bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Persistence of IL‐2 expressing Th17 cells in healthy humans and experimental autoimmune uveitis
Authors: Yu Cheng‐Rong , Oh Hyun‐Mee , Golestaneh Nady , Amadi‐Obi Ahjoku , S. Lee Yun , Eseonu Amarachi , Mahdi Rashid M. , Egwuagu Charles E. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractCompared with other T‐helper subsets, Th17 cell numbers are very low in human blood but become elevated in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated mechanisms that may explain the frequent involvement of Th17 cells in autoimmune diseases such as uveitis. We compared Th17 and Th1 subsets and found that Th17 cells expressed lower IL‐2 levels during Ag‐priming and this correlated with their decreased susceptibility to activation‐induced cell death (AICD). However, complete depletion of IL‐2 with IL‐2 neutralizing antibodies rendered Th17 cells as susceptible to apoptosis as Th1 cells, suggesting that the low levels of IL‐2 produced by Th17 cells conferred survival advantages to this subset. We describe here a Th17 subtype that constitutively produces very low levels of IL‐2 (Th17‐DP). The Th17‐DP population increased dramatically in the blood and retina of mice during experimental autoimmune uveitis, indicating their potential involvement in the etiology of uveitis. We further show that the majority of the memory Th17 cells in human blood are Th17‐DP and are targets of daclizumab, an IL‐2R antibody used in treating recalcitrant uveitis. Thus, Th17 cells may persist in tissues and contribute to chronic inflammation by limiting IL‐2 production to levels that cannot provoke IL‐2‐induced AICD yet are sufficient to promote Th17 homeostatic expansion.
Hetero‐Diels–Alder (HDA) Strategy for the Preparation of 6‐Aryl‐ and Heteroaryl‐Substituted Piperidin‐2‐one Scaffolds: Experimental and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Long Sha , Monari Magda , Panunzio Mauro , Bandini Elisa , D'Aurizio Antonio , Venturini Alessandro 
Published: September 2011

AbstractPreparation of piperidine‐2‐one scaffolds by the hetero‐Diels–Alder (HAD) reaction, assisted by microwaves, is described. The versatility of this new approach has been demonstrated by the synthesis of racemic (±)‐2‐phenylpiperidine. Theoretical calculations have allowed us to clarify the factors that govern ring closure to form four‐membered rings, arising from a Staudinger‐type electrocyclization, and/or six‐membered rings through a classical [4+2] HAD cyclization. This competition may be lowered by increasing the electronic demand of the dienophile, as anticipated by the computational studies.
Advances in the enantioseparation of β‐blocker drugs by capillary electromigration techniques
Authors: Aturki Zeineb , D'Orazio Giovanni , Rocco Anna , Fanali Salvatore 
Published: September 2011

Abstractβ‐Blocker drugs or β‐adrenergic blocking agents are an important class of drugs, prescribed with great frequency. They are used for various diseases, particularly for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias, cardioprotection after myocardial infarction (heart attack), and hypertension. Almost all β‐blocker drugs possess one or more stereogenic centers; however; only some of them are administered as single enantiomers. Since both enantiomers can differ in their pharmacological and toxicological properties, enantioselective analytical methods are required not only for pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies but also for quality control of pharmaceutical preparations with the determination of enantiomeric purity. In addition to the chromatographic tools, in recent years, capillary electromigration techniques (CE, CEC, and MEKC) have been widely used for enantioselective purposes employing a variety of chiral selectors, e.g. CDs, polysaccharides, macrocyclic antibiotics, proteins, chiral ion‐paring agents, etc. The high separation efficiency, rapid analysi,s and low consumption of reagents of electromigration methods make them a very attractive alternative to the conventional chromatographic methods. In this review, the development and applications of electrodriven methods for the enantioseparation of β‐blocker drugs are reported. The papers concerning this topic, published from January 2000 until December 2010, are summarised here. Particular attention is given to the coupling of chiral CE and CEC methods to MS, as this detector provides high sensitivity and selectivity.
