bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Samarqand’s Rigestān and its Architectural Meanings
Authors: Rahmatullaeva Sulhiniso 
Published: January 2011

AbstractThe article focuses on the central plaza of the city of Samarqand, the seat of Transoxiana under the Sogdians and again under the Timurids. The earliest edifice on the Rigestān square is an early fifteenth-century madrasa named after the Timurid prince-scholar Ulugh Beg. Although the capital was transferred to Bukhara after the final conquest of Samarqand by the Uzbeks in 1500, the Shaibanids and their successors, the Ashtarkhanids, continued to embellish Samarqand with more imperial constructions. The Rigestān thus received its final form with two additional madrasas, the Shirdār and the Talākāri, by 1660. The article aims at describing and evaluating these structures and their architectural details, vis-à-vis the latest scholarship on art history.
Modulation of human trigeminal and extracranial nociceptive processing by transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex
Authors: Hansen Niels , Obermann Mark , Poitz Franziska , Holle Dagny , Diener Hans-Christoph , Antal Andrea , Paulus Walter , Katsarava Zaza 
Published: January 2011

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the after-effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the human primary motor cortex (M1) on trigeminal and extracranial nociceptive processing. Basic procedures: Nineteen healthy volunteers were stimulated using cathodal, anodal (both 1 mA) or sham tDCS for 20 minutes. Pain processing was assessed by recording trigeminal and extracranial pain-related evoked potentials (PREPs) following electrical stimulation of the contralateral forehead and hand at baseline, 0, 20 and 50 minutes post-tDCS. Main findings: Cathodal tDCS resulted in decreased peak-to-peak amplitudes (PPAs) by 18% while anodal tDCS lead to increased PPAs of PREPs by 35% ( p < .05). Principal conclusions: The decreased PPAs suggest an inhibition and the increased PPAs of PREPs suggest an excitation of trigeminal and extracranial pain processing induced by tDCS of the M1. These results may provide evidence for the effectiveness of tDCS as a therapeutic instrument in treating headache disorders.
High Prevalence of Pelvic and Hip Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Asymptomatic Collegiate and Professional Hockey Players
Authors: Silvis Matthew L. , Mosher Timothy J. , Smetana Brandon S. , Chinchilli Vernon M. , Flemming Donald J. , Walker Eric A. , Black Kevin P. 
Published: January 2011

Background: Prior retrospective studies have reported magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of common adductor–abdominal rectus enthesopathy and acetabular labral tear in athletes treated for athletic pubalgia and hip pain. The true prevalence of these findings and association with symptoms in this population is unknown. Purpose: This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of pelvic and hip MRI findings and association with clinical symptoms in professional and collegiate hockey players. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The study included 21 professional and 18 collegiate hockey players. Self-reported symptoms were measured using a modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Participants underwent 3-T MRI evaluation of the pelvis and hips. The MRI scans were interpreted independently by 3 musculoskeletal radiologists in 2 sessions separated by 3 months using a 5-point Likert scale to assess for features associated with common adductor–abdominal rectus dysfunction and hip pathology. To estimate prevalence, MRI findings rated 4 or higher on 4 of the 6 interpretations were considered positive. A variance component analysis was applied to determine intrareader and interreader reliability and the lower 95% confidence limits (CLs). Results: No participants reported symptoms related to pelvic or hip disorders. The MRI findings of common adductor–abdominal rectus dysfunction were observed in 14 of 39 participants (36%) and hip pathologic changes in 25 of 39 (64%). There was moderate agreement between readings, with intrareader and interreader reliabilities ranging from 0.37 to 1.00. The interreader reliability was less for evaluation of hip pathologic abnormalities than for groin pathologic abnormalities, with the lowest reliability observed in reporting of hip osteochondral lesions (0.37 with lower 95% CL of 0.22) and fluid in the primary cleft (0.45 with lower 95% CL of 0.29) and perfect reliability in the absence of effusion and abdominal rectus tendon tears. Overall, 30 of 39 (77%) asymptomatic hockey players demonstrated MRI findings of hip or groin pathologic abnormalities. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of MRI findings in asymptomatic hockey players, it is necessary to cautiously interpret the significance of these findings in association with clinical presentation. Future investigations will determine whether these asymptomatic findings predict future disabilities.
Further challenges to medical dominance? The case of nurse and pharmacist supplementary prescribing
Authors: Cooper Richard J. , Bissell Paul , Ward Paul , Murphy Elizabeth , Anderson Claire , Avery Tony , James Veronica , Lymn Jo , Guillaume Louise , Hutchinson Allen , Ratcliffe Julie 
Published: January 2011

