bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms governing the release of radionuclides from spent nuclear fuel in geological repository: major outcomes of the European Project SFS
Authors: Poinssot Christophe , Ferry Cécile , Grambow Bernd , Kelm Manfred , Spahiu Kastriot , Martinez Aurora , Johnson Lawrence , Cera Esther , Pablo Joan de , Quinones Javier , Wegen Detlef , Lemmens Karel , Mcmenamin Thomas 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTEuropean Commission supported a wide research project entitled “Spent Fuel Stability under repository conditions” (SFS) within the 5th FWP, the aim of which was to develop a common understanding of the radionuclides release from spent nuclear fuel in geological disposal and build a RN release model in order to assess the fuel performance. This project achieved by the end of 2004 focuses both on the Instant Release Fraction (IRF) model and the Matrix Alteration Model (MAM).A new IRF model was developed based on the anticipated performances of the various fuel microstructures (gap, rim, grains boundaries) and the potential diffusion of RN before the canister breaching. However, this model lets the choice to the end-user about the degree of conservativeness to consider.In addition, fuel alteration has been demonstrated to be linked to the production of radiolytic oxidants by water radiolysis at the fuel interface, the oxidation of the fuel interface by radiolytic oxidants and the subsequent release of uranium under the influence of aqueous ligands. A large set of experimental data was therefore acquired in order (i) to upgrade the current radiolytic kinetic scheme, (ii) to experimentally correlate the fuel alteration rate and the fuel specific alpha activity by performing experiments on alpha doped samples, (iii) to experimentally test the potential inhibitor effect of hydrogen on fuel dissolution. Based on these results, a new MAM was developed, which was also calibrated using the experiments on inactive UO2 samples. This model was finally applied to representative granitic, salt and clayey environment to predict spent fuel long-term fuel performance.
An overview of simple basic equations used in HLW glass dissolution modeling: consequences for long term leaching and element profiles
Authors: Aertsens Marc 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTOver the last decades, several models describing glass dissolution have been published. Starting from the basic equations in their simplest form, the relationships between models are evaluated to address the following questions: 'What is the relationship between their basic assumptions?, What is the resulting long term leach rate? and, Which element profiles do they allow one to predict?' Although not part of it, this paper could complement the European project GLAMOR, where two models describing the dissolution of glass in a water solution, the r(t) and the GM models, are used by several groups to fit the same sets of experimental data. In this paper, other models are considered as well and all models are compared with each other.From comparison with the Boksay model, which uses the same equations, a simplification is suggested for the GM model concerning the water diffusion in the glass. The use of the numerical code developed to solve part of it, can mostly be avoided by using the analytical solution of the Boksay model.
Size Dependent Enhancement of Spin and Orbital Magnetism in CoRh Nanoparticles
Authors: Muñoz-Navia M. , Dorantes-Dávila J. , Amiens C. , Chaudret B. , Zitoun D. , Casanove M.-J. , Lecante P. , Jaouen N. , Rogalev A. , Respaud M. , Pastor G. M. 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTThe magnetism of CoRh nanoparticles (NPs) is investigated experimentally and theoretically. NPs of about 2 nm diameter have been synthesized by decomposition of organometallic precursors in mild conditions of pressure and temperature, under hydrogen atmosphere and in the presence of a polymer matrix. The magnetic properties are determined by SQUID and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. All the studied CoRh clusters are magnetic with an average spin moment per atom that is significantly larger than the one of macroscopic crystals or alloys with similar concentrations. The experimental results and the comparison with theory suggest that the most likely chemical arrangement is a Rh core with a Co-rich outer shell and some degree of intermixing at the CoRh interface. A detailed analysis of the theoretical results from a local perspective shows that the spin and orbital moments of the Co and Rh atoms at the interface are largely responsible for the enhancement of the magnetization.
