bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hox expression in the American alligator and evolution of archosaurian axial patterning
Authors: Mansfield Jennifer H. , Abzhanov Arhat 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe avian body plan has undergone many modifications, most associated with adaptation to flight and bipedal walking. Some of these modifications may be owing to avian‐specific changes in the embryonic Hox expression code. Here, we have examined Hox expression in alligator, the closest living relative of birds, and an archosaur with a more conservative body plan. Two differences in Hox expression between chick, alligator, and other tetrapods correlate with aspects of alligator or bird‐specific skeletal morphology. First, absence of a thoracic subdomain of Hoxc‐8 expression in alligator correlates with morphological adaptations in crocodilian thoracic segments. Second, Hoxa‐5, a gene required to pattern the cervical–thoracic transition, shows unique patterns of expression in chick, alligator, and mouse, correlating with species‐specific morphological patterning of this region. Given that cervical vertebral morphologies evolved independently in the bird and mammalian lineages, the underlying developmental mechanisms, including refinement of Hox expression domains, may be distinct. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 314B:629–644, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The ARRIVE guidelines, a welcome improvement to standards for reporting animal research
Authors: Danos Olivier , Davies Kay , Lehn Pierre , Mulligan Richard 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHere we introduce the ARRIVE (Animal Research: Reporting In Vivo Experiments) guidelines, produced by the National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs), which are published in this issue of the journal with our endorsement, and will be incorporated into our Instructions to Authors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ASPP interaction network: electrostatic differentiation between pro‐ and anti‐apoptotic proteins
Authors: Benyamini Hadar , Friedler Assaf 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe ASPP proteins are apoptosis regulators: ASPP1 and ASPP2 promote, while iASPP inhibits, apoptosis. The mechanism by which these different outcomes are achieved is still unknown. The C‐terminal ankyrin repeats and SH3 domain (ANK‐SH3) mediate the interactions of the ASPP proteins with major apoptosis regulators such as p53, Bcl‐2, and NFκB. The structure of the complex between ASPP2ANK‐SH3 and the core domain of p53 (p53CD) was previously determined. We have recently characterized the individual interactions of ASPP2ANK‐SH3 with Bcl‐2 and NFκB, as well as a regulatory intramolecular interaction with the proline rich domain of ASPP2. Here we compared the ASPP interactions at two levels: ASPP2ANK‐SH3 with different proteins, and different ASPP family members with each protein partner. We found that the binding sites of ASPP2 to p53CD, Bcl‐2, and NFκB are different, yet lie on the same face of ASPP2ANK‐SH3. The intramolecular binding site to the proline rich domain overlaps the three intermolecular binding sites. To reveal the basis of functional diversity in the ASPP family, we compared their protein‐binding domains. A subset of surface‐exposed residues differentiates ASPP1 and ASPP2 from iASPP: ASPP1/2 are more negatively charged in specific residues that contact positively charged residues of p53CD, Bcl‐2, and NFκB. We also found a gain of positive charge at the non‐protein binding face of ASPP1/2, suggesting a role in electrostatic direction towards the negatively charged protein binding face. The electrostatic differences in binding interfaces between the ASPP proteins may be one of the causes for their different function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stamm‐ und milieuspezifische Aminosäuremuster in Claviceps purpurea bei saprophytischer Kultur
Authors: Böhmer Sylvia‐Anett , Leistner H‐U. , Schlee D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEs wird der Gehalt der freien, mit 80%igem Äthanol extrahierbaren Aminosäuren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Prolins mittels automatischer Analyse bestimmt und seine Beziehung zur Synthese der Tripeptidseitenkette der Peptidalkaloide von Claviceps purpurea diskutiert.Wie Versuche mit den Stämmen pepty 695 („Produzent”︁) und pur 221 („Nichtproduzent”︁) bei saprophytischer Kultur auf den Nährlösungen 720 („Produktionsmedium”︁) und M 10 („Nicht‐produktionsmedium”︁) zeigen, sind in Abhängigkeit von der Kulturdauer (1 bis 13 Tage) für die Differenzen im Aminosäuremuster eher Milieubedingungen als Stammspezifika verantwortlich. Mengenmäßig treten die Aminosäuren Ala, γ‐Abu, Glu, Asp, Arg, Lys, Pro und die Säureamide Gln und Asn hervor. Try konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden. In beiden Stämmen wird bei Kultur auf NL 720 Arg zu Kulturende akkumuliert. Der „Nichtproduzent”︁ pur 221 zeichnet sich durch hohe Prolinmengen aus. Unter den gewählten Bedingungen hat der Prolingehalt keine Wirkung auf die Alkaloidausbeute.
