bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large-scale development of the mid-Norwegian shelf over the last three million years and potential for hydrocarbon reservoirs in glacial sediments
Authors: Ottesen Dag , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Rise Leif , Bugge Tom 
Published: March 2012

Abstract

About 3 million years ago, major ice sheets developed over Scandinavia and began to deliver large volumes of sediment to the mid-Norwegian shelf. The shelf was built out in a prograding pattern towards the west, and more than 1000 m of sediments was deposited over large areas on the middle/outer shelf. The dominating large-scale depositional pattern is a series of prograding wedges and flat-lying, sheet-like units mainly of glacial origin. On top of these units are flat-lying till units deposited during the last few glaciations, commonly separated from the underlying units by one or several erosional unconformities. The lithology of these layers is generally fine-grained, mainly clay and silt, but with sporadic clasts up to boulder size. Based on regional and detailed bathymetry, the ice-flow pattern from the last glaciation has been reconstructed on the shelf. This involved a very dynamic ice sheet with fast-flowing ice streams in the transverse, cross-shelf troughs, separated by more passive ice domes on the intermediate shallow banks. The ice streams appear to follow the cross-shelf troughs from glaciation to glaciation, but occasionally they switched to new flow paths. The thick Quaternary sediments on the outer part of the mid-Norwegian shelf represent a challenge for hydrocarbon exploration. Several large slides have occurred from the shelf break and down the continental slope. During the last few years there has been an increased focus on investigating the Quaternary succession in order to search for hydrocarbon prospects. The potential for finding reservoirs in these sediments is discussed, and a few examples of gas discoveries are shown. The Peon gas field (
c
. 250 km
2
) is located in the glacially eroded Norwegian Channel above the Upper Regional Unconformity (URU) separating flat-lying glaciogenic sediments from dipping sedimentary units. The reservoir is developed in glaciofluvial sands a few hundred thousand years old, and sealed by flat-lying glaciomarine sediments and till units.
c-Myc Is Required for Proper Coronary Vascular Formation via Cell- and Gene-Specific Signaling
Authors: Souders Colby A. , Bowers Stephanie L. K. , Banerjee Indroneal , Fuseler John W. , Demieville Jennifer L. , Baudino Troy A. 
Published: March 2012

Objective—
Although significant research has detailed angiogenesis during development and cancer, little is known about cardiac angiogenesis, yet it is critical for survival following pathological insult. The transcription factor c-Myc is a target of anticancer therapies because of its mitogenic and proangiogenic induction. In the current study, we investigate its role in cardiac angiogenesis in a cell-dependent and gene-specific context.

Methods and Results—

Angiogenesis assays using c-
Myc
-deficient cardiac endothelial cells and fibroblasts demonstrate that c-Myc is essential to vessel formation, and fibroblast-mediated vessel formation is dependent on c-Myc expression in fibroblasts. Gene analyses revealed that c-Myc–mediated gene expression is unique in cardiac angiogenesis and varies in a cell-dependent manner. In vitro 3-dimensional cultures demonstrated c-Myc’s role in the expression of secreted angiogenic factors, while also providing evidence for c-Myc–mediated cell–cell interactions. Additional in vivo vascular analyses support c-Myc’s critical role in capillary formation and vessel patterning during development and also in response to a pathological stimulus where its expression in myocytes is required for angiogenic remodeling.

Conclusion—
These data demonstrate that proper c-Myc expression in cardiac fibroblasts and myocytes is essential to cardiac angiogenesis. These results have the potential for novel therapeutic applications involving the angiogenic response during cardiac remodeling.
The Mechanisms of Cerebral Vascular Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation by MMP-Mediated Degradation of VEGFR-2 in Alcohol Ingestion
Authors: Muneer P. M. Abdul , Alikunju Saleena , Szlachetka Adam M. , Haorah James 
Published: March 2012

Objective—
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction caused by activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a pathological feature in vascular/neurological disease. We describe the mechanisms of BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation as a result of MMP-3/9 activation and disruption of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A/VEGFR-2 interaction, impairing effective angiogenesis.

