bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interrogating population structure and its impact on association tests
Authors: Qin Huaizhen , Elston Robert C , Zhu Xiaofeng 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
We found from our analysis of the Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 data that the population structure of the 697 unrelated individuals was an important confounding factor for association studies, even if it was not explicitly considered when simulating the phenotypes. We uncovered structures beyond the reported ethnicities and found ample evidence of phenotype–population structure associations. The first 10 principal components of the genotype data of the 697 individuals demonstrated much stronger associations with Q1, Q2, and the disease than did the individuals’ ethnicities. In addition, we observed that population structure was a confounding factor for the Q1-gene association when identifying the significant genes both with and without adjusting for the causal single-nucleotide polymorphisms, the ethnicities, and the principal components. Many false discoveries remained after adjusting for the causal single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Adjusting for the principal components appeared more effective than did adjusting for ethnicity in terms of preventing false discoveries. This analysis was performed with knowledge of the causal loci.
Comparison of a new hydro-surgical technique to traditional methods for the preparation of full-thickness skin grafts from canine cadaveric skin and report of a single clinical case
Authors: Ralphs S. C. , Coronado G , Sweet D. C. , Ward J. , Bloch C. P. , Townsend III F. I. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryObjective: To compare the hydro-surgical technique to traditional techniques for removal of subcutaneous tissue in the preparation of full-thickness skin grafts.Study design: Ex vivo experimental study and a single clinical case report.Sample population: Four canine cadavers and a single clinical case.Methods: Four sections of skin were harvested from the lateral flank of recently euthanatized dogs. Traditional preparation methods used included both a blade or scissors technique, each of which were compared to the hydro-surgical technique individually. Preparation methods were compared based on length of time for removal of the subcutaneous tissue from the graft, histologic grading, and measurable thickness as compared to an untreated sample.Results: The hydro-surgical technique had the shortest skin graft preparation time as compared to traditional techniques (p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the histological grading or measurable subcutaneous thickness between skin specimens.Clinical significance: The hydro-surgical technique provides a rapid, effective debridement of subcutaneous tissue in the preparation of full-thickness skin grafts. There were not any significant changes in histological grade and subcutaneous tissue remaining among all treatment types. Additionally the hydro-surgical technique was successfully used to prepare a full-thickness meshed free skin graft in the reconstruction of a traumatic medial tarsal wound in a dog.Presented at the ACVS symposium during the resident seminar, Seattle, Washington,USA on October 22, 2010.
The Significance of Early Pregnancy Units in the Practice of a Busy Obstetric Unit
Authors: Abushama Mandy , Almuhanadi Halima 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTA significant proportion of women experience bleeding in early pregnancy resulting in considerable distress. Early pregnancy unit (EPAU) should promote the sensitive and efficient management of women with early pregnancy problems and we believe this is best achieved by the establishment of a dedicated unit with dedicated staff. This paper outlines the experience of setting up an early pregnancy unit in a busy obstetrical unit.
An Interdisciplinary Focus Group Study on Students' Perceptions of Preparedness for Upper-Division Coursework in Teaching and Nursing
Authors: Dunlap Karen , Anderson Gina B. , Rademacher Joyce , McMenamy Nancy 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Many universities positively impact student retention rates by aligning state competencies and undergraduate coursework with specific learning outcomes known to contribute to success. Faculty from teaching and nursing conducted interdisciplinary focus group research to gather student perceptions concerning whether skills obtained through core class instruction prepared them for professional coursework.
Balancing Participation Across Students in Large College Classes via Randomized Participation Credit
Authors: McCleary Daniel F. , Aspiranti Kathleen B. , Foster Lisa N. , Blondin Carolyn A. , Gaylon Charles E. , Yaw Jared S. , Forbes Bethany N. , Williams Robert L. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The study examines the effects of randomized credit on the percentage of students participating at four predefined levels. Students recorded their comments on specially designed record cards, and days were randomly selected for participation credit. This arrangement balanced participation across students while cutting instructor time for recording participation in half.
