bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of computed tomography, contrast enhanced computed tomography and standing low‐field magnetic resonance imaging in horses with lameness localised to the foot. Part 1: Anatomic visualisation scores
Authors: VALLANCE S. A. , BELL R. J. W. , SPRIET M. , KASS P. H. , PUCHALSKI S. M. 
Published: May 2011

SummaryReasons for performing study: To date, few reports exist comparing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) for imaging of the equine distal limb, yet clinicians are required to decide which modality to use regularly.Objectives: To report and compare anatomic visualisation scores obtained for CT, contrast enhanced CT (CECT) and standing low‐field MRI (LFMRI) in the equine foot.Hypothesis: Anatomic visualisation score discrepancies would exist between CT, CECT and LFMRI.Methods: Images of 22 lame horses (31 limbs) undergoing both CT and LFMRI of the foot were reviewed. When available, CECT images were reviewed. The deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) was categorised into proximal to distal levels (A–D), structures were assigned visualisation scores (Grades 0–3) and technique comparisons were made using the paired marginal homogeneity test.Results: Computed tomography and LFMRI had similar visibility scores for the navicular bone, middle phalanx, DDFT‐B, collateral ligaments of the distal interphalangeal joint and collateral sesamoidean ligament of the navicular bone. The proximal and distal phalanx had lower visibility scores with LFMRI. The distal DDFT (C–D), distal sesamoidean impar ligament and synovial structures had higher scores with LFMRI. Contrast enhanced CT lowered DDFT and collateral sesamoidean ligament scores and raised distal interphalangeal synovium CT visualisation scores.Conclusions and potential relevance: Visualisation scores differ depending on imaging technique and anatomic structure of interest. This information increases our understanding of the limitations of CT, CECT and LFMRI to visualise anatomy in clinical cases.
Pre-emption and Private Land Ownership in Modern Egypt: No Revival of Islamic Legal Tradition
Authors: Horii Satoe 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis essay examines “Islamic” influence on modern law, with special reference to the introduction of pre-emption (shuf'a), ostensibly of Islamic origin, into modern Egyptian legislation. In Egypt, the institution was maintained, not as part of the Islamization of laws, but for practical purposes, namely the “establishment of full landownership,” which led to the creation of new forms of pre-emption. The Pre-emption Laws of 1900-01 assigned the right of pre-emption to the “usufructuary” and the bare owner, probably as part of the late nineteenth-century policy of transferring state landownership to individuals defined in official law as “usufructuaries.” With the disappearance of state landownership as its theoretical basis, this type of pre-emption was reinterpreted by jurists in general terms of the establishment of landownership. The New Civil Code of 1949 assigned the right of pre-emption to both parties to a long lease (hikr), as an indirect attack on the family waqf.
Law versus Medical Science: Competition between Legal and Biological Paternity in an Egyptian Civil Court
Authors: Shaham Ron 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThe 1942 lawsuit that is translated, annotated and analyzed in this article raises questions about the judicial acceptability of new types of evidence developed by modern science. A husband who suspected that his wife was carrying the child of her lover asked the ahlī court of summary justice in Alexandria to determine the identity of the child's biological father by means of a blood-group test. The judge's refusal to comply with the request, on the grounds that he lacked jurisdiction, reflects a decision by Egyptian legislators and judges to leave the establishment of paternity to evidentiary rules that are shaped by cultural values about marriage, legitimacy and morality. These values do not always favor decision-making based on the full range of scientifically available facts.
Sports in Contemporary Islamic Law
Authors: Winter Ofir , Shavit Uriya 
Published: May 2011

