bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SURVIVAL, METAMORPHOSIS AND GROWTH OF PENAEID SHRIMP LARVAE REARED ON A VARIETY OF ALGAL AND ANIMAL FOODS
Authors: Wilkenfeld Joshua S. , Lawrence Addison L. , Kuban Frank D. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTExperiments conducted with Penaeus aztecus, P. setiferus and P. vannamei compared survival, metamorphosis and dry weight growth of larvae fed a variety of algal and animal food regimes. The major objectives were: (a) comparison of the nematode Panagrellus redivivus and the brine shrimp Artemia as animal food sources and (b) comparison of effects of feeding diatoms (Skeletonema costatum and Chaetoceros gracilis) vs phytoflagellates (Isochrysis sp. and Tetraselmis chuii) with nematodes or brine shrimp nauplii added to the diet starting at the protozoea‐two or mysis‐one substage.Specific feeding regimes were identified for each shrimp species tested which would allow for total or partial replacement of Artemia as the animal food source, without reducing production results. However, Panagrellus redivivus was found to be less versatile than Artemia nauplii in terms of overall nutritional value to the shrimp larvae. The superiority of using two diatom species vs two phytoflagellate species as an algal food source for penaeid shrimp larvae demonstrated in earlier experiments was confirmed.The results strongly suggest that evaluation of rearing regimes used for production of penaeid postlarvae should include growth in terms of dry weight, as well as survival and rate of metamorphosis.
PRODUCTION OFPenaeus vannameiIN CATTLE MANURE‐ENRICHED ECOSYSTEMS IN HAWAII
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Sheng , Shleser Robert A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe first experiment of this study was conducted in 1981 usingPenaeus vannameifrom Ecuador. Animals weighing an average of 3.8 g were stocked in seven earthen ponds (163 m2) at an average density of 9.2 animals/m2. The shrimp in two of the ponds were fed Ralston Purina MR20 shrimp feed daily. The remaining five ponds were not fed, but were enriched with cattle manure plus inorganic fertilizer. After 62 days the average body weight was 20.3 g. The average weekly weight gain and average survival were 1.82 g and 54.05% respectively for ponds fed commercial feed, and 1.89 g and 59.9% for ponds enriched with fertilizer.The second experiment was conducted in 1982, usingP. vannameifrom Costa Rica. Four ponds (163 m2), Group 1, were stocked with 6.5 g animals at a density of 7.1 animals/m2. An additional four ponds as Group 2 were stocked with 3.2 g animals at a density of 9.4 animals/m2. One pond from each group received one of the following four treatments: no external inputs, feeding with MR20 feed or fertilizing with cattle manure 0.5 kg/m2or 1.0 kg/m2. After 77 days the average weight was 17.88 g in Group 1 and 16.93 g in Group 2. There was a significant difference in growth rate between Group 1 and Group 2. Survival for all treatments was greater than 71.4% and averaged 80.7%. Water quality was monitored in both experiments. Water temperatures were higher in experiment 1 than in experiment 2. No correlations have been drawn between growth rates, water quality parameters, and treatments, in either experiment.In conclusion,P. vannameican be raised in cow manure‐enriched ecosystems at a stocking rate of 9.4 animals/m2.
SEED STOCK FOR LOBSTER CULTURE: THE ROLE OF TEMPERATURE IN SYNCHRONIZING THE MOLT AND REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE OF CULTURED AMERICAN LOBSTERS
Authors: Waddy S. L. , Aiken D. E. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTFemale lobsters reared under high culture temperatures (20°C) have been poor producers of eggs and for this reason wild stock have been the source of seed for culture production. However, improvements in our understanding of the temperature control of female reproductive cycles have made it possible to obtain eggs and larvae from cultured brood stock and accelerate the development of a domesticated strain. More than 200 fast‐growing female lobsters hatched and reared in our intensive culture system are now being used as brood stock. During 1983, 2,500 fourth stage larval lobsters were obtained from cultured parental stock. These larvae are the first second generation lobsters reported from culture‐culture crosses and represent the first significant step in the development of domesticated lobsters for intensive culture.
PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS OF ORANGEMOUTH CORVINA SPAWN INDUCEMENT USING PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY CYCLES
Authors: Prentice John A. , Colura Robert L. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTSubadult orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus) collected in fall 1981 from the Salton Sea, California, were transported to Texas to determine methods to induce spawning in indoor closed culture systems. Sexual naturation was stimulated with artificially controlled annual photoperiod, water temperature and salinity cycles which mimicked conditions historically found at the Salton Sea. Corvina readily adapted to intensive culture and grew rapidly, approaching maturity by spring 1982. Sexual development was monitored by catheterization. Corvina were found to be summer spawners. Males approximately 500 mm total length became sexually mature, producing milt from at least June to October of the 1982 and 1982‐83 cycles. Females approximately 590 mm total length developed eggs (0.05‐0.70 mm diameter, unhydrated) from at least June to October of the 1982‐83 cycle, but did not spawn. Because spawning had not occurred by late summer 1983 and egg development stopped progressing, two females with egg diameters of 0.40‐0.55 mm were each administered a single injection of 550 USP units/kg body weight human chorionic gonadotropin. Egg hydration and ovulation occurred within 30 hours of hormone injection in each female. The first female had many eggs clumped in masses but was able to release eggs which appeared fully developed. The other female died because hydrated eggs were clumped together in large masses and could not be released. Males attended females during the time of egg hydration and ovulation and apparently released milt, but no eggs developed or hatched. Experiments to induce spawning are continuing.
DEVELOPMENT OF A COLD‐TOLERANT POPULATION OF RED TILAPIA THROUGH INTROGRESSIVE HYBRIDIZATION
Authors: Behrends L. L. , Smitherman R. O. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA population of red tilapia with cold tolerance traits similar to Tilapia aurea has been produced using introgressive breeding techniques, i.e., hybridization (female T. aurea x male red tilapia, heterozyqous for red trait) followed by backcrossing (female T. aurea x F‐1 male, red phenotype). Progeny of the F‐1 backcross, consisting of approximately 50% normal and 50% red phenotype, survived longer under conditions of ambient cooling than either T. aurea or T. mossambica (P < 0.05). There were no differences in cold tolerance between the normal and red phenotypes of the F‐1 backcross population (P > 0.05). Mean lower lethal temperatures for the three groups were: T. aurea (11.6 °C), T. mossambica (13.8 °C), and F‐1 backcross, red and normal phenotypes pooled, 10.0 °C.
RESPONSE OF Tilapia aurea TO DIETARY VITAMIN C
Authors: Stickney Robert R. , McGeachin Robert B. , Lewis Donald H. , Marks Jon , Riggs Alan , Sis Raymond F. , Robinson Edwin H. , Wurts William 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to determine the dietary requirement for vitamin C of young Tilapia aurea. In the first experiment, best growth and food conversion were obtained over 14 weeks on a diet which contained 50 mg/kg of vitamin C (other levels tested were 0, 100 and 200 mg/kg). In the second experiment, levels of 0, 25, 50, 65, 80, 95 and 110 mg/kg of vitamin C were employed and, again, growth and food conversion did not improve at dietary vitamin C levels above 50 mg/kg. Pathologic changes were observed in fish maintained on rations containing 25 mg/kg or less vitamin C. Gross changes included mild scoliosis and occasional hemorrhages of the fins, mouth and swim bladder. Histologic changes included shortening and thickening of gill lamellae and disorganization of chondrocytes in tips of gill filaments and bases of gill arches.
PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN INTENSIVE MOLLUSC HUSBANDRY
Authors: Elston Ralph A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPrinciples for management of infectious diseases in intensive mollusc husbandry are presented as derived from an evaluation of pertinent literature and general principles of health management. Both opportunistic pathogens and obligate agents of disease are managed in terms of finite entry points in husbandry systems: brood stocks, algal food stock and seawater source. Opportunistic bacterial diseases, particularly vibriosis, are presently the most significant diseases. Bacteria expand in the culture system in a preclinical phase and subsequently cause primary disease both by direct infection by bacteria and by toxin‐mediated processes. Primary disease involving direct infection and growth of bacteria in ligament and soft tissues appears to be the most significant mechanism of infection in metamorphosing and juvenile animals, the critical phase in intensive mollusc husbandry. Diagnosis and management of the disease depend on recognition of the disease and determination of the source of infectious organisms. Obligate intracellular diseases are prevented and managed by control of animal movements, prevention of cross contamination and sterilization of effluents from animal tanks.
