bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cristallographie du Saccharinate Cuivrique
Authors: Klasens H. A. , Terpstra P. 
Published: September 2010

Abstract(C6H4COSO2N)2Cu. 6 H2O; Système monoclinique. a:b:c = 0.513:1:0.448, β = 78°46′; formes {101}, {111}, {011}, {010}, {021}; pas de piézoélectricité; densité 1.809; P[100] 8.4 A, P[010] 16.3 A, P[001] 7.37 A; groupe de recouvrement C 52h α = 1.491, β = 1.700, γ = 1.746, angle des axes optiques 45°; plan des axes optiques quasi‐perpendiculaire sur l'arête formée par les plans (111) et (111); les plans des groupes C6H4COSO2N sont perpendiculaires sur le plan (010) et quasi‐parallèles à l'arête (111)‐(111).
Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Verseifungsgeschwindigkeit Einsäuriger Triglyceride unter Einfluss von Pankreasextrakt
Authors: Holwerda K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIII. Über den Einfluss der Reaktionsprodukte und der Konstitution der Triglyceride auf die Verseifungsgeschwindigkeit (Fortsetzung)1): In dieser Abhandlung wird an Hand besser fundierter Versuche der schon früher erhaltene Eindruck weiter bestätigt, dass die Konstitution des Triglycerids keinen nennenswerten direkten Einfluss auf die Verseifungsgeschwindigkeit höherer einsäuriger Triglyceride hat, ‐ ein Verhalten, das für die Glieder C8 ‐C13 untersucht wurde.
Die Konstitution der Nitrosylverbindungen. Kristallstruktur des Nitrosylperchlorats und des Nitrosylborfluorids
Authors: Klinkenberg L. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMittels Debije‐Scherrer‐Aufnahmen wird gefunden, dass Nitrosylperchlorat sowie Nitrosylborfluorid den entsprechenden Ammoniumsalzen isomorph sind. Dieses Ergebnis liefert eine starke Stütze für die heteropolare Konstitution dieser Nitrosylverbindungen. Die Abmessungen der Elementarzelle des (NH4)ClO4, (OH3)ClO4 und (NO)ClO4 sowie des (NH4)BF4 und (NO)BF4 zeigen, dass das (NO) ‐Ion ebenso gross ist wie das (OH3)+ ‐Ion, während beide kleiner sind als das (NH4) +‐Ion.
On the change in x‐ray pattern when starch preparations are dried (as a way of characterizing these substances with x‐rays)
Authors: Katz J. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWhen one tries to characterize a starch preparation by its x‐ray pattern, a more exact characterization is possible by comparing also the x‐ray pattern of the dried substance. These can look like “amorphous” patterns in the case of native starches. But in other starch preparations the x‐ray patterns of the dried substances may be sharp crystalline patterns. In all these cases the relative intensities of the crystalline interferences change in a characteristic way, when the substances are dried.
On the influence of the solvent and the temperature on the speed of oxidation of some organic substances by chromic acid. I
Authors: Snethlage H. C. S. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe initial speed of oxidation of succinic, glutaric and adipic acid by chromic acid has been measured at temperatures varying from 25°‐99° and at sulphuric acid concentrations from 60‐100%.The curves which represent the relation between the concentration of the sulphuric acid and the speed of oxidation are very similar for these three substances, though at one and the same concentration they are oxidised at rather different rates.A maximum, shifting from the side of higher acid concentrations to that of lower concentrations with decrease of the temperature, is found between 78.2% and 75.5% sulphuric acid, and a minimum, which shifts in the opposite direction, at about 99.5%. At still higher concentrations a very considerable increase of the speed of oxidation is found.The constants of Arrhenius' formula are calculated.
Die Kristallstruktur von Ammonium‐, Kalium‐, Rubidium‐ und Cäsiumstannibromid
Authors: Ketelaar J. A. A. , Rietdijk A. A. , van Staveren C. H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDie Röntgenanalyse von (NH4)2SnBr6, K2SnBr6, Rb2SnBr6, und Cs2SnBr6 ergab, dass die Kristallstruktur dieser Komplexverbindungen dem bekannten K2PtCl6‐Typus angehören.
