bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase‐separation process in a poly(methyl methacrylate)‐modified epoxy system: A novel approach to understanding the effect of the curing temperature on the final morphology
Authors: Olmos D. , Loayza A. , González‐Benito J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractIn this study, the physical and chemical changes of a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐modified epoxy system were examined to understand the effect of the curing conditions on its final morphology. The curing process of the PMMA–epoxy reactive system was complementarily analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the near range (FT‐NIR) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The relationships among (1) the chemical conversion of the curing reaction, (2) the first moment of the fluorescence emission band (〈ν〉) arising from a chromophore chemically bonded to the epoxy reactive system, (3) the phase‐separation process, and (4) the dynamics of the epoxy thermoset during its curing process are discussed. From a chemical point of view, FT‐NIR did not reveal any significant change in the curing reaction with the presence of 2 wt % PMMA. However, in terms of physical changes, the analysis of the fluorescence response clearly showed variations in the curing reaction due to the presence of the thermoplastic polymer. Also, fluorescence allowed the estimation of the glass‐transition temperature of the system with curing when the reaction was diffusion‐controlled, whereas Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was not sensible enough. In the second part of this study, scanning electron microscopy images of the PMMA‐modified epoxy system were analyzed to understand the effect of the temperature on the final morphology when the amount of thermoplastic was below the critical volume fraction. A linear dependence between the inverse of the mean area of the thermoplastic‐rich domains and the inverse of the absolute temperature was obtained. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Evaluation of the chemical resistance of high‐density polyethylene geomembranes
Authors: Yoo Hankyu , Jeon Han‐Yong , Lee Kwangyeol , Yoo Chungsik , Herath C. N. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe chemical resistance of high‐density polyethylene geomembranes (GMs) with smooth and textured surfaces in notched and unnotched forms at different pH values and in the range of 20–80°C was examined with stress crack resistance testing. Surface microcracks in GMs were observed in scanning electron microscopy images. Smooth and textured GMs did not show significant differences in their mechanical behaviors. The yield strength decreased with the temperature, pH, and exposure time. The yield strain increased with the temperature, but there were no good correlations with pH values. The break strength also decreased with the temperature and showed no significant correlation with pH variations. The break strain did not show a good correlation with the temperature and pH variations. The stress crack resistance was independent of pH variations but significantly depended on the temperature. It was negatively correlated with the exposure time. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Highlight of a compensation effect between filler morphology and loading on dynamic properties of filled rubbers
Authors: Sosson Franck , Belec Lénaïk , Chailan Jean‐François , Carriere Pascal , Crespy Alain 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThis investigation highlighted the equivalence between carbon black (CB) loading and structure influences on dynamic mechanical properties in the linear behavior of several filled synthetic rubber compounds. Different morphologies (specific surface area and structure) of CB incorporated at different loadings were formulated to modulate the filler‐rubber matrix interphase content, usually named “tightly bound rubber.” Both reinforcement level and tightly bound rubber content were measured on each compound by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA) and by Soxhlet extraction and thermogravimetry (TGA) respectively. Then, a systematic description of their evolution was made against CB loading and morphology. These evolutions were attributed to the hydrodynamic effect which could be evaluated by the effective filler volume fraction. A new parameter κ is defined, representing the effective filler volume fraction for each compound and it was calculated on the basis of experimental parameters. Results show good correspondences between κ included both the hydrodynamic effects of the filled carbon black rubbers and dynamic mechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Properties of green SrAl2O4 phosphor in LDPE and PMMA polymers
