bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Developing Role of Deep Azimuthal Resistivity to Assist Optimal Well Placement in the Captain Field, UK North Sea
Authors: Bell Chris , Audinet Cecile , Hammond Lisa , Baule Ansgar , Skillings Jon , Oxborough Melanie 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The development of deep azimuthal resistivity LWD tools and their use in geosteering horizontal wells has become increasingly important in the development of the Captain Field in the UK North Sea, in combination with a new strategy to access reserves.
As the field matures targets become smaller and wells have to be placed high in the reservoir to maximise recovery. Targets increasingly lie close to the margin of the field where the reservoir rapidly thins, has a rugose top and is poorly imaged on the seismic. The relative mobility of the water to oil also results in unpredictable water development. A combination of these challenges has required the technology to identify the proximity of shale or water, optimise well placement and avoid unnecessary sidetracks.
In 2008, the deep azimuthal resistivity tool, AziTrak™ was first deployed on the Captain Field. The well was geosteered close to the roof. At a point in the well where it was anticipated the well would exit the roof, the deep azimuthal resistivity clearly showed decreasing resistivity. Contrary to expectation the response was from water below. The well was steered up, and realised additional 25ft pay sand above the anticipated top reservoir. Had the deep azimuthal resistivity not been deployed the well path would have been steered down. Ultimately this resulted in approximately an additional 1mmbls of reserves.
The second deployment in 2008 demonstrated the value of being able to rapidly rebuild the reservoir model from the distance to bed boundary data obtained from the deep azimuthal resistivity. The rebuilt model enabled the replan of the second leg of a multi-lateral well. The well was successfully drilled close to top of the reservoir following the re-planned path.
Further benefits can potentially be realised by reducing the number of sidetracks and pilot holes. Pre-planning, modelling and directional drilling as part of an integrated service have played an important role in the successful placement of recent Captain Wells.
It is anticipated that the role of deep azimuthal resistivity will become more important as the Captain Field matures, opportunities become smaller, more technically challenging and in a cost conscious environment.
Automation of Well-Construction Fluids Domain
Authors: Geehan Thomas , Zamora Mario 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The drive to industrialize the drilling process through automation is gaining greater acceptance within the upstream oil and gas industry. The concerted, multi-faceted effort is being spearheaded by SPE and IADC committees working with industry on a common automation language, fit-for-purpose interface protocols, and a disciplined technology roadmap. The primary purpose of this paper is to define the Well-Construction Fluids (WCF) domain in order to contribute to the roadmap foundation. Also discussed are existing technology gaps related to fluids automation, and targeted efforts to find practical solutions for these gaps.
The WCF domain encompasses the fluids used in drilling and completion operations, as well as the flow conduits, tanks, and process equipment required for optimum performance. At the highest level, the domain is represented by four major systems: (a) fluids treatment and pumping, (b) downhole, (c) solids control, and (d) waste management. Understandably, the WCF domain has a broad sphere of influence and interacts with all well-construction processes, including conventional drilling, well control, managed-pressure drilling, tripping, and running and cementing casing. Because of this interdependence, numerous projects have been initiated to develop robust, automated equipment to measure critical fluid properties required by all these processes.
Within the WCF domain, systems also are being developed to automate and control different fluids processing equipment and to mechanize chemical additions and mixing operations. Ultimate success will depend not only on improved data from better monitoring, but also comprehensive data management systems linked to interpretative schemes and predictive analyses that convert the data into useable knowledge.
Multiwell Thermal Interaction: Predicting Wellbore and Formation Temperatures for Closely Spaced Wells
Authors: McSpadden Albert R. , Coker Oliver D. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
A method is presented to predict wellbore and formation temperatures for a template of closely spaced wells. Multiwell thermal interaction will alter the wellbore temperatures as well as formation temperatures in the inter-well zones and also further out from the well template. The change in temperature profile relative to a single well can be significant. For producing wells in close proximity, wellbore and formation temperatures will converge to a significantly hotter condition than in the isolated single well case.
