bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Experimentally Validated Physics-Based Simulation Approach to Predict the Fracture of Shear Devices Used in Downhole Tools
Authors: Lan Weiming , Gupta Susheel Kumar , Jin Henghua , Hohenberger Travis 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Shear devices are used in the energy industry to control the actuations of downhole equipment. These devices must shear reliably at desired forces. The failure to do so leads to substantial non-productive time and workover. Due to design and environmental sensitivities, achieving reliable fracture of the shear devices is challenging. Design of Experiment (DOE) method with a numerical damage model was used to understand design sensitivities which enable reliable performance of shear devices. In doing so, a temperature-dependent elastoplastic ductile damage model was constructed and calibrated for a metal material. The maximum shear stress (MSS) damage model, calibrated with a single uniaxial tension test, demonstrated good performance in capturing the complex variation in critical failure strain. Implementation of the MSS damage model in FEA facilitated accurate prediction of crack initiation and propagation in shear devices. The numerical DOE studies on shear devices were conducted by changing various critical parameters, including shear plane, contact angle, engagement length, boundary conditions, and cross-sectional diameter. The results were validated through a series of experimental tests. The simulated shears closely matched testing results, usually within 10%, and the predicted fracture surface profiles and fragments aligned well with experimental observations. The modeling technique was extended to case studies on actual shear devices, and experimental results were replicated accurately.
The Energy Reducing and Safety Concept for CO2 Injection Platform
Authors: Lee J. , Kim S. , Lim S. , Kim M. , Park S. , Kim K. , Ahn S. , Nam J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The global warming has been focused as severe problem due to climate change, thus a large number of countries endeavor to reduce global warming gas. CCS technology is an inevitable option as long as the renewable energy sources cannot supply energy demand. The development of economical technology regarding CO2 injection is crucial for establishing a presence in the CO2 injection market. Therefore, we need to identify effective pathways to lower the cost of CO2 injection. This study's purposes constructing offshore fixed or floating type platform for CO2 injection with economical option. We conducted several case studies for CO2 injection system with additional process via process simulation, and the results indicated that high efficiency system can reduce electric power consumption by more than half. For the safety of CO2 injection system, we conducted risk assessment of solidification such as dry ice and CO2 hydrate via process simulation and lab scale experiments. The results indicated the risk of dry ice is affected from circumstance and phase of CO2. The CO2 hydrate risk is assessed by conducting a matching experimental data of batch reactor with experimental data of flow reactor. In addition, we conducted pilot-scale CO2 injection experiment to verify process simulation results and find consideration for design philosophy and operation philosophy. The results of pilot-scale experiment presented that various factors can be reflected in operation philosophy such as start-up, emergency stop. Furthermore, multi-phase flow was also considered during make up of designing pressure and temperature, which was also verified via fluid simulation. The overall results can be utilized to economical CO2 injection platform design. The results of this paper can introduce options to reduce electrical power consumption of CO2 injection system. In addition, the essential consideration can be conducted for designing CO2 injection platform especially in CO2 solidification and multi-phase flow.
Digital Twin of Polyester Mooring Lines for a Deepwater Field in Hurricane Environment Using Motion Sensors – Lessons Learned
Authors: Jaeger B. W. , Lobo D. M. , Pereira L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A mooring monitoring campaign has been conducted to investigate dynamic behavior in the mooring system of a deepwater Floating Production System (FPS) in a hurricane environment, to investigate the risk of polyester rope contact with the seabed, which, based on the prevailing understanding of rope characteristics and modelling, should not occur. In total 12 subsea motion sensors have been deployed in the campaign, covering 3 different locations (depths) on 1 off mooring line in each of the 4 mooring clusters. The mooring sensor data is combined with onboard vessel motion data and environmental data to feed a standalone digital twin. The purpose of the digital twin is initially to aid the understanding of the dynamic behavior and characteristics of the polyester mooring lines but could later be expanded to cover additional purposes such as operational decision support. The monitoring campaign is ongoing for the second year and the results reported here are based on data from the first hurricane season (2022-2023). Results for the first season did not include any extreme storms which means that direct seabed impact or other direct evidence of unexpected behavior in extreme conditions have not been observed. Instead, a range of results, including moderately severe sea states related to a hurricane, are used to establish and verify the digital twin, and explore sensitivities and variations in the mooring system modelling and polyester rope characteristics. Key results from this work are presented and the potential for further development is discussed.
