bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodegradation of 2,4‐dinitrophenol under denitrification conditions
Authors: Zhu Jian‐Hang , Yan X.i‐Luan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNitrophenols are often found in industrial wastewaters for a wide range of processes; they are highly toxic and potentially carcinogenic. Anaerobic biodegradation of nitrophenols has advantages of relatively low cost, less sludge produced, and high efficiency, when compared with aerobic biodegradation and physical/chemical treatments, although available published results are often contradictory. This paper reports on 2,4‐dinitrophenol biodegradation in an anaerobic bioreactor operated in a continuous mode in order to determine optimal operating conditions, and the effects of the main operating parameters such as hydraulic retention time and chemical oxygen demand (COD) loading on the process efficiency.In this study, an 80‐day gradual enrichment of an anaerobic culture has been carried out at 25 °C in an anaerobic bioreactor for continuously treating a synthetic wastewater containing 210 mg/l 2,4‐dinitrophenol and 100 mg/l nitrate. The results showed that the enriched culture could utilize 2,4‐dinitrophenol as a sole electron donor and nitrate as an electron acceptor at the end of the enrichment (on Day 80). Almost all nitrate and 95.5% 2,4‐dinitrophenol could be simultaneously removed at a hydraulic retention time of 12 h in the anaerobic bioreactor. The removal of 1 g of the added nitrate required about 4.60 g COD (as provided by the 2,4‐dinitrophenol) as the electron donor, and the removal of 2,4‐dinitrophenol by this enriched culture was strongly dependent on the presence of nitrate. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of different thermal treatments on the mechanical performance of poly(L‐lactic acid) based eco‐composites
Authors: Dobreva T. , Benavente R. , Pereña J. M. , Pérez E. , Avella M. , García M. , Bogoeva‐Gaceva G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPLLA‐based eco‐composites reinforced with kenaf fiber and rice straw and containing red or yellow pigments have been studied. The mechanical behavior of the composites was tested by DMTA at two different annealing temperatures (65°C and 85°C) and times (15 min and 120 min) as well as at two preparation conditions: vacuum drying and long time at room temperature. A decrease of microhardness was observed during the water absorption tests. Moreover, the rice straw‐based composites absorbed more water than the kenaf‐ones. Generally, the dyed NFs composites presented better water resistance than undyed ones. The pigments improved the adhesion and led to better mechanical performance. The natural fibers favored the cold crystallization process of PLLA and shifted the cold crystallization peak temperature to lower values, as it was confirmed by DSC measurements. The values of tensile storage modulus obtained after different preparation condition were strongly affected by the process of physical ageing. According to, tan δ parameter, the samples stored at room temperature for a long time showed the highest amorphous content. The PLLA eco‐composite reinforced with kenaf fibers, dyed with the red pigment, and annealed at 85°C for 2 h displays the best mechanical properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of nucleation agents on the crystallization of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) (P3/4HB)
Authors: Wang Liang , Wang Xiaojuan , Zhu Wenfu , Chen Zhifei , Pan Jueyu , Xu Kaitian 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBoron nitride (BN), talc, hydroxyapatite (HA), and zinc stearate (ZnSt) were investigated as nucleation agents (NA) for nonfossil‐based poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐4‐hydroxybutyrate) (P3/4HB) plastics. Nonisothermal crystallization behaviors of the P3/4HB/NA blends were examined by DSC. It revealed that BN is the most efficient nucleation agent to promote the crystallization rate, however, but not the crystallization degree. The lasting crystallization of P3/4HB was also removed. The nucleation effect was strengthened with increase of BN content up to 1% and then slackened deeply when further BN was added. Isothermal crystallization analysis revealed that the addition of nucleation agent BN does not alter the crystal growth mode of P3/4HB, with maintaining the Avrami parameter n value around 2.40. Talc did enhance the crystallization of P3/4HB with however milder crystal growth rate. HA and ZnSt did not promote, but depressed the crystallization of P3/4HB plastics. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of polyaniline/graphite composites and study of their electrical and electrochemical properties
