bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Adaptive Newton's Method for Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Lu Pengbo , Beckner Bret 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
In trying to speed up reservoir simulators, we have given significant attention to improving runtime performance and efficiency on various components of the simulator, i.e. linear solvers, flash calculations, time-step controls, with further performance gain from parallelization. This paper describes an enhanced version of Newton's method, the adaptive Newton's method, that reduces time spent in nonlinear loops of a reservoir simulator.
It is commonly observed that clusters of reservoir simulation cells are responsible for the convergence behavior within a Newton loop at a given timestep. In our investigations on field cases, the number of cells that had not converged, as defined by the magnitude of the residual and solution changes, would decease very rapidly as the Newton iteration progresses. In most cases, the number of unconverged cells was significantly less than 2% after just one or two Newton iterations.
An adaptive nonlinear method was developed to use the residual of the previous Newton iteration as a guide to select a subset of cells for subsequent Newton iterations. The subset of cells includes all the unconverged cells plus a collection of bordering cells. Using this adaptation, the matrix solved at Newton iterations after the first one is very much reduced, resulting in significant speedup. Several variations in the adaption were investigated, varying the size of the border, varying the timing of the application of adaption and including a residual smoothing step.
This adaptive Newton's method was applied to multiple field cases, with the numbers of simulation cells ranging from 14,000 to 900,000 cells. The use of the residual smoothing operator prevented material balance errors with minimal impact on the Newton convergence behavior and timestep sizes. Run times were reduced by 30~70 % in these field test cases with no negative effects on results.
A Simplified Model for Simulations of Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Floods
Authors: Delshad Mojdeh , Han Choongyong , Veedu Faiz Koyassan , Pope Gary A. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
A common method of enhanced oil recovery is alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding where a solution of alkali, surfactant, and polymer is injected followed by a polymer drive. Many crude oils contain naphthenic acids that react with the alkali to form soap in-situ. With the proper selection of an injected surfactant that mixes with the soap in-situ, a sufficiently low interfacial tension can be achieved to mobilize the residual oil. However, ASP flooding is complex since it involves chemical reactions that depend on the oil composition, water composition, rock mineralogy, temperature, pH, etc.
Mechanistic simulations of ASP flooding typically involve a large number of reactions to calculate the consumption of alkali due to ion exchange reactions with the clay and micelles as well as other reactions with the minerals and brines. This approach is computationally intensive. After a full mechanistic model of ASP flooding was developed and validated, a simplified ASP model was implemented in a 3D chemical flooding reservoir simulator. In the simplified ASP model, the amount of soap is calculated using the total acid number of the crude oil. A phase behavior mixing rule model was developed to calculate the optimum salinity and solubilization ratio of the soap and surfactant mixtures. Other key mechanisms modeled are alkali consumption and surfactant adsorption as a function of alkali concentration.
Several ASP corefloods were successfully modeled using the simplified ASP model. Based on these results, 3D simulations of an ASP field pilot were performed. In this particular case, the results were comparable to those obtained from ASP flooding simulations using a more complete set of geochemical reactions. The simplified ASP flooding model is a more practical and convenient way to simulate field applications of ASP flooding for such cases.
Numerical Simulation of Fractured Carbonate Reservoirs with the M_1 Bimodal Pore System
Authors: Fung Larry S. , Middya Usuf , Dogru Ali H. 
Published: February 2011