The modeling of wellbore and formation temperatures for closely spaced wells has not been widely examined to date. This problem has only been approached using theoretical formulations based on simplified assumptions. The current work presents for the first time a methodology based on standard industry tools and models which yield results consistent with field experience. The method employs standard industry thermal-hydraulic modeling software and a finite-element model (FEM) in a loosely-coupled, iterative analysis which assumes steady-state conditions. Other numerical approaches including finite-difference (FD) and boundary element method (BEM) techniques are also considered. The far-field thermal flux behavior of a single well is also considered as an important baseline for comparison.
The effect of multiwell thermal interaction is important for closely-spaced wells such as offshore platforms or subsea and arctic developments. A case study is presented for an HPHT offshore field development. The multiwell disturbance on formation and wellbore temperatures affects well design, facilities planning and operations. Annular pressure build-up (APB), wellhead movement, tubular stress design, cement slurry design, subsidence/compaction effects and facilities HSE issues can all be affected In some cases, unexpectedly high wellbore temperatures can be catastrophic.
If multiwell thermal interaction is not taken into account, then load events such as APB and wellhead movement and thermal induced stresses may be underestimated. For high-rate production wells, the increase in produced fluid temperatures may be small, but even a small change may be critical. In all cases, the effect on outer wellbore strings/annuli and on the formation is significant. This also impacts the planning of offshore fields to be developed in phases with batch drilling.
Just How Reliable is Your BOP Today? Results from a JIP, US GOM 2004-2006
Authors: Sattler Jeff , Gallander Frank 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
In 2008, several industry groups created a task force to define workscope for a joint industry project to study BOP reliability experienced for wells drilled in the US Gulf of Mexico in the 2004 to 2006 time frame. They also undertook to identify possible contractors, prepared, evaluated, and awarded the bid for completion of this workscope, which included wells utilizing both subsea and surface BOPs (Blowout Preventers).
This paper summarizes major findings and recommendations from the study. The study was easily the most comprehensive one ever completed, with almost 90,000 individual component tests analyzed in the course of drilling 238 wells using 37 different floating drilling units and just over 40,000 individual component tests from 415 wells untilizing 78 surface rigs.
Application-Specific Bit Technology Leads to Improved Performance in Unconventional Gas Shale Plays
Authors: Isbell Matt , Scott Dan , Freeman Mark 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Unconventional gas plays in Texas, Oklahoma, and Louisiana have become increasingly important. Operators have produced unconventional gas in these shale formations through better well profiles and completion/fracture technology. One key to the fields’ continued success is reducing drilling cost even with the current depressed pricing of natural gas. The two general types of drilling programs are vertical/curve/horizontal profiles and more complex wells drilled from a pad. Each of these well types challenges bit designs. A new application-specific bit design package has been developed for these applications. This new design includes features such as improved stability, steerability, optimized hydraulics, depth-of-cut control, diamond volume management and wear- and durability-optimized cutters.
Over the last couple of years, operators and service companies have developed a three-bit program to successfully drill in the Barnett play. The challenge of this vertical/curve/horizontal program is combining two intervals into one bit run, thus reducing the number of bits from three to two and improving the economics in drilling the well. In complex well profiles, steerability and durability are critical. Until recently, many intervals were drilled exclusively with roller cone bits. The advent of the application-specific bit designs has enabled the operators to replace multiple roller cone bits with one polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bit.
This paper will present case studies from multiple independent operators showing the drilling performance improvement, leading to significant cost savings through reduced drilling time and fewer trips. Similar case studies include those in the Haynesville shale play. Runs in the Barnett play have shown up to 91 % faster rate of penetration (ROP) with run lengths of up to 92% longer footage. In the Haynesville play, bits have shown above average ROP with footage increases of 39%.
