bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behind-Outcrop Borehole Imaging for Improved Characterization of Turbidite Reservoirs
Authors: Slatt R. M. , Hurley N. F. , Witton E.M. , Clemenceau G. R. , Homann H. , Davis R. J. , Browne G.H. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
To bridge the sometimes large conceptual gap between what is observed in outcrop and what occurs in the subsurface, outcrop information ideally should be placed into the more familiar format used for exploration and development, that is, well logs, seismic, cross sections, and 3-D models. Borehole imaging logs from behind an outcrop, when calibrated to the outcrop (and core), can be particularly useful for identifying image log criteria that can be used for predicting stratigraphic (and structural) features away from the borehole, and sometimes for predicting well performance.
Since the mid-1990’s, there have been a number of behind-outcrop borehole imaging projects. In this paper we discuss two such projects involving turbidite and related strata, one in the Miocene Mount Messenger Formation of New Zealand, and the other in the Cretaceous Lewis Shale of Wyoming.
In the Mount Messenger Formation, two boreholes were drilled 450 ft (150 m) apart and 360 ft (100 m) back from a well-exposed coastal cliff face. One borehole cored 140 ft (47 m) of strata, and the other borehole cored 315 ft (105 m). Both boreholes were logged using Schlumberger’s FMI™ and Platform Express™ log suites. By comparing the borehole images to the cores and outcrops, we were able to develop borehole-image criteria for a variety of sedimentary structures and stratification styles, and from these, to identify depositional facies. These recognition criteria were applied to the Ram-Powell “L” Sand reservoir in the offshore Gulf of Mexico and were found to be useful for identifying the character of the producing interval.
In the Lewis Shale, a development well drilled 8 mi (13 km) west of Lewis Shale outcrops was logged through the same stratigraphic interval using Baker Atlas’ STAR™ acoustic and electrical borehole images, as well as conventional log suites using the ECLIPS™ acquisition and processing system. Again, a variety of sedimentologic features and bedding styles observed in the outcrop were identified on the image logs. In particular, laterally continuous and discontinuous sandstones could be differentiated from borehole image attributes, which allowed prediction of attributes away from the wellbore.
Behind-outcrop borehole images from these two turbidite outcrops demonstrate their value for interpreting individual sedimentologic features, facies, and attributes away from the wellbore. These interpretations could not be made using conventional gamma-ray logs. Such observations and interpretations provided by borehole images are critical for improved volumetric calculations, well placement, and prediction of well performance.
Reservoir Characterization of a Reefal Carbonate for Crestal CO2 Flood, Reinecke Field, West Texas
Authors: Saller Arthur H. , Walden Skip , Robertson Steve , Steckel Merle , Schwab Joe , Hagiwara Hiroshi , Mizohata Shigeharu 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
Reinecke field is a carbonate buildup in the southern part of the Horseshoe Atoll. Since discovery in 1950, it has produced more than 82 million barrels of oil. The south dome of Reinecke field has been characterized with core, wireline logs, 3D seismic, crosswell tomography, and 3D cellular models of porosity, permeability, and fluid saturations. Four main depositional sequences, approximately 60-80 ft (18-24 m) thick, were identified in the Upper Pennsylvanian reservoir interval. Nine depositional facies were recognized, including mudstones, wackestones, packstones, grainstones, and boundstones. The reservoir is approximately 70 percent limestone and 30 percent dolomite. Porosity is widespread in both lithologies. Most depositional facies have average porosities of 9-13 percent where still limestone. Important pore types in limestones include intercrystalline microporosity, molds, intergranular pores, fractures, and vugs. Limestones dominated by microporosity have low permeability, commonly 1-30 mD. Limestones with fractures and vuggy pores commonly have permeability greater than 100 md. Lime mudstones are rare but have distinctly lower porosity (average of 1.4 percent) and permeability (average of &lt;1 mD). Average limestone porosity is 11.2 percent, and average limestone permeability is 165 mD. In contrast, dolomite has generally lower porosity (average of 8.3 percent) but much higher permeability (average horizontal of 894 mD). Discontinuous shales compose less than 1 percent of the gross reservoir. Discontinuous lime mudstones and shales in the lower part of sequences form low-permeability baffles. Therefore, the south dome of Reinecke is characterized by relatively continuous vertical and horizontal porosity and permeability with high-permeability streaks and discontinuous low-permeability baffles. Excellent reservoir continuity and water injection into the underlying aquifer have allowed a good bottom water-drive and excellent primary and secondary recovery (55 percent of the original oil in place). Pore systems that are well connected throughout the reservoir have allowed a crestal CO2 flood to be designed for Reinecke field. CO2 is being injected into the top of the structure to mobilize residual oil and push an oil bank down through the reservoir to recover residual and bypassed mobile oil.
