bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attempts to control infection withOstertagia ostertagi(Trichostrongylidae) in grazing calves by adding mycelium of the nematode-trapping fungusArthrobotrys oligospora(Hyphomycetales) to cow pats
Authors: Grønvold J. , Henriksen S. A. , Nansen P. , Wolstrup J. , Thylin J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTArtificially prepared cow pats containingOstertagia ostertagieggs were deposited on two comparable grazing plots at weekly intervals during June and July 1987. Before deposition the cow pats, on the one plot, were inoculated with 0·250 g mycelial fragments per kg of faeces of the predacious fungusArthrobotrys oligospora. On the other control plot comparable numbers of non-inoculated cow pats were placed at the same time. Subsequently, in July, two equal groups of calves were turned out one on each plot to graze for two months after which they were necropsied. The number of infectiveO. ostertagilarvae in inoculated cow pats was reduced by 42% and herbage larval infectivity around them by 50–71% as compared with the corresponding parameters in control pats and surrounding herbage. After a grazing period of two months the calves on the plot with inoculated cow pats had acquired worm burdens that were on average 37% lower than those of calves on the control plot. The lower degree of parasitism in these calves was also reflected in lower egg counts, lower serum pepsinogen levels and higher body weight.
Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies on Dipetalonema viteae (Filarioidea)
Authors: Prüsse A. , Vollmer S. , Diesfeld H. J. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe antigenic properties of adult male and female of Dipetalonema viteae were studied by immunocytochemistry. Using antisera of the rodents Meriones unguiculatus and Mastomys natalensis infected with D. viteae, the binding of antibodies to sections of filariae embedded in Epon was assayed by the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique and by electron microscopy. The optimal staining intensity was obtained with an antiserum dilution of 1:5000. Control sera were obtained from sex and age matched uninfected animals.Female D. viteae showed maximal antigen-antibody reactions within the uterus: in the inner uterus wall, in the “nutrient channels” between the maturing eggs and the differentiating microfilariae, on the eggshells, in the cuticula of microfilariae and in the spermatheca on the cell membrane of the mature spermatozoa. Male filariae showed binding of antibodies in the vesicula seminalis: in the nucleus and the nuclear membrane of primary spermatocytes and on maturing spermatids. Less pronounced antigen-antibody reactions in the cuticula, muscle and intestine were observed in both sexes.The PAP-technique offers significant improvements in comparison with other techniques, e.g., immunofluorescence, used to detect antigens on filariae: the PAP-technique has an increased sensitivity with a concomitant reduction in nonspecific background and can be used for both light and electron microscopy; moreover, PAP-treated tissues can be stored indefinitely at room temperature.
Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809, det. Krabbe, 1878) (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea): Morphology and morphometry of larvae from euphausiids and fish, and a review of the life-history and ecology
Authors: Smith John W. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTLarval Anisakis 7·7 to 23·6mm long from euphausiids, and larvae 18·0 to 21·9mm long from a teleost fish were morphologically and morphometrically alike and fitted the description by Beverley-Burton, Nyman & Pippy (1977) of A. simplex L3. Three small larvae, 4·2 to 5·9mm long, from euphausiids resembled L3 in anterior but not in posterior morphology; their tails lacked a mucron but, in two of them, cuticular separation at the posterior extremity revealed clearly the mucron characteristic of L3 within. These small larvae are identified as L2 of A. simplex in the process of moulting to L3. Japanese reports of typical L3 from 6·9 to 32·7 mm long in euphausiids, the occurrence in teleosts of typical L3 from only 8·8 to over 30 mm long, and the present observations strongly suggest that the moult from L2 to L3 occurs in euphausiids and begins when the larvae are about 4–6 mm long. Although it appears, therefore, that only one moult occurs in the egg of A. simplex (i.e. ensheathed L2 hatches), two moults there have been reported for various terrestrial and certain aquatic ascaridoids (i.e. ensheathed L3 hatches). The morphology and homology of the lips and associated sense organs of A simplex L3 are discussed relative to that of a ‘typical’ adult ascaridoid.A main conclusion is that euphausiids in the North-East Atlantic and northern North Sea, and perhaps universally, are major intermediate hosts of A simplex. The status as hosts of squid and teleosts harbouring L3 is discussed. An extensive literature is reviewed in relation to the present observations.
