bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the adsorption of certain medium proteins to Mycoplasma gallisepticum and their influence on agglutination and haemagglutination reactions
Authors: Bradbury Janet M. , Jordan F. T. W. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSerum proteins from Mycoplasma gallisepticum culture medium could be detected on the organisms as a result of incubation at low pH. Only certain of the serum proteins, including IgG and IgM, were found, and the adsorption appears to depress the haemagglutinating activity of the organisms. There was no obvious effect on slide agglutination (SA) sensitivity but an incidental finding was that brief acid treatment enhanced the SA sensitivity of an antigen prepared from a young culture.
Diphtheria in Iran
Authors: Zamiri Iraj , McEntegart M. G. , Saragea Alice 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA study of diphtheria in Iran was undertaken during the summer of 1969. Diphtheria was found to be more common among the younger people and to reach its peak 3 months after the start of the school term, during the coldest period of the year. Owing to the liberal use of antibiotics a number of modified clinical cases were observed. Of the strains isolated, 89·7% were gravis, 1·3% intermedius and 9 % mitis. Phage typing of these strains showed that the mitis and intermedius strains could only be typed by adapted phages and the majority of gravis strains were phage type XIV, which is the epidemic type seen in other countries.As the mass immunization campaign reduces the incidence of diphtheria in Iran, the epidemiological pattern of the disease will change as seen in the U.K. and U.S.A. It is, therefore, suggested that in the future further studies of diphtheria in Iran be undertaken in order to provide us with information about the changing epidemiological pattern of the disease.
Serological studies in a student population prone to infection with human papilloma virus
Authors: Cubie Heather A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYFour hundred and sixty-seven serum specimens from the female students at a residential college were examined for the presence of circulating antibody to human wart virus using the technique of counter-current immunoelectroosmophoresis. A significantly higher incidence of antibodies was found in students with a past history of plantar warts than in any other group. Antibody took several months to develop and was detectable in 20–30 % of the students up to 9 years after infection. From a few cases of multiple infection, it was shown that reinfection could occur in spite of the presence of circulating antibodies probably of the IgG class. The sensitivity of the test was compared with two recognized techniques for detection of wart virus antibodies, namely gel diffusion and passive haemagglutination.
Comparison of the virulence for mice of Salmonella typhimurium given by the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes
Authors: Cronly-Dillon Sujatha 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSalmonella typhimurium strain 1566 administered to mice by the intraperitoneal route was considerably more lethal than the same dose administered subcutane-ously. This could be measured hi terms of mortality, infectivity and mean survival time of those mice that died.
The evidence for the airborne spread of Newcastle disease
Authors: Hugh-Jones M. , Allan W. H. , Dark F. A. , Harper G. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNewcastle disease virus has been shown to survive when airborne in small particles, both in the laboratory and in the open air. Field outbreaks have been studied and viable virus has been recovered from the open air short distances downwind of infected premises. Vaccination of birds leads to a great reduction in the amount of virus liberated into the air.
A note on the hygiene of meat mincing machines
Authors: Dempster J. F. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryTwo mincing machines were cleaned by different methods, i.e. (a) a detergent/ sterilizer method and (b) scrubbing parts in boiling (98·8° C.) water. Initial results indicated that, on reassembly, post-treatment contamination took place. Efforts to clean each machine as consisting of two distinct parts, (a) the casing and (b) removable parts, were more satisfactory. Four other mincers which could be completely dis-assembled were satisfactorily cleaned, but only in terms of percentage organisms surviving and not in terms of actual numbers surviving.
Biophysical and immunological studies on the differential effect of guanidine hydrochloride on type A and type B influenza viruses
Authors: David-West Tam. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYGuanidine hydrochloride selectively inactivated both the biological activity and the immunogenicity of the haemagglutinin of influenza A/X-7 (H0N2). The residual neuraminidase was fully active biologically and immunologically. The reverse was observed with influenza B/ROB; with this virus the haemagglutinin was resistant, and was immunogenic; while the neuraminidase was selectively inactivated, and was not immunogenic.