Refining Well Log Correlation in the Greater Enchilada Area, “Mexican Buffet Region,” Ne Garden Banks, Gulf of Mexico, Using High-Resolution Nannoplankton Biostratigraphy
Authors: Ladner Bryan C. , Dunn Therese M. , George Richard A. , Styzen Michael J. 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
In the Mexican Buffet Region most of the pay sands are subsalt, which complicates and reduces the resolution of seismic surveys. This makes it necessary to look for other methods to make correlations of pay sands between wells. Using nannofossil data collected since the discovery well was drilled in 1994 from Enchilada, Chimichanga, and Salsa, a way has been developed to identify nannofossil field markers. This method was tested in three wells in Enchilada, Garden Banks 128, in the NP 2.9 objective zone and agreed well with the foraminiferal field markers and seismic correlations. Subsequently this method was used to identify and correlate a nannofossil field marker in the NP 3 zone of Chimichanga (Garden Banks 127), Enchilada (Garden Banks 128), and Salsa (Garden Banks 172). This field marker, used in conjunction with a fora-miniferal field marker in the same section, provided a new correlation scheme for the P 3 pay sands previously thought to be discontinuous stringers. This correlation indicates that the sands are continuous through the Enchilada and Chimichanga fields. This pay interval is now thought to contain a significant amount of oil reserves.
Early rheumatoid arthritis in Latin America: Low socioeconomic status related to high disease activity at baseline
Authors: Massardo Loreto , Pons‐Estel Bernardo A. , Wojdyla Daniel , Cardiel Mario H. , Galarza‐Maldonado Claudio M. , Sacnun Mónica P. , Soriano Enrique R. , Laurindo Ieda M. , Acevedo‐Vásquez Eduardo M. , Caballero‐Uribe Carlo V. , Padilla Oslando , Guibert‐Toledano Zoila M. , da Mota Licia M. , Montufar Rubén A. , Lino‐Pérez Leticia , Díaz‐Coto José F. , Achurra‐Castillo Angel F. , Hernández Jaime A. , Esteva‐Spinetti María H. , Ramírez Luis A. , Pineda Carlos , Furst Daniel E. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the influence of socioeconomic factors on disease activity in a Latin American (LA) early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) multinational inception cohort at baseline.MethodsClinical evaluation, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), 4‐variable Disease Activity Score in 28 joints using the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28‐ESR), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) disability index (DI), and erosions were recorded in 1,093 patients with early RA (<1 year from onset). Multivariate analyses evaluated influences of sex, age, marital status, education, medical coverage, SES, and ethnicity on HAQ DI, DAS28‐ESR, and presence of erosions.ResultsEthnicities included 43% Mestizo, 31% Caucasian, 19% African LA, 4% Amerindian, and 3% other. Fifty‐eight percent were of low/low‐middle SES, 42% had <8 years of education, 21% had no medical coverage, median disease duration was 6 months (25th, 75th percentiles 4, 9 months), median HAQ DI score was 1.25 (25th, 75th percentiles 0.63, 2.00), median DAS28‐ESR score was 6.2 (25th, 75th percentiles 4.9, 7.2), and 25% had erosions. Women and Mestizos, African LA, and Amerindians had earlier onset than men or Caucasians (P < 0.01). When adjusted by country, the analysis of covariance model showed that low/low‐middle SES, female sex, partial coverage, and older age were associated with worse HAQ DI scores; only low/low‐middle SES was associated with higher DAS28 scores. Statistically significant differences were found in HAQ DI and DAS28 scores between countries. When excluding country, low/low‐middle SES, female sex, and no coverage were associated with worse HAQ DI and DAS28 scores, whereas separated/divorced/widowed status was associated with worse HAQ DI scores and age was associated with worse DAS28 scores. Logistic regression showed that older age, no coverage, and the Amerindian and other ethnic groups were associated with erosions.ConclusionWe compared early RA patients from the main LA ethnic groups. Our findings suggest that low/low‐middle SES is important in determining disease activity. A more genetic‐related background for erosions is possible.
