bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous sheep resources of Ethiopia: types, production systems and farmers preferences
Authors: Gizaw S. , Komen H. , Hanotte O. , Van Arendonk J.A.M. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryEthiopia has a diverse sheep population, numbering 23.6 million, in parallel with its diverse ecology, production systems and communities. A comprehensive phenotypic and genetic characterization of Ethiopian sheep populations was initiated in 2005 to provide a nationwide framework for the management of sheep genetic resources. In this paper, we describe the indigenous sheep types in terms of physical characteristics, eco-regional distribution and community affinity. We also present relationships of sheep types with agricultural production systems, and farmers'/pastoralists' assessment of their sheep types. Fourteen traditionally recognized sheep types were identified and physically described.The sheep types could be categorized into four groups (sub-alpine short-fat-tailed, highland long-fat-tailed, lowland fat-rumped and lowland thin-tailed) based on their ecological distribution, tail types (fat-tail versus thin-tail), tail form/shape, and fiber type. There is high morphological and ecological diversity among the major sheep groups as well as among the sheep types. There is also a strong relationship between sheep types, ethnic groups and production systems. Assessment of the genetic distinctiveness of the traditional sheep types is important for developing rational conservation-based improvement programs. Molecular genetic assessment of the population structure is a follow up activity.
Inventaire des différents écotypes de la race Barbarine en Tunisie
Authors: Bedhiaf-Romdhani S. , Djemali M. , Bello A.A. 
Published: August 2011

RésuméCette étude s'est intéressée à l'identification des différents écotypes de la race Barbarine, principale race ovine à queue grasse en Tunisie. Un inventaire national a été conduit dans les différents étages bioclimatiques du pays allant du Nord subhumide jusqu'au Sud Saharien, en passant par le Centre semi-aride. Les principaux résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence au sein de cette race 10 écotypes différents:1. Quatre écotypes au Nord, de grand format à tête rousse, de grand format à tête noire, à robe noire, et de type “Sardi” à museau, “lunettes” et membres noirs.2. Quatre écotypes au Centre, de format moyen avec dominance de la tête rousse, à tête rousse avec une liste frontale blanche, à tête claire tirant vers le blanc et à tête rousse et à queue arquée.3. Deux écotypes au Sud, de petit format à tête rousse, et de type “Sagâa” avec une tête blanche, un museau et des “lunettes” de couleur brune. Cette diversité d'écotypes au sein de la race Barbarine constitue un apport nouveau aux connaissances des races ovines autochtones. Jusqu'à maintenant, seuls deux écotypes, à tête rousse et tête noire, étaient répertoriés au sein de la race Barbarine.
South African developed meat type goats: A forgotten animal genetic resource?
Authors: Pieters A. , van Marle-Köster E. , Visser C. , Kotze A. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThere are mainly three locally developed meat type goat breeds in South Africa namely the South African Boer goat, the Savanna and the Kalahari Red. In order to maintain the characteristics of these breeds and to ensure that their unique traits are not lost through continuous selection and cross-breeding, it has become important to revisit current breed standards and introduce genetic characterization to obtain genetic diversity parameters. Both the Boer goat and Savanna breeds have established breeders associations while a breeders club was founded for the Kalahari Red goats. These associations have set breed standards and the breeds' morphometric traits have recently been described. The differences in morphometric traits among the breeds are fairly insignificant. Preliminary data on genetic diversity report heterozygosity values above 50% for each of the three breeds and they can be distinguished as separate breeds based on genotyping results with eighteen ISAG recommended microsatellite markers. There is however a need for a genetic characterization of both meat type and indigenous goats to ensure sufficient diversity within the breeds for long term conservation of the unique genetic resource.
ISTRIAN CATTLE
Authors: Caput P. , Rimanic N. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe Istrian breed of cattle, of the Yugoslavian peninsula of that name, is an endangered species. The Istrian breed is related to other Podolic breeds and research into its genetic relationships with other breeds, as well as its conservation through the establishment of open nucleus units, frozen embryo stocks and a semen bank is being undertaken.
GOATS IN YEMEN
Authors: Hasnain H. U. , Hokhie A.A. Al , Iryani A.R.F Al 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThis article was first prepared (1988/89) when there were two Yemen States, the Yemen Arab Republic also known as North Yemen and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen or South Yemen. These two united in 1990 to form the Republic of Yemen. The authors describe the various goat populations in North Yemen, the regional distribution, numbers, flock sizes and production systems; the future of goat raising is also discussed. A short updating note on the goat population of South Yemen completes the picture.
EL GANADO CRIOLLO COLOMBIANO BLANCO OREJINEGRO (BON)
Authors: Correal G. Martinez 
Published: August 2011

