bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The recovery of anaerobic bacteria from swabs
Authors: Collee J. G. , Watt B. , Brown R. , Johnstone Sandra 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYWhen a standard sample of a simulated exudate containing known numbers of anaerobic bacteria was taken up on a swab and plated on solid medium, the number of colonies subsequently cultured represented a very small proportion of the original sample. Evidence is produced that the apparent loss is not primarily attributable to inactivation on the swab but rather to retention of organisms on the swab. This was demonstrable withClostridium welchiiand withBacteroidesspecies that have hitherto been regarded as relatively oxygen-sensitive.When stock strains ofBacteroidesspecies were held for some hours on swabs, some progressive loss of viability was demonstrable. A measure of protection was afforded when these organisms were held aerobically on blood agar medium, but a very exacting anaerobe and some wild strains of faecal anaerobes showed gradual inactivation under these conditions.These findings may have important implications in relation to currently employed bacteriological sampling procedures with swabs in clinical practice.
The effect of obstructions and thermals in laminar-flow systems
Authors: Whyte W. , Shaw B. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe influence of obstructions and thermals on the air flow in unidirectional or laminar flow systems was studied with special reference to operating rooms. It was shown that thermals induced in the operating rooms would have little influence in the normal laminar-flow system. The importance however of obstructions such as operating lamps and personnel was shown.
The incidence of Brucella infections in producer-retailer herds in North Lancashire from 1965 to 1972
Authors: Robertson L. , Farrell I. D. , Hinchliffe P. M. 
Published: May 2009

The results are presented of testing untreated producer–retailer herd milk samples for the presence of Brucella abortus during the period 1965–1972 in the North Lancashire region.There was a steady decline in the incidence of infected herds from 22 % in 1965 to 12% in 1971. A sharp fall to 5% in 1972 suggests that the introduction of the Brucellosis Incentives Scheme and the eradication programme has helped to reduce the practice of selling brucella-infected cattle in the open market which was prevalent in the period 1965 to 1970.This practice of selling brucella-infected cattle may also be a prime factor in the changing pattern of distribution of the biotypes of B. abortus which was observed during the period 1965 to 1970.A comparison of the two areas in the region show that the incidence of herd infection was always greater in the area containing flying herds than in the area in which self-contained herds predominated.
Field trials of the rodenticide 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane against wild rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.)
Authors: Rennison B. D. 
Published: May 2009

Rattus norvegicus infestations on six farmsteads were poisoned with 0.5% 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane and those on another six with 2.5% zinc phosphide. Both poisons were applied in pinhead oatmeal bait containing also 5% corn oil, after pre-baiting. The result of each treatment was assessed by comparing the take of pre-bait with that of a census bait (wheat) laid after the poisoning.The zinc phosphide treatments were generally more effective than those done with 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane, but the latter were somewhat detrimentally affected by cautious baiting on the part of one of the operators.The results are discussed and it is concluded that although they indicate that 0.5% 5-p-chlorophenyl silatrane may have approached zinc phosphide in effectiveness under the conditions of the trial, it would in most circumstances be significantly less effective and possibly less safe to use than the latter, well-tried poison.
