bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of topping and irrigation on yield of flue-cured tobacco grown in a Mediterranean environment
Authors: Orphanos P. I. , Metochis C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYTopping of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacumL.) plants (removal of the inflorescence) is not practised in Cyprus. Two field experiments were carried out at Akhelia Station, in 1985 and 1986, to test whether topping increased the yield or improved leaf quality of flue-cured tobacco grown under different types of irrigation. In contrast to the results of other studies, topping when the corolla had appeared on half the flowers did not increase yield. Topping when the inflorescence was just clear of the leaves (21 leaves harvested from topped plants v. 32 leaves from untopped plants) increased fresh yield by 7·0% but dry matter yield by 18·0%. The effects of topping were more marked on the leaves reaped at the third and fourth harvests, which constituted 52% of the fresh yield or 60% of the dry matter yield. At these harvests, leaves from topped plants had a lower percentage of midrib material (18·5v.21·0%) than leaves from untopped plants but a higher dry matter content (19·2v.17·2%) and specific leaf weight (80·0v.56·0 g/m2). Leaves of the fourth harvest from topped plants (27% of the total fresh yield) contained appreciably more nicotine (1·34%) than leaves from untopped plants (0·40%) but had a similar content of reducing sugars (20%). Topping did not influence the N, P and K contents of the leaves.Irrigation increased fresh yield from 12·0 t/ha (225 mm water) to 24·0 t/ha (450 mm water) and dry matter yield from 2·0 to 3·8 t/ha, respectively, in Expt 1.As Cypriot tobacco growers are paid for fresh yield delivered to the curing plant, the marginal increase of fresh yield with topping will hardly cover the cost of the extra operations involved.
Fertilizer–use efficiency of amended urea materials in flooded rice
Authors: Chauhan H. S. , Mishra B. 
Published: March 2009

summaryIn a field experiment on a typic hapludoll in 1983 and 1984, deep placement of urea supergranules at 40 and 80 kg N/ha proved to be the best N source, of five tested, for grain production, but at 120 kg N/ha it was similar to neem-cake-coated urea. The results showed that deep placement of urea supergranules can save fertilizer use by 60% compared with prilled urea to obtain the same yield. Shellac-coated urea and dicyandiamide-coated urea was more effective than prilled urea in 1984. Differences in dry-matter production and grain yield were directly related to N uptake by the plants. On average, apparent recovery of applied N increased from 35% for prilled urea to 55, 52·5,46·5 and 37·5% for urea supergranules, neem-cake-coated urea, shellac-coated urea and dicyandiamide-coated urea, respectively.
Effects of seed advancement and sowing date on establishment, bolting and yield of sugarbeet
Authors: Durrant M. J. , Mash S. J. , Jaggard K. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn advancing and devernalizing treatment for sugarbeet seed has been developed which, in England, allows sowing to be brought forward safely byc.10 days to around 10 March. Experiments done each year from 1988 to 1991 were used to assess the value of this change. They showed that sugar yield increased by 0·048 t/ha/day because seed advancement resulted in more rapid emergence, and by 0·042 t/ha/day as a result of earlier sowing. As an average of all appropriate data from experiments in England since the 1950s, the advantage of sowing in March is 0·035 t/ha/day. However, the actual change in sowing date which the farmer might achieve will depend on soil type and rainfall. Daily rainfall and evaporation data for eastern England in March and April were used to predict the number and distribution of available machinery work days. On this basis, the average sowing date was predicted to advance by 9 days. Thus the sugar yield improvement which could be produced by advancing and devernalizing beet seed is equivalent to 9 days at 0·035 t/ha/day, plus 0·19 t/ha, orc.0·5 t/ha. In practice, this should translate into an increase of 0·35 t/ha, orc.5% of the average yield.
