bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Familles et écoles dans un monde de diversité : au-delà des malentendus
Authors: Changkakoti Nilima , Akkari Abdeljalil 
Published: July 2012

Dans le cadre plus large des relations familles-écoles, cet article aborde la problématique des rapports entre l’école et des parents porteurs de cultures différentes de celle qui inspire la forme scolaire à laquelle leurs enfants sont confrontés. Pour ce faire, nous allons nous référer à des recherches effectuées dans des contextes renvoyant à différentes conceptions de la mission de l’école et différentes visions de l’intégration des gens venus d’ailleurs : les États-Unis, le Canada (Québec), la France et la Suisse. L’article éclaire l’importance, pour la famille et l’école, de construire des relations fortes.
Éducation à la citoyenneté et démocratie délibérative en classe d’histoire : dangers et précautions
Authors: Lefrançois David , Éthier2 Marc-André 
Published: July 2012

Selon le curriculum québécois, au secondaire, la classe d’histoire formera les citoyens aux démarches et opérations de la pensée historique, leur permettant de prendre l’initiative de délibérations publiques sur des questions sociales, politiques ou économiques qui les touchent, et d’y participer de façon égale, critique et effective. L’article soulève deux problèmes, l’élitisme et la dictature de la majorité, souvent induits par la transposition interne de la démocratie délibérative, qui cimentent ou perpétuent les inégalités que la délibération doit pourtant résorber ; il étudie des précautions à prendre contre ces dangers.
Technological Self-Help and Equality in Cyberspace
Authors: Chandler Jennifer A. 
Published: July 2012

New technologies challenge the law in many ways, for example, they extend one’s capacity to harm others and to defend oneself from harm by others. These changes require the law to decide whether we have legal rights to be free from those harms, and whether we may react against those harms extrajudicially through some form of self-help (e.g., self-defence or defence of third parties) or whether we must resort to legal mechanisms alone. These questions have been challenging to answer in the cyberspace context, where new interests and new harms have emerged. The legal limits on permissible self-defence have historically been a function of necessity and proportionality to the threat.
However, this article argues that case law and historical commentary reveal that equality between individuals is also an important policy issue underlying the limits on self-defence. The use of technologies in self-defence brings the question of equality to the fore since technologies may sometimes neutralize an inequality in strength between an attacker and a defender. A legal approach that limits resort to technological tools in self-defence would ratify and preserve that inequality.
However, the relationship between technology and human equality is complex, and this article proposes an analytical structure for understanding it. The objective is to understand which technologies promote equality while imposing the least social costs when used in self-defence. The article proposes principles (including explicit consideration of the effects on equality) for setting limits on technological self-help, and illustrates their use by applying them to several forms of cyberspace counter-strikes against hackers, phishers, spammers, and peer-to-peer networks.
L’exercice des parentés et la transmission des savoirs relationnels
Authors: Dupré Florence 
Published: July 2012

Le développement et la systématisation de l’utilisation des réseaux Internet dans l’Arctique inuit canadien depuis le début des années 2000 ouvrent un champ d’observations et d’analyses nouveau à l’anthropologie. À la suite de plusieurs enquêtes de terrain menées dans la communauté de Sanikiluaq (îles Belcher, Nunavut, Canada) entre mars 2007 et avril 2010, cet article propose de s’intéresser à la définition et aux pratiques des relations de parenté sur les sites de réseaux sociaux. S’appuyant sur l’analyse de pages personnelles de sites Bebo et Facebook, il développe tout particulièrement la question de l’identification, de l’exercice et de la diffusion des savoirs relationnels qikirtamiut (i.e. des habitants de l’archipel) sur Internet, dans le contexte d’une transmission intergénérationnelle que les jeunes parents de la communauté décrivent comme problématique – tant au niveau de la circulation effective des connaissances, que des changements notables des milieux communautaires et familiaux contemporains.
« Oeuvres frontières » de l’art numérique
Authors: Fourmentraux Jean-Paul 
Published: July 2012

