bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The process and costs of publishing medical journals in Sri Lanka: an economic evaluation
Authors: Ranasinghe P , Perera Y S , Abeygunasekara A M 
Published: June 2011

ObjectivesMedical journals have contributed to the advancement of medicine by helping to disseminate scientific knowledge and providing a forum for medical communities to debate issues in depth. To the authors' knowledge, there are no studies examining the process of medical journal publication in developing Asian countries. The authors analysed the process and costs of publishing medical journals in Sri Lanka, a developing country in South Asia.MethodsData were collected by interviewing the editors and perusing the records at the editorial offices of the respective medical journals. Articles published in 2009 (or 2008 for journals not published in 2009) were analysed by perusing the respective journals.ResultsA total of 44 medical journals were published in Sri Lanka's history, of which only 28 journals remained in publication after 2007. A majority (54%) of the journals published after 2007 were published once per year. Seventeen journals in publication after 2007 were published in paper version only, and 11 journals were also available online. The mean cost of printing one issue was Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR) 97 720 (US$888) (range LKR 28 000–270 000). The cost of distribution ranged from LKR 2000 to 140 000 (US$18–1273). The mean cost of publishing one article was LKR 6646 (US$60). A total of 456 articles were published in 2009 (/2008). The total number of pages published was 1723.ConclusionThe infrastructure for medical journal publishing in Sri Lanka has many good qualities such as free access, minimum charges for authors and potential for online availability. The journals are solely academic (non-profit), but the costs remain high.
Identifying In-Group and Out-Group Effects in the Trust Game
Authors: Smith Alexander 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
This paper presents an experiment measuring how lab-induced group identity affects trust and trustworthiness in a repeated trust game with random matching. Identity had positive in-group and negative out-group effects on trust. However, the in-group effect was small and statistically insignificant, while the out-group effect was large. Trustworthiness was determined mainly by reciprocity effects.
Supported Metal Oxide Nanosystems for Hydrogen Photogeneration: Quo Vadis?
Authors: Barreca Davide , Carraro Giorgio , Gombac Valentina , Gasparotto Alberto , Maccato Chiara , Fornasiero Paolo , Tondello Eugenio 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHydrogen has attracted a great share of attention both as an energy carrier and as an irreplaceble reagent for many industrial processes. Photoactivated routes, ranging from photocatalytic and photo‐electrochemical water splitting to photoreforming of suitable oxygenates, appear to be attractive long‐term solutions among possible strategies for hydrogen production. However, the success of such processes depends on the efficient use of solar energy and on the identification of active and stable catalysts, which, in addition, should be eco‐friendly and available in large amounts at accessible costs. Researchers are exploring the use of supported oxide nanomaterials, which enable an easy catalyst recovery and exhibit unique advantages due to their peculiar nano‐organization. In this Feature Article, the potential of such systems towards photoinduced hydrogen evolution is discussed based on selected case studies that highlight the relations between structure, morphology, composition, and functional performances of oxide nanomaterials. In addition, potential limitations of oxide‐based nanomaterials as well as unexplored key aspects that require special attention in future investigations are discussed.
Identifying a Threshold Impurity Level for Organic Solar Cells: Enhanced First‐Order Recombination Via Well‐Defined PC84BM Traps in Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Cowan Sarah R. , Leong Wei Lin , Banerji Natalie , Dennler Gilles , Heeger Alan J. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractSmall amounts of impurity, even one part in one thousand, in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells can alter the electronic properties of the device, including reducing the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current and the fill factor. Steady state studies show a dramatic increase in the trap‐assisted recombination rate when [6,6]‐phenyl C84 butyric acid methyl ester (PC84BM) is introduced as a trap site in polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells made of a blend of the copolymer poly[N‐9″‐hepta‐decanyl‐2,7‐carbazole‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienyl‐2′,1′,3′‐benzothiadiazole) (PCDTBT) and the fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PC60BM). The trap density dependent recombination studied here can be described as a combination of bimolecular and Shockley–Read–Hall recombination; the latter is dramatically enhanced by the addition of the PC84BM traps. This study reveals the importance of impurities in limiting the efficiency of organic solar cell devices and gives insight into the mechanism of the trap‐induced recombination loss.
