bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatocellular carcinoma: new options for image‐guided ablation
Authors: Lencioni Riccardo , Cioni Dania , Pina Clotilde Della , Crocetti Laura 
Published: November 2009

AbstractImage‐guided percutaneous ablation is currently accepted as the best therapeutic choice for patients with early‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) when transplantation and resection are precluded. Several methods for chemical or thermal tumor destruction have been developed and tested clinically during the past two decades. The seminal technique used for local treatment of HCC has been percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI). Several studies have provided indirect evidence that PEI improves the natural history of nonsurgical patients with early‐stage HCC. Its major limitation is the high rate of local recurrence. Radiofrequency (RF) ablation has been the most widely assessed alternative to PEI. Five randomized controlled trials have shown that RF ablation achieves more effective and reproducible tumor destruction than PEI, leading to a better local control of the disease. As a result, RF ablation has been established as the primary ablative modality. The value of newer thermal and non‐thermal methods for local tumor treatment, such as microwave ablation, irreversible electroporation (IRE), and light activated drug therapy, should be investigated in the setting of randomized controlled trials.
Species versus genotypic diversity of a nitrogen‐fixing plant functional group in a metacommunity
Authors: He Tianhua , Lamont Byron B. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractExploring species and genetic diversity interactions provides new opportunities for furthering our understanding of the ecology and evolution of population and community dynamics, and for predicting responses of ecosystems to environmental change. Theory predicts that species diversity within communities and genetic diversity within populations will covary positively, because either species and genetic diversity interact synergistically or they respond in parallel fashion to common habitat conditions. We tested the hypothesis of positive covariation between species and genotypic diversity in a metacommunity of the species‐rich southwest Australian flora. We hypothesised that the connection between genotypic diversity and species diversity is strong within functional groups, but weak or non‐existent if the species considered extend beyond the functional group. We show that allelic richness of Daviesia triflora, an ant‐dispersed pea, covaries positively with the species richness of six co‐occurring nitrogen‐fixing legume species. No pattern can be detected between allelic richness of D. triflora and species richness of ant‐dispersed species when four non‐legumes are added. We also show that genetic diversity of D. triflora is not governed by the same environmental factors that determine the presence of a group of large‐shrub/small‐tree species in the same metacommunity. This study shows that species and genetic diversity covariation are more likely to be confined to within, rather than between, plant functional groups.
A New Chemiluminescence Method for Detecting Lipid Peroxides in Vegetable Oils
Authors: Szterk Arkadiusz , Lewicki Piotr Paweł 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe peroxide value (PV) of several vegetable oils oxidized at 70 °C was measured spectrophotometrically using a new chemiluminescence (CL) method. The reaction in CL was based on lipid hydroperoxides decomposition with HO− ions in two different medium. The first reaction was carried out in a DMF/KOH/oil mixture, while in the second reaction acridine was used in addition. A linear correlation between PVs determined spectrophotometrically and measured with the CL method was found.
Structured and Specialty Lipids in Continuous Packed Column Reactors: Comparison of Production Using One and Two Enzyme Beds
Authors: Hamam Fayez , Budge Suzanne M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this study, speciality lipids based on fish oil (FO) and capric acid (CA) were produced in packed bed bioreactors using immobilized Lipozyme IM from Rhizomucor miehei in a solvent‐free environment. Our goal was to compare the product quality and yield among reactors consisting of one or two enzyme columns. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize process variables for maximum incorporation (Inc) of CA for each reactor configuration. The studied process variables were substrate molar ratio (1:1–3:1 CA/FO), temperature (35–55 °C) and flow rate (0.5–1.5 mL/min). All experiments were conducted based on a face‐centered cube design. The maximum predicted Inc of CA into FO (31.7 mol%) using one column was obtained when substrate molar ratio, temperature and flow rate of substrates were 2.70:1 (CA/FO), 55 °C and 0.5 mL/min. The corresponding optimal Inc of CA into FO (22.7 mol%) using two columns was predicted at 2.95:1 (CA/FO), 55 °C and 0.86 mL/min. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that Inc of CA into the one‐bed design was significantly influenced by all experimental conditions, with substrate molar ratio having the greatest impact. In the two‐bed design, only temperature and flow rate had an effect; the molar ratio of substrates was not significant. Coefficients of determination were low for both designs, indicating a poor fit of our data to the model. However, the main purpose of this study was to assess the effect of process factors on Inc of CA into FO, rather than generate a model useful for prediction of responses under conditions not examined with this design. Therefore, the significant ANOVA results are much more important, stressing the real relationship between parameters and response, than the low coefficients of determination.