Ethers‐Sels de L'hexahydroxybenzène (composés planradiaires IV)
Authors: Backer H. J. , van der Baan Sj. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEn poursuivant les recherches sur les composés planradiaires, nous avons étudié les éthers‐sels de l'hexahydroxybenzène. Lorsque les six groupes latéraux (restes d'acides) ont des chaînes ramifiées symétriquement, les composés présentent les phénomènes des “molécules remplies”: fusion à température élevée, solubilité faible, cristallisation facile et simple. Les règles que nous avons établies sur l'influence de la ramification et de la symétrie se trouvent confirmées dans tous les cas.
Sur la Configuration et la Mobilité du Cyclohexène
Authors: Böeseken J. , de Rijck van der Gracht W. J. F. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNous avons préparé les acides cyclohexène‐1‐dicarboxyliques‐4,5‐cis et leurs dérivés mono‐1‐méthylés et diméthylés‐1,2 et tâché de les scinder dans les composants optiquement actifs.L'acide monométhylé, qui est dissymétrique indépendamment de la Situation des atomes de l'anneau cyclohexénique, donne aisément avec de la strychnine les deux acides actifs.Les efforts faits pour séparer les deux autres acides restèrent infructueux. Les recherches de M. Stuurman (v. art. précédent) ont prouvé que le cyclohexène se comporte envers l'acide peracétique en tous égards comme l'hexéne‐3 et que la clǒture de l'anneau ne change donc rien à ses qualités. Aussi ne provoque‐t‐elle aucune tension annulaire. M. Stuurman a calculé la situation des atomes dans cet état stable et a montré que l'anneau cyclohexénique est alors dissymétrique. L'échec de nos tentatives prouve que la mobilité de l'anneau est trop grande pour l'arrêter dans cet état.
Die Einwirkung Konzentrierter Schwefelsäure auf Ölsäure. Zur Frage der Sog. Iso‐Ölsäure
Authors: Steger Alph. , van Loon J. , Vellenga B. R. N. , Pennekamp B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractDas folgende Schema gibt an, welche Stufen bei der Sulfonierung der 9‐10‐Ölsäure, u.s.w. entstehen:magnified image
On the theory of limiting currents: III. General solutions with excess of one indifferent electrolyte
Authors: Mac Gillavry D. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe equations for ionic motions in a Polarographic cell can be solved completely by the new approximation method. The method applies to solutions containing any number of ionic species besides one electrolyte in excess. The theory of general limiting currents is given. The calculation of the concentration distributions for all ions present and of the potential function is summarized for the special case that the mobilities of the anions and cations present in excess are equal. The theory for the ascending parts of Polarographic waves at steady and growing mercury drops is examined critically.
L'action des Dérivés Di‐ et Trichlorés et Di‐et Triméthylés de L'éthanol sur le Dichloro‐1,4‐Dioxane. (Le Dioxane et ses Dérivés VI)
Authors: Böeseken J. , Tellegen F. , Plusjé M. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractL'alcool trichloréthylique donne avec le dichloro‐1,4‐dioxane un mono‐acétale. L'atome de chlore, restant au noyau du dioxane, réagit avec l'alcool éthylique et la glycolchlorhydrine. Le 2,2‐diméthylpropanol‐1 ne réagissait pas avec le monoacétale mentionné. Le 2‐méthyl‐propanol‐1 donne avec le monoacétale de l'alcool trichloréthylique et du dichloro‐1,4‐dioxane.
Relations between the constants of wood oil
Authors: Frahm E. D. G. , Koolhaas D. R. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBy applying the diene‐synthese to samples of fresh oil from Aleurites montana, the relation diene‐number = 1400 (n25D — 1.4681 )was found. Also the relations bromometric iodine number = 925 (n25D — 1.3414), Wijs‐iodine‐number= 1300 (n25D — 1.3883), nf — nc = 0.25 (n25D — 1.4367) ± 0.0003 and time of gelatination (282°) = 71.4—6/7. Diene‐number + 0.3 Acid‐number were determined. These formulas cannot be applied to old samples of tung oil on account of the polymerisation.The polymerisation of rung oil decreases the diene‐number, iodine‐number and dispersion linear with the refraction.This makes it possible to determine the constants of an old oil in its original fresh condition.
