bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secular trends in social patterning of cardiovascular risk factor levels in Sweden. The Northern Sweden MONICA Study 1986–1994
Authors: Peltonen M. , Huhtasaari F. , Stegmayr B. , Lundberg V. , Asplund K. 
Published: August 2010

Peltonen M, Huhtasaari F, Stegmayr B, Lundberg V, Asplund K (Umeå University Hospital, Luleå‐Boden Hospital, Kalix Hospital, Sweden). Secular trends in social patterning of cardiovascular risk factor levels in Sweden. The North Sweden MONICA Study 1986–1994. J Intern Med 1998; 244: 1–9.ObjectivesIn the Northern Sweden MONICA Study, levels of cardiovascular risk factors were determined in 1986, 1990 and 1994. The aim of this study was to assess the trends in cardiovascular risk factors, and to analyse the relationship between levels of risk factors and level of education.DesignCardiovascular risk factors were determined in cross‐sectional population studies of randomly selected 25–64 year old men and women in 1986, 1990 and 1994 (a total of 4742 individuals).ResultsThroughout the years 1986 to 1994, cardiovascular risk factor levels showed a marked social pattern, generally being more favourable among people with a university education. Serum cholesterol levels declined in all educational groups, but blood pressure declined significantly only in women with a university education. Body mass index increased, most markedly in men with university and in women with a secondary school education. Prevalence of cigarette smoking decreased significantly in young men. It increased markedly in low‐educated women so that the social gaps in smoking widened substantially over time. The improved level of education in the population at large was calculated to explain only a little of the risk factor changes between 1986 and 1994.ConclusionsTrends in risk factor levels in different educational groups have been more diverging for women than for men. The most marked change in risk factor levels has been the decline in total serum cholesterol for both men and women in all educational groups.
New Product Activities and Performance: The Moderating Role of Environmental Hostility
Authors: Calantone Roger J. , Schmidt Jeffrey B. , Di Benedetto C. Anthony 
Published: August 2010

In the race to bring new products to market, a company may be tempted to cut corners in the new product development (NPD) process. And a hostile environment—that is, one marked by intense competition and rapid technological change—only heightens the pressure to reduce NPD cycle time. However, hasty completion of the NPD process may actually jeopardize a product's chances for success.In a study of Fortune 500 manufacturers of industrial products, Roger J. Calantone, Jeffrey B. Schmidt, and C. Anthony Di Benedetto explore the relationships among new product success rates, proficiency in the execution of NPD activities, and the perceived level of hostility in the competitve environment. Their study examines how proficiency in NPD activities affects the odds of success for industrial new products. Adding environmental hostility to the mix, they also investigate whether the perceived level of hostility in the competitive environment affects the relationship between NPD proficiency and success. In this way, they provide insight into the factors managers must consider when attempting to accelerate cycle time in a hostile competitive environment.The respondents to their survey—142 senior managers involved in NPD or product innovation rated environmental hostility in terms of the extent to which the firm perceives its industry as safe, rich in investment opportunity, and controllable. To assess NPD proficiency, respondents were asked about their firms' performance in predevelopment marketing and technical activities, development marketing and technical activities, and financial analysis. Respondents assessed new product performance in terms of product profitability.As expected, the responses indicate that proficiency in the performance of NPD activities increases the likelihood of new product success. Proficiency in development marketing activities produced the largest increase in likelihood of success—nearly 25 percent over that of projects in which respondents rated performance of these activities at any level below “most proficient.” More importantly, the responses indicate that a hostile competitive environment increases the impact of NPD proficiency. In other words, by improving performance of key NPD activities under hostile environmental conditions, a firm can greatly increase the likelihood of success for a new industrial product. Rather than simply cut corners in the NPD process, a firm faced with a hostile environment must strike a balance between speed and quality of execution.
Improving the New Product Development Process: A Fractal Paradigm for High‐Technology Products
Authors: Spivey W. Austin , Munson J. Michael , Wolcott John H. 
Published: August 2010

