bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Pediatric Critical COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Aparicio Camila , Willis Zachary I , Nakamura Mari M , Wolf Joshua , Little Cordell , Maron Gabriela M , Sue Paul K , Anosike Brenda I , Miller Christine , Bio Laura L , Singh Prachi , James Scott H , Oliveira Carlos R 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Risk stratification is a cornerstone of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society COVID-19 treatment guidance. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to define the clinical characteristics and comorbidities associated with critical COVID-19 in children and adolescents.

Methods
Two independent reviewers screened the literature (Medline and EMBASE) for studies published through August 31, 2023, that reported outcome data on patients aged ≤21 years with COVID-19. Critical disease was defined as an invasive mechanical ventilation requirement, intensive care unit admission, or death. Random-effects models were used to estimate pooled odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and heterogeneity was explored through subgroup analyses.

Results
Among 10,178 articles, 136 studies met the inclusion criteria for review. Data from 70 studies, which collectively examined 172,165 children and adolescents with COVID-19, were pooled for meta-analysis. In previously healthy children, the absolute risk of critical disease from COVID-19 was 4% (95% CI, 1%–10%). Compared with no comorbidities, the pooled OR for critical disease was 3.95 (95% CI, 2.78–5.63) for the presence of one comorbidity and 9.51 (95% CI, 5.62–16.06) for ≥2 comorbidities. Key risk factors included cardiovascular and neurological disorders, chronic pulmonary conditions (excluding asthma), diabetes, obesity, and immunocompromise, all with statistically significant ORs &gt; 2.00.

Conclusions
While the absolute risk for critical COVID-19 in children and adolescents without underlying health conditions is relatively low, the presence of one or more comorbidities was associated with markedly increased risk. These findings support the importance of risk stratification in tailoring pediatric COVID-19 management.
Neural networks meet random forests
Authors: Qiu Rui , Xu Shuntuo , Yu Zhou 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Neural networks and random forests are popular and promising tools for machine learning. This article explores the proper integration of these two approaches for nonparametric regression to improve the performance of a single approach. Specifically, we propose a neural network estimator with local enhancement provided by random forests. It naturally synthesizes the local relation adaptivity of random forests and the strong global approximation ability of neural networks. Based on the classical empirical risk minimization framework, we establish a nonasymptotic error bound for the estimator. By utilizing advanced U-process theory and an appropriate network structure, we can further improve the convergence rate to the nearly minimax rate. Also with the assistance of random forests, we can implement gradient learning with neural networks. Comprehensive simulation studies and real data applications demonstrate the superiority of our proposal.
Piety, Purity, and Pain: The Head Shaving Ritual for Women in Ultra-Orthodox Communities and Its Underlying Concept of Halachah
Authors: Brown Iris 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Within the Hungarian and Galician Hasidic communities, women customarily shave their heads shortly before their weddings. Henceforth, they meticulously adhere to this practice, preserving a shorn appearance throughout the duration of their married lives. This practice has long stood at the center of a halachic and quasi-halachic discourse. An analysis of the arguments presented reveals that the halachic and kabbalistic foundations of this custom are extremely tenuous and largely dependent on homiletical interpretations. Although the precise origins of this practice remain elusive, its proponents have elevated its normative status, venerating it as an ancient and sacred tradition. This study endeavors to comprehend the underlying motivations driving the preservation efforts of this custom. The analysis herein demonstrates that the observance of this custom aligns three fundamentally non-halachic principles: a zealous commitment to minhag (custom); a “lust for asceticism,” historically associated with select Hasidic groups since that movement’s inception; and a demand for self-sacrifice, perceived as an ideal within greater ultra-Orthodox society. This study concludes that the normative standards emanating from these avowed non-halachic principles are regarded within ultra-conservative circles as an indispensable element of the Halachic system, thereby integrating these principles into their broader halachic worldview.
Investigating stellar activity through eight years of Sun-as-a-star observations
Authors: Klein Baptiste , Aigrain Suzanne , Cretignier Michael , Al Moulla Khaled , Dumusque Xavier , Barragán Oscar , Yu Haochuan , Mortier Annelies , Rescigno Federica , Cameron Andrew Collier , López-Morales Mercedes , Meunier Nadège , Sozzetti Alessandro , O’Sullivan Niamh K 
Published: May 2024

