bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suppressing Weeds in Direct‐seeded Lowland Rice: Effects of Methods and Rates of Seeding
Authors: Phuong L. T. , Denich M. , Vlek P. L. G. , Balasubramanian V. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHigh weed infestation is a major constraint to widespread adoption of direct seeding of rice (Oryza sativaL.) The experiments were conducted in 1998 wet and 1999 dry seasons in the Philippines to examine the effects of seeding methods and rates on suppressing weeds in direct‐seeded lowland rice. Treatments consisted of four seeding methods: conventional and modified broadcast seeding, drill seeding with east–west and north–south row orientations; three seeding rates: 40, 80 and 160 kg seed ha−1as well as two weed control levels: weed control with herbicide and no weed control. Among the seeding methods drill seeding with east–west row orientation had the lowest rice grain yield loss caused by weeds (38 % in the wet and 20 % in the dry season), whereas the highest losses because of weeds were observed with conventional broadcast seeding (59 % in the wet and 27 % in the dry season). Seeding rate was inversely correlated to weed interference. Severe rice yield reduction (71 %) caused by weeds was found at a seeding rate of 40 kg seed ha−1in the wet season. Using seeding rates of 80 and 160 kg seed ha−1, respectively, lowered yield loss to 47 and 26 % in the wet season, 32 and 18 % in the dry season. Therefore suitable method and/or rate of seeding can significantly suppress weeds in direct‐seeded lowland rice.
Exploitable genetic variation can be changed under environmental and genetic stress. Consequences for livestock breeding — a review
Authors: Kräußlich H. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryLivestock breeding is exploitation of genetic variation in herdbook populations. Results of long term selection (domestication) experiments led to the assumption that some genes are normally silent and can be activated under genetic and environmental stress. Rutherford and Lindquist (Nature 336: 336–342, 1998) provided the first evidence of a molecular mechanism which can activate silent genes. This article discusses this field of research with respect to the livestock breeding.
Estimation of genome‐wide haplotype effects in half‐sib designs
Authors: Kolbehdari D. , Schaeffer L.R. , Robinson J.A.B. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryGenome‐wide estimated breeding values can be computed from the simultaneous estimates of the effects of small intervals of DNA throughout the genome on a trait or traits of interest. Small intervals or segments of DNA can be created by the use of thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) available in panels of 10, 25 and 50 thousand SNP. A simulation study was conducted to compare factors that could influence the accuracy of genome‐wide selection. Factors studied were the heritability of the trait, dispersion of quantitative trait loci (QTL) across the genome and size of the QTL effects. A 100‐cM genome was assumed with 100 equally spaced SNP markers and 10 QTL. A granddaughter design was constructed with 20 sires and 100 sons per sire. Population‐wide linkage disequilibrium was assumed to be sufficient after 25 generations of random mating starting with 30 sires and 400 dams. Best linear unbiased prediction was used to simultaneously estimate the effects of 99 SNP intervals, based on determining the SNP haplotype of each son inherited from the sire. Indicator variables were used in the model to indicate haplotype transmission. A genome‐wide estimated breeding value was calculated as the sum of the appropriate haplotype interval estimates for each son. Correlations between estimated and true breeding values ranged from 0.60 to 0.79. Situations with unequally sized QTL effects and randomly dispersed QTL gave higher correlations. QTL positions could be estimated to within 2 cM or less.
Platelet Aggregation and Haemostatic Response in Dogs Naturally Co‐infected by Leishmania infantum and Ehrlichia canis
Authors: Cortese L. , Pelagalli A. , Piantedosi D. , Mastellone V. , Manco A. , Lombardi P. , Ciaramella P. , Avallone L. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryHaemostatic alterations in dogs naturally infected by ehrlichiosis and/or leishmaniasis were studied. Platelet count, ADP and collagen‐induced platelet aggregation, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and plasma fibrinogen concentration were measured. An evident reduction of platelet aggregation response was shown for Leishmania–Ehrlichia co‐infected dogs where platelet aggregation was lower in comparison with control and leishmaniotic dogs (ADP and collagen, P ≤ 0.01) and ehrlichiotic dogs (ADP 10 and 7.5 μm, P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, a significant increase in APTT as well as a reduction of the albumin/globulin rate (A/G) for leishmaniotic and co‐infected dogs versus control and ehrlichiotic dogs was detected. The hypothesis of a synergism between leishmaniosis and ehrlichiosis in altering platelet function by different pathways is discussed.
Haemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome in Dairy Cattle: Possible Role of Clostridium perfringens Type A in the Disease Complex
Authors: Ceci L. , Paradies P. , Sasanelli M. , De Caprariis D. , Guarda F. , Capucchio M.T. , Carelli G. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryA survey based on clinical, pathological and microbiological investigations was performed on 11 Brown Swiss cattle affected with depression, anorexia, agalaxia, ruminal hypomotility, abdominal pain and melaena. In eight animals, macroscopical lesions consisted in haemorrhagic enteritis in the small intestine. Seven of eight isolates from tissue samples were identified as Clostridum perfringens type A, and four were identified as C. perfringens type A with the β2 toxin gene. Based on these observations, animals were considered affected with haemorrhagic bowel syndrome.
Sex Steroids Level in Blood Plasma and Ovarian Follicles of the Chimeric Chicken
Authors: Sechman A. , ŁAkota P. , Wojtysiak D. , Hrabia A. , Mika M. , Lisowski M. , Czekalski P. , Rza˛sa J. , Kapkowska E. , Bednarczyk M. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe study was performed to determine the hormonal status of mature germline chimeras obtained by blastodermal cell transfer from chicken embryos of a donor breed [Green‐legged Partridgelike breed (GP) × Araucana (AR)] to those of a recipient breed [White Leghorn (WL)] being at the same stage of embryonic development. The egg‐laying chimeras and WL hens (control) of the same age were used in the experiment. At first, blood samples were taken from each bird at 0.5, 5, 12.5 and 18.5 h following oviposition. Subsequently, the chimeras and the WL hens were decapitated 1–2 h after ovulation. A stroma and the following follicles were isolated from the ovary: white normal (1–4, 4–6 and 6–8 mm), white atretic and yellow preovulatory follicles (F4–F1). Sex hormones, progesterone (P4), testosterone (T) and oestradiol (E2) in blood plasma and ovarian follicles were determined radioimmunologically. The activity of the 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β‐HSD) in the granulosa and theca layers of the follicles was analysed histochemically. In chimeric chickens, a higher level of T in blood plasma during the ovulatory cycle was noticed. However, in the stroma, white prehierarchical and medium‐size preovulatory ovarian follicles the level of T was significantly lower. With respect to E2, its elevated levels were found both in blood and in the ovarian follicles. There were no significant differences in P4 concentrations in blood plasma while in ovarian follicles a higher level was observed only in white 6–8 mm follicles. 3β‐HSD activity in granulosa and theca layers of the ovarian follicles in chimeras was not different from that in the WL hens. In conclusion, the results obtained indicate that germline chimeras exhibit significant alterations in sex hormone levels in the ovary and blood plasma, which in turn may affect their reproductive abilities.
Cyanide Poisoning Deaths in Dogs
Authors: Oruc H. H. , Yilmaz R. , Bagdas D. , Ozyigit M. O. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryIn 2005, the deaths of three dogs were reported in Erdek, Turkey. Examining appropriate historical and clinical signs, postmortem findings and the discovery of cyanide in their stomachs and intestinal contents and livers supported a diagnosis of cyanide poisoning.
