bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen‐induced defects in Pd films
Authors: Cizek Jakub , Prochazka Ivan , Melikhova Oksana , Vlach Martin , Zaludova Nada , Brauer Gerhard , Anwand Wolfgang , Egger Werner , Sperr Peter , Hugenschmidt Christoph , Gemma Ryota , Pundt Astrid , Kirchheim Reiner 
Published: October 2009

AbstractHydrogen absorbed in crystalline solids causes a lattice expansion and the formation of hydride phases. Contrary to free standing bulk samples, thin films are fixed at substrates, which prevent their in‐plane expansion. This makes hydrogen‐induced expansion of thin films highly anisotropic and leads to the formation of high stresses in hydrogen loaded thin films. As a consequence, lattice defects may be created in thin films loaded with hydrogen. This work reports about defects created by hydrogen loading in epitaxial Pd films deposited on Al2O3 substrates by cold cathode beam sputtering. Hydrogen‐induced defects are characterized by positron annihilation spectroscopy performed with variable energy slow positron beams. Extended studies of defect depth profile and its development with increasing concentration of hydrogen are performed by measurement of Doppler broadening of annihilation profile using a continuous positron beam. Selected states are investigated also by positron lifetime spectroscopy on an intense pulsed positron beam. Firstly, the microstructure of virgin films is characterized. Subsequently, the hydrogen concentration in the films is increased step‐by‐step by electrochemical charging. The development of the film microstructure and the evolution of defects are investigated. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Positron annihilation studies of defects in Si1‐xGex/SOI heterostructures
Authors: Calloni A. , Ferragut R. , Moia F. , Dupasquier A. , Isella G. , Marongiu D. , Norga G. , Fedorov A. , Chrastina D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe strain of a SiGe alloy epitaxially grown on Si can be released by heating at 750°C. However the strain relaxation is accompanied by the generation of threading dislocations and associated point defects. The attempted remedy is to let SiGe grow on a very thin Si substrate on top of a SOI heterostructure, with the purpose of concentrating the defects at the Si‐SiO2 interface of the SOI substrate. A slow positron beam was used to investigate the effectiveness of the remedy. The positron diffusion length in SiGe decreases after the thermal treatment. This result shows the generation of lattice defects still occurs in the SiGe layer, in spite of the deposition on SOI. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A study of dye molecule diffusion in human hair using positron lifetime spectroscopy
Authors: Chandrashekara M. N. , Ranganathaiah C. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe diffusion behavior of a commercial permanent liquid hair dye in human hair has been investigated using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) and gravimetric sorption method. The o‐Ps lifetime parameters τ3 and I3 decrease rapidly during the first 60 minutes of sorption time. This is understood in terms of dye molecules filling the free volume cavities in hair. The sorption results suggest that the dye molecule diffusion is essentially a Fickian process. In the latter part of the sorption, where positron parameters remain almost constant, mass increase might be due to surface adhesion. These two stages of sorption are well separated by the positron technique. The study shows that the free volume theory and positron technique, widely used in polymer research, may expediently be used to understand hair properties, more importantly diffusion of dye molecules. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The AMMA field campaigns: multiscale and multidisciplinary observations in the West African region
Authors: Lebel T. , Parker D. J. , Flamant C. , Bourlès B. , Marticorena B. , Mougin E. , Peugeot C. , Diedhiou A. , Haywood J. M. , Ngamini J. B. , Polcher J. , Redelsperger J.‐L. , Thorncroft C. D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAMMA—the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis—is the biggest programme of research into environment and climate ever attempted in Africa. AMMA has involved a comprehensive field experiment bringing together ocean, land and atmospheric measurements, on time‐scales ranging from hourly and daily variability up to the changes in seasonal activity over a number of years. Many of the publications in this special issue make use of subsets of the AMMA measurements, collected from a diverse set of sensors.As a general introduction to the special issue, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the AMMA observational programme, and summarises the scientific strategy which has defined the field deployment. The relationship between the existing observational monitoring networks of the region and the new sensors deployed for AMMA, and for the future, is described. Making use of regional and sub‐regional maps, the main groups of sensors are described in terms of their deployment periods and their spatial co‐ordination. The key linkages between different groups of measurements are also outlined, in terms of the strategy for their combined use and in terms of their interdependence. Some brief summaries of conditions sampled during the three years of the AMMA Extended Observing Period are also given. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society and Crown Copyright
Meridional energy transport in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system: scaling and numerical experiments
