bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A moving mesh BGK scheme for multi‐material flows
Authors: Ni Guoxi , Jiang Song , Xu Xihua 
Published: July 2011

SUMMARYIn this paper, a moving mesh BGK scheme (MMBGK) for multi‐material flow computations is proposed. The basic idea of constructing the MMBGK is to couple the Lagrangian method, which tracks material interfaces and keeps the interfaces sharp, with a remapping‐free ALE‐type kinetic method within each single material region, where the kinetic method is based on the BGK (Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook) model. Within each single material region, a numerical flux formulation is developed on moving meshes from motion of microscope particles, and the mesh velocity is determined by requiring both mesh adaptation for accuracy and robustness, such that the grids are moving towards to the regions with high flow gradients in a way of diffusive mechanism (velocity) to adjust the distances between neighboring cells, thus increasing the numerical accuracy. To keep the sharpness of material interfaces, the Lagrangian velocity and flux are constructed at the interfaces only. Consequently, a BGK‐scheme‐based ALE‐type method (i.e., the MMBGK scheme) for multi‐material flows is constructed. Numerical examples in one and two dimensions are presented to illustrate the accuracy and robustness of the MMBGK scheme. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sox2 and Pax6 maintain the proliferative and developmental potential of gliogenic neural stem cells In vitro
Authors: Gómez‐López Sandra , Wiskow Ole , Favaro Rebecca , Nicolis Silvia K. , Price David J. , Pollard Steven M. , Smith Austin 
Published: July 2011

AbstractRadial‐glia‐like neural stem (NS) cells may be derived from neural tissues or via differentiation of pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, the mechanisms controlling NS cell propagation and differentiation are not yet fully understood. Here we investigated the roles of Sox2 and Pax6, transcription factors widely expressed in central nervous system (CNS) progenitors, in mouse NS cells. Conditional deletion of either Sox2 or Pax6 in forebrain‐derived NS cells reduced their clonogenicity in a gene dosage‐dependent manner. Cells heterozygous for either gene displayed moderate proliferative defects, which may relate to human pathologies attributed to SOX2 or PAX6 deficiencies. In the complete absence of Sox2, cells exited the cell cycle with concomitant downregulation of neural progenitor markers Nestin and Blbp. This occurred despite expression of the close relative Sox3. Ablation of Pax6 also caused major proliferative defects. However, a subpopulation of cells was able to expand continuously without Pax6. These Pax6‐null cells retained progenitor markers but had altered morphology. They exhibited compromised differentiation into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, highlighting that the role of Pax6 extends beyond neurogenic competence. Overall these findings indicate that Sox2 and Pax6 are both critical for self‐renewal of differentiation‐competent radial glia‐like NS cells. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased excitatory amino acid transport into murine prion protein knockout astrocytes cultured in vitro
Authors: Pathmajeyan Melissa S. , Patel Sarjubhai A. , Carroll James A. , Seib Todd , Striebel James F. , Bridges Richard J. , Chesebro Bruce 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPrion protein (PrP) is expressed on a wide variety of cells and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. However, its normal function remains unclear. Mice that do not express PrP exhibit deficits in spatial memory and abnormalities in excitatory neurotransmission suggestive that PrP may function in the glutamatergic synapse. Here, we show that transport of D‐aspartate, a nonmetabolized L‐glutamate analog, through excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) was faster in astrocytes from PrP knockout (PrPKO) mice than in astrocytes from C57BL/10SnJ wild‐type (WT) mice. Experiments using EAAT subtype‐specific inhibitors demonstrated that in both WT and PrPKO astrocytes, the majority of transport was mediated by EAAT1. Furthermore, PrPKO astrocytes were more effective than WT astrocytes at alleviating L‐glutamate‐mediated excitotoxic damage in both WT and PrPKO neuronal cultures. Thus, in this in vitro model, PrPKO astrocytes exerted a functional influence on neuronal survival and may therefore influence regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in vivo. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal stability of subsyndromal symptoms of depression in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: relationship to conversion to dementia after 3 years
Authors: Mackin R. Scott , Insel Philip , Aisen Paul S. , Geda Yonas E. , Weiner Michael W. 
