bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failure to discount for conflict of interest when evaluating medical literature: a randomised trial of physicians
Authors: Silverman Gabriel K , Loewenstein George F , Anderson Britta L , Ubel Peter A , Zinberg Stanley , Schulkin Jay 
Published: May 2010

ContextPhysicians are regularly confronted with research that is funded or presented by industry.ObjectiveTo assess whether physicians discount for conflicts of interest when weighing evidence for prescribing a new drug.Design and settingParticipants were presented with an abstract from a single clinical trial finding positive results for a fictitious new drug. Physicians were randomly assigned one version of a hypothetical scenario, which varied on conflict of interest: ‘presenter conflict’, ‘researcher conflict’ and ‘no conflict’.Participants515 randomly selected Fellows in the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network; 253 surveys (49%) were returned.Main object measuresThe self-reported likelihood that physicians would prescribe the new drug as a first-line therapy.ResultsPhysicians do not significantly discount for conflicts of interest in their self-reported likelihood of prescribing the new drug after reading the single abstract and scenario. However, when asked explicitly to compare conflict and no conflict, 69% report that they would discount for researcher conflict and 57% report that they would discount for presenter conflict. When asked to guess how favourable the results of this study were towards the new drug, compared with the other trials published so far, their perceptions were not significantly influenced by conflict of interest information.ConclusionWhile physicians believe that they should discount the value of information from conflicted sources, they did not do so in the absence of a direct comparison between two studies. This brings into question the effectiveness of merely disclosing the funding sources of published studies.
Bladder cancer among hairdressers: a meta-analysis
Authors: Harling Melanie , Schablon Anja , Schedlbauer Grita , Dulon Madeleine , Nienhaus Albert 
Published: May 2010

BackgroundOccupational risks for bladder cancer in hairdressers by using hair products have been examined in many epidemiological studies. But owing to small sample sizes of the studies and the resulting lack of statistical power, the results of these studies have been inconsistent and significant associations have rarely been found.MethodsWe conducted a meta-analysis to determine summary risk ratios (SRRs) for the risk of bladder cancer among hairdressers. Studies were identified by a MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL search and by the reference lists of articles/relevant reviews. Statistical tests for publication bias and for heterogeneity as well as sensitivity analysis were applied. In addition, the study quality and the risk of bias were assessed using six criteria.Results42 studies were included and statistically significantly increased risks around 1.3–1.7 were found for all but one analysis. The SRR increased with duration of employment from 1.30 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.48) for ‘ever registered as hairdresser’ to 1.70 (95% CI 1.01 to 2.88) for ‘job held ≥10 years’. No difference was found between the risk for smoking-adjusted data (SRR 1.35, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.61) and no adjustment (SRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.50). Studies assessed as being of high quality (n=11) and of moderate quality (n=31) showed similar SRRs. There was no evidence of publication bias or heterogeneity in all analyses.ConclusionIn summary, our results showed an increased and statistically significant risk for bladder cancer among hairdressers, in particular for hairdressers in jobs held ≥10 years. Residual confounding by smoking cannot be totally ruled out. Because of the long latency times of bladder cancer it remains an open question whether hairdressers working prior to 1980 and after 1980, when some aromatic amines were banned as hair dye ingredients, have the same risk for bladder cancer.
Focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST): should its role be reconsidered?
Authors: Smith Jane 
Published: May 2010

