bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One-pot three-component synthesis of 2-(3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles
Authors: Li Zheng , Shi Jinghong , Yang Jingya , Liu Chenhui , Niu Pengxian 
Published: April 2012

Abstract
An efficient procedure for the synthesis of 2-(3,5-diaryl-4,5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazoles via one-pot three-component condensation of 1-(1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)hydrazines, acetophenones, and aromatic aldehydes is described. This protocol has advantages of mild conditions, high yield, and simple workup procedure.
Comparative floral development in Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) and implications for the evolution and development of heterostyly
Authors: Cohen James I. , Litt Amy , Davis Jerrold I. 
Published: April 2012

• Premise of the study: The evolution and development of floral developmental patterns were investigated in three heterostylous and three homostylous species of Lithospermum to determine whether species that independently acquired the same floral form follow the same pattern of development or different patterns.• Methods: Using light and scanning electron microscopy, we observed developmental patterns in flowers at different stages of maturity. These patterns were compared within individual species, between heterostylous morphs, and among heterostylous and homostylous species.• Key results: Although heterostyly has been determined by phylogenetic analysis to have originated independently in each of the heterostylous species, flowers of the long‐style morph of each species follow similar patterns of gross development, as do those of the short‐style morph. In addition, the flowers of each morph develop in a manner similar to those of their respective homostylous, herkogamous relatives. However, the developmental patterns of the stylar epidermal cells differ among these species and between heterostylous and homostylous species.• Conclusions: Floral developmental patterns in homostylous species provide evidence that modification of specific traits, such as patterns of stylar growth, can lead to the evolution of heterostyly. The developmental changes that affect the positions of the stigmas and anthers in each morph likely involve either temporal or spatial modifications of gene function. The floral developmental patterns described here and the occurrence of multiple types of herkogamy within some species of Lithospermum provide evidence that heterostylous species in the genus have originated via distinct evolutionary developmental pathways.
A Tangled Web We Weave: Enforcing International Speech Restrictions in an Online World
Authors: Cooper Gregory S. 
Published: April 2012

It is no secret that the Internet has transforemd the way we communicate with each other in the modern world. No longer "a unique and wholly new medium of worldwide human communication,"2 the Internet has seen a dramatic increase in the number of users across the glove, from about 40 million at a time of trial in Reno v. ACLU,3 to more than 1.1 billion today.4 As is becoming ever more clear as the technology contrinues to develpo, in merely a decade, this "explosion" of the Internet has led to a host of legal complications, challenging some of our most fundamental legal assumptions and doctrines. Basic notions of jurisdiction and enforcement are turned on their head, as "content on the Internet does not exist in one particular place; rather, it exists in several places at once."5 But these complications are not just a matter for scholars, lawyers, and judges. Underlying this legal chaso is a cultural battleground, as different nations find themselves confronted with the question of how to preserve national values in the face of a medium that is quite adept at transcending territorial borders.
The Page You Are Attempting to Access Has Been Blocked in Accordance with National Laws: Applying a Corporate Responsibility Framework to Human Rights Issues Facing Internet Companies
Authors: Miletello Emily C. 
Published: April 2012

According to the OpenNet Intiative, at least 40 countries engage in some degree of Internet censorship. 1 While censorship may be considered justifiable for various reasons—including national security, blocking child pornography, or protecting intellectual property—some authoritative states, most notably China, censor the Internet in order to control the activities of political dissidents, international human rights groups, or those who may be otherwise critical of the government. Potentially more troubling, both authoritative nations and liberal democracies alike frequently request user-data information from Internet companies, which may infringe on individual rights to privacy and free speech, and may even lead to arbitrary detention and torture.
Project, Product or Company
Authors: Boni Arthur 
Published: April 2012

This article focuses on the essentials of building effective, collaborative, team-based organizations. The entrepreneurs and innovators who found and build technology-based organizations comprise out target audience, but most specifically we address the biotechnology and biomedical field.Â Two perspectives are provided in the article: 1) advice based on the experiential learning provided by years of experience of building and growing entrepreneurial organizations; and 2) identifying the keys to building effective teams based on some selected the academic or scholarly literature on building effective teams.Â Our goal is to provide a perspective that blends real-world lessons filtered through a more scholarly approach based on case literature and other research-based studies.Â The material summarized herein is presented as a learning module to the participants in the Biotechnology Entrepreneurship Boot Camp.Â Our pedagogical approach in the Boot camp is to lead with the background material and perspective contained herein, and to then have a moderated panel discussion around these and other topics. The moderated panel consists of the key members of a real company consisting of key C-level officers and founders and a venture capitalist who funded the company.Â Thus the â€œtheory and practiceâ€ of team-based innovation come together via a real-time case.
The Pitch to Investors and Partners
Authors: Boni Arthur 
Published: April 2012

