bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response or responsibility? The future for charity direct communications
Authors: Abdy Meg 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOver the last decade, larger charities have adopted the techniques of direct marketing to considerable effect. However, the perceptions of direct marketing within the charity sector as a whole are not always positive. Fundraising activities are focused increasingly on those segments of the population that are most responsive and likely to commit to regular giving programmes. This has resulted in the concentration on one demographic segment, at the expense of the potential of others.
The fundraiser's software dilemma: Packaged or do‐it‐yourself?
Authors: Rodd John , Flory Peter , Nunn Chris 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIn May 1991 the IT Special Interest Croup of the ICFM met to debate the matter of packaged versus written‐to‐order software for fundraising. The speaker for packages advised: against reinventing the wheel when an 80 per cent degree of fit can be achieved from packages; taking advantage of the specialist supplies in the marketplace; the broad choice on offer and risk‐reduction afforded by a substantial user base; known and containable costs.The speaker against packages advised: start by deJning simple and basic fundraising database structures; recognise the need to create simple and understandable systems without the unnecessary complexity and sophistication that often characterise packages; see the value in having flexibility to make amendments and changes to the database as circumstances change.Both speakers emphasised the need for carefid planning whatever system solution was chosen.In summing up, the chairman outlined how large, medium‐sized and small charities took diyerent routes in acquiring their systems; highlighted the lack of low‐cost shareware in the UK, the general unwillingness of supplies to release obsolete versions of software at low prices, and the difjiculty of adapting cheap ‘sales force‐contact management’ systems efectively to firndraising.With software for fundraising and marketing there is a common dilemma that nonprofits have to confront — whether to write their own software or to buy a packaged system.
How to make sure your donors read your publications
Authors: Burnett Ken , Fowler Jackie 
Published: February 2011

AbstractVoluntary organisations pour large chunks of their usually slender resources into producing publications in the hope that these will carry their many promotional messages to a variety of audiences, particularly donors and other supporters. The authors feel that little is known about how donors view and use these publications and whether or not their senders get good value for money.This paper presents an outline of findings from research recently commissioned by the authors into how donors read and use the publications and other printed communications sent to them by charities they support. The conclusion is that many charities could take simple actions to improve their publications, and some suggestions are made. From the authors' experience they supply guidelines charities can follow if they wish to change the way donors perceive, read, enjoy, remember and respond to the publications they send. Also included is a checklist for basic strategic planning so that any charity can ensure that tomorrow's donors will receive communications based not just on what the charity wants to send, but also on what the intended audience wants to receive.
Campaigning and working with the media
Authors: Grender Olly 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFrom dangerous dogs to dangerous firearms, campaigns to change the law often thrive on media coverage. For in the never‐ending quest for ‘public awareness’ the media can be a useful ally. But, as we all know, the media can also be unreliable; that big launch costing thousands can so easily clash with Liam Gallagher and Patsy Kensit cancelling their wedding, however rigorous the planning.This paper provides one or two thoughts about the use of the media in campaigning. It will never overcome a celebrity scandal dominating the headlines, but what it will do is guarantee a certain level of coverage, thus enhancing the national media campaign.
How can regional, local and national fundraising work together more closely? A case study — The WaterAid Munro Challenge 1995
Authors: Duncan Fiona 
Published: February 2011

AbstractThe WaterAid Munro Challenge 1995 started life as a small, local, hill‐climbing event and after the event's potential was recognised WaterAid decided to execute the event nationally.This paper examines how the transition was managed, how the nine regional committees were co‐ordinated, and how some of the difficult issues were tackled from one office with one staff member.
