bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Janusz Korczak – His Legacy and its Relevance for Children's Rights Today
Authors: Eichsteller Gabriel 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAs a paediatrician and pedagogue, a writer and children's rights advocate, Janusz Korczak (1878–1942) has had a large influence on thinking in Polish society. Most Poles still grow up with his children's stories, and Korczak's work culminated in Poland initiating and influencing the ten year process of writing the United Nations 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child. Despite his cutting-edge ideas and his contribution to children's rights, only a few of Korczak's texts have been translated into English and his work has widely gone unrecognised. This paper aims to give English-speaking readers working in the children's rights sector an insight into Janusz Korczak's extraordinary life for children, into how his pedagogic thoughts and principles relate to newer ideas within the sociology of childhood and children's participation, and into his compelling children's rights advocacy and practice. His innovative ideas, preserved for future generations in his written work for children and adults, are still inspiring, prompting us to reflect on our own passion for children's rights and are helpful guides for our own practice.
Honourable Traditions? Honour Violence, Early Marriage and Sexual Abuse of Teenage Girls in Lebanon, the Occupied Palestinian Territories and Yemen
Authors: Ouis Pernilla 
Published: August 2009

AbstractGirls in the Middle East are often exposed to serious violations of their rights as set out in the UN Convention of the Rights of the Child; these violations are particularly evident in the field of gender-based sexual discrimination and violence. The project described in this article attempts to produce a situation analysis of the exposure to sexual violence of girls aged 12-18 in three countries: Lebanon, The Occupied Palestinian Territories (the OPT) and Yemen. The article focuses on three particular types of gender-based sexual violence against teenage girls, namely honour violence, early marriages, and sexual abuse. The methods applied in the research were Focus Groups Discussions (FGDs) with about 8-12 participants in each FGD. In addition to the FGDs, life stories were also collected. The project emphasised the experiences and opinions of girls regarding the three types of sexual violence listed above. 384 teenagers participated in FGDs to express their views and experiences on sexual violence and more than thirty life stories were collected. The article explores how honour violence, early marriages, and sexual abuse are violations of the CRC and analyses the particular cultural mechanisms that underlie this gender-based sexual violence in the Middle East.
Rules in Everyday School Life: Teacher Strategies Undermine Pupil Participation
Authors: Thornberg Robert 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study is to examine the strategies which teachers use in their everyday interactions with pupils to work with and uphold school and classroom rules and to what extent their rule-work strategies give pupils opportunities to have a say and participate in rule-making. The study is based on fieldwork in two Swedish primary schools. According to the findings, the teachers use four main rule-work strategies: (a) assertion, (b) explanation, (c) negotiation, and (d) preparation. The findings show that it is usually the adults in school who make decisions about school rules and that pupils are seldom given any opportunities to create, modify or abolish formal rules through open negotiations. Furthermore, when school democracy meetings take place, they tend to be illusory, reducing negotiation to a matter of figuring out the "right" answer and confirming to proposals from authorities.
Reciprocity, Respect and Responsibility: The 3Rs Underlying Parent-Child Relationships in Ghana and the Implications for Children's Rights
Authors: Twum-Danso Afua 
Published: August 2009

AbstractAs families are central to the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child and children's rights generally, it is necessary to develop a deeper understanding of the ways in which children and adults interact with each other in these spheres. Thus, this paper explores the dynamics of parent-child relationships in Ghana, the first country to ratify the Convention. In particular, it focuses on the three Rs of intergenerational relationships in Ghana – respect, responsibility and reciprocity, which continue to be central to parent-child/adult-child relations, and assesses their implications for the very concept of children's rights as inalienable and the implementation of the Convention.
Children and Young People on the UK Sex Offender Register
Authors: Thomas Terry 
Published: August 2009

AbstractA number of countries now use sex offender registers as a policy to improve levels of public protection by ensuring that law enforcement agencies are better informed on the whereabouts of sex offenders in their communities. These policies are designed in part to improve child protection. The paradox is that some people on the register are themselves children and young people who have committed sexual offences. This article examines the development of the UK sex offender register and the registration of children and young people aged 10-17. It looks at attempts to provide alternative forms of registration and implications for the future in terms of children's rights.
Child Maltreatment in United States: An Examination of Child Reports and Substantiation Rates
Authors: Bingham Gary , Kwon Kyong-Ah , Kesner John 
Published: August 2009

