bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
United Nations Resolutions and the Struggle to Curb the Illicit Trade in Conflict Diamonds in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Koyame Mungbalemwe 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article examines the extent to which revenues from the trade in rough diamonds have funded civil war in African countries and the difficulties encountered by the United Nations in putting an end to it. As case studies, the article considers the conflicts in Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Sierra Leone where the illicit trade in rough diamonds, also referred to as “conflict diamonds” or “blood diamonds,” provided most of the funds used by rebel groups in their war efforts. The article further examines the role played by the diamond industry, the international community and diamond importing countries such as the United States and Belgium in the trade of conflict diamonds. The article concludes that several resolutions passed by the United Nations Security Council concerning “conflict diamonds” were at times not successful because of indifference on the part of the international community.
Land Policy Reform, Customary Rule of Law and the Peace Process in Sierra Leone
Authors: Unruh Jon 
Published: June 2012

AbstractArmed conflict is particularly destructive to socio-legal relations regarding land and property. Reconstruction priorities increasingly include the reform of property legislation as part of efforts to address the causes and reasons for continuation of conflicts. However, a pervasive problem is that postwar laws are extremely difficult to connect with informal on-the-ground developments regarding perceptions of spatially-based rights as populations pursue livelihoods, grievances and aspirations. Left unattended, the problem constitutes a potential flashpoint for a return to conflict. This article examines this connection for postwar Sierra Leone, in order to highlight issues and questions of potential utility. The stakes are high for successfully connecting postwar land tenure laws with informal socio-legal realities. For Sierra Leone, a primary issue is the presence of a large population without access to land, tenure insecurity discouraging investment, large-scale food insecurity and rural unemployment while significant swathes of arable and previously cultivated land stands idle.
Protecting Human Rights amidst Poverty and Inequality: The South African Post-apartheid Experience on the Right of Access to Housing
Authors: Mubangizi John C. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractA significant gain of the new political and constitutional dispensation ushered in South Africa in 1994 was a commitment to the protection of human rights. However, protecting human rights in a country where the gap between the rich and the poor is among the largest in the world was always going to be a daunting challenge. The challenge is even more daunting with the protection of socio-economic rights such as the right of access to adequate housing. This article explores the challenges that South Africa faces in protecting human rights in the face of persistent poverty of over half of the country's population, vast economic disparities and gross inequality. Focusing on the right of access to adequate housing, the author explores some prospects arising from the roles played by the constitution; domestic courts; other state institutions as well as non-state actors. The article concludes that although the challenges are real, the prospects are promising. However, a lot must be done if the democratic miracle that has characterized South African society over the last fifteen years is to be maintained.
Evidence in International Criminal Trials: Lessons and Contributions from the Special Court for Sierra Leone
Authors: Hassan-Morlai Patrick Matthew 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article aims to contribute to the discourse on the development of a system of international criminal justice. The paper discusses the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), in particular, certain of its rules of evidence and their role in ensuring just, fair and expeditious trials for breaches of international humanitarian and international human rights law during the Sierra Leone conflict which lasted between 1991 and 2002. In the conclusion, the author considers whether the manner in which the SCSL interpreted and applied specific rules of evidence helped it to meet and contribute to the objectives of a system of international criminal justice. These objectives include holding violators of international norms accountable; guaranteeing procedural proprietary; giving legitimacy to the process and bestowing confidence in international criminal justice institutions. Though not without criticism, the author concludes that they did.
Zukunft der Automation?
Authors: Bettenhausen Kurt Dirk 
Published: June 2012

Zusammenfassung
Die Automation steht vor einigen wichtigen Richtungsentscheidungen in Bezug auf ihre zukünftige Rolle und Positionierung sowie die zugehörigen technisch-technologischen Inhalte. Der vorliegende Artikel hinterfragt mögliche Szenarien aus verschiedenen Perspektiven. Die Kernaussage ist positiv: Automation hat eine Zukunft — wir müssen sie nur gemeinsam gestalten!
