bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ceramic Membrane And Core Pilot Results For Produced Water Management
Authors: Pedenaud Pierre , Wayne Evans , Samuel Heng , Didier Bigeonneau 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Large quantities of produced water are generated in oil and gas fields all over the world: the production of one barrel of crude oil generates three barrels of produced water and the water/oil ratio increases drastically over the life of the fields. It is a by-product of petroleum production and needs to be managed efficiently. Produced Water Re-Injection (PWRI) is frequently the selected option over the disposal option for environmental considerations. However due to the combined presence of suspended solids and oil-in-water emulsion, the efficiency of topside filtration and therefore the well injectivity is often problematic. Membrane filtration is considered as a very attractive treatment process that may allow PWRI even in difficult reservoirs without loss of injectivity.
An industrial-scale water treatment pilot has been installed in an oil terminal to test the performance of ceramic ultrafiltration membranes.
The purposes of the tests were to evaluate the performance of various types of membranes in terms of material, pore size and geometry, the impact of chemical additives and to establish effective cleaning procedures. Nine months of tests allowed TOTAL and VEOLIA Water to determine the parameters required for the design of an industrial full field ceramic ultrafiltration membrane unit.
The ultrafiltered produced water was also used to feed a dedicated core pilot to test the injectivity of this treated water into different types of reservoir rocks.
This paper presents the results of these two pilots; it provides new information for the Exploration and Production (E&P) industry on the key parameters to design a ceramic ultrafiltration membrane system for produced water, the main operational constraints and the sustainability of the injectivity.

Introduction
To increase the recovery rate of oil reserves, water injection is usually used during oil production. If most of the injected water comes from sea water treatment, Production Water Re-Injection (PWRI) may be implemented. To optimize production water treatment for re-injection and to reduce oil content in rejected effluents, an offshore compatible technology is needed. As a modular, compact and economical solution, ceramic membrane filtration was tested on site (oil field terminal) as a package in a collaboration between Total and VEOLIA Water.
Figure 1 below shows some pictures of the ceramic membrane pilot installed in a container.
Advanced Compression Solutions for CCS, EOR and Offshore CO2
Authors: Habel Rolf 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This paper is giving an overview of advanced, innovative and proven technologies for CO2 compression. This includes reciprocating and centrifugal compression - with focus on modern gear type designs for Onshore CO2 applications - in comparison with other technologies. This comparison is related to demands for upcoming Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS), Coal Gasification (IGCC, Oxyfuel) and an outlook to offshore high pressure CO2 compression.

Introduction
CO2 has a long tradition in modern industrial processes and furthermore plays an increasing role in the present discussion of the world wide climate change. Especially in refinery and food industry applications it is used and a common good since several decades. Nowadays numerous industrial procedures require CO2 not in a gaseous but in a compressed state at a specific pressure and temperature.
The use of high-speed reciprocating compressors for Sequestration (CCS) or Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is the historical and traditional approach for the manufacturing of compressed CO2. Nevertheless recent investigations reveal several limits of this technology - e.g. the upper capacity of possible flow rates have strong restrictions due to the mechanical design.
For this reason centrifugal type compressor systems are now state of the art and a promising solution for future CO2 projects. Centrifugal compressors generally can be split into two major building types which distinguish by design namely single-shaft (in-line, between bearings) centrifugals and multi-shaft integral-gear centrifugals. These assembly alternatives will be compared in this paper.
MAN Diesel & Turbo has manufactured reciprocating compressors in the past and still is manufacturing both types of centrifugal technologies (single-shaft and multi-shaft type, according to API 617 as stated by MACEYKA, PICKEREL in 2007) for CO2 services. We therefore feel confident and in a position to give a sophisticated overview and comparison of all technologies.