Doctors have traditionally been viewed as the dominant healthcare profession, with the authority to prescribe medicines, but recent non-medical prescribing initiatives have been viewed as possible challenges to such dominance. Using the example of the introduction of supplementary prescribing in the UK, this study sought to explore whether such initiatives represent a challenge to medical authority. Ten case study sites in England involving primary and secondary care and a range of clinical areas were used to undertake a total of 77 observations of supplementary prescribing consultations and interviews with 28 patients, 11 doctors and nurse and pharmacist prescribers at each site. Supplementary prescribing was viewed positively by all participants but several doctors and patients appeared to lack awareness and understanding of supplementary prescribing. Continued medical authority was supported empirically in five areas: patients’ and supplementary prescribers’ perception of doctors as being hierarchically superior; doctors legitimation of nurses’ and pharmacists’ prescribing initially; doctors’ belief that they could control (particularly nurses’) access to prescribing training; supplementary prescribers’ frequent recourse to use doctors’ advice, coupled with doctors’ encouragement of such ‘knock on door’ prescribing advice policies; doctors’ denigration of most routine prescribing but claims that diagnosis was more skilled and key to medicine. Supplementary prescribing appeared to be successfully accomplished in practice in a range of clinical settings and was acceptable to all involved but did not ultimately challenge medical dominance. However, more recent nurse and pharmacist independent prescribing (involving diagnosis) may represent a more significant threat.
Infant antibiotic use and wheeze and asthma risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Penders J. , Kummeling I. , Thijs C. 
Published: January 2011

Our aim was to systematically review and meta-analyse longitudinal studies on antibiotic use and subsequent development of wheeze and/or asthma with regards to study quality, outcome measurement, reverse causation (RC; wheezing/asthma symptoms have caused prescription of antibiotics) and confounding by indication (CbI; respiratory tract infections leading to antibiotic use may be the underlying cause triggering asthma symptom development).English-language papers and studies published before November 1, 2010 with longitudinal observational design were included. Study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale.We identified 21 longitudinal studies. The effect of antibiotic use on wheeze/asthma risk varied between studies. 18 studies were eligible for meta-analysis showing pooled OR 1.27 (95% CI 1.12–1.43) for wheeze/asthma. When we eliminated studies with possible RC and CbI, the pooled risk estimate in the nine remaining studies was attenuated to OR 1.12 (95% CI 0.98–1.26). Definition of wheeze/asthma and age at follow-up differed between studies. Three studies focused on wheeze/asthma beyond 5–6 yrs of age with the presence of active symptoms and/or medication (pooled OR 1.08, 95% CI 0.93–1.23; dominated by one study).RC and CbI lead to overestimation of the association between antibiotic use and subsequent development of wheeze/asthma. Association was weak when fully adjusted for these types of bias. Heterogeneity of disease definition between studies could affect the results.
The mononuclear phagocyte system of the pig as a model for understanding human innate immunity and disease
Authors: Fairbairn Lynsey , Kapetanovic Ronan , Sester David P , Hume David A 
Published: January 2011

ABSTRACTThe biology of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system has been studied extensively in the mouse. Studies of the pig as an experimental model have commonly been consigned to specialist animal science journals. In this review, we consider some of the many ways in which the innate immune systems of humans differ from those of mice, the ways that pigs may address the shortcomings of mice as models for the study of macrophage differentiation and activation in vitro, and the biology of sepsis and other pathologies in the living animal. With the completion of the genome sequence and the characterization of many key regulators and markers, the pig has emerged as a tractable model of human innate immunity and disease that should address the limited, predictive value of rodents in preclinical studies.
Assessment of Local Hemodynamics in Periodontal Inflammation Using Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Ge Zili , Liu Kan‐Zhi , Xiang Xiaoming , Yang Qing , Hui Jianhua , Kohlenberg Elicia , Sowa Michael G. 
Published: January 2011

