bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Tell the History of European Integration in the 1970s
Authors: Marhold Hartmut 
Published: August 2011

Résumé Les « années 1970 » sont une période controversée, et ceci pas seulement dans l’histoire de la construction européenne. L’Europe était-elle en crise à l’époque, avec un système politique en stagnation et des projets politiques essentiels en suspens ? Ou était-elle au contraire assez solide pour affronter efficacement les défis de la crise du dollar, des chocs pétroliers et de la « stagflation » ? Quels sont les facteurs (et acteurs) principaux du malaise économique et social de l’époque ? Et quel est leur impact sur la construction européenne entre « La Haye » (1969) et l’Acte unique européen (1985-1987) ? Les historiens subdivisent le temps historique en ères, périodes, époques, selon l’importance relative qu’ils attachent à l’un ou l’autre de ces facteurs. L’article analyse des approches historiographiques sous cet angle et développe une proposition de périodisation de cette période cruciale pour la construction européenne.
Semiclassical Limits of Eigenfunctions on Flat n-Dimensional Tori
Authors: Aϊssiou Tayeb 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe provide a proof of a conjecture by Jakobson, Nadirashvili, and Toth stating that on an n-dimensional flat torus 𝕋n, and the Fourier transform of squares of the eigenfunctions |φ λ|2 of the Laplacian have uniform ln bounds that do not depend on the eigenvalue λ. The proof is a generalization of an argument by Jakobson, et al. for the lower dimensional cases. These results imply uniform bounds for semiclassical limits on 𝕋n+2. We also prove a geometric lemma that bounds the number of codimension-one simplices satisfying a certain restriction on an n-dimensional sphere Sn(λ) of radius √λ, and we use it in the proof.
Multiple Solutions for Nonlinear Periodic Problems
Authors: Kyritsi Sophia Th. , Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractWe consider a nonlinear periodic problem driven by a nonlinear nonhomogeneous differential operator and a Carathéodory reaction termf(t;x) that exhibits a (p– 1)-superlinear growth in x 2Rnear 1 and near zero. A special case of the differential operator is the scalarp-Laplacian. Using a combination of variational methods based on the critical point theory with Morse theory (critical groups), we show that the problem has three nontrivial solutions, two of which have constant sign (one positive, the other negative).
Deformation Strengthening of Biopolymer in Nacre
Authors: Xu Zhi‐Hui , Li Xiaodong 
Published: August 2011

AbstractNacre is an ultratough natural nanocomposite found in mollusc shells. It consists of hard aragonite nanocrystals and a soft biopolymer matrix. Apart from maintaining the integrity of nacre's brick‐and‐mortar nanoarchitecture, the biopolymer plays a critical role in the strengthening and toughening of nacre. By directly probing the biopolymer strands using atomic force microscopy, it is revealed that the biopolymer in nacre has the capability to strengthen itself during deformation. This remarkable deformation–strengthening mechanism contributes significantly to the ultrahigh toughness of nacre, and can be explained by a coiled‐spring model. The findings explain the mystery of nacre's toughening mechanisms, provide additional design guidelines for developing biomimetic nanomaterials, and lay a constitutive foundation for modeling the deformation behavior of nacre.
Bioinspired Design Criteria for Damage‐Resistant Materials with Periodically Varying Microstructure
Authors: Kolednik Otmar , Predan Jozef , Fischer Franz Dieter , Fratzl Peter 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMany biological materials, such as bone, nacre, or certain deep‐sea glass sponges, have a hierarchical structure that makes them stiff, tough, and damage tolerant. Different structural features contributing to these exceptional properties have been identified, but a common motif of these materials, the periodic arrangement of structural components with strongly varying stiffness, has not gained sufficient attention. Here we show that the periodicity of the material properties is one of the dominant reasons for the high fracture resistance of these structures and their tolerance to short cracks. If the composite architecture fulfills certain design rules, which are derived in this paper, the stiff structure becomes fracture resistant and, most of all, flaw tolerant. This architectural criterion inspired from nature provides useful guidelines for the design of defect‐tolerant resistant man‐made materials.
