bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Between rhetoric and reality: exploring the impact of military humanitarian intervention upon sexual violence – post-conflict sex trafficking in Kosovo
Authors: Godec Samantha T. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractAdopting a feminist perspective, this paper analyses the doctrine of humanitarian intervention and its impact on women in recipient states, particularly with regard to sexual violence. By analysing the phenomenon of post-conflict trafficking in Kosovo following the NATO intervention, the author presents a challenge to the ‘feminist hawks’ who have called for military intervention in situations of systematic sexual violence. It is the author's contention that such intervention would be counterproductive for women's rights and thus constitute a disproportionate response to sexual violence in terms of the international law governing the use of force.
‘They came with two guns’: the consequences of sexual violence for the mental health of women in armed conflicts
Authors: Josse Evelyne 
Published: June 2010

AbstractSexual violence has serious and multiple consequences for the mental health of women. At the psychological level, it leads to radical changes in the image that the victim has of herself, in her relations with her immediate social circle and beyond, in the community as a whole, and in the way in which the victim sees the past, present, and future. It thus has a lasting negative impact on the victim's perception of herself, of events, and of others. At the community level, it stigmatizes the victim, depriving her of any social status or intrinsic value as a person (she is seen as unfaithful or promiscuous), and thereby modifies relationships within the community with an overall deleterious effect. This article discusses these consequences of sexual violence for the mental health of women, especially those who are its victims during armed conflicts.
Abundance trends of two neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) stocks in the North Pacific
Authors: Chen Chih-Shin 
Published: June 2010

Abstract
Chen, C-S. 2010. Abundance trends of two neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) stocks in the North Pacific. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1336–1345. Two stocks of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) have been identified in the North Pacific, with differing life-history traits and geographic distributions, one in the Northeast Pacific and the other in the Northwest Pacific, each with seasonal cohorts. Both stocks are targeted by commercial fishing fleets from China, Japan, and Taiwan. The variability in abundance for each stock has been studied independently, but a comparable analysis between the two stocks is lacking. The abundance trends for the two stocks were examined using catch data from the Taiwanese squid fishery between 1986 and 2006. A time-series of monthly catch per unit effort and three explanatory variables, sea surface temperature in the presumed hatching grounds, the Southern Oscillation Index, and the number of vessels, were analysed using dynamic factor analysis to quantify squid abundance. The optimal model contained one common trend and all three explanatory variables. The Northwest Pacific and Northeast Pacific stocks exhibited opposing trends in abundance, and the results suggest that large-scale environmental factors, rather than regional factors, are more critical in influencing the abundance of oceanic squid species.
A thermochemical study of ceria: exploiting an old material for new modes of energy conversion and CO
2
mitigation
Authors: Chueh William C. , Haile Sossina M. 
Published: June 2010

We present a comprehensive thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the suitability of cerium oxide (ceria) for thermochemical fuel production. Both portions of the two-step cycle, (i) oxygen release from the oxide at 1773 and 1873 K under inert atmosphere, and (ii) hydrogen release upon hydrolysis at 1073 K, are examined theoretically as well as experimentally. We observe gravimetric fuel productivity that is in quantitative agreement with equilibrium, thermogravimetric studies of ceria. Despite the non-stoichiometric nature of the redox cycle, in which only a portion of the cerium atoms change their oxidation state, the fuel productivity of 8.5–11.8 ml of H
2
per gram of ceria is competitive with that of other solid-state thermochemical cycles currently under investigation. The fuel production rate, which is also highly attractive, at a rate of 4.6–6.2 ml of H
2
per minute per gram of ceria, is found to be limited by a surface-reaction step rather than by ambipolar bulk diffusion of oxygen through the solid ceria. An evaluation of the thermodynamic efficiency of the ceria-based thermochemical cycle suggests that, even in the absence of heat recovery, solar-to-fuel conversion efficiencies of 16 to 19 per cent can be achieved, assuming a suitable method for obtaining an inert atmosphere for the oxygen release step.
Parenteral lipids impair pneumococcal elimination by human neutrophils
Authors: Versleijen Michelle W. , Roelofs Hennie M. , Te Morsche Rene H. , Simonetti Elles R. , Hermans Peter W. , Wanten Geert J. 
Published: June 2010

