bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eribulin mesylate (halichondrin B analog E7389) in platinum‐resistant and platinum‐sensitive ovarian cancer
Authors: Hensley Martee L. , Kravetz Sara , Jia Xiaoyu , Iasonos Alexia , Tew William , Pereira Lauren , Sabbatini Paul , Whalen Christin , Aghajanian Carol A. , Zarwan Corinne , Berlin Suzanne 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBACKGROUND:Eribulin mesylate is a tubulin inhibitor with activity superior to paclitaxel in NIH:OVCAR‐3 human epithelial ovarian cancer xenograft models. In this study, the authors assessed the efficacy of eribulin in platinum‐resistant and platinum‐sensitive recurrent ovarian cancer.METHODS:Patients with recurrent, measurable epithelial ovarian cancer who had received ≤2 prior cytotoxic regimens and who had adequate organ function were enrolled into 2 separate cohorts: 1) platinum‐resistant patients (who had a progression‐free interval <6 months after their last platinum‐based therapy) and 2) platinum‐sensitive patients (who had a progression‐free interval ≥6 months after their last platinum‐based therapy). Eribulin 1.4 mg/m2 was administered over 15 minutes intravenously on days 1 and 8 every 21 days. Efficacy was determined by objective response on computed tomography studies.RESULTS:In the platinum‐resistant cohort, 37 patients enrolled, and 36 patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. Two patients achieved a partial response (5.5%), and 16 patients (44%) had stable disease as their best response. The median progression‐free survival was 1.8 months (95% confidence interval, 1.4‐2.8 months). In the platinum‐sensitive cohort, 37 patients enrolled, and all were evaluable for response. Seven patients achieved a partial response (19%). The median progression‐free survival was 4.1 months (95% confidence interval, 2.8‐5.8 months). The major toxicity was grade 3 or 4 neutropenia (42% of platinum‐resistant patients; 54% of platinum‐sensitive patients).CONCLUSIONS:Eribulin produced an objective response in 5.5% of women with platinum‐resistant, recurrent ovarian cancer and in 19% of women with platinum‐sensitive disease. The median progression‐free survival was 1.8 months in the platinum‐resistant group and 4.1 months in the platinum‐sensitive group. Cancer 2012. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
FoxP2 expression in the cerebellum and inferior olive: Development of the transverse stripe‐shaped expression pattern in the mouse cerebellar cortex
Authors: Fujita Hirofumi , Sugihara Izumi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMany molecules are expressed heterogeneously in subpopulations of cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) and inferior olive (IO) neurons during development or in adulthood. These expression patterns are often organized in longitudinal stripes in the cerebellar cortex, which may be related to functional compartmentalization. FoxP2, a transcription factor, is expressed in PCs and IO neurons, but the details of its expression pattern remain unclear. Here we examined FoxP2 expression patterns systematically by immunostaining serial sections of the hindbrain from embryonic day 14.5 to adulthood in mice. FoxP2 was highly expressed in virtually all PCs at and before postnatal day 6 (P6), except for those in the flocculus and small parts of the nodulus (vermal lobule X), where FoxP2 expression was moderate or absent. After P6, FoxP2 expression gradually diminished in PCs in some areas. In adults, FoxP2 was expressed, less intensely than in earlier stages, in subsets of PCs that were mostly arranged transversely along the folial apices. In contrast, FoxP2 was expressed intensely in most IO neurons during development and in adulthood. FoxP2 was also expressed in a small population of neurons in the cerebellar nuclei. FoxP2 expression in adult rats and chicks was generally comparable to that in adult mice, suggesting evolutionary conservation of the expression pattern. Thus, the FoxP2 expression pattern reflects new transverse compartmentalization in the adult cerebellar cortex, although its functional significance remains unclear. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:656–677, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Loss of neural recognition molecule NB‐3 delays the normal projection and terminal branching of developing corticospinal tract axons in the mouse