Dyslipidemia and changes in lipid profiles associated with rheumatoid arthritis and initiation of anti–tumor necrosis factor therapy
Authors: Curtis Jeffrey R. , John Ani , Baser Onur 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the frequency of lipid testing in clinical practice and to explore the relationship between rheumatoid arthritis (RA), dyslipidemia, and other cardiovascular (CV) risk factors with RA treatment.MethodsPatients in this retrospective database study were ages ≥18 years and had ≥2 physician diagnoses for RA or osteoarthritis (OA; comparator group) between March 2004 and March 2008. Outcomes of interest included the percentage of RA and OA patients receiving lipid tests, lipid profiles (total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein [LDL] cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol) of RA versus OA patients, and lipid profiles of RA patients before and after initiation with a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor. We used multivariable regression to control potential confounders between the cohorts.ResultsOver a median ≥2‐year followup, fewer RA patients than OA patients had ≥1 lipid test (62.0% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 61.5–62.5] versus 69.8% [95% CI 69.5–70.1]). Mean total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were each 4 mg/dl lower in the RA cohort (P < 0.0001); HDL cholesterol was similar between the cohorts. Across the RA cohort, 25.2% of patients had suboptimal LDL cholesterol levels (≥130 mg/dl). Among RA patients not receiving lipid‐lowering therapy who initiated TNF inhibitor therapy (n = 96), mean total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol increased by 5.4 and 4.0 mg/dl, respectively.ConclusionPatients with RA were less likely to be tested for hyperlipidemia and had more favorable lipid profiles than patients with OA. TNF inhibitor therapy modestly increased all lipid parameters. Additional studies are needed to determine the effect of traditional CV risk factors and inflammation and the impact of biologic agents on CV outcomes in RA patients.
Children's experiences of living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A thematic synthesis of qualitative studies
Authors: Tong Allison , Jones Julie , Craig Jonathan C. , Singh‐Grewal Davinder 
Published: April 2012

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the experiences and perspectives of children and adolescents living with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies that explored the experiences of children living with JIA. We searched electronic databases (to week 2 of July 2011) and reference lists of relevant articles.ResultsTwenty‐seven studies that reported the experiences of more than 542 participants were included. Six major themes were identified: aversion to being different (unrelenting and unpredictable pain, disablement, internal disfigurement, differential treatment, and forced dependency on others); striving for normality (preserving social identity, resourcefulness, sense of community, focus on remission, and mastery over body and pain); stigma and misunderstanding (trivialization of disease, invisible pain, and discrimination); suspension in uncertainty (control versus powerlessness, hope versus disappointment); managing treatment (benefits of taking medicines, respect and involvement in health care, and motivation for physical therapy); and desire for knowledge (medical treatment and advances, lifestyle management).ConclusionJIA disrupts a child's sense of normality and impairs his or her capacity for social participation. Children with JIA have a sense of being misunderstood and stigmatized, and they feel perpetually caught between having hope and control over their bodies and overwhelming pain and despair. To increase their confidence, the ability to manage pain, and their resourcefulness for self‐management, children need ongoing information about treatments and lifestyle management, strong social support, community advocacy, and active involvement in their own health decision making.
