bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the apple always fall close to the tree? The geographical proximity choice of spin‐outs
Authors: Berchicci Luca , King Andrew , Tucci Christopher L. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that spin‐outs will locate in close proximity to the firm from which they spawn. As a result of this process, clusters of entrepreneurial activity tend to develop around a few strong parent firms. But do all spin‐outs really stay close to home? We demonstrate that spin‐out firms choose heterogeneous technological and market strategies, and we hypothesize that firms with more aggressive strategies have a greater need to maintain local relationships. We find supporting evidence of our theory by analyzing the location, technology, and market decisions of intraindustry spin‐outs in their first year in the disk drive industry. Copyright © 2011 Strategic Management Society.
Explaining growth paths of young technology‐based firms: structuring resource portfolios in different competitive environments
Authors: Clarysse Bart , Bruneel Johan , Wright Mike 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe explore how environmental contingencies determine the way resources are accumulated in young technology‐based firms and argue that growth paths are critically shaped at the nexus between resource management and the competitive environment, defined along its most important dimensions, ‘stability’ and ‘complexity.’ We also build propositions about the way environmental conditions affect resource portfolio development or acquisition. We show how particular high‐growth paths result from structuring resource portfolios in accordance with environmental demands and provide insights into why, based on six case studies of young technology‐based high‐growth firms, involving 27 interviews, 121 press releases, 605 press articles, and archival data. Copyright © 2011 Strategic Management Society.
Effect of enzyme‐modified carboxymethyl starch as a fat replacer on the functional properties of sausages
Authors: Luo Zhigang , Gao Qunyu 
Published: June 2011

AbstractEnzyme‐modified carboxymethyl starch (ECMS), carboxymethyl starch (CMS), and enzyme‐modified starch (ES) were prepared and used as fat replacers in low‐fat sausages. The effects of fat level (5, 10, and 20%) and three modified starches (ECMS, CMS, and ES) on energy, color, texture, and sensory characteristics of sausages were investigated. The addition of three modified starches in reduced‐fat sausages reduced total energy and redness, and increased the lightness of the products. Except adhesiveness, ECMS had no effect on any of the textural parameters of sausages, but CMS or ES lowered any of the textural parameters at their respective target fat levels. The 10% fat sausage with added ECMS was similar to the 20% fat sausage control for overall acceptability. The results indicated that the new multiplex modified starch‐ECMS could be used as a suitable fat replacer since it offset some of the changes caused by fat reduction.
Synthesis and evaluation of physicochemical properties of cross‐linked Phaseolus aconitifolius starch
Authors: Singh Akhilesh V. , Nath Lila K. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractHighly substituted moth bean starch (MBS) phosphate ester was synthesized using POCl3 as cross‐linking reagent. Titrimetric and FT‐IR spectral analysis was used to characterize the substitution. The physicochemical properties of cross‐linked moth bean starch (CLMBS) were done by using X‐ray powder diffractometer (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and swelling study at various temperatures. The change in starch morphology was done using scanning electron micrograph (SEM), and found that it lost its crystallinity after cross‐linking. The results revealed that crystalline nature of native MBS was transformed into amorphous after cross‐linking. TGA report exhibited higher thermal stability, which make it suitable for various industrial applications. Swelling behavior showed high swelling at low temperatures (30 and 60°C) as compared to at high temperature (90°C).
Stratospheric temperature trends: our evolving understanding
Authors: Seidel Dian J. , Gillett Nathan P. , Lanzante John R. , Shine Keith P. , Thorne Peter W. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWe review the scientific literature since the 1960s to examine the evolution of modeling tools and observations that have advanced understanding of global stratospheric temperature changes. Observations show overall cooling of the stratosphere during the period for which they are available (since the late 1950s and late 1970s from radiosondes and satellites, respectively), interrupted by episodes of warming associated with volcanic eruptions, and superimposed on variations associated with the solar cycle. There has been little global mean temperature change since about 1995. The temporal and vertical structure of these variations are reasonably well explained by models that include changes in greenhouse gases, ozone, volcanic aerosols, and solar output, although there are significant uncertainties in the temperature observations and regarding the nature and influence of past changes in stratospheric water vapor. As a companion to a recent WIREs review of tropospheric temperature trends, this article identifies areas of commonality and contrast between the tropospheric and stratospheric trend literature. For example, the increased attention over time to radiosonde and satellite data quality has contributed to better characterization of uncertainty in observed trends both in the troposphere and in the lower stratosphere, and has highlighted the relative deficiency of attention to observations in the middle and upper stratosphere. In contrast to the relatively unchanging expectations of surface and tropospheric warming primarily induced by greenhouse gas increases, stratospheric temperature change expectations have arisen from experiments with a wider variety of model types, showing more complex trend patterns associated with a greater diversity of forcing agents. WIREs Clim Change 2011 2 592–616 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.125This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Modern Climate Change
Do naturalistic enclosures provide suitable environments for zoo animals?
Authors: Fàbregas María C. , Guillén‐Salazar Federico , Garcés‐Narro Carlos 
Published: June 2011

