bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal effects of maternal and pregnancy characteristics on serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A and free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin at 7–14 weeks' gestation
Authors: Ball S. , Ekelund C. , Wright D. , Kirkegaard I. , Nørgaard P. , Petersen O. B. , Tabor A. ,   the Danish Fetal Medicine Study Group
Published: June 2012

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate gestational age‐dependent effects of racial origin, smoking status and mode of conception on maternal serum levels of free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) and pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) at 7–14 weeks' gestation.MethodsThis was an analysis of data from prospective first‐trimester combined screening for aneuploidies in singleton pregnancies, with β‐hCG and PAPP‐A measured at 7 + 1 to 14 + 3 weeks' gestation. We included 27 908 pregnancies from three centers in the UK and 125 461 pregnancies from 22 centers in Denmark, all with known normal fetal karyotype or resulting in the birth of a phenotypically normal neonate. Multiple regression modelling of log10‐transformed marker concentrations was used to produce log10 multiple of the median (MoM) values for free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A and to examine pregnancy characteristics that have significant effects on marker concentrations.ResultsSerum free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A concentrations were significantly affected by gestational age, maternal weight, racial origin, parity, smoking and mode of conception. There were significant gestational age‐dependent effects attributed to Afro‐Caribbean race, smoking and conception through in‐vitro fertilization (IVF) on PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG levels. In women of Afro‐Caribbean race there was a weekly increase in PAPP‐A of 5.3% and in free β‐hCG of 1.8%. In smokers there was a weekly decrease in PAPP‐A of 2.4% and in free β‐hCG of 1.6%. In cases of IVF conceptions there was a weekly increase in PAPP‐A of 4.5% and in free β‐hCG of 4.6%.ConclusionsSerum free β‐hCG and PAPP‐A concentrations at 7–14 weeks' gestation are affected by several pregnancy characteristics. The effects of Afro‐Caribbean race, smoking and IVF conception change with gestational age.
The Interactive Systems Framework for Dissemination and Implementation: Enhancing the Opportunity for Implementation Science
Authors: Chambers David A. 
Published: June 2012

AbstractThis article reflects on the progress made in the development of the Interactive Systems Framework (ISF) for Dissemination and Implementation in recent years. Considering the ISF in the context of the broader field of dissemination and implementation research, the author offers commentary on the strengths of the framework and opportunities for further expansion and refinement.Special Issue: Advances in Bridging Research and Practice Using the Interactive System Framework for Dissemination and Implementation; Guest Editors: Abraham Wandersman, Paul Flaspohler, Catherine A. Lesesne, Richard Puddy; Action Editor: Emilie Phillips Smith
VI.—Some Basaltic Rocks from West Greenland
Authors: Drever H. I. , Livingstone D. F. 
Published: June 2012

During the course of Mr J. M. Wordie's Arctic Expedition in 1937 the first-named writer (H. I. D.) visited three localities in the Tertiary Igneous Province of West Greenland. Small collections were made at each locality.Only very little geological work could be undertaken on this Expedition owing to the very heavy programme of work in other scientific fields, one of its main objects being cosmic-ray research. The collections on which this paper is based were the result of very rapid, very superficial field-work.
Note on the Original Publication of Hutton's Theory of the Earth, and on the Subsequent Forms in which it was Issued
Authors: Eyles V. A. 
Published: June 2012

Summary of ContentsDescription of a little known anonymous pamphlet, an “Abstract” of the paper read before the Royal Society of Edinburgh, in 1785, in which James Hutton first announced publicly his famous Theory of the Earth. Reasons are advanced for concluding that Hutton himself was the author of the “Abstract”, and that it was published in 1785, some three years before the Royal Society paper was issued in the Society's Transactions. The writer concludes that the “Abstract”, and not, as has hitherto been supposed, the Transactions paper, constitutes the first form in which The Theory was published. The “Abstract” is reprinted in small type on p. 380.
Observations on the Golgi Material of the Neurones of the Central Nervous System of Fowl affected with Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum.
Authors: Chodnik K. S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopisThe Golgi material of the neurones of the central nervous system of normal fowl and of birds affected with spontaneous cases of Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum (fowl paralysis) is described. Material was prepared according to the methods of Kolatchev and of Aoyama. The Golgi material of normal pyramidal cells of the cerebral cortex, the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum, the multipolar cells of the spinal cord, and the cells of the spinal ganglia, is present as rods, irregular bodies and filaments. Compact net-like Golgi material is present in the small cells of the spinal ganglia.In the neurones of fowl affected with Neurolymphomatosis gallinarum the Golgi material undergoes hypertrophy, followed by clustering of the Golgi elements and fragmentation. The intensity of the morphological changes and the number of neurones affected in a particular region of the central nervous system varies considerably, except in the spinal ganglia where all the cells examined exhibited marked changes. It was not possible to determine whether the changes were primary or secondary in nature. The literature of the subject is discussed.
