bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The comparison of wheat-rye and wheat-Aegilopsamphidiploids
Authors: Riley Ralph , Chapman Victor 
Published: March 2009

1. The diploid speciesSecale cereale(2n= 14) is self-incompatible,Aegilops longissima(2n= 14) andA. caudata(2n= 14) are self-compatible.A. longissitnais usually self-pollinated andA. caudatais usually out-pollinated.2. Meiotic behaviour, constancy of chromosome number and seed fertility have been examined in the three octoploid amphidiploids derived from crosses ofTriticum vulgarevariety Holdfast (2n= 42) withS. cereale A. longissimaandA. caudatarespectively.3. All the amphidiploids had cells in which some chromosomes were unpaired at first metaphase of meiosis. This meiotic irregularity is not, therefore, related to the breeding system of the diploid parent.4. The fertility of the amphidiploids was not related to their meiotic regularity.5. The least fertile amphidiploid was derived from the self-incompatible diploidS. cereale. The most fertile amphidiploid was derived from the selfcompatible, self-pollinating diploid,A. longissima.6. It is suggested that the infertility of the wheatrye amphidiploid may result from interactions between genotypes adapted to different breeding systems, rather than from the homozygosity in the amphidiploid of deleterious recessive genes derived from the outbreeding rye parent.7. The demonstration of the independence of meiotic regularity and fertility will complicate selection work on wheat-rye amphidiploid material.
The effect of leys on soil fertility: I. The effect of management of clover aftermath on the yield of the succeeding wheat crop
Authors: Hanley F. , Ridgman W. J. , Barker M. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. A series of experiments designed to compare the effects on the succeeding wheat crop of five different methods of treating the aftermath of a Broad Red Clover ley is described and the results discussed.2. There was little consistent difference in the effects of using the second crop for hay, for grazing or for green manure by ploughing it in. Bastard fallowing immediately after the first hay crop and taking the second crop for seed both showed large seasonal fluctuations in their effects, but there was insufficient evidence to show if these were due to seed-bed differences.3. In no season was taking the second crop for hay outyielded by any other treatment.
Chemical control of the pea and bean weevil, Sitona lineatus L., and subsequent effects on the yield of field beans Vicia faba L.
Authors: Bardner R. , Fletcher K. E. , Griffiths D. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYMethods of controlling Sitona lineatus adults and larvae were tested in 13 experiments on spring-sown beans, four on autumn-sown beans and two on dry-harvested peas. A total of 16 insecticides were used, though not all combinations of insecticide, application method and crop were tested. Applications included granules or sprays to the foliage, seed-bed treatments, seed-furrow treatments and seed treatments. Phorate as a furrow treatment at sowing at 1·24 kg a.i./ha increased yields of spring-sown beans by an average of 0·5 t/ha but was not persistent enough to protect autumn-sown beans from attack. Foliar applications of systemic insecticides (carbofuran or carbosulfan) at similar doses decreased attacks but effects on yield need further evaluation. Preliminary work indicates that seed-bed or furrow treatments of phorate can also be used to control S. lineatus on peas.
Evaluation of sulphur-coated urea fertilizers in savannah soils: 2. Effects on soil pH and residual nitrogen
Authors: Nnadi L. A. , Abed S. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe residual effects of sulphur-coated urea (SCU) fertilizers were evaluated by measuring the pH and mineral-N in the soil profile after 2 years of application of these fertilizers to soils in the various ecological zones of the savannah of Nigeria. Changes of 0·2–0·3 pH units relative to the control (without applied N) were detected on the sandier soils at Kadawa and Mokwa but not on the heavier Samaru soils. There was little or no difference among the sulphur-coated urea and calcium ammonium nitrate in their acidification effects. Also residual nitrogen levels were low in plots that received SCU but did not differ significantly from those of calcium ammonium nitrate.
