bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Castleman's Disease: Systematic Analysis of 416 Patients from the Literature
Authors: Talat Nadia , Schulte Klaus-Martin 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the centricity and histopathology profiles of each of the three classes of HIV-negative patients identified in this analysis.Correlate nosological classification and outcomes in patients with Castleman's disease.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.
Castleman's disease is a rare primary disease of the lymph nodes with limited available clinical information.

Methods.
A systematic literature search identified 416 cases amenable to detailed analysis.

Results.
In HIV− patients, centricity, pathology type, the presence of symptoms, gender, and age all predict outcome in univariate analyses. The 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) rate for patients with unicentric hyaline vascular disease (49.5% of cases, class I) was 92.5%, versus 45.7% for those with multicentric plasma cell disease (20.2% of cases, class III) and 78.0% for those with any other combination (22.6% of cases, class II) (p &lt; .0001). HIV+ patients (class IV) exclusively presented with multicentric plasma cell disease and had a 3-year DFS rate of only 27.8%. Kaposi's sarcoma and lymphoma were observed in 59.3% and 9.4% of HIV+ patients and in 2.6% and 3.6% of HIV− patients (p &lt; .0001). Paraneoplastic pemphigus and the syndrome of polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal gammopathy, and skin changes were observed exclusively in HIV− patients at a rate of 1.3% and 1.8%, respectively.

Conclusion.
Clinical, pathological, and viral markers allow for the classification of Castleman's disease into groups with markedly different outcomes and disease associations.
FDG-PET/CT Compared with Conventional Imaging in the Detection of Distant Metastases of Primary Breast Cancer
Authors: Niikura Naoki , Costelloe Colleen M. , Madewell John E. , Hayashi Naoki , Yu Tse-Kuan , Liu Jun , Palla Shana L. , Tokuda Yutaka , Theriault Richard L. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Ueno Naoto T. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract

Purpose.
Evidence from studies with small numbers of patients indicates that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) accurately detects distant metastases in the staging of primary breast cancer. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT and conventional imaging (CT, ultrasonography, radiography, and skeletal scintigraphy) for the detection of distant metastases in patients with primary breast cancer.

Patients and Methods.
We performed a retrospective review that identified 225 patients with primary breast cancer seen from January 2000 to September 2009 for whom PET/CT data were available for review. Imaging findings were compared with findings on biopsy, subsequent imaging, or clinical follow-up. Sensitivity and specificity in the detection of distant metastases were calculated for PET/CT and conventional imaging. Fisher's exact tests were used to test the differences in sensitivity and specificity between PET/CT and conventional imaging.

Results.
The mean patient age at diagnosis was 53.4 years (range, 23–84 years). The sensitivity and specificity in the detection of distant metastases were 97.4% and 91.2%, respectively, for PET/CT and 85.9% and 67.3%, respectively, for conventional imaging. The sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT were significantly higher than those of conventional imaging (p = .009 and p &lt; .001, respectively). Eleven cases of distant metastases detected by PET/CT were clinically occult and not evident on conventional imaging.

Conclusion.
PET/CT has higher sensitivity and specificity than conventional imaging in the detection of distant metastases of breast cancer. A prospective study is needed to determine whether PET/CT could replace conventional imaging to detect distant metastases in patients with primary breast cancer.
In Praise of Empiricism
Authors: Miller Martin B. 
Published: July 2011