AbstractFocused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST) is a limited ultrasound scan performed in the emergency department to assess patients admitted with blunt abdominal trauma (BAT). It is normally undertaken by emergency physicians in order to identify the presence of free fluid, which may represent haemoperitoneum. This potentially allows prompt referral to further imaging, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, and/or surgery. FAST has been adopted worldwide, and most major trauma centres now have access to an ultrasound machine. Despite the popularity of FAST, there remains a lack of clarity and evidence around any actual contribution to patient survival. An ability to evaluate the true impact of FAST is complicated by factors such as the operator dependence of ultrasound, the improved access, speed and subsequent use of CT (which has reduced the value of FAST in some centres), a lack of standardisation around education and the most effective methods to ensure competence, and variations in the practice, quality and audit of FAST. Enthusiasm for FAST is undiminished among emergency physicians, and in general, point of care ultrasound is escalating in a range of areas, including the emergency department. Small portable and hand held ultrasound machines improve the accessibility of FAST and its benefits are frequently perceived to be an established and essential part of the emergency department service despite its limitations. Since the introduction of FAST, trauma patients are increasingly managed by non-surgical means if haemodynamically stable, and the presence of intraperitoneal fluid does not necessarily influence this decision. Recent developments in multi-detector CT, and in the use of contrast enhanced ultrasound, have broadened the management options for trauma patients, and can support a faster diagnostic pathway than was previously possible. FAST is a limited triage tool, whose actual value in the diagnostic and treatment pathway of patients with BAT remains questionable, and more data are needed to justify its use in the light of these recent developments.
Iron deficiency anaemia can be improved after eradication of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Huang Xiaolu , Qu Xinhua , Yan Weili , Huang Youliang , Cai Mingci , Hu Bing , Wu Lianming , Lin Hai , Chen Zhiwei , Zhu Cuiying , Lu Lungen , Sun Xu , Rong Lan , Jiang Yibin , Sun Dayu , Zhong Liang , Xiong Ping 
Published: May 2010

Abstract

Background
Recent guidelines on iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) have confirmed the aetiological role of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori), but the relationship still remains controversial.

Methods
Starting in May 2009, searches of the following databases were undertaken: Medline (1966 to April 2009), Embase (1980 to April 2009), the Cochrane library (1800 to June 2008), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Premedline, Healthstar, CBMdisc and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure Database (January 1970 to April 2009). Changes in haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and serum ferritin (SF) concentrations were recorded for intervention and control groups. The meta-analysis used random effect models and subgroup analyses were performed to explain heterogeneity.

Results
Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. All studies were performed in Asia, an area with a high incidence of IDA and H pylori. The pooled analysis of eight studies showed that H pylori eradication therapy can improve IDA, since changes in Hb and SF concentrations in the intervention groups were higher than in controls. The weighted mean difference (WMD) of Hb was 12.88 g/l (95% CI 6.03 to 19.74 g/l, p&lt;0.00001); the WMD of SF was 10.05 μg/l (95% CI 5.48 to 14.63 μg/l, p&lt;0.00001).

Conclusions
H pylori eradication therapy combined with iron administration is more effective than iron administration alone for the treatment of IDA. Eradication therapy has different effects on adults and children. Bismuth based triple therapy has a better response in terms of increased Hb and SF concentrations than proton pump inhibitor (PPI) based triple therapy.
GradientShop
Authors: Bhat Pravin , Zitnick C. Lawrence , Cohen Michael , Curless Brian 
Published: May 2010

