bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alloantibodies Prevent the Induction of Transplantation Tolerance by Enhancing Alloreactive T Cell Priming
Authors: Burns Audrea M. , Chong Anita S. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCirculating alloantibodies in transplant recipients are often associated with increased Ab-mediated as well as cellular rejection. We tested the hypothesis that alloantibodies facilitate cellular rejection by functioning as opsonins to enhance T cell activation using a BALB/c to C57BL/6 heart or skin transplant model. Long-term heart and skin survival induced with anti-CD154 alone or in combination with donor-specific transfusion (DST), respectively, was abrogated by the presence of anti-Kd mAbs, and alloreactive T cell activation as well as acute rejection was observed. The prevention of graft acceptance in the skin model was dependent on anti-Kd binding to and converting DST from tolerigenic to immunogenic. Adoptive transfer of CFSE-labeled TCR-transgenic T cells into B6 recipients treated with anti-CD154/DST revealed the ability of anti-Kd to enhance the proliferation of anti–Kd-specific T cells via the indirect pathway as well as of non–Kd-reactive, recipient MHC-restricted CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Thus, alloantibodies with restricted specificity are able to facilitate the indirect presentation as well as the cross-presentation of a larger repertoire of “linked” donor-derived Ags. These observations highlight the ability of alloantibodies to function not only in classical humoral rejection but also as opsonins that facilitate the CD40-CD154–independent activation of alloreactive T cells.
Inhibition of Tumor-Induced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Function by a Nanoparticulated Adjuvant
Authors: Fernández Audry , Mesa Circe , Marigo Ilaria , Dolcetti Luigi , Clavell Marilyn , Oliver Liliana , Fernández Luis E. , Bronte Vincenzo 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe interaction between cancer vaccine adjuvants and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) is currently poorly understood. Very small size proteoliposomes (VSSP) are a nanoparticulated adjuvant under investigation in clinical trials in patients with renal carcinoma, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade III. We found that VSSP adjuvant induced a significant splenomegaly due to accumulation of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells. However, VSSP-derived MDSCs showed a reduced capacity to suppress both allogeneic and Ag-specific CTL response compared with that of tumor-induced MDSCs. Moreover, splenic MDSCs isolated from tumor-bearing mice treated with VSSP were phenotypically more similar to those isolated from VSSP-treated tumor-free mice and much less suppressive than tumor-induced MDSCs, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, different from dendritic cell vaccination, inoculation of VSSP-based vaccine in EG.7-OVA tumor-bearing mice was sufficient to avoid tumor-induced tolerance and stimulate an immune response against OVA Ag, similar to that observed in tumor-free mice. This effect correlated with an accelerated differentiation of MDSCs into mature APCs that was promoted by VSSP. VSSP used as a cancer vaccine adjuvant might thus improve antitumor efficacy not only by stimulating a potent immune response against tumor Ags but also by reducing tumor-induced immunosuppression.
Hypoxia Selectively Inhibits Respiratory Burst Activity and Killing of Staphylococcus aureus in Human Neutrophils
Authors: McGovern Naomi N. , Cowburn Andrew S. , Porter Linsey , Walmsley Sarah R. , Summers Charlotte , Thompson Alfred A. R. , Anwar Sadia , Willcocks Lisa C. , Whyte Moira K. B. , Condliffe Alison M. , Chilvers Edwin R. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Neutrophils play a central role in the innate immune response and a critical role in bacterial killing. Most studies of neutrophil function have been conducted under conditions of ambient oxygen, but inflamed sites where neutrophils operate may be extremely hypoxic. Previous studies indicate that neutrophils sense and respond to hypoxia via the ubiquitous prolyl hydroxylase/hypoxia-inducible factor pathway and that this can signal for enhanced survival. In the current study, human neutrophils were shown to upregulate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α–dependent gene expression under hypoxic incubation conditions (3 kPa), with a consequent substantial delay in the onset of