bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing extraction and storage parameters for a fecal hormone method
Authors: Pappano David J. , Roberts Eila K. , Beehner Jacinta C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFour experiments were conducted to test different aspects of a “field‐friendly” fecal hormone extraction method that utilizes methanol extraction in the field followed by storage on C18 solid‐phase extraction cartridges. Fecal samples were collected from geladas (Theropithecus gelada) housed at the Bronx Zoo, and the experiments were conducted in a laboratory setting to ensure maximum control. The experiments were designed to either simulate the conditions to which fecal samples are subjected during fieldwork or improve on an existing protocol. The experiments tested the relationship between fecal hormone metabolite preservation/recovery and: (1) the amount of time a sample is stored at ambient temperature; (2) the number of freeze/thaw cycles a sample undergoes; (3) the effectiveness of different extraction solutions; and (4) the effectiveness of different cartridge washes. For each experiment, samples were assayed by radioimmunoassay for fecal glucocorticoid (GC) and testosterone (T) metabolites. Results for each of the experiments were as follows. First, storage at ambient temperature did not affect hormone levels until 4 weeks of storage, with significant increases for both GC and T metabolites at 4 weeks. Second, hormone levels significantly decreased in samples after two freeze/thaw cycles for GCs and six freeze/thaws cycles for T. Third, for both GCs and T, hormone extraction using various methanol solutions was significantly higher than using 100% ethanol. Finally, using a 20% methanol solution to wash cartridges significantly increased GC levels but had no effect on T levels. These results suggest that, when utilizing C18 cartridges for fecal steroid storage, researchers should consider several methodological options to optimize hormone preservation and recovery from fecal samples. Am. J. Primatol. 72:934–941, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phylogeny and distribution of crested gibbons (genus Nomascus) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence data
Authors: Thinh Van Ngoc , Rawson Benjamin , Hallam Chris , Kenyon Marina , Nadler Tilo , Walter Lutz , Roos Christian 
Published: July 2010

AbstractCrested gibbons, genus Nomascus, are endemic to the Indochinese bioregion and occur only in Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and southern China. However, knowledge about the number of species to be recognized and their exact geographical distributions is still limited. To further elucidate the evolutionary history of crested gibbon species and to settle their distribution ranges, we analyzed the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene from 79 crested gibbon individuals from known locations. Based on our findings, crested gibbons should be classified into seven species. Within N. concolor, we recognize two subspecies, N. concolor concolor and N. concolor lu. Phylogenetic reconstructions indicate that the northernmost species, N. hainanus, N. nasutus, and N. concolor branched off first, suggesting that the genus originated in the north and successively migrated to the south. The most recent splits within Nomascus occurred between N. leucogenys and N. siki, and between Nomascus sp. and N. gabriellae. Based on our data, the currently postulated distributions of the latter four species have to be revised. Our study shows that molecular methods are a useful tool to elucidate phylogenetic relationships among crested gibbons and to determine species boundaries. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1047–1054, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does nonnutritive tree gouging in a rainforest‐dwelling lemur convey resource ownership as does loud calling in a dry forest‐dwelling lemur?
Authors: Rasoloharijaona Solofonirina , Randrianambinina Blanchard , Joly‐Radko Marine 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNonhuman primates may defend crucial resources using acoustic or chemical signals. When essential resources are limited, ownership display for a resource may be enhanced. Defending resources may depend on population density and habitat characteristics. Using the Milne Edwards' sportive lemurs (Lepilemur edwardsi) and weasel sportive lemurs (L. mustelinus) as models, we tested whether two cryptic nocturnal lemur species differing in population density and habitat show differences in their vocal and chemical communication for signaling ownership of resources.L. edwardsiinhabits a western dry deciduous forest in a high‐density population, whereasL. mustelinusis found in an eastern rainforest in low density. We followed tenL. edwardsi(six males and four females) and nineL. mustelinus(four males and five females) for 215 hr during the early evening (06:00–10:00 p.m.) and the early morning (02:00–05:00 a.m.) and recorded their behavior using focal animal sampling. We found that both species differed in their vocal and chemical communication.L. edwardsiwas highly vocal and displayed loud calling in the mornings and evenings while feeding or in the vicinity of resting places. In contrast,L. mustelinusnever vocalized during observations, but displayed tree‐gouging behavior that was never observed inL. edwardsi. Tree gouging occurred more often during early evening sessions than early morning sessions. Subjects gouged trees after leaving their sleeping hole and before moving around. We suggest that, in weasel sportive lemurs, non‐nutritive tree gouging is used as a scent‐marking behavior in order to display ownership of sleeping sites. Altogether, our findings provide first empirical evidence on the evolution of different communication systems in two cryptic nocturnal primate species contrasting in habitat quality and population density. Further investigations are needed to provide more insight into the underlying mechanisms. Am. J. Primatol. 72:1062–1072, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of saliva for assessment of stress and its effect on the immune system prior to gross anatomy practical examinations
