bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laboratory Testing of a Modified Electroshocking System Designed for Deepwater Juvenile Lamprey Sampling
Authors: Mueller Robert , Arntzen Evan , Nabelek Marc , Miller Ben , Klett Katherine , Harnish Ryan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractA submersible sled with the ability to electroshock and detect larval lampreys via an optical camera was developed to sample deepwater rearing habitats (>1 m). Three trials, each with 10 juvenile western brook lampreys Lampetra richardsoni (70–150 mm), were conducted in a laboratory setting to determine the effective shocking area and detection efficiency of the device. Electroshock was delivered for 30 s, and lamprey responses were observed. The detection efficiency ranged from 40% to 70% for the three trials (mean detection efficiency = 60%). Mean postshock emergence time was 4.4 s, and the maximum was 13 s. The device detected juvenile western brook lampreys without the need to transport them to the surface, thereby increasing sampling volume per unit time and reducing the potential for injury caused by handling. The system was developed to determine juvenile lamprey presence in regions where backpack electrofishers are unable to survey due to water depth.
Fluorescent silicon carbide as an ultraviolet-to-visible light converter by control of donor to acceptor recombinations
Authors: Sun J W , Kamiyama S , Jokubavicius V , Peyre H , Yakimova R , Juillaguet S , Syväjärvi M 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
As an alternative to the conventional phosphors in white LEDs, a donor and acceptor co-doped fluorescent 6H-SiC can be used as an ultraviolet-to-visible light converter without any need of rare-earth metals. From experimental data we provide an explanation to how light can be obtained at room temperature by a balance of the donors and acceptors. A steady-state recombination rate model is used to demonstrate that the luminescence in fluorescent SiC can be enhanced by controlling the donor and acceptor doping levels. A doping criterion for optimization of this luminescence is thus proposed.
Temperature and emissivity determination of liquid steel S235
Authors: Schöpp H , Sperl A , Kozakov R , Gött G , Uhrlandt D , Wilhelm G 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Temperature determination of liquid metals is difficult but a necessary tool for improving materials and processes such as arc welding in the metal-working industry. A method to determine the surface temperature of the weld pool is described. A TIG welding process and absolute calibrated optical emission spectroscopy are used. This method is combined with high-speed photography. 2D temperature profiles are obtained. The emissivity of the radiating surface has an important influence on the temperature determination. A temperature dependent emissivity for liquid steel is given for the spectral region between 650 and 850 nm.
Fabrication of SiC nanopillars by inductively coupled SF6/O2 plasma etching
Authors: Choi J H , Latu-Romain L , Bano E , Dhalluin F , Chevolleau T , Baron T 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
In this paper, we demonstrate a top-down fabrication technique for nanometre scale silicon carbide (SiC) pillars using inductively coupled plasma etching. A set of experiments in SF6-based plasma was carried out in order to realize high aspect ratio SiC nanopillars. The etched SiC nanopillars using a small circular mask pattern (115 nm diameter) show high aspect ratio (7.4) with a height of 2.2 µm at an optimum bias voltage (300 V) and pressure (6 mTorr). Under the optimal etching conditions using a large circular mask pattern with 370 nm diameter, the obtained SiC nanopillars exhibit high anisotropy features (6.4) with a large etch depth (>7 µm). The etch characteristic of the SiC nanopillars under these conditions shows a high etch rate (550 nm min−1) and a high selectivity (over 60 for Ni). We also studied the etch profile of the SiC nanopillars and mask evolution over the etching time. As the mask pattern size shrinks in nanoscale, vertical and lateral mask erosion plays a crucial role in the etch profile of the SiC nanopillars. Long etching process makes the pillars appear with a hexagonal shape, coming from the crystallographic structure of α-SiC. It is found that the feature of pillars depends not only on the etching process parameters, but also on the crystallographic structure of the SiC phase.
Annealing of ion implanted CdZnO
Authors: Azarov A Yu , Hallén A , Svensson B G , Kuznetsov A Yu 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
We have studied the effect of the Cd content on the recovery of ion-induced damage in wurtzite Cd
x
Zn1−x
O (x ⩽ 0.05) films and compared with that in pure wurtzite ZnO and rock-salt CdO. 200 keV Au+ and 55 keV Ar+ ion implants were performed at room temperature in the dose range of 5 × 1014–6.5 × 1015 cm−2. Rutherford backscattering/channelling spectrometry was used to characterize the damage evolution in the course of annealing (600–900 °C in air). A complex defect annealing behaviour is revealed in CdZnO as a function of annealing temperature, Cd content and ion dose. In particular, defects in the low dose implanted CdZnO films can be effectively removed at 800 °C, while the high dose implantation results in the formation of defects stable at least up to 900 °C. Moreover, annealing of the CdZnO films is accompanied by Cd loss at the surface for temperatures exceeding 800 °C. In contrast, CdO exhibits a typical damage accumulation behaviour for metals and semiconductors with high degree of ionicity, resulting in saturation and extended defect formation at high ion doses. These extended defects in pure ZnO and CdO, formed either directly during implantation or by reconstruction during post-implant annealing, are substantially more stable compared with small defects which can be efficiently removed at 700 °C and 600 °C for ZnO and CdO, respectively.
Identification of Two Mutations (F758W and F758Y) in the N -methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Glycine-binding Site that Selectively Prevent Competitive Inhibition by Xenon without Affecting Glycine Binding
Authors: Armstrong Scott P. , Banks Paul J. , McKitrick Thomas J. W. , Geldart Catharine H. , Edge Christopher J. , Babla Rohan , Simillis Constantinos , Franks Nicholas P. , Dickinson Robert 
Published: May 2012

