bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Response to Farrell
Authors: Hayward Keith 
Published: September 2011

AbstractThis article responds directly to an article published in this journal in February 2010 by Graham Farrell entitled ‘Situational crime prevention and its discontents: rational choice and harm reduction versus “cultural criminology” ’. (Farrell's article, in turn, was a rejoinder to my original 2007 article ‘Situational crime prevention and its discontents: rational choice theory versus the “culture of now” ’). In his article, Farrell sets out a case for the role of ‘harm reduction’ and rational choice theory as tools to reduce the contemporary crime problem, concluding that ‘Cultural criminology seems to offer little, if anything, useful to inform crime reduction efforts’. This article rejects this statement and offers a counter critique of the instrumental approach promoted by Farrell. Importantly, this response article is not intended as an outright critique of situational crime prevention per se, rather it is an assessment of Farrell's specific critical logic and the various shortcomings associated with his argument.
‘We Know in Part’: How the Positive Apophaticism of Aquinas Transforms the Negative Theology of Pseudo‐Dionysius
Authors: Darley Alan Philip 
Published: September 2011

There has been a new reception and revival of interest in the Pseudo‐Dionysius both in popular and academic circles, which has impacted Thomistic scholarship. Scholars roughly from the time of Vatican II have stressed the importance of Pseudo‐Dionysius to Thomistic thought, in reaction to a previous emphasis on the ‘Aristotelian’ and analytic aspects of Thomistic thought. Whilst this approach uncovered a largely neglected area, the converse now appears to be the case: the Dionysian influence on Thomas is disproportionately exaggerated, leading to a false identification of the two thinkers. This paper argues that whereas the negative theology of Pseudo‐Dionysius entailed the unknowability of God as the One beyond language, concept and being, Thomas developed a ‘positive apophaticism’ that transformed Denys in light of Augustine, Aristotle and, most importantly, Scripture itself.I first trace the roots of apophaticism showing how neo‐Platonism leads to equivocal God‐talk and why Aquinas goes further than Dionysius in his rejection of equivocity. I then show how the unknowability of God taught by Dionysius is qualified by Thomas through his teaching on the ‘quidditative’ knowledge in the next life and through the doctrine of analogy in the present life that makes possible the naming of God using positive ‘perfection terms.’The primary perfection term is Being which, in contrast to the Dionysian God ‘beyond being,’ applies to God literally and pre‐eminently. This has implications for epistemology since, as Aristotle showed, knowledge and rational discourse are grounded in Being. The reason Denys' theology leads to an absolute unknowing is because He denies that God is identical with Being, whereas Aquinas' metaphysics, while denying univocal being, retains true speech about God, including logical discourse by analogy.I finally explain how in spite of believing Dionysius to be a first century apostolic convert, Thomas was able to transform his teaching because of presuppositions regarding the authority of Scripture that he interprets in light of Augustine, Aristotle and a developing understanding of a ‘literal’ sense that stands in contrast to the ‘anagogical’ hermeneutic of Dionysius. This results in an undermining of Dionysian elitism that anticipates the work of the Reformers, beginning with John Wyclif. In the contemporary context, Thomas' ‘positive apophaticism’ offers a powerful resource for addressing an increasingly agnostic culture.
Merkel cell carcinoma – pathogenesis, clinical aspects and treatment
Authors: Schrama D. , Becker J.C. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractMerkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a highly aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin demonstrating a high rate of recurrence and metastasis. Indeed, 5‐year rates for MCC specific survival are only about 60%. Although MCCs’ incidence is rapidly increasing, it is still a very rare tumour. In this regard, the American Cancer Society had estimated for 2008 almost 1500 new cases in the USA. Recently, the newly identified Merkel cell polyomavirus has been found associated with most of the MCC cases. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of MCC is not yet fully understood. Here, we will summarize recent findings of the pathogenesis of MCC, present an overview of clinical aspects and discuss treatment options for MCCs.
DNA polymorphisms and tissue cyclooxygenase‐2 expression in oral lichen planus: a case‐control study
Authors: Abdel Hay R.M. , Fawzy M.M. , Metwally D. , Kadry D. , Ezzat M. , Rashwan W. , Rashed L.A. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackground  Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder defined as a precancerous condition. Special attention has been paid to the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and its potential role in development of oral squamous cell carcinoma. The identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms that affect gene function or expression and contribute to disease predisposition has become a major area of investigation toward understanding the mechanisms for cancer.Objective  The objective of this study is to investigate the association between the COX‐2 765G>C gene polymorphism, tissue COX‐2 expression and the development of OLP as a chronic inflammatory condition.Methods  This study was done on 50 patients with OLP and 50 healthy controls. COX‐2 activity was assessed by measuring tissue prostaglandin E (PGE)2 levels by enzyme immunometric assay kit. COX‐2 765G>C gene polymorphism was assessed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) followed by restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).Results  OLP patients showed statistically significant higher mean PGE2 than the control group. We did not observe any statistically significant differences in genotype distribution or allele frequency between the patients and the control group (P > 0.05). Odds ratio showed no statistically significant association between COX‐2 765G>C polymorphism and lichen planus.Conclusion  The present evidence thus indicates that variation in the COX‐2 gene is unlikely to be of relevance to the aetiology of OLP. As this is the first report concerning the COX‐2 ‐765G>C gene polymorphism and the risk of OLP, additional studies with larger sample size will be required to confirm these findings.
Screening for Intellectual Disability in Children: A Review of the Literature
Authors: McKenzie Karen , Megson Paula 
Published: September 2011