Polyol‐Mediated Synthesis and Properties of Nanoscale Molybdates/Tungstates: Color, Luminescence, Catalysis
Authors: Schmitt Peter , Brem Nadine , Schunk Stephan , Feldmann Claus 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe nanometer‐scale molybdates/tungstates Fe2(MoO4)3, CoMoO4, NiMoO4, CuMoO4, In2(MoO4)3, and CuWO4 are synthesized via a polyol‐mediated approach. All nanomaterials are obtained as spherical particles with mean diameters between 25 and 75 nm. Detailed characterization is carried out based on DLS, SEM, XRD, EDX, UV–visible, and luminescence spectroscopy. The as‐prepared, non‐crystalline nanoparticles already exhibit interesting material properties. CoMoO4, CuWO4, and Fe2(MoO4)3 show brilliant blue, green, and orange‐yellow colors. Moreover, a surprisingly high photocatalytic activity is observed for as‐prepared, non‐crystalline CuWO4 and In2(MoO4)3. Comparing the degradation of methylene blue in neutral water, CuWO4 and In2(MoO4)3 are found to be 4.2 and 7.4 times faster in daylight than standard TiO2 nanoparticles (i.e., Degussa P25). On short‐timeframe sintering the nanomaterials become crystalline with an almost preserved particle size. Sintered In2(MoO4)3 (450 °C, 0.5 h) doped with europium (5 mol%) shows intense red luminescence with a quantum yield of 37%−39% upon UV excitation. Finally, sintered CuMoO4 (600 °C, 1 h) supported on commercial porous SiO2 substrates turns out to be well‐suited for the oxidation of o‐xylene to o‐tolyl aldehyde by air, with a selectivity of 64%.
The study of visual image improvement of an organic light‐emitting diode by dye‐polarizer composed of optical film
Authors: Lan Wen Jeng , Wu Ho Shing 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe visual image improvement of an organic light‐emitting diode (OLED), which is based on some theoretical frameworks and the optical property of the dye‐polarizer composed of optical film, is investigated. The key performance indexes of visions, i.e., visual reflective sensitivity, contrast ratio, and color saturation are focused. First, the reflectance and color saturation of an OLED were simulated and calculated by using the transfer matrix method with thin‐film optical filters and the definition rule of color performances in the 1931 index proposed by the Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE1931). The results clearly showed excellent performance when using the dye‐polarizer on the panel of an OLED in the theoretical calculation and practical application. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1755–1763, 2012
Organokatalytischer, enantioselektiver Acyltransfer auf racemische sowie meso‐Alkohole, ‐Amine und ‐Thiole
Authors: Müller Christian E. , Schreiner Peter R. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractDer Acyltransfer ist ein Paradebeispiel für den Transfer funktioneller Gruppen, sowohl in der Natur als auch im chemischen Labor. Acylierungen sind am Aufbau komplexer natürlicher Moleküle beteiligt und spielen eine entscheidende Rolle für den biologischen Energietransport. Die Charakterisierung kovalenter Acyl‐Enzym‐Intermediate trieb sowohl mechanistische Studien als auch die Entwicklung biomimetischer Verfahren an. Folglich verwendeten Chemiker zunächst die Werkzeuge der Natur in Form von Enzymen und natürlichen Alkaloiden als Katalysatoren, um schließlich eine Vielzahl kleiner, synthetischer Moleküle für den selektiven Acyltransfer zu entwickeln. Anders als die Natur nutzen Chemiker praktische Acylierungsreaktionen für die Stereoselektion und zum Schutz funktioneller Gruppen. Die Zahl der Studien zum Acyltransfer hat in den letzten 15 Jahren deutlich zugenommen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt diese Entwicklungen mit einem Schwerpunkt auf den im Titel genannten Substanzklassen.
Identification of Novel Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors by Screening of Phenol Fragments Library
Authors: Rubino Maria Teresa , Maggi Dariana , Laghezza Antonio , Loiodice Fulvio , Tortorella Paolo 
Published: June 2011

AbstractIn the last 20 years, a great variety of synthetic, low molecular weight MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) have been synthesized and tested, although none has reached clinical utility. Exploration of novel ZBGs and development of non‐hydroxamate MMPI has become a focus in current research. It's well‐known that polyphenols can produce beneficial effects on human health by their antioxidant properties as well as they have the ability to block gelatinase activity. In this work we tested a series of selected phenols as MMP inhibitors. The most interesting hit (B6) shows sub‐micromolar activity against MMP‐2 (IC50 0.59 ± 0.05 µM, LE = 1.07) and a fairly good selectivity spectrum.
