bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cumplimiento y recaudación de las cotizaciones a la seguridad social: mejorar la gobernanza para ampliar la protección social
Authors: Enoff Louis D. , McKinnon Roddy 
Published: December 2011

ResumenA tenor de las pruebas recopiladas en las encuestas realizadas a las organizaciones de la seguridad social y los organismos de recaudación de cotizaciones, uno de los objetivos principales de este artículo es compartir los conocimientos y las buenas prácticas adquiridas en la recaudación de cotizaciones y el cumplimiento del sistema. Aunque la recaudación de cotizaciones y el grado de cumplimiento del sistema tienen importantes dimensiones de protección social, política y fiscal, este artículo formula estos objetivos como aspectos de una buena gobernanza administrativa. Las pruebas recopiladas sugieren que hay siete factores fundamentales que suelen combinarse para que la recaudación de cotizaciones y el cumplimiento del sistema sean un éxito. Además de mejorar la adecuación de las prestaciones, la salud financiera y el prestigio público de los programas, este buen funcionamiento puede propiciar también una serie de iniciativas nacionales e internacionales para ampliar la cobertura de la protección social. En última instancia, el cumplimiento satisfactorio y el alcance de estos programas pueden venir determinados y condicionados por las condiciones generales de la política nacional, sobre las cuales la mayoría de las organizaciones de seguridad social ejercen una escasa o nula influencia.
Neo‐Nazi Nationalism
Authors: Cooter Amy 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIn an effort to understand how supremacists may respond to future socio‐political events, this article examines how White Aryan Resistance (WAR), as a major player in the White Supremacist Movement (WSM), conceptualises nationalism and who qualifies as a ‘real’ American. I use discourse analysis on two year's worth of WAR newsletters: twelve monthly issues before the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks and twelve issues after this date. Only partial support is found for outcomes that the existing nationalism literature would predict, suggesting that those who research the right‐wing must better understand the WSM's sense of status loss to adequately predict future violent action from these groups. I show that WAR did not increasingly target Arabs after the attacks, which may have enhanced their membership and mobilisation efforts, but that this decision was a rational response in the context of status threats and limited movement resources.
Lack of conservation effort rapidly increases African great ape extinction risk
Authors: Tranquilli Sandra , Abedi‐Lartey Michael , Amsini Fidèle , Arranz Luis , Asamoah Augustus , Babafemi Ogunjemite , Barakabuye Nsengiyunva , Campbell Geneviève , Chancellor Rebecca , Davenport Tim R.B. , Dunn Andrew , Dupain Jef , Ellis Christina , Etoga Gilles , Furuichi Takeshi , Gatti Sylvain , Ghiurghi Andrea , Greengrass Elisabeth , Hashimoto Chie , Hart John , Herbinger Ilka , Hicks Thurston C. , Holbech Lars H. , Huijbregts Bas , Imong Inaoyom , Kumpel Noelle , Maisels Fiona , Marshall Phil , Nixon Stuart , Normand Emmanuelle , Nziguyimpa Léonidas , Nzooh‐Dogmo Zacharie , Tiku Okon David , Plumptre Andrew , Rundus Aaron , Sunderland‐Groves Jacqueline , Todd Angelique , Warren Ymke , Mundry Roger , Boesch Christophe , Kuehl Hjalmar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA network of resource management areas (RMAs) exists across tropical Africa to protect natural resources. However, many are poorly managed and weakly protected. We evaluated how the lack of conservation effort influences the extinction risk of African great apes. We compiled information on presence/absence of primary (law enforcement guards) and secondary (tourism, research) conservation activities and nongovernmental conservation organizations (NGOs) support for 109 RMAs over the last 20 years. Along with these data, we collected environmental and anthropogenic variables, including recent records of ape presence/absence for all RMAs. As expected, law enforcement as a primary activity was the best predictor of ape survival rather than tourism or research as secondary activities. Furthermore, long‐term NGO support had a significant positive influence on ape persistence. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating the relative importance of different conservation activities, an important step towards more evidence‐based approaches in ape conservation.
