bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education to promote verbal communication by caregivers in geriatric care facilities
Authors: FUKAYA Yasuko , KOYAMA Sachiyo , KIMURA Yusuke , KITAMURA Takanori 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAim:  Our previous study divided the verbal communication between caregivers and elderly residents at geriatric care facilities into Type I communication (to elicit activities of daily living) and Type II communication (conversation that occurs in normal social life) and found that Type II communication promotes utterances by elderly residents. This study conducted an education intervention to promote Type II talking by caregivers and evaluated the results.Methods:  At three geriatric care facilities, 243 caregivers who might care for 36 elderly residents experienced training involving lectures and group discussion to understand the importance of Type II talking and how to apply it to their daily work. A statistical comparison was applied to the changes in Type II talking duration from before the intervention, 1 week after the intervention, and 3 months after the intervention to evaluate the effect of the educational intervention.Results:  At two facilities, the Type II talking duration increased significantly from before the educational intervention to 1 week after the intervention and remained higher after 3 months. However, the educational intervention's effect was not clear at one facility. There was no significant difference in the elderly persons' total utterance duration, but it increased from before the intervention to 1 week after the intervention.Conclusion:  After the educational intervention, the amount of Type II talking by the caregivers increased significantly 1 week after the intervention for two facilities, but although the amount of Type II talking was higher at 3 months than before the intervention, it was not as high as 1 week after the intervention.
The Excretion of Urate at Various Plasma Concentrations and During Osmotic Diuresis in the Rabbit
Authors: MøLLER JESPER V. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe secretory and reabsorptive processes for urate in the rabbit kidney have been studied in experiments in which the plasma urate concentration was varied. The curves relating net secretion of urate to the plasma concentration showed an initial dip below zero, indicating net reabsorption at low levels, and then rose linearly. At very iiigh plasma levels (2–4 μmioles/ml) an upper limit for net secretion of urate of 30–35 μmoles/min was demonstrated in 2 expts. Osmotic diuresis (induced by infusion of mannitol) did not enhance urate excretion during infusion of urate, in contrast to the uricosuric effect of osmotic diuretics previously found at low plasma concentrations where reabsorption of urate prevails. The findings may be explained if it is assumed that both secretion and reabsorption are mediated by transport processes, which are saturated at high plasma concentrations of urate. The extent to which urate is reabsorbed at high plasma concentrations is small relative to the secreted amount of urate. The experiments corroborate the view that probenecid in appropriate dosage almost completely inhibits urate secretion.
Effects of Sympathetic Vasoconstrictor Fibres, Noradrenaline and Vasopressin on the Intestinal Vascular Resistance during Constant Blood Flow or Blood Pressure
Authors: Dresel Peter , Wallentin Ingemar 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effects of stimulating vasoconstrictor fibres and infusing noradrenaline and vasopressin on intestinal vascular resistance were studied in cats, using either constant flow or constant pressure. The responses to stimulating constrictor fibres and to infusing noradrenaline were essentially the same whether pressure or blood flow was kept constant, and the earlier described autoregulatory escape was of about the same magnitude during both these conditions. The results further support the hypothesis that a redistribution of blood flow takes place within the intestinal wall, and the combined evidence suggests an increased submucosal flow at the expense of the mucosa. The similarities between infusing noradrenaline and stimulating constrictor fibres suggest that the vasoconstrictor fibre endings and the α‐receptors may have a differentiated distribution in the intestinal bed. This view is supported by the fact that another vasoconstrictor agent, vasopressin, produces a well sustained vasoconstrictor response without secondary adjustments. Some similarities between ‘autoregulatory escape’ during nerve stimulation and autoregulation of blood flow at different pressures are pointed out. It is further emphasized that both these phenomena are very often diminished, distorted or even totally suppressed by the introduction of an artificial pump system.
