bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of BMP3 in the developing skeleton alters endochondral bone formation resulting in spontaneous rib fractures
Authors: Gamer Laura W. , Cox Karen , Carlo Joelle M. , Rosen Vicki 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBone morphogenetic protein‐3 (BMP) has been identified as a negative regulator in the skeleton as mice lacking BMP3 have increased bone mass. To further understand how BMP3 mediates bone formation, we created transgenic mice overexpressing BMP3 using the type I collagen promoter. BMP3 transgenic mice displayed spontaneous rib fractures that were first detected at E17.0. The fractures were due to defects in differentiation of the periosteum and late hypertrophic chondrocytes resulting in thinner cortical bone with decreased mineralization. As BMP3 modulates BMP and activin signaling through ActRIIB, we examined the ribs of ActRIIB receptor knockout mice and found they had defects in late chondrogenesis and mineralization similar to BMP3 transgenic mice. These data suggest that BMP3 exerts its effects in the skeleton by altering signaling through ActRIIB in chondrocytes and the periosteum, and this results in defects in bone collar formation and late hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation leading to decreased mineralization and less bone. Developmental Dynamics 238:2374–2381, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish enhancer detection (ZED) vector: A new tool to facilitate transgenesis and the functional analysis of cis‐regulatory regions in zebrafish
Authors: Bessa José , Tena Juan J. , de la Calle‐Mustienes Elisa , Fernández‐Miñán Ana , Naranjo Silvia , Fernández Almudena , Montoliu Lluis , Akalin Altuna , Lenhard Boris , Casares Fernando , Gómez‐Skarmeta José Luis 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe identification and characterization of the regulatory activity of genomic sequences is crucial for understanding how the information contained in genomes is translated into cellular function. The cis‐regulatory sequences control when, where, and how much genes are transcribed and can activate (enhancers) or repress (silencers) gene expression. Here, we describe a novel Tol2 transposon‐based vector for assessing enhancer activity in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). This Zebrafish Enhancer Detector (ZED) vector harbors several key improvements, among them a sensitive and specific minimal promoter chosen for optimal enhancer activity detection, insulator sequences to shield the minimal promoter from position effects, and a positive control for transgenesis. Additionally, we demonstrate that highly conserved noncoding sequences homologous between humans and zebrafish largely with enhancer activity largely retain their tissue‐specific enhancer activity during vertebrate evolution. More strikingly, insulator sequences from mouse and chicken, but not conserved in zebrafish, maintain their insulator capacity when tested in this model. Developmental Dynamics 238:2409–2417, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regeneration according to Spallanzani
Authors: Tsonis Panagiotis A. , Fox Timothy P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractIn this report, we elaborate on a letter that Spallanzani wrote to Bonnet reporting his findings on regeneration in worms, snails, tadpoles, and salamanders. The letter (original in French and translated in English; see Supplementary Material, which is available online) was written to discuss whether or not regeneration in these animals supports Bonnet's theory on germs. The letter includes several drawings by Spallanzani, which were not published in the Prodromo, his book on Animal Reproduction. Spallanzani made important observations, which he described with considerable detail, but overall he was unable to confidently support Bonnet's theory. This letter reflects the way of thinking in the 18th century that shaped the important scientific fields of regeneration and reproduction. Developmental Dynamics 238:2357–2363, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adventures in the Coordination Chemistry of Di‐2‐pyridyl Ketone and Related Ligands: From High‐Spin Molecules and Single‐Molecule Magnets to Coordination Polymers, and from Structural Aesthetics to an Exciting New Reactivity Chemistry of Coordinated Ligands (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 23/2009)
Authors: Stamatatos Theocharis C. , Efthymiou Constantinos G. , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Perlepes Spyros P. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe cover picture shows the famous bridge that connects Patras (and Peloponissos) with Central Greece, one of the largest in the world. The bridge is fixed to four pylons in the same manner that a myriad of polynuclear metal complexes and coordination polymers is based on various forms of di‐2‐pyridyl ketone shown on the top of the pylons. Some of the complexes have exciting structures and interesting properties. The activation of this and related ligands is an emergent area of synthetic inorganic chemistry. The structural diversity of the compounds stems from the ability of the deprotonated diol‐ and hemiketal‐type ligands to adopt a number of bridging coordination modes, depending on the number of carbonyl groups, the nature of the extra donor sites in the molecule and on the reaction conditions. Details are presented in the Microreview by S. P. Perlepes et al. on p. 3361 ff.
