bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of novel apigenin‐enriched, liposomal and non‐liposomal, antiinflammatory topical formulations as substitutes for corticosteroid therapy
Authors: Arsić Ivana , Tadić Vanja , Vlaović Djordje , Homšek Irena , Vesić Sonja , Isailović Gorana , Vuleta Gordana 
Published: July 2010

AbstractTwo oil‐in‐water formulations, containing equal amounts of apigenin‐enriched chamomile flower extracts, for potential use as topical antiinflammatory agents, were prepared and their physicochemical properties evaluated. A pilot clinical study was then carried out to assess patient acceptability and efficacy. The creams were either non‐liposomal or liposomal. The liposomal formulations were more viscous, thus producing superior release characteristics in vitro. The clinical study also showed that the liposomal creams were, as antiinflammatory agents, slightly more effective in vivo than the non‐liposomal formulations. These results suggest that there is scope for the further development of even more effective and safer alternatives to corticosteroids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of pu‐erh tea on body fat and lipid profiles in rats with diet‐induced obesity
Authors: Cao Zhen‐Hui , Gu Da‐Hai , Lin Qiu‐Ye , Xu Zhi‐Qiang , Huang Qi‐Chao , Rao Hua , Liu Er‐Wei , Jia Jun‐Jing , Ge Chang‐Rong 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe antiobesity and antihyperlipidaemic effects of pu‐erh tea in rats with high fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity were investigated. Male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups and fed varying diets for an 8‐week period: control diet, HFD, and HFD supplemented with low, moderate or high doses of pu‐erh tea extract (0.5 g, 2 g and 4 g/kg BW/day, respectively). Pu‐erh tea significantly reduced the total body weight and the weight of various adipose pads. Pu‐erh tea administration also significantly lowered plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride concentrations and low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels in rats with HFD‐induced obesity, but did not affect high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol levels. Moreover, pu‐erh tea significantly increased lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase and hormone‐sensitive lipase activities in epididymal fat tissue in rats with HFD‐induced obesity. Analysis of real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction results indicated that pu‐erh tea significantly enhanced mRNA levels of hormone‐sensitive lipase in rats with HFD‐induced obesity. These results suggest that pu‐erh tea attenuated visceral fat accumulation and improved hyperlipidemia in a rat model of HFD‐induced obesity. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A participatory modelling approach to support integrated sustainability assessment processes
Authors: Videira Nuno , Antunes Paula , Santos Rui , Lopes Rita 
Published: July 2010

AbstractSeveral authors have described the usefulness of participatory system dynamics approaches in environmental decision‐making processes, particularly in supporting problem scoping and policy analysis. This paper explores how these approaches may be expanded to provide a coherent, deliberative platform, which structures Integrated Sustainability Assessments (ISA) of policy proposals. The proposed ISA framework forms a five‐stage feedback and learning process including scoping, visioning, model building, simulation/assessment and monitoring. We discuss these elements considering a set of best practice principles for participation in environmental assessment and decision making. Subsequently, we lay out a roadmap for implementing and testing the framework. We conclude that participatory modelling has a strong potential for supporting ISA processes. It allows stakeholders to build alternative policies, to reflect on their long‐term dynamics, and to gain insights on the interrelationships underlying persistent sustainability problems. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying system dynamics to foster organizational change, accountability and performance in the public sector: A case‐based Italian perspective
Authors: Bianchi Carmine , Bivona Enzo , Cognata Antonio , Ferrara Pietro , Landi Tiziana , Ricci Paolo 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to discuss the role System Dynamics (SD) can play to enhance performance improvement in the public sector. It is remarked how SD can help decision makers to properly perceive the boundaries of the relevant system underlying observed phenomena. To this end, three real cases are analysed to show how SD can facilitate a better understanding of the relationships between the political and the organisational system in the public sector, and how to promptly attain efficiency and improve outcome, given the constraints that the institutional and political systems constitute. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adult Stem Cells Exhibit Global Suppression of RNA Polymerase II Serine-2 Phosphorylation
Authors: Freter Rasmus , Osawa Masatake , Nishikawa Shin-Ichi 
Published: July 2010

