bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous Observations of Aerosol Profiles with a Two-Wavelength Mie-Scattering Lidar in Guangzhou in PRD2006
Authors: Sugimoto Nobuo , Nishizawa Tomoaki , Liu Xingang , Matsui Ichiro , Shimizu Atsushi , Zhang Yuanhang , Kim Young J. , Li Ruhao , Liu Jun 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Continuous lidar observation was performed in Guangzhou, China, in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) observation campaign in July 2006 (PRD2006), using a two-wavelength Mie-scattering lidar (532 and 1064 nm) with a depolarization measurement channel at 532 nm. The profiles of the extinction coefficients at 532 nm were derived using the two-wavelength method. The planetary boundary layer (PBL) height and the cloud-base height were derived from the signals at 1064 nm. Two air pollution episodes occurred during the campaign, one on 10–12 July and the other on 22–24 July. Two events with a typhoon-driven flow of northern air occurred on 15 and 25 July. Elevated aerosol layers were observed at 1 km above ground level on 12 July and on 22 and 23 July. This layer was also observed by the lidar aboard the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite (CALIPSO) at 0200 LT 23 July 2006 near Guangzhou. The distribution observed by CALIPSO and trajectory analysis revealed that the layer was probably generated within the PRD region. The time–height indication of the ground-based lidar suggested that aerosols in the elevated layer were transported to the ground by convection when the PBL height reached the elevated layer. The surface concentration of elemental carbon also exhibited a corresponding increase. The air pollution index at Guangzhou, Shaoguan, Changsha, and other cities indicated temporal variations, implying the regional transport of air pollution in the typhoon episodes. Trajectory analysis indicated that an air mass from the north arrived after 24 July in the air pollution episode of 22–25 July 2006.
Wave Forcing of the Tropical Upwelling in the Lower Stratosphere under Increasing Concentrations of Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Calvo Natalia , Garcia Rolando R. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Two simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model, covering the periods 1950–2003 and 1980–2050, are used to investigate the nature of the waves that force the increase of the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere as the concentration of greenhouse gases increases. Decomposition of the wave field resolved by the model into stationary and transient wavenumber spectra allows attribution of trends in the Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux and its divergence to specific wave components. This analysis reveals that enhanced dissipation of stationary planetary waves is the main driver of trends in the tropical upwelling in the lower stratosphere. The contribution of transient waves is smaller and is responsible mainly for trends in wave forcing in the subtropics and middle latitudes, which, however, provide only minor contributions to the mean tropical upwelling. Examination of individual wave structures shows that the stationary waves are tropical Rossby waves trapped in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, whereas the transient components are synoptic waves present in the subtropics and middle latitudes. The authors also present evidence that trends in resolved wave forcing in the lower stratosphere are due to both changes in wave transmissivity and changes in wave excitation, with the first mechanism dominating the behavior of the simulation during the last half of the twentieth century, while the second is clearly more important in the simulation during the first half of the twenty-first century.
A Theory for Buoyancy and Velocity Scales in Deep Moist Convection
Authors: Parodi Antonio , Emanuel Kerry 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBuoyancy and velocity scales for dry convection in statistical equilibrium were derived in the early twentieth century by Prandtl, but the scaling of convective velocity and buoyancy, as well as the fractional area coverage of convective clouds, is still unresolved for moist convection.In this paper, high-resolution simulations of an atmosphere in radiative–convective equilibrium are performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, a three-dimensional, nonhydrostatic, convection-resolving, limited-area model. The velocity and buoyancy scales for moist convection in statistical equilibrium are characterized by prescribing different constant cooling rates to the system.It is shown that the spatiotemporal properties of deep moist convection and buoyancy and velocity scales at equilibrium depend on the terminal velocity of raindrops and a hypothesis is developed to explain this behavior. This hypothesis is evaluated and discussed in the context of the numerical results provided by the WRF model. The influence of domain size on radiative–convective equilibrium statistics is also assessed. The dependence of finescale spatiotemporal properties of convective structures on numerical and physical details is investigated.
SST–Wind Interaction in Coastal Upwelling: Oceanic Simulation with Empirical Coupling
Authors: Jin Xin , Dong Changming , Kurian Jaison , McWilliams James C. , Chelton Dudley B. , Li Zhijin 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Observations, primarily from satellites, have shown a statistical relationship between the surface wind stress and underlying sea surface temperature (SST) on intermediate space and time scales, in many regions inclusive of eastern boundary upwelling current systems. In this paper, this empirical SST–wind stress relationship is utilized to provide a simple representation of mesoscale air–sea coupling for an oceanic model forced by surface winds, namely, the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS). This model formulation is applied to an idealized upwelling problem with prevailing equatorward winds to determine the coupling consequences on flow, SST, stratification, and wind evolutions. The initially uniform wind field adjusts through coupling to a cross-shore profile with weaker nearshore winds, similar to realistic ones. The modified wind stress weakens the nearshore upwelling circulation and increases SST in the coastal zone. The SST-induced wind stress curl strengthens offshore upwelling through Ekman suction. The total curl-driven upwelling exceeds the coastal upwelling. The SST-induced changes in the nearshore wind stress field also strengthen and broaden the poleward undercurrent. The coupling also shows significant impact on the developing mesoscale eddies by damaging cyclonic eddies more than anticyclonic eddies, which leads to dominance by the latter. Dynamically, this is a consequence of cyclones with stronger SST gradients that induce stronger wind perturbations in this particular upwelling problem and that are therefore generally more susceptible to disruption than anticyclones at finite Rossby number. The net effect is a weakening of eddy kinetic energy.
A New Compact Cryogenic Air Sampler and Its Application in Stratospheric Greenhouse Gas Observation at Syowa Station, Antarctica
Authors: Morimoto Shinji , Yamanouchi Takashi , Honda Hideyuki , Iijima Issei , Yoshida Tetsuya , Aoki Shuji , Nakazawa Takakiyo , Ishidoya Shigeyuki , Sugawara Satoshi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
To collect stratospheric air samples for greenhouse gas measurements, a compact cryogenic air sampler has been developed using a cooling device called the Joule–Thomson (J–T) minicooler. The J–T minicooler can produce liquefied neon within 5 s from high pressure neon gas precooled by liquid nitrogen. The sampler employs liquid neon as a refrigerant to solidify or liquefy sampled atmospheric constituents. Laboratory experiments showed that the sampler is capable of collecting about 3 and more than 7 L STP of air at 25 and 120 hPa, respectively, which corresponds to about 25 and 15 km above ground within 240 s, respectively. The new balloon-borne sampling system, which was set up for Antarctic experiments, consists of the compact sampler, a 2-L high pressure neon gas cylinder, pneumatic and solenoid valves, a controller with a GPS receiver, a telemetry transmitter, and batteries. The size of the sampling system is 300 mm width × 300 mm depth × 950 mm height and it weighs about 22 kg (including liquid nitrogen). Two of these compact sampling systems (configured for sampling at altitudes 18 and 25 km) were launched from Syowa Station (69.0°S, 39.5°E), Antarctica, in January 2008 using 1000 or 2000 m3 plastic balloons. They were launched successfully and recovered without any problem on sea ice on the same day as their launch. The collected stratospheric air samples showed reasonable concentrations of the stratospheric greenhouse gases over the Antarctic region.
Electro-acupuncture versus sham electro-acupuncture for auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Jing Cheng  , Gaohua Wang  , Ling Xiao  , Huiling Wang  , Xiaoping Wang  , Chengyan Li  
Published: May 2009

