bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GROWTH. FEED DIGESTIBILITY, AND PROXIMATE BODY COMPOSITION OF JUVENILE Penaeus vannamei AND Penaeus monodon GROWN AT DIFFERENT DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS
Authors: Seidman Ephraim Ross , Lawrence Addison Lee 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTGrowth, feed digestibility (apparent total dry‐matter digestibility), and proximate body composition of juvenile Penaeus vannamei and Penaeus monodon were evaluated at dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm at a mean temperature of 28°C. The four different W levels were obtained by aerating different rates of nitrogen gas countercurrent to a constant flow of seawater. A standard formulated diet containing the marker material Cr2O3, and a mean 280% exchange of 30 to 32 ppt seawater per day were used. Initial wet weights of shrimp were 60.2 and 55.5 mg for P. vannamei and P. monodon, respectively. Final mean wet weights for shrimp maintained at 1, 2, 3, and 4 ppm DO level after a 16‐day growth trial were 0.24, 0.40, 0.42, 0.46 g, and 0.16, 0.26, 0.29, 0.29 g for P. vannamei and P. monodon, respectively. For both species, a significant reduction in growth and in the instantaneous growth rate (k) was obtained at the lowest Do level. No significant differences were observed for apparent feed digestibility in either shrimp. Laboratory analysis revealed no differences in moisture and lipid content for both species, while protein content was found to differ only in P. monodon grown at different DO levels. A description of the experimental system and a discussion of the significance of the data to the production of shrimp in ponds is presented.
LABORATORY AND POND EVIDENCE FOR SHRIMP (Penaeus stylirostris) PREDATION BY DAMSELFLY NYMPHS (Ischnura rarnburi)
Authors: Huang Hann‐Jin , Aldrich David V. , Strawn Kirk 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA negative relationship was found between damselfly nymph population density and final shrimp population density in ponds. The importance of damselfly nymphs as potential predators of post‐larval shrimp and the effect of shrimp size, salinity, and substrate type on this predatory relationship were evaluated by a series of laboratory experiments. When 5–10 nymphs and 15 post‐larval shrimp were stocked in tanks with a 0.96 m2 bottom area and containing 150 liters of water, each nymph averaged killing 1.7 shrimp per day at 10 ppt salinity and 0.6 shrimp per day at 20 ppt. Damselfly predation rates were inversely related to the three shrimp sizes (average 8.55, 12.89, and 17.30 mm). Presence or absence of a natural muddy substrate had no effect on shrimp mortality caused by nymphs. The results of these experiments strongly suggest that predation of damselfly nymphs on post‐larval shrimp, when they occur together in ponds, may be a serious problem for the culturist.
INTEGRATED POND CULTURE: A TYPE OF SPATIALLY SEQUENTIAL POLYCULTURE
Authors: Chien Yew‐Hu , Tsai Wen‐Shiung 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTPolyculture, the culture of two or more aquatic species in a single culture unit, has proven ecologically sound and practical. However, when cultured organisms have different physical needs or have antagonistic (competitive or predator‐prey) relationships, successful polyculture becomes unlikely. To remove the constraints without loss of the advantages of polyculture, an alternative system of “integrated pond culture” has evolved. The antagonistic species are cultured in discrete ponds which maintain contact only through the flow of nutrients and food organisms. By simple engineering and proper coordination of the ponds, this system shows promise for conserving water, energy, and especially nutrients. This is reflected in reduced operating cost in stocking, feeding and harvesting. Comparisons are made of polyculture and integrated pond culture with regard to aspects of management, engineering, economics and ecology.
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE HIGH DENSITY FLOW‐THROUGH CULTURING OF BRINE SHRIMP Artemia
Authors: Lavens Patrick , Baert Paul , de Meulemeester Alain , Van Ballaer Erik , Sorgeloos Patrick 
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACTA closed culture system for the high density culturing of Artemia spp. in 300‐liter tanks using a new formula of artificial seawater and micronized waste products frm agricultural crops as food is described. Culture conditions are greatly improved by applying a new filter technique and an electronic transparency meter which controls food distribution automatically. A total volume of 6,000 liters of culture water is recirculated over a rotating biological contactor, a cross‐flow sieve and a plate separator at a flow rate of 3,000 liters per hour.Production yields obtained with this culture system, when extrapolated to a one m3 tank, indicate that 50 g of brine shrimp cysts can be converted into 20 kg of fresh (wet dry) pre‐adult Artemia in 14 days. These results are comparable to those reported earlier with open flawthrough conditions.