Published: July 2011

ObjectiveTo evaluate the degree to which longitudinal stability of subsyndromal symptoms of depression (SSD) is associated with conversion to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).MethodsData from 405 MCI participants from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) study were analyzed. Participants were evaluated at baseline and 12‐month intervals over 3 years. Participants were designated as MCI converters if dementia was diagnosed within 3 years or as cognitively stable MCI if dementia was not diagnosed during this interval. SSD were evaluated utilizing the 15‐item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). Endorsement of specific SSD at baseline and the stability of SSD over 36 months were compared between the two MCI groups.ResultsBaseline symptom endorsement and stability of total GDS scores did not differentiate MCI groups. Worsening of four individual items from the GDS over time (memory problems, feelings of helplessness, loss of interest, and preference for staying at home) differentiated MCI converters from cognitively stable MCI (p < 0.05 for all). However, only increased endorsement of memory symptoms over time was associated with progression to dementia after controlling for other clinical variables (p = 0.05).ConclusionsSSD in MCI participants largely consist of cognitive symptoms and activity limitations, and the stability of SSD over time differentiated the MCI groups better than baseline endorsement of symptoms. However, the only significant predictor of conversion to dementia was increased endorsement of memory problems, which likely represents insight into cognitive problems more than depressive symptomatology in MCI individuals. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using spatial multiple regression to identify intrinsic connectivity networks involved in working memory performance
Authors: Gordon Evan M. , Stollstorff Melanie , Vaidya Chandan J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractMany researchers have noted that the functional architecture of the human brain is relatively invariant during task performance and the resting state. Indeed, intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) revealed by resting‐state functional connectivity analyses are spatially similar to regions activated during cognitive tasks. This suggests that patterns of task‐related activation in individual subjects may result from the engagement of one or more of these ICNs; however, this has not been tested. We used a novel analysis, spatial multiple regression, to test whether the patterns of activation during an N‐back working memory task could be well described by a linear combination of ICNs delineated using Independent Components Analysis at rest. We found that across subjects, the cingulo‐opercular Set Maintenance ICN, as well as right and left Frontoparietal Control ICNs, were reliably activated during working memory, while Default Mode and Visual ICNs were reliably deactivated. Further, involvement of Set Maintenance, Frontoparietal Control, and Dorsal Attention ICNs was sensitive to varying working memory load. Finally, the degree of left Frontoparietal Control network activation predicted response speed, while activation in both left Frontoparietal Control and Dorsal Attention networks predicted task accuracy. These results suggest that a close relationship between resting‐state networks and task‐evoked activation is functionally relevant for behavior, and that spatial multiple regression analysis is a suitable method for revealing that relationship. Hum Brain Mapp, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The psychology of infant colic: A review of current research
Authors: Kaley Fiona , Reid Vincent , Flynn Emma 
Published: July 2011

AbstractColic, or excessive infant crying, occurs during the first 3 months in approximately 15 to 20% of infants and is the most common concern for which parents seek medical advice during an infant's first year. Various physiological and environmental causes have been investigated. Some researchers have proposed multifactorial causes while others have argued that it is simply the extreme end of the normal crying continuum. As the etiology of colic is not clear, definitions of colic have relied on behavioral descriptions, and the relative merits of specific behaviors in affording an accurate definition are debated. This lack of clarity has compounded difficulties in identifying effective interventions for colic. One point of agreement is that colic is extremely distressing for parents. Some have argued that the disruption to the infant–parent relationship can have long‐term implications for development while others have argued that only if the crying persists beyond 3 months is there a risk of long‐term implications. It is concluded that due to the incidence of colic and the immediate impact it has on family functioning, more research is required to further our understanding of colic. In addition, the identification of effective coping strategies and consoling methods to assist parents through this stressful period is required.