Authors: Vallis Geoffrey K. , Farneti Riccardo 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe explore meridional energy transfer in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system, with a focus on the extratropics. We present various elementary scaling arguments for the partitioning of the energy transfer between atmosphere and ocean, and illustrate those arguments by numerical experimentation. The numerical experiments are designed to explore the effects of changing various properties of the ocean (its size, geometry and diapycnal diffusivity), the atmosphere (its water vapour content) and the forcing of the system (the distribution of incoming solar radiation and the rotation rate of the planet). We find that the energy transport associated with wind‐driven ocean gyres is closely coupled to the energy transport of the midlatitude atmosphere so that, for example, the heat transport of both systems scales in approximately the same way with the meridional temperature gradient in midlatitudes. On the other hand, the deep circulation of the ocean is not tightly coupled with the atmosphere and its energy transport varies in a different fashion.Although for present‐day conditions the atmosphere transports more energy polewards than does the ocean, we find that a wider or more diffusive ocean is able to transport more energy than the atmosphere. The polewards energy transport of the ocean is smaller in the Southern Hemisphere than in the Northern Hemisphere; this arises because of the effects of a circumpolar channel on the deep overturning circulation. The atmosphere is able to compensate for changes in oceanic heat transport due to changes in diapycnal diffusivity or geometry, but we find that the compensation is not perfect. We also find that the transports of both atmosphere and ocean decrease if the planetary rotation rate increases substantially, indicating that there is no a priori constraint on the total meridional heat transport in the coupled system. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Stability criteria for shallow‐water flow above zonally symmetric orography on the sphere
Authors: White A. A. , Staniforth A. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt is shown that the sufficient stability criteria given by P. Ripa in 1983 for zonal shallow‐water flow on the sphere may be extended to include zonally symmetric orography (free surface height being replaced in the relevant expressions by depth). The context of the study is the use of stable flows to test the formulation of discretized numerical models; illustrative examples of how to apply the criteria in this context are presented. © Crown Copyright 2009. Reproduced with the permission of HMSO. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecological modernization versus sustainable development: the case of genetic modification regulation in New Zealand
Authors: Wright Jeanette , Kurian Priya 
Published: October 2009

AbstractEcological modernization and sustainable development are the two dominant paradigms in environmental policy. This paper assesses the implications of competing understandings of ecological modernization and sustainable development using the case of genetic modification regulation in New Zealand. Although the New Zealand regulatory framework embraces the symbolic language of sustainability, it ultimately adheres to a narrow notion of ecological modernization. By adopting a technically driven risk management process and a diluted precautionary approach, alongside limiting public input into decision‐making on genetic modification, it undercuts its commitment to sustainable development definitionally and procedurally. Analysis of the New Zealand biotechnology policy regulatory framework, which consists of the Hazardous Substances and New Organisms (HSNO) Act and the Environmental Risk Management Authority (ERMA), shows how institutionalization of a narrow conception of ecological modernization can preempt real commitment to sustainable development. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Industrial transformation and sustainable development in developing countries
Authors: Luken Ralph , Castellanos‐Silveria Fernando 
Published: October 2009

AbstractWe examined the relationship between industrial transformation and the positive and negative impacts of industry on sustainable development in developing countries. We started by assigning developing countries to five groups based on the extent to which they have transformed and reoriented their manufacturing sectors. We then compared the changes in economic, social and environmental variables that occurred in these groups between the years 1990 and 2004. We found that those groups that experienced the greatest industrial transformation were the ones with the greater positive impacts in terms of per capita industrial output and employment and greater reductions in impacts in terms of energy intensity. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Solutions of equations in languages
Authors: Hesselink Wim H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA context-free grammar corresponds to a system of equations in languages. The language generated by the grammar is the smallest solution of the system. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for an arbitrary solution to be the smallest one. We revive an old criterion to decide that a grammar has a unique solution. All this fits in an approach to search for a grammar for an arbitrary language that is given by other means. The approach is illustrated by the derivation of a grammar for a certain set of bit strings. The approach is used to give an elegant derivation of the grammar for a language accepted by a pushdown automaton.
