bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Modified Anterior Line: An Alternative Linear Lesion in Perimitral Flutter
Authors: TZEIS STYLIANOS , LUIK ARMIN , JILEK CLEMENS , SCHMITT CLAUS , ESTNER HEIDI L. , WU JINJIN , REENTS TILKO , FICHTNER STEPHANIE , KOLB CHRISTOF , KARCH MARTIN R. , HESSLING GABRIELE , DEISENHOFER ISABEL 
Published: December 2009

Modified Anterior Line for Perimitral Flutter. Introduction: Ablation of left atrial flutter (LAF) is often limited by the need for technically demanding linear lesions. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of a new modified anterior line (MAL), connecting the anterior/anterolateral mitral annulus with the left superior pulmonary vein for ablation of perimitral flutter.
Methods and Results:
MAL was performed in 65 patients (15 females, age 63.6 ± 9.8 years) with perimitral flutter using 3D mapping systems (70.8% Carto, 29.2% NavX). Perimitral flutter was either the presenting arrhythmia (73.8%) or an intermediate organized rhythm during atrial fibrillation ablation. Follow‐up included repetitive 7‐day Holter with 93.8% of patients off antiarrhythmics. MAL was acutely effective in 63/65 patients (96.9%). Termination to sinus rhythm occurred in 36 of 65 patients (55.4%), and in 27 of 65 patients (41.5%) there was a change to another LAF type. Bidirectional block across the MAL was achieved in 56 of 65 patients (86.1%). After 6 months of follow‐up, 20 of 41 patients (48.8%) had a LAF recurrence, with 6 patients undergoing a reablation. In all redo patients the MAL was still complete and LAF mechanism was different to the initially targeted. No major complication occurred during the ablation procedures or in the postablation period.
Conclusion:
The MAL is a safe and effective linear lesion for the treatment of perimitral LAF. Its value compared to more established linear lesions as the mitral isthmus line has to be evaluated in larger studies. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 21, pp. 665‐670, June 2010)
Accessibility changes within diphtheria toxin T domain when in the functional molten globule state, as determined using hydrogen/deuterium exchange measurements
Authors: Man Petr , Montagner Caroline , Vitrac Heidi , Kavan Daniel , Pichard Sylvain , Gillet Daniel , Forest Eric , Forge Vincent 
Published: December 2009

The translocation domain (T domain) of diphtheria toxin adopts a partially folded state, the so‐called molten globule state, to become functional at acidic pH. We compared, using hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments associated with MS, the structures of the T domain in its soluble folded state at neutral pH and in its functional molten globule state at acidic pH. In the native state, the α‐helices TH5 and TH8 are identified as the core of the domain. Based on the high‐resolution structure of the T domain, we propose that TH8 is highly protected because it is buried within the native structure. According to the same structure, TH5 is partly accessible at the surface of the T domain. We propose that its high protection is caused by the formation of dimers. Within the molten globule state, high protection is still observed within the helical hairpin TH8–TH9, which is responsible for the insertion of the T domain into the membrane. In the absence of the lipid bilayer, this hydrophobic part of the domain self‐assembles, leading to the formation of oligomers. Overall, hydrogen/deuterium‐exchange measurements allow the analysis of interaction contacts within small oligomers made of partially folded proteins. Such information, together with crystal structure data, are particularly valuable for using to analyze the self‐assembly of proteins.Structured digital abstract
MINT‐7298382, MINT‐7298394: diphtheria toxin (uniprotkb:Q6NK15) and diphtheria toxin (uniprotkb:Q6NK15) bind (MI:0407) by molecular sieving (MI:0071)
CHANGES IN QUALITY DURING STORAGE OF VACUUM‐PACKED SEA BASS (DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX, Linnaeus, 1758) COOKED BY DIFFERENT METHODS
Authors: TURKKAN AYSE UFUK , CAKLI SUKRAN , KILINC BERNA 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT This work evaluates the chemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics of vacuum‐packed sea bass processed by different cooking methods under different time/temperature conditions and storage at 2C. The heat treatments applied in core were: 5 min, at 180C for frying, 30 mi, at 230C for baking, and 16 min at 2450 MHz for microwave cooking. Chemical, microbiological and sensory quality changes were investigated periodically. In all groups; the total viable and psycrophilic bacteria counts increased throughout the storage period of vacuum‐packed sea bass. Total viable counts of fried, baked and microwave‐cooked sea bass reached 6.06, 7.00, 7.24 log cfu/g, respectively, after 15 days. On day 15, the total volatile base nitrogen (TVB‐N) value of microwave‐cooked sea bass exceeded the allowable limit of 38.72 mg/100 g, whereas the TVB‐N value of fried and baked sea bass reached 22.46 and 29.85 mg/100 g, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that frying at 180C for 5 min in core is the most effective cooking method to ensure the safety and extend the shelf life of fried sea bass, preserving its microbiological guality. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONThis study establishes the chemical, microbiological and sensory quality of vacuum‐packed sea bass and emphasizes the relevance of the quality changes of the different cooked sea bass. Heat treatments and storage temperatures are very important to ensure the safety of the fish product.
RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY STUDY ON THE POSSIBILITY OF NITRITE REDUCTION BY GLUCONO‐δ‐LACTONE AND ASCORBIC ACID IN TURKISH‐TYPE FERMENTED SAUSAGE (SUCUK)
Authors: YILMAZ MUSTAFA TAHSİN , ZORBA ÖMER 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The primary goal of this study was to determine the residual nitrite‐reducing effects of glucono‐δ‐lactone (GDL) and ascorbic acid (AA) in Turkish‐type fermented sausage. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of processing variables, e.g., nitrite (0–200 mg/kg sausage), GDL (0–0.5% w/w) and AA (0–500 mg/kg sausage) on pH, moisture, residual nitrite, proteolysis, lipolysis, peroxide, yield and sensory score of the sausage. AA significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the residual nitrite level; however, quadratic effect of AA showed an inverse effect. GDL did not produce the same effect on the residual nitrite level. The processing variables had no prominent effect on the proteolysis, lipolysis and peroxide. GDL and AA addition showed a negative effect on the yield and sensory scores of the sausages. The regression model predicted the optimum residual nitrite content to be 0.75 mg/kg. The critical values for nitrite, GDL and AA to obtain this optimum level were 147.56 mg/kg, 0.17% and 565 mg/kg, respectively.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSResidual nitrite level is a major problem in the Turkish‐type fermented sausage product with respect to some health concerns, residual nitrite causes a possible formation of the carcinogenic N‐nitrosamines. The results of this study can be applied to reduce the residual nitrite level in sausage and to find the optimum levels of nitrite, glucono‐δ‐lactone and ascorbic acid levels to maintain the characteristic sausage quality properties. Based on the results, ascorbic acid can be used to reduce the residual nitrite levels in the sausage.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY GLYCINE BETAINE ON BLOOD CHARACTERISTICS AND PORK QUALITY
Authors: HWANG YOUNG HWA , HUR SUN JIN , PARK GU BOO , JOO SEON TEA 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary glycine betaine on pork quality and blood characteristics. A total of 80 female pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were randomly allotted into one of four experimental diet groups. Each group of pigs fed with a commercial diet (control) added with 0.2 g glycine betaine (T1), 0.4 g glycine betaine (T2) and 0.6 g glycine betaine (T3)/kg diet during 40 days. Glycine betaine concentrations in plasma and loin muscle were significantly increased by dietary glycine betaine; however, triglyceride concentration in serum was decreased by dietary glycine betaine. Creatine phosphokinase concentrations in plasma had no significant difference among the dietary groups. Redness (a*) was significantly higher in T2 and T3; however, at the first and seventh days of storage, redness (a*) was not significantly different between dietary groups. Shear force was significantly higher in dietary glycine betaine groups at the first day of storage. Cholesterol content was significantly lower in T2 and T3, whereas T1 was not significantly different compared with the control group. In fatty acid composition, the ratio of saturated fatty acids was increased, whereas unsaturated fatty acids were decreased by dietary glycine betaine.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSGlycine betaine is an amino acid (trimethylglycine) present in most organisms, and is an obligatory intermediate in the catabolism of choline. Glycine betaine has been reported to affect some aspects of pork qualities. As a result of this study, dietary glycine betaine should improve meat redness and reduce cholesterol. However, dietary glycine betaine did not influence creatine phosphokinase levels in plasma. These results will be helpful to the pork industry and meat scientists for improving meat qaulity.
MYOFIBRILLAR AND SARCOPLASMIC PROTEIN OXIDATION AND DEGRADATION OF THIN‐LIPPED GRAY MULLET (LIZA RAMADA) DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE (4C)
Authors: TOKUR BAHAR , POLAT ABDURRAHMAN 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The oxidation of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins of thin‐lipped mullet (Liza ramada) in different ages during refrigerated storage (4C), and in vitro oxidation of muscle after 2 and 24 h incubation with Fe+2/H2O2 at 4C were evaluated by means of protein carbonyl content. Changes in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The carbonyl content of myofibrillar proteins exhibited a regular increase at 2 years of age during the refrigerated storage for 10 days (P < 0.05), and increased at 4 and 6 years of age after 5 days of cold storage (P > 0.05), and then did not significantly change between 5 and 10 days of storage (P > 0.05). Sarcoplasmic proteins showed a decrease in the carbonyl content at 2 years of age during 10 days of storage. However, no significant changes were observed in carbonyl content of sarcoplasmic proteins at 4 and 6 years of age (P > 0.05). An increase in carbonyl content of whole muscle, but not statistically significant, was found at 2, 4 and 6 years of age during 10 days of cold storage. There were no significant differences in oxidation of thin‐lipped gray mullet proteins in all ages between 2 and 24 h of incubation with Fenton‐like oxidation system (Fe+2SO4/H2O2) at 4C (P < 0.05). However, there was a tendency to find an increase in carbonyl content in all ages after 24 h of incubation. Electrophoretic studies in the presence and absence of β‐mercaptoethanol showed that high‐molecular weight polymers via disulfide cross‐linking and/or degradation/digestion by proteolysis could be formed in the myofibrillar proteins in different ages. Slight changes were observed in sarcoplasmic proteins of thin‐lipped gray mullet both in the absence and presence of a disulfide‐splitting agent. These results suggest that there is a probable link between protein oxidation and protelytic degradation of myofibrillar proteins during postmortem storage, and the effects of cold storage on oxidation and possible changes in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins could be changed depending on ages in same species.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe degradation of muscle proteins caused by proteolysis is one of the most important quality attributes of fish muscle throughout cold storage. However, knowledge about the effect of oxidative process on proteins and their effect on postmortem quality of fish is less known. In this study, we found a probable link between protein oxidation and degradation of thin‐lipped mullet myofibrillar proteins, and their proteolysis may be stimulated by oxygen radicals during postmortem storage. These determinations are important to prevent protein degradation and improve the shelf life of thin‐lipped mullet during postmortem storage.
ULTIMATE pH EXPLAINS VARIATION IN PORK QUALITY TRAITS
Authors: BOLER D.D. , DILGER A.C. , BIDNER B.S. , CARR S.N. , EGGERT J.M. , DAY J.W. , ELLIS M. , MCKEITH F.K. , KILLEFER J. 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between pH and fresh pork quality. Pigs (n = 988) were harvested at one plant on 6 days over a 2‐month period. Loin pH was recorded at 45 min, and 3 and 24 h postmortem. Loins (n = 840) were classified based on ultimate pH into four categories: low (≤5.44), low/normal (5.45–5.74), high/normal (5.75–6.04) and high (≥6.05). A majority of loins (53.3%) were classified as low/normal, while only 1.3% were classified as low. It was confirmed that 24 h pH was the best predictor of key meat quality traits because 45 min and 3 h pH accounted for less than 5% of the total variation in quality traits. The pH at 24 h postmortem is the best predictor of quality of the three time points tested in this population, because it accounted for over 10% of the variation in several quality attributes.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSUltimate pH is becoming more widely used in industry applications to segregate carcasses prior to fabrication. The pH has been linked to several important attributes of pork quality, including water‐holding capacity, tenderness and color. While it has been suggested that the pH measured at earlier time points postmortem can be used to predict pork quality, the results of this study suggest that the pH at 24 h postmortem is the best predictor of these characteristics. The addition of 45 min or 3 h pH is of little predictive value for meat quality characteristics in this population. While 24 h pH accounts for some variability in pork quality attributes, more work is still needed to determine factors impacting the quality of pork.
CHANGES IN BIOCHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TURKEY SUCUKS AS AFFECTED BY PROCESSING AND STARTER CULTURE UTILIZATION
Authors: ENSOY ÜMRAN , KOLSARICI NURAY , CANDOĞAN KEZBAN , KARSLIOĞLU BETÜL 
Published: December 2009

ABSTRACT The effects of starter culture and processing on the microbiological and biochemical characteristics of turkey sucuk were studied during production and storage. No differences (P > 0.05) in proximate composition and salt contents were found in sucuks produced either by traditional or heated methodologies. Both traditional (P < 0.05) and heat‐processed (P > 0.05) sucuks that incorporated S1 had the lowest pH value, and thus the highest titratable acidity. Heating process resulted in about 1 log unit reduction in yeast counts and 1.5 log unit reduction in lactic acid bacteria, total mesophilic aerobic bacteria and micrococci–staphylococci counts of all sucuks. Within the heat‐processed sucuks, heating stage did not result in a significant change in nonprotein nitrogen contents (P > 0.05). Changes in myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein were observed because of proteolytic changes during ripening, but, in general, no major difference was observed between sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns as a result of starter culture treatments.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSResults of this study can be applied to improve some biochemical and microbiological characteristics of fermented turkey sausages. The findings showed that utilizing commercial starter culture mix, containing Lactobacillus sake, Staphylococcus carnosus and Staphylococcus xylosus II resulted in lower pH value with a higher titratable acidity than traditional style‐fermented turkey sausages. These parameters are responsible for texture development and characteristic taste of fermented sausages.
Citizen oversight of independent police services: Bifurcated accountability, regulation creep, and lesson learning
Authors: Smith Graham 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBy examining developments in England and Wales this article considers police reform in the context of the tension between operational independence and citizen oversight. The article assesses the nexus between regulation and accountability in order to shed light on how a bifurcated accountability paradigm has protected police autonomy. Particular significance is attached to the cold‐blooded police shooting of an innocent man as a critical moment in the recent history of police governance. The lesson‐learning strategy of the Independent Police Complaints Commission, created under the Police Reform Act 2002, is singled out as an important driver of police reform. Although police governance reform in England and Wales is context specific, it is held that appreciation of the regulation accountability nexus and complaints as lesson‐learning opportunities are of significance in other jurisdictions and sectors.
Comparing the legitimacy and effectiveness of global hard and soft law: An analytical framework
Authors: Karlsson‐Vinkhuyzen Sylvia I. , Vihma Antto 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe international norms that are developed as tools of global governance can be placed on a continuum from traditional “hard law” treaties to the vaguest and voluntary “soft law.” In this article we develop an analytical framework for comparing norms on different positions along the continuum, thus for comparing international hard and soft law. We root the framework in both the rationalist and the constructivist paradigms of international relations by focusing on two overarching evaluative criteria: effectiveness and legitimacy. These broad concepts are divided into smaller building blocks encompassing mechanisms through which norms can exert influence; for example, by changing material incentives, identities, and building capacity, and by contributing to building source‐based, procedural, and substantive legitimacy. We illustrate the applicability of the framework with three norm processes of varying degrees of “softness” in global climate governance.
Regulation and voluntarism: A case study of governance in the making
Authors: Barkay Tamar 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn this article I analyze a multi‐stakeholder process of environmental regulation. By grounding the article in the literature on regulatory capitalism and governance, I follow the career of a specific legislative process: the enactment of Israel's Deposit Law on Beverage Containers, which aims to delegate the responsibility for recycling to industry. I show that one crucial result of this process was the creation of a non‐profit entity licensed to act as a compliance mechanism. This new entity enabled industry to distance itself from the responsibility of recycling, and thereby frustrated the original objective of the legislation, which was to implement the principle of “extended producer responsibility.” Furthermore, this entity, owned by commercial companies and yet acting as an environmentally friendly organization, allowed industry to promote an anti‐regulatory agenda via a “civic voice.” The study moves methodologically from considering governance as an institutional structure to analyzing the process of “governancing,” through which authoritative capacities and legal responsibilities are distributed among state and non‐state actors. Two key findings are that this process and its outcome (i) are premised on an ideology of civic voluntarism, which ultimately delegates environmental responsibilities to citizens; and (ii) facilitate an anti‐regulatory climate that serves commercial interests.
Testing responsive regulation in regulatory enforcement
Authors: Nielsen Vibeke Lehmann , Parker Christine 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe policy ideals of responsive regulation have been developed on the basis of substantial empirical evidence. The overall formulation of responsive regulation theory itself, however, has rarely been empirically tested. This article sets out the theoretical concept of responsive regulation in the context of business regulation enforcement and discusses how we might operationalize and empirically measure it. We develop two alternative theoretical interpretations of responsive regulatory enforcement: “tit for tat” responsive regulation and “restorative justice” responsive regulation. We then measure business firms' perceptions of the reactions and counter‐reactions of a regulatory enforcement agency throughout the investigation and enforcement process. We find little evidence of tit for tat responsiveness actually occurring in practice. To the extent that tit for tat responsiveness does exist, we find a small amount of evidence that it has the hypothesized effects on behavior but not on attitudes. We find clearer evidence of restorative justice responsiveness having the hypothesized effects on attitudes but not on behavior.
The regulatory state and the UK Labour Government's re‐regulation of provision in the English National Health Service
Authors: Wright John S. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFollowing its election in 1997, the UK Labour Government embarked upon a 10 year program of reform of the National Health Service (NHS). By 2005, Labour had doubled the NHS budget and dramatically transformed the shape of the Service. In England, a basic characteristic of the NHS is the organizational split between provider and commissioning agencies. In this article I argue that Labour's re‐regulation of NHS provision is a coherent representation of the influence of the “regulatory state” in restructuring arrangements between government, market, and society. The article offers an account of the regulatory state based on a discussion of five key theses: The Audit Society, Regulation Inside Government, The New Regulatory State, The British Regulatory State, and Regulatory Capitalism. The article unfolds Labour's program of reform across themes common to these accounts: the division of labor between state and society, the division of labor within the state, the formalization of previously informal controls, and the development of meta‐regulatory techniques of enforced self‐regulation. It concludes that the key themes of the regulatory state are at work in Labour's transformation of NHS provision and it offers a discussion of the implications for both scholars of regulation and the UK and European health policy literature.
Legitimating beliefs: Sources and indicators
Authors: Levi Margaret , Sacks Audrey 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe more a government is effective and fair, the more legitimacy that government is likely to attain, and the more it will possess the potential to elicit compliance without excessive monitoring or punitive action. We explore this proposition using contemporary survey data from sub‐Saharan Africa. In particular, we are interested in the conditions that promote popular legitimating beliefs that provide support for governments that are attempting to serve their entire populations competently and in a manner that is relatively impartial and equitable. This article provides empirical support for a long hypothesized link between the extent of government effectiveness, procedural justice, and citizens' willingness to defer to governmental tax authority. The sample, drawn from a continuum of developing societies in Africa, allows us to analyze the impact of variations in government effectiveness and citizen perceptions of fairness on the sense of obligation to comply with the tax authorities, our indicator for legitimating beliefs.