bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyethyl chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid‐co‐sodium acrylate) superabsorbent polymers
Authors: Yu Chen , Yun‐Fei Liu , Hui‐Min Tan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA novel hydroxyethyl chitosan‐g‐poly(acrylic acid‐co‐Sodium Acrylate) (HECTS‐g‐(PAA‐co‐PSA)) superabsorbent polymer was prepared through graft copolymerization of acrylic acid and sodium acrylate onto the chain of hydroxyethyl chitosan. The structure of the polymer was characterized by FTIR. By studying the water absorption of the polymer synthesized under different conditions, the optimal conditions for synthesizing the polymer with the highest swelling ratio was defined. This superabsorbent polymer was further treated by the solvent precipitation method and by the freeze‐drying method. We found that the water absorption rate of the treated polymer was greatly increased and the microstructure of the treated polymer was changed from small pores to loose macro pores. The swelling processes of the polymers before and after modification fit first‐order dynamic processes. The amount of the residual acrylic acid was greatly decreased after treatments. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Sorption of methane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water in Matrimid 5218
Authors: Scholes Colin A. , Tao Wen Xian , Stevens Geoff W. , Kentish Sandra E. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe sorption of the light gases CH4, N2, CO2 as well as water into polymer films prepared from a commercial sample of 3,3′‐4, 4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic‐dianhydride diaminophenylindane (Matrimid 5218) are measured. The light gas isotherms follow standard dual‐sorption behavior for polymeric films with the Henry's Law coefficient correlated to the Lennard‐Jones well depth parameter. Water sorption behavior was similar to rubbery polymers, that of significant adsorption into the polymeric matrix and was modeled by Henry's law exclusively. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of diazonaphthoquinone groups on photosensitive coating
Authors: Zhou Haihua , Zou Yingquan , Song Yanlin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDiazonaphthoquinone (DNQ)‐novolak photosensitive materials are important in lithography. DNQ groups play an important role in the photosensitive coating. However, there are no reports on the relationship between content of DNQ groups and properties of the coating. The properties include alkali resistance, isopropanol resistance, and abrasion resistance, the key factors in lithography. The experimental results show proper content of DNQ groups can ensure higher sensitivity, finer resolution, and better abrasion resistance in lithography. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of low‐dielectric photosensitive polyimide/silica hybrid materials
Authors: Srisuwan Suttisak , Thongyai Supakanok , Praserthdam Piyasan 
Published: April 2010

AbstractPhotosensitive polyimide/silica hybrid materials were synthesized by reaction between 4,4′‐hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and 4,4′‐oxydianiline. The intrachain chemical bonding and the interchain hydrogen bonding between the polyimide and silica moieties were increased by the incorporation of 2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl acrylate and 3‐aminopropyl trimetho xysilane, respectively. The photoinitiator was bis(2,4,6‐trimethyl benzoyl) phenylphosphine oxide (Irgacure‐819). The various coupling agents were utilized included tetrakis (allyloxy) silane (TAL). Most silica hybrid films showed better volume shrinkage and temperature resistance. The cooperation of octavinyl POSS, as the coupling agent, can lower dielectric constant (k) down to 2.48 but with the poorer volume shrinkage and temperature resistance than the other silica hybrid films. The addition of tetramethyl orthosilicate and 3‐methacryloxy propyltrimethoxysilane with silica content of 5.6 wt % can reduce k down to 2.26 but with worse volume shrinkage than the incorporation with TAL. The TAL hybrid film with degree of polymerization of 25 showed the best properties that optimized photolithography, dielectric constant (k = 3.81), volume shrinkage, and temperature resistance (Td5% = 378°C) with only 0.22 wt % silica content. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Former distribution and decline of the burbot (Lota lota) in the UK
Authors: Worthington T. , Kemp P. , Osborne P. E. , Howes C. , Easton K. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Species reintroductions are an increasingly fashionable tool among conservation practitioners for restoring locally and nationally extinct populations. For a reintroduction programme to be successful, an understanding of the causes of the decline of a species is required. This, however, proves challenging when baseline data on the distribution and abundance of the species are limited.
