bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seven-Day NIHSS Is a Sensitive Outcome Measure for Exploratory Clinical Trials in Acute Stroke
Authors: Kerr Daniel M. , Fulton Rachael L. , Lees Kennedy R. ,   for the VISTA Collaborators
Published: February 2012

Background and Purpose—
Clinical trials in stroke typically measure outcome after 90 days. Earlier outcome assessment would reduce costs and may increase power. We aimed to compare the sensitivity of 4 end points (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] at 30 and 90 days, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) at 7 and 90 days, analyzed as ordinal measures) to detect the established treatment effect of recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rtPA).

Methods—
Within the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive, we compared rtPA–treated patients with untreated control subjects using a multiple resampling approach. From our total sample we drew 10 000 random samples of unique patients, constraining the sample sizes in treated and untreated groups to be equal. In each of these samples we tested for the treatment effect of rtPA by each of the 4 studied end points. The percentage of samples yielding significant results approximates the power of each end point at a given sample size. This process was repeated across a range of sample sizes, to determine the relationship between sample size and power for each of the 4 end points.

Results—
For our 4 end points of mRS at 30 and 90 days, and NIHSS at 7 and 90 days the smallest sample sizes required to generate statistical power >80% were 620, 480, 370, and 420, respectively, making 7-day NIHSS the most sensitive end point. These results were supported by dichotomized analyses.

Conclusions—
Seven-day NIHSS score appears a sensitive end point that should be validated in randomized trial datasets for use in exploratory stroke trials.
Luke and the Septuagint
Authors: Muraoka Takamitsu 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The choice of Greek words in two passages in the Lukan Gospel appears to suggest that the Evangelist was consciously drawing upon two OT passages in its Greek version, i.e. the LXX. This close dependence on the LXX was motivated by the thematic affinity between the Lukan passages and their respective LXX passages.
An Examination of Ehrman’s Case for ὀργισθείς in Mark 1:41
Authors: Williams Peter J. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
Bart D. Ehrman has made one of the most detailed cases for the reading ὀργισθείς in Mark 1:41. This critical examination of his arguments and of the text seeks to demonstrate that his presentation, like that of other scholars, has not adequately explored ways by which an original σπλαγχνισθείς could be changed, largely by accident, into ὀργισθείς. It also highlights some of the methodological tensions in Ehrman’s arguments for ὀργισθείς and argues that advocates of ὀργισθείς need to give a plausible explanation for the felicitous fit of σπλαγχνισθείς as both a contextually appropriate and graphically similar word.
MERCY AMBA ODUYOYE VISITS OUR FACULTY (UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM) 1
Authors: Williams Jacqueline 
Published: February 2012

AbstractStepping into other women's farms was like being born into a fresh and nurturing culture. From this global perspective all my mothers began to make sense to me. They all expressed a single theme: "Be a woman. Seek and work only for what is life sustaining. Don't just change with the times, let the time change because you are present. Make a difference. " It is their faith and hope, their courage and strength, their joy and their love that connect me with myself and move me to connect with all who love life and seek to make a difference. So I do my theology always asking: "What difference does it make?" and I do a lot of dreaming anticipating today the gospel of the future. The twins of what is and what is yet to be still struggle within me. Yet already the new African woman and theologian is on the threshold. The water of her coming is already gushing out; with her comes the water of life. So the gardens shall bloom. Only the flowers and the vegatables shall be allowed to live; weeds and blight shall be forbidden. 2
The International Legal Status of the Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of St. John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta
Authors: Karski Karol 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
The Order of Malta is an entity which established its own states on Rhodes (1310–1522) and Malta (1530–1798). Since 1834, it has been located in Rome. Today, the Order is universally regarded as a subject of international law. The Order exercises right of legation and ius contrahendi. It still is not a primary, i.e., sovereign, subject of international law. Paradoxically, it is its distinguishing feature, i.e., being a religious order that prevents it from being genuinely sovereign. Sovereignty means independence from any external power. In the case of any order of the Roman Catholic Church, this is absolutely impossible. The Order’s Grand Master can be elected only from among religious in terms of canon law who have made vows of poverty, chastity and obedience and is fully subordinate to the Pope. Yet the Order undoubtedly is a secondary subject of international law whose status is determined by its recognition by primary subjects.
Rediscovery of the genus Pseudotydeus (Acari: Tydeoidea), with description of the adult using digital imaging
Authors: DUCARME XAVIER , ANDRE HENRI M. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAndre, H.M. & Ducarme, X.: Rediscovery of the genus Pseudotydeus (Acari: Tydeoidea), with description of the adult using digital imaging. Insect Syst.
Evol. 34: 373-380. Copenhagen, December 2003. ISSN 1399-560X.
This paper describes the adult female of the genus Pseudotydeus Baker & Delfinado 1974 and confirms that the genus belongs to the Ereynetidae. The description is based on a new species collected from a Belgian cave ("Nou-Maulin", Rochefort). For the first time, a mite is described with microscope photographs instead of traditional line drawings. The two methods are compared. A new typology is proposed for sensilli clusters and a key to the genera of the Ereynetinae is provided.
Revision of the Neotropical caddisfly subgenus Helicopsyche (Cochliopsyche) (Trichoptera, Helicopsychidae), with descriptions of twelve new species
Authors: JOHANSON KJELL ARNE 
Published: February 2012

