bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2.4 The Relationship between Dopaminergic Axons and Glutamatergic Synapses in the Striatum: Structural Considerations
Authors: Moss Jonathan , Paul Bolam J. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter summarizes data on the anatomical substrate of the interaction between both glutamatergic corticostriatal synapses and thalamostriatal synapses with dopaminergic axons and terminals in the striatum. Dopamine neurons are remarkable in their complexity: a small population of neurons gives rise to a phenomenally dense innervation of the striatum, and individual neurons have vast axonal arbors that give rise to hundreds of thousands of synapses. The organization of what is central to basal ganglia function (i.e. the interaction between dopamine and glutamate) is such that striatal neurons are embedded in a dense network of dopamine axons and every structure has a similar probability of being apposed by, or in synaptic contact with, a dopaminergic axon. Furthermore, every structure in the striatum is within overlapping spheres of influence of synaptically released dopamine that may spill over and diffuse from the synapse. These structural characteristics thus underlie the phasic actions of dopamine at synapses, presumably in response to bursts of activity of dopamine neurons. They also underlie the tonic effects of dopamine, which are likely to occur as a consequence of tonic release at synapses, as well as the diffuse spillover of dopamine from synapses and possibly nonsynaptic sites.
3.1 Molecular Pharmacology of the Dopamine Receptors
Authors: Rankin Michele L. , Hazelwood Lisa A. , Benjamin Free R. , Namkung Yoon , Rex Elizabeth B. , Roof Rebecca A. , Sibley David R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractDopamine receptors are rhodopsin-like seven-transmembrane receptors (also called G protein-coupled receptors) that mediate the central and peripheral actions of dopamine. Dopamine receptors are most abundant in pituitary and brain, particularly in the basal forebrain, but are also found in the retina and in peripheral organs such as the kidney. Stimulation of dopamine receptors modulates natriuresis in the kidney, as well as cell division and hormone synthesis and secretion in the pituitary. Brain dopamine receptors regulate movement and locomotion, motivation, and working memory. Five subtypes of mammalian dopamine receptors have been identified that are divided into D1-like (D1, D5) or D2-like (D2, D3, D4) subgroups. The D1-like receptors couple primarily to the Gs family of G proteins (Gs and Golf), whereas the D2-like receptors couple primarily to the Gi/o family. This chapter discusses the molecular pharmacology of the five dopamine receptor subtypes.
5.1 From Behavior to Cognition: Functions of Mesostriatal, Mesolimbic, and Mesocortical Dopamine Systems
Authors: Robbins Trevor W. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews the role of dopamine (DA) in mesostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical systems in experimental animals and humans. It appears that each of these systems is “tuned” according to an inverted U-shaped function, such that either too low or too high levels of DA activity will produce impaired performance, whether in the motor, behavioral, or cognitive domains. This tuning probably varies among the major terminal domains, each of which may function optimally at a different level of DA activity. Related to this observation is the evidence that different cognitive tasks also appear to be performed optimally at different levels of DA function. In addition to this complexity, it appears that individuals vary in their degree of dopaminergic tuning, at least partly because of factors such as genetic polymorphisms.
7.2 Dopamine and Synaptic Plasticity in Mesolimbic Circuits
Authors: Hopf F. Woodward , Bonci Antonello , Malenka Robert C. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter reviews current understanding of how dopamine (DA) might modulate glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in mesolimbic brain regions. This topic is examined in the context of in vitro brain slice experiments and plasticity induction in the anesthetized animal. The possibility that DA modulation of glutamatergic signaling could occur in the awake animal and contribute to the expression of motivated behavior is discussed.
8.1 The Role of Dopamine in the Motivational Vulnerability to Addiction
Authors: Koob George F. , Le Moal Michel 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role of dopamine in addiction. Research over the past 50 years has revealed that the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system has an essential role in the acute reinforcing effects of psychostimulant drugs and a contributory role in the acute reinforcing effects of nonstimulant drugs of abuse. Mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems contribute to motivational withdrawal and relapse with all drugs of abuse, and dopamine, by interacting with key elements of brain hormonal stress systems, also has a prominent role in individual differences for the vulnerability to initiate aspects of stimulant addiction that may extend to other drugs of abuse.
8.2 Dopaminergic Mechanisms in Drug-Seeking Habits and the Vulnerability to Drug Addiction
Authors: Everitt Barry J. , Belin David , Dalley Jeffrey W. , Robbins Trevor W. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter begins with a discussion of the notion that dopamine (DA) transmission provides a neurochemical mechanism of reinforcement in the brain. It then covers the molecular mechanisms of action of addictive drugs, Pavlovian conditioning, addictive drugs and cellular models of learning and plasticity, and dopaminergic mechanisms in the vulnerability to drug addiction.
