bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of a Weighted Vest To Increase On-Task Behavior in Children With Attention Difficulties
Authors: VandenBerg Nancy L. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. Children described as having attention deficit hyperactivity disorder often demonstrate inability to sustain visual attention during classroom fine motor activities. This study investigated the effect of wearing a weighted vest (deep-pressure sensory input) on children's on-task behavior in the classroom.
Method. Four students with documented attention difficulties and hyperactivity were timed with a stopwatch to measure their on-task behavior during fine motor activities in the classroom. All 4 students were timed for six 15-min observations without wearing a weighted vest and for six 15-min observations while wearing a weighted vest.
Results. On-task behavior increased by 18% to 25% in all 4 students while wearing the weighted vest. Additionally, 3 of the 4 students frequently asked to wear the vest other than during the observation times.
Conclusion. These preliminary findings support the hypothesis that wearing a weighted vest to apply deep pressure increases on-task behavior during fine motor activities.
Adherence to Occupational Therapist Recommendations for Home Modifications for Falls Prevention
Authors: Cumming Robert G. , Thomas Margaret , Szonyi George , Frampton Gina , Salkeld Glenn , Clemson Lindy 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. This study examined adherence to home modification recommendations made by an occupational therapist and attempted to identify predictors of adherence.
Method. An experienced occupational therapist visited the homes of 178 people (mean age = 76.4 years) to evaluate for and recommend appropriate home modifications for falls prevention. One year later, a research assistant visited these persons’ homes to assess adherence.
Results. At least one home modification was recommended in 150 of the 178 homes visited. The most common recommendations were to remove mats and throw rugs (48%), to change footwear (24%), and to use a nonslip bathmat (21%). In the 121 homes revisited after 12 months, 419 home modifications had been recommended, and 216 (52%) were met with partial or complete adherence. The only significant predictors of adherence were a belief that home modifications can prevent falls and having help at home from relatives.
Conclusion. A major barrier to adherence to home modification recommendations is that many older people do not believe that home modifications can reduce their risk of falling.
Validity of Using the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills To Estimate Overall Home Safety in Persons With Psychiatric Conditions
Authors: McNulty Martina Cooper , Fisher Anne G. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Objective. Occupational therapists often base estimates of home safety on their behavioral observations of a client performing functional activities during a hospitalization. To examine this practice, this study investigated the predictive validity of the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS) to the overall home safety of persons with psychiatric conditions associated with cognitive impairments.
Method. Ability in activities of daily living (ADL) of 20 participants was evaluated with the AMPS before discharge from an inpatient psychiatric unit. Within approximately 2 weeks of their discharge, the participants’ home safety was evaluated within their home settings using the Safety Assessment of Function and the Environment for Rehabilitation. To form a basis for comparison, a second administration of the AMPS was administered concurrently with the home safety evaluation.
Results. Moderate positive relationships were found between ADL motor and ADL process ability and home safety in both the clinic and the home; however, analyses of the sensitivity, specificity, and overall predictive values revealed that home ADL process ability was the best predictor of home safety for participants who were categorized as less safe in the study.
Conclusion. Findings suggest that clinic ADL evaluations using the AMPS give a reasonable estimate of home safety for participants categorized as having more home safety risk. For participants categorized as having less home safety risk, clinic ADL evaluation using the AMPS produced significantly less accurate estimates than ADL evaluations conducted in the home. These results indicate that home safety estimates may be most accurate if they are based on home rather than clinic ADL process ability measures.
Occupational Therapy and Achievement of Self-Identified Goals by Adults With Acquired Brain Injury: Phase II
Authors: Trombly Catherine A. , Radomski Mary Vining , Trexel Christine , Burnett-Smith Sandra E. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between participation in goal-specific outpatient occupational therapy and improvement in self-identified goals in adults with acquired brain injury.
METHOD. Thirty-one persons with traumatic brain injury of mixed chronicity participated at three sites located in different regions of the United States. Using a repeated-measures design, therapy that usually was offered at each site to achieve specific goals was followed by a no-treatment period. Participants completed the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure Performance subscale (COPM-P) and Satisfaction subscale (COPM-S), and the Community Integration Questionnaire (CIQ) at admission, discharge, and 1 to 18 weeks after discharge. Goal attainment scales were developed at admission and scored at discharge; the differences for each site were tested, using dependent t tests. Gains for the treatment period (admission to discharge) in COPM subscales and the CIQ were compared with gains during the no-treatment period (discharge to followup) for each site, using dependent t tests. The results were synthesized meta-analytically across the sites.