Pre-Metrology in Subsea Rigid Jumper Tie-In as a Key for Anticipating First Oil
Authors: Peixoto R. P. M. , Cabral R. C. N. , Loureiro W. C. , Vargas T. B. , Juliao B. Q. , Yohou M. , Volpi E. , Bianco B. 
Published: April 2024

The use of rigid pipelines in underwater engineering projects is based on their proven robustness and extensive history of use in the oil and gas industry. However, market limitations and challenging schedules are offensive agents to this type of architecture that need to be mitigated and overcome to add flexibility to the project and optimize resources utilization.
One of the main limiting factors of the rigid pipeline-based underwater architecture is the connection with subsea equipment. Typically, this connection is made through rigid jumpers between a Pipeline End Termination (PLET) installed at the end of the flowlines and the connection point with the subsea equipment, usually a Subsea Christmas Tree or subsea equipment, such as manifolds or boosting units. In order for these jumpers to be properly connected, it is necessary for the pipeline and equipment to be already in place and for metrology to be performed: their positions must be measured, and tolerances determined before the jumper can be manufactured and installed.
As a common practice during the interconnection phase of the rigid pipe-based subsea architecture, it is necessary to perform precommissioning steps of the rigid pipeline, including flooding and hydrostatic testing, followed by metrology between the PLET and the Subsea Christmas Tree hubs. The manufacturing process of the rigid jumper that connects the rigid pipeline to the subsea equipment, including the final welding and testing is only performed after this metrology process. This takes a certain amount of time with direct impact on the critical path for the readiness of the subsea system of the project.
A Critical Appraisal of Seismic Cone Penetration Testing
Authors: Verbeek G. E. , Masters T. A. , Czech T. , Sullivan C. , Cambeilh C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstracts
The Seismic Cone Penetration Test (SCPT) is widely considered the most reliable tool to determine the in-situ Small Strain Shear Modulus (Gmax) profiles. These profiles can then be used as direct input to design models for e.g., offshore windfarm foundations. However, although SCPT has been performed routinely on land for many years, the complexities of performing this kind of testing with a seismic source located on the seabed and the subsequent data analysis presents ongoing challenges for the industry. The lack of standardization of the equipment used for the test, the set-up on the seabed, the data obtained during the test and the methods for interpretation can easily lead to difficulties for practicing engineers to establish the reliability of the generated data sets, and thus the analysis outcome. The authors provide a critical review of the acquisition methods commonly utilized and how these affect the quality of the acquired data and the derived results. An appraisal of the advantages and disadvantages of true interval straight ray path and pseudo interval true ray path processing methodologies is presented along with alternative recommendations for developing design vs profiles.
Reuse of Flexible Pipes in Revitalization of Brown Fields
Authors: Loureiro W. C. , Gasparetto V. , dos Santos F. P. , Campello G. C. , da Silva A. H. , Rocha D. M. , Teixeira S. C. , Chaves E. G. , de Souza R. F. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractFlexible pipes tend to be complex structures, tailor-made, and require a significant amount of engineering in preparation for manufacturing and delivery. These features increase the cost and the time required between procurement and delivery, extending the project schedule significantly. On the other hand, several wells may have their operational life shortened due to reservoir management strategies. To make ends meet, Petrobras has established procedures to evaluate the integrity and the possible reuse of flexible pipes, which are removed from the field with remaining service life, in new wells. This paper outlines how Petrobras, drawing on the knowledge gained through years of operating flexible pipes, along with extensive qualification programs and inspections, developed and certified methodologies and digital tools to enable, enhance and streamline the evaluation the reuse of flexible pipes in new applications. The reuse of flexibles became possible through development of an extensive material database, in-house web-based digital tools to verify permeation, polymer aging, and execute local and fatigue analysis. These tools were calibrated through years of data, as full-scale fatigue testing (tension and tension and bending), information from operational monitoring and historical field failures. The integration of these digital tools and databases allows engineers to quickly identify the best candidates for reuse in new projects. They gather all relevant compatibility analysis with new application, operational history, and integrity management information for each selected pipe, avoiding the need to go through extensive searching of each individual inspection report, production records, and input data in the analysis tools. In the last five years, over 420 km of pipes have been reused. This number tends to increase even more as more precise operational data becomes available and more integrated tools and databases are employed. The reuse of flexible pipes saves resources, time, capital expenditures (CAPEX), anticipate projects, and mitigate CO2 emissions by avoiding manufacturing new pipes.