Effects of Stocking Density, Salinity, and Light Intensity on Growth and Survival of Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma Larvae
Authors: Daniels H. V. , Berlinsky D. L. , Hodson R. G. , Sullivan C. V. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractFour separate studies were done on Southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma larvae during first feeding and metamorphosis to determine the effects of stocking density, salinity, and light intensity on growth and survival. One study used stocking densities of 10, 20, 40, and 80 fish/L during first feeding; the second study compared the growth and survival of larvae stocked at 20 and 33 ppt; and a third experiment evaluated stocking densities of 1/L and 3/L under two different light intensities (1,600 lux vs 340 lux) during metamorphosis. The fourth experiment tested the effects of different salinities (0, 10, 20 and 30 ppt) on larval growth and survival during metamorphosis. Growth and survival (overall 6.9%) were not significantly different (P > 0.05) for stocking rates up to 80/L. Larvae placed into 20 ppt salinity had survival through first feeding similar to that of larvae raised at 33 ppt. During metamorphosis, light intensity had no effect (P > 0.05) on growth or survival, but fish stocked at 3/L had significantly lower (P < 0.05) survival than fish at 1/L. Complete mortality of larvae occurred at 0 ppt. Growth and survival past metamorphosis were not significantly different (P > 0.05) at 10, 20 and 30 ppt, but unmetamorphosed fish did not survive to day 60 at 10 ppt. Based on these results, practical larviculture of Southern flounder may require a two‐step process with high stocking rates (80 fish/L) through first feeding and lower densities (1/L) through metamorphosis. Fingerling production in fertilized nursery ponds might he possible at salinity as low as 20 ppt.
A Production Function Analysis of Seabass and Seabream Production in Greece
Authors: Karagiannis Giannis , Katranidis Stelios D. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper analyzes the technical relationships involved in the production of seabass and seabream in Greece. The empirical findings indicate that the marginal productivity of juveniles and fish feed exhibit the largest fluctuates among fish farms, while at the same time consist of the most important inputs in the production of seabass and seabream. In contrast, little variation was found with respect to the marginal productivity of labor among fish farms. Returns to scale were found to be decreasing for all fish farms included in the sample. Estimates of Allen‐Uzawa partial elasticities of substitution indicated a strong complementary relation between juveniles and fish feed and labor along with a quite strong substitutability between fish feed and labor given the prevelance of use of mechanical feeders.
Effects of Reduced Levels of Dietary Protein and Menhaden Fish Meal on Production, Dressout, and Biochemical Composition of Phase III Sunshine Bass Morone chrysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂ Cultured in Earthen Ponds1
Authors: D'Abramo Louis R. , Ohs Cortney L. , Taylor John B. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe responses of phase III sunshine bass Morone chrysops ♀× M. saxatilis ♂ to diets containing reduced levels of menhaden fish meal (30–10%, dry weight) and crude protein (40–36%, dry weight) were evaluated in two separate experiments. Reductions in fish meal were compensated by increase in dietary soybean meal, a meat and blood meal product, and additional amounts of a 1:1 catfish oil:menhaden oil mixture sprayed on as a top dressing. Fish were cultured in earthen ponds and fed commercially manufactured, extruded diets to apparent satiation. In Experiment 1, dietary crude protein was reduced from 40 to 36% and the menhaden fish meal ingredient was reduced from 30 to 15% (dry weight). The mean weight of fish stocked into each pond ranged from 144 to 188 g, the stocking density was 8641/ha, and the duration of the growout was 172 d. In Experiment 2, both dietary treatments contained 40% crude protein (dry weight) and either 30% or 10% menhaden fish meal. The mean weight of fish stocked into each pond ranged from 42 and 77 g, the stocking density was 8,500/ha, and the duration of the growout was 175 d. Simultaneous reductions in dietary menhaden fish meal and crude protein resulted in significant decreases in all production indices except survival and percent weight increase. Weights of filet, carcass, liver and intraperitoneal fat, expressed as a percent of total body weight, were not significantly different. A 66% reduction in dietary menhaden fish meal while the crude protein level was maintained at 40% did not significantly affect growth, production, and weights of filet, carcass, liver and intraperitoneal fat, expressed as a percent of total body weight, and represents a 6% decrease in the cost of feed. In both experiments, levels of protein, lipid, moisture, and ash of the whole body and the filet were not significantly different. Fatty acid composition of the filet and livers from fish fed the control and experimental diets in Experiment 2 were highly comparable. The comparable level of performance of fish fed diets believed to be deficient in HUFA suggests that the dietary levels reported to be required may not be totally applicable to diets formulated for pond culture.
