bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics Explorer Program
Authors: Hoffman R. A. 
Published: October 2011

Man's near‐space environment is dominated by energy from the sun, which arrives in the vicinity of the earth in two forms: as electromagnetic radiation and as the plasma flow of the solar wind. This energy interacts with the earth's magnetosphere and atmosphere in a variety of ways. The study of these interactions has been a major goal of NASA's Explorer programs.Most of the solar electromagnetic energy lies in the visible region of the spectrum and passes directly through the upper atmosphere. However, part of the solar energy in the ultraviolet interacts strongly with the upper atmosphere and produces the ionospheric and ozone layers. Understanding how this radiation controls the ionosphere and thermosphere has been a primary objective of the Atmosphere Explorer program.
Solid Earth geophysics and satellites
Authors: DeNoyer John M. 
Published: October 2011

Part of the frustrations in geophysics arise from the inability to adequately control the conditions for measurements and experiments. The earth is just too big to put into a conventional laboratory. Satellites provide a method of quickly‐making geophysical measurements globally.Early measurements of the earth and its gravity field were obtained from tracking satellite orbits. This led to experiments such as the geodetic satellites Geos‐1 and ‐2, which carried laser reflectors for improved tracking accuracy, and Geos‐3, which included a radar altimeter to measure directly ocean surface height. Radar altimeter technology has been improved and was tested on Skylab and used on the Seasat mission. These altimeter data make it possible to define the position of the geoid with respect to the spheroid more accurately over the oceans than over much of the continental masses. Uncertainties of the geoid's position over the oceans are 1 m to 5 m averaged over 5° by 5° areas. These uncertainties arise from our inability to account for all the variables, such as currents and tides, and from the lack of adequate data in some localities. The NASA Gravsat mission could provide a geoid accurate to 10 cm. This accuracy would make it possible to use future radar altimeter missions to measure ocean surface changes that deviate from the geoid. An additional product of radar altimetry would be a gravity map of the world that would include both oceans and continents. The map would be accurate to 1 to 5 mgal averaged over 1° by 1° areas.
Water resources of the People's Republic of China
Authors: Matalas N. C. , Nordin C. F. 
Published: October 2011

At the invitation of the Society of Hydraulic Engineers of the People's Republic of China (PRC), a delegation of U.S. hydrologists and hydraulic engineers visited the PRC in the fall of 1978.* From discussions with officials of both the Society and the Ministry of Water Conservancy and Power (MWCP), and from visits to research and academic institutions and water projects, the delegation gained a general understanding of the country's surface water resources. The reported statistics, supplemented with others from published sources, provide a quantitative description of the PRC's water resources in relation to those of the United States.Recent government reorganization has led to the division of the MWCP into two ministries: one responsible for water conservancy, the other for power. However, in the following discussions, reference is made to the MWCP. Chinese spellings follow the more familiar Wade‐Giles system rather than the official Pinyin system recently adopted by the PRC.
International Magnetospheric Study Symposium
Authors: Cole Keith 
Published: October 2011

As a model of cooperation in the solution of global geophysical problems the International Magnetospheric Study (IMS) has set a standard at the highest level. The data collection phase of the IMS, 1976–1979, involved about 50 nations; over 1000 experiments which used satellites, rockets, balloons, and ground bases; and engaged over 10,000 scientists. The magnetosphere is such a huge object that only the combined efforts of many nations can be expected to solve its complexities in a reasonable period of time.Many regional symposia on IMS results have been held during the last few years. The first major one was held at La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia from November 27 to December 1, 1979. The meeting was cosponsored by the Scientific Committee on Solar‐Terrestrial Physics (Scostep) and the International Association on Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (LAGA) and was held as part of the 17th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics. Attendees from over 20 countries heard 126 papers from 270 authors on the results acquired so far from IMS experiments.
Device to steady divers
Authors: Shore Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

A device to help steady divers and their equipment during underwater research has been developed at the Battelle Columbus Laboratories.Divers have problems keeping themselves in position and holding onto equipment during salvage and other underwater operations, explained developer Donald J. Hackman. The ‘seawater evacuation system’ operates as a suction pump and establishes a clamping force.
Cloud‐seeding agreements signed
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Two agreements to continue studying cloud‐seeding's role as a method of increasing rainfall and water supply have been signed by the state of Texas and the Water and Power Resources Service.The first agreement is between Water and Power and the Texas Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. The cooperative agreement provides $147,346 to Texas to participate in the Southwest Drought Research Program. The second agreement provides $21,000 to the Blacklands Research Center for research on the effect of increased precipitation on crop development.
Radiowave “messages” from space
Authors: Shore Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Detailed maps of distant galaxies, quasars, and black holes will be available to astronomers through the use of the Very Large Array (VLA), a Y‐shaped collection of 27 antennae in the New Mexico desert. The $78‐million system, the world's largest radio telescope, has a collecting area equivalent to that of a single antenna of 131‐m diameter.Resembling large white mushrooms, the antennae capture incoming radiowaves and send them, via underground microwave channels, to a central computer. Radiowave maps, as detailed as photographs taken by large optical telescopes, are then made. Unlike optical telescopes, however, VLA is not limited to nighttime observations or by cloud cover.
Winter snow drought
Authors: Wiesnet Don 
Published: October 2011