Specific immunoglobulin responses in serum and nasal secretions after the administration of attenuated rubella vaccine
Authors: Cradock-Watson J. E. , Macdonald Helen , Ridehalgh Margaret K. S. , Bourne M. S. , Vandervelde Elise M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe indirect immunofluorescent technique has been used to study the specific immunoglobulin responses in the sera of 63 non-immune adult women who received either Cendehill rubella vaccine subcutaneously, RA27/3 rubella vaccine subcutaneously, or RA27/3 vaccine intranasally. IgG, IgA and IgM antibodies increased virtually simultaneously, starting about 2 weeks after vaccination. IgG antibody appeared in all subjects and reached maximum titres 4–6 weeks after vaccination. The mean IgG titres elicited by the three different methods of vaccination did not differ significantly. IgA and IgM antibodies reached their highest titres between 21 and 28 days after vaccination and then declined to low or undetectable titres within about 9 weeks. The maximum IgA titres observed after intranasal administration of RA27/3 vaccine were significantly higher than those which occurred when the same vaccine was given subcutaneously, but no significant difference in IgM titres was observed. When unfractionated sera were examined IgA antibody was detected in 57 cases (91%) and IgM in 51 (81%). Fluorescent examination of fractions obtained by centrifugation on sucrose density gradients frequently revealed small amounts of IgA and IgM antibody which could not be detected by staining unfractionated serum, and with the inclusion of these results IgA antibody was detected in 61 cases (97%) and IgM in 59 (94%).When 39 adults with pre-existing serum antibody were challenged with vaccine a definite IgA response was detected in only one subject and in no case was there any evidence of the appearance of IgM antibody.Nasal antibody, consisting of IgG or IgA or both, was detected in 17 out of 23 non-immune subjects (74%) who received RA27/3 vaccine, either subcutaneously or intranasally. Titres were much lower than those which occur in the natural disease and there was no evidence that nasal antibody was elicited more readily by intranasal than by subcutaneous vaccination.
A six-year study of coxsackievirus B infections in heart disease
Authors: Grist N. R. , Bell Eleanor J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYVirological examination of 385 patients with suspected heart disease and 26 with Bornholmdisease over a period of 6 years suggested that Coxsackie group B virus infections were associated with at least half the cases of acute myocarditis and one third of the cases ofacute non-bacterial pericarditis. Complement-fixation tests revealed only a few cardiac illnesses associated with other infections (influenza and Mycoplasma pneumoniae). No evidence of infection was found in chronic cardiac disease.
The use of inactivators in the evaluation of disinfectants
Authors: MacKinnon I. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSince the earliest days of disinfectant testing bacteriostatic effect has misled many workers in this field. This problem has long been appreciated by some and a considerable battery of neutralizers has been employed, often with great success. Other anti-bacteriostatic measures, used without control, fail to revive damaged though viable organisms.This paper sets out to describe some of the problems that are encountered in this confused field and the means whereby they may be overcome.
Staphylococci in swimming pool water
Authors: Crone P. B. , Tee G. H. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYDuring a period of five years 1192 water samples from swimming pools were examined for staphylococci and 338 for coliform organisms only. Eighty-nine different pools were sampled.Numbers of staphylococci, estimated by the membrane filtration technique did not bear any significant relation to either bathing load or concentration of free chlorine.Wide variation in the staphylococcal count was observed when different parts of a pool were sampled on the same occasion.The only practicable standard for pool samples in relation to staphylococci would appear to be that these organisms should be absent from 100 ml. water when the pool has been out of use during at least ten hours before sampling if filtration and chlorination are adequate.
Variation of serotype in strains of Bordetella pertussis
Authors: Stanbridge T. N. , Preston N. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe four main serotypes of Bordetella pertussis (1, 2, 3; 1, 2; 1, 3; 1) undergo spontaneous variation involving loss or gain of antigen 2 or antigen 3. By serial subculture from single colonies on charcoal-blood-agar medium, we have detected loss-mutations from type 1, 2, 3 to 1, 2 or 1, 3, and from type 1, 2 to type 1. Likewise we have found gain-mutations from type 1 to 1, 2 or 1, 3, and from 1, 2 to 1, 2, 3.These mutations apparently occur with a high frequency in some strains. Other strains have a lower mutation-rate and are more stable antigenically. We have not detected, by this method, either gain- or loss-mutations from the type 1, 3 strains that we have tested.These findings offer an explanation for the changes in serotype that occur during the course of a pertussis infection in the child and in the marmoset. They also constitute a warning on the possible antigenic instability of laboratory strains, especially relevant in the production, absorption and testing of diagnostic antisera and in the preparation of pertussis vaccine.
