bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enriched finite element procedures for analyzing decoupled bolts installed in rock mass
Authors: Deb Debasis , Das Kamal C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNumerical procedures are developed to analyze interaction between fully grouted bolts and rock mass using ‘enriched finite element method (EFEM)’. A solid element intersected by a rock bolt along any arbitrary direction is termed as ‘enriched’ element. The nodes of an enriched element have additional degrees of freedom for determining displacements, stresses developed in the bolt rod. The stiffness of the enriched element is formulated based on properties of rock mass, bolt rod and grout, orientation of the bolt and borehole diameter. Decoupling at grout–bolt interface and elasto‐plastic behavior of rock mass have also been incorporated into the EFEM procedures. The results of this method are compared with analytical pull‐out test results presented by Li and Stillborg (Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 1999; 36:1013–1029). In addition, a numerical example of a bolted tunnel is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method for practical applications. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanostructured metal oxide gas sensors prepared by electrospinning
Authors: Kim Il‐Doo , Rothschild Avner 
Published: September 2010

AbstractElectrospinning provides a simple and versatile route to produce nanocrystalline metal oxide layers with a highly porous fibrous morphology. The combination of small grain size, high surface area, and high porosity that includes both small and large pores is ideally suited for gas sensing. This work presents an overview of the recent developments in producing ultra‐sensitive metal oxide gas sensors by electrospinning of polymer solutions containing inorganic precursors that subsequently oxidize and crystallize into metal oxide nanoparticles. The key process parameters and their effect on microstructure evolution and gas sensing properties of TiO2 and SnO2 sensors produced by electrospinning are described. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical copolymerization of vinylidene cyanide with 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate: Structure and characterization
Authors: Raihane Mustapha , Castelvetro Valter , Bianchi Sabrina , Atlas Salima , Ameduri Bruno 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA novel copolymer of vinylidene cyanide (VCN) and 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate (MATRIF) was synthesized by bulk free radical process in a 52% yield from an equimolar comonomer feed. The copolymer's composition and microstructure were analyzed by FTIR, 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy, SEC, and elemental analysis. The reactivity ratios calculated from both the Q‐e Alfrey‐Price parameters and the Jenkins' Patterns Scheme indicate a tendency to alternation in the copolymerization, the latter method suggesting that MATRIF homopropagation be slightly favoured (rV = r12 = 0.1, rM = r21 = 0.3). The molar incorporation of VCN in the copolymer was only 42 mol % according to the 9.0 wt % nitrogen content determined by elemental analysis, in good agreement with the value obtained by 1H‐NMR. High‐resolution 1H and 13C‐NMR spectra were used to study the microstructure of the copolymer. As an example, the three well‐resolved carbonyl resonances in the 13C‐NMR spectrum were assigned to the MATRIF‐centered triads VMV, VMM, and MMM, respectively, (V and M stand for VCN and MATRIF, respectively). The presence of VCN dyads (e.g., in VVM and VVV sequences) was shown to be marginal or absent altogether. Thermogravimetric analysis of poly(VCN‐co‐MATRIF) copolymer showed good thermal stability, and its main pyrolytic degradation taking place only above 368 °C. A 4% weight loss at about 222 °C suggested the presence of a few VCN homodyads, possibly inducing thermal depolymerization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Synthesis and proton conductivity studies of polystyrene‐based triazole functional polymer membranes
Authors: Özden Şehmus , Çelik Sevim Ünügür , Bozkurt Ayhan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this study, poly(vinylbenzylchloride) (PVBC) was produced by free‐radical polymerization of 4‐vinylbenzylchloride, and then it was functionalized with 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole (ATri) and 1H‐1,2,4‐triazole (Tri). The composition of the polymers was verified by elemental analysis, and the structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. PVBC was modified by ATri with 68% and Tri with 50% yield. The polymers were doped with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (TA) at various molar ratios, X = 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 with respect to aminotriazole and triazole units. Proton transfer from TA to the triazole rings was proved with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the samples are thermally stable up to approximately 200 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry results illustrated the homogeneity of the materials. Under anhydrous conditions, PVBCATri3TA and PVBCTri3TA showed highest proton conductivity of 0.086 and 0.042 S/cm, respectively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
A qualitative study of the ramifications of rash from epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors
Authors: Coleman Shawnta , Kovtun Irina , Nguyen Phuong L. , Pittelkow Mark , Jatoi Aminah 
Published: September 2010

AbstractObjective: Over 50% of cancer patients who are treated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors develop a papulopustular rash that involves the face, neck, and upper torso. However, because relatively few previous reports have focused on the full ramifications of this drug‐induced side effect, this qualitative study was undertaken.Methods: Fifteen patients who had either an active or previous rash from these agents participated in scripted interviews. All interviews were transcribed and examined by means of a qualitative methodologic approach.Results: Four major themes emerged: (1) actual physical discomfort was associated with the rash; (2) patients were concerned about their appearance; (3) despite initial denial, patients did suffer social isolation; and (4) high medical morbidity was associated with the rash. Patients voiced concerns such as: (1) ‘Especially when I try to sleep, I can feel the itch and burn all over…’; (2) ‘My face looks so bad that if I go to see my friends and they say, ‘What happened to you.’ I am self conscious about that’; (3) ‘I just told them they would be better off just calling me, don't come visit…’; and (4) ‘I went to the hospital for my face…they made a bandage to put all over [my] face…. [I] just had a little nose hole, a mouth hole and holes for…eyes.’.Conclusion: Rash from EGFR inhibitors can have a major negative impact upon cancer patients. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hazards for syngas fires and explosions
