bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of Molecular Markers of Drug Resistance in 2009 Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Viruses by Pyrosequencing
Authors: Deyde Varough M. , Sheu Tiffany G. , Trujillo A. Angelica , Okomo-Adhiambo Margaret , Garten Rebecca , Klimov Alexander I. , Gubareva Larisa V. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe M2 blockers amantadine and rimantadine and the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) oseltamivir and zanamivir are approved by the FDA for use for the control of influenza A virus infections. The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses (H1N1pdm) are reassortants that acquired M and NA gene segments from a Eurasian adamantane-resistant swine influenza virus. NAI resistance in the H1N1pdm viruses has been rare, and its occurrence is mainly limited to oseltamivir-exposed patients. The pyrosequencing assay has been proven to be a useful tool in surveillance for drug resistance in seasonal influenza A viruses. We provide a protocol which allows the detection of adamantane resistance markers as well as the I43T change, which is unique to the H1N1pdm M2 protein. The protocol also allows the detection of changes at residues V116, I117, E119, Q136, K150, D151, D199, I223, H275, and N295 in the NA, known to alter NAI drug susceptibility. We report on the detection of the first cases of the oseltamivir resistance-conferring mutation H275Y and the I223V change in viruses from the United States using the approach described in this study. Moreover, the assay permits the quick identification of the major NA group (V106/N248, I106/D248, or I106/N248) to which a pandemic virus belongs. Pyrosequencing is well suited for the detection of drug resistance markers and signature mutations in the M and NA gene segments of the pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses.
Antimalarial Asexual Stage-Specific and Gametocytocidal Activities of HIV Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Peatey Christopher L. , Andrews Katherine T. , Eickel Nina , MacDonald Timothy , Butterworth Alice S. , Trenholme Katharine R. , Gardiner Donald L. , McCarthy James S. , Skinner-Adams Tina S. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