AbstractProfessional and amateur sports have become the focus of much attention in contemporary Islamic law. In recent years, jurists have issued fatwās (religious opinions) in response to hundreds of queries about the legitimacy of sporting activities. These queries cover a wide field of subjects: karate, mixed-gender swimming and the high salaries of soccer players. The mushrooming of fatwās is a sign of the importance of sports amongst Muslims. It also indicates that some sporting activities challenge traditional Islamic values and practices. By presenting an overview of contemporary fatwās dealing with sports, we analyze some of the dilemmas faced by Muslims who wish to practice or enjoy modern sports, and the jurists' attempts to resolve these dilemmas. Using sports as a mirror, we highlight some major lines of friction between two movements: The socially liberal Wasatiyya school and the socially conservative Salafiyya school.
Is Historicism a Viable Strategy for Islamic Law Reform? The Case of 'Never Shall a Folk Prosper Who Have Appointed a Woman to Rule Them'
Authors: Fadel Mohammad 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThere are at least two kinds of historicism that are relevant to Islamic legal reform, one rooted in a progressive theory of history, the other rooted in history as a source for textual interpretation. The latter has the potential to garner greater support for progressive legal change insofar as it falls squarely within the well-known jurisprudential concept known as takhsis al-'āmm (specification of the general term). In this article, I explore this reform strategy by analyzing a well-known Prophetic hadīth that is traditionally understood as excluding women from holding political office. By exploring literary history, Islamic legal hermeneutics, and substantive Islamic law, I demonstrate that, in this particular case, substantial egalitarian reform can be justified without fundamental changes to traditional Islamic theological doctrines. While no one rhetorical strategy offers a “magic bullet” for creating a more gender-egalitarian version of Islamic law, progressive Muslim reformers in my view should first exhaust possibilities for reform implicit in traditional methods before introducing arguments outside of that tradition—arguments which, by their nature, raise controversial theological questions that may be more intractable than the legal rules that are the object of the desired reform.
The Ottoman Press and the Dutch East Indies at the beginning of the twentieth century
Authors: Baykal Erol 
Published: May 2011

AbstractAround the start of the twentieth century articles which were critical of Dutch colonial rule and its treatment of Muslim subjects in the East Indies appeared in certain Ottoman newspapers. For the Dutch, who had not yet been able to fully establish control within the borders of their colony, such inflammatory material was not desirable, especially given the fact that these newspapers had a readership among the colonized Muslims. The Dutch tried to prevent these publications, regarding them as the product of the pan-Islamist attitude of the Porte, a suspicion encouraged by Abdülhamid II's apparent behind-the-scenes support for such Ottoman newspapers.
The life of Aq-Sunqur al-Bursuqi: some notes on twelfth-century Islamic history and thirteenth-century Muslim historiography
Authors: Mallett Alex 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article examines the career of the Turkish emir Aq Sunqur al-Bursuqi, who was active across a wide region of the Middle East in the first half of the twelfth century. In so doing, it highlights important aspects of the Crusades and Counter-Crusade more widely during this period. It also analyses the presentation of al-Bursuqi in the historical chronicles which form the basis of studying the early twelfth century, in order to further understanding of the late-sixth/twelfth and early-seventh/thirteenth century societies in which they were written.
Money and politics: the fate of British business in the new Turkish Republic
Authors: Fleet Kate 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article examines the relations between the Ankara government and British financial circles in the period between the collapse of the Ottoman empire at the end of the First World War and the establishment of the new Turkish Republic in 1923. Highlighting the difficulties experienced by British business interests due to the political stance of the British government, it also calls into question the ability of such business circles to operate effectively within the new Turkey and demonstrates the new line adopted by the nationalists to British capital and to foreign financial control in the new Republic.
Local authorities and conflict in an Ottoman island at the beginning of the nineteenth century
Authors: Michael Michalis 
Published: May 2011