Le Principe Toxique des Fruits de Renghas: (Semecarpus heterophylla Bl.)
Authors: Backer H. J. , Haack N. H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractLe principe toxique des fruits de Renghas a été isolé à l'état pur. Ce composé, que nous avons dénommé renghol. s'est trouvé être le 2,3‐di‐hydroxy‐n‐pentadécène (10)yl‐benzène; il est apparenté à l'urushiol de la laque japonaise.La structure de l'éther diméthylique du dihydrorenghol (p.d.f. 36.5—37°) a été confirmée par synthèse. La position de la double liaison dans la chaîne aliphatique du renghol a été établie par ozonisation de son éther diméthylique; cette réaction a donné naissance à l'aldéhyde valérique, identifié à l'état de sa 2,4‐dinitrophénylhydrazone (p.d.f. 106.5—107°).
Eine Untersuchung des Leitvermögens von Salzlösungen in Wasser‐Pyridingemischen
Authors: Schrijver L. A. , van Arkel A. E. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEs wird das Leitvermögen einiger Salze bei verschiedenen Konzentrationen in Pyridin‐Wassergemischen wechselnder Zusammensetzung untersucht. Aus den erhaltenen Werten lassen sich Schlüsse auf bevorzugte Solvatation durch Pyridin‐ bezw. Wassermoleküle sowie auf unvollständige Dissoziation ziehen. Der Zusammenhang dieser Erscheinungen mit Grösse und Polarisierbarkeit der Ionen sowie mit der Löslichkeit wird diskutiert.
Stéréoisomérie Chez les Cyclohexane‐Diols. Préparation Et Purification Des Diols 1,3 Et 1,4
Authors: Coops J. , Dienske J. W. , Aten Al B. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAu cours de la séparation des cyclohexane‐1,3‐diols obtenus par réduction catalytique du résorcinol par la voie des éthers ditrityliques, il s'est produit des complications que Lindemann et Baumann n'ont pas décrites. Le perfectionnement du procédé mena au diol‐cis à point de fusion de 83°, l'isomère trans fondant à 117°. La même méthode, appliquée au mélange de diols obtenu par hydrogénation du quinol sans dissolvant, fournit les deux cyclohexane‐1,4‐diols isomères à un état très pur. Il fut constaté que les isomères fondaient respectivement à 112 et 143°. Pour l'analyse thermique furent déterminées les courbes de fusion des systèmes 1,4‐diol cis et trans, 1,4‐diol‐ditrityléther cis et trans, et 1,4‐diol‐diacétate cis et trans du cyclohexane. Ces diagrammes ont montré que le composé à point de fusion de 100‐102° préparé selon von Baeyer, lequel jusqu'ici passait pour le cyclohexane‐1,4‐diol‐cis à l'état pur, est en réalité un mélange d'environ 84% de cis‐ et de 16% de trans‐1,4‐diol. De même le diacétate du cyclohexane‐1,4‐diol‐cis de von Bayer contenait 17% de l'isomère trans.
Dilatancy
Authors: Verwey E. J. W. , de Boer J. H. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractEine plastische Masse von z.B. Eisenpulver mit einer unpolaren Flüssigkeit wird von einer Spur Ölsäure verflüssigt und die erhaltene flüssige Masse kann noch beträchtlich konzentriert, d.h. die Pulverteilchen können leicht noch dichter gepackt werden. Verschiedene andere Stoffe zeigen dieses Verhalten ebenfalls. Die bis zu richtiger Konzentration konzentrierten flüssigen Massen zeigen in schlagender Weise das Osborne Reynolds Phänomen (dilatancy).Die Versuche scheinen eine einfache Erklärung dieser merkwürdigen Erscheinung zu gestatten. Die Verfestigung durch schnelle und kräftige Verformung erfolgt durch vorübergehende örtliche Überwindung der Abstossungskräfte, bzw. der polaren Ölsäure‐Schichten, zwischen den Teilchen.