Authors: Konwer S. , Pokhrel B. , Dolui S. K. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPolyaniline/graphite (PA/G) composites were prepared by the incorporation of graphite in various proportions (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0%) into polyaniline (PA) through the in situ polymerization of aniline. The polymer composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, a four‐probe method, current–voltage characteristics, and cyclic voltammetry (CV). FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy revealed interaction between graphite and the imine groups of PA. The polymer composites showed a crystalline nature with a hexagonal primitive structure. The uniform distribution of graphite particles was observed within the polymer matrix. The composites were found to possess good thermal stability up to 573 K. The conductivity of the composites was in the range 4.53–238.08 S/cm, and the conductivity varied with temperature. The band gap of the composites was found in the range 1.2–1.6 eV. The PA/G composites also displayed a reversible electrochemical response, as revealed by the CV study. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Life writing in the shadow of the Shoah: fathers and sons in the memoirs of Elie Wiesel and Leon Weliczker Wells
Authors: Cohler Bertram J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis paper contrasts the accounts of mourning and the resolution of grief in the aftermath of the Shoah as portrayed in the memoirs of two men Elie Wiesel (1928–) and Leon Weliczker Wells (1925–). Each life writer grew up in an Eastern European shtetl, a traditional community, in which he was immersed in Hasidic culture, and was incarcerated during adolescence in an extermination camp. This paper explores the impact of each life writer's experienced childhood relationship with his father in coping with his losses over the post‐war period. Wells' memoir is a factual account of the perfidy of the regime that he witnessed as a member of a Sonderkommando or death brigade in the Janowska extermination camp and kept a journal, later used as evidence for the indictment of the regime at the Eichman trial. Wiesel's acclaimed text Night, and his memoirs, reflect his continuing guilt regarding his father's death while they were together in Auschwitz and Buchenwald. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a population genetic framework of developmental evolution: the costs, limits, and consequences of phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Snell‐Rood Emilie C. , Van Dyken James David , Cruickshank Tami , Wade Michael J. , Moczek Armin P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAdaptive phenotypic plasticity allows organisms to cope with environmental variability, and yet, despite its adaptive significance, phenotypic plasticity is neither ubiquitous nor infinite. In this review, we merge developmental and population genetic perspectives to explore costs and limits on the evolution of plasticity. Specifically, we focus on the role of modularity in developmental genetic networks as a mechanism underlying phenotypic plasticity, and apply to it lessons learned from population genetic theory on the interplay between relaxed selection and mutation accumulation. We argue that the environmental specificity of gene expression and the associated reduction in pleiotropic constraints drive a fundamental tradeoff between the range of plasticity that can be accommodated and mutation accumulation in alternative developmental networks. This tradeoff has broad implications for understanding the origin and maintenance of plasticity and may contribute to a better understanding of the role of plasticity in the origin, diversification, and loss of phenotypic diversity.
Variability in Foliar Essential Oils among Different Morphotypes of Lantana Species Complexes, and Its Taxonomic and Ecological Significance
Authors: Love Amit , Naik Dattatraya , Basak Sandip K. , Babu Suresh , Pathak Namrata , Babu Cherukuri R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe genus Lantana has many species complexes, and L. camara is one of the aggressive alien weedy species complexes; species delimitation in these complexes is a nightmare for taxonomists. We examined the diversity in the chemical composition of foliar essential oils among morphotypes of Lantana species complexes inhabiting the same ecological gradient, and its taxonomic and ecological significance. The yields of essential oils varied from 0.1 to 0.79% in foliar hydrodistillates of eleven morphotypes, and a total of 39 chemical constituents were detected by GC/MS. The quantitative and qualitative variability in the composition of essential oils among morphotypes was very high, and hence they represent chemotypes. The diversity observed in the composition of essential oils appears to be of genetic origin and thus of taxonomic value. The formation of distinct clusters and sub‐clusters at high distance cluster combine values also substantiates that the patterns of distribution of chemical constituents among morphotypes can be used in delimiting species and infraspecific taxa within the species complexes. The presence of β‐caryophyllene and other such compounds, which are known to prevent herbivory, in morphotypes of Lantana species complexes suggest that these compounds may provide selective advantage to Lantana over native species in the invasion of new and disturbed habitats.