Estimation of the numbers and infectivity of Nippostrongylus larvae
Authors: Keymer Anne , Martin Jean , Wainwright S. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTExperimental investigations of the subcutaneous infection of third-stage larvae of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis reveal discrepancies between the actual and intended inoculum, and also variability between replicate inocula. Emphasis is thus placed on the importance of obtaining accurate estimates of the level of confidence associated with inoculum size. Under specified laboratory conditions, the retention of infectivity of N. brasiliensis larvae was found to be age-dependent, with a maximum of between 120 and 156 days. The motility of the larvae was not found to be indicative of their ability to complete migration and to become established in the small intestine of the host following subcutaneous inoculation.
Demonstration of collagenase activity in adult Strongyloides ratti (Nematoda: Strongyloididae) and its absence in the infective larvae
Authors: Wertheim Guta , Lustigman Sarah , Silberman Hermina , Shoshan Shmuel 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTLarvae and adults of Strongyloides ratti were examined for collagenolytic activity on 14C proline-labelled, native, guinea-pig skin collagen substrate. The activity was measured by determining either the amount of hydroxyproline released or the amount of radioactivity in the solubilized fraction of the collagen substrate. Bacterial collagenase was used for enzyme control and trypsin served as substrate control. No collagenolytic activity was found in living larvae, their extracts or metabolites. The collagenolytic activity of the metabolites of adult worms appeared weak, whereas that of the extracts of the adults was pronounced. It is suggested that collagenase is active in the adult females at the time of migration in the intestinal mucosa during oviposition.
Schistosomiasis in Swaziland—a comparative study of three irrigated estates
Authors: Logan James W. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe prevalence of schistosomiasis and the distribution of the snail intermediate hosts on three adjoining irrigated estates in the lowveld of Swaziland was investigated. The prevalence rates of Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni among estate employees was lower than anticipated and there was a marked difference between the prevalence rates of S. mansoni between estates. The reasons for this and the influence of water supplies and agricultural practice on the prevalence of schistosomiasis are discussed.
Shedding of gravid proglottids and destrobilation in experimental infections of foxes withMesocestoides leptothylacusLoos-Frank, 1980 (Cestoda)
Authors: Loos-Frank Brigitte 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe implications of the confused taxonomy of the genusMesocestoidesand the misuse of the nameM. lineatusare described. In Southwest Germany rodents are intermediate hosts and red foxes are definitive hosts ofM. leptothylacus. The shedding patterns of experimentally infected foxes showed that destrobilation occurs frequently and that there are long periods during which no gravid proglottids are shed at all. Lengths of worms can be taken as a measure of a possible crowding effect only when worms with gravid segments are present, i.e. at the end of the prepatent period (11 to 13 days) or at the beginning of a shedding period.
Comparative study on polypeptide patterns of larvae ofTrichinellaisolates by two-dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Garate T. , Rivas L. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe two-dimensional patterns (isoelectrofocusing-IEF/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate-SDS) of S3fractions of muscle larvae of fourTrichinellaisolates were compared. The comparative study concerned six groups of polypeptides. It was observed that the Garkavi isolate ofTrichinella pseudospiraliswas clearly different from the other isolates, and it showed the simplest IEF/SDS polypeptide pattern. The C-76 isolate ofT. nelsonihad only four of the six groups, distinguishing it from the GM-1 isolate ofT. spiralisand the Boev isolate ofT. nativathat showed all the indicated groups.
Distribution of echinococcosis/hydatidosis in Italy
Authors: Lorenzini Rodolfo , Ruggieri Anna 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTResults of an epidemiological survey carried out in 88 slaughterhouses in Italy from 1979 to 1983 are reported. Data have been compared to national surveys previously conducted in 1955 and from 1968 to 1978. Analysis of various factors affecting the incidence of the disease in different areas of the country are reported.
