bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analyze as randomized—Why dropping block effects in designed experiments is a bad idea
Authors: Frey Janina , Hartung Jens , Ogutu Joseph , Piepho Hans‐Peter 
Published: April 2024

AbstractAgricultural experiments are often laid out as blocked designs such as the randomized complete block designs (RCBD) or split‐plot designs (SPD). Statistical analysis should follow the principle “analyze as randomized.” However, block effects are often not modeled or are typically dropped from the model when non‐significant. Additionally, if linear mixed models are fitted by REML with a non‐negativity constraint on all variances, an implicit model reduction occurs when the variance estimate for random block effects becomes negative in the final iteration. This study investigates the consequences of these types of model reduction on the Type I error rate and the standard error of a treatment difference (s.e.d.) by Monte Carlo simulation for experiments designed as RCBD or SPD. The number of blocks and treatments and the ratio of block or main‐plot error variance to residual error variance were varied, resulting in 27 scenarios. Dropping the block effect by default resulted in deflated Type I error rates and increased the s.e.d. in the RCBD. For the SPD, Type I error rates were inflated for the sub‐plot factor and the main‐plot‐by‐sub‐plot factor interaction, but were deflated for the main‐plot factor. Adverse effects of model reduction were reduced, but did not vanish completely, for model reduction based on significance testing. Implicit model reduction led to inflated Type I error rates for small variance ratios and small datasets. We conclude that block effects as well as main‐plot error effects need to be included by all means in statistical analysis.
Leaf functional traits and ecological niche of Fagus grandifolia and Oreomunnea mexicana in natural forests and plantings as a proxy of climate change
Authors: Reyes‐Ortiz Miriam , Lira‐Noriega Andrés , Osorio‐Olvera Luis , Luna‐Vega Isolda , Williams‐Linera Guadalupe 
Published: April 2024

AbstractPremiseFunctional traits reflect species’ responses to environmental variation and the breadth of their ecological niches. Fagus grandifolia and Oreomunnea mexicana have restricted distribution in upper montane cloud forests (1700–2000 m a.s.l.) in Mexico. These species were introduced into plantings at lower elevations (1200–1600 m a.s.l.) that have climates predicted for montane forests in 2050 and 2070. The aim was to relate morphological leaf traits to the ecological niche structure of each species.MethodsLeaf functional traits (leaf area, specific leaf area [SLA], thickness, and toughness) were analyzed in forests and plantings. Atmospheric circulation models and representative concentration pathways (RCPs: 2.6, 4.5, 8.5) were used to assess future climate conditions. Trait–niche relationships were analyzed by measuring the Mahalanobis distance (MD) from the forests and the plantings to the ecological niche centroid (ENC).ResultsFor both species, leaf area and SLA were higher and toughness lower in plantings at lower elevation relative to those in higher‐elevation forests, and thickness was similar. Leaf traits varied with distance from sites to the ENC. Forests and plantings have different environmental locations regarding the ENC, but forests are closer (MD 0.34–0.58) than plantings (MD 0.50–0.70) for both species.ConclusionsElevation as a proxy for expected future climate conditions influenced the functional traits of both species, and trait patterns related to the structure of their ecological niches were consistent. The use of distances to the ENC is a promising approach to explore variability in species’ functional traits and phenotypic responses in optimal versus marginal environmental conditions.