Synthesis and characterization of tetrapyridophenazine ligand and its novel 1-D metal-organic wave-like coordination polymer of Ni(II) ion
Authors: Abbasi Alireza , Geranmayeh Shokoofeh , Saniee Vala , Juibari Nafise Modanlou , Badiei Alireza 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
A protonated tpphz ligand, H2tpphz · 2 H2O · 2 Cl, 1, and novel 1-D coordination polymer of the type [Ni2(μ2-tpphz)(μ2-tp)(H2O)6]
n
· (tp) · 3.65(H2O), 2 (where tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c:3′′,2′′-h:2′′′,3′′′-j]phenazine, and H2tp = terephthalic acid) have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The asymmetric units in both structures consist of half of their formula. In the crystal structure 1, different types of hydrogen bonds together with π—π stacking are dominant. In the structure of 2, Ni(II) ion is coordinated by two N atoms from tpphz, one oxygen atoms from terephthalic acid and three water oxygen atoms in a distorted meridional octahedral geometry. Each tp ligand bridges two Ni(II) centers through monodentate carboxylate group. In the overall structure of 2, the Ni(II) centers are connected by tp and tpphz ligands to create a 1-D wave-like chain with a period of 20.91 Å running parallel down [1, 2].
Haemodynamic changes induced by intrasaccular packing on intracranial aneurysms: A computational fluid dynamic study
Authors: Ugron Ádám , Szikora István , Paál György 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is a routine medical practice. The most widely used technique is the packing the aneurysm sac with an embolic material. To gain deeper understanding in the effects of specific treatment methods, the intra-aneurysmal haemodynamics are studied with the help of patient-specific computational models. Numerical simulations demonstrated that embolisation with liquid polymer results in an overall decrease of the wall shear stress and pressure in the aneurysm region. Within the range of clinically relevant packing density, simulation of coil embolisation showed homogenisation and decrease of the wall loads on the aneurysm sac. Increasing the packing density above 20% produces little or no further reduction of intra-aneurysmal flow. Sufficient packing of the aneurysm sac results in significant intra-aneurysmal flow decrease associated with reduced wall loads but locally increased pressure or wall shear stress zones may appear depending on the specific vessel geometry.
Ampullary metastasis from renal cell carcinoma presenting as obstructive jaundice 10 years after radical nephrectomy
Authors: Kim Ha-Yeon , Lee Gi-Hoon , Jun Chung-Hwan , Park Kang-Jin , Cho Sung-Bum , Kim Jin-Woong , Joo Young-Eun 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Metastasis to the ampulla of Vater from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is rarely encountered. We present the case of a 50-year-old male admitted with complaints of right upper quadrant pain and jaundice. The medical history consisted of a right radical nephrectomy, right adrenalectomy, and brain mass excision for RCC and metastasis. An esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a round ampullary mass with ulceration. An abdominal computed tomography scan revealed an enhancing mass in the ampulla of Vater, total pancreas, and left adrenal gland. Pathologic examination of a biopsy specimen was compatible with metastatic RCC of the clear cell type. A percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram revealed complete obstruction of the distal common bile duct. A metal stent was inserted for bile drainage via the percutaneous transhepatic route. Patients with a history of RCC should undergo a careful long-term follow-up to detect and evaluate metastasis to usual and unusual sites.
Debunking the Science Behind Attention-Deficit/HyperactivityDisorder as a “Brain Disorder”
Authors: Galves Albert , Walker David 
Published: June 2012

This article is a reaction to the following three statements that were included in a brochure published by Division 29 (Psychotherapy) of the American Psychological Association (APA) and Celltech Pharmaceuticals:“ADD/ADHD is generally considered a neuro-chemical disorder.”“Most people with ADD/ADHD are born with the disorder, though it may not be recognized until adulthood.”“ADHD is not caused by poor parenting, a difficult family environment, poor teaching or inadequate nutrition.”The article reviews research that contradicts the statements and concludes that the statements are not adequately supported by scientific evidence.
