bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REVIEW: Time lag between photosynthesis and carbon dioxide efflux from soil: a review of mechanisms and controls
Authors: KUZYAKOV YAKOV , GAVRICHKOVA OLGA 
Published: January 2010

AbstractCO2 efflux from soil depends on the availability of organic substances respired by roots and microorganisms. Therefore, photosynthetic activity supplying carbohydrates from leaves to roots and rhizosphere is a key driver of soil CO2. This fact has been overlooked in most soil CO2 studies because temperature variations are highly correlated with solar radiation and mask the direct effect of photosynthesis on substrate availability in soil. This review highlights the importance of photosynthesis for rhizosphere processes and evaluates the time lag between carbon (C) assimilation and CO2 release from soil. Mechanisms and processes contributing to the lag were evaluated. We compared the advantages and shortcomings of four main approaches used to estimate this time lag: (1) interruption of assimilate flow from leaves into the roots and rhizosphere, and analysis of the decrease of CO2 efflux from soil, (2) time series analysis (TSA) of CO2 fluxes from soil and photosynthesis proxies, (3) analysis of natural δ13C variation in CO2 with photosynthesis‐related parameters or δ13C in the phloem and leaves, and (4) pulse labeling of plants in artificial 14CO2 or 13CO2 atmosphere with subsequent tracing of 14C or 13C in CO2 efflux from soil. We concluded that pulse labeling is the most advantageous approach. It allows clear evaluation not only of the time lag, but also of the label dynamics in soil CO2, and helps estimate the mean residence time of recently assimilated C in various above‐ and belowground C pools. The impossibility of tracing the phloem pressure–concentration waves by labeling approach may be overcome by its combination with approaches based on TSA of CO2 fluxes and its δ13C with photosynthesis proxies. Numerous studies showed that the time lag for grasses is about 12.5±7.5 (SD) h. The time lag for mature trees was much longer (∼4–5 days). Tree height slightly affected the lag, with increasing delay of 0.1 day m−1. By evaluating bottle‐neck processes responsible for the time lag, we conclude that, for trees, the transport of assimilates in phloem is the rate‐limiting step. However, it was not possible to predict the lag based on the phloem transport rates reported in the literature. We conclude that studies of CO2 fluxes from soil, especially in ecosystems with a high contribution of root‐derived CO2, should consider photosynthesis as one of the main drivers of C fluxes. This calls for incorporating photosynthesis in soil C turnover models.
Insights into the venom composition of the ectoparasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis from bioinformatic and proteomic studies
Authors: De Graaf D. C. , Aerts M. , Brunain M. , Desjardins C. A. , Jacobs F. J. , Werren J. H. , Devreese B. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractWith the Nasonia vitripennis genome sequences available, we attempted to determine the proteins present in venom by two different approaches. First, we searched for the transcripts of venom proteins by a bioinformatic approach using amino acid sequences of known hymenopteran venom proteins. Second, we performed proteomic analyses of crude N. vitripennis venom removed from the venom reservoir, implementing both an off‐line two‐dimensional liquid chromatography matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ ionization time‐of‐flight (2D‐LC‐MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and a two‐dimensional liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Founer transform ion cyclotron resonance (2D‐LC‐ESI‐FT‐ICR) MS setup. This combination of bioinformatic and proteomic studies resulted in an extraordinary richness of identified venom constituents. Moreover, half of the 79 identified proteins were not yet associated with insect venoms: 16 proteins showed similarity only to known proteins from other tissues or secretions, and an additional 23 did not show similarity to any known protein. Serine proteases and their inhibitors were the most represented. Fifteen nonsecretory proteins were also identified by proteomic means and probably represent so‐called ‘venom trace elements’. The present study contributes greatly to the understanding of the biological diversity of the venom of parasitoid wasps at the molecular level.
Development of bacterial artificial chromosome library resources for parasitoid Hymenoptera (Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Muñoz‐Torres M. C. , Saski C. , Blackmon B. , Romero‐Severson J. , Werren J. H. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThe species of the genus Nasonia possess qualities that make them excellent candidates for genetic and genomic studies. To increase the wealth of genomic resources for the genus we constructed publicly available bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries for Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti. Libraries have 36 864 clones each, empty‐vector contents of ∼2% and average insert sizes of 113.1 and 97.7 Kb, respectively, representing 12 and 11 genome equivalents. The N. vitripennis library was used for genome sequence assembly and in efforts at positional cloning of a developmental gene. The genome assembly of N. vitripennis is currently composed on 6181 un‐joined scaffolds. These BAC libraries can be used to identify and close regions between scaffolds of the genome assemblies of both species.
Organization, evolution and transcriptional profile of hexamerin genes of the parasitic wasp Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Cristino A. S. , Nunes F. M. F. , Barchuk A. R. , Aguiar‐Coelho V. M. , Simões Z. L. P. , Bitondi M. M. G. 
Published: January 2010

