bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Enfranchisement of the Urban Poor in Late-Victorian Britain
Authors: Davis John 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter highlights Colin Matthew's first published article as one of his most influential pieces. In his celebrated 1976 essay on the role of franchise extension in the rise of the Labour Party, Colin, writing with Ross McKibbin and John Kay, argued that the then little studied fourth Reform Act of 1918 had, by enfranchising the 30 per cent or so of adult men previously beyond the political pale, provided the impetus for the growth of Labour and the replacement of the Liberals as the party of the left. The authors argued that the bulk of the missing 30 per cent before 1918 were working class. They showed that in the pre-1918 system urban, industrial boroughs had the lowest proportion of their male population registered to vote, and prosperous county towns the highest. The ‘Franchise Factor’ article looked forward into the twentieth-century. Colin Matthew, at least, was much influenced in writing it by the then prevalent view of the steady emergence of class as the basis of political allegiance during the course of the twentieth-century.
10 The Church of England and Women's Higher Education, c.1840–1914
Authors: Howarth Janet 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Anglican contribution to women's education. In England the church had become a major provider of both public secondary and university education for girls and women by the turn of the last century. In the years after the Schools Inquiry Commission, the climate changed in some respects quite significantly. For women's higher education as a whole the change was entirely positive: the eleven years after the Endowed Schools Act of 1869 were the most productive period of the nineteenth-century in the creation of endowed and proprietary girls' schools and women's university colleges. For the church, however, this was a period of stress — of challenge to its monopoly of educational endowments, pressure for undenominational religious teaching and anxiety, in some quarters at least, about the post-Darwinian crisis of faith.
11 Protestant Histories: James Anthony Froude, Partisanship and National Identity
Authors: Garnett Jane 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter portrays the nineteenth-century historian and critic James Anthony Froude as a partisan in the negative sense. The 1830s and 1840s — the period in which he grew to maturity — were a time in which the twin challenges of liberalism and of party spirit in both political and religious terms came to the fore, and Froude felt strongly the need to point to the interconnected dangers which they presented to national life. His particular conception of history was designed to offer the means both to counteract these dangers, and to reinforce the Christian identity of the nation. In his exploration of the impact of religious mentalities on public life, in past and present, he was distinctive in stressing the interrelationship between the domestic, foreign, and imperial contexts as arenas in which national character was cultivated and could be corrupted.
From the GATT to the WTO and Beyond
Authors: Shukla S. P. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter analyses the evolution of the international trading system from its inception as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1947 to its latest incarnation as the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It focuses on the adequacy or inadequacy of the system as it has evolved and functioned in an environment of changing international economic and political reality. It also attempts to grapple with the more difficult question of looking at the future prospects of the system, the strains it will need to face and subsequent changes that are called for in its approach, content, and functioning, taking into account the future governance needs of the world economy and polity. The chapter analyses the crisis that gripped the system in the 1980s and the denouement that followed at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round negotiations in 1994.
Processes of Change in International Organizations
Authors: Kapur Devesh 
Published: October 2011

AbstractAlthough international institutions are a ubiquitous feature of international life, little is known about their trajectories of change. This chapter attempts to address this lacuna by examining processes of change in international institutions, in particular the subset of international institutions known as intergovernmental organisations. The purpose of this chapter is not to develop a general theory of change in international institutions but rather to develop limited generalisations about causal mechanisms and their consequences. It first examines the rationale and purposes of international organisations before one can ask how and why particular types of organisations change, and why they exist in the first place. It then examines the trajectories of change in international organisations by posing three, interrelated, questions. The chapter concludes by examining some normative aspects of change in the context of global governance distinguishing between the feasible and the desirable.
The Limits of Cognition
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the contradiction in the limits of cognition, one of the four limits of thought. Cognition is about relationships that arise between agents and the world that they cognise, such as knowledge, truth, and rational belief. It determines the contradictions at the limit of cognition with a thesis called the Cognition Scheme. It also analyses the issue of relativism and scepticism through the views and works of philosophers Protagoras and Sextus Empiricus.
The limits of conception
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter discusses the contradiction in the limits of conception, one of the four limits of thought. Though it is common enough to suppose that there are things beyond conception, it is difficult to do so without conceiving them in some sense, hence the contradiction. The chapter analyses this contradiction on the basis of the works and views of the philosopher Anselm on Canterbury, whose concern is God, and of Bishop Berkeley, whose concern is idealism. Berkeley's idealism prevented him from realizing the contradiction, though it has been shown that idealism is no escape from contradiction.