Chemical Composition of Hydrodistilled Essential Oil of Artemisia incana (L.) Druce and Antimicrobial Activity against Foodborne Microorganisms
Authors: Çetin Bülent , Özer Hakan , Çakir Ahmet , Mete Ebru , Tosun Murat , Öztürk Erdoğan , Polat Taşkın , Kandemir Ali 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe oil obtained by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of Artemisia incana (L.) Druce from Turkey was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Sixty‐three compounds were characterized, representing 97.2% of the total components detected, and camphor (19.0%), borneol (18.9%), 1,8‐cineole (14.5%), bornyl acetate (7.8%), camphene (4.9%), and α‐thujone (4.8%) were identified as predominant components. The essential oil was also tested for its antimicrobial activity against 44 different foodborne microorganisms, including 26 bacteria, 15 fungi, and 3 yeast species. The essential oil of A. incana exhibited considerable inhibitory effects against all bacteria, fungi, and yeast species tested. However, the oil showed lower inhibitory activity against the tested bacteria than the reference antibiotics.
Ethical dimensions of the open‐door admissions policy
Authors: Ingram William G. , Morrissey Sharon E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractEthical dilemmas at the community college often pose a choice between options equally grounded in the core values of the institution. These dilemmas often emerge from disputes that are complex, dynamic, and politically volatile. We review the development of one such dispute to show how our understanding of institutional core values is often only clarified through reflection and consultation with appropriate advisors, authorities, and constituencies.
Reprogramming of a Malonic N‐Heterocyclic Carbene: A Simple Backbone Modification with Dramatic Consequences on the Ligand's Donor Properties
Authors: César Vincent , Lugan Noël , Lavigne Guy 
Published: December 2009

AbstractReaction of N,N′‐dimesitylformamidine with dimethylmalonyl dichloride in dichloromethane in the presence of an excess of triethylamine gives the 2‐chloro‐4,5‐dioxohexahydropyrimidine 1. The corresponding diamidocarbene 3 is generated in situ by further deprotonation with KHMDS at –40 °C and identified by trapping with S8 to give the fully characterized (including X‐ray structure) sulfur adduct 4. It also reacts with [RhCl(cod)]2 to yield the NHC complex [RhCl(3)(cod)] (5) (characterized also by X‐ray structure). The donor properties of 3 were evaluated against the established IR [ν(CO)] scale from [RhCl(3)(CO)2] (6). The average value of ν(CO) = 2045 cm–1 indicates that the diamidocarbene 3 is much less nucleophilic than structurally relevant six‐membered NHCs including the anionic diaminocarbenes previously reported in our group.
A mathematical technique for estimating the melting points of triacylglycerols from the component fatty acid melting points
Authors: Maruzeni Shoji 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA method of correlating the value of the melting point of triacylglycerol (tag) with the values of the melting points of the three fatty acids constituting the tag as its acyl radicals was studied by applying the least squares method. The method was applied to the sets of values of the melting points of the α, β', and β forms of crystals of tag with saturated acyl radicals comprising decanoyl, lauroyl, myristoyl, palmitoyl, and stearoyl. The value of the melting point of the crystal form of the tag is expressed by prediction equations that comprise the values of the melting points of the three fatty acids above as variables. The best‐fit equation can be fixed by satisfying the criterion of least squares to the prediction equations. The method enables us to estimate the values of the melting points of possible molecular species of tag consisting of the acyl radicals above. The correlation coefficient relevant to the correlation between the values of the melting points of the particular crystal form and the corresponding values of the best‐fit equation is obtained. The more thermodynamically stable the crystal form, the larger is the value of the correlation coefficient.
A Decade of Advancements in Pauson–Khand‐Type Reactions
Authors: Lee Hang‐Wai , Kwong Fuk‐Yee 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis Microreview illustrates the conceptual evolution ofPauson–Khand‐type reactions and the recent advancements in catalyst design and applications. Intra‐ and intermolecular Pauson–Khand‐type reactions, as well as their enantioselective versions, are reviewed. In addition to previous reviews, this article mainly covers literature references on the developments between the late 1990s and early 2009.