Authors: Bem D.B. , Swart H.C. , Luyt A.S. , Coetzee E. , Dejene F.B. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDifferent contents of SrAl2O4:Eu,Dy, one of the long afterglow phosphorescent materials with high brightness, were melt‐mixed with low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) and Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymers, respectively. The morphology and composition of the samples were observed by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), X‐ray diffractometer (XRD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Sharp and broad X‐ray diffraction (XRD) peaks were observed for the LDPE and the PMMA composites respectively, reflecting configuration characteristics similar to those of the respective pure polymers. TEM micrographs show a transition from nanosized particles to cluster formation with increase in phosphor concentration. The green long‐lasting phosphorescence of the composites was observed in the dark after removal of the excitation light. Photoluminescence (PL) was observed in the composites of both polymers for phosphor volume concentrations above 1.0% for PMMA and above 0.5% for LDPE. For each of these samples, a broad PL peak at about 505 nm wavelength was observed after excitation at 350 nm with a xenon lamp. For the LDPE composites, the DSC results show that the presence of the phosphor in the polymer has no major influence on either the melting temperature or enthalpy values of the polymer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of polymer microspheres in supercritical carbon dioxide and their evaluation as cold‐flow improvers in diesel
Authors: Zhang Donghui , Cui Leyu , Wei Xiangpan , Zhang Shubiao 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPolymeric microspheres were synthesized by the precipitation copolymerization of methacrylic acid and styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the products were spherical microparticles. The mean diameter of the particles was 0.2–2 μm. The synthesis conditions affecting the particle size and morphology were examined in detail. The well‐distributed copolymer microspheres were applied as low‐temperature improvers for diesel. The results showed excellent performance for high‐paraffin diesel at low temperatures. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of aclarubicin PLGA nanospheres and related in vitro/in vivo studies
Authors: Han Bing , Gao Shi‐Zhu , Zhang Xiao‐Hong , Tian Hong‐Bing , Wang Hao‐Tian , Shang Zu‐Hui 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe microencapsulation method was used to prepare formulations of the anthracycline drug aclarubicin, and the effects of a variety of different conditions on the preparation process were evaluated. The drug was entrapped in poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) to prepare an aclarubicin nanosphere formulation that could be sustainably released, and had a high drug loading capacity and high entrapment efficiency. The degree of degradation of aclarubicin PLGA nanospheres that were prepared under different conditions was tested in vitro. Aclarubicin nanospheres that were intravenously injected into rabbits were found to be slowly and stably released over a period of almost 20 days. HPLC was used to determine the blood concentrations of the products. To provide pharmacodynamic and toxicologic profiles, the aclarubicin PLGA nanospheres were intravenously injected into mice. The results showed that the aclarubicin PLGA nanospheres exerted anti‐tumor activity in vivo, but did not produce toxic effects that were more serious than those resulting from the standard administration of aclarubicin agents. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Distribution of morphology and transport properties of water vapor in injection‐molded biodegradable aliphatic polyester
Authors: Partini Maria , Gorrasi Giuliana , Pantani Roberto 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA biodegradable polyester, poly(tetramethylene dodecanedioate), was injection molded in a rectangular cavity. Thin sections were sliced from molded samples starting from the skin. The morphology distribution inside the molded samples was studied by X‐ray analysis. The diffusion and solubility coefficient of water vapor were then measured using the microgravimetric method at the temperature of 30°C. Results show that morphology developed during the process influences the diffusion of water molecules through the polymer matrix. In particular, a direct influence of crystalline degree on the sorption and diffusion parameters was identified. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Study on chain deformation of polyacrylamides in solutions and its flocculation performance during the flocculation process
