bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ion Irradiation on Dislocation Processes in Stainless Steel
Authors: Kacher Josh , Liu Grace S. , Martin May , Robertson I.M. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACTThe effects of ion irradiation damage on dislocation generation and propagation in austenitic stainless steels were studied by means of in situ transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography. Tensile samples were irradiated in situ to a dose on the order of 1017 ions/m2 with 1MeV Kr+ and strained at 300 K as well as 673 K. Dislocation motion through the irradiation-obstacle field was jerky and discontinuous, dislocation pile-ups formed in grain interiors and at boundaries, long straight dislocations were generated decorating the channel-matrix walls, and dislocation cross-slip within the channel created debris along the channel leading to channel widening. Electron tomography was applied for the first time to reveal new detail about the dislocation reactions in the channel wall.
Phosphorus in Phoenix: a budget and spatial representation of phosphorus in an urban ecosystem
Authors: Metson Geneviève S. , Hale Rebecca L. , Iwaniec David M. , Cook Elizabeth M. , Corman Jessica R. , Galletti Christopher S. , Childers Daniel L. 
Published: December 2011

As urban environments dominate the landscape, we need to examine how limiting nutrients such as phosphorus (P) cycle in these novel ecosystems. Sustainable management of P resources is necessary to ensure global food security and to minimize freshwater pollution. We used a spatially explicit budget to quantify the pools and fluxes of P in the Greater Phoenix Area in Arizona, USA, using the boundaries of the Central Arizona–Phoenix Long‐Term Ecological Research site. Inputs were dominated by direct imports of food and fertilizer for local agriculture, while most outputs were small, including water, crops, and material destined for recycling. Internally, fluxes were dominated by transfers of food and feed from local agriculture and the recycling of human and animal excretion. Spatial correction of P dynamics across the city showed that human density and associated infrastructure, especially asphalt, dominated the distribution of P pools across the landscape. Phosphorus fluxes were dominated by agricultural production, with agricultural soils accumulating P.Human features (infrastructure, technology, and waste management decisions) and biophysical characteristics (soil properties, water fluxes, and storage) mediated P dynamics in Phoenix. P cycling was most notably affected by water management practices that conserve and recycle water, preventing the loss of waterborne P from the ecosystem. P is not intentionally managed, and as a result, changes in land use and demographics, particularly increased urbanization and declining agriculture, may lead to increased losses of P from this system. We suggest that city managers should minimize cross‐boundary fluxes of P to the city. Reduced P fluxes may be accomplished through more efficient recycling of waste, therefore decreasing dependence on external nonrenewable P resources and minimizing aquatic pollution. Our spatial approach and consideration of both pools and fluxes across a heterogeneous urban ecosystem increases the utility of nutrient budgets for city managers. Our budget explicitly links processes that affect P cycling across space with the management of other resources (e.g., water). A holistic management strategy that deliberately couples the management of P and other resources should be a priority for cities in achieving urban sustainability.
Product Costs as Decision Aids: An Analysis of Alternative Approaches (Part 1)
Authors: Balakrishnan Ramji , Labro Eva , Sivaramakrishnan K. 
Published: December 2011

SYNOPSIS
In this first part of a two-part paper, we develop a common platform to characterize several popular approaches for computing product costs. We describe four kinds of product costing systems: traditional volume-based systems, activity-based costing systems, time-driven activity-based costing systems, and resource consumption accounting. We employ a continuing numerical example to illustrate the commonalities and differences among these systems. In Part 2 of the paper, we evaluate the systems along multiple dimensions and offer suggestions for how we might blend the best features of various approaches.
Chief Audit Executives' Assessment of Internal Auditors' Performance Attributes by Professional Rank and Cultural Cluster
Authors: Abdolmohammadi Mohammad J. 
Published: December 2011