Background
Xenon is a general anesthetic with neuroprotective properties. Xenon inhibition at the glycine-binding site of the N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor mediates xenon neuroprotection against ischemic injury in vitro. Here we identify specific amino acids important for xenon binding to the NMDA receptor, with the aim of finding silent mutations that eliminate xenon binding but leave normal receptor function intact.

Methods
Site-directed mutagenesis was used to mutate specific amino-acids in the GluN1 subunit of rat NMDA receptors. Mutant GluN1/GluN2A receptors were expressed in HEK 293 cells and were assessed functionally using patch-clamp electrophysiology. The responses of the mutant receptors to glycine and anesthetics were determined.

Results
Mutation of phenylalanine 758 to an aromatic tryptophan or tyrosine left glycine affinity unchanged, but eliminated xenon binding without affecting the binding of sevoflurane or isoflurane.

Conclusions
These findings confirm xenon binds to the glycine site of the GluN1 subunit of the NMDA receptor and indicate that interactions between xenon and the aromatic ring of the phenylalanine 758 residue are important for xenon binding. Our most important finding is that we have identified two mutations, F758W and F758Y, that eliminate xenon binding to the NMDA receptor glycine site without changing the glycine affinity of the receptor or the binding of volatile anesthetics. The identification of these selective mutations will allow knock-in animals to be used to dissect the mechanism(s) of xenon's neuroprotective and anesthetic properties in vivo.
Age-dependent Role of Microvascular Endothelial and Polymorphonuclear Cells in Lipopolysaccharide-induced Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Wulfert Francis M. , van Meurs Matijs , Kurniati Neng F. , Jongman Rianne M. , Houwertjes Martin C. , Heeringa Peter , Struys Michel M.R.F. , Zijlstra Jan G. , Molema Grietje 
Published: May 2012

Background
The incidence of acute kidney injury following severe sepsis is higher in the elderly. We hypothesized that microvascular endothelium is "primed" by aging and that sepsis represents a "second hit," resulting in more severe microvascular complications.

