bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hemispheric asymmetries of motor versus nonmotor processes during (visuo)motor control
Authors: Callaert Dorothée V. , Vercauteren Katrien , Peeters Ronald , Tam Fred , Graham Simon , Swinnen Stephan P. , Sunaert Stefan , Wenderoth Nicole 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLanguage and certain aspects of motor control are typically served by the left hemisphere, whereas visuospatial and attentional control are lateralized to the right. Here a (visuo)motor tracing task was used to identify hemispheric lateralization beyond the general, contralateral organization of the motor system. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was applied in 40 male right‐handers (19–30 yrs) during line tracing with dominant and nondominant hand, with and without visual guidance. Results revealed a network of areas activating more in the right than left hemisphere, irrespective of the effector. Inferior portions of frontal gyrus and parietal lobe overlapped largely with a previously described ventral attention network responding to unexpected or behaviourally relevant stimuli. This demonstrates a hitherto unreported functionality of this circuit that also seems to activate when spatial information is continuously exploited to adapt motor behaviour. Second, activation of left dorsal premotor and postcentral regions during tracing with the nondominant left hand was more pronounced than that in their right hemisphere homologues during tracing with the dominant right hand. These activation asymmetries of motor areas ipsilateral to the moving hand could not be explained by asymmetries in skill performance, the degree of handedness, or interhemispheric interactions. The latter was measured by a double‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm, whereby a conditioning stimulus was applied over one hemisphere and a test stimulus over the other. We propose that the left premotor areas contain action representations strongly related to movement implementation which are also accessed during movements performed with the left body side. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary histidine supplementation prevents cataract development in adult Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in seawater
Authors: Waagbø R. , Tröße C. , Koppe W. , Fontanillas R. , Breck O. 
Published: August 2010

The aim of the present study was to investigate the cataract preventive effect of dietary histidine regimes in adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in seawater, both through manipulating the dietary histidine level and feeding period. Mean body weight of individually tagged Atlantic salmon at the start of the experiment was 1662 (sd 333) g. Low prevalence of mild cataracts were recorded in the beginning of June. Three fishmeal and fish oil-based extruded diets (crude protein: 375 g/kg and fat: 342 g/kg), differing only in histidine content (low (L): 9·3, medium (M): 12·8 and high (H): 17·2 g histidine/kg diets), were fed to duplicate net pens in seawater. The experimental period was divided into three seasons (June–July; July–September; September–October), each starting and ending with individual cataract examination, assessment of somatic data, and sampling of lens and muscle tissues for analysis of histidine and histidine derivatives. In July and September, a part of the population fed L- and H-histidine feeds were transferred (crossed over) to respective series of replicate net pens fed L-, M- and H-histidine diets (i.e. eleven experimental feeding groups at trial conclusion). The fish doubled their body weight from June to October, with no systematic effects on weight gain of dietary histidine feeding regimes. Development of severe cataracts was observed between July and September. The cataract severity was directly related to the dietary histidine level fed during the first and second periods. Feeding histidine-supplemented diets (M or H) in the first period from June to July mitigated later cataract outbreaks. The status of selected free imidazoles in muscle and lens tissues reflected the dietary histidine feeding regimes, relative to both feed concentration and feeding duration. The study shows the risk for cataract development for adult Atlantic salmon, 1 year after the transfer of salmon smolts from freshwater to seawater, which to a major extent can be prevented by histidine supplementation just before and during the early phase of cataract development.
Nutritional sensitivity of periparturient resistance to nematode parasites in two breeds of sheep with different nutrient demands
Authors: Kidane Alemayehu , Houdijk Jos , Athanasiadou Spiridoula , Tolkamp Bert , Kyriazakis Ilias 
Published: August 2010

The periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI) to parasites in mammals is sensitive to both metabolisable protein (MP) supply and animal genotype (different reproductive outputs). We tested the hypothesis that the sensitivity of PPRI to MP scarcity would not differ between different levels of reproductive output when nutrient intake is adjusted for associated differences in MP demand; this hypothesis assumes that PPRI has a nutritional basis only. Scottish Blackface (BF) and the more productive Mule (MU) ewes were infected with the abomasal parasite Teladorsagia circumcincta, and from day− 21 to day32 (day0 is parturition), they were fed restrictedly at either 0·8 (low protein (LP)) or 1·3 (high protein (HP)) times their breed-specific estimated MP requirement (n 18 for each breed–feeding treatment combination). During late pregnancy, LP feeding reduced ewe body weight gain in both breeds, tended to increase faecal egg count (FEC), but it did not affect plasma pepsinogen. During lactation, LP feeding reduced litter growth rate and ewe plasma urea and plasma albumin concentrations compared with HP feeding in both breeds. However, breed and feeding treatment interacted for ewe FEC, worm egg excretion and plasma pepsinogen, which were higher for the LP-MU ewes compared with the HP-MU and BF ewes. The lower degree of PPRI of the BF ewes during lactation compared with the MU ewes at a similar degree of MP scarcity suggests that the effect of reproductive output on nutritional sensitivity of PPRI cannot be explained by associated differences in nutrient demand only.
Plasma appearance and correlation between coffee and green tea metabolites in human subjects
Authors: Renouf Mathieu , Guy Philippe , Marmet Cynthia , Longet Karin , Fraering Anne-Lise , Moulin Julie , Barron Denis , Dionisi Fabiola , Cavin Christophe , Steiling Heike , Williamson Gary 
Published: August 2010

Coffee and green tea are two of the most widely consumed hot beverages in the world. Their respective bioavailability has been studied separately, but absorption of their respective bioactive phenolics has not been compared. In a randomised cross-over design, nine healthy subjects drank instant coffee and green tea. Blood samples were collected over 12 h and at 24 h to assess return to baseline. After green tea consumption, ( − )-epigallocatechin (EGC) was the major catechin, appearing rapidly in the plasma; ( − )-EGC gallate (EGCg) and ( − )-epicatechin (EC) were also present, but ( − )-EC gallate and C were not detected. Dihydroferulic acid and dihydrocaffeic acid were the major metabolites that appeared after coffee consumption with a long time needed to reach maximum plasma concentration, suggesting metabolism and absorption in the colon. Other phenolic acid equivalents (caffeic acid (CA), ferulic acid (FA) and isoferulic acid (iFA)) were detected earlier, and they peaked at lower concentrations. Summations of the plasma area under the curves (AUC) for the measured metabolites showed 1·7-fold more coffee-derived phenolic acids than green tea-derived catechins (P = 0·0014). Furthermore, we found a significant correlation between coffee metabolites based on AUC. Inter-individual differences were observed, but individuals with a high level of CA also showed a correspondingly high level of FA. However, no such correlation was observed between the tea catechins and coffee phenolic acids. Correlation between AUC and maximum plasma concentration was also significant for CA, FA and iFA and for EGCg. This implies that the mechanisms of absorption for these two classes of compounds are different, and that a high absorber of phenolic acids is not necessarily a high absorber of catechins.
Potent anti-obesity effect of enteric-coated lactoferrin: decrease in visceral fat accumulation in Japanese men and women with abdominal obesity after 8-week administration of enteric-coated lactoferrin tablets
Authors: Ono Tomoji , Murakoshi Michiaki , Suzuki Noriyuki , Iida Norio , Ohdera Motoyasu , Iigo Masaaki , Yoshida Toshihide , Sugiyama Keikichi , Nishino Hoyoku 
Published: August 2010

Lactoferrin (LF), a multifunctional glycoprotein in mammalian milk, is reported to exert a modulatory effect on lipid metabolism. The aim of the present study was to elucidate whether enteric-coated LF (eLF) might improve visceral fat-type obesity, an underlying cause of the metabolic syndrome. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled design, Japanese men and women (n26; aged 22–60 years) with abdominal obesity (BMI>25 kg/m2, and visceral fat area (VFA)>100 cm2) consumed eLF (300 mg/d as bovine LF) or placebo tablets for 8 weeks. Measurement of the total fat area, VFA and subcutaneous fat area from computed tomography images revealed a significant reduction in VFA ( − 14·6 cm2) in the eLF group, as compared with the placebo controls ( − 1·8 cm2;P = 0·009 by ANCOVA). Decreases in body weight, BMI and hip circumference in the eLF group ( − 1·5 kg, − 0·6 kg/m2, − 2·6 cm) were also found to be significantly greater than with the placebo (+1·0 kg, +0·3 kg/m2, − 0·2 cm;P = 0·032, 0·013, 0·041, respectively). There was also a tendency for a reduction in waist circumference in the eLF group ( − 4·4 cm) as compared with the placebo group ( − 0·9 cm;P = 0·073). No adverse effects of the eLF treatment were found with regard to blood lipid or biochemical parameters. From these results, eLF appears to be a promising agent for the control of visceral fat accumulation.
Dietary fish oil reduces skeletal muscle oxygen consumption, provides fatigue resistance and improves contractile recovery in the rat in vivo hindlimb
Authors: Peoples Gregory E. , McLennan Peter L. 
Published: August 2010