Methods and Results—
We investigate the hypothesis in human brain endothelial cells and animal model of chronic alcohol ingestion. Proteome array analysis, zymography, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting techniques detected the activation, expression, and levels of MMP-3 and MMP-9. We found that degradation of VEGFR-2 and BBB proteins, for example, occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1 by MMP-3/9, causes rupture of capillary endothelium and BBB leakiness. Impairment of BBB integrity was demonstrated by increased permeability of dye tracers and Fluo-3/calcein-AM–labeled monocyte adhesion or infiltration and decrease in transendothelial electric resistance. Alcohol-induced degradation of endothelial VEGFR-2 by MMP-3/9 led to a subsequent elevation of cellular/serum VEGF-A level. The decrease in VEGFR-2 with subsequent increase in VEGF-A level led to apoptosis and neuroinflammation via the activation of caspase-1 and IL-1β release. The use of MMPs, VEGFR-2, and caspase-1 inhibitors helped to dissect the underlying mechanisms.

Conclusion—
Alcohol-induced MMPs activation is a key mechanism for dysfunction of BBB via degradation of VEGFR-2 protein and activation of caspase-1 or IL-1β release. Targeting VEGF-induced MMP-3/9 activation can be a novel preventive approach to vascular inflammatory disease in alcohol abuse.
Associations Between Incident Ischemic Stroke Events and Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease-Related Genome-Wide Association Studies Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Population Architecture Using Genomics and Epidemiology Study
Authors: Carty Cara L. , Bůžková Petra , Fornage Myriam , Franceschini Nora , Cole Shelley , Heiss Gerardo , Hindorff Lucia A. , Howard Barbara V. , Mann Sue , Martin Lisa W. , Zhang Ying , Matise Tara C. , Prentice Ross , Reiner Alexander P. , Kooperberg Charles 
Published: March 2012

Background—
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci associated with ischemic stroke (IS) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in European-descent individuals, but their replication in different populations has been largely unexplored.

Methods and Results—
Nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) selected from GWAS and meta-analyses of stroke, and 86 SNPs previously associated with myocardial infarction and CVD risk factors, including blood lipids (high density lipoprotein [HDL], low density lipoprotein [LDL], and triglycerides), type 2 diabetes, and body mass index (BMI), were investigated for associations with incident IS in European Americans (EA) N=26 276, African-Americans (AA) N=8970, and American Indians (AI) N=3570 from the Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology Study. Ancestry-specific fixed effects meta-analysis with inverse variance weighting was used to combine study-specific log hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazards models. Two of 9 stroke SNPs (rs783396 and rs1804689) were associated with increased IS hazard in AA; none were significant in this large EA cohort. Of 73 CVD risk factor SNPs tested in EA, 2 (HDL and triglycerides SNPs) were associated with IS. In AA, SNPs associated with LDL, HDL, and BMI were significantly associated with IS (3 of 86 SNPs tested). Out of 58 SNPs tested in AI, 1 LDL SNP was significantly associated with IS.

Conclusions—
Our analyses showing lack of replication in spite of reasonable power for many stroke SNPs and differing results by ancestry highlight the need to follow up on GWAS findings and conduct genetic association studies in diverse populations. We found modest IS associations with BMI and lipids SNPs, though these findings require confirmation.
Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Contribute With Altered Nitric Oxide and Endothelin-1 Pathways to Conduit Artery Endothelial Dysfunction in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Bellien Jeremy , Iacob Michele , Remy-Jouet Isabelle , Lucas Daniele , Monteil Christelle , Gutierrez Laurence , Vendeville Cathy , Dreano Yvonne , Mercier Alain , Thuillez Christian , Joannides Robinson 
Published: March 2012

Background—
We sought to clarify, using functional and biological approaches, the role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, nitric oxide (NO)/reactive oxygen species balance, and endothelin-1 in conduit artery endothelial dysfunction during essential hypertension.