DISEASE TREATMENT IN HARD CLAMS, Mercenaria mercenaria1
Authors: Kraeuter John N. , Castagna Michael 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTDiseases have been considered to be major factors in the failure of laboratory and commercial bivalve culture. Much of the work on disease has concentrated on the larval stages, but little information exists for the period from settlement to the age of about nine months. We noticed substantial mortalities of 2–10 mm shell height Mercenaria mercenaria which had been held all winter in the grow‐out facility of our laboratory. In subsequent years we developed several methods for treating the clams to decrease the mortalities. Although presumptive tests indicated the presence of Vibrio bacteria we did not confirm the etiological agent and did not establish direct evidence that bacterial pathogens caused the observed mortalities. The most effective treatment tested for general purpose commercial usage was a two‐hour bath of bleach at either 9 or 18 ppm.
DEPTH DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES IN ENRICHED, LOW‐SALINITY FISH CULTURE PONDS
Authors: Perschbacher Peter W. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPlanktonic, nektonic and epifaunal, and benthic invertebrate comunities were sampled at 2‐week intervals in Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) grow‐out ponds east of Baytown, Texas. Conductivity increased in a summer trial, range 3–14 mmhos/cm (2–9 ppt salinity) and decreased in a fall‐winter trial, range 12–31 mhos/cm (8–22 ppt salinity). Replicated treatments in the summer trial were inorganic fertilization only, fertilization and supplemental feeding at 3% of fish body weight daily, and feeding at 3% body weight only; and in the fall‐winter trial, fertilization, feeding at 5% body weight once daily, and feeding at 5% body weight divided into daily portions.In both trials, copepods and rotifers numerically dominated the zooplankton samples, ostracods the nekton‐epifaunal samples, and chironomid larvae and ostracods the benthic samples. Fertilization significantly increased primary productivity and the abundance of copepods, rotifers, corixids and chironomid larvae (major food sources). Supplemental feeding significantly increased numbers of polychaete larvae and adults, and bivalves. Ostracods, corophiid amphipods, and mayfly and damselfly nymphs varied independently of treatment. In terms of depth distribution, in early September chironomid larvae and amphipod and in December ostracod abundance declined with depth from the pond bank. In the December core transect polychaete and chironomid larvae density followed the reverse of this trend. Bivalves were most abundant on the gradual slope 0.92‐1.11 m in depth.Low salinities at this site enhanced aquatic insect and insect larva populations and reduced the importance of polychaetes. Gulf killifish production on natural foods alone was high.
A GENERAL MODEL OF THE AQUACULTURE POND ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Piedrahita Raul H. , Brune David E. , Tchobanoglous George , Orlob Gerald T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA computer model of a fertilized warm‐water aquaculture pond has been developed. The model is intended to represent the pond ecosystem and its response to external stimuli. The major physical, chemical, and biological processes and parameters are included in the model. A total of 22 state variables are used in the model (dissolved oxygen, ammonia, alkalinity, phytoplankton, zooplankton, fish, etc.). The model is fonnulated as a system of mass balance equations. The differential equations include stimulatory and inhibitory effects of environmental parameters on processes taking place in the pond. The equations may be solved for the entire growth period and diurnal as well as seasonal fluctuations may be identified.
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING RATES ON THE DYNAMICS OF GROWTH OF BLACK DRUM AND SPOT CAGE CULTURED IN A HEATED WATER LAKE
Authors: Jones Fredrick V. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBlack drum (Pogonias cromis) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) were cage cultured in a cooling lake of a power plant near Baytown, Texas, from June through September 1978 and June through November 1977, respectively, to determine the effects of varying feeding rates on the dynamics of growth. Temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen were monitored daily and fish were measured and weighed either monthly or at two‐week intervals to determine growth rates.Survival was poor for spot due to handling stress, and excellent for black drum. Instantaneous growth rates were correlated to temperature, salinity, fish size, and feeding rate. Mean food conversion efficiency (FCE) was correlated to size and feeding rate. Maximum growth rates occurred at temperatures between 27–30°C. Growth rates increased with increasing salinity, and large fish grew faster at higher salinities than small fish. Growth rates increased with increasing feeding rates up to and slightly beyond the maximum daily ration, then declined. FCE decreased curvilinearly with increasing ration up to the maximum daily ration, then remained stable. Growth rates and FCE declined curvilinearly with increasing fish size.
