bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of drug‐resistant Escherichia coli in patients with complicated cystitis: Analysis of risk factors
Authors: Shigehara Kazuyoshi , Uchibayashi Tadao , Maeda Emi , Namiki Mikio 
Published: July 2009

Objectives:  To determine the prevalence and risk factors for isolation of drug‐resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) in patients with complicated cystitis.Methods:  We analyzed 170 patients with complicated cystitis and urine culture was positive for E. coli in all of them. Detailed clinical features were identified and risk factors for isolation of drug‐resistant E. coli were determined.Results:  The drug susceptibilities of 170 isolates to levofloxacin and cefotaxime or cefpirome were 77% and 96%, respectively. Fluoroquinolone‐resistant E. coli (FQREc) was detected at least once in 39 patients. Prior use of fluoroquinolones within 1 month, between 1 and 3 months, and hospitalization were risk factors for FQREc infection (P < 0.05), with odds ratios of 24 (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.4–89), 4.7 (95% CI 1.8–12), and 3.1 (95% CI 1.4–6.8), respectively. All six organisms resistant to cephems were extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing E. coli. The isolation of ESBL‐producing E. coli tended to be more frequent in patients who were hospitalized (P < 0.05), with an odds ratio of 7.9 (95% CI 1.4–45). There was no significant correlation between growth rate of ESBL‐producing E. coli and prior use of antibiotics.Conclusions:  The frequencies of FQREc and ESBL‐producing E. coli were 23% and 4%, respectively. Prior use of fluoroquinolones within 3 months and hospitalization were risk factors for FQREc. Hospitalization was a risk factor for ESBL‐producing E. coli infection.
Sulfur assimilation byOxyrrhis marinafeeding on a35S‐DMSP‐labelled prey
Authors: Saló Violeta , Simó Rafel , Vila‐Costa Maria , Calbet Albert 
Published: July 2009

SummaryA laboratory grazing experiment was conducted with the aim of quantifying the sulfur assimilation by a herbivore protist feeding on a dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)‐containing phytoplankter. When supplied with dissolved35S‐DMSP, cultures of an axenic strain of the diatomThalassiosira pseudonanatook up 60–95% of the added radioisotope and accumulated it untransformed in the cytoplasm. Radiolabelled diatom cells were offered as prey to the heterotrophic dinoflagellateOxyrrhis marina. After 32 h in the dark, all the prey had been grazed and digested, leaving only radiolabelledO. marinain the grazing bottles and thus providing an estimate of the percentage of DMSP‐sulfur retained by the predator. Subsequent precipitation with cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA) provided the fraction of retained DMSP‐S that had been assimilated into the micrograzer macromolecules. In parallel incubations with predator and dissolved35S‐DMSP only (no prey),O. marina(and their closely associated bacteria) took up the radiolabelled substrate osmotrophically to an activity of 0.04 dpm cell−1and assimilated it all into macromolecules. By correcting grazing35S‐DMSP assimilation for osmotrophic35S‐DMSP assimilation, and comparing it with the ingested radioisotope, the percentage of ingested DMSP‐sulfur retained and assimilated by the predator was determined to be 32 ± 4%. This is the first study that provides direct evidence that ingestion of a DMSP‐containing prey supplies structural sulfur to a herbivore protist and that quantifies this assimilative supply at one‐third of ingested DMSP.
