bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of the Attachment to Parents and Siblings in Juvenile Geese (Branta canadensis and Anser indicus): Reactions to Brief Separation
Authors: Lamdrecht Jürg 
Published: August 2010

Abstract10 hand‐reared goslings of each of the species Branta canadensis and Anser indicus living in a flock of mostly 8–10 individuals until 2.5 to 6.5 days of age, were tested for their reactions to a 5‐min separation from their human foster parent or from one sibling. They showed signs of great distress (distress calls, increased locomotion) when separated from the parent, whether a sibling was present or not. Separation from a sibling caused distress only when the parent was also absent, and only in a test room in which the goslings had had little previous contact with the parent.The results indicate that under normal conditions a gosling would be distressed by the absence of its parents, but not by the absence of its siblings. This suggests that proximity to siblings is not the consummatory situation the gosling is aiming at, but that the young gosling uses its siblings as a means to maintain or restore contact to the vitally necessary parents.ZusammenfassungJe 10 in einer Schar gehaltene und menschengeprägte Kanada‐ (Branta canadensis) und Streifen‐Gössel (Anser indicus) wurden im Alter von 2,5–6,5 Tagen Tests unterworfen, in denen sie für 5 min vom Menschenelter oder von einem ihrer Geschwister getrennt wurden. Auf Trennung vom Elter reagierten sie heftig mit Weinen des Verlassenseins und lokomotorischer Aktivität, unabhängig davon, ob ein Geschwister dabei war oder nicht. Die Trennung von einem Geschwister hingegen führte nur zu einer nachweisbaren Beunruhigung, wenn auch der Elter abwesend war, und dies nur in einem bestimmten Versuchsraum, in dem die Gösselschar früher fast keinen Kontakt mit Menscheneltern gehabt hatte.Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, daß ein Gössel unter normalen Bedingungen zwar die abwesenden Eltern, nicht aber die abwesenden Geschwister vermissen und suchen würde. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür wäre, daß das Zusammensein mit den Geschwistern nicht die vom Gössel angestrebte Endsituation ist, sondern daß die Geschwister dem kleinen Gössel als Hilfsmittel zum Auffinden und Nicht‐Verlieren der lebensnotwendigen Eltern dienen.
The Social Life of a Black‐and‐white Colobus Monkey,Colobus guereza
Authors: Oates J.F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTo investigate relationships between ecology and social organization, observations were made on several populations of Colobus gureza in East Africa in 1970‐74. Study time was concentrated in the Kibale Forest and the Kabalega National Park, Uganda. Findings on social behaviour are reported in this paper. Assessments of group composition were made. The repertoire of comunicatory acts was analysed. During five‐day continuous observation periods at Kibale (12 consective months) and at Kabalega (two months) all social interactions between members of one habituated group, and between this group and others, were recorded. 6 Kibale groups were compared with those from other period to examine changes in group structure. The results are compared with those from other studies and the adaptive signigficane of guereza social behaviour is discussed, emphasizing differences in male and female stregies.ZusammenfassungGuerezas (Colohus guereza) wurden in Uganda von 1970 bis 1974 be‐obachtet. Sie leben in Gruppen von typischerweise 2–4 erwachsenen ♀♀ mit ihren Kindern und 1 erwachsenen ♂. Die Gruppenmitglieder halten eng zusammen und tauschen Verhaltensweisen (bes. Hautpflege) untereinander. Junge werden auch von anderen Individuen als der eigenen Mutter getragen, vor allem in den ersten 5 Lebenswochen, wenn sie noch weiß gefärbt sind. Die erwachsenen ♂♂ bewachen den Trupp und vertreiben Feinde.Die Gruppen untereinander sind feindlich, einige verteidigen Reviere. Vor allem die größeren ♂♂ aus verschiedenen Gruppen sind gegeneinander aggressiv; ihr Chor‐Rufen in der Dämmerung dient wohl der Gruppentrennung.Die ♀♀ bleiben ihren Wohngebieten treu, die ♂♂ wechseln. Mehrere erwachsense ♂♂ kommen zu einer Gruppe; in einem Fall übernahm einer davon schließlich die Gruppe und vertrieb alle anderen ♂♂, auch die Vorbesitzer. Sind mehrere adulte ♂♂ in einer Gruppe (eingedrungen oder in ihr groß geworden), so halten sich alle bis auf einen am Rand der Gruppe.Hauptnahrung sind Baumbläter. Gruppenzusammensetzung und Revierverhalten entsprechen den ökologischen Anforderungen. Die Sozialstruktur entseht aus männlicher Rivalität um ♀♀. Babymord nach Wechsel des Harems‐♂ kommt vor.