Abstract
Recent petrophysical analyses of Arab D limestone identify the M_1 bimodal pore system as the most common and important member of a new set of petrophysical rock types, which uses a new pore system classification based on extensive studies of a large and comprehensive collection of mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) data set from Ghawar Arab D. The role played by the pore system parameters describing the macropores (M) and the micropores (Type 1) within the M_1 system indicates the significant contrast in flow parameters and wettability which may have strong implication on the microscopic displacement efficiency of carbonate reservoirs dominated by these multimodal pore systems. We propose to study this system as a system consisting of multiple interacting continua. Numerically, such a system is a generalization of the classical dual porosity dual permeability system into the multiple porosity multiple permeability framework. Since the micropores have permeability which can be four orders of magnitude smaller than the macropores, it is reasonable to neglect the inter-grid flow for the microspore. However, the micropores and macropores connectivity is at the rock fabric and is expected to be substantial. Additionally, the reservoirs are also known to include fractures and super-K regions. Thus, the parallel reservoir simulator is for a general system of multiple interacting continua. The parallel numerical methods will be discussed. We performed numerical studies to examine the sensitivity of a bimodal pore system in both fractured and non-fractured scenarios and contrast these against the traditional simulation of the single-mode pore system. Simulation results and discussions of the effect of flow parameters and wettability contrasts of the bimodal system in both the non-fractured and fractured area of the reservoir will be presented.
Effects of sagittal maxillary growth hypoplasia severity on mandibular asymmetry in unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects
Authors: Jena Ashok Kumar , Singh Satinder Pal , Utreja Ashok Kumar 
Published: February 2011

Abstract

Objective:
To test the hypothesis that sagittal maxillary growth hypoplasia has no effect on mandibular asymmetry among subjects with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).

Design:
A total of 86 subjects (normal noncleft, 42; UCLP, 44) in the age range of 15 to 25 years were chosen. Normal noncleft subjects were included in Group I. Based on the severity of sagittal maxillary growth hypoplasia, subjects with UCLP were divided into two groups. Subjects with UCLP in whom the SNM angle was ≥71 degrees and the M-point to Nasion perpendicular distance was ≤−10 mm were included in Group II. Group III consisted of subjects with UCLP in whom the SNM angle was &lt;71 degrees and the M-point to Nasion perpendicular distance was &gt;−10 mm. The mandibular asymmetry index (condylar, ramal, and condylar+ramal), gonial angle, and depth of the antigonial notch of three groups of subjects were examined on orthopantomograms (OPGs).

Results:
Among Group II subjects in whom sagittal maxillary growth was near normal, ramal and condylar+ramal heights were significantly less on the cleft side than on the normal side (P &lt; .01). Condylar, ramal, and condylar+ramal asymmetry indices were significantly greater among Group II subjects. Mandibular asymmetry indices among Group III subjects were comparable with those in Group I subjects.

Conclusion:
The hypothesis was rejected. The mandible was significantly asymmetrical among subjects with UCLP in whom sagittal maxillary growth was near normal, whereas the mandible was nearly symmetrical among subjects with UCLP in whom sagittal maxillary growth hypoplasia was very severe.
Effecting Change Through Learning Networks: The Experience of the UK Teacher Education Network for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Global Citizenship (GC)
Authors: Inman Sally , Mackay Sophie , Rogers Maggie , Wade Ros 
Published: February 2011

Effecting Change Through Learning Networks: The Experience of the UK Teacher Education Network for Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) and Global Citizenship (GC)
The article discusses and evaluates the experience of the UK Teacher Education Network for education for sustainable development (ESD) and global citizenship (GC) as a community of practice dedicated to embedding ESD and GC across teacher education in the UK. The article sets out the global and UK policy context for ESD and GC and outlines the differing government support and guidance for ESD/GC within teacher education across the four nations of the UK. The development and activities of the Network as a community of practice are evaluated in relation to the original aims of the Network with respect to the development and sharing of good practice and the embedding of ESD/GC across teacher education in the UK. The article concludes by arguing that the Network is successful in the first of the aims as there is now a vibrant UK wide teacher education community of practice in ESD/GC whereby radical practice can be explored, questioned and shared. However, the rapidly changing government policy context for education particularly in England makes it difficult to predict how effectively the Network can affect policy change and/or long lasting change in course content so as to embed ESD/GC in teacher education across the UK. The authors suggest that the Network will need to work alongside new and existing alliances to try to convince policy makers of the critical need to ensure that new teachers are equipped to develop effective ESD/GC in schools.
The sea-spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) of Admiralty Bay, King George Island
Authors: Bamber Roger 
Published: February 2011

