bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Microbiology of Farmyard Manure Decomposition in Soil II. Decomposition of Cellulose
Authors: Jensen H. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. Addition of farmyard manure to soil gives rise, in laboratory experiments, to an abundant development of cellulose-decomposing bacteria of the genusVibrioin approximately neutral soils (pH 6.5–7.0). In faintly acid soils (pH 5.7–6.2) these organisms develop less abundantly, and are partly replaced bySpirochaeta cytophaga. At lowerpH values only the fungi are active in the decomposition of cellulose. Similar results were obtained by adding filter-paper or straw to soils of different reactions. Of the fungi, Trichoderma and Penicillium appear more active in acid soil, whereas other forms, among othersMycogone nigra, Stachybotryssp.,Coccospora agricola (?), and Botryosporiumsp. seemed prominent in neutral soil.2. The vibrios, of which four strains were studied in pure culture, are very sensitive to acidity. They fail to develop in thepH interval 6.0–6.4, and have an optimum atp7.1–7.6.Spirochaeta cytophagaappears to be slightly more resistant to acidity, being able to grow atpH 5.6–6.0.3. The bacteria as well as the fungi are capable of decomposing the lignified cellulose of straw.
The effect of borax dressings on the growth and yield of field beans (Vicia Faba L.)
Authors: Owen E. C. , Snow D. , Thom C. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. Dressings of 12–100 lb. borax per acre resulted in marked temporary ‘yellowing’ of bean seedlings. Dressings of 25 lb. or more depressed the stand and reduced the yield.2. Determinations were made to ascertain the distribution of boron within the treated plants and to measure the uptake of boron from the soil. The relevant figures are quoted in the text.
Establishment studies. III. The effect of method of establishment on one-year leys in the first harvest year
Authors: Charles Allen H. 
Published: March 2009

The effect of using a cover crop of spring oats under three managements and two levels of Nitro- Chalk in the seeding year on Italian rye-grass and broad red clover in the first harvest year were investigated and the following results obtained.1. Undersowing increased the total yield of dry matter in the Italian rye-grass/broad red clover mixture in the first harvest year. Using a cover crop with the April sowing only increased the yield of herbage when frequent grazing was practised in the seeding year. The percentage of broad red clover and the yield and percentage of crude protein in the clover were higher in spring when a cover crop was used. In the hay cut the percentages of clover and of protein were higher in the Italian rye-grass/broad red clover mixture sown without a cover crop and the yield of crude protein was not affected by undersowing.2. Early sowing in April resulted in a higher total yield of dry matter and Italian rye-grass in the first harvest year. The growth of broad red clover and the yield of crude protein were also increased in the spring grazing but not in the hay cut. The August sowing resulted in higher winter casualties of the Italian rye-grass and broad red clover, but gave a greater density of plants in the following spring than the swards sown in April.
Oiliness in milk
Authors: Mattick A. T. R. 
Published: March 2009

During recent years a large number of samples of milk having a peculiar flavour have been sent to this Institute by farmers, retailers, and wholesalers of milk.The flavour is marked and has almost invariably been described as “oily.” In many instances it has been referred to as the “castor oil flavour.”Although, as would be expected, the opinions of individuals on the flavour of such samples were not unanimous the majority agreed that “oily” was an appropriate name and since this is the name by which this taint is known to the trade it is proposed to retain it.
The growth, yield and composition of certain tropical fodders
Authors: Paterson D. D. 
Published: March 2009

XII. SummaryThe experiment was designed to compare under Trinidad conditions three varieties of fodder grass and ascertain the correct stage at which each should be cut to give the maximum nutritive value per acre. It consisted of a yield trial in the form of a Latin square in which the treatment series included four cutting rotations on main plots and three varieties of fodder grass on subplots as appended
Rotation experiments with cotton in the Sudan Gezira
Authors: Crowther F. , Cochran W. G. 
Published: March 2009

