bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term patient outcome 10 years after video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy for non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Imakiire T , Iwasaki A , Hamatake D , Shiraishi T , Shirakusa T 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIntroduction: Although there have been many reports associating video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) with improved survival rates in early lung cancer, almost all of the reports have involved short median follow‐ups and been presented at a 5‐year point. Here, we establish the pattern and frequency of recurrences, as well as the long‐term survival rates of patients who have undergone VATS more than 10 years ago.Methods: We retrospectively studied 41 patients who underwent VATS lobectomy for clinical stage I non‐small‐cell lung cancer at Fukuoka University Hospital between November 1994 and December 1999. All patients underwent lobectomy, including a dissection of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes. Follow‐up consisted of clinical and radiological examinations every 3 months for the first 2 years after the surgery and then once a year thereafter.Results: Of the 41 patients, 31 were diagnosed to be at pathologic stage IA and six at stage IB, while the remaining four were more advanced cases. During the follow‐up period, recurrences were found in five cases (12.2%). Four patients with recurrence died of lung cancer and an additional two died from cancers of other organs. There were other non‐cancer related deaths, largely from respiratory failures. Overall, the 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates after the operation were 79.8% and 68.8%, respectively.Conclusion: Long‐term survival and recurrence rates after a classic VATS lobectomy for lung cancer are favorable compared to the conventional approach.
WILDLIFE LOSSES IN KENYA: AN ANALYSIS OF CONSERVATION POLICY
Authors: NORTON‐GRIFFITHS M. 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Despite massive conservation efforts backed bysignificant international support, Kenya has lost some 44% of its large mammal fauna over the last 17 years. This catastrophic example of resource degradation stems from a mixture of policy, institutional and market failures.Policy failures include an over‐reliance on Command and Control (prohibition on consumptive use of wildlife, prohibition on use of resources within Protected Areas) without the ability to enforce compliance; subsidies to agricultural and livestock production which, by reducing marginal production costs to below social opportunitycosts, has caused the over‐conversion of rangelands to livestock and agricultural production at the expense of conservation objectives and values; and the establishment of tourism cartels which divert wildlife generated benefits awayfrom landowners. The fundamental institutional failure is the lack of property rights and use rights of landowners over wildlife. Fundamental market failures reflect the absence of financial incentives to landowners to conserve their wildlife resource, thus setting marginal depletion costs to zero, and competing production incentives.The Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is reintroducing financial incentives to landowners by permitting some consumptive use of wildlife, bymaking substantial direct grants to landowners and communities who support wildlife and bysidelining the tourism cartels and encouraging private sector tourism on private land. However, investment in conservation is still being hampered by the continuing prohibition of high value activities such as sport hunting, and by over regulation and vacillation.Furthermore, positive net benefits to landowners from wildlife operations are not in themselves adequate to guarantee economic incentives to conserve the resource. First, significant negative externalities are associated with wildlife in that they add greatly to the production costs of livestock and agriculture; second, opportunity costs (in terms of foregone benefits of development) of leaving land undeveloped for conservation are gradually increasing in response to growing populations, expanding markets and new agricultural technology; and third, some policies are having the perverse impacts of creating poverty traps.Wildlife conservation policy must accordingly be much wider in scope and use a much broader range of economic, financial and market instruments, possibly including differential land use taxes, conservation subsidies and easements, and lease back agreements. Simply creating positive net benefits from wildlife is not enough.
THE ECONOMICS OF MARINE RESERVES
Authors: HANNESSON RÖGNVALDUR 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Marine reserves can be a useful supplement to other methods of fisheries management, but marine reserves alone are not likely to achieve a great deal in economic terms andperhaps not even in terms of conservation. The effects of marine reserves with open access elsewhere are analyzed, using a logistic model for a population with a patchy distribution. It is assumedthat a marine reserve is establishedfor the territory of one of two sub‐populations which interact through migrations. The total population increases while the total catch declines for the most part. A high rate of migration would, however, dilute the conservation effect.Examining a stochastic variant of the model shows that the variability (sum of squareddeviations) of catches may decrease as a result of protecting one of the sub‐populations. Even if all rents disappear by assumption, it is possible to identify this as an economic benefit, particularly when the average catch increases. The variability of the catch falls for a range of values of the population migration parameter and variability of growth, both when the stochastic disturbances are independent and when they are perfectly correlated for the two sub‐populations, andalso when the growth variability parameter differs between the sub‐populations.
A COALITION APPROACH TO THE MANAGEMENT OF HIGH SEAS FISHERIES IN THE PRESENCE OF EXTERNALITIES
Authors: PINTASSILGO PEDRO 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. The current paper extends the coalition approach of the management of high seas fisheries to the presence of externalities. The coalition approach is set within the framework of a two‐stage game in which the payoffs depend on the entire coalition structure and are determined through a partition function.The relationship between the presence of externalities and the stability of the coalition structures is explored. The equilibrium coalition structures of the game are also examined.The application of the game to the Northern Atlantic bluefin tuna shows a typical picture of the high seas fisheries: the simultaneous presence of strong externalities in the coalition structures and the absence of stability of the grand coalition.A fundamental conclusion of this paper is that, generally, in order to guarantee the stability of the cooperative agreements it is not sufficient to implement a fair sharing rule for the distribution of the returns from cooperation. Stability requires a legal regime preventing the players that engage in noncooperative behavior from having access to the resource.
Speed, accuracy, and confidence in Google, Ovid, PubMed, and UpToDate: results of a randomised trial
Authors: Thiele Robert H , Poiro Nathan C , Scalzo David C , Nemergut Edward C 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
The explosion of biomedical information has led to an ‘information paradox’—the volume of biomedical information available has made it increasingly difficult to find relevant information when needed. It is thus increasingly critical for physicians to acquire a working knowledge of biomedical informatics.

