bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of soya milk containing low flatulence‐causing oligosaccharides in a packed bed reactor using immobilised α‐galactosidase
Authors: Rajan Anila , Nair Giridhar R. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryPeanut α‐galactosidase was immobilised in calcium alginate beads and used to hydrolyse the flatulence‐causing oligosaccharides, raffinose and stachyose, in soya milk in batch and in packed bed reactor with recycle. The immobilised enzyme exhibited a slightly lower activity than the free enzyme. The activity yield of immobilised α‐galactosidase was 75.1% and the immobilisation yield was 82.6%. Batch hydrolysis using immobilised enzyme at 55 °C resulted in 96% reduction in the oligosaccharides after 12 h. For the continuous process, a packed bed reactor with recycle was used. More than 98% of the oligosaccharides were hydrolysed after 6 h of reaction at 55 °C. The immobilised enzyme also proved to be stable up to three repeated hydrolysis reactions.
Fat, wheat bran and salt effects on cooking properties of meat patties studied by response surface methodology
Authors: Tekin Hasibe , Saricoban Cemalettin , Yilmaz Mustafa Tahsin 
Published: August 2010

SummaryResponse surface methodology was used to investigate the main effects and interactions of composition (processing) variables such as fat (10–30%), wheat bran (5–15%) and NaCl (0–2%) on cooking properties of beef patties. In addition, the ridge analysis was conducted to find the values of processing variables that maximise and minimise the cooking parameters (moisture retention, fat retention, reduction in thickness, reduction in diameter, cooking yield, shrinkage and water‐holding capacity). It was found that the moisture and fat retention, reduction in thickness and cooking yield values decreased; however, reduction in diameter and shrinkage values increased, respectively, as the amount of fat increased. However, wheat bran addition increased fat retention, moisture retention, cooking yield and water‐holding capacity values of the patties. Increasing NaCl levels decreased water‐holding capacity value by its quadratic effect and moisture and fat retention value by its interaction effect with wheat bran.
Original article: Apparent thermal diffusivity estimation for the heat transfer modelling of pork loin under air/steam cooking treatments
Authors: Rinaldi Massimiliano , Chiavaro Emma , Massini Roberto 
Published: August 2010

SummaryApparent thermal diffusivity linear functions vs. product temperature were estimated for pork cooked under two different treatments (forced convection, FC and forced convection/steam combined, FC/S) at 100, 110, 120 and 140 °C by means of experimental time–temperature data and a developed finite‐difference algorithm. Slope and intercept of each function were employed to calculate apparent thermal diffusivity at 40, 55 and 70 °C. Generally, FC/S treatments gave significantly higher apparent thermal diffusivities in comparison with FC conditions. Apparent thermal diffusivities were used to develop a model for cooking time and final core temperature prediction on the basis of oven setting. The model was validated by means of additional cooking tests performed at different temperatures of those employed for model development. Root mean square error values lower than 3.8 °C were obtained comparing predicted and experimental temperature profiles. Percentage errors lower than 3.1% and 3.5% were, respectively, obtained for cooking times and final core temperatures.
Evolution of volatile compounds in papaya wine fermented with three Williopsis saturnus yeasts
Authors: Lee Pin‐Rou , Ong Yuen‐Ling , Yu Bin , Curran Philip , Liu Shao‐Quan 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe changes in volatile compounds during papaya juice fermentation with three Williopsis saturnus yeasts were investigated in this study. Time‐course papaya juice fermentations were carried out using three Williopsis saturnus yeasts: W. saturnus var. mrakii NCYC2251, W. saturnus var. saturnus NCYC22 and W. saturnus var. sargentensis NCYC2727. Changes in yeast cell population, Brix and pH were similar among the three yeasts, which preferentially utilised glucose over fructose while partially degrading l‐malic acid. A range of volatile compounds were produced during fermentation including fatty acids, alcohols and esters with esters being the most abundant volatile compounds produced. Benzyl isothiocyanate, butyric acid, 2‐ethylhexanol, benzaldehyde and β‐damascenone present in the papaya juice were metabolised to trace levels during fermentation. There were significant variations among the three yeasts in their ability to produce and metabolise volatile compounds during fermentation. The study suggests that papaya juice fermentation with W. saturnus yeasts is able to result in the formation of a more complex aroma compounds.
A simple and rapid turbidimetric method for determining catechins in beverages
Authors: Nakayama Motokazu , Shigemune Naofumi , Tsugukuni Takashi , Tokuda Hajime , Miyamoto Takahisa 
Published: August 2010