Rotation of crops is based in most countries upon the accumulated experience of past years; experiments testing the relative merits of various rotations are rarely resorted to unless some serious disturbance arises, such as the inclusion of a new crop. But in the Sudan Gezira (lat. 14–15° N., long. 33–34° E.) the need for rotation experiments was urgent, since growing cotton by artificial irrigation was a recent introduction, and, moreover, the soil was known to be intractable. Any improvement in rotation which would allay seasonal fluctuation in yield and raise the general level would greatly add t o the prosperity of the area.Thus when the Gezira Research Farm was inaugurated in 1918 some unreplicated plots of various two-course rotations, and of continuous cotton, were laid down. These were supplemented in 1925–6 by a replicated trial comparing various three-course rotations, designed by E. M. Crowther of Rothamsted. Later, in 1931–2, a new ‘Combined Rotation’ experiment, designed by M. A. Bailey and E. M. Crowther, was added, and this comprised comparisons of one-, two-, three- and four-course rotations. These last
The influence of season and nutrition on the sulphur content of wool from Merino and Cheviot sheep
Authors: Doney J. M. , Evans C. C. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYSulphur content, expressed as a percentage of clean dry wool weight, was measured at monthly intervals in two breeds of sheep, Cheviot and Merino x Cheviot backcross (¾ Merino, ¼ Cheviot), offered an equivalent annual amount of feed in three ways—constant level, natural grazing cycle and reversed grazing cycle. The relationships between S content and wool growth rate or nutrient intake differed with both breed and nutrient cycle, but all the results could be explained satisfactorily on the basis of a constant optimum composition for each individual with sulphur impoverishment related to lack of balance between follicle activity rate and high-S substrate availability.The difference in mean maximum S content between breeds (3·87% and 3·81% for Cheviot and ‘Merino’ respectively) was much smaller than the difference between individuals within the breeds (4·05·3·72% and 3·92·3·66%). The seasonal depression within individuals varied with nutrition and wool growth rate, Cheviot sheep showing the greatest depression and lowest values (2·89 and 3·28% for Cheviot and 'Merino, respectively in the reversed cycle group). There was no consistent seasonal trend in the relationship between clean and unscoured wool weight.
Culture of fertilized cattle eggs
Authors: Sreenan J. , Scanlon P. , Gordon I. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYCulture studies were conducted with eggs recovered from cattle following super-ovulation treatment. Transfer of eggs to pseudo-pregnant rabbits led to continued cleavage in 71 of 138 attempts. Culture of eggs in vitro met with limited success in 58 of 189 attempts. The maximum cleavage stage reached in the in vivo studies was 64 cells; in the in vitro work it was 24 cells.
The determination of organic carbon in soils
Authors: Robinson G. W. , McLean W. , Williams Rice 
Published: March 2009

(1) It is proposed to estimate the amount of organic carbon in soils by determining the amount of sulphur dioxide produced in the ordinary Kjeldahl digestion. The gaseous products of reaction are passed through standard iodine solution, and the excess iodine titrated with standard sodium thiosulphate. Details of the method are given.(2) The results obtained with a number of soils of differing character and origin are compared with the figures obtained for organic carbon by dry combustion. The sulphur dioxide method gives results which average 89.6 ±1.03 per cent, of the combustion figures. It is proposed therefore that the percentage of organic carbon found by this method should be corrected by the factor 100/89.6 = 1.116.(3) The percentage recovery of carbon indicated by the proposed method is rather higher for pure substances but still falls short of 100 per cent.(4) The proposed method is applicable to carbonate soils without the necessity for any correction for inorganic carbon.(5) It is likely that soils containing inorganic reducing substances such, as sulphides will give high results by the proposed method.(6) Absorbing the sulphur dioxide in 25 per cent, sodium bichromate, it is possible to determine the carbon dioxide by passing the gases through standard baryta in a Reiset tower. The organic carbon thus indicated agrees with that by the sulphur dioxide method.(7) From data with certain peats, it appears that the factor 1.724 for converting organic carbon to organic matter is too low.
Experiments with iodinated casein on farms in England and Wales
Authors: Blaxter K. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. A field experiment in which ninety-seven farms co-operated has been carried out to find whether giving cows a daily dose of 20 g. of iodinated casein, incorporated with an additional allowance of concentrated food, could be used to increase milk yields for short periods on commercial farms. The results have been analysed statistically, and the causes of variation in the response to iodinated casein have been investigated. The farms supplied 1164 cows, and 1008 cows were finally included in the analysis. Not all of the seventy-eight pairs which were deleted were discarded, and some could legitimately be used in certain parts of the analysis.2. 4% of the cows refused the iodinated casein cube. The refusal rate was higher in the Channel Island cattle which are known to be fastidious feeders
The cobaltinitrite (volumetric) method of estimating potassium in soil-extracts
Authors: Milne G. 
Published: March 2009

The cobaltinitrite method, in the volumetric form here described in detail, enables known amounts of potassium to be accounted for quantitatively, independently of the presence of alkaline earth sulphates, or phosphates, provided that the amount of potassium is not varied over too great a range. The factor 0·000830 gm. K2O per c.c.N/10 KMnO4suits the procedure described over a range of about 3 to 50 mg. K2O. Outside this range, or for highly accurate work within it, it may be desirable to calibrate the method.The method may be applied, in plant-ash analyses, indifferently to the original extracts containing other bases and phosphates, or to the mixed sulphates weighed for sodium and potassium together. It is applicable to small-quantity work upon soils with greater exactness and speed than is the perchlorate method. Citric acid extracts can be handled, with a relatively short manipulation, to give satisfactory results.Some analyses of ammonium chloride extracts have been unsatisfactory, and attention is called to the desirability of setting exchangeable potassium determinations upon a firmer analytical basis, by investigation of methods of freeing the extracts from ammonium salts.
Factors affecting the loss of yield of sugar beet caused by beet yellows virus: I. Rate and date of infection; date of sowing and harvesting
Authors: Watson Marion A. , Watson D. J. , Hull R. 
Published: March 2009

Field experiments were carried out to measure the effect on the yield and composition of sugar beet of infection with beet yellows virus, and to determine how the effect varies with rate and date of infection and with date of sowing and harvesting of the crop.Control measures designed to prevent spread of infection within experimentally infected plots and introduction of infection from sources outside the experiment, were not completely effective. Consequently the numbers of plants which became infected differed from those prescribed by the experimental treatments. The effects of infection were, therefore, estimated by means of regressions on the numbers of plants observed to become infected on successive dates.After correcting the observed yields for accidental infections by means of the regression coefficients, it was found that the effect of infection on the yield of sugar was linearly related to the rate of infection, i.e. the loss of yield of sugar caused by infection was proportional to the percentage of infected plants. There was no compensation for loss in infected plants by increased growth of healthy neighbours.The effect of infection on yield of sugar decreased linearly with later date of infection, falling to values not significantly different from zero at the date of harvest. The loss of yield caused by infection was therefore approximately proportional to the interval of time between the date of infection, as shown by the appearance of symptoms, and the date of harvest.
The influence of rainfall on the yield and botanical composition of permanent grass at Rothamsted
Authors: Cashen Rose O. 
Published: March 2009

The influence of rainfall during the growing season on the yield of the Park Grass plots at Rothamsted, which are cut for hay every year, has been investigated.The average yields in the period 1858–1902 on the thirteen plots examined were from 18 cwt./acre on an unmanured plot to 61 cwt./acre on a plot receiving a complete fertilizer including a heavy dressing of nitrogen. All the plots showed some deterioration in yield. The effect of the total amount of rainfall from 5 March to 8 July was very substantial on all plots, the average increase in yield for each additional inch of rain varying between 0·7 and 2·4 cwt./acre; the benefit was greatest on the plots dressed with sulphate of ammonia. The rainfall effects reached a maximum in the latter part of April and early May, but the distribution of the rain appeared to be of relatively small importance.
Soluble complexes of manganic manganese
Authors: Heintze S. G. , Mann P. J. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. Polycarboxylic and hydroxycarboxylic acids as well as pyrophosphoric acid form complexes with manganic manganese which are soluble over a widepH range.2. It is suggested that such complex formation may be of importance in maintaining manganese in an available form in soils.
Effect of egg-yolk and its constituents on the respiration and fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa
Authors: Tosic J. , Walton Arthur 
Published: March 2009

Respiratory activity of ejaculated bovine semen was studied in the presence of phosphate buffer (pH 7·4), egg-yolk medium or media containing different fractions isolated from the egg-yolk.Seminal plasma from centrifuged bull semen has very little respiratory activity as compared with whole semen. The main factor affecting the respiratory activity of the semen is the concentration of active spermatozoa, but the respiratory activity is not directly proportional to the concentration of spermatozoa, since it falls off with reduction of concentration.
The efficiency of determining the chemical composition of lamb carcasses
Authors: Kirton A. H. , Barton R. A. , Rae A. L. 
Published: March 2009

1. Twenty Southdown-Romney wether lamb carcasses of a mean hot carcass weight of 39·2 lb. (range 31·2–43·8 lb.) were frozen. Each frozen carcass was divided down the back-bone to give two sides and each side was divided into four parts: leg, loin, 9–10–11 rib cut, and fore. A method of obtaining samples from the parts and from the sides is described. The samples were analysed for water, fat (uncorrected), and residue (uncorrected). The dried residue was analysed to give an ash percentage and a Soxhlet correction factor so that total fat (ether-extract), protein (dried fat-free, ash-free residue), and ash were determined.2. The weights of the two sides of the twenty carcasses were similar, although the loins of the left sides were highly significantly heavier than those from the right sides and the right fores were highly significantly heavier than the left fores.3. The mean percentage composition of the two sides of the carcasses studied were similar. Likewise each of the four parts showed close similarity between sides except for the residue and protein percentage of the loin in which the left sides had significantly more protein percentage than the right sides. In all the uncorrected chemical components a significant side × carcass interaction was found.4. An analysis of the sampling errors showed that the variance of a treatment mean was decreased only slightly by increasing the number of samples per side or by sampling both sides instead of one. Any substantial increase in precision can be achieved only by increasing the number of carcasses per group.
Studies in the geology and mineralogy of soils: II. Soils of South-East Scotland
Authors: Hart R. 
Published: March 2009

(1) The mineralogical composition of the fine sand fraction of certain soils from the south-east of Scotland is described.(2) The soils are shown to possess a fairly high content of silicate minerals in a comparatively fresh state.(3) The distribution and amount of potash, phosphate and lime-bearing minerals in the soils is discussed.(4) The soils can be grouped according to their mineral content and this grouping is found to depend on the geology of the parent material.(5) All the soils are formed on glacial drift and the results suggest that the local rocks have a preponderating influence on the composition of the matrix of the drift.
Influence of different factors on the reduced susceptibility of potato virus X infected potato leaves to Alternaria solani
Authors: Kalra A. , Rishi N. , Grover R. K. , Paulkhurana S. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYFactors influencing potato virus X (PVX)-induced resistance to Alternaria solani in potato leaves are reported. The inhibition of fungal infection was dependent on the time interval between viral and fungal inoculations, fungal inoculum load, age of the host, virus strain and host cultivar. The maximum reduction in fungal infection was observed when a gap of 120 h occurred between PVX and A. solani inoculations. The clearest interactive effect in terms of reduced susceptibility to A. solani infection was seen at a fungal spore concentration of 1000 spores/ml in 20-day-old plants. This effect was gradually reduced following an increase in inoculum load and age of the host.The extent of pathogen interaction was also affected by different virus strains and host cultivars. Maximum inhibition of fungal disease occurred with the PVX-ring spot strain. Of five potato cultivar tested, the maximum inhibition occurred in Kufri Chandramukhi and Kufri Sindhuri, the cultivars most susceptible to A. solani.
Studies on the cutting management of grass-clover swards VI. The effects of different closeness and frequency of cutting treatments on the yield and quality of herbage from a cocksfoot/white clover sward
Authors: Reid D. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYYields and quality of herbage from a cocksfoot/white clover sward were compared over a 3-year period when cut repeatedly with a reeiprocating-blade mower to either 1 in or 2½ in from ground level or with a cylinder lawnmower to 1 in from ground level. The comparisons were made under two frequencies of cutting, namely five times per season at the ‘grazing’ stage, or three times at the ‘silage’ stage.Cutting to 1 in from ground level with the reciprocating-blade mower gave a greater total yield of dry matter and crude protein than did cutting to 2½ in with the same mower in the first year, when the average dry-matter yield difference was 10·7 %, but no significant differences were recorded in subsequent years. It is suggested that the difference noted in the first year was due mainly to the harvesting at the first cut in the season of the layer of herbage between 1 and 2½ in from ground level, and not to any differential effects of the treatments on stem and leaf development of the cocksfoot.Cutting to 1 in from ground level with the lawnmower gave smaller dry-matter yields than did cutting to 1 in with the reciprocating-blade mower at both stages of growth in the first year, but a slightly greater yield at the ‘grazing’ stage in the third year. The type of mower used affected the botanical composition of the sward.
Genetic and environmental causes of variation in birth weight of Black Bengal goats
Authors: Moulick S. K. , Syrstad O. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn investigation on the different environmental and genetic causes of variation in the birth weight of Black Bengal goats was conducted at the Central Livestock Research-cum-Breeding Station, Haringhata, India. The data consisted of 1375 birth weight records of kids from 284 does and 20 bucks during the period from 1955 to 1961. The goats were maintained under standard farm management throughout the period.Year had significant effect on birth weight, while the effect of season was insignificant. The interaction was, however, significant. Male kids were significantly heavier at birth than the females. Age of dam and litter size also caused significant variation in birth weight of kids.From paternal half-sib analysis the heritability of birth weight was estimated to be 0·01. Full sib and maternal half sib analyses estimated the maternal environment common to litter mates to account for 60 % of the variance, out of which 25 % were due to permanent differences between dams. The remaining 39 % were attributed to individual environment, including most of the non-additive genetic variance. The heritability of maternal environment was estimated to be 0·2.The partial correlation coefficient between birth weight of kids and post-kidding body weight of their dam, independent of litter size and age of dam, was 0·175. Thus, body size of dam, as indicated by post kidding body weight, did not reveal much information about maternal environment.
Seasonal production of Andropogon gayanus. I. Seasonal changes in yield components and chemical composition
Authors: Haggar R. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYChanges in yield and quality of an Andropogon gayanus sward were traced throughout the 1964 wet season and part of the following dry season.Quality, in terms of crude-protein content, was highest at the beginning of the wet season, but yield increased to a maximum at the beginning of the dry season. Once flowering was completed in October, herbage quality fell to a very low level. It was concluded that the best time to cut for hay was in early October, at which time the crude-protein content showed a small but significant increase. Regrowth measurements taken in mid-November indicated the benefit of taking an early hay cut in July as a means of producing better quality hay at the end of the rains.During the early vegetative phase of growth leaf production was greater than stem production. Quality was high because the leaves contained a higher content of crudeprotein, calcium, phosphorus and carotene than the stems. During the reproductive stage of growth, comprising stem elongation in September culminating in anthesis in early October, quality was lower due to the high fibre content of the stems. The increase in crude-protein in early October, coincided with the expansion of new leaves on the flowering stems.It was concluded that throughout most of the latter part of the growing season A. gayanus did not provide adequate supplies of crude-protein, calcium and particularly phosphorus for normal cattle growth, especially after flowering was completed in late October.