bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsoiling and Potassium Placement Effects on Water Relations and Yield of Cotton
Authors: Reeves D. Wayne , Mullins Gregory L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractDeep placement of K fertilizer may alleviate late‐season K deficiency of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) on soils adequate in surface soil K but low in subsoil K. This 2‐yr study in Alabama evaluated effects of deep tillage (in‐row subsoiling) and K fertilizer placement on yield, leaf K deficiency, soil water depletion, and stomatal conductance of cotton grown on a soil with a root‐restricting hardpan. The Norfolk sandy loam (fine‐loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults) soil tested medium for K in the top 15 cm and low at greater depths. Treatments were: (i) no K, no subsoiling; (ii) no K, subsoiled; (iii) surface application (84 kg K ha−1), no subsoiling; (iv) surface application, subsoiled; and (v) deep placement in the subsoiled channel. Surface application without subsoiling resulted in the greatest soil water content (0‐ to 80‐cm depth); deep placement, the lowest. Stomatal conductance was highest with no‐K, no subsoiling and lowest with K (surface or deep), subsoiled. There was no evidence of K or drought stress‐induced stomatal closure, and stomatal closure was not related to severity of leaf K deficiency. All three K treatments increased leaf K concentration at early bloom. Subsoiling without K fertilizer increased plant size and severity of leaf K deficiency; with surface K, subsoiling more than doubled total leaf area but did not affect leaf K deficiency. Within subsoiled treatments, leaf K deficiency was more severe with deep placement of K than with surface application. Subsoiling, especially with K fertilizer, maximized seed cotton yield in both years (avg. 3261 kg ha−1) but reduced stomatal conductance. Stomatal closure and premature leaf senescence are not the likely mechanism for late‐season leaf K‐deficiency in cotton. Although subsoiling was necessary to maximize cotton yields on this Coastal Plain soil with a root‐restricting hardpan, deep placement of K fertilizer was not superior to surface application.
Stomatal Response to High Evaporative Demand in Irrigated Grain Sorghum in Narrow and Wide Row Spacing
Authors: Joaquin Sanabria R. , Stone John F. , Weeks David L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStomatal activity of leaves can be related to factors under producer control, including row spacing and orientation. In both grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), evapotranspiration has been reduced with narrow north‐south row. Under high evaporative demand, this row pattern also resulted in a more efficient plant energy budget for peanut. The trigger was stomatal action (i.e., the tendency for stomates in narrow‐row plots to close earlier in the day than in wide‐row plots), with no effect from leaf water potential or soil water content. To see if high evaporative demand causes stomatal action in narrow‐row grain sorghum, two plots were planted at 0.40‐ and 1.22‐m row spacing and used through six growing seasons. Treatments were randomly assigned to plots each year. Stomatal resistance and leaf water potential were measured at half‐hour intervals; soil water content was monitored weekly, prior to irrigation. Sixty‐five days of data were classified as to evaporative demand and stomatal activity based on stomatal resistance behavior throughout the day. On 14 d, stomatal resistance was consistently higher in the narrow‐row than the wide‐row plots. Generally, these 14 d had high evaporative demand. Another 11 d showed intermediate differences, and the 40 remaining days (which included some high‐demand days) showed no significant differences. The narrow‐row stomatal closure effect was most likely to occur on days that accumulated >6 MJ m−2 of advected energy between 0730 and 1330 h apparent solar time. As with peanut, the stomatal action effect appeared to be insensitive to leaf water potential and soil water content. Narrow north‐south planting of these crops may offer some control of evapotranspiration through stomatal action. Given the similarity of stomatal action effects in the dissimilar species of peanut and sorghum, studies of row spacing and orientation vs. stomatal activity in other species seem merited.