The estimation of beef carcass composition from subcutaneous fat measurements taken on the intact side using different probing instruments
Authors: Chadwick J. P. , Kempster A. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFat thickness measurements, taken over the M. longissimus between the 6th and 13th ribs by the automatic-recording probes, SFK Meat-Fat probe (MF), Hennessy and Chong Fat Depth Indicator (FDI) and Ulster probe (UP), and a simple ruler probe (RP), were compared with one another and a visual fat score (VSC) in terms of the precision with which carcass lean and subcutaneous fat percentages were predicted. The comparisons were made in four separate trials with RP and VSC common to all of them. A total of 182 carcasses were involved; 130 of these were probed both hot and cold. Comparisons were made among carcasses of the same weight.VSC was the best single predictor in most circumstances. Fat thickness measurements taken on the cold carcass provided a more precise prediction than those taken on the hot carcass. There was an interaction between the relative precision of the MF and RP probes and the condition of the carcass: the former generally gave the more precise prediction on cold carcasses and the latter on hot carcasses. Measurements taken by FDI tended to be better predictors than those taken by RP on both hot and cold carcasses. The use of two fat thickness measurements gave an improvement in precision over the best individual fat thickness measurements. There was also an improvement in precision in most circumstances when a fat thickness measurement was used in addition to VSC.There was little indication that specific fat measurements were particularly precise predictors when taken by specific probes, and no fat measurement was consistently the best predictor. A measurement taken 7·5 cm from the dorsal mid line at the 6th rib occurred most commonly in pairs of measurements giving the most precise prediction.
The utilization of irrigated pastures by dairy cows. I. A comparison of rotational and strip grazing
Authors: Freer M. 
Published: March 2009

1. An experiment was carried out from 1 August 1953 to 31 July 1955 to compare strip grazing with rotational grazing on the basis of the total animal production obtained from dairy cattle on irrigated pasture.2. The same overall stocking rate was used for both treatments. Herbage surplus to grazing requirements at any time was conserved as hay and fed back to the appropriate group of cows at the end of the grazing season.3. The aim was to manage the area under each technique as efficiently as the technique permitted.4. The average production from the rotationally grazed group during the main pasture season of 260 days was 8740 lb. milk per acre (including 354 lb. of butterfatand 766 lb. of solids-not-fat) and from the strip-grazed group 8867 lb. milk per acre (including 358 lb. of butterfat and 766 lb. of solidsnotfat).The average weight of pasture nutrients utilized per annum by the rotationally grazed group was 5887 lb. starch equivalent per acre and by the stripgrazed group 5896 lb. starch equivalent per acre.None of the treatment differences in animal production was significant.5. The differences between the results of this experiment and those obtained by other workers are discussed.
Release of ammonium and organic matter from soil by hydrofluoric acid and effect of hydrofluoric acid treatment on extraction of soil organic matter by neutral and alkaline reagents
Authors: Bremner J. M. , Harada T. 
Published: March 2009

1. The effect of treating mineral soils with hydrofluoric acid to decompose clay minerals on the extraction of soil organic matter by alkaline and neutral reagents has been investigated.2. It was found that treatment of soil with hydrofluoric acid had little effect on the extraction of organic matter by alkaline or neutral reagents, but that it released considerable amounts of ammonium and organic matter. More than 90% of the nitrogen in Rothamsted soils was dissolved by repeated treatments with dilute solutions of hydrofluoric acid and sodium hydroxide.3. It is shown that treatment of clay minerals with n-HF:n-HCl solution at room temperature for 24 hr. effects quantitative release of fixed ammonium from clay minerals and that similar treatment of soil is not likely to cause significant decomposition of organic nitrogen compounds to ammonium. It is suggested that a method based on this treatment may prove useful for the determination of fixed ammonium in soil. Results obtained by this method indicated that 4–8% of the nitrogen in surface soils and 19–45% of the nitrogen in subsoils examined was in the form of fixed ammonium.4. It is concluded that some mineral soils contain a significant quantity of ammonium and organic matter intimately associated with clay minerals and that this clay-bound material is not dissolved by neutral and alkaline reagents used for the extraction of soil organic matter, but is released by hydrofluoric acid.