Authors: Huang Zhenhui , Yu Yang , Shimoda Yasushi , Watanabe Kazutada , Liu Yaobo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractNeural recognition molecule NB‐3 is involved in neural development and synapse formation. However, its role in axon tract formation is unclear. In this study, we found that the temporal expression of NB‐3 in the deep layers of the motor cortex in mice was coincident with the development of the corticospinal tract (CST). Clear NB‐3 immunoreactivity in the CST trajectory strongly suggested that NB‐3 was expressed specifically in projecting CST axons. By tracing CST axons in NB‐3−/− mice at different developmental stages, we found that these axons were capable of projecting and forming a normal trajectory. However, the projection was greatly delayed in NB‐3−/− mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice from the embryonic to postnatal stages, a period that is coincident with the completion of the CST projection in mice. Subsequently, although their projection was delayed, CST axons in NB‐3−/− mice gradually completed a normal projection. By stage P21, the characteristics of CST projections in NB‐3−/− mice were not statistically different from those in WT mice. In addition, we found that the branching of CST axons into spinal gray matter also was delayed in NB‐3−/− mice. The CST innervation area in the spinal gray matter of NB‐3−/− mice was greatly reduced in comparison with WT mice until P30 and gradually became normal by P45. These data suggest that NB‐3 is involved in the normal projection and terminal branching of developing CST axons. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1227–1245, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fundamentals of paracoccidioidomycosis treatment
Authors: Fróes Hugo , Caligiorne Rachel B. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractParacoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most important mycosis in Latin America. The etiological agent is the fungus, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Approximately 1 million people are infected with the fungus, 10% of whom will show symptoms of the disease. However, clinical and laboratorial studies addressing the diagnosis for this disease are both scarce and diverse in terms of definition. Nevertheless, two main advances were included in the portfolio of available diagnostic methods for paracoccidioidomycosis during the last decades: the detection of antibodies against P. brasiliensis antigens by serological methods, and the detection of the fungi DNA in peripheral blood and fragments of lesions using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and species‐specific primers. Normally, the treatment of PCM is quite prolonged because of the immunosuppressed profile of the patients and the ability of P. brasiliensis to survive in the tissues even after long‐term treatment. Case reports indicate that azoles and sulfa compounds can produce positive results in less severe cases of PCM. However, for acute cases of the disease in immunocompromised patients or in cases of neuroparacoccidioidomycosis, there is no standard treatment. Thus, there is a need to establish a standard treatment protocol within the context of the patient clinical profile. Moreover, drug availability to public institutions is an important issue, since new drugs, e.g., second‐generation azoles, the echinocandines and immunomodulatory drugs, are not yet available in public hospitals and clinics. Drug Dev Res 72:528–537, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of Factorial Design Experiments to the Development of a Disposable Amperometric DNA Biosensor
Authors: Uliana Carolina Venturini , Tognolli João Olimpio , Yamanaka Hideko 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe development of an amperometric DNA‐based biosensor (genosensor) requires the optimization of many experimental parameters in order to maximize sensitivity. If only one parameter is evaluated per experiment, the resultant genosensor is unlikely to be ideal, because several of the parameters could be interdependent. Herein, chemometric experiments employing full and fractional factorial designs were used to develop biosensor for hepatitis. The results demonstrate that the use of chemometric tools enables optimization of experimental conditions using a smaller number of experiments and with reduced requirements for reagents and samples, which is in line with the principles of green chemistry.