The timing of penile rehabilitation after bilateral nerve‐sparing radical prostatectomy affects the recovery of erectile function
Authors: Mulhall John P. , Parker Marilyn , Waters Bedford W. , Flanigan Robert 
Published: July 2009

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4OBJECTIVETo define if erectile function (EF) outcomes were better in men with early institution of penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy (RP), as one of the mechanisms by which patients fail to recover EF after RP is collagenization of corporal smooth muscle with subsequent venous leak development, and rehabilitation is aimed at preventing these structural alterations.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study population comprised patients who: (i) had clinically organ‐confined prostate cancer; (ii) had fully functional erections, corroborated by the partner; (iii) had bilateral nerve‐sparing RP; and (iv) committed to pharmacological penile rehabilitation. Patients completed the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) serially after RP. Patients were instructed to obtain three erections/week using initially sildenafil, and if unsuccessful, then intracavernous injections. Patients were subdivided into those starting rehabilitation at <6 months after RP (early) and those starting at ≥6 months after RP (delayed).RESULTSThere were 48 patients in the early group and 36 in the delayed group; patients in both groups were matched for age, comorbidity status and baseline EF. The mean duration after RP at the time of starting penile rehabilitation was 2 and 7 months in the early and delayed groups, respectively (P < 0.01). At 2 years after surgery there was a highly statistically significant difference in IIEF EF domain score between the early and delayed groups (22 vs 16, P < 0.001). There were also statistically significant differences between the groups in the percentage of men at 2 years after RP who had unassisted functional erections and sildenafil‐assisted functional erections (58% vs 30%, P < 0.01; 86% vs 45%, P < 0.01, respectively).CONCLUSIONSThese data suggest that delaying the start of penile rehabilitation after RP is associated with poorer outcomes for EF.
Diabetes‐specific family conflict and psychological distress in paediatric Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Williams L. B. , Laffel L. M. B. , Hood K. K. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAims  Diabetes‐specific family conflict is associated with suboptimal adherence and glycaemic control. Little is known about the individual and family factors associated with diabetes‐specific family conflict. The purpose of this study was to examine whether background factors (e.g. age, gender), diabetes variables (e.g. duration of diabetes, adherence, glycaemic control) and psychological distress (i.e. depression and anxiety) in parents and children and adolescents were associated with diabetes‐specific family conflict.Methods  Participants were 187 children and adolescents with Type 1 diabetes and their parents. Study measures assessed diabetes‐specific family conflict, youth depression and parent depression and anxiety. Demographic and disease‐specific data (adherence, glycaemic control) were also collected.Results  Findings suggested a close link between psychological distress in parents and children and adolescents and reports of increased diabetes‐specific family conflict. In the presence of suboptimal glycaemic control, children and adolescents and parents reported more family conflict. Adherence was not significantly associated with family conflict.Conclusions  This study highlights the importance of considering the impact of individual psychological functioning on family conflict and also suggests a bidirectional relationship between conflict and glycaemic control.
U‐shape association between white blood cell count and the risk of diabetes in young Chinese adults
Authors: Du X. , Zhu B. , Hu G. , Mao W. , Wang S. , Zhang H. , Wang F. , Shi Z. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground  Chronic low‐grade inflammation is related to diabetes risk in population studies. Elevated levels of white blood cells (WBC) were related to the risk of diabetes in cross‐sectional studies in the Chinese population. The objective of the study is to assess the prospective association between WBC and the risk of diabetes in the Chinese population.Methods  We examined 7445 manual workers aged 18–59 years free from diabetes at baseline. Fasting glucose concentrations and white cell count were measured at annual health examinations from 1997 to 2007. Anthropometric measurements were taken by health workers. In the present study, each participant had at least two measurements of fasting blood glucose.Results  During a mean of 4.94 years follow‐up, 178 participants developed diabetes. After controlling for known risk factors for diabetes (age, gender, smoking, drinking, parental history of diabetes, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, hepatitis B surface antigen and liver function), a U‐shaped association between WBC count and diabetes was found. The hazard ratios (HR) of diabetes across quartiles of WBC count were 1.87 (95% CI 1.15–3.05), 1.00, 1.46 (0.88–2.42) and 2.04 (1.28–3.25). The association was stronger among non‐smokers: compared with the second quartile, the HR of diabetes for the first and fourth quartiles of WBC were 3.00 (1.28–7.03) and 3.16 (1.33–7.53). Adjusting for hepatitis B virus infection and liver function did not change the association.Conclusion  Both low and high levels of WBC count were associated with an increased risk of diabetes in young workers.
