bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late entrant over‐the‐counter and Rx market entry strategies
Authors: Cavusgil Erin , Seyda Deligonul Z. , Calantone Roger 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to explore market dynamics and strategic issues that contribute to a late entrant's success in achieving market leadership in the prescription (Rx) and over‐the‐counter (OTC) markets. In the Rx market, consumers must receive physicians' approval before purchasing the product. In the OTC market, consumers make the final drug choice.Design/methodology/approachData on sales (both Rx and OTC) and direct‐to‐consumer advertising expenditures for nine gastrointestinal drug products were obtained covering a 17‐year period. Ordinary least squares regression was employed.FindingsThe findings show that late‐market entrants, despite existing challenges, can become market leaders. This applies to both the Rx and OTC markets, via varying mechanisms.Originality/valueThis study is unique in demonstrating the differential mechanism in achieving market success for late entrants in the Rx and OTC markets.
Factors influencing scope and acceptability of E‐detailing as a pharmaceutical marketing communication tool in emerging economies like India
Authors: Banerjee Saikat , Dash Sampada Kumar 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to unearth the factors influencing the scope and acceptability of E‐detailing concepts recently started by domestic as well as multinational companies in India.Design/methodology/approachThe objective is to capture views of pharmaceutical company personnel about E‐detailing to understand factors influencing acceptance and execution of E‐detailing as a marketing communication tool. This study is based on primary data collected from the Delhi/NCR area of India. To analyze the data, an attempt is made to identify latent factors that influence various measurable characteristics. Gonzalez and Bello's approach is used in factor analyzing the responses to identify prominent influencing factors behind the adoption of E‐detailing by pharmaceutical companies.FindingsAs viewed by the company personnel, managerial readiness, operational capabilities, audience acceptance and market accessibility are the most important factors responsible for proper acceptability of E‐detailing program. Other motivators are convenience mode of communication, brand acceptance in the market, a deep relationship development with target physicians. This has a positive impact on the profit curve of the companies.Practical implicationsResults from this study will help pharmaceutical companies operating in India to understand factors influencing scope and acceptability of E‐detailing as an important marketing communication tool. Pharmaceutical companies may chart their strategic communication roadmap in line with the same.Originality/valueIn this paper, we have identified factors responsible for acceptance and execution of E‐detailing as a pharmaceutical marketing communication tool. These factors may be tested in different countries and intensity may be analyzed beyond country boundaries.
Compact fluorescent lamps and electricity consumption trend in residential buildings in Ilorin, Nigeria
Authors: Sule Bolaji F. , Ajao Kajogbola R. , Ajimotokan Habeeb A. , Garba Mohammed K. 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine the electricity consumption trend in residential buildings using incandescent lamps and retrofitting with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs).Design/methodology/approachQuestionnaires were administered to capture the necessary data from three randomly selected residential estates in Ilorin, Nigeria. In total, 8,840 sampled incandescent lamps were retrofitted with CFLs. The electric energy in kilowatt hour (kWh) consumed prior to replacement for three months was compared with kWh consumption after retrofitting and analyzed employing t‐tests.FindingsThe three‐month average electricity consumption of ten households for the University of Ilorin GRA quarters and Lower Niger River Basin staff quarters pre‐ and post‐installation were 20,259 and 13,010 kWh, and 46,891 and 29,588 kWh, respectively. Results show that there were significant differences between the observed and tabulated values for the pre‐ and post‐installation of CFLs, respectively, at 5 per cent confidence level. About 40 per cent reduction in electricity consumption was achieved through deployment of CFLs in the residential households.Originality/valueThis paper demonstrates how retrofitting of incandescent lamps with CFLs can bring about possible reduction in electricity consumption in residential households in Nigeria.
Henry B. Plant (1819‐1899): Florida's west coast entrepreneur
Authors: Ford Robert C. , Petersen Peter B. 