Authors: Lester S. Reid , Brown Jason R. , Aycock Jeffrey E. , Grubbs S. Lee , Johnson Roger B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the longitudinal effects of a series of stressful gross anatomy tests on the immune system. Thirty‐six freshman occupational therapy students completed a written stress evaluation survey, and saliva samples were obtained at baseline and prior to each of three timed‐practical gross anatomy tests. Cortisol, secretory IgA (sIgA), and IL‐12 concentrations were measured within the salivary samples by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The total scores from the stress surveys were used as markers for environmental stress. Data were compiled for each student at baseline and prior to each examination and were compared by repeated‐measures MANOVA and Pearson's correlation test. Following normalization for protein concentration and flow rate, the concentrations of IL‐2, IL‐6, IL‐12, and sIgA progressively increased from baseline to the third test. Cortisol concentrations, following normalization for flow rate, were highest prior to the first test and became significantly reduced prior to second and third test. Prior to second and third test, salivary concentrations of IL‐6, IL‐2, IL‐12, and sIgA were significantly correlated (P < 0.05). In contrast, prior to third test, there was a negative correlation between salivary concentrations of cortisol and IL‐12 (P < 0.05). Progressive increases in salivary sIgA, IL‐6, IL‐2, and IL‐12 concentrations from the first to the third test coincident to decreased salivary cortisol suggest that the initial examination stressors precede significant effects on the immune system. These data suggest that there may be latent effects of examination stress on the immune system and that saliva can be used to predict these effects. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Accommodation of Nonstandard Entries in a Serial List Made by Computer
Authors: Richmond Phyllis A. , Gill Marcia K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe need to merge computerized lists of serials described with two major and apparently mutually exclusive forms of entry required special programs for automatic generation of alternative entry and cross‐references. These programs made it possible to create a union list without losing the capability of using a different form of entry for special libraries, two of which were involved in this study.
A Computer‐Based System for Serial Records at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory
Authors: Verity John B. , Crocker Elizabeth L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA computer‐based system for processing the library records associated with journal subscriptions has been in daily routine operation for 3 years. Handling approximately 3, 500 subscriptions, the system uses a small, second‐generation computer (IBM 1401). Monthly batches of turnaround cards are produced for both daily check‐in of journals and weekly processing of binding units. The most distinctive feature of the system is a daily listing produced by a high‐speed printer (30, 000 lines per minute); each list supersedes the previous day's list and includes full information for each subscription in the system. Elaborately formated for user convenience, the list displays current check‐in record, bound and unbound holdings, and material in the binding process. By‐products of the system are address labels for distributing issues after check‐in and various lists of holdings organized for use by staff, customers, and subscription agents. The benefits and costs are discussed and qualitatively evaluated; sufficient hard data are not available for a definitive quantitative study.
The Role of the Federal Government in Information Systems in Education
Authors: Burchinal Lee G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe Office of Education provides important and wide‐ranging support for library and information science activities. These activities include research development, buildings and other facilities, operational expenses, and training. In addition, the Office of Education is providing leadership and funds in support of information and dissemination systems designed to help advance education at all levels. These efforts are oriented toward the achievement of four objectives: (1) development of effective and efficient information transmission systems, (2) development of information analysis products, (3) support of dissemination and utilization capabilities in the state and local educational agencies, and (4) development of a research and development program to improve information transmission and utilization capabilities at all levels in American education.
Student‐to‐Student Interaction in Computer Time‐Sharing Systems
Authors: Bryan Glenn L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe importance of computer time sharing is clear. Both individualized instruction (as provided by Computer‐Assisted Instruction systems) and conventional timesharing system organization, however, tend to isolate students from needed interaction with other people. This paper discusses the class of interactions called “student‐to‐student” interactions.
An Experimental Framework For Observing the Indexing Process
Authors: Clarke Dan C. , Bennett John L. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn experimental framework for observing an indexing task carried out in a laboratory environment is described. The computer‐based, interactive Negotiated Search Facility served as the instrument which the experimenter used to monitor the indexing task and the tool which the indexer used to carry out the task. The methodology developed enables us to gain an experimental control that is characteristic of laboratory environments and a breadth of process observation that is characteristic of case studies, An initial indexing experiment is described and we highlight the training procedure necessary to enable people who are not computer‐oriented to make effective use of an interactive terminal.
