bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Survey of infectious agents involved in acute respiratory disease in finishing pigs
Authors: Loeffen W. L. A. , Kamp E. M. , Stockhofe‐Zurwieden N. , Van Nieuwstadt A. P. K. M. I. , Bongers J. H. , Hunneman W. A. , Elbers A. R. W. , Baars J. , Nell T. , Van Zijderveld F. G. 
Published: October 2010

Outbreaks of respiratory disease constitute a major health problem in herds of finishing pigs and their aetiology often remains unclear. In this study, 16 outbreaks of respiratory disease with acute clinical signs in finishing pigs were investigated to determine which infectious agents were involved. From each herd four diseased and two clinically healthy pigs were examined pathologically and for the presence of viruses, bacteria and mycoplasmas. In addition, paired blood samples from 10 groupmates of the diseased pigs were tested for antibodies against commonly known causal agents of respiratory disease. A clear diagnosis was possible in 12 of the 16 outbreaks. Seven were due to an infection with influenza virus and five were due to an infection withActinobadllus pleuropneumoniae. A combination of influenza virus andA pleuropneumoniaemay have caused one other outbreak, but no clear cause could be established for the other three outbreaks.
Use of a bioabsorbable implant for the repair of severed digital flexor tendons in four horses
Authors: Eliashar E. , Schramme M. C. , Schumacher J. , Smith R. K. W. , Ikada Y. 
Published: October 2010

A new bioabsorbable implant composed of poly‐L‐lactic acid was used to repair the severed digital flexor tendons of four horses. The limbs were immobilised with distal casts which were changed after six to eight weeks and removed after 12 to 16 weeks. The horses were followed clinically and ultrasonographically for from seven to 19 months after the surgery. The ultrasonographic examination after the cast had been removed showed that the implants had been well incorporated into scar tissue. Two of the horses were mildly lame at the trot seven months after the surgery, but had returned to work after 12 months. The other two horses are still lame. No complications were observed with the implant.
Effectiveness and kinetic behaviour of tilmicosin in the treatment of respiratory infections in sheep
Authors: Naccari F. , Pellegrino M. , Calò M. , Licata P. , Giofré F. , Carli S. 
Published: October 2010

Nineteen sheep which were anorexic, pyrexic, coughing, dyspnoeic and had a nasal discharge and symptomatic thoracic sounds on auscultation, received a single subcutaneous dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight of tilmicosin. The clinical signs were eliminated within four to six days. The kinetic profiles of the drug after a single subcutaneous injection were compared in five healthy sheep and five infected sheep. More of the drug was absorbed by the infected animals and its concentration remained higher for significantly longer. The drug was well tolerated and no local or systemic side effects were observed.
Acute phase protein responses to uterine bacterial contamination in caftle after calving
Authors: Sheldon I. M. , Noakes D. E. , Rycroft A. , Dobson H. 
Published: October 2010

Repeated ultrasonographic examinations and collections of blood samples and uterine lumenal swabs between seven and 28 days after calving were used to examine the relative effects of bacterial contamination and involution of the uterus on the concentrations of acute phase proteins in the blood of 26 dairy cows. The severity of bacterial contamination, as determined by the total bacterial growth score, was a significant variable for the concentrations of the acute phase proteins α1‐acid glycoprotein (P<0.0001), haptoglobin (P<0.05) and ceruloplasmin (P<0.0001). In addition, the concentrations of α1‐acid glycoprotein and ceruloplasmin were increased in the cows from whichEscherichia coli(P<0.0001) andArcanobacterium pyogenes(P<0.05), respectively, were isolated from the uterine lumen. Uterine involution, as determined by the decreasing diameter of the previously gravid uterine horn, was associated with a decrease in the concentrations of α1‐acid glycoprotein (P<0.005), haptoglobin (P<0.05) and ceruloplasmin (P<0.01). However, the response of the acute phase proteins to bacterial contamination was independent of the day on which the samples were collected, indicating that their concentrations were increased by bacterial contamination in addition to the changes associated with uterine involution.
Relationships in broiler chickens between lameness, liveweight, growth rate and age
Authors: Kestin S. C. , Gordon S. , Su G. , Sørensen P. 
Published: October 2010

