bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Composite Micromechanics
Authors: Jancar Josef 
Published: July 2012

AbstractComposite micromechanics deals with the relationships between macroscopic properties of heterogeneous polymer matrix materials such as lamina or particulate composite and its microstructural parameters. In composite mechanics, this is the largest length scale at which structural details are considered. The primary objective of this article is to ascertain the state of the art regarding the understanding and prediction of the properties of polymer composites reinforced with microsized fibrous or particulate inclusions as affected by the inclusion content, shape, size, properties, orientation, and quality of the interface/interphase phenomena.
Damage Coupled Viscoplastic Modeling of Particulate Composites With Imperfect Interphase
Authors: Basaran Cemal , Nie Shihua , Gunel Eray M. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
A micromechanical damage model is proposed to predict the overall viscoplastic behavior and damage evolution in particulate polymer composites with imperfect interfacial bonds. The constituents are treated as three distinct phases, consisting of agglomerate of particles, bulk matrix, and interfacial transition zone around the agglomerate. The influence of the interfacial transition zone on the overall mechanical behavior of composites is studied analytically and experimentally. Test data on particle‐filled acrylic composites with three different interfacial properties are presented. The coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the matrix and the filler particles is also introduced into the model. A damage evolution function based on irreversible thermodynamics is also introduced into the constitutive model to describe the degradation of the composite. The efficient general return‐mapping algorithm is exploited to implement the proposed unified damage‐coupled viscoplastic model into finite element formulation. Furthermore, the model predictions for uniaxial loading conditions are compared with the experimental data. Both the experimental results and analytical prediction show that interfacial conditions have great influence on the elastic properties of particle‐filled acrylic composites.
Damage Tolerance Analysis for Advanced Composites
Authors: Newaz Golam 
Published: July 2012

AbstractIn this article, the concept of damage tolerance as it relates to aerospace grade carbon fiber polymeric composites is introduced. The goal of a damage tolerance approach is to ensure safety of a structural part even in the presence of an acceptable flaw or damage. Typical damage of concern is impact‐induced delamination, particularly, barely visible impact damage (BVID) wherein internal unseen delamination can be present and grow with service loading. Damage assessment using non destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques is critical. Compression after impact (CAI) has become an industry standard to evaluate residual strength, which is a good measure of effect of impact damage on laminate compressive design property. The overall damage tolerance approach is empirical and relies heavily on test data. More sophisticated combined analytical/computational/experimental methods are under development.
Damping Characterization of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Authors: Chaturvedi Shive K. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article aims primarily at providing basic understanding about the vibrational damping characteristics of polymer composite materials. The materials being looked at are continuous and discontinuous‐fiber‐reinforced, two‐phase as well as three‐phase; randomly oriented short‐fiber reinforced; laminated fiber reinforced; and carbon nanotube composites. Some basic theoretical considerations and experimental methods are discussed. The primary energy dissipating mechanisms to achieve enhanced material damping in these types of composites are identified as viscoelastic energy dissipation between the fibers and the surrounding matrix material, inherent material damping in fibers, matrices and interphases, and stick‐slip energy dissipation between the carbon nanotubes and the surrounding matrix material. Some important conclusions are drawn, and the cited literature can be used for further understanding and usage.
Diacetylene Composites and FiberAdapted fromDiacetylene Composites and Fibers, First Edition.
Authors: Young Robert J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractComposites produced by incorporating high modulus fibers in brittle matrices such as epoxy resins can have outstanding mechanical properties. In particular, polydiacetylene single‐crystal fibers, which have properties such as high stiffness, high strength, low creep, good thermal stability, and low density, are presented. The solid‐state reactions relevant to the preparation of polymer single‐crystal fibers and their structure and mechanical properties are discussed. In particular, structure is investigated by transmission electron microscopy, while mechanical properties such as elastic and plastic deformation and fracture behavior are investigated using conventional mechanical testing methods. The study of these polymer single‐crystal fibers not only enables the development of a new type of reinforcing fiber but could also lead to significant advances of our understanding of the structure‐property relationships in polymers.
Fillers
Authors: Dong Yu 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Fillers have played an important role in plastic and composite industries in aspects of traditional material reinforcements with higher modulus and strength, enhancements of multifunctional properties in thermal and/or electrical conductivities, heat distortion temperature, wear resistance and dimensional stability, and so on. Fillers synergistically act as essential constituent in composite materials to achieve many difficult‐to‐attain properties, which are the stringent requirements and specifications when employed for a wide range of end‐user applications. The different types of fillers in terms of two major classifications of organic and inorganic fillers are elaborated in this article with special focuses on naturally extracted fillers for “green composites” and nanofillers for “polymer nanocomposites.” The filler processing methods are also explicitly reviewed, which are based on the conventional plastic molding techniques such as extrusion, injection molding, compression molding, thermoforming, blow molding, and rotational molding. Finally, the commonly used characterization techniques to deal with filler‐reinforced composite materials are summarized in order to understand the processing‐structure‐property relationship due to the contribution of fillers in polymer matrices.
Fillers, Microspheres, and Microcapsules
Authors: Ambrogi Veronica , Pannico Marianna , Carfagna Cosimo 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article provides information on the typology, the preparation methods, and the potential applications of microspheres and microcapsules in the field of composites. A wide range of reported protocols for fabrication of these microstructured materials have been presented. The effect of these fillers on the properties of composites has also been discussed.
Fractography of Composite Materials
Authors: Franco Leandro A.L. 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The advent of composite materials and the knowledge acquired in the recent years in this area has increased the performance of the aeronautical industries' products. As the structural applications for fiber‐reinforced polymeric composites continue to increase, so too does the need for a thorough understanding of the fundamental failure processes in the different materials systems. To understand the mechanisms governing the behavior and failure processes of fiber‐reinforced plastics composites, it is necessary to know the origin and subsequent development of specific fracture features. With this knowledge, the mode of fracture, the overall direction of crack propagation, and ultimately the origin and sequence of structural failure may be ascertained. The study of fracture surfaces or fractography as it is more commonly known has been applied to continuous fiber‐reinforced plastics (CFRP), for over 20 years, and much work has been done during this time. But more is needed if a fundamental understanding and a database of the mechanisms and characteristics of fracture for different composite systems are to be established. In this article, the fracture behavior of carbon fiber‐reinforced thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer composites was evaluated as a result of fracture under different environmental conditioning and mechanical tests. Fatigue, longitudinal and transversal tension, compression, and “short beam shear test” were carried out. Tests were conducted at different temperatures (from—55 to 80°C) under various percentages of moisture‐absorbed contents (totally dry to saturated condition). A fractographic analysis was made to help in the understanding of the failure mode and reveals by the analysis of the fracture surface, the dominant mode of failure in every temperature‐moisture content pair for each mechanical test. The main issue of this work is the use of fractography to understand the relation between the environmental conditioning, the mechanical test, the degradation of the composite (interface, matrix degradation), and the fracture surface.
Graphene–Polymer Composites
Authors: Carotenuto Gianfranco , Nicolais Luigi 
Published: July 2012