SummaryWe have developed a simple and rapid turbidimetric method to determine catechins based on the fact that many polyphenols produce hydrogen peroxide in an alkaline environment and that hydrogen peroxide oxidises cerium to generate cerium oxide precipitates. Four catechins (epicatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate) aggregated with these precipitates to form massive precipitates with increased turbidity. The catechins solution (0.18 mL) was mixed with 0.02 mL of 1% CeCl3 solution, and absorbance (650 nm) was measured immediately after agitation for 3 min using a spectrophotometer. Absorbance was strongly correlated (0.99) with the concentration of each catechin compound. For commercially bottled green tea, the estimated catechin content determined using this turbidimetric method showed better correlation with the content determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography than that determined using ferrous tartrate method, which is the official Japanese method for determining the tannin content of green tea.
Mathematical modelling of mass transfer in the concentration polarisation layer of flat‐sheet membranes during clarification of pomegranate juice
Authors: Mirsaeedghazi Hossein , Emam‐Djomeh Zahra , Mousavi Sayed M. , Enjileha Vali , Navidbakhsh Mahdi , Mirhashemi Seyyedeh M. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryEvaluation of membrane clarification of pomegranate juice showed that a cake layer is created at the beginning of the process. This evaluation was used as the basis for modelling the solute concentration in the concentration polarisation layer to control the fouling of the membrane. The model of changes in concentration as a function of time and distance (in its dimensionless form) was solved numerically using the Forward‐Time/Central‐Space (FTCS) method. Programming was performed using MATLAB software, and the predicted concentration on the membrane surface was compared with experimental data; the prediction fit well with the experimental data. The model showed that the solute concentration increased as distance to the membrane surface decreased, time increased, transmembrane pressure increased and velocity decreased. Also, the model matched the experimental data in that it showed the cake layer to be created in the early stages of the membrane clarification process.
Effect of patient coping preferences on quality of life following renal transplantation
Authors: White Ciara , Gallagher Pamela 
Published: August 2010

white c. & gallagher p. (2010) Effect of patient coping preferences on quality of life following renal transplantation. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(11), 2550–2559.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study investigating the relationships between quality of life, patient coping preferences, and desire to be actively involved in care following renal transplantation.Background.  While the general consensus is that quality of life is improved greatly by kidney transplantation, it is apparent that it is not uniformly a positive experience in this regard. There is a need to identify individual difference factors that influence quality of life following renal transplantation.Method.  A correlational study was conducted in the national referral centre for renal transplantation in the Republic of Ireland in 2006 with a sample of 172 transplant recipients. Data were collected using a questionnaire composed of standardized instruments to measure the key concepts.Results.  Participants perceived that they had good quality of life, and used more problem‐solving than avoidance coping strategies. Avoidance coping strategies were associated with statistically significantly lower quality of life following transplantation. Being younger, attaining a higher education level, being in employment and being married were associated with higher quality of life following transplantation.Conclusion.  Assessment of coping strategies among the transplant population should be further explored in clinical practice, and steps employed to promote the use of positive coping strategies in order to maximize quality of life after transplant.
Usability evaluation of a web‐based patient information system for individuals with severe mental health problems
Authors: Kuosmanen Lauri , Jakobsson Tiina , Hyttinen Jari , Koivunen Marita , Välimäki Maritta 
Published: August 2010

