bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equus caballuspapillomavirus‐2 (EcPV‐2): An infectious cause for equine genital cancer?
Authors: SCASE T. , BRANDT S. , KAINZBAUER C. , SYKORA S. , BIJMHOLT S. , HUGHES K. , SHARPE S. , FOOTE A. 
Published: October 2010

SummaryReasons for performing study:The aetiology of genital squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in horses remains unknown, but the similarity to the disease in man, for which papillomavirus infection has been shown to be a causal factor, requires to be investigated in horses.Hypothesis:One or more novel papillomaviruses cause equine genital SCC and its associated premalignant lesions.Methods:DNA was extracted from samples of equine genital SCC and performed rolling circle amplification, in order to identify closed circular DNA viral genomes within the samples. The amplified DNA was subcloned and sequenced and the DNA sequence compared to that of other papillomavirus genomes. Using PCR primers developed from these genomic DNA sequences, studies were then carried out in order to identify the frequency at which the viral DNA could be identified in equine genital cancer samples from horses in both the UK, Australia and Austria. Finally,in situhybridisation using specific probes developed from this DNA sequence were used to confirm the presence of the viral RNA sequences in the neoplastic cells in these lesions.Results:The full length genome of a novel papillomavirus species was characterised from the equine genital SCC tissue and termedEquus caballuspapillomavirus‐2 (EcPV‐2). Viral DNA and RNA was identified in the genital tumour samples, but not in the adjacent histologically normal tissue. EcPV‐2 DNA could not be identified in equine ocular or nasal carcinomas or within the scrotal skin or in most smegma samples obtained from tumour‐free horses. Sequencing of amplicons, generated from the archived equine genital tumours, identified variations within E1 and E6 on DNA and predicted protein level.Conclusions:A novel papillomavirus, EcPV‐2, is likely to play a causal role in the pathogenesis of equine genital epithelial tumours.Potential relevance:Identification of a papillomavirus causal for genital carcinomas in horses may lead to development of a vaccine that could be used to prevent this serious disease in horses. This would be analogous to man, where vaccination against oncogenic papillomavirus species is currently being used to help prevent cervical cancer.
Health knowledge and perception of risks among Chinese smokers and non-smokers: findings from the Wave 1 ITC China Survey
Authors: Yang Jilan , Hammond David , Driezen Pete , Fong Geoffrey T , Jiang Yuan 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundAwareness of health risks of smoking is strongly associated with smoking behaviour. However, there are no population-based studies of smoking-related health knowledge in China.ObjectiveThe aim of current study was to use a population-based sample from the International Tobacco Control China Wave 1 survey to examine variations between current, former and never smokers' health knowledge about smoking and the impact of health knowledge awareness on smokers' intention to quit.MethodsA face-to-face interview was conducted with 5986 adult smokers and non-smokers from six cities in China. Respondents were asked whether they believed smoking causes heart disease, stroke, impotence, lung cancer, emphysema, stained teeth, premature ageing in smokers and lung cancer in non-smokers. Current smokers were also asked additional questions on how smoking affects their current and future health as well as whether they had plans to quit smoking and if they believe they would have health benefit from quitting.FindingsThe overall awareness of health risks of smoking in China was low compared to developed countries. Current smokers in China were less likely than non-smokers and former smokers to acknowledge the consequences of smoking. Current smokers who were more aware of the health consequences of smoking were more likely to intend to quit smoking.ConclusionThese findings highlight the need to increase awareness about the health effects of smoking in China, particularly among current smokers to increase quitting.
Cigarettes sold in China: design, emissions and metals
Authors: O'Connor Richard J , Li Qiang , Stephens W Edryd , Hammond David , Elton-Marshall Tara , Cummings K Michael , Giovino Gary A , Fong Geoffrey T 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundChina is the home to the world's largest cigarette maker, China National Tobacco Company (CNTC), yet little is known publicly about the design and emissions of Chinese cigarettes. CNTC is currently in the process of consolidating its brands and has ambitions to export its cigarettes. Machine-measured tar yields of many of its cigarette brands have also been reduced, similar to what occurred in Western countries from the 1970s through the 1990s with so-called ‘low-tar’ cigarettes introduced to address consumer concerns about health risks from smoking.MethodThe current study examines the design and physical characteristics, labelled smoke emissions and tobacco metals content of leading brands of Chinese cigarettes from seven cities purchased in 2005–6 and in 2007.ResultsFindings suggest that similar to most countries, tar levels of Chinese cigarettes are predicted primarily by tobacco weight and filter ventilation. Ventilation explained approximately 50% of variation observed in tar and 60% variation in carbon monoxide yields. We found little significant change in key design features of cigarettes purchased in both rounds. We observed significant levels of various metals, averaging 0.82 μg/g arsenic (range 0.3–3.3), 3.21 μg/g cadmium (range 2.0–5.4) and 2.65 μg/g lead (range 1.2–6.5) in a subsample of 13 brands in 2005–6, substantially higher than contemporary Canadian products.ConclusionResults suggest that cigarettes in China increasingly resemble those sold in Western countries, but with tobacco containing higher levels of heavy metals. As CNTC looks to export its product around the world, independent surveillance of tobacco product characteristics, including tobacco blend characteristics, will become increasingly important.
Secondhand tobacco smoke exposure in selected public places (PM2.5and air nicotine) and non-smoking employees (hair nicotine) in Ghana
Authors: Agbenyikey Wilfred , Wellington Edith , Gyapong John , Travers Mark J , Breysse Patrick N , McCarty Kathleen M , Navas-Acien Ana 
Published: October 2010

BackgroundSecondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure is a global public health problem. Ghana currently has no legislation to prevent smoking in public places. To provide data on SHS levels in hospitality venues in Ghana the authors measured (1) airborne particulate matter <2.5 μm (PM2.5) and nicotine concentrations and (2) hair nicotine concentrations in non-smoking employees. Quantifying SHS exposure will provide evidence needed to develop tobacco control legislation.MethodPM2.5was measured for 30 min in 75 smoking and 13 non-smoking venues. Air nicotine concentrations were measured for 7 days in 8 smoking and 2 non-smoking venues. Additionally, 63 non-smoking employees provided hair samples for nicotine analysis.ResultCompared to non-smoking venues, smoking venues had markedly elevated PM2.5(median 553 [IQR 259–1038] vs 16.0 [14.0–17.0] μg/m3) and air nicotine (1.83 [0.91–4.25] vs 0.03 [0.02–0.04] μg/m3) concentrations. Hair nicotine concentrations were also higher in non-smoking employees working in smoking venues (median 2.49 [0.46–6.84] ng/mg) compared to those working in non-smoking venues (median 0.16 [0.08–0.79] ng/mg). Hair nicotine concentrations correlated with self-reported hours of SHS exposure (r=0.35), indoor air PM2.5concentrations (r=0.47) and air nicotine concentrations (r=0.63).ConclusionSHS levels were unacceptably high in public places in Ghana where smoking is allowed, despite a relatively low-smoking prevalence in the country. This is one of the first studies to ascertain SHS and hair nicotine in Africa. Levels were comparable to those measured in American, Asian and European countries without or before smoking bans. Implementing a comprehensive smoke-free legislation that protects workers and customers from exposure to secondhand smoke is urgently needed in Ghana.
Prevalence ofBrachyspiraspecies isolated from diarrhoeic pigs in Brazil
Authors: Barcellos D. E. S. N. , de Uzeda M. , Mathiesen M. R. , Duhamel G. E. , Kader I. I. T. A. 
Published: October 2010

Pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes of pigs includeBrachyspira(formerlySerpulina)hyodysenteriae, the cause of swine dysentery, andBrachyspira pilosicoli, the cause of porcine colonic spirochetosis (Pcs). The purpose of this study was to assess the relative importance ofBrachyspiraspecies in diarrhoeal disease of growing pigs on farms in southern Brazil. The intensity and pattern of haemolysis, the production of indole and the hydrolysis of hippurate by reference and field porcine intestinal spirochaetes were compared with 16S‐ribosomal RNA (rRNA)‐ and 23S‐rRNA‐based polymerase chain reaction assays for the identification ofB hyodysenteriaeandB pilosicoli. Between July and October 1998, 206 rectal swabs were taken from pigs on 17 farms with a history of diarrhoea developing within 30 days after they had been moved from nursery to growing facilities. Of 49 β‐haemolytic spirochaetes that were cultured, 29 (59.2 per cent) were grown in pure culture for phenotypic and genotypic characterisation, leaving 20 untyped. Of the 29 typed isolates, eight isolates obtained from six farms were identified asB hyodysenteriae, and 15 isolates obtained from seven other farms were identified asB pilosicoli; the remaining six isolates were identified as weakly, β‐haemolytic commensal spirochaetes. There was complete agreement between the results of the phenotypic and genotypic analyses.
Anatomy of the patent ductus venosus in the dog
Authors: White R. N. , Burton C. A. 
Published: October 2010

The biplanar umbilical vein portovenograms of 49 newborn puppies and the biplanar mesenteric vein portovenograms, obtained during surgery, of 42 adult dogs with left divisional intrahepatic portosystemic shunts consistent with a patent dudus venosus (PDv) were reviewed. On the basis of the combined surgical, postmortem and imaging data, the left divisional intrahepatic portosystemic shunts were consistent, each having a straight vessel which drained into a venous ampulla before draining into the caudal vena cava at the level of the diaphragm. The left phrenic vein and the left hepatic vein both entered the ampulla independently of the shunting vessel. The morphology of the ductus venosus in the pups was similar and consistent with the morphology of the left divisional intrahepatic PDV shunt of the adult dogs. It is concluded that this form of left divisional shunt is correctly named a PDV and is the result of the persistence of the fetal ductus venosus. From the surgical records it is concluded that all the shunts described as a PDV were attenuated by the dired manipulation of the ductus venosus before its entry into the ampulla.
Use of a Rush pin to repair fractures of the distal femur in cats
Authors: Robinson A. 
Published: October 2010

Nine fractures of the distal femur in eight cats were repaired by using a 2‐4 mm Rush pin as an intramedullary nail, placed between the condyles via a lateral or medial parapatellar approach to the stifle joint. In all cases the fractures were reduced and stabilised accurately with good postoperative results.
Efficacy of oral calcium pentosan polysulphate for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the canine stifle joint secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency
Authors: Innes J. F. , Barr A. R. S. , Sharif M. 
Published: October 2010

The efficacy of calcium pentosan polysulphate (CaPPS) as a slow‐acting drug for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the canine stifle joint, secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency, was tested in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial over a period of one year. Dogs with the deficiency were treated surgically, matched for bodyweight, and randomly assigned to treatment or placebo groups. Active treatment began six weeks postoperatively and consisted of 10 mg/kg caPPs orally, once weekly for four weeks, repeated every 12 weeks. The outcome was assessed in terms of function by the dogs' owners, by the radiographical grading of the osteoarthritis, and by the measurement of total sulphated glycosaminoglycans and the 5D4 epitope of keratan sulphate in the synovial fluids of affected joints. There were no differences either in functional outcome or in the radiographical progression of osteoarthritis between the two groups. Fifty‐four weeks after surgery, the concentration of 5D4 in synovial fluid (expressed as change from baseline values) had decreased significantly in the treatment group compared with the placebo group (P=0.03).
Effects of iron dextran injections on the incidence of abomasal bloat, clinical pathology and growth rates in lambs
Authors: Vatn S. , Torsteinbø W. O. 
Published: October 2010

A preliminary study revealed significantly lower serum iron concentrations in lambs that developed abomasal bloat about one week later, than in lambs that did not develop bloat. In a subsequent trial, with 754 naturally reared twin lambs from five flocks, iron dextran injections were found to have a preventive effect on the development of abomasal bloat. Clinical signs of abomasal bloat were observed in the placebo‐treated lamb of 16 couples and in the iron‐treated lamb of six couples (P<0.05). In three further couples, both lambs developed bloat. The iron‐treated group had significantly (P<0.001) better average weight gains, both from birth to summer, and from birth to autumn of approximately 0.5 and 1 kg, respectively. There was a reduction in red blood cell values and iron saturation in the placebo groupl4 days after treatment but not in the iron‐treated lambs. In one of the flocks, there was a decrease in the cumulative incidence of abomasal bloat from 37 per cent to 3 per cent during the period of four years after measures such as later lambing, earlier turnout and iron injections were introduced.
Development of vitrified matured caftle oocytes after thawing and culture in vitro
Authors: Le Gal F. , De Roover R. , Verhaeghe B. , Etienne D. , Massip A. 
Published: October 2010

Bovine oocytes were partly denuded either at the beginning (to) or six hours (td after the beginning of maturation and vitrified by the open pulled straw method at the end of the maturation process. After warming and fertilisation, their development in vitro and in vivo was assessed. The rates of production of blastocysts achieved in vitro were 3‐4 per cent for the to group and 0‐9 per cent for the t6 group compared with 40‐4 per cent for the control oocytes. After transfer at the blastocyst stage pregnancies have been established in the three groups. Some of these pregnancies originated from vitrified oocytes which were further vitrified at the blastocyst stage before being transferred into synchronised recipients.
Comparative study of propofol or propofol and ketamine for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs
Authors: Lerche P. , Reid J. , Nolan A. M. 
Published: October 2010

The effects of propofol alone or propofol and ketamine for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs were compared. Thirty healthy dogs were premedicated with acepromazine and pethidine, then randomly allocated to either treatment. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously) (group 1), or propofol and ketamine (2 mg/kg bodyweight of each intravenously) (group 2). Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane, delivered in a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (1:2) via a non‐rebreathing Bain circuit. Various cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored at two, five, 10, 15, 20,25 and 30 minutes after induction, and the animals were observed during anaesthesia and recovery, and any adverse effects were recorded. During anaesthesia, the heart rate, but not the systolic arterial pressure, was consistently higher in group 2 (range 95 to 102 beats per minute) than in group 1 (range 73 to 90 beats per minute). Postindudion apnoea was more common in group 2 (11 of 15) than in group 1 (six of 15). Muscle twitching was observed in three dogs in each group. Recovery times were similar in both groups. Propofol followed by ketamine was comparable with propofol alone for the induction of anaesthesia in healthy dogs.
Anatomical, cytogenetic and behavioural studies of freemartin ewes
Authors: Smith K. C. , Parkinson T. J. , Long S. E. , Barr F. J. 
Published: October 2010

The external phenotype and reproductive behaviour of 21 freemartin sheep and two male pseudohermaphrodite sheep were recorded with the aim of identifying any characteristics which might be used to predict a failure to breed. The size and shape of the vulva and clitoris, the length of the vagina, the size of the teats, the presence or absence of inguinal gonads, and the ultrasonographic characteristics of the inguinal gonads were recorded. A subjective assessment of the masculinity of each animal's body form was also made, and its behavioural responses to a virile ram and to an oestrus ewe were recorded. A number of physical and behavioural abnormalities were detected but the only consistent finding in all 23 animals was a short vagina which varied in length from 3.1 to 7.0 cm, compared with 10 to 14 cm in normal animals.
Congenital arthrogryposis: an inherited limb deformity in pedigree Suffolk lambs
Authors: Doherty M. L. , Kelly E. P. , Healy A. M. , Callanan J. J. , Skelly C. , Crosby T. F. , Boland M. P. 
Published: October 2010

Thirty of 52 pedigree Suffolk lambs (58 per cent) were born with arthrogryposis characterised by bilateral flexion rigidity of the metacarpophalangeal and carpal joints. The recent introduction of a breeding ram was identified as the only significant risk factor in the flock, and embryo transfer was used to test the hypothesis that the arthrogryposis was an inherited disorder associated with the introduction of this ram. Two adult ewes that had previously produced lambs with arthrogryposis by the ram and four of its affected daughters were available as donors, and 20 crossbred ewes were used as recipients. Ten Suffolk‐crossed ewes that had no known familial relationship with the ram were also mated by the ram as controls and they produced 10 normal lambs. Following embryo transfer, 19 lambs were born, of which seven were stillborn; arthrogryposis was evident in 10 of the 12 live lambs. Analysis of the data suggested that in the population under study, arthrogryposis was inherited as an autosomal recessive condition.
Therapeutic efficacy of water‐soluble lincomycin‐spectinomycin powder against porcine proliferative enteropathy in a European field study
Authors: McOrist S. , Muller Wager A. , Kratzer D. , Sjösten C‐G. 
Published: October 2010

Controlled clinical trials to a standardised protocol were conducted into the effect of a water‐soluble antibiotic on proliferative enteropathy and its causative agent (Lawsonia intracellularis) on commercial pig farms at six sites in four European countries. Clinical signs of the disease and L intracellularis‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐positive pigs were detected in pens of six‐ to 12‐week‐old pigs (weighing 5 to 55 kg) immediately before each trial. Matched pens of randomised pigs were either left unmedicated (32 to 59 pigs per trial), or medicated orally with 10 mg/kg of a water‐soluble combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin powder (21 and 42 mg, respectively, of antibiotic activity per litre) for either seven days (33 to 61 pigs per trial), or 14 days (33 to 61 pigs per trial), delivered via the drinking water. Investigators did not know which pens received which treatment. In most of the affected pigs in each trial, diarrhoea due toL intracellularisresolved within three to seven days after the medication began, whereas most unmedicated pigs remained diarrhoeic for at least 10 days. On average the medicated pigs gained more weight than the unmedicated pigs over the 21‐day trial period (P=0.01). In two trials, the absence ofL intracellularisafter the treatment ended was confirmed by the PCR.
Transfer of chiortetracycline from contaminated feedingstuff to cows' milk
Authors: McEvoy J. D. G. , Higgins H. C. , Kennedy D. G. , Mayne C. S. 
Published: October 2010

Three groups of four Friesian cows in mid‐lactation were fed a compound feedingstuff contaminated with 2, 10 or 300 mg chlortetracycline/kg for 21 days, and were then fed an uncontaminated diet for seven days. A fourth group of four cows was fed an uncontaminated diet throughout the study. Daily pooled milk samples from each cow were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a detection limit of 50 μg chlortetracycline/litre. Chlortetracycline was deteded in only two milk samples taken from one of the animals fed feed containing 300 mg chlortetracycline/kg; and both contained less than the maximum residue limit (MRL) specified by the European Union (100 μg/litre). All the milk samples were also analysed by the Delvotest sp microbiological assay, which has a detection limit of 300 μg chlortetracycline/litre. During the treatment period, this method gave four presumptive false‐positive results, because they were not confirmed by HPLC. Seleded daily pooled samples from each treatment group were also analysed by the semi‐quantitative Charm II radioreceptor assay with a detection limit of 10 μg chlortetracycline/litre. Immunoreactive chlortetracycline was detected only in the animals fed feed containing 300 mg chlortetracycline/kg and several of the results exceeded the EU MRL during the treatment period. No significant treatment effects on animal performance were observed. However, there was a trend towards a higher milk fat concentration (P<0.09) and a lower milk protein concentration (P<0.07) with increasing concentration of chlortetracycline in the diet.
Dermatomyositis in five Shetland sheepdogs in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ferguson E. A. , Cerundolo R. , Lloyd D. H. , Cappello R. , Rest J. 
Published: October 2010

Five cases of dermatomyositis in four Shetland sheepdog puppies and one adult bitch are described. The dogs all had well‐defined patches of scaling, crusting and alopecia over the muzzle, periorbital skin and distal limbs, and the tail, perineum and pinnae were affected in some of them. The affected puppies were all sired by the same stud dog. The affected adult bitch was unrelated to the puppies. Three of the four dogs tested had high serum creatine kinase concentrations and electromyographic abnormalities were detected in three of the four dogs tested. The histological changes observed in the skin of four of the dogs strongly supported the diagnosis of dermatomyositis, and in the fifth dog they were compatible with this diagnosis. Two of the puppies were euthanased shortly after being diagnosed. In the other two puppies and the adult the disease remains stable and non‐progressive 15 to 18 months after diagnosis. The sire of the four affected puppies has been used extensively because it was considered to be genetically clear of collie eye anomaly.
Commercial slaughter methods used on Atlantic salmon: determination of the onset of brain failure by electroencephalography
Authors: Robb D. H. F. , Wotton S. B. , McKinstry J. L. , Sørensen N. K. , Kestin S. C. , Sørensen N. K. 
Published: October 2010

This study investigated the effect of exsanguination without prior stunning, or carbon dioxide narcosis followed by exsanguination, or percussive stunning or spiking the brain, on the time taken to abolish the visual evoked responses (VERS) of farmed Atlantic salmon. Only percussive stunning and spiking killed the fish immediately and the other two methods resulted in aversive reactions by the fish. The VERS were lost between 148 and 440 seconds after exsanguination without stunning, and between 300 and 554 seconds after carbon dioxide narcosis followed by exsanguination. During both these procedures the fish showed strong aversive behaviour. In contrast, percussive stunning and spiking the brain could result in the immediate loss of VERS and no aversive reactions from the fish if the stun was applied correctly.