Near‐Infrared Electric Power Generation Through Sub‐Energy‐Gap Absorption in an Organic–Inorganic Composite
Authors: Ng Tsz‐Wai , Lo Ming‐Fai , Yang Qing‐Dan , Fung Man‐Keung , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: April 2012

AbstractExploitation of energy from the near‐infrared (NIR) region is one strategic approach for enhancing the performance of organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs). While effort has been mostly put toward developing materials with narrow energy gaps, here, a simple approach for harvesting NIR photons with wide‐energy‐gap materials by making use of their interactive charge‐transfer complex (CTC) is shown. It is shown using photoemission studies that the interface between molybdenum (VI) oxide and 5,6,11,12‐tetraphenylnaphthacene (MoO3/rubrene) possesses an abrupt discontinuity in the vacuum level (VL), resulting in significantly overlapped electron wavefunctions and CTC formation. The CTC induces an intermediate state within the original energy gap of rubrene with energy of ≈1.3 eV, suggesting the feasibility of a charge transfer (CT) exciton generated upon NIR excitation. This is confirmed by generation of electric power OPVs with an active layer of MoO3:rubrene composite under excitation with a NIR light source.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)‐CP‐55940 via Ruthenium‐ Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Ketones
Authors: Cheng Li‐Jie , Xie Jian‐Hua , Wang Li‐Xin , Zhou Qi‐Lin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA new and efficient catalytic asymmetric synthesis of the potent cannabinoid receptor agonist (−)‐CP‐55940 has been developed by using ruthenium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic α‐aryl ketones via dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) as a key step. With RuCl2‐SDPs/diamine [SDPs=7,7′‐bis(diarylphophino)‐1,1′‐spirobiindane] catalysts the asymmetric hydrogenation of racemic α‐arylcyclohexanones via DKR provided the corresponding cis‐β‐arylcyclohexanols in high yields with up to 99.3% ee and >99:1 cis‐selectivities. Both ethylene ketal group at the cyclohexane ring and ortho‐methoxy group at the phenyl ring of the substrates 6 have little effect on the selectivity and reactivity of the hydrogenations. Based on this highly efficient asymmetric ketone hydrogenation, (−)‐CP‐55940 was synthesized in 13 steps (the longest linear steps) in 14.6% overall yield starting from commercially available 3‐methoxybenzaldehyde and 1,4‐cyclohexenedione monoethylene acetal.
Nanoscale Compositionally Graded Thin‐Film Electrolyte Membranes for Low‐Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Kerman Kian , Lai Bo‐Kuai , Ramanathan Shriram 
Published: April 2012

AbstractControllable fabrication of compositionally graded Gd0.1Ce0.9O2‐δ and Y0.16Zr0.84O2‐δ electrolytes using co‐sputtering is demonstrated. Self‐supported membranes were lithographically fabricated to employ the new electrolytes into thin film solid oxide fuel cells. Devices integrating such electrolytes demonstrate performance of over 1175 mW cm−2 and 665 mW cm−2 at 520 °C using hydrogen and methane as fuel, respectively. The results present a general strategy to fabricate nanoscale functionally graded materials with selective interfacial functionality for energy conversion.
Development of biodegradable composites based on wood waste flour and thermoplastic starch
Authors: Agnantopoulou E. , Tserki V. , Marras S. , Philippou J. , Panayiotou C. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractBiodegradable composites were prepared from wood flour of sawmill residues and a thermoplastic starch (Mater‐Bi™ and glycerol). For the preparation of the composites flour from sawmills of four wood species (spruce, pine, beech and poplar), three particle sizes (<150, 150–250, and 250–750 μm) and in six proportions (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% wt) was used. The composites were characterized by means of mechanical property measurements, scanning electron microscopy, water absorption, thermal stability and biodegradation studies. Addition of wood flour to thermoplastic starch increased significantly tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation and thermal stability and decreased water absorption and biodegradation rate of the composites. Almost all the properties of the composites increased with increasing wood flour content and decreasing particle size of the flour. Tensile strength increased up to 50% wt but decreased at 60% wt content of wood flour. The softwood species (spruce, pine) gave better mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties, but lower biodegradation rate than the hardwood species (beech, poplar). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Copper particles/epoxy resin thermosetting conductive adhesive using polyamide resin as curing agent
