bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk
Authors: Jones P. H. , Willis A. T. , Robinson D. A. , Skirrow M. B. , Josephs D. S. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA large outbreak of campylobacter enteritis associated with the consumption of free school milk is described. The outbreak had an abrupt onset, and lasted for about 3 weeks; it involved mainly school children in the 2–4 and 5–7 year old age groups. During this period it was established from epidemiological and microbiological data that some 2500 children were infected. The source of the epidemic was almost certainly contaminated milk, although bacteriological proof could not be obtained. Biotyping of isolates was of considerable epidemiological value and showed the involvement of two distinct strains, one of which was dominant. Epidemiological evidence of limited person to person transmission of the infection was obtained; febrile convulsions as a prodromal sign of the illness was recognized for the first time. Strains of Campylobacter jejuni, and samples of patients' serum collected during this outbreak have enabled subsequent studies to be initiated on the serotyping of the responsible organism, on the serological response of patients infected with the organism, and on experimental infection of the bovine udder which demonstrated its potential as a source of C. jejuni in raw milk. A careful search of the literature suggests that this is the largest documented outbreak of campylobacter enteritis.
Evaluation of brodifacoum against T. indica, M. hurrianae and R. rattus
Authors: Mathur R. P. , Prakash I. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryBrodifacoum was evaluated in the laboratory against the two gerbils, Tatera indica and Meriones hurrianae and the house rat, Rattus rattus. The acute oral LD50 for these rodents was found to be 0·10 mg/kg, 0·083 mg/kg and 0·77 mg/kg respectively. Feeding tests with 0·002% and 0·005% brodifacoum produced a 100% mortality after a 3-day feeding period in the gerbils and after a 4-day period in R. rattus. The anticoagulant is toxic at both the concentrations to all three species but is less palatable in comparison to plain baits. Results of this laboratory evaluation indicates that 0·002% brodifacoum-treated bait can be effectively used against T. indica, M. hurrianae and R. rattus.
Echovirus type 11 infection in Melbourne–1953 to 1980
Authors: Kennett M. L. , Donaldson A. , Marshall J. A. , Williamson H. G. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryEchovirus type 11 (echo 11) has been isolated at the virus laboratory of Fairfield Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, in 20 of the 28 years since the laboratory was established. During this time two major epidemics have occurred; the first, in 1971–2 involved 90 patients with aseptic meningitis or respiratory illness. The second began in June 1979 and lasted for 11 months, during which echo 11 was isolated from 174 patients admitted to Fairfield Hospital, other Victorian and Tasmanian hospitals and a children's reception centre. The patients' illnesses included viral meningitis (66%), fever (10%), respiratory infections (7%) and gastroenteritis (2%). One baby died.Echo 11 was recovered from nasopharyngeal swabs or aspirates, cerebrospinal fluid and faecal specimens and was isolated most frequently in the Borrie cell line. Isolates were readily identified by immune electron microscopy and/or neutralization tests.
Virus diarrhoea associated with pale fatty faeces
Authors: Thomas Mair E. M. , Luton P. , Mortimer Janet Y. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySteatorrhoea was a significant feature in an outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis which affected adults and infants in hospital. Fat globules or fatty acid crystals were obvious by light microscopy (LM) in faeces from 14 of 25 patients examined. Ten of the fatty stools and two of the remainder were very pale. By electron microscopy (EM) a rotavirus was seen in 11 of the 14 fatty faeces and in only two of 11 specimens without visible fat.In a further study of pale or fatty faeces 20 such specimens sent for laboratory examination from patientsnotinvolved in the hospital outbreak were compared microbiologically with a similar number which were neither pale nor fatty. Viruses were found by EM in 11 (55%) of the pale or fatty stools; eight rotaviruses, two astroviruses and an uncultivable adenovirus were seen; one further patient had acute jaundice. In contrast, no viruses were seen by EM in the twenty specimens which were normally pigmented and without evident fat.Steatorrhoea was significantly associated with rotavirus infection of the alimentary tract which usually presented as a fatty enteritis. We conclude that rotaviruses certainly, and other viruses possibly, can impede both the digestion of fat and the pigmentation of the faeces. Inspection and LM of faeces are easy. In acute enteritis a fatty or pale stool is an indication for virological examination.