Comparison of FEED Level Design and Performance of Chain Catenary and Synthetic Mooring Systems for a 10+ MW Floating Offshore Wind Turbine
Authors: Ward J. C. , Hallowell S. T. , Kim N. , Viselli A. M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Floating offshore wind platforms share many similarities with oil and gas platforms. However, the fundamental differences between the two floating structure applications necessitate innovative requirements and design philosophies. Using synthetic fiber ropes in intermediate- and shallow-water mooring systems is an example of innovation that increases the likelihood of widespread floating offshore wind commercialization. This study compares the FEED level design of a conventional chain catenary mooring system with an innovative semi-taut polyester mooring system for an 11+ MW floating offshore wind turbine located off Monhegan Island, Maine. The study uses site-specific metocean, geophysical, and rope test data to demonstrate the benefits of a semi-taut polyester mooring system compared to a chain catenary system.
Review of Human Reliability Assessment Methods
Authors: Reis A. G. , Neves R. A. , Ceni R. , Costa M. M. , Andrett F. V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Constellation, an oil development company operating drill ships and semisubmersible platforms in water depths of up to 12,000 feet, is innovating with dynamic real-time monitoring of operational safety barriers of rigs. This article aims to compare Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) methods for Offshore Drilling Operations. The study encompasses 18 methods: THERP, ASEP, HEART, SPAR-H, ATHEANA, CREAM, APJ, PC, SLIM-MAUD, HRMS, JHEDI, INTENT, CAHR, CESA, CODA, MERMOS, NARA and PETRO-HRA. The analysis considers applicability, effort, complexity, level of detail, data availability, expertise, and resources. The article provides industry professionals with insights for informed decision-making, enhancing safety and efficiency in Offshore Drilling
The evaluation of Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) methodologies for offshore drilling operations yielded insightful results, among the 18 assessed methodologies, emerged as the top-ranking methods in terms of applicability, effort, complexity, simplicity, level of detail, data availability, expertise, and resource requirements. These methodologies demonstrated high applicability to Offshore Drilling, providing comprehensive analysis capabilities. They exhibited a balanced approach, considering Human Factors along with other risk factors. However, it was observed that some methodologies required a higher level of expertise and effort, while others offered greater simplicity and ease of use. The conclusions drawn from this study emphasize the importance of selecting an HRA methodology that aligns with the specific needs and resources of Offshore Drilling operations. Organizations should consider the unique characteristics and challenges of their operations when choosing a methodology. Additionally, regular reviews and updates to the chosen methodology are crucial to ensure its continued effectiveness. This research contributes valuable insights for industry professionals, aiding them in making informed decisions to enhance safety and efficiency in Offshore Drilling operations. Further research is recommended to explore the practical implementation and long-term performance of the selected methodologies in real-world offshore drilling scenarios.
Well as a Service – Is it Possible to Produce with Safety, Reliability, and Cost Efficiency?
Authors: Colombo D. , Junior F. C. C. , Junior I. I. , Almeida L. M. de , Nóbrega M. V. , Pedrassa M. H. , Roman R. S. , Zanetti A. A. , Radespiel E. S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The paper presents how the well integrity management system has evolved from a qualitative failure model to a novel data-driven approach using quantitative risk evaluation. This evolution allowed well integrity management to stop being a burden for operating companies and become an opportunity to improve efficiency and create value for their assets. The goal has shifted from constructing the wells in the cheapest and fastest way to providing production availability with cost efficiency, safety, and reliability; aiming to reduce carbon emissions. The concept and implications of this new paradigm, named Well as a Service will be described in the paper. This requires improvement in the design of the well, planning, and management of resources to guarantee operational readiness, integration with production, and clear safety and integrity controls.
The paper focuses on a new set of engineering tools that made Well as a Service possible. In the data-driven approach, different sources of information, such as the reliability history of wells and the real-time monitoring systems must be the centerpiece. New KPIs and criteria for managing the wells are also required. To illustrate how these tools can act combined to support planning and decision-making, some examples will be presented: how to select the best well design, how to manage the portfolio of wells, or make decisions related to a single well integrity failure.
The tools were inspired in the industries that are the benchmark in asset management such as aerospace and nuclear industries. The tools were developed each one for a specific purpose, for the design phase and the operational phase, for the safety and integrity aspects, and for the economic aspects. The correspondent performance indicators were developed as well as the acceptance and target criteria. The combination of tools, indicators, and acceptance criteria results in a panel that allows the management team to plan the resources and make decisions regarding the health of the wells. With the appropriate process, these technologies have generated value while maintaining or even increasing the safety of operations.
