bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development Delayed: U.S. Economic Policy in Occupied Korea, 1945–1948
Authors: Matray James I. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractOn 9 September 1945, U.S. military forces landed at Inchon to begin American occupation of southern Korea. For almost three years thereafter, a U.S. military government under the command of Lieutenant General John R. Hodge was responsible for civil affairs south of the 38th parallel. Its policies resulted in delaying Korea's economic development. Early in World War II, the U.S. government had begun preparations for the postwar administration of military government and civil affairs. At first, the focus was on Germany and its occupied territories, but during 1944, training began for 1,500 army and navy officers to serve in occupied Japan. The program ignored Korea, with the exception of a one-hour lecture in some classes near the end of the war. Plans to prepare civil affairs handbooks summarizing conditions in target areas for over thirty nations did not include Korea. Not surprisingly, many civil affairs officers who served in postwar Korea had trained for duty in Japan. They knew nothing about the country they were to govern and of course did not speak the language. Historians have argued that this lack of preparation was largely responsible for the failures of the American occupation. But other factors were more important in explaining the lack,
Reflections on My Wartime Letters
Authors: Keene Donald 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIt was some time in August 1945 that I received a letter from my friend and fellow language officer, Ted de Bary, reporting that he had a marvelous idea. It was to exchange letters from wherever we were sent when the war was officially over. Such letters, written by people who knew Japanese, would surely be more perceptive in describing the postwar scene than the usual journalism. I at once replied with enthusiasm. Soon afterwards, we learned that he would be sent to Japan and I to China. I wanted badly to go to Japan, having spent three years as a translator and interpreter of Japanese, but my superior officer, who decided our destinations, knowing how badly I wanted to go to Japan, sent me to China. I told myself that I should have been nicer to the superior, laughed at his jokes, and shared his various prejudices. But, although the war would soon be over, this was a military unit and orders had to be obeyed. I resigned myself to going to China. As it turned out, I was very lucky. My experiences in China were probably more varied than if I had been sent, like most of the language personnel, to a base in Japan. It also meant that Ted and I would have a real correspondence describing life in two quite different societies.
Protestantism in Twentieth-Century Chinese America: The Impact of Transnationalism on the Chinese Diaspora
Authors: Tseng Timothy 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThis article examines how an indigenous form of evangelicalism became the predominant form of Chinese Protestantism in the United States since 1949. Chinese-American Protestantism was so thoroughly reconstructed by separatist immigrants from the Diaspora and American-born (or American-raised) evangelicals that affiliation with mainline Protestant denominations and organizations is no longer desired. This development has revitalized Chinese-American Protestantism. Indeed, Chinese evangelicalism is one of the fastest-growing religions in China, the Chinese Diaspora, and among Chinese in America. Though the percentage of Chinese Americans affiliated with Christianity is not nearly as high as that of Korean Americans, Chinese-American Protestantism has achieved impressive numeric growth over the past fifty years. Much of this growth can be attributed to the large number of Chinese who have migrated to North America since World War II.
Beyond Gentility: The Mission of Women Educators at Yenching
Authors: Wakeman Carolyn 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAmerican missionaries in the early years of the twentieth century viewed China’s women as a vast resource for conversion and for leadership.“The only college for women in the northern half of China,”proclaims the brochure North China Union Women’s College in 1919.“The only chance of 200,000,000 people to secure a higher education for their daughters; the only institution to which an ancient but newly awakening people can look for highly trained leadership for its womanhood just now in the throes of confusion because of the passing of the old and the imperfect understanding of the new.” Such inspirational rhetoric, reiterated in pamphlets and circular letters intended to open the minds and purses of donors in the United States, hardly hints at the problems faced, during the May Fourth movement and its aftermath, by two dedicated American administrators who struggled to establish, expand, and maintain higher education for China’s women.
Intellectual Group under the Influence of Two Cultures: A Historical Analysis of the Yenching Graduates in China
Authors: Liu Haiyan 
Published: March 2011

AbstractYenching is the most renowned of the Christian colleges in China. Whether in regard to the scale of the university, the atmosphere of the campus, or the quality of the faculty, Yenching’s reputation was comparable to China’s most well known national universities. However, the founder of Yenching, John Leighton Stuart, served as the American ambassador to China at a very sensitive period in Sino-American relations. Mao Zedong’s condemnation of Stuart’s actions as ambassador placed a shadow over Yenching that made it difficult for historians to evaluate Yenching University’s contributions to China.
