bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the kairomones of Exorista bombycis (Dipt., Tachnidae), a major pest of Bombyx mori (Lep., Bombycidae)
Authors: Deshpande A. A. , Jamil Kaiser 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe uzifly, Exorista bombycis, is an endoparasite of the silkworm which causes severe damage to silkworm resulting to economic loss to the silk industry in India. All control methods to bring down the uzi menace have been unsuccessful, hence novel approaches like biological control methods and the use of pheromones and kairomones have been tried. The odoriferous compounds, broadly termed as kairomones, were extracted from the dipteran pest of the silkworms, i.e. the uzifly (Exorista bombycis) pupae. Different solvents like chloroform, methanol, acetone hexane and dicholormethane were used in order to determine the extractability of the compounds of our interest. As a result of the bioassay experiments against the target insect, i.e. Trichopria khandalus, it was found that the methanol and acetone extracts contained the useful compounds. Results showed that the kairomone blend consisted of organic acids like acetic acid, isobutyric acid, 1‐methyl‐butanoic acid alcohols and other compounds. To our knowledge this is the first report on extraction and use of kairomones to attract the hyperparasite to its host and its possible utilization to determine the prevalence of the hyperparasite in sericultural pockets by an environmentally friendly method.
Gamma irradiation for postharvest disinfestation of Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) (Lep., Tortricidae)
Authors: Lester P. J. , Barrington A. M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGamma irradiation was examined for its potential as a quarantine treatment for eggs and larvae of the leafroller Ctenopseustis obliquana. One‐day‐old eggs were more radiosensitive than 5‐day‐old eggs, requiring 55.9 Gy and 269 Gy for 99% mortality, respectively. Effective disinfestation of C. obliquana could be achieved with a dose as small as 70.1 Gy, which would inhibit any oviposition by adults developing from irradiated 1‐day‐old and 5‐day‐old eggs, and 1st, 3rd and 5th instar larvae. Further quarantine security for these life stages could be achieved with a dose of 150 Gy which would inhibit adult emergence, or 215 Gy which would inhibit larvae from entering pupation. As these doses are unlikely to damage host fruit, gamma irradiation provides a potential alternative to methyl bromide fumigation.
A semi‐field testing procedure using the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata L. (Col., Coccinellidae), for assessing the effects of pesticides on non‐target leaf‐dwelling insects under field exposure conditions
Authors: Schmuck R. , Tornier I. , Bock K.‐D. , Waltersdorfer A. , Künast Ch. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractOver a 2‐year period, three research facilities examined a semi‐field testing procedure to determine its usefulness in predicting potential side‐effects of pesticides on non‐target leaf‐dwelling insects under field exposure conditions. The ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata was chosen as an indicator species for such insects. The objectives of the research were to examine the amenability of the testing method and to evaluate the reproducibility and reliability of the results. Second instar larvae of the beetles were placed on aphid‐infested broad bean plants and then exposed to a spray treatment with one of three insecticide formulations at different application rates. The pesticides used were ME 605 Spritzpulver (WP 40), Metasystox R (EC 250) and Pirimor Granulat (50% a.i. w/w). Larval mortalities and numbers of successful metamorphoses observed in the tests were found to be in good agreement with observations made under agricultural field conditions. The reproductive performance of beetles which developed from the exposed larvae was highly variable between replicate groups although beetles were partly maintained in groups of comparable parent density and sex ratio.Overall, it is concluded that the proposed test procedure is amenable and that the observed effects on larval survivability and the number of successful metamorphoses can be used to reliably predict harmful effects of pesticides to ladybird beetles in the field. If used as testing endpoint, the reproductive performance should only be qualitatively evaluated, since this sublethal endpoint is apparently subjected to a high natural variability.