Unilateral Optic Disc Swelling: History and Examination
Authors: KAWASAKI A 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To review the important aspects of the history and fundus examination that serve as clues toward diagnosisMethods didactic lectureResults In the patient with unilateral disc swelling, it is important to discern if the patient has noted accompanying visual loss and / or pain. If visual dysfunction is noted, is it unilateral or bilateral, acute or subacute? If pain is an accompanying feature, is it localized pain or diffuse headache, is it associated with eye movements or constant? The examination should first affirm that the swollen disc appearance is not due to a congenital anomaly like buried drusen, hamartoma or hypoplasia. In the event of true, acquired optic disc swelling, certain features such as segmental edema, pallid swelling or the presence of retinociliary shunt vessels point strongly to specific diagnoses.Conclusion History and careful examination are the first steps to diagnosis in the patient with unilateral disc swelling.
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Bilateral Optic Disc Swelling: Differential Diagnosis and Approach to Investigation
Authors: LEE AG 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To define bilateral optic disc swelling and the differential and approach to investigationMethods Case based learning, evidence based medicine, practice based learning and systems based practiceResults Common things are common Neuroimaging followed by lumbar puncture is standard Most cases are pseudotumor cerebriConclusion A systematic approach to bilateral disc edema will allow the clinician to diagnose and treat bilateral disc edema appropriately
In Vitro Technigues for Ocular Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering.
Authors: UUSITALO H 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose In vitro techniques form the basis for ocular cell and molecular biological approaches in basic and translational research. They are valuable tools with several benefits like their cost efficiency. They are after they have been validated usually relatively easily and quickly performed and in most cases suitable for automated analyses. In many cases their use can replace in vivo studies with experimental animals and thus they are ethically sustainable. By using valid in vitro techniques it is also possible to simplify the research frame from very complex in vitro situation and to set more specified hypothesis. Therefore these alternative in vitro techniques have gained popularity, although they are not able to totally replace in vivo techniques and the use of experimental animals.Methods There are, however, several drawbacks in the use of in vitro techniques. The results of them should be analyzed critically and the validity of the used in vitro technique should be rechecked on the basis of the new knowledge. It should also be kept in mind that an in vitro technique valid for one specific signalling cascade can be totally unacceptable for an other. Techniques based on immortalized cell lines in most cases are simple and cost effective, however, having several and sometimes serious restrictions, due to their altered cellular behavior. Therefore their use in each specific case should be validated and the results compared with those obtained by using primary cell cultures or cells differentiated from hESC's or iPSC's or in vivo studies.Results The simplified techniques can very seldom reveal the complex cell signalling cascades the various cell in tissues are interacting with each others.Conclusion In vitro techniques should therefore be critically evaluated.
In vitro methods, biomarkers and proteomics in eye research
Authors: BEUERMAN RW , WEON SR , CHEW J , ZHOU L , ZHU HY , RIAU AK 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose To understand biochemical pathways using cell culture models simulating certain aspects of eye disease combined with several modes of analysis. The use of primary cells and cell lines was explored as well as the use of laser capture micro dissection to reveal the roles of specific cell types of the ocular surface and meibomium glands.Methods Primary human conjunctiva cells were obtained from eye bank material as well as a conjunctiva cell line, IOBA cells. Additionally, limbal, conjunctival and eyelid tissues were obtained from human and mouse eyes. Full thickness cryostat tissue sections were made for laser microdissection (PALM Combi system) which were collected in 0.5ml tubes with 40ul or either Trizol for RTPCR or lysis buffer for protein extraction.Results Understanding the role of specific cells and their receptor specificities, the interaction of various epithelial cell layers with the environment in the conjunctiva and limbal regions has been difficult. The use of laser dissection has begun to clarify some of these relationships. In the meibomium gland neural receptors for NYP1, VIP1, SP and all five muscarinic receptors in the various cell types. In conjunctival tissue epithelial microregulators of found site specific distribution which may be related to the stem cell niche. Finally, laser dissection has allowed the properties of human basal layer limbal cells to be differentiated from the more anterior cells.Conclusion The ocular surface remains a challenge for understanding the interactions of the various epithelial cell types, the response to stress and the unique characteristics of the stem cells.
