bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Protocols Used in 2-D Electrophoresis for Proteome Analysis of Young Rice Caryopsis
Authors: Liao Jiang-Lin , Huang Ying-Jin 
Published: January 2012

Abstract
In order to obtain a high-resolution electrophorogram of rice young panicle proteome, we evaluated various protocols commonly used in two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of proteins, including gel staining protocol, pH range of immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips and sample loading quantity. Results showed that a silver staining protocol using sensitized solution containing glacial acetic acid, sodium acetate and sodium thiosulfate (reported by Heukeshoven and Dernick in 1988) and a Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining method using solution containing G-250, ammonium sulfate and phosphoric acid (reported by Pink et al. in 2010) demonstrated the superior staining effect. In addition, we also showed that higher resolution was achieved when IPG gel strip with pH range of 5-8 was used, compared to that with pH range of 4-7. Finally, the optimal loading quantity was determined as 130 µg using the 17 cm-long nonlinear IPG strip with pH 5-8 in combination with the silver nitrate staining protocol. The evaluated results would be helpful in proteome analysis of young rice caryopsis.
The effect of compressibility on the stability of wall-bounded Kolmogorov flow
Authors: Manela A. , Zhang J. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe extend the stability analysis of incompressible Kolmogorov flow, induced by a spatially periodic external force in an unbounded domain, to a compressible hard-sphere gas confined between two parallel isothermal walls. The two-dimensional problem is studied by means of temporal stability analysis of a ‘slip flow’ continuum-limit model and the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. The neutral curve is obtained in terms of the Reynolds ($\mathit{Re}$) and Knudsen ($\mathit{Kn}$) numbers, for a given non-dimensional wavenumber$(2\lrm{\pi} n)$of the external force. In the incompressible limit ($\mathit{Kn}, \mathit{Kn}\hspace{0.167em} \mathit{Re}\ensuremath{\rightarrow} 0$), the problem is governed only by the Reynolds number, and our neutral curve coincides with the critical Reynolds number (${\mathit{Re}}_{cr} $) calculated in previous incompressible analyses. Fluid compressibility ($\mathit{Kn}, \mathit{Kn}\hspace{0.167em} \mathit{Re}\not = 0$) affects the flow field through the generation of viscous dissipation, coupling flow shear rates with irreversible heat production, and resulting in elevated bulk-fluid temperatures. This mechanism has a stabilizing effect on the system, thus increasing${\mathit{Re}}_{cr} $(compared to its incompressible value) with increasing$\mathit{Kn}$. When compressibility effects become strong enough, transition to instability changes type from ‘exchange of stabilities’ to ‘overstability’, and perturbations are dominated by fluctuations in the thermodynamic fields. Most remarkably, compressibility confines the instability to small ($O(1{0}^{\ensuremath{-} 3} )$) Knudsen numbers, above which the Kolmogorov flow is stable for all$\mathit{Re}$. Good agreement is found between ‘slip flow’ and DSMC analyses, suggesting the former as a useful alternative in studying the effects of various parameters on the onset of instability, particularly in the context of small Knudsen numbers considered.
Dentirumai philippinensis n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Philometridae), a new tissue-infecting philometrid nematode from the loach goby Rhyacichthys aspro (Valenciennes) (Rhyacichthyidae) in the Philippines
Authors: Quiazon K.M.A. , Moravec F. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractA new genus and species of the philometrid nematode Dentirumaiphilippinensis n. gen., n. sp. Philometrinae, Philometridae, are described on the basis of the female specimens found in the loach goby, Rhyacichthys aspro (Valenciennes), from the upper Bianuan River, Municipality of Casiguran, Aurora Province, in the Philippine Archipelago. Dentirumai philippinensis was collected from the body cavity, subcutaneous tissues near the bases of the pectoral and pelvic fins, and surrounding body tissues in the hypaxial musculature of R. aspro. Based on light microscopic and scanning electron microscopic examination, the new nematode species is morphologically close to the genus Rumai Travassos, 1960 except for one major difference, i.e. the presence of a sclerotized ring in the oral aperture armed with distinct numerous minute teeth on its inner surface. This important taxonomic feature makes it possible to erect a new genus, Dentirumai n. gen. to accommodate the newly discovered philometrid species. A key to genera of the Philometrinae is provided.
Chronic cough: a multidisciplinary approach
Authors: Natt R S , Earis J E , Swift A C 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBackground and methods:Chronic cough is defined as a cough persisting for more than eight weeks. This condition generates significant healthcare and economic costs. It is associated with a spectrum of disorders across multiple medical specialties and can provide significant challenges for effective evaluation and management. The current literature was reviewed to gain further insight into chronic cough, including its relationship with sinonasal disease.Results:Within the reviewed literature, there was strong emphasis on post-nasal drip syndrome as a major causative factor.Conclusion:Cough is the most common complaint for which adult patients seek medical consultation in primary care settings. Chronic cough is associated with a deterioration in the quality of patients' lives. Thorough assessment of a patient with a chronic cough relies on a multidisciplinary approach.
Determining the content of an educational ENT website using the Delphi technique
Authors: Doshi J , McDonald J 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop an educational website (www.enttheatre.com) that showed common ENT operations and emergencies, in order to help improve the basic surgical ENT knowledge of medical students and junior doctors. A two-round Delphi survey was conducted to establish the contents of the website. ‘Experts’ who participated in the Delphi process included otolaryngology consultants and trainees, junior doctors, general practitioners, and medical students. First- and second-round Delphi response rates were 49 per cent (61/125) and 92 per cent (56/61), respectively. Our paper presents a consensus opinion on what basic surgical knowledge a medical student or junior doctor should be familiar with in otolaryngology.
Role of return current in the excitation of electronmagnetohydrodynamic structures by biased electrodes
Authors: RAVI G. , MATTOO S. K. , AWASTHI L. M. , SRIVASTAVA P. K. , ANITHA V. P. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental investigation on the role of return current in excitation of electronmagnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) structures. It is shown that only when return currents are excited parallel or anti-parallel to the background magnetic field the EMHD structures can be excited by a biased electrode in the plasma.
The strategic logic of costly punishment necessitates natural field experiments, and at least one such experiment exists
Authors: Johnson Tim 
Published: January 2012

