bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From the Uruguay Round to the Doha Round: Changing Dynamics in Developing Countries’ Participation
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Developing members' positions in the shaping of trade rules has evolved considerably since the advent of the WTO as they have seized institutional opportunities for leveraging their emerging power. These transformations inform their approach to the Doha “Development” Round and their proposals throughout the Round. In part, developing members' increased voice stems from their strategic alliances and coordination in coalitions. Notably, they have successfully captured parts of the negotiation agenda, which is key to delineating the disciplines and commitments that might come out of a negotiation round. This chapter explores the evolution of developing country participation and their positioning at critical institutional “moments:” the inception of a new round of negotiations, the definition of the agenda for negotiations, and the tabling of substantive proposals.
Invoking Development in Dispute Settlement
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Developing countries have been complainants in over 150 disputes, respondents in close to 140 cases and have participated as third parties in over 530 instances. They have made arguments relating to development or to Special and Differential Treatment (SDT) in over 60 cases since 1947. As a result there is a significant body of legal analysis that informs the WTO's understanding of trade and development, usually in reference to SDT provisions. This chapter identifies trends in panels and AB analysis on SDT to help developing country litigants to devise more effective litigation strategies and better position their arguments. It also identifies some recurrent blind angles of adjudicators (panelists, AB members, and arbitrators) and proposes some evolutions in the understanding of the provisions.
The Doha Round: Chronicle of a Death Foretold?
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Hindsight will tell us for certain whether the Doha Round will ever live up to its promises, but throughout the Round, it has been clear that despite developing countries' unprecedented level of participation, there has been no new approach to addressing development issues at the WTO. Most of the proposals submitted by developing countries are strikingly similar in form and content to existing special and differential treatment provisions, and are likely to be equally fraught with failure. Perhaps even more importantly, there has been little questioning of the institutional and systemic issues alongside trade commitments in agriculture, NAMA and services negotiations. The combination of limited institutional opportunities and inadequate trade commitments determines developing members' positions at the WTO, but attempting to change trade commitments without rebalancing the institutional process is bound to fail.
Conclusion
Authors: Rolland Sonia E. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
More than ten years into the Doha “Development” Round, WTO members are all but resigned to the fact that the broad overhaul of the WTO system envisioned in the Doha Work Programme will likely not come to fruition. The Doha Round also reveals major transformations in the place and role played by many developing countries in the multilateral trading system both politically and economically. The continuity of developing country concerns, in the face of major transformations in the dynamics of international trade, raises several fundamental questions: Are the issues really still the same, have the stakeholders failed to updated their positions in light of the more recent developments, or is the WTO as an institution impeding a forward-looking debate? The answer is likely a mix of all three aspects.
Elites’ views on European institutions: national experiences sifted through ideological orientations
Authors: Gaxie Daniel , Hubé Nicolas 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
As elites’ attitudes toward supranational institutions cannot be reduced to a simple binary opposition between pro- (federalists) and anti- (‘sovereigntists’) integrationists, this chapter tries to differentiate between and to consider all configurations of opinions, including a third group that sees integration as a means to preserve and restore national autonomy and independence. Overall, elite opinions show nuances of federalism and intergovernmentalism, and only a minority share a true federalist conception of European institutions. Likewise, not all eurosceptics are staunch defenders of national sovereignties, and those that are constitute a minority of national elites. Elites’ attitudes toward the EU are linked mainly to their national belonging. Often depicted as market and business oriented, the current construction of Europe seems also to be mainly supported by elites who share left and centre general political views. Each national collective experience is sifted through the ideological orientations of the national elites.
Remaking the British Atlantic
Authors: Marshall P. J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
How did Britain and America face up to the new world of American independence? This book argues that there was a sharp division between political relations and the many other links that had bound British and American people together before the Revolution. There was to be no political rapprochement. Peace was made in 1783, but it was not a peace of reconciliation. Mutual ill feeling remained. Americans continued to denounce what they saw as a corrupted British political system that had betrayed the historic liberties of the ancient British constitution, while British commentators dismissed American republicanism as the tyranny of the mob that undermined effective government. Resentment simmered on for many years' especially, on the American side, over the terms on which Anglo‐American trade was to be resumed, and, on the British side, over the failure of the Americans to pay off their debts. In spite of these disputes, Britons and Americans quickly began to cross the Atlantic again in large numbers, many British and especially Irish people migrated to settle in America and trade continued on a very large scale. Americans consumed British goods and read British books. Shared tastes and a common culture and values ensured that British influences would still be strong and that independent Americans would remain essentially British in outlook for a long time to come.
