bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inspection and Evaluation of Masonry Facades
Authors: Gerns EA , Cinnamon AD 
Published: September 2009

With the recent passage and enforcement of facade inspection ordinances in cities throughout the United States, including Chicago, New York, Boston, and Detroit, the eed for proper and effective evaluation of building facades has become increasingly important. A proper understanding of the facade system being evaluated, as well as the mechanisms of deterioration, is critical to an effective and accurate evaluation.
As cladding systems age, damage resulting from environment forces can compromise both the structural and performance characteristics of the cladding system. A lack of proper maintenance or inappropriate maintenance can result in a failure of the cladding, posing a threat to both public safety and the building integrity.
This paper will provide a brief overview of the historical development of cladding systems. A discussion of failure mechanisms and representative examples will also be included. Finally, a systematic approach for the evaluation of facades will be given.
Masonry: Opportunities for the 21st Century
Authors: Throop D , Klingner RE 
Published: September 2009

Description
STP 1432 provides nineteen peer-reviewed papers on historical, current, and predicted masonry issues, ranging from studies of the behavior of historic masonry, through basic research into the behavior and potential application of innovative masonry materials. Subjects cover historic structures, material testing, evaluation techniques, and new products and systems.
This new publication is a valuable technical resource for those involved n the production, design, or testing of masonry products or assemblies, including designers, manufacturers, engineers, architects, or consultants.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: 15th International Symposium
Authors: Kammenzind Bruce , Limbäck Magnus 
Published: September 2009

Description
The latest in this popular series provides 44 peer-reviewed papers on the latest international research covering all aspects of zirconium alloy properties and performance relevant to the nuclear industry.
Topics address:
• All aspects of the fuel cycle
• Basic metallurgy
• Spent fuel
• Corrosion
• Mechanical properties
• Deformations mechanisms
• Failure mechanisms
• LOCA and Transients.
These papers provide examples of studies where experimental techniques are combined with analytical tools and calculations; reflect a stronger trend towards efforts that enable fundamental in-reactor measurements, which are essential for further development of experimental techniques as well as for the possibility to enhance the development of improved alloys; and examine an increasing number of alternative alloys being developed and verified.
Florida Skid Correlation Study of 1967 — Skid Testing with Trailers
Authors: Smith L. L. , Fuller S. L. 
Published: September 2009

The Florida State Road Department, in cooperation with the Bureau of Public Roads, conducted a skid resistance correlation study at Dunnellon Airport in Marion County, Florida, during October and November, 1967 — Twenty different organizations participated in the testing.
The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of standardization achieved by several skid test trailers constructed in accordance with the newly developed ASTM Test for Skid Resistance of Pavements Using a Two-Wheel Trai1er.
The experimental design for the trailer tests included zoning of the test pavements and randomized testing sequence to equalize the differences within a given surface and to reduce the effect of extraneous variables. The trailers were tested at 20, 40 and 60 MPH.
Results of the trailer tests indicate good reproducibiIity within the individual trailers and fair correlation between some of the trailers. However, a considerable interaction was evident between the trailers and the sites tested. Good reproducibility was obtained with trailers utilizing their self-watering systems even though large differences resulted between the trailers.
Texture measurements were also made on all surfaces using the Texas Text-Ur-Meter, the NASA Grease Test and the Bureau of Public Roads Outflow Meter. Satisfactory correlation between the coefficient of friction, speed gradients and texture measurements on the different surfaces was not achieved.
One System of Laboratory Testing to Appraise Serviceability of Oils in Transformers
Authors: Call R. G. 
Published: September 2009

It is the practice of the American Gas and Electric Co. System periodically to conduct routine field tests on insulating oils in service for dielectric strength, neutralization value, color, power factor, and visible presence of sludge. Samples of those oils which are shown to have test values out of range of arbitrarily set limits are sent to the company's general laboratory for further examination.
Several years ago an elementary treatise was prepared to indicate to the maintenance engineers how the analyses are interpreted by the general laboratory. The following is the original article to which several additional examples have been added.
Present Knowledge of Low-Carbon 18-8
Authors: Gillett H W 
Published: September 2009

The data reported in the literature, upon austenite stability, carbide precipitation, weldability, and corrosion resistance of low-carbon 18-8, are reviewed. Not only carbon but nitrogen as well must be impractically low to make 18-8 absolutely resistant to precipitation and grain boundary corrosion under any and all conditions of sensitization and corrosion.
This absolutely resistant condition is not required under most conditions of service. Commercially obtainable low-carbon and moderate nitrogen contents appear adequate to avoid sensitization upon cooling from welding under usual conditions, but evidence on this score is chiefly indirect.
Artificial, conventional methods for evaluating sensitization and corrosion-resistance are incompetent to appraise truly the material for a given actual service. Specifications calling for such tests may discard perfectly satisfactory material.
Corrosion Resistance and Mechanical Properties of Low Carbon Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Buck D C , Heger J J , Phillips F J , Queneau B R 
Published: September 2009

