bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child pedestrian safety: behaviour changing evaluation through school education project
Authors: Cui M Y , Wang L 
Published: March 2011

ProblemIn China, over 35 000 children ages 14 and under is injured and over 7000 die from road traffic accidents in China.Objectives(1) To evaluate the effect of an educational intervention on behaviour change by independent observation. (2) To determine whether the observation method adopted could improve the pedestrian behaviour.Method(1) Intervention through curriculum education for safe road cross (7 behaviours). (2) Mapping the off-school road for observation site selection. (3) Observation through a third party observation before the education and after 7 days of education by trained observers.Results(1) No significant behaviour changes for stop at the corner before crossing and walking on the sidewalk after crossing. (2) Significant changes on look left-right-left while crossing. (3) Big improvement on Walk on the zebra line while crossing. (4) Slight improvement on slow down before cross and no rushing while crossing.Conclusion(1) The project illustrates that an educational intervention can improve children's pedestrian behaviour on safety crossing in some way. (2) The third party observation gives a more factual evaluation to the intervention. However the study also raised a number of methodological challenges such as big resources required for getting more student involvement and making sure that students are in blind of this observation.
Geographic distribution of risk of death due to homicide in Puerto Rico, 2000–2007
Authors: Zavala D , Orengo J R , Charneco M L 
Published: March 2011