The sea-spiders (Arthropoda: Pycnogonida) of Admiralty Bay, King George IslandBetween 1979 and 2007, various sampling projects from the PolishArctowskiResearch Station in Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, collected a diverse assemblage of pycnogonids,inter alia. Examination of this material has revealed 24 species in 11 genera and six families: all of this material is described. Samples were from poorly-sorted fine-sand to coarse-silt substrata, at depths between 27 and 405 m. The diverse assemblage was of species consistent with the known pycnogonid fauna of these depths in the South Shetlands and the Palmer Archipelago region, and includes a number of species recorded for only the second time since the types. As typical for Antarctic waters, the predominant and most diverse genus wasNymphon(nine species); the prevalent species wasNymphon eltaninae, notNymphon australe: implications for the apparent wide-distribution of records of the latter species are discussed. These records increase the biogeographical range ofNymphon subtileandNymphon punctumfrom Subantarctic waters to the Scotia Sea.
Archaeological remains on Clairinch: an interim report
Authors: Frend W H C 
Published: February 2011

Summary The remains of several stone buildings on the island of Clairinch in Loch Lomond are described, and the results of excavations in 1935, 1978 and 1980 presented. The finds are few but a mediaeval date is suggested. The fact that a charter was granted on the island in 1225 suggests that the settlement was of some significance.
Pacing and the megalithic yard
Authors: Davis A. 
Published: February 2011

Summary Simple pacing has often been suggested as an explanation of the ‘megalithic yard’. While such a hypothesis has the virtue of simplicity, evidence is presented here showing it to be inconsistent with actual stone circle data. By means of simulations, the pacing hypothesis is tested against the stone circle diameters given by Thom (1967), and may be rejected at a significance level of about 3%. Further simulations suggest that any satisfactory explanation of the unit should not involve variations in its value between sites greater than about 2% or 3% (standard deviation).
Recent Excavations at Carn Liath Broch, Golspie, Sutherland
Authors: Love Paula 
Published: February 2011

Summary Following the late J X W P Corcoran's rescue work in 1972 within the broch, recent excavations at this state care monument, prior to masonry consolidation, examined outworks to the NE of the broch and re-opened its entrance passage and guard cell. Despite thorough Victorian disturbance, a tentative chronology was established for the site. The Bronze Age was represented by a Beaker fragment and later putative cist with Food Vessel and shale washer necklace. Settlement, shown by post-holes, hearth and a severely-truncated structure of slot construction, predated the building of the broch and attendant ring-wall, while later Iron Age activity included the division into outbuildings of the area between the broch and outer wall by the addition of cross-walls. Previously unrecorded circuit walls and midden were identified downslope of the main outworks, and the site produced evidence of shale and iron working.
Excavation at Newton, Islay
Authors: McCullagh R , Andrews M , Clarke Anne , Collins G , Halpin E , Henshall Audrey , Penny M , Shiel R 
Published: February 2011

SummaryExcavations at Newton have revealed three phases of land use. Mesolithic activity was restricted to small flint working and domestic sites. A Neolithic phase appears to relate to a fragile soil resource which rapidly declined in quality. The final phase, possibly related to a Christian Irish presence on the island, occurs late in the sequence.
The Prehistoric Occupation of Carradale, Kintyre
Authors: Carter Stephen , Tipping Richard 
Published: February 2011

Summary A concentration of archaeological features at Achnasavil, Carradale, which has been recorded since 1985, is being rapidly destroyed by river erosion. Limited excavations were carried out in 1991 in order to date and characterise the nature of the site. Four periods of activity have been identified: cultivation in the Neolithic period; an occupation in the early Bronze Age; a domestic settlement in the late Bronze Age; and an Iron Age occupation. A programme of morphological mapping and dating of valley floor terraces in lower Carradale showed that the present day flood plain of the Carra Water was created by the early Neolithic period and the morphology of the valley floor has changed little since that time.
The Saracen Head Excavation 1980-1981
Authors: Pollock David 
Published: February 2011