Vibrations and Predatory Behaviour of Plectrocnemia Larvae: (Trichoptera)
Authors: Tachet Henri 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis work analyses the effects of vibrations transmitted across the net on the predatory behaviour of the Plectrocnemia conspersa larvae (Trichoptera). The variations in the frequency has a more marked effect than variations in amplitude especially on the stage 2 (orientation and displacement towards the lure) and on the stage 3 (capture of the lure with mandibles).ZusammenfassungDie Larven von Plectrocnemia conspersa leben in Fließwässern und fangen mit einem Netz Beute (hauptsächlich Chironomiden‐Larven und Oligochaeten). Die Wirkung der von der Beute im Netz erzeugten Vibrationen auf das Verhalten der Larven wurde untersucht.Das sehr unregelmäßig gewebte Netz ist eine an beiden Enden offene Wohnröhre. Eine Vibration wird darin schwach gedämpft, ändert aber ihre Frequenz nicht. Vibration erregt bei der Larve: 1. Aufmerksamkeit, 2. Orientierung und Bewegung, 3. Fangversuche.Orientierung und Bewegung zur Beute verlaufen um so schneller, je mehr die Vibration 0,28 Hz übersteigt; Frequenzen von 0,15 bis 0,28 Hz führen zu unvollständigen Reaktionen, wie wenn die Larven verwirrt wären. Frequenzen unter 0,075 Hz erzeugen Baubewegungen. Auch sonst tritt zuweilen Bauverhalten statt Beutefang auf, was vermuten läßt, daß beide Verhaltensweisen in enger Verbindung stehen.
Effects of Cross‐Fostering on the Sexual Imprinting of the Female Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata
Authors: Sonnemann Petra , Sjölander Sverre 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSexual imprinting is a well‐known phenomenon in the ♂♂ of many bird species, but its occurrence in ♀♀, particularly of dimorphic species, has been questioned. ♀♀ of the Zebra Finch, Taeniopygia guttata, that had been cross‐fostered by Bengalese Finches, Lonchura striata, were tested for their preferences in two different choice tests involving ♂♂ of both species. A highly significant preference for the imprinted species was found.
Klassische Konditionierung agonistischen Verhaltens beim Syrischen Goldhamster (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse)
Authors: Dücker Gerti , Geyer Anne , Schulze Inge , Stascheit Margarete 
Published: August 2010

AbstractNine different reactions of unconditioned agonistic behavior of golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus Waterhouse) which could be elicited by an air blow (UCS) were classically conditioned at a sound of a xylophone (tone g), a previously neutral stimulus. Tone g (CS) was paired with UCS for a different number of trials/day. In all animals exposed to over 20 pairings/day components of the agonistic behavior were brought under the control of Cs, but it was not possible to predict which one of the agonistic reactions would appear. Most of the animals generalized and also showed conditioned reactions (CR) when presenting tone c' instead of tone g. When utilizing a differential conditioning procedure the animals learned to discriminate between the different tones. Extinction of CR at tone g was reached after an individually different number of trials.
Do all Members of a Swarm Suffer the same Predation?1
Authors: Milinski Manfred 
Published: August 2010

AbstractUsing three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) as predators and water fleas (Daphnia magna) as prey, experiments were conducted to investigate whether different swarm regions were differentially preyed upon. The specific location of a region within the swarm, its density, and the motivational state of the predator all influenced the risk of predation. As stragglers were more often attacked than any portion of a swarm itself, natural selection favours all individual swarm members, although differentially.
Lek Mating Behavior in the Hammer‐headed Bat
Authors: Bradbury Jack W. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractCalling assemblies of Hypsignathus monstrosus were studied for 17 months in the field to determine if they were “leks” or mating arenas. Direct observations, netting of animals at the assembly sites, and radio‐tracking of both ♂♂ and ♀♀ at the assembly sites, foraging grounds, and day roosts were all utilized to make this determination. Captive animals were maintained to establish growth rates. It is concluded that Hypsignathus exhibit lek behavior even by the most conservative definition and share many features with other avian and mammalian lek species.