AbstractJohansen, K. A.: Revision of the Neotropical caddisfly subgenus Helicopsyche
(Cochliopsyche) (Trichoptera, Helicopsychidae), with descriptions of twelve new species. Insect Syst.
Evol. 34: 381-414. Copenhagen, December 2003. ISSN 1399-560X.
The subgenus Cochliopsyche Müller, 1885 within the caddisfly genus Helicopsyche von Siebold, 1856 (Insecta, Helicopsychidae) is revised. A comprehensive re-description of the Cochliopsyche adults, as well as an expanded list of probable autapomorphies for this subgenus is included. Males of the four previously described species, H.
(C.) clara (Ulmer, 1905), H.
(C.)
lobata (Flint, 1983), H.
(C.) opalescens (Flint, 1972), and H.
(C.) vazquezae (Flint, 1986) are re-described, and twelve new species are described: H.
(C.) brazilia sp.n., H.
(C.) amica sp.n., H.
(C.) xinguensis sp.n., H.
(C.) chocoensis sp.n., H.
(C.) amazona sp.n., H.
(C.)
napoa sp.n., H.
(C.) blahniki sp.n., H.
(C.) puyoa sp.n., H.
(C.)
pandeirosa sp.n., H.
(C.)
holzenthali sp.n., H.
(C.) ocosingua sp.n., and H.
(C.)
paraguaiensis sp.n.. The female genitalia of clara are described for the first time. Available distributional data shows that Cochliopsyche is endemic to the Neotropical Region, and limited to the area between the central part of Uruguay and southern Mexico. A key to males of the subgenus is given. Maps of distribution are presented for all species.
A Relationship between Reflectivity and Snow Rate for a High-Altitude S-Band Radar
Authors: Wolfe Jonathan P. , Snider Jefferson R. 
Published: February 2012