Antikoagulation bei Vorhofflimmern
Authors: Bode C. , Moser M. 
Published: November 2011

SummaryAtrial fibrillation is one of the most frequent reasons for therapeutic anticoagulation in everyday practice. Oral vitamin K antagonists such as Marcumar have been state of the art anticoagulants to prevent thrombembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation and additional risk factors. But these drugs are accompanied by disadvantages such as increased bleeding risk and impaired quality of life caused by interactions with food or other medications as well as frequent controls of INRs.The new anticoagulants apixaban, rivaroxaban and dabigatran are direct antagonists of coagulation factors (FXa or FIIa) and demonstrate a promising risk/benefit profile in large clinical trials compared with vitamin K antagonists.Their approval for clinical use will open up new therapeutic perspectives for patients with atrial fibrillation and indication for anticoagulation.
Synthesis of Group 9 Metal‐Olefin Complexes with Identical Ligand Frameworks and Comparison of their Catalytic Activity in [2+2+2] Cycloaddition and other Addition Reactions
Authors: Weding Nico , Jackstell Ralf , Jiao Haijun , Spannenberg Anke , Hapke Marko 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe preparation and catalytic evaluation of the three group 9 (cyclopentadienyl)metal(trimethylvinylsilane) complexes of the type C5H5M(H2CCHSiMe3)2 (M=cobalt, rhodium and iridium) are reported. The complexes were investigated in [2+2+2] cycloaddition as well as in hydrogenation, hydroformylation and hydroboration reactions. Despite the identical organic frameworks and structural parameters, the complexes display remarkable reactivity and stability differences.
Vorschlag zur standardisierten Darstellung von Wärmebildern mit QualiThermo
Authors: Tanner Christoph , Lehmann Beat , Frank Thomas , Wakili Karim Ghazi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWerden bei Wärmebild‐Interpretationen Angaben zum Wärmedurchgang einzelner Bauteile gemacht, so sollte das nur mit standardisiert dargestellten Thermogrammen geschehen. Der hier vorgestellte Beitrag zeigt, wie die QualiThermo‐Methode dafür die Skalierungs‐Vorgaben liefert. Diese Methodik ist auf rein empirischer Basis entstanden und wurde im Rahmen eines durch das schweizerische Bundesamt für Energie (BFE) geförderten Forschungsprojektes überprüft und weiterentwickelt. Dazu wurde ein Testgebäude über einen längeren Zeitraum wärmetechnisch detailliert ausgemessen und gleichzeitig mit zwei IR‐Kameras beobachtet. Danach konnte mittels Simulationsberechnungen und anschließenden Sensitivitätsanalysen aufgezeigt werden, welche Meteo‐Faktoren für die Genauigkeit der Abschätzung von Wärmeverlusten von Bauteilen entscheidend sind. Mit dem QualiThermo‐Verfahren steht dem Praktiker somit ein Instrument zur Verfügung, welches in beschränktem Rahmen vergleichbare und nachvollziehbare IR‐Bildauswertungen zulässt. Aus den gewonnenen Erkenntnissen und den gesammelten Erfahrungen wurden zudem Hinweise und Tipps für die Praxis abgeleitet, welche dem Thermografen helfen, in einer kalten Winternacht hochwertige und zielgerichtete IR‐Aufnahmen zu erstellen und auszuwerten.A proposal for standardized thermal images. Statements on the thermal transmittance of building details based on thermal images should be delivered by means of standardized “thermograms“. The presented “QualiThermo” method gives the guidelines for the temperature scaling. The empirically developed method has been validated during a project supported by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) and enhanced further. For this purpose a test house was instrumented with temperature sensors and measured for several weeks. For certain short periods the building was simultaneously monitored by two infrared cameras. By means of numerical simulations and consecutive sensitivity analysis the major parameters influencing the accuracy of heat losses of building details were identified. “QualiThermo” is a helpful method at the disposal of thermography practitioners which – within certain limits – allows comprehensible and reproducible analysis of thermograms. Out of the findings of this project practical procedures and tips can be deduced to support practitioners producing correct thermograms during a winter night and adequate interpretation.
