bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State of the Occupational Therapy Workforce: Results of a National Study
Authors: Powell Janet M. , Kanny Elizabeth M. , Ciol Marcia A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study determined the current status of the occupational therapy workforce in the United States with a demand-based report using current job data.
METHOD. A 31-question survey was sent to rehabilitation administrators and managers from a proportional random sample of 556 facilities that hire occupational therapy practitioners in 29 states. Data were collected from November 2005 to February 2006 using structured mailing and follow-up procedures.
RESULTS. The response rate was 55%. The vacancy rate was 8.9% for occupational therapists and 7.7% for occupational therapy assistants. Forty-five percent of respondents predicted an increase in occupational therapy positions in the next 2 years, and 30% predicted an increase in occupational therapy assistant positions. Sixty-seven percent reported difficulty hiring occupational therapists, and 62% reported difficulty hiring occupational therapy assistants.
DISCUSSION. This study identifies a serious shortage of occupational therapy practitioners at a time when predictions of workforce demands continue to grow.
Background and Methodology of the Older Driver Evidence-Based Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Stav Wendy B. , Arbesman Marian , Lieberman Deborah 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In response to demands of health care and community-based systems, occupational therapy practitioners are eager to provide effective services that are client centered, supported by evidence, and delivered in an efficient and cost-effective manner. Findings from the scientific literature provide a source of legitimacy and authority for informing and guiding practice in all areas, including driving and community mobility with older adults. A systematic review examined studies designed to enhance the driving ability, performance, and safety of older adults. This article presents an overview of the methodology used to develop the focused questions related to the person, vehicle, infrastructure, and policy and community mobility; conduct the literature review; and establish quality control. It includes a summary of the evidence and implications of the review for clinical practice, education, and research to ultimately identify interventions effective in supporting older adult participation and engagement in occupation.
Review of the Evidence Related to Older Adult Community Mobility and Driver Licensure Policies
Authors: Stav Wendy B. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A systematic review of literature related to the effects of drivers’ license policies and community mobility programs on older adult participation was completed as a part of the American Occupational Therapy Association’s Evidence-Based Literature Review Project. The results revealed that states can achieve a goal of reducing traffic crashes, traffic violations, and traffic-related fatalities through relicensing policies requiring in-person renewal and vision testing as well as driving restrictions. Evidence suggests that failure to consider the continued community mobility needs of older adults can result in increasing fatalities among senior citizens using other modes of community mobility. This evidence-based review is informative for occupational therapy practice; however, it does not reveal the association between policy and community mobility interventions and improved engagement and participation. There is a role for occupational therapy in policy development and community mobility programming to promote engagement in occupation to support participation.
Evidence-Based Perspective on the Effect of Automobile-Related Modifications on the Driving Ability, Performance, and Safety of Older Adults
Authors: Arbesman Marian , Pellerito Joseph M. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
A systematic review of literature related to the impact of modifications made to automobiles on the driving ability, performance, and safety of older adults was completed as a part of the Evidence-Based Literature Review Project of the American Occupational Therapy Association. This review evaluated research on high-tech options, such as advanced technology systems (Intelligent Transportation Systems) currently in active development by manufacturers and researchers and the effect of features such as the instrument panel and window tinting. Although the evidence related to Intelligent Transportation Systems is inconclusive, studies have indicated that older adults would use selected technology options. Aftermarket window tinting negatively affects older adults’ driving performance, and no evidence demonstrates that hydrophobic window treatment improves driving performance. The implications for occupational therapy practice, research, and education also are discussed.
Descriptive Study of Occupational Therapists’ Participation in Early Childhood Transitions
Authors: Myers Christine Teeters 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The study describes the current role of occupational therapists in the transition of young children with special needs from early intervention to preschool and from preschool to kindergarten.
METHOD. Questionnaires were mailed to a random sample of 500 pediatric occupational therapists who are members of the American Occupational Therapy Association’s School System Special Interest Section.
RESULTS. The response rate was 44.3%, with 173 usable surveys. Approximately 40% of therapists working in the early-intervention-to-preschool transition and 32% of therapists working in the preschool-to-kindergarten transition reported not participating fully in the process. The primary barrier to full participation was “not enough time.” Evaluation was identified as the most frequently used strategy for participation. Only 23% of respondents reported receiving specialized transition training.
CONCLUSIONS. Although limited by a small sample, the study provides an initial description of occupational therapists’ participation in early childhood transitions.
Occupational Therapy Service Use Among People Aging With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Finlayson Marcia , Garcia Jennifer Dahl , Cho Chi 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We examined the use of occupational therapy services in a sample of people aging with multiple sclerosis (MS).