Authors: Dang Zhi‐Min , Zhang Bo , Li Jinge , Zha Jun‐Wei , Hu Guo‐Hua 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThermosetting conductive adhesive (TCA) comprised of epoxy resin E‐51 as matrix, Cu microparticles and nanoparticles modified by silane coupling KH550 as conductive fillers, polyamide resin with low molecular weight as curing agent, and some other additives. It was reported creatively a new liquid curing agent, which solved successfully some difficult problems during preparation of TCA, such as limit of quantity of conductive fillers. Therefore, application of this liquid curing agent decreased greatly the resistivity of TCA under the condition of keeping enough adhesion strength. Antioxidized and mixed Cu particles were developed as conductive fillers in place of expensive Ag. The results showed that optimum conditions of conductive adhesive composed of 16 wt % of epoxy resin E‐51, 8 wt % polyamide resin, 65 wt % of Cu microparticles and nanoparticles, 1.3 wt % of silane coupling agent, and 9 wt % of other additives with curing time for 4 h at 60°C. The adhesion strength reached 16.7 MPa and the bulk resistivity was lower than 3.7 × 10−4 Ω cm. The variation of bulk resistivity was less than 15% at high temperature (100°C). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The synthesis of SiCON ceramics through precursor method
Authors: Luo Jing , Zhang Zongbo , Liu Wei , Wang Xiujun , Peng Zhijian , Luo Yongming , Xu Caihong 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA polymeric precursor, polysiloxazane (PSON), for SiCON ceramics has been synthesized by the partial hydrolysis of MeViSiCl2, MeHSiCl2, and MeSiCl3 followed by ammonolysis reaction of the hydrolyzed intermediates with NH3. The structure and thermal properties of the polymeric precursor were investigated by means of Fourier transfer infrared spectra (FTIR), 1H‐NMR, 29Si‐NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis. The structure of the SiCON ceramics derived from the pyrolysis of PSON was characterized by FTIR and X‐ray diffraction. The as‐synthesized PSON produced mainly α‐Si3N4 crystalline phase during pyrolysis at 1500°C under N2 atmosphere, whereas when pyrolyzed at 1500°C under Ar atmosphere, crystalline phases of α/β‐SiC and/or α‐Si3N4 were detected. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J fAppl Polym Sci, 2012
Polyoxymethylene orientation by equal‐channel multiple angular extrusion
Authors: Beloshenko V. A. , Varyukhin V. N. , Voznyak A. V. , Voznyak Yu V. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe effect of conditions and routes of deformation in the course of equal‐channel multiple‐angular extrusion (ECMAE) on physical and mechanical properties of polyoxymethylene (POM) have been studied. As deformation routes, Route C (shear planes are parallel, and the simple shear direction of every deformation zone is changed through 180°) and Route E (shear planes are turned through ±45° around the extrusion axis and the normal to the axis, and simple shear direction is changed through 180° or ±90° with respect to the deformation zone) were selected. It has been shown that ECMAE provides the increase of modulus of elasticity E more than twice, tensile strength σT increases in four times. At the same time, strain at break εb is reduced by 1.5%. The value of the achieved effects depends on the accumulated deformation and the selected deformation route. The best set of physical and mechanical characteristics was observed in the case of Route E. According to SEM data, Route C results in partial pore healing and E provides total pore healing both in longitudinal and transversal direction. The observed effects are related to orientation order formation, increase of cristallinity degree and reduction of structure imperfection of extrudates. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Calcium Phosphate Nanocarriers Dual‐Loaded with Bovine Serum Albumin and Ibuprofen: Facile Synthesis, Sequential Drug Loading and Sustained Drug Release
Authors: Zhao Xin‐Yu , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Chen Feng , Wu Jin 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA simple and green strategy is reported for the preparation, drug loading, and release properties of a drug delivery system consisting of calcium phosphate (CP) nanocarriers dual‐loaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and hydrophobic drug ibuprofen (IBU). The sequential loading of BSA and IBU in calcium phosphate nanocarriers and in vitro simultaneous release of BSA and IBU are realized and investigated. In this method, BSA, which is used as a model protein drug, is encapsulated in situ in calcium phosphate nanocarriers. Subsequently, the typical hydrophobic drug IBU is loaded in the BSA/CP drug delivery system, forming the IBU/BSA/CP dual drug delivery system. The experiments reveal that the preloaded BSA not only reduces the cytotoxicity of calcium phosphate nanocarriers but also significantly improves the IBU drug loading capacity in calcium phosphate nanocarriers and greatly extends the duration of drug release. Thus, the as‐prepared IBU/BSA/CP dual drug delivery system is promising for drug delivery applications.