bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance Comparison of BB84 and B92 Satellite-Based Free Space Quantum Optical Communication Systems in the Presence of Channel Effects
Authors: Etengu R. , Abbou F. M. , Wong H. Y. , Abid A. , Nortiza N. , Setharaman A. 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The performance of single photon pulsed polarization based BB84 and B92 platforms against individual attacks for free space quantum optical communication links between a ground station and a satellite in the low earth orbit is compared. The comparison is attained by evaluating the quantum bit error rate and secure communication bit rate on secure optical link loss and the sensitivity of different parameters. Precisely, realistic experimental parameters are used and the obtained results are compared with those of other papers. Quantum bit error rates as low as 3.5% have been regularly obtained. Moreover, with repetition rate of 10MHz at the low earth orbit standard orbital altitude of 100 km and at zenith angle of 60 degrees, secure communication bit rates of ~ 280 kHz and ~ 70 kHz were received for the BB84 and B92, respectively. The obtained results show that the BB84 protocol exhibits better performance than B92 in the distribution of the secure communication key over long distance. Overall, these results reveal that it is possible to obtain secure key exchange in the low earth orbit, an idea which can be extended to other long distance laser links such as geostationary orbit.
Shell-Isolated Nanoparticle-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SHINERS) Based on Gold-Core Silica-Shell Nanorods
Authors: Li Song-Bo , Li Li-Mei , Anema Jason R. , Ren Bin , Sun Jian-Jun , Tian Zhong-Qun 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Fairly monodisperse “dog bone” shaped gold nanorods were obtained clean and in high yield. Their average aspect ratio could be adjusted from ∼ 2 to ∼ 3 by altering the amount of silver nitrate present in the growth solution. They were coated with a uniform, ultrathin shell of silica and used to detect parathion pesticide on an orange peel by shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS).
Oral Health Behaviors, Periodontal Disease, and Pathogens in Preeclampsia: A Case‐Control Study in Korea
Authors: Ha Jung‐Eun , Oh Kyung‐Joon , Yang Hye‐Jin , Jun Jong‐Kwan , Jin Bo‐Hyoung , Paik Dai‐Il , Bae Kwang‐Hak 
Published: April 2011

Background: The aim of this study is to confirm the association among oral health behaviors, periodontitis, and preeclampsia in Korean women.Methods: This study is designed as a case‐control study. Sixteen women with preeclampsia and 48 without preeclampsia post‐delivery were included in this study from November 2007 to January 2010. Information was collected on demographics, health behaviors, and obstetric and systemic diseases that may influence the periodontal condition and preeclampsia. Full‐mouth periodontal probing was conducted by one trained examiner (KHB). Localized periodontitis was defined as periodontal clinical attachment loss (AL) ≥3.5 mm on two or three sites not on the same tooth. In addition, generalized periodontitis was defined as clinical AL ≥3.5 mm on ≥4 sites not on the same tooth. Gingival crevicular fluid was collected using a sterilized paper point for quantitative analysis of Treponema denticola, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia (Pi), and Tannerella forsythia (previously T. forsythensis).Results: After adjusting for confounders, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 4.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02 to 29.72) for localized periodontitis and 6.60 (95% CI: 1.25 to 41.61) for generalized periodontitis. In addition, the proportion of floss or interdental brush users in women with preeclampsia was lower than that in women without (adjusted OR: 0.21; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.93). Pi was significantly more prevalent in women with preeclampsia (P = 0.028).Conclusion: These results indicate that preeclampsia could be associated with the maternal periodontal condition and interdental cleaning.
Effects of Surfactant-Emulsified Oil-Based Mud on Borehole Resistivity Measurements
Authors: Salazar Jesús M. , Torres-Verdín Carlos , Li Wang Gong 
Published: April 2011

