bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Game domestication for animal production in Kenya: feeding trials with oryx, zebu cattle and sheep under controlled conditions
Authors: Price M. R. Stanley 
Published: March 2009

SummaryDigestibility trials were carried out with five individuals each of domesticated oryx, sheep and cattle, using three diets ranging from 12·5 to 7·4% crude protein. Feed intake, water consumption and urine production were measured.Intakes of dry matter (as g/day or g/kg W0·75/day) did not differ between diets for any species. On a metabolic weight basis the sheep and oryx ate the same amount. The cattle ate more than the sheep of all three diets, and more than the oryx in two of the three.For all three species, digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and crude fibre was lower when the lower quality food was given. On any single diet, significant differences in digestive efficiency for any diet component between species were few and small.Total daily intakes of water (ml/kg W0·85/day) were lower for each species when eating the diet with the lowest protein content. On each diet total intakes were significantly different in the decreasing order cattle > sheep > oryx, in the mean ratio 3·3:l·7:10.Urine production (ml/kg W0·85/day) varied slightly between diets for each species. On each diet the cattle produced significantly more urine than the sheep or oryx. The ratio of urine produced to water drunk decreased in the order oryx > cow > sheep, in the mean ratios 0·63, 0·34 and 0·27. Despite some interspecific differences in nitrogen concentration, there were few differences in the proportion of total excreted nitrogen that was lost through the urine.Calculations of evaporative water loss showed that loss of water by this avenue was significantly less in oryx than in sheep or cattle, which did not differ significantly.In the absence of any evidence of a more efficient digestion, the low metabolic intake of food by oryx suggests a low metabolic rate. The oryx's low water consumption and small evaporative loss are obvious adaptations to its desert habitat.
The influence of plane of nutrition and diet composition on the performance of dairy cows
Authors: Broster W. H. , Sutton J. D. , Bines J. A. , Broster Valerie J. , Smith T. , Siviter J. W. , Johnson V. W. , Napper D. J. , Schuller E. 
Published: March 2009

SummarySeventy-six first-calf cows (heifers), 32 second·calf cows and 39 adult cows participated in a trial in which three diets composed of 60:40, 75:25, 90:10 proportions of compound to hay (hay dry-matter digestibility 0·6) were given for the first 36 weeks of lactation in amounts to provide daily an estimated 125, 156 MJ and ad libitum digestible energy (DE) for heifers, and 156, 187 MJ and ad libitum DE for the other parities. The ad libitum intakes were 150 and 200 MJ DE daily for heifers and for older cows respectively. Greater compound content of the diet and larger daily allowance of DE were associated with increased occurrence of mastitis and lameness but not digestive upsets. Dry·matter (D.M.) digestibility was increased with a greater proportion of compound in the diet but was not affected by the amount consumed or stage of lactation. Milk yield and live·weight change were increased linearly and additively by a greater intake of digestible dry matter and by a greater proportion of compound in the diet, throughout the lactation save for no effect of diet composition on live·weight change in early lactation. On equal feed intakes older cows gave more milk and lost more live weight than heifers in early lactation but not thereafter; responses to additional feed were equal for all parities studied. Milk fat concentration was reduced both by increased allowance and by the high compound diet. Milk solids·not·fat (SNF) concentration was not affected by the treatments. Yield of milk fat was not affected by amount eaten and was reduced by the 90:10 diet. Yields of SNF and milk energy were increased by amount eaten and by increased compound in the diet. Thirty-two primiparous cows continued on their experimental treatments without interruption to the end of the second lactation. In the second lactation the effects on yields of milk, milk energy, and SNF were magnified indicating a cumulative effect from lactation to lactation. Little cumulative effect was observed on either milk fat yield, or concentrations of fat and SNF in milk. More generous feeding was associated with reduced milk output/unit D.M. consumed in the first but not the second lactation. More generous feeding improved live·weight change less in the second than in the first lactation. No cumulative effects over two lactations were observed consequent upon variation in diet composition.
Meat production from cattle in West Wales 1943–8
Authors: Phillips R. 
Published: March 2009

1. The data from a survey of beef production in West Wales has been subjected to analysis by the various regression equations deduced by Callow. The calculations have elucidated the quantitative proportions of fatty tissue, muscular tissue and bone tissue as well as the calorific values of the beef carcasses derived from animals of the various grades.2. It is suggested that the method can be used as a basis to determine the controlled prices of fat cattle. The scale of prices thus obtained might encourage a better finish of the cattle and would tend to modify the seasonality of deliveries.3. The process of fattening cattle alters the proportions of fatty, muscular and bone tissues in the carcass meat, but the increase in the quantity of muscular tissue is always greater than that of the fatty tissue. At all grades, the quantity of muscular tissue in the carcass is always greater than of fatty tissue.
The seasonality of milk sales in England and Wales from 1936–7 to 1951–2
Authors: Ashby Andrew W. 
Published: March 2009

