bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of intracranial space-occupying lesion with Tc99m-glucoheptonate brain single photon emission computed tomography in treatment-naïve patients
Authors: Jaiswal S , Barai S , Rajkumar  , Gambhir S , Ora M , Mahapatra AK 
Published: October 2009

Background:Glucoheptonate is a glucose analog with strong affinity for neoplastic brain tissues. Though extensively used as a tracer for detection of brain tumor recurrence, it's utility for characterization of intracranial lesions as neoplastic or otherwise has not been evaluated in treatment-naοve patients.Aim:The study was conducted to determine if glucoheptonate has sufficient specificity for neoplastic lesions of brain so that it can be utilized as a single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)-tracer for differentiating neoplastic intracranial lesions from non-neoplastic ones in treatment-naοve patients.Settings and Design:A cross-sectional analysis of treatment-naοve patients with intracranial space-occupying lesion done in a tertiary care hospital.Materials and Methods:Fifty-four consecutive patients with clinical and radiological features of space-occupying lesion were included in this study. Glucoheptonate brain SPECT was performed before any definitive therapeutic intervention. Histopathological verification of diagnosis was obtained in all cases.Statistical Analysis Used:Descriptive statistics and student's 't' test.Result:Increased glucoheptonate uptake over the site of radiological lesion was noted in 41 patients and no uptake was noticed in 13 patients. Histopathology of 12 out of the 13 glucoheptonate non-avid lesions turned out to be non-neoplastic lesion; however, one lesion was reported as a Grade-2 astrocytoma. Histology from all the glucoheptonate concentrating lesions was of mitotic pathology. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of glucoheptonate for neoplastic lesion was 97.6%, 100% and 98.1%.Conclusions:Glucoheptonate has high degree of specificity for neoplastic tissues of brain and may be used as a tracer for SPECT study to differentiate neoplastic intracranial lesions from non-neoplastic ones.
Effect of amitriptyline vs. physiotherapy in management of fibromyalgia syndrome
Authors: Joshi MN , Joshi R , Jain AP 
Published: October 2009

Context:
Fibromyalgia is a chronic disabling condition, and physicians treat it using a number of different treatment modalities. It is not known if one or more of such modalities are better than the others. We compared the efficacy of physiotherapy and amitriptyline in disability reduction in patients of fibromyalgia syndrome in a rural tertiary care hospital in Central India.

Design:
Open-label alternate patient treatment allocation.

Materials and Methods:
A six-month follow-up was done to assess the benefit of amitriptyline and physiotherapy for disability reduction in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome. Primary outcome measure was improvement in fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ) score.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Predictors of benefit were determined using multivariate logistic regression.

Results:
A total of 175 outpatients were assigned to either amitriptyline (n=87) or structured physiotherapy (n=88) treatments. There was a significant but similar (P=0.82) improvement in disability in both groups. High FIQ score at baseline and low socioeconomic status scores were significant predictors of benefit.

Conclusions:
Therapy with amitriptyline or physiotherapy is equally effective in improving outcome in patients of fibromyalgia over a period of six months.
Granulomatous cheilitis secondary to tuberculosis in a child
Authors: Bhattacharya M , Rajeshwari K , Sardana K , Gupta P 
Published: October 2009

Granulomatous cheilitis is a chronic granulomatous inflammation of the lips that can be secondary to various etiologies. A few infectious agents including Mycobacterium tuberculosishave been implicated in its etiology. It can be the clinical presentation of a tuberculide resulting from a hypersensitivity reaction to an underlying focus of tuberculosis such as pulmonary tuberculosis.
This case report describes a child with granulomatous cheilitis with pulmonary tuberculosis, who responded to anti-tubercular treatment. This is probably the first pediatric case of this rare condition.
Patient-based not problem-based learning
Authors: Franklyn-Miller AD , Falvey EC , McCrory PR 
Published: October 2009

Context:
There have been significant changes in the past decade in both the curriculum and its delivery, in undergraduate medical education. Many of these changes have been made simultaneously, preventing clear assessment of outcome measures. The move away from a pre-clinical science grounding, to an integrated 'problem-based learning (PBL) approach' has been widespread in many countries across the world.

