bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ghent Developmental Balance Test: A New Tool to Evaluate Balance Performance in Toddlers and Preschool Children
Authors: De Kegel Alexandra , Baetens Tina , Peersman Wim , Maes Leen , Dhooge Ingeborg , Van Waelvelde Hilde 
Published: March 2012

Background
Balance is a fundamental component of movement. Early identification of balance problems is important to plan early intervention. The Ghent Developmental Balance Test (GDBT) is a new assessment tool designed to monitor balance from the initiation of independent walking to 5 years of age.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to establish the psychometric characteristics of the GDBT.

Methods
To evaluate test-retest reliability, 144 children were tested twice on the GDBT by the same examiner, and to evaluate interrater reliability, videotaped GDBT sessions of 22 children were rated by 3 different raters. To evaluate the known-group validity of GDBT scores, z scores on the GDBT were compared between a clinical group (n=20) and a matched control group (n=20). Concurrent validity of GDBT scores with the subscale standardized scores of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children–Second Edition (M-ABC-2), the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales–Second Edition (PDMS-2), and the balance subscale of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test–Second Edition (BOT-2) was evaluated in a combined group of the 20 children from the clinical group and 74 children who were developing typically.

Results
Test-retest and interrater reliability were excellent for the GDBT total scores, with intraclass correlation coefficients of .99 and .98, standard error of measurement values of 0.21 and 0.78, and small minimal detectable differences of 0.58 and 2.08, respectively. The GDBT was able to distinguish between the clinical group and the control group (t38=5.456, P&lt;.001). Pearson correlations between the z scores on GDBT and the standardized scores of specific balance subscales of the M-ABC-2, PDMS-2, and BOT-2 were moderate to high, whereas correlations with subscales measuring constructs other than balance were low.

Conclusions
The GDBT is a reliable and valid clinical assessment tool for the evaluation of balance in toddlers and preschool-aged children.
Acute Renal Failure and Seizure following Multiple Wasp Stings: A Case Report
Authors: Kumar MK , Thakur SN 
Published: March 2012

Wasps and bees descend from order Hymenoptera. All social wasps belong to family Vespidae. Their stings are not usually life threatening, causing mainly local reactions and rarely anaphylaxis and serious systemic manifestations. Though a few stings cause no major problems, multiple stings can cause serious effects like massive hemolysis, acute renal failure, encephalopathy, multiorgan dysfunction. We report a six years boy with acute renal failure and seizure following multiple wasp stings. Key words: Multiple wasp stings; Acute renal failure; Hymenoptera DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i1.5238 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.32(1) 2012 65-68
Pantothenate Kinase Associated Neurodegeneration: A Case Report
Authors: Rahar S , Chaudhary A 
Published: March 2012

Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) is a form of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), formerly called Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome. PKAN is the first described inborn error of coenzyme A metabolism. PKAN encompasses two clinical subtypes, classic and atypical. We here report an eight year girl diagnosed as classic PKAN. We also review the literature about PKAN. Key words: Eye of tiger sign; NBIA; Neuroregeneration; Iron Accumulation; Hallevorden Spatz Syndrome DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i1.5333 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.32(1) 2012 90-92
Bilateral Congenital Cataract Associated with Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia: A case Report
Authors: Adhikari S , Shrestha U , Nepal P , Singh JL 
Published: March 2012

Cataract in children has varied etiology. It may be associated with systemic diseases including skeletal dysplasias. However cataract in Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia is a rare association. A child presented with bilateral dense posterior sub capsular cataract and multiple bony abnormalities. Clinical and radiographic findings suggested the disease to be Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia. The aim of presenting this case is to report a case of congenital cataract having a rare association with the Multipe Epiphyseal Dyspalsia. Key words: Congenital cataract; Multiple Epiphyseal Dysplasia; Skeletal dysplasia DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i1.5434 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.32(1) 2012 71-72
Congenital Descending Colonic Stenosis with Perforation of Transverse Colon in a Neonate: A Case Report
Authors: Hamid R , Shera AH , Bhat NA , Baba A , Rashid A 
Published: March 2012