Endophyte‐Free Tall Fescue Cultivars Grazed by Sheep: Forage Quality and Sward Characteristics
Authors: Vecellio Linda C. , Jung Gerald A. , Harpster Harold W. , Shaffer John A. , Engle Clair E. , Everhart John R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlthough much work has focused on the performance of endophyteinfected (E+), Acremonium coenophialum Morgan‐Jones and Gams, tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; little information is available comparing performance attributes of endophyte‐free (E−) cultivars in the northeastern USA. Five paddocks of four cultivars [‘Festorina’, ‘Johnstone’, ‘Roa’, and ‘Kentucky 31’ (KY 31)] of E− tall fescue were rotationally stocked with ewes (Ovis aries) for 2 yr. Tall fescue and weed dry matter (DM) mass, leaf‐to‐stem ratio, and tiller density were determined both pre‐and post‐grazing and sward height was measured pro‐grazing. Forage crude protein (CP), acid‐detergent fiber (ADF), neutral‐detergent fiber (NDF), and in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) were determined by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS). Total dry mass was higher for Festorina and KY 31 than for the other cultivars. Leaf‐to‐stem ratios were similar among cultivars. Forage height was greatest for Festorina and least for Johnstone. Fescue proportion of herbage biomass was greater and weed biomass lower for Festorina and KY 31 than for Roa and Johnstone. Tall fescue proportion of herbage biomass at the end of the trial was lowest for Johnstone. Mean tiller densities were similar for all cultivars and ranged from 2060 m−2 in spring to 1260 m−2 under stockpiling in fall. Pre‐grazed herbage CP of 204 g kg−1 was similar among cultivars. Roa tended to be low and Festorina high in both ADF and NDF, and IVDMD of Johnstone was higher than Festorina. Across seasons and years, ewe liveweight gain was higher for Johnstone than for the remaining cultivars, which were similar. Gains for Group 2 (late‐weaned) lambs were lower for KY 31 and were similar for the remaining cultivars. In light of this information, cultivar as well as endophyte status should be considered in designing experiments or planning grazing systems with tall fescue.
Seed Yield Response of Perennial Ryegrass to Low Rates of Paclobutrazol
Authors: Young William C. , Chilcote David O. , Youngberg Harold W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLodging of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) seed crop is a widespread problem. Crop lodging reduces seed yield and interferes with seed harvest. This study was conducted to determine if low rates of paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)‐1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)‐pentan‐3‐ol] influences seed yield and yield components of perennial ryegrass cv. Pennfine. Paclobutrazol was applied at either spikelet initiation or floret initiation at 0, 0.50, or 0.75 kg a.i. ha−1. Paclobutrazol delayed the onset and reduced the severity of lodging. Averaged over the application timings, the 0.5 and 0.75 kg ha−1 rates increased seed yield by 87 and 114% in 1983, respectively, and by 56 and 75% in 1984. No difference was observed between application timings in 1983, but in 1984 paclobutrazol had a greater effect in reducing lodging and increasing seed yield when applied at spikelet initiation rather than at floret initiation. Increases in seed yield were associated primarily with improvements in the number of seed set per spike, although paclobutrazol applied at spikelet initiation in 1983 also increased the number of spikes at maturity. Paclobutrazol did not affect straw weight, but increased harvest index in both years. Paclobutrazol, however, slightly reduced seed weight. We concluded that under western Oregon conditions, paclobutrazol rate as low as 0.5 kg a.i ha−1 applied at spikelet initiation can significantly reduce lodging and increase perennial ryegrass seed yield, although rates greater than 0.75 kg a.i. ha−1 may be required to achieve maximum yield.
