bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A short note on the geo-archeological significance of the ancient Theodosius harbour (İstanbul, Turkey)
Authors: Algan Oya , Yalçın M. Namık , Özdoğan Mehmet , Yılmaz İsak , Sarı Erol , Kırcı-Elmas Elmas , Ongan Demet , Bulkan-Yeşiladalı Özlem , Yılmaz Yücel , Karamut İsmail 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe sedimentary sequence discovered at archaeological excavations in ancient Theodosius Harbour at İstanbul contains the records of sea level, environmental changes and the cultural history of the region. The cobbles at the base of the sequence include archaeological remnants of Neolithic culture that settled in the area between 8.4 and 7.3 14C ka BP, and are located at 6 m below the present sea level. The sediments representing a coastal environment indicate that the area was used as a harbour from AD 4th to at least the 11th century and were filled by the sediments derived from Lykos Stream after 11th century.
EFFECTS OF COMBINING ORGANIC MATERIALS WITH INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS SOURCES ON MAIZE YIELD AND FINANCIAL BENEFITS IN WESTERN KENYA
Authors: OPALA P. A. , OTHIENO C. O. , OKALEBO J. R. , KISINYO P. O. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYDue to escalating costs of imported fertilizers, there is renewed interest in the use of local nutrient resources in managing soil fertility in Kenya. We tested the effect of two organic materials, farmyard manure (FYM) andTithonia diversifolia(tithonia), and an inorganic N fertilizer, urea, when applied alone or in combination with three inorganic P sources, triple superphosphate (TSP), Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR) and Busumbu phosphate rock (BPR), on maize yields and financial benefits. The study was conducted for three consecutive seasons, from March 2007 to August 2008 in western Kenya. FYM and tithonia were applied to supply 20 kg P ha−1in treatments where they were used either alone or in combination with the inorganic P sources while 40 kg P ha−1was from the inorganic P sources in the combination. Where urea was used, the inorganic P sources were applied at 60 kg P ha−1. When applied in combination with urea, MPR was a better P source for maize than TSP or BPR. However, when applied in combination with FYM or tithonia, TSP was the best P source. Treatments including tithonia were more effective in increasing maize yields than those without it with a similar total P application rate. The agronomic effectiveness of tithonia did not, however, translate to economic attractiveness, mainly due to very high labour costs associated with its use. FYM when applied alone at 20 kg P ha−1was the only treatment that exceeded a benefit:cost ratio of 2 and, therefore, the most likely, of the tested technologies to be adopted by farmers.
A prospective study of diurnal cortisol and cognitive function in community-dwelling elderly people
Authors: Beluche I. , Carrière I. , Ritchie K. , Ancelin M. L. 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundElevated cortisol levels due to hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis stress response have been associated with cognitive impairment. However, the causal relationship between stress and subsequent cognitive impairment remains unclear, notably because of the small number of gender-stratified prospective studies.MethodSalivary cortisol secretion was evaluated in 197 non-depressed community-dwelling elderly people at three time points on the day of hospital attendance for a clinical examination and again on the following day at home, in a distinct environmental context. Cognitive performance was evaluated at baseline and at 2- and 4-year follow-up.ResultsCross-sectional logistic analyses adjusted for age and education indicated that men with high morning cortisol at the hospital had higher risk of low cognitive performance in verbal fluency [odds ratio (OR) 3.0, p=0.05] and visuospatial performance (OR 5.1, p=0.03). Impairment in verbal fluency was observed in women with moderate high morning cortisol (OR 3.6, p=0.05) or moderate slow diurnal rhythm (OR 3.7, p=0.04). In longitudinal analyses, slow diurnal rhythm (flatter slope) was associated with decline over 4 years in visuospatial performance (OR 7.7, p=0.03) and visual memory (OR 4.1, p=0.03) in men, and in verbal fluency (OR 6.0, p=0.01) in women. High morning cortisol was associated with decline in visual memory in women (OR 5.1, p=0.06).ConclusionsHPA axis dysregulation seems to be associated with low cognitive performance in the elderly. Slower cortisol elimination rates could predict cognitive decline affecting principally non-verbal functioning in men and verbal functioning in women. The effects are independent of environmental context, apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype or psychopathology. Interventions blocking this pathway may provide new therapeutic options to prevent cognitive decline.