Noumena and the categories
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines philosopher Immanuel Kant's Theory of Categories and how it may avoid the limits of thought. It analyses Kant's Critique of Pure Reason in order to chart the logical geography of the most general features of thought and spell out their limits. This chapter explores every possible way to avoid contradiction that is acceptable to Kant, but none of them is proved successful. This suggests that the theory of categories does not apply to noumena.
Kant’s antinomies
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines philosopher Immanuel Kant's antimonies and their relation to contradiction in the limit of the iterable. This limit of thought arises from Kant's Transcendental Ideas and the Dialectic of Pure Reason. The Antimony is one of the three families of Kant's dialectical arguments and there are four types of antimony, which include quantity, quality, relation and modality. This chapter argues that Kant's claim that antimony is inherent in aspects of reason about the limits of thought is quite correct.
Hegel’s infinities
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines the relevance of philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's infinities to contradictions in the limits of thought. It highlights Hegel's own positive account of the nature of infinity and his criticism on the basis of the distinction between phenomena and noumena. Hegel suggests that the infinities of Immanuel Kant's antimonies are contradictory and that generated infinities are truly contradictory. He also observes that certain kinds of limits behave in a contradictory fashion and he creates a contradictory category for them.
Heidegger and the grammar of being
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter examines philosopher Martin Heidegger's views on the grammar of being. It states that considerations about logical grammar have driven Heidegger into exactly the same sort of paradoxical conclusions as they did the analytic philosophers. This chapter argues against Heidegger's claims that the ineffability of being is required by logic and the law of non-contradiction. It suggests that true contradictions are entirely possible and the law of non-contradiction is a historical mistake.
Further reflections
Authors: Priest Graham 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter provides replies to criticisms on the concept of dialetheism or the existence of true contradictions. It clarifies that dialetheism is not incompatible with predication because the former is concerned with the simultaneous truth of statements while the latter is an independent issue. In reply to a criticism on account of negation, it explains that dialetheism only rejects paraconsistent logic, and that there is no logical bar to dialetheism. On the issue of belief-revision, the chapter clarifies that dialetheism does not require abandonment of theories, only the relocation of beliefs to either low or high probabilities.
Retaining Customers: Customer Value, Satisfaction, and Service Quality
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter focuses on programmes to increase the likelihood that a customer will continue to buy the organization's products and services, to develop customer loyalty, or reduce customer churn. The motivations for developing loyalty/ reducing churn are threefold. One is the notion of amortizing the costs of acquiring customers. A second motivation is to reduce the volatility of cash flows. A third motivation is to provide a solid foundation for growth. Part A of the chapter looks at which types of customers to retain. The key issue here is that some customers are likely to be unprofitable. For non-profitable customers to be retained, they must make a contribution to the organization's business performance in another way. Part B then examines how to retain the chosen customers. It outlines three strategies: customer value, customer satisfaction, and service quality.
Retaining Customers: Customer Relationship Management
Authors: Dowling Grahame R. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter looks in detail at customer relationship management (CRM) as a more holistic approach to customer retention. It is premised on the belief that developing a relationship with customers is the best way to get them to become loyal, and that loyal customers are more profitable than non-loyal customers. The first section reviews the origins of CRM programmes and in doing so illustrates many of the conditions required for CRM to be successful. The second section reviews CRM programmes in B2B markets. This is where CRM has a long history of success. The third section reviews CRM programmes in B2C markets. The fourth section examines customer loyalty programmes. The final sections focus on the key question facing marketing managers, namely, are CRM programmes likely to be a cost-effective use of marketing funds—relative to the programmes outlined in the previous chapters?
Logic
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis book consists in very large part of an exposition of a mathematical theory — the theory (or a theory) of sets. This exposition has at its core a sequence of proofs designed to establish theorems. One central element in the exposition is explicit definitions to explain our use of various words and symbols. It is a requirement of such a definition that it should be formally eliminable, so that every occurrence of the word defined could, in principle, be replaced by the phrase that defines it without affecting the correctness of the proof. This chapter discusses the axiomatic method, the use of various canons of logical reasoning in deducing the consequences of axioms, axiom schemes, and the distinction between first- and second-order logic.