Summary Over twelve months the yard behind a tenement block on Gallowgale, Glasgow, was excavated for evidence of the ISth century Saracen Head Inn and the 16th century chapel of St. Mungo. The traditional association of a well on site with the Dark Age St. Mungo was expected to be disproven by the excavations. Remains of the 18th century inn were found, but the kirhyard of the 16th century chapel, which lay to the south of the excavated area, was not uncovered. The well had been thoroughly renovated in the late 18th century and cannot have existed in any form until late in the medieval period. Earlier a bum — the Poldrait — crossed the site diagonally, and powered a medieval watermill.
Excavations of three cropmark sites at Melville Nurseries, Dalkeith
Authors: Raisen Peter , Rees Thomas 
Published: February 2011

Summary Three cropmark sites were excavated by Peter Raisen for Historic Scotland during 1989 in advance of the construction of the A7 Dalkeith Western Bypass. The report on these sites was completed in 1995 by Thomas Rees. The first site comprises two parallel linear cropmarks which are interpreted as flanking ditches to a possible track of unknown date. The second site, a small sub-oval enclosure, proved to be an unenclosed round-house, formed by a ringgroove with external and internal post-holes. Radiocarbon dates and a saddle quern suggest an early Iron Age date for this structure. Excavation of the third cropmark revealed a palisaded enclosure which surrounded an inner enclosure formed by a slot with a shallow internal gully. Radiocarbon and ceramic evidence suggests either a later Bronze Age or Iron Age date for these enclosures. Two bipartite pits, at the northern edge of the palisaded enclosure, were dated to the Roman period. Historic Scotland funded the fieldwork, the post-excavation analyses and the publication of the report.
A Roman Camp-Gateway at Castledykes
Authors: Keppie L.J.F. 
Published: February 2011

Summary Excavation in advance of road building exposed a gateway of a camp of the ‘Stracathro’ type, datable to the later first century AD, with interesting peculiarities in the arrangement of its defences. The gateway was later incorporated into a field-system, probably still within the Roman period. This project was funded by Historic Scotland.
Excavations at the Roman fort of Westerwood on the Antonine Wall, 1985–88
Authors: Keppie L J F 
Published: February 2011

SummaryA series of excavations and watching briefs is described. Pipelaying within the fort in 1985–87 disturbed walling probably of the internal bath-house. Work undertaken W of the fort in 1986 preceded the laying out of a golf course: the line of the Antonine Wall, Ditch, upcast mound and the Military Way was established, and an area immediately W of the West Gate of the fort checked for the presence of extramural settlement. Postholes for timber buildings and drainage channels possibly of a cultivation system were revealed there, as well as features of mediaeval and later date. Much of the Roman pottery recovered was produced locally. This project was funded by Historic Scotland.
William Smith's home near Bath: the real Tucking Mill
Authors: EYLES JOAN M. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY The property called Tucking Mill, in the parish of Monkton Combe near Bath, purchased by William Smith in 1798, still exists, but bears no mark of identification. The nearby Tucking Mill Cottage, in the parish of South Stoke, which bears the tablet "Here lived William Smith..." is now known to have been wrongly identified as his home. It is urged that the real Tucking Mill should be scheduled as a building of historic interest, and the tablet removed to it.
Horsfield, Moore, and the Catalogues of the East India Company Museum
Authors: COWAN CHARLES F. 
Published: February 2011

