bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing trade-offs in co-designing principles for ethical AI: perspectives from an industry-academia collaboration
Authors: Katirai Amelia , Nagato Yusuke 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe development and deployment of artificial intelligence (AI) has rapidly outpaced regulation. As a result, many organizations opt to develop their own principles for the ethical development of AI, though little research has examined the processes through which they are developed. Prior research indicates that these processes involve perceived trade-offs between competing considerations, and primarily between ethical concerns and organizational benefits or technological development. In this paper, we report on a novel, collaborative initiative in Japan between researchers in the humanities and social sciences, and industry actors to co-design organizational AI ethics principles. We analyzed the minutes from 20 meetings from the formative phase of the development of these principles using an inductive process drawing on thematic analysis, to identify the issues of importance to participants. Through this, we identified four core trade-offs faced by participants. We find that, contrary to prior literature, participants were not just concerned with trade-offs between ethical concerns and organizational benefits or technological development, but also between competing, ethically-oriented considerations. We use the results of this study to highlight a need for further research to understand the longer-term impact on organizations and on society of organization-led approaches to AI ethics.
A semi-automated software model to support AI ethics compliance assessment of an AI system guided by ethical principles of AI
Authors: Cappelli Maria Assunta , Di Marzo Serugendo Giovanna 
Published: May 2024

AbstractCompliance with principles and guidelines for ethical AI has a significant impact on companies engaged in the development of artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Specifically, ethics is a broad concept that continuously evolves over time and across cultural and geographical boundaries. International organisations (IOs), individual states, and private groups, all have an interest in defining the concept of ethics of AI. IOs, as well as regional and national bodies, have issued many decisions on AI ethics. Developing a system that complies with the ethical framework poses a complex challenge for companies, and the consequences of not complying with ethical principles can have severe consequences, making compliance with these requirements a key issue for companies. Furthermore, there is a shortage of technical tools to ensure that such AI systems comply with ethical criteria. The scarcity of ethics compliance checking tools for AI, and the current focus on defining ethical guidelines for AI development, has led us to undertake a proposal consisting in a semi-automated software model to verify the ethical compliance of an AI system’s code. To implement this model, we focus on the following important aspects: (1) a literature review to identify existing ethical compliance systems, (2) a review of principles and guidelines for ethical AI to determine the international and European views regarding AI ethics, and (3) the identification of commonly accepted principles and sub-principles of AI. These elements served to inform (4) our proposal for the design of a semi-automated software for verifying the ethical compliance of AI systems both at design-time (ethics-by-design perspective) and afterwards on the resulting software.
Exact solutions for travelling waves using Tanh method for two dimensional stochastic Allen–Cahn equation with multiplicative noise
Authors: Alzubaidi Hasan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The research outlined here focuses on the hyperbolic tangent (tanh) method for deriving analytical solutions for travelling wave to the two-dimensional stochastic Allen–Cahn equation with multiplicative noise. The novelty of our work is to derive these exact solutions since the previous studies focused on the solutions of numerical nature. The tanh approach, which employs a finite tanh power series, is particularly adept at modeling travelling wave profiles. A key area of interest in this study is the effect of multiplicative noise on these travelling waves dynamics, especially how high levels of noise can lead to propagation failure of waves. The results demonstrate that for weak noise, the propagation of the travelling wave is basically unaffected, while the wave fails to propagate in the strong noise regime.
A study on the application of convolutional neural networks for the maintenance of railway tracks
Authors: Pappaterra Mauro José , Pappaterra María Lucía , Flammini Francesco 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis paper provides an overview of the applications of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in the railway maintenance industry. Our research covers specifically the subdomain of railway track maintenance. In this study, we have analyzed the state-of-the-art of CNNs applied to railway track maintenance by conducting an extensive literature review, summarizing different tasks and problems related to the topic and presenting solutions based on CNNs with a special emphasis on the data used to create these models. The results of our research show different applications of CNNs within the scope, including the detection of defects in the surface of railway rails and railway track components, such as fasteners, joints, sleepers, switches and crossings, as well as the recognition of track components, and the continuous monitoring of railway tracks. The architecture of CNNs is fitting to learning spatial hierarchies of features directly from the input data, making them of great use for Computer Vision and other applications related to the topic at hand. The implementation of IoT devices and smart sensors aid the collection of real-time data which can be used to feed powerful CNN models to recognize patterns and identify complex events related to the maintenance of railway tracks. This and more insights are discussed in detail within the contents of this paper.