Production of valine by a Bacillus sp.
Authors: Chattopadhyay S. P. , Banerjee A. K. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractA bacterium isolated from Burdwan (India) soil was found to accumulate l‐valine in the growth medium and identified to be a strain of Bacillus subtilis. The strain is able to grow and accumulate valine in a purely synthetic medium, but supplementation of the synthetic medium with either Casamino acids or yeast extract or with both, significantly improves the yield. The entire fermentation period can be divided into a growth phase and a production phase, which can be prolonged by adjustment of pH to the neutral range. Among the different carbon and nitrogen sources tested glucose at 8.5% and l‐glutamic acid at 0.8%, respectively, were found most suitable. Cane sugar molasses tested as a substitute for glucose significantly stimulated growth but valine production was less. Different vitamins tested stimulated growth and valine yield and an inoculum level of 10% (v/v) of the medium was found to be optimal. The yield of valine under optimal conditions was found to be 4.53 g per litre of the medium. Valine has been isolated in crystalline form from the fermented broth by ion exchange resin chromatography and found to be a pure sample of the l‐isomer.
Etude de l'α amylase de la paroi de Pichia burtoniiBOIDIN
Authors: Moulin G. , Galzy P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLa présence d'une α amylase pariétale de Pichia burtonii BOIDIN est étudiée. Deux formes ont été trouvées. Une fraction facilement extractible au moyen d'un tampon phosphate 20 mM et une fraction fortement liée à la paroi. Le pH optimum est 6,2.L'activité enzymatique n'est pas modifiée par les ions K+, Na+, NH4+. Elle est fortement inhibée par EDTA et les métaux lourds.
Remarque sur la régulation de la biosynthèse de l'α amylase de Pichia burtonii B
Authors: Moulin G. , Galzy P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of amylolytic enzymes by Pichia burtonii strain CBS 6141 requires the presence of etarch, maltose, and saccharose. Glucose exerts a strong repression which completely inhibited snzyme induction.Dans un précédent article (MOULIN et GALZY 1978) nous avons décrit les propriétés générales d'une α amylase présente dans la paroi de Pichia burtonii BOIDIN. Nous étudierons ici quelques aspects de la régulation de la biosynthèse de cet enzyme.
Wachstumskinetik einer thiaminbedürftigen Candida lipolytica bei Thiaminlimitation: Auftreten einer linearen Wachstumsphase
Authors: Müller P. J. , Ermakova I. T. , Bergter F. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe growth kinetics of batch cultures of the thiamine requiring Candida lipolytica 695 was investigated. It was established that a phase of logarithmic growth is followed by a linear growth phase. The time length of the linear phase and the relative increasing of the biomass during the linear phase are nearly constant and independend of the concentration of thiamine. The existence of the linear phase is discussed in connection with a constant activity of one of the two 2‐ketoacid dehydrogenases as a bottle neck enzyme which needs thiamine pyrophosphate as coenzyme. Critical intracellular thiamine concentrations were calculated necessary for transition from the logarithmic to the linear phase and from the logarithmic to the stationary growth phase. Without the existence of the second critical thiamine concentration the linear growth would continue infinitely.
Fermentation, isolation, and biological activity of maduramycin: A new antibiotic from Actinomadura rubra
Authors: Fleck W. F. , Strauss D. G. , Meyer Jutta , Porstendorfer Gisela 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn a continuing search for new antibiotics, the species Actinomadura rubra (Sveshnikova et al.) J. MEYER et M. SVESHNIKOVA 1974 (strain IMET 13001) was found to produce a red pigment with indicator properties, designated maduramycin. The pigment (C28H22O10; m.w. 518 m/e−; m.p. 305‐310 °C (dec.); uvmax 225.307 nm) possesses a strong antimicrobial activity against grampositive bacteria, including strains which produce inactivating enzymes for some commercial antibiotics. Maduramycin forms a complex with serum albumin, but no complex formation with DNA was observed using absorption spectroscopic and polarographic methods. Maduramycin additionally inhibits the action of some enzymes. The LD50 of maduramycin in mice was > 250 mg/kg on intraperitoneal administration. Fermentation, isolation, and some of the chemical and biological properties of this new antibiotic are described.
