bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visualization and Identification of Fatty Acylated Proteins Using Chemical Reporters
Authors: Yount Jacob S. , Zhang Mingzi M. , Hang Howard C. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractProtein fatty acylation, the covalent addition of a lipid chain at specific amino acids, changes the inherent hydrophobicity of a protein, often targeting it to cellular membrane compartments and regulating protein activity, stability, and interactions. Fatty acylation can be analyzed using chemical reporters that mimic natural lipids and contain bioorthogonal chemical handles, allowing them to be reacted with detection tags such as fluorophores or affinity tags. Our laboratory has used alkynyl‐chemical reporters of protein myristoylation, S‐palmitoylation, prenylation, and acetylation to provide robust, nonradioactive methods for examining the acylation states of full cellular proteomes and individual proteins of interest by (1) metabolically incorporating these chemical reporters into proteins in living cells; (2) selectively reacting the labeled proteins in cell lysates with azido‐rhodamine via click chemistry, and globally visualizing them with fluorescence gel scanning; (3) analyzing protein acylation on individual candidate proteins using immunoprecipitation, click chemistry, and fluorescence gel scanning; and (4) identifying novel fatty acylated proteins by reacting chemical reporter–labeled proteins with azido‐biotin via click chemistry and selective retrieval using streptavidin beads. This is particularly valuable for the examining protein S‐palmitoylation, which does not occur in readily predicted consensus amino acid motifs. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 3:81‐97 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Growing and Analyzing Biofilms in Flow Chambers
Authors: Tolker‐Nielsen Tim , Sternberg Claus 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis unit describes the setup of flow chamber systems for the study of microbial biofilms, and methods for the analysis of structural biofilm formation. Use of flow chambers allows direct microscopic investigation of biofilm formation. The biofilms in flow chambers develop under hydrodynamic conditions, and the environment can be carefully controlled and easily changed. The protocols in this unit include construction of the flow chamber and the bubble trap, assembly and sterilization of the flow chamber system, inoculation of the flow chambers, running of the system, image capture and analysis, and disassembly and cleaning of the system. In addition, embedding and fluorescent in situ hybridization of flow chamber–grown biofilms are addressed. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 21:1B.2.1‐1B.2.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Whole‐Body Imaging of Infection Using Bioluminescence
Authors: Kong Ying , Shi Yanlin , Chang Mihee , Akin Ali R. , Francis Kevin P. , Zhang Ning , Troy Tamara L. , Yao Hequn , Rao Jianghong , Cirillo Suat L. G. , Cirillo Jeffrey D. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBioluminescence imaging is a powerful technique to visualize and monitor biological processes in numerous systems. This unit describes two strategies for bioluminescence imaging that can be used to study bacterial infection in mice. One method is to express a luciferase gene in the bacteria; the second method is to use bacteria that express both a luciferase and β‐lactamase along with a substrate containing caged luciferin, which is released by β‐lactamase hydrolysis and reacts with luciferase to generate light. For both strategies, bioluminescent signals are imaged using an IVIS live animal imaging system (Caliper Life Sciences). The bioluminescence images are analyzed to localize bioluminescent bacteria, quantify signal, and determine the wavelengths of the signals produced. The correlation of bacterial numbers with signal intensity in vivo can be determined, allowing a quantitative measure of bacterial numbers in mice in real time. Methods are described in detail to facilitate successful application of these emerging technologies in nearly any experimental system. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 21:2C.4.1‐2C.4.17. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of Myxoma Virus Gateway Entry and Expression Libraries and Validation of Viral Protein Expression
Authors: Smallwood Sherin E. , Rahman Masmudur M. , Werden Steven J. , Martino Maria Fernanda , McFadden Grant 
Published: May 2011