En engageant un travail artistique plus collectif et interdisciplinaire, les technologies numériques transforment également la carrière sociale des oeuvres d’art. Figures idéaltypiques d’une économie de la qualité où prévalent organisations par projets et marchés de prototypes, les oeuvres d’art numériques constituent désormais le vecteur de nouveaux développements technologiques. Bénéficiaires de dispositifs inédits de soutien public en faveur de l’innovation, les arts numériques tendent en effet vers la création de valeurs qui ne relèvent plus exclusivement du monde des arts. L’article interroge les logiques de conception et de régulation du travail qui en découlent, orientées vers une pluralité d’enjeux : exposition (artistique et scientifique), invention (technologique) et innovation (économique). Il met l’accent sur les ressorts et tensions de tels montages et éclaire les dynamiques d’attribution et de valorisation de ces produits de l’art numérique.
Le domaine artistique contemporain de l’Arctique canadien dans l’environnement numérique
Authors: Maire Aurélie 
Published: July 2012

Dans l’Arctique canadien, l’accès aux technologies numériques représente un atout majeur, tant au niveau socioculturel que politique et économique, du fait que sa démarche s’inscrit dans deux valeurs hautement prisées dans les sociétés inuit : l’ouverture sur le monde et l’exigence de visibilité. Au Nunavut comme ailleurs, Internet permet de partager les expériences individuelles et collectives, en privilégiant la prise de parole. Dans un contexte où la reproductibilité numérique des oeuvres d’art et des savoirs devient aisément accessible, les modes de gestion des droits d’auteur établis dès les années 1950 sont aujourd’hui remis en question alors que de nouvelles préoccupations d’ordre éthique et moral interviennent. Selon une approche théorique et méthodologique empruntée à l’anthropologie, l’ethnolinguistique et l’histoire de l’art, cette note de recherche propose une réflexion sur les enjeux socioculturels inhérents à l’utilisation d’Internet dans le domaine de la création artistique contemporaine de l’Arctique canadien. Axée sur la double question des droits d’auteur et de propriété intellectuelle, la discussion engagée tente de saisir les systèmes de valeurs inuit qui s’y réfèrent, en relation avec la notion de propriété des idées.
Inégalités de santé et parcours de vie : réflexions sur quelques déterminants sociaux de l’expérience d’hommes considérés comme vulnérables
Authors: Roy Bernard , De Koninck Maria , Clément Michelle , Couto Éric 
Published: July 2012

Dans le cadre d’une recherche portant sur les inégalités de santé en milieu de vie de trois territoires de la région de Québec, la présence d’écarts appréciables est ressortie au sein de deux sous-populations : les familles monoparentales ayant de jeunes enfants et les hommes de 45 à 64 ans d’un quartier urbain. Devant ces résultats, l’équipe de recherche a élaboré une seconde étude afin de repérer les facteurs structurels et sociaux pouvant être en jeu dans la production de ces inégalités. Ce sont les résultats portant sur les hommes et découlant de cette seconde recherche qui sont discutés dans le présent article. Une approche par parcours de vie a été adoptée et les données recueillies ont été analysées chronologiquement et selon différents parcours de vie (famille d’origine, vécu scolaire, travail, parcours résidentiel). Les caractéristiques personnelles, les liens sociaux et les ressources sociosanitaires utilisées par les répondants ont également été pris en compte. Chacun des parcours présentés par chaque entrevue a aussi été caractérisé par la résilience ou la non-résilience selon une démarche consensuelle interjuge afin d’en dégager des facteurs de vulnérabilité ou de protection. L’article se conclut par une discussion établissant des liens entre les résultats obtenus et d’autres recherches qui se sont intéressées aux réalités vécues par les hommes.
Oxide Sandwiched Metal Thin‐Film Electrodes for Long‐Term Stable Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Schubert Sylvio , Hermenau Martin , Meiss Jan , Müller‐Meskamp Lars , Leo Karl 
Published: July 2012