Genomic Landscape of Meningiomas
Authors: Lee Yohan , Liu Jason , Patel Shilpa , Cloughesy Timothy , Lai Albert , Farooqi Haumith , Seligson David , Dong Jun , Liau Linda , Becker Donald , Mischel Paul , Shams Soheil , Nelson Stanley 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMeningiomas are one of the most common adult brain tumors. For most patients, surgical excision is curative. However, up to 20% recur. Currently, the molecular determinants predicting recurrence and malignant transformation are lacking. We performed retrospective global genetic and genomic analysis of 85 meningioma samples of various grades. Copy number alterations were assessed by 100K single‐nucleotide polymorphism arrays and correlated with gene expression, proliferation indices and clinical outcome. In addition to chromosome 22q loss, which was detected in the majority of clinical samples, chromosome 6q and 14q loss was significantly more common in recurrent tumors and was associated with anaplastic histology. Five “classes” of meningiomas were detected by gene expression analysis that correlated with copy number alterations, recurrent status and malignant histology. These classes more accurately identified recurrent tumors relative to Ki‐67 index and extent of surgical resection, and highlight substantial expression heterogeneity between meningiomas. These data offer the most complete description of the genomic landscape of meningiomas, and provide broad genomic information that may be used to further stratify meningioma patients into prognostic risk groups.
Uranium Behavior in the Process of Primary Pitchblende Ores Alteration by the Post‐ore Hydrothermal Solutions: An Application to Assessment of Uranium Migration from Underground Spent Nuclear Fuel Repositories
Authors: Laverov Nikolay P. , Velichkin Vasily I. , Fujiwara Ai , Shikazono Naotatsu , Aleshin Alexey P. , Asadulin Enver E. , Golubev Vyacheslav N. , Krylova Tatiana L. , Pek Alexander A. , Chernyshev Igor V. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIt has been shown that the main uranium ore mineral, pitchblende (uranium dioxide), is a natural analog of synthetic uraninite (also uranium dioxide), which constitutes 96% of spent nuclear fuel (SNF). Geochronological studies of the U‐Pb isotope systems in unaltered pitchblende from the orebodies reveal that these systems remained completely closed over the entire period (approximately 135 Ma) since the formation of the deposits. The bulk of the primary uranium ores within the Streltsovskoye ore field was influenced to various degrees by post‐ore hydrothermal solutions that led to pitchblende spherulites being replaced by pseudomorphs of an amorphous phase with a U‐Si composition; this phase also re‐precipitated in veinlets proximal to the pitchblende pseudomorphs. A technique specially developed by the authors was used to carry out quantitative counts of the abundance of uranium minerals by calculating the uranium mass balance in one of the orebodies subjected to hydrothermal alteration. The calculations reveal minimal uranium loss from the orebody. Uranium liberated in the process of the pseudomorphic replacement of pitchblende was immediately fixed, in situ, in the newly formed coffinite‐like amorphous U‐Si phase as a result of the development of an efficient geochemical barrier that prevented the long‐distance migration of uranium. In assessing the long‐term safety of underground SNF repositories, the results of the present study give us confidence that SNF uraninite, in terms of the preservation of its integrity as a mineral phase, provides for the reliable long‐term isolation of uranium, transuranium elements, and fission products that are “sealed” in the uraninite matrix. In the case of the mineral transformation of the uraninite matrix by hydrothermal solutions, the liberated uranium would be efficiently immobilized by the newly formed amorphous U‐Si phase.
