bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermostability of Barley Malt Proteases in Western Canadian Two‐Row Malting Barley
Authors: Rizvi Syed Masood Hasan , Beattie Aaron D. , Rossnagel Brian , Scoles Graham 
Published: September 2011

ABSTRACTDuring the malting process, barley is germinated via a carefully controlled procedure so that its components are degraded to sugars, amino acids, and other low molecular weight compounds that can be used for subsequent fermentation. One of the most important of these processes is the hydrolysis of proteins into peptides and amino acids. During seed germination, proteases hydrolyze insoluble reserve proteins into soluble peptides that are subsequently hydrolyzed into free amino acids. During kilning, green malt is initially air dried at 40–60°C, and then the temperature is gradually increased to 85–95°C. Although most proteases are denatured during kilning, the malt contains a small proportion of heat‐stable protease enzymes able to further break down protein in the subsequent mashing process. In this study, protocols were developed and standardized to measure the activity of different proteases. These protocols were then used to study protease thermostability in Canadian two‐row spring malting barley lines. We found a wide range in protease activity under controlled conditions. Upon heat treatment, several lines exhibited significant protease thermostability. These thermostable enzymes were purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex columns for further study.
First Report of Orange Rust of Sugarcane Caused by Puccinia kuehnii in Colombia
Authors: Cadavid M. , Ángel J. C. , Victoria J. I. 
Published: September 2011

Symptoms of sugarcane orange rust were first observed in July 2010 on sugarcane (interspecific hybrid of Saccharum L. species) cv. CC 01-1884 planted in the La Cabaña Sugar Mill, Puerto Tejada, Colombia. Morphological features of uredinial lesions and urediniospores inspected with an optical microscope and scanning electron microscopy were distinct from common rust of sugarcane caused by Puccinia melanocephala Syd. & P. Syd., revealing spores identical morphologically to those described for the fungus P. kuehnii (Kruger) E. Butler, causal agent of sugarcane orange rust (1,3). Uredinial lesions were orange and distinctly lighter in color than pustules of P. melanocephala. Urediniospores were orange to light cinnamon brown, mostly ovoid to pyriform, variable in size (27.3 to 39.2 × 16.7 to 21.2 μm), with pronounced apical wall and moderately echinulate with spines evenly distributed. Paraphyses, telia, and teliospores were not observed. Species-specific PCR primers designed from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)1, ITS2, and 5.8S rDNA regions of P. melanocephala and P. kuehnii were used to differentiate the two species (2). The primers Pm1-F and Pm1-R amplified a 480-bp product from P. melanocepahala DNA in leaf samples with symptoms of common rust. By contrast, the primers Pk1-F and Pk1-R generated a 527-bp product from presumed P. kuehnii DNA in leaf samples with signs of orange rust, confirming the identity as P. kuehnii. The Centro de Investigación de la Caña de Azúcar de Colombia (Cenicaña) started a survey of different cultivars in nurseries and experimental and commercial fields in the Cauca River Valley and collected leaf samples for additional analyses. Experimental cvs. CC 01-1884, CC 01-1866, and CC 01-1305 were found to be highly susceptible to orange rust and were eliminated from regional trials, whereas commercial cvs. CC 85-92 and CC 84-75, the most widely grown cultivars, were resistant. With the discovery of orange rust of sugarcane in Colombia, Cenicaña has incorporated orange rust resistance in the selection and development of new cultivars. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. kuehnii on sugarcane in Colombia. Orange rust has also been reported from the United States, Cuba, Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Brazil. References: (1) J. C. Comstock et al. Plant Dis. 92:175, 2008. (2) N. C. Glynn et al. Plant Pathol. 59:703, 2010. (3) E. V. Virtudazo et al. Mycoscience 42:167, 2001.
First Report of Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus in Watermelon in the Palestinian Authority
Authors: Ali-Shtayeh M. S. , Jamous R. M. , Hussein E. Y. , Mallah O. B. , Abu-Zaitoun S. Y. 