Cardinals
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter studies the concept of equinumerosity introduced in § 4.8 by means of the following definition: two sets are said to be equinumerous if there is a one-to-one correspondence between them. As noted in this chapter, one of the biggest steps is merely to see that this is a fruitful concept to study. This rather trite observation is well illustrated by the case of Bolzano, who was perhaps the first to note the characterization of the infinite which Dedekind took as his definition, and came tantalizingly close to developing a theory of cardinals in his book Paradoxien des Unendlichen (1851). He undoubtedly had an influence on Cantor but he failed to make much progress because he failed to spot the key idea, which was left to Cantor to discover, that equinumerosity can be used as the basis of a theory of size.
Of the different Species of Philosophy
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe opening section of the first Enquiry has two main tasks. The first is pre-emptive damage control, the second is to signal the work's critical purpose. The damage control is the task of encouraging the polite reader not to be disheartened when the subsequent chapters become harder going; that the effort required will not be unreasonable. To this end, David Hume contrasts an easy philosophy with abstruse philosophy in order to show to the uncertain reader that he is alert to the merits of the former, and sensitive to the failings of the latter. He nevertheless insists that the latter is both necessary and advantageous. Thus, the way forward will be to attempt to combine the accessibility of the easy philosophy with the depth and profundity of abstruse philosophy.
Sceptical Solution of these Doubts
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractSceptical doubts require an answer, or scepticism will be the result. Indeed, scepticism will also be the result if the answer given affirms skeptical themes; and the sceptical solution provided in this section is a case in point. However, if to affirm skepticism is, as it is not frequently said to be, to expose philosophy to a skeptical crisis, then this section opens a surprising note. The tone of worldly-wise moderation that informs it does not indicate that the doubts expressed in the preceding section have plunged the philosopher into a crisis. David Hume presents his own positive picture of the skeptical attitude. He shows that sceptical philosophy, although inspired by skeptical doubts, is not thereby a crisis for philosophy, because scepticism goes beyond mere doubts to offer a skeptical solution.
Of Miracles
Authors: Buckle Stephen 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis section has suffered from its own success. In the first place, it has been so frequently anthologised in collections of readings in the philosophy of religion that it is most frequently read out of context. Restoring it to its place within David Hume's wider argument aids in understanding the argument itself, and in assessing both its value and its contribution to the overall argument of the Enquiry. Secondly, its success means that it is now far more widely read than other critical discussions of miracles from the same period, so its distinguishing features are easily missed: not least, some limitations of the argument that were noted by contemporary critics. One limitation stems from the kind of argument Hume employs. Thus, the first task then is to place this section in context.
The Victorian State in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Baldwin Peter 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This chapter argues that Victorian Britain had what was possibly a small, but none the less strong and effective state. The Continental nations, in contrast, often seem to have possessed states that blustered and swaggered, but which, in any reasonable accounting, were in fact less effective and strong. Two examples illustrate this claim: public health and taxation. If we understand public health broadly, as the management of mortality and morbidity, then these examples deal with the two invariables of human existence: the reaper and the fiscus.
Moral Disciplines
Authors: Hilton Boyd 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIt is impossible to define Victorian morality or Victorian values with any precision, if only because the Queen's reign was an extremely long one. This chapter focuses on the mid-Victorian period of the 1850s and 1860s when, correctly or otherwise, the state was perceived to operate at minimum strength, and individual citizens were (at least in theory) trusted to discipline themselves. In particular, it looks at the odyssey of politician W. E. Gladstone, whose own mind changes, and when this happens provides a clue as to why the shift took place at all.
The Pricing and Employment Behaviour of Firms
Authors: Layard Richard , Nickell Stephen , Jackman Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe main features of pricing behaviour are the long-term impacts of the demand on prices, the level to which prices are sticky in response to nominal shocks, and the degree to which prices respond more to demand shifts in the short term than in the long run. The latter is called the extent of hysteresis in price-setting. Proof suggests that long-term demand effects are insignificant and that such effects are greater the more competitive the product market is. Prices have the tendency to increase with demand either because marginal costs rise or because the mark-up of price over marginal cost rises.
