bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clerics, Exiles, and Academics: Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States, 1969–1974
Authors: Green James N. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractVirtually no one in the United States raised objections to the 1964 military takeover of the Brazilian civilian government. In the early 1970s, however, the Brazilian regime had become associated with torture and the arbitrary rule of law. By the end of that decade, compliance with human rights standards had developed into a yardstick for measuring U.S. foreign policy initiatives in Latin America. This paper argues that between 1969 and 1974, a small group of dedicated church activists, exiled Brazilians, and academics introduced the issue of human rights in Latin America into the U.S. national body politic. A network of concerned activists fashioned a systematic campaign to educate journalists, government officials, and the public about the abuses taking place under the generals' rule. Their activities helped isolate the military regime and laid the groundwork for a broader solidarity movement with Latin American popular struggles in the late 1970s and 1980s.
The Renovation of Old Institutions: State Governors and the Political Transition in Mexico
Authors: Hernández-Rodríguez Rogelio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe process of political transition in Mexico has fostered several institutional transformations in the political system. Such changes do not modify the system's design, but they do reactivate some basic institutions and forgotten powers that affect the operation of the political system as a whole. The state governors have undergone one of the most relevant transformations: they have gained more autonomy and have forged a new relationship with the federal executive. This essay analyzes the different actions governors have taken depending on their partisan origin. While the PAN governors focus on administrative and financial issues, the PRI governors have developed the most important political challenges to the president's authority.
“For a Few Senators More”? Negotiating Constitutional Changes During Chile's Transition To Democracy
Authors: Uggla Fredrik 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Chile's 1980 Constitution embodied the political aspirations of the nation's military regime. Before democratization, the constitution underwent a process of reform that did away with some of its most blatantly authoritarian provisions but preserved a set of institutions that would characterize and constrain the regained Chilean democracy. This article presents an account of that process. It juxtaposes two theoretical perspectives: one that sees the results as determined primarily by the power relationship of the participants, and one that stresses contextual factors, such as institutional traditions. This study argues that while the Chilean case largely confirms the importance of the existing constitution for the outcome, the final outcome depended nonetheless on the participants' assessment of the relations of power, and therefore might have been open to different results.
Defining Rights in Democratization: The Argentine Government and Human Rights Organizations, 1983–2003
Authors: Bonner Michelle D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractDefining the rights that must be protected in a democracy is an integral component of the process of democratization. In the case of Argentina, the definition of these rights results partly from important debates between human rights organizations (HROs) and the state. Argentine HROs have framed their demands for state protection of human rights in terms of the need to protect the family. Yet HROs' successes in using international courts as arbiters may be reducing their need to present their demands in this framework.
Toward a Critique of Latin American Neostructuralism
Authors: Leiva Fernando Ignacio 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis article offers a critical assessment of the first postneoliberalism development framework that emerged in Latin America after 1990. The ability of neostructuralism to present an attractive narrative about a twenty-first-century “modernity with solidarity” is based on abandoning key tenets of ECLAC's structuralism and the thinking of Raúl Prebisch and Celso Furtado; namely, a focus on the distribution and appropriation of economic surplus and a framing of Latin American development problems in a world capitalist system. This article argues that Latin American neostructuralism's discursive strengths, as well as its analytical weaknesses, stem from the marginalization of power relations from key dimensions of the region's political economy. Since 2000, neostructuralism has exacerbated its descriptive, short-term perspective, further dulling its analytical edge, by focusing on policies that promote social cohesion and state intervention in the cultural and the socioemotional realm.
Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru
Authors: Avilés William 
Published: August 2010

AbstractColombia and Peru made significant progress in reducing the institutional prerogatives of their respective militaries in the 1990s and 2000s while reforming their economies in a neoliberal direction. They accomplished this despite internal armed threats to state authority and stability. The end of the Cold War, U.S. promotion of “market democracies,” and the international centrality of free markets and formal democratic governance coincided with the rise to power in Peru and Colombia of “neoliberal policy coalitions.” The internal insurgency mitigated the emergence of antiglobalization or antidemocratic reform factions in the military and civil society. The armed forces unified behind their counterinsurgency mission, and opposition in civil society was weakened, creating greater space for neoliberal elites to reform their economies and reduce military prerogatives.
p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1overexpression at the invasive front of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Horta Martinho Campolina Rebello , De Assis Luis Alpino Prandini , De Souza Antonio Francisco , De Araújo Vera Cavalcanti , Gomez Ricardo Santiago , Aguiar Maria Cássia Ferreira 
Published: August 2010

Background: Lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (LLSCC) is an oral cancer that has distinct epidemiology and etiopathogenesis. Although risk factors for this neoplasia are acknowledged, few studies have investigated the molecular basis of its development and behavior.Methods: Expression of p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1was examined by immunohistochemistry of archived tissue from 21 specimens of LLSCC. Differences in this expression between the whole tumor (WT) and the invasive front (IF) as well as correlation between p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1expression were analyzed.Results: p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1were overexpressed at the IF of LLSCC. The expression of both proteins was higher at IF than at WT. No correlation was observed between p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1expression.Conclusions: Our results indicate that p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1overexpression is important in LLSCC pathogenesis, reinforce that IF is the most important area for tumor behavior, and support that p53‐independent mechanisms should be involved in the expression of p21WAF1/CIP1.
Experimental Graft versus Host Disease in the (BNxLEW)FI rat hybrid: an immunohistochemical study of early disease in oral mucosa
Authors: Peszkowski MJ , Fujiwara K , Warfvinge G , Larsson Å 
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To study the initial cellular events in oral mucosa (tongue) of experimental hyperplastic GVHD. in order to increase our understanding of the possible pathogenic mechanisms that may be shared with eg mercury (and other drug)‐induced immunological reactions.MATERIALS AND METHODS: GVHD was induced by one iv. injection of 0.5–1 times 108 BN spleen cells into (BNxLEW)F I hybrid rats. The pre‐onset stages of the developing semiallogeneic GVHD were investigated in tongue mucosa by immunohistochemistry and monoclonal antibodies.RESULTS: No detectable tissue infiltrates were found 24 h post induction. The pioneer cells appeared at day 3 and were RTIB+ICD2+ and RTIB1–/CD45 (240 kD)‐/ ED I‐/CD45RC‐. At day 3, there was also a visible increase in spleen and lymph node size. Between day 3 and 7, there was a statistically significant increase of CD2+, RTIB+, TCR‐αβ+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells, but no increase of NKR‐PI+ cells. At day 10 there were focal accumulations of CD8+ and NKR‐PI+ cells in subepithelial c.t. and in the basal parts of the adjacent epithelium. Animals not sacrificed earlier, showed signs of disease onset at day 11–14.CONCLUSIONS: The early inflammatory infiltrate in this GVHD model consists of activated T cells of donor origin. We suggest, that these originally ‘naive’ cells migrate initially into lymphoid tissue and following an activation (day 3) enter host's peripheral tissue. Here, (allo‐) antigen in constitutively RTIB1 (and EDI) expressing connective tissue dendritic cells may be immune targets of the primed T cells. Such interaction may lead to focal inflammation (increase of CD2+, RTIB+, TCR‐αβ+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells) and to secondary epithelial damage executed by CD8+ and NKR‐PI + lymphocytes.