Injectable calcium sulfate/mineralized collagen‐based bone repair materials with regulable self‐setting properties
Authors: Chen Zonggang , Liu Huanye , Liu Xi , Cui Fu‐Zhai 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAn injectable and self‐setting bone repair materials (nano‐hydroxyapatite/collagen/calcium sulfate hemihydrate, nHAC/CSH) was developed in this study. The nano‐hydroxyapatite/collagen (nHAC) composite, which is the mineralized fibril by self‐assembly of nano‐hydrocyapatite and collagen, has the same features as natural bone in both main hierarchical microstructure and composition. It is a bioactive osteoconductor due to its high level of biocompatibility and appropriate degradation rate. However, this material lacks handling characteristics because of its particle or solid‐preformed block shape. Herein, calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) was introduced into nHAC to prepare an injectable and self‐setting in situ bone repair materials. The morphology of materials was observed using SEM. Most important and interesting of all, calcium sulfate dihydrate (CSD), which is not only the reactant of preparing CSH but also the final solidified product of CSH, was introduced into nHAC as setting accelerator to regulate self‐setting properties of injectable nHAC/CSH composite, and thus the self‐setting time of nHAC/CSH composite can be regulated from more than 100 min to about 30 min and even less than 20 min by adding various amount of setting accelerator. The compressive properties of bone graft substitute after final setting are similar to those of cancellous bone. CSD as an excellent setting accelerator has no significant effect on the mechanical property and degradability of bone repair materials. In vitro biocompatibility and in vivo histology studies demonstrated that the nHAC/CSH composite could provide more adequate stimulus for cell adhesion and proliferation, embodying favorable cell biocompatibility and a strong ability to accelerate bone formation. It can offer a satisfactory biological environment for growing new bone in the implants and for stimulating bone formation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2011.
Metabolic Delivery of Methacryloyl Groups on Living Cells and Cell Surface Modification via Thiol‐Ene “Click” Reaction
Authors: Iwasaki Yasuhiko , Matsuno Hiroshi 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMethacryloyl groups are delivered on a living cell surface via a glycosylation pathway. The mannosamine derivative ManMA is synthesized as a precursor of cell‐surface sialic‐acid residues. HeLa cells are cultivated in a culture medium containing ManMA, after which a sufficient amount of PEG410K‐SH is in contact with the cells in the presence of a photoinitiator. The cells are then exposed to UV‐light for 10 min. The immobilization of PEG410K‐SH, termed PEGylation, on the cell surface is confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. The surface modification does not influence cell viability. Biotinylation of cell surface can also be achieved by the addition of a vinyl compound during PEGylation. By using this process, the functionalities of a cell surface can be freely controlled.magnified image
Enhanced photopolymerization of dimethacrylates with ketones, amines, and iodonium salts: The CQ system
Authors: Cook Wayne D. , Chen Fei 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe kinetics and mechanism of the photopolymerization of dimethacrylates using three‐component initiation systems consisting of camphorquinone (CQ), diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (Ph2IPF6), and either N,N,3,5‐tetramethylaniline (TMA) or N,N‐dimethylbenzylamine or triethylamine were studied by photo‐DSC and UV‐visible spectroscopy. The effect of monomer structure on the curing kinetics and photobleaching were also investigated. Photo‐DSC studies showed fivefold increases in polymerization rate when all three components were present and the kinetics followed the trend: CQ/amine/Ph2IPF6 ≫ CQ/amine > CQ/Ph2IPF6.. For both CQ/amine/Ph2IPF6 and CQ/amine systems, the CQ was rapidly photobleached during the photo‐DSC timescale but for the systems without amine there was an induction stage before CQ photobleaching was evident. Studies of the effect of monomer type on the photobleaching rate show that the photobleaching behavior was independent of monomer structure. Three photoinitiation mechanisms have been proposed. The reaction mechanism of the CQ/amine/Ph2IPF6 system involves the reduction of the excited CQ molecule by the amine to form ketyl and aminoalkyl radicals, followed by the irreversible oxidation of the amine, and to a lesser extent, the ketyl radical by the iodonium salt, to form an initiating radical. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Physics of organic ferroelectric field‐effect transistors