9.1 Exploring the Myths about Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Agid Yves , Hartmann Andreas 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter addresses nine myths about Parkinson's disease (PD). Among these are the myths that PD is a movement disorder characterized by the classic triad of akinesia, rigidity, and tremor; that first symptoms appear in the patient's 60s; and that clinical diagnosis is simple. It argues that the symptoms of PD are often hidden in plain sight because we have become accustomed to think of this disease in certain slightly calcified ways. However, pathophysiological and therapeutic progress constantly challenges our understanding of PD and, ultimately, the approach to patient diagnosis and care. Although PD remains the paradigmatic dopaminergic disease, we now appreciate that it is a multisystem brain disorder. More importantly, understanding PD—and other chronic neurodegenerative disorders—depends heavily on a precise semiologic analysis of each individual patient. Semiology, then, is the key to understanding brain function and dysfunction.
9.5 Clinical Experiences with Dopamine Neuron Replacement in Parkinson’s Disease: What Is the Future?
Authors: Lindvall Olle 
Published: February 2010

AbstractCell therapy research in Parkinson's disease (PD) seeks to develop this approach into a clinically competitive treatment. It should be emphasized, though, that during the more than 20 years since the clinical cell therapy trials started, several new therapeutic options for the PD patient have been added. Most importantly, deep-brain stimulation (DBS), in most cases in the subthalamic nucleus, has been developed and shown to substantially improve motor deficits in advanced PD. Therefore, in order to become clinically useful, cell replacement has to give rise to long-lasting, major improvement in mobility, suppression of dyskinesias, and amelioration of symptoms resistant to other treatments or to counteract disease progression. This chapter describes what has been learned from the clinical trials with transplantation of human embryonic mesencephalic tissue in patients with PD, the major scientific and clinical problems to be solved, and how far stem cells have reached toward the clinical application.
8 Expanding the Data Set
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter further extends the data set of this book in two ways. First of all, it briefly discusses the occurrence of spading in Eastern Norwegian and French. Secondly, it focuses on two other instances of stranding under sluicing: the stranding of the adverb dan ‘then’ in Dutch and the stranding of adverbial modifiers such as exactly. The former is shown to be substantially different from spading (despite superficial similarities), while the latter is shown to interact in an interesting way with both spading and swiping. In particular, the fact that a swiped preposition and a spaded demonstrative can intervene between a sluiced wh-phrase and an adverbial modifier indicates that the two do not form a constituent at Spell-Out and that the adverbial modifier is stranded inside the CP-domain as well. As such, swiping and spading can be used as a constituency diagnostic for sluiced phrases.
Introduction
Authors: Sachs Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractContrary to the widespread assumption among literary scholars and historians that the importance of Rome diminishes during the Romantic period, the introduction suggests that recognizing how Romantic writing utilizes republican Rome changes our understanding of the cultural dynamics of the period and establishes the shaping presence of a differentiated classical world in the period's culture wars. The introduction situates this argument in relation to contemporary scholarly debates about classical republicanism, Romantic historicism, Hellenism, and the mediation of the classical world. The focus on Rome reveals the paradoxical classicism of Romanticism, while careful scrutiny of the range of meanings assigned to republican Rome and of the process by which Rome is compared to contemporary Britain underscores the interrelation of literature and politics in the period and the complex process through with antiquity helps to constitute Romantic modernity.
Chapter Three A Roman Standard
Authors: Sachs Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the use of Roman precedent in Byron's understanding of the decline of literature and literary standards, of ancient civilization, and of the self. In his Letter to John Murray, Byron uses ancient Roman precedents and the transition from republic to empire to construct a model of literary decline, one which he then applies to the contemporary scene. Byron's invocation of Roman precedents in the Pope controversy to revalue negatively the Romantic movement shows Byron reaching behind his dissatisfaction with Romantic poetics to invoke a Roman standard. The same emphasis on decline seen in Byron's advocacy of Pope also forms a dominant theme in Childe Harold, canto four. Here, a focus on Byron's engagement with classical Roman authors and the decline of the Roman republic shows how Byron's sense of decline is more than self‐mythologizing and represents instead a post‐Waterloo historical consciousness. Together, both sections affirm the centrality of Rome for Byron's sense of self and for his understanding of literary history, while also revealing uneven and dissonant qualities within the category “Romantic” itself.
