bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved test system for PCR-based specific detection ofEchinococcus multiloculariseggs
Authors: Mathis A. , Deplazes P. , Eckert J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFor the sensitive detection of eggs ofEchinococcus multilocularisin fox faeces by PCR we have evaluated a method based on the previous concentration of helminth eggs by a combination of sequential sieving of faecal samples and flotation of the eggs in zinc chloride solution. The eggs were microscopically detected in the fractions retained in 40 and 20µm mesh sieves. DNA of the taeniid eggs retained in the 20 µm sieve was obtained after alkaline lysis and PCR was performed usingE. multilocularisspecies-specific primers. Compared to the parasitological findings after examination of the small intestines of the foxes, the specificity of the PCR was 100% (no false-positive result with 20 foxes free ofE. multilocularis) and the sensitivity was 94% (33 positive results from total 35 foxes proven to be infected withE. multilocularis). Both false-negative results were obtained with faeces from foxes harbouring immature worms. Using faecal volumes between 2 and 20 ml, no inhibition of PCR was observed as was demonstrated by the amplification of size-modified target in parallel reactions. The tests were undertaken with fresh faeces stored in 70% ethanol, but egg detection by PCR was also possible after inactivation of eggs by freezing the faeces at −80°C for one week or by incubation at +70°C for 2 h.
Variations inSchistosoma mattheeiegg morphology and viability according to age of infection in cattle
Authors: De Bont J. , Vercruysse J. , Massuku M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractComparison of the numbers ofSchistosoma mattheeieggs and miracidia per gram faeces in groups of naturally infected calves, heifers and adult cows showed that the reduction in faecal egg excretion recorded as infection progresses is associated with a decline in the ability of eggs to hatch. While 50% of the eggs from calves produced a miracidium, only 15% of those excreted from adult cows did the same. The decline in egg viability is at least partly associated with morphological changes of the eggs. About twice as many smaller and vacuolated eggs were found in the faeces of heifers and adult cows (33.8%) as compared to animals in early infection (16.1%).
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoblot analysis and RAST fluoroimmunoassay analysis of serum responses against crude larval antigens of Anisakis simplex in a Spanish random population
Authors: García-Palacios L. , González M.L. , Esteban M.I. , Mirabent E. , Perteguer M.J. , Cuéllar C. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe results obtained in a study of seroprevalence by means of ELISA and immunoblot with crude larval extracts of Anisakis simplex using 1008 human sera from Spanish people showing no clinical suspicion of anisakidosis are given. For the evaluation of the results obtained by ELISA the Diagnostic Index (DI) was used, as the ratio between the optical density resulting from the test serum and the optical density of the negative control. Forty-seven sera showed DIs between 1.5 and 2, and 14 sera were greater than 2. After comparison of the immunoblot analysis with the immunorecognition pattern of a human anisakidosis reference serum, a diagnostic criterion could be established for those sera that, at a 1/100 dilution, showed a DI by ELISA greater than 1.5. Seven of 14 selected sera with DIs in ELISA higher than 1.3 showed anti-Anisakis specific IgE antibodies by RAST fluoroimmunoassay.
The recovery of entomopathogenic nematodes from selected areas within Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Mason J.M. , Razak A.R. , Wright D.J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractSoil sampling was conducted within Peninsular Malaysia with the aim of recovering entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae). Extensive sampling was performed in the Cameron Highlands, which are climatically distinct from the lowlands, and characterized by lower temperature and humidity. The major areas sampled in the lowlands were at the campus of Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (orchards and plantations), Puchong (secondary rainforest) and along the east coast of the country. Entomopathogenic nematodes were recovered using the Galleria mellonella baiting method. Nematodes were recovered from 10% of the 425 samples assayed. Identifications, using a PCR method, revealed that the 21 identified steinernematids belonged to two different genetic types and that four out of the five heterorhabditids were Heterorhabditis indicus, the remaining heterorhabditid being a new species. The nematodes are currently being screened to evaluate their biocontrol potential for use in Malaysia against foliage-feeding lepidopteran pests of crucifers.
