bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grand Compromises in Global Governance
Authors: Bernstein Steven 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTwo attempts at grand compromise have underpinned global order since the end of the Second World War. The first, a compromise between laissez-faire liberalism and domestic interventionism, famously described by John Ruggie as ‘embedded liberalism’, legitimated and stabilized a multilateral order for 50 years. A second attempt, this time between North and South at the end of the Cold War around a discourse of ‘sustainable development’, remains uneasy, conflict prone and much less institutionalized. They are compared and contrasted by asking whether they are truly compromises or reflect domination and hegemony, what conditions led to them, and what drivers of change have limited and challenged them. Ultimately, differences in their bases of legitimacy offer lessons for the prospects of building a new grand compromise in the wake of contemporary strains on global governance.
European Integration as Compromise: Recognition, Concessions and the Limits of Cooperation
Authors: Reh Christine 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThe role of compromise in EU politics has been widely recognized by scholars and practitioners alike. At the same time, the systematic conceptual, analytical and normative study of compromise has remained an exception. This is surprising, given that the study of compromise can be linked to three broader questions at the heart of integration: (1) How does the EU accommodate diversity? (2) What makes supranational rule normatively justifiable? (3) Who or what defines the limits of cooperation? Against this backdrop, this article sheds light on the concept of compromise, on the role of compromise in legitimizing supranational governance and on the limits to compromise in the European polity. I argue that the EU – a divided, multilevel and functionally restricted polity – is highly dependent on the legitimizing force of ‘inclusive compromise’, which is characterized by the recognition of difference. This is true for horizontal or micro-level relations between political actors (where compromise works through concessions as well as justification, perspective-taking and empathic concern in a process of ‘procedural accommodation’), and for vertical or macro-level relations between systems of governance (where compromise works through ‘constitutional compatibility’). Given the legitimizing force of inclusive compromise, I subsequently identify the limits to such agreements and, thus, to supranational cooperation; I argue that these limits are issue specific and depend on where the costs of cooperation are borne. The article concludes by outlining routes for follow-up empirical research.
Democracy, Compromise and the Representation Paradox: Coalition Government and Political Integrity
Authors: Bellamy Richard 
Published: June 2012

AbstractCoalitions are often condemned as undemocratic and unprincipled because of the compromises they involve. Politicians are accused of betraying the commitments they made during the election. Paradoxically, proponents of this view suggest that if compromises are to be made they should be pragmatic and based on policy rather than principle. This article disputes this thesis and defends compromise as both principled and democratic. The first section distinguishes a shallow compromise based on the maximal satisfaction of exogenously defined preferences from a deep compromise resulting from reasoning on principle, and argues it proves impossible to avoid the latter. The second section suggests that the obligation to compromise forms part of the ethos of democracy, whereby citizens must agree despite their disagreements. The third section concludes by showing that while representatives will almost certainly betray their electoral mandate if obliged to make only shallow compromises, they can legitimately engage in deep compromises for their voters when they reason as they do.
What Makes a Good Compromise?
Authors: Parijs Philippe Van 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA compromise is an agreement that involves mutual concessions. Each party gets less than it feels entitled to, but agrees to it because the situation it anticipates under the deal is better than the one it expects in the absence of a deal: conflict, exit or arbitration by a third party. Some compromises, however, are bad, and others are good. This article discusses three conjectures about what it is that makes a compromise good. Is a good compromise an honourable compromise, one that enables each party to save face? Is it rather a fair compromise, one that contributes to the progress of justice independently defined? Or is it a Pareto-improving compromise, one that changes things in such a way that it ends up making everyone better off than under the status quo? A compromise is never as good as a consensus, but it is generally better than nothing, and often achievable when a consensus is not. And when it is, trying to make it as good as possible in each of the three ways described is always worthwhile.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Helicobacter pylori Infection in School‐Age Children Residing in Porto Torres, Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Dore Maria P. , Fanciulli Giuseppe , Tomasi Paolo A. , Realdi Giuseppe , Delitala Giuseppe , Graham David Y. , Malaty Hoda M. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractBackground:  Helicobacter pylori infection is typically acquired in childhood, and following the acute event, it is thought that most infections remain asymptomatic. H. pylori has been suggested to protect against diarrhea in childhood.Aim:  To examine the role of H. pylori in gastrointestinal symptoms in children.Materials and Methods:  A cross‐sectional sero‐epidemiologic study was conducted in Porto Torres, Sardinia, Italy. Demographic information, socioeconomic factors, and the frequency of upper gastrointestinal symptoms during the previous 3 months (e.g., abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, heartburn, halitosis, slow digestion, belching, and weight loss) were evaluated by a questionnaire. H. pylori status was determined by ELISA.Results:  Approximately 95% (N = 1741) of school children between the age of 6 and 15 years from Porto Torres participated. The sero‐prevalence of H. pylori infection was 13.3% (229/1727) and similar in boys (13%) and girls (14%) (p = .57). Nausea/vomiting (odds ratio (OR) = 2.2 (95% CI = 1.2–5.1)) and diarrhea (OR = 2.1 (95% CI = 1.3–2.8)) were each significantly associated with H. pylori infection, and these associations remained significant after controlling for other study variables. There was no significant association between H. pylori and abdominal pain or heartburn (p > .25).Conclusions:  The study does not support either a role of H. pylori infection in abdominal pain in children or a protective role against diarrheal illnesses or nausea/vomiting.
Prospective Analysis of Factors Related to Migraine Aura – The PAMINA Study
Authors: Salhofer‐Polanyi Sabine , Frantal Sophie , Brannath Werner , Seidel Stefan , Wöber‐Bingöl Çiçek , Wöber Christian ,   The PAMINA Study Group
Published: June 2012