Cost Effectiveness of Current Awareness Sources in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: ASHMOLE R. F. , SMITH D. E. , STERN B. T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a previous paper from The Wellcome Foundation (Scott et al., 1971) a technique was described for measuring the usefulness of a commercial data base by comparing the choice of papers and of indexing terms to those chosen as relevant to the organization. In this second paper we are comparing the cost effectiveness of several commercial data bases, journal scanning by information scientists, and the impact of private communication.
A Correlation of Bibliographic Data Elements for use in a Generalized File Management System
Authors: Elchesen Dennis R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractData elements contained in sixteen commercial and national bibliographic data bases have been merged to form a single, correlated set. This correlation, part of a generalized file management system developed at LLL, has led to several improvements in the Laboratory's activities in current awareness and information retrieval: standardization of the system command language, increased uniformity in output display formats, a mechanism for selective extraction and transfer of records among data bases, and simplification of the programming required for data conversion. The correlation is compatible with most existing and proposed data‐element standards and may prove useful in any information system employing multiple bibliographic data bases.
Check List for Information Environment
Authors: Thompson Harold B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFactors which must be considered in comparing information systems ore: (1) Are the bases textual or data and what is the completeness and reliability required? (2) Is access provided by author, corporate author, title, and/or subject matter? (3) Is the indexing genersl or specific; the vocabulary controlled or not; by whom is indexing done and how thorough is it? (4) Is storage total or extracts, full size, microform, or magnetic? (5) Can input costs be reduced by combining with other necessary operations? (6) Who is to retrieve, what does he retrieve, and how rapid must the response be?
On Clustering Techniques in Information Science
Authors: Swanson Rowena W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis Communication raiser the issue that an important factor to be considered in applying clustering techniques to information storage and retrieval problems is the use to be made of the resultant groupings. The different purposes that different classifications serve and the different types of responses that appear satisfactory for different types of queries and different typos of users, for example, suggest that an examination of cluster criteria differentiation as a function of purpose may be fruitful in the exploitation of clustering techniques.
Structure of the Biomedical Literature
Authors: Narin Francis , Pinski Gabriel , Gee Helen Hofer 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe structure and interrelations of the biomedical journal literature are investigated as a preparatory step for studies of biomedical research activity. Using newly developed methods of bibliographic citation analysis, approximately 900 biomedical journals are classified into approximately 50 separate fields and into four research levels. The research‐level scale indicates research orientation ranging from clinical observation to basic research. Measures of influence are then obtained for individual journals, for biomedical fields and for research levels. The fields of biochemistry and physiology are shown to have the highest citation influence.A hierarchical influence diagram is presented to display the influence of 42 fields within biomedicine. Hierarchical influence diagrams are also presented for several individual fields showing the influence structure and citation relationships among their component journals. The combination of a subject, a level and an influence measure provides a unified framework for planned research activity analysis.
FIRST: Flexible Information Retrieval System for Text
Authors: Dattola Robert T. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn on‐line document retrieval system is described which combines a data base management system with automatic processing of natural language queries and abstracts. Data consists of an abstract, from which index terms are automatically extracted, along with bibliographic and descriptive information. The data base management system is used to store bibliographic and descriptive information, providing direct access to documents with specified bibliographic or descriptor items. Methods originally developed in the SMART project are used for abstract analysis: stemming algorithm, cosine function for query‐document comparisons, ranked output, and clustered document collection. Searches are entered and performed on‐line, with output consisting of document abstracts ranked in decreasing order of similarity with the query. Additional facilities include off‐line searches, SDI, and display of data base statistics. Future plans and improvements are also discussed.
A Systems Evaluation of the Educational Information System for Ontario
Authors: Lawton Stephen B. , Auster Ethel , To David 
Published: July 2010

AbstractApproaches to the evaluation of on‐line bibliographical retrieval services have so far failed to assess the interrelationships of the various components of the services. This article presents a comprehensive framework for such an evaluation. Variables used in the framework include events occurring during a search cycle; role and status; knowledge and opinion; and cost, price, and demand. The framework is applied to the evaluation of the Educational Information System for Ontario (EISO) on‐line service in order to determine the relationships between search processing variables associated with costs and output variables measuring the client's gain in knowledge and degree of satisfaction.