Dietary fish oil modulates skeletal muscle membrane fatty acid composition. Similar changes in heart membrane composition modulate myocardial oxygen consumption and enhance mechanical performance. The rat in vivo autologous perfused hindlimb was used to investigate the influence of membrane composition on skeletal muscle function. Male Wistar rats were fed either saturated fat (SF), n-6 PUFA (linoleic acid rich) or n-3 PUFA (fish oil) diets for 8 weeks. Hindlimb skeletal muscle perfused using the animal's own blood was stimulated via the sciatic nerve (1 Hz, 6-12 V, 0·05 ms) to contract in repeated 10 min bouts. The n-3 PUFA diet markedly increased 22 : 6n-3 DHA, total n-3 PUFA and decreased the n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio (P < 0·05) in red and white skeletal muscle membranes. There was no difference in initial twitch tension but the n-3 PUFA group maintained greater twitch tension within all contraction bouts and recovered better during rest to produce greater twitch tension throughout the final contraction bout (P < 0·05). Hindlimb oxygen consumption during contraction was significantly lower in the n-3 PUFA group compared with the SF group, producing a significantly higher O2 efficiency index compared with both SF and n-6 PUFA groups (P < 0·05). Resting oxygen consumption was increased in recovery in the SF group (P < 0·05) but did not change in the n-3 PUFA group. Membrane incorporation of n-3 PUFA DHA following fish oil feeding was associated with increased efficiency of muscle O2 consumption and promoted resistance to muscle fatigue.
Cross-cultural comparison between academic and lay views of healthy ageing: a literature review
Authors: HUNG LI-WEN , KEMPEN G. I. J. M. , DE VRIES N. K. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to specify the concept of ‘healthy ageing’ from both western and non-western cultural perspectives, and to compare the views of academics and lay older people. Thirty-four published peer-reviewed full papers in English and Chinese (traditional characters) were identified using electronic database searches. The key components of their definitions of healthy ageing were extracted and categorised into 12 domains. The results show that, in general, lay definitions (as described in 11 studies) included more domains (independency, family, adaptation, financial security, personal growth, and spirituality) and more diversity in the healthy ageing concept than academic views (which tend to focus more on physical and mental health and social functioning in later life). Certain domains were valued differently across cultures. As shown in previous studies, the findings affirm that healthy ageing is a multi-dimensional and complex concept and that there are substantial differences in different cultures. Moreover, we found that there are pronounced variations in the conceptualisation of healthy ageing as between academic and older lay people. Generally, older lay people perceive healthy ageing more broadly than the maintenance of physical, mental and social functioning. We suggest that academic researchers should integrate the more holistic perspectives of older lay people and cultural diversity into the classical ‘physical–mental–social’ healthy ageing concept.
A 17-year review of foodborne outbreaks: describing the continuing decline in England and Wales (1992–2008)
Authors: GORMLEY F. J. , LITTLE C. L. , RAWAL N. , GILLESPIE I. A. , LEBAIGUE S. , ADAK G. K. 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYSystematic national surveillance of foodborne disease outbreaks effectively serves the development of public health policy on food safety. The Health Protection Agency has maintained a collaborative surveillance system for foodborne outbreaks in England and Wales since 1992. Up to 2008, 2429 foodborne outbreaks were identified, described and analysed for changes over time. Salmonella spp. accounted for half of the outbreaks, although the proportion of these decreased over the surveillance period. Similarly, the proportion of outbreaks caused by Clostridium perfringens decreased, while those attributed to Campylobacter spp. and Vero cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 increased. Although poultry meat was the most frequently implicated food vehicle in outbreaks followed by miscellaneous foods and red meats, the proportion of outbreaks attributed to meats in fact decreased over time but those linked to miscellaneous foods did not. Over the surveillance period, the proportion of outbreaks linked to eggs and S. Enteritidis non-phage-type 4, particularly in food service establishments, increased, highlighting the importance of this organism/setting/vehicle association. Contributory factors in most outbreaks were cross-contamination, inadequate heat treatment, and inappropriate food storage. This study describes the overall decline in foodborne outbreaks, providing evidence that the introduction and adherence to effective control measures provide the best means of minimizing the risk of foodborne infection.
Multicenter Study of Clostridium difficile Infection Rates from 2000 to 2006
Authors: Dubberke Erik R. , Butler Anne M. , Yokoe Deborah S. , Mayer Jeanmarie , Hota Bala , Mangino Julie E. , Khan Yosef M. , Popovich Kyle J. , Fraser Victoria J. ,   Prevention Epicenters Program from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Published: August 2010