Mesothermal Gold Vein Mineralization of the Seolhwa Mine, Asan Mining District, Korea
Authors: Heo Chul‐Ho , Chi Se‐Jung , So Chil‐Sup 
Published: November 2009

AbstractGold mineralization of the Seolhwa mine occurs in a single stage of massive quartz veins which filled the north‐east‐trending fault shear zones in the Jurassic granitoid of 161 Ma within the Gyeonggi Massif. The vein quartz contains three main types of fluid inclusions at 25°C: (i) aqueous type I inclusions (0–15 wt.% NaCl) containing small amounts of CO2; (ii) gas‐rich (more than 70 vol. %), vapor‐homogenizing, aqueous type II inclusions; and (iii) low‐salinity (less than 5 wt.% NaCl), liquid CO2‐bearing, type III inclusions. The H2O‐CO2‐CH4‐N2‐NaCl inclusions represent immiscible fluids trapped earlier along the solvus curve in the temperature range 250–430°C at pressures of ∼1 kb. Detailed fluid inclusion chronologies suggest a progressive decrease in pressure during the mineralization. Aqueous inclusion fluids represent either later fluids evolved through extensive fluid unmixing from a homogeneous H2O‐CO2‐CH4‐N2‐NaCl fluid due to decreases in temperature and pressure, or the influence of deep circulated meteoric waters. Initial fluids were homogeneous H2O‐CO2‐CH4‐N2‐NaCl fluids as follows: 250° to 430°C, 16–62 mol% CO2, 5–14 mol% CH4, 0.06–0.31 mol% N2 and salinities of 0.4–4.9 wt.% NaCl. The T‐X data for the Seolhwa mine suggest that the hydrothermal system has been probably located nearer to the granitic melt, which facilitated the CH4 formation and resulted in a reduced fluid state indicated by the predominance of pyrrhotite. Measured and calculated isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal fluids [δ18O = 5.3–6.5‰; δD =−69 to −84‰] provide evidence of the CH4‐H2O equilibria and further indicate that the auriferous fluids were magmatically derived. Both the dominance of δ34S values of sulfides close to the meteoric reference (−0.6–1.4‰; δ34SΣS values of 0.3–1.1‰) and the available δ13C data (−4‰) are consistent with their deep igneous source. The Seolhwa mine was probably formed by extensive fracturing and veining due to the thermal expansion of water derived from the Jurassic granitoid melt.
Potassium–Argon Ages of the Epithermal Gold–Silver Mineralization in the Haenam–Jindo Area, Southwestern Korea
Authors: Kim Chang Seong , Choi Seon‐Gyu 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe Haenam–Jindo area, located on the southwestern margin of the Korean Peninsula, was the site of vigorous volcanic activity during the Late Cretaceous and Early Tertiary periods. Large parts of the area record strong hydrothermal alteration, and there exist many clay–alunite and gold–silver deposits. We undertook potassium–argon (K–Ar) age dating of five mineral samples (including adularia, sericite and alunite) from the Eunsan, Moisan and Gasado epithermal gold–silver deposits in this area. The purities of the samples were confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The K–Ar ages of adularia from the Eunsan deposit and adularia and sericite from the Moisan deposit (related to gold–silver mineralization) are 75.0 ± 1.6, 74.7 ± 1.6 and 75.1 ± 1.6 Ma, respectively. The similarity of these ages, combined with the close proximity and similar geochemical characteristics of the deposits, indicates that the mineralization occurred as part of a single hydrothermal system. The K–Ar ages of alunite at the surface and adularia at depth within the Gasado deposit are 82.2 ± 1.9 and 70.7 ± 1.9 Ma, respectively, revealing that the clay–alunite and gold–silver mineralization formed at different ages. K–Ar age data indicate that the gold–silver mineralization in this area occurred mainly at 75–70 Ma, resulting from hydrothermal activity in the Haenam–Jindo area (82–70 Ma). This is the first time that the mineralization of precious metals in Korea has been identified during this period.
The Role of Awareness in Semantic and Syntactic Processing: An ERP Attentional Blink Study
Authors: Batterink Laura , Karns Christina M. , Yamada Yoshiko , Neville Helen 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn important question in the study of language is to what degree semantic and syntactic processes are automatic or controlled. This study employed an attentional blink (AB) paradigm to manipulate awareness in the processing of target words in order to assess automaticity in semantic and syntactic processing. In the semantic block, targets occurring both within and outside the AB period elicited an N400. However, N400 amplitude was significantly reduced during the AB period, and missed targets did not elicit an N400. In the syntactic block, ERPs to targets occurring outside the AB period revealed a late negative syntactic incongruency effect, whereas ERPs to targets occurring within the AB period showed no effect of incongruency. The semantic results support the argument that the N400 primarily indexes a controlled, postlexical process. Syntactic findings suggest that the ERP response to some syntactic violations depends on awareness and availability of attentional resources.
