bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the extent of potential resistance to pre‐exposure prophylaxis within the UK HIV‐1‐infectious population of men who have sex with men
Authors: Dolling D , Phillips AN , Delpech V , Pillay D , Cane PA , Crook AM , Shepherd J , Fearnhill E , Hill T , Dunn D ,   on behalf of the UK HIV Drug Resistance Database and the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) Study
Published: December 2011

ObjectivesRecent studies have shown that pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can substantially reduce the chance of acquiring HIV infection. However, PrEP efficacy has been found to be compromised in macaque studies if the challenge virus is antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐resistant. Our objective was to evaluate the likelihood that a UK man who has sex with men (MSM) would be exposed to PrEP‐resistant HIV in a homosexual encounter with an HIV‐infectious partner.MethodsData from the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (UK CHIC) study were linked to the UK HIV Drug Resistance Database for HIV‐1‐positive MSM patients seen between 2005 and 2008. Patients were categorized as undiagnosed; diagnosed but ART‐naïve; ART‐experienced and on treatment; and ART‐experienced and on a treatment interruption. Considering current PrEP regimens, resistance to (a) tenofovir (TDF) alone, (b) TDF and emtricitabine (FTC), and (c) TDF or FTC was estimated. Patients without resistance tests had PrEP resistance imputed using bootstrapping and logistic regression models.ResultsThe population‐level prevalence of PrEP resistance in HIV‐infectious individuals in 2008 was estimated to be 1.6, 0.9 and 4.1% for PrEP resistance definitions a, b and c, respectively. Prevalence in ART‐experienced patients was highest, with negligible circulating resistance amongst ART‐naïve individuals. The levels of resistance declined over the period of study.ConclusionsOur analysis indicates low levels of resistance to proposed PrEP drugs. The estimated PrEP resistance prevalence in UK HIV‐infected MSM is towards the lower range of values used in simulation studies which have suggested that circulating PrEP drug resistance will have a negligible impact on PrEP efficacy at the population level.
Environmental ethics for social work: Social work's responsibility to the non‐human world
Authors: Gray Mel , Coates John 
Published: December 2011

Gray M, Coates J. Environmental ethics for social work: Social work's responsibility to the non‐human worldThis lead article in this Special Issue begins discussion on an environmental ethics for social work and raises arguments as to whether and, if so, why social workers have duties, obligations, responsibilities and commitments to the non‐human world. It provides an overview of the field of environmental ethics in searching for a moral stance to affirm an environmental social work. To what extent should social workers engage in fundamental geopolitical issues concerned with climate change, global warming, environmental degradation, pollution, chemical contamination, sustainable agriculture, disaster management, pet therapy, wilderness protection and so on and, if so, why and how? Are these issues incidental and peripheral and only of concern when they impact upon humans or do social workers have a responsibility beyond human interests? What is the significance of the ‘non‐human’ for social work? The article explores the terrain of the burgeoning field of environmental ethics to determine whether convincing ethical grounds for environmental social work might be found beyond hortatory claims of what the profession ought to be doing to address environmental concerns.
Amphibian and butterfly diversity across a tropical land‐use gradient in Sri Lanka; implications for conservation decision making
Authors: Kudavidanage E. P. , Wanger T. C. , de Alwis C. , Sanjeewa S. , Kotagama S. W. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAsian rainforests suffer from massive deforestation but remain less studied pantropically. Although Sri Lanka is a severely threatened biodiversity hot spot with high endemicity and unique conservation challenges, few have investigated how fauna respond to environmental perturbations caused by human modification of habitats. We investigated differences in the diversity and community composition of amphibians and butterflies in primary and selectively logged forests (SLF), home gardens and plantations in the Sinharaja lowland tropical forest and surrounding areas. A Bayesian multi‐model inference approach was then used to identify environmental variables that explained differences in richness and abundance patterns among sites. Amphibian species richness (SPR) was highest in a forest habitat, and community composition differed between forest and disturbed habitats. In contrast, butterfly SPR increased with increasing disturbance. Butterfly diversity patterns were best explained by climatic variables, while structural habitat parameters were the best predictors of amphibian patterns. Based on research findings, the protection of primary forest habitats is essential for amphibian conservation. Regenerating SLF can be of high conservation value especially if substantial pristine habitat remains conserved in the landscape. Anthropogenic habitats at the periphery of forests require realistic management recommendations to support the species inhabiting, visiting or migrating through them. Different environmental predictors for butterflies and amphibians underscore the importance of including multiple indicator taxa in surveys that are intended to inform habitat management.
