bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation In Kernel Plumpness, Lodging, and Other Characteristics in Six‐rowed Barley Crosses1
Authors: Nasr H. G. , Shands H. L. , Forsberg R. A. 
Published: July 2010

Several generations of six‐rowed barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crosses of parents with a wide range of morphological and agronomic characteristics were examined for breeding behavior. Parents used were wide‐kerneled ‘Larker’ and ‘X969‐3,’ intermediate‐kerneled ‘Dickson’ and ‘X1068‐1,’ and thin‐kerneled ‘Fraeg’ and ‘J2458‐1.’ The latter two are short and comparatively stiff strawed.Population means for plumpness, test weight, and plant height resembled midparent values, indicating that gene effects were additive. Some population means deviated from midparent values for increased lodging and increased grain yield. For example, small‐plot yields of F3 lines of Larker ✕ X1068‐1 averaged 5,310 kg/ha (98.7 bu/a) in 1969, compared to 5,017 kg/ha for Larker.Heritability estimates using variance components were high for kernel plumpness, intermediate to high for test weight and plant height, low to intermediate for lodging, and slightly lower for yield. Estimates obtained by the standard unit method were usually lower than those using variance components.Predicted genetic advance for percent kernel plumpness ranged from 3.3 to 27.7%. The observed advances were close to the predicted in 6 of 11 high‐plumpness comparisons.
Reciprocal Differences and Combining Ability for Corn Earworm Injury among Maize Single Crosses1
Authors: Widstrom N. W. 
Published: July 2010

Reciprocal differences and combining abilities for corn earworm [Heliothis zea (Boddie)] injury were determined for single crosses among ten southern adapted maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds. Specific combining ability effects approached general combining ability effects in terms of their relative importance in conditioning resistance to injury by the corn earworm. Highly significant genotype‐environment interactions occurred for both general and specific combining abilities. Reciprocal effects were highly significant during one of 2 years but nearly disappeared in the combined analysis by way of a genotype‐environment interaction.Constant parent regression (c.p.r.) analysis revealed significant amount of dominance for earworm injury, nearing the complete dominance level. The size of negative c.p.r., values for some inbreds suggested the presence of overdominance for resistance to earworm injury. In general, nonadditive effects appear to be nearly as important as additive effects in producing plant resistance. Reciprocal effects may interfere with identification of resistant genotypes through their interaction with specific enviromnents, but may normally be ignored as important genetic determinants. Consideration of the reciprocal differences and combining abilities obtained for these inbreds and crosses as selection criteria are discussed.
Effects of Two Diverse Environments on Seed Production Characteristics of Tall Fescue Hybrid Derivatives1
Authors: Buckner R. C. , Rincker C. M. , Burrus P. B. , Cressman R. M. , Garrison C. S. 
Published: July 2010

Panicle emergence, anthesis and several components of seed yield of 42 S1 (Lolium perenne L. ✕ Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) × Festuca arundinacea Schreb. hybrid clones, grown at Prosser, Washington, and Lexington, Kentucky, were studied in two different years to evaluate seed production capabilities in widely diverse environments.Clones differed at both locations for time of panicle emergence, date of anthesis, percent fertile pollen, number of panicles per clone, seed yield per clone, seed yield per panicle, percent fertile florets, and weight of 100 seeds. Total panicle production per plant at Prosser was approximately nine times greater than at Lexington, a factor that helped to explain the higher seed yields obtained at Prosser during both years.The widely diverse environments resulted in significant differences between locations and significant clone and location interactions for most characters studied.A correlation analysis between locations of means for characters of the 42 individual clones showed a highly significant association during both years for: (a) percent fertile pollen (r=0.87, r=0.80); (b) percent fertile florets (r=0.83, r=0.77); (c) seed per panicle (r=0.79, r=0.71); and (d) total seed yield per clone (r=0.67, r=0.72).
Yielding Ability and Competitive Influence in Hybrid Mixtures of Maize1
Authors: Kannenberg L. W. , Hunter R. B. 
Published: July 2010

Ten short‐season commercial maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids were grown in pure stands and all possible equal‐proportion mixtures over a two‐year period at Guelph, Ontario. Differential stress was imposed by varying plant densities. Data were recorded for grain yields, ear moisture percentage and lodging percentage. Individual component data were collected in the second year.No significant differences in grain yield were observed in either year among plant densities. Further, no differences were noted between observed yields of the mixtures and midcomponent means. This contrasts with many studies in self‐pollinated species.Analysis of individual component data showed that the yield contribution of the components was disproportionate: hybrids that yielded highest in pure stands contributed more to a mixture than would be expected based on their pure stand yield and the lower yielding hybrids less than expected. These results suggest that natural selection in gene pools of cross‐fertilizing species would result in higher‐yielding genotypes. Ears of early maturing hybrids tended to dry more slowly when in mixtures and later hybrids more rapidly, relative to their drying rates in pure stands. Standability of mixtures was unrelated to respective standabilities of the various components in pure stands.
Studies on the Heritability of Gossypol in Leaves and Flower Buds of Gossypium1
Authors: Singh I. D. , Weaver J. B. 
Published: July 2010

