bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery of Potato Rot Nematode, Ditylenchus destructor, Infesting Garlic in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Yu Q. , Zaida M. A. , Hughes B. , Celetti M. 
Published: January 2012

Potato rot nematode, Ditylenchus destructor Thorne, 1945, is a serious nematode pest in a number of root and tube crops, primarily in potatoes, and is an internationally quarantined pest (2). In garlic, it was only reported in Japan (3). In 2011, a survey was conducted for the stem and bulb nematode, Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev in Ontario, Canada. PCR analysis revealed that a population of Ditylenchus from one garlic (Allium sativum) bulb sample in a 0.81-ha field (2-acre) in the Ottawa area had a significantly longer ITS1 (approximately 100 bp) than that of D. dipsaci. Subsequent morphology and DNA sequencing concluded that the population was Ditylenchus destructor, a quarantine species in Canada. Twenty females and twenty males were fixed and permanently mounted for morphological studies. The main diagnostic characters matched the description of D. destructor by Thorne (4). The female stylets had strong knobs, 11.1 ± 0.9 (10 to 12) μm long, lateral fields with six distinct lines in the middle section of the body, excretory pore 4.7 ± 1.3 (3 to 6) μm posterior to the hemizonid, esophageal base bulb overlaps dorsally with the intestine, post-vulval uterine sac extends up to two-thirds of the vulva-anus distance, and tail terminus finely rounded. A total of 20 nematode individuals were used for the molecular studies. They had 5-bp differences with the ITS1 (GenBank Accession No. EF208210; 650 bp) sequence of an isolate from Sihong County, China. The sequence of the partial 18S gene (GenBank Accession No. AY593912; 864 bp) was identical to the sequence of an isolate of D. destructor in the Netherlands. The detection of stem and bulb nematode was also confirmed from the field. Infested garlic plants were stunted and the basal bulbs became dark and somewhat rotten. Prior to this finding in Canada, D. destructor was only reported in a few isolated locations in the province of Prince Edward Island (PEI) in 1946 (1). The nematodes in PEI were effectively controlled. Another suspected case in British Columbia was not confirmed since the infested field had been known to be infested with D. dipsaci. To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. destructor on the mainland of Canada. The infested field has been subjected to strict quarantine measures to prevent the spread of the pest. Reference: (1) A. D. Baker et al. Sci. Agric. 26:138, 1946. (2) EPPO. No. 123. Data Sheets on Quarantined Organisms. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bull. 8, 1978. (3) T. Fujimura et al. Jpn. J. Nematol. 8:22, 1989. (4) G. Thorne. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Wash. 12:27, 1945.
FGIDs in Children Are Associated With Many Nonpsychiatric Comorbidities
Authors: Chelimsky Gisela , Safder Shaista , Chelimsky Thomas 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTFunctional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are common. The poor health‐related quality of life in FGIDs is a combination of gastrointestinal symptoms and comorbid conditions. We determined by using the Ohio Dysautonomia questionnaire the medical comorbidities in 38 children with FGID. Almost all of the subjects had a comorbid disorder, with orthostatic symptoms in 89%, fainted >3×/lifetime in 17%, headaches with migrainous features in 40%, other types of chronic pain in 50%, and fatigue lasting >6 months in approximately 33%. These findings constitute a critical first step in changing the paradigm of our approach to FGID as a broader systemic disorder, not one limited to the gastrointestinal tract.
Chemical Quenching of Singlet Oxygen by Carotenoids in Plants
Authors: Ramel Fanny , Birtic Simona , Cuiné Stéphan , Triantaphylidès Christian , Ravanat Jean-Luc , Havaux Michel 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
Carotenoids are considered to be the first line of defense of plants against singlet oxygen (1O2) toxicity because of their capacity to quench 1O2 as well as triplet chlorophylls through a physical mechanism involving transfer of excitation energy followed by thermal deactivation. Here, we show that leaf carotenoids are also able to quench 1O2 by a chemical mechanism involving their oxidation. In vitro oxidation of β-carotene, lutein, and zeaxanthin by 1O2 generated various aldehydes and endoperoxides. A search for those molecules in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves revealed the presence of 1O2-specific endoperoxides in low-light-grown plants, indicating chronic oxidation of carotenoids by 1O2. β-Carotene endoperoxide, but not xanthophyll endoperoxide, rapidly accumulated during high-light stress, and this accumulation was correlated with the extent of photosystem (PS) II photoinhibition and the expression of various 1O2 marker genes. The selective accumulation of β-carotene endoperoxide points at the PSII reaction centers, rather than the PSII chlorophyll antennae, as a major site of 1O2 accumulation in plants under high-light stress. β-Carotene endoperoxide was found to have a relatively fast turnover, decaying in the dark with a half time of about 6 h. This carotenoid metabolite provides an early index of 1O2 production in leaves, the occurrence of which precedes the accumulation of fatty acid oxidation products.