Published: September 2011

In the summer of 2010, watermelon plants (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) from eight fields surveyed in two districts (Jenin and Qalqilia) in the West Bank of the Palestinian Authority (PA) exhibited typical Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV) symptoms including yellow veining, chlorotic mottling, stunting of young leaves, and reduction of yield. Disease incidence ranged from 8 to 98% and was associated with whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) infestation. In symptomatic leaves of 79 of 215 watermelon plants examined, geminiviral DNA was detected by PCR (3) and rolling circle amplification (RCA) (2). Geminivirus DNA-A and DNA-B component fragments were amplified by PCR using degenerated and specific primers (3). The full-length DNA-A of WmCSV-[PAL] was amplified from field-collected watermelon plants using WAI-XbaI-(v)/WAI-XbaI-(c) primer pair, and the generated PCR product was sequenced (3). A DNA-A fragment (2,017 bp) (GenBank Accession No JN673223) comprising a conserved region of the coat protein (AV1), AC5, AC3, AC1, and AC2 genes, showed 99, 99, 99, 98, 98, and 97% nucleotide identity with sequences of WmCSV isolates from Jordan (GenBank Accession No. EU561237), Israel (LEF201809), Lebanon (HM368371), Sudan (AJ245650), Iran (AJ245652), and Yemen (AJ012081), respectively. The circular genomic DNA-A and DNA-B of WmCSV-[PAL] were amplified from a whitefly-inoculated watermelon plant by RCA (2) and used to inoculate 30 watermelon plants with a nonvacuum gene gun (4). Typical WmCSV symptoms developed in all these plants 4 weeks postinoculation and virus infection was confirmed by PCR. In 2011, WmCSV was detected from the southern and eastern parts of neighboring Jordan (1). The new emergent disease in the PA was detected in all of the surveyed watermelon fields in regions where cucurbits are intensively grown, only a few kilometers east of Israel. This suggests that the introduction of WmCSV to the PA might have occurred through transplant movement between Israel and the PA or through viruliferous whiteflies that moved from infected plants in Israel to neighboring fields in Jenin and Qalqilia districts. This is in accordance with the observation that disease incidence was always associated with high population of B. tabaci. The virus endangers the production of watermelon in the affected areas to the point of becoming the limiting factor of growing watermelon in open fields. To our knowledge, this is the first report of WmCSV infecting cucurbits in the PA. References: (1) A. Al-Musa et al. Virus Genes 43:79, 2011. (2) H. Jeske. Curr. Topics Microbiol. Immunol. 331:185, 2009. (3) A. Kheyr-Pour et al. Phytopathology 90:629, 2000. (4) S. Sikorskaite et al. J. Virol. Methods 165:320, 2010.
Habitually exercising older men do not demonstrate age‐associated vascular endothelial oxidative stress
Authors: Pierce Gary L. , Donato Anthony J. , LaRocca Thomas J. , Eskurza Iratxe , Silver Annemarie E. , Seals Douglas R. 
Published: September 2011

SummaryWe tested the hypothesis that older men who perform habitual aerobic exercise do not demonstrate age‐associated vascular endothelial oxidative stress compared with their sedentary peers. Older exercising men (n = 13, 62 ± 2 years) had higher (P < 0.05) physical activity (79 ± 7 vs. 30 ± 6 MET hours per week) and maximal exercise oxygen consumption (42 ± 1 vs. 29 ± 1 mL kg−1 per minute) vs. sedentary men (n = 28, 63 ± 1 years). Brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (FMD), a measure of vascular endothelial function, was greater (P < 0.05) in the exercising vs. sedentary older men (6.3 ± 0.5 vs. 4.9 ± 0.4%Δ) and not different than young controls (n = 20, 25 ± 1 years, 7.1 ± 0.5%Δ). In vascular endothelial cells sampled from the brachial artery, nitrotyrosine, a marker of oxidative stress, was 51% lower in the exercising vs. sedentary older men (0.38 ± 0.06 vs. 0.77 ± 0.10 AU). This was associated with lower endothelial expression of the oxidant enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (p47phox subunit, 0.33 ± 0.05 vs. 0.61 ± 0.09 AU) and the redox‐sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) (p65 subunit, 0.36 ± 0.05 vs. 0.72 ± 0.09 AU). Expression of the antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD) (0.57 ± 0.13 vs. 0.30 ± 0.04 AU) and activity of endothelium‐bound extracellular SOD were greater (6.4 ± 0.5 vs. 5.0 ± 0.6 U mL−1 per minute) in the exercising men (both P < 0.05), but differences no longer were significant after correcting for adiposity and circulating metabolic factors. Overall, values for the young controls differed with those for the sedentary, but not the exercising older men. Older men who exercise regularly do not demonstrate vascular endothelial oxidative stress, and this may be a key molecular mechanism underlying their reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Technical and Economic Evaluation of a Formic Acid/Hydrogen Peroxide Fuel Cell System With Pt-M/C as Anode Catalyst
