bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal experiment design with adjoint-accelerated Bayesian inference
Authors: Yoko Matthew , Juniper Matthew P. 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We develop and demonstrate a computationally cheap framework to identify optimal experiments for Bayesian inference of physics-based models. We develop the metrics (i) to identify optimal experiments to infer the unknown parameters of a physics-based model, (ii) to identify optimal sensor placements for parameter inference, and (iii) to identify optimal experiments to perform Bayesian model selection. We demonstrate the framework on thermoacoustic instability, which is an industrially relevant problem in aerospace propulsion, where experiments can be prohibitively expensive. By using an existing densely sampled dataset, we identify the most informative experiments and use them to train the physics-based model. The remaining data are used for validation. We show that, although approximate, the proposed framework can significantly reduce the number of experiments required to perform the three inference tasks we have studied. For example, we show that for task (i), we can achieve an acceptable model fit using just 2.5% of the data that were originally collected.
A two-year longitudinal evaluation of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pre-existing mental health service attenders
Authors: O’Gorman E. , Rainford A. , Devaney E. , O’Mahony B. , McLoughlin J. , Hallahan B. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractBackground:To examine if the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with a differential effect longitudinally in relation to its psychological and functional impact on patients with bipolar disorder and Emotionally Unstable Personality Disorder (EUPD).Methods:Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 29 individuals attending the Galway-Roscommon Mental Health Services with an ICD-10 diagnosis of either bipolar disorder (n = 18) or EUPD (n = 11). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was assessed in relation to anxiety and mood symptoms, social and occupational functioning, and quality of life utilising psychometric instruments and Likert scale data, with qualitative data assessing participants’ subjective experiences.Results:Individuals with EUPD exhibited significant anxiety and depressive symptoms and increased hopelessness compared to individuals with bipolar disorder. Repeated measures data demonstrated no significant change in symptomatology for either the EUPD or bipolar disorder group over time, but demonstrated an improvement in social (t = 4.40, p < 0.001) and occupational functioning (t = 3.65, p = 0.03), and in quality of life (t = 4.03, p < 0.001) for both participant groups. Themes attained from qualitative data included the positive impact of the discontinuation of COVID-19 mandated restrictions (n = 19), and difficulties experienced secondary to reductions in the provision of mental health services during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 17).Conclusion:Individuals with EUPD demonstrated increased symptomatology over a two-year period compared to those with bipolar disorder. The importance of face-to-face mental health supports for this cohort are indicated, particularly if future pandemics impact the delivery of mental health services.
Wall skin friction analysis in a hypersonic turbulent boundary layer over a compression ramp
Authors: Guo Tongbiao , Zhang Ji , Zhu Yanhua , Li Xinliang 
Published: May 2024

In this paper, direct numerical simulations in hypersonic turbulent boundary layers over a

$24^{\circ }$

compression ramp at Mach 6.0 are performed. The wall skin friction and its spanwise non-homogeneity in the interaction region are analysed via the spectral analysis and drag decomposition method. On the compression ramp, the premultiplied spanwise energy spectrum of wall shear stress

$\tau _{w}$

reveals two energetic spanwise length scales. One occurs in the region of

$x/\delta _{ref}=0\unicode{x2013}3$

(

$x=0$

lies in the compression corner;

$\delta _{ref}$

is the boundary layer thickness upstream of the interaction region) and is consistent with that of the large-scale streamwise vortices, indicating that the fluctuation intensity of

$\tau _{w}$

is associated with the Görtler-type structures. The other one is observed downstream of

$x/\delta _{ref}=3.0$

and corresponds to the regenerated elongated streaky structures. The fluctuation intensity of

$\tau _{w}$

peaks at

$x/\delta _{ref}=3.0$

, where both the above energetic length scales are observed. The drag decomposition method proposed by Li et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 875, 2019, pp. 101–123) is extended to include the effects of spanwise non-homogeneity so that it can be used in the interaction region where the mean flow field and the mean skin friction

