bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1990 Hydrology Prize awarded
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences awarded its 1990 International Hydrology Prize to Z. Kaczmarek of Warsaw, Poland. The award was presented on March 16 in Paris, France, during Unesco's Commemorative Symposium on 25 Years of the International Hydrological Decade/International Hydrological Program.The IAHS International Hydrology Prize, a silver medal, was first approved in 1979 as an annual award to a person who has made an outstanding contribution to hydrology and gives the candidate universal recognition of his international stature. The IAHS national committees give nominations to the IAHS Secretary General for consideration by a nominating committee, which consists of the IAHS president, the first and second vice presidents and representatives of Unesco and the World Meteorological Organization. The citation for the award to Kaczmarek, which was given by IAHS president Vit Klemes, follows.
New UNESCO Water Division Director named
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

Andras Szollosi‐Nagy is the new director of the Division of Water Sciences of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization in Paris, France. He replaces Sorin Dumitrescu, who recently retired. The Unesco Division of Water Sciences serves as the Secretariat for the International Hydrological Decade and for the continuing International Hydrological Program.Szollosi‐Nagy was born in Budapest in 1949. In 1972 he graduated as a civil engineer from the Budapest University of Technology, where he also received his doctorate in hydrology and mathematical statistics and joined the Water Resources Research Center (VITUKI) the same year. His main research fields are time series analysis and real‐time forecasting and control of water resources systems using recursive algorithms.
Venus, Mars volume to be published
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The AGU Chapman Conference, Mars and Venus: Comparative Atmospheres, Ionospheres, and Solar Wind Interactions, held in Balatonfüred, Hungary, June 4–8, will be the subject of a monograph to be published by AGU. The editors of the book will be Janet G. Luhmann and Mariella Tatrallyay.The book will include invited reviews presented at the conference on subjects ranging from atmosphere evolution to the space plasma physics of the solar wind interaction. In addition to these papers, contributions are being solicited from other authors. Papers for this volume must be received by the editors by October 30, 1990.
Probability of San Francisco quake increased
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The probability that a large earthquake (magnitude 7.0 or greater) will occur in the San Francisco Bay area in the next 30 years is 67%, according to a recent report by the U.S. Geological Survey. This is a substantial increase from the 50% probability estimated in a similar report released by the USGS in 1988.The new report also says that scientists estimate the probability of a M‐7.0 or larger quake in the Bay area in the next 20 years is 50%, compared to 30% from the 1988 report. For the next 10 years, probability is 33%, compared with 20% in the 1988 report. The new probability estimates for the nine‐county Bay area are the result of a 6‐month study by the California Working Group on Earthquake Probabilities. The group consists of a 12‐person panel of earthquake specialists from the USGS, the University of California, the California Institute of Technology, the University of Southern California, Stanford University, the Lamont‐Doherty Geologic Observatory at Columbia University, and the Pacific Gas and Electric Company.
Senate recommends NSF funding increase, NASA cuts
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The Senate VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Subcommittee, chaired by Barbara Mikulski (D‐Md.), recommended on September 12 to increase fiscal year 1991 funding of the National Science Foundation (NSF) by $27 million above the level approved by the House. At the same time the subcommittee approved a spending level for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that is $855 million below that recommended by the House.NSF funding under the Senate bill (H.R. 5158) would be $2.36 billion, an increase of 14% over last year. Like the House bill, the Senate's bill eliminates funding for a gravitational wave observatory. Science education programs were increased to $322 million, higher than both the House bill and President Bush's request.
New focus for Global Biogeochemical Cycle
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The new editor of Global Biogeochemical Cycles, an international journal for global change published by AGU, is Karl K. Turekian, the Silliman Professor of Geology and Geophysics at Yale University.Turekian's assumption of the editorship of Global Biogeochemical Cycles is in keeping with AGU's interests in global change. Turekian hopes that the journal will be the vehicle for publishing important research information and insights on all aspects of global change. The journal's scope will reflect this commitment.
Fukushima to receive Smith Medal
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The 1990 Waldo E. Smith Medal for extraordinary service to geophysics will be given to Naoshi Fukushima, who earned an international reputation for his pioneering work in geomagnetic disturbance and ionospheric electric currents. Now retired from the University of Tokyo, Japan, Fukushima is being cited for his public service to international geophysics, and, in particular, his contributions to the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy, of which he was Secretary General from September 1975 to August 1983.The Smith Medal will be presented as part of the AGU Fall Meeting Honors Night festivities, Wednesday, December 5, in San Francisco, Calif. Three James B. Macelwane Medals, the John Adam Fleming Medal, and the Maurice Ewing Medal will also be presented (see Eos, February 20, 1990, p. 294).
Locating the K/T boundary impact crater(s)
Authors: Bush Susan M. 
Published: October 2011

