bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IJCM_353A: Association between Intimate Partner Violence and Substance Use : A Narrative Review
Authors: Pundhir Ashish , Das Semanti , Sharma Nitika , Ganguly Anwesha , Gehlawat Pratibha 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Exposure to intimate partner violence can have lasting mental and physical health consequences and often goes unreported because lack of accessibility or awareness about assured care points for the victims of the same. Substance use can be a risk factor for both perpetrating IPV and being a victim of IPV. Community health-care facilities can prove to be a valuable care point for identifying victims of IPV if the available literature supports the hypothesis that substance use disorders are an important associated factor for IPV.

Objective:
To identify the substance use correlates of Intimate Partner Violence against women

Methodology:
A review of the available literature was done covering a period from 2000-2020 in English language across Google Scholar and PubMed. Primary studies and secondary analysis studies about association of IPV against females with substance use disorders were included. The review included both quantitative (cross-sectional, longitudinal) and qualitative articles.

Results:
After full text reading, 27 articles met screening criteria. The prevalence of intimate partner violence among females when their partner had a history of substance use ranged from 20.9 %to 90%. Substance use which included alcohol, tobacco, heroin, khat and other recreational drugs were consistently related to intimate partner violence. IPV involved emotional, physical and sexual violence. It was found that many victims of IPV turn to substance use or have a history of the same.

Conclusion:
There is a relation between substance use and intimate partner violence. This can prove to be beneficial in directing future efforts towards the development of policies and awareness regarding identification and integrated treatments for co-occurring partner violence and substance use disorders.
IJCM_357A: Smartphone addiction and physical activity among students of a Medical College in Bengaluru-a cross-sectional study
Authors: Dinesh Indu , Ravish K S , Ranganath T S 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Smartphones have become an indispensable necessity for medical students because of their various demands and comforts. The excessive use of smartphones may lead to addiction which can negatively affect physical and mental health including physical activity. The relationship between smartphone addiction and physical activity needs exploration. Hence this study was undertaken to assess the magnitude of smartphone addiction and to explore its association with physical activity among students of a medical college in Bengaluru.

Objective:
To assess smartphone addiction and its association with physical activity among students of a medical college in Bengaluru.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute. Based on a study done in Maharashtra(p=46.15%), the sample size was calculated as 382. Study subjects were recruited by stratified random sampling and probability-proportional to size sampling was used to select study participants across various strata. Data was collected using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Smartphone addiction was assessed by smartphone addiction scale-short version (SAS-SV) and physical activity by international physical activity questionnaire-short form (IPAQ-SF). The data collected was entered in MS Excel and analyzed using SPSS 21.0.

Results:
Among 382 students 164(43%) were found to have smartphone addiction. The primary use of smartphones was for social networking. Physical activity, duration of smartphone usage, and use of the smartphone right before sleeping were associated significantly with smartphone addiction.

Conclusion:
The problem of smartphone addiction has reached an alarming level. There is a need to create awareness about the problem and plan effective strategies to address it.
IJCM_360A: Do Body Image Concerns Affect Our Adolescent girls? A Cross-sectional Study among female undergraduate medical students in Guntur medical college.
Authors: Kancharla Sai Sreenivas , Vishnunandan  , Sitarama A. 
Published: April 2024

Background:
People’s thoughts and feelings about their own bodies are related to their body image. Adolescents want to gain or lose weight in order to achieve the ideal physique in today’s culture due to the developing notion of ideal body image. Because there are currently few studies on body image, this research aims to fill in the gaps in our understanding of the still-developing field of body image perception.

Objectives:
1. To find out the proportion of girls dissatisfied about body image. 2. To find the association of various factors with body image dissatisfaction and to ascertain the weight control behaviours adopted by adolescent medical under graduate students.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study was done among 300 medical undergraduate college girls in Guntur medical college. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on various factors associated with body image dissatisfaction. Body mass index (BMI) of the participants was calculated.

Results:
Body image dissatisfaction was there among 65.3% of the girls. It was found that factors such as higher BMI, sociocultural pressure to be thin and depression were all significantly associated with body image dissatisfaction. The most commonly followed weight control behaviours were eating small meals and skipping meals. Improving the appearance and body shape were the main reasons for weight control behaviour.

