bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homology, homoplasy, novelty, and behavior
Authors: Hall Brian K. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRichard Owen coined the modern definition of homology in 1843. Owen's conception of homology was pre‐evolutionary, nontransformative (homology maintained basic plans or archetypes), and applied to the fully formed structures of animals. I sketch out the transition to an evolutionary approach to homology in which all classes of similarity are interpreted against the single branching tree of life, and outline the evidence for the application of homology across all levels and features of the biological hierarchy, including behavior. Owen contrasted homology with analogy. While this is not incorrect it is a pre‐evolutionary contrast. Lankester [Lankester [1870]Journal of Natural History, 6 (31), 34–43] proposed homoplasy as the class of homology applicable to features formed by independent evolution. Today we identify homology, convergence, parallelism, and novelties as patterns of evolutionary change. A central issue in homology [Owen [1843]Lectures on comparative anatomy and physiology of the invertebrate animals, delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons in 1843. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans] has been whether homology of features—the “same” portion of the brain in different species, for example—depends upon those features sharing common developmental pathways. Owen did not require this criterion, although he observed that homologues often do share developmental pathways (and we now know, often share gene pathways). A similar situation has been explored in the study of behavior, especially whether behaviors must share a common structural, developmental, neural, or genetic basis to be classified as homologous. However, and importantly, development and genes evolve. As shown with both theory and examples, morphological and behavioral features of the phenotype can be homologized as structural or behavioral homologues, respectively, even when their developmental or genetic bases differ (are not homologous). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 4–12, 2013.
Neural reuse in the evolution and development of the brain: Evidence for developmental homology?
Authors: Anderson Michael L. , Penner‐Wilger Marcie 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article lays out some of the empirical evidence for the importance of neural reuse—the reuse of existing (inherited and/or early developing) neural circuitry for multiple behavioral purposes—in defining the overall functional structure of the brain. We then discuss in some detail one particular instance of such reuse: the involvement of a local neural circuit in finger awareness, number representation, and other diverse functions. Finally, we consider whether and how the notion of a developmental homology can help us understand the relationships between the cognitive functions that develop out of shared neural supports. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 42–51, 2013.
What the emergency department needs to know when caring for your patients with eating disorders
Authors: Mascolo Margherita , Trent Stacy , Colwell Christopher , Mehler Philip S. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjective:In this article, we will examine the most common emergency department presentations of eating disorder patients, review the pathophysiologic changes that lead to such presentations, and discuss the appropriate management of each patient.Method:Literature review of current practices.Results:This article serves as a guide for ED physicians caring for patients with eating disorders. It can also serve to improve communication between mental health specialists and emergency room physicians when transferring care of a patient to the ED.Discussion:Patients with anorexia and bulimia nervosa present to ED with a multitude of vague complaints. It is crucial for ED physicians to recognize that such complaints stem from an underlying eating disorder to understand the pathophysiology behind such complaints. This in turn will lead to appropriate management of patient symptoms, which can often be complex for the provider and stressful for the patient. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2012)
Evolution of MHC class I genes in the European badger (Meles meles)
Authors: Sin Yung Wa , Dugdale Hannah L. , Newman Chris , Macdonald David W. , Burke Terry 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a central role in the adaptive immune system and provides a good model with which to understand the evolutionary processes underlying functional genes. Trans‐species polymorphism and orthology are both commonly found in MHC genes; however, mammalian MHC class I genes tend to cluster by species. Concerted evolution has the potential to homogenize different loci, whereas birth‐and‐death evolution can lead to the loss of orthologs; both processes result in monophyletic groups within species. Studies investigating the evolution of MHC class I genes have been biased toward a few particular taxa and model species. We present the first study of MHC class I genes in a species from the superfamily Musteloidea. The European badger (Meles meles) exhibits moderate variation in MHC class I sequences when compared to other carnivores. We identified seven putatively functional sequences and nine pseudogenes from genomic (gDNA) and complementary (cDNA) DNA, signifying at least two functional class I loci. We found evidence for separate evolutionary histories of the α1 and α2/α3 domains. In the α1 domain, several sequences from different species were more closely related to each other than to sequences from the same species, resembling orthology or trans‐species polymorphism. Balancing selection and probable recombination maintain genetic diversity in the α1 domain, evidenced by the detection of positive selection and a recombination event. By comparison, two recombination breakpoints indicate that the α2/α3 domains have most likely undergone concerted evolution, where recombination has homogenized the α2/α3 domains between genes, leading to species‐specific clusters of sequences. Our findings highlight the importance of analyzing MHC domains separately.
