bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chestnut cultivar diversification process in the Iberian Peninsula, Canary Islands, and Azores
Authors: Pereira-Lorenzo Santiago , Costa Rita Maria Lourenço , Ramos-Cabrer Ana María , Ciordia-Ara Marta , Ribeiro Carla Alexandra Marques , Borges Olga , Barreneche Teresa 
Published: April 2011

This is a large-scale molecular study based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci of the diversification process in chestnut cultivars from Portugal and Spain, from the northern Iberian Peninsula to the Canary Islands and the Azores. A total of 593 grafted chestnut trees (Castanea sativa Mill.) were analysed with 10 SSRs: 292 from Portugal and 301 from Spain. Some of the trees studied were more than 300 years old. Accessions were analysed using a model-based Bayesian procedure to assess the geographical structure and to assign individuals to reconstructed populations based on the SSR genotypes. We found 356 different genotypes with a mean value of clonality of 33% owing to grafting. Mutations accounted for 6%, with hybridization being the main diversification process that can explain the great diversity found. Ten main cultivar groups were detected: four in northern Spain, five in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and one in southern Spain related to the centre of the Iberian Peninsula. This work demonstrated that cultivar origin and the diversification process was a combination of clonal propagation of selected seedlings, hybridization, and mutations, which allowed high levels of diversity to be maintained with respect to selected clones for fruit production. Furthermore, seedlings and graft sticks facilitated the transport to new destinations in the colonization process, transporting sometimes more than 3000 km if we consider the Azores and the Canary Islands.
CRYSTAL MELTING AND WALL CROSSING PHENOMENA
Authors: YAMAZAKI MASAHITO 
Published: April 2011

This paper summarizes recent developments in the theory of Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield (BPS) state counting and the wall crossing phenomena, emphasizing in particular the role of the statistical mechanical model of crystal melting.This paper is divided into two parts, which are closely related to each other. In the first part, we discuss the statistical mechanical model of crystal melting counting BPS states. Each of the BPS states contributing to the BPS index is in one-to-one correspondence with a configuration of a molten crystal, and the statistical partition function of the melting crystal gives the BPS partition function. We also show that smooth geometry of the Calabi–Yau manifold emerges in the thermodynamic limit of the crystal. This suggests a remarkable interpretation that an atom in the crystal is a discretization of the classical geometry, giving an important clue as such to the geometry at the Planck scale.In the second part, we discuss the wall crossing phenomena. Wall crossing phenomena states that the BPS index depends on the value of the moduli of the Calabi–Yau manifold, and jumps along real codimension one subspaces in the moduli space. We show that by using type IIA/M-theory duality, we can provide a simple and an intuitive derivation of the wall crossing phenomena, furthermore clarifying the connection with the topological string theory. This derivation is consistent with another derivation from the wall crossing formula, motivated by multicentered BPS extremal black holes. We also explain the representation of the wall crossing phenomena in terms of crystal melting, and the generalization of the counting problem and the wall crossing to the open BPS invariants.
NEW APPROACHES FOR DISCOVERING EXCEPTION AND ANOMALOUS RULES
Authors: DELGADO MIGUEL , RUIZ M. DOLORES , SÁNCHEZ DANIEL 
Published: April 2011

Mining association rules is a well known framework for extracting useful knowledge from databases. Despite their proven applicability there exist other approaches that also search for novel and useful information such us peculiarities, infrequent rules, exceptions or anomalous rules. The common feature of these proposals is the low support of such type of rules. So there is a necessity of finding efficient algorithms for extracting them. The principal objective of this paper is providing a unified framework for dealing with such kind of rules. In our case, we take advantage of an existing logic approach called GUHA. This model was first presented in the middle sixties by Hájek et al. and then has been developed by Rauch and others in the last decade. Following this line, this paper also offers some interesting issues. First, it provides a deep analysis of semantics and formulation of exception and anomalous rules. Second, we define the so called double rules as a new type of rules which in conjunction with exceptions and anomalies will describe in more detail the relationship between two sets of items. Third, we give new approaches for mining them and we propose an algorithm with reasonably good performance.
Regional geochemical comparisons from the Lower Palaeozoic, Southern Uplands–Down-Longford terrane in Northern Ireland and Scotland
Authors: Breward N. , Stone P. , Flight D. , Anderson T. B. 
Published: April 2011