Blaming the client: on data refinement in the presence of pointers
Authors: Filipović Ivana , O’Hearn Peter , Torp-Smith Noah , Yang Hongseok 
Published: October 2009

AbstractData refinement is a common approach to reasoning about programs, based on establishing that a concrete program indeed satisfies all the required properties imposed by an intended abstract pattern. Reasoning about programs in this setting becomes complex when use of pointers is assumed and, moreover, a well-known method for proving data refinement, namely the forward simulation method, becomes unsound in presence of pointers. The reason for unsoundness is the failure of the “lifting theorem” for simulations: that a simulation between abstract and concrete modules can be lifted to all client programs. The result is that simulation does not imply that a concrete can replace an abstract module in all contexts. Our diagnosis of this problem is that unsoundness is due to interference from the client programs. Rather than blame a module for the unsoundness of lifting simulations, our analysis places the blame on the client programs which cause the interference: when interference is not present, soundness is recovered. Technically, we present a novel instrumented semantics which is capable of detecting interference between a module and its client. With use of special simulation relations, namely growing relations, and interpreting the simulation method using the instrumented semantics, we obtain a lifting theorem. We then show situations under which simulation does indeed imply refinement.
Z2SAL: a translation-based model checker for Z
Authors: Derrick John , North Siobhán , Simons Anthony J. H. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractDespite being widely known and accepted in industry, the Z formal specification language has not so far been well supported by automated verification tools, mostly because of the challenges in handling the abstraction of the language. In this paper we discuss a novel approach to building a model-checker for Z, which involves implementing a translation from Z into SAL, the input language for the Symbolic Analysis Laboratory, a toolset which includes a number of model-checkers and a simulator. The Z2SAL translation deals with a number of important issues, including: mapping unbounded, abstract specifications into bounded, finite models amenable to a BDD-based symbolic checker; converting a non-constructive and piecemeal style of functional specification into a deterministic, automaton-based style of specification; and supporting the rich set-based vocabulary of the Z mathematical toolkit. This paper discusses progress made towards implementing as complete and faithful a translation as possible, while highlighting certain assumptions, respecting certain limitations and making use of available optimisations. The translation is illustrated throughout with examples; and a complete working example is presented, together with performance data.
Consistent integration of models based on views of meta models
Authors: Ehrig Hartmut , Ehrig Karsten , Ermel Claudia , Prange Ulrike 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The complexity of large system models in software engineering nowadays is mastered by using different views. View-based modelling aims at creating small, partial models, each one of them describing some aspect of the system. Existing formal techniques supporting view-based visual modelling are based on typed attributed graphs, where views are related by typed attributed graph morphisms. Such morphisms up to now require a meta model given by a fixed type graph, as well as a fixed data signature and domain. This is in general not adequate for view-oriented modeling where only parts of the complete meta model are known and necessary when modelling a partial view of the system. The aim of this paper is to extend the framework of typed attributed graph morphisms to generalized typed attributed graph morphisms, short GAG-morphisms, which involve changes of the type graph, data signature, and domain. This allows the modeller to formulate type hierarchies and views of visual languages defined by GAG-morphisms between type graphs, short GATG-morphisms. In this paper, we study the interaction and integration of views, and the restriction of views along type hierarchies. In the main result, we present suitable conditions for the integration and decomposition of consistent view models (Theorem 4.1) and extend these conditions to view models defined over meta models with constraints (Theorem 5.1). As a running example, we use a visual domain-specific modelling language to model coarse-grained IT components and their connectors in decentralized IT infrastructures. Using constraints, we formulate connection properties as invariants.
Genetic Counselors’ Religiosity & Spirituality: Are Genetic Counselors Different from the General Population?
Authors: Cragun Ryan T. , Woltanski Amelia R. , Myers Melanie F. , Cragun Deborah L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAlthough there is evidence that the religious beliefs of genetic counselors (GCs) can induce internal conflict in at least some genetic counseling scenarios, empirical research on the religiosity of GCs is limited. This study compares genetic counselors to a representative sample of the adult U.S. population on multiple religiosity measures. After controlling for several sociodemographic factors the percentage of GCs who report having a religious affiliation is similar to the general U.S., but GCs are less likely to affiliate with conservative Christian religions and are more likely to be Jewish. GCs are significantly less likely than the general U.S. population to: believe in god, attend religious services, pray, and believe in an afterlife even after controlling for relevant sociodemographic factors. Despite the lower levels of religiosity, a majority of GCs do report themselves to be moderately to highly spiritual. We explore potential reasons for religiosity differences as well as possible implications in the context of the GC scope of practice.