On the Physics of Magnetic Anisotropy in Co/Pd Multilayer Thin Films
Authors: Smith Darren , Zhang Shishan , Donner Wolfgang , Chunsheng E , Lee T Randall , Khizroev Sahkrat , Litvinov Dmitri 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACT(Co/Pd)N multilayers with Co and Pd layer thicknesses of only a few monolayers exhibit high vertical magnetic anisotropy and have been extensively explored as recording medium candidates for high density magnetic recording applications. In the work reported here, the magnetic properties of (Co/Pd)N multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering and designed for bit-patterned medium applications are correlated with X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data – an approach commonly used to probe the binding energies and valence band positions. Although the XPS probing depth is limited to ˜2–3 nm, it is sufficient for the evaluation of the 1–2 topmost bilayers in a multilayer stack, and allows us to infer the relevant details of the bandstructure of the entire film. Confirming theoretical predictions, we demonstrate that the degree of d-shell hybridization at Co/Pd interfaces directly correlates with the magnitude of the magnetic anisotropy. Significantly, the highest hybridization of Pd atoms is observed for about one monolayer thick Co layers in the bilayer stack. Variation of the deposition conditions (e.g., deposition pressure) shows a measurable influence on d-electron hybridization, multilayer microstructure, and magnetic anisotropy.
Spin accumulation in ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic devices
Authors: Posth Oliver , Brands Mario , Dumpich Günter 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWe have fabricated ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic (FM/NM) metal heterojunctions for the detection of the spin accumulation effect in different nonmagnetic metals. The polycrystalline heterojunctions are prepared by high resolution electron beam lithography (HR-EBL) and a special oblique evaporation technique. The ferromagnetic (FM) and the nonmagnetic (NM) metal are evaporated on top of each other in a single evaporation process to achieve a clean interface between the two metals. The spin accumulation effect is detected in nonmagnetic copper (Cu) and aluminum (Al), from which we determine the polarization of the interface between the ferromagnetic and nonmagnetic metal.
Diamagnetic Levitation for Passive Tilt Sensors
Authors: Jiao Lihong , Winistöerfer Martin 
Published: April 2011

ABSTRACTWhen diamagnetic materials are exposed to an external magnetic field, a weak magnetic field in the opposite direction to the external field is induced and a magnetic force is generated causing diamagnetic materials to be expelled from the external magnetic field. The magnitude of the force increases with increase of the magnitude of diamagnetic susceptibility, χm. In this study, the levitation of graphite in the magnetic field was investigated.
Cultivar and Site-Specific Variation Affect Establishment Potential of the Cleomes Roughseed Clammyweed (Polanisia dodecandra) and Spiderflower (Cleome hassleriana)
Authors: Gómez Raboteaux Nadilia N. , Anderson Neil O. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractEstablishment potential is one of the primary components of invasive species risk assessment. Models that predict establishment of potentially invasive ornamental crops often ignore differences among cultivars and the variability in plant response to site-specific factors. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which differences among cultivars and habitat characteristics affect establishment of 5 cultivars of ornamental cleome. Experiments were conducted to compare germination, survival, and growth of cultivars in cultivated (gardens) and noncultivated (roadsides and prairies) environments and, in prairies, the effects of competition (low, intermediate, and high). In the first experiment, germination, survival, and growth were recorded in gardens, prairies, and roadsides in four locations in Minnesota. In the second experiment, the effects of competition with resident species were studied in five seed lots from three cultivars in three prairie sites. Additionally, a quantitative description of germination and transplantable seedling quality, when grown under greenhouse production standards, was obtained and compared with results from the cultivated and noncultivated outdoor environments. Germination in greenhouse conditions was significantly greater (78%) than in garden, prairies, or roadsides (< 46%). Mortality was greater in noncultivated than in cultivated environments (3% wk−1 and 1.4% wk−1, respectively). Survival was affected by competition, which reduced population establishment. Cultivar differences were most pronounced at seedling emergence, whereas habitat characteristics were more influential at later stages of the life cycle. Germination and plant height were similar among noncultivated environments. Variability in seedling emergence, survival, and growth in response to cultivar, habitat, and competition are important determinants of establishment potential. Among the cultivars studied, the native cleome, roughseed clammyweed, has a greater establishment potential than the nonnative cleome, spiderflower.
