bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of sensible heat on monsoon precipitation in central and eastern Tibet
Authors: Wen Linke , Cui Peng , Li Yong , Wang Chunzhen , Liu Yinghui , Chen Ningshen , Su Fenghuan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe sensible heat over the Tibetan Plateau influences the atmospheric circulation of East Asia and North America, and also the monsoon precipitation on the Plateau. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the patterns of the monsoon precipitation at 17 meteorological stations in central and eastern Tibet shows that the sensible heat during May over the central Tibetan Plateau relates closely to the first eigenvector weight time series (EOF1) of the monsoon precipitation for the eastern part of the Plateau from June to September. At the Amdo site the correlation coefficient exceeds 0.7, and the correlation between the EOF1 and the average of sensible heat at five sites (Amdo, Bange, Wudaoliang, Tuotuohe and Gaize) over the central Tibetan Plateau can exceed 0.80. This relationship suggests a mechanism of increased sensible heat flux in central Tibetan Plateau during May causing stronger cyclonic flow and low vortices in this area, resulting in more precipitation during the monsoon season on the eastern Plateau. From May to August, 1979, for example, this sensible heat effect can account for more than half of the precipitation. Based on this relationship, the sensible heat of central Tibet can be used as a ‘predictor’ of monsoon precipitation in central and eastern Tibet. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Radiative transfer modelling in protoplanetary disks with the P‐N Approximation and Monte Carlo techniques
Authors: Graziani L. , Barletti L. , Aiello S. , Cecchi‐Pestellini C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA protoplanetary disk is a quasi‐toroidal gas–dust mixture rotating around a protostar that creates a complex intensity field in the internal disk medium in which planets are believed to form. In this work we start to model an idealized disk describing the radiation intensity propagating along a vertical disk section using the P‐N Approximation. This uni‐dimensional approach can be extended to a flared surface case but the problem rapidly raises complexity in solving a simple cylindrical mid‐plane region. The full 3D case is then handled with a Monte Carlo (MC) code reusing the idealized model to test the software reliability. The Monte Carlo lack in precision is fully repaid by the flexibility in describing the light‐to‐dust interaction moving the model towards a more realistic micro‐physics based approach. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The location and behavior of α‐tocopherol in membranes
Authors: Atkinson Jeffrey , Harroun Thad , Wassall Stephen R. , Stillwell William , Katsaras John 
Published: February 2010

AbstractVitamin E (α‐tocopherol) has long been recognized as the major antioxidant in biological membranes, and yet many structurally related questions persist of how the vitamin functions. For example, the very low levels of α‐tocopherol reported for whole cell extracts question how this molecule can successfully protect the comparatively enormous quantities of PUFA‐containing phospholipids found in membranes that are highly susceptible to oxidative attack. The contemporary realization that membranes laterally segregate into regions of distinct lipid composition (domains), we propose, provides the answer. We hypothesize α‐tocopherol partitions into domains that are enriched in polyunsaturated phospholipids, amplifying the concentration of the vitamin in the place where it is most needed. These highly disordered domains depleted in cholesterol are analogous, but organizationally antithetical, to the well‐studied lipid rafts. We review here the ideas that led to our hypothesis. Experimental evidence in support of the formation of PUFA‐rich domains in model membranes is presented, focusing upon docosahexaenoic acid that is the most unsaturated fatty acid commonly found. Physical methodologies are then described to elucidate the nature of the interaction of α‐tocopherol with PUFA and to establish that the vitamin and PUFA‐containing phospholipids co‐localize in non‐raft domains.
