bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous Structural and Biochemical Correlates of Foot Complications in High-Risk Diabetes
Authors: Tahrani Abd A. , Zeng Wei , Shakher Jayadave , Piya Milan K. , Hughes Sharon , Dubb Kiran , Stevens Martin J. 
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE
Impairment of skin quality may contribute to diabetic foot ulceration (DFU). Our goal was to determine whether high-risk patients exhibited specific skin structural and metabolic deficits that could predispose to foot complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 46 patients comprising 9 diabetic control subjects, 16 with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) alone, and 21 with recurrent DFUs (including 9 with Charcot neuroarthropathy [CNA]) were recruited and compared with 14 nondiabetic control (NDC) subjects. DPN was assessed using the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument (MNSI). Skin punch biopsies (3 mm) were performed on upper and lower leg skin for measurements of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), structural analysis, type 1 procollagen abundance, tissue degrading matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) immunoreactivity.

RESULTS
MNSI scores were comparable across DPN groups. IENFD was decreased by diabetes and DPN but did not differ between neuropathic groups. Skin structural deficit scores were elevated in all neuropathic subjects, particularly in the DFU group. Type 1 procollagen abundance was reduced in DFU subjects 387 ± 256 units (mean ± 1 SD) compared with NDC subjects (715 ± 100, P &lt; 0.001). MMP-1 and MMP-2 were activated by diabetes. PAR immunoreactivity was increased in DFU (particularly in the CNA group; P &lt; 0.01) compared with other DPN subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased PAR, reduced type 1 procollagen abundance, and impaired skin structure are associated with foot complications in diabetes. The potential of therapies that improve skin quality to reduce DFU needs to be investigated.
Longitudinal Associations Between Changes in Physical Activity and Onset of Type 2 Diabetes in Older British Men
Authors: Jefferis Barbara J. , Whincup Peter H. , Lennon Lucy , Wannamethee S. Goya 
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE
To determine how much physical activity (PA) is needed to protect against diabetes onset in older adults, whether protection is greater among overweight individuals, and whether taking up moderate activity in later life is beneficial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Men (4,252) from a U.K. population-based cohort self-reported usual PA (regular walking and cycling, recreational activity, and sport) in 1996 and in 1998–2000, alongside other health behaviors and medical history. Fasting blood lipids were measured. Median follow-up was 7.1 years, during which 135 cases of type 2 diabetes (validated self-report) occurred.

RESULTS
Among 3,012 men free from cardiovascular disease and diabetes in 1998–2000, 9% reported no usual leisure-time PA, 23% occasional PA, and 15% vigorous PA. Compared with men reporting no activity, men reporting occasional, light, moderate, moderately vigorous, and vigorous PA had lower diabetes risks: hazard ratio (HR) 0.58 (95% CI 0.33–1.02), 0.39 (0.20–0.74), 0.38 (0.19–0.73), 0.39 (0.20–0.77), and 0.33 (0.16–0.70), respectively; P (trend) = 0.002, adjusted for age, social class, tobacco, alcohol, diet, and blood lipids. Adjustment for BMI, waist circumference, or fasting insulin attenuated HRs. HRs were stronger in men with BMI ≥28 vs. &lt;28 kg/m2 (interaction P = 0.02). Compared with men reporting light activity or less in 1996 and 2000, men who became at least moderately active by 2000 or remained at least moderately active at both times had adjusted HRs of 0.62 (0.34–1.12) and 0.51 (0.31–0.82), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Even light PA markedly reduced diabetes risk in older men, especially among the overweight or obese. Taking up or maintaining at least moderate PA in older adulthood strongly protected against diabetes.
The C Allele of ATM rs11212617 Does Not Associate With Metformin Response in the Diabetes Prevention Program
Authors: Florez Jose C. , Jablonski Kathleen A. , Taylor Andrew , Mather Kieren , Horton Edward , White Neil H. , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Knowler William C. , Shuldiner Alan R. , Pollin Toni I. ,   for the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE
The C allele at the rs11212617 polymorphism in the ataxia-telangiectasia–mutated (ATM) gene has been associated with greater clinical response to metformin in people with type 2 diabetes. We tested whether this variant modified the effect of metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP), in which metformin reduced diabetes incidence by 31% in volunteers with impaired glucose tolerance.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We genotyped rs11212617 in 2,994 DPP participants and analyzed its effects on diabetes incidence and related traits.