apoptosis. Despite this, polarization and chemotactic responsiveness to IL-8 and fMLP were entirely unaffected by hypoxia. Similarly, hypoxia did not diminish the ability of neutrophils to phagocytose serum-opsonized heat-killed streptococci. Of the secretory functions examined, IL-8 generation was preserved and elastase release was enhanced by hypoxia. Hypoxia did, however, cause a major reduction in respiratory burst activity induced both by the soluble agonist fMLP and by ingestion of opsonized zymosan, without affecting expression of the NADPH oxidase subunits. Critically, this reduction in respiratory burst activity under hypoxia was associated with a significant defect in the killing of Staphylococcus aureus. In contrast, killing of Escherichia coli, which is predominantly oxidase independent, was fully preserved under hypoxia. In conclusion, these studies suggest that although the NADPH oxidase-dependent bacterial killing mechanism may be compromised by hypoxia, neutrophils overall appear extremely well adapted to operate successfully under severely hypoxic conditions.
Glucocorticosteroids Modify Langerhans Cells To Produce TGF-β and Expand Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Stary Georg , Klein Irene , Bauer Wolfgang , Koszik Frieder , Reininger Bärbel , Kohlhofer Sabine , Gruber Kristina , Skvara Hans , Jung Thomas , Stingl Georg 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAlthough glucocorticosteroids (GCSs) have been used for many decades in transplantation and (auto)inflammatory diseases, the exact mechanisms responsible for their immunosuppressive properties are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to characterize the effects of oral GCSs on the cutaneous immune response. We analyzed, by immunofluorescence staining and quantitative RT-PCR, residual skin biopsy material from a clinical study in which we had used oral GCS as positive control for determining the effects of candidate anti-inflammatory compounds on epicutaneous patch tests of Ni-allergic patients. Expectedly, oral GCS treatment led to a reduction of clinical symptoms and infiltrating leukocytes. Notably, we observed increased numbers of dermal FOXP3+CD25+ T cells and epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) that were associated with upregulated mRNA expression of TGF-β in lesions of GCS-treated Ni-allergic patients. To investigate this phenomenon further, we exposed purified LCs to GCS. They exhibited, in contrast to GCS-nonexposed LCs, 1) a more immature phenotype, 2) higher intracellular amounts of TGF-β, and 3) increased receptor activator for NF-κB expression, conditions that reportedly favor the expansion of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Indeed, we observed an enhancement of functionally suppressive FOXP3+ T cells when CD3+ cells were incubated with GCS-pretreated LCs. The expansion of Tregs was inhibited by TGF-β blockage alone, and their suppressive activity was neutralized by a combination of anti–TGF-β and anti–IL-10 Abs. Our data show that systemically applied GCSs endow LCs with Treg-promoting properties and thus shed new light on the mechanisms of GCS-mediated immunosuppression.
Cutting Edge: Critical Role of Intracellular Osteopontin in Antifungal Innate Immune Responses
Authors: Inoue Makoto , Moriwaki Yasuhiro , Arikawa Tomohiro , Chen Yu-Hsun , Oh Young Joo , Oliver Timothy , Shinohara Mari L. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
We found that absence of osteopontin (OPN) in immunocompromised Rag2−/− mice, which lack T and B cells, made the mice extremely susceptible to an opportunistic fungus Pneumocystis, although immunocompetent OPN-deficient mice could clear Pneumocystis as well as wild-type mice. OPN has been studied as an extracellular protein, and the role of an intracellular isoform of OPN (iOPN) is still largely unknown. In this study, we elucidated the mechanism by which iOPN was involved in antifungal innate immunity. First, iOPN was essential for cluster formation of fungal receptors that detect Pneumocystis, including dectin-1, TLR2, and mannose receptor. Second, iOPN played a role as an adaptor molecule in TLR2 and dectin-1 signaling pathways and mediated ERK activation and cytokine production by zymosan, which simultaneously activates TLR2 and dectin-1 pathways. Third, iOPN enhanced phagocytosis and clearance of Pneumocystis. Our study suggests the critical involvement of iOPN in antifungal innate immunity.
Note Upon The Generalized Cayleyan Operator
Authors: Turnbull H. W. 
Published: December 2010

