bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An examination of rapid, centrifuge physical modeling studies of contaminant movement in freezing soil
Authors: Goodings Deborah J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThis paper reviews the complex factors interacting in the movement of contaminants in soil subject to seasonal freezing. This includes those relevant to the soil itself, the contaminant itself, and environmental factors, all of which must be understood for prediction and effective design of remediation. Numerical modelers, as well as laboratory researchers examining behavior of small elements of the soil system, require reliable information on the range of full-scale system responses, but it is not feasible to acquire this by full-scale tests. Even field workers benefit from this information in planning data collection. Small physical models of contaminants moving through soil have routinely been limited in their usefulness because of differences in model fluid pressures and soil stresses, compared to full-scale conditions. However, small-scale centrifuge modeling presents the opportunity to produce correct and rapid physical simulation of full-scale system response using field soil and real contaminants, under the range of different boundary conditions. This paper discusses the existing recent centrifuge modeling work that supports the thesis that the technique can be applied to understanding and analyzing this complex problem. Five studies are reviewed: one on simulation of soil freezing effects in the absence of contaminants; three on the simulation of contaminant movement through saturated and unsaturated unfrozen soil, and heat transport effects through the fluid phase of unfrozen soils; and one that simulates the combination of contaminant movement in freezing soil.
Plant enhancement of indigenous soil micro-organisms: a low-cost treatment of contaminated soils
Authors: Reynolds C. M. , Wolf D. C. , Gentry T. J. , Perry L. B. , Pidgeon C. S. , Koenen B. A. , Rogers H. B. , Beyrouty C. A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe United States has more than 1000 individual areas of petroleum-contaminated soil at formerly used defense (FUD) sites located in cold regions. This paper investigates biotreatment systems based on exploiting naturally occurring phenomena in the rhizosphere — the soil adjacent to and influenced by plant roots. Rhizosphere-based remediation systems would be inexpensive to implement and maintain and would be applicable to remote or permafrost sites. Herein, this paper provides the rationale for using rhizosphere-based biotreatment systems and some initial results. In both laboratory and field studies, successful plant germination, plant growth, and root intrusion into and through contaminated soil are demonstrated.Using a Captina silt loam in a 10-week laboratory study, the effects of vegetation and contamination on microbial numbers were compared. The vegetation treatments included an unvegetated control and a vegetated treatment seeded with bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum). The contamination treatments included an uncontaminated control and a treatment with 2000 mg pyrene kg-1 soil added. Microbial numbers at 10 weeks were not significantly influenced by the contaminant level of 2000 mg pyrene kg-1 soil compared to the control. However, microbial numbers were greater in the rhizosphere of the bahiagrass-vegetated soil compared to the unvegetated soil.In a 34-week field study, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentrations of a diesel-contaminated soil decreased significantly more in the rhizosphere+nutrient treatment compared to the control that was not vegetated or fertilized. Bacterial numbers in the field study were 287 times greater in the rhizosphere+nutrient treated soils than in the control treatments. Measurable TPH compounds in the plant tissue were insignificant. The data demonstrated that rhizosphereenhanced treatment of organic-contaminated soils can be effective in reducing soil petroleum concentrations and may be a cost-effective strategy particularly suited for treating cold-region sites where remediation options are limited by cost, remoteness of the site, and/or brevity of the treatment season.
Norwegian use of the polar oceans as occupational arenas and exploration routes
Authors: Barr Susan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe Norwegian polar heroes Fridtjof Nansen and Roald Amundsen, and to a lesser extent Otto Sverdrup, have been profiled and their deeds described in countless publications. They were, however, not the only Norwegians to travel on and use the polar seas. A significant section of the Norwegian population used to make its living in Arctic and/or Antarctic waters, and such activities led both to new discoveries of land and knowledge of natural conditions, and to an extra occupation as support for polar scientists and explorers. Some of these lesser-known individuals and their deeds are described here in an attempt to put the expeditions of the great heroes into a broader context and to give more substance to some names that may perhaps have been noted only ‘in passing.’
The influence of L.R. Blake, pioneering sub-Antarctic geographer and geologist, on the topographic mapping of Macquarie Island
Authors: Dartnall H.J.G. , Ward N. , Selkirk P.M. , Adamson D.A. , Pharaoh M. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractNew biographical information is given about L.R. Blake, surveyor and geologist at Macquarie Island during the 1911–14 Australasian Antarctic Expedition. Blake's survey of the island yielded maps that in significant respects are more accurate than the current topographic map of 1971, which, with one exception, adopted his height measurements for the 23 named peaks. The more recent height estimates for these peaks are assessed, and it is concluded that, while some of Blake's measurements were significantly in error, his values still stand as the best current estimates for one-third of the peaks. Blake's death five weeks before the end of the First World War consigned his achievements on Macquarie Island to obscurity.
Ferdinand von Wrangell: white spots on the northeast coast of Siberia disappear
Authors: Tammiksaar Erki 
Published: October 2009