Authors: Sangarunlert W. , Sukchai S. , Pongtornkulpanich A. , Nathakaranakule A. , Luschtinetz T. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Cell performance of formic acid/hydrogen peroxide (HCOOH/H2O2) fuel cell, using commercial Pt-Ru/C, and prepared Pt-M/C (M = Ir, Mo, Co, Ag, W, Ni, Sn) bimetallic catalysts as anode catalysts are experimentally investigated and reported in this paper. Corresponding to cell performance, electrocatalytic activity of the system using commercially available and prepared catalysts is evaluated by linear sweep voltammetry technique (LSV). The result shows that the system using 20%Pt-10%Sn/C yields better formic acid oxidation reaction than that of other Pt-M/C bimetallic catalysts, but it is inferior to that of 20%Pt-10%Ru/C commercial catalyst. In addition, the cell performance of HCOOH/H2O2 fuel cell with various catalyst compositions of Pt and Sn content, in portions of 10:20, 15:15, and 20:10, respectively, is also studied. Comparison among those catalysts, 15%Pt-15%Sn/C yields better cell performance than the others. Levelized energy cost (LEC) and sensitivity analysis on LEC are also assessed.
ALL "STATIC" SPHERICALLY SYMMETRIC PERFECT FLUID SOLUTIONS OF EINSTEIN'S EQUATIONS WITH CONSTANT EQUATION OF STATE PARAMETER AND FINITE POLYNOMIAL "MASS FUNCTION"
Authors: SEMİZ İBRAHİM 
Published: September 2011

We look for "static" spherically symmetric solutions of Einstein's Equations for perfect fluid source with equation of state p = wρ, for constant w. We consider all four cases compatible with the standard ansatz for the line element, discussed in previous work. For each case, we derive the equation obeyed by the mass function or its analogs. For these equations, we find all finite-polynomial solutions, including possible negative powers. For the standard case, we find no significantly new solutions, but show that one solution is a static phantom solution, another a black hole-like solution. For the dynamic and/or tachyonic cases we find, among others, dynamic and static tachyonic solutions, a Kantowski–Sachs (KS) class phantom solution, another KS-class solution for dark energy, and a second black hole-like solution. The black hole-like solutions feature segregated normal and tachyonic matter, consistent with the assertion of previous work. In the first black hole-like solution, tachyonic matter is inside the horizon, in the second, outside. The static phantom solution, a limit of an old one, is surprising at first, since phantom energy is usually associated with super-exponential expansion. The KS-phantom solution stands out since its "mass function" is a ninth order polynomial.
Absence of Face-specific Cortical Activity in the Complete Absence of Awareness: Converging Evidence from Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Event-related Potentials
Authors: Rodríguez Valia , Thompson Russell , Stokes Mark , Brett Matthew , Alvarez Indira , Valdes-Sosa Mitchell , Duncan John 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
In this study, we explored the neural correlates of perceptual awareness during a masked face detection task. To assess awareness more precisely than in previous studies, participants employed a 4-point scale to rate subjective visibility. An event-related fMRI and a high-density ERP study were carried out. Imaging data showed that conscious face detection was linked to activation of fusiform and occipital face areas. Frontal and parietal regions, including the pre-SMA, inferior frontal sulcus, anterior insula/frontal operculum, and intraparietal sulcus, also responded strongly when faces were consciously perceived. In contrast, no brain area showed face-selective activity when participants reported no impression of a face. ERP results showed that conscious face detection was associated with enhanced N170 and also with the presence of a second negativity around 300 msec and a slow positivity around 415 msec. Again, face-related activity was absent when faces were not consciously perceived. We suggest that, under conditions of backward masking, ventral stream and fronto-parietal regions show similar, strong links of face-related activity to conscious perception and stress the importance of a detailed assessment of awareness to examine activity related to unseen stimulus events.