Those professionals who are charged with improving the new product development (NPD) process may well feel as though they have been asked to bring order out of chaos. For every level in the organization, and for every step in the NPD process, they must contend with myriad, often interdependent choices—of products and processes; of tools and technologies; of proven best practices and hypothesized solutions. In turn, each choice may cascade into several additional decisions. With so many issues to address and so many variables to consider, practioners and researchers alike need a clear, but complete, framework for exploring, understanding, and improving the NPD process.To help bring some order to the study and the practice of NPD management, W. Austin Spivey, J. Michael Munson, and John H. Wolcott introduce a new metaphor, or paradigm, for product development: a fractal paradigm. Like some fractal images, their framework for understanding the essence of NPD rests on the concept of self‐similarity. In other words, the picture their framework provides for understanding and managing the NPD process consists of the same set of concerns, regardless of the level at which the process is viewed. They developed this fractal paradigm during an empirical study of technology transition in a highly successful federal laboratory organization.Whether the focus is on the organization, the division, the team, or the individual, the essence of the NPD process as viewed through their framework comes down to two sets of factors: management factors and resource factors. In turn, each of these factors cascades into several interrelated sets of concerns. For example, the management factors comprise concerns about leadership and the management system. The resource factors include concerns about information, infrastructure, time, and money.Regardless of the level of detail at which the framework is viewed, improving the NPD process requires attention to all of these factors, by all levels within the organization. For example, visionary leadership on the part of senior management will have little effect if middle management and line supervisors fail to provide the necessary leadership for their respective groups of subordinates. Notwithstanding the complexity of the NPD process, the fractal paradigm focuses attention on those few key factors that must be managed continually, throughout all levels of the organization, to ensure successful commercialization of new products.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D. 
Published: August 2010

We have reviews of five books that deserve practitioners' attention. The first review discusses the sixth book about accelerating new product development that we have recently reviewed. The McGrath et al. book will be of particular value to those readers who work in large firms on large new product development projects. The second and third reviews cover second editions of significant books. Randy Englund's review of Russ Archibald's book on project management emphasizes how this discipline has value to all new product development project teams. James Scheu reports that George Gruenwald's useful book is of special value to those working in the package goods industry.The last two reviews stress aspects of teamwork. George Castellion notes that the book by Katzenbach and Smith helpfully illuminates the difference between teamwork and teams. Randy Englund's review of the book by Jeffrey Pfeffer draws our attention to the role and potential abuse of a manager's power in product development.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D. 
Published: August 2010

Practitioners provide reviews of four recent books. K. G. Peeples finds that Mass Customization by B. Joseph Pine describes a trend to replace mass production with a more responsive and tailored approach. She reports that this emerging direction applies to both manufacturing and service firms. It offers numerous benefits to both the supplier and the customer, such as greater variety, lower cost, and more responsive availability. Next, Martha Dohm examines Corporate Venturing by two academics, Zenas Block and Ian MacMillan. She finds it to be a useful primer on this important subject, although lacking in recent practical examples.The final two reviews are of books that cite, in part, examples from the same high‐technology firms, but cover these from very different perspectives. Vic Prushan assesses Winning in High‐ Tech Markets by Joseph G. Morone. He reports that this book is built around three detailed case studies, from which four lessons are drawn for corporate managers. Jimmy Loon reviews Lightning Strategies for Innovation by Willard I. Zangwill, another academic. He says that the book offers a seven‐ step process that primarily will be of value to the less experienced practitioner.
Continuous Support for Women During Childbirth
Authors: Hodnett E.D. , Gates S. , Hofmeyr G.J. , Sakala C. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTBackground:  Historically, women have been attended and supported by other women during labour. However, in recent decades in hospitals worldwide, continuous support during labour has become the exception rather than the routine. Concerns about the consequent dehumanization of women's birth experiences have led to calls for a return to continuous support by women for women during labour.Objectives:  Primary: to assess the effects, on mothers and their babies, of continuous, one‐to‐one intrapartum support compared with usual care. Secondary: to determine whether the effects of continuous support are influenced by: (1) routine practices and policies in the birth environment that may affect a woman's autonomy, freedom of movement, and ability to cope with labour; (2) whether the caregiver is a member of the staff of the institution; and (3) whether the continuous support begins early or later in labour.Search strategy:  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (30 January 2003) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003).Selection criteria:  All published and unpublished randomized controlled trials comparing continuous support during labour with usual care.Data collection and analysis:  Standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration Pregnancy and Childbirth Group were used. All authors participated in evaluation of methodological quality. Data extraction was undertaken independently by one author and a research assistant. Additional information was sought from the trial authors. Results are presented using relative risk for categorical data and weighted mean difference for continuous data.Main results:  Fifteen trials involving 12,791 women are included. Primary comparison: Women who had continuous intrapartum support were less likely to have intrapartum analgesia, operative birth, or to report dissatisfaction with their childbirth experiences. Subgroup analyses: In general, continuous intrapartum support was associated with greater benefits when the provider was not a member of the hospital staff, when it began early in labour, and in settings in which epidural analgesia was not routinely available.Reviewers’ conclusions:  All women should have support throughout labour and birth.Citation:  Hodnett ED, Gates S, Hofmeyr G J, Sakala C. Continuous support for women during childbirth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. •••The preceding report is an abstract of a regularly updated, systematic review prepared and maintained by the Cochrane Collaboration. The full text of the review is available in The Cochrane Library (ISSN 1464‐780X). The Cochrane Library is designed and produced by Update Software Ltd, and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ein Fall yon pancreatogener Fettdiarrhöe
Authors: BREMS A. 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung.Es wird ein Fall von pancreatogener Fettdiarrhöe mit Thrombopenie und ausgesprochenen Insuffizienzsymptomen seitens des Inselgewebes (erhöhte Nüchternwerte des Blutzuckers, Glykosurie und diabetische Blutzuckerkurve nach peroraler Traubenzuckerzufuhr) geschildert. Eine Untersuchung des Gehalts des Blutes an Neutralfett + freiem Cholesterin nach peroraler Gabe von 1 g Fett per kg wies im Anfangsstadium des Leidens eine auffallend kurzdauernde Steigerung der Werte auf. Es handelt sich zweifellos um eine diffuse pancreatitis, die sowohl das azinöse wie das Inselgewebe angegriffen hat und möglicherweise durch kanalikuläre Propagation einer infektiösen Darmerkrankung entstanden ist.
Experimentelle, therapeutische Beeinflussung zentral‐nervöser Lähmungen.
Authors: BRÜLL ZOLTÁN 
Published: August 2010