AbstractHexamerins and prophenoloxidases (PPOs) proteins are members of the arthropod‐haemocyanin superfamily. In contrast to haemocyanin and PPO, hexamerins do not bind oxygen, but mainly play a role as storage proteins that supply amino acids for insect metamorphosis. We identified seven genes encoding hexamerins, three encoding PPOs, and one hexamerin pseudogene in the genome of the parasitoid wasp Nasonia vitripennis. A phylogenetic analysis of hexamerins and PPOs from this wasp and related proteins from other insect orders suggests an essentially order‐specific radiation of hexamerins. Temporal and spatial transcriptional profiles of N. vitripennis hexamerins suggest that they have physiological functions other than metamorphosis, which are arguably coupled with its lifestyle.
TEM characterization of the artefacts induced by FIB in austenitic stainless steel
Authors: ANDRZEJCZUK M. , PŁOCIŃSKI T. , ZIELIŃSKI W. , KURZYDŁOWSKI K.J. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryTransmission electron microscopy studies of the artefacts in the form of network of dislocations induced by focused ion beam technique in austenitic stainless steel have been performed. Images of the microstructure with different diffraction vector g were analyzed. Transmission electron microscopy investigations of the artefacts induced by focused ion beam machining in the austenite revealed set of parallel dislocations with edge character located near the free surface of the thin foils.
Microstructure of electrodeposited NiFe/Cu multilayers
Authors: TOKARZ A. , WIECZOREK P. , LIS A.K. , MORGIEL J. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryNiFe/Cu multilayer films have been electrodeposited potentiostatically on (001)‐oriented Si and polycrystalline Cu substrates by a single bath technique. Standard error of mean and energy dispersive X‐ray studies of single NiFe(Cu) layers allow us to establish the right deposition parameters for NiFe and Cu sublayer. Standard error of mean results reveal the layered structure of deposits for relatively thick bilayer thickness (ca. ∼200 nm). The modulated structure of NiFe/Cu multilayers with extremely thin bilayer thickness (nominal period Λ= 8 nm) was investigated by transmission electron microscope techniques. A columnar structure of the deposit with column diameter in the range from 10 to 30 nm was observed. These results are comparable with X‐ray diffraction measurements of crystallites size obtained by Scherer equation. The line scans acquired using EDS confirmed the layered structure of the deposit, but pointed towards possibility of intermixing of species from alternating sublayers especially in case of those with finer period.
Functional analysis of the superoxide dismutase family in Aspergillus fumigatus
Authors: Lambou Karine , Lamarre Claude , Beau Rémi , Dufour Nicolas , Latge Jean‐Paul 
Published: January 2010

