bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Tropical Pacific Rain Rates with Overparameterized Neural Networks
Authors: You Hojun , Wang Jiayi , Wong Raymond K. W. , Schumacher Courtney , Saravanan R. , Jun Mikyoung 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The prediction of tropical rain rates from atmospheric profiles poses significant challenges, mainly due to the heavy-tailed distribution exhibited by tropical rainfall. This study introduces overparameterized neural networks not only to forecast tropical rain rates but also to explain their heavy-tailed distribution. The investigation is separately conducted for three rain types (stratiform, deep convective, and shallow convective) observed by the Global Precipitation Measurement satellite radar over the west and east Pacific regions. Atmospheric profiles of humidity, temperature, and zonal and meridional winds from the MERRA-2 reanalysis are considered as features. Although overparameterized neural networks are well known for their “double descent phenomenon,” little has been explored about their applicability to climate data and capability of capturing the tail behavior of data. In our results, overparameterized neural networks accurately estimate the rain-rate distributions and outperform other machine learning methods. Spatial maps show that overparameterized neural networks also successfully describe the spatial patterns of each rain type across the tropical Pacific. In addition, we assess the feature importance for each overparameterized neural network to provide insight into the key factors driving the predictions, with low-level humidity and temperature variables being the overall most important. These findings highlight the capability of overparameterized neural networks in predicting the distribution of the rain rate and explaining extreme values.

Significance Statement
This study aims to introduce the capability of overparameterized neural networks, a type of neural network with more parameters than data points, in predicting the distribution of tropical rain rates from gridscale environmental variables and explaining their tail behavior. Rainfall prediction has been a topic of importance, yet it remains a challenging problem for its heavy-tailed nature. Overparameterized neural networks correctly captured rain-rate distributions and the spatial patterns and heterogeneity of the observed rain rates for multiple rain types, which could not be achieved by any other previous statistical or machine learning frameworks. We find that overparameterized neural networks can play a key role in general prediction tasks, with potential expanded applicability to other domains with heavy-tailed data distribution.
Reinterpretation of the Thorpe Length Scale
Authors: Kantha Lakshmi 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In 1977, S. A. Thorpe proposed a method to estimate the dissipation rate ε of turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) in an overturning turbulent layer in a lake, by sorting the observed (unstable) density profile to render it stable and thus deriving a length scale LT named after him, from the resulting vertical displacements of water parcels. By further proposing that this purely empirical scale (with no a priori physical basis, unlike many other turbulence length scales) is proportional to the Ozmidov scale LO, definable only for stably (not unstably or neutrally) stratified flows, he was able to extract ε. The simplicity of the approach that requires nothing but conductivity–temperature–depth (CTD) casts in water bodies, including lakes and oceans, made it attractive, until microstructure profilers were developed and perfected in later decades to actually make in situ measurements of ε. Since equivalent microstructure devices are not available for the atmosphere, the Thorpe technique has been resurrected in recent years for application to the atmosphere, using potential temperature profiles obtained from high-vertical-resolution radiosondes. Its popularity and utility have increased lately, in spite of unresolved issues related to the validity of assuming LT is proportional to LO. In this study, we touch upon these issues and offer an alternative interpretation of the Thorpe length scale as indicative of the turbulence velocity scale σK, which allows the Thorpe sorting technique to be applied to all turbulent flows, including those generated by convection.

Significance Statement
Routine monitoring of the turbulence structure in the global atmosphere is of societal importance and practical utility. Remote sensing by wind profiler radars provides routine information at only a few stations around the globe. Monitoring by sensors deployed on commercial aircraft provides data only along flight routes and mostly at flight altitudes. However, high-vertical-resolution radiosondes that are now being routinely deployed at over 900 stations around the globe provide a means for routine probing and monitoring of turbulence in the global atmosphere, by using the Thorpe sorting technique to extract the dissipation rate of turbulence kinetic energy. Reinterpretation of the technique in this study extends its application to all turbulent flows in the atmospheric column, including convective turbulence.
Distinguishing Extreme Precipitation Mechanisms Associated with Atmospheric Rivers and Nonatmospheric Rivers in the Lower Yangtze River Basin
Authors: Zhao Yang , Li Jianping , Tian Yuan , Li Jiao 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the disparity in quantitative moisture contribution and synoptic-scale vertical motion in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin (LYRB) for different extreme precipitation (EP) types, which are categorized as EP associated with atmospheric river (AR&EP) or EP associated with nonatmospheric river (non-AR&EP). To analyze moisture contribution, backward tracking using the Water Accounting Model-2layers is performed. In general, the remote moisture contribution is 9.7 times greater than the local contribution, with the ocean contribution being 1.67 times stronger than the land contribution. However, terrestrial and oceanic contributions obviously increase in the EP types, especially for oceanic contribution being double in magnitude. Notably, the west Pacific (WP) contribution emerges as the dominant differentia between the EP types, playing a crucial role in the AR formation. By solving the quasigeostrophic omega equation, the upper-level jet (ULJ) stream acts as the primary dynamic forcing for transverse vertical motion in AR&EP, while the baroclinic trough exhibits a relatively weaker influence. However, both systems have a nearly equal impact on vertical velocity in non-AR&EP. The enhanced shearwise elevation in the non-AR&EP type is the response of the stronger upper-level ridge over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), which induces enhanced Q vector, the divergence pointing toward the LYRB. However, the main dynamic difference is the location of ULJ, which serves as the trigger role although weak. Diabatic forcing proves to be the decisive factor for vertical motion development, the difference attributed to the released excessive latent heating with excess moisture contribution from the WP in AR&EP with enhanced precipitation.