AbstractGraphene is a novel nanostructured material that can be conveniently used as filler for thermoplastic polymers or thermosetting resins, and the resulting nanocomposite material has unique mechanical and chemical/physical properties. Industrial production of graphene/polymer materials requires the availability of a chemical route to produce massive amounts of graphene. Natural graphite flakes can be the best starting material for bulk production of graphene to be used in polymeric nanocomposite preparation.
High Performance Corrosion‐Resistant Materials
Authors: Farmer Joseph C. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe outstanding corrosion that may be possible with amorphous metal alloys was recognized several years ago. Compositions of several iron‐based amorphous metals were published, including several with very good corrosion resistance. Examples include thermally sprayed coatings of Fe‐10Cr‐10‐Mo‐(C,B), bulk Fe‐Cr‐Mo‐C‐B, and Fe‐Cr‐Mo‐C‐B‐P. The corrosion resistance of an iron‐based amorphous alloy with yttrium (Y), Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6, was also been established. Yttrium was added to this alloy to lower the critical cooling rate. Several nickel‐based amorphous metals have been developed that exhibit exceptional corrosion performance in acids but have not been included in this study, which is restricted to Fe‐based materials. Very good thermal spray coatings of nickel‐based crystalline coatings were deposited with thermal spray but appear to have less corrosion resistance than nickel‐based amorphous metals. Two iron‐based amorphous metal alloys presented here as examples are SAM2X5 (Fe49.7Cr17.7Mn1.9Mo7.4W1.6B15.2C3.8Si2.4) and SAM1651 (Fe48Mo14Cr15Y2C15B6). These materials have been developed in the form of thin coatings, as well as thick layers forming composite surfaces, to provide exceptional corrosion resistance in environments including, but not limited to, 5MCaCl2at 105–120°C and natural seawater at 30–90°C.
Manufacturing Automation, Polymer Composites
Authors: Yenilmez‐Gurkok Aylin , Tansel Ibrahim N. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAutomation of polymer composite manufacturing would allow better control of part quality and consistency, reduce cost, and improve quality of work environment. In this article, automation of the different stages of the manufacturing process, fully automated procedures, and machining of the composites is discussed. The cost and manufacturing capability limitations are the two main obstacles, which limit use of composite parts in consumer products. Expansion of automated composite manufacturing facilities would eliminate these obstacles, allowing large‐scale production of high quality products.
Molding: Polymer Injection
Authors: Ehrig Frank 
Published: July 2012

