bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of an Air Pressure–Based Proxy for Storm Activity
Authors: Krueger Oliver , von Storch Hans 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Yearly percentiles of geostrophic wind speeds serve as a widely used proxy for assessing past storm activity. Here, daily geostrophic wind speeds are derived from a geographical triangle of surface air pressure measurements and are used to build yearly frequency distributions. It is commonly believed, however unproven, that the variation of the statistics of strong geostrophic wind speeds describes the variation of statistics of ground-level wind speeds. This study evaluates this approach by examining the correlation between specific annual (seasonal) percentiles of geostrophic and of area-maximum surface wind speeds to determine whether the two distributions are linearly linked in general.
The analyses rely on bootstrap and binomial hypothesis testing as well as on analysis of variance. Such investigations require long, homogeneous, and physically consistent data. Because such data are barely existent, regional climate model–generated wind and surface air pressure fields in a fine spatial and temporal resolution are used. The chosen regional climate model is the spectrally nudged and NCEP-driven regional model (REMO) that covers Europe and the North Atlantic. Required distributions are determined from diagnostic 10-m and geostrophic wind speed, which is calculated from model air pressure at sea level.
Obtained results show that the variation of strong geostrophic wind speed statistics describes the variation of ground-level wind speed statistics. Annual and seasonal quantiles of geostrophic wind speed and ground-level wind speed are positively linearly related. The influence of low-pass filtering is also considered and found to decrease the quality of the linear link. Moreover, several factors are examined that affect the description of storminess through geostrophic wind speed statistics. Geostrophic wind from sea triangles reflects storm activity better than geostrophic wind from land triangles. Smaller triangles lead to a better description of storminess than bigger triangles.
Characteristics of the Dominant Modes of Atmospheric Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation over Tropical–Subtropical Americas
Authors: Wen Min , Yang Song , Higgins Wayne , Zhang Renhe 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDuring the boreal summer (June–August), vigorous convection appears over the eastern Pacific, southern Mexico, and northern South America, and oscillates on a distinct time scale of 10–20 days. Extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis shows that the quasi-biweekly oscillation (QBWO) of the convection has two major modes: a west–east-orientated mode (WEM) and a north–south-orientated mode (NSM). The WEM, which is explained by the first two EEOF modes, originates over the eastern Atlantic, propagates westward along 15°N, and enhances over the Caribbean Sea before disappearing over the central Pacific. The NSM, explained by the third and fourth EEOF modes, originates over the western Pacific, moves eastward, and strengthens over the eastern Pacific. It shifts northward after arriving over the Caribbean Sea. Both modes have notable seasonal dependence, with the WEM more active in July and August and the NSM more active in June or earlier.The two distinct QBWO modes are linked to different rainfall patterns over the United States and Mexico. When the WEM is active in July and August, wet conditions occur over the southern central United States and dry conditions appear to the north. When the NSM is active in June, northern Mexico, the southwestern United States, the Missouri basin, and the northern Great Lakes are drier than normal, while southern Mexico and the eastern United States are wetter than normal. Significant variations in atmospheric circulation are found to be associated with the interannual variability of the NSM activity in June. However, these variations may not necessarily result from QBWO but, rather, provide a background for QBWO activity instead. In July and August, the association of QBWO with the precipitation pattern over North America may sometimes be related to hurricane activity.
Exact Solutions of Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling and Downwelling over Sloping Topography
Authors: Choboter P. F. , Duke Dana , Horton J. P. , Sinz Paul 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The dynamics of wind-driven coastal upwelling and downwelling are studied using a simplified dynamical model. Exact solutions are examined as a function of time and over a family of sloping topographies. Assumptions in the two-dimensional model include a frictionless ocean interior below the surface Ekman layer and no along-slope dependence of the variables; however, dependence in the cross-slope and vertical directions is retained. Density and the along-slope component of momentum are advected by the cross-slope velocity, with thermal wind balance maintained at all times. The time-dependent initial value problem is solved with constant initial stratification and no initial along-slope flow. Previously, this model has been used to study upwelling over flat-bottomed ocean, but the novel features in this work are the study of exact solutions for a family of sloping topographic profiles, for both upwelling and downwelling. The exact solutions are compared to numerical solutions from a primitive equation ocean model configured in a similar two-dimensional geometry. The exact solutions predict that deep undercurrents will develop only over steep topographic slopes and the cross-slope flow in the deep frictionless interior will be increasingly surface intensified as the topographic slope increases.