The sterilization of a new building designed for the breeding of specific-pathogen-free animals
Authors: Taylor R. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn attempt was made to sterilize a newly erected building of approximately 1200 m.3 (43,000 ft.3), specially designed for the breeding of specific-pathogen-free mice, rats and guinea-pigs. Two methods of treatment were used, namely an ampholytic surface acting biocide/formaldehyde aerosol followed after 2 days by formaldehyde vapour. Bacteriological examination was made of 100 sites in the animal rooms, staff quarters and general service area before and after both treatments. Identification of the bacteria isolated was based upon their morphological appearance on laboratory media incubated aerobically and their reaction to Gram's stain. Organisms were isolated from 72/100 sites before treatment, from 50 sites after the first treatment, and from 13 sites after the second treatment. The bacteria that survived both treatments were of several species.
The prevalence of salmonellas in mink
Authors: Williams D. R. , Bellhouse R. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYThe mean isolation rates of salmonellas from the mesenteric lymph nodes and faeces of healthy mink were 16·7% of 618 animals from three farms and 3·9% of 772 animals from four farms respectively. Salmonella senftenberg was the most commonly isolated serotype. S. typhimurium, S. dublin, S. livingstone, S. menston, S. enteritidis, S. bredeney and S. infantis were also seen.The prevalence of salmonellosis in 316 dead mink from 12 farms was 0·6%.The epidemiological aspects are discussed.
The local antibody response to R.S. virus infection in the respiratory tract
Authors: Scott R. , Gardner P. S. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYNasopharyngeal secretions were taken during the acute phase of illness from 66 infants and children admitted to hospital with lower respiratory tract infections. Second secretions were taken, after an interval of 7 days, from 33 of these patients. A significant increase in neutralizing activity to R.S. virus was demonstrated in the nasopharyngeal secretions of patients in response to severe R.S. virus infection. Seventeen out of 25 patients (68%) with R.S. virus infections developed a rise in secretory neutralizing titre, compared with only 1 out of 8 patients (13%) with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus.A high titre of secretory neutralizing activity was found more often in the acute phase of illness in patients with R.S. virus infections, especially bronchiolitis, than in patients with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus. Fifteen out of 34 patients (44%) with R.S. virus bronchiolitis were found to possess a neutralizing titre of 1/4 or more in their first secretions, compared with 4 out of 12 patients (33%) with R.S. virus infections other than bronchiolitis and 3 out of 20 patients (15%) with respiratory infections not involving R.S. virus.A quantitative analysis of the immunoglobulins present in the secretions indicated that IgA was the only immunoglobulin consistently present at a detectable concentration. The geometric mean values of IgA, IgM and IgG in the secretions examined were found to be 22·3, 4·3 and 5·3 mg./lOO ml. respectively.The neutralizing activity against R.S. virus, present in the secretions, was shown to be due to specific IgA antibody. This was accomplished by removing the neutralizing activitv in two secretions bv absorotion with anti-IaA serum.
Skin reactivity and antibody response following vaccination against smallpox
Authors: Terzin A. L. , Vuković B. , Mudrić V. , Banković A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYRevaccination between 2 and 5 years after the last vaccination induced higher complement-fixation titres than revaccination 7–63 years after the last vaccination. The highest CF titres were reached during the 3rd to the 5th week after vaccination.Fifty-two serum samples, taken 137 or more days after a successful vaccination, all showed CF titres lower than 1/2.In a group of successfully vaccinated persons with no post-vaccinal complications, 65 out of 66 had a successful ‘take’ after one or two subsequent vaccinations.Sera of persons receiving primary vaccination showed significantly lower CF titres than sera of revaccinated persons. Cases of post-vaccinal encephalitis showed greater antibody response than uncomplicated successfully vaccinated cases in both the primary vaccination and revaccination groups. The antibody response in revaccinated persons with post-vaccinal encephalitis was greater than that in the group of successfully revaccinated cases without encephalitis.A group of 26 naturally hyporeactive persons completely failed to ‘take’ even after vaccination repeated between 3 and 10 times (average 5 times per person). The frequency of seropositives in this group, and the height of their CF titres, were significantly lower than in the group of successfully vaccinated persons. These findings support the view that untreated persons who repeatedly fail to ‘take’ with the vaccine must not be considered immune.In vaccinated persons treated with immunoglobulin (with or without simultaneous treatment with Marboran) antibody production was apparently diminished. Treatment of patients with Marboran significantly lowers the capacity of the vaccine to ‘take’.