Kinetics of growth and substrate consumption of Escherichia coli ML 30 on two carbon sources
Authors: Hegewald E. , Knorre W. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractWhen E. coli ML 30 is grown in batch culture on a mineral salt medium containing a mixed carbon source of glucose and pyruvate, there is no sequential utilization of the carbon sources. The consumption of glucose and pyruvate takes place simultaneously with reciprocal influence (inhibition) on rates of substrate uptake. The specific growth rate is greater than μp max for pyruvate but smaller than μs max for glucose. In the paper three cases of kinetics of growth and of substrate consumption at several combinations of initial substrate concentrations are considered. A mathematical model is proposed and investigated. The model allows to describe the growth on glucose or on pyruvate not only as singular carbon sources, but also as a mixed carbon source with reciprocal inhibition on rates of substrate uptake. By data fitting parameters of growth and substrate consumption were found.
Gewinnung und Charakteristik von Proteasen aus Thermoactinomyces vulgaris I. Proteasen aus thermophilen Mikroorganismen (Literaturüberblick)
Authors: Ruttloff H. , Klingenberg P. , Behnke U. , Leuchtenberger A. , Täufel A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractEs wird ein Literaturüberblick zur Gewinnung und Charakteristik von Proteasen aus thermophilen Mikroorganismen gegeben. Nach einem allgemeinen Überblick zur Problematik der Thermophilie wird auf die von Schimmelpilzen und Bakterien produzierten proteolytischen Enzyme eingegangen. Besonders hervorgehoben werden die Protease aus Streptomyces rectus var. proteolyticus, die „Aminopeptidase I”︁ aus Bacillus stearothermophilus sowie das Thermolysin aus B. thermoproteolyticus.
Aufnahme von markiertem Zink durch Chlorella unterschiedlichen Zinkgehalts
Authors: Wihlidal H. , Broda E. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractChlorella fusca was grown asynchronously for 2 weeks in media with different Zn concentrations up to 10−3 m. Growth was optimal at 10−5 m Zn. The Zn contents of the algae were followed by activation analysis. They increased with increasing Zn concentration in the media, and, except with the lowest Zn concentrations, with time. Further, the uptake of labelled Zn (65Zn) from 5 · 10−6 m solution by cells of known Zn content was measured at 30 °C during one day in minimum and optimum conditions (dark/nitrogen or light/air, respectively). The rate of uptake showed a maximum with algae grown in a medium with 10−5 m Zn. However, algae exposed to a lethal Zn concentration (10−3 m) also absorbed much Zn; this anomalous uptake is ascribed to a breakdown of the cell membrane as a permeability barrier.
An alteration in outer membrane permeability associated with a division lesion in a strain of Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Ahmed N. , Rowbury R. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSalmonella typhimurium strain 4a is a temperature sensitive mutant with defects in both septation and separation. The separation lesion was reversed by phenethylalcohol but this agent failed to allow septation or growth at restrictive temperature. Organisms of strain 4a grown at 42 °C were, unlike the parental strain, resistant to lysis by lysozyme plus EDTA and lipopolysaccharide was poorly extracted by EDTA from cultures of strain 4a grown at 42 °C. Such cultures may, therefore, be resistant to lysis with lysozyme plus EDTA not because the murein is altered but because the EDTA fails to permeabilize the outer membrane to lysozyme. In confirmation of this, murein isolated from strain 4a after growth at 42 °C showed the same sensitivity to lysozyme as murein from the parental strain. In spite of the altered envelope properties of strain 4a after growth at 42 °C, no major changes in protein or phospholipid composition have so far been demonstrated.
Steroidtransformation mit immobilisierten Mikroorganismen. II. Abbau der Seitenkette von Cholesterol mit immobilisierten Zellen von Nocardia erythropolis
Authors: Atrat P. , Hüller E. , Buchar M. J. , Arinbasarova A. Y. , Koschtschejenko K. A. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe degradation of cholesterol side chain was studied by immobilized cells of Nocardia erythropolis in the presence of an inhibitor of the microbial steroid‐skeleton‐degradation. Different immobilized preparations such as DEAE‐cellulose adsorbates, ionic cross‐linked polymer gels, i.e., A1/Coalginates and polyacrylates, respectively, and polyethylene maleic acid anhydride supports have shown a high transformation activity yielding the C22‐ and C19‐degradation products. No side chain degradation activity could be observed after immobilization of the cells in polyacrylamide gel under usual conditions caused by the toxic effect of the acrylamide monomer on the Nocardia cells.