Risk prediction models for the development of diabetes in Mauritian Indians
Authors: Gao W. G. , Qiao Q. , Pitkäniemi J. , Wild S. , Magliano D. , Shaw J. , Söderberg S. , Zimmet P. , Chitson P. , Knowlessur S. , Alberti G. , Tuomilehto J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAims  To develop risk prediction models of future diabetes in Mauritian Indians.Methods  Three thousand and ninety‐four Mauritian Indians (1141 men, aged 20–65 years) without diabetes in 1987 or 1992 were followed up to 1992 or 1998. Subjects underwent repeated oral glucose tolerance tests and diabetes was diagnosed according to 2006 World Health Organization/International Diabetes Federation criteria. Cox regression models for interval censored data were performed using data from 1544 randomly selected participants. Predicted probabilities for diabetes were calculated and validated in the remaining 1550 subjects.Results  Over 11 years of follow‐up, there were 511 cases of diabetes. Among variables tested, family history of diabetes, obesity (body mass index, waist circumference) and glucose were significant predictors of diabetes. Predicted probabilities derived from a simple model fitted with sex, family history of diabetes and obesity ranged from 0.05 to 0.64 in men and 0.03 to 0.49 in women. To predict the onset of diabetes, area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AROC) of predicted probabilities was 0.62 (95% confidence interval, 0.56–0.68) in men and 0.64 (0.59–0.69) in women. At a cut‐off point of 0.12, the sensitivity and specificity were 0.72 (0.71–0.74) and 0.47 (0.45–0.49) in men and 0.77 (0.75–0.78) and 0.50 (0.48–0.52) in women, respectively. Addition of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) to the model improved the prediction slightly [AROC curve 0.70 (0.65–0.76) in men, 0.71 (0.67–0.76) in women].Conclusions  A diabetes prediction model based on obesity and family history yielded moderate discrimination in Mauritian Indians, which was slightly inferior to the model with the FPG but may be useful in low‐income countries to promote identification of people at high risk of diabetes.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MEETS ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY: GLOBALIZATION, INEQUALITY, AND INNOVATION STRATEGIES
Authors: Spinesi Luca 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTI perform a Schumpeterian analysis of a world economy in which heterogenous individuals and firms endogenously respond to stronger global competition by undertaking more education and by spending more in research and development (R&D). A more globalized economy is predicted to exacerbate wage inequality, but to spur human capital accumulation within each country. However, despite its positive level effects on consumption and output, globalization can reduce each country's per‐capita output growth rate. R&D specialization allows each country to positively invest in manufacturing, variety proliferation R&D, and product quality upgrading R&D. The existence of such an R&D specialization – jointly with domestic size – allows us to explain some different economic performance about inequality and R&D effort of developed regions, such as the US and the EU countries.
Does Work Always Pay in Germany?
Authors: Scheicher Christoph 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Income redistribution in Germany is the result of a combination of several redistribution instruments: there is a complex income tax law, different obligatory social insurances and supplementary benefits. This paper estimates income redistribution by quantile regression, using German EVS data. Two results are obtained: income after redistribution does not always increase in line with income before redistribution, i.e. for people with a low income before redistribution, it does not make sense to increase their efforts, since more work means less earnings. Further, an increasing redistribution rate for higher incomes is not always observable from the data.
The effect of the type and the concentration of the lipophilic surfactant on the stability and release kinetics of the W/O/W multiple emulsions
Authors: Özer Ö. , Baloglu E. , Ertan G. , Muguet V. , Yazan Y. 