Gender, race, and space: A qualitative exploration of young Black women's perceptions of urban neighborhoods
Authors: Fike Kayla J. , Mattis Jacqueline S. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractHow people think and feel about their neighborhood impacts the way they think of themselves and their futures. These linkages are especially important to understand in the case of urban‐residing young Black women. Researchers know very little about what contributes to young Black adults' urban neighborhood perceptions and often rely on “expert” definitions of markers of neighborhood quality. These definitions and subsequent explorations of residents' neighborhood assessment have not adequately considered intersecting oppressive systems that structure urban spaces both physically and socially. Further, within‐group diversity of young Black adults based on other social identities, such as gender and class, has gone underexplored in research on residents' neighborhood assessment. We used theory from Black feminist geography and sociology to guide our thematic analysis of interviews with young Black women (N = 9) regarding their urban neighborhood quality. We sought to explore the aspects or features of the neighborhood that young Black women discussed and how social identities may play a role in young Black women's descriptions of their urban neighborhoods. We argue three themes tell an overarching story of young Black women's urban spatial critical analysis: (1) outsiders' perceptions versus our realities, (2) gendered safety, and (3) visibility of young Black women. Young Black women's narratives highlighted communal aspects of neighborhood evaluation and attention to dominant narratives regarding marginalized groups and urban spaces.
Preparation and performance of polyimide lithium‐ion battery separator based on benzonorbornene main chain structure
Authors: Zou Shaoyu , He Xiaohui , Lu Yao , Huang Liang , Ye Jia , Huang Longming , Fu Zhihui , Yu Nengquan , Chen Defu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSeparators are of significance in the thermal safety and energy‐storage performance of lithium‐ion batteries. Polyimide (PI) separators have great prospects as membrane candidate materials due to their high thermal and chemical stability. Here, a series of PI lithium‐ion battery membranes containing benzonorbornene and pyridine were prepared by using polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as pore‐forming agents. The obtained porous polymer membrane PI‐PEG600 had excellent thermal stability (initial weight‐loss temperature up to 300°C and Tg of 278°C), satisfying liquid electrolyte uptakes (up to 132.65%), and admirable ionic conductivity (1.62 × 10−4 S cm−1). The battery with PI porous membranes showed greatly enhanced electrochemical performance with high C‐rate discharge capability (167.3–108.8 mAh g−1, 0.1–2 C) and excellent capacity of 155.6 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C after 55 cycles, meanwhile, it could work steadily at 180°C. This work offers a feasible and effective route to develop membranes of heat‐resistant PI separators for safe lithium‐ion batteries.
Temperature dependency of electric field treatment for improvement of effective thermal conductivity of functional carbon/silicone rubber composite sheets
Authors: Haruki Masashi , Tanaka Akihiro 
Published: April 2024

AbstractRelationship between the temperature of the electric field treatment (EFT) and the improvement of the effective thermal conductivity (TC) in the out‐of‐plane direction of the carbon nanofiber (CNF)/cured silicone rubber composite sheet was investigated to elucidate the appropriate operation of the EFT. Two types of silicone rubber precursors, with viscosities of 1.3 and 58 Pa∙s, were used. The effective TC gradually increased as the temperature during EFT increased from 40 to 80 °C. However, beyond 80 °C, the effective TC started to decrease and reached the same value as that of the sheet without EFT at 100 °C. This trend was observed regardless of the rubber species or CNF content. The influence of the EFT temperature was also discussed regarding the temperature dependency of the viscoelastic properties: storage modulus, loss modulus, and complex viscosity of the uncured precursor solution. When the temperatures were set at 80 °C, no significant changes were observed in the three‐viscoelastic properties for 60 min. On the other hand, a significant increase in the viscoelastic properties was observed after 10 min at 100 °C because of the start of the curing reaction, which supported the relationship between the temperature of the EFT and effective TC.
Mapping the relationship between genres and tasks: A study of undergraduate engineers
Authors: Dodson Samuel , Sinnamon Luanne , Kopak Rick 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis paper presents a study that explores the genres, tasks, and the relationship between them in the context of undergraduate engineering education. We build upon previous research on the information behaviors of engineers, by focusing on undergraduates' self‐reported information use in order to understand how they interact with genres and perform tasks. We compiled and validated genre and task repertoires using an online questionnaire with 103 undergraduates. To analyze the responses, we employed exploratory data analysis techniques, including correspondence analysis and cluster analysis. We interpreted three latent dimensions of the genre–task relationship: disciplinary versus education (Dimension 1); classroom versus independent coursework (Dimension 2); and conceptual versus procedural knowledge (Dimension 3). The distinction between the educational function of genres and tasks that support teaching and learning and those that support the socialization of students into the discipline and profession accounted for the majority of the variance in the dataset. The use of genres across tasks revealed that respondents prefer proximal and accessible information, and that personal and less formal genres are central to the learning experience. Findings provide insights into how undergraduates navigate complex information environments and interact with genres and tasks in their coursework.