Terms Used to Describe Pediatric Videofluoroscopic Feeding Studies: A Delphi Survey
Authors: St. Pierre Astrid E. , Reelie Bronwyn A. , Dolan Allison R. , Stokes Rochelle H. , Duivestein Janice A. , Holsti Liisa 
Published: June 2012

Background. The prevalence of pediatric feeding and swallowing disorders is high in the special needs population. Videofluoroscopic feeding studies (VFFS) are used to assess feeding, but the accurate interpretation of VFFS depends on consistent use of terminology for describing a physiological swallow. No consensus exists regarding the terminology used for reporting VFFS findings. Purpose. The goal of this study was to achieve consensus among pediatric therapists on definitions for terminology used to describe the results of VFFS. Methods. Using a Delphi process, therapists from British Columbia rated definitions most appropriate for each term. They also were asked to add definitions that they thought would more accurately describe the terms. Findings. Consensus was achieved on at least one definition for each of the terms used to describe the results of VFFS. Implications. Accurate interpretation of swallowing issues may improve the care of infants and children with feeding and swallowing difficulties.
Geometry of isotypic Kronecker webs
Authors: Kryński Wojciech 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
An isotypic Kronecker web is a family of corank m foliations $\{ \mathcal{F}_t \} _{t \in \mathbb{R}P^1 } $ such that the curve of annihilators t ↦ (T
x
F
t)⊥ ∈ Grm(T
x* M) is a rational normal curve in the Grassmannian Grm(T
x*M) at any point x ∈ M. For m = 1 we get Veronese webs introduced by I. Gelfand and I. Zakharevich [Gelfand I.M., Zakharevich I., Webs, Veronese curves, and bi-Hamiltonian systems, J. Funct. Anal., 1991, 99(1), 150–178]. In the present paper, we consider the problem of local classification of isotypic Kronecker webs and for a given web we construct a canonical connection. We compute the curvature of the connection in the case of webs of equal rank and corank. We also show the correspondence between Kronecker webs and systems of ODEs for which certain sets of differential invariants vanish. The equations are given up to contact transformations preserving independent variable. As a particular case, with m = 1 we obtain the correspondence between Veronese webs and ODEs.
Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbons in soil from different locations using infrared spectrophotometry and gas chromatography
Authors: Paíga Paula , Mendes Lurdes , Albergaria José , Delerue-Matos Cristina 
Published: June 2012

AbstractTotal petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) are important environmental contaminants which are toxic to human and environmental receptors. Several analytical methods have been used to quantify TPH levels in contaminated soils, specifically through infrared spectrometry (IR) and gas chromatography (GC). Despite being two of the most used techniques, some issues remain that have been inadequately studied: a) applicability of both techniques to soils contaminated with two distinct types of fuel (petrol and diesel), b) influence of the soil natural organic matter content on the results achieved by various analytical methods, and c) evaluation of the performance of both techniques in analyses of soils with different levels of contamination (presumably non-contaminated and potentially contaminated). The main objectives of this work were to answer these questions and to provide more complete information about the potentials and limitations of GC and IR techniques. The results led us to the following conclusions: a) IR analysis of soils contaminated with petrol is not suitable due to volatilisation losses, b) there is a significant influence of organic matter in IR analysis, and c) both techniques demonstrated the capacity to accurately quantify TPH in soils, irrespective of their contamination levels.