1. The seasonal variation of farm sales of milk was measured for each year from 1937– 8 to 1951– 2 for England and Wales, and for each of the eleven marketing regions into which the country is divided.2. The effect of changes between years in the amount of seasonal variation in milk values on the amount of seasonal variation in sales was examined and little direct connexion found.3. Despite the fact that high milk prices in winter do not make production at that time more profitable, farmers get their cows to calve when prices are rising or are at their highest.4. An inverse correlation was found between the number of calves born alive and sales of milk in the same month, but a positive correlation between the total number of cows in milk and the volume of sales in the same month.5. That part of seasonal variation in sales which cannot be explained by variations in the number of animals in milk was shown to be mainly due to variations in the shape of lactation curves of animals calving in different months.6. The importance of feeding, particularly the availability and condition of grass, in affecting the shape of the lactation curve is discussed.
The influence of time, temperature, pH and calcium carbonate on the activity of the phytase of certain cereals
Authors: Hill R. , Tyler C. 
Published: March 2009

1. Tests have been carried out to investigate the hydrolysis of phytate in wheat, bran, and oats.2. Oats showed practically no phytase activity.3. Wheat phytase had an optimum pH of 5·0–5·1 and functioned at pH values down to 3·0. When hydrolysis had been arrested by acidifying to pH 2·5 for 5 min. or longer, the phytase did not recover when the pH was raised to 5·0 by the addition of sodium bicarbonate.4. There was an almost uniform increase in the rate of hydrolysis between 15 and 50° C.5. The rate of phytate hydrolysis decreased as the reaction proceeded, but the reaction continued until only a very small amount of soluble substrate remained.6. The presence of calcium, under conditions in which it could form insoluble phytate, reduced phytate hydrolysis to a considerable degree.7. These reactions are considered in relation to phytate hydrolysis in the digestive tracts of animals.
The reaction between phytate and protein
Authors: Hill R. , Tyler C. 
Published: March 2009

1. The solubility of phytate in the presence of protein has been determined over a pH range 6·5 to 0·5.2. The fall in solubility of phytate in the region of pH 2·5 is shown to be due to a reaction with protein.3. The reaction could be reduced considerably by adding calcium.4. The mechanisms of these reactions are discussed.
Economies in the use of animal by-products in poultry rations: II. Vitamin and amino-acid provision for laying hens
Authors: Carpenter K. J. , Duckworth J. , Ellinger G. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. Birds fed on rations devoid of animal byproducts from hatching until 18 months of age were equal in laying performance and health to those that had received animal supplements.2. The stimulation of early growth by feeding aureomycin did not affect the final weight of pullets, their egg production or the incidence of broodiness.3. The ‘animal protein factor(s)’ was of limited importance for egg production. There was a suggestive indication of an effect of a deficiency of the factor(s) when birds on an all-plant ration had been laying for 6 months without access to their droppings. Limited access to ‘unfermented’ droppings, which provided the only dietary source of the factor(s) during both rearing and laying periods, was sufficient to meet the need of the birds for sustained egg production.
Studies in selective weed control I. The control of annual weeds in winter wheat
Authors: Blackman G. E. , Roberts H. A. 
Published: March 2009

Since 1943 numerous multifactorial field experiments have been concerned with the development of methods for selective weed control in a variety of crops. Between 1943 and 1947 simultaneous comparisons have been made as to the relative effectiveness of sulphuric acid, cupric chloride, dinitro-o-cresol and the two growth-regulating substances—2-methy1-4-chloro -phenoxyacetic acid and 2:4-dichloro-phenoxyacetic acid—when applied as sprays (100 gal./acre) for the destruction of annual weeds in winter wheat.There is a highly specific relationship between the weed species and the potential toxicity of any one compound. For the eradication of Ranunculus arvẹnsis and Scandix pecten-veneris, the two growth-regulating substances, as the sodium salts, are greatly superior, but for other species, such as Galium aparine, they.are wholly ineffective or only partially effective, e.g. Matricaria chamomilla. For Papaver rhoeas and Fumaria officinalis in the young seedling stage, sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxyacetate and ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate are equally toxic, while the indications are that Matricaria chamomilla and Centaurea cyanus are best killed with sulphuric acid or ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate. All these species are resistant or partially resistant to cupric chloride.As a result of weed eradication, increases in grain yield ranging from 6 to 113% have been recorded, and over the twelve experiments the average increase for the most appropriate treatment was 23%.At the concentrations employed for sulphuric acid (max. 18.4%) ammonium dinitro-o-cresylate (max. 1.1%) and cupric chloride (max. 4.0%) direct injury to the wheat, resulting in a loss in yield, has not been found when spraying is carried out in the active tillering stage. When spraying is unduly delayed, the yield depressions may be very considerable, more particularly with cupric chloride and sulphuric acid.With the growth regulating substances, the results of two experiments indicated that the greatest selectivity is obtained when the concentration does not exceed 0.2-0.3% (2–3 lb./acre), but in the remaining trials no injury was observed up to a maximum concentration of 0.5%. In none of the trials was the formation of abnormal ears noted.When mixtures of sodium methyl-chloro-phenoxy-acetate and dinitro-o-cresol are employed,. no significant interaction on crop yield has been found.
The formation of nitrates in soil following various crop rotations
Authors: Barnes T. W. 
Published: March 2009