The winter of 1980–81 can be best described as a ‘snow drought.’ Donald R. Wiesnet and Michael Matson of NOAA's National Earth Satellite Service, who have been monitoring snow cover by using satellite measurements, report that the December–February snow cover in North America averaged only 13.9 million square kilometers, which is four standard deviations below the 10‐year mean (15.5 million km2). January 1981 snow cover (14.1 million km2) was the all‐time lowest January since the satellite records began (1966). February, with only 14.2 million km2, was the lowest February of record. As a result, Wiesnet and Matson are estimating that the December–March total will also be the lowest of record.Figures for Eurasia are also below average, but not as dramatically as those of North America. When added together, snow cover on both continental land masses is the lowest (40.6 million km2) it has been since 1970.
[Comment on] Scientific Freedom and the Sea
Authors: Riddihough Robin P. 
Published: October 2011

As one of the small band of professional marine scientists who have actually been delegates to the UN Law of the Sea Conference and who have been actively involved in negotiating some of the texts, I was most interested to read David Ross' article on marine scientific research. (Eos, 62, Sept. 1, p. 652). I was particularly glad to see that he urged a constructive attitude toward what many scientists seem to feel is a totally unjustified attempt to curb their ‘freedom.’Two aspects of the negotiations were particularly important in this regard. First, it was found impossible to differentiate satisfactorily between academic, economic, or military research. Much marine research (for instance that concerning gravity or water column temperature) is equally valuable to all three. Much apparently ‘scientific’ research is carried out by academic personnel using commercial subcontractors and supported by military funds. Typical of the confusion were large gravity, magnetic, and bathymetric surveys carried out by the U.S. Navy and NATO over the continental shelves of many Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal states (without notification or consent) during the 1960s, presumably under the justification that they were primarily military in purpose and therefore not covered under the existing 1958 agreement.
Luck + Merit = Grant
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Granting approval to proposals submitted to the National Science Foundation (NSF) depends about as much on luck as it does on the scientific merit of the proposal, according to a study by the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Science and Public Policy (COSPUP). In addition, concealing the names of the authors of the proposals, a practice known as ‘blinding,’ would not significantly change the outcome of the grant‐awarding process.‘The fate of a particular grant application is roughly half determined by the characteristics of the proposal and the principal investigator, and about half by apparently random elements which might be characterized as the “luck of the reviewer draw,”’ according to Stephen Cole, Jonathan R. Cole, and Gary A. Simon in the COSPUP report summary, published in the November 20 Science. If researchers' proposals for NSF grants were rated again by an equally qualified group of reviewers, between 25% and 30% of NSF funding decisions could be reversed, they said.
COSOD update
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

The Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD) (Eos, December 1, p. 1162) ‘identified a set of global scientific objectives ranging from the continental margins to the deep sea that will require a worldwide program of drilling in the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and polar oceans,’ explained Roger L. Larson, chairman of the COSOD Steering Committee.However, COSOD did not aim to provide scientific goals for the Ocean Margin Drilling Program (OMDP). The main thrust of OMDP, which essentially perished with the withdrawal of industry support (Eos, October 20, p. 705), was to drill deep holes with riser and well‐control technology on or near the continental margins of the United States.
[Comment on] Projection ponderings
Authors: Mantyla Arnold W. 
Published: October 2011

I read with interest the article on world projections by F. Webster McBryde (Eos, Dec. 1, 1981, p. 1162). The need for some sort of equal area world map is obvious, and there are many choices available for projections and how to split the different ocean basins. Below are examples of a special mollweide Equal Area Elliptic map that I have found to be convenient for displaying world oceanic data.There are many useful features of the map: (1) Many deep and bottom water characteristics of the world ocean originate in the north and south Atlantic and are carried eastward in the circumpolar current to the other ocean basins. Thus the Atlantic Ocean should be on the left with the other two oceans placed to the east. (2) Each ocean has the same central longitude for the northern and southern hemispheres, minimizing N‐S distortions within oceans. Each ocean can be used separately without the strange looking N‐S longitude skews that appear in McBryde's Atlantic and Indian ocean maps and also in all three oceans in the familiar University of Chicago Goode base map used by Sverdrup, Fleming, and Johnson (1942). Work begun in a single ocean area can be expanded easily to the other oceans without redoing the original data set (an exercise I went through when switching from a map made on a Pacific Ocean Lambert equal area chart to a world‐wide map). (3) The Atlantic‐Indian ocean split places the Mediterranean with the Atlantic Ocean and the Red Sea with the Indian Ocean. (4) Latitude lines are straight for easy ocean to ocean comparison. (5) Equations for the mollweide projection are readily available for computer mapping programs, facilitating computer generated oceanographic data fields for contouring. My maps are usually computer plotted 40 inches high for each ocean, contoured, and then reduced by 50% for drafting.
Eos cover watchers
Authors: Goguel Jean 
Published: October 2011