TUMOURS IN ICELAND 9. Malignant Tumours of the Ovary. A Histological Classification, Epidemiological Considerations and Survival
Authors: BJARNASON OLAFUR , TULINIUS HRAFN 
Published: August 2010

In the period 1955 – 1979, 337 patients with carcinoma of the ovary were reported to the Icelandic Cancer Registgry. Sufficient histological material existed for 314 of these to make it possible to classify the tumours according to the Histological Typing of Ovarian Tumours of WHO (11). The tumour was in the right ovary in 85 and the left in another 85 patients. In 137 patients both ovaries were involved at the time of diagnosis and in 30 patients the side was not known.The most frequent tumours were the group of serous adenocarcinomas, papillary adenocarcinomas and papillary cystadenocarcinomas (IA3a), occurring in 113 patients, giving an age‐standardized incidence of 4.4 per 100.000. Second in frequency was the endometrioid adenocarcinoma (IC3al), in 58 patients, and the third the group of mucinous adenocarcinomas and cystadenocarcinomas (IB3a) in 43 patients. The fourth type in frequency was undifferentiated carcinoma (IG) in 18 patients. During the period, the overall incidence of ovarian cancer did not change. However, there was an increase in the frequency of mucinous and endometrioid types of carcinoma and a decrease in serous carcinoma. Granulosa cell carcinoma was found to have been under‐reported to the Icelandic Cancer Registry.ABO blood groups for 192 of the patients were available and showed a significant excess of blood group A, with patients of blood group B significantly fewer than expected.This study of malignant tumours of the ovary is the ninth in a series of investigations into the histological classification of tumours occurring in Iceland during the 20‐year period between 1955 and 1974. The tumours occurring in the period 1975 – 1979 were included in this particular study to increase the number available for classification.
What are people like who respond to television offers of further information? The case of the Bodyshow series
Authors: Rissel Christopher 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In some Western populations television is the principal source of health information. Such dependence on the media for health information is cause for concern when the reliability of health information is considered, and media promotion of ‘unhealthy’ products such as tobacco, alcohol and confectionery.The Australian Broadcasting Corporation television series Bodyshow, broadcast over 17 weeks in mid‐1988, was the first general preventive health series screened on Australian television. This study aimed to assess the demographic profile of viewers of the Bodyshow series who responded to invitations for further information, the extent of exposure of these viewers to the series, and their perceptions of the series. The study involved a random sample survey of 500 people selected from 2080 New South Wales viewers who wrote to the ABC requesting further health information. A response rate of 79 per cent was achieved. Respondents were predominately female and married, aged 25 to 39 years, lived outside Sydney, and were well educated. Respondents had seen the majority of episodes and were overwhelmingly positive about the series. Popular aspects were the information provided, the ‘human interest’ segments and the nutrition information. Unpopular aspects were the Friday night time‐slot and the artificially glamorous ‘middle class’ presentation.The study demonstrated that there is clearly an audience for a self‐help preventive health television series. Television has considerable unrealised potential for education, particularly regarding nutrition.
Low birthweight and socioeconomic status, Victoria 1982 to 1986
Authors: Bell Robin , Lumley Judith 
Published: August 2010

Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between the incidence of low birthweight and socioeconomic status, in particular whether the relationship was different for very low birthweight (< 1500 g) and moderately low birthweight (1500 to 2499 g). The study population was births from 1982 to 1986 to women resident in Victoria (300 704). Data on socioeconomic status were derived from an indicator developed by the Australian Bureau of Statistics from the 1981 census and applied to postcodes.Using the rates of very low birthweight and moderately low birthweight in the highest socioeconomic status decile as the reference value we found that the relative risk for very low birthweight was significantly raised in only the lowest socioeconomic status decile (relative risk = 1.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17 to 1.42). The relative risk for moderately low birthweight was increased in the two lowest deciles: 1.19 (CI 1.12 to 1.26) and 1.09 (CI 1.01 to 1.17) respectively.Women not married at the time of the birth had a higher rate of low birthweight and were more likely to live in the lower socioeconomic status postcode areas. The relationships between very low birthweight, moderately low birthweight and socioeconomic status were attenuated but still significant when this factor was taken into account. Differences in low birthweight by socioeconomic status decile were not apparent for nonsmoking women. The relationship between smoking and low birthweight was different in the two lowest socioeconomic status deciles: the relative risk of low birthweight in smokers was 2.60 (CI 1.73 to 3.91) compared with a relative risk of 1.64 (CI 1.33 to 2.03) in deciles 3 to 10.