Sixty-nine 30-ton arc-furnace heats of low-carbon (0.030 per cent max.) 18-8,2 18-8 Cb, 18-8 Mo, and 18-8 Mo Cb were made and processed and their corrosion resistance and mechanical properties were investigated.
All of the steels exhibited satisfactory corrosion resistance in a copper sulfate-sulfuric acid test after being sensitized 2 hr. at 1250 F. (675 C.), and all of the 18-8 and 18-8 Cb heats tested had satisfactory corrosion resistance in boiling 65 per cent nitric acid after being heated for 2 hr. at 1000 F. (538 C.), 1100 F. (593 C.), 1200 F. (649 C.), 1250 F. (675 C.), 1500 F. (815 C.), or 1625 F. (885 C.).
After heating for 24 hr. at 1100 F. (593 C.), none of the heats of the four grades was satisfactory in boiling 65 per cent nitric acid, and none of the 18-8 Mo or 18-8 Mo Cb heats was satisfactory after sensitizing either 2 or 24 hr. at 1250 F. (675 C.).
The room temperature tensile and elevated temperature creep strengths of these low-carbon steels were slightly lower than those of higher carbon stainless steels, and the low-temperature impact properties of the low-carbon grades were satisfactory.
The results of corrosion tests of welded samples indicated that these low-carbon grades are satisfactory substitutes for the titanium and columbium-stabilized grades for applications, such as welding, that involve short heating times.
Some Observations on Tests for Intergranular Susceptibility of 18-8 Mo Stainless Steels
Authors: Ebling H , Scheil M A 
Published: September 2009

It is the intentions of the authors of this paper to focus attention on the tests used to determine the susceptibility to intergranular attack of stainless alloys. It is pointed out that a large number of variables exist in the present testing practice and that a standard practice should be inaugurated.
Using an acidified copper sulfate solution, a series of tests was made on type 316 heats to determine the effects of the stabilizing heat-treatment temperature (1550 and 1650 F.), stabilizing heat-treatment time and the cooling rate after the stabilizing heat treatment. It is shown that the cooling rate after stabilizing is important since it can effect sensitization of the alloy. Another series of tests was made to study the effects of sensitizing type 316 heats at 800 and 900 F. for 500 hr. after the stabilizing heat treatment. In these tests the regular type 316 alloys failed. However most of the low-carbon (0.03 per cent carbon maximum) type 316 heats sustained the sensitizing treatment at 800 and 900 F. for 500 hr. and exhibited immunity to intergranular attack.
Some tests were made on type 316 Cb2 in order that some comparison could be made with the low-carbon type 316.
In another series of tests, specimens of low-carbon type 316 and type 316 Cb were sensitized at 900 and 1020 F. for times up to 1000 hr.
The results of these tests show that the low-carbon type 316 alloy will sensitize at the low temperature if held for a sufficient length of time.
Comparison of Plant Corrosion Test Results on Austenitic Stainless Steels with Results of Huey and Strauss Tests
Authors: Teeple H O 
Published: September 2009

The purpose of this paper is to present certain data on the resistance of some of the austenitic stainless steels to corrosion by media encountered in the chemical and process industries in relation to the performance of these same steels in both the Strauss and Huey tests.
The plant corrosion data obtained by exposing test specimens in many different plant corrosives are tabulated. Unwelded, as-welded, and welded and heat-treated specimens of type 304, type 347, and type 316 stainless steels were used. Also some tests were made wherein as-welded specimens of 0.03 per cent carbon maximum type 316 stainless steel were used.
Those same steels with certain heat treatments were subjected to Strauss and Huey tests in the laboratory with the results tabulated for reference with the corrosion-resisting behavior of these alloys as indicated by the tabulated plant corrosion data.
The specific compositions of the alloys used are also tabulated.
Aluminum Honeycomb Sandwich Construction
Authors: Pajak T. P. 
Published: September 2009

