bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of smoke-free policies in mental health
in-patient settings in England
Authors: Ratschen Elena , Britton John , McNeill Ann 
Published: May 2009

BackgroundMental health units in England had to become smoke-free by law from July
2008. Concerns regarding the implementation and enforcement of smoke-free
policies in these settings have been raised.AimsTo study difficulties and challenges associated with smoke-free policy
implementation in English National Health Service (NHS) mental health
settings.MethodQuestionnaire survey of all 72 English NHS trusts providing mental health
in-patient services and facilities, supplemented by semi-structured
telephone interviews at a systematic sample of 7 trusts and site visits
at a convenience sample of 5 trusts.ResultsQuestionnaires were returned by 79% of the trusts, all of whom had
implemented smoke-free policies. Most respondents (91%) believed that
mental health settings faced particular challenges, arising from the high
smoking prevalence among patients (81%), related safety risks (70%),
adverse effects on the clinician–patient relationship (36%), and
potential interactions with antipsychotic medication (34%). Interviews
indicated that sustained policy enforcement was perceived as difficult,
but that despite challenges and concerns, the impact of the policy was
regarded as beneficial, with some evidence of positive behavioural
changes occurring in people.ConclusionsMany mental health trusts across England have implemented comprehensive
smoke-free policies but the majority state that they are facing specific
difficulties. Challenges and concerns need to be explored in depth and
addressed to ensure that smoke-free policies implemented under the terms
of the Health Act in July 2008 are not undermined.
Effect of a single dose of citalopram on amygdala response to emotional faces
Authors: Murphy Susannah E. , Norbury Raymond , O'Sullivan Ursula , Cowen Philip J. , Harmer Catherine J. 
Published: May 2009

BackgroundSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are typically thought to have a delay of several weeks in the onset of their clinical effects. However, recent reports suggest they may have a much earlier therapeutic onset. A reduction in amygdala responsivity has been implicated in the therapeutic action of SSRIs.AimsTo investigate the effect of a single dose of an SSRI on the amygdala response to emotional faces.MethodTwenty-six healthy volunteers were randomised to receive a single oral dose of citalopram (20 mg) or placebo. Effects on the processing of facial expressions were assessed 3 h later using functional magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsVolunteers treated with citalopram displayed a significantly reduced amygdala response to fearful facial expressions compared with placebo.ConclusionsSuch an immediate effect of an SSRI on amygdala responses to threat supports the idea that antidepressants have an earlier onset of therapeutically relevant effects than conventionally thought.
The Glucose Transporter 2 Undergoes Plasma Membrane Endocytosis and Lysosomal Degradation in a Secretagogue-Dependent Manner
Authors: Hou June Chunqiu , Williams Dumaine , Vicogne Jérôme , Pessin Jeffrey E. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractIn β-cells of the pancreas, the glucose transporter (GLUT)-2 facilitative glucose transporter protein is localized to the plasma membrane and functions as part of the glucose sensing mechanism for the stimulation of insulin secretion. We observed that expressed GLUT2 protein in the cultured Min6B1 cell line undergoes enhanced endocytosis at high extracellular glucose concentrations that stimulate insulin secretion. Moreover, the internalized GLUT2 protein undergoes rapid degradation induced by chronic high-glucose or arginine stimulation but does not undergo plasma membrane recycling or accumulation in any microscopically apparent intracellular membrane compartment. The rapid degradation of GLUT2 was prevented by lysosomal inhibition (chloroquine) concomitant with the accumulation of GLUT2 in endomembrane structures. In contrast, neither endocytosis nor the lack of internal membrane localized GLUT2 remained completely unaffected by proteosomal inhibition (lactacystin) or an heat shock protein-90 inhibitor (geldanamycin). Moreover, the endocytosis and degradation of GLUT2 was specific for β-cells because expression of GLUT2 in 3T3L1 adipocytes remained cell surface localized and did not display a rapid rate of degradation. Together, these data demonstrate that hyperglycemia directly affects β-cell function and activates a trafficking pathway that results in the rapid endocytosis and degradation of the cell surface GLUT2 glucose transporter.
Receptors for Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Play a Protective Role against Obesity and Alter Adipose Tissue Macrophage Status
Authors: Pamir Nathalie , McMillen Timothy S. , Kaiyala Karl J. , Schwartz Michael W. , LeBoeuf Renée C. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
TNF-α signals through two receptors, TNFR1 and TNFR2. Our goals were: 1) determine the role of TNFRs in obesity and metabolic disease and 2) investigate whether TNFRs contribute to the link between obesity and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and polarization. R1−/−R2−/− (RKO) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed standard chow or a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFHS) over 14 wk. Body composition, food intake, and energy expenditure were measured. Oral glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity tests assessed glucose homeostasis. Adipose tissue and systemic inflammatory status were evaluated by quantifying plasma adipokine levels and macrophage-specific gene expression in fat. RKO mice were heavier (10%) and fatter (18%) than WT controls at 4 wk of age and were 26% heavier and 50% fatter than WT after 14 wk of HFHS diet feeding. Age- and diet-adjusted 24-h oxygen consumption, activity, and respiratory exchange ratio were significantly reduced in RKO mice. Obese RKO mice were markedly insulin resistant, suggesting that intact TNFR signaling is not required for the effect of obesity to impair glucose metabolism. Adipose tissue from HFHS-fed RKO mice exhibited increased macrophage infiltration, but compared with WT mice, macrophage phenotypic markers featured a predominance of antiinflammatory M2 over proinflammatory M1 cells. TNFRs play a physiological role to limit body weight and adiposity by modestly increasing metabolic rate and fatty acid oxidation, and they are required for obesity-induced activation of adipose tissue macrophages. Despite these effects, TNFRs are not required for obesity-induced insulin resistance.
Water exchange and permeability properties of the skin in three species of amphibious sea snakes (Laticauda spp.)
Authors: Lillywhite H. B. , Menon J. G. , Menon G. K. , Sheehy C. M. , Tu M. C. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY
Evolutionary transitions between different environmental media such as air and water pose special problems with respect to skin permeability because of the dramatic changes in the driving gradients and nature of water exchange processes. Also, during the transitional periods prior to complete adaptation to a new medium, the skin is exposed to two very different sets of environmental conditions. Here, we report new data for transepidermal evaporative water loss (TEWL) and cutaneous resistance to evaporative water loss (Rs) of sea snakes that are transitional in the sense of being amphibious and semi-terrestrial. We investigated three species of sea kraits (Elapidae: Laticaudinae) that are common to Orchid Island (Lanyu),Taiwan. Generally, Rs of all three species is lower than that characteristic of terrestrial/xeric species of snakes measured in other taxa. Within Laticauda, Rs is significantly greater (TEWL lower) in the more terrestrial species and lowest (TEWL highest)in the more aquatic species. Previously reported losses of water from snakes kept in seawater exhibit a reversed trend, with lower rates of loss in the more aquatic species. These data suggest selection for adaptive traits with respect to increasing exposure to the marine environment. Thus, a countergradient of traits is reflected in decreased TEWL in aerial environments and decreased net water efflux in marine environments, acting simultaneously in the three species. The pattern for TEWL correlates with ultrastructural evidence for increased lipogenesis in the stratum corneum of the more terrestrial species. The skin surfaces of all three species are hydrophobic. Species differences in this property possibly explain the pattern for water efflux when these snakes are in seawater, which remains to be investigated.
Substantial energy expenditure for locomotion in ciliates verified by means of simultaneous measurement of oxygen consumption rate and swimming speed
Authors: Katsu-Kimura Yumiko , Nakaya Fumio , Baba Shoji A. , Mogami Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY
In order to characterize the energy expenditure of Paramecium, we simultaneously measured the oxygen consumption rate, using an optic fluorescence oxygen sensor, and the swimming speed, which was evaluated by the optical slice method. The standard metabolic rate (SMR, the rate of energy consumption exclusively for physiological activities other than locomotion)was estimated to be 1.18×10–6 J h–1cell–1 by extrapolating the oxygen consumption rate into one at zero swimming speed. It was about 30% of the total energy consumed by the cell swimming at a mean speed of 1 mm s–1, indicating that a large amount of the metabolic energy (about 70% of the total) is consumed for propulsive activity only. The mechanical power liberated to the environment by swimming Paramecium was calculated on the basis of Stokes' law. This power, termed Stokes power, was 2.2×10–9 J h–1 cell–1, indicating extremely low efficiency (0.078%) in the conversion of metabolic power to propulsion. Analysis of the cost of transport (COT, the energy expenditure for translocation per units of mass and distance) revealed that the efficiency of energy expenditure in swimming increases with speed rather than having an optimum value within a wide range of forced swimming, as is generally found in fish swimming. These characteristics of energy expenditure would be unique to microorganisms, including Paramecium, living in a viscous environment where large dissipation of the kinetic energy is inevitable due to the interaction with the surrounding water.
Isolation of Tributyltin-Degrading BacteriaCitrobacter braakiiandEnterobacter cloacaefrom Butyltin-Polluted Sediment
Authors: Sakultantimetha A. , Keenan H. E. , Dyer M. , Beattie T. K. , Bangkedphol S. , Songsasen A. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractTributyltin compound (TBT) released into the aquatic environment is generally degraded by bacteria in water and sediment. The isolation of TBT-degrading bacteria from TBT polluted sediment leads to the indication of specific potential TBT degraders. Two new strains of bacteria designated as B2 and B3 were successfully isolated using glycerol medium containing tributyltin chloride (TBTC) at 130 μM from contaminated sediment collected from Bowling Basin in Glasgow. The observed degradation after 14 days of the microcosm from the sediment and the isolated bacteria were investigated at an initial concentration of 1 μM TBTC. It was found that TBT was degraded by the bacterial strains B2 and B3 at 8.3 and 16.9 %, respectively. The results indicate that B2 and B3 are effective as TBT degraders. EC50 of B2 and B3 in water were 88.73 and 112.53 μM TBTC, which were significantly higher than the concentration of TBT measured at the basin, suggesting a low effect of TBT on the growth and activity of bacteria. After identification using API 20E and 16S sequencing, the bacterial isolate strain B2 is Citrobacter braakii and B3 is Enterobacter cloacae. Therefore, this study has discovered two species of high resistance TBT degrader which have never been previously studied or isolated based upon TBT degradation ability.
Optimalsteuerung kooperierender MehrfahrzeugsystemeOptimal Control of Cooperative Multi-Vehicle Systems
Authors: Reinl Christian , Glocker Markus , von Stryk Oskar 
Published: May 2009

