bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjusting for confounding by neighborhood using complex survey data
Authors: Brumback Babette A. , He Zhulin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRecently, we examined methods of adjusting for confounding by neighborhood of an individual exposure effect on a binary outcome, using complex survey data; the methods were found to fail when the neighborhood sample sizes are small and the selection bias is strongly informative. More recently, other authors have adapted an older method from the genetics literature for application to complex survey data; their adaptation achieves a consistent estimator under a broad range of circumstances. The method is based on weighted pseudolikelihoods, in which the contribution from each neighborhood involves all pairs of cases and controls in the neighborhood. The pairs are treated as if they were independent, a pairwise pseudo‐conditional likelihood is thus derived, and then the corresponding score equation is weighted with inverse‐probabilities of sampling each case‐control pair. We have greatly simplified the implementation by translating the pairwise pseudo‐conditional likelihood into an equivalent ordinary weighted log‐likelihood formulation. We show how to program the method using standard software for ordinary logistic regression with complex survey data (e.g. SAS PROC SURVEYLOGISTIC). We also show that the methodology applies to a broader set of sampling scenarios than the ones considered by the previous authors. We demonstrate the validity of our simplified implementation by applying it to a simulation for which previous methods failed; the new method performs beautifully. We also apply the new method to an analysis of 2009 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) public‐use data, to estimate the effect of education on health insurance coverage, adjusting for confounding by neighborhood. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intact Mammalian Cell Function on Semiconductor Nanowire Arrays: New Perspectives for Cell‐Based Biosensing
Authors: Berthing Trine , Bonde Sara , Sørensen Claus B. , Utko Pawel , Nygård Jesper , Martinez Karen L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractNanowires (NWs) are attracting more and more interest due to their potential cellular applications, such as delivery of compounds or sensing platforms. Arrays of vertical indium‐arsenide (InAs) NWs are interfaced with human embryonic kidney cells and rat embryonic dorsal root ganglion neurons. A selection of critical cell functions and pathways are shown not to be impaired, including cell adhesion, membrane integrity, intracellular enzyme activity, DNA uptake, cytosolic and membrane protein expression, and the neuronal maturation pathway. The results demonstrate the low invasiveness of InAs NW arrays, which, combined with the unique physical properties of InAs, open up their potential for cellular investigations.
Structured Graphene Devices for Mass Transport
Authors: Barreiro Amelia , Rurali Riccardo , Hernández Eduardo R. , Bachtold Adrian 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe reversible atomic‐mass transport along graphene devices has been achieved. The motion of Al and Au in the form of atoms or clusters is driven by applying an electric field between the metal electrodes that contact the graphene sheet. It is shown that Al moves in the direction of the applied electric field whereas Au tends to diffuse in all directions. The control of the motion of Al is further demonstrated by achieving a 90° turn, using a graphene device patterned in a crossroads configuration. The controlled motion of Al is attributed to the charge transfer from Al onto the graphene so that the Al is effectively charged and can be accelerated by the applied electric field. To get further insight into the actuation mechanism, theoretical simulations of individual Al and Au impurities on a perfect graphene sheet were performed. The direct (electrostatic) force was found to be ∼1 pN and dominant over the wind force. These findings hold promise for practical use in future mass transport in complex circuits.
An energy‐efficient hole‐healing mechanism for wireless sensor networks with obstacles
Authors: Chang Chih‐Yung , Lin Chih‐Yu , Yu Gwo‐Jong , Kuo Chin‐Hwa 
Published: February 2011

