bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“I am Maasai”: Interpreting ethnic parody in Bongo Flava
Authors: Thompson Katrina Daly 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIn the Tanzanian Bongo Flava youth music scene, Abel Motika is a popular artist who uses both verbal and visual markers of Kisongo Maasai ethnicity to style himself as “the Maasai rapper” with the stage name “Mr. Ebbo.” Through analysis of his 2002 song “Mi Mmasai” ‘I am Maasai’, this study investigates his ethnic stylizing in playful use of Maa pronunciation and an understudied Swahili language game known as kinyume ‘backwards style’. The study finds that while Ebbo strategically disrupts the sociolinguistic order that privileges Standard Swahili, the Maasai persona he projects is humorously stylized as unable both to speak Standard Swahili and to engage with the urban lifestyle associated with Tanzania's de-ethnicized Swahili modernity, thereby leaving dominant ideologies of language and ethnicity intact. Moreover, in arguing that Motika's stylization of ethnicity has a contradictory effect, both affirming a local ethnic identity and preserving the logic of ethnolinguistic stereotyping, the study critiques approaches to hip hop that privilige authorial intent and assume linguistic subversiveness. (Swahili, Maa, Bongo Flava, parody, ethnicity, rap, kinyume)*
Reconstructing labor income shares in Argentina, Brazil and Mexico, 1870-2000
Authors: Frankema Ewout 
Published: August 2010

AbstractThe labor income share in national income is a good indicator of the extent to which the working classes are able to reap the fruits of economic growth or, conversely, bear the burden of economic stagnation. This paper aims to reconstruct the labor income share of Argentina, Brazil and Mexico in a three-sector framework, including the rural, the urban formal and the urban informal sectors. We find that in all three countries the share of labor earnings peaked in the middle of the 20thcentury. Fluctuations in the Brazilian and Mexican labor income shares were large, with a sharp decline in the post-1961 and post-1976 periods, respectively. In Argentina, the labor income shares tended to be more constant at levels around 50 per cent, testifying to a more stable and egalitarian distribution of income.
He Said, She Said: Gender, Reformism, and Family Conflict in Twentieth-Century Guatemala
Authors: Bliss Katherine E. 
Published: August 2010

Hetold the court that twenty-year-old Gloria abandoned their children and the home they had made together in Quetzaltenango in order to move to Guatemala City and live with another man.Shetold the court that forty-two-year-old Julio had refused to divorce his wife and marry her as he had promised and that she had made sure the children were safe with their father before she departed for the city to pursue a better life for herself.
Scottish Common Sense and Nineteenth-Century American Law: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Mikhail John 
Published: August 2010

One overriding concern I have with Susanna Blumenthal's insightful and stimulating article, “The Mind of a Moral Agent: Scottish Common Sense and the Problem of Responsibility in Nineteenth-Century American Law,” is whether there is anything sufficiently distinctive about Scottish Common Sense philosophy that justifies the role Blumenthal ascribes to it. In a representative passage, she writes:Common Sense philosophy left would-be “moral managers” with a puzzle. If rational and moral faculties were innate and universal, what explained the great conflicts among men concerning matters of belief, manners, and morals … leading some to commit acts that were … patently irrational or downright evil? And to the extent that therewasa common sense about the dictates of reason, propriety, and moral sense, why did some individuals act in defiance of them?
Practical lessons for successful long-term cropping systems experiments
Authors: Schillinger William F. 
Published: August 2010

AbstractMany lessons in long-term cropping systems experiments are learned from practical experience. I have conducted large-scale, long-term, multidisciplinary dryland and irrigated cropping systems experiments with numerous colleagues at university and government research stations and in farmers' fields in the USA and in developing countries for 25 years. Several practical lessons learned through the years are outlined in this short commentary. While some of these lessons learned may be intrinsically obvious, results of many cropping systems experiments have not been published in scientific journals due to fatal flaws in experimental design, improper transitioning between phases of the experiment and many other reasons. Ongoing active support by stakeholders is critical to maintain funding for long-term cropping systems studies. Problems and unexpected challenges will occur, but scientists can often parlay these into opportunities for discovery and testing of new hypotheses. Better understanding and advancement of stable, profitable and sustainable cropping systems will be critical for feeding the world's projected 10 billion people by the mid-21st century.
AGU Committee Volunteers for 2010–2012
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: August 2010