Identification and determination of relatedness of lactobacilli using different DNA amplification methods
Authors: Turková Kristýna , Rittich Bohuslav , Španová Alena 
Published: June 2012

AbstractSeveral DNA amplification-based methods were used for identification and evaluation of the relation between lactobacilli isolated from breastfed full-term infant faeces (31 strains), dairy products (5 strains) and silage (1 strain). Twenty-seven strains isolated from infant faeces were identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus (9), Lactobacillus gasseri (6), Lactobacillus paracasei (4), Lactobacillus fermentum (4), Lactobacillus salivarius (2), Lactobacillus plantarum (1), and Lactobacillus helveticus (1) using 10 species-specific polymerase chain reactions (PCRs), multiplex PCR for the Lactobacillus casei group, and sequencing of 16S rDNA. Four strains were not identified. Six strains isolated from dairy products and silage were identified as Lactobacillus rhamnosus. A repetitive extragenic palindromic polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) with primer (GTG)5 and a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) with primer M13 were used for confirmation of species identification. Fingerprints were used for evaluation of the relatedness of lactobacilli. Differences between strains from infant faeces, dairy products, and silage were not detected.
Evaluation of the stress-strain properties in the thickness direction - particularly for thin and strong papers
Authors: Fellers Christer , Andersson Christian 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The performance of the paper in a number of converting operations such as creasing, bending, printing, and plastic coating put great demands on the mechanical properties in the thickness direction of the material. The knowledge of strength, elastic- and plastic behavior in tension and compression in the thickness direction is needed for a comprehensive description of the performance of the material in these operations. In spite of its importance, very few publications deal with the evaluation of the entire tensile stress-strain curve of paper in the thickness direction. A likely reason for this is the intrinsic difficulty of testing a thin, uneven, porous, fibrous and compressible material such as paper with sufficient precision and testing time efficiency. The z-directional strength test is usually performed by fastening the paper by means of double-adhesive tape to metal platens. The platens are fastened in a testing machine and strained to break. The adhesion of the tape is the limiting factors for how strong papers that can be tested. The tape-based method also is expected to have a lower limit in grammage due to the penetration of the adhesive. The aim of the present publication was to show a procedure how to evaluate the entire stress-elongation curve in the z-direction of papers, using a lamination method for fastening the paper to the metal platens. From this curve the z-strength, z-modulus, z-strain at break, zenergy at break and z-fracture energy could be extracted. Such information is, so far, non-existing in the literature.
Engineering fracture mechanics analysis of paper materials
Authors: Mäkelä Petri 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The aim of the present work was to develop an analytic fracture mechanics procedure that enables accurate predictions of failure of paper materials. Analytic expressions for prediction of the critical force and critical elongation of edge-notched paper webs were developed based on isotropic deformation theory of plasticity and J-integral theory. The analytic expressions were applied to predict the critical force and elongation of paper webs with different edge-notch sizes for six different paper materials. The accuracy of the analytic failure predictions was verified by numerical predictions and experiments on edge-notched paper webs, showing that the developed engineering fracture mechanics analysis procedure predicted failure accurately.
Mass transfer of water vapor, carbon dioxide and oxygen on modified cellulose fiber-based materials
Authors: Bedane Alemayehu H. , Huang Qinglin , Xiao Huining , Mladen  
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Mass transfer properties of fibre network and coated paper are essential for understanding the barrier properties of the products and further advance in their application. In this study, different unmodified and coated papers, e.g., (Poly lactic acid (PLA), zein grafted paper) were prepared and characterized with regard to mass transfer properties. Water vapor, carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) transmission rates through the cellulose paper films were measured and the results discussed. The effects of sample film thickness and samples were found to be strongly dependent on the temperature and the relative humidity difference (mass transfer driving force). On the other hand water vapor permeabilities relative humidity. Water vapor diffusivities of the samples were also measured from the uptake rate measurements using Fickian diffusion slab model for a wide range of relative modified samples were found to be generally low compared to unmodified (reference) paper sample. Among the investigated samples, PLA/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane POSS-bentonite modified paper sample showed higher mass transfer resistance to water vapour and the gases investigated in this study (CO2and O2). It showed lower water transmission rate (104 g/m2.day) compared to PLA-coated paper (130 g/m2.day), zein coated paper (179 g/m2.day) and control sample (359 g/m2.day) at the relative humidity gradient RH=74% and temperature of 25 oC. The oxygen transmission rate for PLA/(POSS-Bentonite) coated paper was found to be lower than for the other modified papers. Zein grafted paper showed better barrier property for water vapor than oxygen. Water vapor permeation through paper films shows an Arrhenius type of dependency with temperature, indicating activated process. The activation energies reveal diffusion dominated process for all paper samples investigated in this study, according to the solution-diffusion mechanism used to describe the permeation processes.