This paper uses evidence from historical literature to map the former distribution of the burbot (Lota lota) within UK rivers before its extinction in the early 1970s. A scoring system was developed to model anecdotal descriptions of burbot abundance from the collected literature.
The former distribution was divided into four geographical areas based loosely on catchment boundaries. The literature identifies 42 rivers in eastern England in which the burbot was likely to have existed. The status of the species in the Thames catchment is still unclear as information from written sources is contradicted by evidence from the archaeological record.
The findings indicate that the year of source data was a significant predictor of burbot abundance across the former population as a whole and for three of the four geographical areas (the Trent catchment, the Fenland rivers and the Yorkshire rivers). The timing of the burbot's decline showed differences between the geographical regions, with the Trent catchment exhibiting an earlier decline than the Fenland and Yorkshire areas. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Induces Invasion and Migration of Ovarian Cancer Cells by Decreasing the Expression of E‐cadherin, β‐catenin, and Caveolin‐1
Authors: Hu Jun , Shao Shujuan , Song Yang , Zhao Jinyao , Dong Yan , Gong Linlin , Yang Peiman 
Published: April 2010

AbstractDistant metastases are unusual occurrences at presentation and during the progression of epithelial ovarian cancer. There are no good clinical predictors of this phenomenon. In this study, we examined the role of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in cell metastasis in ovarian cancer HO8910 cells. We found that HGF has functions in biological processes essential to metastasis, including morphological remodeling, invasion and migration (P = 0.000, P = 0.001). Western blotting showed that in HGF treated group, the expression of E‐cadherin, β‐catenin, and caveolin‐1 was decreased as compared with the control group (P = 0.000, P = 0.002, P = 0.000). Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that the population of E‐cadherin, β‐catenin, and caveolin‐1 at the cell membrane was downregulated. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed the decreased expression of E‐cadherin, β‐catenin, and caveolin‐1 at the mRNA level. Our data indicated that HGF leads to downregulation of E‐cadherin, β‐catenin, and caveolin‐1, disassembly of cell–cell contacts, and invasion and migration enhancement in human ovarian cancer cells. Anat Rec 293:1125–1133, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Onset of Apoptosis in the Cystic Duct During Metamorphosis of a Japanese Lamprey, Lethenteron reissneri
Authors: Morii Mayako , Mezaki Yoshihiro , Yamaguchi Noriko , Yoshikawa Kiwamu , Miura Mitsutaka , Imai Katsuyuki , Yoshino Hiroaki , Hebiguchi Taku , Hebiguchi Tatsuzo , Senoo Haruki 
Published: April 2010

AbstractA nonparasitic lamprey in Japan, Lethenteron reissneri, stops feeding prior to the commencement of metamorphosis. Resumption of feeding cannot take place due to major alterations in the digestive system, including loss of the gall bladder (GB) and biliary tree in the liver. This degeneration of bile ducts is considered to depend on programmed cell death or apoptosis, but molecular evidence of apoptosis remains lacking. Using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick‐end labeling (TUNEL) staining and immunohistochemistry with an antibody against active caspase‐3, we showed that epithelial cells of the cystic duct (CD) and GB became TUNEL‐positive by the early metamorphosing stage. Immunohistochemical staining of active caspase‐3, a key mediator in the apoptotic cascade, showed that the apoptotic signal was initiated in the region around the CD in the late larval phase. In later stages, active caspase‐3‐positive epithelial cells were also observed in the large intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) and peripheral small IHBDs. At the early metamorphosing stage, bile canaliculi between hepatocytes were dilated and displayed features resembling canaliculi in cholestasis. Onset of apoptosis around the CD, which is the pathway for the storage of bile juice, and progression of apoptosis towards the large IHBD, which is the pathway for the secretion of bile juice, may lead to temporary intrahepatic cholestasis. The present study represents the first precise spatial and temporal analysis of apoptosis in epithelial cells of the biliary tract system during metamorphosis of any lamprey species. Anat Rec 293:1155–1166, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ablation of Systemic Phosphate‐Regulating Gene Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (Fgf23) Compromises the Dentoalveolar Complex