METHOD. A total of 1,282 people with MS, ages 45 to 90, participated in telephone interviews to identify unmet health-related service needs. Occupational therapy was 1 of 22 services examined. Proportional odds models were used to examine factors associated with how recently services were used.
RESULTS. Four hundred eighty-four participants (38.2%) had used occupational therapy services at some point since their diagnosis; 211 had used these services in the year before the interview. Recent users identified occupational therapy services as important to health and well-being. Satisfaction with services was high. Greater activity limitations and living in an urban or suburban area were associated with more recent use of occupational therapy services.
CONCLUSION. The results raise questions about what constitutes appropriate levels of occupational therapy service use and how to ensure that these levels are achieved.
Children’s Perceptions of Play Experiences and Play Preferences: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Miller Elissa , Kuhaneck Heather 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This qualitative study investigated the perceptions of play experiences and rationales for play choices of 6 boys and 4 girls between the ages of 7 and 11 years. Individual in-depth interviews were completed and then transcribed, and the transcripts were coded and analyzed using grounded theory methodology. Fun emerged from the data as the core category explaining the choice of specific play activities for children, and 4 additional categories of characteristics surfaced as contributors to the children’s perception of fun: relational, activity, child, and contextual. The relationships among the core category, the 4 characteristics categories, and the development of play preference and meaningfulness are illustrated in the Dynamic Model for Play Choice. Included is a discussion of the usefulness of the model in supporting the careful consideration of factors that will increase the perception of fun during therapeutic activities and facilitate client-centered pediatric practice.
Person–Vehicle–Environment Interactions Predicting Crash-Related Injury Among Older Drivers
Authors: Classen Sherrilene , Awadzi Kezia D. , Mkanta William W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The object of this research was to identify interactions among person, vehicle, and environment factors associated with crashes and injuries among older drivers.
METHOD. We quantified risk factors and interactions for 5,744 drivers.
RESULTS. Women had a high crash risk during mornings (8:00 a.m.–1:00 p.m.; odds ratio [OR] = 1.73, confidence interval [CI] = 1.40–2.14) or afternoons (2:00 p.m.–8:00 p.m.; OR = 1.74, CI = 1.41–2.15); alcohol-related crashes were the least likely to occur during mornings (OR = 0.19, CI = 0.12–0.31). The greatest crash risk with another vehicle occurred during afternoons (OR = 3.89, CI = 2.41–5.05). Injury had interactions with fixed-object crashes (OR = 427, CI = 182.9–998.24), no seatbelt (OR = 5.69, CI = 3.90–8.29), female gender (OR = 1.54, CI = 1.67–1.92), and mornings (OR = 1.40, CI = 1.01–1.94).
CONCLUSION. An opportunity for crash and injury prevention research and shaping longer-range evaluation policies emerged.
Search Performance of Healthy Adults on Cancellation Tests
Authors: Warren Mary , Moore Jennifer M. , Vogtle Laura K. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Cancellation tests are used extensively to identify visual search deficiencies in people with neurologic conditions, but little is known about how healthy adults perform on these tests. This study described the performance and types of search strategies used by healthy adults to complete cancellation tests from the Brain Injury Visual Assessment Battery for Adults. Study participants predominantly used structured left-to-right and top-to-bottom linear search patterns regardless of the configuration of the visual array. Other search qualities included (1) use of the same pattern throughout the search of an array, (2) symmetrical search of the array, and (3) rechecking performance on complex arrays. Older adult participants took more time to complete the tests than younger adults did. Knowing the strategies healthy adults use on cancellation tests enables therapists to identify visual search deficiencies in clients and design interventions to reestablish normal search strategies in daily occupations.
Women With Disabilities’ Experiences in Long-Term Care: A Case for Social Justice
Authors: Magasi Susan , Hammel Joy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to explore women with disabilities’ perceptions of their lived experiences in nursing homes.
METHOD. This 16-month ethnography used multiple qualitative methods, including participant observations, thematic qualitative interviews, and focus groups, to examine the perceptions of life in nursing home for 6 women with disabilities who had returned to community living and their significant others (n = 13).
RESULTS. Nursing homes were living situations of last resort for women with disabilities. Life in the nursing home was characterized by lost choice, control, and occupational engagement; social isolation; social control; the political economy of the nursing home; and active resistance.
DISCUSSION. Occupational therapy practitioners practicing from a social justice paradigm have a responsibility to ensure that client goals to live in the least restrictive environments possible are realized. Implications for long-term-care referral practices, advocacy-based interventions, and partnership with the disability community are discussed.