AbstractFerdinand von Wrangell (1796–1870) was one of the most successful explorers of the Russian Arctic. After participating in V.M. Golovnin's circumnavigation in 1817–19, he was appointed the commander of the Kolyma group of the northeast Siberian expedition of 1820–24. Wrangell later became a hugely significant figure in the Russian Empire, serving as governor-general in Alaska, director of the Russian-American Company, and the head of the hydrographic department of the Russian Admiralty, before being made a baron and promoted to admiral. Later still he was the minister of the naval department and a member of the State Council, during which time he continued to support geographical and scientific exploration.
Remediation of Arctic tundra following petroleum or salt water spills
Authors: Conn Jeffery S. , Behr-Andres Christina , Wiegers Janice , Meggert Ed , Glover Nick 
Published: October 2009

AbstractOil exploration and production in the Arctic regions has resulted in spills of petroleum and salt water in tundra ecosystems. The transportation and use of refined petroleum in Arctic regions has also led to spills, and the cleanup and ecosystem restoration in these systems can often be complicated by the existence of ice-rich soil permafrost. Compaction, removal, or tearing of the protective vegetation and organic soil can result in thermokarsting and associated changes in plant communities, which may persist for decades. Such problems led the State of Alaska to establish recovery-based clean-up regulations for spills to tundra.A review was conducted of published literature, government agency spill files, and industry reports concerning spills of petroleum and saline water in tundra regions. A tundra spill database was created, which allows the determination of the spill frequency of refined petroleum, crude oil, and saline water. Refined-petroleum spills are more common and smaller than crude-oil and saline-water spills. Most spills are to wet tundra during winter, and winter spills are more effectively cleaned up than those in summer. In winter, snow contains most spills, frozen soil and frozen water bodies prevent much soil penetration, plants are dormant, and operation of heavy equipment is feasible on frozen ground. The use of fire to reduce the volume of petroleum spills in winter is not recommended. Heat from burning petroleum can melt snow, thaw soil, and allow the penetration of petroleum into soil.
Geomagnetic storm and substorm aurora observed from Spitsbergen
Authors: Simmons D.A.R. , Sigernes F. , Henriksen K. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACTThe present study confirms that the auroras of the nightside oval population consist of two main types, namely storm and substorm aurora. Storm-type aurora, which is relatively infrequent, results from bombardment of the upper ionosphere by fast particle streams generated in the solar wind by cataclysmic solar events related to coronal mass ejections. The associated turbulent plasma that is injected into the magnetosphere produces great magnetic storms of world-wide dimensions that may last for days. In contrast, substorm aurora is a frequent (almost daily) occurrence that lasts for an hour or two around geomagnetic midnight. It is generated by the impulsive release of stored magnetospheric energy from the substorm onset region in the Earth's magnetotail and is associated with localised negative magnetic bays in the H (horizontal)-component of the Earth's magnetic field in the vicinity of the auroral oval.
Glacial Crooked Lake, Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica
Authors: Gore D.B. , Pickard J. , Baird A.S. , Webb J.A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGlacial Crooked Lake was an ice-dammed impoundment in Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, that had a volume of (250 ± 45) × 10 m. The impoundment is inferred to have existed during deglaciation following the Late Holocene Chelnok Advance of Sørsdal Glacier. The dam released water incrementally, allowing the formation of four major series of shorelines with a maximum height of 24 m above the current lake level of 22 m asl. Water from Glacial Crooked Lake overflowed into Watts Lake downstream, allowing saltwater there to mix, dilute, and be transported to the sea via Ellis Rapids. In this way water in Watts Lake became fresh, and alluvial fans consisting of cobbles and boulders formed below Crooked Lake and Ellis Rapids.
