bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute epiglottitis: epidemiology and Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution in adults
Authors: Isakson M , Hugosson S 
Published: November 2010

AbstractObjectives:We studied the incidence and bacterial epidemiology of acute epiglottitis presenting in the first 16 years following the introduction of general childhood vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae type b. Our main objectives were to analyse (1) the incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae epiglottitis in adults and (2) the distribution of pneumococcal serotypes involved.Materials and methods:The medical records of patients with acute epiglottitis (International Classification of Disease code J05.1) were investigated. Streptococcus pneumoniae serotyping was performed using gel precipitation.Results:The overall incidence of acute epiglottitis was 0.98 cases/100 000/year, compared with 4.5 cases/100 000/year before the vaccination programme. The incidence was reduced both in children and adults, compared with pre-vaccination values. However, the incidence of Streptococcus pneumoniae epiglottitis in adults increased from 0.1 to 0.28 cases/100 000/year over the same time period. The causative agent was Streptococcus pneumoniae in 10 adults. Nine of 10 pneumococcal strains could be serotyped. All but one serotype is represented in the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) used in adults.Conclusion:In acute epiglottitis, now a disease of adults, the most important bacterial aetiology is Streptococcus pneumoniae. The serotype distribution found in this study indicates that the infection is preventable by PPV-23 vaccination with the 23-valent polysaccharide vaccine.
A variation formula for the topological entropy of convex-cocompact manifolds
Authors: TAPIE SAMUEL 
Published: November 2010

AbstractLet (M,gλ) be a 𝒞2-family of complete convex-cocompact metrics with pinched negative sectional curvatures on a fixed manifold. We show that the topological entropy htop(gλ) of the geodesic flow is a 𝒞1 function of λ and we give an explicit formula for its derivative. We apply this to show that if ρλ(Γ)⊂PSL2(ℂ) is an analytic family of convex-cocompact faithful representations of a Kleinian group Γ, then the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set Λρλ(Γ) is a 𝒞1 function of λ. Finally, we give a variation formula for Λρλ (Γ).
Therapy and Ideology: Psychoanalysis and Its Vicissitudes in Pre-state Israel (Including Some Hitherto Unpublished Letters by Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein)
Authors: Rolnik Eran J. 
Published: November 2010

ArgumentFew chapters in the historiography of psychoanalysis are as densely packed with trans-cultural, ideological, institutional, and moral issues as the coming of psychoanalysis to Jewish Palestine – a geopolitical space which bears some of the deepest scars of twentieth-century European, and in particular German, history. From the historical as well as the critical perspective, this article reconstructs the intricate connections between migration, separation and loss, continuity and new beginning which resonate in the formative years of psychoanalysis in pre-state Israel.
Moving beyond panaceas: a multi-tiered diagnostic approach for social-ecological analysis
Authors: OSTROM ELINOR , COX MICHAEL 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYDisturbances to key aspects of ecological systems, including biodiversity loss, climate change, pollution and natural resource degradation, have become a major concern to many policy analysts. Instead of learning from the study of biological complexity however, social scientists tend to recommend simple panaceas, particularly government or private ownership, as ‘the’ way to solve these problems. This paper reviews and assesses potential solutions for such overly simplified institutional prescriptions, referred to here as the ‘panacea problem’. In contrast to these simple prescriptions, recent research efforts are now illustrating the diversity of institutions around the world related to environmental conservation. The complexity of working institutions, however, presents a challenge to scholars who equate scientific knowledge with relatively simple models that predict optimal performance if specific institutional arrangements are in place. Dealing with this complexity has led to the development of frameworks as meta-theoretical tools. The institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework has been used over the last three decades as a foundation for a focused analysis of how institutions affect human incentives, actions and outcomes. Building on this foundation, the social-ecological systems (SES) framework has recently enabled researchers to begin the development of a common language that crosses social and ecological disciplines to analyse how interactions among a variety of factors affect outcomes. Such a framework may be able to facilitate a diagnostic approach that will help future analysts overcome the panacea problem. Using a common framework to diagnose the source, and possible amelioration, of poor outcomes for ecological and human systems enables a much finer understanding of these complex systems than has so far been obtained, and provides a basis for comparisons among many systems and ultimately more responsible policy prescriptions.
PROOF OF THE DETERMINANTAL FORM OF THE SPONTANEOUS MAGNETIZATION OF THE SUPERINTEGRABLE CHIRAL POTTS MODEL
Authors: BAXTER R. J. 
Published: November 2010

