bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using carbon isotopes to track dietary change in modern, historical, and ancient primates
Authors: Sponheimer Matt , Codron Daryl , Passey Benjamin H. , de Ruiter Darryl J. , Cerling Thure E. , Lee‐Thorp Julia A. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractStable isotope analysis can be used to document dietary changes within the lifetimes of individuals and may prove useful for investigating fallback food consumption in modern, historical, and ancient primates. Feces, hair, and enamel are all suitable materials for such analysis, and each has its own benefits and limitations. Feces provide highly resolved temporal dietary data, but are generally limited to providing dietary information about modern individuals and require labor‐intensive sample collection and analysis. Hair provides less well‐resolved data, but has the advantage that one or a few hair strands can provide evidence of dietary change over months or years. Hair is also available in museum collections, making it possible to investigate the diets of historical specimens. Enamel provides the poorest temporal resolution of these materials, but is often preserved for millions of years, allowing examination of dietary change in deep time. We briefly discuss the use of carbon isotope data as it pertains to recent thinking about fallback food consumption in ancient hominins and suggest that we may need to rethink the functional significance of the australopith masticatory package. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:661–670, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fallback foraging as a way of life: Using dietary toughness to compare the fallback signal among capuchins and implications for interpreting morphological variation
Authors: Wright Barth W. , Wright Kristin A. , Chalk Janine , Verderane Michele P. , Fragaszy Dorothy , Visalberghi Elisabetta , Izar Patricia , Ottoni Eduardo B. , Constantino Paul , Vinyard Christopher 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe genusCebusis one of the best extant models for examining the role of fallback foods in primate evolution.Cebusincludes the tufted capuchins, which exhibit skeletal features for the exploitation of hard and tough foods. Paradoxically, these seemingly “specialized” taxa belong to the most ubiquitous group of closely related primates in South America, thriving in a range of different habitats. This appears to be a consequence of their ability to exploit obdurate fallback foods. Here we compare the toughness of foods exploited by two tufted capuchin species at two ecologically distinct sites;C. apellain a tropical rainforest, andC. libidinosusin a cerrado forest. We include dietary data for one untufted species (C. olivaceus) to assess the degree of difference between the tufted species. These data, along with information on skeletal morphology, are used to address whether or not a fallback foraging species exhibits a given suite of morphological and behavioral attributes, regardless of habitat. Both tufted species ingest and masticate a number of exceedingly tough plant tissues that appear to be used as fallback resources, however,C. libidinosushas the toughest diet both in terms of median and maximal values. Morphologically,C. libidinosusis intermediate in absolute symphyseal and mandibular measurements, and in measures of postcranial robusticity, but exhibits a higher intermembral index thanC. apella. We propose that this incongruence between dietary toughness and skeletal morphology is the consequence ofC. libidinosus'use of tools while on the ground for the exploitation of fallback foods. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:687–699, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summary to the symposium issue: Primate fallback strategies as adaptive phenotypic plasticity—Scale, pattern, and process
Authors: Lambert Joanna E. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this discussion, I evaluate our understanding of fallback foods in primate and hominin ecology and evolution with reference to the challenges of nomenclature, scale, and of linking individual responses to food availability and properties (process) to species traits (pattern). I use these challenges to form the framework of my discussion and ultimately conclude that we situate the discussion of primate fallback strategy into a broader, “synthetic” framework of animal form and the evolutionary significance of phenotypic plasticity. Am J Phys Anthropol 140:759–766, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical and thermal properties of poly(butylene succinate)/plant fiber biodegradable composite