$C_f$

exhibit an obvious spanwise heterogeneity. The results reveal that, in the upstream turbulent boundary layer, the drag contribution arising from the spanwise heterogeneity can be neglected, while this value on the compression ramp is up to 20.7 % of

$C_f$

, resulting from the Görtler-type vortices. With the aid of the drag decomposition method, it is found that the main flow features that contribute positively to the amplification of

$C_f$

and its rapid increase on the compression ramp includes: the density increase across the shock, the high mean shear stress and turbulence amplification around the detached shear layer and the Favre-averaged downward velocity towards the ramp wall. Compared with the spanwise-averaged value,

$C_f$

and its components at the spanwise station where the downwash and upwash of the Görtler-type vortices occur reveal a spanwise variation exceeding 10 %.
On the dynamics of aligned inertial particles settling in a quiescent, stratified two-layer medium
Authors: Kang Soohyeon , Best James L. , Chamorro Leonardo P. 
Published: May 2024

We explored the settling dynamics of vertically aligned particles in a quiescent, stratified two-layer fluid using particle tracking velocimetry. Glass spheres of

$d=4\,{\rm mm}$

diameter were released at frequencies of 4, 6 and 8 Hz near the free surface, traversing through an upper ethanol layer (

$H_1$

), where H is height or layer thickess, varying from

$10d$

to

$40d$

and a lower oil layer. Results reveal pronounced lateral particle motion in the ethanol layer, attributed to a higher Galileo number (

$Ga = 976$

, ratio of buoyancy–gravity to viscous effects), compared with the less active behaviour in the oil layer (

$Ga = 16$

). The ensemble vertical velocity of particles exhibited a minimum just past the density interface, becoming more pronounced with increasing

$H_1$

, and suggesting that enhanced entrainment from ethanol to oil resulted in an additional buoyancy force. This produced distinct patterns of particle acceleration near the density interface, which were marked by significant deceleration, indicating substantial resistance to particle motion. An increased drag coefficient occurred for

$H_1/d = 40$

compared with a single particle settling in oil; drag reduced as the particle-release frequency (

$\,f_p$

) increased, likely due to enhanced particle interactions at closer proximity. Particle pair dispersions, lateral (

$R^2_L$

) and vertical (

$R^2_z$

), were modulated by

$H_1$

, initial separation

$r_0$

and

$f_p$

. The

$R^2_L$

dispersion displayed ballistic scaling initially, Taylor scaling for

$r_0 < H_1$

and Richardson scaling for

$r_0 > H_1$

. In contrast,

$R^2_z$

followed a

$R^2_z \sim t^{5.5}$

scaling under

$r_0 < H_1$

. Both

$R^2_L$

and

$R^2_z$

plateaued at a distance from the interface, depending on

$H_1$

and

$f_p$

.
Is Attention always needed? A case study on language identification from speech
Authors: Mandal Atanu , Pal Santanu , Dutta Indranil , Bhattacharya Mahidas , Naskar Sudip Kumar 
Published: May 2024

AbstractLanguage identification (LID) is a crucial preliminary process in the field of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) that involves the identification of a spoken language from audio samples. Contemporary systems that can process speech in multiple languages require users to expressly designate one or more languages prior to utilisation. The LID task assumes a significant role in scenarios where ASR systems are unable to comprehend the spoken language in multilingual settings, leading to unsuccessful speech recognition outcomes. The present study introduces convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN)-based LID, designed to operate on the mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) characteristics of audio samples. Furthermore, we replicate certain state-of-the-art methodologies, specifically the convolutional neural network (CNN) and Attention-based convolutional recurrent neural network (CRNN with Attention), and conduct a comparative analysis with our CRNN-based approach. We conducted comprehensive evaluations on thirteen distinct Indian languages, and our model resulted in over 98 per cent classification accuracy. The LID model exhibits high-performance levels ranging from 97 per cent to 100 per cent for languages that are linguistically similar. The proposed LID model exhibits a high degree of extensibility to additional languages and demonstrates a strong resistance to noise, achieving 91.2 per cent accuracy in a noisy setting when applied to a European Language (EU) dataset.
Distribution and host ranges of Ceratitis rosa and Ceratitis quilicii (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South Africa
Authors: Tsatsu Seth Kwaku , Sutton Guy F. , Serfontein Leani , Addison Pia , De Meyer Marc , Virgilio Massimiliano , Manrakhan Aruna 
Published: May 2024

