bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy
Authors: Burgorgue-Larsen Laurence 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that effectiveness is simply not a given, and looks at how states persisted in tinkering with the rules governing the courts’ jurisdiction. The denunciation of the African Court’s jurisdiction by four African states—Rwanda, Tanzania, Benin, and Côte d’Ivoire—offers just one recent example, as well as the exclusion of Russia from the Council of Europe. The overall comparative analysis of the Courts’ institutional evolution points up just how fragile they are, given their dependency on the goodwill of the states and how complex and involved their situation is. In Europe, the process by which the European Convention on Human Rights was ‘jurisdictionalized’ for all 47 members states of the Council of Europe was quite a long and drawn-out saga, but the trend towards eventual acceptance was always clear. In the Americas and Africa, by contrast, the levels of acceptance of each Court’s jurisdiction vary enormously, even today, with predictably complex results.
Being Christian
Authors: Arnold John H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This final chapter explores what it meant to ‘be Christian’ at an individual level, in the later thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries: what it meant in terms of the practices of life, bodily comportment, personal actions, and in terms of inner disposition, internal reflection, and cognition, ‘belief’. It uses one very lengthy inquisition deposition, by a shepherd called Pierre Maury, as its core evidence, turning also to preaching exempla, other inquisition depositions, and further evidence to explore various issues of bodily comportment, emotions, senses, perspectives, and social contexts. It seeks also, with the help of some key pastoral literature, to uncover the complexities of what ‘believing’ was understood to involve for ordinary Christians, and how this had become both more elaborate and more demanding by the fourteenth century. The chapter includes discussion of heresy, doubt, and belief in magic, alongside a core focus on orthodox lay belief.
On Prevalence and Prudence
Authors: Eyal Nir 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
John Roemer’s pragmatic proposal for luck-egalitarian planners normalizes risky choices for individuals’ social “types,” such that risk takers from types where the same risky behaviors are prevalent retain their just entitlements to societal redress, and ones from types where they are rare encounter just penalties. This chapter shows, however, that risky behaviors that are prevalent in one’s type do not always intuitively retain rights to redress, and that ones that are rare in one’s type do not always intuitively deserve a penalty. The chapter puts forth a pragmatic proposal that may complement and partly replace Roemer’s.
Progressive Reciprocal Responsibility
Authors: Savulescu Julian , Marber Peter 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Why have some countries been able to implement quarantines and roll-out vaccines effectively quickly, while others have suffered with poor widescale public support and compliance? Part of the reason is because of a lack of fair, well-articulated government policies to deal with the costs of necessary lockdowns and other protocols, along with uneven citizen compliance and behaviour. We argue for a progressive reciprocity framework. We argue that governments have a responsibility to make the costs of mandatory restrictions of liberty reasonable and this provides a reciprocal responsibility to comply and sacrifice freedom and some level of well-being for the common good. We introduce a “Quarantine Bill of Rights”, as both an ethical, economic, and responsible template for governments and citizens responding to pandemics. It provides incentives for greater public quarantine and vaccine compliance which can end future health crises faster, thereby reducing overall societal harm. We ask individuals to take responsibility during a pandemic, but this is a reasonable demand only if states themselves take responsibility for the ongoing welfare of their citizens, including those who bear the costs of government strategy to address pandemic threats, such as lockdowns and vaccination efforts. Our proposal also addresses the long-term economic damage when such crises have not been contained quickly enough. Such an accord should become a universal governing principle, perhaps under the auspices of the World Health Organization or another multilateral organization. Governments have responsibilities to all of their citizens, not merely citizens to each other.
An introduction to Bilateria
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Bilaterally symmetrical animals comprise the overwhelming majority of metazoan species. Bilaterality evolved once, early in the evolution of the clade known as Bilateria. The driving force for bilaterality was probably the evolution of active locomotion in search of food. Once bilateral symmetry and an anterior–posterior axis evolved, there was a significant radiation and diversification of different forms. However, many lineages converged on a simple long and thin body plan, which we identify by the generic term “worms”. All bilaterians, regardless of their general shape, have three germ layers, with the intermediate layer, the mesoderm, being one of the defining characters of Bilateria. Looking at the diversity of Bilateria, we can try to identify common characters that could have originated in the common ancestor of all Bilateria, a hypothetical animal known as Urbilateria. There is an ongoing debate about how complex this ancestor was, with some researchers reconstructing a simple worm, with the bare minimum needed to be a bilaterian animal. Others reconstruct a much more complex organism, with characters found in distantly related taxa.
