bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance and diversity analysis of decode‐and‐forward cooperative system over Nakagami‐m fading channels
Authors: Hu Yongxu , Li Kwok Hung , Teh Kah Chan 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we derive the upper bound of bit‐error rate (BER) performance and diversity gain for a decode‐and‐forward (DF) cooperative system. Either maximal‐ratio combining (MRC) or cooperative MRC (C‐MRC) is employed at the receiver in the presence of independent, non‐identical Nakagami‐m fading. Both analytical and simulation results show that C‐MRC takes advantage of spatial diversity more efficiently and thus achieves the same or better performance and diversity order as compared to MRC. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient power aware routing algorithm for mobilead hocnetworks
Authors: Varaprasad G. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIf the battery of a node is drained out, then it cannot be communicated with other nodes and the number of dead‐nodes makes the network partition. In order to overcome this problem, we propose a new routing algorithm for mobilead hocnetworks. It uses the residual battery capacity, transmission power, and hop‐count to route the data packet. Here the proposed model has simulated with the help of 100 mobile nodes using the network simulator and has tested under various conditions. It compares with thead hocon‐demand distance vector protocol, minimum total transmission power, and min–max battery cost routing models. The proposed model has shown better results in terms of node lifetime and network lifetime. The mobile nodes start to die at 400, 420, 440, 470, and 508 s for AODV, MTPR, MMBCR, CMMBCR, and proposed models, respectively. If the system has 145 J, then the AODV model transmits 38 000 of data packets, whereas the MTPR, MMBCR, CMMBCR, and proposed models will transmit 37 600, 47 240, 41 580, 42 700, and 42 955 of data packets, respectively. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Credit default swaps: the quest of the hedge
Authors: Vrins Frédéric , Schoutens Wim 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIt appears from discussions held with practitioners on forums and conferences that hedging products with CDSs is often considered to be an easy task. For instance, a bond‐CDS position is frequently seen to be a perfect hedge as is the index CDS and its corresponding single‐name counterparts. On the other hand, theoreticians claim that a perfect hedge is impossible to achieve with credit derivatives: currently it seems there is no model from which a perfect hedge of credit derivatives can be set up. So, who's right? This paper aims to show that, surprisingly, both are right, in some sense. The misunderstanding comes from a misspecification of the “hedge” term, together with a confusion between hedging and arbitraging. We focus on Credit Default Swaps and explain why, among other things, the “Bond‐CDS on the Bond” position does not result in a perfect hedge (except in a very specific case, which is not market standard). By contrast, partial hedge (that is, hedging some parts of the risk) can be obtained and, of course, arbitrage opportunities could be found. We then explain, adopting a philosophical point of view, why it is so problematic to set up a credit portfolio being perfectly hedged (even in a first‐order approximation sense). It appears that the nature of the derivative's underlying prevents us reaching this with the currently available financial instruments. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
Analytical evaluation of averaged forward rate payoffs
Authors: Polishchuk Alexander Ya. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAccrual index is defined as constant maturity Libor rate averaged over a certain period of time. A closed form expression for present value of in‐arrears payoff based on such index is derived. Practical applications include Averaged Forward Rate Agreement and certain types of basis BMA swaps (ISDA). Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
Markov chain models to estimate the premium for extended hedge fund lockups
Authors: Derman Emanuel , Park Kun Soo , Whitt Ward 
Published: October 2009

AbstractA lockup period for investment in a hedge fund is a time period after making the investment during which the investor cannot freely redeem his investment. It is routine to have a one‐year lockup period, but recently the requested lockup periods have grown longer. We estimate the premium for such extended lockup, taking the point of view of a manager of a fund of funds, who has to choose between two investments in similar funds in the same strategy category, the first having a one‐year lockup and the second having an n‐year lockup. Assuming that the manager will rebalance his portfolio of hedge funds on a yearly basis, if permitted, we define the annual lockup premium as the difference between the rates of return from these investments. We develop a Markov chain model to estimate this lockup premium. By solving systems of equations, we fit the Markov chain transition probabilities to three directly observable hedge fund performance measures: the persistence of return, the variance of return and the hedge‐fund death rate. The model quantifies the way the lockup premium depends on these parameters. Data from the TASS database are used to estimate the persistence, which is found to be statistically significant. Copyright © 2009 Wilmott Magazine Ltd
An algebraic approach to the design of compilers for object-oriented languages
Authors: Duran Adolfo , Cavalcanti Ana , Sampaio Augusto 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In this paper we describe an algebraic approach to construct provably correct compilers for object-oriented languages; this is illustrated for programs written in a language similar to a sequential subset of Java. It includes recursive classes, inheritance, dynamic binding, recursion, type casts and test, assignment, and class-based visibility, but a copy semantics. In our approach, we tackle the problem of compiler correctness by reducing the task of compilation to that of program refinement. Compilation is identified with the reduction of a source program to a normal form that models the execution of object code. The normal form is generated by a series of correctness-preserving transformations that are proved sound from the basic laws of the language; therefore it is correct by construction. The main advantages of our approach are the characterisation of compilation within a uniform framework, where comparisons and translations between semantics are avoided, and the modularity and extensibility of the resulting compiler.