Published: July 2011

PurposeEntrepreneurship is increasingly recognized as vital for economies to grow and survive in an increasingly competitive world. Studying the critical success factors of entrepreneurial activity is and will continue to be a primary scholarly interest. Factors that have been identified in current times as critical to the success of entrepreneurs can even be seen in the actions of an entrepreneur in nineteenth‐century America. This paper seeks to use historical evidence about the career of Henry B. Plant to illustrate the application of those key factors and to expand knowledge of customer networks in entrepreneurial success.Design/methodology/approachThe recent Kauffman study of successful entrepreneurs identifies 12 characteristics that are associated with their success. Clustered into three groupings in descending order of importance they are: work experience and previous success, management team, and luck; professional and personal networks, university education, and availability of venture capital funding; geographic location, advice from investors, alumni networks, and state and/or regional assistance. Consequently, this article examines the career of Henry B. Plant to provide additional historical evidence for the Kauffman study's classification of critical characteristics of successful entrepreneurs. Moreover, it illustrates the value of strong ties in a customers network as a valued resource for entrepreneurs.FindingsHenry B. Plant was an entrepreneurial pioneer and a visionary leader. Singlehandedly, he made Tampa, Florida by building the railroad to it. His strategy of opening up the state with an integrated rail and ship system necessitated thinking through the interconnections of different modes of transportation, tying together schedules, and making it possible to move people and goods from New York to Havana. By examining Henry B. Plant examples of how he used key success factors, similar to those in Kauffman's study, to create and develop his entrepreneurial efforts can be found. Moreover, his ability to create strong ties with his customer network created a valuable and unique resource in his entrepreneurial success.Originality/valueWhile many studies of entrepreneurs focus on the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries, an example from the nineteenth century remains of value in understanding the key drivers of entrepreneurial success. This is particularly true for Plant who showed that by carefully creating and maintaining strong ties with a customer network he could provide his enterprise with a valuable and unique resource that was a major contributor to his success as an entrepreneur.
Ideology or economics: government banking in New Zealand
Authors: Cardow Andrew , Tripe David , Wilson William 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThis paper aims to argue that in the short history of New Zealand banking, political experimentation, based at first upon socialist ideology of the 1940s led to the nationalisation of The Bank of New Zealand (BNZ), followed by a period of neo‐liberalism in the 1980s and early 1990s in which the bank was privatised. It further argues that the establishment of Kiwibank Ltd in New Zealand at the dawn of the twenty‐first century was a return to the political ideology of the 1940s.Design/methodology/approachThe paper discusses the nationalisation and subsequent privatisation of the BNZ and draws a parallel between the perceived banking environment as it existed in New Zealand in the twentieth century and as it existed at the establishment of Kiwibank. By way of context setting it also discusses the political environment as it relates to the nationalisation of the Bank of England.FindingsThe paper finds that in New Zealand, political experimentation, not commercial pragmatism, was the underlying motivating factor for the state's involvement in banking.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to the pool of knowledge regarding the political motivations behind nationalisation and state ownership of banking assets. The article is of interest to economic and political historians as well as those who study New Zealand political party history. Future policy makers could do well to reflect upon the motivations for state ownership of banking assets by asking if their decisions are driven by ideology or economics.
NGO transformation: institutional entrepreneurship in Indian microfinance
Authors: Sarma Sushanta 
Published: July 2011

PurposeInstitutional theory is inspired by the problem of how different organizations operating in different environment have similar structures. The similarity is catalyzed by isomorphic forces, active within a given organizational field. Despite the force of isomorphic process, there is emergence of new organizations in through institutional entrepreneurs. The emergence of NBFCs through transformation of NGOs within the given context of Indian microfinance sector creates a space for examining the institutional entrepreneurship. The paper studies the institutional entrepreneurs of Indian microfinance, and attempts to make some proposition on institutional entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approachIt brings out the commonalities among the institutional entrepreneurs, and how they have rationalized their actions within the given context. The paper aims to extend the current understanding of institutional entrepreneurship to the emerging field of Indian microfinance.FindingsThe institutional entrepreneurs were at the periphery of not‐for‐profit sector before transformation. The leaderships of institutional entrepreneurship are well‐networked, and have better access to resources. The institutional entrepreneurs have rationalized their action, by aligning their interest with that of other influential stakeholders. The new form is legitimized through patronizing practices like credit rating by professional agencies etc.Research limitationsThe study is based on secondary literature and the studies on all the selected organizations are not necessarily value‐neutral, and hence there are possibilities of interpreting the process of institutional entrepreneurship in an inadequate way.Originality/valueThere are very few works on microfinance from the institutional theory's perspective, and this may be a fresh attempt to look at the process of transformation of NGO‐MFIs from the lenses of institutional entrepreneurship.