The stage-specific antimalarial activities of a panel of antiretroviral protease inhibitors (PIs), including two nonpeptidic PIs (tipranavir and darunavir), were tested
in vitro
against
Plasmodium falciparum
. While darunavir demonstrated limited antimalarial activity (effective concentration [EC
50
], >50 μM), tipranavir was active at clinically relevant concentrations (EC
50
, 12 to 21 μM). Saquinavir, lopinavir, and tipranavir preferentially inhibited the growth of mature asexual-stage parasites (24 h postinvasion). While all of the PIs tested inhibited gametocytogenesis, tipranavir was the only one to exhibit gametocytocidal activity.
Meningococcal Porin PorB Prevents Cellular Apoptosis in a Toll-Like Receptor 2- and NF-κB-Independent Manner
Authors: Massari Paola , Gunawardana Jay , Liu Xiuping , Wetzler Lee M. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT
Meningococcal porin PorB is an inhibitor of apoptosis induced via the intrinsic pathway in various cell types. This effect is attributed to prevention of mitochondrial depolarization and of subsequent release of proapoptotic mitochondrial factors. To determine whether apoptosis is globally inhibited by PorB, we compared the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in HeLa cells. Interestingly, PorB does not prevent extrinsic apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha plus cycloheximide, suggesting a unique mitochondrial pathway specificity. Several intracellular factors regulated by NF-κB, including members of the Bcl-2 family and of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family, play major roles in controlling apoptosis, and some of them are thought to contribute to the antiapoptotic effect of the gonococcal porin, PIB. However, most of the members of the Bcl-2 family and the IAP family are not induced by meningococcal PorB in HeLa cells, with the exception of Bfl-1/A1. Interestingly, PorB does not induce NF-κB activation in HeLa cells, likely due to a lack of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression in these cells. Bfl-1/A1 expression is also regulated by CBF1, a nuclear component of the Notch signaling pathway, independent of NF-κB activation. Since HeLa cells are protected by PorB from intrinsic apoptosis events, regardless of TLR2 and NF-κB expression, the possibility of a contribution of alternative signaling pathways to this effect cannot be excluded. In this paper, we describe an initial dissection of the cascade of cellular events involved in the antiapoptotic effect of PorB in the absence of TLR2.
Influence of Mannan and Glucan on Complement Activation and C3 Binding byCandida albicans
Authors: Boxx Gayle M. , Kozel Thomas R. , Nishiya Casey T. , Zhang Mason X. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTThe complement system is important for host resistance to hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. However, modulation of complement activation by cell wall components ofCandida albicanshas not been characterized. Although intact yeast display mannan on the surface, glucan, typically located in the interior, becomes exposed duringC. albicansinfection. We show here the distinct effects of mannan and glucan on complement activation and opsonophagocytosis. Previous studies showed that intact cells are resistant to initiation of complement activation through the alternative pathway, and antimannan antibody reverses this resistance via an Fc-independent mechanism. The present study shows that this mannan-dependent resistance can be overcome by periodate-borohydride conversion of mannose polysaccharides to polyalcohols; cells treated with periodate-borohydride initiate the alternative pathway without the need for antibody. These observations identify an inhibitory role for intact mannan in complement activation. Next, removal of the surface-displayed mannan by acid treatment of periodate-borohydride cells exposes glucan. Glucan-displaying cells or purified β-glucan initiate the alternative pathway when incubated with the purified proteins of the alternative pathway alone, suggesting thatC. albicansglucan is a natural activator of the alternative pathway. Finally, ingestion of mannan-displaying cells by human neutrophils requires anti-mannan antibody, whereas ingestion of glucan-displaying cells requires complement. These results demonstrate a contrasting requirement of natural antibody and complement for opsonophagocytosis ofC. albicanscells displaying mannan or glucan. Thus, differential surface expression of mannan and glucan may influence recognition ofC. albicansby the complement system.
The
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Magnesium Transporter MgtE Inhibits Transcription of the Type III Secretion System
Authors: Anderson Gregory G. , Yahr Timothy L. , Lovewell Rustin R. , O'Toole George A. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is an opportunistic pathogen that causes life-long pneumonia in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). These long-term infections are maintained by bacterial biofilm formation in the CF lung. We have recently developed a model of
P. aeruginosa
biofilm formation on cultured CF airway epithelial cells. Using this model, we discovered that mutation of a putative magnesium transporter gene, called
mgtE
, led to increased cytotoxicity of
P. aeruginosa
toward epithelial cells. This altered toxicity appeared to be dependent upon expression of the type III secretion system (T3SS). In this study, we found that mutation of
mgtE
results in increased T3SS gene transcription. Through epistasis analyses, we discovered that MgtE influences the ExsE-ExsC-ExsD-ExsA gene regulatory system of T3SS by either directly or indirectly inhibiting ExsA activity. While variations in calcium levels modulate T3SS gene expression in
P. aeruginosa
, we found that addition of exogenous magnesium did not inhibit T3SS activity. Furthermore,
mgtE
variants that were defective for magnesium transport could still complement the cytotoxicity effect. Thus, the magnesium transport function of MgtE does not fully explain the regulatory effects of MgtE on cytotoxicity. Overall, our results indicate that MgtE modulates expression of T3SS genes.
Molecular Characterization of the Dot/Icm-Translocated AnkH and AnkJ Eukaryotic-Like Effectors ofLegionella pneumophila
Authors: Habyarimana Fabien , Price Chris T. , Santic Marina , Al-Khodor Souhaila , Kwaik Yousef Abu 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTAlthough most Dot/Icm-translocated effectors ofLegionella pneumophilaare not required for intracellular proliferation, the eukaryotic-like ankyrin effectors, AnkH and AnkJ are required for intracellular proliferation. In this report, we show that the IcmSW chaperones are essential for translocation of AnkJ but not AnkH. The 10 C-terminal residues and the ANK domains of AnkH and AnkJ are required for translocation. Our data indicate that the two ANK domains of AnkH are critical domains required for the function of the effector in intracellular replication ofL. pneumophila. TheankHandankJmutants are severely defective in intrapulmonary proliferation in mice. Expression of AnkH and AnkJ fusions within HEK293 cells show a punctuate distribution in the cytosol but no association with endocytic vesicles, the Golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum. Interestingly, the defect in intracellular proliferation of theankHorankJmutants is rescued in HEK293 cells expressing the respective protein. We conclude that AnkH and AnkJ are effectors translocated by the Dot/Icm system by distinct mechanisms and modulate distinct cytosolic processes in the host cell.
Phosphoglucomutase ofYersinia pestisIs Required for Autoaggregation and Polymyxin B Resistance
Authors: Felek Suleyman , Muszyński Artur , Carlson Russell W. , Tsang Tiffany M. , Hinnebusch B. Joseph , Krukonis Eric S. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACTYersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, autoaggregates within a few minutes of cessation of shaking when grown at 28°C. To identify the autoaggregation factor ofY. pestis, we performedmariner-based transposon mutagenesis. Autoaggregation-defective mutants from three different pools were identified, each with a transposon insertion at a different position within the gene encoding phosphoglucomutase (pgmA;y1258). Targeted deletion ofpgmAinY. pestisKIM5 also resulted in loss of autoaggregation. Given the previously defined role for phosphoglucomutase in antimicrobial peptide resistance in other organisms, we tested the KIM5 ΔpgmAmutant for antimicrobial peptide sensitivity. The ΔpgmAmutant displayed >1,000-fold increased sensitivity to polymyxin B compared to the parentalY. pestisstrain, KIM5. This sensitivity is not due to changes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) since the LPSs from bothY. pestisKIM5 and the ΔpgmAmutant are identical based on a comparison of their structures by mass spectrometry (MS), tandem MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses. Furthermore, the ability of polymyxin B to neutralize LPS toxicity was identical for LPS purified from both KIM5 and the ΔpgmAmutant. Our results indicate that increased polymyxin B sensitivity of the ΔpgmAmutant is due to changes in surface structures other than LPS. Experiments with mice via the intravenous and intranasal routes did not demonstrate any virulence defect for the ΔpgmAmutant, nor was flea colonization or blockage affected. Our findings suggest that the activity of PgmA results in modification and/or elaboration of a surface component ofY. pestisresponsible for autoaggregation and polymyxin B resistance.
Characteristics and densities of Williamson’s Sapsucker nest trees in British Columbia
Authors: Gyug L. W. , Steeger C. , Ohanjanian I. 
Published: December 2009