Befriending the “Yellow Peril”: Chinese Students and Intellectuals and the Liberalization of U.S. Immigration Laws, 1950–1965
Authors: Hsu Madeline Y. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe extensive literature concerning America's exclusion of Asians has emphasized primarily the domestic contexts for restricting trans-Pacific migrations. Fears of a “Yellow Peril” invasion and conquest were used to justify the earliest American attempts to limit the entry of races and nationalities deemed too different and incompatible to integrate and participate on equal terms in a republic dominated by European arrivals and their descendants. Asian American Studies scholars in particular have mined the rich vein of documents delineating the formative legacy of anti-Asian laws, ideologies, and institutions shaping the still deeply troubled patrolling of American borders today. Less attention has turned to the influence of foreign policy considerations and their role in carving out categories of migrants exempted from exclusionary laws. For example, the Chinese Exclusion Law of 1882 made exceptions for merchants, merchant family members, students and teachers, diplomats, and tourists.
China and Other Colonial Empires
Authors: Perdue Peter C. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractEmpire is back. Once upon a time, in the era of decolonization, empires seemed like remnants of a past that would soon disappear. No more. Now, both as a reality of modern geopolitics and as a subject of academic study, empires are flourishing as never before. Although the current global power with the greatest imperial pretensions is now facing increasing difficulties in subduing resistance in one of its remote frontiers, and the American public at home would just as soon forget about this adventure in delusion, the question of the suitability of the United States for an imperial role will not soon disappear. Furthermore, China's sustained rise to the ranks of a great world power has begun to raise questions about whether China, too, will take on an imperial role, as it needs to guarantee supplies of energy for its booming economy and engage in geopolitical competition with its rivals. Like many other empires, China has also had difficulty in gaining the allegiance of the peoples on its frontiers.
Some Things We Used to Know about China's Past and Present (But Now, Not So Much)
Authors: Miller Alice Lyman 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAmerican public discourse today about the rise of China and its implications for the United States frequently draws on broad themes and parallels from Chinese history, both to explicate China's present and to project its future. These themes and parallels draw on a picture of the Chinese past that, as recently as twenty-five years ago, was embraced by many (though by no means all) professional historians and propagated by some of them as the best means to understand contemporary China. But since the 1970s, the community of historians of China has produced work that severely undermines longstanding conventional judgments of China's past. As a consequence, the historical themes and parallels that once were thought useful in illuminating interpretation of contemporary China have been stood on their head.
The Policy Analyst and Historical Perspectives: Notes of a Practitioner
Authors: Swaine Michael D. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractIn these remarks I offer some tentative observations based largely on my experience as a policy analyst on China security-related issues for nearly twenty years, at RAND and now at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. My focus during this time has been mainly on national security and military/defense issues, but also has included attempts to interpret the impact of both domestic and external factors on Chinese foreign/defense policies and military-security behavior. This has included analysis of the impact of domestic change on the People's Republic of China's (PRC) foreign policy and of Chinese grand strategy from a historical perspective. My uses of theory and of history, both premodern and modern, have been largely as needed to support my analysis of Chinese perceptions and motivations in the security arena. What I am most familiar with is the way in which policy analysts and policy practitioners look at China, including their use (or non-use) of studies from history and political science.
Introduction to “From ‘Tribute System’ to ‘Peaceful Rise’: American Historians, Political Scientists, and Policy Analysts Discuss China's Foreign Relations”
Authors: Wills John E. 
Published: March 2011

AbstractThe papers in this special issue are the products of a conference, “History and China's Foreign Relations: The Achievements and Contradictions of American Scholarship, ” held at the University of Southern California in February 2008. All of us, professors, policy advisors and policy-makers, think it would be helpful if there was more informed discussion among the general public of the challenges of China's rise in the world and our responses to it, but we all acknowledge that the American public sphere is a big mess, fragmented by the apparent riches of the Internet, dumbed down to the vanishing point in the major media. Can we as scholars make some beginnings in drawing on China's long and complex history of relations with other peoples to find generalizations and patterns that help to illuminate the present for the policy elite and for the concerned public?
Paradise or Hell Hole?: U.S. Marines in Post–World War II China
Authors: Guo Xixiao 
Published: March 2011

AbstractAmong the many U.S. servicemen stationed in China after World War II were the marines of the U.S. Third Amphibious Corps (IIIAC), sailors from the U.S. Seventh Fleet, and U.S. army personnel.1 Transported to the seaports of coastal China like Shanghai, as well as placed on the main communication lines between the major cities of the interior, these Americans encountered Chinese of all kinds—students, soldiers, merchants, bandits, politicians, and prostitutes. But whereas the Americans were done with their fighting in 1945, China was quickly convulsed into civil war between the Nationalist government of the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The fighting between the two dated to the 1920s. There was a brief period of uneasy unity before fighting erupted again, leading to Kuomintang successes and the Communists’ Long March of 1934–36. Japan’s brutal aggression after 1937 put an end to most of the fighting between the KMT and CCP, but once it became clear after 1941 that the United States would defeat Japan, it was only a question of time before the two started at each other. Given the longevity, magnitude, intensity, and complexity of the Chinese Civil War, the interaction between American soldiers and the Chinese people during this critical period in history was bound to be calamatous for all those involved.