Side‐effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) products on insect pathogens and natural enemies of spider mites and insects*
Authors: Schmutterer H. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractNeem products are safe to spiders, adults of numerous beneficial insect species and eggs of many predators such as coccinellids. Nymphal/larval instars are more or less susceptible, especially under laboratory conditions. No or only slight side‐effects are, as a rule, observed under semi‐field or field conditions. Due to their relative selectivity (‘stage selectivity’) neem products can be recommended for many programmes of Integrated Pest Management as it is unlikely that they will cause severe disturbances in ecosystems. In a few exceptional cases caution is recommended but it should be borne in mind that many more so‐called indifferent as well as beneficial insects and spiders are killed by synthetic pesticides as compared with neem products. Or in other words, the use of neem‐based pesticides can be a substantial contribution towards preservation of biodiversity in ecosystems in spite of the fact that they are not completely safe to all stages of beneficial nematodes, mites, and insects.
Individual and combined effects of the fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus and parasitoid, Aphelinus asychis Walker (Hym., Aphelinidae) on confined populations of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) (Hom., Aphididae) under field conditions
Authors: Mesquita A. L. M. , Lacey L. A. , Leclant F. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe natural enemies of Diuraphis noxia (Russian wheat aphid) can play an important role in the dynamics of aphid populations. The aphelinid wasp parasite, Aphelinus asychis, and the hyphomycete fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, were evaluated separately and in combination against confined populations of D. noxia under field conditions. Groups of 10 infested barley plants were treated in a spray tower with either 10 ml of a fungal suspension (1.7 × 107conidia/ml) [with and without incubation for 24 h under ideal conditions (Pfr; Pfr(24 h), respectively)] or four female A. asychis (Aa) or both fungus and parasitoids (Pfr + Aa). Insects treated with Pfr + Aa or Aa responded with higher mortality at 7 and 10 days post‐treatment than controls or those receiving only the fungus. Laboratory studies confirmed mycosis in cadavers of D. noxia that were recovered from plants that had received fungal treatments ranged from 24.4 to 31.9% (Pfr); 26.6 to 43.3% (Pfr(24 h)) and 27.7 to 34.5% (Pfr + Aa). The total number of living aphids per plant was significantly lower in the treatments involving A. asychis than in all other treatments and controls throughout the test. Significantly lower numbers of D. noxia relative to controls were also observed 13 days post‐treatment for the Pfr(24 h) treatment. At the termination of the test 13 days post‐treatment, the density of aphids on plants treated with Pfr + Aa, Aa, Pfr(24 h) and Pfr was 38.2%, 43.1%, 70.5% and 91.9% of that observed on control plants, respectively. Significant differences in the percentages of aphid age groups were observed between treatments involving A. asychis and all other treatments and controls 13 days post‐treatment; there was a significant reduction of the percentage of younger instar and relative increase in older instars for the treatments involving A. asychis. The dry weight of plants treated with Pfr + Aa was significantly greater than controls 13 days post‐treatment. These studies reveal an additive effect of P. fumosoroseus and A. asychis with regard to aphid control with no detrimental effects on the percentage of parasitism nor parasitoid emergence when the two agents were used together.
Evaluation of Ocimum kenyense (Ayobangira) as source of repellents, toxicants and protectants in storage against three major stored product insect pests
Authors: Bekele A. J. , Obeng‐Ofori D. , Hassanali A. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe bioactivity of materials derived from the leaves and succulent stems of Ocimum kenyense against Sitophilus zeamais (Mots.), Rhyzopertha dominica (Fab.) and Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) was assessed in maize and sorghum grains in the laboratory. O. kenyense applied as dry or ground leaves was not toxic to S. zeamais and R. dominica. The highest dosage of essential oil killed only 35% of the weevil but induced 96% mortality in the borer after 96 h. S. cerealella was most susceptible to O. kenyense since all the plant materials bioassayed evoked higher mortalities in the moth. Grains treated with 30 g of ground leaves and 750 mg of essential oil killed all the moths after 24 h. Similarly, dry and ground leaves had no effect on progeny production by S. zeamais but grains treated with essential oil extract significantly reduced the number of progeny produced by the weevil. All levels of dry leaves, ground leaves and essential oil extract of O. kenyense caused significant reduction in progeny produced by R. dominica and S. cerealella. There was no progeny produced by both species in grains treated with the highest dosages of 30 g of ground leaves and 750 mg of essential oil extract. All the plant materials were highly repellent to S. zeamais, with the highest dosages of ground leaves and essential oil evoking the highest repellent action. The materials, however, showed only moderate repellency against R. dominica and rather low repellency against the moth. Ground leaves and essential oil extract provided the greatest protection of maize and sorghum against feeding by R. dominica and S. cerealella with no observable feeding damage to grains treated the highest dosages of both materials. The potential practical use of O. kenyense as grain protectants in farm‐stored grains in rural communities in Africa is discussed.