RESULTS
Contrary to expectations, C carriers enjoyed no preventive advantage on metformin; their hazard ratio, compared with A carriers, was 1.17 ([95% CI 0.96–1.42], P = 0.13) under metformin. There were no significant differences by genotype in metformin’s effects on insulin sensitivity, fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin, or disposition index.

CONCLUSIONS
The reported association of rs11212617 with metformin response was not confirmed for diabetes prevention or for effects on relevant physiologic parameters in the DPP.
Racial Disparities in Quality-Adjusted Life-Years Associated With Diabetes and Visual Impairment
Authors: McCollister Kathryn E. , Zheng D. Diane , Fernandez Cristina A. , Lee David J. , Lam Byron L. , Arheart Kristopher L. , Galor Anat , Ocasio Manuel , Muennig Peter 
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVECompare differences in health-related quality of life among blacks and whites to examine if race, diabetes, and visual impairment (VI) present a triple disadvantage in terms of quality-adjusted life expectancy.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSData were analyzed from the 2000–2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative survey that contains the EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D). The EQ-5D generates health utility values that provide a measure of the morbidity associated with various health states, such as having moderate or severe problems with mobility. The EQ-5D score can be linked with life expectancy data to calculate quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), the number of years of optimal health an individual is expected to live. Multivariate analyses were conducted to estimate and compare differences in QALYs by diabetes status, VI status, and race.RESULTSWhites had a higher quality-adjusted life expectancy across all diabetes/VI comparisons. Overall, blacks with diabetes and VI had the fewest number of QALYs remaining (19.6 years), and whites with no impairment had the greatest number of QALYs remaining (31.6 years). Blacks with diabetes only had 1.7 fewer years of optimal health (fewer QALYs) than whites with diabetes. Within individuals with both diabetes and VI, however, this gap more than doubled, with blacks experiencing 3.5 fewer QALYs than whites.CONCLUSIONSAlthough efforts to target and reduce racial health disparities associated with diabetes appear to be effective, black communities may be contributing to a greater overall burden of illness given poorer infrastructure and less accommodation for disabilities such as VI.
Glucose Response Curve and Type 2 Diabetes Risk in Latino Adolescents
Authors: Kim Joon Young , Coletta Dawn K. , Mandarino Lawrence J. , Shaibi Gabriel Q. 
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE
In adults, the shape of the glucose response during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) prospectively and independently predicts type 2 diabetes. However, no reports have described the utility of this indicator in younger populations. The purpose of this study was to compare type 2 diabetes risk factors in Latino adolescents characterized by either a monophasic or biphasic glucose response during an OGTT.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 156 nondiabetic Latino adolescents completed a 2-h OGTT. Monophasic and biphasic groups were compared for the following type 2 diabetes risk factors: fasting and 2-h glucose, HbA1c, glucose area under the curve (AUC), insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index), insulin secretion (insulinogenic index), and β-cell function as measured by the disposition index (insulin sensitivity × insulin secretion).

RESULTS
Of the participants, 107 youth were categorized as monophasic and 49 were biphasic. Compared with the monophasic group, participants with a biphasic response exhibited lower HbA1c (5.4 ± 0.3 vs. 5.6 ± 0.3%, P &lt; 0.01) and lower glucose AUC (14,205 ± 2,382 vs. 16,230 ± 2,537 mg ⋅ dL−1 ⋅ h−1, P &lt; 0.001) with higher insulin sensitivity (5.4 ± 3.2 vs. 4.6 ± 3.4, P ≤ 0.05), higher insulin secretion (2.1 ± 1.3 vs. 1.8 ± 1.3, P = 0.05), and better β-cell function (10.3 ± 7.8 vs. 6.0 ± 3.6, P &lt; 0.001). Differences persisted after adjusting for age, sex, and BMI.