The ability of Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides and closely related strains from goats and sheep to immunize mice against subspecies capri
Authors: Smith G. R. , Oliphant Janet C. 
Published: March 2010

SummarySmall colony (SC) strains of Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides from contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) and from goats were compared with large colony (LC) strains of so-called M. mycoides subsp. mycoides from goats and sheep by means of a cross-protection test in which mice were challenged with M. mycoides subsp. capri.Of 13 LC strains, all gave partial cross-protection, and 11 were shown to be more closely related than four SC strains to subspecies capri. In a further experiment, six SC strains – three from CBPP and three from goats – all gave weak partial cross-protection against subspecies capri.
Antibody responses after repeated influenza A virus immunizations among schoolchildren in Japan
Authors: Yamane N. , Hiratsuka M. , Arikawa J. , Odagiri T. , Ishida N. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryAntibody responses to influenza virus immunizations were examined among junior high school students. The students received two doses of a commercial split-product vaccine containing influenza A H1N1 during a 2-year period following the first appearance of H1N1 virus in the winter of 1977–78. In haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) tests, the students who had been infected with H1N1 virus in 1977–78 showed a better response and wider cross-reactivity to the drift strain than the students who had not experienced earlier H1N1 influenza infection. Neuraminidase-inhibition (NAI) antibody titres after immunization depended upon a history of natural infection with H1N1 virus, since students not previously infected showed no significant NAI antibody rise after immunization.
The bacteriology of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis and associated diseases
Authors: Wong W. T. , Teoh-Chan C. H. , Huang C. T. , Cheng F. C. Y. , Ong G. B. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryNinety-five patients with recurrent pyogenic cholangitis had a range of specimens taken at laparotomy for bacterial culture. Bacteria were isolated from 68 % of cases. Escherichia coli was the predominant pathogen. Other aerobic and anaerobic intestinal bacteria were also isolated. Liver biopsy, bile and gallstones were the most rewarding specimens for culture. Infection was usually localized, but systemic infection occurred occasionally. The site of infection is probably in the liver parenchyma; however, the route by which intestinal bacteria invade the liver is not known. Sixty per cent of the cases of recurrent pyogenic cholangitis had gallstones and 20% were infected with Clonorchis sinensis.
Skin sepsis in meat handlers: observations on the causes of injury with special reference to bone
Authors: Barnham M. , Kerby J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryOutbreaks of wound infection withStreptococcus pyogenesandStaphylococcus aureusoccurred in an abattoir and a pork-processing factory in Autumn 1980. Investigations showed that staff handling the meat before de-boning were particularly affected and that bone was the cause of 48 % of the wounds which became clinicially infected. Of the total isolates ofStrep. pyogenesandStaph. aureusfrom wounds of known cause 75% were from lesions caused by bone. In one outbreak streptococcal infection was seen principally in newly-employed staff. Group L streptococci were found in several sites in the pork factory and were isolated from infected lesions in two workers.Strep. pyogenesandStaph. aureuswere cultured from tap handles in the lavatories.Sixty-six workers were examined in a non-epidemic period and 59 % were found to have current wounds on the hand or wrist; 13% of wounds were infected butStrep. pyogeneswas not isolated. Bone was the commonest of the many causes of injury, accounting for 31 % of all wounds. Butchers had the highest rates of wounding and most bone-inflicted injury was seen in this group. Packers were the only group to wear protective gloves regularly. Damaged fingernails were found in 50% of workers, including a high proportion of nail-biters (33% of all workers). The epidemic strain ofStaph. aureuswas cultured from bitten fingernails. Three of four infected workers carrying epidemic organisms in the throat were examined and all were nail-biters. Sharp-edged bone was produced by rotary saws early in the production line and bone dust contaminated the carcasses and adjacent surfaces. It is suggested that bone fragments could contaminate wounds and that this might have implications for the initiation of infection and the development of outbreaks.