kuosmanen L., Jakobsson T., hyttinen J., koivunen M. & välimäki M. (2010) Usability evaluation of a web‐based patient information system for individuals with severe mental health problems. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 66(12), 2701–2710.AbstractAim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to compare service users’, nursing students’ and Registered Nurses’ evaluations of the usability of a patient education website intended for individuals with severe mental health problems.Background.  There is an obvious need for reliable mental health information on the Internet. When evaluating the usability of Internet‐based patient education methods, the opinions of all parties need to be ascertained.Methods.  An explorative descriptive design was used. Twenty‐one service users, 20 nursing students and 35 Registered Nurses were recruited for the study in 2003 and 2004. Data were collected using a self‐developed questionnaire on the content, structure and visual appearance of the website.Results.  Service users had positive attitudes towards computer and Internet use but they needed support when using the computer and Internet. According to the evaluations, the content, structure and visual appearance of the website were good and it could be adopted for clinical practise after minor revisions. There were some differences in the evaluations between participant groups. Nurses were the most critical group, and the service user group was the most satisfied, although they were less experienced with using both computers and the Internet.Conclusion.  It is especially important to include service users’ evaluations at the early stages of the development process of Web‐based patient education systems. It is possible to produce an information technology‐based patient education system for individuals with severe mental health problems. Nurses working in psychiatric services need to pay more attention to supporting service users in computer and Internet use.
Smoking among young children in Hong Kong: influence of parental smoking
Authors: Loke Alice Yuen , Wong Yuen Ping Ivy 
Published: August 2010

loke a.y. & wong y.p.i. (2010) Smoking among young children in Hong Kong: influence of parental smoking. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(12), 2659–2670.AbstractAims.  This paper is a report of a study comparing children with smoking parents and those with non‐smoking parents, in terms of knowledge and attitude towards smoking and the influence of parents and peers on smoking initiation.Background.  Adolescence is a developmental stage when smoking habits are likely to start. Adolescents are most influenced by the smoking habits of their parents and friends.Method.  A cross‐section study was conducted with students aged 13–15 years in two schools in 2008, using a questionnaire that collected information on the smoking habits of their parents and peers, knowledge and attitude towards smoking, initiation and inclination towards smoking. Chi‐square tests and binary logistic regression were used to analyse the data.Results.  A total of 257 of 575 (44·7%) students had smoking parent(s), and 25·4% reported having peers who smoked. Children with non‐smoking parents were more likely than those with smoking parents to consider ‘smoking as disgusting’ (67·3% vs. 45·9%), and to know that ‘smoking is addictive’ (80·5% vs. 70·4%) and ‘harmful to health’ (81·8% vs. 67·7%). More of those with smoking parents had tried smoking than those with non‐smoking parents (13·2% vs. 3·8%).Conclusion.  Preventive programmes should involve smoking parents to increase their awareness of the impact their smoking has on their children. Interventions should include problem‐solving skills for children to deal with daily stresses and thus eradicate the potential risk of smoking initiation.
Effects of habitat amount and isolation on biodiversity in fragmented traditional orchards
Authors: Bailey Debra , Schmidt‐Entling Martin H. , Eberhart Peter , Herrmann John D. , Hofer Gabriela , Kormann Urs , Herzog Felix 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Habitat fragmentation is a major threat to biodiversity and can lead to the loss of both species and ecosystem services, but fragmentation effects vary greatly between studies and studied organisms. Understanding the distinct effects of habitat amount and isolation at the patch and landscape scale may account for some of this variation.2. We studied biodiversity in 30 traditional orchards that were selected for independent variation in habitat amount and habitat isolation at the patch and landscape scale. We analysed species richness and abundance of snails, beetles, true bugs, spiders and breeding birds that avoid open farmland but occur in woody vegetation types. Additionally, the abundances of nine single species were analysed using specific habitat definitions.3. Surprisingly, the effects of habitat isolation were more important than the effects of habitat amount. Effects at the patch scale were more frequent than landscape‐scale effects.4. Spider species richness decreased with increasing patch‐scale habitat amount. Abundance of the weevilPhyllobius oblongusincreased with landscape‐scale habitat amount. Negative effects of patch isolation were greater for predatory birds and spiders, while the predominately herbivorous beetles, true bugs and snails were less affected. Species richness of birds, spiders and beetles, and abundance of birds,Cyanistes caeruleus,Parus majorandFringilla coelebs, decreased with increasing patch‐scale habitat isolation. In contrast, species richness of spiders and beetles increased with increasing landscape‐scale habitat isolation.5. Synthesis and applications. The effects of habitat fragmentation differed between taxonomic groups, with stronger and more consistent responses in birds than invertebrates. Our understanding of fragmentation effects may be biased due to the dominance of bird studies in the literature, and further invertebrate studies are encouraged. Landscape management to improve biodiversity or ecosystem services requires a group‐specific approach and coordinated priority setting. High habitat connectivity benefited wood‐preferring birds, spiders and beetles, lending support to national initiatives for increased habitat connectedness. The negative effects of patch isolation were greater for natural pest regulators, birds and spiders than for herbivorous beetles and bugs.
The effectiveness of nursing: a review
Authors: THOMAS LOIS H. , BOND SENGA 
Published: August 2010