How to study autophagy in RPE cells?
Authors: KAARNIRANTA K 
Published: December 2011

AbstractProtein turnover control is particularly important in post‐mitotic cells such as in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, where accumulation of malfunctioning proteins may be highly detrimental. In eukaryotic cells, proteolysis occurs mainly in proteasomes or in lysosomes. Autophagy is a strictly regulated lysosomal pathway that degrades cytoplasmic material and organelles. In macroautophagy, a portion of the cytoplasm to be degraded is first wrapped inside a specialised autophagosome, which then fuses with lysosomal vesicles and delivers the engulfed cytoplasm for degradation. Recently, it has been shown that autophagy and the release of intracellular proteins via exosomes by the aged RPE may contribute to the formation of drusen. In this course all central molecules and techniques to examine autophagy are discussed.
Diagnostic tools for adult intraocular tumours
Authors: ZOGRAFOS L 
Published: December 2011

AbstractIndirect ophthalmoscopy and fundus drawing, fundus photography, standard and 150° ICG, standard and 150° fluorescein angiography, auto fluorescence, OCT, ultrasonography, UBM, MRI and in selected cases intraocular biopsy are the main diagnostic tools used in ocular oncology. The tumors can be documented either by composite standard fundus pictures, or panoramic fundus photographies. Modifications of the pigment epithelium are observed either by standard fluorescein angiography and by standard ICG or by autofluorescence. Hemodynamic modifications of the choroide and the retina are observed with panoramic fluorescein angiography and ICG. Modifications of the retina on the surface of the tumors and modifications of the macula are studied with high resolution OCT. The shape and the height of the tumors are measured with standard 20 or 10 MHz, B mode ultrasonography. The intra tumoral reflectivity and attenuation are studied with A mode ultrasonography. The volume and the shape of tumors located in the anterior segment are observed and studied with non contact 50,35 or 20 MHz high resolution ultrasonography. In selected cases, MRI, cytology and cytogenetics are used in order to define the diagnosis. In small tumors the final diagnosis is often established following a documented tumor growth.
Technique and role of biopsies in intraocular tumors
Authors: DAMATO BE , COUPLAND SE 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose This presentation will give an overview of intraocular tumour biopsy with special reference to techniques, results and complications.Methods The methods include: (a) aspiration biopsy, using a fine needle or vitreous cutter, passed through the sclera or through the retina; (b) incisional biopsy; and (c) excisional biopsy, removing either the tumour or the entire eye. Close liaison with the pathologist is required, especially in the case of vitreous biopsy for suspected retinal lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry has greatly enhanced diagnostic accuracy.Results Biopsy is usually successful at obtaining sufficient material for diagnosis and prognostication. The chances of failure are greatest with small tumours. Others complications include: vitreous haemorrhage, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, endophthalmitis and tumour seeding. Prognostication is more accurate if the biopsy results are assessed together with clinical data, also taking age and sex into account.Conclusion Biopsy is useful for diagnosis and prognostication in selected cases, but requires surgical expertise and a highly‐skilled laboratory team.