AbstractTwo fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species of economic importance: Ceratitis rosa Karsch and Ceratitis quilicii De Meyer, Mwatawala & Virgilio are present in South Africa. The two species were considered as one species prior to 2016, but were subsequently separated. In this study, the distribution and abundance of the two species were quantified in seven provinces in South Africa through trapping with Enriched Ginger Oil as an attractant. Trapping was conducted over three seasons across two years (2020 and 2021): late summer, autumn-winter, and spring-early summer. Host ranges of the two species were investigated by fruit sampling in and outside of trapping sites. Ceratitis quilicii was more widely distributed than C. rosa with the latter being recorded in only three north-eastern provinces. There were geographical limits for both species with no records of them in Northern Cape Province. Catches of C. quilicii were higher in summer with average temperatures varying from 15 to 27°C while for C. rosa, catches remained low and consistent between seasons. Ceratitis quilicii catches decreased at lower rates than those of C. rosa at temperatures below 15°C. The two species were reared from 13 plant species from nine families. Four of these hosts were infested by both C. quilicii and C. rosa in the same province where they occurred. Preferred hosts of the two species belonged to the Myrtaceae family. The characterisation of the distribution, abundance and host ranges of these pests will provide a baseline for pest status determination and implementation of management actions.
A linear linear lambda-calculus
Authors: Díaz-Caro Alejandro , Dowek Gilles 
Published: May 2024

Abstract
We present a linearity theorem for a proof language of intuitionistic multiplicative additive linear logic, incorporating addition and scalar multiplication. The proofs in this language are linear in the algebraic sense. This work is part of a broader research program aiming to define a logic with a proof language that forms a quantum programming language.
METHODOLOGY AND CHALLENGES OF SURROGATE MODELLING METHODS FOR MULTI-FIDELITY EXPENSIVE BLACK-BOX PROBLEMS
Authors: ANDRÉS-THIÓ NICOLAU , MUÑOZ MARIO ANDRÉS , SMITH-MILES KATE 
Published: May 2024

AbstractMany industrial design problems are characterized by a lack of an analytical expression defining the relationship between design variables and chosen quality metrics. Evaluating the quality of new designs is therefore restricted to running a predetermined process such as physical testing of prototypes. When these processes carry a high cost, choosing how to gather further data can be very challenging, whether the end goal is to accurately predict the quality of future designs or to find an optimal design. In the multi-fidelity setting, one or more approximations of a design’s performance are available at varying costs and accuracies. Surrogate modelling methods have long been applied to problems of this type, combining data from multiple sources into a model which guides further sampling. Many challenges still exist; however, the foremost among them is choosing when and how to rely on available low-fidelity sources. This tutorial-style paper presents an introduction to the field of surrogate modelling for multi-fidelity expensive black-box problems, including classical approaches and open questions in the field. An illustrative example using Australian elevation data is provided to show the potential downfalls in blindly trusting or ignoring low-fidelity sources, a question that has recently gained much interest in the community.
Task-shifting and the recruitment and retention of eye care workers in under-served areas: a qualitative study of optometrists’ motivation in Ghana and Scotland
Authors: Somerville Joel G. , Strang Niall C. , Jonuscheit Sven 
Published: May 2024

Abstract

Aim:
To assist policy-makers in improving access to eye care in under-served areas by analysing the relationship between motivational factors affecting the uptake of task-shifting in eye care and the recruitment and retention of optometrists in remote and rural areas.