Theories need precise definition of their terms and concepts. Their arguments require empirical support that is as unequivocal as possible. Good theory typically evolves through an iterative process, being confirmed or refined and modified as empirical evidence dictates over time and experience. The Mediated Learning (ML) model is examined under the lens of empiricism. The author suggests that ML may be seen as two separate models, one concerned with cognitive development, and the other a model that guides application of interventional methodology on behalf of promoting effective cognitive functioning. Fundamental assumptions of the ML developmental model are questioned on the basis of contrary evidence, but the validity of the ML developmental model has little bearing on the value of the ML applied model, which stands or falls on its own merits. Two programs that spring entirely or in part from the ML applied model are considered. One program has shown few if any durable effects that are scientifically reliable over a generation of wide-ranging experience with it, whereas the second program appears to show solidly supported effects as well as durability over a more limited range of applications. The older program has seen little if any revision over its history. The promise of enhanced cognitive functioning is so compelling that program developers have an obligation to modify and adjust their methods, and presumably the model that underlies those methods, in the hope of improving the programs’ efficacy. Data from appropriate evaluative research should be used constantly to modify and refine the programs, as well as to feed back to the theoretical systems on which they are based.The author discusses empiricism as a major philosophical basis for the construction of conceptual systems from which applied programs are then developed and appeals for closer adherence to its scientific methods where applied educational programs are concerned.
An Observational Study to Explore the Power and Effect of the Labor Ward Culture on Consent to Intrapartum Procedures
Authors: Marshall Jayne E. , Fraser Diane M. , Baker Philip N. 
Published: July 2011

AIM:To explore the concept of informed consent to intrapartum procedures within a hospital labor ward.DESIGN:An ethnographic study using participant observation and follow-up semistructured interviews with women and the attending midwives. Data analysis used principles of grounded theory assisted by the computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software (CAQDAS) package, Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing, Searching, and Theorizing (NUD*IST). The study was approved by the Local Research Ethics Committee.PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING:100 healthy English-speaking women in spontaneous labor who were to give birth within the labor ward of a large teaching hospital in England and the attending health professionals.FINDINGS:•The fragmented Western technocratic model of childbirth affected gaining informed consent to intrapartum procedures within the labor ward environment.•Midwives and women adopted certain stereotypical roles relating to how information was given and decisions made about intrapartum procedures.•Not all women wanted to be fully informed about intrapartum care and procedures and trusted the midwife or doctor to make decisions, especially concerning the health of their newborn.•Where a birth plan had been completed, women felt valued and enabled by having contributed to decisions made about their care.CONCLUSIONS:The study revealed that true choices to childbearing women were limited andinformedconsent was rarely obtained. Further exploration is required to establish the optimal timing of information disclosure to gain consent to intrapartum practices prior to the onset of labor, because during labor is not ideal. The 2 typologies may be used by midwives to examine how the culture of the birthing environment can affect women’s choice and the obtaining of informed consent to intrapartum procedures, especially where care is fragmented. Until birth is viewed through a holistic birthing model, health professionals will continue to control the birth experience. However, what is provided in practice should be congruent with the needs and expectations of childbearing women.
Ligament Balancing for Total Ankle Arthroplasty: An in vitro Evaluation of the Elongation of the Hind- and Midfoot Ligaments
Authors: Merian Marc , Glisson Richard R. , Nunley James A. 
Published: July 2011

Background: The changes in length of the hindfoot ligaments in response to alterations in ankle and subtalar joint orientation under physiologic load in eight fresh-frozen cadaver limbs were documented. Results: In eversion, the tibiocalcaneal (11% ± 4%, mean ± SD], calcaneofibular (6% ± 4%), posterior talofibular (7% ± 4%), posterolateral talocalcaneal (21% ± 9%), posteromedial talocalcaneal (33% ± 45%) and calca-neonavicular (bifurcate) (8% ± 7%) ligaments were elongated relative to their lengths in inversion. In inversion, the anterior capsular (talocalcaneal) (5% ± 3%) and the plantar cuboidnav-icular (5% ± 6%) ligaments were elongated relative to their everted lengths. In dorsiflexion, the superficial (26% ± 8%) and deep posterior tibiotalar (30% ± 13%), calcaneofibular (8% ± 4%), tibiocalcaneal (4% ± 2%) and lateral talocal-caneal (cervical) (2% ± 1%) ligaments were elongated. In plantarflexion, the tibionavicular (26% ± 5%) and the anterior talofibular (7% ± 4%) ligaments were lengthened. No statistically significant elongation was documented in any ankle position for the anterior tibiotalar, talocalcaneal interosseous, plantar calcaneocuboid, calcaneocuboid (bifurcate), all components of the spring ligament, and the dorsal cuboidnavicular ligaments. Conclusion: Components of the deltoid ligament complex elongated largest at the ankle joint with any hindfoot movement but inversion. Therefore, selective release of components of the deltoid ligament complex may provide a means for achieving optimal ligament balancing in total ankle arthro-plasty. Specifically, release of the superficial and deep posterior tibiotalar ligament may improve range of motion in total ankle arthroplasties, whereas the release of the tibiocalcaneal ligament may correct a varus talar tilt.
Effect of Supramalleolar Varus and Valgus Deformities on the Tibiotalar Joint: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: Knupp Markus , Stufkens Sjoerd AS , van Bergen Christian J. , Blankevoort Leendert , Bolliger Lilianna , van Dijk CN , Hintermann Beat 
Published: July 2011

