bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromosome Condensation and Cohesion
Authors: Díaz‐Martínez Laura Angélica , Yu Hongtao 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

The diploid human genome consists of 46 chromosomes, which collectively contain about 2 m of
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA). During mitosis, the genome is packaged into 46 pairs of sister chromatids, each less than 10 μm long. Two fundamental mechanisms govern the formation and maintenance of chromosome structure during mitosis: (i) the dramatic and progressive compaction of chromosomes in the process of chromosome condensation and (ii) the establishment of the physical linkages or
cohesion
between the sister chromatids. Central to the processes of chromosome condensation and cohesion are the
type II topoisomerases
and the Structure Maintenance of Chromosomes (SMC) family of proteins, which form the
condensin
and
cohesin
complexes. These proteins cooperate to ensure chromosome condensation and cohesion, thus promoting the accurate partition of the genome during mitosis.

Key Concepts:

Chromosome condensation and cohesion are necessary for accurate chromosome segregation.

Condensin and topoisomerase IIα are the major regulators of chromosome condensation.

Sister‐chromatid cohesion is required for the bipolar attachment of chromosomes to the spindle microtubules and counteracts the spindle pulling forces generated at the kinetochores.

The cohesin complex is critical for sister‐chromatid cohesion.

Both DNA catenation and sister‐chromatid cohesion have to be resolved for proper sister‐chromatid separation.

Centromeric cohesion is regulated by the spindle checkpoint. Its removal occurs at the onset of anaphase.
Phylogenetics of Baleen Whales
Authors: Jackson Jennifer A 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAt present, there are 15 species of baleen whales that belong to the monophyletic suborder Mysticeti. The family‐level designations of Balaenidae (right and bowhead whales) and Neobalaenidae (pygmy right whales) are strongly supported and well resolved. However, family‐level designations and inter‐relationships among the remaining species and genera of Balaenopteridae (rorquals) and Eschrichtiidae (grey whales) are less well resolved. Taxonomic relationships vary between studies, reconstruction methods and marker types, despite strong morphological support for the placement of Eschrichtiidae as a sister group to the Balaenopteridae. This phylogenetic uncertainty appears to have originated from a rapid Miocene radiation of both families, which has resulted in incomplete sorting of genetic lineages and therefore conflicting phylogenetic signals among nuclear and mitochondrial loci. The earliest radiation of baleen whales (suborder Mysticeti) occurred in the Late Eocene. The fossil record of subsequent species diversifications has been strongly correlated with changes in fossil diatom diversity and isotopic oxygen levels over time.Key Concepts:The monophyletic suborder Mysticeti is composed of four families and 15 species of baleen whales.Mysticete families Balaenidae and Neobalaenidae are strongly supported and well resolved.Molecular genetic support for inter‐species relationships within and between Balaenopteridae and Eschrichtiidae is poorly resolved and suggests a rapid Miocene radiation of lineages at the origin of these families.
Sampling, Detection and Screening of Chemicals Related to the Chemical Weapons Convention
Authors: Pottage Colin , Buckley Margaret E. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which came into force on April 29, 1997, prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and the use of chemical weapons (CW). It is administered by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), which is based in The Hague. The CWC verification regime requires States Parties to declare the use of CW‐related chemicals, which may be used legitimately for nonprohibited purposes, and allows for OPCW inspections of production sites.
During the course of inspections, there may be a requirement for the inspection team (IT) to investigate unresolved ambiguities. The IT has the right to request clarification and, if these ambiguities cannot be clarified by negotiation, then samples may be taken for analysis.
Examples of sampling equipment, procedures, and sample management techniques are described, together with a brief description of screening and detection. Some analyses may be performed on‐site by the inspectors, using equipment brought with them, but for the resolution of more difficult ambiguities it may be necessary to send a sample for off‐site analysis, maintaining the anonymity of its origin, in two or more of a global network of laboratories “designated” by the OPCW. The results of any sampling and analysis process must be able to stand up to international scrutiny, and therefore chain‐of‐custody or audit‐trail procedures must be strictly followed. The process should allow the re‐creation of the position or state of the sample at any time during the handling of the sample from collection through to disposal.
Direct Analysis in Real‐Time Ion Source
Authors: Cody Robert B. , John Dane A. 
Published: December 2010

