bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulatory Mechanisms for Adipose Tissue M1 and M2 Macrophages in Diet-Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Fujisaka Shiho , Usui Isao , Bukhari Agussalim , Ikutani Masashi , Oya Takeshi , Kanatani Yukiko , Tsuneyama Koichi , Nagai Yoshinori , Takatsu Kiyoshi , Urakaze Masaharu , Kobayashi Masashi , Tobe Kazuyuki 
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVE
To characterize the phenotypic changes of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) under different conditions of insulin sensitivity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The number and the expressions of marker genes for M1 and M2 macrophages from mouse epididymal fat tissue were analyzed using flow cytometry after the mice had been subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) and pioglitazone treatment.

RESULTS
Most of the CD11c-positive M1 macrophages and the CD206-positive M2 macrophages in the epididymal fat tissue were clearly separated using flow cytometry. The M1 and M2 macrophages exhibited completely different gene expression patterns. Not only the numbers of M1 ATMs and the expression of M1 marker genes, such as tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, but also the M1-to-M2 ratio were increased by an HFD and decreased by subsequent pioglitazone treatment, suggesting the correlation with whole-body insulin sensitivity. We also found that the increased number of M2 ATMs after an HFD was associated with the upregulated expression of interleukin (IL)-10, an anti-inflammatory Th2 cytokine, in the adipocyte fraction as well as in adipose tissue. The systemic overexpression of IL-10 by an adenovirus vector increased the expression of M2 markers in adipose tissue.

CONCLUSIONS
M1 and M2 ATMs constitute different subsets of macrophages. Insulin resistance is associated with both the number of M1 macrophages and the M1-to-M2 ratio. The increased expression of IL-10 after an HFD might be involved in the increased recruitment of M2 macrophages.
No Effect of the Altered Peptide Ligand NBI-6024 on β-Cell Residual Function and Insulin Needs in New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Walter Markus , Philotheou Areti , Bonnici François , Ziegler Anette-G. , Jimenez Roland ,   on behalf of the NBI-6024 Study Group
Published: August 2009

OBJECTIVEThis randomized, four-arm, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging phase 2 trial was conducted to determine whether repeated subcutaneous injections of the altered peptide ligand, NBI-6024, designed to inhibit autoreactive T-cells, improves β-cell function in patients with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSA total of 188 patients, aged 10–35 years, with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes were randomly assigned for a treatment consisting of the subcutaneous administration of placebo or 1, 0.5, or 0.1 mg NBI-6024 at baseline, weeks 2 and 4, and then monthly until month 24. Fasting, peak, and area under the curve (AUC) C-peptide concentrations during a 2-h mixed-meal tolerance test were measured at 3-month intervals during treatment. Immune function parameters (islet antibodies and CD4 and CD8 T-cells) were also studied.RESULTSThe mean peak C-peptide concentration at 24 months after study entry showed no significant difference between the groups treated with 0.1 mg (0.59 pmol/ml), 0.5 mg (0.57 pmol/ml), and 1.0 mg NBI-6024 (0.48 pmol/ml) and the placebo group (0.54 pmol/ml). Fasting, stimulated peak, and AUC C-peptide concentrations declined linearly in all groups by ∼60% over the 24-month treatment period. The average daily insulin needs at month 24 were also comparable between the four groups. No treatment-related changes in islet antibodies and T cell numbers were observed.CONCLUSIONSTreatment with altered peptide ligand NBI-6024 at repeated doses of 0.1, 0.5, or 1.0 mg did not improve or maintain β-cell function.