A preparative method for isolation of fucoxanthin from Eisenia bicyclis by centrifugal partition chromatography
Authors: Kim Sang Min , Shang Ya Fang , Um Byung‐Hun 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIntroduction – Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell (Laminariaceae) is a common brown alga that inhabits around the coast of Korea, Japan and China. It contains fucoxanthin, a major carotenoid of brown algae which shows a variety of pharmaceutical functions.Objective – The aim of this investigation was the quantification and preparative isolation of fucoxanthin from fresh E. bicyclis using a new separation scheme, centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC).Methodology – The fucoxanthin fraction (Fuco fraction) was prepared by solvent partition method from the acetone extract of fresh E. bicyclis. Fuco fraction was used for CPC using a two‐phase solvent system of n‐hexane–ethyl acetate–ethanol–water (5:5:7:3, v/v/v/v). The flow rate of mobile phase was 2 mL/min with descending mode while rotating at 1000 rpm. The eluate was monitored at 410 nm. The content and structure of fucoxanthin in the CPC fraction were confirmed with HPLC, UV, APCI/MS and NMR spectra.Results – A preparative CPC yielded 20 mg of fucoxanthin (87% recovery from Fuco fraction) in a two‐step separation from 516 mg of Fuco fraction containing 4.59% fucoxanthin. The purity of the isolated fucoxanthin was about 81% in the first CPC step and over 98% in the second CPC step based on the calibration curve. The isolated fucoxanthin was identified as all‐trans‐fucoxanthin with APCI/MS (parent ion at m/z 641 [M + H − H2O]+) and 1H, 13C and 2‐D NMR spectra.Conclusion – High‐purity fucoxanthin was successfully isolated from fresh E. bicyclis, suggesting further potential applications in the industrial use of this valuable carotenoid. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytochemical fingerprinting to thwart black cohosh adulteration: a 15 Actaea species analysis
Authors: Jiang Bei , Ma Chunhui , Motley Timothy , Kronenberg Fredi , Kennelly Edward J. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIntroduction – The popular use of black cohosh products (Actaea racemosa L., syn. Cimicifuga racemosa L.) is growing as the demand for alternatives to estrogen therapy has increased. Critical to safe use is the assurance of unadulterated, high‐quality products. Questions have been raised about the safety of black cohosh due to cases of liver toxicity in patients who reported taking it; subsequent evaluation found some products to be adulterated with other related herbal species. Correct plant species identification is a key first step for good manufacturing practices of safe black cohosh products.Objectives – To develop analytical methods which distinguish black cohosh from other species (American and Asian) of Actaea increasingly found as adulterants in commercially available black cohosh products.Material and methods – Fifteen species of Actaea were collected from North America and Asia, and the phytochemical fingerprints of these samples were established using HPLC‐PDA and LC‐MS techniques.Results – The HPLC and LC‐MS fingerprints for polyphenols and triterpene glycosides revealed distinct patterns that make black cohosh clearly distinguishable from most other species of Actaea. Two marker compounds, cimifugin and cimiracemoside F, were found to be important to distinguish black cohosh from most Asian species of Actaea. Formononetin was not found from either Asian or American species of Actaea.Conclusions – Phytochemical fingerprinting is a practical, reliable method for authenticating black cohosh and distinguishing it from other species of Actaea increasingly found as adulterants in commercially available black cohosh products. This should facilitate the continued development of high‐quality, unadulterated black cohosh products. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validated high‐performance thin‐layer chromatographic method for the quantification of thymoquinone in Nigella Sativa extracts and formulations
Authors: Velho‐Pereira Reelma M. , Barhate Chandrashekhar R. , Kulkarni Savita R. , Jagtap Aarti G. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIntroduction – The surge of interest in naturally occurring phytochemicals with anticancer potential has led to the discovery of many molecules, one of them being thymoquinone (TQ) the bioactive constituent of the volatile oil of black seed, Nigella sativa L. (NS).Objective – The aim of the present work was to develop and validate an HPTLC method for determination of TQ in NS extracts, commercially available marketed oils, polyherbal formulations and in lipid‐based oral and parenteral formulations prepared in‐house.Methodology – Analysis of TQ was performed on TLC aluminium plates pre‐coated with silica gel 60F‐254. Linear ascending development was carried out in twin trough glass chamber, saturated with mobile phase consisting of toluene–cyclohexane (8 : 2, v/v) at ambient temperature. Camag TLC scanner III was used for the spectrodensitometric scanning and analysis in absorbance mode at 254 nm.Results – The method was found to give compact spots for TQ (Rf value of 0.28 ± 0.05) and was linear over the range 100–1400 ng/spot (r2 = 0.9921 ± 0.0020). Accuracy, precision and repeatability were all within the required limits. The mean recoveries measured at three concentrations were higher than 95% with RSD ≤ 3%.Conclusion – The HPTLC method developed was found to be relatively simple, rapid and accurate for the routine analysis of TQ in extracts, marketed oils, polyherbal and in‐house formulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of one D‐Leu residue on right‐handed helical ‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐ peptides in the crystal state