Conclusion:
This study establishes the fact that body image dissatisfaction is no longer a western concept and affects Indian adolescent girls to a great extent. Hence, effective interventions have to be planned to increase awareness on ideal body weight and protect our young generation from pressures of negative body image.
IJCM_365A: A prospective study on the safety and clinical efficacy of rabies monoclonal antibodies for post exposure prophylaxis in suspected animal exposures at the anti rabies clinic of KIMS Hospital and Research Centre, Bangalore
Authors: Poornima M K , Ravish H S , Sowmyashree U , Poornima M K 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Rabies immunoglobulins will provide timely passive immunity after exposure to suspected rabid animals along with thorough wound wash and full course of anti-rabies vaccination. The products include human derived RIG (HRIG) and equine derived RIG (ERIG), both having certain constraints for usage. In contrast, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) produced by recombinant technology, have shown superiority in availability, safety and purity. Therefore, RmAb are an alternative to RIG for passive immunity component of post exposure prophylaxis (PEP). Only two products i.e., RabiShield (single human mAb) & Twinrab (cocktail of two mAbs) have been merchandised in Indian market. WHO has recommended monitoring the clinical use and outcomes of RmAb products for rabies PEP

Objective:
To assess the safety and clinical efficacy of presently available rabies monoclonal antibodies for post exposure prophylaxis

Methodology:
All the patients with category III exposure visiting the study site and consenting for the study were included. The details pertaining to socio demographic profile, details of biting animal, characteristics of bite wound, wound wash, details of active & passive immunization and details of adverse events following PEP were collected using a case record form. All the study subjects were followed up for the occurrence of any delayed reactions and further upto six months to know the clinical efficacy of PEP.

Results:
The present study included 475 animal bite victims. Among them 41.2 % were children, 49.6% were adults and 9.01 % were elderly. The ADEs among Rabishield and TwinRab were 3.18 % & 2.12 % respectively and the difference among them were not statistically significant. ADEs among all the patients receiving both RmAbs were mild and subsided without any complications. All the study subjects were healthy and alive after six months after PEP confirming clinical efficacy.

Conclusion:
The presently available RmAbs are safe and clinically effective in preventing rabies in suspected exposures
IJCM_369A: Notification of malaria and dengue outbreaks during COVID-19 pandemic: A secondary analysis of weekly IDSP reporting
Authors: Babu Ullas Sathya , Hegde Pavithra , Bhargavi Madhavi 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Like many other diseases, vector borne diseases related health activities got affected during COVID-19 due to disruption in health services. The preventive measures, vector surveillance, diagnostics, early diagnosis, and management are likely to have been affected.

Objective:
To explore the vector-borne disease trends as outbreaks from January 2021 to December 2023 using weekly reports of Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP).

Methodology:
We used the secondary data of the weekly reports of IDSP weekly reports from Jan 2020 Dec 2023. We included dengue and malaria as two important diseases to represent the prevailing vector borne diseases in the country. The outbreak data collected were entered in MS Excel and reported as frequency and proportions to visualize the time trends during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Results:
The outbreaks of malaria were found to occur mainly in the second half of the year with 63% and 80% outbreaks in the years 2020 and 2021 respectively, coinciding with the onset of monsoons. Maximum number of outbreaks was reported in the year of 2021, followed by 2022 with number of outbreaks being 20 and 19 respectively. Maximum number of dengue outbreaks were reported in the year 2021 followed by year 2022 with the numbers being 114 and 81 respectively. The year 2020 had around half the number of outbreaks as of the year 2022 (42 outbreaks). The first half of the year 2023 reported 25 outbreaks.

Conclusion:
Both malaria and dengue had maximum number of outbreaks in the year 2021 followed by a slight dip in the year 2022. At the onset of pandemic, the number of outbreaks were quite less compared to the subsequent years, probably due to the lockdown imposed.
IJCM_37A: Perception and knowledge regarding poly-cystic ovarian syndrome among health science students in Mangalore
Authors: Rathee Dipanshu , Priya Aditi , Gupta Aviral , Rajeev Akshara , Grover Shuchi , Motappa Rohith , Rekha T , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Mithra Prasanna , Kumar Nithin , Holla Ramesh , Rao Mithun 
Published: April 2024

Background:
The incidence of PCOS among females is increasing. Awareness among women about PCOS can help in early diagnosis and prevention by making lifestyle modifications. Lifestyle modifications not only help in prevention of disease but also in managing the symptoms and complications.

Objectives:
1. To find out the perception regarding PCOS among students of different courses. 2. To assess the knowledge about PCOS among students

Methodology:
A cross-sectional study on Undergraduate medical, dental and allied health sciences students enrolled in KMC, Mangalore and MCODS, Mangalore

Results:
12.6% of the students had a family history of PCOS. 85% of the students have heard about PCOS. Out of the people who have heard about PCOS 20% have been diagnosed with it. Out of the people who have heard about PCOS, most of the students knew that PCOS is associated with irregular periods, infertility, mood swings and hormonal disturbances.