Policies to Cut Unemployment
Authors: Layard Richard , Nickell Stephen , Jackman Richard 
Published: October 2011

AbstractUnemployment will fail if unemployment benefits are of limited duration and subject to greater job-search tests. But there is also a strong efficiency case for active manpower policies produced to improve the employability of unemployed people. Without active manpower policies, harsh benefit regimes have unwanted distributional effects. Where unions are pervasive, there is a great case for co-ordinated wage-bargaining to overcome the externalities abundant under a decentralized system. Where wage pressure remains excessive, a tax-based policy should be taken into consideration.
Logical Consequence
Authors: Beall JC 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter explores the concept of logical consequence and defends logical pluralism. Logic, in the core tradition, involves the study of formal languages. However, the primary aim is to consider such languages as interpreted: languages which may be used either directly to make assertions and denials, or to analyse natural languages. Logic, whatever it is, must be a tool useful for the analysis of the inferential relationships between premises and conclusions expressed in arguments actually employed. If a discipline does not manage this, it cannot claim to be logic in its traditional sense. Many different basic units of evaluation have been taken to be the components of arguments: assertions, judgements, claims, utterances, interpreted sentences, sentences in contexts-of-use and propositions have all been singled out as the right kinds of things for logic to take as its raw material. Three features of logical consequence are necessity, normativity, and formality.
The Emergence of Generalized Quantifiers in Modern Logic
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis chapter presents a semantic tool, the concept of a (generalised) quantifier introduced by logicians in the mid-20th century. Logicians call these objects ‘generalised’ quantifiers, since they were originally generalisations of the universal and the existential quantifiers from first-order logic. But once the naturalness and the ubiquity of the concept is appreciated, it becomes natural to drop the qualification, and just call them quantifiers. After a brief presentation of the syntax and semantics of first-order predicate logic, Andrzej Mostowski's concept of a quantifier is discussed, along with Per Lindstrom's general concept. This chapter also sketches another way to generalise the standard logical quantifiers, originally due to Leon Henkin, in terms of branching or partially ordered prefixes of these quantifiers.
Exceptive Quantifiers
Authors: Peters Stanley 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Exception phrases often consist of an exceptive marker and a noun phrase. Though these markers all have to do with making exceptions, they differ somewhat in their semantic properties. This chapter focuses on English and on its presumably most typical exceptive marker: except. Except can be inserted in sentences in several different positions. The distinction between free and connected exception phrases is discussed. This chapter also casts some doubt on the so-called Inclusion Condition and the Negative Condition (in its various versions), arguing that these are often too strong, but suggests a principle of exception conservativity that seems to hold generally. The so-called Quantifier Constraint, which says that only the quantifiers every and no admit exceptions, is examined.
Situational rationality
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA situational rationality takes issue with the temporal dimension of rational action, the assumption that behaviour is foresightful and that rationality occurs in advance of action. A situational rationality recognizes that action is retrospectively rational. It is the product of action, occurring either concurrently or after, rather than before, action. This is not, however, to assume an ex post facto, retrospective rationalization of events. The second facet of a situational rationality is, as its name implies, the importance of its ‘situatedness’, the situated nature of social action. Rationality is an ongoing accomplishment, achieved through interaction with people and objects in a particular time and setting. A situational rationality is the temporally and spatially located sequential and interactional rationality of daily life. This chapter traces the various dimensions of a situational rationality and how they inform our understanding of organizational action.
Embodied rationality
Authors: Townley Barbara 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe subject is not only situated, embedded, within a specific context but is also a corporeal, embodied subject. An embodied rationality recognizes that rationality and the knowledge that it informs cannot be divorced from the physical reality of the individual who reasons. An embodied rationality encompasses three dimensions: the body, the emotions, and the ‘irrational’ unconscious. Their locus is the body. Each introduces a different avenue through which an event or circumstance may be rendered rational or reasonable. This chapter outlines the role of each and their place in organization studies.
Introduction to the book
Authors: Venzin Markus 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the emergence of a new era of global banking and insurance. It outlines five of the reasons to study the financial services industry. It then describes the structure of the book. The book provides an overview of how expansionary strategies of financial services firms are impacted by globalization and discusses performance drivers during internationalization processes. It explores and challenges conventional assumptions from the international management literature on topics such as the limits of international expansion, the importance of cultural and institutional distance, the nature of economies of scale and scope, the existence of first mover advantages, the logic behind the global value chain configuration, the speed and timing of market entry, and the organizational architecture.