We characterized Williamson’s Sapsucker ( Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cassin, 1852)) nest trees in southern British Columbia from 1995 to 2008 to determine the nesting requirements of this endangered species in Canada. In the East Kootenay (n = 32) and the Okanagan (n = 157) regions where western larch ( Larix occidentalis Nutt.) occurred, 81% and 75% of the nest trees were western larch, respectively. In regions west of the Okanagan Valley where western larch did not occur (n = 73), 77% of the nest trees were trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.). Conifer nest trees were larger (72 cm DBH), on average, than broad-leaved nest trees (35 cm DBH), and this pattern was consistent across the breeding range of Williamson’s Sapsucker. Live western larch >67 cm DBH with either broken or dead tops were the trees with the highest frequency (20%) among the trees estimated to be suitable for nesting, primarily because these larch tended to be infected with heart rots. Based on observed densities, targets should be 1.36 suitable nest trees/ha in managed stands, although in many instances such as aspen patches, this target will only be met in portions of the nesting territories. The recommended stand structure for long-term maintenance of high nest-tree density in western larch stands is for ≥20 trees/ha with DBHs >57 cm and 60–150 trees/ha with DBHs >22 cm.
Patterns of late-season photosynthate movement in sugar maple saplings
Authors: Horowitz Michael E. , Fahey Timothy J. , Yavitt Joseph B. , Feldpausch Ted R. , Sherman Ruth E. 
Published: December 2009