CONCLUSIONS
These data suggest that the glycemic response to an OGTT may differentiate risk for type 2 diabetes in youth. This response may be an early marker of type 2 diabetes risk among high-risk youth.
Newborn Size and Body Composition as Predictors of Insulin Resistance and Diabetes in the Parents
Authors: Veena Sargoor R. , Krishnaveni Ghattu V. , Fall Caroline H. 
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to examine detailed neonatal measurements as predictors of later diabetes in both parents.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Babies (n = 617) born to nondiabetic parents in Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India, were measured at birth for weight; crown-to-heel length (CHL), crown-to-rump length (CRL), and leg length; skinfolds (triceps and subscapular); and circumferences (head, abdomen, and mid–upper-arm circumference [MUAC]). Nine and a half years later, glucose tolerance and fasting insulin were measured in their parents (469 mothers and 398 fathers).

RESULTS
Sixty-two (15.6%) fathers and 22 (4.7%) mothers had developed diabetes. There were linear inverse associations of the children’s birth weight, CHL, CRL, MUAC, and skinfolds with paternal diabetes and insulin resistance (P &lt; 0.05 for all). Offspring birth weight and adiposity (MUAC, abdominal circumference, and skinfolds) showed U-shaped associations with maternal diabetes (P for quadratic association &lt;0.05 for all). These associations persisted after adjusting for the parents’ current adiposity and maternal glucose concentrations and adiposity during pregnancy. Newborn adiposity was positively related to maternal insulin resistance; this association was nonsignificant after adjusting for maternal current adiposity.

CONCLUSIONS
Newborn size is a window into the future health of the parents. Small newborn size (especially soft-tissue body components) predicts an increased risk of later diabetes in both parents, suggesting a genetic or epigenetic link between parents’ diabetes risk and reduced fetal growth in their children. The association of higher birth weight and newborn adiposity with later maternal diabetes suggests effects on fetal adiposity of the intrauterine environment in prediabetic mothers.
Joint Effects of Obesity and Vitamin D Insufficiency on Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kabadi Shaum M. , Lee Brian K. , Liu Longjian 
Published: July 2012

OBJECTIVE
The possible interaction of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and obesity in regard to type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance has not been well studied. To explore the effect modification of obesity on the association between 25(OH)D and insulin resistance/type 2 diabetes, data were examined from a nationally representative sample.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The analytic sample for the type 2 diabetes analysis (n = 12,900) was limited to participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001–2006 over 20 years of age. Participants &gt;20 years of age assigned to the morning session and free of diabetes were limited to the insulin resistance analysis (n = 5,806). Multiplicative interaction was assessed through a cross-product interaction term in a multiple logistic regression model. The presence of additive interaction between insufficient 25(OH)D and obesity (indicated by BMI or waist circumference) was evaluated by calculation of the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI) and attributable proportion due to interaction (AP).

RESULTS
There was no multiplicative interaction of insufficient 25(OH)D and obesity on type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance. Furthermore, none of the RERI or AP values were statistically significant in the diabetes analysis. However, there was strong additive interaction between abdominal obesity and insufficient 25(OH)D (RERI 6.45 [95% CI 1.03–11.52]) in regard to insulin resistance. In addition, 47% of the increased odds of insulin resistance can be explained by interaction between insufficient 25(OH)D and high BMI (AP 0.47 [95% CI 0.08–0.87]).