Background  Early identification of possible intellectual disability can help children and families access appropriate services and support more quickly. There has been an increasing interest in the use of screening tools for this purpose. This study reviews the literature in relation to such tools.Methods  A literature search was carried out for English language articles from 1990 to 2009 using a range of databases. Secondary searches were carried out from references of relevant articles.Results  Only one article was identified which examined the ability of an assessment to specifically identify children with a potential intellectual disability; however, no information was provided about sensitivity, specificity or cut‐off points.Conclusions  There is not, as yet, a screening tool that can reliably identify children with a probable intellectual disability. Further research in this area is needed.
Partial characterisation of enterocin KP produced by Enterococcus faecalis KP, a cheese isolate
Authors: ISLEROGLU HILAL , YILDIRIM ZELIHA , TOKATLI MEHMET , ONCUL NILGUN , YILDIRIM METIN 
Published: September 2011

Enterococcus faecalis KP, a bacteriocin‐producing strain, was identified using 16S rRNA gene sequence homology (99%). Enterocin KP from E. faecalis KP was sensitive to papain and ß‐mercaptoethanol, but resistant to trypsin, pepsin, lipase, catalase, α‐amylase, organic solvents, detergents, EDTA and heat treatment (90°C/30 min). It was active at a wide pH range (2.0–8.0) and produced at maximum level in de Mann Rogosa Sharpe broth at 32°C with an inoculum amount of 0.1–1.0% and an initial pH of 5.5–7.5. It was active against some Gram‐positive bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes. It showed bactericidal activity against L. monocytogenes and its molecular weight was approximately 5.8 kDa.
Enhanced innate immune responsiveness and intolerance to intestinal endotoxins in human biliary epithelial cells contributes to chronic cholangitis
Authors: Mueller Tobias , Beutler Claudia , Picó Almudena Hurtado , Shibolet Oren , Pratt Daniel S. , Pascher Andreas , Neuhaus Peter , Wiedenmann Bertram , Berg Thomas , Podolsky Daniel K. 
Published: September 2011