Purpose:
One effect of these changes has been the way in which clinical skills, in particular history and examination are taught. By integrating clinical scenarios earlier in the undergraduate course, clinical skills are increasingly taught in tutorials. This approach, when used in the pre-clinical setting may have shortcomings in the development of the ability to construct a differential diagnosis. There has been little evidence that PBL improves problem-solving ability and this is critical to the differential diagnostic process. The concurrent decline in anatomical teaching and understanding contributes to this difficulty.

Discussion:
The authors outline a model which clinicians can re-emphasize to students and juniors based on the fundamentals of clinical practice. The apprenticeship is more important than ever in the days of small group learning. The relinquishing of the traditional model of undergraduate medicine is of concern. The effects of educational reform should be examined by further research into the competencies of graduates entering higher professional training, before it is accepted that this change has been for the better.
Application of Single‐Cell Microfluorimetry to Neurotoxicology Assays
Authors: Limke Tobi L. , Atchison William D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIntracellular signaling events play fundamental roles in regulating physiological function. In neurons, these include inducing growth and differentiation, secretion, gene expression, and controlling processes associated with learning and memory. All of these processes have in common the vital dependence on changes in intracellular Ca2+[Ca2+]i. Numerous toxicants, including metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, and biological neurotoxins, can disrupt [Ca2+]i. Understanding how toxicants disrupt Ca2+‐dependent neuronal signaling, and thus induce neuronal death or dysfunction, requires the ability to monitor [Ca2+]iat the level of individual cells. A series of fluorophores that can report on changes in [Ca2+]ihas been pivotal in this process. This section describes how to use these fluorophores to study effects of neurotoxicants on two types of processes: changes in [Ca2+]iin individual cells and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Similar techniques using distinct fluorophores can be applied to other physiological processes.Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 42:12.15.1‐12.15.13. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biofilms
Authors: Flemming Hans‐Curt 
Published: October 2009

AbstractMost microorganisms on earth live in aggregates such as films, flocs, mats, granules or sludge – this form of life is referred to as ‘biofilms’, and it is involved in the biogeochemical cycles of all major elements including metals. Encased in a highly hydrophilic matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, biofilm organisms can develop stable microconsortia and complex interactions, resulting in features of multicellular organisms.
Archaeal Flagella
Authors: VanDyke David J , Ng Sandy Y M , Chaban Bonnie , Wu John , Jarrell Ken F 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The archaeal flagellum is a unique, ‘tail‐like’ structure used for motility by single‐celled organisms belonging to the domain Archaea. These intricate protein assemblies extend from the cell surface, rotating to generate thrust that propels the organism. Although archaeal flagella are functionally similar to the flagella found on bacteria, they differ significantly in structure and presumed mode of assembly.

Key concepts

The student will learn:
Although functionally similar to bacterial flagella, archaeal flagella are unique motility structures in terms of their structure and assembly.
The structure of the flagellum can be divided into three distinct components: the filament, hook and anchoring structure. Each of these components is constructed of specific proteins either encoded by genes residing within flagellar operons or of currently unknown genes.
Assembly of the archaeal flagellum, which lacks the internal channel found in bacterial flagella, is thus believed to occur via incorporation of protein subunits at the base of the structure after they undergo the necessary posttranslational modifications of signal peptide cleavage and glycan addition.
Archaea use this motility apparatus in combination with chemotaxis systems to bias their direction of movement towards environmental conditions more favourable for cell growth.
Antiviral Drugs
Authors: Oxford John S 
Published: October 2009