ABSTRACT
This study explores chief audit executives' perceptions of the most important performance attributes of internal auditors by professional rank and cultural cluster. A large sample of chief audit executives (CAEs) from 19 countries located in five different cultural clusters was surveyed by the Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation (CBOK 2006). Analysis of data generated by that survey indicates that while leadership attributes (e.g., negotiating) are perceived to be most important for upper ranks in internal auditing, technical skills (e.g., analytical) are most important for lower ranks. Also, based on the cultural relativism literature, I hypothesize and find evidence that the importance of performance attributes differs significantly by cultural cluster. For example, while Latin-American CAEs rated leadership attributes at higher levels than other cultural clusters for internal audit staff, the East-European chief audit executives assessed the importance of technical skills at higher levels than other clusters. The results of the survey provide important initial empirical support to the list of “ideal” and “desirable” performance attributes for internal auditors recently developed by the Institute of Internal Auditors (IIA 2009).
Data Availability: The source of data used in this study is CBOK (2006) from the Institute of Internal Auditors Research Foundation.
Comparative In Vitro Validation of VistaProof and DIAGNOdent Pen for Occlusal Caries Detection in Permanent Teeth
Authors: Seremidi K , Lagouvardos P , Kavvadia K 
Published: December 2011

Clinical Relevance
Laser/light fluorescence devices were highly reliable for occlusal caries diagnosis in permanent teeth but not superior in accuracy to visual methods.
Sex Differences in Urinary Biomarkers of Vascular and Endothelial Function in HIV-Infected Persons Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Boger Michael S , Bian Aihua , Shintani Ayumi , Milne Ginger L , Morrow Jason D , Erdem Husamettin , Mitchell Valerie , Haas David W , Hulgan Todd 
Published: December 2011

Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk can be underestimated in HIV-infected patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Novel CVD risk markers in this population are needed. We hypothesized that eicosanoid metabolite production is increased with metabolic complications of ART. Our objective was to determine relationships between urine eicosanoids and traditional CVD risk factors in a cohort of HIV-infected persons receiving ART. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of 107 individuals from a prospective cohort study with urine eicosanoids (isoprostane [15-F2t-IsoP], prostaglandin-E metabolite [PGE-M], thromboxane metabolite [11dTxB2], prostacyclin metabolite [PGI-M]) determined by gas or liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results 15-F2t-IsoP was higher ( P=0.003), 11dTxB2 tended to be higher ( P=0.07) and PGE-M was lower ( P=0.003) in females than in males. The overall median Framingham score was 4 (IQR 1–7). In multivariable analyses adjusting for age, CD4+ T-cells, smoking status, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, aspirin use and body mass index (BMI), associations included: higher 15-F2t-IsoP with female sex ( P=0.004) and current smoking ( P=0.04), lower PGE-M with female sex ( P=0.005) and higher BMI ( P=0.03), higher 11dTxB2 with increasing age ( P=0.02) and current smoking ( P=0.04), lower 11dTxB2 with higher BMI ( P=0.02), and higher PGI-M with current smoking ( P=0.04). Conclusions In this pilot study of predominantly virologically suppressed HIV-infected individuals on ART, there were sex-specific differences in urinary eicosanoids, with females having more risk-associated parameters despite a low Framingham score. Eicosanoids might be useful CVD biomarkers in ART-treated, HIV-infected patients. Future studies should examine eicosanoids while assessing effects of specific ART regimens and targeted interventions on CVD outcomes.
Dans le giron des saints laïques
Authors: Tartakowsky Danielle 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Cet article est une analyse comparative des tombes de militants qui s’agglomèrent au plus près du Mur des fédérés du Père-Lachaise à Paris, des tombes des « Martyrs de Haymarket » au cimetière de Waldheim à Chicago, et de celles qui entourent la tombe de Karl Marx au cimetière de Highgate, à Londres. Ces constructions qui présentent un certain nombre de similitudes résultent des initiatives, conjuguées ou non, d’organisations ou d’individus soucieux de transcender la mort en s’ancrant dans un passé sanctifié par le sang des martyrs ou héros du mouvement ouvrier, pour ainsi participer à une commune ascension vers un devenir meilleur et construire, sur ce mode, une forme nouvelle de l’éternité. Pour les libres penseurs d’obédiences diverses, l’histoire en marche s’est imposée durant plus d’un siècle comme source d’une transcendance nouvelle.
What Prospects for a European Debt Agency ?
Authors: Diev Pavel , Daniel Laurent 
Published: December 2011