Thirty‐Year Experience with Bilateral Internal Thoracic Artery Grafting: Where Have We Been and Where Are We Going?
Authors: Kurlansky Paul 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAs a profession, surgery is well into its fourth decade of experience with bilateral internal thoracic artery (BITA) grafting for the treatment of ischemic cardiovascular disease. Numerous compelling retrospective analyses appear to have documented a clear benefit for BITA grafting over the use of a single internal thoracic artery (SITA) graft in reducing the long‐term risk of mortality, cardiac mortality, and cardiac events. Despite this wealth of literature and scientific as well as clinical investigation, the chilling fact remains that the STS database reports that less than 4% of coronary bypass (CABG) operations involve the use of BITA grafting. The historic, physiologic, and clinical aspects of BITA grafting are reviewed. Clinical challenges and technical advances are addressed. The future of BITA grafting is explored, both from a research perspective and from a clinical point of view.
Enabling, Implementing, and Validating Training Methods in Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Fowler Dennis L. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe challenges of teaching and learning technical skills for laparoscopic surgery have limited the use of laparoscopy for complex abdominal surgery. In an attempt to facilitate learning these skills, surgical educators are using simulators, but there is little conclusive evidence that simulators can predict improved performance by surgical trainees receiving training on them (predictive validity).MethodsIn the present study the results of three attempts to establish predictive validity for a virtual laparoscopic simulator were reviewed. In each study, the performance of surgery residents before and after training on the simulator was documented by means of a validated assessment tool, and then the results were compared.ResultsSome task performance was improved by training on the simulator, but predictive validity could not be established for the simulator in any of the three attempts to do so.ConclusionsAlthough predictive validity for the virtual simulator was not conclusively established, reasons for this failure are discussed. Based on the evidence that training on simulators results in some task performance improvement, future studies are justified to better define more effective use of the simulator.
Facile Synthesis of Monodisperse CdS Nanocrystals via Microreaction
Authors: Wan Zhen , Yang Hongwei , Luan Weiling , Tu Shan-tung , Zhou Xinggui 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
CdS-based nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted extensive interest due to their potential application as key luminescent materials for blue and white LEDs. In this research, the continuous synthesis of monodisperse CdS NCs was demonstrated utilizing a capillary microreactor. The enhanced heat and mass transfer in the microreactor was useful to reduce the reaction temperature and residence time to synthesize monodisperse CdS NCs. The superior stability of the microreactor and its continuous operation allowed the investigation of synthesis parameters with high efficiency. Reaction temperature was found to be a key parameter for balancing the reactivity of CdS precursors, while residence time was shown to be an important factor that governs the size and size distribution of the CdS NCs. Furthermore, variation of OA concentration was demonstrated to be a facile tuning mechanism for controlling the size of the CdS NCs. The variation of the volume percentage of OA from 10.5 to 51.2% and the variation of the residence time from 17 to 136 s facilitated the synthesis of monodisperse CdS NCs in the size range of 3.0–5.4 nm, and the NCs produced photoluminescent emissions in the range of 391–463 nm.