Metabolism, gas exchange, and acid‐base balance of giant salamanders
Authors: Ultsch Gordon R. 
Published: December 2011

The giant salamanders are aquatic and paedomorphic urodeles including the genera Andrias and Cryptobranchus (Cryptobranchidae), Amphiuma (Amphiumidae), Siren (Sirenidae), and Necturus (Proteidae, of which only N. maculosus is considered ‘a giant'). Species in the genera Cryptobranchus and Necturus are considered aquatic salamanders well adapted for breathing water, poorly adapted for breathing air, and with limited abilities to compensate acid‐base disturbances. As such, they are water‐breathing animals with a somewhat fish‐like respiratory and acid‐base physiology, whose habitat selection is limited to waters that do not typically become hypoxic or hypercarbic (although this assertion has been questioned for N. maculosus). Siren and Amphiuma species, by contrast, are dependent upon air‐breathing, have excellent lungs, inefficient (Siren) or no (Amphiuma) gills, and are obligate air‐breathers with an acid‐base status more similar to that of terrestrial tetrapods. As such, they can be considered to be air‐breathing animals that live in water. Their response to the aquatic hypercarbia that they often encounter is to maintain intracellular pH (pHi) and abandon extracellular pH regulation, a process that has been referred to as preferential pHi regulation.The acid‐base status of some present‐day tropical air‐breathing fishes, and of Siren and Amphiuma, suggests that the acid‐base transition from a low PCO2‐low [] system typical of water‐breathing fishes to the high PCO2‐high [] systems of terrestrial tetrapods may have been completed before emergence onto land, and likely occurred in habitats that were typically both hypoxic and hypercarbic.
Historical trends in the timing of informed consent for research into intrapartum complications
Authors: Patel D , Nasir S , Elati A , Vernon G , Weeks AD 
Published: December 2011

Please cite this paper as: Patel D, Nasir S, Elati A, Vernon G, Weeks A. Historical trends in the timing of informed consent for research into intrapartum complications. BJOG 2011; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2011.03204.x.Obtaining informed consent for clinical trials involving the management of intrapartum complications is complex. This article describes the strategies used to obtain consent over the last 60 years using data from the Cochrane Library. Of 138 intrapartum randomised studies, 37% had no record of the consent procedures. Of the remainder, 74% sought consent only when the complication developed, 11% sought consent from all women in early labour, and 13% gave all women antenatal information and then sought written consent when the complication arose. Despite the existence of ethics guidelines for intrapartum consent, many studies fail to follow their advice.