Electrical Resistivity Tomography Investigations of MultiLayered Archaeological Settlements: Part I – Modelling
Authors: Berge Meriç Aziz , Drahor Mahmut Göktuğ 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTIn archaeology, multilayered settlements (höyük, tell, tepe) are among the most important sites for investigation and excavation. This type of site is a subcircular, nucleated settlement composed of mud‐ and stone‐based materials remaining from different archaeological times; it presents a complex archaeological context. This study tests the capability of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method by simulation of multilayered archaeological settlements. This study also discusses the usefulness of the data acquisition and inversion facilities of ERT surveys to define buried structures and settlement plans of various archaeological layers of the settlements. A robust inversion technique was performed during the modelling studies in which the forward solution of the objective function (Poisson equation) was solved using the finite‐element approach. The ERT results reveal that a 'semi‐fully three‐dimensional' investigation provides more accurate solutions than 'quasi‐three‐dimensional' applications. According to the inversion results, dipole–dipole and pole–dipole arrays describe the model better than Wenner, Wenner–Schlumberger and pole–pole arrays. The effects of interelectrode and interline spacing, as well as line orientation, were also investigated during the modelling studies. Based on the modelling approach, a reasonable field and inversion strategy for ERT studies of the multilayered settlements is suggested. We conclude that ERT is a highly suitable technique for the determination of settlements that have layered stratigraphy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of intermittent UMTS electromagnetic field effects on blood circulation in the human auditory region using a near‐infrared system
Authors: Spichtig Sonja , Scholkmann Felix , Chin Lydia , Lehmann Hugo , Wolf Martin 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to assess the potential effects of intermittent Universal Mobile Telecommunications System electromagnetic fields (UMTS‐EMF) on blood circulation in the human head (auditory region) using near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) on two different timescales: short‐term (effects occurring within 80 s) and medium‐term (effects occurring within 80 s to 30 min). For the first time, we measured potential immediate effects of UMTS‐EMF in real‐time without any interference during exposure. Three different exposures (sham, 0.18 W/kg, and 1.8 W/kg) were applied in a controlled, randomized, crossover, and double‐blind paradigm on 16 healthy volunteers. In addition to oxy‐, deoxy‐, and total haemoglobin concentrations ([O2Hb], [HHb], and [tHb], respectively), the heart rate (HR), subjective well‐being, tiredness, and counting speed were recorded. During exposure to 0.18 W/kg, we found a significant short‐term increase in Δ[O2Hb] and Δ[tHb], which is small (≈17%) compared to a functional brain activation. A significant decrease in the medium‐term response of Δ[HHb] at 0.18 and 1.8 W/kg exposures was detected, which is in the range of physiological fluctuations. The medium‐term ΔHR was significantly higher (+1.84 bpm) at 1.8 W/kg than for sham exposure. The other parameters showed no significant effects. Our results suggest that intermittent exposure to UMTS‐EMF has small short‐ and medium‐term effects on cerebral blood circulation and HR. Bioelectromagnetics 33:40–54, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An intelligent approach to the discovery of luminescent materials using a combinatorial approach combined with Taguchi methodology
Authors: Chen Lei , Chu Cheng‐I , Chen Kuo‐Ju , Chen Po‐Yuan , Hu Shu‐Fen , Liu Ru‐Shi 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTA significant advance made in combinatorial approach research was that the emphasis shifted from simple mixing to intelligent screening, so as to improve the efficiency and accuracy of discovering new materials from a larger number of diverse compositions. In this study, the long‐lasting luminescence of SrAl2O4, which is co‐doped with Eu2+, Ce3+, Dy3+, Li+ and H3BO3, was investigated based on a combinatorial approach in conjunction with the Taguchi method. The minimal number of 16 samples to be tested (five dopants and four levels of concentration) were designed using the Taguchi method. The samples to be screened were synthesized using a parallel combinatorial strategy based on ink‐jetting of precursors into an array of micro‐reactor wells. The relative brightness of luminescence of the different phosphors over a