bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
More carrot than stick: Encouraging computer programming in thermal design projects
Authors: Cole Kevin D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractStudents will do almost anything to avoid using thermal‐property tables. In this paper, Matlab‐based thermal‐property software is described as an enticement for students to do computer programming in the design of thermal systems. Downloaded shareware was used for steam properties in a steam‐cycle project, and an air‐property package was developed for use with a gas‐turbine project. Although the use of computer programming required considerable effort by both instructor and students, most students did gain a better appreciation of the utility of writing computer programs as part of engineering design. Student evaluations of the course were not significantly affected compared to semesters in which computer programming was not encouraged. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 21: 698–703, 2013
Synthesis of Er2O3 Nanoparticles and Er2O3 Nanoparticle/Polyaniline Deposition on the Surface of Stainless Steel by Potentiostatic Deposition
Authors: Mohammadi A. , Badraghi J. , Moghaddam A. B. , Ganjkhanlou Y. , Kazemzad M. , Hosseini S. , Dinarvand R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractErbium oxide nanoparticles (Er2O3 NP) were synthesized with an efficient method in the presence and absence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as surfactant. The effect of SDS on the morphology of the synthesized Er2O3 NP is described. The NP were studied through scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffractometry. Then, polyaniline and a hybrid material of polyaniline/Er2O3 NP were deposited directly on a stainless steel wire by the potentiostatic process. The electrochemical data and scanning electron microscopic studies of polyaniline and its nanocomposite on the stainless steel wire demonstrate the influence of the synthesized Er2O3 NP on the electrodeposition of polyaniline. The presence of NP in the electrolyte solution during electrodeposition of polyaniline creates a nanocomposite with a more porous structure than pure polyaniline.
Effect of Hydrocarbon and Non‐Hydrocarbon Gas Injection on the Interfacial Tension of a Gas Condensate System
Authors: Al‐Abri A. , Amin R. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractExperimental results of interfacial tension (IFT) of condensate‐brine‐gas systems over a pressure range of 1000 to 8000 psi and a temperature range of 95 to 160 °C are presented. High‐pressure high‐temperature video‐enhanced pendent drop tensiometry was established to capture drop images for IFT measurements at various reservoir thermodynamic conditions. This paper serves as a building block to the essential practical understanding of the surface effects associated with improved condensate recovery from gas condensate reservoirs by gas injection. This understanding is critical for ascertaining gas injectivity, displacement and trapping in the pore spaces, and potential geological storage of CO2.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Low‐Viscosity Unsaturated Hyperbranched Polyester Resin
Authors: Zhang D. , Wang J. , Li T. , Zhang A. , Jia D. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractHyperbranched thermosetting resin is the best additive for toughening and reinforcing linear thermosetting resin. A novel low‐viscosity unsaturated hyperbranched polyester resin (UHPR) is synthesized by the reaction between maleic anhydride monoisooctyl alcohol ester and a hydroxyl‐ended hyperbranched polyester resin (HPR) prepared from phthalic anhydride (PA) and trimethylolpropane (TMP). The structure of HPR is characterized by FT‐IR and 1H NMR, and its degree of branching is deduced by comparing with the 1H NMR spectrum of a model compound. The molecular weights of HPR and UHPR are determined by theoretical calculation and MALDI‐TOF MS measurements. This low‐viscosity (< 10 000 cP) novel UHPR can be applied in the field of environment‐friendly coatings and in toughening and reinforcing linear unsaturated polymers.
Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis, Morphology Control, and Stabilization Facilitated by Functional Polymers
Authors: Alexandridis P. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGold nanoparticles exhibit novel optical and catalytic properties, are nontoxic and biocompatible, and attract considerable interest in a range of applications, e.g. photonics, diagnostics, and therapeutics. The morphology (size and shape) of the nanoparticles and their surface/colloidal properties are very important in the various applications. A methodology for the synthesis in aqueous media of gold nanoparticles with controlled size and shape and exceptional colloidal stability is reviewed. This methodology is based on designer polymers that can exhibit multiple functions on the basis of the polymer intramolecular and supramolecular organization. In addition to being water based, this methodology requires no external energy input and employs commercially available polymers, e.g., poly(ethylene oxide) containing Pluronics or Poloxamers, resulting in low cost and potential environmental benefits.
