bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Latin American Journalism: A Review of Five Decades and a Proposal for a Model of Analysis
Authors: Mellado-Ruiz Claudia 
Published: September 2009

Based on an historical analysis of the last five decades of research, this article analyzes the elements that define the journalism in Latin America. The work is based on the common social structures and the fact that journalism mediates in the construction of reality throughout the region, proposing a model that describes the individual, organizational and social aspects that have influenced the development of the profession. The results indicate that the educational problems linked to both the identity and the autonomy of the profession, the cultural value associated to professional practice, the existence and reach of the Teachers Associations, political and economic peculiarities, and the considerable influence exercised by Europe and the United States, are all aspects that make Latin American journalism different journalism in the rest of the world. Still, despite these similarities, neither a shared conceptualization nor a homologated operationalization of the profession exists in Latin America.En base a un recorrido histórico de las últimas cinco décadas, este artículo analiza los elementos que hoy definen a la profesión periodística en Latinoamérica. El trabajo se sostiene en las estructuras sociales compartidas por la región, así como en la función de mediación que el periodismo cumple en la construcción de la realidad, proponiendo un modelo que describe los aspectos individuales, organizacionales y sociales que han influido en su desarrollo. Se concluye que los problemas de formación vinculados a la identidad y a la autonomía de la profesión, el valor cultural dado a la carrera profesional, la existencia y alcance de los colegios profesionales, las peculiaridades políticas y económicas, y la gran influencia extranjera ejercida por Europa y EEUU, son los aspectos que diferencian al periodismo latinoamericano del resto del mundo. Sin embargo, se plantea la inexistencia de una conceptualización y operacionalización homologada de la profesión en el sub-continente.
Understanding Cultural Convergence through Media Ecology
Authors: Islas Octavio 
Published: September 2009

Before the Internet, the different media had specifically defined functions and markets. However, since the emergence of the Internet and digital communication, the same content can be found right across the media; this is known as cultural convergence. This media crossing anticipates the coming of new markets of cultural consumption. Based on media ecology, with specific reference to the thesis developed by Marshall McLuhan, Neil Postman, and Henry Jenkins, cultural convergence is studied as a complex communication environment. Cultural convergence modifies the operative procedures of media industries. However, the most significant changes can be found within the knowledge communities.
Antes de Internet cada medio de comunicación tenía funciones y mercados perfectamente definidos. Sin embargo, a consecuencia del formidable desarrollo de Internet y de las comunicaciones digitales, el mismo contenido hoy puede circular a través de distintos medios de comunicación. Esa es la convergencia cultural. El relato transmediático anticipa el advenimiento de nuevos mercados de consumo cultural. Con base en la ecología de medios y particularmente considerando las tesis de Marshall McLuhan, Neil Postman y Henry Jenkins, es analizada la convergencia cultural como complejo ambiente comunicativo. La convergencia cultural modifica los procedimientos de operación de las industrias mediáticas. Los cambios más significativos, sin embargo, se presentan en las comunidades de conocimiento.
Broadcast Yourself: Oxymoron or Media Mistake?
Authors: Fernández José Luis 
Published: September 2009

This article analyses the possibility offered by the Internet to select radio content to build customized radios. Each internet user could select radio content, replacing the traditional radio stations that have always broadcasted. Previous results from our investigations are presented to allow us to compare the still-existing traditional radio to some of the offers on the Internet. Such a comparison will allow us to determine two different ways of listening to the radio on the Internet: the usual one, which allows the coexistence of listening and any parallel social practice (work, driving, etc.), and another one, appropriate to the internet, that adds visual attention to hearing. It is unavoidable to consider this as a loss compared to the visual independence that radio has always allowed.
En este trabajo se analiza el hecho de que Internet ofrezca la posibilidad de seleccionar los contenidos que construirían radios individualizadas. Cada usuario de la Red podría ahora seleccionar contenidos radiofónicos reemplazando a las emisoras de radio tradicionales que siempre han transmitido en modelo «broadcasting». Se exponen resultados previos de nuestras investigaciones que permiten comparar la radio todavía existente con algunas de las ofertas presentes en la Red. La comparación permite en las conclusiones establecer la presencia de dos procedimientos de escucha de radio en la Red: el habitual, que permite la coexistencia entre escucha y práctica social paralela (trabajo, conducción de automóviles, etc.) y el propio de Internet, frente en la web de la emisora, que obliga a la atención visual además de la sonora. Resulta inevitable considerar a este último como una pérdida, frente la independencia visual que la radio siempre ha permitido.
New Models of Communication, Profiles and Trends in Social Networks
Authors: Flores-Vivar Jesús Miguel 
Published: September 2009

