bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Placement Opportunities for Human Factors Engineering and Ergonomics Professionals in Industry and Government/Military Positions
Authors: Schoeling Scott E. , Goliber Michael J. , Moroney William F. 
Published: January 2012

During the period from October 1999 through December 2000, the Placement Service of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society distributed announcements describing 233 new positions available for human factors engineers and ergonomics professionals. This paper describes placement opportunities for HF and ergonomics professionals in industry and government/military (N=220). The attributes of the position descriptions examined include: employment sector, major field of study, degree requirements, required work experience, salary, geographic location, travel, and areas of expertise. The type of industry seeking most employees was Internet based at 33%. The most frequently specified major field of study was human factors (N=124). Fifty-three percent of the positions describe the master's degree as the minimum requirement. The geographical areas with the most jobs were California (N=48) and the Northwest (N=23). Finally, the area of expertise most frequently requested by employers was usability testing and design (N=99) and Human Computer Interaction (N=42) was the most commonly specified job expertise/function.
Home Health Care: A Needs Assessment with Design Implications
Authors: Delano Kristine Turville , Hartman Mary 
Published: January 2012

A combination of survey and focus group activities was performed to investigate the functions, capabilities, and interface designs necessary to support home-based care providers. This study strongly verified that the most important factor in the design of a home health care interface was a clear understanding of the user population and their needs, capabilities, and limitations. Patients seen in home care situations are often unfamiliar with technology and have a number of disabilities that would need to be taken into account in the design. Many positive responses were received from home health care professionals on the idea of providing this service for relatively healthy families or for families with members in need of more long-term care.
Air Traffic Control Weather Radar Displays: Validation of a Masking Metric for Prediction of Text Block Identification
Authors: Krebs William K. , Ahumada Albert J. 
Published: January 2012

Background: The Federal Aviation Administration is evaluating the potential benefits of weather information overlaid on the Terminal Radar Approach Control (TRACON) radar display. The study's objective was to validate a background masking metric to assist display designers to identify good color combinations for an air traffic control weather radar display. Methods: A uniform gray pattern and two weather radar displays were used as the background for randomly selected aircraft data text blocks (varying luminance levels) positioned in eight fixed locations around a central location. Observers' task was to search for the data text block that matched the text block presented in the central location. Three text contrast levels were used for the uniform background and two levels were used for each of the weather radar backgrounds. Results: For each of the four weather radar conditions, we estimated the uniform background contrast that would give the same performance for percent correct and latency. Conclusions: A simple luminance contrast masking metric is a fairly good predictor of the masking of the text blocks by the colored weather map backgrounds.
Graphical Presentation of AIS Information on Ships
Authors: Motz Florian , Widdel Heino 
Published: January 2012

This paper describes a research project carried out for the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building, and Housing to evaluate the graphical presentation of AIS information. The implementation of AIS on ship bridges requires a suitable presentation and integration of its information in the bridge information systems. To support the decision which symbols should be used for the presentation of AIS information two experiments were conducted with simulated traffic scenarios on ECDIS and on Radar with mariners as subjects. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered and analyzed. Results show higher detection performance for the orientated triangle symbol as ship symbol, which also was rated higher in the subjective preference analysis than the diamond shaped symbol. The results for symbols for the display of course and speed and the heading information led to the conclusion to display the vector as plain line and the heading as dashed line with a flag indicating the rate of turn. A draft for AIS symbols was recommended.
Decision-Making Styles Associated with Accidents: Defining the High Risk Pilot
Authors: Adams Richard J. , Hamilton Booz Allen , Koonce Jefferson M. , Hwoschinsky Peter V. 
Published: January 2012

This study involved an extensive experimental survey of 4000 pilots. It was designed to determine decision-making variables that could be used to identify high risk taking pilots who have had an accident (cases) vs. low risk pilots who have been accident free (controls). The information data set collected with this survey instrument provided a rich core of knowledge that has not been analyzed before as a whole. The ultimate goal was to use this core of information to develop a global index related to a pilot's propensity for accidents. The analyses included: validating the risk taking hypotheses, the development of a discriminant functions to determine if cases and controls could be correctly classified using the instrument, and the development of a risk taking characteristic model. It was found that 80.1% of the cases and controls could be correctly classified using the entire 122 question set. If a simplified five question set was used, 68.2% of the cases and controls could be correctly classified.
Human Error in Maritime Operations: Analyses of Accident Reports Using the Leximancer Tool
Authors: Grech Michelle R. , Horberry Tim , Smith Andrew 
Published: January 2012