SummaryReactive oxidant species produced by phagocytes have been reported as being involved in the killing of Aspergillus fumigatus. Fungal superoxide dismutases (SODs) that detoxify superoxide anions could be putative virulence factors for this opportunistic pathogen. Four genes encoding putative Sods have been identified in the A. fumigatus genome: a cytoplasmic Cu/ZnSOD (AfSod1p), a mitochondrial MnSOD (AfSod2p), a cytoplasmic MnSOD (AfSod3p) and AfSod4 displaying a MnSOD C‐terminal domain. During growth, AfSOD1 and AfSOD2 were highly expressed in conidia whereas AfSOD3 was only strongly expressed in mycelium. AfSOD4 was weakly expressed compared with other SODs. The deletion of AfSOD4 was lethal. Δsod1 and Δsod2 mutants showed a growth inhibition at high temperature and a hypersensitivity to menadione whereas the sod3 mutant had only a slight growth delay at high temperature. Multiple mutations had only an additive effect on the phenotype. The triple sod1/sod2/sod3 mutant was characterized by a delay in conidial germination, a reduced conidial survival during storage overtime, the highest sensitivity to menadione and an increased sensitivity to killing by alveolar macrophage of immunocompetent mice. In spite of these phenotypes, no significant virulence difference was observed between the triple mutant and parental strain in experimental murine aspergillosis models in immunocompromised animals.
The role of TNF‐α in eosinophilic inflammation associated with RSV bronchiolitis
Authors: Choi Jungi , Callaway Zak , Kim Hyo‐Bin , Fujisawa Takao , Kim Chang‐Keun 
Published: January 2010

Choi J, Callaway Z, Kim HB, Fujisawa T, Kim CK. The role of TNF‐α in eosinophilic inflammation associated with RSV bronchiolitis.  Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 474–479. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/SThe purpose of our study was to investigate whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α correlates with eosinophilic inflammation that occurs during a lower respiratory tract infection with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in children. Sixty children with RSV bronchiolitis (RSV group) and 20 healthy children with no respiratory symptoms (Control group) were enrolled. We measured the nasal lavage fluid (NLF) Th2 cytokine (IL‐5), proinflammatory cytokine (TNF‐α, IL‐8), eosinophil‐active cytokine [granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF), IFN‐γ], and eosinophil‐active chemokine (eotaxin, regulated on activation normal T cell excreted and secreted) levels for both groups. We also measured serum eosinophil‐degranulation product (eosinophil‐derived neurotoxin; EDN, eosinophil cationic protein; ECP) levels from RSV group. TNF‐α, IL‐8, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, and eotaxin levels were significantly higher in the RSV group compared with the Control group. TNF‐α correlated with GM‐CSF (r = 0.87, p < 0.0001), IFN‐γ (r = 0.92, p < 0.0001), eotaxin (r = 0.64, p < 0.0001), and IL‐8 (r = 0.84, p < 0.0001). TNF‐α may have an important role in eosinophilic inflammation of airways in children with RSV bronchiolitis.
Variation of dust endotoxin concentrations by location and time within homes of young children
Authors: Ownby Dennis R. , Peterson Edward L. , Williams L. Keoki , Zoratti Edward M. , Wegienka Ganesa R. , Woodcroft Kimberley J. , Joseph Christine L. M. , Johnson Christine C. 
Published: January 2010

Ownby DR, Peterson EL, Williams LK, Zoratti EM, Wegienka GR, Woodcroft KJ, Joseph CLM, Johnson CC. Variation of dust endotoxin concentrations by location and time within homes of young children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: 533–540. © 2010 John Wiley & Sons A/SEndotoxin may affect the development of allergic disease in childhood but little is known about endotoxin variation within homes. We sought to determine endotoxin concentration agreement within homes when five locations were each sampled twice 5 months apart. Endotoxin was measured using the recombinant Limulus factor C assay in dust samples from 585 homes of children enrolled in a prospective study and again in 335 homes 5 months later. The five locations sampled in each home were the child’s bedroom floor, child’s bed, mother’s bedroom floor, mother’s bed and living room floor. Concentrations of 4 allergens (Can f 1, Fel d 1, Der f 1 and Bla g 2) were also measured from the child’s bedroom floor. In pair‐wise comparisons, endotoxin concentrations in all locations within each home were significantly different from all other locations (p < 0.001) except for the child’s and mother’s bedroom floors (p = 0.272). Spearman correlations between endotoxin concentrations from the different locations were all statistically significant (p < 0.05) but of modest magnitude (r = 0.24–0.54). Similarly, correlations at each site over the 5 month observation interval were statistically significant but modest (r = 0.17–0.44). Pets and season of the year did not affect correlations, although correlations were lower if the floor was not carpeted. Endotoxin concentrations at all locations were minimally correlated with allergen concentrations in both negative and positive directions (r = −0.12 to 0.12). We conclude that a single measurement of endotoxin from a home dust sample provides an imprecise estimate of dust endotoxin concentrations in other locations within the home and over a relatively short observation interval.
Remittance Activity among Brazilians in the US and Canada
Authors: Goza Franklin , Ryabov Igor 
Published: January 2010

