bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Researches on heat of combustion IV: Technique for the determination of the heats of combustion of volatile liquids
Authors: Coops J. , Mulder D. , Dienske J. W. , Smittenberg J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA method is described for filling thin‐walled ampullae with volatile liquids with the total exclusion of air and water. In this way it is possible to weigh out accurately the amount of material used for a heat of combustion measurement before the experiment is made. To aid the combustion reaction in proceeding to completion a high platinum crucible is used covered with a platinum shield. In a normal heat of combustion reaction it is impossible to detect the presence of carbon monoxide in the combustion gases. The reproducibility obtained is 0.01‐0.02%.
The relation between the nature of the bond in copper salts used for intravenous injection, and the rate of absorption of copper by the liver
Authors: Havinga E. , Bykerk R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSolutions of radioactively tagged Cu‐acetate, Cu‐glycinate and “Ebesal” were injected intravenously in calves. After about 3 1/2 h the animals were killed, their livers destructed and metallic copper isolated from the destruction liquid by precipitation with A1.Measurement of the radioactivity showed increasing absorption with increasing strength of binding of the copper in the salts injected (acetate → glycinate → Ebesal). The suggestion is made that the liver might be able to destroy the Cu complex much better than other organs and so might collect the copper without serious competition by other organs.
Investigations concerning polymerization of propene and ethene induced by tetraethyl lead
Authors: Kooijman P. L. , Ghijsen W. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe following describes an investigation into the polymerization of propene and ethene induced by tetraethyl lead at temperatures of about 300°C and a maximum initial pressure of about 250 atm.The experiments were made in an autoclave. The amount of olefine in g mol polymerizing under the inducing influence of tetraethyl lead was determined as a function of the reaction temperature and the initial pressure; further, the products of the thermal polymerization as well as those formed by the induced polymerization were examined.A discussion is given regarding the possible procedure of the reaction based on the results obtained.
Researches on sulphanilamide, para‐amino‐benzoic acid and their derivatives. IV: The behaviour of sulphanilamide, p‐aminobenzoic acid and of their derivatives with respect to the mercury/solution interface (polarographic investigations) and to lecithin and protein monolayers
Authors: Veldstra H. , Havinga E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSulphanilamide, p‐aminobenzoic acid and a number of their derivatives are studied polarographically in order to ascertain whether or not it is probable that p‐aminobenzoic acid functions in a redox system, and to compare their affinities for the rather apolar mercury/solution boundary. The latter serves to a certain extent as a model for a lipophilic membrane of a type within which London‐van der Waals' forces predominantly determine the degree of interaction. In this way very typical differences come to the fore which generally parallel those obtained in the investigations of U.V. absorption spectra and electrochemical properties, as well as the activity of the compounds in vivo. For p‐aminobenzoic acid it may be concluded that a direct function in a redox system is very improbable. In addition mono‐layers of lipoid or protein character are used as models for membranes in which other types of forces than those considered above play a rōle.
Researches on the alkoxy‐amino‐nitrobenzenes. III: Nitration of 1‐alkoxy‐2‐aminobenzenes and 1‐alkoxy‐2‐acetylaminobenzenes
Authors: Verkade P. E. , Roelfzema H. , Meerburg W. , Bosma G. S. K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNitration of 1‐alkoxy‐2‐acetylaminobenzenes with an excess of nitric acid, sp. gr. 1.40, leads to a mixture of the 4‐nitro and the 5‐nitro derivative, in which the latter substance predominates.Nitration of 1‐alkyloxy‐2‐aminobenzenes or 1‐alkyloxy‐2‐acetylaminobenzenes with the calculated amount of nitric acid in concentrated sulphuric acid gives the 4‐nitro derivative as the sole or practically sole nitration product.The results obtained in the nitration are discussed from a theoretical point of view.