Progress in microchip enantioseparations
Authors: Nagl Stefan , Schulze Philipp , Ludwig Martin , Belder Detlev 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAdvances in microfluidic chips for chiral separations from 2003 to early 2009 are discussed. Microchip‐based separation techniques promise higher speed, throughput, portability, less sample and reagent consumption, better environmental compatibility, reduced cost and the prospect of system integration. Microchip electrophoresis is the most promising technique for miniaturized enantioseparations and has been performed with a variety of designs and analytes, however, other formats such as microchip electrochromatography are also gaining in popularity. Microchip fabrication, chemistry and detection issues are critically discussed and highlighted. Integration of enantioseparation techniques into multifunctional microchips are currently a rapidly advancing area of research and methods are discussed that may eventually enable enantioseparations to be the part of a holistic chemical microchip.
CE provides evidence of the stereoselective hydroxylation of norketamine in equines
Authors: Schmitz Andrea , Theurillat Regula , Lassahn Paul‐Gerhard , Mevissen Meike , Thormann Wolfgang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCE with multiple isomer sulfated‐CD as selector was used for the simultaneous analysis of the stereoisomers of ketamine, norketamine, 5,6‐dehydronorketamine and hydroxylated metabolites of norketamine in liquid/liquid extracts of (i) in vitro incubations with ketamine or norketamine and equine liver microsomes and (ii) plasma and urine of ponies receiving a target‐controlled infusion of ketamine under isoflurane anesthesia. Hydroxynorketamine metabolites with the hydroxy group at the cyclohexanone ring could be shown to be formed stereoselectively both in vitro and in vivo. Due to the lack of standard compounds, urinary extracts were fractionated by HPLC followed by characterization of the collected fractions with CE and LC‐MSn with 0.7 mmu mass discrimination. Comparison of LC‐MSn data obtained with the fractions, an in vitro microsomal sample, and both pony urine and hydrolyzed pony urine led to the identification of four hydroxylated norketamine metabolites with hydroxylation at the cyclohexanone ring, two with hydroxylation at the aromatic ring and four hydroxylated metabolites of ketamine. Due to the lower detection sensitivity, only the four hydroxynorketamine metabolites with hydroxylation at the cyclohexanone ring were observed by CE. The data suggest that demethylation of ketamine followed by hydroxylation of norketamine at the cyclohexanone ring is the major metabolic pathway in equine species and that the ketamine metabolism is highly stereoselective.
Comparative spatiotemporal analysis of fine particulate matter pollution
Authors: Pang W. , Christakos G. , Wang J‐F 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe prime focus of this work is the comparative investigation, theoretical and numerical, of spatiotemporal techniques used in air pollution studies. Space‐time statistics techniques are classified on the basis of a set of criteria and the relative theoretical merits of each technique are discussed accordingly. The numerical comparison involves the applications of two representative techniques. For this purpose, the popular spatiotemporal epistemic knowledge synthesis and graphical user interface (SEKS‐GUI) software of spatiotemporal statistics is used together with a dataset of PM2.5 daily measurements obtained at monitoring stations geographically distributed over the state of North Carolina, USA. The analysis offers valuable insight concerning the choice of an appropriate spatiotemporal technique in air pollution studies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of seismic fragility surfaces for reinforced concrete buildings by means of nonlinear time‐history analysis
Authors: Seyedi D. M. , Gehl P. , Douglas J. , Davenne L. , Mezher N. , Ghavamian S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFragility curves are generally developed using a single parameter to relate the level of shaking to the expected structural damage. The main goal of this work is to use several parameters to characterize the earthquake ground motion. The fragility curves will, therefore, become surfaces when the ground motion is represented by two parameters. To this end, the roles of various strong‐motion parameters on the induced damage in the structure are compared through nonlinear time‐history numerical calculations. A robust structural model that can be used to perform numerous nonlinear dynamic calculations, with an acceptable cost, is adopted. The developed model is based on the use of structural elements with concentrated nonlinear damage mechanics and plasticity‐type behavior. The relations between numerous ground‐motion parameters, characterizing different aspects of the shaking, and the computed damage are analyzed and discussed. Natural and synthetic accelerograms were chosen/computed based on a consideration of the magnitude‐distance ranges of design earthquakes. A complete methodology for building fragility surfaces based on the damage calculation through nonlinear numerical analysis of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems is proposed. The fragility surfaces are built to represent the probability that a given damage level is reached (or exceeded) for any given level of ground motion characterized by the two chosen parameters. The results show that an increase from one to two ground‐motion parameters leads to a significant reduction in the scatter in the fragility analysis and allows the uncertainties related to the effect of the second ground‐motion parameter to be accounted for within risk assessments. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Method for the reduction of in‐service instrument transformer explosions
