bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal conditions for the production of monoacylglycerol from crude palm oil by an enzymatic glycerolysis reaction and recovery of carotenoids from the reaction product
Authors: Majid Norholis , Cheirsilp Benjamas 
Published: March 2012

SummaryMonoacylglycerol (MAG) was produced from crude palm oil (CPO) by the enzymatic glycerolysis reaction in organic solvents. The optimal conditions for MAG production from CPO were: the use of a mixture of tert‐butanol and hexane (1:1) as the organic solvents; an immobilised lipase of 40%; a molar ratio of glycerol to CPO of 8:1 with 4% of water content in the glycerol; and an initial CPO concentration of 10%. A maximum yield of 74.3% MAG was obtained with an initial production rate of 42.3 mg MAG mL−1 h−1. By converting CPO to the more polar MAG, the efficiency of recovery of carotenoids by adsorption column chromatography was improved up to 75.7% from 55.1% when using unconverted CPO. This study provides information that will be useful for developing an efficient and cheaper industrialised process for the production of MAG from CPO and recovery of carotenoids from the reaction product.
Impact of two Williopsis yeast strains on the volatile composition of mango wine
Authors: Li Xiao , Yu Bin , Curran Philip , Liu Shao‐Quan 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe aim of the research was to study the volatile composition of mango wine fermented with two Williopsis yeast strains: Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC500 and W. staurnus var. suaveolens NCYC2586. Thirty terpenoids, twenty‐six esters, ten alcohols, nine acids, seven aldehydes and ketones, two ethers, two phenols and one sulphur compound were identified in the mango wine fermented with strain NCYC500, while twenty‐seven terpenoids, thirty esters, eleven alcohols, eight acids, eight aldehydes and ketones, three ethers, two phenols, one sulphur compound and one furan were detected in the mango wine fermented with the strain NCYC2586. The kinetic changes, final concentrations and odour activity values of major volatiles were compared between the two Williopsis yeast strains and also with other yeast reported in the literature. The results showed that Williopsis yeast strains NCYC500 and NCYC2586 were high producers of acetic acid and acetate esters, but low producers of medium‐ to long‐chain fatty acids and their corresponding ethyl esters. Unlike mango wine fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, most terpenoids derived from mango juice were retained in the resultant mango wine fermented with the two Williopsis yeast strains, suggesting the mango wine could retain the aromatic hints of fresh mango.
A neuro‐fuzzy computational approach for multicriteria optimisation of the quality of espresso coffee by pod based on the extraction time, temperature and blend
Authors: Russo Lucia , Albanese Donatella , Siettos Constantinos I. , Di Matteo Marisa , Crescitelli Silvestro 
Published: March 2012

SummaryWe demonstrate how soft computing methods can be exploited to solve multicriteria quality optimisation problems in food science and technology. In particular, we link neuro‐fuzzy modelling techniques with simulated annealing to optimise/design the quality of espresso coffee by pod. The design variables are the extraction time (ranging from 10 to 30 s), temperature (80–110 °C) and blends (100% Arabica, 100% Robusta and Arabica Robusta: A20R80, A80R20 and A40R60); they are not the only variables that affect the sensory profile of a cup of espresso coffee, but have a strong impact on the sensory quality of the beverage. Based on the framework, we show that the particular problem is a nonlinear one. Hence, an espresso coffee characterised by a specific sensory profile can be extracted using different sets of parameter values. For example, the same sensory profile can be obtained using either pure Robusta extracted at 22 s and 94 °C or 90% Arabica and 10% Robusta extracted at 25 s and 99 °C. Yet, the global optimum with respect to the distance to the optimum sensorial values is obtained using 70% Arabica and 30% Robusta extracted at 15 s around 93 °C.
Antioxidant and DNA protection activities of a glycoprotein isolated from a seaweed, Saccharina japonica
Authors: Kim Eun‐Young , Kim Yu‐Ri , Nam Taek‐Jeong , Kong In‐Soo 
Published: March 2012

