bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ecological Approach to the Interface between Language and Vision
Authors: KASTURIRANGAN RAJESH 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
Spatial relations are represented in language as well as in perception. On the surface, the relationship between these forms of spatial representation is problematic. Language is schematic and context-sensitive while perception is detailed. Nevertheless, both spatial language and perception occur in a common ecological context. A computational characterization of the ecological context, based on the mathematical notions of co-dimension and invariance shows that spatial features are organized in the form of a hierarchical structure consisting of three qualitatively different categories: Coordinate Frames, Topological Structures, and Metric Structures. Coordinate Frames and Topological Structures are present in language as well as in perception, while Metric Structures are present only in perception. This chapter argues that language and perception are neither disjoint, nor are they isomorphic. They share a core set of representations — the coordinate frame and topological representations. This core set interfaces with other representations that may be language or perception specific.
Adaptation of Perceptual and Semantic Features
Authors: BRIAN ROGOSKY , ROBERT GOLDSTONE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of features in theories of concepts, perception, and language. Features are defined as psychological representations of properties of the world that can be processed independently of other properties and are relevant to a task, such as categorization. The classic view of features as entities that do not change over time is discussed. An alternative view is presented in which features are created and adapted according to the immediate goals and contexts of tasks, and over longer time periods in terms of perceptual and conceptual learning and development. It is shown that changes in the integral processing of the dimensions can be induced by tasks that favour the separate processing of one dimension. The findings support the claim that, like perceptual features, semantic features can be adapted during learning.
2 Justice as Constancy
Authors: KRAMER MATTHEW H. 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a critique of the account of formal justice propounded by David Lyons. On the one hand, the chapter agrees with Lyons that the mere status of norms as laws does not confer any degree of moral legitimacy on officials’ enforcement of those norms. On the other hand, the chapter departs from Lyons by accepting that the strict application of the law by officials does amount to formal justice. Precisely because the achievement of formal justice in the administration of law by officials is not perforce conducive (and is frequently inimical) to the substantive justice of their law-administering activities, the equation between formal justice and the strict effecutation of applicable legal mandates is fully consistent with the separability of law and morality.
Ethnosyntax, Ethnopragmatics, Sign-Functions, and Culture
Authors: GODDARD CLIFF 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter articulates and discusses the concept of ethnosyntax from the standpoint of the natural semantic metalanguage (NSM) theory of Anna Wierzbicka and colleagues. It recognizes two senses of the term ‘ethnosyntax’: a narrow sense referring to culture-related semantic content encoded in morphosyntax, and a broad sense encompassing a much wide range of phenomena in which grammar and culture may be related. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 3.1 discusses ethnosyntax in the narrow sense, illustrating with a slightly reinterpreted version of some of Wierzbicka's classic work on ‘fatalism’ in Russian grammar. Section 3.2 discusses the relationship between ethnosyntax and ethnopragmatics, drawing on the NSM theory of cultural scripts. Section 3.3 argues fro the importance of recognizing that language involves different kinds of sign-function — semantic (symbolic), iconic, indexical — and asks how we can deal with ethnosyntactic connections in the field of iconic-indexical meaning. Section 3.4 broadens the focus further in an effort to situate ethnosyntax in a large semiotic theory of culture, but argues that a semiotic concept of culture is not viable unless it adequately recognizes iconic and indexical, as well as semantic phenomena.
Changes within Pennsylvania German Grammar as Enactments of Anabaptist World View
Authors: BURRIDGE KATE 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines two recent developments in Pennsylvania German grammar that go against usual pathways of grammatical change and appear to be driven by the cultural and religious preoccupations of the speakers. For one, Pennsylvania German appears to offer a bona fide example of degrammaticalization, whereby a lexical verb wotte ‘to wish’ has re-evolved out of a grammaticalized modal verb. In addition, it shows the unusual development of a lexical verb zehle ‘to count’ into a marker of future.
Breaking Silence: ‘La Déclaration foraine’
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the prose poem La Déclaration foraine. This is considered Mallarmé's penultimate prose poem, which was first published in L'Art et la Mode on 12 August 1887. La Déclaration foraine can be considered a work of circumstance —, being a display or ‘subtle exhibition’ of the particularities of this ‘declaration’: its origins and the nature of its existence upon the page; how it comes to be in language; how it is to be situated within the spectrum of language that extends from ‘poetry’ to ‘plain prose’ via the ‘prose poem’; and lastly, the particularities of how it may be received.
