bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Poisoning by Anticholinesterase Insecticides in the Rat
Authors: Sanderson D M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The effects of an oxime cholinesterase reactivator, 2-hydroxyiminomethyl-N-methylpyridinium methanesulphonate (pralidoxime methanesulphonate, P2S) or iodide (pralidoxime iodide, PAM, P2AM), and atropine, given separately or together, on poisoning by ten organophosphate or carbamate anticholinesterase insecticides are reported on rats. Atropine alone was beneficial with all materials. Oxime therapy alone was effective to varying degrees with isolan, phosdrin, gusathion, ethyl-gusathion, demeton, thimet, phosphamidon and possibly dimetilan, but ineffective with sevin and morphothion. With the organophosphates, these findings are related to the proportion of reversible enzyme inhibition predicted. No potentiation between atropine and oxime was found when the insecticide was given orally, and the combination was less effective than atropine alone with gusathion, ethyl-gusathion, demeton and morphothion. Beneficial potentiation between oxime and atropine did occur with intraperitoneal morphothion
The Effect of Fasting, Cold Stress and Acth Administration on the Blood Sugar and Liver Glycogen Levels of Normal and Adrenalectomised Rats and Mice
Authors: Block B P 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Fasting or exposure to cold lowers the blood sugar and liver glycogen levels of rats and mice. These decreasess are not affected by adrenalectomy but they are retarded by pretreatment with ACTH
Absorption Studies with A Sustained Release Tablet
Authors: Sjögren John , ÖStholm Ivan 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The absorption of nitroglycerine, lobeline hydrochloride, radioactive ammonium bromide, creatinine, potassium penicillin V, and dihydromorphinone hydrochloride from sustained release tablets has been investigated in cats and in man. The substances were absorbed more slowly from the sustained release tablets than from conventional tablets. With the sustained release tablet fewer side-effects were seen with dihydromorphinone and a lower utilisation of creatinine and potassium penicillin V was observed. In vitro and in vivo conformity was good where a comparison could be made
The Analgesic Action of Chlormezanone
Authors: Lockett Mary F , Patel U G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Chlormezanone (2-p-chlorophenyltetrahydro-3-methyl-1,3-thiazin-4-one 1,1-dioxide) given to mice by intraperitoneal injection has an analgesic action of its own, and greatly augments the analgesia produced by morphine-type drugs in this species whether the latter drugs are given by the intraperitoneal or intracisternal route. The analgesic effect of intraperitoneal chlormezanone also adds with and prolongs that of paracetamol in mice, is only weakly antagonised by nalorphine and is moderately augmented by ethanol. Chlormezanone has however no analgesic action when given to mice by the intracisternal route. The implications of this last finding are briefly examined experimentally
Neuromuscular Blocking Agents: Part VIII. Linear Bis- and Tris-onium Ethers
Authors: Lewis J J , McPhail D E , Muir T C , Stenlake J B 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Linear bis- and tris-onium ethers (I and II) have weak tubocurarine-like properties. In both series, potency increased with increase in alkyl group size. No evidence was found for a one point receptor attachment in bis-onium ethers
Pharmacological and Biochemical Effects of Some Reserpine Derivatives
Authors: Garattini S , Lamesta L , Mortari A , Valzelli L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A relation exists between the hypotensive properties of three reserpine derivatives (β-diethylaminoethyl reserpine, isobutylserpentinate, 10-methoxydeserpidine) and their ability to release cardiac catecholamines. These derivatives do not show sedative properties and do not release 5-hydroxytryptamine or catecholamines from the brain
The Antibacterial Activity of New Derivatives of 4-Aminoquinoline and 4-Aminoquinaldine
Authors: Caldwell D , Cox W A , D'Arcy P F , Rowe L R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Two new series of N-alkyl derivatives of 4-aminoquinoline and 4-aminoquinaldine are described. Compounds in both series show antibacterial and protein precipitating properties and it has been possible to correlate bactericidal action and protein precipitation for homologous members of the series. The bacteriostatic activity of both series of compounds is characterised by maxima at C = 12 to 14, with a marked decrease in potency at longer chain lengths. The bactericidal activity differs from this in that activity is not greatly diminished with the higher homologues. The 4-aminoquinaldinium salts are slightly more potent bactericidal agents than the corresponding 4-aminoquinolinium compounds. It is concluded that the mechanism of the antibacterial action of these derivatives may be closely related to the means by which they interact with proteins
