bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factor V Leiden and prothrombin 21210G>A mutation and paediatric ischaemic stroke: a case–control study and two meta‐analyses
Authors: Laugesaar R , Kahre T , Kolk A , Uustalu Ü , Kool P , Talvik T 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAim:  To determine whether factor V Leiden (FVL) and prothrombin (PT) 20210G>A mutation are associated with paediatric ischaemic stroke.Methods:  The study consisted of two parts. Case–control study included neuroradiologically confirmed paediatric ischaemic stroke patients from two tertiary children’s hospitals in Estonia. For control group, DNA was obtained from 400 anonymous screening test cards of newborns born consecutively in all delivery departments of Estonia in January 2005. Meta‐analyses was performed to assess the association between paediatric sinovenous thrombosis and FVL and PT 20210G>A.Results:  A total of 75 children (45 boys, 30 girls) were included into the case–control study: 19 with childhood arterial ischaemic stroke, 49 with perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke and seven with cerebral venous thrombosis. Both FVL and PT 20210G>A occurred significantly more frequently among patients with sinovenous thrombosis compared with controls (OR = 12.9; 95% CI: 2.3–73.0 and OR = 11.9; 95% CI: 2.1–67.2, respectively). The difference was not significant between childhood/perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke and controls. Meta‐analyses (including our study) revealed that both FVL and PT 20210G>A are associated with paediatric sinovenous thrombosis (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.8–5.5 and OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.4–6.8, respectively).Conclusion:  FVL and PT 20210G>A are associated with paediatric sinovenous thrombosis.
The Distant Future? Reading Franco Moretti
Authors: Serlen Rachel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractFranco Moretti’s suggestion that we swap close for distant reading has shaken up the academy. Yet while so many critics knows Moretti’s name, it can be difficult to pin down exactly what he’s saying. Without any single magnum opus to his name, Moretti’s points are instead scattered across a score of articles and a handful of short books. This article attempts to join the insights of books like Atlas of the European Novel and Graphs, Maps, Trees to those of articles like ‘Conjectures on World Literature’ and ‘The Slaughterhouse of Literature,’ in hopes of providing a fuller picture of exactly what kind of reading (and what kinds of distance) are implied by distant reading.
Deploying ‘Ethics’ in Victorian England
Authors: Li Hao 
Published: March 2010

AbstractCurrent survey studies of Victorian ethics have clearly and helpfully charted the different strands of ethical thought (e.g. utilitarianism, intuitionism). This article approaches ethics as a linguistic practise. It explores the major shifts in the use of the term ‘ethics’ by bringing together Victorian literary writings and those of philosophers and other public figures. Throughout this period, as ethical thinking had to meet the challenge of social changes, the use of the term became increasingly broadened and diversified. What could be taken as common, though tenuously shared, terms of understanding in the early Victorian period became more entangled and ambiguous in the mid‐Victorian period. In the mid‐ and late‐Victorian period, through periodical publishing, ethical debates also enabled writers to find themselves not only contesting with but also arguing past one another due to a gradual loss of common context. Yet, it was by means of rhetorical manipulations, especially irony, that the Victorian writers were able effectively to balance the contingency of articulating an ethical position with their desire to make a normative statement.
SEXUAL MEDICINE HISTORY: The History of Female Ejaculation
Authors: Korda Joanna B. , Goldstein Sue W. , Sommer Frank 
Published: March 2010

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The existence of female ejaculation and the female prostate is controversial; however, most scientists are not aware that historians of medicine and psychology described the phenomenon of female ejaculation approximately 2,000 years ago.

Aim
To review historical literature in which female ejaculation is described.

Methods
A comprehensive systematic literature review.

Main Outcome Measure
Emission of fluid at the acme of orgasm and/or sexual pleasure in females was considered as a description of female ejaculation and therefore all documents referring to this phenomenon are included.

Results
Physicians, anatomists, and psychologists in both eastern and western culture have described intellectual concepts of female ejaculation during orgasm. In ancient Asia female ejaculation was very well known and mentioned in several Chinese Taoist texts starting in the 4th century. The ancient Chinese concept of female ejaculation as independent of reproduction was supported by ancient Indian writings. First mentioned in a 7th century poem, female ejaculation and the Gräfenberg spot (G-spot) are described in detail in most works of the Kāmaśāstra. In ancient Western writings the emission of female fluid is mentioned even earlier, depicted about 300 B.C. by Aristotle and in the 2nd century by Galen. Reinjier De Graaf in the 16th century provided the first scientific description of female ejaculation and was the first to refer to the periurethral glands as the female prostate. This concept was held by other scientists during the following centuries through 1952 A.D. when Ernst Gräfenberg reported on “The role of the urethra in female orgasm. Current research provides insight into the anatomy of the female prostate and describes female ejaculation as one of its functions.