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (8): 729–734AbstractBackground Lipid‐induced modulation of phagocyte function seems to contribute to increased susceptibility to infections in patients on parenteral nutrition, and an increased risk for development of pneumonia has been observed in this group. The role of various structurally different lipid emulsions, however, remains unclear. In this study, we therefore assessed phagocyte function, as the capacity of neutrophils to eliminateStreptococcus pneumoniae(i.e. combined result of phagocytosis and killing), in the presence of these lipids.Materials and methods Neutrophils from six healthy volunteers were incubated for 1 h in emulsions (5 mmol L−1) derived from soybean‐ (LCT), fish‐ (VLCT), olive‐ (LCT‐MUFA), mixed soybean/coconut oils (LCT/MCTs) or structured lipids (SL). After opsonization of the pneumococci (strain OREP‐4) by human immunoglobulins, bacteria and neutrophils were incubated in the presence of complement. Next, pneumococcal elimination was evaluated and expressed as the percentage of bacteria eliminated relative to the initial bacterial numbers in neutrophil‐free samples.Results Neutrophils that were not exposed to lipids showed a pneumococcal elimination capacity of 75 ± 3% (mean ± SD). This significantly decreased after exposure to LCT‐MUFA (70 ± 6%), VLCT (67 ± 2%), SL (63 ± 9%), LCT (66 ± 10%) and LCT/MCT (47 ± 15%).Conclusion These data demonstrate that parenteral lipids impair the microbial elimination capacity of neutrophils in a structure‐dependent manner. In accordance with our previously reportedin vitroeffect on a range of phagocyte functions, LCT/MCT is by far the most potent in this respect.
Dissolved carbon leaching from soil is a crucial component of the net ecosystem carbon balance
Authors: KINDLER REIMO , SIEMENS JAN , KAISER KLAUS , WALMSLEY DAVID C. , BERNHOFER CHRISTIAN , BUCHMANN NINA , CELLIER PIERRE , EUGSTER WERNER , GLEIXNER GERD , GRŨNWALD THOMAS , HEIM ALEXANDER , IBROM ANDREAS , JONES STEPHANIE K. , JONES MIKE , KLUMPP KATJA , KUTSCH WERNER , LARSEN KLAUS STEENBERG , LEHUGER SIMON , LOUBET BENJAMIN , MCKENZIE REBECCA , MOORS EDDY , OSBORNE BRUCE , PILEGAARD KIM , REBMANN CORINNA , SAUNDERS MATTHEW , SCHMIDT MICHAEL W. I. , SCHRUMPF MARION , SEYFFERTH JANINE , SKIBA UTE , SOUSSANA JEAN‐FRANCOIS , SUTTON MARK A. , TEFS CINDY , VOWINCKEL BERNHARD , ZEEMAN MATTHIAS J. , KAUPENJOHANN MARTIN 
Published: June 2010

AbstractEstimates of carbon leaching losses from different land use systems are few and their contribution to the net ecosystem carbon balance is uncertain. We investigated leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and dissolved methane (CH4), at forests, grasslands, and croplands across Europe. Biogenic contributions to DIC were estimated by means of its δ13C signature. Leaching of biogenic DIC was 8.3±4.9 g m−2 yr−1 for forests, 24.1±7.2 g m−2 yr−1 for grasslands, and 14.6±4.8 g m−2 yr−1 for croplands. DOC leaching equalled 3.5±1.3 g m−2 yr−1 for forests, 5.3±2.0 g m−2 yr−1 for grasslands, and 4.1±1.3 g m−2 yr−1 for croplands. The average flux of total biogenic carbon across land use systems was 19.4±4.0 g C m−2 yr−1. Production of DOC in topsoils was positively related to their C/N ratio and DOC retention in subsoils was inversely related to the ratio of organic carbon to iron plus aluminium (hydr)oxides. Partial pressures of CO2 in soil air and soil pH determined DIC concentrations and fluxes, but soil solutions were often supersaturated with DIC relative to soil air CO2. Leaching losses of biogenic carbon (DOC plus biogenic DIC) from grasslands equalled 5–98% (median: 22%) of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) plus carbon inputs with fertilization minus carbon removal with harvest. Carbon leaching increased the net losses from cropland soils by 24–105% (median: 25%). For the majority of forest sites, leaching hardly affected actual net ecosystem carbon balances because of the small solubility of CO2 in acidic forest soil solutions and large NEE. Leaching of CH4 proved to be insignificant compared with other fluxes of carbon. Overall, our results show that leaching losses are particularly important for the carbon balance of agricultural systems.
Taste characterisation of green tea catechins
Authors: Narukawa Masataka , Kimata Hironobu , Noga Chiaki , Watanabe Tatsuo 
Published: June 2010