The Respiratory Movements of the Lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis)
Authors: Roberts T. D. M. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe branchial apparatus of Lampetra fluviatilis has been studied to find out whether the inspiratory movement is brought about by muscular contraction. Differences between existing accounts of the anatomy are pointed out, and a description is given of diagonal muscles which span re-entrant curves of the gill bars. Extirpation and stimulation experiments provide evidence that none of the available muscle groups can have an inspiratory function. The pressure changes in the gill sac indicate that the momentum of the water-stream in forceful expiration leaves a region of low pressure which initiates the inspiratory flow.
I.—New Records of Sub-Littoral Polychætes from the Clyde Sea Area, with a Description of a New Species
Authors: Clark R. B. , Stephen A. C. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisFifty species of polychæte worms are listed which have not hitherto been recorded from the Clyde Sea area, and an account is given of the morphological differences which some of them show from the available descriptions. Of the fifty new records, nine are new to British waters, including one described as a new species, Amage scotica (Ampharetidæ).
IV.—Longtime Trends in Egg Production in a Closed Line of Fowls
Authors: Blyth J. S. S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisOver fifteen years (1935–49) no consistent change was evident in March egg numbers or the winter egg production of pullets to the end of that month. In birds with single-day interclutch gaps, however, the average March egg number showed an upward trend which paralleled the inverse curve for mean egg weight except during the war years. This improving performance of birds in full production was accompanied by an increasing variance among them. The proportion of pausing birds also increased over the years studied, but less regularly, and may have resulted from environmental causes. Two such contrary and apparently independent trends within a flock or line of fowls raise difficulties in assessing genetic changes which are occurring when the annual production is considered as a whole.
VI.—Factors Affecting the Onset and Duration of Annual Rest in the Domestic Fowl
Authors: MacIver R. M. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA study involving the effects of supplementary artificial lighting during the winter months upon a line of Brown Leghorn hens, reveals that the onset of the annual rest is delayed as a result of its use, and the tendency for onset of rest to become earlier in successive laying cycles is reduced.The influence of time of onset in determining the duration of rest is higher in birds that commence their rest early than in those commencing later, resulting in a curvilinear relationship between these two parameters. A hypothesis accounting for this phenomenon is proposed.The relative importance of age at onset of first annual rest in determining its duration appears to be negligible. This conclusion is based on an analysis of records pertaining to a generation of the same line which was hatched over an abnormally long hatching season, thus enabling the effects of “date” and “age” to be separated.
XVII.—Utilization of Dietary Purines and Pyrimidines byDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sang James H. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisDrosophila melanogasterlarvæ when cultured aseptically on a synthetic diet require exogenous ribose nucleic acid (RNA) for normal growth even though they can synthesize their own endogenous RNA from simple precursors. The optimum dietary supply lies between 0.4 and 0.7 per cent RNA. Individual bases, nucleosides and nucleotides which make up RNA cannot substitute for the whole polynucleotide, but adenine, adenosine, adenylic acid, guanosine and guanylic acid are used and stimulate growth to varying degrees. The pyrimidines and their nucleosides and nucleotides are not used when fed singly.It is shown that thede novosynthesis of purines may be more difficult than that of pyrimidines, and that if a source of purines is supplied (as adenylic acid), then the nucleosides and nucleotides of both cytosine and uracil are utilized by the larvæ, whereas the free bases are not. Cytidylic and uridylic acids seem to be interchangeable, and together with an adequate supply of adenylic acid give as good growth as RNA. Orotic acid and 2—6-diaminopurine are not used by the larvæ under the conditions described, but hypoxanthine and inosine are: xanthine and xanthosine can also be shown to have an effect on growth.Dose-response curves were determined for adenylic, guanylic, cytidylic and uridylic acids under conditions which allow the determination of the optimal supplies of each. These are found to be about 0.110, 0.080, 0.025 and 0.025 per cent, respectively. The requirement of RNA is therefore primarily a requirement of adenylic acid, since more than enough of the other nucleotides should be available when the supply of RNA is optimal. The optimal supply of adenine corresponds almost exactly with the optimal supply of adenylic acid, though a somewhat delayed larval development may be a result of energy utilization in the base-nucleoside-nucleotide conversion.These results are discussed in the light of our knowledge of purine and pyrimidine utilization in other multicellular organisms, particularly the rat, and possible applications of the findings are considered.