Operators are rapidly adopting this technology and strategy throughout these fields and similar fields in other markets.
Truly Selective Underreaming: Adaptation of a Field Proven, Hydraulically Actuated, Concentric Underreamer Allows for Multiple Unlocking/Locking Cycles in a Single Run
Authors: McCarthy John P. , Martin William H. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This paper introduces a concentric underreamer incorporating a drop ball mechanism that allows the tool to be unlocked and relocked multiple times without tripping from the well. The rapid implementation strategy and field trials will be presented. Along with a general description of the new technology, new underreaming applications, significant gains in efficiency and increases in cost savings will be discussed.
Concentric underreaming tools have been rapidly developed along with the industry-wide acceptance of closed loop rotary steerable systems. Enormous gains in reliability and performance have been made, allowing consistent shoe-to-shoe drilling and underreaming while executing complex trajectories. Well configurations that were actively avoided several years ago, like drilling long sections of salt, are now commonly drilled with rotary steerable tools and concentric underreamers.
Most concentric underreamers in use today can be configured to reliably remain locked in the undergauge position until underreaming is required. Some tools can also be relocked after underreaming is completed. Once these tools are relocked they cannot be unlocked again while still in the hole. This is certainly beneficial for circulating at high flow rates, but locking a tool after underreaming has been completed does not allow a tight spot to be re-reamed during the trip out of the hole. Additionally, having a single unlock/lock cycle does not offer the opportunity to underream selected intervals in a hole section and drill with only the bit in others.
To enable the well planner to achieve selective underreaming and to retain the ability to lock the tool at the end of the run, a multi-cycle locking/unlocking mechanism was required. There was also an operational need for rapid introduction into the industry with central focus on leveraging existing technology to minimize risk. Rather than starting with a clean sheet of paper and designing an entirely new tool, a field proven, hydraulically actuated, concentric underreamer was adapted to provide for full selectiveness.
By adapting an established, field proven tool, the primary challenges involved the cycling mechanism itself. This allowed for more rapid introduction to the industry as the risk to the operator was significantly reduced when compared to running a completely new tool. The operating characteristics of the underreamer were already well understood and the emphasis was placed on the cycling system. The result was a fully selectable, concentric underreamer that offered the flexibility to underream selectively, lock the tool at the end of the run, and finally cycle the tool if necessary during the trip out of the hole.
Drilling Machine Control – Making it Simpler and More Robust
Authors: Stangeland Kjell Magne , Carnegie Graham , Aanesland Svein Ove 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to alert the industry of a potential issue on variable frequency driven, large powered machines such as top drives, mud pumps, and drawworks when interfacing this equipment control with a third party power system.
In some cases the third party power system provider will insert a control device between the equipment controller and the drive, which can introduce performance and possible safety issues.
When systems are configured in this manner there are many challenges in the interface definition / implementation and also with who has overall system responsibility and what actions one system takes based on the actions of the other.
We believe a drive should be treated as a means of powering the equipment prime movers and that this drive should be under the complete control of the equipment controller with no influences from another source. The equipment controller should also be responsible for executing power limiting so the machine is brought to a safe condition / limit under control to prevent a blackout from occurring.
In summary, the introduction of a third party controller between the equipment controller and the drive introduces engineering/design challenges, possible performance and safety issues which all introduce unnecessary risk.
Drilling Riser VIV – Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Tognarelli Michael A. , Campbell Mike , Deka Dhyan 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Vortex induced vibration (VIV) of deepwater drilling risers due to steady current flow does occur. This has been demonstrated by BP, who have collected a large amount of drilling riser field measurements over the last 10 years [3].
Whilst the field measurements have shown that VIV does occur there have been few, if any, examples of drilling riser fatigue failure due to VIV. The lack of documented failures conflicts somewhat with software predictions which often predict low fatigue lives due to VIV in high current environments such as West of Shetland and Gulf of Mexico loop currents. So how should the industry deal with this?