particular period was assessed. Ce3+ was identified as the constituent that detrimentally affected long‐lasting luminescence. Its concentration was optimized to zero. Li+ had a minor effect on long‐lasting luminescence but the main factors that contributed to the objective property (long‐lasting luminescence) were Eu2+, Dy3+ and H3BO3, and the concentrations of these dopants were optimized to 0.020, 0.030 and 0.300, respectively, for co‐doping into SrAl2O4. This study demonstrates that the utility of the combinatorial approach for evaluating the effect of components on an objective property (e.g. phosphorescence) and estimating the expected performance under the optimal conditions can be improved by the Taguchi method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
5d–4f transition in new phosphate‐based phosphors
Authors: Shinde K. N. , Dhoble S. J. 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTThe preparation of Ce3+‐doped Sr6AlP5O20 and Ba6AlP5O20 by a combustion method is described. Formation of compounds was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The photoluminescence (PL) emission spectra were observed at 355 nm when excited at 307 nm for the various concentrations. The PL emission spectra of phosphors showed strong Ce3+ emission due to the 5 d → 4f transition of Ce3+ ions. The Ce3+ emission intensity in Sr6AlP5O20:Ce phosphor was higher than that in Ba6AlP5O20:Ce and it may be useful for scintillation applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A terbium‐sensitized spectrofluorimetric method for determination of catecholamines in a serum sample with micelle medium
Authors: Kamruzzaman Mohammad , Alam Al‐Mahmnur , Lee Sang Hak , Kim Young Ho , Kim Sung Hong 
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACTA terbium‐sensitized spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for determination of catecholamines such as norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EP) and dopamine (DA), using sodium dodecyl benzene sulphonate (SDBS). Fluorescence sensitization of terbium ions (Tb3+) by complexation with catecholamines in the presence of SDBS was observed. The fluorescence intensities of the Tb3+–catecholamine complexes were highly enhanced by introducing SDBS with an emission maximum at 545 nm after excitation at 290 nm. The conditions for the complex formation of Tb3+–catecholamine were investigated systematically and optimized to determine catecholamines in a serum sample. Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescence intensities of the Tb3+–catecholamine complexes were increased linearly with the concentration of NE, EP and DA over the ranges 2.5 × 10–10–1.0 × 10–8, 2.5 × 10–10–1.0 × 10–8 and 2.5 × 10–9–1.0 × 10–7 g/mL with correlation coefficients of 0.999, 0.999 and 0.9996, respectively. The limits of detection (3δ) of NE, EP and DA were found to be 4.6 × 10–11, 7.8 × 10–11 and 8.38 × 10–10 g/mL, respectively. Precision of the method was tested at the concentration level of 1.2 × 10−7 g/mL for five replicate measurements of NE, EP and DA, giving relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.41%, 1.23% and 1.89%, respectively. The interaction mechanism of the Tb3+–catecholamine complexes system was investigated and presented with ultraviolet absorption spectra. The proposed method has been applied for the quantitative determination of NE, EP and DA in a spiked serum sample and a pharmaceutical preparation sample. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ laccase‐assisted overdyeing of denim using flavonoids
Authors: Guimarães Clara , Kim Suyeon , Silva Carla , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA laccase‐mediated system for denim overdyeing using phenolic compounds was developed. Laccase from ascomycete Myceliophthora thermophila was able to oxidize phenolic compounds such as catechol and catechin and mediate their attachment to denim surfaces. Laccase‐generated polymers gave rise to new coloration states from dark brown to green–yellow and replaced dyes in the overdyeing process. Process parameters, such as enzyme dosage, incubation time and presence of mediator, were studied by considering a compromise between the highest overdyeing level and lower energy/products consumption (2 U/mL laccase; 4 h incubation in the absence of mediator). Enzyme‐generated polymers were followed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry and their level of attachment to denim surfaces was evaluated by means of spectral values quantification [k/s, Kubelka–Munk relationship (k=absorption coefficient, s=scattering coefficient)]. Overdyeing of denim with phenolics, such as catechol or catechin, was successfully achieved with acceptable levels in terms of durability.