SummaryWe quantify the influence of oil-based mud (OBM)-filtrate invasion and formation-fluid properties on the spatial distribution of fluid saturation and electrical resistivity in the near-wellbore region. The objective is to appraise the sensitivity of borehole resistivity measurements to the spatial distribution of fluid saturation resulting from the compositional mixing of OBM and in-situ hydrocarbons.First, we consider a simple two-component formulation for the oil phase (OBM and reservoir oil) wherein the components are first-contact miscible. A second approach consists of adding water and surfactant to a multicomponent OBM invading a formation saturated with multiple hydrocarbon components. Simulations also include presence of irreducible, capillary-bound, and movable water. The dynamic process of OBM invasion causes component concentrations to vary with space and time. In addition, the relative mobility of the oil phase varies during the process of invasion because oil viscosity and oil density are both dependent on component concentrations.Presence of surfactants in the OBM is simulated with a commercial adaptive implicit compositional formulation that models the flow of three-phase multicomponent fluids in porous media. Simulations of the process of OBM invasion yield 2D spatial distributions of water and oil saturation that are transformed into spatial distributions of electrical resistivity. Subsequently, we simulate the corresponding array-induction measurements assuming axial-symmetric variations of electrical resistivity.We perform sensitivity analyses on field measurements acquired in a well that penetrates a clastic formation and that includes different values of density and viscosity for mud filtrate and formation hydrocarbon. These analyses provide evidence of the presence of a high-resistivity region near the borehole wall followed by a low-resistivity annulus close to the noninvaded resistivity region. Such an abnormal resistivity annulus is predominantly caused by high viscosity contrasts between mud filtrate and formation oil. The combined simulation of invasion and array-induction logs in the presence of OBM invasion provides a more reliable estimate of water saturation, which improves the assessment of in-place hydrocarbon reserves.
Development of a Data-Partition Technique for Gradient-Based Optimization Methods in History Matching
Authors: Ding D.Y.. Y. 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Assisted history matching is now widely used to constrain reservoir models. However, history matching is a complex inverse problem, and it is always a big challenge to history match large fields with a large number of parameters.
In this paper, we present a new technique for the gradient-based optimization methods to improve history matching for large fields. This new technique is based on data partition for the gradient calculations. In history matching, the objective function can be split into local components, and a local component generally depends on fewer influential parameters. On the basis of this decomposition, we can propose a perturbation design, which allows us to calculate all derivatives of the objective function with only a few perturbations. This method is particularly interesting for regional and well-level history matching, and it is also suitable to match geostatistical models by introducing numerous local parameters. This new technique makes history matching with a large number of parameters (large field) tractable.
Reserves Overbooking: The Problem We Are Finally Going To Talk About
Authors: Olsen Grant T. , Lee W. John , Blasingame Thomas A. 
Published: April 2011

SummaryOil and gas reserves estimates that honor disclosure requirements of the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) are critically important in the international oil and gas industry. Unfortunately, a number of exploration and production (E&P) companies have allegedly overstated and subsequently written down certain reserves volumes in recent years. In some cases, the consequences have been quite adverse. We document some of these cases of reserves overstatements and summarize the consequences. Reserves write downs are of obvious interest to numerous groups involved in the reserves estimation process and outcome, including estimators, managers, investors, creditors, and regulators. The magnitude and nature of recent overstatement cases, relative unfamiliarity with the SEC's inner workings, and the SEC's new reserves-reporting requirements increase the need to examine critically reserves disclosures and reserves overstatements.
Improving the SAGD Performance by Introducing a New Well Configuration
Authors: Mojarab Mohamad , Harding Thomas G. , Maini Brij B. 
Published: April 2011

Summary
Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a commercially successful recovery process that produces heavy oils and bitumen. The method ensures both a stable displacement front of steam and economical rates by using gravity as the driving force with a pair of horizontal wells for injection/production. Although several ways of improving the performance have been discussed in the literature, the well configuration employed in the process has remained the same as originally proposed by Butler et al. (1981). A systematic attempt to improve the performance by using radically different well configurations has not been reported.
This paper presents a study intended to examine the applicability of a new well configuration to SAGD processes in Athabasca and Cold Lake reservoirs in central and northern Alberta. The fully implicit thermal-reservoir simulator, CMG's STARS 2007, with fully coupled wellbores was used to account for frictional pressure drop and heat losses along the wellbore. 3D numerical simulation models were set up, and sensitivity analyses were conducted on injection pressure. After optimization of the injection pressure, an investigation of new well configurations was conducted using these models. The result of this work shows that the SAGD-process performance in Athabasca and Cold Lake reservoirs can be improved significantly by changing the well configuration.
Facile dehalogenation of halogenated anilines and their derivatives using Al-Ni alloy in alkaline aqueous solution
Authors: Weidlich Tomáš , Prokeš Lubomír 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
This article describes the simple hydrodehalogenation of halogenated anilines and their derivatives by the action of Raney aluminium-nickel alloy in aqueous alkaline solution at room temperature. The reaction course was monitored by means of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and GC-MS spectra.