Escherichia coli resistant to tetracyclines and to other antibiotics in the faeces of U.K. chickens and pigs in 1980
Authors: Smith H. Williams , Lovell Margaret A. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryA survey conducted in 1980, 9 years after the banning of the use of tetracyclines as feed additives in the U.K., indicated that table chickens and pigs were still a large reservoir of tetracycline-resistant Escherichia coli; the incidence of transferable tetracycline resistance was greater in chicken E. coli strains (68%) than in pig E. coli strains (20%). Large amounts of sulphonamide-resistant and of furazolidone-resistant E. coli were found in the faeces of chickens; E. coli resistant to both sulphonamides and streptomycin were common in the faeces of chickens and pigs. E. coli with transferable or mobilizable trimethoprim resistance were present in the faeces of most pigs and in the faeces of 10 % of chickens.
A modified radioimmunoassay for antibodies against Brucella abortus
Authors: Chappel R. J. , Hayes J. , Brain G. J. , McNaught D. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe radioimmunoassay for brucellosis previously reported from this laboratory was a sensitive and useful method for detecting antibody against Brucella abortus in bovine serum. Changes in the procedure have improved sensitivity, have apparently increased interassay precision, and have made the assay easier to perform.
Campylobacter jejuniand salmonella in raw red meats. A Public Health Laboratory Service Survey
Authors: Turnbull P. C. B. , Rose Phyllis 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThirty-one laboratories examined a total of 6169 meat samples, 1236 from abattoirs and 4933 from retail and other outlets.Campylobacter jejuniwas isolated from 98 (1·6%). A higher isolation rate of 49/1236 (4·0%) was found among abattoir than among retail and other samples (49/4933–1·0%). Twenty-two of the laboratories looked for salmonella; although 94/4002 (2·3%) were positive, in only one sample of minced beef were campylobacter and salmonella found together. Isolation rates for salmonellae were 75/3576 (2·1%) from retail and 19/426 (4·5%) from abattoir samples.Analysis of the results revealed that (1) the contamination rate of raw red meat byC. jejuniis, in general, very low; (2) when contaminated, numbers of organisms are generally also very low; (3) enrichment procedures were of some value; 41/98 (42%) isolates were detected by enrichment only, but, on the other hand 8 (8%) were direct plate positive/enrichment negative; (4) practice at looking for the organism and increased seasonal temperatures over the survey period did not result in a noticeable increase in isolations; (5) there was no apparent correlation between campylobacter and salmonella isolations.
Influenza surveillance in England and Wales using routine statistics: Development of ‘cusum’ graphs to compare 12 previous winters and to monitor the 1980/81 winter
Authors: Tillett Hilary E. , Spencer Inge-Lise 
Published: March 2010

SummarySurveillance of influenza in England and Wales is made by monitoring weekly data. Principal indices are deaths, sickness-benefit claims (SBC), laboratory reports and observations from general practitioners (GPs). The 12 winters 1968/9 to 1979/80 have been studied to see which indices best described size and timing of influenza epidemics. A method of plotting the data (called cusums) is suggested which makes it easier to see the effect of small epidemics.Cusums for GP statistics and respiratory deaths were found to be the most helpful indices for describing both size and timing of the epidemics, followed by total deaths and SBC, which were less specific to influenza, and influenza deaths, which lagged behind other indices. Deaths certified as pneumonia have been increasing over these years, whereas bronchitis deaths have been decreasing and these indices should not be used separately for monitoring.The laboratory reporting system is important. It confirms the presence of influenza virus in the community and indicates prevalent strains. Because it is a voluntary system with no defined population base the reports are not reliable numerically for estimating relative size of epidemics or for developing cusums.Cusum plots were unanimous in describing the winter of 1980/1 as one of little influenza activity.