Diet, sex, and death in field crickets
Authors: Zajitschek Felix , Lailvaux Simon P. , Dessmann Josephine , Brooks Robert 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSenescence is shaped by age‐dependent trade‐offs between fitness components. Because males and females invest different resources in reproduction, the trade‐offs behind age‐dependent reproductive effort should be resolved differently in the sexes. In this study, we assess the effects of diet (high carbohydrate and low protein vs. equal carbohydrate and protein) and mating (once mated vs. virgin) on lifespan and age‐dependent mortality in male and female field crickets (Teleogryllus commodus), and on male calling effort. Females always had higher actuarial ageing rates than males, and we found a clear lifespan cost of mating in females. Mated males, however, lived longer than virgin males, possibly because virgins call more than mated males. The fastest age‐dependent increases in mortality were among mated males on the high‐carbohydrate diet. Males on a high‐carbohydrate diet showed a faster increase in calling effort earlier in life, and a more pronounced pattern of senescence once they reached this peak than did males on a diet with equal amounts of protein and carbohydrates. Our results provide evidence that the cost of mating in this cricket species is both diet and sex‐dependent, and that the underlying causes of sex differences in life‐history traits such as lifespan and senescence can be complex.
The thiol‐ene (click) reaction for the synthesis of plant oil derived polymers
Authors: Türünç Oğuz , Meier Michael A. R. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis review covers the discovery and development of radical thiol‐ene addition reactions as functionalization and polymerization method. First, some general and important developments within the field of polymer chemistry are introduced. However, the utilization of this efficient coupling procedure for the syntheses of materials derived from plant oils are the focus of this manuscript. Applications of this unique reaction will also be discussed in terms of green chemistry requirements as well as reaction conditions and efficiency.
Phosphorus‐Containing Lewis Base Catalyzed Cascade Reactions of Isatin‐Derived Oximes with Allenic Esters and Further Transformations
Authors: Pei Cheng‐Kui , Jiang Yu , Shi Min 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPhosphorus containing Lewis base catalyzed cascade reactions of isatin‐derived oximes with allenic esters afford the corresponding functionalized nitrones. Further Lewis acid catalyzed highly regioselective intramolecular [3+2] cyclizations give the corresponding bridged cycloadducts. Moreover, a combined “one‐pot” reaction is also feasible for the above two catalytic reactions.
Chiral Recognition of Penicillamine Enantiomers Based on DNA‐MWNT Complex Modified Electrode
Authors: Wang Yonghua , Zhou Juan , Han Qian , Chen Qiao , Guo Liju , Fu Yingzi 
Published: June 2012

AbstractDouble‐stranded DNA and multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) complex modified glassy carbon electrodes (DNA‐MWNT‐GCE) were employed to discriminate penicillamine (PA) enantiomers. Cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy were used to characterize the enantioselective phenomenon. The results indicated that the binding effect between L‐PA and DNA‐MWNTs was stronger than that of D‐PA and DNA‐MWNTs. In addition, the influencing factors of the modified electrodes were systematically investigated. The modified electrodes exhibited a linear response towards PA enantiomers from 1.0×10−1 to 1.0×10−8 mol L−1 and detection limits of 3.1×10−9 and 3.3×10−8 mol L−1 for L‐PA and D‐PA, respectively.