Quantitative remineralization evolution kinetics of artificially demineralized human enamel using photothermal radiometry and modulated luminescence
Authors: Hellen Adam , Mandelis Andreas , Finer Yoav , Amaechi Bennett T. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHuman molars were subjected to demineralization in acid gel followed by incubation in remineralization solutions without or with fluoride (1 or 1000 ppm). Photothermal radiometry (PTR) and modulated luminescence (LUM) frequency scans were performed prior to and during de/remineralization treatments. Transverse Micro‐Radiography (TMR) analysis followed at treatment conclusion to determine mineral loss and lesion depth. The remineralization process illustrated a complex interplay between surface and subsurface mineral deposition, confining the thermal‐wave centroid toward the dominating layer. Experimental amplitudes and phases were fitted to a coupled diffuse‐photon‐density‐wave and thermal‐wave theoretical model used to quantitatively evaluate evolving changes in thermal and optical properties of de/remineralized enamel lesions. Additional information obtained from the LUM data corroborated the remineralization kinetics affecting the PTR signals. The results pointed to enhanced effectiveness of subsurface lesion remineralization in the presence of fluoride. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal alteration and morphological changes of sound and demineralized primary dentin after Er:YAG laser ablation
Authors: BrandÃO Cristina Bueno , Contente Marta Maria Martins Giamatei , De Lima FabrÍCio Augusto , Galo Rodrigo , CorrÊA‐Afonso Alessandra Marques , Bachmann Luciano , Borsatto Maria Cristina 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the influence of Er:YAG laser pulse repetition rate on the thermal alterations occurring during laser ablation of sound and demineralized primary dentin. The morphological changes at the lased areas were examined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). To this end, 60 fragments of 30 sound primary molars were selected and randomly assigned to two groups (n = 30); namely A sound dentin (control) and B demineralized dentin. Each group was divided into three subgroups (n = 10) according to the employed laser frequencies: I–4 Hz; II–6 Hz, and III–10 Hz. Specimens in group B were submitted to a pH‐cycling regimen for 21 consecutive days. The irradiation was performed with a 250 mJ pulse energy in the noncontact and focused mode, in the presence of a fine water mist at 1.5 mL/min, for 15 s. The measured temperature was recorded by type K thermocouples adapted to the dentin wall relative to the pulp chamber. Three samples of each group were analyzed by SEM. The data were submitted to the nonparametric Kruskal‐Wallis test and to qualitative SEM analysis. The results revealed that the temperature increase did not promote any damage to the dental structure. Data analysis demonstrated that in group A, there was a statistically significant difference among all the subgroups and the temperature rise was directly proportional to the increase in frequency. In group B, there was no difference between subgroup I and II in terms of temperature. The superficial dentin observed by SEM displayed irregularities that augmented with rising frequency, both in sound and demineralized tissues. In conclusion, temperature rise and morphological alterations are directly related to frequency increment in both demineralized and sound dentin. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
RDFTools: A software tool for quantifying short‐range ordering in amorphous materials
Authors: Mitchell D.R.G. , Petersen T.C. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA software package for computing radial distribution functions and other pair correlation functions from electron diffraction patterns of disordered solids is presented. The package, called RDFTools, is freely available via the internet and allows rapid in situ measurements of such quantities as interatomic nearest neighbor distances, average bond angles and coordination numbers. The software runs under DigitalMicrograph™ (Pleasanton, California, Gatan), a very widely used program in transmission electron microscopy. All implemented algorithms have been designed to compute diffraction integrals and data‐processing averages in a fast and efficient manner to enable quick processing of publication ready, quantitative pair distribution function information. In the development of RDFTools, significant attention was paid to provide a robust and intuitive user‐interface for deriving reliable semiquantitative information. For example, RDFTools enables accurate pair separation distances to be revealed upon immediate interrogation at the microscope; even for potentially thick specimens and/or regions of unknown elemental composition. Microsc. Res. Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Authentication of Chinese Materia Medica decoction dregs. part II: Comparison before and after decoction of four Chinese Materia Medica that mainly comprise storage tissue
Authors: Wong Lailai , Liang Zhitao , Chen Hubiao , Zhao Zhongzhen 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAuthentication of Chinese Materia Medica (CMM) decoction dregs is important for ensuring the efficacy and safety of CMM when they are used in decoction. If someone got worse or poisoned after taking a decoction while the formula is appropriate, the authentication of CMM dregs is the effective method to explore the reasons. Therefore, a systematic study on the authentication of CMM dregs was carried out. In this study, two pairs of easily confused CMM dregs, Fenge (Puerariae Thomsonii Radix) and Shanyao (Dioscoreae Rhizoma), Dihuang (Rehmanniae Radix) and Huangjing (Polygonati Rhizoma), which mostly comprise storage tissues, were investigated by comparing the morphological and microscopic characteristics. Fenge and Shanyao contain abundant starch granules. After decoction their dregs were hard, nonstarchy and horn‐like. Fully gelatinized starch granules were found in the powder of Fenge dregs while incompletely gelatinized starch granules were occasionally found in the Shanyao dregs. In contrast, Dihuang and Huangjing contain water‐soluble sugars. After decoction, their dregs were hard and brittle. Their parenchymatous cells were shrunken and unknown crystals were found under microscope. Hence, the morphological and microscopic characteristics of CMM before and after decoction were different, and different changes in the CMM dregs can be illustrated by the different nature of their ergastic substance. These differences could be used to authenticate CMM dregs. Microsc. Res.Tech., 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of novel piperidyl spirofused benzofurans/benzopyrans by radical cyclization
Authors: Tang Zilong , Mayrargue Joelle , Alami Mouad 
Published: July 2011

AbstractSeveral new piperidyl spirofused benzofurans and piperidyl spirofused benzopyrans were synthesized via an intramolecular radical cyclization as the key step. It was found that the yield of the formation of five‐member ring was much higher than that of six‐member ring. In addition, the substituent attached to the benzene ring had almost no effect on the cyclization. J. Heterocyclic Chem.,(2011).