Absorption of hexachlorophane from dusting powder on newborn infants' skin
Authors: Gillespie W. A. , Corner Beryl D. , Burman D. , Alder V. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYIn a maternity hospital in which the umbilicus and trunk of healthy newborn infants were treated with 0·33% hexachlorophane dusting powder, the hexachlorophane content of blood was measured in mothers before delivery, in infants' umbilical samples at birth, and at 8 days of age in capillary blood samples. One mother and her baby had rather high blood concentrations of hexachlorophane, probably derived from a toilet preparation used before admission to hospital. Hexachlorophane was absent or barely detectable in the other mothers' blood and in the infants' umbilical blood. The hexachlorophane concentrations in the blood of 8-day-old infants ranged from nil to 0·166μg./ml. (mean 0·066μg./ml.). These were much less than the concentrations reported to be toxic in animals.In a previous trial now reported here, a dusting powder containing chlorhexidine instead of hexachlorophane was found to delay the separation of the umbilical cord.
Respiratory viral infection in childhood. A survey in general practice, Roehampton 1967–1972
Authors: Horn Mary E. C. , Brain Elizabeth , Gregg I. , Yealland Susan J. , Inglis J. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe role of viruses andM. pneumoniaein episodes of acute respiratory illness in childhood has been studied in a London general practice. The total isolation rate was 31·7%, but the rate varied from 32·6% in upper respiratory infections to 64·0% in pneumonia. The clinical features associated with infection were influenced not only by the type of agent but also by age and other host factors in the infected children. Rhinoviruses were more commonly isolated than any other agent and were frequently associated with wheezy bronchitis.
A comparison of some immunological methods for the differentiation of strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Forman A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYTwo FMDV strains which had been previously differentiated by complement-fixation were compared by guinea-pig protection test, kinetic neutralization and micro-neutralization tests. It was found that these tests, which have not been previously applied by the methods described, were all capable of FMDV strain differentiation. Similar differences were found by all methods, which suggests that comparisons made by cross-CF, cross-neutralization or cross-protection involve measurement of the same antigen/antibody interactions.
Counter-electrophoresis as a possible method for typing ECHO and Coxsackie B viruses.
Authors: MacWilliam Kathleen M. , Cook Karen M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA method for typing ECHO and Coxsackie B viruses using counter-electrophoresis has been developed using stock strains of 15 different ECHO types and 5 Coxsackie B viruses. Work is continuing to see whether the method is a practical one to use for typing of strains from patients infected with ECHO or Coxsackie B viruses.
Response to influenza vaccine in adjuvant 65-4
Authors: Smith J. W. G. , Fletcher W. B. , Peters Martin , Westwood M. , Perkins F. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA comparison was made of the antibody response and subjective reactions to zonally-purified influenza vaccine in aqueous suspension and in peanut oil adjuvant 65-4. Both preparations contained 700 CCA units of A/Aichi/2/68, and 300 CCA units of B/Mass/1/71.Subjective reactions were recorded by asking the volunteers to complete a record daily for 5 days. Pain at the injection site was recorded by 64% of the recipients of the oil adjuvant vaccine compared with 35% of the aqueous recipients, but local redness was more frequent after aqueous vaccine. Systemic symptoms were recorded a little more frequently after aqueous than oil adjuvant vaccine.When measured 7½ weeks after a single dose of vaccine, the HAI geometric mean antibody titre (G.M.T.) to the A/Hong Kong/1/68 antigen (antigenically similar to the A/Aichi/2/68 antigen in the vaccine) increased 2·7-fold after aqueous and 16·4-fold after adjuvant vaccine. Sixty-two weeks after vaccination the antibody titres remained higher in those given adjuvant vaccine. The G.M.T. to B/Mass/1/71 increased 1·9-fold 7½ weeks after aqueous vaccine and 3·7-fold after adjuvant vaccine.The antibody response to both influenza A and B antigens was broader in the recipients of adjuvant vaccine. The G.M.T. to A/England/42/72 increased 2·8-fold after aqueous and 13-fold after adjuvant vaccine; and to B/England/847/73 it increased 1·3-fold after aqueous and 1·9-fold after adjuvant vaccine.