Upland Cotton Growth and Yield Response to Timing the Initial Postplant Irrigation
Authors: Steger Adele J. , Silvertooth Jeffrey C. , Brown Paul W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCotton (Gossypium spp.) production in arid and semiarid regions depends on well‐managed irrigation systems for optimum yield and production efficiency. Water deficit stress early in the growing season can affect the subsequent growth and development of short‐season cotton. A 2‐yr field study was conducted in southern Arizona to determine the optimum timing of the initial postplant irrigation for a short‐season upland cotton variety based on midday leaf water potential (LWP) measurements, and to evaluate the season‐long effects of delayed irrigation on subsequent plant growth patterns. In both years, the short‐season upland variety, DPL 20, was planted into a Pima clay loam soil [fine‐silty, mixed (calcareous), thermic Typic Torrifluvent] that had received a preplant irrigation of 152 (1993) or 254 mm (1994) approximately 3 wk prior to planting. Treatments, designated T1, T2, and T3, received the initial postplant irrigation when the average midday LWP of the uppermost, fully expanded leaf measured −1.5, −1.9, and −2.3 MPa, respectively. Daily midday LWP measurements were taken using the pressure chamber technique. Soil water was measured at 25‐cm depth increments using neutron attenuation. Plant height, number of mainstem nodes, nodes above white flower (NAWF), and canopy closure were measured at weekly intervals. All treatments reached maturity, as measured by NAWF ≤ 5, at approximately the same time during the growing season. Complete canopy closure was delayed in the T3 plots resulting in reduced interception and utilization of available solar radiation early in the growing season. When treatments were initiated, approximately 84% (T1), 62% (T2), and 32% (T3) of the total plant‐available water (field capacity less permanent wilting point) was present in the upper 1.5 of the soil profile. Yields were 1263, 1244, and 1110 kg lint ha−1 in 1993 and 1229, 1176, and 1095 kg lint ha−1 in 1994 for T1, T2, and T3, respectively. Lint yields were significantly different in 1993 (P ≈ 0.001), indicating that timing the initial postplant irrigation affected plant growth and lint yield potential.
Two Methods for the Rapid Assessment of Leaf Yield of Erythroxylum Coca Var. Coca
Authors: Acock Mary C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractMethods for estimating yields of Erythroxylum coca var. coca were devised and compared. For the PCA method, yields were estimated from canopy light interception, specific leaf area (SLA), and a calibration factor. For the canopy subsample method (CSS), yield was estimated from leaf number, size, and SLA subsamples multiplied by the ratio of canopy to subsample volume. Corrected PCA overestimated yields by 9% and CSS underestimated yields by 7% for a test dataset. The CSS method requires more field time, but uses simple equipment that can be applied at any time. The PCA method requires expensive equipment and uniform light, and it cannot be used when it is raining.
Midwest Farmers' Perceptions of Crop Pest Infestation
Authors: Aref Susanne , Pike David R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractRegion, soil type, and tillage are important factors in severity of crop pest infestation. This study was conducted to determine the relative importance of these factors on severity of crop pest infestation as perceived by farmers. Correlations between pests were also studied. In a 1992 survey, farmers in 12 U.S. Corn Belt states were asked to rate the severity of crop pest infestation in their fields. The categories of pests included perennial and annual weeds in row crops, insects and diseases of corn (Zea mays L.) and sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and insects and diseases of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Means ranked from highest to lowest in the following order: annual weeds, perennial weeds, corn and sorghum insects, corn and sorghum diseases, soybean diseases, and soybean insects. Correlation coefficients ranged between 0.47 to 0.69 among corn and sorghum diseases, among soybean insects, and among soybean diseases, and between 0.04 and 0.41 among perennial weeds. Correlation coefficients among annual weeds and among corn and/or sorghum insects spanned both of these ranges. Effects of either region and/or tillage were very highly significant (0.001), while soil type was not as significant an effect. In farmers' perceptions, weeds were the most serious pests and soybean pests the least serious pests; there was less relationship among perennial weeds than among pests in any other category; the drier western region was generally less severely infested; higher amount of conventional tillage practices produced less infestation; and differences in soil type were due to more severe infestation in loams, followed by infestation in clays, and then infestation in sands.
Seasonal Evaluation of the Root Zone Water Quality Model in Colorado
Authors: Farahani Hamid J. , Buchleiter Gerald W. , Ahuja Lajpat R. , Peterson Gary A. , Sherrod Lucretia A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEvaluation of agricultural simulation models against field observations is needed to gauge their usefulness. This study was conducted to assess the ability of the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) to simulate dryland and irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) production systems in semiarid eastern Colorado. The model was first parameterized for corn using field data from a single season. Different parameters were identified for irrigated and dryland corn. The parameterized model was run on independent data sets from the following year (irrigated) and different soils and sites (dryland) and model results were compared with field measurements. Differences between modeled and measured components of soil water content, evapotranspiration, grain yield and biomass, and crop N uptake ranged from 1 to 23% in the dryland study and from 1 to 28% in the irrigated study. On a seasonal basis, model estimates of seepage below the root zone were within 3% of measured values, while NO3–N leaching was overpredicted by 79%. Note that model parameterization relied solely on single‐season data. This could potentially produce bias in parameter values due to the narrowness of the prevailing conditions during that single season. For this reason and for the purpose of using the model to assess the long‐term impact of alternative practices, further work on parameterization and evaluation of the model needs to focus on using experimental observations from multiple seasons.