Overview of CO2 related applications and processes
Before we step into compression technology some explanations concerning CCS and EOR are given:

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
A steeply rising demand for energy world-wide, combined with increasingly strict environmental regulations have created the need for new technologies for the clean and sustainable generation of power. Carbon Capture and Storage labels a group of technologies which all have one aim: To separate carbon dioxide in the process of conventional thermal power generation.
Whether the method by which CO2 is separated is IGCC, Oxyfuel or Post-Combustion: Every one of these processes requires the compression of CO2 for transport and storage for future use. The process path can be seen in Figure 1.
Extendible Draft Semi-Submersible (EDS) Development
Authors: Mathew Joseph , Huang Edward , Zhang Shaosong , Shen Guoan , Li Bin , Zhong Jack , Nah Edwin , Hussain Anis 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
The Extendable Draft Semi-submersible (EDS) concept is a hybrid design with a truss structure fitted below a semisubmersible hull shape which provides low heave motions to enable dry tree operations. The Dry-tree concept is enhanced by the reduced heave motion characteristics of the Semisubmersible, provided by Second Tier Pontoon (STP) located below the traditional pontoons. The STP is lowered by allowing the extendable columns (e-columns) to slide through sleeves in the hull connectors during offshore installation. The base case EDS configuration is for a 2,200m water depth and consists of 16 Top Tension Risers (TTRs), reserve flexible riser and oil export Steel Catenary Riser (SCR) with a throughput capacity of 90,000 BOPD.
This paper addresses Hull In-place Global performance and E- column sleeve connector strength analysis which are carried out in compliance with DNV design criteria and 100-year extreme conditions. The global performance analysis covers the platform wet-tow, installation, and in place conditions. The four stages for the STP installation depend on the depth of the STP from the column bottom. The extendable column (e-column) and STP are held in place by steel to steel contact conical concept and the grouting is relegated to a secondary structural component if needed. DNV concluded that the evaluated EDS configuration is a feasible concept for Petrobras Offshore Ultra-Deep Water Development.
Segregated Regulatory CD39+CD4+ T Cell Function: TGF-β–Producing Foxp3− and IL-10–Producing Foxp3+ Cells Are Interdependent for Protection against Collagen-Induced Arthritis
Authors: Kochetkova Irina , Thornburg Theresa , Callis Gayle , Pascual David W. 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
Oral immunization with a Salmonella vaccine vector expressing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor Ag I (CFA/I) can protect against collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) by dampening IL-17 and IFN-γ via enhanced IL-4, IL-10, and TGF-β. To identify the responsible regulatory CD4+ T cells making the host refractory to CIA, Salmonella-CFA/I induced CD39+CD4+ T cells with enhanced apyrase activity relative to Salmonella vector-immunized mice. Adoptive transfer of vaccine-induced CD39+CD4+ T cells into CIA mice conferred complete protection, whereas CD39−CD4+ T cells did not. Subsequent analysis of vaccinated Foxp3-GFP mice revealed the CD39+ T cells were composed of Foxp3-GFP− and Foxp3-GFP+ subpopulations. Although each adoptively transferred Salmonella-CFA/I–induced Foxp3− and Foxp3+CD39+CD4+ T cells could protect against CIA, each subset was not as efficacious as total CD39+CD4+ T cells, suggesting their interdependence for optimal protection. Cytokine analysis revealed Foxp3− CD39+CD4+ T cells produced TGF-β, and Foxp3+CD39+CD4+ T cells produced IL-10, showing a segregation of function. Moreover, donor Foxp3-GFP− CD4+ T cells converted to Foxp3-GFP+ CD39+CD4+ T cells in the recipients, showing plasticity of these regulatory T cells. TGF-β was found to be essential for protection because in vivo TGF-β neutralization reversed activation of CREB and reduced the development of CD39+CD4+ T cells. Thus, CD39 apyrase-expressing CD4+ T cells stimulated by Salmonella-CFA/I are composed of TGF-β–producing Foxp3− CD39+CD4+ T cells and support the stimulation of IL-10–producing Foxp3+ CD39+CD4+ T cells.
IL-15–High-Responder Developing NK Cells Bearing Ly49 Receptors in IL-15−/− Mice
Authors: Yoshizawa Katsumi , Nakajima Shinsuke , Notake Tsuyoshi , Miyagawa Shin-Ichi , Hida Shigeaki , Taki Shinsuke 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
In mice lacking IL-15, NK cell development is arrested at immature stages, providing an opportunity to investigate the earliest developing NK cells that would respond to IL-15. We show in this study that immature NK cells were present in the spleen as well as bone marrow (BM) and contained IL-15–high-responder cells. Thus, mature NK cells were generated more efficiently from IL-15−/− than from control donor cells in radiation BM chimeras, and the rate of IL-15–induced cell division in vitro was higher in NK cells in the spleen and BM from IL-15−/− mice than in those from wild-type mice. Phenotypically, NK cells developed in IL-15−/− mice up to the minor but discrete CD11b–CD27+DX5hiCD51dullCD127dullCD122hi stage, which contained the majority of Ly49G2+ and D+ NK cells both in the spleen and BM. Even among wild-type splenic NK cells, IL-15–induced proliferation was most prominent in CD11b–DX5hi cells. Notably, IL-15–mediated preferential expansion (but not conversion from Ly49– cells) of Ly49+ NK cells was observed in vitro only for NK cells in the spleen. These observations indicated the uneven distribution of NK cells of different developing stages with variable IL-15 responsiveness in these lymphoid organs. Immature NK cells in the spleen may contribute, as auxiliaries to those in BM, to the mature NK cell compartment through IL-15–driven extramarrow expansion under steady-state or inflammatory conditions.
Incentive Effects of Multiple-Server Queueing Networks: The Principal-Agent Perspective
Authors: Choi Sin-Man , Huang Ximin , Ching Wai-Ki , Huang Min 
Published: October 2011