XVIII.—Records ofPotamopyrgus jenkinsi(Smith) in Scottish Fresh Waters over Fifty Years (1906–56)
Authors: Hunter W. Russell , Warwick T. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThis note presents in summary the recorded occurrences ofPotamopyrgus jenkinsi(Smith) in fresh waters in Scotland over the fifty years since it was first reported. Apart from isolated occurrences in the Outer Hebrides, in the Caithness-Orkney area, and in the Borders—Solway area, the records appear to reflect a gradual dispersal (1906—56) from an origin on the Tay, over the Tay and Forth drainage areas, and thence perhaps through the Midland Valley to the west coast. This dispersal has been slower than the rate of spread of the same species through England and Wales earlier in the century, but has been rapid compared with the rates of dispersal assumed for other molluscan species.
II.—The Circulatory System of the Crustacean Euphausid, Meganyctiphanes norvegica (M. Sars)
Authors: Mauchline John 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisIn Meganyctiphanes the blood is pumped from the heart to the various regions of the body by way of a well-developed arterial system. It passes out of the open ends of the final sub-branches of the arteries into the various sinuses, finally collecting in the posterior ventral region of the thorax. From there, by the action of the pericardium and the muscles associated with the afferent branchial channels, it enters the afferent branchial channels whence it circulates through the branchial veins in the branchiæ, to the efferent branchial channels. The beating of the heart draws the blood into the pericardium whence it reaches the heart cavity by way of two pairs of ostia.
VIII.—Humoral Control of Metamorphosis and Diapause in the Larvæ of Certain Calliphoridæ (Diptera: Cyclorrhapha).
Authors: Fraser Alastair 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe humoral mechanism controlling metamorphosis in larvæ ofCalliphora vomitoriaL. andLucilia cæsarL. and controlling diapause in the latter has been investigated by experiments involving extirpation and implantation of certain organs and section of nerves to the corpus cardiacum. It is confirmed that the large lateral cells of Weismann's ring, the thoracic gland cells, produce a hormone which promotes the several processes covered by the term “pupation”, including the development of anlagen before puparium formation, puparium formation, the third larval moult and the last larval moult. The stimulus to thoracic gland activity is provided by the brain and is transmitted via the nerves from that organ to the corpus cardiacum. This stimulus is apparently humoral and is liberated from the corpus cardiacum into the blood.The thoracic glands ofL. cæsarlarvæ are inactive during diapause. Implants of activeC. vomitoriaglands intoL. cæsardiapause larvæ terminate diapause in the latter. The immediate cause of the arrest in development is the failure of the brain to activate the thoracic glands.
XI.—Further Observations on the Liver Clearance of Bromo-sulphthalein in the Fowl and its Relation to Œstrogen-androgen Balance
Authors: Campbell J. G. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisPrevious work has shown a sex difference dependant upon œstrogen-androgen balance, in the rate of clearance by the fowl liver of intravenously administered sodium bromosulphthalein. Further observations reported here indicate an apparent rapid fluctuation of the Œ-A balance which takes place in immature chickens, both sexes snowing what is interpreted as hyperœstrogenization about the age of twelve weeks. Attention is drawn to other evidence that profound metabolic and hormonal changes occur at this stage. The effect of exogenous sex-hormones on the clearance rate of BSP has been further studied, particularly the influence of extra androgen on adult males with aberrant clearances unassociated with liver lesions. More evidence for the relation between the rate of BSP clearance and the Œ-A balance is provided by the study of the effect of cessation of ovulation on the clearance, and the effect of the development of virilizing tumours at the site of the rudimentary right ovary after left ovariectomy. Other changes which confirm hyperœstrogenization as assessed by the BSP clearance test are (a) decrease of the packed cell volume, (b) the development of a precipitable phospholipid in the plasma, (c) renal vascular changes, (d) adrenal cortical hyperplasia, (e) a frequent association with oviduct ligament “fibroids” and persistent cystic right oviducts.
II.—Genetics of Gametes. II. Strain Differences in Characteristics of Rabbit Spermatozoa
Authors: Beatty R. A. , Napier R. A. N. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe study of genetic effects on the phenotype of gametes may be called the genetics of gametes. As evidence of such genetic effects, marked inter-strain differences have been demonstrated in characteristics of rabbit spermatozoa examined in nigrosin-eosin preparations. Strain differences have been found in the size and shape of the spermatozoan head, and in a measure of spermatozoan viability—the incidence of stained heads. A first comparison of the spermatozoa of specific breeds is given. The size of the spermatozoan head is to some extent independent of the body weight.
XI.—The Species of Architeuthis Inhabiting the North Atlantic
Authors: Stephen A. C. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisDetails are given of two more Giant Squids (Architeuthis) found in the Scottish area. The question of which species occur is discussed. It is suggested that the two species, A. harveyi Verrill and A.princeps Verrill, described from the American side, do not occur on the European side, as certain identifications would suggest. The two species found on the European side would, therefore, be A. dux Steenstrup and A. clarkei Robson.