SummaryThere has been interest in biological activities of green tea catechins. However, little is known about the taste characteristics of catechins. To assess the taste characteristics of catechins ((−)–epicatechin (EC), (−)–epicatechin gallate (ECg), (−)–epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)–epigallocatechin gallate (EGCg)), sensory evaluations were performed. The taste intensity increased with increased catechins concentration. Among them, ECg showed the strongest taste. Catechins had tastes that consisted primarily of astringency and bitterness. Therefore, taste palatability decreased with increasing catechin concentrations. In line with taste intensity, taste palatability of ECg was the lowest. Taste sensor analysis and mouse behavioural assays showed same results. EC and ECg were more stable in Ringer’s solution than EGC and EGCg. Furthermore, taste cell responses to ECg that had the strong taste and better stability among catechins used were recorded. Some taste cells responded to ECg. This result suggests that ECg might be recognised by taste cells.
Butterfly and plant specialists suffer from reduced connectivity in fragmented landscapes
Authors: Brückmann Sabrina V. , Krauss Jochen , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf 
Published: June 2010

Summary 1. Calcareous grasslands are diversity hotspots for plant and butterfly species in Europe, but connectivity of these grasslands has been reduced by habitat loss and fragmentation in recent decades. Reduced habitat area leads to biodiversity loss, but the significance of habitat connectivity independent of patch size and habitat quality is unclear. 2. Here, we focus on the impact of habitat connectivity on both butterfly and plant species richness and compare (i) a connectivity index, (ii) percentage habitat cover and (iii) distance to the next suitable habitat patch as alternative measures of connectivity. Species were recorded in 2007 in northern Bavaria (Germany) in paired large and small study sites in 31 independent landscapes. 3. We found that total loss of grassland connectivity would reduce species richness of specialist butterflies (38–69%) and specialist plants (24–37%). A connectivity index combining patch size and distance in the surrounding landscape was a better measure of connectivity than percentage habitat cover or distance to the next suitable habitat. 4. Species richness, species density and abundance of habitat‐specialist butterflies and plants were significantly higher in large compared with small study sites. 5.
Synthesis and applications. We conclude that connectivity is highly relevant for conservation of butterfly and plant species with specialized habitat requirements, but the decision as to which connectivity measure is most appropriate depends on patch configuration, landscape context and study design. We suggest that management strategies should aim to increase connectivity by active restoration of former calcareous grasslands to ensure long‐term survival of habitat‐specialist species.
Population pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib in osteoarthritic dogs
Authors: COX S. R. , LIAO S. , PAYNE‐JOHNSON M. , ZIELINSKI R. J. , STEGEMANN M. R. 
Published: June 2010

Cox, S. R., Liao, S., Payne‐Johnson, M., Zielinski, R. J., Stegemann, M. R. Population pharmacokinetics of mavacoxib in osteoarthritic dogs. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap. 34, 1–11.Mavacoxib (Trocoxil™) is an oral long‐acting COX‐2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of osteoarthritis in dogs. Two field trials were conducted in client‐owned dogs suffering from osteoarthritis, with dosages of 4 mg/kg body weight (BW) (Study 1) or 2 mg/kg BW (Study 2). Mavacoxib plasma concentrations were determined from trough blood samples and from blood samples collected at 4–10 months after the last dose. A one‐compartment linear model was fitted to the concentration data (1317 concentration records from 286 patients), and parameters for oral clearance (Cl/F), apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) and their between‐subject variabilities (BSV) were estimated. Covariates were included in the model based on the outcomes of stepwise regression procedures. In the final model, the typical value of Cl/F was a function of BW, age and breed. German shepherds and Labrador retrievers were found to have 31% higher values of Cl/F than patients from different breeds with similar ages and BWs. The typical value of Vd/F was found to be dependent only on BW. The two field studies appeared to differ similarly with respect to Cl/F and Vd/F. The explanation for this difference is not known, but the difference was accounted for in the final model as a 23.9% lower bioavailability in Study 2. Mavacoxib exhibited relatively broad BSV in Cl/F and Vd/F, with coefficients of variation of 47% and 19%, respectively. The typical value for mavacoxib’s terminal elimination plasma half‐life (t1/2) was 44 days, but a minority of patients (approximately 5%) had empirical Bayes estimates of t1/2 exceeding 80 days. Simulations with the model indicated that the majority of patients treated with mavacoxib 2 mg/kg will maintain trough plasma mavacoxib concentrations associated with efficacy. Results of the population pharmacokinetic analysis helped to reduce the dose from 4 to 2 mg/kg and thus increased the therapeutic index for this molecule.
Preparation and pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium liposomes in cows
Authors: LIU S. , GUO D. , GUO Y. , ZHOU W. 
Published: June 2010