The Roles of Female Mate Choice and Predation in the Mating Systems of Some Tropical Labroid Fishes
Authors: Robertson D. Ross , Hoffman Steven G. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe highly differentiated patterns of courtship and spawning of 3 tropical wrasses are described. We show how (a) the ability of a ♀ to freely choose her mates, and (b) risks of predation on the spawning fishes and their zygotes, affect the structure of courtship interactions and the spawning act itself. We also discuss how both these factors affect the spatial location and diurnal timing of spawning. The significance of variability in the expression of sexual dichromatism in these and other wrasses and parrotfishes is considered from the same viewpoints.
Acoustic Signals in Mouse Maternal Behavior: Retrieving and Cannibalism
Authors: Busnel R. G. , Lehmann A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to show that juvenile acoustic signals are not essential prerequisites for inhibiting parental aggression or for eliciting maternal care.This was demonstrated by comparing the behavior of Rb‐3 and GFF+/+ female mice with normal audition and that of a deaf mutant GFF dn/dn.243 ♀♀ and 609 litters were used to measure cannibalism and 54 ♀♀ to measure speed of retrieval.Neither rate of cannibalism nor speed of retrieval were modified by deafness, thus verifying the proposed hypothesis.
The Behavior of the Moonrat, Echinosorex gymnurus (Erinaceidae) and the Pentail Shrew, Ptilocercus lowi (Tupaiidae) with Comments on the Behavior of other Insectivora
Authors: Gould Edwin 
Published: August 2010

AbstractObservations in captivity of 9 Ptilocercus and 12 Echinosorex are described. Behavioral data include information on predation, nesting, defense, locomotion and communication (including physical details of vocalizations). Inferences concerning early mammalian evolution are discussed.
Quantitative Untersuchungen zu Wechselbeziehungen zwischen Balzaktivität und Testosterontitern bei männlichen Zebrafinken
Authors: Pröve Ekkehard 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe determination of hormone titers in small plasma volumes by radioimmunoassay makes it possible to demonstrate the mutual relationship between testosterone titers and sexual behaviour. Testosterone titers were measured after courtship tests in male Zebra Finches to determine whether these levels are influenced by sexual behaviour. The results show that immediately after a courtship test there is a significant difference in hormone levels between sexually experienced and inexperienced birds. Sexual experience can also be shown to influence baseline testosterone titers in male Zebra Finches: experienced ♂♂ have a high baseline level while inexperienced ♂♂ have a low baseline level. In two other behaviour patterns, undirected song and courtship song, it could be demonstrated, that the amount of these behaviours shown is linearly correlated with the amount of testosterone in the blood plasma. Both song types have different hormonal threshold values. The comparison of testosterone titers between different treatment groups can only be made if the groups are maintained under identical conditions, since housing conditions appear to have a very marked influence on testosterone titers. The mechanism of action of testosterone in sexual behaviour is discussed.
The Behavior of Lemur variegatus Kerr 1792
Authors: Kress J. H. , Conley J. M. , Eaglen R. H. , Ibanez A. E. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper reports the social behavior of two groups of captive Lemur variegates. An intensive three‐month study provided baseline data. This was supplemented by two years of follow‐up observations. Various components of the captive behavioral repertoire are described. Data on feeding behavior, vocalizations, grooming, agonistic interactions, sexual behavior and infant development were collected.
The Behaviour of the Mediterranean Tripterygion Species (Pisces, Blennioidei)
Authors: Wirtz Peter 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe behaviour of the three mediterranean benthic fish Tripterygion tripteronotus, T. xanthosoma, and T. melanurus is described from observations in the field and observations on captive animals.The ♂♂ defend a territory only during the reproductive season; ♀♀ do not defend a territory. At the height of the breeding season, a male T. tripteronotus on average spawns with four ♀♀ Per day. The ♂ defends the territory against egg predators and cleans the eggs. ♀♀ spawn repeatedly during a spawning season.A spawning pair of T. tripteronotus frequently attracts conspecifics. The majority of these “satellites” are small, sexually mature ♂♂, which do not own a territory themselves. The reproductive strategies of the two types of ♂♂ (territorial ♂♂ and satellite ♂♂) and of the ♀♀ are discussed.On the basis of ethological, morphological, and palaegeographic data the evolution of the eastern‐atlantic and mediterranean Tripterygiidae is reconstructed.A bibliography of the literature on eastern‐atlantic and mediterranean Tripterygiidae is given.As in their morphology and anatomy, benthic fish show convergent adaptations in their behaviour. Some of these are pointed out and discussed.
