bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IS MODAL FICTIONALISM ARTIFICIAL?
Authors: WOODWARD RICHARD 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis article examines a popular complaint against the fictionalist account of possible objects bruited by Gideon Rosen. This is the complaint that modal fictionalism is, in some sense or other, hopelessly artificial. I shall separate two different strands to this worry and examine each in turn. As we shall see, neither strand to the objection is intractable.
Visceral and mucosal involvement in neonatal haemangiomatosis
Authors: Maruani A. , Piram M. , Sirinelli D. , Herbreteau D. , Saliba E. , Machet M.C. , Lorette G. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractBackground  Two types of neonatal haemangiomatosis (NH) are distinguished: diffuse which is associated with a high rate of mortality linked to mucosal/visceral involvement, and benign.Objectives  First, this study aimed to examine the frequency of mucosal and visceral (especially hepatic) involvement in NH, according to skin extension, and second, it aimed to examine clinical, pathological (with glucose transporter 1 (GLUT‐1) immunostaining), and imaging features of NH, including follow‐up data.Methods  This was a descriptive retrospective study carried out in the University Hospital Center of Tours, France.Results  The study included 19 patients with cutaneous NH (number of skin haemangiomas ranging from 5 to >100). Mucosal involvement was observed in 32% of all cases (100% and 19% in diffuse and other cutaneous cases respectively) and hepatic involvement in 42% (67% and 38% respectively). The number of hepatic haemangiomas ranged from 1 to >10. Half of the hepatic haemangiomas cases exhibited increased hepatic arterial blood flow.Conclusions  Mucosal and hepatic involvement was frequent in cases with a high number of cutaneous haemangiomas (>100), but only frequency of mucosal involvement was statistically significant (P = 0.021).
Individual differences in vulnerability to subjective time distortion1
Authors: ONO FUMINORI , HORII SACHIKO , WATANABE KATSUMI 
Published: November 2011

AbstractTime duration is perceived to be longer when accompanied by dynamic sensory stimulation than when accompanied by static stimulation. This distortion of time perception is thought to be due to the acceleration of an internal pacemaker that has been assumed to be the main component of temporal judgments. In order to investigate whether the function of the internal pacemaker is modality dependent or independent, we examined the correlation of visual flicker and auditory flutter effects on a temporal production task. While seeing a 10‐Hz visual flicker or hearing a 10‐Hz auditory flutter, participants estimated a duration of 2500 ms as accurately as possible by pressing a button. The results showed a significant within‐individual correlation between the time distortion due to visual flicker and that due to auditory flutter. Additionally, we found that time distortion due to auditory flutter tended to be larger in female participants than in male participants. These results suggest that the mechanisms underlying subjective time dilation are similar between vision and audition within individuals, but that they vary across individuals.
Abrogation of cisplatin‐induced nephrotoxicity by emodin in rats
Authors: Ali Badreldin H. , Al‐Salam Suhail , Al Husseini Isehaq S. , Al‐Lawati Intisar , Waly Mostafa , Yasin Javed , Fahim Mohamed , Nemmar Abderrahim 
Published: November 2011

