bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological characterization and electrochemical/electrical properties of poly(N‐vinyl carbazole)/montmorillonite composites
Authors: Gökçeören Argun Talat , Erbil Candan 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA series of poly(N‐vinyl carbazole) (PNVCz)/sodium montmorillonite (Na+MMT) and PNVCz/organo‐MMT composite materials have been successfully prepared by in situ free radical polymerization with cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) as initiator in the presence of inorganic nanolayers of hydrophilic Na+MMT or organophilic organo‐MMTs, modified with octadecylamine (ODA) and trimethyl stearyl ammonium (TMSA). The synthesized materials were subsequently characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The distribution of MMT layers in the PNVCz matrix was also studied through polarized optical microscope (POM). Their electrochemical and electrical properties were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that the type of intercalation agent and mixing method was affected on the structures and properties of composite materials. Both the interlayer spacing of clays and glass transition temperature of PNVCz was increased nearly from 1.18 nm to 3.53 nm and from 140°C to 185°, respectively. Their conductivities also increased relatively to that of the PNVCz homopolymer (10−11–10−15 S/cm) and varied in the range of 10−10–10−5 S/cm, inversely dependent on the amount of MMT loading. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
NORA–Nowcasting of Orographic Rainfall by means of Analogues
Authors: Panziera L. , Germann U. , Gabella M. , Mandapaka P. V. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA novel analogue‐based heuristic tool for nowcasting orographic precipitation is presented. The system takes advantage of the orographic forcing, which determines a strong relation between mesoscale flows, air mass stability and rainfall patterns. These quantities are used as predictors of precipitation. In particular, past situations with the predictors most similar to those observed at the current time are identified by searching a large historical dataset. Deterministic and probabilistic forecasts are then generated every five minutes as new observations are available, based on the rainfall observed by radar after the analogous situations. The analogue method provides a natural way to incorporate evolution of precipitation into the nowcasting system and to express forecast uncertainty by means of ensembles.A total of 127 days of long‐lasting orographic precipitation constitutes the historical dataset in which the analogous situations are searched. The system is developed for the Lago Maggiore region in the southern part of the European Alps. Given the availability of radar data and the presence of a strong orographic forcing, it can be extended to other mountainous regions. An evaluation of the skill of the system shows that the heuristic tool performs better than Eulerian persistence for predictions with lead time larger than one hour, and better than the numerical model COSMO2 for forecasts with lead time up to four hours. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Gewächshäuser
Authors: Pertermann Ina , Puthli Ram , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: August 2011

AbstractGewächshäuser sind in Deutschland seit 1958 in einer eigenen Gewächshausfachnorm – der DIN 11535, geregelt. Deren Bezugsbasis sind die Lastnormen der Reihe DIN 1055. Seit Einführung der neuen Normenreihe der DIN 1055‐Neu treten Schnittstellenprobleme und Widersprüchlichkeiten auf. Mit dem Übergang zum Eurocode ergibt sich die Möglichkeit zur Nutzung des europäischen Bemessungskonzepts nach EN 1990 für Gewächshäuser, wie es in der DIN EN 13031‐1: 2003‐09 bereits vorliegt. Dabei ist neben der Einarbeitung der nationalen Besonderheiten bei Lasten wie Wind und Schnee, aber auch im Sicherheitskonzept die Aktualisierung, die Berichtigung, die Straffung und die Vervollständigung der Berechnungsgrundlagen möglich. Die Ergebnisse werden im Beitrag erstmalig vorgestellt werden.Greenhouses – The European Design Concept – Background and Application. Greenhouses are standardised in a German Standard – DIN 11535, since 1958. Their basis of reference is the DIN 1055 series of codes for actions on structures. Since introduction of the new series of codes for actions on structures, the DIN 1055‐New, interface problems and inconsistencies exist. With the transition into the Eurocodes, there are now possibilities of using the European design concept on greenhouses on the basis of EN 1990, as already exists for EN 13031‐1: 2003‐09. In addition to including the nationally related values with respect to actions such as wind and snow as well as the safety concept, the update, the correction, the consolidation and the completion of the design regulations is now possible. The results are presented in this paper for the first time.