Abstract
Adult stem cells, which are characterized by their capacity for self-renewal and differentiation, participate in tissue homeostasis and response to injury. They are thought to enter a state of relative quiescence, known as reversible cell cycle arrest, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly characterized. Previous data from our laboratory has shown that housekeeping gene expression is downregulated in melanocyte stem cells (MelSCs), suggesting a global suppression of mRNA transcription. We now show, using antibodies against specific phosphorylated forms of RNA polymerase II (RNApII), that adult MelSCs do not undergo productive mRNA transcription elongation, while RNApII is activated and initialized, ready to synthesize mRNA upon stimulation, and that the RNApII kinase CDK9 is absent in adult MelSCs. Interestingly, other adult stem cells also, including keratinocyte, muscle, spermatogonia, and hematopoietic stem cells, showed a similar absence of RNApII phosphorylation. Although it is difficult to show the functional significance of this observation in vivo, CDK9 inhibition resulted in enhanced survival of cells that are deprived from survival factors. We conclude that the absence of productive mRNA transcription is an early, specific, and conserved characteristic of adult stem cells. Downregulation of mRNA transcription may lead to decreased rates of metabolism, and protection from cellular and genetic damage. Screening heterogeneous tissues, including tumors, for transcriptionally quiescent cells may result in the identification of cells with stem cell-like phenotypes.
Wind Energy literature survey no. 17
Authors: Henriksen L. C. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractAs a service to readers, Wind Energy regularly conducts literature surveys and publishes lists of relevant articles drawn from recent issues of a large number of periodicals including: Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, International Journal of Energy Research, Renewable Energy, Energy Sources, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, Electric Power Components and Systems along with a number of periodicals published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers etc. The list is limited exclusively to journals not specifically devoted to wind energy and its applications. To assist the reader, the list is separated into broad categories. Although many papers fit several categories, each paper is listed only once under the category thought most appropriate. Please note that the inclusion in the list is not an endorsement of a paper's quality. Compiled by Lars Christian Henriksen, Wind Energy Department, Risø National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy, Technical University of Denmark, PO 49, DK‐4000 Roskilde, Denmark. Please e‐mail any suggestions to larh@risoe.dtu.dk.
Effect of wall oscillation on dispersion in axi‐symmetric flows between two coaxial cylinders
Authors: Paul S. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractLongitudinal dispersion of solute released in an unsteady flow between two coaxial cylinders is studied by employing the method of moments. The flow unsteadiness is caused by the oscillation of the outer cylinder in its own plane around the inner. A finite difference implicit scheme is adopted to solve the Aris integral moment equations arising from the unsteady convective‐diffusion equation for all time period. The behaviour of dispersion coefficient due to periodic flow with the variation of radius ratio, absorption parameter and frequency parameter has been examined. Assuming that the distribution of concentration is initially uniform over the cross‐section of the annulus, it is shown that, like the case of oscillatory flow caused by periodic pressure gradient, dispersion coefficient can be diminished by increasing absorption at the boundary. The radius ratio of the annular tube is found to have variable effect on the dispersion coefficient depending on the position (inner or outer) of the oscillatory tube. The axial distributions of mean concentration are approximated using Hermite polynomial representation from the first four central moments for a range of different radius ratios, absorption parameters, and frequencies of the wall oscillation. It has been found that the peak of the concentration distribution increases with increase in frequency parameter and radius ratio but opposite trend follows for the absorption parameter.
On a micro‐macro transition for a poroelastic three‐component model
Authors: Albers B. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractIn this paper a macroscopic linear model is constructed which is intended to describe wave propagation processes in partially saturated soils under isothermal conditions. A porous medium consisting of a deformable skeleton and compressible pore fluids is investigated. The form of the partial stresses is an extension to the two‐component model of Biot. Additionally to the classical coupling between solid and fluid there appear coupling parameters between solid and gas and fluid and gas. Macroscopic material parameters have to be determined from their measurable microscopic counterparts either by a micro‐macro‐transition or using relations for the three‐component body by Santos, Douglas, and Corberó which are analogous to the Gassmann relations for saturated porous media. The transition is illustrated using the examples of oil‐water and air‐water‐mixtures in sandstone. Finally, a glance on the results of the application of the model to wave propagation is given.
The potential for increasing the concentrations of micro-nutrients relevant to human nutrition in meat, milk and eggs
Authors: ROOKE J. A. , FLOCKHART J. F. , SPARKS N. H. 
Published: July 2010