A more detailed understanding of seasonal dynamics of carbon allocation between roots and shoots of temperate zone trees is needed. We labeled sapling stands of sugar maple ( Acer saccharum Marsh) with 13CO2 in four 3 m diameter chambers during a 3 week interval in September 2006 and traced the movement of this 13C pulse through trees and soil during autumn and spring. High enrichment of 13C in foliage was achieved (δ13C = 387‰ ± 16‰). Late-season photosynthate was strongly mobilized during leaf senescence and stored in twigs, wood, and roots. Very high 13C enrichment of soil CO2 emissions at this time (δ13C = 766‰ ± 82‰) indicated the role of late-season photosynthesis in supplying root metabolism after the growing season. Rhizosphere soil was weakly enriched in 13C during fall, and increased significantly over the winter. Earthworms were highly enriched in fall, indicating that they consumed roots. In spring, 13C was strongly mobilized to growing shoots but not to growing fine roots; apparently, fine root growth in spring was not supplied by late-season stored photosynthate. These results provide insights into the seasonal dynamics of temperate tree carbon allocation with implications for disruption of these dynamics by global warming.
Diversity and fruiting patterns of ectomycorrhizal and saprobic fungi as indicators of land-use severity in managed woodlands dominated by Quercus suber — a case study from southern Portugal
Authors: Azul Anabela Marisa , Castro Paula , Sousa José Paulo , Freitas Helena 
Published: December 2009

We assessed the impacts of current management practices used to control shrub strata in Portuguese oak woodlands dominated by Quercus suber L. (montado) on fruiting diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal-forming fungi (ECMF) and saprobic fungi. Fruit bodies were collected over four fruiting seasons in 16 plots (20 m × 20 m) selected in a montado landscape with extensive silvopastoral exploitation. A total of 9484 fruit bodies were found in 171 taxa (74 ECMF, 96 saprobic, and 1 parasitic). Our results show that shrub density control by permanent grazing or by cutting practices followed by soil tillage leads to lower fruiting production and greater changes in taxa composition, particularly for ECMF fruit bodies, than cutting practices without soil tillage. Principal response curve analysis showed that ECMF reacted more sensitively to these practices, in particular Laccaria laccata, Hebeloma cistophilum, Russula cyanoxantha, Cortinarius trivialis, and Lactarius volemus. We also observed that shrub cutting without soil tillage allowed ECMF fruiting to recover to predisturbance levels after 3 years. Our data imply that fruit bodies were useful indicators for assessing the severity of the effects of different land-use practices applied in montado areas on soil fungal populations.
中国癌症自助组织的普遍性、组织性质和会员特徵
Authors: 莫 邦豪 , 张 时飞 , 张 雄 
Published: December 2009

基于全国性抽样调查资料，本文首次报导了癌症自助组织在中国社会的普遍程度，组织性质和会员特徵。调查结果显示，中国癌症自助组织的发展主要呈现两种组织类型：患者自我组织自我管理型和专业人士推动型；郭林新气功深刻影响著中国癌症自助组织的发生和发展。最后，作者就中国癌症自助组织的困境和出路作了简短讨论。 Based on a national survey, this paper reports for the first time on the prevalence and group/member characteristics of cancer self-help organisations in China. The findings showed that China's cancer self-help organisations could be categorised into two types — one that is totally independent, organised and managed by members, and the other initiated and led by professionals. The emergence and development of these groups have been deeply influenced by the New Qi Gong of Guolin. Finally, the authors briefly discussed the problems and prospect of cancer self-help organisations in China.
MANAGERIALISM IN SOCIAL WORK — AN EXPLORATION OF ISSUES IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: TROPMAN JOHN E. 
Published: December 2009