Rabies epidemiology and control in Turkey: past and present
Authors: JOHNSON N. , UN H. , FOOKS A. R. , FREULING C. , MÜLLER T. , AYLAN O. , VOS A. 
Published: October 2009

SUMMARYTurkey is the only country in Europe where urban dog-mediated rabies persists. Control measures in recent decades have reduced the burden of rabies to relatively low levels but foci of disease still persist, particularly in urban areas. Occasional human cases result from this persistence although the source of these appears to be both dog and wildlife reservoirs. This review considers the current state of rabies in Turkey including current control measures, the varying epidemiology of the disease throughout this country and the prospects for rabies elimination.
BOUNDARY BEHAVIOR OF SUPERHARMONIC FUNCTIONS SATISFYING NONLINEAR INEQUALITIES IN A PLANAR SMOOTH DOMAIN
Authors: HIRATA KENTARO 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a sharp boundary growth estimate for all positive superharmonic functions u in a smooth domain Ω in ℝ2 satisfying the nonlinear inequality where c>0, α∈ℝ and p>0, and δΩ(x) stands for the distance from a point x to the boundary of Ω. A result is applied to show the existence of nontangential limits of such superharmonic functions.
FLAT SETS, ℓp-GENERATING AND FIXING c0 IN THE NONSEPARABLE SETTING
Authors: FABIAN M. , GONZÁLEZ A. , ZIZLER V. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe define asymptotically p-flat and innerly asymptotically p-flat sets in Banach spaces in terms of uniform weak* Kadec–Klee asymptotic smoothness, and use these concepts to characterize weakly compactly generated (Asplund) spaces that are c0(ω1)-generated or ℓp(ω1)-generated, where p∈(1,∞). In particular, we show that every subspace of c0(ω1) is c0(ω1)-generated and every subspace of ℓp(ω1) is ℓp(ω1)-generated for every p∈(1,∞). As a byproduct of the technology of projectional resolutions of the identity we get an alternative proof of Rosenthal’s theorem on fixing c0(ω1).
GRAPH PRODUCTS OF RIGHT CANCELLATIVE MONOIDS
Authors: FOUNTAIN JOHN , KAMBITES MARK 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOur first main result shows that a graph product of right cancellative monoids is itself right cancellative. If each of the component monoids satisfies the condition that the intersection of two principal left ideals is either principal or empty, then so does the graph product. Our second main result gives a presentation for the inverse hull of such a graph product. We then specialize to the case of the inverse hulls of graph monoids, obtaining what we call ‘polygraph monoids’. Among other properties, we observe that polygraph monoids areF*-inverse. This follows from a general characterization of those right cancellative monoids with inverse hulls that areF*-inverse.
Role of the cysteine protease interpain A of Prevotella intermedia in breakdown and release of haem from haemoglobin
Authors: Byrne Dominic P. , Wawrzonek Katarzyna , Jaworska Anna , Birss Andrew J. , Potempa Jan , Smalley John W. 
Published: October 2009

The Gram-negative oral anaerobe Prevotella intermedia forms an iron(III) protoporphyrin IX pigment from haemoglobin. The bacterium expresses a 90 kDa cysteine protease, InpA (interpain A), a homologue of Streptococcus pyogenes streptopain (SpeB). The role of InpA in haemoglobin breakdown and haem release was investigated. At pH 7.5, InpA mediated oxidation of oxyhaemoglobin to hydroxymethaemoglobin [in which the haem iron is oxidized to the Fe(III) state and which carries OH− as the sixth co-ordinate ligand] by limited proteolysis of globin chains as indicated by SDS/PAGE and MALDI (matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization)–TOF (time-of-flight) analysis. Prolonged incubation at pH 7.5 did not result in further haemoglobin protein breakdown, but in the formation of a haemoglobin haemichrome (where the haem Fe atom is co-ordinated by another amino acid ligand in addition to the proximal histidine residue) resistant to degradation by InpA. InpA-mediated haem release from hydroxymethaemoglobin–agarose was minimal compared with trypsin at pH 7.5. At pH 6.0, InpA increased oxidation at a rate greater than auto-oxidation, producing aquomethaemoglobin (with water as sixth co-ordinate ligand), and resulted in its complete breakdown and haem loss. Aquomethaemoglobin proteolysis and haem release was prevented by blocking haem dissociation by ligation with azide, whereas InpA proteolysis of haem-free globin was rapid, even at pH 7.5. Both oxidation of oxyhaemoglobin and breakdown of methaemoglobin by InpA were inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 [trans-epoxysuccinyl-L-leucylamido-(4-guanidino)butane]. In summary, we conclude that InpA may play a central role in haem acquisition by mediating oxyhaemoglobin oxidation, and by degrading aquomethaemoglobin in which haem–globin affinity is weakened under acidic conditions.