South Africa and the Antarctic, 1920–1960
Authors: Dodds Klaus J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe South African state has never made a formal claim to the Antarctic continent. In the inter-war period, the South African government prepared a number of memorandums and discussion papers on the subject of a ‘South African sector in the Antarctic.’ This paper not only critically interprets those government papers, but, more importantly, assesses the reasons why South Africa never made a formal claim. It is suggested that relations with Britain and the Empire, as well as the activities of Norway and the United States, were crucial determining factors. Finally, the implications for later South African involvement in the South Atlantic and the Antarctic Treaty System are briefly considered.
The 1991 UN session: the environmental protocol fails to satisfy the Antarctic Treaty System's critics
Authors: Beck Peter J. 
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT1991 saw the ninth successive United Nations (UN) discussion on the ‘Question of Antarctica.’ The adoption of two more resolutions critical of the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), including South African participation therein, reaffirmed the unchanging nature of the UN episode and the lack of consensus on the management of Antarctica. Key developments affecting Antarctica continue to occur away from New York: during 1990—91 the negotiations conducted at Vifia del Mar and Madrid for the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (PREP) and the measures agreed at the Bonn Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting proved the point. The critics of the ATS were appeased by neither PREP and its mining prohibition nor the recent dismantling of the apartheid regime in South Africa.Two UN reports were published on the state of the Antarctic environment as well as the proposed establishment of a UNsponsored research station in Antarctica. One resolution adopted in December 1991 called for annual UN reports on the Antarctic environment, although fiscal and other considerations meant that the research station proposal was effectively shelved. Another resolution urged South African exclusion from ATS meetings. The tenth annual UN discussion on Antarctica is scheduled for the close of 1992. There exists growing evidence that the critical campaign is losing momentum, although it seems premature to anticipate Antarctica's imminent demise as an UN agenda topic.
The Work of the Arctic Institute in 1937
Authors: Samoilovitch R. L. 
Published: October 2009

In outlining the scientific research work to be carried out by the Arctic Institute of the U.S.S.R. in 1937, we will begin with a brief description of the geological and prospecting work to be done. These expeditions form part of a large scheme for systematic geological survey and research along the whole stretch of the Soviet Arctic. The chief expeditions are as follows:(1) In 1937 geological work will be continued at Pay-Khoe, under the leadership of A. B. Khabakov. A geological survey will be made on a scale of 1: 200,000, and a topographical survey on a scale of 1: 100,000, over an area of 4000 sq. km. Prospecting for minerals in the Khabarov and Amderma districts forms another important branch of the expedition's work. The party will remain in the field from March to December 1937.
Coal-Mining in Svalbard
Authors: Hoel Adolf 
Published: October 2009

The archipelago of Spitsbergen, Bear Island and some adjacent islands, which are collectively named Svalbard, is situated between 74° and 81° N. Lat. and 10° and 35° E. Long. The area is 62,000 sq. km.Spitsbergen is a mountainous country, in some parts much ice-covered, indented on the west side by many fjords affording good harbours. The coal-bearing areas are relatively ice-free. The northern part of Bear Island is a plain 30–50 m. above sea-level. The southern part consists of mountains more than 500 m. high. The island is lacking in good harbours.
Lady Kennet: An Appreciation
Authors: Debenham Frank 
Published: October 2009