Stratigraphic, mineralogical, chemical and isotopic evidence have led to the large (˜10‐km) asteroid or comet impact theory as the cause of the Cretaceous period coming to an end. However, a suitable crater has not yet been found. Although the crater may have been destroyed because half of what was then the ocean floor has since been subducted, researchers are still hot on the trail of the impact site(s).A. R. Hildebrand and W. V. Boynton, Department of Planetary Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, believe that locating the original crater(s) would resolve the volcanism versus impact debate over what ended the Cretaceous period. Based on a large concentration of shocked mineral grains and the largest grains occurring in North America, and impact‐wave deposits at the K/T boundary only from the Caribbean and southern North America, they suggest that the K/T boundary impact occurred between North and South America. They suggest the 300‐km‐diameter buried basement structure in the Columbia Basin as a possible K/T impact crater. The location of impact‐wave deposits and possibly seismically triggered slumps also helped the two decide that impact(s) musthave occurred in the Caribbean region.
NSF, NASA budgets approved by Congress
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

The final fiscal year 1991 appropriations for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation contained both good news and bad for geophysical research in the year ahead. On the positive side, the House/Senate conference committee report on H.R. 5158, the VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies appropriations bill, provided new start funding for NASA's Earth Observing System program, more than doubled the allocation for NASA's Earth Probes, and restored most of the requested funding for the Comet Rendezvous/Asteroid Flyby mission, which the Senate version of the bill had deleted.The Earth Observing System received $67 million and a separate budget line was created for the EOS Data Information System (EOSDIS), which will be funded at $36 million this year. The Earth Probes received an additional $31 million to its $25 million request, and the CRAF/Cassini project received $145 million, $3 million less than its full request.
Meteorologist saved D‐Day 50 years ago
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

June 6, 1944, might have been remembered as doomsday instead of D‐Day if General Dwight D. Eisenhower's chief weatherman had been wrong about his forecasts.When J. M. Stagg was appointed chief meteorological officer of the Allied Forces in October of 1943, he had no idea he would pay a crucial role in shaping world history. Little did he know it would be his analysis on which the U.S. Supreme Commander would base his decision to launch the Allied invasion on the beaches of Normandy.
Radar remote sensing aids study of the Great Flood of 1993
Authors: Brakenridge G. Robert , Knox James C. , Paylor Earnest D. , Magilligan Francis J. 
Published: October 2011

Until recently, remote sensing of river floods was constrained by low spatial resolution and cloud cover, which made it impossible to obtain data during the initial stages of most large events. The 1991 launch of the European Remote Sensing (ERS‐1) satellite removed both of these constraints. In 1993, ERS‐1 put its capabilities to the test, acquiring imagery and a wealth of information about the flooding of the Upper Mississippi Valley.The cloud‐penetrating C‐band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on board ERS‐1 produces ground range (cross‐track) resolution of approximately 30 m, and azimuth (alongtrack) resolution of approximately 6–30 m. While ERS‐1 and its successor, ERS‐2, are multipurpose research satellites and their operating systems are not optimal for flood investigations, the satellite's busy operating schedule and its near‐global capability have resulted in the chance acquisition of many images of major flood events.
More exact change
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation is investing in change. Global change, that is.The agency recently awarded $16.8 million in grants to six institutions to study the human dimensions of global changes to the environment. “Population growth, environmental changes, natural resources, public health, technological advances, social organizations, and political and economic shifts are among the critical factors,” says Cheryl Eavey, coordinator of NSF's Human Dimensions of Global Change research program. “By combining research in the natural and the social sciences, we hope to discover ways to better predict the impact of changes on populations and their environment.”
Silver Anniversary, Golden mission
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2011

A mission that produced a string of firsts and volumes of scientific information has reached a new milestone. It also is approaching its end.On March 2,1997, NASA celebrated the 25th anniversary of the launch of the Pioneer 10 spacecraft, the most distant and longest‐lived planetary explorer of the Space Age. But at the same time, NASA officials announced that the venerable craft has finally reached the end of its useful life.
Chronicling coral death
Authors: Friebele Elaine 
Published: October 2011

How would a geologist approach an assessment of the health of coral reefs? Readers of the June 1997 issue of Geotimes learn the answer by following the thoughts of George, a fictional geologist attending an international conference on global reef decline.In “Gauging the Health of the World's Coral Reefs: Monitoring vs. Mapping,” University of Miami marine geologist Robert N. Ginsburg, using the voice of George, suggests that mapping dead and dying corals would document the history and extent of reef decline and provide more clues about the relationship between coral health and such factors as location and ocean circulation than would monitoring. By some estimates, as many as 10% of the world's reefs have been seriously damaged by over‐exploitation, pollution, disease, ocean warming, and predators. Twenty years ago, 50% of the sea floor near Jamaica was covered by living coral; today, that coverage has decreased to 5%. In response to this decline, an international coalition has designated 1997 as the International Year of the Reef.
Fewer scientists immigrating
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