RESUMENEste artículo describe brevemente el origen de los, bovinos “criollos” en Colombia, el nicho ecológico donde ha prosperado el ganado criollo Blanco Orejinegro (BON) y las principales características zootécnicas y productivas de esta raza. Se presentan los resultados de heterosis hallados en planes de cruzamiento con las razas Cebú (Brahman), Charolais y Santa Gertrudis.
EL CERDO ZUNGO
Authors: Ospina R. Sabogal , Owen B. A. A. 
Published: August 2011

RESUMENEl cerdo Zungo, constituye una fuente importante de ingreso para muchos campesinos colombianos a nivel de pequeás explotaciones de subsistencia.Este cerdo es un animal de piel negra, pelo escaso, anca caída y poco jamón. Des cerdo Zungo existen tres tipos: el mediano, el choncho y el chuzo.La monta de las hembras Zungo se debe realizar aproximadamente a los siete meses de edad, con un peso de 70-75 kg. y los verracos deben entrar en servicio después de los ocho meses de edad, con un peso aproximado de 80 kg.Con un manejo mejorado los cerdos híbridos producto del cruce de cerdos Zungo puro con hembras Duroc puro, se comportan de forma intermedia en comparaión a los lechones puros Zungo y Duroc desde el nacimiento hasta el destete.Desde el destete (56 días) hasta los 90 kg de peso promedio, los cerdos Zungo presentaron un aumento diario de peso y una conversión alimenticia inferiores a los Duroc que no difirieron significativamente de los cruces Zungo x Duroc y Duroc x Zungo.
LA RACE BOVINE ASTURIENNE DE MONTAGNE
Authors: Dunner S. , Canon J. , Gutierrez J. P. , Vallejo M. , Alonso L. , Goyache T. 
Published: August 2011

RÉSUMECe travail présente les caractéristiques morphologiques, productives et d'exploitation les plus importantes de la race Asturienne de Montagne. Les programmes de contrôle des performances et les modèles d'évaluation génétique pour la sélection et la conservation de la race sont également décrits.
L'ELEVAGE DU YAK EN ASIE CENTRALE
Authors: Bonnemaire J. , Jest C. 
Published: August 2011