Analysis of the radiated emission of an ECR thruster with magnetic nozzle in terms of its EMC
Authors: Kiefer F. , Keil K. , Holste K. , Klar P. J. , Thüringer R. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe demand for space propulsion systems is increasing due to the rising number of satellite launches. Electric thrusters gain considerable importance as highly efficient systems in space. As the thrust generation process involves electrically charged particles in motion, ion and plasma thrusters can cause electromagnetic noise, which may interfere with satellite electronics or radio communication. Our objectives are to quantify such emissions and to better understand their origin. We use two facilities to achieve this goal: a semi-anechoic chamber (SAC) with a dedicated vacuum chamber and a mode-tuned vacuum chamber, also known as a reverberation chamber (RVC). Here, we conduct measurements in both facilities on an electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) thruster with a magnetic nozzle in order to assess its electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). This thruster emits a quasi-neutral plasma plume without requiring an additional neutralizer, thus, is especially suitable for conducting our studies. The thruster in operation acts as an electromagnetic noise source contributing to different frequency ranges. In addition to the excitation frequency band, the data reveals emissions occurring approximately one decade lower in frequency. These emissions depend on propellant mass flow, background pressure and excitation power, i.e., vary with the electron density of the plasma generated inside the ECR thruster. The thruster was characterized following primarily MIL-STD-461G and further ECSS-E-ST-20-07C.
Museums, Climate Change and Energy Education: A Digital Discourse Analysis
Authors: Patten Francesca , Lowan-Trudeau Gregory 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore how science and environmentally related museums in Alberta, Canada are digitally engaging with climate change and energy education. This inquiry utilised qualitative discourse analysis to examine the discourses, dynamics and tensions present in digital museum contexts related to climate and energy education in Alberta. Drawing on Eisner’s three curricula — the explicit, implicit and null — the study focused on museums’ websites and social media activity. The museums studied share common foci on science, environment, or energy but range in size and location. As a long-standing energy-based economy, Alberta provides an interesting, and often contested, setting to observe climate and energy education in practice at museums, many of which exist in communities and within governance and stakeholder networks which are connected to the energy industry. Discourse-connected findings, discussion and implications are presented in relation to museums’ institutional mandates, curricular initiatives, pedagogical practices, special events and infrastructure initiatives.
Risk factors for healthcare-associated candidemia in adults hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Most Zachary M. , Hanna John J. , Radunsky Alexander P. , Cooper Lauren N. , Lehmann Christoph U. , Perl Trish M. , Medford Richard J. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Analyzing data from a national deidentified electronic health record-based data set using a matched case–control study design, we found that antibiotic use and severity of illness were independent risk factors for healthcare-associated candidemia in adult patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interleukin-6 inhibitor and corticosteroid use were not independent risk factors.
FAIR enough: Building an academic data ecosystem to make real-world data available for translational research
Authors: Chu Isabella , Miller Rebecca , Mathews Ian , Vala Ayin , Sept Lesley , O’Hara Ruth , Rehkopf David H. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The Stanford Population Health Sciences Data Ecosystem was created to facilitate the use of large datasets containing health records from hundreds of millions of individuals. This necessitated technical solutions optimized for an academic medical center to manage and share high-risk data at scale. Through collaboration with internal and external partners, we have built a Data Ecosystem to host, curate, and share data with hundreds of users in a secure and compliant manner. This platform has enabled us to host unique data assets and serve the needs of researchers across Stanford University, and the technology and approach were designed to be replicable and portable to other institutions. We have found, however, that though these technological advances are necessary, they are not sufficient. Challenges around making data Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable remain. Our experience has demonstrated that there is a high demand for access to real-world data, and that if the appropriate tools and structures are in place, translational research can be advanced considerably. Together, technological solutions, management structures, and education to support researcher, data science, and community collaborations offer more impactful processes over the long-term for supporting translational research with real-world data.