All homicide incidents of Puerto Ricos residents reported by the Institute of Forensic Sciences (IFS) for the period 2000–2007 were included for analysis (6409 deaths). Information for each case include age, sex, municipality, date of death and mechanism. Ballistic forensic data was not available for analysis.Detailed tabulations of crude, sex and age-specific mortalities for Puerto Rico overall and for each municipality per year and for the 8-year period were calculated. Cumulative rate and cumulative risks were estimated up to 74 years of age (lifetime risk). This statistic procedure assumes a Poisson distribution model of homicide incidents. The relative distribution of cumulative rates for each municipality was categorised into quartiles with the top quartile reported as highest risk of homicide death.Overall, the risk of homicide death in males is 13 times greater than among females. The high homicide rates seen among the young adult population is consistent throughout the 8-year period. The highest rates are observed among males 20–24 years of age (134.5 homicides × 100 000).The use of firearms is the most common method for committing homicides in Puerto Rico. At any given year, the proportion of homicides using firearms is at least 80%. Light weapons are used in most, if not all homicides related to illicit drug trafficking (eg, AK-47 assault rifles) which is the principal context in which homicides occur in Puerto Rico. There was no suggestion of seasonality of homicide rates by month.
The burden of falls on same level among the elderly in So Paulo State
Authors: Gawryszewski V P 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo analyse the characteristics of fall related injuries among residents 60 years and above in Sao Paulo State, Brazil in 2007.MethodsA total of 1328 deaths registered on the Information Mortality System, 20 726 hospital admissions from the Hospitalisation Information System and 359 visits Emergency Departments (EDs) visits due to falls were analysed.ResultsMost fatal victims were male (51.2%) while females were predominant among hospital admissions (61.1%) and EDs visits (60.4%). The mortality was 31.0/100 000, reaching 110.7/100 000 among people 80 years and above. Falls on same level were responsible for 35.0% of deaths, 47.5% of hospital admissions, 47.5% and 66% of ED%, increasing with the increase of the age groups. Among ED cases, residences were the place of occurrence for 65.8%. The most common cause of fatal falls was head trauma and femur fractures for non-fatal. Among victims treated in ED, women were 1.55 times significantly more likely to be treated due to a fall than other external causes. Comparatively to people aged 60–69 years, people 70–79 years, and 80-year-old and above were 2.10 and 2.26 times, respectively more likely to be a fall victim than other external causes. There was no statistically significant difference among falls on same level and other types of fall for sex and age group.ConclusionsIt is urgent to implement fall prevention programmes for the elderly.
Assessment of injury related morbidity, mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in Cairo, Egypt
Authors: Ahmed A M A , Hirshon J M , El-Ghazali S M S , Gadallah M A , ElHousinie M , Ahmed M A , El-Etreby L , El-Setouhy M 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundInjuries cause significant morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in lower and middle income countries such as Egypt. Specific aims: 1-Calculate the frequency of injuries requiring; hospitalisation, emergency department (ED) visits, or resulting in death in Cairo within a 12 month period. 2-Calculate the DALYs for each type of injury by age and sex.MethodologyA retrospective epidemiological study based upon administratively collected Ministry of Health data among injured patients admitted to 11 major governmental hospitals in 2007, 11.6% of all governmental hospital beds. Data were then generalised to all governmental hospitals based upon the total number of beds. DALYs were calculated for all injuries. Collected data included: age, sex, time of injury, site of injury, nature of injury, cause of injury and outcome.ResultsIn 2007, there were 483 965 ED visits for injuries in Cairo, 2.5% requiring hospitalisation. The estimated incidence rate of injuries was 6023.86 per 100 000 persons. Injuries rates were double in males than females. One third of injuries occurred in the age group 15–24 years. The largest injury category reported was falls (30.8%), followed by animal bites and collision with hard object (24.5%). The injury death rate was 34.8 per 100 000 persons, with RTCs being responsible for the highest rate followed by ‘other unintentional injuries’. Injuries were responsible for an estimated 61 671 DALYs in Cairo.ConclusionInjuries contribute to a substantial amount of morbidity and mortality among the general population in Cairo.
Database as an evidence based lessons learned from terror related injuries in Israeli Civilians
Authors: Peleg K 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionTerror-related injuries have become a threat for populations all over the world. A lot of theories and papers were published as principles for MCI management. We decided to take some of these principles and see if they are evidence based on the data of the terror MCI's in Israel 1/2000–12/2005, National Trauma Registry.MethodsAnalysis of national trauma registry was published data from October 2000 to December 2005.Results1661 patients were recorded in the Israeli national trauma registry due to terror-related injury and 55 033 due to other trauma between 1 October, 2000 and 30 June, 2003. 55% between the ages of 15 and 29 years compared to 22% in this age group among the population injured by other (non terror) forms of trauma. (1) Arrival and hospitalisation patterns do severe injuries arrive first? (2) Triage: has triage change due to new mechanisms of penetrating injuries of shrapnel nails and bolts included in explosives? (3) Differences in resource consumption by terror casualties.ConclusionsSome theories and papers were published as principles for MCI management are not match the evidence data based.
Reporting of suicide and homicidal violence in Sri Lankan newspapers
Authors: De Silva P , Jayasinghe S , De Silva D , Mathankumar S 
Published: March 2011

