bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Shelly Clays and Gravels of Aberdeenshire, considered in Relation to the Question of Submergence
Authors: Bell Dugald 
Published: October 2009

The high-level shelly gravels and clays of Aberdeenshire were described in some detail by Mr. T. F. Jamieson, of Ellon, in two valuable papers read to this Society in March 1882. They have also been treated of at some length by the Geological Survey of Scotland, in their published memoir relating to the district. As these deposits have been frequently, and quite recently, referred to as proving a submergence in Scotland during Glacial times, to the extent of 500 feet or upwards, I would ask leave briefly to review the facts, for the purpose of showing that they do not lead to or warrant such a conclusion.
1. There are, first, certain beds or undulating ridges of sand and gravel which, according to Mr. Jamieson, contain fragments of shells of Crag species. These extend along the sea-shore and for some distance inland, a few miles north of the river Ethan, and are found up to a height of 225 feet above the sea, but chiefly between 100 and 200 feet. They rest on the grey Boulder Clay of the district, which is formed of the ddbris of the gneiss, granite, and mica-schist rocks prevailing there ; but they are different from it, containing many pieces of yellow limestone and calcareous shale belonging to some Secondary formation not found in situ in Aberdeenshire. ‘ The shelly material occurs generally in the form of fine pounded ddbris and small worn crumbs, with here and there a larger bit, generally a hinge.’ The
The Stirling Dolerite
Authors: Monckton Horace W. 
Published: October 2009

A glance at the Geological Map of Scotland will show that Stirling Castle stands on one end of a very large mass of intrusive igneous rock. Its continuity has been broken by a long east-and-west fault a little south of St. Ninian's, but if we ignore this break the mass of igneous rock has a length of about 8 miles and a width varying from about ¼ to nearly 2 miles.
The rock has been intruded into strata of the lower part of the Carboniferous Limestone Series, and it forms not one, but a number of irregularly-shaped intrusive masses or group of sills, all more or less connected with one another. The hardness of the igneous rock has in many places been sufficient to arrest denudation, and the result is a number of crags, which often resemble Salisbury Craigs, near Edinburgh. Sometimes these crags face the north or north-west, as in the case of Stirling Castle and King's Park, but in other cases they face in a different direction, at Sauchieburn, for instance, the north-east.
As I shall show from the character of the rock, we can have little doubt that the mass of the Abbey Craig north of the river Forth is connected underground with the Stirling Castle rock, from which it is only divided by alluvium, and there is reason to think that the igneous rocks of Cowden ]~ill and of the hills around Kilsyth are also outlying portions of the Stirling rock. It is not meant that
Geological Notes of a Journey round the Coast of Norway and into Northern Russia
Authors: Boulger G. S. 
Published: October 2009

The Author accompanied the Jackson-Harmsworth Polar Expedition as far as Archangel, and returned by way of the River Dvina. His observations relate mainly to four points:—the origin of the foliation of the Norwegian gneiss; the question of raised beaches on the North-western coast of Norway; the boulders and boulder-formation of Northern Russia; and the Trias of the Dvina valley.
Between Christiansund and Tromsö the Author was struck with the wide-sweeping folds of the foliation-planes of the gneissose rocks, which appeared to him more readily explicable on a theory of dynamo-metamorphism of rocks originally in part igneous, than by any process of diagenesis. He notes that the terraces observed in the transverse fjords would be perfectly explained by the formation of ice-dammed lakes, though the terraces of the Gulf of Onega seemed less dubious raised beaches than those of the North-west of Norway. He confirms the views of previous writers that many of the boulders of the boulder-formation of Northern Russia are of Scandinavian origin. The beds on the Dvina consist of sands and loams, often coloured red, with bands of alabaster and anhydrite. The strata are horizontal or inclined at a low angle. North of Ustyug Veliki the strata are marked as Permian on the Russian maps, and those to the south as Trias, but the Author saw no perceptible break in the succession.
On the Shingle-beds of Eastern East Anglia
Authors: Howorth Henry H. 
Published: October 2009