Influence of multiple plating from fluid media on salmonella isolation from animal feeding stuffs
Authors: Harvey R. W. S. , Price T. H. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryThe influence of multiple plating of fluid cultures on salmonella isolation from animal feeding stuffs was examined. Four platings were made from broth culture after 24 h at 37 °C and four platings from selenite enrichment from 24 h at 43 °C. Selenite enrichment followed broth culture which was used as a pre-enrichment stage. Brilliant green MacConkey agar plates were employed for broth subculture and brilliant green MacConkey and desoxycholate citrate agars for selenite subculture. The eight brilliant green plates subcultured from broth and selenite were examined for salmonellas after incubation for 24 h at 37 °C. The four desoxycholate citrate agars after 24 h at 37 °C were used for motility enrichment. The food sample size was a single 100 g instead of 4 x 25 g cultured in an earlier study. This pooling of samples aimed at technical economy. Quadruple plating played an important part in salmonella isolation from 100 g specimens. The combination of multiple plating with motility enrichment was the most successful technique used.
Characterization of resistance plasmids and carried phages in an epidemic clone of multi-resistantSalmonella typhimuriumin India
Authors: Frost J. A. , Rowe B. , Ward L. R. , Threlfall E. J. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryHospital outbreaks of severe gastroenteritis caused by multi-resistantSalmonellatyphimuriumhave occurred in a number of cities throughout India since 1977. The strains involved belong to phage types 66 or 122, or are untypable; the latter are derived from types 66 or 122 by acquisition of one or more of a number of temperate bacteriophages. Types 66 and 122 are closely related and react with the same phages of theS. typhimuriumtyping scheme.A plasmid belonging to compatibility group FImeencoding resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulphonamides, spectinomycin, tetracyclines, gentamicin and trimethoprim (R-type ACKSSuSpTGTm) is present in all of the multi-resistant strains. Several other plasmids have been identified including an SSu resistance determinant, a group I2, transfer factor and an R factor coding for resistance to kanamycin, streptomycin and sulphonamides which is compatible with plasmids of all the standard compatibility groups. These plasmids are only present in a proportion of the strains examined.Examination of strains from other sources has identified a paediatric hospital outbreak in Saudi Arabia and a number of sporadic infections in Great Britain which have been caused by the same organisms. These studies show that, despite differences in phage type and plasmid content, this group of strains belongs to a single clone which has become widespread in India with some extension to other countries.
An outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by both rotavirus andShigella sonneiin a private school in Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Sutmoller F. , Azeredo R. S. , Lacerda M. D. , Barth O. M. , Pereira H. G. , Hoffer E. , Schatzmayr H. G. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryIn May 1980 an extensive outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred in a private school in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Examination of faeces and paired sera showed that this outbreak was caused by both rotavirus and a virulent strain ofShigella sonnei. In the first 19 stool samples collected seven (37%) had rotavirus only, six (32%) hadSh. sonneionly, while four (21 %) had both agents. Examination of the second and third stool collections revealed only the presence ofSh. sonnei. The 18 paired sera showed seroconversion for rotavirus in four cases (22%) and in seven cases (39 %) forSh. sonnei. The overall attack rate of the disease was approximately 75 %, the nursery and kindergarten having higher attack rates. Students in all grades became sick at the same time, and the unimodal curve of the onset dates of symptoms indicates a common source outbreak. Evidence suggested a contaminated water supply.
Hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by health care personnel
Authors: Adams Brian G. , Marrie Thomas J. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA quantitative culture technique (hand washed in a glove containing broth for 30 s) was used to determine the frequency of hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by various groups of health care workers and 104 control subjects. Overall, 31 % of health care workers carried aerobic Gram-negative rods on their hands compared to 59% of control subjects (P< 0.001).Enterobacter agglomeransaccounted for 40% of the isolates, and otherEnterobacterspp. 7%. Other organisms includedAcinetobacter calcoaceticus21%, Serratiaspp. 11%,Klebsiellaspp. 10%,Moraxellaspp. 3%,Pseudomonasspp. 3%,Proteusspp. 1.5%,Escherichia coli1%;Morganella morganii, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonassp. and an isolate that was not speciated accounted for 0.5% each. We conclude that endemic hand carriage of aerobic Gram-negative rods by health care personnel is common, but significantly less than that of control subjects.Enterobacter agglomeransis found so frequently on the hands of control subjects that it must be considered part of the normal hand flora.