AbstractBackgroundPattern recognition receptors (PRRs) orchestrate the innate immune defence in human biliary epithelial cells (BECs). Tight control of PRR signalling provides tolerance to physiological amounts of intestinal endotoxins in human bile to avoid constant innate immune activation in BECs.AimsWe wanted to determine whether inappropriate innate immune responses to intestinal endotoxins contribute to the development and perpetuation of chronic biliary inflammation.MethodsWe examined PRR‐mediated innate immune responses and protective endotoxin tolerance in primary BECs isolated from patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), alcoholic liver disease and patients without chronic liver disease. Expression studies comprised northern blots, RT‐PCR, Western blots and immunocytochemistry. Functional studies comprised immuno‐precipitation Western blots, FACS for endotoxin uptake, and NF‐κB activation assays and ELISA for secreted IL‐8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α.ResultsPrimary BECs from explanted PSC livers showed reversibly increased TLR and NOD protein expression and activation of the MyD88/IRAK signalling complex. Consecutively, PSC BECs exhibited inappropriate innate immune responses to endotoxins and did not develop immune tolerance after repeated endotoxin exposures. This endotoxin hyper‐responsiveness was probably because of the stimulatory effect of abundantly expressed IFN‐γ and TNF‐α in PSC livers, which stimulated TLR4‐mediated endotoxin signalling in BECs, leading to increased TLR4‐mediated endotoxin incorporation and impaired inactivation of the TLR4 signalling cascade. As TNF‐α inhibition partly restored protective innate immune tolerance, endogenous TNF‐α secretion probably contributed to inappropriate endotoxin responses in BECs.ConclusionInappropriate innate immune responses to intestinal endotoxins and subsequent endotoxin intolerance because of enhanced PRR signalling in BECs probably contribute to chronic cholangitis.
Comparison of Femoral Angulation Measurement Between Radiographs and Anatomic Specimens Across a Broad Range of Varus Conformations
Authors: Palmer Ross H. , Ikuta Courtney L. , Cadmus Jill M. 
Published: September 2011

ObjectiveTo determine if measurement of anatomic lateral distal femoral angle (aLDFA) from radiographs is valid across a broad range of femoral varus conformations.Study DesignRadiographic and anatomic study.Sample PopulationLarge breed canine cadavers (n= 5) and femora (n= 10).MethodsCadavers were held in dorsal recumbency and 8 craniocaudal radiographic projections made of each femur: 1 image pre‐ and postosteotomy and at each of 6 progressive levels of induced distal varus deformity. Femurs were collected. Three blinded examiners independently measured varus on each radiograph (R‐aLDFA) and femoral specimen (S‐aLDFA) on 3 separate occasions. Intra‐ and interobserver variance inR‐aLDFAandS‐aLDFAmeasurements were determined. The strength of relationship betweenR‐aLDFAandS‐aLDFAand positive and negative predictive values forR‐aLDFAwere calculated.ResultsIntra‐ and interobserver variance inR‐aLDFA(mean, 0.54% and 0.40%, respectively) andS‐aLDFA(mean, 0.43% and 0.41%, respectively) were acceptable. The strength of relationship betweenR‐aLDFAandS‐aLDFA(adjustedR2= 78.2%) was marginally below the acceptance criterion of 80%. UsingaLDFA≥ 102° as an indication for corrective femoral osteotomy, radiography was successful in correctly identifying corrective femoral osteotomy candidates (positive predictive value) and noncandidates (negative predictive value) 72% and 96% of the time, respectively.ConclusionR‐aLDFAdid not reach the desired accuracy for femoral varus measurement across the range of conformations evaluated.
Na+,K+-ATPase activity is increased in rats subjected to chronic administration of ketamine
Authors: De Luca Renata D. , Fraga Daiane de B. , Ghedim Fernando V. , Kolling Janaína , Ferreira Andrea G. K. , Cunha Aline A. , Wyse Angela T. S. , Zugno Alexandra I. 
Published: September 2011

