bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poetry of Many Tongues
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how readers might think through and with the multilingual context for early English and Scots poetry. It summarizes the uses and associations of English, Latin, and French, 1150–1500, together with the history of literacy, pointing out how those who did not read still engaged with poetry. The discussion notes the presences of many languages spoken by visiting travellers, and of languages that had sounded in the British Isles longer than English. Anonymous lyrics, Piers Plowman, the Prik of Conscience, and Confessio Amantisexemplify different types of macaronic poetry, inviting different types of close reading. There are subtler ways, too, in which most or all Middle English writing is multilingual. In closing, the discussion examines the macaronic use of Middle English on Welsh terms in one poem by Tudur Penllyn.
The Problem of Evil for Axiarchists
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Axiarchism is a novel, non-personal alternative to traditional theism and pantheism. According to this view, the world exists because it is better that it be actualized than that it not be actualized; that is, the existence of the world is ethically required. Axiarchists believe that this non-personal, ‘creatively effective ethical requirement’, rather than God, is the ultimate explanation of the existence of the world. Axiarchism appears initially attractive because, by replacing a personal God with an impersonal ethical requirement, it seems to explain the existence of the world without facing versions of the problem of evil that traditional theists face. This chapter argues, however, that there are versions of the problem of evil which arise even for axiarchists. It argues, moreover, that traditional theists enjoy advantages over axiarchism in responding to these versions.
The Problem of Systemic Evil
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the ‘problem of systemic evil’, a radically new version of the problem of evil which poses a challenge for traditional theists. The problem says that the existence of an all-powerful and wholly good God appears to be incompatible with the presence of the system of natural selection and evolution, which nomologically necessitates pain and suffering for uncountably many sentient animals, including humans. The chapter explains that the problem of systemic evil is deeper and more comprehensive than other versions of the problem because it focuses on the entire biological system on which nature is based instead of singling out specific events or specific types of events that are deemed evil. The chapter explains in detail that the problem of systemic evil is unique and forceful.
The Problem of Systemic Evil for Atheists/Non-Theists
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter utilizes the two key theses that have been established in previous chapters: (i) the problem of systemic evil raises a more forceful challenge for traditional theists than other versions of the problem of evil and (ii) there are good reasons to think that most people, including most traditional theists and most atheists/non-theists, are modest optimists. By combining these theses, this chapter argues that there is a version of the problem of systemic evil which poses a challenge for all modest optimists. This is a significant finding because it effectively suggests that there is a version of the problem of evil that should trouble many atheists/non-theists, who are normally considered immune to the problem of evil. The chapter explains the strength of the problem by addressing the concept of gratitude and contrasting the problem of systemic evil with Janna Thompson’s ‘apology paradox’.
The Advantages that Traditional Theists Enjoy
Authors: Nagasawa Yujin 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Once it is shown that the problem of systemic evil poses a challenge for most non-theists as well as most traditional theists, the following question arises: between traditional theists and non-theists, which is more likely to succeed in overcoming the challenge? This chapter argues that traditional theists enjoy a relative advantage over non-theists because they have supernaturalist resources they can tap to respond to the challenge. This finding is important because the problem of evil is commonly regarded as a sufficient reason to reject traditional theism and accept non-theism. If the argument in this chapter is sound, the situation is almost the other way around: if one seeks a successful response to the problem of systemic evil, it is better to be a traditional theist than a non-theist. This chapter purports to strengthen this reasoning by addressing several objections, including those raised and discussed by Guy Kahane and Francis Jonbäck.
Human Rights Connectivity and the Future of the Treaty Body System
Authors: Cleveland Sarah H. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In the over 70 years since the UN human rights treaty bodies were first conceived, the system has evolved into ten independent bodies that exercise complementary and overlapping powers, and which function in a complex broader system of UN and regional human rights mechanisms, national courts, and other human rights bodies. This chapter explores the future of the UN treaty body system by highlighting the need for greater connectivity—substantive, communicative, and institutional synapses—among the treaty bodies and with the broader global human rights regime. The chapter considers how connectivity may be developed among the treaty bodies to ensure that they function as a more coherent whole, both by systematizing the treaty bodies’ periodic reviews of states parties and by enhancing connectivity between this treaty body function and the Human Rights Council’s Universal Periodic Review process. It further examines how the role of the treaty bodies in the broader human rights system can be strengthened by securing jurisprudential connectivity with the regional human rights systems. The ultimate goal is to ensure that the treaty bodies themselves function as a coherent system, and that they reinforce and enhance the effectiveness of the overall regime of human rights protection.
