bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE POSSIBILITY OF CONSENT
Authors: Owens David 
Published: November 2011

AbstractWorries about the possibility of consent recall a more familiar problem about promising raised by Hume. To see the parallel here we must distinguish the power of consent from the normative significance of choice. I'll argue that we have normative interests, interests in being able to control the rights and obligations of ourselves and those around us, interests distinct from our interest in controlling the non‐normative situation. Choice gets its normative significance from our non‐normative control interests. By contrast, the possibility of consent depends on a species of normative interest that I'll call a permissive interest, an interest in its being the case that certain acts wrong us unless we declare otherwise. In the final section, I'll show how our permissive interests underwrite the possibility of consent.
Beyond terroir: territorial construction, hegemonic discourses, and French wine culture
Authors: DEMOSSIER MARION 
Published: November 2011

Starting from the anthropological investigation of Burgundian viticulture, my article examines the major issues attached to the territorial construction of the French wine industry around the concept of terroir. It discusses the diverse strategic deployments of terroir encountered in Burgundian viticulture since the 1990s by arguing that a paradigm shift has occurred from the geological argument to the recognition of the wine‐grower as the mediator in the expression of terroir. Moreover, there is a tendency to use terroir as a local governance tool leading to homogeneity and rootedness, while supplying a means for individuals in localities to respond to globalization.RésuméÀ partir de l'étude anthropologique de la viticulture en Bourgogne, l'auteure examine les principales questions liées à la construction territoriale de l'industrie viticole française autour de la notion de terroir. Elle présente les différents déploiements stratégiques de cette notion rencontrés dans la viticulture bourguignonne depuis les années 1990, et avance l'idée d'un changement paradigmatique avec le passage de l'argument géologique à la reconnaissance du viticulteur comme médiateur de l'expression du terroir. On observe en outre une tendance à utiliser le terroir comme outil de gouvernance locale, aboutissant à une homogénéité et à un enracinement tout en donnant aux villageois locaux les moyens de répliquer à la mondialisation.
The cause of human rights: doubts about torture, law, and ethics at the United Nations
Authors: KELLY TOBIAS 
Published: November 2011

Although human rights practitioners are often seen as being distinguished by their dogmatic claims or their technical fixations, there is a danger of ignoring the hesitations and confusions that also mark much human rights work. The article focuses on human rights NGOs as they engage with the UN Committee Against Torture. In doing so it examines their doubts about the causal connections that would link their legal interventions with their ethical commitments. However, doubt should not be confused with cynicism or despair. To doubt means to be in two minds. Instead of bringing the whole edifice tumbling down, a sense of doubt means that new avenues are always sought out, as practitioners move between an emphasis on the legal and the ethical. Rather than a source of crippling anxiety, doubt can keep the human rights project moving.RésuméLes défenseurs des droits de l'homme sont souvent perçus comme dogmatiques ou crispés sur des aspects techniques, au risque de méconnaître les hésitations et les confusions qui marquent souvent leur action. Le présent article se concentre sur les interactions des ONG œuvrant pour les droits de l'homme avec le Comité contre la torture des Nations Unis. Il examine les doutes de ces organisations sur les relations de causalité qui pourraient faire le lien entre leurs interventions judiciaires et leur engagement éthique. Il ne faut pas pour autant confondre le doute avec le cynisme ou le désespoir. Douter, c'est être partagé dans son opinion. Au lieu de faire crouler tout l'édifice, le doute conduit à rechercher sans cesse de nouvelles perspectives, dans un mouvement de va‐et‐vient entre droit et éthique. Au lieu d'être une source d'anxiété paralysante, il peut être un moteur des projets pour les droits de l'homme.
Exchange and resilience in Timor‐Leste
Authors: MCWILLIAM ANDREW 
Published: November 2011