The Adaptive Significance of Avian Mobbing
Authors: Curio E. , Ernst Ulrich , Vieth Willy 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe “Cultural Transmission Hypothesis” and the “Alerting Others Hypothesis” of enemy recognition in birds was examined in mobbing experiments with captive blackbirds. Observer birds learned to mob a novel non‐raptorial bird more strongly as a consequence of witnessing another bird mob strongly at the site of presentation. Strength of the observer's enhanced response was comparable to that elicited by a genuine predator. Under identical conditions, observers were also tutored to mob an unnatural, similar‐sized object more strongly than initially but less intensely than to the novel bird after conditioning. Habituation to the novel bird did not impair subsequent conditioning. Cultural Transmission was effective along a “chain” of at least six birds. The phenomenon is discussed in terms of selfish benefits, kin selection and blackbird dispersal.
An Ethometric Analysis of Agonistic Behavior and Social Hierarchies in the Cockroach, Eublaberus posticus
Authors: Bell William J. , Robinson Sarah , Tourtellot Michael K. , Breed Michael D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAgonistic behavior between adult ♂♂ of the tropical cockroach Eublaberus posticus was studied. Observations were made under red light (590–640 nm) during the dark phase of a 12: 12 DL cycle, and recorded on a dictation instrument. Agonistic behavior appears to be causally related to territoriality. Social hierarchies are established and maintained by agonistic behavior. The application of information theory to the data shows that more information is transferred from the responder (eventual loser) to the initiator (eventual winner) of an agonistic encounter than from the initiator to the responder. A measure of information called normalized transmission is calculated which can be used to compare different species.
Intraspecific Social Stimulation and Temporal Displacement of Songs of the Lesser Skylark, Alauda gulgula
Authors: Gochfeld Michael 
Published: August 2010

AbstractTemporal patterning of flight song activity was examined in a population of Lesser Skylarks in Viet Nam. Onset and termination of songs were timed. Temporal dispersion of songs was analyzed from the distribution of intersong intervals, and the tendency of songs to be started prior to, shortly after, or long after cessation of a neighbor's song was examined. Skylarks tended to sing sequentially, clustering their songs in time after long periods of silence. However, they showed a strong tendency to avoid overlapping songs, perhaps because of the possibility of jamming by songs of neighbors. These two factors, intraspecific social stimulation and temporal avoidance, appear to be important determinants of singing behavior in this species.
Behavioral Specializations for River Life in the African Black Duck (Anas sparsa Eyton)1
Authors: McKinney F. , Siegfried W. R. , Ball I. J. , Frost P. G. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractField studies on individually marked birds near Stellenbosch, South Africa support the view that Anas sparsa is a river specialist derived from a pond‐dwelling mallard‐like ancestor. The key river adaptation is year‐round territoriality and only established pairs breed. Mates cooperate in territory defense and both sexes engage in damaging fighting (using wing‐spurs) over mates and territories. Changes in social behavior interpreted as consequences of river specialization include elimination of raping, strong development of mate‐testing, mate‐stealing and mate‐holding tactics, and reduction of social courtship to a vestigial condition.
Strategies of Emigration and Transfer by Primates, with Particular Reference to Gorillas
Authors: Harcourt A. H. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn many primate species, more ♂ ♂ than ♀ ♀ leave their natal group and transfer to another. In man, chimpanzee and the gorilla, however, the reverse is the case. This paper presents detailed data for the gorilla on individuals' movements into and out of breeding units. Comparisons are made with other primates, and with data on two non‐primate species in which ♀♀ rather than ♂ ♂ move between breeding units. Proximate causes and functions of emigration and transfer are considered, and the reasons (proximate and evolutionary) for the observed sex differences in frequency of movement are discussed.
Tail Positions of Cercopithecus aethiops
Authors: Bernstein Penny L. , Smith W. John , Krensky Alan , Rosene Karen 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe range of elevated positions in which captive Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys held their tails is apparently a continuum of display behavior. Different positions correlated with different behavior: Any might be adopted during a great diversity of activities, but with the more anterad positions a monkey might forego non‐agonistic behavior to attack, and with the more posterad to withdraw. When the tail was held straight upright locomotion for any end was momentarily improbable.
