bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Two-dimensional Low-redundancy Array Design for Solar Radio Imaging
Authors: Zhang 张 Weidan 卫丹 , Wang 王 Bing 冰 , Wu 武 Zhao 昭 , Lu 路 Guang 光 , Chen 陈 Yao 耀 , Fabao 严 Yan 发宝 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The radioheliograph is an extensive array of antennas operating on the principle of aperture synthesis to produce images of the Sun. The image acquired by the telescope results from convoluting the Sun’s true brightness distribution with the antenna array’s directional pattern. The imaging quality of the radioheliograph is affected by a multitude of factors, with the performance of the “dirty beam” being simply one component. Other factors such as imaging methods, calibration techniques, clean algorithms, and more also play a significant influence on the resulting image quality. As the layout of the antenna array directly affects the performance of the dirty beam, the design of an appropriate antenna configuration is critical to improving the imaging quality of the radioheliograph. Based on the actual needs of observing the Sun, this work optimized the antenna array design and proposed a two-dimensional low-redundancy array. The proposed array was compared with common T-shaped arrays, Y-shaped arrays, uniformly spaced circular arrays, and three-arm spiral arrays. Through simulations and experiments, their performance in terms of sampling point numbers, UV coverage area, beam-half width, sidelobe level, and performance in the absence of antennas are compared and analyzed. It was found that each of these arrays has its advantages, but the two-dimensional low-redundancy array proposed in this paper performs best in overall evaluation. It has the shortest imaging calculation time among the array types and is highly robust when antennas are missing, making it the most suitable choice.
Power and isotope effects in the ITER baseline scenario with tungsten and tungsten-equivalent radiators in DIII-D
Authors: Sips A.C.C. , Turco F. , Greenfield C.M. , Schmitz L. , Luce T. , Odstrčil T. , McLean A. , Bykov I. , Hyatt A. , Osborne T. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Experiments in DIII-D document the ITER Baseline Scenario (IBS) at q
95 ∼ 3 and P
IN/P
LH ∼ 1–2, in both deuterium and hydrogen utilizing Kr and Xe as Tungsten-equivalent radiators. The power threshold for H-mode operation (P
LH) was determined experimentally without added impurities and found to be about a factor of two higher than the scaling law. In recent IBS experiments in deuterium, intrinsic levels of metals such as Tungsten (W) or molybdenum and inconel are present that reduce the pedestal pressure by 20%–25%. A complete radiative collapse of deuterium IBS plasmas occurs at W core concentrations C
W = 10−5. Simulations show that for core temperatures expected for ITER, the plasmas would not have a radiative collapse at C
W = 1 × 10−5, moreover Q = 8–10 would still be achieved for C
W up to 3 × 10−5. In contrast to deuterium, the IBS in hydrogen is not affected by intrinsic high-Z impurities, indicating that hydrogen H-modes in ITER may not inform the D-T phase with respect to W accumulation and discharge survival. Compared to deuterium, the pedestal pressure in hydrogen is ∼25% lower, with much higher ELM frequency of 150 Hz, decreasing with input power. Krypton was injected in a matrix scan of input power and impurity flow in IBS hydrogen discharges. Krypton impurity density profiles in hydrogen are similar to deuterium plasmas, but at Kr flows that are 2–3 times higher for the same input power. Krypton is transported into the core and affects the whole radius; at the highest injection rates a radiative collapse occurs at core radiation fractions of 0.3–0.35, consistent with the expected maximum W radiation fraction for ITER core plasmas. Comparing the results with previous International Tokamak Physics Activity database studies of the IBS confirms that at higher radiation fraction due to high-Z impurities, a drop in H
98 of >10% is observed. On the other hand, the results using Kr as a W-equivalent radiator indicate that metal (W) devices at lower core temperatures than ITER may provide overly pessimistic performance extrapolations to ITER for deuterium-tritium operation. The new DIII-D results support a more attractive option for the ITER Research Plan with a short hydrogen phase for system commissioning, transitioning to deuterium operations as soon as possible to provide relevant conditions for deuterium-tritium operations.