Antibody responses against Echinococcus multilocularis antigens in naturally infected Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Ito A. , Okamoto M. , Kariwa H. , Ishiguro T. , Hashimoto A. , Nakao M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractTwo Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus, were found to be naturally infected with Echinococcus multilocularis in Japan. One of them was simultaneously infected with at least three different sized metacestodes of Taenia taeniaeformis. These two R. norvegicus rats and another R. norvegicus naturally infected with T. taeniaeformis and Capillaria hepatica were examined to see if they showed any antibody responses against these two cestode parasites with the view to obtaining more information on the importance of rats as the intermediate host for E. multilocularis. These R. norvegicus showed very poor antibody responses against the two cestode species, although the Wistar rats, R. rattus, experimentally infected with a single smaller sized metacestode of T. taeniaeformis showed stronger responses not only against T. taeniaeformis but also against E. multilocularis. Therefore the three R. norvegicus naturally infected with E. multilocularis and/or T. taeniaeformis demonstrated virtually no immune response, at least against these cestodes.
The effect of cadmium on the immune behaviour of guinea pigs with experimental ascariasis
Authors: Borošková Z. , Dvorožňáková E. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe subchronic effect of cadmium on selected immunological parameters was studied in guinea pigs with experimental ascariasis. Cadmium chloride given orally for 28 days caused a considerable suppression of T- and B- cells in the lymphoid organs of intoxicated animals, of the metabolic activity of their peritoneal macrophages and a moderate decline in the level of complement CH50 and AH50 from day 1 to day 28 of the experiment, in comparison with the initial value. After a subsequent infection of the subchronically intoxicated guinea pigs the values for both the cell populations and the macrophage metabolic activity remained considerably suppressed, compared with infected control animals. The phagocytic and metabolic activity of macrophages as well as the CH50 and AH50 level, however, increased conspicuously for a short time after application of heavy metal and after infection but it did not reach the level of the infected group. The level of specific circulating antibodies was not affected by intoxication. Compared with the controls, the mean intensity of infection with Ascaris larvae migrating in the lungs of intoxicated animals increased by 20%. The results have established the negative effect of cadmium on the immunological parameters of the cellular immunity and humoral immunity studied and the impairment of the organism's response to the antigenic stimulus after an A. suum infection.
Comparison of human and murine isolates of Schistosoma mansoni from Richard-Toll, Senegal, by isoelectric focusing
Authors: Sène M. , Brémond P. , Hervé J.P. , Southgate V.R. , Sellin B. , Marchand B. , Duplantier J.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractStudies on human and murine isolates of Schistosoma mansoni, from Richard-Toll, Senegal, were carried out by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. Seven enzyme systems; lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), acid phosphatase (AcP), hexokinase (HK), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), and phosphoglucomutase (PGM), were used to compare the two isolates. All systems tested, apart from LDH, were found to be polymorphic for both isolates. Interestingly, one phenotype is more frequent than the remainder. The results show that there is no significant genetic variation between the S. mansoni isolates from man and the rodents, Arvicanthis niloticus and Mastomys huberti.
Sex and the dynamics of infection in the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae
Authors: Bohan D.A. , Hominick W.M. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractAn infection experiment was conducted to assess the change in the proportions of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (Site 76 strain) infective juveniles becoming male or female on exposure to the test host Galleria mellonella L. Using a mathematical model for the infection interaction, the per capita probability of penetration per unit time (transmission coefficient), for those juveniles becoming male or female, and the magnitude of the male and female classes in the infective juvenile pool were estimated. The results show that S. feltiae infective juveniles which subsequently become female have a greater probability of invasion into test hosts than their male counterparts, which leads to markedly female biased sex ratios during the initial stages of the infection interaction. As the infection progresses, however, it was found that the sex ratio became balanced. This was because the underlying sex ratio in the infective stage pool was balanced. The implications of this dynamism in the sex ratio of the entomopathogenic nematodes are discussed with respect to the infection interaction, transmission and the likely environment in which the infective juveniles reside.