ABSTRACTIn wireless sensor networks (WSNs), coverage of the monitoring area represents the surveillance quality. Since sensor nodes are battery powered and placed outdoor, there will be failures due to energy exhaustion or environmental influence, resulting in coverage‐loss. In literature, a number of studies developed robot repairing algorithms that aim at maintaining full coverage. However, they did not consider the time constraint for network maintenance. Furthermore, they did not consider the existence of obstacles and the constraint of limited energy of the robot. This paper presents a novel tracking mechanism and robot repairing algorithm for maintaining the coverage quality of the given WSN. Without support of location information, the tracking mechanism leaves robot's footmark on sensors so that they can learn better routes for sending repairing requests to the robot. Upon receiving several repairing request messages, the robot applies the proposed repairing algorithm to establish an efficient route that passes through all failure regions with low overhead in terms of the required time and the power consumption. In addition, the proposed repairing algorithm also considers the remaining energy of the robot so that the robot can move back to home for recharging energy and overcome the unpredicted obstacles. Performance results reveal that the developed protocol can efficiently maintain the coverage quality while the required time and energy consumption are significantly reduced. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two New Fatty Acid Derivatives from the Stem Bark ofAlchornea laxiflora(Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Sandjo Louis Pergaud , Poumale Hervé M. Poumale , Siwe Xavier Noudou , Ntede Hippolyte Nga , Shiono Yoshihito , Ngadjui Bonaventure Tchaleu , Krause Rui M. W. , Ndinteh Derek Tantoh , Mbafor Joseph Tanyi 
Published: February 2011

AbstractEuphorbiaceae is a family of plants used in traditional remedies in central Africa to treat selected diseases. Some of the phytochemical components in the stem bark ofAlchornea laxiflorathat have biochemical activity were identified. A number of novel compounds were isolated, including a new fatty acid ester, (1) a new ceramide, (2) some triterpenoids, (3–5), ellagic acid (6) and its derivatives (7,8) were isolated. The structures of these compounds were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods as well as HR‐ESI‐TOF‐MS analysis, chemical transformation and by comparison of their physical and spectral data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity of some isolated compounds was investigated against human promyelocytic leukaemia (HL60) cell line by using the MTT method. Compounds1,4and5showed a cytotoxic activity with IC50at 58.7, 6.6 and 6.8 μM, respectively.
Engaging Undergraduate Nursing Students in Perioperative Research
Authors: Taber Kimberly , Taber Renee , Galante Larissa , Sigsby Linda M. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractActively engaging in perioperative research lays a framework for stimulating interest in future research possibilities and provides students and graduate nurses with challenges to keep them interested as their careers progress. In this article, former honors students and a faculty researcher share their perceptions of participating in perioperative research. The primary investigator must emphasize learning throughout the process, be available to the students, provide structured guidance, and clarify the goals and expectations of the research experience. The students gain a greater understanding of the research process, discover the dedication and ethical values that are required of the researcher, learn how theory becomes the underlying framework for the research, and discover how descriptive statistics can be used to help explain the study results. Involvement in applied research may encourage these students to continue to contribute to evidence‐based practice when they are employed as nurses and thus improve patient care.
Intraoperative Monitoring Technician: A New Member of the Surgical Team
Authors: Brown Molly S. , Brown Debra S. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAs surgery needs have increased, the traditional surgical team has expanded to include personnel from radiology and perfusion services. A new surgical team member, the intraoperative monitoring technician, is needed to perform intraoperative monitoring during procedures that carry a higher risk of central and peripheral nerve injury. Including the intraoperative monitoring technician on the surgical team can create challenges, including surgical delays and anesthesia care considerations. When the surgical team members, including the surgeon, anesthesia care provider, and circulating nurse, understand and facilitate this new staff member's responsibilities, the technician is able to perform monitoring functions that promote the smooth flow of the surgical procedure and positive patient outcomes.
Clinical Issues—February 2011
Authors: Denholm Bonnie G. 
Published: February 2011