Dysphagia Management in the Schools: Concepts in Training and Competency
Authors: O'Donoghue Cynthia R. , Hegyi Sarah E. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
As the demands to care for children with swallowing and feeding disorders continue to evolve for school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs), avenues to establish, maintain, and monitor competency are imperative. Optimally, these approaches should delineate dysphagia protocols and practices at school, district, and state levels that are grounded in evidence. Key foundational components to improving services for children, while minimizing the liabilities for SLPs, include legislated scope of practice within school licensure regulations, published guidelines and standard of practice protocols, documented yearly competencies, and established monitoring for knowledge and skill levels. This article outlines the Commonwealth of Virginia's approaches to these goals as a preliminary model to address these logistical issues. Although a concept not reported previously in the school-based swallowing and feeding literature, a continuum of knowledge and skills is considered. This continuum emphasizes acquired skills do not mean “competency” for life. Competency is dynamic; SLPs will advance or regress in their performances based on personal interests, continuing education, and clinical experiences.
Avoiding Disputes in School-Based Management of Students With Dysphagia: Five Key Strategies
Authors: Bailey Rita L. , Lugg Elizabeth T. 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
It is important that speech-language pathologists, administrators, and other school personnel understand the adverse effect of dysphagia on students' ability to receive an appropriate education. This article addresses the educational relevance of dysphagia management and provides practical strategies for avoiding potential disputes related to management of students with dysphagia.
First Report of Soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus in Soybean in North America
Authors: Li S. , Moon J. S. , Lee S. H. , Domier L. L. 
Published: October 2009

Soybean yellow mottle mosaic virus (SYMMV) is a soybean-infecting virus recently discovered in Korea that initially induces bright yellow mosaic on leaves followed by stunting and reduced growth of older leaves (1). Nucleotide sequence analysis of genomic RNA of the Korean SYMMV isolate suggested that the virus is a new member of the genus Carmovirus in the family Tombusviridae. To determine whether SYMMV is present in the United States, single leaflets were collected without regard for symptoms from 7 to 10 plants in each of 136 plots in August 2008 from a research field in Stoneville, MS that contained 16 plant introductions (including five from Korea) and ‘Williams 82’. Samples were grouped into 10 pools of 100 leaves from which total RNA was extracted with the Qiagen RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Germantown, MD), reverse transcribed, and amplified with SuperScript III Platinum SYBR Green One-Step Quantitative Real-time Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) and two pairs of oligonucleotide primers (5′-CGTCTGCCAGGGTTTAATACTA-3′, and 5′-GATTAGCATGTCAGGGTGGTCG-3′; and 5′-ACTGAGTCCCCTGCTTAT-3′ and 5′-CATCACTAGCGTCYGGATCA-3′) that were designed from regions conserved between SYMMV and Cowpea mottle virus (CPMoV; a related and seed-transmitted carmovirus). Six 100-leaflet pools were positive with both primer sets and four pools were negative with both primer sets. Total RNA extracted from one positive pool was reverse transcribed using SuperScript II reverse transcriptase and a primer complementary to nt 4,000 to 4,009 of the SYMMV genome and amplified using iProof DNA polymerase (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA) as two overlapping DNA fragments using primers corresponding to nt 1 to 21 and complementary to nt 3,483 to 3,508 and corresponding to nt 3,366 to 3,391 and complementary to nt 4,000 to 4,009. DNA fragments were sequenced using a BigDye Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit and ABI 3730XL capillary sequencers (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The 4,009-nt sequence of the Mississippi SYMMV isolate (GenBank Accession No. FJ707484) was 96% identical to the Korean SYMMV isolate and 65% identical to CPMoV. Because of the sampling techniques used, it was not possible to associate SYMMV-positive plants with disease symptoms in Mississippi. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SYMMV in North America. Reference: (1) M. Nam et al. Online publication. doi:10.1077/s00705-009-0480. Arch. Virol., 2009.