Authors: Chu E.Y. , Fong H. , Blethen F.A. , Tompkins K.A. , Foster B.L. , Yeh K.D. , Nagatomo K.J. , Matsa‐dunn D. , Sitara D. , Lanske B. , Rutherford R.B. , Somerman M.J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractFibroblast growth factor‐23 (FGF23) is a hormone that modulates circulating phosphate (Pi) levels by controlling Pi reabsorption from the kidneys. When FGF23 levels are deficient, as in tumoral calcinosis patients, hyperphosphatemia ensues. We show here in a murine model that Fgf23 ablation disrupted morphology and protein expression within the dentoalveolar complex. Ectopic matrix formation in pulp chambers, odontoblast layer disruption, narrowing of periodontal ligament space, and alteration of cementum structure were observed in histological and electron microscopy sections. Because serum Pi levels are dramatically elevated in Fgf23−/−, we assayed for apoptosis and expression of members from the small integrin‐binding ligand, N‐linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) family, both of which are sensitive to elevated Pi
in vitro. Unlike X‐linked hypophosphatemic (Hyp) and wild‐type (WT) specimens, numerous apoptotic osteocytes and osteoblasts were detected in Fgf23−/− specimens. Further, in comparison to Hyp and WT samples, decreased bone sialoprotein and elevated dentin matrix protein‐1 protein levels were observed in cementum of Fgf23−/− mice. Additional dentin‐associated proteins, such as dentin sialoprotein and dentin phosphoprotein, exhibited altered localization in both Fgf23−/− and Hyp samples. Based on these results, we propose that FGF23 and (Pi) homeostasis play a significant role in maintenance of the dentoalveolar complex. Anat Rec 293:1214–1226, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological and Ultrastructural Characterization of Developing Miniature Pig Salivary Glands
Authors: Zhou Jian , Wang Hao , Yang Guan , Wang Xuejiu , Sun Yilin , Song Tieli , Zhang Chunmei , Wang Songlin 
Published: April 2010

AbstractSalivary glands are a classic model of organ development and differentiation. Miniature pigs are considered as a unique animal model for salivary gland researchers in the fields of gene transfer, radiation damage, and functional reconstruction. However, there is little information about the development of miniature pig salivary glands. The present article was designed to study the developmental stages of salivary glands in miniature pigs using histological and ultrastructural methods. Sections from E40, E60, E80, E95 embryos, and P0 pups were stained with hematoxylin–eosin, Alcian blue, or periodic acid‐schiff. Selected specimens were also processed for electron microscopy. The development of the miniature pig salivary glands can be divided into five different stages that refer to the stages of the developing mouse submandibular gland. The histological characteristics of the miniature pig salivary glands at different developmental stages were synchronously verified at the ultrastructural level. Interestingly, the development of the miniature pig parotid gland trailed that of the submandibular gland by ∼15 days. Our study provides first‐hand data regarding the morphological organogenesis of salivary glands in the miniature pig and provides a foundation for further research on this model. Anat Rec 293:1227–1239, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Anatomy of the Gastrointestinal Tract of the African Lungfish, Protopterus annectens
Authors: Icardo José M. , Wong Wai P. , Colvee Elvira , Loong Ai M. , Ip Yuen K. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe gastrointestinal tract of the African lungfish Protopterus annectens is a composite, which includes the gut, the spleen, and the pancreas. The gut is formed by a short oesophagus, a longitudinal stomach, a pyloric valve, a spiraling intestine, and a cloaca. Coiling of the intestine begins dorsally below the pylorus, winding down to form six complete turns before ending into the cloaca. A reticular tissue of undisclosed nature accompanies the winding of the intestinal mucosa. The spleen is located along the right side of the stomach, overlapping the cranial end of the pancreas. The pancreas occupies the shallow area, which indicates on the gut dorsal side the beginning of the intestine coiling. In addition, up to 25 lymphatic‐like nodes accompany the inner border of the spiral valve. The mesenteric artery forms a long axis for the intestine. All the components of the gastrointestinal tract are attached to each other by connective sheaths, and are wrapped by connective tissue, and by the serosa externally. We believe that several previous observations have been misinterpreted and that the anatomy of the lungfish gut is more similar among all the three lungfish genera than previously thought. Curiously, the gross anatomical organization is not modified during aestivation. We hypothesize that the absence of function is accompanied by structural modifications of the epithelium, and are currently investigating this possibility. Anat Rec 293:1146–1154, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ontogenetic Scaling of Caudal Fin Shape inSqualus acanthias(Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii): A Geometric Morphometric Analysis With Implications for Caudal Fin Functional Morphology