The success of AGU as a scientific society depends on dedicated volunteers who reflect the diverse interests of our international membership. To function effectively, we need a strong core of volunteers who generously devote time, talent, and energy to Union committee work. To our members who have stepped up and unselfishly volunteered to serve for 2010–2012, I say thank you for your commitment to AGU's mission and programs. It is through your leadership and example that we will achieve our goals as an organization.The next 2 years promise to be an exciting time as we continue the transformation of AGU to better serve our members and society. We will build upon our traditional strengths as a scholarly organization while at the same time embarking on new initiatives to advance our science and its relevance to the modern world. Volunteers serving on AGU committees will play an essential role in moving us forward by providing policy guidance, program oversight, and innovative ideas for new ventures in keeping with our recently adopted strategic plan.
Comparative split‐face study of 5‐aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy with intense pulsed light for photorejuvenation of Asian skin
Authors: KOSAKA Sachiko , YASUMOTO Minako , AKILOV Oleg E. , HASAN Tayyaba , KAWANA Seiji 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) (ALA‐PDT) using intense pulsed light (IPL) as a light source (IPL‐ALA‐PDT) has been used for photorejuvenation, but it is unclear if this protocol can be applied to darker skin types. We performed this study to assess our IPL‐ALA‐PDT protocol for photorejuvenation in Asian skin. To determine an appropriate dose, ALA ointment (0–20%) was applied to the upper arm of five healthy volunteers and the fluorescence intensity (FI) was measured using a spectrofluorometer. Non‐linear regression analysis of FI 2 h after ALA application with global fitting gave a typical sigmoid dose–response curve with R2 = 0.9705 and saturation after 5% ALA. The entire faces of 16 Japanese women with photodamage were then treated with IPL (500–670 and 870–1400 nm, 23–30 J/cm2) 2 h after application of 5% ALA to one side of the face. Three treatments were delivered at 4‐week intervals with follow‐up visits. Comparative analysis of photorejuvenation showed noticeable improvements on both sides of the face, although the reduction in the photoaging score from baseline did not differ significantly between the two sides in all subjects. Despite this finding, 75% of the patients felt that the IPL‐ALA‐PDT‐treated side of the face showed greater improvement than the IPL‐treated side. However, all IPL‐ALA‐PDT‐treated sides showed adverse effects such as erythema and pain. Therefore, we conclude that the IPL‐ALA‐PDT protocol requires optimization for photorejuvenation in Asians.
Safety of meloxicam in patients with aspirin/non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced urticaria and angioedema
Authors: GÖKSEL Özlem , AYDIN Ömür , MISIRLIGIL Zeynep , DEMIREL Yavuz S. , BAVBEK Sevim 
Published: August 2010

AbstractIt has been proposed that aspirin (ASA) and other non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)‐induced urticaria (UR)/angioedema (AE) are mediated through inhibition of cyclooxygenase‐1 (COX‐1) enzymes. Therefore, drugs with COX‐2 selectivity may be well tolerated in such patients. We investigated the safety of preferential COX‐2 inhibitor meloxicam in subjects with UR or AE type intolerance reaction to classical ASA/NSAIDs. Subjects with reliable or documented history of UR/AE due to classical ASA/NSAIDs underwent a single‐blinded, placebo‐controlled oral challenge with a cumulative dose of 7.5 mg meloxicam on 2 separate days. One‐quarter and three‐quarter divided doses of placebo and the active drug were given at 1‐h intervals. A total of 116 patients (86 women and 30 men, mean age 39.6 ± 12.7 years) were enrolled to the study. The rate of atopy was 25.9%. Mean duration of drug reaction was 87.4 ± 110.8 (1–720) months. Almost half of the patients were multi‐reactors. The most comorbid disease was asthma and the two most frequent NSAIDs inducing UR/AE were paracetamol (19. 6%) and ASA (19%). No reaction to placebo was observed. Ten out of 116 patients (8.6%) developed mild UR/AE, or only erythema and pruritus at a one‐quarter or cumulative dose of 7.5 mg of meloxicam. The remaining subjects (91.4%) tolerated perfectly meloxicam challenge. This study indicates that 7.5 mg meloxicam is a safe alternative for ASA/NSAID‐intolerant UR/AE patients. Intolerance reactions to meloxicam are much milder forms of the patients’ historical ASA/NSAID‐induced cutaneous reactions.
Objective evaluation of photoepilation by phototrichogram
Authors: KIM Beom‐Joon , KIM Mi‐Hyang , OH Jun‐Kyu , RHO Yong‐Kwan , KIM Dong‐Hyun , CHOI Jee‐Woong , YOUN Sang‐Woong , PARK Kyoung‐Chan , HUH Chang‐Hun 
Published: August 2010