Conclusion:
Awareness about PCOS is maximum among MBBS students followed by AHS and then BDS students.
IJCM_371A: Patterns of patient self-identification of ailments: A cross-sectional study from tertiary care centers in Mangalore
Authors: Rekha T , Menon Lakshmi , Sinnaswamy Ajay , Sarkar Ravishankar , Nambiar Pooja , Patoary Tapendu , Unnikrishnan Bhaskaran , Mithra Prasanna , Kumar Nithin , Holla Ramesh 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Self-diagnosis is the process of determining a disease or disorder without seeking medical care. Advances in technology have made it easier for patients to get medical information online, fostering self-diagnosis and doctor cross-examination. The aim of this study is to estimate the proportion of study respondents who use the internet and other sources for self-diagnosis and explore their attitudes concerning self-diagnosis.

Methodology:
This cross- sectional study was conducted among 186 participants from hospitals affiliated to Kasturba Medical college, Mangalore (Govt Wenlock hospital and KMC Hospital, Attavar). The data was collected using a semi-structured, internally validated questionnaire- consisting of 3 sections: 1) General information of study participants 2A) Questions on self- diagnosis through different sources 2B) On their attitudes concerning self-diagnosis. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results were expressed in descriptive statistics.

Results:
This study on self-diagnosis was conducted among OPD attendees and found a mean age of 31 years, with 66.0 % males and 34.0 % females. Majority (98.4%) had media access, in which 67.7% online media for self-diagnosis. Specific diseases like cancer and infectious disease were common search topics (76.3%). One third of the total participants reported they have done online search for ailments related to their relatives or friends. Around 61.3% considered their sources reliable, while 50.5% intended to continue self-diagnosing. Notably, 61.3% made correct self- diagnoses which were confirmed later after the physical consultation with their treating physician, particularly among participants under 25 with higher education.

Conclusion:
Due to the development of artificial intelligence and internet access, even non-medical people are now searching the media for medical issues. Although there is a growing dependence on internet resources, most individuals still say they trust in future self-diagnosis but still prefer visiting a doctor rather than self-medicating. To educate the public about the risks associated with self-diagnosis and the purchase of over-the-counter medications, community-based behavioral change communication should be employed.
IJCM_372A: Perceptions regarding menstruation and practices during menstrual cycles among women with disability in Sarjapur PHC area, Anekal Taluk, Bengaluru urban district- A mixed method study
Authors: Bency L , Shanbhag Deepthi N 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Menstruation has always been surrounded by different perceptions throughout the world. Women with disability (WwD) face greater challenges in managing their menstruation hygienically and with dignity. It is essential to know the perceptions of WwD and their practices as they can be more vulnerable to infections.

Objective:
To assess the perceptions regarding menstruation and practices during menstrual cycles among WwD in a rural area of Bengaluru urban district.

Methodology:
This mixed-method study was done among WwD in the reproductive age group residing in a rural area of Bengaluru. A sample of 100 WwD were recruited for the quantitative part of the study using convenient sampling. Trained research assistants administered the study questionnaire comprising demography, knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) during menstrual cycles. The qualitative part comprised of focus-group-discussions and in-depth-interviews among WwD and their caretakers.

Results:
The mean age of the participants was 27(±10.5) years, 15% were illiterate, 35% had locomotor-disability, 10% had multiple-disabilities, 18% severe disability and 9% were dependant on others during menstruation. Among WwD, 73% had knowledge about menstruation before attaining menarche, 94% felt that menstruation was a physiological process, 76% used sanitary pad during menstruation. The knowledge score ranged 0-7 with a mean of 5.19(±1.69). The attitude score ranged 5-25 with the mean being 14.89(±7.08) and practice score ranged 0-5 with mean of 2.19 (±0.79). Broad qualitative themes identified were, awareness on menstrual hygiene, challenges faced due to disability, social support and cultural practices. Qualitative findings revealed that women with physical disability were hesitant to step out fearing staining of clothes. Women raised concerns about a lack of autonomy when caregivers changed their pads.

Conclusion:
The perception among WwD regarding menstruation was found to be satisfactory but practices were inadequate. The WwD have been educated about safe and hygienic practices.
IJCM_379A: Inductive Thematic Analysis of responses obtained for SOAR Analysis of self by Community Medicine Professionals enrolled in Foundation Course on Leadership in public Health
Authors: Kalra Aastha , Varma Aditya 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Foundation Course on Leadership in Public health is a newer initative of IAPSM association to generate Public Health Leaders. SOAR is an acronym for Strengths, Opportunities, Aspirations and Results. Tough SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis is a comprehensive approach and SOAR is a positivist approach still it was chosen as the task because aspirational goals are important in initial phase of an organizational or self-leadership. Risk Mitigation as facilitated by SWOT is required at a later stage. Also, SOAR is a proactive approach in interest of initiation of leadership. Also, SOAR is a less used and newer approach so it would have been a new learning for the participants and moderators as well.