Background:
The World Health Organization recommends two key strategies in tackling preventable blindness in under-served areas: improving human resources for health and task-shifting. The relationship between task-shifting and recruitment and retention of eye care workers in under-served areas is unknown. Ghana and Scotland are two countries from different levels of economic development that have notably expanded the roles of optometrists and struggle with rural recruitment and retention.

Methods:
Motivation was explored through semi-structured interviews with 19 optometrists in Ghana and Scotland with experience in remote and rural practice. Framework analysis was used to analyse interviews, explore the relationship between task-shifting and recruitment and retention and create recommendations for policy.

Findings:
The main motivational considerations included altruism, quality of life, learning and career opportunities, fulfilling potential, remuneration, stress of decision-making and collaboration. Motivational and demotivational factors for task-shifting and recruitment/retention shared many similar aspects.

Discussion:
Recruitment and retention in remote and rural areas require staff be incentivised to take up those positions, motivated to remain and given the adequate resources for personal and professional fulfilment. Task-shifting also requires incentivisation, motivation to continue and the resources to be productive. Many motivational factors influencing recruitment/retention and task-shifting are similar suggesting these two strategies can be compatible and complementary in improving access to eye care, although some factors are culture and context specific. Understanding optometrists’ motivation can help policy-makers improve rural recruitment and retention and plan services.
Pandemic preparedness and response: a new mechanism for expanding access to essential countermeasures
Authors: Hassoun Nicole , Basu Kaushik , Gostin Lawrence 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAs the world comes together through the WHO design and consultation process on a new medical counter-measures platform, we propose an enhanced APT-A (Access to Pandemic Tools Accelerator) that builds on the previous architecture but includes two new pillars – one for economic assistance and another to combat structural inequalities for future pandemic preparedness and response. As part of the APT-A, and in light of the Independent Panel on Pandemic Preparation & Response's call for an enhanced end-to-end platform for access to essential health technologies, we propose a new mechanism that we call the Pandemic Open Technology Access Accelerator (POTAX) that can be implemented through the medical countermeasures platform and the pandemic accord currently under negotiation through the World Health Assembly and supported by the High-Level Meeting review on Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response at the United Nations. This mechanism will provide (1) conditional financing for new vaccines and other essential health technologies requiring companies to vest licenses in POTAX and pool intellectual property and other data necessary to allow equitable access to the resulting technologies. It will also (2) support collective procurement as well as measures to ensure equitable distribution and uptake of these technologies.
River Ecomorphodynamic Models Exhibit Features of Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos
Authors: Cunico I. , Bertoldi W. , Caponi F. , Dijkstra H. A. , Siviglia A. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractModeling the nonlinear interactions between flow, sediment, and vegetation is essential for improving our understanding and prediction of river system dynamics. Using simple numerical models, we simulate the key flow‐sediment‐vegetation interaction where the disturbance is intrinsically generated by the presence of vegetation. In this case, biomass growth modifies the flow field, induces bed scour, and thus potentially causes vegetation uprooting when erosion exceeds root depth. Our results show that this nonlinear feedback produces deterministic chaos under a wide range of conditions, with complex aperiodic dynamics generated by a period‐doubling route to chaos. Moreover, our results suggest relatively small values of Lyapunov time, spanning 2–4 growth‐flood cycles, which significantly restrict the predictability of riverbed evolution. Although further spatial and temporal processes may add complexity to the system, these results call for the use of ensemble methods and associated uncertainty estimates in ecomorphodynamic models.
Co‐Occurrence of Low and Very Low Frequency Earthquakes Explained From Dynamic Modeling
Authors: Wei Xueting , Liu Yuxiang , Xu Jiankuan , Chen Xiaofei 
Published: May 2024