The effect of Al and Ni and the nature and quantity of the base for effective hydrodehalogenation were studied. The possibility of lowering Al content more than 500 times and Ni content more than 10 times in the filtered mother liquor by a dehalogenation procedure was tested using precipitation. The reduction method described was satisfactorily proved for dehalogenation of polyhalogenated anilines in the multiphase dimethoxymethane/aqueous NaOH/Al-Ni reaction mixture. Dehalogenation under multi-phase conditions was demonstrated for the preparation of ortho-alkylated anilines from simply available 2-substituted-4-chloroanilines.
Fiabilité test retest et validité de construit de la version française de L'Échelle fonctionnelle des membres inférieurs (ÉFMI), partie II
Authors: René Frédéric , Casimiro Lynn , Tremblay Manon , Brosseau Lucie , Chea Phanny , Létourneau Liliane , Silva Megan , Stockwell Victoria , Bergeron Louis-Philippe 
Published: April 2011

RÉSUMÉ Introduction : Le Lower Extremity Functional Scale a été traduit en français en 2006. La version canadienne-française se nomme l'Échelle fonctionnelle des membres inférieurs (ÉFMI). La validité de construit et la fiabilité test-retest de l'ÉFMI n'ont pas encore été examinées. But : Examiner la fiabilité test-retest, la consistance interne et la validité de construit de l'ÉFMI. Méthodologie : Trente-quatre participants ayant subi une chirurgie ou une blessure à un membre inférieur ont rempli un questionnaire démographique et complété l'ÉFMI lors d'une évaluation initiale alors qu'ils étaient hospitalisés. Ils ont à nouveau complété l'ÉFMI dans un intervalle de 72 heures après la première évaluation. Le coefficient de corrélation intra-classe (CCI) et le coefficient kappa ont été utilisés afin d'examiner la fiabilité de type test-retest de l'ÉFMI. Le coefficient alpha Cronbach a été calculé pour évaluer la consistance interne. L'analyse factorielle a été utilisée pour examiner la validité de construit afin de déterminer le nombre de dimensions et leur signification respective. Résultats : Le CCI s'élève à une valeur de 0,92 [0,88–0,96] (IC: 95%). Le résultat du test α-Cronbach est de 0,95 (0,91–0,99) IC à 95%. L'analyse factorielle révèle que tous les éléments de l'ÉFMI se logent sur une dimension principale. Conclusion : Les résultats montrent que la version canadienne-française de l'ÉFMI est un outil unidimensionnel qui offre une fiabilité test-retest et une consistance interne excellentes.
Irreversible Catalytic Ester Hydrolysis of Allyl Esters to Give Acids and Aldehydes by Homogeneous Ruthenium and Ruthenium/Palladium Dual Catalyst Systems
Authors: Nakamura Asami , Hamasaki Akiyuki , Goto Sachihiko , Utsunomiya Masaru , Tokunaga Makoto 
Published: April 2011

AbstractAn irreversible hydrolysis reaction of allyl esters (1) into carboxylic acids (2) and propanal (3) was achieved with a ruthenium/palladium (Ru/Pd) dual catalyst system. The optimized catalysts consists of a 1:1:1 mixture of (cyclopentadienyl)tris(acetonitrile)ruthenium hexafluorophosphate {[RuCp(MeCN)3] PF6}, bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride [PdCl2(MeCN)2] and 1,6‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)hexane (DPPHex). The reaction proceeds via isomerization of allyl esters to 1‐propenyl esters and hydrolysis of them to give 2 and 3. The first isomerization step was virtually catalyzed by the Ru components and the second hydrolysis step was mainly catalyzed by the Pd components. The optimized bidentate phosphine (DPPHex) which has long alkylene chain effectively generates two vacant sites on the Ru centers by bridging coordination. When a chelating bidentate phosphine such as DPPE was employed, only one vacant site remained on the Ru center and resulted in a low activity. This chelating Ru complex of DPPE formed even in the presence of 2 equivalents of Ru or additional 1 equivalent of Pd. These differences in coordination behaviour between DPPHex and 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane (DPPE) cause the differences of the catalytic activity in the first step. The phosphine coordination to Pd center slightly decreases the activity of second hydrolysis step but which was compensated by the increasing of the stability of Pd. On the whole, the optimized Ru/Pd dual catalyst system exhibited good performances on the irreversible hydrolysis of allyl esters.
Iron(III)‐Catalyzed Halogenations by Substitution of Sulfonate Esters
Authors: Ortega Nuria , Feher‐Voelger Andrés , Brovetto Margarita , Padrón Juan I. , Martín Victor S. , Martín Tomás 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA novel halogenation reaction from sulfonates catalyzed by iron(III) is described. The reaction can be performed as a stoichiometric or a catalytic version. This reaction provides a convenient strategy for the efficient access to structurally diverse secondary chlorides, bromides and iodides. The stereochemical course of the reaction is governed by the substrate and the experimental conditions. Secondary alcohols modified as quisylates or pysylates are substantially more reactive. Aliphatic quisylates proceed with overall inversion of configuration under catalytic conditions. Chemoselectivity in bismesylates was observed in favour of the secondary mesylate. Additionally, based on the experimental results, a possible catalytic cycle for the halogenation has been proposed.
Rhodium‐Catalysed Alkoxycarbonylative Cyclisation Reactions of 1,6‐Enynes
Authors: Ziyanak Fırat , Kuş Melih , Artok Levent 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe rhodium‐catalysed carbonylation of 1,6‐enynes possessing an electron‐deficient alkenyl moiety in an alcohol reagent in the presence of a rhodium complex proceeded stereo‐ and chemoselectively to afford exocyclic α,β‐enoates.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Hydroamination of N‐Allylic N′‐Arylureas to form Imidazolidin‐2‐ones
Authors: Li Hao , Song Feijie , Widenhoefer Ross A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractTreatment of N‐allylic N′‐arylureas with a catalytic 1:1 mixture of di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐biphenylphoshphine gold(I) chloride and silver hexafluorophosphate (1 mol%) in chloroform at room temperature led to 5‐exo‐hydroamination to form the corresponding imidazolidin‐2‐ones in excellent yield. In the case of N‐allylic ureas that possessed an allylic alkyl, benzyloxymethyl, or acetoxymethyl substituent, gold(I)‐catalyzed 5‐exo‐hydroamination leads to formation of the corresponding trans‐3,4‐disubstituted imidazolidin‐2‐ones in excellent yield with ≥50:1 diastereoselectivity.
Recent Advances in Palladium‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclizations
Authors: Vlaar Tjøstil , Ruijter Eelco , Orru Romano V. A. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe importance of palladium‐catalyzed cross coupling reactions in contemporary organic synthesis is undisputed and underlined by the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2010. In addition to the highly efficient cross coupling reactions for single CC bond construction, palladium‐catalyzed cascade processes involving multiple bond formations have emerged in recent years as valuable tools for the rapid synthesis of complex molecular scaffolds. This review presents an overview of the most relevant developments in this field, with a focus on the generation of diverse poly‐ and heterocyclic scaffolds. The generally well understood reactivity of palladium has allowed the discovery of many intriguing novel cascade processes, and the creativity of the synthetic community will undoubtedly lead to many more discoveries in the future.
The effectiveness of preemptive sphenopalatine ganglion block on postoperative pain and functional outcomes after functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Cho Do‐Yeon , Drover David R. , Nekhendzy Vladimir , Butwick Alexander J. , Collins Jeremy , Hwang Peter H. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBackground:The sphenopalatine ganglion block (SPGB) with local anesthetic is used to treat facial pain and headache of various etiologies; it has been widely used during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The purpose of this study was to investigate whether preemptive SPGB may positively impact postoperative pain and functional outcomes after FESS.Methods:A prospective, double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled study was performed. A total of 60 patients (18–70 years), undergoing general anesthesia for bilateral FESS, were randomly assigned to receive SPGB with either 2 mL 0.25% bupivacaine with epinephrine 1:100,000 (BP, treatment group) or normal saline (NS, control group). SPGB was performed preemptively 10 minutes before the start of surgery. Preoperative and postoperative (day 0, day 7, and day 30) visual analog pain scale, Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐20), computed tomography (CT) and endoscopic scores were compared between the 2 groups.Results:A total of 29 patients were enrolled in BP, and 27 were enrolled in NS. Three patients withdrew from the study, and 1 was withdrawn by the investigator due to severe hypertension after induction of anesthesia. There were no differences in patient demographic characteristics between the study groups. On day 7, the mean visual analog pain scales were 1.12 ± 0.3 in NS and 0.48 ± 0.23 in BP (p = 0.053). There were no statistical differences in other outcome measures (SNOT‐20, CT and endoscopic scores) between the 2 groups.Conclusion:A limited trend toward reduced postoperative pain after FESS was noted with bupivacaine compared to saline, but statistical significance was not achieved. Preemptive SPGB may offer sinonasal symptomatic benefits for patients undergoing FESS, but larger studies are warranted. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Expandierte Porphyrine: überraschende Strukturen, elektronische Eigenschaften und Reaktivitäten
Authors: Saito Shohei , Osuka Atsuhiro 
Published: April 2011