This article examines the dimensions and importance of managerialism in social work. A three-part question: "What?", "So What?" and "Now what?" forms an analytical frame, which generates a frank deliberation on what actually take place in social work agencies in the U.S. These social work agencies, as a whole, are found to be under-led, under-managed and over-supervised. In order to make improvements for quality service to clients, specific and concrete suggestions are outlined for social workers' consideration. 这 篇 文 章 检 视 社 会 工 作 中 管 理 主 义 的 领 域 和 重 要 性。 作 者 用 「什 么？」 「又 如 何？」 和 「现 在 又 怎 样」 构 成 其 分 析 架 构， 从 而 坦 诚 地 讨 论 美 国 的 社 会 工 作 机 构 究 竟 发 生 什 么 事。 总 的 来 说、 问 题 在 於 缺 乏 领 导、 管 理 不 善 和 过 量 监 督。 作 者 并 提 供 明 确 和 具 体 的 指 引， 以 便 社 工 改 善 其 服 务 质 素。
THE ADVENT OF MANAGERIALISM IN SOCIAL WELFARE: THE CASE OF HONG KONG
Authors: LEUNG JOE C.B. 
Published: December 2009

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been the major provider of social welfare services in Hong Kong. Facing an economic downturn, the Hong Kong government decides to enhance cost-effectiveness and accountability in social service through the introduction of market values and business management practices. Market-oriented practices include contracting out, competitive bidding, performance monitoring and lump-sum grant. The appeal of these practices lies in the possibility of lowering costs, but their long-term effect on quality and stability of services is largely uncertain. With the emergence of competition and deregulation in social welfare, NGOs have to face formidable challenges to change their traditional philosophies and mode of operations. The reform implicates the redefinition of the relationship between the government and NGOs, and between social workers and their NGO employers. This paper points out the need to adopt a cautious and consensus approach to introduce welfare reforms. 非政府机构为香港社会福利的最大提供者。 面对经济不景， 香港政府决定引入市场导向和工商管理的措施， 以提高社会服 务的成本效益和问责性。 市场导向的措施包括外判、 投标、 表现监察及一笔过拨款。 这些措施吸引人的地方是可以降 低成本，但长此下去可能影响服务质素和稳定性。 随著出现竞争和取消管制， 非政府机构将要改变其固有的哲学和运作 的方式。 福利改革重新订定政府和非政府机构的关系， 亦改变社工的雇佣的关系。 本文指出在福利改革中， 有需要采 取审慎的态度去寻求共识。
文 献 回 顾: 中 国 社 工 教 育 发 展 十 个 重 要 课 题 的 批 判 分 析
Authors: 刘 继 同 
Published: December 2009

中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 的 恢 复 和 发 展 已 走 过 年 辉 煌 历 程， 取 得 令 人 注 目 的 成 就。 在 经 济 市 场 化 和 福 利 社 会 化 处 境 下， 中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 面 临 诸 多 争 论 议 题 和 两 难 选 择。 本 文 从 文 献 回 顾 角 度， 明 确 提 出 中 国 内 地 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 的 十 个 重 要 课 题， 简 要 回 顾 每 个 重 要 课 题 的 历 史 发 展， 客 观 描 述 各 种 重 要 课 题 中 的 争 论 议 题， 全 面 分 析 不 同 重 要 课 题 面 临 的 两 难 选 择， 理 论 概 括 中 国 社 会 工 作 教 育 发 展 基 本 关 系 的 理 想 类 型。 本 文 的 主 要 结 论 是， 中 国 社 会 工 作 教 育 应 更 为 及 时 有 效 地 回 应 独 特 的 中 国 社 会 环 境 和 变 迁 的 社 会 需 要， 建 立 与 政 府 决 策 部 门、 正 规 社 会 福 利 服 务 机 构 和 非 政 府 组 织 之 间 的 制 度 性 伙 伴 关 系。 The revival and development of the social work education in China underwent a brilliant process and attained evident achievements in the past 20 years. In the contextual moves towards market orientation and welfare towards socialisation, the social work education faces debatable issues and dilemmas. In terms of literature review, the article clearly shows ten critical issues on the social work education development in China, briefly review their historical development, objectively describes all kinds of the debatable issues about them, comprehensively analyses the dilemmas in dealing with them and theoretically summarises the ideal category for them. The conclusion of the article is that the social work education in China must timely and effectively respond to the special environments and varying needs of Chinese society and establish the partnership with the policy-making governmental departments, official welfare organisations and NGO in Chinese society.
能耐爲本的精神病暴力理解與介入
Authors: 葉 錦成 
Published: December 2009