SUMMARYA possible outcome of policies designed to reduce obesity in the human population and to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions may be a decrease in human consumption of livestock products. However, livestock products currently make substantial contributions to intakes of specific micro-nutrients. Therefore, the present review examines the potential for increasing micro-nutrient concentrations of milk, muscle meats and eggs by nutritional and genetic means. Of the trace elements, copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations were largely resistant to manipulation by dietary means, but iodine (I) and selenium (Se) could be readily manipulated. Similarly, whileα-tocopherol concentrations were readily manipulated, responses to dietary supplementation with retinol, folate and cobalamin were lower and riboflavin was resistant to dietary manipulation. There were differences between products in the ease with which composition could be manipulated: egg concentrations were most responsive followed by milk and muscle meats. However, livestock products with increased micro-nutrients concentrations can supply a substantial proportion of the daily reference nutrient intake.
Brazilian Abolitionism, Its Historiography, and the Uses of Political History
Authors: NEEDELL JEFFREY D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractExplanations of the Abolitionist movement's success in Brazil (1888) have, since the 1960s and 1970s, emphasised the movement's material context, its class nature, and the agency of the captives. These analyses have misunderstood and gradually ignored the movement's formal political history. Even the central role of urban political mobilisation is generally neglected; when it is addressed, it is crippled by lack of informed analysis of its articulation with formal politics and political history. It is time to recover the relationship between Afro-Brazilian agency and the politics of the elite. In this article this is illustrated by analysing two conjunctures critical to the Abolitionist movement: the rise and fall of the reformist Dantas cabinet in 1884–85, and the relationship between the reactionary Cotegipe cabinet (1885–88), the radicalisation of the movement, and the desperate reformism that led to the Golden Law of 13 May 1888.
Democracy without Parties? Some Lessons from Peru
Authors: CRABTREE JOHN 
Published: July 2010

AbstractThirty years on from Peru's return to democracy in 1980, the country's record with democratisation has been chequered. Not only was the process of ‘consolidation’ reversed in the 1990s under the Fujimori government, but the degree to which durable linkages have been established between state and society is very limited. More than in most countries of Latin America, the party system has failed to fulfil the representative role allotted to it in the literature, a role that cannot easily be assumed by other sorts of institution. It is therefore an important case study for those concerned with the more structural obstacles to the development of representative politics. The article seeks to look at some key issues affecting party development: the chimera of consolidation, the persistence of clientelism and patrimonialism, the interaction with social movements and the significance of political culture.
‘Virtuous war’ and the emergence ofjus post bellum
Authors: BANTA BENJAMIN R. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractScholars from various subfields have recognised a dangerous novelty for ethical thought on war in the combination of a detached, or virtual, technical ability to wage war and the ethical imperatives of human rights norms – deemed ‘virtuous war’. This article begins by discussing the contention that the just war tradition acts as the enabling discourse for virtuous war, and the further contention that the wars being enabled are paradoxically unjust. After assessing the validity of the virtuous war claim it is argued that the just war tradition's core ethical commitment not only remains the most sound starting point for thinking about the morality of war, but is a commitment that those in the virtuous war literature suggesting alternate ethical doctrines on war implicitly reject. It is contended, though, that the addition of a third pillar to the just war structure of cause and means criteria – a justice after war orjus post bellum– has arisen due to the virtuous war reality, and is necessary in order for the just war tradition to remain committed to its core ethical principle in a 21st century marked by virtuous war. Lastly, I present a brief sketch ofjus post belluminformed by the article's key claims.
Targeting physical activity and nutrition interventions towards mothers with young children: a review on components that contribute to attendance and effectiveness
Authors: Hartman Marieke A , Hosper Karen , Stronks Karien 
Published: July 2010

AbstractObjectiveTo gain insight into intervention components targeted specifically to mothers of young children that may contribute to attendance and effectiveness on physical activity and healthy eating.DesignSystematic literature searches were performed using MEDLINE, Embase and cited references. Articles were included if they evaluated the effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention to promote physical activity and/or healthy eating in an experimental design among mothers with young children (age 0–5 years). Data were extracted on study characteristics, intervention components targeted towards mothers with young children, attendance and effectiveness. Extracted data were analysed in a descriptive manner.ResultsEleven articles describing twelve interventions met the inclusion criteria. Of the six studies that measured attendance, two reported high attendance. Embedding the intervention within routine visits to child health clinics seems to increase attendance. Three studies found significant effects on physical activity and three on healthy eating. Effective interventions directed at physical activity included components such as counselling on mother-specific barriers or community involvement in intervention development and implementation. One of the three interventions that effectively increased healthy eating had components targeted at mothers (i.e. used targeted motivational appeals).ConclusionsThe number of experimental intervention studies for promoting physical activity and healthy eating among new mothers is limited. However, useful first recommendations can be set for targeting interventions towards mothers, in particular for promoting attendance and physical activity. More insight is required about the need for targeting health promotion programmes at new mothers, especially of those directed at nutritional behaviour.
Quantification of Sample Thickness and In-Concentration of InGaAs Quantum Wells by Transmission Measurements in a Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Volkenandt T. , Müller E. , Hu D.Z. , Schaadt D.M. , Gerthsen D. 
Published: July 2010