I.—Siphonophora in the Plankton to the North and West of the British Isles
Authors: Fraser J. H. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe distribution of about thirty species of warm water siphonophores over the period 1947–1964 to the north-west and north of the British Isles is used to give a generalized picture of the path of the Lusitanian stream. These species, which originate much further south, are relatively intolerent to change of environment and the distances they are carried can be associated with the degree of inflow on a yearly and seasonal basis.Grouping the findings into four series of years over the 18 year period shows an increase in their northerly distribution from 1947 reaching a maximum in 1953 and 1954. This has since been maintained, with annual variations, at least until 1963. It is hoped that the data presented here can be used when comparing future studies of climatic change with the distribution of water masses.
V.—The Artificial Fertilization and Rearing of the Eggs of Coregonus clupeoides Lacépède
Authors: Maitland Peter S. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisPast studies of the relationships between different populations of Coregonus have demonstrated the great plasticity of form exhibited by this genus throughout the Palearctic region. In addition to standard morphological accounts, hybridization and rearing studies are important in attempting to assess the relationships between different races, and this paper describes some initial work which has been carried out in this direction. The development of eggs of the Loch Lomond powan, Coregonus clupeoides Lacépède, has been studied in the laboratory and shown to follow a definite pattern. The average incubation period at 6–9° C is 65 days though considerable variation in this time occurs. Eggs and sperm kept separate and without water still showed 50 per cent fertilization after 3 days but none after 6 days. Hybrids of two races of Coregonus, one living in Scotland the other in Wales, were produced by bringing together eggs and sperm which had been kept cool and dry during transport. The value of these experiments in relation to past and future research is discussed.
XV.—“Ectopic” Pairing and the Distribution of Heterochromatin in the X-Chromosome of Salivary Gland Nuclei of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Slizynski B. M. 
Published: June 2012

The problem to be presented here emerges from the following groups of facts and more or less generally accepted opinions.As heterochromatin we may define those parts of chromosomes which reach maximum nucleic acid charge in mitosis or meiosis in times other than metaphase. In salivary gland chromosomes (which are more conveniently called polytene chromosomes) of Drosophila melanogaster the proximal heterochromatic parts of all chromosomes come together and form a central undifferentiated mass, the chromocentre. Genetically heterochromatin forms the so-called inert regions of the chromosomes.
XV.—Quantitative Evolution. XX. Correlations in Rates of Diversification
Authors: Small James 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisA system of twelve stages of expansion from one primary monotypic genus is described and elaborated, using as two correlated parameters the rate of x 1·5 for the number of new monotypic genera arising (rGi) when the rate of X 2·0 is taken for the increase in generic size or numbers of species within any one genus (rSz). Too much stress should not be read into the precision of the positions indicated for known numerical data; an approximate fitting is all that can be reasonably expected even if these theoretical expansions are something like the historical truth.
XVII.—Inheritance of Resistance to Blight (Phytophthora infestans) in Potatoes: Inter-Relationships of Genes and Strains
Authors: Black William 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisThe common strain and six specialised strains of Phytophthora infestans have been employed in testing potato varieties and seedling progenies bred from the wild species S. demissum for resistance to the disease. Resistance, due to the hypersensitive condition of the protoplasm, is manifested in the presence of major genes, and four such genes have been identified, viz. R1, R2, R3 and R4. Each gene induces in the plant a hypersensitive response to infection with the common strain and with a particular group of specialised strains of the parasite. The genes are inherited independently in simple Mendelian fashion, but in the segregations three different types of deviations from standard disomic ratios occur due to (a) unpaired chromosomes, (b) incompatibility factors, and (c) partial autosyndesis. A series of minor genes modify the phenotypic expression of the major gene system and so differentiate grades of hypersensitivity or of susceptibility as the case may be.The common strain of P. infestans appears to be a population persisting at an equilibrium determined by host range and environmental conditions. Mutations frequently occur, but new forms survive only when host genotypes, to which they are specially adapted, are available.
XIX.—Quantitative Evolution. XXI. Some Correlations in the Present Results of Production Rates
Authors: Small James 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisTwo series of logarithmic expansion systems are described, with × 1·6 as the rate of increase in numbers of new monotypic genera correlated with a rate of × 2·0 for increase in total numbers of species. These series are discussed in relation to current numbers for monotypic genera, total genera, and total species in 36 of the largest 45 families of flowering plants.
XX.—The Rate of Growth ofVenerupis pullastra(Montagu) at Millport, Scotland
Authors: Quayle D. B. 
Published: June 2012

SynopsisMarking experiments have demonstrated that certain of the rings appearing as surface sculpture on the shells of the lamellibranchVenerupis pullastraare valid as a measure of annual growth. From measurement of these rings the mean monthly and the mean annual growth increments have been calculated. The length-age relationship curve is similar to that of most other lamellibranchs. Reasons for the variation in the mean monthly rate of growth have been examined. The height-length and the thickness-length ratios for various sizes have been calculated and found to follow a simple and direct tangent relationship.