This article covers the essentials of constructing and delivering a â€œpitchâ€ of a business opportunity to potential investors or corporate partners.Â We advocate constructing an effective pitch first and then using that as a guide to prepare your business plan.Â The content of the pitch itself as described herein in effect comprises the elements to be incorporated into a business plan as a more comprehensive documentation of the business.Â Therefore, focusing efforts on creating and delivering the components of a compelling pitch will provide the essence of what you will then need to put into prose as a business plan.Â So, our mantra is â€œpitch then planâ€, i. e. donâ€™t waste your time writing prose until you know what you need to write.Â Furthermore plans change many times between the first writing and successful implementation.
Prevalência das desordens temporomandibulares em graduandos da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa
Authors: Ferreira Flávio Basílio , Cruz Lucas Martini Pereira da , Urban Vanessa Migliorini , Fernandes Fernando , Campanha Nara Hellen , Jorge Janaina Habib 
Published: April 2012

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência das DTM em graduandos de Odontologia da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa. Materiais e Métodos: Foram examinados 153 estudantes de todos os períodos, com idades entre 17 e 25 anos. Foram excluídos os graduandos em tratamento ortodôntico e aqueles com doenças sistêmicas graves, tais como neoplasias. Para determinação da prevalência e obtenção do diagnóstico das DTM foi utilizada uma ficha clínica composta por questionário de saúde e exame físico detalhados. Durante o exame físico, foi realizada a palpação bidigital e auscultação das articulações temporomandibulares, bem como a análise dos movimentos mandibulares e da amplitude de abertura bucal. Também foi realizada a palpaçãobidigital dos músculos mastigatórios e associados. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste Qui-quadrado (χ2) ao nível de significância de 99% (α=0,01). Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que 39% dos graduandosapresentaram algum tipo de DTM (p=0,004), sendo que 73% eram do gênero feminino (p<0,001). Foi observada uma porcentagem de 93% de desordens articulares e 7% de desordens musculares, tendo sido 78% isoladas e 22% associadas (p<0,001). A DTM articular mais prevalente, independente do gênero, foi o deslocamento do disco com redução (68%) (p<0,001). Conclusão: A partir da análise dos dados, concluiu-se que quase metade dos pacientes avaliados apresentou algum tipo de DTM e que a grande maioria foi do gênero feminino. Além disso, observou-se que a DTM articular foi a mais prevalente.Descritores: Transtornos da articulação temporomandibular.
Displasia Ectodérmica: relato de caso
Authors: Ferreira Christiane Santos , Ferreira Rúbia Alves Marques Hissa , Fernandes Maria Luíza M. F. , Branco Kelly Moreira Grillo Ribeiro , Arantes Rodrigo Rezende , Leão Letícia Lima 
Published: April 2012

A displasia ectodérmica (DE) compreende um grupo grande e heterogêneo de doenças hereditárias que se caracteriza por apresentar manifestações clínicas relacionadas às anomalias das estruturas de origem ectodérmica, principalmente nos cabelos, unhas, dentes e pele. Este trabalho descreve o caso clínico de umpaciente do sexo masculino de 11 anos de idade, que compareceu à clínica odontológica de uma instituição de ensino superior de Belo Horizonte MG. A criança apresentava-se com características da displasia ectodérmica,na forma hipoidrótica, e com história de diversos indivíduos afetados na família materna. Fez-se, ainda, revisão da literatura e discussão da etiologia e tratamento para o caso descrito.Descritores: Displasia ectodérmica. Anodontia. Adolescente.
Métodos químico-mecânicos para a remoção do tecido cariado
Authors: Lopes Michelle Cristina , Mascarini Raphaella Capitoni , Basting Roberta Tarkany 
Published: April 2012