AbstractA two-server service network has been studied from the principal-agent perspective. In the model, services are rendered by two independent facilities coordinated by an agency, which seeks to devise a strategy to suitably allocate customers to the facilities and to simultaneously determine compensation levels. Two possible allocation schemes were compared — viz. the common queue and separate queue schemes. The separate queue allocation scheme was shown to give more competition incentives to the independent facilities and to also induce higher service capacity. In this paper, we investigate the general case of a multiple-server queueing model, and again find that the separate queue allocation scheme creates more competition incentives for servers and induces higher service capacities. In particular, if there are no severe diseconomies associated with increasing service capacity, it gives a lower expected sojourn time in equilibrium when the compensation level is sufficiently high.
Amniotic membrane transplantation in corneal melting after anterior lamellar keratoplasty assisted by femtosecond laser in children
Authors: Buzzonetti Luca , Petrocelli Gianni , Valente Paola 
Published: October 2011

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of amniotic membrane transplantation in lamella melting after anterior lamellar keratoplasty (ALK) assisted by femtosecond laser in a pediatric patient. Methods An 11-year-old girl with progressive keratoconus underwent ALK assisted by femtosecond laser on the right eye. The surgical procedure was performed under general anesthesia. The 60-KHz IntraLase femtosecond laser (Abbott Medical Optics) created both the donor (thickness 350 µm; diameter 8.1 mm; side cut 70°) and recipient (thickness 260 µm; diameter 8.0 mm; side cut 70°) lamellae. The recipient lamella was then gently removed and donor was fitted into place and sutured using 4 interrupted sutures added to a running suture in nylon 10-0. The surgery was uneventful. Two months after surgery, a lamella melting was observed. One month after topical steroid treatment, amniotic membrane transplantation was performed. Results When lamella melting was observed, the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.1 and 0.5 with foramen and no inflammatory reaction in the anterior chamber was reported. Eleven months after amniotic membrane transplantation, BCVA was 0.9 and no visual acuity increase was recorded with foramen. Conclusions Our findings show that amniotic membrane transplantation could be considered in lamella melting after ALK assisted by femtosecond laser in children.
Building Materials
Authors: Michelsen Theodore 
Published: October 2011