Basin Resonances in the Equatorial Indian Ocean
Authors: Han Weiqing , McCreary Julian P. , Masumoto Yukio , Vialard Jérôme , Duncan Benét 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Previous studies have investigated how second-baroclinic-mode (n = 2) Kelvin and Rossby waves in the equatorial Indian Ocean (IO) interact to form basin resonances at the semiannual (180 day) and 90-day periods. This paper examines unresolved issues about these resonances, including the reason the 90-day resonance is concentrated in the eastern ocean, the time scale for their establishment, and the impact of complex basin geometry. A hierarchy of ocean models is used: an idealized one-dimensional (1D) model, a linear continuously stratified ocean model (LCSM), and an ocean general circulation model (OGCM) forced by Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind during 2000–08. Results indicate that the eastern-basin concentration of the 90-day resonance happens because the westward-propagating Rossby wave is slower, and thus is damped more than the eastward-propagating Kelvin wave. Results also indicate that superposition with other baroclinic modes further enhances the eastern maximum and weakens sea level variability near the western boundary. Without resonance, although there is still significant power at 90 and 180 days, solutions have no spectral peaks at these periods. The key time scale for the establishment of all resonances is the time it takes a Kelvin wave to cross the basin and a first-meridional-mode (ℓ = 1) Rossby wave to return; thus, even though the amplitude of the 90-day winds vary significantly, the 90-day resonance can be frequently excited in the real IO, as evidenced by satellite-observed and OGCM-simulated sea level. The presence of the Indian subcontinent enhances the influence of equatorial variability in the north IO, especially along the west coast of India. The Maldives Islands weaken the 180-day resonance amplitude but have little effect on the 90-day resonance, because they fall in its “node” region. Additionally, resonance at the 120-day period for the n = 1 mode is noted.
Advective Time Scales of Agulhas Leakage to the North Atlantic in Surface Drifter Observations and the 3D OFES Model
Authors: van Sebille Erik , Beal Lisa M. , Johns William E. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe advective transit time of temperature–salinity anomalies from the Agulhas region to the regions of deep convection in the North Atlantic Ocean is an important time scale in climate, because it has been linked to variability in the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Studying this transit time scale is difficult, because most observational and high-resolution model data are too short for assessment of the global circulation on decadal to centennial time scales. Here, results are presented from a technique to obtain thousands of “supertrajectories” of any required length using a Monte Carlo simulation. These supertrajectories allow analysis of the circulation patterns and time scales based on Lagrangian data: in this case, observational surface drifter trajectories from the Global Drifter Program and Lagrangian data from the high-resolution OGCM for the Earth Simulator (OFES). The observational supertrajectories can only be used to study the two-dimensional (2D) surface flow, whereas the numerical supertrajectories can be used to study the full three-dimensional circulation. Results for the surface circulation indicate that the supertrajectories starting in the Agulhas Current and ending in the North Atlantic take at least 4 yr and most complete the journey in 30–40 yr. This time scale is, largely because of convergence and subduction in the subtropical gyres, longer than the 10–25 yr it takes the 3D numerical supertrajectories to complete the journey.
Middle Ear Packing
Authors: Lipan Michael Julian , Alava Ibrahim , Abi‐Hachem Ralph , Vernon Stephen , Van De Water Thomas R. , Angeli Simon I. 