These well-known beds have been variously named the Westleton Beds, the Bure Valley Beds, and Pebbly Beds. Their centre of distribution and focus, however, is near Southwold, and they might well have been called the Southwold Beds. The following remarks are limited entirely to the actual beds of pebbles as they are displayed in Eastern Norfolk and Suffolk, where they have been studied and described by Prestwich, Whitaker, and others.
First a few words about the recent strand. This consists of shingle precisely like that in the cliff-sections. A fact about it which has not apparently been hitherto noted is that this shingle on the beach travels in and out, not with the wind, but against the wind. Thus during easterly gales the whole strand is free from stones, while in westerly winds the pebbles are again piled up. So far as we know, there is no shingle like this anywhere on the bed of the German Ocean. Wherever it came from, therefore, it cannot have come from the east. As a matter of fact, it is obviously the product of the disintegration of the cliffs.
The cliffs on this coast are really the truncated ends of a series of promontories projecting from the main plateau of the county and fringed round by low land. It is from these truncated promontories, which are capped with similar pebbles, and from these alone, that the shingle on the beach has been derived, and not from a general erosion of the coast.
The
The Crush-Conglomerates of the Isle of Man
Authors: Lamplugh G. W. 
Published: October 2009

Concluding Summary

The chief points brought forward in this paper may be epitomized as follows:—

(i)
In the Skiddaw Slates of the Isle of Man strata of considerable thickness have been locally broken up under shear-pressure, and re-arranged in the form of a crush-conglomerate or friction-breccia.

(ii)
This crush-conglomerate occurs in definite bands striking with the surrounding rocks, sometimes continuous for many miles.

(iii)
The brecciation has usually taken place along the junction of arenaceous with argillaceous strata, and has chiefly affected the passage-beds between such rocks.

(iv)
The formation of the crush-conglomerate has occupied one stage only in a series of earth-movements which had previously folded the rocks and afterwards impressed a shear-cleavage upon them.

(v)
There is reason to believe that the crush-conglomerate marks a definite stratigraphical horizon; and that it was originally dispersed in a rude zone which afterwards suffered contortion.
Appendix.—Petrographical Notes on the ‘Crush-Conglomerates’ of the Isle of Man
Authors: Watts W. W. 
Published: October 2009

As most of the rocks collected in the Isle of Man by Mr. Lamplugh have passed through my hands, it has fallen to my lot to describe the specimens of ‘crush-conglomerate’ for him. At his request I add to his paper a few notes on the macroscopic and microscopic characters of selected examples of these specimens. The microscopic observations appear to confirm, in all essential points, the deductions drawn by him from the field-evidence. They even enable us to go a little further on some points:—to trace the disintegration of the grit-bands; to watch the process of ‘pebble’-making on a small scale; to see the breaking-up of the ‘pebbles’ themselves into miniature ‘crush-conglomerates’; to follow the erosion of the ‘pebbles’ into single grit-particles involved in slate; and, finally, to state the amount of secondary change which the rocks have undergone.

It will be convenient to divide these notes under the following heads:—

(1)
Sedimentary rocks outside the great area of movement and crush.

(2)

The ‘crush-conglomerates’: (
a
) as a whole; (
b
) their contained fragments.

(3)
The dykes penetrating the conglomerate.

(4)
Metamorphism of the ‘crush-conglomerate.’

(1) The Sedimentary Rocks.
It is very rare to find in the Skiddaw Series of the island any sedimentary rocks, except those of very coarse grain, which have not been crushed and sheared by earth-movements.Outside the principal zone of crush and brecciation the rocks still possess their original dastie structure, but they begin
On the Occurrence of Radiolaria in Chalk
Authors: Hill W. , Jukes-Browne A. J. 
Published: October 2009

The rarity of radiolaria in rocks of Upper Cretaceous age is a remarkable fact, and one for which it is not easy to account, seeing that they are not uncommon in Lower Cretaceous rocks on the Continent, and that they have been found in beds of Jurassic age in France, Hanover, and Bavaria. One would moreover have expected the physical conditions of the Upper Cretaceous period to have been more favourable to their existence than those of Lower Cretaceous or Jurassic times. It will be seen, from the descriptions which follow, that one cause of their rarity is undoubtedly the facility with which the siliceous skeletons of
Polycystina
disappear, when they are embedded in rocks which contain a large proportion of carbonate of lime.