Life-cycle of Bothriocephalus claviceps, a specific parasite of eels
Authors: Scholz T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe life-cycle of the tapeworm Bothriocephalus claviceps (Goeze, 1782) (Cestoda: Pseudophyllidea), a specific parasite of eels (Anguilla spp.), was studied under experimental conditions. It was demonstrated that the parasite completed its development within 4 months at the temperature range of 22–24°C. Embryonic development was finished in 2 days at this temperature, when coracidia spontaneously hatched. The rate of their development was controlled by water temperature, with delayed formation of coracidia at lower temperatures (8 days at 10–12°C). At 2–4 and 6°C, development did not take place but the eggs remained viable; at 33°C the eggs died. The procercoids developed in copepods of the species Macrocyclops albidus, M.fuscus, Megacyclops viridis, Cyclops strenuus, C. vicinus and Acanthocyclops vernalis (Copepoda: Cyclopidae); their development was finished after 8–12 days at 22–24°C. The definitive hosts, eels, acquired infection after ingestion of infected copepods; the prepatent period of the parasite was more than three months. Perch (Perca fluviatilis) and guppies (Poecilia reticulata) were shown to serve as paratenic hosts of the parasite; in guppies, the tapeworms survived up to 14 days after exposure and they developed similarly to tapeworms in the definitive host.
Molecular evidence for the synonymy of three species of Paragonimus, P. Ohirai Miyazaki, 1939, P. iloktsuenensis Chen, 1940 and P. sadoensis Miyazaki et al., 1968
Authors: Blair D. , Agatsuma T. , Watanobe T. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe Paragonimus ohirai group, named after P. ohirai Miyazaki, 1939, consists of three nominal species. Paragonimus iloktsuenensis Chen, 1940 and P. sadoensis Miyazaki et al., 1968, the other members of the group, were proposed primarily because of perceived differences in metacercarial morphology and/or host preferences. It has long been recognized that adults of the three were virtually indistinguishable. With the application of genetic techniques, it has become clear that the three forms can exchange genes freely, and that differences in metacercarial morphology constitute a polymorphism probably due to a single gene inherited in Mendelian fashion. Here, additional genetic data (DNA sequences from the second internal transcribed spacer of the nuclear ribosomal gene cluster and from the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene) are presented in support of the synonymy.
Resistance of chlamydospores of nematophagous fungi to the digestive processes of sheep in Mexico
Authors: Llerandi-Juárez R.D. , Mendoza-de Gives P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractFollowing oral administration to sheep, chlamydospores of a Mexican isolate of Duddingtonia flagrans (FTHO-8) survived passage through the digestive tract and subsequently grew on corn meal agar plates. The fungus was able to catch and destroy free-living nematodes and third-stage larvae of Haemonchus contortus added to these plates. Chlamydospores of Arthrobotrys sp. showed a poor resistance to the digestive processes of sheep, although conidia of A. superba survived following oral inoculation in one of two animals.
Ultrastructure of the buccal capsule of the equine nematode Strongylus vulgaris with special reference to the dorsal gutter
Authors: Mobarak M.S. , Ryan M.F. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractEarly studies by light microscopy provided preliminary data on the fine structure of Strongylus vulgaris (Looss 1900). The present study employed transmission electron microscopy to investigate particular structures in the buccal capsule especially the dorsal gutter (DG) and teeth. The DG is a tube containing the terminal duct of the dorsal oesophageal gland (DOG) surrounded by two concentric canals. Putative pores indicated in the wall of the DG seen in other studies are revealed as honey-combed, fibrous, structures on each side of the ventral lamella. This lamella is formed by the wall of the DG internal canal running the length of the DG. Secretions of the DG canals are released through the dorsal gutter duct (DGD) which passes through the teeth bases at the base of the buccal capsule. Teeth have a vesicular cytoplasmic core containing various organelles.
The use of video-imaging to assesss the sub-lethal impact of plant secondary compounds onSchistosoma mansonimiracidia
Authors: Lyddiard J.R.A. , Bartlett A. , Gray B. , Whitfield P.J. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe study describes methods developed for using video-imaging technology to record and measure the velocity ofSchistosoma mansonimiracidia. The efficacy of the classical bioassay procedure (a qualitative behavioural assay) was compared with that of the new quantitative protocol, for assessing the sub-lethal impact of a larvicidal dichloromethane extract of the seeds ofMillettia thonningiion miracidia. The new technique confirmed the efficacy of the classical bioassay for rapid determination of the lethal and sub-lethal impact of larvicides but also provided quantitative information on sub-lethal impacts on miracidial velocity and shape.