Synopsis
Newly-acquired regional geochemical data for the Down-Armagh (Northern Ireland) sector of the Southern Uplands–Down-Longford terrane are assessed by comparison with the equivalent dataset for southern Scotland. Despite the much thicker glacigenic cover to the Down-Armagh bedrock, the principal geochemical lineaments identified in the Southern Uplands are still apparent. Patterns of element distribution emphasize the continuity of structure and stratigraphy between the two regions, with Cr, Zr, Sr, Rb, Ba and Ca (as CaO) proving particularly instructive. Much of the Down-Armagh outcrop consists of Llandovery strata from the Gala and Hawick Groups, so it is this part of the terrane that is most closely considered. Though continuity is clear, there is a suggestion of additional structural imbrication in Down-Armagh, whilst variability in the defining element ratios suggests along-strike compositional changes in the turbidite sandstones. These changes may be controlled by lithostratigraphical variation in sedimentary provenance, or may be influenced by the dominant palaeocurrent flow towards the SW, which has resulted in a broadly more distal and mature Llandovery turbidite lithofacies in Down-Armagh than in the Southern Uplands.
Microbiology Profile in Women With Pelvic Inflammatory Disease in Relation to IUD Use
Authors: Viberga I. , Odlind V. , Lazdane G. , Kroica J. , Berglund L. , Olofsson S. 
Published: April 2011

Objective. To study the microbial characteristics of patients with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and the possible impact of an intrauterine device (IUD) on the microbial environment in women presenting with PID.Methods. Case‐control study, investigating 51 women with acute PID and 50 healthy women. Endocervical specimens for microbiological investigation were obtained at gynaecological examination.Results. IUD users with PID had significantly more Fusobacteria spp. and Peptostreptococcus spp. than non‐IUD users with PID. The finding of combinations of several anaerobic or aerobic microbes was associated with a significantly increased risk of PID and with complicated PID. In IUD users, the combinations of several anaerobic/aerobic microbes were associated
with an increased risk of PID, irrespective of duration of IUD use. Long‐term IUD use appeared to be associated with an increased risk of a PID being complicated.Conclusion. The finding of several anaerobic or aerobic microbes appears to be associated with PID in users of IUD.
Vaginal Candida parapsilosis: Pathogen or Bystander?
Authors: Nyirjesy Paul , Alexander Alynn B. , Weitz M. Velma 
Published: April 2011

Objective: Candida parapsilosis is an infrequent isolate on vaginal cultures; its role as a vaginal pathogen remains unstudied. This retrospective study of women with positive culture for C. parapsilosis sought to characterize the significance of this finding and its response to antifungal therapy.Methods: From February 2001 to August 2002, we identified all individuals with positive fungal isolates among a population of women with chronic vulvovaginal symptoms. Charts of women with C. parapsilosis cultures were reviewed with regard to patient demographics, clinical presentation and therapeutic response. Mycological cure, defined as a negative fungal culture at the next office visit, and clinical cure, i.e. symptom resolution, were determined for each subject.Results: A total of 582 women had positive vaginal cultures for 635 isolates, of which 54 (8.5%) were C. parapsilosis. The charts of 51 subjects with C. parapsilosis were available for review and follow‐up cultures and clinical information were available for 39 (76.5%). Microscopy was positive in 9 (17.6%). Antifungal treatment resulted in mycological cure in 17/19
patients with fluconazole, 7/7 with butoconazole, 6/6 with boric acid, 1/1 with miconazole and occurred spontaneously in 6/ 7: 24/37 (64.9%) patients with a mycological cure experienced clinical cure.Conclusions: Although C. parapsilosis is often a cause of vaginal symptoms, it seems to respond to a variety of antifungal agents and may even be a transient vaginal colonizer.
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Reported Practices Among Obstetrician‐Gynecologists in the USA Regarding Antibiotic Prescribing for Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Chamany Shadi , Schulkin Jay , Rose Charles E. , Riley Laura E. , Besser Richard E. 
Published: April 2011

