bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central and peripheral oxygen transmissibility thresholds to avoid corneal swelling during open eye soft contact lens wear
Authors: Morgan Philip B. , Brennan Noel A. , Maldonado‐Codina Carole , Quhill Walead , Rashid Khaled , Efron Nathan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThis study was designed to derive central and peripheral oxygen transmissibility (Dk/t) thresholds for soft contact lenses to avoid hypoxia‐induced corneal swelling (increased corneal thickness) during open eye wear. Central and peripheral corneal thicknesses were measured in a masked and randomized fashion for the left eye of each of seven subjects before and after 3 h of afternoon wear of five conventional hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lens types offering a range of Dk/t from 2.4 units to 115.3 units. Curve fitting for plots of change in corneal thickness versus central and peripheral Dk/t found threshold values of 19.8 and 32.6 units to avoid corneal swelling during open eye contact lens wear for a typical wearer. Although some conventional hydrogel soft lenses are able to achieve this criterion for either central or peripheral lens areas (depending on lens power), in general, no conventional hydrogel soft lenses meet both the central and peripheral thresholds. Silicone hydrogel contact lenses typically meet both the central and peripheral thresholds and use of these lenses therefore avoids swelling in all regions of the cornea. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
Osteotomy of distal radius fracture malunion using a fast remodeling bone substitute consisting of calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate
Authors: Abramo Antonio , Geijer Mats , Kopylov Philippe , Tägil Magnus 
Published: November 2009

AbstractMalunion after a distal radius fracture can be treated with an osteotomy of the distal radius. Autologous iliac crest bone graft is often used to fill the gap, but the procedure is associated with donor site morbidity. In this study a novel fast resorbing biphasic bone substitute consisting of a mixture of calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate is used (Cerament™ BoneSupport AB, Sweden). Fifteen consecutive patients, with a mean age of 52 (27–71) years were included. All had a malunion after a distal radius fracture and underwent an osteotomy. A fragment specific fixation system, TriMed® (TriMed, Valencia, CA), consisting of a Buttress Pin® and a Radial Pin Plate® were used for fixation and a calcium sulphate and calcium phosphate mixture as bone substitute. The patients were followed for 1 year. Grip strength increased from 61 (28–93)% of the contralateral hand to 85 (58–109)%, p < 0.001. DASH scores decreased from 37 (22–61) to 24 (2–49) p = 0.003. Radiographically all osteotomies healed. An increase of ulnar variance was noted during healing from 1.8 mm immediately postoperatively to 2.6 mm at final follow up. Osteotomy can increase grip strength and decease disability after a malunited fracture. In the present series the bone substitute was replaced by bone, but a minor loss of the achieved radiographic correction was noted in some patients during osteotomy healing. A more rigid fixation may improve the radiographic outcome with this kind of bone substitute. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
The mechanical and biological properties of an injectable calcium phosphate cement‐fibrin glue composite for bone regeneration
Authors: Cui Geng , Li Jie , Lei Wei , Bi Long , Tang Peifu , Liang Yutian , Tao Sheng , Wang Yan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractCalcium phosphate cement (CPC) that can be injected to form a scaffold in situ has promise for the repair of bone defects. However, its low‐strength limits the CPC to non‐stress‐bearing repairs. Fibrin glue (FG) with good sticking property and biocompatibility is possible used to reinforce the CPC. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of FG on the mechanical and biological properties of CPC in an injectable CPC‐FG composite. The initial setting time of this CPC‐FG was delayed compared with the CPC control at different powder/liquid (P/L) mass ratio (p > 0.05). At a P/L of 5, the strength was (38.41 ± 4.32) MPa for the CPC‐FG, much higher than (27.42 ± 2.85) MPa for the CPC alone (p < 0.05). SEM showed bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) with healthy spreading and anchored on the CPC‐FG composite. After 14 days, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was (538 ± 33) for the BMSCs on the CPC‐FG and (517 ± 27) for the BMSCs on the CPC alone. Both ALPs were higher than the baseline ALP (93 ± 10) for the undifferentiated BMSCs (p < 0.05). The results demonstrate that this stronger CPC‐FG scaffold may be useful for stem cell‐based bone regeneration in moderate load‐bearing orthopedic applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
IL‐6 adsorption dynamics in hemoadsorption beads studied using confocal laser scanning microscopy
