bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deriving SCC Initiation Times and Growth Rates from Posttest Fractrographic Analysis
Authors: Kobayashi T. , Shockey D. A. , Jones R. L. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This exploratory effort demonstrates the feasibility of determining crack initiation times and growth rates by posttest analysis of the fracture surfaces of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) test specimens. The fracture surface topography analysis (FRASTA) technique was applied to constant extension rate test (CERT) specimens of type 304 (UNS S30400) stainless steel fractured in several aqueous environments. Initiation times and propagation rates were determined for intergranular stress corrosion cracks in specimens tested at 288°C in clean oxygenated water containing a small amount of H2SO4. Cracking appeared to begin predominantly at the specimen's surface in clean water, but in the specimen's interior in the H2SO4-contaminated water.
Unusual Failures Involving Copper Deposition in Boiler Tubing
Authors: Hargrave R. E. 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
Unusual case histories are presented in which boiler tube failure mechanisms involved copper deposition on waterside surfaces. Three case histories on copper-induced liquid metal embrittlement (LME) are reviewed. For copper to cause LME of plain carbon steel boiler tubing, metal temperatures must exceed 871°C (1600°F). Therefore, copper embrittlement of boiler equipment is usually associated with a rapid, high-temperature overheating incident (e.g., flame impingement, sudden loss in normal circulation) or, more commonly, a welding repair process. Grain-boundary penetration of liquid copper via LME can result in severe intergranular cracking and brittle fracture of normally ductile steel tubing.
Another case history discusses overheating damage (bulging) of a tube that was promoted by thick waterside deposits containing multiple layers of copper alloy corrosion products. The majority of copper was probably transported into the boiler system during shutdown/start-up cycles.
Úlcera por pressão: avaliação de fatores de risco em pacientes internados em um hospital universitário
Authors: Silva Debora Prudencio e , Barbosa Maria Helena , Araújo Daniela Ferreira de , Oliveira Lorena Peres de , Melo Adriana Feliciano 
Published: June 2011

Estudo prospectivo, realizado em hospital público de Uberaba-MG, na clínica médica (UCM) e cirúrgica (UCC), durante setembro de 2007 a janeiro de 2008, com objetivo de classificar pacientes segundo o escore de Braden e verificar associação entre as variáveis clínicas e o escore de risco de Braden. Foram avaliados 189 clientes, sendo 111 (58,7%) na UCM e 78 (41,3%) na UCC. Evidenciou-se que 39 (50,0%) apresentaram risco para úlcera por pressão (UP) na UCC, e 72 (64,9%) na UCM. Na UCC, 24 (61,5%) apresentavam risco moderado e 15 (38,5%) risco leve. Na UCM, 16 (22,2%) apresentaram risco leve, 32 (44,5%) moderado e 24 (33,3%) elevado para UP. Houve associação significativa (p< 0,05) entre escore de risco segundo Braden e alterações neurológicas, urinárias, e nutricionais. A avaliação precoce para detectar os fatores de risco para UP possibilitou adoção de medidas de prevenção de úlceras, assegurando a qualidade da assistência de enfermagem. Descritores: Úlcera por pressão; Fatores de risco; Enfermagem.
Periacetabular Osteotomy: Validation of Intraoperative Fluoroscopic Monitoring of Acetabular Orientation
Authors: Kühnel Stefanie P. , Kalberer Fabian A. , Dora Claudio F. 
Published: June 2011

During periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) the acetabulum is reorientated and the correction monitored by one or more anteroposterior pelvic radiographs. Obtaining these images is time consuming and requires additional technical and personal resources. Such disadvantages could be overcome with the use of fluoroscopy. However, information obtained from fluoroscopy should have the same quality when compared to standard pelvic radiography. Our purpose was to define a suitable fluoroscopy setup and compare the information obtained from the fluoroscopic images to that obtained from a traditional anteroposterior pelvic radiograph. In a consecutive series of 22 patients the acetabular fragment was monitored by a defined intraoperative fluoroscopy setup in addition to a pelvic radiograph. The images were analyzed in random order utilizing common parameters to judge the quality of acetabular orientation. Agreement between the two images was assessed using kappa statistics and compared to the intra-observer reliability obtained from an independent experienced hip surgeon reading the same set of pelvic radiographs on two occasions. In 5 patients the radiation exposure during both fluoroscopy and standard AP pelvic radiography was measured and compared. Agreement of angular measurements of acetabular coverage and version as well as qualitative parameters of acetabular orientation and position between fluoroscopy and pelvic radiographs was at least equal to the intra-observer agreement of an independent experienced hip surgeon reviewing the pelvic radiographs alone. Significantly less radiation exposure was recorded with the use of fluoroscopy when compared to traditional pelvic radiography. We conclude that the use of intraoperative pelvic radiographs during PAO procedures can be replaced by fluoroscopy without quality impairment.
The Short Rotators do not Influence Capsular Compliance or Pain in Severe Hip Osteoarthritis. A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Tarasevičius Sarunas , Loiba Valdemaras , Wingstrand Hans 
Published: June 2011

A randomised controlled trial was performed to investigate if the short rotators affected the compliance of the capsule in osteoarthritis (OA). 68 OA patients admitted for total hip arthroplasty (THA) were randomised to have their compliance estimated during surgery with either their short rotators intact or released. Radiographic severity of OA, range of motion and pain were assessed in the affected hip before surgery. There was no significant difference in the compliance of the capsule whether the short rotators were intact or released (p= 0.5). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between pain and capsular compliance (p=0.4 and p=0.5). We found no significant effect of the short rotators on compliance of the hip joint capsule, and no significant correlation between pain and capsular compliance.
A Radiological Study of the True Anatomical Position of the Acetabulum in Japanese Women
Authors: Fukui Kiyokazu , Kaneuji Ayumi , Sugimori Tanzo , Ichiseki Toru , Matsumoto Tadami 
Published: June 2011

There is sometimes uncertainty concerning the correct socket position prior to total hip arthroplasty (THA). We conducted a study to determine the hip centre in Japanese women in order to define the true anatomical position of the acetabulum. The study involved 200 consecutive female patients in whom the contralateral hip joint was normal or was prearthritic and who underwent unilateral THA. The ‘normal’ group comprised 100 hip joints with no acetabular hip dysplasia, and the prearthritis group comprised 100 hip joints with Crowe type I dysplasia. The length of a perpendicular line drawn under the teardrop (interteardrop line) connecting both inferior edges of the teardrop with the centre of the femoral head was recorded as the vertical distance, and the distance from the intersection of the perpendicular line and interteardrop line up to the teardrop was recorded as the horizontal distance. We measured these distances on the femoral head of the side that did not undergo THA. The mean vertical distances in the ‘normal’ and prearthritis groups were 14.6 ± 2.8 mm and 16.8 ± 2.7 mm, respectively, and the mean horizontal distances were 30.2 ± 2.8 mm and 32.5 ± 2.7 mm, respectively. We therefore determined the mean centre of the hips to lie at a vertical distance of 11 to 22 mm and a horizontal distance of 27 to 38 mm. These values can serve as a useful index for socket positioning in THA.
Changes of Periprosthetic Bone Density after Implantation of an Anatomical Femoral Stem with Cemented and Cementless Fixation
Authors: Bieger Ralf , Martini Franz , Reichel Heiko , Decking Ralf 
Published: June 2011

This prospective 12 months dual energy x-ray absorptiometry study evaluated differences in periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD) in 25 patients undergoing cementless and in 18 patients undergoing cemented unilateral total hip arthroplasty (THA) using the Optan stem, which has the same geometric design for both fixation options. The clinical outcome scores after one year were excellent in both groups. Periprosthetic BMD measurement demonstrated bone loss medially and laterally in the proximal femoral regions following cementless fixation, whereas cemented fixation resulted in predominantly lateral bone resorption. The fixation technique appeared to have a major influence on the femoral BMD changes after THA.
Evaluation of the PC-1 K121Q and G2906C variants as independent risk factors for ischaemic stroke
Authors: Rieger M. , Endler G. , Funk M. , Lalouschek W. , Lang W. , Sunder-Plassmann R. , Mannhalter C. 
Published: June 2011