Objective: To compare the efficacy of electro-acupuncture with that of sham electro-acupuncture for auditory hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia partially responsive or non-responsive to risperidone. Design: Patient- and assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Setting: Hospital-based practice. Participants: Schizophrenia patients with auditory hallucinations who are partially responsive or non-responsive to risperidone monotherapy (n = 60). Interventions: All patients were randomly allocated to a real electro-acupuncture group or a sham electro-acupuncture group and treated for 30 sessions within six weeks. Main outcome measures: The primary outcome measure was the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales Auditory Hallucination Subscale. Secondary outcomes included the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and side-effects. A clinical response was defined as >20% reduction score (from baseline) on the total score of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales Auditory Hallucination Subscale. Results: Sixty patients were selected for randomized real electro-acupuncture treatment (n = 30) or sham electro-acupuncture treatment (n = 30). Patients in the real electro-acupuncture group experienced greater improvement in the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales Auditory Hallucination Subscale total score, physical characteristics factor score and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale positive symptom score than the sham electro-acupuncture group at both week 4 and week 6. The clinical response rates in the real electro-acupuncture group and sham electro-acupuncture group were 43.3% (n = 30) and 13.3% (n = 30), respectively (χ2 = 6.648, P =0.027). There was no significance between-group difference in side-effects. Conclusion: Electro-acupuncture might provide improvement in auditory hallucinations and positive symptom for patients with schizophrenia partially responsive or non-responsive to risperidone monotherapy.
Isolated Medial Patellofemoral Ligament Reconstruction for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation
Authors: Ronga Mario , Oliva Francesco , Giuseppe Longo Umile , Testa Vittorino , Capasso Giovanni , Maffulli Nicola 
Published: May 2009