Multivariate assessment of virtual screening experiments
Authors: Andersson C. David , Chen Brian Y. , Linusson Anna 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDiscovering molecules with a desired biological function is one of the great challenges in drug research. To discover new lead molecules, virtual screens (VS) are often conducted, in which databases of molecules are screened for potential binders to a specific protein, using molecular docking. The choice of docking software and parameter settings within the software can significantly influence the outcome of a VS. In this study, we have applied chemometric methods such as design of experiments, principal component analysis and partial least‐square projections to latent structure (PLS) to simulated VS experiments to find and compare suitable conditions for performing VS against six protein targets selected from the DUD databases. The docking parameters in FRED, and scoring functions in both FRED and GOLD docking software, were varied according to a statistical experimental design and a PLS model was calculated to correlate the experimental setup to the VS outcome. The study revealed that the choice of scoring function has the greatest influence on VS outcome, and that other parameters have varying influence, depending on the protein target. We also found that substantial bias can be introduced by the lack of variation of molecular properties in the databases used in the screening. Our results provide indications that docking experiments could be tailored to the protein target in order to obtain satisfactory VS results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A graphical index of separation (GIOS) in multivariate modeling
Authors: Eriksson Lennart , Wold Svante 
Published: December 2010

AbstractWe introduce a new measure for the importance of predictor variables, X, for the separation of two groups (classes) of observations. The measure is a Graphical Index of Separation (GIOS), and is, for each predictor, determined from the distribution of all possible pairs of observations with one from each group. GIOS is quantitative, intuitively simple and easy to interpret. The GIOS is straightforward to visualize in bivariate plots, and line or bar plots for larger number of variables. The approach applies both to discriminant analyses such as LDA, SIMCA, PLS‐DA, OPLS‐DA and to quantitative modeling such as MLR, PLS and OPLS. In the latter case, the observations are first divided into two groups based on their response values, Y. The GIOS approach is illustrated by PLS‐DA/OPLS‐DA and SIMCA‐classification of a number of multivariate data sets with few and many variables relative to the number of observations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CFD simulation of dischargers' dilution‐zone in high consistency bleaching tower
Authors: Zeng J. S. , Chen K. F. , Chai X. S. , Li J. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn this work, the pulp flow behaviour for the dilution‐zone of two rotary dischargers, that is, S‐type and straight‐type discharger, were simulated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The time‐accurate transient simulations of two rotary dischargers were based on the standard k–ε turbulence model in conjunction with the granular Eulerian multiphase model and Sliding‐grid (SG) algorithm technique in FLUENT, so that the key parameters for evaluating the discharger performance, that is, the volume fraction of pulp, vectors of instantaneous water velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy of water in the given systems were calculated. The results from the simulations proved that the S‐type discharger was better than the straight one in pulp mixing and discharging. For the given S‐type discharger system, a higher revolution speed would lead to a smaller volume fraction thus makes pulp discharging much easier. The comparison results of the experiment data measured by particle image velocimetry (PIV) and CFD simulations verified that Eulerian and standard k–ε turbulence models could provide a better description for the flow patterns in the dilution‐zone.Dans ce travail, le comportement de l'écoulement de pâtes pour la zone de dilution de deux déchargeurs rotatifs, c'est‐à‐dire un déchargeur de type S et un déchargeur droit, a été simulé par dynamique des fluides numérique (CFD). Les simulations transitoires à moments précis de deux déchargeurs rotatifs étaient basées sur le modèle standard de turbulence k–ε, en conjonction avec le modèle multiphase eulérien granulaire et la technique d'algorithme à grille coulissante dans FLUENT, de telle façon que les paramètres clés pour l'évaluation du rendement des déchargeurs, c'est‐à‐dire la fraction de volume de pâte, les vecteurs de vélocité instantanée de l'eau et l'énergie cinétique turbulente de l'eau dans les systèmes considérés ont pu être calculés. Les résultats des simulations ont prouvé que le déchargeur de type S était meilleur que le déchargeur droit pour le mélange et le déchargement des pâtes. Pour le déchargeur de type S donné, une vitesse de rotation supérieure entraînait une fraction de volume inférieure, ce qui rend la décharge des pates bien plus facile. Les résultats de comparaison des données d'expérience mesurées par vélocimétrie d'images multiples de particules (VIPV) et simulations CFD simulations permettaient de vérifier que le modèle eulérien et le modèle standard de turbulence k–ε pouvaient donner une meilleure description des modèles d'écoulement dans la zone de dilution. © 2010 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Degradation of Reactive Brilliant Red X‐3B Dye by Microwave Electrodeless UV Irradiation
Authors: Cai Ying‐Jie , Lin Li‐Na , Xia Dong‐Sheng , Zeng Qing‐Fu , Zhu Hai‐Liang 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDegradations of reactive brilliant red X‐3B solution by both conventional UV irradiation and microwave electrodeless UV irradiation were investigated. Degradation processes were studied by UV–VIS spectrophotometry, total organic carbon (TOC), high performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE), conductivity, pH value, and ion chromatography. The results of color removal (%) and TOC removal (%) showed that the degradation by microwave electrodeless UV irradiation was more effective than by conventional UV irradiation. The results of UV–VIS absorption spectra and HPCE analyses indicated that the degradation of reactive brilliant red X‐3B was occurred at the conjugation system first, the benzene ring and the naphthalene ring later. The reactive brilliant red X‐3B was cleaved into some new small compounds and eventually most of the organic substances were mineralized to CO2 and H2O. The results of the conductivity analysis suggested that the degradation has mainly occurred in the first 40 min of reaction. The pH value of reactive brilliant red X‐3B solution was decreased first and then was increased. The results of inorganic anions analysis hinted that many of the N, Cl, and S elements from reactive brilliant red X‐3B were still attached in organic molecules.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei Pteridine Reductase 1
Authors: Spinks Daniel , Ong Han B. , Mpamhanga Chidochangu P. , Shanks Emma J. , Robinson David A. , Collie Iain T. , Read Kevin D. , Frearson Julie A. , Wyatt Paul G. , Brenk Ruth , Fairlamb Alan H. , Gilbert Ian H. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractGenetic studies indicate that the enzyme pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) is essential for the survival of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Herein, we describe the development and optimisation of a novel series of PTR1 inhibitors, based on benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐amine derivatives. Data are reported on 33 compounds. This series was initially discovered by a virtual screening campaign (J. Med. Chem., 2009, 52, 4454). The inhibitors adopted an alternative binding mode to those of the natural ligands, biopterin and dihydrobiopterin, and classical inhibitors, such as methotrexate. Using both rational medicinal chemistry and structure‐based approaches, we were able to derive compounds with potent activity against T. brucei PTR1 (${K{{{\rm app}\hfill \atop {\rm i}\hfill}}}$=7 nM), which had high selectivity over both human and T. brucei dihydrofolate reductase. Unfortunately, these compounds displayed weak activity against the parasites. Kinetic studies and analysis indicate that the main reason for the lack of cell potency is due to the compounds having insufficient potency against the enzyme, which can be seen from the low Km to Ki ratio (Km=25 nM and Ki=2.3 nM, respectively).
