bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbazole and Hydroxy Groups-tagged Poly(aspartic acid) Scale Inhibitor for Cooling Water Systems
Authors: Gao Li-Jun , Feng Jiu-Ying , Jin Bei , Zhang Qiu-Na , Liu Tian-Qin , Lun Yang-Qing , Wu Zhao-Jun 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
In order to conveniently monitor the concentration of poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) used as a green scale inhibitor in cooling water systems, and to improve calcium phosphate inhibition, carbazole and hydroxy groups-tagged PASP (CHGTPASP) was synthesized by ring-opening reaction of N-(2,3-epoxylpropyl)carbazole (EPC) with partially ethanolamine-modified polysuccinimide (PEAMPSI) followed by alkaline hydrolysis. CHGTPASP has good Ca3(PO4)2 and CaCO3 inhibition and its fluorescence intensity (Fi) is good linear to concentration. These multifunctional properties are of importance in industrial water processing economically and environmentally.
Reproducibility of Fluorescein and Indocyanine Green Angiographic Assessment for RAP Diagnosis: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Parravano Mariacristina , Pilotto Elisabetta , Musicco Ilenia , Varano Monica , Introini Ugo , Staurenghi Giovanni , Menchini Ugo , Virgili Gianni 
Published: November 2011

Purpose To explore the interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) using fluorescein (FA) and indocyanine green angiographies (ICGA) and to detect which morphologic features of the neovascular lesion are associated with RAP diagnosis. Methods In this cross-sectional study, consecutive patients with newly diagnosed neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) evaluated in 8 retina centers were considered. The FA and ICGA were obtained in all centers according to a standard protocol, both performed either as a static or as a dynamic examination. All images were graded by 2 observers from different institutions. Results A total of 201 eyes with neovascular AMD of 155 consecutive patients (mean age 76±8 years) were considered. Overall RAP prevalence was 30% using FA and 26% using ICGA. Patients studied with dynamic angiography were twice as likely to be diagnosed with RAP as those using static angiography. Interobserver agreement for the overall detection of RAP was high using FA (kappa: 0.868; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.793-0.944) and very high using ICGA (kappa: 0.905; 95% CI 0.836-0.974). The agreement between the 2 observers tended to be higher for the truncated vessel than for the anastomosis in FA as well as in ICGA, but no comparison yielded statistical significance (p=0.258 and p=0.584, respectively). Conclusions The interobserver agreement for RAP detection was very good both using FA and ICGA, but the overall detection of RAP was higher for dynamic strategy compared with static one.
DNA‐Templated Assembly of Naphthalenediimide Arrays
Authors: Nakamura Mitsunobu , Okaue Tsukasa , Takada Tadao , Yamana Kazushige 
Published: November 2011

Abstractπ‐Stacked naphthalenediimide (NDI) arrays are of interest as charge‐transport materials. We have designed and synthesized an NDI derivative with two ZnII–cyclens that act as receptors for the thymine base in DNA. UV/Vis and CD spectroscopy, gel filtration, and molecular‐modeling studies have shown that the bis(ZnII–cyclen)–NDI can be assembled in the presence of oligo‐dT to form π‐stacked NDI arrays. The assembly of the NDI arrays was found to be dependent on the length of the oligo‐dT and the temperature. The NDI–oligo‐dT assembly on a gold substrate exhibits photocurrent responses due to electron transfer through the π‐stacked array.
Segregation of visual inputs from different regions of the compound eye in two parallel pathways through the anterior optic tubercle of the bumblebee (Bombus ignitus)
Authors: Pfeiffer Keram , Kinoshita Michiyo 
Published: November 2011