Intestinal helminth communities in the green lizard, Lacerta viridis, from Bulgaria
Authors: Biserkov V. , Kostadinova A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractA data set comprising individual host/parasite lists from 100 Lacerta viridis (Reptilia: Lacertidae) belonging to four isolated populations in Bulgaria was studied. A total of seven helminth species was recovered (Leptophallus nigrovenosus, Plagiorchis molini, Oswaldocruzia filiformis, Spauligodon extenuatus, Skrjabinelazia hoffmanni, Physaloptera clausa and Mesocestoides sp.). Lacerta viridis is a new host record for the first five of these species. Communities of intestinal helminths of L. viridis consist of a few species which resulted in a low species richness, abundance and diversity of infracommunities, which exhibit substantial homogeneity among the four samples. A similar pattern of dominance of two nematode species leading to a relatively high community similarity at both infra- and component community levels was observed. While intestinal helminth communities in lizards from ‘marginal’ habitats were dominated by the host generalist, O. filiformis, those in hosts from ‘typical’ habitats were dominated by the lizard specialist S. extenuatus. The results indicate that the characteristics of the host's habitat are important in determining the composition rather than structure of intestinal helminth communities in L. viridis.
Composition and diversity of helminth communities in eels Anguilla anguilla in the River Tiber: long-term changes and comparison with insular Europe
Authors: Kennedy C.R. , Berrilli F. , Cave D. Di , Liberato C. De , Orecchia P. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMost studies of helminth communities in the European eel Anguilla anguilla have been undertaken in the British Isles, and there are very few analyses of community composition and structure from continental Europe. To fill this gap and test the hypothesis that helminth communities in freshwater eels in the British Isles are not typical of those of continental Europe, helminth communities of eels in the River Tiber below Rome were analysed by season using data collected in 1980 and new data from 1996. The intestinal helminth communities in the Tiber eels were species poor and characterized by low diversity. Most eels harboured one or no parasite species and communities were heavily dominated by the acanthocephalan Acanthocephalus clavula. Intestinal helminth infra-community richness and diversity did not differ between seasons within a year or between the same seasons in 1980 and 1996, although some changes in composition were apparent. Intestinal infracommunities from Tiber eels were very similar in characteristics to those analysed from the British Isles, and their temporal changes also showed close similarities to those reported from rivers in the UK. It seems likely therefore that conclusions derived from British studies can be applied to helminth communities of eels on the continent.
The effects of salinity, pH and temperature on the half-life and longevity of Echinostoma caproni miracidia
Authors: Ford D.M. , Nollen P.M. , Romano M.A. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMiracidia of Echinostoma caproni were exposed to solutions varying in salinity, pH, and temperature in 1 ml concavity slides. Half-lives of the miracidial populations were determined and longevity curves constructed to find maximum life spans of the miracidia in the different conditions. Control miracidia in aquarium water at pH 7.2 and 22°C. had a half-life of 3.6 h and a maximum life span of 9 h. Miracidia of E. caproni were not very tolerant of saline solutions from 0.1% to 0.4%, the latter being lethal within an hour. A bimodal effect was found with exposure to aquarium water of varying pH, with a peak at pH 5 in acid solutions and pH 9 in alkaline solutions. Miracidia tolerated pH ranges from 3 to 11 exhibiting half-lives of 2.4 h or greater in these solutions. At lower than ambient temperatures, E. caproni miracidia lived longer, the greatest being a half-life of 5.0 h and a maximum life span of 15h at 5°C. At warmer temperatures, the half-life was reduced until lethality was reached at 40°C. ANCOVA analysis of log transformed longevity curves supported the observation that in pH trials many miracidia survived initially with a major die-off after 3.3 h. The opposite trend of early die-off and gradual mortality of the survivors was supported in the temperature trials.