Abstract
This article discusses traditional building and construction products, ie, not made from synthetic polymers, including wood, asphalt, gypsum, glass products, Portland cement, and bricks. The article presents information about each basic material, the products made from it, the basic processes by which the products or materials are produced, estimates of the quantity or dollar value of the quantities produced or used in the United States, and some pertinent chemical or physical properties related to the material. More detailed chemical and physical property data can be found in articles devoted to the individual materials.
Asylum Seekers and Refugees, Attitudes Toward
Authors: Esses Victoria M. , Bennett‐Abuayyash Caroline W. , Medianu Stelian 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe terms asylum seekers and refugees are often used interchangeably in everyday speech. In addition, because the media tend to discuss these two terms in conjunction with economic issues, the public often finds it difficult to distinguish between refugees, asylum seekers, and economic migrants. Nonetheless, these terms have specific meanings that make them distinguishable. Whereas refugees are individuals who have been formally recognized as having fled their country of nationality to escape persecution or conflict, asylum seekers are individuals who are claiming refugee status and waiting for that claim to be evaluated. If a host country's asylum system accepts their claim, then asylum seekers are recognized as formal refugees. Another important distinction is between refugees and economic migrants. Economic migrants are individuals who are seen to have chosen to move to another country in search of a better life, whereas refugees are individuals who are seen as forced to move to another country in order to protect, if not to save, their lives or freedom. Nonetheless, economic migrants may be facing dire circumstances in their country of origin so that, although they cannot be recognized as formal refugees, there are factors pushing them to leave their home country, just as is the case for refugees.
Diplomacy, Preventive
Authors: Wertheim Eleanor H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractPreventive diplomacy is a term generally associated with specific functions of the United Nations (UN), as well as similar functions carried out by regional organizations associated with the UN and nongovernmental organizations. Preventive diplomacy refers to a range of peaceful, problem‐solving activities that aim to prevent violent conflict or to de‐escalate emerging violence. Preventive diplomacy takes place prior to a dispute developing into armed conflict, at either an early stage in the process (early prevention) or a late stage (late prevention).
Participatory Action Research, Community‐Based
Authors: Mckay Susan 
Published: October 2011

AbstractIn researching complex problems such as armed conflict, social injustice, and seemingly intractable health problems, multiple perspectives, including the voices of those who are directly affected, are often marginalized or ignored. Instead, outsiders usually create research questions, develop methodologies, and conduct studies with little or no involvement from the people who are affected. Or the affected population may participate as informants for researcher‐constructed surveys and interviews to gather data that the researcher then interprets without “insider” input. Consequently valuable cultural knowledge and insights are lost when analyzing data, discussing results, and formulating recommendations.
Association of body mass index with symptom severity and quality of life in patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Kim Chul‐Hyun , Luedtke Connie A. , Vincent Ann , Thompson Jeffrey M. , Oh Terry H. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association between body mass index (BMI) and symptom severity and quality of life (QOL) in patients with fibromyalgia.MethodsWe assessed BMI status and its association with symptom severity and QOL in 888 patients with fibromyalgia who were seen in a fibromyalgia treatment program and who completed the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) and the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) health survey.ResultsThe BMI distribution of nonobese (BMI <25.0 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), moderately obese (BMI 30.0–34.9 kg/m2), and severely obese (BMI ≥35.0 kg/m2) patients was 28.4% (n = 252), 26.8% (n = 238), 22.2% (n = 197), and 22.6% (n = 201), respectively. Age was significantly different among the 4 groups, with those having a greater BMI being older (P = 0.004). After adjustment for age, group differences were significant in the number of tender points (P = 0.003) and the FIQ and SF‐36 scores. The groups with the greater BMI had greater fibromyalgia‐related symptoms with worse FIQ total scores (P < 0.001), as well as worse scores in the FIQ subscales of physical function (P < 0.001), work missed (P = 0.04), job ability (P = 0.003), pain (P < 0.001), stiffness (P < 0.001), and depression (P = 0.03). These groups also had poorer SF‐36 scores in physical functioning (P < 0.001), pain index (P = 0.005), general health perceptions (P = 0.003), role emotional (P = 0.04), and physical component summary (P < 0.001). Post hoc analysis among the 4 groups showed that differences resided primarily in the severely obese group compared with the other groups.ConclusionIn patients with fibromyalgia, severe obesity (BMI ≥35.0 kg/m2) is associated with higher levels of fibromyalgia symptoms and lower levels of QOL.
Frequent discordance between clinical and musculoskeletal ultrasound examinations of foot disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Hendry Gordon J. , Gardner‐Medwin Janet , Steultjens Martijn P. M. , Woodburn James , Sturrock Roger D. , Turner Debbie D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the levels of agreement from independent clinical examination (CE) by a pediatric rheumatologist and podiatrist and an ultrasound (US) examination of articular and periarticular foot disease in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).MethodsThirty patients with JIA and a history of foot disease underwent CE and US examination of 24 foot joints, 10 tendons, and 6 periarticular soft tissues. Each site was examined independently by a rheumatologist and a podiatrist for synovitis and tenderness/swelling. The same sites were examined independently by a sonographer for effusion, synovial hypertrophy, power Doppler (PD) signal, tenosynovitis, or abnormal tendon thickening. Agreement was estimated using Cohen's unweighted kappa with corresponding 95% confidence intervals.ResultsSeven hundred twenty joints, 300 tendons, and 180 soft tissue sites were examined. Clinically detected synovitis, tenderness, and swelling were recorded in 42 (5.8%), 78 (10.8%), and 73 joints (10.1%), respectively. US‐detected effusions, synovial hypertrophy, and PD signal were recorded in 88 (12.2%), 47 (6.5%), and 12 joints (1.7%), respectively. Subclinical foot disease was found in 52 joints (7.2%), 5 tendons (1.6%), and 4 soft tissue sites (2.2%). Agreement was consistently less than moderate (κ = <0.4) for each clinical and US interaction.ConclusionThis study uniquely demonstrated an interprofessional evaluation of foot disease in JIA. Interobserver agreement was less than acceptable for CE versus US, and subclinical foot disease is common in joints and periarticular soft tissues. US may be a useful tool to aid CE of the foot in JIA patients.
Rarity of anti–3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase antibodies in statin users, including those with self‐limited musculoskeletal side effects
Authors: Mammen Andrew L. , Pak Katherine , Williams Emma K. , Brisson Diane , Coresh Joe , Selvin Elizabeth , Gaudet Daniel 
Published: October 2011