Fold cracking of coated paper: The effect of pulp fiber composition and beating
Authors: Youn Hye Jung , Sim Kyujeong , Oh Kyu Deok , Lae Lee Hak , Han Chang Sun , Yeu Seung Uk , Lee Yong Min 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
Fold cracking of coated papers has become important because of the increase in the coat weight and the content of low cost co-binder. The effects of base paper characteristics of coated paper were investigated to reduce fold cracking. We evaluated the fold cracking of coated paper prepared with different mixing ratios and beating degrees of pulp fibers. Hardwood bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) and softwood bleached kraft pulp (Sw- BKP) were used to prepare base papers for coating. The mechanical and structural properties of base paper such as tensile strength, strain at break, short span compressive strength, and formation were measured. The fold cracking was affected by mixing ratio of pulp fibers. Base paper consisting of Hw-BKP and Sw-BKP at a 90:10 mixing ratio showed the least fold cracking. When the amount of Sw-BKP was greater than 10% or if only Hw- BKP was used, the fold cracking increased on coated paper. When the pulp was highly beaten, the mechanical strength of paper was improved, but the fold cracking was severe. An increase in the tensile strength did not reduce the fold cracking.
Effects of coating formulation on coating thermal properties and coated paper print quality in xerography
Authors: Yan Ning , Liang Chong , Vidal David , Zou Xuejun 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The effects of coating formulation on thermal characteristics of coating layers (namely thermal diffusivity, specific heat capacity and heat conductivity) were systematically studied and their impact on xerography print quality was evaluated. Model coatings were prepared using ground calcium carbonate or kaolin pigment mixed with styrene butadiene latex binder in various proportions (from 6 to 25 pph). As expected, porosity was shown to be a key parameter for thermal conductivity of the coating layers, and is mainly determined by the latex concentration. Particle size distribution (PSD) and pigment morphology also affected the thermal characteristics of the coating layers. It was found that the bulk thermal conductivity of the coating layers can be accurately predicted by a geometric mean model based on the pigment, latex and air contents. Print quality on model coated papers was evaluated in terms of print gloss, toner adhesion and pairwise visual ranking. It was demonstrated that print gloss is improved by decreasing the bulk thermal conductivity of the coatings. The coating formulated with the pigments with the steepest PSD and 10 pph of latex had a relatively low thermal conductivity and the best print quality.
Uniformity of liquid absorption by coatings - Technique and impact of coating composition
Authors: Thorman Sofia , Ström Göran , Hagberg Anni , Johansson Per-Åke 
Published: June 2012

Abstract
The interaction between a liquid and a paper surface is important for a number of paper treatment processes, where absorption is of special significance during printing. Many absorption measurement techniques use a large available volume of liquid to characterise absorption, when compared to the volume of the coating. The uniformity of the absorption is also seldom characterised. We have developed a new technique, which is presented in this article, to study the uniformity of absorption of a small amount of liquid. This technique is based on the short-time absorption (tenth of a second) of a coloured liquid, the blotting of excess liquid and a characterisation of the pattern of the stain. This method made it possible to detect differences among coating layers with different compositions. In many cases, the absorption non-uniformity could be linked to variations in the coating thickness and/or wettability. The thinner and thicker areas of the coating layers were interpreted as having different pore structures. Neither the coating thickness nor the wettability could provide a full explanation, which showed the need to develop a method to characterise absorption uniformity instead of only relying on measuring the total absorption potential.