Influence of plane of nutrition on portal blood flow and the metabolic clearance rate of progesterone in ovariectomized gilts
Authors: Prime G. R. , Symonds H. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effects of plane of nutrition on blood flow in the portal vein (PBF) and on the rate of clearance of progesterone from the circulation (MCR) were measured for 14 or 24 h in six ovariectomized gilts given 1 or 3 kg of food per day. On a body weight basis, PBF was significantly increased by the increase in food intake from a mean for all gilts of 14·9 ml/kg.min (1·34 litres/min) on 1 kg to 21·6 ml·kg. min (1·96 litres/min) on 3 kg, a mean increase of 45 %. Metabolic clearance of progesterone was increased by a similar percentage, 47·1%, from 41·0 ml/kg.min (3·70 litres/min) to 60·3 ml/kg.min (5·67 litres/min) by the increase in food intake. Both MCR and PBF were lowest between 04.00 and 06.00 h, increasing after each feed except that when 3 kg/day was fed the MCR remained high throughout the period between meals. In two gilts, blood flow in both the portal vein and hepatic artery (HAF) was measured. The mean PBF and HAF for each pig were 40·6 and 5·8, and 32·4 and 35 ml/kg, min respectively. HAF was 11·2% of total hepatic blood flow.
Integrated management of Sesbania, Azolla and urea nitrogen in lowland rice under a rice–wheat cropping system
Authors: Mahapatra B. S. , Sharma G. L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA two-year field experiment on a mollisol at Pantnagar showed that organic sources of N gave generally higher rice yields than the equivalent split dressing of prilled urea (PU). In 1985/86, Sesbania green manuring (40 kg N/ha) and PU (40 kg N/ha) and, in 1986/87, Sesbania (40 kg N/ha) + Azolla (40 kg N/ha) gave significantly higher yields than a split application of 80 kg N/ha as PU. Yield increases were attributed to significant variations in panicles/m2, filled spikelets/panicle and nitrogen uptake by the crop. These components, and grain yield, were significantly correlated with wet soil NH+4-N, which was increased by organic manuring. Wheat grown after each rice crop showed significant residual effects of the different sources of N applied to rice.
Effects of sowing date on the growth and yield of winter oil-seed rape (Brassica napus)
Authors: Jenkins P. D. , Leitch D M. H. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryResults are reported from experiments carried out in three seasons in an environment with mild winters and early springs in which the date of sowing of winter oil-seed rape was varied from early September to early December. Consistently high seed yields were achieved in the late sowings and, in two of the three seasons, delaying sowing beyond early September resulted in significant yield increases. The pattern of dry-matter accumulation and changes in leaf area index were affected to a large extent by sowing date, but no significant effect on total dry-matter production at final harvest was found. Numbers of axillary inflorescences per plant and, in two of the experiments, numbers of fertile pods/m2, were reduced by late sowing, but large increases in numbers of seed per pod were found in each experiment. Mean weight per seed was reduced when sowing was delayed but there was no consistent effect on oil content. Differences were found between cultivars in the extent to which delayed sowing produced increased yields. It is suggested that early spring growth, delayed flowering and reduced reflexion of radiation during flowering were important factors leading to the high yields achieved by late sowings. No interactions were found between sowing date and plant population density for any yield component in one experiment.
Changes in growth and yield components ofBrassica napusin response toAzotobacterinoculation at different rates of nitrogen application
Authors: Singh Prabhjeet , Bhargava S. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYInoculation ofBrassica napuscv. ISN–129 withAzotobacter chroococcumfollowing the application of different amounts of nitrogen produced the greatest increase in seed yield and total dry matter when no external nitrogen had been applied. The yield increase in response to inoculation could be attributed to a greater number of primary branches and pods, associated with a higher leaf area index, particularly at the pod-filling stage, and a faster crop growth rate.
Media, the Olympics and the Search for the “Real China”
Authors: Latham Kevin 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Beijing Olympics were about more than just sporting competition. They were about China and its role on the international stage. The Games were explicitly recognized for their role showcasing China's economic, technological, cultural, social and environmental achievements to the rest of the world. The Beijing Games were therefore inevitably going to lead to a process of contestation between competing representations, understandings and identifications of China, and a common motif of this process became the designation of what is or is not the “real China.” This article focuses on the notion of the “real China” and the debates and contestations surrounding it in Chinese and foreign media over the months running up to and during the Olympics. It will identify what these debates and contending claims about the “real China” may reveal for a broader understanding of the role of media in the country and our need to rethink our approaches to both.