AbstractThis comparative study uses data collected in 1990 and 1991 to examine the remittance behavior of Brazilians who had recently arrived in Canada and the United States. These data permit an examination of remittance activity among immigrants relatively soon after their arrival in a pair of host destinations. Prior to contrasting the remittance activity of these newly arrived immigrants, we first document the high degree of similarity between the two groups at their time of arrival; a point that becomes important when contrasting their divergent outcomes. Next, this study contributes to the research literature on micro‐level remittance patterns and behaviors by focusing on three policy relevant dependant variables. More specifically, multivariate analyses are undertaken to examine those individual‐level factors that best determine: (1) who remits, (2) how much they remit, and (3) when funds are remitted for productive purposes. Because the data analyzed were collected with the same instrument, results are then contrasted for the two destinations.One major finding to emerge from this cross‐national study was that even immigrants who are extremely similar on all socio‐economic measures at time of arrival may soon manifest divergent outcomes due to their distinctive country of destination experiences. Consequently, although some common predictors were found in both locales, there were far fewer than expected. For example, family obligation variables were usually significant in the predicted directions for the United States data, while this was almost never the case for the Canadian data. Furthermore, some variables often assumed to predict remittance behavior were insignificant in both locations. This study concludes by considering possible explanations for these results, as well as discussing the need for additional theoretical work and data collection in the area of immigrant remittance activity.
Weichselian interstadials at Riipiharju, northern Sweden – interpretation of vegetation and climate from fossil and modern pollen records
Authors: HÄTTESTRAND MARTINA , ROBERTSSON ANN‐MARIE 
Published: January 2010

Hättestrand, M. & Robertsson, A.‐M. 2010: Weichselian interstadials at Riipiharju, northern Sweden – interpretation of vegetation and climate from fossil and modern pollen records. Boreas, 10.1111/j.1502‐3885.2009.00129.x. ISSN 0300‐9483.The most complete records of Weichselian ice‐free conditions in northern Sweden have been retrieved from kettleholes in the Riipiharju esker. In an earlier study, the Riipiharju I core was described as containing two Weichselian interstadials and Riipiharju was chosen as type site for the second Weichselian interstadial in northern Sweden. Here, we present a palynological investigation of two new sediment cores (Riipiharju II and III) retrieved from Riipiharju. Together, the new cores comprise a late cold part of the first Weichselian interstadial recorded in northeastern Sweden (Tärendö I, earlier correlated with Peräpohjola in Finland) as well as a long sequence of the second Weichselian interstadial (Tärendö II, earlier named Tärendö). The results indicate that the climate during deposition of the Tärendö II sequence was more variable than earlier suggested. According to the present interpretation it was relatively warm in the early part of Tärendö II; thereafter a long cold phase persisted, and finally the climate was warmer again in the late part of Tärendö II. The warm phases are characterized by Betula‐dominant pollen assemblages, while the cold phase is characterized by high percentages of Artemisia and Gramineae pollen. Since there is still no firm chronology established of the interstadials in northeastern Sweden, two possible correlations are discussed; either Tärendö I and II are correlated with Brörup (MIS 5c) and Odderade (MIS 5a), or, perhaps more likely, they are correlated with Odderade and early Middle Weichselian (MIS 3) time.
Risk Factors for Implantable Defibrillator Lead Fracture in a Recalled and a Nonrecalled Lead
Authors: BEN MORRISON T. , REA ROBERT F. , HODGE DAVID O. , CRUSAN DANIEL , KOESTLER CELESTE , ASIRVATHAM SAMUEL J. , BRADLEY DAVID , SHEN WIN K. , MUNGER THOMAS M. , HAMMILL STEPHEN C. , FRIEDMAN PAUL A. 
Published: January 2010