Background: Knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections (URIs) have not been well described among obstetrician‐gynecologists (OB/GYNs). This information is useful for
determining whether an OB/GYN‐specific program promoting appropriate antibiotic use would significantly contribute to the efforts to decrease inappropriate antibiotic use among primary care providers.Methods: An anonymous questionnaire asking about the treatment of URIs was sent to 1031 obstetrician‐gynecologists.Results: The overall response rate was 46%. The majority of respondents (92%) were aware of the relationship between antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance, and respondents estimated that 5% of their patients had URI symptoms at their office visits. Overall, 56% of respondents reported that they would prescribe an antibiotic for uncomplicated bronchitis and 43% for the common cold. OB/GYNs with the fewest years of experience were less likely than those with the most years of experience to report prescribing for uncomplicated bronchitis (Odds ratio (OR) 0.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.23 to 0.91) or the common cold (OR 0.44, CI 0.22 to 0.89). The majority of respondents (60%) believed that most patients wanted an antibiotic for URI symptoms, with male OB/GYNs being more likely than female OB/GYNs (OR 2.1, CI 1.2 to 3.8) to hold this belief. Both male OB/GYNs (OR 1.9, CI 1.1 to 3.4) and rural practitioners (OR 2.1, CI 1.1 to 4.0) were more likely to believe that it was hard to withhold antibiotics for URI symptoms because other physicians prescribe antibiotics for these symptoms. OB/GYNs who believed that postgraduate training prepared them well for primary care management were more likely than those who did not (OR 2.1, CI 1.1 to 4.2) to believe that they could reduce antibiotic prescribing without reducing patient satisfaction.Conclusion: Multiple demographic factors affect attitudes and reported practices regarding antibiotic prescribing. However, in view of the low proportion of office visits for URIs, an OB/GYN‐specific program is not warranted.
Postpartum Sterilization Choices Made by HIV‐Infected Women
Authors: Stuart Gretchen S. , Castaño Paula M. , Sheffield Jeanne S. , McElwee Barbara , McIntire Donald D. , Wendel George D. 
Published: April 2011

Objective. To assess if HIV‐infected women made different choices for postpartum sterilization after implementation of the Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol 076 (November 1, 1994) compared to before implementation.Study design. A retrospective cohort study in which medical records were reviewed to obtain demographic, obstetric and HIV‐related data from January 1993 through December 2002. HIV‐infected women who completed a pregnancy by birth or abortion were divided into two comparison groups: “Pre‐076” and “Post‐076”. The primary outcome was sterilization by postpartum tubal ligation.Results. Forty‐two women (74%) in the Pre‐076 group chose sterilization compared to 139 of 310 women (45%) in the Post‐076 group (unadjusted OR 3.44, 95 % CI 1.83, 6.47). Seventy‐one percent of women younger than 21 years of age in the Pre‐076 Group chose sterilization compared with only 35% of women younger than 21 years in the Post‐076 group (p=0.0136). Similarly, 78% of primiparous women chose sterilization after their first pregnancy in the Pre‐076 group,
compared to 14% in the Post‐076 group (p < 0.001).Conclusions. Since the implementation of PACTG 076 protocol in November 1994, fewer HIV‐infected women chose postpartum sterilization. The typical woman who now chooses postpartum sterilization is less likely to be young or primiparous than those who chose sterilization before PACTG Protocol 076 implementation.
Periodontal Disease and Bacterial Vaginosis Increase the Risk for Adverse Pregnancy Outcome
Authors: Oittinen Juha , Kurki Tapio , Kekki Minnamaija , Kuusisto Minna , Pussinen Pirkko , Vilkuna-Rautiainen Tiina , Nieminen Anja , Asikainen Sirkka , Paavonen Jorma 
Published: April 2011

Objectives. To determine whether periodontal disease or bacterial vaginosis (BV) diagnosed before pregnancy increase the
risk for adverse pregnancy outcome.Methods. We enrolled a total of 252 women who had discontinued contraception in order to become pregnant. The first
130 pregnant women were included in the analyses.Results. Multivariate analysis showed a strong association between periodontal disease and adverse pregnancy outcome
(OR 5.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4–21.2; p = 0.014), and a borderline association between BV and adverse pregnancy
outcome (OR 3.2, 95% confidence interval 0.9–10.7; p = 0.061).Conclusion. Our study suggests that pre‐pregnancy counseling should include both oral and vaginal examinations to rule out periodontal disease and BV. This may ultimately have an impact on antenatal healthcare, and decrease the risk for
adverse pregnancy outcome.
Breast Milk Pasteurisation in Developed Countries to Reduce HIV Transmission. Do the Benefits Outweigh the Risks?
Authors: Giles M. , Mijch A. 
Published: April 2011