Anomalies at the Borderline of Awareness: An ERP Study
Authors: Sanford Anthony J. , Leuthold Hartmut , Bohan Jason , Sanford Alison J. S. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Behaviorally, some semantic anomalies, such as those used to demonstrate N400 effects in ERPs, are easy to detect. However, some, such as “after an air crash, where should the survivors be buried?” are difficult. The difference has to do with the extent to which the anomalous word fits the general context. We asked whether anomalies that are missed elicit an ERP that could be taken as indicating unconscious recognition, and whether both types elicit an N400 effect when they are detected. We found that difficult anomalies having a good fit to general context did not produce an N400 effect, whereas control “easy-to-detect” anomalies did. For difficult anomalies, there was no evidence for unconscious detection occurring. The results support a qualitative distinction in the way the two types of anomalies are processed, and the idea that semantic information is simply not utilized (shallow processing) when difficult anomalies are missed.
The Neural Correlates of Linguistic Distinctions: Unaccusative and Unergative Verbs
Authors: Shetreet Einat , Friedmann Naama , Hadar Uri 
Published: November 2009

AbstractUnaccusative verbs like fall are special in that their sole argument is syntactically generated at the object position of the verb rather than at the subject position. Unaccusative verbs are derived by a lexical operation that reduces the agent from transitive verbs. Their insertion into a sentence often involves a syntactic movement from the object to the subject position. To explore the neurological reality of the distinction between different verb types and to identify the cortical activations associated with the lexical and syntactic operations, we compared unaccusative verbs with verbs that do not undergo such operations—unergatives (verbs with one argument, an agent) and transitives (verbs with two arguments). The observed pattern of activation revealed that the brain distinguishes between unaccusative and unergative verbs, lending neurological support for the linguistic distinction. A conjunction analysis between the comparisons between unaccusatives and the other verb types revealed activations in the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left posterior middle temporal gyrus. These, together with previous neuroimaging results, suggest that the inferior frontal gyrus may be involved with the execution of the syntactic operation, whereas the middle temporal gyrus may be responsible for the lexical operation that derives unaccusative verbs.
Development of Hemispheric Specialization for Lexical Pitch–Accent in Japanese Infants
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Sogabe Yuko , Mazuka Reiko 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Infants' speech perception abilities change through the first year of life, from broad sensitivity to a wide range of speech contrasts to becoming more finely attuned to their native language. What remains unclear, however, is how this perceptual change relates to brain responses to native language contrasts in terms of the functional specialization of the left and right hemispheres. Here, to elucidate the developmental changes in functional lateralization accompanying this perceptual change, we conducted two experiments on Japanese infants using Japanese lexical pitch–accent, which changes word meanings with the pitch pattern within words. In the first behavioral experiment, using visual habituation, we confirmed that infants at both 4 and 10 months have sensitivities to the lexical pitch–accent pattern change embedded in disyllabic words. In the second experiment, near-infrared spectroscopy was used to measure cortical hemodynamic responses in the left and right hemispheres to the same lexical pitch–accent pattern changes and their pure tone counterparts. We found that brain responses to the pitch change within words differed between 4- and 10-month-old infants in terms of functional lateralization: Left hemisphere dominance for the perception of the pitch change embedded in words was seen only in the 10-month-olds. These results suggest that the perceptual change in Japanese lexical pitch–accent may be related to a shift in functional lateralization from bilateral to left hemisphere dominance.