Succession and seasonal onset of colonization in subtidal hard‐bottom communities off northern Chile
Authors: Pacheco Aldo S. , Laudien Jürgen , Thiel Martin , Oliva Marcelo , Heilmayer Olaf 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAlthough there is extensive information concerning the colonization sequences of benthic communities, little is known about the successional development of subtidal hard‐bottom habitats in highly productive coastal upwelling areas. In these systems, succession is predicted to be fast due to high growth rate of the later dominant colonizers. Using artificial hard substrata a field experiment was conducted in a rocky subtidal area off Northern Chile (Humboldt Current System) and monitored at 3‐month intervals to test the following hypotheses: (i) epibenthic succession may proceed through consecutive replacement of species, (ii) there is a fast convergence rate towards natural communities, and (iii) different seasonal starting points for the colonization will produce different community structure over a 1‐year period of exposure. Panels were installed on a vertical wall at 17 m water depth. Three replicate panels were sampled every 3 months over a period of 27 months. As a reference, six haphazardly selected plots from the surrounding natural community were surveyed at each sampling date. To evaluate how seasonally varying substratum availability affects community development, further panels were exposed for a 12‐month period, starting in four different seasons (n = 3 replicates per season). Community succession was slow and occurred through progressive changes, between early encrusting red corallines, middle Balanus flosculus and late Lagenicella variabilis. After 27 months, the community composition, but not its structure, was similar between experimental and reference communities on surrounding rocky bottoms. Seasonality had no effects and after 1 year of exposure the experimental communities converged towards a common structure. This study indicates that succession of subtidal epibenthic communities follows a slow and predictable pattern with a dominant late colonial species. In addition, aseasonal variability might be more relevant during colonization and succession in this upwelling ecosystem.
Polymorphism of waxy proteins in Spanish durum wheats
Authors: Nieto‐Taladriz M. T. , Rodríguez‐Quuano M. , Carrillo J. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA collection of 547 durum wheats (103 cultivars and 444 landraces) from Spain was analysed for waxy protein composition. The electrophoretic patterns showed low polymorphism. At theWx‐A1locus, 99.8% of the wheats had theWx‐Alaallele and only one had the nullWx‐Alballele. TheWx‐Bllocus was more polymorphic and four different alleles were detected:Wx‐Bla(41.3%),Wx‐Blc(42.6%), a new allele, not detected before in bread wheat and namedWx‐Blf(16.0%), and the nullWx‐Blballele, found for the first time in one durum wheat. Eleven durum wheats with different allelic composition at theWx‐lloci were analysed for amylose content. Wheats with theWx‐Blaallele had a lower amylose content than those withWx‐BlcorWx‐Blf.The lowest amylase content was found in the only durum wheat having the nullWx‐Blballele.
Effects of N fertilization on yield for low‐input production in Spanish wheat landraces (Triticum turgidum L. and Triticum monococcum L.)
Authors: Ruiz M. , Aguiriano E. , Carrillo J. M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA core subset of Spanish durum wheat landraces was evaluated at two nitrogen levels (80 and 220 kg/ha) to identify landrace genotypes adapted to low N production. Yield differences were statistically significant between N levels and among genotypes at both levels. Fifty‐one per cent of the landraces yielded significantly more at low than at high N (low‐N varieties) while 26% had a positive (high‐N varieties) and 23% an indifferent (indifferent‐N varieties) response to N fertilizer. No significant agromorphological differences were found among low and high‐N varieties at low N level that conferred some advantage to low‐N varieties. In contrast, high‐N varieties possessed longer grain‐filling period under high N level. Phenological characters showed an important influence on yield and on the performance of the varieties within each subgroup. The traits affecting grain yield most positively, mainly the low‐N varieties, were long filling period and earliness. Five entries were selected for prebreeding to low N adaptation.
Damage assessment for selection of resistance to the spotted stalk borer and genetic correlations for resistance and yield components in sugarcane
Authors: Nibouche S. , Tibère R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWe conducted an assessment of the stalk damage of the spotted borer, Chilo sacchariphagus (Bojer), on 65 cultivars and elite clones under natural infestation conditions in Réunion Island, with the objectives (i) of comparing seven damage measures on the basis of their quantitative genetic parameters and (ii) of studying the relationships between borer resistance and sugarcane yield components. The heritabilities of the damage measures related to counts of borer exit holes were low, whereas the heritabilities of the damage measures related to bored stalks or internodes were high and similar amongst them. The percentage of bored stalks exhibited high phenotypic and genotypic correlations with the other damage measures, and appeared as the best cost effective damage measure. Genetic correlations revealed a negative relationship between resistance to borer and cane yield, due to a relationship of stalk damage with stalk length and (in a lesser extent) with stalk number. No significant genetic relationship between resistance and sugar content parameters was observed.
