bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of on-chip interconnection networks for large-scale chip multiprocessors
Authors: Sanchez Daniel , Michelogiannakis George , Kozyrakis Christos 
Published: May 2010

With the number of cores of chip multiprocessors (CMPs) rapidly growing as technology scales down, connecting the different components of a CMP in a scalable and efficient way becomes increasingly challenging. In this article, we explore the architectural-level implications of interconnection network design for CMPs with up to 128 fine-grain multithreaded cores. We evaluate and compare different network topologies using accurate simulation of the full chip, including the memory hierarchy and interconnect, and using a diverse set of scientific and engineering workloads.
We find that the interconnect has a large impact on performance, as it is responsible for 60% to 75% of the miss latency. Latency, and not bandwidth, is the primary performance constraint, since, even with many threads per core and workloads with high miss rates, networks with enough bandwidth can be efficiently implemented for the system scales we consider. From the topologies we study, the flattened butterfly consistently outperforms the mesh and fat tree on all workloads, leading to performance advantages of up to 22%. We also show that considering interconnect and memory hierarchy together when designing large-scale CMPs is crucial, and neglecting either of the two can lead to incorrect conclusions. Finally, the effect of the interconnect on overall performance becomes more important as the number of cores increases, making interconnection choices especially critical when scaling up.
The Role of the Hedgehog Signaling Pathway in the Development of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Opportunities for Treatment
Authors: Caro Ivor , Low Jennifer A. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays an important role in embryogenesis across multiple species. Its activity is reduced or absent in adult organisms. However, activation of the pathway has been shown to be a factor in the development of a number of human malignancies and inhibition of the pathway is being investigated as a potential treatment for multiple cancers. The most extensively investigated and best characterized is basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which occurs in both an inherited form (basal cell nevus syndrome or Gorlin's syndrome) and a sporadic form. Sporadic BCCs are the most common human malignancy. There is recent data available on the use of a small molecule inhibitor of the pathway in BCC. Clin Cancer Res; 16(13); 3335–9. ©2010 AACR.
North Atlantic Subpolar Gyre Surface Variability (1895–2009)
Authors: Reverdin G. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Surface temperature, salinity, and density are examined in the northeastern part of the North Atlantic subpolar gyre over the last 115 years of measurements. This region presents coherent variability in space but also between different seasons, with relatively small trends and large multidecadal variability. The most significant trend is a lowering in surface density. Multidecadal variability in T and S is large and is usually similar, with the largest difference between the two in the 1920s and a tendency of T to lead S. Multidecadal T and S are correlated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index at 0 or 1-yr lag for T and 0 to 3-yr lag for S. This suggests a strong contribution of advection. The lag between T and S is also suggestive of a contribution of air–sea fluxes of heat or freshwater, but probably more so at high frequencies than at the multidecadal time scales. Salinity higher frequency is correlated with NAO at a 2–3-yr lag, whereas T higher frequency variability presents no correlation with NAO at any lag. This suggests different relations between seasonal NAO indices and air–sea heat fluxes patterns in this region before and after 1960; also the advective signal is more clearly identified in salinity in this region.
Booms and Busts in the Deep
Authors: Farrell W. E. , Munk Walter 
Published: May 2010

AbstractDeep sea (5 km) pressure and velocity at the Hawaii-2 Observatory (H2O), midway between Hawaii and California, exhibit a number of remarkable features that are interpreted using the Longuet–Higgins theory of acoustic radiation from oppositely directed surface waves. A change in the slope of the bottom spectra near 5 Hz can be associated with a transition near 2.5 Hz (25-cm wavelength) of the surface wave spectrum from the classical κ−4 saturated (wind independent) Phillips spectrum to a distinct band of ultragravity waves. Bottom spectra are remarkably stable. Occasional 15-dB busts in the gravities and booms in the ultragravities are prominent features in the bottom records and can be associated with calms and storms at the sea surface. For strong winds, two broad lobes in the directional spectrum of the gravity waves are nearly perpendicular to the wind; as the wind drops, the lobes become narrower and more nearly aligned with the wind, leading to busts.
Attenuation Correction and Hydrometeor Classification of High-Resolution, X-band, Dual-Polarized Mobile Radar Measurements in Severe Convective Storms
Authors: Snyder Jeffrey C. , Bluestein Howard B. , Zhang Guifu , Frasier Stephen J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
X-band and shorter radar wavelengths are preferable for mobile radar systems because a narrow beam can be realized with a moderately sized antenna. However, attenuation by precipitation becomes progressively more severe with decreasing radar wavelength. As a result, X band has become a popular choice for meteorological radar systems that balances these two considerations. Dual-polarization provides several methods by which this attenuation (and differential attenuation) can be detected and corrected, mitigating one of the primary disadvantages of X-band radars.
