bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RHEOLOGICAL AND SENSORY QUALITY OF READY‐TO‐BAKE CHAPATTI DURING FROZEN STORAGE
Authors: YADAV D.N. , PETKI P.E. , SHARMA G.K. , SRIHARI K.A. , HARILAL P.T. , BAWA A.S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT The effect of prolonged frozen storage at −18C, on the textural and sensory properties of ready‐to‐bake frozen chapatti (R‐BFC) was evaluated. The R‐BFC samples were prepared from normal‐ (control) and microwave‐treated (18% moisture content for 80 s) wheat grains. Results showed that the extensibility of dough and maximum load for resistance increased gradually in both the samples during frozen storage; however, the increase was lesser in the treated ones. Chapattis prepared from both R‐BFC samples exhibited higher hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness and lower springiness values during frozen storage. Microwave‐treated R‐BFC samples were rated as better retained in color, texture and overall acceptability scores as compared with control, up to 6 months of storage at −18C. Thiamin and riboflavin contents were monitored during frozen storage and a loss of 12.0–14.5% in thiamin and 4–6% in riboflavin after 6 months of frozen storage was recorded.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSDuring frozen storage, various physical, rheological and sensory changes occur in the food products, which determine the consumer's acceptability. The results of this study will help to establish quality of the frozen chapattis with respect to texture, color and aroma which will meet the consumer's acceptance. The protocol for the storage of frozen chapattis will help the industry to deliver the product of optimum quality.
Modern Qur’anic Hermeneutics
Authors: Ohlander Erik 
Published: June 2009

AbstractWith an eye towards developments that either depart from or re‐envision Islam's classical exegetical methodologies, this article furnishes a schematic overview of major trends and trajectories in Qur’anic hermeneutics situated across a range of modern Muslim discursivities, paying particular attention to six hermeneutical models that have, some more than others, garnered attention from the mid‐19th century to the present: modernist, Islamist, scientist, translationalist, revisionist, and feminist. As distinct from modern exegetical practice carried out in an established classical idiom, all of these models have engendered debate, controversy, or contestation to one degree or another, being as reflective of the complexity of Muslim engagements with modernity as of the polyvalence of interpretations of the text itself.
The Hasidic Tale as a Historical Source: Historiography and Methodology
Authors: Dynner Glenn 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA review of the discourse on Hasidic tales reveals a persistent vagueness on the crucial question of how, precisely, historians should read hagiography. Can elements of certain tales stand on their own as historical sources? After a review of the current debates about the historicity of Hasidic tales, this paper introduces several historically oriented redactors whose collections constitute a rich repository of information about events, phenomena, personalities, and what most scholars would consider historical reality. Historians can mine these texts for solid information about Hasidism during its vital phase of growth, expansion, and crystallization.
Information Structure and Syntactic Structure
Authors: Birner Betty J. , Ward Gregory 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThis article explores the interface between syntactic structure and information structure – in particular, the broad generalizations that can be made between certain noncanonical word orders and information‐structural constraints on their use. Various ways of implementing the distinction between ‘given’ and ‘new’ information are described, and several classes of word orders (such as preposings, postposings, argument reversals, and clefts) are discussed in terms of the information‐status constraints to which they are sensitive. It is argued that classes of related word orders share related constraints but that – both cross‐linguistically and within a single language – there are also construction‐specific constraints on the correlation between word order and information status.
Duplication of 7q34 in Pediatric Low‐Grade Astrocytomas Detected by High‐Density Single‐Nucleotide Polymorphism‐Based Genotype Arrays Results in a Novel BRAF Fusion Gene
Authors: Sievert Angela J. , Jackson Eric M. , Gai Xiaowu , Hakonarson Hakon , Judkins Alexander R. , Resnick Adam C. , Sutton Leslie N. , Storm Phillip B. , Shaikh Tamim H. , Biegel Jaclyn A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractIn the present study, DNA from 28 pediatric low‐grade astrocytomas was analyzed using Illumina HumanHap550K single‐nucleotide polymorphism oligonucleotide arrays. A novel duplication in chromosome band 7q34 was identified in 17 of 22 juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas and three of six fibrillary astrocytomas. The 7q34 duplication spans 2.6 Mb of genomic sequence and contains approximately 20 genes, including two candidate tumor genes, HIPK2 and BRAF. There were no abnormalities in HIPK2, and analysis of two mutation hot‐spots in BRAF revealed a V600E mutation in only one tumor without the duplication. Fluorescence in situ hybridization confirmed the 7q34 copy number change and was suggestive of a tandem duplication. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction‐based sequencing revealed a fusion product between KIAA1549 and BRAF. The predicted fusion product includes the BRAF kinase domain and lacks the auto‐inhibitory N‐terminus. Western blot analysis revealed phosphorylated mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) protein in tumors with the duplication, consistent with BRAF‐induced activation of the pathway. Further studies are required to determine the role of this fusion gene in downstream MAPK signaling and its role in development of pediatric low‐grade astrocytomas.