Contribution of overweight and obesity to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a multi‐ethnic cohort: population attributive fractions for Amsterdam
Authors: Djelantik AAAMJ , Kunst AE , van der Wal MF , Smit HA , Vrijkotte TGM 
Published: December 2011

Please cite this paper as: Djelantik A, Kunst A, van der Wal M, Smit H, Vrijkotte T. Contribution of overweight and obesity to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in a multi‐ethnic cohort: population attributive fractions for Amsterdam. BJOG 2011; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2011.03205.x.Objective  To estimate the contribution of pre‐pregnancy excessive weight to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes and to detect the differences in these contributions between different ethnic groups.Design  Prospective multi‐ethnic community‐based cohort study.Setting  The prevalence of excessive weight is increasing and in general higher in immigrant groups in many industrialised countries. Maternal excessive weight, like smoking during pregnancy, is an important risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes.Population  A total of 8266 pregnant women, living in the Netherlands, were included in the ABCD study between January 2003 and March 2004.Methods  After applying the exclusion criteria, the analysis included 7871 pregnancies. Binomial log‐linear regression analyses were performed to estimate relative risks (RRs) expressing the association between overweight/obesity and small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA), large‐for‐gestational‐age (LGA), preterm birth (PTB; <37 weeks of gestation) and extreme PTB (<32 weeks of gestation), controlling for parity, maternal age, education level and smoking. Next, the RRs were used to estimate population attributive fractions (PAF) for Amsterdam and separately for several ethnic groups.Main outcome measures  The RRs and PAFs.Results  The PAFs for overweight/obesity were: SGA −4.9%, LGA 15.3%, PTB 6.6% and extreme PTB 22.0%. In absolute terms, this corresponds to −47 SGA infants, 126 LGA infants, 35 PTB and 20 extreme PTB per year in Amsterdam. Except for SGA, these PAFs were higher than those for smoking (6.2%, −3.9%, 5.5% and 10.6%, respectively). The contribution of overweight/obesity to LGA and PTB was higher in non‐Western immigrant groups.Conclusions  Overweight/obesity has become an important contributor to the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Amsterdam. For most outcomes, these contributions are larger than those for smoking. Development of special obesity prevention programmes for young women is required, especially focused on immigrant groups.
Increased prevalence of diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome in women with a history of preterm birth: a case–control study
Authors: Eilertsen TB , Vanky E , Carlsen SM 
Published: December 2011

Please cite this paper as: Eilertsen T, Vanky E, Carlsen S. Increased prevalence of diabetes and polycystic ovary syndrome in women with a history of preterm birth: a case–control study. BJOG 2011; DOI: 10.1111/j.1471‐0528.2011.03206.x.Objective  To test the hypothesis that endocrine and metabolic factors predispose to preterm birth.Design  A cross‐sectional, case–control study.Setting  Namsos Hospital district (Namsos, Norway).Population  Women from the Namsos Hospital district with previous preterm births (n = 114) were compared with matched controls with term births (n = 127).Methods  A clinical examination including transvaginal ultrasound was performed. Fasting blood samples were collected and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed.Main outcome measures  The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosis (Rotterdam criteria) and serum levels of androgens, glucose and insulin.Results  Twenty‐nine of 114 women (25.4%) met the PCOS criteria among women with preterm birth, compared with 18 of 127 (14.2%) among controls (P = 0.03). Eight (7.1%) women with preterm birth were diagnosed with diabetes compared with none in the control group (P < 0.01). Hirsutism was present in 34 (29.8%) women with preterm birth versus 12 (9.4%) in the control group (P < 0.01).Conclusions  The prevalences of PCOS, diabetes and hirsutism are increased among women with a history of preterm birth. This indicates that endocrine and/or metabolic factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of preterm birth. Women experiencing preterm delivery may have an increased risk of developing diabetes and PCOS later in life.
Psychometric properties of three instruments to measure recovery
Authors: Wilrycx Greet , Croon Marcel A. , van den Broek Anneloes , van Nieuwenhuizen Chijs 
Published: December 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2012; 26; 607–614Psychometric properties of three instruments to measure recoveryBackground:  The process of recovery is gaining more and more attention within health care for patients with severe mental illness. Therefore, instruments to measure recovery can be useful for clinical and research purposes.Aims:  This study evaluates the psychometric properties of three instruments pertaining to recovery for possible application in the Netherlands. The Recovery Attitude Questionnaire and the Recovery Knowledge Inventory were investigated among 210 mental health professionals, and the Recovery Promoting Relationship Scale was administered to 142 mental health consumers.Methods:  The factor structure, reliability and internal consistency were examined using the same analysis strategy. First, each questionnaire was submitted to a confirmatory factor analysis based on the factorial structure proposed by the original developers of the questionnaire. In case of a bad fit, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted. Based on factor analyses, subscales were formed for each questionnaire and the internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) was assessed. In all three cases the final principal axes solution was obliquely rotated by means of the OBLIMIN rotation procedure.Results:  The originally proposed factor structure did not yield an acceptable fit in any of the Dutch samples. After analyses, three instruments are proposed that are suitable for research on recovery‐oriented competencies and the recovery‐promoting relationship for professionals working with people with serious mental illness in the Netherlands.Conclusions:  The results in this study may be a step forward and give a new impulse to stimulate research in mental health recovery.