A horizontally curvilinear non‐hydrostatic model for simulating nonlinear wave motion in curved boundaries
Authors: Choi Doo Yong , Yuan Hengliang 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYA horizontally curvilinear non‐hydrostatic free surface model that embeds the second‐order projection method, the so‐called θ scheme, in fractional time stepping is developed to simulate nonlinear wave motion in curved boundaries. The model solves the unsteady, Navier–Stokes equations in a three‐dimensional curvilinear domain by incorporating the kinematic free surface boundary condition with a top‐layer boundary condition, which has been developed to improve the numerical accuracy and efficiency of the non‐hydrostatic model in the standard staggered grid layout. The second‐order Adams–Bashforth scheme with the third‐order spatial upwind method is implemented in discretizing advection terms. Numerical accuracy in terms of nonlinear phase speed and amplitude is verified against the nonlinear Stokes wave theory over varying wave steepness in a two‐dimensional numerical wave tank. The model is then applied to investigate the nonlinear wave characteristics in the presence of dispersion caused by reflection and diffraction in a semicircular channel. The model results agree quantitatively with superimposed analytical solutions. Finally, the model is applied to simulate nonlinear wave run‐ups caused by wave‐body interaction around a bottom‐mounted cylinder. The numerical results exhibit good agreement with experimental data and the second‐order diffraction theory. Overall, it is shown that the developed model, with only three vertical layers, is capable of accurately simulating nonlinear waves interacting within curved boundaries. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slip effects on heat and mass transfer in MHD micropolar fluid flow over an inclined plate with thermal radiation and chemical reaction
Authors: Das K. 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYThe influence of partial slip, thermal radiation, chemical reaction and temperature‐dependent fluid properties on heat and mass transfer in hydro‐magnetic micropolar fluid flow over an inclined permeable plate with constant heat flux and non‐uniform heat source/sink is studied. The transverse magnetic field is assumed as a function of the distance from the origin. Also it is assumed that the fluid viscosity and the thermal conductivity vary as an inverse function and linear function of temperature, respectively. With the use of the similarity transformation, the governing system of non‐linear partial differential equations are transformed into non‐linear ordinary differential equations and are solved numerically using symbolic software MATHEMATICA 7.0 (Wolfram Research, Champaign, IL). The numerical values obtained for the velocity, microrotation, temperature, species concentration, skin friction coefficient and the Nusselt number are presented through graphs and tables for several sets of values of the parameters. The effects of various physical parameters on the flow and heat transfer characteristics are discussed.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPOILT FOR CHOICE: IMPLICATIONS OF USING ALTERNATIVE METHODS OF COSTING HOSPITAL EPISODE STATISTICS
Authors: Geue Claudia , Lewsey James , Lorgelly Paula , Govan Lindsay , Hart Carole , Briggs Andrew 
Published: September 2011

SUMMARYIn the absence of a ‘gold standard’ to estimate the economic burden of disease, a decision about the most appropriate costing method is required. Researchers have employed various methods to cost hospital stays, including per diem or diagnosis‐related group (DRG)‐based costs. Alternative methods differ in data collection and costing methodology. Using data from Scotland as an illustrative example, costing methods are compared, highlighting the wider implications for other countries with a publicly financed healthcare system.Five methods are compared using longitudinal data including baseline survey data (Midspan) linked to acute hospital admissions. Cost variables are derived using two forms of DRG‐type costs, costs per diem, costs per episode—using a novel approach that distinguishes between variable and fixed costs and incorporates individual length of stay (LOS), and costs per episode using national average LOS. Cost estimates are generated using generalised linear model regression.Descriptive analysis shows substantial variation between costing methods. Differences found in regression analyses highlight the magnitude of variation in cost estimates for subgroups of the sample population.This paper emphasises that any inference made from econometric modelling of costs, where the marginal effect of explanatory variables is assessed, is substantially influenced by the costing method. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of the pharyngeal musculature during wakefulness and sleep: Implications in normal controls and sleep apnea
Authors: Edwards Bradley A. , White David P. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractRespiration involves the complex coordination of several pump and upper airway/pharyngeal muscles. From a respiratory perspective, the major function of the pharyngeal muscles is to keep the airway patent allowing for airflow in and out of the lung with minimal work by the respiratory pump muscles. The activity of each of the pharyngeal muscles varies depending on its function, but many reduce their activity during sleep. In healthy individuals, these muscles can respond to respiratory stimuli during sleep to prevent airway collapse. However, in individuals with an anatomically small airway, the muscles cannot always compensate for the increased mechanical load. Thus a vulnerable situation in which the airway is prone to collapse may occur with the development of obstructive sleep apnea. This article describes the current understanding regarding the control of the pharyngeal musculature during wakefulness and sleep, as well as the implications for obstructive sleep apnea. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Otolaryngology head and neck surgery: An integrative view of the larynx