Neurofibromatose Typ 2
Authors: Kluwe L. , Mautner V.-F. 
Published: November 2009

Zusammenfassung
Neurofibromatose Typ 2 (NF2) ist eine genetische Erkrankung, die autosomal-dominant vererbt wird und durch multiple Tumoren des Nervensystems gekennzeichnet ist. Bilaterale vestibuläre Schwannome, bekannt als Akustikusneurinome, sind das Hauptmerkmal der Erkrankung und treten bei etwa 90% der Betroffenen auf. Sie beeinträchtigen das Hörvermögen der Patienten und führen nicht selten zur Ertaubung. Ebenso häufig (>90%) treten bei NF2 spinale Tumoren (Schwannome, Meningiome und Ependymome) auf, die in etwa 1/3 der Fälle zu neurologischen Defiziten führen. Daneben finden sich zerebrale Schwannome und Meningiome als typische NF2-assoziierte Tumormanifestationen. Ferner kennzeichnen Polyneuropathie und okuläre Abnormalitäten das Krankheitsbild. Die genetische Ursache der NF2 ist eine heterozygote Inaktivierung des NF2-Tumorsuppressorgens, welches auf Chromosom 22q lokalisiert ist. Die Inzidenz der NF2 beträgt etwa 1:25.000 Geburten, wobei 50–80% der Patienten keine familiäre Belastung aufweisen. Bei Patienten mit Neumutationen (de novo) wurde eine Mosaikbildung mit überraschend hoher Frequenz (25–30%) nachgewiesen. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt Klinik und Genetik der NF2 sowie aktuelle Entwicklungen in der medikamentösen Therapie.
Maintenance and growth requirements for nitrogen, lysine and methionine and their utilisation efficiencies in juvenile black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon, using a factorial approach
Authors: Richard Lenaïg , Blanc Pierre-Philippe , Rigolet Vincent , Kaushik Sadasivam J. , Geurden Inge 
Published: November 2009

We used a factorial approach to distinguish maintenance from growth requirements for protein, lysine and methionine in the black tiger shrimp,Penaeus monodon. JuvenileP. monodon(initial weight 2·4 g) were fed during 6 weeks one of ten semi-purified diets based on casein and purified amino acids (AA) as N source. The diets contained four levels of crude protein (CP, from 5 to 54 % DM diet) with two levels (% CP) of lysine or methionine (normal or 30 % deficient). Requirements were determined using linear and non-linear regression models. We could thus obtain the first ever data on maintenance (N equilibrium) requirements for CP and AA inP. monodon. CP requirements for maintenance (4·5 g/kg body weight (BW) per d) represented approximately 19 % of the CP requirement for maximal N gain (23·9 g/kg BW per d). The marginal efficiency of utilisation reached a maximum of 38 % for N, 0·77 for lysine and 1·62 for methionine using N gain as response. Lysine requirements were 0·20 g/kg BW per d for N maintenance and 1·40 g/kg BW per d for maximal N gain. Methionine requirements were 0·11 g/kg BW per d for N maintenance and 0·70 g/kg BW per d for maximal N gain. The lysine (5·8 %) and methionine (2·9 %) requirements for maximal N gain, expressed as percentage of protein requirement, agree with literature data using a dose–response technique with smallerP. monodon. The observed interaction between dietary CP and methionine for N gain demonstrates that requirements for indispensable AA (expressed as % CP) cannot be evaluated separately from CP requirements.
