionization and multiple reaction monitoring, analyzing the m/z transitions channels 377.3 → 234.2, 349.3 → 206.1 and 425.3 → 351.2 for enalapril, enalaprilat and IS. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 1.61–206 ng/mL (enalapril) and 1.84–236 ng/mL (enalaprilat) with coefficients of determination >0.99. Relative standard deviations of intra‐ and inter‐run precisions were below 7% and relative errors were below 6 ± 7% for both analytes. Also stabilities were acceptable for both analytes. As an application example, concentrations of enalapril and enalaprilat in serum after oral administration of 20 mg enalapril maleat in a healthy volunteer were determined. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Carbonation and Sulfation of CaO in Oxy‐Fuel CFB Combustion
Authors: Wang C. , Jia L. , Tan Y. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractFor anthracites and petroleum cokes, the typical combustion temperature in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) is > 900 °C. At CO2 concentrations of 80–85 % (typical of oxy‐fuel CFBC conditions), limestone still calcines. When the ash which includes unreacted CaO cools to the calcination temperature, carbonation of fly ash deposited on cool surfaces may occur. At the same time, indirect and direct sulfation of limestone also will occur, possibly leading to more deposition. In this study, CaO was carbonated and sulfated simultaneously in a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) under conditions expected in an oxy‐fuel CFBC. It was found that temperature, and concentrations of CO2, SO2, and especially H2O are important factors in determining the carbonation/sulfation reactions of CaO.
Experimental and Numerical Studies of the Flow Field in a Stirred Tank Equipped with Multiple Side‐Entering Agitators
Authors: Fang J. , Ling X. , Sang Z.‐F. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe flow field and the macro‐mixing process in a stirred tank equipped with four side‐entering agitators were investigated experimentally and numerically. Experiments were conducted using two‐dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements to characterize the flow field at different positions in the vessel. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was performed by the software Fluent 6.3, using the standard k‐ϵ turbulent model and the multiple reference frame together with the sliding mesh technique. The macro‐mixing process was also discussed using CFD and decolorization experiments. The effects of the tracer detection positions and some mounting parameters in the mixing system were discussed. The results show that the mixing process was dominated by the flow field pattern in the stirred tank. According to the mixing times under different conditions using CFD simulation, the mounting parameters including inclination angle, plunging length and mounting height of the shaft were optimized.
Combining Different Frequencies for Electrical Heating of Saturated and Unsaturated Soil Zones
Authors: Roland U. , Holzer F. , Kopinke F.‐D. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn situ electrical heating of soil was studied applying different frequencies: low‐frequency energy for resistive heating and radio‐frequency energy for dielectric heating. Steep temperature gradients were observed for each heating mode under the condition of the coexistence of saturated and unsaturated soil zones. By combining the two heating modes, this undesired effect can be avoided, thus allowing efficient soil remediation especially when organic phases are accumulated at the capillary fringe. A parallel application of both frequencies was demonstrated as the most suitable method to reduce temperature gradients. By using electronic filters, both electric fields can be established by only one electrode array. This innovative concept is especially applicable for optimizing thermal remediation of light non‐aqueous phase liquid contaminations or realizing thermally‐enhanced electrokinetic removal of heavy metals.
Self‐Report Reasons for Alcohol Use in Bipolar Disorders: Why Drink Despite the Potential Risks?
Authors: McDonald Jennifer L. , Meyer Thomas D. 
Published: September 2011

High rates of alcohol use and misuse are commonly reported for bipolar disorder (BD) and in many cases, these impact detrimentally on the course and treatment of the disorder. Therefore, knowing the reasons individuals with a diagnosis of BD give for drinking alcohol is essential for understanding this association and for treatment. This paper aimed to systematically review the literature relating to self‐reported reasons and motives for alcohol use in BD. By using internet‐based search engines such as PsycINFO and Medline, six relevant studies were identified and then quality‐assessed using a set of criteria specifically developed for this review. Overall, the findings supported the intuitive notion that individuals with a diagnosis of BD use alcohol to relieve distressing mood states. However, there was evidence of other mood‐related and mood‐unrelated reasons—e.g., drinking to enhance euphoric mood or to be sociable. These findings are discussed in relation to the self‐medication hypothesis and cognitive motivational models of alcohol use developed in the general population. The quality assessment also revealed several limitations including diagnostically heterogeneous samples and inconsistencies in measurement between studies, and recommendations for addressing these limitations are given. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Although implicitly alcohol use in patients with bipolar disorders is often been interpreted as evidence of a co‐morbid alcohol use disorder or an inadequate coping pattern, it is essential to test this belief as a clinician.
An adequate formulation has to consider that the motives to drink alcohol vary between patients with bipolar disorders and might also vary between mood states.