The cover of Eos, 63(4), January 26, 1982, is a wonderful picture of varves with a strong 11 to 12 periodicity. Does it give evidence for a sunspot cycle in late Precambrian?I want to suggest another interpretation. It may be the record of tides, in a cotidal flat deposition area, with an annual interruption, either by lack of sediments or by erosion. At present, we have some 25 tidal cycles per year. A close examination of the picture shows that the small cycles are much thinner on both sides of the dark lines, which may well correspond to several missing cycles.
African Gravity Project launched
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Based on discussions at the Second Symposium on Geodesy in Africa, held in Nairobi in November 1981, an African Gravity Network Project has been launched.According to D. Enilo Ajakaiye, the chairman of the gravity network committee, the project will establish, as suggested in 1977 by the Commission for Geodesy in Africa, 20 absolute gravity stations, which will be widely distributed in Africa. The project also will establish a first‐order gravity network on the continent, with at least two stations in each country, and will extend the gravity survey within each country to provide regional gravity data, especially where none exists.
A.E. Nordenski and the auroral oval
Authors: Nygrén Tuomo , Silén Johan 
Published: October 2011

In 1857, Adold Erik Nordenskiöld (1832–1901), a Finnish geographer and mineralogist, was forced to withdraw from his position at the University of Helsinki because of a conflict with the czarist officials in Finland. He then moved to Sweden, where he became one of the most celebrated explorers of his time. Most famous of his polar expeditions was the discovery of the Northeast Passage. Nordenskiöld made his voyage in the wooden steamship Vega in 1878–79.Vega started its voyage on June 22, 1878, and was directed in a course around Scandinavia and along the Siberian coast toward Bering Strait. Nordenskiöld's plan was to reach the Pacific Ocean during the summer months, but this was hindered by unfavorable ice conditions. At the end of September the sea was blocked by ice fields, and the Vega had to pass the winter on the northern coast of the Chukchi Peninsula (67°4′49″N, 173°23′2″W)—exasperatingly close to the open waters of Bering Strait. The ship could not set sail any sooner than the following July when the sea was free again. After visiting Japan, China, and Ceylon, the Vega passed through the Suez Canal and finally, on April 24, 1880, arrived at Stockholm.
Transport Models for Inland and Coastal Waters
Authors: Hamilton Peter 
Published: October 2011

This proceedings volume originates from a symposium held at Berkeley, California, in August 1980. The purpose of the symposium was to assess the ability of models to predict surface water flow and the transport of dissolved substances in natural systems. The authors were invited, after an initial call for papers, by a Scientific Committee of the International Association for Hydraulic Research.In this context, predictive modeling is limited to hydrodynamic and transport models as applied to rivers, estuaries, shallow coastal waters, lakes, and reservoirs. This is a large subject, though evidently not the whole story on predictive techniques applied to natural water bodies, and many different models are described with applications to a wide variety of natural systems. There is relatively little overlap of material between chapters. It is noteworthy that 21 out of 24 authors of the chapters are affiliated with institutions outside the United States, and many of these are from large European hydraulic laboratories. A number of the chapters summarize numerical modeling studies undertaken by these institutions and so provide the U.S. reader with valuable references to the European open literature and laboratory technical reports. The latter are not usually readily available in the United States. This bias reflects a greater willingness of European engineers to employ sophisticated hydrodynamic numerical models as tools for the solution of engineering and environmental problems of natural water bodies.
Halley lookout
Authors: Richman Barbara T. 
Published: October 2011