Mechanistic model for kinetics of propene hydroformylation with Rh catalyst
Authors: Murzin Dmitry Yu , Bernas Andreas , Salmi Tapio 
Published: August 2011

AbstractHydroformylation of propene to isobutyraldehyde and n‐butyraldehyde was studied in the kinetic regime in a semibatch stainless steel reactor at 85–115°C and 1–15 bar pressure in 2,2,4‐trimethyl‐1,3‐pentanediol monoisobutyrate solvent with rhodium catalyst cyclohexyl diphenylphosphine as a ligand, which showed lower normal/isometric aldehyde ratio (n/i) than previously studied triphenylphosphine. The rate was pressure and Rh concentration dependent. The regioselectivity was conversion independent; however, dependent on the ligand concentration, as higher ligand concentration promoted isobutyraldehyde formation. The influence of ligand concentration on regioselectivity was investigated. A kinetic model was proposed based on the mechanism of alkene hydroformylation and compared with experimental observations. Numerical data fitting was performed showing good agreement of reaction rates and regioselectivity with experimental data. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Achieving profitably, operationally, and environmentally compromise flow‐sheet designs by a single‐criterion optimization
Authors: Kasaš Mihael , Kravanja Zdravko , Pintarič Zorka Novak 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCompromise designs that can be achieved to a certain extent in process flow‐sheet optimization not only by multicriteria but also by single‐criterion optimization are described. A well‐balanced compromise between the profitability, operational, and environmental efficiencies can be achieved using a suitable economic criterion. From the financial point of view, the net present value (NPV) is the correct criterion for selection from among mutually exclusive solutions and, hence, for evaluating different designs in process optimization. Other criteria are also often used in engineering practice. It is shown that optimal designs obtained using different economic objectives vary not only in their investment and other financial indicators, but also in operational efficiencies and environmental indicators. Operationally more efficient and environmentally less harmful solutions can be obtained at lower profitability, by increasing the invested funds. The net present value generates the best compromise between these objectives, as illustrated by three flow‐sheet synthesis problems. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Information as ontologization
Authors: Saab David J. , Riss Uwe V. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe traditional view of data, information, and knowledge as a hierarchy fosters an understanding of information as an independent entity with objective meaning—that while information is tied to data and knowledge, its existence is not dependent upon them. While traditional conceptions assume a static nature of information, expressed by the equation information = data + meaning, we have argued that this understanding is based on an ontologization of an entwined process of sense making and meaning making. This process starts from the recognition of a pattern that is interpreted in a way that influences our behavior. At the same time, the process character of meaning making makes us aware of the fact that this ontologized hierarchy is in fact an interwoven process. We conclude that the phenomenological analysis of this ontologization that makes into being data, information, and knowledge has to go back to this process to reveal the essential underlying dependencies.
Cassia obtusifolia MetE as a Cytosolic Target for Potassium Isolespedezate, a Leaf‐Opening Factor of Cassia plants: Target Exploration by a Compact Molecular‐Probe Strategy
Authors: Ueda Minoru , Manabe Yoshiyuki , Otsuka Yuki , Kanzawa Nobuyuki 
Published: August 2011

AbstractAffinity chromatography by using ligand‐immobilized bead technology is generally the first choice for target exploration of a bioactive ligand. However, when a ligand has comparatively low affinity against its target, serious difficulties will be raised in affinity‐based target detection. We report here that the use of compact molecular probes (CMP) will be advantageous in such cases; it enables the retention of moderate affinity between the ligand and its target in contrast to immobilizing the ligand on affinity beads that will cause a serious drop in affinity to preclude target detection. In the CMP strategy, a CMP containing an azide handle is used for an initial affinity‐based labeling of target, and subsequent tagging by CuAAC with a large FLAG tag will give a tagged target protein. By using the CMP strategy, we succeeded in the identification of Cassia obtusifolia MetE as a cytosolic target protein of potassium isolespedezate (1), a moderately bioactive ligand.
Relationship between ESI tendency and Indian monsoon rainfall: a possible mechanism
Authors: Kakade S. B. , Kulkarni Ashwini 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this article, we have studied spatial and temporal variabilities of temperature and zonal wind field over 90°–0°N, 90°W–90°E during contrasting phases of Effective Strength Index (ESI) tendency and its relationship with Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). During positive (negative) ESI tendency, there is winter‐time anomalous cooling (warming) over western Eurasia surrounding Moscow but magnitude of warming is stronger than cooling. The correlation analysis also suggests that negative ESI tendency is significantly associated with warming over western Eurasia during winter and spring seasons. The study further reveals that positive (negative) ESI tendency is indicating winter‐time anomalous trough (ridge) over the Russian region surrounding Moscow. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Integrating Sustainability into Firms' Processes: Performance Effects and the Moderating Role of Business Models and Innovation
Authors: Hall Jeremy , Wagner Marcus 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTInnovation has been widely regarded as a panacea for sustainable development, but there remains considerable uncertainty about how it will lead to a more sustainable society. We analyze the role of innovation and business models for the link between the integration of sustainable management with other corporate functions and the economic and environmental performance of companies. Drawing on survey data in the manufacturing sector, we apply structural equation modeling to compare differences between business models and the role of different stakeholder groups in a moderation analysis. We find a positive association of the integration of strategic issues and environmental management with the economic and environmental performance of firms. The results also suggest differences in the link between integration and economic and environmental performance, respectively, depending on the type of business model or innovation pursued, and that secondary stakeholders influence sustainability integration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A hydrodynamic model of a circulating fluidised bed with low‐density particles