Thirteen genotypes of poultry were selected to represent a wide range of growth profiles and were fed either a non‐limiting or Label Rouge diet. The birds' degree of lameness and liveweight were measured after 54 and 81 days. The birds reared on the Label Rouge diets were less lame than birds of the same genotype reared on the non‐limiting diet. More traditional and slower growing genotypes tended to be less lame than the modern genotypes reared on the same feeding regimen. All the birds, irrespective of their genotype or diet, were less lame after 54 days than after 81 days. However, when liveweight was included in the analysis as a covariable, many of the differences disappeared. Only age at assessment significantly affected the walking ability of the birds, with the birds being approximately 0.6 units of gait score worse at 54 days of age than at 81 days. The regression coefficient between gait score and liveweight was 1.262 at 54 days and 1.128 at 84 days. The results indicated that liveweight was an important determinant of lameness in the diverse range of genotypes examined, that growth rate was also an important determinant of lameness and that younger birds may be more sensitive to differences in liveweight than older birds.
Postmortem biochemical markers of experimentally induced hypomagnesaemic tetany in sheep
Authors: McCoy M. A. , Bingham V. , Hudson A. J. , Cantley L. , Hutchinson T. , Davison G. , Kennedy D. G. , Fitzpatrick D. A. 
Published: October 2010

Hypomagnesaemic tetany was induced in non‐lactating and lactating ewes by feeding them semi‐synthetic low magnesium diets containing additional potassium chloride and citric acid. Aqueous and vitreous humour were sampled from one eye at the time of death (fresh) and from the second eye after the head had been stored at ambient temperature for 24 hours (24.hour). There were significant relationships between the concentrations of magnesium in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma and its concentrations in fresh aqueous humour and fresh vitreous humour. Magnesium concentrations of <0.33 mmol/litre in fresh aqueous humour and <0.50 mmol/litre in 24.hour aqueous humour were associated with severe hypomagnesaemia and tetany. However, the concentration of magnesium in aqueous humour is relatively unstable and, unless the time of death was known accurately, its interpretation would be difficult. Magnesium concentrations of <0.60 mmol/litre in fresh vitreous humour and <0.65 mmol/litre in 24‐hour vitreous humour were associated with severe hypomagnesaemia and tetany in adult sheep. The concentration of magnesium in vitreous humour was relatively stable for up to 48 hours postmortem.
Minimal alveolar concentration of desflurane in combination with an infusion of medetomidine for the anaesthesia of ponies
Authors: Bettschart‐Wolfensberger R. , Jaggin‐Sdimucker N. , Lendl Ch. , Bettschart R. W. , Clarke K. W. 
Published: October 2010

The minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane when combined with a continuous infusion of medetomidine at 3.5 μg/kg/hour was measured in seven ponies. Anaesthesia was induced with medetomidine (7 μg/kg intravenously) followed by ketamine (2 mg/kg intravenously) and maintained with desflurane in oxygen. The infusion of medetomidine was started 20 minutes after the induction of anaesthesia. The electrical test stimulus was applied at the coronary band (50 V, 10 ms bursts at 5 Hz for one minute), and heart rates and rhythms, arterial blood pressures, and arterial blood gas tensions were measured at intervals, just before the application of the stimulus. The mean (sd) minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane was 5.3 (1.04) per cent (range 3.2 to 6.4 per cent), 28 per cent less than the previously published value for desflurane alone after the induction of anaesthesia with xylazine and ketamine. The cardiopulmonary parameters remained stable throughout the period of anaesthesia. The mean (sd) time taken by the ponies to stand after the administration of desflurane ceased was 16.5 (6.17) (range 5.8 to 26) minutes, and the quality of recovery was good or excellent. However, one pony died shortly after standing; a postmortem examination revealed that it had chronic left atrial dilatation.
Ultrasonographic examination of the caecum and the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon of cattle
Authors: Braun U. , Amrein E. 
Published: October 2010