A study of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains by complement fixation: I. A model for the fixation of complement by antigen/antibody mixtures
Authors: Forman A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYAn examination was made of the relations between antigen, antibody and fixation of complement with foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). It was found that complement fixation in this system follows the same principles as models developed in other antigen/antibody systems. The assumption that there is a relation of direct proportionality between the amount of complement fixed and the amount of antiserum reacting with constant antigen was found to be incorrect. An alternative method was proposed for the quantitative differentiation of FMDV strains by comparing the titres of an antiserum when reacting with optimum amounts of homologous or heterologous antigens.
Viruses associated with acute respiratory infections 1961–71
Authors: Higgins P. G. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYInfluenza-like illness, cold and sore throat was the diagnosis given in over 80% of 5177 acute respiratory illnesses in patients swabbed over a 10-year-period. A pathogenic organism was isolated twice as frequently from patients with a sore throat or an influenza-like illness as from those diagnosed as suffering from croup or laryngitis and bronchitis. A laboratory diagnosis was commoner in school children than in older or younger persons.Most of the organisms isolated were found in association with all types of acute respiratory illness but, with increasing age of the patient, one particular agent or group of agents was more likely to be of aetiological significance.
Preservation of corynebacteriophages by freeze-drying
Authors: Carne H. R. , Greaves R. I. N. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA method of freeze-drying is described by which the activity of a series of corynebacteriophages was maintained over a test period of 30 months, whereas some of these strains became inactive if stored as liquid filtered lysates at 4° C, or frozen and held at − 25° C.
The sub-type classification of strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus
Authors: Forman A. J. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSixteen foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) strains of type SAT 1 were compared in complement-fixation tests. With the test used, the range of antigenic variation within a type appeared to be greater than previously described. The concept of a sub-type group within which all strains are more closely related to each other than to any strain outside the group was not supported. Considering the group of strains studied, it is suggested that the classification of strains is best achieved by nominating areference strainfor each sub-type. Others are classified as related strains in one or more sub-type groups according to their relationships with the reference strains.
Characteristics of a Kenyan camelpox virus
Authors: Davies F. G. , Mungai J. N. , Shaw T. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYA virus was isolated from pock-like vesicular eruptioiis of camels in Northern Kenya. This virus was shown to be a pox virus with many characteristics of members of the Orthopox group. It appears to be identical with camelpox strains from Iran and has similar properties to certain East African variola strains.
Variation among strains of type A foot-and-mouth disease virus in the Eastern Mediterranean region 1964–1972
Authors: Arrowsmith Ann E. M. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYVariants of type A FMD virus from the Eastern Mediterranean region over the years 1964–72 have been shown to belong to a group distinct from the Western European strains as represented by A5Westerwald. This group appears to derive from the A22strain first recognized in 1964 and indicates the possibility of new strains supplanting old in the field.
Laboratory characteristics of an attenuated influenza type A (H3N2) virus (‘Alice’ strain)
Authors: Lobmann Michèle , Delem Andrée , Peetermans J. , Huygelen C. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe Alice strain of live attenuated influenza virus was obtained by selection of a γ inhibitor-resistant strain from a virus recombinant between A/PR/8/34 (H0N1) and A/England/42/72 (H3N2). Its behaviour in vitro and in vivo was studied. Three marker systems were investigated: resistance to serum inhibitors, growth capacity at high temperature and low sensitivity to amantadine hydrochloride. In ferrets the strain was found to be attenuated and immunogenic. Passages in man, animals and eggs have not affected its resistance to γ inhibitors.
Detection of serum proteins in the electrophoretic patterns of total proteins of mycoplasma cells
Authors: Yaguzhinskaya O. E. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe contamination of mycoplasma cell preparations by serum proteins originating from culture medium was studied.A. laidlawiiandM. arthritidiscells were grown in the presence of [14C]-aminoacids, and the cells were washed with 0·9% NaCl by threefold centrifugation. Total proteins of the washed cells were analysed by SDS gel electrophoresis. Coomassie-stained electrophoretic patterns were compared with autoradiographs of the same gels. The stained electrophoretic pattern of washedA. laidlawiigrown without serum was identical with autoradiographs of the same cells grown without or with serum. That of washedA. laidlawiigrown with serum differed from the corresponding autoradiograph by the presence of extra protein bands I, II, III, and IV with molecular weights of over 160,000, 80,000–87,000, 55,000 and 25,000, respectively. The same extra bands were found in stained electrophoretic patterns of washed: (a)A. laidlawiicells grown without serum and mixed with serum in the stationary phase, (b)M. arthritidiscells, as compared with their autoradiographs, (c) serum precipitate. The bands III and IV may be due to the heavy and light chains of γ-globulin, the band II might belong to transferrin or to some component of complement. Acidification of serum to pH 5 brought about 100-fold rise of amount of serum precipitate, the number of bands in the electrophoretic pattern of the precipitate being also increased. Stained electrophoretic patterns of cells purified by twofold centrifugation in step sucrose density gradient (1·20–1·27 g./cm.3forA. laidlawii,and 1·15–1·25 forM. arthritidis) contained no extra bands and matched completely with their autoradiographs.It was concluded that contamination of washed mycoplasma cells by serum proteins is mainly due to co-precipitation of aggregated serum proteins together with cells during centrifugation rather than to adsorption of serum proteins on the cell surface.
Comparison of cotton swab versus alginate swab sampling method in the bacteriological examination of broiler chickens
Authors: Notermans S. , Hindle Valery , Kampelmacher E. H 
Published: May 2009

SummaryComparison of bacterial counts of poultry carcass skin by the cotton swab and alginate swab methods showed no differences between the two sampling methods in total counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts. Also no differences were found in Salmonella isolations.
The assessment in sheep of an inactivated vaccine of parainfluenza 3 virus incorporating double stranded RNA (BRL 5907) as adjuvant
Authors: Wells P. W. , Sharp J. M. , Burrells C. , Rushton B. , Smith W. D. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe serological responses of conventionally reared sheep were compared after vaccination with inactivated parainfluenza 3 (PI3) virus incorporated in three different adjuvants. Inactivated PI3 virus with the double-stranded RNA, BRL 5907 in an oil emulsion was shown to stimulate higher serum antibody titres over the first 5 weeks after vaccination than virus with and without BCG emulsified in oil. The ability of this vaccine to protect specific pathogen-free lambs against challenge with PI3 virus was examined in a second experiment. In this experiment the vaccine stimulated virus neutralizing and haemagglutination inhibiting antibodies in the serum. After intranasal and intratracheal inoculation with PI3 virus at challenge, vaccinated lambs showed no clinical illness and virus isolation was confined, except in one lamb, to the first two days. In contrast, unvaccinated lambs developed respiratory disease and virus was isolated daily for 7 days after challenge.
Klebsiella serotyping by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Palfreyman Judith M. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe development of aKlebsiellaserotyping method by counter-current immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) is described.Antisera were prepared against the capsular antigens of 72 type strains and tested for the specificity and strength of their precipitin reactions with antigens from homologous and heterologous serotypes. All antisera produced strong reactions with their homologous antigen: when diluted to titre 63 were highly specific, 3 cross-reacted strongly and 6 weakly with one other antigen. Pools of antisera for screening purposes were constructed on the basis of common cross-reactions: component serotypes of each pool could be detected strongly and specifically.The technique is simple to perform, fairly rapid, and economical in the use of antisera. Results can be read easily and quickly and the intensity of cross-reactions compared directly. The technique appears to be more specific and is less time consuming than the Quellung method, but further assessment of its efficacy in typing routine clinical cultures is necessary.