Selection Rules of Transition Metal Dopants for Prussian Blue Analogs Enabling Highly Reversible Sodium Storage
Authors: Li Ling , Shen Jialong , Yang Hai , Li Zhen , Chen Zhihao , Yao Yu , Li Weihan , Wu Xiaojun , Rui Xianhong , Yu Yan 
Published: May 2024

AbstractRational element doping is demonstrated as an effective strategy to optimize crystal stability and enhance the electronic conductivity of Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) to achieve a satisfactory sodium storage performance. However, unraveling the dopant selection principles is still a big challenge. Herein, the integrated crystal orbital Hamilton population (ICOHP) function is adopted to evaluate the strength of chemical bonds of N‐transition metals (N‐TM) and guide the dopant selection. Among the series of ICOHP values for N‐TM (TM = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn), the Cu─N bond exhibits the lowest ICOHP value, which indicates that Cu doping can improve the stability of PBAs compared to other dopants. Experimentally, among TM‐substituted Fe‐based PBAs (TMFeHCFs), the as‐prepared sample with 20 at.% Cu doping (CuFeHCF‐2) exhibits the best cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 83.5% after 400 cycles at 1 C, which is consistent with the theoretical calculation results. In addition, in situ XRD and in situ, Raman reveal a highly reversible monoclinic‐cubic two‐phase conversion and redox‐active pairs, respectively. This study provides valuable guidelines for dopant selection to enhance the performance of PBAs cathodes.
Small‐Molecule Fluorescent Probes for Plant Hormones and their Receptors
Authors: Lin Zibo , Xiong Junhao , Zhou Zihao , Chen Qiong , Yin Jun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPlant hormones and their receptors play a crucial role in regulating plant growth and adapting to the stress environment. The exploration of interaction between plant hormones and their receptors is significant to comprehend the molecular mechanisms of plant growth and development, the response mechanisms of adaptation to environmental changes, and to optimize the traits and stress‐resistance of crops. Since the biosynthesis, transport, and metabolism of hormones in plants are closely relevant to spatio‐temporal changes, and their content and distribution are highly dynamic, there is an urgent need for a qualitative and quantitative tool to accurately, real‐time, and in situ monitor the dynamic changes of hormones in plants without injury. Fluorescent probes have been widely used in the sensing and imaging of plant hormones and their receptors, due to their high spatio‐temporal resolution, high selectivity, non‐invasive, high sensitivity, and tailored molecular structures. Here, this paper provides a systematical overview of the research progress in the sensing and imaging of plant hormones and their receptors using fluorescent probes. In addition, the potential prospects and remaining challenges are also discussed to design fluorescent probes with better performance and promote the development of this field.
Growth of molecular orientation during post‐process annealing of poly(lactic acid) containing a fibrous nucleating agent
Authors: Vo Hoang‐Giang Dai , Yamaguchi Masayuki 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA) is known to exhibit slow crystallization. Therefore, post‐process annealing is often performed, at which structure change is inevitable. In this paper, the structure development during annealing of PLA containing N,N′‐ethylenebis(12‐hydroxystearamide) (EBHS) is studied using extruded strands. First, EBHS, which acts as a nucleating agent, is dissolved in molten PLA, and then segregates with a fibrous shape during cooling. Next, the PLA containing EBHS is extruded, which causes EBHS fibers in the strand to orientate with the flow direction. When the strand is annealed at 100°C, amorphous PLA chains initially lose their orientation. Then, the chain orientation in the PLA strand develops because of transcrystallization from the surface of EBHS fibers that are aligned with the flow direction. As a result, the Hermans orientation function increases from 1.8 × 10−3 (before annealing) to 6.0 × 10−3 (after annealing). Moreover, the annealed PLA/EBHS strand shows less shrinkage (0.80 ± 0.19%) than the annealed PLA strand (2.04 ± 0.27%). The promotion of PLA chain orientation induced by the presence of aligned EBHS fibers can be used to control the structure and dimensional change of PLA products during annealing.