CONCLUSIONS
Within a cross-sectional, nationally representative sample, abdominal obesity and insufficient 25(OH)D interact to synergistically influence the risk of insulin resistance.
History of infrared detectors
Authors: Rogalski A. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis paper overviews the history of infrared detector materials starting with Herschel’s experiment with thermometer on February 11th, 1800. Infrared detectors are in general used to detect, image, and measure patterns of the thermal heat radiation which all objects emit. At the beginning, their development was connected with thermal detectors, such as thermocouples and bolometers, which are still used today and which are generally sensitive to all infrared wavelengths and operate at room temperature. The second kind of detectors, called the photon detectors, was mainly developed during the 20th Century to improve sensitivity and response time. These detectors have been extensively developed since the 1940’s. Lead sulphide (PbS) was the first practical IR detector with sensitivity to infrared wavelengths up to ∼3 μm. After World War II infrared detector technology development was and continues to be primarily driven by military applications. Discovery of variable band gap HgCdTe ternary alloy by Lawson and co-workers in 1959 opened a new area in IR detector technology and has provided an unprecedented degree of freedom in infrared detector design. Many of these advances were transferred to IR astronomy from Departments of Defence research. Later on civilian applications of infrared technology are frequently called “dual-use technology applications.” One should point out the growing utilisation of IR technologies in the civilian sphere based on the use of new materials and technologies, as well as the noticeable price decrease in these high cost technologies. In the last four decades different types of detectors are combined with electronic readouts to make detector focal plane arrays (FPAs). Development in FPA technology has revolutionized infrared imaging. Progress in integrated circuit design and fabrication techniques has resulted in continued rapid growth in the size and performance of these solid state arrays.
Understanding the NEΔT of tactical infrared focal plane arrays
Authors: Norton P. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNEΔT is the commonly used figure-of-merit for infrared-imaging systems using focal plane arrays (FPAs). This paper discusses an intuitive approach to understanding what determines this value in the majority of MWIR and LWIR broad-band applications, namely, the available charge storage capacity of the FPA readout. This conclusion is a consequence of the negligible amount of dark current compared to photo-current for modern detector technology.
Photocatalytic mineralisation of humic acids using TiO2 modified by tungsten dioxide/ hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Tryba Beata , Piszcz Michał , Borowiak-Paleń Ewa , Grzmil Barbara , Morawski Antoni 
Published: July 2012

Photocatalytic mineralisation of humic acids using TiO2 modified by tungsten dioxide/ hydrogen peroxide
TiO2 of anatase structure was modified by tungsten dioxide and H2O2 in order to obtain WO3-TiO2 photocatalyst with enhanced photocatalytic activity under both, UV and artificial solar light irradiations. WO2 was dissolved in 30% H2O2 and mixed with TiO2 in a vacuum evaporator at 70°C. Such modified TiO2 was dried and then calcinated at 400 and 600°C.
The prepared samples and unmodified TiO2 were used for the photocatalytic decomposition of humic acids (Leonardite standard IHSS) in the aqueous solution under irradiations of both, UV and artificial solar light. Modification of TiO2 with tungsten dioxide and H2O2 improved separation of free carriers in TiO2 which resulted in the increase of OH radicals formation. Calcination caused an increase of anatase crystals and higher yield in OH radicals. The uncalcined samples showed high abilities for the adsorption of HA. Combination of adsorption abilities and photocatalytic activity of photocatalyst caused that the uncalcined TiO2 modified with WO2/H2O2 showed the shortest time of HA mineralisation. The mineralisation of HA under the artificial solar light was much lower than under the UV. It was proved that, although OH radicals are powerful in the decomposition of HA, adsorption can facilitate the contact of the adsorbed molecules with the photocatalyst surface and accelerate their photocatalytic decomposition.
Precursors of volatile organic compounds emitted during phosphorite processing
Authors: Śliwak Agata , Gryglewicz Stanisław , Hoffmann Józef , Gryglewicz Grażyna 
Published: July 2012

Precursors of volatile organic compounds emitted during phosphorite processing
The composition of solvent-soluble organic matter of phosphorite, which is a precursor of volatile organic compounds emitted by the fertilizer industry, was studied. A benzene-methanol mixture and chloroform were used for the extraction of free and bound bitumen from phosphorites, respectively. The separated bitumen fractions were characterized qualitatively by GC-MS and quantitatively by GC-FID. n-Alkanes, n-alkenes, fatty acids and isoprenoids were identified in the extracts. The main components were n-alkanes and n-alkenes, constituting over 80% of the total bitumen determined. An unexpected presence of n-alkenes only in the free bitumen fraction was found. The possible source of ill-smelling substances evolved during treatment of phosphorite with H2SO4 was discussed.
The Role of Gender-Biased Perceptions in Teacher-Student Interaction
Authors: Berekashvili Nana 
Published: July 2012