Growth Parameters and Population Structure of Aristeus Antennatus (Decapoda, Penaeidae) in the South Tyrrhenian Sea (Southern Coast of Italy)
Authors: Arculeo M. , Vitale S. , Cannizaro L. , Brutto S. Lo 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
The blue and red shrimp Aristeus antennatus (Risso, 1816) is one of the most important fishery resources in the Mediterranean Sea. Monthly samplings of blue and red shrimp from June 2006 to May 2007 were landed by the trawl fleet in two northwest Sicilian fishing harbours (San Vito Lo Capo and Terrasini). The carapace length (CL) frequency distribution of females ranged between 15.00 and 59.00 mm, whereas male CLs ranged between 17.00 and 34.00 mm. The estimated parameters of the Von Bertalanffy growth function (VBGF) for San Vito lo Capo females and males were: CL∞ = 65 mm, K = 0.58 y–1 and CL∞ = 41 mm, K = 0.71 y–1, respectively; while for Terrasini females and males these were: CL∞ = 69 mm, K = 0.65 y–1 and CL∞ = 37 mm, K = 0.8 y–1, respectively. In this study, we update the information on stock structure and growth parameters of the blue and red shrimp in two northwest Sicilian fishing grounds and compare these results with other data recorded in the Mediterranean Basin.
Probopyrus Buitendijki (Isopoda, Bopyridae), a Parasitic Isopod on Macrobrachium Rosenbergii in Timun River, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Authors: Choong F. C. , Shaharom F. , Bristow G. A. , Rashid Z. Abdul , Kua B. C. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
A bopyrid isopod was found attached in the gill chamber of a wild giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (De Man, 1879) from the Timun River, Negeri Sembilan (Malaysia) (2°28′N 102°02′E), with a prevalence of 0.27% (2/743). The specimens measured 18.25±0.35 mm in length and 15.25±0.35 mm in width. The body of the isopod was subcordate and slightly distorted. It has five oostegites, with black pigment. The first oostegites are large, the 2nd and 3rd are suboval and smaller, while the 4th and 5th are long and ending in sharp points. Both specimens were identified as adult female Probopyrus buitendijki (Horst, 1910). The isopod was found only in January of 2009 and 2010, which months recorded a relatively low rainfall. A histopathological study of the infected gill showed impairment of the gill filaments, necrosis, and hyperplasia. Such effects may reduce the respiration efficiency of the gills.
“It’s the Economy, Stupid”: Al-abarī’s Analysis of the Free Rider Problem in the Abbāsid Caliphate
Authors: Mårtensson Ulrika 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe article argues that al-abarī’s History of the Prophets and the Kings provides a free rider-analysis of the decline of Abbasid state power. Al-abarī’s historical analysis considers state policy on land tax, and religion as a legal norm related to the social contract between the head of state and the landlords. It is concluded that al-abarī saw the misāa tax system and ‘rule of law’ as the principal conditions for imperial rule, and that al-abarī’s History already provides an answer to modern historians’ questions as to why the Abbasid state crumbled, and what role religion played in the political economy.
The Use of Animals in New Zealand: Regulation and Practice
Authors: Morris Michael C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOn the statute books, New Zealand has a strong regulatory system that protects nonhuman animals on farms. Animals are guaranteed the “Five Freedoms,” including freedom to express normal patterns of behavior. This theoretically strong protection is weakened considerably, however, through institutional structures and practices. A loophole in the law allowing practices that violate the Five Freedoms in “exceptional circumstances” is used frequently. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) is the government agency that administers animal welfare regulation. This agency is also responsible for increasing primary production, and the farming industry has undue influence with MAF. The National Animal Welfare Advisory Committee (NAWAC) is appointed by MAF, and this group is also dominated by industry interests, with a view of animal welfare that excludes behavioral concerns. These factors result in a weakening of welfare requirements. Various solutions to increase protection are proposed, including a requirement that all science and public concerns be taken into account when making decisions on animal welfare and that animal welfare be regulated by an independent government body.