Objectives.— The aim of this study was to examine factors increasing and decreasing the risk of occurrence of migraine aura and of headache and migraine not associated with aura (HoA, MoA) prospectively by means of a daily diary.Methods.— Of 327 patients with migraine completing a comprehensive diary up to 90 days, we selected all patients who recorded at least 1 episode of migraine aura. To find risk indicators and triggers of aura, HoA, and MoA, we analyzed 56 variables and calculated univariate and multivariate generalized linear mixed models.Results.— Fifty‐four patients recorded a total of 4562 patient days including 354 days with migraine aura. In the multivariate analysis, the risk of aura was statistically significantly increased by smoking, menstruation, and hunger, and it was decreased by holidays and days off. The risk of HoA and/or MoA was increased during menstruation, by psychic tension, tiredness, and odors, and it was decreased by smoking.Conclusion.— Menstruation is the most prominent factor increasing the risk of aura as well as that of HoA and MoA. Smoking shows the most striking difference increasing the risk of aura, but decreasing the risk of HoA and MoA.
Acute Reduction of Anandamide‐Hydrolase (FAAH) Activity is Coupled With a Reduction of Nociceptive Pathways Facilitation in Medication‐Overuse Headache Subjects After Withdrawal Treatment
Authors: Perrotta Armando , Arce‐Leal Natalia , Tassorelli Cristina , Gasperi Valeria , Sances Grazia , Blandini Fabio , Serrao Mariano , Bolla Monica , Pierelli Francesco , Nappi Giuseppe , Maccarrone Mauro , Sandrini Giorgio 
Published: June 2012