AbstractNephrotoxicity of the anticancer drug cisplatin (CP) involves the generation of reactive oxygen species in renal cortex, and emodin (a rhubarb anthraquinone) has strong antioxidant and anticancer actions. Therefore, we tested here the possible ameliorative effect of emodin on CP nephrotoxicity in rats. Emodin was given orally (10 mg/kg/day for nine consecutive days), and on day 4, some of the treated rats were also injected intraperitoneally with either saline or CP (6 mg/kg). Five days after CP treatment, rats were killed, and blood and urine samples, and kidneys were collected for the assessment of histopathological renal damage and apoptosis, and for biochemical estimation of creatinine and urea concentrations in plasma and urine, several cytosolic antioxidant enzyme activities in kidneys, and urinalyses. CP significantly increased the concentrations of urea and creatinine, and decreased creatinine clearance. It also significantly reduced cortical glutathione concentration and the activity of superoxide dismutase. CP treatment significantly increased urine volume and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase activity and significantly decreased osmolarity and protein concentrations. Emodin treatment markedly and significantly mitigated all these effects. Sections from saline‐ and emodin‐treated rats showed apparently normal proximal tubules. However, kidneys of CP‐treated rats had a moderate degree of necrosis. This was markedly lessened when CP was given simultaneously with emodin. The concentration of CP in the cortical tissues was not significantly altered by emodin treatment. The results suggested that emodin had ameliorated CP nephrotoxicity in rats. Pending further pharmacological and toxicological studies emodin may be considered a potentially useful nephroprotective agent.
Targeting the aldosterone pathway in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Gustafsson Finn , Azizi Michel , Bauersachs Johann , Jaisser Frederic , Rossignol Patrick 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAccumulated evidence has demonstrated that aldosterone is a key player in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Multiple clinical trials have documented that intervention in the aldosterone pathway can reduce blood pressure and lower albuminuria and improve outcome in patients with heart failure or myocardial infarction. Recent studies have unraveled details about the role of aldosterone at the cellular level in CV disease. The relative importance of glucocorticoids and aldosterone in terms of mineralocorticoid receptor activation is currently being debated. Also, studies are addressing which aldosterone modulator to use, which timing of treatment to aim for, and in which population to intervene. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the understanding of the role of aldosterone in CV disease, with particular reference to mechanisms and potential targets of intervention. Finally, ongoing or desirable clinical trials in the field are highlighted. The review is partly based on discussions between basic scientists and clinical trialists at the Cardiovascular Clinical Trials Forum 2009 and subsequently updated to encompass the most recent developments.
Extrapyramidal adverse drug reactions associated with trimetazidine: a series of 21 cases
Authors: Masmoudi Kamel , Masson Henri , Gras Valérie , Andréjak Michel 
Published: November 2011

AbstractOver the last few years, a number of cases of extrapyramidal disorders associated with trimetazidine (TMZ) use has been reported. Here, we report on a series of 21 cases. All but one of the patients (mean age 74) had been taking TMZ for several years. The indication for prescription of TMZ could not be identified in seven cases. The TMZ‐associated adverse drug reactions were typical parkinsonism (akinesia and/or rigidity and/or rest tremor) in 17 cases, gait disorders in three cases (one with orthostatic tremor), and restless leg syndrome in one case. Discontinuation of TMZ led to complete disappearance of the symptoms in 16 cases and a significant reduction in the five other patients. TMZ has the same piperazine core as the dopamine antagonists flunarizine and cinnarizine (both of which have been reported to induce extrapyramidal symptoms). Hence, striatal D2 receptor blockade could result in the onset or the worsening of extrapyramidal disorders. Even though this adverse drug reaction is now listed in TMZ’s Summary of Product Characteristics (because of the initial reports), the risk remains poorly known by clinicians. There is a need to raise awareness of this phenomenon and to reassess TMZ ‘s risk‐benefit ration, especially in the elderly.
Role of α1‐ and α2‐GABAA receptors in mediating the respiratory changes associated with benzodiazepine sedation
Authors: Masneuf S , Buetler J , Koester C , Crestani F 
Published: November 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The molecular substrates underlying the respiratory changes associated with benzodiazepine sedation are unknown. We examined the effects of different doses of diazepam and alprazolam on resting breathing in wild‐type (WT) mice and clarified the contribution of α1‐ and α2‐GABAA receptors, which mediate the sedative and muscle relaxant action of diazepam, respectively, to these drug effects using point‐mutated mice possessing either α1H101R‐ or α2H101R‐GABAA receptors insensitive to benzodiazepine.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Room air breathing was monitored using whole‐body plethysmography. Different groups of WT mice were injected i.p. with diazepam (1–100 mg·kg−1), alprazolam (0.3, 1 or 3 mg·kg−1) or vehicle. α1H101R and α2H101R mice received 1 or 10 mg·kg−1 diazepam or 0.3 or 3 mg·kg−1 alprazolam. Respiratory frequency, tidal volume, time of expiration and time of inspiration before and 20 min after drug injection were analysed.KEY RESULTS Diazepam (10 mg·kg−1) decreased the time of expiration, thereby increasing the resting respiratory frequency, in WT and α2H101R mice, but not in α1H101R mice. The time of inspiration was shortened in WT and α1H101R mice, but not in α2H101R mice. Alprazolam (1–3 mg·kg−1) stimulated the respiratory frequency by shortening expiration and inspiration duration in WT mice. This tachypnoeic effect was partially conserved in α1H101R mice while absent in α2H101R mice.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results identify a specific role for α1‐GABAA receptors and α2‐GABAA receptors in mediating the shortening by benzodiazepines of the expiratory and inspiratory phase of resting breathing respectively.
Histories of Everyday Violence In British India
Authors: Saha Jonathan 
Published: November 2011