Social networks have become the banner of Web 2.0, which also hosts blogs, wikis and chats. There is a slight dividing line between a social network, a blog and a wiki. Talking about social networks means referring to the next stage of the Internet, as talking about blogs once did. Internet social networks have become an increasingly important phenomenon because some platforms are integrating blogs and wikis on a single interface. But we could ask what new types of communication and business lie beneath these networks; what professional profiles are needed for this new audience. Should media create the networks, or just adapt to the new environments, whence a new journalism based on participation emerges? This paper tries to answer these and other questions.
Las redes sociales en línea se han convertido en el estandarte de la Web 2.0, entorno que también aglutina a los blogs, wikis y chats. Existe una fina división entre una red social, un blog y un wiki. Hablar de redes sociales es referirnos al siguiente estadio de Internet, como en su momento fueron los blogs. Se han constituido en un fenómeno de masas cada vez más importante tanto así que ya algunas están integrando plataformas de blogs y wikis en una sola interfaz. Pero, ¿qué nuevas formas de comunicación y de negocio subyacen en las redes?, ¿qué perfiles profesionales se necesitan para esta nueva audiencia?, ¿deben los medios crear redes o adaptarse a los nuevos entornos de donde emerge un nuevo periodismo basado en la participación? El presente artículo intenta responder a estas y otras variables.
Radio Edu-webs: Spanish Experiences of Media Education
Authors: Perona-Páez Juan José 
Published: September 2009

The possibilities offered by Internet, but especially its interactive potential, have helped to the emergence of real on-line audiovisual platforms whose fundamental aim is media education. This article analyzes the edu-webs that have arisen in Spain within the field of radio communication, and points out their benefits at the different levels of education. Furthermore, this text revises the different educational modalities of a medium which, in the digital age, enriches its offer with complementary multimedia spaces and incorporates the necessary tools for a constant sender-receiver interaction that neutralizes the sequential character, the fleetingness and the vertical position of analogue broadcasting.
Las posibilidades que brinda Internet, pero muy especialmente su potencial interactivo, están favoreciendo la emergencia de auténticas plataformas audiovisuales en línea cuyo objetivo fundamental es la educación en medios. Este artículo analiza las edu-webs surgidas en España en el terreno de la comunicación radiofónica y apunta sus beneficios en los distintos niveles de enseñanza. Además, el texto revisa las diferentes modalidades educativas de un medio que, en plena era digital, enriquece su oferta con espacios multimedia complementarios e incorpora herramientas que posibilitan una constante interacción emisor-receptor que neutraliza el carácter secuencial, la fugacidad y la verticalidad propia de la radiodifusión analógica.
A structured model for the simulation of bioreactors under transient conditions
Authors: Morchain Jérôme , Fonade Christian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractModeling the transient behavior of continuous culture is of primary importance for the scale‐up of biological processes. Spatial heterogeneities increase with the reactor size and micro‐organisms have to cope with a fluctuating environment along their trajectories within the bioreactor. In this article, a structured model for bioreactions expressed in terms of biological extensive variables is proposed. A biological variable is introduced to calculate the growth rate of the population. The value is updated on the basis of the difference between the composition in the liquid and biotic phase. The structured model is able to predict the transient behavior of different continuous cultures subject to various drastic perturbations. This performance is obtained with a minimum increase in the standard unstructured model complexity (one additional time constant). In the final part, the consequences of decoupling the growth rate from the substrate uptake rate are discussed. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A time‐dependent multiphysics, multiphase modeling framework for carbon nanotube synthesis using chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Hosseini Mahmoud Reza , Jalili Nader , Bruce David A. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA time‐dependent multiphysics, multiphase model is proposed and fully developed here to describe carbon nanotubes (CNTs) fabrication using chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The fully integrated model accounts for chemical reaction as well as fluid, heat, and mass transport phenomena. The feed components for the CVD process are methane (CH4), as the primary carbon source, and hydrogen (H2). Numerous simulations are performed for a wide range of fabrication temperatures (973.15–1273.15 K) as well as different CH4 (500–1000 sccm) and H2 (250–750 sccm) flow rates. The effect of temperature, total flow rate, and feed mixture ratio on CNTs growth rate as well as the effect of amorphous carbon formation on the final product are calculated and compared with experimental results. The outcomes from this study provide a fundamental understanding and basis for the design of an efficient CNT fabrication process that is capable of producing a high yield of CNTs, with a minimum amount of amorphous carbon. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A Bayesian approach for control loop diagnosis with missing data
Authors: Qi Fei , Huang Biao , Tamayo Edgar C. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis article is concerned with determination of the underlying source of problematic control performance through a data‐driven Bayesian approach. This approach synthesizes information from different monitoring algorithms to isolate possible problem sources. A main issue encountered in the application of the data‐driven approach is the problem of missing data or missing monitor reading. By introducing the concept of missing pattern, data missing problems are classified into single and multi missing patterns. A novel method based on marginalization over underlying complete evidence matrix is proposed to circumvent missing data problems. Performance of the proposed Bayesian approach is examined through simulations as well as an industrial application example to verify its ability of information synthesis. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Exploration of human serum albumin binding sites by docking and molecular dynamics flexible ligand–protein interactions
Authors: Deeb Omar , Rosales‐Hernández Martha Cecilia , Gómez‐Castro Carlos , Garduño‐Juárez Ramón , Correa‐Basurto José 
Published: September 2009