Há algumas décadas, o tratamento da cárie preconizava a remoção dos tecidos cariados baseados em princípios de extensão para prevenção por meio de instrumentos rotatórios de corte e desgaste. Atualmente, novos materiais foram introduzidos no mercado com a utilização de produtos a base de aminoácidos com hidróxido de sódio ou papaína, os quais são indicados para remoção química - mecânica da cárie sem a necessidade de anestesia e equipamentos rotatórios. Esses materiais possibilitam preparos ultraconservadores. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir, por meio de uma revisão de literatura, a efetividade dos métodos químico-mecânicos para remoção do tecido cariado.Descritores: Cárie dentária. Restauração dentária permanente. Papaína.
Cotton
Authors: Wakelyn Philip J. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractThe use of cotton predates recorded history. Cotton fiber is the most important natural vegetable textile fiber used in spinning to produce apparel, home furnishings and industrial products. About 80 countries produce cotton. Cultivation and production of cotton are discussed. In it marketed form, raw cotton consists of masses of fibers packaged in bales of 85–230 kg (187–507 lb). Cottonseed, world's number 5 oilseed, can be fed as whole seed or crushed into oil. Cotton types and fiber biosynthesis are discussed. Classification is a standardized set of procedures for measuring the quality/physical attributes of raw cotton fiber. Yarn manufacture, weaving and knitting are the steps in textile manufacture. Chemical modifications have assisted in building cotton's position in the marketplace. Health and safety issues include respiratory disease, skin irritation, and the effect of formaldehyde, a component of resins used to treat fabrics. Modern technology has enable efficiency in cotton production with a view to protecting habitats and biodiversity. Cotton is considered a food crop in the U.S. and is regulated as such.
Greening of Petroleum Operations
Authors: Islam M. R. , Chhetri A. B. , Khan M. M. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractEnergy policies have defined modern civilization, One side supports petroleum production and usage and the other side supports the injection of various of other energy sources. Both sides agree that there is no sustainable solution to the energy crisis. This article presents another view. There is a sustainable solution to petroleum production and operations. Sustainable technology is based on the zero‐waste concept, which states any chemical or industrial process should be designed in such a way that a closed‐loop system is maintained and all wastes are absorbed within assimilation capacity of the earth. Practically all aspects of petroleum operations are accompanied by undesirable discharges of liquid, solid, and gaseous wastes. Crude oil is nontoxic, but becomes so when it is processed and no longer in its natural state. This article covers drilling and exploration, enhanced oil recovery, petroleum refining, and waste management. Major steps currently used are discussed and sustainable alternatives are presented. Some examples of these alternatives are use of wood ash in place of alkalies, natural catalysts such as zeolites, silica enzymes, etc, in place of heavy metal catalysts used that are hazardous to the environment in the refining process, a no‐flaring process is given that will do away with the burning off of low quality gas during refining. Bacteria can be used to break down the crude oil into its various components. This article propose a paradigm shift in energy management and shows that fossil fuels production and utilization are inherently sustainable.
Solvent‐Less Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kaupp Gerd 
Published: April 2012

AbstractSolvent‐less reactions realize 100% yield of one product without involvement of any added solvent for reaction and workup. They occur in virtually all reaction types by proper choice of the states of aggregation and reaction technique. This article is subdivided into melting, kneading, dry milling, gas–solid reactions, and gas–liquid reactions. The choice depends on the crystal packing, melting points, and eutectic temperatures during a reaction. Temperature control is essential for achieving the full benefit of crystal packing or the maximal concentration in the absence of deactivating solvation. The reaction temperatures are decreased as a result of the most favorable kinetics that lead to complete conversions and mostly avoid catalysis. An additional advantage is the direct and perfect exclusion of moisture. A decreased reaction temperature often enables staying below the eutectic temperature, or allows for obtaining otherwise nonaccessible new products that directly crystallize without involving a liquid phase. If the yield is also quantitative with the product directly crystallizing from the melt, it may be easier to perform melt reactions with slight heating. The so‐called “solvent‐free” (rather than solvent‐less) reactions are mostly not quantitative and often not free of auxiliaries, which requires solvent‐consuming chromatography and separation of the auxiliary with usually difficult recovery (eg, catalysts or supports). The hype surrounding catalysis from “green chemistry” to perform reactions in “green‐solvents” or “solvent‐free” is counterproductive. Solvent‐less reactions without catalyst and with 100% yield of pure product are the better choice. It is therefore necessary to report the broad application and variability of solvent‐less techniques, for the sake of sustainability.
Transparent, Double‐Sided, ITO‐Free, Flexible Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Metal Wire/ZnO Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Wang Wei , Zhao Qing , Li Heng , Wu Hongwei , Zou Dechun , Yu Dapeng 
Published: April 2012

AbstractTransparent, double‐sided, flexible, ITO‐free dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are fabricated in a simple, facile, and controllable way. Highly ordered, high‐crystal‐quality, high‐density ZnO nanowire arrays are radially grown on stainless steel, Au, Ag, and Cu microwires, which serve as working electrodes. Pt wires serve as the counter electrodes. Two metal wires are encased in electrolyte between two poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films (or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films) to render the device both flexible and highly transparent. The effect of the dye thickness on the photovoltaic performance of the DSSCs as a function of dye‐loading time is investigated systematically. Shorter dye‐loading times lead to thinner dye layers and better device performance. A dye‐loading time of 20 min results in the best device performance. An oxidation treatment of the metal wires is developed effectively to avoid the galvanic‐battery effect found in the experiment, which is crucial for real applications of double‐metal‐wire DSSC configurations. The device shows very good transparency and can increase sunlight use efficiency through two‐sided illumination. The double‐wire DSSCs remain stable for a long period of time and can be bent at large angles, up to 107°, reversibly, without any loss of performance. The double‐wire‐PET, planar solar‐cell configuration can be used as window stickers and can be readily realized for large‐area‐weave roll‐to‐roll processing.
Synthesis of Functionalized Indolizines by Lewis Acid‐Mediated Cyclocondensation of 3‐(Pyridin‐2‐yl)‐propiolates with Enones
Authors: Specowius Verena , Bendrath Franziska , Winterberg Marleen , Ayub Khurshid , Langer Peter 
Published: April 2012