SummaryOverexpression of plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 (PC-1) inhibits insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity and thus favours insulin resistance and atherosclerotic vascular disease. Recent findings indicate that the minor variant K121Q in the PC-1 gene confers an increased risk for early myocardial infarction independent of other established risk factors. We hypothesized that genetic variants in PC-1 may also influence the risk for cerebrovascular disease.Therefore, we assessed the association of the PC-1 K121Q variant in the coding region and a polymorphism (G2906C) in the 3’ untranslated region of the PC-1 gene with the risk of stroke.We analyzed 1014 patients with a history of ischaemic stroke from the Vienna stroke registry and 1001 control individuals without vascular disease.Genotype frequencies of both genetic variants were similar in patients and controls in the total study population. By multivariate analysis, no interactions were observed between the PC-1 genotype and established vascular risk factors. However, the PC-1 2906C allele was significantly more frequent in patients who suffered from stroke before the age of 40 years. In these patients the risk for ischaemic stroke was increased fourfold.
Intermetallic Compounds in Catalysis
Authors: Armbrüster M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn catalysis, intermetallic compounds play an important role as precursors for skeletal catalysts or can be formed under reaction conditions and influence the catalytic properties significantly. They can also be applied as catalysts in an unsupported state in a large number of reactions. Intermetallic compounds are structurally more complex than elemental metals or substitutional alloys and thus offer a broad range of different crystal and electronic structures. In addition, the often partly covalent bonding in the compounds increases their stability under reaction conditions and enables an innovative realization of geometric and electronic concepts. This article summarizes the work in the field, aiming at presenting the different ideas and not at giving a full literature review. Special emphasis is put on the knowledge‐based development, which becomes feasible using unsupported andin situstable intermetallic compounds as catalysts.
Genetically engineered light sensors for control of bacterial gene expression
Authors: Camsund Daniel , Lindblad Peter , Jaramillo Alfonso 
Published: June 2011

AbstractLight of different wavelengths can serve as a transient, noninvasive means of regulating gene expression for biotechnological purposes. Implementation of advanced gene regulatory circuits will require orthogonal transcriptional systems that can be simultaneously controlled and that can produce several different control states. Fully genetically encoded light sensors take advantage of the favorable characteristics of light, do not need the supplementation of any chemical inducers or co‐factors, and have been demonstrated to control gene expression in Escherichia coli. Herein, we review engineered light‐sensor systems with potential for in vivo regulation of gene expression in bacteria, and highlight different means of extending the range of available light input and transcriptional output signals. Furthermore, we discuss advances in multiplexing different light sensors for achieving multichromatic control of gene expression and indicate developments that could facilitate the construction of efficient systems for light‐regulated, multistate control of gene expression.
Outcome after partial hepatectomy for hepatocellular cancer within the Milan criteria
Authors: Fan S T , Poon R T P , Yeung C , Lam C M , Lo C M , Yuen W K , Ng K K C , Liu C L , Chan S C 
Published: June 2011

Abstract

Background
There is a trend to offer liver transplantation to patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with tumour status within the Milan criteria but with preserved liver function. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of such patients following partial hepatectomy as primary treatment.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed on all adult patients with HCC and tumour status within the Milan criteria undergoing partial hepatectomy at a single centre from 1995 to 2008. Their outcomes were compared with those of similar patients having right-lobe living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) as primary treatment.

Results
A total of 408 patients with HCC were enrolled. Some 384 patients with a solitary tumour 5 cm or less in diameter had a better 5-year survival rate than 24 patients with oligonodular tumours (2–3 nodules, each 3 cm or less in size) (70·7 versus 46 per cent; P = 0·025). Multivariable analysis identified younger age (65 years or less), lack of postoperative complications, negative resection margin, absent microvascular invasion and non-cirrhotic liver as predictors of favourable overall survival. The 5-year survival rate of 287 younger patients with chronic liver disease and R0 hepatectomy was 72·8 per cent, comparable to that of 81 per cent in 50 similar patients treated by LDLT (P = 0·093).