The collapse of the market economy and most employment opportunities that accompanied the withdrawal of Indonesia from East Timor in 1999 prompted the re‐emergence of customary exchange practices that were heavily attenuated during Indonesian rule (1975‐99). For many Fataluku‐speaking Timorese communities, the strict internal security regime that accompanied military occupation curtailed opportunities for enacting vital exchanges that inform and reproduce social relations between kin, affines, and ancestors. As they rebuild their lives in a now independent Timor‐Leste, a renewed attention to exchange and the reciprocal flow of gifts, goods, labour, and blessings is again engaging Fataluku households. In this context, ideas of obligation and mutual exchange become constitutive elements of socio‐economic and religious activity that is fundamental to the resilience of the community. The article considers the role of gift economies as expressions of human security from below and as strategies designed to mitigate economic uncertainty through ritual exchange and religious action.RésuméL'effondrement de l'économie de marché et de la plupart des possibilités d'emploi qui a accompagné le retrait de l'Indonésie du Timor‐Oriental en 1999 a suscité la réapparition de pratiques d'échange coutumières qui s'étaient fortement estompées sous la domination indonésienne (1975‐99). Dans de nombreux villages fataluku au Timor‐Leste, le régime sévère de sûreté intérieure accompagnant l'occupation militaire empêchait les populations de réaliser des échanges vitaux, informant et reproduisant les relations sociales entre parents, affins et ancêtres. À présent que le pays est indépendant et que les Fataluku reconstruisent leur vie, l'attention se porte à nouveau vers les échanges et la circulation à double sens des dons, des marchandises, du travail et des bénédictions. Dans ce contexte, les notions d'obligation et d'échange mutuel deviennent des éléments constitutifs d'activités socioéconomiques et religieuses indispensables à la résilience de la communauté. L'auteur examine ici le rôle des économies du don en tant qu'expressions d'une sécurité humaine « au ras du sol » et comme stratégies pour atténuer l'incertitude économique par le biais des échanges rituels et des actes religieux.
On the nature of empiricism in archaeology
Authors: JOHNSON MATTHEW H. 
Published: November 2011

‘Empiricism’ can mean many things; I discuss it here as the belief that the data speak for themselves, without the need for intervening theory. Empiricism in this sense would be considered by most to be simply naïve, but I argue that it remains one of the most widespread implicit theoretical positions in archaeology as a whole. This article examines the intellectual origins and cultural context of empiricism, and asks why it endures. I discuss two case studies: the archaeology of castles; and the origins of the medieval village. I argue that empiricism should be understood rather than simply dismissed, and propose some therapeutic practices for archaeological interpretation.Résumé« Empirisme » peut revêtir de nombreux sens. L'auteur l'envisage ici comme la conviction que les données parlent d'elles‐mêmes, sans qu'il faille faire intervenir la théorie. Dans ce sens, l'empirisme passerait aux yeux de la plupart des gens pour de la naïveté, mais l'auteur avance qu'il reste l'une des positions théoriques implicites les plus répandues dans l'archéologie, au sens large. Le présent article examine les origines intellectuelles et le contexte culturel de l'empirisme et s'interroge sur sa longévité. Il expose deux études de case : l'archéologie des châteaux‐forts et les origines du village médiéval. L'auteur propose de comprendre l'empirisme au lieu de simplement le rejeter et avance quelques idées de pratiques thérapeutiques pour l'interprétation archéologique.
Creating medicine on a swing: the effectiveness of mirroring, mimetic sensoriality, and embodiment to facilitate childbirth among the Sakais of Riau (Sumatra)
Authors: PORATH NATHAN 
Published: November 2011

This article focuses on a healing technique to facilitate childbirth performed by the Orang Sakai, a Malayan‐speaking indigenous people of Sumatra (Indonesia). It explores the sensoriality of mimesis, mirroring, and embodiment through the works of Taussig, Girard, and others. It further makes a comparison between recent mimetic phantom‐limb somatic therapy and shamanic ritual, focusing on the idea of mirroring and mimetic touching without making direct physical contact. It concludes that the process of mirroring‐mimesis and embodiment is a universal in therapy and endorses the argument that clinical therapy and clinical experiments are also mimesis‐inducing rituals.RésuméL'article est consacréà une technique de guérison visant à faciliter les accouchements chez les Orang Sakai, un peuple autochtone de langue malaise de Sumatra (Indonésie). Il explore la sensorialité de la mimesis, du travail en miroir et de l'incorporation à travers les œuvres de Taussig, de Girard et d'autres. Il compare en outre les récentes thérapies des membres fantômes au moyen de miroirs et le rituel chamanique, en se concentrant sur l'idée du travail en miroir et du toucher mimétique sans contact physique direct. Il conclut que le processus de mimesis en miroir et d'incorporation est un universel thérapeutique et avance l'argument que le traitement et les expérimentations cliniques sont eux aussi des rituels induisant une mimesis.
Humanity between gods and beasts? Ontologies in question*
Authors: LLOYD G.E.R. 
Published: November 2011