Colonic atresia and stenosis are rare causes of intestinal obstruction in the infant. Only 10 cases have been reported in Literature since 1966 and only one late-onset case has been reported in Literature until now. We describe the case of a 3 day old baby presenting with abdominal distension, failure to pass meconium and vomiting. X-ray of the abdomen showed dilated gut loops. Exploratory laparotomy was performed. At the junction of descending and sigmoid colon a stenosis was found, laparotomy also revealed a perforation of transverse colon. Transverse colostomy and a mucous fistula of sigmoid colon was performed after resecting stenosing segment and colon distal to perforation site upto stenosing site. Diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology. Colostomy was close after six weaks with uneventful recovery. Considering both the Literature and our case, congenital colonic stenosis should be considered one of the rare differential diagnoses in a neonate presenting as complete or partial intestinal obstruction. Key words: Colonic Stenosis; Perforation; Obstruction DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i1.5446 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.32(1) 2012 73-75
Study of Clinico-Epidemiological Profile and Outcome of Poisonous Snake Bites in Children
Authors: Paudel KM , Sharma S 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: Snake bite poisoning in children is an emergency condition with significant mortality. It is more prevalent in Terai and Inner Terai regions of Nepal especially during monsoon season. There is no study on snake bite poisoning in this part of the country after the introduction of national snake bite management guideline in 2003. This retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the clinicoepidemiological profile, amount of anti-snake venom used and outcome of snake bites. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and forty six cases of snake bite poisoning admitted in emergency department of the hospital up to the age of 14 years, over a period of 6 years from 2004/2005 to 2009/2010 were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The study showed male predominance (57.3%) in snake bites with higher incidence of children above ten years of age (58%). The most of the poisonings (71.9%) was seen during June, July and August months which correspond to the monsoon season in Nepal. Majority of the victims had been bitten by unidentified snakes (52 %), mostly on the fingers & hands (64.6 %). Ptosis was observed in all cases of snake bite poisoning. Slightly less than 1/3rd of the children had respiratory distress needing respiratory support. Average ASV used was 18.2 vials. Case fatality rate (CFR) was quite high (28.2%) with more fatality on those with respiratory distress. Conclusion: As mortality due to snakebite poisoning and consumption of antisnake venom is not reduced by the use of the national protocol 2003, further study to evaluate alternate protocol is recommended. Key words: Case fatality rate; Envenomation; Nepal; Poisoning; Snakebite. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v32i1.5948 J. Nepal Paediatr. Soc. Vol.32(1) 2012 47-52
Risk factors for ischemic heart disorder patients: Outcome of a survey conducted in Dhaka city, Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Rumana , Anisuzzaman Sharif Md , Begum Anjuman Ara , Chowdhury Sanchita Sharmin , Akter Taslima , Chowdhury AY SK Feroz Uddin Ahmed 
Published: March 2012

This study was conducted to explore the risk factors of the patients of ischemic heart disorder. Data were collected by questionnaires on the basis of age, sex, body mass index, smoking and presence or absence of other diseases like lung, kidney, thyroid and peripheral vascular diseases, diabetes etc. Data of 150 patients were analyzed statistically. Males were found more vulnerable to ischemic heart disorder than females. This study also indicates that increased body weight, higher body mass index, hypertension, smoking, sedenatary life style and family history of cardiac diseases are influential risk factors for ischemic heart disorder. Key Words: Ischemic heart disorder, body mass index, physical activity, risk factors. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/icpj.v1i4.10060International Current Pharmaceutical Journal 2012, 1(4): 68-70
Les libéralismes économiques et la crise
Authors: De Vroey Michel 
Published: March 2012