RESULTS. The participants identified a total of 149 goals, 81% of which were achieved. Goal attainment T scores improved significantly (Z = 7.52, p &lt; .001), and the combined effect size was large (r = .94). The COPM-P (Z = 4.13, p &lt; .001) and COPM-S (Z = 4.25, p &lt; .001) showed significantly greater gains during the treatment (average 15.3 weeks) versus the no-treatment (average 9.9 weeks) period. Effect size estimates were large: .71 and .76, respectively. Gain scores of the CIQ did not differ significantly (Z = .75, p = .22, r = .29) between periods.
CONCLUSION. Participation in goal-specific outpatient occupational therapy that focused on teaching compensatory strategies was strongly associated with achievement of self-identified goals and reduction of disability in adults with mild to moderate brain injury.
Validity of the Árnadóttir OT-ADL Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE): Performance in Activities of Daily Living and Neurobehavioral Impairments of Persons With Left and Right Hemisphere Damage
Authors: Gardarsdóttir Sigrún , Kaplan Susan 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The Árnadóttir OT-ADL Neurobehavioral Evaluation (A-ONE) is a standardized assessment that links performance in activities of daily living (ADL) to neurobehavioral impairments. This study tested the construct validity of the A-ONE.
METHOD. From two hospitals in Iceland, 42 patients between 45 and 87 years of age who had sustained either a right or a left cerebrovascular accident (CVA) were evaluated on the Functional Independence Scale (FIS) and Neurobehavioral Specific Impairment Subscale (NSIS) of the A-ONE. The Mann Whitney U test and chi-square test were used to explore possible differences between the performance of participants with left and right CVA. Descriptive statistics were calculated for demographic data and for items on the FIS and NSIS. The level of significance was set at p &lt; .05.
RESULTS. Three of 18 ADL items observed on the FIS and 13 of 46 items on the NSIS discriminated at a statistically significant level between the left and right CVA groups.
CONCLUSION. The results provide minimal support for the construct validity of the A-ONE related to differentiating between ADL performance of persons with left and right CVA. However, results regarding the ability of the A-ONE to detect and lateralize impairments agreed with literature regarding lesion sites for the impairments.
Reclaiming the Vision of Reaching for Heart as Well as Hands
Authors: Peloquin Suzanne M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
Although infrequently discussed in the professional literature, visionary language and visual imagery are identifiable elements within occupational therapy’s culture. They seem part of the profession’s desire to characterize, affirm, and renew itself. One early vision of practice, that of reaching for heart as well as hands, is the subject of this inquiry that extends a prior discussion of visions in occupational therapy. Central to the inquiry are the early vision’s (a) origin, exemplification, and clarity of meaning within one autobiographical text and (b) merits for the profession’s characterization, affirmation, and renewal. The early vision of reaching for heart as well as hands may benefit the profession today by characterizing the ethos of occupational therapy as integrative, affirming its practice as occupational, and inspiring its practitioners to renew a commitment to caring.
Comparisons Among Tools, Surface Orientation, and Pencil Grasp for Children 23 Months of Age
Authors: Yakimishyn Janet E. , Magill-Evans Joyce 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to determine whether writing tool type and angle of writing surface affect grasp.
METHOD. Fifty-one children 23 to 24 months of age who were typically developing drew with a primarymarker, colored pencil, and small piece of crayon on a table and an easel. The marker and pencil were presented pointing left, right, and toward the child. The order of writing tool presentation was counterbalanced. Grasps were scored with a 5-point rating system and analyzed with dependent t tests.
RESULTS. Children used a more mature grasp when drawing with a piece of crayon than with a pencil. No difference in grasp maturity was found when using a pencil compared with a marker. A more mature grasp when drawing on the easel compared with the table was used with the crayon but not with the marker or pencil.
CONCLUSION. Results imply that a short writing tool combined with a vertical surface can influence the grasp of young children.
Occupational Therapists’ Use and Perceptions of Written Client Education Materials
Authors: Sharry Renee , McKenna Kryss , Tooth Leigh 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to examine occupational therapists’ use and perceptions of written education materials for clients and the factors that therapists consider before distributing written materials to clients. This study also aimed to determine whether use and perceptions of these materials differed for older clients.
METHOD. A random sample of 50 occupational therapists from Queensland, Australia, working in adult physical disabilities settings was surveyed with a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed descriptively and with nonparametric statistics.
RESULTS. Of 49 participants who used written materials, 54% had given them to more than half of their last 10 clients, regardless of the clients’ age. Written materials, most often information sheets developed by the participants themselves; handwritten notes; and pamphlets were principally used to reinforce verbal information. Clients’ cognitive abilities, primary language, communication skills, vision, and level of education most often were considered before distributing written materials. Although participants generally were positive about the content and effectiveness of materials, ratings were significantly less positive related to older clients.
CONCLUSION. Client education was a core treatment modality for participants in this study, with written media most commonly being used to supplement verbal education. Because participants were least positive about the effectiveness of written materials for older clients, further development of materials for this audience may be indicated.