Calculating flash sterilization ratesKey words: flash sterilization, benchmarking.Manual cleaning of instrumentsKey words: manual cleaning, instrument decontamination, instrument sterilization, ultrasonic cleaning.Water temperature for decontaminating instrumentsKey words: manual cleaning process, mechanical cleaning, instrument decontamination, instrument sterilization.Assessment of abuseKey words: patient assessment, domestic violence, abuse, documentation, reporting, elder abuse, intimate partner violence, neglect, financial exploitation.
Mental state attribution in schizophrenia: What distinguishes patients with “poor” from patients with “fair” mentalising skills?
Authors: Brüne M. , Schaub D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractPurposeAlthough many patients with schizophrenia are impaired in mental states attribution abilities, a significant number perform within normal or near-normal ranges in mental state attribution tasks. No studies have analysed cognitive or behavioural differences between patients with – to some extent – preserved mental state attribution skills and those with poor mentalising abilities.Material and methodsTo examine characteristics of “poor” and “fair” mentalisers, 58 patients with schizophrenia performed a mental state attribution task, a test of general intelligence, and two executive functioning tests. “Poor” and “fair” mentalising skills were defined according to a median-split procedure; the median score in the patient group was also within two standard deviations of the control group. In addition, patients’ social behavioural skills and psychopathological profiles were rated.ResultsPatients performing within normal or near normal ranges on the mental state attribution task had fewer social behavioural abnormalities than patients with poor mentalising abilities (even when controlled for intelligence), but did not differ in executive functioning. Fair mental state performers showed less disorganisation and excitement symptoms than poor performers. The degree of disorganisation mediated the influence of mental state attribution on social behavioural skills.ConclusionsSchizophrenia patients with (partially) preserved mentalising skills have fewer behavioural problems in the social domain than patients with poor mentalising abilities. Conceptual disorganisation mediates the prediction of social behavioural skills through mentalising skills, suggesting that disorganised patients may require special attention regarding social-cognitive skills training.
Insular volume reduction in fragile X syndrome
Authors: Cohen Jeremy D. , Nichols Taylor , Brignone Laura , Hall Scott S. , Reiss Allan L. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFragile X syndrome (FraX) is the most common form of inherited mental deficit and is caused by mutations of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X chromosome. While males and females with the full FMR1 mutation are affected differently because the disorder is X‐linked, both suffer from varying degrees of cognitive impairment, attention deficits and social anxiety. The insula is a sensory integrative region that has been increasingly suggested as a critical area involved in anxiety manifestation.The current study was designed to examine possible changes in insular volume in FraX compared to age‐ and gender‐matched typically developing healthy controls (HC) as well as age‐, gender‐, and intelligence‐matched developmentally delayed controls (DD). An established native‐space, manual morphometry method was utilized to quantify total and regional insular volumes using structural magnetic resonance imaging.Total, anterior and posterior insular volumes were found to be reduced in FraX compared to both HC and DD. The current data add to a growing literature concerning brain abnormalities in FraX and suggests that significant volume reduction of the insula is a component of the FraX neuroanatomical phenotype. This finding also provides an intriguing potential neural correlate for hyperarousal and gaze aversion, which are prominent behavioral symptoms of FraX.
Nutzer des Gesundheitswesens zu Gesprächspartnern der Professionellen machen – das Konzept der Patientenuniversität an der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover
Authors: Dierks Marie-Luise , Seidel Gabriele , Schwartz Friedrich Wilhelm 
Published: February 2011

Einleitung
2006 wurde an der Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover (MHH) die erste deutsche Patientenuniversität gegründet. Sie ist ein unabhängiges, durch Eigenmittel, Teilnehmerbeiträge und Spenden finanziertes Bildungsinstitut, angesiedelt am Institut für Epidemiologie, Sozialmedizin und Gesundheitssystemforschung. Mit der Patientenuniversität reagiert die MHH auf die Anforderungen an Nutzer des Gesundheitswesens, sich in einem unübersichtlichen und zunehmend von Marktinteressen beherrschten Gesundheitswesen zu orientieren. Sie unterstützt die Menschen darin, selbstbewusste Partner in der Gesundheitsversorgung zu werden.
The ‘absolute existence’ of phlogiston: the losing party's point of view
Authors: BOANTZA VICTOR D. , GAL OFER 
Published: February 2011