SEQUEL as a Language for Document Retrieval
Authors: Macleod Ian A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTraditionally the information retrieval community has avoided the type of data base management systems used in business applications. In this article it is shown how SEQUEL, a language designed for use in a data base management system, is potentially suited to a document retrieval system. The disadvantages of SEQUEL as it currently exists are discussed, and some extensions are proposed which appear to eliminate many of these disadvantages.
Application of Queueing Network Models to Optimization of Resource Allocation within Libraries
Authors: Smith J. Macgregor , Rouse Nilliam B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe activities within a library are combined with the library's floor plan to develop a representation of the library as a network of queues. This model can be used to predict average patron processing times and costs, as well as potential processing bottlenecks, as they are affected by demand characteristics and floor plan variations. Application of the model to an actual library is illustrated. Finally, an approach to optimal allocation of library resources within a queueing network framework is discussed.
Idea Tactics
Authors: Bates Marcia J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAn information search tactic is a move made to further a search. In this article, 17 “idea tactics” are presented: tactics to help generate new ideas or solutions to problems in information searching. The focus of these tactics is psychological; they are intended to help improve the information specialist's thinking and creative processes in searching. The tactics are applicable to all kinds of situations—both bibliographic and reference searches, and in both manual and online systems. Research leads for the study of idea tactics are suggested, and experimental design problems associated with the testing of all sorts of search tactics are discussed.
Actuality and Obsolescence of Scientific Literature
Authors: Avramescu Aurel 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn order to explain the much increased citation frequency of recently published articles in respect to the normal exponential decay of older articles, the scientific information diffusion theory is used. The obsolescence rate results by combining the Gaussian normal distribution with the exponentially decreasing rate of the number of, articles with age. For recently published works supplementary adjustments are necessary: first, in order to have the citation number start at zero at the start of counting, and second, in order to reach the sixfold citation climax two years before it. All peculiarities exhibited by experimental survey data have been properly reproduced by making plausible assumptions suggested by the diffusion theory, such as preference of virtual authors to directly read recent articles, preference for verbal cross‐communication with colleagues, and increased preference for the newest articles in fields of personal interest. The latter preference is damped in the case of older articles since virtual authors prefer to consult the scientific community or review books. The results do confirm once more the reliability of the scientific information diffusion model.
Using An INS Simulation to Forecast Manpower Needs
Authors: Mansfield Jerry W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA simulation language is presented which lends itself to the modeling of library operations. Here a circulation department of a university library is modeled using Integrated Network System (INS) language. The public demands on the resources are measured as are a 10 and 20% increase in the demand. The resulting data are used by management to determine the efficiency of a network and to predict manpower needs.
The Theoretical Foundation of Zipf's Law and Its Application to the Bibliographic Database Environment
Authors: Fedorowicz Jane 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhat does the frequency of occurrence of different words in an article have to do with the number of times an article is cited? Or, for that matter, with the number of publications an author has? All of these—word frequency, citation frequency, and publication frequency‐obey an ubiquitous distribution called Zipf's law. Zipf's law applies as well to such diverse subjects as income distribution, firm size, and biological genera and species. Zipf in 1949 described a hyperbolic rank‐frequency word distribution, which he fitted to a number of texts. He stated that if all unique words in a text are arranged (or ranked) in order of decreasing frequency of occurrence, the product of frequency times rank yields a constant which is approximately equal for all words in a text. The law has been shown to encompass many natural phenomena, and is equivalent to the distributions of Yule, Lotka, Pareto, Bradford, and Price. An ubiquitous empirical regularity suggests some universal principal. This article examines a number of theoretical derivations of the law, in order to show the relationship between the many attempts at ascertaining a theoretical justification for the phenomenon. We then briefly examine some of the ramifications of applying the law to the bibliographic database environment.
An Evolutionary Approach in Information Systems Science
Authors: Stanoulov Nicolay 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThis article is concerned with a layout of methodological apparatus revealing the logical transition of information theory from one kind to another, creating from the existing information theory (i.e., informal theory) (i) a near‐formal information‐theoretic axiomatic system and (ii) an information metatheory (only briefly sketched here). The most outstanding example manifesting such an evolution (“optimization”) in the methodology of natural sciences is the transition of mathematics to meta‐mathematics. The significance of this approach lies in defining the subject matter to be studied, as well as in explicating its feature, and possibly forecasting new ones. Based on this knowledge an attempt to reconstruct a known model of scientific evolution of S. Watanabe is made. The modification of this model is “case‐oriented,” i.e., it depends on the mentioned metatheoretical reasons. The evolution of the information systems science via such a dynamical tool as the metatheoretical approach is grounded most generally in the developed informal theory confronted with the human and social needs.