ABSTRACT
Stellar magnetic activity induces both distortions and Doppler-shifts in the absorption line profiles of Sun-like stars. Those effects produce apparent radial velocity (RV) signals which greatly hamper the search for potentially habitable, Earth-like planets. In this work, we investigate these distortions in the Sun using cross-correlation functions (CCFs), derived from intensive monitoring with the high-precision spectrograph HARPS-N. We show that the RV signal arising from line-shape variations on time-scales associated with the Sun’s rotation and activity cycle can be robustly extracted from the data, reducing the RV dispersion by half. Once these have been corrected, activity-induced Doppler-shifts remain, that are modulated at the solar rotation period, and that are most effectively modelled in the time domain, using Gaussian processes (GPs). Planet signatures are still best retrieved with multidimensonal GPs, when activity is jointly modelled from the raw RVs and indicators of the line width or of the Ca ii H & K emission. After GP modelling, the residual RVs exhibit a dispersion of 0.6–0.8 m s−1, likely to be dominated by signals induced by supergranulation. Finally, we find that the statistical properties of the RVs evolve significantly over time, and that this evolution is primarily driven by sunspots, which control the smoothness of the signal. Such evolution, which reduces the sensitivity to long-period planet signatures, is no longer seen in the activity-induced Doppler-shifts, which is promising for long term RV monitoring surveys such as the Terra Hunting Experiment or the PLATO follow-up campaign.
Incidental germline findings during comprehensive genomic profiling of pancreatic and colorectal cancer: single-centre, molecular tumour board experience
Authors: Eid Michal , Trizuljak Jakub , Taslerova Renata , Gryc Martin , Vlazny Jakub , Vilmanova Sara , Jelinkova Martina , Homolova Alena , Tucek Stepan , Hlavsa Jan , Grolich Tomas , Kala Zdenek , Kral Zdenek , Slaby Ondrej 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Multidisciplinary molecular tumor boards (MTB) are already well established in many comprehensive cancer centers and play an important role in the individual treatment planning for cancer patients. Comprehensive genomic profiling of tumor tissue based on next-generation sequencing is currently performed for diagnostic and mainly predictive testing. If somatic genomic variants are identified, which are suspected to be pathogenic germline variants (PGVs), MTB propose genetic counseling and germline DNA testing. Commonly used comprehensive genomic profiling approaches of tumor tissue do not include a matched germline DNA control. Therefore, the detection of PGVs could be only predicted based on the content of tumor cells (CTC) in selected tumor area (%) and variant allele frequency score (%). For conclusion, the role of a medical geneticist is essential in these cases. The overall prevalence of PGVs in patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and colorectal cancer (CRC) is approximately 10%. In this single-center study, we present 37 patients with PDAC and 48 patients with CRC who were presented at MTB and tested using the large combined DNA/RNA sequencing panel. Content of tumor cells and variant allele frequency scores were evaluated in all tested patients. In case of suspicion of PGV and no previous genetic testing based on the standard guidelines, genetic counseling was recommended regardless of age, sex, and family history. In the PDAC subgroup, five patients were recommended by MTB for genetic counseling based on suspicious genetic findings. Based on a medical geneticist’s decision, germline DNA sequencing was performed in four of these cases, and all of them tested positive for PGV in the following genes: ATM, ATM, BRCA1, and BRCA2. In the CRC subgroup, no PGV was confirmed in the two patients genetically tested based on the MTB recommendations. Furthermore, we present data from our center’s registry of patients with PDAC and CRC who underwent genetic counseling and germline DNA testing based on the standard screening criteria. Our data confirm that comprehensive genomic profiling of tumor tissue can identify patients with hereditary forms of PDAC, who could remain unidentified by standard screening for hereditary forms of cancer.
Knowing that you know that you know? An extreme-confidence heuristic can lead to above-chance discrimination of metacognitive performance