Anatomy & Etiology
Authors: DETORAKIS ET 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe anatomical position of the upper and lower eyelids is dominated by the balance between forces closing the eyelids (protractive) and forces opening the eyelids (retractive). The protractive forces of the lower eyelid are maintained by the orbicularis oculi muscle (OOM), innervated by the VII nerve, whereas the protractive forces of the upper eyelid are the gravitational traction as well as the action of OOM. In the case of VII nerve malfunction, an imbalance of protractive and retractive forces in favor of the latter. In the upper eyelid, this leads to elevation (retraction) of the eyelid margin with poor depression upon voluntary eyelid closure (lagophthalmos). In the lower eyelid, this results in defective support against gravitational traction, depression and progressive eversion of the lower eyelid margin (paralytic ectropion) as well as deficient tear drainage through the active mechanism of lacrimal pump, which is largely maintained by the action of OOM. The resulting epiphora leads to a persistent vicious circle of ocular irritation and digital rubbing by the patient, creating repeated mechanical stress on the anatomical supporting elements of the lower eyelid, i.e. the medial and lateral canthal tendons, which may become destabilized or completely detached. The combined action of the above mentioned components leads to damage to the ocular surface, such as corneal epithelial defects, which may threaten the integrity of the eye through infection or corneal perforation. The anatomy and pathophysiology of VII nerve malfunction as well as their clinical and imaging assessment are discussed.
Corneal Bacterial Infections
Authors: GICQUEL JJ 
Published: December 2011

AbstractBecause of their potential to permanently impair vision or perforate the eye, bacterial corneal ulcers are an ophthalmologic emergency. They usually follow an insult (sometimes minor) in the corneal epithelium that provides an entry for bacteria. The increased use of soft contact lenses in recent years has led to an important rise in the occurrence of bacterial ulcers (especially aggressive Gram‐ bacteria). In this course you will learn about the new concepts in bacterial ulcers diagnosis and treatment.
Herpes ans Zoster Keratitis
Authors: LABETOULLE M 
Published: December 2011

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) are two leading causes of corneal infection with potential severely impaired visual acuity. These two viruses share multiple characteristics, including the ability to become latent in the trigeminal ganglia, before reactivation and migration along the trigeminal fibers innervating the cornea. The clinical settings of keratitis may vary from an epithelial defect (dendritic of geographic) to a more severe disease involving the stroma and/or the endothelium. Classically, HSV keratitis occurs from the second decade of life, and associated skin disease is not frequent and only involves the eyelids. In contrast, VZV keratitis mostly occurs after the sixth decade, as an associated finding of herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO). However, several studies recently highlighted that the rate of HSV keratitis increases with age, even in elderly, and some other studies reported VZV keratitis in children, either isolated or associated with HZO. Antiviral drugs currently available are highly efficient to reduce the severity on ongoing HSV‐ or VZV keratitis, but preventive treatments still have to be optimized. For HSV keratitis, the usual preventive treatment, as defined by the HEDS study, only reduces the rate of relapses in a two‐fold manner, and the optimal dosage has not been settled for patient with severe herpetic disease. For VZV, the two vaccines against chickenpox and HZO probably will lead in the future to a reduction of the incidence of keratitis, but they are not widely used, even in most of developed countries.
Viral vectors for gene transfer into corneal endothelial cells
Authors: FUCHSLUGER T 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose Corneal endothelium is an ideal target fot gene therapy approached thanks to its anatomical location at the posterior surface of the cornea and its monolayer character. Lentiviral vectors have been shown by our group to be suitable vectors for the transfer of DNA into corneal endothelial cells (EC). Searching for an alternative to these HIV‐based vectors, aim of this study was to determine the suitability of non‐pathogenic adeno‐associated viral vectors (AAV) for gene transfer to EC.Methods Flowcytometric comparison of protein expression after transduction of EC using a lentiviral vector or AAV 2/2 with GFP in murine EC (Balb/C) and in human EC (cell line and primary cells). Proof of principle experiment to demonstrate the functionality of lentiviral gene transfer of the anti‐apoptotic proteins Bcl‐xL.Results Kinetics of the protein expression after transduction of EC using lentiviral vector are considerably different compared to gene transfer using AAV. Contrary to AAV overexpression of the reporter protein after lentiviral gene transfer occurs very rapid. Moreover, we detected significant differences in transduction rates between human and murine EC lines as well as betweeen human EC lines and human corneas.Conclusion AAV vectors seem to be an alternative to lentiviral vectors for gene tranfer to EC. Considering the storage of human donor corneas in eye banks in organ culture over four weeks, translation of AAV from bech to bedside, e.g. to reduce apoptosis in corneas, seems to be feasible.
