bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of patients transported by an air ambulance critical care team
Authors: Catherall Jacqueline A , Brown Adam , Benger Jonathan R 
Published: May 2012

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to review patients conveyed by the Great Western Air Ambulance to its main receiving hospital.MethodsRetrospective data were collected for all patients transferred to Frenchay Hospital by the Great Western Air Ambulance between 1 June 2008 and 1 March 2010.Results115 patients were included in the review. Patients were conveyed up to 85 km, 79% bypassing the closest emergency department (ED). 51% of these patients had major trauma and 35% were intubated at the scene. On arrival, the mean time to CT scan was 78 min, reduced to 63 min for those with a head injury. 16% of patients were discharged from the ED.ConclusionsThis review provides an overview of the characteristics of patients transferred to a major receiving hospital by a prehospital critical care team.
Understanding trends in genitalChlamydia trachomatiscan benefit from enhanced surveillance: findings from Australia
Authors: Ali Hammad , Guy Rebecca J , Fairley Christopher K , Wand Handan , Chen Marcus Y , Dickson Bridget , O'Connor Catherine C , Marshall Lewis , Grulich Andrew E , Kaldor John M , Hellard Margaret E , Donovan Basil ,   on behalf of the ACCESS Collaboration
Published: May 2012

ObjectivesTo determine trends and correlates of chlamydia positivity among young heterosexuals attending Australian sexual health services and to compare these with population-based notification data.MethodsData from 18 sexual health services and the national notification scheme were analysed. A χ2test assessed trends in chlamydia positivity among young heterosexuals tested from 2006 to 2010, and logistic regression was used to determine correlates of positivity. Nucleic acid amplification tests were used throughout the study period.ResultsDuring 2006–2010, 64 588 heterosexuals aged 15–29 years attended the sexual health services for the first time and the annual chlamydia testing rate was consistently >80%. Overall, chlamydia positivity increased by 12%, by 8.3% in heterosexual men (from 13.2% in 2006 to 14.3% in 2010; p-trend=0.04) and by 15.9% in women (from 11.3% in 2006 to 13.1% in 2010; p-trend<0.01). Independent correlates of chlamydia positivity in sexual health service patients were being aged 15–24 years, residing in a regional/rural area, being Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander, being a non-Australian resident and attending in 2010 compared with 2006. Over the same period, the population-based notification rate increased by 43% against a background of a >100% increase in testing.ConclusionsThe sexual health service network suggests a moderate increase in chlamydia prevalence in young heterosexuals tested at sexual health services, in contrast to the steep increase shown by notifications. This highlights the caution needed in interpreting chlamydia trends without a corresponding testing denominator.
Assigning birds to geographic origin using feather hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H): importance of year, age, and habitat
Authors: Haché S. , Hobson K.A. , Villard M.-A. , Bayne E.M. 
Published: May 2012

In North America, gradients in the ratio of stable hydrogen isotopes in amount-weighted, growing-season mean precipitation (2H:1H; depicted as δ2Hp) form a largely latitude-sensitive isoscape that can be used to estimate the geographical origin of animals. Feathers are metabolically inert following growth and δ2Hfvalues retain information on geographical origins. However, there are important assumptions underlying this approach that can only be tested using birds of known origin. Here, we investigated sources of variation in δ2Hfmeasurements from Ovenbirds ( Seiurus aurocapilla (L., 1766)) associated with year, age class, feather type, season, and habitat type in New Brunswick, Canada. The observed δ2Hfgenerally followed that predicted from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation database. However, we found a strong year × age interaction on δ2Hf. Season, habitat type, and feather type explained only a small portion of the overall variation in δ2Hf. These results show the advantages of using annual δ2Hpisoscapes and age-specific corrections when converting δ2Hpto δ2Hf. We submit that the interaction effect can be modeled by accounting for interannual variation in the amount of precipitation during the breeding season. These procedures will allow for more precise estimates of the geographical origin of individual birds, especially for studies conducted near oceanic coasts, which are subject to significant annual variations in growing season δ2Hp.
The effect of coastal defences on cliff top retreat along the Holderness coastline
Authors: Brown Sally , Barton Max E. , Nicholls Robert J. 
Published: May 2012

