bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation and accumulation of oil and condensates in the Wenchang A Sag, western Pearl River Mouth Basin, South China Sea
Authors: GAN H. J. , TIAN H. , HUANG B. J. , WILKINS R. W. T. , TANG Y. C. , XIAO X. M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Pearl River Mouth (PRM) Basin is one of four Cenozoic basins in the South China Sea, and the Wenchang A Sag is a secondary depression in the western part of the basin. Both the Wenchang and Enping formations contain good source rocks in the western PRM Basin; however, only the latter has been considered a likely source of the discovered oil and gas. New data from fluid inclusions and the analysis of oil–source rock correlations for the WC10‐3 oil and gas pools indicate two stages of petroleum charging, the earlier originating from the Wenchang Formation and the later from the Enping Formation. Kinetics of petroleum generation and structural evolution modeling were employed to further investigate the mechanism of formation of the WC10‐3 oil and gas pools. It was shown that the crucial condition for the formation of pools is the time of development of the structural trap. The Wenchang Formation source rocks generated oil from 25 to 14 Ma in the possible source area of the WC10‐3 oil and gas pools in the Wenchang A Sag, so that only traps formed earlier than this period could capture oil sourced by the Wenchang Formation. The Enping Formation source rock experienced its oil window from 18 Ma to the present with the main stage of oil generation from 15 to 5 Ma. During this period structural traps in the sag continued to form until movements became weak, so that most pools in the Wenchang A Sag originated from the Enping Formation source rock. The likely dissipation of oil and gas from the earlier stage of charging should be taken into account in assessing the oil potential of the Wenchang A Sag.
Application of fluorescence lifetime measurements on single petroleum‐bearing fluid inclusions to demonstrate multicharge history in petroleum reservoirs
Authors: BLAMEY N. J. F. , CONLIFFE J. , PARNELL J. , RYDER A. G. , FEELY M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPetroleum‐bearing fluid inclusions emit fluorescent light when excited with UV or visible light. The fluorescence decay time of the emission is dependent upon the wavelengths of the excitation and emission light, and the chemical composition of the petroleum oil. In general heavy oils have short lifetimes, whereas the emission from light oils is much longer lived. One can thus use plots of the fluorescence lifetime versus emission wavelength (τ–λ plots), to show even subtle changes in the chemical composition of the entrapped oil. As a consequence, these τ–λ plots can be used for fluid inclusion research to discriminate different oil populations in situ. In particular, it is demonstrated that τ–λ plots discriminate two sets of inclusion oils in each of four North Atlantic basins [Jeanne d’Arc Basin (Newfoundland), Porcupine Basin (Ireland), Clair field West of Shetland (UK) and Kangerlussuaq Basin (East Greenland)] where multistage oil charge is inferred from other geological evidence.
Somatosensory mismatch negativity in healthy children
Authors: RESTUCCIA DOMENICO , ZANINI SERGIO , CAZZAGON MONICA , DEL PIERO IVANA , MARTUCCI LUCIA , DELLA MARCA GIACOMO 
Published: November 2009

Aim  Event‐related potentials (ERPs) obtained when focused attention is kept away from the stimulus (unnoticed stimulation) are possibly linked to automatic mismatch‐detection mechanisms, and could be a useful tool to investigate sensory discrimination ability. By considering the high impact of impaired somatosensory integration on many neurological disturbances in children, we aimed to verify whether mismatch‐related responses to somatosensory stimulation could be obtained in healthy children.Method  Eleven healthy participants (age range 6–11y, mean 8y 2mo, SD 1y 7mo; seven males, four females) underwent ‘oddball’ electrical stimulation of the right hand (80% frequent stimuli delivered to the thumb, 20% deviant stimuli delivered to the fifth finger). Data were compared with those obtained when the frequent stimuli to the thumb were omitted (‘standard‐omitted’ protocol). ERPs were recorded at frontal, central, and parietal scalp locations. Children’s overt attention was engaged by a demanding video game.Results  In the oddball protocol, deviant stimulation elicited a left central negativity at about 160ms latency, followed by a left frontal negative response at about 220ms latency. Standard‐omitted traces showed only a left parietal negative response spreading to right parietal regions.Interpretation  Mismatch‐related somatosensory responses can be reliably obtained in children, providing that appropriate technical contrivances are used. In clinical use, the frontal components, which are present only during the oddball protocol, could be a reliable and unequivocal neurophysiological marker of the automatic mismatch‐detection mechanism.