Our knowledge of Upper Cretaceous radiolaria comes chiefly from Germany. In 1876 Prof. Zittel described six species, occurring in a Greensand of Senonian age in Westphalia and Brunswick.
In 1888 Dr. Rüst described some well-preserved forms which he had detected in phosphatic nodules from the Gault of Saxony, Hanover, and Southern France, and in material filling the body-chambers of ammonites from the same formation.

He also described
Dictyomitra anglica
from flints in the Upper Chalk of England (
op. cit.
p. 211 & pl. xxviii. fig. 16) and
Dictyospyris chlamydea
, same occurrence (
op. cit.
p. 204).

Besides those in the English flints mentioned by Riist there are only two records of the occurrence of radiolaria in English Cretaceous deposits.Prof. W. J. Sollas, in 1873, describing the coprolites
Additional Notes on the Tarns of Lakeland
Authors: Marr J. E. 
Published: October 2009

The following notes form a supplement to a paper on ‘The Tarns of Lakeland’ read before the Society in 1894. I have had the opportunity during the present summer of devoting more time to the study of Watendlath Tarn, and have examined three other tarns of some interest.
(a) Watendlath Tarn
In my former paper, I stated that in the case of Watendlath Tarn ‘a great mass of drift is plastered against the east side of the valley, and may have filled the old valley.’ I have since ascertained that there is no old valley there, but that the solid rock runs all round the northern, eastern, and southern ends of the tarn: I furthermore stated that ‘ on mountaining some way above the tarn I saw indications of the possible existence of a moraine–filled depression’ on the western side. I have now examined this depression and satisfied myself that beneath it lies buried the old valley, the stream from which ran down into Borrowdale near Rosthwaite—that is, anbout 3 miles south of the present junction of the Watendlath valley with Rosthwaite, near Lowdore. This moraine–filled depression runs close to the path from Rosthwaite to Watendalth Tarn. The watershed here is about 200 feet deep, it requires a barrier of drift over 250 feet in thickness to account for the tarn; but, as the valley is evidently a narrow one, and its course lay at right angles to the direction of the ice, the occurence of this somewhat thick mass
On the Speeton Series in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire
Authors: Lamplugh G. W. 
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.
In describing the clays which underie the Chalk at Speeton on the Yorkshire coast in a paper communicated to this Society in 1889, I attempted to show the necessity for a fresh classification of these deposits.Further investigation of this section has fully confirmed the views then advanced. It has also indicated the desirability of a corresponding revision of the inland exposures of the rocks of the same age in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire, since it is only by means of the knowledge of the full sequence to be acquired on the coast-section that the true relationship of the limited and isolated exposures of the interior can be unravelled.
Using such opportunities as have at intervals occurred, I have therefore more or less closely examined the base of the Chalk escarpment throughout its whole length in Yorkshire and Lincoln-shire, and desire in this paper to put on record the result of my investigation. It will be shown that the divisions proposed for the Speeton section are readily applicable to the inland exposures, and indeed afford the most convenient and natural means of palæ-ontological classification, albeit some modification of the systems, usually applied is thereby required.
It may be well at once to state that, while my chief aim will be to establish the correlation of the deposits by means of their palæontology, no attempt will, for the present, be made to carry the palæontological research further than is necessary for this purpose. Hence the fossils dealt with herein will only
On some Podophthalmatous Crustacea from the Cretaceous Formation of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands
Authors: Woodward Henry 
Published: October 2009

Some time since I received from my friend Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, F.G.S., Palæontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada, several interesting crustaceans from the Cretaceous coal-bearing formation of Vancouver and Queen Charlotte Islands, and, as they offer a close affinity with forms from our own Gault and Greensand, they are deserving of special notice.
The existence of Cretaceous strata in Canada has long been known, and the coal–fields of Nanaimo and Comox on Vancouver Island have been correlated with this formation as well as those of Queen Charlotte Island and Alberta, eastward of the Rocky Mountains.