Australian adult smoking prevalence in 1992
Authors: Hill David J. , White Victoria M. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:To estimate the prevalence of smoking among Australian adults in 1992, 6046 adults aged 16 years and over (3063 men and 2983 women) were interviewed. A large market‐research firm interviewed the sample, face‐to‐face in their homes during weekends. Overall, 28.2 per cent of men and 23.8 per cent of women were current smokers; 32.3 per cent of men and 21.9 per cent of women were past smokers. On average, male smokers consumed 22.1 factory‐made cigarettes a day and female smokers consumed 19.1 cigarettes a day. The daily tar intake was 179 mg for male smokers and 131 mg for women. The most popular packet size was 25 (40 per cent of smokers) followed by the packet of 50 (17 per cent). Occupational and education status were inversely related to smoking prevalence. Men and women with less education and men in low‐status occupations were more likely to use cigarettes from the large packet sizes. Comparison with earlier data suggests that smoking prevalence is still declining, with a significant recent drop in female but not male smoking prevalence. While in 1992, the prevalence of smoking among women was less than that for men, projected estimates suggest that by the year 2001 more women than men will smoke.
Smoking‐related beliefs and behaviour of South Australians with diabetes
Authors: Wakefield Melanie , Wilson David , Phillips Pat , Kent Penny , Roberts Lyn , Owen Neville 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:Data cumulated from three representative population surveys (n = 9402) in South Australia were used to determine smoking prevalence of those aged 15 years or over with and without self‐reported medically confirmed diabetes. Overall, smoking prevalence in the two groups did not differ. However, among those aged under 40 years with self‐reported diabetes, smoking prevalence approached 55 per cent, which was significantly higher than in young respondents without diabetes (32 per cent). Diabetic smokers were no more likely than were nondiabetic smokers to have tried to quit or to be ready to quit; one‐quarter of diabetic smokers had no thought of quitting or of modifying their habit Smokers with diabetes were significantly more likely to be heavy smokers (43.5 per cent) than were nondiabetic smokers (23.4 per cent). Fewer smokers with diabetes tended to believe that smoking causes or aggravates heart disease or circulatory problems than did other smokers, although these differences did not reach statistical significance. Additional effort is required to find methods to assist people with diabetes to refrain from smoking.
Incidental depiction of cigarettes and smoking in Australian magazines, 1990–1993
Authors: Chapman Simon , Jones Quentin , Bauman Adrian , Palin Martin 
Published: August 2010

Abstract:The study aimed to assess evidence of any increase in apparently incidental photographic depictions of cigarettes or smoking in Australian magazines following the ban on tobacco advertising in the print media introduced in January 1991. We examined 27704 pages in 20 Australian magazines popular among young people or aimed at low socioeconomic groups during three sample periods in 1990 (before the ban), 1991 and 1993 (after the ban). All photographs showing cigarettes or smoking were counted and a smoking rate per page was calculated. When all 20 magazines were combined, there was a 75 per cent increase in the rate of photographs of smoking per page from 1990 (six months before the ban) to 1991 (six months after the ban). However, there was a reduction of 36 per cent in the rate of smoking photographs per page between 1991 and 1993 (18 months after the ban) and a nonsignificant increase of 12 per cent across the three sample periods. Photographs of smoking are infrequent in Australian magazines (mean: 1:147 pages, range: 1:17 pages to zero). There appears to be a commendable constraint by many Australian magazine editors in limiting the publication of photographs that show smoking or cigarettes. Some magazines never show smoking indicating that a goal of total absence of photographs of smoking is achievable. Some magazines have room for improvement.