RESUMELe yak domestique, Bos gr-unniens, est un boviné à longs poils et à queue touffue élevé en Asie Centrale, dans les zones situées entre 3500 et 5000 mètres d'altitude.Son aire de répartition correspond schématiquement aux régions montagneuses qui s'inscrivent entre les longitudes 70° à 115° Est et les latitudes 27° à SS° Nord, c'est à dire du Pamir à l'Ouest jusqu'à la région du lac Baikal à l'Est. En Mongolie à la latitude la plus septentrionale de l'aire considérée il descend jusqu'à 1500 mètres d'altitude.En égard à son rôle central dans la vie des populations essentiellement pastorales d'Asie centrale, l'élevage du yak apparait comme un révélateur puissant et un intégrateur efficace des systèmes écologiques des zones d'altitude d'Asie.Nous présenterons ici succintement, à partir de précedentes publications, les caractéristiques du yak, le fonctionnement des systèmes d'élevage et l'organisation spécifique du pastoralisme dans des milieux extrèmement contraignants.
A programme for the inventory, characterisation, evaluation, conservation and utilisation of European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) genetic resources
Authors: Bolet G. , Monnerot M. , Arnal C. , Arnold J. , Bell D. , Bergoglio G. , Besenfelder U. , Bosze S. , Boucher S. , Brun J.M. , Chanteloup N. , Ducourouble M.C. , Durand-Tardif M. , Esteves P.J. , Ferrand N. , Hewitt G. , Joly T. , Koehl P.F. , Laube M. , Lechevestrier S. , Lopez M. , Masoero G. , Piccinin R. , Queney G. , Saleil G. , Surridge A. , van der Loo W. , Vanhommerig J. , Vicente J.S. , Virag G. , Zimmermann J.M. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryIn Europe, more than 60 breeds are described by the national associations of rabbit breeders. However, these breeds are scarcely used in the commercial production of rabbit meat in Europe, which is based mainly on commercial strains. A European programme, coordinated by the I. N. R. A., has been initiated to realise the inventory of all these breeds and to evaluate the zootechnical value and the genetic characteristics of some of them. Through the European association of rabbit breeders and the FAO national focal points, all the European countries have been asked to fill out a questionnaire describing their populations of rabbits. A data bank is being set up, which will be included in the FAO (DAD-IS) and EAAP data banks. A sample of 10 breeds has been chosen (Flemish Giant, French Lop, Belgian Hare, Vienna White, Champagne Argente, Thuringer, Fauve de Bourgogne, Chinchilla, Himalayan, British). Their zootechnical value (reproduction, growth and carcass traits) is being evaluated on three experimental farms, in comparison with a control breed. At the same time, their genetic polymorphism and the genetic distances between these 10 breeds are calculated on the basis of microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA, other genetic markers and protein polymorphism. Finally, a bank of frozen embryos from these 10 breeds is being constituted.
Advances in the Brazilian animal genetic resources conservation programme
Authors: Mariante A. da S. , Albuquerque M. do S.M. , do Egito A. A. , McManus C. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryBrazil has various species of domestic animals which developed from breeds brought by the Portuguese settlers soon after the discovery. Over the last five centuries, these breeds have been submitted to natural selection in particular environments and therefore today, they present characteristics adapted to the specific environmental conditions. From the beginning of this century, some exotic breeds, selected in temperate regions, have begun to be imported. Although more productive, these breeds lack adaptation traits, such as resistance to disease and parasites found in breeds considered to be“native” but even so, little by little, they have substituted the native breeds to such an extent that the latter are, today, in danger of extinction. To avoid the loss of this important genetic material, Brazil created an Animal Genetics Resource Conservation Programme, coordinated by the National Research Centre for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology (Cenargen) of the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMPRAPA). The conservation has been carried out by various Research Centres of EMPRAPA, Universities, State Research Corporations, as well as by private farmers, with a single coordinator at national level, Cenargen. The conservation is being carried out through Conservation Nuclei, situated in the habitats where the animals have been subjected to natural selection(in situ), and by the storage of semen and embryos(ex situ). The recently created Animal Genetics Laboratory of Cenargen allowed genetic characterisation studies on cattle and horse breeds to begin, and, in the near future, work with asses, buffalo and sheep will be conducted‥ From the results of this research it will be possible to compare the native breeds and estimate genetic distances between them. The harmonisation of chosen micro-satellites with those which have been used in other Latin America and Iberian Peninsula countries will be extremely useful for comparative studies and will allow future exchange of germplasm between countries.
A ROLE FOR FERAL MAMMALS IN CONSERVING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY OF LIVESTOCK
Authors: Rudge M.R. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe rationale for conserving breeds of livestock may be extended to free-living populations which are descended from domestic stock (= feral). An important management difference is that feral animals are not maintained as fixed breeds, but are free to vary and adapt. Many feral populations are pests, and threaten the status of native flora and fauna. This means that they continue to diminish as a result of control operations. Nevertheless, some populations and herds of goats, cattle, horses, sheep and pigs have now been protected. Positive values of commercial and scientific Interest are emerging as animals of feral extraction are studied. Further work is needed to assess the contribution that feral animals can make to the cause of conserving genetic diversity in the world's livestock.
NOTE ON THE FAO EXPERT CONSULTATION ON MANAGEMENT OF GLOBAL ANIMAL GENETIC RESOURCES ROME, 7-10 APRIL 1992
Authors: Steane D.E. 
Published: August 2011