AbstractInjection molding is one of the fundamental manufacturing processes for producing components in plastic materials. Constant development in machine and tooling technology makes it possible to produce components with improved functionality, which, however, also makes them increasingly complex. Producing such components economically and with adequate quality requires applying appropriate know‐how along the entire value‐added chain, from the choice of material through component design for ease of manufacturing to tooling and process technology, and finally to quality assurance.
Molding: Liquid Composite Molding (
LCM
)
Authors: Ermanni Paolo , Di Fratta Claudio , Trochu François 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Since many years, liquid composite molding (LCM) processes represent a well‐established class of manufacturing techniques for the fabrication of semistructural and structural fiber‐reinforced composite parts. All LCM variants share the same basic principle: arbitrary fiber reinforcement is placed in a mold. After closing, a liquid resin is injected. The part is then cured and demolded. LCM technology is mainly used to manufacture thermoset composites, but it can also be applied to thermoplastic composites. This article describes the main features of LCM technologies. Process variants are introduced, and main processing steps are illustrated using the example of the resin transfer molding (RTM) process. Particular attention is devoted to the mathematical description of the resin flow through fibrous preforms. Further technological aspects such as material selection criteria, mold design, and processing equipment are also considered.
Nanofillers: Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles in Viscous Polymer
Authors: Stepanov Andrey L. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractNew methods are proposed for synthesizing metal nanoparticles in a polymer matrix. In a first method, these nanoparticles are synthesized by thermal vacuum evaporation of silver onto the surface of a viscous‐fluid epoxy resin (at a viscosity of 20–120 Pa s) at room temperature, which is well below the glass‐transition temperature of the polymer. As a result, epoxy resin layers contain silver nanoparticles in their volume form. Various types of disperse structures formed by metallic nanoparticles in the polymer are detected. The morphology of the composite material is found to be controlled by the polymer viscosity and the metal deposition time. A second method is described for the ion synthesis of silver nanoparticles in epoxy resin that is in a viscous‐fluid state (viscosity 30 Pa s) during irradiation. The viscous‐fluid or glassy polymer is implanted by 30‐keV silver ions. The epoxy layers thus synthesized contain silver nanoparticles. The use of the viscous‐fluid state increases the diffusion coefficient of the implanted impurity, which stimulates the nucleation and growth of nanoparticles at low implantation doses and allows a high factor of filling of the polymer with the metal to be achieved.
Optical Properties of Polymer CompositesAdapted fromOptical Properties of Polymer Composites, First Edition.
Authors: Calvert Paul 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSome composites are mainly used for their particular properties such as electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. This article covers the current and prospective applications of polymer composites as optical materials. In particular, the first section of this article discusses optical properties of polymers in comparison with glasses. In this first part, a greater attention is given to scattering phenomena because the main limitation regarding optical uses of any composite structure is the high degree of scattering that is expected when ever materials of different refractive indices are mixed. As is shown in this article, this scattering can be controlled in various ways.The second section deals with particular examples of optical properties of polymers, including optical methods of damage detection in composite materials and composites where “active” fillers embedded in polymers confer particular properties for switching or otherwise modifying light transmission.
Phthalonitrile Matrix Resins and Composites
Authors: Zeng Ke , Yang Gang 
Published: July 2012