Factors related to native host abandonment by the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei (Ferr.) (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Mathieu F. , Brun L. O. , Frérot B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe coffee berry borer (CBB) Hypothenemus hampei is a serious pest of coffee berries. The ‘interseason’ is the most critical period for this beetle because at this time the vast majority of remaining berries or new immature berries are unsuitable for the development of this pest. CBB abandons its native berry to search for another host berry. This work shows that some factors affect the abandonment of female and specifies some biological characteristics of the particular female of the interseason. The following results were observed. A positive correlation was established between insolation and abandonment. Abandonment increased when immature berries were present close to the infested berries. The fecundation rate of colonizing females was 93% and the average survival time without food after abandonment of the berry was around 11 days. A pattern of the survival strategy developed by CBB at the interseason is proposed.
Trapping of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei Ferr. (Col., Scolytidae) within a mesh‐enclosed environment: interaction of olfactory and visual stimuli
Authors: Mathieu F. , Brun L. O. , Marchillaud C. , Frérot B. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractCoffee berry borer (CBB) colonizing females were released within a mesh‐tent and recaptured in traps to study the interaction of olfactory and visual stimuli during the flight phase. A 1:1 methanol–ethanol mixture was used as an attractant in traps constructed from multiple funnels of red or white. The first aim of the present experiments was to verify that the results obtained in a laboratory olfactometer, in which insects were constrained to walk and in which visual and olfactory stimuli were independently manipulated, could be extended to an outdoor arena enclosed by a net tent. The second aim was to test different emission odour rate, and finally develop a prototype trap which could be used for subsequent studies of CBB population dynamics in the field. Out of 3 000 females released, over 45% were recaptured, among which 95% were collected from traps with methanol–ethanol mixture. The red traps were more attractive than the white traps. The lower the rate of emission of odour, the greater the number of females recaptured. These results show the importance of vision and olfaction for the CBB's flight approach to the trap.
Potential of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.) (Hym., Megachilidae) to pollinate hairy and winter vetches (Vicia spp.)
Authors: Richards K. W. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe effectiveness of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), as a potential pollinator of winter (woollypod) vetch, Vicia dasycarpa Ten., and hairy vetch, Vicia villosa Roth., was evaluated over a 3‐year period. Populations of the most important pollinator of the crop, the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. continue to decrease in North America, thus there is a need to evaluate alternate pollinators so that seed growers can optimize their choice of pollinator. Treatments consisted of plants caged to exclude all pollinators, plants caged with leafcutter bees, and plants exposed to resident pollinators including alfalfa leafcutter bees. These vetches were self‐sterile and produced very little seed when bees were excluded. Pods and seeds per raceme, seeds per pod, percentage seed set and yield were significantly higher for plants of both species exposed to resident pollinators compared to plants caged with leafcutter bees. Significant differences between the two treatments indicate that the alfalfa leafcutter bee would not serve as an effective pollinator for these vetches. However, if insufficient populations of honey bees or resident native bees exist in an area, only then may leafcutter bees have a place in commercial seed production. Several species of bumble bee were the main pollinator of these crops in Alberta, Canada. The seed production of these vetches indicates they may have potential as new legume crops for western Canada.
