bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies in the Yield of Tea. II. The Seasonal and Sampling Variation in Yield and Mineral Composition of the Tea Leaf. (With One Text-figure.)
Authors: Eden T. 
Published: March 2009

1. Samples of tea leaf from different portions of the same field were analysed for ash, nitrogen, potash and phosphate on thirty-five consecutive plucking rounds extending over a period of seventeen months for which yields were also recorded.2. The significant variations obtained are shown to be partly due to seasonal differences which affect all the constituents and to persistent differences between portions of the field in the case of yield, ash and potash. No significant differences were detected between the nitrogen and phosphate status of different portions of the field, although the sampling errors were not larger than those of the former category.3. These results indicate that the sampling technique is satisfactory, a point of some importance in view of laboratory investigations on tea manufacture, and confirm the finding from other considerations that the standard of plucking can be maintained at a reasonably high level.
Some effects of differing times of seedling emergence, population density and seed size on root-size variation in carrot populations
Authors: Benjamin L. R. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn three experiments the effects of population density, spread in time of seedling emergence and variation in seed size on carrot plant-to-plant root-size variation were investigated.In the first experiment, coefficient of variation, c.v., of root dry weight was only 27–33% when using uniform growing conditions, graded seed, low population density and synchronous seedling emergence (i.e. over 3–11 days). Allowing asynchronous emergence (i.e. over 8–21 days) increased the c.v. to 32–37%, whereas increasing population density from 25 to 400 plants/m2, but maintaining synchronous seedling emergence, produced a c.v. of 57–73%. Asynchronous emergence combined with high population density increased the c.v. even further to 79–97%. Spread in time of emergence was associated with 5–48% of the plant-to-plant root-size variation. Thus asynchrony of seedling emergence was a source of plant-to-plant root-size variation and this effect was magnified by high population density, but other sources of variation were also important. Statistical analysis showed that the effects of these other sources of root-size variation were no greater in populations where emergence had occurred over only 3 or 4 days than in those where emergence had occurred over 3 weeks.There was no effect on root-size frequency distribution in a second experiment in which the spread of seedling emergence was truncated from 19 to 14 days by spraying paraquat onto the first seedlings to emerge from field plots.In a third experiment seeds 1·6–2·0 or 1·0–1·25 mm in diameter were grown in pure or mixed populations under conditions similar to those of the synchronous emergence high-density treatment of Expt 1. Storage roots derived from the large seeds weighed 38% more than those derived from the small seeds. Thus differences in seed size caused some of the root-size variation not already linked with different seedling emergence times. However, the c.v. of root dry weight from all the plants in mixed seed population was not greater than the c.v.s of root dry weight of either of the pure seed populations.
Response by sugar beet to various amounts and times of application of sodium chloride fertilizer in relation to soil type
Authors: Draycott A. P. , Bugg Susan M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo-thirds of the sugar-beet crop in the U.K. receives sodium chloride as part of the fertilizer programme. It is well known that the crop responds profitably on sandy soils which contain relatively little sodium and potassium, and most of these fields now receive sodium chloride. Few crops on clays, silts and organic soils are treated because the value of sodium chloride has never been clearly defined. Thus 36 field experiments were made over the 5 years 1975–9 on contrasting soil types testing five amounts of sodium chloride, 0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 kg/ha, and at two times, either autumn or spring. All the fields chosen were in continuous arable rotations where potassium chloride was applied regularly and nearly all the soils contained more than 120 mg exchangeable K/l.Sodium chloride (400 kg/ha costing £12) increased sugar yield on average by about 0·2 t/ha (worth £40) on the mineral soils but no crop responded on organic soil. Exchangeable soil sodium concentration was not a good predictive test of which fields would respond but all the large increases in yield were on fields with less than 20 mg Na/1. A few crops responded on soils with 20–40 mg Na/1 but no crop responded on soil with more than 40 mg Na/1. A survey of sodium concentrations in 800 soils showed that most mineral soils contained less than 40 mg Na/1 so it is suggested that all mineral soils regardless of texture should receive 400 kg sodium chloride/ha. Crops on organic soils did not respond to sodium chloride because the soils already contained sufficient.Autumn and spring applications of sodium chloride on mineral soils gave similar increases in yield provided the fertilizer was not applied just before sowing, when in 2 years it decreased plant establishment. This effect was particularly damaging on clays and silts where it is frequently difficult for other reasons to obtain good seed beds and full establishment. It is concluded that sodium-containing fertilizers should always be applied well ahead of sowing to allow rainfall and cultivations to incorporate them into the soil. On clays and silts it is suggested that they should be applied before ploughing to avoid soil compaction but on sands there may be advantages in post-ploughing application.