Zusammenfassung
Nichtlineare hybride dynamische Systemmodelle kooperativer Optimalsteuerungsprobleme ermöglichen eine enge und formale Kopplung von diskreter und kontinuierlicher Zustandsdynamik, d. h. von dynamischer Rollen-, Aktionszuweisung mit wechselnder physikalischer Bewegungsdynamik. In den resultierenden gemischt-ganzzahligen Mehrphasen-Optimalsteuerungsproblemen können Beschränkungen an diskrete und kontinuierliche Zustands- und Steuervariablen berücksichtigt werden, z. B. Formations- oder Kommunikationsanforderungen. Zwei numerische Verfahren werden untersucht: ein Dekompositionsansatz mit Branch-and-Bound und direktem Kollokationsverfahren sowie die Approximation durch große gemischt-ganzzahlige lineare Optimierungsaufgaben. Die Verfahren werden auf exemplarische Problemstellungen angewendet: Die simultane Wegpunktreihenfolge- und Trajektorienoptimierung von Luftfahrzeugen sowie die Optimierung von Rollenverteilung und Trajektorien im Roboterfußball.
Reduction in Mortality Associated with Statin Therapy in Patients with Severe Sepsis
Authors: Dobesh Paul P. , Klepser Donald G. , McGuire Timothy R. , Morgan Craig W. , Olsen Keith M. 
Published: May 2009