Methods and Results—

Radial artery diameter and mean wall shear stress were determined in 28 untreated patients with essential hypertension and 30 normotensive control subjects during endothelium-dependent flow-mediated dilatation induced by hand skin heating. The role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and NO was assessed with the brachial infusion of inhibitors of cytochrome P450 epoxygenases (fluconazole) and NO synthase (
N
G
-monomethyl-
l
-arginine [L-NMMA]). Compared with controls, hypertensive patients exhibited a decreased flow-mediated dilatation in response to postischemic hyperemia as well as to heating, as shown by the lesser slope of their diameter–shear stress relationship. In controls, heating-induced flow-mediated dilatation was reduced by fluconazole, L-NMMA, and, to a larger extent, by L-NMMA+fluconazole. In patients, flow-mediated dilatation was not affected by fluconazole and was reduced by L-NMMA and L-NMMA+fluconazole to a lesser extent than in controls. Furthermore, local plasma epoxyeicosatrienoic acids increased during heating in controls (an effect diminished by fluconazole) but not in patients. Plasma nitrite, an indicator of NO availability, increased during heating in controls (an effect abolished by L-NMMA) and, to a lesser extent, in patients, whereas, inversely, reactive oxygen species increased more in patients (an effect diminished by L-NMMA). Plasma endothelin-1 decreased during heating in controls but not in patients.

Conclusions—
These results show that an impaired role of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids contributes, together with an alteration in NO/reactive oxygen species balance and endothelin-1 pathway, to conduit artery endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension.

Clinical Trial Registration—

https://www.eudract.ema.europa.eu
. Unique identifier: RCB2007-A001–10-53.
Theoretical Issues of Sovereignty in Russia and Russian Law
Authors: Antonov Mikhail 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis article examines the background and the framework of discussions about the concept of sovereignty and its limits. It begins with a short historical analysis of the processes which took place in Soviet Russia leading to the 'parade of sovereignties' in the early 1990s. Afterwards, the author sketches the different approaches and doctrines upheld by the Russian Constitutional Court in several landmark decisions concerning sovereignty problems. The article focuses on the vertical dimension of sovereignty, i.e., on different conceptions adopted by federal and regional powers in post-Soviet Russia regarding the legal status of the member-republics (subjects) of the Russian Federation. The development of the doctrine of the Constitutional Court of Russia in this matter is quite illustrative as to the legal arguments used to protect the integrity of the Russian Federation against the diverse disintegrative strategies pursued by the regions.
Der Dichter und zweimalige Proconsul Postumius Rufius Festus signo Avienius
Authors: Dorfbauer Lukas J. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThis paper presents a fresh discussion of the available information concerning the life of the late antique Roman aristocrat and poet Postumius Rufius FestussignoAvienius, formerly known under the erroneous name ‘Avienus’. His two proconsulships are tentatively assigned to the period between 333 and 336 (Africa) and to 339 / 40 (Achaea) and his major poems to the time between 340 and 360 / 3. Festus’ family connections and his relationship to Sextus Petronius Probus are discussed as well as the reason, why he came to be known as ‘Avienus’ in later times. In addition, an identification of two Anonymi fromPLREI is proposed (Anonymus 37 = Cezeus Largus; Anonymus 46 = Postumius Rufius FestussignoAvienius).
Hermagoras et la doctrine des ἀσύστατα (‘questions sans consistance’)
Authors: Woerther Frédérique 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Following Thiele, Matthes attributed the doctrine of ἀσύστατα (‘unresolvable questions’) to Hermagoras of Temnos (2nd century BCE). Precise analysis and evaluation of the four pertinent testimonies that Matthes assigns to Hermagoras in his edition shed doubt on that attribution. Based on a new argument I propose that only two of these four testimonies should be retained in a forthcoming edition of the fragments of Hermagoras. I also argue that the doctrine of ἀσύστατα is most likely later than the second century BCE. Either that doctrine should be assigned to the younger Hermagoras (2nd century CE), whose theories reached later Latin rhetoricians by a route that is no longer traceable, or the ἀσύστατα doctrine was assigned to a rhetorician of the name Hermagoras by a false supposition or simple error of the common source of the two retained testimonies.
Mircea Eliade et le « nouvel homme » à la chemise verte
Authors: Gardaz Michel 
Published: March 2012