90 Jahre Stahlbau an der Versuchsanstalt in Karlsruhe
Authors: Ruff Daniel C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractDie Berufung von Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Ernst Gaber an die Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe im Jahr 1921 markierte den Startschuss des “Prüfraum Gaber“, aus dem später die Versuchsanstalt für Stahl, Holz und Steine hervorging. Heute ist die Versuchsanstalt Teil des Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (KIT) und besteht aus den Abteilungen Holzbau und Baukonstruktionen sowie Stahl‐ und Leichtbau. Im folgenden Beitrag wird auf die Geschichte dieser Einrichtung in Bezug auf den Fachbereich Stahlbau zurückgeblickt.90 years Steel Construction at the research centre in Karlsruhe, Germany. The appointment of Prof. Dr.‐Ing. Ernst Gaber to the University of Technology at Karlsruhe in 1921 gave the go‐ahead for the “Testing Room Gaber”, from which the Versuchsanstalt für Stahl, Holz und Steine (Research Centre for Steel, Timber and Masonry) developed later. Today, the research center is part of Karlsruher Instituts für Technologie (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, KIT) consisting of the departments Wood Construction and Structural Design as well as of Steel and Lightweight Structures. In the following contribution it is looked back on the history of this institution related to Steel Construction.
1:1 and 2:1 Copper(II) Adduct Complexes with a Tripodal Ligand and Imidazole, Pyridine, and 4,4′‐Bipyridine
Authors: Qi Zhao‐Peng , Sun Jin‐Yu , Xu Han , Hu Feng‐Kai , Zhang Hui , Liu Wei‐Bing 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFour new copper(II) complexes [Cu(HL)(im)](ClO4)2 (1), [Cu(HL)(py)](ClO4)2 (2), [Cu2(HL)2(bpy)2](ClO4)4·H2O (3), and [Cu2(HL)2(bpy)](ClO4)4·H2O (4) (im = imidazole; py = pyridine; bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine) were synthesized by reactions of tripodal ligandN1‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐N1‐(1H‐imidazol‐4‐ylmethyl)‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine(HL) and Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O with different nitrogen‐containing aromatic ligands. It was found that the size of the N‐containing aromatic ligand, and the ratio of the ligand and metal ion, have great influence on the formation and structure of the complexes.
Instantaneous closed loop control of the radiative transfer equations with applications in radiotherapy
Authors: Frank M. , Herty M. , Hinze M. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIn this paper we consider a time‐dependent Boltzmann equation for particle transport in biological tissues, which can be used for radiation dose calculation. We assume that the dose should be delivered to a target volume which moves over time. We formulate this as an optimal control problem and derive closed‐loop control laws for the dose delivery problem using boundary and distributed control. Optimality conditions are derived. For the construction of the closed‐loop control laws we use an inexact variant of model predictive control called instantaneous control. We compare numerical results obtained with instantaneous control to those obtained by optimal open‐loop control, and present numerical simulations in one and two spatial dimensions. This work could be applied to image‐guided radiation therapy, where patient motion during treatment is one of the future challenges.
On an iteration method of finding a solution of a nonlinear equilibrium problem for the Timoshenko plate
Authors: Peradze J. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractA boundary value problem of Timoshenko plate equilibrium in axially symmetric displacements is considered. From the given system of ordinary differential equations an integro‐differential equation is singled‐out with respect to the plate deflection w that, together with the Dirichlet boundary conditions, makes up a boundary value problem. After finding w, other plate displacement characteristics u and ψ are defined. To approximate the problem solution for w, the Galerkin method is used. It leads to a nonlinear system of algebraic equations that is solved by the iteration method. The convergence of the iteration process is established and the error estimates are obtained for the displacement characteristics under some natural conditions. All constants from these conditions and the inequalities for the error are expressed explicitly through the initial data of the problem. The numerical examples illustrating the convergence conditions are given.