ObjectivesTo determine the pattern of reporting of suicides and homicidal violence in national newspapers.MethodsNational newspapers in Sinhala, Tamil and English (daily and weekly issues) were studied over a period of 5 weeks. News reports relating to suicides and homicidal violence were identified and information gathered using a structured format.ResultsThirteen national newspapers (6 Sinhala [S], 2 Tamil [T] and 5 English [E]) were selected. A total of 145 (111 weekly) individual newspapers (50S, 60T and 35E) were perused. The mean of number of reports per issue of daily newspapers was 0.68 while it was 0.18 for Sunday papers. There were 40 articles each of suicide and homicide. Analysis of the contents revealed the following: 7 (17.5%) of homicide were first page articles while 2 (5%) were suicide. The method of suicide and homicide was described in detail in 25 (31.25%) articles. None contained pictures. 18 (45%) homicide articles reported punishment to assailant. 4 (10%) suicide articles acknowledged psychiatric disorder. There were no reported alternate coping strategies or solutions. None indicated how distressed persons could obtain help.ConclusionReporting of violence (self-directed such as suicide and homicide) are common in daily newspapers. There is a tendency to indicate mode of suicide and homicide. Alternate coping strategies are rarely mentioned and there is no indication where help could be obtained. Newspapers should be more sensitive to the implications these reports have on encouraging suicidal and homicidal behaviour.
Using evidence to influence child health policies: a pilot program in Pakistan
Authors: Puvanachandra P , Chandran A , Sarfraz S , Akhtar T , Hyder A A 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionReported annual rates of violence against Pakistani children are 1.57–3.18 per 100 000. Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) can be powerful resources in treatment and advocacy for child violence. There are no training programs within Pakistan regarding using data for effective advocacy against child violence.MethodsEmployees of NGOs focused on child violence were invited to a training focused on utilising evidence for influencing policy. Training in data collection, monitoring/evaluation, accessing literature and cost-benefit analysis was given in collaboration by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, USA and Fatima Memorial System, Pakistan. Knowledge assessments were given before and after workshop participation, and a knowledge retention survey was given 4–8 weeks later.Results35 individuals were trained; two-thirds were female. Post-training tests showed that (compared with prior), 90% could name two components of the advocacy cycle (vs 30%), 75% could differentiate incidence and prevalence (vs 0%), 60% could identify two literature databases (vs 10%), 90% could identify advantages and disadvantages of qualitative research (vs 40%), and 65% could differentiate qualitative and quantitative research (vs 40%). The retention survey revealed that 50–65% recalled basic characteristics of surveillance, quantitative/qualitative research, and database access.DiscussionNGO workers demonstrated a significant increase in knowledge following training on utilizing evidence. This project demonstrates tremendous capacity building needs in grassroots workers in the country. Further study is needed to evaluate whether this increased knowledge results in changes in practice for influencing child violence policy in Pakistan.
Preventing falls and related injuries among seniors in assisted living residences
Authors: Scott V , Bawa H , Feldman F , Gould J S , Leung M , Rajabali F 
Published: March 2011

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to addresses a gap in the fall prevention literature with a focus on Assisted Living Residences (ALRs) – a new community housing option for a rapidly growing number of older persons that are at high risk falls. The result of the 1-year collaborative study was the development of Best Practice Guidelines for integration into routine care.MethodsA 6-month prospective, action research intervention was conducted at two ALR sites, with 161 residents. Measures included focus groups, pre/post staff and resident surveys, pre/post measures of balance and gait, and 6-month fall/injury surveillance. Interventions included staff and resident training on fall tracking, fall prevention education for staff and residents, and physical activity interventions.ResultsOver 6 months, 155 falls were recorded, with 38% (N=73) of residents identified as having at least one fall and 43% (N=72) of falls resulting in injury. There was a statistically significant reduction in the rate of falls per 1000 resident days between the first and second three-month periods (X2=11.98; p=0.001). Fall risk reduction was demonstrated by a significant difference (t=3.16, p=.002) in pre/post Timed-Up-and-Go scores. Focus group findings included the need to tailor prevention to joiners and non-joiners of group intervention activities.ConclusionThe study demonstrated that fall prevention guidelines can be implemented within routine service delivery in ALRs with a positive effect on fall risk reduction.
Psychiatric disorders (Axis I & II) and self-immolation: a case–control study from Iran
Authors: Ahmadi A , Mohammadi R , Schwebel D C , Yeganeh N , Hejazi-Bazargan S 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveIn Iran, self-immolation is the third leading cause of years of life lost among women, after disasters and breast cancer. The objective of this study was to investigate pre-existing psychiatric disorders in self-immolation patients.MethodsIn a case–control study, 30 consecutive cases of deliberate self-inflicted burns admitted to the regional Burn centre (Imam Khomeini hospital in Kermanshah province, Iran) were compared with 30 controls who were selected from the community and matched by sex, age and living area.Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM IV-TR) Axis I (clinical disorders) and Axis II (personality and mental retardation) diagnoses were assessed via detailed clinical interview.ResultsDescriptive data concerning Axis I disorders revealed that 67% of self-immolation patients had adjustment disorder (all of these patients were female), 10% drug and alcohol abuse/dependence (all of these patients were male), 7% dysthymia, 3% major depression, 3% anorexia nervosa and 3% primary insomnia. 75% of male self-immolation patients were diagnosed with drug and alcohol dependence or abuse. 77% of female self-immolation patients were diagnosed with adjustment disorder. Descriptive review of Axis II disorders revealed that 7% self-immolation patients had Borderline Personality Disorder (50% male), 7% Depressive Personality Disorder (100% female) and 3% Antisocial Personality Disorder. In bivariate comparisons, Adjustment disorders emerged as related to risk of self-immolation (OR 13.00, 95% CI 3.55 to 47.60). The comparisons of other clinical disorders were not statistically significant, although there was a strong trend for higher rates of mental illness among the self-immolation patients compared to the control group.ConclusionThis study suggests that adjustment disorder is a risk factor for self-immolation, overall. More broadly, psychopathology presents an increased risk of self-immolation. In male patients, drug abuse/dependency, antisocial personality disorder and depressive personality disorder increased the risk of self-immolation. Among females, adjustment disorders and depressive disorders increased the risk. As a result, it has been suggested that increasing the education level about problem-solving approaches, and coping skills for females, and drug/behaviour therapy for males of at risk groups are appropriate prevention programs and strategies in Iranian communities.
Epidemiological survey of the road-related traffic injury in the pedestrian of school children in Shen Zhen
Authors: Li Z , Dong G 
Published: March 2011