Chapter Four “Yet the Capital of the World”
Authors: Sachs Jonathan 
Published: February 2010

AbstractShelley's later writing, despite its obvious fascination with Greece, represents Romanticism's most complicated engagement with Rome. Though considerable attention has been given to Shelley's Hellenism, scholars have little to say about Shelley's use of Rome. This chapter argues that such critical oversight has left us with an incomplete understanding of the meaning and importance of Shelley's Hellenism, one which cannot be remedied without a sharper sense of Shelley's appreciation of antiquity more broadly and of the relationship between Greece and Rome in particular. To watch the changing fortunes of Athens and Rome in such later works as The Philosophical View of Reform, the “Ode to Liberty,” The Defence of Poetry, and Hellas reveals the critical role that Rome plays in Shelley's historicism and his strategies for understanding the past, which, in turn, exposes the relationship of these techniques to the deeply political functions of Shelley's classicism and his historiography.
Introduction
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The book starts by placing the musical film and its audience into an overall historical/social context, setting forth the prime importance of the first musicals. It proposes the ways to reclaim these films from years of cultural/historical neglect through historical data as well as the use of reception theory to view the films within their proper context. The parameters of the book — time lines, genres, premises — are all established, as is the book's distinctive tone and style. The main vantage points are threefold: (1) Background and history; (2) A viewer's changing perceptions; (3) These works' precarious relationship with their audience.
11 The Cuckoos
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Comedy was the most established of all silent-film genres, and as it began to find new bearings in a time of sound, it frequently took on musical trappings. The Marx Bros. led the way, followed by a strange assortment of silent comedians (Buster Keaton), blackface performers (“The Two Black Crows” and radio's Amos ‘n’ Andy), and stage stars such as Charlotte Greenwood. The marriage between music and comedy was frequently uneasy, although in random moments a performer such as Beatrice Lillie, in Are You There?, could demonstrate the possibilities.
16 “We're in the Money”
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The musical resurgence was spearheaded by the election of Franklin Roosevelt and by Warner's 42nd Street, both of which indicated that better times were ahead. Busby Berkeley's dance spectacles became a symbol of the new optimism even as Gold Diggers of 1933 mirrored Depression woes. Backstage films made a comeback as musical genres became more standardized, and at the end of the year Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, in Flying Down to Rio, indicated a new direction for screen dance.
Finale
Authors: Barrios Richard 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Overview of the musical years and trends to follow — the standardization of the genre, the more ambitious works of later years, the bloated Broadway incursions, the moratorium of the later 20th century, the resurgence of the genre in a new century. Television, the internet, home video, and some lingering memories and influences all form part of the tapestry of this odd, compelling heritage.
11 Personality, Demographics, and Self-Reported Behavioral Acts: The Development of Avocational Interest Scales from Estimates of the Amount of Time Spent in Interest-Related Activities
Authors: Goldberg Lewis R. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, the author notes that it is one thing to develop a new measure of some individual difference; it is another to establish its utility as a predictor of important human behaviors. The author shows very explicitly that who you are indeed affects what you do in everyday life. Clearly vocational interest patterns have proven their worth over the years. What about avocational interests, as measured by self-reports of the relative frequency of individuals’ engagement in various interest-related activities? The author presents a survey of behavioral act frequencies for a wide-ranging array of daily activities in a community wide sample. These provide the basic data from which to assess important individual differences in lifestyles. Such patterns of lifestyle differences, then, might ultimately be useful as criteria.
5 Stability in Concepts and Evaluating the Truth of Generic Statements
Authors: Hampton James A. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractIn this chapter, a prototype theory is employed to investigate how generic concepts give rise to the sort of patterns one might expect from a “logical” account of the properties that are attributed to a prototype. Of particular interest is the fact that when one group of people is asked to judge “how true” one generic statement is (e.g., ‘Birds fly’), while another group judges “how true” a restricted version of that statement is (e.g., ‘Dull‐colored birds living in jungles fly’), the latter statement is often given a lower score than the former. The modifiers seem to have the effect of reducing the judged truth of this sort of generic statements. Why should this be? These results say important things about the “internal meaning” that people assign to generic statements on the basis of their combining concepts, and also say something about the “external,” truth‐conditions of generics.
10 Count Nouns, Sortal Concepts, and the Nature of Early Words
Authors: Xu Fei 
Published: February 2010

AbstractSortal terms are an important subclass of the count terms (nonmass terms), namely, those that provide criteria for individuation and identity. These terms are all the things that mass terms are sometimes said not to be, and for this reason it is illuminating to see the ways that acquisition of such terms differs from or matches that of mass terms. Nonsortal terms, such as adjectives like red and mass terms like oatmeal, cannot be counted unless there is some sort of sortal or classifier associated with them: we can count the number of red balls in a room but not the number of “(the?) red” in a room. We can count bowls of oatmeal on the table but not “the oatmeal” on the table. The research reported here investigates how representations of sortal concepts develop in infancy and how learning count terms plays a causal role in constructing these concepts.
