bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
XXIX. The Burning and Burial of the Dead
Authors: Wylie William Michael 
Published: January 2012

Archæology, at the present day, is no longer the ill-appreciated amusement of the few. Its study is widely spread, while its importance is generally admitted, even by those whose inclination does not lead them to pursue it as a study.No branch of archaeology appears to excite more general interest than sepulchral research in our own land, or in those foreign lands whose early inhabitants were, so to speak, kinsmen of our forefathers. This widely-diffused interest of our day happily differs altogether from the indiscriminate curiosity of a preceding age. And if science ventures to pass the sacred threshold of the tomb, it is solely because the early domestic history of our race is only to be found recorded in the tablets of the dead.
XIX.—Note on an Anglo-Saxon Knife, found in Kent, bearing an Inscription
Authors: Evans John 
Published: January 2012

By the kindness of Mr. Edward Lloyd of the Winns, Walthamstow, I am enabled to exhibit a very remarkable Anglo-Saxon knife lately found in excavating for the foundations of a house which he is building at Sittingbourne, Kent.In general form the knife is of a well-known type, and closely resembles one found in Lad Lane in the city of London, and engraved by Mr. C. Roach Smith in his Collectanea Antiqua. The total length is 12¾ inches, and the extreme breadth 1⅜ inch. The tang for insertion in the handle is 3½ inches long, and there is a shoulder at its junction with the blade both at the back and the edge.
V.—Roger of Salisbury, first bishop of Bath and Wells, 1244-1247
Authors: Church C.M. 
Published: January 2012

The episcopate of Roger of Salisbury, first bishop who bore the title of Bath and Wells, is short, but memorable in the annals of the church of Wells.It was the time when the rule of election of the bishop by the joint action of the two chapters of the monks of Bath and the canons of Wells was authoritatively and finally settled, and the style of the bishop, Episcopus Bathoniensis et Wellensis, was officially adopted.
XIII.—Some Notarial Marks in the “Common Paper” of the Scriveners' Company
Authors: Freshfield Edwin 
Published: January 2012

The main object of this paper is to exhibit to the Fellows a collection of the Notarial Marks used by the notarial members of the Scriveners' Company of London.These marks are preserved in a book called the “Common Paper” of the Scriveners' Company, which is in fact the register of members of the Company from the year 1390 to the year 1628.
Availability of snacks, candy and beverages in hospital, community clinic and commercial pharmacies
Authors: Whitehouse Anne , Simon Anna , French Simone A , Wolfson Julian 
Published: January 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of the present study was to measure the availability of energy-dense foods and sugar-sweetened beverages in pharmacies and to examine differences by pharmacy type and presence of a food policy.DesignTrained research staff visited pharmacies (n 37) to measure shelf space and variety of snacks, candy and sugar-sweetened beverages available within 10 ft (3·05 m) of the pharmacy register.SettingCommunity clinic, hospital and commercial pharmacies in Minneapolis, MN, USA.SubjectsEmployees were interviewed regarding pharmacy food policies.ResultsApproximately 60 % of pharmacies had foods and/or sugar-sweetened beverages available for purchase within 10 ft (3·05 m) of the pharmacy register. Total shelf space (P = 0·02) and variety (P = 