Hydrothermal Alteration, Fluid Inclusion and Stable Isotope Studies of the North Roby Zone, Lac des Iles PGE Mine, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Somarin Alireza Karimzadeh , Kissin Stephen A. , Heerema Donald D. , Bihari Daniel J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Archean mafic–ultramafic complex of Lac des Iles, Ontario, Canada, hosts economic platinum group elements (PGE)‐Au‐Cu‐Ni mineralization in the Roby Zone. All lithologies in the North Roby Zone have been affected by hydrothermal alteration. The alteration products include talc (the most dominant mineral), anthophyllite, serpentine, actinolite, tremolite, chlorite, hornblende, zoisite, clinozoisite, epidote and sericite. In the altered rocks, light rare earth elements (La, Ce, Nd, Sm), Pb, Rb, Ba, Cs, S and possibly Y have been added by hydrothermal solution whereas Eu and heavy rare earth elements (Yb, Gd, Dy, Er) remained immobile. There are five types of fluid inclusions in the pegmatitic plagioclase with homogenization temperature and salinity ranging from 240°C to 445°C and 15.37 to 48.52 wt% equivalent NaCl, respectively. The δ18O and δD of talc range form 6.2‰ to 6.9‰ and −28‰ to −48‰, respectively. δ18O and δD water in equilibrium with talc during the hydrothermal alteration suggest a modified source for the hydrothermal solution. Microthermometry and stable isotope studies suggest that high temperature–high salinity fluid was diluted by, and mixed with, low temperature–low salinity meteoric solution. This mechanism precipitated the hydrothermal assemblage and redistributed trace elements during and after pegmatite formation in the North Ruby Zone.
Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Beryl‐Bearing Granitoids, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Metallogenic and Exploration Constraints
Authors: Abdalla Hamdy M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMineral chemistry and geochemical characteristics of beryl‐bearing granitoids in Eastern Desert of Egypt, were examined in order to identify the metallogenetic processes of the host granitoids. The investigated Be‐bearing granitoids and type occurrences are classified into two groups: (i) peraluminous, Ta ≥ Nb + Sn + Be ± W‐enriched, Li‐albite granite (e.g. Nuweibi and Abu Dabbab); and (ii) metasomatized, Nb >> Ta + Sn + Be ± W ± Mo‐enriched alkali feldspar granite (i.e. apogranite; e.g. Homr Akarem, Homr Mikpid and Qash Amir). In these two groups, beryl occurs as stockwork greisen veins, greisen bodies, beryl‐bearing cassiterite ± wolframite quartz veins, dissemination, and miarolitic pegmatites. Beryl of the Be‐granitoids, particularly those of miarolitic pegmatites, contains appreciable contents of Fe, Na, and H2O. An important feature of the Be‐apogranites is the occurrence of white mica as the sole mafic mineral in the unaltered alkali feldspar granite in lower zones. Presence of white mica as volatile‐rich pockets suggests that the melt underwent disequilibrium crystallization, rapid nucleation rates, and exsolving and expulsion of volatiles.
Responses of methanogenic archaeal community to oxygen exposure in rice field soil
Authors: Yuan Yanli , Conrad Ralf , Lu Yahai 
Published: June 2009

SummaryMethanogens are regarded as strict anaerobes and hence sensitive to O2 exposure. It has been demonstrated that CH4 production and emission from rice field soil are substantially reduced when soil is drained or aerated even shortly. However, the response of different methanogenic populations to O2 stress remains unclear. Therefore, we determined CH4 production and structure of the methanogenic community in a Chinese rice field soil after short‐term (24 h) and long‐term (72 h) exposure to O2 under laboratory conditions. O2 stress strongly inhibited CH4 production, and the inhibitory effect increased with the duration of O2 exposure. O2 exposure also resulted in dramatic increase of ferric iron and sulfate concentrations. H2 partial pressures were significantly reduced, most probably due to the competitive consumption by iron and sulfate‐reducing bacteria. However, substrate competition could not explain the inhibition of acetoclastic methanogenesis, since acetate accumulated after O2 exposure compared with the control. Quantitative (real‐time) PCR analyses of both archaeal 16S rRNA and mcrA genes (coding for alpha subunit of the methyl coenzyme M reductase) revealed that growth of the methanogenic populations was suppressed after O2 exposure. However, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analyses of both 16S rDNA and 16S rRNA showed that the structure of the methanogenic archaeal community remained remarkably stable, and that acetoclastic Methanosarcinaceae were always dominant whether with or without O2 exposure. Thus, O2 stress apparently did not differentially affect the various methanogenic populations, but instead inhibited CH4 production by enabling competition, generally suppressing growth and differentially affecting existing enzyme activity.
H-NS Modulates Multidrug Resistance of
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium by Repressing Multidrug Efflux Genes
acrEF
Authors: Nishino Kunihiko , Hayashi-Nishino Mitsuko , Yamaguchi Akihito 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Screening of
Salmonella
mutants for the ability to increase β-lactam resistance has led to the identification of a mutation in
hns
, which codes for the histone-like nucleoid structuring protein (H-NS). In this study, we report that H-NS modulates multidrug resistance through repression of the genes that encode the AcrEF multidrug efflux pump in
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium.
Besifloxacin, a Novel Fluoroquinolone, Has Broad-Spectrum In Vitro Activity against Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteria
Authors: Haas Wolfgang , Pillar Chris M. , Zurenko Gary E. , Lee Jacqueline C. , Brunner Lynne S. , Morris Timothy W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT
The antibacterial spectrum of besifloxacin, a novel fluoroquinolone recently approved for treatment of ocular infections, was studied using 2,690 clinical isolates representing 40 species. Overall, besifloxacin was the most potent agent tested against gram-positive pathogens and anaerobes and was generally equivalent to comparator fluoroquinolones in activity against most gram-negative pathogens. Besifloxacin demonstrated potent, broad-spectrum activity, which was particularly notable against gram-positive and gram-negative isolates that were resistant to other fluoroquinolones and classes of antibacterial agents.
Evaluation of Artemisone Combinations in
Aotus
Monkeys Infected with
Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Obaldia Nicanor , Kotecka Barbara M. , Edstein Michael D. , Haynes Richard K. , Fugmann Burkhard , Kyle Dennis E. , Rieckmann Karl H. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

Artemisone (single oral dose, 10 mg/kg of body weight) cured nonimmune
Aotus
monkeys of their
Plasmodium falciparum
infections when combined with mefloquine (single oral dose, 5 and 10 mg/kg but not 2.5 mg/kg). In combination with amodiaquine (20 mg/kg/day), artemisone (10 mg/kg/day) given orally for 3 days cured all infected monkeys. Three days of treatment with artemisone (30 mg/kg/day) and clindamycin (100 mg/kg/day) was also curative.
Reintroduction of Two Deleted Virulence Loci Restores Full Virulence to the Live Vaccine Strain of
Francisella tularensis
Authors: Salomonsson Emelie , Kuoppa Kerstin , Forslund Anna-Lena , Zingmark Carl , Golovliov Igor , Sjöstedt Anders , Noppa Laila , Forsberg Åke 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACT

A disadvantage of several old vaccines is that the genetic events resulting in the attenuation are often largely unknown and reversion to virulence cannot be excluded. In the 1950s, a live vaccine strain, LVS, was developed from a type B strain of
Francisella tularensis
, the causative agent of tularemia. LVS, which is highly attenuated for humans but still virulent for mice by some infection routes, has been extensively studied and found to protect staff from laboratory-acquired tularemia. The efforts to improve biopreparedness have identified a demand for a vaccine against tularemia. Recently the rapid progress in genomics of different
Francisella
strains has led to identification of several regions of differences (RDs). Two genes carried within RDs,
pilA
, encoding a putative type IV pilin, and FTT0918, encoding an outer membrane protein, have been linked to virulence. Interestingly, LVS has lost these two genes via direct repeat-mediated deletions. Here we show that reintroduction of the two deleted regions restores virulence of LVS in a mouse infection model to a level indistinguishable from that of virulent type B strains. The identification of the two attenuating deletion events could facilitate the licensing of LVS for use in humans.