Effect of Surfactants on the Structure and Morphology of Magnesium Borate Hydroxide Nanowhiskers Synthesized by Hydrothermal Route
Authors: Kumari Latha , Li WZ , Kulkarni Shrinivas , Wu KH , Chen Wei , Wang Chunlei , Vannoy Charles H , Leblanc Roger M 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Magnesium borate hydroxide (MBH) nanowhiskers were synthesized using a one step hydrothermal process with different surfactants. The effect surfactants have on the structure and morphology of the MBH nanowhiskers has been investigated. The X-ray diffraction profile confirms that the as-synthesized material is of single phase, monoclinic MgBO2(OH). The variations in the size and shape of the different MBH nanowhiskers have been discussed based on the surface morphology analysis. The annealing of MBH nanowhiskers at 500 °C for 4 h has significant effect on the crystal structure and surface morphology. The UV–vis absorption spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers synthesized with and without surfactants show enhanced absorption in the low-wavelength region, and their optical band gaps were estimated from the optical band edge plots. The photoluminescence spectra of the MBH nanowhiskers produced with and without surfactants show broad emission band with the peak maximum at around 400 nm, which confirms the dominant contribution from the surface defect states.
Delayed fixation of the transcervical fracture of the neck of the femur in the pediatric population: Results and complications
Authors: Dhar Shabir Ahmed , Ali Murtaza Fazal , Dar Tahir Ahmed , Sultan Asif , Butt Mohammed Farooq , Kawoosa Altaf Ahmed , Mir Mohammed Ramzan 
Published: October 2009

Purpose To determine the impact of a substantial delay in providing surgical treatment on the final outcome in transcervical femoral neck fractures in children. Methods Data on all pediatric patients with transcervical fractures of the femoral neck that were fixed by reduction and internal fixation after a delay of ≥7 days in our department between 2000 and 2008 were collected both retrospectively and prospectively. Results The medical records of 14 patients (15 fractures) were analyzed. The results after an average of 43 months of follow-up showed that the complication and avascular necrosis rates were higher in cases in which treatment had been delayed compared to those in comparable fractures that had been treated promptly after the event in other series. Nine of the 15 fractures had developed avascular necrosis at final follow-up. Overall, there were four excellent, three good, and eight poor results (based on the Ratliff criteria). Conclusions Children whose transcervical fractures of the femoral neck were surgically treated after a delay of 1 week or longer had a high avascular necrosis rate and a relatively poor outcome. Reduction and internal fixation as the initial treatment should be implemented shortly after injury in order to enhance treatment outcome.
Delayed diagnosis and management of injuries involving the distal radioulnar joint and distal ulna in the pediatric population: Recognition and conduct
Authors: Dello Russo Bibiana , Miscione Horacio F. 
Published: October 2009

Introduction Distal radius fractures associated with ligament or distal epiphyseal injuries of the ulna occur less frequently in skeletally immature patients. The underestimation of the mechanisms of injury leads to conservative management of this type of fracture, resulting in unsatisfactory reductions and loss of range of motion. Materials and methods Between January 2000 and March 2008, ten cases that were referred to our institution from other centers were studied. Treatment was joint reconstruction. The mean age was 11.9 years. Mechanisms of the fracture, as well as the delay of diagnosis, definitive reduction, and the number of surgeries previously performed, were analyzed. Results The mean follow-up until the skeletal maturity of the patients was 3.4 years. The mean number of surgeries before the definitive treatment was given was 2.1, varying from attempts of closed reductions under anesthesia to percutaneous pinning in most of the cases. Eighty-seven percent of the patients improved their range of motion after the definitive surgery in the last follow-up, and there has been no evidence of growth disorders. Conclusions The presented fracture pattern is generally undervalued when evaluating management in children; the reduction of this type of injury should be surgical in order to achieve an adequate alignment. Parents should be informed about the treatment, its evolution, and possible subsequent surgeries to reestablish the joint axes and the adequate length of the wrist bones.