ObjectiveTo find out the characteristic of road-related traffic injury to the pedestrian of school children in Shenzhen, and provide reference basis for controlling and preventing road traffic-related injury to juvenile.Method27 125 school students from 21 primary or middle school were investigated, layer analysis from whole population is used to draw sample.ResultsThe ratio of road-related traffic injury to the pedestrian of school children in Shen Zhen in 2007 is 5.1%. The highest (7.3%) ratio of injury among students is riding to school. Pavement (29.4%) and uptown road (18.1%) are the major place to have accident. Arm and leg are the major parts of body suffering from the injury. In addition, characteristics of the injury is that flesh wound such as scratch and wrench are the major constituent of the injury, which occupy a percentage of 61.3% in the wounded students. Moreover, 15% of the injured students were found functional disability.ConclusionPrimary and middle school students are the major casualties of road-related traffic injury in school children. The vehicles caused trouble are mainly composed of bicycles, but the extent of the injury caused by the mini-motor vehicle is more severe. Furthermore, perfecting the means of transportation and strengthening the executing of law is also needed to prevent the and decrease the traffic injury.
Urban versus rural firearm injury pyramids: using ecodes to compare the burden of injury
Authors: Wadman M C , Lander L , Kitamura B , Muelleman R L 
Published: March 2011

Study ObjectiveTo compare the incidence of fatal and non-fatal firearm injuries in urban and rural counties in Nebraska using ecodes, with graphic depiction in the form of injury pyramids.MethodsCounty-specific firearm injury ecode frequencies for 2001 to 2005, were received directly from the state health department. Counties were categorised small metro, non-metro adjacent, rural/city > 10 000, and rural/city < 10 000, based on a previously described system. Incidence rates per 100 000 were calculated using estimates from U.S. census data. Injury pyramids were constructed using emergency department (ED) visit incidence(base), hospitalizations (midsection) and deaths (apex).ResultsFor the study period, there were 1600 total firearm injuries, with 652 seen in an ED and discharged, 345 requiring hospital admission and 503 resulting in death. The smallest rural counties accounted for the highest incidence of unintentional injuries resulting in ED visits at 5.606 per 100 000. The urban counties reported the highest incidence of ED use, hospitalisations, and deaths resulting from assaults, at 3.793, 3.193 and 2.207, respectively. The highest incidence of suicide occurred in the rural counties, with rates of 0.854, 0.527 and 0.909, compared to 0.236 for urban counties.ConclusionsOverall, the ED use resulting from unintentional firearm injury and firearm suicide impact rural counties more than urban counties, while the incidence ED use, hospitalisation and deaths from assaultive firearm injuries was higher in the urban areas.
Older adult pedestrian injuries in the United States: what are the leading causes and how big is the problem?
Authors: Naumann R B , Dellinger A M , Haileyesus T , Ryan G 
Published: March 2011