AbstractThe superintegrable chiral Potts model has many resemblances to the Ising model, so it is natural to look for algebraic properties similar to those found for the Ising model by Onsager, Kaufman and Yang. The spontaneous magnetization ℳr can be written in terms of a sum over the elements of a matrix Sr. The author conjectured the form of the elements, and this conjecture has been verified by Iorgov et al. The author also conjectured in 2008 that this sum could be expressed as a determinant, and has recently evaluated the determinant to obtain the known result for ℳr. Here we prove that the sum and the determinant are indeed identical expressions. Since the order parameters of the superintegrable chiral Potts model are also those of the more general solvable chiral Potts model, this completes the algebraic calculation of ℳr for the general model.
Distinct Gene Expression Profiles in Egg and Synergid Cells of Rice as Revealed by Cell Type-Specific Microarrays
Authors: Ohnishi Takayuki , Takanashi Hideki , Mogi Mirai , Takahashi Hirokazu , Kikuchi Shunsuke , Yano Kentaro , Okamoto Takashi , Fujita Masahiro , Kurata Nori , Tsutsumi Nobuhiro 
Published: November 2010

AbstractDouble fertilization in flowering plants refers to a process in which two sperm cells, carried by the pollen tube, fertilize both the egg and the central cell after their release into a synergid cell of the female gametophyte. The molecular processes by which the female gametophytic cells express their unique functions during fertilization are not well understood. Genes expressed in egg and synergid cells might be important for multiple stages of the plant reproductive process. Here, we profiled genome-wide gene expression in egg and synergid cells in rice (Oryza sativa), a model monocot, using a nonenzymatic cell isolation technique. We found that the expression profiles of the egg and synergid cells were already specified at the micropylar end of the female gametophyte during the short developmental period that comprises the three consecutive mitotic nuclear divisions after megaspore generation. In addition, we identified a large number of genes expressed in the rice egg and synergid cells and characterized these genes using Gene Ontology analysis. The analysis suggested that epigenetic and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms are involved in the specification and/or maintenance of these cells. Comparisons between the rice profiles and reported Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) profiles revealed that genes enriched in the egg/synergid cell of rice were distinct from those in Arabidopsis.
Expression of Arabidopsis pathogenesis‐related genes during nematode infection
Authors: HAMAMOUCH NOUREDDINE , LI CHUNYING , SEO PIL JOON , PARK CHUNG‐MO , DAVIS ERIC L. 
Published: November 2010

SUMMARYThe expression pattern of pathogenesis‐related genes PR‐1 to PR‐5 was examined in the roots and leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana plants on infection with beet‐cyst (Heterodera schachtii) and root‐knot (Meloidogyne incognita) nematodes. During H. schachtii parasitism of Arabidopsis, the expression of PR‐1, PR‐2 and PR‐5, which are considered to be markers for salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent systemic acquired resistance (SAR), was induced in both roots and leaves of infected plants. In addition, the expression of PR‐3 and PR‐4, which are used as markers for jasmonic acid (JA)‐dependent SAR, was not altered in roots, but in the leaves of H. schachtii‐infected plants, the expression PR‐3 was induced, whereas the expression of PR‐4 was down‐regulated. During M. incognita infection of Arabidopsis, the expression of PR‐1, PR‐2 and PR‐5 was highly induced in roots, as was PR‐3 to a lesser extent, but the expression of PR‐4 was not altered, indicating that infection with M. incognita activated both SA‐ and JA‐dependent SAR in roots. However, all PRgenes examined (PR‐1 to PR‐5) were down‐regulated in the leaves of M. incognita‐infected plants, suggesting the suppression of both SA‐ and JA‐dependent SAR. Furthermore, constitutive expression of a single PR in Arabidopsis altered the transcription patterns of other PR genes, and the over‐expression of PR‐1 reduced successful infection by both H. schachtii and M. incognita, whereas the over‐expression of PR‐3 reduced host susceptibility to M. incognita but had no effect on H. schachtii parasitism. The results suggest that fundamental differences in the mechanisms of infection by beet‐cyst and root‐knot nematodes differentially regulate PR protein production and mobilization within susceptible host plants.
Morphology of the Filiform Lingual Papillae in Porcupine (Hystrix cristata)
Authors: Karan M. , Yilmaz S. , Aydin A. 
Published: November 2010