Hyperhomocysteinemia selectively alters expression and stoichiometry of intermediate filament and induces glutamate‐ and calcium‐mediated mechanisms in rat brain during development
Authors: Loureiro Samanta Oliveira , Heimfarth Luana , de Lima Pelaez Priscila , Lacerda Bruna Arcce , Vidal Luiza Fedatto , Soska Angela , Santos Natália Gomes dos , Andrade Cláudia , Tagliari Bárbara , Scherer Emilene B.S. , Guma Fátima Therezinha Costa Rodrigues , de Souza Wyse Angela Terezinha , Pessoa‐Pureur Regina 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe aim of the present work was to investigate the actions of a chemically induced chronic hyperhomocysteinemia model on intermediate filaments (IFs) of cortical and hippocampal neural cells and explore signaling mechanisms underlying such effects. Results showed that in hyperhomocysteinemic rats the expression of neural IF subunits was affected. In cerebral cortex, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression was donwregulated while in hippocampus high and middle molecular weight neurofilament subunits (NF‐H and NF‐M, respectively) were up‐regulated. Otherwise, the immunocontent of IF proteins was unaltered in cerebral cortex while in hippocampus the immunocontent of cytoskeletal‐associated low molecular weight neurofilament (NF‐L) and NF‐H subunits suggested a stoichiometric ratio consistent with a decreased amount of core filaments enriched in lateral projections. These effects were not accompanied by an alteration in IF phosphorylation.In vitroresults showed that 500 μM Hcy‐induced protein phosphatases 1‐, 2A‐ and 2B‐mediated hypophosphorylation of NF subunits and GFAP in hippocampal slices of 17‐day‐old rats without affecting the cerebral cortex, showing a window of vulnerability of cytoskeleton in developing hippocampus. Ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors were involved in this action, as well as Ca2+release from intracellular stores through ryanodine receptors. We propose that the mechanisms observed in the hippocampus of 17‐day‐old rats could support the neural damage observed in these animals.
Dietary fibre and phytate – a balancing act: results from three time points in a British Birth Cohort
Authors: Prynne Celia J. , McCarron Aine , Wadsworth Michael E. J. , Stephen Alison M. 
Published: October 2009

An investigation was carried out to determine whether there were significant changes in the intake of dietary fibre (NSP) and phytate of adult men and women in the UK from 1982 (aged 36 years) to 1999 (aged 53 years). The 1253 subjects studied were members of the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development; a longitudinal study of a nationally representative cohort of births in 1946. Food intake was recorded in a 5 d diary at age 36 years in 1982, 43 years in 1989 and 53 years in 1999. The food composition database was amended with revised values for phytate. Outcome measures were mean intakes of total NSP and phytate by year, sex and food source. There were significant changes in total NSP and phytate intake over the three time points. Intakes of NSP rose significantly between 1982 and 1999 for men and women but phytate intakes rose significantly only between 1989 and 1999. Cereal foods were the most important source of both NSP and phytate. Between 1989 and 1999 there was a significant increase in the contribution from pasta, rice and other grains. The present study shows that an increase in dietary fibre that is in accordance with dietary guidelines would almost inevitably be accompanied by a rise in phytate. The increased dietary phytate is discussed in relation to its recognised inhibition of mineral absorption and its merits with regard to protection against some cancers and other diseases of an ageing population.
Influence of ion temperature on plasma sheath transition
Authors: GHOMI HAMID , KHORAMABADI MANSOUR 
Published: October 2009

AbstractUsing a two-fluid model, the ion transition from plasma sheath boundary is investigated taking into account the effect of the finite ion temperature. It is shown that by considering the effects of neutral-ion elastic collision on the sheath, there will be an upper as well as a lower limit for the ion transition velocity into the sheath. The dependency of upper and lower limits of the ion transition velocity on the ion temperature is investigated, and it is shown that the finite ion temperature only affects lower limits in non-hot plasmas.
Basins of measures on inverse limit spaces for the induced homeomorphism
Authors: KENNEDY JUDY , RAINES BRIAN E. , STOCKMAN DAVID R. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractLet f:X→X be continuous and onto, where X is a compact metric space. Let $Y:=\invlim {X,f}$ be the inverse limit and F:Y →Y the induced homeomorphism. Suppose that μ is an f-invariant measure, and let m be the measure induced on Y by (μ,μ,…). We show that B is a basin of μ if and only if π−11(B) is a basin of m. From this it follows that if μ is an SRB measure for f on X, then the induced measure m on Y is an inverse-limit SRB measure for F. Conversely, if m is an inverse-limit SRB measure for F on Y, then the induced measure μ on X is an SRB measure for f.