α‐Tocopherol enhances degranulation in RBL‐2H3 mast cells
Authors: Hemmerling Jana , Nell Sandra , Kipp Anna , Schumann Sara , Deubel Stefanie , Haack Michael , Brigelius‐Flohé Regina 
Published: February 2010

AbstractBased on the observation that 3 months α‐tocopherol supplementation caused an up‐regulation of the mRNA of vesicular transport proteins in livers of mice, the functional relevance was investigated in RBL‐2H3 cells, a model for mast cell degranulation. In total, 24 h incubation with 100 μM α‐tocopherol enhanced the basal and phorbol‐12‐myristyl‐13‐acetate/ionomycin‐stimulated release of β‐hexosaminidase and cathepsin D as measured by enzymatic analysis as well as Western blotting and immunocytochemistry, respectively. β‐Tocopherol exerted the same effect, whereas α‐tocopheryl phosphate and trolox were inactive, indicating that both the side chain and the 6‐OH group at the chroman ring are essential for activation of degranulation. α‐Tocopherol did not induce mRNA expression of soluble NSF‐attachment protein receptor (soluble N‐ethylmaleimide‐sensitive factor‐attachment protein receptor) proteins, such as N‐ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion protein, complexin‐2, SNAP23 or syntaxin‐3, in the RBL‐2H3 cell model. In view of the well known α‐tocopherol‐mediated activation of protein phosphatases, which regulate soluble NSF‐attachment protein receptor activities by dephosphorylation, underlying mechanisms are discussed in terms of preventing oxidative inactivation of protein phosphatases and so far unknown functions in certain membrane domains.
Failure of heterogeneous materials: 3D meso‐scale FE models with embedded discontinuities
Authors: Benkemoun N. , Hautefeuille M. , Colliat J.‐B. , Ibrahimbegovic A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractWe present a meso‐scale model for failure of heterogeneous quasi‐brittle materials. The model problem of heterogeneous materials that is addressed in detail is based on two‐phase 3D representation of reinforced heterogeneous materials, such as concrete, where the inclusions are melt within the matrix. The quasi‐brittle failure mechanisms are described by the spatial truss representation, which is defined by the chosen Voronoi mesh. In order to explicitly incorporate heterogeneities with no need to change this mesh, some bar elements are cut by the phase‐interface and must be split into two parts. Any such element is enhanced using both weak and strong discontinuities, based upon the Incompatible Mode Method. Furthermore, a dedicated operator split solution procedure is proposed to keep local any additional computation on elements with embedded discontinuities. The results for several numerical simulations are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed model to provide an excellent representation of failure mechanisms for any different macroscopic loading path. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete and continuum methods for numerical simulations of non‐linear wave propagation in discontinuous media
Authors: Vorobiev Oleg 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to develop a methodology to model dynamic loading of various discontinuous media. Two methods for modeling non‐linear waves in a media with multiple discontinuities are considered. The first one, a discrete method, is based on the Simple Common Plane contact algorithm. This method can be applied both to compliant contacts characterized by finite thickness and elastic moduli (such as joints in geomechanics) as well as to non‐compliant frictional contacts traditionally described by the slide lines in finite element/finite difference codes. The second one, a continuum method, assumes that the contacts are not compliant and can be modeled as one or several weakness planes cutting through the elements of the computational mesh. Both discrete and continuum methods described in the paper can be applied to derive equivalent continuum properties for media with multiple discontinuities. An example of such application for a randomly jointed media is given in the paper. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sliding of rough surfaces and energy dissipation with a 3D multiscale approach