Background: Distal tibia coronal plane malalignment predisposes the ankle joint to asymmetric load. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to quantify changes in pressure and force transfer in an ankle with a supramalleolar deformity. Materials and Methods: Seventeen cadaveric lower legs were loaded with 700 N after creating supramalleolar varus and valgus deformities. The fibula was left intact in 11 specimens and osteotomized in six. Tekscan© sensors were used to measure the tibiotalar pressure characteristics. Results: In isolated supramalleolar deformity, the center of force and peak pressure moved in an anteromedial direction for valgus and posterolateral direction for varus deformities. The change was in an anteromedial direction for varus and in a posterolateral direction for valgus deformities in specimens with an osteotomized fibula. Conclusion: Two essentially different groups of varus and valgus deformities of the ankle joint need to be distinguished. The first group is an isolated frontal plane deformity and the second group is a frontal plane deformity with associated incon-gruency of the ankle mortise. Clinical Relevance: Our findings underline the complexity of asymmetric osteoarthritis of the ankle joint. In addition, results from this study provide useful information for future basic research on coronal plane deformity of the hindfoot and for determining appropriate surgical approaches.
Automated processing to derive dip angles of englacial radar reflectors in ice sheets
Authors: Sime Louise C. , Hindmarsh Richard C.A. , Corr Hugh 
Published: July 2011

AbstractWe present a novel automated processing method for obtaining layer dip from radio-echo sounding (RES) data. The method is robust, easily applicable and can be used to process large (several terabytes) ground and airborne RES datasets using modest computing resources. We give test results from the application of the method to two Antarctic datasets: the Fletcher Promontory ground-based radar dataset and the Wilkes Subglacial Basin airborne radar dataset. The automated RES processing (ARESP) method comprises the basic steps: (1) RES noise reduction; (2) radar layer identification; (3) isolation of individual ‘layer objects’; (4) measurement of orientation and other object properties; (5) elimination of noise in the orientation data; and (6) collation of the valid dip information. The apparent dip datasets produced by the method will aid glaciologists seeking to understand ice-flow dynamics in Greenland and Antarctica: ARESP could enable a shift from selective regional case studies to ice-sheet-scale studies.
Warming, glacier melt and surface energy budget from weather station observations in the Melville Bay region of northwest Greenland
Authors: Van AS Dirk 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe glaciers in the Melville Bay region of northwest Greenland have shown a mean retreat since the earliest observations at the beginning of the 20th century. The largest, Steenstrup Gletscher, has retreated ∼20 km, partly during the period of atmospheric cooling 1940–80. Melville Bay air-temperature observations starting in 1981 indicate a regional change of +0.20°C a−1. This exceeds the warming on the east coast of Greenland, confirming the west coast to be a region of relatively large change, also in a global perspective. The largest temperature increase is observed in the winter months (0.3–0.4°C a−1). Results from a 4 year (2004–08) net ablation record obtained by an automatic weather station (AWS) near the calving front of Steenstrup Gletscher show an ablation rate that is relatively low for a low-elevation position on the Greenland ice sheet (2.4 m ice equivalent per year). A first-order estimate from positive degree-day totals suggests that net ablation has roughly doubled since the 1980s. A surface energy and mass-balance model is applied to the Steenstrup AWS data to quantify the energy flux contributions to surface melt. Solar radiation is the main source for melt energy, but, due to shortwave radiation penetration into the ice, only one-third of the melt takes place at the glacier surface; nearly two-thirds occurs within the upper ice layers.
Evaluation of cloudiness over Monte San Valentín, Northern Patagonia Icefield, from 2000 to 2008 using MODIS satellite images: implications for paleoclimate investigations from ice cores
Authors: Vimeux Françoise , Maignan Fabienne , Reutenauer Corentin , Pouyaud Bernard 
Published: July 2011