RésuméIl est presque impossible d’écrire sur l’œuvre de Mircea Eliade sans aborder l’épineuse question de son engagement politique et de son influence sur sa conception de l’histoire des religions. Comme nous le démontrerons dans cet article, le concept de « l’homme nouveau » élaboré par le savant roumain possède les mêmes caractéristiques que celui théorisé par Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, le fondateur de la Légion de l’Archange Michel. Eliade adhère, durant sa jeunesse, à l’idéal politique mis de l’avant par le fondateur du mouvement fasciste roumain et sert de porte-voix idéologique à certains éléments doctrinaires de la pensée politique de Codreanu. Dans un premier temps, nous discuterons de la quête paneuropéenne du « nouvel homme » durant les années 1930. Dans un deuxième temps, nous proposons une reconstitution des grandes lignes de l’histoire de l’engagement d’Eliade auprès de la Garde de Fer. Dans un troisième temps, nous analyserons la conception de « « l’homme nouveau » de Codreanu, puis les correspondances avec le modèle éliadien. Enfin, nous examinerons l’idée du « nouvel humanisme » élaboré par le savant roumain durant les années 1960 afin de retrouver d’éventuelles traces idéologiques de « l’homme nouveau ».
A Comparative Study of Marital Dissolution in East Asian Societies: Gender Attitudes and Social Expectations towards Marriage in Taiwan, Korea and Japan
Authors: Yen Pei-Chih , Yang Wen-Shan 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe rising trend of marital dissolution, just like marriage delay and non-marriage, has received much attention in both academic and public arena in East Asia in recent years. Taking a gender and comparative perspective, our research investigates marital dissolution by examining the changes in marital attitudes, gender roles, socio-economic status and educational opportunity of women and their influence on marital decisions in three East Asian countries, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In addition, we also investigate the impact of shifting social expectations towards marriage and the reconfiguration of the meaning of matrimony. Furthermore, our study aims to explore the clash between institutional purposes of marriage in Confucian and Collectivist values and modern and individualistic goals of marriage in East Asian societies today. Our analysis is based on data from the special family module of the 2006 East Asia Social Survey conducted simultaneously in Taiwan, Korea and Japan.
Degradation of the nematicide oxamyl under field and laboratory conditions
Authors: Haydock Patrick P.J. , Ambrose Emma L. , Wilcox Andrew , Deliopoulos Thomas 
Published: March 2012

The persistence of nematicides such as oxamyl can vary greatly in field conditions. The objectives of the present studies were: i) to compare oxamyl degradation in soils with different properties; ii) to quantify and examine the influence of various abiotic factors on oxamyl degradation; iii) to establish the validity of using simulated models to predict the degradation in the field; and iv) to examine if a second application of oxamyl to the same soil 13 or 26 weeks after the first application enhances degradation. The first two studies included field measurements of oxamyl concentration and parallel laboratory incubations. For the field measurements, soils were collected from each of ten potato (Solanum tuberosum) fields in Shropshire, UK, immediately after application of oxamyl on the day of planting and then at weekly intervals for the duration of the two experiments. After each collection, oxamyl was extracted and its concentration determined. For the laboratory incubations, soils were collected from the same ten sites immediately prior to field application and received one application of oxamyl in the laboratory at the same day (day 0). The PERSIST model was then used to predict oxamyl degradation in the field (modelled degradation). Modelled degradation was then compared with the measured degradation up to 91 days (study 1) or 56 days (study 2) after application. In study 3, an extra application of oxamyl to that in the field at day 0 was made in the laboratory at 13 or 26 weeks after application. There were wide variations in the persistence of oxamyl between the ten sites, with the field half-life ranging from 10 to 24 days. Degradation in the field was significantly greater at site 4, where it could not be detected 28 days after application. At other sites, the chemical persisted for 42-63 days and was still detectable at two sites 91 days following application. Soil temperatures had a greater impact on oxamyl degradation than rainfall accounting for up to a maximum of 79% of the variation. The short persistence at site 4 was attributed to the combination of warm and moist conditions in a higher pH soil. The PERSIST model predicted the same rate of decline of oxamyl as actually occurred in the field at only four (sites 5, 6, 7 and 8) sites. At the other sites, degradation in the field occurred at more rapid rates than predicted. This could be as a result of the model not allowing for the movement of nematicide by leaching, or because enhanced degradation of nematicides occurred at these latter sites, or due to a combination of these factors. The wide variation in half-lives and the behaviour of soils after subsequent additions of oxamyl in study 3 were suggestive of complex microbial dynamics even under controlled conditions. Further studies would be required to establish the influence of soil microflora together with that of abiotic parameters on oxamyl degradation.
Key Metaphors in the Sociology of Professions: Occupations as Hierarchies and Landscapes
Authors: Liljegren Andreas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractKey metaphors guide our way of thinking in that, among other things, they provide perspective, relations, directions, distances, causality, features, and principles. The literature on professions appears to encompass at least two overarching key metaphors, one that likens professional groups to a hierarchy, and another that describes them as a landscape. This article provides an analysis of two key metaphors in the literature on professions, the purpose being to outline, analyse, and relate them to a number of other central concepts. In carrying out this analysis, questions relating to the similarities and differences between the two metaphors will be addressed. What are their epistemic virtues, and what are the consequences of privileging one metaphor over the other?
Declining US Hegemony and Rising Chinese Power: A Formula for Conflict?
Authors: Shor Francis 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Is declining US hegemony and China’s rising power a formula for regional and/or global conflict? In this article I address the present conditions and contradictions of US neo-imperialism and the role of China as a potential competitor to and challenger of US global hegemony. Given the entrenched interests of US military neo-imperialism such conflicts appear inevitable.
Advance Directives as an Instrument in an Ageing Europe
Authors: Goffin Tom 
Published: March 2012