AbstractChild maltreatment represents a serious threat to children's rights and is a grave problem in the US and around the world. It is the second leading cause of death for children in the US. Each year, hundreds of thousands of reports are made to child protective services across the US. A fraction of these reports are made by the alleged victims of child maltreatment. While research into maltreatment reporting has generally focused on adult reporters, research on reports made by children themselves has been largely ignored. Data from a national child maltreatment reporting system were analyzed to first describe and then compare reports of maltreatment made by the alleged child victim to other adult reporters. Results indicated that a minority of self-reports are substantiated by child protective services and that the type of maltreatment most often reported by the alleged child victim differed significantly from other adult reporters. Differences related to the gender, race and ethnicity of the child reporter were also found.
A New Childhood Social Studies Curriculum for a New Generation of Citizenship
Authors: Saavedra Cinthya , Camicia Steven 
Published: August 2009

AbstractTraditional concepts of civic education in the United States and the expanding horizons curriculum scope and sequence are challenged by globalization and transnationality because new understandings of citizenship are emerging. In our conceptual analysis, we reconceptualize social studies curriculum for childhood to meet these changes. First, we propose a theoretical framework synthesizing literature in the areas of multicultural, global, and democratic education. Second, we propose opening curriculum and research to the voices of students, especially transnational students. Such reconceptualizations have important implications for a social studies curriculum for childhood that is socially just and responsive to the changing sizes, types, and qualities of the communities with which students engage.
The Rights of the Child in the Islamic Context: The Challenges of the Local and the Global
Authors: Rajabi-Ardeshiri Masoud 
Published: August 2009

AbstractWithin the Islamic context, it is strongly believed that Islamic principles are fully compatible with the international concepts of human rights. Nevertheless, Islamic Shariah law has been condemned by the widespread secular discourse on universal human rights as a blatant violation of human rights. Carrying out a thematic analysis of the main Islamic Conventions/Declarations on Human Rights and the Rights of the Child, issued and ratified by the largest Islamic inter-governmental body, the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), this paper reveals that although the first Islamic Conventions/Declaration on the Rights of the Child (during 1980s) largely reiterated the religious rhetoric of Islam's commitment to children's rights, since then the Islamic states have begun to internalize a more universal understanding of human rights which reflects a change from a mainly ideological, conservative monologue into a more universal dialogue.
The Synthesis of Age and Gender: Intersectionality, International Human Rights Law and the Marginalisation of the Girl-Child
Authors: Taefi Nura 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis paper uses intersectional feminist theory to examine girls' unique positioning at the margins of age and gender. Using a wide range of examples, I consider that girls are marginalised within the category of children as female and within the category of women as children. These intersectional marginalisations reinforce one another and result in a further denial of girls' rights. A study of international human rights law demonstrates that fragmenting girls' identity into the categories of "women" and "children" causes girls to be overlooked in favour of those who are more visible. I suggest that the discourses of women's rights and children's rights must work together to establish an integrated approach to girls' rights. I propose that the appointment of a United Nations Special Rapporteur for the Girl-Child can bring this to effect in international human rights law.
Outbidding Catholicity. Early Islamic Attitudes toward Christians and Christianity
Authors: Dean Jason 
Published: August 2009

AbstractHow did early Islam gain its understanding of Christians and Christianity? How did it react to Christian claims of universality? To answer these questions, this article first identifies passages pertaining to the Christian religion in representative texts of the three main bodies of literature produced by the first Muslim writers and editors: the Qur'ān, the Hadith and the Sira. This data is then analyzed into five ideal-types of Islamic attitudes toward Christians and Christianity: 1) affirmations of the truth of the Gospel, 2) descriptions of Christians as true believers, 3) descriptions of Christians as sectarians, 4) accusations of disbelief (kufr) and 5) accusations of idolatry (shirk). The assertion of an historical relationship between sectarianism, disbelief and idolatry led to subordinating the Muslim-Christian dialogue on the recognition of the unicity of God, which could be conceived of as providing the basis either for a restricted religious pluralism or for an Islamic universalism.
Is there a Meaning in Natural Disasters? Constructions of Culture, Religion and Science
Authors: Adeney-Risakotta Bernard 
Published: August 2009

AbstractThis article discusses the various ways Indonesian Muslims and Christians wrestled with the existential issues caused by the tsunami and the earthquake that hit Yogyakarta in 2006. Many of them are strong related to the issues of the theodicy. One of the most compelling ones is the question whether this disaster was a punishment imposed by God. Impressive was how certain Muslims accepted the catastrophe. However, it is remarkable that the answer also often reflected current mutual relationships between Muslims and Christians. Javanese Christians saw the tsunami as a punishment meted out to the Muslims in Aceh, but after the earthquake in Yogyakarta they held a different view. Other people took another attitude and opted for a view in which they, in the name of God, reached out to their neighbours.
Gestures of the Evil Mind: Interpreting Religion-Related Violence in Indonesia after 9/11
Authors: van Liere Lucien 
Published: August 2009