The large intestine of 10 cows was examined from the right abdominal wall with a 3.5 MHz linear transducer. The cows were then slaughtered, and the organs were re‐examined in a water bath. The caecum was visualised from the middle region of the abdominal wall. It ran caudo‐cranially, varied in diameter from 5.2 to 18‐0 cm and was situated immediately adjacent to the abdominal wall. The lateral wall of the caecum appeared as a thick, echogenic, crescent‐shaped line. It could be visualised as far cranially as the 12th intercostal space. Although its junction could not be identified, the proximal ansa of the colon was recognised on the basis of its anatomical position and its diameter, which was smaller than that of the caecum. The spiral ansa of the colon and the descending colon were situated dorsal to the caecum and could be identified by moving the transducer horizontally along the abdominal wall to the last rib. The spiral ansa of the colon was situated ventral to the descending colon, and its walls appeared as thick echogenic lines. In a contracted state, the spiral colon had the appearance of a garland.
Effect of selenium and vitamin E on antibody production by dairy cows vaccinated againstEscherichia coli
Authors: Panousis N. , Karatzias H. , Roubies N. , Papasteriadis A. , Frydas S. 
Published: October 2010

Sixty clinically healthy Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of four groups according to their age and parity and vaccinated in late pregnancy (day 190) with a multivalent vaccine againstEscherichia coli. The 15 cows in the first group (SeE) were injeded intramuscularly with a solution of sodium selenite (0.1 mg Se/kg bodyweight) and vitamin E (α‐tocopherol acetate, 8 U/kg bodyweight), the cows in the second group (Se) received only selenium and the cows in the third group (E) received only vitamin E at the same doses and by the same route of administration; the cows in the fourth group were used as controls. The vaccination and the injections of selenium and vitamin E were repeated 42 days later. The concentration of selenium in whole blood and of vitamin E in serum was determined by fluorometric methods. Specific antibody titres againstE coliwere determined in serum samples by ELISA. The results showed that the injection of selenium either alone or in combination with vitamin E significantly improved the production of specific antibodies againstE coli, and that the production of specific antibodies was greater after the administration of selenium alone.
Predictive spatial modelling of alternative control strategies for the foot‐and‐mouth disease epidemic in Great Britain, 2001
Authors: Morris R. S. , Stern M. W. , Stevenson M. A. , Wilesmith J. W. , Sanson R. L. 
Published: October 2010

A spatial simulation model of foot‐and‐mouth disease was used in March and early April 2001 to evaluate alternative control policies for the 2001 epidemic in Great Britain. Control policies were those in operation from March 20, 2001, and comprised a ban on all animal movements from February 23, 2001, and a stamping‐out policy. Each simulation commenced with the known population of infected farms on April 10, 2001, and ran for 200 days. For the control policy which best approximated that actually implemented from late March, the model predicted an epidemic of approximately 1800 to 1900 affected farms, and estimated that the epidemic would be eradicated between July and October 2001, with a low probability of continuing beyond October 2001. This policy included the slaughter‐out of infected farms within 24 hours, slaughter of about 1‐3 of the surrounding farms per infected farm within a further 48 hours, and minimal interfarm movements of susceptible animals. Delays in the slaughter of animals on infected farms beyond 24 hours after diagnosis slightly increased the epidemic size, and failure to achieve pre‐emptive slaughter on an adequate number of at‐risk farms substantially increased the expected size of the epidemic. Vaccination of up to three of the most outbreak‐dense areas carried out in conjunction with the adopted control policy reduced the predicted size of the epidemic by less than 100 farms. Vaccination of buffer zones (designed to apply available vaccine and manpower as effectively as possible) carried out in place of the adopted control policy allowed the disease to spread out of control, producing an epidemic involving over 6000 farms by October 2001, with no prospect of immediate eradication.
Iatrogenic hypocalcaemia during parenteral fluid therapy of diarrhoeic calves
Authors: Grove‐White D. H. , Michell A. R. 
Published: October 2010