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) on mortality in patients with severe sepsis.Design. Retrospective cohort study.Setting. Intensive care unit (ICU) of an academic medical center.Patients. One hundred eighty‐eight patients aged 40 years or older with a diagnosis of severe sepsis and an ICU stay between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006.Measurements and Main Results. Patient demographic data, statin use, and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II scores at the time of sepsis diagnosis were collected from the patient database. We used a multivariable logistic regression model to evaluate the association between statin use and in‐hospital all‐cause mortality after controlling for age, sex, and severity of illness. Of the 188 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 60 (32%) had statin exposure. Patients receiving statins were similar in age, sex, and APACHE II scores to those not receiving statins. In the univariable comparison, the statin group had a 35% relative reduction in mortality compared with the nonstatin group (mortality rate 31.7% vs 48.4%, p=0.040). Most of the mortality reduction attributed to statins occurred in patients with APACHE II scores higher than 24 (mortality rate 32.3% vs 57.5%, p=0.031), with a minimal mortality difference in patients with APACHE II scores of 24 or lower (31% vs 36.4%, p=0.810). In the multivariable regression model, statin use had a protective effect (odds ratio [OR] 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.21‐0.84, p=0.014), whereas increasing age (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01‐1.06, p=0.013) and higher APACHE II score (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.05‐1.18, p=0.001) were associated with increased mortality.Conclusion. The use of statins was associated with a protective effect in patients with severe sepsis, as demonstrated by a significant reduction in mortality compared with patients not receiving statins.
Pitch and Longitudinal Fluting Effects on the Primary Stability of Miniscrew Implants
Authors: Brinley Christine L. , Behrents Rolf , Kim Ki Beom , Condoor Sridhar , Kyung Hee-Moon , Buschang Peter H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjective: To test the hypotheses that pitch and fluting have no effect on the primary stability of miniscrew implants (MSIs).Materials and Methods: Maximum placement torque and pullout strength of experimental MSIs were compared with those of control MSIs with the use of synthetic and cadaver bone. MSIs with 1.00 mm pitch were compared with those with 1.25 mm and 0.75 mm pitch; MSIs with three longitudinal flutes were compared with the same MSIs without flutes. A total of 60 MSIs (15 of each design) were evaluated with synthetic bone; a split-mouth cadaver model was used to compare the three experimental designs against the 1 mm control MSIs (total of 90 MSIs).Results: The synthetic bone model showed higher placement torque and pullout strength for the 0.75 pitch than for the 1.0 mm and 1.25 mm pitch MSIs, but differences were significant (P &lt; .05) only for pullout strength. The cadaver model showed no significant differences in placement torque or pullout strength associated with pitch. Both synthetic and cadaver bone models showed that MSIs with flutes had significantly (P &lt; .05) higher placement torque and pullout strength. Spearman correlations between placement torque and pullout strength were statistically significant for both synthetic (r = .504) and cadaver (r = .502) bone.Conclusion: Within limits, decreasing MSI pitch increases pullout strength, and fluting increases both placement torque and pullout strength.
Effects of Mandibular Advancement plus Prohibition of Lower Incisor Movement on Mandibular Growth in Rats
Authors: Taira Koji , Iino Shoichiro , Kubota Takeshi , Fukunaga Tomohiro , Miyawaki Shouichi 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
Introduction: To test the hypothesis that mandibular advancement with the use of a fixed functional appliance combined with prohibition of labial movement of the lower incisors will have no effect on mandibular growth in growing rats.
Materials and Methods: Fifteen 4-week-old male rats were divided into fixed, unfixed, and control groups (n = 5, each). Bite-jumping appliances were used in the fixed and unfixed groups. Sites of bone perforation and the lower incisors were connected with ligature wires in the fixed group. The ramus height, mandibular length, and inclination of lower incisors were examined for 4 weeks, and those values were compared among five intervals and three groups by through one-way analysis of variance models and the Bonferroni multiple comparison test for post hoc comparison.
Results: Increases in ramus height and mandibular length during the experimental period were 1.5 mm and 2.5 mm in the fixed group, 1 mm and 1.5 mm in the unfixed group, and 1.2 mm and 1.9 mm in the control group, respectively. Growth of ramus height and growth of mandibular length in the fixed group were greater than in the unfixed and control groups during the experimental period. The inclination of lower incisors in the unfixed group was increased 8.0 degrees throughout the experimental period, which differed from results obtained in the other groups.
Conclusions: Mandibular growth was accelerated effectively before and during the pubertal period in rats by mandibular advancement with a fixed functional appliance combined with prohibition of labial movement of the lower incisor.
Individual Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 Expression Modulates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation in Human Myotubes and Is Associated With Skeletal Muscle Lipid Storage and Insulin Sensitivity In Vivo
Authors: Peter Andreas , Weigert Cora , Staiger Harald , Machicao Fausto , Schick Fritz , Machann Jürgen , Stefan Norbert , Thamer Claus , Häring Hans-Ulrich , Schleicher Erwin 
Published: May 2009