AbstractObjectiveStatins, among the most commonly prescribed medications, are associated with a wide range of musculoskeletal side effects. These include a progressive autoimmune myopathy with anti–3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (anti‐HMGCR) antibodies that requires immunosuppression. However, it remains unknown whether these antibodies are found in statin users with and without self‐limited musculoskeletal side effects; this limits their diagnostic utility. The current work assessed the prevalence of anti‐HMGCR antibodies in these groups of statin users.MethodsWe determined the prevalence of anti‐HMGCR antibodies in 1,966 participants (including 763 current statin users) in a substudy of the community‐based Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and 98 French Canadian subjects with familial hypercholesterolemia, including 51 with documented statin intolerance.ResultsNo participant in the ARIC substudy, including those with past or current statin exposure at the time of sample collection, had anti‐HMGCR antibodies. Similarly, none of 51 patients with self‐limited statin intolerance or 47 statin‐tolerant patients receiving maximal statin therapy were anti‐HMGCR positive.ConclusionThe majority of patients with and without statin exposure, including those with self‐limited statin intolerance, do not develop anti‐HMGCR antibodies. Therefore, anti‐HMGCR antibodies are highly specific for those with an autoimmune myopathy.
Impact of Fullerene Molecular Weight on P3HT:PCBM Microstructure Studied Using Organic Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Labram John G. , Kirkpatrick James , Bradley Donal D. C. , Anthopoulos Thomas D. 
Published: October 2011

AbstractThe clustering and diffusion of C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) in poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) has been studied using single layer blend and bilayer organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and by atomic force microscopy (AFM). P3HT:PC71BM blend based OFETs were found to undergo phase‐segregation upon annealing, which was detectable as a fall in electron mobility with increasing annealing temperature. By employing carefully designed bilayer P3HT:PC71BM OFETs, the diffusion‐properties of PC71BM in P3HT could additionally be inferred from electron mobility measurements. It was found that the prerequisite annealing temperatures for detectable PC71BM clustering and diffusion in P3HT was approximately 20 °C higher than for PC61BM. The diffusion coefficient of PC61BM in P3HT was found to be several times higher that that of PC71BM. The present work provides unique insights into the diffusion process of fullerenes in conjugated polymers and could prove highly valuable for future materials development and device optimization.