AbstractPhotoepilation is one of the most popular cosmetic procedures. However, there has been no objective method to evaluate the efficacy of hair removal. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of photoepilation more objectively using a phototrichogram method. Thirteen young, healthy, female volunteers were enrolled in this study. At initial work‐up, semi‐permanent tattoos were marked in both axillae of all the volunteers and hair variables were evaluated by phototrichogram and digital camera. Intense pulsed light‐assisted photoepilations were performed in both axillae of the volunteers twice at 4‐week intervals. At each visit, dermatologists checked changes of hair parameters. Clinically, 8 weeks after two treatments, hair reduction of all patients was achieved. Total hair counts, changes of anagen ratio, non‐vellus hair counts, hair density, anagen growth rate and hair diameter were decreased sequentially and the reduction was statistically significant. No correlations were found between power, pain, patient and doctor evaluations at 4 weeks. Doctor evaluations correlated with anagen hair counts, anagen/total hair ratio, anagen/telogen ratio and total growth rate. Using phototrichograms could be an objective evaluation technique for hair removal. Anagen parameters and total growth rate of hairs in phototrichograms may be able to be predictable values for evaluating epilation.
Functional mapping of harpin HrpZ ofPseudomonas syringaereveals the sites responsible for protein oligomerization, lipid interactions and plant defence induction
Authors: HAAPALAINEN MINNA , ENGELHARDT STEFAN , KÜFNER ISABELL , LI CHUN‐MEI , NÜRNBERGER THORSTEN , LEE JUSTIN , ROMANTSCHUK MARTIN , TAIRA SUVI 
Published: August 2010

SUMMARYHarpin HrpZ is one of the most abundant proteins secreted through the pathogenesis‐associated type III secretion system of the plant pathogenPseudomonas syringae. HrpZ shows membrane‐binding and pore‐forming activitiesin vitro, suggesting that it could be targeted to the host cell plasma membrane. We studied the native molecular forms of HrpZ and found that it forms dimers and higher order oligomers. Lipid binding by HrpZ was tested with 15 different membrane lipids, with HrpZ interacting only with phosphatidic acid. Pore formation by HrpZ in artificial lipid vesicles was found to be dependent on the presence of phosphatidic acid. In addition, HrpZ was able to form pores in vesicles prepared fromArabidopsis thalianaplasma membrane, providing evidence for the suggested target of HrpZ in the host. To map the functions associated with HrpZ, we constructed a comprehensive series of deletions in thehrpZgene derived fromP. syringaepv.phaseolicola, and studied the mutant proteins. We found that oligomerization is mainly mediated by a region near the C‐terminus of the protein, and that the same region is also essential for membrane pore formation. Phosphatidic acid binding seems to be mediated by two regions separate in the primary structure. Tobacco, a nonhost plant, recognizes, as a defence elicitor, a 24‐amino‐acid HrpZ fragment which resides in the region indispensable for the oligomerization and pore formation functions of HrpZ.
Local factors control the community composition of cyanobacteria in lakes while heterotrophic bacteria follow a neutral model
Authors: DRAKARE STINA , LIESS ANTONIA 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Neutral community models are derived from the proposition that basic probabilities of species loss (extinction, emigration) and gain (immigration, speciation) explain biological community structure, such that species with many individuals are very likely to be widespread. Niche models on the other hand assume that interactions between species and differential resource use mediate species coexistence, thus invoking environmental factors to explain community patterns.2. In this study, we compared neutral and niche models to test how much of the spatial variability of assemblages of heterotrophic bacteria and phytoplankton in 13 lakes they could explain. Analysis of phytoplankton was restricted to cyanobacteria, so that they could be studied with the same molecular fingerprinting method, automated ribosomal intergenic spaces analysis (ARISA), as heterotrophic bacteria. We determined local biotic and abiotic lake variables as well as lake age, glacial history and distance between sites.3. The neutral community model had a good fit to the community composition of heterotrophic bacteria (R2 = 0.69), whereas it could not produce a significant model for the community composition of cyanobacteria.4. The community composition of cyanobacteria was instead correlated to environmental variables. The best model, a combination of total organic carbon, biomass of eukaryotic phytoplankton, pH and conductivity, could explain 8% of the variation. In contrast, variation in the community composition of heterotrophic bacteria was not predicted by any of the environmental variables. Historical and spatial variables were not correlated to the community composition of either group.5. The pattern found for heterotrophic bacteria suggests that stochastic processes are important. The correlation of cyanobacteria with local environmental variables alone is consistent with the niche model. We suggest that cyanobacteria, a group of organisms containing bloom‐forming species, may be less likely to fit a neutral community model, since these blooms are usually triggered by a particular combination of environmental conditions.
The extant Chaoborus assemblage can be assessed using subfossil mandibles
Authors: QUINLAN ROBERTO , SMOL JOHN P. 
Published: August 2010