AbstractVisually guided behaviors require the brain to extract features of the visual world and to integrate them in a context‐specific manner. Hymenopteran insects have been prime models for ethological research into visual behaviors for decades but knowledge about the underlying central processing is very limited. This is particularly the case for sky‐compass navigation. To learn more about central processing of visual information in general and specifically to reveal a possible polarization vision pathway in the bee brain, we used tracer injections to investigate the pathways through the anterior optic tubercle, a prominent output target of the insect optic lobe, in the bumblebee Bombus ignitus. The anterior optic tubercle of the bumblebee is a small neuropil of 200 μm width and is located dorsolateral to the antennal lobe at the anterior surface of the brain. It is divided into a larger upper and a smaller lower subunit, both of which receive input from the optic lobe and connect to the lateral accessory lobe, and the contralateral tubercle, via two parallel pathways. The lower subunit receives input from the dorsal rim area (DRA) of the compound eye. The bumblebee DRA shares structural similarities with polarization‐sensitive DRAs of other insects and looks similar to that of honeybees. We identified several neurons within this pathway that could be homologous to identified polarization‐sensitive neurons in the locust brain. We therefore conclude that the pathway through the lower subunit of the anterior optic tubercle could carry polarization information from the periphery to the central brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:212–229, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Basic Predator‐Prey Type Model for Low Frequency Discharge Oscilations in Hall Thrusters
Authors: Wang Ch. , Wei L. , Yu D. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe mechanism of low frequency oscillations in Hall thrusters is usually explained using the predator‐prey type model, but the reasonable boundary conditions for the model have not been given. Analyses on thrusters' model equations show that besides the processes of neutral replenishment and ionization avalanche, the effects of dynamic electric field are also necessary for low frequency oscillations. The dynamic electric field reflects the interaction of ionization zone with acceleration zone, and is embodied in boundary conditions of the predator‐prey type model. Furthermore, a basic predator‐prey type model with reasonable boundary conditions and complete physical mechanism is proposed. And the effects of electric field on low frequency oscillations are verified by experiment (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
In vitro and in vivo testing of a novel, hyperelastic thin film nitinol flow diversion stent
Authors: Kealey C. P. , Chun Y. J. , Viñuela F. E. , Mohanchandra K. P. , Carman G. P. , Viñuela F. , Levi D. S. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA flexible, low profile, flow diversion stent could replace endovascular coiling for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. Micropatterned‐thin film nitinol (TFN) is a novel biomaterial with high potential for use in next‐generation endovascular devices. Recent advancements in micropatterning have allowed for fabrication of a hyperelastic thin film nitinol (HE‐TFN). In this study, the authors describe in vitro and in vivo testing of novel HE‐TFN based flow diverting stents. Two types of HE‐TFN with expanded pores having long axes of 300 and 500 μm were used to fabricate devices. In vitro examination of the early thrombotic response in whole blood showed a possible mechanism for the device's function, whereby HE‐TFN serves as a scaffold for blood product deposition. In vivo testing in swine demonstrated rapid occlusion of model wide‐neck aneurysms. Average time to occlusion for the 300‐μm device was 10.4 ± 5.5 min. (N = 5) and 68 ± 30 min for the 500‐μm device (N = 5). All aneurysms treated with bare metal control stents remained patent after 240 min (N = 3). SEM of acutely harvested devices supported in vitro results, demonstrating that HE‐TFN serves as a scaffold for blood product deposition, potentially enhancing its flow‐diverting effect. Histopathology of devices after 42 days in vivo demonstrated a healthy neointima and endothelialization of the aneurysm neck region. HE‐TFN flow‐diverting stents warrant further investigation as a novel treatment for intracranial aneurysms. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2012.
Reactivity of 2‐aryl‐1,3‐dithiane anions towards neopentyl, neophyl and phenyl iodides. New evidence for an SRN1 mechanism