Sewage-grown algae as a source of supplementary nitrogen for ruminants
Authors: Hasdai A. , Ben Ghedalia D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA sheep-feeding experiment was carried out to assess the nutritional value of algae meal as a protein supplement in ruminant diets. The algae, mainlyChlorella, were grown in sewage ponds, harvested by flocculation with alumina (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O), and then drum-dried. Eight young rams, divided into two equal groups, were offered a basal concentrated diet, to which algae meal or soya-bean meal (SBM) was added to contribute 50% of the dietary nitrogen (N).The digestibility values of dry matter (D.M.) were 69·3 and 79·3%, and those of organic matter (OM) were 75·3 and 82·2% for the algae diet and the SBM diet, respectively.Nitrogen digestibility of the algae diet was 16% lower than that of the SBM diet and the calculated value of N digestibility in algae meal was 61·7%. However, there was no difference between treatments in the daily amount of retained-N or in the proportion of digested N which was retained in the body.The algae meal contained 5·7% aluminium. This was probably the reason for the much lower P absorption in the algae diet (6·67%) as compared with the SBM diet (29·5%).Ammonia-N concentration was lower and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration was higher in the rumen of the algae diet-fed sheep. However, the VFA profile was similar for both diets.Sewage-grown algae could perhaps be used as a protein supplement for ruminants, provided that the harvesting technology is directed to produce a low-mineral, low-aluminium, young biomass, which would be highly digestible and would not interfere with P absorption.
Response of winter wheat to prolonged waterlogging under outdoor conditions
Authors: Belford R. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe response of winter wheat cv. Maris Huntsman to waterlogging was studied in two experiments in soil columns outdoors. Winter waterlogging treatments increased nodal root production and the proportion of aerenchyma within roots, but caused chlorosis and premature senescence of leaves, and decreased tillering. For all treatments, grain losses were much less than expected from the extent of tiller loss in winter; losses after single waterlogging events ranged from 2% (after 47 days with the water-table at 5 cm) to 16% (after 80 days with the water-table at the soil surface). Yield losses after three waterloggings at the seedling, tillering and stem elongation stages of growth were additive, and totalled 19%. In many treatments, grain loss was associated with lighter individual grain weights, suggesting that the size of the root system or efficiency of water and nutrient uptake by roots at the later stages of growth may have been less after earlier waterlogging. The importance of nitrogen fertilizer in maintaining a satisfactory plant nitrogen status was shown when nitrogen was with held before a 3-week waterlogging treatment during stem elongation; tiller and floret survival was subsequently greatly restricted and grain yields decreased 22% below those of plants waterlogged at the same stage of growth but supplied with nitrogen.
Irrigation and nitrogen studies in s. 23 ryegrass grown for seed
Authors: Hebblethwaite P. D. , McGowan M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of irrigation and nitrogen on the soil-water regimes developed by S. 23 perennial ryegrass grown for seed were investigated in 1972 and 1974 by neutron scattering. Boots extracted water from a depth of about 105 cm by early May in 1972 and by early April in 1974. Extraction from greater depths was insignificant in both years. Without irrigation the maximum deficit was about 110 mm in both years. Deficits built up rapidly in 1974 but in 1972 were delayed to the end of the growing season. Irrigation limited maximum deficits in the top 35 cm of soil to less than 25 mm whereas without irrigation deficits reached as high as 40 mm in both years.Transpiration from unirrigated grass was close to that calculated from meteorological data in 1972, but in 1974 measured crop transpiration was only about 60%of the potential throughout the growing season. Roots of grass, whilst undergoing inflorescence initiation, apparently may be impaired in their efficiency of water uptake by deficits as little as 30 mm. For irrigated grass agreement between measured and calculated crop transpiration was poor, principally because of surface run-off. Nitrogen in the absence of irrigation appeared to enhance the rate of crop transpiration in 1972 but comparison with 1974 suggested that this effect was not real. Because of surface run-off resulting in uneven distribution of water, and the restrictions to crop transpiration imposed by limited soil water reserves, actual deficits should be monitored in irrigation experiments rather than relying on estimated values.