Aluminum honeycomb core material has outgrown the experimental stage and is used on production structures. The combination of aluminum facings, aluminum core, and a specially developed adhesive results in a structural material with desirable high strength and rigidity characteristics. The advantages of the aluminum honeycomb core material are uniform density, high specific strength, high shearing modulus, and resistance to environmental effects with constant strength under variable humidity and temperature conditions.
The strength of aluminum honeycomb core varies directly with the density of the core regardless of the various combinations of cell sizes and foil thicknesses. Standardization of cell size has resulted in volume production of core material and increased applications. Proper design and fabrication process control are required to achieve satisfactory results. An impressive variety of aircraft parts has been made of aluminum core and recent trends indicate that an increasing percentage of new airframe designs are utilizing aluminum honeycomb sandwich construction.
On the Statistical Nature of Fatigue
Authors: Stulen Foster B. 
Published: September 2009

Usually conventional fatigue tests are not designed to evaluate the character and dispersion of the fatigue life and endurance limit of a material, and as a result little is known about these important characteristics of materials. Several methods are proposed in this paper for the determination of these characteristics, and the results of tests utilizing these techniques as well as methods of graphically representing the data are given.
The elementary theory of extreme values as related to the size effect is given in this paper. Explanations of the understressing effect and of the variation in notch sensitivity between different materials are proposed.
Tests have also been conducted which show that the material near the surfaces and edges of the specimens appears to have lower endurance limits than the material in the interior of the specimens. This is in agreement with observations recently made by several other investigators.
Gaseous Insulation: Its Importance and Need for Test Methods
Authors: Manning M. L. 
Published: September 2009

The range of equipment applications for gaseous dielectrics, including transformers, circuit breakers, airborne electronics, and radar, has been broadened because of the development of new electronegative gases. These gases have higher breakdown voltage characteristics than air or nitrogen. This permits the design of smaller and lighter equipment, while maintaining high standards of reliability and performance.
ASTM Committee D-27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases investigated the uses of the test cell reported by Manning in 1959 and two other cells for evaluating the dielectric strength of gases. Interlaboratory tests were conducted with these cells to establish a procedure and explore the probable precision.
This paper discusses many questions in the applications of test methods that would evaluate the use of gases as insulation in electrical equipment. A general review of the literature is given regarding test methods, electrode systems, and results of test.
The Importance of Coatings in the Preparation of Al2O3 Filament/Metal-Matrix Composites
Authors: Noone M J , Feingold E , Sutton W H 
Published: September 2009

The strength of composite materials formed by incorporating aligned brittle filamentary reinforcement into a metal matrix is dependent primarily on the strength of the filaments and on how effectively the matrix is able to transfer externally applied loads to the filaments. The interfacial zone between filament and matrix must satisfy several mechanical and chemical requirements if a useful composite is to be obtained: there must be (1) intimate contact between filament and matrix, (2) adequate bonding between filament and matrix, and (3) no chemical attack of the filament by the matrix which would be detrimental to the strength of the filament or to the bonding.
Al2O3 (sapphire) whiskers offer several advantages for use as reinforcement since they may be grown readily with high aspect ratio (l/d), have high strength and elastic modulus, have relatively low density, and are creep resistant at elevated temperature. However, Al2O3 is not wetted by many metals or alloys, and this causes difficulties in composite fabrication. One of the most practical solutions to this problem has been the application (by sputtering) of thin, metallic coatings to the filaments to enhance wetting and improve bonding to the matrix. In matrices designed for high-temperature applications, corrosive reactions at the filament surface become of critical importance in the development of a serviceable composite. Coatings have been used also to protect the surface of the filaments from degradation by matrix interactions.
This paper discusses the functions and types of coatings that have been used in the preparation of Al2O3 filament/metal-matrix composites and the importance of the coatings in promoting wetting and bonding and in preventing filament surface degradation during the composite fabrication process.
Role of the Interface in the Fracture of Fiber-Composite Materials
Authors: Cooper G A , Kelly A 
Published: September 2009

The mechanical properties of a fiber-reinforced material are governed in part by the transfer of stress between fiber and matrix. This transfer occurs across the interface between the components, and the properties of this interface, therefore, will affect the properties of the composite. In this paper we consider some of the composite properties which are affected by the mechanical strength of the interface, both in tension and in shear.
The strength of the interface in tension governs the transverse strength of the composite. Properties dependent on this include the longitudinal compressive strength and the resistance of the material to the presence of notches. Theories of the transverse strength of a composite are examined and compared.
The shear strength of the interface affects primarily the load transfer length of the fiber-matrix system. It thus affects the strength of composites reinforced by discontinuous fibers, and the work of fracture under conditions of fiber pullout. It is also an important parameter in determining creep and fatigue properties and in determining notch resistance.
Fracture in Laminated Materials
Authors: Almond E A , Embury J D , Wright E S 
Published: September 2009