The inheritance of gossypol in cotton (Gossypium spp.) flower buds and leaves was studied in populations derived from three crosses of medium ✕ medium, high × low and high × high gossypol parents. Data from all three crosses indicated that a low gossypol level was dominant to a higher gossypol level. F2 frequency distributions suggested that more than one gene controls the expression of level of gossypol in flower buds. There was an indication of additive gene action although the possibility of geometric gene action was not ruled out. Estimates of broad‐sense heritability ranged from 73.0 to 86.0%.Significant positive correlation values were found between the level of gossypol in the flower buds and leaves in four populations of Upland cotton. Thus we concluded that at least some of the genes responsible for the expression of the level of gossypol in the flower buds also control the level of gossypol in the cotton leaves.Significant positive correlation values were obtained between the level of gossypol in the leaves and the number of glands on leaf, bract, and petal. Similarly, the correlation values between the level of gossypol in the flower buds and the number of glands on leaf and petal were positive and significant. Thus we concluded that the number of glands on leaves, bracts, and petals can be a useful breeding index for developing low or high gossypol lines of Upland cotton. The maximum number of glands per 5 mm disc occurred in the leaves and the minimum number in the bracts.
Imbibitional Chilling Injury in Zea mays L. Altered by Initial Kernel Moisture and Maternal Parent1
Authors: Cal J. P. , Obendorf R. L. 
Published: July 2010

The differential seedling growth of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids after seeding at cold temperatures led to an evaluation of the effect of initial kernel moisture and parental lines on germination and seedling growth after cold imbibition. Low‐ and high‐moisture kernels were imbibed 0 to 21 days at 5C. Effects of cold during germination were evaluated by survival and growth of seedlings at 25C.Imbibition of low‐moisture (6%) kernels at 5C resulted in aborted radicles, proliferation of seminal roots, and delayed seedling growth. For certain inbreds and crosses, prolonged exposure to 5C resulted in reduced survival. Sensitivity to imbibitional chilling was partially or totally reversed when initial kernel moisture was 13 or 16%. Cornell M‐3 was sensitive to chilling while Pennsylvania 290 was relatively tolerant, but certain parental lines of both hybrids were sensitive. Sensitivity of reciprocal hybrids indicated maternal effects.
Low Light Intensity Effects on Grain Sorghum at Different Stages of Growth1
Authors: Pepper G. E. , Prine G. M. 
Published: July 2010

‘Georgia 615’ grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) was shaded for weekly periods in three field experiments to determine if periods exist during the life cycle of the sorghum plant when low light intensities are deleterious to grain yield components. Black plastic fabric with 25% light transmission was used to shade plants. Grain yield per ha and per panicle, seed number per panicle, seed weight, and heat units from seeding to 50% anthesis were determined.Two stages of plant development most adversely affected by low light intensity were found. The first stage occurred from pre‐boot vegetative, when the last leaf was just visible in the whorl to full panicle expansion or during approximately the two‐week period just before 50% anthesis. Shading during this period resulted in reduced number of seed per panicle. The second stage was during the milk and dough stages of grain development or during approximately the three‐week period just after 50% anthesis. Shading during this period resulted in lighter sed with little or no change in number of seed per panicle. When number of seed per panicle was reduced by shading, heavier seed weight compensated for part, and sometimes all, of the potential yield decrease. Grain yields per panicle and per ha of shaded sorghum were generally lower than for the unshaded check.
Influence of Light and Temperature Environments Preceding and During the Dark Period on Floral Initiation in Pima Cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)1
Authors: Pinkas Leonard L. H. 
Published: July 2010

Floral induction in American Pima cotton, (Gossypium barbadense L.), cultivars ‘Pima S‐3’ and ‘Pima S‐4’, occurred earlier (at lower node levels on the main stem) under short winter days than under long summer days when plants were grown under natural light and a controlled temperature program.The intensities of red and far red light in natural sunlight were measured to determine if there were daily or seasonal changes in spectral quality that might be related to variations in floral initiation. Red light predominated during the day, but the balance shifted to a predominance of far red light between sunset and darkness. This relationship was not seasonal.Total exclusion of all light from plants during the 1.5‐hour period before sunset accelerated floral induction if the temperature during this period was above 30 C, but either had no effect or retarded induction if the temperature was below 30 C. Shortening or interrupting the natural dark period with low intensity lights of different spectral composition retarded induction. The intensity of blue light, but not red or far red light, appeared to be related to induction. The increase in the node number of the first fruiting branch was almost directly proportional to the time interval between sunset and the interruption of the dark period.Floral induction was most sensitive to photoperiod and to high temperatures during sunset during the 2nd week of development after germination.
Differential Stomatal Response Between C3 and C4 Species to Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Light1
Authors: Akita Shigemi , Moss Dale N. 
Published: July 2010