Effects of Salicylate Administration on Reputed Indices of Adrenal Cortical Activity in the Rat
Authors: Blane G F , Munday K A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Changes in the urinary sodium and potassium concentration and 17-ketosteroid excretion patterns of rats treated with large doses of salicylate have been compared with those seen in animals given a standard pituitary-adrenal stimulus (exposure to cold). The significance of the general lack of correlation of responses to these two forms of treatment is discussed in the light of the frequently accepted theory that salicylates stimulate the adrenal cortex
The Mechanism of the Local Inflammatory Reaction Induced by Compound 48/80 and Dextran in Rats
Authors: Jori A , Bentivoglio A P , Garattini S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The butanolamide of 1-methyl-lysergic acid (UML) and cyproheptadine are strong inhibitors of the local inflammatory reaction induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in rats, but only cyproheptadine is active against histamine. As cyproheptadine is more active than UML in reducing the local oedema reaction induced by dextran and compound 48/80 in intact and adrenalectomised rats, it is suggested that both histamine and 5-HT are involved in the reaction
The Stability of Antibacterials in Polyethylene Glycol Mixtures
Authors: Coates L V , Pashley Melanie M , Tattersall K 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The antibacterial activity of penicillin and bacitracin is rapidly destroyed in polyethylene glycol bases. Aminoacridine, neomycin, oxytetracycline and streptomycin are affected less. Attempts to improve the stability of incorporated penicillin by modifications to the base, such as reformulation, adjustment of pH to neutrality and heat treatment, were unsuccessful. Commercially available polyethylene glycols, particularly the lower molecular weight polymers, showed oxidising activity thought to be due to peroxides. Catalase and horse blood destroyed the oxidising activity of polyethylene glycol bases and prevented the destruction of added penicillin during a test period of 10 days. The addition of reducing agents, although apparently removing the oxidising activity when tested chemically, did not improve the stability of penicillin mixed with the treated bases. Since catalase did not completely protect aminoacridine, neomycin and oxytetracycline from inactivation by polyethylene glycol bases, it was concluded that other inactivating factors were operative
A Comparison of Activity of Quinine and Quinidine on the Isolated Electrically Stimulated Rat Ventricle Strip
Authors: Molinengo L , Segre G 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
In isolated and electrically stimulated rat ventricle strips, the activity of quinine and quinidine sulphate on excitability, rheobase and maximal rate of stimulation has been measured. By testing the two drugs on the same preparation at the same concentrations, from 5 × 10−6 to 3 × 10−5, no statistically significant difference was detected in the relative potency of the two drugs. These findings are discussed in relation to the observed clinical inactivity of quinine
A Note on the Influence of A Metabolite of Adrenaline on Water Diuresis in Rats
Authors: Roberts D , Lockett Mary F 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Solutions of an isoprenaline-like metabolite of adrenaline, and of isoprenaline itself which had been equated in potency both by depressor action on the mean arterial pressure of rats and by their inhibitory action on the rat uterus, equated also in effect on water diuresis in rats. The metabolite, like isoprenaline, reduced the rates of excretion of water, sodium and potassium and raised the pH of the urine
Some Pharmacological Properties of A New Intramuscular Iron Preparation
Authors: Svärd P O 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The pharmacological properties of a new intramuscular iron preparation containing 50 mg. of iron as an iron-sorbitol-citrate complex has been studied in animal experiments. The acute cardiovascular effects of intravenous injections, as well as toxicity in mice and rabbits, are reported. The preparation is stable in vivo and has no apparent antigenic properties
Mechanism of Absorption of Two Intramuscular Iron Preparations
Authors: Svärd P O , Lindvall S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The mechanism of absorption from an intramuscular depot of an iron-sorbitol-citrate and an iron-dextran complex has been studied in anaesthetised cats in which the lymph vessels were cannulated. The results are discussed in relation to the molecular size of the two iron complexes
Multiple Effects of γ-Resorcylic Acid on Intermediary Metabolism