Conclusion
Partial hepatectomy for patients with HCC and tumour status within the Milan criteria achieved a satisfactory 5-year survival rate, particularly in younger patients with solitary tumours and R0 hepatectomy. Patients with oligonodular tumours have a worse survival and might benefit from liver transplantation.
Solvent Exposure Associated with Single Abasic Sites Alters the Base Sequence Dependence of Oxidation of Guanine in DNA in GG Sequence Contexts
Authors: Lee Young‐Ae , Liu Zhi , Dedon Peter C. , Geacintov Nicholas E. , Shafirovich Vladimir 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe effect of exposure of guanine in double‐stranded oligonucleotides to aqueous solvent during oxidation by one‐electron oxidants was investigated by introducing single synthetic tetrahydrofuran‐type abasic sites (Ab) either adjacent to or opposite tandem GG sequences. The selective oxidation of guanine was initiated by photoexcitation of the aromatic sensitizers riboflavin and a pyrene derivative, and by the relatively small negatively charged carbonate radical anion. The relative rates of oxidation of the 5′‐ and 3′ side G in runs of 5′⋅⋅⋅GG⋅⋅⋅ (evaluated by standard hot alkali treatment of the damaged DNA strand followed by high resolution gel electrophoresis of the cleavage fragments) are markedly affected by adjacent abasic sites either on the same or opposite strand. For example, in fully double‐stranded DNA or one with an Ab adjacent to the 5′‐G, the 5′‐G/3′‐G damage ratio is ≥4, but is inverted (<1.0) with the Ab adjacent to the 3′‐G. These striking effects of Ab are attributed to the preferential localization of the “hole” on the most solvent‐exposed guanine regardless of the size, charge, or reduction potential of the oxidizing species.
Moisture Distribution in Fluidized Beds with Liquid Injection
Authors: Fries L. , Dosta M. , Antonyuk S. , Heinrich S. , Palzer S. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractCoupled discrete element method‐computational fluid dynamics (DEM‐CFD) simulations have been performed to study the fluid and particle dynamics in a fluidized‐bed granulator on the scale of individual particles. Simulation of the gas and particle dynamics is combined with heat and mass transfer mechanisms, as the moisture distribution is a key parameter for the functionality of a fluidized‐bed spray granulator. The model allows monitoring the moisture content and temperature of each individual particle as well as the temperature and humidity of the surrounding gas phase. A novel modeling approach is presented to describe the process dynamics of a fluidized bed in full detail for a reference time interval using coupled DEM‐CFD simulations. The motion profile of gas and particles is extrapolated to larger time scales and used for the calculation of heat and mass transfer. Through this multiscale approach, a step forward is taken towards a physically based description of the microprocesses in granulation.
Substituent‐Controlled Reactivity in the Nazarov Cyclisation of Allenyl Vinyl Ketones
Authors: Marx Vanessa M. , Stoddard Rhonda L. , Heverly‐Coulson Gavin S. , Burnell D. Jean 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAlkyl substitution α to the ketone of an allenyl vinyl ketone enhances Nazarov reactivity by inhibiting alternative pathways involving the allene moiety and through electron donation and/or steric hindrance. This substitution pattern also accelerates Nazarov cyclisation by increasing the population of the reactive conformer and by stabilising the oxyallyl cation intermediate. Furthermore, α substitution by an alkyl group does not alter the regioselectivity of interrupted Nazarov reactions when the oxyallyl cation intermediate is intercepted by addition of an oxygen nucleophile, or by [4+3] cyclisation with acyclic dienes. The regioselectivity of the Nazarov process for allenyl vinyl ketones was determined to be a result of an electronic bias in the oxyallyl cation intermediate. Computational data are consistent with this observation.
Highly Enantio‐ and Diastereoselective Synthesis of β‐Methyl‐γ‐monofluoromethyl‐Substituted Alcohols
Authors: Yang Wenguo , Wei Xinle , Pan Yuanhang , Lee Richmond , Zhu Bo , Liu Hongjun , Yan Lin , Huang Kuo‐Wei , Jiang Zhiyong , Tan Choon‐Hong 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEnanatiopure β‐methyl‐γ‐monofluoromethyl alcohols were prepared from the allylic alkylation between fluorobis(phenylsulfonyl)methane with Morita–Baylis–Hillman carbonates. The reaction was catalyzed by using the Cinchona alkaloid derivative, (DHQD)2AQN. The origin of the stereoselectivity was verified by DFT methods. Calculated geometries and relative energies of various transition states strongly support the observed stereoselectivity.
Torrefaction of non ‐lignocellulose biomass waste
Authors: Dhungana Alok , Dutta Animesh , Basu Prabir 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTorrefaction of some non‐lignocellulose waste biomass was attempted to examine if such materials could benefit from this process as conventional lignocellulose biomass does. Experiments were conducted on chicken litter, digested sludge, and undigested sludge from a municipality in Canada. Effects of two important torrefaction process parameters: temperature and residence time on the torrefaction yield were studied. For reference, torrefaction of three lignocellulose biomass (switch grass, coffee husk, and wood pellet) was also carried out in the same apparatus under identical conditions. A comparison of torrefaction yield and other properties of these biomass showed that in spite of the large difference in their constitution the torrefaction behaviour of non‐lignocellulose and lignocellulose biomass were similar. The increase in energy density after torrefaction and the effect of temperature and residence time on torrefaction were also similar for these two types. The present research made an important addition to the existing database on torrefaction of biomass by adding missing information on torrefaction of sludge and poultry litter. Additionally, this work unearthed a potential option for production of composite pellets of waste (e.g., sludge) mixed with biomass (e.g., switch grass). © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
An investigation of fuel composition and flow‐rate effects in a H2S fuelled sofc: Experiments and thermodynamic analysis
Authors: Monder Dayadeep S. , Vorontsov Vitaly , Luo Jingli , Chuang Karl T. , Nandakumar K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHydrogen sulphide (H2S)‐fuelled solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) can potentially generate useful electrical energy while disposing of H2S, a toxic by‐product of the fossil fuel industry, on site. Experimental results from H2S fuelled SOFCs exhibit characteristics, for example, an unusual dependence of cell performance on fuel composition and flow‐rate, which are poorly explained in the literature. In this work we: (a) present results for experiments where the composition and flow‐rates were varied for both the fuel and oxidant streams to analyse their effect on fuel cell performance, and (b) develop and use a thermodynamic analysis to help understand these experimental results. Through this work, we shed further light on two basic questions unanswered so far, (1) Why does the flow‐rate of the fuel affect the open circuit potential of the fuel cell? (2) Which of the chemical species present in the fuel is oxidised on the anode? Our experiments and analysis suggest that H2S, and not H2 produced from H2S dissociation, is preferentially electro‐oxidised on the anode in our experiments. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Spatial Variability of Surface Soil Moisture in a Depression Area of Karst Region
Authors: Zhang Jiguang , Chen Hongsong , Su Yirong , Shi Yi , Zhang Wei , Kong Xiangli 
Published: June 2011