AbstractReligion-related violence in current Indonesia results from historic memory of anti-colonial struggle, recent power games and globalization. This articles seeks to understand the influence of 9/11 on inter- and intra religious tensions Indonesia. A three level research method will be used (narrative/biography — date/place — theory) and three analytical tools to understand group-violence will be introduced (Volkan's hot place, Girard's cycle of vengeance and strategies of dehumanization) in order to comprehend religion-related violence in Indonesia as an attempt to get rid of the other's 'evil mind'. The presumption of the evil mind after 9/11 is embedded into a global network of vengeance, continually disseminating images of suffering and pain around the globe and — as such — constantly preceding another atrocity. Religion-related violence, troubling Indonesia since 1997, is a highly interesting example of the expulsion of the other's presumed evil mind.
'The Name of God in Africa' and Related Contemporary Theological, Development and Linguistic Concerns
Authors: Harries Jim 
Published: August 2009

AbstractRecent discoveries in linguistics here summarised reveal problems in the choice of an African name for God, especially when theological debate is in English, as it results in the ignoring of important differences in how God is understood. Translating the Luo term 'Nyasaye' as 'God' ignores his Luo character as 'bestowing force'. Similarly translating 'God' by 'Nyasaye' falsely assumes a carrying over of native-English theological presuppositions. These differences are shown to be consequential and, if disregarded, serious. The use of African languages rooted in African culture in debate is found to be essential for the future health of Christianity, and socio-economic development in Africa.
Failure of Ecumenism: The Rise of Church Related Universities in Zimbabwe
Authors: Zwana Solmon 
Published: August 2009

AbstractDiscourses on ethnicity, politics and religion have a propensity to concentrate on their divisive implications and violent aspects. At another level, scholarship on ecumenism has been preoccupied with forms of ecumenism such as interdenominational bodies and grassroots co-operation exhibited in joint worship services and discussion forums. It is noted that in spite of its shortcomings Christianity has registered notable progress in ecumenical co-operation. However, one dimension where the churches have not done well is closer co-operation culminating in cross-denominational pooling of resources leading to the establishment of institutions. This paper seeks to highlight the failure of ecumenism in the emergence of church-related universities in Zimbabwe. It notes that particularly in the early stages of the evolution of church related universities there was consideration of ecumenical ventures but the ideas did not take root for a variety of reasons. This paper isolates ethnicity, regionalism and historical backgrounds among the major reasons for the failure of ecumenism in higher education in Zimbabwe. It argues that over time Christian churches participated through their mission stations in fostering ethnic and regional identities. The emergence of church related universities saw an increase in competition and rivalry rather than co-operation as each church in spite of the absence of an adequate resource base sought to take advantage of the liberalisation of the higher education sector by the state.
Twentieth-Century Droughts and Their Impacts on Terrestrial Carbon Cycling in China
Authors: Xiao Jingfeng , Zhuang Qianlai , Liang Eryuan , Shao Xuemei , McGuire A. David , Moody Aaron , Kicklighter David W. , Melillo Jerry M. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Midlatitude regions experienced frequent droughts during the twentieth century, but their impacts on terrestrial carbon balance are unclear. This paper presents a century-scale study of drought effects on the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. The authors first characterized the severe extended droughts over the period 1901–2002 using the Palmer drought severity index and then examined how these droughts affected the terrestrial carbon dynamics using tree-ring width chronologies and a process-based biogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM). It is found that China suffered from a series of severe extended droughts during the twentieth century. The major drought periods included 1920–30, 1939–47, 1956–58, 1960–63, 1965–68, 1978–80, and 1999–2002. Most droughts generally reduced net primary productivity (NPP) and net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in large parts of drought-affected areas. Moreover, some of the droughts substantially reduced the countrywide annual NPP and NEP. Out of the seven droughts, three (1920–30, 1965–68, and 1978–80) caused the countrywide terrestrial ecosystems to switch from a carbon sink to a source, and one (1960–63) substantially reduced the magnitude of the countrywide terrestrial carbon sink. Strong decreases in NPP were mainly responsible for the anomalies in annual NEP during these drought periods. Changes in heterotrophic respiration happened in the same direction, but mostly with smaller magnitude. The results show that severe extended droughts had significant effects on terrestrial carbon cycling in China, although future studies should consider other important processes such as drought-induced mortality and regrowth, land-use change, disturbances (e.g., fire), human management (e.g., fertilization and irrigation), and environmental pollution (e.g., ozone pollution, nitrogen deposition). These drought effects are of particular importance in light of projected widespread summer drying in midlatitude regions during the twenty-first century. Future droughts could lead to a reduced terrestrial carbon sink or even a source and exert a positive feedback to the global climate system.
Bulk Formulation of the Heat and Water Vapor Fluxes at the Air–Sea Interface, Including Nonmolecular Contributions
Authors: Mueller James A. , Veron Fabrice 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
Accurate prediction of the air–sea sensible and latent heat fluxes is vital for nearly all applications of atmosphere and ocean models. Existing theories of heat transfer over rough surfaces provide a starting point, but they seem incomplete given that recent measurements suggest a departure from these theoretically predicted fluxes at higher wind speeds. Although explicit models of the air–sea heat fluxes are desperately needed, the formulation presented in this paper is an attempt to model the air–sea fluxes without dependence on explicit heat flux components. Using smooth flow limit approximations, theoretical profiles, and a physically based surface stress model, the predicted heat fluxes show reasonable agreement with available data. With increasing wind forcing, modestly increasing heat and moisture exchange coefficients (Stanton and Dalton numbers) are found. Even though wave age strongly influences the surface drag, stratification and temperature effects seem to dominate the wave-age influence on the air–sea heat and moisture fluxes.
A Study of Cirrus Ice Particle Size Distribution Using TC4 Observations
Authors: Tian Lin , Heymsfield Gerald M. , Li Lihua , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Bansemer Aaron , Twohy Cynthia H. , Srivastava Ramesh C. 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
An analysis of two days of in situ observations of ice particle size spectra, in convectively generated cirrus, obtained during NASA’s Tropical Composition, Cloud, and Climate Coupling (TC4) mission is presented. The observed spectra are examined for their fit to the exponential, gamma, and lognormal function distributions. Characteristic particle size and concentration density scales are determined using two (for the exponential) or three (for the gamma and lognormal functions) moments of the spectra. It is shown that transformed exponential, gamma, and lognormal distributions should collapse onto standard curves. An examination of the transformed spectra, and of deviations of the transformed spectra from the standard curves, shows that the lognormal function provides a better fit to the observed spectra.
Gravity Waves Generated by Sheared Potential Vorticity Anomalies
Authors: Lott François , Plougonven Riwal , Vanneste Jacques 
Published: August 2009

