bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dehumanization
Authors: de Ruiter Adrienne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What does it mean to deny people’s humanity by failing to regard, portray, or treat them as minimally human? This chapter offers an answer to this question. The chapter’s main argument is that dehumanization consists in a distinct form of moral exclusion that is characterized by neglect of or contempt for the moral status of human beings. This neglect or contempt expresses itself in blindness for the significance of the human subjectivity of victims as a moral factor that should be taken into consideration in decisions on how to treat them. This means that when persons are dehumanized, their experiences no longer matter in the eyes of the dehumanizer(s), or at least not as moral factors that count against their mistreatment. Those who are dehumanized are thereby not simply attributed a lower moral standing than persons whom we include in our inner moral circle(s), but excluded from the moral category of humanity altogether.
The Short Space
Authors: Procter James 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
At the mid-century, West Indian and West African authors circulated their work both locally and transnationally across a staggering range of venues, from commercial magazines and wireless periodicals, to the sporadic and relatively obscure literary reviews. What connects these episodic settings are the economies of what this chapter terms ‘the short space’. Sandwiched between adverts, essays, and artwork, compressed into the carefully measured inches of magazines, locked into the pre-set layouts of newspapers, and the strict time limits of broadcasting, these platforms presented writers with a remarkably similar narrative footprint, the narrow margins of which fit the short form like a glove. This chapter recalibrates mid-century literary production in relation to the tightly bound, enveloped venues towards which so many writers gravitated during these decades. Focusing on key practitioners including Cyprian Ekwensi, V. S. Naipaul, and Sam Selvon, it argues the short space still has a great deal to teach us about the material and aesthetic conditions of literary activity after the war. Rather than extending prevailing accounts of literary networks and circuits, it suggests the multiple ways in which writers short-circuited or deviated from the presumed destinations and directions of travel associated with their work, while confounding distinctions between high and popular forms.
Reacting To Imagining?
Authors: Hopkins Robert 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Does imagining furnish objects for emotion and other feelings? Although a positive answer can seem little more than common sense, this chapter expresses scepticism. Many affective states are such that what rationalizes them and what they motivate integrate, in such a way as to require that their objects be given as their causes. Since imagined objects are never given as causes of how we really feel, in these cases real feelings cannot be directed at imagined things. Instead, the chapter proposes, what we take to be real feelings are themselves often merely imagined. It offers an account of what it is to imagine a feeling, appealing to affective profiles analogous to the sensory profiles used in Chapter 4 to give an account of sensory imagining. The view that emerges explains why, if feeling is only imagined, we undergo certain bodily and other changes that are only too real. Moreover, it accommodates the distinctive motivational profile of feeling that is merely imagined, as opposed to really felt.
What is trust?
Authors: Seyd Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores what ‘trust’ in political actors and institutions means. It considers not only broad or conceptual definitions but also the ways that trust is interpreted and deployed by individuals. The analysis thus complements ‘top-down’ treatments of trust with a more ‘bottom-up’ analysis which focuses on the understandings and expression of trust among individuals. The chapter begins by exploring different states of trust that individuals might adopt, along with the relationship between trust and distrust. It then considers what individuals trust, focusing on whether trust judgements are specific or generalized and whether trust judgements are stable or variable over time. The chapter also analyses how individuals form trust judgements, exploring the role of personality traits, cognitive and affective appraisals, and positive and negative information. The chapter concludes by considering the implications for our understanding of the nature and consequences of trust.
Why do citizens trust (or not)?
Authors: Seyd Ben 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter builds on the dynamic analysis of the previous chapter by exploring in more detail the types of appraisal that shape citizens’ trust at particular points in time. The analysis highlights the range of considerations involved in trust judgements, covering what politicians do, their concern with citizens’ interests, and their integrity. Trust is shown to be a complex judgement, not reducible to any particular criteria or consideration. The chapter also explores important specificities in the factors associated with trust, notably whether these are consistent or variant between different individuals, between different institutions, and at different points in time. The evidence suggests that while trust represents a generalized judgement, it is often applied in specific ways.