0·0003) differed significantly by pharmacy type and were greatest among community clinic pharmacies. Over half of pharmacies had no food policy (58·3 %). Pharmacies with food policies were less likely to have foods/beverages available within 10 ft (3·05 m) of the pharmacy register than pharmacies with no food policies (P = 0·03).ConclusionsCandy, snacks and sugar-sweetened beverages are highly available in the pharmacy environment. Presence of a policy is associated with less food availability within 10 ft (3·05 m) of the pharmacy register and represents an important potential intervention strategy.
Selective breeding for helplessness in rats alters the metabolic profile of the hippocampus and frontal cortex: a 1H-MRS study at 9.4 T
Authors: Schulz Daniela , Smith David , Yu Mei , Lee Hedok , Henn Fritz A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn humans metabolic changes, particularly in frontal areas of the brain, accompany depressive disorders, but few studies were conducted in animal models of depression. We used hydrogen-1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 9.4 T to measure the metabolic profiles of the hippocampus and frontal cortex in congenital learned helpless (cLH) and wild-type (WT) rats. The learned helplessness model of depression exposes animals to uncontrollable stress to induce changes in emotion, cognition and behaviour, but cLH rats were selectively bred to show changes in behaviour even without exposure to uncontrollable stress. Experimentally naive male 8- to 10-wk-old cLH (n = 10) and WT rats (n = 22) underwent spectroscopy and were exposed to uncontrollable stress 1 wk after the scan. We found that cLH compared to WT rats had lower levels of glutamate in the hippocampus and lower levels of choline-containing compounds in the hippocampus and frontal cortex, but higher levels of taurine and phosphocreatine in these regions, pointing to compensatory efforts of the brain to reduce excitotoxic potential and to increase neuroprotection and energy, possibly as a result of cellular stress and damage. The reduction in choline-containing phospholipids might represent a source or correlate of such stress. Overall, the results indicate that metabolic abnormalities are present in animals with a predisposition to helplessness even without exposure to explicit stress and may help identify non-invasive biomarkers in individuals who are prone to depression.
COGNITIVE ECONOMICS AND THE LOGIC OF ABDUCTION
Authors: WOODS JOHN 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAn agent-centered, goal-directed, resource-bound logic of human reasoning would do well to note that individual cognitive agency is typified by the comparative scantness of available cognitive resources—information, time, and computational capacity, to name just three. This motivates individual agents to set their cognitive agendas proportionately, that is, in ways that carry some prospect of success with the resources on which they are able to draw. It also puts a premium on cognitive strategies which make economical use of those resources. These latter I callscant-resource adjustment strategies,and they supply the context for an analysis of abduction. The analysis is Peircian in tone, especially in the emphasis it places on abduction’signorance-preservingcharacter. My principal purpose here is to tie abduction’s scarce-resource adjustment capacity to its ignorance preservation.
Mobile Image Ratiometry: A New Method for Instantaneous Analysis of Rapid Test Strips
Authors: Cooper Donald , Callahan Bryan , Callahan Phil , Burnett Lee 
Published: January 2012