Authors: Pierorazio Adrian J. , Baker Quentin A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractFire and explosion hazards in ammonia plants include releases of flammable materials. The distinction between fire and explosion scenarios is often whether the fuel ignites promptly upon release or has delayed ignition. Prompt ignition prevents formation of a flammable vapor cloud and, thereby, averts a VCE. Syngas contains a significant amount of hydrogen, a fuel that is easily ignited. Industry experience with accidental releases of syngas has been that it promptly ignites. Literature was reviewed for test and accident data for syngas and hydrogen to estimate the probability of prompt versus delayed ignition. No instances of syngas VCEs were found in literature; however, numerous test and accidents were reported for hydrogen. The probability of delayed ignition varied with the release conditions. A conservative estimate of the probability of delayed ignition was developed. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Estimation of the flash point of pure organic chemicals from structural contributions
Authors: Rowley J.R. , Rowley R.L. , Wilding W.V. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe flash point is an important indicator of the flammability of liquids and solids. Many methods of estimating the flash point of pure chemicals have been published, but these methods either rely on accurate thermodynamic data or are limited to hydrocarbons. This work presents a method of estimating the flash point of general organic compounds based entirely on structural contributions. The proposed correlation results in an average absolute deviation of 2.84% from experimental values for more than 1,000 organic compounds. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Luminescence spectroscopy of europium doped gallium nitride powder prepared by a Na flux method
Authors: Brown Ei , Hömmerich Uwe , Yamada Takahiro , Yamane Hisanori , Zavada John 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe red emission properties of Eu doped gallium nitride (GaN) powder prepared by a Na flux method were characterized by time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) and site‐selective PL excitation studies. Under above‐gap excitation (325 nm), Eu3+ doped GaN powders exhibited bright red luminescence at ∼622 nm (5D0 → 7F2 transition). The room‐temperature emission lifetime was determined to be ∼242 µs and increased only slightly at 10 K with a value of ∼252 µs. At the same time, the integrated Eu3+ PL intensity was quenched by a factor of ∼20 for the temperature range from 10 to 300 K. Low temperature PL excitation studies in the region of the 7F0 → 5D0 transition of Eu3+ ions indicated the existence of multiple Eu3+ centers with distinct excitation and emission properties in GaN:Eu powder.
The Max EWMAMS control chart for joint monitoring of process mean and variance with individual observations
Authors: Ostadsharif Memar Ahmad , Niaki Seyed Taghi Akhavan 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA traditional approach to monitor both the location and the scale parameters of a quality characteristic is to use two separate control charts. These schemes have some difficulties in concurrent tracking and interpretation. To overcome these difficulties, some researchers have proposed schemes consisting of only one chart. However, none of these schemes is designed to work with individual observations. In this research, an exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA)‐based control chart that plots only one statistic at a time is proposed to simultaneously monitor the mean and variability with individual observations. The performance of the proposed scheme is compared with one of the two other existing combination charts by simulation. The results show that in general the proposed chart has a significantly better performance than the other combination charts. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical spectroscopy of carbocyanine dyes made accurate by frozen density correction to excitation energies obtained by TD‐DFT
Authors: Masunov Artëm E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe present long‐awaited answer to the puzzling question of why the TD‐DFT fails to predict the excitation energies in polymethine dyes accurately. The density functional theory methods were suspected to be inaccurate due to self interaction error inherent in exchange‐correlation potentials. Here we decisively show that it is the linear response approximation that is responsible for these inaccuracies. Next, we use frozen density to evaluate the excitation energy beyond the linear response and increase the accuracy of the predictions. This recipe uniformly improves the accuracy of the first absorption maxima prediction in cyanine homologous series to within 25 nm. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Nanoparticle patterning: High‐Resolution, Parallel Patterning of Nanoparticles via an Ion‐Induced Focusing Mask (Small 19/2010)
Authors: You Sukbeom , Han Kyuhee , Kim Hyoungchul , Lee Heechul , Woo Chang Gyu , Jeong Changui , Nam Woongsik , Choi Mansoo 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAn ion‐induced focusing mask under the simultaneous injection of ions and charged aerosols generates invisible electrostatic lenses around each opening, through which charged nanoparticles are convergently guided without depositing on the mask surface. The sizes of the created features become significantly smaller than those of the mask openings due to the focusing capability. It is not only demonstrated that material‐independent nanoparticles including proteins can be patterned as an ordered array on any surface regardless of the conductive, nonconductive, or flexible nature of the substrate, but also that the array density can be increased. Highly sensitive gas sensors based on these focused nanoparticle patterns are fabricated via the concept.