Authors: Demizu Yosuke , Doi Mitsunobu , Sato Yukiko , Tanaka Masakazu , Okuda Haruhiro , Kurihara Masaaki 
Published: February 2011

AbstractFour diastereomeric‐Leu‐Leu‐Aib‐Leu‐Leu‐Aib‐peptides, Boc‐D‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (1), Boc‐L‐Leu‐D‐Leu‐Aib‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (2), Boc‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐D‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (3), and Boc‐L‐Leu‐L‐Leu‐Aib‐L‐Leu‐D‐Leu‐Aib‐OMe (4), were synthesized. The crystals of the four hexapeptides were characterized by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Two diastereomeric hexapeptides 1 and 2 having D‐Leu(1) or D‐Leu(2) were folded into right‐handed (P) 310‐helical structures, while peptide 3 having D‐Leu(4) was folded into a turn structure nucleated by type III′ and I$' \bf{\beta}$‐turns, and peptide 4 having D‐Leu(5) was folded into a left‐handed (M) 310‐helical structure. Copyright © 2011 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of an innovative system for improving readability of passive UHF RFID tags attached to reusable plastic containers
Authors: Singh J. , Roy S. , Montero M. , Roesner B. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRadio frequency identification (RFID) is a contactless identification technology that has proven to work well in conjunction with reusable plastic containers (RPCs). The impact of this technology on returnable containers has been explored by several past studies. This study evaluates an innovative system for improving readability of passive UHF RFID tags in conjunction with RPCs. The system involves an energy transfer device (ETD), which when attached to the RPCs, passively transfers radio frequency signals to interior regions of a unitized load thereby improving the readability of all RFID tags attached to the RPCs. This study included an evaluation of the improvement in readability of tagged RPCs in a unitized load with forklift truck speed, product type and pallet pattern as the variables and with readability as the main control variable. It was observed that ETDs vastly improve the readability rates by nearly 97%. Results are also included in this paper describing the effects of the product type, pallet patterns and forklift truck speeds on the readability of tagged RPCs in a unitized load. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moisture content of polyethylene coated solid fibreboard after industrial lamination
Authors: Paunonen Sara , Lenes Marianne , Gregersen Øyvind 
Published: February 2011

AbstractSolid fibreboard is used mainly in highly demanding packaging applications. One solid fibreboard quality having six paper and paperboard layers, a thickness of 1.7 mm and polyethylene coating was studied. Several material tests on liquid water and water vapour penetration were done to assess the environmental moisture sources that change the material moisture content after the lamination process. The in‐plane diffusion coefficient of the combined board was determined based on an integrated unsteady state moisture transport equation and moisture sorption measurements. The transverse diffusion coefficient of the polyethylene coated kraft paper and the solid fibreboard medium were based on water vapour transmission rate measurements. The original moisture content of the solid fibreboard sheet was measured gravimetrically 2 days after the lamination at the mill. The results show that high relative humidity (RH) conditions during the transportation (4°C/90% RH) change the moisture content of the transportation box made from a solid fibreboard sheet very little in 8 days. Local moister (or drier) areas are created near the sheet edges due to in‐plane moisture transport through open material edges. The in‐plane diffusivity for the solid fibreboard grade in question was 5.87 × 10−10 m2/s. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attributes of packaging and influences on waste
Authors: Langley J. , Turner N. , Yoxall A. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractAn important area of focus for the reduction of domestic waste is packaging and food packaging specifically. At some point in the life of packaging in the consumers' home, the packaging goes through a transition from something of use, of value and of worth to the consumer to something that is no longer any of these. Being able to indentify attributes of packaging that might have an impact on this transitional point to change the use or value so that the packaging is re‐used, recycled or composted rather than being landfilled is very important in successfully diverting packaging waste from landfill.This research aimed to conduct a variety of tests to indentify attributes of packaging that have an influence on the eventual waste route and to determine what that influence was. The research included an extensive literature study looking at consumer test methods, current waste and packaging waste studies, and packaging design literature. This was followed by a series of four tests: ‘bin raids’, ‘digital diary’, ‘visual survey’ and ‘ethnography’. These tests were designed to determine how consumers would treat specific examples of packaging in an end‐of‐life scenario and what influences those decisions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical characterization of acceleration levels of random vibrations during transport
Authors: Otari S. , Odof S. , Nolot J. B. , Vasseur P. , Pellot J. , Krajka N. , Erre D. 