The following note which deals with the effect of a certain determinantal operator when it acts upon a product of determinants was suggested by the original proof which Dr. Alfred Young gave of the propertysubsisting between the positive P and the negative N substitutional operators, θ being a positive integer. This result which establishes the idempotency of the expression θ−1NP within an appropriate algebra is fundamental in the Quantitative Substitutional Analysis that Young developed.
Periodic Linear Transformations of Affine and Projective Geometries
Authors: Snapper Ernst 
Published: December 2010

Introduction. In a paper called “A Theorem in Finite Projective Geometry and some Applications to Number Theory” [Trans. Amer. Math. Soc, vol. 43 (1938), 377-385], J. Singer proved that the finite projective geometry PG(s — 1,pn), that is the projective geometry of dimension s — 1 whose coordinate field is the Galois field GF(pn), admits a collineation L of period q = (psn — 1)/	(pn — 1). Since this q is the number of points of PG(s — 1, pn), Singer's result states that the points of PG(s — 1, pn) are cyclically arranged. Singer's construction of L uses the notion of a “primitive irreducible polynomial of degree 5 belonging to a field GF(pn) which defines a PG(s — 1, pn).”
Simultaneous Diophantine Approximation
Authors: Raisbeck Gordon 
Published: December 2010

Summary of results. The principal result of this paper is as follows: given
any set of real numbers z1, z2, & , zn and an integer t we can find an integer and a set of integers p1, p2 & , pn such that(0.11).Also, if n = 2, we can, given t, produce numbers z1 and z2 such that(0.12)This supersedes the results of Nils Pipping (Acta Aboensis, vol. 13, no. 9, 1942)
that there is a q satisfying (0.11) such that , and also the
classical result of Dirichlet that there is such a q less than tn.
The Iteration of Certain Arithmetic Functions
Authors: Niven Ivan 
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. For define C(n) to be the integer j such that , where denotes the j th iterate of the Euler ø-function. Define C(l) = C(2) = 0. This function has been studied by S. S. Pillai [1], with the notation R(n) for 1 + C(n) if , and R(l) = 0. H. Shapiro [2] has also investigated this function, proving the basic relations(1)
Short Formulations of Boolean Algebra, Using Ring Operations
Authors: Byrne Lee 
Published: December 2010

Special interest has recently attached to formulations of Boolean algebra in
terms of ring operations [7], [1]. These axiomatizations have not been as brief as
those reached through other modes of approach.
The present note will show that the number of axioms when ring operations are
used may be as small as in any present version that is not metamathematical, that
is, the number of axioms finally employed will be two.
Two Vertex-Regular Polyhedra
Authors: Apsimon Hugh 
Published: December 2010

The definition of a regular polyhedron may be enunciated as follows:
(α) A polyhedron is said to be regular if its faces are equal regular
polygons, and its vertex figures are equal regular polygons
In a recent note1 I gave three examples of uniform non-regular polyhedra,
which I called facially-regular, using the
definition:
(β) A polyhedron is said to be facially-regular if it is uniform and all its
faces are equal.
Note on Normal Decimals
Authors: Davenport H. , Erdös P. 
Published: December 2010

A real number, expressed as a decimal, is said to be normal (in the scale of 10) if every combination of digits occurs in the decimal with the proper frequency. If a1a2 … ak is any combination of k digits, and N(t) is the number of times this combination occurs among the first t digits, the condition is that1
On the Irreducible Representations
of the Symmetric Group
Authors: Osima Masaru 
Published: December 2010

Let T be a Young diagram of n nodes:(1)ai being the length of its ith row. With respect to a prime p, we denote by T0
the p-core of T. If T0 consists of m nodes, then(2) m=n-lp,where l is the number of successive p-hooks [3] removable from T to yield its p-core T0. We have stated in [4] the following theorem :
Sur Certains Sous-Espaces Vectoriels De Lp
Authors: Grothendieck A. 
Published: December 2010

Le théoréme qui suit résoud une question qui m'avait été posée indépendamment par M. H. Mirkil et Professeur E. Farah, dans le cas particulier de p = 2 :Théorème 1. Soit M un espace localement compact muni d'une mesure bornée μ, et soit 1 ≤ p < + ∞. Soit H un sous-espace vectoriel de L∞(μ), fermé dans LP(μ). Alors H est de dimension finie.
The Spectral Matrix and Green's Function for Singular Self-Adjoint Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Coddington E. A. 
Published: December 2010

Let L denote the formal ordinary differential operator,where we assume the pk are complex-valued functions with n-k continuous derivatives
on an open real interval a < x < b (a = — ∞, b = + ∞, or both may occur), p0(x) ≠ 0 on a < x < b, and L coincides with its Lagrange adjoint L+ given by.
The Relaxation Method for Linear Inequalities
Authors: Agmon Shmuel 
Published: December 2010

In various numerical problems one is confronted with the task of solving a system of linear inequalities:(1.1) (i = 1, … ,m)assuming, of course, that the above system is consistent. Sometimes one has, in addition, to minimize a given linear form l(x). Thus, in linear programming one obtains a problem of the latter type.
On Some Recent Developments in the Theory of Series
Authors: Macphail M. S. 
Published: December 2010

In a number of recent papers, especially by Wilansky (4; 6), Zeller (8), and Peyerimhoff (3), the sequence-to-sequence transformationA : (n = 0, 1, …)has been studied under certain conditions, designated by FAK, PMI, etc. (see §3). The purpose of this note is to point out some relations among these conditions, and to show that some theorems previously obtained hold under weaker assumptions.
On Algebraic Surfaces Termwise Invariant Under Cyclic Collineations
Authors: Morelock J. C. , Perry N. C. 
Published: December 2010

