bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RIGHT‐AND LEFT‐HANDED COUNTING OF BRAILLE DOTS IN SUBJECTS UNACCUSTOMED TO BRAILLE
Authors: MYERS D. H. 
Published: April 2011

Previous work has shown that children acquainted with Braille can usually read better with their left than with their right hand. It is also known that, at least in right‐handed people, the right cerebral hemisphere is dominant for counting dots.The present paper compares, in right‐handed subjects unacquainted with Braille, the comparative skill of right and left middle (M) and index (I) fingers in counting Braille dots. In one experiment with 30 subjects no significant difference was found between LI and RI fingers. Another experiment failed to reveal any R/L differences although it detected a superiority of I over M fingers at P < 0&#x006d;̇025. When the task was split between the two I fingers working simultaneously they performed significantly (P < 0&#x006d;̇001) better than when working alone. This latter finding is thought to have a bearing on the failure to detect R/L differences; other possible explanations of the findings are also discussed.
OCULOMOTOR ADAPTATION TO PRISMS: COMPLETE TRANSFER BETWEEN EYES
Authors: CRAWSHAW MARTIN , CRASKE BRIAN 
Published: April 2011

It is argued that previous experiments investigating interocular transfer of adaptation have been concerned with an adaptation of the registered position of the limb used to indicate direction. Thus the question of interocular transfer of adaptation sited at the eye remains open.Two experiments are reported. The first showed that there was complete transfer between exposed and unexposed eyes. The conditions were such that the adaptation could be explained only as a change in the registered position of the eye in the head, or of the head on the shoulders. The second experiment showed that changes of this latter kind did not occur.
A COORDINATION OF HAND PREFERENCE AND SKILL REPLICATED
Authors: ANNETT MARIAN 
Published: April 2011

Annett (1970a) described 283 subjects classified for hand preference and measured for the movement time of each hand on a peg moving task. A new sample of 804 subjects has been examined and classified as before. The mean differences between hands for each preference group are very similar in both samples.Hand preference can be regarded as anchored to an objective measure of manual skill. Both preference and skill are continuously distributed variables, not discrete ones. The quest for the ‘essence’ of left handedness should be replaced by studies of the characteristics of the distributions involved and of the criteria used to identify segments of the distributions.
The progress of psychology
Authors: Farrell B. A. 
Published: April 2011

Koch has argued that psychology is an imitation science, because it has failed to build an edifice of positive knowledge; and that it cannot logically do any better in the future.The paper rejects this sceptical argument. The sceptics appear to be victims of the accumulation‐cumbuilding picture of scientific progress, and prisoners of the mistaken presupposition that progress in science consists in either the achievement of a paradigm, or the subsequent development of one. The paper points to weaknesses in the thesis that it is not logically possible for psychology to do any better in the future and achieve a paradigmatic advance.But though the sceptics' case against psychology is a bad one, their case against a traditional view about the nature of psychology is sound; and this suggests that we should think in a different way about the subject.
Remembering pictures of real and ‘unreal’ faces: Some practical and theoretical considerations
Authors: Ellis Hadyn D. , Davies Graham M. , Shepherd John W. 
Published: April 2011

Three experiments are reported which explore the effects of lines on faces upon recognition memory. In Expt I a comparison of recognition memory for photographs of real faces with memory for Photofit faces indicated that memory for the former is significantly better. Experiment II examined one possible explanation for the first results by comparing memory for faces with memory for the same faces containing lines representing the feature boundaries of Photofit faces. The unlined faces were recognized more readily. This result was replicated in Expt III which also indicated that random lines produced the same deleterious effect on face memory as the systematic Photofit‐type lines.The practical and theoretical implications of these results are discussed in relation to forensic face recall systems and pattern recognition.
Noise, attentional selectivity, serial reactions and the need for experimental power
Authors: Hartley L. R. 
Published: April 2011

The paper draws attention to the very low experimental power of a recent attempt to replicate Hockey (1970). A successful attempt to replicate Hockey (1970), using considerably more experimental power, is reported.It is also pointed out that the power of Forster & Grierson's attempt to repeat Hockey's finding without the presence of response‐produced cues is so very low that a successful result is not to be expected.Finally a number of problems in the application of Poulton's composite theory of noise to serial reaction performance are pointed out.
The assessment of children with specific reading difficulties (dyslexia) using the British Ability Scales
Authors: Thomson M. E. 
Published: April 2011