We present an optimization framework for exploring gradient-domain solutions for image and video processing. The proposed framework unifies many of the key ideas in the gradient-domain literature under a single optimization formulation. Our hope is that this generalized framework will allow the reader to quickly gain a general understanding of the field and contribute new ideas of their own.
We propose a novel metric for measuring local gradient saliency that identifies salient gradients that give rise to long, coherent edges, even when the individual gradients are faint. We present a general weighting scheme for gradient constraints that improves the visual appearance of results. We also provide a solution for applying gradient-domain filters to videos and video streams in a coherent manner.
Finally, we demonstrate the utility of our formulation in creating effective yet simple to implement solutions for various image-processing tasks. To exercise our formulation we have created a new saliency-based sharpen filter and a pseudo image-relighting application. We also revisit and improve upon previously defined filters such as nonphotorealistic rendering, image deblocking, and sparse data interpolation over images (e.g., colorization using optimization).
Can Lactase Persistence Genotype Be Used to Reassess the Relationship between Renal Cell Carcinoma and Milk Drinking? Potentials and Problems in the Application of Mendelian Randomization
Authors: Timpson Nicholas J. , Brennan Paul , Gaborieau Valérie , Moore Lee , Zaridze David , Matveev Vsevolod , Szeszenia-Dabrowska Neonilia , Lissowska Jolanta , Mates Dana , Bencko Vladimir , Foretova Lenka , Janout Vladimir , Chow Wong-Ho , Rothman Nathaniel , Boffetta Paolo , Harbord Roger M. , Davey Smith George 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Background: Increased risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with milk consumption has been reported from observational studies. Whether this represents a causal association or is a result of confounding or bias is unclear. We assessed the potential for using genetic variation in lactase persistence as a tool for the study of this relationship.
Methods: Using a large, hospital-based case-control study, we used observational, phenotypic, and genetic data to determine whether the MCM6 −13910 C/T(rs4988235) variant may be used as a nonconfounded and unbiased marker for milk consumption.
Results: Consumption of milk during adulthood was associated with increased risk of RCC [odds ratio (OR), 1.35; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.03-1.76; P = 0.03]. Among controls, consumption of milk was associated with the lactase persistence genotype at rs4988235 (OR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.81-3.15; P = 6.9 × 10−10); however, the same genotype was not associated with RCC (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.83-1.22; P = 0.9). In controls, milk consumption was associated with confounding factors, including smoking and educational attainment, whereas genotypes at rs4988235 showed negligible association with confounding factors.
Conclusion: The absence of an association between the MCM6 genotype and RCC suggests that observational associations between milk consumption and RCC may be due to confounding or bias.
Impact: Although these data suggest that associations between milk consumption and RCC may be spurious, if the association between genotype and behavioral exposure is weak, then the power of this test may be low. The nature of intermediate risk factor instrumentation is an important consideration in the undertaking and interpretation of this type of causal analysis experiment. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(5); 1341–8. ©2010 AACR.
Collagen XXIII: A Potential Biomarker for the Detection of Primary and Recurrent Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Spivey Kristin A. , Banyard Jacqueline , Solis Luisa M. , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Barletta Justine A. , Gandhi Leena , Feldman Henry A. , Rodig Scott J. , Chirieac Lucian R. , Zetter Bruce R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Background: Collagen XXIII is a transmembrane collagen previously shown to be upregulated in metastatic prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the protein expression of collagen XXIII in tumor tissues from a variety of cancers and to assess the utility of collagen XXIII as a biomarker for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).
Methods: A multicancer tissue microarray was used for the immunohistochemical examination of collagen XXIII protein expression in a variety of cancers. Subsequently, collagen XXIII expression was analyzed in three separate cohorts using tissue microarrays with representative tumor and control lung tissues from NSCLC patients. In addition, NSCLC patient urine samples were analyzed for the presence of collagen XXIII through Western blot.
Results: Collagen XXIII was present in tissue samples from a variety of cancers. Within lung cancer tissues, collagen XXIII staining was enriched in NSCLC subtypes. Collagen XXIII was present in 294 of 333 (88%) lung adenocarcinomas and 97 of 133 (73%) squamous cell carcinomas. In urine, collagen XXIII was present in 23 of 29 (79%) NSCLC patient samples but only in 15 of 54 (28%) control samples. High collagen XXIII staining intensity correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival in NSCLC patients.
Conclusions: We show the capability of collagen XXIII as a tissue and urinary biomarker for NSCLC, in which positivity in tissue or urine significantly correlates with the presence of NSCLC and high staining intensity is a significant recurrence predictor.
Impact: Inclusion of collagen XXIII in a tissue- or urine-based cancer biomarker panel could inform NSCLC patient treatment decisions. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(5); 1362–72. ©2010 AACR.
Refining the Prostate Cancer Genetic Association within the JAZF1 Gene on Chromosome 7p15.2