Conclusions
Credible evidence exists among different cultures that the female prostate and female ejaculation have been discovered, described and then forgotten over the last 2,000 years.
Adjustment of Forest Ecosystem Root Respiration as Temperature Warms
Authors: Burton Andrew J. , Melillo Jerry M. , Frey Serita D. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractAdjustment of ecosystem root respiration to warmer climatic conditions can alter the autotrophic portion of soil respiration and influence the amount of carbon available for biomass production. We examined 44 published values of annual forest root respiration and found an increase in ecosystem root respiration with increasing mean annual temperature (MAT), but the rate of this cross‐ecosystem increase (Q10= 1.6) is less than published values for short‐term responses of root respiration to temperature within ecosystems (Q10= 2–3). When specific root respiration rates and root biomass values were examined, there was a clear trend for decreasing root metabolic capacity (respiration rate at a standard temperature) with increasing MAT. There also were tradeoffs between root metabolic capacity and root system biomass, such that there were no instances of high growing season respiration rates and high root biomass occurring together. We also examined specific root respiration rates at three soil warming experiments at Harvard Forest, USA, and found decreases in metabolic capacity for roots from the heated plots. This decline could be due to either physiological acclimation or to the effects of co‐occurring drier soils on the measurement date. Regardless of the cause, these findings clearly suggest that modeling efforts that allow root respiration to increase exponentially with temperature, with Q10values of 2 or more, may over‐predict root contributions to ecosystem CO2efflux for future climates and underestimate the amount of C available for other uses, including net primary productivity.
A Novel Mitogen‐Activated Protein Kinase Gene in Maize (Zea mays), ZmMPK3, is Involved in Response to Diverse Environmental Cues
Authors: Wang Jinxiang , Ding Haidong , Zhang Aying , Ma Fangfang , Cao Jianmei , Jiang Mingyi 
Published: March 2010

Abstract In search for components of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades in maize (Zea mays) involved in response to abscisic acid (ABA) stimulus, a novel MAPK gene, ZmMPK3, from ABA‐treated maize leaves cDNA was isolated and characterized. The full length of the ZmMPK3 gene is 1 520 bp and encodes a 376 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular mass of 43.5 kD and a pI of 5.83. ZmMPK3 contains all 11 MAPK conserved subdomains and the phosphorylation motif TEY. Amino acid sequence alignment revealed that ZmMPK3 shared high identity with group‐A MAPK in plants. A time course (30–360 min) experiment using a variety of signal molecules and stresses revealed that the transcripts level of ZmMPK3 accumulated markedly and rapidly when maize seedlings were subjected to exogenous signaling molecules: ABA, H2O2, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid, various abiotic stimuli such as cold, drought, ultraviolet light, salinity, heavy metal and mechanical wounding. Its transcription was also found to be tissue‐specific regulated. Here, we show that ABA and H2O2 induced a significant increase in the ZmMPK3 activity using immunoprecipitation and in‐gel kinase assay. Furthermore, the results showed that the ZmMPK3 protein is localized mainly to the nucleus. These results suggest that the ZmMPK3 may play an important role in response to environmental stresses.
Reducing heart disease through the vegetarian diet using primary prevention
Authors: Sticher Megan A. , Smith Christine B. , Davidson Susan 
Published: March 2010

Purpose: To evaluate research on the vegetarian diet for its safety, effectiveness in reducing heart disease, special considerations, contraindications, and its association with decreased cardiovascular disease risk. Data sources: Selected research and evidence‐based dietary guidelines found by searching CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid databases, and the World Wide Web. Conclusions: A carefully planned vegetarian diet with adequate supplementation may be effective for primary prevention of heart disease. The vegetarian diet is cost effective, safe, and relatively easy to implement. Implications for practice: Improved dietary choices can help improve many chronic conditions. Guidelines for proper nutrition within a vegetarian lifestyle are readily accessible to patients and professionals alike. Referral to a dietitian is an appropriate option in primary care settings.
Nurse practitioner prescribing practice in Australia
Authors: Dunn Sandra V. , Cashin Andrew , Buckley Thomas , Newman Claire 
Published: March 2010