Published: July 2009

Synopsis Stable multiple emulsions that contain different lipophilic surfactants in the internal aqueous phase have been formulated. The multiple systems were assessed by evaluating several parameters such as macroscopic aspect, droplet size, percent release and accelerated stability under centrifugation or elevated temperature. The effect of polymeric and monomeric surfactants on the release mechanism and stability was examined. An excess of monomeric surfactant in the oil phase enhances the release rate and decreases stability. The release rate can be decreased by an increase of the lipophilic surfactant concentration. It appears that the more the oil globule swells, the less hydrosoluble drug is released. As a result a high swelling capacity is associated with better stability. Résumé Des émulsions multiples stables ont été mises au point dans lesquelles des différentes tensioactif lipophiles en différentes concentrations sont incorporés dans la phase aqueuse interne. Les aspects macroscopiques, la taille des globules, le rendement d’encapsulation, la stabilitéà la centrifugation et à différentes températures ont été optimisés. L’effet des tensioactifs polymères et monomères sur la libération et la stabilité a été envisagé. Le tensioactif monomère en excés aurait plutôt une action déstabilisante, et l’augmentation de la libération. La capacité de gonflement des globules huileux augmente et la libération du marqueur est ralentie. En consequénce, la stabilité croit parallélement à l’augmentation de la capacité de gonflement.
Understanding invasion history: genetic structure and diversity of two globally invasive plants and implications for their management
Authors: Prentis P. J. , Sigg D. P. , Raghu S. , Dhileepan K. , Pavasovic A. , Lowe A. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAim  Resolving the origin of invasive plant species is important for understanding the introduction histories of successful invaders and aiding strategies aimed at their management. This study aimed to infer the number and origin(s) of introduction for the globally invasive species, Macfadyena unguis‐cati and Jatropha gossypiifolia using molecular data.Location  Native range: Neotropics; Invaded range: North America, Africa, Europe, Asia, Pacific Islands and Australia.Methods  We used chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) to elucidate the origin(s) of introduced populations and calculated the genetic diversity in native and introduced regions.Results  Strong genetic structure was found within the native range of M. unguis‐cati, but no genetic structuring was evident in the native range of J. gossypiifolia. Overall, 27 haplotypes were found in the native range of M. unguis‐cati. Only four haplotypes were found in the introduced range, with more than 96% of introduced specimens matching a haplotype from Paraguay. In contrast, 15 haplotypes were found in the introduced range of J. gossypiifolia, with all invasive populations, except New Caledonia, comprising multiple haplotypes.Main conclusions  These data show that two invasive plant species from the same native range have had vastly different introduction histories in their non‐native ranges. Invasive populations of M. unguis‐cati probably came from a single or few independent introductions, whereas most invasive J. gossypiifolia populations arose from multiple introductions or alternatively from a representative sample of genetic diversity from a panmictic native range. As introduced M. unguis‐cati populations are dominated by a single haplotype, locally adapted natural enemies should make the best control agents. However, invasive populations of J. gossypiifolia are genetically diverse and the selection of bio‐control agents will be considerably more complex.
Pharmacokinetics and safety of olmesartan medoxomil in combination with either amlodipine or atenolol compared to respective monotherapies in healthy subjects
Authors: Bolbrinker Juliane , Huber Matthias , Scholze Jürgen , Kreutz Reinhold 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate any influence on olmesartan plasma pharmacokinetics from amlodipine or atenolol. We analysed pharmacokinetics and safety of olmesartan medoxomil in combination with either amlodipine or atenolol compared to respective monotherapies in two separate studies. In one study, 18 subjects received once daily treatment for 7 days with olmesartan medoxomil 20 mg alone or with amlodipine 5 mg or amlodipine 5 mg alone. In the other study, atenolol 50 mg once daily replaced amlodipine. Concentration vs. time profiles for olmesartan monotherapy were similar to combination therapy. Mean olmesartan AUCss,τ for olmesartan alone and with amlodipine were 2439 and 2388 ng h/mL and for olmesartan alone and with atenolol were 2340 and 2247 ng h/mL. Corresponding olmesartan Css,max values were 465.7 and 439.5 ng/mL for amlodipine, and 447.4 and 423.8 ng/mL for atenolol. Median tmax values for olmesartan were 1.5 h for each group in each study. Bioequivalence was established for all pharmacokinetic parameters. Lack of significant pharmacokinetic interactions between olmesartan and amlodipine or atenolol provides a basis for combination therapy.