Transpiration measurements were made on attached leaves of potted plants or on excised leaves of native plants of three C3 species—wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), and dandelion (Taraxacum officinale L.) — and three C4 species — maize (Zea mays L.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.), and pigweed (Amarranthus retroflexus L.) — in different CO2 concentrations and light intensities. The experiments were begun with leaves in CO2‐free air in light (0.4 cal cm−2 min−1, 400–700 nm) to open the stomata.Stomata of C3 species were less prone to closure than were stomata of C4 species as the light intensity was decreased or as the CO2 concentration was increased. The greater water use efficiency of C4 species may be due in part to the better control of water loss because the stomata are more responsive to environmental changes than are the stomata of C3 species.
Effect of Infection by Cephalosporium gramineum on Winter Wheat1
Authors: Johnston R. H. , Mathre D. E. 
Published: July 2010

Under greenhouse conditions inoculum density studies with Cephalosporium gramineum Nisikado and Ikata indicated that at least 106 conidiospores per winter wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.) were required to affect yield components and that maximum disease was obtained with 108 conidiospores per plant. Inoculation was accomplished by slicing the root system of vernalized plants with a knife and pouring a predetermined concentration of conidia into the soil slice. Infected plants were stunted, had reduced yield, and had higher levels of protein than healthy plants. The yield components most affected by this disease were number and weight of seeds (kernels) per head. Shriveling of kernels reduced the carbohydrate present and resulted in a relative increase in percent protein. The number of heads produced by infected plants was never significantly different from the number of heads produced by healthy plants. Yield losses were as high as 78%, thus giving an indication of the potential destructiveness of this pathogen under severe disease conditions. Symptom expression was found to be of little value in accurately estimating the degree of susceptibility to the pathogen. No relationship was found between the number of minor genes present for stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis west.) resistance and susceptibility to C. gramineum.This work examines the host‐parasite interaction, a preprequisite to establishing guide lines that could be applied to a screening program for the development of resistant and/or tolerant cultivars.
Inheritance of Brown Pericarp and Subcoat in Sorghum1
Authors: Wanjari M. R. , York J. O. 
Published: July 2010

Five grain sorghums [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were used in this study to determine the inheritance of the brown pericarp and subcoat: (i). 7078,Tx 7078 strain of ‘Combine 7078’ (red pericarp without a subcoat); (ii). CK‐60,Tx 3197 strain of ‘Combine Kafir 60’ (white pericarp with reddish brown speckles without a subcoat); (iii). Hegari, TS 7313 strain of ‘Early Hegari’ (chalky white pericarp with a subcoat); (iv). Schrock, CI 616 strain of ‘Schrock’ (brown pericarp with a subcoat); and (v). Shallu, AK 3001R strain of ‘Double Dwarf Early Shallu’ (pearly white pericarp without a subcoat). All possible crosses (with reciprocals) were made among the five sorghums. The pericarp colors and the presence or absence of a subcoat were noted for the crosses and reciprocals in the F1 generation. The presence or absence of the subcoat was determined by microscopic examinations of cross sections of the grain from the parents and from their crosses and reciprocals, 20 F1's.The F2 segregating populations were classified for pericarp colors and for the presence or absence of a subcoat. The observed data were tested by chi‐square for goodness‐of‐fit to the theoretical ratios. The F3 populations were used to confirm the F2 segregating ratios.It was confirmed that two complementary factors B1 and B2 are responsible for the presence of a subcoat. Brown pericarp resulted when factors B1, B2, and S were dominant and these brown grains possessed a subcoat. Additional factors R and Y were responsible for red pericarp when any of the factors B1, B2, or S were homozygous recessive. Brown grain containing the dominant R and Y factors had a deeper brown color. When either of the subcoat factors were homozygous recessive and homozygous recessive R or Y factor, regardless of the S factor, a white pericarp resulted. Pericarp and subcoat genotypes for the five sorghums were determined.
Utilization of Soybean Germplasm Strains in a Soybean Improvement Program
Authors: Hartwig Edgar E. 
Published: July 2010