SummaryA glycoprotein with a molecular weight of ∼10 kDa was purified from Saccharina japonica, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated using five different antioxidant assays. The highest antioxidant activities of the purified glycoprotein determined by DPPH, ABTS, SODA, SORS and FRAP assays were 85%, 95%, 94%, 72% and 97%, respectively. About 37% nitric oxide scavenging and 85% xanthine oxidase inhibition activities were also observed at a concentration of 5 mg mL−1. The glycoprotein exhibited optimal activity levels of free radical scavenging at pH 7–9 and 40 °C. Antioxidant activity decreased when treated with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and metal ions. Moreover, its scavenging activity decreased when the glycoprotein was treated with deactivation agents such as pronase E or sodium periodate (NaIO4), and it showed protective activity against DNA cleavage induced under oxidative conditions.
Amino acid composition, foaming, emulsifying properties and surface hydrophobicity of mustard protein isolate as affected by pH and NaCl
Authors: Aider Mohammed , Djenane Djamel , Ounis Wassef B. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryAmino acid composition, protein hydrophobicity, foaming and emulsifying properties of mustard protein isolate at pH 3, 5, 7 and in 0.05 and 0.1 m NaCl were studied. Glutamic (19.18 ± 0.30%) and aspartic (7.49 ± 0.11%) acids were the dominants. Foaming ability was enhanced by NaCl. Time to reach 75 mL foam was 23% higher in water than in NaCl. Drained volume after 10 min was concentration dependent and was the lowest in 0.05 and 0.1 m NaCl at protein concentration of 2.5% and 5%. The emulsifying properties were pH and concentration dependent, and the best results were obtained at pH 3, corresponding to the highest positive charge density of the protein surface. The highest emulsion stability (90.22 ± 3.52%) was obtained in 0.05 m NaCl and 5% protein concentration, whereas the lowest (63.00 ± 1.06%) was in water at all protein concentrations. Protein hydrophobicity was low and depended of pH but not of NaCl.
Determination of critical storage conditions of coffee oil microcapsules by coupling water sorption isotherms and glass transition temperature
Authors: Frascareli Elen Cristina , Silva Vanessa Martins , Tonon Renata Valeriano , Hubinger Míriam Dupas 
Published: March 2012

SummaryCoffee oil microcapsules were produced by spray‐drying using as encapsulating agents gum Arabic, whey protein isolate (WPI) and mixtures of maltodextrin (MD) and WPI, at three different proportions (3:1, 1:1 and 1:3). Sorption isotherms were determined by the gravimetric method, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) was measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Microcapsules produced with gum Arabic showed the highest water adsorption and underwent a stronger water plasticising effect. At the highest water activity (0.843), this sample had a Tg value of −18.3 °C, while those produced with WPI at higher proportions showed values around 25 and 30 °C. The good fit of experimental data by Guggenheim‐Anderson‐de Boer and Gordon–Taylor models allowed the determination of the critical storage conditions, at which powders are not susceptible to deteriorative physical changes. The samples produced with 1:1 and 1:3 of MD/WPI were the most stable ones, showing critical water activity values of 0.890 and 0.938, respectively.
Effect of turmeric and lemongrass essential oils and their mixture on quality changes of refrigerated green mussel (Perna viridis)
Authors: Masniyom Payap , Benjama Ommee , Maneesri Jaruwan 
Published: March 2012

SummaryEffect of turmeric and lemongrass essential oils (Eos) and their mixture on quality of green mussel stored at 4 °C was investigated. The mixture of 0.25% turmeric and 0.25% lemongrass Eos could lower microbiological and chemical deterioration of mussel as evidenced by the lower microbial counts, total volatile base, ammonia, trichloroacetic acid‐soluble peptide contents and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances, compared with the control (P < 0.05). It indicated that a mixture of turmeric and lemongrass Eos in mussel showed synergistic effect on the retardation of bacterial growth and lipid oxidation. However, samples treated with 0.5% lemongrass oil exhibited the higher likeness score for odour and flavour, compared with the samples treated with other Eos throughout the storage of 15 days. Samples treated with turmeric essential oil caused the changes in odour and flavour. Therefore, lemongrass treatment was shown to be the promising means to prevent the deterioration and maintain the odour and flavour attributes of mussel during prolonged refrigerated storage.
Physicochemical, sensorial and textural characteristics of liquid‐smoked salmon (Salmo salar) as affected by salting treatment and sugar addition
Authors: Martinez Olaia , Salmerón Jesús , Guillén Maria Dolores , Pin Carmen , Casas Carmen 
Published: March 2012