Acid‐base balance and electrolyte concentrations, including ionised calcium, were monitored during intravenous fluid therapy of 1 1 collapsed diarrhoeic suckler calves aged five to 10 days. Six healthy calves of similar age and type were used to provide control data. All the diarrhoeic calves were severely acidotic (TCO2<12 mmol/litre). Isotonic sodium bicarbonate (1.3 per cent) was administered until the metabolic acidosis was half corrected, as indicated by the TCO2increasing to 17 to 24 mmol/litre when the infusion was changed to an extracellular volume replacement fluid containing 144 mmol/litre Na+, 35 mmol/litre HCO‐3, 4 mmol/litre K+and 113 mmol/litre Cl‐ which was administered until the calf was discharged. Milk feeding was started as soon as the calf had a suck reflex. The treatment was successful in 10 calves. At admission the diarrhoeic calves were hypocalcaemic compared with the control calves, but their ionised calcium was significantly higher, with significantly less calcium being protein bound. Treatment with isotonic sodium bicarbonate resulted in a significant improvement in acid‐base balance, but both total and ionised calcium decreased significantly, the decrease in ionised calcium being proportionately greater owing partly to a significant increase in the protein binding of calcium. The mean total, bound and ionised calcium concentrations were all significantly lower in the treated calves after they had received isotonic sodium bicarbonate than in the control calves. Further treatment with replacement fluid had no significant effect on any of the parameters apart from pCO2which increased significantly. Milk feeding had no significant effect on plasma calcium concentrations. The calves' mean ionised calcium concentration was significantly lower at the end of the treatment than before it, but there was no difference in the mean total and bound calcium concentrations. The calves' mean plasma potassium and magnesium concentrations decreased significantly during the course of the treatment.
Effect of deposition site and sperm number on the fertility of sheep inseminated with liquid semen
Authors: Paulenz H. , Ådnøy T. , Fossen O. H. , Söderquist L. , Andersen Berg K. 
Published: October 2010

The effect of the deposition site and the numbers of sperm on the fertility of sheep was tested in a field trial in which 1292 Norwegian crossbred ewes aged between six months and five‐and‐a‐half years from 52 farms were inseminated with liquid semen after natural oestrus. Cervical insemination with 150 x 106 and 75 x 106 spermatozoa resulted in 25‐day non‐return rates of 63.7 and 56.1 per cent, and vaginal insemination gave non‐return rates of 63.3 and 56.6 per cent, respectively. There was no significant difference between the cervical and vaginal inseminations, but the inseminations with 150 x 106 spermatozoa gave significantly higher non‐return rates (P=0.004). There were significant differences between the non‐return rates for different rams (P<0.0001) and farmers (P=0.0002) but the age of the ewe had no significant effect.
Myopathy in brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis) associated with rancid feed
Authors: Shivaprasad H. L. , Crespo R. , Puschner B. , Lynch S. , Wright L. 
Published: October 2010

Three adult brown pelicans (Pelicanus occidentalis) were observed to be weak, anorexic and unresponsive to antibiotics, anti‐inflammatory drugs, vitamins including vitamin E, and steroids. Blood chemistry revealed high activities of aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Radiographs of the birds' leg muscles revealed multiple opacities suggestive of calcification; the gross lesions included white streaks in the leg, wing, and heart muscles, and the microscopical lesions consisted of various degrees of degeneration and necrosis characterised by eosinophilia, variations in fibre size, loss of striations, myolysis, mineralisation, and proliferation of mononuclear cells in the skeletal muscles and the myocardium. The levels of heavy metals, selenium and vitamin E in the birds' livers were not abnormal. The level of peroxide in their diet of capelin fish was high, 69 meq/kg, (normal <20 meq/kg) consistent with rancid feed, and the level of vitamin E was very low, 0.5 iu/kg (normal 20 to 30 iu/kg). It was concluded that the myopathy was probably caused by vitamin E deficiency due to feeding the pelicans a rancid diet.
Radiographic, computed tomographic and arthroscopic findings in 23 dogs with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint
Authors: Gielen I. , van Bree H. , Van Ryssen B. , De Clercq T. , De Rooster H. 
Published: October 2010