Work has already been conducted to develop an approach to reconcile the disparity between VIV software predictions, field measured VIV and the likelihood of fatigue failure [1]. Using the statistical relationship between software predictions and actual VIV response a worked example is considered that results in design factors of safety substantially lower than the typical values used in design of 10 to 20.
The paper will document the occurrence and implications of drilling riser VIV in the field and demonstrate a novel approach that can be used to minimize the over conservatism that is currently present in VIV design tools whilst maintaining the required level of safety in accordance with industry design codes and standards.
Population-based study in Lithuania: lifestyle factors and risk of metabolic syndrome
Authors: Luksiene Dalia , Baceviciene Migle , Tamosiunas Abdonas 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between lifestyle characteristics and the probability of metabolic syndrome in the Lithuanian middle-aged population of Kaunas city. Study sample was comprised of 1403 individuals aged 35–64 years. Metabolic syndrome was defined by International Diabetes Federation definition. Lifestyle habits were evaluated using frequency questionnaires. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was identified in 29.7% of men and 35.1% of women. In men only alcohol intake increased the risk of metabolic syndrome: wine intake daily or several times a week increased the risk of metabolic syndrome in men aged 35–49 years by 3.8-fold whereas intake of spirits once a week or more often increased the risk of metabolic syndrome in men aged 50–64 years by 2.8-fold. In women aged 50–64 years beer intake daily or several times a week (OR=11.9; p=0.015) and some unhealthy nutrition habits — intake of cakes 4 times a week or more often (OR=5.49; p=0.005) and slather spread butter on bread (OR=2.09; p=0.028) increased the odds of metabolic syndrome. Our findings indicated that frequent intake of wine and spirits increased the risk of metabolic syndrome in men; frequent intake of beer, cakes, slather spread butter on bread and low education level increased the risk of metabolic syndrome in women.
Temporal variation in prevalence and cercarial development of Echinostephilla patellae (Digenea, Philophthalmidae) in the intertidal gastropod Patella vulgata
Authors: Prinz Katrin , Kelly Thomas , O’Riordan Ruth , Culloty Sarah 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThe trematode Echinostephilla patellae is an abundant but scarcely investigated parasite found in coastal ecosystems of the British Isles. Redial and cercarial stages of the digenean occur in the digestive gland and gonads of common limpets Patella vulgata. Here, we present data on the temporal distribution of E. patellae infections in P. vulgata from an intertidal site on the Irish south coast as well as on the intramolluscan development of the cercariae over a period of one year. Prevalence of infection showed temporal variation with a distinct peak in September, possibly related to an increase in the abundance of bird final hosts coinciding with comparatively high temperatures at the study locality during the summer months. Maturation of cercarial stages was strongly correlated with water temperature. Whilst fully developed cercariae were present in the rediae from May to November, large numbers of infective stages occurred in the limpets’ mantle blood vessels — where they accumulate prior to release — between June and September, suggesting this period of time to be the main transmission window for E. patellae cercariae.
An accidental attachment of Elthusa raynaudii (Isopoda, Cymothoidae) in Etmopterus sp. (Squaliformes, Etmopteridae)
Authors: Williams Ernest , Bunkley-Williams Lucy , Ebert David 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA female Elthusa raynaudii was found attached on the roof of the mouth facing inward in a lantern shark, Etmopterus sp. in Taiwan. This was backwards to all known cymothoid attachments in the mouths of fishes. This isopod naturally occurs in the gill chamber of fishes. The attachment must have occurred accidentally. This is only the fourth time this isopod has been collected in the northern hemisphere and the first for Taiwan and this host.