Feminist Futures in Human Rights
Authors: Charlesworth Hilary 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter understands the language of feminism as indicating a type of inquiry, a way of asking questions that draws attention to both particular constructions of and silences about women’s lives in the field of human rights. The inquiries are animated by the goal of transformative equality: allowing women to develop their capacities fully and to exercise choices about their lives. It begins by describing some debates underlying feminist approaches and sketching feminist engagement with the international system. The second section considers how feminist inquiries have influenced the area of human rights, focussing on two projects: one institutional (gender mainstreaming) and one normative (eradicating violence against women). The argument is that, while feminist ideas and vocabulary have influenced the development of international human rights law, their adoption has also provided an alibi for the postponement of transformative feminist futures.
The Story of E = mc2 and Relativity
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The story of relativity goes back to Volta’s discovery of the battery. This led to the unification of electricity and magnetism and Maxwell’s theory of electromagnetism. The speed of light can be determined without a light source, but measurements by Michaelson, using light, gave a very accurate value. The question, what is this speed of light relative to, was unanswered. The search for the ether failed, and Einstein developed his theory using a new definition of simultaneity. Mass increases with velocity, length shrinks, and time also shrinks. E = mc2 emerged as a surprising afterthought. Modern standards for the units of mass length and time now use an assigned value of c to define the metre. A defined value of Planck’s constant now defines mass.
The Fission Process and the Characteristics of Fission
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The discovery of fission is explained by the liquid drop model. Lise Meitner’s flight from Nazi Germany with the help of Neils Bohr and how Bohr helped other escaping Jews. Fissile, fertile, and fissionable processes are explained. Neutron interactions by elastic and inelastic scattering, as well as by capture progress their life, losing energy as they drop down to become thermal neutrons. It gives examples of neutron moderators and poisons. The fate of gamma rays by pair production, the photoelectric effect, and Compton scattering explain how their energy gets converted into heat. Fission fragments and delayed neutrons are explained as an arising consequence of fission. The various contributions to the energy release in fission are detailed. It covers the problems of establishing that a chain reaction could be established using graphite or heavy water with natural uranium in the very first nuclear reactors.
Safety
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, safety, risk, consequences, and cost are all evaluated. The specification of earthquake and tsunami risks are quoted in relation to reactor safety. The duties of nuclear regulators are stated. The problems of dealing with decay heat removal following a loss of electrical power and dealing with decay heat after a loss of coolant are described. The benefits and limitations of passive safety measures are explained. It also relates the story of the Windscale fire due to Wigner energy. The Brown’s Ferry nuclear incident is covered with its problems of fire control, communications, and decision-making. Three Mile Island is explained as a level 5 nuclear accident according to the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale. The Chernobyl accident is described with reference to the illegal operation of a reactor with Xenon poisoning, poor design parameters, and the absence of secondary containment. It covers the Fukushima accident. The nature of radiation effects on the human body is covered by stories of actual happenings. Radiation units, the gray and sievert, are explained.
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
The nuclear fuel cycle is described, including the distinction between the open cycle and the closed cycle. Mining to create yellow cake, and enrichment by gas centrifuge using uranium hexafluoride (HEX), are explained. Fuel fabrication of uranium oxide pellets completes the front-end of the fuel cycle. The benefits and disadvantages of MAGNOX as a fuel pin cladding are explained. The back-end of the fuel cycle covers spent fuel management, fuel pond storage with the visibility of Cherenkov radiation. A flow sheet covering the plutonium-uranium extraction (PUREX) reprocessing method with mixer settlers is explained. The methods for dealing with high-level waste (HLW), by vitrification, are described. It treats the management of intermediate-level waste (ILW) and low-level waste (LLW).
The Future of Fission Reactors
Authors: Hooton Brian 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Energy in the twenty-first century is the main theme, describing IV generation reactor technology. High-temperature reactors and the attraction of fast reactors. Plutonium breeding and thorium breeding are explained. The characteristics of small modular reactors (SMRs), and advanced modular reactors (AMRs) are covered with particular attention to their factory production advantage. The advent and use of molten salts, uranium fluoride, aluminium fluoride, sodium fluoride, and FLiBe are described. The design features of the MoltexFLEX reactor with GridReserve storage are covered. It examines proposals to use fast reactor technology to burn waste, fissionable material, and minor actinides. Proposals for new types of fuel are evaluated. The emergence of new reprocessing technology is described using pyrometallurgy, electrometallurgy, and hydrometallurgy. The levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), is defined with examples for solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, nuclear, and fossil fuel. The political tools available to support solar, wind, and nuclear are given.