Authors: Kimmel Jeremy D. , Gibson Gregory A. , Watkins Simon C. , Kellum John A. , Federspiel William J. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractSepsis is characterized by a systemic inflammatory response caused by infection, and can result in organ failure and death. Removal of inflammatory mediators such as cytokines from the circulating blood is a promising treatment for severe sepsis. We are developing an extracorporeal hemoadsorption device to remove cytokines from the blood using biocompatible, polymer sorbent beads. In this study, we used confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) to directly examine adsorption dynamics of a cytokine (IL‐6) within hemoadsorption beads. Fluorescently labeled IL‐6 was incubated with sorbent particles, and CLSM was used to quantify spatial adsorption profiles of IL‐6 within the sorbent matrix. IL‐6 adsorption was limited to the outer 15 μm of the sorbent particle over a relevant clinical time period, and intraparticle adsorption dynamics was modeled using classical adsorption/diffusion mechanisms. A single model parameter, α = qmax
K/D, was estimated by fitting CLSM intensity profiles to our mathematical model, where qmax and K are Langmuir adsorption isotherm parameters, and D is the effective diffusion coefficient of IL‐6 within the sorbent matrix. Given the large diameter of our sorbent beads (450 μm), less than 20% of available sorbent surface area participates in cytokine adsorption. Development of smaller beads may accelerate cytokine adsorption by maximizing available surface area per bead mass. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2010
In vitro production of polyhydroxyalkanoates: achievements and applications
Authors: Thomson Nicholas , Roy Ipsita , Summers David , Sivaniah Easan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe mechanisms of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production have been studied for over half a century. However, despite numerous improvements in the control of monomer composition, genetically‐engineered host organisms, fermentation strategies and polymer recovery processes they remain uncompetitive compared with petrochemical plastics. Recently, interest has developed in the enzyme‐catalysed production of PHAs in vitro. This has allowed the study of enzyme kinetics and properties, and represents another strategy for the economic production of PHAs on the industrial scale. It also presents an opportunity to coat other materials in thin films of PHA so as to modify the surface properties. In vitro production offers advantages over in vivo methods as it enables greater control over monomer composition and molecular weight, does not require a biomass‐accumulation phase, simplifies downstream processing and can utilise a wider range of monomeric subunits. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultrasound diagnosis of dicephalic conjoined twins at 24 weeks of gestation
Authors: Sabih Durr‐e‐ , Sabih Zahida , Worrall Joseph A. , Khan Ali N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractWe report the case of dicephalic conjoined twins discovered incidentally on a routine ultrasound at 24 weeks of gestation. There were 2 heads and a neck that fused with 1 thorax, but the spines continued all the way to the coccyx. The spines were connected medially by a fused rib, and laterally, there were ribs that went around the thorax in a more normal fashion. Antenatal ultrasound images are supplemented by postnatal photographs and x‐rays. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010
Studies on the synthesis of 4‐oxo‐2,3,4,9‐tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives
Authors: Uzgoren Ayse , Uludag Nesimi , Okay Gurol , Patir Suleyman 
Published: November 2009

Abstract
magnified image In this study, a new synthetic route for the synthesis of 1‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐1,2,3,4‐tetrahydrocarbazole derivatives 12 and 13 from lactone 11 is described. Unfortunately, cyclization of compounds 12 and 13 to their respective azocino[4,3‐b]indole derivatives 14 and 15 was unsuccessful. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2009).
Enhancing clinical trial design of interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Leon Andrew C. , Davis Lori L. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe 2008 Institute of Medicine review of interventions research for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) concluded that new, well‐designed studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of treatments for PTSD. The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), the Department of Defense, and the National Institute of Mental Health convened a meeting on research methodology and the VA issued recommendations for design and analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) for PTSD. The rationale that formed the basis for several of the components of the recommendations is discussed here. Fundamental goals of RCT design are described. Strategies in design and analysis that contribute to the goals of an RCT and thereby enhance the likelihood of signal detection are considered.
