bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene defects in progressive myoclonus epilepsy
Authors: Serratosa José M. , Minassian Berge A. , Ganesh Subramaniam 
Published: December 2010

SummaryLafora disease (EPM2A and EPM2B genes); myoclonus epilepsy with ragged red fibers; or MERRF (mtDNA tRNA genes), and Dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy or DRPLA (ATN1 gene) are three severe forms of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. The corresponding gene defects have been identified and molecular diagnosis is now widely available. Recent advances in genetics and molecular biology offer promising venues toward the development of new therapies. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s Basic Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Fourth Edition (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Plasticity of antiepileptic drug targets
Authors: Beck Heinz 
Published: December 2010

SummaryResistance to currently available antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is a major problem in the treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy that affects approximately 30% of patients. Available evidence suggests that plasticity of AED targets, with a concomitantly decreased sensitivity to AEDs, coexists with other cellular mechanisms to cause drug refractoriness. For an expanded treatment of this topic see Jasper’s basic mechanisms of the epilepsies. 4th ed. (Noebels JL, Avoli M, Rogawski MA, Olsen RW, Delgado‐Escueta AV, eds) published by Oxford University Press (available on the National Library of Medicine Bookshelf [NCBI] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books).
Clasificadores: “Living Off the Trash” and Raising Hogs at the Urban Margin
Authors: Moates A. Shiloh 
Published: December 2010

AbstractClasificadores are classifiers/sorters in Montevideo, Uruguay who make their living by gathering urban refuse, often by horse‐cart, from the city's metropolitan area and/or municipal refuse centers, and selling the recyclable or reusable materials to industries for a profit. The production and organizational strategies of clasificadores show dynamic adaptations in negotiating urban and peri‐urban landscapes. There exists a substantial number of clasificadores, referred to as clasificadores criadores de cerdos (CCdCs), who raise hogs in addition to their recycling efforts. CCdCs do not fit into the customary scheme of urban agriculture since they do not employ gardening, but rather harvest (aside from recyclable material for cash) organic refuse, which is fed to hogs. Additional twists to this distinctive group are that raising hogs in irregular settlements is illegal, and very little of the hog‐on‐the‐hoof they produce is consumed by the CCdCs themselves. Out‐of‐town hog farmers transport the CCdCs' bootleg, trash‐fed hogs to legitimate markets thereby closing the legal loop for their clandestine hog production. The development of such a highly specialized urban agricultural niche has evolved over several decades. In recent years clasificadores have turned to various forms of collective action, such as the creation of cooperatives and more recently a labor union, to contest municipal politics, such as the regularization of irregular settlements, and to resist encroaching “new‐poor” (displaced urban working‐class families) communities in the politically charged environment of the urban margin. These findings contribute to a larger comparative study of agricultural and livestock production strategies of two other populations at the urban margin, “new‐poor” community gardeners and Uruguay's first organic growers association, to better understand the effects of large‐scale political and economic forces on livelihoods at the urban margin looking particularly at the evolution of production strategies since Uruguay's economic crisis in 2002.
The Decline of Household Pig Farming in Rural Southwest China: Socioeconomic Obstacles and Policy Implications
Authors: Jian Li 
Published: December 2010

AbstractIn many parts of China, farmers have long used pigs as a primary means to convert kitchen refuse and farm residues into meat for sale or consumption and manure for the fields. While pork counted for almost 66 percent of the meat consumed in China, small farmers raised more than 85 percent of China's hogs in the 1980s and the 1990s. Despite its value and importance, household pig farming is now declining rapidly. Although pork prices kept rising in 2008 and the government offered subsidies to stimulate swine production, the number of rural households that raised pigs dropped by 50 percent nationwide. In some poor regions, only about 35 percent of rural households still raised pigs. Why are so many farmers giving up pig farming? What specific help do farmers need? In this article, based on fieldwork in a rural village in Southwest China, I analyze five socioeconomic impediments to household pig farming. I also discuss the policy implications of this case study and highlight what policy makers and development agencies can do to help farmers revitalize their pigpens.
Varicella outbreak in Indian students in Magdeburg with detection of the African‐Indian VZV clade 5
Authors: Kolesnik Malgorzata , Sauerbrei Andreas , Franke Ingolf , König Wolfgang , Gollnick Harald , Bonnekoh Bernd 
Published: December 2010

SummaryVaricella has the highest contagiosity index of all viral diseases. We report an endemic outbreak of varicella among 4 Indian students in Magdeburg in November and December 2008. An initially severe course was observed in three of these patients with a negative vaccination status. Large vesicular skin lesions with a diameter of up to 8 mm were found in all patients. Molecular genetic tests revealed African/Indian clade 5 in 2 patients, although the European clades (i.e., clade 1 and 3) are the most common in Germany, accounting for 85 %. All patients recovered without any complications after administration of intravenous aciclovir at a dosage of 10 mg per kg body weight. Although isolated cases of varicella are not notifiable according to the German Protection against Infection Act, endemic outbreaks must be reported to the appropriate health surveillance authorities.
Placental programming of blood pressure in Indian children
Authors: Winder Nicola R , Krishnaveni Ghattu V , Hill Jacqueline C , Karat Chitra LS , Fall Caroline HD , Veena Sargoor R , Barker David JP 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAim:  To determine whether the size and shape of the placental surface predict blood pressure in childhood.Methods:  We studied blood pressure in 471 nine‐year‐old Indian children whose placental length, breadth and weight were measured in a prospective birth cohort study.Results:  In the daughters of short mothers (<median height), systolic blood pressure (SBP) rose as placental breadth increased (β = 0.69 mmHg/cm, p = 0.05) and as the ratio of placental surface area to birthweight increased (p = 0.0003). In the daughters of tall mothers, SBP rose as the difference between placental length and breadth increased (β = 1.40 mmHg/cm, p = 0.007), that is as the surface became more oval. Among boys, associations with placental size were only statistically significant after adjusting for current BMI and height. After adjustment, SBP rose as placental breadth, area and weight decreased (for breadth β = −0.68 mmHg/cm, p < 0.05 for all three measurements).Conclusions:  The size and shape of the placental surface predict childhood blood pressure. Blood pressure may be programmed by variation in the normal processes of placentation: these include implantation, expansion of the chorionic surface in mid‐gestation and compensatory expansion of the chorionic surface in late gestation.
Clinical accuracy of anti‐tissue transglutaminase as screening test for celiac disease under 2 years
Authors: Panetta Fabio , Torre Giuliano , Colistro Franco , Ferretti Francesca , Daniele Antonella , Diamanti Antonella 
Published: December 2010

AbstractAim:  To investigate, in patients with suspected celiac disease (CD) younger than 2 years, the clinical value of anti‐tissue transglutaminase (tTG) in diagnostic work‐up of CD.Methods:  Between June 2005 and June 2009, 169 patients aged <2 years, with symptoms suggestive of CD, were submitted to biopsy. CD diagnosis was based on the revised criteria of the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition.Results:  Of the 169 patients enrolled, 155 were included: 108 of them showed mucosal atrophy and 47 negative histology. Sensitivity and specificity of tTG, at the cut‐off of 8 AU/mL, were 0.96 (CI 0.91–0.99) and 0.91 (CI 0.80–0.98), respectively, with likelihood ratio (LR) of 11.31; at the cut‐off of 16 AU/mL, they were 0.79 (CI 0.70–0.86) and 1.00, respectively (CI 0.92–1.00), with LR 4.50.Conclusions:  In patients younger than 2 years, suspected for CD, tTG is very valuable in selecting for small intestinal biopsy.
Impact of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence on thermal wind balance in the Sun
Authors: Masada Youhei 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The possible role of magnetorotational instability (MRI) and its driven magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence in the solar interior is studied on the basis of linear and non-linear theories coupled with physical parameters, assuming a solar rotation profile inverted from helioseismic observations and a standard model for the internal structure of the Sun. We find that the location of MRI is confined to the higher latitude tachocline and lower latitude near-surface shear layer. It is especially interesting that the MRI-active region around the tachocline closely overlaps with the area indicating a steep entropy rise, which is required from the thermal wind balance in the Sun. This suggests that the MRI-driven turbulence plays a crucial role in maintaining the thermal wind balance in the Sun via the exceptional turbulent heating and equatorward angular momentum transport. The warm pole existing around the tachocline might be a natural outcome of the turbulent activities energized by the MRI.
Preventive Antibiotics in Stroke Study: Rationale and Protocol for a Randomised Trial
Authors: Nederkoorn Paul J. , Westendorp Willeke F. , Hooijenga Imke J. , de Haan Rob J. , Dippel Diederik W. J. , Vermeij Frederique H. , Dijkgraaf Marcel G. W. , Prins Jan M. , Spanjaard Lodewijk , van de Beek Diederik 
Published: December 2010

Rationale Stroke is a leading cause of death worldwide. Fever after stroke is a strong predictor of a poor outcome. Infections occur in up to 40% of patients with stroke and have also been associated with poor outcomes. Preventive antibiotic therapy lowers the infection rates in patients after stroke, as shown in a recent meta-analysis of randomised studies. Phase III trials evaluating the effect of antibiotic prophylaxis on clinical outcomes in sufficient numbers of patients with stroke have, however, not been performed to date. Ceftriaxone, an off-patent medicine, is an antibiotic with a broad defence against the bacteria that cause the most common infections after stroke. Preventive antibiotic therapy with ceftriaxone may potentially reduce poor outcome after acute stroke and, therefore, a randomised clinical trial is warranted. Aim The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the preventive use of the antibiotic ceftriaxone improves functional outcome in patients with stroke. Design We will conduct a multicentre prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded end point trial of standard care with preventive ceftriaxone treatment and compare it with standard care without preventive ceftriaxone. Study Adult patients with stroke (both ischaemic and haemorrhagic) and a score ≥1 on the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale will be included. The 3200 patients will be randomly assigned to two groups of 1600 patients. One group will receive standard care and ceftriaxone at a dose of 2 g, given every 24 h intravenously for four-days, and the other group will receive stroke-unit care without preventive antibiotic treatment. Outcomes The primary end point will be functional outcome at a three-month follow-up on the modified Rankin Scale, dichotomised as a favourable outcome (0–2) or an unfavourable outcome (3–6). Secondary outcome measures will be death rate at discharge and three-months, infection rate during hospital admission, length of hospital admission, volume of poststroke care, use of antibiotics during the three-month follow-up, functional outcome using the full ordinal scoring range of the modified Rankin Scale, quality-adjusted life years and costs.
NEOTECTONIC CONTROLS ON PETROLEUM ACCUMULATIONS, OFFSHORE CHINA
Authors: Gong Z.S. , Huang L.F. , Chen P.H. 
Published: December 2010

Tectonic activity offshore China during the Late Miocene and Quaternary (“neotectonism”) generated unconformities, resulted in depocentre migration, created new faults and initiated earthquake activity. This episode of structural disturbance, which occurred during post‐rift thermal subsidence, modified pre‐existing hydrocarbon accumulations and formed new pools. Constructive effects of neotectonism occurred in the Bozhong Depression, Zhu #2 Depression and the Yinggehai Basin. These effects included the formation of new structural traps, migration routes and source kitchens. Destructive effects occurred in the Xihu Depression where oil/gas fields were partially breached by post‐trap peneplanation and faulting. There are pools with active gas leakage through neotectonic faults and this seems to suggest a dynamic balance between outboard leakage of gas and inboard migration of hydrocarbons.This paper summarizes understanding of the past 15 years of offshore exploration in China which has primarily focused on Neogene reservoirs. Data used for this report include extensive coverage of conventional P‐wave and multi‐component 2D and 3D seismic data, drilling results and extensive geochemical and geological analyses.
HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS SUCCESSION AT WELL 16/U‐1, ONSHORE QAMAR BASIN, EASTERN YEMEN
Authors: Alaug A. S. 
Published: December 2010