Authors: Gui Z. L. , Qian J. W. , Li X. K. , Zheng B. Q. , An Q. F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractEffects of external conditions, solution concentration, solvent quality, added salt, and pH on the chain conformation dimension of two kinds of polyacrylamide (PAAm) flocculants, neutral‐PAAm, and cationic‐P(AAm‐DMC) (DMC, 2‐[(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride), in parent solutions and their flocculation performance for Kaolin suspensions have been investigated by Ubbelohde viscometer and spectrophotometer, respectively. It was found that a negative correlation existed between the flocculation performance of PAAm flocculants and their chain sizes in parent solutions. This was attributed to the expanded chain deformation of PAAm flocculants during the flocculation process from the flocculant parent solution to the Kaolin suspension and was interpreted in term of the competitive interaction among the polymeric flocculant, solvent, and Kaolin particle in the chain deformation process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
An effective antimicrobial treatment for wool using polyhexamethylene biguanide as the biocide, part 2: Further characterizations of the fabrics
Authors: Gao Yuan , Cranston Robin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPart 1 of this study reported an effective antimicrobial treatment for wool, using a pretreatment of peroxymonosulfate and sulfite to facilitate the exhaustion of polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB), a biocide with a long history of safe use. Here, further studies were performed to examine whether this finishing would satisfy the requirements for commercial antimicrobial textile production in terms of washing durability, its compatibility with dyeing and its effects on textile physical properties. The finishing was found to be very durable, sustaining at least 25 washing cycles without significant reduction in the antimicrobial activity. The process was compatible with reactive dyes, although other types of dyes (acid dyes, chrome dyes, and Premetalized dyes) all reduced PHMB uptake by ∼ 50%. The finishing had little adverse effect on the tensile strength, handle or whiteness of the fabrics. This process therefore meets the requirements of and holds promise for the commercial production of antimicrobial wool textiles. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Controlled preparation of physically crosslinked chitosan‐g‐poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel
Authors: Xiao Congming , Gao Feng , Gao Yongkang 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPhysically crosslinked chitosan‐g‐poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogels with controllable graft percent were prepared in three steps. Poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was first grafted onto chitosan via radical copolymerization. Then the copolymer was converted into chitosan‐g‐poly(vinyl alcohol) by alcoholysis reaction. The graft percent of poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) could be tailored by the reaction conditions such as the solvent composition, the concentration of initiator and the amount of monomer added. Finally, Chitosan‐g‐PVA hydrogels were formed by freezing‐thawing cycles. The structure of graft copolymers was verified with FTIR. Both XRD analysis and contact angle test showed that the difference of crystallinity and hydrophilicity among chitosan, chitosan‐g‐PVAc and chitosan‐g‐PVA was evident. It was found that the maximum swelling ratios of chitosan‐g‐PVA hydrogels containing 37.6% and 46.2% PVA were 3.48 ± 0.11 and 4.40 ± 0.14 at pH 1.2, 1.90 ± 0.13 and 2.80 ± 0.15 at pH 7.4, respectively. This suggested the hydrogel was pH‐sensitive, and its swelling behavior could be tailored with the graft percent of PVA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Degradation of the covalent carbon–carbon bond between fullerene‐C60 and poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene)
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe degradation of fullerene‐C60 (C60) end‐capped poly(1,3‐cyclohexadiene) (C60‐PCHD) with 2,3‐dichloro‐5,6‐dicyano‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DDQ) was examined to reveal the nature of the covalent carbon–carbon bond between C60 and PCHD (C60‐PCHD bond). The number average molecular weight (Mn) of C60‐PCHD decreased with an increase in the degree of dehydrogenation, and the elimination of a PCHD arm from a C60 occurred. The degradation of the C60‐PCHD bond via a 1,4‐CHD unit was faster than that via a 1,2‐CHD unit, whereas the C60‐poly(cyclohexane) bond was stable. The degradation of the C60‐PCHD bond with DDQ was caused by the dehydrogenation of a CHD unit adjoining a C60 core. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Tensile and lignocellulosic properties of Prosopis chilensis natural fabric
