bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of human colonic butyrate‐producing bacteria revealed by analysis of the butyryl‐CoA:acetate CoA‐transferase gene
Authors: Louis Petra , Young Pauline , Holtrop Grietje , Flint Harry J. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryButyrate‐producing bacteria play an important role in the human colon, supplying energy to the gut epithelium and regulating host cell responses. In order to explore the diversity and culturability of this functional group, we designed degenerate primers to amplify butyryl‐CoA:acetate CoA‐transferase sequences from faecal samples provided by 10 healthy volunteers. Eighty‐eight per cent of amplified sequences showed > 98% DNA sequence identity to CoA‐transferases from cultured butyrate‐producing bacteria, and these fell into 12 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The four most prevalent OTUs corresponded toEubacterium rectale,Roseburia faecis,Eubacterium halliiand an unnamed cultured species SS2/1. The remaining 12% of sequences, however, belonged to 20 OTUs that are assumed to come from uncultured butyrate‐producing strains. Samples taken after ingestion of inulin showed significant (P = 0.019) increases inFaecalibacterium prausnitzii. Because several of the dominant butyrate producers differ in their DNA % G+C content, analysis of thermal melt curves obtained for PCR amplicons of the butyryl‐CoA:acetate CoA‐transferase gene provides a convenient and rapid qualitative assessment of the major butyrate producing groups present in a given sample. This type of analysis therefore provides an excellent source of information on functionally important groups within the colonic microbial community.
It Takes Two to Fight in School, Too: A Social Relations Model of the Psychometric Properties and Relative Variance of Dyadic Aggression and Victimization in Middle School
Authors: Card Noel A. , Hodges Ernest V. E. 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAggressive behavior has been well studied in terms of interindividual differences among aggressors and victims, but has been understudied, especially within naturalistic contexts, in terms of aggressor–victim relationships. The social relations model (SRM) is a powerful conceptual and analytic tool for studying dyadic phenomena, and we describe the use of multivariate SRM to study aggression. Boys and girls (N = 210) in middle schools (sixth and seventh grades) completed a newly created dyadic aggression and victimization inventory (DAVI). Results support the reliability and validity of the DAVI in assessing inter‐individual and inter‐dyadic differences in aggression and victimization. Occurrences of aggression were accounted for primarily by inter‐dyadic variability, indicating the importance of considering aggressor–victim relationships. We discuss the implications of this relationship focus for future research and intervention efforts.
Cycles of Innovation in Managing Academic Workloads
Authors: Barrett Lucinda , Barrett Peter 
Published: October 2009

AbstractComplexity and demands within higher education are seen to be rising and one response to this has been a movement towards the adoption of more formal approaches to workload management. The objectives of these systems revolve around improving equity in allocations and achieving a more efficient and transparent use of resources. This article draws from the work of a partnership of 12 diverse universities to illustrate, through case studies, a school‐driven and a centrally led development for managing workloads. This activity is then explored through the concept of convergent and divergent activity occurring progressively at different organisational levels, and around ideas about the dynamic relationship between continuity and change that this will involve. We suggest that although the initial focus of activity may seem important, ultimately viable systems involve a negotiated balance between central and local requirements.
A longitudinal study of depressiveness in children in public care
Authors: Bulat Linda Rajhvajn 
Published: October 2009

Rajhvajn Bulat L. A longitudinal study of depressiveness in children in public careInt J Soc Welfare 2010: 19: 412–423 © 2009 The Author, Journal compilation © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and the International Journal of Social Welfare.The aim of this article is to analyse the challenges involved when making longitudinal observations of depressiveness in children raised in public care. The first measurement comprised 375 children from children's homes and foster families; however, most of the results are based on an analysis of the 139 children who participated in both parts of the research. We used the Child Depression Inventory and the anxiety/depression subscales of Youth Self Report and Child Behaviour Checklist as measures of depressiveness. The comparison of results from the first and second measurements showed that depressiveness in children in public care decreased over time. Children who grew up in children homes were, in the first measurement, more depressed than those living in foster families, but after five years that difference had disappeared. Furthermore, decrease in depressiveness is predominantly associated with less frequent delinquent, aggressive or hyperactive behaviour, less withdrawal and better control over uncomfortable emotions.
Partnerships for Demolition: The Governance of Urban Renewal in East Germany's Shrinking Cities
Authors: BERNT MATTHIAS 
Published: October 2009