Untersuchungen über Furanderivate: 5. Mitteilung
Authors: Rinkes I. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractVor einigen JahrenI. J. Rinkes, Rec. trav. chim. 49, 1169 (1930).
) teilte ich mit, dass das von MarquisR. Marquis, Ann. chim. [8] 4, 227 (1905).
) durch Nitrierung von Furan erhältliche Nitrofuran nicht β‐ sondern α‐Nitrofuran war, eine Folgerung, die späterB. T. Freure und J. R. Johnson, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 53, 1142 (1931). I. J. Rinkes, Rec. trav. chim. 50, 590 (1931).
) bestätigt wurde. Jetzt ist mir die Synthese des wirklichen β‐Nitrofurans gelungen.
Untersuchungen über Pyrrolderivate: 4. Mitteilung
Authors: Rinkes I. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn dieser Abhandlung werden verschiedene β‐Pyrrolderivate beschrieben, die durch Einwirkung von Aminoacetaldehyd auf Keto‐ und Aldehydoester entstanden sind. β‐Pyrrolcarbonsäuremethylester wurde nitriert und lieferte ein Produkt, das auf Grund der Substitutionstheorie erwartet wurde.
Derivatives of the oxidation products of glycerol II
Authors: den Otter H. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHydrazones and osazones of methylglyoxal.: A method is described for the preparation of methylglyoxal from a solution of dihydroxyacetone prepared by the recipe of Fischer and Tafel. This method of preparation is preferred to the ozonisation of mesitylene and fission of the ozonide, which also affords methylglyoxal. The latter could not be prepared by splitting methylglyoxal‐ω‐phenylhydrazone with benzaldehyde.Various hydrazones and a number of osazones of methylglyoxal are also described.The opinion of Neuberg, that only ketones and not aldehydes react with methylphenylhydrazine, is incorrect for methylglyoxal.
The action of hydroxyethylamine on nitro‐derivatives of dimethylaniline with a mobile nitro group and on halogenated nitrobenzene derivatives with a mobile halogen atom
Authors: van Romburgh P. , Zahn C. W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAs is well known P. van Romburgh, Rec. trav. chim. 42, 804 (1923).
, one of the nitro‐groups in various nitro‐derivatives of dimethylaniline, in which there are 2 or 3 adjacent nitro‐groups, is readily replaced by the action of ammonia or amines, as is the case with the mobile halogen atom in nitrohalogeno‐derivatives of dimethylaniline P. van Romburgh, ibid. 8, 272 (1889).
.We have now asked ourselves the question: how will hydroxyethylamine behave towards such compounds? There was the possibility that both the hydroxyl‐group and the amino‐group in the hydroxyethylamine would react on the mobile nitro‐group. although reaction with the amino‐group appeared most probable. The investigation showed, however, that the amino‐group always reacted in the compounds examined.
On the essential oil of achasma walang val
Authors: van Romburgh P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe investigation of this essential oil showed that it contains 2‐decene‐1‐alI published a preliminary communication on 2‐decene‐1‐a1 in Proc. Royal Netherlands Acad. Amsterdam 32 (1929).
.) as its principal constituent. Further 2‐octene‐1‐al was encountered in the lower boiling fractions, as well as a small amount of a laevorotatory terpene boiling at 165° and finally some acids, probably already partially produced by the oxidation of the aldehydes in air in the steam distillation and further on storage in incompletely filled or incompletely closed bottles. 2‐dodecene‐1‐al was detected in the highest boiling fraction.
The distribution of hexadecenoic acid in natural fats
Authors: Hilditch T. P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractHexadecene‐9‐oic acid, observed many years ago in seal, cod, and other oils of marine animals, and later recognised as a prominent constituent of nearly all marine animal fats, has more recently been found to be present in reserve fats throughout both animal and vegetable kingdoms. It is present in some quantity in the fats of amphibia, reptiles, rodents, and birds, and in minor amounts in the depot and milk fats of higher animals such as oxen, pigs or goats. It also occurs in very small quantities in vegetable seed fats, whilst, in fats of the simpler forms of vegetable organisms, it is frequently an important constituent.