AbstractHere we describe Mobile Image Ratiometry (MIR), a new method for the automated quantification of standardized rapid immunoassay strips using consumer-based mobile smartphone and tablet cameras. To demonstrate MIR we developed a standardized method using rapid immunotest strips directed against cocaine (COC) and its major metabolite, benzoylecgonine (BE). We performed image analysis of three brands of commercially available dye-conjugated anti-COC/BE antibody test strips in response to three different series of cocaine concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 300 ng/ml and BE concentrations ranging from 0.003 to 0.1 ng/ml. These data were then used to create standard curves to allow quantification of COC/BE in biological samples. MIR quantification of COC and BE proved to be a sensitive, economical, and faster alternative to more costly methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectrometry, or high pressure liquid chromatography. MIR is a valuable tool that provides instant data acquisition, tracking and analysis for the emerging field of mobile platform informatics (MPI).
First Report of Ziziphus jujuba Wilt Caused by Fusarium oxysporum in China
Authors: Gao F. , Xiang Z. , Zhang Y. L. 
Published: January 2012

Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is widely planted in Xinjiang Province of China for fruit and as an effective herbal remedy. Wilt symptoms were observed on field-grown Z. jujuba during the spring and fall of 2010 and 2011. Diseased plants exhibited symptoms including wilted leaves, stunted growth, extensive brown discoloration on stems, and eventually death. In severe cases, approximately 60% of the plants in the field died. Repeated isolations from discolored stem vascular tissues were made on potato dextrose agar (PDA) after disinfestation in 1% HgCl2 for 1 min and dipping in 70% ethanol for 10 s. Petri dishes were then incubated in complete darkness at 26°C for 7 days. All colonies on PDA had pale pink-salmon-colored mycelia. Macroconidia were mostly three to five septate, slightly curved, and ranged from 2.9 to 11.9 × 29.5 to 45 μm. Microconidia were abundant, generally single celled, oval to kidney shaped, and ranged from 2.5 to 5 × 7.5 to 11.5 μm in false heads on short monophialides. Chlamydospores were single or in pairs and profusely distributed. These characteristics were similar to those of Fusarium oxysporum (2). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region was amplified with primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced (1). BLASTn analysis of the sequence (GenBank Accession No. JQ039331) showed a 99% homology with several isolates of F. oxysporum in the GenBank database. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on healthy, 2-month-old seedlings and 1-month-old rooted cuttings of Z. jujuba under greenhouse conditions. Plants were inoculated with sterilized mixtures of wheat and barley seeds (1:1) that were incubated in a F. oxysporum isolate spore suspension (1 × 107 conidia/ml) at 25°C for 7 to 10 days. The seeds (3 g per plant) were placed around the collar of each healthy plant under the soil surface and incubated at 25 to 28°C in a greenhouse. Control plants were sown in sterile soil without inoculated seeds. In 3 weeks, inoculated plants developed leaf wilt and chlorosis, stunted growth, brown discolored vascular tissue on stems, and finally died, which is similar to that observed in the field. F. oxysporum was reisolated from the stems of diseased plants, confirming Koch's postulates. Control seedlings were symptom free. F. oxysporum has been known to cause wilt disease on cotton and tomato in Xinjiang Province (3). However, to our knowledge, this is the first report of a natural occurrence of Chinese jujube wilt disease on commercial fields caused by F. oxysporum in China. References: (1) G. M. Arruda et al. Plant Pathol. 54:53, 2005. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA, 2006. (3) F. X. Tian et al. Acta Phytopathol. Sin. 11:27, 1981.
The influence of time, soil characteristics, and land‐use history on soil phosphorus legacies: a global meta‐analysis
Authors: MacDonald Graham K. , Bennett Elena M. , Taranu Zofia E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAgriculturally driven changes in soil phosphorus (P) are known to have persistent effects on local ecosystem structure and function, but regional patterns of soil P recovery following cessation of agriculture are less well understood. We synthesized data from 94 published studies to assess evidence of these land‐use legacies throughout the world by comparing soil labile and total P content in abandoned agricultural areas to that of reference ecosystems or sites remaining in agriculture. Our meta‐analysis shows that soil P content was typically elevated after abandonment compared to reference levels, but reduced compared to soils that remained under agriculture. There were more pronounced differences in the legacies of past agriculture on soil P across regions than between the types of land use practiced prior to abandonment (cropland, pasture, or forage grassland). However, consistent patterns of soil P enrichment or depletion according to soil order and types of post‐agricultural vegetation suggest that these factors may mediate agricultural legacies on soil P. We also used mixed effects models to examine the role of multiple variables on soil P recovery following agriculture. Time since cessation of agriculture was highly influential on soil P legacies, with clear reductions in the degree of labile and total P enrichment relative to reference ecosystems over time. Soil characteristics (clay content and pH) were strongly related to changes in labile P compared to reference sites, but these were relatively unimportant for total P. The duration of past agricultural use and climate were weakly related to changes in total P only. Our finding of reductions in the degree of soil P alteration over time relative to reference conditions reveals the potential to mitigate these land‐use legacies in some soils. Better ability to predict dynamics of soil nutrient recovery after termination of agricultural use is essential to ecosystem management following land‐use change.
In vitro and In vivo Association of Porcine Hepatic Cytochrome P450 3A and 2C Activities with Testicular Steroids
Authors: Zamaratskaia G , Zlabek V , Ropstad E , Andresen Ø 
Published: January 2012

ContentsThe aim of this study was to screen the inhibitory potential of several testicular steroids on cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) and 2C (CYP2C) activities in porcine liver microsomes. The microsomes used in this study were obtained from pubertal male pigs of two breeds, Landrace and Duroc. For the in vitro inhibition study, porcine microsomes were incubated in the presence of 17β‐estradiol, 17α‐estradiol, androstenone, dehydroepiandrosterone and dihydrotestosterone. Both reversible and mechanism‐based inhibitions were examined. 7‐benzyloxyresorufin (BR) and 7‐benzyloxy‐4‐trifluoromethylcoumarin (BFC) were used as substrates for CYP3A, and diclofenac and tolbutamide (TB) as substrates for CYP2C. 7‐benzyloxyresorufin O‐dealkylase (BROD) activity was inhibited by all tested steroids in the microsomes from Landrace pigs via mechanism‐based mode, but in the microsomes from Duroc pigs, BROD activities were inhibited only in the presence of 17β‐oestradiol. Mechanism‐based inhibition of BFC metabolism by the tested steroids was observed in the microsomes from both breeds, but this inhibition was weak and did not exceed 20%. TB hydroxylase (TBOH) activity in the microsomes from Duroc pigs was inhibited by 17α‐oestradiol through the mechanism‐based mode of inhibition. None of the investigated steroids inhibited TBOH activity in Landrace pigs. For the in vivo study, male pigs were injected with a single dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to stimulate testicular steroid production by the Leydig cells. In vivo stimulation with hGC did not alter BROD activity either in Landrace or in Duroc pigs. BFC metabolism was significantly induced by hCG stimulation in both breeds and TBOH activity only in Duroc pigs. Activity of diclofenac hydroxylase was not detected in either Landrace or Duroc pigs. Breed significantly affected BROD and TBOH activity with BROD being higher in Landrace and TBOH in Duroc pigs. This study improved our understanding of the role of testicular steroids in the regulation of porcine CYP450 activity.
Design of occupational therapy on‐road test routes and related validity issues
Authors: Di Stefano Marilyn , Macdonald Wendy 
Published: January 2012

Background/aim:  Specialist Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors and driver licensing authorities require on‐road assessment procedures that are both valid and reliable. Assessment validity may be influenced by both test route characteristics and driver characteristics. To address these issues, this study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of test routes used by Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors (including associated driving manoeuvres and traffic conditions) and to explore Occupational Therapy Driver Assessor views relating to on‐road assessment procedures.
Methods:  In‐depth interviews of 22 Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors were conducted; seven of the routes examined were in rural or regional locations. Supplementary information was obtained by observation of routes and review of Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors’ route documentation.
Results:  All Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors reported using a standard test route for clients seeking an open (i.e. not geographically restricted) licence. Compliance with professional guidelines reassessment procedures was very high for test items designated as compulsory, but more variable for those designated only as desirable. Differences between rural/regional vs. urban routes were noted, with those in rural/regional areas being less cognitively demanding.
Conclusions:  This study highlighted variation in route complexity between urban and rural locations. Whereas compliance with current professional guidelines for compulsory route items was very high, more detailed specification of standard route requirements is needed to improve the construct and content validity of assessments.
Striatal dopamine depletion in rats produces variable effects on contingency detection: task‐related influences
Authors: Braun Stephanie , Hauber Wolfgang 
Published: January 2012