Economic Liberalisms and the Crisis.
The emergence of the crisis has given a new impetus to the criticism of economic liberalism. My claim in this paper is that such criticisms will be to no avail as long as the idea of liberalism remains homogenous. It should rather be considered that several degrees of liberalism coexist, which I call full liberalism, mitigated liberalism and mitigated anti-liberalism with additional subcategories for the first two categories. In the first part of the paper, I explain the salient traits of economic liberalism in general. Its justification by Adam Smith is discussed in part two. In part three, I show how the different forms of liberalism have emerged with the passing of time.
Une estimation de la cible implicite d’inflation dans la zone euro
Authors: Sahuc Jean-Guillaume , Matheron Julien , Fève Patrick 
Published: March 2012

Estimation of the Implicit Inflation Target in the Euro Area.
Euro area countries as a whole have experienced a marked downward trend over the 1980s. Over this period, the unemployment rate has increased and economic activity has been sluggish. Changes in the implicit inflation target, viewed as low frequency movements of inflation, might possibly explain these developments. To highlight this issue, the present study estimates the dynamics of the implicit inflation target in the euro zone over the period 1970-2004. Based on a small macroeconometric model, the implicit target, not known by the econometrician, is identified through a minimal set of theoretical restrictions : (i) the inflation target is a non stationary process, (ii) inflation is a monetary phenomenon in the long-run, and (iii) changes in the implicit target have no long-run effects whatsoever on real variables. The model is estimated so as to match output growth, changes in inflation and the ex post real interest rate. Our main results are : (i) inflation target shocks account for the bulk of nominal fluctuations ; (ii) due to monetary policy inertia and nominal stickiness, changes in the target generate large swings in the real interest rate translating into substantial short-run effects on real variables ; (ii) in spite of this inflation target shocks moderately impact on output dynamics.
La mobilité rurale en Aquitaine.
Authors: Duboscq Pierre 
Published: March 2012

ABSTRACT. Mobility of rural population in Aquitaine (France). An example of logical analysis. — The article is an attempt to study the demographic evolution of the Aquitaine region in the period between the censuses of 1954-1962 and 1968, by means of a classification of the development patterns of its communes. In order to do this, we must define the different applications of the total development patterns (or "transformations") and we do this by means of graphs and a sorted matrix. For each phase of the transformational process there is a corresponding number of communes : the regional "transformation" can thus be represented cartographically.
The study of the Aquitaine region reveals, in particular, the increase in mobility (population movement), which is accompanied by a decrease in employment around certain places and a more and more marked falling-off of economic activity.
Aperçu sur la géographie théorique.
Authors: Rimbert Sylvie 
Published: March 2012

A survey of theoretical geography. Introductory article on the principal characteristics of theoretical geography, as seen in reading recent work. These features are : a) the priority given to the elaboration of explanatory theory; b) the comparison of the theoretical scheme and the reality and the evaluation of the difference between theory and observations; c) the recourse, for this comparison, to statistical methods and computer techniques; d) the idea that by the intermediary of general theories a certain scientific unity can be approached; e) the idea that the new ways of research are situated on border lines common to several disciplines.
It seems wrong to continue to speak of a " new geography ", this now being almost twenty years old, or of " quantitative geography ", since classical inductive geography also made use of certain quantities. But, whilst classical geography and cartography have remained "numerical", the Scandinavian-English-speaking school has used "statistical laws"; this is the first fundamental difference. The second lies in the efforts of " theoretical geography " in constructing theories to overcome classical geography's essential weakness : its inability to generalize.
Dynamique des paysages et organisation de l'espace dans la plaine de Sukothai (Thaïlande)
Authors: Bruneau Michel 
Published: March 2012

