bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology of the common cold. I
Authors: Lidwell O. M. , Williams R. E. O. 
Published: May 2009

The number and some characteristics of the colds experienced by office workers in London and Newcastle upon Tyne are described.Age was the only factor found to be strongly associated with the number of colds experienced by an individual. Female staff suffered only 10–15% more colds than male staff. The presence of children in the household had little or no effect. The daily use of public transport also appears to be unrelated to the number of colds suffered.We are grateful to the Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance for affording us the facilities necessary for the carrying out of this investigation, and particularly to the staffs of the offices who collaborated with us in providing the records and to the members of the Establishment Department and to the staff representatives for their help in the organization of the study. We are also indebted to the Medical Department of the Ministry for their interest and advice. We also wish to record our gratitude to the Shell Petroleum Company, its officers and staff, and particularly the chief medical officer, for their assistance and collaboration, to the management and staffs of the two other London offices studied and to the nurses, Mrs E. Hodgson, Miss M. Petts, Miss L. Waddell and Mrs E. A. Wilson, who collected the records.
Diagnostic tables for the common medical bacteria
Authors: Cowan S. T. , Steel K. J. 
Published: May 2009

A simple device by which the characters of an unknown organism can be com pared with those of named genera and species is described. The comparison is made by using ‘diagnostic tables’ of characters found to have differential value.Separate tables for Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were made; the first stage indicated the probable genus into which the unknown fell and a second (and occasionally a third) stage was needed to identify the species or subspecies.We wish to thank Dr Ruth E. Gordon for much unpublished data which were invaluable in constructing Table 1gg, Miss Helen E. Ross for helping with Table 1f, Dr Oleg Lysenko for letting us use data from a paper about to be published, and Mr W. Clifford for the photographs and figures.
The serological response of sheep to infection with louping-ill virus
Authors: Williams H. , Thorburn H. 
Published: May 2009

1. An H.A.I. test for louping ill in sheep is described and its potentiality investigated alongside a standard C.F. test.2. Sheep free from infection with, or which have not been vaccinated against, louping ill do not possess serum antibody demonstrable by the C.F., H.A.I. or neutralization techniques as described here.3. After the administration of commercial vaccine followed by infective virus, C.F., H.A.I. and neutralizing antibodies are detectable. The C.F. antibodies are the least stable and in many instances disappear entirely from the peripheral circulation within 4 months of their appearance; they also appear to be susceptible to fluctuation unassociated with the disease. H.A.I. antibodies elicited under the same circumstances reach a high level early, are maintained for longer periods than C.F. antibodies, and fall to a basic level which tends to be maintained.4. H.A.I. antibodies do not appear to be elicited in response to inoculation with vaccine only, in contrast to C.F. and neutralizing antibodies which are so elicited. It is suggested in these circumstances, measurement of H.A.I. antibody is the most useful of the serological tests available for surveys and for diagnostic purposes in sheep.We wish to thank Mr A. Sharman, B.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., formerly of the North of Scotland College of Agriculture, Aberdeen, under whose care and supervision the flock was maintained and who inoculated and bled the animals.We are particularly indebted to Dr C. E. Gordon Smith, of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, for valuable criticism and advice.
A sampling study of the power function of the binomial χ2 ‘index of dispersion’ test
Authors: Bennett B. M. , Hsu P. 
Published: May 2009

A total of 375 separate sampling experiments were performed on groupings of 100 samples each from distinct binomial populations in order to obtain estimates of the frequency of rejection of the hypotheses of homogeneity against alternatives of a trend by means of the usual χ2 or binomial index of dispersion test. These artificial realizations are presented in Figs. 1–5, and compared graphically with corresponding non-central χ2 distributions.The authors would like to acknowledge the technical assistance of the Research Computer Laboratory of this University in programming and supervising the computational phases of this investigation, which was partially supported by the State of Washington Initiative 171 Funds for Research in Biology and Medicine and the Boeing Employees' Good Neighbor Fund.
Antigens of cowpox virus
Authors: Rondle C. J. M. , Dumbell K. R. 
Published: May 2009