Résumé Les crises grecque et irlandaise ont mis en évidence une des faiblesses de l’Union économique et monétaire, à savoir qu’il n’existe pas de mécanisme pour prévenir et traiter les crises de dette publique dans la zone euro ( ze ). Dans ce contexte, nous analysons la possibilité d’émission commune de titres de dette par les gouvernements de la zone euro, géré par une agence européenne de la dette ( aed ). L’ aed pourrait atteindre trois objectifs principaux : 1) l’amélioration de la coordination budgétaire dans la ze ; 2) le renforcement de la stabilité financière de la ze ; et 3) le financement des États membres de la ze à un coût optimal, le mandat traditionnel d’une agence de la dette nationale. Notre proposition favorise le premier objectif destiné à mettre en œuvre par un moyen efficace de supervision et de coordination les politiques budgétaire nationales. Par ailleurs, l’ aed , étant de facto un mécanisme de soutien en cas de crise, améliore également la stabilité financière de la ze . Enfin, l’émission commune permettrait d’accroître la liquidité des titres émis, ce qui diminuerait les coûts de financement des pays participants. D’un point de vue pratique, nous analysons le modèle d’une agence qui émietterait des euro-obligations et re-prêterait aux pays participants. Cette agence serait gouvernée par un conseil qui fixerait les quantités qui seront émises et/ou le prix à payer pour chaque participant en fonction de ses fondamentaux. Le conseil devrait être indépendant du pouvoir politique afin d’augmenter les prix, de réduire les quantités et même de refuser l’accès au financement pour les pays les moins vertueux en termes de finances publiques. JEL Code : H63, E62, G12
Evaluation of the growth of selected Lactobacilli in pseudocereal substrate
Authors: Pelikánová Jana , Liptáková Denisa , Valí­k Ľubomí­r , Stančeková Katarí­na 
Published: December 2011