The difference between the power to accumulate nitrates in the soil after various rotations has been determined by incubating the soils at the termination of these rotations, and measuring the nitrate formed between January and May, a period of 4 months. The test has been repeated during 8 successive years, and the mean result is presented. The previous treatments, each of which lasted 3 years, consisted of (a) a ley grazed off each season by sheep, (b) a crop of lucerne which furnished two or three crops of hay each yer, and (c) and (d) an arable rotation of potatoes, wheat, and either a hoed crop of kale or a mixed ryegrass and clover crop of hay.In each case, the ammonia capable of distillation with magnesia was reduced during the incubation to an amount which differed little in all the soils, while the nitrate made an almost steady increase—most regular, however, after the previous cropping with lucerne—at least for a period of 4 months. The soil after the previous grass and clover hay crop started at a lower level of nitrate than the others and, even after the longest incubation period, never quite reached the accumulation which occurred in the other cases. Comparing the accumulation which occurred after the two 3-year ley crops (grazed ley and hayed lucerne) with that after the arable cropping, there was very little difference.
Shell porosity and shell thickness in inbred lines of brown leghorn fowls
Authors: Erasmus J. E. 
Published: March 2009

1. Egg-shells from six inbred lines of Brown Leghorn fowls were examined for porosity and thickness in March and in July.2. For both characters studied the variation between-line means was found to be significant.3. The line means for thickness were with a single exception lower in July.4. Porosity coefficients increased from March to July.5. No significant relationship between shell thickness and porosity was found in either season. Line differences in porosity values are therefore attributable to variations in other properties of the shell.
The nutritive value of Calluna Vulgaris: III. Digestibility at four and ten years after burning
Authors: Thomas Brynmor , Smith Allan N. 
Published: March 2009

1. The necessity for further information on the digestibility of heather, with particular reference to the effect of age, has been discussed.2. The digestibility of well-defined samples of heather of 4 and 10 years of age has been determined.3. Four-year-old Blackface wethers in crates were fed diets containing 50% of heather and 50% of medium-quality meadow hay.4. The younger sample of heather was found to have appreciably higher digestibility coefficients for all nutritive constituents other than crude fibre.5. Agreement between duplicate sheep in respect of their capacity to digest crude protein was found to be good, and faecal metabolic nitrogen outputs were similar.6. Faecal metabolic nitrogen output was inversely related to the percentage of heather contained in the diet. No relationship between faecal metabolic nitrogen and bulk, as measured on a basis of volume per unit weight, could be established.7. It has been concluded that heather, though inferior as a source of protein, provides rather more energy than a poor-quality meadow hay, and is thus of value as a winter feed.
Studies on the estimation and decomposition of amino sugars in soil
Authors: Bremner J. M. , Shaw K. 
Published: March 2009

1. The amounts of amino sugar-N present in acid hydrolysates of six soils with nitrogen contents ranging from 0·17 to 2·82% have been estimated by colorimetric and alkaline decomposition methods.2. Recovery of amino sugar-N after hydrolysis of chitin or glucosamine was found to be unaffected by the presence of soil during hydrolysis.3. Substances known to interfere with the methods of amino sugar analysis employed were not detectable in the soil hydrolysates.4. From the amounts of amino sugar-N liberated by acid hydrolysis it is deduced that 5·10% of the total-nitrogen of the soils examined was in the form of amino sugars.5. The decomposition of amino sugars in soil has been studied by comparing the rates of decomposition of chitin, glucosamine, casein and yeast nucleic acid when incubated with soil under conditions found to produce rapid nitrification of ammonium sulphate.6. Glucosamine and chitin are readily decomposed by soil micro-organisms but not so rapidly as casein or yeast nucleic acid.
The performance of heifers got by artificial insemination
Authors: Robertson Alan , Rendel J. M. 
Published: March 2009