Synthesis and characterization of new low‐molecular‐weight lysine‐conjugated Gd‐DTPA contrast agents
Authors: Laurent Sophie , Burtea Carmen , Vander Elst Luce , Muller Robert N. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractVarious blood pool contrast agents (CAs), characterized by intravascular distribution, have been developed to assist contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). Among these CAs, the DTPA derivatives conjugated to synthetic polypeptides, such as polylysine, represent attractive candidates for blood pool imaging. However, due to the presence of charged residues located on their backbone, these agents are retained in the kidneys and this compromises their long blood half‐life. In order to overcome this major drawback of the polylysine compounds, two new low‐molecular‐weight CAs were synthesized in the present work by conjugating four or six 1‐p‐isothiocyanatobenzyl‐DTPA moieties to tri‐ or penta‐Lys peptides [(Gd‐DTPA)4Lys3 and (Gd‐DTPA)6Lys5], respectively. All the –NH2 groups of Lys were thus blocked by covalent conjugation to DTPA. The stability and relaxometric properties of these compounds, as well as their pharmacokinetic and biodistribution characteristics, were then evaluated. The half‐life in blood of these new polylysine derivatives, as determined in rats, is twofold longer than that of Gd‐DTPA. The compounds could thus be optimal blood pool markers for MRA, which typically uses fast acquisition times. The absence of positive molecular charge did not limit their retention in kidneys 2 h after administration. On the other hand, (Gd‐DTPA)4Lys3 is retained in kidneys to a lesser extent than (Gd‐DTPA)6Lys5. Their moderate retention in blood and their higher stability and relaxivity in comparison with Gd‐DTPA highlight these polylysine derivatives as optimal compared with previously developed polylysine compounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fluorescent chromophore TOTO‐3 as a ‘smart probe’ for the assessment of ultrasound‐mediated local drug delivery in vivo
Authors: Deckers Roel , Yudina Anna , Cardoit Laura C. , Moonen Chrit T. W. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractMany potent anti‐cancer drugs have an intracellular mode of action, but are limited in crossing the cell membrane, resulting in a reduced clinical efficacy. Ultrasound (US) is known to facilitate the penetration of drugs into tumors cells. However (molecular) imaging techniques that monitor in vivo the underlying processes of US‐triggered drug delivery are lacking. The objective of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a fluorescent nuclear acid stain (TOTO‐3) as a model drug to monitor in real‐time US‐mediated delivery by in vivo fluorescence imaging. Following co‐injection of TOTO‐3 and microbubbles US was applied to the tumor. The time course of the drug delivery process was monitored by fluorescence imaging. Immunohistological analysis and in vitro experiments were performed to investigate the results in more detail. A significant signal intensity enhancement of the US‐treated tumor was observed that indicates intracellular delivery of the dye. In the control tumor TOTO‐3 signal was strongly associated with macrophages, which was not the case for the sonicated tumor. The capability of macrophages to uptake TOTO‐3 was confirmed in vitro. This study demonstrates that an optical contrast agent with similar characteristics to an anti‐cancer drug may be used for continuous in vivo monitoring of the drug delivery process. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soft tissue sarcomas of the popliteal fossa
Authors: Huh Winston W. , Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh , Munsell Mark F. , Patel Shreyaskumar , Lewis Valerae O. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) arising from the popliteal fossa present a challenge with regard to local control of primary tumors. Due to concerns of functional morbidity and neurovascular compromise, there is debate about what represents the best therapy for these patients.METHODS:We conducted a retrospective medical record review of patients treated at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center for STS of the popliteal fossa from 1990 to 2008.RESULTS:There were 47 eligible patients, 28 of whom were male and 19 of whom were female. Synovial sarcoma was the most common diagnosis, with 12 cases. Most patients had T2b tumors (31 patients; 66%). The median duration of follow‐up was 3.8 years (range, 0.6‐17.9 years). The 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates were 63% and 51%, respectively. Metastasis at diagnosis was associated with poorer overall survival (5‐year overall survival, 74% versus 13%; P<.001) and poorer recurrence‐free survival (5‐year recurrence‐free survival, 51% versus 0%; P<.001) on univariate analysis. Radiation therapy improved local recurrence‐free survival (5‐year local recurrence‐free survival, 56% versus 17%; P = .004), whereas a trend was observed for surgical margin status (P = .07). Tumor size and neurovascular involvement did not influence outcome. Twenty‐two patients had recurrent disease, with 15 patients having local recurrence, and 16 patients died from progressive disease.CONCLUSIONS:Radiation therapy may play an important role in the treatment of popliteal fossa STS, but further study is needed to better define the best clinical application. Additional study is needed to re‐evaluate association of surgical margin status and outcome. Cancer 2011; © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Translocation t(14;18)/IGH‐BCL2 in gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma
Authors: Yanai Shunichi , Nakamura Shotaro , Takeshita Morishige , Fujita Kouhei , Hirahashi Minako , Kawasaki Keisuke , Kurahara Koichi , Sakai Yuji , Matsumoto Takayuki 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Chromosomal translocation t(14;18)(q32;q21) involving the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (IGH) and the BCL2 gene (t[14;18][q32;q21]/IGH‐BCL2) is present in 60% to 90% of nodal follicular lymphomas. To the authors' knowledge, the prevalence and clinical significance of this translocation have not been examined previously in gastrointestinal follicular lymphomas.METHODS:Clinicopathologic and molecular features were investigated in 48 patients who had gastrointestinal follicular lymphoma. The site of involvement was the duodenum in 54% of patients, the jejunum in 52%, the ileum in 52%, the stomach in 29%, and the colorectum in 15%. The presence of the t(14;18)/IGH‐BCL2 translocation was detected by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization.RESULTS:Treatment modalities included surgical resection (n = 16), rituximab plus chemotherapy (n = 13), rituximab alone (n = 6), antibiotics (n = 5), and watchful waiting (n = 8). Complete remission (CR) of lymphoma was achieved in 31 patients (65%). The overall survival and event‐free survival rates after 5 years were 93% and 68%, respectively. The t(14;18)/IGH‐BCL2 was detected in 39 patients (81%). The involvement of multiple sites (69% vs 0%), manifestation of the lymphomatous polyposis type (72% vs 22%), and histologic grade 1 or 2 tumors (92% vs 56%) were more frequent in the t(14;18)‐positive group than in the negative group. In addition, the CR rate was lower in the t(14;18)‐positive group than in the negative group (56% vs 100%; P = .0179), and a trend was observed toward poorer event‐free survival in the positive group (P = .089).CONCLUSIONS:The t(14;18)/IGH‐BCL2 chromosomal translocation occurred frequently in gastrointestinal follicular lymphomas. The current results indicated that this translocation may be a predictor of an adverse clinical course. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Association of the highly prevalent TP53 R337H mutation with pediatric choroid plexus carcinoma and osteosarcoma in Southeast Brazil
Authors: Seidinger Ana Luiza , Mastellaro Maria José , Paschoal Fortes Fernanda , Godoy Assumpção Juliana , Aparecida Cardinalli Izilda , Aparecida Ganazza Mônica , Correa Ribeiro Raul , Brandalise Silvia Regina , dos Santos Aguiar Simone , Yunes José Andrés 
Published: December 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:The inherited, low‐penetrance arginine‐to‐histidine substitution at codon 337 (R337H) of the tumor protein 53 gene (TP53) is clustered in southeast Brazil (estimated frequency, 0.3%). Although its tumorigenic effect initially appeared to be tissue‐specific, recent evidence suggests its association with a broader range of tumors. Therefore, the authors of this report investigated the spectrum of pediatric malignancies associated with the TP53 R337H mutation at a single referral institution in southeast Brazil.METHODS:Genomic DNA samples from 493 children with malignancies were screened for the R337H mutation. Available tumor samples from carriers were investigated for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and nuclear p53 accumulation. Clinical data were obtained from medical records.RESULTS:Sixty‐five of 70 patients (93%) with adrenocortical tumors (ACTs), 9 of 13 patients (69%) with choroid plexus carcinoma (CPC), and 3 of 41 patients (7.3%) with osteosarcoma carried the mutation. The proportion of CPC to choroid plexus papilloma (CPP) was much higher than that reported elsewhere. Osteosarcoma in carriers had a significantly poorer outcome (P = .02). The mutation was not identified in patients who had acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (n = 187), recurrent ALL (n = 49), acute myeloid leukemia (n = 44), lymphoma (n = 30), non‐CPC central nervous system tumors (n = 26), Ewing sarcoma (n = 25), or rhabdomyosarcoma (n = 8). Among the tumors that were available for analysis, LOH with retention of the mutant allele was confirmed in 21 of 21 ACTs, in 2 of 2 CPCs, and in 2 of 3 osteosarcomas that were positive for R337H. CPCs and osteosarcomas that were positive for R337H had marked nuclear accumulation of p53.CONCLUSIONS:The current findings demonstrated compellingly that the TP53 R337H mutation is associated not only with ACT but also with CPC and, to a lesser extent, with osteosarcoma, both of which are core‐component tumors of the Li‐Fraumeni syndrome. Cancer 2011. © 2010 American Cancer Society.