A survey on hardware‐aware and heterogeneous computing on multicore processors and accelerators
Authors: Buchty Rainer , Heuveline Vincent , Karl Wolfgang , Weiss Jan‐Philipp 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYIn the last few years, the landscape of parallel computing has been subject to profound and highly dynamic changes. The paradigm shift towards multicore and manycore technologies coupled with accelerators in a heterogeneous environment is offering a great potential of computing power for scientific and industrial applications. However, for one to take full advantage of these new technologies, holistic approaches coupling the expertise ranging from hardware architecture and software design to numerical algorithms are a pressing necessity. Parallel computing is no longer limited to supercomputers and is now much more diversified – with a multitude of technologies, architectures, and programming approaches leading to increased complexity for developers and engineers.In this work, we give – from the perspective of numerical simulation and applications – an overview of existing and emerging multicore and manycore technologies as well as accelerator concepts. We emphasize the challenges associated with high‐performance heterogeneous computing and discuss the interfaces needed to fill the gap between the hardware architecture and the implementation of efficient numerical algorithms. By means of this short survey – which stresses the necessity of hardware‐aware computing – we aim at giving assistance to users in scientific computing entering this fascinating field and help understanding associated issues and capabilities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Improved Copper‐Mediated Oxidative Trifluoromethylation of Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Zhang Ke , Qiu Xiao‐Long , Huang Yangen , Qing Feng‐Ling 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAn improved method for the efficient copper‐mediated trifluoromethylation of terminal alkynes has been developed. This protocol highlights the convenient access to a variety of aryl‐substituted trifluoromethylated alkynes by oxidative trifluoromethylation with two equivalents of TMSCF3 at room temperature.
Electrochemical Quantification of Hygroscopicity of Ionic Liquids with Solution‐Dissolved Potassium Ferricyanide as the Redox Probe
Authors: Qian Qin , Yu Ping , Cheng Hanjun , Wang Xiang , Yang Lifen , Mao Lanqun 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQuantification of hygroscopicity of ionic liquids (ILs) is of great importance in both fundamental studies and practical applications of ILs. This study demonstrates an electrochemical method for effectively quantifying the hygroscopicity of ILs through electrochemically monitoring water contents absorbed into ILs. The measurements of water content absorbed into the ILs are performed with square wave voltammetry (SWV) based on the water‐induced enhancement of diffusion of solution‐dissolved potassium ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6) redox probe. For demonstration, two kinds of ILs with different hygroscopicity (i.e., hydrophilic Bmim+Gly− and hydrophobic Bmim+PF6−) are employed in this study. The dissolution of K3Fe(CN)6 redox probe into ILs is found to have little effect on the hygroscopicity of ILs. The hygroscopicity of ILs is thus able to be quantified by monitoring water content absorbed into ILs as a function of time when ILs are stored at room temperature and standard atmospheric pressure under 55 % relative humidity (RH). Under the conditions employed in this study, the hygroscopicity of Bmim+Gly− and Bmim+PF6− is determined to be 1.33 M per hour and 0.05 M per hour, respectively, which are almost consistent with those measured with Karl Fischer titration under the same conditions. The electrochemical method demonstrated in this study is experimentally simply and environmentally benign and may be potentially extended for general quantification of hygroscopicity of ILs.
Dabigatran etexilate: What do hospitalists need to know?