AbstractInvitrogen's Gateway technology is a recombination‐based cloning method that allows for rapid transfer of numerous open reading frames (ORFs) into multiple plasmid vectors, making it useful for diverse high‐throughput applications. Gateway technology has been utilized to create an ORF library for Myxoma virus (MYXV), a member of the Poxviridae family of DNA viruses. MYXV is the prototype virus for the genus Leporipoxvirus, and is pathogenic only in European rabbits. MYXV replicates exclusively in the host cell cytoplasm, and its genome encodes 171 ORFs. A number of these ORFs encode proteins that interfere with or modulate host defense mechanisms, particularly the inflammatory responses. Furthermore, MYXV is able to productively infect a variety of human cancer cell lines and is being developed as an oncolytic virus for treating human cancers. MYXV is therefore an excellent model for studying poxvirus biology, pathogenesis, and host tropism, and a good candidate for ORFeome development. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 21:14A.2.1‐14A.2.29. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Coronaviruses: Propagation, Quantification, Storage, and Construction of Recombinant Mouse Hepatitis Virus
Authors: Leibowitz Julian , Kaufman Gili , Liu Pinghua 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe focus of this protocol is mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), with occasional references to other coronaviruses. Many of these protocols can be easily adapted to other coronaviruses. Protocols for propagating MHV in DBT and 17CL‐1 cells; the storage and titration of viral stocks; purification of MHV on sucrose gradients; and the generation of recombinant viruses by a cDNA assembly method and by targeted recombination will be presented. Protocols are also included for the propagation of DBT, 17CL‐1, and L2 cells used for growing and titrating MHV, and for the growth of BHK‐R cells and FCWF cells. The latter two cell lines are used for regenerating infectious MHV by an in vitro cDNA assembly protocol and by a targeted recombination protocol, respectively, allowing reverse genetic manipulation of these viruses. An additional protocol for the maintenance of the large plasmids used for generating recombinant MHVs will also be presented. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 21:15E.1.1‐15E.1.46. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Enhanced Implicit Sequence Learning in College‐age Video Game Players and Musicians
Authors: Romano Bergstrom Jennifer C. , Howard James H. , Howard Darlene V. 
Published: May 2011

SUMMARYWe examined whether college‐age video game players and musicians are better than controls at implicit sequence learning in the Alternating Serial Reaction Time Task. People learn to use subtle sequence regularities to respond more accurately and quickly to predictable versus non‐predictable events. Although previous studies have shown experts' enhanced processing speed and perception, this is the first to demonstrate that people who regularly play video games or a musical instrument showed greater implicit sequence learning, suggesting that experience playing games or music may improve the efficiency with which people learn sequential regularities in the environment. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interface Reactivity and Induced Phenomena during Sintering in a Model Steel/Cemented Carbide Bimaterial
Authors: Thomazic Aurélie , Pascal Céline , Chaix Jean‐Marc 
Published: May 2011

AbstractDirect elaboration of a WC base cemented carbide/Fe base alloy model bimaterial by cosintering is studied. In this material, dramatic changes are observed for small modifications of the sintering temperature (20 °C) or the composition of the Fe base (+/− 0.1% C): overall shrinkage, macroscopic deformations, and binder fraction of the carbide material. This paper shows how these phenomena originate at the interface and then propagate inside the bulk. This example illustrates the need for taking into account chemical interaction at interfaces during cosintering of multimaterials, as these regions are thermodynamically far from equilibrium.
Additive‐Free Dispersion of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Its Application for Transparent Conductive Films
Authors: Liu Wen‐Bin , Pei Songfeng , Du Jinhong , Liu Bilu , Gao Libo , Su Yang , Liu Chang , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA good dispersion of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in liquid media is a prerequisite to fulfill many of their applications. This contribution reports an efficient approach to additive‐free dispersion of SWCNTs with the aid of functionalized carbonaceous byproducts (CBs, e.g., amorphous carbon, carbon nanoparticles, and carbonaceous fragments) in SWCNT products. SWCNT bundles are treated by oleum intercalation and nitric acid oxidation in sequence, which leads to the selective functionalization of the CBs while the structure and properties of the SWCNTs are well preserved. These functionalized CBs can improve the subsequent dispersion of SWCNTs and the majority of SWCNTs in the suspension are present in small bundles or individually. Moreover, SWCNT transparent conductive films (TCFs) are fabricated by using these suspensions. The SWCNT TCFs obtained can achieve a low sheet resistance of 76 and 133 Ω sq−1, with optical transmittance of 82% and 90% at 550 nm, respectively.