Morphological and histochemical observations on the vitelline cells of developing and adult Paramphistomum cervi (Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Gupta B. C. , Parshad V. R. , Guraya S. S. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn 6 week-old Paramphistomum cervi, vitelline cells appear in the form of a few scattered cells, present below the body wall which divide mitotically to form vitelline follicles in 8 week-old worms. Small shell globules appear first in 10 week-old worms, the number and size of which continue to increase till the worm becomes adult. In the latter the vitelline follicles contain stem cells, immature, maturing and mature vitelline cells, which differ due to the distribution of shell globules as well as their histochemical nature. The shell globules are keratin in nature. The vitelline cells showed activities of various phosphatases but did not show the presence of any of the dehydrogenases studied.
Natural infection of Lymnaea truncatula by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica in the Porma Basin, León, NW Spain
Authors: Manga-Gonzalez Y. , Gonzalez-Lanza C. , Otero-Merino C. B. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTFor two years fortnightly malacological samplings were carried out to collect Lymnaea truncatula (Mollusca; Basommatophora) at five points in the upper and middle Porma river basin, León, Spain. The highest numbers of snails were collected in September, May and November. Of the 5486 molluscs examined, 11·41% harboured F. hepatica (Trematoda; Digenea) with an average intensity of 20·14. In general, the values of both infection prevalence and intensity increased with the size of the snails. It was in October when the highest figures for each parameter mentioned above were detected (18·73% and 28·48, respectively). The chi-square test showed statistically significant differences in relation to the infection prevalence among the groups of molluscs established according to: their length; the months in which they were collected; the sampling localities; monthly average ambient temperature; precipitation during the collection. Similarly, statistically significant differences were detected in the intensity of the infection among the groups of molluscs previously established, except for that based on the values of precipitation. Generally, parasites were found in the same snail at different stages of development. It seems that most mollusc infections occur in February–March and at the end of summer–beginning of autumn periods. The highest rate of rediae with mature cercariae ready to be shed were detected between September and December. Metacercariae in the grass samples were also observed at the end of autumn. For this reason, this period could be considered as the most suitable for infection of the definitive hosts to take place.
The effects of age, sex and breed of chicken on susceptibility to Clinostomum complanatum (Digenea: Clinostomatidae)
Authors: Kalantan A. M. N. , Arfin M. , Nizami W. A. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSusceptibility and development of Clinostomum complanatum in the chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) have been studied. The progenetic metacercariae of C. complanatum developed into ovigerous worms in 3 days in the buccal cavity of the chicken and survived only 6–7 days in this experimental host. The susceptibility is influenced by the age, sex and breed/type of the host. Both percent susceptibility and recovery of the worms decreased with increase in the age of the host. The egg laying chickens were found to be least susceptible to the infection. Mature male chickens were more susceptible than the females. The single comb white Leghorn (SCWL) was found to be susceptible while the local type (LT) and the cross breed (SCWL×LT) were not susceptible to C. complanatum. The possible reasons for these variations have been discussed.
