bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a single orally inhaled dose of PUR3100, a dry powder formulation of dihydroergotamine versus intravenous dihydroergotamine: A Phase 1 randomized, double‐blind study in healthy adults
Authors: Bodie Susan , Curran Aidan K. , Gonzalez‐Nelson Aaron C. , Perry Jason M. , Manning Debora C. , Wasilewski Margaret M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackgroundIntravenous dihydroergotamine (DHE) has well‐established efficacy for the acute treatment of migraine, but its use is limited by the need for in‐hospital administration and the nausea/vomiting associated with a high maximum plasma concentration (Cmax). Inhalation is an alternative to intravenous dosing. The surface area of the lung allows for rapid absorption of a self‐administered dose.ObjectiveThis study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and systemic pharmacokinetics (PK) of a dry powder formulation (PUR3100) DHE when delivered via inhalation compared to intravenous delivery.MethodsIn this double‐blind, double‐dummy Phase 1 study, healthy volunteers (N = 26) were randomized (1:1:1:1) to one of four groups: orally inhaled placebo plus intravenous DHE 1.0 mg or orally inhaled PUR3100 (0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg) plus intravenous placebo. Blood samples were drawn pre‐dose and at time points post‐dose over 48 h. Standard PK and safety parameters were assessed and values for Cmax and area under plasma concentration time curve (AUC) were used to assess comparative exposures of PUR3100 versus intravenous DHE.ResultsAll doses of PUR3100 were associated with a lower incidence of nausea (21% vs. 86%), vomiting (0% vs. 29%), and headache (16% vs. 57%) compared to intravenous DHE. The PK profile of PUR3100 versus intravenous DHE was characterized by a similar mean time to Cmax (5 vs. 5.5 min), with reduced AUC0–2h (1120–4320 vs. 6340), and a lower Cmax (3620–14,400 vs. 45,000). Compared to intravenous DHE 1.0 mg, the highest nominal PUR3100 dose (1.5 mg), which delivers a fine‐particle dose of approximately 0.9 mg to the lungs, had a geometric mean ratio percentage (90% confidence interval [CI]) for Cmax of 32% [17.2, 59.6] and AUC0–inf of 93% (62.9, 138.5), the latter of which was not significantly different.ConclusionsInhaled PUR3100 is associated with rapid systemic PK within the therapeutic window and an improved safety profile relative to intravenous DHE.
Microfluidics‐based EGFR mutation detection and its implication in the resource‐limited clinical setting
Authors: Joshi Pradnya , Gogte Prachi , Pai Trupti , Gurav Mamta , Dhanawade Dipika , Karnik Nupur , Deshpande Gauri , Kaushal Rajiv , Shetty Omshree 
Published: May 2024

AbstractManagement of lung cancer today obligates a mutational analysis of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene particularly when Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) therapy is being considered as part of prognostic stratification. This study evaluates the performance of automated microfluidics‐based EGFR mutation detection and its significance in clinical diagnostic settings. Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) samples from NSCLC patients (n = 174) were included in a two‐phase study. Phase I: Validation of the platform by comparing the results with conventional real‐time PCR and next‐generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Phase II: EGFR mutation detection on microfluidics‐based platform as part of routine diagnostics workup. The microfluidics‐based platform demonstrates 96.5% and 89.2% concordance with conventional real‐time PCR and NGS, respectively. The system efficiently detects mutations across the EGFR gene with 88.23% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Out of 144 samples analysed in phase II, the platform generated valid results in 94% with mutation detected in 41% of samples. This microfluidics‐based platform can detect as low as 5% mutant allele fractions from the FFPE samples. Therefore the microfluidics‐based platform is a rapid, complete walkaway, with minimum tissue requirement (two sections of 5 μ thickness) and technical skill requirement. The method can detect clinically actionable EGFR mutations efficiently and can be considered a reliable diagnostic platform in resource‐limited settings. From receiving samples to reporting the results this platform provides accurate data without much manual intervention. The study helped to devise an algorithm that emphasizes effective screening of the NSCLC cases for EGFR mutations with varying tumour content. Thus it helps in triaging the cases judiciously before proceeding with multigene testing.
Probiotics: are they beneficial?
Authors: Fehily Sasha R. , Basnayake Chamara , Wright Emily K. , Yao C. K. , Godsell Jack , Gibson Peter R. , Kamm Michael A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThere are wide‐ranging probiotic choices in Australasia. We reviewed the efficacy of probiotics for the management of gastrointestinal (GI) conditions in adults and assessed relevance to clinical practice. The benefits of probiotics were inconsistent, with a strong consensus reached for only a few of the indications. As different species/strains and combinations differ in efficacy, results cannot be extrapolated from one to another. This review endorses specific probiotics for limited indications. Efficacy of most marketed probiotic formulations remains unstudied and unproven, warranting further research.
Fat‐associated lymphoid clusters: Supporting visceral adipose tissue B cell function in immunity and metabolism
Authors: Daley Alexander D. , Bénézech Cécile 
Published: May 2024