Relationship Between Disaster Response Self-Efficacy and Disaster Preparedness in Nursing Students: After-Earthquake Study
Authors: Kılınç İşleyen Eda , Demirkaya Zehra 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Objective:
This study was conducted to reveal the relationship between nursing students’ disaster response self-efficacy and their disaster preparedness perceptions.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted on nursing students after a major earthquake that occurred in Turkey on February 6, 2023 (n = 302). Data collection took place from June 2023 to October 2023, using the Disaster Response Self-Efficacy Scale (DRSES) and Disaster Preparedness Perception Scale (DPPS). Descriptive statistics, independent samples t-test, correlation, and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Results:
Nursing students’ DRSES mean score was 63.35 ± 10.83 (moderate level) and DPPS mean score was 3.41 ± 0.50 (high level). A positive and moderate correlation was found between nursing students’ DRSES and DPPS scores (r = 0.515; P = 0.000). Predictors affecting nursing students’ disaster preparedness are disaster response self-efficacy score, being male, and making a family disaster plan.

Conclusions:
The results of this study highlight the importance of increasing the disaster response self-efficacy needed by nursing students to successfully assist patients in disaster situations.
Probabilistic models for harmful algae: application to the Norwegian coast
Authors: Silva Edson , Brajard Julien , Counillon François , Pettersson Lasse H. , Naustvoll Lars 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We have developed probabilistic models to estimate the likelihood of harmful algae presence and outbreaks along the Norwegian coast, which can help optimization of the national monitoring program and the planning of mitigation actions. We employ support vector machines to calibrate probabilistic models for estimating the presence and harmful abundance (HA) of eight toxic algae found along the Norwegian coast, including Alexandrium spp., Alexandrium tamarense, Dinophysis acuta, Dinophysis acuminata, Dinophysis norvegica, Pseudo-nitzschia spp., Protoceratium reticulatum, and Azadinium spinosum. The inputs are sea surface temperature, photosynthetically active radiation, mixed layer depth, and sea surface salinity. The probabilistic models are trained with data from 2006 to 2013 and tested with data from 2014 to 2019. The presence models demonstrate good statistical performance across all taxa, with R (observed presence frequency vs. predicted probability) ranging from 0.69 to 0.98 and root mean squared error ranging from 0.84% to 7.84%. Predicting the probability of HA is more challenging, and the HA models only reach skill with four taxa (Alexandrium spp., A. tamarense, D. acuta, and A. spinosum). There are large differences in seasonal and geographical variability and sensitivity to the model input of different taxa, which are presented and discussed. The models estimate geographical regions and periods with relatively higher risk of toxic species presence and HA, and might optimize the harmful algae monitoring. The method can be extended to other regions as it relies only on remote sensing and model data as input and running national programs of toxic algae monitoring.
Protesting exile: Cretan refugee activists in the late Ottoman Empire
Authors: Peçe Uğur Zekeriya 
Published: May 2024

AbstractFocusing on the long aftermath of the July Revolution of 1908 in the Ottoman Empire, this article examines the intellectual and popular climate of protest in the context of a crisis of sovereignty over Crete. Keeping the geographical focus on İstanbul and on the regions receiving tens of thousands of civilians displaced from this Mediterranean island around the turn of the twentieth century, I discuss how multiple segments of a refugee population animated a mass protest movement. Pursuing a multi-class perspective, the article demonstrates how the mobilization of the displaced rested on the actions of mutually reinforcing social clusters: an upper-class cohort of Cretans based in İstanbul and more numerous but equally vocal underprivileged groups from the provinces. Approaching displacement as a condition that generates not only victimhood but also impetus for collective action, I argue that the displaced Cretans became the leading agents of mass politics in the post-revolutionary Empire.
The Panama Songs: Colonial Structures in US Popular Music between 1900 and 1920
Authors: HERZFELD GREGOR 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe Panama Canal was officially opened on 15 August 1914. At this point, the United States had been the builder of a difficult and controversial project for ten years and was to be the operator of the most important link between the Atlantic and the Pacific. To do this, it first helped Panama to independence, immediately annexing the canal zone. Thus, the construction of the canal is a classic lesson in colonial, (inter-)national politics and its interdependencies in the early twentieth century. At the same time, Panama was a fairly widespread topic of US popular music. This article investigates the effects of politics on cultural life, using the example of popular music referring to Panama. Applying a postcolonial approach, it will study the musical ways in which the United States constructed its pseudo-colony Panama as an Other in order to exercise power there and continue to form its own national identity.