Risk Factors for ICD Lead Fracture. Introduction: The Medtronic Sprint Fidelis® implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) lead was “recalled” in October 2007 after 268,000 implants worldwide due to increased failure risk. Manufacturer suggested monitoring has not been shown effective at preventing adverse events. Only limited data exist regarding clinical predictors of Fidelis® lead fracture. We sought to identify risk factors for Fidelis® fracture to guide clinical monitoring and compare its performance with a control lead.
Methods:
Fractured lead cases were retrospectively reviewed for demographic data, implant technique, radiographic appearance and clinical presentation was analyzed. Lead survival was compared using Kaplan‐Meir curves.
Results:
Study patients (n = 1314) experienced 18 Fidelis® and 6 Quattro™ lead fractures. Patients with failed Fidelis® leads were younger than those with surviving leads (49.5 vs 64.6 years, P = 0.0066). Fidelis® lead fractures often occurred around the time of physical activity. No other measured demographic or technique related factors were associated with lead fracture. Fidelis® leads had significantly decreased survival compared with Quattro™ leads (89.3 vs 98.9% at 30 months). Patients less than 50 years old had significantly decreased lead survival compared with those older than 50 in both Fidelis® (79.6% vs 96.5% at 24 months) and Quattro™ (93.4 vs 99.8%, P < 0.001 at 24 months) leads.
Conclusions:
Patients under age 50, with either Fidelis® or Quattro™ ICD leads, are at increased risk of lead fracture compared with patients over 50, particularly around the time of intense physical activity. Aggressive monitoring and advisory programming appears warranted in patients with Fidelis® leads as well as especially in younger patients. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 671‐677, June 2010)
TNF‐α promoter polymorphisms in multiple sclerosis: no association with −308 and −238 alleles, but the −857 alleles in associated with the disease in Turkish patients
Authors: Akcali A. , Pehlivan S. , Pehlivan M. , Sever T. , Akgul P. , Neyal M. 
Published: January 2010

SummaryDysregulation in the expression of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines is one of the milestones in multiple sclerosis (MS) development and progression. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF‐α), a proinflammatory cytokine is believed to play an important role in MS pathogenesis. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between TNF‐α promoter region (TNF‐α−238, −308 and −857) and susceptibility to MS and clinical course of the disease. Eighty‐six relapsing remitting MS patients and 150 sex‐, age‐ and ethnic‐matched controls were enrolled in the study. Genotyping was performed by PCR‐RFLP method. We observed a statistically significant increase in TNF‐α 857 CC genotype in MS patients than controls (P < 0.001) while TNF‐α 857 CT genotype showed a significant negative correlation with MS patients (P = 0.033). No differences in the distribution of the TNF‐α−238 and −308 alleles were observed. None of the three polymorphisms (−238, −308 and −857) did not show relation with disease duration, Expanded Disability Status Scale or age of onset. On the other hand, significant difference of TNF −857 CC genotype was identified with the low disease index (P = 0.025). Although the study group is small, the results indicate that TNF‐α 857 CC genotype may cause susceptibility to MS in the Turkish population.
Tight orbit syndrome: a previously unrecognized cause of open‐angle glaucoma
Authors: Lee Graham A. , Ritch Robert , Liang Steve Y.‐W. , Liebmann Jeffrey M. , Dubois Philip , Bastian‐Jordan Matthew , Lehmann Kate , Rojanapongpun Prin 
Published: January 2010

ABSTRACT.Purpose:  To describe a new syndrome of tight orbit and intractable glaucoma with a poor visual prognosis.Methods:  A retrospective observational case series of six patients seen at two centres between 2001 and 2007 assessing intraocular pressure (IOP), best‐corrected visual acuity and visual field.Results:  Three men and three women, ranging in age at diagnosis from 14 to 53 years, demonstrated similar orbital features and progressive visual field loss despite intensive management with medication and laser and operative surgery. Highest IOPs ranged from 30 to 50 mmHg. Trabeculectomy and/or glaucoma drainage devices were attempted in five patients but all failed. One patient underwent orbital decompression with achievement of IOP control. Final IOP at last follow‐up was variable; only two patients achieved IOP in the normal range, with the rest ranging from 25 to 40 mmHg. All patients had advanced visual field loss.Conclusion:  Tight orbit syndrome presents a serious clinical challenge. Despite maximum medical therapy and surgical intervention IOP is difficult to control, resulting in progressive visual field loss.