A Framework for Silence: Mallarmé and the Sonnet
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that the principal and almost exclusive stage which Mallarmé chose for his intimate galas was the sonnet: until 1887 in its Petrarchan form, but after that predominantly in its Shakespearean form. He exploits the visual appearance of the sonnet to particular effects, with the shape itself changing with metre, producing a further range of options: for the recumbent dead, the tomb-like stanzas of alexandrines, and for the ambulant living, the frail and slender form of the heptasyllabic sonnet.
The Silence of the Grave
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Mallarmé saw himself as a kind of midwife, helping the departed to be ‘born’ into eternity by reconfiguring him in language. He responds to the silence of death in a number of ways: sealing Gautier's tomb but releasing his poetic spirit by the very act of writing an ode; sculpting a bas-relief on Poe's granite monument and setting a limit to future denigration by the ‘good talk’ of poetry; preferring to honour Baudelaire's marble tomb not with a funeral wreath but by the eternal gaslight of seductive verse.
Sotto voce
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter shows that Mallarmé relied on the Shakespearean form to span the gulf between poetry and the banal world of everyday sociability. But his use of the form was not exclusively ‘occasional’, and it seems that he was also exploring its possibilities as a form of ‘understatedness’. Like a Debussy eschewing the grand manner of a Wagner, or a verslibriste seeking alternatives to the oceanic alexandrines of a Hugo, Mallarmé was endeavoring to ‘sing low’, to ‘translate’ silence with a new degree of prosaic ‘minimalism’ and lexical delicacy.
The Captivi and the Paradoxes of Postliminium
Authors: LEIGH MATTHEW 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter combines a close reading of the text entitled Captivi, with consideration of the attitude of the Roman ruling class to those members of its armed forces who exposed themselves to enslavement by becoming prisoners of war to an enemy power. In particular, it investigates the response to Roman prisoners who tried to extricate themselves from this situation by means not unlike those adopted by the heroes of the Captivi. It examines the means by which society might validate the recovery of status lost in time of war. Its provisions not just for a returning prisoner to re-establish himself as a free citizen but also for a recovered slave to revert to the power of his master make the law of postliminium a promising area of investigation.
Human Rights, Fundamental Freedoms, and the World of the Common Law
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the need for a special explanation as to why Britain, whose legal culture was traditionally hostile to the adoption of formal bills of rights, came to play a major role in the negotiations. It examines the theory of rights protection to be found in Blackstone and earlier writers, and analyses the influence of Dicey's writings on common law culture. It concludes by considering whether Britain was indeed a paradise of rights protection, as regularly claimed by common lawyers, even though it had no entrenched bill of rights.
Human Rights and the Structure of the Brave New World
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter describes the development of the idea of the United Nations as a permanent organization. The organization was to provide security, by controlling future German and Japanese aggression, and by ensuring the peaceful settlement of international disputes. The protection of individual rights in a just post-war world hardly featured in early official planning. There was also potential serious conflict over two basic and related issues. Roosevelt was extremely hostile to colonialism and the British Empire. He also favoured international free trade. Britain envisaged a long future for its evolving colonial empire, and had no plans of abandoning the system of imperial preference over tariffs.
The Burdens of Empire
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the structure and legal status of Britain's colonial empire in the post war period, and that of other European colonial powers. It considers the pressure for international supervision, and British resistance to it, together with the justifications offered for colonialism. It discusses the relationship between the anti-colonial movement and the human rights movement, traces the evolving practice of the United Nations, and concludes with an account of the less defensible aspects of British colonialism.
The Foreign Office Establishes a Policy
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the early years of the United Nations, when attempts were made to produce some form of international human rights instrument. It traces the abandonment of minority protection as a goal, and the adoption of the Genocide Convention, and gives an account of the controversial views of Lauterpacht on the powers of the United Nations under the Charter. It traces the establishment of the Human Rights Commission under Eleanor Roosevelt, and shows how the British Foreign Office began to establish a policy in relation to the Commission, and what it should aim to achieve.
Conflict Abroad and at Home
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter charts the conflicts which developed in the United Nations Human Rights Commission — both with the Soviet Union, and with the US, and those within the British governmental machine — over negotiations whose aim was to produce a draft international covenant on human rights, binding in international law. These negotiations ran parallel to those which produced the Universal Declaration. There was controversy over the specification of limitations to rights, over US pressure to include a federal applications clause, and UK pressure to include a colonial applications clause. The chapter describes the growing pessimism over the possibility that United Nations negotiations would ever produce a useful human rights covenant.
