bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Privatizing the private in rural Paraguay: Precarious lots and the materiality of rights
Authors: Hetherington KREGG 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn this article, I look at the apparent contradiction of Paraguayan peasants who live on privately titled homesteads but who oppose the “privatization” of their land. The changes against which they are fighting are massive upheavals in the peasant landscape and subtle legal shifts that undermine the basis for land redistribution. I argue that the problem with privatizing the private reveals an underlying tension in liberal theories of property between a conception of a right as an abstract relation between people and one in which a right is a relation between people that is mediated, and troubled, by the frailty of material things. [Paraguay, property law, land reform, peasant movement, liberalism, privatization, agrarian transition]
A heritage of ambiguity: The historical substrate of vernacular multiculturalism in Yucatán, Mexico
Authors: ARMSTRONG‐FUMERO FERNANDO 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTForms of official multiculturalism that many recent scholars have characterized as a reflection of post–Cold War social movements and emergent forms of neoliberal governmentality can be experienced locally in ways that reflect a greater degree of continuity with older institutions and styles of politics. In Yucatán, ambiguities in the meaning of officially sanctioned categories such as “Maya” and “indigenous” have persisted even as local people and representatives of the state collaborate in the consolidation of official cultural institutions. The collective experience of several generations of Maya speakers in negotiating this ambiguous discursive space creates strong parallels between contemporary multiculturalism and older indigenist policies. [Maya, Mexico, Yucatán, multiculturalism, indigenous policy, ambiguity]
Savage bodies, civilized pleasures: M. V. Portman and the Andamanese
Authors: SEN SATADRU 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine the deployment of ethnographic and photographic techniques in British colonialism in the Andaman Islands. Focusing on the work of Maurice Portman, who was “officer in charge of the Andamanese” between 1879 and 1900, I examine the mechanisms by which savagery was constructed in a marginal and newly pacified colony where the indigenous population was assumed by Britons to be dying but not quite dead. I argue that in this ideological and political setting, the colonizer's assertions of control and delinquent fantasies of losing control came together in the aesthetics and measurements of the eroticized aboriginal body. [Andaman Islands, South Asia, M. V. Portman, photography, anthropometry, colonialism, savagery]
Ultrasonography as predictor of permanent renal damage in infants  with urinary tract infection
Authors: Müller Lennart , Preda Iulian , Jacobsson Bo , Sixt Rune , Jodal Ulf , Hansson Sverker , Hellström Mikael 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim:  To evaluate the ability of ultrasound (US) in infants (<1 year) with acute urinary tract infection (UTI), to identify those with permanent renal damage (PRD) at scintigraphy 1 year later.Methods:  US, dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy and voiding cystourethrography were performed in 191 infants.Results:  US was abnormal in 46 infants (24%). PRD was found in 46 infants (24%); 19 of these had abnormal US (sensitivity 41%). In 145 infants without PRD, 27 had abnormal US (specificity 81%). Dilating reflux or verified obstruction occurred in 21 (11%) infants, of whom 18 (86%) had PRD while 28 of 170 (16%) without such diagnoses had PRD. Of 16 infants with dilating reflux, 9 (sensitivity 56%) had abnormal US and 14 (88%) PRD. Dilatation at US was seen in 27 children; 7 of these had dilating reflux and 5 verified obstruction.Conclusion:  US performed in association with acute UTI had limited ability to identify children with PRD at 99mTc‐dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 1 year later, although abnormal renal size was a strong indicator of renal damage. The ability of US to identify children with dilating reflux was also limited. However, once detected at US, dilatation of the urinary tract was associated with dilating reflux or obstruction in half of the cases. Our study confirms that dilating reflux and obstruction are strong indicators of PRD but only half of those who developed PRD had such diagnoses.