Novel, Robust, and Versatile Bijels of Nitromethane, Ethanediol, and Colloidal Silica: Capsules, Sub‐Ten‐Micrometer Domains, and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Tavacoli Joe W. , Thijssen Job H. J. , Schofield Andrew B. , Clegg Paul S. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBicontinuous, interfacially jammed emulsion gels (bijels) are a class of soft solid materials in which interpenetrating domains of two immiscible fluids are stabilized by an interfacial colloidal monolayer. Such structures form through the arrest of the spinodal decomposition of an initially single‐phase liquid mixture containing a colloidal suspension. With the use of hexalmethyldisilazane, the wetting character of silica colloids, ranging in size and dye content, can be modified for fabricating a novel bijel system comprising the binary liquid ethanediol–nitromethane. Unlike the preceding water‐lutidine based system, this bijel is stable at room temperature and its fabrication and resultant manipulation are comparatively straightforward. The new system has facilitated three advancements: firstly, we use sub 100 nm silica particles to stabilize the first bijel made from low molecular weight liquids that has domains smaller than ten micrometers. Secondly, our new and robust bijel permits qualitative rheological work which reveals the bijel to be significantly elastic and self healing whilst its domains are able to break, reform and locally rearrange. Thirdly, we encapsulate the ethanediol–nitromethane bijel in Pickering drops to form novel particle‐stabilized bicontinuous multiple emulsions that we christen bijel capsules. These emulsions are stimuli responsive – they liberate their contained materials in response to changes in temperature and solvency, and hence they show potential for controlled release applications.
Highly Efficient, Solution‐Processed, Single‐Layer, Electrophosphorescent Diodes and the Effect of Molecular Dipole Moment
Authors: Al‐Attar Hameed A. , Griffiths Gareth C. , Moore Tom N. , Tavasli Mustafa , Fox Mark A. , Bryce Martin R. , Monkman Andrew P. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA new family of highly soluble electrophosphorescent dopants based on a series of tris‐cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes (1–4) of 2‐(carbazol‐3‐yl)‐4/5‐R‐pyridine ligands with varying molecular dipole strengths have been synthesized. Highly efficient, solution‐processed, single‐layer, electrophosphorescent diodes utilizing these complexes have been prepared and characterized. The high triplet energy poly(9‐vinylcarbazole) PVK is used as a host polymer doped with 2‐(4‐biphenylyl)‐5‐(4‐tert‐butyl‐phenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (PBD) for electron transport. Devices with a current efficiency of 40 cd A−1 corresponding to an EQE of 12% can thus be achieved. The effect of the type and position of the substituent (electron‐withdrawing group (CF3) and electron‐donating group (OMe)) on the molecular dipole moment of the complexes has been investigated. A correlation between the absorption strength of the singlet metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (1MLCT) transition and the luminance spectral red shift as a function of solvent polarity is observed. The strength of the transition dipole moments for complexes 1–4 has also been obtained from TD‐DFT computations, and is found to be consistent with the observed molecular dipole moments of these complexes. The relatively long lifetime of the excitons of the phosphorescence (microseconds) compared to the charge‐carrier scattering time (less than nanoseconds), allows the transition dipole moment to be considered as a “quasi permanent dipole”. Therefore, the carrier mobility is sufficiently affected by the long‐lived transition dipole moments of the phosphorescent molecules, which are randomly oriented in the medium. The dopant dipoles cause positional and energetic disorder because of the locally modified polarization energy. Furthermore, the electron‐withdrawing group CF3 induces strong carrier dispersion that enhances the electron mobility. Therefore, the strong transition dipole moment in complexes 3 and 4 perturbs both electron and hole mobilities, yielding a reduction in exciton formation and an increase in the device dark current, thereby decreasing the device efficiency.
Gas phase reaction kinetics in boron fibre production
Authors: Fırat Fatih , Sezgi Naime A. , Özbelge Hilmi Ö. , Doğu Timur 
Published: May 2011