Cowpox soluble antigen is shown by gel-diffusion studies to contain at least nine precipitable substances whose presence is induced by virus infection. One of these substances, pattern componentd, is not produced in white cowpox infections, and its production in vaccinia infection can be inferred only from the presence of small amounts of anti-din anti-vaccinia sera.Comparison of cowpox with vaccinia has led to the recognition of a further line pattern componentfwhich is readily demonstrated as a soluble precipitable substance in simple buffer extracts of vaccinia-infected tissue, but is demonstrated in extracts of cowpox-infected tissue only with difficulty; anti-fantibody is readily detected in antisera prepared against cowpox, white cowpox, and vaccinia.
Blankets and air hygiene: a report of a trial of blanket disinfection
Authors:   A Newcastle Regional Hospital Board Working Party
Published: May 2009

1. The effect of blanket-disinfection on aerial contamination of exposed culture plates was studied during a six-month trial in six hospital units, containing a total of 270 beds.2. Disinfecting blankets after use by each patient did not significantly reduce general bacterial orStaph. aureuscounts on exposed culture plates.3. Disinfected blankets were heavily recontaminated after only a few days' use. A quaternary-ammonium rinse during laundering conferred no self-disinfecting properties on them.4. Cotton-cellular blankets were more economical and more popular with patients and nurses than were conventional woollen and two other types of cotton blanket.
α-Amylase in whole egg and its sensitivity to pasteurization temperatures
Authors: Brooks J. 
Published: May 2009

The activity of the enzyme α-amylase of whole egg is known to be sensitive to pasteurizing temperatures and the possibility that this property could be used as a control test for the adequacy of pasteurization has been examined.The occurrence of the enzyme, the physico-chemical characteristics of its heat inactivity, the consistency of its behaviour in large numbers of eggs and the influence on its of packing station procedures has been studied.By sampling eggs from many sources for 11 months it was concluded that the activity of the enzyme was consistent, the inactivation by heat was a first-order reaction, and freezing, thawing, homogenization, spray-drying and in the laboratory freeze-drying did not affect its inactivation. But there was some interference from added citrate and sucrose.
A discussion of the dynamics of salmonella enrichment
Authors: Jameson J. E. 
Published: May 2009

This paper elaborates a concept of enrichment dynamics introduced in an earlier paper in which the author set out to find a labour saving technique for isolating salmonellac from sources other than faeces. Extensions to the concept are summarised in the Introduction. Explanations are given why a multiplicity of isolation procedures used in combination should normally yield more isolations than any one procedure alone.Since a limit must always be set on the number of different media and procedures which can be used during routine examinations, a corresponding limit has also to be set on the combined efficiency of the procedures used. Not even a very laborious combination of methods can be expected to yield quite 100% of the isolations that are technically possible. When this rather unpalatable conclusion is accepted, a way is opened up for compromises between endeavour and reward, in terms of salmonella isolations. Judicious application of principles and methods discussed in these papers might be expected sometimes to lead to modifications in techniques which increase their efficiency, and in other cases to modifications which reduce labour without diminishing efficiency.
Intradermal TAB immunization against enteric infections
Authors: Bardhan P. N. , Dutta H. N. , Krishnaswami P. 
Published: May 2009

To compare the effects of subcutaneous and intradermal methods of administration of TAB vaccine for primary immunization against enteric infections an investigation was carried out on 257 Army recruits.The general and local reactions were more unfavourable by the intradermal method. The agglutinin responses were better with the intradermal route.
Colicine production as an epidemiological marker of Shigella sonnei
Authors: Gillies R. R 
Published: May 2009