Release and survival of Echinococcus eggs in different environments in Turkana, and their possible impact on the incidence of hydatidosis in man and livestock
Authors: Wachira T. M. , Macpherson C. N. L. , Gathuma J. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTIn Turkana, Kenya, a prevalence of hydatidosis of nearly 10% has been recorded among the pastoralists yet their livestock have a much lower prevalence of the disease. The present study investigated the release from dogs and subsequent survival of Echinococcus eggs in Turkana huts, water-holes and in the semi-arid environment. The results were compared with the survival of eggs of Taenia hydatigena and T. saginata. The study was repeated under the cooler and moister conditons found in Maasailand where livestock have a greater incidence of hydatid disease than in Turkana but where the incidence in man is ten times lower. The average number of Echinococcus eggs per proglottid is 823. Nine percent of these remain in proglottids 15 minutes after release from a dog and the released eggs lose their viability in less than two, 48 and 300 hours in the sun, huts and water in Turkana respectively; the major influencing factor being temperature. The greater survival of eggs in the houses, coupled with the fact that dogs congregate for most of the day in the small houses facilitating a close man:dog contact, provide ideal conditions for the trasmission of the parasite to man. The hostile environmental conditions and lack of contact between dogs and livestock contributes to the lower infection rate in livestock. Conversely in Maasailand, Echinococcus eggs survive in the environment for longer than three weeks and in addition, dogs are used for herding. This partly explains the higher infection rate among Maasai livestock but the low human infection rate remains arcane and requires further study. The rapid mortality of the majority of Echinococcus eggs in Turkana suggests that control measures aimed at dog control and a decreased man:dog contact should have a profound effect on the incidence of the disease in an area intrinsically unsuitable for the parasites' survival.
Survival of sheep and goat first stage protostrongylid larvae in experimental conditions: influence of humidity and temperature
Authors: Cabaret J. , Riseani S. Risye , Baeza E. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe survival of first-stage larvae of a laboratory strain of Muellerius capillaris and of a natural multispecific infection (Neostrongylus linearis, Cystocaulus nigrescens, Protostrongylus rufescens) was studied for 10 to 12 day periods. The survival was estimated either on larvae in faeces or kept in tap water. Temperature (−18°C to 37°C) and desiccation were the ecological factors investigated. M. capillaris was the most tolerant to these factors but showed better survival at 4°C (and at − 18°C on one occasion). N. linearis survived better at 25°C or − 18°C and C. nigrescens at 4°C and − 18°C. Humidification of faeces was unfavourable to the latter species. All the species could stand desiccation of faeces up to 67% of dry-matter for M. capillaris or 82% for other species. Larval survival estimated for L1 in tap water was different from that estimated for larvae in faeces. The variation in resistance to unfavourable temperatures or moisture conditions may account partly for the geographical distribution of the species
Acanthocheilonema viteae (Dipetalonema viteae)in mice: differences in the relative binding of microfilarial surface-specific antibody may explain the contrasting response phenotypes of BALB/c and C57BL/10
Authors: Gatrill A. J. , Kee J. , Behnke J. M. , Wakelin D. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTExperiments were carried out to obtain additional data concerning the role of IgM antibodies, specific for the cuticular surface of the microfilariae (mf) ofA. viteae, in clearing microfilaraemia from high-and low-responder mice infected by transplanted adult worms. Although BALB/c mice, which sustain a chronic microfilaraemia, produced IgM mf surface-specific antibodies, the binding to target mf was weak when compared to that of antibodies from the serum of the resistant C57BL/10 mice. Furthermore, antibodies from BALB/c mice were not as efficient as those from C57BL/10 mice in promoting the adherence of immune or control leukocytes to mfin vitro. Evidence is provided to show that mf shed surface bound antibody. Although the results do not establish conclusively the mechanism underlying the contrasting response phenotypes of C57BL/10 and BALB/c mice, they provide support for the involvement of antibody in controlling microfilaraemia and suggest that quantitative and qualitative differences in the amount and affinity of IgM antibody specific for the mf surface, together with the natural tendency of the mf to shed surface bound antibody at 37°C. may combine to allow the former strain to clear microfilaraemia efficiently whilst the latter sustains a chronic infection.