Objective.To compare incidence rates of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) during a 6-year period among 5 geographically diverse academic medical centers across the United States by use of recommended standardized surveillance definitions of CDI that incorporate recent information on healthcare facility (HCF) exposure.Methods.Data on C. difficile toxin assay results and dates of hospital admission and discharge were collected from electronic databases. Chart review was performed for patients with a positive C. difficile toxin assay result who were identified within 48 hours after hospital admission to determine whether they had any HCF exposure during the 90 days prior to their hospital admission. CDI cases, defined as any inpatient with a stool toxin assay positive for C. difficile, were categorized into 5 surveillance definitions based on recent HCF exposure. Annual CDI rates were calculated and evaluated by use of the χ2 test for trend and the χ2 summary test.Results.During the study period, there were significant increases in the overall incidence rates of HCF-onset, HCF-associated CDI (from 7.0 to 8.5 cases per 10,000 patient-days; P < .001); community-onset, HCF-associated CDI attributed to a study hospital (from 1.1 to 1.3 cases per 10,000 patient-days; P = .003); and community-onset, HCF-associated CDI not attributed to a study hospital (from 0.8 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 admissions overall; P < .001). For each surveillance definition of CDI, there were significant differences in the total incidence rate between HCFs.Conclusions.The increasing incidence rates of CDI over time and across healthcare institutions and the correlation of CDI incidence in different surveillance categories suggest that CDI may be a regional problem and not isolated to a single HCF within a community.
PREPARATION OF Nα‐BOC‐Nε‐P‐BRZ‐LYSINE AND Nα‐BOC‐0‐M‐BRBZL‐TYROSINE AND THEIR USE FOR THE SOLID PHASE SYNTHESIS OF AN OCTAPEPTIDE OCCURRING IN THE HGH MOLECULE
Authors: Yamashiro Donald , Li Choh Hao 
Published: August 2010

Crystalline Nα‐t‐butyloxycarbonyl‐Nε‐(p‐bromobenzyloxycarbonyl)lysine has been synthesized and employed in the solid phase synthesis of the octapeptide H‐Phe‐Lys‐Gln‐Thr‐Tyr‐Ser‐Lys‐Phe‐OH(I) which corresponds to positions 138–145 in human growth hormone. Crystalline Nα‐t‐butyloxycarbonyl‐O‐(m‐bromobenzyl)tyrosine has also been synthesized; a second synthesis of I was accomplished by use of both of these new amino acid derivatives.All amino acids employed in this work are of the l configuration. The abbreviations used are: tlc, thin layer chromatography; TFA, trifluoroacetic acid; EtOH, absolute ethanol; DMF, dimethylformamide; Boc, Nα‐t‐butyloxycarbonyl; Z, benzyloxycarbonyl; Bzl, benzyl; HGH, human pituitary growth hormone.
STUDIES ON SILK FIBROIN. II. SEDIMENTATION COEFFICIENT DISTRIBUTION OF FIBROINS
Authors: Pandit M. W. , Rao M. S. Narasinga 
Published: August 2010

The sedimentation coefficient distributions of silk fibroin samples prepared by extraction of silk fibre by boiling Na2CO3 solution for different intervals of time were determined.
Samples from 150 and 180 min extraction gave sharper distribution curves than those from 30, 60, 90 and 120 min extraction.
The s̀2corr vs (t — t0) plots for samples from 30, 60, 90 and 120 min extraction showed upward curvature indicating heterogeneity of the preparation. On the other hand, samples from 150 and 180 min extraction gave linear plots.
The molecular weight of the sample from 180 min extraction was calculated from the sedimentation coefficient and the diffusion coefficient obtained from the linear s̀2 vs (t — t0) plot. This value was in good agreement with the limiting value obtained at higher speeds of centrifugation by the Archibald method. However, it was lower than the molecular weight determined by the Archibald method at low speeds, indicating the heterogeneous nature of this sample also.
A Model Of The Three‐Dimensional Structure Of Snake Venom Neurotoxins Based On Chemical Evidence
Authors: Ryden Lars , Gabel Detlef , Eaker David 
Published: August 2010