Effect of moisture regimes and level of fertilizer application on yield and water requirement of jute (Corchorus olitorius L. and Corchorus capsularis L.)
Authors: Patel C. S. , Mandal A. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYField experiments on the effect of moisture regimes and fertilizer application on fibre yield of two jute varieties showed that JRO 632 (Corchorus olitorius L.) produced significantly more fibre, utilized moisture more efficiently and extracted water from deeper layers than did JRC 212 (Corchorus capsularis L.). Scheduling of irrigation at 20% available soil moisture (ASM) gave the highest fibre yield in normal (1970) and drought (1972) years but unirrigated conditions (dry regime) gave highest yield in a year of excess rainfall (1971). The consumptive use (CU) increased from dry to wet regimes and the water use efficiency (WTJE) was greater in dry regimes in normal as well as in excess rainfall years. But the WUE was maximal when the crop was irrigated at 60% ASM in the drought year. The water requirement of the jute crop was 490 mm in the normal and excess rainfall years (20% ASM and dry regime respectively) while in the drought year it was 560 mm (20% ASM). The moisture extraction was more from deeper depths in the dry regime and only from shallower depths in wet regimes.The fibre yield increased with increase in nitrogen application from 40 to 80 kg/ha. Application of 40 kg P2O5 and 40 kg K2O/ha did not improve the fibre yield in the excess rainfall and drought years. In the drought year (1972) irrigating at 20% ASM and 80 kg N/ha and in the excess rainfall year (1971) the dry regime with 40 kg N/ha produced highest fibre yields. There was not much variation in CU and WE of the crop due to different fertilizer levels. The WUE was increased by irrigating at 20% ASM with 80 kg N/ha in a crop rotation system where P and K were applied to preceding crop.
Water-washed neem (Azadirachta indicajuss) seed kernel cake as a cattle feed
Authors: Nath K. , Rajagopal S. , Garg A. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYNeem (Azadirachta indicajuss) seed kernel cake was water treated and dried in the sun. It was palatable to cattle, despite its bitter smell.Twelve growing calves were divided into two equal groups; one group (control) had a standard concentrate mixture consisting of crushed maize 30 parts, groundnut cake 30 parts, wheat bran 38 parts and in the second group (experimental) the concentrate mixture had crushed maize 30 parts, neem seed kernel cake (water washed) 45 parts and wheat bran 23 parts. Both the mixtures had common salt and mineral mixture 1 part each. The roughage fed was the same in both groups.The mean growth rate of calves in 273 days was 403 g/day in the control group and 344 g/day in the experimental group which did not differ significantly (P> 0·05). The dry-matter intake, digestibilities of all the organic nutrients, total digestible nutrient values and the balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus remained similar (P> 0·05) in the two groups. The blood haemoglobin, serum inorganic phosphorus and the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase, serum acid phosphatase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase also did not differ significantly (P> 0·05) in the two groups.It is concluded that water washing of neem seed kernel cake very largely removes toxic principles responsible for retardation in growth.
Some field instruments suitable for the automated measurement of thermal and hydraulic properties of soil
Authors: North P. F. , Brown N. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThree types of field instrument are described that are suitable for the automated and replicatedin situmeasurement of the soil properties: temperature, thermal conductivity and water pressure. Novel aspects of their design and construction are discussed, as are details of their installation and precautions necessary for successful use in the field. The principle of operation of each type of instrument is described and the method of controlling several instruments of the same type via a computer-based data acquisition system is indicated. Their accuracy and performance under field conditions are shown to be very adequate. Determination errors are approximately 0·1 K in the range 0–35 °C for temperature, 6–8% for thermal conductivity, and 1 mm water for water pressure, with a time constant of about 2 sec in a silty clay loam soil; reliability is measured as two sensor failures out of 236 over an operating period of several months. Examples are given of data collected during their deployment in an experiment to determine the physical effects of tillage on soil.
Production of F1 hybrids using ethrel-induced male sterility in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss.)