Wherein lies the humanity of human beings? Many conflicting answers have been attempted in ancient and in modern times, with many focusing on the triadic relationship between humans, gods, and beasts. This article will review a wide range of suggestions, from those of ancient Greeks and Chinese, to recent anthropological proposals (by Viveiros de Castro and Descola in particular) of alternative ontologies. We have every reason to take rival human understandings seriously, but that should not be thought to lead to radical relativism, let alone to a breakdown of mutual intelligibility. Rather, they offer resources for exploring the substantive questions and for reflecting on the propensity of human beings to entertain or presuppose strong views on, precisely, what makes humans human. While evolutionary biology, ethology, cognitive science, and anthropology itself have all contributed to an increased recognition of the complexities of the question, we need the input not just of those disciplines, but also of philosophy and of history, to evaluate potential answers. In that spirit, the article offers an interdisciplinary commentary on the problems.RésuméOù se situe l'humanité des êtres humains ? On a donnéà cette question beaucoup de réponses contradictoires, depuis les temps les plus anciens. Ces réponses se concentrent souvent sur une relation triadique entre humains, dieux et bêtes. L'auteur fait ici un tour d'horizon de multiples propositions, des Grecs et Chinois de l'Antiquité aux récentes approches anthropologiques (en particulier celles de Viveiros de Castro et Descola) des ontologies alternatives. Il y a tout lieu de prendre au sérieux ces perceptions concurrentes de l'humanité, mais cela ne doit pas conduire à un relativisme radical ni même à l'abandon de toute possibilité d'intelligibilité mutuelle. Ces approches offrent, au contraire, des ressources pour explorer les questions substantives et réfléchir à la propension des êtres humains à exprimer ou présupposer des opinions vigoureuses sur ce que les rend, justement, humains. Bien que la biologie évolutionniste, l'éthologie, les sciences cognitives et l'anthropologie elle‐même aient contribuéà une meilleure reconnaissance de la complexité de cette question, nous avons besoin non seulement de ces disciplines mais aussi des travaux de la philosophie et de l'histoire pour peser les réponses potentielles. C'est dans cet esprit que l'auteur propose ici un commentaire interdisciplinaire de ces problèmes.
Optimizing individual identification and survey effort for photographic capture–recapture sampling of species with temporally variable morphological traits
Authors: Goswami V. R. , Lauretta M. V. , Madhusudan M. D. , Karanth K. U. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractEndangered, wide‐ranging megafauna have many threats to contend with during their struggle for survival in an ever‐increasing human dominance of the environment. Reliable monitoring of endangered large mammal populations is therefore a critical conservation requirement. Photographic capture–recapture (CR) techniques have opened up avenues for population monitoring of individually recognizable large mammal species. The efficient application of these techniques, however, can be constrained by challenges in reliably identifying individuals arising from the use of multiple, and potentially variable traits, as well as issues of temporal sampling of populations in the field. We address these key problems by describing an automated process of rapidly identifying individualAsian elephants (Elephas maximus) from photographs, and comparing resultantCR‐based population parameter estimates with those obtained using supervised visual identification of individuals. In addition, we assess the temporal effort necessary for robust estimation of demographic parameters in our study population. Morphological traits that maintain constancy over time, including variations in tusk characteristics, and ear fold and lobe shape, proved the most reliable for individual identification and subsequent estimation of population parameters. The use of temporally variable traits contributed to high probabilities of misidentification and biased estimates of population size. We found a minimum of seven sampling occasions necessary for reliable population estimation. Our study contributes to design issues forCRstudies by providing insights into optimality of sampling effort such that precision of parameter estimates are not compromised while minimizing survey costs. We demonstrate the importance of accurate individual identification in the context of such studies and recommend the use of fixed morphological traits as the optimal individual identification strategy for species where animals are distinguished on the basis of multiple attributes, including some that may be variable over time.
Denervation affects regenerative responses in MRL/MpJ and repair in C57BL/6 ear wounds
Authors: Buckley Gemma , Wong Jason , Metcalfe Anthony D. , Ferguson Mark W. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe MRL/MpJ mouse displays the rare ability amongst mammals to heal injured ear tissue without scarring. Numerous studies have shown that the formation of a blastema‐like structure leads to subsequent tissue regeneration in this model, indicating many parallels with amphibian limb regeneration and mammalian embryogenesis. We have recently shown that the MRL/MpJ mouse also possesses an enhanced capacity for peripheral nerve regeneration within the ear wound. Indeed, nerves are vital for the initial phase of blastema formation in the amphibian limb. In this study we investigated the capacity for wound regeneration in a denervated ear. The left ears of MRL/MpJ mice and C57BL/6 (a control strain known to have a poorer regenerative capacity) were surgically denervated at the base via an incision and nerve transection, immediately followed by a 2‐mm ear punch wound. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a lack of neurofilament expression in the denervated ear wound. Histology revealed that denervation prevented blastema formation and chrondrogenesis, and also severely hindered normal healing, with disrupted re‐epithelialisation, increasing wound size and progressive necrosis towards the ear tip. Denervation of the ear obliterated the regenerative capacity of the MRL/MpJ mouse, and also had a severe negative effect on the ear wound repair mechanisms of the C57BL/6 strain. These data suggest that innervation may be important not only for regeneration but also for normal wound repair processes.
Who are you looking at? Hadeda ibises use direction of gaze, head orientation and approach speed in their risk assessment of a potential predator
Authors: Bateman P. W. , Fleming P. A. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractAnimals may update their assessment of predation risk according to how a potential predator approaches them. For example, the predator's head and gaze orientation (direction of attention) may reveal its intentions, and faster‐approaching predators are likely to represent greater risk. We examined the reactions of hadeda ibises Bostrychia hagedash. These large birds demonstrate a wide repertoire of responses to being approached (e.g. continuing to forage, slow walking, rapid escape walking, flight and alarm calling). Birds were approached tangentially 112 times by a human who either had the head and eyes directed towards (65 approaches) or directed away from (47 approaches) the birds to test the hypothesis that the direction of the observer's attention informs alert distance (AD) and flight initiation distance (FID) in these birds. Direction of attention had a significant effect on AD and FID as well as the likelihood of taking flight and alarm calling by hadedas, with birds appearing to associate attention directed towards them as an indication of increased risk. Hadedas were able to differentiate between the direction of attention of an approaching human, whether or not there were multiple other humans in the near vicinity. We also examined whether the observer's approach speed altered the birds' responses. Approach speed affected the birds' FID, suggesting that they perceive greater danger in a faster‐approaching intruder compared with a slower‐walking one. These results support the predictions of optimal escape theory and emphasize the high resolution of anti‐predatory awareness in these birds. The marked success of hadeda ibises in urban environments may be due to their ability to become habituated to human presence and to modify their antipredator behaviour in response to subtle cues. These may be common traits of bird species that successfully adapt to urban environments.
Effects of Quaternary climatic changes on the phylogeography and historical demography of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys porteousi
Authors: Mapelli F. J. , Mora M. S. , Mirol P. M. , Kittlein M. J. 
Published: November 2011