AbstractHistorians of British India and colonial rule more generally have inevitably had to approach the difficult subject of colonial violence. Often, however, historians have explored colonial violence by focusing on exceptional and spectacular moments. Recently two books have been published that shift the terms of the historiography by examining colonial violence as an aspect of everyday life in British India: Taylor Sherman’s State Violence and Punishment in India and Elizabeth Kolsky’s Colonial Justice in British India. This article examines the limitations of the established literature’s characterisation of colonial violence, before comparing the work of Kolsky and Sherman. Both of their studies demonstrate that physical violence was an intrinsic and everyday aspect of the colonial encounter in India, and they lay the groundwork for further studies of everyday colonial violence.
Marginal and Internal Discrepancies Related to Margin Design of Ceramic Crowns Fabricated by a CAD/CAM System
Authors: Souza Rodrigo Othávio Assunção , Özcan Mutlu , Pavanelli Carlos Augusto , Buso Leonardo , Lombardo Geraldo Henrique Leão , Michida Silvia Masae Araújo , Mesquita Alfredo Mikail Melo , Bottino Marco Antonio 
Published: November 2011

AbstractPurpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the marginal discrepancy (MD) and internal discrepancy (ID) of ceramic crowns manufactured by a CAD/CAM system, having different finish lines. The hypotheses tested were that the finish line type would not influence the MD or ID of the crowns, and ID would not change in different regions.Materials and Methods: Three aluminum master dies (height: 5.5 mm, Ø: 7.5 mm, conicity: 6°) with different finish lines (TC: tilted chamfer; LC: large chamfer; RS: rounded shoulder) were manufactured. Ten impressions were made from each master die using a modified parallelometer. Impressions were poured in type IV dental stone, and 30 ceramic crowns (IPS Empress CAD, Ivoclar) were subsequently milled. The crowns were fixed on their respective metallic die using a metallic fixation device. The distance between the external edges of the crown to the edge of the cervical preparation was performed at 50 points on the respective metallic die (MD analysis). With the replica technique, the ID values of each crown were further evaluated at 12 points equidistant to each other in three regions: radius (R), axial (A), and occlusal (Occl). The measurements were performed using an optical microscope (250×). The data (μm) were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey′s test (5%).Results: The RS group (28.24 ± 11.42 μm) showed significantly lower MD values (p= 0.001) than those of TC (99.92 ± 18.32 μm) and LC (64.71 ± 25.64 μm) groups, both of which also differed statistically from one another. The ID results demonstrated significantly lower values in the LC group (183.01 ± 62.82 μm) (p= 0.0014) than those of TC (216.26 ± 83.23 μm) and RS (219.12 ± 87.24 μm) groups. ID results of TC and RS were not significantly different. Additionally, the ID results showed significant differences among the regions (p= 0.0001). The null hypotheses were rejected.Conclusion: The RS finish line produced MD values significantly lower than tilted and large chamfer, but large chamfer presented the lowest internal discrepancy values. Independent of the finish line type, internal discrepancy was the lowest in the axial region followed by radius and occlusal regions.
Cardiomyocytes generated from CPVTD307H patients are arrhythmogenic in response to β‐adrenergic stimulation
Authors: Novak Atara , Barad Lili , Zeevi‐Levin Naama , Shick Revital , Shtrichman Ronit , Lorber Avraham , Itskovitz‐Eldor Joseph , Binah Ofer 
Published: November 2011