Propoxycarbazone-Sodium and Imazapic Effects on Downy Brome (Bromus tectorum) and Newly Seeded Perennial Grasses
Authors: Sbatella Gustavo M. , Wilson Robert G. , Enloe Stephen F. , Hicks Charlie 
Published: April 2011

AbstractVigorous stands of perennial grasses can effectively provide long-term control of many invasive plants on rangelands. However, in degraded conditions, successful reestablishment of perennial grasses can be compromised by invasive annual grasses, such as downy brome. Propoxycarbazone-sodium is a selective herbicide currently labeled for downy brome control in small grains, but its potential use on rangelands is unknown. Studies were conducted from 2004 through 2008 at three rangeland sites in Colorado and Nebraska to evaluate downy brome control and perennial grass injury with propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic. Propoxycarbazone-sodium provided satisfactory downy brome control with grass injury equal to or less than imazapic when rainfall followed the fall application. A second set of studies was conducted from 2007 to 2008 at Lingle, WY, and Scottsbluff, NE, to determine the plant-back interval and postemergence application response of seven perennial grass species to propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic. Grass tolerance to both herbicides was good when applied 90 and 120 d before planting (DBP). However, grass injury increased as plant-back interval decreased. The greatest impact on plant biomass was observed from herbicide applied at planting or after planting. Crested and intermediate wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatumandThinopyrum intermedium) biomass production was not affected when herbicides were applied 90 or 120 DBP. Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and Russian wildrye (Psathyrostachys juncea) showed tolerance to imazapic applied before planting. Smooth brome (Bromus inermis), sheep fescue (Festuca ovina), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) showed the least amount of tolerance to propoxycarbazone-sodium and imazapic.
Relationships of Native Desert Plants with Red Brome (Bromus rubens): Toward Identifying Invasion-Reducing Species
Authors: Abella Scott R. , Craig Donovan J. , Chiquoine Lindsay P. , Prengaman Kathryn A. , Schmid Sarah M. , Embrey Teague M. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractThe interactions between native and exotic species occur on a continuum from facilitative to competitive. A growing thrust in invasive species science is differentiating where particular native species occur along this continuum, with practical implications for identifying species that might reduce the invasibility of ecosystems. We used a greenhouse experiment to develop a competitive hierarchy of 27 native species with red brome, an invasive annual grass in the arid lands of the southwestern United States, and a field study to assess in situ responses of brome to native perennial species in the Mojave Desert. Native species most competitive with brome in the competition experiment included the annuals Esteve's pincushion and western fiddleneck and the perennials eastern Mojave buckwheat, sweetbush, and brittlebush, which reduced brome biomass to 49 to 70% of its grown-alone amount. There was no clear difference in competitive abilities with brome between annual and perennial natives, and competiveness was not strongly correlated (r= 0.15) with the biomass of the native species. In the field, sweetbush and brittlebush supported among the least cover of brome, suggesting congruence of the strong early competitive abilities of these species with in situ patterns of brome distribution. At the other extreme, brome attained its highest average cover (19%) below littleleaf ratany, significantly greater than all but 3 of the 16 species evaluated. Cover by brome was only weakly related (r= 0.19) to the area of the perennial canopy, suggesting that factors other than the sizes of perennial plants were linked to differences in brome cover among species. Results suggest that (1) interactions with brome differ substantially among native species, (2) these interactions are not as closely linked to biomass production as in more temperate regions, and (3) there is potential for identifying native species that can reduce invasion of desert ecosystems.
