bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite Element Analyses of Ankylosaurid Dinosaur Tail Club Impacts
Authors: Arbour Victoria M. , Snively Eric 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAnkylosaurid dinosaurs have modified distal caudal vertebrae (the handle) and large terminal caudal osteoderms (the knob) that together form a tail club. Three‐dimensional digital models of four tail clubs referred to Euoplocephalus tutus were created from computed tomography scans of fossil specimens. We propose to use finite element modeling to examine the distribution of stress in simulated tail club impacts in order to determine the biological feasibility of hypothesized tail clubbing behavior. Results show that peak stresses were artificially high at the rigid constraint. The data suggest that tail clubs with small and average‐sized knobs were unlikely to fail during forceful impacts, but large clubs may have been at risk of fracture cranial to the knob. The modified handle vertebrae were capable of supporting the weight of even very large knobs. Long prezygapophyses and neural spines in the handle vertebrae helped distribute stress evenly along the handle. We conclude that tail swinging‐behavior may have been possible in Euoplocephalus, but more sophisticated models incorporating flexible constraints are needed to support this hypothesis. Anat Rec, 292:1412–1426, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of Sequence Heterochrony on Hadrosaurid Dinosaur Postcranial Development
Authors: Guenther Merrilee F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA goal of modern dinosaur paleobiology is to synthesize the understanding of dinosaurian development and phylogeny. This study explores the Iguanodontia, one clade that includes several taxa for which growth series are preserved. It is hypothesized that analysis of growth series of iguanodontian taxa will reveal important developmental differences at play during the evolution of the clade. Such differences can reflect the impact of sequence heterochrony on iguanodontian evolution. Data were collected on the growth stages of the postcranial skeleton of a basal iguanodontian, Tenontosaurus; a lambeosaurine hadrosaurid, Hypacrosaurus; and two hadrosaurine hadrosaurids, Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura to test the hypothesis. The event‐pairing method provides a framework for the comparison of ontogenetic sequences among related taxa to detect significant evolutionary changes in developmental sequence. Significant developmental events are identified for the group and then the relative timings of those events in the developmental sequence are compared among the different species. Synapomorphic characters of Hadrosauridae, including the development of a prominent biceps tubercle on the coracoid, appear to be the result of changes in the developmental sequences of hadrosaurid taxa compared to basal iguanodontian taxa. This analysis also recognizes the developmental sequence differences that result in the development of the robust appendicular elements that characterize Lambeosaurinae. This comparative methodology shows that the development of characters such as the well developed supraacetabular process of the ilium results from the early onset of the development of those characters in the lambeosaurine hadrosaurid Hypacrosaurus compared to the hadrosaurines Brachylophosaurus and Maiasaura. Anat Rec, 292:1427–1441, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolution of the Respiratory System in Nonavian Theropods: Evidence From Rib and Vertebral Morphology
Authors: Schachner Emma R. , Lyson Tyler R. , Dodson Peter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent reports of region‐specific vertebral pneumaticity in nonavian theropod dinosaurs have brought attention to the hypothesis that these animals possessed an avian‐style respiratory system with flow‐through ventilation. This study explores the thoracic rib and vertebral anatomy of Sinraptor, Allosaurus, Tyrannosaurus, and Deinonychus; four nonavian theropods that all show well‐preserved thoracic vertebrae and ribs. Comparisons to the osteology and soft tissue anatomy of extant saurians provide new evidence supporting the hypothesis of flow‐through ventilation in nonavian theropods. Analyses of diapophyseal and parapophyseal position and thoracic rib morphology suggest that most nonavian theropods possessed lungs that were deeply incised by the adjacent bicapitate thoracic ribs. This functionally constrains the lungs as rigid nonexpansive organs that were likely ventilated by accessory nonvascularized air sacs. The axial anatomy of this group also reveals that a crocodilian‐like hepatic‐piston lung would be functionally and biomechanically untenable. Taken together with the evidence that avian‐like air sacs were present in basal theropods, these data lead us to conclude that an avian‐style pulmonary system was likely a universal theropod trait. Anat Rec, 292:1501–1513, 2009. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathologic Bone Tissues in a Turkey Vulture and a Nonavian Dinosaur: Implications for Interpreting Endosteal Bone and Radial Fibrolamellar Bone in Fossil Dinosaurs
Authors: Chinsamy Anusuya , Tumarkin‐Deratzian Allison 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe report on similar pathological bone microstructure in an extant turkey vulture (Cathartes aura) and a nonavian dinosaur from Transylvania. Both these individuals exhibit distinctive periosteal reactive bone deposition accompanied by endosteal bone deposits in the medullary cavity. Our findings have direct implications on the two novel bone tissues recently described among nonavian dinosaurs, radial fibrolamellar bone tissue and medullary bone tissue. On the basis of the observed morphology of the periosteal reactive bone in the turkey vulture and the Transylvanian dinosaur, we propose that the radial fibrolamellar bone tissues observed in mature dinosaurs may have had a pathological origin. Our analysis also shows that on the basis of origin, location, and morphology, pathologically derived endosteal bone tissue can be similar to medullary bone tissues described in nonavian dinosaurs. As such, we caution the interpretation of all endosteally derived bone tissue as homologous to avian medullary bone. Anat Rec, 292:1478–1484, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unearthing the Anatomy of Dinosaurs: New Insights Into Their Functional Morphology and Paleobiology
Authors: Dodson Peter , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe meek shall inherit the earth. Triceratops horridus encounters Tyrannosaurus rex. Late Cretaceous of Montana, 65 million years before present. The encounter did not come out the way many thought it would. This young Tyrannosaurus had insufficient respect for a powerful and dangerous adversary. In this special issue we explore recent advances in understanding the anatomy and paleobiology of dinosaurs, including Tyrannosaurus, using powerful modern anatomical techniques. Painting by Wayne D. Barlowe from The Horned Dinosaurs by Peter Dodson (1996), Princeton University Press. Reproduced with permission of the artist.
Influence of cell cycle on ecdysteroid receptor in CHO‐K1 cells
Authors: Betanska Katarzyna , Czogalla Susan , Spindler‐Barth Margarethe , Spindler Klaus‐Dieter 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCHO‐K1 cells are routinely used for characterization of ecdysone receptor (EcR) function, because these vertebrate cells are devoid of endogenous ecdysone receptor protein. Moreover, the endogenous expression of RXR, the vertebrate orthologue of Ultraspiracle (Usp), the most important heterodimerization partner, is neglectable. In contrast to insect cells, there is also no influence of moulting hormone on CHO‐K1 cells on cell proliferation either in the absence or presence of transiently expressed EcR. In contrast to Usp, which is exclusively found in nuclei, EcR is heterogeneously distributed between cytoplasm and nuclei in non‐synchronized cells. Synchronization of CHO‐K1 cells by nocodazole revealed that the cell cycle influences receptor concentration with lowest amounts in late S‐phase and G2/M phase and intracellular distribution of the receptor protein showing a minimum of receptors present in nuclei during S‐phase. EcR, but not Usp reduces cyclin D1 expression and cyclin D1 concentration is impaired by cyclin D1. Coimmunoprecipitation studies reveal physical interaction of EcR and cyclin D1. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transcriptional activity of ecdysone receptor isoforms is regulated by modulation of receptor stability and interaction with Ab‐ and C‐domains of the heterodimerization partner ultraspiracle