Telomerisation of Buta‐1,3‐diene and Methanol: Superiority of Chromanyl‐Type Phosphines in the Dow Process for the Industrial Production of 1‐MOD
Authors: Tschan Mathieu J.‐L. , Launay Hélène , Hagen Henk , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , van Leeuwen Piet W. N. M. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractButadiene and methanol were telomerised in the presence of palladium catalysts with ligands containing 8‐diphenylphosphinochromane‐like substituents at phosphorus. MonoXantphos and monoSPANphos afforded the most active, stable and selective catalysts known to date under commercially relevant production conditions for 1‐methoxyocta‐2,7‐diene, the precursor to oct‐1‐ene.
Evaluation of the ratio of the evaporation energy to the activation energy for estimating the thermodiffusion coefficient
Authors: Abbasi Alireza , Saghir M. Ziad , Kawaji Masahiro 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThermodiffusion has an important role in displacements of hydrocarbon reservoir. The ratio of the evaporation energy to the activation energy of viscous flow in pure limits, τpure,k, is of a great importance in estimating the thermodiffusion coefficient for non‐associating fluid mixtures. Several methods may be used to estimate τpure,k which causes different values for thermodiffusion coefficients. A fixed value for τpure,k was considered to predict the thermodiffusion coefficient. In this paper, Abbasi et al.'s [J. Non‐Equilib. Thermodyn. 2010;35:1–14] model and Shukla and Firoozabadi's model have been applied to predict thermodiffusion coefficients for linear chain hydrocarbon binary mixtures. The results show a very good performance of the simple approach in respect to the previous models in estimating thermodiffusion coefficients. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Study of sawdust pyrolysis and its devolatilisation kinetics
Authors: Aqsha Aqsha , Mahinpey Nader , Mani Thilakavathi , Salak Feridoun , Murugan Pulikesi 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPyrolysis of sawdust was studied using a thermogravimetric analyser (TGA) to understand the devolatilisation process and to obtain its global kinetic parameters. The influences of particle size, initial weight of the sample and heating rate on the devolatilisation of sawdust particles have been studied. Results from proximate analysis show that smaller particle size has more ash content compared to larger particle size. The TG and derivative TG curve for variation in particle size and initial weight of the sample showed significant difference in the third stage of the pyrolysis. In addition, the pyrolysis of sawdust differed significantly for variation in heating rate. As the heating rates increased, the char yield also increased. The devolatilisation kinetics was studied considering different stages of pyrolysis. The kinetic parameters for thermal devolatilisation of the sawdust were determined through a nonlinear optimisation method of two independent parallel nth‐order reaction models. The kinetic parameters such as activation energy, frequency factor and order of the reaction for the two stages considered in the model were: E2 = 79.53 (kJ/mol), E3 = 60.71 (kJ/mol); k02 = 1.90 × 106 (1/min), k03 = 1.01 × 103 (1/min); n2 = 0.91, n3 = 1.78, respectively. The results show good agreement between the proposed model and the experimental data of the sawdust pyrolysis.
Electrochemical removal of boron from water: Adsorption and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Vasudevan Subramanyan , Lakshmi Jothinathan 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe present work provides an electrochemical removal of boron from water and its kinetics, thermodynamics, isotherm using mild steel and stainless steel as anode and cathode respectively. The various operating parameters on the removal efficiency of boron were investigated, such as initial boron ion concentration, initial pH, current density and temperature. The results showed that the optimum removal efficiency of 93.2% was achieved at a current density of 0.2 A dm−2 at pH of 7.0. First‐, second‐order rate equations, Elovich and Intraparticle models were applied to study adsorption kinetics. Adsorption isotherms of boron on Fe(OH)3 were determined and correlated with isotherm equations such as Langmuir, Freundlich and D‐R models. Thermodynamic parameters, such as standard Gibb's free energy (ΔG°), standard enthalpy (ΔH°) and standard entropy (ΔS°), were also evaluated by Van't Hoff equation. The adsorption process follows second‐order kinetics. The adsorption of boron preferably fits with Langmuir adsorption isotherm suggesting monolayer coverage of adsorbed molecules. The adsorption of boron onto Fe(OH)3 was found to be spontaneous and endothermic. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering