bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Perspectives on Leprosy in Medieval Western Europe1
Authors: Brenner Elma 
Published: May 2010

AbstractResponses to leprosy in medieval Western Europe were complex and often contradictory. Recent scholarship has challenged the predominant earlier view that lepers were excluded and stigmatized, suggesting instead that lepers were believed to have been chosen by God to be redeemed, and were thus the objects of sympathy and compassion. Research in the fields of history, archaeology and literature has addressed the social and religious status of lepers, the clinical identity and prevalence of medieval leprosy, and the medieval medical understanding of the disease. Much research has also focused on the endowment and functioning of leper hospitals (leprosaria). Although these institutions were situated outside towns and cities, they were still connected to mainstream society as a key focus of charity. The study of leprosy in the Middle Ages has been a vibrant field of scholarship in recent years – yet much still remains to be discovered about medieval lepers, leprosy and leprosaria. The field would benefit from studies comparing the situation of lepers in different regions, and from greater consideration of leprosy in its broader cultural, political, iconographic and ethical context. Such work would contribute not only to our understanding of leprosy, but also to the wider social, medical and religious history of the medieval West.
Measuring Quality of Life in Stroke Subjects Receiving an Implanted Neural Prosthesis for Drop Foot
Authors: Kottink Anke I. , IJzerman Maarten J. , Groothuis‐Oudshoorn Catharina G. , Hermens Hermie J. 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThe aim was to determine if the treatment of a drop foot by means of an implantable two‐channel peroneal nerve stimulator improves health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). All subjects were measured at baseline and after a follow‐up period of 12 and 26 weeks. Twenty‐nine stroke survivors with chronic hemiplegia with drop foot who fulfilled the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were included in the present randomized controlled trial. The intervention group received an implantable two‐channel peroneal nerve stimulator for correction of their drop foot. The control group continued using their conventional walking device, consisting of an ankle‐foot orthosis, orthopedic shoes, or no device. HRQoL was assessed in two different ways: (i) by taking descriptive measures, that is, the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36; generic measure) and the Disability Impact Profile (DIP; specific measure); and (ii) by obtaining preference‐based utilities both measured with the time trade‐off (direct way) and by calculating them from the EuroQol (EQ‐5D) and SF‐36. A significant positive effect of the implantable device was found on the physical functioning domain, the general health domain, and the physical component summary score of the SF‐36. For the DIP, a significant improvement was found on the domains mobility, self‐care, and psychological status in the intervention group. Regarding the preference‐based utility measures, a significant effect was found for the utility index calculated from the EQ‐5D. The implantable two‐channel peroneal nerve stimulator seems to be efficient to improve HRQoL, mainly the domains related to physical functioning. A relation was present between the utility indexes calculated from the EQ‐5D and SF‐36.
Effects of Cryopreservation and Hypothermic Storage on Cell Viability and Enzyme Activity in Recombinant Encapsulated Cells Overexpressing Alpha‐L‐Iduronidase
Authors: Mayer Fabiana Quoos , Baldo Guilherme , De Carvalho Talita Giacomet , Lagranha Valeska Lizzi , Giugliani Roberto , Matte Ursula 
Published: May 2010

AbstractHere, we show the effects of cryopreservation and hypothermic storage upon cell viability and enzyme release in alginate beads containing baby hamster kidney cells overexpressing alpha‐L‐iduronidase (IDUA), the enzyme deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis type I. In addition, we compared two different concentrations of alginate gel (1% and 1.5%) in respect to enzyme release from the beads and their shape and integrity. Our results indicate that in both alginate concentrations, the enzyme is released in lower amounts compared with nonencapsulated cells. Alginate 1% beads presented increased levels of IDUA release, although this group presented more deformities when compared with alginate 1.5% beads. Importantly, both encapsulated groups presented higher cell viability after long cryopreservation period and hypothermic storage. In addition, alginate 1.5% beads presented higher enzyme release after freezing protocols. Taken together, our findings suggest a benefic effect of alginate upon cell viability and functionality. These results may have important application for treatment of both genetic and nongenetic diseases using microencapsulation‐based artificial organs.
ADH1B*3 and Response to Alcohol in African‐Americans
Authors: McCarthy Denis M. , Pedersen Sarah L. , Lobos Elizabeth A. , Todd Richard D. , Wall Tamara L. 
Published: May 2010

Background: Variations in the alleles for the alcohol‐metabolizing enzymes have been shown to influence risk for alcohol dependence. One variant,ADH1B*3, is observed almost exclusively in populations of African ancestry and has been shown to be associated with reduced rates of alcohol dependence. We conducted an alcohol challenge study to test whetherADH1B*3 is associated with differences in subjective and physiological response to alcohol.Method: We administered a moderate dose of alcohol (0.72 g/kg for males, 0.65 g/kg for females) to a sample of African‐American young adults (n = 91; ages 21 to 26). Participants were genotyped forADH1B, as well as additional polymorphisms that might contribute to alcohol response. Breath alcohol concentration, self‐reported sedation and stimulation, and pulse rate were assessed prior to alcohol administration and for 2.5 hours following administration.Results: ADH1B*3 was associated with higher levels of sedation and a sharper increase in pulse rate immediately following alcohol consumption.Conclusions: These findings suggest that the lower rates of alcohol dependence in those withADH1B*3 alleles may be because of differences in alcohol response, particularly increased sedation.
Practices associated with ABO‐incompatible platelet transfusions: a BEST Collaborative international survey
Authors: Lozano Miguel , Heddle Nancy , Williamson Lorna M , Wang Grace , AuBuchon James P. , Dumont Larry J. ,   for the Biomedical Excellence for Safer Transfusion (BEST) Collaborative
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: There is a lack of evidence for guiding the best strategy for ABO selection of platelet (PLT) transfusions. As a baseline for future studies, the BEST Collaborative performed an international survey of current practices in this area.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: An international survey was sent via BEST members to transfusion services and hospitals requesting the demographics of the transfused patient population, ABO matching policies, anti‐A and anti‐B measurements in PLT concentrates (PCs), and practices regarding ABO‐incompatible PC transfusions to adult and pediatric patients.RESULTS: We received 126 responses from 14 countries, 59% from Europe. Most of them were from local/community (42%) and university hospitals (39%) serving between 500 and 1500 beds; 50.4% transfused fewer than 1000 PCs per year. One‐fifth of respondents (19.4%, mainly local/community hospitals) did not have a written policy for selecting ABO‐incompatible PCs. Significant practice variation was reported when ABO‐mismatched PLTs were given to adults: for PCs suspended in 100% plasma, 29% to 43% of respondents selected any ABO group available; 52% to 61% selected units with compatible supernatant; and, in the case of minor ABO incompatibility, 43% to 54% did not take any specific action. In contrast if ABO‐identical PCs were not available for a pediatric recipient, for PCs resuspended in 100% plasma, 71% to 82% selected PCs so the supernatant plasma would be compatible with patient's red blood cells.CONCLUSION: Considerable practice variation exists when transfusing ABO‐incompatible PCs, suggesting an opportunity for research to inform evidence‐based practices.
A solution to the problem of studying blood donor–related risk factors when patients have received multiple transfusions
Authors: Middelburg Rutger A. , Le Cessie Saskia , Briët Ernest , Vandenbroucke Jan P. , Van Der Bom Johanna G. 
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND: A problem when studying adverse events of blood transfusions is that patients have usually received transfusions from several donors while only one of these donors is the actual cause. This will result in underestimation of the effect of donor‐related risk factors if not adequately corrected for. We encountered this problem when studying transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) and describe four methods to overcome this problem.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Simulated data are used to illustrate the results of six different approaches: not correcting for the number of donors, using standard correction methods, and four newly proposed methods. Donor sex is used throughout as an example. The first two new methods apply restriction of the study to cases who have received a transfusion from a single donor or from donors who are all of the same sex. In both restriction designs the sex of the causal donors is known and can be compared to the expected value from a reference population. The other two new methods apply statistical correction for the number of donors, either by standardization or by maximum likelihood methods.RESULTS: If not corrected for, or if corrected for by standard methods, increasing numbers of donors per patient result in decreasing estimates of the effect of risk factors. All four newly proposed methods yield valid estimates.CONCLUSIONS: It is clear that the problem of multiple transfusions requires specialized correction methods. All four newly proposed methods yield on average good estimates of the underlying true value.
Crouching Tiger, Weakened Eagle
Authors: JACQUES MARTIN 
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
Liu Xiaobo and China's Humiliation of Obama
Authors: JINGSHENG WEI 
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
From Communism to Confucianism: China's Alternative to Liberal Democracy
Authors: BELL DANIEL A. 
Published: May 2010

Buoyed by its creditor's hold on the United States and its ability to withstand the harsh winds of recession blowing from across the Pacific, China has graduated in its own mind from an emerging economy to a world power. From their confrontation with Google to their renewed repression of dissidents to their dissing of President Obama, China's leaders clearly feel that the time has come for the world to accomodate China, not vice‐versa.Is the West ready for this new reality? Is China's new arrogance well‐founded, or is it going to be the next bubble to burst? As it moves beyond “the primary stage of socialism” is it ready to open up politically?In this section, some top China scholars, one of China's most well‐known dissidents and a former US spy chief discuss these issues.
Manifesto for Iran's Green Movement
Authors: SOROUSH ABDOLKARIM , KADIVAR MOHSEN , MOHAJERANI ATAOLLAH , GANJI AKBAR , BAZARGAN ABDOLALI 
Published: May 2010

As the US prepares new sanctions to stop Iran form obtaining a nuclear weapon, the partisans of popular sovereignty in the “green movement” continue to battle with the partisans of divine sovereignty fortified by the Revolutionary Guards. What does the “green movement” want? Will the regime be successful in crushing it? Will sanctions only bolster the clerical/military alliance instead weaken it?The first president of the Islamic Republic of Iran and several top reformist scholars address these issues.
America's “Maginot Line” Defense Against Terror
Authors: BRUGUIÈRE JEAN‐LOUIS 
Published: May 2010

Though anti‐American terrorism springs these days as much from Yemen and the “virtual ummah” as from Afghanistan, President Obama has nontheless further committed US troops to stabilizing a country well‐known as the graveyard of empires. What can the only Muslim country that belongs to NATO offer by way of advice? How best can the US keep its focus on the terrorist threat despite its diversion in Afghanistan?Turkey's former envoy to Afghanistan and two of Europe's leading experts on Islamist terrorism offer their views.
Minaret Ban Is a Blow for Tolerance
Authors: ALI AYAAN HIRSI 
Published: May 2010

To the shock of the world, the mild‐mannered Swiss have acted the most radically of any European country out of fear of Muslim immigrants by banning minarets. Was this a blow against tolerance, or for it? Is Islam a European religion, or is Europe a Christian club? Meanwhile, as Turkey becomes more confident in its regional power and Muslim identity it is shaking up some old friends.In this section, two of Europe's most prominent Muslim voices, the foreign minister of Sweden and a top Turkish official try to sort it out.
Europe 3.0—Bring Turkey In
Authors: BILDT CARL 
Published: May 2010

To the shock of the world, the mild‐mannered Swiss have acted the most radically of any European country out of fear of Muslim immigrants by banning minarets. Was this a blow against tolerance, or for it? Is Islam a European religion, or is Europe a Christian club? Meanwhile, as Turkey becomes more confident in its regional power and Muslim identity it is shaking up some old friends.In this section, two of Europe's most prominent Muslim voices, the foreign minister of Sweden and a top Turkish official try to sort it out.
Cultivating knowledge: Development, dissemblance, and discursive contradictions among the Diola of Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: DAVIDSON JOANNA 
Published: May 2010

ABSTRACTDevelopment practitioners are eager to “learn from farmers” in their efforts to address Africa's deteriorating agricultural output. But many agrarian groups, such as Diola rice cultivators in Guinea‐Bissau, regulate the circulation of knowledge—whether about agriculture, household economy, or day‐to‐day activities. In this article, I thus problematize the assumptions that knowledge is an extractable resource, that more knowledge is better, and that democratized knowledge leads to progress. I consider how the Diola tendency to circumscribe information both challenges external development objectives and contours the ways Diola themselves confront their declining economic conditions. [agrarian change, knowledge, development, Africa, secrecy, Guinea‐Bissau]
Results of a 20‐year oral hygiene and prevention programme on caries and periodontal disease in children attended at a private periodontal practice
Authors: Chambrone LA , Chambrone L 
Published: May 2010

To cite this article:

Int J Dent Hygiene
9, 2011; 155–158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2010.00455.x Chambrone LA, Chambrone L. Results of a 20‐year oral hygiene and prevention programme on caries and periodontal disease in children attended at a private periodontal practice.Abstract:  Objectives: The objective of this study was to evaluate the long‐term effect of an oral hygiene and prevention programme on caries and periodontal disease in a group of children attended at a private periodontal practice. Methods: A total of 50 systemically healthy children, 25 males and 25 females, 03–13 years old, were invited to join a long‐term plaque control programme. All children had no caries and had no evidence of clinical bone loss. The participants were selected amongst children whose parents (mother, father or both) were treated of gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis or chronic periodontitis in a private periodontal practice. Subjects were separated in groups according to their parents’ periodontal diagnosis, i.e., gingivitis, aggressive periodontitis or chronic periodontitis. The following outcomes were evaluated: a) probing depth, b) plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) indexes. The plaque control programme applied consisted of a regular maintenance regime at 6‐to 12‐month interval with an experienced periodontist. Results: In total 30 subjects fulfilled the 20‐year period of maintenance. The mean recall frequency was 6.4 (± 3.1) months, and the mean PI and GI were 0.4 (± 0.3) and 0.3 (± 0.3) respectively. The average rate of caries lesions was 1.0 (± 1.4). None of the patients exhibited clinical or radiographic evidences of alveolar bone loss, and no tooth was lost by caries. In addition, there were no statistically significant differences between groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Adequate oral hygiene measures and periodic professional plaque control led to low levels of dental plaque, gingivitis and caries lesions.
Dietary and lifestyle counselling reduces the clustering of overweight‐related cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents
Authors: Hakanen M , Lagström H , Pahkala K , Sillanmäki L , Saarinen M , Niinikoski H , Raitakari OT , Viikari J , Simell O , Rönnemaa T 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of individualised dietary and lifestyle counselling, primarily aimed to decrease serum low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, on the clustering of overweight‐related cardiometabolic risk factors in children.Design and participants:  The 7‐month‐old study children were randomized either to counselling (n = 540) or control group (n = 522).Main outcome measures:  The 5‐ to 15‐year‐old participants who fulfilled the international criteria were classified as overweight. Being in the highest [lowest for high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol] age‐ and gender‐specific quintile of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol or glucose was considered a risk factor. A cluster was defined as having high BMI and ≥2 other risk factors.Results:  The counselling did not reduce the prevalence of overweight in 5‐ to 15‐year‐old participants. From age 7 onwards, the proportion of children with ≥2 risk factors was lower in the intervention than in the control group (p = 0.005). At the age of 15 years, 13.0% of girls and 10.8% of boys in the intervention group and 17.5% of girls and 18.8% of boys in the control group had the risk factor cluster (p = 0.046 for main effect of the study group). Having even one risk factor at the age of 5 years predicted the clustering of risk factors at the age of 15 years (OR: 3.8, p < 0.001).Conclusion:  Repeated, individualized dietary and lifestyle counselling may reduce the clustering of overweight‐related cardiometabolic risk factors in adolescents even though the counselling is not intense enough to prevent overweight.
Atresia of the submandibular duct orifices: an unusual cause of feeding problems and failure to thrive in an infant
Authors: Ellegård Eva , Kjellmer Ingemar 
Published: May 2010

AbstractAtresia of the submandibular duct orifice is a rare developmental anomaly, which causes swelling of the duct by accumulation of saliva. The cystic mass in the floor of the mouth can cause feeding problems, which can be treated by surgical opening of the duct. We report the first Swedish case in a male infant, who had severe difficulties to feed because of bilateral swellings of the submandibular ducts caused by orifice atresia.Conclusion: This is the first case that has described failure to thrive because of this condition and catch up after treatment. It is important to remember that evaluation of feeding problem in an infant must include inspection of the oral cavity.
Methaemoglobinaemia risk factors with inhaled nitric oxide therapy in newborn infants
Authors: Hamon I , Gauthier‐Moulinier H , Grelet‐Dessioux E , Storme L , Fresson J , Hascoet JM 
Published: May 2010

AbstractBackground:  Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO), commonly used for hypoxic neonates, may react with haemoglobin to form methaemoglobin (MetHb). MetHb monitoring during iNO therapy has been questioned since low doses of iNO are used.Aim:  To evaluate the incidence of and identify risk factors associated with elevated MetHb in neonates treated with iNO.Methods:  Neonates who were treated with iNO and had at least one MetHb measurement were included. Demographic characteristics and methods of iNO administration (dosage, duration) at the time of each MetHb measurement were analysed.Results:  Four hundred and fifty‐two MetHb measurements from 81 premature and 82 term and near‐term infants were analysed. MetHb was above 5% in one‐term infant, and between 2.5–5% in 16 infants. A higher maximum dose of iNO (22.7 vs 17.7 p.p.m.), but not gestational age, was a significant risk factor for elevated MetHb. Significantly higher oxygen levels (75.5% vs 51.7%) were associated with higher MetHb in term infants. Preterm infants had no risk for high MetHb when iNO was kept below 8 p.p.m. These data suggest the possibility of limiting blood withdrawal when low doses iNO are used.Conclusion:  High MetHb is exceptional in neonates treated with low dose iNO. Associated risk factors are related to high iNO dose and the simultaneous use of high concentrations of oxygen.
Realigning English Vernacular Poetics Through Metrical Experiment: Sixteenth‐Century Translation and the Elizabethan Quantitative Verse Movement
Authors: Schmidt Gabriela 
Published: May 2010

AbstractThis article examines one of the crucial links between the flourishing activity of Elizabethan translators and 16th‐century vernacular poetics: the controversy about a possible reform of English metre according to classical precedent, later known as the Elizabethan quantitative verse movement. Far from subordinating critical concerns to the demands of translational practice or political decorum, Elizabethan translations, such as Richard Stanyhurst’s version of the first four books of Virgil’sAeneid, were often a privileged site for literary experiment, thus provoking controversy and stimulating a more self‐conscious reflection on vernacular poetic practice. Re‐examining the allegedly futile and eccentric discussions about a quantitative reform of English metre from the point of view of translation studies demonstrates how even a supposed dead end in literary history was in fact part of the complex process in which 16th‐century English literary identity was slowly being developed and redefined through interlingual dialogue.