The Outcome of the Two Applications
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRIAN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the visit of the sub-commission to Cyprus, the oral hearings, hostility of the colonial authorities and their management of the visit, the part played by the UK member, Humphrey Waldock, and the Greek member Eustathiades, the report of the sub-commission, with detailed discussion of its views on Article 15 of the Convention, on the doctrine of the margin of appreciation, on irregular derogations, on curfews and collective punishments, and on arrest and detention. It also gives an account of Greece's second application, Application 299/57, which alleged forty-nine cases of torture, which are discussed in detail, and of the appointment of a second sub-commission, and explains how the UK lawyers succeeded in delaying the investigation, which was never completed, events being overtaken by the Zurich political settlement of the dispute, with the report in the first case kept secret and the investigation of the second halted.
Coming In, Rather Reluctantly, From the Cold
Authors: SIMPSON A. W. BRAIN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the reappraisal of the convention which followed the Cyprus cases, and the problems it caused for UK colonial office. It describes the later derogations and the use of emergency powers in Aden, Nyasaland, Northern Rhodesia, Sarawak, North Borneo, and Kenya and in Northern Ireland. It describes how the UK eventually accepted the jurisdiction of the court and the right of individual petition, relating this to the adoption of the policy of decolonization, and the chapter discusses the significance of the Lawless case, and concludes with brief discussion of the Human Rights Act of 1998.
Challenges to the International Legal System Interdependence, Globalization, and Sovereignty: The Role of Non-binding International Legal Accords
Authors: Reincke H. Wolfgang , Witte Jan Martin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter presents two essays on the current challenges to the global system and what they may mean for the future of international law. The first essay discusses the differences between interdependence and globalization in economic activities and the impact of economic globalization on state sovereignty and the international legal order. The second essay expands the discussion and looks at the globalization of other issue areas and the role of non-binding norms in the light of current trends.
International Energy Security
Authors: Redgwell Catherine 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter identifies a range of energy security issues for both importing and exporting states. It also clearly raises concerns broader than security of oil supply, though the importance of oil to economic growth is reflected in the relative weight of international regulation pertaining to oil security in particular. It demonstrates a wide range of international legal instruments' impact upon energy security. It notes that these impacts range from facilitating and protecting inward energy investments, and constraining discriminatory unilateral action to protect domestic industry, to providing a treaty basis for energy security cooperation by energy-dependent importing states, exporting states, and an amalgam of energy importing, exporting, and transit states.
The Andes: So Much Energy, Such Little Security
Authors: Barrera-Hernández Lila 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter investigates the current energy law and policy in Colombia and Venezuela, two of the richest but also most unstable countries in the area. It traces the efforts of the two countries as they struggle to avert a looming energy crisis of both domestic and international significance. It discusses that few other regions and countries face such a challenging and mixed array of energy security issues, ranging from physical security of personnel and infrastructure, to ensuring that the lights come on and stay on in every household, while meeting revenue-generating export goals. It notes that much like their neighbours in the rest of the Andean region, whether or not these countries succeed in their efforts or whether they go from exporters to importers of energy products, may shape the very notion of energy security on a regional and international scale. It discusses the uncertainties that cloud energy development.
Reaching the Limits of What the Market will Provide: Energy Security in New Zealand
Authors: Barton Barry 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter discusses that many of New Zealand's energy security problems exist whatever legal provisions are in place, and whatever the policy mix. It notes that oil imports are largely out of the control of a small country. It explains that dry-year is present because of the country's climate and generation facilities, and this is so whether it uses a market model or a departmentally-administered one. It clarifies that market dominance, rules helping or hindering demand-side involvement, and the lack of size and liquidity of the futures market have all been significant. It adds that Auckland's distribution lines failure in 1998 occurred in non-competitive circumstances, so it is not clear whether competitive retailers now have the incentive and the ability to press lines companies to be vigilant in maintaining their systems.