Palladium‐Catalyzed C2 or C5 Direct Arylation of 3‐Formylthiophene Derivatives with Aryl Bromides
Authors: Dong Jia Jia , Doucet Henri 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe system Pd(OAc)2/dppb was found to be an efficient catalyst precursor for the direct arylation of 3‐formylthiophene derivatives. When using 3‐formylthiophene, the 2‐arylated thiophenes were obtained with regioselectivities of 76–86 %, whereas the arylation of 3‐formylthiophene diethyl acetal gave the 5‐arylated thiophenes with regioselectivities of 64–88 %. These reactions were performed by using only 0.1 mol‐% of the catalyst. Moreover, this procedure has been found to be tolerant to a variety of functional groups on the aryl bromide such as formyl, propionyl, benzoyl, nitrile, or nitro.
Recovery of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from Cupriavidus necator biomass by solvent extraction with 1,2‐propylene carbonate
Authors: Fiorese Mônica Lady , Freitas Filomena , Pais Joana , Ramos Ana Maria , de Aragão Gláucia M. F. , Reis Maria A. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAn integrated procedure for the recovery of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) produced by Cupriavidus necator based on the extraction with 1,2‐propylene carbonate was evaluated. The effect of temperature (100–145°C) and contact time (15–45 min), precipitation period, and biomass pretreatments (pH shock and/or thermal treatments) on PHB extraction efficiency and polymer properties was evaluated. The highest yield (95%) and purity (84%) were obtained with the combination of a temperature of 130°C and a contact time of 30 min, with a precipitation period of 48 h. Under these conditions, PHB had a molecular weight of 7.4×105, which was the highest value obtained. Lower values (2.2×105) were obtained for higher temperatures (145°C), while lower temperatures resulted in incomplete extraction yields (45–54%). No further yield improvement was achieved with the pH/heat pretreatments, but the polymer's molecular weight was increased to 1.3×106. The PHB physical properties were not significantly affected by any of the tested procedures, as shown by the narrow ranges obtained for the glass transition temperature (4.8–5.0°C), melting temperature (170.1–180.1°C), melting enthalpy (77.8–88.5 J/g) and crystallinity (55–62%). 1,2‐Propylene carbonate was shown to be an efficient solvent for the extraction of PHB from biomass. The precipitation procedure was found to highly influence the polymer recovery and its molecular weight. Although polymer molecular weight and purity were improved by applying pH/heat pretreatment to the biomass, the procedure involves the use of large amounts of chemicals, which increases the recovery costs and makes the process environmentally unfriendly.
Proteomics reveal rat hippocampal lateral asymmetry
Authors: Samara A. , Vougas K. , Papadopoulou A. , Anastasiadou E. , Baloyanni N. , Paronis E. , Chrousos G.P. , Tsangaris G.Th. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBrain laterality has been observed in animals and humans structurally, functionally, and behaviorally. MRI and CT scans have revealed pathological and normal brain asymmetry. A coarse assessment of rat or human brain fails to expose profound left/right differences, while a finer examination of its structure reveals an array of asymmetric features. This lateralization may be derived from evolutionary, genetic, developmental, epigenetic, and pathologic factors. However, brain structure and function is complex and macroscopic or microscopic asymmetries may be hard to discern from random fluctuations. This study concentrated on the hippocampus and we explored laterization employing a molecular high‐throughput approach. Using proteomic analysis based on a combined approach of 2‐D PAGE and MS, we examined differential protein expression in the hippocampi (left vs. right) of young adult male rats. Initial proteomic analysis demonstrated quantitative differences of approximately eighty proteins between the right (RH) and left hippocampus (LH). These were primarily energy‐, cell metabolism‐, stress‐inducible chaperone proteins and cytoskeleton‐ proteins. Analysis revealed higher