Liu, S., Guo, D., Guo, Y., Zhou, W. Preparation and pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur sodium liposomes in cows. J. vet. Pharmacol. Therap.34, 35–41.The objective of this study was to prepare ceftiofur sodium liposomes and assess their physical properties, stability, antibacterial effects, and pharmacokinetics. These liposomes appeared as a milky, light yellow suspension with encapsulation efficiency at 57.2 ± 1.17%, and there were no significant changes in all estimated indexes at 4 °C for 90 days. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of liposomes were all 1/4th that of ceftiofur sodium against Streptococcus suis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enteritidis. Six healthy, adult cows in two treatment groups were dosed intravenously with ceftiofur sodium liposomes and ceftiofur sodium, serial blood samples collected, and plasma concentrations determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Intravenous plasma concentration profiles of liposomes best fit a two‐compartment model and the elimination half‐life was 2.11 times that of ceftiofur sodium. Thus, this liposome preparation provided therapeutically effective plasma concentrations for a longer duration than with the drug alone, making it more effective and convenient for use in treating bovine mastitis that requires long duration maintenance of therapeutic plasma concentrations.
H‐NOX regulation of c‐di‐GMP metabolism and biofilm formation in Legionella pneumophila
Authors: Carlson Hans K. , Vance Russell E. , Marletta Michael A. 
Published: June 2010

SummaryHaem Nitric oxide/OXygen (H‐NOX) binding domains are a family of haemoprotein sensors that are widespread in bacterial genomes, but limited information is available on their function. Legionella pneumophila is the only prokaryote found, thus far, to encode two H‐NOX proteins. This paper presents data supporting a role for one of the L. pneumophila H‐NOXs in the regulation of biofilm formation. In summary: (i) unmarked deletions in the hnox1 gene do not affect growth rate in liquid culture or replication in permissive macrophages; (ii) the Δhnox1 strain displays a hyper‐biofilm phenotype; (iii) the gene adjacent to hnox1 is a GGDEF‐EAL protein, lpg1057, and overexpression in L. pneumophila of this protein, or the well‐studied diguanylate cyclase, vca0956, results in a hyper‐biofilm phenotype; (iv) the Lpg1057 protein displays diguanylate cyclase activity in vitro and this activity is inhibited by the Hnox1 protein in the Fe(II)‐NO ligation state, but not the Fe(II) unligated state; and (v) consistent with the Hnox1 regulation of Lpg1057, unmarked deletions of lpg1057 in the Δhnox1 background results in reversion of the hyper‐biofilm phenotype back to wild‐type biofilm levels. Taken together, these results suggest a role for hnox1 in regulating c‐di‐GMP production by lpg1057 and biofilm formation in response to NO.
Dynamic linkage relationships to the mating‐type locus in automictic fungi of the genus Microbotryum
Authors: ABBATE J. L. , HOOD M. E. 
Published: June 2010

AbstractRegions of the chromosomes determining mating compatibility in some fungi, including Microbotryum lychnidis‐dioicae and Neurospora tetrasperma, exhibit suppressed recombination similar to sex chromosomes in plants and animals, and recent studies have sought to apply basic theories of sex chromosome evolution to fungi. A phylogeny of the MTL1 locus in Microbotryum indicates that it has become part of the nonrecombining regions of the mating‐type chromosomes in multiple independent events, and that recombination may have been subsequently restored in some cases. This illustrates that fungal mating‐type chromosomes can exhibit linkage relationship that are quite dynamic, adding to the list of similarities to animal or plant sex chromosomes. However, fungi such as M. lychnidis‐dioicae and N. tetrasperma exhibit an automictic mating system, for which an alternate theoretical framework exists to explain the evolution of linkage with the mating‐type locus. This study encourages further comparative studies among fungi to evaluate the role of mating systems in determining the evolution of fungal mating‐type chromosomes.
Plasma Leptin Level in Hyperlipidemic Mares and Their Newborn Foals
Authors: Kędzierski W , Kusy R , Kowalik S 
Published: June 2010