AbstractHigh-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images of electron-transparent samples show dominant atomic number (Z-) contrast with a high lateral resolution. HAADF STEM at low electron energies <30 keV is applied in this work for quantitative composition analyses of InGaAs quantum wells. To determine the local composition, normalized experimental image intensities are compared with results of Monte Carlo simulations. For verification of the technique, InGaAs/GaAs quantum-well structures with known In concentration are used. Transmission electron microscopy samples with known thickness are prepared by the focused-ion-beam technique. The method can be extended to other material systems and is particularly promising for the analysis of materials that are sensitive toward knock-on damage.
Artifacts at the centre of routines: performing the material turn in routines theory
Authors: D'ADDERIO LUCIANA 
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Existing theories of organizational routines have generally had simplistic and extreme views of artifacts as fully deterministic or largely inconsequential. Artifacts have been treated as either too solid to be avoided, or too flexible to have an effect. This paper endeavours to improve our understanding of the influence of artifacts on routines dynamics by proposing a novel and deeper conceptualization of their mutual relationship. In drawing from recent advances in Routines and STS/Performativity Theory, the paper contributes to advancing our understanding of routines dynamics by bringing artifacts and materiality from the periphery to the very centre of routines and Routines Theory.
Prevalence of salivary Streptococcus mutans in mothers and in their preschool children
Authors: Thorild I. , Lindau‐jonson B. , Twetman S. 
Published: July 2010

Summary. Objectives. To establish the prevalence and possible relationship of oral Streptococcusmutans colonization in mother–child pairs.Design and setting. An analytical cross‐sectional study was carried out at a well‐baby evaluation clinic held at the Public Dental Clinic, Varberg, Sweden.Sample and methods. Two hundred preschool children, 100 of which were 18 months old and the remaining 100 were 3 years old, and their mothers attended the clinic. All mothers were interviewed and their children’s medical history, oral hygiene routines and dietary habits established. All children were clinically examined. The presence and level of S. mutans was estimated in the mother–child pairs with the aid of the Strip mutans chair‐side test.Results. Nearly 50% of mothers exhibited high levels of salivary S. mutans, prevalence among the 18‐month‐ and 3‐year‐olds was 30% and 42%, respectively. A statistically significant (P < 0·01) mother–child relationship was found; a greater presence in mothers led to a higher number of children found harbouring the bacteria. Logistic regression analysis found that high maternal S. mutans levels (P < 0·001), daily sweet intake (P < 0·01) and sugary drinks in feeding bottles (P < 0·05) were significant factors for S. mutans colonization in children. Absence of daily toothbrushing and use of feeding bottles at night failed to fit into the model. Caries prevalence (initial and manifest decayed surfaces) was significantly related to S. mutans colonization (P < 0·01).Conclusion. The results support the concept of vertical transmission (mother–child), emphasizing the importance of the dietary component, and justifying a primary preventive approach with targeted action directed at mothers with high levels of S. mutans colonization.
New aspects of amino acid neurotransmitter synthesis in cultured neurons
Authors: Sonnewald U. , Waagepetersen H. , Qu H. , Schousboe A. 
Published: July 2010

The synthesis and degradation of GABA, glutamate and aspartate, has been studied extensively, both in vivo and in vitro. Cell culture studies have shown that metabolism of these amino acids is compartmentalized (Qu et al. 2000; Waagepetersen et al. 1998). By magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) analysis of 13C incorporation into different positions in cerebral metabolites, information has been obtained giving strong support to the concept of intracellular heterogeneity in different brain cell cultures. It has been suggested that compartmentalisation of metabolism also exists at the mitochondrial level (Sonnewald et al. 1998). It was shown that metabolism and uptake of glutamate in cerebellar granule neurons was differentially affected by thiopental (Qu et al. 2000). TCA cycle activity in cortical neurons has been shown to be associated with multiple compartments as well (Waagepetersen et al. 1998). Cycling ratios calculated from MRS data obtained from cell extracts, showed a significant effect of depolarization on the ratio of glutamate but not on that of GABA. An observation that indicates multiple TCA cycles as well, in this case with regard to synthesis of glutamate and GABA. A growing amount of evidence seems to point strongly towards intracellular compartmentalisation of neurotransmitter amino acid metabolism in individual cells.References Qu H. et al. (2000) Neurochem. Int. 37, 207–215.Waagepetersen H. et al. (1998) JCBFM18, 109–117.Sonnewald U. et al. (1998) JCBFM18, 231–237.