Abstract
The gravity waves (GWs) generated by potential vorticity (PV) anomalies in a rotating stratified shear flow are examined under the assumptions of constant vertical shear, two-dimensionality, and unbounded domain. Near a PV anomaly, the associated perturbation is well modeled by quasigeostrophic theory. This is not the case at large vertical distances, however, and in particular beyond the two inertial layers that appear above and below the anomaly; there, the perturbation consists of vertically propagating gravity waves. This structure is described analytically, using an expansion in the continuous spectrum of the singular modes that results from the presence of critical levels.
Several explicit results are obtained. These include the form of the Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux as a function of the Richardson number N 2/Λ2, where N is the Brunt–Väisälä frequency and Λ the vertical shear. Its nondimensional value is shown to be approximately exp(−πN/Λ)/8 in the far-field GW region, approximately twice that between the two inertial layers. These results, which imply substantial wave–flow interactions in the inertial layers, are valid for Richardson numbers larger than 1 and for a large range of PV distributions. In dimensional form they provide simple relationships between the EP fluxes and the large-scale flow characteristics.
As an illustration, the authors consider a PV disturbance with an amplitude of 1 PVU and a depth of 1 km, and estimate that the associated EP flux ranges between 0.1 and 100 mPa for a Richardson number between 1 and 10. These values of the flux are comparable with those observed in the lower stratosphere, which suggests that the mechanism identified in this paper provides a substantial gravity wave source, one that could be parameterized in GCMs.
Statistics of Small-Scale Velocity Fluctuations and Internal Intermittency in Marine Stratocumulus Clouds
Authors: Siebert H. , Shaw R. A. , Warhaft Z. 
Published: August 2009

AbstractClouds are known to be turbulent, but the details of their internal turbulent structure have been largely unexplored. Measurements of turbulent velocities in stratocumulus clouds presented here reveal an intermittent structure consistent with that observed in classic homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The measurements were taken close to cloud top in a 200-m-thick cloud layer over a path of approximately 6 km, using a hot-wire anemometer below a helicopter as part of the Airborne Cloud Turbulence Observation System (ACTOS) measurement system. Hot-wire signal artifacts resulting from droplet impacts are removed without significantly degrading the signal, such that high-order velocity structure functions can be evaluated. The structure function analysis for orders 2–8 show statistically significant departures from the Kolmogorov’s 1941 scaling, yielding scaling exponents consistent with the Kolmogorov–Obukhov refined similarity hypothesis, with an intermittency exponent of 0.25. This is in agreement with the accepted value determined in single-phase flows under carefully controlled conditions, and no evidence is found of any departure from the large body of knowledge obtained from the laboratory on the finescale turbulence structure. This suggests that processes depending on the finescale structure of turbulence that cannot presently be measured in clouds can be explored in the laboratory setting. Since these findings pertain to clouds with relatively low liquid water content and weak turbulence, further work will be required to determine their applicability to other cloud types.