A qualitative demonstration of Gibbs surface tension equation
Authors: Nieuwenhuis K. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe exact quantitative derivation of the Gibbs formula, relating the adsorption of the solute at the interface of a solution with another phase to the change in interfacial tension (free energy of the interface) as the concentration of the solute varies, requires a thorough knowledge of thermodynamics.For instructural purposes and for better understanding the foundations of the equation it seems worth while to look for a qualitative demonstration.It appears, that it is impossible to prove the law expressed by the equation, in quite the same manner in the two cases of positive and negative adsorption. But a fictitious process to produce one cm2 of the actual surface can be devised which consists of two steps and is applicable to both cases, if only the order of the two steps is reversed.This demonstration is based on the properties of the particles (molecules or ions) of the solute, which influence both the sign of the adsorption positive or negative) and the change of the surface tension.
L'hydrogénation de la 2,6‐Diméthylpyrone‐4
Authors: de Vrieze J. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractL'hydrogénation de la diméthylpyrone à l'aide de nickel Raney donne le tétrahydropyranol et un diol acyclique. Le tétrahydropyranol est un mélange de deux isomères, qui ne diffèrent que par la position du groupe hydroxyle et de l'hydrogène liés à l'atome de carbone 4. Les deux groupes méthyle occupent la position cis. L'oxydation des deux tétrahydropyranols aboutit à la même cétone.
Studies of gas absorption: III. Gas phase resistance to gas absorption in scrubbers
Authors: van Krevelen D. W. , Hoftijzer P. J. , van Hooren C. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA modified Sherwood‐Gilliland equation for mass transfer in the gas phase is applied to gas absorption in scrubbers. The equation can be written in the following dimensionless form:

where the dimensionless groups have the following significance

The equation is checked on the available data in the literature and on experiments by the authors.The “constant” c appears to depend on the ratio:\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm h}}\, = \,\frac{{{\rm diameter}\,{\rm of}\,{\rm packings}}}{{{\rm height}\,{\rm op}\,{\rm packed}\,{\rm column}}}$\end{document} this function may be approximated by the relationship: \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}${\rm c} = {\rm c}_0 \left( {\frac{{\rm d}}{{\rm h}}} \right)^{1/3} .$\end{document}For wood grid packing the average value of co is 0.35; for rings and other packings there seems to be a trend to smaller co‐values at smaller packing sizes.
The extinctiometric determination of small quantities of histamine
Authors: Havinga E. , Seekles L. , Strengers Th. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe most sensitive chemical methods for the determination of histamine described in the literature are based on the so‐called diazo reaction. The reliability of these methods is however too low for them to have become generally accepted, while we found it impossible by these methods to determine smaller amounts than 5 γ of histamine.When a number of conditions were observed we succeeded in determining quantitatively amounts of histamine down to 0.2 γ with great accuracy.A method of procedure for the determination and the results of a number of determinations according to this procedure are given.
Transposition Intramoléculaire des Nitrophénylsulfonylguanidines
Authors: Backer H. J. , Moed H. D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLa décomposition des nitrophénylsulfonylguanidines, en présence de bases diluées, avec production d'anhydride sulfureux, repose sur une transposition intramoléculaire. Les auteurs se sont appliqués à étudier le mécanisme et les conditions de cette transposition. Elle constitue un procédé pratique pour la synthèse de nitrophénylguanidines et de nitrodiphénylamines.
The ozonization of pyridine and some of its homologues in connection with the bond structure of pyridine
Authors: Kooyman E. C. , Wibaut J. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe ozonization of pyridine, 4‐ethylpyridine, 2,6‐dimethylpyridine, 2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine, 2,3‐dimethylpyridine, 3,4‐dimethylpyridine and 2,3,4‐trimethylpyridine is described.The products formed upon hydrolysis of the ozonized bases were found to consist of glyoxal derivatives, acids, ammonia and peroxides. Probably, acid amides are also present.The glyoxal derivatives could be isolated and identified in the form of the corresponding bis‐(p‐nitrophenyl)‐hydrazones. The formation of glyoxal, methylglyoxal and diacetyl from 2,3‐dimethylpyridine, 3,4‐dimethylpyridine and 2,3,4‐trimethylpyridine proved these bases to react as if consisting of a mixture of their Körner‐Dewar forms.This result, which is analogous to that which is found in the ozonolysis of benzene homologues, may be explained by assumptions based on the theory of resonance.A tentative scheme is given for the primary reactions involved, which is in full agreement with experimental evidence but which has not been proved with certainty.The conversion of the pyridine bases was found to proceed very slowly as compared with the corresponding reaction in the benzene series, the major part of the starting material being recovered.Some of the main results of this investigation have already been described by us in a preliminary communication2).
