bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modified C-7 neurotization in the treatment of brachial plexus avulsion injury
Authors: Lin Haodong , Lv Duanqing , Hou Chunlin , Chen Desong 
Published: July 2011

Object
Contralateral C-7 transfer is often used in patients with brachial plexus avulsion injury. Traditionally, the contralateral C-7 root has only been transferred to a single nerve, such as the median or radial nerve. In this study, the authors aimed to evaluate the efficacy of contralateral C-7 transfer to 2 different recipient nerves in patients with brachial plexus avulsion injuries.

Methods
Between 2004 and 2008, 10 patients with brachial plexus root avulsions underwent nerve reconstruction using a modified C-7 neurotization technique. In this procedure, the contralateral C-7 root was transferred via vascularized ulnar nerve grafts to both the musculocutaneous nerve and the median nerve on the affected side.

Results
The strength of the biceps muscles increased to M3 or M4 in 6 patients and to M2 in 2 patients. The median nerve transfers led to regained motor function and strength of the wrist and finger flexors with improvement to M3 in 5 patients. Seven patients showed notable gains of sensory function (≥ S3).

Conclusions
Contralateral C-7 transfer to 2 different recipient nerves is a feasible and efficient approach in patients with brachial plexus avulsion injuries when the donor nerve is limited.
Intraoperative confocal microscopy in the visualization of 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence in low-grade gliomas
Authors: Sanai Nader , Snyder Laura A. , Honea Norissa J. , Coons Stephen W. , Eschbacher Jennifer M. , Smith Kris A. , Spetzler Robert F. 
Published: July 2011

Object
Greater extent of resection (EOR) for patients with low-grade glioma (LGG) corresponds with improved clinical outcome, yet remains a central challenge to the neurosurgical oncologist. Although 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)–induced tumor fluorescence is a strategy that can improve EOR in gliomas, only glioblastomas routinely fluoresce following 5-ALA administration. Intraoperative confocal microscopy adapts conventional confocal technology to a handheld probe that provides real-time fluorescent imaging at up to 1000× magnification. The authors report a combined approach in which intraoperative confocal microscopy is used to visualize 5-ALA tumor fluorescence in LGGs during the course of microsurgical resection.

Methods
Following 5-ALA administration, patients with newly diagnosed LGG underwent microsurgical resection. Intraoperative confocal microscopy was conducted at the following points: 1) initial encounter with the tumor; 2) the midpoint of tumor resection; and 3) the presumed brain-tumor interface. Histopathological analysis of these sites correlated tumor infiltration with intraoperative cellular tumor fluorescence.

Results
Ten consecutive patients with WHO Grades I and II gliomas underwent microsurgical resection with 5-ALA and intraoperative confocal microscopy. Macroscopic tumor fluorescence was not evident in any patient. However, in each case, intraoperative confocal microscopy identified tumor fluorescence at a cellular level, a finding that corresponded to tumor infiltration on matched histological analyses.

Conclusions
Intraoperative confocal microscopy can visualize cellular 5-ALA–induced tumor fluorescence within LGGs and at the brain-tumor interface. To assess the clinical value of 5-ALA for high-grade gliomas in conjunction with neuronavigation, and for LGGs in combination with intraoperative confocal microscopy and neuronavigation, a Phase IIIa randomized placebo-controlled trial (BALANCE) is underway at the authors' institution.
On Cardinal Invariants and Generators for von Neumann Algebras
Authors: Sherman David 
Published: July 2011