This paper focuses on the problem of lack of Situation Awareness (SA) by mariners. An analysis of a large number of accident reports was conducted in order to determine the extent to which SA is a relevant issue in merchant shipping operations. For the first time use was made of the Leximancer tool due to its ability to rapidly analyse large amounts of textual information. One major function of this research was to examine the accuracy and usefulness of such a data analysis tool by comparing the results of this computer analysis with that of a ‘manual’ analysis (performed by two raters). Our results underline the importance of SA in decision-making processes in the maritime domain: a large number of investigated maritime accidents were partly due to loss of SA. Also, the results of the Leximancer tool were found to be comparable to the manual analysis, thus suggesting further use of such a system for accident report analysis in other transportation domains.
Analysis of Distribution, Frequency, and Duration of Naturalistic Lane Changes
Authors: Olsen Erik C. B. , Lee Suzanne E. , Wierwille Walter W. , Goodman Michael J. 
Published: January 2012

This paper describes preliminary results of naturalistic lane change distribution, frequency, and duration data collected unobtrusively from 16 commuters using instrumented vehicles. The study was designed to improve upon previous data collection methods and support crash avoidance system development. A total of 8,667 lane changes (including unsuccessful maneuvers) were identified and classified in terms of severity, urgency, maneuver type, and success/magnitude. The total miles driven was 23,949 (38,542 km) with an average of 37.4 miles (60.2 km) per commute and 2.76 miles (4.44 km) per lane change. More than 37% of lane changes were due to a slow vehicle ahead. The mean duration for 7,192 single lane changes was 6.28 seconds with a standard deviation of 2.0. Analysis revealed no significant effects for duration. For frequency, significantly more lane changes were completed by drivers on the interstate, perhaps due to traffic density, while sedan drivers made significantly more lane changes than SUV drivers. A significant driver type (vehicle normally driven) by route (interstate or highway) interaction was discovered, perhaps due to driving style. A gender by route interaction was also found.
The Effects of Age on Gait Parameters during Adjustment
Authors: Spaulding Jeremy M. , Lockhart Thurman E. 
Published: January 2012

Further understanding causes and characteristics of slip and fall accidents may aid in prevention of severe injuries and fatalities that result from these accidents. Moreover, understanding mechanisms associated with gait adjustment across a known slippery surface may help in proactively avoiding slips and falls. This study involved examination gait parameter characteristics of the lower extremities during different walking conditions. This study consisted of exposing 14 younger and 14 older participants to controlled slippery conditions safely, while studying normal and adjusted gait characteristics (friction requirement, heel contact velocity, and step length). First, a baseline measure was done to study normal gait prior to any exposure to slipping. A second measure was done following a slip from a contaminated floor surface, but before the initiation of a second slip. The results indicate that there are significant gait parameter differences between younger and older individuals. Findings suggest that older individuals require an additional step to properly adjust gait for a contaminated walking surface.
Viewpoint Optimisation for Virtual Environment Navigation Using Dynamic Tethering - A Study of Tether Rigidity
Authors: Wang Wenbi , Milgram Paul 
Published: January 2012

Much research has been carried out on providing navigational aids and improving users' wayfinding ability across a variety of navigation related tasks. In this study, we focus on investigating users' navigational performance with respect to the display frame of reference in a large scale virtual environment. Dynamic viewpoint tethering is proposed as a means to improve user control and reduce the need for mental rotations, thus facilitating the acquisition of configurational knowledge about the virtual space. The modelling of dynamic viewpoint tethering is explained and recent research findings are presented. Twelve volunteers participated in an experiment in which they were instructed to control an aircraft-shaped cursor flying through a set of virtual tunnels (local guidance) and to answer questions about the environment (global awareness). Experimental results showed that neither the very loose dynamic tether nor the completely rigid tether supported the best control performance. Rather, an optimal tether configuration lies at the centre of the rigidity continuum. Research results are discussed from the point of view of design of navigational system interfaces.
Establishing the Psychophysiological Variables that can Identify & Predict Operator Subjective State
Authors: Venables Louise , Fairclough Stephen H. 
Published: January 2012

Biocybernetic adaptation describes a system wherein automation is regulated by the operator's physiology. The identification of real-time psychophysiological variables capable of detecting and predicting operator subjective states is an important requisite for biocybernetic control. The present study investigated how psychophysiology may index negative subjective states, namely, task-disengagement, distress and worry. To encourage negative states, 35 participants performed the (high demand) Multi-Attribute Task Battery (MATB), for 100 minutes in total. Subjective state was assessed using the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire (DSSQ). The psychophysiological measures recorded included: GSR, EOG, EEG, ECG, and respiration. Analysis of the data revealed performance was sustained throughout the task although subjective states became more negative over time. This was accompanied by various psychophysiological changes, e.g. increased respiration rate. Regression analyses indicated that psychophysiological changes were predictive of changes in subjective states. The results and implications for biocybernetic systems are discussed.
Applying the Gothi Model of Tactile and Haptic Interactions
Authors: Nesbitt Dr. Keith , Carter Dr. Jim 
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the emerging area of tactile and haptic display and some of the breadth of applications of tactile/haptic interactions. While many research studies have provided ergonomic insights into the design of tactile/haptic interactions, the many dimensions and properties of these interactions make it especially difficult to combine the guidance from these individual studies. The GOTHI-05 workshop (Guidelines on Tactile and Haptic Interactions, October 2005) brought researchers together to develop a collection of ergonomic guidance and a framework (the GOTHI model of tactile and haptic interaction (Carter, van Erp, et. al., 2005)) for organizing this guidance. The inaugural meeting of ISO TC159/SC4/WG9 further refined this framework and adopted it as the basis for structuring its new series ISO standards on tactile and haptic interactions. The model itself will be elaborated in ISO 9241-910 Framework for Tactile and Haptic Interactions. The model has already proven useful in identifying and organizing specific guidelines in the first drafts of ISO 9241-920 Guidance on Tactile and Haptic Interaction. The paper discusses the various dimensions and properties of tactile/haptic interactions, identified in an expanded version of GOTHI model and identifies major considerations based on this model for use by developers (and potentially by evaluators) of interfaces that make use of tactile/haptic interactions ISO, 2006).
Macroergonomic Principles of Automated Performance Measurement
Authors: Dunsker Eric 
Published: January 2012

Retail associate productivity has increased dramatically over the last 15 years with the use of ever more sophisticated scanners and point of sale (POS) terminals. Data warehouses enable businesses to store remarkable detail about each transaction. Analyses of these data tend to focus on the items sold and money collected. However, if these systems also collect timestamp data of important events during transactions retailers would then have the basis for measuring associate activity. This paper discusses the macroergonomic principles that must guide the design of cashier performance measurement systems in the retail setting. Following these guidelines leads not only to increased manager effectiveness, but also to more accurate measurement of activity. It can also improve associates morale and the likelihood of incenting desirable and productive behaviors. These principles are generalizable to other domains in which automated performance measurement takes place.
A Portfolio of Human Factors Guidance for NextGen
Authors: Dursoq Francis T. , Gawron Valerie J. , Krois Paul , Sarter Nadine , Smith Philip J. , Wickens Chris , Yuditsky Tanya 
Published: January 2012

This discussion panel will focus on guidance that the field of human factors can provide in the development of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) in the United States, ranging from input regarding the overall operational concept for NextGen to approaches for crafting the details of specific designs. The discussion will include consideration of how the feasibility of alternative implementations should inform the operational concept. To provide the necessary perspectives, the expertise represented on this panel provides both breadth and depth regarding the contributions that the field of human factors needs to provide to the development of NextGen in the United States. This expertise extends across a number of functional roles in the aviation system (piloting, air traffic control, air traffic flow management, airport surface management and flight dispatching). It also spans a wide range of human factors issues including considerations of trust, cognitive complexity, information overload, interruption management, human reliability, automation reliability, timesharing, mental workload, shared situation awareness and the design of distributed work systems. Finally, this expertise encompasses experience with human factors program management, system design and evaluation (including both empirical testing and the use of computational models). Panelists will be posed with variations on the question of “what are concrete ways in which the field of human factors can guide the development of an effective Next Generation Air Transportation System?” based on the system perspectives that they represent.
Patient Safety in the Operating Theatre
Authors: Manser Tanja , Flin Rhona 
Published: January 2012

