bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vocal control by the common marmoset in the presence of interfering noise
Authors: Roy Sabyasachi , Miller Cory T. , Gottsch Dane , Wang Xiaoqin 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARY
The natural environment is inherently noisy with acoustic interferences. It is, therefore, beneficial for a species to modify its vocal production to effectively communicate in the presence of interfering noises. Non-human primates have been traditionally considered to possess limited voluntary vocal control, but little is known about their ability to modify vocal behavior when encountering interfering noises. Here we tested the ability of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) to control the initiation of vocalizations and maintain vocal interactions between pairs in an acoustic environment in which the length and predictability (periodic or random aperiodic occurrences) of interfering noise bursts were varied. Despite the presence of interfering noise, the marmosets continued to engage in antiphonal calling behavior. Results showed that the overwhelming majority of calls were initiated during silence gaps even when the length of the silence gap following each noise burst was unpredictable. During the periodic noise conditions, as the length of the silence gap decreased, the latency between the end of noise burst and call onset decreased significantly. In contrast, when presented with aperiodic noise bursts, the marmosets chose to call predominantly during long (4 and 8 s) over short (2 s) silence gaps. In the 8 s periodic noise conditions, a marmoset pair either initiated both calls of an antiphonal exchange within the same silence gap or exchanged calls in two consecutive silence gaps. Our findings provide compelling evidence that common marmosets are capable of modifying their vocal production according to the dynamics of their acoustic environment during vocal communication.
Identification and functional characterization of an ovarian aquaporin from the cockroachBlattella germanicaL. (Dictyoptera, Blattellidae)
Authors: Herraiz Alba , Chauvigné François , Cerdà Joan , Bellés Xavier , Piulachs Maria-Dolors 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARYAquaporins (AQPs) are membrane proteins that form water channels, allowing rapid movement of water across cell membranes. AQPs have been reported in species of all life kingdoms and in almost all tissues, but little is known about them in insects. Our purpose was to explore the occurrence of AQPs in the ovary of the phylogenetically basal insect Blattella germanica (L.) and to study their possible role in fluid homeostasis during oogenesis. We isolated an ovarian AQP from B. germanica (BgAQP) that has a deduced amino acid sequence showing six potential transmembrane domains, two NPA motifs and an ar/R constriction region, which are typical features of the AQP family. Phylogenetic analyses indicated that BgAQP belongs to the PRIP group of insect AQPs, previously suggested to be water specific. However, ectopic expression of BgAQP in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that this AQP transports water and modest amounts of urea, but not glycerol, which suggests that the PRIP group of insect AQPs may have heterogeneous solute preferences. BgAQP was shown to be highly expressed in the ovary, followed by the fat body and muscle tissues, but water stress did not significantly modify the ovarian expression levels. RNA interference (RNAi) reduced BgAQP mRNA levels in the ovary but the oocytes developed normally. The absence of an apparent ovarian phenotype after BgAQP RNAi suggests that other functionally redundant AQPs that were not silenced in our experiments might exist in the ovary of B. germanica.
Spring phenology does not affect timing of reproduction in the great tit (Parus major)
Authors: Schaper Sonja V. , Rueda Carolina , Sharp Peter J. , Dawson Alistair , Visser Marcel E. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARY
Many seasonal breeders adjust the timing of reproduction in response to year-to-year variations in supplementary environmental cues, amongst which ambient temperature is thought to be most influential. However, it is possible that for species such as the great tit (Parus major L.), phenological cues from sprouting vegetation and the consequent abundance of invertebrate prey, although dependent on temperature, may provide supplementary environmental cues per se. This hypothesis was investigated in breeding pairs of great tits kept in outdoor aviaries. In spring, experimental pairs were provided with access to leafing birch branches and caterpillars as a visual food cue, while control pairs were provided with non-leafing branches. Observations were made on the onset of laying and on concentrations of plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) at regular intervals to monitor changes in reproductive function. The onset of egg laying was not advanced by the presence of leafing branches and caterpillars. LH concentrations increased during the course of the study, but phenological cues did not affect plasma LH levels in females and males. Early spring vegetation, such as the leafing of birch branches, and the appearance of caterpillar prey do not appear to play a significant role in fine-tuning the onset of egg laying in great tits.
Increased plant volatile production affects oviposition, but not larval development, in the moth Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: McCallum Emily J. , Cunningham John Paul , Lücker Joost , Zalucki Myron P. , De Voss James J. , Botella José R. 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARY
It is well established that herbivorous insects respond to changes in plant odour production, but little attention has been given to whether these responses relate to direct fitness costs of plant volatile production on insect growth and survival. Here, we use transgenic Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) plants that produce relatively large amounts of the volatile (S)-linalool to study whether the responses of egg-laying herbivorous insects to linalool production relate directly to the growth and survival of offspring. In choice tests, fewer eggs were laid on transgenic plants compared with non-transformed controls, indicating that increased linalool emissions have a deterrent effect on Helicoverpa armigera oviposition. Larval survival and larval mass after feeding on transgenic leaves, however, was comparable to non-transformed controls. (S)-linalool, whether in volatile or sequestered form, does not appear to have a direct effect on offspring fitness in this moth. We discuss how the ecology of this polyphagous moth species may necessitate a high tolerance for certain volatiles and their related non-volatile compounds, and suggest that responses by adult female H. armigera moths towards increased linalool production may be context specific and relate to other indirect effects on fitness.
From population-level effects to individual response: modelling temperature dependence in Gammarus pulex
Authors: Moenickes Sylvia , Schneider Anne-Kathrin , Mühle Lesley , Rohe Lena , Richter Otto , Suhling Frank 
Published: October 2011