For some years Animal Genetic Resources has been a major topic for consideration and discusion by the FAO Committee in Agriculture (COAG), by the Council and the Conference (the governing body of FAO).Following requests of earlier meetings the 1991 COAG meeting considered the outline global programme proposed on An GR and also heard the recommendations requesting the possible expansion of Plant Genetic Resources Structure to one for Biological Diversity.
DOCUMENTING THE WORLD'S DOMESTIC ANIMAL RESOURCES
Authors: Ruane J. 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYThe recently established FAO Global Data Bank for Domestic Livestock aims to document and characterise the different populations of domestic animals found throughout the world. Currently, there are 2047 entries in the data bank. A global breed survey is under way to collect basic information on each breed. From an initial analysis of population data currently available, it is estimated that a total of 390 breeds may be at risk in non-European countries. More than 200 are likely to be in developing countries.
HISTORY OF THE AUROCHS (BOS TAURUS PRIMIGENIUS) IN POLAND
Authors: Rokosz Mieczyslaw 
Published: August 2011

SUMMARYIn the present paper the author submits a short outline of the history of the aurochs in Poland, the country in which that species survived the longest. The last specimen died in the royal forests of Jaktorôw in Masovia at the beginning of the XVIIth century. The sources of the present study are as follows: documents proclaimed by kings, old chronicles, descriptions found in literature, old illustrations, etc. Among the reasons why that species of the relic fauna of the Pleistocene epoch survived so long are those the author draws attention to: i) the special natural conditions, i.e. abundance of forests and climate, offered in Poland, especially in early times, ii) some cultural elements, the latter being of special interest to him. The legal protection extended to the aurochs by the State found its expression in the regale or the king s order concerning hunting of these animals; this was strictly observed, as is pronouncedly recorded in the historical sources which say that in the XIIIth century the aurochs were to be found only in the province of Masovia. The local princes of the Piast dynasty, and later on the kings of Poland, made no concessions of their exclusive right to hunt that animal, not even to the greatest magnates, both ecclesiastical and secular. They themselves never abused the hunting law as far as the aurochs was concerned. Considering the situation of the aurochs in the light of that regale and of the hunting law, the conclusion is offered that the fact of excluding the aurochs from the hunting law and extending to it “a sacred privilege of immunity” which, according to an old custom, only the king was not obliged to obey, was the major factor which contributed to such a long period of survival of that species. This exceptional and almost personal care of the Polish sovereigns for these animals and their intentional will to save them for posterity caused the prolongation of the period of survival of that magnificent species up to the year 1627, in which the last auroch cow died a natural death in her haunts, as is stated in the report of the royal inspection performed in the year 1630.
Criteria for the recognition and prioritisation of breeds of special genetic importance
Authors: Alderson L. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryThe State of the World survey of animal genetic resources (SoWAnGR) has highlighted the necessity to reconcile the varying systems applied by different organisations for the identification and categorisation of endangered breeds of livestock. Currently, many of these systems are irreconcilable. In particular, there is a need to interpret national breed populations in the context of their international population. Rare Breeds International has developed and applied a system which overcomes these problems, and which coincides with criteria applied by FAO. The system utilises three criteria, namely distinctiveness, local adaptation, and numerical scarcity. Numerical scarcity is measured preferentially by the number of annual female registrations rather than the number of breeding females. The system embodies simplicity, accuracy and effectiveness, based on global data, and will enable more effective interpretation of SoWAnGR reports.
The use of reproductive and molecular biotechnology in Animal Genetic Resources management - a global overview
Authors: Pilling D. , Cardellino R. , Zjalic M. , Rischkowsky B. , Tempelman K.A. , Hoffmann I. 
Published: August 2011

SummaryAs part of the country-driven strategy for the management of animal genetic resources, FAO invited 188 countries to participate in the preparation of the First Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources. Utilizing the information provided in the 148 country reports ready for analysis in July 2005, this paper presents a global overview of the state of capacity and utilization of reproductive and molecular biotechnologies in the management of animal genetic resources. Regional descriptions outline the distribution of different biotechnologies, along with a discussion of the species and breed focus of their use, and stakeholder involvement in service delivery. Unsurprisingly, there is a big gap in biotechnology use between developed and developing countries, with artificial insemination being the technology most widely applied in developing countries. More complex technologies such as embryo transfer and molecular tools, are even less common in developing countries. Use of biotechnologies is in general biased towards cattle, and examples of the application of biotechnologies in the management of locally adapted breeds are limited. Most developing countries express the wish to increase the utilization of biotechnologies. However, in many cases clear plans for incorporating technologies into animal genetic resource management are lacking.
A Linked Data Approach to Help Identify Therapeutic Targets for Cancer
Authors: Deus Helena 
Published: August 2011