Abstract We demonstrate how most common cardinal invariants associated with a von Neumann algebra ℳ can be computed from the decomposability number, dens(ℳ), and the minimal cardinality of a generating set, gen(ℳ). Applications include the equivalence of the well-known generator problem, “Is every separably-acting von Neumann algebra singly-generated?”, with the formally stronger questions, “Is every countably-generated von Neumann algebra singly-generated?” and “Is the gen invariantmonotone?”Modulo the generator problem, we determine the range of the invariant (gen(ℳ), dens(ℳ)) , which is mostly governed by the inequality dens.
On Algebraically Maximal Valued Fields and Defectless Extensions
Authors: Bishnoi Anuj , Khanduja Sudesh K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractLet v be a Henselian Krull valuation of a field K. In this paper, the authors give some necessary and sufficient conditions for a finite simple extension of (K, v) to be defectless. Various characterizations of algebraically maximal valued fields are also given which lead to a new proof of a result proved by Yu. L. Ershov.
<i>In-Vitro</i> Studies on the Sensitivity of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> to Some Ethno-Medicinal Preparations Sold around Kano, Nigeria
Authors: Bashir M , Yusuf I , Kutama AS 
Published: July 2011

Five traditional herbal preparations were sampled between May-June, 2009 in Kano. The samples were investigated for invitro antibacterial activities against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Likewise, phytochemical screening tests were conducted to determine some of the phytochemicals present in the ethanolic and water extracts of the samples. Various concentrations of the extracts were prepared using serial doubling dilutions (5000=l/ml, 2500=g/ml, 1250=g/ml, 625=g/ml and 312.5=g/ml). All the test extracts showed slight antibacterial activity against the test organism, with ethanolic extract of sample E having the highest zone diameter of inhibition, while sample H had the lowest diameter of inhibition. The standard antibiotic disc (Gentamicin) had demonstrated the highest activity on the test organisms. The results of the Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of steroid in all the samples, tannin in samples A, C, D and E, reducing sugars in sample A, D and E respectively. The result of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was found to be above 312.5=g/ml for samples C, D and E.

Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Herbal preparations, antibacterial activity, Phytochemical
screening and minimum inhibitory concentration.
High Pressure Technology
Authors: Bett K. A. , Bloch Heinz P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe growth in the use of high pressure by the chemical industry in the 20th Century led to the discovery of polyethylene by ICI in the 1930s. At that time, the pressures required by the large‐scale production of low density polyethylene were well beyond normal design practices for continuously operating plants and the development of the process in both the United States and Europe posed formidable problems. This led to a number of different modifications to the high pressure procedures used by ICI. In this article, the basic principles governing the design of thick‐walled cylinders to withstand static high internal pressures are reviewed. It is shown how these principles together with much of the work carried out since the 1940s, especially that directed towards increasing fatigue strength of cylinders subjected to pulsating internal pressure were used to develop both stirred and tubular reactors and pumps. Compressors play a vital part in these processes and are discussed in detail. Most of this article is devoted to the design of continuous chemical plants
Pipeline Transportation
Authors: Mohitpour M. , Sortland Ken 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Pipelines are continuous large‐diameter piping systems. Usually buried underground where feasible, through which gases, liquids, or solids suspended in fluids are transported over considerable distances. They are used to move water, wastes, minerals, chemicals, and industrial gases, but primarily crude oil, petroleum products, and natural gas. In the oil and gas business, a pipeline consists of a trunkline, ie, the large diameter, high pressure, long distance portion of the piping system through which the crude oil is shipped to refineries, or natural gas and oil products, respectively, are transported to distribution points, and smaller low pressure gathering lines that transport oil or gas from wells to the trunkline. Smaller lines used by natural gas distributors are not considered part of a gas pipeline system.
This article gives information on the historical perspective of pipeline development and includes natural gas and liquid pipelines. Pipelines are a more economical form of transportation than rail or tuck, and are usually secure within a nation or between friendly neighbors. Physical pipeline development consists of several logical steps such as route selection, regulatory application, design, maintenance, construction, and commissioning. A complete checklist is provided. The Natural Gas Pipeline Safety Act of 1968 began the regulation of natural pipeline transmission.
Coating Processes
Authors: Cohen Edward , Lightfoot E. J. 
Published: July 2011

Abstract
Coating process technology is in widespread use because the surface of most materials needs to be treated in order for the final product to meet all the functional needs and requirements. The modification is accomplished by applying a coating or series of coatings to the material to improve its performance and make it more suitable for use, or to give it different characteristics.
Many of the commercially available coating applicators are described, including units for simultaneous multilayer application, for discrete coating, and for patch coating. While convection drying is emphasized, brief descriptions of conduction and infrared heating, as well as of UV and electron‐beam curing, are given.
Vinyl Fluoride Polymers (PVF)
Authors: Ebnesajjad Sina 
Published: July 2011