1. An analysis has been made of the production records of over 1400 heifers got by A.I. bulls at five non-Board centres. The A.I. heifers, when compared with other heifers in the same herd in the same year, showed no significant increase in yield but a significant increase in fat content.2. The difference in yield between A.I. and contemporary non A.I. heifers was not significantly different in herds at all levels of production. This would suggest that only a small proportion of the differences in yield between the herds in the sample was genetic in origin. In fat percentage, there was some evidence, though not very conclusive, that rather more of the inter-herd variation was genetic.3. Significant differences were found between the progeny groups by different sires in both milk yield and fat content. The standard deviation of the variation due to the breeding value of the sire was 37 gal. and 0·13% fat respectively.4. Methods of interpreting progeny tests made under A.I. conditions are discussed theoretically. It is concluded that the comparison with heifer contemporaries in the same herd is most satisfactory for milk yield and the simple average is best for fat content.5. The relevance of these results to the genetic structure of breeds is discussed. They are in good agreement with the conclusions from pedigree analysis that the genetic differences between the dominant group of herds and the mass of commercial cattle in each breed is not great.
Effects of row width and planting density on growth and yield of two maincrop potato varieties. 1. Plant morphology and dry-matter accumulation
Authors: Ifenkwe O. P. , Allen E. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYData are reported from three experiments from 1972 to 1974 in which the effects of two row widths (66 and 132 cm) and five planting densities on the growth of two maincrop potato varieties (Désirée and Maris Piper) were studied. The results were consistent over the 3 years and showed that the effects of widening the row width were to reduce the number of axillary branches and their leaves per plant, in Maris Piper L (leaf area index), and early in the season in both varieties dry weights of leaf, stem and underground parts per plant. Row width had no effect on tuber dry weight for most of the season but at the end of sampling, tuber dry weights were greater from 132cm than from 66 cm rows. Increasing planting density reduced number of axillary branches and their leaves per plant, dry weight of leaf, stem, underground parts and tubers per plant, but increased stem length and tuber dry weight per unit area.Leaf growth of all treatments was rapid during May and high planting densities reached an Lof 3 before the end of this month. L was increased by increased planting density throughout growth, but the lower densities were able to maintain an L of 2–3 formuch of the season. The rapid early increase in L was not associated with any prematuredecline and high rates of tuber dry-matter accumulation were achieved and maintained throughout the season. It is suggested that as the pattern of leaf growth in this environment is coincident with changing light receipts, the environment is almost ideal for the growth of maincrop potatoes.
Uromol as a source of dietary nitrogen for ruminants: metabolic and rumen fermentation studies on buffalo calves
Authors: Malik N. S. , Langar P. N. , Chopra A. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe nutritive value of uromol, a heated product of urea and molasses, was compared with raw urea–molasses and groundnut meal in three metabolic trials on buffalo calves. The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) as urea or uromol contributed about 65, 48 and 30% of the nitrogen in the experimental concentrate mixtures, replacing partially or completely the groundnut meal of the control diets. The results showed that at 65% nitrogen replacement, the crude fibre and cellulose digestibilities and the nitrogen retention of the uromol diet was similar to that of the control but was significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses diet. At 48% nitrogen replacement the nitrogen retention in the uromol-fed animals was still significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses fed group. At 30% nitrogen replacement, the differences between the control, urea–molasses and uromol groups were not significant.In vivo rumen studies with the diets containing 50% NPN replacement showed lower but sustained ammonia-N with uromol than the urea–molasses diet. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in rumen fluid, though initially higher in the control and uromol groups, were not significantly different from the urea–molasses group. Abomasal studies with diets containing 65% N as urea or uromol indicated a higher total nitrogen content in the abomasal fluid of the control and uromol-fed animals than the urea-fed animals. The 24 h abomasal passage of total-N/100 g nitrogen consumed was 95·5, 93·5 and 77·9 g in control, uromol and urea groups, respectively. The TCA-precipitatable-N (TCA-N) was also higher in the first two groups. These studies suggest that uromol is safer and has a better feeding value than urea–molasses at high rates of nitrogen replacement.
Effects of progressive feed restriction on the growth and carcass composition of pigs: comparative responses of gilts and castrates
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Livingstone R. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYA barley-based diet, containing 16% protein, was given at average daily rates of 1·2–2·5 kg (16–32 MJ, metabolizable energy (ME)) to 32 female and 32 castrated male pigs during their growth from 25 to 90 kg. At high intakes there was no difference in growth rate between the sexes, but with progressive feed restriction the growth of males was more severely retarded than that of the females. Both sexes achieved their minimum feed conversion ratios at approximately 25 MJ. The reductions of fat thickness with progressive feed restriction were greater by approximately 20% in the females than in the males. The two sexes had the same mean back fat thickness when the gilts had 4·7 MJ more ME per day than the castrates. It was inferred that the energy requirement for maintenance was 15% greater in the males than in the females.