AbstractPhthalonitrile resins are a type of high temperature/performance polymers having a wide range of potential applications such as composite matrices, adhesives, electrical conductors and carbon precursors. Polymerization of these resins occurs through cyano groups on phthalonitrile units by an addition cure mechanism, affording the resins unique processing character and properties. In this article, the cure behavior and mechanism, properties, modification, processing character and applications in composites will be comprehensively discussed and described. The future research orientation of the phthalonitrile resins was suggested at the end of this article.
Polybenzimidazole Matrix Resins and CompositesAdapted from
Polybenzimidazole Matrix Resins and Composites
, First Edition.
Authors: Delano Chadwick 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Polybenzimidazoles (PBIs) have been investigated extensively for a number of applications such as films, fibers, blown and syntactic foams, moldings, and so on.
PBI composites provide useful engineering strengths to higher temperature composites than other high temperature composites such as the polyimides. In this article, particular attention is given to one member of this family of polymers that is the poly[2′,2‐(m‐phenylene) ‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole].
In particular, some properties of PBI composites and some processes to obtain high temperature composites such as autoclave processing are presented. To word the conclusion of the article, some examples of applications such as PBI–carbon fiber missile fin or optical coating for use in the space are presented.
Polyetheretherketone (
PEEK
) Composites: An Update on Processing‐Morphology‐Property Relationships
Authors: Pratte James 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
The article is an update to the original review on this subject written by Lustiger (Lustiger 1992) in the first edition of the Encyclopedia of Composites that was published in 1992. The fundamentals of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) crystallization behavior are discussed and how the resulting morphology is influenced by the fiber reinforcement in the matrix. Relationships between processing conditions, morphology, and performance properties such as impact behavior are investigated. Updates to the original article are provided on interfacial characterization and impact behavior over a wide range of cooling rates that result in morphology differences in the interphase region of the fiber.
Powder Injection Molding
Authors: Piotter Volker 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThe powder injection molding (PIM) process offers a fabrication technology for making parts by metal powder injection molding (MIM) and/or ceramic powder injection molding (CIM). It consists of four main steps: mixing of feedstock, shaping by injection molding, debinding, and sintering.PIM offers considerable economic efficiency in large‐scale manufacturing and allows the production of complex shaped devices with usually no postprocessing. A further attraction is the wide range of materials that can be utilized, for example, different kinds of steels (such as 316L or 17‐4PH), copper, titanium, refractory metals, hard metals, oxide and nitride ceramics, and so on.Typical PIM products reveal densities of 95–99% of the theoretical values, maximum part weights of 1 kg (may be higher in certain cases), and wall thicknesses up to more than 20 mm.Development of the so‐called MicroPIM process can help large‐scale manufacture of metal and ceramic microcomponents. Presently, the smallest dimensions achievable are less than20 μm of part thickness or minimum structural details of less than 10 μm. Theoretical densities of up to 99% for ceramics have been achieved, while the nominal sizes of the final parts have reached tolerance levels of ±0.1–0.5%.Current investigations deal with the development of simulation programs taking into account specific features of multimaterial systems as well as the particular effects that occur when processing highly powder filled fluidics.For the reduction of mounting costs and production of highly integrated devices, two‐component injection molding (2 C‐PIM) is under advanced development. By the adjustment of the feedstock and sintering parameters, immovable or movable bonds can be generated.
Processing: Electric Fields for Fiber Orientation; Electrospinning
Authors: Pliszka Damian , Ramakrishna Seeram 
Published: July 2012

Abstract
Control of the electrospinning process appears to be one of the most challenging task in the manufacturing of nanofibrous structures. At the same time, simplicity and versatility of the electrospinning makes it one of the most popular nanotechnology method for production of one‐dimensional nanostructures. In this work, we present several approaches to control this “uncontrollable” process. We are presenting an application‐oriented approach showing how to obtain specific nanofiber arrangement.
Self‐Healing Materials
Authors: Keller Michael W. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractThis article discusses the current developments and advances for the incorporation of a damage repair mechanism in composite materials. There are several approaches for imparting this functionality, but each approach can be described as belonging to one of two broad families, an active‐phase mechanism or an active‐matrix mechanism. Active‐phase mechanisms incorporate another phase into the composite material, besides reinforcement and matrix, to accomplish damage repair. Active‐matrix self‐healing materials seek to incorporate a fundamental chemical phenomenon, such as reversible bonds, that can perform damage repair. Each of these approaches is described in detail including both the manufacturing or synthesis techniques and the material characterization approaches that have been adopted to assess self‐healing capability. A brief summary and outlook is also provided that describes the current challenges and maturity of the field.
Sheet Molding Compounds
Authors: Orgéas Laurent , Dumont Pierre J. J. 
Published: July 2012

AbstractSheet molding compounds (SMC) are fiber‐reinforced thermosetting semifinished products. They are produced in thin uncured and thickened sheets that can be handled easily before their forming process. To a larger extent, SMC is a generic term that designates such types of compounds together with the process to convert them into large composite parts, which mainly display shell‐like geometry. This process is usually compression molding. SMC are widely used in a large diversity of fields of applications (aerospace, agricultural, rail and marine, electrical and energy, domestic appliance, building and construction, and medical sectors), but the automotive and truck industries remain the drivers of SMC technology. After a short introduction, this article gives successively detailed descriptions of (i) the materials used in SMC, (ii) their compounding, (iii) the compression molding process, (iv) the final properties of SMC, and (v) SMC recycling.