New methodology for estimating the influence of Cu content of Ferrous Scrap materials in the Total Cost of Operation (TCO) of scrap mix in Electric Arc Furnace steelmaking
Authors: Nuñez E. , Priyadarshi H. , Picco M. , Vicente A. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Scrap is the main raw material of the electric arc furnace (EAF) route of steelmaking and an important one in the primary route. The decarbonisation commitment acquired by the most relevant steelmaking companies, will only increase the amount of scrap used by both routes, making it a critical component to succeed in the worldwide challenge of reducing CO2 emissions. While being a very relevant material, scrap characterisation is complex due to its heterogeneity, but furthermore, its quality is worsening as its demand increases. This includes the sterile content, such as copper. Higher sterile content scrap comes at a lower price, while scrap with a lower content in undesired elements is most costly. Being able to balance the cost and benefit of purchasing scrap with a higher or lower content of copper with a respective, lower or higher purchase cost would be of interest to optimise the mix and produce the required quality steel at the lowest possible cost. Nowadays, this cost benefit analysis can only be done by performing Total Cost of Operation (TCO) calculations that require a considerable amount of information, including but not limited to the complete chemical composition of scrap, market parameters, production forecast and other relevant data; moreover, involving an arduous optimization process. Based on a parametric study of the TCO calculation, this work proposes a mathematical model to estimate the impact on the TCO of a predefined scrap mix when only modifying the specifics of one given scrap type. The results would facilitate the decision making by comparing the two scenarios as a factor of cost. This mathematical model can be easily programmed and requires only 5 parameters to be run, while providing a low error result.
Biochar as a slag foaming agent in EAF – A novel experimental setup
Authors: Hoikkaniemi E , Sulasalmi P , Visuri V-V , Fabritius T 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Slag foaming practice is employed widely in electric arc furnace steelmaking to improve the energy efficiency, protect the furnace structures and reduce noise pollution. Slag foaming is typically launched by injecting fossil-based carbonaceous material (e.g. coke dust) into the melt. In this study, a novel laboratory-scale experimental setup was used for studying the substitution of fossil carbon by biochar as slag foaming agent. The setup was equipped with an injection device for feeding carbon and a camera system for observing the foaming phenomenon and recording the process. A set of experiments was conducted for studying the foaming in slag-carbon systems using two carbonaceous materials: 1) coke dust was used as a reference material and 2) a high-quality biochar was used as a possible replacement. In the experiments, sufficient foaming was achieved with both of the carbonaceous materials. The biochar produced almost equal foaming behavior as coke dust. The results indicate that biochar could be used to substitute carbon for slag foaming in the EAF.
Antiferromagnetism in two-dimensional materials: progress and computational challenges
Authors: Olsen Thomas 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We present a perspective on the status of antiferromagnetism in two-dimensional (2D) materials. Various types of spin-compensated orders are discussed and include non-collinear order, spin spirals and altermagnetism. Spin–orbit effects ultimately determine, whether compounds exhibit long range order, Kosterlitz-Thouless physics, or multiferroic properties and we discuss the basic magnetic prototypes that may arise in 2D materials depending on the magnetic anisotropy and ordering vector. A summary of 2D antiferromagnets that have been characterized experimentally is provided—with particular emphasis on magnetic anisotropies and Neel temperatures. We then outline the ingredients needed to describe the magnetic properties using density functional theory. In particular, the systematic determination of magnetic ground states from the generalized Bloch theorem and the magnetic force theorem, which may be used to calculate magnetic excitations from the Heisenberg model with parameters determined from first principles. The methods are exemplified by application to the monolayer helimagnet NiBr2. Finally, we present a summary of predicted and prospective 2D antiferromagnets and discuss the challenges associated with the prediction of Néel temperatures from first principles.