Methods
Three- and 18-months-old mice were intraperitoneally injected with 1,500 EU/g body weight lipopolysaccharide and sacrificed after 8 h. Flow cytometry and myeloperoxidase ELISA determined neutrophils in plasma. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze messenger ribonucleic acid levels of cell adhesion molecules P-selectin and E-selectin, vascular cell adhesion protein-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, angiopoietin receptor TIE-2, and angiopoietins Ang1 and Ang2. In kidney tissue we assessed neutrophil influx and E-selectin protein expression. Neutrophils were depleted with the monoclonal antibody NIMP.

Results
At basal conditions, microvascular endothelial cell activation status was similar in both groups, except for a higher Ang-2 expression (P < 0.05) in the kidney of aged mice. Lipopolysaccharide-induced increase in neutrophil count was higher in old (3.3-fold change) compared with young mice (2.2-fold change). Messenger ribonucleic acid analysis showed higher upregulation of P- and E-selectin (P = 0.0004, P = 0.0007) after lipopolysaccharide administration in kidneys of elderly mice, which was confirmed at the protein level for E-selectin. Renal neutrophil influx in lipopolysaccharide-treated aged mice was increased (2.5-fold induction in aged and 2.1-fold in young, P < 0.0001). Polymorphonuclear cell depletion exaggerated the lipopolysaccharide-induced kidney injury.

Conclusion
Ang-2 is increased in older mice, which might cause priming of the endothelial cells. Endothelium responded by a more extensive increase in expression of P- and E-selectin in older mice and increased polymorphonuclear cell influx.
The functional significance of E277K and V295A HFE mutations
Authors: Silva Bruno , Martins Rute , Proença Daniela , Fleming Rita , Faustino Paula 
Published: May 2012

SummaryHereditary haemochromatosis (HH) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by excessive intestinal iron absorption resulting in increased pathological body iron stores. It is typically associated with homozygosity for the c.845G>A (p.C282Y) mutation in the
HFE
gene. However, other
HFE
alterations have been reported in affected individuals but their association with the disease is unclear. This study analysed the functional consequences of two
HFE
mutations, c.829G>A (p.E277K) and c.884T>C (p.V295A). Firstly, it was shown that c.829G>A affects the
HFE
splicing by diminishing the full length HFE and ivs4_66bp inclusion transcript levels, while increasing the amount of exon 4 skipping transcript. Immunofluorescent techniques showed that the HFE_E277K protein had a diffuse distribution (similar to HFE_C282Y) while HFE_V295A presented at the cell surface and perinuclear compartments (resembling HFE_wt). Immunoprecipitation assays revealed a decreased association of HFE_E277K and HFE_V295A with both β2‐microglobulin (B2M; 38 ± 7% and 66 ± 8%, respectively) and transferrin receptor (TFRC, also termed TFR1) (58 ± 2% and 49 ± 16%, respectively). Herein, we prove that both mutations partially abrogate HFE association with B2M and TFRC, crucial for its correct processing and cell surface presentation. Although E277K has a more deleterious effect than V295A, we propose that both mutations may play a role in the development of hereditary haemochromatosis.
Local and landscape‐scale effects of an ant nest construction in an open dry forest of Uruguay
Authors: SOSA BEATRIZ , BRAZEIRO ALEJANDRO 
Published: May 2012

1. Ants modify soil properties via nest construction and by doing this modulate soil resources for other organisms. In this sense ants are recognised as ecosystem engineers.2. In this framework, two less well‐studied issues are focused on: (i) the permanence of the effects of ant nests on plant communities after colonies have died, and (ii) the scaling up from patch to landscape‐scale effects.3. The aim of the present study was to address these issues in the open dry forests of Uruguay, inhabited by the ant Atta vollenweideri Forel. The active and abandoned nests of this ant represent different and conspicuous patches (30–60 m2) in the landscape.4. The soil concentration of sodium, a key element in the system, was substantially higher among active nests, and remains high during the early stages of abandoned nests. Woody species abundance, richness, and composition were affected at the patch scale, and simulation models suggested an increase in species richness at the landscape scale.5. The present study highlights the importance of abandoned nests for plant‐species richness in the ecosystem engineer framework and the need to advance in an integrative approach to study both local and landscape effects of ant's nests.
Larval experience induces adult aversion to rearing host plants: a novel behaviour contrary to Hopkins' host selection principle
Authors: MADER BRIAN J. , DAOUST SIMON P. , CARDINAL‐AUCOIN MICHAEL , BAUCE ERIC , DESPLAND EMMA 
Published: May 2012