A recent decline in the number of scientists and engineers immigrating to the United States could indicate that a surge throughout the 1980s and early 1990s may have been temporary.The number of people with science and engineering degrees admitted to the United States on permanent visas with work certificates dropped 26% between 1993 and 1994—from 23,534 to 17,403—according to a new National Science Foundation (NSF) data brief that analyzes information from the Immigration and Naturalization Service. A lack of demand for employment‐based admissions caused the decline, according to the INS.
ARCO Chairman forecasts end of oil dominance
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

The head of one of the world's biggest oil companies said in February that the era of oil dominating the global energy market is creaking to a close. Future energy needs will be met by a mix of fuels that are less harmful to the environment, he said, and he called for the energy and automobile industries to collaborate on solutions to reduce emissions.“We've embarked on the beginning of the last days of the age of oil,” ARCO Chairman Mike Bowlin said at a Cambridge Energy Research Associates conference in Houston, Texas, where he also described how ARCO is moving toward a new energy model. “Our challenge is not merely to survive today's low prices, but to plan for a future in which hydrocarbons are just one of a wide variety of clean fuels that will build the global economy of the 21st century”.
Early 20th century global warming
Authors: Singer S. Fred 
Published: October 2011

Can the global warming during the early part of the century, from about 1880 to 1940, “be unequivocally related to humaninduced changes in the chemical composition of the atmosphere” [Jones, 1998]?The IPCC [1996a] arrived at the ambiguous conclusion that “the balance of evidence suggests there is a discernible human influence on global climate,” based on “fingerprints” in the climate record—an increasing correlation (with time) between observed and calculated global temperature patterns. However, this positive trend in correlation depended entirely on the arbitrary choice of the time interval 1940–1990, during most of which temperatures were actually decreasing. A different choice of interval would have produced a zero or even a negative trend. Another piece of evidence cited in the IPCC report to support a human influence depended on showing an increasing temperature trend in the middle troposphere of the Southern Hemisphere (presumably related to the cooling effects of sulfate aerosols in the Northern Hemisphere). Again, this result is related entirely to the particular choice of time interval [Michaels and Knappenberger, 1996]; more complete datasets give a contrary result—a greater warming trend in the Northern Hemisphere.
U.S. science budget
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2011

Science agency budgets were slashed July 30 by the U.S. House of Representatives Appropriations Committee, which voted significant cuts to the proposed fiscal year 2000 budgets of NASA, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), and other agencies.While the funding levels may change in early September when the Senate takes up the appropriations bill for NASA, EPA, and NSF— which funds the Veterans Administration (VA), Housing and Urban Development (HUD), and independent agencies—Congress appears to be trying to maintain budgetary caps established in 1997. A separate House appropriations bill covering the Commerce Department cut research funding at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) by 10%.
The Restless Sea: Exploring the World Beneath the Waves
Authors: Knauss John A. 
Published: October 2011

I have often been disappointed by popular science books. In the attempt to reach a large audience the author too often loses the subtlety and the excitement that accompanies scientific discovery. Even knowing the author was the 1994 recipient of AGU's Walter Sullivan Award, given for excellence in science journalism, I approached The Restless Sea: Exploring the World Beneath the Waves with little anticipation.But by the third chapter I was hooked. By the last chapter I was prepared to recommend it, and recommend it strongly not only to the nonocean members of AGU, but to all of my fellow members of the Ocean Science section as well.
Electromagnetic technique's success at Vesuvius points to use in forecasting eruptions
Authors: Müller M. , Hördt A. , Neubauer F. M. 
Published: October 2011

A newly refined electromagnetic technique has imaged the electrical structure of Vesuvius, and its success indicates it can be a very effective tool in forecasting volcano eruptions. The hope is to be able to gather enough data from active volcanoes to establish an adequate baseline of information for volcano surveillance and to better understand their structure.Known as the long‐offset transient electromagnetic (LOTEM) technique, its development has been made possible by modern modeling algorithms and higher computing power, both lacking in earlier electromagnetic work in the 1970s and 1980s. Such advances allow for analysis of complex topographic and three‐dimensional (3‐D) structures of volcanoes [A. Hördt and M. Müller, unpublished manuscript, 1999].
AGU to host Second Meeting of Heads and Chairs of Earth and Space Science Departments
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2011

On November 12–14 the second Meeting of Heads and Chairs of Earth and Space Science Departments will be held at AGU headquarters in Washington, D.C. The theme of the meeting is “Preparing for the future: What changes should be considered in order to keep abreast of rapidly changing times?”Currently many Earth Science departments are at a crossroads of change and are uncertain about the future. As the 21st century approaches, the context for undergraduate and graduate science education is evolving rapidly, with greater emphasis needed on the life sciences, integration of knowledge from across traditional disciplines, and remote sensing technologies. Both student demographics and societal needs are also undergoing fundamental shifts. With increased public scrutiny, funding agencies are changing how they operate.
Antarctic's role pursued in global climate change
Authors: Mayewski P. , Goodwin I. 
Published: October 2011