Utilization of surface electromyography during the feeding of term and preterm infants: a literature review
Authors: GOMES CRISTIANE F , THOMSON ZULEIKA , CARDOSO JEFFERSON R 
Published: November 2009

Aim To evaluate studies that have used surface electromyography (sEMG) during feeding for term and preterm infants.Method Studies published between 1996 and 2009 were identified through databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and SciELO) and divided into groups: term infants, preterm infants, and other situations with infants aged from 0 to 12 months.Results Five studies were found for suckling in term infants, two evaluating muscular activity during feeding in preterm infants, and one dealing with other situations. Some studies revealed striking differences in activity of the masseter muscle between breastfed and bottle‐fed term infants (action diminished in bottle‐fed infants). For preterm infants, authors evaluated sucking and sucking bursts and pointed out an effective means of evaluating muscle behaviour during feeding. There is evidence of a similarity in activity between cup feeding and breastfeeding.Interpretation Studies found in this literature review show the importance of using sEMG as a method of feeding assessment for term and preterm infants. For term infants, the masseter muscle presented greater muscular activity during breastfeeding and reduced activity during bottle‐feeding. It was not possible to make comparisons between studies of preterm infants because of differences in methodological design.
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 activation prevents nitric oxide‐induced death in cultured rat astrocytes
Authors: Durand Daniela , Caruso Carla , Carniglia Lila , Lasaga Mercedes 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAltered glial function may contribute to the initiation or progression of neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, modulation of astrocyte death may be essential for preventing pathological processes in the CNS. In recent years, metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation has emerged as a key target for neuroprotection. We investigated the effect of subtype 3 mGluR (mGluR3) activation on nitric oxide (NO)‐induced astroglial death. A mGluR3 selective agonist, LY379268, reduced inducible NO synthase expression and NO release induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon‐γ in cultured rat astrocytes. In turn, a NO donor (diethylenetriamine/NO) induced apoptotic‐like death in cultured astrocytes, which showed apoptotic morphology and DNA fragmentation, but no caspase 3 activation. LY379268 prevented astrocyte death induced by NO exposure, which correlates with a reduction in: phosphatidylserine externalization, p53 and Bax activation and mitochondrial permeability. The reported effects of LY379268 were prevented by the mGluR3 antagonist (s)‐α‐ethylglutamic acid. All together, these findings show the protective effect of mGluR3 activation on astroglial death and provide further evidence of a role of these receptors in preventing CNS injury triggered by several inflammatory processes associated with dysregulated NO production.
Iron elevations in the aging Parkinsonian brain: a consequence of impaired iron homeostasis?
Authors: Lee Donna W. , Andersen Julie K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe contribution of iron dysregulation to the etiology of a variety of neuronal diseases comes as no surprise given its necessity in numerous general cellular and neuron‐specific functions, its abundance, and its highly reactive nature. Homeostatic mechanisms such as the iron regulatory protein and hypoxia‐inducible factor pathways are firmly evolutionarily set in place to prevent ‘free’ iron from participating in chemical Fenton and Haber‐Weiss reactions which can result in subsequent generation of toxic hydroxyl radicals. However, given the multiple layers of complexity in cellular iron regulation, disruption of any number of genetic and environmental components can disturb the delicate balance between the various molecular players involved in maintaining an appropriate metabolic iron homeostasis. In this review, we will primarily focus on: (i) the impact of aging and gender on iron dysfunction as these are important criteria in the determination of iron‐related disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), (ii) how iron mismanagement via disruption of cellular entry and exit pathways may contribute to these disorders, and (iii) how the availability of non‐invasive measurement of brain iron may aid in PD diagnosis.