In algebraic geometry it is of interest to examine polynomial surfaces F which transform into themselves under the collineation T defined by:where Ep = 1, and p is a prime (2). One of the most obvious ways to ensure
invariance of a surface is for each term X1ax2bX3cX4d of F to go into itself. We present initially, therefore, a theorem which will be useful in the study of such termwise invariance for polynomials of composite degree.
Metamathematical Considerations On The Relative Irreducibility Of Polynomials
Authors: Gilmore P. C. , Robinson A. 
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. In this paper, infinite fields K will be discussed which
satisfy the following condition :CONDITION C: for any polynomial p(t, x) in x, coefficients in K(t), t transcendental with respect to K, which has no zeros in K (t), there is a t* in K for which p(t*, x) has no zeros in K.
Certain Diophantine Equations Linear In One Unknown
Authors: Mills W. H. 
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. A. Brauer and R. Brauer (2) and Barnes (1) (following a method of Mordell (6)) have solved the Diophantine equation x2+y2+c = xyz subject to the condition (x, y) = 1. Independently, but using the same methods, I treated (4) the equationx2+y2+ax+ay+l = xyz,and subsequently (5) gave a method of obtaining all integral solutions ofx2±y2+ax+by+c = xyz,thereby generalizing (2), (1), and (4).
A Generalized Averaging Operator
Authors: Sumner D. B. 
Published: December 2010

1. Introduction. The averaging operator has an extensive literature, the most detailed account being that of Nörlund(4). In discussing solutions of the functional relation1.1he defines a “principal solution” (4, p. 41) by means of a summability process, and later, working in terms of complex numbers, he obtains (4, p. 70) a principal solution of (1.1) by means of a contour integral. He distinguishes his principal solution from other solutions, by showing that it is continuous at h = 0.
Classes of Positive Definite Unimodular
Circulants
Authors: Newman Morris , Taussky Olga 
Published: December 2010

All matrices considered here have rational integral elements. In particular
some circulants of this nature are investigated. An n ×
n circulant is of the formThe following result concerning positive definite unimodular circulants was
obtained recently (3 ; 4 ):Let C be a unimodular n × n circulant and assume that C = AA' where
A is an n × n matrix and A' its transpose. Then it follows that C =
C1C1', where C1 is again a
circulant.
Upper and Lower Bounds for The Area of a Triangle for Whose
Sides Two Symmetric Functions are Known
Authors: Frucht Robert 
Published: December 2010

Improving on inequalities given by Gerretsen (2), Beatty (1) has proved that
for the area Δ of any plane triangle with sides a, b, c the
following inequalities hold:(1.1)where(1.2);the signs of equality in (1.1) only apply when the triangle is equilateral.
Beatty has also remarked that the second inequality in (1.1) is of no value
in case 5H ≥ 3K, since then the lower estimate which it gives for
Δ2 is not even positive.
A Tauberian Theorem For The Riemann-Liouville Integral Of
Integer Order
Authors: Rajagopal C. T. 
Published: December 2010

1. Notation. Let s(x) be a function integrable in every finite interval of x
≥ 0. Then the Riemann-Liouville integral of s(x), of order a > 0, is
defined for x ≥ 0 by(1).The object of this note is to prove a Tauberian theorem for sα(x)
in the case in which α is a positive integer p, employing
certain difference formulae due to Karamata (4, Lemma 2) and Bosanquet (1,
Theorem 1) used already for a broadly similar purpose in an earlier paper
(12) where a is any positive number.
Congruences for the Coefficients of Modular forms and Some New
Congruences for the Partition Function
Authors: Newman Morris 
Published: December 2010

If n is a non-negative integer, define pr(n) as the coefficient of xn in;otherwise define pr(n) as 0. In a recent paper (2) the author
established the following congruence:Let r = 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 26. Let p be a
prime greater than 3 such that r(p + l) /
24 is an integer, and set Δ = r(p2 − l)/24.
Products and Plethysms of Characters with Orthogonal, Symplectic and Symmetric
Groups
Authors: Littlewood D. E. 
Published: December 2010

Murnaghan (9) has proposed the following method of analyzing the Kronecker
product of two symmetric group representations. If (λ) = (λ1,
λ2, … , λi) is a partition of
p, the representation of the symmetric group on n
symbols corresponding to the partition (n —
p, λ1 , … ,
λi) is denoted by [λ] and is said to be of depth
p.
If [λ] is of depth p and [μ] of depth
q, then the terms in the Kronecker product [λ] X
[μ] of depth p +
q are terms which correspond to the terms in the
product of S-functions {λ} {μ}).
A Note on Division Algorithms in Imaginary quadratic Number fields
Authors: Dubois D. W. , Steger A. 
Published: December 2010