Regulative influence of o‐aminobenzoic acid (OABA) on the biosynthesis of nourseothricin in cultures of Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b. V. Effect of OABA on cytochrome levels and amino acid transport
Authors: Gräfe U. , Steudel A. , Bocker H. , Thrum H. 
Published: July 2010

Abstracto‐Aminobenzoic acid (OABA) known by its stimulatory effect on streptothricin biosynthesis by Streptomyces noursei JA 3890b was found to suppress specifically the formation of cytochrome a‐type terminal oxidase while the levels of the b‐ and c‐type cytochromes apparently remained unaffected. This change was coupled to decreased capacity of transport of u‐14C‐L‐alanine and u‐14C‐L‐glutamic acid into the mycelium, giving rise to delay of amino acid catabolism and decreased production of nitrogen catabolites within the cell. The above results provide supporting evidence for conjectures recently published by us concerning the control by nitrogen catabolites of the secondary metabolism of this strain. As a summary a scheme is proposed showing several hypothetic mechanisms by which nitrogen catabolite regulation of nourseothricin production could be accomplished.
Das cyclische Nucleotidsystem von Aspergillus nidulans unter dem Einfluß von Methylbenzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamat (MBC). I. Ein hypothetisches Mitosemodell
Authors: Künkel W. , Römer W. , Künkel W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe influence of methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl carbamate (MBC) on the cyclic nucleotide system of germinating Aspergillus nidulans conidia has been investigated throughout the cell cycle.The content in cyclic adenosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine 3′,5′‐monophosphate (cGMP) is rapidly decreased in the course of conidia swelling and has been found not to be influenced by MBC. On the other hand, influence of MBC leads, in inhibited nuclear division, to a significant increase of the intracellular cAMP level in the G2‐period between the eighth and tenth hour after incubation. The adenylate cyclase activity has not been significantly influenced during this period by MBC treatment. On the contrary, the cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase activity has been decreased. The cGMP content of germinating conidia decreased, contrary to cAMP by MBC treatment between the seventh and twelfth hour. Activity of guanylate cyclase has been generally stimulated in the presence of MBC, whereas that of the cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterase as a result of mitosis inhibition has been blocked.The influence of the cyclic nucleotide system on mitosis is discussed in terms of a hypothetical model.
Stability of Streptomyces hygrosocpicus IMET JA 6599 under different cultivation conditions in the chemostat
Authors: Hilliger M. , Müller P. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe stability of the macrolide antibiotic‐producing strain Streptomyces hygroscopicus IMET 6599 (wild type) was in vestigated during cultivation in a chemostat with glucose limitation. No changes in the antibiotic‐producing ability were found. But under special experimental conditions which consist of a sequence of nearly steady states interrupted by batch processes linked with excess of glucose, colonies with vigorous changed morphology and a green pigment after transfer to surface culture were obtained. The antibiotic activity of the wild type and of the green selectant decreased during the special experimental conditions. The formation of the green selectant is discussed in connection with changes in the glucose or energy metabolism.
Effects of the antimicrotubular cancerostatic drug nocodazole on the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Künkel W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractNocodazole completely inhibited cell division of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, contrary to methylbenzimidazole‐2‐ylcarbamate, estimated by cell counting. Growth as measured by turbidity and dry weight estimations, however, was not influenced. Treatment for two hours with nocodazole interrupts the budding cycle of the yeast within a period when bud and mother cells have reached equal sizes. Dependent on duration of nocodazole treatment stretched or dumb‐bell shaped nuclei are localized between bud and mother cell or two daughter nuclei are present.It has been shown by electron microscopy that nocodazole neither destroyed karyo‐ nor ground‐plasmic microtubules. The spindle pole bodies (spb), however, reached double the normal size approximately.