Reduction‐Sensitive Reversibly Crosslinked Biodegradable Micelles for Triggered Release of Doxorubicin
Authors: Xu Yanmin , Meng Fenghua , Cheng Ru , Zhong Zhiyuan 
Published: November 2009

AbstractReduction‐responsive reversibly crosslinked biodegradable micelles were developed and applied for triggered release of doxorubicin (DOX). An amphiphilic block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) that contains two lipoyl functional groups at their interface (PEG‐L2‐PCL) has been synthesized. 1H NMR spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements show that the PEG‐L2‐PCL block copolymer had a controlled composition (PEG 5 kDa and PCL 5.4 kDa) and a polydispersity index (PDI) of 1.36. PEG‐L2‐PCL formed micelles with sizes that ranged from 20 to 150 nm in aqueous solutions, wherein a critical micelle concentration (CMC) of 16 mg·L−1 was determined. The micelles were readily crosslinked by adding 7.6 mol % of dithiothreitol (DTT) relative to the lipoyl groups. Notably, micelles after crosslinking demonstrated a markedly enhanced stability against dilution, physiological salt concentration, and organic solvent. In the presence of 10 × 10−3 M DTT, however, micelles were subject to rapid de‐crosslinking. In vitro release studies showed minimal release of DOX from crosslinked micelles at a concentration of 10 mg L−1 (C < CMC, analogous to intravenous injection), wherein less than 15% of the DOX was released in 10 h. In contrast, rapid release of DOX was observed for DOX‐loaded non‐crosslinked micelles under otherwise the same conditions (≈80% release in 0.5 h). In the presence of 10 × 10−3 M DTT mimicking an intracellular reductive environment, sustained release of DOX from crosslinked micelles was achieved, in which 75% of the DOX was released in 9 h. These novel reduction‐sensitive reversibly crosslinked biodegradable micelles are highly promising for targeted intracellular delivery of anticancer drugs.magnified image
Effects of SRB on cathodic protection of Q235 steel in soils
Authors: Sun C. , Xu J. , Wang F.H. , Yu C.K. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe effects of sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) on cathodic protection (CP) of the Q235 steel in the soils have been studied by bacterial analyses, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX). The results showed that the pH value of the soil around the steel gradually increased, the number of SRB and the corrosion rate of the steel decreased, and the CP efficiency increased with the increasing of applied cathodic potential. At the cathodic polarization potential of −1050 mV, SRB still survived in the soils. At the same potential, the CP efficiency in the soil without SRB was higher than that with SRB, and the corrosion rate of the steel in the soil with SRB was much higher than that without SRB. The cathodic current density applied for the steel in the soil with SRB was bigger than that without SRB at the same cathodic potential.
Electrochemical corrosion behaviors and protective properties of Ni–Co–TiO2 composite coating prepared on sintered NdFeB magnet
Authors: Yang X. K. , Li Q. , Zhang S. Y. , Zhong X. K. , Dai Y. , Luo F. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this paper, a protective Ni–Co–TiO2 composite coating was prepared on the sintered NdFeB magnet by direct current electrodeposition. The surface morphologies, microstructure, and chemical composition of the composite coating were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. The surface morphologies and microstructure analysis showed that the composite coating possessed cauliflower‐like grain colonies, and formed face‐centered cubic (fcc) solid solution. The electrochemical corrosion behaviors of the composite coating in 0.5 mol/L H2SO4, 0.6 mol/L NaOH, 0.6 mol/L Na2SO4, and neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions were evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), showing good protection for NdFeB magnet. In order to further investigate the protective properties of the composite coating for NdFeB magnet and the practicability of the composite coating, the long‐term immersion test was carried out in neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions using EIS. The results of long‐term corrosion test showed that the Ni–Co–TiO2 composite coating could provide long‐term protection in neutral 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions for NdFeB magnet.