AbstractZoo visitors perceive naturalistic enclosures (i.e. those attempting to replicate identifiable parts of the landscape of the species' habitat) as those that best satisfy the biological needs of the animals, and ensure therefore their welfare. However, the provision of a suitable environment with the resources that will allow the animals to satisfy their main biological needs in naturalistic enclosures has never been systematically explored; instead, it has been assumed. In this study we provide evidence that supports the general idea that naturalistic designs provide suitable environments for the animals. For that purpose, we analyzed 1,381 naturalistic and non‐naturalistic enclosures in 63 Spanish zoological parks. In order to assess the suitability of the environment provided within each enclosure, a number of aspects related to the animals' main biological requirements were analyzed. We found a relationship between naturalistic designs and the suitability of the environment for the species housed. Most naturalistic enclosures (77.8%) provided suitable environments for their inhabitants. Non‐naturalistic ones also had suitable environments, but in a lower percentage (39.7%). These results should be taken into account during zoo inspection and accreditation appointments, where enclosure suitability must be assessed in an accurate and fast manner. In this regard, a naturalistic design can be used as an adjunct indicator of enclosure suitability, but not exclusively, as not every naturalistic enclosure was suitable for the animals, neither as an indispensable one, given that near 40% of non‐naturalistic ones were appropriate for the species housed. Zoo Biol 31:362–373, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zoo and aquarium webcams: an informed view
Authors: Dodson Gary , Murphy Cory 
Published: June 2011

AbstractProviding webcams for public viewing is a relatively new but growing phenomenon among zoos and aquariums. Reasons for incorporating this programmatic feature are varied, and no guidelines exist to aid institutions considering webcam installations. Decision makers need to know how much effort the cameras require as well as how successful other zoos have found them to be. We evaluated existing webcams and provide an overview of their characteristics, including reliability. Quantitative evaluations provided by zoo/aquarium staff and by zoo members indicate generally positive perceptions of webcams, whereas staff acknowledge a notable level of effort required. Here, we strive to offer guidelines that will help institutions considering this venture. Zoo Biol 31:414–425, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detection of dichloromethane with a bioluminescent (lux) bacterial bioreporter
Authors: Lopes Nicholas , Hawkins Shawn A , Jegier Patricia , Menn Fu-Min , Sayler Gary S , Ripp Steven 
Published: June 2011