Brief report: Understanding intention to be physically active and physical activity behaviour in adolescents from a low socio‐economic status background: An application of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Duncan Michael J. , Rivis Amanda , Jordan Caroline 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThe aim of this brief report is to report on the utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) for predicting the physical activity intentions and behaviour of British adolescents from lower‐than‐average socio‐economic backgrounds. A prospective questionnaire design was employed with 197, 13–14 year olds (76 males, 121 females). At time 1 participant completed standard measures of TPB variables. One week later (Time 2), participants completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ‐A) as a measure of physical activity behaviour. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that attitude and perceived behavioural control jointly accounted for 25% of the variance in intention (p = 0.0001). Perceived behavioural control emerged as the only significant predictor of physical activity behaviour and explained 3.7% of the variance (p = 0.001). Therefore, attitude and PBC successfully predicts intention towards physical activity and PBC predicts physical activity behaviour in British adolescents from lower‐than‐average socio‐economic backgrounds.
Confronting the challenge of unsafe second‐trimester abortion
Authors: Harris Lisa H. , Grossman Daniel 
Published: August 2011

AbstractUnsafe abortion accounts for approximately 13% of maternal deaths worldwide—roughly 47 000 deaths per year. Most deaths from unsafe abortion occur in low‐resource countries. Second‐trimester abortion carries a higher risk of morbidity and mortality compared with first‐trimester abortion and, although the former comprises the minority of abortion procedures worldwide, it is responsible for the majority of serious complications and death where unsafe abortion is prevalent. Therefore, improving access to safe second‐trimester abortion must be a priority in low‐income regions of the world if the majority of deaths from unsafe abortion are to be prevented. In the present paper, we consider a variety of barriers to second‐trimester care, including healthcare provider training and abortion stigma, which may lead to neglect of unmet need for second‐trimester services.
Does the distance between us matter? Influences of physical proximity to others on consumer choice
Authors: Xu Jing , Shen Hao , Wyer Robert S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractIndividuals’ physical closeness to one another can either increase or decrease their preference for distinctive products. When individuals perceive their proximity to others to be voluntary, they are likely to interpret it as an indication of their affiliation motivation. Consequently, in a product choice task, they choose options that others consider desirable. When people perceive that their close proximity to others results from circumstances beyond their control, however, they feel that their personal space is violated and experience a need for to express their individuality. In this case, they are more likely to choose products that distinguish themselves from others.
Late Quaternary lake-level changes of Lake El'gygytgyn, NE Siberia
Authors: Juschus Olaf , Pavlov Maksim , Schwamborn Georg , Preusser Frank , Fedorov Grigory , Melles Martin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractLake El'gygytgyn is situated in a 3.6 Ma old impact crater in northeastern Siberia. Presented here is a reconstruction of the Quaternary lake-level history as derived from sediment cores from the southern lake shelf. There, a cliff-like bench 10 m below the modern water level has been investigated. Deep-water sediments on the shelf indicate high lake levels during a warm Mid-Pleistocene period. One period with low lake level prior to Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 has been identified, followed by a period of high lake level (10 m above present). In the course of MIS 2 the lake level dropped to − 10 m. At the end of MIS 2 the bench was formed and coarse beach sedimentation occurred. Subsequently, the lake level rose rapidly to the Holocene level. Changes in water level are likely linked to climate variability. During relatively temperate periods the lake becomes free of ice in summer. Strong wave actions transport sediment parallel to the coast and towards the outlet, where the material tends to accumulate, resulting in lake level rise. During cold periods the perennial lake ice cover hampers any wave activity and pebble-transport, keeping the outlet open and causing the lake level to drop.