Ancient Reading, and Kenotic Philanthropy in Origen
Authors: Magree Michael C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
After examining the grammatical and rhetorical techniques of reading texts that made certain interpretations plausible in antiquity, the chapter turns to examine Origen of Alexandria’s understanding of kenosis. The first theme that arose in Origen was his association of kenosis with the fundamental principles of a scriptural understanding of who God is. The second major theme had to do with the question of who the subject of the emptying really is. The chapter shows that Origen has a complex understanding of the incarnation, but one that continually emphasizes the wonder at the reality of the Word of God touching human form in order to heal it. The self-emptying of Christ becomes thematic for Christian imitation in humility. Finally, Origen understands the enfleshment of the Word to encompass all that it is to be human.
The Individual and International Law in Antiquity
Authors: Cowan Eleanor 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines three important and challenging questions: can we speak of ancient ‘international law’?; what connection (or relevance) might the study of antiquity have for modern thinking about the individual in international law?; and did the ancient world recognise ‘the individual’ as the subject of international law? The chapter surveys recent works of scholarship and seeks to place the study of the ancient world in conversation with other disciplines. The individual is not the primary concern of this thinking, but the operation of recognisable international law instruments and ideas in a world in which the State itself defied simple definition suggests that the ancient world is a good case study of the extent to which legal relationships were social relationships.
The Status of the Individual in International Law
Authors: Chimni Bhupinder S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The chapter relies on third world approaches to international law (TWAIL) to explore the status of the individual in contemporary international law and the possibility of the emergence of a human-centred law. It argues that the debate on the question of subjecthood must move beyond positivism and natural law, or the imperatives of the Cold War, to the sociology of international order and make a distinction between formal and authentic subjects of international law. It suggests that in order to evaluate the status of the individual in international law, account must be taken of the operation of three logics at the international level, namely the ‘logic of capital’, the ‘logic of territory’, and the ‘logic of culture’. With regards to these, the chapter uses insights from postcolonial theory, Marxism, and socialist feminism to contend that the emergence of human-centred international law is seriously constrained by deep structures of global capitalism, patriarchy, and racism.
The Individual in Feminist Approaches to International Law
Authors: Houghton Ruth 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Individuals, and in particular women, have always been at the core of feminist international legal scholarship. When examining what feminist approaches in international law tell us about the relationship between the individual, State, and international law, it becomes clear that for current feminist scholars the concern is how the individual is conceptualised, and specifically the gendered and racialised construction of women as subjects of international law. There is no singular feminist approach to the individual in international law, rather this chapter suggests four principles for a feminist approach to a human-centric international law. First, a responsiveness to the risks of essentialism. Second, and relatedly, resisting the proliferation of feminine ‘characters’ in international law. Third, building on work by Gina Heathcote, the chapter articulates a need for contextualised plural subjectivities. The fourth principle is about encouraging and facilitating reflexive dialogues across feminisms.
The Individual in (International) Law and Economics
Authors: van Aaken Anne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Economics, like (International) Law and Economics, applies economic theory and methodology to address legal questions. It is methodologically and normatively individualistic and therefore not State-centred, and has undergone significant evolution in terms of both methodological and normative perspectives. This chapter aims to demonstrate the transition of the normative aspect from utilitarianism and efficiency to New Welfare Economics based on Amartya Sen’s human (rights) centred theory which was also used as a theoretical basis for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the methodological aspect, (law and) economics has shifted towards a behavioural approach involving empirical investigations into deviations from the rational choice assumption of the homo economicus, aiming to develop a more realistic understanding of human behaviour. This approach has recently been adopted by the United Nations and its agencies to further their objectives. International Law and Economics can, therefore, offer a solid evidence base for the examination of international law and inform the practices of the UN.
Constitutional Identity
Authors: Ghai Yash 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
These introductory remarks commence by asking what the term ‘constitutional identity’ means. Does it depend on the text? Does it depend on the form of state, for example, that of a monarchy or federation? Or do the people of a country themselves have a constitutional identity in that their constitution is part of their self-identity? Is a constitutional identity purposefully constructed, or is it something that emerges from the experience of a constitution? The author suggests that African constitutions can be imbued with an African identity through African values. This can be done through the language of the text and through the process of making the constitution. An example is the way the Kenyan Constitution of 2010 was drafted.
The Struggle for Constitutional Identity in Francophone Africa
Authors: Fombad Charles M. , Makunya Trésor M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the extent to which constitutional reforms in francophone Africa since 1990 have resulted, if at all, in a reimagining of the constitutional identity of these countries from the inherited French 1958 Fifth Republic constitutional identity. Despite heightened awareness not only of the nature and complexity of the diverse social, economic, and political challenges that different African countries face, but also of the variety of constitutional options which are available for dealing with these challenges, Gaullism with all its limitations continues to reign supreme in these countries. The chapter concludes that almost all francophone African countries remain under the spell of the Gaullist constitutional model and have been unable to creatively design distinctive principles, doctrines, and institutions that could be effective in addressing the particular challenges they face.