How the Politics of Inclusion/Exclusion and the Neuroscience of Dehumanization/Rehumanization Can Contribute to Animal Activists’ Strategies: Bestia Sacer II
Authors: Mackenzie Robin 
Published: September 2011

AbstractJuxtaposing the continental philosophy of inclusion/exclusion and the cognitive and affective neuroscience of dehumanization, infrahumanization, and rehumanization may inform animal activists’ strategies. Both fields focus upon how we decide who counts and who doesn’t. Decisions over who’s human (or like us) and who isn’t (i.e., who’s an animal, or not like us) are not simply about species membership but involve biopolitical value judgments over who we wish to include or exclude. Posthumanists seek to disrupt the biopolitics of inclusion/exclusion, partly to heal ethical and political relations between human and nonhuman animals. Calarco calls this jamming Agamben’s anthropological machine. Bestia Sacer are those designated as included or excluded, moving among zones of humans, nonhuman animals, and things. Cognitive and affective neuroscience describes how mechanisms of inclusion/exclusion function in dehumanization, infrahumanization, and rehumanization. Humans assign varying degrees of humanity to others according to in-group/out-group status in judgments open to manipulation. Investigating how these mechanisms operate in human perceptions of nonhuman animals may inform activist strategies, transforming ethical and political relations between humans and nonhuman animals and end the exclusion of Bestia Sacer.
Culture and Negotiation
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Bülow Anne Marie 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThe literature on cross-cultural negotiation has expanded considerably over the past few decades, but the findings are often ambiguous and sometimes even contradictory. This introduction highlights the critical areas where objections are commonly raised about the relevance of national culture, the applicability of typologies that treat cultures as static, and the problem of ambiguous terminology. It may not be surprising that studies contradict each other given the ambiguity of the national cultural construct and variations in the context of the negotiating situations that are studied. The articles in this issue contribute to deepening our understanding about cross-cultural negotiation processes.
Descriptive Norms as Carriers of Culture in Negotiation1
Authors: Lun Janetta , Lyons Sarah , Gelfand Michele J. , Shteynberg Garriy 
Published: September 2011

AbstractResearch on culture and negotiation is critical for expanding theories of negotiation beyond Western cultures and for helping people to manage their interdependence in a world of increasing global threats and opportunities. Despite progress of understanding cultural influences on negotiation, research is limited in that it portrays a static and decontextualized view of culture and ignores cultural dynamics. The almost exclusive focus on main effects of culture in negotiation has its roots in a subjectivist approach to culture which has prioritized the study of values, or trans-situational goals. In this article, we discuss the descriptive norms approach to culture and its promise for the study of culture and negotiation. A descriptive norms approach highlights the dynamics of culture in negotiation (i.e., the conditions under which culture effects become amplified, reduced, or even reversed), it identifies new empirical mediating mechanisms for cultural effects, and it sheds new light into understanding cultural competence in intercultural negotiations.
Cultural Differences in the Function and Meaning of Apologies
Authors: Maddux William W. , Kim Peter H. , Okumura Tetsushi , Brett Jeanne M. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractOne of the most effective means for re-establishing trust in negotiations and disputes is by making an apology. However, the function and meaning of an apology (and thus its effectiveness for negotiators) may differ across cultures. We hypothesized that people from an individual-agency culture (such as the United States) understand apologies as analytic mechanisms for assigning blame and re-establishing personal credibility. In contrast, apologies in collective-agency cultures (such as Japan) are understood to be general expressions of remorse rather than a means to assign culpability. A survey of Japanese and Americans found that, compared to Americans, Japanese apologized more often and were more likely to apologize for actions in which they were not involved; on the other hand, Americans were more likely than Japanese to equate apologizing with personal blame. A subsequent experimental study showed that these cultural differences in the function and meaning of apologies have implications for trust repair in disputes: apologies for integrity violations led to greater trust repair for Japanese than for Americans, but apologies for competence violations were somewhat more effective for Americans than Japanese. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
IDPs and refugees in the OSCE area
Authors: Türk Volker 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis year marks the 60th anniversary of the UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 50th anniversary of the Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness. And yet there are almost 5 million refugees and internally displaced persons in the OSCE area. The crisis in North Africa and the Middle East is creating a vast new displacement challenge, including for OSCE participating States. What are the legal and policy gaps in terms of protection? And what steps are the OSCE and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) taking to tackle the problem of IDPs, refugees and statelessness in the OSCE?