Study on the hot deep drawing performance and microstructural evolution of AZ91D magnesium alloy sheets
Authors: Shi Yongze , Deng Peiran , Hou Jinyu , Chong Xiwen , Wang Yuxuan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Magnesium alloys are attractive because of their low density and high specific strength and stiffness; however, secondary phase strengthening and the low number of slip systems lower formability especially for the strongest magnesium alloys such as AZ91D. The formability of AZ91D sheets is investigated through orthogonal experiments, which show that AZ91D has no deep drawing properties at room temperature and that plastic forming is only possible under hot forming conditions. When the temperature is increased from room temperature to 400 °C, the limiting drawing ratio of the sheet increases significantly to 1.91, and the thinning rate reaches a minimum value of 6% at approximately 400 °C because of the improved plastic flowability. The optimum process parameters for hot deep drawing are a temperature of 400 °C, blank holder force of 5 kN, and punch speed of 3 mm s−1. The microstructural evolution shows that plastic deformation of the AZ91D magnesium alloy at high temperatures is markedly accommodated by twinning and that, with heating, this twinning deformation mechanism is activated and overcomes the hindrances of the reinforcing phases to achieve better forming properties.
Experimental confirmation of the linear relation between plasma current and external vertical magnetic field in EXL-50 spherical torus energetic electron plasmas
Authors: DONG 董 Lili 力立 , WANG 王 Mingyuan 明远 , LIU 刘 Wenjun 文军 , SHI 石 Yuejiang 跃江 , DONG 董 Jiaqi 家齐 , GUO 郭 Dong 栋 , SUN 孙 Tiantian 恬恬 , GU 顾 Xiang 翔 , SONG 宋 Xianming 显明 , YUAN 袁 Baoshan 保山 , PENG 彭 Yueng-Kay Martin 元凯 , Team the ENN 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A three-fluid equilibrium plasma with bulk plasma and energetic electrons has been observed on the Xuanlong-50 (EXL-50) spherical torus, where the energetic electrons play a crucial role in sustaining the plasma current and pressure. In this study, the equilibrium of a multi-fluid plasma was investigated by analyzing the relationship between the external vertical magnetic field (B
V), plasma current (I
p), the poloidal ratio (β
p) and the Shafranov formula. Remarkably, our research demonstrates some validity of the Shafranov formula in the presence of multi-fluid plasma in EXL-50 spherical torus. This finding holds significant importance for future reactors as it allows for differentiation between alpha particles and background plasma. The study of multi-fluid plasma provides a significant reference value for the equilibrium reconstruction of burning plasma involving alpha particles.
Relationship between deposition techniques and nanoparticle dispersions for flexible and printed electronics
Authors: Oliveira P Q , Arbi R , Munir M , Patil L , Turak A Z 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Reverse micelles composed of polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyiridine) have been used to synthesize nanoparticles composed of a wide range of materials, including metals, metal oxides, dielectrics, semiconductors perovskites, and core–shell nanoparticles. In this contribution, we examine the effect of deposition parameters on two-dimensional nanoparticle arrangements from colloidal solutions created using spin coating, dip coating, slot-die coating, and electrospray deposition. Despite the importance of achieving uniform coatings of ordered arrays of colloidal particles, previous studies have not thoroughly addressed this challenge. We show that the adjustability of interparticle distance depends on the deposition technique used and only occurs within the stable defect-free operating window of the deposition parameters. Establishing the specific operating window for each technique for a model system, we propose general guidelines that can be used for ensuring uniform coatings regardless of precursor loading and provide a guide for adjusting the deposition conditions when coating defects occur. We introduces a novel application of ellipsometry to evaluate interparticle spacing in nanoparticle arrays, enhancing our ability to assess film uniformity, allowing for quick and easy tuning of nanoparticle dispersion. Comparisons between spin, dip, and slot-die coating techniques reveal insights into the correlation between interparticle spacing and ordering, highlighting the importance of fitting relationships for various coating samples. This comprehensive comparison and discussion provide a roadmap for future research, outlining current challenges and trends and offering insights into achievable spacings and ordering in coating processes. This allows the classification of various deposition techniques with respect to their suitability for tailored applications.