The Role of Gender-Biased Perceptions in Teacher-Student Interaction
Differences in teacher perceptions depending on student gender and their impact on teacher-student interaction was the focus of the study. The questions addressed were: the characteristics that teachers encourage and discourage in girls and boys; the patterns of their responses to students of different genders; perception of pupils' academic achievement, learning skills and giftedness; distribution of attention between girls and boys. The study revealed that in spite of better school results, girls' skills and talents are underestimated, expectations towards them are low and their behavior is restricted to stereotyped feminine roles. The majority of those surveyed support the idea that sex determines different abilities in different learning skills as regards school subjects. While girls, in teachers' opinion, insignificantly exceed boys in the humanities, boys entirely outdo girls in natural sciences and math. Teachers totally deny girls' abilities in sports. At the same time, most teachers are hardly aware of being gender-biased themselves.
Oswaldocruzia duboisi (Nematoda, Molineidae): Morphology, Hosts and Distribution in Ukraine
Authors: Svitin R. , Kuzmin Y. 
Published: July 2012

Oswaldocruzia duboisi(Nematoda, Molineidae): Morphology, Hosts and Distribution in UkraineOswaldocruzia duboisiBen Slimane, Durette-Desset et Chabaud, 1993 previously known from France and Bulgaria is reported from Ukraine for the first time. The species was found in the material from 8 amphibian host species, of whichLissotriton montadoni, Triturus cristatus, Mesotriton alpestris, Pelophylax ridibunda, P. lessonae, andHyla arboreaare new host records. Newts (Salamandridae) and green frogs (Pelophylax) are considered to be typical hosts forO. duboisi. Illustrated morphological redescription ofO. duboisibased on 141 specimens from various hosts is presented.
Systematic Position of the Genus Nikanoria (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), with Description of Two New Species
Authors: Zerova M. , Seryogina L. 
Published: July 2012

Systematic Position of the GenusNikanoria(Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), with Description of Two New SpeciesThe genus nameNikanoriais resurrected from synonymy and considered to be separate fromBruchophagusbased on analysis of morphological characters and trophic associations.Nikanoria pygmaeaZerova, sp. n. andN. desertaZerova, sp. n. are described.
Large Carnivores of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone
Authors: Shkvyria M. , Vishnevskiy D. 
Published: July 2012

Large Carnivores of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone
During nine years observations on large carnivores of Exclusion Zone have been carried out. Species composition and the number of large predators in the Exclusion Zone correspond to the regional conditions. The presence of bears and permanent stay of the lynx in the Exclusion Zone was confirmed. Six wolf packs were counted. The use of an anthropogenically transformed areas, the shift of the daily regime of activity and characteristics of the diet are the most specific features of this animal group.
Robust DTC Based on Adaptive Fuzzy Control of Double Star Synchronous Machine Drive with Fixed Switching Frequency
Authors: Boudana Djamel , Nezli Lazhari , Tlemçani Abdelhalim , Mahmoudi Mohand , Tadjine Mohamed 
Published: July 2012

Robust DTC Based on Adaptive Fuzzy Control of Double Star Synchronous Machine Drive with Fixed Switching FrequencyThe double star synchronous machine (DSSM) is widely used for high power traction drives. It possesses several advantages over the conventional three phase machine. To reduce the torque ripple the DSSM are supplied with source voltage inverter (VSI). The model of the system DSSM-VSI is high order, multivariable and nonlinear. Further, big harmonic currents are generated. The aim of this paper is to develop a new direct torque adaptive fuzzy logic control in order to control DSSM and minimize the harmonics currents. Simulations results are given to show the effectiveness of our approach.
Selection of Hidden Layer Neurons and Best Training Method for FFNN in Application of Long Term Load Forecasting
Authors: Singh Navneet , Singh Asheesh , Tripathy Manoj 
Published: July 2012

Selection of Hidden Layer Neurons and Best Training Method for FFNN in Application of Long Term Load ForecastingFor power industries electricity load forecast plays an important role for real-time control, security, optimal unit commitment, economic scheduling, maintenance, energy management, and plant structure planningetc. A new technique for long term load forecasting (LTLF) using optimized feed forward artificial neural network (FFNN) architecture is presented in this paper, which selects optimal number of neurons in the hidden layer as well as the best training method for the case study. The prediction performance of proposed technique is evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of Thailand private electricity consumption and forecasted data. The results obtained are compared with the results of classical auto-regressive (AR) and moving average (MA) methods. It is, in general, observed that the proposed method is prediction wise more accurate.