Physico‐chemical Conditions and Ore‐forming Process of the Zhilingtou Au‐Ag Deposit, Zhejiang
Authors: Minghua Zheng , Jianming Liu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The mineralization of the Zhilingtou Au‐Ag deposit occurred in a heated circulation system of infiltrated meteoric water during the Indosinian and early Yanshanian, at a temperature ranging from 350 to 160°°C and at a depth of less than 2 km. The ore‐forming solution was acidic, strongly oxidized, and poor in sulfur, with moderate Cl− activity and salinity. Au and Ag migrated in the forms of AuCl−2 and AgCl−2, and then were concentrated and precipitated in a pressure‐relief, dilatant zone—a tenso‐shear fracture.Pressure relief and boiling were the major mechanism for unloading of the fluid. The hydrothermal fluid was injected intermittently, and its boiling was characterized by pulsation. The presence of high‐valence manganese might represent the auxiliary mechanism for remobilization of Au and Ag in the Chencai Group and for their entering into the hydrothermal fluid.
Some Recognitions on the Sedimentary‐Tectonic Development of the Meso‐Cenozoie Basins in Eastern China
Authors: Xun Liu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract Since Jurassic, intense and repeated tectonic movements have taken place in eastern China, of which the Yanshanian movement is the most important. Thereby the development of the basins between the Jurassic and Eogene in the studied areas may by divided into two different stages, i.e. the Yanshanian subcycle (J‐K11) and the North China subcycle (K21‐E).The basement and tectonic stress field of the basins played an obvious role in controlling the sedimentary‐tectonic development of the basins, and down‐faulted basins might form under different stress states. Besides, the shearing stress also played an important part while the basins were forming in the noted areas.
Correlation of the Meishucunian Stage in South Asia
Authors: Zhiwen Jiang , Brasier M.D. , Hamdi B. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The determination of boundary points and their correlation are prerequisites for defining the Precambrian‐Cambrian boundary and the intercontinental correlation. A large number of good Precambrian‐Cambrian boundary sections in South Asia not only possess the conditions for selection of a boundary stratotype, but also provide the basis for the long‐distance correlation of those boundary sections.Through a detailed study of the latest data obtained from the typical sections in South China, the Lesser Himalaya Mountains and the Alborz Mountains, the locations of boundary points have been defined, and a correlation scheme is proposed, which contributes to the solution of the problem of worldwide correlation of boundary sections.
A Comprehensive Evaluation on the Devonian‐Carboniferous Boundary Stratotype Candidate Section in Nanbiancun, Guilin, Guangxi1
Authors: Changmin Yu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive evaluation on the Devonian‐Carboniferous Boundary (DCB) section in Nanbiancun, Guilin, Guangxi on the basis of Palaeontological, biostratigraphical and sedimentary petrological studies as well as microfacies analysis, REE and trace element analysis and isotopic dating.The DCB at this section conforms to the definition of this boundary and essentially measure up the criteria and conditions for selection of the boundary stratotype. Up to 14 fossil groups are contained in the section. The section presents a general biostratigraphical framework with multispecies fossils zones, assemblage zones and multiple groups of fossils and has latent preponderant conditions for magnetostratigraphic and chronostratigraphic studies. The boundary and point occur in a persistent and continuous monofacial carbonate succession, and the section is located in a tourist city with convenient communication, where various facies of DCB sections are developed, allowing the correlation within a small area. So it is an ideal candidate boundary stratotype.
The Mechanism of Structural Control of Ore Formation and Geochemical Characteristics in the Massive Sulfide Deposits of the Wushan Copper Ore Field, Jiangxi
Authors: Xun Liu 
Published: August 2010

Abstract The ore‐controlling mechanism of the bedding fault system in the massive sulfide deposits of the Wushan copper orefield may be generalized as the control of ore deposition by optimum surface in an ore‐ forming structural trap. The mechanism has three major features: (1) timing of mineralization; (2) positioning of host formation; and (3) dependence of ore‐controlling structure on properties of rocks. The “optimum surface” is a divisional structural plane which marks obvious difference in physical, chemical and mechanical properties and is favorable for mineralization. It is also a unity of structures, lithofacies and orebodies.The structural and geochemical characteristics of the ore deposits indicate the migration trend of the major characteristic elements in the ore‐ controlling fault belt: elements with a small radius (Si, Fe, Mg and Al) moved towards and concentrated at the center of the belt while large‐radius ones (Ca, K and Na) were remote from the center.