一般來說，有精神病暴力紀錄的案主往往是令社會工作人員和專業人士最感頭痛的一群。工作人員往往覺得他們無法溝通、瞭解和建立關係，最後只能以控制、禁錮和強迫服藥作爲介入手法。其實在能耐取向的介入手法下，不少的研究都指出，精神分裂的症狀，如幻像、幻聽、妄想都是可以理解的，而暴力行爲也是可以預知的，並與妄想病人經驗支持系統有關。作者更以一實例顯示如何幫助案主建立互信和溝通讓他們發展所長、重返社會。Clients with psychosis and record of violence has long been a challenge for social work interventions. Workers tend to insert social control by involuntary hospitalization and medical treatment. Based on a strengths perspective and by means of a case illustration, this paper shows that clients' delusion and hallucination are meaningful. Violent behaviours and outbreaks are predictable and related with stress in clients' psychosocial environments. Once their capabilities and strengths are properly developed, they can recover and enjoy a normal life as other persons in the society.
生活困擾: 試論九七前後香港的貧窮問題
Authors: 鄭 宏泰 , 黃 紹倫 
Published: December 2009

本文嘗試引用自1988至2001年期間所進行的全港性社會指標調查資料，分析香港的貧窮問題。從數據上看，我們發現香港社會已明顯地出現“貧者愈貧”的現象。若受訪者是來自低教育、低收入以至低技術階層的話，他們陷入貧窮困局的機會便愈大。受訪的貧窮者當中對家庭、個人以至工作各方面的不滿情緒，往往較那些生活條件充裕者大；至於對經濟環境、就業和政府管治方面的怨憤，也較為強烈。以上各種趨勢，不但十分突顯，而且有愈來愈嚴重的傾向，值得當局小心處理。 With reference to the territory-wide household survey data that was obtained from 1988 to 2001, this paper tries to analyze the poverty problem in Hong Kong before and after the hand-over. Our data clearly shows that in the past one and a half decades, the poverty problem has become worst. In comparison with the well-off families, respondents who came from the poorer families have become more dissatisfied with the living environment, the working situation, economic prospectus as well as the administration of the government. If the government would not take effective action to solve this worsening poverty problem, the foundation of the territory's social stability will be threatened.
BREAKING THROUGH BARRIERS: THE POLITICAL ACTIONS OF HONG KONG OUTREACH YOUTH WORKERS
Authors: NGAI STEVEN SEK YUM 
Published: December 2009

Based on the narratives generated from in-depth interviews with 18 outreach youth workers in Hong Kong, this paper investigates the political actions of these youth workers and shows how they have invented strategies to construct their own style of emancipatory practice. Such strategies include (1) seeking new allies for development of community support networks; (2) establishing a research center for policy advocacy; and (3) organizing with youth for social change. The implications of the findings for realizing the liberating potential of youth work are discussed. 根據深入訪問18位外展青年工作者所得的敘述，本文探究這些青年工作者的政治行動，並展示他們如何創造出一些策略，以建構具備他們自己獨特風格的解放式青年工作。這些策略包括：(1)尋找新盟友以發展社區支援網絡；(2)成立一研究中心作政策倡議；及(3)組織青年人以推動社會變革。本文並討論上述發現對實現青年工作之解放潛力的含義。.