bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Management's Leadership on Safety Culture: The Role of the Construction Contractor's Project Manager
Authors: Dumas Michèle Planeix 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Oil & Gas industry requires an accident free project. Today the international majors recognize that the last obstacle to achieving this is cultural.
This paper describes a research conducted on the link between leadership and safety culture, in the area of EPC projects, focusing on the construction contractor's project manager.
Construction project teams, whether on or offshore, are composed of several organizations coming together for the duration of the work. The main contractor project manager holds the position of a natural leader when it comes to gathering all the entities that make up the project across from the client: joint venture and consortium partners, and subcontractors. It's up to him to set the tone, to shape the safety culture.
How does the contractor project manager rally to a common safety vision teams with different cultural backgrounds? Are there limits to building a common culture, of what nature are they?
The research explores the link between leadership and culture, and derives a "cultural model" from a review of Industry "best practices". A set of interviews were conducted on three EPC projects in order to compare actual management practices with those of the model. The impact of the project social structure on these practices was studied as a factor having an impact on the extent to which the project manager's leadership can succeed in creating a common safety culture.
Projects that achieved a common safety culture did so by adapting management practices to the structure of the project. They were able to find the keys to cooperation with partner organizations, accross original cultural differences, in order to get safety vision buy-in from them.
This paper will be of interest to construction project managers, contractors and oil & gas companies alike, and CAPEX managers.
Robust Streamline Tracing Using Intercell Fluxes in Locally Refined and Unstructured Grids
Authors: Zhang Y. , King M. J. , Datta-Gupta A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A robust, fast, and easy to implement streamline tracing algorithm for use in polygonal cells based upon cell face fluxes has been developed. This problem arises naturally as a post processing step for finite difference or finite volume reservoir simulators, where intercell fluxes are known but intracell velocities need to be interpolated and streamline trajectories calculated. Our proposed solution relies upon a refinement of the polygonal cells and provides a velocity field which is locally conservative, allows analytic calculation of the streamline trajectories, and does not require knowledge of the sub-cell permeability tensor or transmissibilities. Previous industry work on polygonal cells has used the corner velocity interpolation (CVI) method. We extend these results to support convex, nearly degenerate and non-convex polygons as may arise for complex grid geometries, and grids with local grid refinement. We also simplify the CVI construction through the use of a lower order velocity interpolation approach using sub-cell refinement. This allows an analytic calculation of streamline trajectories and time of flight on the sub-cells, instead of the numerical calculation required by CVI. The sub-cell refinement construction is very similar to the method of Prévost. The advantage of the proposed approach lies in the fact that it is solely based on the cell face fluxes and avoids the use of sub-cell permeabilities or transmissibilities. Instead it uses a "Minimum Velocity Variance" construction to obtain the smoothest possible velocity field. It is locally conservative and allows an exact analytic solution for streamline trajectories and time of flight.
In our study, eight different velocity interpolation schemes are evaluated. Each approach has identical normal velocities on the polygonal cell faces, but different interpolated velocities. The locally conservative schemes provide better streamline densities but introduce some degree of tangential velocity discontinuity at the sub-cell boundaries. The schemes with continuous velocity are not conservative. Higher order velocity models which are both continuous and conservative may also be used but are not robust for velocity reconstruction when utilized with lower order flux boundary conditions. The schemes are studied using single cell models and a quarter 5-spot case discretized using a polygonal (PEBI) grid.
Geophysical and Geochemical Methods Used for Safeguarding HSE When Constructing a Major Pipeline in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Hjorth Henriette 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The paper presents a method for identifying chemical and conventional munitions on the seabed. The method has been used on the Nord Stream Pipeline Project, where a combination of geophysical and geochemical investigations was used to identify munitions along the pipeline routes in the Baltic Sea.
Traditional marine geophysical survey (comprising measurements with multibeam echosounder, side scan sonar, single magnetometer and seismic equipment) was combined with a newly developed instrument – a gradiometer array - that made it possible to detect ferrous objects on the seabed. The magnetic data was correlated with multibeam and side scan sonar data and this formed the basis of objects that were visually inspected with a ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle). The underwater footage of the objects made it possible to distinguish munitions from other objects on the seabed and to determine the type of munitions.
Geochemical methods were used to identify traces of chemical warfare agents from dumped chemical munitions. Sampling of sediment cores and pore water were conducted along the Nord Stream route near a dumping site in the southern Baltic Sea. Subsequently the samples were analysed in laboratory. The results from the analysis showed that only very few stations had evidence of traces from warfare agents.