The Significance of Antecedent Auditory Experiences on Later Reactions to the ‘Seeet’ Alarm‐Call in Great Tit Nestlings Parus major
Authors: Rydén Olof 
Published: August 2010

AbstractLike many other naive young birds, great tit nestlings, Parus major, respond by a persistent cessation‐of‐begging and immobility response to the ‘seeet’ alarm‐call of the species (Rydén 1978). The experimental antecedents of this reaction were investigated through a systematic manipulation of the auditory environment preceding it. Limiting nestlings' experience with the ‘seeet’‐call to either a “positive”, a “neutral” or a “negative” setting led to their normal aversive response to the call being weakened, unaltered and strengthened, respectively. Nestlings brought up in a “reversed”, artificial environment showed a radical decrease in their aversive response. The results lend support to the hypotheses that a) the ‘seeet’‐call owes its aversive effect to the fact that its acoustic character contrasts sharply with the main features of the nestlings' normal auditory environment; b) context‐specific experiences may either increase or decrease this basic response tendency. Some functional implications of the results as related to the behavior of the species in nature are discussed.
Behavioural and Physiological Effects of Testosterone Propionate and Cyproterone Acetate in Immature Male Domestic Ducks, Anas platyrhynchos
Authors: Balthazart J. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe behavioural and morphological effects of testosterone propionate and of the anti‐androgen cyproterone acetate were studied in male domestic ducks. Testosterone was also measured by radioimmunoassay in the plasma of these birds to relate the behaviour to the actual circulating levels of hormone. Testosterone stimulates sexual behaviour but has few effects on social displays. There is no correlation between the individual variations of plasma testoterone and sexual behaviour.
Untersuchung zum Einfluß des Erkundungs‐ und Spielverhaltens auf das Lernen bei Iltisfrettchen (Mustela putorius X M. furo)
Authors: WEISS‐BÜRGER MARLIES 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper investigates the dependence of learning performance on previous exploration and playing with objects. The subjects are polecats (Mustela putorius X M. furo). Behaviour of social animals, who are offered changing tube systems in certain periods, is described and analysed. A maze‐test shows that subjects with tube training are superior to subjects without tube training as regards acquisition and reversal learning. The learning performance in pattern recognition tests is the same in all tests with the different groups, however.
Size as a Factor Influencing the Ownership of Copulation Burrows by the Ghost Crab (Ocypode ceratophthalmus)
Authors: Brooke M. de L. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractOn Cousin Island, Seychelles, male ghost crabs mostly constructed their copulation burrows around new moon. The burrows were sited below the high tide mark and therefore only lasted until washed away by the incoming tide. Large males were able to defeat small males in contests for burrows and so, to reduce the risk of eviction, small males built their burrows later on the ebbing tide than large males, after the period when fights for burrows were most frequent. There was also evidence that small males built their burrows on stretches of beach presumed to be inferior, because the burrow density was lower.
Some Behavioural Changes Associated with the Guinea‐pig Oestrous Cycle
Authors: BIRKE LYNDA I. A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper describes some behaviour patterns of the guinea‐pig, Cavia porcellus, which vary systematically with the oestrous cycle. Oestrus is characterised by an increase in locomotion, and scent‐marking, as well as by greater interest in conspecifics. All of these are behaviours known to increase at oestrus in other rodent species. The significance of these changes for the social organisation of this species is discussed.
The Adaptive Significance of Avian Mobbing
Authors: FRANKENBERG ELIEZER 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThree experiments were performed to test information carried by mobbing of European blackbirds (Turdus merula). They showed that mobbing alerts conspecifics as well as the mobber itself, supporting the “alerting others” hypothesis. Mobbing gives directional information about the predator's location. Mobbing is enhanced by the predator's movement in agreement with the “perception advertisement” hypothesis. Several other aspects of relations between the mobber and conspecifics were studied and discussed.
Functional Vocalizations by an African Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus)
Authors: Pepperberg Irene M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn African grey parrot, after 26 months of speech training, has acquired a verbal vocabulary consisting of three color adjectives, two phrases for describing shape, 9 nouns, and functional use of the word “no”. The parrot is capable of correctly combining these vocalizations so as to identify proficiently, request, and/or refuse more than 30 objects by means of verbal labels.