Authors: Miao Qi , Zhu Jesse , Barghi Shahzad , Wu Chuangzhi , Yin Xiuli , Zhou Zhaoqiu 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this study, a two‐dimensional mathematical model was developed considering the hydrodynamic behaviour of a circulating fluidised bed biomass gasifier (CFBBG), which is also applicable for other low‐density particles. In the modelling, the CFB riser was divided into two regions: a dense region at the bottom and a dilute region at the top of the riser. Kunii and Levenspiel's [Kunii and Levenspiel, Powder Technol. 61, 193‐206 (1990)] model was adopted to express the vertical solids distribution with some other assumptions. Radial distributions of bed voidage were taken into account in the upper zone by using Zhang et al.'s [Zhang et al., Chem. Eng. Sci. 46(12), 3045‐3052 (1991)] correlation. For model validation purposes, a cold model CFB was employed, in which sawdust was transported with air as the fluidising agent. The column is 10 m in height and 280 mm in diameter, and is equipped with pressure transducers to measure axial pressure profile and with a reflective optical fibre probe to measure local solids holdup. A satisfactory agreement between the model predictions and experimental data was found. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
A comparative study on optimised and non‐optimised axial flow, spherical reactors in naphtha reforming process
Authors: Iranshahi Davood , Bahmanpour Ali Mohammad , Pourazadi Ehsan , Rahimpour Mohammad Reza 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this study, the operating conditions of an axial flow spherical reactor have been optimised using a reliable optimisation technique and the results are compared with the results of non‐optimised conditions. The dynamic behaviour of the reactor has been considered in the optimisation process and orthogonal collocation method has been used in order to solve the obtained equations from mathematical modelling of the process. The goal of this study is to maximise the aromatics and hydrogen production rate. Therefore, the objective function is the combination of two terms which include the production rate of the mentioned components. The catalyst distribution for each reactor, the inlet pressure of the system, Length per radius for each reactor, the naphtha feed molar flow rate and the hydrogen mole fraction in the recycle stream as well as the inlet temperature of each reactor have been optimised in this study. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Application of optical microscopy as a screening technique for cellulose and lignin solvent systems
Authors: FitzPatrick Michael , Champagne Pascale , Cunningham Michael F. , Falkenburger Charlene 
Published: August 2011

AbstractRapid and facile screening techniques to determine the effectiveness of solvents for cellulose or biomass dissolution can advance biomass processing research. Here, we report the use of a simple optical microscopy method to screen potential cellulose and lignin solvents. The described methodology was used to screen the dissolution of cellulose and lignin in two imidazolium‐based ionic liquids (ILs), two phosphonium‐based ILs, as well as a N,N‐dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride (DMAc/LiCl) solution in less time than other techniques. The imidazolium‐based ILs and the DMAc/LiCl were found to dissolve both cellulose and lignin. Also, it was observed that one of the phosphonium‐based ILs dissolved lignin and not cellulose, demonstrating a potential for biomass fractionation applications. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Flow of nanodispersed catalyst particles through porous media: Effect of permeability and temperature
Authors: Zamani Amir , Maini Brij , Pereira‐Almao Pedro 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe proposed in situ catalytic upgrading of heavy oil to achieve an environmentally sustainable method for heavy oil recovery requires the placement of nanodispersed catalyst particles deep into the formation where it can accelerate the high‐temperature upgrading reactions. In continuation of the previous work [Zamani et al., Energy Fuels 24, 4980‐4988 (2010)], this paper presents results of several new experiments carried out to examine the effects of other parameters, including the connate brine salinity, absolute permeability, sand‐bed temperature and particle concentration on the propagation of nanoparticles in porous media. The results show that lower permeability, increased operating temperature and higher particle concentration did not significantly affect the propagation of nanodispersed catalyst suspension through the sand‐bed. Virtually the same filtration behaviour, displaying a rapid increase of effluent concentration at 1 pore volume injected to a steady concentration close to the inlet concentration was seen in all experiments. A classical phenomenological approach was used to model the macroscopic propagation behaviour of suspended particles in the porous medium. The model was successful in history matching the effluent composition profile observed in the experiments and the deposition profile obtained from post‐test analysis of the sand‐bed. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Adsorption of Chromium(III), Nickel(II), and Copper(II) from Aqueous Solution by Activated Alumina
Authors: Rajurkar Nilima S. , Gokarn Ashok N. , Dimya Kumaree 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe possible use of activated alumina powder (AAP) as adsorbent for Cr(III), Ni(II), and Cu(II) from synthetic solutions was investigated. The effect of various parameters on batch adsorption process such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, particle size, temperature, and initial metal ions concentration were studied to optimize the conditions for maximum metal ion removal. Both higher (molar) and lower (ppm) initial metal ion concentration sets were subjected to adsorption on AAP. Adsorption process revealed that equilibrium was established in 50 min for Cr(III) at pH 4.70, 80 min for Ni(II) at pH 7.00, and 40 min for Cu(II) at pH 3.02. Percentage removal was found to be highest at 55°C for Cr(III) and Ni(II) with 420 µm and 45°C for Cu(II) with 250‐µm particle size AAP. A dosage of 2 g for Cr(III), 8 g for Ni(II), and 10 g Cu(II) gave promising data in the metal ion removal. The adsorption process followed Langmuir as well as Freundlich models. The thermodynamics of adsorption of these metal ions on activated aluminum indicated that the adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Present study indicates that AAP can act as a promising adsorbent for industrial wastewater treatment.