Objective:
To qualiatatively understand responses obtained for self SOAR analysis by the participants.

Methodology:
The moderators obtained responses of the participants and analysed the exact verbatim as first order themes. further second order and higher order themes were generated by conseus of both the authors. these themes were further classified into SOAR categories.

Results:
The strengths of SOAR analysis were themed under categories of interpersonal skills, learning and adaptibility, leadership management, adapatbility and flexibilty. Major themes categorised under their aspirations were education, communication and leadership

Conclusion:
Young Public Health professional are seeking opportunities for career advancement, leadership anf public health research.
IJCM_38A: Impact of perinatal death audit on healthcare delivery in two districts of Karnataka- A health system intervention research
Authors: Kamath Nutan , Baliga B. Shantaram , Rao Suchetha S. , Kushtagi Pralhad , Harsha H. N. 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Perinatal mortality is a sensitive indicator of maternal and child health care. However, there is no universal perinatal death (PND) audit system in India.

Objective:
To identify the impact of the proposed model of PND audit on health care delivery in two districts of Karnataka.

Methodology:
Hospitals with maternal and child care facilities which met inclusion criteria in Dakshina Kannada (DK- high performing) and Koppal (low performing) districts were included after institutional ethics committee approval and permission from Mission Director, National Health Mission, Directorate of Heath and Family Welfare Services, Government of Karnataka. The healthcare delivery system was analyzed in both districts. A PND audit system was designed. All neonatal deaths during the study period were analyzed by an expert committee (Local senior pediatricians and obstetricians). Following variables were studied: (i) Documentation and reporting systems in these hospitals; (ii) Role of health care personnel in documentation and reporting (iii) Existing system of audit, if any. Doctors feedback, in-depth interviews, death certification analysis, risk analysis, PND reporting format, expert committee feedback, medical social worker feedback, data from district health office were recorded and analysed. The changes in documentation, information yield, reporting of PND, time taken for submitting death report and changes in infrastructure in facilities in the two time periods of 6 months was analysed.

Results:
Significant changes were recorded in documentation of care delivered in the facility specially in Koppal district. There was an increase in reporting of PND in the second half. The PND audit assisted in preventability of death assertion. Improved data resulted in better performance of expert committee, thereby reducing the proportion of unclassified segment of neonatal deaths. There was significant improvement in infrastructure in the health facilities.

Conclusion:
Auditing perinatal deaths had a positive impact at point of care resulting in improved documentation, reporting and infrastructure upgradation.
IJCM_380A: Shaping Medical Assessment with Expert Consensus: A Theory-Based: Summative Evaluation Blueprint for Community Medicine
Authors: Haripriya H , Kumar Pragya , Ahmad Shamshad , Haripriya H 
Published: April 2024

Background:
Despite their constraints and failure to adhere to evaluation criteria, conventional written assessment methods are still widely and often used in many medical colleges. The partiality and inclination of the topic setter are apparent. This results in the overrepresentation of certain themes while leaving many others neglected. Every examiner possesses their own bias and tends to construct questions according to their specific areas of expertise. The distribution and arrangement of the questions are still ambiguous for learners. Several authors have suggested comprehensive evaluation frameworks for different levels of cognitive domains.

Objective:
This study sought to create a theory-based summative evaluation blueprint by involving experts from the All-India Institute of Medical Sciences.

Methodology:
Twenty-five experts from 10 All India Institutes of Medical Science were invited via email and contributed for summative assessment for a theory paper. Each week, the study lead team sent an online form containing 25 topics. A total of 269 topics were selected to be included in the blueprint development. An Impact and Frequency score was obtained for each topic, with a score between 1 and 3 for both its “Impact (I)” and “Frequency” (F).

Results:
The overall response rate was 71%. “Principle of epidemiology” (14.7%) had the most weight, followed by “Epidemiology of communicable disease” (13.4%) and “National Health Program” (10%). These three chapters constituted more than one-third of the total weight of the summative assessment (theory). 20 out of 24 (83%) chapters have moderate-to-good interrater reliability.

Conclusion:
The proposed blueprint will serve as a reference for setting the question paper and will impart objectivity, uniformity, and validity to the construction of the written assessment tool.