AbstractAn important application of radar reflectivity measurements is their interpretation as precipitation intensity. Empirical relationships exist for converting microwave backscatter retrieved from precipitation particles (represented by an equivalent reflectivity factor Ze) to precipitation intensity. The reflectivity–snow-rate relationship has the form Ze = αSβ, where S is a liquid-equivalent snow rate and α and β are fitted coefficients. Substantial uncertainty exists in radar-derived values of snow rate because the reflectivity and intensity associated with snow tend to be smaller than those for rain and because of snow-particle drift between radar and surface detection. Uncertainty in radar-derived snow rate is especially evident at the few available high-altitude sites for which a relationship between reflectivity and snow rate has been developed. Using a new type of precipitation sensor and a National Weather Service radar, this work investigates the Ze–S relationship at a high-altitude site (Cheyenne, Wyoming). The S measurements were made 25 km northwest of the radar on the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains; vertical separation between the radar range gate and the ground was less than 700 m. A meteorological feature of the snowstorms was northeasterly upslope flow of humid air at low levels. The Ze–S data pairs were fitted with β = 2. The finding of this study for Cheyenne, α = 110 mm4 h2 m−3, is bounded by previous determinations made at other high-altitude National Weather Service sites. Also investigated was the temperature dependence of α. A positive α–T relationship is evident and is hypothesized to result from ice crystals produced by heterogeneous ice nucleation, at cloud top, followed by diffusional crystal growth during sedimentation.
Investigation of the Vertical Structure of Warm-Cloud Microphysical Properties Using the Cloud Evolution Diagram, CFODD, Simulated by a Three-Dimensional Spectral Bin Microphysical Model
Authors: Sato Yousuke , Nakajima Takashi Y. , Nakajima Teruyuki 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This paper investigates the vertical structure of warm-cloud microphysical properties using a three-dimensional (3D) spectral bin microphysical model. A time series of contoured frequency by optical depth diagrams (CFODDs), which were proposed by previous studies, are calculated for the first time by a 3D model assuming two types of aerosol conditions (i.e., polluted and pristine). This contrasts with previous studies that obtained CFODDs using either a two-dimensional model or an accumulation of monthly and global observation data. The results show that the simulated CFODDs are characterized by distinctive patterns of radar reflectivities, similar to the patterns often observed by satellite remote sensing, even though the calculation domain of this study is limited to an area of 30 × 30 km2, whereas the satellite observations are of a global scale. A cloud microphysical box model is then applied to the simulated cloud field at each time step to identify the dominant process for each of the patterns. The results reveal that the wide variety of satellite-observed CFODD patterns can be attributed to different microphysical processes occurring in multiple cloud cells at various stages of the cloud life cycle.
Rainfall-Rate Estimation Using Gaussian Mixture Parameter Estimator: Training and Validation
Authors: Li Zhengzheng , Zhang Yan , Giangrande Scott E. 
Published: February 2012

Abstract
This study develops a Gaussian mixture rainfall-rate estimator (GMRE) for polarimetric radar-based rainfall-rate estimation, following a general framework based on the Gaussian mixture model and Bayes least squares estimation for weather radar–based parameter estimations. The advantages of GMRE are 1) it is a minimum variance unbiased estimator; 2) it is a general estimator applicable to different rain regimes in different regions; and 3) it is flexible and may incorporate/exclude different polarimetric radar variables as inputs. This paper also discusses training the GMRE and the sensitivity of performance to mixture number. A large radar and surface gauge observation dataset collected in central Oklahoma during the multiyear Joint Polarization Experiment (JPOLE) field campaign is used to evaluate the GMRE approach. Results indicate that the GMRE approach can outperform existing polarimetric rainfall techniques optimized for this JPOLE dataset in terms of bias and root-mean-square error.
Cancer risks and Native Americans: The ‘Healthy Living In Two Worlds’ study
Authors: Weaver H , Jackson K 
Published: February 2012

Objective: This project collected data on cancer risk factors among urban Native American youth in the northeast to inform development of a prevention initiative. Design: Face to face interviews were conducted. Setting: Interviews were conducted in homes, at a social service agency, and in a private space at a Native American cultural event in Buffalo and Niagara Falls, New York. Methods: Forty-one youth (ages 9–13) and 17 caregivers were interviewed about their health behaviours. Results: Poor dietary choices and a sedentary lifestyle places these youth at risk for developing cancer later in life. Many of these youth’s family members and some of their peers smoke, thus exposing them to the temptation to initiate smoking and the effects of second hand smoke. Conclusion: This data informed development of a curriculum designed to reduce the cancer risk factors of poor diet, recreational tobacco use, and limited physical activity.
The association of rate pressure product (RPP) and myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) findings: a preliminary study
Authors: Ansari M , Javadi H , Pourbehi M , Mogharrabi M , Rayzan M , Semnani S , Jallalat S , Amini A , Abbaszadeh M , Barekat M , Nabipour I , Assadi M 
Published: February 2012