Water Quality, Health, and Human Occupations
Authors: Blakeney Anne B. , Marshall Amy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. To introduce evidence of the critical link between water quality and human occupations.
METHOD. A participatory action research design was used to complete a three-phase project. Phase 1 included mapping the watershed of Letcher County, Kentucky. Phase 2 consisted of surveying 122 Letcher County health professionals. Phase 3, the primary focus of this article, consisted of interviews with Letcher County adults regarding their lived experiences with water. The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process (American Occupational Therapy Association, 2002) was used to structure questions. The Model of Occupational Justice provided the theoretical framework for presentation of the results.
RESULTS. The watershed in Letcher County, Kentucky, is polluted as a result of specific coal mining practices and a lack of adequate infrastructure. As a result, citizens experience occupational injustice in the forms of occupational imbalance, occupational deprivation, and occupational alienation.
Variables Associated With Obesity Among African-American Women in Omaha
Authors: Blanchard Shirley A. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Obesity is a health disparity related to environmental, social, and physical health issues, including ethnicity, education, and gender. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among obesity, age, education, and socioeconomic status and the relationship between obesity and depression among African-American women living in Omaha, Nebraska. A convenience sample of 378 African-American women completed the African-American Female Health Survey, which included the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Body mass index (BMI) was used to measure obesity. Results indicated that 87% of the women were overweight; mean BMI was 32.78 with high cardiovascular disease risks. There was a statistically significant and positive relationship between depression and BMI (r = .201, p &lt; .01). Occupational therapists may provide primary, secondary, and tertiary intervention through culturally relevant and meaningful health education programs.
Perceptions of Cognitive Symptoms Among People Aging With Multiple Sclerosis and Their Caregivers
Authors: Finlayson Marcia , Shevil Eynat , Cho Chi C. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We sought to examine the nature and extent of agreement on cognitive symptoms reported by people aging with multiple sclerosis (MS) and their primary caregivers and the factors associated with disagreement.
METHOD. Data were generated from telephone interviews with 279 dyads of people with MS and their caregivers.
RESULTS. Eighty dyads (28.7%) disagreed about the presence of cognitive symptoms in the person with MS. Disagreeing dyads were of two types: a dyad in which the person with MS indicated no cognitive symptoms, but the caregiver did (41 dyads; 14.7%), and a dyad in which the person with MS indicated cognitive symptoms, but the caregiver did not (39 dyads, 14%). Multinomial regression showed that gender and the number of years the person with MS has experienced symptoms were associated with type of disagreement.
CONCLUSION. The results point to the importance of discussing cognitive symptoms with people with MS and their caregivers.
Motor Impairments in Children Associated With Impairments of Speech or Language: A Meta-Analytic Review of Research Literature
Authors: Rechetnikov Rouslan P. , Maitra Kinsuk 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We investigated the co-occurrence of motor impairments in children with speech and language impairments.
METHOD. Three search strategies produced 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria for the meta-analysis. These 16 studies yielded 110 effect sizes (d). Heterogeneity was evaluated by obtaining Q and I-squared values.
RESULTS. Children with speech and language impairments made more motor errors than children without impairments, with a statistically significant large effect size (d = 1.23, p &lt; .001). Statistically significant medium effects between groups were found in terms of motor score (d = −0.61, p &lt; .001) and motor time (d = 0.47, p &lt; .001). Heterogeneity was statistically significant for all three measurements of motor abilities.
DISCUSSION. Deficits in specific speech and language disorders were associated with motor impairments. This finding might be important for the development of daily living and academic skills in children with speech and language impairments.
Invited Commentary on “Sensory Sensitivities of Gifted Children”
Authors: Dunn Winnie 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This commentary provides an analysis of an article by Gere, Capps, Mitchell, and Grubbs (2009) about sensory sensitivities of gifted children. The article reports that children who are gifted are more sensitive to sensory experiences. Researchers hypothesized that children's sensitivities contribute to their excellent problem-solving skills and might contribute to their challenges with social interaction. The coexistence of a helpful and challenging characteristic that may be related to sensory sensitivity suggests the need for additional intervention paradigms that support all aspects of children's participation. The Gere et al. (2009) study invites occupational therapists to consider broader perspectives about who would benefit from services and how we might provide services in a school context. This article offers suggestions that would strengthen future studies with gifted children and outlines strategies for evidence-based practice that include children who are gifted.