Finally, the paper will discuss the next steps in terms of technology to support Well as a Service. The future of risk-based decisions is condition-based, where not only probabilistic analysis provides optimal decisions but by measuring the current health of the components and predicting, based on degradation modeling, their performance in the future will allow deep discussions about remaining useful life, life extension, abandonment and influence the industry in the qualification process for new technologies.
Using Additive Manufacturing Technology as a Game Changer in Subsea Operations
Authors: Silva C. J. , Santana A. L. , Souza D. O. , Lopes V. S. , Martins F. J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The study aims to demonstrate the potential in using additive manufacturing to create tailored tools to enable underwater intervention operations in complex scenarios in a diverless manner with ROVs (Remotely Operated Vehicles) in shallow waters. The approach was through modeling, simulation, manufacturing, testing and piloting of tools for underwater intervention operations. Pilot production demonstrated the viability of the technology at its current maturity. The combined use of different strategies for using technology will allow gains in all aspects evaluated: Reduction in lead-time for emergency purchases of up to 200 days, average in cases where the original manufacturer of the part does not have it available for immediate delivery; Reduction of up to 12% in the evaluated spare parts stock, with annual economic gains that can reach up to 2.5% of the amount stored; This is an additional alternative for obtaining parts that are difficult to acquire (for example, obsolete). The novelty is the use of Additive Manufacturing to manufacture custom-made parts with a better weight/mechanical resistance ratio. Other advantages of this approach can be mentioned, such as reduced lead time and inventory, with a virtual database, functioning as a repository whenever necessary, with demonstrated gains, in a pilot, for special underwater intervention operations, especially in prototype tools for ROVs to operate in shallow waters. Using this strategy can enable complex subsea operations in the oil and gas industry.
An Innovative and Low Carbon Approach to the Development of Brazil's Largest Gas Project
Authors: Ballesteros Sergio , Seljebø Steinar 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Equinor (hereafter also referred as ‘The Company’) is undergoing an internal transformation reflected not just in its culture but also in its operations and investment portfolio. At the core of this transformation is a strategy built around The Company's commitment to reducing its carbon footprint and becoming net-zero by 2050. Relative to 2015, The Company is set to have a 50% net reduction in operated emissions and an upstream carbon intensity of ~6 kg of CO2 per barrel of oil equivalent (boe) by 2030. One notable area in this space is the decarbonization of Floating Production, Storage, and Offloading (FPSO) units, which play a crucial role in offshore hydrocarbon production.
The Company's decarbonization activities permeate throughout its management system. In this context, The Company sets clearly and rigorously that projects be evaluated under the Best Available Technique (BAT) principle. These evaluations include scrutiny and screening of the technologies and processes that deal with specific pollutants onboard FPSOs and fixed installations, from noise and discharges during drilling operations to solid waste and fugitive emissions. Assessment of emission reduction potential, abatement cost, benchmarking, experience sharing, and environmental budgeting are important elements in the definition and delivery of successful energy efficient projects.
The Company has had a presence in Brazil for more than two decades. The Raia project (former BM-C-33) is a consortium made up of Equinor (35% and operator), Repsol Sinopec Brasil (35%), and Petrobras (30%), which represents the third FPSO unit to be put on production and operated by The Company after Peregrino and Bacalhau. The $9 billion development, located in the Campos basin at a 2900 m water depth, is a gas and oil/condensate project that will process liquids and gas to sales specifications onboard the FPSO. The offshore gas processing is based on an innovative concept and first of a kind in Brazil. With a production start in 2028, the project is to recover above 1 billion boe and deliver 15% of Brazil's entire gas needs. Emission abatement technologies to be implemented onboard the FPSO include: combined cycle for power generation (CCGT),closed flare and cargo vent systems,variable speed drive (VSD) on large compressor drives and,turbo expanders (TEX) for hydrocarbon (HC) dew pointing.
The most significant success in the decarbonization onboard the FPSO is the use of a CCGT for power generation. The technology relies on excess heat recovery and a steam turbine. Through this and additional measures, the Raia project was able to shift its carbon footprint by around 64%, resulting in an intensity of 5.6 kg/boe. Further optimization and operational experience could improve the project's carbon intensity. For example, by increasing gas export rates or maintaining controlled flaring during start-up and commissioning activities.