The dynamics of severe convective storms depend, to some extent, on the distribution and type of hydrometeors within the storm. To estimate the three-dimensional distribution of hydrometeors using X-band radar data, it is necessary to correct for attenuation before applying commonly used hydrometeor classification algorithms. Since 2002, a mobile dual-polarized Doppler weather radar designed at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst has been used to collect high-resolution data in severe convective storms in the plains. This study tests several attenuation correction procedures using dual-polarization measurements, along with a dual-frequency method using S-band Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and KOUN data. After correcting for attenuation and differential attenuation, a fuzzy logic hydrometeor classification algorithm, modified for X band with KOUN data as a reference, is used to attempt a retrieval of hydrometeor types in observed severe convective storms.
Factors Affecting Ship and Buoy Data Quality: A Data Assimilation Perspective
Authors: Ingleby Bruce 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Ship and buoy reports of wind, air pressure, temperature, humidity, and sea temperature for 2007 and 2008 have been compared with values from the operational Met Office global numerical weather prediction (NWP) system. Ship reports have been categorized by vessel type, recruiting country, and manual or automatic reporting. Most estimated ship winds (except Dutch ones) are too strong and are better treated as measured winds. After height adjustment, the average ship wind speeds are reasonably consistent with buoy wind speeds, but the global model winds are 6%–12% weaker. Extra care is needed when comparing/assimilating values close to the coast. Ship air temperatures are too warm during the afternoon due to solar heating of the ship. Adjustment of the pressure to sea level is a problem for some larger ships. Passenger ship reports are relatively poor quality for several variables and their winds are rather strong. Automated ship reports and those from research and coast guard vessels tend to be of good quality but some of the winds are slightly too weak. In most respects buoy data have the best quality. A number of improvements to the Met Office observation processing system are being made, notably tightening of the quality checks and better height adjustment of winds.
Viewing Geometry Dependencies in MODIS Cloud Products
Authors: Maddux B. C. , Ackerman S. A. , Platnick S. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Characterizing the earth’s global cloud field is important for the proper assessment of the global radiation budget and hydrologic cycle. This characterization can only be achieved with satellite measurements. For complete daily coverage across the globe, polar-orbiting satellites must take observations over a wide range of sensor zenith angles. This paper uses Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Level-3 data to determine the effect that sensor zenith angle has on global cloud properties including the cloud fraction, cloud-top pressure, effective radii, and optical thickness. For example, the MODIS cloud amount increases from 57% to 71% between nadir and edge-of-scan (∼67°) observations, for clouds observed between 35°N and 35°S latitude. These increases are due to a combination of factors, including larger pixel size and longer observation pathlength at more oblique sensor zenith angles. The differences caused by sensor zenith angle bias in cloud properties are not readily apparent in monthly mean regional or global maps because the averaging of multiple satellite overpasses together “washes out” the zenith angle artifact. Furthermore, these differences are not constant globally and are dependent on the cloud type being observed.
Application of Oxygen Eddy Correlation in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Lorrai Claudia , McGinnis Daniel F. , Berg Peter , Brand Andreas , Wüest Alfred 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The eddy correlation technique is rapidly becoming an established method for resolving dissolved oxygen fluxes in natural aquatic systems. This direct and noninvasive determination of oxygen fluxes close to the sediment by simultaneously measuring the velocity and the dissolved oxygen fluctuations has considerable advantages compared to traditional methods. This paper describes the measurement principle and analyzes the spatial and temporal scales of those fluctuations as a function of turbulence levels. The magnitudes and spectral structure of the expected fluctuations provide the required sensor specifications and define practical boundary conditions for the eddy correlation instrumentation and its deployment. In addition, data analysis and spectral corrections are proposed for the usual nonideal conditions, such as the time shift between the sensor pair and the limited frequency response of the oxygen sensor. The consistency of the eddy correlation measurements in a riverine reservoir has been confirmed—observing a night–day transition from oxygen respiration to net oxygen production, ranging from −20 to +5 mmol m−2 day−1—by comparing two physically independent, eddy correlation instruments deployed side by side. The natural variability of the fluctuations calls for at least ∼1 h of flux data record to achieve a relative accuracy of better than ∼20%. Although various aspects still need improvement, eddy correlation is seen as a promising and soon-to-be widely applied method in natural waters.