Twenty‐three dogs with osteochondrosis of the tarsocrural joint were evaluated by radiography, computed tomography (Cr) and arthroscopy. The radiographic examination included an extended and flexed mediolateral, a plantarodorsal, a flexed dorsoplantar skyline view, and a plantaromedial‐dorsolateral and a plantarolateral‐dorsomedial view (two oblique views). The cT examination was carried out in ventral recumbency and 1 mm slices were taken with a bone window setting; 31 lesions were identified in the 46 joints examined. The arthroscopic exploration used either a plantar or a dorsal puncture, depending on the site of the lesion. In six cases the lateral, and in 17 cases the medial trochlear ridge was involved. Although the survey radiographs were sufficient to make a diagnosis, the cT examination helped to determine the exact site, and the number and size of the fragments of bone. A four‐stage classification system comparable to the one used in man was established. Arthroscopy provided information about synovial inflammation and damage to the joint cartilage, and made it possible to remove fragments of bone from one‐third of the cases.
Evaluation of the efficacy of oral lufenuron combined with topical enilconazole for the management of dermatophytosis in catteries
Authors: Guillot J. , Rojzner K. , Fournier C. , Touati F. , Chermette R. , Malandain E. , Jankowski F. , Seewald W. , Schenker R. 
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of oral lufenuron, a chitin synthetase inhibitor, combined with topical enilconazole, was evaluated for the management ofMicrosporum canisinfection in 100 cats housed in two catteries in France. The cats were treated with weekly rinses with enilconazole (0.2 per cent) for four weeks and, in each cattery, one group (A) was also treated with micronised griseofulvin (25 mg/kg administered orally twice a day for five weeks) and a second group (B) was treated with 60 mg/kg lufenuron administered orally once on day 0 and again after 30 days. All the cats were examined individually for cutaneous lesions and mycological cultures were made when the treatment began and after 15, 30, 60 and 90 days. In the first caftery, the cats' clinical scores after 30 and 60 days were significantly lower in group B than in group A. In both catteries and both treatment groups, the mean number of fungal colonies decreased rapidly during the first 15 days of treatment, remained stable for the following 45 days but increased from day 60 to the end of the experiment on day 90.
Ultrasonographic findings in cows with dilatation, torsion and retroflexion of the caecum
Authors: Braun U. , Amrein E. , Koller U. , Lischer C. 
Published: October 2010

Thirty cows with caecal dilatation underwent clinical and ultrasonographic examinations, followed by a right flank laparotomy and surgical correction. The intraoperative findings were compared with the results of the ultrasonographic examination. The appearance, position, dimensions, diameter and nature of the contents of the caecum and proximal and spiral ansa of the colon were determined with a 3‐5 MHz linear transducer. The wall of the proximal ansa of the colon and of the dilated caecum closest to the abdominal wall was visible in all the cows and appeared as an echogenic semicircular line immediately adjacent to the peritoneum. The contents of the caecum and of the proximal and spiral ansa of the colon were not visible in 21, 25 and 25 cows, respectively, owing to gas. In the remaining cows, the contents were hypoechogenic to echogenic in appearance. In all of the cows, the dilated caecum was imaged from the right abdominal wall at the level of the tuber coxae. The caecum was imaged from the 12th, 11th and 10th intercostal spaces in 11, five and three cows, respectively. The caecum and proximal ansa of the colon were situated immediately adjacent to the right abdominal wall in 28 cows, but in the other two cows parts of these structures were pushed away from the abdominal wall by the liver or gall bladder. The diameter of the caecum, measured at various sites varied from 7.0 to 25.0 cm. Caecal dilatation was diagnosed on the basis of the results of rectal examinations in 28 of the cows, but in all 30 cows on the basis of the results of the ultrasonographic examinations. Dilatation and caudal displacement of the caecum were diagnosed in 18 cows; dilatation and cranioventral retroflexion of the caecum were diagnosed in six cows, and dilatation and craniodorsal retroflexion of the caecum were diagnosed in two cows. In the four other cows, the direction of the retroflexed caecum could not be determined. The diagnosis of caecal dilatation based on the ultrasonographic findings was confirmed in all the cows during exploratory laparotomy. The results of ultrasonography and exploratory surgery with regard to the position of the dilated and sometimes retroflexed or twisted caecum were in complete agreement in 18 cases, in partial agreement in eight cases, but in four cases did not agree.