SUMMARY The general background to the publication of these Catalogues is reviewed. Their full titles and collation are given at the end; in the text they are abbreviated to; Descr. Cat. Lep. Ins. (1), (2). [Horsfield] [iii. 1828], [vi. 1829]. Cat. Mammals. [Horsfield] [xi] 1851. Cat. Birds 1, 2. [Horsfield & Moore] [xi] 1854, [vi] 1858. Cat. Lep. Ins. 1, 2. Horsfield & Moore, "1857" [iv. 1858], "1858-59" [vi. 1860]. The first was left unfinished but the second was completed. The two last dealt with only a fraction of their subjects, but each volume was rounded off with an index and is complete in itself. They were later reissued in a 2 volumes in 1 format. The title dates of each volume of the Cat. Lep. Ins. are found to be each a year premature. The effects of this on priorities are discussed, and competing contemporary papers are listed in full with exact dates at the end, under the heading Cross References. Finally, incidental references are segregated in note form.
On the Disciples' Edition of Cuvier's Règne Animal
Authors: COWAN C. F. 
Published: February 2011

SYNOPSIS The method of production of Baron Georges Cuvier's Règne Animal, third edition of 1836—1849, is discussed. The 22 volumes, two for Insectes and one for each of the nine other animal classes for the text, and eleven similar ones for the plates, were issued concurrently in 262 livraisons at unknown dates. Each livraison held text and plates for one class and some of the plates contained new material, so it is important to collate the plates in livraisons. All livraisons are here dated to within a month, and full collations are tabulated for the fourteen volumes Mammifères, Oiseaux, Poissons, Insectes 1, 2, Crustacés and Annélides, each with its Atlas, as well as for the Prefaces and the Bibliography sections. The authorship of plates and their explanations is discussed, and is determined in detail for Insectes and Annélides. An appeal is added for information on the other four classes Reptiles, Mollusques, Arachnides and Zoophytes.
The botanical significance of Pehr Kalm's unpublished diaries for the flora of Quebec in the mid-eighteenth century
Authors: MORISSET PIERRE 
Published: February 2011

Pehr Kalm's diaries of his travels in North America are now being edited for publication in their entirety for the first time. They contain a great deal of botanical data which were not included in the account En Resa til Norra America published by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in three volumes, 1753–1761, and later transalted into English as Travels in North America by J. A. Forster, Warrington, 1770–1771. This paper analysed Kalm's botanical observations during his trip to Canada in the summer of 1749 and considered such matters as the number of species observed and described — many of which did not find their way into Linnaeus' Species Plantarum despite the close connection between the two men. Changes in the distribution of some species since 1749, the introduction of weeds and other aliens were also discussed.
A comparison between GATE4 results and MCNP4B published data for internal radiation dosimetry
Authors: Parach A. A. , Rajabi H. 
Published: February 2011

SummaryAim: GATE, has been designed as upper layer of the GEANT4 toolkit for nuclear medicine application including internal dosimetry. However, its results have not been fully compared to the well-developed codes and anthropomorphic voxel phantoms have never been used with GATE/GEANT for internal dosimetry. The aim of present study was to compare the internal dose calculated by GATE/GEANT with the MCNP4B published data. Methods: The Zubal phantom was used to model a typical adult male. Activity was assumed uniformly distributed in liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, pancreas and adrenals. GATE/ GEANT Monte Carlo package was used for estimation of doses in the phantom. Simulations were performed for photon energy of 0.01–1 MeV and mono-energetic electrons of 935 keV. Specific absorbed fractions for photons and S-factors for electrons were calculated. Results: On average, GATE/GEANT produces higher photon SAF (Specific Absorbed Fraction) values (+2.7%) for self-absorption and lower values (-2.9%) for cross-absorption. The difference was higher for paired organs particularly lungs. Moreover the photon SAF values for lungs as source organ at the energy of 200 and 500 keV was considerably higher with MCNP4B compared to GATE. Conclusion: Despite of differences between the GATE4 and MCNP4B, the results can be considered ensuring. This may be considered as validation of GATE/GEANT as a proprietary code in nuclear medicine for radionuclide dosimetry applications.