With 3 figuresSummaryThe light and scanning electron microscopic structure of the filiform lingual papillae was studied in five adult porcupine (three males and two females). The tongue was characterised by a round tip, a rostral median sulcus and a deep lingual fossa which was situated just rostral to a prominent inter‐molar eminence corresponding to a torus linguae. The filiform papillae were curved, enclosed a large connective tissue core and were separated by wide inter‐papillary zones covered by a thick epithelium. Most filiform papillae had a cylindrical shape, but the rostral and central parts of the tongue contained a number of flat, comb‐shaped papillae with rounded tips.
How Many Mandibles in a Mammal? A Note on Terminology
Authors: Kierdorf U. 
Published: November 2010

SummaryThis paper briefly reviews the usage of the term ‘mandible’ in the anatomical literature on mammals, with a focus on human and veterinary anatomy. In all analysed textbooks of human anatomy and physical anthropology as well as in several veterinary anatomy textbooks, the mandible is viewed as a single (unpaired) skeletal element composed of symmetrical (left and right) halves that correspond to the ossa dentalia of comparative anatomical terminology. Other authors, however, maintain that each mammal possesses a left and a right mandible, thus equating the mammalian mandible with the os dentale. The view of the presence of two mandibles per mammal is frequently found in textbooks of comparative vertebrate anatomy. Students of anatomy and workers from neighbouring disciplines need to be aware of the inconsistent use of the term mandible to avoid misunderstandings.
Apolipoprotein E and central nervous system disorders: Reviews of clinical findings
Authors: Takeda Masatoshi , Martínez Rocío , Kudo Takashi , Tanaka Toshihisa , Okochi Masayasu , Tagami Shinji , Morihara Takashi , Hashimoto Ryota , Cacabelos Ramón 
Published: November 2010

Dementia is a major health problem in developed countries with over 25 million people affected worldwide and probably over 75 million people at risk during the next 20 years. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent cause of dementia (50–70%), followed by vascular dementia (30–40%), and mixed dementia (15–20%). AD pathogenesis is still to be elucidated but it is believed to be the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors in later life. Three causative genes for familial AD have been identified: amyloid precursor protein, presenilin‐1, and presenilin‐2. There are 150 genes involved with increased neuronal vulnerability to premature death in the AD brain. Among these susceptibility genes, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene is the most prevalent as a risk for AD pathogenic process in which complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors are involved, leading to a cascade of pathogenic events converging in final pathways to premature neuronal death. Some of these mechanisms are common to several neurodegenerative disorders that differ depending upon the genes affected and the involvement of environmental conditions.ApoE is a key lipoprotein in lipid and cholesterol metabolism and it is also the major risk gene for AD and many other central nervous system disorders. The pathogenic role of ApoE‐4 is still to be clarified; however, diverse evidence suggests that ApoE may play pleiotropic functions in dementia and central nervous system disorders.
Health‐related quality of life among community‐dwelling patients with intractable neurological diseases and their caregivers in Japan
Authors: Miyashita Mitsunori , Narita Yugo , Sakamoto Aki , Kawada Norikazu , Akiyama Miki , Kayama Mami , Suzukamo Yoshimi , Fukuhara Shunichi 
Published: November 2010