Reducing action of grignard reagents on acyl chlorides
Authors: Whitmore Frank C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA study has been made on the reducing action of Grignard reagents on acyl chlorides. The addition of the acid chloride to the Grignard reagent leads to the corresponding primary alcohol formed by the direct reduction of the acid chloride and to the secondary alcohol which is the other reduction product. Addition of the Grignard reagent to the acid chloride, may yield the reduction product as the ester because of an esterification of the alcohol complex by the acid chloride.
Sur L'équilibre du Gaz à L'eau
Authors: Meyer G. , Scheffer F. E. C. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNous avons déterminé l'équilibre du gaz à l'eau par voie directe et avons démontré que les résultats concordent suffisamment bien avec ceux que nous avons obtenus antérieurement par voie indirecte.
On the oxidation of glucose by acetobacter suboxydans
Authors: Kluyver A. J. , Boezaardt A. G. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractRecently it has been shown by Butlin that under certain conditions the acetic acid bacterium, A. suboxydans, well known for its merely dehydrogenating action on sugars and poly‐alcohols can also attack glucose with production of carbon dioxide. The observations of Butlin have been corroborated and the factors determining the divergent behaviour of the bacterium towards glucose have been discussed. In addition it has been proved that under certain conditions the bacterium converts glucose and gluconic acid almost quantitatively into 5‐ketogluconic acid.
The addition of hydrochloric acid to unsaturated hydrocarbons at low temperature
Authors: Leendertse J. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe addition of hydrochloric acid gas at about −78°C to several olefines of different structure has been studied. Some experiments were carried out without a catalyst, while in others aluminium chloride was used as catalyst.From the results obtained it was possible to deduce some general principles and facts, especially about the relation between the velocity of addition of hydrochloric acid and the structure of the olefines in question.
On indigo. I. The nitration of indigo
Authors: van Alphen J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractWhen indigo was nitrated with absolute nitric acid, either directly or dissolved in sulphuric acid or acetic acid only decomposition products, containing nitrated isatins, could be obtained, but when indigo was nitrated in acetic anhydride, well defined products could be prepared. These were derivatives of 2‐acetoxy‐3: 3'‐diketo‐diindolinyl‐2: 2' into which one, two or three nitro groups were introduced, depending on the amount of nitric acid used. on heating, these compounds split off a molecule of acetic acid and mono‐, di‐, or tri‐nitroindigos remained behind. An analogous result was obtained, when indigo was nitrated in butyric anhydride. Indigo could also be nitrated in acetyl chloride but 5‐chloroisatin was then obtained.
Preparation of alkenes by the thermal decomposition of alkyl acetates. Preliminary communication
Authors: Wibaut J. P. , van Pelt A. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe method of Whitmore and of Cramer and Mulligan, for preparing alkenes by the thermal decomposition of the acetates of alcohols has been applied to some alcohols with straight and branched carbon chains. The acetates of pentanol‐3 and heptanol‐l respectively afford pentene‐2 and heptene‐1. The acetate of 2: 4‐dimethylpentanol‐3 affords 2: 4‐dimethylpentene‐2 and the acetate of 2: 4: 4′‐trimethylpentanol‐3 affords 2:4: 4‐trimethylpentene‐2. In these reactions no migration of the double bond occurs and no modification of the carbon skeleton is involved.
Die Addition und die Additionsprodukte der Halogene und Benzenderivate. XI: Die Einwirkung von Chlor auf Benzotrichlorid, Benzalchlorid, Benzylchlorid und Toluen
Authors: van Der Linden T. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMit dem Ziel der Bildung von Additionsprodukten nachzuspüren und die etwaigen Additionsprodukte zu isolieren wurden Benzotrichlorid, Benzalchlorid, Benzylchlorid und Toluen mit einer für die Addition ausreichenden Menge Chlor im Sonnenlichte behandelt und die Reaktionsprodukte untersucht. Bei Toluen und bei Benzylchlorid findet an erster Stelle Chlorierung in der Seitenkette bis zum Benzalchlorid statt. Bei Benzalchlorid und Benzotrichlorid tritt hauptsächlich Addition auf.