AbstractCancer is still one of the leading causes of death in the developed world. To address this problem, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) has launched The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), a large scale systematic approach to characterize tumor samples from 20 cancer types and approximately 10,000 donor patients by using multiple high-throughput approaches.Multidisciplinary projects such as TCGA and related projects across Europe aim at identifying cancer “driver” mutations to be used as therapeutic targets or diagnostic tests. Extracting and aggregating the knowledge necessary to identify such mutations remains a challenge primarily due to the need to reliably integrate the experimental datasets with heterogeneous, distributed biomedical data sources, including public databases, biomedical literature and controlled access clinical information.Linked Data is a set of best practices to integrate and link data with those characteristics. We present here a method to easily integrate and enrich high-throughput experiment results such as those generated by TCGA, with public biomedical data sources such as Diseasome, DrugBank or KEGG, available in Linked Data formats.
On-Membrane Proteolytic Digestion of Electroblotted Proteins
Authors: Simspon Richard J. 
Published: August 2011

INTRODUCTIONThere are two main approaches for digesting proteins to generate peptide maps for gel-separated proteins: (1) protein blotting onto immobilizing membranes, followed by on-membrane digestion, and (2) digesting proteins directly in the gel matrix and extracting the peptides. In this protocol, a method for performing on-membrane protein digestion is provided.
Gene Transfer into Mammalian Cells Using Targeted Filamentous Bacteriophage
Authors: Baird Andrew 
Published: August 2011

INTRODUCTIONPhage vectors, because of their genetic simplicity, are uniquely suited to methods that use directed evolution to genetically optimize vectors for therapeutic gene delivery. Moreover, because phage production is restricted to strain-specific bacteria, the hosts are equally amenable to genetic engineering, modification, and even genetic selections to optimize yield, genetic stability, manufacture, and cost. The choice of targeting ligand determines the specificity of targeted phage transduction. Genetic targeting is limited to proteins that can be efficiently expressed and biologically active following secretion into the periplasmic space of the bacteria and subsequent incorporation into the phage particle. The capacity of phage to display a chosen targeting ligand must be determined empirically and optimized. Alternatively, the targeting ligand can be selected after display in a phage library. The orientation of the reporter gene relative to the phage structural genes can affect vector transduction efficiency. We have also targeted phage particles for gene delivery using an avidin-biotin linkage. This allows selection of ligands without concern for their ability to be displayed genetically. This protocol describes the use of targeted filamentous phage for gene delivery to mammalian cells. The final vector, although of low efficiency, is meant to serve as a starting point for a vector development platform that can use in vitro and in vivo techniques of combinatorial display to direct its evolution to high efficiency, high specificity, and eventually, safety in humans.
Population Choice as a Consideration for Genetic Analysis Study Design
Authors: Stephens J. Claiborne , Bamshad Michael 
Published: August 2011

INTRODUCTIONGenetic association and gene mapping studies must be carefully designed if they are to provide meaningful data. An important consideration in designing such studies is the type of population to be analyzed. This article discusses founder populations, homozygosity mapping, and admixed populations, and considers the advantages of each in mapping human disease genes.
Trivial minimization of extra‐steps under dynamic homology
Authors: Wheeler Ward C. 
Published: August 2011

AbstractFarris (1983) stated that the rationale of the parsimony criterion was to minimize extra (i.e. non‐minimal) steps. For traditional characters, this is equivalent to minimizing total steps (i.e. length). Under dynamic homology (sensu Wheeler, 2001), this identity is broken. Here, it is shown that extra steps (but not total) can be minimized trivially (to zero) for all data sets on all trees when insertion‐deletion events are considered.© The Willi Hennig Society 2011.