De Luca RD, Fraga DB, Ghedim FV, Kolling J, Ferreira AGK, Cunha AA, Wyse ATS, Zugno AI. Na+,K+-ATPase activity is increased in rats subjected to chronic administration of ketamine.Objective: Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric disorder. Symptoms of schizophrenia can be divided into positive, negative and cognitive, and the physiopathology is still been unknown. Na+,K+-ATPase is a protein in its role as a maintainer of fluid balance in all mammals and alterations in this enzyme could cause brain abnormalities. The aim of our study was to investigate the activity of this enzyme in rats submitted to chronic administration of ketamine.Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were submitted to sub-anaesthetic doses of the 25 mg/kg ketamine by seven consecutive days and the Na+,K+-ATPase activity was analysed in prefrontal and hippocampus of rats.Results: We observed an increase in Na+,K+-ATPase activity in prefrontal cortex administration of 25 mg/kg ketamine. However, ketamine has no effect in hippocampus.Conclusion: This evidence indicates that the alteration in Na+,K+-ATPase may be related with glutamatergic system and consequently could be related to the development of schizophrenia.
Effect of ill‐fitting dentures on the swallowing duration in patients using polygraphy
Authors: Monaco Annalisa , Cattaneo Ruggero , Masci Chiara , Spadaro Alessandro , Marzo Giuseppe 
Published: September 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00536.xEffect of ill‐fitting dentures on the swallowing duration in patients using polygraphyBackground:  Surface electromyography (SEMG) has been widely used in the recent years to study swallowing physiology, offering a valid and reliable tool for identifying normal swallowing. The goal of our study was to assess the contribution of denture fitness in the age‐related increase of swallowing duration.Methods:  Twenty denture wearers and 20 dentate individuals were analysed using SEMG and a computerised kinesiography of mandibular movement. Three spontaneous saliva swallowings were recorded for each patient with both their old and new prostheses. Three spontaneous saliva swallowings were recorded for each dentate person in two different recording sessions.Results:  Old prosthesis mean swallowing time was 1.84 (SD ± 0.85) seconds while the new well‐fitting prostheses needed a 1.28 (SD ± 0.55) (p = 0.0009) swallowing time. The difference in swallowing time was significant (p = 0.01) between dentate subjects and individuals wearing an old prosthesis. No significant difference was found between dentate subjects and the same prosthesis wearers when a new well‐fitting prosthesis was worn.Conclusion:  Data presented in this work suggest that part of the increased duration of swallowing showed by elderly and healthy people is because of incorrect an dental prosthesis. Prolongation of swallowing duration in the elderly population could be reconsidered in the light of the quality of dental device worn by the aged population.
Influences of age and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient’s satisfaction with dental appearance and tooth colour
Authors: Lajnert Vlatka , Pavičić Daniela K. , Gržić Renata , Kovač Zoran , Pahor Đana , Kuis̆ Davor , Simonić‐Kocijan Sunčana , Antonić Robert , Bakarčić Danko 
Published: September 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00543.xInfluences of age and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient’s satisfaction with dental appearance and tooth colourObjectives:  To study the impact of age, gender, tooth colour and maxillary anterior teeth status on patient’s satisfaction with their dental appearance.Material and methods:  A total of 259 Caucasian subjects participated in the study (119 men, mean age 56 years; 140 women, mean age 61 years) divided into three age groups (young <35 age; middle aged 35–54 age; old ≥55 age). Their maxillary anterior teeth status was classified into three groups: (1) natural teeth (NTG) group; (2) composite filling group (CFG) and (3) porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal fixed prosthodontic restoration group (FPDG). The participants judged appearance and tooth colour using a scale with three categories: completely dissatisfied, moderately dissatisfied and completely satisfied.Results:  Almost half of the participants were completely satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. Half of the ‘young’ and ‘middle‐aged’ participants with natural maxillary anterior teeth were completely satisfied and half of the ‘old’ participants were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance and tooth colour. The majority of participants with composite restorations (45–51%) were moderately satisfied with their dental appearance, one‐third of ‘young’ and ‘middle‐aged’ participants were moderately satisfied or dissatisfied with their tooth colour and more than 70% of older participants were dissatisfied with their tooth colour (p > 0.05).Conclusions:  Satisfaction with the appearance of the maxillary anterior teeth differed both between individuals of different age and different dental status.
Leu138 in bovine prion peptide fibrils is involved in seeding discrimination related to codon 129 M/V polymorphism in the prion peptide seeding experiment
Authors: Liao Tai‐Yan , Lee Lily Y.‐L. , Chen Rita P.‐Y. 
Published: September 2011