Authors: Zeidan Amer , Faltas Bishoy , Streiff Michael 
Published: November 2011

AbstractDabigatran etexilate (dabigatran) is a novel, oral, reversible, direct thrombin inhibitor that exhibits several advantages over warfarin for therapeutic anticoagulation. The predictable pharmacokinetic profile and minimal food and drug interactions of dabigatran allow for a fixed‐dosing regimen and obviate the need for routine laboratory monitoring. Dabigatran has been approved in the United States for prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and in the European Union and other countries for primary prevention of thromboembolic events after total knee or hip replacement. More indications for the use of dabigatran are under review by regulatory authorities and are undergoing active clinical investigation. Due to its rapid onset of action, dabigatran may omit the need for a parenteral anticoagulant for acute treatment of thromboembolic conditions. Because wide‐scale use of dabigatran is expected in the near future, hospitalists need to familiarize themselves with this agent. The lack of a standardized reliable laboratory method to monitor the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran complicates verifying compliance, measuring the effects of drug interactions, evaluating cases of dabigatran toxicity, and conducting preoperative evaluations. The lack of an antidote to dabigatran complicates the management of toxicity and makes it largely supportive. The elimination of dabigatran is dependent on renal function, with the potential for drug accumulation and toxicity with renal impairment. The noninferiority design of the clinical trials that evaluated dabigatran and the absence of long‐term safety and efficacy data and issues related to the cost effectiveness of dabigatran should all be considered when prescribing this agent. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2011 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Spectral properties of polarized light from semipolar grown InGaN quantum wells at low temperatures
Authors: Schade L. , Schwarz U. T. , Wernicke T. , Ploch S. , Weyers M. , Kneissl M. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe polarization dependent photoluminescence at low temperatures of strained semipolar and nonpolar InGaN quantum wells was studied as a function of the emission wavelength. We found for semipolar QWs that the maximum of the spectral resolved optical polarization is either red‐ or blue‐shifted with respect to the maximum of the emission.In contrast, the nonpolar emission exhibits no clear maximum. We assign all effects to an inhomogeneous broad‐ ening of the emission caused by indium fluctuations and explain this behavior here in the light of the optical polarization switching. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Protease and Amylase Stability in the Presence of Chelators Used in Laundry Detergent Applications: Correlation Between Chelator Properties and Enzyme Stability in Liquid Detergents
Authors: Lund Henrik , Kaasgaard Svend Gunnar , Skagerlind Peter , Jorgensen Lene , Jørgensen Christian Isak , van de Weert Marco 
Published: November 2011

AbstractChelators are a common ingredient in most laundry detergents. They have a number of different functions such as reducing water hardness, assisting in keeping particulate soil in suspension and the removal of certain stains, thus complementing the action of the anionic surfactants. Another important group of components in a modern liquid detergent is enzymes, mainly proteases and amylases. As the most commonly used enzymes within the detergent industry are dependent on bound calcium ions to maintain conformational stability and function, the presence of both chelators and enzymes in a liquid detergent presents a challenge. The three commonly used Ca2+ chelators: citrate, DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) and HEDP (1‐hydroxyethane‐1,1‐diyl)bis(phosphonic acid), were studied with regard to their impact on protease and amylase stability in buffer and in a model liquid detergent. Enzyme stability was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and activity studies, and correlated to the chelator‐Ca2+ interaction properties. The results show that a chelator's ability to reduce water hardness and its Ca2+ affinity are in reality two separate aspects in the context of their use in liquid detergents. In the presence of DTPA, stoichiometric surplus of free Ca2+ is required to maintain sufficient amylase and protease stability. In the presence of the weaker chelators, HEDP and citrate, the total Ca2+ concentration is more important to protein stability than stoichiometric balancing between chelator and Ca2+. Thus, for these chelators their total concentration only has a minor impact on the Ca2+ concentration required to maintain or improve enzyme storage stability. The results underline the importance of Ca2+ in liquid detergent formulations, and suggest how proper balancing of chelators and Ca2+ can be used to improve overall enzyme stability.
A Pair of Fifteenth-Century Spectacle Frames from the City of London
Authors: Rhodes Michael 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe riveted spectacle frames from Trig Lane (City of London) are the earliest from a deposit of known date. Their method of construction, from two bull metacarpal bones, is suggested, and their form compared with contemporary representations and the only other surviving examples from Wienhausen. Their possible mode of use is deduced from constructional details, contemporary illustrations and literary sources. A cluster of pinholes at the rim ends of both handles were probably intended to extend the field of view, acting as simple lenses, and as such probably represent the earliest European evidence of the utilization of pinholes in an optical instrument. There follows a survey of English medieval documentary references to spectacles which indicates that the Dutch spectacle industry had a vital influence upon developments in this country.