Background. Transmission of HIV through breastfeeding is well documented. The World Health Organisation advise HIVinfected women in developed countries to use alternatives to breastfeeding together with highly active antiretroviral therapy and optimal management of delivery to prevent transmission of HIV to their infant.Case report. We present the case of an HIV‐infected woman electing to exclusively breastfeed for six months and applying milk pasteurisation techniques without transmission to her infant. Two paired samples of her breast milk were tested for HIV RNA prior to and after pasteurisation. The first pair of specimens reported no change in HIV RNA copy number, the second pair of specimens reported an increase in copy number.Discussion. This technique, the evidence for HIV inactivation and the effects pasteurisation has on nutritional and immunological components of breast milk are discussed.Conclusion. In conclusion, we believe there is currently insufficient data to recommend this technique either as a safe alternative to formula feeding in resource‐rich countries or as a method for providing intact immunological components of
breast milk to the infant.
Transfer of Meropenem in the ex Vivo Human Placenta perfusion Model
Authors: Hnat Michael , Bawdon Roger E. 
Published: April 2011

Objectives. To determine maternal‐fetal transplacental passage of meropenem in the ex vivo human perfusion model.Study design. Term placentae (n = 6) were collected immediately after delivery. A single cotyledon was localized, perfused
and stabilized with physiologic Eagles minimal essential medium containing 3% bovine albumin and heparin as described by Chalier (Chalier JC. Criteria for evaluating perfusion experiments and presentation results. Contrib Gynecol Obstet 1985;
13:32–39). Meropenem was added to the maternal medium in concentrations similar to maternal serum peak and trough levels, then perfused through the maternal circulation of the cotyledon. To assess transfer and accumulation, fluid aliquots
from both the maternal and fetal compartments were collected over an hour at defined intervals in an open and closed system. Antipyrine  14C
was added to the medium in order to calculate the transport fraction and clearance indexes.
Meropenem and antipyrine  14C
concentrations were determined by High‐pressure Liquid Chromatography and liquid
scintillation, respectively.Results. Mean antipyrine transport fraction was 2.33 + 0.25. Maternal and fetal mean meropenem peak concentrations were 54.3 + 3.3 μg/ml and 2.2 + 0.18 μg/ml, respectively. Whereas, maternal and fetal mean trough concentrations were 12.7 + 1.3 μg/ml and 0.41 + 0.10 μg/ml, respectively. Mean peak clearance index was 0.077 + 0.007 and the mean trough was 0.052 + 0.015. Mean accumulation for the peak and trough concentrations of meropenem were 0.9 and 2.95 μg/ml, respectively.Conclusions. Transplacental passage of meropenem was incomplete in the ex vivo human placental perfusion model. Accumulation was also noted in the fetal compartment
An Implicit Hierarchical Fixed-Point Approach to General Variational Inequalities in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Zeng LC , Wen Ching-Feng , Yao JC 
Published: April 2011