Authors: Huggins A K , Bryant C , Smith M J H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
γ-Resorcylic acid inhibited glutamic-pyruvic and glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activities in extracts of rat liver, kidney, brain and heart. Its effects on the distribution of radioactivity from [3-14C] pyruvate among the soluble metabolic intermediates of chopped preparations of the rat tissues were consistent with this interference with transaminase enzymes. However, when [14C] glucose and [1,4-14C] succinate were incubated with isolated mitochondria and with a soluble fraction prepared from rat liver, the resorcylic acid produced marked changes in the incorporation of the radiocarbon into malic acid and fumaric acids, into an oligosaccharide fraction and into various phosphate compounds concerned in glycolytic reactions
The Pattern, Sensitivity and Precision of the Response to Insulin in Random Bred, Inbred and Hybrid Strains of Mice
Authors: Brown Annie M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The study of the pattern of the response to insulin, its sensitivity and precision in hybrid, random bred and inbred mice has confirmed that while the qualitative and quantitative differences in response for each strain are specific and must be determined empirically, there is considerable general correlation in this species of the average weight of the strain of mouse and the sensitivity and precision of its response
Sleeping Time Responses of Mice—Random Bred, Inbred and F1 Hybrids—to Pentobarbitone Sodium
Authors: Brown Annie M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The sensitivity and the precision of the sleeping time responses to pentobarbitone sodium in 10 per cent ethanol in mice varies with the strain of mouse. In any one strain sleeping time response in animals dosed by weight with pentobarbitone sodium is related to the weight of the animals. As mice aged, the sleeping time for all strains differed between the sexes, the males sleeping longer than the females. If the same mice were reinjected with pentobarbitone sodium the ageing effect was accelerated. It has been confirmed that the responses of F1 hybrids must be determined experimentally, and may resemble that of either parent, or fall between or outside those of their parents. In choosing animals for the estimation of pharmacological responses, therefore, their strain, weight, age and sex are each of importance, and should be as controlled as their environment before and during tests
A Note on the Antibacterial Action of Some Halogen Substituted Chalkones
Authors: Ambekar S , Vernekar S S , Acharya S , Rajagopal S 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Results of bacteriological tests with some halogen substituted chalkones corroborates previous reports that the bacteriostatic action of αβ-unsaturated ketones increases appreciably with the introduction of hydroxyl and halogen substituents
A Note on an Effect of Pyrogallol on Duodenal Motility
Authors: Izquierdo Iván , Izquierdo Juan A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Pyrogallol injected intravenously exerts an initial depressor and a secondary stimulatory effect on the duodenal motility of dogs. The first effect is similar to that of adrenaline. The duodenal excitation is thought to be due to a peripheral cholinergic mechanism. Pyrogallol enhances the duration of the inhibitory action of adrenaline on duodenal motility and converts the action of histamine to an inhibition
The Identification and Determination of Some Phenolic Acids in Urine Using Two-Dimensional Paper Chromatography
Authors: Tompsett S L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The identification and determination of vanillic, homovanillic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, m-hydroxybenzoic and o-hydroxyphenylacetic acids by the use of two-dimensional paper chromatography has been investigated
The Isolation and Identification of 1-Ethinylcyclohexyl Carbamate and its Metabolite from Toxicological Specimens
Authors: Kum-Tatt Lee 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Sensitive tests involving the formation of the mercuric and silver salts of ethinamate (1-ethinylcyclohexyl carbamate) are reported for the detection and identification of μg. quantities of the drug. Conditions for the isolation of this compound and its metabolite from toxicological specimens are described. The infra-red spectra of both the carbamate and its metabolite isolated from a human brain are also given
An Apparatus for Testing Anticonvulsant Drugs by Electroshock Seizures in Mice
Authors: Cashin C H , Jackson H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An apparatus is described for assessing anticonvulsant drugs by the maximal electroshock seizure test in mice. It uses simple equipment which is normally available in pharmacological laboratories. The evaluation of three known and established anticonvulsant drugs show its application to routine testing procedures.