A Thirteenth-Century Ismā ‘īlī Ḥammām at Qal‘at al-Kahf
Authors: Phillips John 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe aim of this paper is to record for the first time the architectural remains of a thirteenth-century public bath (ḥammām) located at the Assassin castle of al-Kahf in the Syrian Jabal Anṣariya. After describing the site, the paper examines the design and layout of the ḥammām and attempts to reconstruct those parts of it which have disappeared either because of structural decay or because of subsequent modifications to the plan. Building materials and decorative techniques are among the topics discussed, and there is an account of the ḥammām's heating apparatus and of the arrangements made to store and articulate its water supply. Two phases of construction are identified in the ḥammām, the second being necessitated, apparently, by a need to restore the building after it had fallen into disrepair at some later stage in its history. Finally, the ḥammām is compared and contrasted with a number of other Islamic public baths in order to establish the extent to which it followed earlier traditions of planning and design.
The Early Building-History of St. Andrews Cathedral, Fife, and its Context in Northern Transitional Architecture
Authors: Cambridge Eric 
Published: November 2011

SummaryStructural and stylistic analysis of the earliest remains of St. Andrews cathedral reveal the following building-sequence: east and south presbytery walls: north presbytery wall: choir-aisle walls: choir piers, south transept west wall, and nave south wall: presbytery clerestory. Documentary evidence implies work began in 1162 and proceeded without major interruptions until 1178 at least. The date and style of those architectural details attributable to the initial constructional phases imply the existence of a hitherto unrecognized phase in the transitional architecture of northern Britain which antedates the Byland group of designs. The influence of St. Andrews on the abbeys of Arbroath and Jedburgh, and the priories of Hexham and Tynemouth emphasizes the seminal importance of its design, which is in part due to its historical position as the national shrine and mother church of the Scottish kingdom.
Excavations at Portchester Castle, Hants 1966–1968: Third Interim Report
Authors: Cunliffe Barry 
Published: November 2011

SummaryThe area-excavation towards the centre of the fort has shown that well-defined traces of occupation exist, ranging from the Roman period to the early nineteenth century. The nature of the Roman occupation, though still uncertain in many aspects, is becoming much clearer and can now be divided into phases tentatively linked to a broad historical framework. Early in the fifth century settlement of Germanic type appeared, with which was associated a gilded bronze disc of apparently sub-Roman form. Then followed more regular Saxon occupation, beginning in the late fifth or early sixth century and probably continuing to the eighth or ninth century. The late Saxon period provides a very detailed picture of a hall with its ancillary buildings, land boundaries, and rubbish-tipping area, all of considerable potential significance on more than a local scale. The later periods are more sporadically represented, but interesting correlations can be made between the archaeological evidence and contemporary documentary and graphic accounts.To understand the internal landscape of the fort more clearly it is evident that much more of the central area will have to be fully excavated and this will occupy most of the effort throughout the next five seasons' work. At the same time it is planned to continue with the investigations of the Priory and the Castle, and to devote some time to the outstanding problem of the defences.
The Excavation of Two Barrows, One of Saxon Date, at Ford, Laverstock, near Salisbury, Wiltshire
Authors: Musty John 
Published: November 2011

SummaryCircular soil marks were shown by excavation to mark the line of the ditches of two ploughed-out barrows one of Early Bronze Age Wessex II date, the other Saxon. The grave of the Bronze Age barrow contained a cremation with a pair of bone tweezers. The ditch of the Saxon barrow was interrupted by a causeway and evidence is adduced for an external bank and a small internal mound similar to that of prehistoric disc barrows. The grave was very large and contained the skeleton of a male individual equipped with a hanging bowl containing onions and crab-apples, seax, a shield with sugar-loaf boss, two spears, a buckle, and a bone comb. The burial is of seventh-century date and the seax is of special significance because of the elaborate nature of its scabbard fittings.