Studies on the cryopreservation of eggs of Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Authors: Uga Shoji , Araki Kazuyoshi , Matsumura Takeo , Iwamura Noboru 
Published: June 2009

AbstractThe possibility of cryopreserving the eggs of Angiostrongylus cantonensis collected from the uterus of female worms was investigated. Eggs were cultured in NCTC 109 medium containing 50% rat serum, and various growth stages, from one-cell eggs to embryonated eggs, were used in this study.As a cryoprotective agent, dimethylsulphoxide (Me2SO) was added to the medium at a final concentration of 1 M. Eggs suspended in 0·2 ml of the medium at 37°C were cooled to 0°C at a rate of l°C min−1, then an equal volume of 2M-Me2SO solution was added. After equilibration for 15min, the freezing procedures were started. In the freezing procedures, the effectiveness of (i) a seeding process, (ii) different cooling and warming rates and (iii) the relationship between the growth stages of the eggs and their tolerance to freezing at −20°C were investigated.It was found the highest level of survival could be obtained with 32-cell eggs cooled at a rate of 0·3° C min−1 or more slowly with seeding at −4°C and warming at a rate of 5°C min−1. Survival was influenced more by cooling rate than by warming rate.Using these optimum conditions, the survival of eggs was then investigated following cooling to various temperatures. While more than 50% of eggs were found to survive cooling to −30–C, extremely low survival was noted from lower temperatures.
Cryopreservation of Dirofilaria immitis microfilariae and third-stage larvae
Authors: Lok J. B. , Mika-Grieve M. , Grieve R. B. 
Published: June 2009

AbstractMicrofilariae of Dirofilaria immitis retained their infectivity for susceptible mosquitoes after cooling to −196°C in the presence of 5% dimethylsulphoxide (Me2SO) using a two-step cooling sequence. Motility and in vitro development of cryopreserved microfilariae also compared favourably with unfrozen controls. Third-stage larvae frozen by the same cooling sequence in the presence of either 5% Me2SO or 16% hydroxyethyl starch were motile upon thawing. Thawed larvae completed the third- to fourth-stage moult in vitro at a frequency approximately 5 to 10% of that seen in unfrozen controls.
Eosinophilia inAscaris suum-reinfected mice
Authors: Sugane Kazuo 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTThe secondary response of eosinophilia has been studied in mice infected withA. suum. In mice infected orally with 1000A. suumeggs, larvae disappeared from the body within two weeks after infection. The number of peripheral blood eosinophils decreased to the pre-infection level within eight weeks. A typical secondary response of IgG antibody production to egg antigen was found after reinfection with 1000 eggs. The number of peripheral blood eosinophils increased more rapidly after reinfection than after the primary infection. However, the peak number of eosinophils after reinfection was similar to that after primary infection, and the long-lasting characteristics of eosinophilia after reinfection did not differ from those after primary infection. These results suggest that the secondary response of eosinophilia is characterized by a rapid increase in the number of eosinophils inA. suum-reinfected mice.
Observations on the infectivity and fecundity of Schistosoma curassoni from Senegal in albino mice
Authors: Vercruysse J. , Southgate V. R. , Rollinson D. , Hilderson H. M. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTAn average of 11% of adult Schistosoma curassoni were recovered from 200 albino mice which had been infected subcutaneously with 150–250 cercariae. Worms were primarily found in the portal veins. The average number of intrauterine eggs per female during the first 100 days p.i. was 13 and the average number of eggs produced per female worm was 103 per day for the first 60 days post oviposition. The majority of eggs were recovered from the liver (98·3%). The oograms were determined until day 95 p.i. For screening of antischistosomal drugs it is recommended not to use infections older than 60 d.p.i.
Scanning electron microscope studies of miracidia suggest introgressive hybridization between Schistosoma haematobium and S. haematobium x S. mattheei in the Eastern Transvaal
Authors: Kruger F. J. , Hamilton-Attwell V. L. 
Published: June 2009

ABSTRACTSchistosoma haematobium miracidia were collected from a locality with a high prevalence of human infection with the animal parasite, S. mattheei, which hybridizes with S. haematobium, and from 2 localities with negligible infection rates. The terebratoria of the miracidia from these localities were compared with each other, with laboratory maintained S. haematobium and with four populations of S. mattheei by means of scanning electron microscopy. It was found that the terebratorial membrane of certain of the S. haematobium miracidia from the locality with a high S. mattheei prevalence in humans, resembled the more intricate membrane of S. mattheei. This suggests introgressive hybridization between S. haematobium and S. haematobium x S. mattheei.