Authors: Ruff Heike , Tremmel Christian , Spindler‐Barth Margarethe 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe stability of ecdysone receptor (EcR) expressed in a heterologous system is regulated in an isoform‐specific manner and modified by ligand and heterodimerization partner. Transcriptional activities of various receptor complexes with Usp and ligand as determined by reporter assays are the result of two effects: change in receptor concentration and altered transcriptional capability. Transcriptional activity of EcR‐A is low when compared to EcR‐B1 independent of the absence or presence of Ultraspiracle (Usp). Ligand increased the concentration of EcR‐A, but had no effect on the transcriptional capability, in contrast to EcR‐B1, which is not stabilized by hormone or Usp, but the transcriptional capability is enhanced by heterodimerization and ligand. Exchange of the AB‐domain of Usp by the activation domain (AD) of Vp16 revealed that the N‐terminus of Usp inhibited transcriptional activity only with EcR‐B isoforms, whereas the hexapeptide in the AB‐domain of wild type Usp adjacent to the C‐domain of Usp harbours an activating function. Deletion of the C‐domain of Usp did not affect the stability of the receptor complex, but reduced the transcriptional capability of heterodimers with all EcR‐isoforms, indicating that the stability of the receptor, which is important for termination of the hormone signal transduction, is regulated in a cooperative manner by the AB‐domains of EcR and Usp, and ligand. We show the active role of Usp in modulation of the transcriptional activity of the heterodimer in an isoform‐specific manner by the inhibitory N‐terminus, the activating hexapeptide in the AB‐domain, and the C‐domain of Usp. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies of New Cryptophycin Analogues
Authors: Liu Wen Lu , Zhang Jian Cun , Jiang Fa Qin , Fu Lei 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTwo analogues of cryptophycin were synthesized and biologically evaluated for their in‐vitro cytotoxicities against several solid tumors and leukemia cell lines. The results revealed that both analogues exhibited a broad range of cytotoxic activity with observed IC50 values in the μM‐range, and compound 4 was more effective than compound 3 in most assays studied.
International multicenter psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis reliability trial for the assessment of skin, joints, nails, and dactylitis
Authors: Chandran Vinod , Gottlieb Alice , Cook Richard J. , Duffin Kristina Callis , Garg Amit , Helliwell Philip , Kavanaugh Arthur , Krueger Gerald G. , Langley Richard G. , Lynde Charles , McHugh Neil , Mease Philip , Olivieri Ignazio , Rahman Proton , Rosen Cheryl F. , Salvarani Carlo , Thaci Diamant , Toloza Sergio M. A. , Wong Maxine Yat Wing , Zhou Qian M. , Gladman Dafna D. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveClinical trials in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) involve assessment of the skin and joints. This study aimed to determine whether assessment of the skin and joints in patients with PsA by rheumatologists and dermatologists is reproducible.MethodsTen rheumatologists and 9 dermatologists from 7 countries met for a combined physical examination exercise to assess 20 PsA patients (11 men, mean age 51 years, mean PsA duration 11 years). Each physician assessed 10 patients according to a modified Latin square design that enabled the assessment of patient, assessor, and order effect. Tender joint count (TJC), swollen joint count (SJC), dactylitis, physician's global assessment (PGA) of PsA disease activity (PGA‐PsA), psoriasis body surface area (BSA), Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Lattice System Physician's Global Assessment of psoriasis (LS‐PGA), National Psoriasis Foundation Psoriasis Score (NPF‐PS), modified Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (mNAPSI), number of fingernails with nail changes (NN), and PGA of psoriasis activity (PGA‐Ps) were assessed. Variance components analyses were carried out to estimate the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), adjusted for the order of measurements.ResultsThere is excellent agreement (ICC ≥0.80) on the mNAPSI, substantial agreement (0.6 ≥ ICC < 0.80) on the TJC, PASI, and NN, moderate agreement (0.4 ≥ ICC < 0.60) on the PGA‐Ps, LS‐PGA, NPF‐PS, and BSA, and fair agreement (0.2 ≥ ICC < 0.40) on the SJC, dactylitis, and PGA‐PsA. The only measure that showed a significant difference between dermatologists and rheumatologists was dactylitis (P = 0.0005).ConclusionThere is substantial to excellent agreement on the TJC, PASI, NN, and mNAPSI among rheumatologists and dermatologists.