Abstract
The focus of this research effort was to develop an autonomous, inducible, lux-based bioluminescent bioreporter for the real-time detection of dichloromethane. Dichloromethane (DCM), also known as methylene chloride, is a volatile organic compound and one of the most commonly used halogenated solvents in the U.S., with applications ranging from grease and paint stripping to aerosol propellants and pharmaceutical tablet coatings. Predictably, it is released into the environment where it contaminates air and water resources. Due to its classification as a probable human carcinogen, hepatic toxin, and central nervous system effector, DCM must be carefully monitored and controlled. Methods for DCM detection usually rely on analytical techniques such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and capillary gas chromatography or photoacoustic environmental monitors, all of which require trained personnel and/or expensive equipment. To complement conventional monitoring practices, we have created a bioreporter for the self-directed detection of DCM by taking advantage of the evolutionary adaptation of bacteria to recognize and metabolize chemical agents. This bioreporter, Methylobacterium extorquens DCMlux, was engineered to contain a bioluminescent luxCDABE gene cassette derived from Photorhabdus luminescens fused downstream to the dcm dehalogenase operon, which causes the organism to generate visible light when exposed to DCM. We have demonstrated detection limits down to 1.0 ppm under vapor phase exposures and 0.1 ppm under liquid phase exposures with response times of 2.3 and 1.3 h, respectively, and with specificity towards DCM under relevant industrial environmental monitoring conditions.
Urine analysis of glucose tetrasaccharide by HPLC; a useful marker for the investigation of patients with Pompe and other glycogen storage diseases
Authors: Manwaring Victoria , Prunty Helen , Bainbridge Katie , Burke Derek , Finnegan Niamh , Franses Rebecca , Lam Amanda , Vellodi Ashok , Heales Simon 
Published: June 2011

AbstractA high performance liquid chromatography method, adapted from an established urinary sugars method, has been developed for the analysis of a tetraglucose oligomer (Glc4) in urine. Pompe disease results from defects in the activity of lysosomal acid α‐glucosidase (GAA) with patients typically excreting increased amounts of Glc4. Rapid determination of GAA in dried blood spots is now possible. However, enzymatic analysis is unable to discriminate between patients with Pompe disease and those individuals harbouring pseudo deficiency mutations. This method was able to quantify Glc4 levels in all patients analysed with an established diagnosis of Pompe disease, and all controls analysed had Glc4 levels below the limit of detection for this method. Importantly the method was able to discriminate between an individual known to harbour a pseudo Pompe mutation and patients with Pompe disease, providing a useful supporting test to enzymatic analysis. Sequential measurement of urinary Glc4 has been proposed to monitor the effects of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). We observed a clear decrease in Glc4 levels following commencement of treatment in three patients studied. Additionally, raised levels of Glc4 were observed in patients with glycogen storage disease (GSD) type Ia and type III suggesting that this method may have applications in other GSDs.
Leptospirosis is Associated with Markedly Increased Triglycerides and Small Dense Low‐Density Lipoprotein and Decreased High‐Density Lipoprotein
Authors: Gazi Irene F. , Apostolou Fotini A. , Liberopoulos Evangelos N. , Filippatos Theodosios D. , Tellis Constantinos C. , Elisaf Moses S. , Tselepis Alexandros D. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acute infection with Leptospira interrogans on lipids, lipoproteins and associated enzymes. Fasting serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoproteins (apo) A‐Ι, B, E, C‐II, C‐III and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] were determined in patients with Leptospirosis on diagnosis and 4 months after recovery as well as in age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Activities of cholesteryl‐ester transfer protein (CETP) and lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2) as well as paraoxonase 1 (PON1) hydrolysing activity and levels of cytokines were determined. LDL subclass analysis was performed with Lipoprint LDL System. Eleven patients (10 men, mean age 49.5 ± 8.4 years) and 11 controls were included. TC, HDL‐C, LDL‐C, apoA‐I, apoB and Lp(a) levels were lower at baseline, whereas TG and apoE levels were elevated compared with 4 months later. At baseline, higher levels of cytokines and cholesterol concentration of small dense LDL particles (sdLDL‐C) were noticed, whereas LDL particle size was lower compared with follow‐up. Activities of plasma Lp‐PLA2 and HDL‐associated Lp‐PLA2 were lower at baseline compared with post treatment values, whereas PON1 activity was similar at baseline and 4 months later. 4 months after recovery, the levels of all lipid parameters evaluated did not differ compared with controls, except for HDL‐C which remained lower. PON1 activity both at baseline and 4 months later was lower in patients compared with controls. Leptospirosis is associated with atherogenic changes of lipids, lipoproteins and associated enzymes.
Optimization of Enzymatic Synthesis of Cetyl 2‐Ethylhexanoate by Novozym® 435
Authors: Chen Hsiao Ching , Kuo Chia‐Hung , Chen Hsin Hung , Liu Yung‐Chuan , Shieh Chwen Jen 
Published: June 2011