Significance Statement
The main objective of this study is to investigate quantitative moisture contribution by applying Water Accounting Model-2layers and vertical motion attribution using the quasigeostrophic omega equation for extreme precipitation types based on the presence or absence of atmospheric river. Our findings reveal excessive moisture from the west Pacific serving not only as key in atmospheric river formation but also as the primary trigger for intensified diabatic vertical motion, inducing enhanced precipitation. The direction of strong winds in the north of the Tibetan Plateau holds crucial forecasting implications, which determine the location of the upper-level jet stream downstream. The transverse vertical motion, induced by the upper-level jet stream, plays the dominant dynamic role in both extreme precipitation (EP) types.
OPC-Pod: A New Sensor Payload to Measure Aerosol Particles for Small Uncrewed Aircraft Systems
Authors: Schön Martin , Savvakis Vasileios , Kezoudi Maria , Platis Andreas , Bange Jens 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols affect human health and influence atmospheric and biological processes. Dust can be transported long distances in the atmosphere, and the mechanisms that influence dust transport are not fully understood. To improve the database for numerical models that simulate dust transport, measurements are needed that cover both the vertical distribution of the dust and its size distribution. In addition to measurements with crewed aircraft, uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) provide a particularly suitable platform for this purpose. In this paper, we present a payload for the small fixed-wing UAS of the type Multiple-Purpose Airborne Sensor Carrier 3 (MASC-3) for aerosol particle measurements that is based on the optical particle counter (OPC) OPC-N3 (Alphasense, United Kingdom), modified by the addition of a dryer and a passive aspiration system (OPC-Pod). Based on field tests with a reference instrument in Mannheim, Germany, wind tunnel tests, and a comparison measurement with the UAS-mounted aerosol particle measurement Universal Cloud and Aerosol Sounding System (UCASS) during a dust event over Cyprus, we show that the OPC-Pod can measure particle number concentrations in the range of 0.66–31 μm as well as particle size distributions. The agreement of the OPC-Pod with UCASS is good. Both instruments resolve a vertical profile of the Saharan dust event, with a prominent dust layer between 1500 and 2800 m MSL, with particle number concentrations up to 35 cm−3 for particles between 0.66 and 31 μm.
What's representation got to do with it? Comparing public reactions to diversity among government employees and government contractors
Authors: Baker Keith , Rubin Ellen V. , Weinberg Stephen , Stout Christopher T. 
Published: May 2024

The literature on representative bureaucracy is largely focused on government agencies and little attention has been paid to representation within private sector contractors providing services on behalf of government. A survey experiment, administered on a nationally representative panel collected by YouGov, is used to assess whether the public evaluates the distributive justice of government programs differently if the programs are implemented by either contractors or government officials, and whether this changes when the public is provided information on the diversity of those actors. We find that perceptions of distributive justice are no different with government or contractor delivery, nor do they change in response to diversity information. The findings imply that perceptions of distributive justice may only vary between contractors and government, and in response to diversity information, when the public are presented with information about program failure or obvious inequities. Points for practitioners Nationally representative survey data indicates that the general public may be more concerned with program failure rather than the demographic composition of the organization that delivers the service. When performance is the same between government and private contractors, the public views the program outcomes as equally fair. Diversity, on its own, is not enough to enhance the public's assessment of government decisions. When engaging with different communities, managers should remember that perceptions of government may be informed by assumptions about who may benefit from government programs and racial stereotypes.
Clinical validation of automated depth camera-based measurement of the Fugl-Meyer assessment for upper extremity
Authors: Wang Zhaoyang , Zhang Tao , Fan Jingyuan , Gu Fanbin , Yu Qiuhua , Wang Honggang , Yang Jiantao , Zhu Qingtang 
Published: May 2024