SummaryThe effect of salting method, dry salting (DS), brine salting (BS), brine salting with sucrose addition (BSS) or dry salting with sucrose addition (DSS) on the quality of Atlantic salmon treated with a liquid smoke flavouring was investigated over a 45‐day storage period. Sugar‐added samples were the ones with the significantly lowest values for TBARS (β0, DS = 0.09b; BS = 0.18a; DSS = 0.07c; BSS = 0.07c). BSS and DSS fillets showed faster production rates of trimethylamine (TMA), 0.57 and 1.46, than the DS and BS fillets, 0.81 and 1.19, respectively. The DS and DSS fillets showed long delay periods before the TMA concentration started to increase (16.18; 20.60), and 90% of the panellists preferred these to BS or BSS fillets. In fact, only the BSS fillets were rejected during the storage, after 34 days; and the fillets with the most overall desirable characteristics at the end of the storage period were those of the DSS group.
Case of anti‐glomerular basement membrane antibody‐induced glomerulonephritis with cytomegalovirus‐induced thrombotic microangiopathy
Authors: Shiraishi N. , Kitamura K. , Hayata M. , Ogata T. , Adachi M. , Kajiwara K. , Ikeda H. , Miyoshi T. , Tomita K. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractAlthough the involvement of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in the development of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) in HIV patients and transplant recipients has been reported, it is still controversial whether CMV itself can cause TMA. We report herein a rare case with rapid improvement of TMA by ganciclovir treatment in a patient who is neither HIV‐positive nor a transplant recipient, suggesting a pathogenic role for CMV in TMA.
From blood transfusion to patient blood management: a new paradigm for patient care and cost assessment of blood transfusion practice
Authors: Leahy M. F. , Mukhtar S. A. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe ageing population in developed countries, including Australia, is putting increasing demands on blood transfusion services. With a falling donor pool there is likely to be a shortage of blood and blood products in the next 20 to 30 years unless there are significant changes in medical practice. The National Health and Medical Research Council/Australasian Society of Blood Transfusion Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Use of Blood Components from 2001 are being redeveloped by the National Health and Medical Research Council/Australian and New Zealand Society of Blood Transfusion as evidence‐based patient‐focused Patient Blood Management guidelines with the aim of improving patient outcomes by reducing inappropriate blood and blood product use and targeting therapies for improving the management of anaemia and coagulopathies.
Canine multifocal retinopathy in the Australian Shepherd: a case report
Authors: Hoffmann Ingo , Guziewicz Karina E. , Zangerl Barbara , Aguirre Gustavo D. , Mardin Christian Y. 
Published: March 2012

AbstractA 1‐year‐old Australian Shepherd (AS) was presented for a routine hereditary eye examination. During the examination multiple raised, brown to orange lesions were noted in the fundus, which could not be attributed to a known retinal disease in this breed. As they clinically most closely resembled canine multifocal retinopathy (cmr) and no indication of an acquired condition was found, genetic tests for BEST1 gene mutations were performed. These showed the dog to be homozygous for the cmr1 (C73T/R25X) gene defect. Furthermore, ultrasound (US), electroretinography (ERG), and optical coherence tomography were performed, confirming changes typical for cmr. Subsequently, the AS pedigree members were genetically and clinically tested, demonstrating autosomal recessive inheritance with no clinical symptoms in carrier animals, as was previously described for cmr. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of canine multifocal retinopathy in the AS breed. Further investigations are under way.
The Causes and Impact of the Brain Drain in Institutions of Higher Learning in Zimbabwe
Authors: Shumba Almon , Mawere Douglas 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe brain drain of professionals has now become a major concern in developing countries, especially in Zimbabwe, in particular. In this study, we sought to determine: (a) the causes for the exodus of professionals; (b) the impact of the massive exodus of professionals on higher education; (c) the effects of the brain drain on the quality of graduate produced; and (d) possible solutions that could be used to curb the massive exodus of professionals. A sample of three employers, ten current and eight former lecturers, ten current students and five members of management were used in this study. We collected data using a questionnaire, interviews and focus group discussions. In this study, we found that the major push factors include low remuneration, low job satisfaction, collapse of funding, the political climate and declining currency exchange regimes, while the pull factors include attractive salaries and research and study opportunities, among others. Both push and pull factors caused the brain drain in Zimbabwe.
A Mouse Model for Adolescent Alcohol Abuse: Stunted Growth and Effects in Brain
Authors: Huang Chiming , Titus Jennifer A. , Bell Richard L. , Kapros Tamas , Chen Jie , Huang Rosa 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundAdolescent alcohol abuse remains a serious public health concern, with nearly a third of high school seniors reporting heavy drinking in the previous month.MethodsUsing the high ethanol‐consuming C57BL/6J mouse strain, we examined the effects of ethanol (3.75 g/kg, IP, daily for 45 days) on body weight and brain region mass (cerebral cortex, cerebellum, corpus callosum) during peri‐adolescence (postnatal day [P]25 to 70) or adulthood (P180 to 225) of both males and females.ResultsIn control peri‐adolescent animals, body weight gain was greater in males compared with females. In the peri‐adolescent exposure group, ethanol significantly reduced body weight gain to a similar extent in both male and female mice (82 and 84% of controls, respectively). In adult animals, body weight gain was much less than that of the peri‐adolescent mice, with ethanol having a small but significant effect in males but not females. Between the control peri‐adolescent and adult cohorts (measurements taken at P70 and 225, respectively), there were no significant differences in the mass of the cerebral cortex or the cerebellum from either male or female mice, although the rostro‐caudal length of the corpus callosum increased slightly but significantly (6.1%) between these time points.ConclusionsEthanol treatment significantly reduced the mass of the cerebral cortex in peri‐adolescent (−3.1%), but not adult, treated mice. By contrast, ethanol significantly reduced the length of the corpus callosum in adult (−5.4%), but not peri‐adolescent, treated mice. Future studies at the histological level may yield additional details concerning ethanol and the peri‐adolescent brain.
Behavioral and Neurotransmitter Specific Roles for the Ventral Tegmental Area in Reinforcer‐Seeking and Intake
Authors: Czachowski Cristine L. , DeLory Michael J. , Pope Jason D. 
Published: March 2012