Dewetting-assisted inkjet printing and optimized solvent mixture of Cd-free InP quantum dots for high-resolution pixel-pattern
Authors: Lee Youngwoo , Jeong Yong-Cheol 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Direct-printed quantum dot (QD) patterns utilizing inkjet method are a next-generation alternative to achieve high-resolution quantum dot light-emitting diodes (QLED). However, research on high-resolution pixel patterns is still limited due to issues such as thickness uniformity. In this study, we explored the feasibility of direct printing QLEDs to attain high-resolution pixel-patterned displays. Here, we successfully fabricated arrays of green QLED devices with a resolution of 200 pixels per inch, employing a precise 1 pL fine printer nozzle and optimizing ink formulation to achieve superior surface roughness and uniformity at the desired thickness. The inkjet-printed QD layers demonstrated a surface roughness of 1.9 nm and a flatness ratio of 0.2, comparable to those achieved through conventional spin-coating processes. This investigation offers the potential for extending the methodology to the fabrication of cost-effective, high-resolution full-color QLED displays.
Drains in Breast Reduction: How Good Is the Recommendation Not to Use Them?
Authors: Behroozian Tara , Hircock Caroline , Dunn Emily , Thoma Achilles 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
A clinical practice guideline (CPG) from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons recommended not to use drains in breast reduction. This CPG was based on 3 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The objective of this review was to double-check the methodological quality of the 3 RCTs. These RCTs were critically appraised using: (1) the “User's Guide to the Surgical Literature” checklist to critically appraise the methodological quality, (2) the CONSORT guidelines for reporting quality, and (3) the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool 2 (RoB 2) for risk of bias. Weaknesses were identified in all assessments for the 3 RCTs. Items with the poorest adherence in the “User's Guide” included: “Were patients stratified?,” “Was follow-up complete?,” and “Were all clinically important outcomes considered?” The overall adherence to the CONSORT reporting checklist across all 3 studies was moderate with 40.0%, 62.1%, and 48.3% adherence. All 3 RCTs had a similar low to moderate risk of bias, with no areas with a high risk of bias. None of the studies took into consideration a single critical outcome (such as major hematoma) and the outcome's minimally important difference as the basis for the sample size and power calculation of the study. All 3 RCTs additionally lacked clear reporting of treatment effect sizes or precision of estimates. Our re-examination of the evidence questions the recommendation of the CPG. We believe that the recommendation should have been: “We remain uncertain whether drains in breast reduction have a salutary effect.” As such, we recommend that a methodologically robust RCT be conducted to resolve the question of whether drains should be used in breast reduction.
A one-step low-cost molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 detection suitable for community testing using minimally processed saliva
Authors: da Silva Sofia M , Amaral Catarina , Malta-Luís Cláudia , Grilo Diana , Duarte Américo G , Morais Inês , Afonso Gonçalo , Faria Nuno , Antunes Wilson , Gomes Inês , Sá-Leão Raquel , Miragaia Maria , Serrano Mónica , Pimentel Catarina 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The gold standard for coronavirus disease 2019 diagnostic testing relies on RNA extraction from naso/oropharyngeal swab followed by amplification through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with fluorogenic probes. While the test is extremely sensitive and specific, its high cost and the potential discomfort associated with specimen collection made it suboptimal for public health screening purposes. In this study, we developed an equally reliable, but cheaper and less invasive alternative test based on a one-step RT-PCR with the DNA-intercalating dye SYBR Green, which enables the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly from saliva samples or RNA isolated from nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs. Importantly, we found that this type of testing can be fine-tuned to discriminate SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. The saliva RT-PCR SYBR Green test was successfully used in a mass-screening initiative targeting nearly 4500 asymptomatic children under the age of 12. Testing was performed at a reasonable cost, and in some cases, the saliva test outperformed NP rapid antigen tests in identifying infected children. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the antigen testing failure could not be attributed to a specific lineage of SARS-CoV-2. Overall, this work strongly supports the view that RT-PCR saliva tests based on DNA-intercalating dyes represent a powerful strategy for community screening of SARS-CoV-2. The tests can be easily applied to other infectious agents and, therefore, constitute a powerful resource for an effective response to future pandemics.