An Upper Cretaceous succession has been penetrated at onshore well 16/U‐1 in the Qamar Basin, eastern Republic of Yemen. The succession comprises the Mukalla and Dabut Formations which are composed of argillaceous carbonates and sandstones with coal layers, and TOC contents range up to 80%. The average TOC of the Mukalla Formation (24%) is higher than that of the Dabut Formation (1%). The Mukalla Formation has a Rock‐Eval Tmax of 439–454 °C and an HI of up to 374 mgHC/gTOC, pointing to kerogen Types II and III. The Dabut Formation mainly contains kerogen Type III with a Tmax of 427–456°C and HI of up to 152 mgHC/gTOC. Vitrinite reflectance values ranging between 0.3 and 1.0% and thermal alteration index values between 3 and 6 indicate thermal maturities sufficient for hydrocarbon generation.Three palynofacies types were identified representing marine, fluvial‐deltaic and marginal‐marine environments during the deposition of the Mukalla and Dabut Formations in the late Santonian — early Maastrichtian.
Low‐level Laser Therapy Promotes Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor‐1 Expression in Endothelial and Nonendothelial Cells of Mice Gastrocnemius Exposed to Snake Venom
Authors: Dourado Doroty M. , Fávero Sílvio , Matias Rosemary , Carvalho Paulo de Tarso C. , da Cruz‐Höfling Maria Alice 
Published: December 2010

AbstractCrotalinae snake venoms cause severe local myonecrosis and microvasculature failure at the bite site. We evaluated whether low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) could accelerate angiogenesis and myoregeneration in male Swiss mice injected with Bothrops moojeni venom through immunohistochemistry of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor‐1 (VEGFR‐1). Envenomed gastrocnemius was either unirradiated (V) or irradiated with HeNe (VHN, 632.8 nm) or GaAs (VGA, 904 nm, 10000 Hz). Animals sacrificed at 3 and 12 h were irradiated once (4 J cm−2), at 24 h (twice) and at 3, 7, 21 days (4, 8, 22 times, respectively). At 3 days, LLLT increased angiogenesis (80%:HeNe vs 40%:GaAs), decreased neutrophils and increased proliferation of regenerating cells. However, after 21 days, myoregeneration observed in the VHN group appeared delayed compared with the V group. As LLLT improved revascularization, the suggestive delay in myoregeneration could be a dose‐response inhibitory effect caused by multiple irradiations in myogenesis. The immunodetection of VEGFR‐1 in neutrophils, macrophages, satellite cells, fibroblasts, Schwann cells and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers (not seen in saline‐controls) at only the acute stages of envenoming suggests a mediator role for VEGFR‐1 in local alterations. This is the first time that VEGFR‐1 expression, and its modulation by photostimulation, has been demonstrated in endothelial and nonendothelial cells of snake envenomed skeletal muscle.
Belonging and Longing: Armenian Youth and Diasporic Long‐Distance Nationalism in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Ziemer Ulrike 
Published: December 2010

AbstractThis paper examines the question of long‐distance nationalism and Armenian youth in contemporary Russia. It contributes to existing debates on diasporic cultural identities and shows that long‐distance nationalism is not simply an elite‐driven phenomenon, but involves complex cultural, political, and symbolic processes and practices. Drawing on data obtained during six months of ethnographic fieldwork amongst Armenian youth in the city of Krasnodar, Southern Russia, it will be shown that young Armenians exhibit aspects of diasporic long‐distance nationalism in different ways. While young Armenian men hold on to cultural traditions and practices that are formed in the past, female research participants have started to challenge them.
Effect of nitrate and nitrite on the selection of microorganisms in the denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation process
Authors: Hu Shihu , Zeng Raymond J. , Keller Jurg , Lant Paul A. , Yuan Zhiguo 
Published: December 2010