Selected strains from the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] germplasm collection were hybridized with the cultivar ‘Hill’ and evaluated in bulk in F3, F4, and F5 generations. Mean seed yields of bulk F5 populations averaged 15% of the field for Hill.Material was selected from four crosses for further study. Degree of susceptibility of the susceptible parent to the diseases phytophthora rot or bacterial pustule influenced the percentage of resistant types found among Fn lines. The lines selected on the basis of disease reaction or chemical composition produced yields which averaged 70 to 80% of the yield for Hill.
Field Performance of Cotton Grown from Filled and Partially Filled Seeds1
Authors: Turner John H. , Ferguson David 
Published: July 2010

The influence of seed fullness (degree to which kernels fill the space within the seed coat) upon emergence, vigor, maturity, and yield of cotton (Gossypiun hirsutum L.) was studied under field conditions in 1971. Each of four lots of ‘Acala SJ‐1’ cottonseed, was sorted by X‐ray inspection into three classes: check (or unsorted), full, and partially filled seed.Plants from filled seeds were superior to those from partially filled seeds for all emergence and vigor measurements. Plants from the filled class were also superior to those of the check seeds for vigor as measured by dry weight accumulation during 8 weeks of seedling growth.An earlier‐maturing cotton was produced from plants grown from filled seeds as measured by blooming rate and by first picking weights.The four lots of seeds differed significantly for emergence rate and final number of plants, but no significant differences among lots could be detected for seedling vigor and maturity. No significant lot ✕ class interactions were found.No significant differences for final yield were detected, but in each of the four lots the mean yields were highest for the full seed class.A general advantage in emergence, seedling vigor, and crop maturity was indicated for the full seed. Thus, cotton planting seeds that are completely filled should be desirable for obtaining and maintaining a stand of healthy seedlings and for earlier fruit production.
Maturity Index as a Measure of Vegetative Development of Sudangrass and Related Sorghum Crosses1
Authors: Summer D. C. , Holmes R. L. 
Published: July 2010

To develop a method for establishing indices of vegetative development harvests were made twice weekly during the vegetative growth phase of ‘Piper’ and ‘Sudan 23’ sudangrass [Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.] and the cross ‘Sweet Sioux’ and ‘SX‐12’ [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench × Sorghum Sudanese (Piper) Stapf.]. Heights from ground level to the uppermost exposed leaf collar (tiller height) and to the apical meristem were recorded for all tillers over 16.5 cm. The sum of meristem heights divided by the sum of tiller heights and the quotient multiplied by 100 describes a mean point, termed maturity index, of morphological development for each sample. This figure may be used to compare qualitative or quantitative measurements among cultivars, seasons, locations, or treatments at the same degree of morphological development.Cultivars at the same morphological degree of development differed in stand height and percentage crude protein. Flag leaves were first evidenced at an index of approximately 70. At this stage of development there is a rapid increase in dry matter and lignin percentages, and a rapid decrease in crude protein concentration. The data indicate that harvesting at a maturity index of 70 (first evidence of flag leaves) may be a good compromise between maximizing quantity and quality of these forage crops.
Effects of Recurrent Seed Irradiation on Genetic Variability and Recombination in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)1
Authors: Fotiadis N. A. , Miller P. A. 
Published: July 2010

The effect of five cycles of seed irradiation with 10 kr of γ‐rays per cycle on the means, variances, and covariances of a synthetic variety of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was studied.Means were lower after the treatment for the traits previously selected for high values and were higher for the traits previously selected for low values. Means of traits previously selected for intermediate values remained unaffected. Variances were generally but moderately increased. The effect on correlations between traits was rather small. Expected gains from selection were higher in the treated population, but the increased gain could hardly, if at all, compensate for the lower means of that population.The changes effected by the treatment are deemed rather small. The reason is thought to be the low doses of radiation used.
Histological Examination of Fresh Forage Leaves After in vitro Digestion1
Authors: Hanna W. W. , Monson W. G. , Burton G. W. 
Published: July 2010

All anatomical components except the cuticle, trichomes, xylem, fibers, and bundle sheaths were digested after in vitro leaf digestion of Avena sativa L., Secale cereale L., Lolium multiflorum Lam., Poa pratensis L., Dactylis glomerata L., and Festuca elatior L. for 24 hours; Pennisetum typhoides (Burm.) Stapf and C. E. Hubb. for 48 hours; and Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. for 96 hours. Some breakdown of the bundle sheath in bermudagrass occurred. The outer thin‐walled parenchymatic bundle sheath but not the inner sheath of the cool‐season grasses was digested. The larger cells, less compact arrangement, and larger intercellular spaces of the mesophyll of cool‐season grasses as compared to bermudagrass or pearl millet appeared to allow the microorganism to be in contact with a larger surface area in a given time. These mesophyll characteristics may explain why the rate of digestion was faster in the cool‐season grasses than in pearl millet and bermudagrass.Observations on the arrangement of mesophyll in ‘Tift 18’ and ‘Tift 23’ pearl millet and on the patterns of digestion would indicate that digestibility could be increased by breeding for certain cell arrangements.