Localized Iron Supply Triggers Lateral Root Elongation inArabidopsisby Altering the AUX1-Mediated Auxin Distribution
Authors: Giehl Ricardo F.H. , Lima Joni E. , von Wirén Nicolaus 
Published: January 2012

AbstractRoot system architecture depends on nutrient availability, which shapes primary and lateral root development in a nutrient-specific manner. To better understand how nutrient signals are integrated into root developmental programs, we investigated the morphological response of Arabidopsis thaliana roots to iron (Fe). Relative to a homogeneous supply, localized Fe supply in horizontally separated agar plates doubled lateral root length without having a differential effect on lateral root number. In the Fe uptake-defective mutant iron-regulated transporter1 (irt1), lateral root development was severely repressed, but a requirement for IRT1 could be circumvented by Fe application to shoots, indicating that symplastic Fe triggered the local elongation of lateral roots. The Fe-stimulated emergence of lateral root primordia and root cell elongation depended on the rootward auxin stream and was accompanied by a higher activity of the auxin reporter DR5-β-glucuronidase in lateral root apices. A crucial role of the auxin transporter AUXIN RESISTANT1 (AUX1) in Fe-triggered lateral root elongation was indicated by Fe-responsive AUX1 promoter activities in lateral root apices and by the failure of the aux1-T mutant to elongate lateral roots into Fe-enriched agar patches. We conclude that a local symplastic Fe gradient in lateral roots upregulates AUX1 to accumulate auxin in lateral root apices as a prerequisite for lateral root elongation.
Multi‐level analysis of alcohol‐related injury and drinking pattern: emergency department data from 19 countries*†
Authors: Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Ye Yu , Bond Jason , Borges Guilherme , Chou Patricia , Nilsen Per , Ruan June , Xiang Xiaojun 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAim  While drinking in the event is an important factor in injury occurrence, the pattern of usual drinking may also be important in risk of injury. Explored here is the relationship of an alcohol‐related injury with an individual usual drinking pattern.Design  Alcohol‐related injury is examined using hierarchical linear models, taking into account individual usual volume of consumption over the past 12 months, as well as aggregate‐level detrimental drinking pattern (DDP) and alcohol policy measures.Setting  Data analyzed are from emergency departments (EDs) in 19 countries, comprising three collaborative studies on alcohol and injury, all of which used a similar methodology.Participants  The sample comprised 14 132 injured drinkers across 46 emergency room (ER) studies.Measurements  Alcohol‐related injury was measured, separately, by any self‐reported drinking prior to injury, a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) ≥ 0.08 and self‐reported causal attribution of injury to drinking.Findings  While individual usual volume strongly predicted an alcohol‐related injury for all three measures, usual drinking pattern also predicted an alcohol‐related injury (controlling for volume), with episodic heavy and frequent heavy drinking both more predictive of alcohol‐related injury than other drinking patterns. When individual usual volume and drinking pattern were controlled, DDP was no longer a significant predictor of alcohol‐related injury. Alcohol policy measures were predictive of both BAC and causal attribution (the stronger the policy the lower the rates of alcohol‐related injury).Conclusions  Volume of alcohol typically consumed and occurrence of heavy drinking episodes are associated independently with incidence of alcohol‐related injury. The stronger the anti‐alcohol policies in a country, the lower the rates of alcohol‐related injury.
Prescribing of nicotine replacement therapy to cardiovascular disease patients in England
Authors: Langley Tessa E. , Szatkowski Lisa , McNeill Ann , Coleman Tim , Lewis Sarah 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAims  In November 2005 the indications for nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) were broadened in the United Kingdom, making all forms available to patients with stable cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to estimate the effects of this change on prescribing of NRT to CVD patients in England.Design  Segmented regression analysis of time series of monthly rates of prescribing of NRT.Setting  A total of 350 general practices in England included in The Health Improvement Network (THIN), a database of UK electronic primary care records.Participants  All adult patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) or stroke registered with a THIN practice in England.Measurements  The number of patients per 100 000 with CHD and stroke that received a prescription for NRT each month between January 2002 and June 2009.Findings  Approximately 1500 per 100 000 smokers with CVD were prescribed NRT per month. Prescribing of NRT to CHD and stroke patients increased until the end of 2005 and subsequently decreased, with no immediate change following the Medicines and Healthcare Regulatory Authority (MHRA) licensing change.Conclusions  Broadening the marketing licence in the United Kingdom for nicotine replacement therapy to allow it to be prescribed to patients with CVD did not increase prescribing rates for this group of patients.