Introduction: The product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, termed as rate-pressure product (RPP), is a very reliable indicator of myocardial oxygen demand and is widely used clinically. There have been previous attempts to describe the relationship between RPP and the onset of pain in angina pectoris. The current study aimed to evaluate the association between RPP results and scan findings. Materials and methods: In total, 497 patients with suspected coronary artery disease (CAD) underwent gated, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging with dipyridamole, exercise, or dobutamine stress, and were included in this study. Baseline and maximum heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and electrocardiogram (ECG) results were recorded. The rate-pressure product (RPP) was calculated as the product of heart rate and systolic arterial pressure for both baseline and maximum measures. The difference between the RPP max and the basal RPP is known as the RPP reserve. Researchers also obtained semi-quantitative analyses of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), using gated software, demographic information, risk factors of CAD, and pretest likelihoods of CAD using nomograms. Result: Four hundred and ninety-seven cases, including 426 patients with dipyridamole stress, 59 with exercise stress, and 12 with dobutamine stress, underwent myocardial perfusion imaging. Scan results were positive in 194 (45.5%) and negative in 232 (54.5%) patients with dipyridamole stress. In patients with exercise stress, the scan was positive in 24 (40.7%) cases and negative in 35 (59.3%) cases. In dobutamine stressed patients, the scan was positive in 6 (50%) cases and negative in the 6 remaining cases. Dipyridamole stress resulted in a significant difference between HR at rest and at maximum (28.95 ± 24.53, p-value<0.0001), between systolic BP at rest and maximum (6.75 ± 12.50, p-value<0.0001) and between diastolic BP at rest and maximum (1.45 ± 5.80; p-value<0.0001). There was a significant correlation between sum stress scores (SSS) and reserved RPP (r= −0.12, p-value<0.001) which, in dipyridamole patients, was r=−0.18, p-value=0.0001). In addition, there was a significant association between reserved RPP and risk of CAD (p-value<0.001). In the patients with dipyridamole stress, the ejection fraction (EF) change (odds ratio =0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.98; p=0.01), reserve RPP (odds ratio =1.00; 95% CI: 1.00-1.00; p=0.04), risk of CAD (odds ratio =5.80; 95% CI: 3.21-10.50; p<0.0001) and age (odds ratio =0.94; 95% CI: 0.89-0.98; p=0.01) were associated significantly with MPI results, using multiple logistic regressions. Conclusion. The study demonstrated that RPP is associated with MPI findings using gated SPECT imaging with dipyridamole stress. However, to confirm this preliminary result, further studies are mandatory.
A randomized controlled trial of a cognitive rehabilitation intervention for persons with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Stuifbergen Alexa K , Becker Heather , Perez Frank , Morison Janet , Kullberg Vicki , Todd Ana 
Published: February 2012

Objective: To explore the feasibility and effects of a computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation intervention – Memory, Attention, and Problem Solving Skills for Persons with Multiple Sclerosis (MAPSS-MS) – for persons with multiple sclerosis on cognitive performance, memory strategy use, self-efficacy for control of symptoms and neuropsychological competence in activities of daily living (ADL). Design: A randomized controlled single-blinded trial with treatment and wait list control groups. Setting: Southwestern United States. Subjects: Convenience sample of 61 persons (34 treatment, 27 wait list control) with multiple sclerosis (mean age 47.9 years, SD 8.8). Intervention: The eight-week MAPSS-MS intervention program included two components: (a) eight weekly group sessions focused on building efficacy for use of cognitive compensatory strategies and (b) a computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation program with home-based training. Outcome measures: A neuropsychological battery of performance tests comprising the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS) and self-report instruments (use of memory strategies, self-efficacy for control of multiple sclerosis and neuropsychological competence in ADL) were completed at baseline, two months (after classes), and at five months. Results: Both groups improved significantly ( P < 0.05) over time on most measures in the MACFIMS battery as well as the measures of strategy use and neuropsychological competence in ADL. There was a significant group-by-time interaction for scores on the measures of verbal memory and the use of compensatory strategies. Conclusions: The MAPSS-MS intervention was feasible and well-accepted by participants. Given the large relative increase in use of compensatory strategies by the intervention group, it holds promise for enhancing cognitive function in persons with multiple sclerosis.
Production of anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies in activated lymphocyte derived DNA induced lupus model was dependent on CD4+ T cells
Authors: Wen Z , Xu L , Xu W , Xiong S 
Published: February 2012