Viscosities of cis‐ and trans‐ 1‐2‐dichloroethene, in connection with Eyring's theory of viscous flow
Authors: Ketelaar J. A. A. , de Vries L. , van Velden P. F. , Kooy J. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractUsing a modified form of the Ostwald viscosimeter, viscosity‐measurements have been carried out over a temperature‐range from the melting points up to about 20°C for the two isomers of 1,2‐dichloroethene. Densitymeasurements were made over the same range of temperature. Special care has been taken in purifying the samples used. From the data obtained, values of the free energy, the energy and the entropy of activation for viscous flow have been calculated, using the theory of Eyring. It appears that the experimental quantity Evis, defined by
equation image
, has a temperature‐independent value of about the same magnitude for both isomers, whereas Eyring's “energy of activation for viscous flow” is temperature‐dependent.It is concluded that both isomers behave as normal unassociated substances, which conclusion is reached as well from consideration of the values of the “rheochor” and from the relation between the surface tension and Evis.
Disintegration of silver halide crystals by irradiation with ultraviolet light
Authors: Kooy J. N. , Burgers W. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe disintegration of silver halide crystals by irradiation with ultraviolet light manifests itself in Debije‐Scherrer photographs of powdered preparations in various ways: by diminishing the discontinuous appearance of the interference lines of the non‐irradiated crystallites and by a broadening of the lines of the Kα1α2‐doublet, as shown by high‐order reflections. Also the formation of silver in a finely divided form is clearly visible.On irradiation of single crystals of silver chloride, the X‐ray photographs show the presence of silver crystallites with preferential orientations, as evident from the appearance of Debije‐interference lines with intensity maxima. This points to a formation of individual small silver crystallites with partly coinciding orientations. The exact crystallographic character of the preferred orientation and its possible connection with that of the irradiated AgCl‐crystal, has not been investigated.
Cétones, phénols, et naphtols dérivés du chaulmoogra
Authors: Buu‐Hoï N. G. Ph. , Cagniant Paul 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDans ce travail, les auteurs décrivent la préparation et les propriétés d'une série de cétones provenant de réactions de Friedel‐Crafts entre les chlorures des acides hydrogénés de l'huile de chaulmoogra (acides hydnocarpique et chaulmoogrique hydrogénés) et une série d'éthers‐oxydes de monophénols, de polyphénols, et de naphtols. Certaines de ces cétones ont été réduites par la methode de Clemmensen, et les éthersoxydes à longue chaîne obtenus ainsi ont été transformés en phénols libres. Les substances ainsi préparées sont très peu toxiques, et inhibent très légèrement la croissance du bacille de Koch. Des observations intéressantes ont pu être faites sur la fission hydrolytique de certaines des cétones ainsi preparées, sous l'action des hydracides.
Des Cétones Dérivées du Thionaphtène
Authors: Buu‐Hoï N. G. Ph. , Cagniant Paul 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDans ce travail, les auteurs décrivent les réactions de Friedel‐Crafts entre une série de chlorures d'acides gras aliphatiques et le thionaphtène. De nombreuses cétones nouvelles ainsi que certains de leurs dérivés sont mentionnées à ce propos, et les analogies de comportement entre le thionaphtène et le naphtalène sont évoquées.
The action of hydrogen peroxide on α‐and β‐glycerophosphoric acids
Authors: Neumann H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe following is a discussion of the oxidation of α‐ and β‐glycerophosphoric acids by hydrogen peroxide under various conditions. The above mentioned esters of phosphoric acid appear to be unsuitable as a substrate in phosphatase determinations, when the action of the peroxide on the phosphatase reaction is being examined; phosphoric acid is split off from these esters by hydrogen peroxide.