AbstractFive‐nanosecond molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed on human serum albumin (HSA) to study the conformational features of its primary ligand binding sites (I and II). Additionally, 11 HSA snapshots were extracted every 0.5 ns to explore the binding affinity (Kd) of 94 known HSA binding drugs using a blind docking procedure. MD simulations indicate that there is considerable flexibility for the protein, including the known sites I and II. Movements at HSA sites I and II were evidenced by structural analyses and docking simulations. The latter enabled the study and analysis of the HSA–ligand interactions of warfarin and ketoprofen (ligands binding to sites I and II, respectively) in greater detail. Our results indicate that the free energy values by docking (Kd observed) depend upon the conformations of both HSA and the ligand. The 94 HSA–ligand binding Kd values, obtained by the docking procedure, were subjected to a quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) study by multiple regression analysis. The best correlation between the observed and QSAR theoretical (Kd predicted) data was displayed at 2.5 ns. This study provides evidence that HSA binding sites I and II interact specifically with a variety of compounds through conformational adjustments of the protein structure in conjunction with ligand conformational adaptation to these sites. These results serve to explain the high ligand‐promiscuity of HSA. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 161–170, 2010.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Treating criminal offenders in correctional contexts: identifying interests and distributing responsibilities
Authors: Schopp Robert F. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIn Panetti v. Quarterman, three professional associations advocated commutation of capital sentences for offenders who are incompetent to face execution. Some judicial opinions deny that convicted offenders have any protected interest in avoiding a legally imposed sentence, and other opinions have found that the Eighth Amendment requires treatment for prisoners with serious mental health needs. This article examines some circumstances in which health care providers in the context of criminal punishment encounter apparent conflicts among the treatment interests of the individuals, the comprehensive interests of these individuals, legally protected interests, and the public interest. This analysis pursues clarification of these interests and of potential tensions among legal and professional obligations of health care providers. This article does not provide comprehensive resolution of this tension. Rather, it is intended to promote rigorous ongoing inquiry by clarifying the relevant interests at stake and the responsibilities of various participants in the complex interaction of health care and corrections. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competency courts: a creative solution for restoring competency to the competency process
Authors: Finkle Michael J. , Kurth Russell , Cadle Christopher , Mullan Jessica 
Published: September 2009

AbstractIt is well accepted that jail is a poor setting for treating the acutely mentally ill, yet the number of mentally ill persons in jail has increased such that Los Angeles County Jail and Riker's Island in New York house more mentally ill than any psychiatric hospital. The number of mentally ill persons charged with a crime whose competency to stand trial is in question has also increased dramatically. Inefficiencies within the competency process result in mentally ill persons charged with crimes remaining in jail longer than necessary. One solution is “competency court”, a specialty court within a mental health court. The same judges, attorneys, and mental health professionals staff both courts. By combining their Mental Health Court experience, they can work with the mentally ill using their expertise in competency law and processes, and thereby improve the competency process and reduce the unnecessary time that mentally ill persons spend in jail. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An economic comparison of different fermentation configurations to convert corn stover to ethanol using Z. mobilis and Saccharomyces
Authors: Dutta Abhijit , Dowe Nancy , Ibsen Kelly N. , Schell Daniel J. , Aden Andy 
Published: September 2009