Echinodermata
Authors: Chipman Ariel D. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Echinodermata is a bilaterian phylum with a body plan that has diverged significantly from the common bilaterian plan. Echinoderms are pentaradially symmetrical and have a unique type of mesodermal skeleton that lies just under the integument. In addition, they display several more unique structures and systems, such as the water vascular system that functions in gas exchange, excretion, and locomotion, and mutable collagenous tissue that is able to change its physical properties under neuronal control and become alternately rigid or relaxed. The five classes within Echinodermata each use these unusual components differently and have different manifestations of the radial symmetry, sometimes evolving a secondary anterior–posterior axis. The five extant classes are Echinoidea (sea urchins), Asteroidea (sea stars), Ophiuroidea (brittle stars), Crinoidea (sea lilies), and Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers).
Migrant Remittances and their Recipients
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Doyle David , Solaz Hector , Tertytchnaya Katerina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Before putting the book’s theoretical argument to the test, this chapter provides a descriptive overview of remittance trends around the world and considers the characteristics of remittances’ recipients in the region of interest. The first section of this chapter draws on cross-national data on remittances spanning three decades to offer an overview of remittance flows. The second section of this chapter leverages survey evidence from Central-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia to sketch the profile of remittance recipients in this region. The chapter also considers how households use remittances. It finally draws on focus group data to explore what remittances mean to recipients, a first for the literature.
Remittances and Interactions with the State
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Doyle David , Solaz Hector , Tertytchnaya Katerina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that changes in remittances alter the way recipients interact with, and rely upon, their state, particularly with regard to government welfare transfers and material assistance. The first part of the chapter explores how recipients interact with, and perceive the role of the state in the economy. The second part of the chapter explores what happens when remittances decline. Findings suggest that recipients are less reliant on state welfare goods than non-recipients and also believe that their state should play a reduced role in key sectors of the national economy. Nonetheless, they are also more likely to interact with their state. When remittances decline, recipients become more dependent on state transfers and they are also more likely to seek material assistance from the state. The analysis relies on cross-national survey data from Central-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus, and Central Asia and on focus group data from Kyrgyzstan.
Pansophia
Authors: Burton Simon J. G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers Jan Amos Comenius, the trail-blazing Czech pedagogue, and his development of a Trinitarian and pansophic method for the universal reform of Church and society and the attainment of a human omniscience mirroring that of God. It seeks to reconnect the universal reformation of the seventeenth century with its late medieval roots. It begins by considering the way that his Ramist and Lullist formation combined with his own Hussite heritage and his engagement with Francis Bacon, Tomasso Campanella, and Rosicrucianism into a pansophic programme of reform. It also considers Comenius’ Lullist and mathematical reconfiguring of Ramism into a new Trinitarian and trichotomous logic. It concludes by showing how Comenius’ pansophia came to fruition in an ambitious project of universal reform profoundly indebted to Cusa and Campanella and seeking to fulfil Ramus’ idealistic dream of the renewal of Christendom and the total transformation of Church, academy, and society.
Culture and Globalization in Postconflict Trauma Care
Authors: Sandhya Shaifali 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6, “Culture and Globalization in Postconflict Trauma Care,” explores how culture, i.e., the normative ways of relating, behaving, and believing by a particular group of people, can shape the trauma experience, expression, and engagement. The chapter proposes extending the depth and scope of culture in both the clinic and the community with an aim to improving, scaling up, and empowering the mental health capacity of host nations through harnessing local sources of resilience. The chapter explores posttraumatic stress as a cultural entity among refugees, shaped by navigating various subcultures or by engaging with local cultural constructs of well-being and distress. The chapter uses Hollowell’s five frames to harness cultural knowledge by tapping into respondents’ descriptions of their experiences organized across five parameters of their behavioral sphere. It highlights the value of utilizing person-centered ethnographies to integrate subjective experiences, explores the role of local expressions of refugee well-being and illness and illustrates culture as dynamic that can be negotiated for the purposes of assimilation, building communality, or providing greater support for family members challenged by posttraumatic stress. Utilizing data from questionnaires provided to the Middle Eastern refugees in my study, the chapter highlight the five ways in which refugees manifested distress in their current situations: depression; affective distress (terror and sadness); distress in relationships whether with self or others; cognitive; and somatization. Cultural competence in refugee services means prioritizing a cultural frame for a better understanding of ethnocultural variations in distress to create effective and sustainable interventions with refugee communities.