1. Hopkins' host selection principle (HSP) states that insects should prefer foliage from their rearing host plant over that of an alternative host.2. The current study tested whether eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), that were laid and developed on, respectively, resistant and susceptible white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, showed differences in their feeding and oviposition preferences for these two hosts.3. The data revealed that previous experience of spruce budworm on a host tree type does not influence the host acceptance and feeding behaviour of later larval stages. However, adult budworm reared on resistant white spruce needles preferentially selected susceptible white spruce needles as the host for their progeny, whereas those reared on susceptible needles showed no preference.4. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of an insect showing an oviposition preference for the non‐rearing host plant. This would tend to increase mixing between insects from susceptible and resistant trees. The present results thus argue against Hopkins' HSP and suggest that learned aversion to resistant foliage experienced by larvae is carried into the adult stage.
Freshwater food webs: towards a more fundamental understanding of biodiversity and community dynamics
Authors: THOMPSON ROSS M. , DUNNE JENNIFER A. , WOODWARD GUY 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Food webs are a powerful whole‐system way to represent the patterns of biodiversity and energy flow in a readily quantifiable framework amenable to comparative analyses. Integrated theory and data on complex trophic interactions provide useful and novel ways to study ecosystem structure, dynamics, function and stability.2. Freshwater ecology has contributed considerably to the advancement of food‐web ecology. This has occurred through early application of methodological advances such as stable isotope analysis and description of some of the most detailed food webs, including Little Rock Lake and the Broadstone Stream food webs.3. Freshwater food webs are often highly resolved, although the inclusion of components such as bacteria continues to be challenging. Characteristics of stream food webs appear to include high rates of omnivory and a strong role for body size as a structuring influence.4. While freshwater ecology has often included landscape factors, food webs from freshwaters have most often been collected at small spatial scales. There is a need to take a landscape approach to the study of food‐web dynamics in freshwater ecosystems.5. Studies of food webs that take an experimental approach or utilise natural gradients remain rare but will be vital to untangling causative relationships between changing environmental conditions and food‐web structure and dynamics.6. Emerging directions in freshwater food‐web research involve integrating individual‐level variation and information on traits into food‐web studies. This is allowing a growing understanding of the ways in which food webs can be used to integrate community, evolutionary and population processes into studies of biodiversity.7. A Virtual Issue of Freshwater Biology entitled ‘Advances in food‐web research: a compendium of Freshwater Biology papers’ brings together papers included in this review that have been published in the journal since 1985. The Virtual Issue can be located at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365‐2427/homepage/virtual_issue_advances_in_food‐web_research.htm.
The early bird gets the shrimp: confronting assumptions of isotopic equilibrium and homogeneity in a wild bird population
Authors: Wunder Michael B. , Jehl Joseph R. , Stricker Craig A. 
Published: May 2012