Purpose: In Australia, nurse practitioner (NP) services are a relatively new development with little being known about the prescribing practices of Australian NPs. The aim of this study was to conduct the first national study of Australian NP prescribing practices. Data sources: Focus groups were conducted to inform construction of an electronic survey that was available for all NPs and NP candidates across Australia to complete. Conclusions: Seventy‐two percent of authorized NPs and 39% of NP candidates reported that their practice involved prescribing pharmaceutical agents. Of those respondents who did prescribe during the course of their practice, 59% (n = 29) of the authorized NPs and 64% (n = 16) of the NP candidates reported that they usually prescribe at least once a day. The results from this study suggest that fewer Australian NPs prescribe than do NPs in the United States, and those who do prescribe do so less frequently. Implications for practice: The current health policy framework in Australia while creating space for the role of the NP is restricting the role's utility and potential contribution to the health care of Australians.
Not just another case of nausea and vomiting: A review of postinfectious gastroparesis
Authors: Thorn Allison R. 
Published: March 2010

Purpose: To review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of postinfectious gastroparesis (PIGP). Data sources: Review of literature using Medscape, the Internet, and PubMed. The following search terms were used: gastroparesis, postinfectious gastroparesis, postviral gastroparesis, and idiopathic gastroparesis. There was no limitation placed on publication year. Only articles in English were used. Conclusions: PIGP is a rare illness that can affect all ages and both genders, although more prominent in middle‐aged women. It is defined as delayed gastric emptying after an acute self‐limited viral infection in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Limited research is available on PIGP. It is a complicated disorder with an unclear pathogenesis and narrow treatment options, therefore affecting the patient's quality of life significantly. Fortunately, the prognosis of PIGP is good, although in some instances it can take years to recover completely. Implications for practice: There is a huge lack of awareness of PIGP among primary care providers (PCPs). The importance of this illness is greatly underestimated. Educating PCPs about PIGP leads to quicker referrals and therefore faster treatment for patients, which in turn improves their health and quality of life, and thereby decreases healthcare costs as well.
Becoming a super preceptor: A practical guide to preceptorship in today's clinical climate
Authors: Barker Elizabeth R. , Pittman Oralea 
Published: March 2010

Purpose: To provide both potential and active preceptors with practical information that will help with the decision to become a preceptor, and to develop the preceptor partnership among the preceptor, the faculty, the student, and the patient. The article suggests ways to apply realistic techniques to assure that the preceptorship is successful in today's fast‐paced practice climate. The article also presents successful evaluation strategies for the experience. Data sources: Evidence‐based reports, anecdotal experiences, personal conversations, and reports of proven preceptorship techniques. Conclusions: Through a review of available literature and the authors' experience as preceptors and faculty, it is clear that it is possible to implement a mutually beneficial preceptor experience even in today's productivity‐based practice models. Preplanning and use of suggested strategies can make precepting an enjoyable and rewarding experience. Implications for practice: The education of tomorrow's practitioners is a mutual professional partnership among the stakeholders in the educational process. Application of practical strategies for enhancing this partnership will make the experience realistic and rewarding.
Veterans' perceptions of care by nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and physicians: A comparison from satisfaction surveys
Authors: Budzi Dorothy , Lurie Sue , Singh Karan , Hooker Roderick 
Published: March 2010