BackgroundThe ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a pivotal relay site within the reinforcement circuit that has been shown to play a role in ethanol (EtOH)‐motivated behaviors. The primary dopamine projections within this system originate in the VTA and innervate several areas including the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the PFC has afferent glutamate projections to the VTA and the NAc. The following studies utilized 2 different operant paradigms, one focusing on reinforcer‐seeking and the other on reinforcer drinking (both with an EtOH and a sucrose reinforcer solution), to elucidate regulation of these behaviors by the posterior VTA, and the specific roles of dopamine and glutamate in this region.MethodsThe present experiments assessed the effects of microinjections of the glutamate (AMPA/kainate) antagonist CNQX and the dopamine D1‐like antagonist SCH23390 in the posterior VTA, as well as transient chemical inactivation of this region using tetrodotoxin (TTX). In 4 separate experiments (2 dopamine, 2 glutamate, both with TTX), male Long Evans rats were trained to complete a single response requirement that resulted in access to 10% EtOH or 2% sucrose for a 20‐minute drinking period.ResultsPrior to microinjections, EtOH‐reinforced subjects were consuming approximately 0.45 to 0.65 g/kg EtOH and making approximately 50 responses during intermittent nonreinforced artificial cerebrospinal fluid sessions (Sucrose groups had similar baseline response levels). Overall, TTX inactivation of the VTA consistently decreased reinforcer‐seeking but not intake in all experiments. CNQX also dose‐dependently decreased EtOH‐seeking, with no significant effect on sucrose‐seeking or reinforcer intake. SCH23390 had no significant effects on reinforcer‐seeking, and very moderately decreased intake of both EtOH and sucrose.ConclusionsInactivation of the posterior VTA implicated this region in reinforcer‐seeking as opposed to reinforcer intake. Overall, the present findings provide support for the importance of posterior VTA glutamate activity specifically in EtOH‐seeking behavior in animals consuming pharmacologically relevant amounts of EtOH.
Women's Health and Hygiene Experiences During Deployment to the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars, 2003 through 2010
Authors: Doherty Mary Ellen , Scannell‐Desch Elizabeth 
Published: March 2012