The death of Lady Kennet, on 25 July 1947, has removed one of the earliest and firmest supporters of the Scott Polar Research Institute.A woman of rare gifts and wide interests, she was at ease in many circles, including those of art and of politics. In the naval and exploration circle, which she entered when she married Captain Scott, she was equally at home and welcomed. The wedding took place when Scott's last expedition, of 1910–13, was being planned, and she at once threw herself into the schemes of her husband, bringing to them a fresh group of supporters and a very original mind.
The Supposed Westward Drift of Greenland
Authors: J.W.W.  
Published: October 2009

It has been brought to our notice that in a recent paper (Astronomical Longitude and Azimuth Observations, Monthly Notices of tlie Royal Astronomical Society, vol. 97, No. 7, 1937, p. 489) Professor Nørlund, the Director of the Danish Geodetic Survey, made the following remarks about the supposed westward drift of Greenland:“We know that Wegener considered that his hypothesis of the displacement of the continents had been supported by longitude determinations in Greenland, and from them he calculated that Greenland is moving westwards about 2O.metres a year. But the old observations used by Wegener were carried out with primitive instruments and he overrated their exactitude. In 1927 and 1936 the Danish Geodetic Survey carried out longitude determinations at Qôrnoq on the west coast of Greenland with a first class transit instrument, both times on the same pillar. Practically speaking the two measurements gave the same result. It is most likely that the deviations of the old measurements from the new ones are the result of observational errors.”
A naval shore radar station in north-west Iceland
Authors: Feachem R. W. 
Published: October 2009

In 1941 the Admiralty decided to construct a radar station to overlook Denmark Strait off the north-west coast of Iceland.The site finally selected was on the top of the promontory between Aðalvik and Ísafjarðardjúp at approximately 1600 ft. (480 m.) above sea-level. A base camp was to be set up at Sæbol in Aðalvik for the maintenance of the station. There was no landward communication except with a few hamlets in the immediate neighbourhood. Supplies were brought by sea from Reykjavík, 180 miles (290 km.) away. There was a telegraph service from Reykjavík to Ísafjörður, and a telephone from Ísafjörður to the base camp. Radio communication was used as little as possible.
Arctic cruise of H.M. Submarine Ambush, 1948
Authors: Davies A. G. 
Published: October 2009

On 12 February 1948, H.M. Submarine Ambush sailed from Rothesay, Isle of Bute, to carry out a prolonged investigation into the effects of “snorting” in rough weather and conditions of extreme cold.H.M. Submarine Ambush, built since the end of the war, is a vessel of some 1350 tons surface displacement, 287 ft. long, embodying a large number of the latest developments including “snort” and radar. Apart from scientific measuring instruments, no special features were installed in the ship and her company, five officers and sixty men, was the normal crew with the addition of Surgeon Lieutenant-Commander W. H. Davidson, R.N., as observer for the Royal Naval Physiological Laboratory, and an assistant. No changes were made and no men were specially selected for the mission.
Analysis of sledge journeys
Authors: Reece Alan 
Published: October 2009

The conditions of surface and weather in which sledge journeys are carried out, together with distances travelled and altitudes attained, are of great interest to anyone attempting to analyse and compare performances by various travellers.To obtain the necessary data the investigator must usually turn to the narrative of the journey concerned and extract the data himself, setting them out in some suitable form. Gordon Hayes adopts this procedure with many journeys in his Antarctica (London, 1928), and John Rymill gives an appendix, analysing the main journeys of the British Graham Land Expedition, 1934–37, in Southern Lights (London, 1938). Many other writers have made similar tables, but essential data always appear to be lacking, and there is no standard form to which such analyses can be reduced.
Mapping the Falkland Islands Dependencies
Authors: Leay Petra 
Published: October 2009