Authors: Reddy G. Venkata , Prasad C.Venkata , Rao K. Chowdoji , Rani T. Sobha , Subha M. C. S. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe uniaxial natural fabric Prosopis chilensis was treated with NaOH (alkali), poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and polycarbonate (PC) solutions. The Prosopis chilensis fabric belongs to Leguminosae family. The properties of ligno‐cellulosic fabric and the effect of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) treatment were evaluated using thermal analysis by means of thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analysis, Autonated total reflection‐fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Tensile properties of the untreated and fabric treated with NaOH, PVA, and PC were also studied to assess their performance. The fabric has good thermal resistance on alkali treatment. The FTIR method indicates lowering the hemi cellulose and lignin content by alkali treatment. Further, the XRD studies reveal that crystallinity of the fabric increases on alkali treatment. Tensile properties of the fabric were enhanced on treatments with NaOH, PVA, and PC treatments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Hebephilia: Quintessence of diagnostic pretextuality
Authors: Franklin Karen 
Published: April 2010

AbstractHebephilia is an archaic term used to describe adult sexual attraction to adolescents. Prior to the advent of contemporary sexually violent predator laws, the term was not found in any dictionary or formal diagnostic system. Overnight, it is on the fast track toward recognition as a psychiatric condition meriting inclusion in the upcoming fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. This article traces the sudden emergence and popularity of hebephilia to pressure from the legal arena and, specifically, to the legal mandate of a serious mental abnormality for civil commitment of sex offenders. Hebephilia is proposed as a quintessential example of pretextuality, in which special interests promote a pseudoscientific construct that furthers an implicit, instrumental goal. Inherent problems with the construct's reliability and validity are discussed. A warning is issued about unintended consequences if hebephilia or its relative, pedohebephilia, make their way into the DSM‐5, due out in 2013. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ligand‐to‐Ligand Charge‐Transfer Transitions of Platinum(II) Complexes with Arylacetylide Ligands with Different Chain Lengths: Spectroscopic Characterization, Effect of Molecular Conformations, and Density Functional Theory Calculations
Authors: Tong Glenna So Ming , Law Yuen‐Chi , Kui Steven C. F. , Zhu Nianyong , Leung King Hong , Phillips David Lee , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe complexes [Pt(tBu3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1R}]+ (n=1: R=alkyl and aryl (Ar); n=1–3: R=phenyl (Ph) or Ph‐N(CH3)2‐4; n=1 and 2, R=Ph‐NH2‐4; tBu3tpy=4,4’,4’’‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐2,2’:6’,2’’‐terpyridine) and [Pt(Cl3tpy)(CCR)]+ (R=tert‐butyl (tBu), Ph, 9,9’‐dibutylfluorene, 9,9’‐dibutyl‐7‐dimethyl‐amine‐fluorene; Cl3tpy=4,4’,4’’‐trichloro‐2,2’:6’,2’’‐terpyridine) were prepared. The effects of substituent(s) on the terpyridine (tpy) and acetylide ligands and chain length of arylacetylide ligands on the absorption and emission spectra were examined. Resonance Raman (RR) spectra of [Pt(tBu3tpy)(CCR)]+ (R=n‐butyl, Ph, and C6H4‐OCH3‐4) obtained in acetonitrile at 298 K reveal that the structural distortion of the CC bond in the electronic excited state obtained by 502.9 nm excitation is substantially larger than that obtained by 416 nm excitation. Density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations on [Pt(H3tpy)(CCR)]+ (R= n‐propyl (nPr), 2‐pyridyl (Py)), [Pt(H3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1Ph}]+ (n=1–3), and [Pt(H3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1C6H4‐N(CH3)2‐4}]+/+H+ (n=1–3; H3tpy=nonsubstituted terpyridine) at two different conformations were performed, namely, with the phenyl rings of the arylacetylide ligands coplanar (“cop”) with and perpendicular (“per”) to the H3tpy ligand. Combining the experimental data and calculated results, the two lowest energy absorption peak maxima, λ1 and λ2, of [Pt(Y3tpy)(CCR)]+ (Y=tBu or Cl, R=aryl) are attributed to 1[π(CCR)→π*(Y3tpy)] in the “cop” conformation and mixed 1[dπ(Pt)→π*(Y3tpy)]/1[π(CCR)→π*(Y3tpy)] transitions in the “per” conformation. The lowest energy absorption peak λ1 for [Pt(tBu3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1C6H4‐H‐4}]+ (n=1–3) shows a redshift with increasing chain length. However, for [Pt(tBu3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1C6H4‐N(CH3)2‐4}]+ (n=1–3), λ1 shows a blueshift with increasing chain length n, but shows a redshift after the addition of acid. The emissions of [Pt(Y3tpy)(CCR)]+ (Y=tBu or Cl) at 524–642 nm measured in dichloromethane at 298 K are assigned to the 3[π(CCAr)→π*(Y3tpy)] excited states and mixed 3[dπ(Pt)→π*(Y3tpy)]/3[π(CC)→π*(Y3tpy)] excited states for R=aryl and alkyl groups, respectively. [Pt(tBu3tpy){CC(C6H4CC)n−1C6H4‐N(CH3)2‐4}]+ (n=1 and 2) are nonemissive, and this is attributed to the small energy gap between the singlet ground state (S0) and the lowest triplet excited state (T1).