Authors: Brondijk Jakob J. , Asadi Kamal , Blom Paul W. M. , de Leeuw Dago M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMost of the envisaged applications of organic electronics require a nonvolatile memory that can be programmed, erased, and read electrically. Ferroelectric field‐effect transistors (FeFET) are especially suitable due to the nondestructive read‐out and low power consumption. Here, an analytical model is presented that describes the charge transport in organic FeFETs. The model combines an empirical expression for the ferroelectric polarization with a density dependent hopping charge transport in organic semiconductors. Transfer curves can be calculated with parameters that are directly linked to the physical properties of both the comprising ferroelectric and semiconductor materials. A unipolar FeFET switches between a polarized and depolarized state, and an ambipolar FeFET switches between two stable polarized states. A good agreement between experimental and calculated current is obtained. The method is generic; any other analytical model for the polarization and charge transport can be easily implemented and can be used to identify the origin of the different transconductances reported in the literature. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011
A modeling study of orographic convection and mountain waves in the landfalling typhoon Nari (2001)
Authors: Tang Xiao‐Dong , Yang Ming‐Jen , Tan Zhe‐Min 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIn this study the characteristics of mountain‐induced gravity waves (MGWs) and orographic convection in typhoon Nari (2001) and their impacts on the formation of orographic precipitation, as Nari moved across Taiwan's Central Mountain Range (CMR), are investigated by analyzing the cloud‐resolving model simulation results. In the distant rain band, convective cells were triggered frequently on the steep windward slope of CMR and advected downstream. Simultaneously MGWs could exist on the lee side with stable environmental stratification. Three phases occurred in the MGWs–convection interaction, including the enhancement of MGWs and convection, breaking, and restoring of MGWs. When the convective cells and MGWs were superposed in (out of) phase, the amplitudes of both MGWs and convective cells were increased (decreased). The vertical wavelength of MGWs was also increased during the in‐phase superposition, even inducing the further breaking of MGWs. For the formation of precipitation on the lee side, MGWs–convection interaction contributes on a smaller scale to offset the reduction effect from the larger‐scale descending. Moreover, convective cells on the windward slope could contribute a large amount of cloud ice and snow particles aloft to seed hydrometeors over the lee side. More cloud water was produced by the MGWs–convection interaction when their amplitudes were increased during the in‐phase superposition. Riming and coalescence processes were responsible not only for the windward‐slope precipitation enhancement but also the secondary precipitation maximum over the lee side. Therefore, the MGWs–convection interaction could modify the structure of vertical motion and hydrometeors over the lee side, and then affect orographic precipitation when Nari passed the CMR.As Nari's eyewall encountered the northern CMR, the terrain generated long‐lasting strong updrafts at the upslope, resulting in a doubled rainfall maximum to that in the no‐terrain sensitivity experiment. The downdraft branch of the MGW produced a rain shadow on the lee side. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Fate and Toxicity of Metallic and Metal‐Containing Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Li Yu‐Feng , Chen Chunying 
Published: September 2011

AbstractIt is important to obtain a better understanding of the uptake, trafficking, pharmacokinetics, clearance, and role of nanomaterials in biological systems, so that their possible undesirable effects can be avoided. A number of metallic or metal‐containing nanomaterials, such as gold nanoparticles and nanorods, quantum dots, iron oxides nanoparticles, and endohedral metallofullerenes, have already been or will soon become very promising for biomedical applications. This review presents a summary of currently available data on the fate and toxicity of these metallic or metal‐containing nanoparticles based on animal studies. Several issues regarding the nanotoxicity assessment and future directions on the study of the fate of these nanoparticles are also proposed.
Labour Ideologies and Women in the Northern Netherlands, c.1500–1800
Authors: Schmidt Ariadne 
Published: September 2011

SummaryThe ideology of domesticity that identified women with a domestic role became more articulated in north-western Europe throughout the early modern period. At the same time, perceptions of work changed and a new appraisal of labour emerged. These seemingly contradictory tendencies prompt the question how women fitted in with the ideology of work. This article discusses common notions of the economic role of women as they emerged from the debates on women, gender relations, and work; how these notions were translated into practical advice in conduct literature; and with what norms women were confronted in everyday life. It appears that work was valued positively for both women and men. Women's involvement in remunerated work was not considered problematic. There was a dividing line, however, and that was drawn between work within the home, which was deemed women's work, and work outside the home, which was deemed men's work. In practice, a differentiation was made between social groups; women who lacked income from capital were supposed to earn their living from work.