Authors: Anciaux G. , Molinari J. F. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to present a novel approach to study sliding friction by the use of 3D multiscale coupling techniques. We highlight the difficulties of using multiscale schemes that couple molecular dynamics (MD) with finite elements to perform sliding contact between rough surfaces. The paper is comprised of systematic comparisons between the coupled model with an equivalent MD domain as well as reduced models. Reduced models appear inadequate for reproducing the time evolution of frictional forces as the small depths yield a stiffening of the contact region. The overlap domain used in the multiscale scheme is successful at capturing the complex deformation dynamics beneath the surface. Yet our results call for further developments in multiscale coupling strategies to allow a more rigorous treatment of heat exchanges through the overlap region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cases of hydatid disease in medieval Iceland
Authors: Kristjánsdóttir S. , Collins C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractEight individuals with calcified cysts preserved in the thorax and abdomen, one of which had a maximum diameter of 17–20 cm, were recovered during recent excavations at Skriðuklaustur, a medieval monastic site which also functioned as a hospital during its operation from AD 1493–1554 in Eastern Iceland. Hydatid cysts are the result of parasitic infection by Echinococci commonly in the liver and lungs of the accidental human host. Echinococcus granulosus was likely introduced to Iceland soon after the settlement period (9th century AD) and became endemic around AD1200 when dogs were introduced from Germany. It has since been eradicated in Iceland due to an extensive educational literature programme and government controls implemented since the mid‐1800s. Reviews of the palaeopathological literature mentioning calcified shell fragments indicated hydatism to be the most logical aetiology. The eight individuals in question were buried in close proximity to one another. This may indicate that this particular ailment (sullaveiki) had its own classification during the medieval period in Iceland and perhaps even a distinct treatment if not in life, at least in death. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interleukin‐2 induces NF‐κB activation through BCL10 and affects its subcellular localization in natural killer lymphoma cells
Authors: Chan Ka‐Kui , Shen Lijun , Au Wing‐Yan , Yuen Hiu‐Fung , Wong Kai‐Yau , Guo Tianhuan , Wong Michelle LY , Shimizu Norio , Tsuchiyama Junjiro , Kwong Yok‐Lam , Liang Raymond HS , Srivastava Gopesh 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDeregulation of nuclear factor (NF)‐κB signalling is common in cancers and is essential for tumourigenesis. Constitutive NF‐κB activation in extranodal natural killer (NK)‐cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) is known to be associated with aberrant nuclear translocation of BCL10. Here we investigated the mechanisms leading to NF‐κB activation and BCL10 nuclear localization in ENKLs. Given that ENKLs are dependent on T‐cell‐derived interleukin‐2 (IL2) for cytotoxicity and proliferation, we investigated whether IL2 modulates NF‐κB activation and BCL10 subcellular localization in ENKLs. In the present study, IL2‐activated NK lymphoma cells were found to induce NF‐κB activation via the PI3K/Akt pathway, leading to an increase in the entry of G2/M phase and concomitant transcription of NF‐κB‐responsive genes. We also found that BCL10, a key mediator of NF‐κB signalling, participates in the cytokine receptor‐induced activation of NF‐κB. Knockdown of BCL10 expression resulted in deficient NF‐κB signalling, whereas Akt activation was unaffected. Our results suggest that BCL10 plays a role downstream of Akt in the IL2‐triggered NF‐κB signalling pathway. Moreover, the addition of IL2 to NK cells led to aberrant nuclear translocation of BCL10, which is a pathological feature of ENKLs. We further show that BCL10 can bind to BCL3, a transcriptional co‐activator and nuclear protein. Up‐regulation of BCL3 expression was observed in response to IL2. Similar to BCL10, the expression and nuclear translocation of BCL3 were induced by IL2 in an Akt‐dependent manner. The nuclear translocation of BCL10 was also dependent on BCL3 because silencing BCL3 by RNA interference abrogated this translocation. We identified a critical role for BCL10 in the cytokine receptor‐induced NF‐κB signalling pathway, which is essential for NK cell activation. We also revealed the underlying mechanism that controls BCL10 nuclear translocation in NK cells. Our findings provide insight into a molecular network within the NF‐κB signalling pathway that promotes the pathogenesis of NK cell lymphomas. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phosphorus‐containing renewable polyester‐polyols via ADMET polymerization: Synthesis, functionalization, and radical crosslinking