AbstractCostly punishment's scarcity “in the wild” does not belie strong reciprocity theory as Guala claims. In the presence of strong reciprocators, strategic defectors will cooperate and sanctioning will not occur. Accordingly, natural field experiments are necessary to assess a “wide” reading of costly punishment experiments. One such field experiment exists, and it supports the hypothesis that costly punishment promotes cooperation.
Extending parasite-stress theory to variation in human mate preferences
Authors: DeBruine Lisa M. , Little Anthony C. , Jones Benedict C. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIn this commentary we suggest that Fincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) parasite-stress theory of social behaviors and attitudes can be extended to mating behaviors and preferences. We discuss evidence from prior correlational and experimental studies that support this claim. We also reanalyze data from two of those studies using F&T's new parasite stress measures.
An ethical and prudential argument for prioritizing the reduction of parasite-stress in the allocation of health care resources
Authors: Powell Russell , Clarke Steve , Savulescu Julian 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe link between parasite-stress and complex psychological dispositions implies that the social, political, and economic benefits likely to flow from public health interventions that reduce rates of non-zoonotic infectious disease are far greater than have traditionally been thought. We sketch a prudential and ethical argument for increasing public health resources globally and redistributing these to focus on the alleviation of parasite-stress in human populations.
Mechanisms by which parasites influence cultures, and why they matter
Authors: Schaller Mark , Murray Damian R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractAt least four conceptually distinct mechanisms may mediate relations between parasite-stress and cultural outcomes: genetic evolution, developmental plasticity, neurocognitive flexibility, and cultural transmission. These mechanisms may operate independently or in conjunction with one another. Rigorous research on specific mediating mechanisms is required to more completely articulate implications of parasite stress on human psychology and human culture.
Form and function in religious signaling under pathogen stress
Authors: Swartwout Paul , Purzycki Benjamin Grant , Sosis Richard 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe evolution of religious traditions may be partially explained by out-group avoidance due to pathogen stress. However, many religious rituals may increase rather than decrease performers' susceptibility to infection. Moreover, religions often spread through proselytizing, which requires out-group interaction; and in other cases, the benefits of economic exchange increase religious pluralism and social interactions with out-groups.
Rethinking innovative designs to further test parasite-stress theory
Authors: Uskul Ayse K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFincher & Thornhill's (F&T's) parasite-stress theory of sociality is supported largely by correlational evidence; its persuasiveness would increase significantly via lab and natural experiments and demonstrations of its mediating role. How the theory is linked to other approaches to group differences in psychological differences and to production and dissemination of cultural ideas and practices, need further clarification. So does the theory's view on the possible reduction of negative group interactions.
Immigration, parasitic infection, and United States religiosity
Authors: Wall Jaimie N. , Shackelford Todd K. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractFincher & Thornhill (F&T) present a powerful case for the relationship between parasite-stress and religiosity. We argue, however, that the United States may be more religious than can be accounted for by parasite-stress. This greater religiosity might be attributable to greater sensitivity to immigration, which may hyperactivate evolved mechanisms that motivate avoidance of potential carriers of novel parasites.
Proximate and ultimate causes of punishment and strong reciprocity
Authors: Barclay Pat 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWhile admirable, Guala's discussion of reciprocity suffers from a confusion between proximate causes (psychological mechanisms triggering behaviour) and ultimate causes (evolved function of those psychological mechanisms). Because much work on “strong reciprocity” commits this error, I clarify the difference between proximate and ultimate causes of cooperation and punishment. I also caution against hasty rejections of “wide readings” of experimental evidence.
The restorative logic of punishment: Another argument in favor of weak selection
Authors: Baumard Nicolas 
Published: January 2012