Establishment of a model to predict mortality after decompression craniotomy for traumatic brain injury
Authors: Wu Birui , Zhang Juntao , Chen Junchen , Sun Xibo , Tan Dianhui 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe mortality rate of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still high even while undergoing decompressive craniectomy (DC), and the expensive treatment costs bring huge economic burden to the families of patients.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify preoperative indicators that influence patient outcomes and to develop a risk model for predicting patient mortality by a retrospective analysis of TBI patients undergoing DC.MethodsA total of 288 TBI patients treated with DC, admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical School from August 2015 to April 2021, were used for univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine the risk factors for death after DC in TBI patients. We also built a risk model for the identified risk factors and conducted internal verification and model evaluation.ResultsUnivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis identified four risk factors: Glasgow Coma Scale, age, activated partial thrombin time, and mean CT value of the superior sagittal sinus. These risk factors can be obtained before DC. In addition, we also developed a 3‐month mortality risk model and conducted a bootstrap 1000 resampling internal validation, with C‐indices of 0.852 and 0.845, respectively.ConclusionsWe developed a risk model that has clinical significance for the early identification of patients who will still die after DC. Interestingly, we also identified a new early risk factor for TBI patients after DC, that is, preoperative mean CT value of the superior sagittal sinus (p < .05).
A Comprehensive Review on Reductive Recycling of Cathode Materials of Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Li Yiran , Cai Junhui , Wang JiaYu , Xu Shengnv , Li Yanjuan , He Wei , Wang Zhanzhan , Yang Shun , Yan Xiao 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe prosperity of the lithium‐ion battery market is inevitably accompanied by the depletion of corresponding resources and the accumulation of spent batteries in a dialectical manner. Spent lithium‐ion batteries are harboring the characteristics of hazardous waste and high‐value resources, so efficient recycling is of great significance. The cathode material is considered as an interesting target for repurposing. Despite some important reviews give commendable emphasis to recycling technologies, there is still a dearth of exploration of recycling mechanisms. This deficiency of awareness highlights the need for further research and development in this area. This review aims to systematically review and thoroughly discuss the reduction reaction mechanism of each method regarding different cathode materials. And systematically digest the selection of reducing agent and the effect of reduction reaction on material regeneration are systematically digested, as well as the impact of the reduction reaction on the regeneration of materials. This review emphasizes the importance of balancing efficiency, economic and environmental benefits in reuse technologies. Finally, the review proposes an outlook on the opportunities and challenges facing the reuse of key materials for next‐generation spent batteries aimed at promoting the green and sustainable development of lithium‐ion batteries, circular economy and ecological balance.
Developmental trajectory of social reward motivation from early adolescence into adulthood in female and male Long‐Evans rats
Authors: Murray Shealin H. , Logan Ryanne J. , Sheehan Andrew C. , Paolone Arianna R. , McCormick Cheryl M. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMost studies of adolescent and adult behavior involved one age group of each, whereas the dynamic changes in brain development suggest that there may be behavioral flux in adolescence. In two studies, we investigated developmental changes in social reward motivation in female and male Long‐Evans rats from prepuberty to early adulthood in a social operant conditioning task. Given the earlier onset of puberty in females than in males, we predicted the course of social reward development would differ between the sexes. Overall, the pattern of results from both studies suggests that the trajectory of social motivation across adolescence is characterized by upward and downward shifts that do not depend on the sex of the rats. During training, in both studies, the mean number of social gate openings and percentage of social gate openings was higher at P30 (prepubertal, early adolescence) and P50 (late adolescence) than at P40 (mid adolescence) and P70 (adulthood) irrespective of sex. Nevertheless, the specific age comparisons that were significant depended on the study. In both studies, P30 rats had greater levels of social motivation than did adults in accessing a social reward when increased effort was required (progressive ratio tests). In an extinction test, only P30 and P50 rats continued to show more nose‐pokes at the previously social gate than at the nonsocial gate, suggesting resistance to extinction. The results highlight the importance of characterizing behavior at several timepoints in adolescence to understand the neural mechanisms, many of which show similar discontinuities as they develop across adolescence.