AbstractThis article studies the 1804 revolt in Cyprus and its repression. The protagonists of this revolt reveal a particularly complex situation in an area of the Ottoman periphery such as Cyprus at the beginning of the nineteenth century. By codifying the realities revealed to us by this revolt we can remark the existence and parallel action of three different Ottoman authorities in Cyprus during this period. The relation of these three authorities is complicated. Competition between them to expand their responsibilities is constant, as well as their forced collaboration in an effort to maintain order on the island. With regard to their power and importance this is even more difficult since during this period the tenure of an official in Ottoman Cyprus could be short (muhassıl), longer (divan tercümanı), or even permanent (archbishop of Cyprus). The questions that the analysis of this revolt tries to answer are many: who are the Ottoman authorities in Cyprus at the beginning of the nineteenth century? Why is it mainly the Muslims on the island who revolt and especially those living in Nicosia? What was the reaction of the central administration and the island's authorities and how was the revolt finally repressed? Another question concerns the possibility that the 1804 revolt was due to harsh competition between multiple authorities in such a small locality. If this is the case, can we consider this period as the culmination of the establishment process of one authority as the most powerful political power institution? Finally, what does the involvement of the French consul in Cyprus in such a difficult situation show?
The Yin and Yang actions of North American ginseng root in modulating the immune function of macrophages
Authors: Azike Chike Godwin , Charpentier Paul Abrahams , Hou Jirui , Pei Hua , King Lui Edmund Man 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background
Immuno-modulatory effects of ginseng, including both immuno-stimulatory and immuno-suppressive effects, have been widely reported. This study aims to determine whether the paradoxical immuno-modulatory effect is related to unique phytochemical profiles of different North American (NA) ginseng, namely aqueous (AQ) and alcoholic (ALC) extracts.

Methods
AQ and ALC extracts were prepared and their immuno-bioactivity were studied in vitro in murine macrophages (Raw 264.7) through measuring the direct stimulatory production of pro-inflammatory mediator and cytokines as well as the suppression of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulatory response by the two extracts. Gel permeation chromatography was used to fractionate and isolate phytochemicals for characterization of ginseng extracts.

Results
AQ extract up-regulated the production of nitric oxide (NO), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) while ALC extract did not. ALC extract but not AQ extract suppressed LPS-induced macrophage NO and TNF-α production. These immuno-stimulatory and suppressive effects were exhibited at similar extract concentrations. Moreover, the macrophage-stimulating activity of the AQ extract was inhibited in the presence of ALC extract. Fractionation of AQ extract revealed the presence of two major peaks at 230 nm with average molecular weights of 73,000 and 37,000 Da. The first fraction had similar elution volume as the crude polysaccharide (PS) fraction isolated from the AQ extract, and it was the only bioactive species. Parallel fractionation study of ALC extract yielded similar elution profiles; however, both sub-fractions were devoid of PS. Fraction I of the ALC extract suppressed LPS-induced NO production dose-dependently.

Conclusion
ALC extract of NA ginseng, which was devoid of PS, was immuno-inhibitory whereas the AQ extract, which contained PS, was immuno-stimulatory. These extract-related anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects may be considered as the Yin and Yang actions of ginseng.
Detection of the circulating antigen 14-3-3 protein of Schistosoma japonicum by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay in rabbits
Authors: Qian Chun-Yan , Huang Biao , Yu Chuan-Xin , Zhang Jue , Yin Xu-Ren , Wang Jie , Song Li-Jun , Zhang Wei , Ke Xue-Dan 
Published: May 2011

Abstract

Background
Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern that afflicts millions of people worldwide. Low levels of Schistosoma infection require more sensitive diagnostic methods. In this study, a time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TRFIA) was developed for detecting the signal transduction protein 14-3-3, a circulating antigen of Schistosoma japonicum.

Results
The detection limit of 14-3-3-TRFIA was 0.78 ng/ml, with a linear measurement range from 0.78 to 800 ng/ml. The average intra-assay and inter-assay variability of this TRFIA was 8.9% and 12.2% respectively, and the mean recovery rate ranged from 92.1% to 115.5%. Within the first 21 days post-infection in rabbits, the positive rates of the 14-3-3-TRFIA were distinctly higher compared to ELISA. All these findings illustrate that 14-3-3-TRFIA has a higher detection efficacy and is a good early diagnostic method for active Schistosoma infection.