AbstractStrong reciprocity theorists claim that punishment has evolved to promote the good of the group and to deter cheating. By contrast, weak reciprocity suggests that punishment aims to restore justice (i.e., reciprocity) between the criminal and his victim. Experimental evidences as well as field observations suggest that humans punish criminals to restore fairness rather than to support group cooperation.
Is strong reciprocity really strong in the lab, let alone in the real world?
Authors: Güney Şule , Newell Ben R. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe argue that standard experiments supporting the existence of “strong reciprocity” do not represent many cooperative situations outside the laboratory. More representative experiments that incorporate “earned” rather than “windfall” wealth also do not provide evidence for the impact of strong reciprocity on cooperation in contemporary real-life situations or in evolutionary history, supporting the main conclusions of the target article.
Punishing for your own good: The case of reputation-based cooperation
Authors: Tennie Claudio 
Published: January 2012

AbstractContrary to Guala, I claim that several mechanisms can explain punishment in humans. Here I focus on reputation-based cooperation – and I explore how it can lead to punishment under situations that may or may not be perceived as being anonymous. Additionally, no particular mechanism stands out in predicting an excess of punishment under constrained lab conditions.
In-group loyalty or out-group avoidance? Isolating the links between pathogens and in-group assortative sociality
Authors: Cashdan Elizabeth 
Published: January 2012

AbstractThe target article gives two explanations for the correlation between pathogens, family ties, and religiosity: one highlights the benefits of xenophobic attitudes for reducing pathogen exposure, the other highlights the benefits of ethnic loyalty for mitigating the costs when a person falls ill. Preliminary data from traditional societies provide some support for the former explanation but not the latter.
Emotional availability: Critical questions and research horizons
Authors: Emde Robert N. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractBased on attachment theory, the construct of emotional availability and its assessment goes beyond attachment in important ways. Its origins in clinical experience and emotions research are discussed as well as the prospects for continuing advances in knowledge stimulated by the contributions in the Special Section. This is especially so in terms of developmental variations and the biological underpinnings of emotional availability. A major need and opportunity also exists concerning research related to psychopathology, clinical interventions, and training.
Etiological features of borderline personality related characteristics in a birth cohort of 12-year-old children
Authors: Belsky Daniel W. , Caspi Avshalom , Arseneault Louise , Bleidorn Wiebke , Fonagy Peter , Goodman Marianne , Houts Renate , Moffitt Terrie E. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractIt has been reported that borderline personality related characteristics can be observed in children, and that these characteristics are associated with increased risk for the development of borderline personality disorder. It is not clear whether borderline personality related characteristics in children share etiological features with adult borderline personality disorder. We investigated the etiology of borderline personality related characteristics in a longitudinal cohort study of 1,116 pairs of same-sex twins followed from birth through age 12 years. Borderline personality related characteristics measured at age 12 years were highly heritable, were more common in children who had exhibited poor cognitive function, impulsivity, and more behavioral and emotional problems at age 5 years, and co-occurred with symptoms of conduct disorder, depression, anxiety, and psychosis. Exposure to harsh treatment in the family environment through age 10 years predicted borderline personality related characteristics at age 12 years. This association showed evidence of environmental mediation and was stronger among children with a family history of psychiatric illness, consistent with diathesis–stress models of borderline etiology. Results indicate that borderline personality related characteristics in children share etiological features with borderline personality disorder in adults and suggest that inherited and environmental risk factors make independent and interactive contributions to borderline etiology.
Using Negative Detections to Estimate Source-Finder Reliability
Authors: Serra P. , Jurek R. , Flöer L. 
Published: January 2012

AbstractWe describe a simple method to determine the reliability of source finders based on the detection of sources with both positive and negative total flux. Under the assumption that the noise is symmetric and that real sources have positive total flux, negative detections can be used to assign to each positive detection a probability of being real. We discuss this method in the context of upcoming, interferometric Hi surveys.
Controlling new drugs under marketing regulations
Authors: Hughes Brendan , Winstock Adam R. 
Published: January 2012