Summary

This study investigates variations in soft cliff retreat and the impact of coastal defences along 55 km of the Holderness coast between 1845 and 2005. The analysis of three approximately 50-year periods (1854–1905, 1905–1952, 1952–2005) gives a retreat rate of between 0.8±0.4 m/yr and 2.1±0.4 m/yr. Retreat varies spatially and temporally due to natural causes and human activity, especially 19
th
century beach mining and coastal defence construction. Defences reduce sediment input and modify the sediment budget, usually resulting in a sediment deficit down-drift, leading to the development of a set-back.

Using data from historical and modern Ordnance Survey maps, aerial photographs, and Differential Geographical Positioning System (DGPS) surveys, the cliff top was selected as a reference feature. Set-back due to defence construction at Barmston, Hornsea (two periods), Mappleton and Withernsea (two periods) was analysed, giving six different time periods. Short time periods are unreliable due to large mapping uncertainties and natural variability. Two cases showed excess retreat for tens to thousands of metres down-drift over a long time period since defence construction. Two cases were indicative of excess retreat, but require more time to elapse after defence construction (in these cases >20 years) to reach a definitive conclusion. Two cases were inconclusive, but possibly maintained a constant retreat rate post-defence construction. Hence, at the scale of Holderness, defences have changed the pattern of erosion rather than stopping it. Accelerated retreat down-drift of defences can threaten human infrastructure and buildings and reduce the efficiency of defences. This should be recognized in shoreline management planning.
New insights from 3D geological models at analogue CO
2
storage sites in Lincolnshire and eastern Scotland, UK
Authors: Monaghan Alison , Ford Jonathan , Milodowski Antoni , McInroy David , Pharaoh Timothy , Rushton Jeremy , Browne Mike , Cooper Anthony , Hulbert Andrew , Napier Bruce 
Published: May 2012

Summary
Subsurface 3D geological models of aquifer and seal rock systems from two contrasting analogue sites have been created as the first step in an investigation into methodologies for geological storage of carbon dioxide in saline aquifers. Development of the models illustrates the utility of an integrated approach using digital techniques and expert geological knowledge to further geological understanding. The models visualize a faulted, gently dipping Permo-Triassic succession in Lincolnshire and a complex faulted and folded Devono-Carboniferous succession in eastern Scotland. The Permo-Triassic is present in the Lincolnshire model to depths of −2 km OD, and includes the aquifers of the Sherwood Sandstone and Rotliegendes groups. Model-derived thickness maps test and refine Permian palaeogeography, such as the location of a carbonate reef and its associated seaward slope, and the identification of aeolian dunes. Analysis of borehole core samples established average 2D porosity values for the Rotliegendes (16%) and Sherwood Sandstone (20%) groups, and the Zechstein (5%) and Mercia Mudstone (<10%) groups, which are favourable for aquifer and seal units respectively. Core sample analysis has revealed a complex but well understood diagenetic history. Re-interpretation of newly reprocessed seismic data in eastern Scotland has significantly reduced interpretative uncertainty of aquifer and seal units at depths of up to −6 km OD in a complex faulted and folded Devono-Carboniferous succession. Synthesis of diverse data in the 3D geological model defines a set of growth folds and faults indicative of active Viséan to Westphalian dextral-strike slip, with no major changes in structural style throughout the Carboniferous, in contrast to some published tectonic models. Average 2D porosity values are 14–17% in aquifer units and <2% in the seal unit, with a ferroan dolomite cement occluding porosity at depth.
Reactivation of the coastal landslide system at Cayton Bay, North Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Johnson Richard M. , Fish Paul R. 
Published: May 2012