Genetic relationships between winter survival in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and yield in the previous season
Authors: England F. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryEvidence is presented that, in Italian ryegrass, the ability to survive in the sward into a second year after sowing may be assessed on spaced plants or on closely planted rows. There is no indication that selection for the ability to survive into the second year need cause loss of yield in the first year after sowing. In an earlier paper based on the same experiment (England, 1975) incorrect formulae were used for calculating family heritabilities and genetic correlations. In an appendix the correct formulae are derived and the consequent changes in the conclusions of the previous paper are described.
The effects of changes in fertilizer application on glasshouse-grown plants of dihaploid potatoes, their chromosome-doubled derivatives and tetraploid parents
Authors: Maine M. J. De 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYComparisons were made of the tuber yield and leaf morphology of three dihaploids, their chromosome-doubled derivatives and tetraploid parthenogenetic parents grown in a glasshouse at low, medium and high fertilizer levels. Differences in yield between the dihaploids and doubled dihaploids were not significant (P > 0·05) and responses to increases in fertilizer were similar. Leaf complexity showed generally large (usually significant, P< 0·05) increases when the fertilizer level was increased from medium to high. For the heterozygous tetraploid parents the tuber yield increased more than leaf complexity. Probably the dihaploids and doubled dihaploids utilized the additional fertilizer to increase foliage growth rather than tuber yield whereas the converse was the case for the tetraploid parents. There was no evidence that chromosome doubling resulted in changes in the response of dihaploid genotypes to changes in the fertilizer level.
Utilization of energy for maintenance and production in dairy cows given protected tallow during early lactation
Authors: Brumby P. E. , Storry J. E. , Bines J. A. , Fulford Rosemary J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryDuring the first 13 weeks of lactation, four groups of seven cows were given hay and a basal concentrate mix containing 0, 1·7, 3·3 or 5·0 kg/day of a protected lipid supplement (320 g long-chain fatty acid/kg D.M.). The proportion of hay to total concentrate was maintained at 25:75 and cows were fed to appetite.The total amount of energy digested corrected for endogenous loss (DEc) was partitioned into crude protein energy (CPEc), fatty-acid energy (FAEc), ‘carbohydrate’ (non-protein non-fatty acid) energy (CEC) and non-fatty-acid energy (NFAEc = CPEc + CEc).Partial efficiency of milk production and live-weight gain was curvilinearly related to FAEc, maximum efficiency occurring at about 30 MJ/day of FAEc.Net energy utilized was significantly related to DE0c for both of the periods considered, Weeks 2–6 and weeks 7–13. In addition, a curvilinear effect of the ratio of fatty acid energy to non-fatty-acid energy was established. At fixed intakes of digestibl energy, net energy utilized was maximal for ratios of FAEc/NFAEc of 0·14 and 0·18 for weeks 2–6 and 7–13 respectively.Milk yield was significantly related to DEc for weeks 1–6 and 7–13; milk energy yield was significantly related to DEc for weeks 7–13. The multiple regression relationships between milk yield or milk energy yield and CPEc, FAEc and CEc gave a negative effect of crude protein, possibly indicating that the proportion of total energy supplied as crude protein (18–26% of DEc) was above the optimum requirement.At fixed intakes of digestible energy, outputs of milk and milk energy were maximal at ratios of FAEc/NFAEc of 0·16 and 0·15 for weeks 1–6 and 7–13 respectively. The inclusion of a curvilinear effect of total energy (DEc2) gave some indication that utilization of energy for milk production for weeks 7–13 diminished at the highest digestible energy intakes whilst energy utilized for live-weight gain increased.
Observations on the follicle population of Blackface Sheep
Authors: Burns Marca 
Published: March 2009

The follicle population of the Blackface breed (‘double-coated’) was followed in skin samples taken from four lambs at eight intervals between 3 days and 43 weeks of age. The follicle population differs greatly from that of the Romney and Leicester breeds previously studied (Burns, 1949).1. At 1 month old the secondary/primary follicle ratio (S/P) was slightly lower than the Leicester and much lower than the Romney, and the difference became accentuated with age.2. Fewer secondary follicles are developed after birth than in the Leicester or Romney, although the period during which they can be developed is longer, extending at least to 12 and possibly to 17 weeks after birth.3. The follicle density is less than half that of the Leicester, but the difference in S/P ratio is not sufficiently large to account for this, which is mainly due to the Blackface having a much lower density of primary follicles at birth.4. The possibility is suggested that the secondary follicles arise as a result of ‘induction’ by ‘follicle organizer’ coming from primary follicles in a quantity which decreases with advancing age. It may be that when the primary density is high the areas affected by organizer from each primary overlap, providing sufficient organizer to permit of numerous secondary follicles developing at a late post-natal stage, as reported in the Merino.5. The Blackface contrast with the other breeds in that its primary follicles are conspicuously larger than its largest secondary follicles. All primary fibres are medullated except when about to shed, but many secondary fibres are free of medulla. Kemps are produced only by primary follicles, some of which however produce long ‘hair’ fibres.6. Many fibres which grow strongly medullated fibres during summer change to the production of non-medullated fibres in winter. The shedding of the kemps in spring should probably be looked upon as physiologically an autumn moult, since the fibres cease growth and produce ‘brushes’ during the autumn.