AbstractRecent discussions of urban governance have emphasized a trend towards the ‘entrepreneurialization’ of local politics. This model has been intensively discussed and well documented. However, although this concept has been well tested in economically prosperous locations, less attention has been paid to the situation in marginalized regions characterized by a weak economy and a declining population. Taking eastern Germany as an example of a socio‐economic context marked by deindustrialization and population decline, the article discusses three main aspects of local governance arrangements under such conditions. First ‘coping with decline’ has become a more important issue in local politics than ‘entrepreneurial’ growth‐strategies. Second, successful public–private coalition‐building is severely complicated. Third, local politics are more dependent on resources from the national government than on private investment, lending greater significance to the national level and resulting in ‘grant coalitions’ rather than ‘growth coalitions’. The article focuses on these different experiences and discusses their implications for the analysis of urban governance.Résumé De récentes discussions sur la gouvernance urbaine ont mis en évidence une tendance ‘entrepreneuriale’ de la politique locale. Ce modèle a été largement analysé et documenté. Toutefois, même si ce concept a été mis à l'épreuve sur des sites d'économie prospère, on s'est moins intéresséà la situation dans des régions marginalisées caractérisées par une économie faible et une population en déclin. Prenant l'Allemagne de l'Est comme exemple de contexte socio‐économique marqué par la désindustrialisation et le déclin démographique, l'article y examine trois grands aspects des dispositifs de gouvernance locale. Premièrement, ‘gérer le déclin’ est devenu une priorité de la politique locale plus prégnante que les stratégies de croissance ‘entrepreneuriales’. Deuxièmement, les coalitions public‐privé performantes sont extrêmement difficiles à constituer. Troisièmement, la politique locale dépend davantage des ressources gouvernementales nationales que de l'investissement privé, ce qui confère une prédominance au niveau national et génère des ‘coalitions de subventionnement’ au lieu de ‘coalitions de croissance’. En s'intéressant à ces différentes expériences, l'article examine leurs implications dans l'analyse de la gouvernance urbaine.
The Contribution of Regional Networks to Innovation and Challenges for Regional Policy
Authors: GELLYNCK XAVIER , VERMEIRE BERT 
Published: October 2009

AbstractIn this article regional networking is defined as the set of interactions between companies and a diversity of regional partners by which the company acquires vital external resources. Previous research illustrates the positive effect of regional networking on innovation in the agribusiness sector. Furthermore, the embedded nature of networks and external resources opens opportunities for regional policymakers to enhance innovation and hence regional economic performance. Building further upon this vast literature and by interviewing food companies in a Belgian subregion, this article explores two research questions: first, the contribution of regional networking to different innovation types; second, whether, as regional policymakers aim at reinforcing these regional networks, differences in attitude towards public network support exist between the innovation classes. The discussion relates our findings to contemporary insights into the learning economy. We advocate a more targeted approach towards particular subgroups with respect to their behaviour in networking and their innovation capacity. In particular, the group of ‘followers’ is identified as a target group requiring appropriate support.Résumé Cet article présente les réseaux régionaux comme un ensemble d'interactions entre des sociétés et tout un éventail de partenaires régionaux à travers lesquels l'entreprise acquiert des ressources externes essentielles. Des recherches antérieures ont montré l'incidence positive des réseaux régionaux sur l'innovation dans l'agro‐industrie. En outre, réseaux et ressources externes étant par nature imbriqués, ils offrent aux décideurs d'actions régionales la possibilité de stimuler l'innovation, donc les performances de l'économie régionale. À partir de ces publications et d'entretiens dans des sociétés agroalimentaires d'une région belge, cette étude s'intéresse à deux aspects: d'une part, comment les réseaux régionaux contribuent aux divers types d'innovation; d'autre part, s'il existe, entre les catégories d'innovation, des différences d'attitude à l'égard du soutien public aux réseaux, les décideurs d'actions régionales cherchant à consolider ces derniers. L'article relie les résultats de l'étude aux perspectives contemporaines sur l'économie apprenante. Il préconise une approche plus ciblée vers certains sous‐groupes en fonction de leur comportement dans les réseaux et de leur capacité d'innovation. Il identifie notamment le groupe des ‘suiveurs’ comme cible nécessitant des mesures d'aide appropriées.
Photoepilation with variable pulsed light in non‐facial body areas: evaluation of efficacy and safety
Authors: Holzer G , Nahavandi H , Neumann R , Knobler R 
Published: October 2009