Fading Hues, 1655–1793
Authors: Loew Peter Oliver 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 traces a long decline for Danzig as Poland lost power on the international stage, beginning in 1655 and culminating in the Kingdom of Prussia’s seizure of the city amid the Partitions of Poland. Weakened by a massive Cossack uprising, Poland and Lithuania became targets of Russia in the east and, more important for Danzig, Sweden in the north. The First Northern War and its aftermath was costly for Danzig’s trade, and social unrest grew in the city as economic hardships exacerbated tensions between classes, between citizens and non-citizens, and between religious confessions. Uprisings and violence resulted in royal intervention and reform. The Great Northern War led to further economic stagnation. In his plans to acquire Danzig for the Kingdom of Prussia, Frederick II employed a series of tactics to weaken and isolate the city until it was finally swallowed up into Prussia in 1793.
Epilogue
Authors: Loew Peter Oliver 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The epilogue discusses how Gdańsk’s peculiar relationship to its own history has enabled it to emerge intact from numerous catastrophic ruptures throughout its past. It has repeatedly adapted and rebuilt, navigating centuries of an ever-shifting political environment. The city’s secret to its survival through its many self-recreations is its inbetweenness. Gdańsk lives on the tension between historical wealth and relative periphery, between greatness and provincialism, between modernity and conservatism, between change and persistence, between boldness and faintheartedness, between captivity and aspirations of freedom. Repeatedly able to swap roles from the plaything of great powers to a major player capable of altering the course of history, it has survived all its historical periods, developing its enduring identity through multiple rebirths.
Consolidation, 1551–1575
Authors: Hildebrand Pierrick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Texts composed by Bullinger after the Decades (1549–1551) and up to his death, in 1575, confirm the trend observed earlier. Bullinger continued to use organic-mystical terms associated with the covenant. Particularly instructive are explicit definitions of covenantal terms found in several sources, especially the comprehensive Summa (1556) and sermon notes on the book of Revelation and on Old Testament prophets. Bullinger’s theology of the covenant recognized that this terminology emphasized both the historical-legal and the organic-mystical dimensions, which proves to be a crucial insight for this study’s covenantal interpretation of the Second Helvetic Confession (1566).
Theorization and Causality
Authors: Martin Cathie Jo 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter illustrates how qualitative methods help us to perform important tasks of research. Qualitative research helps us to create theories about political problems and processes. First, qualitative research helps us to identify the research question, the parameters of a problem, and the likely factors contributing to its resolution. Second, qualitative research helps us to identify hypotheses and to elaborate the causal mechanisms that underlie theoretical predictions about relationships among phenomena. As scholars glean expanding insights into the nature of political phenomena, they refine their hypotheses; in this way, qualitative research is an important tool for strengthening the validity of causal inference. Third, qualitative research helps us to evaluate claims about causal mechanisms: at this testing stage, qualitative research is particularly adept at assessing competing causal claims (when both receive support from quantitative tests) and coping with causal complexity. These research activities contribute to more realistic and robust theories about the workings of the political world. While research designs may require employing a variety of qualitative and quantitative methods, scholars keen on rigorous explanation of social, political, and economic phenomena may leverage the unique strengths and opportunities offered by a qualitative approach.
Sampling Hard-to-Reach Populations
Authors: Khoury Rana B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Who is hard to reach, how do we access them, and should we? This chapter describes the characteristics of hard-to-reach or “hidden” populations, barriers to reaching them, and the meaning of sampling in social science research. It reviews qualitative approaches to identifying, accessing, and gaining the trust of hard-to-reach populations. Snowball sampling is an efficient and reliable technique for interview research, while ethnographic approaches can achieve unique access in challenging contexts. Finally, the chapter considers some problems and trade-offs that arise in studying these populations, emphasizing data limitations and saturation. Ethical considerations guide much of the chapter, given that hard-to-reach populations are often, but not always, vulnerable ones.
Fieldwork in Fragile Contexts and with High-Risk Populations
Authors: Hwang Julie Chernov 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
How does one conduct fieldwork in fragile contexts and with high-risk populations? How does one navigate IRBs? How does one recruit interview respondents and protect their identities as well as one’s personal safety? How does one build trust and rapport? This chapter will unpack all of these questions, addressing the importance of informed consent and the IRB process, the role of guides and fixers, the importance of proportionality, and how iterated interviews can build trust between the researcher and interview subjects. This chapter will show that research with high-risk populations can be done well, ethically, and safely.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Oana Ioana-Elena 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) as a set-theoretic comparative method aimed at identifying necessary and sufficient relations, with a focus on modeling causal complexity and an orientation toward explaining outcomes. While a relatively young method, QCA has established itself as a main methodological tool in the social sciences and beyond. On par with its spread across disciplines in terms of application, the methodology behind QCA has also continued to develop and become more robust and sophisticated. This chapter provides an overview of the basic building blocks of what a QCA is and when to use it, and how a QCA works in practice; it also points the reader to the state-of-the-art developments for building a solid QCA that goes beyond its basic analytic steps.