The Constitution’s Globalization
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that constitutional globalization (‘Globalization’ with a capital G) has emerged as a distinct field of policy analysis. Yet, because the classical liberal constitution’s (Constitution) salience is not widely known, its globalization in a world of sovereign states—in the postcolonial/post-Soviet era has escaped attention. Appraising Globalization’s legitimacy and impact therefore requires first fully understanding the Constitution’s salience and noting who made it go global and when and for what purposes. Current analyses of globalization are incomplete or incorrect because they all consistently and wholly overlook the Constitution’s catalysing role or simplify the purposes served by economic globalization in ways that diminish the Constitution’s importance. Accordingly, an International Constitutional Law or a Constitutional Political Economy lens is indispensable to exploring Globalization no matter what our perspective is, mainstream or Third World. This chapter sets out the mission for the book: to provide the politico-economic globalization discourse with its missing parental foundation from a Third World Approaches to international Constitutional law (TWAIL-CL) perspective. Towards this end, this chapter establishes the Constitution’s salience and outlines its centrality to liberalism, neoliberalism, militarism, and colonialism, post-1989 United Nations Peacebuilding, and the post–World War II’s human rights regime, and achieving the World Bank’s policies (e.g., privatization). This discussion sets the stage for exploring comprehensively how Globalization has shaped the Security Council’s functions and international law concepts of peace, justice, and human rights. In this way, starting with this chapter, the book simultaneously lays the foundation for Global Studies, a field that emerged from economic globalization.
The Silent Takeover
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains the Constitution’s salience to regulatory governance and how, when, why, and by which entities politico-economic globalization was made possible in 2000, and to whose benefit and for what purposes. This chapter highlights a critical aspect: policies (for example, austerity and privatization) that created conflict in the 1980s, and up until the mid-2000s, were recycled to ‘prevent conflict’ in 1999. The chapter provides the Constitutional backdrop for and content of four of the UN Family–crafted constitutionally rooted concepts or agendas coined starting from 1999: poverty reduction or market-oriented development, conflict prevention, sustainable development, and sustaining peace. The chapter’s constitutional political economy analysis illustrates the dangers of taking ‘poverty reduction’ literally, as many scholars have done in the past. As a case study of constitutional Globalization (Globalization), Coca-Cola’s expansion into Colombia and India following these countries’ neoliberal Constitutional reforms, illustrates how an American multinational reaps profits there but damages its citizenry and environment at the same time. The concepts of good governance, global governance, and ‘gender, and development’ are discussed, including why they mean starkly different things for people in the first world and the Third World. Also discussed is the phenomenon (constitutional Globalization) that gave rise to what Upendra Baxi calls ‘trade-related market-friendly human rights’.
The Business of Reducing Poverty = ‘Building’ Internationalized Market-Oriented Peace = Maximizing Profits = Constitution-Making
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the specific process through which the entities identified in Chapter 2, made constitutional Globalization happen. Towards this end, it explains how the Constitution facilitates the Bretton Woods Institutions’ structural adjustment policies (Policies) (for example, decentralization) and other attendant processes (for example, financialization) and describes the so-called debt-relief-seeking mechanism and its Constitutional significance: Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRS papers). In this way, the Constitution associated with UN Peacebuilding (UNPB), market-oriented development (Development)/poverty reduction, and good regulatory governance (GRG) in Chapter 2 is connected with the Policies and the PRS papers’ contents here. The chapter proceeds to provide a practical perspective on the above discussion through two examples that illustrate how the Constitution provides a market orientation to peacebuilding, among other constitutionally based initiatives/concepts. An exercise in drafting the Constitution and laws consistent with it is the first example. The second example illustrates the first. Based on Nepal’s UNPB experience, it illustrates how its constitutionally enshrined economic and social right (the right to water) is market-oriented and, therefore, achieved through privatization laws and benefits transnational capitalists. Thus, this chapter links the Constitution (in its three unified manifestations: GRG, poverty reduction, and Development and UNPB), Policies, and PRS papers’ contents with UNPB’s sibling concepts or agendas discussed in Part II.