FISCAL POLICY CONSISTENCY AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR MACROECONOMIC AGGREGATES: THE CASE OF UGANDA
Authors: Hisali Eria , Guloba Asumani 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe study employed the accounting approach to fiscal policy consistency to analyse the sustainability of Uganda's fiscal policy. The deficits were calculated from the financing side by considering increases in liabilities of the consolidated government. To assess whether the deficits have been compatible with other macroeconomic targets, the financeable deficit is derived and compared with the calculated actual deficits. The results show that the consolidated deficit is consistent with attainment of target outcomes for other macroeconomic variables, most notably inflation and gross domestic product growth rates. However, the inflation target has been achieved at the cost of an unsustainable domestic debt. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of cardiac motion on 3D contrast‐enhanced MR angiography of the carotid arteries
Authors: Jeffery Dean , Emery Derek J. , Wilman Alan H. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPurpose:To determine the effect of cardiac‐related carotid artery motion on the image quality of 3D contrast‐enhanced MR angiography (CEMRA) in patients presenting with suspected carotid artery disease.Materials and Methods:Twenty patients with suspected carotid artery disease underwent cardiac‐gated cinematic steady‐state free precession of the carotid arteries followed by standard 3D CEMRA at 1.5 T. Using postprocessing, computer programs determined the degree of vessel wall dilation and translation across the cardiac cycle from the cinematic exam and related this to vessel wall sharpness in 3D CEMRA, which was determined objectively by computer analysis and subjectively by a panel of expert neuroradiologists.Results:In patients, across 40 arteries the average carotid vessel movement due to cardiac pulsation was 0.36 ± 0.17 mm and translation 1.53 ± 0.94 mm. When using computer analysis of sharpness, the mean carotid wall motion had a weak negative correlation with 3D CEMRA vessel sharpness (Pearson's correlation −0.23, P < 0.01). However, the same trend was not present from the radiological review.Conclusion:In standard 3D CEMRA in patients with suspected carotid artery disease, cardiac‐related carotid movement was a statistically significant source of degradation in vessel sharpness, but did not appear to be clinically significant. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2011;. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interference spectroscopy with coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering of noisy broadband pulses
Authors: Shapiro Evgeny A. , Konorov Stanislav O. , Milner Valery 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe propose a new technique for comparing two Raman active samples. The method employs optical interference of the signals generated via coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) of broadband laser pulses with noisy spectra. It does not require spectrally resolved detection, and no prior knowledge about either the Raman spectrum of the samples or the spectrum of the incident light is needed. We study the proposed method theoretically and demonstrate it in a proof‐of‐principle experiment on toluene and o‐xylene samples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SERS study of methylated and nonmethylated ribonucleosides and the effect of aggregating agents
Authors: Hobro Alison J. , Abdali Salim , Blanch Ewan W. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe present surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of the RNA nucleosides adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and uracil and the methylated derivatives 5‐methylcytidine and 7‐methylguanosine, a class of important nucleic acid components that has not previously been well characterised using SERS spectroscopy. Our work shows that the selection of aggregating agent plays a crucial role for SERS analysis of these nucleosides with K2SO4 generating immediate enhancement while NaCl only gave immediate enhancement for the pyrimidine nucleosides. The SERS spectra contain a number of marker bands that are highly sensitive to structural differences between these nucleosides, in particular methylation, and at lower concentration ranges than are possible for conventional Raman scattering. Finally, spectral analyses and assignments of the vibrational modes responsible for these marker bands are also presented, and the effect of the aggregating agent on these modes is discussed in terms of interactions between each nucleoside and the metal surface. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hybrid substrate for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy: coupling metal nanoparticles to strong localised fields on a micro‐structured surface
Authors: Scholes F. H. , Davis T. J. , Vernon K. C. , Lau D. , Furman S. A. , Glenn A. M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractElectromagnetic coupling between localised plasmons on metal nanoparticles and the strong localised fields on a micro‐structured surface is demonstrated as a means to increase the enhancement factor in surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy. Au nanoparticles of diameter 20 nm were deposited on a micro‐structured Au surface consisting of a periodic array of square‐based pyramidal pits (Klarite). The spectra of 4‐aminothiophenol (4‐ATP) were compared before and after deposition of Au nanoparticles on the micro‐structured surface. The addition of Au nanoparticles is shown to provide significantly higher signal intensities, with improvements of the order of ∼103 per molecule compared with spectra obtained from the micro‐structured substrate alone. This hybrid approach offers promise for combining nanoparticles with micro‐ and nano‐structured surfaces in order to design SERS substrates with higher sensitivities. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.