Replication factor C1, the large subunit of replication factor C, is proteolytically truncated in Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome
Authors: Tang Hui , Hilton Benjamin , Musich Phillip R. , Fang Ding Zhi , Zou Yue 
Published: December 2011

SummaryHutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is a rare genetic disorder because of a LMNA gene mutation that produces a mutant lamin A protein (progerin). Progerin also has been correlated to physiological aging and related diseases. However, how progerin causes the progeria remains unknown. Here, we report that the large subunit (RFC1) of replication factor C is cleaved in HGPS cells, leading to the production of a truncated RFC1 of ∼ 75 kDa, which appears to be defective in loading proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and pol δ onto DNA for replication. Interestingly, the cleavage can be inhibited by a serine protease inhibitor, suggesting that RFC1 is cleaved by a serine protease. Because of the crucial role of RFC in DNA replication, our findings provide a mechanistic interpretation for the observed early replicative arrest and premature aging phenotypes of HPGS and may lead to novel strategies in HGPS treatment. Furthermore, this unique truncated form of RFC1 may serve as a potential marker for HGPS.
Insights into nephrologist training, clinical practice, and dialysis choice
Authors: Merighi Joseph R. , Schatell Dorian R. , Bragg‐Gresham Jennifer L. , Witten Beth , Mehrotra Rajnish 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThere is variable emphasis on dialysis‐specific training among US nephrology fellowship programs. Our study objective was to determine the association between nephrology training experience and subsequent clinical practice. We conducted a national survey of clinical nephrologists using a fax‐back survey distributed between March 8, 2010 and April 30, 2010 (N = 629). The survey assessed the time distribution of clinical practice, self‐assessment of preparedness to provide care for dialysis patients at the time of certification examination, distribution of dialysis modality among patients, and nephrologists' choice of dialysis modality for themselves if their kidneys failed. While respondents spent 28% of their time caring for dialysis patients, 38% recalled not feeling very well prepared to care for dialysis patients when taking the nephrology certification examination. Sixteen percent obtained additional dialysis training after fellowship completion. Only 8% of US dialysis patients use home dialysis; physicians very well prepared to care for dialysis patients at the time of certification or who obtained additional dialysis training were significantly more likely to provide care to home peritoneal dialysis patients. Even though 92% of US dialysis patients receive thrice weekly in‐center hemodialysis, only 6% of nephrologists selected this for themselves; selection of therapy for self was associated with dialysis modalities used by their patients. Nephrology training programs need to ensure that all trainees are very well prepared to care for dialysis patients, as this is central to nephrology practice. Utilization of dialysis therapies other than standard hemodialysis is dependent, in part, on training experience.