AbstractSudden cardiac death caused by ventricular arrhythmias is a disastrous event, especially when it occurs in young individuals. Among the five major arrhythmogenic disorders occurring in the absence of a structural heart disease is catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT), which is a highly lethal form of inherited arrhythmias. Our study focuses on the autosomal recessive form of the disease caused by the missense mutation D307H in the cardiac calsequestrin gene, CASQ2. Because CASQ2 is a key player in excitation contraction coupling, the derangements in intracellular Ca2+ handling may cause delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs), which constitute the mechanism underlying CPVT. To investigate catecholamine‐induced arrhythmias in the CASQ2 mutated cells, we generated for the first time CPVT‐derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming fibroblasts from skin biopsies of two patients, and demonstrated that the iPSCs carry the CASQ2 mutation. Next, iPSCs were differentiated to cardiomyocytes (iPSCs‐CMs), which expressed the mutant CASQ2 protein. The major findings were that the β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol caused in CPVT iPSCs‐CMs (but not in the control cardiomyocytes) DADs, oscillatory arrhythmic prepotentials, after‐contractions and diastolic [Ca2+]i rise. Electron microscopy analysis revealed that compared with control iPSCs‐CMs, CPVT iPSCs‐CMs displayed a more immature phenotype with less organized myofibrils, enlarged sarcoplasmic reticulum cisternae and reduced number of caveolae. In summary, our results demonstrate that the patient‐specific mutated cardiomyocytes can be used to study the electrophysiological mechanisms underlying CPVT.
Pancreatic cancer tumour initiating cells: the molecular regulation and therapeutic values
Authors: Ni Xiaoling , Long Jiang , Cen Putao , Chen Leon , Yang Jingxuan , Li Min 
Published: November 2011

Abstract

Introduction

Surface markers of pancreatic TICs

Signalling pathways in pancreatic TICs

Function of microRNAs in TICs regulation, self‐renewal and differentiation

New therapies targeting the deregulated pathways and miRNAs to treat TICs in pancreatic cancer

Conclusion

Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive solid tumour characterized by its local invasion, early metastasis and resistance to standard chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Tumour initiating cells (TICs) are not only capable of self‐renewal and differentiation, but also play an important role in multi‐drug resistance, and thus become a popular topic in cancer research especially in pancreatic cancer. In this review, we summarize the current progress of TICs in tumourigenesis, various newly identified surface markers of pancreatic TICs, and the signalling pathways such as epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, sonic hedgehog and Notch that regulate TICs. We also discuss the role which microRNA plays in TICs as well as its application in TIC‐targeted therapy along with other approaches.
The role of dorsal root ganglia activation and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zhu Wenjun , Frost Emma E. , Begum Farhana , Vora Parvez , Au Kelvin , Gong Yuewen , MacNeil Brian , Pillai Prakash , Namaka Mike 
Published: November 2011

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by focal destruction of the white matter of the brain and spinal cord. The exact mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of the disease are unknown. Many studies have shown that MS is predominantly an autoimmune disease with an inflammatory phase followed by a demyelinating phase. Recent studies alongside current treatment strategies, including glatiramer acetate, have revealed a potential role for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in MS. However, the exact role of BDNF is not fully understood. We used the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS in adolescent female Lewis rats to identify the role of BDNF in disease progression. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cords were harvested for protein and gene expression analysis every 3 days post‐disease induction (pdi) up to 15 days. We show significant increases in BDNF protein and gene expression in the DRG of EAE animals at 12 dpi, which correlates with peak neurological disability. BDNF protein expression in the spinal cord was significantly increased at 12 dpi, and maintained at 15 dpi. However, there was no significant change in mRNA levels. We show evidence for the anterograde transport of BDNF protein from the DRG to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord via the dorsal roots. Increased levels of BDNF within the DRG and spinal cord in EAE may facilitate myelin repair and neuroprotection in the CNS. The anterograde transport of DRG‐derived BDNF to the spinal cord may have potential implications in facilitating central myelin repair and neuroprotection.
Strategies to reduce exposure of fumonisins from complementary foods in rural Tanzania
Authors: Kimanya Martin E. , De Meulenaer Bruno , Van Camp John , Baert Katleen , Kolsteren Patrick 
Published: November 2011