Test–Retest Reliability of the Purdue Pegboard for Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Gallus Jennifer , Mathiowetz Virgil 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The Purdue Pegboard test often is used in clinical settings to evaluate changes in clients’ fine motor dexterity. The purpose of this study was to determine the test–retest reliability and practice effects of the Purdue Pegboard for persons with multiple sclerosis. In addition, this study compared the reliability of one-trial administration to three-trial administration of the four subtests.
METHOD. Thirty-two volunteers from a midwestern community-based maintenance rehabilitation center for persons with multiple sclerosis participated in this study. The participants were administered the four subtests of the Purdue Pegboard, three trials in a row. A second administration was completed 1 week later. Data from 25 participants were analyzed using paired t tests, Pearson product-moment correlations, and intraclass correlation coefficients.
RESULTS. The test–retest reliability coefficients ranged from .85 to .90 for one-trial administration and from .92 to .96 for the sum of three trials. No significant practice effects existed except for the sum of three trials of both hands.
CONCLUSION. This study suggests that the one-trial administration of the Purdue Pegboard is a sufficiently reliable assessment to use with persons with multiple sclerosis. Findings further suggest that for a person with multiple sclerosis, any changes in Purdue Pegboard scores using one-trial administration may reflect actual change in that person’s dexterity, as no practice effect was demonstrated in this study.
Qualitative Data Analysis: Challenges and Dilemmas Related to Theory and Method
Authors: Bailey Diana M. , Jackson Jeanne M. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to initiate a discussion of the struggles and challenges we encountered as we developed a method of analysis for a particular qualitative study. We present our thinking process showing the questions that arose, the theoretical ideas on which we relied, and the decisions we made at crucial junctures. Portions from several theoretical frames used as the basis for the analysis are presented and include Polkinghorne’s (1995) narrative inquiry, Glaser and Strauss’s (1967) and Charmaz’s (2000) grounded theory, Riessman’s (1990b) mixed approach to analysis, and Rosaldo’s (1989) ideas on reflexivity. Examples from the study are used to illustrate points in the analysis.
Perceptions and Experiences of Two Survivors of Stroke Who Participated in Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy Home Programs
Authors: Gillot Amanda J. , Holder-Walls Anna , Kurtz Jennifer R. , Varley Nolina C. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore and describe the perceptions and experiences of two survivors of stroke who participated in constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) home programs. Data sources were analyzed with a phenomenological approach, and common themes were identified. Themes were translated using the Occupational Adaptation frame of reference as a template.
Three themes were generated from the data: (a) motivational factors and expectations represented personal desires to increase functional ability and environmental demands that created a press to participate in CIMT; (b) neurorehabilitation as an ongoing process suggested that rehabilitation should continue as long as functional deficits exist; and (c) perceived changes in function represented perceived changes in efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction after CIMT. CIMT was found to help the participants in this study become more satisfied with performance and to increase efficiency and effectiveness of function in daily activities.
The Meaning of the Working Cooperative for Persons With Long-Term Mental Illness: A Phenomenological Study
Authors: Gahnström-Strandqvist Kitty , Liukko Anneli , Tham Kerstin 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The objective of this phenomenological study was to understand the meanings of the lived experiences of persons with long-term mental illness at a social working cooperative.
METHOD. Eighteen participants were interviewed either two or three times while participating in a working cooperative in a community psychosocial rehabilitation program. Data were analyzed and interpreted using the Empirical, Phenomenological, Psychological (EPP) method (Karlsson, 1993).
RESULTS. The findings revealed a meaning-structure consisting of one main constituent that characterized the cooperative as a normalizing life-world. Three phases contributed to the normalization process. In the first phase the participants experienced a shift from an unsatisfying occupational context to an enriching occupational life-world. In the second phase participants had the possibility to satisfy some of their occupational and social needs. During this phase, experiences of being productive and needed, commitment to others, development of their skills, and competence in work tasks and social activities were expressed, all of which contributed to personal growth and a more positive view of self. In the third phase, the meaning of the cooperative changed for some participants, who expressed this through their readiness to leave and take a further step into the life-world outside the cooperative.
CONCLUSION. The study emphasizes that the cooperative is an important alternative to employment for participants with severe mental illness who do not have the capacity to be employed in the community or who do not want to leave the life-world of the cooperative that gives them pride, joy, and satisfaction.
Pencil Grips, Legibility, and Speed of Fourth-Graders’ Writing in Cursive
Authors: Koziatek Susan M. , Powell Nancy J. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this research was to study how the speed and legibility of fourth-grader’s hand writing was affected by type of pencil grip on the Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting-Cursive.