abundance of metabolic enzymes related to cellular energy metabolism, in the RH than the LH. In contrast, higher concentrations of proteins which are located mainly in astrocytes were shown in the LH than the RH. Immunoblotting of brain‐specific proteins, on single animal hippocampal lysates confirmed the expression of Dynamin‐1, DRP2, synapsin‐1 and others, to be higher in the RH than LH lysates. These findings demonstrate major laterality in the expression of protein molecules between the two hippocampi providing a fertile field for mapping studies relating molecular, neuroimaging and functional data. Undoubtedly, asymmetries found at the animal level are hard to extrapolate to humans; however, studies in animal models will increase our understanding of the developing and adult brain and the healthy and diseased brain. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 15‐Cyano‐12‐oxopentadecano‐15‐lactone and 15‐Cyano‐ 12‐oxopentadecano‐15‐lactam
Authors: Wu Peng , Liang Xiao‐Mei , Zhang Jian‐Jun , Jia Yue‐Mei , Dong Yan‐Hong , Huang Jia‐Xing , Chen Fu‐Heng , Wang Dao‐Quan 
Published: December 2009

Abstract15‐Cyano‐12‐oxopentadecano‐15‐lactone was synthesized in 59% total yield starting from 2‐nitrocyclododecanone by Michael addition to acrylaldehyde, followed by reaction with trimethylsilylcyanide, hydrolysis, ring‐expansion, and Nef reaction. A two‐step, one‐pot synthesis of intermediate 2‐hydroxy‐4‐(1‐nitro‐2‐oxycyclododecyl)butanenitrile from 3‐(1‐nitro‐2‐oxocyclododecyl)propanal was developed and the conditions for the Nef reaction were studied. 15‐Cyano‐12‐oxopentadecano‐15‐lactam was synthesized in 40% total yield starting from 2‐nitrocyclododecanone by Michael addition to acrylaldehyde, followed by Strecker reaction, ring‐expansion, and Nef reaction. The conditions for the Strecker and Nef reactions were studied. The structures of the target compounds, intermediates, and by‐product were characterized by IR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR, and elemental analysis or MS.
Two New Diterpenoid Glucosides from Clerodendrathus spicatus
Authors: Chen Yi‐Lei , Tan Chang‐Heng , Tan Jun‐Jie , Zhao Xue‐Mei , Jiang Shan‐Hao , Zhu Da‐Yuan 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTwo new diterpenoid glucosides, clerodendranthusides B and C (1 and 2, resp.), together with 16 known compounds, comprising four lignans, five miscellaneous phenylpropanoids, two flavonoids, one sesquiterpenoid glycoside, two triterpenoid glycosides, one megastigmane, as well as one anthraquinone, were isolated from the 50% EtOH extract of the whole plants of Clerodendrathus spicatus. Their structures were elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods.
Oligonucleotide Analogues with Integrated Bases and Backbone. Part 22
Authors: Bernet Bruno , Johar Zeena , Ritter Anne , Jaun Bernhard , Vasella Andrea 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe tritylated and silylated self‐complementary A*[s]U*[s]A*[s]U* and U*[s]A*[s]U*[s]A* tetramers 18 and 24, linked by thiomethylene groups (abbreviated as [s]) between a nucleobase and C(5′) of the neighbouring nucleoside unit were prepared by a linear synthesis based on S‐alkylation of 5′‐thionucleosides by 6‐(chloromethyl)uridines, 7 or 10, or 8‐(chloromethyl)adenosines, 12 or 15. The tetramers 18 and 24 were detritylated to the monoalcohols 19 and 25, and these were desilylated to the diols 20 and 26, respectively. The association of the tetramers 18–21 and 24–26 in CDCl3 or in CDCl3/(D6)DMSO 95 : 5 was investigated by the concentration dependence of the chemical shifts for HN(3) or H2NC(6). The formation of cyclic duplexes connected by four base pairs is favoured by the presence of one and especially of two OH groups. The diol 20 with the AUAU sequence prefers reverse‐Hoogsteen, and diol 26 with the UAUA sequence Watson–Crick base pairing. The structure of the cyclic duplex of 26 in CDCl3 at 2° was derived by a combination of AMBER* modeling and simulated annealing with NMR‐derived distance and torsion‐angle restraints resulting in a Watson–Crick base‐paired right‐handed antiparallel helix showing large roll angles, especially between the centre base pairs, leading to a bent helix axis.