The split of a working-class city: urban space, immigration and anarchism in inter-war Barcelona, 1914–1936
Authors: OYÓN JOSÉ LUIS 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBarcelona was the capital city of European anarchism during the inter-war years. The aim of this article is to discover the sociological and territorial features of the radicalized CNT (the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo), the anarchist union, which generated the summer 1936 revolution. By looking at the role of urban space as a variable in the collective processes of the working class the article argues that the unskilled recent immigrant worker and the neighbourhoods where this working-class figure was dominant were the key protagonists of revolutionary radicalism.
Survival of organic compounds in ejecta from hypervelocity impacts on ice
Authors: Bowden S.A. , Parnell J. , Burchell M.J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHypervelocity impacts (HVIs) where organic-bearing ice constitutes the target material are important in several aspects of planetary and space science: (1) sampling of planetary surfaces using a hypervelocity projectile to impact the surface and eject surface materials for measurement or collection by a spacecraft; (2) the transfer of organic material between planetary bodies; and (3) providing energy for chemical processes involving surface materials. While small organic molecules (~6 carbon atoms), if present in surface materials, will likely be present in HVI-ejecta, uncertainty remains for larger organic molecules. It is the larger molecular weight compounds which could constitute direct evidence of life, and thus their survival within an HVI-ejecta plume is of key importance when evaluating strategies for life detection on icy bodies. It is not currently known what large organic molecules, and in what concentrations, may be present on icy bodies in the Solar System, but it is highly likely some will be more chemically stable during a HVI than others. Accordingly, in this study we examined a range of chemicals (β,β carotene, stearic acid and anthracene) with molecular weights between 178 and 536 daltons, and three different types of chemical structure. The compounds were solvated in a dimethylsulfoxide/water mixture and frozen. The frozen targets were impacted with steel spheres 1 and 1.5 mm in diameter at velocities of about 4.9 km s−1. Ice ejected during the impact was collected and underwent chemical analysis. The most labile compound (β,β carotene) was only detected (in small amounts) in the ejecta (and only that emitted at the lowest angles of ejection), although the other compounds were present in larger quantities and at a range of ejection angles. A concentration gradient was observed within the ejecta as a function of angle of ejection. This was not the same for both stearic acid and anthracene: the greatest concentrations of stearic acid were found at shallow angles of ejection whereas anthracene was most abundant at both intermediate and large angles of ejection, implying an inverted concentration gradient. These observations may indicate that organic compounds are variably altered and destroyed during a HVI with ice and that the ejecta plume does not sample the original materials equally at all angles of ejection. Future work is planned and will evaluate fractional survival for a greater range of compound types, impact materials and velocities.
A Qualitative Exploration of Reasons for Poor Hand Hygiene Among Hospital Workers Lack of Positive Role Models and of Convincing Evidence That Hand Hygiene Prevents Cross-Infection
Authors: Erasmus V. , Brouwer W. , van Beeck E. F. , Oenema A. , Daha T. J. , Richardus J. H. , Vos M. C. , Brug J. 
Published: April 2009

Objective.To study potential determinants of hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in the hospital setting.Design.A qualitative study based on structured-interview guidelines, consisting of 9 focus group interviews involving 58 persons and 7 individual interviews. Interview transcripts were subjected to content analysis.Setting.Intensive care units and surgical departments of 5 hospitals of varying size in the Netherlands.Participants.A total of 65 nurses, attending physicians, medical residents, and medical students.Results.Nurses and medical students expressed the importance of hand hygiene for preventing of cross-infection among patients and themselves. Physicians expressed the importance of hand hygiene for self-protection, but they perceived that there is a lack of evidence that handwashing is effective in preventing cross-infection. All participants stated that personal beliefs about the efficacy of hand hygiene and examples and norms provided by senior hospital staff are of major importance for hand hygiene compliance. They further reported that hand hygiene is most often performed after tasks that they perceive to be dirty, and personal protection appeared to be more important for compliance that patient safety. Medical students explicitly mentioned that they copy the behavior of their superiors, which often leads to noncompliance during clinical practice. Physicians mentioned that their noncompliance arises from their belief that the evidence supporting the effectiveness of hand hygiene for prevention of hospital-acquired infections is not strong.Conclusion.The results indicate that beliefs about the importance of self-protection are the main reasons for performing hand hygiene. A lack of positive role models and social norms may hinder compliance.
A framework for modelling fish and shellfish responses to future climate change
Authors: Hollowed Anne Babcock , Bond Nicholas A. , Wilderbuer Thomas K. , Stockhausen William T. , A'mar Z. Teresa , Beamish Richard J. , Overland James E. , Schirripa Michael J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractHollowed, A. B., Bond, N. A., Wilderbuer, T. K., Stockhausen, W. T., A'mar, Z. T., Beamish, R. J., Overland, J. E., and Schirripa, M. J. 2009. A framework for modelling fish and shellfish responses to future climate change. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1584–1594. A framework is outlined for a unified approach to forecasting the implications of climate change on production of marine fish. The framework involves five steps: (i) identification of mechanisms underlying the reproductive success, growth, and distribution of major fish and shellfish populations, (ii) assessment of the feasibility of downscaling implications of climate scenarios derived from Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models for regional ecosystems to select and estimate relevant environmental variables, (iii) evaluation of climate model scenarios and select IPCC models that appear to provide valid representations of forcing for the region of study, (iv) extraction of environmental variables from climate scenarios and incorporation into projection models for fish and shellfish, and (v) evaluation of the mean, variance, and trend in fish and shellfish production under a changing ecosystem. This framework was applied to forecast summer sea surface temperature in the Bering Sea from 2001 to 2050. The mean summer surface temperature was predicted to increase by 2°C by 2050. The forecasting framework was also used to estimate the effects of climate change on production of northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) through projected changes in cross-shelf transport of larvae in the Bering Sea. Results suggest that climate change will lead to a modest increase in the production of strong year classes of northern rock sole.
Effects of prey concentration, light regime, and parental origin on growth and survival of herring larvae under controlled experimental conditions
Authors: Folkvord Arild , Høie Hans , Johannessen Arne , Solbakken Turid 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Folkvord, A., Høie, H., Johannessen, A., and Solbakken, T. 2009. Effects of prey concentration, light regime, and parental origin on growth and survival of herring larvae under controlled experimental conditions. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1702–1709. Experiments were undertaken to study the combined effects of environmental (prey concentration and photoperiod) and genetic (parental spawning season) factors on growth and survival of herring larvae. During the experimental period, constant prey concentrations were maintained at one of the two nominal levels, under either a spring or an autumn light regime. Eggs of one autumn-spawning North Sea Buchan female herring were fertilized either with cryopreserved sperm from three Norwegian spring-spawning males or with fresh sperm from three Buchan males. Larvae of the two groups (the hybrids marked with alizarin) were mixed in replicated treatment tanks, thus ensuring identical environmental conditions. Mean larval growth rates were mostly influenced by food availability, but the hybrids grew significantly faster than the pure autumn-spawned offspring. In addition, the hybrids experienced a survival advantage at low prey concentrations. Hybrid survival was also somewhat better at high prey concentrations under a spring photoperiod than the corresponding group under an autumn photoperiod, suggesting a possible genetic adaptation to seasonal light conditions. The experiment documents the viability beyond first-feeding of offspring from parents with different spawning periods. The results are discussed in relation to herring metapopulation structure.
