bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decolonization: The Ultimate Diaspora
Authors: Kirk-Greene Anthony 
Published: April 2009

Among the numerous aspects of decolonization (mostly political and economic) studied during the half-century since the beginning of the end of the British Empire, one major social phenomenon has received very little attention in the literature. This is the diaspora of the expatriate career civil servants who were still employed by HM government when independence was granted. Between the transfer of power in India in 1947 and that of Hong Kong in 1997, it is estimated that at least 25,000 prematurely retired British officials of the Indian Civil Service, the All-India Services, the Colonial Service (administration and departmental), the Sudan Political Service and the Sudan Civil Service engaged on permanent and pensionable terms returned to Britain in search of relocation and further employment. Many took up a ‘second career’ with the help of the three ad hoc ex-Service Resettlement Bureaux set up by the British government; others found employment under their own steam; a few, especially in the 45+ age group, looked for voluntary work rather than further paid employment. Based on largely unpublished material and statistics, this article summarizes and analyses the kinds of second careers secured by Britain's former imperial officials. It also invites further research, both into the comparative French, Dutch, Portuguese and Belgian Colonial Service experience and into the impact of this considerable body of experienced and able men and women on Britain's economy and society in the past half-century.
Changes in Plasma Proteins in Rats Treated for Short Periods with Hepatotoxins or with Agents which Induce Cytochrome P450 Isoenzymes
Authors: Makarananda K. , Fox G.A. , Price S.C. , Hinton R.H. 
Published: April 2009

We have compared the alterations in plasma proteins following treatment of rats with the centrilobular hepatotoxin carbon tetrachloride, the periportal hepatotoxin allyl alcohol and two inducers of hepatic microsomal drug metabolising enzymes, phenobarbitone and a mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254). The results are compared with changes observed in animals treated with agents which caused proliferation of rat liver peroxisomes and described in an earlier publication. Our results indicate that: 1 There is a marked induction of a minor glycoprotein which migrates as a prealbumin following treatment with both inducers of microsomal mixed function oxidases and inducers of peroxisome proliferation. 2 There is a marked increase in a minor α1-glycoprotein when there is chemically-induced mitosis in the liver but not in mitosis following liver damage. 3 Two major α 1-glycoprotein are depressed in all forms of liver damage. 4 There are indications of specific protein responses to allyl alcohol, to inducers of microsomal mixed function oxidases and to inducers of peroxisome proliferation.
Vibration Control of Plates Using Self-Sensing Active Constrained Layer Damping Networks
Authors: Ro J. , Baz A. 
Published: April 2009

The Active Constrained Layer Damping (ACLD) treatment has been used successfully for controlling the vibration of various flexible structures. The treatment provides an effective means of augmenting the simplicity and reliability of passive damping with the low weight and high efficiency of active controls to attain high damping characteristics over broad frequency bands. In this study, a self-sensing configuration of the ACLD treatment is utilized to suppress the bending and torsional vibrations of cantilevered plates simultaneously. The treatment considered ensures collocation of the sensors/actuators pairs in order to guarantee stable operation. The theoretical characteristics of the multi-layer treatment are presented in this paper and compared with the experimental performance. Attenuation of the amplitude of vibration of the first bending and torsional modes of more than 96% and 35% are obtained using proportional controller with voltages less than 93 volts. The corresponding attenuation becomes and 90% and 84% when a derivative controller is used with voltage of 82 volt.
Erratum to: Antiviral therapy in acute viral hepatitis B: why and when
Authors: Morelli Giuseppe , Perrella Alessandro , Sbreglia Costanza , Bellopede Pasquale , Riccio Vincenzo , Monaco Antonio , Perrella Oreste 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Correction to Morelli G, Perrella A, Sbreglia C, Bellopede P, Riccio V, Perrella O: Antiviral therapy in acute viral hepatitis B: why and when. Infectious Agents and Cancer 2009, 4:2.
Das Wischnewski-Protokoll. Zur Zusammenarbeit zwischen westeuropäischen Regierungen und transnationalen Terroristen 1977
Authors: Dahlke Matthias 
Published: April 2009