AbstractLet "Equation missing" be a nonempty closed convex subset of a real Hilbert space "Equation missing". Let "Equation missing" be a "Equation missing"-Lipschitzian and "Equation missing"-strongly monotone operator with constants "Equation missing", "Equation missing" be nonexpansive mappings with "Equation missing" where "Equation missing" denotes the fixed-point set of "Equation missing", and "Equation missing" be a "Equation missing"-contraction with coefficient "Equation missing". Let "Equation missing" and "Equation missing", where "Equation missing". For each "Equation missing", let "Equation missing" be a unique solution of the fixed-point equation "Equation missing". We derive the following conclusions on the behavior of the net "Equation missing" along the curve "Equation missing": (i) if "Equation missing", as "Equation missing", then "Equation missing" strongly, which is the unique solution of the variational inequality of finding "Equation missing" such that "Equation missing" and (ii) if "Equation missing", as "Equation missing", then "Equation missing" strongly, which is the unique solution of some hierarchical variational inequality problem.
Induction of Retinoid X Receptor Activity and Consequent Upregulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 by Indenoisoquinolines in MCF7 Cells
Authors: Park Eun-Jung , Kondratyuk Tamara P. , Morrell Andrew , Kiselev Evgeny , Conda-Sheridan Martin , Cushman Mark , Ahn Soyoun , Choi Yongsoo , White Jerry J. , van Breemen Richard B. , Pezzuto John M. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) has been targeted for the chemoprevention and treatment of cancer. To discover potential agents acting through RXRs, we utilized an RXR response element (RXRE)-luciferase reporter gene assay. Following extensive screening, 3-amino-6-(3-aminopropyl)-5,6-dihydro-5,11-dioxo-11H-indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline dihydrochloride (AM6-36) was found to induce RXRE-luciferase activities. AM6-36 inhibited COX-2 expression and anchorage-independent growth with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate-stimulated JB6 Cl41 cells, induced the expression of CD38 in HL-60 cells, and attenuated the growth of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea–induced mammary tumors in rats. Consistent with other reports describing the antiproliferative effects of RXR agonists in breast cancers, AM6-36 showed growth inhibition with cultured MCF7 breast cancer cells, accompanied by G2/M-phase arrest at lower concentrations and enhanced S-phase arrest at higher concentrations. On the basis of DNA microarray analysis, AM6-36 upregulated the expression of CDKN1A, a target gene of RXR, by 35-fold. In accord with this response, the expression of the corresponding protein, p21WAF1/CIP1, was increased in the presence of AM6-36. Induction of p21 by AM6-36 was abrogated following transient knockdown of RXRα, demonstrating that the effect of AM6-36 on the expression of p21 is closely related to modulation of RXRα transcriptional activity. Intestinal permeability was suggested with Caco-2 cells and limited metabolism resulted when AM6-36 was incubated with human liver microsomes. Oral administration with rats resulted in 0.8 μg/mL, 4.3 μg/g, and 0.3 μg/g in serum, liver, and mammary gland, respectively. In sum, these data suggest that AM6-36 is a promising lead for the treatment or prevention of breast cancer and provide a strong rationale for testing in more advanced antitumor systems. Cancer Prev Res; 4(4); 592–607. ©2011 AACR.
Exercise for Secondary Prevention of Breast Cancer: Moving from Evidence to Changing Clinical Practice
Authors: Schmitz Kathryn H. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Relating to the report of Irwin and colleagues in this issue of the journal (beginning on page 522), this perspective discusses exercise training interventions as secondary prevention in breast cancer survivors. Burgeoning observational evidence indicates that prescribing aerobic exercise of 3 hours or more per week could have meaningful mortality and morbidity benefits for breast cancer survivors. Adherence to this exercise prescription, however, will require an infrastructure to guide survivors and to address the common clinical treatment sequelae that might interfere with survivors’ ability to regularly perform this level of activity (e.g., symptoms related to estrogen deprivation, arthralgias due to aromatase inhibitors, fatigue, lymphedema, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, osteoporosis, upper-extremity functional impairments, and overall functional decline). On the basis of cardiac rehabilitation, a model is proposed to integrate exercise prescription into breast cancer survivor clinical care, with referral to community-based programs for most women. Cancer Prev Res; 4(4); 476–80. ©2011 AACR.
In Favor of Tipping the Balance: Animal Rights Activists in Defense of Residential Picketing
Authors: Goodman Justin R. , Sanders Clinton R. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThis discussion focuses on the rationales employed by animal rights activists to explain their involvement in, and support of, protest tactics that are controversial both inside and outside the animal rights movement. The paper centers on the use of residential picketing (“home demos”) in a campaign against a private, multinational animal testing firm. Using ethnographic data and semistructured interviews with activists, the discussion demonstrates that these activists are aware of the marginality of their tactics. Despite some ambivalence, however, activists accept full responsibility for their actions and justify their behavior by utilizing supportive rationales that stress the perceived efficacy of home demos. Specifically, they appeal to the immediate and long-term psychological and direct and indirect material impacts on protest targets. These narratives are explored as constructions that are shaped and disseminated within the context of the state’s preoccupation with “ecoterrorism” and the movement’s internal debates regarding acceptable protest tactics.