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to describe women's health and hygiene experiences during their deployment to Iraq and Afghanistan during the war years, 2003 through 2010.Methods: A phenomenological method described the essential structures embedded in the women's health and hygiene experiences. Colaizzi's method of data analysis was used to guide the discovery of themes. Interview data were gathered from 24 interviews with military nurses who served in the war zones. Female military nurses were specifically selected for this study because of their insight, awareness, and knowledge base.Results: Seven themes emerged from the data and captured the essence of the women's experiences: 1) bathroom trips and facilities: a walk on the wild side; 2) shower challenges: lack of privacy, water problems, and location issues; 3) menstruation: to suppress or not to suppress; 4) staying clean: a monumental task; 5) various infections: annoying distractions; 6) unintended pregnancies: wartime surprises; and 7) safety issues: enemy attacks and sexual assaults.Discussion: In the current military structure, more women are being deployed to combat zones and will endure the challenges and hardships described in this study. The health and hygiene experiences of deployed women are an important part of their daily lives in combat zones. Educational programs and clinical services need to be tailored to this cadre of women, with focused attention on preparation and anticipatory guidance prior to deployment. Access to health promotion and appropriate clinical services during deployment is critical. Finally, as these women return home as veterans, it is important for all providers to understand the contextual framework of their service and its impact on their lives.
Silica‐Based NTPC‐Fly Ash for Dye‐Removal Application and Effect of Its Modification
Authors: Babu Babitha K. , Purayil Jeena Vadakke , Padinhattayil Hareesh , Shukla Satyajit , Warrier Krishna Gopakumar 
Published: March 2012

Silica‐based fly ash (FA) received from the National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), India has been utilized for determining its dye‐adsorption capacity. The dye adsorption using the NTPC‐FA has been examined by varying the initial methylene blue dye concentration (7.5–150 μM) and initial solution‐pH (2.5–11.5). The dye‐adsorption capacity of NTPC‐FA has been found to be 0.43 mg/g. To increase the dye‐adsorption capacity, the NTPC‐FA is subjected to the hydrothermal treatment and typical washing cycles without and with the coating of sol–gel derived anatase‐titania. The hydrothermally treated NTPC‐FA and hydrogen titanate–silica composite thus obtained exhibit dye‐adsorption capacity higher than that of NTPC‐FA.
Tooth discolouration: Staining effects of various sealers and medicaments
Authors: Thomson Andrew David , Athanassiadis Basil , Kahler Bill , Walsh Laurence 
Published: March 2012

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to quantify the discolouration of tooth roots caused by various medicaments and sealers. The roots of extracted teeth were chemo‐mechanically prepared and the smear layer removed. The roots were filled with either Multi‐Cal (Pulpdent Corporation, Watertown, MA, USA), Ledermix (Lederle Laboratories, Wolfratshausen, Germany), 2% chlorhexadine acetate in polyethylene glycol (PEG), 5% clindamycin in PEG, PEG alone (as a vehicle control), sealers AH26 (De Trey Dentsply, Zurich, Switzerland), AH Plus (De Trey Dentsply), an experimental epoxy resin with zirconium dioxide (Millenium Chemicals, Rockingham, Western Australia) or Araldite (Selleys Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia). The roots were maintained at 37°C in dark humid conditions and standardised images of the coronal surfaces recorded over 12 months. Ledermix caused the most darkening of the introduced medicaments, while calcium hydroxide and the materials in PEG did not cause darkening. AH26 caused more darkening than did the other sealers. It was concluded that the use of alternatives to Ledermix and AH26 should be considered when aesthetics are important.
Co‐inherited β‐thalassemia trait and HbH disease: clinical characteristics and interference in diagnosis of thalassemia by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: YIN X.‐L. , WU Z.‐K. , ZHOU X.Y. , ZHOU T.‐H. , ZHOU Y.‐L. , WANG L. , HUANG J. , ZHANG X.‐H. 
Published: March 2012

SummaryIntroduction:  To identify the clinical and hematological characteristics in a large group of patients with combined HbH disease and β‐thalassemia trait.Methods:  Hemoglobinopathy analysis and full genotyping identified a cohort of patients with HbH disease, β‐thalassemia trait, or combined HbH disease and β‐thalassemia trait.Results:  Co‐inheritance of β‐thalassemia trait and HbH disease significantly decreased the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in 27 patients when compared to 287 patients with HbH disease alone. The combined condition also alleviated anemia in nondeletional HbH disease but not in the deletional cases. Beta‐thalassemia trait also significantly decreased the expression of HbH, Hb Constant Spring when present, and HbA2, with levels as low as 3.6% on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Conclusion:  These cases, although relatively common in the South Chinese population, may be difficult do diagnose correctly when only examined on HPLC. Therefore, molecular analysis of the α and β globin genes should be done in all cases with hemolytic anemia and low MCV without clear HbH disease or β‐thalassemia parameters.