Background:Among the newly emerging diagnostic approaches for periodontitis, optical spectroscopy is a promising complementary diagnostic tool. The objective of this study is to verify the reproducibility of this method at a geographically distinct location (Suzhou, China) to a broader patient population using similar instrumentation to that in a previous report.Methods:Using a portable optical near‐infrared spectrometer, optical spectra were obtained, processed, and evaluated from healthy (n = 62), gingivitis (n = 98), and periodontitis (n = 47) sites from a total of 51 patients. A modified Beer‐Lambert unmixing model that incorporates a non‐parametric scattering loss function was used to determine the relative contribution of oxyhemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin to the overall spectrum. The balance between tissue oxygen delivery and oxygen use in periodontal tissues was then assessed.Results:Tissue oxygenation decreased significantly from healthy sites to sites with gingivitis (P<0.01) and between gingivitis and periodontitis (P= 0.015). This is largely caused by a significant increase in deoxyhemoglobin between normal and gingivitis (P<0.01) and a concomitant decrease in oxyhemoglobin between gingivitis and periodontitis (P= 0.02).Conclusion:This study supports previous findings that tissue oxygenation as measured by optical spectroscopy is significantly decreased in periodontitis and that optical spectroscopy can simultaneously determine multiple inflammatory indices related to periodontal disease directly in gingival tissues in vivo.
A Novel Approach to Prevention for At-Risk HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men: Creating a Teachable Moment to Promote Informed Sexual Decision-Making
Authors: Eaton Lisa A. , Cherry Chauncey , Cain Demetria , Pope Howard 
Published: January 2011

Objectives. As a result of the impact of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM), multiple strategies for reducing HIV risks have emerged from within the gay community. One common HIV risk reduction strategy limits unprotected sex partners to those who are of the same HIV status (serosorting). We tested a novel, brief, one-on-one intervention, based on informed decision-making and delivered by peer counselors, designed to address the limitations of serosorting (e.g., risk for HIV transmission). Methods. In 2009, we recruited a group of 149 at-risk men living in Atlanta, Georgia, and randomly assigned them to an intervention condition addressing serosorting or a standard-of-care control condition. Results. Men in the serosorting intervention reported fewer sexual partners (Wald χ2 = 8.79, P < .01) at the study follow-ups. Behavioral results were also consistent with changes in psychosocial variables, including condom use self-efficacy and perceptions of risk for HIV transmission. Conclusions. With the current intervention, service providers can offer risk reduction for men arguably at the highest risk for HIV infection in the United States. Addressing risks associated with serosorting in a feasible, low-cost intervention has the potential to significantly affect the HIV epidemic.
A Population-Based Assessment of the Health of Homeless Families in New York City, 2001–2003
Authors: Kerker Bonnie D. , Bainbridge Jay , Kennedy Joseph , Bennani Yussef , Agerton Tracy , Marder Dova , Forgione Lisa , Faciano Andrew , Thorpe Lorna E. 
Published: January 2011

Objectives. We compared estimated population-based health outcomes for New York City (NYC) homeless families with NYC residents overall and in low-income neighborhoods. Methods. We matched a NYC family shelter user registry to mortality, tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, and blood lead test registries maintained by the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (2001–2003). Results. Overall adult age-adjusted death rates were similar among the 3 populations. HIV/AIDS and substance-use deaths were 3 and 5 times higher for homeless adults than for the general population; only substance-use deaths were higher than for low-income adults. Children who experienced homelessness appeared to be at an elevated risk of mortality (41.3 vs 22.5 per 100 000; P < .05). Seven in 10 adult and child deaths occurred outside shelter. Adult HIV/AIDS diagnosis rates were more than twice citywide rates but comparable with low-income rates, whereas tuberculosis rates were 3 times higher than in both populations. Homeless children had lower blood lead testing rates and a higher proportion of lead levels over 10 micrograms per deciliter than did both comparison populations. Conclusions. Morbidity and mortality levels were comparable between homeless and low-income adults; homeless children's slightly higher risk on some measures possibly reflects the impact of poverty and poor-quality, unstable housing.
The Inverse Benefit Law: How Drug Marketing Undermines Patient Safety and Public Health
Authors: Brody Howard , Light Donald W. 
Published: January 2011