Ovarian abnormality in a pathological case caused by Myxidium sp. (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) in onespot snapper fish Lutjanus monostigma (Teleostei, Lutjanidae) from the Red Sea
Authors: Al-Jahdali Mohammed , Hassanine Reda 
Published: February 2010

AbstractTo date, Myxidium elmatboulii Ali, Abdel-Baki et Sakran, 2006 (Myxozoa, Myxosporea) is the only species of the genus known from the Red Sea, and was originally described as a coelozoic parasite in the gall bladder of the belonid fish, Tylosurus choram. A Myxidium sp. closely similar to M. elmatboulii is described herein for the first time as a histozoic parasite in the ovary of the onespot snapper fish, Lutjanus monostigma (Teleostei, Lutjanidae) from the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia. The infected ovary was morphologically abnormal, with two protruding digitiform black cysts at its distal end, densely packed with mature plasmodia suspended in a mucoid liquid. Histological examination revealed that the cysts were extended deeply within the ovary, and each was surrounded by a capsule consisting of a relatively thick layer of fibrous connective tissues of host origin (host tissue reaction), and followed internally by a distinct black layer composed of melanomacrophages encircling the parasite mass; this layer clearly indicates the ability of this myxosporean parasite to induce a strong immune inflammatory response in the ovary of L. monostigma. Many small or developing cysts with the same characteristics were seen scattered in the connective tissue between the ovarian follicles. Plasmodia or spores of the parasite were not seen within the oocytes or within its developmental stages. The cysts occupied a considerable part of the ovary, and some areas of the ovarian tissues appeared to be vacuolated or degenerated. Thus, the typical ovarian structure of L. monostigma was greatly affected and lost its normal architecture. Therefore, the infection caused by this Myxidium sp. is presumed to negatively affect the reproductive capacity of the fish host.
Occurrence of anisakid nematodes in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and Greenland cod (Gadus ogac), West Greenland
Authors: Mouritsen Kim , Hedeholm Rasmus , Schack Henriette , Møller Lone , Storr-Paulsen Marie , Dzido Joanna , Rokicki Jerzy 
Published: February 2010

AbstractAnisakid nematodes commonly infect gadids, and are of economic and aesthetic importance to the commercial fishing industry in Greenland as some species are pathogenic to humans. However, very little is known about the occurrence of these parasites and their impact on the hosts in Greenland waters. During a survey in 2005, stomach sample of 227 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and 64 Greenland cod (Gadus ogac) was collected in Godthaab and Sisimiut fiord systems in West Greenland waters. All cod were dissected for stomach contents and anisakid nematodes were removed from the visceral cavity. Third stage larvae (L3) of three anisakid species were found, including Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802), Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) and Hysterothylacium aduncum (Rudolphi, 1802). Molecular identification by PCR-RFLP indicated the presence of A. simplex s.s. and the sibling species C. osculatum B and C. The prevalence of infection by C. osculatum was higher in Greenland cod (84.3%) than in Atlantic cod (73.9%) whereas the prevalence of A. simplex showed an opposite pattern (Greenland cod 8.3%; Atlantic cod 24.2%). Only one G. morhua (1.0%) was infected by H. aduncum. No gender specific difference in both nematode species regarding prevalence of infection and mean infection intensity was evident, and there was no relationship between fish condition and the intensity of nematode infections. Standardised for size, capelin-eating cod were in better condition and more heavily infected than fish subsisting on alternative prey at the point of collection. Hence, nematode infections in the two gadids seem governed in part by feeding behaviour, and capelin appears a significant source of larval anisakids.
Vivax malaria presenting with cerebral malaria and convulsions
Authors: Anvikar Anupkumar , Singh Dinesh , Singh Ruchi , Dash Aditya , Valecha Neena 
Published: February 2010

AbstractA patient was admitted with fever, vomiting, restlessness and convulsions. He was febrile and unconscious. Laboratory tests showed a low platelet count and ruled out enteric fever and dengue. His peripheral blood smear was positive for Plasmodium vivax. The presence of P. vivax monoinfection was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. The report highlights the importance of considering the possibility of complications even in P. vivax malaria and formulation of strategies accordingly.