A Direct Competitive Homogeneous Immunoassay for Progesterone – the Redox Quenching Immunoassay
Authors: Ettlinger Julia , Schenk Jörg A. , Micheel Burkhard , Ehrentreich‐Förster Eva , Gajovic‐Eichelmann Nenad 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA direct competitive amperometric immunoassay format for the detection of haptens and proteins was developed. The method is based on the quenching of electroactivity of ferrocenium, which is coupled to the antigen and used as the primary reporter, upon binding to a monoclonal anti‐ferrocenium antibody, which is coupled to the detection antibody and used as a secondary reporter. A separation‐free progesterone immunoassay with a lower detection limit of 1 ng mL−1 (3.18 nmol L−1) in 1 : 2 diluted blood serum was realised by combining two bifunctional conjugates, a ferrocenium‐PEG‐progesterone tracer and a bioconjugate of one anti‐progesterone and one anti‐ferrocenium antibody. The immune complex is formed within 30 s upon addition of progesterone, resulting in a total analysis time of 1.5 min.
Comparison of two stream gauging systems for measuring runoff and sediment yield for a semi‐arid watershed
Authors: Polyakov V. O. , Nearing M. A. , Hawdon A. A. , Wilkinson S. N. , Nichols M. H. 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTOur ability to understand erosion processes in semi‐arid ecosystems depends on establishing relationships between rainfall and runoff. This requires collection of extensive and accurate hydrologic and sediment data sets. A supercritical flume with a total load traversing slot sediment sampler used on several sites at the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed (WGEW) near Tombstone, AZ has proven to be a reliable way to measure flow and sediment discharge from small watersheds. However, it requires installation of a costly structure that is only suitable for relatively small flows. A more commonly used method based on ease of installation and expense is the pump sampler. One example of this is a set of instrumentation developed by the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), in which the pump sediment sampler is part of an in‐channel, fully automated system for measuring water velocity, depth, turbidity and collecting runoff samples. A 3.7 ha arid watershed at WGEW was instrumented with both systems and hydrologic and sediment data were collected and compared during a 2 year period. Total sediment yield for the entire period measured by the CSIRO pump sampler (11.6 t ha‐1) was similar to that by traversing slot sampler (11.5 t ha‐1). The pump sampler accurately estimated the amount of fine (< 0.5 mm) sediment fractions exported, but consistently underestimated the coarse (>0.5 mm) sediment fractions. Median sediment diameter of samples collected by traversing slot and pump sampler were 0.32 and 0.22 mm, respectively. This study outlines the benefits and limitations of the pump sampler based system for monitoring sediment concentration and yield in high‐energy headwater catchments, and makes recommendations for improvement of its performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency dependency of NMDA receptor‐dependent synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal CA1 region of freely behaving mice
Authors: Buschler Arne , Goh Jinzhong Jeremy , Manahan‐Vaughan Denise 
Published: June 2012

AbstractHippocampal synaptic plasticity in the form of long‐term potentiation (LTP) and long‐term depression (LTD) is likely to enable synaptic information storage in support of memory formation. The mouse brain has been subjected to intensive scrutiny in this regard; however, a multitude of studies has examined synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal slice preparation, whereas very few have addressed synaptic plasticity in the freely behaving mouse. Almost nothing is known about the frequency or N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dependency of hippocampal synaptic plasticity in the intact mouse brain. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the forms of synaptic plasticity that are elicited at different afferent stimulation frequencies. We also addressed the NMDAR dependency of this phenomenon. Adult male C57BL/6 mice were chronically implanted with a stimulating electrode into the Schaffer collaterals and a recording electrode into the Stratum radiatum of the CA1 region. To examine synaptic plasticity, we chose protocols that were previously shown to produce either LTP or LTD in the hippocampal slice preparation. Low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) at 1 Hz (900 pulses) had no effect on evoked responses. LFS at 3 Hz (ranging from 200 up to 2 × 900 pulses) elicited short‐term depression (STD, <45 min). LFS at 3 Hz (1,200 pulses) elicited slow‐onset potentiation, high‐frequency stimulation (HFS) at 100 Hz (100 or 200 pulses) or at 50 Hz was ineffective, whereas 100 Hz (50 pulses) elicited short‐term potentiation (STP). HFS at 100 Hz given as 2 × 30, 2 × 50, or 4 × 50 pulses elicited LTP (>24 h). Theta‐burst stimulation was ineffective. Antagonism of the NMDAR prevented STD, STP, and LTP. This study shows for the first time that protocols that effectively elicit persistent synaptic plasticity in the slice preparation elicit distinctly different effects in the intact mouse brain. Persistent LTD could not be elicited with any of the protocols tested. Plasticity responses are NMDAR dependent, suggesting that these phenomena are relevant for hippocampus‐dependent learning. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effectiveness of therapeutic and behavioral interventions for parents of low‐birth‐weight premature infants: A review
Authors: Brecht Carrie J. , Shaw Richard J. , St. John Nicholas H. , Horwitz Sarah Mccue 
Published: June 2012

AbstractPremature birth has been associated with a number of adverse maternal psychological outcomes that include depression, anxiety, and trauma as well as adverse effects on maternal coping ability and parenting style. Infants and children who were premature are more likely to have poorer cognitive and developmental functioning and, thus, may be harder to parent. In response to these findings, a number of educational and behavioral interventions have been developed that target maternal psychological functioning, parenting, and aspects of the parent–infant relationship. Since the last comprehensive review of this topic in 2002, there have been a significant number of developments in the quality of the studies conducted and the theoretical models that address the experience of parents of premature infants. In the current review, 18 new interventions were identified and grouped into four categories based on treatment length and the target of the intervention. Findings suggest a trend toward early, brief interventions that are theoretically based, specifically target parent trauma, and utilize cognitive behavioral techniques. Although it is difficult to generalize study findings, conclusions from the review suggest that targeted interventions may have positive effects on both maternal and infant outcomes.
The response of benthic macroinvertebrate communities to climate change: evidence from subtropical mountain streams in Central China
Authors: Li Fengqing , Cai Qinghua , Jiang Wanxiang , Qu Xiaodong 
Published: June 2012

AbstractEcological effects of climate change on terrestrial and marine ecosystems are increasingly apparent but evidence from freshwater is scarce, particularly in Asia. Using data from two subtropical Central China streams, we predicted the changes of some benthic macroinvertebrate communities under various climatic scenarios. Our results show that the average annual air temperature, in the study watershed, increased significantly (P < 0.05) by 0.6 °C over the last 30 years (1978–2007), whereas the average annual water flow declined by 30.9 m3 s–1. Based on the winter sampling of benthic macroinvertebrates at four stream locations over last six years, we observed that macroinvertebrate abundance and Margalef diversity dropped with increasing water temperatures or decreasing smoothed sea surface temperatures (SSST). The winter macroinvertebrate abundance and biodiversity declined by 11.1% and 6.8% for every 1 °C water temperature rise. In contrast, increases in future SSST by one unit would increase winter macroinvertebrate abundance and biodiversity by 38.2% and 16.0%, respectively. Although many dominant taxa were predicted to persist when water temperatures increase by 1 °C, several scarce taxa, e.g., Orthocladius clarkei and Hippeutis umbilicalis, could be at a level of potential local extinction. Our identification of these links, between climate change and stream macroinvertebrate communities, has wide implications for the conservation of mountain stream ecosystems in the upper Yangtze River under scenarios of climate change. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
BAFF/BLyS inhibitors: A new prospect for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Fairfax Kirsten , Mackay Ian R. , Mackay Fabienne 
Published: June 2012

AbstractIn November 2009, Human Genome Sciences and Glaxo‐Smith Kline [HGS (Rockville, Maryland) and GSK, respectively] announced that Belimumab, a neutralizing antibody to the tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐like ligand, B‐cell activating factor (BAFF belonging to the TNF family, also named BLyS), met the primary endpoints in two phase III clinical trials in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE, lupus). In March 2011, Belimumab was approved by the US Federal Drug Agency for treatment of SLE patients; this was followed in May with approval by the European Medicines Agency for use in the European Union. This is an exciting development as it is the first successful late‐stage clinical trial in SLE in over 40 years. In the light of this breakthrough, we review the key data and research outcomes and examine how blocking BAFF in patients with SLE significantly improves clinical outcomes. © 2012 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 64(7): 595–602, 2012