Summary

This paper describes the findings of a literature review of the effectiveness of nursing. Three journals were selected in which this type of study was most likely to be published. A diversity of attempts to measure nursing effectiveness with various types of patient was found. Generally, however, there was a lack of rigour in study design and sample sixes were too small to be able to draw conclusions. No studies were found which undertook a cost‐effectiveness analysis of nursing interventions.
Suggestions for the way forward in measuring nursing effectiveness are given, together with questions to be addressed by nursing research.
A critique of ‘at risk’ pressure sore assessment tools
Authors: SMITH L. N. , BOOTH N. , DOUGLAS D. , ROBERTSON W. R. , WALKER A. , DURIE M. , ERASER A. , HILLAN E. H. , SWAFFIELD J. 
Published: August 2010

Summary

This paper critiques pressure sore risk assessment tools. No attempt is made to describe individual tools in detail as this literature is available elsewhere.
The economic case for risk assessment is presented along with the criteria for an effective risk assessment instrument.
Reliability and validity studies are reviewed in relation to three risk assessment tools: Norton, Waterlow and Braden.
Finally a number of issues related to threshold scores, research design and the need to view pressure sores as a clinical problem rather than a nursing problem are discussed.
Introduction of the use of structured pain assessment for post‐operative patients in Kenya: implementing change using a research‐based co‐operative approach
Authors: HASTINGS FAYE 
Published: August 2010

Summary

A research‐based project was conducted to introduce structured pain assessment on a surgical ward at a general hospital in Kenya, East Africa. The aim was to improve pain control, and subsequently patients' recovery and satisfaction with care.
It was agreed that the ultimate aim was to develop and use a common tool for pain assessment throughout the hospital, thereby reducing disparity in various clinical areas, and raising standards of patient care.
The project was seen as a pilot, and planned introduction of the pain assessment took place over 1 month.
This paper describes the findings in relation to the patient sample, and perceptions of nurses taking part. It also contains reflections about action research, and how it may enter the scene as a way of understanding the whole picture retrospectively.
Listening to the voices of older patients: an existential‐phenomenological approach to quality assurance
Authors: KOCH TINA , WEBB CHRISTINE , WILLIAMS ANNE M. 
Published: August 2010