The use of the British Ability Scales with children having specific reading difficulties is described. Eighty‐three children aged eight to 16 years were given a number of subtests from the British Ability Scales, and their performance on each subtest compared to every other subtest. The children were also divided into three age groups and developmental differences observed.Based on T scores the children scored significantly less well on Speed of Information Processing, Immediate and Delayed Visual Recall, Recall of Digits, Basic Arithmetic and Word Reading across all the age ranges, when compared to the other abilities. In general subtests involving Speed of Precessing and Short Term Memory were poor, whereas tasks involving Reasoning, Spatial Imagery and aspects of the Use of the Retrieval of Knowledge were found to be average or above average.Expected reading ages for the children based on other abilities were calculated, and it was found that the children's reading abilities were well below the expected level. Various forms of intelligence quotient were also computed and it is suggested that the four abilities recommended for use in computing an IQ in the current BAS Manual are inappropriate for the dyslexic child.The children were also divided into auditory‐linguistic and visuo‐spatial ‘subtypes’ of dyslexia, and significant differences were found between the groups on Speed of Information Processing, Recall of Digits, and Block Design Level and Power.The data are related to previous work in the area of developmental dyslexia.
How disconfirmatory, confirmatory and combined strategies affect group problem solving
Authors: Gorman Michael E. , Gorman Margaret E. , Latta R. Michael , Cunningham Guy 
Published: April 2011

This paper presents three experiments designed to test Karl Popper's idea that scientists should try to falsify, or disconfirm, their hypotheses instead of verifying them. Previous studies indicate that subjects trained to falsify do no better on scientific problem‐solving tasks than subjects trained to confirm. But these studies have all focused on individual subjects. Scientists frequently work in groups. To see how groups disconfirm, subjects in the first two studies reported here were run in groups of four. They were asked to solve a series of related problems based on ‘New Eleusis’, a task designed to model the ‘search for truth’.In the first study, group members were either allowed to interact or told to work separately. This variable was crossed with a strategy (disconfirmatory vs. confirmatory) variable. There were no significant differences.In the second study, only interacting groups were run, some methodological problems with the strategy variable were cleared up and a third strategy that combined elements of confirmation and disconfirmation was added. Disconfirmatory groups solved significantly more problems (72 per cent) than confirmatory (25 per cent) with combined (50 per cent) falling in between. Disconfirmatory groups also made significantly more attempts to falsify their hypotheses.To see if the same results would hold for individuals working on a different task, subjects were trained to disconfirm, confirm or use no strategy on Wason's 2–4‐6 task. Disconfirmatory subjects were again significantly more successful. The overall results suggest that a disconfirmatory strategy is superior for both groups and individuals on tasks that simulate scientific problems. Reasons why this effect was obtained in the present research but not in earlier studies are discussed.
Visual memory and motor programmes: Their use by idiot‐savant artists and controls
Authors: O'Connor N. , Hermelin B. 
Published: April 2011

Artistically gifted children of normal intelligence and idiot‐savant artists as well as two groups of IQ‐matched controls were tested for their perception of and recognition memory for shapes. They were also tested for their capacity to graphically reproduce the shapes on sight (copying) or from memory. The material consisted of designs of two levels of complexity and structure.Results showed that while IQ was the determining factor in matching and recognition performance, copying and reproduction ability depended on artistic ability and was independent of level of intelligence. These results are interpreted in terms of access to an intelligence‐independent system of graphic representations which can evoke appropriate motor programmes.
Individual differences in the effects of time of day and passage difficulty on prose memory in adults
Authors: Petros Thomas V. , Beckwith Bill E. , Anderson Maureen 
Published: April 2011

The study under report examined the effects of time of day on prose recall in morning‐ and evening‐type individuals. Subjects listened to two easy and two difficult passages at either 09.00, 14.00 or 20.00. Immediately after listening to a taperecorded version of each story, subjects were asked to write their recalls. The results indicated that recall decreased across time of day for morning types but increased for evening types. The effects of importance level were similar for passages at both difficulty levels at all times of day; however, time‐of‐day effects were largest for highly important‐idea units from difficult passages.The results demonstrated that time of day influences immediate recall of prose in adults, and the pattern of these effects depended upon whether the subject was a morning or evening type. It was suggested that subsequent examinations of time of day and prose memory should utilize concurrent measures of encoding effort to assess whether processing strategies change across time of day.
A ‘sheep‐goat effect’ in repetition avoidance: Extra‐sensory perception as an effect of subjective probability?
Authors: Brugger Peter , Landis Theodor , Regard Marianne 
Published: April 2011