Necrotizing enterocolitis following the use of intravenous immunoglobulin for haemolytic disease of the newborn
Authors: Navarro Mariel , Negre Sergio , Matoses María Luisa , Golombek Sergio G , Vento Maximo 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim:  To describe a series of patients who received intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) for the treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and developed necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) shortly thereafter.Population and Results:  We describe three healthy breastfed newly born infants with isoimmunization‐derived hyperbilirubinaemia refractory to phototherapy who were treated with IVIg. Shortly after the perfusion finished they developed clinical and radiological signs compatible with NEC and needed antibiotic therapy, prolonged parenteral nutrition and even surgery in one case. Other conditions such as septicaemia or coagulopathy were ruled out. Microscopic examination of the resected intestine revealed the presence of disseminated thrombi obstructing multiple minor vessels of the mesenteric circulation.Conclusion:  IVIg in the newborn period should be cautiously employed and always administered under strict medical control.
Cardiorespiratory measures before and after feeding challenge in term infants are related to birth weight
Authors: Cohen M , Brown DR , Myers MM 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAim:  This study tested the hypothesis that, within a few hours of delivery, cardiorespiratory measure taken during feeding provides markers of group differences related to birth weight. A secondary hypothesis was that high‐frequency heart period variability would be related to underlying differences in autonomic control associated with birth weight.Methods and Subjects:  One hundred four term infants in the lowest, middle, and highest birth weight quintiles were enrolled. Exclusion criteria were evidence of drug abuse, congenital anomalies, Apgar scores less than 7 or admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Within 96 h of delivery, heart and respiratory rates, blood pressures and heart period variability were measured before, during and after feeding.Results:  Term babies in the lowest quintile of birth weights have lower heart rates prior to feeding but greater increases in heart rate during the early postprandial period. Assessments of high‐frequency heart period variability suggest that small term infants have greater parasympathetic tone before feeding and more sustained parasympathetic withdrawal following feeding.Conclusion:  Measurements of cardiorespiratory functions before and after feeding are related to birth weight and may provide markers that can help identify the most vulnerable of infants with small size at birth.
Epizoochorous seed dispersal in relation to seed availability – an experiment with a red fox dummy
Authors: Hovstad Knut Anders , Borvik Silje , Ohlson Mikael 
Published: April 2009

AbstractQuestions: Is the red fox a potential vector for epizoochorous seed dispersal? Can seed attachment and retention be predicted from plant and seed traits?Location: Grasslands in southern Norway.Methods: Epizoochorous seed attachment on the red fox was studied by walking a dummy fox through the vegetation and comparing seeds found on the dummy with the estimated seed availability in the vegetation. Seed retention, i.e. the ability of different seeds to stay on the fox, was estimated in a separate experiment. Seed attachment and retention were related to plant and seed traits using statistical models that account for heteroscedasticity and zero‐inflated data.Results: The majority of seeds attached to the fox originated from a few species, but also species without specific seed traits that are supposed to enhance epizoochory attached at least some seeds to the fox. The probability of seed attachment was positively related to plant height, bristle and hooked seed appendages, and negatively related to winged appendages, seed mass, and seed sphericity. Seed retention was positively related to the seed traits bristles, hooks and pappus. For several species, the results indicate a high potential for dispersal over long distances.Conclusions: In modern agricultural landscapes, large herbivores are often restricted in their mobility or are found at low densities, and other animal vectors may therefore be important for seed dispersal. In our study, a range of plant species were able to disperse by attaching seeds to, and having their seeds retained in, the fox fur some distance. We suggest that the red fox may be an important vector for epizoochorous seed dispersal in the agricultural landscape.