Carbon sequestration potential of <i>Alnus nepalensis</i> in the mid hill of Nepal: A case study from Kaski district
Authors: Ranabhat S , Awasthi KD , Malla R 
Published: August 2009

This study was carried out to analyze the carbon content in different parts of Alnus nepalensis, and to assess the effect of aspect and altitude in the carbon storage in Alnus nepalensis as well as to quantify the total carbon sequestration (stock) in Alnus nepalensis forest in the mid-hills of Kaski District. The inventory for estimating above and below ground biomass of forest was carried out using stratified random sampling technique. The carbon content in different parts of Alnus nepalensis was quantified using combustion method in the laboratory. For determining the soil carbon content, six soil profiles from each aspect were excavated and soil samples were taken from soil profile up to 1 m depth for deep soil and up to bedrock for shallow soils at the interval of 20 cm. Mean carbon content in stem, branches, leaves and bark of Alnus nepalensis were found to be 40.52%, 33%, 9.56% and 16.4%, respectively. Total biomass carbon sequestered in northern aspect was 30.20 t/ha while for southern aspect it was 39.00 t/ha. In both the aspects higher carbon sequestration was observed at an elevation range of 1200-1300m i.e. 34.8 t/ha and 45.6 t/ha in northern and southern aspects, respectively. Soil carbon sequestration in northern and southern aspects was found to be 113.4 t/ha and 169.30 t/ ha, respectively. The total carbon sequestration potential of Alnus nepalensis forest was estimated to be 186.05 t/ha. Key words: Alnus nepalensis, altitude, aspect, carbon sequestration, mid hills doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2167 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 3-9
Challenges for service providers in community forestry governance: A case study of a community forest users group in Parbat, Nepal
Authors: Paudel A , Vogel S 
Published: August 2009

This study was carried out in Bhodkhore Community Forest Users Group in Parbat district, Nepal with the overall objective to develop a clearer understanding of the challenges for service providers while working towards improving the Community Forestry governance. The primary data were collected through personal interviews, group discussions, key informant interviews and direct observations using a series of questionnaires and check lists. Similarly, the secondary data were gathered from reports and records from Community Forestry User Group and service providers, and from relevant scientific literature. The data were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative tools. The results show that the existing challenges for service providers mainly include financial resource management, time management and inadequate technical support for forest management. Key words: Community Forestry, Governance, Service Providers, Challenges doi: 10.3126/banko.v18i2.2169 Banko Janakari, Vol. 18, No. 2, 18-24
Vertically Staggered Porous Ni2P/Fe2P Nanosheets with Trace Ru Doping as Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Seawater Splitting
Authors: Li Xiaojing , Wu Tingting , Li Na , Zhang Shuting , Chang Wenjiao , Chi Jingqi , Liu Xiaobin , Wang Lei 
Published: April 2024

AbstractDesigning a bifunctional electrocatalyst with high performance and low‐cost is of great significance to promote the large‐scale application of water splitting. Herein, porous Ru‐Ni2P/Fe2P heterojunction nanosheets with a vertically staggered structure are rationally fabricated to boost alkaline seawater splitting under large current densities. The Ru‐Ni2P/Fe2P catalyst exhibits remarkable activity in alkaline media, requiring only 274 and 331 mV at a large current density of 1000 mA cm−2 for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), respectively. Additionally, the NiFeOOH layer formed on the surface of Ru‐Ni2P/Fe2P is proposed as the active phase to promote the OER performance. Furthermore, an anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzer assembled by Ru‐Ni2P/Fe2P electrocatalyst exhibits excellent long‐term durability over 100 h, achieving a current density of 500 mA−2 at 2.0 V in alkaline seawater at 60 °C. Theoretical calculations reveal that the Ni2P/Fe2P heterojunction integration with trace Ru leads to balanced adsorption and desorption properties. Moreover, the active sites of Ru‐Ni2P/Fe2P are confirmed, in which Ni site is favorable for HER and Fe site is conducive to OER. This work provides an insight into designing a highly efficient and cost‐effective bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall seawater splitting.
Quantitative Analysis of Active Lithium Loss and Degradation Mechanism in Temperature Accelerated Aging Process of Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Peng Yufan , Zhong Cong , Ding Meifang , Zhang Huiyan , Jin Yanting , Hu Yonggang , Liao Yiqing , Yang Lufeng , Wang Shengxiang , Yin Xiaoting , Liang Jinding , Wei Yimin , Chen Jie , Yan Jiawei , Wang Xuefeng , Gong Zhengliang , Yang Yong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractQuantifying the aging mechanisms and their evolution patterns during battery aging is crucial for enabling renewable energy. Here, key factors are monitored and quantified affecting the aging processes of LiFePO4//graphite battery by a combination of mass spectrometry titration (MST), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM), and neutron imaging techniques. Electrochemical analysis reveals the loss of active lithium inventory drives battery aging as temperature increases. It is shown that temperature‐induced accelerated decaying rate is 2.01 and 3.45 times at 45 and 65 °C compared with that of rate at 25 °C. Quantitative analysis indicates that irreversible formation of LixC6 (x ≤ 1), LiF, ROCO2Li, LiH, Li2C2, and RLi (R = CH3, C2H3, C2H5, C3H5) are the primary components of inactive lithium. The solid eletrolyte interpahse (SEI), excluding LixC6, constitutes over 70% of the total inactive lithium. With increasing cycles, SEI shows a decreasing proportion of LiF and an increasing proportion of ROCO2Li. The coupled effects of substantial SEI growth, increased irreversible formation of LixC6, and worsened conductivity result in the rapid aging of batteries tested at high temperatures. In this work, a research toolbox for the quantitative study of aging mechanisms in practical batterysystems has been provided.