Recent highly publicized withdrawals of drugs from the market because of safety concerns raise the question of whether these events are random failures or part of a recurring pattern. The inverse benefit law, inspired by Hart's inverse care law, states that the ratio of benefits to harms among patients taking new drugs tends to vary inversely with how extensively the drugs are marketed. The law is manifested through 6 basic marketing strategies: reducing thresholds for diagnosing disease, relying on surrogate endpoints, exaggerating safety claims, exaggerating efficacy claims, creating new diseases, and encouraging unapproved uses. The inverse benefit law highlights the need for comparative effectiveness research and other reforms to improve evidence-based prescribing.
Antinatriuretic Effect of Vasopressin in Humans Is Amiloride Sensitive, Thus ENaC Dependent
Authors: Blanchard Anne , Frank Michael , Wuerzner Grégoire , Peyrard Severine , Bankir Lise , Jeunemaitre Xavier , Azizi Michel 
Published: January 2011

Summary

Background and objectives
Acute infusion of the potent V2 receptor agonist 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (dDAVP) reduces sodium excretion in humans, through an effect attributed to the stimulation of the amiloride sensitive epithelial sodium channel, ENaC, in ex vivo/in vivo experiments. We investigated in humans whether the antinatriuretic effect of dDAVP is sensitive to amiloride, a specific blocker of ENaC.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
Forty-eight healthy normotensive adult men were assigned to a high Na/low K (250/40 mmol/d) diet, to suppress aldosterone secretion. dDAVP (4-μg intravenous bolus followed by 4 μg over 2 hours) was administrated before and after a 7-day administration of 20 mg/d amiloride. Urine and blood samples were collected before and at the end of the dDAVP infusion, to measure Na, K, creatinine, and osmolality concentrations.

Results
dDAVP alone decreased the urinary flow rate by 75% and the sodium excretion rate by 19% despite an increase in creatinine clearance by 38 ml/min. Potassium excretion rate was unchanged and the urinary Na/K ratio decreased by 18%. Seven-day amiloride administration had no effect on the dDAVP-induced decrease in the urinary flow rate (−71%) nor on the dDAVP-induced increase in creatinine clearance (+35 ml/min), but it fully prevented the dDAVP-induced decrease in both urinary sodium excretion (+1%) and urinary Na/K ratio (+21%).

Conclusions
The antinatriuretic effect of dDAVP in humans is amiloride sensitive, and thus is related to the stimulatory effect on ENaC-mediated sodium reabsorption. This test provides a new tool to investigate ENaC function in a clinical setting.
Wall effects on terminal falling velocity of spherical particles moving in a Carreau model fluid
Authors: Strnadel Jaroslav , Simon Miloslav , Machač Ivan 
Published: January 2011

AbstractExperimental verification of our previous numerical simulation of wall effects on the terminal falling velocity of spherical particles moving slowly along the axis of a cylindrical vessel filled with a Carreau model fluid is presented. Dependences of the wall correction factor F W on the sphere to tube ratio d/D and on the dimensionless Carreau model parameters m, Λ, and η r were obtained using a finite element method. Calculated data of the wall correction factor were compared with the results of our new falling sphere experiments. The experiments were carried out in six types of cylindrical Perspex columns (16 mm, 21 mm, 26 mm, 34 mm, 40 mm, and 90 mm in diameter) filled with aqueous solutions of polymers exhibiting different degrees of shear thinning and elasticity. Seventeen types of spherical particles (1–8 mm in diameter) made of glass, ceramics, steel, lead, and tungsten carbide were used for the drop tests. Measurements of the liquid flow curves, primary normal stress differences, oscillatory, creep and recovery, stress relaxation, and stress growth tests were carried out on the rheometer Haake MARS (Thermo Scientific). A good agreement between numerically and experimentally obtained F W data was found.
Factors affecting lateral mass screw placement at C-7
Authors: Abdullah Kalil G. , Nowacki Amy S. , Steinmetz Michael P. , Wang Jeffrey C. , Mroz Thomas E. 
Published: January 2011