AbstractDirect Analysis in Real Time (DARTTM) refers to an atmospheric‐pressure “open‐air” ion source that is based on the interaction of long‐lived (“metastable”) excited‐state neutral atoms or molecules with analytes and atmospheric gases. The DART source is used for the rapid analysis of liquids, solids, vapors, or materials on surfaces in open air with little or no sample preparation.
Expression of Recombinant Genes in the Yeast Pichia pastoris
Authors: Cregg James M. , Tolstorukov Ilya , Kusari Anasua , Sunga Anthony Jay , Madden Knut , Chappell Thomas 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThe synthesis of specific recombinant proteins using single‐celled organisms from bacteria to mammalian tissue culture cells has become a major source of biopharmaceutical products for the industry and a source of a wide variety of proteins for academic research. A range of organisms are utilized for this purpose. One of the newest and most promising of these is the yeast Pichia pastoris. This article provides detailed basic protocols for the expression of heterologous genes and the synthesis of recombinant proteins utilizing this yeast. Specifically provided are protocols for the insertion of foreign vector DNAs into the yeast by electroporation, amplification of vector sequences by the post‐translational vector amplification (PTVA) method, and growth and expression of foreign genes in shake flask cultures. Curr. Protoc. Essential Lab. Tech. 4:13.2.1‐13.2.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Database Mining and Marketing
Authors: Saar‐Tsechansky Maytal 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Database mining refers to the data‐driven process of extracting useful patterns or relationships from large databases, usually by means of sophistical statistical techniques. In marketing, while data base mining discovers and unravels patterns in data, it is not guided by underlying marketing theories. Marketing applications of data base mining include market basket analysis, propensity models, and ad placement models.
Global Marketing Strategy
Authors: Johansson Johny K. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
This article makes a concise statement of what a global marketing strategy involves, including sections on organizational context, market segmentation and positioning, product standardization and global branding, pricing and distribution with special attention to gray trade, and global promotional strategy, including global advertising. The strategic implications of global versus multidomestic markets are explored and competitive strengths and weaknesses against local competitors are discussed. The principles are illustrated throughout with illustrations of actual companies.
Market Orientation
Authors: Slater Stanley F. , Mohr Jakki J. , Sengupta Sanjit 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

One of the most enduring pieces of advice for executives over the past 30 years has been, “Focus on your customers!” Customer focus is the centerpiece of the market‐oriented business. The meaning of market orientation, the performance implications of being market oriented, and the processes for achieving a market orientation have been the subject of much debate and research for the past 20 years. In this article, we provide clarity on these issues. In essence, market‐oriented businesses generate intelligence about customers, competitors, and other key influencers; share that intelligence broadly throughout the company; integrate and achieve a shared interpretation of the meaning of the market intelligence; and take coordinated action based on that shared interpretation. A large body of research has shown that market‐oriented businesses achieve superior new‐product success, sales growth, and profitability. Becoming market oriented is not an easy task though. In extreme cases, it requires a total organizational transformation that requires top management commitment, organizational restructuring, new compensation systems, and a commitment to team rather than to self. The material in this article is largely drawn from our book,
Marketing of High Technology Products and Innovations
(3rd edition) by Jakki Mohr, Sanjit Sengupta, and Stanley Slater, published by Prentice‐Hall (2010).
Marketing Strategy Models
Authors: Shankar Venkatesh 
Published: December 2010