Our previous study demonstrated that activated lymphocyte derived DNA (ALD-DNA) could function as an autoantigen to induce production of anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies in syngeneic BALB/c mice. Here we carefully evaluated the potential role of T cells in the induction of anti-dsDNA antibody. We demonstrated that ALD-DNA could effectively induce production of anti-dsDNA antibodies in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, ALD-DNA could not induce the generation of anti-dsDNA antibodies in nude mice. We further showed that in vivo depletion of CD3+ T cells blocked the induction of anti-dsDNA antibodies in BALB/c mice. Notably, we demonstrated that CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells conferred ALD-DNA to induce anti-dsDNA antibodies. Finally, we demonstrated that adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells could rescue ALD-DNA induced anti-dsDNA antibodies in nude mice. Our results suggested that T helper cells were required for ALD-DNA to induce anti-dsDNA antibodies. These findings could further our understanding about the immunogenic properties of DNA and throw new light on SLE pathogenesis.
The interaction of ageing and lung disease
Authors: Dyer Christopher 
Published: February 2012

This article explores the structural and physiological changes that occur in the ageing lung, and the impact that lung disease and other co-morbidities may have on it. The major changes associated with ageing are reduced lung elasticity, respiratory muscle strength and chest wall compliance, all of which may be influenced by impaired lung growth in early childhood and adolescence. The resultant reduction in diffusing capacity may not be relevant in a fit older adult, but co-morbidities may interact to cause breathlessness and impairments in quality of life. Lung function declines with age, but forced vital capacity (FVC) begins to decline later than forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) and at a slower rate. This results in a natural fall in the FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio which may result in overdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and hence the need to ensure the FEV1 is less than 80% before confirming the diagnosis. As older adults probably have a diminished response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, they become more vulnerable to ventilatory failure during high-demand states such as heart failure and pneumonia and therefore to possible poorer outcomes. Poor nutritional status is likely to be an important factor, as is cognitive impairment. It is important to assess older patients using a range of clinical and physiological parameters rather than on the basis of age per se which is a poor predictor of outcome.
Lyn kinase controls TLR4-dependent IKK and MAPK activation modulating the activity of TRAF-6/TAK-1 protein complex in mast cells
Authors: Avila Martin , Martinez-Juarez Adriana , Ibarra-Sanchez Alfredo , Gonzalez-Espinosa Claudia 
Published: February 2012

Mast cells (MCs) control allergic reactions and contribute to protective innate immune responses through TLR4 activation. The tyrosine kinase Lyn is important to the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) signal transduction system in MCs, but its role on the TLR4 signalling cascade is still elusive. Here, we characterized several TLR4-triggered responses in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) from wild-type (WT) and Lyn−/− mice. We found that Lyn−/− MCs secreted lower amounts of TNF-α after LPS challenge when compared with WT cells. Lyn−/− BMMCs showed less MAPK, IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB nuclear translocation after TLR-4 triggering than WT cells. LPS-induced MAPK and inhibitor of IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation were importantly reduced in the absence of Lyn. A constitutive interaction between TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF-6) and phosphorylated TGF-β-activated kinase (TAK-1) was observed in Lyn−/− BMMCs and this complex was insensitive to LPS addition. Lyn kinase was activated and associated to TRAF-6 shortly after LPS addition in WT MCs. Analyzing two local MC-dependent innate immune responses in vivo, we found that Lyn positively controls early TNF-α production and immune cell recruitment after an intraperitoneal injection of LPS. Our results indicate that Lyn plays a positive role in TLR4-induced production of TNF-α in MCs controlling the activity of the TRAF-6/TAK-1 protein complex.