Introduction
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
After explaining how the book is divided into sections, one dealing with continuing political hostility and the other with the resumption of transatlantic links, which amounted to the restoration of a British Atlantic world, the Introduction sets the scene on the British side. It describes the attitudes during the war of those who had been hostile or friendly to the American cause. It shows how many who had supported the war were ultimately willing to accept that American independence would not necessarily do irrecoverable damage to British interests, although they still remained hostile to a new America after the war. This hostility was to be enduring, while wartime professions of friendship by those who had supported the American cause had little effect on post‐war British policies towards the United States.
5 The Politics of Trade
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Commerce was the most contentious issue in Anglo‐American relations after the war. Americans regarded the development of a merchant marine and oceanic trade as essential elements of their independence. They hoped for a connection with Britain based on equality: Britain would have access to their market, while they would be able to trade freely throughout the British empire, especially with the West Indies. Britain hoped to recover American markets, but those who devised post‐war commercial policy were determined both to protect British shipping and to limit American maritime competition by excluding American ships from the West Indies and other British colonies. Negotiations with America for a commercial treaty were broken off. This situation was intensely resented in America. There were advocates in Britain of free trade with the Americans, but the exclusions remained the policy of the British government.
6 Imperial Frameworks
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Failure in America raised questions about the value of colonies and the future of the British empire. British governments, however, considered that certain colonial possessions remained of fundamental importance and that they should continue to be managed on established principles. The prominence given to Ireland and the West Indies together with the remaining North American colonies meant that the Atlantic remained the main sphere of British concerns, although the East India Company's Indian territories was becoming a major imperial commitment which was gaining in consequence. The chapter stresses continuities rather than changes which might be seen as marking any immediate shift towards the creation of second empire different from that before the loss of America. A concluding section notes the beginnings of a new American continental empire purporting to be very different from the British one.
14 Customs in Common
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Ardent republicans hoped that the American Revolution would not only lead to self‐government but to a revolution in ideas and manners that would make America independent of British influences. Americans and Britons had, however, too much in common for such a revolution to take quick effect. Both saw themselves as free people, whose rights were guaranteed by the English common law, which, suitably modified, Americans cherished as their own inheritance. Although often exhorted to, Americans were not prepared to renounce English fashions and models of genteel living. Most of the books they read were published in Britain. They sought recognition of their cultural and artistic achievements in Britain. Americans aspired to eminence in scientific learning, but here too they craved British recognition and created learned societies following British models.
15 Transatlantic Protestants
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
During the colonial period British Protestant denominations had established themselves in America. Right up to the Revolution most American Protestants kept close links with their colleagues in Britain, seeking financial and political support from them. Denominations were split by the war, although the established churches of England, outside the American south, and of Scotland tended to favour the British side and many Dissenters adhered to the American cause. Some American denominations were strengthened by the war while others lost ground. Independence brought about significant changes in relations between British and American Protestants. American denominations now generally ran their affairs without much reference to Britain, sometimes obtaining formal recognition of their autonomy. At the same time evangelical revivals were challenging denominations' authority and tending towards their fragmentation or the emergence of wholly new religious movements.
Conclusion
Authors: Marshall Peter J. 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
After a brief restatement of arguments about transatlantic political discord but continuing links in many other respects, the Conclusion goes on to consider the state of the British empire and the American union in the ten years or so after independence. It stresses the strength of ethnic, religious or regional loyalties and the difficulties facing both the British empire and the United States in commanding allegiance. The new America had an ambitious leadership but a population whose commitment to ideals of unity was uncertain. The subjects of the British empire were given to vigorous assertions of what they saw as their rights against imperial authority and were not likely to be enthusiastic adherents to doctrines of Britishness propagated from above. The book concludes that an Atlantic world that linked peoples survived the political developments that had divided them.
Heroic Homosociality and Homophobia in the Helgi Poems
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter forms part of a pair with Chapter 1, and explores the Helgi poems's perspective on masculinity and homosociality through the character of Helgi Hundingsbani and his namesake Helgi Hjörvarðsson. It also introduces the work of another theoretician of gender and sexuality, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, as another way of bringing contemporary perspectives to bear into dialogue with medieval texts.