BackgroundAs the US population ages, more older adults will face transportation and mobility challenges. This study examines the characteristics and number of non-fatally injured older pedestrians.MethodsData were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS-AIP) for the years 2001 through 2006. Cases included persons aged 65 years and older who were non-fatally injured on a public roadway by falling, being hit by a motor vehicle, overexerting themselves, being struck by an object or animal, or being hit by some other form of transport.ResultsEach year, an estimated 52 482 older adults were treated in emergency departments for non-fatal pedestrian injuries. Falling and being hit by a motor vehicle resulted in 92.5% of older adult pedestrian injuries. Older adult pedestrian injuries were often severe; about a third of injuries were to the head or neck, nearly a third resulted in a fracture, and 16% resulted in hospitalisation or transfer to another facility. Nearly a quarter of, or more than 9000, older pedestrian fall-related injuries involved a curb.ConclusionsThe growth in the older adult population could add to the overall burden of these non-fatal pedestrian injuries, including negatively affecting the health and quality of life of older adults and further taxing the already strained US healthcare system. Making transportation and mobility improvements, including environmental modifications, is important to preventing these injuries. Modifications may include medians, refuge islands and curb modifications.
Assessing injury emergency response of village health workers and volunteers in five provinces in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen T H T , Ngoc L T T , Nguyen H T L , Luong M A 
Published: March 2011

In Vietnam, road traffic injury is the leading cause of injuries with about 12 000 death cases per year. The prehospital care is still a new issue in the injury prevention work. Village health workers (VHWs) and health volunteers are considered as first tiers of prehospital care in Vietnam. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the injury emergency response capacity of village health workers and volunteers in order to strengthen their capacity.MethodologyCross sectional and qualitative methods including interview of 3000 VHWs and volunteers in 60 communes in Vietnam.ResultNearly 70% of volunteer and VHW graduated from middle school and high school. In 60 communes, the main cause of injury mortality during 2007–2008 was road traffic 64.5%. There were three death cases due to RTA in each commune in average. The VHW and volunteers provided prehospital care for 10% of road traffic injury (equal about 400 cases) per year in all cities/provinces. Only 16% of volunteers are equipped with essential tools for providing injuries and accident emergency care. 74.5% of volunteers and VHW had seen traffic accidents. 36.7% of volunteers had experiences with traffic injury emergency care. 22% of volunteers/VHW had reported on injuries and accidents; 31.2% of volunteers/VHW had participated in training courses for injuries emergency care and 37.7% of them had got training from local hospitals.ConclusionVolunteers and VHW should be provided training, essential emergency trauma care equipments for road traffic injuries.
David's story
Authors: Carnochan J 
Published: March 2011

Violence is an enduring public health problem that is as infectious as it is devastating. Over the last few years Scotland has made major strides in adopting a national public health approach to tackling violence. One of the major influencers that encapsulate the problem of violence, its stubbornness and its impact is a presentation called David's story.David's story is an insight into the life of a young adolescent from Glasgow convicted of culpable homicide. It looks at the pressures on David's life from a very early age and the impact of services and agencies (including health, education, social services, police and justice etc.). It asks the questions was it inevitable that he would kill and what else could we have done?This is a very powerful presentation which takes the audience on a journey and questions the way we all do business, but it is not about blame and finger pointing: it is about understanding the failures of the past so that we may learn for the future and prevent this happening again.