Authors: Reiss Katie L. , Bonnan Matthew F. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe shark heterocercal caudal fin and its contribution to locomotion are of interest to biologists and paleontologists. Current hydrodynamic data show that the stiff dorsal lobe leads the ventral lobe, both lobes of the tail are synchronized during propulsion, and tail shape reflects its overall locomotor function. Given the difficulties surrounding the analysis of shark caudal finsin vivo, little is known about changes in tail shape related to ontogeny and sex in sharks. A quantifiable analysis of caudal fin shape may provide an acceptable proxy for inferring gross functional morphology where direct testing is difficult or impossible. We examined ontogenetic and sex‐related shape changes in the caudal fins of 115Squalus acanthiasmuseum specimens, to test the hypothesis that significant shape changes in the caudal fin shape occur with increasing size and between the sexes. Using linear and geometric morphometrics, we examined caudal shape changes within the context of current hydrodynamic models. We found no statistically significant linear or shape difference between sexes, and near‐isometric scaling trends for caudal dimensions. These results suggest that lift and thrust increase linearly with size and caudal span. Thin‐plate splines results showed a significant allometric shape change associated with size and caudal span: the dorsal lobe elongates and narrows, whereas the ventral lobe broadens and expands ventrally. Our data suggest a combination of caudal fin morphology with other body morphology aspects, would refine, and better elucidate the hydrodynamic factors (if any) that underlie the significant shape changes we report here forS. acanthias. Anat Rec 293:1184–1191, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscle Architecture in the Mystacial Pad of the Rat
Authors: Haidarliu Sebastian , Simony Erez , Golomb David , Ahissar Ehud 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe vibrissal system of the rat is an example of active tactile sensing, and has recently been used as a prototype in construction of touch‐oriented robots. Active vibrissal exploration and touch are enabled and controlled by musculature of the mystacial pad. So far, knowledge about motor control of the rat vibrissal system has been extracted from what is known about the vibrissal systems of other species, mainly mice and hamsters, since a detailed description of the musculature of the rat mystacial pad was lacking. In the present work, the musculature of the rat mystacial pad was revealed by slicing the mystacial pad in four different planes, staining of mystacial pad slices for cytochrome oxidase, and tracking spatial organization of mystacial pad muscles in consecutive slices. We found that the rat mystacial pad contains four superficial extrinsic muscles and five parts of the M. nasolabialis profundus. The connection scheme of the three parts of the M. nasolabialis profundus is described here for the first time. These muscles are inserted into the plate of the mystacial pad, and thus, their contraction causes whisker retraction. All the muscles of the rat mystacial pad contained three types of skeletal striated fibers (red, white, and intermediate). Although the entire rat mystacial pad usually functions as unity, our data revealed its structural segmentation into nasal and maxillary subdivisions. The mechanisms of whisking in the rat, and hypotheses concerning biomechanical interactions during whisking, are discussed with respect to the muscle architecture of the rat mystacial pad. Anat Rec 293:1192–1206, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Yongquan Acupoint Reduces CFA‐Induced Thermal Hyperalgesia of Rats via Down‐Regulation of ERK2 Phosphorylation and c‐Fos Expression
Authors: Yang Lin , Yang Lianxue , Gao Xiulai 
Published: April 2010