Intracellular Nanoparticle Coating Stability Determines Nanoparticle Diagnostics Efficacy and Cell Functionality
Authors: Soenen Stefaan J. H. , Himmelreich Uwe , Nuytten Nele , Pisanic Thomas R. , Ferrari Aldo , De Cuyper Marcel 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) are frequently employed in biomedical research as magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agents where high intracellular levels are required to clearly depict signal alterations. To date, the toxicity and applicability of these particles have not been completely unraveled. Here, we show that endosomal localization of different iron oxide particles results in their degradation and in reduced MR contrast, the rate of which is governed mainly by the stability of the coating. The release of ferric iron generates reactive species, which greatly affect cell functionality. Lipid‐coated NPs display the highest stability and furthermore exhibit intracellular clustering, which significantly enhances their MR properties and intracellular persistence. These findings are of considerable importance because, depending on the nature of the coating, particles can be rapidly degraded, thus completely annihilating their MR contrast to levels not detectable when compared to controls and greatly impeding cell functionality, thereby hindering their application in functional in vivo studies.
Lactic acid assisted wet fractionation of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour
Authors: Naguleswaran Sabaratnam , Vasanthan Thava 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe use of lactic acid (LA) in the isolation of starch from field pea (Pisum sativum L.) flour was investigated. The yield, purity, morphology, and the physicochemical properties (color, swelling, pasting and gelatinization characteristics, X‐ray diffraction pattern, and crystallinity) of the starches isolated with and without LA were determined. When compared to the control (0% LA), addition of LA at concentrations ranged from 0.5 to 7.0% v/v significantly increased the purity of the isolated starches up to 4% w/w and reduced the residual protein content by 6% w/w. The resistant starch and apparent amylose contents of the isolated starches using LA were significantly higher (up to 25 and 42.5%, w/w, respectively). Furthermore, the starches produced by LA assisted extraction showed significantly lower swelling factor and pasting viscosities, but generally insignificant changes were observed in the gelatinization parameters as compared to that of control. Marginal differences were observed in the X‐ray diffractograms between control and the LA processed starches. However, the relative crystallinity of LA processed starches was significantly higher than the control. The present study revealed that the use of LA in pea starch extraction show benefits in terms of starch purity, brightness, resistance to amylolysis, and apparent amylose content.
Deployment of a reliable 802.11e experimental setup for throughput measurements
Authors: Babich F. , Comisso M. , D'Orlando M. , Dorni A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis paper describes an experimental setup for measuring the throughput of an 802.11 network that supports Quality of Service (QoS) mechanisms, addressing some issues concerning the comparison between experimental and theoretical results. The setup is an ad hoc network in which the nodes implement the Multiband Atheros Driver for Wireless Fidelity (MADWiFi). There are three main contributions of this study. The first one describes the adjustments to the MADWiFi source code that guarantee the control of the QoS parameters in ad hoc mode. The second contribution aims to provide a practical method for verifying if the backoff generated by a given wireless card is uniformly distributed, as dictated by the 802.11 standard. This represents a key point when theoretical and experimental results must be compared, since many vendors adopt nonuniform backoff distributions in their commercial cards. As a third contribution, this paper presents a theoretical nonsaturated analysis that provides the throughput and the successful packet delay of an 802.11 network supporting QoS in presence of nonuniform backoff. The throughput derived from this analysis using a uniform backoff, which is included in the proposed model as a particular case, is compared to the measurements provided by the deployed setup. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein–membrane interactions: the virtue of minimal systems in systems biology
Authors: Arumugam Senthil , Chwastek Grzegorz , Schwille Petra 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe plasma membrane of cells can be viewed as a highly dynamic, regulated, heterogeneous environment with multiple functions. It constitutes the boundary of the cell, encapsulating all its components. Proteins interact with the membrane in many ways to accommodate essential processes, such as membrane trafficking, membrane protrusions, cytokinesis, signaling, and cell–cell communication. A vast amount of literature has already fostered our current understanding of membrane–protein interactions. However, many phenomena still remain to be understood, e.g., the exact mechanisms of how certain proteins cause or assist membrane transformations. Systems biology aims to predict biological processes on the basis of the set of molecules involved. Many key processes arise from interactions with the lipid membrane. Protein interactome maps do not consider such specific interactions, and thus cannot predict precise outcomes of the interactions of the involved proteins. These can only be inferred from experimental approaches. We describe examples of how an emergent behavior of protein–membrane interactions has been demonstrated by the use of minimal systems. These studies contribute to a deeper understanding of protein interactomes involving membranes and complement other approaches of systems biology. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 269–280 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.119This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Macromolecular Interactions, Methods