Published: February 2011

ObjectiveTo compare absorbable gelatin sponge (AGS) with an injectable esterified hyaluronic acid (EHA) as middle ear packing material after mucosal trauma.Study DesignRandomized, blinded, and controlled study.SettingTertiary university‐based hospital.Subjects and MethodsTwenty‐three guinea pigs underwent middle ear surgery with mucosal trauma performed on both ears and one ear packed with either EHA or AGS. Contralateral ears were used as nonpacked paired controls. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were measured preoperatively and repeated at 1, 2, and 6 weeks postoperatively. Macroscopic and microscopic analysis measured inflammatory reaction in each group.ResultsABR threshold changes from baseline in the EHA and both control groups were minor. Threshold levels were higher in the AGS group compared with the AGS control group. This trend was seen in each frequency tested at each time interval. Macroscopic analysis showed tympanic membrane perforation was rare, effusions were common in the AGS group, mucosal edema was most frequent in the AGS group, and unabsorbed packing was usually detected in the AGS group with little EHA detectable at 6 weeks. Microscopic analysis showed normal mucosal healing in all groups. Two AGS ears demonstrated excessive middle ear packing with exuberant osteoneogenesis.ConclusionsMiddle ear function and mucosal healing after surgery occurred similarly between the EHA control group and the EHA group. In contrast, the AGS group demonstrated worse hearing and a greater level of osteoneogenesis compared with the AGS control group. These results support EHA as an alternative middle ear packing material in otologic surgery.
Hyperdiploidy is less frequent in AL amyloidosis compared with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and inversely associated with translocation t(11;14)
Authors: Bochtler Tilmann , Hegenbart Ute , Heiss Christiane , Benner Axel , Moos Marion , Seckinger Anja , Pschowski-Zuck Stephanie , Kirn Désirée , Neben Kai , Bartram Claus R. , Ho Anthony D. , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Hose Dirk , Jauch Anna , Schonland Stefan O. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In multiple myeloma (MM) pathogenesis, hyperdiploidy and nonhyperdiploidy are recognized as 2 major cytogenetic pathways. Here, we assessed the role of hyperdiploidy in 426 patients with monoclonal plasma cell disorders, among them 246 patients with AL amyloidosis (AL), by interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization. Hyperdiploidy was defined by a well-established score requiring trisomies for at least 2 of the 3 chromosomes 5, 9, and 15. The hyperdiploidy frequency in AL was a mere 11% compared with 30% in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (P < .001) and 46% in AL with concomitant MM I (P < .001). Overall, hyperdiploidy was associated with an intact immunoglobulin, κ light chain restriction, higher age, and bone marrow plasmacytosis, but was unrelated to the organ involvement pattern in AL. Clustering of 6 major cytogenetic aberrations in AL by an oncogenetic tree model showed that hyperdiploidy and t(11;14) were almost mutually exclusive, whereas gain of 1q21 favored hyperdiploidy. Deletion 13q14 and secondary IgH translocations were equally distributed between ploidy groups. We conclude that the interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization–based hyperdiploidy score is also a feasible tool to delineate hyperdiploid patients in early-stage monoclonal gammopathies and that the cytogenetic pathogenetic concepts developed in MM are transferable to AL.
Development of IL-22–producing NK lineage cells from umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells in the absence of secondary lymphoid tissue
Authors: Tang Qin , Ahn Yong-Oon , Southern Peter , Blazar Bruce R. , Miller Jeffery S. , Verneris Michael R. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Human secondary lymphoid tissues (SLTs) contain interleukin-22 (IL-22)–producing cells with an immature NK phenotype. Given their location, these cells are difficult to study. We have generated large numbers of NK22 cells from hematopoietic stem cells. HSC-derived NK22 cells show a CD56+CD117highCD94− phenotype, consistent with stage III NK progenitors. Like freshly isolated SLT stage III cells, HSC-derived NK22 cells express NKp44, CD161, CCR6, IL1 receptor, AHR, and ROR-γτ. IL-1β and IL-23 stimulation results in significant IL-22 but not interferon-γ production. Supernatant from these cells increases CD54 expression on mesenchymal stem cells. Thus, IL-22–producing NK cells can be generated in the absence of SLT. HSC-derived NK22 cells will be valuable in understanding this rare NK subset and create the opportunity for human translational clinical trials.
