bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual disruption in a second species of wild cyprinid fish (the gudgeon, Gobio gobio) in United Kingdom Freshwaters
Authors: van Aerle Ronny , Nolanusan Monique , Jobling Susan , Christiansen Lisette B , Sumpter John P , Tyler Charles R 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To establish whether the intersex condition seen in the roach (Rutilus rutilus) in United Kingdom (UK) rivers was species specific or a more general phenomenon in fish, evidence for sexual disruption was sought in a second cyprinid species, the gudgeon (Gobio gobio). Gudgeon were collected from the Rivers Aire and Lea (at locations that receive high-volume discharges of sewage treatment works [STW] effluent and that contain intersex roach) and from two still waters, and their gonads were examined histologically for evidence of intersexuality (the simultaneous presence of oocytes and testicular tissue). Intersex gonads were found at all sites, with the highest incidences occurring at one of the still waters (Lakeside Fisheries: 15%) and at sites on the River Aire (Thwaite Weir, Silsden Bridge, and Knostrop: 14, 13, and 12%, respectively). In the River Lea and Longton Park Lake, the incidence of intersexuality in gudgeon was 6%. In most cases, intersex gonads were characterized by a few primary oocytes/gonad section in an otherwise normal testis. However, at some sites on the River Aire (Thwaite Weir and Knostrop), the intersex condition was more severe. At Thwaite Weir, for example, more than half of the gonad in 40% of the intersex fish was comprised of ovarian tissue. Elevated concentrations of plasma vitellogenin both in male and in intersex fish indicated that fish had been exposed to estrogen(s). Some of the gudgeon were found at sites several kilometers downstream of any point discharge of STW effluent; therefore, the results likely are representative of this species in wild populations found in typical UK river ecosystems. Together with the findings in the roach, these data on the gudgeon confirm that sexual disruption in fish in UK rivers is not species specific.
Evaluation of bioassays versus contaminant concentrations in explaining the macroinvertebrate community structure in the Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands
Authors: Peeters Edwin T H M , Dewitte Anouk , Koelmans Albert A , van der Velden Joan A , den Besten Pieter J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIt is often assumed that bioassays are better descriptors of sediment toxicity than toxicant concentrations and that ecological factors are more important than toxicants in structuring macroinvertebrate communities. In the period 1992 to 1995, data were collected in the enclosed Rhine-Meuse delta, The Netherlands, on macroinvertebrates, sediment toxicity, sediment contaminant concentrations, and ecological factors. The effect of various groups of pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, trace metals, oil, polychlorinated biphenyls) and of ecological variables on the structure of the macroinvertebrate community were quantified. Ecological factors explained 17.3% of the macroinvertebrate variation, while contaminants explained 13.8%. Another 14.7% was explained by the covariation between ecological variables and contaminants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons explained a larger part of the variation than trace metals. The contributions of oil and polychlorinated biphenyls were small but significant. Elevated contaminant concentrations were significantly associated with differences in the macroinvertebrate food web structure. The response in bioassays (Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna, Chironomus riparius) was susceptible to certain contaminants but also to certain ecological factors. There was a weak correlation between in situ species composition and bioassays; 1.9% of in situ macroinvertebrate variation was explained by the bioassay responses. This seems to contradict the validity of using bioassays for a system-oriented risk assessment. Possible reasons for this discrepancy might be the manipulations of the sediment before the test and a higher pollutant tolerance of the in situ macroinvertebrates. Thus, macroinvertebrate field surveys and laboratory bioassays yield different types of information on ecotoxicological effects, and both are recommended in sediment risk assessment procedures.
Modeling pentachlorophenol bioavailability and bioaccumulation by the freshwater fingernail clam Sphaerium corneum using artificial particles and humic acids
Authors: Guerrero Noemi R. Verrengia , Taylor Marina G , Wider Eva A , Simkiss Kenneth 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The uptake of anthropogenic chemicals by benthic bivalves may occur through the water phase and also by the ingestion of particles from both the suspended matter and bottom sediments. Many chemicals sorb to sediments and, subsequently, are released in the digestive tract of animals. The assessment of sediment-bound chemicals has been difficult because of the complexity of the association between these chemicals and natural particles. To simplify this complexity, we previously devised a test system using artificial particles with known chemical structures. In the present work, we improved this experimental design by adding humic materials as a source of organic matter. Bioassays were conducted by exposing the fingernail clam Sphaerium corneum to sublethal levels of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in the presence or absence of the artificial particles, treated with or without a commercial preparation of humic acids. The results showed that the bioavailability and bioaccumulation could be explained on the basis of the interactions of PCP with the active groups and/or the backbone of the resins, both in systems with or without humic acids. This model may constitute a useful approach to modeling and predicting the uptake and accumulation of chemicals bound to natural sediments.
Air—water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the New York—New Jersey, USA, Harbor Estuary
Authors: Gigliotti Cari L. , Brunciak Paul A. , Dachs Jordi , Glenn Thomas R. , Nelson Eric D. , Totten Lisa A. , Eisenreich Steven J. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, n = 36) were measured in the gas and particle phases in the atmosphere and the dissolved and particle phases in the waters of the New York—New Jersey Harbor Estuary, USA, during a weeklong intensive field campaign in July 1998. Mean total (gas + particulate) phenanthrene and pyrene concentrations were 3.3 and 0.33 ng/m3, respectively, over Raritan Bay, and 14 and 1.1 ng/m3, respectively, over New York Harbor. Similar PAH profiles (p values &lt; 0.01) in the atmospheric gas phase and the dissolved phase in water demonstrate the close coupling of the air and water compartments. Air—water exchange fluxes of PAHs estimated using shore-based air data lead to erroneous flux estimates when compared to those derived using over-water air samples. The gross absorptive air—water flux dominates atmospheric loadings (wet, dry particle, gas absorption) to the estuary for PAHs of molecular weight &lt; 234 g/mol. Dry particle deposition is increasingly more important for the higher-molecular-weight, particle-bound PAH species. Gross volatilization dominates gross absorption for the majority of PAHs in the New York—New Jersey Harbor Estuary.
The effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on the degradation of benzo[a]pyrene by Mycobacterium sp. strain RJGII-135
Authors: McLellan Sandra L. , Warshawsky David , Shann Jodi R. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Mycobacterium sp. strain RJGII-135 is capable of degrading a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). In this study, critical aspects of degradation were investigated, including compound uptake, relative rates of PAH degradation, and the effects of co-occurring PAH substrates on BaP degradation and mineralization to CO2. Mycobacterium sp. strain RJGII-135 was capable of degrading phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene at a 10- to 20-fold greater rate than benz[a]anthracene (BaA) and BaP. A significant amount of phenanthrene and pyrene, 30% and 10%, respectively, was completely mineralized, whereas less than 4% of anthracene, BaA, and BaP was mineralized. The PAH uptake assays demonstrated that high amounts of BaP and BaA, 81% and 75% of added compound, respectively, could be recovered from bacterial cell fractions after a 4-h incubation compared with pyrene (61%), anthracene (53%), and phenanthrene (47%). The half-saturation constant (Km) for pyrene was threefold lower for pyrene over BaP, suggesting that the degradation system in Mycobacterium sp. strain RJGII-135 has a higher affinity for pyrene, reaching maximal degradative activity at lower concentrations. No hybridization to dioxygenase gene probes nahAc, bphA1, or tolC1C2 was detected. Studies to investigate competition between different PAH substrates demonstrated that the rate of BaP metabolism was influenced by the presence of a second PAH substrate. The BaP metabolism was inhibited when coincubated with BaA, pyrene, and anthracene. Phenanthrene did not inhibit but enhanced BaP metabolism sixfold. These data suggest that induction effects of components of complex mixtures may be as important as competitive metabolism when assessing the ability of bacteria to effectively degrade high-molecular-weight PAHs in the environment.
Phytoxicity of smelter-impacted soils in southwest Montana, USA
Authors: Redente Edward F. , Zadeh Holley , Paschke Mark W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A century of copper smelting in southwest Montana, USA, destroyed vegetation for many kilometers surrounding the Washoe Smelter. Once the vegetation was lost, exposed soils were subject to wind and water erosion, which removed topsoil and left soil surfaces paved with gravel. A greenhouse study was conducted using soils from smelter-impacted and non-smelter-impacted sites near Anaconda, Montana. Bluebunch wheatgrass, Agropyron spicatum (Pursh) Scribn., and western yarrow, Achillea lanulosa Nutt., were grown for 50 d in unamended, fertilized, or limed treatments to determine if soil fertility, pH, or trace elements were limiting plant growth on soil from the impacted site. The addition of fertilizer significantly increased plant biomass of both species in soils from impacted and nonimpacted sites when compared to unamended and limed soil. The addition of lime had no effect on plant growth. When plant growth in fertilized smelter-impacted soil was compared to unamended nonimpacted soil, significantly more plant biomass was observed in the fertilized smelter-impacted soil. Shoot and root concentrations of trace elements were higher in plants grown in impacted soil compared to nonimpacted soil. The only element that was found to occur in concentrations reported to be phytotoxic was arsenic (As). However, toxicity thresholds for As, reported in the literature, were generated in agricultural species and do not likely have application to the native perennials used in this study.
Speciation of copper in sewage effluents and its toxicity to Daphnia magna
Authors: Van Veen Eleanor , Burton Nicola , Comber Sean , Gardner Michael 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Copper complexation capacity was determined in a range of sewage treatment works final effluents and receiving waters, upstream and downstream of the discharge point. Forty-eight-hour immobilization tests on Daphnia magna were used to assess the toxicity of copper in the effluent matrix. Complexation capacities in effluents were typically in the range 50 to 100 μg Cu/L, with higher values being found in the poorer-quality effluents with higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. The tolerance of Daphnia to dissolved copper concentrations was more than quadrupled in a 50% effluent matrix, with the increase in tolerance being related to complexation capacity. Ligand concentrations in effluents were found to correlate strongly with effluent DOC. No such relationship was observed in surface waters. On mixing with river water, sewage-derived ligands behaved conservatively and were relatively stable over time scales of up to 10 d.
Cycling of weathered chlordane residues in the environment: Compositional and chiral profiles in contiguous soil, vegetation, and air compartments
Authors: Mattina Mary Jane Incorvia , White Jason , Eitzer Brian , Iannucci-Berger William 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Technical chlordane, a synthetic organic pesticide composed of 147 separate components, some of which exhibit optical activity, was used as an insecticide, herbicide, and termiticide prior to all uses being banned in the United States in 1988. It has been shown that food crops grown in soil treated decades earlier with technical chlordane translocate the weathered chlordane residues from the soil into root and aerial plant tissues. A rigorous analytical method is presented for the simultaneous, quantitative determination of both achiral and chiral components of technical chlordane in soil, plant, and air compartments using chiral gas chromatography interfaced to ion trap mass spectrometry and internal standard calibration. Using this method, we have observed differences in both the absolute and the relative amounts of trans- and cis-chlordane enantiomers and achiral trans-nonachlor between the soil compartment and various plant tissue compartments for several field-grown food crops. Changes in the relative amounts of the (+) and (−) enantiomers of trans- and cis-chlordane indicate enantioselective processes are in effect in the contiguous compartments of soil, plant roots, and aerial plant tissues. The data for zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.), in particular, show an approximate fivefold enhancement in absolute concentration for total trans-chlordane, an eightfold concentration enhancement for total cis-chlordane, and a 2.5-fold enhancement for trans-nonachlor in the root relative to the soil matrix, the largest enhancements of any crop studied. This is the first comprehensive report of enantioselective processes into and through plant tissues for a variety of field-grown food crops. The selectivity will be related to observed insect toxicities of the enantiomers.
Relationship between feeding-induced ventilatory activity and bioaccumulation of dissolved and algal-bound cadmium in the Asiatic clamCorbicula fluminea
Authors: Tran Damien , Boudou Alain , Massabuau Jean-Charles 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe influence of feeding-induced ventilatory adaptation on cadmium accumulation patterns was analyzed in quiescent Asiatic clam Corbicula fluminea studied in steady-state conditions at 15°C and 25°C and in air-equilibrated water. Ventilatory activity, algae inflow rate, amounts of inspired dissolved and algae-bound Cd, and whole-body and tissue-specific metal concentrations were studied during a 15-d exposure period at a low dissolved cadmium concentration of 2 μg/L and various algal concentrations of Scenedesmus subspicatus. Great care was taken not to externally stimulate animals. Four main results were obtained as regard to regulation of ventilatory activity and metal accumulation rate. First, at 25°C, feeding purposes strongly stimulated ventilatory activity, while at 15°C, it was independent of it except at 1 to 2 × 105 algae/ml. Second, Cd accumulation rate increased at higher temperature. Third, accumulation rate exhibited a positive correlation with the ventilatory flow rate. Fourth, no correlation was observed with the quantity of ventilated algae-bound Cd but, rather, with the quantity of ventilated dissolved Cd. It is concluded that the physiology of the animals can be fundamental in affecting metal accumulation process.
Does status of attachment influence survival time of zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, exposed to chlorination?
Authors: Rajagopal Sanjeevi , Van Der Velde Gerard , Jenner Henk A. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Mussels colonize cooling water circuits of power stations by attaching themselves to the pipe or conduit walls using byssus threads. Once manually detached, they quickly try to reattach by producing new byssus threads. In many published reports on antifouling bioassays, the test specimens are exposed to the biocide in an unattached state. These mussels, while trying to reattach, are likely to expose themselves more frequently to the toxic compound when compared to firmly attached mussels. The results of the assay, therefore, could vary, depending on the status of the mussels used. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that the status of attachment could influence the toxicity response of mussels and show that byssally attached zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), is more resistant to chlorine than unattached ones. An average increase of 27% in the survival time was observed for attached mussels over unattached ones in the chlorine concentration range of 0.25 to 3 mg/L. It is conclusively shown that the increase in sensitivity of the unattached mussels was related to an increase in the byssal activity, quantified presently as the byssogenesis index. The results indicate that future laboratory toxicity experiments involving mussels should be carried out using byssally attached ones.
Analysis of hepatic vitamins A1, A2, their fatty acyl esters, and vitamin E for biomonitoring mammals feeding on freshwater fish
Authors: Käkelä Anne , Käkelä Reijo , Hyvärinen Heikki 
Published: March 2010

AbstractIn tissues of freshwater fish–feeding mammals, 3,4-didehydroretinol (A2) is a major form of vitamin A. In mink liver, with organochlorine exposure, this analog has been found to decrease more than retinol (A1) and thus has potential as a sensitive freshwater biomarker. The presence of the analogs A1 and A2 as alcohol and different fatty acyl esters, which react to polychlorinated biphenyls differently, necessitates detailed analyses achieved by using direct extraction of tissue homogenate. In direct hexane extraction, compared to total levels of the vitamins obtained in the saponification procedure, a large proportion of the vitamins was released only after repeated and long-time vortex mixing with the extraction solvent. Thus, in tissue extraction, the use of internal standardization alone can lead to a rough underestimation of the levels of these fat-soluble vitamins. For analyses of vitamins A1 and A2 in liver, we applied the argentation high-performance liquid chromatography, which provided good separation of individual A1 and A2 fatty acyl esters. We report retention times for numerous esters of A1 and A2 and, to aid identification, the change in their retention properties after adding AgNO3 to the mobile phase. The argentation did not affect the recoveries of any forms of the retinoids studied but destroyed half the vitamin E. Despite selective acylation of fatty acids into the vitamin A esters, the fatty acids of the esters were the same as those found to be the major fatty acids in the gas–liquid chromatography of total lipids. The goal of this work was to create a methodology that is suitable for biomonitoring alcoholic and esterified vitamins A1 and A2 in tissues of freshwater fish–feeding mammals.
The influence of redox potential on the degradation of halogenated methanes
Authors: Olivas Yolanda , Dolfing Jan , Smith Geoffrey B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractTo determine the influence of redox potential on the reaction mechanism and to quantify kinetics of the dechlorination by digester sludge, the test compounds trichlorofluoromethane (CFCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and chloroform (CHCl3) were incubated in the presence of sludge and variable concentrations of reducing agent. Different sources of dehalogenation were examined, including live sludge and heat-killed sludge, and abiotic mechanisms were quantified in the absence of sludge. Batch incubations were done under redox conditions ranging from +534 to -348 mV. The highest rates for the dehalogenation of the three compounds were observed at -348 mV. The dechlorination rate of all the compounds by the heat-resistant catalysts was approximately twofold higher than the live treatments. It was proposed that the higher degradation rates by heat-killed sludge were due to the absence of physical barriers such as cell wall and cell membranes. There was no abiotic dechlorination of CFCl3, whereas CCl4 and CHCl3 were both reduced in the absence of sludge catalyst by Ti (III) citrate at ≥2.5 mM. The degradation pathways of CFCl3 and CHCl3 appeared to be only partially reductive since the production of reduced metabolites was low in comparison with the total amount of original halogenated compounds degraded. For CFCl3, the partial reductive degradation implied that different intra- and extracellular pathways were concurrent. The Gibbs free energy and the redox potential for the dehalogenation reactions utilizing Ti (III) citrate and acetate as electron donors are reported here for the first time.
Health of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) with elevated tissue levels of environmental contaminants
Authors: Mikaelian Igor , De Lafontaine Yves , Harshbarger John C. , Lee Lucy L. J. , Martineau Daniel 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) were collected in 1996 from the St. Lawrence River, Quebec, Canada. Histologic examination was performed on major organs of 497 specimens and on the liver of 48 additional individuals. Preneoplastic and neoplastic hepatic changes consisted of vacuolated cell (n = 65), clear cell (n = 17), and acidophilic (n = 16) foci of altered hepatocyte, hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 12), cholangioma (n = 5), and cholangiocarcinoma (n = 28). Six fish were intersexes (1.2%), and 11.7% of the ovaries (26/223) had ducts containing spermatogonia or more differentiated cells of the male germ cell line. Asynchronous nodular maturation of the testes was present in 8.2% of the male fish (22/267). The mean hepatic concentrations of various contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorobenzenes, pesticides, and trace metals, were 6 to 8 times higher in lake whitefish than in three other fish species (Ictalurus punctatus, Catostomus commersoni, and Stizostedion vitreum) collected at the same site. Condition factor of lake whitefish from this study was lower than that previously reported 40 to 50 years ago at this site and from contemporary pristine sites in the Great Lakes, USA. The presence of liver neoplasms, gonadal lesions, and a decreased condition factor in lake whitefish from the St. Lawrence River may be etiologically related to elevated tissue concentrations of toxic chemical contaminants.