Conclusions
A sandwich TRFIA for detecting the circulating antigen 14-3-3 of S. japonicum has been developed, and has demonstrated to be a good potential diagnostic method for schistosomiasis.
Aerobic Oxidation of Amines Catalyzed by Polymer-Incarcerated Au Nanoclusters: Effect of Cluster Size and Cooperative Functional Groups in the Polymer
Authors: Miyamura Hiroyuki , Morita Masataka , Inasaki Takeshi , Kobayashi Shū 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Aerobic oxidation reaction of amines to imines catalyzed by polymer-incarcerated Au nanoclusters (PI-Au) was developed. The effect of cluster size for this oxidation reaction was carefully examined using the same polymer support. We have succeeded in preparation of various PI-Au catalysts containing different size clusters by modification of standard preparation methods. The size of clusters and their distribution were analyzed by electron microscopy. Interestingly, catalysts containing relatively larger clusters (&gt;5 nm) showed higher activity in aerobic oxidation of amines than catalysts containing smaller clusters (1–3 nm) that showed much better activity for aerobic oxidation of alcohols. In addition, novel Au nanocluster catalysts immobilized on newly prepared polymer with tertiary amine groups were developed and they showed excellent activity for aerobic oxidation of amines to imines. The relation between cluster size and catalytic activity and role of tertiary amine in polymer were discussed. These catalysts could be applied to aerobic oxidative deprotection of p-methoxybenzyl groups.
Simplexins J–O, Eunicellin-Based Diterpenoids from a Dongsha Atoll Soft Coral Klyxum simplex
Authors: Wu Shwu-Li , Su Jui-Hsin , Lu Yi , Chen Bo-Wei , Huang Chiung-Yao , Wen Zhi-Hong , Kuo Yao-Haur , Sheu Jyh-Horng 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Six new eunicellin-based diterpenoids, simplexins J–O (1–6), were isolated from a Dongsha Atoll soft coral, Klyxum simplex. The structures of these compounds were established by detailed spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with spectroscopic data of related known compounds. Compounds 4–6 have been found to significantly inhibit the accumulation of the pro-inflammatory iNOS protein in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Crystal Structures of Cis and Trans Isomers of a Platinate(II) Complex with d-Penicillaminate
Authors: Yoshinari Nobuto , Hashimoto Yuji , Igashira-Kamiyama Asako , Konno Takumi 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
A square-planar platinate(II) complex, [Pt(d-pen-N,S)2]2− (d-H2pen: d-penicillamine), was newly synthesized by the 1:2 reaction of [PtCl4]2− with d-pen in water under severe conditions (reflux for 12 h). This complex formed both cis and trans isomers, which were separated, isolated, and crystallographically characterized.
Direct Observation of Double Layer Interactions between the Potential-controlled Gold Electrode Surfaces Using the Electrochemical Surface Forces Apparatus
Authors: Kamijo Toshio , Kasuya Motohiro , Mizukami Masashi , Kurihara Kazue 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
We have designed a new apparatus, an electrochemical SFA, for measuring the forces between symmetric gold electrode surfaces under electrochemical potential control. The surface separation was determined by two-beam (twin-path) interferometry. The potential was applied to the gold surfaces (working electrode) in 1 mM aqueous KClO4 using Ag/AgCl as the reference and Pt as the counter electrode. We observed the van der Waals attraction and the double layer repulsion which decreased with the increasing potential from −0.1 to 0.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl).
Ultrasensitive Detection of Nickel(II) Ion by Capillary Electrophoresis–Post Chemiluminescence with Field-amplified Sample Injection
Authors: He Weiwei , Jia Huimin , Guo Shanshan , Zheng Zhi 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
An online ultrasensitive method for detection of nickel ions by capillary electrophoresis–post chemiluminescence with field-amplified sample injection has been developed. Under the optimal conditions, the detection limit for Ni2+ was 1.0 × 10−14 mol L−1, relative standard deviations of peak area and migration time using 1.0 × 10−12 mol L−1 Ni2+ (n = 7) were 6.23% and 2.86%, respectively. This is a lower detection limit for Ni2+ than previously reported. The proposed method was successfully applied to the separation of Hg2+, Ni2+, and Cu2+ in a mixture.
Electrochemically Generated ArS(ArSSAr)+B(C6F5)4− as an Activator of Thioglycosides for Glycosylation