‘It always seems impossible, until it is done’: Perspectives on reconciliation and its underlying processes in post‐conflict societies
Authors: Karić Tijana , Van Assche Jasper , Swart Hermann 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis Special Issue editorial explores perspectives on intergroup reconciliation and its underlying processes in post‐conflict societies, emphasizing the importance of four key themes: 1) victimhood, 2) acknowledgment, 3) forgiveness, and 4) intergroup contact. After presenting the state of the art in reconciliation research, we present the individual contributions in this Special Issue, and we link them to the four key themes. We end this editorial by setting out an agenda for future research, underscoring the timeliness and relevance of reconciliation efforts in today's world. By offering insights into evidence‐based interventions and practical strategies for promoting positive intergroup relations, this Special Issue hopes to contribute to the broader discourse on peacebuilding and social cohesion in post‐conflict societies.
Adolescent responses to paternal verbal aggression: Assessing spillover and compensatory processes using random intercept cross‐lagged panel models
Authors: Bailey Natasha A. , Costello Meghan A. , Stern Jessica A. , Davis Alida A. , Allen Joseph P. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIntroductionPrior research suggests several pathways through which verbal aggression manifests across adolescent relationship contexts, including spillover (continuity of aggression across different relationships) and compensation (offsetting an aggressive relationship with less aggression in other relationships). These pathways vary across timescales in ways that between‐person analytic approaches are unlikely to adequately capture. The current study used random intercept cross‐lagged panel modeling (RI‐CLPM) to examine adolescents' spillover and compensatory responses to paternal verbal aggression.MethodsParticipants were 184 adolescents (53.2% female) from a United States community sample participating in a longitudinal study. Annually from ages 13–17, participants reported on their experiences of verbal aggression in their paternal and maternal relationships and participated in observed interactions with a close peer that were coded for aggressive behavior.ResultsSpillover was observed from father‐adolescent to mother‐adolescent and adolescent‐peer contexts in analyses at the between‐person level, likely capturing long‐term, cumulative effects of paternal aggression. Conversely, compensation was observed in analyses at the within‐person level, likely capturing medium‐term (i.e., year‐to‐year) adaptations to paternal aggression: Adolescents who experienced more aggression from their father than expected at a specific time point were less likely to both perpetrate and experience aggression in maternal and peer relationships the following year. Several findings differed across teen gender, with compensation more likely to occur in males than females.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the multiple pathways by which father‐adolescent aggression may be linked to behavior in other relationships in the medium‐ and long‐term. They also support the value of RI‐CLPM in decomposing these effects.