Data, from studies of covalent structure and chemical and physico‐chemical behaviour of 27 different homologous proteins with either neurotoxic, cardiotoxic or fytic activity isolated from the venoms of elapid or hydrophid snakes have been collected from the literature. Because of their small size (60–74 amino acid residues) and their high content of disulphide bridges (4 or 5 bridges) these proteins provide an unusually favourable opportunity for trials to construct models of three‐dimensional structure from indirect chemical evidence. Such a model has been built from atomic skeleton model units for the Naja nigricollis a‐toxin, which contains 61 amino acid residues and 4 disulfide bridges.The dizerences in amino acid sequences bet ween the proteins with neurotoxic and those with cardiotoxic or lytic activity have been used to assign certain residues as important for the general folding of the molecule and others as important for neurotoxic activity. The last‐mentioned residues are presumed to form the site that binds to the acetyl‐choline receptor.
SYNTHESIS OF ANALOGS OF THE N‐TERMINAL EICOSAPEPTIDE SEQUENCE OF RIBONUCLEASE A
Authors: Borin G. , Marchiori F. , Moroder L. , Rocchi R. , Scoffone E. 
Published: August 2010

For a better understanding of the role played by glut amine 11 either in the catalytic function of ribonuclease A or in the S‐peptide/S‐protein association process the following S‐peptide analogs have been synthesized: [Orn10,Leu11]‐ and [Orn10, Lys11]‐ S peptide.The S‐protein activating ability of the two synthetic S‐peptide analogs was tested, before and after guanidination, by exploring their capacity to generate ribonuclease activity, against RNA as substrate, when recombined with S‐protein.
CARBAMYLATION OF ALKALINE MESENTERICOPEPTIDASE
Authors: Genov Nicolay , Vorotyntseva Tatiana , Antonov Vladimir 
Published: August 2010

The effects of carbamylation with potassium cyanate, and methylation with methyl p‐nitrobenzene sulphonate on the mesentericopeptidase activity are studied. The treatment with potassium cyanate causes the enzyme to lose its activity towards ester substrates and casein. The specific reagent N‐trans‐cinnamoylimidazole does not acylate the active site in the carbamylated enzyme. The pH dependence of the rate of inactivation indicates that an ionizing group of pK = 7.3, probably the protonated imidazole group of the active site histidine, is involved in the reaction. The competitive inhibitor boric acid protects mesentericopeptidase against inactivation with potassium cyanate. These results suggest that the active site residues are modified in the unprotected enzyme. Sixty per cent of the enzyme activity toward N‐acetyl‐L‐tyrosine ethyl ester was restored after treatment of the carbamylated mesentericopeptidase with 1 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Circular dichroism spectra show that the carbamylation does not change markedly the native protein conformation.Methyl p‐nitrobenzene sulphonate does not methylate the active site histidine.
SYNTHESIS OF THE SEQUENTIAL POLYPEPTIDE POLY[CYS(ACM)‐SER‐PHE‐GLU‐GLU] AS A MODEL FOR HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES
Authors: Trudelle Y. , Birr Christian 
Published: August 2010

To construct a possible model of hydrolytic enzymes, the sequential polypeptide H[Cys(Acm)‐Ser‐Phe‐Glu‐Glu]nOH, n = 3–110, was prepared by polycondensation of H‐Cys(Acm)‐Ser(But)‐Phe‐Glu(OBut)‐Glu(OBut)‐O Su/1‐hydroxybenzotriazole. In a solid state the polypeptide material showed β‐conformation both before and after cleavage of t‐butyl protecting groups.The pentapeptide unit was synthetized by the Merrifield method utilizing modifications as follows: Gel phase synthesis on < 0.5% cross‐linked copolystyrene (quasi dissolved state). Centrifugal reactor. Ddz‐amino acids, deprotected by 5% trifluoroacetic acid/dichloromethane/ 15 min. 3‐Nitrophthalic anhydride to suppress formation of false sequences. Continuous photometric control of the completion of all operations during synthesis and transesterification, yielding Ddz‐Cys(Acm)‐Ser(But)‐Phe‐Glu‐(OBut)‐Glu(OBut)‐OMe (0.827 g; 53%, m.p. 180–182°).