Effects of neem (Azadirachta indica) kernel water extracts on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae)
Authors: Mourier M. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe effect of neem kernel water extract (NKWE) in different concentrations on cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, was investigated. A choice‐test showed that neem treated cassava leaves were less attractive to first instar mealybugs than untreated leaves. Mealybugs that started feeding on treated leaves died in their second instar. A greenhouse experiment showed that three applications of NKWE at weekly intervals protected cassava against established early instar mealybugs. There were no significant differences between concentrations of 1, 10 and 25%. All concentrations were phytotoxic to a varying degree.
Bioefficacy of crude extracts of Aglaia species (Meliaceae) and some active fractions against lepidopteran larvae
Authors: Koul O. , Shankar J. S. , Mehta N. , Taneja S. C. , Tripathi A. K. , Dhar K. L. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractFoliar and twig extracts of three species of Aglaia were screened for larval growth inhibiting and antifeedant effects against the polyphagous lepidopteran larvae of Spodopteva litura and Helicoverpa armigera. A. elaeagnoidea and A. odorata crude ethanolic extracts were at par in their activity at an initial treatment level of 5 mg/g of dry diet weight, while A. roxburghiana was half as active as the other two species. Detailed investigation of A. elaeagnoidea species revealed the presence of complex limonoid fractions responsible for this activity. The nutritional analyses showed impaired diet consumption and dietary utilization at 200 ppm level of treatment when limonoid fractions Fr2J and Fr6K were provided orally to S. litura larvae, indicating centrally mediated anorexic effect. The isolation of the limonoid complex from A. elaeagnoidea should provide useful starting point for the development of a botanical anti‐insect preparation.
Trophic influences on survival, development and reproduction of Hyperaspis notata (Col., Coccinellidae)
Authors: Dreyer B. Stäubli , Neuenschwander P. , Baumgärtner J. , Dorn S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe coccinellid, Hyperaspis notata Mulsant, is associated with the mealybugs Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr. and P. herreni Williams, on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia. Brought to Africa to help control the accidentally introduced P. manihoti, its range of target prey and plant food sources as well as its performance under conditions of food scarcity were investigated in the laboratory. H. notata showed a moderately narrow food spectrum which should allow survival in periods when P. manihoti is scarce without threatening a broad range of insects species: H. notata survived, completed larval development and reproduced on P. madeirensis (Green) and Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell), which are alternate prey species of the family Pseudococcidae and occur abundantly in cassava fields and on ornamental plants in southern Benin. By contrast, development was not possible on less related taxa of the Sternorrhyncha, namely on Aphis craccivora Koch which occur on cowpea often intercropped with cassava and on the spiralling white fly Aleurodicus dispersus Russel infesting cassava, and many other food crops and ornamental plants. These alternate food sources allowed survival of the larvae and adults for a limited period only and neither moulting nor egg production were observed. Cassava pollen was unsuitable as a food source since it did not allow larvae to develop, females to oviposit, nor did it extend longevity of larvae and adults. Honey prolonged the life span of adults without allowing egg production, and is thus a suitable food substitute for adult H. notata during shipment to release destinations. The coccinellid larvae completed their development to the adult stage when fed from a range of ad libitum supply (consuming up to 6 mg per day) of cassava mealybugs to a minimal daily amount of 1 mg (consuming only ∽0.8 mg per day). Females even laid eggs when fed with a minimal amount of 1.2 mg per couple and day. Larvae of the Colombian strain gained more weight before pupation, and the tolerance of larvae and adults to starving was more marked than in the Brazilian strain.
Laboratory toxicity of a photo activated dye mixture to six species of beneficial insects
Authors: Dowell R. V. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe toxicity of a mixture of two photoactive dyes, Phloxine B and Uranine, was determined for six species of beneficial insects in the laboratory. The dye had no measurable contact toxicity to any test insect. The dye, when mixed in protein baits, was significantly more toxic than the bait alone to Chrysopa carnea Stephens, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, Delphastes pusillus Le Conte and Goniozus legneri (Gordh). The toxicity of all dye and bait mixtures was significantly less to all test insects than that of the malathion and bait mixtures. Substituting the dye mixture for malathion in protein bait sprays used to eradicate exotic fruit flies from the United States should significantly reduce the kill of non‐target beneficial insects.