Authors: de Espinosa Lucas Montero , Meier Michael A. R. , Ronda Juan C. , Galià Marina , Cádiz Virginia 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAn α,ω‐diene containing hydroxyl groups was prepared from plant oil‐derived platform chemicals. The acyclic diene metathesis copolymerization (ADMET) of this monomer with a phosphorus‐containing α,ω‐diene (DOPO II), also plant oil derived, afforded a series of phosphorus containing linear polyesters, which have been fully characterized. The backbone hydroxyls of these polyesters have been acrylated and radically polymerized to produce crosslinked polymers. The thermomechanical and mechanical properties, the thermal stability, and the flame retardancy of these phosphorus‐based thermosets have been studied. Moreover, methyl 10‐undecenoate has been used as chain stopper in selected ADMET polymerizations to study the effect of the prepolymers' molecular weights on the different properties of the final materials. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1649–1660, 2010
Modeling of reinitiation ability of polymer brushes grown by surface‐initiated photoiniferter‐mediated photopolymerization
Authors: Rahane Santosh B. , Metters Andrew T. , Kilbey S. Michael 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA kinetic model developed to investigate surface‐initiated photoiniferter‐mediated photopolymerization (SI‐PMP) and parameterized using experimental thickness data from SI‐PMP of methyl methacrylate is used to examine chain extension by reinitiation. Specifically, the effects of light intensity, concentration of an added deactivator, tetraethylthiuram disulfide (TED), and initial photoiniferter (PI) concentration on the reinitiation ability of surface‐tethered PMMA layers is examined in detail. The simulations show that while increases in [TED] and decreases in light intensity affect overall rates of PMMA layer growth in a similar fashion, their effect on reinitiation ability of PMMA layers is significantly different: reinitiation ability increases with increasing [TED] but it is not improved by decreases in light intensity. Simulations also suggest that polymer layers synthesized in the presence of TED have a greater tendency to form surface‐tethered block copolymers upon reinitiation compared with polymer layers synthesized without TED and at lower light intensity. While both [PI] and [TED] affect the reinitiation ability, the effect of [TED] on reinitiation ability is identical at a given [TED]/[PI] ratio for all PI and TED concentrations tested. These findings obtained from the rate‐based model are instrumental in delineating strategies for creating tethered block copolymer layers or mixed brushes by SI‐PMP. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1586–1593, 2010
Jacket‐like structure of donor–acceptor chromophores‐based conducting polymers for photovoltaic cell applications
Authors: Yang Yi‐Lung , Lee Yi‐Huan , Chang Chun‐Jie , Lu Ang‐Jhih , Hsu Wei‐Chun , Wang Leeyih , Leung Man‐Kit , Dai Chi‐An 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThrough the Stille coupling polymerization, a series of soluble acceptor/donor quinoxaline/thiophene alternating conducting polymers with a hole‐transporting moiety of carbazole as a side chain (PCPQT) has been designed, synthesized, and investigated. The UV–vis measurement of the charge‐transferred type PCPQTs of different molecular weights with low polydispersity exhibits a red shifting of their absorption maximum from 530 to 630 nm with increasing chain length (Mn: from 1100 to 19,200). The HOMO and LUMO energy levels of PCPQT can be determined from the cyclic voltammetry measurement to be −5.36 and −3.59 eV, respectively. Solar cells made from PCPQT/PCBM bulk heterojunction show a high open‐circuit voltage, Voc of ∼0.75 V, which is significantly higher than that of a solar cell made from conventional poly(3‐hexyl thiophene)/PCBM as the active polymer PCPQT has lower HOMO level. Further improvements are anticipated through a rational design of the new low band‐gap and the structurally two‐dimensional donor–acceptor conducting polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1607–1616, 2010
Fluorine‐substituted azobenzene destabilizes polar form of optically switchable fulgimide unit in copolymer system
