bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of demographic risk factors and management priorities: impacts on juveniles substantially affect population viability of a long‐lived seabird
Authors: Finkelstein M. E. , Doak D. F. , Nakagawa M. , Sievert P. R. , Klavitter J. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPredicting population‐level effects from changes in demographic rates of different life stages is critical to prioritize conservation efforts. Demographic modeling and sensitivity analysis in particular, has become a standard tool to evaluate how management actions influence species' survival. Demographic analyses have resulted in the robust generalization that, for long‐lived species with delayed reproduction, population growth rates will be most sensitive to changes in survivorship of older‐aged individuals. Although useful in guiding management, this simple maxim may limit options for conservation by causing managers to overlook actions that, although possibly not the most effective in terms of increasing a population's growth rate in an ideal world, can nonetheless more feasibly and rapidly slow a population's decline. We examine the population‐level benefits of increasing chick survival in a long‐lived seabird, the Laysan albatrossPhoebastria immutabilis. Specifically, we use a simple deterministic modeling approach to evaluate the impact of chick mortality (from ingestion of lead‐based paint) on the population growth rate (λ) for Laysan albatross that breed on Sand Island, Midway Atoll (part of the Hawaiian Archipelago). We estimate that up to 7% of chicks on Sand Island fail to fledge as a result of lead poisoning, which will create a 16% reduction in the Laysan albatross population size (∼190 000 less birds) at 50 years into the future. We demonstrate how straightforward management actions that increase juvenile survivorship (e.g. removal of lead‐based paint) can help slow population declines while efforts are underway to reduce politically and logistically challenging threats to adult survivorship (e.g. mortality from international fisheries bycatch). Our work exemplifies a situation where overgeneralizations about demography can stifle useful conservation actions and highlights the need to consider the population‐level benefits from multiple management strategies.
Disorders of ovarian function in childhood and adolescence: evolving needs of the growing child. An endocrine perspective
Authors: Zacharin M 
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as: Zacharin M. Disorders of ovarian function in childhood and adolescence: evolving needs of the growing child. An endocrine perspective. BJOG 2010;117:156–162.Over the past 15 years there have been changes in the care of children and adolescents paralleling increased longevity of those with chronic illnesses and increased survival after childhood cancer and organ transplantation. A broad understanding of holistic management and long‐term risks is required. Optimisation of pubertal progress and normalisation of bone and hormonal health by the end of puberty will reduce the impact of later adult bone loss in chronic disease conditions. Psychosocial issues related to both precocious and delayed puberty can have profound effects on family function.
Adolescents’ beliefs about their parents’ human papillomavirus vaccination decisions
Authors: Forster AS , Marlow LAV , Waller J 
Published: October 2009

Please cite this paper as: Forster A, Marlow L, Waller J. Adolescents’ beliefs about their parents’ human papillomavirus vaccination decisions. BJOG 2010;117:229–233.A significant minority of parents are concerned that human papillomavirus vaccination will affect sexual behaviour. We explored this issue with 162 adolescent girls. Most (between 90 and 92%) did not perceive a connection between parental consent to vaccination and parental authorisation for sexual activity, but a small percentage believed that vaccination consent implied that they were old enough to have sex (8%), or that it was okay for them to be sexually active (10%). The findings are broadly reassuring, but highlight the need for vaccination information materials to clarify why the vaccine is administered before sexual debut.
Mediating between predetermined order and chaos: the role of the teacher in task‐based language education
Authors: Van den Branden Kris 
Published: October 2009