Potency of microbial inocula from bovine faeces and rumen fluid for in vitro digestion of different tropical forage substrates
Authors: Hughes M. , Mlambo V. , Lallo C. H. O. , Jennings P. G. A. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn vitro ruminal fermentation techniques rely on the availability of fistulated ruminants for rumen fluid (RF), a major constraint for resource‐poor institutions. An alternative would be to use faecal microbes. This study was therefore designed to compare the potency of fresh bovine faeces against RF as sources of microbial inocula for fermenting six contrasting tropical forages using the Tilley and Terry (Journal of British Grassland Society, 18, 104–111) technique. Faecal inocula were prepared at concentrations of 250 g (Faec250), 300 g (Faec300), 350 g (Faec350), 400 g (Faec400) and 450 g (Faec450) fresh cow faeces per litre bicarbonate buffer. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) increased with increasing concentration of faeces at 12‐, 24‐ and 48‐h incubation intervals. All faecal inocula except Faec450 had lower potency when compared with RF at all incubation intervals. Digestibility of forage substrates with Faec450 (533 ± 23 g kg−1 DM IVOMD) was comparable to RF (566 ± 5 g kg−1 DM IVOMD) after 48‐h incubation. Faec450 showed greater potency on more fibrous and low‐protein substrates than RF. The coefficient of determination of the regression models for predicting 12‐, 24‐ and 48‐h RF IVOMD from Faec450 were 0·914, 0·75 and 0·756 respectively. It was concluded that inocula prepared from 450 g cow faeces demonstrated great potential as a substitute and predictor for RF in 48‐h IVOMD assays of tropical forages.
Assessing the potential for nutrient leaching from beneath grazed leguminous swards at four European sites
Authors: Sulas L. , Piluzza G. , Rochon J.J. , Goby J.P. , Greef J.M. , Sölter U. , Headon D. , Scholefield D. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis study reports the leaching of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) from beneath grazed leguminous swards established at two Mediterranean and two north‐western European sites. The purpose of the experiment was to provide scientific evidence on whether moderately extensive systems of animal production based on legumes could be environmentally sustainable, to comply with the Water Framework Directive. There were differences in the legume species and the grazing animal between sites, reflecting differences in local management and climatic conditions. There were also differences in the methods used to assess nutrient leaching, again reflecting soil and hydrological conditions present. There were no general differences between the quantities of nutrient leached at Mediterranean and north European sites over the 3 year experiment and these quantities, up to 6 kg ha−1 year−1 for nitrate‐N, were similar to those reported from earlier studies of leaching beneath grass‐white clover swards at temperate sites. Temporal variability in leached nutrient concentrations and amounts was greater at the Mediterranean sites. There were no discernible differences in the effects of sward treatment on leaching. The proportion of N leached in organic combination or as ammonium was greater than with N‐fertilized grass systems. The quantities of P leached were relatively high, ranging from 0·1 to 3 kg ha−1 year−1 for soluble reactive P, reflecting the practice of high levels of fertilizer application to these systems. Reduction of P transfer to water from these systems will be critical for future compliance with the Water Framework Directive.
Selective spinal anesthesia for outpatient transurethral prostatectomy (TURP): randomized controlled comparison of chloroprocaine with lidocaine
Authors: VAGHADIA H. , NEILSON G. , LENNOX P. H. 
Published: January 2012

BackgroundThis is a study comparing two short‐acting local anesthetics lidocaine and 2‐chloroprocaine in combination with fentanyl, to provide selective spinal anesthesia for outpatient transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).MethodsIn this prospective, randomized double‐blind study, selective spinal anesthesia was performed in 40 American Society of Anesthesiologists I‐III outpatients undergoing TURP using either 40 mg of chloroprocaine mixed with 12.5 μg of fentanyl (n = 20) or 35 mg of lidocaine mixed with 12.5 μg of fentanyl (n = 20). The primary outcome was duration of spinal block. Secondary outcomes were time to reach T10 (onset), time to maximal level, duration above T10 and lidocaine 3, maximal level of block, and adverse effects.ResultsThe median (minimum, maximum) onset time was 4 (1, 16) and 3 (2, 10) min for chloroprocaine and lidocaine, respectively. Time to maximal level was 20 (17, 29) and 22 (16, 26) min for chloroprocaine and lidocaine, respectively. Mean maximal level was T7‐T8 for both agents. Duration of block above T10 was 54 (28, 88) and 63 (31, 87) min for chloroprocaine and lidocaine, respectively. Duration of block above lidocaine 3 was 93 (56, 218) and 98 (58, 151) min for chloroprocaine and lidocaine, respectively. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with respect to these clinical end points. Four patients in the lidocaine group developed transient neurological symptoms. One patient in the chloroprocaine group developed a cauda equina‐like syndrome but recovered fully after several weeks.ConclusionsSelective spinal anesthesia with chloroprocaine and lidocaine for TURP yielded comparable results for clinical characteristics. Further research on transient neurological symptom and cauda equina risk with chloroprocaine is warranted.