Zusammenfassung.Es wird eine Arbeitshypothese, der Mechanismus und die Bedeutung regenerativer Vorgänge besprochen.Es wird die Methode mitgeteilt, die benutzt wurde, um bei Kaninchen durch mechanische Beschädigung des Rückenmarkes konstant verlaufende Lähmungszustande hervorzurufen. Infolge des Fehlens einer Neigung zu Spontanbesserung, sind die Zustande zur Beurteilung therapeutischer Resultate geeignet. Es werden dann weitere Versuche mitgeteilt, in denen es gelungen ist diese Lahmun‐gen zu bessern und zur Ausheilung zu bringen.Es wird zunächst angenommen, dass der verwendete Extrakt den Wirkstoff beinhaltet, der in der Ontogenese die Bildung dieser zentral‐nervösen Gewebe bedingt und im postembryonalen Leben die Reaktion einer Regeneration derselben Gewebe in Gang setzt.
Severe Proliferative Retinopathy in a Young Man with Diabetes of Very Short Duration
Authors: SEYER‐HANSEN KJARTAN , FAURSCHOU SVEND 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Seyer‐Hansen K, Faurschou S. (Department of Internal Medicine, Svendborg Hospital, Svendborg, and University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Odense Hospital, Odense, Denmark.) Severe proliferative retinopathy in a young man with diabetes of very short duration.A 22‐year‐old man developed typical insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. At the time of diagnosis no signs of diabetic retinopathy were found by an experienced ophthalmologist, but florid proliferative diabetic retinopathy was observed only seven months later. Despite treatment with laser and vitrectomy the eye lesions progressed to total blindness within 30 months after the diagnosis of diabetes.
Cardiovascular risk factor profile and mortality in two Scottish cities
Authors: SMITH W.C.S. , CROMBIE I.K. , TUNSTALL‐PEDOE H.D. , TAVENDALE R. , RIEMERSMA R.A. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Edinburgh and Glasgow are the two largest cities in Scotland, which has one of the highest coronary heart disease mortality rates in the world. Within Scotland, there is a geographical variation in these rates and Glasgow has a higher mortality rate than Edinburgh. However, the cities also differ socially and economically.Population surveys have been conducted in centres in both Edinburgh and North Glasgow using the MONICA project methods. These surveys were performed simultaneously in 1986 in men and women aged 25–64 years. Preliminary analysis shows that the differences in cigarette smoking, blood pressure and body mass index in men and women between the two centres are consistent with the difference in cardiovascular mortality. However there is no difference between the centres in reported exercise levels, and the difference in mean serum total cholesterol between the centres is in the opposite direction to that expected. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed.
Identification of three genetic loci controlling leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Oh Sung Aeong , Park Joon‐Hyun , Lee Gyu In , Paek Kyung Hee , Park Soon Ki , Nam Hong Gil 
Published: August 2010