Performance on extra‐sensory perception (ESP) and on subjective random generation (SRG) has been shown independently to differ along a number of personality dimensions. One of the variables known consistently to influence ESP performance but not studied yet in SRG experiments is belief in the paranormal. We report three experiments on subjective randomness as a function of belief in ESP: (1) a retrospective analysis of randomness in multiple choice answers of a telepathy experiment revealed that believers in ESP (‘sheep’) avoided repetitive responses significantly more than non‐believers (‘goats’); (2) in an experiment where subjects had to produce random strings of the digits 1−6, sheep avoided repetitions significantly more than goats; (3) in an experiment where subjects had to compare equiprobable short random sequences, sheep underestimated the number of mathematically expected repetitions significantly more than goats.In all three experiments a stronger bias against the incidence of direct repetitions was found for subjects believing in ESP than for those denying its possibility. This may indicate that believers are more prone to an illusion of causality in the face of everyday coincidences. We suggest that effects of subjective probability and, particularly, of subjective randomness should be considered in future studies concerned with individual differences in ESP scoring.
Reconstructing selves: An analysis of discrepancies between women's contemporaneous and retrospective accounts of the transition to motherhood
Authors: Smith Jonathan A. 
Published: April 2011

This paper empirically examines the notion of self‐reconstruction. Accounts of personal identity were obtained from women at four time points during the transition to motherhood. The study compares the women's accounts of pregnancy recorded in real‐time with those obtained retrospectively – after the child's birth, and looks for discrepancies between them.The women's retrospective records of pregnancy point to a number of reconstructive narratives: glossing over difficulties, emphasizing personal growth, highlighting continuity of self, sometimes combining different narratives within the same retrospective report. The findings are theorized in terms of the notion of self‐reconstruction, whereby it is argued individuals modify their biographical presentations in order to produce self‐enhancing personal accounts. It is suggested that cognitive, motivational and rhetorical factors all play a part in this process.
Impulsivity and negative priming: Evidence for diminished cognitive inhibition in impulsive children
Authors: Visser Mechteld , Das‐Smaal Edith , Kwakman Hans 
Published: April 2011

This study addresses the relationship between impulsivity and lack of inhibition. Inhibition was measured both by the interference score and by the negative priming effect in a Stroop colour‐word paradigm. The negative priming effect in this paradigm is defined by slower naming of a target colour if this colour was the distractor in the immediately preceding trial.For the study, a total of 210 school children were selected. These were children rated high or low by their teachers for either social or cognitive impulsivity. A reduced negative priming effect showed up with social type but not with cognitive type impulsive children. No differences were found regarding the Stroop interference score. The divergence between negative priming and interference as a measure of inhibition was discussed. Overall, the findings corroborate the distinction between a cognitive and a social dimension of impulsivity.
Deciding before you think: Relevance and reasoning in the selection task
Authors: Evans Jonathan St B. T. 
Published: April 2011

Two experiments are reported in which subjects are asked to solve various versions of the Wason selection task. The task involves deciding whether or not to pick any of four cards which may be turned over in order to test the truth of a conditional statement. Each experiment employed a novel methodology in which subjects recorded the amount of time they spend considering a card prior to either choosing or not choosing it. Problems were computer presented and subjects were required to point with a mouse at any card which was the card they were currently considering but only to click the mouse button if they were sure they wanted to select it. The total ‘inspection time’ was logged by the computer for each card (recording stopped if the card was selected).According to the Evans' (1984, 1989) theory of reasoning, card choices on the selection task are determined by preconsciously cued relevance. As predicted from this theory, cards with higher selection frequencies also had longer inspection times in all experiments. It was also shown that for any given card on a particular rule, the subjects who chose the card spent much longer inspecting it than the subjects who did not. The results are discussed with respect to the issue of whether decision making is in general consequential, i.e. based upon an analysis of the consequences of choices.
Antimalarial Effects of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitors in Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Li Youjia , Qin Li , Peng Nanzheng , Liu Guangjie , Zhao Siting , He Zhengxiang , Chen Xiaoping 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

The antimalarial activity of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors indinavir and saquinavir was evaluated in rhesus macaques for the first time. Indinavir effectively suppressed the growth of
Plasmodium cynomolgi
and
Plasmodium knowlesi in vivo
after a 7- or 3-day treatment, respectively, with clinically relevant doses, whereas saquinavir showed only weak activity against
P. cynomolgi
.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of TBR-652, a Novel CCR5 Antagonist, in HIV-1-Infected, Antiretroviral Treatment-Experienced, CCR5 Antagonist-Naïve Patients
Authors: Marier Jean-Francois , Trinh MyMy , Pheng Leng Hong , Palleja Sandra M. , Martin David E. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT

TBR-652 is a novel CCR5 antagonist with potent
in vitro
anti-HIV activity. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of TBR-652 in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral treatment-experienced, CCR5 antagonist-naïve patients. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, dose-escalating study of TBR-652 monotherapy given once daily orally for 10 days was performed, followed by a 40-day follow-up period. Approximately 10 patients/dose level received 25, 50, 75, 100, and 150 mg TBR-652 or placebo (4:1). Blood was collected at different intervals for PK and HIV-1 RNA assessments. PK analysis of TBR-652 was performed using noncompartmental methods. PK/PD was modeled using a maximum inhibitory effect model (
E
max
) and 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC
50
). TBR-652 was well absorbed in the systemic circulation. TBR-652 concentration levels declined slowly, with mean elimination half-lives ranging from 22.5 to 47.62 h across dose levels. TBR-652 treatment resulted in potent, dose-dependent decreases in viral load, with statistically significant decreases in nadir HIV-1 RNA compared to baseline for all dose levels. Suppression of HIV-1 RNA persisted over the 40-day follow-up period. A steep exposure-effect relationship was observed, with an
E
max
of −1.43 log
10
copies/ml and IC
50
of 13.1 ng/ml. TBR-652 was generally safe and well tolerated at all dose levels studied. Short-term monotherapy treatments of TBR-652 in HIV-1-infected patients resulted in promising PK and PD results, with a clear exposure-response relationship at the current dose levels studied. Data from this study support further development of TBR-652 in HIV-infected patients.
Unexpected excessive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease mortality among female silk textile workers in Shanghai, China
Authors: Cui Ling , Gallagher Lisa G , Ray Roberta M , Li Wenjin , Gao Daoli , Zhang Yingzhe , Vedal Sverre , Thomas David B , Checkoway Harvey 
Published: April 2011

ObjectiveTo investigate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality among textile workers.MethodsA total of 267 400 Chinese female textile employees were monitored for COPD mortality from 1989 to 2000. Textile factories in the cohort were classified into 10 industrial sectors. Age-adjusted mortality, standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) and 95% CIs were calculated by sector. In addition, RRs (HRs) adjusted for smoking and age were calculated for exposure to cotton and silk textile work compared with the other sectors in the cohort.ResultsA majority of textile sectors had lower or similar COPD mortality (age-adjusted SMRs=0.58–1.15) compared with the general female population in the city of Nanjing, China. SMRs for cotton and silk workers were, respectively, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.81 to 1.28) and 2.03 (95% CI: 1.13 to 3.34). Compared with all other textile sectors in the cohort, there was greater COPD mortality among cotton workers (HR=1.40, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.89) and silk workers (HR=2.54, 95% CI: 1.47 to 4.39).ConclusionElevated COPD mortality among cotton workers is consistent with previous reports of adverse respiratory effects of cotton dust. The higher rate of COPD deaths among silk workers was unexpected.
FLT3-Mediated p38–MAPK Activation Participates in the Control of Megakaryopoiesis in Primary Myelofibrosis
Authors: Desterke Christophe , Bilhou-Nabéra Chrystele , Guerton Bernadette , Martinaud Christophe , Tonetti Carole , Clay Denis , Guglielmelli Paola , Vannucchi Alessandro , Bordessoule Dominique , Hasselbalch Hans , Dupriez Brigitte , Benzoubir Nassima , Bourgeade Marie-Françoise , Pierre-Louis Olivier , Lazar Vladimir , Vainchenker William , Bennaceur-Griscelli Annelise , Gisslinger Heinz , Giraudier Stéphane , Le Bousse-Kerdilès Marie-Caroline 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is characterized by increased number of hematopoietic progenitors and a dysmegakaryopoiesis which supports the stromal reaction defining this disease. We showed that increased ligand (FL) levels in plasma, hematopoietic progenitors, and stromal cells from PMF patients were associated with upregulation of the cognate Flt3 receptor on megakaryocytic (MK) cells. This connection prompted us to study a functional role for the FL/Flt3 couple in PMF dysmegakaryopoiesis, as a route to reveal insights into pathobiology and therapy in this disease. Analysis of PMF CD34+ and MK cell transcriptomes revealed deregulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway along with Flt3 expression. In PMF patients, a higher proportion of circulating Flt3+CD34+CD41+ cells exhibited an increased MAPK effector phosphorylation independently of Jak2V617F mutation. Activation of FL/Flt3 axis in PMF MK cell cultures, in response to FL, induced activation of the p38–MAPK cascade, which is known to be involved in inflammation, also increasing expression of its target genes (NFATC4, p53, AP-1, IL-8). Inhibiting Flt3 or MAPK or especially p38 by chemical, antibody, or silencing strategies restored megakaryopoiesis and reduced phosphorylation of Flt3 and p38 pathway effectors, confirming the involvement of Flt3 in PMF dysmegakaryopoiesis via p38 activation. In addition, in contrast to healthy donors, MK cells derived from PMF CD34+ cells exhibited an FL-induced migration that could be reversed by p38 inhibition. Taken together, our results implicate the FL/Flt3 ligand–receptor complex in PMF dysmegakaryopoiesis through persistent p38–MAPK activation, with implications for therapeutic prospects to correct altered megakaryopoiesis in an inflammatory context. Cancer Res; 71(8); 2901–15. ©2011 AACR.