Tasks are not blueprints for action. A number of empirical studies carried out in authentic classrooms have shown that teachers and students reinterpret the tasks they are offered by syllabus developers in ways that suit their own purposes, learning needs, and interaction styles. This observation has raised fundamental questions about the degree to which teachers who are working with tasks can make any prediction concerning the learning that will come of out of task‐based interactional work. In addition, if learners' reactions to tasks are fairly unpredictable, teachers may be inclined to associate task‐based work with organisational chaos and with the seemingly unattainable challenge of having to cater to every individual learner's personal whims. Drawing on classroom‐based research carried out in Flanders, and describing two task‐based lessons that were observed in authentic Dutch as a second language (DSL) classrooms, this paper shows that between the extremes of deterministic predictability on the one hand and complete chaos on the other lies a rich pedagogical space that teachers and learners who work with tasks can exploit to construct shared projects with clearly determined goals.Taaltaken zijn geen blauwdruk voor activiteit in de klas. Uit heel wat onderzoek naar klasinteractie blijkt dat leerkrachten en leerlingen de taken die ze krijgen voorgeschoteld, herinterpreteren, zodat ze beter aansluiten bij hun leerstijlen, interesses en interactiestijl. Dit roept de vraag op of leerkrachten die met taken werken nog wel enige voorspelling kunnen doen over wat hun leerlingen uit de taakuitvoering zullen leren. Bovendien dreigen heel wat leerkrachten taakgericht onderwijs te associëren met chaos in de klas, en met de schier onhaalbare uitdaging om op alle behoeften en reacties van alle individuele leerlingen te moeten inspelen. Op basis van onderzoek in Vlaamse klassen, en voortbouwend op 2 taakgerichte lessen die werden geobserveerd in Vlaamse NT2‐klassen, illustreert dit artikel dat er tussen chaos en complete voorspelbaarheid een rijke pedagogische ruimte ligt. Binnen die pedagogische ruimte gaan leerkrachten en leerlingen samen aan de slag rond een gezamenlijk taakgericht project met duidelijke doeleinden.
Measuring government duration and stability in Central Eastern European democracies
Authors: CONRAD COURTENAY RYALS , GOLDER SONA N. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractExisting studies of government duration in parliamentary democracies typically measure the length of a government's tenure in office without accounting for delays in the government formation process. By assuming that a cabinet leaves office on the day prior to the new cabinet taking office, these measures ignore periods during which a government has lost its mandate but is still legally in power as a caretaker government. A consequence is that governments that are actually stable and governments that only appear stable because replacement governments take a long time to form are observationally equivalent. This suggests that some existing studies of government stability are potentially flawed. It also means that a number of interesting research questions cannot be answered with existing data. Many of these questions address the various consequences of caretaker governments. The answers to these questions are relevant for scholars interested in representation and accountability. This article presents a new dataset collected on government duration in eleven Central Eastern European democracies from 1990 to 2008 that specifically takes account of caretaker periods and delays in the government formation process. These data will provide scholars with more flexibility to choose the measure that best reflects their underlying conception of government stability.
Haem oxygenase‐1 induction protects against tumour necrosis factor α impairment of endothelial‐dependent relaxation in rat isolated pulmonary artery
Authors: El‐Bassossy Hany M. , El‐Maraghy Nabila N. , El‐Fayoumi Hassan M. , Watson Malcolm L. 
Published: October 2009