Authors: Prokunina-Olsson Ludmila , Fu Yi-Ping , Tang Wei , Jacobs Kevin B. , Hayes Richard B. , Kraft Peter , Berndt Sonja I. , Wacholder Sholom , Yu Kai , Hutchinson Amy , Spencer Feigelson Heather , Thun Michael J. , Diver W. Ryan , Albanes Demetrius , Virtamo Jarmo , Weinstein Stephanie , Schumacher Fredrick R. , Cancel-Tassin Geraldine , Cussenot Olivier , Valeri Antoine , Andriole Gerald L. , Crawford E. David , Haiman Christopher A. , Henderson Brian E. , Kolonel Laurence , Le Marchand Loic , Siddiq Afshan , Riboli Elio , Travis Ruth , Kaaks Rudolf , Isaacs William B. , Isaacs Sarah D. , Grönberg Henrik , Wiklund Fredrik , Xu Jianfeng , Vatten Lars J. , Hveem Kristian , Kumle Merethe , Tucker Margaret , Hoover Robert N. , Fraumeni Joseph F. , Hunter David J. , Thomas Gilles , Chatterjee Nilanjan , Chanock Stephen J. , Yeager Meredith 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Background: Genome-wide association studies have identified multiple genetic variants associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer (PrCa). In the two-stage Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility prostate cancer scan, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs10486567, located within intron 2 of JAZF1 gene on chromosome 7p15.2, showed a promising association with PrCa overall (P = 2.14 × 10−6), with a suggestion of stronger association with aggressive disease (P = 1.2 × 10−7).
Methods: In the third stage of genome-wide association studies, we genotyped 106 JAZF1 SNPs in 10,286 PrCa cases and 9,135 controls of European ancestry.
Results: The strongest association was observed with the initial marker rs10486567, which now achieves genome-wide significance [P = 7.79 × 10−11; ORHET, 1.19 (95% confidence interval, 1.12-1.27); ORHOM, 1.37 (95% confidence interval, 1.20-1.56)]. We did not confirm a previous suggestion of a stronger association of rs10486567 with aggressive disease (P = 1.60 × 10−4 for aggressive cancer, n = 4,597; P = 3.25 × 10−8 for nonaggressive cancer, n = 4,514). Based on a multilocus model with adjustment for rs10486567, no additional independent signals were observed at chromosome 7p15.2. There was no association between PrCa risk and SNPs in JAZF1 previously associated with height (rs849140; P = 0.587), body stature (rs849141, tagged by rs849136; P = 0.171), and risk of type 2 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus (rs864745, tagged by rs849142; P = 0.657).
Conclusion: rs10486567 remains the most significant marker for PrCa risk within JAZF1 in individuals of European ancestry.
Impact: Future studies should identify all variants in high linkage disequilibrium with rs10486567 and evaluate their functional significance for PrCa. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(5); 1349–55. ©2010 AACR.
Perineal Use of Talcum Powder and Endometrial Cancer Risk
Authors: Karageorgi Stalo , Gates Margaret A. , Hankinson Susan E. , De Vivo Immaculata 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Background: Several studies have reported a positive association between perineal use of talcum powder among adult women and ovarian cancer risk. However, the relationship between talcum powder use and other gynecologic malignancies such as endometrial cancer has not been examined, and little information is available on nonhormonal risk factors for endometrial cancer.
Methods: Perineal use of talcum powder was assessed in 1982 in the Nurses' Health Study. Approximately 40% of women who responded to the questions about perineal use of talcum powder reported ever use. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the incidence rate ratio of endometrial cancer and 95% confidence interval (CI), adjusted for body mass index and other potential confounders. We evaluated the relationship among all women and stratified by menopausal status.
Results: Our analysis included 66,028 women with 599 incident cases of invasive endometrial adenocarcinoma diagnosed between 1982 and 2004. Although no association was observed overall, the association varied by menopausal status (P interaction = 0.02) and a positive association was observed among postmenopausal women; ever use of talcum powder was associated with a 21% increase in risk of endometrial cancer (95% CI, 1.02-1.44), whereas regular use (at least once a week) was associated with a 24% increase in risk (95% CI, 1.03-1.48). In addition, we observed a borderline increase in risk with increasing frequency of use (P trend = 0.04).
Conclusions: Our results suggest that perineal talcum powder use increases the risk of endometrial cancer, particularly among postmenopausal women.
Impact: Future and larger studies are needed to confirm this association and investigate potential mechanisms. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(5); 1269–75. ©2010 AACR.
Polymorphisms in the TOX3/LOC643714 Locus and Risk of Breast Cancer in African-American Women
Authors: Ruiz-Narváez Edward A. , Rosenberg Lynn , Cozier Yvette C. , Cupples L. Adrienne , Adams-Campbell Lucile L. , Palmer Julie R. 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Background: The rs3803662 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the TOX3/LOC643714 region was identified as a breast cancer susceptibility genetic variant in recent genome-wide association studies of women of European ancestry and has been replicated in other populations of European ancestry. The position of the causal variant tagged by the rs3803662 marker is still unknown. In fact, because the rs3803662 polymorphism is located between the TOX3 and the LOC643714 loci, it is unclear which gene is the one causally related to the risk of breast cancer. Because linkage disequilibrium blocks are smaller in populations of African ancestry, fine-mapping in African ancestry samples might be an effective approach to narrowing the position of the causal variant(s) in the TOX3/LOC643714 locus.
Methods: We evaluated a total of 60 tagging SNPs throughout the TOX3/LOC643714 region in a nested case-control study of breast cancer within the Black Women's Health Study, which included 906 cases and 1,111 controls.
Results: No significant association was found for the rs3803662 SNP. However, four other SNPs (rs3104746, rs3112562, rs3104793, and rs8046994), all of them located in the LOC643714 gene, were associated with risk of breast cancer. The strongest association was observed for rs3104746: each copy of the A-rs3104746 allele was associated with a 23% higher risk of breast cancer (odds ratios, 1.23; 95% confidence intervals, 1.05-1.44; P = 0.009).
Conclusions: Our results confirm the association observed in genome-wide association studies of European ancestry populations.
Impact: The results narrow the locus to a smaller linkage disequilibrium block in the LOC643714 gene. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(5); 1320–7. ©2010 AACR.
Folate Intake along with Genetic Polymorphisms in Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and Thymidylate Synthase in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Shitara Kohei , Muro Kei , Ito Seiji , Sawaki Akira , Tajika Masahiro , Kawai Hiroki , Yokota Tomoya , Takahari Daisuke , Shibata Takashi , Ura Takashi , Ito Hidemi , Hosono Satoyo , Kawase Takakazu , Watanabe Miki , Tajima Kazuo , Yatabe Yasushi , Tanaka Hideo , Matsuo Keitaro 
Published: May 2010