AbstractFunctionalized indolizines were prepared by Lewis acid‐catalyzed cyclizations of 3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐propiolates with enones. This new type of reaction provides a convenient and regioselective approach to ester‐substituted indolizine derivatives which are not readily available by other methods. Based on density function theory (DFT) calculations, a mechanism of the reaction has been suggested.
Highly Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Sulfa‐Michael Addition of Thiols to trans‐4,4,4‐Trifluorocrotonoylpyrazole
Authors: Dong Xiu‐Qin , Fang Xin , Tao Hai‐Yan , Zhou Xiang , Wang Chun‐Jiang 
Published: April 2012

AbstractA new protocol for the efficient construction of chiral trifluoromethylated building blocks was developed via organocatalyzed sulfa‐Michael addition of thiols to the cost‐efficient trans‐trifluorocrotonamide. Introducing the pyrazole moiety is crucial to providing H‐bond acceptor sites for better activation and hence affording comparable asymmetric induction with that obtained when employing the expensive cis‐4,4,4‐trifluorocrotonate as the Michael acceptor.
Pancreatic insufficiency in Toriello–Carey syndrome: Report of a second patient
Authors: El‐Chammas Khalil I. , Venkatasubramani Narayanan , Veith Regan , Sekhri Neha , Rhead William , Toriello Helga V. , Goday Praveen S. 
Published: April 2012

AbstractToriello–Carey syndrome is characterized by multiple congenital anomalies. Pancreatic insufficiency is suspected when patients present with poor weight gain, diarrhea, or maldigestion. The diagnosis is confirmed by low stool elastase and pancreatic stimulation testing. To our knowledge, only one patient with Toriello–Carey syndrome has been reported to have pancreatic insufficiency. We report on a second patient with Toriello–Carey syndrome and pancreatic insufficiency, and describe the management of pancreatic insufficiency in patients with this syndrome. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inherited mosaicism for the supernumerary marker chromosome in cat eye syndrome: Inter‐ and intra‐individual variation and correlation to the phenotype
Authors: Kvarnung Malin , Lindstrand Anna , Malmgren Helena , Thåström Anders , Jacobson Lena , Dahl Niklas , Lundin Johanna , Blennow Elisabeth 
Published: April 2012

AbstractWe have studied a family with repeated transmission of mosaicism for a supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC), giving rise to varying symptoms of the cat eye syndrome (CES) in the offspring. The frequency of the SMC was investigated using FISH with probes from the CES critical region on lymphocytes as well as buccal cells. The same probes were used to study the frequency of the SMC in spermatozoa from the father. The SMC was characterized in detail using array‐CGH and was found to correspond to a symmetrical cat eye SMC type I, with two extra copies of the most proximal part of 22q11, not extending into the classical 22q11.2 deletion region. Mosaicism for the SMC was detected in 4 out of 7 family members, the father and all his three children. The degree of mosaicism varied greatly between individuals as well as between tissues, with twice as many cells with the SMC in epithelial cells compared to blood. The highest frequency (almost 50%) was found in spermatozoa from the father. There was a direct correlation between the degree of mosaicism and the symptoms, varying from no obvious symptoms to classical CES. The study confirms the occurrence of direct transmission of SMC‐mosaicism in CES. The results indicate that examination of parental epithelial cells should be preferred compared to blood cells in order to exclude a recurrence risk in parents of a child with CES. Interphase FISH analysis of spermatozoa is the most sensitive method to exclude paternal germ line mosaicsm. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reversible autism and intellectual disability in children
Authors: Zappella Michele 
Published: April 2012

AbstractStudies on young children with reversible autism and intellectual disability are discussed. Present evidence suggests a clear cause in a minority of cases including early institutionalization, Landau and Kleffner syndrome, and other early onset epilepsies, intrauterine rubella, and blindness. The majority of cases have normal laboratory results and some have early onset Tourette syndrome. Preliminary data of a follow‐up study of this last group are reported in 15 patients suggesting the possibility of two subgroups, one represented by early onset Tourette syndrome phenotype, characterized by a positive family history, and by its appearance at the same time as regression and persistence into adolescence while the other of a different nature. Genetic studies could be of help to clarify this issue and support a diagnosis of favorable outcome in young children. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.