The growth dynamics of Lactobacillus spp. in sweet water- and milk-based substrates from cooked buckwheatand amaranth flour were studied in this work. The numbers of lactobacilli were observed during fermentation in 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37 °C and storage (3 weeks at 6 °C). The earned data and estimated growth parameters showed that certain strains grew well in the milk-based gruels, even water-based amaranth gruel. This was also the case of the species under study characterized with the fastest growth. Based on the rates, only the strains of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and VT1 were able to grow with the values higher than 0.6 log CFU.ml-1.h-1 that can be expressed as the times to double (td) lower than 0.5 h. This was found in both the amaranth and buckwheat milk-based gruels and water-based amaranth gruels but fermented only by the probiotic GG strain. The 3-week storage tests aimed on survival of the lactobacilli at 6 °C showed minimal decrease of the counts in buckwheat gruels with the average rates of -0.084 and -0.004 log CFU.ml-1.d-1 in water- and milk-based gruels, respectively. On the other hand in amaranth gruels, the numbers of lactobacilli slightly increased with the rate of 0.02 log CFU.ml-1.d-1, on average. The results of this pilot study pointed out that the selection of suitable lactic acid bacteria should be performed for optimal fermentation of pseudo-cereal substrates. The numbers of lactobacilli at the end of fermentation were not or very slightly affected by the type of substrate at 6 °C during three weeks.
Octupolar Films with Large Second Harmonic Generation and Electro‐Optical Effects
Authors: Jeong Mi‐Yun , Brasselet Sophie , Lim Tong‐Kun , Cho Bong Rae 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThin films that benefit from efficient octupolar molecular packing are prepared for second harmonic generation (SHG) and electro‐optic (EO) applications. The films are composed of 1,3,5‐tricyano‐2, 4,6‐tris(p‐diethylaminostyryl)benzene (TTB) in a ploymethylmetacrylate (PMMA) matrix on aluminum/BK7 glass (Al/BK7) and polyimide/indium tin oxide (PI/ITO) substrates. Octupolar films prepared on both substrates display polycrystalline and cylindrical domains. The molecular orientation, SHG efficiencies, and EO coefficients of the crystalline domains are measured. In the cylinders, the molecular crystal planes are oriented perpendicularly to the major cylinder axis, whereas in the polycrystals, the planes are randomly oriented. While both structures exhibit high and stable SHG and EO efficiencies, the cylinders, in particular, exhibited a very large SHG, a large EO coefficient, and high thermal stability; these characteristics will be useful in second order nonlinear optical applications.
Microwave properties of selected thermoplastic conducting composites
Authors: Lakshmi K. , John Honey , Joseph Rani , Mathew K.T. , George K.E. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThermoplastic conducting composites of polyparaphenylene diazomethine (PPDA), polythiophene (PTH), poly‐3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), and polyaniline (PANI) with polyvinylchloride (PVC) and polyurethane (PU) were prepared. Conducting composites were prepared by in situ polymerization of thiophene, ethylene dioxy thiophene, and aniline in the presence of polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane using FeCl3 as the oxidizing agent. PPDA composites were prepared by dispersing PPDA powder in the polymer solution followed by casting. The microwave properties of all the composites were studied in the S band using Vector Network Analyzer and the best composite was selected based on the dielectric properties for microwave applications. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Relationship between placenta growth factor 1 and vascularization, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to dehydroepiandrosterone conversion, or aromatase expression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and patients with osteoarthritis
Authors: Lowin Torsten , Weidler Claudia , Jenei‐Lanzl Zsuzsa , Capellino Silvia , Baerwald Christoph G. O. , Buttgereit Frank , Straub Rainer H. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractObjectiveProliferating pannus is in many aspects similar to placental tissue. Both fibroblast‐rich tissues have high vascularity, and tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and patients with osteoarthritis (OA) demonstrates conversion of androgenic prehormones to downstream estrogens. We undertook this study to investigate similarities between proliferating pannus and placental tissue by focusing on angiogenic placenta growth factor 1 (PlGF‐1) in patients with OA and patients with RA.MethodsWe used immunohistochemistry to study the presence of PlGF‐1, its synovial distribution, and the PlGF‐1–expressing synovial cell type. The relationship between PlGF‐1 and conversion of the biologically inactive placental prehormone dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) to the biologically active dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was investigated in mixed synovial cells. The effects of DHEA on PlGF‐1 expression were studied by intracellular fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analysis.ResultsPlGF‐1–positive cells were detected in the lining and sublining areas in patients with RA and patients with OA, and cellular density was similar. Double staining revealed that PlGF‐1–positive cells were macrophages. In RA and OA, the density of PlGF‐1–positive cells correlated positively with the density of macrophages and the density of type IV collagen–positive vessels. The supernatant concentration of 3H‐DHEA after conversion from 3H‐DHEAS and the density of aromatase‐positive cells were positively correlated with the density of PlGF‐1–positive cells only in OA. Low DHEA concentrations (≤10−9M) had stimulatory effects on PlGF‐1 when compared to serum concentrations (10−8M to 10−7M) in the monocytic cell line THP‐1 and in primary mixed synovial cells.ConclusionPlGF‐1 functions similarly in inflamed synovium and in the placenta. It is related to vessel formation and, in OA patients, to androgen/estrogen conversion. Evolutionarily conserved functions of PlGF‐1 for placental phenomena are obviously also present in synovial inflammation.
In‐line near infrared spectroscopy monitoring of pharmaceutical powder moisture in a fluidised bed dryer: An efficient methodology for chemometric model development
Authors: Demers Anne‐Marie , Gosselin Ryan , Simard Jean‐Sébastien , Abatzoglou Nicolas 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThis work proposes a novel chemometric methodology for in‐line near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring of pharmaceutical powder moisture in a fluidised‐bed dryer. The collected spectra are analysed by multivariate chemometrics involving the preparation of numerous laboratory samples. A different methodology, using only plant samples, was tested in real‐time. A specially designed probe tip, allowing for robust in‐situ spectral acquisition, was designed. The results prove that NIRS can be as efficient as traditional quality analyses, e.g. loss‐on‐drying, in measuring powder moisture content in a fluidised bed dryer with a calibration model based only on plant samples. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Prediction of molecular weight distributions in polymers using probability generating functions
Authors: Sarmoria Claudia , Asteasuain Mariano , Brandolin Adriana 
Published: December 2011

AbstractWe review the work of our group in the area of mathematical modelling of polymerisation reactors and processes, with emphasis in the prediction of molecular weight distributions using probability generating functions (pgfs). We apply the method to a polymerisation example for which the analytic solution is known, and show that its predictions are very accurate. We also compare the performance of the method to that of the straightforward integration of the mass balances of the reacting system, showing that the pgf method results in very fast calculations. We end by discussing ongoing and future applications of the method. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
New Acylhydrido‐ and Diacylrhodium(III) Organocomplexes Derived from 8‐Quinolinecarbaldehyde and/or o‐(Diphenylphosphanyl)benzaldehyde
Authors: Barquín Montserrat , Garralda María A. , Hernández Ricardo , Ibarlucea Lourdes , Mendicute‐Fierro Claudio , Torralba M. Carmen , Torres M. Rosario , San Nacianceno Virginia , Zumeta Itziar 
Published: December 2011