ContentsThe aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between plasma leptin and lipid levels in breeding mares and their newborn foals. The study was conducted on 17 Polish cold‐blood mares and their newborn foals. The mares were divided into two groups, according to the course of delivery. These groups were seven mares which had a normal delivery and 10 mares which had required veterinary intervention during their delivery. Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of both the mares and their foals. The blood samples were taken within 30 min after delivery, as well as on four successive mornings directly afterwards. In obtained plasma samples, the leptin, triacylglycerols (TG) and free fatty acid (FFA) concentrations were measured. The leptin and TG levels in the plasma sampled on the day of delivery and the two following days were significantly higher in mares which received veterinary intervention during the delivery, when compared to the results obtained from the plasma of mares which had normal delivery. The results obtained from foals did not show any statistical differences. In conclusion, the conducted tests have shown that post‐parturient hyperlipidemia and hyperleptinemia in mares did not influence the lipid status and plasma leptin level in newborn foals.
Factors affecting visual outcome in herpes zoster ophthalmicus: a prospective study
Authors: Nithyanandam Suneetha , Stephen John , Joseph Mary , Dabir Supriya 
Published: June 2010

AbstractPurpose:  To evaluate visual outcome and factors affecting visual outcome in herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO).Methods:  A prospective, longitudinal, observational study was undertaken in 64 consecutive patients with HZO presenting within 72 h of rash onset. Patients underwent detailed ophthalmological and dermatological examinations at presentation, with follow up at first, second and fourth weeks and third and sixth months. All patients received both systemic and topical acyclovir. The main outcome measure was best‐corrected visual acuity at 6 months' follow up. Local and systemic factors were correlated with visual outcome using univariate and multivariate analyses.Results:  Overall visual outcome was good, with 36/64 (56.3%) patients having a visual acuity of 6/6 or better. Mild visual loss occurred in 22/64 (34.3%), moderate loss in 3/64 (4.7%) and severe loss in 3/64 (4.7%); moderate to severe visual loss was due to severe uveitis (2), neurotrophic keratitis (1) and cataract (3). Increasing age (P = 0.04), positive Hutchinson sign (P = 0.001), absent corneal sensation (P = 0.01), corneal epithelial lesions (P = 0.03) and uveitis (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with visual loss. Uveitis was found to be the best predictor of visual loss in HZO on multivariate analysis.Conclusion:  The overall visual outcome is good in HZO patients receiving antiviral therapy. Hutchinson's sign and anterior uveitis were found to be strong predictors of visual loss in HZO. Presence of these predictors calls for close monitoring.
Changes in Caucasian eyes after laser peripheral iridotomy: an anterior segment optical coherence tomography study
Authors: Ang Ghee S , Wells Anthony P 
Published: June 2010

AbstractBackground:  To evaluate by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) the changes in the anterior chamber structures in Caucasian eyes after laser peripheral iridotomy (PI).Methods:  Retrospective study of consecutive Caucasian primary angle closure suspect (PACS), primary angle closure (PAC) or primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) patients who underwent laser PI over a 25‐month period at a specialist glaucoma practice. The AS‐OCT images of the temporal and nasal angles (in light and dark) before and after laser PI were analysed. The parameters studied were trabecular‐iris angle (TIA), angle opening distance (AOD), trabecular‐iris space area (TISA), trabecular‐iris contact length (TICL), iris thickness (IT) and maximum iris bow height (MIBH).Results:  Images of 71 eyes of 71 patients were assessed. The mean age at laser PI was 60.3 ± 10.0 years. Forty (56.3%) were women, and 14 (19.7%) had PACG. The mean time from laser PI to the follow‐up AS‐OCT scan was 5.92 ± 3.22 weeks. The IT did not alter significantly after laser PI, but there were significant increases in the TIA, AOD and TISA, as well as a significant decrease in MIBH, in both light and dark. There was no difference in the magnitude of change seen between the temporal and nasal angles, or between PACS/PAC and PACG eyes.Conclusion:  In Caucasian eyes, laser PI resulted in significant angle widening (increased TIA, AOD and TISA) and iris profile flattening (decreased MIBH) at the temporal and nasal angles based on AS‐OCT imaging in both light and dark.