Luminescence sensitivities of quartz grains from eolian deposits in northern China and their implications for provenance
Authors: Lü Tongyan , Sun Jimin 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThe thermoluminescence (TL) and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) sensitivities of quartz grains from deserts and loess–red clay sequences are used to trace eolian provenances in northern China. Our results indicate that the 110°C TL peak and OSL sensitivities of quartz grains show differences among Chinese deserts, which can be subdivided into four groups according to the spatial variations of luminescence sensitivities. Such differences are related mostly to the regional difference in rock types of mountains surrounding or adjacent to the deserts. We also examine the possible provenance changes between the Quaternary loess and the Tertiary eolian red clay, and the results indicate that the luminescence sensitivity of Tertiary red clay is higher than that of Quaternary loess (L1, L15, and L33), implying source materials of the eolian deposits changed relative to those of the Quaternary.
Chronology of latest Pleistocene mountain glaciation in the western Wasatch Mountains, Utah, U.S.A.
Authors: Laabs Benjamin J. C. , Marchetti David W. , Munroe Jeffrey S. , Refsnider Kurt A. , Gosse John C. , Lips Elliott W. , Becker Richard A. , Mickelson David M. , Singer Brad S. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractUnderstanding the timing of mountain glacier and paleolake expansion and retraction in the Great Basin region of the western United States has important implications for regional-scale climate change during the last Pleistocene glaciation. The relative timing of mountain glacier maxima and the well-studied Lake Bonneville highstand has been unclear, however, owing to poor chronological limits on glacial deposits. Here, this problem is addressed by applying terrestrial cosmogenic 10Be exposure dating to a classic set of terminal moraines in Little Cottonwood and American Fork Canyons in the western Wasatch Mountains. The exposure ages indicate that the main phase of deglaciation began at 15.7 ± 1.3 ka in both canyons. This update to the glacial chronology of the western Wasatch Mountains can be reconciled with previous stratigraphic observations of glacial and paleolake deposits in this area, and indicates that the start of deglaciation occurred during or at the end of the Lake Bonneville hydrologic maximum. The glacial chronology reported here is consistent with the growing body of data suggesting that mountain glaciers in the western U.S. began retreating as many as 4 ka after the start of northern hemisphere deglaciation (at ca. 19 ka).
The monsoon imprint during the ‘atypical’ MIS 13 as seen through north and equatorial Indian Ocean records
Authors: Caley Thibaut , Malaizé Bruno , Bassinot Franck , Clemens Steven C. , Caillon Nicolas , Linda Rossignol , Charlier Karine , Rebaubier Helene 
Published: August 2011

AbstractPrevious studies have suggested that Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 13, recognized as atypical in many paleoclimate records, is marked by the development of anomalously strong summer monsoons in the northern tropical areas. To test this hypothesis, we performed a multi-proxy study on three marine records from the tropical Indian Ocean in order to reconstruct and analyse changes in the summer Indian monsoon winds and precipitations during MIS 13. Our data confirm the existence of a low-salinity event during MIS 13 in the equatorial Indian Ocean but we argue that this event should not be considered as “atypical”. Taking only into account a smaller precession does not make it possible to explain such precipitation episode. However, when considering also the larger obliquity in a more complete orbitally driven monsoon “model,” one can successfully explain this event. In addition, our data suggest that intense summer monsoon winds, although not atypical in strength, prevailed during MIS 13 in the western Arabian Sea. These strong monsoon winds, transporting important moisture, together with the effect of insolation and Eurasian ice sheet, are likely one of the factors responsible for the intense monsoon precipitation signal recorded in China loess, as suggested by model simulations.