AbstractAntiviral drugs have now been developed against influenza, herpes, human immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis C and hepatitis B. Drug resistance is a practical problem and is stimulating the wider search for new drugs using compound libraries, molecular technology and particularly X‐ray crystallography whilst drug combinations are used in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients and hepatitis to reduce the opportunities for virus mutations. The threat of a global outbreak of chicken influenza (H5N1) has led to government stockpiling of the new antiflu drugs, the neuraminidase inhibitors. Pegylated and other interferons are used in drug combinations with hepatitis B and C patients.
Bacteriophages in Industry
Authors: Callanan Michael J , Klaenhammer Todd R 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Traditionally, bacteriophages (phages) have been regarded as a nuisance in industrial processes that rely on bacterial fermentation. In particular, the dairy industry has struggled with phage‐induced fermentation failure in the production of fermented food products. Phages attack the bacteria and slow or stop the fermentation process, resulting in reduced product quality and considerable financial loss. Significant effort has been dedicated by the dairy industry to combating phage infection. However, phage research has provided the molecular insight and tools required to exploit biological systems. This ability has provided the platform for the current expansion in biotechnology‐based industries.
Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Copp Andrew J 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are congenital malformations of the central nervous system and axial skeleton that range from the fatal to the asymptomatic. NTDs can be classified according to the embryonic event that is disturbed, and can result from a variety of genetic defects and environmental influences. Understanding the genetic and embryonic basis of NTDs is revealing the underlying developmental mechanisms, and enabling new approaches towards prevention of these serious birth defects. This strategy is exemplified by the ability of folic acid and other small molecules to prevent spina bifida.
Universal Genetic Code and its Natural Variations
Authors: Watanabe Kimitsuna , Suzuki Tsutomu 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe universal genetic code is a common language for almost all organisms to translate nucleotide sequences ofdeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA) andribonucleic acid(RNA) to amino acid sequences of proteins. However, the genetic code is still evolved. Nonuniversal genetic codes are found in some organisms and organelles.Aminoacyl‐transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetasesand RNA modifications play a critical role in reassignment of the genetic code.
Somatic Hypermutation in Antibody Evolution
Authors: Longerich Simonne , Storb Ursula 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Somatic hypermutation (SHM) of immunoglobulin (
Ig
) genes is a major mechanism for amplifying the antibody repertoire of vertebrates. SHM results in high frequencies of point mutations in the variable region of
Ig
genes, the region encoding the antigen‐binding domain of antibodies. The constant region is spared, ensuring conservation of the biological functions of antibodies. We briefly review the biology of SHM and its molecular hallmarks. We discuss what is known and what remains to be investigated of the molecular process that creates the mutations, including the properties, normal and aberrant functions of the activation induced deoxy‐cytidine deaminase, AID, the enzyme that initiates SHM.
Immunotoxicology
Authors: Luster Michael I , Simeonova Petia P , Germolec Dori R 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Immunotoxicology can be defined as the study of adverse effects on the immune system resulting from exposure to physical factors (e.g. ionizing an ultraviolet radiation), chemicals (including drugs), biological materials, medical devices and, in certain instances, physiological factors, collectively referred to as agents. It encompasses studies of various immune pathologies associated with exposure of humans and wildlife species, including allergy, immune dysregulation (suppression or enhancement), autoimmunity and chronic inflammation.
Immunosuppression: Use in Transplantation
Authors: Prabhakaran Sangeetha , Humar Abhinav , Matas Arthur J 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Clinical immunosuppression is the reduction of undesirable immunologic activity, usually achieved using immunosuppressive drugs. It is used in a variety of medical conditions, including inflammatory diseases and autoimmune disorders, but its most common application is in the field of organ transplantation.
Human Evolution: Radiations in the Last 300 000 Years
Authors: Pearson Osbjorn M 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Homo sapiens

and Neanderthals (

Homo neanderthalensis

) evolved from

Homo heidelbergensis

in the last 300 000 years.