Objective Depth camera-based measurement has demonstrated efficacy in automated assessment of upper limb Fugl-Meyer Assessment for paralysis rehabilitation. However, there is a lack of adequately sized studies to provide clinical support. Thus, we developed an automated system utilizing depth camera and machine learning, and assessed its feasibility and validity in a clinical setting. Design Validation and feasibility study of a measurement instrument based on single cross-sectional data. Setting Rehabilitation unit in a general hospital Participants Ninety-five patients with hemiparesis admitted for inpatient rehabilitation unit (2021–2023). Main measures Scores for each item, excluding those related to reflexes, were computed utilizing machine learning models trained on participant videos and readouts from force test devices, while the remaining reflex scores were derived through regression algorithms. Concurrent criterion validity was evaluated using sensitivity, specificity, percent agreement and Cohen's Kappa coefficient for ordinal scores of individual items, as well as correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients for total scores. Video-based manual assessment was also conducted and compared to the automated tools. Result The majority of patients completed the assessment without therapist intervention. The automated scoring models demonstrated superior validity compared to video-based manual assessment across most items. The total scores derived from the automated assessment exhibited a high coefficient of 0.960. However, the validity of force test items utilizing force sensing resistors was relatively low. Conclusion The integration of depth camera technology and machine learning models for automated Fugl-Meyer Assessment demonstrated acceptable validity and feasibility, suggesting its potential as a valuable tool in rehabilitation assessment.
Primary palliative care in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and thematic synthesis of the evidence for models and outcomes
Authors: Peeler Anna , Afolabi Oladayo , Adcock Michael , Evans Catherine , Nkhoma Kennedy , van Breevoort Dorothee , Farrant Lindsay , Harding Richard 
Published: May 2024

Background: Serious health-related suffering is predicted to double in low- and middle-income countries by 2060. Primary care offers the best opportunity to meet Universal Health Coverage in an equitable way. Primary palliative care growth should be evidence-based to ensure provision is feasible, acceptable and culturally congruent. Aim: To identify the current evidence related to primary palliative care and to describe how primary palliative is defined in this setting, dominant typologies of care and meaningful outcome measures in LMICs. Design: A systematic review and thematic synthesis was conducted. We described the nature, extent and distribution of published literature on primary palliative care in low- and middle-income countries, use thematic synthesis to characterize typologies of primary palliative care and design a process model for care delivery in low- and middle-income countries. Data sources: Medline, Psychinfo, Global Health, Embase and CINAHL. Results: Thirty-five publications were included. Nearly half took place in Asia ( n = 16, 45.7%). We identified five dominant typologies of primary palliative care, including delivery in primary care clinics by multidisciplinary healthcare teams and palliative care specialists, in people’s homes by healthcare professionals and volunteers and in tertiary healthcare facilities by generalists. We designed a process model for how these models operate within larger health systems and identified barriers and facilitators to implementing primary palliative care in this context. Conclusion: Evidence supporting primary palliative care in low- and middle-income countries is limited, and much of the published literature comes from Asia and southern Africa. Health systems in low- and middle-income countries have unique strengths and needs that affect primary palliative care services that should guide how services evolve to meet future need.
Mobile phones and moral order: Children’s appropriation of and accounting for digital media rules in schools
Authors: Aarsand Pål , Melander Bowden Helen 
Published: May 2024

This study explores children’s appropriation of media rules in a group of boys (10 years) in Sweden. The analysis is based on focus-group interviews where rules regulating children’s use of mobile phones in school was discussed. Drawing on ethnomethodology and conversation analysis, the focus is on how rules are made sense of and appropriated, and how this contributes to establishing, negotiating, and sustaining a moral order for digital media use. The findings show that the children justify rules by discussing them in relation to their school context, through criticism of the enforcement of rules, and through navigating different rule systems.
Chemotherapy safe handling practices in Ethiopia: A comprehensive multi-center evaluation
Authors: Webb Nathaniel , Matys Samantha , Collins James B , Garcia Julian , Worku Kaleab , Lines Mandee , Hirata Hailey , Dark Erin , Brooks Callee , Buhlinger Kaitlyn , Fentie Atalay Mulu , Roberts Megan C , Muluneh Benyam 
Published: May 2024