Effect of Mesoporous TiO2 Bead Diameter in Working Electrodes on the Efficiency of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Yang , Huang Fuzhi , Chen Dehong , Cao Lu , Zhang Xiao Li , Caruso Rachel A. , Cheng Yi‐Bing 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMesoporous TiO2 beads with diameters of 320±50, 550±50, and 830±40 nm, comprising interconnected and densely packed TiO2 nanocrystals, were used as working electrodes for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). These electrodes possess high surface areas and superior light‐scattering properties, which are ideal for DSC applications. Although the electrode prepared by using 320±50 nm beads demonstrated the highest dye loading and the electrode prepared by using 550±50 nm beads showed the best light‐scattering properties in the wavelength region λ=400–800 nm, DSC devices with working electrodes composed of 830±40 nm beads achieved the highest power conversion efficiencies of 9.0 % after treatment with TiCl4. A higher electron diffusion rate (4.35×10−4 cm2 s−1) and an extended electron lifetime (58 ms) were observed in DSCs composed of the largest beads, 830±40 nm, attributable to a reduced amount of inter‐bead barriers and a relatively small percentage of TiO2 nanocrystals on the surface of the beads, compared to cells containing 550±50 and 320±50 nm beads.
Optimized transgenesis in Xenopus laevis/gilli isogenetic clones for immunological studies
Authors: Nedelkovska Hristina , Robert Jacques 
Published: September 2011

AbstractXenopus laevis provides a unique animal model, alternative to mouse, to study immunology. Even though, several methodologies have been developed for the generation of transgenic Xenopus, to date none have been adapted for the X. laevis/gilli (LG) isogenetic clones that are essential for immunological studies. Since LG clones are generated via gynogenesis, transgenic methods using transgene integration into the sperm nuclei are not suited. Therefore, we have tested three alternative methods for LG transgenesis: the phiC31 integrase, the Sleeping Beauty transposase, and the I‐SceI meganuclease. All three techniques produced transgenic LG clones; however, the I‐SceI meganuclease was most effective. It resulted in high transgenesis efficiency (35–50%), bright nonmosaic GFP expression as well as stable germline transmission with 100% of the progeny carrying the transgene. Production of transgenic LG clones will allow us to modulate immune gene expression and further strengthen X. laevis as a biomedical model. genesis 50:300–306, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Planar Chirality of Imidazole‐Containing Macrocycles – Understanding and Tuning Atropisomerism
Authors: Van Den Berge Emilie , Pospíšil Jiří , Trieu‐Van Tran , Collard Laurent , Robiette Raphaël 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of imidazole‐containing macrocycles displaying planar chirality has been achieved. HLPC and NMR studies revealed the crucial role of the alicyclic chain length in determining the rate of stereoisomerisation: 15‐ and 16‐membered cyclic compounds are chiral whereas their larger‐ringed analogues equilibrate rapidly at room temperature. Computational calculations are in good agreement with experimental observations and allow us to understand the mechanism and the interactions involved in the conformational equilibrium between the two atropisomers. Separation of the two enantiomers of the 15‐membered macrocycle by semipreparative chiral HPLC allowed us to investigate the influence of chirality on its biological activity.
A Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of D‐erythro‐Sphingosine from D‐ribo‐Phytosphingosine
Authors: van den Berg Richard J. B. H. N. , van den Elst Hans , Korevaar Cornelius G. N. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Overkleeft Herman S. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this paper we describe the concise synthesis of D‐erythro‐sphingosine starting from the readily available chiral building block D‐ribo‐phytosphingosine. The title compound is the ubiquitous sphingolipid from which most mammalian ceramides are derived. Our work is based on the existing literature in which the same sphingoid base is used as a starting point and culminates in what we believe is the most efficient synthesis of D‐erythro‐sphingosine reported to date.
Fast preparation of monolithic immobilized pH gradient column by photopolymerization and photografting techniques for isoelectric focusing separation of proteins
Authors: Liang Yu , Zhu Guijie , Wang Tingting , Zhang Xiaodan , Liang Zhen , Zhang Lihua , Zhang Yukui 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA new method was developed to prepare monolithic immobilized pH gradient (M‐IPG) columns in UV‐transparent fused‐silica capillaries by the 5‐min photopolymerization of acrylamide and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide, followed by the 20‐min photografting of the focused ampholine‐derived glycidylmethacrylate monomer on the monolithic matrix, by which the preparation time was reduced, and the stability of the formed pH gradient was improved, compared with our previous methods. Using the prepared M‐IPG column, the baseline separation of proteins was achieved according to their pIs. Without carrier ampholytes added in the running buffer, the separated components could be detected with high sensitivity by UV at low wavelength.
Oncogene addiction as a foundational rationale for targeted anti‐cancer therapy: promises and perils
Authors: Torti Davide , Trusolino Livio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA decade has elapsed since the concept of oncogene addiction was first proposed. It postulates that – despite the diverse array of genetic lesions typical of cancer – some tumours rely on one single dominant oncogene for growth and survival, so that inhibition of this specific oncogene is sufficient to halt the neoplastic phenotype. A large amount of evidence has proven the pervasive power of this notion, both in basic research and in therapeutic applications. However, in the face of such a considerable body of knowledge, the intimate molecular mechanisms mediating this phenomenon remain elusive. At the clinical level, successful translation of the oncogene addiction model into the rational and effective design of targeted therapeutics against individual oncoproteins still faces major obstacles, mainly due to the emergence of escape mechanisms and drug resistance. Here, we offer an overview of the relevant literature, encompassing both biological aspects and recent clinical insights. We discuss the key advantages and pitfalls of this concept and reconsider it as an illustrative principle to guide post‐genomic cancer research and drug development.