LDOC1 mRNA is differentially expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and predicts overall survival in untreated patients
Authors: Duzkale Hatice , Schweighofer Carmen D. , Coombes Kevin R. , Barron Lynn L. , Ferrajoli Alessandra , O'Brien Susan , Wierda William G. , Pfeifer John , Majewski Tadeusz , Czerniak Bogdan A. , Jorgensen Jeffrey L. , Medeiros L. Jeffrey , Freireich Emil J , Keating Michael J. , Abruzzo Lynne V. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
We previously identified LDOC1 as one of the most significantly differentially expressed genes in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients with respect to the somatic mutation status of the immunoglobulin heavy-chain variable region genes. However, little is known about the normal function of LDOC1, its contribution to the pathophysiology of CLL, or its prognostic significance. In this study, we have investigated LDOC1 mRNA expression in a large cohort of untreated CLL patients, as well as in normal peripheral blood B-cell (NBC) subsets and primary B-cell lymphoma samples. We have confirmed that LDOC1 is dramatically down-regulated in mutated CLL cases compared with unmutated cases, and have identified a new splice variant, LDOC1S. We show that LDOC1 is expressed in NBC subsets (naive > memory), suggesting that it may play a role in normal B-cell development. It is also expressed in primary B-cell lymphoma samples, in which its expression is associated with somatic mutation status. In CLL, we show that high levels of LDOC1 correlate with biomarkers of poor prognosis, including cytogenetic markers, unmutated somatic mutation status, and ZAP70 expression. Finally, we demonstrate that LDOC1 mRNA expression is an excellent predictor of overall survival in untreated CLL patients.
KDM2b/JHDM1b, an H3K36me2-specific demethylase, is required for initiation and maintenance of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: He Jin , Nguyen Anh Tram , Zhang Yi 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The histone H3 lysine 36 dimethyl–specific demethylase KDM2b/JHDM1b, which is highly expressed in various human leukemias, was previously found to be important in regulating cell proliferation and cellular senescence. However, its functions in leukemia development and maintenance are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of Kdm2b/Jhdm1b is sufficient to transform hematopoietic progenitors. Conversely, depletion of Kdm2b/Jhdm1b in hematopoietic progenitors significantly impairs Hoxa9/Meis1-induced leukemic transformation. In leukemic stem cells, knockdown of Kdm2b/Jhdm1b impairs their self-renewing capability in vitro and in vivo. The functions of Kdm2b/Jhdm1b are mediated by its silencing of p15Ink4b expression through active demethylation of histone H3 lysine 36 dimethyl. Thus, our study suggests that Kdm2b/Jhdm1b functions as an oncogene and plays a critical role in leukemia development and maintenance.
Targeted deletion of the mouse Mitoferrin1 gene: from anemia to protoporphyria
Authors: Troadec Marie-Berengere , Warner David , Wallace Jared , Thomas Kirk , Spangrude Gerald J. , Phillips John , Khalimonchuk Oleh , Paw Barry H. , Ward Diane McVey , Kaplan Jerry 
Published: February 2011

AbstractMitoferrin1 is 1 of 2 homologous mitochondrial iron transporters and is required for mitochondrial iron delivery in developing erythroid cells. We show that total deletion of Mfrn1 in embryos leads to embryonic lethality. Selective deletion of Mfrn1 in adult hematopoietic tissues leads to severe anemia because of a deficit in erythroblast formation. Deletion of Mfrn1 in hepatocytes has no phenotype or biochemical effect under normal conditions. In the presence of increased porphyrin synthesis, however, deletion of Mfrn1 in hepatocytes results in a decreased ability to convert protoporphyrin IX into heme, leading to protoporphyria, cholestasis, and bridging cirrhosis. Our results show that the activity of mitoferrin1 is required to manage an increase in heme synthesis. The data also show that alterations in heme synthesis within hepatocytes can lead to protoporphyria and hepatotoxicity.
Increased arginase activity contributes to airway remodelling in chronic allergic asthma
Authors: Maarsingh H. , Dekkers B.G.J. , Zuidhof A.B. , Bos I.S.T. , Menzen M.H. , Klein T. , Flik G. , Zaagsma J. , Meurs H. 