Environmental Factors in the Upscale Growth and Longevity of MCSs Derived from Rapid Update Cycle Analyses
Authors: Coniglio Michael C. , Hwang Jason Y. , Stensrud David J. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Composite environments of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are produced from Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) analyses to explore the differences between rapidly and slowly developing MCSs as well as the differences ahead of long- and short-lived MCSs. The composite analyses capture the synoptic-scale features known to be associated with MCSs and depict the inertial oscillation of the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ), which remains strong but tends to veer away from decaying MCSs. The composite first storms environment for the rapidly developing MCSs contains a stronger LLJ located closer to the first storms region, much more conditional instability, potential instability, and energy available for downdrafts, smaller 3–10-km vertical wind shear, and smaller geostrophic potential vorticity in the upper troposphere, when compared to the environment for the slowly developing MCSs. The weaker shear above 3 km for the rapidly developing MCSs is consistent with supercell or discrete cell modes being less likely in weaker deep-layer shear and the greater potential for a cold pool to trigger convection when the shear is confined to lower levels. Furthermore, these results suggest that low values of upper-level potential vorticity may signal a rapid transition to an MCS. The composite environment ahead of the genesis of long-lived MCSs contains a broader LLJ, a better-defined frontal zone, stronger low-level frontogenesis, deeper moisture, and stronger wind shear above 2 km, when compared to short-lived MCSs. The larger shear above 2 km for the long-lived MCSs is consistent with the importance of shear elevated above the ground to help organize and maintain convection that feeds on the elevated unstable parcels after dark and is indicative of the enhanced baroclinicity ahead of the MCSs.
Simulation of the Diurnal Cycle in Tropical Rainfall and Circulation during Boreal Summer with a High-Resolution GCM
Authors: Ploshay Jeffrey J. , Lau Ngar-Cheung 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The simulation of the diurnal cycle (DC) of precipitation and surface wind pattern by a general circulation model (GCM) with a uniform horizontal resolution of 50 km over the global domain is evaluated. The model output is compared with observational counterparts based on datasets provided by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and reanalysis products of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The summertime diurnal characteristics over tropical regions in Asia, the Americas, and Africa are portrayed using the amplitude and phase of the first harmonic of the 24-h cycle, departures of data fields during selected hours from the daily mean, and differences between extreme phases of the DC.
There is general agreement between the model and observations with respect to the large-scale land–sea contrasts in the DC. Maximum land precipitation, onshore flows, and landward migration of rainfall signals from the coasts occur in the afternoon, whereas peak maritime rainfall and offshore flows prevail in the morning. Seaward migration of precipitation is discernible over the western Bay of Bengal and South China Sea during nocturnal and morning hours. The evolution from low-intensity rainfall in the morning/early afternoon to heavier precipitation several hours later is also evident over selected continental sites. However, the observed incidence of rainfall with very high intensity in midafternoon is not reproduced in the model atmosphere.
Although the model provides an adequate simulation of the daytime upslope and nighttime downslope winds in the vicinity of mountain ranges, valleys, and basins, there are notable discrepancies between model and observations in the DC of precipitation near some of these orographic features. The model does not reproduce the observed seaward migration of precipitation from the western coasts of Myanmar (Burma) and India, and from individual islands of the Indonesian Archipelago at nighttime.
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST 2.0): the development of the Taiwanese version
Authors: Mao Hui-Fen , Chen Wan-Yin , Yao Grace , Huang Sheau-Ling , Lin Chia-Chi , Huang Wen-Ni Wennie 
Published: May 2010

Objective: To develop and validate a cross-cultural version of the Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST 2.0) for users of assistive technology devices in Taiwan. Design: A cross-sectional survey. Procedures: The standard cultural adaptation procedure was used for questionnaire translation and cultural item design. A field test was then conducted for item selection and psychometric properties testing. Subjects: One hundred and five volunteer assistive device users in community. Main outcome measures: A questionnaire comprising 12 items of the QUEST 2.0 and 16 culture-specific items. Results: One culture-specific item, ‘Cost’, was selected based on eight criteria and added to the QUEST 2.0 (12 items) to formulate the Taiwanese version of QUEST 2.0 (T-QUEST). The T-QUEST consisted of 13 items which were classified into two domains: device (8 items) and service (5 items). The internal consistencies of the device, service and total T-QUEST scores were 0.87, 0.84 and 0.90, respectively. The device, services and total T-QUEST scores achieved good test-retest stability (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) 0.90, 0.97, 0.95). Exploratory factor analysis revealed that T-QUEST had a two-factor structure for device and service in the construct of user satisfaction (53.42% of the variance explained). Conclusions: Users of assistive device in different culture may have different concerns regarding satisfaction. T-QUEST is the first published version of QUEST with culture-specific items added to the original translated items of QUEST 2.0. T-QUEST was a valid and reliable tool for measuring user satisfaction among Mandarin-speaking individuals using various kinds of assistive devices.