The adhesion of oral bacteria to modified titanium surfaces: role of plasma proteins and electrostatic forces
Authors: Badihi Hauslich Liad , Sela Michael N. , Steinberg Doron , Rosen Graciela , Kohavi David 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectivesModifications of titanium (Ti) implant surfaces have a significant effect on early biofilm formation and the outcome of implant procedures. The aim of this study was to examine the role of plasma proteins and electrostatic forces in the adhesion mechanism of oral bacteria to modified Ti surfaces.Materials and methodsTi discs with three different types of surface modifications, machined, acid‐etched, and acid‐etched and blasted, were examined for adhesion of oral bacteria: Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Following pretreatment of the Ti with ion rich solutions or coating by human serum albumin or fibronectin, bacterial adhesion was examined by scanning electron microscopy and assessed quantitatively by DNA analysis. Ti coating by proteins as well as bacterial adhesion and their interrelationships were further investigated through confocal scanning laser microscopy.ResultsAcid‐etched and blasted Ti surfaces exhibited significantly higher amounts of bacteria adhesion than the other two surfaces. Calcium was found to serve as a bridging agent in the adhesion process of S. mutans and F. nucleatum to Ti surfaces. Although albumin coating of the Ti reduced the adhesion of S. mutans to all surfaces, it had no influence on the adhesion of P. gingivalis or F. nucleatum. Coating the Ti with fibronectin enhanced P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum adhesion.ConclusionsBacterial adhesion to Ti surfaces is roughness‐dependent, and the adhesion mechanism is influenced by ions and proteins of the initial coating derived from the blood.
Mapping biological to clinical phenotypes during the development (21 days) and resolution (21 days) of experimental gingivitis
Authors: Scott Ann E. , Milward Mike , Linden Gerard J. , Matthews John B. , Carlile Monica J. , Lundy Fionnuala T. , Naeeni Mojgan A. , Lorraine Martin S. , Walker Brian , Kinane Denis , Brock Gareth R. , Chapple Iain L. C. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAimTo characterize and map temporal changes in the biological and clinical phenotype during a 21‐day experimental gingivitis study.Materials and MethodsExperimental gingivitis was induced over 21 days in healthy human volunteers (n = 56), after which normal brushing was resumed (resolution phase). Gingival and plaque indices were assessed. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from four paired test and contra‐lateral control sites in each volunteer during induction (Days 0, 7, 14 and 21) and resolution (Days 28 and 42) of experimental gingivitis. Fluid volumes were measured and a single analyte was quantified from each site‐specific, 30s sample. Data were evaluated by analysis of repeated measurements and paired sample tests.ResultsClinical indices and gingival crevicular fluid volumes at test sites increased from Day 0, peaking at Day 21 (test/control differences all p < 0.0001) and decreased back to control levels by Day 28. Levels of four inflammatory markers showed similar patterns, with significant differences between test and control apparent at Day 7 (substance P, cathepsin G, interleukin‐1β, elastase: all p < 0.03) and peaking at Day 21 (all p < 0.002). Levels of α‐1‐antitrypsin showed no pattern.ConclusionsLevels of substance P, cathepsin G, interleukin‐1β and neutrophil elastase act as objective biomarkers of gingival inflammation induction and resolution that typically precede phenotypical changes.
An In Vitro Model for the Study of Human Implantation
Authors: Holmberg Jennie C. , Haddad Severina , Wünsche Vera , Yang Yang , Aldo Paulomi B. , Gnainsky Yulia , Granot Irit , Dekel Nava , Mor Gil 
Published: December 2011

Citation Holmberg JC, Haddad S, Wünsche V, Yang Y, Aldo PB, Gnainsky Y, Granot I, Dekel N, Mor G. An In vitro model for the study of human implantation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 169–178Problem  Implantation remains the rate‐limiting step for the success of in vitro fertilization. Appropriate models to study the molecular aspects of human implantation are necessary in order to improve fertility.Methods  First trimester trophoblast cells are differentiated into blastocyst‐like spheroids (BLS) by culturing them in low attachment plates. Immortalized human endometrial stromal cells and epithelial cells (ECC‐1) were stably transfected with GFP or tdTomato. Co‐culture experiments were monitored using Volocity imaging analysis system.Results  This method demonstrates attachment and invasion of BLS, formed by trophoblast cells, into stromal cells, but not to uterine epithelial cells.Conclusion  We have developed an in vitro model of uterine implantation. The manipulation of this system allows for dual color monitoring of the cells over time. Additionally, specific compounds can be added to the culture media to test how this may affect implantation and invasion. This model is a helpful tool in understanding the complexity of human implantation.