Evaluation of human retinal pigment epithelial cells growth on elastin‐like recombinamers substrates
Authors: SRIVASTAVA GK , MARTIN L , SINGH AK , RODRIGUEZ‐CABELLO JC , PASTOR JC 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose In our previous published data (J Biomed Mater Res A. 2011) it was shown that ARPE19 cells were growing well and maintaining certain characteristics of RPE cells on the Elastin‐like recombinamers (ELR‐IK, ELR‐RGD). The purpose of this study is to evaluate the growth pattern of primary human RPE (hRPE) cells over these ELRs for possibility to start in‐vivo study as a possible treatment for AMD.Methods hRPE cells were seeded on sterilized control surfaces (polystyrene, glass) as well as on ELR films that were obtained by solvent casting onto glass and subsequent cross‐linking containing a bioactive sequence, RGD (ELR‐RGD) and, without any specific sequence, as control (ELR‐IK). Cells were analyzed to study cell adhesion, proliferation, morphology and specific RPE antigen (RPE65) expression by staining with DAPI, Rhodamin‐phalloidin and antiRPE65 antibody at 12, 24, 72, 120, 168 and 360 hours.Results hRPE cells seeded on ELR‐films as well as controls were proliferating; maintaining their similar morphology and expression of RPE65 antigen at different time points studied. Cells on ELR‐RGD were growing better than that on ELR‐IK and glass but lesser than that on polystyrene. The growth rate of hRPE cells over polystyrene and ELR‐RGD surfaces was increasing with time intervals than glass and ELR‐IK surfaces. There was a very clear difference of hRPE cells growth rate on different surfaces at 360 hours.Conclusion ELR‐RGD was good substrate for hRPE cells growth and that maintained the similar morphology and RPE65 antigen expression as seen on control surfaces. These results require further in vitro and in vivo studies with hRPE cells to determine if ELR‐RGD could be useful as a vehicle for transplantation of hRPE cells in patients with AMD.
Trypan blue staining method for quenching the autofluorescence of RPE cells for improving protein expression analysis
Authors: SRIVASTAVA GK , REINOSO R , SINGH AK , CORELL A , FERNANDEZ‐BUENO1 I , HILEETO D , PASTOR JC 
Published: December 2011

AbstractPurpose The purpose of this study is to develop and validate Flow Cytometry (FC) and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods for rapid and accurate measurements of cell proteins corresponding specific fluorescence signals above background noise using Trypan blue (TB) for quenching the autofluorescence (AF) emitted by Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and Ciliary body stem (CBSC)cells.Methods RPE and CBSC cells were isolated, cultured and trypsinized using already published methods. AntiRPE65 immunolabelled cells were post treated with 10, 20 and 40 µg/ml TB at 4C for 10 min for FC analysis. 3‐5 mm small pieces of retinal tissue were pre treated with 20, 200 and 2000 µg/ml of TB at room temperature for 15 min, followed by embedding in paraffin wax, cutting into 3 µm thick retinal tissue sections (RTSs), dewaxing, anti RPE65 immunolabelling and observing under a microscope.Immunolabelling with isotype‐matched unspecific Abs, primary and secondary antibody were used as controls. Cytomicx RXP and Adope photoshop were used for FC and IHC results analysis.Results FC and IHC results showed that post‐treatment of immunolabelled RPE cells and pre‐treatment of retinal tissue pieces with 20 µg/ml of TB reduce the AF and facilitate to detect the fluorescence signals corresponding to specific cell proteins with higher mean fluorescence intensity (MFI).Conclusion We concluded: 1.‐Incubation of cells and tissues with 20 µg/ml of TB reduces AF. 2.‐For FC analysis, the cells should be post‐treated with TB and for IHC analysis, the tissues should be pre‐treated with TB. 3.‐The methods significantly increase the quality and value of cell protein analysis performed by FC and IHC techniques.