AbstractBackground  Variable Pulsed Light (VPL™) is a new intensity pulse light (IPL) system. We evaluated VPL for safety and long‐term efficacy in non‐facial hair removal.Study design/material and methods  The Variable Pulsed Light [VPL™ System (Energist Limited, UK), 610–950 nm] system was used for the removal of unwanted non‐facial dark pigmented body hair in 42 volunteers (40 females, two males, age: 18–43 years, mean: 30.4 ± 7.4 years) with Fitzpatrick skin phototype (SPT) II (33.3%), III (38.1%) and IV (28.6%), and brown (43.8%) or black (56.2%) fine (19.0%), medium (47.6%) or coarse (9.4%) body hair. Minimum follow‐up period was 12 months (mean: 13.14 ± 2.38). Treatment parameters were as follows: number × duration of micropulses: 15 × 5–15 × 7 ms, pulse delay: 1–8 ms, fluence: 30–45 J/cm2.Results  Very good (≥76% hair reduction) and good treatment efficacies (hair reduction: 51–75%) were observed in the majority of treated patients (n = 18; 42.9%; n = 14; 33.3% respectively), four patients (9.5%) had only moderate (hair reduction: 26–50%) and six (14.3%) patients had no (hair reduction ≤25%) treatment response. Side‐effects (reversible erythema, leukotrichia) were sparse. More favourable long‐term therapy outcomes were observed for higher SPT (III and IV), medium or coarse black hair and younger patients.Conclusion  The VPL™ System is a relatively efficient and safe treatment for long‐term hair removal. Higher SPT (III and IV) with black and medium to coarse hair, and younger age of the patients appear to be factors of significant importance predicting long‐term efficacy.
Treatment of nail psoriasis with adalimumab: an open label unblinded study
Authors: Rigopoulos D , Gregoriou S , Lazaridou E , Belyayeva E , Apalla Z , Makris M , Katsambas A , Ioannides D 
Published: October 2009

SummaryBackground  Despite numerous advances in the therapeutic management of cutaneous psoriasis, there is a lack of standardized therapeutic regimens for psoriatic nail disease.Objective  An open, non‐randomized, unblinded study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of adalimumab in the treatment of nail psoriasis.Patients/methods  Seven patients suffering from severe plaque‐type psoriasis and 14 with psoriatic arthritis and cutaneous psoriasis with concomitant nail involvement were enrolled into the study. The applied dose regimen of adalimumab was the same as the one recommended for cutaneous psoriasis. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and at weeks 12 and 24 using the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI). Patients also filled in a Greek translation of the international onychomycosis‐specific questionnaire to assess the impact of the nail improvement on their quality of life.Results  All 21 patients completed the study and were eligible for statistical analysis. Significant improvement was recorded after the eighth injection. Mean NAPSI (NAPSIm) at baseline was 10.57 ± 1.21 for the fingernails and 14.57 ± 2.50 for the toenails in patients with just cutaneous psoriasis and 23.86 ± 2.00 for the fingernails and 29.29 ± 2.87 for the toenails in patients with psoriatic arthritis. NAPSIm at week 12 was 5.57 ± 0.78 for the fingernails and 9.57 ± 2.17 for the toenails in patients with just cutaneous psoriasis and 12.86 ± 1.05 for the fingernails and 19.21 ± 2.07 for the toenails in patients with psoriatic arthritis. NAPSIm after 24 weeks of treatment was 1.57 ± 0.20 for the fingernails and 4.14 ± 1.58 for the toenails in patients with cutaneous psoriasis and 3.23 ± 0.32 for the figernails and 10.00 ± 1.40 for the toenails in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Treatment was well tolerated with minimal and temporary side‐effects limited to the site of injection. All patients were satisfied, while marked improvement in their quality of life was recorded based on the reduction of the scores obtained from the international quality of life questionnaire.Conclusions  Despite the lack of a control group, our results demonstrate a beneficial effect of adalimumab on psoriatic nail disease.
The Psychological Impact of Violence on Staff Working with Adults with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Howard Ruth , Rose John , Levenson Victor 
Published: October 2009

Background  Staff in intellectual disability services can experience high levels of violence, which may lead to burnout. Staff burnout may result in poorer quality services. Previous research has suggested that factors such as fear of violence, self‐efficacy and staff support moderate the impact of violence on burnout.Aims  The research explores the relationship between levels of violence, with fear of violence, self‐efficacy, staff support and burnout.Method  A survey exploring levels of violence, fear of violence, burnout, self‐efficacy and staff support was completed by 44 care staff in a medium‐secure setting with a high incidence of violence, and 38 care staff in community settings with a low incidence of violence.Results  Medium‐secure staff reported significantly lower fear of violence and higher self‐efficacy compared with community staff. Increased burnout significantly correlated with increased perceived exposure to physical violence and reduced staff support. Self‐efficacy demonstrated a significant moderator relationship with levels of violence and burnout. Higher threats of violence significantly correlated with lower fear of violence.Conclusion  Services which are organized to manage violence may be better placed to support staff experiencing violence. Fear of violence may decrease with exposure to violence, perhaps due to increased self‐efficacy. Training and support for staff may increase self‐efficacy, thus reducing burnout. Longitudinal research is needed to increase understanding of the relationship between violence and burnout.
Self‐Harm Among People with Intellectual Disabilities Living in Secure Service Provision: A Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Brown Jessica , Beail Nigel 
Published: October 2009

Background  Research into self‐harm among people with intellectual disabilities has focused predominantly on high frequency internally maladaptive behaviour among people whose disability is severe or profound. Research into different forms of self‐harm, such as cutting or burning the skin, found in those with mild intellectual disabilities; especially those living in secure accommodation, has largely been neglected, although there has been recognition of its impact on individuals and staff working in this field. This study aimed to address this issue through exploration of the experiences and understanding of self‐harm among people with intellectual disabilities living in secure accommodation. A second aim was to explore experiences of interventions associated with this behaviour.Method and Results  Semi‐structured interviews were carried out with nine people who self harm, have intellectual disabilities and had been placed in secure accommodation. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis yielded three master themes. The first related to the interpersonal context of self‐harm and included sub themes relating to past experiences of abuse and loss, and current issues of control and protection. The second master theme related to the emotional experience of self‐harm, which varied throughout the process of self‐harm and was characterized by anger, frustration, hopelessness, relief, guilt and regret. The third master theme related to the management of self‐harm. Participants had experience of helpful individual and collaborative strategies, as well as interventions that were experienced as controlling, unhelpful or ridiculing.Conclusion  Emerging themes are considered in relation to the wider‐self‐harm literature and current psychotherapeutic models. A number of limitations to the study are noted and the use of this methodology with people with intellectual disabilities was discussed.
Action and reaction of host and pathogen during Fusarium head blight disease
Authors: Walter Stephanie , Nicholson Paul , Doohan Fiona M. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryTheFusarium species Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum, which are responsible for Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease, reduce world‐wide cereal crop yield and, as a consequence of their mycotoxin production in cereal grain, impact on both human and animal health. Their study is greatly promoted by the availability of the genomic sequence of F. graminearum and transcriptomic resources for both F. graminearum and its cereal hosts. Functional genomic, proteomic and metabolomic studies, in combination with targeted mutagenesis or transgenic studies, are unravelling the complex mechanisms involved in Fusarium infection, penetration and colonization of host tissues, and host avoidance thereof. This review illuminates and integrates emerging knowledge regarding the molecular crosstalk between Fusarium and its small‐grain cereal hosts. An understanding of the complexity of the host–pathogen interactions will be instrumental in designing new efficient strategies for the control of FHB disease.
Memory impairment in children with language impairment
Authors: BAIRD GILLIAN , DWORZYNSKI KATHARINA , SLONIMS VICKY , SIMONOFF EMILY 
Published: October 2009

Aim  The aim of this study was to assess whether any memory impairment co‐occuring with language impairment is global, affecting both verbal and visual domains, or domain specific.Method  Visual and verbal memory, learning, and processing speed were assessed in children aged 6 years to 16 years 11 months (mean 9y 9m, SD 2y 6mo) with current, resolved, and no language impairment using the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML), a standardized memory and learning test for children, and the Children’s Test of Non‐Word Repetition (CNRep), a test of phonological short‐term memory. Fifty‐one children (38 males, 13 females) with current speech and language impairment from 49 families were compared with 13 siblings (11 males, 2 females) with a past history of language impairment and 26 (15 males, 11 females) who had never had language impairment.Results  Children with current language impairment showed impairment in all verbal memory measures compared with children who had never had language impairment, and these impairments were still evident in children with a past history of learning impairment. Visual memory and learning were not impaired compared with children who had never had language impairment. The severity of verbal memory impairment correlated with the degree of language impairment.Interpretation  We concluded that in language impairment there is domain specificity of memory impairment affecting verbal processing.
Hand function in relation to brain lesions and corticomotor‐projection pattern in children with unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: HOLMSTRÖM LINDA , VOLLMER BRIGITTE , TEDROFF KRISTINA , ISLAM MOMINUL , PERSSON JONAS KE , KITS ANNIKA , FORSSBERG HANS , ELIASSON ANN‐CHRISTIN 
Published: October 2009

Aim  To investigate relationships between hand function, brain lesions, and corticomotor projections in children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP).Method  The study included 17 children (nine males, eight females; mean age 11.4 [SD 2.4] range 7–16y), with unilateral CP at Gross Motor Function Classification System level I and Manual Ability Classification System level I or II. Hand function was assessed with the Box and Blocks test and Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA). Conventional structural magnetic resonance images were assessed visually for type, location, and extent of brain lesions. Single‐pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) provided information on organization of corticomotor projections.Results  The most favourable hand function was seen in children who had white‐matter damage of immaturity with mild white‐matter loss and contralateral motor projections. Children with ipsilateral projections had the most impaired function. Nevertheless, in this subgroup a range of ability was seen (AHA 29–59%). Motor‐projection patterns appeared to be influenced by lesion extent and location, but not by lesion type.Interpretation  Combining information from structural magnetic resonance images and TMS can improve prediction of hand function. A wide variation in hand function was seen within all motor‐projection patterns. Although the most impaired hand function was seen in the ipsilateral motor‐projection group, some children in this group had fairly good ability. Such information is important for treatment planning.