Summary

On 1 April 2008, a deep-seated reactivation of the Cayton Cliff coastal landslide complex near Scarborough occurred. This followed localized headscarp failures adjacent to properties at Knipe Point Drive, beginning in late autumn 2007. The paper details the field evidence for these events, which included headscarp recession, shallow mudslides and debris flows, and deeper-seated ground displacement leading to tension cracking and toe uplift. In response to these changes, a ground inspection and monitoring programme was implemented to assess ongoing headscarp recession and possible extension of the landslide, thereby informing management responses and levels of risk. The data, which cover the post-failure period between late April 2008 and mid December 2009, indicate headscarp recession up to 3.61 m ± 0.04 m, localized displacement of the landslide body of up to 2.72 m ± 0.74 m and sea cliff recession of 0.31 m ± 0.01 m a
−1
. A preliminary investigation of the potential causes of the 2008 landslide reactivation suggest it was a natural event, most probably reflecting high antecedent effective rainfall conditions that raised the groundwater table to a critical threshold for slope failure. Reactivation was possibly aided by ongoing marine erosion of the landslide toe. Long-term management of the site is more complex and the potential option of a landslide stabilization scheme is likely to meet significant challenge, especially given the SSSI designation at Cayton Cliff.
New information on Neoproterozoic-Cambrian geology and the Triassic unconformity around Groby, southern Charnwood Forest, UK
Authors: Scotney Philip M. , Carney John N. , Harwood Mark 
Published: May 2012

Summary
Detailed investigations utilizing borehole drilling, geophysical techniques and revision mapping have elucidated the geological evolution of southern Charnwood Forest. This study confirms that the South Charnwood Diorite was emplaced in latest Neoproterozoic times and has a broadly concordant intrusive contact with underlying volcaniclastic strata of the Charnian Supergroup. Following erosion that unroofed the diorite, an Early Cambrian marine transgression deposited an unconformable covering of Brand Group strata. In end-Silurian times, the region experienced orogenic compression and folding along a dominant NW–WNW tectonic grain. ‘Phase 1’ structures with these orientations include the Charnwood Anticline and a transecting, penetrative cleavage that is mainly developed in the stratiform Charnian rocks. Further manifestations of this deformation were systems of NW-trending faults, the most important of which is the Groby Reverse Fault. This complex structure is described here for the first time; it features a narrow tectonic slice of Brand Group rocks, which was thrown down into the South Charnwood Diorite. The courses of younger, ‘Phase 2’ faults are also revealed by the present study; they are orthogonal to, and thus offset the earlier NW structures. During Permian times, the area was stripped of its Carboniferous cover, resulting in a rugged pre-Triassic topography. This study has shown that the South Charnwood Diorite was eroded into low-lying, NW-elongated, steep-sided domes (bornhardts). It has also revealed the configuration of an associated palaeo-valley system, which suggests that regional tilting associated with development of the syn-Triassic Hinckley Basin to the south-west of Charnwood Forest may have influenced drainage directions before burial of the hill-range beneath desert sediments of the Mercia Mudstone Group.
Rift-basin development: lessons from the Triassic–Jurassic Newark Basin of eastern North America
Authors: Withjack M. O. , Schlische R. W. , Malinconico M. L. , Olsen P. E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract

We use seismic, field, core, borehole and vitrinite-reflectance data to constrain the development of the Newark Rift Basin, one of the largest and most thoroughly studied basins of the eastern North American rift system that formed during the break-up of Pangaea. These data provide critical information about the geometry of the preserved synrift section and the magnitude of post-rift erosion. We incorporate this information into a new structural restoration of the basin. Our work shows that the Newark Basin was initially narrow (<25 km) and markedly asymmetric; synrift strata show significant thickening towards the basin-bounding faults. Subsequently, the basin became wider (perhaps >100 km wide), deeper (up to 10 km) and less asymmetric; synrift strata exhibit subtle thickening towards the basin-bounding fault system. Several intrabasin faults dissected the Newark Basin after synrift deposition, and the basin fill was tilted (
c.
10°NW) and folded. Erosion (up to 6 km) accompanied the intrabasin faulting, NW tilting and folding, significantly reducing the basin size. Our work suggests that the eastern North American rift system is characterized by a very broad zone of upper-crustal extension in which a few, wide, deep, long-lived, fault-bounded basins (like the Newark Basin) accommodated much of the extension.
Meteorological Model Evaluation for CalNex 2010
Authors: Angevine Wayne M. , Eddington Lee , Durkee Kevin , Fairall Chris , Bianco Laura , Brioude Jerome 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The performance of mesoscale meteorological models is evaluated for the coastal zone and Los Angeles area of Southern California, and for the San Joaquin Valley. Several configurations of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) with differing grid spacing, initialization, planetary boundary layer (PBL) physics, and land surface models are compared. One configuration of the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS) model is also included, providing results from an independent development and process flow. Specific phenomena of interest for air quality studies are examined. All model configurations are biased toward higher wind speeds than observed. The diurnal cycle of wind direction and speed (land–sea-breeze cycle) as modeled and observed by a wind profiler at Los Angeles International Airport is examined. Each of the models shows different flaws in the cycle. Soundings from San Nicolas Island, a case study involving the Research Vessel (R/V) Atlantis and the NOAA P3 aircraft, and satellite images are used to evaluate simulation performance for cloudy boundary layers. In a case study, the boundary layer structure over the water is poorly simulated by all of the WRF configurations except one with the total energy–mass flux boundary layer scheme and ECMWF reanalysis. The original WRF configuration had a substantial bias toward low PBL heights in the San Joaquin Valley, which are improved in the final configuration. WRF runs with 12-km grids have larger errors in wind speed and direction than those present in the 4-km grid runs.
The Relationship of Weather Salience with the Perceptions and Uses of Weather Information in a Nationwide Sample of the United States
Authors: Stewart Alan E. , Lazo Jeffrey K. , Morss Rebecca E. , Demuth Julie L. 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe authors used data from a sample of 1465 adults living in the United States to perform a confirmatory factor analysis on the Weather Salience Questionnaire (WxSQ), a 29-item instrument designed to measure the ways in which weather is psychologically significant for people. The original measurement model of the WxSQ was confirmed in the present sample. Additional work also was performed to create a WxSQ short form consisting of seven items. The authors then examined the relationship of weather salience with the respondents’ climate zones of residence and several other weather-related attitudes and behaviors that were assessed in the national sample. People residing in continental and temperate climates expressed significantly more weather salience than those living in dry climates. Further, weather salience was significantly and positively related to the following: 1) the frequency with which people sought weather information and forecasts, 2) the frequency of seeking weather information during the day, 3) the frequency of using forecasts to plan daily activities, 4) seeking weather information for wider geographic areas, and 5) the use of precipitation and temperature forecasts. Weather salience also was significantly and positively related to the confidence people expressed about National Weather Service forecasts and to the perceived importance of these forecasts. The results imply that peoples’ level of weather salience, at least in part, affects their uses of weather information and their confidence in it. These results support the validity of the WxSQ and also reveal some of the psychological bases of people’s perceptions and uses of weather information.
Tobacco smoking among people living with a psychotic illness: The second Australian survey of psychosis
Authors: Cooper Jae , Mancuso Serafino G , Borland Ron , Slade Tim , Galletly Cherrie , Castle David 
Published: May 2012