Multifunctional Composite Scaffold with Nanosilver, Graphene Oxide, and Macrophage Membrane Vesicles for Sequential Treatment of Infected Bone Defects
Authors: Sun Mingjie , Lu Yang , Zhang Hongrui , Jiang Weiqian , Wang Wenzhao , Huang Xiao , Zhang Shichun , Xiang Dulei , Tang Boyu , Chen Yu , Chen Tingmei , Lian Chengjie , Zhang Jian 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe management of infected bone defects poses a significant clinical challenge, and current treatment modalities exhibit various limitations. This study focuses on the development of a multifunctional composite scaffold comprising nanohydroxyapatite/polyethyleneglycol diacrylate matrix, silver nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO), sodium alginate, and M2‐type macrophage membrane vesicles (MVs) to enhance the healing of infected bone defects. The composite scaffold demonstrates several key features: first, it releases sufficient quantities of silver ions to effectively eliminate bacteria; second, the controlled release of MVs leads to a notable increase in M2‐type macrophages, thereby significantly mitigating the inflammatory response. Additionally, GO acts synergistically with nanohydroxyapatite to enhance osteoinductive activity, thereby fostering bone regeneration. Through meticulous in vitro and in vivo investigations, the composite scaffold exhibits broad‐spectrum antimicrobial effects, robust immunomodulatory capabilities, and enhanced osteoinductive activity. This multifaceted composite scaffold presents a promising approach for the sequential treatment of infected bone defects, addressing the antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and osteogenic aspects. This study introduces innovative perspectives and offers new and effective treatment alternatives for managing infected bone defects.
Ultrabright Dibenzofluoran‐Based Polymer Dots with NIR‐IIa Emission Maxima and Unusual Large Stokes Shifts for 3D Rotational Stereo Imaging
Authors: Chowdhury Partha , Lu Zhao‐Yu , Su Shih‐Po , Liu Meng‐Huan , Lin Chun‐Yi , Wang Man‐Wen , Luo Yi‐Chi , Lee Yi‐Jang , Chiang Huihua Kenny , Chan Yang‐Hsiang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEmerging organic molecules with emissions in the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) region are garnering significant attention. Unfortunately, achieving accountable organic emission intensity over the NIR‐IIa (1300 nm) region faces challenges due to the intrinsic energy gap law. Up to the current stage, all reported organic NIR‐IIa emitters belong to polymethine‐based dyes with small Stokes shifts (<50 nm) and low quantum yield (QY; ≤0.015%). However, such polymethines have proved to cause self‐absorption with constrained emission brightness, limiting advanced development in deep‐tissue imaging. Here a new NIR‐IIa scaffold based on rigid and highly conjugated dibenzofluoran core terminated by amino‐containing moieties that reveal emission peaks of 1230–1305 nm is designed. The QY is at least 10 times higher than all synthesized or reported NIR‐IIa polymethines with extraordinarily large Stokes shifts of 370–446 nm. DBF‐BJ is further prepared as a polymer dot to demonstrate its in vivo 3D stereo imaging of mouse vasculature with a 1400 nm long‐pass filter.