AbstractFeeding infants with maize can expose them to fumonisin mycotoxins. We assessed fumonisin exposure from complementary foods in rural Tanzania and determined strategies to reduce the exposure. We conducted a cross‐sectional study in four villages of Tarakea division, Northern Tanzania. We used a repeat 24‐hour dietary recall to collect data of maize consumption as complementary food for 254 infants aged 6–8 months. Fumonisin concentrations in the maize were also estimated. Fumonisin exposure was assessed using @riskanalysis software. With the software, several maximum fumonisin contamination and maize consumption patterns were combined in order to determine effective strategies for minimizing fumonisin exposure. Of the infants, 89% consumed maize at amounts up to 158 g/person/day (mean; 43 g/person/day ± 28). The maize was contaminated with fumonisins at levels up to 3201 µg kg−1. Risk of fumonisin intake above the provisional maximum tolerable daily limit of 2 µg kg−1body weight was 15% (95% confidence interval; 10–19). The risk was minimized when the maximum contamination was set at 150 µg kg−1. The risk was also minimized when the maximum consumption was set at 20 g/child/day while keeping the maximum contamination at the European Union (EU) maximum tolerated limit (MTL) of 1000 µg kg−1. Considering the economical and technological limitations of adopting good agricultural practices in rural Tanzania, it is practically difficult to reduce contamination in maize to 150 µg kg−1. We suggest adoption of the EU MTL of 1000 µg kg−1for fumonisins in maize and reduction, by replacement with another cereal, of the maize component in complementary foods to a maximum intake of 20 g/child/day.
Late Modernism, 1928–1945: Criticism and Theory
Authors: Hindrichs Cheryl 
Published: November 2011

AbstractIn contrast to the well‐established body of criticism on early modernism in 20th‐century literature, late modernism has only belatedly appeared in the critical discourse. This article presents a survey of criticism on thirties writing and writing between the World Wars in order to suggest that the early success of Auden Generation criticism narrowed the scope of the critical field. Since the late 1990s, a critical reassessment of writing between the late twenties and late forties has facilitated the emergence of late modernism. Combining cultural and historical assessment with attention to the period’s plurality of aesthetics, these contributions are vital to the theorization of late modernism beyond the dyadic model of the Auden Generation and to an analysis of late modernism that examines the conceptual work these texts perform in relation to modernist and postmodernist modalities. Drawing together the approaches of recent theorists of late modernism, this article concludes by offering an alternative framework for mapping a plurality of late modernist writers, one that examines late modernist poetics in relation to historical contexts.
Auden, Translation, Betrayal: Radical Poetics and Translation from Old English
Authors: Remein Daniel C 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThis essay addresses the state of the translation of poetry from Anglo‐Saxon and Old English in Anglo‐Saxon and Old English studies. As an alternative to a conservative tendency in the state of translation from Old English the essay points to the usefulness of thinking about Old English poetry and its translation from the position of the more radical moments of 20th and 21st century poetics. Translation from Old English poetry tends to result in or follow the direction of dominant and conservative poetics. The essay first examines this conservative tendency as it can be made legible by relatively recent theoretical languages from translation theory with reference to deconstruction. The essay then turns to a philologically minded reading of W. H. Auden’s poem sometimes titled ‘The Secret Agent’ in its relation to the Old English poem called Wulf and Eadwacer as an example of a way to conceive of translating the medieval more broadly and radically. In the case of Auden’s poem, to employ or even to think a more radical poetics of translating Old English would demand a willingness to queerly compromise the bounds of the proper, to learn from and follow not only dominant and conservative poetics but also modern and contemporary avant‐garde and experimental poetics. The essay outlines the possibility of translating the medieval as a betrayal of globally hegemonic modern English, allowing the medieval to infiltrate the present.
Lust for Salt in the Western Amazon
Authors: Dudley Robert , Kaspari Michael , Yanoviak Stephen P. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAlthough the use of mineral licks by diverse Amazonian birds and mammals is well‐known, the ultimate motivation for such behavior remains unclear. As aerosol deposition of salts declines with distance from oceanic sources, lick visitation in the western Amazon can be explained by demand for sodium, given the low concentration of this micronutrient in the plant tissues consumed by these taxa. Sodium limitation also influences ant foraging behavior, and impinges on ecosystem rates of carbon cycling. The biogeographical context of sodium availability has been largely overlooked, but has substantial pantropical implications for herbivore and decomposer performance in inland rain forests.Abstract in Spanish is available in the online version of this article.