Histological Findings Following the Use of a Space‐Making Device for Bone Reformation and Implant Integration in the Maxillary Sinus of Primates
Authors: Cricchio Giovanni , Palma Vinícius Canavarros , Faria Paulo E.P. , De Oliveira José Américo , Lundgren Stefan , Sennerby Lars , Salata Luiz A. 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTBackground: Previous studies have shown that membrane elevation results in predictable bone formation in the maxillary sinus provided that implants can be placed as tent poles. In situations with an extremely thin residual crest which impairs implant placement, it is possible that a space‐making device can be used under the sinus membrane to promote bone formation prior to placement of implants.Purpose: The present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that the use of a space‐making device for elevation of the sinus membrane will result in predictable bone formation at the maxillary sinus floor to allow placement of dental implants.Materials and Methods: Eight tufted capuchin primates underwent bilateral sinus membrane elevation surgery, and a bioresorbable space‐making device, about 6 mm wide and 6 mm in height, was placed below the elevated membrane on the sinus floor. An oxidized implant (Nobel Biocare AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) was installed in the residual bone protruding into the created space at one side while the other side was left without an implant. Four animals were sacrificed after 6 months of healing. The remaining four animals received a second implant in the side with a space‐making device only and followed for another 3 months before sacrifice. Implant stability was assessed through resonance frequency analysis (RFA) using the Osstell™ (Osstell AB, Gothenburg, Sweden) at installation, 6 months and 9 months after the first surgery. The bone‐implant contact (BIC) and bone area inside the threads (BA) were histometrically evaluated in ground sections.Results: Histologically there were only minor or no signs of bone formation in the sites with a space‐making device only. Sites with simultaneous implant placement showed bone formation along the implant surface. Sites with delayed implant placement showed minor or no bone formation and/or formation of a dense fibrous tissue along the apical part of the implant surface. In the latter group the apical part of the implant was not covered with the membrane but protruded into the sinus cavity.Conclusions: The use of a space‐making device, with the design used in the present study, does not result in bone formation at the sinus floor. However, membrane elevation and simultaneous placement of the device and an implant does result in bone formation at the implant surface while sites with implants placed 6 months after membrane elevation show only small amounts of bone formation. It is suggested that lack of stabilization of the device and/or a too extensive elevation of the membrane may explain the results.
Reduced glutathione decreases energy expenditure in chicks exposed to separation stress
Authors: YAMANE Haruka , TOMONAGA Shozo , TSUNEYOSHI Yousuke , DENBOW D. Michael , FURUSE Mitsuhiro 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTRecently, we reported that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of reduced glutathione (GSH) induces hypnotic and sedative effects under an acute stressful condition in chicks. However, no information is available on the effects of GSH on energy expenditure (EE) under stressful conditions. The purpose of the present study was to clarify whether i.c.v. injection of GSH affects EE of neonatal chicks, and whether EE is correlated with behavioral changes after isolation‐induced stress. The EE was rapidly decreased by i.c.v. injection of GSH, but was increased 27 min after injection. This change in EE was correlated with behavioral changes in which GSH induced hypnotic and sedative effects shortly after injection, followed by a period in which activity increased. The present study demonstrates that central GSH initially causes lowered EE through hypnotic and sedative effects under an acute stressful condition in chicks.
Effects of ‘Five freedoms’ environmental enrichment on the welfare of calves reared indoors
Authors: NINOMIYA Shigeru , SATO Shusuke 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTWe provided comfortable resting areas in pens and tools for self‐grooming and suppressing aggressive behavior for environmental enrichment in Japanese black and Japanese Shorthorn calves. At the start of the experiment, the black calves (n = 10) were 164 days old and 138 kg in weight, and the Japanese Shorthorn calves (n = 10) were 176 days old and 164 kg in weight. Calves of each breed were divided into two groups (the enrichment group and the non‐treatment group), and each group was housed in a 4 m × 7.2 m pen. The effect of enrichment on calf welfare was estimated on the basis of daily weight gain and behavior. The brush stimulated the grooming behavior in calves although the mean time of using the brush decreased during the experiment. The partition of the feed trough and the wooden wall in the pen decreased the agonistic behavior in Japanese Shorthorn calves (P < 0.01) and increased the affiliative behavior in Japanese black calves (P = 0.08). The cleanliness of the bedding increased sternum lying and lying with the head touching the flank or ground in Japanese black calves and decreased the standing resting behavior in both breeds (P < 0.05 in all the cases). However, the treatments did not have an effect on daily weight gain. We concluded that the treatments would improve the welfare of calves and function as environmental enrichments.