Successful engraftment after reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation for myelofibrosis
Authors: Takagi Shinsuke , Ota Yasunori , Uchida Naoyuki , Takahashi Koichi , Ishiwata Kazuya , Tsuji Masanori , Yamamoto Hisashi , Asano-Mori Yuki , Matsuno Naofumi , Masuoka Kazuhiro , Wake Atsushi , Miyakoshi Shigesaburo , Ohashi Kenichi , Taniguchi Shuichi 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Although allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has recently been applied to patients with myelofibrosis with reproducible engraftment and resolution of marrow fibrosis, no data describe the outcomes of umbilical cord blood transplantation. We describe 14 patients with primary (n = 1) and secondary myelofibrosis (n = 13) who underwent reduced-intensity umbilical cord blood transplantation. Conditioning regimens included fludarabine and graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis composed cyclosporine/tacrolimus alone (n = 6) or a combination of tacrolimus and mycophenolate mofetil (n = 8). Thirteen patients achieved neutrophil engraftment at a median of 23 days. The cumulative incidence of neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 92.9% at day 60 and 42.9% at day 100, respectively. Posttransplantation chimerism analysis showed full donor type in all patients at a median of 14 days. The use of umbilical cord blood could be feasible even for patients with severe marrow fibrosis, from the viewpoint of donor cell engraftment.
Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by protein-based reprogramming without genetic manipulation
Authors: Cho Hyun-Jai , Lee Choon-Soo , Kwon Yoo-Wook , Paek Jae Seung , Lee Sun-Hee , Hur Jin , Lee Eun Ju , Roh Tae-Young , Chu In-Sun , Leem Sun-Hee , Kim Youngsoo , Kang Hyun-Jae , Park Young-Bae , Kim Hyo-Soo 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
The concept of reprogramming of somatic cells has opened a new era in regenerative medicine. Transduction of defined factors has successfully achieved pluripotency. However, during the generation process of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, genetic manipulation of certain factors may cause tumorigenicity, which limits further application. We report that that a single transfer of embryonic stem (ES) cell–derived proteins into primarily cultured adult mouse fibroblasts, rather than repeated transfer or prolonged exposure to materials, can achieve full reprogramming up to the pluripotent state without the forced expression of ectopic transgenes. During the process, gene expression and epigenetic status were converted from somatic to ES-equivalent status. We verified that protein-based reprogramming was neither by the contamination of protein donor ES cell nor by DNA/RNA from donor ES cell. Protein-iPS cells were biologically and functionally very similar to ES cells and differentiated into 3 germ layers in vitro. Furthermore, protein-iPS cells possessed in vivo differentiation (well-differentiated teratoma formation) and development (chimeric mice generation and a tetraploid blastocyst complementation) potentials. Our results provide an alternative and safe strategy for the reprogramming of somatic cells that can be used to facilitate pluripotent stem cell–based cell therapy.
web cellHTS2: A web-application for the analysis of high-throughput screening data
Authors: Pelz Oliver , Gilsdorf Moritz , Boutros Michael 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
The analysis of high-throughput screening data sets is an expanding field in bioinformatics. High-throughput screens by RNAi generate large primary data sets which need to be analyzed and annotated to identify relevant phenotypic hits. Large-scale RNAi screens are frequently used to identify novel factors that influence a broad range of cellular processes, including signaling pathway activity, cell proliferation, and host cell infection. Here, we present a web-based application utility for the end-to-end analysis of large cell-based screening experiments by cellHTS2.

Results
The software guides the user through the configuration steps that are required for the analysis of single or multi-channel experiments. The web-application provides options for various standardization and normalization methods, annotation of data sets and a comprehensive HTML report of the screening data analysis, including a ranked hit list. Sessions can be saved and restored for later re-analysis. The web frontend for the cellHTS2 R/Bioconductor package interacts with it through an R-server implementation that enables highly parallel analysis of screening data sets. web cellHTS2 further provides a file import and configuration module for common file formats.

Conclusions
The implemented web-application facilitates the analysis of high-throughput data sets and provides a user-friendly interface. web cellHTS2 is accessible online at http://web-cellHTS2.dkfz.de. A standalone version as a virtual appliance and source code for platforms supporting Java 1.5.0 can be downloaded from the web cellHTS2 page. web cellHTS2 is freely distributed under GPL.