Body weights of some New Zealand Jersey and Friesian cattle
Authors: Campbell I. L. , Flux D. S. 
Published: March 2009

The mean body weights and standard deviations of body weights at monthly intervals of female Jersey and Friesian cattle on the Massey Agricultural College and Dairy Research Institute farms at Palmerston North, New Zealand, are presented in graphs.A summary of some of these mean weights is presented in the following table:
Factors affecting the measurements of draught force, work output and power of oxen
Authors: Lawrence P. R. , Pearson R. Anne 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMeasurements were taken of the draught force, speed and power of three pairs of oxen performing a variety of tasks for long (30 sec) or short (5 sec) periods. True draught force was measured by integrating the force exerted with respect to distance (DADF) and apparent draught force by integrating with respect to time (TADF). The latter type of measurement is that normally obtained from commercially available dynamometers.In the first experiment short TADF measurements were found to be greater and more variable than long DADF measurements by up to 38% for a variety of jobs. In the second and third experiments in which TADF and DADF were measured completely simultaneously, TADF was nearly always larger than DADF, and the difference tended to be greater with large or jerky loads and smaller, less experienced oxen.For any given task, the observed variability in replicate measurements of draught force or power was substantially reduced by using long rather than short measurements. However, this effect was not observed in the case of speed of travel.
Tuber formation in yam (Dioscorea spp.): effect of moisture stress; contribution of the parent sett
Authors: Onwueme I. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSetts of water yarn (Dioscorea alata) weighing 75 g each were pre-sprouted in sawdust and then grown in soil. The plants were subjected to moisture stress by withholding water from day 15 to 35, or day 36 to 56 or by watering only once every 14 days. In all cases, tuber initiation was delayed, the greatest delay being in the plants that were watered once every 14 days.Some setts of D. rotundata that were placed in moist sawdust were seen to produce new tubers without their shoots emerging above the sawdust level. This was taken to indicate that some of the photosynthate in the sett was being transferred into the new tuber. This could offer a partial explanation for the greater tuber yield that results from larger setts.
Utilization of partially hydrolysed starch in milk replacers by newborn lambs
Authors: Soliman H. S. , ørskov E. R. , Atkinson T. , Smart R. I. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree experiments were carried out to study the effect of replacing milk carbohydrates and part of the milk fat in milk with partially hydrolysed starch (Protamyl 110). Male and female cross-bred lambs (Suffolk × (Finnish Landrace × Dorset Horn)) were used in these experiments. They were weaned from their dams after having received colostrum at 1–2 days of age. The experimental diets were given at room temperature, in eight aliquots, at 3-h intervals through an automated feeding unit. The level of feeding was 1·05 MJ/kg0·75 live weight/day.In the first experiment, the diets were formulated to contain 28, 17 and 55% of their gross energy as protein, carbohydrate and fat respectively. Diet 1 contained glucose, while diets 2, 3 and 4 had 33, 67 and 100% of glucose respectively replaced by Protamyl. There were no significant differences in growth rate and food utilization between levels of starch inclusion.In Expt 2, the maximum Protamyl that could be incorporated in lamb milk replacers was examined. Four experimental diets were prepared so that 17 and 55; 25 and 47; 33 and 39; and 41 and 31% of their gross energy was supplied by Protamyl or butter fat respectively. It was found that up to 33% of the gross energy of the diet (41% of the dry matter) could be replaced with Protamyl without adverse effects on lamb performance. When the level of inclusions was increased to 41% of the gross energy (49% of the dry matter), lamb performance was depressed, particularly during the first 15 days of the experiment.In Expt 3, a direct comparison was made between Protamyl and lactose. The two diets used were similar in composition to diets 1 and 4 in Expt 1, except that lactose was used as a control instead of glucose. There were no differences in growth rate or food utilization as a result of replacing lactose with Protamyl.The results are discussed in relation to the development of carbohydrases in new born ruminants.