AbstractWaxes are esters obtained from long‐chain fatty acids and long‐chain alcohols which are biodegradable, biocompatible and nontoxic. Seafowl feather oil is a natural wax ester that exists on seafowl feathers. Cetyl 2‐ethylhexanoate is the major ingredient of seafowl feather oil. Cetyl 2‐ethylhexanoate is widely used in cosmetics as a base oil because of its lubricity, moisture retention and non‐toxic properties. An optimal production of cetyl 2‐ethylhexanoate by direct esterification of cetyl alcohol with 2‐ethylhexanoic acid was developed using an immobilized lipase (Novozym® 435) as a catalyst in n‐hexane. Response surface methodology (RSM) and 5‐level‐4‐factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were employed to evaluate the effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio, and enzyme amount on the yield of cetyl 2‐ethylhexanoate. The results show that reaction time, reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio, and enzyme amount have significant effects on the yield of the esterification reaction. On the basis of ridge‐max analysis, the optimum conditions were as follows: a reaction time of 2.65 days, a reaction temperature of 56.18 °C, a substrate molar ratio of 2.55:1, and an enzyme amount of 251.39%. The predicted and experimental values of molar conversion were 91.95 and 89.75 ± 1.06%, respectively.
Transcranial direct current stimulation for the outpatient treatment of poor-responder depressed patients
Authors: Dell’Osso B. , Zanoni S. , Ferrucci R. , Vergari M. , Castellano F. , D’Urso N. , Dobrea C. , Benatti B. , Arici C. , Priori A. , Altamura A.C. 
Published: June 2011

AbstractTranscranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a selective, painless, brain stimulation technique that allows the electric stimulation of specific cortical regions. TDCS has been recently used as investigational intervention for major depression and treatment resistant depression (TRD) with encouraging results. The present study was aimed to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of tDCS in major depressives with poor response to pharmacological treatment. Twenty-three depressed patients, with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder, were treated with augmentative tDCS for 5 days, two sessions per day in a blind-rater trial. The course of depressive symptoms was analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA for HAM-D and MADRS total scores. A qualitative analysis on the basis of the HAM-D response was performed as well. Both analyses were conducted at three time-points: T0 (baseline), T1 (endpoint tDCS) and T2 (end of the first week of follow-up). All patients completed the trial without relevant side-effects. A significant reduction of HAM-D and MADRS total scores was observed during the study (P<0.0001). Treatment response (endpoint HAM-D reduction ≥50%) was obtained by four patients (17.4%) at T1 and by seven patients (30.4%) at T2 and remission (endpoint HAM-D<8) by three patients (13.0%) at T1 and by four subjects (17.4%) at T2. Present findings support the efficacy and good tolerability of tDCS in the acute treatment of patients with TRD with clinical benefit being progressive and extended to the first week of follow-up. Further sham-controlled trials with longer follow-up are needed to confirm present results.
Estimated dietary intakes of flavonols, flavanones and flavones in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) 24 hour dietary recall cohort
Authors: Zamora-Ros Raul , Knaze Viktoria , Luján-Barroso Leila , Slimani Nadia , Romieu Isabelle , Fedirko Veronika , Santucci de Magistris Maria , Ericson Ulrica , Amiano Pilar , Trichopoulou Antonia , Dilis Vardis , Naska Androniki , Engeset Dagrun , Skeie Guri , Cassidy Aedin , Overvad Kim , Peeters Petra H. M. , María Huerta José , Sánchez María-José , Quirós J. Ramón , Sacerdote Carlotta , Grioni Sara , Tumino Rosario , Johansson Gerd , Johansson Ingegerd , Drake Isabel , Crowe Francesca L. , Barricarte Aurelio , Kaaks Rudolf , Teucher Birgit , Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H. , van Rossum Caroline T. M. , Norat Teresa , Romaguera Dora , Vergnaud Anne-Claire , Tjønneland Anne , Halkjær Jytte , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Touillaud Marina , Salvini Simonetta , Khaw Kay-Thee , Wareham Nicholas , Boeing Heiner , Förster Jana , Riboli Elio , González Carlos A. 
Published: June 2011