Evaluation of insulin resistance in obese women with and without acanthosis nigricans
Authors: SADEGHIAN Giti , ZIAIE Hengameh , AMINI Masoud , ALI NILFROUSHZADEH Mohhamad 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTAcanthosis nigricans is characterized by hyperpigmented velvety plaques of body folds and neck. Insulin could be a responsible factor in the pathogenesis of this condition and hyperinsulinemia: a consequence of insulin resistance stimulates the formation of these characteristic plaques. In this study, insulin resistance was compared in obese women with and without acanthosis nigricans. This was a cross‐sectional study. Sixty‐six obese women (32 patients with acanthosis nigricans and 34 patients without acanthosis nigricans) were selected randomly. Levels of fasting serum insulin and fasting blood glucose were measured in both groups and insulin resistance was determined using homeostasis model assessment. Glucose tolerance test also was performed for all of participants. Five (15.6%) patients with acanthosis nigricans and no (0%) patient without acanthosis nigricans had insulin resistance (P < 0.05). Six (18.7%) patients with acanthosis nigricans and one (2.9%) patient without acanthosis nigricans had impaired glucose tolerance test (P < 0.05). The mean levels of fasting serum insulin were 15.7 ± 8.7 and 12.2 ± 4.1 µm/mL (P < 0.05) and the mean values of insulin resistance index were 3.5 ± 1.9 and 2.6 ± 0.9 µm/mL between patients with and without acanthosis nigricans, respectively (P < 0.05). In Iranian obese women, acanthosis nigricans is a marker of insulin resistance.
Risks and side‐effects of intrathecal morphine combined with spinal anaesthesia: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Gehling M. , Tryba M. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIntrathecal morphine is often used for postoperative analgesia after surgery. We performed a meta‐analysis to obtain more detailed information on the frequency of side‐effects in patients receiving intrathecal morphine in combination with spinal anaesthesia compared with placebo treated patients. We clustered the analysis to patients receiving placebo, less than morphine 0.3 mg (M < 0.3), or equal to or more than morphine 0.3 mg (M ≥ 0.3) and calculated the risk ratios of morphine vs placebo. Twenty‐eight studies investigating 46 morphine groups vs placebo were included. A total of 790 patients with intrathecal morphine and 524 patients who received placebo were analysed. Compared with placebo the lower dose of morphine resulted in an increase of nausea (RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.1–1.7), vomiting (RR 3.1, 95% CI 1.5–6.4) and pruritus (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.4–2.2). The higher dose resulted in an increased risk ratio for pruritus (RR 5.0, 95% CI 2.9–8.6), but not nausea (RR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9–1.6) or vomiting (RR 1.3, 95% CI 0.9–1.9). Overall, intrathecal morphine did not increase respiratory depression. However, the higher dose of intrathecal morphine was associated with more episodes of respiratory depression (7/80) compared with the lower dose (2/247). Intrathecal morphine is associated with a mild increase in side‐effects. With a dose < 0.3 mg we found there were no more episodes of respiratory depression than in placebo patients who received systemic opioid analgesia.
HIPK2 is involved in cell proliferation and its suppression promotes growth arrest independently of DNA damage
Authors: Iacovelli S. , Ciuffini L. , Lazzari C. , Bracaglia G. , Rinaldo C. , Prodosmo A. , Bartolazzi A. , Sacchi A. , Soddu S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractIntroduction/objectives:  The serine/threonine kinase homeodomain‐interacting protein kinase 2 (HIPK2) is a co‐regulator of an increasing number of transcription factors and cofactors involved in DNA damage response and development. We and others have cloned HIPK2 as an interactor of the p53 oncosuppressor, and have studied the role of this interaction in cell response to stress. Nevertheless, our original cloning of HIPK2 as a p53‐binding protein, was aimed at discovering partners of p53 involved in cell differentiation and development, still controversial p53 functions. To this aim, we used p53 as bait in yeast two‐hybrid screening of a cDNA library from mouse embryo (day 11 postcoitus) when p53 is highly expressed.Methods and results: In this study, we directly explored whether HIPK2 and p53 cooperate in cell differentiation. By measuring HIPK2 expression and activity in skeletal muscle and haemopoietic differentiation, we observed inverse behaviour of HIPK2 and p53 – excluding cooperation activity of these two factors in this event. However, by HIPK2 depletion experiments, we showed that drastic HIPK2 suppression promotes cell‐cycle arrest by induction of the cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor p21Waf‐1/Cip‐1. HIPK2 activity is independent of DNA damage and takes place in cell‐cycle‐arresting conditions, such as terminal differentiation, growth factor deprivation, and G0 resting.Conclusions:  HIPK2 was found to be involved in cell‐cycle regulation dependent on p21Waf‐1/Cip‐1 and independent of DNA damage.