AbstractOxide/silver/oxide multilayers as semitransparent top electrode for small molecule organic solar cells (OSCs) are presented. It is shown that two oxide layers sandwiching a central metal layer greatly improve the stability and lifetime of the organic solar cell. Thermally evaporated MoO3, WO3, or V2O5 layers are employed as an interlayer for subsequent silver deposition and significantly change the morphology of the ultrathin silver layer, improving charge extraction and electrodes series resistance. The transmittance of the electrode is increased by introducing oxide or oxide and organic multilayers as capping layer, which leads to higher photocurrent generation in the absorber layer. Application of 1 nm MoO3/11 nm Ag/10 nm MoO3/50 nm Alq3 multilayer electrodes in OSCs lead to an efficiency of 2.6% for a standard ZnPc:C60 cell, showing superior performance compared to devices with pure silver top contacts. The device lifetime is also strongly increased. MoO3 layers can saturate and stabilize the inner and outer metal surface, passivating it against most of the degradation mechanisms. With such an oxide/silver/oxide multilayer electrode, the time until the glass encapsulated OSC is degraded to 80% of its starting efficiency is enhanced from 86 h to approximately 4500 h compared to an OSC without an oxide interlayer.
Polyimide/substituted polyaniline–copolymer–nanoclay composite thin films with high damping abilities
Authors: Longun J. , Iroh J. O. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPolyimide (PI)/poly(N‐ethyl aniline‐co‐aniline‐2‐sulfonic acid)–clay (SPNEAC) nanocomposite films containing water‐soluble SPNEAC were successfully synthesized. Atomic force microscopy studies showed a homogeneous distribution of coated clay particles in the PI matrix. The particle sizes varied between about 50 nm and about 220 nm in height and 6–7 μm in length in the nanocomposite containing 5 wt % SPNEAC. Average surface roughnesses of 0.253 and 34.9 nm were obtained for neat PI and the 5 wt % SPNEAC–PI nanocomposite, respectively. Dynamic mechanical spectrometry was used to study the viscoelastic transitions and their temperatures. The dynamic mechanical spectrometry results show a decreasing glass‐transition temperature of the nanocomposites with increasing SPNEAC weight fraction. The area under the α‐transition peak, which is associated with damping and impact energy, increased with increasing SPNEAC weight fraction. The impact energy of the nanocomposites was estimated with a viscoelastic model. It increased with increasing SPNEAC weight fraction, and a maximum value of 84.9 mJ was obtained. The viscoelastic model was based on the area under the α‐transition peak, rubbery plateau modulus, and sample volume. A 5 wt % addition of SPNEAC improved the impact energy of neat PI films by 300%. Scanning electron micrographs of the nanocomposite films showed a less compact cross‐sectional morphology. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis of highly stable dispersions of copper nanoparticles using sodium hypophosphite
Authors: Lai Dongzhi , Liu Tao , Jiang Guohua , Chen Wenxing 
Published: July 2012

AbstractHighly stable dispersions of copper nanoparticles with an average diameter of 80 nm were synthesized using a straightforward and cost‐effective method in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a stabilizer and without any inert gas protection. Sodium hypophosphite was used as the reducing agent in low pH value aqueous medium. The copper nanoparticles were characterized by ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mechanism of the PVP on the stabilization of copper nanoparticles is also discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Separation of methanol from methanol/water mixtures with pervaporation hybrid membranes
Authors: Hu Keyan , Nie Junde , Liu Junsheng , Zheng Jiuhan 
Published: July 2012