Authors: Poljak Miroslav , Bojanić Boris 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe methodology and test procedure for the reduction of possible in‐service explosions of instrument transformers to negligibly low values is described. As the introduction, an interpretation of statistical results of a survey about different types of failure in instrument transformers is given, showing that about 90% of them develop gradually, taking from several hours to several months. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is about to adopt a standardised procedure requiring that instrument transformers should withstand the effect of an internal arc. The authors are taking a critical view of the proposal; explaining its main flaws. On the basis of calculations and experimental research on models and 123 kV current transformer it is shown that the mechanism causing explosions of instrument transformers cannot be simulated well enough in the way provided for in the draft of the new IEC standard. A new concept for the reduction of explosions of instrument transformers in service called ‘explosion safe’ is proposed. It includes additional routine and special tests, and usage of devices for the detection or measurement of oil pressure rise in transformers. The proposed tests are based on the investigation ‘Volt–Time Relationships for PD Inception in Oil–Paper Insulation’. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal feedback controller design for a buck converter using Gaussian type pheromone profile
Authors: Sundareswaran K. , Devi V. , Kaul Shashikant , Rajasekar N. , Palani S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper reports the development of a novel optimization algorithm based on a colony of natural ants. The pheromone deposition of a group of foraging ants is perceived as a Gaussian profile and the ants are made to move by sampling the profile. The effectiveness of the algorithm is first verified on a set of benchmark functions and then extended to the design of a feedback controller for a buck converter. The proposed algorithm is illustrated through computed and measured results. Further, the new method is compared with Genetic Algorithm (GA) and is found to be on par with it. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wavelet‐based algorithm for power quality analysis
Authors: Tse Norman C. F. , Zhou Long , Lai L. L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper presents a computational algorithm for identifying integer harmonics and non‐integer harmonics by using wavelet‐based transform. The Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) based on the modified Complex Morlet Wavelet (CMW) is adopted to estimate harmonics present in a power waveform. A frequency detection technique is developed from the wavelet scalogram and ridges. The necessary conditions for the discrimination of adjacent frequencies, the minimum sampling frequency without aliasing and the minimum waveform length for accurate estimation of harmonics are established. Experimental works have been conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed algorithm in estimating harmonics of power system waveforms. The proposed algorithm is comparable to Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) in estimating stationary waveforms however the result is much better than that derived with DFT in estimating non‐stationary waveforms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On accuracy and efficiency of constrained reinitialization
Authors: Hartmann D. , Meinke M. , Schröder W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe reinitialization, which is required to regularize the level set function, can be computationally expensive and hence is a determining factor for the overall efficiency of a level set method. However, it often has a significantly adverse impact on the accuracy of the level set solution. This short note is meant to shed light on the efficiency and accuracy issues of the reinitialization process. Using just one clearly defined level set propagation test case with an analytical solution the solutions obtained using a recently proposed efficient lower‐order constrained reinitialization (CR) scheme and standard low‐ and high‐order reinitialization schemes are juxtaposed to evidence the superiority of the novel CR formulation. It is shown that maintaining the location of the zero level set during the reinitialization is crucial for the accuracy and that the displacement caused by standard high‐order reinitialization schemes clearly outweighs the benefit of the high‐order smoothing of the level set function. Finally, results of a three‐dimensional problem are concisely reported to demonstrate the general applicability of the CR scheme. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient preconditioning techniques for finite‐element quadratic discretization arising from linearized incompressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: El Maliki A. , Guénette R. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe develop an efficient preconditioning techniques for the solution of large linearized stationary and non‐stationary incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. These equations are linearized by the Picard and Newton methods, and linear extrapolation schemes in the non‐stationary case. The time discretization procedure uses the Gear scheme and the second‐order Taylor–Hood element P2−P1 is used for the approximation of the velocity and the pressure. Our purpose is to develop an efficient preconditioner for saddle point systems. Our tools are the addition of stabilization (penalization) term r∇(div(·)), and the use of triangular block matrix as global preconditioner. This preconditioner involves the solution of two subsystems associated, respectively, with the velocity and the pressure and have to be solved efficiently. Furthermore, we use the P1−P2 hierarchical preconditioner recently proposed by the authors, for the block matrix associated with the velocity and an additive approach for the Schur complement approximation. Finally, several numerical examples illustrating the good performance of the preconditioning techniques are presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty‐five years of consumer bankruptcy in continental Europe: internalizing negative externalities and humanizing justice in Denmark