Presence of a dialysable fraction in normal bovine whey capable of killing several species of bovine mycoplasmas
Authors: Howard C. J. , Brownlie J. , Gourlay R. N. , Collins Jacqueline 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYMost normal bovine whey samples contain a fraction that survives heating at 56° C. for 30 min., passes through a dialysis membrane and kills a maximum of seven out of ten of the different bovine mycoplasma species tested. Some whey samples appear more active than others but not all affect the same strains of mycoplasma indicating some specificity in their action. Absorption of the active factor from whey by heterologous and homologous mycoplasmas and by erythrocytes was observed. Binding of the factor to mycoplasmas appears to be temperature-dependent and non-specific, but subsequent mycoplasmacidal action shows some specificity.
Sero-immunity to poliovirus in children and young women: England 1972–4
Authors: Mortimer P. P. , Cunningham P. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA total of 292 children's sera and 706 antenatal sera from different parts of England were tested for the presence of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies. Little variation was found between different areas and types of community, but a lower proportion of the 5–14 year old children had antibody than younger children and young adult women. The proportion of the young population with antibody, and the current acceptance rates for oral poliovirus vaccine are barely satisfactory.
Airborne infection in a fully air-conditioned hospital: IV. Airborne dispersal of Staphylococcus aureus and its nasal acquisition by patients
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Brock B. , Shooter R. A. , Cooke E. M. , Thomas G. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYStudies in a newly built hospital furnished with complete air conditioning where most of the patients are nursed in 6-bed rooms showed that the transfer of air from one patient room to another was very small, especially when there was substantial flow of air in a consistent direction between the patient rooms and the corridor, and that the direct transfer of airborne particles was even less. There was, however, no evidence of any reduction in the rates of nasal acquisition of Staphylococcus aureus compared with those to be found in naturally ventilated hospitals.The numbers of Staph. aureus found in the air of a given room that appeared to have originated from patient carriers in other rooms were many times greater than could be accounted for by direct airborne transfer. Although there was evidence that many carriers were not detected, detailed study showed that this excess transfer to the air of other rooms was genuine. It seems probable on the basis of investigations in this hospital and elsewhere that this excess transfer occurs in-directly, through dispersal from the clothing of the nursing and medical staff into the air of another room of strains with which their outer clothes have become contaminated while dealing with patients.Reduction in direct airborne transfer of micro-organisms from one room to another, whether by ventilation or other means, can only be of clinical advantage if transfer by other routes is, or can be made, less than that by the direct airborne route.
Autoclaves and their dangers and safety in laboratories
Authors: Gillespie E. H. , Gibbons S. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYUsing a laboratory downward displacement vertical autoclave with the help of thermocouples recorded on a 12 point multichannel strip recorder, the risk of failing to sterilize laboratory discard buckets has been demonstrated. The use of proper temperature and time controls can prevent this risk.A load in a bucket with perforated sides is more easily sterilized than in a solid bucket. Wire baskets, where appropriate, facilitate the sterilizing practice. The addition of water to a bucket does not reduce the time of heating up.It is desirable that sealed bottles of media should not be sterilized in simple downward displacement autoclaves, but if used, strict monitoring of temperatures and times is essential both in the heating up stage and especially in the cooling stage. The temperatures in bottles are slow to rise and very slow to fall. Bottles at high temperature 80–405° C. or over have a high internal pressure which can allow the bottles to explode when subjected to thermal shock if removed too early.It is suggested that all laboratory autoclaves should have a load temperature simulator or similar device to control the temperature of the load during the cycle automatically. For the sterilization of fluid media, it is suggested that, in addition to a simulator there should be accelerated cooling to reduce damage to the media and, what is more important, to rapidly bring down the temperature and thus the internal pressure in the bottles to a safe level. The opening of the sterilizer door or lid should be automatically controlled by the load temperature simulator.