Assessment of left ventricular systolic function using tissue Doppler imaging in children after successful repair of aortic coarctation
Authors: Florianczyk Tomasz , Werner Bozena 
Published: November 2009

SummaryAim:  Assessment of left ventricular systolic function in children after the successful repair of aortic coarctation using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI).Methods:  The study group consisted of 32 patients (mean age 12·0 ± 4·2 years) after the aortic coarctation repair. The TDI parameters and the conventional echocardiographic endocardial and midwall indices of the left ventricular systolic function were analysed and compared with the results obtained from 34 healthy children.Results:  The systolic mitral annulus motion velocity, systolic myocardial velocity of the medial segment of the left ventricular septal wall, left ventricular strain and Strain Rate (SR) in the study group were significantly higher than in the control group, respectively: 6·92 ± 0·75 cm s−1 versus 6·45 ± 0·83 cm s−1; 5·82 ± 1·03 cm s−1 versus 5·08 ± 1·11 cm s−1; −28·67 ± 6·04% versus −22·53 ± 6·44% and −3·20 ± 0·76 s−1 versus −2·39 ± 0·49 s−1. Except midwall shortening fraction the conventional endocardial and midwall echocardiographic indices in the study group were significantly higher in comparison to the healthy controls. The left ventricular systolic meridional fibre stress and end‐systolic circumferential wall stress did not differ between the examined groups. There were no differences of the TDI or conventional parameters between hypertensive and normotensive patients.Conclusions:  Left ventricular systolic performance in children after the surgical repair of aortic coarctation reveals tendency to rise in late follow‐up despite a satisfactory result after surgery. Higher systolic strain and SR in children treated due to coarctation of the aorta may suggest the increased preserved left ventricular performance despite normalization of afterload.
The formation of foliated (garnet‐bearing) granites in the Tongbai‐Dabie orogenic belt: partial melting of subducted continental crust during exhumation
Authors: ZHANG L. , ZHONG Z. , ZHANG H. , SUN W. , XIANG H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractFoliated (garnet‐bearing) (FGB) granites are associated closely with and are usually the major wall rocks of the high‐pressure (HP) and ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks in the Tongbai‐Dabie region, the mid segment of the Qinling‐Dabie‐Sulu orogenic belt in central China. These granites appear either as small plutons or as veins, which commonly intrude into or surround the HP and UHP metamorphic eclogites or gneisses. The veins of FGB granites usually penetrate into the retrograded eclogites or gneisses along the foliations. Condensation rims can occasionally be found along the margins of granite veins. These granites are rich in Si and alkali with high Ga/Al ratios, and depleted in Ca, Mg, Al, Ti, Sc, V, Ni, Co, Cr and Sr, which are similar to A‐type granites. In a chondrite normalized diagram, the samples are light rare earth elements enriched with different extent of negative Eu anomaly. Moreover, Rb, Nb, Ta, Sr, P and Ti show different degrees of negative anomalies, whereas Ba, K, La, Zr and Hf show positive anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized diagram. Negative anomalies of Eu and Sr indicate strong influence of plagioclase. In conventional discrimination diagrams, these FGB granites belong to the A‐type granite, with geochemical characteristics affinitive to post‐collisional granites. The εNd (230 Ma) values (−15.80 to −2.52) andTDMvalues (1.02–2.07 Ga) suggest that magma for the FGB granites were derived from a heterogeneous crustal source. Therefore, the FGB granites may provide clues for deciphering the formation of post‐collisional granites. It is proposed that the magma of the FGB granites both in the HP and UHP units was formed in an extensional tectonic setting slightly post‐dating the HP and UHP metamorphism, most likely as a result of decompressional partial melting of UHP retrograded eclogites during exhumation.