AbstractAn unexpectedly low annual net accumulation (20 cm w.e.a−1) has been inferred from analyses of a firn core extracted from Glaciar Monte San Valentín, Northern Patagonia Icefield (46°35′ S, 73°19′ W; 3747 m a.s.l.). We test a hypothesis linking the low accumulation to a frequent lack of cloud cover over the mountain range at this altitude. The cloudiness over Monte San Valentín and surrounding regions is examined using ∼3000 daily MODIS satellite images from 2000 to 2008. The visual evaluation of the synoptic situation leads to the definition of a daily cloudiness index (EI) for the San Valentín summit and for the regions to the southwest (SW) and northeast (NE). We check its robustness by applying different tests and comparisons. Three levels are assigned for the EI: ‘clear’ (EI = 0), ‘cloudy’ (EI = 1) and ‘mixed’ (EI = 0.5). The results show that the SV cloud cover is similar to the regional cloudiness for more than half the year (54%) and that the case in which the San Valentín summit is clear while both SW and NE regions are cloudy is exceptional (2%). As clouds are necessary to provide precipitation, we show that the low annual net accumulation cannot be explained by an uncommon low cloudiness. This result implies that net accumulation inferred from ice cores in this Andean region must be cautiously interpreted. We also point out that the Andes at this latitude acts as an orographic barrier but without a total blocking of air masses.
Bayesian estimation of basal conditions on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, from surface data
Authors: Pralong Mélanie Raymond , Hilmar Gudmundsson G. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe determination of basal properties on ice streams from surface data is formulated as a Bayesian statistical inference problem. The theory is applied to a flowline on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica. Estimates of bed topography and basal slipperiness are updated using measurements of surface topography and the horizontal and vertical components of the surface velocity. The surface topography is allowed to vary within measurement errors. We calculate the transient evolution of the surface until rates of surface elevation change are within limits given by measurements. For our final estimation of basal properties, modelled rates of elevation change are in full agreement with estimates of surface elevation changes. Results are discarded from a section of the flowline where the distribution of surface residuals is not consistent with error estimates. Apart from a general increase in basal slipperiness toward the grounding line, we find no evidence for any spatial variations in basal slipperiness. In particular, we find that short-scale variability (<10 × ice thickness) in surface topography and surface velocities can be reproduced by the model by variations in basal topography only. Assuming steady-state conditions, an almost perfect agreement is found between modelled and measured surface geometry, suggesting that Rutford Ice Stream is currently close to a steady state.
Sea-ice models for climate study: retrospective and new directions
Authors: Hunke Elizabeth C. , Lipscomb William H. , Turner Adrian K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractScientific observations of sea ice began more than a century ago, but detailed sea-ice models appeared only in the latter half of the last century. The high albedo of sea ice is critical for the Earth’s heat balance, and ice motion across the ocean’s surface transports fresh water and salt. The basic components in a complete sea-ice model must include vertical thermodynamics and horizontal dynamics, including a constitutive relation for the ice, advection and deformational processes. This overview surveys topics in sea-ice modeling from the global climate modeling perspective, emphasizing work that significantly advanced the state of the art and highlighting promising new developments.
The Moderating Effect of Ecphoric Experience on Post‐identification Feedback: A Critical Test of the Cues‐based Inference Conceptualization
Authors: Charman Steve D. , Wells Gary L. 
Published: July 2011