AbstractThe contemporary distribution of organisms cannot be understood without knowing how species have responded to the geologic and climatic history of their environments. Genetic studies related to the demographic history of wildlife species can help us to elucidate the role of climate changes and other environmental forces in shaping patterns of distribution and population structure of the species. In this work we investigated the phylogeographic pattern and historical demography of the subterranean rodent Ctenomys porteousi. We examined mitochondrial DNA control region sequences of 101 individuals collected from 7 localities that cover the complete distributional range of this species. Haplotype frequencies showed a significant population differentiation whereas the spatial distribution of haplotypes suggests moderate geographical structure. Genetic differentiation was not consistent with a simple model of isolation by distance and several independent estimates suggest that the observed phylogeographical pattern is the consequence of a complex demographic scenario. Our data suggest both reduction and population expansion events. Both kinds of demographic events were associated to major climatic changes that affected the study area during the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. In particular, a relationship between historical changes in the degree of vegetation cover and population size for this rodent was inferred. We propose that the decrease in aridity of the Pampean region that started in the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary could have promoted a major decline in the effective population size of this species.
The catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism moderates the effect of antenatal stress on childhood behavioural problems: longitudinal evidence across multiple ages
Authors: THOMPSON JOHN M D , SONUGA‐BARKE EDMUND J , MORGAN ANGHARAD R , CORNFORTH CHRISTINE M , TURIC DARKO , FERGUSON LYNNETTE R , MITCHELL EDWIN A , WALDIE KAREN E 
Published: November 2011

Aim  The functional polymorphism Val158Met in the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene was analysed to determine its association with maternal stress and childhood total difficulties.Method  Data were collected at birth from a group of infants who were born small for gestational age and a group who were born at an appropriate size for gestational age and had been enrolled in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study. Children were followed up at the ages of 1 year, 3 years 6 months, 7 years, and 11 years. At the age of 11 years, DNA samples were collected from 546 children (270 females, 276 males): 227 children born small for gestational age and 319 children born at an appropriate size for gestational age. The main independent variable was perceived maternal stress at birth and at 7 and 11 years of age, assessed using the total difficulties scale of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire. IQ was assessed at the age of 7 years.Results  Met/Met homozygotes were at a significantly increased risk of behavioural and emotional problems at the ages of 7 (p=0.002) and 11 years (p=0.003), relative to either heterozygous or homozygous carriers of the Val158Met polymorphism, but only when they were exposed to maternal stress in utero. Met/Met homozygotes had, on average, IQ scores that were four points higher than those of Val/Val homozygotes (p=0.010).Interpretation  These findings emphasize the potential long‐term consequences of prenatal stress for genetically susceptible individuals during neurodevelopment in utero. Our findings add to the general understanding of the aetiology and developmental nature of childhood emotional and behavioural problems.