H. sapiens

subsequently spread throughout the world; all other hominins disappeared. The Out of Africa and multiregional models offer different explanations for this pattern.
Mutational Biases
Authors: Yampolsky Lev Y , Stoltzfus Arlin 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Mutational biases refer to systematic asymmetries or nonuniformities in the occurrence of mutations, heritable changes that take place in an individual organism. Mutational biases arise by asymmetries in damage, repair and replication of the genetic material. Many such biases are known: familiar examples include transition:transversion bias, the CpG effect and deletion:insertion bias. Mutation biases are biologically significant to the extent that they modulate the probabilities of heritable diseases and of evolutionary changes.
Claude Bernard
Authors: Gelfand Toby 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

The nineteenth‐century French physiologist whose animal experiments on digestion, neurophysiology and metabolism led to fundamental insights in general physiology. His concept of the ‘internal environment’ was based on the experimental demonstration of various mechanisms by which warm‐blooded animals maintained equilibrium conditions necessary for life. Although trained as a physician, Bernard's working career was spent in laboratory research and teaching at the Paris Collège de France. He believed the understanding of disease and ultimately clinical medical practice depended on the elucidation of fixed or deterministic laws of body function. His discoveries and conceptual contributions, along with his championing the discipline of physiology in France, made him the leading medical scientist of his period. His
Introduction to the study of experimental medicine
(1865) remained a classic text of methodology in the life sciences.
Golgi: Methods for Preparation
Authors: Wang Yanzhuang 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The Golgi apparatus can be purified from cells and tissues using a number of different methods, depending on the purpose for which it is to be used. Purified Golgi membranes have been used in a variety of cell‐free assays to investigate sugar modifications, vesicle transport, structural formation of the Golgi apparatus and the interaction of the Golgi with microtubules.
Von Frisch, Karl
Authors: Munz Tania 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Karl von Frisch (1886–1982), an Austrian‐born scientist who discovered the meaning of the dance language by which honeybees communicate the location of foods and nesting sites to hive mates. He won the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine together with the animal behaviourists Konrad Lorenz (also from Austria) and Nikolaas Tinbergen (of the Netherlands).
History of Clinical Medicine
Authors: Weatherall DJ 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The history of clinical medicine reflects the slow evolution of the application of the biological sciences to the control and management of human disease. However, despite the remarkable advances in these fields in the latter half of the twentieth century, because of the multilayered complexities of disease processes and the ever changing environments of sick people, clinical medicine still remains very much a mix of applied science and the art of healing.
Scientific Method and Experimentation in Biology
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: October 2009

Abstract

Scientific method in biology has been of great interest since the time of the Greek philosopher Aristotle in the fourth century Before the Common Era. Generally, the aim has been to be like the physical sciences in being causal and increasingly showing biology as a topic governed by universal natural laws. However, there has always been a debate about the end directed nature of organisms, which seem to require explanations in terms of final causes. Although these were expelled from the physical sciences in the Scientific Revolution, they remained in biology until Darwin wrote the
Origin of Species
. Even after that, they remained but today can be seen to be natural and brought on by Darwin's mechanism of natural selection.
Archaeal Genomes
Authors: Atlas Ronald M , Drell Daniel , Fraser‐Liggett Claire 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
The genomes of 46 archaeal species have been fully sequenced and published. As of this writing (September, 2007), 60 more are in various stages of progress. Analyses of these genomes are providing many useful insights into the evolution and functioning of diverse archaea, helping to understand the diverse physiological properties of archaea and their relationships to bacteria and eukarya.
Telomeric and Subtelomeric Repeat Sequences
Authors: Churikov Dmitri , Price Carolyn M 
Published: October 2009