Increased meal frequency does not promote greater weight loss in subjects who were prescribed an 8-week equi-energetic energy-restricted diet
Authors: Cameron Jameason D. , Cyr Marie-Josée , Doucet Éric 
Published: November 2009

There have been reports of an inverse relationship between meal frequency (MF) and adiposity. It has been postulated that this may be explained by favourable effects of increased MF on appetite control and possibly on gut peptides as well. The main goal of the present study was to investigate whether using a high MF could lead to a greater weight loss than that obtained with a low MF under conditions of similar energy restriction. Subjects were randomised into two treatment arms (high MF = 3 meals+3 snacks/d or low MF = 3 meals/d) and subjected to the same dietary energy restriction of − 2931 kJ/d for 8 weeks. Sixteen obese adults (n8 women and 8 men; age 34·6 (sd9·5); BMI 37·1 (sd4·5) kg/m2) completed the study. Overall, there was a 4·7 % decrease in body weight (P < 0·01); similarly, significant decreases were noted in fat mass ( − 3·1 (sd2·9) kg;P < 0·01), lean body mass ( − 2·0 (sd3·1) kg;P < 0·05) and BMI ( − 1·7 (sd0·8) kg/m2;P < 0·01). However, there were NS differences between the low- and high-MF groups for adiposity indices, appetite measurements or gut peptides (peptide YY and ghrelin) either before or after the intervention. We conclude that increasing MF does not promote greater body weight loss under the conditions described in the present study.
Is undernutrition a risk factor for sensorineural hearing loss in early infancy?
Authors: Olusanya Bolajoko O. 
Published: November 2009

The present cross-sectional study set out to determine the nutritional status of infants aged 0–3 months with the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference (WHO-MGR) and examine the relationship between undernutrition and congenital or early-onset sensorineural hearing loss (CESHL) rarely reported for developing countries. The nutritional status of all infants attending community-based clinics for routine Bacille de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunisation from July 2005 to December 2006 was determined by weight-for-age, weight-for-length and BMI-for-age based on the WHO-MGR. Hearing loss status was determined by tympanometry, auditory brainstem response (ABR) and visual response audiometry after a two-stage screening with transient evoked otoacoustic emissions and automated ABR. The relationship between nutritional status and CESHL were explored after adjusting for potentially confounding maternal and infant characteristics using multivariable logistic regression analyses. Of the 3386 infants who completed the hearing evaluation protocol, seventy-one were confirmed with hearing loss (>30 dB hearing level). More than one-third (37·9 %) of all infants and over half (54·9 %) of those with CESHL were undernourished by at least one measure of growth. Stunting (35·3 %) was the most prevalent nutritional deficit in infants with CESHL. In the final logistic model, infants with any undernourished physical state were significantly likely to have CESHL (OR 1·67; 95 % CI 1·03, 2·77) and of a severe-to-profound degree (OR 3·92; 95 % CI 1·38, 11·17) compared with infants without any undernourishment. Prospective studies to establish the full spectrum of the relationship between undernutrition and CESHL, particularly in resource-poor countries, are therefore warranted.