Biochemical characteristics of non‐streptomycin‐producing mutants of Streptomyces griseus I. Role of NAD (P)‐glycohydrolase in cell differentiation
Authors: Gräfe U. , Roth M. , Christner A. , Bormann E. J. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractFive non‐streptomycin‐producing mutants of an industrial strain of Streptomyces griseus lacking aerial mycelium formation were compared with their genetic ancestor and another producing mutant with regard to the NAD(P)‐glycohydrolase activity during cultivation on different media. By contrast to producing strains, all the Str− Amy− mutants displayed much lower mycelial and extracellular levels of enzyme, thus confirming earlier contentions concerning its involvement in the regulation of aerial mycelium formation. A tentative model is shown of the mechanism of control by phospho‐adenosinediphospho‐ribose of the intermediary metabolism at the sites of the citric acid cycle and the catabolism of the carbohydrates during distinct stages of cell differentiation. On the other hand, in the producing strain the biosynthesis of NAD(P)‐glycohydrolase was demonstrated to depend on the regime of fermentation. Repeated stages of submerged cultivation in stirred fermentors resulted in suppression of enzyme formation without concomitant change of the mycelial capacity to produce streptomycin. This suggests that there is no direct involvement of NAD(P)‐glycohydrolase in the control of antibiotic biosynthesis.
Struktur der Zellwandpolysaccharide in der Futtereiweiß‐Hefe Candida spec. H. VI. Isolierung und Strukturaufklärung der Glucane
Authors: Grimmecke H. D. , Reuter G. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAlkali‐soluble glucan was obtained from Candida spec. H by extraction with dilute sodium hydroxide. This minor component is quite heterogeneous in molecular size, has a highly branched structure and contains 19% β(1,3)‐, 24% β(1,6)‐ and only 2% β(1,2)‐linkagesOther minor polysaccharide components have been isolated by acetic acid extraction. They have been identified as glycogen and linear β(1,6)‐glucan, respectivelyThe major component is a 1,2‐, 1,3‐, 1,6‐glucan branched in 1,2,3‐, 1,3,6‐ and 1,2,6‐positions, containing chitin. So we can confirm that different yeasts may differ in glucan structures which vary considerably both in the degree of branching and molecular size.
Verwertung von L‐Aspartat, L‐Malat und Fumarat durch Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Höfer M. , Flossmann K.‐D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractStrains of Pasteurella multocida use L‐aspartate, L‐malate and furmarate, respectively, as substrates for production of succinic acid which accumulates in the medium. As was established by studies with 14C and 3H labelled substrates, the degradation of these substances proceeds analogous via the citric acid cycle.
Heterotrophic growth and nitrogen fixation in the filamentous blue‐green algaAnabaena sp.
Authors: Sahu Jayanti , Adhikary S. P. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExperiments were conducted to study the effect of five different organic substrates viz. lactose, fructose, mannose, xylose and sodium acetate on the heterotrophic growth characteristics with emphasis on growth, pigment composition, heterocyst frequency and nitrogen fixation ofAnabaenathe. under light and dark conditions. Lactose was found to be the best carbon source to support the heterotrophic growth of the alga. Phycoerythrin pigments were synthesized in photoheterotrophic cultures but pigment production was not observed in dark‐grown cultures. The alga fixed nitrogen to a limited extent in the dark in pure inorganic medium. But when suitable organic substrates were supplemented, appreciable nitrogen fixation was observed in dark heterotrophic as well as in photoheterotrophic cultures.
Einfluß des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks auf die Citronensäuresynthese durch Saccharomycopsis lipolytica aus n‐Paraffinen
Authors: Stottmeister U. , Behrens U. , Göhler W. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe dependence of growth formation of citric acids (citrate: isocitrate = 1:1) on oxygen partial pressure of an alkane utilising yeast Saccharomycopsis lipolytica was investigated. During growth oxygen corresponds to a MICHAELIS‐MENTEN‐kinetics (Ks = 2.0 · 10−6 m). The respiration quotient RQ for a dissolved oxygen concentration in the range of 10–100% (air saturation) is 0.46 ± ± 0.04The phase of product formation is characterized by 3 sections. Immediately after N‐exhaustion the cell activities are the highest. They decline during the first 30 hours of production. Besides the production of reserve material in this first section the highest production rate for citrate and isocitrate is observed. The rate of citric acid production depends on the oxygen partial pressure and is governed by MICHAELIS‐MENTEN‐kinetics. The specific production rate and the rate of oxygen consumption correspond to Ks‐values of 4.0 · 10−5 and 3.3 · 10−5 M, respectivelyThe RQ‐value declines to a constant value of 0.23 ± 0.02 and is not influenced by oxygen partial pressures in the range of 10–100% (related to air saturation)During the second section cell activities remain nearly constant for about 100 h. Due to this constancy the following equation could be derived: 14 O2 + C15H32 2 C6H8O7 + 3 CO2 ‐ 8 H2O. In the third section the cell activities decline again.