AbstractHomopolymers and copolymers of vinyl fluoride are inert. They possess unique chemical and weather resistance characteristics in addition to good mechanical properties. These polymers have excellent release properties from adhesives such as epoxies. They can also be rendered adherable by flame and corona discharge techniques. These attributes have spurred the application of poly(vinyl fluoride) films and coatings in indoor and outdoor functional and decorative uses. This article provides a review of methods of manufacture, properties, polymerization chemistry, fabrication techniques, applications, and economy of these polymers.
Structural Organomanganese Chemistry
Authors: Meier Ryan M. , Hanusa Timothy P. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractIn the more than 50 years since the first manganese compound with MnC bonds was crystallographically characterized (Mn2(CO)10, in 1957), the number of structurally authenticated organomanganese compounds has grown to several thousands. The richness of structural features in organomanganese compounds now rivals that of any other first row transition metal. The range of structural features and bond types is large, and encompasses MnC, MnC, and MnC bonds, as well as complexes with MnMn, MnMn, and MnMn linkages. Crystallographically characterized examples are known with oxidation states from Mn0to MnV, and the accessibility of two spin states of comparable energy in complexes of MnIIadds an additional variable to the fundamental structural types. The present review of structural organomanganese chemistry focuses largely on crystallographically characterized complexes, whose geometries are the most reliably established. Representative examples of major compound classes are considered, and statistical analysis of typical bond length ranges is provided for various Mn/C and Mn/Mn interactions. Bond lengths in organomanganese compounds are highly context‐sensitive, and even when only a specific bond order is under consideration, the spread of distances makes comparisons difficult unless closely related molecules are examined.
The More the Better? Effects of Training, Experience and Information Amount in Legal Judgments
Authors: Dickert Stephan , Herbig Britta , Glöckner Andreas , Gansen Christina , Portack Roman 
Published: July 2011