AbstractActivation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase‐1/2 (ERK1/2) and its involvement in regulating gene expression in spinal dorsal horn, cortical and subcortical neurons by peripheral noxious stimulation contribute to pain hypersensitivity. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is a treatment used in physiotherapy practice to promote analgesia in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. In this study, a total number of 114 rats were used for three experiments. Effects of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced inflammatory pain hypersensitivity and TENS analgesia on ERK1/2 phosphorylation and c‐Fos protein expression were examined by using behavioral test, Western blot, and immunostaining methods. We found that CFA injection caused an area of localized swelling, erythema, hypersensitivity to thermal stimuli, the decreased response time of hind paw licking (HPL), as well as upregulation of c‐Fos protein expression and ERK2 phosphorylation in the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn and the contralateral primary somatosensory area of cortex and the amygdala of rats. TENS on Yongquan acupoint for 20 min produced obvious analgesic effects as demonstrated with increased HPL to thermal stimuli of CFA‐treated rats. In addition, TENS application suppressed the CFA‐induced ERK2 activation and c‐Fos protein expression. These results suggest that down‐regulation of ERK2 phosphorylation and c‐Fos expression were involved in TENS inhibition on CFA‐induced thermal hyperalgesia of rats. Anat Rec 293:1207–1213, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhancement of P‐Glycoprotein Expression by Hepatocyte Transplantation in Carbon Tetrachloride‐Induced Rat Liver
Authors: Yu Ming , Zhang Weiguang , Qin Lihua , Tian Long , Zhou Changman 
Published: April 2010

AbstractThe multidrug resistance protein P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is physiologically expressed at the bile canalicular membrane of the liver, where it participates in the biliary excretion of various lipophilic drugs. Chronic exposure to carbon tetrachloride (CCI4) is known to induce hepatic fibrosis resulting in hepatotoxicity. This study focuses on the effects of CCI4 and hepatic transplantation (HT) on the P‐gp expressions in rat liver. Male SD rats were treated with CCI4 to induce liver damage for 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, respectively. Immunohistochemistry revealed that P‐gp was widely distributed in the liver and was spread from the cytoplasm to cell membrane of the rat liver. Western blot showed remarkable increase of P‐gp expression in 3 days CCI4‐treated rats, whereas, a continuous decrease in the P‐gp expression was seen in 7, 14, 21, and 28 days CCI4‐treated rats. After HT with cells from the normal rat liver, the level of P‐gp increased comparing with those from the sham operation. Blood biochemistry showed decreased levels of serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase and increased serum levels of triglyceride and total protein, which indicated the improved function of the liver damaged by CCI4. These results illustrate the variation of the expression of P‐gp in CCI4‐induced hepatic damage and an increase of P‐gp level after HT in the toxic liver induced by CCI4. We hypothesized that P‐gp may play a protective role in the process of liver injury. HT can be beneficial to ameliorate the rat liver functional damage induced by CCI4. Anat Rec 293:1167–1174, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental Profile of Claudin‐3, ‐5, and ‐16 Proteins in the Epithelium of Chick Intestine
Authors: Ozden Ozkan , Black Betty L. , Ashwell Christopher M. , Tipsmark Christian K. , Borski Russell J. , Grubb Brenda J. 
Published: April 2010

AbstractProteins in the claudin family are a main component of tight junctions and form a seal that modulates paracellular transport in intestinal epithelium. This research tests the hypothesis that claudins 3, 5, and 16 will appear in the epithelium of embryonic intestine during functional differentiation. Immunohistochemistry is utilized to explore the developmental patterns of claudin‐3, ‐5, and ‐16 proteins in the epithelium of embryonic chick intestine from 9 days prior to hatching through the early post‐hatch period. These claudin proteins either changed their cellular localization or first appeared around the time of hatching. After hatching, claudin‐3 expression was prominent in basal–lateral regions of the epithelium along the entire villus, but was absent from crypts. Claudin‐5 was expressed most strongly in the crypt and lower villus epithelium within junctional complexes, whereas immunostaining of claudin‐16 was localized within goblet cells of the upper villus region. The relative mRNA levels of claudin‐3, ‐5, and ‐16 showed similar patterns; transcript levels rose between 18 and 20 days of development, then dropped by 2 days post‐hatch. Results of this work indicate that the claudin proteins assume their final locations within the epithelium around the time of hatching, suggesting that in addition to their known barrier and fence functions within tight junctions, these claudins may have additional roles in the differentiation and/or physiological function of chick intestine. The localization of claudin‐16 to goblet cells and its distribution in the more mature cells of the upper villus region suggest an unexpected role in goblet cell maturation and mucus secretion. Anat Rec 293:1175–1183, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.