EFFECTS OF SIZE AT STOCKING ON COMPETITION AND GROWTH OF ALL‐MALE TILAPIA HYBRIDS
Authors: McGinty Andrew S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTriplicate ponds (0.07‐ha) were stocked with either a single size group (11–12 cm) or mixed size groups (either smalls 7–8 cm, mediums 11–12 cm or larges 15–16 cm) of all‐male tilapia hybrids of female Tilapia nilotica x male T. hornorum. After 140 days, smalls, mediums and larges gained 1.89, 3.10 and 2.59 g/day in mixed stocking, respectively, while mediums in single stocking gained 2.59 g/day. In mixed stocking, growth of smalls was depressed due to competition with mediums, larges, or both. Larges apparently expended mre energy on nest building and guarding, thus allowing mediums to maximize their food intake and growth. Lack of a predetermined hierarchy under single stocking resulted in depressed growth.
FEEDING ECOLOGY OF HYBRID STRIPED BASS (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) IN CULTURE PONDS
Authors: Woods L. Curry , Lockwood Jeffrey C. , Kerby J. Howard , Huish Melvin T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA study of the relative importance of food organisms utilized by hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis x M. chrysops) was conducted at the Dennis Wildlife Center in Bonneau, South Carolina. Objectives were to determine the food items of major importance and to document the availability, utilization and preference of zooplankton by one‐ to five‐week‐old hybrid striped bass.We collected twenty‐five plankton samples and 300 hybrids from each of five 0.2 ha culture ponds. The dominant taxa of net zooplankton in decreasing order of occurrence were Bosmina, Daphnia and Cyclopidae. Dominant genera of zooplankton in hybrid stomachs in decreasing order of occurrence were Cyclops, Daphnia and Bosmina. Selectivity indices calculated for the three most important taxa of zooplankton showed that hybrid striped bass preferentially selected Cyclops and Daphnia and avoided Bosmina. Insect larvae and ostracods were other food items found in many stomachs.
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SHRIMP FARMING IN TEXAS: AN INVESTMENT ANALYSIS FOR SEMI‐INTENSIVE POND GROW‐OUT
Authors: Hanson J. S. , Griffin W. L. , Richardson J. W. , Nixon C. J. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA firm level simulation model (MARSIM) was developed to analyze the survival of different shrimp farm sizes in Texas. The model simulates the annual activities of a shrimp farm: production, finances, cash receipts, capital replacement and depreciation, cash flows, income taxes, balances, and growth. A firm is replicated 50 times over a 10‐year planning horizon. Random values for shrimp growth and survival, temperature, hurricanes, and prices received in each of 10 years are generated from multivariate empirical probability density functions (pdf) for these variables. For the analysis summarized here, a shrimp farm was simulated using 3 different size systems and 4 different pond sizes. Results indicate that higher rates of return and faster payback are associated with larger total farm size and larger ponds. For large farms (400 surface hectares), pond size becomes less critical to obtaining an acceptable rate of return to investment. The amount of time taken to construct a facility significantly impacts the rate of return. Hurricanes, prices, production, and temperature variation are also critical factors affecting the firm's returns and survival.
EVALUATION OF THREE BIOLOGICAL FILTERS SUITABLE FOR AQUACULTURAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Miller G. E. , Libey G. S. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA staged rotating biological contactor (RBC), packed tower (PT, trickling filter) and fluidized bed reactor (FBR) were tested simultaneously using common water from a fish culture tank. The culture tank was stocked with channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) at three different densities (approximately 227, 113 and 57 kg/m3) to provide solute concentrations in the filter influent similar to those expected under intensive culture practices.Mean concentrations of total ammonia nitrogen (NH4+‐N + NH3‐N) in the culture tank were 1.46 (3.50‐0.42), 1.26 (1.78‐0.95) and 0.36 (0.48‐ 0.28) mg N/liter at the respective stocking densities. The RBC provided the best nitrification efficiencies (74%, 82% and 76%, respectively). The efficiency of the PT (23%, 42% and 51%) was somewhat better than the FBR (8%, 28% and 32%). The rate of ammonia removal across the entire RBC was 0.79, 0.63 and 0.19 g N/m2d‐1, with removal across the first two stages of 1.31, 1.15 and 0.31 g N/m2d‐1. The PT provided arranonia removal of only 0.25, 0.32 and 0.14 g N/m2d‐1.Dissolved oxygen, nitrite, nitrate, pH, alkalinity and chemical oxygen demand analysis was also performed.