OBJECTIVE
Increased plasma levels of free fatty acids occur in obesity and type 2 diabetes and contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) such as palmitate especially have lipotoxic effects leading to endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) plays a key role in preventing lipotoxic effects, as it converts SFAs to less harmful monounsaturated fatty acids. Here, we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in the regulation of SCD1 expression by palmitate exist and influence insulin sensitivity and the cellular response to palmitate.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Palmitate-induced gene expression was studied in primary human myotubes of 39 metabolically characterized individuals, as well as in an SCD1-overexpressing cell culture model.

RESULTS
SCD1 mRNA expression and inducibility by palmitate in cultured myotubes showed a broad interindividual variation, presumably due to inheritable characteristics of the donors. Overexpression of SCD1 prevented the inflammatory and ER stress response to palmitate exposure. In primary human myotubes, high SCD1 inducibility was associated with a low inflammatory (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, and chemokine [CXC motif] ligand 3 [CXCL3]) and ER stress (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein [C/EBP] homologous protein, activating transcription factor 3 [ATF3], and X-box binding protein 1 [XBP1]) response to palmitate exposure. Finally, palmitate-stimulated SCD1 mRNA expression, positively correlated with intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) content of the donors, was measured by 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy. After adjustment for IMCL, SCD1 expression and inducibility were positively correlated with insulin sensitivity.

CONCLUSIONS
We hypothesize that myocellular SCD1 inducibility by palmitate is an individual characteristic that modulates lipid storage, palmitate-induced inflammation, ER stress, and insulin resistance. This may describe individuals with increased capability of innoxious free fatty acid handling and benign triglyceride storage.
Effect of tumor removal on tinnitus in patients with vestibular schwannoma
Authors: Kameda Katsuharu , Shono Tadahisa , Hashiguchi Kimiaki , Yoshida Fumiaki , Sasaki Tomio 
Published: May 2009

Object
Tinnitus is one of the most common symptoms in patients with vestibular schwannomas (VSs), but the effect of surgery on this symptom has not been fully evaluated. The aim of this study was to define the effect on tinnitus of tumor removal, cochlear nerve resection, and useful hearing preservation in patients with VSs.

Methods
The authors retrospectively analyzed the status of tinnitus before and after surgery in 242 patients with unilateral VSs who underwent surgery via the retrosigmoid lateral suboccipital approach.

Results
Of 242 patients, 171 (70.7%) complained of tinnitus before surgery; the symptom disappeared in 25.2%, improved in 33.3%, remained unchanged in 31.6%, and worsened in 9.9% of these cases after tumor removal. In the 171 patients with preoperative tinnitus, the cochlear nerve was resected in 85 (49.7%) and preserved in 86 (50.3%), but there was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative tinnitus between these 2 groups (p = 0.293). In the 71 patients without preoperative tinnitus, the symptom developed postoperatively in 6 cases (8.5%). Among those without preoperative tinnitus, the cochlear nerve was resected in 45 cases (63.4%) and tinnitus appeared postoperatively in 3 (6.7%). The authors also analyzed the association between postoperative tinnitus and useful hearing preservation, but could not find any statistically significant association between the 2 factors (p = 0.153).

Conclusions
Tumor removal via the retrosigmoid lateral suboccipital approach may provide some chance for improvement of tinnitus in patients with VSs; however, neither cochlear nerve resection nor useful hearing preservation affects the postoperative development of tinnitus.