Authors: Kilborn Jason J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper explores the problems and processes that led to the birth of consumer bankruptcy in continental Europe, a process that began in Denmark in January 1972 and culminated with the adoption of the Danish consumer debt adjustment act, Gældssaneringslov, on 9 May 1984. While this law is often described in primarily humanitarian terms, in the sense of offering a respite to “hopelessly indebted” individuals, both the motivation for the law and its intended scope were not simply accretions on an already multi‐layered welfare system. Instead, the law was designed primarily as a pragmatic response to economically wasteful collections activities that imposed negative externalities on debtors, creditors, and especially Danish society and state coffers; the law was intended to force creditors to internalize (or eliminate) these externalities with respect to all debtors unable to pay their debts within a reasonable period of 5 years. The paper also examines the growing pains of this new system. The law originally left significant administrative discretion to judges, which produced vast disparities in treatment of cases in different regions of the country. Ultimately, a reform implemented in October 2005 made the system more accessible, more unitary throughout the country, and more humane. The effects of this reform are already visible in statistical observations of the system, though significant regional variations persist. Given the striking coincidence in timing, this paper also offers brief comparative comments on the parallel design—but very different effect—of the most significant reform of the US consumer bankruptcy law, also effective in October 2005. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lef‐1 isoforms regulate different target genes and reduce cellular adhesion
Authors: Jesse Sarah , Koenig Alexander , Ellenrieder Volker , Menke Andre 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (Lef‐1) belongs to the nuclear transducers of canonical Wnt‐signalling in embryogenesis and cancer. Lef‐1 acts, in cooperation with β‐catenin, as a context‐dependent transcriptional activator or repressor, thereby influencing multiple cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation and migration. Here we report that an increased Lef‐1 expression in human pancreatic cancer correlates with advanced tumour stages. In pancreatic tumours, two different transcripts of Lef‐1 have been detected in various stages, as demonstrated by RT‐PCR analysis. One transcript was identified as the full length Lef‐1 (Lef‐1 FL), whereas the second, shorter transcript lacked exon VI (Lef‐1 Δexon VI) compared to the published sequence. Comparative analysis of these two Lef‐1 variants revealed that they exhibit different cellular effects after transient expression in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Forced expression of Lef‐1 Δexon VI inhibited E‐cadherin expression in a β‐catenin‐independent way. Increased amounts of Lef‐1 Δexon VI resulted in reduced cellular aggregation and increased cell migration. Expression of Lef‐1 FL, but not the newly identified Lef‐1 Δexon VI, induced the expression of the cell cycle regulating proteins c‐myc and cyclin D1 in cooperation with β‐catenin and it enhanced cell proliferation. Our findings indicate that expression of alternatively spliced Lef‐1 isoforms is involved in the determination of proliferative or migratory characteristics of pancreatic carcinoma cells.
Infiltrating CD11b+CD11c+ cells have the potential to mediate inducible nitric oxide synthase‐dependent cell death in mammary carcinomas of HER‐2/neu transgenic mice
Authors: Parajuli Nirmala , Müller‐Holzner Elisabeth , Böck Günther , Werner Ernst R. , Villunger Andreas , Doppler Wolfgang 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe development of autochtonous mammary tumors in HER‐2/neu transgenic mice is facilitated by immune tolerance to the neu‐transgene. However, appropriate vaccination strategies can initiate immune system‐mediated antitumor response by a process that requires IFN‐γ. We investigated the role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction by IFN‐γ to promote tumor cell apoptosis. Tumors from FVBN202 mice expressing the normal neu gene under the control of the MMTV‐LTR were treated in slice cultures with IFN‐γ for up to 24 hr. Apoptosis was induced, which depended on iNOS enzymatic activity. iNOS expression was predominantly found in infiltrating CD11b+CD11c+ myeloid cells and at much lower levels in the tumor epithelium. By contrast, IFN‐γ treatment of explant cultures of tumor epithelial cells was not sufficient to efficiently induce iNOS, emphasizing an important role of the integrity of tumor tissue architecture, which was preserved in the slice cultures. This notion was further supported by the upregulation of iNOS costimulatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐1β in slice cultures but not in explants and the capability of purified CD11b+CD11c+ cells to enhance iNOS expression of tumor cells in cocultures. The findings suggest that tumor‐infiltrating myeloid cells in immuno‐tolerant HER‐2/neu transgenic mice possess tumor killing ability via induction of iNOS and underline the capacity of antitumor strategies designed to stimulate infiltrating myeloid cells.