SummaryIt is now widely understood that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a highly active and dynamic organ, with many functions beyond lipid accumulation and storage. In this review, we discuss the immunological role of this tissue, underpinned by the presence of fat‐associated lymphoid clusters (FALCs). FALC's distinctive structure and stromal cell composition support a very different immune cell mix to that found in classical secondary lymphoid organs, which underlies their unique functions of filtration, surveillance, innate‐like immune responses, and adaptive immunity within the serous cavities. FALCs are important B cell hubs providing B1 cell‐mediated frontline protection against infection and supporting B2 cell‐adaptative immune responses. Beyond these beneficial immune responses orchestrated by FALCs, immune cells within VAT play important homeostatic role. Dysregulation of immune cells during obesity and aging leads to chronic pathological “metabolic inflammation”, which contributes to the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Here, we examine the emerging and complex functions of B cells in VAT homeostasis and the metabolic complications of obesity, highlighting the potential role that FALCs play and emphasize the areas where further research is needed.
Thermal and electrical properties of single‐phase high entropy carbide ceramics
Authors: Brune Paul M. , Hilmas Gregory E. , Fahrenholtz William G. , Watts Jeremy L. , Curtarolo Stefano 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThermal and electrical properties were investigated for five nominally phase‐pure high entropy carbide ceramics. The compositions (Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C, (Cr0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C, (Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C, (Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2W0.2Zr0.2)C, and (Hf0.2Mo0.2Ti0.2W0.2Zr0.2)C were synthesized by carbothermal reduction of oxides. The thermal diffusivity and heat capacity were measured from room temperature to 1800°C. The room temperature thermal conductivity ranged from 5.1 W/mK for (Hf0.2Mo0.2Ti0.2W0.2Zr0.2)C to 9.0 W/mK for (Cr0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C. The thermal conductivity increased over the temperature range with maximum conductivities of 19.6 W/mK measured for (Hf0.2Mo0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C to 29.7 W/mK for (Cr0.2Hf0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Zr0.2)C at 1800°C. The electron contribution to thermal conductivity calculated from measured electrical resistivity varied from 41% to 52% of the total thermal conductivity. The tungsten and molybdenum containing compositions had higher phonon contributions while the niobium and chromium containing compositions had nearly equal electron and phonon contributions to thermal conductivity.
Life course predictors of child emotional distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Findings from a prospective intergenerational cohort study
Authors: Letcher Primrose , Greenwood Christopher J. , Macdonald Jacqui A. , Ryan Joanne , O'Connor Meredith , Thomson Kimberly C. , Biden Ebony J. , Painter Felicity , Olsson Catherine M. , Edwards Ben , McIntosh Jennifer , Spry Elizabeth A. , Hutchinson Delyse , Cleary Joyce , Slade Tim , Olsson Craig A. 
Published: May 2024