SummaryIn an experimental study involving German lay judges, law students and controls, effects of legal training and experience as well as information amount on legal judgments was investigated. In a three (legal knowledge: legal training versus legal experience versus controls) x two (information amount: high versus low) between‐subjects design, 137 participants judged the premeditation of a perpetrator in eight real‐world cases decided by the German Federal Court of Justice. Judgment congruency with the Court's ruling increased with legal training, but official lay judges showed lower congruency compared with student controls. Additionally, legal training and experience corresponded with higher confidence. Emotional reactions to the legal cases were stronger when more information was given for individuals without legal training but decreased for individuals with training. An information‐processing perspective to explain the observed differences in legal judgments is advanced, and the issue of using untrained individuals in the legal decision making process is discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of Substituted Indenes through Iron‐Catalyzed Annulation of Benzylic Alcohols with Alkynes
Authors: Bu Xiuli , Hong Jianquan , Zhou Xigeng 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA convenient and efficient method for the synthesis of polysubstituted indenes has been developed by the iron(III) trichloride‐catalyzed tandem mono‐ and dibenzylation/cyclization reactions of benzylic alcohols with alkynes. This method is featured with the easily available starting materials, cheap catalyst, simple manipulation and mild conditions.
Preparation of Tungsten‐Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Supported on Alumina
Authors: Yuan Jian , Townsend Erik M. , Schrock Richard R. , Goldman Alan S. , Müller Peter , Takase Michael K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractA new tungsten alkylidene complex, W(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(OHIPT‐NMe2)(pyrrolide) {Ar=2,6‐(i‐Pr)2C6H3; HIPT‐NMe2=2,6‐[2,4,6‐(i‐Pr)3C6H2]2‐4‐NMe2‐C6H2}, has been synthesized and shown to be highly selective for Z homocoupling metathesis of selected terminal olefins in pentane, as is W(NAr)(CH2CH2CH2)(OHIPT)(pyrrolide) (5). Both 5 and W(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(OHIPT‐NMe2)(pyrrolide) (6) are adsorbed onto calcined alumina. Control experiments and metathesis homocoupling of four substrates lead to the conclusions that 5 is largely adsorbed in a reaction that liberates HIPTOH, while 6 is adsorbed largely through an interaction between the dimethylamino group and an acidic site on the surface. There is no evidence that any adsorbed catalyst can give rise to Z selectivity of a magnitude equal to that found in a homogeneous reaction involving 5 or 6.
Development of CO2 Protective Layers by Spray Pyrolysis for Ceramic Oxygen Transport Membranes
Authors: García‐Torregrosa Iván , Lobera M. Pilar , Solís Cecilia , Atienzar Pedro , Serra José M. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractCeramic mixed ionic–electronic conducting (MIEC) membranes enable very selective oxygen separation from air at high temperatures. Two major potential applications of oxygen‐transport membranes are: i) oxygen production for oxyfuel power plants, and, ii) integration within high‐temperature catalytic membrane reactors for methane or alkane upgrading by selective oxidative conversions. However, these applications involve contact with carbon‐bearing atmospheres and most state‐of‐the‐art highly permeable MIEC membranes do not tolerate operation under CO2‐rich environments due to carbonation processes. The present contribution shows our first attempts in the development of ceria‐based protective thin layers on monolithic LSCF membranes.Gd‐doped ceria (CGO) deposition is carried out by air blast spray pyrolysis on mirror‐polished LSCF disc membranes. The layer thickness is maintained below 0.4 μm in order to prevent the formation of cracks during thermal cycling and minimize limitations caused by the reduced oxygen permeability through the ceria layer. After optimization of the spraying process, smooth crack‐free dense coatings are obtained with high crystallinity in the as‐deposited state. The layers are characterized by XRD, SEM, AFM, DC‐conductivity measurements, interferometry and optical microscopy. Oxygen separation is studied on coated LSCF using air as the feed and argon/CO2 mixtures as the sweep gas in the temperature range 650–1000°C. The protected membrane exhibits a higher stability than the uncoated LSCF membrane, although the nominal oxygen flux is slightly reduced at temperatures below 850°C due to the limited ambipolar conductivity of doped ceria in the range of oxygen partial pressures investigated. Moreover, the protective layer (250 nm thickness) remains stable after the permeation testing.
Energy optimization of bioethanol production via hydrolysis of switchgrass
Authors: Martín Mariano , Grossmann Ignacio E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractThe optimal flowsheet for the production of bioethanol from switchgrass via hydrolysis is proposed in this work. A superstructure embedding a number of alternatives is proposed. Two technologies are considered for switchgrass pretreatment, dilute acid and ammonia fiber explosion so that the structure of the grass is broken down. Next, enzymatic hydrolysis follows any of the pretreatments to obtain fermentable sugars, mainly xylose and glucose. Ethanol is obtained by fermentation of the sugars. To obtain fuel quality, ethanol and water must be removed from the water–ethanol mixture. A number of dehydration technologies is considered including rectification, adsorption in corn grits, molecular sieves, and pervaporation. The problem is formulated as a mixed‐integer nonlinear programming (MINLP). The superstructure is optimized by decomposing the MINLP for each of the pretreatments. Then, multieffect columns and heat integration are used to reduce the energy consumption and cooling needs. Finally, an economic evaluation is performed. The optimal flowsheet consists of using dilute acid hydrolysis followed by molecular sieves as dehydration technology, which requires less energy and cooling and yielding a promising production price of 0.8 $/gal. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Erratum to: Unexpectedly low pulse oximetry measurements associated with variant hemoglobins: A systematic review