Catalytic Nanoparticles in Biomedical Applications: Exploiting Advanced Nanozymes for Therapeutics and Diagnostics
Authors: Manoharan Divinah , Wang Liu‐Chun , Chen Ying‐Chi , Li Wei‐Peng , Yeh Chen‐Sheng 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCatalytic nanoparticles (CNPs) as heterogeneous catalyst reveals superior activity due to their physio‐chemical features, such as high surface‐to‐volume ratio and unique optical, electric, and magnetic properties. The CNPs, based on their physio‐chemical nature, can either increase the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level for tumor and antibacterial therapy or eliminate the ROS for cytoprotection, anti‐inflammation, and anti‐aging. In addition, the catalytic activity of nanozymes can specifically trigger a specific reaction accompanied by the optical feature change, presenting the feasibility of biosensor and bioimaging applications. Undoubtedly, CNPs play a pivotal role in pushing the evolution of technologies in medical and clinical fields, and advanced strategies and nanomaterials rely on the input of chemical experts to develop. Herein, a systematic and comprehensive review of the challenges and recent development of CNPs for biomedical applications is presented from the viewpoint of advanced nanomaterial with unique catalytic activity and additional functions. Furthermore, the biosafety issue of applying biodegradable and non‐biodegradable nanozymes and future perspectives are critically discussed to guide a promising direction in developing span‐new nanozymes and more intelligent strategies for overcoming the current clinical limitations.
Extraordinary Thermoelectric Properties of Topological Surface States in Quantum‐Confined Cd3As2 Thin Films
Authors: Ouyang Wenkai , Lygo Alexander C. , Chen Yubi , Zheng Huiyuan , Vu Dung , Wooten Brandi L. , Liang Xichen , Heremans Joseph P. , Stemmer Susanne , Liao Bolin 
Published: April 2024

AbstractTopological insulators and semimetals have been shown to possess intriguing thermoelectric properties promising for energy harvesting and cooling applications. However, thermoelectric transport associated with the Fermi arc topological surface states on topological Dirac semimetals remains less explored. This work systematically examines thermoelectric transport in a series of topological Dirac semimetal Cd3As2 thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Surprisingly, significantly enhanced Seebeck effect and anomalous Nernst effect are found at cryogenic temperatures when the Cd3As2 layer is thin. In particular, a peak Seebeck coefficient of nearly 500 µV K−1 and a corresponding thermoelectric power factor over 30 mW K−2 m−1 are observed at 5 K in a 25‐nm‐thick sample. Combining angle‐dependent quantum oscillation analysis, magnetothermoelectric measurement, transport modeling, and first‐principles simulation, the contributions from bulk and surface conducting channels are isolated and the unusual thermoelectric properties are attributed to the topological surface states. The analysis showcases the rich thermoelectric transport physics in quantum‐confined topological Dirac semimetal thin films and suggests new routes to achieving high thermoelectric performance at cryogenic temperatures.
A Highly Deficient Medium‐Entropy Perovskite Ceramic for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding under Harsh Environment
Authors: Liu Yongping , Tuo Ping , Dai Fu‐Zhi , Yu Zhiyang , Lai Wei , Ding Qi , Yan Peng , Gao Jie , Hu Yunfeng , Hu Yixuan , Fan Yuchi , Jiang Wan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMaterials that can provide reliable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding in highly oxidative atmosphere at elevated temperature are indispensable in the fast‐developing aerospace field. However, most of conductor‐type EMI shielding materials such as metals can hardly withstand the high‐temperature oxidation, while the conventional dielectric‐type materials cannot offer sufficient shielding efficiency in gigahertz (GHz) frequencies. Here, a highly deficient medium‐entropy (ME) perovskite ceramic as an efficient EMI shielding material in harsh environment, is demonstrated. The synergistic effect of entropy stabilization and aliovalent substitution on A‐site generate abnormally high concentration of Ti and O vacancies that are stable under high‐temperature oxidation. Due to the clustering of vacancies, the highly deficient perovskite ceramic exhibits giant complex permittivity and polarization loss in GHz, leading to the specific EMI shielding effectiveness above 30 dB/mm in X‐band even after 100 h of annealing at 1000 °C in air. Along with the low thermal conductivity, the aliovalent ME perovskite can serve as a bifunctional shielding material for applications in aircraft engines and reusable rockets.