Control of Orange Hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacum) in Southern Alaska
Authors: Seefeldt Steven S. , Conn Jeffery S. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractOrange hawkweed is a perennial European plant that has colonized roadsides and grasslands in south-central and southeast Alaska. This plant is forming near-monotypic stands, reducing plant diversity, and decreasing pasture productivity. A replicated greenhouse study was conducted in 2006 and repeated in 2007 to determine the efficacy of six herbicides (aminopyralid, clopyralid, picloram, picloram + chlorsulfuron, picloram + metsulfuron, and triclopyr) for orange hawkweed control. Based on results of the greenhouse trials, replicated field studies were conducted at two sites each year in 2007 and 2008 with three rates each of aminopyralid and clopyralid to determine efficacy of orange hawkweed control and impacts on nontarget native vegetation. In the field, only aminopyralid at 105 g ae ha−1 (0.1 lb ae ac−1) and clopyralid at 420 g ae ha−1 controlled orange hawkweed consistently, with peak injury observed 1 yr after treatment. Control with clopyralid was slightly less than that provided by aminopyralid at all observation times, except at Homer, AK, in 2007, where there was a near-monotypic stand of orange hawkweed, and clopyralid did not remove all orange hawkweed plants. Aminopyralid controlled clover (Trifolium spp.), seacoast angelica (Angelica lucida), arctic daisy (Chrysanthemum arcticum), common hempnettle (Galeopsis tetrahit), and willow (Salix spp.) in the treated areas. Other plant species, such as grasses and some annual forbs, recovered or increased following control of the hawkweed. Clopyralid had less impact on nontarget species with most recovering the year after treatment. In a pasture system, where grasses are preferred to forbs and shrubs, aminopyralid has an advantage because it controls a broader array of forbs compared with clopyralid. In natural areas, where the desire to retain biodiversity and the aesthetics of multiple forb species mixed with grasses and willows is preferred, clopyralid will leave greater species diversity than aminopyralid.
Bushkiller (Cayratia japonica) Response to Selected Herbicides
Authors: West Amanda M. , Richardson Robert J. , Gardner Andrew P. , Hoyle Steve T. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractBushkiller, an aggressive perennial vine native to Southeast Asia, has invaded several sites in Alabama, North Carolina, Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Bushkiller has only recently been discovered in North Carolina. The potential economic and environmental consequences associated with established exotic invasive perennial vines and the lack of published control measures for bushkiller prompted research to be conducted at North Carolina State University that may be used in an early-detection rapid-response program. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to determine bushkiller response to selected foliar-applied herbicides. Field study 1 evaluated efficacy of glyphosate, triclopyr, triclopyr plus 2,4-D, triclopyr plus aminopyralid, and triclopyr plus glyphosate applied postemergence to bushkiller. No control was evident from any treatment at 10 mo after application. In a separate experiment, aminocyclopyrachlor, imazapyr, metsulfuron, sulfometuron, and sulfometuron plus metsulfuron were applied postemergence to bushkiller. Control with aminocyclopyrachlor, imazapyr, sulfometuron, and sulfometuron plus metsulfuron was 88 to 99% at 10 mo after application. Each treatment was also applied to bushkiller in a greenhouse trial. Aminocyclopyrachlor and triclopyr-containing treatments generally resulted in the greatest control, lowest dry weights, and shortest vine lengths among the treatments. These results indicate that several herbicides may be employed initially in an early-detection, rapid-response program for bushkiller. Additional research is needed to determine how effective these herbicides would be in multiple-season treatments that may be required at well established bushkiller infestation sites.
Ablation of PI3K p110-α Prevents High-Fat Diet–Induced Liver Steatosis
Authors: Chattopadhyay Mohar , Selinger Elzbieta S. , Ballou Lisa M. , Lin Richard Z. 
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) catalytic subunits p110-α and p110-β play a role in liver steatosis induced by a high-fat diet (HFD).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Liver-specific p110-α and p110-β knockout mice and control animals for each group were fed an HFD or normal chow for 8 weeks. Biochemical assays and quantitative real-time PCR were used to measure triglyceride, expression of lipogenic and gluconeogenic genes, and activity of protein kinases downstream of PI3K in liver lysates. Fatty acid uptake and incorporation into triglycerides were assessed in isolated hepatocytes.