International transfer of employee‐oriented CSR practices by multinational SMEs
Authors: Johan de Jong Dirk 
Published: July 2011

PurposeStarting from the question whether the globalisation process leads to a social “race to the bottom”, this paper aims to highlight the international transfer of socially responsible, employee‐oriented practices by multinational small to medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) as a possible way to counter such a trend.Design/methodology/approachBased on a literature review, an exploratory framework – building on three perspectives – is proposed about the conditions in which employee‐oriented corporate social responsibility (CSR) affects long‐term firm performance positively. First, the stakeholder view on CSR entails that employees can be considered as legitimate stakeholders of the firm justifying introduction of employee‐oriented CSR. Second, the human resource management perspective matters as employee‐oriented CSR materialises in human resource management policies and practices that increase employee commitment. Finally, as regulative, normative and cognitive institutions differ across countries, the institutionalist perspective is relevant to understand diverging demands on content and form of employee‐oriented CSR practices.FindingsIt is argued that owner‐managers of (multinational) SMEs, who view their employees as legitimate stakeholders of the firm, will introduce employee‐oriented CSR out of their sense of moral responsibility towards their employees. This sense of moral responsibility is conditional on achieving sustainable mutual value creation as a result of employee‐oriented CSR. Finally, transfer of employee‐oriented CSR to foreign subsidiaries is positively mediated by the level of owner‐managers' institutional entrepreneurship.Originality/valueThis is one of the few studies addressing the position of employees as internal stakeholders of small and medium‐sized enterprises in an international context. It signals the relevance of institutional differences across countries to entrepreneurs who wish to improve long‐term firm performance through employee‐oriented CSR.
Supply chain sustainability: a relationship management approach
Authors: Ki Fiona Cheung Yan , Rowlinson Steve 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine, by means of case studies, the mechanisms by which relationships can be managed and by which communication and cooperation can be enhanced in sustainable supply chains. The research was predicated on the contention that the development of a sustainable supply chain depends, in part, on the transfer of knowledge and capabilities from the larger players in the supply chain.Design/methodology/approachThe research adopted a triangulated approach in which quantitative data were collected by questionnaire, interviews were conducted to explore and enrich the quantitative data and case studies were undertaken in order to illustrate and validate the findings. Handy's view of organisational culture, Allen and Meyer's concepts of organisational commitment and Van de Ven and Ferry's measures of organisational structuring have been combined into a model to test and explain how collaborative mechanisms can affect supply chain sustainability.FindingsIt has been shown that the degree of match and mismatch between organisational culture and structure has an impact on staff's commitment level. A sustainable supply chain depends on convergence – that is the match between organisational structuring, organisation culture and organisation commitment.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is a proof of concept and three case studies have been used to illustrate the nature of the model developed. Further testing and refinement of the model in practice should be the next step in this research.Practical implicationsThe concept of relationship management needs to filter down to all levels in the supply chain if participants are to retain commitment and buy‐in to the relationship. A sustainable supply chain requires proactive relationship management and the development of an appropriate organisational culture, and trust. By legitimising individuals' expectations of the type of culture which is appropriate to their company and empowering employees to address mismatches that may occur, a situation can be created whereby the collaborating organisations develop their competences symbiotically and so facilitate a sustainable supply chain.Originality/valueThe culture/commitment/structure model developed from three separate strands of management thought has proved to be a powerful tool for analysing collaboration in supply chains and explaining how and why some supply chains are sustainable, and others are not.
Gender differences in entrepreneurial networks: adding an alter perspective
Authors: Klyver Kim 
Published: July 2011

PurposeBy adding an alter perspective to the traditional ego perspective on gender differences in entrepreneurial networks, the purpose of this study is to investigate whether involvement of family members who are not partners and exchange of emotional support is associated not only with the gender of the entrepreneurs but also the gender of entrepreneurs' alters.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on homophily theory, relational theory and social support theory, three hypotheses are developed and tested on a representative sample of Danish entrepreneurs and their alters. A hierarchical logistic regression approach is applied.FindingsIt is found that female focal entrepreneurs are more likely to involve female and family members who are not partners. Furthermore, it was found that female focal entrepreneurs would more likely involve female family members while male focal entrepreneurs would more likely involve male family members. And finally, it was found that females and males are equally likely to receive emotional support while females are more likely to provide it.Research limitations/implicationsAn important lesson from this study is that both focal actors and alters have an essential role in the entrepreneurial act and that females and males perform different roles and functions as both the focal entrepreneurs and as alters.Originality/valueThis study is unique in the sense that it adds an alter perspective to the traditional ego perspective on entrepreneurial networks.