BackgroundWe examine precursors of child emotional distress during the COVID‐19 pandemic in a prospective intergenerational Australian cohort study.MethodsParents (N = 549, 60% mothers) of 934 1–9‐year‐old children completed a COVID‐19 specific module in 2020 and/or 2021. Decades prior, a broad range of individual, relational and contextual factors were assessed during parents' own childhood, adolescence and young adulthood (7–8 to 27–28 years old; 1990–2010) and again when their children were 1 year old (2012–2019).ResultsAfter controlling for pre‐pandemic socio‐emotional behaviour problems, COVID‐19 child emotional distress was associated with a range of pre‐pandemic parental life course factors including internalising difficulties, lower conscientiousness, social skills problems, poorer relational health and lower trust and tolerance. Additionally, in the postpartum period, pre‐pandemic parental internalising difficulties, lower parental warmth, lower cooperation and fewer behavioural competencies predicted child COVID‐19 emotional distress.ConclusionsFindings highlight the importance of taking a larger, intergenerational perspective to better equip young populations for future adversities. This involves not only investing in child, adolescent, and young adult emotional and relational health, but also in parents raising young families.
Contextualizing school discipline: Examining the role of general peer and teacher discrimination at the individual‐ andschool‐levelon individual suspension
Authors: Trovato Daniel , Zimmerman Gregory M. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractPast research has linked peer and teacher discrimination to risk factors for school discipline, but few studies have examined whether peer and teacher discrimination have a direct impact on school discipline. This study examines the effects of general peer and teacher discrimination at the individual‐ and school‐level on school suspension using nationally representative, secondary data on almost 12,000 youth across 131 schools. Hierarchical logistic regression models indicated that general teacher discrimination at the individual‐ and school‐level—but not general peer discrimination—increased the odds of receiving school suspension. Findings suggest that general discrimination by direct learning instructors and teachers representing the broader school culture can shape student conduct. Reducing school discipline thus falls on teachers, staff, principals, and learners.
Association between food insecurity and edentulism for older adults: A pilot study
Authors: Li Sophie R. , Lee Jane J. , Mancl Lloyd A. , Chi Donald L. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObjectivesThis pilot study examined the association between food insecurity and edentulism among older adults in Washington State.MethodsThis study focused on adults aged 50 years and older, who were recruited through seven community‐based organizations in Washington State. The exposure variable was food security level (high, marginal, and low/very low food security) assessed using the 10‐item U.S. Adult Food Security Survey. The outcome was edentulism, defined as having zero natural teeth. Confounder‐adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were generated using binary logistic regression models (α = 0.05).ResultsOf the 216 participants, 28.7% (n = 62) had low/very low food security and 7.9% (n = 17) had zero teeth. Older adults with low or very low food security had greater odds of being edentulous compared to those with marginal or high food security, although the difference was not statistically significant (OR: 1.39; 95% CI: 0.46, 4.20; p = 0.56).ConclusionsFuture research should explore food insecurity‐focused interventions aimed at preventing edentulism in older adults in a broader effort to address oral health inequities.
The economic argument for hepatitis B treatment simplification and expansion
Authors: Razavi‐Shearer Devin 
Published: May 2024

AbstractOne component of decisions regarding hepatitis B virus (HBV) treatment simplification and expansion is the economic perspective. Literature was reviewed for studies which provide estimates for the economic impact of simplifying and expanding treatment eligibility. Eight published studies and four unpublished studies were included and all but one subset of one study found that expanding treatment criteria would result in programs that would be at minimum cost‐effective and most often highly cost‐effective.
Locus of control and performance pay: Evidence from US survey data
Authors: Adams Benjamin C. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThis work examines the influence of locus of control on sorting into performance pay jobs. It uniquely examines different types of performance pay schemes, demonstrating sharp differences between them. Bivariate probit estimates indicate workers with an internal locus of control sort into individual schemes but not joint schemes. Wage equations reveal that adding locus of control modestly reduces the return to individual performance pay but that in more complete specifications, the return to an internal locus of control becomes vanishingly small, which suggests that its primary importance is in sorting (not only into performance pay but into education and occupation).
Crosstalk in extrahepatic and hepatic system in NAFLD/NASH
Authors: Duan Yiliang , Yang Yan , Zhao Shuqiang , Bai Yuesong , Yao Wenbing , Gao Xiangdong , Yin Jun 
Published: May 2024