DANOISE; A 3D Printable Battery Cell for Laboratory Operando X‐Ray Diffraction and Absorption Spectroscopy**
Authors: Johansen Morten , Verdelin Jannie Kirk , Kallio Antti‐Jussi , Kessler Tommy Ole , Huotari Simo , Ravnsbæk Dorthe Bomholdt 
Published: May 2024

AbstractStudying structural and electronic processes in the materials inside a battery as they occur during battery operation is key for developing novel improved materials for future generations of batteries. Such studies often entail X‐ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy, which have so far primarily been conducted at synchrotron facilities despite the widespread use of laboratory‐based X‐ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy for day‐to‐day characterisation. With the “Developed in Aarhus: New Operando In‐house Scattering Electrochemical” (DANOISE) cell, these experiments are brought into the laboratories making in‐house operando X‐ray diffraction and absorption spectroscopy on‐demand additions to the existing facilities. The chic and facile design of the DANOISE cell provides high quality scattering and absorption data besides providing reliable electrochemical performance. In this work, we describe the design of the DANOISE cell and demonstrate the capabilities of the cell using different commercial technologies for Li‐ion batteries and from a new Na‐ion battery electrode material.
Misuse of topical over‐the‐counter medication: A case report
Authors: Mathur Mahesh , Thakur Neha , Jaiswal Sunil , Bhattarai Nabita , Karki Sambidha , Regmi Sandhya , Paudel Supriya 
Published: May 2024

Key Clinical MessageOveruse of topical medication is a national issue. Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications are dispensed to patients directly without a physician's prescription and when used improperly without proper knowledge can lead to their misuse and toxicity.
Conformational Analysis of (+)‐Germacrene D‐4‐ol Using the Crystalline Sponge Method to Elucidate the Origin of its Instability
Authors: Jung Youngcheol , Mitsuhashi Takaaki , Kageyama Ko , Kikuchi Takashi , Sato Sota , Fujita Makoto 
Published: May 2024

AbstractUnsaturated cyclic terpenes often exhibit instability due to the proximation of C=C bonds in the cyclic skeleton, leading to nonenzymatic degradation. In this study, the crystalline sponge (CS) method was employed for the X‐ray conformational analysis of a minute amount of oily and cyclic terpene compound, (+)‐germacrene D‐4‐ol, which was produced by a terpene synthase OILTS under in vitro conditions. The CS method revealed a reactive conformation of the cyclic terpene with proximal double bonds. Under weakly acidic in vivo conditions, OILTS gave four pseudo‐natural products or artifacts. The CS method also elucidated the structures of these degraded compounds, proposing a degradation mechanism triggered by the transannular reactions.
Sequence [2,3]‐Sigmatropic Rearrangement: One‐Pot Synthesis of Propargyl Allenylamines
Authors: Feng Huihui , Xie Yujuan , Huang Liliang , Xu Yongqing , Huang Junhai , Feng Huangdi 
Published: May 2024

Comprehensive SummaryAllenes, served as highly sought‐after building blocks, are an indispensable component of synthetic chemistry. Their utility in modulating the chemical, physical, and pharmaceutical properties of organic compounds make allenes a desirable choice in various applications. Here, we report a facile method for the atom‐economical synthesis of propargyl allenylamines via an underdeveloped [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement. Our strategy employs easily accessible propargylamines as starting materials, which are first converted into propargyl ammonium salts, followed by a base‐promoted [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement. This one‐pot, two‐step reaction proceeds in the absence of transition metals, displays a very broad scope, and does not require the introduction of the electron‐withdrawing group into the starting materials.