Abstract
Background: A relationship between dietary folate intake and efficacy of fluorouracil (FU) is supported by preclinical data. Furthermore, there are several reports that evaluated genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) or TYMS (thymidylate synthase) and efficacy of FU. However, to our knowledge, there are no reports that evaluate simultaneously the effects of folate intake and genetic polymorphisms on clinical outcome of gastric cancer patients.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the survival impact of estimated folate intake by a food frequency questionnaire and MTHFR and TYMS polymorphisms in 132 patients with advanced gastric cancer who were treated with first-line FU-based chemotherapy.
Results: Median overall survival was 11.3 months (95% confidence interval, 9.4-13.4 mo) and median progression-free survival was 5.2 months (95% confidence interval, 4.1-6.3 mo). Patients with folate intake of &gt;260 μg/day (n = 88) showed longer overall survival compared with low folate intake (n = 44; overall survival, 12.2 versus 8.4 mo). In a multivariate Cox model, patients who had folate intake of &gt;260 μg/day, MTHFR 677 TT polymorphism, and TYMS-3′ untranslated region 6-bp insertion were associated with better survival. Similar tendency was observed in progression-free survival. No interaction was observed between folate intake and favorable genotypes.
Conclusion: Folate intake and genetic polymorphisms of MTHFR and TYMS were associated with better clinical outcome by FU-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer.
Impact: Our results suggested folate intake and folate-related genetic polymorphisms may play an important role in efficacy of FU-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(5); 1311–9. ©2010 AACR.