The aim of this symposium is to present and discuss recent research on the factors shaping safe and efficient performance in the operating theatre. Ten years ago, it was not generally accepted that a significant number of surgical patients were harmed not as a result of underlying illness or disease but as a result of their treatment. Detailed incident analyses and studies of behavior in the operating theatre revealed that factors such as decision making, situation awareness, coordination and leadership play a contributory role in the multifaceted nature of adverse events. The papers included in this symposium address these issues applying a spectrum of theoretical and methodological approaches. The emergent findings of these studies have important implications for future research as well as training and organizational design. For design recommendations to be useful in clinical practice they require an in-depth understanding of the strengths and vulnerabilities pertaining to the clinical work environment. This is reflected by the fact that this symposium brings together teams of clinicians and human factors experts in discussing their most recent research.
Workload Causes Chaotic Fluctuation of Human Voice
Authors: Shiomi Kakuichi 
Published: January 2012

The chaotic fluctuation of human voice is possible to calculate by SiCECA (Shiomi's Cerebral Exponent Calculation Algorithm) which adopt time-local definition of chaotic characteristics of time series. As results of experiments, follows were observed in chaotic fluctuation of human voice. The chaotic fluctuation of human voice, named CE (Cerebral exponent) showed correlation with speaker's psychosomatic condition. The value dependency on individuals was very small. If influences of recording equipments and environment are properly estimated, CE will be useful to evaluate speaker's arousal level.
A Study of Bicycle Design as it Affects Safety of Operation
Authors: Purswell Jerry L. , Terrell Robert , Greene Jeff , Lundquist David 
Published: January 2012

This paper presents the results of studies concerned with bicycle design and safety of operation. One study concerned the relationship between handlebar design, i.e., racing, regular and hi-rise, to bicycle control. It was found that the popular racing style handlebars used on the popular ten-speed bicycle produces problems in sensing visual and auditory information and responding to this information as compared to the regular handlebar design. A second study concerned the braking capability of bicycles, the control while braking, and the grip strength required for braking. Serious problems were found in both the adequacy of brake design in relation to grip strength of riders and in the control of the bicycle during hard braking.
A Comparison between Standard and Reduced Detail Maps in a Tactical Operations Systems
Authors: Granda Thomas M. 
Published: January 2012

For the past several years the Army Research Institute has been developing and testing SIMTOS—a simulated tactical operations system. SIMTOS may be described as a physical simulation of an Army command post in a controlled exercise environment. A major goal of SIMTOS is the examination of data handling by high level decision making personnel. In a typical SIMTOS experiment a group of senior military officers with tactical command experience are randomly divided into two groups, i.e., a standard and an experimental group. All Ss undergo two phases of simulated tactical operations—a planning phase and a combat phase. During each phase, mission criteria and subobjectives are imposed on the Ss. The two groups are evaluated in both phases of the experiment in regard to final scoring criteria based upon an ad hoc military school solution to the entire tactical exercise, and in respect to more immediate criteria (e.g., time to initiate action, number and types of information requests made to computer based data, etc.) related to the variable that defines the experimental group. To date the major research efforts associated with SIMTOS have been concerned with; (a) identification of minimum essential information requirements for offensive and defensive tactical operations planning; and, (b) evaluations of various methods of displaying information. The findings from these studies, coupled with information generated from a user workshop on displays and supported by field data, suggest that current Army requirements for tactical displays may be too stringent. That is, the display requirements may call for an excess amount of data with too great a level of detail. Tactical maps are a very good example of displays that may provide an excess of information. This presentation will describe the results of a study aimed at determining whether a set of tactical maps which are considerably reduced in detail can be used as effectively for tactical decision making as a set of standard Army tactical maps. Performance of the “standard map” and “reduced detail map” groups will be discussed in terms of general independent variables such as “tactical effectiveness” as well as task specific criteria such as; (a) area captured; (b) friendly troop attrition; (c) enemy attrition, etc. The implications of these results to other aspects of decision making and display research (e.g., management information systems) will be discussed.
Human Factors Considerations for the U.S. Army Test Bed Aircraft System
Authors: LeCocq Andrew D. 
Published: January 2012

This paper will discuss an extensive human factors program conducted as part of a study contract for the U. S. Army Electronics Command. The purpose of the study was to determine the hardware requirements for a test bed helicopter that would be used by the Army for flight testing various possible combinations of gross and imaging sensors. The initial phases of the human factors program included several different analysis efforts such as a functional/task analysis, information flow analysis and a functional/task allocations. Also a major portion of the effort was the controls/displays analysis and definition which included the rear cockpit consoles design and installation, the front cockpit reconfiguration and several unique control/display interface equipment items. A full sized helicopter cockpit was mocked up during the program which aided the various analyses efforts considerably. Also, some preliminary flight tests were performed as part of the study effort. The end product of the study consisted of documentation of the overall human factors approach as well as the definition of the final recommended cockpit, design.