bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in volatile composition during fruit development and ripening of ‘Alphonso’ mango
Authors: Pandit Sagar S , Kulkarni Ram S , Chidley Hemangi G , Giri Ashok P , Pujari Keshav H , Köllner Tobias G , Degenhardt Jörg , Gershenzon Jonathan , Gupta Vidya S 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Volatile blends of five developing and five ripening stages of mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Alphonso) were investigated along with those of flowers and leaves. Raw and ripe fruits of cv. Sabja were also used for comparison.RESULTS: A total of 55 volatiles belonging to various chemical classes such as aldehydes, alcohols, mono‐ and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, lactones and furanones were identified. In all Alphonso tissues monoterpenes quantitatively dominated, with 57–99% contribution; in particular, (Z)‐ocimene was found in the highest amount. Ripeness was characterized by the de novo appearance of lactones and furanones in the blend of monoterpenes. Sabja was distinguished by the abundance of monoterpene hydrocarbons in the raw fruit, and that of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and their derivatives in the ripe stage.CONCLUSION: Various stages of the Alphonso fruit during transition from flower to ripe fruit are characterized by unique volatile signatures that are distinguished from each other by the qualitative and quantitative appearance of different volatile compounds. Thus volatiles can be highly informative markers while studying the development and ripening of mango. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical and sensory stability of fried‐salted peanuts flavored with oregano essential oil and olive oil
Authors: Olmedo Rubén H , Asensio Claudia , Nepote Valeria , Mestrallet Marta G , Grosso Nelson R 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Synthetic antioxidants, such as BHA, BHT and PG, are used in many foods to prevent rancidity. However, their health safety is questioned. There is renewed interest in the increased use of naturally occurring antioxidants such as essential oils from aromatic plants. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of oregano essential oil and olive oil on the oxidative stability of fried‐salted peanuts.RESULTS: Fried‐salted peanuts (FP), fried‐salted peanuts with oregano essential oil (FP‐O) and fried‐salted peanuts with oregano essential oil and olive oil (FP‐OO) were prepared. Peroxide value (PV), p‐anisidine value (AV) and conjugated diene (CD) measurements, and descriptive analysis were analyzed on the products during 112 days of storage. FP‐OO showed higher stability during storage. PV and AV at the end of storage were lower in FP‐OO (57.70–7.77, respectively) followed by FP‐O (63.94–8.30) and FP (76.38–9.33, respectively). The oxidized and cardboard flavor intensities increased more in FP during storage than the other products while the roasted peanutty flavor also decreased more in FP.CONCLUSION: Oregano essential oil and olive oil showed protective effect against lipid oxidation in fried‐salted peanuts increasing the shelf‐life of this product. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Modeling of protein breakthrough performance in cryogel columns by taking into account the overall axial dispersion
Authors: Yun Junxian , Kirsebom Harald , Galaev Igor Yu , Mattiasson Bo 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA model considering the overall axial dispersion for describing protein adsorption and breakthrough in monolithic cryogel beds has been developed. The microstructure of cryogels was characterized by tortuous capillaries with a normal diameter distribution but a constant pore wall thickness. The axial dispersion within cryogel columns was described by using the overall axial dispersion coefficient, which can be easily obtained by matching the experimental breakthrough curves without adsorption or measuring residence time distributions (RTDs). Experimental breakthrough curves of lysozyme within a metal‐chelated affinity cryogel by Persson et al. (Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2004, 88, 224–236) and a cation‐exchange cryogel by Yao et al. (J. Chromatogr. A 2007, 1157, 246–251) were employed as examples to test the model. The results showed that by using the axial dispersion coefficient and assuming uniform radial concentration profile at a given cross‐section of the cryogel along the bed height, the model can describe the detailed behaviors of the in‐bed overall axial dispersion, the in‐pore mass transfer, as well as the protein adsorption and breakthrough. For a known overall axial dispersion coefficient, the lumped parameter of the mass transfer coefficient between the bulk liquid and the capillary wall can be determined by fitting the protein breakthrough curve at a known chromatographic condition. Once this parameter is determined, the model can be used to predict the protein breakthrough profiles under different conditions based on the basic physical parameters of the cryogel bed and the properties of the fluid and protein. The effective capillary diameters employed in the model are close to the actual pore sizes observed from the images by SEM. The model predictions of lysozyme breakthrough profiles at various flow rates are also in good agreement with the experimental data in both the metal‐chelated affinity and cation‐exchange cryogel columns.