PROCEDURES AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING OF SOFT‐SHELLED CRAWFISH
Authors: Culley D. D. , Said M. Z. , Culley P. T. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTProduction technology for soft‐shelled red swamp crawfish (Procam barus clarkii) was investigated. Immature trapped crawfish molted when placed under intense (100/m2) short‐term culture at a rate of 3.8% of the population/day when provided a diet of floating trout pellets. Other diets (carrots, cracked corn and milo, and low protein duckweed) yielded daily molting rates of 2, 1.6 and 1.4%, respectively. Pre‐ and postmolt weights of crawfish were not different. Processing by (1) removal of rostrum and gastroliths; (2) removal of internal organs, plus (1); and (3) removal of carapace plus (1) and (2) yielded 92, 79 and 72% edible product. Crawfish collected by seining yielded a greater number of molts over a 10‐day period than trapped crawfish.
EFFECT ON GROWTH AMD APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY OF DIETS VARYING IN GRAIN SOURCE AND PROTEIN LEVEL INMacrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Ashmore S. B. , Stanley R. W. , Moore L. B. , Malecha S. R. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTTwo studies each consisting of a growth and digestibility trial were carried out to evaluate the nutritive merit of four cereal grains (corn, milo, wheat and barley) in diets formulated forMacrobrachium rosenbergii. In the first growth trial four isonitrogenous, isolipidic and isocaloric (gross energy) diets differing in their grain source were fed to prawns with an initial mean weight of 7.3±0.1 g. After 12 weeks the barley based diet produced greater growth than the wheat based diet. No significant differences in feed conversion ratios, protein efficiency ratios, or feed consumption were observed. The same diets containing 1% chromic oxide were fed to larger animals (40–50 g) to determine apparent digestibility of protein and energy. Apparent digestibility of dietary energy ranged from 76.8% to 79.1% for the four diets tested and was significantly lowest in the wheat diet. Apparent digestibility of protein ranged from 84.1% to 88.9% and did not vary significantly among diets. In the second growth trial prawns with an initial mean weight of 4.1±O. l g were fed six isolipidic, isocaloric diets varying in protein level (20%, 30% or 40%) and grain source (wheat or barley). Growth at 12 weeks was significantly different among treatments. The wheat and barley 30% and 40% protein diets supported greater growth than the 20% protein wheat diet. The 40% protein wheat diet and 30% protein barley diet supported greater growth than the 30% protein wheat diet. Higher feed consumption was observed with the higher protein diets. No differences between feed and protein conversion ratios were observed among diets. In the second digestibility trial, apparent digestible protein was not significantly different among treatments, however, digestible energy was significantly different among treatments. It appears from the results that feed consumption and apparent digestible energy contributed to the growth response observed in the two growth trials. At the 30% dietary protein level, barley appears to have been more efficiently utilized than wheat, effectively reducing the level of required dietary protein.
THE EFFECT OF EARTHEN POND BANK GRASS ON PRAWN YIELD1
Authors: Wang Jaw‐Kai , Losordo Thomas M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA paired‐t test has shown that, statistically, proper shortening of the pond bank grass covering increased the harvested yields of production ponds. This increase is assumed to be due to higher harvest efficiencies and the resultant timely removal of as many market size prawns as possible. From October 1983 to May 1984, an annual adjusted yield of 2,300 kg per harvested hectare was achieved in ponds with properly maintained banks. In contrast, ponds with long grass covered banks yielded 1,916 kg per harvested hectare. These results showed clearly the importance of high harvest efficiency in managing a fresh water prawn production facility.