Authors: McCulloch Timothy M. , Van Daele Douglas , Ciucci Michelle R. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe glottis is composed of muscular, cartilaginous, and other viscoelastic tissues which perform some of our most important, complex, coordinated, and life‐sustaining functions. Dominated by the thyroarytenoid muscles and associated glottic closure muscles, the larynx is involved in respiration, swallowing, voicing, coughing, valsalva, vomiting, laughing, and crying. With respiration continuing in the background, all other “secondary” laryngeal events seamlessly occur. When the delicate balance of coordinating these events is disrupted by disease or disorder, many of these tasks are compromised. Due to the complex innervation of these volitional and reflexive tasks with brainstem central pattern generators, primary sensorimotor areas and importantly, limbic areas, failure can occur due to disease, anatomic compromise, and even emotional state. Understanding the level of sensorimotor control and interaction among systems that share these laryngeal neuromuscular substrates will improve the diagnostic and therapeutic skill of the clinician when treating compromise of laryngeal function. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Central nervous system control of interactions between vocalization and respiration in mammals
Authors: Ludlow Christy L. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe purpose of this review is to examine what is known regarding the competition and synergy between respiratory and airway protective systems with vocalization for speech. It was demonstrated that there are integrative neural mechanisms between vocalization for speech and upper airway protective mechanisms at both the brainstem levels and within cerebral networks. When there is competition between cortical control of learned volitional tasks, usually the upper airway protective systems predominate (eg, the laryngeal adductor response overrides laryngeal muscle control for voice and respiratory tasks). On the other hand, volitional swallowing overrides the laryngeal adductor response. Possible mechanisms for enhanced control of upper airway systems and rehabilitation of abnormal other upper airway systems was also examined. Recently, intensive clinical training using volitional breathing and swallowing tasks has been shown to modulate hyper‐reactive sensory driven reflexes such as cough and paradoxical vocal fold movement disorder secondary to laryngeal hypersensitivity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
GLUT‐1 glucose transporters in the blood–brain barrier: Differential phosphorylation
Authors: Devraj Kavi , Klinger Marianne E. , Myers Roland L. , Mokashi Ashwini , Hawkins Richard A. , Simpson Ian A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractGlucose is the primary metabolic fuel for the mammalian brain, and a continuous supply is required to maintain normal CNS function. The transport of glucose across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) into the brain is mediated by the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT‐1. Prior studies (Simpson et al. [2001] J Biol Chem 276:12725–12729) had revealed that the conformations of the GLUT‐1 transporter were different in luminal (blood facing) and abluminal (brain facing) membranes of bovine cerebral endothelial cells, based on differential antibody recognition. This study has extended these observations and, by using a combination of 2D‐PAGE/Western blotting and immunogold electron microscopy, determined that these different conformations are exhibited in vivo and arise from differential phosphorylation of GLUT‐1 and not from alternative splicing or altered O‐ or N‐linked glycosylation. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development and validation of a chiral capillary electrophoresis method for assay and enantiomeric purity control of pramipexole
Authors: Deng Xiaolan , Hai Xin , Vervoort Ruud , Pamperin Dirk , Adams Erwin , Van Schepdael Ann 
Published: September 2011

AbstractA rapid method for the enantioseparation of pramipexole and its R‐enantiomer has been developed by capillary electrophoresis. The influence of chemical and instrumental parameters was investigated including the type and concentration of chiral selectors, buffer composition and pH, co‐ions, applied voltage, capillary length and temperature. Optimal separation conditions were obtained using a 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 2.8) containing 25 mM carboxymethyl‐β‐cyclodextrin on a fused‐silica capillary. Online UV detection was performed at 262 nm. A voltage of 25 kV was applied, and the capillary temperature was kept at 25°C. Hydrodynamic injection was performed at 3.45 kPa for 5.0 s. The separation of enantiomers was achieved in <6.5 min. The method was further validated in terms of stability of solutions, selectivity, linearity (both pramipexole and R‐enantiomer, R2>0.995), LOD and LOQ (0.91 and 2.94 μg/mL, respectively), repeatability (RSD<1.5%) and accuracy (pramipexole, 100.4%; R‐enantiomer, 100.5%). The proposed method was then applied to two kinds of pramipexole dihydrochloride monohydrate commercially available tablets, immediate release tablets (1.50 and 0.125 mg) and sustained release tablets (0.52 mg), to quantify the main component in the tablets. The amount of distomer could be quantified in bulk sample materials.