The effects of weak interfaces in laminated materials are examined in terms of the triaxial tensions operative at a crack tip. Depending on the orientation of the interface relative to the crack, the triaxial tensions may cause distinct types of delamination during crack propagation. The crack may be arrested by delamination and may have to be re-initiated under conditions of uniaxial tension. Alternatively the crack may be divided by delamination into a series of parallel cracks travelling independently in several layers. If these layers are sufficiently thin, a triaxial stress system cannot be supported, and the cleavage mode of fracture may be suppressed. These two basic laminate geometries are discussed with reference to the mode of crack propagation in structural steels and high-strength composites with a variety of bond strengths.
The principles of laminar composites can be applied also to materials that are inherently brittle, for example, those which do not possess a sufficient number of independent slip systems to exhibit ductile behavior. Results of work on zinc aluminum laminates are used to illustrate this effect where potential stress concentrations in the hexagonal-close-packed layers can be relieved in the face-centered-cubic layers because of the abundance of slip systems. The authors describe techniques that have been used to examine the fracture properties of laminates, and finally examples of natural laminates are reviewed where fracture resistance is increased due to decohesion of the interphase interfaces in the fracture path.
Interfacial Stability of Silicon Carbide Coated Boron Filament Reinforced Metals
Authors: Basche M 
Published: September 2009

The degradation of boron filament reinforced aluminum composites at temperatures over 400 C severely limits this material to relatively low-temperature applications. In order to extend the elevated temperature usefulness of such composites boron filament was coated with a diffusion and oxidation inhibiting coating of β-silicon carbide. The coating was applied by thermally decomposing a halogenated silane compound on the surface of previously prepared boron filaments. Electron microprobe analysis showed that the boron had diffused part way through the silicon carbide layer during the deposition process at approximately 1200 C. The ultimate tensile strengths of the coated fibers, however, were found to be approximately the same as the uncoated fibers, namely, 450,000 to 550,000 psi.
The stability of the silicon carbide coated filaments in air was studied to determine the extent of oxidation inhibition of the silicon carbide layer. Test specimens of uncoated and silicon carbide coated boron filament were taken from previously evaluated control fiber and heated at several temperatures up to 600 C, for various times up to 5000 h in air. The room-temperature tensile properties of these heat treated specimens indicate that silicon carbide coated boron fibers retain most of their strength after heating to 600 C in air for 5000 h, whereas uncoated boron fibers degrade after only 1 h at 500 C or at lower temperatures for longer periods of time. It appears that the degradation in tensile properties is controlled by the rate of boron diffusion through the silicon carbide layer and, therefore, is dependent on the thickness of the coating.
To study the interfacial stability of the coated filaments in metals, test specimens of coated and uncoated fibers were packed into aluminum alloy (2024) and titanium powders, heated at several temperatures up to 600 C for various times up to 1000 h, cooled, extracted with acid, and their ultimate tensile strength measured. The aluminum powder specimens were heated in air and the titanium specimens heated in argon to prevent oxidation of the titanium. The results of the tension tests indicate that uncoated boron fibers in contact with aluminum or titanium degrade at temperatures as low as 200 C with long time exposure and degradation is very rapid at temperatures over 400 C. Silicon carbide coated fibers on the other hand had approximately the same room-temperature strength after 1000 h at 400 C and retained a room-temperature tensile strength of over 300,000 psi after 1000 h at 600 C. The results of the metal matrix studies also indicate that the boron diffusion rate through the silicon carbide layer is the controlling step in the fiber degradation process.
Effect of Water on Glass Fiber-Resin Bonds
Authors: Eakins W J 
Published: September 2009

The strength realized in a composite depends in part on its ability to arrest its nascent flaws and cracks. A theory for glass fiber-resin bonding is developed based on a restrained resin layer in the interphase region, an interfacial mechanism for resistance to crack penetration through the glass surface, and the segregation of resin-glass bonds of a strong, hydrolysis-resistant type to the alkali-free, silica “islands” on the glass surface.
In well-bonded glass fiber-resin composites, the initial effects of water are to stiffen the interphase resin layer and to create a pressure at the interface through the formation of water pockets on the glass surface. Stiffening the resin interphase layer weakens its ability to absorb the stress of a crack tip penetrating from the resin to the interface, thereby lowering composite strength resistance. The long term effect of the water layer is twofold. It creates a pressure tending to pry off the resin layer from the silica islands. It also furnishes a reservoir for the solution of aqueously soluble ions, that is, it acts to dissolve certain of the silicate areas and undermine the silica islands and thereby break the glass-resin bonds from the glass filament mass.