Authors: Liang Zhichao , Pan Pengju , Zhu Bo , Dong Tungalag , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBiodegradable polymeric composites were fabricated from poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and kenaf fiber (KF) by melt mixing technique. The mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties, morphology and crystallization behavior were investigated for PBS/KF composites with different KF contents (0, 10, 20, and 30 wt %). The tensile modulus, storage modulus and the crystallization rate of PBS in the composites were all efficiently enhanced. With the incorporation of 30% KF, the tensile modulus and storage modulus (at 40°C) of the PBS/KF composite were increased by 53 and 154%, respectively, the crystallization temperature in cooling process at 10°C/min from the melt was increased from 76.3 to 87.7°C, and the half‐time of PBS/KF composite in isothermal crystallization at 96 and 100°C were reduced to 10.8% and 14.3% of that of the neat PBS, respectively. SEM analysis indicates that the adhesion between PBS and KF needs further improvement. These results signify that KF is efficient in improving the tensile modulus, storage modulus and the crystallization rate of PBS. Hence, this study provides a good option for preparing economical biodegradable composite. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of soft segments on the surface properties of polydimethylsiloxane waterborne polyurethane prepolymer blends and treated nylon fabrics
Authors: Yen Meng‐Shung , Tsai Ping‐Yuan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study of waterborne polyurethane prepolymer blends was done to investigate the effects of different types of soft segments on the dispersion properties and other properties of treated nylon fabrics. The particle size of the dispersion increased, the surface tension of the dispersion decreased, and the contact angle of the nylon fabric with the dispersion decreased when the blending amount of the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane prepolymer increased. The add‐on of ether‐type polyurethane increased rapidly when the ether‐type polyurethane was blended with a small amount of the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane prepolymer, whereas the add‐on of the ether‐type polyurethane reached a maximum at a blending content of 10%. The add‐on of the ester‐type polyurethane prepolymer constantly decreased with increasing blending amount of the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane prepolymer. The vertical wicking height of the treated nylon fabrics decreased slightly when the treating agent contained a small amount of the polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane prepolymer. For the treated nylon fabrics with blended prepolymers, the drying time was faster than for the untreated fabric, and the moisture ratio reached about 10% in 15 min © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of poly(fluorinated acrylate)/silica hybrid nanocomposites
Authors: Yao Li , Yang Tingting , Cheng Shiyuan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe nanocomposite particles (NPs) with inorganic silica as core and fluorinated polymer shell have been in situ synthesized via emulsion polymerization. The chemical composition and core‐shell structure were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that silica nanoparticles were encapsulated in latex particles, with single‐ and multicore morphologies coexisting. Thermal gravimetric analysis also suggested the successful encapsulation of silica into NPs with enhanced thermal stability. The surface properties of the latex films produced from the core‐shell particles were also investigated by contact angle method and water absorption measurement. Both fluorinated polymer and silica contributed to less water absorption ratio and lower surface‐free energy, which was composed of larger polar component and smaller disperse component, just reversed as usual. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synergistic effects of fumed silica on intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene
Authors: Ye Lei , Wu Qianghua , Qu Baojun 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe synergistic effects of fumed silica on the thermal and flame‐retardant properties of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polypropylene based on the NP phosphorus‐nitrogen compound have been studied by Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, cone calorimeter test (CCT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and UL‐94 tests. The LOI and UL‐94 data show that when ≤1 wt % fumed silica substituted for the IFR additive NP can increase 2 to 4% LOI values of the PP blends and keep the V‐0 rating. The data obtained from the CCT tests indicate the heat release rates (HRR) reduce by about 23% for the PP/NP sample with 0.5 wt % fumed silica, whereas the mass loss rates (MLR) and total heat release (THR) values are much lower than those of the PP/NP samples without fume silica. The TGA data demonstrate that a suitable amount of fumed silica