Exceptional Case Marking in Brazilian Portuguese
Authors: SALLES HELOISA MARIA MOREIRA LIMA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter studies completive subordination patterns in Brazilian Portuguese compared with European Portuguese and with Archaic and Classical Portuguese. The general issue addressed is the way in which modality is expressed in Brazilian Portuguese. This leads to the study of three particular points that are specially taken into account: the loss of indicative/subjunctive morphology in verbs, the loss of ‘Aux-subject’ inversion configurations, and the reanalysis of para ‘for’ as a complementizer. The chapter considers that modality can be realized through merging of a lexical item in C or through movement to C.
Sì and e as CP Expletives in Old Italian
Authors: POLETTO CECILIA 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the grammaticalization process of two CP elements in Old Italian: the particles sì and e. The chapter contributes to shedding light on the complex phenomenon of V2 on the one hand and on the left periphery of the clause on the other, insofar as Old Italian represents the ideal case study investigate how the V2 property interacts with a fully articulated left periphery.
8 Gradient Perception of Intonation
Authors: FÉRY CAROLINE , STOEL RUBEN 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter investigates the gradient nature of the acceptability of intonation patterns in the German declarative sentences. It then cross-splices three kinds of sentences elicited in various information structural contexts. The informants were asked to judge the acceptability of context-target pairs. The clearest findings are derived for the short sentences, although the long sentences brought comparable results. Due to the variability of the scope behaviour of the negation and the quantifier, the tonal patterns of scope sentences were much more difficult to interpret depending on the accent structure of these sentences. For all sentences, it is found that a prosody with two accents got better scores than a prosody with only one accent, and that a contour with a late accent is better accepted in non-matching environments.
Linear Optimality Theory as a Model of Gradience in Grammar
Authors: KELLER FRANK 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter outlines the linear optimality theory (LOT), a variant of optimality theory primarily suggested by Keller to model gradient linguistic data. LOT is a framework intended to account for gradient judgment data; gradience in processing data and in corpus data has different properties from gradience in judgment data, and it is unlikely that the two types of gradience can be accounted for in a single, unified framework. The chapter provides a summary of the empirical properties of gradient judgments that motivate the design of LOT. It defines the components of an LOT grammar, and introduces the LOT notions of constraint competition and optimality. It gives a comparison with other variants of OT, particularly with standard OT and with harmonic grammar. This chapter contains a survey of more recent developments, such as probabilistic OT and variants of OT on maximum entropy models.
Explaining and Evaluating the UNMIK Court System
Authors: Cerone John , Baldwin Clive 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The Kosovo courts have been counted among the so-called ‘hybrid’ or ‘internationalized’ courts. As with the Special Panels in East Timor, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, and the envisioned Extraordinary Chambers in Cambodia, the Kosovo court system is composed of both national and international judges and prosecutors, and is competent to apply laws with both a national and an international character. However, the Kosovo court system derives its competence from Regulations of the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK), whose authority is ultimately derived from a Chapter VII Resolution of the UN Security Council. This chapter describes the nature and composition of the Kosovo court system, providing an overview of the legal framework within which it operates, and highlighting the features that make it unique. The chapter also evaluates the strengths and weaknesses of this form of internationalized court, focusing primarily on the effectiveness of introducing international judges and prosecutors into the system.
The Judges and Prosecutors of Internationalized Criminal Courts and Tribunals
Authors: R Romano Cesare P 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of staffing internationalized criminal courts and tribunals, focusing on the judicial body's judges and prosecutors. It explains how and why the composition of internationalized courts and tribunals can vary from case to case, looks at the qualifications required for both local and international judges and prosecutors, the practical problem of identifying and recruiting outstanding individuals that match the proposed criteria (nationality, moral integrity, gender, and curriculum), and the degree of independence of local and international judges and prosecutors serving in internationalized tribunals. Three issues are considered: procedures for appointment and dismissal of judges, length of service, and privileges and immunities.
3. Contest and Coming of Age
Authors: Burnett Anne Pippin 
Published: January 2010

Abstract
The choral songs written by Pindar for the young athletes of Aigina offer a reliable sketch of the island's practice, as it recognised and commemorated an athletic victory. The patrons of the eleven odes for Aigina were not like any of Pindar's other clients, and the victors to be praised show a special quality as well, for in every case the successful athlete was probably more than twelve years old, but not yet eighteen. These boys share a common predilection for the oldest and most violent forms of contest, for there is but a single runner among them, while one has been victorious in the pentathlon, four are wrestlers, and five are pankratists. The young victors are moving towards a world of masculine maturity, both ideal and actual, and their celebrations give an appropriately ambivalent treatment to female figures.