The results from the geophysical investigations were the identification of a number of sea mines along the pipeline route. These were all cleared before the construction of the Nord Stream pipeline began, in order to safeguard HSE.
The applied method, using a combination of geophysical and geochemical surveys, for detection of munitions and chemical warfare agents can be used in other oil and gas projects in areas, were munitions has been dumped.
Change is Good ONLY If You Have Effective Software Configuration Management
Authors: Shafer Don , O'Grady Bill 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Mission-critical processes such as drilling, dynamic positioning and well control now rely heavily on highly-integrated control systems software. Software, like other aspects of equipment, must be properly managed and maintained in order to avoid equipment failures and health, safety and environmental (HSE) incidents. Software changes (including patches, upgrades, and new configurations) happen frequently and are initiated by many different vendors. All of these factors make Software Configuration Management (SCM) critical and challenging.
Immature SCM policies and lack of adherence to SCM standard practices leave your fleet vulnerable to all of the risks associated with ad hoc installations and updates, inadequately tested software, and insufficient planning for software and hardware end-of-life (EOL). Risks include: equipment failure and corresponding HSE incidents, the inability to maintain or recover safe operations in the face of disasters such as hurricanes, and falling out of U.K. HSE and/or Norway PSA compliance.
To mitigate these risks, leading drilling and oil companies are instituting strong and comprehensive SCM policies and processes across their fleet. This paper includes real-life case studies practices proven to help drilling contractors and operators: Create and maintain a Software Configuration RegisterPlan for software and hardware End-of-Life (EOL)Implement a Software Configuration Change Control and Release PlanConduct Periodic Software Configuration Status Reports and Audits
The Work of the UK Helicopter Task Group
Authors: Burton Jessica 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Helicopter Task Group was created by the UK oil and gas industry in April 2009 to address helicopter safety issues, including those arising from the tragic helicopter crash off the north-east coast of Scotland on 1 April 2009. The task group included representatives from offshore operators and contractors, including those involved in the incident, as well as Oil & Gas UK, the offshore workforce, helicopter operator companies, regulators, emergency response organisations and trade unions.
Its purpose was to act on behalf of the industry as a communications focal point for sharing information, advice and learning across the industry and with other stakeholders on matters arising from this and other helicopter accidents. This included assisting the implementation of any recommendations from the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) inquiries. The group also defined policies and practices for pan-industry implementation.
In the 16 months since the formation of the group, it oversaw a huge amount of work aimed at improving helicopter safety for UK offshore workers. This included the implementation of modifications and maintenance checks to helicopter gearboxes, the reintroduction and standardisation of personal locator beacons for all offshore workers and the launch of the world's first wide area multilateration system. The group also worked to address workforce confidence issues. This included communication guidelines, a dedicated email inbox, a helicopter operations training course for offshore safety representatives and a DVD distributed to all UK offshore locations.
The Helicopter Task Group is a unique example of collaboration and cooperation, with parties from all stakeholders working together towards a common goal of improving the safety of UK offshore helicopter operations. It has resulted in a number of significant safety improvements, as well as a much more open and constructive dialogue between the industry, aviation sector and regulators.
Innovative Fluid Storage and Blending Applications of Solvents, Acids, and Emulsified Acids Lead to Three-Year Spill-Free Operations in an Environmentally Sensitive Area
Authors: Maier Robert , Appicciutoli Danilo , Tedeschi Panfilo 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In matrix acid treatments, the goal is to stimulate the formation as deep as possible while distributing the acid uniformly over the total zone of interest. Uniform distribution is becoming even more important when intervals are long, horizontal, or when several zones with natural fractures predominantly take the reactive fluid.
In an oil-producing field in Europe, located in an environmentally sensitive area, an operator was challenged to efficiently place solvent and acid treatments by following a zero-spill philosophy. The environmental challenges were affronted by (1) developing novel solvent blends, eliminating mixing operations on location, (2) strict-fluid transfer procedures for solvents in closed-loop systems into specially constructed storage tanks, (3) blending acids by adding chemicals transferred with the help of the venturi effect, and (4) pumping and emulsifying the liquids using closed-loop systems, thus reducing the risk of spilling to the absolute minimum.
The difficulties in creating an oil external/acid internal emulsion was resolved by blending the hydrocarbon phase and acid phase separately in adopted containment and creating the emulsion fly just before the fluid is pumped down hole.