Adult Safeguarding Inequalities in Northern Ireland: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Montgomery Lorna , Doyle Laura , Bunting Lisa , Gleghorne Nicole 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Whilst studies of child welfare inequalities have identified the impact of socio-economic deprivation on child protection rates, little is known about how this relates to intervention with adults who have care and support needs. This article examines the impact of area-level deprivation on adult safeguarding (AS) rates in Northern Ireland (NI). Routinely gathered statistics for community AS referrals (2015–2017) were linked to area-level deprivation across NI using service users’ postcode. The relationship between deprivation and the screening, investigation and safeguarding planning stages of intervention was examined. Our analysis identified a clear social gradient in relation to AS referrals; the higher the level of deprivation, the higher the rates of AS screening and protection plans. Findings for investigations showed more variability. Further research is needed to explore the factors associated with areas of high deprivation that shape AS social work responses. To our knowledge, this is the first time AS rates have been explored in relation to deprivation. The study findings, that structural factors play a significant role in AS interventions, will help to determine how and where social work interventions are best focused, helping to shape policy and AS theory.
Auctions to reveal consumers’ willingness to pay for low-carbon hydrogen projects: combining lessons from renewables and natural-gas industries
Authors: Vazquez Miguel , Hallack Michelle 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Low-carbon hydrogen is expected to play a key role in realizing net-zero and sustainable development plans. Nonetheless, there is a gap between the cost of producing low-carbon hydrogen and its potential users’ willingness to pay for such hydrogen. To implement support for the development of the industry, we propose using low-carbon hydrogen long-term agreements allocated through auction mechanisms. The objectives are 2-fold: (i) matching supply and demand volumes considering the time horizon and geographical delivery point specification and (ii) allocating the subsidy. This perspective article innovates by proposing a reference price indexed to liquid to natural-gas prices, which is the main product that low-carbon hydrogen aims to substitute. The premium and the production cost are defined through a double-sided auction. This aims to minimize the public policy funds required to incentivize the low-carbon hydrogen market while facilitating long-term agreements and mitigating price risks that may hinder investment.
Emergence of carbonaceous material for hydrogen storage: an overview
Authors: Soni Khemlata , Panwar Narayan Lal , Lanjekar Pranay Rajendra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Hydrogen has gained enormous relevance due to its lower carbon footprint and its potential role in balancing energy supply and demand. It is being considered as a sustainable substitute for conventional fuels. The generation of hydrogen using renewable energy sources is still in development, with a significant challenge lying in the efficient and safe storage of hydrogen due to its low energy density. This challenge hinders the widespread adoption of hydrogen. Compression and liquefaction methods of storage face issues of losses that reduce their effectiveness. The technology for hydrogen storage has advanced significantly in the past few years, driven by recent enhancements in synthesizing carbonaceous materials with hydrogen storage capabilities. This article critically reviews novel carbonaceous materials for hydrogen storage, including biochar, activated carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanocomposites, carbon aerogel, fullerenes, MXenes, graphite, graphene and its derivatives. Effective hydrogen adsorption using microporous materials, such as activated carbons, is crucial, sparking interest in economically viable options for hydrogen storage. Despite this, a significant amount of work still needs to be accomplished before the potential and advantages of the hydrogen economy can be fully realized and utilized by manufacturers and academics.