Assessment of Compensatory Growth in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus R. and Associated Changes in Body Condition indices
Authors: Gaylord I. Gibson , Gatlin Delbert M. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA feeding trial was undertaken to evaluate compensatory growth in channel catfish and to chronicle the changes in body condition associated with the imposed feeding strategy. Four 1200‐L circular tanks were each stocked with approximately 600 fingerling channel catfish (mean initial weight 32 g). Two tanks represented control fish which were fed to apparent satiation once daily throughout the trial. The two remaining tanks of fish were unfed for 4 wk and subsequently refed daily to apparent satiation for the following 10 wk in order to elicit a compensatory growth response. Fish fed to apparent satiation during the first 4 wk of the trial had a 41% increase in body weight, while the fasted fish decreased in weight by 20%. During the subsequent refeeding period, previously unfed fish were not able to increase growth rates sufficiently to overcome weight loss imposed by the 4‐wk feed restriction. However, after 8 wk of refeeding, total increase in body weight of the previously unfed fish was 179 % of initial weight and similar to that of control fish which gained 231 % of initial weight. Hepatosomatic index (HSI) and condition factor decreased rapidly during the fasting period and increased rapidly to control levels during subsequent refeeding. The intraperitoneal fat (1PF) ratio and muscle ratio responded more slowly to feed restriction with IPF ratio decreasing consistently after 2 wk feed restriction. Muscle ratio showed little effect from the 4‐wk period of feed deprivation. It appears that not feeding channel catfish fingerlings for 4 wk is too long to induce a compensatory growth response that is optimal for aquaculture; however, HSI may be the index of choice for detecting when refeeding should begin to maximize compensatory growth.
Human Food Safety and Environmental Assessment of the Use of 17α‐Methyltestosterone to Produce Male Tilapia in the United States
Authors: Green Bartholomew W. , Teichert‐Coddington David R. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSex reversal of early life stage tilapia (approximately 7–12 d post‐hatch, total length averaging 9–11 mm, and total weight averaging 10–15 mg) is used commonly to produce populations of fish comprised of > 5% phenotypic females. The synthetic androgen, 17α‐methyl testosterone (MT), is used to effect sex reversal in tilapia. This paper evaluates environmental impact and human food safety aspects of MT use for tilapia sex reversal based on a review of the scientific literature and on dilution models of farm discharge.Effect of MT treatment on human food safety was evaluated by regression analysis of radioactivity depletion data and by dilution through growth analysis. Results show that the proposed use of MT for sex reversal of early life stage tilapia presents no negative effects on human food safety. Regression analysis of available depletion data from tilapia shows that whole‐body concentrations of MT and metabolites in tilapia attain levels of <100 pg/g after 8 to 40 d of withdrawal, and that achievement of <10 pg/g of MT and metabolites in carcass tissue occurs after 6 to 50 d of withdrawal. These concentrations are attained well before completion of the FDA‐required 120‐d withdrawal period following MT treatment.Standardized calculations were made to estimate MT concentration in effluents based on stocking rate and water exchange. Guidelines are provided for management of farms to ensure that effluent MT concentration remains < 1 μg/L. Given the expected concentration of MT in any farm effluents, the rapid dilution of effluent MT to very low levels in receiving waters, the sensitivity of MT to photo‐oxidation, the expected rapid bacterial degradation of MT, and the limited total use of MT in the United States, we concluded that the use of MT‐treated feed according to the proposed protocol will not cause significant adverse environmental effects.