Quantitative genetics of behavioural reaction norms: genetic correlations between personality and behavioural plasticity vary across stickleback populations
Authors: DINGEMANSE N. J. , BARBER I. , WRIGHT J. , BROMMER J. E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBehavioural ecologists have proposed various evolutionary mechanisms as to why different personality types coexist. Our ability to understand the evolutionary trajectories of personality traits requires insights from the quantitative genetics of behavioural reaction norms. We assayed > 1000 pedigreed stickleback for initial exploration behaviour of a novel environment, and subsequent changes in exploration over a few hours, representing their capacity to adjust their behaviour to changes in perceived novelty and risk. We found heritable variation in both the average level of exploration and behavioural plasticity, and population differences in the sign of the genetic correlation between these two reaction norm components. The phenotypic correlation was not a good indicator of the genetic correlation, implying that quantitative genetics are necessary to appropriately evaluate evolutionary hypotheses in cases such as these. Our findings therefore have important implications for future studies concerning the evolution of personality and plasticity.
Repeated Recent Aggressive Encounters Do Not Affect Behavioral Consistency in Male Siamese Fighting Fish
Authors: Dzieweczynski Teresa L. , Sullivan Kalyn R. , Forrette Lindsay M. , Hebert Olivia L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractConsistent individual differences in behavior suggest that individuals respond in a predictable and repeatable manner in a specific situation while differing from other individuals. Male Siamese fighting fish exhibit consistent individual differences in decision‐making strategies when they encounter a receptive female and a rival male simultaneously. However, whether these differences are altered by recent experience is unknown. We examined the influence of repeated aggressive encounters on behavioral consistency and decision‐making. Males were presented with paired female–male dummies prior to any aggressive experiences to obtain a baseline measure. Next, males either won or lost three consecutive contests against rivals and then received the paired female–male dummies after each of these encounters. Overall levels of highly aggressive behaviors were affected by contest outcome, while levels of female‐directed were not. Not surprisingly, winning a fight led to an increase in male‐directed bites, an overtly aggressive behavior that only occurs after fights have escalated. Fighting a male before encountering the dummies caused males to perform more tail beats to the dummy male, perhaps as a result of increased motivation. Males exhibited similar levels of repeatability and used the same strategies when faced with conflicting stimuli regardless of fighting experience. Thus, while winning or losing a fight impacts overall aggression, it does not influence behavioral consistency. This study demonstrates that consistent individual differences and decision‐making strategies may be resistant to recent aggressive experiences, even over a period of days.
Conservative management of pelvi‐ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO): is it appropriate and if so what duration of follow‐up is needed?
Authors: Malki Manar , Linton Kate D. , Mackinnon Rory , Hall James 
Published: January 2012

Study Type – Therapy (case series)Level of Evidence 4What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?Although most pelvi‐ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) is probably congenital in aetiology, it often presents later in life. PUJO can be diagnosed during investigation of urological symptoms, or imaging for other reasons. It is thought that in the absence of infectious complications that PUJO in adults is a benign condition. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of data in this field, and in patients who have no indication for intervention; it is unclear how long they should be followed up. We also do not know how often renography should be performed during their follow‐up.The present study suggests discharging patients with minimally symptomatic and or asymptomatic PUJO at 2 years from diagnosis if they do not have symptomatic or renographic deterioration. Large multicentre prospective studies would be contributory to help elucidate further how we should be treating minimally symptomatic PUJO.OBJECTIVE
To establish whether it is safe to manage minimally symptomatic and asymptomatic pelvi‐ureteric junction obstruction (PUJO) conservatively.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
In all, 50 patients with PUJO diagnosed with dynamic renography, and monitored with at least two renograms.
RESULTS
In all, 19 patients were totally asymptomatic, while 31 patients had minimal symptoms at time of diagnosis.
The mean follow‐up was 53 months.
During the course of follow‐up 10 of the 50 patients deteriorated.
All patients who had asymptomatic renographic deterioration, deteriorated within 2 years of diagnosis.
Eight of the 10 patients that deteriorated needed pyeloplasty and two nephrectomy.
CONCLUSIONS
Conservative management of patients with minimally symptomatic and asymptomatic PUJO is safe.
Discharging patients could be considered at 2 years from diagnosis, if they remain renographically stable and asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic.