bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propagation of spreading depression inversely correlates with cortical myelin content
Authors: Merkler Doron , Klinker Florian , Jürgens Tanja , Glaser Raoul , Paulus Walter , Brinkmann Bastian G. , Sereda Michael W. , Stadelmann‐Nessler Christine , Guedes Rubem C. A. , Brück Wolfgang , Liebetanz David 
Published: May 2009

AbstractObjectiveCortical myelin can be severely affected in patients with demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system. However, the functional implication of cortical demyelination remains elusive. In this study, we investigated whether cortical myelin influences cortical spreading depression (CSD).MethodsCSD measurements were performed in rodent models of toxic and autoimmune induced cortical demyelination, in neuregulin‐1 type I transgenic mice displaying cortical hypermyelination, and in glial fibrillary acidic protein–transgenic mice exhibiting pronounced astrogliosis.ResultsCortical demyelination, but not astrogliosis or inflammation per se, was associated with accelerated CSD. In contrast, hypermyelinated neuregulin‐1 type I transgenic mice displayed a decelerated CSD propagation.InterpretationCortical myelin may be crucially involved in the stabilization and buffering of extracellular ion content that is decisive for CSD propagation velocity and cortical excitability, respectively. Our data thus indicate that cortical involvement in human demyelinating diseases may lead to relevant alterations of cortical function. Ann Neurol 2009;66:355–365
Zinc‐Mediated Formation of Trifluoromethyl Ethers from Alcohols and Hypervalent Iodine Trifluoromethylation Reagents
Authors: Koller Raffael , Stanek Kyrill , Stolz Daniel , Aardoom Raphael , Niedermann Katrin , Togni Antonio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractSchieb mal rüber: Der Transfer einer intakten Trifluormethylgruppe von einem hypervalenten Iodreagens zu einem aliphatischen Alkohol verläuft glatt bei einer Aktivierung durch Zinkbis(triflimid). Dies ist eine einfache Methode zur Synthese von Trifluormethoxyalkyl‐Derivaten, die sonst nur schwer zugänglich sind.magnified image
Stereodivergent Synthesis of 17‐α and 17‐β‐Aryl Steroids: Application and Biological Evaluation of D‐Ring Cortistatin Analogues
Authors: Shi Jun , Shigehisa Hiroki , Guerrero Carlos A. , Shenvi Ryan A. , Li Chuang‐Chuang , Baran Phil S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractEin Stereozentrum macht den Unterschied: Eine Synthese von 17‐epi‐Cortistatin A geht von einem Biosyntheseintermediat von natürlichem Cortistatin A aus. Die Methode zeichnet sich durch eine stereokontrollierte Reduktion mit Raney‐Nickel aus, die Steroide mit sowohl α‐ als auch β‐konfiguriertem D‐Ring gezielt zugänglich macht. Erstmals wird über biologische Tests dieser „Cortaloge“ berichtet.magnified image
Discovery of Heteroatom‐“Embedded” Te⊂{W18O54} Nanofunctional Polyoxometalates by Use of Cryospray Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Yan Jun , Long De‐Liang , Wilson Elizabeth F. , Cronin Leroy 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe cryo game: Heteroatom‐embedded nanofunctional clusters are described that incorporate a [TeVIO6]6− species contained within a {W18O54} cage. Not only does the tellurium‐based species activate the {W18O54} cluster surface for assembly of larger nanoscale structures, such as [H10TeVI2W58O198]26−, it also undergoes a redox transformation inside the cluster from [TeVIO6]6− to [TeIVO3]2−.magnified image
Cervical Carotid and Circle of Willis Arterial Anatomy of Macaque Monkeys: A Comparative Anatomy Study
Authors: Kumar Nishant , Lee John J. , Perlmutter Joel S. , Derdeyn Colin P. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractMacaque monkeys are used in many research applications, including cerebrovascular investigations. However, detailed catalogs of the relevant vascular anatomy are scarce. We present our experience with macaque vessel patterns as determined by digital subtraction angiography of 34 different monkeys. We retrospectively analyzed digital subtraction angiograms obtained during experimental internal carotid artery (ICA) catheterization and subsequent injection of 1‐methyl 4‐phenyl 1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine. Results were catalogued according to vascular distribution and variants observed. Macaque monkeys have a bovine aortic arch. The carotid vessels generally bifurcate, but are occasionally observed to divide into three vessels. The external carotid gives rise primarily to two trunks: an occipital branch and a common vessel that subsequently gives off the lingual, facial, and superior thyroid arteries. The internal maxillary artery may be present as a terminal branch of the external carotid or as a branch of the occipital artery. The ICA is similar in course to that of the human. The anterior circle of Willis was intact in all monkeys in our study. Its primary difference from that of the human is the union of the bilateral anterior cerebral arteries as a single (azygous) median vessel. Macaque cervical carotid and circle of Willis arterial anatomy differs from humans in a couple of specific patterns. Knowledge of these differences and similarities between human and macaque anatomy is important in developing endovascular macaque models of human diseases, such as ischemic stroke. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy education in a changing medical curriculum in India: Medical student feedback on duration and emphasis of gross anatomy teaching
Authors: Holla Sunil Jonathan , Ramachandran Kalpana , Isaac Bina , Koshy Shajan 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAuthors report here a survey of medical student feedback on the effectiveness of two different anatomy curricula at Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Undergraduate medical students seeking the Bachelor in Medicine and Bachelor in Surgery (M.B.B.S.) degrees were divided into two groups by the duration of their respective anatomy curriculum. Group 1 students had completed a longer, 18‐month curriculum whereas Group 2 counterparts followed a shorter, 12‐month curriculum. Students' responses to a questionnaire were studied. Analysis of feedback from Groups 1 and 2 contrasted the effectiveness of the two anatomy curricula. The coverage of gross anatomy was rated adequate or more than adequate by 98% of Group 1 and 91% of Group 2. A desire for greater emphasis on gross anatomy teaching was expressed by 24% of Group 1 and 50% of Group 2 (P = 0.000). Two‐thirds of all students felt that the one‐year program was not adequate, and 90% of Group 1 and 74% of Group 2 felt that clinically oriented anatomy teaching required more emphasis. Dissection was helpful or very helpful for 94% of Group 1 and 88% of Group 2. This study suggests that a better understanding of gross anatomy was gained from a course of longer duration (18 months with 915 contact hr vs. 12 months with 671 contact hr). Students who completed the longer anatomy course had greater appreciation of the need for clinically oriented anatomy teaching and dissection. Anat Sci Educ 2:179–183, 2009. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Training tomorrow's anatomists today: A partnership approach
Authors: Fraher John P. , Evans Darrell J.R. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAnatomy is recognized to play a central role in the education and training of clinicians, healthcare professionals, and scientists. However, in recent years, the perceived decline in popularity of anatomy has led to a deficiency in the numbers of new anatomy educators. The tide is now turning with anatomy once again taking its rightful place in a wide of variety of disciplines, and therefore it is imperative that a new generation of anatomists is in place to meet this need. In response, the Anatomical Society of Great Britain and Ireland has made the training of the next set of anatomists, one of its strategic priorities, and in collaboration with the American Association of Anatomists has developed a dedicated Training Program. The overall aim of the Program is to provide trainees with the necessary knowledge, understanding, aptitudes, and attitudes in appropriate detail, sufficient to enable them to teach and examine Anatomy with full competence at the undergraduate and postgraduate level. The Program offers opportunities to consolidate knowledge and deepen understanding of anatomy, improve skills in teaching and communication with students, and be competent in preparing teaching materials and assessment modalities. The Program uses a distance‐learning approach with an incorporated Residential School and is particularly aimed at those undertaking a career in the biosciences. Early indications suggest that initiatives such as the development of this Training Program will help deliver the next generation of anatomists and ensure that anatomy continues to play a fundamental role in the education of clinicians, healthcare professionals, and scientists. Anat Sci Ed 2:119‐125, 2009 © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.
Biospecific protein immobilization for rapid analysis of weak protein interactions using self‐interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy
Authors: Bengali Aditya N. , Tessier Peter M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract“Reversible” protein interactions govern diverse biological behavior ranging from intracellular transport and toxic protein aggregation to protein crystallization and inactivation of protein therapeutics. Much less is known about weak protein interactions than their stronger counterparts since they are difficult to characterize, especially in a parallel format (in contrast to a sequential format) necessary for high‐throughput screening. We have recently introduced a highly efficient approach of characterizing protein self‐association, namely self‐interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy (SINS; Tessier et al., 2008; J Am Chem Soc 130:3106–3112). This approach exploits the separation‐dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles to detect weak self‐interactions between proteins immobilized on nanoparticles. A limitation of our previous work is that differences in the sequence and structure of proteins can lead to significant differences in their affinity to adsorb to nanoparticle surfaces, which complicates analysis of the corresponding protein self‐association behavior. In this work we demonstrate a highly specific approach for coating nanoparticles with proteins using biotin–avidin interactions to generate protein–nanoparticle conjugates that report protein self‐interactions through changes in their optical properties. Using lysozyme as a model protein that is refractory to characterization by conventional SINS, we demonstrate that surface Plasmon wavelengths for gold–avidin–lysozyme conjugates over a range of solution conditions (i.e., pH and ionic strength) are well correlated with lysozyme osmotic second virial coefficient measurements. Since SINS requires orders of magnitude less protein and time than conventional methods (e.g., static light scattering), we envision this approach will find application in large screens of protein self‐association aimed at either preventing (e.g., protein aggregation) or promoting (e.g., protein crystallization) these interactions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 104: 240–250 © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Health-related quality of life assessment after breast reconstruction
Authors: Potter S , Thomson H J , Greenwood R J , Hopwood P , Winters Z E 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
Health-related quality of life (HRQL) is an important outcome following breast reconstruction. This study evaluated current methods of HRQL assessment in patients undergoing latissimus dorsi breast reconstruction, hypothesizing that early surgical morbidity would be reflected by poorer HRQL scores.

Methods
Patients completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 and breast module (QLQ-BR23), the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) general measure, and breast module and arm subscale (FACT-B + 4), and the Body Image Scale and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) 3 months after surgery. They also reported additional HRQL problems not included in the questionnaires. HRQL scores were compared between patients with and without early surgical morbidity.

Results
Sixty women completed the questionnaires, of whom 25 (42 per cent) experienced complications. All EORTC and FACT subscale and HADS scores were similar in patients with or without morbidity. Women with complications were twice as likely to report feeling less feminine and dissatisfied with the appearance of their scar than those without problems. Thirty-two women (53 per cent) complained of problems not covered by the questionnaires, most commonly donor-site morbidity.

Conclusion
Existing HRQL instruments are not sufficiently sensitive to detect clinically relevant problems following breast reconstruction.
Outcome of surgical treatment for fistula in ano in Crohn's disease
Authors: van Koperen P J , Safiruddin F , Bemelman W A , Slors J F M 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
Recurrence rates and long-term functional outcome after surgical treatment of anal fistula in Crohn's disease were assessed.

Methods
A consecutive series of patients was treated for Crohn's fistula in ano; those without proctitis or active sepsis underwent surgery. Sex, seton usage, infliximab, previous fistula surgery, history of segmental resection and smoking were examined as risk factors for recurrence. Continence was assessed by Vaizey scale and a colorectal Functional outcome questionnaire. Results were compared with institutional data for cryptoglandular fistulas.

Results
Sixty-one patients were included, with a median follow-up of 79 (range 13–140) months. Twenty-four patients were treated with a seton, 28 by fistulotomy and nine by mucosal advancement. For low fistulas, fistulotomy was used more frequently than the seton, whereas seton drainage was used for most higher fistulas. Recurrence occurred in five of 28 and five of nine patients after fistulotomy and advancement respectively. Soiling was reported by half of the patients treated by seton versus two-thirds and three-quarters of those treated by fistulotomy and advancement respectively. Functional outcomes were worse for all patient groups than for cryptoglandular fistulas. No risk factor was significant.

Conclusion
Surgical outcome for high or complex Crohn's fistula in ano remains disappointing, and recurrence is unpredictable.
Colonic lymphoid follicles and NOD2/CARD15 mutational status in Crohn's disease
Authors: Nascimbeni R , Villanacci V , Bassotti G , Fisogni S , Gervasi M , Rossi E , Di Lorenzo D 
Published: May 2009

Abstract

Background
Interactions between the colonic lymphoid system and the genetic background in Crohn's disease are unexplored. This study analysed variations of colonic lymphoid follicles (CLFs) according to the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2) and caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (CARD15) gene in patients with Crohn's disease.

Methods
CLFs were characterized by histology and immunohistochemistry in the specimens of 41 patients undergoing colonic resection for Crohn's disease. Variants of the NOD2/CARD15 gene were assessed by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography and confirmed by DNA sequencing.

Results
Eleven patients had a heterozygous variant of the NOD2/CARD15 gene. The uninvolved colon of mutants had significantly lower CLF density (0·9 versus 2·7 follicles per cm2; P &lt; 0·001) and proportion of those with a germinal centre (9 versus 22 per cent; P = 0·040) than in non-mutants. In active disease, CLF density increased similarly in patients with and without the mutation. The proportion of extramucosal CLFs was higher in mutants than in non-mutants (34 versus 22 per cent; P = 0·030). No significant difference between groups was recorded for cellular profile and proliferation.

Conclusion
Patients with Crohn's disease and the NOD2/CARD15 mutation show a remodelling of CLFs in both uninvolved and actively inflamed intestines. These subjects may have a defective immune response by organized lymphoid structures.
Randomized clinical trial of techniques for closure of the pancreatic remnant following distal pancreatectomy
Authors: Oláh A , Issekutz Á , Belágyi T , Hajdú N , Romics L 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBackgroundPancreatic fistula and intra-abdominal fluid collection are the commonest complications after distal pancreatectomy. Several techniques have been described to achieve perfect closure of the stump.MethodsIn this randomized clinical trial the stapler technique was compared with stapling combined with a seromuscular patch. Seventy patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy were randomized between January 2002 and December 2006 to either closure of the pancreatic stump by stapler (35 patients) or closure by stapler and covering with a seromuscular patch of jejunum (35). The primary endpoint was the rate of postoperative fistula and/or intra-abdominal fluid collections.ResultsThe overall rate of these pancreas-related complications was higher in the stapling-alone group. However, rates of clinically relevant postoperative complications (grade B or C fistula and/or fluid collection requiring treatment) were comparable. The reintervention rate and median hospital stay were similar in both groups.ConclusionCovering the stapled pancreatic remnants with a seromuscular patch is a simple method that decreased overall pancreas-related complications such as fistula. This technique did not affect clinically relevant outcomes as severe complications requiring treatment were similar with both techniques.
Interposition graft with polytetrafluoroethylene for mesenteric and portal vein reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy (Br J Surg 2009; 96: 247–252)
Authors: Al-Ghnaniem R , Jah A , Huguet E L , Jamieson N V , Praseedom R K 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
The Editors welcome topical correspondence from readers relating to articles published in the Journal. Responses should be sent electronically via the BJS website (www.bjs.co.uk). All letters will be reviewed and, if approved, appear on the website. A selection of these will be edited and published in the Journal. Letters must be no more than 250 words in length.
Analysis of the Porosity of Filter Cakes Obtained by Filtration of Colloidal Suspensions
Authors: Hieke M. , Ruland J. , Anlauf H. , Nirschl H. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThe filtration of suspensions in the colloidal regime is part of many processes. It is necessary due to the widespread use of nano‐size particles in many applications. In nano‐scale particle systems, the huge specific surface of the particles is dominating the processes. The question is whether the well‐known filter theory is applicable for such type of products. The experiments in this study were conducted by gas‐driven filtration. The analysis of the filter cake was done globally according to the Darcy equation and locally by the use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques. Due to the very high resistances during filtration for colloidal suspensions, comparatively thin filter cakes with an approximate height of 0.5–3  mm were investigated. The overall porosities determined by the different techniques are in good agreement. The MRI technique allows an in situ measurement of the porosity gradient within a filter cake formed by compressible material.
How to Achieve Confidence in Drug Discovery and Development: Managing Risk (from a Reductionist to a Holistic Approach)
Authors: Bakker Annette , Caricasole Andrea , Gaviraghi Giovanni , Pollio Giuseppe , Robertson Graeme , Terstappen Georg C. , Salerno Massimiliano , Tunici Patrizia 
Published: May 2009

AbstractConfidence in mechanism: Creating a more holistic understanding of disease pathophysiology and an early confidence in the mechanism under investigation could help facilitate the selection of not only the most appropriate targets but also the best mechanisms for disease intervention and how to select and optimise the best compounds.magnified imageDrug target and candidate selection are two of the key decision points within the drug discovery process for which all companies use certain selection criteria to make decisions on which targets to accept into their discovery pipelines and which compounds will pass into development. These steps not only help define the overall productivity of every company but they are also decisions taken without full predictive knowledge of the risks that lie ahead or how best to manage them. In particular, the process of selecting new targets does not normally involve full evaluation of the risk(s) in the mechanism under investigation (the modulation of the target), which may result in an inability to fully connect in vitro and animal model results to the disease (clinical) setting. The resulting poor progression statistics of many compounds in the clinic is at least partially the result of a lack of understanding of disease pathophysiology. Notably, the lack of efficacy is still a major reason for failure in the clinic.1 Creating a more holistic understanding of disease pathophysiology and an early confidence in the mechanism under investigation could help facilitate the selection of not only the most appropriate targets but also the best mechanisms for disease intervention and how to select and optimise the best compounds.
Finite element superplastic forming (FE‐SPF) of patient‐specific maxillofacial prostheses
Authors: Gil A. J. , Curtis R. V. , Bonet J. , Coward T. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the application of superplastic forming (SPF) technology to the manufacturing of maxillofacial prostheses for human implants. A combined numerical/experimental methodology is explained in detail whereby initial patient‐specific data are collected in the form of computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging scans and a final titanium alloy Ti‐6A1‐4V (suitably selected for bio‐compatibility and osseo‐integration) prosthesis is obtained for subsequent implantation into the damaged area of the patient. Various aspects ranging from the computational challenges (i.e. scanning technology, mesh generation, the finite element incremental flow formulation, pressure–time cycle) to the experimental/medical aspects (i.e. SPF laboratory conditions, patient data, SPF patient‐specific process, medical feedback) will be discussed. A cranioplasty prosthesis and an orbital floor prosthesis are presented in order to show the robustness and applicability of the methodology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear quasi‐static finite element formulations for viscoelastic Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams
Authors: Payette G. S. , Reddy J. N. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractWeak form finite element models for the nonlinear quasi‐static bending and extension of initially straight viscoelastic Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams are developed using the principle of virtual work. The mechanical properties of the beams are considered to be linear viscoelastic. However, large transverse displacements, moderate rotations and small strains are allowed by retaining the von Kármán strain components of the Green–Lagrange strain tensor in the formulation. The fully discretized finite element equations are developed using the trapezoidal rule in conjunction with a two‐point recurrence relation. The resulting finite element equations, therefore, necessitate data storage from the previous time step only, and not the entire deformation history. Membrane locking is eliminated from the Euler–Bernoulli formulation through the use of selective reduced Gauss–Legendre quadrature. Membrane and shear locking are both circumvented in the Timoshenko beam finite element by employing a family of high‐order Lagrange polynomials. A Newton–Raphson iterative scheme is used to solve the nonlinear finite element equations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.