Feigenbaum Julia sets of singularities of free energy
Authors: QIAO JIANYONG , YIN YONGCHENG , GAO JUNYANG 
Published: October 2009

AbstractConsidering the Potts model on diamond-like hierarchical lattices, in this paper, we show that the Julia sets of the singularities of the free energy may be a Feigenbaum Julia set. Furthermore, we prove that these Julia sets are locally connected if they are connected.
On sums of indicator functions in dynamical systems
Authors: DURIEU OLIVIER , VOLNÝ DALIBOR 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this paper, we are interested in the limit theorem question for sums of indicator functions. We show that in every invertible ergodic dynamical system, for every increasing sequence (an)n∈ℕ⊂ℝ+ such that an↗∞ and an/n→0 as n→∞, there exists a dense Gδ of measurable sets A such that the sequence of the distributions of the partial sums $(\sfrac {1}{a_n})\sum _{i=0}^{n-1}(\ind _A-\mu (A))\circ T^i$ is dense in the set of the probability measures on ℝ.
William Atkins, A Relation of the Journey From St Omers to Seville, 1622
Authors: Murphy Martin 
Published: October 2009

Preface 195Abbreviations 196Introduction 197I The Relation and its Author 197The ManuscriptAuthorshipHistory of the manuscript and date of the original textPurpose of the workStyleJames Wadsworth's accountII The Journey and its Historical Context 204The Sale piratesSt Omers and SevilleEditorial Principles 209Itinerary 210Maps: Location of Main Sites Named in Text 211A Relation of the Journey of Twelve Students 213Plan of Sale 241The Route from Gibralter to Seville 275Index 287
The Brevis Relatio de Guillelmo Nobilissimo Comite Normannorum, Written by a Monk of Battle Abbey, edited with an historical commentary
Authors: van Houts Elisabeth M. C. 
Published: October 2009

Foreword 5List of Abbreviations 6Introductioni.Contents 7ii.Manuscripts 8iii.Text development 10iv.Date 12v.Author 14vi.Historical value and sources 15vii.Reception of theBrevis Relatio23viii.Editions 24TheBrevis Relatio25
Determinants of breast-feeding in a Finnish birth cohort
Authors: Erkkola Maijaliisa , Salmenhaara Maija , Kronberg-Kippilä Carina , Ahonen Suvi , Arkkola Tuula , Uusitalo Liisa , Pietinen Pirjo , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M 
Published: October 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo assess milk feeding on the maternity ward and during infancy, and their relationship to sociodemographic determinants. The validity of our 3-month questionnaire in measuring hospital feeding was assessed.DesignA prospective Finnish birth cohort with increased risk to type 1 diabetes recruited between 1996 and 2004. The families completed a follow-up form on the age at introduction of new foods and age-specific dietary questionnaires.SettingType 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) project, Finland.SubjectsA cohort of 5993 children (77 % of those invited) participated in the main study, and 117 randomly selected infants in the validation study.ResultsBreast milk was the predominant milk on the maternity ward given to 99 % of the infants. Altogether, 80 % of the women recalled their child being fed supplementary milk (donated breast milk or infant formula) on the maternity ward. The median duration of exclusive breast-feeding was 1·4 months (range 0–8) and that of total breast-feeding 7·0 months (0–25). Additional milk feeding on the maternity ward, short parental education, maternal smoking during pregnancy, small gestational age and having no siblings were associated with a risk of short duration of both exclusive and total breast-feeding. In the validation study, 78 % of the milk types given on the maternity ward fell into the same category, according to the questionnaire and hospital records.ConclusionsThe recommendations for infant feeding were not achieved. Infant feeding is strongly influenced by sociodemographic determinants and feeding practices on the maternity wards. Long-term breast-feeding may be supported by active promotion on the maternity ward.