Tagging quantitative trait loci for dormancy, tuber shape, regularity of tuber shape, eye depth and flesh colour in diploid potato originated from six Solanum species
Authors: ŚLiwka J. , Wasilewicz‐Flis I. , Jakuczun H. , Gebhardt C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPotato breeding aims at breeding diversified cultivars not only suitable for different purposes, but also resistant to diseases, such as late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans, which is a major constraint in potato production. Resistance to P. infestans has been previously introduced into the diploid hybrid population 98‐21 from Solanum verrucosum and Solanum microdontum. In the present study, we assessed the segregation of tuber dormancy, tuber shape, regularity of tuber shape, eye depth and flesh colour in this population. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) affecting these important quality traits were tagged using the genetic map developed for this population to locate QTLs for late blight resistance. The most prominent QTL for dormancy was detected on chromosome II and explained 7.1% of the variance. The most important QTLs for tuber eye depth, flesh colour, shape and shape regularity were identified on chromosomes X (R2 = 14.7%), IV (R2 = 5.8%), II (R2 = 8.0%) and III (R2 = 10.4%) respectively. All traits were also affected by minor QTLs. The obtained results improve our understanding of the inheritance of traits relevant for variety development in potato.
The origin of the self‐compatible almond ‘Supernova’
Authors: Marchese A. , Bošković R. I. , Martínez‐García P. J. , Tobutt K. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe almond cultivar ‘Supernova’ is reported in the literature as a late‐flowering self‐compatible mutant, obtained by the irradiation of the early‐flowering self‐incompatible cultivar ‘Fascionello’. Our work to investigate the molecular basis of this form of self‐compatibility has called into question the origin of ‘Supernova’. Test selfing was performed both on ‘Supernova’ and on the accession of ‘Fascionello’ from which it was derived –‘Fascionello‐Rome’. Both proved self‐compatible. Amplification of S‐RNase alleles, using consensus primers from the signal peptide region to the second conserved region of the S‐RNase gene and primers specific for allele Sf, confirmed ‘Supernova’ and ‘Fascionello‐Rome’ indeed have the same (in)compatibility genotype S1Sf as the self‐compatible cultivar ‘Tuono’. Nine microsatellite markers were used to fingerprint the relevant accessions; ‘Supernova’ and ‘Fascionello‐Rome’ were undistinguishable from ‘Tuono’. Two Sicilian accessions, ‘Fascionello’ and ‘Falso Fascionello’, lacked Sf and differed at the SSR level, indicating no close relationship with ‘Supernova’. Therefore we concluded that ‘Fascionello‐Rome’ is actually the same as ‘Tuono’ and that ‘Supernova’ originates from ‘Tuono’ from which it derives its self‐compatibility.
Study on the Oestrous Synchronization in Gilts by Using Progestin Altrenogest and hCG: Its Effect on the Follicular Development, Ovulation Time and Subsequent Reproductive Performance
Authors: Kaeoket K 
Published: September 2010

ContentsThe aim of this study was to further investigate the effect of using progestin altrenogest and hCG to synchronize the oestrous cycle and its effect on follicular development, ovulation time and subsequent reproductive performance. Thirty crossbred gilts were divided into three groups. Group A (control) received a 5 ml of normal saline for 18 consecutive days by individually top‐dressing. Groups B and C gilts received 20 mg (5 ml) of progestin altrenogest for 18 consecutive days by individually top‐dressing. On day 3 (72 h) after withdrawal of progestin altrenogest, Group C gilts received hCG (500 IU, im). The follicular development and ovulation time were examined by transabdominal ultrasonography. Subsequent reproductive performances, i.e. number of total born per litter (NTB), number of live born per litter (NBA), number of stillbirth per litter (NSB), average piglet birth weight (ABW), lactation length (LL) and weaning to oestrous interval (WOI), were recorded. None of the gilts in Group A showed oestrus within 10 days after withdrawal of normal saline. Groups B (eight of 10) and C gilts (four of 10) came into oestrus at 5.6 ± 0.5 and 6.5 ± 0.6 days after withdrawal of progestin altrenogest, respectively. The ovulation time of Groups B and C gilts took placed at 25.0 ± 4.7 and 25.0 ± 5.0 h after standing oestrus, respectively. The pre‐ovulatory follicular size (diameter) of Groups B and C gilts was 8.0 ± 2.0 and 11.0 ± 3.0 mm, respectively. A tendency of larger litter size (NTB) in Group B gilts was found when compared with Group A gilts. To conclude, using progestin altrenogest alone can be used to synchronize the oestrous cycle in gilts without unenthusiastic effect on the follicular development, ovulation time and subsequent reproductive performances. However, treatment of gilts with hCG at day 3 (72 h) after withdrawal of altrenogest had unenthusiastic effect on oestrus synchronization.