Studies of gas absorption. IV. Simultaneous gas absorption and chemical reaction
Authors: van Krevelen D. W. , Hoftijzer P. J. , van Hooren C. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGas absorption with simultaneous chemical reaction can be divided into three characteristic groups.For the very slow reactions the rate‐determining step is the diffusion of the solute gas through the liquid film.Chemical reaction velocity is determinative for moderately rapid and slow reactions.For the very fast reactions gas film resistance to the solute gas and liquid film resistance to the reactive liquid component are rate‐determining.Rate equations for the last group in terms of the individual mass transfer coefficients have been derived and have been checked on absorption experiments.The experimental results prove to be correlated satisfactorily.
A complete extraction of the bases and the acid esters of l‐nor‐ecgonine from coca leaves
Authors: de Jong A. W. K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe leaves, 20 g. are mixed with finely pulverised quick lime, containing a quantity of calcium oxide corresponding exactly with the moisture content of the leaves. After remaining for 24 hours in a closed flask they are transferred to an extractor containing a mixture of 100 cm3 of anhydrous benzene and 5 cm3 of absolute methyl alcohol. A quantity of ammonia solution, containing exactly 1.938 g of water is added and the leaves mixed with the solvents. After 24 hours, finely pulverised quick lime possessing a quantity of calcium oxide corresponding with the quantity of water used in the ammonia solution is added and after mixing, the extractor closed until the following day. Percolation is then started in a slow rate. As soon as the solvent mixture is run down a quantity of the mixture of anhydrous benzene and absolute methyl alcohol boiling at 58° is added to the leaves. Percolation with this solvent mixture is finished when the percolate mesures 800 cm3. The mixture boiling at 58° is distilled from this percolate and the remaining benzene solution is filtered from the calcium salts insoluble in benzene. The residue from the benzene solution is shaken with 25 cm3 of n/5 HCl solution and 100 cm3 of ether. The quantity of bases, the cocaines and the methyl ester of ecgonine can be determined in the hydrochloric acid solution so obtained. The quantity of l‐nor‐ecgonine can be determined in the mixture of calcium salts.
La Réaction de L'Aniline sur L'Orthoformiate D'Éthyle
Authors: Backer H. J. , Wanmaker W. L. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractContrairement à l'opinion courante, la réaction de l'aniline sur l'orthoformiate d'éthyle ne donne pas le trianilinométhane, mais la diphénylformamidine.
On the solubilisation of aromatic amines by purines
Authors: Neish W. J. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe solubilities of the carcinogenic amines, 2‐naphthylamine, 2‐aminofluorene, 2‐anthramine, 4‐aminostilbene, 4‐aminoazobenzene and benzidine in water and in aqueous solutions of caffeine have been examined and it has been found that caffeine exerts a solubilising action on all these amines. Caffeine has quite a marked solubilising action on the simpler amine, 1‐methoxy‐2‐amino‐4‐nitrobenzene and it has been shown that sulphapyridine and sulphathiazole are more soluble in caffeine solutions than in water.The solubility of 2‐aminofluorene has been examined in aqueous solutions of various purines and the results are of the same order as those obtained by Weil‐Malherbe for the solubility of benzpyrene in solutions of the same purines. The most efficient purines are those with the greatest degree of N‐methylation.The influence of a mixture of caffeine and 1,3,7‐trimethyluric acid on the solubility of 2‐aminofluorene in water has been studied and it is shown that the solubilising power of the mixture is less than the sum of the separate effects of each purine on the solubility of the amine. This is taken to mean that the purines antagonise each other probably owing to forces acting between themselves of the same nature as those responsible for the aminofluorene‐purine solubility effects. This effect, which requires further study would probably be of importance in biological systems.Some evidence is given that 2‐phenyl‐quinoline‐4‐carboxylic acid (cinchophen) is solubilised by aqueous solutions of caffeine.
Note on the synthesis of pyridine derivatives from glutarimide by W. W. Crouch and H. L. Lochte
Authors: den Hertog H. J. , Farenhorst E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractCrouch and Lochte have described a new synthesis of pyridine derivatives, in which they start from glutarimide or from its alkyl derivativesW. W. Crouch and H. L. Lochte, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 65, 270 (1943).