Authors: Verhovsek Madeleine , Henderson Matthew P.A. , Cox Gerard , Luo Hong‐yuan , Steinberg Martin H. , Chui David H.K. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPulse oximetry estimates arterial blood oxygen saturation based on light absorbance of oxy‐ and deoxy‐hemoglobin at 660 and 940 nm wavelengths. Patients with unexpectedly low SpO2 often undergo cardio‐pulmonary testing to ascertain the cause of their hypoxemia. However, in a subset of patients, a variant hemoglobin is responsible for low SpO2 measurements. The extent of this problem is unclear. We performed a systematic literature review for reports of low SpO2 associated with variant hemoglobins. We also reviewed unpublished cases from an academic hemoglobin diagnostic reference laboratory. Twenty‐five publications and four unpublished cases were identified, representing 45 patients with low SpO2 and confirmed variant hemoglobin. Fifty‐seven family members of patients had confirmed or suspected variant hemoglobin. Three low oxygen affinity variant hemoglobins had concordantly low SpO2 and SaO2. Eleven variant hemoglobins were associated with unexpectedly low SpO2 measurements but normal SaO2. Hemoglobin light absorbance testing was reported in three cases, all of which showed abnormal absorption spectra between 600 and 900 nm. Seven other variant hemoglobins had decreased SpO2, with unreported or uncertain SaO2. Twenty‐one variant hemoglobins were found to be associated with low SpO2. Most variant hemoglobins were associated with spuriously low SpO2. Abnormal absorption spectra explain the discrepancy between SpO2 and SaO2 for some variants. The differential diagnosis of possible variant hemoglobin ought to be considered in asymptomatic patients found to have unexpectedly low SpO2. The correct diagnosis will help to spare patients from unnecessary investigations and anxiety. Am. J. Hematol. 86:722–725, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring for teratogenic signals: Pregnancy registries and surveillance methods
Authors: Howard Tammie B. , Tassinari Melissa S. , Feibus Karen B. , Mathis Lisa L. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractPregnant women should have access to medications that have been adequately studied for use to facilitate evidence‐based risk‐benefit discussions with their health care providers. Pregnant women experience acute medical emergencies, have existing conditions that require continued medical treatment or may develop pregnancy‐induced conditions, making drug use during pregnancy unavoidable. Drug labeling is the primary source of information about a drug's use. The safety and efficacy data found in the label is derived from well‐controlled clinical trials conducted prior to a drug's approval. However, pregnant women are rarely enrolled in clinical trials unless a product is specifically indicated for a pregnancy‐related condition. Consequently, information regarding a product's use during pregnancy is usually collected postapproval. Current data collection tools include pregnancy exposure registries, retrospective cohort studies, pregnancy surveillance programs, case–control studies, spontaneous reports of adverse events and case reports. Each tool has strengths and limitations in its ability to detect teratogenic signals. Combinations of different sources of data are necessary to acquire the most complete picture of potential teratogenic risk, as no single method can capture all desired data to help pregnant patients and women of child bearing potential make appropriate risk benefits decisions along with their health care providers. Published 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The art and science of teratogen risk communication
Authors: Conover Elizabeth A. , Polifka Janine E. 
Published: July 2011

AbstractDespite scientific advances in clinical teratology, exposures during pregnancy still cause great anxiety and misunderstanding. Patients and health care providers are frequently called upon to determine the health implications of scientific studies, which may involve limited and contradictory data. These findings are often conveyed numerically, which is a particularly difficult form of information for both patients and their health providers to understand and interpret. Almost half of the general population (and a substantial minority of physicians) have difficulty with numeracy. Patients with low numeracy tend to interpret information in an absolute manner and ignore uncertainty, have more difficulty using numeric information to inform their choices, and are more easily influenced by emotion and the format used in presenting information. Formats involved in conveying probability include positive or negative framing, use of relative versus absolute risk, and ratios and percentages. Health providers should communicate risk analysis in a fashion that facilitates comprehension and results in informed behavior. This is more likely to be achieved when risks are conceptualized as more than just numbers, and are considered in the context of individuals' life circumstances and values. Most teratogen risk communication is done over the telephone; this presents both advantages and challenges. Strategies are suggested to improve risk communication. These include avoiding the use of relative risk, using a consistent denominator, framing the information in a variety of ways (positive vs. negative), using verbal qualifiers judiciously, and employing visual aids. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.