Work Function‐Guided Electrocatalyst Design
Authors: Chen Zhijie , Ma Tianyi , Wei Wei , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Zhao Chuan , Ni Bing‐Jie 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe development of high‐performance electrocatalysts for energy conversion reactions is crucial for advancing global energy sustainability. The design of catalysts based on their electronic properties (e.g., work function) has gained significant attention recently. Although numerous reviews on electrocatalysis have been provided, no such reports on work function‐guided electrocatalyst design are available. Herein, a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements in work function‐guided electrocatalyst design for diverse electrochemical energy applications is provided. This includes the development of work function‐based catalytic activity descriptors, and the design of both monolithic and heterostructural catalysts. The measurement of work function is first discussed and the applications of work function‐based catalytic activity descriptors for various reactions are fully analyzed. Subsequently, the work function‐regulated material‐electrolyte interfacial electron transfer (IET) is employed for monolithic catalyst design, and methods for regulating the work function and optimizing the catalytic performance of catalysts are discussed. In addition, key strategies for tuning the work function‐governed material‐material IET in heterostructural catalyst design are examined. Finally, perspectives on work function determination, work function‐based activity descriptors, and catalyst design are put forward to guide future research. This work paves the way to the work function‐guided rational design of efficient electrocatalysts for sustainable energy applications.
Distinguishing Elements at the Sub‐Nanometer Scale on the Surface of a High Entropy Alloy
Authors: Kim Lauren , Scougale William R. , Sharma Prince , Shirato Nozomi , Wieghold Sarah , Rose Volker , Chen Wei , Balasubramanian Ganesh , Chien TeYu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractMaterials in crystalline form possess translational symmetry (TS) when the unit cell is repeated in real space with long‐ and short‐range orders. The periodic potential in the crystal regulates the electron wave function and results in unique band structures, which further define the physical properties of the materials. Amorphous materials lack TS due to the randomization of distances and arrangements between atoms, causing the electron wave function to lack a well‐defined momentum. High entropy materials provide another way to break the TS by randomizing the potential strength at periodic atomic sites. The local elemental distribution has a great impact on physical properties in high entropy materials. It is critical to distinguish elements at the sub‐nanometer scale to uncover the correlations between the elemental distribution and the material properties. Here, the use of synchrotron X‐ray scanning tunneling microscopy (SX‐STM) with sub‐nm scale resolution in identifying elements on a high entropy alloy (HEA) surface is demonstrated. By examining the elementally sensitive X‐ray absorption spectra with an STM tip to enhance the spatial resolution, the elemental distribution on an HEA's surface at a sub‐nm scale is extracted. These results open a pathway towards quantitatively understanding high entropy materials and their material properties.
Conjugated Polymer Heteroatom Engineering Enables High Detectivity Symmetric Ambipolar Phototransistors
Authors: Nodari Davide , Sharma Sandeep , Jia Weitao , Marsh Adam V. , Lin Yen‐Hung , Fu Yuang , Lu Xinhui , Russkikh Artem , Harrison George T. , Fatayer Shadi , Gasparini Nicola , Heeney Martin , Panidi Julianna 
Published: April 2024

AbstractSolution‐processed high‐performing ambipolar organic phototransistors (OPTs) can enable low‐cost integrated circuits. Here, a heteroatom engineering approach to modify the electron affinity of a low band gap diketopyrrolopyrole (DPP) co‐polymer, resulting in well‐balanced charge transport, a more preferential edge‐on orientation and higher crystallinity, is demonstrated. Changing the comonomer heteroatom from sulfur (benzothiadiazole (BT)) to oxygen (benzooxadiazole (BO)) leads to an increased electron affinity and introduces higher ambipolarity. Organic thin film transistors fabricated from the novel PDPP‐BO exhibit charge carrier mobility of 0.6 and 0.3 cm2 Vs⁻1 for electrons and holes, respectively. Due to the high sensitivity of the PDPP‐based material and the balanced transport in PDPP‐BO, its application as an NIR detector in an OPT architecture is presented. By maintaining a high on/off ratio (9 × 104), ambipolar OPTs are shown with photoresponsivity of 69 and 99 A W⁻1 and specific detectivity of 8 × 107 for the p‐type operation and 4 × 109 Jones for the n‐type regime. The high symmetric NIR‐ambipolar OPTs are also evaluated as ambipolar photo‐inverters, and show a 46% gain enhancement under illumination.