can increase the thermal stability and charred residue of the PP/IFR/SiO2 blends after 500°C. The morphological structures of charred residues observed by SEM give positive evidence that a suitable amount of fumed silica can promote the formation of compact intumescent charred layers and prevent the charred layers from cracking, which effectively protects the underlying polymer from burning. The dynamic FTIR spectra reveal that the synergistic flame‐retardant mechanism of a suitable amount of fumed silica with IFR additive is due to its physical process in the condensed phases. However, a high loading of fumed silica restricts the formation of charred layers with POP and POC complexes formed from burning of polymer materials and destroys the swelling behavior of intumescent charred layers, which deteriorates the flame retardant and thermal properties of the PP/IFR blends. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation, morphology, and properties of silane‐modified MWCNT/epoxy composites
Authors: Wu Sheng‐Yen , Yuen Siu‐Ming , Ma Chen‐Chi M. , Chiang Chin‐Lung , Huang Yuan‐Li , Wu Hsin‐Ho , Teng Chih‐Chun , Yang Cheng‐Chien , Wei Ming‐Hsiung 
Published: November 2009

AbstractBoth epoxy resin and acid‐modified multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) were treated with 3‐isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (IPTES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electronic microscope (TEM) images of the MWCNT/epoxy composites have been investigated. Tensile strength of cured silane‐modified MWCNT (1.0 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 41% comparing to the neat epoxy. Young's modulus of cured silane‐modified MWCNT (0.8 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 52%. Flexural strength of cured silane‐modified MWCNT (1.0 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 145% comparing to neat epoxy. Flexural modulus of cured silane‐modified MWCNT (0.8 wt %)/epoxy composites increased 31%. Surface and volume electrical resistance of MWCNT/epoxy composites were decreased with IPTES‐MWCNT content by 2 orders and 6 orders of magnitude, respectively. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Compatibility studies with blends based on poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) and polyacrylonitrile
Authors: Ge Zhaogang , Xiao Changfa 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this study, poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PBMA) was prepared by a suspension polymerization process, and blending with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) in N,N‐dimethyl acetamide to prepare PAN/PBMA blends in various proportions. Hansen's three dimensional solubility parameters of PAN and PBMA were calculated approximately through the contributions of the structural groups. The compatibility in these blend systems was studied with theoretical calculations as well as experimental measurements. Viscometric methods, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used for this investigation. All the results showed that a partial compatibility existed in PAN/PBMA blend system, which may be due to the intermolecular interactions between the two polymers. And, the adsorption experiment results showed that the addition of PBMA contributed to the enhancing adsorptive properties of blend fibers, which lays the foundation for further studying PAN/PBMA blend fibers with adsorptive function. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Fabrication and drug release properties of poly(5‐benzyloxy‐trimethylene‐co‐glycolide) microspheres
Authors: Qi Yi‐Ping , Miao Zhi‐Mei , Cheng Si‐Xue , Zhang Xian‐Zheng 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPoly(5‐benzyloxy‐trimethylene carbonate‐co‐glycolide) random copolymers were synthesized through the ring‐opening polymerization of 5‐benzyloxy‐trimethylene carbonate and glycolide (GA). The copolymers with different compositions, PBG‐1 with 17% GA units and PBG‐2 with 45% GA units, were obtained. Using these copolymers, microsphere drug delivery systems with submicron sizes were fabricated using an “ultrasonic assisted precipitation method.” The in‐vitro drug release from these microspheres was investigated. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis of high‐molecular weight poly(trimethylene terephthalate) catalyzed by MoO3 supported Al2O3‐TiO2 catalysts