Authors: Sherman Maxine T , Seth Anil K 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In daily life, we can not only estimate confidence in our inferences (‘I’m sure I failed that exam’), but can also estimate whether those feelings of confidence are good predictors of decision accuracy (‘I feel sure I failed, but my feeling is probably wrong; I probably passed’). In the lab, by using simple perceptual tasks and collecting trial-by-trial confidence ratings visual metacognition research has repeatedly shown that participants can successfully predict the accuracy of their perceptual choices. Can participants also successfully evaluate ‘confidence in confidence’ in these tasks? This is the question addressed in this study. Participants performed a simple, two-interval forced choice numerosity task framed as an exam. Confidence judgements were collected in the form of a ‘predicted exam grade’. Finally, we collected ‘meta-metacognitive’ reports in a two-interval forced-choice design: trials were presented in pairs, and participants had to select that in which they thought their confidence (predicted grade) best matched their accuracy (actual grade), effectively minimizing their quadratic scoring rule (QSR) score. Participants successfully selected trials on which their metacognition was better when metacognitive performance was quantified using area under the type 2 ROC (AUROC2) but not when using the ‘gold-standard’ measure m-ratio. However, further analyses suggested that participants selected trials on which AUROC2 is lower in part via an extreme-confidence heuristic, rather than through explicit evaluation of metacognitive inferences: when restricting analyses to trials on which participants gave the same confidence rating AUROC2 no longer differed as a function of selection, and likewise when we excluded trials on which extreme confidence ratings were given. Together, our results show that participants are able to make effective metacognitive discriminations on their visual confidence ratings, but that explicit ‘meta-metacognitive’ processes may not be required.
Monopolistic competition under frictional entries
Authors: Boitier Vincent 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this theoretical article, I develop a new theory of monopolistic competition models by introducing the notion of frictional entries. Frictional entries define a general sticky relationship between profits and entries, find large empirical support, and can encapsulate the standard free-entry condition and the entry condition with fixed costs as particular cases. I determine a steady-state equilibrium of such a new theory, and I find three results. First, I show that the new framework leads to a smaller mass of varieties, larger individual consumption/quantity, higher prices/markups, and larger aggregate consumption/production than traditional models. Second, I find that the new model predicts prices and markups that vary with income, even if preferences are additive. Last, I show that the presence of frictional entries can amplify TFP shocks and so can be considered as a new source of volatility for macroeconomic models.
Rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in a patient with Crohn’s disease: a rare coincidence case report and brief literature review
Authors: Sadeghi Amir , Moghadam Pardis Ketabi , Mangeli Forough , Mohammadi Mahsa , Ghadirzadeh Erfan , Rajabnia Mohsen 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common type of gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumors. The most common site for developing these neoplasms is the stomach and small intestine. In contrast, anorectal GISTs are very rare. Population-based studies have shown an increased risk of colorectal cancers (CRC) in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). As in sporadic CRC, adenocarcinomas are the most commonly observed tumor. Accordingly, it is expected that rectal mass in CD patients to be an adenocarcinoma. Some reports have presented CD cases with GISTs along the gastrointestinal tract; however, to the best of our knowledge, a rectal GIST has not been reported in CD. Herein, we report a 41-year-old woman with CD who presented with 8 weeks of constipation and was diagnosed with rectal GIST and briefly review existing reports regarding GIST in IBD.
Hemophagocytic syndrome related by EBV infection: case report
Authors: De Santis Maria Cristina , Martinelli Elisa , Cricchio Anna Lo , Mercatelli Paolo , Campanaro Giulia , D’Arienzo Alessandra , Pignone Alberto Moggi , Bandini Giulia 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A 34-year-old woman of Asian origin with diffuse lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly in hemophagocytic syndrome induced by Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection. The rapidity of progression of clinical manifestations lead to early orotracheal intubation and death due to multiple organ failure (MOF).
Venous thromboembolism in adrenocortical carcinoma: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Laganà Marta , Balderrama-Brondani Vania , Herrera Kelsey Ruth , Chahla Brenda , Yaylaci Feyza , Bassett Roland L , Jimenez Camilo , Varghese Jeena , Waguespack Steven G , Campbell Matthew T , Shah Amishi Y , Rojas Hernandez Cristhiam M , Habra Mouhammed Amir 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Background
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of death in patients with cancer. Limited data exist about VTE in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). The primary objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of VTE in a cohort of patients with ACC. Secondary objectives were to determine the impact of VTE events on overall survival (OS) and to describe the characteristics of VTE in patients with ACC.