SummaryTwo cultures were inoculated with sludges taken from a parent culture containing archaea distantly related to anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and bacteria related to Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera, both of which have previously been found in cultures performing denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation process. The cultures were fed with nitrate and nitrite, respectively, along with methane. The nitrate‐fed culture, Culture B, showed a stable microbial community composition and denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation activity. In contrast, the nitrite‐fed culture, Culture A, achieved a substantial increase in the nitrite consumption rate, from 1.1 to 7.3 mmol NO2‐‐N (g VSS)−1 day−1 in 90 days. Concurrent with this activity increase, the archaeal population in Culture A decreased with time, and became undetectable after 100 days, while bacteria related to M. oxyfera increasingly dominated the culture. This observation suggests that the bacteria related to M. oxyfera are more competitive for nitrite reduction compared with the archaea related to ANME. This study showed that nitrate or nitrite feeding has a significant impact on the ecology and activities of microorganisms in the denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidation process. This study also revealed that nitrite overloading may have a toxic effect on the bacteria related to M. oxyfera.
Design and Construction of IFMIF/EVEDA Lithium Test Loop
Authors: Kondo H. , Furukawa T. , Hirakawa Y. , Ida M. , Matsushita I. , Horiike H. , Kanemura T. , Sugiura H. , Yagi J. , Suzuki A. , Terai T. , Fukada S. , Nakamura H. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) is a D+–Li neutron source aimed at producing an intense high energy neutron flux (2 MW/m2) for testing candidate fusion reactor materials. Under Broader Approach activities, Engineering Validation and Engineering Design Activities (EVEDAs) of IFMIF started on July 2007. Regarding the lithium (Li) target facility, design, construction, and tests of EVEDA Li test loop (ELTL) is a major Japanese activity. The detail design of the loop was started since early 2009. Construction of the loop was started at the middle of 2009, and completion is scheduled at the end of February 2011. This paper focuses on the design of the loop configuration and the major components. ELTL was designed to consist of two major Li loops, which are a main loop and a purification loop including an impurity monitoring loop. The main loop equips a target assembly which produces a high-speed free-surface Li flow to test the flow stability as the D+ beam target. The maximum flow rate of an electromagnetic pump in the main loop was set to 3000 l/min, so that flow velocity in the target assembly is 20 m/s at the maximum. Regarding the purification loop, a cold trap and two hot traps and impurity monitors are installed in order to purify and monitor impurities in Li. The configuration of these components in addition to the specification and configuration of the whole loop is presented.
Modeling and Analysis of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Beams Using the Dynamic Stiffness and Analytical Modal Analysis Methods
Authors: Bonello P. , Rafique S. 
Published: December 2010

Abstract
The modeling and analysis of base-excited piezoelectric energy harvesting beams have attracted many researchers with the aim of predicting the electrical output for a given base motion input. Despite this, it is only recently that an accurate model based on the analytical modal analysis method (AMAM) has been developed. Moreover, single-degree-of-freedom models are still being used despite the proven potential for significant error. One major disadvantage of the AMAM is that it is restricted to simple cantilevered uniform-section beams. This paper presents two alternative modeling techniques for energy harvesting beams and uses these techniques in a theoretical study of a bimorph. One of the methods is a novel application of the dynamic stiffness method (DSM) to the modeling of energy harvesting beams. This method is based on the exact solution of the wave equation and so obviates the need for modal transformation. The dynamic stiffness matrix of a uniform-section beam could be used in the modeling of beams with arbitrary boundary conditions or assemblies of beams of different cross sections. The other method is a much-needed reformulation of the AMAM that condenses the analysis to encompass all previously analyzed systems. The Euler–Bernoulli model with piezoelectric coupling is used and the external electrical load is represented by generic linear impedance. Simulations verify that, with a sufficient number of modes included, the AMAM result converges to the DSM result. A theoretical study of a bimorph investigates the effect of the impedance and quantifies the tuning range of the resonance frequencies under variable impedance. The neutralizing effect of a tuned harvester on the vibration at its base is investigated using the DSM. The findings suggest the potential of the novel concept of a variable capacitance adaptive vibration neutralizer that doubles as an adaptive energy harvester. The application of the DSM to more complex systems is illustrated. For the case studied, a significant increase in the power generated was achieved for a given working frequency through the application of a tip rotational restraint, the use of segmented electrodes, and a resized tip mass.