Object
The C-7 lateral mass has been considered difficult to fit with instrumentation because of its unique anatomy. Of the methods that exist for placing lateral mass screws, none particularly accommodates this anatomical variation. The authors have related 12 distinct morphological measures of the C-7 lateral mass to the ability to place a lateral mass screw using the Magerl, Roy-Camille, and a modified Roy-Camille method.

Methods
Using CT scans, the authors performed virtual screw placement of lateral mass screws at the C-7 level in 25 male and 25 female patients. Complications recorded included foraminal and articular process violations, inability to achieve bony purchase, and inability to place a screw longer than 6 mm. Violations were monitored in the coronal, axial, and sagittal planes. The Roy-Camille technique was applied starting directly in the middle of the lateral mass, as defined by Pait's quadrants, with an axial angle of 15° lateral and a sagittal angle of 90°. The Magerl technique was performed by starting in the inferior portion of the top right square of Pait's quadrants and angling 25° laterally in the axial plane with a 45° cephalad angle in the sagittal plane. In a modified method, the starting point is similar to the Magerl technique in the top right square of Pait's quadrant and then angling 15° laterally in the axial plane. In the sagittal plane, a 90° angle is taken perpendicular to the dorsal portion of the lateral mass, as in the traditional Roy-Camille technique.

Results
Of all the morphological methods analyzed, only a combined measure of intrusion of the T-1 facet and the overall length of the C-7 lateral mass was statistically associated with screw placement, and only in the Roy-Camille technique. Use of the Magerl technique allowed screw placement in 28 patients; use of the Roy-Camille technique allowed placement in 24 patients; and use of the modified technique allowed placement in 46 patients. No screw placement by any method was possible in 4 patients.

Conclusions
There is only one distinct anatomical ratio that was shown to affect lateral mass screw placement at C-7. This ratio incorporates the overall length of the lateral mass and the amount of space occupied by the T-1 facet at C-7. Based on this virtual study, a modified Roy-Camille technique that utilizes a higher starting point may decrease the complication rate at C-7 by avoiding placement of the lateral mass screw into the T1 facet.
A Concise Overview of Applications of Ant Colony Optimization
Authors: Stützle Thomas , López‐Ibáñez Manuel , Dorigo Marco 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAnt colony optimization (ACO) is a metaheuristic for solving hard combinatorial (discrete) optimization problems; it is inspired by the foraging behavior of real ants. Despite being a rather recent technique, the number of applications of ACO algorithms is very large. Most applications of ACO deal with NP‐hard combinatorial optimization problems, that is, with problems for which no polynomial time algorithms are known. ACO algorithms have also been extended to handle problems with multiple objectives, stochastic data, and dynamically changing problem information. There are, as well, extensions of the ACO metaheuristic for dealing with problems with continuous decision variables.This chapter provides a concise overview of the most noteworthy applications of ACO algorithms. This overview is necessarily incomplete because the number of currently available ACO applications goes into the hundreds. Our description of the applications extends with many recent examples the list proposed in 2004 by Dorigo and Stützle in their book on ACO.
Aggregate Planning
Authors: Swihart Mike 
Published: January 2011

Abstract
Aggregate planning creates a high level plan that has been simplified by combining a number of entities into a single entity. This article focuses on strategic situations in supply chains where it is used for developing models for many scenarios that inform strategic decisions. The reason why aggregate planning is used is because all details are not required for the solution or it is used where details cannot be included because the construction would be too complex or the time to optimize would be too long in duration.
The mathematical approach behind aggregate planning is a linear program (LP) or a mixed integer program (MIP). This type of problem is well solved. Stand‐alone PC‐based software is usually employed, this addresses the basic mathematical needs.
There are several areas where problems can arise. The first area is in the application of the mathematics itself. Other areas are in the business processes, the data processes, and the decision processes. These areas are more likely to be the source of challenges than the mathematics.