Unlike Japan, the Soviet Union, and the European Space Agency, the United States has no plans to send a spacecraft to observe or collect samples from Comet Halley as it whooshes past the earth in late 1985 and early 1986. However, U.S. astronomers are not only searching the skies in the hopes of catching the first glimmer of the famous comet but also are partaking in a coordinated international effort to collect and analyze data on the comet.The International Halley Watch (IHW) will involve an international network of professional and amateur scientists. The organization invites all Comet Halley observers to add their data and photographs to the network's planned collection of observations made with instruments on the ground, in balloons, in earth orbit, and on aircraft. Data compiled by the IHW will form the Halley archive, the largest collection of information ever produced on a single comet, according to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The comet will be studied by using, among other techniques, wide‐angle photography, high‐resolution photographic and electronic imaging, spectroscopy and spectrophotometry, photometry and polarimetry, radio science experiments, infrared spectroscopy and radiometry, and astrometric observations.
OTA congressional fellowship
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is seeking qualified candidates from academia, industry, and government for its Congressional Fellowship Program for 1983–1984. The program, similar to AGU's Congressional Fellowship Program, provides an opportunity for individuals who have demonstrated outstanding ability to gain a better understanding of science and technology issues facing Congress and the ways in which Congress establishes national policy related to these issues.OTA will select up to six fellows for a 1‐year stint, which begins in September 1983, on Capitol Hill. The program is open to men and women of all disciplines who have demonstrated exceptional competency in the physical or biological sciences, engineering, law, economics, environmental and social sciences, or public policy. Candidates must have completed research and training at the doctoral level or have equivalent experience, as judged by the OTA fellowship selection committee. Salaries for successful candidates will range from $24,000 to $38,000 per year, based on the fellow's current salary and/or training and experience.
Special report
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

An eruption in the E Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano began at 0031 on 3 January. The outbreak began at Napau Crater, 14 km SE of the caldera rim. Fountaining and production of SE‐moving lava flows of local extent continued until about 1000 and progressively extended the system of linear discontinuous vents downrift to the NE, for a distance of about 4 km. Following 2½ hours of quiescence, the eruption resumed at 1425 along a 100‐m‐long fissure at the NE (downrift) end of the vent system. This eruption lasted nearly an hour. An estimated 3—4×106 m3 of lava was extruded during this initial 10½ hours of eruption.The volcano remained quiet for nearly 2 days. At 1123 on 5 January the eruption resumed in the area active late 3 January. Here a vent system about 1 km long erupted energetically but intermittently through the predawn hours of 9 January. Ten episodes of vigorous lava production occurred. They ranged in duration from 2 min to 18¾ hours. The volume erupted from these vents cannot be measured because most of the erupted lava poured into a gaping crack that developed a few hundred m to the SE, at the N boundary of a prominent older graben.
Meteorite find yields carbon
Authors: Bell Peter M. 
Published: October 2011

In the new cache of meteorites recently found in Antarctica, 28 of the 31 discovered are carbonaceous chondrites, a type of meteorite rare for its carbon content. According to the National Science Foundation (NSF), the meteorites were discovered at the Pecora Escarpment, the southernmost exposure of rocks of the Pensacola Mountains. Antarctic conditions keep the meteorites nearly free of terrestrial organic contamination, making the meteorites' extraterrestrial organic compounds especially valuable to researchers.According to NSF, the discoverers termed the recent find ‘as good as’ the 1977 discovery at Allan Hills, in Victoria Land, of the largest meteorite ever found in Antarctica, one weighing 407 kg.
TV special on geophysics
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Earthquake prediction, earthquake preparation in California and Japan, the theory of plate tectonics, and the causes and effects of earthquakes and volcanoes will be the subjects of a National Geographic television special scheduled to air on public television on April 6.Among the locations visited by ‘Born of Fire’ are Iceland, where magma oozes to the surface on the remote island of Heimaey, illustrating the moving crustal plates; the Republic of Djibouti in east Africa, where some scientists believe a new ocean will form as three crustal plates spread apart; and the island of Santorini in the Aegean Sea, where a series of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions some 3,500 years ago destroyed two‐thirds of the island and obliterated the city of Akrotiri.
Planetary science 1979–1982
Authors: Squyres Steven W. 
Published: October 2011

It is not an exaggeration to say that the past 4 years have brought a growth in our knowledge of the solar system unprecedented in all of history. Prior to this quadrennium, our closeup exploration of the planets had been limited to the atmosphere and a few surface sites on Venus, the surfaces of Mercury, the moon, Mars, Phobos, and Deimos, and an intriguing but limited glimpse at Jupiter. To this list have been added the global topography of Venus and a wide variety of data on Jupiter, Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Saturn, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Phoebe.Among the recent discoveries are continent‐sized landforms on Venus, a ring encircling Jupiter, the most volcanically active surface in the solar system on Io, hitherto unknown forms of global tectonism on icy Europa, Ganymede, and Enceladus, and intricate structure within Saturn's rings. Along with the spectacular growth in knowledge stemming from spacecraft exploration, major advances have also been made in telescopic observations of bodies not yet visited by spacecraft, radar observations of a variety of objects, and theoretical study of the evolution of both individual bodies and the solar system as a whole.