Summary1. Assemblages of Chaoborus were examined in 80 thermally stratified southern central Canadian Shield lakes to explore whether subfossil mandibles could be useful in assemblage‐level studies of Chaoborus.2. Chaoborus (Sayomyia) (probably Chaoborus punctipennis in this study region) and Chaoborus flavicans were the most common taxa recorded, while Chaoborus trivittatus was rarer. Chaoborus americanus was not recorded in subfossil assemblages, because no fishless lakes were included in this study. Chaoborus flavicans had higher relative abundances (%) in lakes with higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC), probably because of reduced fish predation in less transparent water.3. Results from logistic regression indicate that patterns of presence/absence for Chaoborus mandibles in the study lakes were influenced primarily by hypolimnetic oxygen concentration, probably because of the presence or extent of a hypolimnetic refugium from fish predation.4. Chaoborus species richness in lakes, derived from subfossil assemblages, did not differ significantly from species richness estimates derived from plankton sampling with a net. Patterns of dominance and coexistence [e.g. the widespread co‐occurrence of C. flavicans and C. (Sayomyia)] determined from subfossil assemblages agreed with previous studies of the contemporary living assemblage.5. These results suggest that subfossil assemblages may be used as an alternative to nocturnal plankton sampling to carry out research on the community ecology of Chaoborus.6. We propose a hierarchical conceptual model of assemblage‐level patterns of Chaoborus in temperate lakes. Chaoborus americanus dominates in fishless lakes, whereas in lakes with fish Chaoborus is typically absent where there is no anoxic hyplimnion. In lakes with anoxic strata, C. trivittatus tends to dominate in lakes with few fish; in the remaining lakes, C. flavicans and C. (Sayomyia) dominate, although C. flavicans is more relatively abundant in lakes with lower water clarity (higher DOC).
The tortoise and the hare: slowly evolving T‐cell responses take hastily evolving KIR
Authors: Van Bergen Jeroen , Koning Frits 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe killer cell immunoglobulin‐like receptor (KIR) locus comprises a variable and rapidly evolving set of genes encoding multiple inhibitory and activating receptors. The activating receptors recently evolved from the inhibitory receptors and both bind HLA class I and probably also class I‐like structures induced by viral infection. Although generally considered natural killer (NK) cell receptors, KIR are also expressed by a large fraction of effector memory T cells, which slowly accumulate during human life. These effector memory cells are functionally similar to NK cells, as they are immediate effector cells that are cytotoxic and produce IFN‐γ. However, different rules apply to NK and T cells with respect to KIR expression and function. For example, KIR tend to modulate signals driven by the T‐cell receptor (TCR) rather than to act independently, and use different signal transduction pathways to modulate only a subset of effector functions. The most important difference may lie in the rules governing tolerance: while NK cells with activating KIR binding self‐HLA are hyporesponsive, the same is unlikely to apply to T cells. We argue that the expression of activating KIR on virus‐specific T cells carrying TCR that weakly cross‐react with autoantigens can unleash the autoreactive potential of these cells. This may be the case in rheumatoid arthritis, where cytomegalovirus‐specific KIR2DS2+ T cells might cause vasculitis. Thus, the rapid evolution of activating KIR may have allowed for efficient NK‐cell control of viruses, but may also have increased the risk that slowly evolving T‐cell responses to persistent pathogens derail into autoimmunity.
Review of pulp sensibility tests. Part ΙΙ: electric pulp tests and test cavities
Authors: Jafarzadeh H. , Abbott P. V. 
Published: August 2010