Corynebacterium kutscheriand its alleged avirulent variant in mice
Authors: Hirst R. G. , Olds R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryCorynebacterium kutscheriand its alleged avirulent variant were re-examined in C57Bl/6 and Swiss Lynch mice. It was confirmed that while C57B1/6 mice were resistant and Swiss Lynch susceptible toC. kutscheri, the alleged atypical variant was avirulent in both mouse strains. However, following inimunosuppression of C57B1/6 mice with hydrocortisone acetate, it was not possible to reactivate latentC. kutscherior the alleged atypical variant; this was contrary to previous reports. Moreover, sequential hysterectomy derivation over four generations of C57B1/6 mice did not eliminate their resistance toC. kutschericompared with conventionally born animals. Vaccination with live attenuatedC. kutscheriprotected susceptible mice against virulent challenge; vaccination with the alleged atypical variant afforded no such protection. The suggested role of the alleged avirulent variant in resistance toC. kutscheriis challenged and an alternative explanation of such resistance is proposed.
Serological and biochemical relationships between the alleged avirulent variant ofCorynebacterium kutscheriand streptococci of group N
Authors: Hirst R. G. , Olds R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryMorphological, biochemical and serological observations suggested that no close relationship existed betweenC. kutscheriand its alleged avirulent variant isolated from mice at the Rockefeller University. However, both capillary and double diffusion precipitin reactions showed the alleged variant to be a streptococcus of group N, indistinguishable from that previously isolated from Rockefeller University mice.
Serological evidence of continuing infection of swine in Great Britain with an influenza A virus (H3N2)
Authors: Chapman M. S. , Lamont P. H. , Harkness J. W. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySerum samples collected from swine and cattle in Great Britain at various times between July 1971 and July 1977 were examined by haemagglutination-inhibition or single radial haemolysis methods for evidence of infection with influenza A (H3N2) viruses. A small proportion of swine sera collected in each year reacted in the tests but there was no evidence of infection in cattle. The significance of the findings is discussed, with particular reference to the seasonal fluctuations in the prevalence of antibody in swine observed during the period of the study, and their possible relevance to influenzal events in the human population. None of the sera tested had antibody to swine influenza strains (HSw1N1).
Field trials of brodifacoum (WBA 8119) against the house mouse (Mus musculus L.)
Authors: Rowe F. P. , Swinney T. , Plant C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe anticoagulant rodenticide brodifacoum was tested against house mice (Mus musculus L.) infesting farm buildings. In six trials, treatment success was assessed from the results of census baitings conducted before and after treatment. With 0·005% brodifacoum in canary seed/corn oil bait, the control achieved ranged between 92·7% and 100%, mean 98·8%. Two mouse populations were eradicated in 3 to 4 weeks but a few individuals survived each of the other four treatments which lasted 6 weeks. The effectiveness of brodifacoum against mice is compared with that of 0·1% calciferol and 0·025% warfarin in combination. It is concluded that brodifacoum and calciferol/warfarin are equally effective in controlling M. musculus but that brodifacoum treatments need to be conducted fora relatively longer period.
Myxomatosis: the occurrence of antibody to a soluble antigen of myxoma virus in wild rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Edmonds J. W. , Shepherd Rosamond C. H. , Nolan I. F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe occurrence of antibody to myxoma virus in wild rabbits following epizootics is highest in the semi-arid north-west of Victoria and lowest in temperate southern Victoria. Occurrence ranges up to about 90% in the north-west and to about 70% in the south except on the Western Plains where epizootics are rare and antibody occurrence seldom exceeds 30%.The establishment of the European rabbit flea may be changing the pattern of occurrence of antibody in the north-west by causing spring outbreaks of myxomatosis. It is suggested that the effects of the replacement of a simple recurring system of epizootic and breeding season several months apart by the occurrence of myxomatosis twice in the same year, once coincident with the breeding season, will be complex. The occurrence of detectable antibody may be less dependent on the infection rate and may be dependent to some extent on the relative timing of spring myxomatosis and the breeding season.