Affinity Study of Novel Gelatin Cell Carriers for Fibronectin
Authors: Van Vlierberghe Sandra , Vanderleyden Els , Dubruel Peter , De Vos Filip , Schacht Etienne 
Published: July 2009

AbstractIn the present work, the gelatin/fibronectin affinity was evaluated using SPR, QCM and radiolabelling. The results indicate that type A gelatin films possess a higher affinity for Fn compared to type B gelatin. This is due to a combined hydrophobic and electrostatic interaction between gelatin type A and Fn. In a second part, the affinity of Fn for porous gelatin scaffolds was evaluated. The scaffolds were prepared by a cryogenic treatment and subsequent freeze‐drying yielding type I and type II scaffolds which possess different pore geometries/sizes. The results indicate that the Fn density on the scaffolds can be fine‐tuned by varying the Fn concentration, the gelatin type (A vs. B), the pore size/geometry (type I vs. type II scaffolds).magnified image
Electrospun Composite Mats of Poly[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] and Collagen with High Porosity as Potential Scaffolds for Skin Tissue Engineering
Authors: Yang Ye , Zhu Xinli , Cui Wenguo , Li Xiaohong , Jin Yan 
Published: July 2009

AbstractElectrospun composite mats of poly[(D,L‐lactide)‐co‐glycolide] and collagen with high porosities of 85–90% and extended pore sizes of 90–130 µm were prepared to mimic the ECM morphologically and chemically. The existence of collagen molecules on the fiber surface was confirmed, enabling the cells to find enhanced binding sites for their integrin receptors. The mechanical data for the blended fibrous mats indicated that they were sufficiently durable for dermal tissue engineering. Fibroblasts derived from GFP transgenic C57BL/6 mice were used to directly observe cell proliferation, and the inoculation of collagen enhanced cell attachment, proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion, which were found to be dependent on the amount of collagen in the composite scaffold.magnified image
Preparation of Composite Polymer Particles by Seeded Dispersion Polymerization in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Minami Hideto , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Okubo Masayoshi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: Submicron‐sized monodisperse PS particles were prepared by dispersion polymerization of styrene in ionic liquids with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) as stabilizer. Seeded dispersion polymerization of MMA was subsequently carried out with PS seeds in [Bmim][BF4] to prepare PS/PMMA composite particles. Observation of the obtained particles of ultrathin cross‐sections with a scanning and transmission electron microscope revealed that no secondary nucleation occurred during the seeded dispersion polymerization and that the particles have a core‐shell morphology consisting of a PS core and a PMMA shell. Successful preparation of PS/PMMA composite particles in an ionic liquid has thus been demonstrated. Moreover, PS/PAA (PS‐core/PAA‐shell) composite particles were prepared by seeded dispersion polymerization in [DEME][TFSI], illustrating that hydrophobic/hydrophilic composite particles can be readily prepared in the ionic liquid.
Monodisperse Particles Based on Copolymers of Methyl methacrylate or Styrene with N‐Vinylformamide
Authors: Menshikova Anastasia , Evseeva Tatiana , Shevchenko Natalya , Shabsels Boris , Yakimansky Alexander , Ivanchev Sergey 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSammary: Various techniques of one‐step batch emulsion copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) or styrene (St) with N‐vinylformamide (NVF) initiated by 2,2′‐azobis(2‐methylpropanamidine) (AIBA) or 2,2′‐azobis[4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐yl] (AIP) dihydrochlorides in the presence of dextran, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) or without any stabilizers were examined to obtain monodisperse submicron and nano‐ particles, having both positive surface charge and hydrophilic surface. After hydrolysis in acidic media, the particle surface contained amino groups originating from NVF units along with carboxylic groups from hydrolyzed initiator residues. The obtained particles were tested as building blocks of hierarchic structures. Owing to their amphiphilic surface, the particles were capable of self‐assembling from their dispersions into three‐dimentional (3D) ordered arrays.
Monodisperse Magnetic Polymeric Composite Particles for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lu Shulai , Ramos Jose , Forcada Jacqueline 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: Magnetic polymeric composite particles (MPCPs) were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of hydrophobic magnetic nanoparticles with hexadecane (HD) as hydrophobe, 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an emulsifier or sodium p‐styrenesulfonate (NaSS) as an ionic comonomer. The hydrophobic magnetite particles with an average of about 10 nm were prepared by acidification of the water‐based magnetite ferrofluid, previously synthesized by a chemical coprecipitation method. The results show that miniemulsion polymerization is an effective method for encapsulation of magnetite into a hydrophobic polymer. Exposed magnetite particles and pure polymer particles can be avoided by selection of appropriate preparation conditions.
Hydrophilic Microspheres Containing αα‐tert Butoxy‐ωω‐vinylbenzyl‐polyglycidol for Immunodiagnostics: Synthesis, Properties and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Basinska Teresa , Krolik Sylwia , Slomkowski Stanislaw 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: Synthesis, characteristics and medical diagnostic application of core‐shell poly(styrene/α‐tert‐butoxy‐ω‐(vinylbenzyl)polyglycidol) (P(S/PGL)) microspheres are described. The particles were prepared by soap‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene and α‐tert‐butoxy‐ω‐(vinylbenzyl)polyglycidol macromonomer (PGL) initiated with potassium persulfate. The polymerization in water yielded microspheres with diameters in the range from 220 to 650 nm, depending on concentration of the macromonomer. Polydispersity was usually below 1.06. The fraction of PGL in interfacial layer of microspheres ranged from 0 to 42 mol.% (estimated by XPS). Microspheres suspended in NaCl solutions manifested fully reversible swelling‐deswelling properties of their interfacial layer with characteristic transition temperature (Tt) slightly dependent on NaCl concentration. The adsorption of human serum albumin on the surface of P(S/PGL) microspheres was highly reduced when the PGL surface fraction exceeded 40 mol.%. P(S/PGL) microspheres with immobilized antigens Helicobacter pylori were used for detection of antibodies against. The test was based on monitoring differences in electrophoretic mobility of P(S/PGL) microspheres covalently bound H. pylori antigens and antibodies against H. pylori in blood serum.
Encapsulation of Local Anesthetic Bupivacaine in Biodegradable Poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) Nanospheres: Factorial Design, Characterization and Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Moraes Carolina Morales , de Lima Renata , Rosa André Henrique , de Paula Eneida , Fraceto Leonardo Fernandes 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: Local anesthetic agents cause temporary blockade of nerve impulses productiong insensitivity to painful stimuli in the area supplied by that nerve. Bupivacaine (BVC) is an amide‐type local anesthetic widely used in surgery and obstetrics for sustained peripheral and central nerve blockade. In this study, we prepared and characterized nanosphere formulations containing BVC. To achieve these goals, BVC loaded poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA) nanospheres (NS) were prepared by nanopreciptation and characterized with regard to size distribution, drug loading and cytotoxicity assays. The 23‐1 factorial experimental design was used to study the influence of three different independent variables on nanoparticle drug loading. BVC was assayed by HPLC, the particle size and zeta potential were determined by dynamic light scattering. BVC was determined using a combined ultrafiltration‐centrifugation technique. The results of optimized formulations showed a narrow size distribution with a polydispersivity of 0.05%, an average diameter of 236.7 ± 2.6 nm and the zeta potential −2.93 ± 1,10 mV. In toxicity studies with fibroblast 3T3 cells, BVC loaded‐PLGA‐NS increased cell viability, in comparison with the effect produced by free BVC. In this way, BVC‐loaded PLGA‐NS decreased BVC toxicity. The development of BVC formulations in carriers such as nanospheres could offer the possibility of controlling drug delivery in biological systems, prolonging the anesthetic effect and reducing toxicity.