Aim
To evaluate four search tools commonly used to answer clinical questions, in terms of accuracy, speed, and user confidence.

Methods
From December 2008 to June 2009, medical students, resident physicians, and attending physicians at the authors' institution were asked to answer a set of four anaesthesia and/or critical care based clinical questions, within 5 min, using Google, Ovid, PubMed, or UpToDate (only one search tool per question). At the end of each search, participants rated their results on a four point confidence scale. One to 3 weeks after answering the initial four questions, users were randomised to one of the four search tools, and asked to answer eight questions, four of which were repeated. The primary outcome was defined as a correct answer with the highest level of confidence.

Results
Google was the most popular search tool. Users of Google and UpToDate were more likely than users of PubMed to answer questions correctly. Subjects had the most confidence in UpToDate. Searches with Google and UpToDate were faster than searches with PubMed or Ovid.

Conclusion
Non-Medline based search tools are not inferior to Medline based search tools for purposes of answering evidence based anaesthesia and critical care questions.
Platelet CD40L mediates thrombotic and inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis
Authors: Lievens Dirk , Zernecke Alma , Seijkens Tom , Soehnlein Oliver , Beckers Linda , Munnix Imke C. A. , Wijnands Erwin , Goossens Pieter , van Kruchten Roger , Thevissen Larissa , Boon Louis , Flavell Richard A. , Noelle Randolph J. , Gerdes Norbert , Biessen Erik A. , Daemen Mat J. A. P. , Heemskerk Johan W. M. , Weber Christian , Lutgens Esther 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
CD40 ligand (CD40L), identified as a costimulatory molecule expressed on T cells, is also expressed and functional on platelets. We investigated the thrombotic and inflammatory contributions of platelet CD40L in atherosclerosis. Although CD40L-deficient (Cd40l−/−) platelets exhibited impaired platelet aggregation and thrombus stability, the effects of platelet CD40L on inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis were more remarkable. Repeated injections of activated Cd40l−/− platelets into Apoe−/− mice strongly decreased both platelet and leukocyte adhesion to the endothelium and decreased plasma CCL2 levels compared with wild-type platelets. Moreover, Cd40l−/− platelets failed to form proinflammatory platelet-leukocyte aggregates. Expression of CD40L on platelets was required for platelet-induced atherosclerosis as injection of Cd40l−/− platelets in contrast to Cd40l+/+ platelets did not promote lesion formation. Remarkably, injection of Cd40l+/+, but not Cd40l−/−, platelets transiently decreased the amount of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in blood and spleen. Depletion of Tregs in mice injected with activated Cd40l−/− platelets abrogated the athero-protective effect, indicating that CD40L on platelets mediates the reduction of Tregs leading to accelerated atherosclerosis. We conclude that platelet CD40L plays a pivotal role in atherosclerosis, not only by affecting platelet-platelet interactions but especially by activating leukocytes, thereby increasing platelet-leukocyte and leukocyte-endothelium interactions.
Blood vessel endothelial VEGFR-2 delays lymphangiogenesis: an endogenous trapping mechanism links lymph- and angiogenesis
Authors: Nakao Shintaro , Zandi Souska , Hata Yasuaki , Kawahara Shuhei , Arita Ryoichi , Schering Alexander , Sun Dawei , Melhorn Mark I. , Ito Yasuhiro , Lara-Castillo Nuria , Ishibashi Tatsuro , Hafezi-Moghadam Ali 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Angio- and lymphangiogenesis are inherently related processes. However, how blood and lymphatic vessels regulate each other is unknown. This work introduces a novel mechanism explaining the temporal and spatial relation of blood and lymphatic vessels. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) surprisingly reduced VEGF-C in the supernatant of blood vessel endothelial cells, suggesting growth factor (GF) clearance by the growing endothelium. The orientation of lymphatic sprouting toward angiogenic vessels and away from exogenous GFs was VEGF-C dependent. In vivo molecular imaging revealed higher VEGF receptor (R)-2 in angiogenic tips compared with normal vessels. Consistently, lymphatic growth was impeded in the angiogenic front. VEGF-C/R-2 complex in the cytoplasm of VEGF-A–treated endothelium indicated that receptor-mediated internalization causes GF clearance from the extracellular matrix. GF clearance by receptor-mediated internalization is a new paradigm explaining various characteristics of lymphatics.