Les paysages de la plaine centrale de Thaïlande ont été cartographies au 1/250 000 à partir de deux séries de photographies aériennes (1953 et 1968) . Paysages naturels ou aménagés ont été classés en fonction de leur dynamique en paysages stables, faiblement, partiellement et totalement transformés. Descriptions de voyageurs et vestiges d'irrigation décelés sur photographies permettent d'étendre l'étude de leur dynamique. La mise en valeur de la plaine s'est faite dans les cinquante dernières années par reconquête à partir des berges de la Mae Nan et de la Mae Yom et par colonisation de terres neuves dans les collines et glacis de la bordure. Une poursuite des défrichements aux dépens de la forêt mixte et de la forêt claire menacerait les équilibres écologiques et biologiques.
Les « unités paysagiques » cartographiées sont d'ordre strictement physionomique. Elles fournissent la base analytique nécessaire à une étude de l'organisation de l'espace. Elles se regroupent en trois « ensembles écologiques » : bordure montagneuse ou collinaire (forêt mixte ou dense), glacis et pédiplaines de piémont (forêt claire), plaine alluviale (forêt dense et formations marécageuses) . Les « paysages globaux » constituent des unités d'organisation et d'aménagement de l'espace ayant une structure et une dynamique propres : on en a décelé 26, qui se regroupent en deux ensembles régionaux, frange nord de la plaine centrale et plaine de Sukothai.
Mobilité des hommes et organisations spatiales. L'exemple de la Picardie
Authors: Thibault André 
Published: March 2012

La construction d'une géographie générale régionale impose une série de conditions expérimentales dont a retenu, ici, deux éléments : le principe, fonctionnel, de polarisation; le grand espace encadrant. Du premier se déduit la notion de système à trois éléments : noyau, espace entraîné, couronne rurale. L'espace encadrant représente le système d'ordre supérieur.
La Picardie a fourni le matériel d'expérience. Par l'intermédiaire de l'analyse des distributions et des arbres de classement, une série d'organisations plus proba- bilistes que déterminées apparaît, laissant entrevoir la formation d'espaces de vie quotidienne.
La géographie et la perception de l'espace
Authors: Claval Paul 
Published: March 2012

Les problèmes de la perception lointaine ont passionné au début du
siècle psychologues et géographes, puis ils sont passés de mode. En France, l'analyse
régionale faisait une place importante à la subjectivité dans la mesure où elle tenait
compte des sentiments d'appartenance tels qu'ils se manifestent à travers les noms
de pays. Mais la poursuite systématique des recherches dans ce domaine est plus
récente : elle est née, dans les pays anglo-saxons, des insuffisances des approches
économiques ; elle s'est précisée grâce à l'influence des thèmes phénoménologiques.
Toute la géographie se trouve remise en cause par les nouvelles dimensions ainsi
mises en relief.
Recherches sur l'espace vécu
Authors: Frémont Armand 
Published: March 2012

L'espace, la région, les lieux ne peuvent plus être considérés uniquement comme des réalités objectives. La région est aussi, elle est peut- être même essentiellement, une réalité vécue. Depuis plusieurs années, quelques géographes français ont commencé l'exploration théorique et expérimentale de cette nouvelle approche de la région. Les sciences humaines (ethnologie, sociologie,
psychologie, textologie ...) apportent une contribution essentielle à ce débat. Les
géographes ne doivent pas l'ignorer. Mais il leur faut aussi trouver leur propre
originalité dans ces nouvelles perspectives. Cette recherche, enfin, implique un
certain engagement dans la redéfinition des rapports de la connaissance et de
la société.
Problèmes fonciers et formation de l'espace urbain. Le cas des métropoles de l'Asie dominée
Authors: Durand-Lasserve Alain 
Published: March 2012

La primauté de l'ensemble des métropoles de l'Asie dominée s'accentue à l'époque contemporaine, leur paysage s'uniformise. Le rythme d'extension des zones urbanisées et plus encore des franges urbaines s'accélère, tandis que la division économique et sociale de l'espace s'accentue.
Ce phénomène général doit être étudié au niveau du système dans lequel s'insèrent, à divers degrés, les formations sociales considérées. Une relation nette apparaît entre le rythme d'extension des métropoles et l'accumulation de capital qui commence, dans les pays dominés d'Asie, avec la guerre de Corée. Cette accumulation influe sur l'évolution des formations économiques et sociales, modifie les rapports de force existant entre les diverses couches sociales, entre le secteur public et le secteur privé. Le mode de formation de l'espace urbain s'en trouve nécessairement transformé. Bangkok et Colombo en sont deux cas exemplaires. Au-delà d'une apparente diversité de situations, il y a identité des processus de formation et d'extension de l'espace urbain. Elle est due à l'internationalisation croissante du capital financier et au renforcement des liens de dépendance- domination.
L'image de la ville et le comportement spatial des citadins
Authors: Capel Horacio 
Published: March 2012

Imagen de la ciudad y comportamiento espacial de los ciudadanos.
Las desviaciones entre imagen y medio real pueden deberse a una información
parcial o defectuosa, la cual es resultado de insuficiencias de los instrumentes de
conocimiento o de una manipulación consciente por los grupos sociales que
controlan y realizan su difusión. La información recibida es filtrada a sus vez en la mente de acuerdo con sistemas de valores que dependen de la personalidad del individuo y de la cultura colectiva. La imagen, una vez formada, posee una cierta autonomía; pueden darse modificaciones del espacio urbano que no van seguidas de una modificación paralela de la imagen del mismo, o cambios de esta que no corresponden a ninguna transformaciôn importante de la ciudad. La supervaloracion del centro es un hecho general en la imagen de la ciudad : la existencia de un centro urbano corresponde a una estructura social centralizada y su magnificación en la imagen de los ciudadanos posee un claro papel idéológico.
Des isohyètes... Interrogations sur le tracé des isohyètes dans le V Baoulé (Côte-d'lvoire)
Authors: Blanc-Pamard Chantal 
Published: March 2012

Dans le cadre d'une étude sur le V Baoulé — milieu de transition entre la forêt et la savane, au centre de la Côte-d'Ivoire — et d'une recherche sur les caractéristiques climatiques de cette région et les explications données de son existence, l'auteur s'interroge sur les dessins des isohyetes moyennes annuelles. Six tracés ont été retenus et tous sont dissemblables, bien qu'établis à partir de sources identiques se rapportant à des périodes diverses. Les isohyetes ont un dessin sensiblement différent, suivant les auteurs et leurs hypothèses de travail, et en fonction des interprétations possibles de la faible diminution des pluies dans le
V Baoulé. On a tenté de retrouver la démarche des auteurs, que malheureusement ils n'explicitent guère.
L'armée, aménageur et entrepreneur en Bolivie. Le cas du département de Santa Cruz
Authors: Rivière d'Arc Hélène 
Published: March 2012

Bolivia : el ejército organizador y emprendador. El caso del Departamento de Santa Cruz. — El papel directo o indirecto del ejército se manifesta en Bolivia a todos los nivelés de la organización socio-económica. Alegando el argumento de seguridad y de soberania nacionales prolonga sus iniciativas al planea- miento y a la empresa, cuyo funcionamiento varia no obstante muy poco con el de las empresas capitalistas clàsicas.
En el Departamento pionero de Santa Cruz, en el que su intervencion es calificada de estratégica, el ejército implanta proyectos de infraestructura y de colonizacion cuya realizacion suscita las criticas de los medios empresarios regionalistas. Por otra parte, contróla indirectamente la realizacion del proyecto siderùrgico del Mutum cuyas implicaciones internacionales frenan el desarrollo y agudizan algunas contradicciones. Se desprende pues que las poblaciones locales tienen poco que ver con estos proyectos.
La politique régionale et l'aménagement du territoire aux Pays-Bas
Authors: De Smidt Marc 
Published: March 2012

Regional Policy and Planning in the Netherlands. — In the Netherlands, planning has a long history. But, although horizontal integration of socio-economic and socio -cultural policies has finally been set up, the problem arises of their vertical integration with planning policies.
Spatial decentralisation has taken place. Peripheral regions for stimulation have benefited from it for industry, much less for services. It is the promotion of the Centre regions and parts of the intermediary Zone (especially Gueldre) which is the most spectacular. The position of Dutch towns has become less favourable in all respects; the socio-economic position of peripheral regions for stimulation and regions for reconversion has been severely weakened by the recession. Of them all, Utrecht province is in the best position. But today socio- cultural policy is ill adapted to the needs of the urban population. Priority is given to urban renovation, to the fight against suburbanisation and to the re -establishment of ecological equilibrium.