AbstractNumerous routes are being explored to lower the cost of cellulosic ethanol production and enable large‐scale production. One critical area is the development of robust cofermentative organisms to convert the multiple, mixed sugars found in biomass feedstocks to ethanol at high yields and titers without the need for processing to remove inhibitors. Until such microorganisms are commercialized, the challenge is to design processes that exploit the current microorganisms' strengths. This study explored various process configurations tailored to take advantage of the specific capabilities of three microorganisms, Z. mobilis 8b, S. cerevisiae, and S. pastorianus. A technoeconomic study, based on bench‐scale experimental data generated by integrated process testing, was completed to understand the resulting costs of the different process configurations. The configurations included whole slurry fermentation with a coculture, and separate cellulose simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and xylose fermentations with none, some or all of the water to the SSF replaced with the fermented liquor from the xylose fermentation. The difference between the highest and lowest ethanol cost for the different experimental process configurations studied was $0.27 per gallon ethanol. Separate fermentation of solid and liquor streams with recycle of fermented liquor to dilute the solids gave the lowest ethanol cost, primarily because this option achieved the highest concentrations of ethanol after fermentation. Further studies, using methods similar to ones employed here, can help understand and improve the performance and hence the economics of integrated processes involving enzymes and fermentative microorganisms. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
Centrifugal seeding of mammalian cells in nonwoven fibrous matrices
Authors: Ng Robin , Gurm Jesse Singh , Yang Shang‐Tian 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) cell cultures have many advantages over two‐dimensional cultures. However, seeding cells in 3D scaffolds such as nonwoven fibrous polyethylene terephthalate (PET) matrices has been a challenge task in tissue engineering and cell culture bioprocessing. In this study, a centrifugal seeding method was investigated to improve the cell seeding efficiency in PET matrices with two different porosities (93% and 88%). Both the centrifugal force and centrifugation time were found to affect the seeding efficiency. With an appropriate centrifugation speed, a high 80−90% cell seeding efficiency was achieved and the time to reach this high seeding efficiency was less than 5 min. The seeding efficiency was similar for matrices with different porosities, although the optimal seeding time was significantly shorter for the low‐porosity scaffold. Post seeding cell viability was demonstrated by culturing colon cancer cells seeded in PET matrices for over 5 days. The centrifugal seeding method developed in this work can be used to efficiently and uniformly seed small fibrous scaffolds for applications in 3D cell‐based assays for high‐throughput screening. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2010
High‐fat diet and hydrochlorothiazide increase oxidative stress in brain of rats
Authors: Ribeiro Marinei Cristina Pereira , Barbosa Nilda Berenice de Vargas , de Almeida Tielle Moraes , Parcianello Lutiane Mozzaquatro , Perottoni Juliano , de Ávila Daiana Silva , Rocha João Batista Teixeira 
Published: September 2009

AbstractThis study evaluated the effect of possible synergic interaction between high fat diet (HF) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) on biochemical parameters of oxidative stress in brain. Rats were fed for 16 weeks with a control diet or with an HF, both supplemented with different doses of HCTZ (0.4, 1.0, and 4.0 g kg−1 of diet). HF associated with HCTZ caused a significant increase in lipid peroxidation and blood glucose levels. In addition, HF ingestion was associated with an increase in cerebral lipid peroxidation, vitamin C and non‐protein thiol groups (NPSH) levels. There was an increase in vitamin C as well as NPSH levels in HCTZ (1.0 and 4.0 g kg−1 of diet) and HF plus HCTZ groups. Na+–K+‐ATPase activity of HCTZ (4.0 g kg−1 of diet) and HCTZ plus HF‐fed animals was significantly inhibited. Our data indicate that chronic intake of a high dose of HCTZ (4 g kg−1 of diet) or HF change biochemical indexes of oxidative stress in rat brain. Furthermore, high‐fat diets consumption and HCTZ treatment have interactive effects on brain, showing that a long‐term intake of high‐fat diets can aggravate the toxicity of HCTZ. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast Built and Designed Microdevices for Early‐Stage Liquid‐Liquid System Studies
Authors: Marcati A. , Prat L. , Serra C. , Tasseli J. , Dubreuil P. 
Published: September 2009

AbstractA comparison of two different microdevices, which are able to produce oil‐in‐water droplets without wall treatment or the presence of surfactant, is presented. A quick technique to build capillary assembled devices and a process for silicon‐glass microdevices are explained. The aim of this work is to compare these devices in terms of droplet generation and to show that the capillary assembled device can be used for preliminary tests in droplet generation as a precursor for making the silicon‐glass microdevices.