Purpose: To examine the differences in patient satisfaction with care provided by nurse practitioners (NPs), physician assistants (PAs), and physicians in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) system. Data source: Secondary data was obtained from the VHA's Survey of Healthcare Experience of Patients (SHEP), a monthly survey designed to measure patient satisfaction. Descriptive statistics were calculated and categorical variables were summarized with frequency counts. Conclusions: Of the 2,164,559 surveys mailed to the veterans, 1,601,828 (response rate 64%) were returned. The study found that satisfaction scores increased by 5% when the number of NPs was increased compared to 1.8% when the number of physicians was increased and slightly increased or remained the same when the number of PAs was increased. Physician to PA/NP ratio was 7:3. Implications for practice: The VHA is the largest healthcare system and the single largest employer of NPs and PAs in the country. This study shows that a majority of the primary care clinic patients prefer to see NPs as compared with PAs and physicians. Besides clinical care, NPs focus on health promotion, disease prevention, health education, attentiveness, and counseling. Physicians and PAs should be educated on these characteristics to promote patient satisfaction and expected outcomes.
Development of a new humane toxin for predator control in New Zealand
Authors: EASON Charles T. , MURPHY Elaine C. , HIX Steve , MACMORRAN Duncan B. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThe endemic fauna of New Zealand evolved in the absence of mammalian predators and their introduction has been responsible for many extinctions and declines. Introduced species including possums (Trichosurus vulpeculaKerr), ship rats (Rattus rattusL.) and stoats (Mustela ermineaL.) are targeted to protect native birds. Control methodologies currently rely largely on labor‐intensive trapping or the use of increasingly unpopular poisons, or poisons that are linked with low welfare standards. Hence, the development of safer humane predator toxins and delivery systems is highly desirable. Para‐aminopropiophenone (PAPP) is being developed as a toxin for feral cats (Felis catusL.) and stoats. Carnivores appear to be much more susceptible to PAPP than birds, so it potentially has high target specificity, at least in New Zealand. Pen trials with 20 feral cats and 15 stoats have been undertaken using meat baits containing a proprietary formulation of PAPP. A PAPP dose of 20–34 mg kg−1was lethal for feral cats and 37–95 mg kg−1was lethal for stoats. Our assessments suggest that PAPP, for the control of feral cats and stoats, is a humane and effective toxin. PAPP causes methaemoglobinaemia, resulting in central nervous system anoxia, lethargy and death.
Review of issues concerning the use of reproductive inhibitors, with particular emphasis on resolving human‐wildlife conflicts in North America
Authors: FAGERSTONE Kathleen A. , MILLER Lowell A. , KILLIAN Gary , YODER Christi A. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractThis manuscript provides an overview of past wildlife contraception efforts and discusses the current state of research. Two fertility control agents, an avian reproductive inhibitor containing the active ingredient nicarbazin and an immunocontraceptive vaccine, have received regulatory approval with the Environmental Protection Agency and are commercially available in the USA. OvoControl G Contraceptive Bait for Canada Geese and Ovo Control for pigeons are delivered as oral baits. An injectable immunocontraceptive vaccine (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine) was registered with the Environmental Protection Agency for use in female white‐tailed deer in September 2009. An injectable product (GonaCon Immunocontraceptive Vaccine) is registered for use in female white‐tailed deer. Both products are labeled for use in urban/suburban areas where these species are overabundant. Several other compounds are currently being tested for use in wildlife in the USA, Europe, Australia and New Zealand that could have promise in the future. The development and use of reproductive inhibitors for resolving human–wildlife conflicts will depend on a number of factors, including meeting the requirements of regulatory agencies for use in the environment and on the biological and economical feasibility of their use. Use will also be dependent on health and safety issues and on public acceptance of the techniques.
Detection ofChlamydophila psittacifrom feral pigeons in environmental samples: problems with currently available techniques
Authors: GEIGENFEIND Ila , HAAG‐WACKERNAGEL Daniel 
Published: March 2010

AbstractChlamydophila psittaci(Lillie, 1930) Everettet al., 1999, the pathogenic agent of human ornithosis, is widespread in feral pigeon populations and many cases of transmission from feral pigeons to humans have been reported. The aim of the present study was to detectC. psittaciin environmental samples to find out more about possible transmission routes and, therefore, to assess the zoonotic risk for humans. Fecal samples were collected from nest boxes in a feral pigeon loft. Additionally, samples were taken from the feather dust film covering the water surface of public fountains where pigeons regularly bathe. The samples were tested for the presence of chlamydial antigen using an antigen enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to prove shedding ofC. psittaciby feral pigeons. This test detects a genus specific lipopolysaccharide in the outer membrane of the chlamydial bacteria. Samples were tested using the IDEIAPCEChlamydia Test kit (DakoCytomation) and positive results were verified with IDEIA Chlamydia Blocking Reagents (DakoCytomation). The IDEIAPCEChlamydia Test yields a high proportion of positive results. However, when IDEIA Chlamydia Blocking was performed, most of the positive results turned out to be negative or could not be interpreted. We conclude that antigen‐enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay tests are not suitable for detectingC. psittaciin environmental samples. Previous publications where no blocking test was used should be reconsidered critically.
Managing crop damage caused by house mice (Mus domesticus) in Australia
Authors: KABOODVANDPOUR Shahram , LEUNG Luke K.‐P. 
Published: March 2010

AbstractA large‐scale outbreak of the house mouse populations occurs in grain growing in Australia on average once every four years. High densities of mice cause major yield losses to cereal crops, and low to moderate densities of mice also cause some losses. Several predictive models based on rainfall patterns have been developed to forecast mouse density. These models carry some uncertainty and the economic value of basing management actions on these models is not clear. Baiting is the most commonly used method and zinc phosphide and other rodenticide bait are effective in reducing up to 90% of mouse populations. Ecologically‐based best farming practice for controlling mice has recently been developed on the basis of long‐term field studies of mouse populations. No effective biological control method has been developed for mice. However, grain growers still cannot make economically rational decisions to implement control because they do not know the pest threshold density (DT) above which the economic benefits of control exceed the economic costs of control. Applied predator‐prey theory suggests that understanding the relationship between mouse density and damage is the basis for determining DT. Understanding this relationship is the first research priority for managing mouse damage. The other research priority is to develop a reliable method to estimate unbiased mouse density.