Cognitive and Motor Loops of the Human Cerebro-cerebellar System
Authors: Salmi Juha , Pallesen Karen Johanne , Neuvonen Tuomas , Brattico Elvira , Korvenoja Antti , Salonen Oili , Carlson Synnöve 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
We applied fMRI and diffusion-weighted MRI to study the segregation of cognitive and motor functions in the human cerebro-cerebellar system. Our fMRI results show that a load increase in a nonverbal auditory working memory task is associated with enhanced brain activity in the parietal, dorsal premotor, and lateral prefrontal cortices and in lobules VII–VIII of the posterior cerebellum, whereas a sensory-motor control task activated the motor/somatosensory, medial prefrontal, and posterior cingulate cortices and lobules V/VI of the anterior cerebellum. The load-dependent activity in the crus I/II had a specific relationship with cognitive performance: This activity correlated negatively with load-dependent increase in RTs. This correlation between brain activity and RTs was not observed in the sensory-motor task in the activated cerebellar regions. Furthermore, probabilistic tractography analysis of the diffusion-weighted MRI data suggests that the tracts between the cerebral and the cerebellar areas exhibiting cognitive load-dependent and sensory-motor activity are mainly projected via separated pontine (feed-forward tracts) and thalamic (feedback tracts) nuclei. The tractography results also indicate that the crus I/II in the posterior cerebellum is linked with the lateral prefrontal areas activated by cognitive load increase, whereas the anterior cerebellar lobe is not. The current results support the view that cognitive and motor functions are segregated in the cerebellum. On the basis of these results and theories of the function of the cerebellum, we suggest that the posterior cerebellar activity during a demanding cognitive task is involved with optimization of the response speed.
Hemicraniectomy: A New Model for Human Electrophysiology with High Spatio-temporal Resolution
Authors: Voytek Bradley , Secundo Lavi , Bidet-Caulet Aurelie , Scabini Donatella , Stiver Shirley I. , Gean Alisa D. , Manley Geoffrey T. , Knight Robert T. 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
Human electrophysiological research is generally restricted to scalp EEG, magneto-encephalography, and intracranial electrophysiology. Here we examine a unique patient cohort that has undergone decompressive hemicraniectomy, a surgical procedure wherein a portion of the calvaria is removed for several months during which time the scalp overlies the brain without intervening bone. We quantify the differences in signals between electrodes over areas with no underlying skull and scalp EEG electrodes over the intact skull in the same subjects. Signals over the hemicraniectomy have enhanced amplitude and greater task-related power at higher frequencies (60–115 Hz) compared with signals over skull. We also provide evidence of a metric for trial-by-trial EMG/EEG coupling that is effective over the hemicraniectomy but not intact skull at frequencies &gt;60 Hz. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the hemicraniectomy model provides a means for studying neural dynamics in humans with enhanced spatial and temporal resolution.
Proficiency Differences in Syntactic Processing of Monolingual Native Speakers Indexed by Event-related Potentials
Authors: Pakulak Eric , Neville Helen J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAlthough anecdotally there appear to be differences in the way native speakers use and comprehend their native language, most empirical investigations of language processing study university students and none have studied differences in language proficiency, which may be independent of resource limitations such as working memory span. We examined differences in language proficiency in adult monolingual native speakers of English using an ERP paradigm. ERPs were recorded to insertion phrase structure violations in naturally spoken English sentences. Participants recruited from a wide spectrum of society were given standardized measures of English language proficiency, and two complementary ERP analyses were performed. In between-groups analyses, participants were divided on the basis of standardized proficiency scores into lower proficiency and higher proficiency groups. Compared with lower proficiency participants, higher proficiency participants showed an early anterior negativity that was more focal, both spatially and temporally, and a larger and more widely distributed positivity (P600) to violations. In correlational analyses, we used a wide spectrum of proficiency scores to examine the degree to which individual proficiency scores correlated with individual neural responses to syntactic violations in regions and time windows identified in the between-groups analyses. This approach also used partial correlation analyses to control for possible confounding variables. These analyses provided evidence for the effects of proficiency that converged with the between-groups analyses. These results suggest that adult monolingual native speakers of English who vary in language proficiency differ in the recruitment of syntactic processes that are hypothesized to be at least in part automatic as well as of those thought to be more controlled. These results also suggest that to fully characterize neural organization for language in native speakers it is necessary to include participants of varying proficiency.