Background Several medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction procedures have been proposed to manage recurrent patellar dislocation. Hypothesis Reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament using a hamstring graft with a 2 transverse patellar tunnels technique is an effective treatment for recurrent patellar dislocation in patients without any evident predisposing factors. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty-eight patients with chronic patellar instability without any anatomic predisposing factors, experiencing recurrent unilateral patellar dislocation, were included in the study. Evaluation included the modified Cincinnati and the Kujala scores, anthropometry, plain radiography, and isokinetic dynamometry. Results The average follow-up was 3.1 years (range, 2.5-4 years). The mean modified Cincinnati score increased from 52 preoperatively to 89 (P = .001). The mean Kujala scores increased from 45 preoperatively to 83 (P = .03). The muscle volume of the thigh of the operated limb increased with time, but remained less well developed than the nonoperated limb (P = .04). The mean Insall-Salvati index was 1.1 (range, 0.9-1.2) preoperatively and remained within normal range (1.1 [range, 0.9 to 1.2]) (P = .07), at latest follow-up. Significant isokinetic strength differences were found between the operated and the contralateral limbs (.05 < P < .006), even at the latest follow-up. Three patients experienced a new patellar dislocation. Conclusion Medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction using hamstring tendon passed through a double patellar transverse bony tunnel technique is a safe, reliable management option for recurrent patellar dislocation in patients without any predisposing anatomic factors.
Cascading crises, resilience and social support within the onset and development of multiple chronic conditions
Authors: Sells Dave , Sledge William H. , Wieland Melissa , Walden David , Flanagan Elizabeth , Miller Rebecca , Davidson Larry 
Published: May 2009

Objective: To describe and better understand adults' responses to the onset, accrual and influence of multiple chronic conditions and to social support in adapting to consequent difficulties. Methods: Qualitative study of 33 adults with multiple chronic illnesses randomly sampled from an urban primary care clinic. Semi-structured interviews targeted retrospective accounts of illness onset, consequent loss, as well as current accounts of social support and adaptation. All interviews were audio-recorded, professionally transcribed and analysed according to established phenomenological procedures. Results: Participants' responses revealed illness onset as a virtual cascade of medical, emotional and social hardships, leading to loss and subsequent adaptation through personal resilience and particularly, available social support. Participants also described patterns of adaptation punctuated by the felt need and rewards of providing care to others. Discussion: The experience of multiple chronic illnesses has a distinct pattern of development and consequence, involving challenges to personal identity and the benefits of social support from and to others. Our results suggest that programmes addressing the needs of persons with multiple chronic conditions might tailor interventions in ways that maximally address their unique challenges.
The lived experience of hope among parents of a child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy: perceiving the human being beyond the illness
Authors: Samson André , Tomiak E. , Dimillo J. , Lavigne R. , Miles S. , Choquette M. , Chakraborty P. , Jacob P. 
Published: May 2009

Objectives: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is genetically determined, progressive and incurable. Our study's primary objective was to describe the lived experience of hope among parents of a child with DMD. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 12 parents having a child with DMD. A qualitative/ phenomenological approach was utilized to analyse the essential aspects of this experience. Results: We show that the experience of parental hope emerges from the cognitive appraisal of DMD. The child's illness can be perceived in three ways: as a severe loss, a call to adapt or a way to rediscover the child. Each of these appraisals leads to different ways of hoping. Parents can hope for a cure, the child's well-being or to see their child becoming a whole person. Hope can help parents absorb the initial crisis, sustain their adaptation or prepare for the fatal outcome. Discussion: Previous research has demonstrated that cognitive appraisal plays a central role in psychosocial adaptation to illness. Our research indicates that perception can also shape the nature of hope and suggests that health professionals should pay particular attention to the nature of parental hope. The fabric of parental hope can give an indication of how parents are coping and adjusting.
Immunotherapy: rAAV2 expressing interleukin-15 inhibits HeLa cell tumor growth in mice
Authors: Yiang Giou-Teng , Harn Horng-Jyh , Yu Yung-Luen , Hu Sheng-Chuan , Hung Yu-Ting , Hsieh Chia-Jung , Lin Shinn-Zong , Wei Chyou-Wei 
Published: May 2009