Bisfuran‐s‐Tetrazine‐Based Conjugated Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photovoltaic Properties
Authors: Li Zhao , Ding Jianfu 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBisfuran‐s‐tetrazine (FTz) and its copolymers with cyclopenta[2,1‐b:3,4‐b′]dithiophene (CPDT) and benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene (BDT) (PCPDTFTz and PBDTFTz) are prepared with the alternating s‐tetrazine and CPDT or BDT units bridged by a furan ring. Their optical and electrochemical properties are studied and compared with their thiophene analogs (PCPDTTTz‐out and PCPDTTTz‐in), in which the bridging unit is 4‐hexylthiophene or 3‐hexylthiophene, respectively. Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells fabricated from these polymers with PC71BM have a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.8%, which is much lower than that from the PCPDTTTz‐out analog (3.2%), due to the low steric hindrance of the furan polymers in the absence of alkyl substitution on the furan ring.
Lp‐uniqueness of Kolmogorov operators associated with 2D‐stochastic Navier‐Stokes‐Coriolis equations
Authors: Stannat Wilhelm 
Published: September 2011

AbstractWe prove that the Kolmogorov operator associated with stochastic Navier‐Stokes‐Coriolis equations on the 2D‐Torus is m‐dissipative in the space Lp(μ) for any p ∈ [1, ∞[, where μ is an infinitesimally invariant measure. The proof is based on exponential moment estimates on μ related to the enstrophy and pointwise gradient estimates on the transition semigroup induced by finite dimensional approximations.
Effect of phosphoric acid on the performance of low antimony grid of Pb‐acid cell under constant current charging and discharging
Authors: Abd El‐Rahman H.A. , Salih S.A. , Abd El‐Wahab A. M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractEffect of phosphoric acid on the performance of Pb‐1.7%Sb grid of lead‐acid cell is studied in 5 M H2SO4 by cyclic galvanostatic polarization and impedance spectroscopy. An increase in capacitance to a maximum is recorded during the initial stages of the electro‐reduction of PbO2 into Pb(II) compounds and attributed to concurrent compositional and dimensional changes. These changes include removal of O2 bubbles, insertion of large amounts of H2SO4 and H2O. Efficiency of PbO2 formation decreases, while its rate of self‐discharge increases with increasing the charging current and in the presence of H3PO4. The charge capacity increases with increasing the discharging current due to the decrease in the self‐discharge. The charge capacity is lower in the presence of H3PO4. On increasing the cycle number, the corrodibility of the grid increases, because more layers of the surface Pb are involved in the self‐discharge. H3PO4 significantly retards the effect of cycle number.