Objective: The aims of this study were to (a) describe patterns of tobacco smoking among Australians living with a psychotic illness and (b) explore the association between smoking and measures of psychopathology, psychiatric history, psychosocial functioning, physical health, substance use and demographic characteristics. Methods: Data were from 1812 participants in the 2010 Australian Survey of High Impact Psychosis. Participants were aged 18–64 years and resided in seven mental health catchment sites across five states of Australia. Bivariate statistics were used to compare smokers with non-smokers on the measures of interest, and to compare ICD-10 diagnostic categories on measures of smoking prevalence, nicotine addiction and quitting history. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test whether (a) demographics and psychiatric history were associated with having ever smoked and (b) whether symptoms and psychosocial functioning were independently associated with current smoking, after controlling for demographics, psychiatric history and substance use. Results: The prevalence of current tobacco smoking was 66.6% (72% of men and 59% of women); lifetime prevalence was 81%. In univariate analyses, individuals with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were most likely to be smoking tobacco (70%) and were more nicotine dependent. Smokers reported worse perceived physical health, lower body mass index and waist circumference, and more lifetime medical conditions. A younger age of illness onset, male gender and low education were associated with having ever smoked. Associations with current smoking included low education, male gender, no formal employment, worse negative symptoms, higher daily caffeine consumption, and alcohol dependence and substance abuse/dependence. Conclusions: The prevalence of tobacco smoking is high amongst people with a psychotic disorder, and is associated with adverse mental health symptoms as well as high rates of other substance use, poorer subjective physical health, and a higher risk of the many known health consequences of smoking.
Interferential light therapy in the treatment of shoulder tendinopathies: a randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Montes-Molina Ramón , Martínez-Rodríguez Maria Elena , Rodríguez Ana Belén Romojaro , Martínez-Ruiz Fidel , Prieto-Baquero Almudena 
Published: May 2012

Objectives: To test the safety of the diode light therapy and evaluate the advantages of the interferential effect of two light probes versus a conventional light probe in the relief of shoulder pain and disability caused by shoulder tendinopathies. Design: Randomized single-blind pilot study. Setting: Clinical electrotherapy unit. Participants: A total of 30 patients with shoulder pain from tendinopathies. Interventions: The patients were randomly assigned into two groups. Group 1 ( n = 15) received interferential light therapy generated by two independent and identical cluster probes composed of light emitting and superluminescent diodes. Similarly, two applicators were applied in group 2 ( n = 15), but only one was active, as in conventional clinical therapy. Each multi-diode cluster probe was composed of seven light-emitting diodes at 600 nm and 12 superluminescent diodes at 950 nm. Main outcome measures: Pain was evaluated by visual analogue scale (VAS) at day, at night and during several shoulder movements. Shoulder functional status was measured by means of the University California Los Angeles scale (UCLA). Results: Comparison between both treatments using the Mann–Whitney U-test showed better results for the interferential treatment. There were significant differences in pain reduction during abduction ( P < 0.05) and external rotation ( P < 0.05), with pain reductions in abduction and external rotation of 1.5 (± 1.3) and 0.5 (± 1.0) respectively. Conclusion: Interferential light therapy was safe and effective regarding the shoulder pain reduction during abduction and external rotation movements. The estimated size sample needed for future two-treatment parallel-design studies will require about 60 patients.
A Retrospective Study of Nurse‐Assisted Propofol Sedation in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Undergoing Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy
Authors: Kawa Chad , Stewart James , Hilden Kristen , Adler Douglas G. , Tietze Christopher , Bromberg Mark B. , Fang John C. 
Published: May 2012

Background:Percutaneous endscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement is standard in the care of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) unable to maintain adequate oral nutrition. This has been performed using conscious sedation with narcotics/benzodiazepines. However, recent studies suggest that propofol sedation is superior for other endoscopic procedures. In addition, endoscopic PEG placement is not recommended for patients with ALS with a forced vital capacity (FVC) <50%. The authors postulated that nurse‐administered propofol sedation (NAPS) with the addition of bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) would be superior to standard sedation with midazolam/fentanyl (M/F) in all patients with ALS regardless of FVC. Here the authors review their retrospective experience of PEG placements in patients with ALS using propofol ± BiPAP vs traditional sedation ± BiPAP.Results:Thirty‐one patients received M/F, and 29 received NAPS. BiPAP was used more often in the NAPS group (24/29 NAPS vs 6/31 M/F respectively, P < .0001). Twenty‐nine of 31 PEG placements in the M/F group and 27 of 29 PEG placements in the NAPS group were successful. Seven desaturation events occurred to <90% in the M/F group compared with 1 desaturation event in the NAPS group (P = .05). No other complications were noted.Conclusion:PEG placement can be performed safely in patients with ALS with FVC <50% using NAPS with BiPAP.