Authors: Chinnusamy Saravanan , Palaninathan Kannan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractFulgimide and various size and electronic nature of substituents on the terminal position of azobenzene in the pendant homo/copolymethacrylates were synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis indicates the homopolymer possessing C‐form fulgimide unit exhibited higher Tm than that of E‐form of the homopolymer and revealed C‐form is highly ordered. Thermal stability suggests azobenzene homopolymers with electron donating substituents have high thermal stability than electron withdrawing substituents. Polarized optical microscopy observation disclosed homopolymers viz., NI, CY, FL, ME, and T‐ME exhibited liquid crystalline mesophases between their Tm and Ti. Optical properties of homo/copolymers were investigated by UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. UV–vis spectroscopy displayed C‐form fulgimide absorption in F‐co‐FL around 482 nm which is around 40 nm lesser than C‐form of substituted azobenzene copolymers. Similarly, fluorescence pattern of F‐co‐FL by UV irradiation exhibited emission intensity slowly increased to certain level then decreases with two new emissions at 430 and 480 nm attributed to terminal position of fluorine atom on azobenzene destabilizes polar form (C‐form) fulgimide unit in the copolymer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1565–1578, 2010
Effects of Br connected groups on atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling reaction and its application in the synthesis of comb‐like block copolymers
Authors: Wang Guowei , Zhang Yannan , Huang Junlian 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe effects of Br connected groups on atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling (ATNRC) reaction were investigated. Two precursors methoxyl poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide‐co‐2‐bromoiso butyryloxy glycidyl ether) (mPEO‐b‐Poly(EO‐co‐BiBGE)) and methoxyl poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐poly(2‐bromoiso butyryloxy glycidyl ether) (mPEO‐b‐Poly(BiBGE)) with different C(CH3)2Br density were designed and synthesized firstly, and then ATNRC reaction were completed between these precursors and 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐1‐oxy poly(ε‐caprolactone) (TEMPO‐PCL) in the presence or absence of St monomers, respectively. The results showed that the structure of Br connected groups showed an important effect on ATNRC reaction, and the ATNRC reaction with high efficiency could be realized by transforming the higher active Br connected groups into the lower one by the addition of small amount of St monomers. The final comb‐like block copolymers mPEO‐b‐[Poly(EO‐co‐Gly)‐g‐(St1.8‐b‐PCL)] and mPEO‐b‐[Poly(Gly)‐g‐(St2.4‐b‐PCL)] with high coupling efficiency were obtained by this strategy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1633–1640, 2010
Mechanical and thermo‐mechanical studies of double networks based on thermoplastic elastomers
Authors: Singh Naveen K. , Lesser Alan J. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA new approach to prepare and characterize double network elastomeric systems was investigated. A styrene‐ethylene‐co‐butylene‐styrene (SEBS) triblock copolymer system containing physical crosslinks was used to achieve a double network by additional crosslinking using ultra‐violet (UV) light. An ethylene–propylene–diene monomer (EPDM) terpolymer system containing chemical crosslinks was used to achieve a conventional double network using UV crosslinking. Properties from conventional monotonic tensile tests, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermomechanical properties were investigated. These double network elastomers show a transition between competitive and collaborative behavior in their mechanical properties and lower coefficients of thermal expansion arising from a competition of the networks. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 778–789, 2010
Dispersion of polystyrene inside polystyrene‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) micelles in water
Authors: Ye Xiaodong , Fei Jingyi , Guan Juan , Zhou Xuechang , Zhang Guangzhao 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe addition of mixture of polystyrene‐b‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PS‐b‐PNIPAM) and polystyrene homopolymer (h‐PS) in tetrahydrofuran dropwise into water leads to nanoparticles with a PS core and a thermally sensitive PNIPAM shell. The effects of the ratio of the homopolymer to copolymer and temperature on the formation and stabilization of the dispersion were investigated by using a combination of static and dynamic laser light scattering. PNIPAM shell continuously collapses as temperature increases in the range 20–40 °C. Such formed particles are stable even at temperatures much higher than lower critical solution temperature (LCST ∼ 32 °C) of PNIPAM. Our results reveal that the area occupied per hydrophilic PNIPAM chain on the hydrophobic PS core remains nearly a constant regardless of the amount of h‐PS in the polymer mixture. This clearly indicates that the surface area occupied per hydrophilic group is a critical parameter for stabilizing particles dispersed in water. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 749–755, 2010