Breeding sunflower for semi-arid regions
Authors: Ghanavati N. A. , Nahavandi E. , Ghaderi A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA breeding programme was initiated to develop populations of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), suitable for the semi-arid regions of Iran. Crosses were made between Chernianka 66 (having low yield, low oil content, short stem, and early maturity), as the female parent and VNIMK 8931 and Record (having high yield, high oil content, long stem, and late maturity) as the male parents. Selection, together with selfing and sib-crossing, resulted in six populations with high yields, high oil content, short stems, and early maturity.Correlation coefficients of oil yield and its components, i.e. seed yield and oil content, were highly significant and significant respectively. Capitulum diameter had highly significant correlations with seed yield and oil yield. Earlier maturity was associated with shorter stems and lower oil content.
Effect of different rates of application of organic and nitrogen fertilizers in a rice-based cropping system
Authors: Sharma A. R. , Mittra B. N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect on soil fertility and crop performance of different organic fertilizers; paddy straw (PS), farmyard manure (FYM), water hyacinth compost (WHC) and tank silt (TS), at different rates of application and in combination with N fertilizer, was studied in a rice-based cropping system on an acid lateritic soil at Kharagpur, India, during 1985/86. Organic manuring of wet-season rice (first crop) with 5 t PS/ha 10 days before transplanting and 10 t FYM or 10 t WHC/ha at transplanting increased grain yield as much as the application of 30 kg N/ha. Increasing the rates of FYM and WHC application up to 15 t/ha increased yield but increasing the rate of PS beyond 5 t/ha did not. Response to increasing amounts of N was not linear; there was a significant increase up to 90 kg N/ha and a decrease when N was applied in conjunction with organic fertilizers. There was a significant increase in the N uptake of the rice but a decrease in the recovery of applied fertilizer N with the application of increasing rates of organic and N fertilizer.The organic C content of the soil after the rice harvest increased significantly after PS application, whereas there was more available N after WHC and FYM. Increasing the rate of application of PS up to 15 t/ha increased organic C but not available N. Mineral N fertilizer had little effect on fertility build-up. Grain yields of wheat and gram (Cicer arietinum), grown after rice without any additional fertilizer, increased significantly. The residual N effect of the previous crop on wheat or gram yield was small and adding fertilizer directly is considered essential for higher productivity in these crops in a rice-based cropping system.
Germplasm evaluation of dual-season lentil (Lens culinaris) lines for the arid highlands of west Asia
Authors: Ali Asghar , Keatinge J. D. H. , Khan B. Roidar , Ahmad Sarfraz 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYExperiments to evaluate the suitability of lentil lines using an innovative dual-season approach for improved and reliable production under the harsh environmental conditions of the highlands of west Asia were conducted in Balochistan for 3 years (1986/87, 1987/88 and 1988/89) by the Arid Zone Research Institute. Two ICARDA-bred lines, ILL5865 and ILL5677, when assessed using a wide range of seeding times, appeared to be sufficiently flexible and well adapted to the conditions of extreme cold and aridity to be able to replace the ultra small-seeded local landrace. These ICARDA lines have seed sizes approximately double those of the local landrace and results of consumer acceptability studies suggest that the lines will have desirable marketing qualities. These two lines were selected for further larger-scale agronomy trials at multiple sites in Balochistan in subsequent seasons. Other lines, ILL5690, ILL1939 and ILL5730, have also shown potential, but only at certain seeding times and, as such, will be retained for further assessment in ongoing germplasm evaluation trials.Initial findings indicate that there are now good prospects for identifying dual-season lentil lines suitable for introduction into highland farming systems. However, further research will be required before new lentil lines will be an attainable reality for a large proportion of the dryland farming community of west Asia.
Variation in development of contrasting rice cultivars
Authors: Senanayake N. , Naylor R. E. L. , Datta S. K. De , Thomson W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryExperiments were conducted in glasshouses at IRRI, Philippines, during 1987 and 1988 to identify varietal differences in apical development using six rice cultivars having extreme characters; Jirasar 280 (early senescence), Neo-Dunghan 1 (late senescence), Macunting (small seeds), ABB (large seeds), C12474–1 (long culm), and B581–A6–458 (short culm); and five cultivars, IR20, IR22, IR34, IR54, IR64, of the same growth duration.The length of time from physiological panicle initiation (PI) to flowering varied from 25 to 50 days. The onset of physiological PI occurred when the fourth penultimate leaf was fully exserted. The visual panicle initiation stage (VPI) coincided with spikelet differentiation in all cultivars. Nitrogen top-dressing at 55–57 days before the anticipated maturity date (the present N management recommendation) did not coincide with the actual panicle initiation stage in any of the cultivars and the major yield determinants (i.e. the primary and secondary branches) therefore differentiated in conditions of internal nitrogen shortage. Spikelet abortion took place both before and after flowering. Reduction of pre-flowering abortion is important in increasing rice grain yields and could be achieved by improved N management. It is important to recognise cultivar differences and periods of loss of potential yield in developing efficient N management protocols.