). By the action of phosphorus pentachloride on glutarimide at a slightly raised temperature they obtained a trichloropyridine, m.p. 66‐67° and they have shown indirectly that this compound is the 2,3,6‐isomer.We have now reacted glutarimide with phosphorus pentabromide and have confirmed the reasoning of Crouch and Lochte, because the tribromopyridine obtained has been identified with 2,3,6‐tribromopyridine, prepared by brominating 3‐bromopyridine at 500°H. J. den Hertog and J. P. Wibaut, Rec. trav. chim. 51, 940 (1932).
. Moreover, 2,3,5,6‐tetra‐bromopyridine appeared to be formed, which was identified with a sample obtained by brominating 3,5‐dibromopyridine at 500°.Glutarimide (1 g) was mixed with phosphorus pentabromide (12 g) and the mixture held at 80‐90° for 2 1/2 hours. The reaction product was then poured out into water and the crystals, which separated after a little time, were submitted to a steam distillation. The first fraction in the steam distillation (60 cm3) contained a colourless solid, which melted at 82.5‐83.5° after crystallisation from ethanol. (Mixed m.p. with a sample of 2,3,6‐tribromopyridine: 82‐83°.) After an intermediate fraction of 50 cm3 had passed over in the steam distillation, a further fraction was obtained (250 cm3), which contained a colourless substance melting at 103‐104° after crystallisation from ethanol. (Mixed m.p. with a sample of 2,3,5,6‐tetrabromopyridine: 103‐104°).
The reactivity of bromine atoms in brominated pyridines. The action of sodium phenate on 2,4,6‐tribromopyridine
Authors: den Hertog H. J. , de Jonge A. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe action of sodium phenate on 2,4,6‐tribromopyridine has been investigated. The order in which the bromine atoms are replaced appeared to be dependent on the solvent used. In phenol the bromine atoms in positions 2 and 6 reacted first and then that in position 4; in water the rate of replacement of the 4 bromine atom had relatively increased, becoming even greater than that of the atoms in positions 2 and 6.The structure of the substances formed was proved by converting them into phenoxypyridines, the constitution of which was established by synthesis from mono‐ and dibromopyridines.
Investigations on glycidyl ethers, II. Oxidation of aromatic allyl ethers with perbenzoic acid
Authors: Werner E. G. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhenyl allyl ether was oxidized with perbenzoic acid to form phenyl glycidyl ether. In a similar way the two carbon double bonds in cinnamyl allyl ether added on oxygen, with formation of two epoxy‐groups.Hydroquinone diallyl ether reacted with formation of a mixture containing a small quantity of only one of the two diastereoisomeric hydroquinone bisglycidyl ethers (viz. the higher melting one), but consisting chiefly of 2,3‐ and 2,5‐bisglycidyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone. Apparently, hydroquinone diallyl ether undergoes a Claisen rearrangement during oxidation with perbenzoic acid, resulting in the formation of 2,3‐ and 2,5‐diallyl hydroquinone.
Investigations on glycidyl ethers, III. Reactions of hydroquinone bisglycidyl ether with water and with hydrochloric acid
Authors: Werner E. G. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe addition of water and of hydrochloric acid to the two diastereoisomeric hydroquinone bisglycidyl ethers was investigated. On hydration, the lowest‐melting isomer (I) yielded one bisglyceryl ether, the highest‐melting one (II) yielded two isomeric bisglyceryl ethers.On addition of hydrochloric acid the two diastereoisomers showed an exactly opposite behaviour.These results may be explained by assuming that the addition to a glycidyl group sometimes corresponds to an S (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution) and sometimes to an S mechanism.
Les propriétés du groupe sulfonyle: I. Sur la bromuration d'allylsulfones
Authors: Backer H. J. , Stevens W. , Dost N. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLes auteurs ont examiné l'influence du groupe sulfonyle sur l'activité de la fonction allylique vis‐à‐vis de la bromosuccinimide. L'introduction de brome ne réussit ni pour les sulfones cycliques de butadiène et d'isoprène, ni pour la sulfone isomère de butadiène. La benzylallylsulfone, la benzylméthallylsulfone et la diallylsulfone ne réagissent pas davantage. Le groupe sulfonyle supprime donc l'activité allylique, même si le, carbone allylique” se trouve à une certaine distance (β ou γ) du groupe sulfonyle, Cette influence à distance est discutée au point de vue de la théorie électronique.