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes Confine Dendritic Cell-Mediated Dissemination ofSalmonella entericaSerovar Typhimurium and Limit Systemic Disease in Mice
Authors: Voedisch Sabrina , Koenecke Christian , David Sascha , Herbrand Heike , Förster Reinhold , Rhen Mikael , Pabst Oliver 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn humans with typhoid fever or in mouse strains susceptible toSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) infection, bacteria gain access to extraintestinal tissues, causing severe systemic disease. Here we show that in the gut-draining mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), the majority ofS.Typhimurium-carrying cells show dendritic-cell (DC) morphology and express the DC marker CD11c, indicating thatS. Typhimurium bacteria are transported to the MLN by migratory DCs. In vivo FLT-3L-induced expansion of DCs, as well as stimulation of DC migration by Toll-like receptor agonists, results in increased numbers ofS. Typhimurium bacteria reaching the MLN. Conversely, genetically impaired DC migration in chemokine receptor CCR7-deficient mice reduces the number ofS. Typhimurium bacteria reaching the MLN. This indicates that transport ofS. Typhimurium from the intestine into the MLN is limited by the number of migratory DCs carryingS. Typhimurium bacteria. In contrast, modulation of DC migration does not affect the number ofS. Typhimurium bacteria reaching systemic tissues, indicating that DC-bound transport ofS. Typhimurium does not substantially contribute to systemicS. Typhimurium infection. Surgical removal of the MLN results in increased numbers ofS. Typhimurium bacteria reaching systemic sites early after infection, thereby rendering otherwise resistant mice susceptible to fatal systemic disease development. This suggests that the MLN provide a vital barrier shielding systemic compartments from DC-mediated dissemination ofS. Typhimurium. Thus, confinement ofS. Typhimurium in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and MLN delays massive extraintestinal dissemination and at the same time allows for the establishment of protective adaptive immune responses.
EDGE HEAT TRANSPORT IN THE QUANTUM HALL REGIME
Authors: GRANGER GHISLAIN , EISENSTEIN J. P. , RENO J. L. 
Published: June 2009

We investigate the transport of heat in the integer quantized Hall regime. We make use of quantum point contacts (QPC's) positioned along the edge of a large quantum Hall droplet to both locally heat and locally detect temperature rises at the edge of the droplet. The detection scheme is thermoelectric, in essence identical to one introduced by Molenkamp, et al.1 in the early 1990's for heat transport experiments at zero magnetic field. At zero magnetic field we find that heat moves away from the heater QPC more or less isotropically. As expected from the Mott formula, we find a close connection between the detector QPC's thermoelectric response and the derivative, with respect to gate voltage, of its conductance. At high magnetic field our results show, not surprisingly, that heat transport is chiral in the quantum Hall regime. At total filling factor ν = 1 we inject a hot distribution of electrons into the edge with one of three QPC's. We observe a thermoelectric voltage at the other QPC's only if they are "downstream" from the heater. No signals are detected in the upstream direction. The magnitude of the detected thermal response is dependent upon the distance between the heater and detector QPC's. Additional measurements, in which a second QPC, between the heater and the detector, is used to drain away a portion of the injected heat, strongly suggest that the chiral heat transport we observe is indeed confined to the edge of the Hall droplet. Experiments are underway in the fractional quantum Hall regime to search for "upstream" heat propagation. Theory has suggested that such anti-chiral transport should exist at certain fractions, notably ν = 2/3, owing to backward-propagating neutral modes. Note from Publisher: This article contains the abstract only.