AbstractAn understanding of soil moisture variability is necessary to characterize the linkages between a region's hydrology, ecology, and physiography. In subtropical karst region, the spatial variability of surface soil moisture is still unclear for the rocky ecological environment and intensive land uses. The purpose of this study was to characterize the variation and patterns of soil moisture content at depth of 0–16 cm and to investigate their influencing factors in a karst depression area of southwest China. Soil moisture content was measured at 20 m intervals by intensive sampling on March 11 (dry season) and August 30 (rainy season) in 2005, respectively. Surface soil moisture presented a moderate variability in the depression area at the sampling times. The variability was relatively higher in dry season with lower mean soil moisture, but lower in rainy season with higher mean soil moisture after heavy rain event. Similar results were also obtained from the mosaic patterns of soil moisture generated by ordinary Kriging interpolation with low standard deviations. This suggested that more soil samples might be required and the sampling interval should be shortened in dry season compared with rainy season. The dominant influencing factors on the variability of surface soil moisture were rainfall and land use types. However, altitude, bare‐rock ratio, and soil organic carbon were also important factors, and exerted jointly to control and redistribute the surface soil moisture either in dry or rainy season in the depression area. Such information provided some insights for the study on eco‐hydrological processes of vegetation restoration in the karst degraded ecosystem of southwest China.