Production and field evaluation of a Granulosis Virus for control of Sesamia cretica Led. (Lep., Noctuidae) in maize fields in Egypt
Authors: Fédière G. , El‐Sheikh M.A.K. , Semeada A. M. , El‐Hefny A. , Masri M. , El‐Sherif S. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractPilot field trials were conducted against Sesamia cretica Led. using a Granulosis Virus recently isolated from the corn borer infesting maize at Kafr El‐Sheikh Governorate. The efficacy of spray application of ScGV was compared with the currently recommended chemical insecticides (Methomyl and Monocrotophos) as two different control strategies against S. cretica larvae on maize. The viral insecticide is a highly purified suspension of granules in water plus 10% molasses as a sticker as well as a feeding stimulant additive. The spray containing 0.1 g of granules/1 (i.e. 1.48 × 1010I.B./ml) was applied twice at the rate of 1.25 and 2.5 1/0.01 feddan (1 feddan = 4200 m2) at 2 week intervals, starting 3 weeks after sowing. For the chemical insecticides, the methomyl was applied at the same time as the ScGV suspension against S. cretica larvae, and the monocrotophos was applice twice, 2 months after sowing, and 2 weeks later, against Ostrinia nubilalis and Chilo agamemnon larvae. All treatments were made using a portable knapsack sprayer. Additional plots were left as control. Results revealed that both tested treatments (microbial and chemical insecticides) noticeably reduced the numbers of S. cretica larvae. Regarding yield, the mean weight of seeds was higher for the plots which were treated with either virus or insecticide than untreated ones. However, the chemical insecticide treatment was more effective than the formulated virus treatment. The corrected yield in ardab (1 ardab = 145 kg)/feddan were 20.11, 16.04 and 12.79, for chemical insecticide, viral insecticide and control treatments, respectively. It is concluded that ScGV seems to be pathogenic to the field population of S. cretica and may be considered a promising biocontrol agent to support the Integrated Pest Management Programme of such an important corn borer.
The spatial dynamics of native and introduced blowflies (Dipt., Calliphorodae)
Authors: Godoy W. A. C. , von Zuben C. J. , dos Reis S. F. , von Zuben F. J. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe spatial dynamics of three blowfly species was investigated using a spatially extended model of density‐dependent population growth and the results indicate an overall stabilizing effect. Introduction of diffusive dispersal induced a quantitative effect of damping variation in population size on the route to a one‐fixed point equilibrium in the native species, Cochliomyia macellaria. On the other hand, diffusive dispersal caused qualitative shifts in the dynamics of two invading species, Chyrsomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria. In both species diffusive dispersal can produce a qualitative shift from a two‐point limit cycle to a one fixed‐point dynamics. Quantitatively, dispersal also has the effect of damping oscillations in population in the invading species.
Developmental rates for Chromatomyia fuscula (Zett.) (Dipt., Agromyzidae) at five constant temperatures
Authors: Andersen A. , Fugleberg O. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe median developmental rates for all immature stages of Chromatomyia fuscula (Zett.) increased linearly between 9 and 21 °C. An exponential and a Cobb‐Douglas model was tested, but gave only as good as or slightly better fits than the linear regression model. The lower thermal developmental thresholds for all stages were 3.0 ± 0.5 °C. Both sexes required 400 degree‐days above 3.0°C for the total development from egg to adult emergence. At the relatively low temperatures investigated, C. fuscula had a fast developmental rate, especially in the pupal stage, and low thermal thresholds compared to other agromyzids. The possible reasons for this are discussed. Introduction of a dichotomous variable for sex in the regression model for egg to adult emergence indicated an elevated mortality below 15 °C. Also, the introduction of a dichotomous variable proved the sex ratio 1 male: 1.3 females to be significantly different from 1:1. The thermal sums calculated indicated that C. fuscula theoretically could have two generations per year in a large part of its range. The reasons why it is still univoltine must be sought elsewhere.