pH‐ and Ionic‐Strength‐Induced Structural Changes in Poly(acrylic acid)‐Lipid‐Based Self‐Assembled Materials
Authors: Crisci Anthony , Hay Daniel N. T. , Seifert Sönke , Firestone Millicent A. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: The effect of a polyanion introduced as a lipid conjugate (poly(acrylic acid)‐ dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine, PAA‐DMPE) on the structure of a self‐assembled, biomembrane mimetic has been evaluated using synchrotron small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). At high grafting density (8–11 mol.%), the PAA chains were found to produce significant changes in structure in response to changes in pH and electrolyte composition. At low pH and in the absence of salt (NaCl), the neutral PAA chains adopt a coil conformational state that leads to the formation of a swollen lamellar structure. Upon the addition of salt at low to intermediate pH values, two lamellar phases, a collapsed and an expanded structure, coexist. Finally, when the polymer is fully ionized (at high pH), the extended conformation of the polymer generates a cubic phase. The results of this study contribute to an understanding of how polyelectrolytes may ultimately be harnessed for the preparation of self‐assembling materials responsive to external stimuli.
A Novel Estimation Method of the Distribution of Carboxyl Groups Within Copolymer Particles Using Isothermal Titration Calorimeter
Authors: Suzuki Toyoko , Yanagisawa Miyuki , Okubo Masayoshi 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: A novel quantitative method using isothermal titration calorimeter (ITC) for the estimation of the distribution of carboxyl groups within polymer particles has been proposed. The method has been employed to clarify the difference in the distribution between the particles prepared by batch emulsion copolymerization of styrene and methacrylic acid under inefficient and efficient stirring conditions. At inefficient stirring, monomer was floating as a layer on the aqueous medium, whereas at efficient stirring, the monomer phase was dispersed as droplets. Under inefficient stirring, methacrylic acid (MAA) polymerized faster than styrene (S) due to a slower diffusion rate of S than MAA into the aqueous medium, while under efficient stirring, S and MAA copolymerized at similar rates. ITC measurement showed that under inefficient stirring, the carboxyl groups were distributed mainly in the center of the particles, and their number decreased toward the surface. On the other hand, under efficient stirring, carboxyl groups were distributed homogeneously inside the particle.
Functionalised Microgels for Acrylic Coatings
Authors: Machotová Jana , Šňupárek Jaromír 
Published: July 2009

AbstractSummary: Aqueous acrylic dispersions of hydroxy‐functionalised copolymer microgel particles crosslinked with allyl methacrylate were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. The microgels were investigated as reactive polymer fillers in mixtures with a water‐borne film‐forming dispersion. Properties of coatings cast from mixtures of aqueous dispersion of hard microgel particles and film‐forming water‐borne dispersion were investigated. The swelling behaviour of microgels in selected solvents (aliphatic ketones) as a function of microgel composition is discussed as well. It was found that the swelling ability of microgels decreased with growing degree of crosslinking. Microgels comprising copolymerised butyl methacrylate swelled less in aliphatic ketones than microgels without this comonomer. This work was focused mainly on the influence of microgels incorporated in the commercial solvent‐borne acrylic binders on the properties of coatings. It was shown that the application of microgels that were redispersed in acetone did not affect the surface appearance and transparency of coatings. Moreover, the presence of microgel network precursors accelerated film curing at ambient temperature and improved the final hardness of coatings.