Research Transparency in Qualitative Inquiry
Authors: Kapiszewski Diana 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter seeks to empower scholars who conduct research using qualitative data and methods to make their work more transparent in more ways, as epistemologically appropriate and within ethical and legal limits. The first section defines research transparency and outlines the benefits associated with pursuing transparency in social science inquiry. The second section discusses established and emerging practices that scholars who employ qualitative data and methods can use to increase the openness of their scholarship. The third section considers ongoing debates about transparency; it also identifies some potential challenges to pursuing transparency and suggests ways to address them. The concluding section elucidates how openness advances the core goals of social science, and it encourages political scientists to contribute to the development of epistemologically appropriate, responsible strategies for enhancing transparency in all forms of political science inquiry. It also identifies some key recommended readings.
Ethics of Transparency and Data Sharing
Authors: Majic Samantha 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the difficulties and challenges—both ethical and mechanical—of making data more transparent within qualitative political science research. Adopting a critical view of transparency and data sharing, the chapter begins by describing the discussions and debates about these issues in political science. Next, drawing from my qualitative research experience as well as the discipline-wide Qualitative Transparency Deliberations, the chapter suggests best practices for transparency and data sharing for qualitative researchers. Following this, it addresses some potential problems that these practices may pose for qualitative researchers (and how to address them), and closes with suggestions for future reading. Altogether, this chapter indicates that while debates about transparency and data sharing in political science may remain unsettled, qualitative scholars in the discipline have generated many productive guidelines for scholars, reviewers, and editors alike as they conduct and review qualitative research.
Strategizing Fit and Legibility
Authors: Gabrieal Buggs Shantel , Sims Jennifer Patrice 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
What does it mean to find the right “fit” for one’s research, and what does it mean to write legibly for different audiences? This chapter provides a brief overview of the major aspects of fit and legibility that all scholars, but particularly qualitative scholars, should consider when making decisions on where and how to publish their findings. In particular, the chapter discusses how to assess which outlets will be receptive to certain methods, data, and/or topic(s), how to format findings, and what it means to put research “in conversation” with other existing research, both across disciplines and within subfields. It also identifies some of the constraints and external pressures that can shape the publishing process.
Development Trajectory and Future Directions of the Korean Welfare State
Authors: Yeo Eugene 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The welfare state, as a European invention, emerged as a solution to income inequality and social conflicts that arose during industrialization. In the early days of Korea’s industrialization, large-scale development projects were promoted under a series of authoritarian regimes and supported the growth of large corporations in an effort to battle widespread poverty. The 1997 foreign exchange crisis became a watershed in advancing this development-oriented order but also exposed long-accumulated contradictions in a state-led development economy at the market and social level. Two progressive governments after the financial crisis made great efforts to improve and expand the quality of welfare benefits and services in Korea. However, the welfare state concept was introduced to a nation that lacked deep understanding of the premodern, industrial, and postmodern contradictions that characterize Korean society. Because the form and structure of the welfare state were not carefully considered, some programs became excessively large while others shrunk, leaving large holes in some areas and small leaks in others.
Long-Term Care
Authors: Seok Jaeeun 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 2008, Long-Term Care Insurance (LTCI) for the elderly became a universal social insurance system that guarantees extended supports and services to people aged 65 and older, and those under 64 who require long-term care due to geriatric diseases. Methods of providing long-term care to the elderly include long-term hospitalization services in nursing hospitals, nursing services provided to low- and middle-income groups who cannot receive LTCI benefits, and dementia nursing services for people with cognitive disabilities. In addition, a tax support system is provided for persons with disabilities. Eligibility is determined through a certification review, and benefits are paid according to a six-level system starting with mild cognitive impairment. LTC services are provided as benefits in kind, and cash benefits are strictly limited. LTC beneficiaries are free to choose the type of benefit they want. Almost all LTC providers are in the private sector, and sole proprietors operate more than 80% of these service enterprises. Users of home care services must pay 15% of the service cost, and facility care users must pay 20% of the total cost of service and meals. About 50% of beneficiaries are either exempt or pay only a small portion out-of-pocket, depending on their income level.