Arsenic trioxide improves event-free and overall survival for adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia: North American Leukemia Intergroup Study C9710
Authors: Powell Bayard L. , Moser Barry , Stock Wendy , Gallagher Robert E. , Willman Cheryl L. , Stone Richard M. , Rowe Jacob M. , Coutre Steven , Feusner James H. , Gregory John , Couban Stephen , Appelbaum Frederick R. , Tallman Martin S. , Larson Richard A. 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
Arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is a highly effective treatment for patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL); its role as consolidation treatment for patients in first remission has not been defined. We randomized 481 patients (age ≥ 15 years) with untreated APL to either a standard induction regimen of tretinoin, cytarabine, and daunorubicin, followed by 2 courses of consolidation therapy with tretinoin plus daunorubicin, or to the same induction and consolidation regimen plus two 25-day courses of As2O3 consolidation immediately after induction. After consolidation, patients were randomly assigned to one year of maintenance therapy with either tretinoin alone or in combination with methotrexate and mercaptopurine. Ninety percent of patients on each arm achieved remission and were eligible to receive their assigned consolidation therapy. Event-free survival, the primary end point, was significantly better for patients assigned to receive As2O3 consolidation, 80% compared with 63% at 3 years (stratified log-rank test, P < .0001). Survival, a secondary end point, was better in the As2O3 arm, 86% compared with 81% at 3 years (P = .059). Disease-free survival, a secondary end point, was significantly better in the As2O3 arm, 90% compared with 70% at 3 years (P < .0001). The addition of As2O3 consolidation to standard induction and consolidation therapy significantly improves event-free and disease-free survival in adults with newly diagnosed APL. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00003934).
Proteomic analysis of shoot tissue during photoperiod induced growth cessation in V. riparia Michx. grapevines
Authors: Victor Kim J , Fennell Anne Y , Grimplet Jérôme 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
Growth cessation, cold acclimation and dormancy induction in grapevines and other woody perennial plants native to temperate continental climates is frequently triggered by short photoperiods. The early induction of these processes by photoperiod promotes winter survival of grapevines in cold temperate zones. Examining the molecular processes, in particular the proteomic changes in the shoot, will provide greater insight into the signaling cascade that initiates growth cessation and dormancy induction. To begin understanding transduction of the photoperiod signal, Vitis riparia Michx. grapevines that had grown for 35 days in long photoperiod (long day, LD, 15 h) were subjected to either a continued LD or a short photoperiod (short day, SD, 13 h) treatment. Shoot tips (4-node shoot terminals) were collected from each treatment at 7 and 28 days of LD and SD for proteomic analysis via two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis.

Results
Protein profiles were characterized in V. riparia shoot tips during active growth or SD induced growth cessation to examine physiological alterations in response to differential photoperiod treatments. A total of 1054 protein spots were present on the 2D gels. Among the 1054 proteins, 216 showed differential abundance between LD and SD (≥ two-fold ratio, p-value ≤ 0.05). After 7 days, 39 protein spots were more abundant in LD and 30 were more abundant in SD. After 28 days, 93 protein spots were more abundant in LD and 54 were more abundant in SD. MS/MS spectrometry was performed to determine the functions of the differentially abundant proteins.

Conclusions
The proteomics analysis uncovered a portion of the signal transduction involved in V. riparia grapevine growth cessation and dormancy induction. Different enzymes of the Calvin-Benson cycle and glutamate synthetase isoforms were more abundant either in LD or SD treatments. In LD tissues the significantly differentially more abundant proteins included flavonoid biosynthesis and polyphenol enzymes, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, and TCP-1 complexes. In the SD tissue photorespiratory proteins were more abundant than in the LD. The significantly differentially more abundant proteins in SD were involved in ascorbate biosynthesis, photosystem II and photosystem I subunits, light harvesting complexes, and carboxylation enzymes.
Colorectal carcinoma associated with schistosomiasis: a possible causal relationship
Authors: Salim Omer E H , Hamid Hytham K S , Mekki Salwa O , Suleiman Suleiman H , Ibrahim Shakir Z 
Published: August 2010