The relative immunogenicity in mice of whole and split influenza virus
Authors: Gandhi S. S. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryThe relative immunogenicity in mice of whole influenza virus, and virus split with different disrupting agents, was compared. Using the single radial immunodiffusion test to estimate the haemagglutinin antigen concentration in different virus preparations, it was found that, in general, split virus preparations induced substantially lower titres of HI antibody in mice than whole virus after one or two injections of the antigen.
Resistance to chloramphenicol and ampicillin in Salmonella johannesburg in Hong Kong: observations over a five-year period 1973-1977
Authors: Chau P. Y. , Wong W. T. , Fok Y. P. 
Published: May 2009

SummarySamonella johannesburg has been prevalent in Hong Kong since 1973 and most strains were resistant to a multiplicity of antibiotics. The susceptibility of S. johannesburg strains isolated in a 5-year period from 1973 to 1977 to eight antimicrobial drugs including ampicillin (A), streptomycin (S), tetracycline (T), chloramphenicol (C), Kanamycin (K), sulphadiazine (Su), trimethoprim (Tm) and gentamicin (G) was tested by the agar dilution method. The proportion of strains resistant to chloramphenicol and ampicillin increased steadily during the 5-year period while those resistant to tetracycline decreased dramatically. This change was associated with an alteration of predominant patterns of antibiotic resistance: strains with the resistance pattern A.S.T.C.K.Su predominated in years 1973, 1974 and 1975 while those with the resistance pattern A.S.C.K.Su predominated in years 1976 and 1977. Analysis of the resistance patterns of S. johannesburg strains isolated from the same cases showed that the resistance pattern A.S.C.K.Su was more stable, and changed less frequently to other patterns of resistance than strains with the resistance pattern A.S.T.C.K.Su. In donor salmonella strains with the A.S.T.C.K.Su resistance pattern, transmissible factorscarrying resistance to A.S.T.C.K.Su in to to, to A.S.T.C.Su, A.T.C.K.Su and to A or T alone were demonstrated. In donor salmonella strains with the A.S.C.K.Su resistance pattern, transmissible factors carrying resistance to A.S.C.K.Su in toto and to A.S.K.Su were detected. The significance of the carriage of such transmissible resistance factors by this Salmonella is briefly discussed.
The development and use of a test to identify resistance to the anticoagulant difenacoum in the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Redfern R. , Gill J. E. 
Published: May 2009

SummaryFeeding tests were carried out in the laboratory to obtain basic data on the susceptibility of wild Norway rats to difenacoum. The results were used to derive a standard test procedure for the identification of difenacoum resistance in warfarin-susceptible and resistant rats. Details are given of tests on rats from suspected difenacoum-resistant infestations on farms.
Comparison of oral sucrose and glucose electrolyte solutions in the out-patient management of acute gastroenteritis in infancy
Authors: Hutchins P. , Matthews T. H. J. , Manly J. E. , Lawrie B. , Walker-smith J. A. 
Published: May 2009

SUMMARYSeventy-three children under the age of 18 months presenting with acute gastroenteritis were given an electrolyte mixture with added sucrose or glucose in a randomized double-blind trial. The time taken to recovery in those successfully treated as out-patients was identical. However, of the 34 who received glucose, 11 (32%) required admission compared with 7 (18%) of the 39 who received sucrose. There was a wide range of osmolality of the made-up feeds, indicating inaccuracy in diluting the solutions as prescribed, but this did not in general correlate with need for admission.Sucrose-electrolyte solution is at least as effective as a glucose-electrolyte solution for the out-patient management of acute gastroenteritis in infancy. The cheapness and easy availability of sucrose commends its use in developed and developing countries.