Dérivés Simples du 4‐Spiroheptane, Portant Deux Substituants Identiques en Position Opposée (2,6)
Authors: Backer H. J. , Kemper H. G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAprès avoir décrit antérieurement 2) H. J. Backer, et H. G. Kemper, Rec. trav. chim. 57, 761 (1938).
les acides 2,6‐dibromo‐ et 2,6‐disulfo‐4‐spiroheptane‐2,6‐dicarboxyliques et leur dédoublement optique, les auteurs ont étudié quelques dérivés simples, disubstitués (‐2,6), du spiroheptane. Le dérivé portant deux groupes hydroxyméthyle en position 2 et 6 a été dédoublé optiquement, à l'état de son éther phtalique acide. Après cet alcool diprimaire, deux alcools ditertiaires correspondants ont été préparés. La déshydratation du bis‐diphénylhydroxyméthyl‐spiroheptane donne naissance à un hydrocarbure non saturé, dont l'oxydation conduit à une combinaison de la spiroheptanedione et de la benzophénone.
The green fluorescent pigment of pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: Turfreijer A. , Wibaut J. P. , Kingma Boltjes T. Y. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe pigment of Pseudomonas fluorescens, which shows a green fluorescence in alkaline solution, has been separated as an amorphous double salt by means of gold chloride.A compound formed by oxidation of the bacterial pigment also showing the green fluorescence in alkaline solution, has been obtained in a crystalline state as a double salt with gold chloride.Finally the green fluorescent, oily liquid, formed by distilling the pigment with soda‐lime, has been more closely investigated.
L'action du 1.8‐Dihydroxynaphtalène sur la Conductibilité Électrique de L'acide Borique
Authors: Böeseken J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNous avons mesuré la conductibilité électrique du 1.8‐dihydroxynaphtalène dans une solution 0.5 molaire d'acide borique. Quoique les deux groupes hydroxyle ne soient pas vicinaux, le diol provoque une augmentation très grande de la conductibilité de l'acide borique. Ce fait pourrait être expliqué en tenant compte de la distance entre les atomes d'oxygène dans le diol par rapport à la distance entre B et O dans un dérivé du bore coordinativement tétravalent.
The isolation of a keto‐lactone from the urine of pregnant mares
Authors: Jacobs J. D. , Laqubur Ernst 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA saturated keto‐lactone with the formula C19H26O3, has been isolated from the urine of pregnant mares. The corresponding hydroxy‐acid, C19H28O4, was obtained by saponification with alcoholic potash. The lactone has no oestrogenic or comb growth promoting effect.
Orthokinetic coagulation due to oscillations
Authors: Hermans J. J. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe orthokinetic coagulation is usually assumed to be merely superposed on that due to Brownian movement. This is only permissible if the latter is unimportant compared with the former, a condition which in the case of uniform movement is usually fulfilled. The application to oscillatory motions, however, may lead to entirely erroneous results. A simultaneous treatment or orthokinetic and perikinetic coagulation in then indispensable. In § 2 and § 3 respectively the first and the second order approximation are calculated. The first does not contribute to the coagulation rate, the second involves a relative increase in the rate of coagulation, which is proportional to U20/vD, where U0 is the amplitude of the velocity fluctuation, v the frequency and D the diffusion coefficient of the colloid particles.§ 1 gives the necessary theoretical introduction.In § 4 the result is applied to the experiments of the preceding paper. It is shown that the influence of the orthokinetic coagulation is less than 5% of that of the Brownian movement.
Separation of lactoflavin (vitamin B2) and lactoflavin phosphate
Authors: Emmerie A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn this communication the author describes a method for the seperation of lactoflavin and lactoflavin phosphate.Benzyl alcohol and other aromatic alcohols are used for this separation. The lactoflavin is rapidly extracted from aqueous solutions containing both components by the aromatic alcohol whereas only very small quantities of lactoflavin phosphate are extracted.