AbstractA series of pervaporation (PV) hybrid membranes were prepared via the crosslinking of poly(vinyl alcohol) with formaldehyde solution with N‐3‐(trimethoxysilyl) propyl ethylenediamine (TMSPEDA) as a hybrid precursor of the sol–gel process. Both the thermal stability and separation performances of the prepared hybrid membranes were investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal degradation temperature of the hybrid membranes was beyond 250°C. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated that both the glass‐transition temperature and the crystallization temperature increased with elevated TMSPEDA contents in the hybrid membranes. PV experiments demonstrated that for membranes A–D, both the permeation flux and separation factor indicated the same trade‐off effect. Moreover, it was found that for individual membranes, the permeation flux increased as the feed temperature was increased. Meanwhile, the separation factor revealed an change trend opposite to that of the permeation flux. Furthermore, proper addition of TMSPEDA in the hybrid membrane was found to reduce the permeation activation energy. On the basis of these findings, we deduced that these hybrid membranes have potential applications in the separation of methanol/water mixtures. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of ultrasonic irradiation on the microstructure and the electric property of PP/CPP/MWNT composites
Authors: Yang Lin , Zhang Zhiye , Wang Xinlong , Chen Jinyao , Li Huilin 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPoly(propylene) (PP)/chlorinated PP (CPP)/multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) composites are prepared via melting blend with a MWNT masterbatch obtained by a solution process under ultrasonic irradiation. The effects of ultrasonic irradiation on the microstructure and the electric properties of the PP/CPP/MWNT composites are systematically investigated through a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and rheological measurements. Ultrasonic irradiation can remarkably decrease the volume resistivity of the PP/CPP/MWNT composites. The results of SEM and TEM show that the ultrasonic irradiation is beneficial to the dispersion of MWNTs in the PP/CPP/MWNT composites and the exfoliation of the MWNT agglomerates. When the MWNT content is more than 3.0%, ultrasonic irradiation can evidently increase the percent crystallinity of the PP/CPP/MWNT composites. The introduction of ultrasonic irradiation can increase the elastic modulus (G′), viscous modulus (G″), and complex viscosity (η*) of the PP/CPP/MWNT composites at low frequency. Ultrasonic irradiation is also shown to improve the interfacial adhesion of MWNT and the interaction between the PP matrix and MWNT. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
UV‐activated hydrosilation reaction for silicone polymer crosslinking
Authors: Sangermano M. , Marchi S. , Meier P. , Kornmann X. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article hydrosilation was employed to achieve a fully cured three‐dimensional silicone network. The UV‐activated hydrosilation reaction was investigated focusing on the curing conditions and their relationships to physical properties. After finding the optimum catalyst concentration, it was observed that by decreasing the molecular weight of the vinyl oligomer a slight increase of the Tg value was achieved together with a complete suppression of the Tm. It was possible to fully cure samples up to 4 cm of thickness. The dark curing process was evaluated by FTIR analyses and it was evidenced an important increase on dark‐polymerization, which is dependent on the length of the UV‐irradiation time. This result shows the versatility of UV‐curing technique for silicone network formation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Fluorogenic affinity gels constructed from clickable boronic acids
Authors: Ahsan Uddin Khan Mohammad , Ye Lei 
Published: July 2012