Environmental Assessment of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Farming in Alabama
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Queiroz Julio , Lee Jeongyeol , Rowan Martha , Whitis Gregory N. , Gross Amit 
Published: August 2010

AbstractAn environmental assessment was made of Alabama channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus farming which is concentrated in the west‐central region of the state. There are about 10,000 ha of production ponds with 10.7% of the area for fry and fingerlings and 89.3% for food fish. Food fish production was about 40,800 tons in 1997. Watershed ponds filled by rainfall and runoff make up 76% of total pond area. Water levels in many of these ponds are maintained in dry weather with well water. The other ponds are embankment ponds supplied by well water. Harvest is primarily by seine‐through procedures and ponds are not drained frequently. The main points related to Alabama catfish farming and environment issues are as follows: 1) catfish farming in Alabama is conservative of water, and excluding storm overflow, about two pond volumes are intentionally discharged from each pond in 15 yr; 2) overflow from ponds following rains occurs mostly in winter and early spring when pond water quality is good and stream discharge volume is high; 3) total suspended solids concentrations in pond effluents were high, and the main sources of total suspended solids were erosion of embankments, pond bottoms, and discharge ditches; 4) concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in effluents were not high, but annual effluent loads of these two nutrients were greater than for typical row crops in Alabama; 5) ground water use by the industry is about 86,000 m3/d, but seepage from ponds returns water to aquifers; 6) there is little use of medicated feeds; 7) copper sulfate is used to control blue‐green algae and off‐flavor in ponds, but copper is rapidly lost from pond water; 8) although sodium chloride is applied to ponds to control nitrite toxicity, stream or ground water salinization has not resulted from this practice; 9) fertilizers are applied two or three times annually to fry and fingerling ponds and occasionally to grow‐out ponds; 10) hydrated lime is applied occasionally at 50 to 100 kg/ha but this does not cause high pH in pond waters or effluents; 11) accumulated sediment removed from pond bottoms is used to repair embankments and not discarded outside ponds; 12) sampling above and below catfish pond outfalls on eight streams revealed few differences in stream water quality; 13) electricity used for pumping water and mechanical aeration is only 0.90 kW h/kg of production; 14) each metric ton of fish meal used in feeds yields about 10 tons of dressed catfish.Reduction in effluent volume through water reuse and effluent treatment in settling basins or wetlands does not appear feasible on most farms. However, some management practices are recommended for reducing the volume and improving the quality of channel catfish pond effluents.
A Scale Measure of State Regulatory Climate Toward Finfish Aquaculture
Authors: Wirth Ferdinand F , Luzar E. Jane 
Published: August 2010

AbstractStates are responsible for implementing many key environmental laws enacted during the last 30 years. State level variations in legal, regulatory, and development programs targeted toward the aquaculture industry can affect aquaculture firm decision making, including site location and species selection decisions. This research focused on development and testing of a summated scale measure of state regulatory climate toward finfish aquaculture. Data for the analysis were generated from a national survey of state level finfish aquaculture programs. The final aquaculture regulatory climate scale (ARCScale) ranges from 0–18, with the numerical value of the scale increasing with increases in regulatory stringency. Scale values were computed for each state plus Guam for five categories of finfish: baitfish, ornamentals, commercial foodfish, freshwater gamefish, and marine gamefish. The scale allows direct comparison between states, enabling aquaculture producers to make more informed location, species selection, and business decisions. The scale also provides a means for evaluating changes in state institutional characteristics and regulatory climate over time.