1. Modifications of the technique of colicine typing are reported which allow more rapid and economical identification of Shigella sonnei for epidemiological purposes without loss of accuracy.2. The technique is epidemiologically valid as judged by the constancy of type in repeated isolations from individuals and the uniformity of type in epidemics; it is considered that the few instances of lack of uniformity in these indices are probably examples of true mixed type infection. There is no evidence of type instability in vitro.3. Type incidence differs significantly from that reported in two other centres; a new colicine type (Type 14) is described which brings the total of recognizable types to 16. It is considered that in addition to the five types which were previously thought distinctive, three other Types, 6, 11 and 14, can now be so regarded.4. There is a need for continued studies to resolve the few discrepancies associated with infection by more than one type either in the individual or in an epidemic; it is hoped that colicine typing will reawaken interest in Sonne dysentery.This investigation was supported (in part) by Public Health Service Research Grant AI– 04833–01.from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
The feeding of oral poliovirus vaccine to a closed community excreting faecal viruses
Authors: Gardner P. S. , Cooper Christine E. 
Published: May 2009

The residential home was investigated to study the endemic virus population. During this study, oral poliovirus vaccine was given to the children and the effect of vaccination on endemic enteroviruses and adenoviruses was investigated. In the light of these findings, the problem of virus interference is discussed. The health of the children is related to their virus infections.We are indebted to Prof. S. D. M. Court and Prof. C. A. Green for the active interest they have taken in this investigation; to Miss J. McQuillin, B.Sc., F.I.M.L.T., for her technical assistance; also to the matron of the home and her staff for their co-operation in supplying the specimens, and to Mr L. J. Whitlock of the Royal Victoria Infirmary and his staff for arranging their transport to the laboratory.
‘False positive’ complement fixation with psittacosis—trachoma antigens due to antibodies in complement preparations
Authors: Terzin Alexander L. 
Published: May 2009

Complement-fixation tests with psittacosis-trachoma group antigens, if set up with complement prepared from guinea-pigs cross-infected with any of the Bedsonia agents, may give completely false positive results. The use of C.F. positive or C.F. inhibition positive samples of guinea-pig sera as a source of complement can induce also a significant increase or decrease, respectively, of the actual C.F. titres in Bedsonia-positive serum samples tested. Observations made both in routine serology and in experimental studies show the necessity of testing carefully, for possible presence of Bedsonia titres, individual sera of guinea-pigs intended for use as source of complement in C.F. tests performed with Bedsonia group antigens.I have pleasure in thanking Dr F. B. Gordon and Dr E. Weiss for the valuable suggestions made and HM3 C.O. Wiese for the technical assistance.
The specificity of cellular immunity
Authors: Gray David F. , Poole Rosalind 
Published: May 2009

1. Non-specific stimulation of mice by a detergent lackingin vitroantibacterial activity, Triton WR 1339, produces a steady state in the course of experimental tuberculosis at about the same level as specific immunization, and does so independently of delayed allergy.2. This effect is achieved in a much shorter time than is required by the normal immunological processes and the relative duration of enhanced resistance in each case is yet to be worked out.3. Triton fails to enhance an existing, specifically acquired immunity.4. There is no evidence so far that the mechanism involved is the same in both instances. If it were found to be the same, then the present concept of a specific cellular immunity would need to be revised.
Studies on the carrier state of cattle exposed to foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Burrows R. 
Published: May 2009

Cattle infected with FMDV strains of different epizootiological origin developed a carrier state which persisted in the majority of animals for several months. Fluid samples taken from the oesophageal/pharyngeal region were assayed for infectivity by plaque counts on BHK monolayer cultures and by mouse inoculation. With one strain of virus, infectivity levels of up to 1000 pfu/ml. were recorded for several weeks after infection but in general the virus content of samples was below 50 pfu/ml.The sites of virus persistence and multiplication were identified by titration of suspensions of mucosae and epithelia taken post mortem. Virus was recovered from 41 of 54 cattle killed 14–196 days after infection. The chief sites of virus multiplication based on the frequency of virus recovery and infectivity titres were the dorsal surface of the soft palate and the pharynx. Virus was recovered less frequently from the ventral surface of the soft palate and the glosso-epiglottic space and only occasionally from the tonsillar sinuses, tonsils, tongue, trachea and oesophagus. No virus was detected in the turbinates or in the epithelium of the urinary bladder.
Type-specific polysaccharide antigens of group B streptococci
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. , Freimer Earl H. 
Published: May 2009