Employment discrimination law exposures for international employers
Authors: Posthuma Richard A. , Roehling Mark V. , Campion Michael A. 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to use a risk management perspective to identify the risks of employment discrimination law liability for multinational employers.Design/methodology/approachData from 101 US Federal Court cases that involved multinational employers operating both inside and outside of the USA were content coded and then used to identify factors that predict the frequency that foreign employers operating inside the USA – and US employers operating outside the USA – were subject to lawsuits under US employment discrimination laws.FindingsThis study found that employment lawsuits based on sex discrimination against females was the most significant risk exposure. Employers whose home country was from a Western culture were at comparatively greater risk for charges of both age and religious discrimination. Employers whose home country was from an Asian culture were at comparatively greater risk for charges of both race and national origin discrimination.Research limitations/implicationsThis study demonstrates the viability and usefulness of a risk management framework for examination of issues related to law and management.Practical implicationsThis study enables the identification of risk factors that multinational employers can use to strategically target their loss prevention efforts in order to more effectively and efficiently avoid or reduce potential liability for employment discrimination.Social implicationsThe risk factors identified in this study can help employers to take efforts to reduce employment discrimination in their multinational operations, thereby reducing the frequency and likelihood that such discrimination may occur.Originality/valueThis is the first study to use a risk management framework to empirically identify employment law risk exposures for multinational employers.
Maturity measurement of knowledge‐intensive business processes
Authors: Jochem Roland , Geers Dennis , Heinze Priscilla 
Published: July 2011

PurposeThe methods of quality management, business process management and knowledge management have until now been exploited by science and the industry separately. An integration of these disciplines could unlock the potential of a solid structure to measure and gradually improve knowledge transfer processes. This paper aims to address this issue.Design/methodology/approachA maturity model was developed for SMEs to measure and assess the quality of their business processes. This enabled the companies to determine their existing status and to take the necessary actions for the competence development of their business processes, which should contribute to the attainment of their knowledge management goals.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper introduces a maturity model for knowledge‐intensive business processes that enables companies to determine their processes' actual state and take the corresponding actions for their business processes improvement, in which special attention is being given to small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs).Originality/valueThe paper proposes an SME‐specified maturity model for knowledge‐intensive business processes. Its assessment procedure is developed based on literature researches and investigation of real processes of two industrial SMEs. This maturity model has advantages over other existing models since it accounts for the needs of SMEs by incorporating the company preference over the measured areas.
Leadership, empowerment and customer satisfaction in teaching institutions
Authors: Arif Seema , Ilyas Maryam 
Published: July 2011

PurposeBy studying the leadership role of management and faculty in a Pakistani University to find out gaps in the delivery of technology integrated services in enrolment and advisory capacity offered at the beginning of every new term at the University of Central Punjab in Lahore, Pakistan, this paper seeks to find the impact of the process of service delivery on customer loyalty and positive word of mouth, the key objectives for attaining quality.Design/methodology/approachA mixed methods approach, comprising survey and interviews were used to investigate customer satisfaction. Factorial analysis and SEM modeling was applied to quantitative data, whereas coding and interpretive analysis were used for qualitative data.FindingsThe results highlight the differences in leadership style adopted by management and faculty. The SEM model suggests that, as long as students lack autonomy and perceive a lack of empowerment of faculty, their satisfaction with the enrolment and advisory services will be affected negatively and will result in negative outcomes on word of mouth.Research limitations/implicationsThe small sample and contextual nature of study limit the scope of generalization. However, the analysis contributes toward improving the leadership approach of Pakistani management and faculty at private universities.Originality/valueThe study identifies the challenges faced by the management in providing customer satisfaction with the services by approaching the problem from a different angle, i.e. leaders' use of their cognitive resources and their relationship focusing on customer satisfaction. It extends the research literature on leadership styles as being applicable to student services available.