AbstractNon‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has emerged as the most prevalent chronic liver disease globally. Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) represents an extremely progressive form of NAFLD, which, without timely intervention, may progress to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Presently, a definitive comprehension of the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH eludes us, and pharmacological interventions targeting NASH specifically remain constrained. The aetiology of NAFLD encompasses a myriad of external factors including environmental influences, dietary habits and gender disparities. More significantly, inter‐organ and cellular interactions within the human body play a role in the development or regression of the disease. In this review, we categorize the influences affecting NAFLD both intra‐ and extrahepatically, elaborating meticulously on the mechanisms governing the onset and progression of NAFLD/NASH. This exploration delves into progress in aetiology and promising therapeutic targets. As a metabolic disorder, the development of NAFLD involves complexities related to nutrient metabolism, liver‐gut axis interactions and insulin resistance, among other regulatory functions of extraneous organs. It further encompasses intra‐hepatic interactions among hepatic cells, Kupffer cells (KCs) and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). A comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH from a macroscopic standpoint is instrumental in the formulation of future therapies for NASH.
The Practice of Friendship Balancing: Russia‐Israel Relations, 2015 to 2021
Authors: Kertcher Chen , Course Dima 
Published: May 2024

AbstractSince the Gaza war erupted in October 2023, Israel's reactions have been met with criticism from a key friend: Russia. However, Moscow's public condemnation of the humanitarian crisis has not changed its material or normative policies toward Israel in other respects. This article analyzes Russia‐Israel relations, especially concerning the Syrian conflict between 2015 and 2021. It demonstrates how the two states developed norms and structural practices—including regular meetings of elites, public statements, and other mechanisms—to mitigate disputes. These strategies created and sustained a friendship balance that prevented rivalry and escalation between the two. This process has helped them maintain their relationship during the recent spike of violence despite increasing strains.
A lightweight feature attention fusion network for pavement crack segmentation
Authors: Huang Yucheng , Liu Yuchen , Liu Fang , Liu Wei 
Published: May 2024

AbstractThe occurrence of pavement cracks poses a significant potential threat to road safety, thus the rapid and accurate acquisition of pavement crack information is of paramount importance. Deep learning methods have the capability to offer precise and automated crack detection solutions based on crack images. However, the slow detection speed and huge model size in high‐accuracy models are still the main challenges required to be addressed. Therefore, this research presents a lightweight feature attention fusion network for pavement crack segmentation. This structure employs FasterNet as the backbone network, ensuring performance while reducing model inference time and memory overhead. Additionally, the receptive field block is incorporated to simulate human visual perception, enhancing the network's feature extraction capability. Ultimately, our approach employs the feature fusion module (FFM) to effectively combine decoder outputs with encoder's low‐level features using weight vectors. Experimental results on public crack datasets, namely, CFD, CRACK500, and DeepCrack, demonstrate that compared to other semantic segmentation algorithms, the proposed method achieves both accurate and comprehensive pavement crack extraction while ensuring speed.
Empowering African‐American museums: The vital role of black museum anthropologists in grantmaking
Authors: Walker Leslie P. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMany African American museums face financial constraints and need resources to preserve their collections, create exhibits, and offer educational programs. Grant funding is crucial for the sustainability of these museums. Black anthropologists are essential in grant writing because they provide their extensive knowledge of African American history and culture to help museums develop compelling narratives that resonate with grant funders. Additionally, Black anthropologists are needed as reviewers of grant proposals. By leveraging their unique insights from professional training and personal experiences, Black anthropologists can champion the cause of these museums in the grant‐making process. Their expertise allows them to assess proposals from a culturally sensitive perspective, considering the unique needs, goals, and challenges African American museums face. This essay highlights the significant contributions of Black anthropologists who have advocated for and strengthened grant applications from African American museums, ensuring that they align with the mission and vision of the grant‐making institutions. By helping African American museums secure grant support, Black anthropologists also convey the significance and value of other African American museums.
Transplanted MSCs promote alveolar bone repair via hypoxia‐induced extracellular vesicle secretion
Authors: Liu Yitong , Zhang Zhiqing , Ma Chenlin , Song Juan , Hu Jia , Liu Yi 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObjectMesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is a potential strategy for promoting alveolar bone regeneration. This study evaluated the effects and mechanisms of transplanted MSCs on alveolar bone repair.MethodsMouse alveolar bone defect model was treated using mouse bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) transplantation. The bone repair was evaluated by micro‐CT and Masson staining. The conditioned medium of hypoxia‐treated BMSCs was co‐cultured with normal BMSCs in vitro to detect the regulatory effect of transplanted MSCs on the chemotactic and migratory functions of host cells. The mechanisms were investigated using Becn siRNA transfection and western blotting.ResultsBMSC transplantation promoted bone defect regeneration. The hypoxic microenvironment induces BMSCs to release multiple extracellular vesicle (EV)‐mediated regulatory proteins that promote the migration of host stem cells. Protein array analysis, western blotting, GFP‐LC3 detection, and Becn siRNA transfection confirmed that autophagy activation in BMSCs plays a key role during this process.ConclusionThe local hypoxic microenvironment induces transplanted MSCs to secrete a large number of EV‐mediated regulatory proteins, thereby upregulating the migration function of the host stem cells and promoting alveolar bone defect regeneration. This process depends on the autophagy‐related mechanism of the transplanted MSCs.
Effect of oral intake initiation‐establishment interval on hospital stay after oral cancer surgery
Authors: Yamaguchi Kohei , Okumura Takuma , Oikawa Yu , Nakagawa Kazuharu , Yoshimi Kanako , Harada Hiroyuki , Tohara Haruka 
Published: May 2024