The Determination of Ergotamine in Preparations Containing Ergotamine Tartrate and Cyclizine Hydrochloride
Authors: Caws A C , Lawrence B E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Benzhydrol, an impurity in some samples of cyclizine hydrochloride, interferes with the colorimetric estimation of ergotamine in preparations containing ergotamine tartrate and cyclizine hydrochloride. A method for overcoming this difficulty is described. The inhibition of colour development has been utilised to provide a method for the detection and estimation of benzhydrol in cyclizine hydrochloride.
The Analysis of Poldine Methyl Methosulphate by Infra-Red Spectroscopy
Authors: Rapson H D C , Austin K W , Cutmore E A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
An assay of the drug poldine methyl methosulphate (Nacton, 2-benziloyloxymethyl-1, 1-dimethylpyrrolidinium methyl sulphate) is described, based on absorption measurements in the infra-red region of the spectrum. Absorption bands at 5·72, 7·79, 8·13, 9·84, 13·60 and 14·23 μ may be used, the first of which, however, is favoured. The method is no less accurate, and is quicker and more informative than that of Singleton and Wells, with which it is compared. The calculation of drug purity from an absorption band at one wavelength and the use of the ratio of drug purities calculated from the other bands is discussed in relation to standardisation.
The use of Tetraphenylboron for the Determination and Characterisation of Organic Bases in Pharmaceutical Preparations
Authors: Johnson C A , King R E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A method has been developed for the assay of basic nitrogen compounds by precipitation at pH 3·7 with sodium tetraphenylboron; excess reagent is then determined by back titration with a quaternary ammonium salt. Melting-points of the organic tetraphenylboron salts may be used for the identification of the bases concerned. The method has been applied to the determination of 15 compounds in a variety of pharmaceutical preparations. It compares well in accuracy and speed with existing methods.
The Polarographic Assay of Streptomycin
Authors: Goodey R , Couling T E , Hart J E 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The use of polarography to assay streptomycin has received limited attention. Levy, Schwed and Sackett (1946) have reported on its application at streptomycin concentrations of greater than 200 units/ml. using partially purified material. Bricker and Vail (1951) have used it to study the alkaline degradation of streptomycin and have concluded that the independent determination of streptomycin and mannosido-streptomycin in mixtures of the two is impracticable. The existence of two tautomeric forms of streptomycin has been demonstrated by this technique Heuser, Dolliver and Stiller (1953), whilst Tsukamoto and Tachi (1952) have shown that the height of the reduction wave increased with pH increase, and recommend N sodium hydroxide as a base electrolyte. Much of the work on the polarography of streptomycin is summarised by Brezina and Zuman (1958). The present paper describes a development of the polarographic method mainly for the assay of streptomycin fermenter broth and associated recovery stages.
An Accelerated Storage Test with Programmed Temperature Rise
Authors: Rogers A R 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The rate constant of a reaction at room temperature and the activation energy can be calculated from values of the concentration of the reactant as a function of time. Measurements are made while the temperature of the reacting system is raised in accordance with a predetermined programme. The method makes use of the Arrhenius equation, but it does not suffer from the disadvantages of the usual method in which several experiments are done at fixed elevated temperatures.
The Use of Orthogonal Functions to Correct for Irrelevant Absorption in Two Component Spectrophotometric Analysis
Authors: Glenn A L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
General procedures are outlined for the use of orthogonal functions to correct for irrelevant absorption in two component spectrophotometric analysis. In adapting a traditional method to the use of orthogonal functions, the essential modification occurs at the final stage of calculation, when it is necessary to substitute suitable analogues for the entities, “extinction” and “wavelength.” Thus, extinction is replaced by coefficient of an orthogonal function and wavelength by orthogonal function over a specified range (or set) of wavelengths. Once these substitutions have been made, orthogonal functions may be readily incorporated into the usual methods and equations of spectrophotometric analysis.
Although the procedures are specified in terms of Legendre polynomials (as used by Ashton and Tootill, 1956), they are equally applicable to the use of trigonometric functions, which may have a major role to play in future developments. The above general procedures are illustrated by the analysis of a mixture of adrenaline and phenol.