Protein‐enriched soup and weekly exercise improve muscle health: A randomized trial in mid‐to‐old age with inadequate protein intake
Authors: Peng Li‐Ning , Lin Ming‐Hsien , Tseng Sung‐Hua , Yen Ko‐Han , Lee Huei‐Fang , Hsiao Fei‐Yuan , Chen Liang‐Kung 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBackgroundPrior research has highlighted the synergistic impact of protein supplementation on muscle function post‐exercise in adults; however, evidence supporting the combined effects were less robust and inconsistent on those with protein insufficiency. This investigation aims to explore efficacy of protein‐enriched soup coupled with exercise on muscle health and metabolism in middle‐aged and older adults with suboptimal protein intake.MethodsAn open‐label, 12‐week, randomized controlled trial involving participants with insufficient protein intake (<1.0 g/kg/day) was done. The intervention group consumed protein‐enriched soup (24–30 g protein daily) and 1‐h weekly exercise, while controls received health education. Assessments included laboratory tests, functional assessments, and body composition.ResultsIn this trial, 97 out of 100 randomized participants (mean age: 64.65 ± 4.84 years, 81.8% female) completed the study (47 in intervention group and 50 in control group). Compared results of baselines, at 1 and 3 months of intervention, significant improvements in waist circumference (83.48 ± 10.22 vs. 82.5 ± 9.88 vs. 82.37 ± 9.42 cm, P for trend = 0.046), 6‐min walking distance (525.65 ± 58.46 vs. 534.47 ± 51.87 vs. 552.02 ± 57.66 m, P for trend = 0.001), five‐time sit‐to‐stand time (7.63 ± 1.63 vs. 6.81 ± 1.8 vs. 6.4 ± 1.42 s, P for trend <0.001), grip strength (26.74 ± 6.54 vs. 27.53 ± 6.99 vs. 28.52 ± 7.09 kg, P for trend <0.001), and MNA score (26.8 ± 2.14 vs. 27.73 ± 1.74 vs. 27.55 ± 1.72, P for trend <0.001) were discerned within the intervention group. The intervention demonstrated a significant reduction in serum triglyceride (105.32 ± 49.84 vs. 101.36 ± 42.58 vs. 93.43 ± 41.49 mg/dL, P for trend = 0.023), increased HDL‐C (60.04 ± 16.21 vs. 60 ± 17.37 vs. 62.55 ± 18.27 mg/dL, P for trend = 0.02), and DHEA‐S levels (97.11 ± 54.39 vs. 103.39 ± 56.75 vs. 106.83 ± 60.56 μg/dL, P for trend = 0.002). Serum myostatin did not differ in both groups, but serum leptin levels significantly increased (9118.88 ± 5811.68 vs. 11508.97 ± 7151.08 vs. 11220.80 ± 7190.71 pg/mL, P for trend = 0.016) in controls. The intervention group showed greater improvements in 6 min walking distance (β = 0.71, 95% CI: 6.88 to 40.79, P = 0.006), five‐time sit‐to‐stand test (β = −0.87, 95% CI: −1.59 to −0.15, P = 0.017), MNA score (β = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.20 to 1.71, P = 0.013), serum triglycerides (β = −15.01, 95% CI: −27.83 to −2.20, P = 0.022), LDL‐C (β = −9.23, 95% CI: −16.98 to −1.47, P = 0.020), and DHEA‐S levels (β = 9.98, 95% CI: 0.45 to 19.51, P = 0.04) than controls.ConclusionsProtein‐enriched soup with weekly exercise over 12 weeks significantly improved physical performance, lipid profile, and DHEA‐S levels among middle‐aged and older adults with inadequate protein intake, while studies assessing long‐term benefits of the intervention are needed.
An Improved HPLC Separation Method for TSPO Radioligand [11C]ER176 Clinical Production
Authors: Li Kang‐Po , Cai Hancheng 
Published: April 2024

ABSTRACTMitochondrial membrane translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) expression is increased in activated microglia, established as a plausible target of neuroinflammation imaging. [11C]ER176, specifically binding to TSPO, has been developed as the third generation of radioligand for PET imaging of TSPO, which showed the potential in better quantifying neuroinflammation than its predecessors. In the current study, we developed an automated radiosynthesis with an improved HPLC purification method for [11C]ER176 clinical production. The improved HPLC separation was integrated into the automated production of [11C]ER176 using a reverse phase semi‐preparative HPLC column with an isocratic pump and the mixture of methanol and 50 mM ammonium acetate as the mobile phase. The fraction corresponding to [11C]ER176 was collected around 8.5–9.0 min without the risk of getting contaminations from nearby impurities. The automated production process took about 30 min after end of bombardment (EOB) and the quality of the final product [11C]ER176 met all specifications for clinical use based on current US Pharmacopeia and FDA CGMP requirements.