Women, Peace and SecurityManufacturing Women’s Consent for Policies That Harm Them
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This preface to Chapters 5–8 contextualizes the birth of the following UN-crafted concepts and agendas: human security, protection of civilians, and Women, Peace, and Security, which includes efforts towards ending conflict-related sexual violence, as well as the global war on terrorism. The preface to Chapters 5–8 outlines the years in which the UN-crafted concepts discussed herein were conceived and their Constitutional origins and common goals, and it lists their relevant resolutions. In this way, the preface explains why these sibling agendas are presented from Chapters 5–8 in this order: Women, Peace, and Security (WPS); human security; conflict-related sexual violence; protection of civilians; and the global war on terrorism.
Constitutionally Silencing Human Rights
Authors: Sripati Vijayashri 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This final chapter argues and demonstrates that silencing human rights is the broader story of constitutionally-driven economic globalization. It arrives at this implication by reviewing the constitutionally-based UN sibling agendas: Women, Peace, and Security (WPS); human security and ending ‘conflict-related sexual violence’; protection of civilians; global war on terrorism; and transitional justice. For example, the WPS agenda (including the global right to health) was crafted to globalize privatization and benefit transnational capitalists. The chapter connects ‘global public health’ (since 1999) with ‘international public health’ (1900s to 1999), and ‘colonial constitutional medicine and health’ (the 1800s to 1900s) based on their constitutional underpinnings and thereby suggests why these eras have seen economic and geopolitical ends trumping women’s concerns. The chapter provides a constitutional backdrop to and contextualizes the findings of medical historian, Alison Bashford, Global Health (Columbia University Press, 2014), and the contributions of distinguished Third World anticolonial demographer, Sripati Chandrasekhar. It emphasizes the limitations of analysing relevant international developments from monodisciplinary perspectives (e.g., feminist/public international law (PIL), PIL/International Political Economy (IPE), and IPE/International Human Rights (IHR)) that exclude the Constitution. It reviews and corrects the incomplete or incorrect comments made on the UN Security Council’s role or economic globalization by Christine Chinkin, Laura Shepherd, Cynthia Enloe, and J. K. Gibson-Graham (feminism/Global Studies); A. Claire Cutler and Eunice Sahle (IPE); Audrey Chapman (Global Health and IHR); and Paul Hawken (environmental law). Thus, it demonstrates the advantages of developing Constitutional curiosity. Finally, the foundation-laying for Global Studies/international constitutional law/constitutional political economy is completed.
Natural Disaster, Stupefaction, and Anxiety
Authors: Graf Chiara 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that Seneca finds therapeutic potential in even the misguided sensations of stupefaction and anxiety. Seneca both portrays and evokes this cluster of affects in two of his descriptions of natural disaster in the Natural Questions: the flood passage that ends book 3, and the treatment of earthquakes at the beginning of book 6. From a Stoic perspective, stupefaction and anxiety are ethically problematic, since they stem from an incomplete understanding of the world. I read these “ugly feelings” through the lens of the work of affect theorist Sianne Ngai, arguing that, by dulling the subject to fear, a truly vicious passion, stupefaction and anxiety paradoxically replicate certain aspects of Stoic serenity.
The War in Ukraine and Its Challenges to European Security, Transatlantic Relations, and EU-UK Cooperation
Authors: Schwarzer Daniela 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
Russia’s large-scale invasion of Ukraine has shattered the European security order. The EU and the UK have extended unprecedented military, financial, and humanitarian aid to Ukraine. While the Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) lacks foreign affairs and defence provisions, the UK and EU governments have collaborated closely within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the G7 and have deepened bilateral cooperation and links with EU institutions. The war has underscored America’s role as a security guarantor for Europe, but US engagement after the 2024 elections remain unclear. As Europeans need to step up their engagement for European security, they have started to rethink Europe’s architecture on a continental scale. Enlargement is back on the agenda, the European Political Community (EPC) provides a new intergovernmental forum, and, considering lasting and broader geopolitical and geoeconomic challenges, there may be opportunities to develop the relationship between the UK and the EU further with mutual benefit.
English Administrative Law from 1550
Authors: Craig Paul 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
There has been some valuable literature on historical dimensions of English administrative law. There is, however, no general history of administrative law, which stands in marked contrast to the wealth of historical literature on constitutional law. There is a certain ‘flawed logic’ in this absence. The prevailing view is that administrative law was only really established in the mid-20th century, some venturing back to the late 19th century, from which it follows that you cannot write a history on something that does not exist. This picture is derived from Dicey. It is wrong and badly so. The reality is that administrative law developed from the mid-16th century in response to the plethora of regulatory legislation extant at that time and thereafter. This book explains the regulatory and administrative landscape from the mid-16th century to the end of the 19th century, the administrative law doctrine developed by the courts, and continuity and change in the 20th to 21st centuries.