Authors: Liu Jian , Bian Shu‐Guang , Xiao Min , Wang Shuan‐Jin , Meng Yue‐Zhong 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPoly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) is an excellent fiber materials. Although it was synthesized as early as 1940s, obtaining high‐molecular weight PTT suitable for spinning is not easy due to no evident breakthrough in the catalysts for PTT synthesis. Patents and literatures disclosed a lot of the catalysts of preparing PTT, but which are more or less disadvantageous. Based on acid catalytic mechanism of PTT preparation, a series of solid acid as x% MoO3/(50% Al2O3 − 50% TiO2) (briefly written as xM/(A − T), x = 0, 10, 15, 20 by weight) were prepared by sol–gel coprecipitation and wetting impregnation methods, and first used for PTT synthesis in this work. When 50% Al2O3 − 50% TiO2 (briefly written as A − T) was supported by MoO3 using wetting impregnation technique of (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O aqueous solution, a lot of Brφnsted acid and Lewis acid sites were formed on xM/(A − T) catalyst surfaces, which was confirmed by the characteristics of their NH3‐TPD (temperature programmed desorption). All the prepared catalysts were highly active ones toward synthesis of PTT. PTT with high‐intrinsic viscosity (IV) was obtained in the presence of trace amount of the catalysts. IV ranging of the PTT synthesized from 0.66 to 0.95 dL g−1 corresponds to weight average molecular weight
$ (\overline M_w) $
from 49,197 to 73,004. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of iron oxide nanoparticles on the morphological properties of isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Mubarak Yousef Ahmad , Abbadi Fatima O. , Tobgy Ahmed H. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIsotactic polypropylene (iPP) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanocomposites were mixed by masterbatch blending technique in a single screw extruder machine. The concentrations of Fe3O4 in the iPP/Fe3O4 nanocomposites were 0.5, 1, 2, and 5% by weight. The influence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles on the effectiveness of nucleation, morphology, mode of crystallization, and crystallinity of iPP were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The introduction of Fe3O4 nanoparticles in the iPP matrix inhibited the formation of β crystals, and caused a shift in the melting point to higher values. The magnitude of the shift was up to 20–21°C which indicates that using the masterbatch technique leads to an enhancement of the dispersion process of the Fe3O4 nanoparticle and the formation of less agglomerates in the iPP/Fe3O4 nanocomposites. The percentage crystallinity, Xc, increased at the low cooling rates of 1 and 2°C/min. At higher cooling rates of 5, 10, and 20°C/min, the masterbatch technique produced nanocomposites of Xc with nonuniform trends. The overall crystallization rate enhancement for the iPP/Fe3O4 nanocomposites is attributed to the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles as a nucleating agent which have no significant effect on the growth rate of iPP crystals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Comparative study of the effect of sulfur on the morphology and rheological properties of SB‐ and SBS‐modified asphalt
Authors: Martínez‐Estrada Abigail , Chávez‐Castellanos A. Enrique , Herrera‐Alonso Margarita , Herrera‐Nájera Rafael 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe modification of asphalt with styrene‐ butadiene block copolymers and sulfur was studied to elucidate the effect of the molecular characteristics of the polymer, polymer content, and sulfur/polymer ratio on the physical properties of modified asphalts. Two types of styrene‐butadiene copolymers were used (SB and SBS), which differed considerably in terms of their chain architecture, average molecular weights, and size and distribution of their polybutadiene and polystyrene blocks, as shown by gel permeation chromatography, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry. Sulfur/polymer/asphalt blends were prepared by a hot mixing process and characterized by conventional tests, fluorescence microscopy, and rheology. The results revealed that the morphology of the blends is strongly dependent on polymer concentration and sulfur/polymer ratio. In‐depth rheological characterization showed that the thermomechanical properties changed considerably upon addition of small amounts of sulfur. Collectively, these results suggest that sulfur increases the compatibility between polymer and asphalt by crosslinking polymer chains. Interestingly, the rheological behavior of blends prepared with a combination of SB and sulfur was similar to that exhibited by blends prepared with SBS either in the presence or absence of sulfur. This is explained by assuming that the addition of small amounts of sulfur to SB‐modified asphalt facilitates the formation of an elastomeric network that resembles the one found in SBS‐modified asphalt, effectively contributing to asphalt reinforcement. Nonetheless, the exact dosage of sulfur must be carefully controlled to prevent gel formation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Character of long‐chain branching in highly purified natural rubber