Sperm Interactions from Insemination to Fertilization
Authors: Rath D , Schuberth HJ , Coy P , Taylor U 
Published: September 2010

ContentsThe task of spermatozoa is to transport its DNA‐load as efficiently and safely as possible from the male organism to the female. Before it reaches its destination, it has to pass almost through the entire female reproductive tract, a potentially hostile environment. During passage, it is confronted by a sophisticated system that provides sperm storage sides but also possibly facilitates selection. The present review attempts to summarize the current knowledge of sperm interactions during that journey. A better understanding of the highly complex processes taking place between insemination and fertilization will be necessary to improve the efficiency of conventional reproductive techniques as well as for enabling the development and establishment of new ones.
The Assembly of a Zona Pellucida Binding Protein Complex in Sperm
Authors: Gadella BM 
Published: September 2010

ContentsThe surface of the sperm cell, after its production in the testis is heterogeneous and subjected to continuous surface remodelling during its voyage through the male and female genital tracts to reach the oocyte. This remodelling will result in a competent sperm that is suitably equipped to bind to the zona pellucida and to follow the processes required for fertilization. During in vitro fertilization (IVF) studies, some aspects of these surface remodelling are mimicked and optimized to achieve good fertilization rates in the reproductive clinic. Although, the IVF experiments with sperm provided knowledge about how sperm motility activation is achieved and gave insights into the extensive sperm surface remodelling that is needed to acquire the high zona binding affinity, it is far from clear how relevant these processes are, for the competent sperm that actually fertilizes the oocyte under in vivo conditions. Moreover, sperm surface remodelling, especially by the female genital tract, is only poorly understood. The aim of this study was to combine the knowledge we have about the sperm surface from in vitro and biochemical approaches on one hand and, on the other hand, to attempt to overview the molecular mechanisms involved in sperm surface remodelling at different places within the male and female genital tract. The relevance for this to predict and identify the proteins involved in sperm zona binding in vivo is discussed.
Fertility of Sows Fedad libitumwith a High Fibre Diet During Pregnancy
Authors: Peltoniemi OAT , Tast A , Heinonen M , Oravainen J , Munsterhjelm C , Hälli O , Oliviero C , Hämeenoja P , Virolainen JV 
Published: September 2010

ContentsThe effect ofad libitum(ADLIB) feeding strategy on the fertility of the group housed sow was studied in a prospective field trial during 1.5 years. All study animals farrowed under standard farrowing circumstances in crates, and they were provided with anad libitumfeeding throughout the 30‐day lactation. After weaning, animals were randomly allocated to one of the two dry sow feeding strategies (AD LIB or CONT). After oestrus detection in groups, they were artificially inseminated and moved into pregnancy pens with partially slatted floor, in groups of 40 sows each. The ADLIB sows (n = 447) were loose housed and provided withad libitumaccess to 7.7 MJ/kg feed high in fibre from two feeders per group. The control sows (n = 479; CONT) were also loose housed and given a standard dry sow feed in feeding stalls once a day (2.5 kg/day. The energy content of the feed was 9.3 MJ/kg NE). The feeding strategy (ADLIB vs CONT) had no effect on pregnancy rate (85.8 vs 90.9, p > 0.05), weaning to oestrus interval (7.7 vs 7.3 days, p > 0.05), piglets born alive (11.5 ± 3.5 vs 11.6 ± 3.3, p > 0.05), stillborn piglets (1.2 ± 1.8 vs 0.9 ± 1.5, p > 0.05) nor on progesterone concentration (p > 0.05). CONT sows weaned more piglets (9.7 ± 2.2 vs 9.4 ± 2.0, p < 0.01), whereas the piglets of AD LIB sows were heavier at weaning (8.8 ± 0.9 vs 8.0 ± 1.3 kg, p < 0.05). In conclusion,ad libitumfeeding with a high in fibre diet during pregnancy did not affect the reproductive performance.