Red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) as a model for studying the molecular mechanism of seasonal reproduction
Authors: ONO Hiroko , NAKAO Nobuhiro , YAMAMURA Takashi , KINOSHITA Keiji , MIZUTANI Makoto , NAMIKAWA Takao , IIGO Masayuki , EBIHARA Shizufumi , YOSHIMURA Takashi 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTPhotoperiodism is an adaptation mechanism that enables animals to predict seasonal changes in the environment. Japanese quail is the best model organism for studying photoperiodism. Although the recent availability of chicken genome sequences has permitted the expansion from single gene to genome‐wide transcriptional analysis in this organism, the photoperiodic response of the domestic chicken is less robust than that of the quail. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the photoperiodic response of the red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), a predecessor of the domestic chicken, to test whether this animal could be developed as an ideal model for studying the molecular mechanisms of seasonal reproduction. When red jungle fowls were transferred from short‐day‐ to long‐day conditions, gonadal development and an increase in plasma LH concentration were observed. Furthermore, rapid induction of thyrotropin beta subunit, a master regulator of photoperiodism, was observed at 16 h after dawn on the first long day. In addition, the long‐day condition induced the expression of type 2 deiodinase, the key output gene of photoperiodism. These results were consistent with the results obtained in quail and suggest that the red jungle fowl could be an ideal model animal for the genome‐wide transcriptional analysis of photoperiodism.
Water‐soluble phosphorus excretion in pigs fed diets supplemented with microbial phytase
Authors: JENDZA Joshua A. , ADEOLA Olayiwola 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTThree experiments were conducted to compare the excretion of water‐soluble phosphorus (P) of starter, grower, and finisher pigs fed corn‐soybean meal‐based P‐deficient basal diet containing no added inorganic P (B), P‐adequate diet (the basal diet with added dicalcium phosphate; B + P), the basal diet plus 500 units of microbial phytase/kg (B + 500), or the basal diet plus 1000 units of microbial phytase/kg (B + 1000). There were 6 barrows per diet, in a randomized complete block design, with an average initial body weight of 10.4, 20.0, or 51.1 kg for each of starter, grower, and finisher pigs in the three phosphorus balance experiments, respectively. In the experiments, the addition of dicalcium phosphate or phytase to the basal diet increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility and retention of P, and there were linear reductions (P < 0.05) in water‐soluble P excretion as a result of supplementing the basal diet with phytase. In the starter pig experiment, phytase addition at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water‐soluble P excretion by 28 or 42%, respectively when compared with the B + P diet. In the grower pig experiment, adding phytase at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water‐soluble P excretion by 24 or 34%, respectively when compared with the B + P diet. The use of phytase at 500 or 1000 units/kg reduced (P < 0.05) water‐soluble P excretion by 11 or 30%, respectively in the finisher pig experiment. The proportion of water‐soluble phosphorus in total phosphorus was not affected by dietary treatment in any of the three experiments. In conclusion, adding phytase at 1000 units/kg to a corn‐soybean meal‐based P‐deficient diet basal diet containing no added inorganic P compared with B + P diet reduced the daily excretion of water‐soluble P in starter, grower, and finisher pigs by 42, 34, and 30%, respectively.