Does the weather really matter? A cohort study of influences of weather and solar conditions on daily variations of joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Smedslund Geir , Mowinckel Petter , Heiberg Turid , Kvien Tore Kristian , Hagen Kåre Birger 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo explore how reported joint pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) relates to weather and solar variables.MethodsA prospective cohort study was conducted in Norway on 36 patients with stable RA. Daily reports of pain in the morning on a visual analog scale for 84 consecutive days were correlated (using time‐series methodology) with records of atmospheric and solar variables for the same days.ResultsPain was significantly associated with 3 or more external variables in 6 (17%) of the patients, with 1 or 2 external variables in 16 (44%) of the patients, and no associations were observed in 14 (39%) of the patients. The multivariate model explained between 19% and 64% of the variance in pain (R2) in the patients with associations to at least 3 weather/solar variables. The patients differed in the variables they responded to and in which direction, except for consistent negative associations between pain and ultraviolet light dose, and between pain and solar radio flux/sunspot count. The associations were mostly with same‐day weather, but also lagged up to 3 days. We were not able to fit a statistically significant model at the group level.ConclusionWeather sensitivity seems to be a continuum and a highly individual phenomenon in patients with RA. In the present sample, pain was significantly associated with 3 or more weather variables in 1 out of 6 patients, for whom the magnitude of weather sensitivity might significantly influence pain reporting in clinical care and research.
Elevated expression of interleukin‐7 receptor in inflamed joints mediates interleukin‐7–induced immune activation in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Hartgring Sarita A. Y. , van Roon Joel A. G. , Wijk Marion Wenting‐van , Jacobs Kim M. G. , Jahangier Zalima N. , Willis Cynthia R. , Bijlsma Johannes W. J. , Lafeber Floris P. J. G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the expression and functional ability of the high‐affinity interleukin‐7 receptor (IL‐7Rα) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsExpression of IL‐7Rα and IL‐7 was determined in synovial tissue from RA patients and was compared with that in synovial tissue from patients with undifferentiated arthritis (UA) and osteoarthritis (OA). IL‐7Rα expression on CD4 T cells, CD19 B cells, and CD14 monocyte/macrophages from RA synovial tissue, synovial fluid, and peripheral blood was also assessed. The proliferative capacity of IL‐7Rαbright and IL‐7Rαdim/− T cells was measured. In addition, we examined IL‐7R blockade with soluble human IL‐7Rα (hIL‐7Rα) in the prevention of immune activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.ResultsWe found significantly higher IL‐7Rα expression in RA and UA synovial tissue than in OA synovial tissue, and the level of IL‐7Rα expression correlated significantly with the levels of CD3 and IL‐7 expression. CD4 T cells from RA synovial fluid and synovial tissue strongly expressed IL‐7Rα. A substantial percentage of B cells and macrophages from RA synovial fluid and synovial tissue also expressed IL‐7Rα, although less prominently than T cells. We found that peripheral blood IL‐7Rαbright T cells that did not express FoxP3 were highly proliferative as compared with IL‐7Rαdim/− T cells that did express high levels of FoxP3. Soluble hIL‐7Rα inhibited IL‐7–induced proliferation and interferon‐γ production by mononuclear cells from RA patients.ConclusionOur data suggest that enhanced expression of IL‐7Rα and IL‐7 in RA patients contributes significantly to the joint inflammation by activating T cells, B cells, and macrophages. The inhibition of IL‐7R–mediated immune activation by soluble hIL‐7Rα further indicates an important role of IL‐7Rα in inflammatory responses in RA, suggesting IL‐7Rα as a therapeutic target for immunotherapy in RA.
Nuclear autoantigen CENP‐B transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor via chemokine receptor 3 in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Robitaille Geneviève , Christin Marie‐Soleil , Clément Isabelle , Senécal Jean‐Luc , Raymond Yves 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveWe have previously found that the CENP‐B nuclear autoantigen, which is specifically targeted by autoantibodies in the limited cutaneous form of systemic sclerosis, behaved as a potent migratory factor for human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). Other recent studies have shown that several disease‐associated autoantigens induced cell migration by interacting with various chemokine receptors. Prompted by this hypothesis, we undertook this study to determine whether CENP‐B interacts with chemokine receptors on the surface of human PASMCs, to explore the relevant signaling pathways, and to characterize the effects of anti–CENP‐B binding on SMC stimulation.MethodsTo demonstrate the expression of specific chemokine receptors by human PASMCs at both the messenger RNA and protein levels, reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and flow cytometry analyses were performed. Desensitization studies and specific inhibitors were used to further identify the CENP‐B target on the surface of human PASMCs.ResultsOur data strongly suggested that CENP‐B used chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) to mediate human PASMCs signaling. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicated that CENP‐B binding subsequently stimulated the cross‐talk between CCR3 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) via a matrix metalloprotease–dependent mechanism that involved the processing of heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor. Transactivation of the EGFR through CCR3 was found to be a critical pathway that elicits MAP kinase activation and secretion of cytokines such as interleukin‐8. Finally, anti–CENP‐B autoantibodies were found to abolish this signaling pathway, thus preventing CENP‐B from transactivating EGFR and exerting its cytokine‐like activities toward vascular smooth muscle cells.ConclusionThe identification of CENP‐B as a CCR3 ligand opens up new perspectives for the study of the pathogenic role of anti–CENP‐B autoantibodies.
Neurologic signs and symptoms in fibromyalgia
Authors: Watson Nathaniel F. , Buchwald Dedra , Goldberg Jack , Noonan Carolyn , Ellenbogen Richard G. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the type and frequency of neurologic signs and symptoms in individuals with fibromyalgia (FM).MethodsPersons with FM (n = 166) and pain‐free controls (n = 66) underwent systematic neurologic examination by a neurologist blinded to disease status. Neurologic symptoms lasting at least 3 months were assessed with a standard questionnaire. We used logistic regression to evaluate the association of neurologic symptoms and examination findings with FM status. Within the FM group we examined the correlation between self‐reported symptoms and physical examination findings.ResultsAge‐ and sex‐adjusted estimates revealed that compared with the control group, the FM group had significantly more neurologic abnormalities in multiple categories, including greater dysfunction in cranial nerves IX and X (42% versus 8%) and more sensory (65% versus 25%), motor (33% versus 3%), and gait (28% versus 7%) abnormalities. Similarly, the FM group had significantly more neurologic symptoms than the control group in 27 of 29 categories, with the greatest differences observed for photophobia (70% versus 6%), poor balance (63% versus 4%), and weakness (58% versus 2%) and tingling (54% versus 4%) in the arms or legs. Poor balance or coordination, tingling or weakness in the arms or legs, and numbness in any part of the body correlated with appropriate neurologic examination findings in the FM group.ConclusionThis blinded, controlled study demonstrated neurologic physical examination findings in persons with FM. The FM group had more neurologic symptoms than did the controls, with moderate correlation between symptoms and signs. These findings have implications for the medical evaluation of patients with FM.
Decline in rheumatoid vasculitis prevalence among US veterans: A retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Bartels Christie , Bell Carolyn , Rosenthal Ann , Shinki Kazuhiko , Bridges Alan 
Published: August 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo examine trends in the prevalence of rheumatoid vasculitis in a national US population comprising both hospitalized and ambulatory patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsIn this serial cross‐sectional study, we analyzed data on hospitalized and ambulatory patients spanning 22 years (1985–2006) and 10 years (1997–2006), respectively, to determine the prevalence of rheumatoid vasculitis, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. Our search encompassed data collected on a predominantly male study population during 10 million hospitalizations and outpatient visits, and included annual data on >37,000 RA patients. To test for a decrease in rheumatoid vasculitis prevalence, breakpoint analysis was performed using stepwise Chow and Durbin‐Watson tests.ResultsThere was a clear decline in the prevalence of rheumatoid vasculitis, and this decline remained evident even after accounting for a decreased number of hospitalizations among RA patients. Peak prevalence occurred among hospitalized patients in the 1980s, and prevalence gradually declined throughout the 1990s. Furthermore, simultaneous breakpoints representing a significant drop in rheumatoid vasculitis prevalence between the years 2000 and 2001 were demonstrated for both inpatients (P < 0.000) and outpatients (P < 0.003). The prevalence of vasculitis dropped 53% among inpatients and 31% among outpatients between 2000 and 2001.ConclusionOur results demonstrate a significant decline in rheumatoid vasculitis prevalence after 2000 in this nationwide sample of hospitalized and ambulatory patients. The clear, consistent drop in prevalence provides an opportunity for the formulation of causal hypotheses, including consideration of the impact of biologic agents used to treat RA, on rheumatoid vasculitis.