Summary

The motivation behind this study was a desire to gain access to the experiences of elderly people receiving nursing care in hospital. Previous experience with quantitative approaches to quality assurance had led to dissatisfaction with their neglect of the patient perspective or reliance on patient satisfaction questionnaires.
An existential‐phenomenological approach was used in an attempt to reconstruct patients' experiences as reported in their own words.
Themes which emerged from the data and are reported here focus on ‘routine geriatric care’, ‘care deprivation’, ‘depersonalization’, and ‘geriatric segregation’.
The findings are discussed against the background of literature about nursing care of elderly people. It is suggested that in the setting studied, limitations posed by past management deficiencies, under‐staffing and poor physical environment contributed to the situation reported. Trained nurses felt they worked hard to give the best care they could but, with a high ratio of untrained staff and lack of continuing education, they were aware that their levels of achievement were far from ideal.
The study demonstrates that, with an appropriate methodology, it is possible to gain access to how patients' experience their care and in this sense the attempt to ‘listen to the voices of patients’ was successful and gives pointers to developing more patient‐sensitive quality‐assurance processes.
The management of diabetes in adolescents and young adults: a preliminary case study
Authors: ROBINSON J.J.A. , SOWDEN J. A. , TATTERSALL R.B. 
Published: August 2010

Summary

This paper describes one part of a first‐stage study concerned with the care received by a group of adolescents and young adults with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in one district health authority.
The paper reports findings from a self‐selected sample of 30 patients aged between 15 and 25. Each of the 30 patients was interviewed during a routine appointment at a diabetes clinic. The patients' doctor at the clinic and one of the diabetes specialist nurses also filled in a short questionnaire for each of the patients interviewed.
The main finding was that although all 30 patients interviewed reported that their diabetes control was at least moderately good, a significant number of patients had blood glucose levels above the recommended norm.
The study lends support to the widely held belief that young adults with diabetes have particular difficulties in maintaining blood glucose levels within a normal range.
It is suggested that processes within the current mode of care may be contributing to this poor level of control. Recommendations for a controlled trial of specialist nurse versus doctor care are made.
Head lice infestation: bug busting vs. traditional treatment
Authors: Plastow Liz , Luthra Manjo , Powell Roy , Wright Judith , Russell David , Marshall Martin N. 
Published: August 2010

• The two main methods of managing head lice infestation in the UK are head lice lotions and bug busting; there is no conclusive evidence as to which of these methods is most effective.• The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of the bug busting method with lotion.• A pilot study in the form of a randomized controlled trial involving two semi‐rural general practices was used. Thirty children aged 4–16 years were randomly assigned to two intervention groups.• After initial dry combing to detect the presence of head lice, one group was treated with phenothrin lotion. The bug busting group received combing using special combs provided in the bug busting pack and hair conditioner.• The main outcome measure was the number of adult live lice and nymphs at day 14.• On day 14 in the bug busting group, total eradication of head lice had occurred in eight children; in the lotion group, total eradication had occurred in two children (P=0.052); number needed to treat 2.5 (95% CI: 2.19–2.81).• These results suggest that bug busting performed by nurses in a controlled situation is an effective method of managing head lice infestation.
Integration of lucid individuals and agitated individuals with dementia in different care units
Authors: Ragneskog Hans , Gerdner Linda A. , Hellström Lisbeth 
Published: August 2010

• The purpose of this study was to illuminate how the integration of lucid individuals and agitated cognitively impaired individuals affects aspects of perceived quality of care.• A questionnaire was mailed to hospital wards, nursing home wards and residential homes in Sweden. Nursing staff replied to the questionnaire on behalf of each care unit.• Integration of cognitively impaired and lucid patients/residents was identified as a problem, regardless of whether the care unit was a hospital ward, nursing home or residential home.• Agitated behaviours in people who were cognitively impaired could result in lucid residents becoming anxious, afraid and irritated. This in turn could lead to an exacerbation of behaviour in residents who were already agitated.• Sometimes a lucid patient/resident was required to share a room with an agitated individual.• There is a need for staff training specific to the needs of people with dementia.• Findings suggest that there is a shortage of units designed specifically for the care of agitated cognitively impaired patients/residents.• The findings of this study support the need for healthcare providers in long‐term care settings to maintain the rights and well being of all patients/residents.