AbstractDopamine (DA) depletion of the posterior dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) can impair the capability of rats to detect changes in the causal efficacy of actions. Here we sought to characterize in more detail the effects of pDMS DA depletions on contingency detection as a function of different contingency degradation training protocols. In experiment 1, sham controls and rats with pDMS DA depletions received limited contingency degradation training (4 days) that involved an invariable and high degree of degradation to one of two contingencies controlling instrumental choice behaviour. The results demonstrated that lesioned rats were insensitive to contingency manipulations both during contingency degradation training and in the subsequent extinction test. Experiment 2 further indicated that rats with pDMS DA depletion subjected to extended contingency degradation training (12 days) became sensitive to contingency manipulations during the training phase but not in the subsequent extinction test. In experiment 3, an extended but more complex contingency degradation training protocol (12 days) was used that involved a gradual shift from a low to an intermediate and a high degree of contingency degradation rather than a high and invariable degree of contingency degradation as in experiments 1 and 2. Notably, lesioned rats were sensitive to contingency manipulations both during the contingency degradation training phase and in the subsequent extinction test. Thus, pDMS DA depletions can impair the capability to detect changes in the causal efficacy of actions; however, the occurrence and pattern of impairments depend on the contingency degradation training protocol being used.
Dexmedetomidine vs midazolam for premedication of pediatric patients undergoing anesthesia
Authors: Akin Aynur , Bayram Adnan , Esmaoglu Aliye , Tosun Zeynep , Aksu Recep , Altuntas Resul , Boyaci Adem 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackground:  Dexmedetomidine, an α2‐receptor agonist, provides sedation, analgesia, and anxiolytic effects, and these properties make it a potentially useful anesthetic premedication. In this study, we compared the effects of intranasal dexmedetomidine and midazolam on mask induction and preoperative sedation in pediatric patients.Methods:  Ninety children classified as ASA physical status I, aged between 2 and 9, who were scheduled to undergo an elective adenotonsillectomy, were enrolled for a prospective, randomized, and double‐blind controlled trial. All of the children received intranasal medication approximately 45–60 min before the induction of anesthesia. Group M (n = 45) received 0.2 mg·kg−1 of intranasal midazolam, and Group D (n = 45) received 1 μg·kg−1 of intranasal dexmedetomidine. All of the patients were anesthetized with nitrous oxide, oxygen, and sevoflurane, administered via a face mask. The primary end point was satisfactory mask induction, and the secondary end points included satisfactory sedation upon separation from parents, hemodynamic change, postoperative analgesia, and agitation score at emergence.Results:  Satisfactory mask induction was achieved by 82.2% of Group M and 60% of Group D (P = 0.01). There was no evidence of a difference between the groups in either sedation score (P = 0.36) or anxiety score (P = 0.56) upon separation from parents. The number of patients who required postoperative analgesia was higher in the midazolam group (P = 0.045).Conclusion:  Intranasal dexmedetomidine and midazolam are equally effective in decreasing anxiety upon separation from parents; however, midazolam is superior in providing satisfactory conditions during mask induction.
Interactions of amylinergic and melanocortinergic systems in the control of food intake and body weight in rodents
Authors: Roth J. D. , D'Souza L. , Griffin P. S. , Athanacio J. , Trevaskis J. L. , Nazarbaghi R. , Jodka C. , Athanacio J. , Hoyt J. , Forood B. , Parkes D. G. 
Published: January 2012

Aims: Amylinergic and melanocortinergic systems have each been implicated in energy balance regulation. We examined the interactive effects of both systems using gene knockout and pharmacological approaches.Methods: Acute food consumption was measured in overnight fasted male wild‐type (WT) and melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC‐4R) deficient rats and in male and female WT and amylin knockout mice (AmyKO). Changes in food intake, body weight and composition in male WT and MC‐4R deficient rats and in male diet‐induced obese (DIO) rats. Pharmacological treatments included either rat amylin, murine leptin and/or the MC‐4R agonist, Ac‐R[CEH‐dF‐RWC]‐amide.Results: Amylin (10 µg/kg, IP) decreased food intake in WT but not in MC‐4R deficient rats (30 and 60 min post‐injection). Ac‐R[CEH‐dF‐RWC]‐amide (100 µg/kg, IP) suppressed food intake similarly in male WT and AmyKO, but was ineffective in female AmyKO. Amylin (50 µg/kg/day for 28 days) and leptin (125 µg/kg/day) synergistically reduced food intake and body weight in WT and MC‐4R deficient rats to a similar extent. Amylin (100 µg/kg) combined with Ac‐R[CEH‐dF‐RWC]‐amide (100 µg/kg, IP) decreased acute food intake over 3 h to a greater extent than either agent alone in fasted mice. In DIO rats, additive anorexigenic, weight‐ and fat‐lowering effects were observed over 12 days with the combination of rat amylin (50 µg/kg/day) and Ac‐R[CEH‐dF‐RWC]‐amide (2.3 mg/kg, SC injected daily).Conclusions: Although amylin's acute anorexigenic effects are somewhat blunted in MC‐4R deficiency and those of MC‐4R agonism in amylin deficiency, these effects are surmountable with pharmacological administration lending therapeutic potential to combined amylin/melanocortin agonism for obesity.
The determinants of cash holdings in private family firms
Authors: Steijvers Tensie , Niskanen Mervi 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe present empirical evidence on traditional and family firm–specific determinants of cash holdings in the under‐researched context of private family firms. We examine, from an agency theoretic perspective, how and to what extent the relation between family firm management and cash holdings is moderated by the ownership structure. Results reveal that descendant CEOs appear to maintain higher cash holdings than founder CEOs. This effect seems to be stronger if there is a low ownership dispersion. Moreover, outside CEOs maintain higher cash holdings than family CEOs if the family firm is owned by a single owner.