Ultrasensitive detection of a protein by optical trapping in a photonic‐plasmonic microcavity
Authors: Santiago‐Cordoba Miguel A. , Cetinkaya Murat , Boriskina Svetlana V. , Vollmer Frank , Demirel Melik C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractMicrocavity and whispering gallery mode (WGM) biosensors derive their sensitivity from monitoring frequency shifts induced by protein binding at sites of highly confined field intensities, where field strengths can be further amplified by excitation of plasmon resonances in nanoparticle layers. Here, we propose a mechanism based on optical trapping of a protein at the site of plasmonic field enhancements for achieving ultra sensitive detection in only microliter‐scale sample volumes, and in real‐time. We demonstrate femto‐Molar sensitivity corresponding to a few 1000 s of macromolecules. Simulations based on Mie theory agree well with the optical trapping concept at plasmonic ‘hotspots’ locations. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Development and testing of a compact basis set for use in effective core potential calculations on rhodium complexes
Authors: Roscioni Otello M. , Lee Edmond P. F. , Dyke John M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe present a set of effective core potential (ECP) basis sets for rhodium atoms which are of reasonable size for use in electronic structure calculations. In these ECP basis sets, the Los Alamos ECP is used to simulate the effect of the core electrons while an optimized set of Gaussian functions, which includes polarization and diffuse functions, is used to describe the valence electrons. These basis sets were optimized to reproduce the ionization energy and electron affinity of atomic rhodium. They were also tested by computing the electronic ground state geometry and harmonic frequencies of [Rh(CO)2μ‐Cl]2, Rh(CO)2ClPy, and RhCO (neutral and its positive, and negative ions) as well as the enthalpy of the reaction of [Rh(CO)2μ‐Cl]2 with pyridine (Py) to give Rh(CO)2ClPy, at different levels of theory. Good agreement with experimental values was obtained. Although the number of basis functions used in our ECP basis sets is smaller than those of other ECP basis sets of comparable quality, we show that the newly developed ECP basis sets provide the flexibility and precision required to reproduce a wide range of chemical and physical properties of rhodium compounds. Therefore, we recommend the use of these compact yet accurate ECP basis sets for electronic structure calculations on molecules involving rhodium atoms. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of Two Carbonic Anhydrases in the Mantle of the European Abalone Haliotis tuberculata (Gastropoda, Haliotidae): Phylogenetic Implications
Authors: LE ROY NATHALIE , MARIE BENJAMIN , GAUME BÉATRICE , GUICHARD NATHALIE , DELGADO SIDNEY , ZANELLA‐CLÉON ISABELLE , BECCHI MICHEL , AUZOUX‐BORDENAVE STÉPHANIE , SIRE JEAN‐YVES , MARIN FRÉDÉRIC 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTCarbonic anhydrases (CAs) represent a diversified family of metalloenzymes that reversibly catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide. They are involved in a wide range of functions, among which is the formation of CaCO3 skeletons in metazoans. In the shell‐forming mantle tissues of mollusks, the location of the CA catalytic activity is elusive and gives birth to contradicting views. In the present paper, using the European abalone Haliotis tuberculata, a key model gastropod in biomineralization studies, we identified and characterized two CAs (htCA1 and htCA2) that are specific of the shell‐forming mantle tissue. We analyzed them in a phylogenetic context. Combining various approaches, including proteomics, activity tests, and in silico analyses, we showed that htCA1 is secreted but is not incorporated in the organic matrix of the abalone shell and that htCA2 is transmembrane. Together with previous studies dealing with molluskan CAs, our findings suggest two possible modes of action for shell mineralization: the first mode applies to, for example, the bivalves Unio pictorum and Pinctada fucata, and involves a true CA activity in their shell matrix; the second mode corresponds to, for example, the European abalone, and does not include CA activity in the shell matrix. Our work provides new insight on the diversity of the extracellular macromolecular tools used for shell biomineralization study in mollusks. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 318B:353‐367, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.