A regional disability tribunal for Asia and the Pacific: changing the conversation to a ‘conversation’?
Authors: Carney Terry 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article reviews approaches to the needs of disabled people in Asia and the Pacific, the only part of the world currently lacking regional human rights machinery. The article examines some of the social policy choices involved in prioritising different possible approaches to meeting the needs of disabled people in the region, with a focus on a proposed regional disability rights tribunal (DR-TAP). It is argued that this is not the top priority for immediate action; rather it is contended that capacity building and culturally appropriate attitudinal and other change strategies should instead be pursued over the medium-term horizon.
Noninvasive and localized neuronal delivery using short ultrasonic pulses and microbubbles
Authors: Choi James J. , Selert Kirsten , Vlachos Fotios , Wong Anna , Konofagou Elisa E. 
Published: September 2011

Focused ultrasound activation of systemically administered microbubbles is a noninvasive and localized drug delivery method that can increase vascular permeability to large molecular agents. Yet the range of acoustic parameters responsible for drug delivery remains unknown, and, thus, enhancing the delivery characteristics without compromising safety has proven to be difficult. We propose a new basis for ultrasonic pulse design in drug delivery through the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that uses principles of probability of occurrence and spatial distribution of cavitation in contrast to the conventionally applied magnitude of cavitation. The efficacy of using extremely short (2.3 μs) pulses was evaluated in 27 distinct acoustic parameter sets at low peak-rarefactional pressures (0.51 MPa or lower). The left hippocampus and lateral thalamus were noninvasively sonicated after administration of Definity microbubbles. Disruption of the BBB was confirmed by delivery of fluorescently tagged 3-, 10-, or 70-kDa dextrans. Under some conditions, dextrans were distributed homogeneously throughout the targeted region and accumulated at specific hippocampal landmarks and neuronal cells and axons. No histological damage was observed at the most effective parameter set. Our results have broadened the design space of parameters toward a wider safety window that may also increase vascular permeability. The study also uncovered a set of parameters that enhances the dose and distribution of molecular delivery, overcoming standard trade-offs in avoiding associated damage. Given the short pulses used similar to diagnostic ultrasound, new critical parameters were also elucidated to clearly separate therapeutic ultrasound from disruption-free diagnostic ultrasound.
On Shaky Ground: Concerning the Absence or Weakness of Political Parties In Iran
Authors: Azimi Fakhreddin 
Published: September 2011

Why have large scale and durable political parties, representing broad socio-economic interests and seriously concerned with assuming political power through democratic constitutional means, not emerged in Iran? And why have even State-sponsored parties failed? These important questions have received virtually no serious scholarly attention. What follows is a preliminary attempt to address them by considering the configuration of those groups or collectivities normally identified as political parties, exploring their inadequacies, and highlighting the main factors which have accounted for the failure of party politics in twentieth-century Iran.The Early YearsWith the introduction of constitutional arrangements in Iran in 1906, the newly established National Consultative Assembly (Majlis) became the major arena for public debate among constitutionalists on how best to identify, consolidate, build upon and institutionalize the new political achievements. The difficulties of reconciling political order and constitutional accountability provoked pronounced differences of opinion and discord.
Three Little‐Known Persian Sources of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Rota Giorgio 
Published: September 2011

Historiography … in its prejudices and its assumptions, in its omissions no less than in its contents … is the reflection of the inconstant human situation, and even where it is least informative it supplies us with data which no explicit statement could convincingly express, and which, perhaps, are as valuable to the understanding of the past as the dates and the deeds. Every such work, therefore, however inadequate and inaccurate it may be in detail, is itself a historical fact of singular importance, and is best understood when considered with its fellows in their mutual complementary relationship throughout a total situation rather than being merely confronted with them on the particulars.J. R. Walsh's Comments on the nature of historiography may appear strikingly simple and obvious, yet they provided the stimulus for this paper, which compares three minor Safavid historical works and aims to show that every document can: a) supply some historical information; and b) provide us with information about the author and the intention of the work.