Authors: Oksdath‐Mansilla Gabriela , Peñéñory Alicia B. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe reactions of 2‐(4‐Z‐phenyl)‐1,3‐dithiane anions (Z = H, OMe, Cl, CN) with neopentyl, neophyl and phenyl iodides were studied in DMSO, taking into consideration the effect of the Z substituent on the dithiane anions reactivity as well as on the product distribution. These substitution reactions proceed by an SRN1 mechanism with radicals and radical anions as intermediates. Two competitive pathways are possible for the radical anion of the substitution product, namely electron transfer (ET) to the substrate giving the substitution product and C–S bond fragmentation to yield a distonic radical anion. ET is the main pathway for the reactions between dithiane anions bearing electron‐donor substituents and neopentyl or its analogue iodides affording the substitution products in moderate yields (41–53%). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis of cystocele type by clinical examination and pelvic floor ultrasound
Authors: Chantarasorn V. , Dietz H. P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractObjectivesTo use the International Continence Society pelvic organ prolapse quantification (ICS POP‐Q) examination to distinguish between two types of cystocele and compare findings with pelvic floor ultrasound results.MethodsWe enrolled 94 patients who underwent a structured interview, physical examination using the ICS POP‐Q, four‐dimensional pelvic‐floor ultrasound examination and multichannel urodynamic testing. Cystourethrocele (Green type II) and isolated cystocele (Green type III) were differentiated by the presence of an anterior vaginal wall groove on POP‐Q examination and by measurement of the retrovesical angle on pelvic floor ultrasound. Clinical examination was performed by two observers, blinded to each other's results, and an ultrasound examination was subsequently performed by the first observer.ResultsThe agreement between two observers for the clinical diagnosis of cystocele types was moderate (κ = 0.561 and 0.544, P < 0.0001). Clinical diagnosis showed moderate to good agreement with ultrasound findings for both observers (κ between 0.318 and 0.794, P ⩽ 0.001).ConclusionRadiological cystocele type (Green classification) can be distinguished both clinically and on ultrasound, and agreement between methods as well as interobserver agreement for the clinical diagnosis is moderate to good. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The medial frontal cortex and the subjective control of behaviour
Authors: Seitz R.J. 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The role of the cortex at the medial aspect of the frontal lobe for the subjective control of behaviour has been elaborated in re­cent years. As apparent from meta-analy­ses of functional imaging studies, the medial frontal cortex accommodates critical nodes in a caudo-rostral gradient that are involved in the evaluation of sensorimotor, empathic and abstract information. Brain electrical activity was found to be changed in the medial frontal cortex as early as 120 ms after stimu­lus presentation in relation to the modulation of perception. These functions become estab­lished during adolescence, mediating subjective perspective in a social context. They are most likely brought about by dedicated neurons of the mirror neuron system, but sub­cortical connections suggest a relationship to the reward system. While lesions of the medial frontal cortex such as brain infarction and brain tumours are rare, impairments of me­dial frontal cortex functions occur quite frequently in neurological, psychiatric and psy­chosomatic disorders. Essentially, the medial frontal cortex is closely connected to the concept of personality, opening up an approach for an interdisciplinary scientific discourse.
Benchmarking the SPARC software program for estimating solubilities of naphthalene and anthracene in organic solvents
Authors: Rayne Sierra , Forest Kaya 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe SPARC software program was benchmarked for calculating the solubilities of two representative polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), naphthalene and anthracene, in a range of organic solvents at various temperatures. Although SPARC was able to reasonably approximate the solubilities of naphthalene in some organic solvents, gross errors were obtained for other solvents. For anthracene, poor prediction performance was observed in all solvents considered. Overall, the results suggest that SPARC is currently not suitable for accurately predicting the solubilities of representative PAHs relevant for the petroleum sector in various organic solvents.
21 Tesla Rat Heart Magnetic Resonance Microimaging by Paramagnetic Anti-Troponin Bound Polyethylene Based Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles and Image Processing
Authors: Sharma Rakesh 
Published: November 2011