Background and purpose:  Disturbances in pulmonary vascular reactivity are important components of inflammatory lung disease. Haem oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1) is an important homeostatic enzyme upregulated in inflammation. Here we have investigated the potentially protective effect of HO‐1 against cytokine‐induced impairment in pulmonary artery relaxation.Experimental approach:  Haem oxygenase‐1 protein levels were assessed by immunofluorescence. HO activity was assessed by conversion of haemin to bilirubin. Rings of rat isolated pulmonary artery in organ baths were used to measure relaxant responses to the endothelium‐dependent agent ACh and the endothelium‐independent agent sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy and fluorescent probes.Key results:  Haem oxygenase‐1 protein expression was strongly induced in pulmonary artery after 24‐h incubation with either haemin (5 µM) or curcumin (2 µM), accompanied by a significant increase in HO activity. Incubation with tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα, 1 ng·mL−1, 2 h) significantly decreased relaxation of arterial rings to ACh, without affecting responses to SNP. Induction of HO‐1 by curcumin or haemin protected against TNFα‐induced hyporesponsiveness to ACh. The competitive HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (20 µM), abolished the protective effect of haemin. HO‐1 induction prevented a TNFα‐induced increase in NO generation without affecting the TNFα‐induced increase in ROS generation. HO‐1 induction prevented the TNFα‐induced decrease in ACh‐stimulated NO generation.Conclusions and implications:  Induction of HO‐1 protected against TNFα impairment of endothelium‐dependent relaxation in pulmonary artery, by a mechanism involving a reduction in inducible NO synthase‐derived NO production.
The usefulness of olfactory bulb kindling as a model for evaluation of antiepileptics
Authors: Fujiwara Akinori , Watanabe Yusuke , Takechi Kenshi , Ishikawa Takashi , Kaida Yuko , Akagi Masaaki , Kamei Chiaki 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPurpose:  The present study was undertaken to clarify the behavioral and electroencephalographic characteristics of olfactory bulb (OB) kindling in rats, in comparison with those of amygdala (AMG) kindling. In addition, the usefulness of OB kindling as a model to evaluate antiepileptics was studied.Methods:  Bipolar electrical stimulation was applied to the OB or AMG every day until generalized seizure was achieved. Antiepileptics (carbamazepine, sodium valproate, zonisamide, clobazam, and topiramate), which are used for complex partial epilepsy or secondary generalized epilepsy in clinical practice, were orally administrated to kindled rats.Results:  The afterdischarge (AD) threshold of OB kindling is not different from that of AMG kindling. OB‐kindled rats showed more rapid development of the seizure stage and AD duration than AMG‐kindled rats; however, fully kindled AD duration did not differ between groups. In AMG kindled rats, AD on day 1 was localized only at the stimulation site, whereas in OB‐kindled rats, AD on day 1 was observed at not only the stimulation site (OB) but also in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and AMG. All five antiepileptics significantly inhibited both the seizure stage and AD duration in OB‐kindled rats. In addition, carbamazepine, zonisamide, and topiramate were more effective in suppressing OB‐kindled seizures. Zonisamide was not effective at any dose tested in AMG‐kindled rats.Discussion:  OB kindling can be used as a new valuable model to evaluate antiepileptic drugs, with the advantage of its rapid development and the efficacy of antiepileptics.
Proton MRS may predict AED response in patients with TLE
Authors: Campos Bruno A. G. , Yasuda Clarissa L. , Castellano Gabriela , Bilevicius Elizabeth , Li Li M. , Cendes Fernando 
Published: October 2009

SummaryPurpose:  To compare relative N‐acetylaspartate (NAA) measurements in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients with good response to the first trial of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) (an important prognostic factor) to TLE patients who failed the first AED monotherapy and required further AED trials with monotherapy or polytherapy.Methods:  We studied 25 consecutive TLE patients who responded to first AED (responders) and 21 who did not (failure‐group), as well as 27 controls. Patients were seen regularly in our Epilepsy Service and underwent electroencephalography (EEG) investigation, high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and single‐voxel proton MR spectroscopy. Voxels were tailored to the medial temporal region on each side and involved the anterior hippocampus.Results:  Analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated significant variation of NAA/creatine (NAA/Cr) values in both hippocampi, ipsilateral and contralateral to the EEG focus (p < 0.001 and p = 0.021) across the groups. Pairwise post hoc comparisons showed reduced NAA/Cr in both hippocampi of failure‐group compared to controls (p < 0.001) and compared to responders (p < 0.05), but not between the controls and responders. Individual analyses showed NAA/Cr ratios lower than 2 SDs (standard deviations) below the mean of controls in 9 of 21 patients (42.8%) in the failure‐group (6 with unilateral and 3 with bilateral reduction) but in none of the responders.Discussion:  These results indicate that patients with TLE who respond well to the first AED have significantly less evidence of neuronal and axonal damage/dysfunction compared to those who are refractory to the first AED trial.
Factors contributing to depression in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Lee Sang‐Ahm , Lee Sun‐Mi , No Young‐Joo 
Published: October 2009

SummaryWe investigated factors contributing to depression in patients with epilepsy. Data were collected from 150 adult patients. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory, Daily Hassles Scale, Epilepsy Self‐Efficacy Scale, Social Support Scale, Stress Coping Style Checklist, and Quality of Life in Epilepsy Inventory 31 (QOLIE‐31) were used. The mean BDI score was 13.4 [standard deviation (SD) 9.0]. Abnormal BDI scores were recorded in 93 patients. Six significant predictors of BDI were identified in a stepwise linear regression analysis: level of stress (p < 0.001), social support (p = 0.037), anxiety (p = 0.001), self‐efficacy (p < 0.001), employment status (p = 0.021), and age (p = 0.042). Stress accounted for 38.8% of the variance in BDI score, social support accounted for 6.8%, anxiety accounted for 3.9%, and the remaining three variables accounted for an additional 5.2% of the variance (total explained variance = 54.7%).
Corruption's Effect on Business Venturing Within the United States
Authors: Mitchell David T. , Campbell Noel D. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn developing countries with high levels of corruption, people are often forced into small‐business venturing or survivalist entrepreneurship because larger, more efficient firms do not exist. In developed countries, however, low corruption means that people choose entrepreneurship as a better means of innovating. In this article we use federal convictions of state and local officials and the Small Business Administration's firm formation data to test whether corruption within the United States forces some people into business venturing. We find that business venturing within the United States is caused in part by corruption.
Henry George Under the Microscope: Comments on “Henry George's Political Critics”
Authors: Giles Richard 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe annual supplement of the AJES for 2008 titled Henry George: Political Ideologue, Social Philosopher, and Economic Theorist had as its first and longest essay “Henry George's Political Critics” by Professor Michael Hudson. It offered a multitude of criticisms, most of which Prof. Hudson seemed to agree with. All purported to be criticisms of George as a political strategist, though some seem more to originate from Hudson's disagreement with theoretical positions George was bound to take. The purpose of this short paper is to show that Professor Hudson's long article fails to do what it seems intended to do. That is, it fails to show that trade unionists and especially socialists were “natural allies” of the Georgist movement, that it was George's fault that that they were not, and that George “allied” his movement irrevocably to “capital,” rejecting its “natural allies.”
Electrophoretic Analyses of Red Cell Hemolysates Before and During Storage of Blood from Diseased Individuals
Authors: Smith Claude A. , Chanutin Alfred 
Published: October 2009

The bloods of six healthy young male students were stored anaerobically in the cold and at intervals the stroma‐free red cell hemolysates were analyzed in a cacodylate buffer at pH 6.5 and .05M concentration. From these data, a control range was established.Results are presented which show the effect of anaerobic storage on the B/2 values of red cell hemolysates of the bloods of 23 patients with a variety of diseases. In 21 cases, the B/2 values decreased rapidly or showed an initial increase followed by a decrease. Attempts to relate the type of storage curve to specific diseases were unsuccessful. It is concluded that water‐soluble protein components of the red cells may be altered by disease.
Effects of Salt Concentration, pH, and Certain Ions on the Agglutination of Human Erythrocytes by Isohemagglutinins
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Finlayson J. S. 
Published: October 2009

The effect of molarity of NaCl, KC1, LiCl, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate, CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2SO4, K2SO4) and MgSO4 solutions on the agglutination of human erythrocytes by isohemagglutinins of the ABO series has been studied, as has that of pH in “tris acetate” buffer. In all cases the maximum agglutination titer occurred at the isotonic or a slightly hypertonic concentration and was generally the same as that determined by diluting the given cells and serum with isotonic saline. Moreover, all salts exerted quantitatively similar effects on agglutination, the titer decreasing regularly as the molarity increased from 0.1544‐308 to 1.0. Apparent variations in the effects of different classes of salts were induced by expressing salt concentration as ionic strength or normality rather than molarity.In tris acetate buffers of ionic strengths 0.154 (isotonic) and 0.308, the titer was constant in the pH range 5.5 to 7.5–8.0 and decreased at either extreme.
Leukoagglutinin Studies as a Routine Procedure in Blood Banking
Authors: Howell Eleanor , Taylor Barbara 
Published: October 2009