Vorspann
Im November 1977 sitzen an einem geheimen Ort in Wien der österreichische Bundeskanzler Bruno Kreisky, sein Innenminister und zwei international gesuchte Terroristen der PLO zusammen. Mit dabei ist auch ein Vertreter von Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, dem Staatsminister im Bundeskanzleramt, der anschließend seinen Chef, Helmut Schmidt, über das Treffen informiert. Ziel der Zusammenkunft sind Verabredungen, die sich auf die Anerkennung der PLO und die Eindämmung des internationalen Terrorismus unter Mitwirkung der Palästinenser beziehen. Matthias Dahlke bringt Licht in das Dunkel der internationalen Geheimdiplomatie der 1970er Jahre, und er kann dabei auch zeigen, dass – von der Öffentlichkeit unbemerkt – bei der Terrorismusbekämpfung sehr unkonventionelle Wege beschritten wurden.
A Method to Retrieve a Displaced Dental Implant From the Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Flanagan Dennis 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Dental implants can be displaced into the maxillary sinus. Retrieval by endoscopic or Caldwell-Luc techniques have been previously reported. A modified Caldwell-Luc technique is presented here, where a small round lateral osseous window is created. A plastic surgical aspirator tip is cut and modified to fit tightly into the access window. The sinus is filled with saline, and the patient is placed in a lateral recumbent position in the dental chair with the involved sinus on the underside. The saline acts as a vehicle to bring out the implant. The festooned aspirator is then introduced into the access window, and the errant implant can be successfully brought to the window for retrieval.
Immediate Loading: Three Cases with up to 38 Months of Clinical Follow-up
Authors: Bilhan Hakan , Sönmez Esma , Mumcu Emre , Bilgin Tayfun 
Published: April 2009

Abstract
Since the first report describing the placement of dental implants into fresh extraction sockets, there has been an increasing interest in this technique. The advantages of immediate implant placement have been reported to include a reduction in the number of surgical interventions, potentially decreased alveolar bone resorption after tooth loss, and shorter treatment time. Appropriate indications, good surgical technique, eand the use of a prosthetic protocol have resulted in success for immediate loading and immediate implantation. Adverse patient-related factors, such as systemic health, a smoking habit, poor oral hygiene, presence of a thin biotype, or an infection in the region of the extraction, are contraindications for this treatment. Patient satisfaction is very high, and some difficulties related to the implantation site in late implantations may be eliminated. This article reports on three cases of immediate loading with up to 30 months of clinical follow-up.
NOD × 129.H2g7Backcross Delineates 129S1/SvImJ-Derived Genomic Regions Modulating Type 1 Diabetes Development in Mice
Authors: Leiter Edward H. , Reifsnyder Peter C. , Wallace Racheal , Li Renhua , King Benjamin , Churchill Gary C. 
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVEIntroduction of genes targeted in 129/Sv embryonic stem (ES) cells into NOD mice brings about linked genes that may modulate type 1 diabetes. Our objective was to identify 129S1/SvJ non-MHC regions contributing type 1 diabetes resistance or susceptibility in backcross to NOD/LtJ.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSAfter congenic transfer of the NOD H2g7 haplotype onto 129S1/Sv, 310 females were produced by NOD × (NOD × 129.H2g7)F1 backcross (N2). A genome scan for quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting clinical diabetes, age of diabetes onset, and insulitis severity was performed using subphenotype characteristics to improve power and resolution for detection of diabetes susceptibility loci.RESULTSThirty-six of 310 (11.6%) N2 females developed type 1 diabetes between 14 and 40 weeks. Significant evidence of linkage for only a single previously reported Idd complex locus (Idd10/17/18, chromosome [Chr] 3) was indicated for clinical diabetes. The quantitative traits of insulitis either alone or combined with age at type 1 diabetes onset were significantly linked to known Idd regions on Chr 1 (Idd5 region), Chr 4 (Idd9 region), Chr 8 (Idd22), Chr 11 (Idd4.3), and proximal Chr 17 (Idd16 region). Significant 129S1/Sv resistance contributions were identified on Chr 1, 15 (two loci), and 19, with suggestive evidence for additional novel 129/Sv resistance QTL on Chr 5 and 17 and susceptibility on Chr 2.CONCLUSIONSThe 129S1/SvJ genome harbors collections of both known and potentially novel non-MHC Idd loci. Investigators targeting 129/Sv genes mapping within chromosomal regions reported herein or elsewhere in the genome need to exclude potential contributions from linked Idd loci by generating a NOD.129 control strain expressing the nontargeted allele.
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Mansouri Ahmed , Fukumitsu Hidefumi , Schindehuette Jan , Krieglstein Kerstin 
Published: April 2009

AbstractMouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from mouse blastocyst and are able to generate all embryonic tissues in vitro. This propensity of ES cells has acquired considerable attention in recent years due to the promising potential for future cell replacement–based therapies. Therefore, it is of fundamental interest to establish protocols that allow the differentiation of ES cells into specific cell types. In recent years, several such differentiation procedures have been described for mouse and human embryonic stem cells. This unit describes a simple procedure that promotes the neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and yields a high proportion of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, this procedure permits the isolation of neural stem cell lines from mouse ES cells. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 47:3.6.1‐3.6.21. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Brain Microdialysis
Authors: Chefer Vladimir I. , Thompson Alexis C. , Zapata Agustin , Shippenberg Toni S. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe technique of microdialysis enables sampling and collecting of small‐molecular‐weight substances from the interstitial space. It is a widely used method in neuroscience and is one of the few techniques available that permits quantification of neurotransmitters, peptides, and hormones in the behaving animal. More recently, it has been used in tissue preparations for quantification of neurotransmitter release. This unit provides a brief review of the history of microdialysis and its general application in the neurosciences. The authors review the theoretical principles underlying the microdialysis process, methods available for estimating extracellular concentration from dialysis samples (i.e., relative recovery), the various factors that affect the estimate of in vivo relative recovery, and the importance of determining in vivo relative recovery to data interpretation. Several areas of special note, including impact of tissue trauma on the interpretation of microdialysis results, are discussed. Step‐by‐step instructions for the planning and execution of conventional and quantitative microdialysis experiments are provided.Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 47:7.1.1‐7.1.28. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxylated Mesocarb Metabolites for Doping Control
Authors: Vahermo Mikko , Suominen Tina , Leinonen Antti , Yli‐Kauhaluoma Jari 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe synthesis and method of analysis of hydroxylated mesocarb metabolites are described. Six potential hydroxylated mesocarb metabolites were prepared, characterized, and compared with the mesocarb metabolites synthesized enzymatically in vitro using human liver proteins and also compared with metabolites extracted from human urine after oral administration of mesocarb. p‐Hydroxymesocarb was the most prevalent metabolite (conjugated and non‐conjugated) observed. With respect to doping analysis, synthesis of p‐hydroxymesocarb, the main urinary metabolite of mesocarb, and its availability as a reference material is important.
A note on the choice and the estimation of Kriging models for the analysis of deterministic computer experiments
Authors: Ginsbourger David , Dupuy Delphine , Badea Anca , Carraro Laurent , Roustant Olivier 
Published: April 2009