Abstract21T MR microimaging with the first use of troponin nanoparticles enhances the visualization of cardiac muscle fibers and offers technical advancement for the future. Diffusion weighting offers fiber tracking and functional analysis. Image processing offers heart probabilistic atlas and maps.http://www.ismrm.org/10/program/ELECTRONICPOSTERS.htm
Tinnitus and Its Effect on Working Memory and Attention
Authors: Rossiter Susan , Stevens Catherine , Walker Gary 
Published: November 2011

Purpose
In 2 experiments, the assumption that continual orienting to tinnitus uses cognitive resources was investigated. It was hypothesized that differences in performance of tinnitus and control groups would manifest during demanding or unfamiliar tasks that required strategic, controlled processing and that reduced performance was not related solely to levels of anxiety.

Method
Nineteen participants with chronic, moderate tinnitus—matched with a control group for age, education, and verbal IQ—completed auditory verbal working-memory and visual divided-attention tasks, with task order counterbalanced across participants.

Results
As hypothesized, reading span of the tinnitus group was significantly shorter than that of the control group (Task 1). In Task 2, the tinnitus group recorded slower reaction times and poorer accuracy in the most demanding dual task context. Covariate analyses revealed that differences in task performance were not attributable to anxiety scale scores.

Conclusions
Complaints of the distracting effects of tinnitus have a basis in performance test outcomes. Future research should investigate effects of severe tinnitus and possible effects of hearing loss. At the level of theory development, results from this study suggest that tinnitus affects cognition to the extent that it reduces cognitive capacity needed to perform tasks that require voluntary, conscious, effortful, and strategic control.
Dopaminergic enhancement of local food‐seeking is under global homeostatic control
Authors: Beeler Jeff A. , Frazier Cristianne R. M. , Zhuang Xiaoxi 
Published: November 2011

AbstractRecent work has implicated dopaminergic mechanisms in overeating and obesity with some researchers suggesting parallels between the dopamine dysregulation associated with addiction and an analogous dysregulation in obesity. The precise role of dopamine in mediating reward and reinforcement, however, remains controversial. In contrast to drugs of abuse, pursuit of a natural reward, such as food, is regulated by homeostatic processes that putatively maintain a stable energy balance keeping unrestrained consumption and reward pursuit in check. Understanding how the reward system is constrained by or escapes homeostatic regulation is a critical question. The widespread use of food restriction to motivate animal subjects in behavior paradigms precludes investigation of this relationship as the homeostatic system is locked into deficit mode. In the present study, we examined the role of dopamine in modulating adaptive feeding behavior in semi‐naturalistic homecage paradigms where mice earn all of their food from lever pressing. We compared consumption and meal patterning between hyperdopaminergic dopamine transporter knock‐down and wild‐type mice in two paradigms that introduce escalating costs for procuring food. We found that hyperdopaminergic mice exhibited similar demand elasticity, weight loss and energy balance in response to cost. However, the dopamine transporter knock‐down mice showed clear differences in meal patterning. Consistent with expectations of enhanced motivation, elevated dopamine increased the meal size and reduced intrameal cost sensitivity. Nonetheless, this did not alter the overall energy balance. We conclude that elevated dopamine enhances the incentive or willingness to work locally within meals without shifting the energy balance, enhancing global food‐seeking or generating an energy surplus.
Effects of earnings management on bank cost of debt
Authors: Shen Chung‐Hua , Huang Yu‐Li 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study investigates how earnings management influences credit ratings, and thus the cost of debt, using bank data from 85 countries. Using cross‐country data also facilitates the investigation of how information asymmetry affects the influence of earnings management on ratings. The results indicate that raters downgrade ratings when they perceive earnings management, after controlling for other potential determinants of bank credit ratings, implying that earnings management increases borrowing costs. The negative effect of earnings management is mitigated for banks in countries with more extensive and effective banking regulations owing to lower information asymmetry, but aggravated in counties with less robust banking regulations.
Does change in IUCN status affect demand for African bovid trophies?
Authors: Prescott G. W. , Johnson P. J. , Loveridge A. J. , Macdonald D. W. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThere may be conditions under which trophy hunting can contribute to the conservation of wildlife, but there are cases where its sustainability has been questioned. Several studies have shown that humans place value on rarity, and this may fuel the exploitation of rare species and increase their risk of extinction – a process termed the anthropogenic Allee effect. Previous studies have shown that some rarer species may command higher trophy prices than do broadly similar but less rare ones. Increase in rarity (as measured by International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status)) has also been linked to increases in demand as reflected in the volume of recorded trophy hunts. We hypothesized that change in rarity, as measured by change in IUCN status between 2004 and 2010, would have an effect on price if increased demand resulted from the change. Change in rarity was an important predictor of changes in price between 2004 and 2010. Bovids that became more threatened had larger increases in trophy prices than those that did not. Whether this has positive or negative implications for conservation may depend on how well managed the trophy quota setting systems are.
Proteolytic processing of Alzheimer’s β‐amyloid precursor protein
Authors: Zhang Han , Ma Qilin , Zhang Yun‐wu , Xu Huaxi 
Published: November 2011