A study on feeding hazelnut kernel oil meal as a protein source for broiler chickens
Authors: ERENER Guray , BURAK AK F. , OCAK Nuh 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of substituting different levels of hazelnut kernel oil meal (HKM) for soybean meal (SBM) in diets for broiler. A total of 450 one‐day‐old female Ross 308 broiler chicks were allocated randomly to three treatment groups of 150 birds each in a randomized design. Each treatment group consisted of five replicates each of 30 chicks. All diets (in mash form) were formulated to meet nutrient concentrations recommended for broilers. The experiment lasted for six weeks. In the experiment, an SBM control (SBM) diet was compared to two HKM diets, replacing 50 (50HKM) and 100% (HKM) of SBM protein, respectively. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of broilers were adversely affected (P < 0.05) by the HKM diets at 42 days of age. Broilers fed 50HKM and HKM had growth performances similar (P > 0.05). The carcass yield and abdominal fat pads of birds fed diets with SBM were higher (P < 0.05) than those of chicks fed the 50HKM and HKM diets. The edible inner organ weight of chicks fed diets with HKM was the heaviest (P < 0.05). It is concluded that SBM cannot be replaced even up to 50% with HKM in commercial broiler diet.
Lactobacillus hayakitensis, L. equigenerosi and L. equi, predominant lactobacilli in the intestinal flora of healthy thoroughbreds
Authors: MORITA Hidetoshi , NAKANO Akiyo , SHIMAZU Mitsuharu , TOH Hidehiro , NAKAJIMA Fumihiko , NAGAYAMA Masahiro , HISAMATSU Shin , KATO Yukio , TAKAGI Misako , TAKAMI Hideto , AKITA Hiroaki , MATSUMOTO Minoru , MASAOKA Toshio , MURAKAMI Masaru 
Published: April 2009

ABSTRACTTo detect the predominant lactobacilli in the intestinal flora of healthy thoroughbreds, we isolated lactobacilli from the feces of nine thoroughbreds (five males and four females; 0–15‐year‐old). The isolated lactobacilli comprise 17 species (37 strains), and they were classified into five groups: Lactobacillus salivarius (6 species), L. reuteri (6 species), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (3 species), L. buchneri (1 species) and L. vitulinus (1 species). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, we identified 3 other phylogenetic relatives belonging to the genus Lactobacillus. These results suggest that the intestinal flora of thoroughbreds may comprise many species of the genus Lactobacillus. Polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) analyses of the 340‐bp fragments of the 16S rRNA genes from the same nine fecal samples showed that L. hayakitensis, L. equigenerosi and L. equi are contained in all the samples, suggesting that these species are predominant lactobacilli in the intestinal flora of thoroughbreds.
A new apparent quasar pair: Q2225-403A,B
Authors: Decarli R. , Treves A. , Falomo R. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
We report the serendipitous discovery of a previously unknown quasar at 10.5 arcsec from Q2225-403 (z= 2.410). The observation of the broad emission line of Mgiiλ2798 and of the surrounding Feii multiplets indicates that the companion quasar is at z= 0.932. The spectrum of Q2225-403 shows a number of absorption lines, the most noteworthy is the Mgii line at the same redshift of the companion, suggesting that we are probing the gas within the halo ∼80 kpc from the closer quasar. From high-resolution near-infrared images, we were able to resolve the host galaxies of the two quasars. Basing on the known surface density of quasars in the 2dF survey, we estimate that the probability of finding such a close pair is ≲1 per cent.
SAXJ1808.4−3658: high-resolution spectroscopy and decrease of pulsed fraction at low energies
Authors: Patruno Alessandro , Rea Nanda , Altamirano Diego , Linares Manuel , Wijnands R. , Van Der Klis M. 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
XMM–Newton observed the accreting millisecond pulsar SAX J1808.4−3658 during its 2008 outburst. We present timing and spectral analyses of this observation, in particular the first pulse profile study below 2keV, and the high-resolution spectral analysis of this source during the outburst. Combined spectral and pulse profile analyses suggest the presence of a strong unpulsed source below 2keV that strongly reduces the pulsed fraction and a hard pulsed component that generates markedly double peaked profiles at higher energies. We also studied the high-resolution grating spectrum of SAX J1808.4−3658, and found several absorption edges and oxygen absorption lines with whom we infer, in a model independent way, the interstellar column densities of several elements in the direction of SAX J1808.4−3658.