SummaryConfidence inflation from confirming post‐identification feedback is greater when the eyewitness is inaccurate than when the eyewitness is accurate, which is evidence that witnesses infer their confidence from feedback only to the extent that their internal cues are weak. But the accurate/inaccurate asymmetry has alternative interpretations. A critical test between these interpretations was conducted by including disconfirming feedback conditions. Student participants (n = 404) witnessed a mock crime, had either a strong or weak ecphoric experience when making their line‐up identifications, and subsequently received no feedback, confirming feedback, or disconfirming feedback. Consistent with a cues‐based conceptualization of the feedback effect, disconfirming feedback influenced witnesses with weak ecphoric experiences more than witnesses with strong ecphoric experiences, ironically increasing the confidence‐accuracy relation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of Stress Induced Phase Transformation in TRIP‐Steel/Mg‐PSZ Composites Using EBSD
Authors: Berek Harry , Aneziris Christos Georgios , Hasterok Manuel , Biermann Horst , Wolf Steffen , Krüger Lutz 
Published: July 2011

AbstractFailure tolerant metal matrix composites (MMCs) can be created by combining ceramics with ductile metals. In the frame of the present work open cell foam structures were produced. They contain 95 vol% TRIP‐steel (transformation induced plasticity) and 5 vol% zirconia. The goal was to show the effect of transformation toughening within the zirconia particles embedded in the steel matrix during compressive deformation. Deformation induced phase transformation could be shown by using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in combination with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX).
Local State‐of‐Charge Mapping of Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Nanda Jagjit , Remillard Jeffrey , O'Neill Ann , Bernardi Dawn , Ro Tina , Nietering Kenneth E. , Go Joo‐Young , Miller Ted J. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCurrent lithium‐ion battery technology is gearing towards meeting the robust demand of power and energy requirements for all‐electric transportation without compromising on the safety, performance, and cycle life. The state‐of‐charge (SOC) of a Li‐ion cell can be a macroscopic indicator of the state‐of‐health of the battery. The microscopic origin of the SOC relates to the local lithium content in individual electrode particles and the effective ability of Li‐ions to transport or shuttle between the redox couples through the cell geometric boundaries. Herein, micrometer‐resolved Raman mapping of a transition‐metal‐based oxide positive electrode, Li1‐x(NiyCozAl1‐y‐z)O2, maintained at different SOCs, is shown. An attempt has been made to link the underlying changes to the composition and structural integrity at the individual particle level. Furthermore, an SOC distribution at macroscopic length scale of the electrodes is presented.
Solvent‐Induced Morphology in Polymer‐Based Systems for Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Ruderer Matthias A. , Guo Shuai , Meier Robert , Chiang Hsin‐Yin , Körstgens Volker , Wiedersich Johannes , Perlich Jan , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter 
Published: July 2011

AbstractStudies on the influence of four different solvents on the morphology and photovoltaic performance of bulk‐heterojunction films made of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) via spin‐coating for photovoltaic applications are reported. Solvent‐dependent PCBM cluster formation and P3HT crystallization during thermal annealing are investigated with optical microscopy and grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) and are found to be insufficient to explain the differences in device performance. A combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM), X‐ray reflectivity (XRR), and grazing‐incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering (GISAXS) investigations results in detailed knowledge of the inner film morphology of P3HT:PCBM films. Vertical and lateral phase separation occurs during spin‐coating and annealing, depending on the solvent used. The findings are summarized in schematics and compared with the IV characteristics. The main influence on the photovoltaic performance arises from the vertical material composition and the existence of lateral phase separation fitting to the exciton diffusion length. Absorption and photoluminescence measurements complement the structural analysis.