AbstractOur goal in the present article to give an insight on some important questions to be asked when choosing a Kriging model for the analysis of numerical experiments. We are especially concerned about the cases where the size of the design of experiments is relatively small to the algebraic dimension of the inputs. We first fix the notations and recall some basic properties of Kriging. Then we expose two experimental studies on subjects that are often skipped in the field of computer simulation analysis: the lack of reliability of likelihood maximization with few data and the consequences of a trend misspecification. We finally propose an example from a porous media application, with the introduction of an original Kriging method in which a non‐linear additive model is used as an external trend. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of uncertainty in computer experiments from Universal to Bayesian Kriging
Authors: Helbert C. , Dupuy D. , Carraro L. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractKriging was first introduced in the field of geostatistics. Nowadays, it is widely used to model computer experiments. Since the results of deterministic computer experiments have no experimental variability, Kriging is appropriate in that it interpolates observations at data points. Moreover, Kriging quantifies prediction uncertainty, which plays a major role in many applications. Among practitioners we can distinguish those who use Universal Kriging where the parameters of the model are estimated and those who use Bayesian Kriging where model parameters are random variables. The aim of this article is to show that the prediction uncertainty has a correct interpretation only in the case of Bayesian Kriging. Different cases of prior distributions have been studied and it is shown that in one specific case, Bayesian Kriging supplies an interpretation as a conditional variance for the prediction variance provided by Universal Kriging. Finally, a simple petroleum engineering case study presents the importance of prior information in the Bayesian approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocomposites based on plasticized starch
Authors: Avérous Luc , Halley Peter J. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractThe potential of biodegradable polymers, and more particularly that of polymers obtained from agro resources, such as polysaccharides like starch, has long been recognized. This paper examines the effects of sustainable materials based on starch on the macro or nanostructure and subsequent processing, thermomechanical properties and performance properties of plasticized starch polymers. This examination includes a detailed review of the complexity of starch polymers, recent advances in novel starch modifications and compounds, and a detailed examination of the effects of plasticized starch macro‐biocomposites and nano‐biocomposites. Specific structures and subsequent properties are controlled by many specific factors, such as filler shape, size and surface chemistry, processing conditions and environmental aging. In the case of nano‐biocomposites, it is evident that nanomaterials polymer matrix interfacial interactions are extremely important to the final nanostructures and performance of these materials. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Efficient model‐free deconvolution of measured femtosecond kinetic data using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Keszei Ernő 
Published: April 2009

AbstractDue to the uncertainty relation between the temporal and spectral widths of a laser pulse, sufficient selectivity in excitation and detection energy does not allow much shorter pulses in a femtosecond pump‐probe experiment than about 100 fs. Many ultrafast chemical processes have comparable characteristic times, so the results of these experiments are severely distorted by convolution of the kinetic response function with the pulses used. If we do not know the underlying photochemical and kinetic model, the only way to overcome the limitation in time resolution due to convolution is to perform a model‐free deconvolution. Most existing deconvolution methods—even after specifically adapted to femtochemical experimental data (Bányász Á, Keszei E. Nonparametric deconvolution of femtosecond kinetic data.J. Phys. Chem. A2006;110: 6192–6207)—do not provide a smooth deconvolved data set that could be used for unbiased statistical inference. Here, we report an efficient model‐free deconvolution method that enhances temporal resolution and improves statistical inference from measured pump‐probe data, using a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed algorithm enables to create a fairly good initial population and uses highly efficient population dynamics to result in individuals who represent excellent solutions of the deconvolution problem without noise amplification, even in the case of a sharp initial steplike rise of the signal. The treatments of both synthetic and experimental data are supporting the outstanding applicability of the proposed deconvolution method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of tunable 3D ZnO architectures assemblied with nanoplates
Authors: Zuo Ahui , Hu Peng , Bai Liuyang , Yuan Fangli 
Published: April 2009