AbstractHuman interleukin-15 (hIL15) has anti-tumor activities, but it is not convenient for tumor treatment because of its short half-life. A gene therapy for mouse lung cancer using an adenovirus vector expressing IL15 has been reported. However, adenovirus vector-mediated gene therapy can provoke cellular toxicity and inflammatory reactions. The recombinant adenovirus-associated vector 2 (rAAV2) is safer due to minimal cellular toxicity and immune response. In order to demonstrate that gene therapy can be used safely and successfully for human cancer treatment, the rAAV2 expressing hIL15 gene (rAAV2-hIL15) is applied for human cervical cancer, HeLa cell, in this study. This study successfully demonstrates that rAAV2-hIL15 can express IL15 with bioactivities in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, our studies show that human cervical cancers are inhibited on animal model with rAAV2-hIL15 treatment and provide a safer and important reference for human cancer gene therapy.
Evaluation of methods for amplification of picogram amounts of total RNA for whole genome expression profiling
Authors: Clément-Ziza Mathieu , Gentien David , Lyonnet Stanislas , Thiery Jean-Paul , Besmond Claude , Decraene Charles 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
For more than a decade, microarrays have been a powerful and widely used tool to explore the transcriptome of biological systems. However, the amount of biological material from cell sorting or laser capture microdissection is much too small to perform microarray studies. To address this issue, RNA amplification methods have been developed to generate sufficient targets from picogram amounts of total RNA to perform microarray hybridisation.

Results
In this study, four commercial protocols for amplification of picograms amounts of input RNA for microarray expression profiling were evaluated and compared. The quantitative and qualitative performances of the methods were assessed. Microarrays were hybridised with the amplified targets and the amplification protocols were compared with respect to the quality of expression profiles, reproducibility within a concentration range of input RNA, and sensitivity. The results demonstrate significant differences between these four methods.

Conclusion
In our hands, the WT-Ovation pico system proposed by Nugen appears to be the most suitable for RNA amplification. This comparative study will be useful to scientists needing to choose an amplification method to carry out microarray experiments involving samples comprising only a few cells and generating picogram amounts of RNA.
Porphyromonas gingivalis induce apoptosis in human gingival epithelial cells through a gingipain-dependent mechanism
Authors: Stathopoulou Panagiota G , Galicia Johnah C , Benakanakere Manjunatha R , Garcia Carlos A , Potempa Jan , Kinane Denis F 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis has been shown to modulate apoptosis in different cell types, but its effect on epithelial cells remains unclear.

Results
We demonstrate that primary human gingival epithelial cells (HGECs) challenged with live P. gingivalis for 24 hours exhibit apoptosis, and we characterize this by M30 epitope detection, caspase-3 activity, DNA fragmentation and Annexin-V staining. Live bacteria strongly upregulated intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. Pro-apoptotic molecules such as caspase-3, -8, -9, Bid and Bax were upregulated after 24 hours. The anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 was also upregulated, but this was not sufficient to ensure cell survival. The main P. gingivalis proteases arginine and lysine gingipains are necessary and sufficient to induce host cell apoptosis. Thus, live P. gingivalis can invoke gingival epithelial cell apoptosis in a time and dose dependent manner with significant apoptosis occurring between 12 and 24 hours of challenge via a gingipain-dependent mechanism.

Conclusion
The present study provides evidence that live, but not heat-killed, P. gingivalis can induce apoptosis after 24 hours of challenge in primary human gingival epithelial cells. Either arginine or lysine gingipains are necessary and sufficient factors in P. gingivalis elicited apoptosis.
Systematic cloning and analysis of autophagy-related genes from the silkworm Bombyx mori
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Hu Zhan-Ying , Li Wei-Fang , Li Qing-Rong , Deng Xiao-Juan , Yang Wan-Ying , Cao Yang , Zhou Cong-Zhao 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
Through the whole life of eukaryotes, autophagy plays an important role in various biological events including development, differentiation and determination of lifespan. A full set of genes and their encoded proteins of this evolutionarily conserved pathway have been identified in many eukaryotic organisms from yeast to mammals. However, this pathway in the insect model organism, the silkworm Bombyx mori, remains poorly investigated.

Results
Based on the autophagy pathway in several model organisms and a series of bioinformatic analyses, we have found more than 20 autophagy-related genes from the current database of the silkworm Bombyx mori. These genes could be further classified into the signal transduction pathway and two ubiquitin-like pathways. Using the mRNA extracted from the silkgland, we cloned the full length cDNA fragments of some key genes via reverse transcription PCR and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). In addition, we found that the transcription levels of two indicator genes BmATG8 and BmATG12 in the silkgland tend to be increased from 1st to 8th day of the fifth instar larvae.

Conclusion
Bioinformatics in combination with RT-PCR enable us to remodel a preliminary pathway of autophagy in the silkworm. Amplification and cloning of most autophagy-related genes from the silkgland indicated autophagy is indeed an activated process. Furthermore, the time-course transcriptional profiles of BmATG8 and BmATG12 revealed that both genes are up-regulated along the maturation of the silkgland during the fifth instar. These findings suggest that the autophagy should play an important role in Bombyx mori silkgland.