AbstractLong after its alleged demise, phlogiston was still presented, discussed and defended by leading chemists. Even some of the leading proponents of the new chemistry admitted its ‘absolute existence’. We demonstrate that what was defended under the title ‘phlogiston’ was no longer a particular hypothesis about combustion and respiration. Rather, it was a set of ontological and epistemological assumptions and the empirical practices associated with them. Lavoisier's gravimetric reduction, in the eyes of the phlogistians, annihilated the autonomy of chemistry together with its peculiar concepts of chemical substance and quality, chemical process and chemical affinity. The defence of phlogiston was the defence of a distinctly chemical conception of matter and its appearances, a conception which reflected the chemist's acquaintance with details and particularities of substances, properties and processes and his skills of adducing causal relations from the interplay between their complexity and uniformity.
Distribution and conservation status of the Vulnerable eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys in China
Authors: Peng-Fei Fan , Wen Xiao , Sheng Huo , Huai-Sen Ai , Tian-Can Wang , Ru-Tao Lin 
Published: February 2011

AbstractWe conducted an intensive survey of the Vulnerable eastern hoolock gibbon Hoolock leuconedys along the west bank of the Salween River in southern China, covering all known hoolock gibbon populations in China. We found 40–43 groups, with a mean group size of 3.9, and five solitary individuals. We estimated the total population to be < 200. In the nine groups for which we recorded composition, seven comprised one adult pair and 0–3 offspring and the other two groups both comprised one adult male and two adult females. The population is severely fragmented, in 17 locations, with the largest subpopulation containing only five family groups. Compared with the population in 1985 and 1994 five subpopulations have declined and gibbons have been extirpated from nine localities, although we discovered two previously unknown subpopulations. Commercial logging, illegal hunting, agricultural encroachment and population fragmentation pose serious threats to the future of H. leuconedys in China. An integrated conservation plan, including nature reserve establishment/expansion, enforcement of existing laws, conservation education, translocation and conservation-oriented research are needed to ensure the survival of H. leuconedys in China.
Twenty years of monitoring of the Vulnerable Farasan gazelle Gazella gazella farasani on the Farasan Islands, Saudi Arabia: an overview
Authors: Cunningham Peter Low , Wronski Torsten 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe mountain gazelle Gazella gazella in Saudi Arabia is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. On the mainland the species’ survival depends on a few remnant populations in the western Mountains and coastal plains and on two reintroduced populations. The largest natural population of G. gazella in Saudi Arabia is the Farasan gazelle subspecies G. g. farasani, which inhabits the Farasan Islands in the Red Sea. We review and collate the available literature on this subspecies, mainly unpublished reports presenting wildlife census data, and supplement this with the most recent, 2009, count. The number of free-ranging gazelles has remained approximately constant since the first counts in 1988, with an overall density of 0.64 km-2 and an estimated population of 1,039 on Farasan Kebir in 2009. The populations on two other islands, As Saqid and Zifaf, have not fared as well, possibly because of uncontrolled hunting pressure, competition with domestic stock or poor habitat conditions overall. The population on Qummah Island is extinct. Threats to this subspecies include uncontrolled hunting and uncoordinated development. Continued protection of this apparently stable population of mountain gazelle in Saudi Arabia is imperative to ensure the survival of the species.
In uteroexposure to virus infections and the risk of developing anorexia nervosa
Authors: Favaro A. , Tenconi E. , Ceschin L. , Zanetti T. , Bosello R. , Santonastaso P. 
Published: February 2011