Rabbits immunized with whole streptococci of group B, type II, produce two immunologically distinct type-specific antibodies which are essentially equal by weight in protecting mice against infection with homologous type strains.The capsular antigen with which these antibodies react is a polysaccharide containing galactose, glucose, glucosamine, and a labile component which has not been chemically identified. Extraction of the bacteria with TCA yields this ‘complete’ antigen, whereas extraction with HCl yields a partial antigen without the labile component. This degraded antigen can also be derived from the TCA antigen by treating the latter with hot HCl, and is indistinguishable from that extracted directly from the bacteria with HCl.One of the antibodies produced, the TCA antibody, is directed against the labile component of the polysaccharide. The other, the HCl antibody, is directed against a β-d-galactoside determinant; and the precipitin reaction with this antibody is not masked in the ‘complete’ TCA antigen by the presence of the labile component.The group-specific polysaccharide, which is located in the cell-wall, is also extracted with either TCA or HCl but can be eliminated from the preparations by fractional precipitation with ethanol. Although it is known that the type-specific polysaccharide is located in the streptococcal capsule, it is not at present clear in what form this substance occurs in the living streptococcal cell. It may be present partially as the degraded HCl form, or possibly wholly as the intact TCA form. Further immunological and chemical studies of these type-specific polysaccharides are in progress, and will be presented in another communication.
A new colicine type (type 15) of Shigella sonnei
Authors: Gillies R. R. , Brown D. O. 
Published: May 2009

1. A new colicine type (type 15) of Shigella sonnei is described.2. The epidemiological circumstances associated with its appearance in Edinburgh and Glasgow are summarized.3. Our indices of reliability as an epidemiological marker are fulfilled by this new type.
An epidemiological study ofSalmonellain a closed pig herd
Authors: Heard T. W. , Linton A. H. 
Published: May 2009

An epidemiological survey of salmonella infection in a closed herd of pigs is reported. The main cause of cross-infection resulted from the movement of animals, with subsequent mixing of infected and clean stock and exposure of non-infected animals to infected faeces. Pen-to-pen infection carried by farm attendants also proved important.An extended survey is at present being conducted to gain further information on the processes of cross-infection.
The infectivity assay of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs
Authors: Burrows R. 
Published: May 2009

FMDV strains were titrated in pigs by inoculation of the bulb of the heel of the foot, the coronary band region of the foot, and the tongue. Heel inoculation gave end-points approximately 300-fold higher than did the other two methods.Parallel titrations in cattle and mice gave infectivity estimates approximately 10-fold and 100-fold higher, respectively, than did heel titration of pigs.The average variance of individual end-points determined for heel titration was 0·46 (log10 units) and that determined for coronary-band titration was 0·74. The sources of variations in end-points given by heel titrations are discussed.
Immunogenicity of experimental trachoma vaccines in baboons: II. Experiments with adjuvants, and tests of cross-protesction
Authors: Collier L. H. , Blyth W. A. 
Published: May 2009