Fire performance and mechanical properties of acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer/modified expandable graphite composites
Authors: Hong Shinn‐Gwo , Chang Su‐Yao 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe fire performance and mechanical properties of an acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) copolymer compounded with different expandable graphites (EG) and fire retardants were studied by using the limiting oxygen index test, the UL‐94 test, a mechanical test, and a thermogravimetric analysis. The ground EG treated with phosphoric acid and silane could have the great increase of the volume expansion ratio. The addition of the treated EG in ABS significantly enhances the fire performance but decreases the impact strength of ABS. ABS with the treated EG has a much higher impact strength than with the as‐received EG because of the smaller particle size of the treated EG and the better adhesion between the ABS and the treated EG. The addition of modified ammonium polyphosphate or decabromodiphenyl oxide/antimony trioxide can considerably improve the fire performance of ABS/treated EG composites because of a synergistic effect. The V‐0 grade (UL‐94) ABS composite with the limiting oxygen index of 32.5 can be obtained by adding small amounts of the treated EG and modified ammonium polyphosphate into ABS. Thermogravimetric analysis results indicate that the initial vapor release temperatures and the weight loss rates of ABS/EG composites are closely related to their fire performance and affected by the fire retardant used. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of poly(n‐octadecyl acrylate) on mechanical properties, melting behavior, and morphology of polypropylene/aluminum trihydroxide composites
Authors: Duan Yufeng , Fu Zhaoxia 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTPoly(n‐octadecyl acrylate) (PnOA) was used as an interfacial compatibilizer for improving the performance of polypropylene/alumina trihydrate (PP/ATH) composites in this study. The influences of PnOA on the properties of fire‐retardant PP/ATH composites were evaluated by tensile and impact tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation, thermogravimetric analysis, and mass flow rate tests. The results suggested that PnOA significantly improved the mechanical properties and rheological behavior of the PP/ATH composites. SEM observation helped formulate reasons for these differences. A pronounced difference in DSC curves was detected for the composites with and without PnOA when the temperature is near the melt temperature of PnOA. Tentative theoretical explanation was also provided based on related DSC and SEM analysis. PnOA is a promising new compatibilizer for polyolefin composites with aluminum trihydrate as a flame retardant. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of novel malodour compounds in laundry
Authors: Takeuchi Kohei , Hasegawa Yoshihiro , Ishida Hirohiko , Kashiwagi Mitsuyoshi 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTWe investigated malodorous compounds on clothes in daily use and identified, for the first time, middle‐chain fatty acids responsible for the malodour often described as ‘wet and dirty dust‐cloth‐like’. Application of a preparative fraction collector and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of the acidic volatile fraction carefully isolated from used clothes revealed the newly identified odorants responsible for unpleasant odours. In particular, the olfactory threshold of 4‐methyl‐3‐hexenoic acid (4M3H), which has the ‘wet and dirty dust‐cloth‐like’ odour, was found to be the lowest among the detected fatty acids. Although 4M3H was present in trace amounts in the clothes tested (up to 5 µg/50 g cloth), an aroma extract dilution analysis revealed that it contributed the highest to the overall strength of malodour on them. In addition, quantitative analysis of the detected fatty acids in the clothes revealed a correlation between the logarithm of several fatty acid concentrations (their amount in the clothes) and the overall odour intensity. In particular, 4M3H showed a high correlation value (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). These results provide proof that these odorants can be used as indicators to assess the effectiveness of detergents and to develop a new deodorant technology. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group‐based trajectories of depressive symptoms and the predictors in the older population
Authors: Hsu Hui‐Chuan 
Published: September 2011

PurposeThe goals of this study were to examine the group‐based trajectories of depressive symptoms over an extended period among the older people and to identify the risk factors by gender.MethodsThe 18‐year data used in this study came from a multiple‐wave nationwide survey of older Taiwanese population. A group‐based trajectory analysis method was used to identify the trajectories, and risk factors at baseline and previous depressive symptoms were used as predictors for the trajectories.ResultsSix trajectories were identified within the total sample, and females were more likely to be in the increasing and declining trajectories than males. When the data were divided by gender, four trajectories for males and four trajectories for females were identified: low, medium, declining, and increasing. Higher‐level trajectories of depressive symptoms were related to more chronic diseases, lower physical function, lower economic satisfaction, and previous depressive symptoms for both the older men and women. Less social support and social participation were related to higher depressive symptom trajectories, particularly for men.DiscussionOlder females may experience more emotional fluctuation than male elderly, thus changes in psychosocial health for female elderly need to be considered by health professionals and families. Social support and social participation are protective against depressive symptoms for the higher‐level trajectory groups, and older men, in particular, are more sensitive to these two social‐health‐related variables. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.