Detection and climatology of fronts in a high‐resolution model reanalysis over the Alps
Authors: Jenkner J. , Sprenger M. , Schwenk I. , Schwierz C. , Dierer S. , Leuenberger D. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThe identification of low‐level thermal fronts is particularly challenging in high‐resolution model fields over complex terrain. Firstly, direct model output often contains numerical noise which spuriously influences the high‐frequency variability of thermal parameters. Secondly, the boundary layer interferes via convection and consequently leaves its thermal marks on low levels. Here, an automated objective method for the detection of frontal lines is introduced which is designed to be insusceptible to consequences of small grid spacings. To this end, existing algorithms are readopted and combined in a novel way. The overall technique subdivides into a basic detection of fronts and a supplemental division into local fronts and synoptic fronts. The fundamental parts of the detection are: (1) a smoothing of the initial fields, (2) a definition of the frontal strength, and, (3) a localisation with the thermal front parameter. The local fronts are identified by means of a classification of open and closed thermal contours. The resulting data comprise the spatial outline of the frontal structures in a binary field as well as their type and movement. The novel methodology is applied to a 3 year high‐resolution reanalysis over central Europe computed with the COSMO model using a grid spacing of 7 km. Grid‐point based climatologies are derived for the Alpine region. Frequencies of occurrence and characteristics of motion are analysed for different frontal types. The novel climatology also provides quantitative evidence of dynamical properties such as the retardation of cold fronts ahead of mountains and the dissolution of warm fronts over mountains. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Effect of gate‐to‐source capacitance of high‐power Si‐LDMOS FET on the asymmetrical intermodulation and modulation bandwidth of base‐station amplifiers
Authors: Chung Younkyu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis letter presents the effect of the gate‐to‐source capacitance (Cgs) on the imbalance of the intermodulation distortion (IMD) and modulation bandwidth of Si‐LDMOS field effect transistor (FET) high‐power base‐station PAs. It is revealed that the strong Cgsnonlinearity at the input gate of the LDMOS significantly contributes to the output intermodulation imbalance and plays an important role in determining the modulation bandwidth. The Volterra series analysis is used to qualitatively understand and describe the mechanism. The frequency‐sensitive baseband impedance, which is presented to Cgsand is proven to be one of the main factors to the imbalance in the analysis, is experimentally changed by manipulating the bias circuitry. The output IMD imbalance behavior is examined with two‐tone signals for the PA with the MRF5S18060 Si‐LDMOS FET. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2448–2451, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24597
Prediction of radiated EMI from PCB excited by switching noise of IC
Authors: Park Hyun Ho , Jung Jin‐Hwan , Jang Tae‐Sun , Han Sang‐Tae , Song Seung‐Hyun , Park Jae‐Jin , Park Hark‐Byeong 
Published: July 2009

AbstractThis article describes a methodology to predict radiated emission from the printed circuit boards (PCBs) excited by switching noise of integrated circuits (ICs). Radiation characteristics of PCBs were simulated by using commercial 3D full‐wave softwares. IC's switching noise was obtained by measurement. The radiated emission can be calculated by these two factors. To verify the calculation, test PCBs composed of power and ground plane were designed and measured in a 3 m semi‐anechoic chamber. The calculated radiated emission showed a good agreement with the measured results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2262–2266, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24603
Wideband coupled‐fed PIFA for HAC penta‐band clamshell mobile phone
Authors: Chen Wei‐Yu , Wong Kin‐Lu 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA wideband coupled‐fed PIFA suitable for application in the clamshell mobile phone for achieving WWAN operation and meeting hearing‐aid compatibility (HAC) standard ANSI C63.19‐2007 is presented. The coupled‐fed PIFA is formed by two coupled strips (a longer one and a shorter one) capacitively fed by a common feeding strip, all printed on a thin 0.8‐mm FR4 substrate and folded into a small size of 6 × 5.8 × 45 mm3(about 1.6 cm3). The coupled‐fed PIFA is mounted at the hinge of the clamshell mobile phone and provides a very wide operating band of about 1.5 GHz (from about 0.8–2.3 GHz) to cover the penta‐band operation of GSM850/900/1800/1900/UMTS. With the wideband operation obtained, the radiated E‐field and H‐field strengths on the 50 × 50 mm2observation plane centered 15 mm above the center of the acoustic output of the clamshell mobile phone are evaluated to be in the M3 or M4 Category, making the mobile phone as a hearing‐aid compatible communication device. The clamshell mobile phone with the coupled‐fed PIFA also meets the SAR (specific absorption rate) limit of 1.6 W/kg for the 1‐g head tissue. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2369–2374, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24620
Modulated backscatter microwave security sensor
Authors: Cantú Horacio I. , Fusco Vincent F. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA system capable of deployment as a microwave security sensor which can automatically reject background clutter is presented. The principle of operation is based on analog homodyne detection using I, Q single side‐band down conversion of an AM backscattered modulating signal envelope. A demonstrator is presented which operates with a carrier frequency of 2 GHz and 500 KHz backscattered signal. When deployed in a multipath rich open plan office environment the S/N ratio obtained at the detection output was better than 20 dB at 20 m range with 20 dBm EIRP in a 2 MHz detection bandwidth despite the presence of time varying and static clutter. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 2492–2495, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24636