Objectives.— We investigated (1) a possible relationship between the functional activity of the endocannabinoid system and the facilitation of pain processing in migraineurs with medication‐overuse headache, and (2) the effect of withdrawal treatment on both.Background.— The endocannabinoid system antinociception effect includes prevention of nociceptive pathways sensitization. The sensitization of the pain pathways has been demonstrated to be pivotal in the development and maintenance of chronic form of migraine, including medication‐overuse headache.Methods.— We used the temporal summation threshold of the nociceptive withdrawal reflex to explore the spinal cord pain processing, and the platelet activity of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase to detect the functional state of the endocannabinoid system in 27 medication‐overuse headache subjects before and 10 and 60 days after a standard withdrawal treatment and compared results with those of 14 controls.Results.— A significantly reduced temporal summation threshold and increased related pain sensation was found in subjects before withdrawal treatment when compared with controls. A significant fatty acid amide hydrolase activity reduction coupled with a significant improvement (reduction) in facilitation of spinal cord pain processing (increase in temporal summation threshold and reduction in related pain sensation) was found in medication‐overuse headache subjects at both 10 and 60 days after withdrawal treatment when compared with medication‐overuse headache subjects before withdrawal treatment.Conclusions.— We demonstrated a marked facilitation in spinal cord pain processing in medication‐overuse headache before withdrawal treatment when compared with controls. Furthermore, the acute reduction of the fatty acid amide hydrolase activity coupled with a reduction of the facilitation in pain processing immediately (10 days) after withdrawal treatment and its persistence 60 days after withdrawal treatment could represent the consequence of a mechanism devoted to acutely reduce the degradation of endocannabinoids and aimed to increase the activity of the endocannabinoid system that results in an antinociceptive effect.
Evaluation of Lithium Response in Episodic Cluster Headache: A Retrospective Case Series
Authors: Stochino Maria Erminia , Deidda Arianna , Asuni Carlo , Cherchi Alessandra , Manchia Mirko , Del Zompo Maria 
Published: June 2012

Objective.— In this study, we attempted to evaluate the response to lithium treatment and its tolerability in the prevention of episodic cluster headache (CH) and to identify clinical predictors of response.Background.— Verapamil and lithium are the most widely used drugs in the prevention of CH attacks. Lithium is considered a second‐line treatment in part because of its potentially severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Evidence for the efficacy of lithium in CH prevention is greater in chronic than in episodic patients. In addition, because of its narrow therapeutic window and ADRs (which can be significantly reduced with proper periodical monitoring of blood levels), lithium is recommended only in chronic CH, when other drugs are ineffective or potentially harmful.Methods.— Our primary aim was to determine whether lithium reduced the number of attacks per day (attack frequency). We compared attack frequency in 3 periods: run‐in, the first, and the second week of lithium treatment. Responders were defined as patients showing at least a 50% reduction in attack frequency.Results.— Lithium response was evaluated in 26 patients. Treatment led to a significant reduction in attack frequency within 2 weeks in a percentage of 77% of responders and 23% of nonresponders. Responders and nonresponders did not differ in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. Only 15% of patients experienced mild ADRs.Conclusion.— Our study provides additional evidence on the effectiveness of lithium in the prevention of episodic CH. It also shows the tolerability of lithium, given the short duration of treatment and low dosage.
Electrocardiographic Criteria of True Left Bundle Branch Block: A Simple Sign to Predict a Better Clinical and Instrumental Response to CRT
Authors: MASCIOLI GIOSUÈ , PADELETTI LUIGI , SASSONE BIAGIO , ZECCHIN MASSIMO , LUCCA ELENA , SACCHI STEFANIA , BOGGIAN GIULIO , TONDO ANNA LUDOVICA , BELVITO CHIARA , BAKHTADZE NIKOLOZ , BORRELLI ALESSIO , SINAGRA GIANFRANCO 
Published: June 2012

Background:

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) has proved to be very effective in improving morbidity and mortality in patients affected with severe congestive heart failure. Its efficacy has been shown to be greater in patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB). The aim of our study was to verify if newly proposed criteria for true LBBB identify patients with a better clinical and instrumental response to CRT.
Methods:

Between May 2007 and April 2011, 111 patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 35% and LBBB morphology received a CRT device and were divided into two groups according to QRS morphology. Group 1 (61 patients) consisted of patients with “true” LBBB morphology; group 2 (50 patients) consisted of patients with “false” LBBB. The primary endpoint was the utility of criteria for true LBBB to predict a composite endpoint of all‐cause mortality and hospital admission with heart failure. The secondary endpoint was the utility of the same criteria to predict an absolute increase in LVEF ≥ 10%.
Results:

“False” LBBB morphology and a dose of bisoprolol <5 mg at last follow‐up were the only parameters related to clinical outcome in multivariate analysis (respectively: hazard ratio [HR] 3.98, confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.51–10.48; HR 0.15, CI 95% 0.05–0.43). “True” LBBB morphology was the only variable significantly related to a greater increase in LVEF (HR 4.57, CI 95% 1.36–8.28).
Conclusion:

True LBBB morphology is related to a higher event‐free survival rate in CRT patients and better echocardiographic response.(PACE 2012; 35:927–934)
Evolution of Elongation Factor‐Like (EFL) Protein in Rhizaria is Revised by Radiolarian EFL Gene Sequences
Authors: Ishitani Yoshiyuki , Kamikawa Ryoma , Yabuki Akinori , Tsuchiya Masashi , Inagaki Yuji , Takishita Kiyotaka 
Published: June 2012

ABSTRACTElongation factor 1α (EF‐1α) and elongation factor‐like (EFL) proteins are considered to carry out equivalent functions in translation in eukaryotic cells. Elongation factor 1α and EFL genes are patchily distributed in the global eukaryotic tree, suggesting that the evolution of these elongation factors cannot be reconciled without multiple lateral gene transfer and/or ancestral co‐occurrence followed by differential loss of either of the two factors. Our current understanding of the EF‐1α/EFL evolution in the eukaryotic group Rhizaria, composed of Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Filosa, and Endomyxa, remains insufficient, as no information on EF‐1α/EFL gene is available for any members of Radiolaria. In this study, EFL genes were experimentally isolated from four polycystine radiolarians (i.e.
Dictyocoryne, Eucyrtidium, Collozoum, and
Sphaerozoum), as well as retrieved from publicly accessible expressed sequence tag data of two acantharean radiolarians (i.e.
Astrolonche and
Phyllostaurus) and the endomyxan
Gromia. The EFL homologs from radiolarians, foraminiferans, and
Gromia formed a robust clade in both maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses, suggesting that EFL genes were vertically inherited from their common ancestor. We propose an updated model for EF‐1α/EFL evolution in Rhizaria by incorporating new EFL data obtained in this study.
Conceptual and Linguistic Representations of Kinds and Classes
Authors: Prasada Sandeep , Hennefield Laura , Otap Daniel 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe investigate the hypothesis that our conceptual systems provide two formally distinct ways of representing categories by investigating the manner in which lexical nominals (e.g., tree, picnic table) and phrasal nominals (e.g., black bird, birds that like rice) are interpreted. Four experiments found that lexical nominals may be mapped onto kind representations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations but not kind representations. Experiment 1 found that phrasal nominals, unlike lexical nominals, are mapped onto categories whose members need not be of a single kind. Experiments 2 and 3 found that categories named by lexical nominals enter into both class inclusion and kind hierarchies and thus support both class inclusion (is a) and kind specification (kind of) relations, whereas phrasal nominals map onto class representations which support only class inclusion relations. Experiment 4 showed that the two types of nominals represent hierarchical relations in different ways. Phrasal nominals (e.g., white bear) are mapped onto classes that have criteria of membership in addition to those specified by the class picked out by the head noun of the phrase (e.g., bear). In contrast, lexical nominals (e.g., polar bear) specify one way to meet the criteria specified by the more general kind concept (e.g., bear). Implications for the language–conceptual system interface, representation of hierarchical relations, lexicalization, and theories of conceptual combination are discussed.
Producing Pronouns and Definite Noun Phrases: Do Speakers Use the Addressee’s Discourse Model?
Authors: Fukumura Kumiko , van Gompel Roger P.G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractWe report two experiments that investigated the widely held assumption that speakers use the addressee’s discourse model when choosing referring expressions (e.g., Ariel, 1990; Chafe, 1994; Givón, 1983; Prince, 1985), by manipulating whether the addressee could hear the immediately preceding linguistic context. Experiment 1 showed that speakers increased pronoun use (and decreased noun phrase use) when the referent was mentioned in the immediately preceding sentence compared to when it was not, even though the addressee did not hear the preceding sentence, indicating that speakers used their own, privileged discourse model when choosing referring expressions. The same pattern of results was found in Experiment 2. Speakers produced more pronouns when the immediately preceding sentence mentioned the referent than when it mentioned a referential competitor, regardless of whether the sentence was shared with their addressee. Thus, we conclude that choice of referring expression is determined by the referent’s accessibility in the speaker’s own discourse model rather than the addressee’s.
Cue Effectiveness in Communicatively Efficient Discourse Production
Authors: Qian Ting , Jaeger T. Florian 
Published: June 2012