SummaryIt is just ten years since the Directorate of Colonial Surveys became responsible for the production and publication of maps of the Falkland Islands Dependencies; in this account it is proposed to give a description of the work completed and an outline of the future programme.“Operation Tabarin”, inaugurated in 1943, marked the re-establishment of British occupation and scientific activity in the region and included in its policy a programme of continuous scientific investigation within the area between 20° and 80° W. This venture later became known as the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey, or F.I.D.S. It is in co-operation with F.I.D.S., and more particularly with the surveyors who work at the Directorate for several months on their return from the Antarctic, that the compilation and plotting of a systematic series of medium scale maps has been possible. In 1951 an article was published in this journal giving a full description of the type of survey undertaken, the methods and the instruments used and a brief summary of the maps published and planned.At first the need was for maps for planning and other non-scientific purposes, but since 1951 the emphasis has moved towards the larger scales which are required principally as a basis for scientific work as well as for general use within the Dependencies. Between 1948 and 1950 a series of maps covering most of the area north of 75° S. was published at 1:500,000, and this is still the most useful scale for gaining a general picture of the topography. In 1953 work began on a series of maps covering a similar area to be published at 1:200,000. During the last ten years maps have been compiled at scales ranging from 1:9 million to 1:15,000, many of which have been printed and issued for general purposes, while others have been produced to illustrate specialized reports on, for example, meteorology in the Dependencies. It is not, however, proposed to include a detailed summary of these maps here, the following description covers only those maps which are on sale to the public or which form part of a systematic series.
Overland and air transport facilities of Soviet Antarctic expeditions
Authors: Arshenevskiy Yuri A. 
Published: October 2009

When research under the IGY programme began in Antarctica, the Soviet Union undertook the task of studying vast areas of the sector south of the Indian Ocean.In 1956, the First Combined Antarctic Expedition headed by M. M. Somov set up the main base, Mirny observatory, on the Davis Sea coast. This was followed by five subsequent expeditions inland during which new stations have been established hi the heart of Antarctica.
Biological techniques for continuous studies under Antarctic sea ice
Authors: Wohlschlag Donald E. 
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this paper is to describe the facilities that have been developed forconducting biological studies through the permanent, or nearly permanent, sea ice cover ofMcMurdo Sound, Antarctica.The earliest Antarctic expeditions into inshore areas casually observed and collectedbiota either from shipboard and small boats on rareoccasions when ice conditions were favourable, or from holes or cracks in the ice when temperatures were high enough to preventrapid refreezing. The facilities and techniques described here have evolved since 1958 from similar crude and time-consuming techniques to sophisticated, efficient operations that can now be carried out continuously through ice cover of less than 1 m to over 4 m.
Alaska's first American century: the view ahead
Authors: Moore Terris 
Published: October 2009

Alaska and Canada have recently been celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of those separate events, both occurring in 1867, which gave birth to their modern political alignment.Because of its geographical position, Alaska's history, more than that of any other state of the union, developed in response to international events. Its original Russian occupation, and its acquisition by the United States a century ago, emerge from the history of eastern Siberia, and are related to events in the region of the river Amur, once a part of the ancient Chinese empire. Its purchase also carried with it a boundary dispute merging Alaska's history with that of western Canada.
Notes on a visit to Yakutskaya ASSR, July 1967
Authors: Armstrong Terence 
Published: October 2009

These notes, which are arranged in no special order, represent some of the facts learnt and impressions received during this visit. I made an earlier visit to the same general area of north-east Siberia in October 1965.The Permafrost Institute [Institut Merzlotovedeniya], YakutskThe Director, P. I. Mel'nikov, was in Canada for two months on an exchange visit. His Deputies are now F. E. Are, who was here in 1965, and I. I. Tuchkov, a geologist recently transferred from the Yakut Filial to take N. A. Grave's place. These two looked after me in the friendliest and most helpful way.