Abstract
Advance directives are written or oral statements that are intended to govern healthcare decision-making for their authors, for both positive and negative decisions, should they lose decisional capacity in the future. In a Europe which is facing an ageing population, advance directives play an increasing role to (help) formulate the wishes from elderly patient once they start losing the capacity to decide independently. Advance directives should not only be used as a formulation of the patients’ previously made decision, but can also be used as guidelines to better understand the previous expressed wishes of the patient. If the advance directive is formulated in too vague form, the healthcare proxy and/or the healthcare trustee can help the physician interpret the directive. This broader approach towards advance directives is reflected in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights, as well as on the European legislative level.
Small States in the UN Security Council: Means of Influence?
Authors: Thorhallsson Baldur 
Published: March 2012

Summary
This article argues that there are two broad categories of qualitative factors that determine the ability of small states to influence the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The first is the internal competence of small states in areas such as knowledge, initiative, and diplomatic, coalition and leadership skills. The second is the image of the state in the international system with specific regard to its perceived neutrality or reputation as a norm entrepreneur in particular policy fields. These qualitative features need to be combined with quantitative variables — such as population, territorial size, gross domestic product (GDP) and military capacity — that are normally used in International Relations (IR) in order to understand small states’ ability to become active participants in the UNSC.
Eros Tyrannos: Alcibiades as the Model of the Tyrant in Book IX of the Republic
Authors: Larivée Annie 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe aim of this article is to make use of recent research on ‘politicaleros’ in order to clarify the connection that Plato establishes betweenerosand tyranny inRepublicIX, specifically by elucidating the intertextuality between Plato’s work and the various historical accounts of Alcibiades. An examination of the lexicon used in these accounts will allow us to resolve certain interpretive difficulties that, to my knowledge, no other commentator has elucidated: why does Socrates blameerosfor the decline from democracy into tyranny? What does he mean by ‘eros’ here, and what link existed betweenerosand tyranny in the minds of his contemporaries? And finally, who are the mysterious ‘tyrant-makers’ (turannopoioí, 572e5-6) who, according to Socrates, introduce a destructiveerosin the soul of the future tyrant? After a careful examination of the passage from book IX on the genesis of the tyrannical man (focused on the last stage of the metamorphosis, which is concerned withéros túrannos, 572d-573b), I will offer answers to these questions by turning to the writings of Thucydides, Aristophanes and Plutarch while examining the portrait of Alcibiades that Plato paints in theAlcibiades IandSymposium.