AbstractRecent years have seen a surge in accounts motivated by information theory that consider language production to be partially driven by a preference for communicative efficiency. Evidence from discourse production (i.e., production beyond the sentence level) has been argued to suggest that speakers distribute information across discourse so as to hold the conditional per‐word entropy associated with each word constant, which would facilitate efficient information transfer (Genzel & Charniak, 2002). This hypothesis implies that the conditional (contextualized) probabilities of linguistic units affect speakers’ preferences during production. Here, we extend this work in two ways. First, we explore how preceding cues are integrated into contextualized probabilities, a question which so far has received little to no attention. Specifically, we investigate how a cue's maximal informativity about upcoming words (the cue's effectiveness) decays as a function of the cue's recency. Based on properties of linguistic discourses as well as properties of human memory, we analytically derive a model of cue effectiveness decay and evaluate it against cross‐linguistic data from 12 languages. Second, we relate the information theoretic accounts of discourse production to well‐established mechanistic (activation‐based) accounts: We relate contextualized probability distributions over words to their relative activation in a lexical network given preceding discourse.
How Young Children Learn From Examples: Descriptive and Inferential Problems
Authors: Kalish Charles W. , Kim Sunae , Young Andrew G. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThree experiments with preschool‐ and young school‐aged children (N = 75 and 53) explored the kinds of relations children detect in samples of instances (descriptive problem) and how they generalize those relations to new instances (inferential problem). Each experiment initially presented a perfect biconditional relation between two features (e.g., all and only frogs are blue). Additional examples undermined one of the component conditional relations (not all frogs are blue) but supported another (only frogs are blue). Preschool‐aged children did not distinguish between supported and undermined relations. Older children did show the distinction, at least when the test instances were clearly drawn from the same population as the training instances. Results suggest that younger children’s difficulties may stem from the demands of using imperfect correlations for predictions. Older children seemed sensitive to the inferential problem of using samples to make predictions about populations.
Use of Cutometer area parameters in evaluating age‐related changes in the skin elasticity of the cheek
Authors: Ohshima Hiroshi , Kinoshita Shigemi , Oyobikawa Midori , Futagawa Mikayo , Takiwaki Hirotsugu , Ishiko Akira , Kanto Hiromi 
Published: June 2012

Background/aimThe decrease of skin elasticity on the cheek is a major concern to woman. The Cutometer® has been widely used to evaluate skin elasticity and its change with aging. Cutometer parameters derived from one suction have been traditionally used to evaluate skin elasticity, and few reports describe the use of multiple suctions to obtain parameters to assess the skin elasticity of the cheek. To find the most suitable Cutometer parameter that reflects age‐related changes in the elasticity of cheek skin using multiple suctions.MethodsThe cheeks of 32 healthy Japanese women (mean age, 42.3 years) were assessed using the Cutometer® MPA580 by measuring the skin mechanical parameters R0–R9, F2 and F3. Parameters F2 and F3 were obtained by the multiple suction method. The relationship between age and these parameters were then examined.ResultsSignificant negative correlations were found between the age of subjects and R2, R3, R7, R8 and F3. Of these, the correlation coefficient was best between age and F3 (r = ‐0.641), followed R8 (r = ‐0.603).ConclusionAlthough R parameters have been used to evaluate skin elasticity, our study showed that F3 parameters derived from multiple suctions appear to be suitable for evaluating the elasticity of cheek skin, since this parameter is less influenced by environmental factors compared with R parameters.