Salmonella organisms in garden fertilizers of animal origin
Authors: Smith H. Williams , Tucker J. F. , Hall M. L. M. , Rowe B. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYOf 120 specimens of garden fertilizers of animal origin purchased in retail shops, 40 (33·3%) were found to be contaminated with salmonella organisms. Untreated bone meal (53·1%) was the most heavily contaminated but 25% of specimens of this product classed as heat-treated or sterilized were positive. In all, 32 serotypes were identified.
Rapid single-tube confirmatory test forEscherichia coli
Authors: Smith J. L. , Rockliff S. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA single-tube confirmatory test that allows a result to be obtained in 4 h has been developed from the single-tube confirmatory test recommended by the Joint Committee of the Public Health Laboratory Service and the Standing Committee of Analysts (PHLS/SCA, 1980). A variety of river, lake and reservoir samples were examined for the presence ofE. coliusing either most probable number (MPN) or membrane filtration (MF) technique, and the PHLS/SCA recommended confirmatory medium (LTMB) was evaluated against traditional methods. To improve the performance of LTMB, the medium was modified and this modified medium when used in 0·1 ml volumes and incubated for 4 h at 44°C provided 99% agreement with traditional methods.
Bovine tuberculosis in domestic and wild mammals in an area of Dorset. III. The prevalence of tuberculosis in mammals other than badgers and cattle
Authors: Little T. W. A. , Swan C. , Thompson H. V. , Wilesmith J. W. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA large sample of the wild mammals found on a farm in South Dorset were trapped and examined for the presence ofMycobacterium bovisfollowing the discovery of widespread infection in cattle and badgers.M. boviswas isolated from the lymph nodes of two out of 90 rats (Rattus norvegicus) and one out of seven foxes (Vulpes vulpes) but no lesions of tuberculosis were observed. It was concluded that the badger was the only species of wild mammal which was a reservoir ofM. bovisin this area.
Studies on the growth of Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor and biotype classical in foods
Authors: Kolvin Jennifer L. , Roberts Diane 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYThe growth of Vibrio cholerae biotype eltor and biotype classical was studied in a range of cooked foods, shellfish and raw vegetables, incubated at 22°, 30° and 37°C. Both biotypes grew in all cooked foods but growth was not demonstrated on raw shellfish. The organism multiplied on some vegetables to levels of the order of 105/g. The classical biotypes of V. cholerae showed a longer lag period than the eltor biotypes in some foods particularly when incubated at 22°C. The eltor biotypes reached a higher level in the stationary phase than the classical biotypes.
Vi serology in screening of typhoid carriers: improved specificity by detection of Vi antibodies by counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Chau P. Y. , Tsang R. S. W. 
Published: March 2010

SUMMARYA purified soluble Vi antigen was used in counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE), passive haemagglutination (HA) and solid phase radio-immunoassay (SPRIA) for detection of serum Vi antibody. Serum Vi antibody was detected in 13 of 14 chronic typhoid carriers by both CIE and HA. SPRIA studies showed that Vi antibodies in sera of these carriers were mainly of the IgG class. Successful treatment with amoxycillin in one carrier, who initially showed a positive Vi test, resulted in a reversion in 6 months to seronegativity as measured by Vi CIE. However, Vi antibody was also detected in 10 sera (3%) from 329 control subjects by HA but not by CIE. When the CIE assay was applied to 1030 serum specimens obtained from hospitalized patients, it was able to detect one typhoid carrier, but one (0·1%) non-carrier also gave a positive Vi CIE test. It is thus concluded that Vi CIE is more specific and no less sensitive than Vi HA for the detection of the typhoid carrier state. The finding by SPRIA that the anti-Vi antibodies present in typhoid carriers' sera were mainly of the IgG class further justified the use of CIE as a precipitation test for their detection.
Immunological enhancement and the pathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever
Authors: Porterfield J. S. 
Published: March 2010

SummaryLaboratory studies have provided evidence that the replication of dengue viruses in preparations of primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells of human or simian origin, or in macrophage-like cell lines of human or murine origin, may be enhanced by sub-neutralizing concentrations of homotypic dengue antibody, by heterotypic dengue antibody, or by antibody against heterologous flaviviruses. The mechanism underlying this phenomenon is discussed in the context of dengue haemorrhagic fever and the dengue shock syndrome.