The impact of Antarctica on global climate change and the impact of global climate change on Antarctica are the focal points of a current series of expeditions there, and an international, interdisciplinary array of researchers met this past spring to go over the expeditions' progress. Advances were reported in describing the impact of the seasonal cycle, semiannual oscillation, and the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle on Antarctic accumulation in recent decades.Difficulties still remain, however, in explaining fully the history and forcing of the Antarctic climate and the links between tropical forcing and high‐latitude response. The difficulties arise largely because of the relatively short duration and sparse spatial coverage of Antarctic meteorological data.
Year on ice gives climate insights
Authors: Perovich Don K. , Andreas E. L. , Curry J. A. , Eiken H. , Fairall C. W. , Grenfell T. C. , Guest P.S. , Intrieri J. , Kadko D. , Lindsay R. W. , McPhee M. G. , Morison J. , Moritz R. E. , Paulson C. A. , Pegau W. S. , Persson P.O.G. , Pinkel R. , Richter‐Menge J. A. , Stanton T. , Stern H. , Sturm M. , Tucker W.B. , Uttal T. 
Published: October 2011

Research involving a yearlong drift with the ice pack in the Arctic Ocean witnessed surprisingly thin ice at the start and even thinner ice at the end. Also, the extent of open water during the summer of 1998 in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas was the greatest of the past 2 decades.As the ice is melting from under your feet there is an understandable tendency to blame global warming. But the project, known as the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA), though motivated by climate change, was not designed to detect global warming. Definitive climate change pronouncements can not be made based on a single experiment.
The Road to Total Earthquake Safety
Authors: Frohlich Cliff 
Published: October 2011

Cinna Lomnitz is possibly the most distinguished earthquake seismologist in all of Central and South America. Among many other credentials, Lomnitz has personally experienced the shaking and devastation that accompanied no fewer than five major earthquakes—Chile, 1939; Kern County, California, 1952; Chile, 1960; Caracas,Venezuela, 1967; and Mexico City, 1985. Thus he clearly has much to teach someone like myself, who has never even actually felt a real earthquake.What is this slim book? The Road to Total Earthquake Safety summarizes Lomnitz's May 1999 presentation at the Seventh Mallet‐Milne Lecture, sponsored by the Society for Earthquake and Civil Engineering Dynamics. His arguments are motivated by the damage that occurred in three earthquakes—Mexico City, 1985; Loma Prieta, California, 1989; and Kobe, Japan, 1995. All three quakes occurred in regions where earthquakes are common. Yet in all three some of the worst damage occurred in structures located a significant distance from the epicenter and engineered specifically to resist earthquakes. Some of the damage also indicated that the structures failed because they had experienced considerable rotational or twisting motion. Clearly, Lomnitz argues, there must be fundamental flaws in the usually accepted models explaining how earthquakes generate strong motions, and how we should design resistant structures.
Evolutionary processes a focus of decade‐long ecosystem study of Antarctic's Lake Vostok
Authors: Bell Robin E. , Karl David M. 
Published: October 2011

As scientists probe for life in new habitats and try to understand the processes that triggered the origin and guided the evolution of life on Earth, environments beneath large ice sheets are beginning to emerge as key ecosystems. Modern subglacial environments are analogues both for the icy moons of Jupiter and the environmental stresses that led to widespread evolutionary radiation following the Neoproterozoic “snowball” Earth.The largest modern analogue to these distant systems is Lake Vostok, a great Antarctic subglacial lake, and the international science community is developing a plan to systematically survey and explore this complex system over the next decade. Approximately the size of Lake Ontario, Lake Vostok lies beneath the 4 km thick East Antarctic ice sheet (Figure 1). The lake is much deeper than Lake Ontario—remotely measured water depths reach 670 m.
John Robert Philip (1927–1999)
Authors: Burges Stephen J. , Ford Phillip W. , White Ian 
Published: October 2011

John Robert Philip, AGU Fellow, and winner of the Horton Award and the Horton Medal, was killed in a traffic accident in Amsterdam on June 26, 1999. He had just spent 2 weeks at the Mathematics Institute there after a visit to Israel, and was en route to the United States to meet with colleagues.Officially he retired 7 years ago but remained an (unpaid) full‐time researcher (starting at 7 a.m. rather than his previous 5 a.m.) at Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO),Land and Water, in Canberra, Australia, producing a substantial body of new work each year. He won the Horton Award with Dan de Vries in 1957 and the medal in 1982.