Aims:  The aims of this study were: (i) to clarify the general quality of life (QOL) of patients with intractable neurological disease; (ii) to clarify the general QOL of the caregivers of these patients; and (iii) to explore the association of QOL in patient–caregiver pairs.Methods:  A cross‐sectional survey was conducted between November 2003 and May 2004 among community‐dwelling patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD), spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and their caregivers using a mailed, self‐administered questionnaire. To measure QOL, we used the Medical Outcome Study 36‐Item Short Form (SF‐36) for patients and the short form of the health‐related QOL scale SF‐36 (SF‐8) for caregivers.Results:  A total of 418 questionnaires were analyzed. For the patients, all of the general QOL domains of the SF‐36 were significantly lower than the national standard value for all of the diagnoses. Physical function, role physical, and role emotional domains were also low. For caregivers, all of the QOL summary scores of the SF‐8 for all diagnoses were significantly lower than the national standard value. Although there were several significant correlations of QOL between patients and caregivers, overall the correlations were low.Conclusions:  Support for patients with neurological diseases and their caregivers is needed in order to maintain physical and mental QOL.
THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL SHORTCOMINGS OF THE KALECKIAN INVESTMENT FUNCTION
Authors: Skott Peter 
Published: November 2010

ABSTRACTThe accumulation function is critical for the properties and implications of structuralist and post‐Keynesian growth models, but there is considerable disagreement over the specification of this function. A large Kaleckian literature extends the standard short‐run ‘Keynesian stability condition’ to the long run by assuming that long‐run accumulation is relatively insensitive to variations in the utilization rate of capital. The Kaleckian position has been defended by Dutt and Lavoie, among others. This paper examines the defense and finds it unconvincing: the Kaleckian specification of the accumulation function is behaviorally implausible and lacks empirical support.
Lifespan extension by increased expression of the Drosophila homologue of the IGFBP7 tumour suppressor
Authors: Alic Nazif , Hoddinott Matthew P. , Vinti Giovanna , Partridge Linda 
Published: November 2010

SummaryMammals possess multiple insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs), and related proteins, that modulate the activity of insulin/IGF signalling (IIS), a conserved neuroendocrine signalling pathway that affects animal lifespan. Here, we examine if increased levels of an IGFBP‐like protein can extend lifespan, using Drosophila as the model organism. We demonstrate that Imaginal morphogenesis protein‐Late 2 (IMP‐L2), a secreted protein and the fly homologue of the human IGFBP7 tumour suppressor, is capable of binding at least two of the seven Drosophila insulin‐like peptides (DILPs), namely native DILP2 and DILP5 as present in the adult fly. Increased expression of Imp‐L2 results in phenotypic changes in the adult consistent with down‐regulation of IIS, including accumulation of eIF‐4E binding protein mRNA, increase in storage lipids, reduced fecundity and enhanced oxidative stress resistance. Increased Imp‐L2 results in up‐regulation of dilp2, dilp3 and dilp5 mRNA, revealing a feedback circuit that is mediated via the fly gut and/or fat body. Importantly, over‐expression of Imp‐L2, ubiquitous or restricted to DILP‐producing cells or gut and fat body, extends lifespan. This enhanced longevity can also be observed upon adult‐onset induction of Imp‐L2, indicating it is not attributable to developmental changes. Our findings point to the possibility that an IGFBP or a related protein, such as IGFBP7, plays a role in mammalian aging.
Restoration of senescent human diploid fibroblasts by modulation of the extracellular matrix
Authors: Choi Hae Ri , Cho Kyung A , Kang Hyun Tae , Lee Jung Bin , Kaeberlein Matt , Suh Yousin , Chung In Kwon , Park Sang Chul 
Published: November 2010