Meaning of Context in Recapturing Self-Care After Stroke or Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Guidetti Susanne , Asaba Eric , Tham Kerstin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This study identifies the meaning of context in recapturing self-care after a stroke or spinal cord injury (SCI). Recapturing denotes the process of engaging in self-care to regain the ability to participate in self-care activities. Five people who had had a stroke and 6 people with SCI were interviewed 1–3 months after onset. The interviews were open ended and transcribed verbatim. They were analyzed by using the empirical, phenomenological, psychological method, which identified 6 main characteristics describing the role of context in recapturing self-care: (1) support from others, (2) an air of expectation, (3) extended time, (4) new daily structure, (5) therapeutic relationship as enabling possibility, and (6) gradual change in challenge. These findings showed that rehabilitation professionals play an important role in creating a context that contributes to recapturing self-care by allowing extended time, enabling patients to see possibilities, and creating expectations for them to do things on their own.
Classification of Occupational Therapy Intervention for Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation
Authors: Smallfield Stacy , Karges Joy 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We investigated the specific type of occupational therapy intervention used by occupational therapists during inpatient stroke rehabilitation in one midwestern U.S. hospital to determine the frequency of prefunctional versus functional activity use.
METHOD. A retrospective chart analysis was conducted of clients who received inpatient stroke rehabilitation between January 2003 and June 2004. Type of intervention, intervention strategies, and adaptive equipment use were recorded for each session provided.
RESULTS. The majority of sessions (65.77%, n = 1,022) consisted of activities that were prefunctional in nature compared with 48.26% (n = 750) that focused on activities of daily living. Musculoskeletal intervention strategies were used in more than half (52.25%) of the sessions.
CONCLUSION. More sessions were spent on prefunctional than on functional activities, and musculoskeletal intervention strategies were most common. Future research studies are warranted to determine the most effective intervention for this client population.
Validity of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment in People With Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Jang Yuh , Chern Jen-suh , Lin Keh-chung 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
We examined the psychometric properties (internal consistency, concurrent criterion validity, and known-group validity) of the Loewenstein Occupational Therapy Cognitive Assessment (LOTCA) in people with intellectual disabilities. A total of 111 people with intellectual disabilities and 19 people with no disabilities were included. We used Cronbach's alpha, Spearman's rho, the Kruskal–Wallis test, and one-way analysis of variance for analysis, where appropriate. Results showed good internal consistency on Orientation, Visual Perception, Spatial Perception, Visuomotor Organization, and Thinking Operations subscales (Cronbach's αs = .82, .74, .76, .86, and .80, respectively), but not on the Motor Praxis subscale (α = .48). We found significant correlations between participants’ performance on the Pictorial IQ test and disability level and scores on the LOTCA. The known-group validity of the LOTCA in people with intellectual disabilities was satisfactory. We concluded that the LOTCA is a suitable instrument for measuring cognitive abilities and visual perception in people with intellectual disabilities.
Qigong Massage Treatment for Sensory and Self-Regulation Problems in Young Children With Autism: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Silva Louisa M. T. , Schalock Mark , Ayres Robert , Bunse Carol , Budden Sarojini 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Autism is commonly associated with sensory and self-regulatory disturbances. This article presents a randomized controlled study evaluating the effect of a 5-month intervention directed toward improving sensory impairment, digestion, and sleep in 46 children with autism &lt; age 6. The intervention, Qigong Sensory Training (QST), is a qigong massage intervention based in Chinese medicine. It is two-pronged: Trainers work with children directly 20 times over 5 months, and parents give the massage daily to their children. Improvement was evaluated in two settings—preschool and home—by teachers (blind to group) and parents. Teacher evaluations showed that treated children had significant classroom improvement of social and language skills and reduction in autistic behavior compared with wait-list control participants. These findings were confirmed by parent data, indicating that the gains had generalized across contexts. A model and supporting data for understanding and treating sensory and self-regulation problems in autism is presented.
Reliability of Two Visual–Perceptual Tests for Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Tsai Li-ting , Lin Keh-chung , Liao Hua-fang , Hsieh Ching-lin 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We examined the reliability of the Motor-Free Visual Perception Test–Revised (MVPT–R) and the Test of Visual–Perceptual Skills–Revised (TVPS–R) in 52 children with cerebral palsy.
METHOD. The MVPT–R and TVPS–R were initially assessed by a single rater and then randomly assigned to the same rater or another rater after 6 to 14 days.
RESULTS. For scale-level reliability of both tests, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were high. The smallest real differences (SRDs) were largely acceptable. The ICCs of most subscale-level reliability of the TVPS–R were satisfactory. The SRD of each TVPS–R subscale score was notable (&gt;29%). The internal consistency was high for both tests.
CONCLUSION. The scale-level reliabilities of both tests were satisfactory in children with cerebral palsy. Although most subscales of the TVPS–R had acceptable test–retest or interrater agreement, all subscales of the TVPS–R had large SRDs, limiting their clinical utility.