Published: February 2011

AbstractRandom vibration tests are an efficient way to simulate the mechanical vibratory effects caused by transportation. The usual method is only concerned with the frequency distribution pattern of the signal using the average power spectral density. This work offers an additional method based on detailed analysis of instantaneous acceleration levels of a real road transport, which enables modelling of the statistical distribution of these levels. Continuous recording of acceleration signal all along the journey permits confirmation that this statistical distribution is not a Gaussian distribution but a modified Gaussian distribution, for which parameters are estimated and discussed. Therefore, it is possible to evaluate the transport severity by working out the appearance probability of acceleration levels greater than a fixed threshold and also the statistical moments, i.e. second order moment which gives the root mean square value together with fourth order moment (kurtosis) which evaluates the difference between the experimental distribution and the Gaussian distribution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐tissue analysis of oxygen isotopes in wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Chenery Carolyn A. , Lamb Angela L. , O'Regan Hannah J. , Elton Sarah 
Published: February 2011

AbstractOxygen isotopes in animal tissues are directly related to body water composition and thus the environment. Accurate measurement of animal tissue δ18O provides information about local climate, an animal's geographical origin and subsequent movements, with wide applications in palaeobiology and forensic science. The genesis and evolution of tissue‐based oxygen isotopes within species and within individuals are complex. We present the first data, for non‐human primates, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), on the relationship between oxygen isotope sources in bio‐apatite (PO4 and PCO3) and hair taken from six sample sites in Asia, ranging from western India to northern Vietnam. The range of values is similar within each tissue type, with good correlation between tissues (r = 0.791 to 0.908), allowing cross‐tissue extrapolations. This is important when the availability of suitable tissues is limited. Biological interpretation of the small data set is difficult: macaque diets are eclectic, and the samples are from various locations. However, factors such as overall climate, precipitation quantity and source, and altitude are clearly influencing the results for each discrete geographical grouping. Future work could be aimed at assessing δ18O tissue associations for other species as the relationships appear to be species‐specific. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verbreiterung und Sanierung der Kennedybrücke in Bonn
Authors: Dieckmann Christof , Heiland Uwe , Thauern Bernd , Weyer Ulrich 
Published: February 2011

AbstractDie Kennedybrücke liegt im Zentrum der Stadt Bonn und überspannt den Rhein im Zuge der Bundesstraße B 56. Von Anfang 2007 bis Herbst 2010 wurde die Rheinbrücke von 18 m auf 26,80 m verbreitert und umfassend saniert. Hierzu erfolgte eine Erweiterung der Nietkonstruktion aus dem Jahr 1949 durch beidseitigen formgleichen Anbau von jeweils einem zusätzlichen geschweißten Brückenträger mit Stützweiten von 99,22 m – 195,86 m – 99,22 m. Die Bauhöhe beträgt 11,50 m über den beiden Strompfeilern und 3,40 m in der Hauptöffnung. Die vorhandene Fahrbahn aus Tonnenblechen und Aufbeton wurde durch Längsrippen und Querträger ausgesteift und durch Anbau einer orthotropen Platte verbreitert. Es erfolgte eine aufwändige Verstärkung der Altkonstruktion mit dem Ziel, die Anforderungen der gültigen Normen zu erfüllen. Die Kennedybrücke ist die einzige innerstädtische Rheinbrücke in Bonn, so dass der Stadtbahn‐ und Straßenverkehr während der