Market Orientation, Internal Process, and External Network: A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of Key Decisional Alternatives in the New Service Development*
Authors: Ordanini Andrea , Maglio Paul P. 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTScholars from different disciplines acknowledge the importance of studying new service development (NSD), which is considered a central process for sustaining a superior competitive advantage of service firms. Although extant literature provides several important insights into how NSD processes are structured and organized, there is much less evidence on what makes NSD processes successful, that is, capable of contributing to a firm's sales and profits. In other words, which are the decisions that maximize the likelihood of developing successful new services? Drawing on the emerging “service‐dominant logic” paradigm, we address this question by developing an NSD framework with three main decisional nodes: market orientation, internal process organization, and external network. Using a qualitative comparative analysis technique, we discovered combinations of alternatives that maximize likelihood of establishing a successful service innovation. Specifically, we tested our NSD framework in the context of hospitality services and found that successful NSD can be achieved through two sets of decisions. The first one includes the presence of a proactive market orientation (PMO) and a formal top‐down innovative process, but the absence of a responsive market orientation. The second one includes the presence of both responsive and PMO and an open innovation model. No single element was a sufficient condition for NSD success, though PMO was a necessary condition. Several implications for theory and decision‐making practice are discussed on the basis of our findings.
Toward a Contextually Anchored Service Innovation Typology
Authors: Paswan Audhesh , D'Souza Derrick , Zolfagharian Mohammad Ali 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTIn an increasingly service‐centered economy, service innovation is crucial to maintaining a firm's competitive advantage. While service innovation has attracted much attention and has resulted in the development of several service innovation typologies, these attempts remain rooted in the goods‐versus‐services perspective. In addition, limited attention has been devoted to theoretically anchoring these typologies in the key determinants of service innovation. Our study aims to close these gaps by developing a service innovation typology that is embedded in the service‐dominant logic (SDL) and anchored by contextually relevant dimensions—environmental uncertainty, strategic orientation, and market orientation. This article presents an eight‐cell service innovation typology and discusses its managerial and research implications. It is our belief that framing the typology along three contextually important dimensions and embedding in the SDL provides a richer and more appropriately specified articulation that is theoretically robust and will be useful to managers responsible for service innovation.
Unfolded protein response suppresses CEBPA by induction of calreticulin in acute myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Schardt Julian A. , Eyholzer Marianne , Timchenko Nikolai A. , Mueller Beatrice U. , Pabst Thomas 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered by the accumulation of misfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The role of the UPR during leukemogenesis is unknown so far. Here, we studied the induction of mediators of the UPR in leukaemic cells of AML patients. Increased expression of the spliced variant of the X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) was detected in 17.4% (16 of 92) of AML patients. Consistent with activated UPR, this group also had increased expression of ER‐resident chaperones such as the 78 kD glucose‐regulated protein (GRP78) and of calreticulin. Conditional expression of calreticulin in leukaemic U937 cells was found to increase calreticulin binding to the CEBPA mRNA thereby efficiently blocking translation of the myeloid key transcription factor CEBPA and ultimately affecting myeloid differentiation. Consequently, leukaemic cells from AML patients with activated UPR and thus increased calreticulin levels showed in fact suppressed CEBPA protein expression. We identified two functional ER stress response elements (ERSE) in the calreticulin promoter. The presence of NFY and ATF6, as well as an intact binding site for YY1 within these ERSE motifs were essential for mediating sensitivity to ER stress and activation of calreticulin. Thus, we propose a model of the UPR being activated in a considerable subset of AML patients through induction of calreticulin along the ATF6 pathway, thereby ultimately suppressing CEBPA translation and contributing to the block in myeloid differentiation.