METHOD. Ninety-five typically developing students and 6 students receiving special education services completed the Evaluation Tool of Children’s Handwriting-Cursive (ETCH-C). Photographs were taken of their pencil grips while they wrote the alphabet. One-way ANOVAs were calculated to compare legibility rates and writing speeds by type of pencil grip.
RESULTS. Ninety-nine of the students used one of four pencil grips including the dynamic tripod (38 students), the dynamic quadrupod (18), the lateral tripod (22), and the lateral quadrupod (21). One student used the four-finger pencil grip and one used the interdigital pencil grip. Mean cursive writing speeds were similar for all pencil grips except for the interdigital grasp. Speeds obtained were slower than recently published fourth-grade speeds ranging from a mean of 29.45 to 34.75 letters per minute.
CONCLUSION. This study found the lateral quadrupod and four-finger pencil grips to be as functional as the dynamic tripod, lateral tripod, and dynamic quadrupod pencil grips. This study provides average handwriting speeds for fourth-grade students on the ETCH-C.
Qualitative and Quantitative Knowledge of Results: Effects on Motor Learning
Authors: Kilduski Nancy C. , Rice Martin S. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This study investigated the effects of qualitative and quantitative knowledge of results (KR) on the acquisition of a motor skill. It was hypothesized that there would be differences in performance during skill acquisition and retention, depending on the type of feedback given. Qualitative KR was in the form of verbal encouragement and quantitative KR was in the form of an algebraic number representing an error score.
METHODS. Seventy-seven adults were randomly assigned to one of four feedback conditions, Quantitative, Qualitative, Quantitative and Qualitative, and no feedback (Control). Participants learned an isometric force production skill. Data were collected during skill acquisition and retention phases. Computer hardware and custom software were used to collect data and administer the feedback conditions of the independent variable.
RESULTS. There was a statistically significant difference in the Acquisition Phase for the main effect of Condition F (3,73) = 6.35, p &lt; .05, and for Block F (9,657) = 2.07, p &lt; .05, but there was no statistically significant Condition X Block interaction F (27,657) = 1.02, p &gt; .05. Pair-wise comparisons revealed statistically significant differences between conditions containing qualitative feedback and conditions containing no qualitative feedback (p &lt; .05). The main effect of condition was significant F (3,73) = 3.00, p &lt; .05 in the retention phase, however there were no significant pair-wise comparisons (p &gt; .05).
CONCLUSION. The results of this study suggest that in a healthy adult population, qualitative feedback, by itself and when combined with quantitative feedback, resulted in superior skill acquisition, but not in the retention of that skill. The artificiality of the task along with differing modes of feedback (audible versus visual) are two potentially limiting factors to this study. Future research that controls for these factors may yield more definitive findings about the role that qualitative feedback has in improving motor performance and learning.
Perceptions Regarding School-Based Occupational Therapy for Children With Emotional Disturbances
Authors: Barnes Karin J. , Beck Alison J. , Vogel Kimberly A. , Grice Kimatha Oxford , Murphy Douglas 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the perceived appropriateness, extent, and types of services provided by occupational therapists to children with emotional disturbances in public schools. A nationally mailed survey was conducted of randomly selected school occupational therapists derived from the American Occupational Therapy Association School System Special Interest Section list. The sampling frame was 982 with a response rate of 48% (n = 476).
Eighty-seven percent of all respondents were supportive of school occupational therapy for students with emotional disturbances, although these students made up only a small proportion of their caseload. The therapists indicated that a variety of intervention approaches were used with most targeting educational areas, especially handwriting. The most commonly reported intervention was sensory integration.
Many respondents perceived that they could not provide effective interventions because they were not appropriately trained. Perceived lack of knowledge and confusion about occupational therapy’s role may lead to underutilization of occupational therapy for addressing the complex needs of children with emotional disturbances. Further research and discussion are needed in the profession to arrive at consensus regarding what approaches are most appropriate and effective in schools.
Adolescent Performance on the Allen Cognitive Levels Screen
Authors: Lee Sloane Nguyen , Gargiullo Audrey , Brayman Sara , Kinsey Jodi Coppage , Jones Hope Carroll , Shotwell Mary 
Published: September 2010

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to provide information regarding the validity of using the Allen Cognitive Levels Screen (ACL-90 version) by comparing functional cognitive performance between adolescents living in the community and adolescents residing in mental health facilities.
METHOD. Sixty-three adolescents were assessed using the ACL-90: 32 adolescents living in the community, and 28 adolescents residing in residential mental health facilities.
RESULTS. Using a one-tailed t test, performance scores for adolescents residing in the community were statistically higher than those for adolescents living in residential mental health facilities (t (34) = 4.3, p &lt; .001).
CONCLUSION. This study suggests the validity of the ACL-90 as an assessment to use for screening the cognitive functional performance of adolescents.