AbstractA simple hydrothermal method has been used to synthesize 3D ZnO architectures without any surfactants. The assemblies were composed of thin nanoplates with the thickness of about 35nm. X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence (PL) characterized the structure, morphology and optical property of products. The thickness of plates and assembly pattern can be controlled by adjusting the experimental parameters. Furthermore, these ZnO nanoplate assemblies exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methylene blue (MB). (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvothermal growth of highly oriented wurtzite‐structured ZnO nanotube arrays on zinc foil
Authors: Yang J. H. , Zheng J. H. , Zhai H. J. , Yang L. L. , Liu L. , Gao M. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractZnO nanotube arrays were synthesized on zinc foil by a simple solvothermal approach. In this approach, zinc foil was used not only as a substrate but also as a zinc‐ion source for the direct growth of ZnO nanotube arrays. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, indicated that the structure of the ZnO nanotube arrays on the zinc foil substrate was single‐crystalline with a wurtzite structure. The optical properties of the ZnO nanorod arrays were characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopies and Raman. Photoluminescence exhibited strong UV emission and a broad deep‐level (visible) emission emission at with 325 nm excitation. A possible mechanism is also proposed to account for the growth of the ZnO nanotube arrays. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inversion of conductivity type of III‐V compound layers in experiments with LPE growth from rare‐earth containing melts
Authors: Šrobár F. , Procházková O. 
Published: April 2009

AbstractRare‐earth (RE) elements present in the growth melt of the LPE process are known to have a purifying effect on the grown layers of III‐V compounds. The RE atoms exhibit high chemical affinity preferentially to shallow donors, forming insoluble aggregates that remain in the melt and do not, ordinarily, enter the solid phase. The aim of the paper is to simulate the situation, sometimes observed experimentally, where the gradual gettering of donor impurity, consequent upon increasing the RE content in the melt, leads to an inversion of the electrical conductivity type of the grown layer from n to p. Usefulness of the approach is demonstrated by interpreting results of an experimental work. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of Ligands Based on 4H‐Imidazoles and Pyridine Subunits: Selective Complexation and Bathochromically Absorbing Complexes
Authors: Blumhoff Jörg , Beckert Rainer , Rau Sven , Losse Sebastian , Matschke Martin , Günther Wolfgang , Görls Helmar 
Published: April 2009

AbstractNew multifunctional ligands based on the combination of 4H‐imidazoles with pyridine subunits have been synthesised. The long wavelength absorptions originating fromthe merocyanine‐chromophore can be shifted towards the near infrared (NIR) region by introduction of additionalauxochromic groups. Due to different complexation spheres these hybrid‐ligands form the requirements for the construction of heterobimetallic complexes. In addition, the hybrid ligands are redox active compounds showing two separated fully reversible reductions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Monodisperse Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 Metastable Solid Solution Nanocrystals
Authors: Taniguchi Takaaki , Watanabe Tomoaki , Matsushita Nobuhiro , Yoshimura Masahiro 
Published: April 2009

AbstractAn environmentally friendly and economically efficient method has been developed to synthesize monodisperse CeO2‐ZrO2 solid solution nanocrystals. In this process, the formation of oleate‐stabilized Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 nanocrystals was designed to proceed through hydrolytic sol–gel condensation of metal–oleate precursors in an aqueous solution and subsequent hydrothermal growth at 200 °C for 6 h. The results showed that the 3.0‐nm‐sized nanocrystals possess a metastable CeO2‐ZrO2 tetragonal phase with well‐designed chemical composition and are nearly monodisperse. Owing to the uniform textural and elemental properties, the products exhibit relatively high thermal stability of the metastable phase and well‐defined reduction properties.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Betaine Adducts of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis, Properties, and Reactivity
Authors: Delaude Lionel 
Published: April 2009

AbstractN‐Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) form stable zwitterionicadducts with a range of heteroallenes, ketenes, and allenes. Although the first representatives of this class of inner salts were first investigated as far back as the 1960s, they have enjoyed a sustained interest from the chemical community over the years. Depending on the nature of their anionic moiety, NHC betaines display a very broad palette of reactivities and have found applications in various fields of organic synthesis and catalysis. In this Microreview, the synthesis, properties, and reactivity of NHC betaines are surveyed. The NHCs under consideration include ylidenes derived from imidazole, benzimidazole, imidazoline, thiazole, or triazole, and the heteroallenes investigated so far are carbon dioxide, carbon disulfide, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, and their selenium analogues. A historical background is provided for each type of adduct under consideration, but emphasis is placed mainly on developments that have appeared in the literature within the past few years. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)