Abstract
The association between schistosomiasis and colorectal malignancy has long been suggested in the literature, but it is not uniformly accepted. In the Far East, considerable evidence supports an etiological link between Schistosoma japonicum and colorectal cancer. However, the available data regarding the role of Schistosoma mansoni in colorectal carcinogenesis are conflicting and most often do not show causality. We report on a patient with sigmoid colonic cancer coexisting with schistosomiasis, and we provide a comprehensive review of the literature regarding the epidemiology and pathobiology of this association.
Detection of viral antigen, IgM and IgG antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid of Chikungunya patients with neurological complications
Authors: Kashyap Rajpal S , Morey Shweta H , Chandak Nitin H , Purohit Hemant J , Taori Girdhar M , Daginawala Hatim F 
Published: August 2010

Abstract

Background
During Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemic in Nagpur, India, we identified some suspected Chikungunya patients with neurological complications. Early and cost-effective diagnosis of these patients remains problematic despite many new advanced diagnostic methods. A reliable diagnostic test, which could be performed in any standard pathology laboratory, would help to obtain definitive early diagnosis of CHIKV patients with neurological complications. In our laboratory, in-house ELISA protocol for viral antigen, immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG detection has been developed and assessed for the diagnosis of CHIKV patients with neurological complications.

Method
Cerebrospinal fluid samples of forty-six patients who developed neurological symptoms within two months of CHIKV infections along with control subjects were included in the study and were analyzed for the presence of antigens and of IgM and IgG using an ELISA protocol.

Results
The ELISA method for antigen detection yielded 80% sensitivity and 87% specificity for the diagnosis of CHIKV patients with neurological complications. The sensitivity for detection of IgM 48% or IgG 63% was significantly lower than the antigen assay (80%).

Conclusion
The detection of viral antigen in CSF of CHIKV patients with neurological complications by ELISA method gave a more reliable diagnosis than antibodies detection that can be used to develop an immunodiagnostic assay with increased sensitivity and specificity.
The last piece in the cellulase puzzle: the characterisation of β-glucosidase from the herbivorous gecarcinid land crab Gecarcoidea natalis
Authors: Allardyce Benjamin J. , Linton Stuart M. , Saborowski Reinhard 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY
A 160 kDa enzyme with β-glucosidase activity was purified from the midgut gland of the land crab Gecarcoidea natalis. The enzyme was capable of releasing glucose progressively from cellobiose, cellotriose or cellotetraose. Although β-glucosidases (EC 3.2.1.21) have some activity towards substrates longer than cellobiose, the enzyme was classified as a glucohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.74) as it had a preference for larger substrates (cellobiose&lt;cellotriose=cellotetraose). It was able to synthesise some cellotetraose by the transglycosylation of smaller substrates – another common feature of glucohydrolases. The interaction between the glucohydrolase described here and the endo-β-1,4-glucanases described previously for G. natalis provides a complete model for cellulose hydrolysis in crustaceans and possibly in other invertebrates. After mechanical fragmentation by the gastric mill, multiple endo-β-1,4-glucanases would initially cleave β-1,4-glycosidic bonds within native cellulose, releasing small oligomers, including cellobiose, cellotriose and cellotetraose. The glucohydrolase would then attach to these oligomers, progressively releasing glucose. The glucohydrolase might also attach directly to crystalline cellulose to release glucose from free chain ends. This two-enzyme system differs from the traditional model, which suggests that total cellulose hydrolysis requires the presence an endo-β-1,4-glucanse, a cellobiohydrolase and a β-glucosidase.
Variation in innate immunity in relation to ectoparasite load, age and season: a field experiment in great tits (Parus major)
Authors: De Coster Greet , De Neve Liesbeth , Martín-Gálvez David , Therry Lieven , Lens Luc 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYIt remains largely unknown which factors affect the innate immune responses of free-living birds. Nevertheless, the degree of innate immunity may play a crucial role in an individual's survival as it procures the first defence against pathogens. We manipulated the ectoparasite load of great tit (Parus major) nests by infesting them with hen fleas (Ceratophyllus gallinae) before egg laying. We subsequently quantified natural antibody (NAb) concentration and complement activation in nestlings and adult females during breeding and post-breeding periods. NAb concentrations increased in nestlings and adult females breeding in flea-infested nest boxes during the nestling provisioning period, but not in breeding females during incubation. In contrast, parasite abundance did not affect levels of complement activity in females. NAb levels of nestlings were already fully developed at the end of the nestling stage, but complement activation was only observed post-fledging. Concentrations of NAbs and complement activation of adult females were significantly lower during the breeding season compared with post-breeding levels, but did not differ between incubation and chick rearing. Further experimental studies in species that vary in life-history strategies will allow us to unravel the mechanisms underlying the observed variation in innate immune defences.