SUMMARY
Population-level effects of global warming result from concurrent direct and indirect processes. They are typically described by physiologically structured population models (PSPMs). Therefore, inverse modelling offers a tool to identify parameters of individual physiological processes through population-level data analysis, e.g. the temperature dependence of growth from size–frequency data of a field population. Here, we make use of experiments under laboratory conditions, in mesocosms and field monitoring to determine the temperature dependence of growth and mortality of Gammarus pulex. We found an optimum temperature for growth of approximately 17°C and a related temperature coefficient, Q10, of 1.5°C–1, irrespective of whether we classically fitted individual growth curves or applied inverse modelling based on PSPMs to laboratory data. From a comparison of underlying data sets we conclude that applying inverse modelling techniques to population-level data results in meaningful response parameters for physiological processes if additional temperature-driven effects, including within-population interaction, can be excluded or determined independently. If this is not the case, parameter estimates describe a cumulative response, e.g. comprising temperature-dependent resource dynamics. Finally, fluctuating temperatures in natural habitats increased the uncertainty in parameter values. Here, PSPM should be applied for virtual monitoring in order to determine a sampling scheme that comprises important dates to reduce parameter uncertainty.
Impact of a Multidisciplinary Team Review of Potential Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Prior to Discharge from an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Heintz Brett H , Halilovic Jenana , Christensen Cinda L 
Published: October 2011

Background:: Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is frequently prescribed at hospital discharge, often without infectious diseases (ID) clinician oversight. We developed a multidisciplinary team, including an ID pharmacist, to review OPAT care plans at hospital discharge to improve safety, clinical efficacy, practicality, and appropriateness of the proposed antimicrobial regimen. Objective: To evaluate the impact of the OPAT team on regimen safety, efficacy, and complexity; calculate the economic benefits of the service by avoiding hospital discharge delay, central venous catheter placement, or need for OPAT; and evaluate the discharge environment among OPAT referrals. Methods: In an observational design, we analyzed the impact of an OPAT team from July 2009 through June 2010 at a large academic tertiary care hospital. All patients with plans for continued parenteral therapy after discharge referred to the OPAT team were included in the analysis. Patients were excluded if OPAT was cancelled prior to processing of the referral. Results: During the 1-year study period. 569 of 644 consecutive referrals to the OPAT team met inclusion criteria, resulting in 494 OPAT courses. Interventions by an ID pharmacist were made for safety (56%), regimen complexity (41%), and efficacy (29%). Lack of formal ID physician consultation resulted in more interventions for safety (64% vs 48%, p < 0.001) and efficacy (36% vs 21%, p < 0.001). Discharge delays were avoided for 35 referrals, resulting in 228 hospital days avoided and approximately $366,000 in hospital bed cost savings. Use of OPAT was avoided in 75 referrals (13.2%), preventing central venous catheter placement in 48 patients (8.4%), resulting in an additional $58,080 in cost savings. Conclusions: The OPAT team optimized safety, efficacy, and convenience of OPAT while providing substantial cost savings. Further studies are needed to confirm the program's cost-effectiveness.
Moxifloxacin as an Alternative or Additive Therapy for Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Fouad Mohamed , Gallagher Jason C 
Published: October 2011

Objective: To evaluate clinical studies on the role of moxifloxacin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using MEDLINE (1960-July 2011). Key search terms were moxifloxacin, BAY 12-8039, fluoroquinolones, and TB. References of review articles and of a Cochrane Review were also evaluated. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All articles published in English were evaluated. Prospective studies that evaluated the use of moxifloxacin in addition to or in substitution for first-line TB therapies were reviewed and included. Case series and retrospective studies were excluded. Data Synthesis: Four 8-week clinical trials were included. All had comparator regimens containing standard doses of rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Two evaluated the substitution of moxifloxacin for ethambutol, 1 evaluated the substitution of moxifloxacin for isoniazid, and 1 studied the addition of moxifloxacin to a standard regimen. The dose of moxifloxacin was 400 mg daily in all studies, but dosing frequency differed from 3 to 7 days per week. All used culture conversion at 8 weeks as the primary end point, although they coliected cultures at different times. Only 1 study found a significant difference in time to culture conversion at 8 weeks. One study found no significant difference at any point during the study. The other 2 studies found a significant difference in time to culture conversion at 4 and 6 weeks. In all trials, moxifloxacin was well tolerated, with nausea being the only significant adverse effect reported compared to the other arms of the studies. Conclusions: Although it cannot be stated definitively, available evidence suggests that moxifloxacin appears to be as effective as ethambutol and is possibly as effective as isoniazid In the treatment of pulmonary TB. Given the generally poor second-line options for the treatment of TB, moxifloxacin Is an attractive option as an alternative drug in TB treatment.
Akteure, Verbrechen und Kontinuitäten. Das Auswärtige Amt im Dritten Reich — Eine Binnendifferenzierung
Authors: Mayer Michael 
Published: October 2011

Vorspann
Die verstörende publizistische Begleitmusik zum „Amt“ ist fast verstummt. Nun haben die Fachleute das Wort. Einer davon ist Michael Mayer, der die Debatte zum Anlass nimmt, sich intensiv mit der Personalstruktur des Außenministeriums im Dritten Reich und ihrem tiefgreifenden Wandel nach 1938 zu befassen. Sein Befund ist eindeutig: Es waren vor allem die neu geschaffenen, von überzeugten Nationalsozialisten geleiteten Sonderreferate, die im Auswärtigen Amt die Judenpolitik bestimmten und bereitwillig mit dem Reichssicherheitshauptamt kooperierten. Der Einfluss der alten Diplomaten in den traditionellen Abteilungen hingegen blieb in dieser Frage – trotz aller, mitunter bestürzender Anpassungsleistungen – gering.
Die französische Linke, der Terrorismus und der „repressive Staat” in der Bundesrepublik in den 1970er Jahren
Authors: Lammert Markus 
Published: October 2011

Vorspann
In kaum einem anderen westeuropäischen Staat wurde die deutsche Reaktion auf den Terrorismus der RAF so scharf kritisiert wie in Frankreich. Präsident Giscard d‘Estaing unterstützte den Kurs der Bundesregierung. Die einflussreiche französische Linke hingegen zögerte nicht, die Bundesrepublik als „Polizeistaat“ zu diffamieren. Warum? Sah man in den Deutschen 30 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg noch immer „Erbfeinde“, die vom Weg zur Demokratie abgekommen waren und erneut rückfällig wurden? Markus Lammert vom Institut für Zeitgeschichte zeigt, dass die gallige französische Kritik viele Wurzeln hatte. Vor allem waren es aktuelle innenpolitische Probleme, die auf dem Rücken des Nachbarlandes ausgetragen wurden.
Unruhe im eingeschlossenen Land. Ein interner Stasi-Bericht zur Lage in der DDR nach dem Mauerbau
Authors: Münkel Daniela 
Published: October 2011

Vorspann
Nach dem Mauerbau kehrte in der DDR noch lange keine Ruhe ein. Es rumorte überall – in der Industrie ebenso wie in der Landwirtschaft, in den Kirchen nicht weniger als in den Universitäten. Der Staatssicherheit blieben diese Phänomene der Unruhe nicht verborgen, wie ihre interne Berichterstattung zeigt. Die Stasi ging hart dagegen vor und nutzte die angespannte Lage, um abweichendes Verhalten zu kriminalisieren und ihre eigenen Kompetenzbereiche immer weiter auszudehnen. Dem Mauerbau folgte so keine Demobilisierung, sondern eine Expansion des Geheimdienstes, der hinter der Mauer bald allgegenwärtig war.
A case study of parameterized Rietveld refinement:The structural phase transition of CuInSe2
Authors: Müller Melanie , Dinnebier Robert E. , Schorr Susan 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The ferroelastic high temperature structural phase transition of CuInSe2, from tetragonal chalcopyrite to cubic sphalerite structure type has been reinvestigated in detail by sequential and parametric Rietveld refinement using in-situ high energy synchrotron powder diffraction data. For the description of the structural changes, a symmetry mode based approach is used. The temperature dependence of the isotropic displacement parameters and of all symmetry modes influencing lattice parameters, atomic coordinates, and occupancies, has been modeled with a phenomenological power law model according to the Lanädau theory in order to get direct access to the temperature dependence of the order parameter leading to a more detailed understanding of the nature of the phase transition.
The results of this study reveal superior statistics and much higher stability of parametric as compared to sequential Rietveld refinement, offering exciting possibilities in the analysis of ferroelastic phase transitions.
Complex inorganic structures from powder diffraction:case of tetrahydroborates of light metals
Authors: Černý Radovan , Filinchuk Yaroslav 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Powder diffraction plays a central role in the characterization of light metal tetrahydroborates (borohydrides), novel boron based hydrides recognized as a potential solution for hydrogen storage. Numerous novel BH–
4 based materials have been investigated during the past few years and this class of materials has a fascinating structural chemistry. We review the powder diffraction methods, problems and solutions which are specific for these weakly diffracting and badly crystallized materials. Examples of highlights and pitfalls of the powder diffraction are given. Complex structures with as many as 55 independent atoms were fully characterized, and P-T phase diagrams accessible from in-situ powder diffraction enable understanding of these ionic crystals with important directional bonding.
Effect of surfactants on capacitance properties of carbon electrodes
Authors: Fic Krzysztof , Lota Grzegorz , Frackowiak Elzbieta 
Published: October 2011

ABSTRACTEffect of surfactants present in alkaline solutions on the capacitance of carbon electrodes has been studied. Different types of surfactants have been selected for this target. Concentration of these electrolyte additives was 0.005 mol L-1. Decreasing the surface tension in the electrode/electrolyte interface allows better penetration of electrolyte into the pores. Detailed analysis of capacitance versus current load, frequency dependence as well as self-discharge, cyclability and behaviour in wider voltage window proved a useful effect of Triton X-100 on capacitor operating in alkaline solution. Influence of surfactant concentration has also been investigated.
Establishing Validity and Reliability of an Instrument Using the Theory of Planned Behavior to Predict Middle School Student Obesity-Related Actions
Authors: Ickes Melinda J. , Sharma Manoj 
Published: October 2011

Background: Childhood obesity is of concern to many health professionals, parents, teachers, and school administrators because of the negative impact on the child's physical, psychological, and behavioral health. Lack of structured monitoring and evaluation has hindered the development of an evidence base to disseminate best practices in childhood obesity prevention. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a valid and reliable instrument which affirmed the constructs of the Theory of Planned Behavior in relation to nutrition and physical activity behaviors related to childhood obesity. Methods: A convenience sample of 242 students participated in the validation of the 129-item instrument, which was administered during class time, and read to students to increase response rate. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis established instrument validity, with one factor present for each behavior, and factor loadings greater than 0.32. Reliability and test-retest coefficients achieved apriori criteria of 0.70. Discussion: Truly learning how to gauge nutrition and physical activity levels in children and adolescents has proved to be difficult, yet it is imperative to understand the relationship of the proposed potentially modifiable behaviors and childhood obesity.
Das Schweizerische Landesforstinventar – eine Bilanz (Essay)
Authors: Brassel Peter 
Published: October 2011

Switzerland's National Forest Inventory – review and outlook (essay)
The idea of carrying out a national forest inventory in Switzerland was first raised in the 1950s. It had become increasingly evident that such an inventory was lacking as a basis for evaluating the state of the forest in the whole country. But it was not until 1970 that this idea took concrete shape. And it took another ten years for the Swiss government to agree to the first inventory taking place. From the start, the National Forest Inventory (NFI) was a joint project of the Swiss federal administration and the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL. It has now established itself as an objective source of information about the Swiss forest. On the national level, it is today the most important instrument for monitoring the sustainability of the management of Swiss forests, and it yields the main data needed for international reports on forests. The success of the NFI is at least partly due to the fact that it has met with widespread support from both the Swiss authorities and scientists. The NFI has, over the past 30 years, continuously developed both methodologically and in terms of content. Thus the first NFI's data catalogue was expanded to include, for example, numerous ecological parameters. Currently the fourth NFI is underway. It will mark the transition from a periodic to a continuous inventory. In the future, the survey results will be published roughly every three years. Reducing the intervals between inventories will, however, be associated with higher estimation errors. On the other hand, interesting new applications can be expected in remote sensing, as well as improved models of future forest development. Some new methods seem promising, like the so-called “small area estimation”, which enables conclusions to be drawn about relatively small areas. However, if the NFI is to continue to perform its tasks adequately in future, it must receive sufficient funding.