Adenoidectomy techniques: UK survey
Authors: Dhanasekar G , Liapi A , Turner N 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectives:To determine (1) the preferred adenoidectomy technique among UK ENT consultants, and (2) the need for revision adenoidectomy following the standard technique of blind curettage with digital palpation.Method:Postal questionnaire.Participants:We included 539 consultant members of the ENT–UK.Main outcome measures:Commonly used adenoidectomy techniques, and whether revision adenoidectomy was considered a problem.Results:The response rate was 66.6 per cent (359 respondents). Twenty-seven respondents did not perform adenoidectomy, while 332 did. A total of 312/332 respondents (94 per cent) believed that adenoidectomy had a role in the treatment of chronic serous otitis media. The majority of respondents (232/332; 69.9 per cent) reported examining the postnasal space digitally at adenoidectomy. The preferred routine adenoidectomy technique was blind curettage for 263 respondents (79.2 per cent), suction diathermy ablation for 27 (8.1 per cent) and curettage under direct vision (using a mirror) for 13 (3.9 per cent). In response to the question ‘Do you recognise the need for revision adenoidectomy as a problem?’, 205 (61.7 per cent) respondents replied ‘never’, 39 (11.7 per cent) ‘rarely’, 54 (16.3 per cent) ‘< 2 per cent’ and 36 (10.8 per cent) ‘>2 per cent’.Conclusions:The most commonly used adenoidectomy technique in the UK is digital palpation followed by blind curettage, according to this postal questionnaire survey. Few respondents reported performing adenoidectomy under direct vision: only 10 per cent used a mirror during the procedure and only 8 per cent used an endoscope.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy as salvage treatment for sudden sensorineural hearing loss: review of rationale and preliminary report
Authors: Muzzi E , Zennaro B , Visentin R , Soldano F , Sacilotto C 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBackground:The management of sudden sensorineural hearing loss has not yet been standardised. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy influences recovery from sudden sensorineural hearing loss, but the underlying mechanism is unknown and the appropriate indications and protocols undetermined.Materials and methods:Nineteen patients affected by sudden sensorineural hearing loss were treated after unsuccessful medical therapy, either in an acute or chronic setting. Pure oxygen inhalation at 2.5 atmospheres absolute pressure was administered for 90 minutes, for 30 sessions. Frequency-specific and average pure tone hearing thresholds were determined before and after hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The number of hyperbaric oxygen therapy sessions, the patient's age and any therapeutic delay were considered as quantitative variables possibly influencing outcome. Stepwise multivariate analysis was performed.Results:Salvage hyperbaric oxygen therapy appeared to improve patients' pure tone hearing thresholds, particularly at low frequencies. Positive results were more likely with increased patient age and reduced delay in receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy.Conclusion:Hyperbaric oxygen therapy has a strong scientific rationale, and improves pure tone hearing thresholds in cases of sudden sensorineural hearing loss unresponsive to medical therapy. Further research may be able to identify those patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss for whom hyperbaric oxygen therapy would be most cost-effective.
Persian complex predicates and the limits of inheritance-based analyses
Authors: MÜLLER STEFAN 
Published: November 2009

Persian complex predicates pose an interesting challenge for theoretical linguistics since they have both word-like and phrase-like properties. For example, they can feed derivational processes, but they are also separable by the future auxiliary or the negation prefix.Various proposals have been made in the literature to capture the nature of Persian complex predicates, among them analyses that treat them as purely phrasal or purely lexical combinations. Mixed analyses that analyze them as words by default and as phrases in the non-default case have also been suggested.In this paper, I show that theories that rely exclusively on the classification of patterns in inheritance hierarchies cannot account for the facts in an insightful way unless they are augmented by transformations or some similar device. I then show that a lexical account together with appropriate grammar rules and an argument composition analysis of the future auxiliary has none of the shortcomings that classification-based analyses have and that it can account for both the phrasal and the word-like properties of Persian complex predicates.
‘CHOU GAGS CRITICS IN BANDOENG’ or How the Media Framed Premier Zhou Enlai at the Bandung Conference, 1955
Authors: WOOD SALLY PERCIVAL 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAt the Asian-African Conference at Bandung, Indonesia, in April 1955, the world's press concentrated its gaze on Premier Zhou Enlai of the People's Republic of China. Premier Zhou's every gesture, interaction and statement was scrutinized for evidence that his motivations at Bandung were antagonistic to Western interests. This preoccupation with the motivations of the Chinese was, however, no new phenomenon. By 1955, literary tropes of the ‘Yellow Peril’ had been firmly established in the Western imagination and, after 1949, almost seamlessly made their transition into fears of infiltrating communist Chinese ‘Reds’.The first half of this paper explores the historical roots of the West's perceptions of the Chinese, through the literary works of Daniel Defoe to the pulp fiction of Sax Rohmer's Dr Fu Manchu series, which ran from 1917 to 1959. It then examines how this negative template was mobilised by the print media at the height of the Cold War to characterize Premier Zhou Enlai, not only as untrustworthy, but also as antagonistically anti-Western. This reading of representations of Premier Zhou at Bandung, as well as the literary tropes propagated in support of eighteenth and nineteenth-century imperial expansion, exposes a history of Western (mis)interpretations of China, and sheds light upon the media network's role in constructing a Chinese enemy in the mid-1950s.