The Effect of Linseed on Intramuscular Fat Content and Adipogenesis Related Genes in Skeletal Muscle of Pigs
Authors: Luo He‐Feng , Wei Hong‐Kui , Huang Fei‐Ruo , Zhou Zheng , Jiang Si‐Wen , Peng Jian 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the effect of n‐3 PUFA enrichment in longissimus muscle on intramuscular fat (IMF) content and expression of related genes in growing‐finishing barrows. Two isoenergetic, isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets were formulated: one was basal diet and the other contained 10% linseed. Twenty‐four Landrace × NewDamLine barrows weighing 35 ± 3.7 kg were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with six pigs per group. During the whole experimental period of 90 days, all groups were first fed the basal diet and then the linseed diet for 0, 30, 60, and 90 days before slaughter, respectively. Meat quality, fatty acid composition, and expression of genes involved in adipogenesis in longissimus muscle were measured and analyzed. The IMF content increased linearly (P < 0.05) as the linseed diet feeding time prolonged. Meanwhile, n‐3 PUFA content and expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor δ (PPARδ), PPARγ, adipocyte fatty acid–binding protein (aP2) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL) increased linearly (P < 0.01) as well, while the expression of wingless related MMTV integration site 10b (Wnt10b) linearly decreased (P < 0.01). Furthermore, significant (P < 0.01) quadratic or linear relation was observed between n‐3 PUFA enrichment and expression of these genes, while significant (P < 0.01) quadratic or linear relation was observed between the expression of PPARγ, aP2 or Wnt10b and IMF content. These data show that enhancing n‐3 PUFA enrichment in muscle leads to significant increase in IMF content. A possible explanation is due to alterations in the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, however this will need to be confirmed by protein and enzyme activity studies.
Psychiatry and chronic pain: Examining the interface and designing a structure for a patient‐center approach to treatment
Authors: Clark Michael R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractChronic pain disorders require comprehensive care. While interdisciplinary approaches are recommended, the role of the psychiatrist is often misunderstood. Psychiatrists should be involved with the care of patients with chronic pain as early as possible to maximize response to treatment and improvements in quality of life. Psychiatrists offer an expertise that specifically addresses important deficiencies in the care of patients with chronic pain: (1) the lack of a detailed formulation, (2) the lumping of all psychopathology, and (3) the failure to effectively utilize a rehabilitation model of treatment.
Analytical and numerical investigation of diffraction effects on the nonlinear propagation of ultra-intense few-cycle optical pulses in plasmas
Authors: MALAV HARISH , MAHESHWARI K. P. , MEGHWAL R. S. , CHOYAL Y. , SHARMA RAKESH 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe propagation of intense few-cycle laser beams in plasma media is considered when the quiver velocity of the electron approaches the velocity of light c. The modifications in the spatio-temporal profile of the initial Gaussian beam are found to depend on the combined effect of relativistic plasma frequency and diffraction. The results of the variation of the temporal profile of the envelope at points on the axis as well away from the axis are presented. The results so obtained are compared with those of vacuum propagation. Pulses get broadened and frequency gets chirped as a result of diffraction, phase dispersion and relativistic mass correction. The effect of the plasma on the group velocity dispersion including curvatures of pulse and phase fronts in pulsed Gaussian beam is numerically investigated.
Exploring the feasibility of a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: could it improve utility and validity?
Authors: Andrews G. , Goldberg D. P. , Krueger R. F. , Carpenter W. T. , Hyman S. E. , Sachdev P. , Pine D. S. 
Published: October 2009

BackgroundThe organization of mental disorders into 16 DSM-IV and 10 ICD-10 chapters is complex and based on clinical presentation. We explored the feasibility of a more parsimonious meta-structure based on both risk factors and clinical factors.MethodMost DSM-IV disorders were allocated to one of five clusters as a starting premise. Teams of experts then reviewed the literature to determine within-cluster similarities on 11 predetermined validating criteria. Disorders were included and excluded as determined by the available data. These data are intended to inform the grouping of disorders in the DSM-V and ICD-11 processes.ResultsThe final clusters were neurocognitive (identified principally by neural substrate abnormalities), neurodevelopmental (identified principally by early and continuing cognitive deficits), psychosis (identified principally by clinical features and biomarkers for information processing deficits), emotional (identified principally by the temperamental antecedent of negative emotionality), and externalizing (identified principally by the temperamental antecedent of disinhibition).ConclusionsLarge groups of disorders were found to share risk factors and also clinical picture. There could be advantages for clinical practice, public administration and research from the adoption of such an organizing principle.