SummaryFour mutants that show the delayed leaf senescence phenotype were isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic analyses revealed that they are all monogenic recessive mutations and fall into three complementation groups, identifying three genetic loci controlling leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Mutations in these loci cause delay in all senescence parameters examined, including chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, relative amount of the large subunit of Rubisco, and RNase and peroxidase activity. Delay of the senescence symptoms was observed during both age‐dependent in planta senescence and dark‐induced artificial senescence in all of the mutant plants. The results indicate that the three genes defined by the mutations are key genetic elements controlling functional leaf senescence and provide decisive genetic evidence that leaf senescence is a genetically programmed phenomenon controlled by several monogenic loci in Arabidopsis. The results further suggest that the three genes function at a common step of age‐dependent and dark‐induced senescence processes. It is further shown that one of the mutations is allelic to ein2‐1, an ethylene‐insensitive mutation, confirming the role of ethylene signal transduction pathway in leaf senescence of Arabidopsis.
PIS1, a negative regulator of the action of auxin transport inhibitors in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Fujita Hironori , Syōno Kunihiko 
Published: August 2010

SummaryIn order to clarify the mechanism underlying the polar auxin transport system, the pis1 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana that is hypersensitive to N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor was isolated and characterized. Whereas the pis1 mutant is normally sensitive to phytohormones, auxins, cytokinin and ethylene precursor, this mutant is hypersensitive to NPA over the broad spectrum of its effects such as growth of seedlings, root elongation, root gravitropism, root phototropism and root curling. This result indicates that the pis1 mutant is specifically affected in the polar auxin transport system. This result also defines a genetic factor controlling both gravitropism and phototropism, and strongly indicates the involvement of auxin transport during both tropic responses. NPA, 2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 9‐hydroxyfluorene‐9‐carboxylic acid (HFCA) represent different classes of auxin transport inhibitors. The pis1 mutation conferred hypersensitivity to both NPA and TIBA but not to HFCA. These results show the genetic separation of the actions of NPA/TIBA and of HFCA. The PIS1 gene product might be specifically involved in the response pathway of NPA/TIBA, leading to interference with auxin‐efflux carriers, and might act as a negative regulator of the action of NPA/TIBA.
Long‐term prognosis for transplant‐free survivors of paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure
Authors: Jepsen P. , Schmidt L. E. , Larsen F. S. , Vilstrup H. 
Published: August 2010

Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010; 32: 894–900SummaryBackground  The prognosis for transplant‐free survivors of paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure remains unknown.Aim  To examine whether paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure increases long‐term mortality.Methods  We followed up all transplant‐free survivors of paracetamol‐induced acute liver injury, hospitalized in a Danish national referral centre during 1984–2004. We compared age‐specific mortality rates from 1 year post‐discharge through 2008 between those in whom the liver injury led to an acute liver failure and those in whom it did not.Results  We included 641 patients. On average, age‐specific mortality rates were slightly higher for the 101 patients whose paracetamol‐induced liver injury had caused an acute liver failure (adjusted mortality rate ratio = 1.70, 95% CI 1.02–2.85), but the association was age‐dependent, and no survivors of acute liver failure died of liver disease, whereas suicides were frequent in both groups. These observations speak against long‐term effects of acute liver failure. More likely, the elevated mortality rate ratio resulted from incomplete adjustment for the greater prevalence of substance abuse among survivors of acute liver failure.Conclusions  Paracetamol‐induced acute liver failure did not affect long‐term mortality. Clinical follow‐up may be justified by the cause of the liver failure, but not by the liver failure itself.
Navigations between regulations and gut instinct: the unveiling of collective memory in decision‐making processes where teenagers are placed in residential care
Authors: Forkby Torbjörn , Höjer Staffan 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTThe decision to take a young person away from his or her family into out‐of‐home care and treatment is the most drastic intervention within the statutory powers bestowed upon social services. The results of reports on the quality of residential treatment reveal that state supervision has not proven to be a good substitute for parental care. In this paper we analyse the decision‐making process when young persons are placed in residential care. Focus groups and individual interviews with different stakeholders were conducted. The results show that the placements are a collective process involving negotiations between the different parties with a coordinating social worker in the middle, with the aim to bring something to build hope on in often desperate situations, regardless of the specific treatment method used. To inform the process, the social workers draw on a ‘collective memory’ shared among colleagues in the department. Important signs of quality of a residential unit were the relational and collaborative competence from the staff. The inclination to use soft, diffuse information in decision‐making shows a striking lack of evidence upon which social workers can build well‐informed and knowledge‐based decisions.