ABSTRACTAims  The rapid emergence of myriad substances openly marketed as ‘legal highs’ is straining traditional drug control systems which require time and basic scientific data on harms to react, presenting governments with the dilemma of no response or a disproportionate response. Some countries have side‐stepped this using novel policy and legislative approaches. Should other countries consider them?Methods  We review the different laws invoked to stop the open sale of new psychoactive substances, focusing on the European Union (EU).Results  Some countries have designed new catch‐all control systems, or faster systems to classify substances as drugs. Others have enforced consumer safety or medicines legislation to stop the open sale of these products. The latter originate from harmonization of the internal market of the EU. Rigorous, objective evaluation is required, but first results suggest that these have been effective, while avoiding criminalization of users.Conclusions  Every EU country should have existing laws for protecting public health that can be applied swiftly yet proportionately to new drugs appearing on the open market with minimum political involvement. It seems the key is the speed, not the weight, of response. Given support for their enforcement mechanisms, these systems might be as effective and more efficient than the old ones.
The long‐term risk of malignancy following a diagnosis of coeliac disease or dermatitis herpetiformis: a cohort study
Authors: Grainge M. J. , West J. , Solaymani‐Dodaran M. , Card T. R. , Logan R. F. A. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryBackgroundPeople with coeliac disease are known to be at increased risk of malignancy; however, long‐term risks of malignancy beyond 10–15 years are largely unstudied.AimTo estimate how long an increased risk of malignancy among coeliac disease patients persists following diagnosis and treatment, using data from a cohort with an average follow‐up of 25 years.MethodsPeople with coeliac disease diagnosed in the Lothian region of Scotland, United Kingdom, were followed up from January 1970 or the date of coeliac disease diagnosis (whichever was later) until the first occurrence of death, emigration, cancer diagnosis or the end of 2004. Standardised incidence ratios were calculated to compare the cancer incidence rates among this group with those from the population of Scotland.ResultsOverall, the risk of any malignancy in coeliac disease patients compared with the general population was increased 40% [standardised incidence ratio (SIR) = 1.41; 95% CI 1.09–1.78]. An increased risk for cancer overall persisted for up to 15 years, beyond which no overall increase in malignancy risk was observed, although the risk of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma remained raised beyond 15 years (SIR = 5.15; 95% CI 1.40–13.2). In total, there were 14 non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas in the cohort, providing an overall incidence of 1.3 per 1000 person‐years.ConclusionsThe overall risk of malignancy in coeliac patients declines with time after diagnosis and is not significantly increased after 15 years. Most of the increased risk can be attributed to the development of haematological malignancies, despite their very low absolute rate of occurrence.
Characterisation of phenolic acids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and antioxidant activity of water extracts from seed coats of marama bean [Tylosema esculentum] – an underutilised food legume
Authors: Shelembe Jeremiah S. , Cromarty Duncan , Bester Megan J. , Minnaar Amanda , Duodu Kwaku G. 
Published: January 2012

SummaryFreeze‐dried aqueous phenolic extracts with possible application as natural antioxidant functional food ingredients were prepared from marama bean seed coats by extracting with water. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in the extracts were characterised by HPLC/MS. The major flavonoids were the flavanols methyl (epi)afzelechin‐3‐O‐gallate (40%) and methyl (epi)catechin‐3‐O‐gallate (28%), and the major phenolic acid was gallic acid (10%). Proanthocyanidins in the extracts were predominantly prodelphinidins composed of epicatechin‐3‐O‐gallate and epigallocatechin present as major terminal and extension units and epigallocatechin‐3‐O‐gallate and epicatechin present as minor extension unit constituents. The polymer structure was found to be unique compared with other legumes because of the high percentage of galloylated units. Extracts showed a high DPPH free radical scavenging activity (707 μmol TE g−1), protective effect against AAPH‐induced human red blood cell haemolysis and copper‐catalysed human LDL oxidation suggesting that the extracts may have potential health benefits.
Physicochemical property changes in germinated brown rice flour from different storage periods of paddy rice
Authors: Songtip Parisut , Jangchud Kamolwan , Jangchud Anuvat , Tungtrakul Patcharee 
Published: January 2012

SummaryThis study revealed that the storage duration (2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 months) of paddy rice and pH (3 and 6.8) of steeping water during germination were significantly influenced the physicochemical properties of germinated brown rice flour (GBRF). GBRF obtained at pH 3 vs. 6.8 provided the highest both reducing sugar content and free gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) content (99.8 vs. 54.2 mg per 100 g flour respectively) as the paddy rice was stored for 8 months. The peak viscosity of GBRF obtained at pH 3 and 6.8 exhibited the lower values than that of non‐GBRF throughout the storage. From the principal component analysis, reducing sugar had a positive correlation with α‐amylase activity whereas a negative correlation was found with peak viscosity. GBRF from paddy rice stored for 8 months and germinated at pH 3 possessed the highest free GABA content, 50 times of the non‐GBRF, which can be further utilised in functional and healthy foods.