This paper describes the engineered process in finding a solution to the HSE challenges, beginning with laboratory testing to develop and optimize the solvent part and create the innovative acid system. Further, it will provide an overview of the equipment and techniques applied to overcome operational difficulties in reaching a spill-free operation in an operation where in a 12-month period, up to 5,000 m3 of solvent and 1,000 m3 of acid and emulsified acid is pumped. This paper will also explain the equipment specification and setup for creating the acid and emulsified acid systems ready for field application in an environmentally sensitive area.
Using Business Continuity to Protect Operations and Reputation Through the Proactive Management of Significant Risks
Authors: Teed David , Smith Charlotte 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Based on the authors’ experience and case studies drawn from 11 years of working with 14 North Sea operators, this paper will show how business continuity has been successfully implemented in the oil and gas sector to maintain continuity of operations.
Business continuity management (BCM) is based upon the ethos of determining business priorities and minimum resource requirements to protect critical activities pre-incident and ensuring that plans and solutions are pre-agreed to allow effective response to an incident which causes a loss of resource.
Business continuity planning in the oil and gas industry has traditionally focused on recovering onshore support functions and infrastructure in the event of loss of premises or IT. Now operators are expanding their business continuity scope to review other dependencies and their importance to maintaining the continuity of operations at exploration and production facilities. Consider for example, the implications of a disruption to pipeline or transport routes, loss of terminal or control room, or unavailability of critical spares.
Man made and natural disasters can impact both offshore and onshore operations as evidenced by the 2009 pandemic, the 2010 volcanic ash clouds and high profile oil spills. Rather than just focusing on incident management, a more effective approach is to take the learning points from real incidents, exercises and planning, understand how to mitigate the risks and adopt appropriate recovery strategies.
Organisations will then find themselves better placed to effectively manage communications with all stakeholders so that credibility can be maintained. Also, being able to demonstrate effective contingency planning helps persuade regulators that the risks associated with current and planned operations are understood.
This paper will set out the benefits of integrating BCM into the risk management process to understand potential threats and put in place effective strategies to ensure impacts are sustainable should the unexpected happen.
Developing Online Fatigue Awareness and Countermeasures Training for a Distributed Workforce
Authors: Jackson P. G. , Reglar J. M. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The Oil and Gas Exploration and Production industry is acutely aware of the dangers presented by fatigue. While fatigue has contributed to some of the most significant industrial disasters, even on a smaller scale, it can lead to injury or death, as well as loss of revenue and company reputation. For shiftworkers, particularly those involved in safety-critical tasks, working at times of the day when alertness is at a minimum can present a serious operational hazard.
One of the principal countermeasures against fatigue is training: to raise awareness of the dangers of fatigue; to highlight company and employee responsibilities with regard to the management of fatigue; and to provide employees with effective strategies to minimise the risks. Traditionally, this has been delivered via classroom-based seminars and workshops. While largely effective, this approach is impractical for a workforce that is geographically distributed or based in harsh or inaccessible environments.
In recent years, IT developments have made the Internet and company intranets accessible from even the most remote locations. With these advances, web-based training has become a viable option for many operators. The challenge, then, is to deliver a web-based training solution that is as engaging, interactive and effective as training delivered in the classroom.
This paper describes the development and delivery of BP's online Fatigue Awareness and Countermeasures Training programme (FACT), now being made available globally to employees involved in safety-critical work, or working extended hours. BP FACT is designed to reflect current operations, but will also accommodate the ongoing development of BP's fatigue risk management system and associated training needs. The paper highlights lessons learned from the development of BP FACT, provides recommendations for organisations seeking to develop online fatigue training and suggests strategies for developing an effective competency assessment.
Lend a Hand to Save a Hand: An Innovative Communication Campaign to Reduce Hand and Finger Injuries
Authors: Baistrocchi Monica 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Hands and fingers are essential for working in the oilfield industry as well as to our daily life. In 2009, Halliburton's HSE statistics in Continental Europe revealed an alarming trend: 51% of injury-related incidents were a result of injuries to hands and fingers—almost one hand and finger (H&F) injury per month! Those injuries occurred mostly during rig up and rig down, where the use of hand tools increases the risk of injury to hands and fingers (Fig. 1). Although injured personnel had more than 7 years of service experience, the majority of H&F injuries were a result of poor safety habits. In an effort to reduce hand and finger injuries, a goal was set to reduce H&F injuries by 50% in 2010, and for this purpose, we launched the "Lend a Hand 2 Save a Hand" campaign.