Robotic urological surgery
Authors: Dasgupta Prokar , Henderson Alastair 
Published: November 2009

SUMMARYRobotic technology has been used in urological surgery since the late 1980's with the invention of robotic endoscopic prostate surgery. The major technological landmark has been the widespread introduction of the da Vinci master-slave manipulator which is now used in up to 60% of radical prostatectomy operations in the USA. These machines offer a number of tools to facilitate laparoscopic surgery though they require both a human console operator and a surgical team to connect the device to laparoscopic ports in the patient's abdomen. We outline the improved outcomes and future development of prostatectomy, cystectomy and pyeloplasty associated with robotic technology.
Alphabet Reform in the Six Independent ex-Soviet Muslim Republics
Authors: LANDAU JACOB M. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractLike other elements of culture, alphabets have both practical and ethnopolitical integrating or differentiating significance. Hence, any alphabet change has serious political implications. This article will briefly consider the process of romanisation undertaken in the six newly independent Muslim states that were part of the Soviet Union (Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan and Tajikistan); and then evaluate its success or failure and attempt to explain the causes for these phenomena.
Effect of parental overweight and serum leptin levels on the manifestation of overweight in 7-year-old Korean children
Authors: Kim In K , Lee Hye-Ja , Kang Jae H , Song Jihyun 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the relationship between children and their parents in terms of various anthropometric parameters and obesity-related hormone levels and to identify early indicators for child obesity.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingUrban areas of Korea in 2005.SubjectsA total 124 families with 7-year-old children participated. Anthropometric and blood biochemistry data and information concerning the children’s lifestyles, dietary habits and parental and grandparental weight status were obtained.ResultsThe mean values for all anthropometric parameters were greater in overweight children than in children of normal weight. Very close relationships existed between the anthropometric parameters of children and their parents. Children with two overweight parents showed the highest odds for being overweight (OR 7·62). The strong relationship between overweight children and grandparental and parental overweight, especially on the maternal side, suggests gender differences in the intergenerational transmission of body weight. We also noted a greater risk of being overweight in children with a parent with high serum leptin level.ConclusionsGrandparental and parental weight status and parental serum leptin levels enable us to identify childhood obesity at an early age and may help to counter the current epidemic of adult obesity.
Trends in Americans’ food-related time use: 1975–2006
Authors: Zick Cathleen D , Stevens Robert B 
Published: November 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo describe how the time spent in food-related activities by Americans has changed over the past 30 years.DesignData from four national time diary surveys, spanning 1975–2006, are used to construct estimates of trends in American adults’ time spent in food-related activities. Multivariate Tobits assess how food-related activities have changed over time controlling for sociodemographic and economic covariates.ResultsBoth bivariate and multivariate estimates reveal that between 1975 and 2006, American women’s time spent in food preparation declined substantially, whereas the time spent in these activities by American men changed very little. On the contrary, grocery shopping time increased modestly for both men and women. The primary eating time (i.e. time when eating/drinking was the respondent’s main focus) declined for both men and women over this historical period, and the composition of this time changed with less primary eating time being done alone. Concurrently, secondary eating time (i.e. time when something else had the respondent’s primary attention, but eating/drinking simultaneously occurred) rose precipitously for both women and men between 1975 and 1998.ConclusionsThe total time spent in eating (i.e. primary plus secondary eating time) has increased over the past 30 years, and the composition of this time has shifted from situations in which energy intake can be easily monitored to those in which energy intake may be more difficult to gauge. Less time is also being spent in food preparation and clean-up activities. Future research should explore possible links between these trends and Americans’ growing obesity risk.