Flavonols, flavanones and flavones (FLAV) are sub-classes of flavonoids that exert cardioprotective and anti-carcinogenic propertiesin vitroandin vivo. We aimed to estimate the FLAV dietary intake, their food sources and associated lifestyle factors in ten European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. FLAV intake and their food sources for 36 037 subjects, aged between 35 and 74 years, in twenty-seven study centres were obtained using standardised 24 h dietary recall software (EPIC-SOFT). Anad hocfood composition database on FLAV was compiled using data from US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases and was expanded using recipes, estimations and flavonoid retention factors in order to increase its correspondence with the 24 h dietary recall. Our results showed that the highest FLAV-consuming centre was the UK health-conscious group, with 130·9 and 97·0 mg/d for men and women, respectively. The lowest FLAV intakes were 36·8 mg/d in men from Umeå and 37·2 mg/d in women from Malmö (Sweden). The flavanone sub-class was the main contributor to the total FLAV intake ranging from 46·6 to 52·9 % depending on the region. Flavonols ranged from 38·5 to 47·3 % and flavones from 5·8 to 8·6 %. FLAV intake was higher in women, non-smokers, increased with level of education and physical activity. The major food sources were citrus fruits and citrus-based juices (especially for flavanones), tea, wine, other fruits and some vegetables. We concluded that the present study shows heterogeneity in intake of these three sub-classes of flavonoids across European regions and highlights differences by sex and other sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.
Population genetics ofSchistosoma haematobium:development of novel microsatellite markers and their application to schistosomiasis control in Mali
Authors: GOWER C. M. , GABRIELLI A. F. , SACKO M. , DEMBELÉ R. , GOLAN R. , EMERY A. M. , ROLLINSON D. , WEBSTER J. P. 
Published: June 2011

SUMMARYThe recent implementation of mass drug administration (MDA) for control of uro-genital schistosomiasis has identified an urgent need for molecular markers to both directly monitor the impact of MDA, for example to distinguish re-infections from uncleared infections, as well as understand aspects of parasite reproduction and gene flow which might predict evolutionary change, such as the development and spread of drug resistance. We report the development of a novel microsatellite tool-kit allowing, for the first time, robust genetic analysis of individualS. haematobiumlarvae collected directly from infected human hosts. We genotyped the parasite populations of 47 children from 2 schools in the Ségou region of Mali, the first microsatellite study of this highly neglected parasite. There was only limited evidence of population subdivision between individual children or between the two schools, suggesting that few barriers to gene flow exist in this population. Complex relationships between parasite reproductive success, infection intensity and host age and gender were identified. Older children and boys harboured more diverse infections, as measured by the number of unique adult genotypes present. Individual parasite genotypes had variable reproductive success both across hosts, a pre-requisite for evolutionary selection, and, phenotypically, in hosts of different ages and genders. These data serve as a baseline against which to measure the effect of treatment on parasite population genetics in this region of Mali, and the tools developed are suitable to further investigate this important pathogen, and its close relatives, throughout their range.