AbstractVery low‐frequency earthquakes (VLFs) are characterized by longer source duration and smaller stress drop than regular earthquakes of similar magnitude. Recent studies have shown their frequent correlation with low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) on shared faults. The underlying source processes governing the occurrence of VLFs and their interaction with LFEs remain elusive. Here, we employ a slip‐weakening model for slow earthquakes. By comparing the source parameters of simulations and observations, it is suggested that VLFs are slow self‐arresting earthquakes that self‐terminate within the nucleation patch. Additionally, we adopt a composite model to reproduce the records of the simultaneous occurrences of a VLF and an LFE in the Nankai area. Our results present the possibility that VLFs, LFEs, and regular earthquakes can be distinguished using a unified dynamic framework.
Field‐Aligned Currents Associated With Pulsating Auroral Patches: Observation With Magneto‐Impedance Magnetometer (MIM) Onboard Loss Through Auroral Microburst Pulsations (LAMP) Sounding Rocket
Authors: Nosé Masahito , Hosokawa Keisuke , Nomura Reiko , Teramoto Mariko , Asamura Kazushi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Mitani Takefumi , Sakanoi Takeshi , Namekawa Taku , Kawano Takeshi , Iwanaga Yoshihiro , Tatematsu Shunichi , Hirahara Masafumi , Halford Alexa , Shumko Mykhaylo , Lessard Marc R. , Lynch Kristina , Paschalidis Nicholaos , Jaynes Allison N. , McHarg Matthew G. 
Published: May 2024

AbstractWe made observations of magnetic field variations in association with pulsating auroras with the magneto‐impedance sensor magnetometer (MIM) carried by the Loss through Auroral Microburst Pulsations (LAMP) sounding rocket that was launched at 11:27:30 UT on 5 March 2022 from Poker Flat Research Range, Alaska. At an altitude of 200–250 km, MIM detected clear enhancements of the magnetic field by 15–25 nT in both the northward and westward components. From simultaneous observations with the ground all‐sky camera, we found that the footprint of LAMP at the 100 km altitude was located near the center of a pulsating auroral patch. The auroral patch had a dimension of ∼90 km in latitude and ∼25 km in longitude, and its major axis was inclined toward northwest. These observations were compared with results of a simple model calculation, in which local electron precipitation into the thin‐layer ionosphere causes an elliptical auroral patch. The conductivity within the patch is enhanced in the background electric field and as a result, the magnetic field variations are induced around the auroral patch. The model calculation results can explain the MIM observations if the electric field points toward southeast and one of the model parameters is adjusted. We conclude that the pulsating auroral patch in this event was associated with a one‐pair field‐aligned current that consists of downward (upward) currents at the poleward (equatorward) edge of the patch. This current structure is maintained even if the auroral patch is latitudinally elongated.
Converging Findings of Climate Models and Satellite Observations on the Positive Impact of European Forests on Cloud Cover
Authors: Caporaso Luca , Duveiller Gregory , Giuliani Graziano , Giorgi Filippo , Stengel Martin , Massaro Emanuele , Piccardo Matteo , Cescatti Alessandro 
Published: May 2024

AbstractAlthough afforestation is a potential strategy to mitigate climate change by sequestering carbon, its potential biophysical effects on climate, such as regulating surface albedo, evapotranspiration, and energy balance, have not been fully incorporated into climate change mitigation strategies. This is partly due to the challenges associated with modeling the complex bidirectional interactions between vegetation and climate. In this study, we assess the impact of afforestation on low cloud cover using a regional climate model (RCM) and Earth observation data, applying a space‐for‐time approach to overcome limitations that may arise from comparing satellite and RCM results, such as different background climate conditions or different extents of land cover change. Our results show a consistent increase in low cloud cover in Europe due to afforestation in both datasets (3.71% and 3.56% on average, respectively), but the magnitude and direction of this effect depend on various factors, including location, seasonality, and forest type. These results suggest that afforestation can have important feedbacks on the climate system, and that its biophysical effects must be considered in climate change mitigation strategies. Furthermore, we emphasize the role of the modeling community in developing accurate and reliable approaches to assess the biophysical effects of land cover change on climate.