Appearance of Powdery Mildew of Wheat Caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici on Pm17-Bearing Cultivars in North Carolina
Authors: Cowger C. , Parks R. , Marshall D. 
Published: October 2009

Pm17 is a gene for resistance to powdery mildew caused by Blumeria graminis (DC.) E.O. Speer f. sp. tritici. The gene was first confirmed in the wheat-rye translocation cultivar Amigo (1). In Amigo, the translocation is T1AL-1RS and the 1RS arm has the gene Pm17. In the mid-Atlantic United States, at least two widely deployed soft red winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, McCormick (2) and Tribute (3), possess Pm17 inherited from Amigo. Before 2009, low frequencies of mostly intermediate virulence to Pm17 were detected among isolates from research plots of highly susceptible cultivars (4), but Pm17-bearing cultivars remained immune to mildew in the field. In April 2009, moderately severe powdery mildew was observed for the first time throughout plots of McCormick, Tribute, and other cultivars in both Kinston and Raleigh, NC. At Kinston, Pm17 virulence was observed at two research sites, separated by approximately 10 km, throughout plots of Amigo, McCormick, Tribute, and the hard red winter wheat cultivar TAM 303, which also contains Pm17. In the same month, virulence to Pm17 was observed in Raleigh throughout rows and plots of Amigo and TAM 303. In Kinston and Raleigh, ratings of powdery mildew severity on the Pm17-containing cultivars were 4 or 5 on a scale of 0 to 9, with 0 being the absence of mildew pustules and 9 the most severe mildew infection. Mildew was observed on leaves of all ages. Mildewed leaves were collected from field plots of all four Pm17-bearing cultivars, and an assay to confirm Pm17 virulence was conducted in the laboratory. Mixed-isolate cultures were derived from the leaves and a detached-leaf assay was performed using Amigo, which is the standard Pm17 differential (4). All tested cultures were fully to moderately virulent on Pm17 and all were fully virulent on the susceptible control Chancellor. In the field, chasmothecia (sexual fruiting bodies) were observed on Pm17-bearing cultivars. Together with the quantitatively varying Pm17 virulence detected in the laboratory assay, this suggests that multiple strains of Pm17-virulent B. graminis f. sp. tritici may be present in the field, although that has not yet been demonstrated. Pm17 has protected wheat from powdery mildew over a substantial area in the mid-Atlantic United States. The loss of Pm17 is the most important virulence shift in the U.S. wheat powdery mildew population since Pm4a became ineffective around 2002. Isolates virulent to Pm17 can be expected to appear and multiply in wheat-producing states of the mid-Atlantic United States, including Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Thus, the urgency of developing and releasing wheat cultivars with other sources of effective mildew resistance is heightened. References: (1) B. Friebe et al. Euphytica 91:59, 1996. (2) C. A. Griffey et al. Crop Sci. 45:416, 2005. (3) C. A. Griffey et al. Crop Sci. 45:419, 2005. (4) R. Parks et al. Plant Dis. 92:1074, 2008.
First Report of Bacterial Leaf Scorch Caused by Xylella fastidiosa on Southern Highbush Blueberry in Florida
Authors: Harmon P. F. , Hopkins D. L. 