AbstractA marketing model is a mathematical representation of a marketing phenomenon. Marketing strategy models are models focused on strategic marketing problems. The main purpose of a marketing strategy model is to develop tools and insights for the formulation of marketing strategies. Marketing strategy models can be classified into three types: descriptive models, normative models, and predictive models. Game theoretic models, which are based on normative behavioral assumptions, exist for analyzing competition in strategic marketing variables such as order and sequence of market entry, positioning, and defensive reactions and in strategic levels of product, price, distribution channels, and advertising. Empirical industrial organization models – models that focus on marketing strategy decisions through analysis of both demand (e.g., sales, market share) and supply (e.g., pricing strategy, marketing allocation strategy) functions – are growing in popularity. Although marketing strategy models span several areas of strategy, models on three topics, namely, new‐product development and product management strategy, market entry and growth strategy, and defensive strategy, are discussed in detail in this article. More models and decision support systems are needed for marketing strategies related to international entry, allocation between product development and marketing expenditures, product portfolio analysis, and allocation across own marketing and comarketing spending.
Market‐Based Assets
Authors: Shervani Tasadduq 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Market‐based assets are intangible assets that arise from the commingling of the firm with entities in its external environment. Brands, customer relationships, distribution channel, and other partner relationships are all examples of market‐based assets. These assets create value for a firm because they allow the firm to (i) accelerate cash flow, (ii) enhance cash flow, (iii) reduce the volatility and vulnerability of cash flows, and (iv) increase the residual value of cash flows. The ultimate goal of the marketing function within a firm can be defined as increasing the value of the market‐based assets of the firm. By conceptualizing market‐based assets as a significant portion of the goodwill earned by a firm over time, marketing researchers and practitioners can better understand how marketing creates value. The relationship between marketing and finance, two critical functions in any business, can be better managed using the common language of market‐based assets. Finance personnel can now understand the value created by marketing in a language that they are familiar with. Marketers, in turn, can use this common language to ensure that the firm makes appropriate investments in the marketing function and marketing activities
Product Category
Authors: Jeong Jaeseok 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
A group of products that are homogeneous are generally considered as substitutes for each other. The product category is considered as narrow or broad depending on how substitutable the various products are. A products is generally identified in terms of its product category, which can be defined as the classification to which the product is assigned. The identification of the product category sometimes can be ambiguous and even arbitrary and this can be an issue for marketing managers in measuring the market performance and understanding the market structure and competition for their own product(s).
Stages of the Product Life Cycle
Authors: Jeong Jaeseok 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The product life cycle (PLC) is a marketing concept that describes the way the revenues from the sale of a product behave over time. Typically, the PLC is drawn as a bell curve with the life cycle being divided into several stages. The PLC has four stages: (i) introduction – the slow sales growth that follows the introduction of a new product; (ii) growth – the rapid sales growth that accompanies product acceptance; (iii) maturity – the peak of sales growth when the product has been accepted by most potential buyers; and (iv) decline – the decline of sales that results as the product is replaced (by a substitute) or as it discontinues in the market.
SWOT
Analysis
Authors: Srinivasan Srini 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis posits that to compete successfully in the market place, organizations need to consider concurrently both internal and external factors – some of which may be favorable to the organization while others may not. In the SWOT analysis, internal factors that drive firm performance are broadly classified into strengths and weaknesses. Businesses derive their strengths from superior skills and tangible and intangible resources that help them to perform better in the market place and thwart competition. Weaknesses are deficiencies and constraints that prevent a firm from performing optimally or succeeding in the market place. SWOT analysis also places emphasis on identifying relevant external factors that impact firm performance, and it broadly classifies them into opportunities and threats. Opportunities are trends and events outside the business that can significantly improve firm performance if appropriate actions are taken by the organization. Threats are environmental factors, which, in the absence of proper strategic response, are likely to result in significant decrease in firm performance and erode its competitive advantage
A Framework for Creating Value Propositions
Authors: Anderson James C. , Carpenter Gregory S. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

A
value proposition
is the statement of those few points of difference that create a compelling reason for a customer to select one market offering relative to competing alternatives. The primary factors in constructing value propositions that target customers find persuasive are frame of reference, points of parity, and points of difference. The
frame of reference
is the set of potential competing alternatives that a customer considers.
Points of parity
are the elements of the market offering on which the customer views the offerings as essentially the same.
Points of difference
are the elements of the offering on which the customer views one offering as noticeably superior.

Potential value propositions can be evaluated on three criteria: distinctiveness, measurability, and sustainability.
Distinctiveness
captures the extent to which the value proposition is uniquely able to deliver on a claim relative to alternative offerings.
Measurability
is the extent to which the value proposition can be substantiated in tangible ways, such as in monetary terms.
Sustainability
captures how long the uniqueness the value proposition conveys is expected to last.
Exploratory Research
Authors: Mittal Vikas 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Exploratory research, also known as
qualitative research
, typically involves techniques such as focus groups, in‐depth interviews, ethnography, and metaphor elicitation. Rather than being a substitute for quantitative research, exploratory research when conducted properly can be a useful and necessary complement that allows the researcher to fully understand the needs, motivations, judgments, perceptions, and intentions that customers bring to the table. By following the guidelines described here, marketing researchers can ensure that they maximize the upside potential of their research project while minimizing the downside.
Survey Research
Authors: Agrawal Jagdish 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Survey is a method of collecting data by means of a questionnaire containing a set of questions. The survey can be conducted by using a variety of methods such as personal (face‐to‐face) interview at home, malls, or any other convenient place; telephone interview; mail (postal) survey; and online (electronic) survey. Each of these methods have certain costs and benefits associated with them such as monetary costs, degree of expertise needed, response time, response rate, and many others. The choice of appropriate method(s) depends upon the criteria such as availability of budget and time; nature of research design; sample size and amount of data needed from each respondent; and the nature and format of the questions. For example, a low cost and fast response rate, among other things, is making the online survey a very popular means of doing surveys. Given that data collection from any one of these methods requires a certain degree of expertise and administrative capacity, many firms prefer to outsource the task of collecting data to outside vendors. Irrespective of who does the survey, it is very important to honor the privacy of respondents and maintain the confidentiality of their responses.
Models for Categorical Dependent Variables
Authors: Russell Gary J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The analysis of categorical dependent variables requires special care in both model specification and parameter interpretation. Researchers must understand that models for categorical data are designed to forecast the discrete probability distribution of categorical outcomes, not the actual outcome itself. By far, the most prominent analysis tools used in marketing research are variants of the multinomial logit model (random utility theory (RUT) logit, common logit). These models can be viewed as special types of generalized linear models (GLM). More complex models can be developed through the use of latent variables. In particular, latent variables permit the construction of models that incorporate ordinal relationships among outcomes (ordinal regression), differing patterns of similarity among alternatives (multinomial probit), and heterogeneity in response parameters (latent class and random coefficient treatments of logit and probit). Recent research has begun the development of multivariate models (multivariate probit, autologistic regression) that allow for correlations among categorical dependent variables.
Multidimensional Scaling of Preference Data
Authors: DeSarbo Wayne S. , Scott Crystal J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract

Multidimensional scaling represents a family of various geometric models for the multidimensional representation of the structure in data as well as the corresponding set of methods for fitting such spatial models. Its major uses in marketing include positioning, market segmentation, new‐product design, consumer preference analysis, and so on. We present two popular multidimensional scaling models for the analysis of consumer preference data. The first model presented is called the
vector
or
scalar products model
that represents brands by points and consumers by vectors in a T‐dimensional derived joint space. The second model is called the
multidimensional unfolding
or
ideal point model
where both brands and consumers are jointly represented by points in a
T
‐dimensional derived joint space. We contrast the underlying utility assumptions implied by each of these two models with illustrative figures of typical joint spaces derived from each approach. An actual commercial application of consideration to buy large sports utility vehicles is provided with the empirical results from each model discussed. Implications for positioning are also revealed.
Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Baumgartner Hans 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Structural equation modeling (SEM) with latent variables is a technique for investigating relationships between latent (unobserved) variables or constructs that are measured by multiple manifest (observed) variables or indicators. We provide an overview of SEM organized around the steps involved in using SEM for theory testing: model specification (graphical model specification, model identification, measurement and latent variable model specification issues, and sample size considerations); preliminary data analysis; model estimation; overall model evaluation (based on the chi‐square goodness‐of‐fit test and alternative fit indices); model modification; and model interpretation. More advanced uses of SEM and recent developments are also briefly described. These include models for multiple populations and models with mean structures, latent variable mixture models, models incorporating nonlinear relationships, multilevel SEM, and latent curve models.
Internal Databases for Marketing Research
Authors: Mulhern Frank J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Direct marketing and database marketing involve the use of customer‐level data on buying behavior to target and communicate to individual consumers. Database analysis provides specific measurement of the financial value of customers to a firm and the responsiveness of individual consumers to direct communications. A major advantage of customer databases is they allow for precise specification of market segments compared to the more limited information used in segmentation with demographic or survey data. Direct marketing features an array of direct media technologies that allow for one‐to‐one communications. With the ongoing digitization of media, the direct approach and database marketing approach are becoming more central to the practice of marketing. Digital, interactive media facilitate addressable marketing communications that are precise and measurable. The ability to communicate with individual consumers through direct media will revolutionize the way marketing is practiced and advance the field to a more rigorous level.
Electronic Scanner Services
Authors: Mulhern Frank J. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
Electronic scanner services are data‐collection systems that capture brand sales information from scanner systems at retail store checkouts and sell that information to brand manufacturers and retailers. The retail scanner systems read the universal product codes (barcodes) on each item purchased and tabulate information on brand sales. Unlike scanner panels, which capture data on the purchases of individuals and households, electronic scanner services provide aggregate data for individual store locations, retail chains, and metropolitan areas. The scanner systems provide data with a great deal of detail including brand names, package sizes, and prices. The electronic scanner services industry is dominated by AC Nielsen and Information Resources Inc. Both companies collect data from carefully selected samples of retail store locations and conduct statistical analysis to estimate brand sales at the account (retail chain) and market levels. Scanner data services are shifting emphasis toward customer‐level data, which allows for more precise measurement of purchase behavior. The leading company in customer‐level data collection in retailing is DunnHumby, Inc.