AbstractTelomeric repeats are the tandem arrays of a short G‐rich sequence that are present at the ends of most eukaryotic chromosomes. Subtelomeric sequences lie immediately proximal to the telomeric repeats and are composed of complex patchwork of low‐copy repeated sequences, segmental duplications and degenerate telomeric repeats.
Gene Fusion
Authors: Betrán Esther 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGene fusion is a process by which the whole or parts of two or more distinct genes are juxtaposed and fused into a single gene. Often, a new gene and function can originate in this way. This phenomenon has been broadly observed in organisms ranging from higher eukaryotes to prokaryotes. Recent gene fusions reveal the mechanisms behind this phenomenon. Genome studies reveal the high and incessant incidence of gene fusions in genome evolution.
GC‐rich Isochores in the Interphase Nucleus
Authors: Saccone Salvatore , Bernardi Giorgio 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
In the interphase nuclei of human and other warm‐blooded vertebrates, the gene‐richest chromosomal regions are located in more internal positions and display much more spread‐out conformations than the gene‐poorest regions, the latter also showing more peripheral nuclear locations.
Evolution of Human Retrosequences: Alu
Authors: Roy‐Engel Astrid M , Batzer Mark A , Deininger Prescott L 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Throughout evolution, mobile elements have accumulated to high copy numbers contributing to almost half of the human genomic mass. Evidence indicates that only the retroelements are currently active. In humans, the short interspersed elements (SINE), Alu, with over one million copies, outnumbers any of the other types of retroelements. Alu arose from the dimerization of modified 7SL RNA (ribonucleic acid) pseudogenes early in primate evolution, where different subfamilies continued to amplify during particular periods. Alu amplification has both positively and negatively impacted the human genome, and continues to play an important role in its shaping as a contributor of genetic instability and variation.
Genetic Information Access, a Legal Perspective: A Duty to Know or a Right Not to Know, and a Duty or Option to Warn?
Authors: Lemmens Trudo , Luther Lori , Hoy Michael 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
It is often argued that concern with basic personal privacy suggests that individuals should be allowed to decide in isolation whether to obtain genetic information through testing and whether to make the results available to others. However, the familial nature of genetic information complicates matters by raising question regarding whether an individual has a moral duty to discover and/or reveal existing genetic information to possibly affected family members. Alternatively, if this information would harm family members, do individuals have a duty not to obtain, or at least not to divulge, genetic test results? What role, if any, should legislation play in dealing with access to genetic information at the familial level? Do health care professionals have a responsibility or a right to inform close family members of the genetic status of a related individual? We consider the personal, familial and public health care perspectives regarding this debate.
Comparative Human Genomics
Authors: Jordan I King , Koonin Eugene V 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Comparative genomics involves the comparison of features of completely sequenced (or nearly so) genomes. Comparative sequence analyses facilitate both the functional annotation of genomes and whole‐genome approaches to evolutionary issues. We present a review of the field of comparative genomics and point out how the comparative approach can be used to help better understand the human genome sequence.
Orthologues, Paralogues and Xenologues in Human and Other Genomes
Authors: Zhaxybayeva Olga , Gogarten J Peter , Olendzenski Lorraine 
Published: October 2009

Abstract
Homologous genes share a common evolutionary ancestor and can be orthologues (derived from speciation events), paralogues (derived from gene duplication events) or xenologues (derived from horizontal transfer or lineage fusion). Comparative analysis of the human genome indicates high levels of recent and ancient duplication at the level of nucleotides, genes and chromosome segments, and no unambiguous examples of recent transfer from bacteria.
Genetic Drift in Human Populations
Authors: Bohonak Andrew J 
Published: October 2009

AbstractGenetic drift consists of changes in allele frequencies due to sampling error. Even if all individuals in a population have the same opportunities to mate, their reproductive contributions to the next generation will vary due to random chance alone. In any population of finite size, this sampling error will cause gene frequencies to fluctuate from generation to generation. Genetic changes due to drift are neither directional nor predictable in any deterministic way. Nonetheless, genetic drift leads to evolutionary change even in the absence of mutation, natural selection or gene flow.