The risk of acquiring variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease is closely related to polymorphism at codon 129 of the human prion gene, because almost all variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease patients are Met/Met homozygotes. Although animal transmission experiments corroborated this seeding discrimination, the origin of the differential seeding efficiency of the bovine prion seed for human codon 129 polymorphism remained elusive. Here, we used a short prion protein (PrP) peptide as a model system to test whether seeding discrimination can be found in this simple system. We used a previously developed ‘seed‐titration method’ and time‐resolved CD spectroscopy to compare sequence‐dependent seeding efficiency regarding codon 129 polymorphism. Our results showed that the Met→Val substitution on the human PrP (huPrP) peptide decreased seeding efficiency by 10 times when fibrils formed from bovine PrP (bPrP) peptide were used as the seed. To explore whether the different seeding barrier is due to the chemical and structural properties of Met and Val or whether another residue is involved in this peptide model, we constructed three bPrP mutants, V112M, L138I and N143S, in each of which one residue was replaced by the corresponding human residue. Our data showed that Leu138 in the bPrP seed might be the key residue causing the different seeding efficiencies related to 129M/V polymorphism and the interference effect of huPrP129V in the huPrP129M/V mixture. We propose a ‘surface competition hypothesis’ to explain the big seeding barrier caused by 129V in the PrP peptide seeding experiment.Structured digital abstract
huPrP aggregates with bPrP by circular dichroism (View Interaction 1, 2)
bPrP aggregates with bPrP by circular dichroism (View interaction)
bPrP aggregates with bPrP by electron microscopy (View interaction)
bPrP aggregates with bPrP by fluorescence technology (View interaction)
huPrP aggregates with huPrP by electron microscopy (View interaction)
huPrP aggregates with huPrP by fluorescence technology (View interaction)
huPrP aggregates with huPrP by circular dichroism (View interaction)
Role of Euphalerus ostreoides (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) in manipulating leaflet ontogenesis of Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus (Fabaceae)
Authors: Isaias Rosy Mary dos Santos , Coelho Denis de Oliveira , Carneiro Renê Gonçalves da Silva 
Published: September 2011

This study deals with the ontogenesis of leaflets and galls induced by Euphalerus ostreoides Crawf. on the second-order veins of leaflets of Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus Hassl. Leaflets had a median submarginal developmental pattern with four layers of ground meristem. Procambial strands were differentiated from the median layers. Simple nonglandular trichomes were differentiated from the protoderm and abscised before leaflet maturation. Mature leaflets had uniseriate epidermis and isolateral mesophyll. Galls were bivalve-shaped, with a single nymphal chamber and glabrous outer epidermis. Sparse trichomes occurred on the margin of the valves and inner epidermis. Cecidogenesis led to vascular neoformation, cell hypertrophy, and conspicuous hyperplasia of the cortical layers, with cytological distinctiveness. Histochemistry of invertases indicated that sugars supplied plant cell machinery. The developmental pattern of nongalled leaf tissues of L. muehlbergianus, as well as the variations caused by the feeding activity of E. ostreoides, were in accordance with a developmental model proposed for Psyllidae galls in the Neotropics. The valves are vascularized leafy appendages that originated from the most adaxial layers of the ground meristem. Vascularization supplied additional feeding sites to E. ostreoides, as well as water uptake, which were of major importance in the determination of the final shape of the gall.
COSMOLOGY OF EINSTEIN–VLASOV SYSTEM IN A WEAK MODIFICATION OF GENERAL RELATIVITY
Authors: CORDA CHRISTIAN 
Published: September 2011

In earlier work it was shown that a weak modification of general relativity, in the linearized approach, renders a spherically symmetric and stationary model of the Universe. This was due to the presence of a third mode of polarization in the linearized gravity in which a "curvature energy" term is present. Such term was identified as the Dark Energy of the Universe. In this paper a more realistic model is discussed. A different cosmological solution to the Einstein–Vlasov system is analyzed. This solution shows reasonable results which are within the standard bounds predicted by the cosmological observations.
Better Late than Early: FDG-PET Imaging in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Harrison Michael R. , George Daniel J. 
Published: September 2011

Abstract
Sunitinib treatment benefits patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), but response duration can vary widely and resistance is not predicted by standard measures. [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-2-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) uptake is variable in mRCC, but changes in FDG-PET uptake may be useful in monitoring disease progression. Further work is needed to personalize treatment for patients with mRCC. Clin Cancer Res; 17(18); 5841–3. ©2011 AACR.