CAM evolution is associated with gene family expansion in an explosive bromeliad radiation
Authors: Groot Crego Clara , Hess Jaqueline , Yardeni Gil , de La Harpe Marylaure , Priemer Clara , Beclin Francesca , Saadain Sarah , Cauz-Santos Luiz A , Temsch Eva M , Weiss-Schneeweiss Hanna , Barfuss Michael H J , Till Walter , Weckwerth Wolfram , Heyduk Karolina , Lexer Christian , Paun Ovidiu , Leroy Thibault 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The subgenus Tillandsia (Bromeliaceae) belongs to one of the fastest radiating clades in the plant kingdom and is characterized by the repeated evolution of Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Despite its complex genetic basis, this water-conserving trait has evolved independently across many plant families and is regarded as a key innovation trait and driver of ecological diversification in Bromeliaceae. By producing high-quality genome assemblies of a Tillandsia species pair displaying divergent photosynthetic phenotypes, and combining genome-wide investigations of synteny, transposable element (TE) dynamics, sequence evolution, gene family evolution, and temporal differential expression, we were able to pinpoint the genomic drivers of CAM evolution in Tillandsia. Several large-scale rearrangements associated with karyotype changes between the 2 genomes and a highly dynamic TE landscape shaped the genomes of Tillandsia. However, our analyses show that rewiring of photosynthetic metabolism is mainly obtained through regulatory evolution rather than coding sequence evolution, as CAM-related genes are differentially expressed across a 24-h cycle between the 2 species but are not candidates of positive selection. Gene orthology analyses reveal that CAM-related gene families manifesting differential expression underwent accelerated gene family expansion in the constitutive CAM species, further supporting the view of gene family evolution as a driver of CAM evolution.
The genomic route to tomato breeding: Past, present, and future
Authors: Wang Yan , Sun Chuanlong , Ye Zhibiao , Li Chuanyou , Huang Sanwen , Lin Tao 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Over the past 10,000 years, tomato species have undergone both unintentional and intentional selection to enhance their favorable traits for human consumption and manufacturing. These selection processes have significantly influenced the genomes of tomato species and have played a critical role in improving tomato varieties. In this review, we summarize recent advances in tomato genome sequencing, explore the impact of human-driven selection, and recapitulate key genes associated with important agronomic traits in tomato breeding. We provide several examples of genomics-guided tomato breeding to highlight the potential of genome resources in facilitating tomato improvement. Furthermore, we elaborate the progress and strategies of tomato breeding through genome design and present how such efforts can help future enhancements of tomato to align with the demands of sustainability and evolving human societies.
Accountability analysis of health benefits related to National Action Plan on Air Pollution Prevention and Control in China
Authors: Li Tiantian , Chen Chen , Zhang Mengxue , Zhao Liang , Liu Yuanyuan , Guo Yafei , Wang Qing , Du Hang , Xiao Qingyang , Liu Yang , He Mike Z , Kinney Patrick L , Cohen Aaron J , Tong Shilu , Shi Xiaoming 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
China is one of the largest producers and consumers of coal in the world. The National Action Plan on Air Pollution Prevention and Control in China (2013–2017) particularly aimed to reduce emissions from coal combustion. Here, we show whether the acute health effects of PM2.5 changed from 2013 to 2018 and factors that might account for any observed changes in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) and the surrounding areas where there were major reductions in PM2.5 concentrations. We used a two-stage analysis strategy, with a quasi-Poisson regression model and a random effects meta-analysis, to assess the effects of PM2.5 on mortality in the 47 counties of BTH. We found that the mean daily PM2.5 levels and the SO42− component ratio dramatically decreased in the study period, which was likely related to the control of coal emissions. Subsequently, the acute effects of PM2.5 were significantly decreased for total and circulatory mortality. A 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations was associated with a 0.16% (95% CI: 0.08, 0.24%) and 0.02% (95% CI: −0.09, 0.13%) increase in mortality from 2013 to 2015 and from 2016 to 2018, respectively. The changes in air pollution sources or PM2.5 components appeared to have played a core role in reducing the health effects. The air pollution control measures implemented recently targeting coal emissions taken in China may have resulted in significant health benefits.