Published: February 2011

Airway remodelling, characterised by increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) mass, subepithelial fibrosis, goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus gland hypertrophy, is a feature of chronic asthma. Increased arginase activity could contribute to these featuresviaincreased formation of polyamines andl-proline downstream of the arginase productl-ornithine, andviareduced nitric oxide synthesis.Using the specific arginase inhitibor 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH), we studied the role of arginase in airway remodelling using a guinea pig model of chronic asthma. Ovalbumin-sensitised guinea pigs were treated with ABH or PBSviainhalation before each of 12 weekly allergen or saline challenges, and indices of arginase activity, and airway remodelling, inflammation and responsiveness were studied 24 h after the final challenge.Pulmonary arginase activity of repeatedly allergen-challenged guinea pigs was increased. Allergen challenge also increased ASM mass and maximal contraction of denuded tracheal rings, which were prevented by ABH. ABH also attenuated allergen-induced pulmonary hydroxyproline (fibrosis) and putrescine, mucus gland hypertrophy, goblet cell hyperplasia, airway eosinophilia and interleukin-13, whereas an increasedl-ornithine/l-citrulline ratio in the lung was normalised. Moreover, allergen-induced hyperresponsiveness of perfused tracheae was fully abrogated by ABH.These findings demonstrate that arginase is prominently involved in allergen-induced airway remodelling, inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in chronic asthma.
Effects of cigarette smoke and hypoxia on pulmonary circulation in the guinea pig
Authors: Ferrer E. , Peinado V.I. , Castañeda J. , Prieto-Lloret J. , Olea E. , González-Martín M.C. , Vega-Agapito M.V. , Díez M. , Domínguez-Fandos D. , Obeso A. , González C. , Barberà J.A. 
Published: February 2011

Cigarette smoke (CS) and chronic hypoxia (CH) can produce pulmonary hypertension. Similarities and differences between both exposures and their interaction have not been explored. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of CS and CH, as single factors or in combination, on the pulmonary circulation in the guinea pig.51 guinea pigs were exposed to CS for 12 weeks and 32 were sham-exposed. 50% of the animals in each group were additionally exposed to CH for the final 2 weeks. We measured pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), and the weight ratio between the right ventricle (RV) and left ventricle plus the septum. Pulmonary artery contractility in response to noradrenaline (NA), endothelium-dependent vasodilatation and distensibility were evaluated in organ bath chambers. The number of small intrapulmonary vessels showing immunoreactivity to smooth muscle (SM) α-actin and double elastic laminas was assessed microscopically.CS and CH induced similar increases ofPpaand RV hypertrophy (p<0.05 for both), effects that were further enhanced when both factors were combined. CH increased the contractility to NA (p<0.01) and reduced the distensibility (p<0.05) of pulmonary arteries. Animals exposed to CS showed an increased number of small vessels with positive immunoreactivity to SM α-actin (p<0.01) and those exposed to CH a greater proportion of vessels with double elastic laminas (p<0.05).We conclude that CH amplifies the detrimental effects of CS on the pulmonary circulation by altering the mechanical properties of pulmonary arteries and enhancing the remodelling of pulmonary arterioles.
Elemental carbon exposure and lung function in schoolchildren from Mexico City
Authors: Barraza-Villarreal A. , Escamilla-Nuñez M.C. , Hernández-Cadena L. , Texcalac-Sangrador J.L. , Sienra-Monge J.J. , del Río-Navarro B.E. , Cortez-Lugo M. , Sly P.D. , Romieu I. 
Published: February 2011

Though exposure to air pollution has a detrimental effect on respiratory health, few studies have examined the association between elemental carbon exposure and lung function among schoolchildren. The aim of the present study was to present the association between short-term elemental carbon exposure and lung function in schoolchildren from Mexico City.55 asthmatic and 40 non-asthmatic children were followed for an average of 22 weeks. A spirometry test was performed every 15 days during follow-up. Portable air samplers collected particulate matter onto Teflon filters. Gravimetric analysis was conducted and elemental carbon was quantified using transmission densitometry. The association between the main variables was analysed using linear mixed effects models.The mean±sdof elemental carbon light absorption was 92.7±54.7 Mm−1. An increase of one interquartile range in the 24-h average of elemental carbon (100.93 Mm−1) was associated with a significant negative impact on forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (-62.0 (95% CI -123.3– -1.2) mL) and forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of forced vital capacity (FVC) (FEF25–75%) (-111 (95% CI -228.3– -4.1) mL) among asthmatic children, equal to 3.3% and 5.5%, respectively; and on FEV1(-95.0 (95% CI -182.3– -8.5) mL) and FVC (-105.0 (95% CI -197.0– -13.7) mL) among non-asthmatic children.Exposure to elemental carbon resulted in an important negative effect on lung function in atopic schoolchildren, regardless of asthma status.