The NIMA Method for Improved Moment Estimation from Doppler Spectra
Authors: Morse Corinne S. , Goodrich Robert K. , Cornman Larry B. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The NCAR Improved Moments Algorithm (NIMA) for estimating moments from wind measurement devices that measure Doppler spectra as a function of range is described in some detail. Although NIMA's main application has been for real-time processing of wind profiler data, it has also been successfully applied to Doppler lidar and weather radar data. Profiler spectra are often contaminated by a variety of sources including aircraft, birds, velocities exceeding the Nyquist velocity, radio frequency interference, and ground clutter. The NIMA method uses mathematical analysis, fuzzy logic synthesis, and global image processing algorithms to mimic human experts' ability to identify atmospheric signals in the presence of such contaminants. NIMA is configurable and its processing can be tuned to optimize performance for a given profiler site. Once configured, NIMA is a fully automated algorithm that runs in real time to produce Doppler moments and a confidence assessment of those moments. These confidence values are useful in the generation and assessment of wind and turbulence estimates and are important when these quantities are used in critical situations such as airport operations. A simulation study is used to compare NIMA performance with that of a simple peak picking algorithm in the presence of ground clutter, RFI, and point targets. Some performance results for the NIMA confidence algorithm are also given.
Evaluation of a 45° Slant Quasi-Linear Radar Polarization State for Distinguishing Drizzle Droplets, Pristine Ice Crystals, and Less Regular Ice Particles
Authors: Reinking Roger F. , Matrosov Sergey Y. , Kropfli Robert A. , Bartram Bruce W. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
A remote sensing capability is needed to detect clouds of supercooled, drizzle-sized droplets, which are a major aircraft icing hazard. Discrimination among clouds of differing ice particle types is also important because both the presence and type of ice influence the survival of liquid in a cloud and the chances for occurrence of these large, most hazardous droplets. This work shows how millimeter-wavelength dual-polarization radar can be used to identify these differing hydrometeors. It also shows that by measuring the depolarization ratio (DR), the estimation of the hydrometeor type can be accomplished deterministically for drizzle droplets; ice particles of regular shapes; and to a considerable extent, the more irregular ice particles, and that discrimination is strongly influenced by the polarization state of the transmitted microwave radiation. Thus, appropriate selection of the polarization state is emphasized.
The selection of an optimal polarization state involves trade-offs in competing factors such as the functional dynamic range of DR, sensitivity to low-reflectivity clouds, and insensitivity to oscillations in the settling orientations of ice crystals. A 45° slant, quasi-linear polarization state, one in which only slight ellipticity is introduced, was found to offer a very good compromise, providing considerable advantages over standard horizontal and substantially elliptical polarizations. This was determined by theoretical scattering calculations that were verified experimentally in field measurements conducted during the Mount Washington Icing Sensors Project (MWISP). A selectable-dual-polarization Ka-band (8.66-mm wavelength) radar was used. A wide variety of hydrometeor types was sampled. Clear differentiation among planar crystals, columnar crystals, and drizzle droplets was achieved. Also, differentiation among crystals of fundamentally different shapes (aspect ratios) within each of the planar and columnar families was found possible. These distinctions matched calculations of DR, usually to within 1 or 2 dB. The results from MWISP and from previous experiments with other polarizations have demonstrated that the agreement between theory and measurements by this method is repeatable. Additionally, although less rigorously predicted by theory, the field measurements demonstrated substantial differentiation among the more irregular and more spherical ice particles, including aggregates, elongated aggregates, heavily rimed dendrites, and graupel. Measurable separation between these various irregular ice particle types and drizzle droplets was also verified.
Procedures to Improve the Accuracy of Airborne Doppler Radar Data
Authors: Bosart Brian L. , Lee Wen-Chau , Wakimoto Roger M. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
The navigation correction method proposed in Testud et al. (referred to as the THL method) systematically identifies uncertainties in the aircraft Inertial Navigation System and errors in the radar-pointing angles by analyzing the radar returns from a flat and stationary earth surface. This paper extends the THL study to address 1) error characteristics on the radar display, 2) sensitivity of the dual-Doppler analyses to navigation errors, 3) fine-tuning the navigation corrections for individual flight legs, and 4) identifying navigation corrections over a flat and nonstationary earth surface (e.g., ocean).