AbstractBoronate affinity gel was prepared by immobilizing azide‐functionalized boronic acid on alkyne‐modified Sepharose. Different azide‐functionalized boronic acids were synthesized from 2‐, 3‐, and 4‐aminophenylboronic acids. One of the azide‐functionalized boronic acids, 3BII, displayed weak and unexpected fluorescence emission. Using Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar azide‐alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction (click chemistry), the azide‐functionalized boronic acid could be immobilized on alkyne‐modified Sepharose 4B under very mild reaction condition. Immobilization of boronic acid 3BII also led to a new fluorogenic affinity gel, which displayed dose‐dependent fluorescence intensity change upon binding fructose and glucose at physiological pH. The clickable boronic acids may be used as simple and modular building blocks to construct molecular recognition materials and surfaces for different applications including bioseparation, sensing and controlled drug delivery. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Synthesis, characterization, and conductivity studies of polypyrrole/copper sulfide nanocomposites
Authors: Ramesan M. T. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNanocomposites of polypyrrole (PPy) containing copper sulfide (CuS) were synthesized by an in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The nanocomposites were characterized by FTIR, SEM, XRD, DSC, TGA, and conductivity studies. The FTIR spectra ascertained the chemical interlinking of polypyrole with metal sulfide nanoparticles. Morphological analysis showed that the nanoparticles were uniformly covering the entire substrate. The XRD pattern reveals that the nanoparticle incorporated polypyrrole showed a crystalline nature and the crystallinity of the polymer increases with increase in concentration of CuS nanoparticles. From DSC, an increase in glass transition temperature shows the increased orderness in the polymer composite than in the pure polypyrrole. Thermal analysis (TGA) of the composite showed a progressive increase in the thermal stability with increase in content of CuS. The frequency dependent electrical properties (a.c. conductivity) of the nanocomposites were higher than that of polypyrrole. The d.c. electrical conductivity increased with increase in amount of nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. The results obtained for these composites have greater scientific and technological interest. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The morphology and properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐cellulose nanocomposites prepared by immersion precipitation method
Authors: Fahma Farah , Hori Naruhito , Iwata Tadahisa , Takemura Akio 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPoly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)‐cellulose nanofibers nanocomposite were prepared by an immersion precipitation method using various nanofiber contents. Solvent exchange was used to disperse the cellulose nanofibers in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) so that they could be easily mixed with PMMA solution. Atomic force microscopy images show that the thickness of the nanofibers dispersed in DMAc is around 2–3 nm. The nanocomposites obtained were translucent. The thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses show that with increasing cellulose nanofiber content the thermal stability and the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polymer matrix shift to higher temperature. The tensile modulus and strength increased with increasing nanofiber content. Dynamic mechanical analysis profiles show that the presence of cellulose nanofibers affects the storage modulus of PMMA nanocomposites over the whole range of temperatures studied. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Analysis of void shape and size in the collector plate and polycaprolactone molecular weight on electrospun scaffold pore size
Authors: Hong Jong Kyu , Xu Guan , Piao Daqing , Madihally Sundararajan V. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractMany variations in the electrospinning process have emerged to control pore size needed in tissue scaffolds including introducing voids in the collector plate. However, the effect of different shapes and sizes of voids on fiber and pore sizes is not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the effect of void size and shapes in the collector plate on polycaprolactone (PCL) fiber size and pore size. First, we performed experiments using three different sizes of circular voids (0.9, 1.4, and 1.9 cm). Also, we evaluated the effect of triangular and rectangular voids. Further, changes in the electrical field within the voids were evaluated using computational fluid dynamic software COMSOL. Fibers using mixtures of PCL (high, medium, and low molecular weight) formed using void collector plate and performed degradation characteristics for 30 days in physiological conditions (37°C and 7.4 pH). These results showed that the size and the morphology of fibers are not affected by the geometrical patterns of the voids. However, fiber alignment is affected by the void shape due to favorable rearrangement in the electrical field. Fibers can be formed by mixing PCL of different molecular weight, and degradation of PCL fiber was accelerated by the mixture with low molecular weight. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Gene profiling of Chikungunya virus arthritis in a mouse model reveals significant overlap with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Nakaya Helder I. , Gardner Joy , Poo Yee‐Suan , Major Lee , Pulendran Bali , Suhrbier Andreas 
Published: July 2012

AbstractObjectiveChikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito‐borne alphavirus that causes a chronic debilitating polyarthralgia/polyarthritis, for which current treatments are often inadequate. To assess whether new drugs being developed for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) might find utility in the treatment of alphaviral arthritides, we sought to determine whether the inflammatory gene expression signature of CHIKV arthritis shows any similarities with RA or collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA), a mouse model of RA.MethodsUsing a recently developed animal model of CHIKV arthritis in adult wild‐type mice, we generated a consensus CHIKV arthritis gene expression signature, which was used to interrogate publicly available microarray studies of RA and CIA. Pathway analyses were then performed using the overlapping gene signatures.ResultsGene set enrichment analysis showed that there was a highly significant overlap in the differentially expressed genes in the CHIKV arthritis model and in RA. This concordance also increased with the severity of RA, as measured by the inflammation score. A highly significant overlap was also seen between CHIKV arthritis and CIA. Pathway analysis revealed that the overlap between these arthritides was spread over a range of different inflammatory processes. Involvement of T cells and interferon‐γ (IFNγ) in CHIKV arthritis was confirmed in studies of MHCII‐deficient mice and IFNγ‐deficient mice, respectively.ConclusionThese results suggest that RA, a chronic autoimmune arthritis, and CHIKV disease, usually a self‐limiting viral arthropathy, share multiple inflammatory processes. New drugs and biologic therapies being developed for RA may thus find application in the treatment of alphaviral arthritides.