J. Neurochem. (2012) 120 (Suppl. 1), 9–21.Abstractβ‐Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APP undergoes post‐translational proteolysis/processing to generate the hydrophobic β‐amyloid (Aβ) peptides. Deposition of Aβ in the brain, forming oligomeric Aβ and plaques, is identified as one of the key pathological hallmarks of AD. The processing of APP to generate Aβ is executed by β‐ and γ‐secretase and is highly regulated. Aβ toxicity can lead to synaptic dysfunction, neuronal cell death, impaired learning/memory and abnormal behaviors in AD models in vitro and in vivo. Aside from Aβ, proteolytic cleavages of APP can also give rise to the APP intracellular domain, reportedly involved in multiple types of cellular events such as gene transcription and apoptotic cell death. In addition to amyloidogenic processing, APP can also be cleaved by α‐secretase to form a soluble or secreted APP ectodomain (sAPP‐α) that has been shown to be mostly neuro‐protective. In this review, we describe the mechanisms involved in APP metabolism and the likely functions of its various proteolytic products to give a better understanding of the patho/physiological functions of APP.
A Critical Comparison of the So-called ‘Lawsuit’ in the Baptismal Rites of Theodore of Mopsuestia and Narsai of Nisibis
Authors: Witkamp Nathan 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Theodore of Mopsuestia’s baptismal homilies 1-3 and Narsai of Nisibis’ liturgical homilies 21 and 22 are valuable sources concerning the Syrian baptismal liturgy. It is commonly held that Narsai’s rite is heavily influenced by Theodore’s. Some scholars even go that far to picture Narsai as Theodore’s copycat. Such a view would have profound consequences for our perception of continuity and discontinuity within the Eastern baptismal tradition. However, the present comparative study of an often neglected pre-baptismal part of the rite both Narsai and Theodore describe as a “Lawsuit” or “Judgment” (dinā) reveals significant differences between both liturgies that make an exclusive dependance improbable. These differences must be taken into account if we want to get a clear picture of the relationship of both rites with each other and the larger Syrian tradition.
Efficacy of Light-Activated Sealant on Enamel Demineralization in Orthodontic Patients: An Atomic Force Microscope Evaluation
Authors: Shinaishin Suzi F , Ghobashy Safaa A , EL-Bialy Tarek H 
Published: November 2011

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy of (Pro Seal) sealant in preventing enamel decalcification in-vivo and compare its effect with fluoride varnish and unfilled sealant using atomic force microscopy.

Materials and Methods:
Eight orthodontic patients who were candidates for extraction of all first premolars for orthodontic treatment were recruited to this study. Thirty two premolars (upper and lower) were randomly divided into four groups (n=8) for each group, 4 maxillary and 4 mandibular); Control (no -treatment); Fluoride varnish, Unfilled sealant (Light Bond) and filled sealant (Pro-Seal). After two months the brackets were debonded and the teeth were extracted and prepared for Atomic force microscopic scanning. Each sample was scanned twice at two different scan areas 50 and 10µm at the buccal cervical third of the crown. Images were recorded with slow scan rate and resolution and the mean roughness height and total surface area were calculated for each scan area. Comparison between groups was performed using one way analysis of variance test with level of significance was set to be 0.05.

Results:
Pro Seal treated samples show the lowest roughness height and total surface area.

Conclusion:
Pro Seal was the most effective prophylaxis technique in preventing enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment.