bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of negative epsilon in seismic hazard analysis deaggregation, and its impact on target spectra computation
Authors: Burks Lynne S. , Baker Jack W. 
Published: November 2011

SUMMARYThis paper investigates circumstances behind the occurrence of negative ε (the normalized difference between the spectral acceleration of a recorded ground motion and the median response predicted by a ground motion prediction equation) in probabilistic seismic hazard deaggregation. Negative ε values are of engineering interest because of their impact on the conditional mean spectrum (CMS), which is a proposed alternative to the uniform hazard spectrum (UHS) as a target spectrum for ground motion selection. In the case where target ε values from deaggregation are positive, the CMS calculation produces relatively lower response spectra than the UHS. Positive target ε values occur almost universally in active seismic regions at long return periods of engineering interest, but the possibility of negative target ε values is important because in the case of negative target ε, some relationships between the CMS and UHS would reverse. This paper describes the calculation of target ε, performs parametric studies to determine when negative ε values occur in deaggregation, and investigates the potential impact on target spectrum calculation and ground motion selection. The case studies indicate that special seismicity models and certain ground motion prediction equations have the most significant effect on ε values and a combination of these characteristics in Eastern North America creates the most likely situation for negative target ε to occur. CMS results are nonintuitive when the target ε is negative, but it is not clear that this is a common practical concern because negative target ε occurs only in well‐constrained areas. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
COST‐MINIMISATION ANALYSIS VERSUS COST‐EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS, REVISITED
Authors: Dakin Helen , Wordsworth Sarah 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTWe aim to establish whether it is ever appropriate to conduct cost‐minimisation analysis (CMA) rather than cost‐effectiveness analysis.We perform a literature review to examine how the use of CMA has changed since Briggs & O'Brien announced its death in 2001. Examples of simulated and trial data are presented: firstly to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of CMA in the context of non‐inferiority trials and those finding no significant difference in efficacy and secondly to assess whether CMA gives biased results.We show that CMA is still used and will bias measures of uncertainty, causing overestimation or underestimation of the value of information and the probability that treatment is cost‐effective. Although bias will be negligible for non‐inferiority studies comparing treatments that differ enormously in cost, it is generally necessary to collect and analyse data on costs and efficacy (including utilities) to assess this bias. Cost‐effectiveness analysis (including evaluation of the joint distribution of costs and benefits) is almost always required to avoid biased estimation of uncertainty. The remit of CMA in trial‐based economic evaluation is therefore even narrower than previously thought, suggesting that CMA is not only dead but should also be buried. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distributive justice, procedural justice, exemplarity, and employees' willingness to cooperate in M&A integration processes: An analysis of the Air France‐KLM merger
Authors: Melkonian Tessa , Monin Philippe , Noorderhaven Niels G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAlthough employees' willingness to cooperate is acknowledged as a critical success factor for post‐M&A (merger‐and‐acquisition) integration, we still know little about the psychological mechanisms that lie beneath employees' cooperative attitudes and behaviors in this context. Building on the premises of fairness heuristic theory, this longitudinal study explores how the relative importance of distributive and procedural justice judgments for employees' willingness to cooperate shifts over time. We suggest that when employees lack justice‐relevant information on both distributive and procedural aspects of decisions, they will use another temporary heuristic to reduce uncertainty by scrutinizing the M&A‐related cooperative behaviors of authority figures. We test our hypotheses on data from a four‐time repeated cross‐sectional survey of employee responses in a post‐M&A integration process. The findings provide important insights into how merging firms can enhance employees' willingness to cooperate through the subtle exercise of justice and exemplarity. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postacquisition evolution of the appraisal and reward systems: A study of Chinese IT firms acquired by US firms
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee , Huang Kun 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis study investigates changes and continuity in the performance appraisal and reward systems of four Chinese IT firms after they were acquired by US‐owned multinational corporations. Drawing on different perspectives, it examines changes in the appraisal and reward systems of the acquired units and the extent to which they may be influenced by the interplay of business strategy, organizational structure, resource‐based power of the acquiring and acquired partners, management competence, labor market factors, and the cultural norms of China. The study reveals that the guiding principle of performance management and reward policy of the acquired firms have experienced changes. However, the structure of compensation remains largely unchanged. There is a high level of resistance from the Chinese managers to adopt more sophisticated performance appraisal techniques and to widen the wage band to differentiate employees' performance. The foreign acquirers have taken a cautious and pragmatic approach to implement changes. As a result, the relatively slow speed of change and limited substantive changes in the performance and reward practices make it impossible to achieve a full strategic alignment of human resource practices at the corporate‐level post‐acquisition. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Odanacatib reduces bone turnover and increases bone mass in the lumbar spine of skeletally mature ovariectomized rhesus monkeys
Authors: Masarachia Patricia J , Pennypacker Brenda L , Pickarski Maureen , Scott Kevin R , Wesolowski Gregg A , Smith Susan Y , Samadfam Rani , Goetzmann Jason E , Scott Boyd B , Kimmel Donald B , Duong Le T 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Odanacatib (ODN) is a selective and reversible inhibitor of cathepsin K (CatK) currently being developed as a once-weekly treatment for osteoporosis. In this study, we evaluated the effects of ODN on bone turnover, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone strength in the lumbar spine of estrogen-deficient, skeletally mature rhesus monkeys. Ovariectomized (OVX) monkeys were treated in prevention mode for 21 months with either vehicle, ODN 6 mg/kg, or ODN 30 mg/kg (p.o., q.d.) and compared with intact animals. ODN treatment persistently suppressed the bone resorption markers (urinary NTx [75% to 90%] and serum CTx [40% to 55%]) and the serum formation markers (BSAP [30% to 35%] and P1NP [60% to 70%]) versus vehicle-treated OVX monkeys. Treatment with ODN also led to dose-dependent increases in serum 1-CTP and maintained estrogen deficiency–elevated Trap-5b levels, supporting the distinct mechanism of CatK inhibition in effectively suppressing bone resorption without reducing osteoclast numbers. ODN at both doses fully prevented bone loss in lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L4) BMD in OVX animals, maintaining a level comparable to intact animals. ODN dose-dependently increased L1 to L4 BMD by 7% in the 6 mg/kg group (p &lt; 0.05 versus OVX-vehicle) and 15% in the 30 mg/kg group (p &lt; 0.05 versus OVX-vehicle) from baseline. Treatment also trended to increase bone strength, associated with a positive and highly significant correlation (R = 0.838) between peak load and bone mineral content of the lumbar spine. Whereas ODN reduced bone turnover parameters in trabecular bone, the number of osteoclasts was either maintained or increased in the ODN-treated groups compared with the vehicle controls. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that the long-term treatment with ODN effectively suppressed bone turnover without reducing osteoclast number and maintained normal biomechanical properties of the spine of OVX nonhuman primates. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Randomized controlled trial of a primary care–based screening program to identify older women with prevalent osteoporotic vertebral fractures: Cohort for skeletal health in Bristol and Avon (COSHIBA)
Authors: Clark Emma M , Gould Virginia , Morrison Leigh , Ades AE , Dieppe Paul , Tobias Jon H 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
Approximately 12% of postmenopausal women have osteoporotic vertebral fractures (VFs); these are associated with excess morbidity and mortality and a high risk of future osteoporotic fractures. Despite this, less than one-third come to clinical attention, partly due to lack of clear clinical triggers for referral for spinal radiographs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a novel primary care–based screening tool could be used to identify postmenopausal women with osteoporotic VFs and increase appropriate management of osteoporosis. A randomized controlled trial was undertaken in 15 general practices within the Bristol area of the UK. A total of 3200 women aged 65 to 80 years were enrolled, with no exclusion criteria. A simple screening tool was carried out by a nurse in primary care to identify women at high risk of osteoporotic VFs. All identified high-risk women were offered a diagnostic thoracolumbar radiograph. Radiographs were reported using standard National Health Service (NHS) reporting, with results sent back to each participant's general practitioner (GP). Participants in the control arm did not receive the screening tool or radiographs. The main outcome measure was self-reported prescription of medication for osteoporosis at 6 months with a random 5% subsample verified against electronic GP records. Secondary outcome was self-reported incidence of new fractures. Results showed that allocation to screening increased prescription of osteoporosis medications by 124% (odds ratio [OR] for prescription 2.24 at 6 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 4.33). Allocation to screening also reduced fracture incidence at 12-month follow-up (OR for new fracture 0.60; 95% CI, 0.35–1.03; p = 0.063), although this did not reach statistical significance. This study supports the use of a simple screening tool administered in primary care to increase appropriate prescription of medications for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women in the UK. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Five years of denosumab exposure in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: Results from the first two years of the FREEDOM extension
Authors: Papapoulos Socrates , Chapurlat Roland , Libanati Cesar , Brandi Maria Luisa , Brown Jacques P , Czerwiński Edward , Krieg Marc-Antoine , Man Zulema , Mellström Dan , Radominski Sebastião C , Reginster Jean-Yves , Resch Heinrich , Ivorra José A Román , Roux Christian , Vittinghoff Eric , Austin Matthew , Daizadeh Nadia , Bradley Michelle N , Grauer Andreas , Cummings Steven R , Bone Henry G 
Published: November 2011

Abstract
The 3-year FREEDOM trial assessed the efficacy and safety of 60 mg denosumab every 6 months for the treatment of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Participants who completed the FREEDOM trial were eligible to enter an extension to continue the evaluation of denosumab efficacy and safety for up to 10 years. For the extension results presented here, women from the FREEDOM denosumab group had 2 more years of denosumab treatment (long-term group) and those from the FREEDOM placebo group had 2 years of denosumab exposure (cross-over group). We report results for bone turnover markers (BTMs), bone mineral density (BMD), fracture rates, and safety. A total of 4550 women enrolled in the extension (2343 long-term; 2207 cross-over). Reductions in BTMs were maintained (long-term group) or occurred rapidly (cross-over group) following denosumab administration. In the long-term group, lumbar spine and total hip BMD increased further, resulting in 5-year gains of 13.7% and 7.0%, respectively. In the cross-over group, BMD increased at the lumbar spine (7.7%) and total hip (4.0%) during the 2-year denosumab treatment. Yearly fracture incidences for both groups were below rates observed in the FREEDOM placebo group and below rates projected for a “virtual untreated twin” cohort. Adverse events did not increase with long-term denosumab administration. Two adverse events in the cross-over group were adjudicated as consistent with osteonecrosis of the jaw. Five-year denosumab treatment of women with postmenopausal osteoporosis maintained BTM reduction and increased BMD, and was associated with low fracture rates and a favorable risk/benefit profile. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Understanding cross‐boundary events in ONIOM QM:QM' calculations
Authors: Lundberg Marcus 
Published: November 2011

AbstractQM:QM' models, where QM' is a fast molecular orbital method, offers advantages over standard quantum mechanics: molecular mechanics (QM:MM) models, especially in the description of charge transfer and mutual polarization between layers. The ONIOM QM:QM' scheme also allows for reactions across the layer boundary, but the understanding of these events is limited. To explain the factors that affect cross‐boundary events, a set of proton transfer processes, including the acylation reaction in serine protease, have been investigated. For reactions inside out, that is, when a group breaks a bond in the high layer and forms a new bond with a group in the low layer, QM' methods that are overbinding relative to the QM method, for example, Hartree–Fock versus B3LYP, can severely overestimate the exothermicity of the reaction. This might lead to artificial reactivity across the QM:QM' boundary, a phenomenon called model escape. The accuracy for reactions that occur outside in, that is, when a group in the low layer forms a new bond with the high layer, is mainly determined by the QM' calculation. Cross‐boundary reactions should generally be avoided in the present ONIOM scheme. Fortunately, a better understanding of these events makes it easy to design stable ONIOM QM:QM' models, for example, by choosing a proper model system. Importantly, an accurate description of cross‐boundary reactions would open up possibilities to simulate chemical reactions without a priori limiting the reactivity in the design of the computational model. Challenges to implement a simulation scheme (ONIOM‐XR) that can automatically handle chemical reactions between different layers are briefly discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2012
Synthesis of cyclic N‐nitrourethanes by the simultaneous oxidative desulfurization and nitration of cyclic thiourethanes
Authors: Willer Rodney L. , Campbell Christopher G. , Storey Robson F. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe reaction of five‐ and six‐membered cyclic thiourethanes with acetyl nitrate results in a vigorous reaction that generates copious amounts of red–brown nitrogen oxide fumes and produces the corresponding cyclic N‐nitrourethanes in high yields (>95%). The overall yield of the cyclic N‐nitrourethanes starting from an aminoalcohol using the “thiourethane” route is superior to the conventional route going through the cyclic urethane. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Coaxial Electrospinning with Triton X‐100 Solutions as Sheath Fluids for Preparing PAN Nanofibers
Authors: Yu Deng‐Guang , Chatterton Nicholas P. , Yang Jun‐He , Wang Xia , Liao Yao‐Zu 
Published: November 2011

AbstractCoaxial electrospinning using surfactants as sheath fluid for preparing high‐quality polymer nanofibers is studied. PAN nanofibers are fabricated using this process with Triton X‐100 solutions in DMF. FESEM demonstrates that the Triton X‐100 solution has a significant influence on the quality of the nanofibers. The nanofiber diameters can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of Triton X‐100 in the sheath fluids with a scaling law D = 640 C−0.32. The mechanism of the influence of Triton X‐100 solutions on the formation of PAN fibers is discussed and it is demonstrated that coaxial electrospinning with surfactant solution is a facile method for achieving high‐quality polymer nanofibers.magnified image
In vivo monitoring of pH, redox status, and glutathione using L‐band EPR for assessment of therapeutic effectiveness in solid tumors
Authors: Bobko Andrey A. , Eubank Timothy D. , Voorhees Jeffrey L. , Efimova Olga V. , Kirilyuk Igor A. , Petryakov Sergey , Trofimiov Dmitrii G. , Marsh Clay B. , Zweier Jay L. , Grigor'ev Igor A. , Samouilov Alexandre , Khramtsov Valery V. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractApproach for in vivo real‐time assessment of tumor tissue extracellular pH (pHe), redox, and intracellular glutathione based on L‐band EPR spectroscopy using dual function pH and redox nitroxide probe and disulfide nitroxide biradical, is described. These parameters were monitored in PyMT mice bearing breast cancer tumors during treatment with granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor. It was observed that tumor pHe is about 0.4 pH units lower than that in normal mammary gland tissue. Treatment with granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor decreased the value of pHe by 0.3 units compared with PBS control treatment. Tumor tissue reducing capacity and intracellular glutathione were elevated compared with normal mammary gland tissue. Granulocyte macrophage colony‐stimulating factor treatment resulted in a decrease of the tumor tissue reducing capacity and intracellular glutathione content. In addition to spectroscopic studies, pHe mapping was performed using recently proposed variable frequency proton–electron double‐resonance imaging. The pH mapping superimposed with MRI image supports probe localization in mammary gland/tumor tissue, shows high heterogeneity of tumor tissue pHe and a difference of about 0.4 pH units between average pHe values in tumor and normal mammary gland. In summary, the developed multifunctional approach allows for in vivo, noninvasive pHe, extracellular redox, and intracellular glutathione content monitoring during investigation of various therapeutic strategies for solid tumors. Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bioarchaeological Investigation of Possible Gunshot Wounds in 18th Century Human Skeletons from Korea
Authors: Kim Y.‐S. , Kim M. J. , Yu T.‐Y. , Lee I. S. , Yi Y. S. , Oh C. S. , Shin D. H. 
Published: November 2011

ABSTRACTNotwithstanding the relative abundance of bioarchaeological evidence of pre‐20th century gunshot wounds discovered at European and American archaeological sites, similar findings in East Asian countries have been very rare. In this study, we report evidence of possible gunshot wounds sustained by two individuals buried in Joseon tombs of Korea. The shapes of the trauma seemed to indicate low‐velocity projectiles, most likely musket balls. To our knowledge, this is the first bioarchaeological report specifically concerning possible gunshot‐wound evidence in East Asian skeletons recovered from archaeological fields. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein structure validation by generalized linear model root‐mean‐square deviation prediction
Authors: Bagaria Anurag , Jaravine Victor , Huang Yuanpeng J. , Montelione Gaetano T. , Güntert Peter 
Published: November 2011

AbstractLarge‐scale initiatives for obtaining spatial protein structures by experimental or computational means have accentuated the need for the critical assessment of protein structure determination and prediction methods. These include blind test projects such as the critical assessment of protein structure prediction (CASP) and the critical assessment of protein structure determination by nuclear magnetic resonance (CASD‐NMR). An important aim is to establish structure validation criteria that can reliably assess the accuracy of a new protein structure. Various quality measures derived from the coordinates have been proposed. A universal structural quality assessment method should combine multiple individual scores in a meaningful way, which is challenging because of their different measurement units. Here, we present a method based on a generalized linear model (GLM) that combines diverse protein structure quality scores into a single quantity with intuitive meaning, namely the predicted coordinate root‐mean‐square deviation (RMSD) value between the present structure and the (unavailable) “true” structure (GLM‐RMSD). For two sets of structural models from the CASD‐NMR and CASP projects, this GLM‐RMSD value was compared with the actual accuracy given by the RMSD value to the corresponding, experimentally determined reference structure from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The correlation coefficients between actual (model vs. reference from PDB) and predicted (model vs. “true”) heavy‐atom RMSDs were 0.69 and 0.76, for the two datasets from CASD‐NMR and CASP, respectively, which is considerably higher than those for the individual scores (−0.24 to 0.68). The GLM‐RMSD can thus predict the accuracy of protein structures more reliably than individual coordinate‐based quality scores.
Finite departure from convective quasi‐equilibrium: periodic cycle and discharge–recharge mechanism
Authors: Yano Jun‐Ichi , Plant Robert 
Published: November 2011

AbstractA simple self‐contained theory is proposed for describing the life cycles of convective systems as a discharge–recharge process.A closed description is derived for the dynamics of an ensemble of convective plumes based on an energy cycle. The system consists of prognostic equations for the cloud work function and the convective kinetic energy. The system can be closed by introducing a functional relationship between the convective kinetic energy and the cloud‐base mass flux.The behaviour of this system is considered under a bulk simplification. Previous cloud‐resolving models as well as bulk statistical theories for ensemble convective systems suggest that a plausible relationship would be to assume that the convective kinetic energy is linearly proportional to the cloud‐base mass flux.As a result, the system reduces to a nonlinear dynamical system with two dependent variables, the cloud‐base mass flux and the cloud work function. The fully nonlinear solution of this system always represents a periodic cycle regardless of the initial condition under constant large‐scale forcing. Importantly, the inclusion of energy dissipation in this model does not in itself lead the system into equilibrium. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society