A laboratory technique to speed processing of samples with large numbers of invertebrates
Authors: Doğramaci Mahmut , DeBano Sandra J. , Wooster David E. , Kimoto Chiho 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe amount of time needed to process samples with large numbers of terrestrial invertebrates in the laboratory has been a long‐standing obstacle impeding progress in invertebrate conservation biology and applied ecology. Laboratory subsampling of samples with large numbers of invertebrates is one method that saves time and reduces processing cost. In this study, a laboratory vacuum processing technique, consisting of a vacuum pump, aspirator and voice recognition software, was compared with a subsampling technique, and a conventional whole sample counting method. Vacuum processing was the most efficient technique; on average, more than five times more insects were processed per minute compared with whole sample counting and subsampling techniques. Differences in efficiencies among techniques were affected by trap type and invertebrate abundance. The vacuum technique was most efficient when processing high abundance pitfall trap samples, and was less efficient in processing pan trap samples that had invertebrates entangled by algae and other materials. Caution should be exercised when using the technique on soft‐bodied or poorly preserved specimens; a subsampling technique may be more appropriate in these cases, especially if specimens must be identified to genus or species level at a later time. The efficiency of the vacuum technique is reduced relative to the amount of time it takes to locate invertebrates in a sample; therefore, the technique does not save substantial time when processing samples with large amounts of substrate or debris, such as is the case with some aquatic invertebrate samples. However, if flotation or another method that separates invertebrates from other materials is used first, then the vacuum method would be useful for these types of samples as well.
Enantiomeric conservation of the male‐produced sex pheromone facilitates monitoring of threatened European hermit beetles (Osmoderma spp.)
Authors: Svensson Glenn P. , Oleksa Andrzej , Gawroński Robert , Lassance Jean‐Marc , Larsson Mattias C. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractHermit beetles of the genus Osmoderma (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) are known for their fruity odour, which is released in large amounts by males. Two species of the genus occur in Europe, the eastern Osmoderma barnabita (Motschulsky) and the western Osmoderma eremita (Scopoli). Previous studies on Swedish populations of O. eremita showed that the compound responsible for the characteristic scent, γ‐decalactone, functions as a sex pheromone for the attraction of conspecific females. Male O. eremita only release the (R)‐enantiomer of the lactone, and both sexes are anosmic to the opposite enantiomer. As the distribution areas of the two hermit beetle species partly overlap, it may be expected that they use different enantiomeric compositions of γ‐decalactone as pheromones to promote species discrimination. This paper reports on the identification of the sex pheromone of O. barnabita. Surprisingly, males from a Polish population produce only the (R)‐enantiomer of γ‐decalactone, and conspecific females show equal attraction to the (R)‐enantiomer and a racemic mixture of the compound, indicating that O. barnabita is anosmic to the (S)‐enantiomer, similarly to what was observed for O. eremita. A mtDNA sequence analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of Polish and Swedish beetles confirmed their taxonomical status as O. barnabita and O. eremita, respectively, with an average sequence divergence of 10.5% between beetles from the two studied areas. Although genetic data suggest that these species diverged several million years ago, they still rely on the same enantiomer of γ‐decalactone for mate finding. Thus, the male‐produced pheromone in Osmoderma spp. may be regarded as a territorial signal being exploited by females, rather than a cue for determining species identity. Our data show that the same compound can be used to facilitate monitoring of both beetle species, which are considered indicator species of the species‐rich fauna of saproxylic insects in Europe.
Monitoring Amyelois transitella males and females with phenyl propionate traps in almonds and pistachios
Authors: Burks Charles S. , Higbee Bradley S. , Kuenen L. P. S. , Brandl David G. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe examined phenyl propionate as an attractant for trapping navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) adults, with the objective of developing a method of trapping both sexes more effectively than with almond meal. Two initial experiments maximized the total number of adults captured using phenyl propionate released from glass vials with cotton wicks. A third experiment compared the numbers of males and females captured using these glass dispensers in either bucket or sticky traps. The glass vial dispensers captured more adults than 0.1% phenyl propionate in water (as both attractant and killing agent), and far more adults were captured with glass vial phenyl propionate dispensers than with almond meal. On rare occasion, the glass vial dispensers captured as many adults as traps baited with virgin females, but usually phenyl propionate in glass vials captured fewer adults than virgin‐baited traps. Glass vial phenyl propionate dispensers were equally effective in sticky traps or bucket traps. The majority of females captured were mated, and the proportion of males captured increased over time within flights (generations). We conclude that phenyl propionate released from glass vials captured A. transitella adults more effectively than currently available options, and will be useful in research projects where capturing intact adults and comparing mating status are important. Developing a cost‐effective phenyl propionate‐based alternative to the egg traps currently used for commercial monitoring will be more difficult.