Malignant B Cells Skew the Balance of Regulatory T Cells and TH17 Cells in B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Yang Zhi-Zhang , Novak Anne J. , Ziesmer Steven C. , Witzig Thomas E. , Ansell Stephen M. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Using biopsy specimens from patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, we observed a significantly low frequency of TH17 cells, including several samples with no detectable amount of interleukin (IL)-17–producing cells present in the tumor microenvironment. We found that, in the absence of lymphoma B cells, treatment with IL-1β/IL-6 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) enhanced IL-17 expression in CD4+ T cells and this enhancement was attenuated when CD4+ T cells were cocultured with lymphoma B cells. Blockade of CD27-CD70 or CD28-CD80/86 interactions by anti-CD70 or anti-CD80/86 antibodies restored LPS-mediated induction of IL-17 expression in CD4+ T cells cocultured with lymphoma B cells. Because a subset of lymphoma B cells express IL-2 and given that IL-2 signaling is critically important in the development of regulatory T (Treg) cells, we tested the role of IL-2 signaling in TH17 cell development. We found that treatment with anti-IL-2 antibody to interrupt IL-2 signaling significantly inhibited Foxp3 expression in CD4+ T cells. In contrast, interruption of IL-2 signaling up-regulated IL-17 expression in CD4+ T cells and restored lymphoma-mediated down-regulation of IL-17–producing cells. Furthermore, the reversal of Treg cell activity by LPS or CpG-A resulted in an enhancement of IL-17–producing cells. Taken together, our study indicated that lymphoma B cells play an important role in skewing the balance between Treg and TH17 cells resulting in the establishment of a profoundly inhibitory tumor microenvironment. [Cancer Res 2009;69(13):5522–30]
The antiproliferative cytostatic effects of a self-activating viridin prodrug
Authors: Smith Adam , Blois Joseph , Yuan Hushan , Aikawa Elena , Ellson Christian , Figueiredo Jose-Luiz , Weissleder Ralph , Kohler Rainer , Yaffe Michael B. , Cantley Lewis C. , Josephson Lee 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAlthough viridins like wortmannin (Wm) have long been examined as anticancer agents, their ability to self-activate has only recently been recognized. Here, we describe the cytostatic effects of a self-activating viridin (SAV), which is an inactive, polymeric prodrug. SAV self-activates to generate a bioactive, fluorescent viridin NBD-Wm with a half-time of 9.2 hours. With cultured A549 cells, 10 μmol/L SAV caused growth arrest without inducing apoptosis or cell death, a cytostatic action markedly different from other chemotherapeutic agents (vinblastine, camptothecin, and paclitaxel). In vivo, a SAV dosing of 1 mg/kg once in 48 hours (i.p.) resulted in growth arrest of an A549 tumor xenograft, with growth resuming when dosing ceased. With a peak serum concentration of SAV of 2.36 μmol/L (at 2 hours post i.p. injection), the concentration of bioactive NBD-Wm was 41 nmol/L based on the partial inhibition of neutrophil respiratory burst. Therefore, SAV was present as an inactive prodrug in serum (peak = 2.36 μmol/L), which generated low concentrations of active viridin (41 nmol/L). SAV is a prodrug, the slow release and cytostatic activities of which suggest that it might be useful as a component of metronomic-based chemotherapeutic strategies. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(6):1666–75]
Induction of programmed cell death in ErbB2/HER2-expressing cancer cells by targeted delivery of apoptosis-inducing factor
Authors: Mahmud Hayat , Dälken Benjamin , Wels Winfried S. 
Published: June 2009

Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a mitochondrial flavoprotein with NADH oxidase activity that has a vital function in healthy cells but is also an important mediator of caspase-independent programmed cell death in stressed and damaged cells. Here, we generated a truncated AIF derivative (AIFΔ100) that lacks the mitochondrial import signal of the protein. Bacterially expressed AIFΔ100 was functionally active and induced cell death on microinjection into Vero cells accompanied by clear signs of apoptosis. For specific targeting to tumor cells, AIFΔ100 was genetically fused to the scFv(FRP5) antibody fragment that recognizes the ErbB2 (HER2) receptor tyrosine kinase frequently overexpressed in many human cancers. Recombinant scFv(FRP5)-AIFΔ100 (5-AIFΔ100) protein and a similar scFv(FRP5)-ETA252-366-AIFΔ100 (5-E-AIFΔ100) molecule harboring in addition the nontoxic translocation domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A as an endosome escape function displayed binding to ErbB2-expressing cells followed by protein internalization and accumulation in intracellular vesicles. In the presence of the endosomolytic reagent chloroquine 5-E-AIFΔ100 but not the similar 5-AIFΔ100 protein displayed potent cell killing activity, which was strictly dependent on the expression of ErbB2 on the target cell surface. Our results show that recombinant AIF specifically targeted to human cancer cells and delivered into the cytosol has potent cell killing activity, suggesting this molecule as an effector function suitable for the development of humanized immunotoxin-like molecules. [Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(6):1526–35]