2 Government Moralism
Authors: de Marneffe Peter 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
The paternalistic argument for prostitution laws does not presuppose that it is inherently wrong or immoral to exchange sex for money. Nor does it presuppose that prostitution laws could be justified on this ground if it were true. Nor does this argument imply that the government is justified in limiting our sexual freedom in other ways. Prostitution laws justified on paternalistic grounds are therefore not objectionably moralistic. Although the paternalistic argument stated in chapter 1 presupposes that prostitution is “degrading,” and although John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin have argued that the fact that a form of sexual conduct is degrading cannot justify the government in prohibiting it, the paternalistic argument for prostitution laws is nonetheless compatible with liberal principles of liberty. It is misleading to characterize U.S. prostitution laws as “morals legislation” because in U.S. history, the paternalistic justification has been more influential than any purely moralistic one.
Evolution and Evil
Authors: Astley Jeff 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
Despite the complacent reaction of many theologians, Darwinism remains a dangerous idea for any religion that embraces a doctrine of creation. In particular, the evolutionary perspective—especially Darwin's fundamental insight about the inevitable role of natural selection—presents a profound challenge to explanatory Christian theodicy. This chapter addresses the ways in which our understanding of natural and moral evil needs to be reassessed in light of an evolutionary view of nature and of human beings as a part of nature. But it goes beyond this cognitive task to discuss the appropriate spiritual attitudes that Christians might adopt to help them cope with their own and others' sufferings and sins in an evolutionary framework. The chapter also touches on God's action in the world, the doctrine of the Fall, the origins and status of human virtue, and the importance of theological humility.
Introduction
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the purpose of the book, which is to examine the working world of natural scientists, exploring how they used science within American life and, most importantly, illuminating the impact of natural science on American culture. Beginning with the conclusion of the Civil War and the creation of a recognizably modern America, and continuing forward to the emergence of environmentalism as a political force nearly a century later, the book explores the evolving internal paradigms and external forces influencing the design and purpose of American natural science. The chapter also considers the work of Clarence King, Robert Marshall, and Rachel Carson, representatives of the community of natural scientists who blended their work, understanding of politics, and concern for social welfare into a vision of a liberal, cooperative, and scientifically informed America.
1 Paths of Science
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the life of Clarence King. Among the first generation of academically trained scientists in America, King had many options. He could follow the path of many of his classmates and continue graduate study abroad, he could begin a career as a scientific writer, or he could take his place as a professor of science at virtually any school in the country. Although his training emphasized traditional outlets and institutions, King chose a different course. He went into the natural world; not as a retreat from society, but as a means of political engagement.
2 Vertical History
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the life of Clarence King. King's search for natural truths bore the imprint of John Ruskin, but his obsession with masculine science and adventure as a means of social integration and improvement originated with John Tyndall. He embraced nature as a microcosm of American society. As one of the many geologists who moved through the physical world, he was supposed to uncover mineral resources. Yet he saw his science as one way to impose a grid of order on contemporary America.
4 The Forest and the Trees
Authors: Herron John P. 
Published: February 2010

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of the life of Robert Marshall. In the first two decades of the century, many Jews, native and foreign-born, shared in the growth opportunities available in America. In the 1920s, these same Jews witnessed a “closing of the gates” as prejudice reached new levels. Robert Marshall felt much of this increasing hostility. He possessed the resources, intelligence, and training required to enter mainstream American society, but in a culture of separation, opportunity did not always equate to easy access. Marshall was at once a forester, a politician, and an agent of modern American science. For him, nature became an arena of activity as he turned to the physical world to situate himself within American society and to support his vision for a progressive America.
1Sheng聖/Sage
Authors: Angle Stephen C. 
Published: February 2010

AbstractThis chapter considers the concept and history of “sage” within Confucianism. It begins with an historical survey that shows how “sage (sheng)” evolves toward expressing the idea of human achievement of moral perfection. The chapter pays particular attention to what Neo-Confucians meant by their repeated insistences that achieving sagehood is possible, as well as by their own personal commitments to advancing toward sagehood. Differences between “sage” and other personality ideals (like “superior person [junzi]”) are noted, and then the chapter turns to a brief comparison between these Confucian conceptions and comparable notions (like sophos and phronimos) from ancient Greek thought. The chapter then looks at discussion within contemporary philosophy of moral saints and moral heroes, as well as the idea of supererogation, which, we discover, is not applicable in a sage-centered conception of ethics. The chapter concludes by examining two criticisms of sagehood, namely, whether it is possible and whether it is desirable.