Bauzeit aufrecht erhalten werden mussten.Widening and reconstruction of the Kennedy‐Bridge in Bonn, Germany. The Kennedy‐Bridge is situated in the centre of the city of Bonn and spans the river Rhine in the course of the federal road B 56. The Rhine‐Bridge has been made wider from 18 m to 26.80 m and has been completely reconstructed from the beginning of the year 2007 till autumn 2010. For this a broadening of the rivet‐construction of the year 1949 resulted in two identical extensions of an extra welded girder with a length of span of 99.22 m – 195.86 m – 99.22 m. The hight of the construction comes to 11.50 m over the two current piers and 3.40 m over the main opening. The existing roadway made of barrel‐metal sheets and topping slabs has been reinforced by longitudinal ribs and cross girders and widened by the extension of an orthotropical plate. The old construction has been stiffened by big expenses with the aim of fulfilling the demands of the current standardizations. The Kennedy‐Bridge is the only Rhine‐Bridge in the City of Bonn; therefore the traffic and the tramways have had to be maintained during the construction period.
Zwischen Genie und Utopie – Johann Wilhelm Schwedlers vergessener Alternativentwurf für die erste Kölner Rheinbrücke
Authors: Kierdorf Alexander 
Published: February 2011

AbstractIm Wettbewerb um den Bau der ersten Kölner Rheinbrücke erhielt der junge Berliner Ingenieur Johann Wilhelm Schwedler den Ersten Preis für einen Hängebrücken‐Entwurf, der auf einer Planung seines Bruders aufbaut und sich eng an die Vorgaben der Ausschreibung hielt. Da aber schnell klar wurde, dass die verlangte Hängebrücke mit Schifffahrtsöffnung den stetig wachsenden Anforderungen an eine Eisenbahnbrücke nicht genügen konnte, schuf Schwedler kurz darauf einen Alternativentwurf, bei dem er die Fahrbahn an abgestumpft linsenförmigen Trägern aufhing. Dieser Entwurf, der bisher unbekannt war und erst im Jahre 1900 publiziert wurde, steht in engstem Zusammenhang mit Schwedlers bahnbrechender, ebenfalls zunächst kaum wahrgenommenen Publikation der “Theorie der Brückenbalkensysteme” von 1851. In Köln entschied man sich 1853/54 für den Bau einer Gitterträgerbrücke nach dem Vorbild der Dirschauer Weichselbrücke. Als Schwedler Jahrzehnte später genau dort seinen letzten Großbau ausführen konnte, nahm er die Kölner Entwürfe auf; in statisch aktualisierter Form bildeten sie ein Dokument des Fortschritts im Brückenbau und ein gebautes Manifest zugunsten der theoretisch‐wissenschaftlich fundierten Ingenieurbaukunst, an deren Durchsetzung Schwedler maßgeblich beteiligt war.Of vision and genius – The forgotten alternative design by Johann Wilhelm Schwedler for the first Rhine Bridge at Cologne, Germany. The competition on the first Rhine crossing was won, with a suspension bridge construction, based on his brother's preparatory designs and closely following the rules, by young engineer Johann Wilhelm Schwedler from Berlin. But it soon became clear that the bridge, including an opening section, could not cope with the constantly rising demands of railway traffic, and Schwedler created an alternative design, consisting of lenticular trusses with a suspended track. This design, hidden for al long time and published only once in 1900, is closely linked with Schwedler's groundbreaking, but also first neglected publication on the “Theory of Bridge Truss Systems” in 1851. Some years later, a lattice truss bridge was built at Cologne, following the Weichsel bridge at Dirschau (1850–55). Decades later when Schwedler got the chance to build another large size bridge right there, he returned to the Cologne design of 1850. Structurally modernized, he made it a document to progress in bridge building and a manifesto for an Art of Engineering based on science and theory, the success of which was not to a small extent the work of Schwedler.