Integrative modeling of the cardiac ventricular myocyte
Authors: Winslow Raimond L. , Cortassa Sonia , O'Rourke Brian , Hashambhoy Yasmin L. , Rice John Jeremy , Greenstein Joseph L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCardiac electrophysiology is a discipline with a rich 50‐year history of experimental research coupled with integrative modeling which has enabled us to achieve a quantitative understanding of the relationships between molecular function and the integrated behavior of the cardiac myocyte in health and disease. In this paper, we review the development of integrative computational models of the cardiac myocyte. We begin with a historical overview of key cardiac cell models that helped shape the field. We then narrow our focus to models of the cardiac ventricular myocyte and describe these models in the context of their subcellular functional systems including dynamic models of voltage‐gated ion channels, mitochondrial energy production, ATP‐dependent and electrogenic membrane transporters, intracellular Ca dynamics, mechanical contraction, and regulatory signal transduction pathways. We describe key advances and limitations of the models as well as point to new directions for future modeling research. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 392–413 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.122This article is categorized under:

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models
Mechanisms of genetic regulation in gene expression: examples from drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters
Authors: Glubb Dylan M. , Innocenti Federico 
Published: September 2010

AbstractInterindividual variability in the response to drug therapy is due, in part, to genetic mechanisms which influence the expression of genes involved with drug metabolism and transport. Genetic elements and processes such as DNA methylation, histone deacetylation, transcription factors, DNA sequence variants, and microRNAs (miRNAs) can impact at either the transcriptional or translational levels to modulate gene expression. Identification of such genetic regulators has greatly advanced in the last decade. Genome‐wide analyses, using different types of approaches and methodologies, have uncovered many potential regulators of the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. However, confirming the function of these putative regulators is necessary and requires further work in the laboratory, using techniques which are still evolving. It also still remains to be seen whether these findings have clinical implications for drug therapy but the realization of personalized medicine is a possible consequence of this research. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 299–313 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.125This article is categorized under:

Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Genetic/Genomic Methods
Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism
Measurement of K absorption edge energies of silver and tin targets using a weak beta source
Authors: Niranjana K. M. , Badiger N. M. , Joseph Daisy , Kailas S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractK absorption edge energies of Ag and Sn elements have been determined by using a weak beta source. In this method, the beta particles from a 90Sr90Y beta source interact with an iron foil to produce the external bremsstrahlung (EB) photons. The spectrum of EB photons is passed through the elemental target and the spectrum of transmitted photons is recorded with a high resolution HPGe detector spectrometer coupled to 16K multichannel analyzer. The recorded transmitted EB spectrum shows a sharp decrease in intensity at the K shell binding energy of elemental target. Such a sharp decrease region, which is corrected for Kβ′2 contribution, has been used to determine the K absorption edge energies of Ag and Sn elemental targets. The measured values have been compared with theoretical and experimental values. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a potential stereospecific reduction tool for biotransformation of mono‐ and sesquiterpenoids
Authors: Khor Guat Kheng , Uzir Mohamad Hekarl 
Published: September 2010

AbstractTerpenes and terpenoids are among the key impact substances in the food and fragrance industries. Equipped with pharmacological properties and applications as ideal precursors for the biotechnological production of natural aroma chemicals, interests in these compounds have been escalating. Hence, the syntheses of new derivatives that can show improved properties are often called for. Stereoselective biotransformation offers several benefits to increase the rate of production, in terms of both the percentage yield and its enantiomeric excesses. Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is broadly used as a whole cell stereospecific reduction biocatalyst, due to its capability in reducing carbonyls and carbon–carbon double bonds, which also extends its functionality as a versatile biocatalyst in terpenoid biotransformation. This review provides some insights on the development and prospects in the reductive biotransformation of monoterpenoids and sesquiterpenoids usingS. cerevisiae, with an overview of strategies to overcome the common challenges in large‐scale implementation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.