An integral domain E is said to be
Euclidean if there exists a non-negative,
integer-valued function g denned on the non-zero
elements of E such that for every non-zero
x and y in
E,
(1) g(xy) ⩾
g(x);
(2) (division algorithm) if x does not divide
y then there exists an element
q in E, depending on
x and y, with

.
The Betti Numbers of the Simple Lie Groups
Authors: Coleman A. J. 
Published: December 2010

The purpose of the present paper1 is to simplify the calculation of the Betti
numbers of the simple compact Lie groups.
For the unimodular group and the orthogonal group on a space of odd dimension
the form of the Poincaré polynomial was correctly guessed by E. Cartan in 1929 (5,
p. 183). The proof of his conjecture and its extension to the four classes of
classical groups was given by L. Pontrjagin (13) using topological arguments and
then by R. Brauer (2) using algebraic methods.
A Convergence Theorem for Double L 2 Fourier Series
Authors: Gosselin Richard P. 
Published: December 2010

Our aim in this paper is to extend a known theorem about the convergence of
subsequences of the partial sums of the Fourier series in one variable of class
L
2 to Fourier series in two variables of the same class, (1,
p. 396). The theorem asserts that for each function ƒ in
L
2, there is a sequence {m

V
} of positive integers of upper density one such that
Smv(X;ƒ)
converges to ƒ almost everywhere where
sm(x;f) denotes the mth partial
sum of the Fourier series of ƒ.
On Free Products of Cyclic Rotation Groups
Authors: Dekker TH. J. 
Published: December 2010

We consider the group of rotations in three-dimensional Euclidean space, leaving the origin fixed. These rotations are represented by real orthogonal third-order matrices with positive determinant. It is known that this rotation group contains free non-abelian subgroups of continuous rank (see 1).In this paper we shall prove the following conjectures of J. de Groot (1, pp. 261-262):Theorem 1. Two rotations with equal rotation angles a and with arbitrary but different rotation axes are free generators of a free group, if cos α is transcendental.Theorem 2. A free product of at most continuously many cyclic groups can be isomorphically represented by a rotation group.
On the Irreducibility of Convex Bodies
Authors: Woods A. C. 
Published: December 2010

We select a Cartesian co-ordinate system in ndimensional Euclidean space Rn with origin 0 and employ the usual pointvector notation.By a lattice Λ in Rn we mean the set of all rational integral combinations of n linearly independent points X1, X2, … , Xn of Rn. The points X1 X2, … , Xn are said to form a basis of Λ. Let {X1, X2, … , Xn) denote the determinant formed when the co-ordinates of Xi are taken in order as the ith row of the determinant for i = 1,2, … , n. The absolute value of this determinant is called the determinant d(Λ) of Λ. It is well known that d(Λ) is independent of the particular basis one takes for Λ.A star body in Rn is a closed set of points K such that if X ∈ K then every point of the form tX where — 1 < t < 1 is an inner point of K.
Note on Generalized Witt Algebras
Authors: Ree Rimhak 
Published: December 2010

Throughout this note K will denote a field of characteristic p > 0. Let I be the set {1,2, … , m}, and a finite additive group of functions on I with values in K. We assume that is total in the sense that, for any λ1, … , λm in K Σi=imλiσ(i) = 0 for all a in G implies all σi = 0. It is clear that is an elementary p-group. Let pn be the order of . A generalized Witt algebra is defined as an algebra over K with basis elements {e(σ, i)∣ σ ∈ , i ∈ I} and the multiplication table is a simple Lie algebra except when p = 2, m = 1.
Complemented Modular Lattices
Authors: Amemiya Ichiro , Halperin Israel 
Published: December 2010

1.1 This paper gives a lattice theoretic investigation of “finiteness“ and “continuity of the lattice operations” in a complemented modular lattice. Although we usually assume that the lattice is-complete for some infinite,3we do not require completeness and continuity, as von Neumann does in his classical memoir on continuous geometry (3); nor do we assume orthocomplementation as Kaplansky does in his remarkable paper (1).1.2. Our exposition is elementary in the sense that it can be read without reference to the literature. Our brief preliminary § 2 should enable the reader to read this paper independently.1.3. Von Neumann's theory of independence (3, Part I, Chapter II) leans heavily on the assumption that the lattice is continuous, or at least upper continuous.