Authors: Amnuaypornsri Sureerut , Tarachiwin Lucksanaporn , Sakdapipanich Jitladda T. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe nature of long‐chain branching in natural rubber (NR) from Hevea brasiliensis was analyzed for NR purified by enzymatic deproteinization in the latex state followed by acetone extraction in the solid state to remove the proteins and neutral lipids, respectively. The treatment of purified NR in a toluene solution with a polar solvent, such as methanol or acetic acid, resulted in a clear decrease in the molecular weight, gel content, and Huggins' constant; this was caused by the decomposition of branch points in the purified rubber. This finding clearly showed that long‐chain branching in the purified NR was mainly derived from the association of phospholipids linked with both terminal groups in the rubber chain via hydrogen bonds. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effect of hyperbranched poly(ester amine) additive on electrospinning of low concentration poly(methyl methacrylate) solutions
Authors: Chen Yi‐Zhang , Peng Pan , Guo Zhao‐Xia , Yu Jian , Zhan Mao‐Sheng 
Published: November 2009

AbstractElectrospinning of low concentration polymer solutions has the advantage of producing fibers with small diameters, but unfortunately beaded fibers are often observed. This article reports the use of hyperbranched poly(ester amine) (PEA) as an additive for low concentration polymer solutions to eliminate beads and improve the fiber uniformity. Electrospinning of low concentration poly(methyl methacrylate) solutions was investigated. With only 1 wt % hyperbranched PEA, the fiber uniformity was significantly improved. The principle of improvement was investigated by measuring the solution properties, and it is inferred that the improvement is attributed to the significant increase in solution conductivity. The solution viscosity and surface tension only change slightly. The versatility of this approach was demonstrated by electrospinning low concentration solutions of two other polymers: polystyrene and polyoxymethylene. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Thermal degradation of environmentally friendly phenolic resin/Al2O3 hybrid composite
Authors: Li Chunhua , Qi Shuhua , Zhang Dongna 
Published: November 2009

AbstractAn environmentally friendly phenolic resin/Al2O3 hybrid composite was prepared. Al2O3 particles were pretreated with a silcane coupling agent, then the mixture of paraformaldehyde and treated Al2O3 was grinded with ball crusher for several hours, and added during the phenolic resin polymerization process, finally got the hybrid composite. The kinetic parameters of thermal degradation were calculated by the methods of Kissinger, Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa and Crane. The thermal degradation activation energy of environmentally friendly phenolic resin/Al2O3 hybrid composite is approximate three times of pure phenolic resin. The results show that the heat resistance is obviously improved. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Rudimentary Eyes of Squamate Fossorial Reptiles (Amphisbaenia and Serpentes)
Authors: Foureaux Giselle , Egami Mizue Imoto , Jared Carlos , Antoniazzi Marta Maria , Gutierre Robson Campos , Smith Ricardo Luiz 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe rudimentary characteristic of the eyes of fossorial animals raises some questions regarding its evolution and functionality. Would these eyes result from atrophy or from stagnated development? How would its visual function work? Anatomical investigations of these organs are the fundamental preamble to answer those questions, which are still little explored by the literature. In this article we have studied anatomical aspects of the eyes of three species of fossorial reptiles, within the suborder Amphisbaena (Amphisbaena alba, Amphisbaena mertensi, Leposternon infraorbitale), as well as a species within the ophidian suborder (Typhlops brongersmianus). The minuscule eyes (1–2 mm diameter) were visualized through a scale, a translucent area which corresponds to the spectacle. This spectacle is a thinner and transparent scale, covering a conjunctival sac. The retrobulbar space was filled with the harderian gland. The eyes of Typhlops presented an oval shape, whereas Amphisbaena specimens presented cup‐shaped eyes. In Amphisbaenian sclera is comprised of cartilage, while the thin sclera of Typhlops consists of connective tissue and striated muscle fibers. The retina presented all the typical layers found in vertebrates, regardless the species. The characteristics involved in the fossil adaptation of these species include: reduced size of the eyeball, rudimentary cornea, absence of the anterior chamber, presence of a complex iris‐ciliary body, and lens with amorphous nucleate cells. The analysis of the eye morphology of these animals suggests that there might be a specific function concerning light perception. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.