RESULTS
Hepatic triglyceride levels in HFD-fed p110-α−/− mice were 84 ± 3% lower than in p110-α+/+ mice, whereas the loss of p110-β did not significantly alter liver lipid accumulation. p110-α−/− livers also showed a reduction in atypical protein kinase C activity and decreased mRNA and protein expression of several lipogenic genes. Hepatocytes isolated from p110-α−/− mice exhibited decreased palmitate uptake and reduced fatty acid incorporation into triglycerides as compared with p110-α+/+ cells, and hepatic expression of liver fatty acid binding protein was lower in p110-α−/− mice fed the HFD as compared with controls. Ablation of neither p110-α nor p110-β ameliorated glucose intolerance induced by the HFD, and genes involved in gluconeogenesis were upregulated in the liver of both knockout animals.

CONCLUSIONS
PI3K p110-α, and not p110-β, promotes liver steatosis in mice fed an HFD. p110-α might exert this effect in part through activation of atypical protein kinase C, upregulation of lipogenesis, and increased uptake of fatty acids.
Nanobiomaterials: State of the Art and Future Trends
Authors: Yang Lei , Zhang Lijuan , Webster Thomas J. 
Published: April 2011

AbstractIn the past decade, it is clear that the development of biomaterials has entered the “nanotechnology era.” The interface between biomaterials and nanotechnology has created enormous opportunities to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of numerous diseases. Nanobiomaterials, a new term describing biomaterials with constituent or surface feature sizes less than 100 nm (10−7 m), provide not only extraordinary materials with unique structures and properties to solve our most traditional biomedical puzzles, but also provide unprecedented knowledge and principles toward understanding biology, medicine, and materials science. At the commencement of the second decade of the new millennium, it is worthwhile to review the current state of the art for the use of nanobiomaterials in medicine as well as possible future trends. Therefore, this paper seeks to summarize the current advances in nanobiomaterials research, spanning a wide range of tissue engineering applications (both soft and hard tissues), drug delivery, disease detection, and disease treatment. In addition, emerging concerns on the safety of manufacturing and using nanobiomaterials (especially toxicological issues) with necessary future research directions from the design of intelligent nanobiomaterials to molecular mechanisms of cell–nanomaterial interactions are also discussed.
Comparing Dirichlet normal surface energy of tooth crowns, a new technique of molar shape quantification for dietary inference, with previous methods in isolation and in combination
Authors: Bunn Jonathan M. , Boyer Doug M. , Lipman Yaron , St. Clair Elizabeth M. , Jernvall Jukka , Daubechies Ingrid 
Published: April 2011

AbstractInferred dietary preference is a major component of paleoecologies of extinct primates. Molar occlusal shape correlates with diet in living mammals, so teeth are a potentially useful structure from which to reconstruct diet in extinct taxa. We assess the efficacy of Dirichlet normal energy (DNE) calculated for molar tooth surfaces for reflecting diet. We evaluate DNE, which uses changes in normal vectors to characterize curvature, by directly comparing this metric to metrics previously used in dietary inference. We also test whether combining methods improves diet reconstructions. The study sample consisted of 146 lower (mandibular) second molars belonging to 24 euarchontan taxa. Five shape quantification metrics were calculated on each molar: DNE, shearing quotient, shearing ratio, relief index, and orientation patch count rotated (OPCR). Statistical analyses were completed for each variable to assess effects of taxon and diet. Discriminant function analysis was used to assess ability of combinations of variables to predict diet. Values differ significantly by diets for all variables, although shearing ratios and OPCR do not distinguish statistically between insectivores and folivores or omnivores and frugivores. Combined analyses were much more effective at predicting diet than any metric alone. Alone, relief index and DNE were most effective at predicting diet. OPCR was the least effective alone but is still valuable as the only quantitative measure of surface complexity. Of all methods considered, DNE was the least methodologically sensitive, and its effectiveness suggests it will be a valuable tool for dietary reconstruction. Am J Phys Anthropol 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.