HEALTH CARE UTILISATION IN A NEW ZEALAND BIRTH COHORT
Authors: Fergusson D.M. , Horwood L.J. , Beautrais A.L. , Shannon F.T. 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe relationship between preventive health care utilisation rates and family social background was examined in a birth cohort of two‐year‐old children. There was a highly significant association between social background and the utilisation of preventive health care. Factors found to reduce preventive health care utilisation included: mother of non‐European ethnic origin; single parent family; low maternal education; high residential mobility and large family size. Maternal age and family income were unrelated to health care utilisation when other variables were taken into account. The theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
DO AGRICULTURAL CHEMICALS CAUSE SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA? INITIAL FINDINGS OF A CASE‐CONTROL STUDY IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Smith A.H. , Fisher D.O. , Pearce N. , Teague C.A. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractSwedish studies have indicated that persons exposed to chlorophenols and phenoxyherbicide sprays, including 2,4,5‐T, may be at increased risk of developing soft tissue sarcoma (STS). In addition, several cases of STS have been reported among industrial workers manufacturing 2,4,5‐T and related compounds. This paper reports initial findings from a case‐control study of 102 male STS patients appearing on the New Zealand Cancer Registry between 1976 and 1980, with 306 controls chosen from patients with other forms of cancer and matched by age and year of registration. Occupation as reported at the time of cancer registration was compared between the two groups. No excess appeared for the occupational group involving agriculture and forestry in spite of the fact that phenoxyherbicides have been used extensively for many years in New Zealand in agriculture and forestry. While a more definitive conclusion concerning the relationship between chemical exposures and STS must await analysis of patient interviews, the findings so far suggest that even if phenoxyherbicides and chlorophenols cause STS, only a small proportion of cases could be attributed to such chemicals in New Zealand.
A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF A DENTAL HEALTH EDUCATION SYSTEM
Authors: McKegg Robert 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe paper describes a dental health education program designed to modify the oral hygiene behaviour of a selected group of women in their first pregnancy. The study group were exposed to a lay educator with a program which was directed at the behaviour, rather than the knowledge or feelings of each individual in the group. Results were estimated by using oral hygiene effectiveness scores. The study group showed a 38 per cent reduction in mean scores after 12 months, significantly greater than the 18 per cent reduction shown by the control group. This represents a considerably improved clinical picture. Main conclusions are that primigravida are a worth while target group; that a carefully chosen lay health educator may be an effective teacher and a program which provides intermittent feed back and support may establish better health habits.
ACCESS TO DENTAL CARE AMONGST THE AGED
Authors: Gibson D.M. , Broom D.H. , Duncan‐Jones P. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThis paper examines access to dental services amongst older people living in Sydney. The results suggest marked underutilization by large segments of the aged population, and particularly by the poor, the physically disabled, the less educated and the very old. Yet good dental health is essential for nutrition, personal comfort, self‐image and oral hygiene. Adequate dental care is as important to the health and well‐being of older people as it is to other sections of our population. It is difficult to explain the continued neglect and paucity of government funding which characterize this aspect of public health services.
INFANT CARE IN SYDNEY'S WEST: THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF INFANTS WHO SEEK CARE
Authors: Mant Andrea , Lansbury Gwenda , O'Flaherty Stephen , Butler Don 
Published: August 2010

AbstractA survey was conducted over a two week period in 1982 of 1320 infants less than 12 months of age attending five different provider groups in three local government areas in outer Sydney. In all settings the mother was most often the person accompanying the infant. The infants seen by general practitioners, baby health sisters and generalist community nurses came from similar social and family backgrounds.Compared with these, a higher proportion of infants seen by paediatricians and casualty officers were the off‐spring of younger mothers and of poor socio‐economic background. These results are discussed in the light of changes in the Australian system of health care delivery.
MONITORING THE SUBJECTIVE WELL‐BEING OF CHRONICALLY ILL PATIENTS OVER TIME
Authors: Gill W. Malcolm 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe article presents a set of norms for use with an instrument which appears promising in monitoring the quality of life of chronically ill patients; it is easy to use, can be used repeatedly without sensitization and has demonstrated reliability and validity.The norms were generated from a stratified random sample of urban Aucklanders and use of them with some illustrative examples suggests their utility in assessing the effects on the subjective well‐being of patients of treatment and hospitalization. It is suggested that the norms are probably useful in most populations in Australasia.