Increased mast cell expression of PAR‐2 in skin inflammatory diseases and release of IL‐8 upon PAR‐2 activation
Authors: Carvalho Ricardo Filipe da Silva , Nilsson Gunnar , Harvima Ilkka Tapani 
Published: November 2009

Please cite this paper as: Increased mast cell expression of PAR‐2 in skin inflammatory diseases and release of IL‐8 upon PAR‐2 activation. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 117–122.Abstract:  Mast cells are increasingly present in the lesional skin of chronic skin inflammatory diseases including psoriasis and basal cell carcinoma (BCC). It has previously been shown that proteinase‐activated receptor (PAR)‐2 is expressed by mast cells, and tryptase is a potent activator of this receptor. In this study, skin biopsies from both healthy‐looking and lesional skin of patients with psoriasis and superficial spreading BCC were collected and the expression of PAR‐2 immunoreactivity in tryptase‐positive mast cells was analysed. PAR‐2 expression was confirmed in vitro in different mast cell populations. Cord‐blood derived mast cells (CBMC) were stimulated with a PAR‐2 activating peptide, 2‐furoyl‐LIGRLO‐NH2. Consequently, IL‐8 and histamine production was analysed in the supernatants. We observed a significant increase in the percentage of mast cells expressing PAR‐2 in the lesional skin of psoriasis and BCC patients compared with the healthy‐looking skin. HMC‐1.2, LAD‐2 and CBMC mast cells all expressed PAR‐2 both intracellularly and on the cell surface. CBMC activation with the PAR‐2 activating peptide resulted in an increased secretion of IL‐8, but no histamine release was observed. Furthermore, both PAR‐2 and IL‐8 were co‐localized to the same tryptase‐positive mast cells in the lesional BCC skin. These results show that mast cells express increased levels of PAR‐2 in chronic skin inflammation. Also, mast cells can be activated by a PAR‐2 agonist to secrete IL‐8, a chemokine which can contribute to the progress of inflammation.
Trophic structure of a landlocked Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus population from southern Baffin Island, Canada
Authors: Gallagher C. P. , Dick T. A. 
Published: November 2009

Gallagher CP, Dick TA. Trophic structure of a landlocked Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus population from southern Baffin Island, Canada. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 39–50. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SAbstract –  Stable isotopes, diet and parasites were used to investigate the trophic structure of landlocked Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from a small Canadian Arctic lake. Two trophic levels of char were identified. The lower trophic level comprised smaller char that consumed mainly invertebrates and harboured low numbers of the cestode plerocercoid Diphyllobothrium spp. while the higher trophic level char were larger, mainly piscivorous and had high numbers of plerocercoids. Procercoids of Diphyllobothrium spp. in copepods are eaten by char where the parasite then differentiates into a plerocercoid. Plerocercoids from smaller fish are transmitted to larger fish by piscivory where they encyst again as plerocercoids until the fish is eaten by a gull. These plerocercoids are a good indicator of trophic level as their numbers accumulate over time in larger fish. The three variables together provided a better resolution of trophic structure than applied separately. For example, plerocercoid numbers plus diet were better predictors of trophic status than stable isotopes in 4–7 year olds, but for char ≥8 years all three variables were complementary. Some char (≥10 years old) were placed in the lower trophic level based on their stable isotope values and had low Diphyllobothrium spp. abundance but were piscivorous and/or cannibalistic. The absence of sexually mature char in the higher trophic group was associated with high numbers of Diphyllobothrium spp. plerocercoids.