Problems accessing health care and under-5 mortality: a pooled analysis of 50 low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Kim Jinseo , Eom Yun-Jung , Ko Soohyeon , Subramanian S V , Kim Rockli 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Access to health care remains suboptimal in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and continues to hinder survival in early childhood. We systematically assessed the association between problems accessing health care (PAHC) and under-five mortality (U5M).

Methods
Child mortality data on 724 335 livebirths came from the latest Demographic and Health Surveys of 50 LMICs (2013–2021). Reasons for PAHC were classified into three domains: ‘money needed for treatment’ (economic), ‘distance to health facility’ (physical), ‘getting permission’ or ‘not wanting to go alone’ (socio-cultural). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between PAHC (any and by each type) and U5M.

Results
In our pooled sample, 47.3 children per 1000 livebirths died before age of 5, and 57.1% reported having experienced PAHC (ranging from 45.3% in Europe & Central Asia to 72.7% in Latin America & Caribbean). Children with any PAHC had higher odds of U5M (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.09), and this association was especially significant in sub-Saharan Africa. Of different domains of PAHC, socio-cultural PAHC was found to be most significant.

Conclusions
Access to health care in LMICs needs to be improved by expanding health care coverage, building health facilities, and focusing more on context-specific socio-cultural barriers.
Loop Space Decompositions of Moment-Angle Complexes Associated to Flag Complexes
Authors: Stanton Lewis 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We prove that the loop space of the moment-angle complex associated with the k-skeleton of a flag complex belongs to the class $\mathcal{P}$ of spaces homotopy equivalent to a finite-type product of spheres and loops on simply connected spheres. To do this, a general result showing $\mathcal{P}$ is closed under retracts is proved.
China’s distinctive civil–military integration policy and firm innovation
Authors: Wang Shuai , Xia Mengyue , Shi Xing , Hou Bojun , Lu Shu 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Despite the widespread implementation of civil–military integration (CMI) policies in various countries, there remains a significant debate surrounding their impact on innovation. Taking the set of the National Civil–Military Integration Strategy in China in 2015 as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper uses the Propensity Score Matching and Difference in Difference (PSM-DID) method to systematically examine the impact of CMI policy on firm innovation. The results demonstrate that the CMI policy has notably increased the intensity of firms’ Research and Development (R&D) investment, but does not exert a significant influence on their innovation output and efficiency. Notably, the policy effect is primarily observed among incumbent military firms and large-scale firms. Moreover, the CMI policy exhibits a considerable effect on fostering new cooperation links, but does not yield a significant impact on deepening cooperation or promoting network agglomeration. The results imply that the policy has not yet deeply affected firms’ innovation processes and patterns. These findings provide manifold implications for policy understanding and decision-making.
Labour market reforms, institutional complementarity and the insider–outsider wage gap
Authors: Broschinski Sven 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This article provides long-term evidence on how wage differentials between permanent and temporary workers are shaped by institutions that play a key role in labour market dualism, i.e. industrial relations, employment protection legislation and unemployment benefits. A two-step multilevel approach with fixed effects is employed using EU-SILC data for 25 European countries spanning up to 17 years (waves 2004–2020, N = 397) to estimate the moderating effects of several institutions and their interactions on the wage gap by contract type and across the whole wage distribution. The results show that more insider-oriented institutions tend to widen wage differentials and that the impact of institutional reforms on the wage gap varies greatly with the given institutional context. Overall, policy trends towards flexibilization risk widening insider–outsider divides due to accumulating labour market risks for temporary workers, thus increasing labour market segmentation by contract type.
Gender Representation and Policy Implementation: Is it Women or the Left Wing that Increases the Childcare Supply?
Authors: Yamada Anju 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the impact of the accumulation of gender representation during the policy implementation stage on the childcare supply expansion. Previous studies faced two key issues: first, they primarily focused on the impact of gender representation during the policy introduction stage, and second, they often lacked sensitivity in distinguishing whether the outcome was driven by partisanship or gender. Using the city-level dataset from western Germany, this study argues that although the effect of female mayors is model dependent, a 10 percentage point increase in the average share of women city councils leads to an increase in the childcare expansion by about 2.5 percentage points. Notably, regardless of left-wing/right-wing positions, women councilors expanded the childcare supply.