Jafarzadeh H, Abbott PV. Review of pulp sensibility tests. Part II: electric pulp tests and test cavities. International Endodontic Journal, 43, 945–958, 2010.AbstractThe electric pulp test (EPT) is one type of pulp sensibility test that can be used as an aid in the diagnosis of the status of the dental pulp. However, like thermal pulp sensibility tests, it does not provide any direct information about the vitality (blood supply) of the pulp or whether the pulp is necrotic. The relevant literature on pulp sensibility tests in the context of endodontics up to January 2009 was reviewed using PubMed and MEDLINE database searches. This search identified articles published between November 1964 and January 2009 in all languages.The EPT is technique sensitive, and false responses may occur. Various factors can affect the test results, and therefore it is important that dental practitioners understand the nature of these tests and how to interpret them. Test cavities have been suggested as another method for assessing the pulp status; however, the use of this technique needs careful consideration because of its invasive and irreversible nature. In addition, it is unlikely to be useful in apprehensive patients and should not be required because it provides no further information beyond what thermal and electric pulp sensibility tests provide – that is, whether the pulp is able to respond to a stimulus. A review of the literature and a discussion of the important points regarding these two tests are presented.
Development of a fortified peanut‐based infant formula for recovery of severely malnourished children
Authors: Kane Nimsate , Ahmedna Mohamed , Yu Jianmei 
Published: August 2010

SummaryA peanut milk‐based infant formula was developed from peanuts. The effects of extraction pH and temperature on the yield and protein content of spray‐dried peanut milk were evaluated. Peanut‐based infant formulas (PBIF‐75) was developed using spray‐dried peanut milk and a premix of vitamins and minerals. Physical properties, approximate composition, minerals, vitamins and amino acid composition, and caloric value of PBIF‐75 were evaluated and compared to those of soya‐based infant formula (SBIF) and World Health Organization (WHO) F‐75. Spray‐dried peanut milk yield was 15–18% with a protein content of 30–45%, depending on the extraction pH and temperature. PBIF‐75 was nearly identical to WHO F‐75 in terms of amino acid profile, most vitamins and minerals, proximate composition, caloric value, and physicochemical characteristics such as water activity and colour. However, few of the vitamins and minerals in PBIF‐75 will require further adjustment to fully meet WHO’s requirements of a recovery formula for undernourished infants.
Characterisation of Sierra Morena citrus blossom honey (Citrus sp)
Authors: Rodriguez Inmaculada , Salud Serrano , Hortensia Galán , Luis Ubera José , Jodral Manuela 
Published: August 2010

SummaryThe citrus blossom honey of Sierra Morena (a mountain chain located in the south of Spain) has been characterised by melissopalinological, physicochemical and sensorial analyses with the aim of establishing criteria for a future Protected Designation of Origin, which includes citrus blossom honey as one of the monofloral types produced in that region. Thus, a content in pollen of Citrus sp. ≥5%, Maurizio classes I and II was established, the accompanying pollen spectrum characteristic being that composed by the Myrtus, Echium, Lavandula, Reseda, Quercus, Olea, Crataegus and Cistus pollen types. The physicochemical parameters set were electrical conductivity ≤0.27 mS cm−1; diastase activity≥ 6 diastase number; colour ≤20 mm Pfund and coordinate CIE‐Lab L = 89.72–95.18, a = −1.28 to 1.05, b = 16.99–21.79, C = 17–21.82, H = 87.23°–92.01°; hydroximethylfurfural ≤10 mg kg−1; free acidity ≤28 milliequivalents/litre and moisture ≤18.5%. From the sensorial study, the following profile, based on the evaluation of attributes on a five‐point scale, was obtained: colour white–pale yellow, fluidity (4.22), odour intensity (3.55), citrus blossom aroma/odour intensity (3.6/3.8), sweetness (3.14), acidity (2.36), freshness (61.5%) and persistence (2.9).