Patients and Methods
We retrospectively reviewed data from 289 patients with ACC cared for at a major referral center from February 2010 to June 2022.

Results
VTE prevalence was 18.7% (54 events). Thirty patients (55.6%) had pulmonary embolism (PE); 12 patients (22.2%) had deep vein thrombosis (DVT); and 12 patients (22.2%) had both PE and DVT. VTE occurred after ACC diagnosis in 50 patients (92.6%) including 44 patients (88%) with stage 3 or 4 ACC. VTEs were CTCAE grade ≤2 in 32 cases (59.3%), grade 3 in 17 (31.5%), and grade 4 in 2 (3.7%). Thirteen patients (24%) died within 6 months after VTE diagnosis, although there was no statistically significant association between VTE and overall survival.

Conclusion
Despite the potential to underestimate the prevalence of VTEs, we found a high frequency of VTE events in patients with ACC. A majority of VTEs occurred in the context of advanced ACC and we observed high short-term mortality. Further studies are needed to validate our findings and investigate mechanisms associated with VTE in ACC.
Map Semantics and the Geography of Meaning
Authors: Greenberg Gabriel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops a semantic theory for maps and situates it within the broader geography of meaning and semiotic significance. The discussion focuses on three central aspects of map semantics: the use of space, line marking, and linguistic tags. It is argued that the treatment of space in maps must be based on geometrical projection from a viewpoint rather than the traditional analysis in terms of spatial isomorphism. The chapter then shows how to integrate the projection-based semantics of maps and the symbolic semantics of markers and tags, within the framework of possible-world semantics. The resulting account addresses issues of accuracy, viewpoint, orientation, and exhaustivity.
Silencing and Assertion
Authors: Dowell J. L. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Silencing occurs when a conversational participant is not accorded an ordinary speaker’s standing to update the conversational record. This chapter argues that silencing poses a distinctive problem for assertion in contexts of inquiry. In the standard model, an assertion met with silence is one that has not been rejected by any participant. Like affirmation, silence adds the asserted content to the Common Ground. When a conversational participant is silent because she has been silenced, however, her silence does not indicate assent. In such cases, assertions cannot succeed in their characteristic perlocutionary effect, mutual audience belief. The remedy for this distinctive problem of assertion requires a remedy for the conditions that give rise to silencing. The chapter closes with a proposal for how to revise the standard model to allow it to represent the phenomenon of silencing, as well as the conditions needed for repair.
Pornography as Oppressive Speech
Authors: Mikkola Mari 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
One of Catharine MacKinnon’s central claims is that pornography is not “only words.” Rather, pornographic speech subordinates and silences women. Using Austin’s speech-act theory, Rae Langton argues that pornographic speech thus has the power to oppress women. The speech-act theoretic defense of MacKinnon’s position has dominated much of Anglo-American philosophizing about pornography over the past thirty years. This chapter examines and evaluates the philosophical legacy of the speech-act approach to pornography’s putative harms. It considers what this approach amounts to, its philosophical and practical tenability, and whether pornography can be said to have the kind of authority to make good the speech- act approach.
How to Do Things with Gendered Words
Authors: Hernandez E. M. , Crowley Archie 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
With increased visibility of trans people comes increased philosophical interest in gendered language. This chapter aims to look at the research on gendered language in analytic philosophy of language so far, which has focused on two concerns: (1) determining how to define gender terms like ‘man’ and ‘woman’ such that they are trans inclusive, and (2) if, or to what extent, we should use gendered language at all. We argue that the literature has focused too heavily on how gendered language can harm trans people and has not considered how trans people use gendered language to create meaning and joy for ourselves. Pulling from the literature in sociolinguistics, we look at examples of how trans people use language to make their lives better by gaining recognition, playing with gendered language, finding joy in gendered language, and taking control of definitional power, concluding that debates about gendered language need to consider not only how such language harms trans people but also how trans people use it for our own liberation.
Privacy, Critical Definition, and Racial Justice
Authors: Allen Anita L. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter points the way to a philosophical approach to conveying the meaning of privacy called critical definitional facilitation. This approach contrasts to another “analytic definitional prescription,” which has been commonplace in the field of philosophy for decades and which critical definitional facilitation ought to supplement or supplant. The motivation for shifting emphasis from prescriptive analysis to critical facilitation—a shift from an emphasis on definitional meaning to definitional significance is the political and urgent nature of privacy discourse in contemporary life. Privacy discourse is a way of thinking, speaking, and acting with serious implications for moral, human, civil, and legal rights. This chapter addresses the relationship between definitional facilitation, politics and justice for African Americans.
Visual and Linguistic Dogwhistles
Authors: Drainville Ray , Saul Jennifer 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The focus of the fast-growing philosophical literature on dogwhistles has been on linguistic dogwhistles. But there is a very important lacuna: the role of visual materials in dogwhistles, which is only glancingly touched on in the burgeoning dogwhistles literature. This chapter begins to rectify this oversight, with a detailed examination and taxonomy of the workings of visual dogwhistles, both on their own and as they interact with linguistic utterances. It shows that, like linguistic dogwhistles, visual dogwhistles may be categorized as Overt Code or Covert Effect and as intentional or unintentional. The discussion ranges from the history of art to modern political imagery and internet culture.
Semantic Change in the Language of Technology
Authors: Flórez Daian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
problem of semantic change in science has been widely examined at the intersection between philosophy of language and philosophy of science. Philosophers have been concerned with the change of meaning of theoretical terms in scientific theories, but the interesting question is whether we can identify a similar phenomenon in technological knowledge, since admitting that there are semantic changes in technology might violate the common sense intuition that technology is the totality of artifacts and as such, lacks semantic properties. However, if technology is as complex a phenomenon as science and there are also technological theories, it becomes reasonable to expect semantic changes in its domain. This view can be supported by the thesis of the incommensurability of theories Kuhn used to argue that there is no common language to enable the translation of terms ordinarily used in scientific theories. Kuhn did not extend the scope of the incommensurability relation to the domain of technology, though he analyzed some technological cases to illustrate the nature of this semantic phenomenon. Controversial as it might look, this chapter shall show that the history of technology provides enough evidence for the thesis that there are profound semantic changes in technology or, in other words, that there is technological incommensurability. The chapter explains how this thesis works in technology domain by means of two historical cases: the substitution of the contact theory of the voltaic battery by the so-called chemical theory and the transit of the material theory of heat to thermodynamics.