Populations of Acanthocephalus anguillae and Pomphorhynchus laevis in rivers with different pollution levels
Authors: Galli P. , Mariniello L. , Crosa G. , Ortis M. , Occhipinti Ambrogi A. , D'Amelio S. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe distribution of two acanthocephalan species (Pomphorhynchus laevis and Acanthocephalus anguillae) in the chub (Leuciscus cephalus) was studied in foriver reaches characterized by different levels of pollution: the River Ticino ne Abbiategrasso (unpolluted), the Naviglio Grande Canal, in Milano (slightly polluted), the River Lambro near Merone village (polluted) and the Riv Lambro near Monza (severely polluted).Pomphorhynchus laevis was restricted to the unpolluted and the slight polluted sites, while the intensity of A. anguillae increased proportionally water pollution. These differences were partially explained by the variation in abundance of their intermediate hosts (Echinogammarus stammeri for P. lavis and Asellus aquaticus for A. anguillae). Data on the occurrence of P. laevis at A. anguillae showed a significant negative binomial frequency distributic suggesting their tendency to be aggregated within the host populations L. cephalus.
Thelandros (Parapharyngodon) tyche sp. n. (Nematoda: Oxyuroidea) and Abbreviata adonisi sp. n. (Nematoda: Physalopteroidea) from the Lizard Agama stellio in Lebanon
Authors: Sulahian Annie , Schacher John F. 
Published: June 2009

Thelandros (Parapharyngodon) tyche sp. n. (Oxyuroidea: Pharyngodonidae) is described from the caecum of the lizard, Agama stellio in Lebanon. It differs from the closest known species by the length of its spicule and the size of the eggs.Abbreviata adonisi sp. n. (Physalopteroidea : Physalopteridae) is described from the stomach of the same species of lizard. It differs from the closest related species by the length of its oesophagus and the number and disposition of genital papillae.
Some Nematode Parasites found in Chinese Water Deer (Hydropotes inermis), with a Description ofTrichostrongylus cervariusn. sp.
Authors: Leiper J. W. G. , Clapham Phyllis A. 
Published: June 2009

The helminthic fauna of a number of Water Deer,Hydropoles inermisfrom Whipsnade Park has been examined.Fourteen species of Nematodes were recovered, all of which were new records for this host.Ostertagia lyrataandO. grühneriare recorded for the first time in England.Trichostrongylus cervariusn. sp is described.
The Emergence of the Cercariae of Fasciola hepatica from the Snail Limnaea truncatula.
Authors: Kendall S.B. , McCullough F.S. 
Published: June 2009

1. Observations on Fasciola hepatica in Limnaea truncatula under laboratory conditions showed that the cercariae did not emerge at temperatures below 9°C. Above 9°C. emergence proceeded indiscriminately up to the limit of experimental observation (26°C).2. Experience showed that emergence occurred in the light or in darkness while changes in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the water containing the snails (within the range 5.5 to 8.5) had no effect on emergence. There was some evidence that an increase of carbondioxide in the water slowed but did not inhibit emergence but depletion of oxygen had no apparent effect.3. In the laboratory, emergence could be induced by removing snails from dry habitats and immersing them in water or by removing snails from watery habitats and placing them in fresh water. We were unable to determine the exact physical.or chemical factors acting as a stimulus under such conditions.
A Revision of the Genus Philometra Costa, 1845
Authors: Rasheed Suraiya 
Published: June 2009

1. Characters of taxonomic value in the family Philometridae are discussed; the important structures taken into account are the cuticle, cephalic papillae, oesophagus and the tail of the parasite.2. Two new species of Philometra are described and Ph. lateolabracis Yamguti, 1935 is redescribed from new fishes of the Arabian Sea.3. Two new subgenera have been made under the genus Philometra and named as Ranjhinema and Alinetna.4. Philomeiroides piedropliies (Johnston and Mawson, 1940) and Ph. anguillac (Ishii, 1916) are redescribed.5. Buckleyella and Thwaitia are described as new genera, the diagnosis being based on the structure of the cuticle, cephalic papillae and the tail.6. A key to the genera of Philometridae is provided with the diagnosis of each genus and subgenus. Some of the species formerly described under Philometra are provisionally transferred to other genera of this family.