Summary1. Because stable isotope distributions in organic material vary systematically across energy gradients that exist in ecosystems, community and population structures, and in individual physiological systems, isotope values in animal tissues have helped address a broad range of questions in animal ecology. It follows that every tissue sample provides an isotopic profile that can be used to study dietary or movement histories of individual animals. Interpretations of these profiles depend on the assumption that metabolic pools are isotopically well mixed and in equilibrium with dietary resources prior to tissue synthesis, and they extend to the population level by assuming isotope profiles are identically distributed for animals using the same proximal dietary resource. As these assumptions are never fully met, studying structure in the variance of tissue isotope values from wild populations is informative.2. We studied variation in δ13C, δ15N, δ2H and δ18O data for feathers from a population of eared grebes (Podiceps nigricollis) that migrate to Great Salt Lake each fall to moult feathers. During this time, they cannot fly and feed almost exclusively on superabundant brine shrimp (Artemia franciscana). The ecological simplicity of this situation minimized the usual spatial and trophic complexities often present in natural studies of feather isotope values.3. Ranges and variances of isotope values for the feathers were larger than those from previously published studies that report feather isotopic variance, but they were bimodally distributed in all isotope dimensions. Isotope values for proximal dietary resources and local surface water show that some of the feathers we assumed to have been grown locally must have been grown before birds reached isotopic equilibrium with local diet or immediately prior to arrival at Great Salt Lake.4. Our study provides novel insights about resource use strategies in eared grebes during migration. More generally, it demonstrates the utility of studying variance structures and questioning assumptions implicit in the interpretation of stable isotope data from wild animals.
Development and testing of an instrument to assess nurses’ knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs and behaviours related to influenza vaccination
Authors: Zhang Jing , While Alison E , Norman Ian J 
Published: May 2012

Aims and objectives.  To develop an instrument to measure nurses’ knowledge, risk perception and health beliefs towards influenza and influenza vaccination and their vaccination behaviours and evaluate its construct validity and internal consistency reliability.Background.  Although instruments to assess predictors of nurses’ vaccination behaviours have been developed, their validity and reliability have not been reported.Design.  Instrument development and initial validity and reliability testing.Methods.  The instrument was developed drawing on a literature review and expert consultation and was refined through pilot work. A cross‐sectional survey using a revised version of the instrument was conducted among a convenience sample of 520 registered nurses (response rate 77·4%). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated to determine internal consistency of the sub‐scale in the instrument. Principal components analysis with varimax rotation was carried out to evaluate the instrument’s construct validity and examine its internal structure.Results.  Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the three newly developed scales ranged from 0·70–0·76. Principal components analysis produced a good fit and confirmed the internal design of the instrument. In the seasonal influenza knowledge sub‐scale four factors explained 44·8% of the total variance; in the H1N1 knowledge sub‐scale two factors explained 44·7% of the total variance. Three factors in the risk perception scale contributed 50·5% of the total variance and two factors in the vaccination behaviours scale contributed 62·1% of the total variance.Conclusions.  An instrument has been developed to assess nurses’ knowledge, risk perception and health beliefs towards influenza and influenza vaccination and their vaccination behaviours. The instrument was valid and reliable for the setting where it was used.Relevance to clinical practice.  This instrument could be used to assess nurses’ knowledge, risk perception, health beliefs towards influenza and influenza vaccination and their vaccination behaviours. The three newly developed scales could also be used independently to measure variables influencing nurses’ vaccination practices.
Diseases of north European wrasse (Labridae) and possible interactions with cohabited farmed salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Treasurer J W 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThere have been several reported studies of wrasse health but none of these has shown transmission of wrasse diseases when stocked with farmed Atlantic salmon. Most of the studies have focussed on bacterial and parasite issues, including treatment of bacterial diseases with antibiotics and vaccination of wrasse. Classical and atypical furunculosis have been reported in wrasse following stress, and wrasse have been susceptible to vibrio infection. Further study is required on the vaccination of wrasse for furunculosis with latent carrier status to maximize survival. There are studies on viral diseases such as infectious pancreatic necrosis, infectious salmon anaemia and pancreas disease and although these did not give any undue concern for salmon health, there is also scope for further study in this area. Resident parasite communities of wrasse are largely host‐specific and do not appear to be a threat to salmon. Given that wrasse have not, to date, been a vector of disease in salmon, attention should be placed on maintaining best practice in cohabiting wrasse with salmon. Other issues that should be addressed are good welfare of wrasse in pens and identifying measures of this, the identification of losses of wrasse in pens, being alert to potential emerging diseases through health screening of mortalities and assessing the risks associated with carrying forward wrasse from one salmon production cycle to the next. Issues of exploitation by fishing on wild wrasse stocks and improved biosecurity may be addressed by the increased movement by the industry to the stocking of farmed wrasse.