Nodal distribution of free polyamines in cotton ovaries
Authors: BIBI A. C. , OOSTERHUIS D. M. , GONIAS E. D. , MATTICE J. D. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe nodal distribution of free polyamines (important regulators of flower induction) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) ovaries was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The objective of the study was to investigate the nodal distribution of putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Sp) of cotton lines (G. hirsutumL.), and to determine whether there are differences in ovarian polyamine content among three commercial cotton cultivars. A field study was conducted in 2005 and 2006 using the cultivars FM960BR, ST5599BR and DP444BR. Free polyamines Put, Spd and Sp were determined in ovarian tissue of first-position white flowers starting at the beginning of anthesis and collected from the 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th main-stem nodes for four consecutive weeks. There was no significant nodal position by cultivar interaction; thus, the main effects were tested. Put content decreased acropetally along the main stem of the cotton plant with the highest content observed at the 7th node and the lowest at the 13th node. Spd content decreased below and above the 9th node, with the 9th node showing the highest amount of Spd and the 13th node the lowest in both years of the study. Similarly, Sp content decreased below and above the 9th node. In general, the 7th and the 9th node had the highest titre of free polyamines. Among the cultivars tested, FM960BR showed higher polyamine content in one season; however, the observation was not consistent from year to year. The highest amounts of polyamines were observed at the 7th and the 9th node of cotton and this may be associated with the known yield distribution: almost 0·80 of the total yield of cotton is derived from these nodal positions.
Theorising about ageing, family and immigration
Authors: MCDONALD LYNN 
Published: August 2011

ABSTRACTThis article critically reviews the ways in which theories in social gerontology have been used to explain the influence of ethnicity and immigration on older adults. The purpose of this cursory examination is to explore how these theories can be used for further theory advancement without serious modifications to existing theories. Current theories do not have the capacity to capture the effects of immigration at the structural level and its link to the social, psychological and family levels, let alone the physical ageing of individuals or societies. The overriding complexity of ageing and immigration requires at minimum, a long-term view and an integrating framework with multiple levels that can accommodate a variety of theoretical interests. The conclusions are that a lifecourse perspective, in conjunction with existing theories, can be employed in two different ways to further this theoretical agenda. A lifecourse perspective provides scaffolding for other theories where seemingly incommensurate epistemological positions can be easily accommodated and the principles of the lifecourse can be integrated into existing theories for a more fine-grained analysis of ethnicity and immigration. These approaches leave the theoretical door open to everyone including the positivists, the constructionists and critical and postmodern scholars with the possibility for interdisciplinary theory building to advance the understanding of the lives of immigrant families.
Determination of Isoflavone Contents for Selected Soybean Lines and Soy Foods by Fourier Transform Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Baianu I. , You Tiefeng , Nelson Randall 
Published: August 2011

AbstractSoybean isoflavones are of considerable interest in relation to their possible health effects in human diets. Rapid and economical determination of soybean isoflavone contents is essential for breeding and selection of soybean seeds with optimal isoflavone levels for food applications. Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-NIR) calibrations were developed for rapid and reliable analysis of soybean isoflavone content. Our isoflavone calibrations are characterized by low standard errors (<0.02%) and high degrees of correlation (>99%).
Nuclear Medicine and Early Discovery of Disease
Authors: Baianu I. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractThere is an urgent need for the early detection of diseases such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Cancers in order to enable their successful treatment. Cancer is the second major cause of death after Heart Disease, and AD is the third major cause of death with major consequences for the society.Three major Nuclear Medicine techniques that are established for diagnostic and research purposes are: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) CAT/CT and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging (NMRI/MRI). These nuclear medicine techniques are discussed together with their clinical and research applications to early diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and cancers. Novel approaches to early detection and modeling of AD and cancers are then proposed.
Fourier transform infrared matrix and density functional theory study of the vibrational spectrum of the linear MgC3- anion
Authors: Bejjani Micheline , Rittby C. M. L. , Graham W. R. M. 
Published: August 2011

The linear MgC3− anion has been identified in the products from the dual Nd:YAG laser ablation of carbon and magnesium rods trapped in solid Ar at ∼12 K. Measurements of 13C isotopic shifts confirm the identification of the ν1(σ) vibrational fundamental at 1797.5 cm−1. A second fundamental ν2(σ) has been tentatively identified at 1190.1 cm−1. The results are in good agreement with the predictions of density functional theory calculations using the B3LYP functional with the 6-311+G(d) basis set. This is the first optical detection of the linear isomer of MgC3−.