For the past four years, the method presented here for the detection of leukoagglutinins has been successfully integrated into the routine procedures of a community blood bank. Patients' sera are tested against leukocytes from 12 Group O donors. White cell suspensions are prepared from defibrinated blood using 4 per cent polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a sedimenting agent. Tests have been performed on 276 patients, among whom 89 (32 per cent of the total) were found to possess leukoagglutinins. Of the 89 individuals in whose sera leukoagglutinins were demonstrated, 85 had a reported history of febrile transfusion reactions, frequently accompanied by chills, occasionally with urticaria. These 85 patients made up 57 per cent of 150 cases who had been reported as experiencing nonhemolytic febrile reactions shown by several workers to occur in patients with leukoagglutinins.Also described are methods used for the preparation of leukocyte‐poor units requested for patients whose sera have been shown to contain leukoagglutinins.
R°(D‐ ‐) in Two Japanese Families with a Note on Its Genetic Interpretation
Authors: Yokoyama Mitsuo , Solomon Joel M. , Kuniyuki Masayori , Stroup Marjory 
Published: October 2009

Members of two Japanese families residing in the same small village were shown to carry the (D‐ ‐) gene when antibodies in the sera of the two probands presented a crossmatching problem. A study of their sera revealed a complex array of Rh antibodies, including perhaps anti‐Hr8.The (D‐ ‐) complex is considered to have arisen by mutation of several sub‐elements (mutons) according to the cistron theory of genetopology.
Citrate‐Phosphate‐Dextrose Solution for Preservation of Human Blood: A Further Report
Authors: Gibson John G. , Gregory Clinton B. , Button Lawrence N. 
Published: October 2009

A comparison of clinically significant in vitro characteristics of ACD and CPD blood is presented.In clinical trials conducted at three hospitals, 586 units of blood collected in CPD in plastic bags were utilized for 622 individual treatments as single units or subdivided aliquots of whole blood, and as packed red cells in 332 patients. The expiration period was 28 days, and five bloods were discarded as outdated. There was one reported pyrexial reaction and one proven bacterial contamination.Forty‐two per cent of the bloods or components were issued during the first week, 43 per cent during the second and third weeks, and 15 per cent during the fourth week of storage.Of the total bloods or components issued, 9 per cent of the whole bloods, 25 per cent of the subdivided blood aliquots, and 23 per cent of the packed red cells were transfused during the fourth week of storage.No difficulty with clotting was observed during collection, storage, or transfusion.
The Specificity of Anti‐Human Gamma Globulin Reagents
Authors: Pollack W. , Hager H. J. , Hollenbeck L. L. 
Published: October 2009

DEAE cellulose chromatography and immuni‐electrophoresis demonstrated immunochemical and serological differences between gamma globulin molecules with anti‐D and Anti‐Fya specificity. Partial neutralization of anti‐gamma globulin sera with specific subtractions of human gamma globulin showed that anti‐Fya frequently appears to occur exclusively in the fast migrating components of gamma globulins whereas anti‐D occurs in both the “fast” and “slow” components. Other blood group systems were also studied with the same antiglobulin reagents.The antigenic determinant groups of the fast migrating components of whole gamma globulin and papain split gamma2 globulin appear to be identical.The standardization of anti‐gamma globulin (Coombs) reagents is discussed in the light of these findings.
Major Surgery in Hemophilia
Authors: Ingram G. I. C. 
Published: October 2009

The commercial development in Britain of antihemophilic factor (AHF) from ox and pig blood represents a notable advance in the treatment of hemophilia. With these materials, the hemostatic mechanism of even severe hemophiliacs may be made completely normal for a significant period of time, and major surgery safely undertaken. Nevertheless, in their present form the materials are antigenic and have other drawbacks. Each may therefore only be used for one period of treatment in any one hemophiliac, and should be reserved for life‐saving procedures. Administration must be controlled by frequent assays of the AHF activity resulting in the patient's blood.An illustrative case (a partial gastrectomy) is described and a number of practical details are discussed.