Distribution Characteristics of Pollutants and Their Mutual Influence in Highway Runoff
Authors: Zuo XiaoJun , Fu DaFang , Li He , Singh R. P. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractMany environmental pollution issues from highway runoff increasingly become a serious concern, which has been revealed by many previous studies. However, very less information is available on the distribution characteristics of pollutants and their mutual influence in highway runoff. In this paper, the partitioning of pollutant and particle size distribution were investigated based on the initial road runoff of 47 rainfall events from July 2007 to May 2009 on the Lukou section of the Nanjing Airport Expressway, China. This study is emphasizing on the analysis of the mutual impact of pollutant distribution and the relationship between particle size and pollutant distribution. The impact of rainfall characteristics, water temperature, and pH values in runoff samples on the pollutant distribution was also studied. Result shows that partitioning of different pollutants was varying significantly. Volume of particles in different sizes was different, with the highest volume of particles of 21–75 µm size. The distribution of COD highly affected the distribution of TN, and somewhat promoted the distribution of Pb in particles. TP, Pb, and Cd promoted distribution of each other's in particles. There was better competition among Zn, Cu, and Cd, when heavy metals combined with particles. The particles ranged between 21 and 75 µm size had an obvious impact on the distribution of COD, Pb, and TN in the particulate matter. TP in the particulate matter mainly distributed in particles ranged in 151–300 µm size. Rainfall duration significantly affected the Pb in particulate matter. The distribution of Zn in the particulate matter mostly was affected by pH values.
Biosorption of Cadmium(II) Ions by Citrus Peels in a Packed Bed Column: Effect of Process Parameters and Comparison of Different Breakthrough Curve Models
Authors: Chatterjee Abhijit , Schiewer Silke 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe efficiency of low cost citrus peels as biosorbents for removal of cadmium ions from aqueous solution was investigated in a fixed bed column, a process that could be applied to treat industrial wastewaters similar to commonly used ion exchange columns. Effluent concentration versus time profiles (i.e., breakthrough curves) were experimentally determined in a laboratory‐scale packed bed column for varying operational parameters such as flow rate (2, 9, and 15.5 mL/min), influent cadmium concentration (5, 10, and 15 mg/L), and bed height (24, 48, and 72 cm) at pH 5.5. Column operation was most efficient for empty bed contact times of at least 10 min, which were apparently necessary for mass transfer. While the sorption capacity was largely unaffected by operational variables, the Thomas (Th) rate constant increased with the flow rate, and slightly decreased with increasing column length. Three widely used semi‐mechanistic models (Th, Bohart–Adams, and Yoon–Nelson) were shown to be equivalent and the generalized model was compared with a two‐parameter empirical model (dose‐response). The latter was found to be able to better simulate the breakthrough curve in the region of breakthrough and saturation.
What Prompts Small and Medium Enterprises to Engage in Corporate Social Responsibility? A Study from Taiwan
Authors: Hsu Jui‐Ling , Cheng Meng‐Cheng 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThis paper applies the innovation diffusion theory to analyze the impact of perceptive characteristics on the willingness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR). Results from 136 SMEs in the manufacturing industry demonstrate that the characteristic of compatibility has a strong and positive influence on the willingness of SMEs to engage in CSR, which means not only that managers' personal values and morality and managers' support are CSR drivers, but also that current corporate culture consistent with CSR and the corporate image fitting well with the concept of CSR will encourage higher take‐up of CSR. Conversely, complexity has a negative impact, which means that the social compliance costs, time, and lack of guidance or benchmarks are regarded as a barrier for SMEs to implement CSR. The educational levels of owner‐top managers have a marked effect on CSR initiatives; the impact is greatest from managers with graduate level degrees. Due to the size effect among SMEs, the annual revenue is positively associated with the willingness of SMEs to engage in CSR. Finally, some implications and limitations are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.