Published: October 2009

In May of 2008, samples of southern highbush blueberry (interspecific Vaccinium corymbosum hybrids) exhibiting marginal leaf necrosis were collected at a farm in Interlachen, FL. The cv. Star showed severe leaf scorch, partial defoliation, and a generally unthrifty growth structure of many thin twigs as has been observed in Georgia (1). The block of Star plants was approximately 10 years old and incidence of the disease was 100%. The grower reported the planting had become increasingly unproductive in the most recent 4 to 5 years. Plants of the cv. Windsor also showed scorch symptoms and yellow-to-red discoloration of leaves. Proportionally fewer Windsor plants showed disease symptoms than Star plants and the disease was not as severe on this cultivar on the basis of visual estimates at the time. Each sample consisted of 5 to 10 cuttings of spring wood with attached leaves showing marginal necrosis taken from a single plant. Three samples, two from Star plants and one from a Windsor plant, were divided into two subsamples each. One subsample was submitted to Agdia for Xylella fastidiosa double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA assay (TSE XF; Agdia Inc., Elkhart IN). All three samples were reported as positive for X. fastidiosa by DAS-ELISA. A number of asymptomatic plants from this farm and other additional farms were tested in the same manner and results were negative. The other subsample was used for isolation of the causal bacterium. Petioles and main veins from symptomatic leaves were surface disinfested in 1% sodium hypochlorite, cut into segments (0.5 cm), and squeezed with forceps or pliers. Sap that exuded from the segment was blotted directly onto periwinkle wilt medium (2). Bacterial colonies consistent in morphology with X. fastidiosa that were DAS-ELISA positive were obtained from all three samples. One isolate from each sample was inoculated into four Star plants each with the pin-pricking method (3). Leaf scorch symptoms were first observed 8 weeks after inoculation. By 12 weeks after inoculation, all plants inoculated with the three isolates had developed symptoms, including defoliation. Plants inoculated without bacteria showed no symptoms. X. fastidiosa was reisolated from symptomatic plants. Bacterial leaf scorch is an important emerging disease that threatens the southern highbush blueberry industry in the south. On certain cultivars like Star, the potential to reduce yield appears to be great. Differences between cultivars are likely, but have not yet been explored. Additional research is needed into the epidemiology of the disease and potential vectors of pathogen transmission. References: (1) C. Chang et al. HortScience 44:413, 2009. (2) M. Davis et al. Curr. Microbiol. 6:309, 1981. (3) D. L. Hopkins et al. Phytopathology 75:713, 1985.
First Report of Plasmodiophora brassicae on Rapeseed in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Authors: Desoignies N. , Eickermann M. , Delfosse P. , Kremer F. , Godart N. , Hoffmann L. , Legrève A. 
Published: October 2009

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the third most important crop after wheat and barley in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Since 2005, clubroot symptoms in this crop have been reported by farmers in the Gutland Region. In February 2009, plants of the hybrid rapeseed cv. Exocet, with stunted growth, yellow leaves, and club-shaped roots, were sampled from a field in Oberkorn village near Differdange. Microscopic observations of the rapeseed root fragments revealed the presence of the three life stages characteristic of Plasmodiophora brassicae Woronin. Plasmodia and zoosporangia were observed in the root hairs and resting spores were present in root galls. Individual spores were 2 to 3 μm in diameter. Total DNA was extracted from the root galls with a FAST DNA Kit (MP Biomedicals, Irvine, CA). The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and 5.8S gene of the rDNA region were amplified with ITS5 and ITS4 primers as described by White et al. (2) and part of this region was sequenced. A BLASTn search in GenBank revealed that the sequence closely resembled (98% identity) sequences of P. brassicae (Genbank Accession No. EF195335) from an isolate of the pathogen from Switzerland. To confirm the presence of the pathogen, seeds of the susceptible ecotype cvi-0 of Arabidopsis thaliana were grown in a soil sample (1 liter) collected near the infected rapeseed plants. After 55 days of growth in a glasshouse at 15 to 20°C, the roots of 11 plants were analyzed. Two showed clear clubroot symptoms and four others exhibited small swellings. The remaining five plants were symptomless, but plasmodia and zoosporangia were found in root hair cells. Clubroot caused by P. brassicae has previously been described on B. napus and other crucifers (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of clubroot disease caused by P. brassicae in Luxembourg. Because its presence has since been observed in new fields in the Gutland Region and because of the ability of the pathogen to survive for a long period in the soil, this disease could represent a severe threat for cropping of Brassicaceae in Luxembourg and neighboring countries. References: (1) I. R. Crute et al. Plant Breed. Abstr. 50:91, 1980. (2) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. M. A. Innis et al., eds. Academic press: San Diego, 1990.