Introduction The increasing incidence of cancer and capacity for cancer care in Ethiopia has led to an upsurge in chemotherapy use in the country; however, studies indicate that there is a gap in the safe handling of chemotherapy by healthcare workers. There exists a need to understand if such unsafe practices occur in Ethiopia and, if so, which areas along the chemotherapy life cycle need the most improvement. Methods This study utilized a multi-method design through an online survey administered to health care professionals and evaluative site visits of eight cancer units in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to understand the current conditions of chemotherapy handling. In addition, a survey was conducted among Ethiopian health care professionals from across the country. Results Fifty-five percent of survey participants disagreed or strongly disagreed that there are systems in place to identify, prevent, and address chemotherapy hazards in their workplace, and 71% of respondents denied having an active and effective health and safety committee and/or worker health and safety representative where they work. At evaluative site visits, only 30% of health care workers met the minimum guidelines for proper hand hygiene, and 20% of health care workers used adequate Personal Protective Equipment according to guidelines across the chemotherapy lifecycle. Conclusions Results of this study indicate an urgent need for implementation of evidence-based interventions to improve chemotherapy handling in Ethiopia so that all patients and health care workers are protected from the hazardous toxicities of these drugs.
Zero-Sum Politics, The Herbert Thesis and the Ryan White Care Act: Lessons from the Local Side of Aids
Authors: Slack James D. 
Published: May 2024

This study examines the dynamics of grass-roots decision making processes involved in the implementation of the Ryan White CARE Act. Providing social services to persons with HIV/AIDS, the CARE act requires participation of all relevant groups, including representatives of the HIV/AIDS and gay communities. Decision making behavior is explored by applying a political (zero-sum) model and a bureaucratic (the Herbert Thesis) model. Using qualitative research techniques, the Kern County (California) HIV Consortium is used as a case study. Findings shed light on the decision making behavior of social service organizations characterized by intense advocacy and structured on the basis of voluntarism and non-hierarchical relationships. Findings affirm bureaucratic behavior predicted by the Herbert Thesis, and they also discern factors which seem to trigger more conflictual zero-sum behavior.
AIDS-Related Knowledge and Behavior Among Married Kenyan Men: A Behavioral Paradox?
Authors: Dodoo F. Nii-Amoo , Ampofo Akosua Adomako 
Published: May 2024

The heterosexual character of HIV/AIDS transmission in sub-Saha-ran Africa, a context where men are dominant in sexual and reproductive matters, underscores the importance of assessing male behavior in sexual and related health arenas. Despite condom use being the recom-mended and expected behavioral response to knowledge about the fatal outcome of HIV/AIDS infection, use continues to be extremely low in sub-Saharan Africa. This article explores the relationship between various facets of knowledge about HIV/AIDS and condom use among married Kenyan men. The main finding is one of a significant inter-action effect of the recognition that it is impossible to visually identify infected parties and one's perception of self-risk. Although neither is in itself significant. simultaneously recognizing that healthy-looking persons may be infected and perceiving that one is himself not at risk significantly reduces condom use among men. This finding—of an interaction effect— plausibly explains why a perception of self-risk, on its own. does not necessarily translate into safe behavior. After all, those who believe they can identify infected persons may think they are at low risk because they avoid contact with the infected and, in selecting partners they deem free of infection, they may be less inclined to use condoms. This finding has implications for how specific aspects of AIDS-related knowledge are imparted to communities and individuals as well as for our understanding of other health-related behaviors.
Assessing the benefits of repeated esophagogastroduodenoscopy at a specialized center before gastric and esophageal cancer surgery
Authors: Christensen Astrid Kolind , Egeland Charlotte , Bjoern Heje Jens , Asaad Sofia Kamakh , Loprete Roberto , Solstad Trygve Ulvund , Kjaer Daniel , Dikinis Sarunas , Achiam Michael P. 
Published: May 2024

Background: The surgical treatment of gastric and esophageal cancer in Denmark is centralized in four specialized esophagogastric cancer (EGC) centers. Patients are referred after an esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) at a secondary healthcare facility. The EGD is repeated at the specialized EGC center before determining a surgical treatment strategy. This multicenter retrospective study aimed to investigate the quality of EGDs performed at a secondary healthcare facility and evaluate the clinical value of repeated EGD at a specialized center when determining the surgical treatment strategy. Methods: Patients from three of the four centers, who underwent esophagectomy or gastrectomy with curative intent from 1 June 2016 to 1 May 2021, were included. EGD reports from the referral facilities and EGC centers were compared based on a predefined checklist. Furthermore, endoscopist experience, the time between examinations, and histology were registered. Finally, it was assessed whether the specialized EGD led to any substantial changes in surgical treatment. Baseline characteristics and differences in EGD reports were described and McNemar’s chi-square test was performed. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors for a change in surgical strategy. Results: The study included 953 patients who underwent both an initial EGD and EGD at referral to a specialized center. In 644 cases (68%), the information from the initial EGD was considered insufficient concerning preoperative tumor information. In 113 (12%) cases, the findings in the specialized EGD would lead to a significant alteration in the surgical strategy compared with the primary EGD. Conclusion: The findings suggest that repeated EGD at a specialized center is of clinical value and helps ensure proper surgical treatment for patients undergoing curative surgery for gastroesophageal cancer.