Kin-slaying in the Poetic Edda: The End of the World?
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
Kin-slaying, and especially fratricide, constitute crucial factors in the history of both gods and men, recurring throughout the Codex Regius. This chapter's argument is that many events in the heroic poems, and in particular Hamðismál, function at least in part as microcosmic analogues of key events in the mythological texts, in particular Völuspá. The explicit references to Ragnarök in heroic poetry are explored, along with the links between the figures of Sigurðr and Baldr, and the way that human strife is thus linked to the archetypal cosmic strife.
Manslaughter and Misogyny: Women and Revenge in Sturlunga saga
Authors: Clark David 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
The final chapter returns to the issues of revenge and its relation to femininity with which we started in Chapter 1, but now in relation to the women of the contemporary sagas. It evaluates the contemporary saga writers’ attitudes to women and their perception of the role of women in the conflicts of the Sturlung Age. It shows that misogynistic tropes such as the scapegoating of women for the results of men's violent actions, and negative images possibly resting on religious constructions of women as irrational and corporeal, or even abject, are employed in Sturlunga saga. However, the picture is not a uniform one, and in several texts in the compilation one finds women acting as mediators or ‘anti-inciters’ who attempt to dissuade men from revenge and destructive acts.
Neuropathic pain
Authors: Moulin Dwight 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter illustrates with a case study the desired skills, attitudes, and expertise required to diagnose and manage neuropathic pain. It addresses several questions such as: What important features associated with neuropathic pain to look for on physical examination in this patient? What is neuropathic pain? What are the clinical features of neuropathic pain in this patient? What treatment to recommend for the patient?
Methadone and other novel treatments for pain
Authors: Hagen Neil , Ralph Christopher 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study to show the necessary skills, attitudes, and background required to diagnose and manage cancer pain. It describes the use of three agents that have been employed in this setting — methadone, ketamine, and cannabinoids. It examines a number of questions such as: What is the pain diagnosis? What are the likely mechanisms of pain? How does methadone work as an analgesic? What are the main indications for the use of methadone? What are the reported mechanisms of analgesic effect of ketamine? What are the problems associated with the use of ketamine? What is the evidence that cannabinoids are useful for managing pain?
Anorexia–cachexia
Authors: MacDonald Neil 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter contains a case study to present the valuable skills, attitudes, and knowledge needed to diagnose and manage anorexia-cachexia. It addresses several questions such as: What are the definitions of anorexia and cachexia? What are the clinical characteristics of patients with anorexia-cachexia syndrome? Are some cancers more likely than others to cause cachexia? How does a chronic inflammatory state cause cachexia? What is the framework for your anorexia-cachexia therapeutic platform?
Palliative sedation
Authors: Pereira José , Gratton Valerie , Beauverd Michel 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThis chapter gives case studies which show the desired skills, attitudes, and expertise required for the practice of palliative sedation (PS). It puts forth several questions such as: What is PS? What are the prerequisites for initiating PS? How often is PS required in palliative care practice? What are the indications for using PS? Can PS therapy be misused? Why are clinical practice guidelines essential in the practice of PS? Is this euthanasia? What are the ethical considerations surrounding PS?
The last days
Authors: Henderson David , McIntyre Paul 
Published: May 2012

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study to illustrate the desired skills, attitudes, and knowledge required to integrate the needs of the dying patient and their family when providing care. It considers some questions such as: What is required to understand better and treat Mrs S. B. 's current situation (Mrs S. B. is a seventy-four-year-old woman with non-small-cell lung cancer and liver metastases). What possible reasons might there be for Mrs S. B.'s decline? What resources need to be in place to enable Mrs S. B. to remain at home for her last days and hours? How to assess the patient's and family's insight and understanding? What will dying look like? What needs to happen at the time of death?
Introduction
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractThe introduction sets out a distinctive methodological approach to the study of the Theologico‐Political Treatise. In contrast to the stances taken by many other commentators, this book illuminates the argument of the Treatise by setting it in the historical context of the political and theological debates of the Dutch Republic to which Spinoza is contributing. The work emerges as a highly critical intervention in a series of interconnected disputes. Spinoza aims to discredit a range of influential parties and redirect the course of power. At the same time, he attempts to analyse the conditions in which Dutch citizens can best progress towards the good life that he outlines in his Ethics. His argument is conducted on two levels, the philosophical and the imaginary, each of which has its own authority. To understand the Treatise, it is vital to be sensitive to these registers and to Spinoza's continual shifts from one to the other.
What Divine Law Is Not
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSpinoza's theological opponents agree that the core religious teaching of the Bible is the divine law revealed by the prophets, but disagree about the law's status and content. In order to show what is superstitious in their opinions, Spinoza must confront these disputes. His first step is to establish that the divine law is universal. The claim that the law was ordained for the Jews, as the Old Testament seems to claim, thus rests on a misinterpretation. This chapter examines Spinoza's philosophical argument for this conclusion. It shows how his view threatens Calvinist providentialism, and constitutes an attack on two flourishing seventeenth‐century movements, Christian millenarianism and Jewish Messianism. The argument is therefore not merely about the proper interpretation of the Bible. It is also a theologico‐political intervention in Dutch affairs.
What Divine Law Is
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSpinoza's positive account of the divine law is an extremely radical one, almost uniquely so in the context of seventeenth‐century debate. God is not a legislator who issues decrees and punishments, and prescriptions only become laws when they are ordained by a human agent. Human beings must therefore take responsibility for the laws under which they live. This chapter analyses Spinoza's complex defence of this position, tracing his distinctions between divine law, divine natural law, and revealed law. It also explains how the Treatise employs these resources to defend a number of controversial claims. Some of these are positive—for example, philosophy rather than Scripture yields the clearest understanding of what divine law prescribes. Many of them are negative—for example, Spinoza's account of law is designed to undermine the providentialism around which Calvinist theology is organized. Here we see Spinoza articulating the practical implications of his own philosophy.
Life in a Republic: The Lessons of Philosophy
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractLiving a religious life of the kind Spinoza has described is a theologico‐political enterprise, and depends on the existence of some sort of political community. Focusing on republics, the Treatise asks how this kind of state can best create secure and peaceful conditions in which individuals can live religiously and philosophise freely. Spinoza's discussion begins with an idealized, philosophical account of the process by which rational individuals can freely submit to a sovereign, this forming a state. While he draws heavily on the views of Hobbes, this chapter explores his distinctive treatment of the right of nature, the social contract and sovereign power. Political power or right, as Spinoza envisages it, consists in a balance of the powers held by the sovereign and its subjects, each of which is dependent on the other, and each of which is sustained by fictional narratives such as the story of a social contract.
Sovereignty and Freedom
Authors: James Susan 
Published: May 2012

AbstractAlong with many other Dutch republican writers, Spinoza holds that the sovereign must control sacred as well as civil matters, although in doing so he challenges the Dutch Reformed Church. Drawing on the example of the Hebrew Republic, he advocates the unification of civil and religious law. This suggestion guides an argument to the effect that piety (the goal of true religion and thus divine law) is a condition of peace (the goal of civil law) and vice versa, so that sovereign and citizens must protect both values, together with the religious pluralism and freedom to philosophize on which they depend. How far, exactly, should religious freedom and the freedom to philosophize extend? Spinoza sets out some limits. Nevertheless, republics become more secure as they cultivate a democratic ethos, and develop resources for engaging in the kind of peaceful debate that is the hallmark of genuine philosophy.
Moving beyond the Crisis: Tax Policies for the Soundness of Financial Markets
Authors: Lloyd Geoff 
Published: May 2012

AbstractSystemic tax biases in favour of corporate debt financing and investment returns in the form of capital gains may have strengthened non-tax incentives to greater leverage, greater risk taking, and a lack of transparency, which were among the root causes of the financial crisis. Such tax biases were in each case exacerbated by increased tax arbitrage activity, tax-driven structured finance, and use of tax havens, facilitated by globalization and financial innovation. While this activity may in part have disappeared as a result of the significant losses incurred by financial institutions, other tax-related asymmetries may come to dominate behaviour in coming years. As part of an overall strategic response to the financial crisis, there is a case for identifying well-targeted reforms that might reduce or remove the incentives to financial instability caused inadvertently by common features of national tax systems. An appendix discusses the tax implications of financial institutions’ losses.