AbstractThe acylhydridorhodium(III) complex [RhHCl{PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(py)2] (1) reacts with 8‐quinolinecarbaldehyde (C9H6NCHO) to afford mixed diacyl [RhCl(C9H6NCO){PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(py)] (2) with acyl groups trans to chlorine and to pyridine. Complex 1 undergoes displacement of pyridine by 2‐(aminomethyl)pyridine (ampy) or diphosphanes to give hydridoacyl neutral [RhHCl{PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(LL)] [LL = ampy (3), bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane (dppm, 5), 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)propane (dppp, 6), 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ethane (dppe, 7)] with hydride trans to chloride. Complex 3 exchanges hydride with chloride to give [Rh(Cl)2{PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(ampy)] (4). The reaction of 2 with bidentate N‐donor ligands yields cationic mixed diacyl [Rh(C9H6NCO){PPh2(o‐C6H4CO)}(NN)]+ species [NN = 2,2′‐bipyridine (bipy, 8), ampy (9)]. Neutral or cationic diacyl complexes that contain two acylquinoline fragments can be obtained by the reaction of dimer [Rh(μ‐Cl)(C9H6NCO)2]2 (10) with pyridine to give [Rh(Cl)(C9H6NCO)2(py)] (11) or with bidentate N‐ or P‐donor ligands (LL) to afford [Rh(C9H6NCO)2(LL)]+ [LL = dppm (12), dppe (13), dppp (14), 1,4‐bis(diphenylphosphanyl)butane (15), ampy (16), 8‐aminoquinoline (17), biacetyldihydrazone (18), bipy (19)] with the acyl groups trans to LL. Complex 11 is highly fluxional in solution. At low temperatures, the acylquinoline chelate opens to allow an intramolecular exchange between 11a and 11b (ΔH‡ = 10.1 ± 0.2 kcal mol–1 and ΔS‡ = 1.0 ± 0.1 cal K–1 mol–1), and pyridine dissociation occurs at room temperature. All the complexes were characterized spectroscopically. Single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis was performed on 2.
Control of Diastereoselectivity in Orthoester Johnson–Claisen Rearrangement of Tartrate‐Based Allyl Alcohol: An Efficient Synthesis of Arundic Acid, a Potential Therapeutic Agent for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Fernandes Rodney A. , Ingle Arun B. , Chaudhari Dipali A. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractA diastereoselective orthoester Johnson–Claisen rearrangement has been employed in the synthesis of both enantiomers of arundic acid, a potential therapeutic agent against Alzheimer's disease. The effect of solvent, olefin geometry and alcohol chirality on the diastereoselectivity of the orthoester Johnson–Claisen rearrangement of a tartrate‐based allyl alcohol has been studied.
Predicament and promise: The internal evaluator as ethical leader
Authors: Schweigert Francis J. 
Published: December 2011

AbstractInternal evaluators encounter risks but also significant opportunities to strengthen organizational and professional ethics. Potential contributions depend, in part, on the conjunction of ethics and evaluation in the role of the internal evaluator as the person specially commissioned to investigate value and render judgment based on evidence gathered. At the same time, risks increase when evaluation and ethics are brought together. In the words of one evaluator, “These are rather dangerous moments because a lot of energy is created when an evaluator expresses ethical values such as these. We have a great deal of power, whether we like to think so or not” (Cartland, 2010). This article clarifies the risks in order to free up the potential. © Wiley Periodicals, Inc., and the American Evaluation Association.
Fossil Mammals and Paleoenvironments in the Omo‐Turkana Basin
Authors: Bobe René 
Published: December 2011

AbstractAlthough best known for its fossil hominins, the Omo‐Turkana Basin of Kenya and Ethiopia is the source of one of the best records of vertebrate evolution from the Late Cenozoic of Africa. Located near the heart of the East African Rift Valley, the basin serves as an important frame of reference for the continent. The fossil record from this region plays a key role in our efforts to understand the environmental and ecological context of human evolution in Africa. The Omo‐Turkana faunal data shed light on key questions of human evolution: What kinds of environments did early humans inhabit? How did these environments change over time? What is the relationship between faunal change in East Africa and broader patterns of climatic change? © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.