SummaryHuman diploid fibroblasts have the capacity to complete a finite number of cell divisions before entering a state of replicative senescence characterized by growth arrest, changes in morphology, and altered gene expression. Herein, we report that interaction with extracellular matrix (ECM) from young cells is sufficient to restore aged, senescent cells to an apparently youthful state. The identity of the restored cells as having been derived from senescent cells has been confirmed by a variety of methods, including time lapse live cell imaging and DNA finger print analysis. In addition to cell morphology, phenotypic restoration was assessed by resumption of proliferative potential, growth factor responsiveness, reduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species levels, recovery of mitochondrial membrane potential, and increased telomere length. Mechanistically, we find that both Ku and SIRT1 are induced during restoration and are required for senescent cells to return to a youthful phenotype. These observations demonstrate that human cellular senescence is profoundly influenced by cues from the ECM, and that senescent cell plasticity is much greater than that was previously believed to be the case.
Mitochondrially encoded methionine is inversely related to longevity in mammals
Authors: Aledo Juan Carlos , Li Yang , de Magalhães João Pedro , Ruíz‐Camacho Manuel , Pérez‐Claros Juan Antonio 
Published: November 2010

SummaryMethionine residues in proteins react readily with reactive oxygen species making them particularly sensitive to oxidation. However, because oxidized methionine can be reduced back in a catalyzed reaction, it has been suggested that methionine residues act as oxidant scavengers, protecting not only the proteins where they are located but also the surrounding macromolecules. To investigate whether methionine residues may be selected for or against animal longevity, we carried out a meta‐examination of mitochondrial genomes from mammalian species. Our analyses unveiled a hitherto unnoticed observation: mitochondrially encoded polypeptides from short‐lived species are enriched in methionine when compared with their long‐lived counterparts. We show evidence suggesting that methionine addition to proteins in short‐lived species, rather than methionine loss from proteins in long‐lived species, is behind the reported difference in methionine usage. The inverse association between longevity and methionine, which persisted after correction for body mass and phylogenetic interdependence, was paralleled by the methionine codon AUA, but not by the codon AUG. Although nuclear encoded mitochondrial polypeptides exhibited higher methionine usage than nonmitochondrial proteins, correlation with longevity was only found within the group of those polypeptides located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Based on these results, we propose that short‐lived animals subjected to higher oxidative stress selectively accumulate methionine in their mitochondrially encoded proteins, which supports the role of oxidative damage in aging.
Ser352 and Ser354 in the carboxyl terminus of the human P2Y1 receptor are required for agonist‐promoted phosphorylation and internalization in MDCK cells
Authors: Qi Ai‐Dong , Houston‐Cohen Dayle , Naruszewicz Isabella , Harden T Kendall , Nicholas Robert A 
Published: November 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The P2Y1 receptor promotes chloride secretion in epithelial cells, a process critical for regulation of extracellular ion and fluid levels. Here we have examined the role of phosphorylation in agonist‐induced internalization of P2Y1 receptors.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A high‐affinity radiolabelled antagonist, MRS2500, was used to quantify cell surface‐binding sites of P2Y1 receptors in Madin‐Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells, following exposure to agonists. The regions in the carboxyl terminus involved in both agonist‐induced internalization of the receptor and its phosphorylation were identified by mutational analysis.KEY RESULTS Endogenous and stably expressed recombinant P2Y1 receptors rapidly internalized with similar time courses in response to agonist in MDCK cells, ensuring that the levels of recombinant receptor achieved by retroviral infection did not adversely affect function of the internalization machinery. Four protein kinase C inhibitors of varying specificity did not affect internalization of recombinant receptors. Agonist‐promoted internalization of a series of truncated P2Y1 receptors identified a region between residues 349 and 359 in the carboxyl terminus as critical for regulation. Two amino acids within this region, Ser352 and Ser354, were shown to be both necessary and sufficient for agonist‐promoted receptor phosphorylation and internalization.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results firmly establish Ser352 and Ser354 in the carboxyl terminus of P2Y1 receptors as critical residues for agonist‐induced receptor internalization in MDCK cells. As the mechanism mediating this regulation requires phosphorylation of these key residues, the relevant receptor‐regulated protein kinase can now be identified.