Authors: Banga S. S. , Labana K. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of field layout and the orientation of seed-production blocks on outcrossing rates was investigated in Indian mustard. The study incorporated three male:female combinations, i.e. 1:2, 1:3 and 2:4 laid in east–west, north–south and circular directions. The experimental material consisted of four test cultivars (RLM 198, RLM 514, Varuna and TM 4) in a split-plot design. Male sterility was achieved by spraying 0·25% (v/v) ethrel twice before the emergence of the first flowering shoots. The proportion of hybrid seed set was maximal in the 2:4 combination in a circular design. Outcrossing varied from 19 to 79%. Heterosis was evident in yield trials, but F1 hybrids showed carry-over effects due to ethrel treatment. It is argued that ethrelinduced male sterility has only a limited role in screening parental combinations for their yield assessment.
Histochemical localization of glycolytic enzymes, alcohol and secondary-alcohol dehydrogenases in the testes of buffaloes, goats and rams
Authors: Bilaspuri G. S. , Guraya S. S. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-3-PDH), αglycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase (SADH) were histochemically located in the testes of buffaloes, goats and rams. Two forms of αGPDH were observed: (i) NAD-dependent or cytoplasmic αglycero-phosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDHC) and (ii) NAD-independent or mitochondrial αglycerophosphate dehydrogenase (α GPDHM). The basic pattern of distribution of the various enzymes was similar in the three species; species-specific variations were observed but cell-specific variations were more pronounced. The main activities of G-3-PDH and αGPDHM were observed in the seminiferous tubules; interstitial tissue showed moderate (G-3-PDH) and trace to weak (αGPDHM) activity. In contrast, αGPDHC activity was more marked in the interstitial tissue and less in the seminiferous tubules, especially in the mature germinal elements. LDH and ADH respectively showed strong and moderate activities in the interstitial tissue and seminiferous tubules. SADH was noticeable only in the interstitial tissue of buffalo. The activities of all enzymes other than αGPDHC increased during spermiogenesis. The physiological significance of the results is discussed in relation to the carbohydrate metabolism of the testis.
The monogerm character in sugar beet, its incorporation into breeding stocks and the performance of experimental multiline varieties
Authors: Curtis G. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYOrigins of the monogerm character are described and a programme to produce a wide range of monogerm fully fertile lines is discussed. Back crossing to multigerms and hybridization among accessions of monogerm lines with relatively poor performance, together with selections from monogerm commercial varieties, provided sources from which improved lines were derived by recombination and selection. In the fifth year, experimental multiline varieties were synthesized which gave promising performance when evaluated in Institute trials at several locations in 2 years.
Fertilizer utilization studies in cotton using 15N and 32P labeled fertilizers
Authors: Skarlou V. , Papanicolaou E. , Nobeli C. , Katranis N. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTwo field experiments with cotton were conducted over two growing seasons on calcareous, heavy to medium textured, alluvial soils, to study the influence of N and P fertilizer rates, the method of fertilizer placement and the time of N fertilizer application on cotton yield, product quality and fertilizer utilization.Nitrogen application up to 50 kg/ha in the first experiment and up to 120 kg/ha in the second experiment increased seed cotton yield; higher nitrogen rates in the first experiment had an adverse effect on seed production due to abnormal rainfall which caused an intense vegetative growth and delayed the time of maturity.Split application of N at sowing and at early flowering was slightly superior to a single application at sowing or to split applications at sowing, early flowering and initiation of fruiting. Addition of nitrogen during the flowering stage failed to influence cotton production significantly.Banding P and N fertilizers increased plant height significantly, compared with the broadcasting method; placement methods, however, did not significantly affect seed yield.Increasing amounts of N and P fertilizers had essentially no effect on lint quality.The phosphate concentrations in the tops derived from fertilizer phosphate, were low ranging from 1–2 to 2–4 % of the P concentration in the tops and it was not affected by the different treatments.The utilization coefficients of the nitrogen fertilizer sources by cotton were high, nitrate N being utilized much more efficiently than ammonium N.