The results show that the errors in each of the parameters affect the dual-Doppler wind analyses and the first-order derivatives in different manners. The tilt error is the most difficult parameter to determine and has the greatest impact on the dual-Doppler analysis. The extended THL method can further reduce the drift, ground speed, and tilt errors in all flight legs over land by analyzing the residual velocities of the earth surface using the corrections obtained in the calibration legs.
When reliable dual-Doppler winds can be deduced at flight level, the Bosart–Lee–Wakimoto method presented here can identify all eight errors by satisfying three criteria: 1) the flight-level dual-Doppler winds near the aircraft are statistically consistent with the in situ winds, 2) the flight-level dual-Doppler winds are continuous across the flight track, and 3) the surface velocities of the left (right) fore radar have the same magnitude but opposite sign as their counterparts of right (left) aft radar. This procedure is able to correct airborne Doppler radar data over the ocean and has been evaluated using datasets collected during past experiments. Consistent calibration factors are obtained in multiple legs. The dual-Doppler analyses using the corrected data are statistically superior to those using uncorrected data.
Polarimetric Radar Observations and Interpretation of Co-Cross-PolarCorrelation Coefficients
Authors: Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Zrnic Dusan S. , Hubbert John C. , Bringi V. N. , Vivekanandan J. , Brandes Edward A. 
Published: March 2011

Abstract
Preliminary analysis of all components of the polarimetric radar covariance matrix for precipitation measured with the NCAR S-band dual-polarization Doppler radar (S-Pol) and the Colorado State University–University of Chicago–Illinois State Water Survey (CSU–CHILL) radars is presented. Radar reflectivity at horizontal polarization Zh, differential reflectivity ZDR, linear depolarization ratio LDR, specific differential phase KDP, cross-correlation coefficient |ρhv|, and two co-cross-polar correlation coefficients, ρxh and ρxv, have been measured and examined for two rain events: the 14 August 1998 case in Florida and the 8 August 1998 case in Colorado.
Examination of the coefficients ρxh and ρxv is the major focus of the study. It is shown that hydrometeors with different types of orientation can be better delineated if the coefficients ρxh and ρxv are used. Rough estimates of the raindrop mean canting angles and the rms width of the canting angle distribution are obtained from the co-cross-polar correlation coefficients in combination with other polarimetric variables.
Analysis of the two cases indicates that the raindrop net canting angles averaged over the propagation paths near the ground in typical convective cells do not exceed 2.5°. Nonetheless, the mean canting angles in individual radar resolution volumes in rain can be noticeably higher. Although the net canting angle for individual convective cells can deviate by a few degrees from zero, the average over a long propagation path along several cells is close to zero, likely because canting angles in different cells vary in sign.
The rms width of the canting angle distribution in rain is estimated to vary mainly between 5° and 15° with the median value slightly below 10°.
The Local Winter Storm Scale: A Measure of the Intrinsic Ability of Winter Storms to Disrupt Society
Authors: Cerruti Brian J. , Decker Steven G. 
Published: March 2011

A local winter storm scale (LWSS) is developed to categorize the disruption caused by winter storms using archived surface weather observations from a single location along the U.S. East Coast. Development of LWSS is motivated by the recognition that the observed societal impact from a given winter storm (called realized disruption here) arises from the convolution of two factors, the meteorological conditions that lead to disruption (i.e., intrinsic disruption) and society's susceptibility to winter weather. LWSS is designed to measure the first factor, intrinsic disruption. The scale uses maximum sustained winds, wind gusts, storm-total snowfall and icing accumulations, and minimum visibility to arrive at a categorical value between 0 and 5 inclusive. An alternate method is used to quantify the realized disruption that each storm produced and helps calibrate aspects of LWSS. All winter storms observed at Newark Liberty International Airport over the 15 cold seasons between 1995/96 and 2009/10 were categorized using LWSS. Focusing on one location reduces the variability in societal susceptibility, which allows the relationship between intrinsic disruption and realized disruption to be quantified.
Some important factors related to societal susceptibility were found to increase storms' realized disruption, including occurrence during a weekday, off-peak season, and less than two days subsequent to a previous storm. A closer examination of the 9–11 February 2010 winter storm demonstrates LWSS's ability to depict the spatial variability of the storm's intrinsic disruption. This information is used to infer variations in societal susceptibility between metropolitan areas and reveals the need for an instantaneous intrinsic disruption index to account for temporal variations in storm intensity.