The Evaluation, from Extinction Data, of the Inacttvation of Bacteriophage by Chemical Agents
Authors: Cook A M , Brown W R L 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The inactivation of coliphage T6r by phenol has been examined using an extinction method and the reproducibility of the results shown to be acceptable. Two methods of interpreting the results are described and their relationship discussed. A linear relationship has been found between log extinction time and log phenol concentration for extinction times between 2 and 200 min.
A Common Antigen in the Cell Walls of Three Lysozyme-Sensitive Bacteria
Authors: Wiseman David 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Isolated cell walls from three lysozyme-sensitive bacterial species, Bacillus megaterium, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Sarcina lutea, have been shown to contain a common antigen. This antigen has been demonstrated by agglutination and agar precipitation techniques.
The Colorimetric Determination of Small Amounts of Iodide, with Special Reference to the Determination of Iodide in the Presence of Organically-Bound Iodine
Authors: Drey R E A 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A photocolorimetric method has been developed for the determination of small quantities of inorganic iodide in the presence of organically-bound iodine. The iodide-containing solution is treated with a mixed iodate-starch solution at an appropriate pH, when a stable blue colour is produced. The relationship between concentration of iodide and optical density is linear. The effect of various salts on the reaction has been investigated; the analytical application of the method to some iodine-containing drugs and pharmaceutical preparations has been studied. The reason for the failure of the colour reaction to obey Beer's law is discussed.
Multiple Spot Phenomena using Thin Layer Chromatography of Pure Organic Bases
Authors: Beckett A H , Choulis N H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
Thin layer chromatographic behaviour of some sympathomimetic amines both alone and in the presence of acids in neutral and acidic solvent systems is reported. Thin layers of cellulose, with and without adhesive, alumina and silica gel were used; multiple spot formation only occurred with cellulose thin layers.
Spectroscopic Studies of the Reaction of Hydroxylated Promazines and Related Compounds with Sulphuric Acid
Authors: Beckett A H , Curry S H 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The absorption spectra of the products from the reaction of various hydroxy- and methoxy-phenothiazine derivatives with sulphuric acid are described, and their application to problems of identification of metabolites of promazine and other phenothiazine drugs is discussed. A discussion of the nature of the reaction products is included.
Active Sites in Stereoselective Adsorbents as Models of Drug Receptors and Enzyme Active Sites
Authors: Beckett A H , Youssef H Z 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The treatment of quinine-selective adsorbents by steam, heat, in presence of water and by treatment with acid and dry organic solvents destroyed their selectivity whereas the adsorptive power of control adsorbents was almost unaffected by these treatments. A progressive increase in pH of the adsorbate solutions from pH 1 to 3 increased the adsorptive power of the selective adsorbents more than that of the control adsorbents. Increasing concentrations of sodium chloride in the adsorbate solutions increased the quinine-uptake on the adsorbents. Stereoselectivity is probably due to the formation of “footprints” in the surface of selective adsorbents. The similarities between the behaviour of active sites in biological surfaces and those in these stereoselective adsorbents are described.
A Quantitative Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Purity of Griseofulvin
Authors: Holbrook A , Bailey F , Bailey Greta M 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
A chromatographic assay for the determination of griseofulvin is described, employing a hexane: methanol: chloroform: water partition system supported on Celite. Chromatographic separation is followed by ultra-violet measurement of the eluate fractions at 291 mμ. The system enables the determination of griseofulvin to be made in the presence of tetrahydrogriseofulvin, dehydrogriseofulvin, dihydrogriseofulvin, isogriseofulvin, dechlorogriseofulvin and griseofulvic acid.
The Mitragyna Species of Ghana
Authors: Shellard E J , Shadan Parirokh 
Published: April 2011

Abstract
The morphology and detailed anatomy of the leaves, stipules and young stems of Mitragyna stipulosa (D.C.) O. Kuntze, and Mitragyna ciliata Aubr. et Pellegr. have been described. Although the histological feaures are almost identical, the leaf of Mitragyna stipulosa has a typical shade leaf structure and that of Mitragyna ciliata a typical sun leaf structure.