Using Assassin's Creed: Odyssey to teach Olympia as part of the Classical Civilisation A Level
Authors: Oulitskaia Vlada 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis study looks at the effective use of Assassin's Creed: Odyssey to teach Greek Religion at A Level. A focus of this study is to identify good teaching practice in using this tool to improve source recall as well as pupils’ ability to use these sources to support evaluation. A recent blog post on Quinquennium highlighted the potential for this game to be used as a teaching tool (Hinde, 2019), while its educational potential has also been promoted by the developers releasing a Discovery Tour version as a ‘game mode for educational purposes’ which acts as a ‘living museum’ (Ubisoft, 2021). While the development of educational tools for this franchise is fairly recent, the use of video games in education is established, with games like Oregon Trail being used as early as the 1980s (Buday et al., 2012, 259). Moreover, the fundamental ideas behind the use of video games, such as the player engaging in some form of virtual dialogue with the creator, is one which can be traced back to Vygotsky's ideas of learning as a socio-cultural phenomenon (1978). For example, by reacting to stimuli in the game, the player is engaging in a dialogue with the historian or game developer who created the initial stimulus, after which the game responds in turn, thereby engaging with the player's actions. Furthermore, the idea of reward or punishment for certain actions within an educational game is also drawing on behaviourist theories of education, whereby a pupil is conditioned via in-game tokens for recall of knowledge. Indeed, this is one of the ways in which game developers encourage game addiction (Vu, 2017, 1).
Reflections on the past and future of whole Earth system science
Authors: Rockström Johan 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Non-technical Summary
With unabating climate extremes, evidence of waning biosphere buffering capacity, and surging ocean surface temperature, Earth system analysts are posing the question: is global environmental change accelerating, driven by the depletion of our planet's resilience? No scientist contributed more actively to addressing this question and thus defining sustainable development in the Anthropocene than the late Professor Will Steffen. His contributions to Earth system and global sustainability research gave birth to concepts such as the Planetary Boundaries, Hothouse Earth, Planetary Commons, and World-Earth resilience, and have become guideposts for how Earth system science can inform humanity's Earth stewardship in the Anthropocene.

Technical Summary
Mounting evidence of accelerating global environmental change is driving scientists to question whether we are witnessing a breakdown in the resilience of our planet. Three lines of scientific enquiry have been important when studying the stability and resilience of the planet: the empirical evidence of the great acceleration of the human enterprise from the 1950s onwards resulting in planetary-scale pressures; the understanding that Earth is a complex biosphere-geosphere system with self-regulating interactions and feedbacks contributing to control its equilibrium state; and the emerging insight into the unique stability of the Holocene Epoch, the last 10,000 years of inter-glacial equilibrium, and its critical role in providing predictable (and for humanity agreeable) life conditions for the evolution of modern civilizations. Professor Will Steffen played a pivotal role in integrating and advancing these three Earth system research avenues and combining them into one integrated people-planet framework Earth system. State-of-the-art research on fully coupled Earth system models (ESMs) that also integrate non-linear dynamics and tipping-point behavior, and even human dynamics, is built in part on Will Steffen's pioneering work to observe and describe the Earth in the Anthropocene.

Social media summary
Prof. Will Steffen's legacy and how Earth system science can inform humanity's Earth stewardship in the Anthropocene
Estimating Combined Effects of Climate Change and Land Cover Change on Water Regulation Services of Urban Wetlands in Valdivia, Chile
Authors: Sauer J. , Grimm N. B. , Barbosa O. , Cook E. M. , Mustafa A. , Kunkel K. , McPhearson T. , Ballinger A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe relationship between cities and wetland cover varies across the globe, with some cities converting wetlands to low‐ and high‐density urban cover and others preserving, conserving, or restoring wetlands, or constructing new ones. However, the scientific literature lacks studies relating changes in systemic flood risk in an urban stormwater management systems to changes in wetland cover. Furthermore, whether and how such relationships are affected by changing storm intensity under climate change is unknown. We present a case study on the effects of changes in urban wetland extent and storm intensity on flooding in an urban drainage system in Valdivia, Chile, under several co‐produced future scenarios and historical trends of development. We used data derived from stakeholder workshops and historical landcover to determine four plausible scenarios of urban development, plus one business‐as‐usual scenario, in Valdivia through the year 2080. Additionally, we used historical precipitation data and downscaled climate data to estimate event rainfall from extreme storms in the year 2080. We found that system flood volume and time the system was flooded increased with increasing wetland loss and rainfall volume. Mean rate and hour of peak discharge were unaffected by wetland loss. Infiltration's relative role in reducing flooding diminished as wetland loss increased. Cities may still experience dangerous and/or unacceptable flooding even with extensive wetland coverage and will likely need to pair conservation with additional improvements in their stormwater management systems and contributing watersheds.