A mineral oil adjuvant failed to enhance or to prolong the somewhat shortlived immunity induced in baboons by trachoma/inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) vaccines, and was of little or no value in increasing or prolonging the formation of group complement-fixing (CF) antibody. Vaccines prepared with protamine sulphate or with calcium phosphate were no more immunogenic than the untreated parent suspensions.Cross tests with aqueous vaccines revealed antigenic differences in the TRIC agents examined, in terms of their ability to protect against conjunctival challenge. Strain MRC–1/OT differed from MRC–17 and from MRC–4, and MRC–187 from MRC–4f.The four Gambian trachoma agents tested were much less effective than the MRC–4 strain of inclusion conjunctivitis in inducing group CF antibody in baboons. The titre of circulating antibody bore no relation to the state of immunity to conjunctival challenge.In three baboons given mineral oil adjuvant vaccine and in one given aqueous vaccine the conjunctival responses to subsequent challenge were significantly enhanced. This reaction may be an expression of a hypersensitive state induced by relatively ineffective vaccines; like immunity, it is unrelated to the titre of CF antibody in the serum.
Aqueous and oil-adjuvant influenza vaccines and iso-immunization to group A substance
Authors: Forsyth J. R. L. , Wilson T. E. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInfluenza vaccines used in trials appeared to stimulate a small increase of saline-reactive anti-A1antibodies in group O volunteers. There was no evidence that haemolysins were elicited by adjuvant vaccine. It is unlikely that influenza vaccines would cause ABO haemolytic disease in infants.
Sociological factors in the spread of variola minor in a semi-rural school district
Authors: Angulo Juan J. , Rodrigues-Da-Silva Guilherme , Rabello S. Ivo 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe mechanism of spread of an epidemic of variola minor (alastrim) occurring in 1956, in Vila Guarani, a semi-rural school district of the City of São Paulo, Brazil, is examined. Cases were grouped according to time and space relationships corresponding to either a household or a school class, as once variola minor was introduced into a household or a school class spread was independent of occurrences in neighbouring social units. The constant occurrence of a single introduction in school classes and households implied that the chance for transmission of the disease outside the homes or the school was very small. The secondary attack rate was higher in households than in school classes. Twenty households with cases had more pre-school children and school children and a lower vaccination level than twenty-two neighbouring households without cases but also including one or more persons who were known to have had personal contacts with patients.Examination of the chain of contagion clearly shows that spread in the school was directly and indirectly responsible for the majority of cases in the epidemic, for the peak of the epidemic curve and for the extent of topographical spread of the epidemic. This predominant role of the school was accentuated by incomplete preventive measures (vaccination campaign and isolation of patients) applied late in the epidemic and it is attributed to the following facts, (a) There was a single school in the district, and school children were thus concentrated, (b) The school was the only place of the district where persons living in different neighbourhoods had regular, repeated contacts, (c) The great majority of school children had had no previous variola and many had no vaccination scar, (d) The social activities of school children gave them the highest potential as transmitters of variola minor.
The serum opacity reaction ofStreptococcus pyogenes: general properties of the streptococcal factor and of the reaction in aged serum
Authors: Hill M. J. , Wannamaker Lewis W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe capacity of certain strains ofStreptococcus pyogenesto produce opacity in aged horse serum has been studied. Cells from all stages of the growth cycle are able to produce opacity. Maximal activity is reached towards the end of the exponential phase of growth.Examination of cell fractions obtained by mechanical breakage and differential centrifugation suggested that the cell-bound activity is predominantly associated with the membrane fraction. Extraction with sodium deoxycholate yields a soluble fraction of high activity.There is considerable strain variation in heat stability of the serum opacity factor. Cell-bound activity is often quite resistant to heat, whereas extracted activity is less stable.Low concentrations of divalent cations have an activating effect, whereas high concentrations inhibit the serum opacity reaction. High concentrations of uni-valent cations are without effect on the cell-free enzyme but have an activating effect on the cell-bound enzyme.For both the cell-bound and the cell-free enzyme the pH optimum was 5·8.Although sensitive to trypsin and pepsin, the serum opacity factor appears to be resistant to streptococcal proteinase. Its activity is destroyed by formaldehyde and by periodate but is unaffected by a number of reducing agents.Pre-heating of the serum or the addition of iodoacetate did not affect the serum opacity reaction. The enhanced cholesterol esterification previously described with fresh serum appears to be a secondary reaction. Even when isolated by relatively gentle methods, α-lipoprotein serves as a substrate only in the presence of crystalline serum albumin.