AbstractObjectivesTo clarify the effect of the period between initiation of oral intake (IOI) and establishment of oral intake (EOI) on length of hospital stay.MethodsThis retrospective study included postoperative oral cancer patients. The number of days from surgery to IOI and EOI and between IOI and EOI were recorded. We performed intergroup comparisons and Cox regression analysis using the number of days until discharge, representing hospital stay length as the dependent variable.ResultsThe median number of days between IOI and EOI was 3 days for eligible patients and 4.5 and 1.5 for older and younger patients, respectively. The median number of days from surgery to IOI was 15 days. There was a significant correlation between the period between IOI and EOI and the length of hospital stay (r = 0.40, p < 0.01). The period between IOI and EOI was a significant independent variable for the length of hospital stay (HR [95% confidence interval] = 0.45 [0.28–0.72]).ConclusionsShortening the IOI to EOI intervals was identified as an independently associated factor for shortening hospital stay, even in older postoperative patients with dysphagia who struggled with early oral intake initiation. Professional, step‐by‐step dysphagia rehabilitation tailored to the patient's condition yields beneficial outcomes.
Do red and yellow autumn leaves make use of different photoprotective strategies during autumn senescence?
Authors: Verhoeven Amy , Southwick Charles , Miller Emma , Blood Morgan , Thibodeau Andre 
Published: May 2024

AbstractOur goal was to determine whether anthocyanin‐producing species (red) use different photoprotective strategies to cope with excess light during fall senescence compared with non‐anthocyanin‐producing species (yellow). In a previous study, we found that a yellow species retained the photoprotective PsbS protein in late autumn, while a red species did not. Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that red species make less use of zeaxanthin and PsbS‐mediated thermal dissipation, as they rely on anthocyanins for photoprotection. We monitored four red (Acer ginnala, Rhus typhnia, Parenthocissus quinquefolia, Viburnum dentatum) and four yellow species (Acer negundo, Ostrya virginiana, Vitis riparia, Zanthoxylum americanum) throughout autumn senescence and analyzed pigments, protein content, and chlorophyll fluorescence. We found yellow species retained the PsbS protein at higher levels, and had higher dark retention of zeaxanthin in late autumn relative to red species. All species retained lutein and the pool of xanthophyll cycle pigments in higher amounts than other carotenoids in late autumn. Our data support the hypothesis that red species use anthocyanins as a photoprotective strategy during autumn senescence, and therefore make less use of PsbS and zeaxanthin‐mediated thermal dissipation. We also found species‐specific variation in the particular combination of photoprotective strategies used.