AbstractDie Chemie von expandierten Porphyrinen, den höheren Homologen der Porphyrine, wurde im Laufe der letzten drei Jahrzehnte ausgiebig untersucht. Expandierte Porphyrine weisen Strukturen, elektronische Eigenschaften, Reaktivitäten und ein Koordinationsverhalten auf, die sich gänzlich von denen der Porphyrine unterscheiden. Im Laufe dieser Untersuchungen wurde immer deutlicher, dass expandierte Porphyrine im Hinblick auf ihre Aromatizität und die Koordination an mehrere Metallionen oder als funktionelle Farbstoffe, nichtlinear‐optische Materialien, Ionenrezeptoren, stabile organische Radikale und vieles mehr äußerst attraktiv sind. Kontinuierlich tauchen expandierte Porphyrine mit überraschenden neuen Strukturen und Eigenschaften auf. Letzteres wird durch die einfache Synthese Möbius‐aromatischer und sogar antiaromatischer Systeme mit verdrillten Molekülstrukturen besonders deutlich. Hier werden Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der expandierten Porphyrine seit dem Erscheinen des Aufsatzes von Sessler und Seidel im Jahr 2003 dargelegt.
Synthesis and characterization of a propargyl‐substituted polycarbosilane with high ceramic yield
Authors: Yu Zhaoju , Li Ran , Zhan Junying , Zhou Cong , Yang Le , He Guomei , Xia Haiping 
Published: April 2011

AbstractA propargyl‐substituted polycarbosilane (PCS), namely, propargyl‐substituted hyperbranched hydrodipolycarbosilane (PHPCS), was prepared by a modified synthesis route, which involved Grignard coupling of partially methoxylated Cl3SiCH2Cl and CHCCH2Cl, followed by reduction with lithium aluminum hydride. The resultant PHPCSs were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and NMR. Moreover, the thermal properties of the PHPCSs were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. The ceramic yield of PHPCS at 1400°C was about 82.5%, which was about 10 wt % higher than that of hyperbranched hydrodipolycarbosilane without the substitution of propargyl groups. The PHPCS‐derived ceramics were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The XRD and FTIR results indicate that the heat treatment significantly influenced the evolution of crystalline β‐SiC. It can be convenient to get near‐stoichiometric ceramics from PHPCS through the control of feed ratios of the starting materials. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121:3400–3406, 2011