A prospective evaluation of the durability of palliative interventions for patients with metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Morrogh Mary , Miner Thomas J. , Park Anna , Jenckes Ann , Gonen Mithat , Seidman Andrew , Morrow Monica , Jaques David P. , King Tari A. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Although systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) continues to evolve, there are scant data to guide physicians and patients when symptoms develop. In this article, the authors report the frequency and durability of palliative procedures performed in the setting of MBC.METHODS:From July 2002 to June 2003, 91 patients with MBC underwent 109 palliative procedures (operative, n = 76; IR n = 39, endoscopic n = 3). At study entry, patients had received a mean of 6 prior systemic therapies for metastatic disease. System‐specific symptoms included neurologic (33%), thoracic (23%), musculoskeletal (22%) and GI (14%). The most common procedures were thoracostomy with or without pleurodesis (27%), craniotomy with resection (19%) and orthopedic open reduction/internal fixation (19%).RESULTS:Symptom improvement at 30 days and 100 days was reported by 91% and 81% of patients, respectively, and 70% reported continued benefit for duration of life. At a median interval of 75 days from intervention (range, 8‐918 days), 23 patients (25%) underwent 61 additional procedures for recurrent symptoms. The durability of palliation varied with system‐specific symptoms. Patients with neurologic or musculoskeletal symptoms were least likely to require additional maintenance procedures (P < .0002). The 30‐day complication rate was 18% and there were no procedure‐related deaths. At a median survival of 37.4 mos from MBC diagnosis (range, 1.6‐164 months) and 8.4 months after intervention (range, 0.2‐73 months), 7 of 91 patients remained alive.CONCLUSIONS:Palliative interventions for symptoms of MBC are safe and provide symptom control for the duration of life in 70% of patients. Definitive surgical treatment of neurologic or musculoskeletal symptoms provided the most durable palliation; interventions for other symptoms frequently require subsequent procedures. The longer median survival for patients with MBC highlights the need to optimize symptom control to maintain quality of life. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Mediating effects of smoking and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on the relation between the CHRNA5‐A3 genetic locus and lung cancer risk
Authors: Wang Jian , Spitz Margaret R. , Amos Christopher I. , Wilkinson Anna V. , Wu Xifeng , Shete Sanjay 
Published: April 2010

AbstractBACKGROUND:Recent genome‐wide association studies of lung cancer have shown that the CHRNA5‐A3 region on chromosome 15q24‐25.1 is strongly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer and nicotine dependence, and is thought to be associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as well. However, it has not been established whether the association between genetic variants and lung cancer risk is a direct one or one mediated by nicotine dependence.METHODS:The authors applied a rigorous statistical approach, mediation analysis, to examine the mediating effect of smoking behavior and self‐reported, physician‐diagnosed emphysema (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [COPD]) on the relation between the CHRNA5‐A3 region genetic variant rs1051730 and the risk of lung cancer.RESULTS:Our results showed that rs1051730 is directly associated with lung cancer risk, but it is also associated with lung cancer risk through its effect on both smoking behavior and COPD. Furthermore, we showed that COPD is a mediating phenotype that explains part of the effect of smoking behavior on lung cancer. Our results also suggested that smoking behavior is a mediator of the relation between rs1051730 and COPD risk.CONCLUSIONS:Smoking behavior and COPD are mediators of the association between the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1051730 and the risk of lung cancer. Also, COPD is a mediator of the association between smoking behavior and lung cancer. Finally, smoking behavior also has mediating effects on the association between the SNP and COPD. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.