The effect of atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia on bladder function in the rat
Authors: Nomiya Masanori , Yamaguchi Osamu , Andersson Karl‐Erik , Sagawa Koji , Aikawa Ken , Shishido Keiichi , Yanagida Tomohiko , Kushida Nobuhiro , Yazaki Junji , Takahashi Norio 
Published: September 2011

AbstractAimsTo develop a rat model of atherosclerosis‐induced chronic bladder ischemia and investigate the effect of chronic bladder ischemia on voiding behavior and bladder function.MethodsAdult male rats were divided into three groups. The arterial injury (AI) group underwent endothelial injury of the iliac arteries and received a 2% cholesterol diet. The sham group underwent sham operation and received a 2% cholesterol diet. The control group received a regular diet. After 8 weeks, a metabolic cage study and cystometry were performed without anesthesia. Bladder blood flow was measured using a laser Doppler blood flowmeter. Histological examination of the iliac arteries and the bladder was performed. The bladder was also processed for immunohistochemical staining of oxidative stress markers.ResultsThe metabolic cage study showed that in the AI group, voiding frequency significantly increased while voided volume significantly decreased. Cystometry showed that the frequency of reflex bladder contractions was significantly higher in the AI group. Filling‐induced decrease in bladder blood flow was the greatest in the AI group. Histological study showed that in the AI group alone, atherosclerotic occlusion occurred in the iliac arteries as well as in the downstream bladder microvessels. Oxidative stress marker positive cells were more prevalent in the AI bladder than in the other bladders.ConclusionsCombined with a high‐cholesterol diet, endothelial injury of iliac arteries induced arterial occlusive disease in the downstream vessels and consequent bladder ischemia in rats. This model of chronic bladder ischemia showed detrusor overactivity manifested as an increase in voiding frequency. Neurourol. Urodynam. 31:195–200, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corpus callosum growth in normal and growth‐restricted fetuses
Authors: Goldstein Israel , Tamir Ada , Reece Albert E. , Weiner Zeev 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to characterize the normal ultrasonographic growth of the corpus callosum (CC) in normal and in growth‐restricted fetuses throughout gestation.MethodsThis was a prospective cross‐sectional study. Consecutive routine biometric measurements and fetal organ scans were obtained in patients undergoing elective fetal anatomical surveys or evaluation of the fetal growth between 16 to 33 weeks. Special attention was given to the CC of the fetal brain. In addition, we evaluated the growth of the CC in growth‐restricted fetuses throughout pregnancy.ResultsTwo hundred and fifty two normal fetuses were scanned between 16 and 36 weeks of gestation. A regression line of the CC was established through gestation and a second‐degree correlation was found between gestational age and CC outer margin. Twenty four growth‐restricted fetuses were also evaluated in which the growth of the CC was significantly below both the 25th and 50th percentiles in 77.3% and 95.5%, respectively, for the same gestational age.ConclusionsWe provide nomograms for the ultrasonographic dimensions of the fetal CC that allows for prenatal diagnosis of abnormal dimensions of CC. The significance of abnormal CC growth in growth‐restricted fetuses should be further evaluated. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomics analyses of microvesicles released byDrosophilaKc167 and S2 cells
Authors: Koppen Tim , Weckmann Andreas , Müller Stefan , Staubach Simon , Bloch Wilhelm , Dohmen R. Jürgen , Schwientek Tilo 
Published: September 2011

AbstractDistinct types of vesicles are formed in eukaryotic cells that conduct a variable set of functions depending on their origin. One subtype designated circulating microvesicles (MVs) provides a novel form of intercellular communication and recent work suggested the release and uptake of morphogens in vesicles byDrosophilacells. In this study, we have examined cells of the hemocyte‐like cell lines Kc167 and S2 and identified secreted vesicles in the culture supernatant. The vesicles were isolated and found to have characteristics comparable to exosomes and plasma membrane MVs released by mammalian cells. Inwingless‐transfected cells, the full‐length protein was detected in the vesicle isolates. Proteomics analyses of the vesicles identified 269 proteins that include various orthologs of marker proteins and proteins with putative functions in vesicle formation and release. Analogous to their mammalian counterparts, the subcellular origin of the vesicular constituents of both cell lines is dominated by membrane‐associated and cytosolic proteins with functions that are consistent with their localization in MVs. The analyses revealed a significant overlap of the Kc167 and S2 vesicle proteomes and confirmed a close correlation with non‐mammalian and mammalian exosomes.