AbstractIn the production of boron fibres using the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique, boron deposition and dichloroborane formation reactions occurs simultaneously. Boron deposition reaction occurs at the surface, whereas the formation of dichloroborane is the result of both gas phase and surface reactions. A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) type of reactor was designed to investigate the reaction kinetics and kinetic parameters in the gas phase reactions of boron trichloride and hydrogen. It was concluded that reaction rate of the product increased with an increase in the inlet concentration of both reactants (BCl3 and H2) and with an increase in the reactor temperature. While reaction order with respect to BCl3 was almost constant at about 0.5 at each temperature, reaction order with respect to hydrogen increased significantly at temperatures lower than 350°C. A general rate expression was derived for BHCl2 formation from BCl3 and hydrogen. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Occupational asbestos exposure as a risk factor for laryngeal carcinoma in a population‐based case–control study from Germany
Authors: Ramroth Heribert , Ahrens Wolfgang , Dietz Andreas , Becher Heiko 
Published: May 2011

AbstractBackgroundAs several studies have identified asbestos exposure as an independent occupational risk factor for laryngeal cancer, the aim of our study was to confirm this association.MethodsIn a population‐based case–control study on laryngeal cancer in South‐West Germany occupational exposures and other risk factors were obtained by face‐to‐face interviews using a detailed standardized questionnaire covering the complete individual working history, supplemented by job‐specific questionnaires (JSQ) especially for selected jobs known to entail exposure to asbestos. Detailed exposure information was collected over a wide range of asbestos related jobs and branches and analyzed using different modeling strategies.ResultsSeventy‐three (28.4%) cases and 158 (20.5%) controls reported any exposure to asbestos. Elevated risk estimates for asbestos exposure were found. However, those became substantially reduced after adjustment for smoking and alcohol.ConclusionModerately elevated risks for laryngeal cancer after exposure to asbestos were confirmed. Difficulties in the collection of adequate exposure data were demonstrated. Am. J. Ind. Med. 54:510–514, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of neurogranin (NRGN) in schizophrenia
Authors: Smith Rhodri Ll. , Knight Deborah , Williams Hywel , Dwyer Sarah , Richards Alex , Kirov George , O'Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractA recent study reported a genome‐wide significant association between schizophrenia and rs12807809—a SNP located approximately 3 kbp upstream of the neurogranin gene (NRGN). We sought to determine if (a) NRGN contains common exonic variants or variants affecting expression (eQTLs) that could account for the association with rs12807809 and (b) there exist rare non‐synonymous highly penetrant variants that could potentially confer high risk of schizophrenia. We sequenced all four exons of NRGN in a screening set of 14 individuals but found no novel common polymorphisms. We additionally sequenced the coding exons in up to 1,113 individuals (699 cases) but this revealed only a singleton‐coding variant in exon 2 (G246T leading to Gly‐55 → Val amino acid change) in which prediction of function analysis suggested is likely to be benign. Finally, analysis of a brain expression dataset of at least 130 individuals did not identify any eQTLs that were correlated with associated SNP rs12807809 following correction for multiple testing. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social play behavior in infant Sichuan snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Qinling Mountains, China
Authors: Li Yinhua , Guo Songtao , Ji Weihong , He Gang , Wang Xiaowei , Li Baoguo 
Published: May 2011

AbstractWe describe the development of social play behavior and assess factors influencing the development of play in infant Sichuan snub‐nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana). Infant snub‐nosed monkeys began to exhibit social play at 3 months of age, when they spent an average 0.89% of time engaging in this behavior (range: 0.7–1.12%). At 6 months of age, there was a significant increase in the proportion of time spent in social play, averaging 9.78% of observation time (range: 4.92–17.08%). However, from 7 to 9 months of age during the winter, social play decreased gradually before rising again from 10 months of age in the spring. Play behavior in infant snub‐nosed monkeys is influenced by environmental temperature. Males were observed to play more than females, although further data on this are required. Social rank did not influence the social play of wild Sichuan snub‐nosed monkey infants. Am. J. Primatol. 73:845–851, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of linear solvation energy relationships for chromatographic retention of seven solutes in different mobile phases
Authors: Han Dandan , Tian Minglei , Row Kyung Ho 
Published: May 2011

ABSTRACTThe linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) model was utilized to delineate which specific intermolecular interactions are responsible for changes in retention for a variety of well‐characterized analytes when different additives were used in reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. The effects of additives such as organic [sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)] and inorganic [sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), disodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4)] salts with 30–50% (v/v) acetonitrile (ACN) on the LSER coefficients were studied. The ability of the LSER model to account for the chemical interactions underlying solute retention was demonstrated. LSER as a potential predictive tool can direct us to choose proper mobile phase additive to separate different kinds of compounds. Copyright © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity is associated with magnetic resonance imaging–based knee cartilage T2 measurements in asymptomatic subjects with and those without osteoarthritis risk factors
Authors: Hovis Keegan K. , Stehling Christoph , Souza Richard B. , Haughom Bryan D. , Baum Thomas , Nevitt Michael , McCulloch Charles , Lynch John A. , Link Thomas M. 
Published: May 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the association of exercise and knee‐bending activities with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)–based knee cartilage T2 relaxation times and morphologic abnormalities in asymptomatic subjects from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, with or without osteoarthritis (OA) risk factors.MethodsWe studied 128 subjects with knee OA risk factors and 33 normal control subjects ages 45–55 years, with a body mass index of 18–27 kg/m2 and no knee pain. Subjects were categorized according to exercise level, using the leisure activity component of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly, and by self‐reported frequent knee‐bending activities. Two radiologists graded the cartilage of the right knee on MR images, using the Whole‐Organ MRI Score (WORMS). Cartilage was segmented, and compartment‐specific T2 values were calculated. Differences between the exercise groups and knee‐bending groups were determined using multiple linear and logistic regression models.ResultsAmong subjects with risk factors for knee OA, light exercisers had lower T2 values compared with sedentary and moderate/strenuous exercisers. When the sexes were analyzed separately, female moderate/strenuous exercisers had higher T2 values compared with sedentary individuals and light exercisers. Subjects without risk factors displayed no significant differences in T2 values according to exercise level. However, frequent knee‐bending activities were associated with higher T2 values in both subjects with OA risk factors and those without OA risk factors and with more severe cartilage lesions in the group with risk factors.ConclusionIn subjects at risk of knee OA, light exercise was associated with low T2 values, whereas moderate/strenuous exercise in women was associated with high T2 values. Higher T2 values and WORMS grades were also observed in frequent knee‐benders, suggesting greater cartilage degeneration in these individuals.