BackgroundThe study aims to explore, using indirect ecological measures of exposure, the role of viral infections in the development of anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodThe cohort of participants consisted of all female subjects born in the Veneto region in the period between 1970 and 1984, and residing in the urban and suburban area of Padua (27 682 female subjects in an area of 424 km2). The main outcome measure was the diagnosis of AN resulting from the Public Mental Health Database, the Register of Hospital Admissions, and the Register of the Eating Disorders Unit (n=402, 1.4%). The number of cases of rubella, chickenpox, influenza and measles was ascertained for each month for the 15-year period.ResultsExposures during the sixth month of pregnancy to the peaks of chickenpox [odds ratio (OR) 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–2.0] and rubella infections (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.0) were significantly associated with an increased risk of developing AN, even after controlling for socio-economic status, urbanization and month of birth. We found weak evidence of a season-of-birth bias.ConclusionsIn uteroexposure to viral infection could be a risk factor for developing AN. We need further epidemiological and serological studies to confirm this hypothesis.
Asymmetry of salivary cortisol and α-amylase responses to psychosocial stress in anorexia nervosa but not in bulimia nervosa
Authors: Monteleone P. , Scognamiglio P. , Canestrelli B. , Serino I. , Monteleone A. M. , Maj M. 
Published: February 2011

BackgroundThe stress response involves the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). As a role for stress in determining of the onset and the natural course of eating disorders (EDs) has been proposed, the study of the psychobiology of the stress response in patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) should be helpful in understanding the pathophysiology of these disorders. The two neurobiological components of the stress response can be easily explored in humans by the measurement of salivary cortisol and α-amylase response to a stressor. Therefore, we assessed salivary cortisol and α-amylase responses to the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in symptomatic patients with AN and BN compared to healthy controls.MethodSeven AN women, eight BN women and eight age-matched healthy females underwent the TSST between 1530 and 1700 h. Salivary cortisol and α-amylase levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsCompared to healthy women, AN patients showed a normal cortisol response to the TSST, although this occurred at significantly increased hormone levels, and an almost complete absence of response of α-amylase. BN women, however, exhibited enhanced pre-stress levels of salivary α-amylase but a normal response of the enzyme and cortisol to the TSST.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate, for the first time, the occurrence of an asymmetry between the HPA axis and SNS components of the stress response in the acute phase of AN but not in BN. The pathophysiological significance of this asymmetry remains to be determined.
Production and Maternal Report of 16- and 18-Month-Olds' Vocabulary in Low- and Middle-Income Families
Authors: Furey Joan E. 
Published: February 2011

Purpose
To compare maternal report of children’s vocabularies on the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventories Words and Gestures form (CDI:WG; Fenson et al., 1993) with spontaneous production data in both low- and middle-income families.

Method
As part of a longitudinal investigation, language samples were gathered from 23 mother–child dyads based on Stoel-Gammon’s (1987) protocol for the Language Production Scale when the children were 16 and 18 months of age. The mothers also completed the CDI:WG at both visits. The words that the children produced were compared with those the mothers reported on the vocabulary checklist, with family income and vocabulary size as grouping factors.

Results
Maternal reporting did not differ as a function of socioeconomic status but did increase from 16 to 18 months.

Conclusions
The vocabulary differences observed on the CDI:WG for children from low-income families do not appear to be a reflection of inaccurate maternal reporting. Further research is needed to determine whether these findings will generalize more broadly.
Identification of Adults With Developmental Language Impairments
Authors: Fidler Lesley J. , Plante Elena , Vance Rebecca 
Published: February 2011

Purpose
To assess the utility of a wide range of language measures (phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics) for the identification of adults with developmental language impairment.

Method
Measures were administered to 3 groups of adults, each representing a population expected to demonstrate high levels of language impairment, and to matched control groups.

Results
Three measures were the strongest contributors to identification of language impairment in the 3 groups of adults. These measures, combined, maximized identification of members of the clinical groups as having impaired language (sensitivity) and members of the control groups as having typical language (specificity).

Conclusion
This suggests that a relatively brief battery could have utility for identifying developmental language impairment during the adult years.