Mr. F. B. Meek in 1857 gave a description of new organic remains from the Cretaceous of Vancouver Island, including
Baculites ovatus
? Say;
Ammonites (Scaphites) ramosus, A. Newberryanus, Dentalium nanaimoensis, Thracia(?) occidentalis, Thr.(9) subtruncata, Trigonia Evansana, Pholadomya subelongata, Ph, (Goniomya) borealis, Cardium scitulum, Area vancouverensis. A, (Cucullæa) æquilateralis, and Nucula Traskana
. Dr. B. F. Shumard in 1858 added
Inoceramus vancouverensis, Pinna calamitoides
, and
Pyrula glabra
to the Nanaimo fauna.

In Prof. H. Y. Hind's ‘Report on the .Assiniboine and Saskatchewan Expedition’ (1859) further lists of fossils are given, 13 in number, all referred to Cretaceous forms, namely
In 1861 Dr. (now Sir) James Hector instituted a comparison between the strata east of the Rocky Mountain with those of Vancouver Island (Capt. Palliser's Exploring Expedition, 1857–60).The list of Cretaceous fossils contributed by Mr. Etheridge from east of the Rocky Mountains comprised

Inoceramus Crippsii
(Roemer) and
Baculities compressus
(Say) are stated to be common to
Observations on the Geology of the Nile Valley, and on the Evidence of the Greater Volume of the River at a Former Period
Authors: Hull Edward 
Published: October 2009

1. Introductory.
The evidence in favour of the view that the Nile was at one period a river of vastly greater volume than at the present day is so remarkable that it has forced itself on the attention of several writers, amongst whom maybe specially mentioned the late Prof. Leith Adams,.Prof. Zittel, and Capt. Lyons; and to the statements coming from such competent observers I should hardly have thought it necessary to add any of my own, were it not that I find from personal intercourse that geographers have failed as yet to grasp the full significance of the phenomena bearing on the subject and described by the above–named authors. When about to leave for a recent visit to the Nile Valley, I wrote to Prof. (now Sir) Joseph Prestwich, enquiring whether he thought there were any problems to which a travelling geologist might give attention with some prospect of enlarging our knowledge of the physical conditions of that remarkable line of country, and in reply he recommended me to pay special attention to the terraces. This advice I endeavoured to keep before my mind during my ascent as far as the First Cataract and the return journey; and I venture to lay before the Society the impressions that I then received, and the conclusions that I have drawn from them regarding the volume and dimensions of the river at a prehistoric period. But, before entering upon this special subject, I wish to note a few points connected with the
On certain Granophyres, modified by the Incorporation of Gabbro–Fragments, in Strath Skye
Authors: Harker Alfred 
Published: October 2009

The district of Strath in Skye, which has so often formed the subject of geological description, has been assigned to me to be mapped in detail for the Geological Survey; and while engaged in this duty, during the past summer and a portion of the autumn, I had occasion to study the complex series of eruptive rocks which extends from Loch Slapin on the west to the Sound of Scalpay and Broadford Bay on the east. Among the features of interest connected with these igneous rocks, special importance attaches to their relations one to another, and this subject has received due attention. The full details will be fitly deferred until the appearance of the official Memoirs; but, with the sanction of the Director-General, I now present to the Society the following brief account of certain minor intrusions of granophyre illustrating a peculiarity which, I believe, has not yet received notice.
The granophyres of Skye have been described, as a whole, by Maccullocch, Oeynhausen and von Dechen, J.D. Forbes, Sir Archibald Geiki, Prof. Judd. Despite mineralogical and textural variations, these rocks have a general community of characters, which they share also with rocks of various ages in other regions. The examples to be described, however, present quite exceptional features, which seem to be worthy of examination. They form five distinct intrusions lyinh north and west of Loch Kilchrist and 2 or 3 miles south–west of Broadford (see Map). At this locality occurs a large tract of massive volcanic agglomerate, which has
The Fauna, of the Keisley Limestone.–Part I
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper 
Published: October 2009