Managing Use of Local Content in Upstream Oil & Gas
Authors: Marshall Jessica M. , Serwinowski Mark A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Description of the Material
There have been growing concerns among stakeholders and policy makers on the need to increase local content capacity and participation in the oil and gas industry.
As new markets develop and host countries develop local content policies and performance expectations, the oil and gas development companies face increasing complexities in supply chain integration of local content. In many instances, performance assurance with local content performance expectations is becoming a threshold for obtaining and/or maintaining a company's social license to operate.
This paper chronicles one company's approach to leverage local content as part of their supply chain management strategy to grow capacity while managing and fulfilling stakeholder expectations. It documents how one upstream organization integrated use of local content into their own methodology for HSE & SR performance by evaluating the strategy, training, processes, and management systems employed within their own organization and deploying to their supply chain.
The Application
The findings will show how any oil and gas organization - by evaluating the execution of their local content / supply chain strategy – can improve performance of there development projects through local content capacity building of suppliers.
The Results, Observations and Conclusions
The paper will detail the existing performance of the organization and how they developed a 90 day - 5 year plan for improving their own HSE & SR performance as well as the performance of their suppliers. It will evaluate the strategy employed by the organization, the processes, the management systems and tools as well as the training and human capabilities.
Significance of the Subject Matter
Building local capacity positions a company to leverage knowledge, skill and capacity of local markets. Performance equates to risk mitigation (reputational risk; safety incident avoidance through engagement of local skilled worker; lower cost of capital) to business model innovation (operations efficiency; lower lifting cost, faster time to market).
Multidimensional Cell Based Schemes for Hyperbolic Systems with Gravity in porous media on Structured and Unstructured Grids
Authors: Lamine Sadok , Edwards Michael G. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Standard reservoir simulation schemes employ single-point upstream weighting for approximation of the con-vective fluxes when multiple phases or components are present. These schemes introduce both coordinate-line numerical diffusion and crosswind diffusion into the solution that is grid and geometry dependent. Families of locally conservative cell-based multidimensional upwind schemes that reduce both directional and crosswind diffusion are presented for convective flow approximation in porous media. The schemes are coupled with full-tensor Darcy flux approximations and handle general flow situations involving counter current gravity flows and systems of hyperbolic equations.
Characteristic vector upwind approximations are proposed and compared with the classical upstream weighting upwind schemes for the case of gravity segregated flows. When dealing with systems of hyperbolic equations, characteristic wave decomposition upwind is used in combination with different limiting strategies involving conservative, primitive and characteristic variables. Alternate wave vector tracing approximations are proposed based on phase velocities and characteristic velocities and comparisons are presented. The cell-based multidimensional formulations are designed for unstructured grids and are constructed such that are stable subject to conditions on the tracing direction and satisfy a local maximum principle that ensures solutions are free of spurious oscillations.
Benefits of the resulting schemes are demonstrated for gravity segregated flows involving three component two phase flow systems. The cell based multidimensional schemes are shown to effectively reduce crosswind diffusion, leading to improved resolution of concentration and saturation fronts.
Building Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations For Flow Simulation In Reservoirs Using Flow Information
Authors: Merland R. , Lévy B. , Caumon G. , Collon-Drouaillet P. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
The generation of reservoir grids has to take into account numerous flow parameters, static and dynamic, from the fine-scale geological models to minimize discretization errors. These parameters are generally encoded separately as constraints on cell size, orientation and aspect ratio. In this paper, we propose to encode them all at a time in a Riemannian metric tensor field and to apply a global optimization method. This method is based on Centroidal Voronoi Tesselation algorithms under Lp norm and generates unstructured hex-dominant reservoir grids, optimum in terms of sampling.
We apply these principles to generate flow-based reservoir grids. We use a fine-scale velocity field to compute the norm and the directions of the metric tensor: the generated grids are refined in regions of high flow and the cell facets are oriented along the streamline directions. The grids are therefore suitable to a discretization with two-point-flux approximation. The simulation results obtained with these grids are then compared with those computed on a standard Cartesian grid of the same size. These first results are encouraging and need further investigation.
The method is general, and can account for other dynamic parameters, such as vorticity, that can be weighted and introduced in the metric tensor. Furthermore, CVT algorithms can be adapted to take into account fine-scale static features in the grid generation process. Because the gridding is fully automatic, a possible extension of this work is to update the grid between simulation time steps to reflect changes in boundary conditions.