Authors: Saito Kodai , Saigusa Yoshihiro , Nokami Toshiki , Yoshida Jun-ichi 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Electrochemically generated ArS(ArSSAr)+ was found to be an effective activator for glycosylation of thioglycosides. Efficiency of the reaction strongly depends on the nature of the counter anion, and B(C6F5)4− was the most effective among those examined. The method was applicable to various glyocosyl donors including thiogalactosides and thiomannosides and various acceptors including those having secondary hydroxy groups.
Application of Synchrotron µ-XRF-XAFS to the Speciation of Fe on a Single Stalk in Bacteriogenic Iron Oxides (BIOS)
Authors: Kikuchi Sakiko , Makita Hiroko , Mitsunobu Satoshi , Terada Yasuko , Yamaguchi Noriko , Takai Ken , Takahashi Yoshio 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Speciation of iron (Fe) precipitated on bacterial stalks was studied by Fe K-edge µ-XRF-XAFS. Micro-XRF analysis of the stalk samples showed that Fe is precipitated around the stalk. All the µ-XANES spectra at several Fe-accumulated parts showed similar spectra. This study indicated that synchrotron µ-XRF-XAFS is a powerful tool for chemical speciation of metals at single-cell level for bacteria bearing metal.
Electrochemical and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Perfluorooctanoic Acid with a Hybrid Reactor Using a Boron-doped Diamond Electrode and TiO2 Photocatalyst
Authors: Ochiai Tsuyoshi , Moriyama Hirofumi , Nakata Kazuya , Murakami Taketoshi , Koide Yoshihiro , Fujishima Akira 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The efficient decomposition of environmentally persistent perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was achieved by a hybrid of electrolysis and photocatalysis. The rate constant of PFOA decomposition in the hybrid system was larger than the sum of the constants in electrolysis-only and photocatalysis-only systems. The hybrid system was able to accelerate the PFOA decomposition by complementally support of two kinds of reaction kinetics. These results could be useful for development of a new continuous system for practical treatment of waste water containing perfluorinated acids.
Synthesis of a Complete Janus-type Guanosine–Cytosine Base and Its 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside
Authors: Zhao Hang , Huang Wen , Wu Xiaohua , Qing Yong , Xing Zhihua , He Yang 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Novel Janus-type guanosine–cytosine pyrimido[4,5-d]pyrimidine and its 2′-deoxyribonucleoside have been synthesized in a viable route employing the Vorbruggen method.
Effective Surface Modification of Titanate Nanosheets Using the Lamellar Self-assembly of a Cationic Amine Surfactant as a Template
Authors: Nakagawa Keizo , Yamaguchi Kazuki , Yamada Keiji , Ogata Toshimasa , Sotowa Ken-Ichiro , Sugiyama Shigeru , Adachi Motonari 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
Titanate nanosheets with a lamellar mesostructure were developed using the lamellar self-assembly of cationic 1,12-dodecanediamine (DDA) as a template. An electrostatic interaction between negatively charged titanate nanosheets and positively charged DDA molecules was required to form layered titanate nanosheets. This approach leads to titanate nanosheet surface characteristics such as visible light absorption and high adsorption of hydrophobic organic compounds.
Theoretical Study of Ionic Liquids on the Difference of Melting Points between Tertiary and Quaternary Ammonium Triflates
Authors: Mori Kazuki , Sakakibara Kazuhisa 
Published: May 2011

Abstract
The origin of the difference of melting points (Tm) between tertiary and quaternary ammonium triflates has been investigated by ab initio and molecular dynamics simulations. Experimentally, Tm of tertiary ammonium triflates are lower than those of quaternary ammonium triflates. In this work, we used [N122H][TfO] and [N1113][TfO] as typical models of tertiary and quaternary ammonium triflates, and the mutual arrangement of these cation–anion pairs were discussed to elucidate the difference of the melting points of these systems.
The Collective Responsibility of Democratic Publics
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: May 2011

Towards the end of her seminal work on the notion of representation Hanna Pitkin makes the following observation:At the end of the Second World War and during the Nuremberg trials there was much speculation about the war guilt of the German people. […] Many people might argue the responsibility of the German people even though a Nazi government was not representative. We might agree, however, that in the case of a representative government the responsibility would be more clear-cut.