During a recent rearrangement of the fossils from this limestone in the Woodwardian Museum my interest was especially aroused by the number of peculiar and unnamed specimens amongst them; and I was thus led to examine them with particular care, and subsequently to visit Keisley myself and collect more in the field, as well as to inspect Prof. Harkness's collection at Carlisle, and the specimens in some small private collections. The following descriptions have therefore been based on the examination of as large an amount of material as was available. Prof. Harkness's collection at Carlisle and that of Prof. Nicholson and Mr. Marr at Cambridge are those upon which the well-known lists of Keisley Limestone fossils have been founded; the last list was published by Prof. Nicholson and Mr. Marr in 1891.
By carefully removing the matrix I have been able to bring out many minute characters previously invisible, and have also discovered several entirely new species, which make an important addition to our knowledge of the bed.
Many thanks are due to Mr. Marr, Prof. Nicholson, Mr. Goodchild, Chancellor Ferguson, of Carlisle, Mr. E. T. Newton, and others for help and information.
In this first past of my communication the tribolites alone are dealt with, being the largest and most characteristics section of the fauna. In the second and concluding part the rest of the fossils will be described, and the general relations of the fauna discussed.

Crustacea
—
Trilobita

A list of fossils from the Keisley Limestone was published in
Descriptions of new Fossils from the Carboniferous Limestone. I. On Pemmatites constipatus, sp. nov., a Lithistid Sponge. II. On Palæacis humilis, sp. nov., a new Perforate Coral, with Remarks on the Genus. III. On the Jaw-apparatus of an Annelid, Eunicites Reidiæ, sp. nov.
Authors: Hinde George Jennings 
Published: October 2009

I. On Pemmatities Constipatus, SP. Nov., A Lithistid Sponge from the Yordale Beds of Yorkshire. (Pl. XXII. figs. 1. 1
a-m
.)

Although the thick beds of chert in the Yoredale Series of North–west Yorkshire are largely composed of the remains of siliceous sponges, it is a matter of extreme rarity to meet with an entire specimen of these orgainisms, and hitherto one has had to be content with describing the detached spicules of various forms with which the beds are crowded. The discovery therefore by Mr. J. Rhodes of a fairly complete sponge in this series of beds is, in itself, of some interest,a nd still more when the sponge proves on examination to belong to the genus
Pemmatites
, Dunikowski, a genus which, up to the present, has been known only from the Permo–Carboniferous strata of Spitzbergen.

The sponge in question, of which only a single specimen has, as yet, been found, is discoidal, oval in outline, having both upper and under surfaces nearly equally convex, and the margins comparatively sharp. There are no indiactions of a point of attachment on the underside , nor any traces of a cloacal funnel or depression on the upper. It is 63 mm. in length, 48 mm. in width,and 22 mm. in thickness.
The canal system is very faintly shown; but on the convex upper surface there can be traced canal–apertures, about 0·5 mm. in width, disposed in rows extending from near the centre to the margins (Pl. XXII. fig. 1). These appear
On an Alpine Nickel-bearing Serpentine, with Fulgurites
Authors: Aston E. , Bonney T. G. 
Published: October 2009

The rocky peak of the Riffelhorn (9616 feet), well known to all who have visited Zermatt and the Gornergrat, forms part of a large mass of serpentine which seems to vary slightly in composition and is generally more or less schistose, becoming in places quite slaty—the effect of pressure. On the summit of this peak the compass, as is well known, exhibits the most extraordinary variations, and the rocks appear to be not seldom struck by lightning. Specimens exhibiting fulgurites were collected on it by both Prof. W. Ramsay and Mr. J. Eccles in 1890, the examination of which has led to ,some, interesting results.
The geologist, in working over different parts of. this large mass of serpentine, observes that, where the original structure is not obscured by subsequent pressure, the rock is not quite uniform in character—one variety being an ordinary dark green bastite-serpen-tine (sometimes also containing augite), the other being a little tougher and harder under the hammer and slightly rougher when handled; in short, it is not quite so normal a serpentine as is the other variety. Of this harder kind the upper part (at any rate) of the Riffelhorn peak is composed.
It will be convenient to speak of the microscopic structure and chemical composition of the rock before describing the effects of the lightning, though the latter was the reason that induced Prof. Ram say to ask the present authors to investigate the former questions.
Slices for microscopic examination were prepared from