Homo‐ and Co‐Polymers of Norbornene Containing Aryl‐ and Hetaryl‐Azo Dyes; Synthesis and Sensing Properties
Authors: Abd‐El‐Aziz Alaa S. , Shipman Patrick O. , Shipley Paul R. , Boden Britta N. , Aly Shawkat , Harvey Pierre D. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractA series of polynorbornene homo‐ and copolymers containing aryl‐ and/or hetaryl‐azo dyes were prepared through ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Thermal studies indicated that the polymers were thermally stable up to 250 °C, and possessed glass transition temperatures ranging from 93 to 133 °C. In THF solutions, the aryl‐azo dye containing homopolymers, displayed λmax = 417 nm while the hetaryl‐azo dye containing homopolymers displayed λmax = 495 nm. The copolymers displayed a λmax that encompassed both the aryl‐ and hetaryl‐azo dye range. The monomers and polymers showed bathochromic shifts in solution when acidified. The polymers were cast into films that changed colour in the presence of both aqueous 1.2 M HCl or HCl(g). The colour change reverses when exposed to aqueous 1.2 M NaOH or NH3(g). This process was repeated several times without disintegration of the polymer film, indicating that these polymers may be useful as reusable acid sensors.magnified image
Synthesis of Polystyrene‐block‐Poly(methyl methacrylate) with Fluorene at the Junction: Sequential Anionic and Controlled Radical Polymerization from a Single Carbon
Authors: Contrella Nathan D. , Tillman Eric S. , Leasure Joshua G. , Monk Ian W. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractPolystyrene‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS‐b‐PMMA) has been synthesized by sequential anionic and reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) or a variation of nitroxide mediated polymerization (NMP) from a single initiating site, specifically the 9‐carbon on 2,7‐dibromofluorene or fluorene. The addition of the second arm (PS) relied on thermal decomposition of 2,2′‐azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN) to generate radicals, abstracting the 9‐H on the polymer‐bound fluorene species to form the initiating radical. Styrene was not present in the reaction mixture when AIBN was decomposed, preventing competition between addition across the monomeric alkene and hydrogen abstraction from the fluorene. After 1 h, styrene was introduced and mediation of the subsequent radical polymerization was achieved by the presence of CuCl2/ligand or TEMPO. Characterization of the diblock copolymers by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) revealed substantial shifts in number average molecular weight ($\overline M _{\rm n}$) values compared to the anionically prepared PMMA macroinitiator, while polydispersity indices (PDI's) remained relatively low (typically < 1.5). Characterization by UV detection with GPC (at 310 nm) verified that the diblock polymer is chromophore‐bound, which was further verified by UV‐vis spectroscopy of the isolated diblock.magnified image
Viscoelastic Behavior and Force Nature of Thermo‐Reversible Epoxy Dry Adhesives
Authors: Wang Ruomiao , Xiao Xingcheng , Xie Tao 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe gecko adhesion phenomenon has stimulated efforts to produce synthetic patterned dry adhesives. Besides introducing surface patterns on dry adhesives, it is also highly desirable to understand their intrinsic material properties. This communication reports the viscoelastic behavior of non‐patterned epoxy elastomers exhibiting intrinsic adhesion that is much higher than that of elastomers typically used for structure patterning. The diverse molecular origin of the adhesion is revealed through the study of adhesion against various substrates.magnified image
Time‐Resolved Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy of Radicals Formed During Free Radical Polymerizations of Alkyl Acrylates
Authors: Kajiwara Atsushi 
Published: November 2009

AbstractTime‐resolved electron spin resonance (TR ESR) spectra allows direct observation of transient radicals (primary propagating radicals) obtained by the addition reaction of a diphenylphosphinoyl radical to acrylates. The addition rate constants (k2) of the diphenylphosphinoyl radical to the acrylates (initiation rate constants) were determined by the monomer concentration dependence of the decay rate of the diphenylphosphinoyl radical. The value of k2 was 1.9 × 107 s−1 · M−1 for the case of t‐butyl acrylate, while the k2 values of ethyl, n‐butyl, 2‐ethylhexyl, and dodecyl acrylates were about 1 × 107 s−1 · M−1. A combination of steady state ESR and TR ESR provided information on the kinetics both of initiation and propagation processes in the radical polymerization of acrylates.magnified image
Safety of influenza vaccination in patients with myasthenia gravis: A population‐based study
Authors: Zinman Lorne , Thoma Jessica , Kwong Jeffrey C. , Kopp Alex , Stukel ThÉRÈSe A. , Juurlink David N. 
Published: November 2009

AbstractInfluenza vaccination has been associated with adverse events including Guillain–Barré syndrome. Because the safety of influenza vaccination in patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) has not been established, some clinicians discourage vaccination for these patients. We explored whether the administration of influenza vaccine to patients with MG might increase the risk of myasthenic crisis. Using population‐based healthcare data from Ontario, Canada, from 1992 to 2007, we utilized the self‐matched, case‐series method of detecting adverse events following vaccination. We studied patients with established myasthenia who were hospitalized for MG within 42 weeks of influenza vaccination. We defined the primary risk interval as the 6 weeks following vaccination. Between January 1, 1992 and March 31, 2006, we identified 3667 hospital admissions for MG. No seasonal trend in MG admissions was evident. In 513 instances, hospitalization occurred within 42 weeks following vaccination in patients previously diagnosed with MG. Among these patients, 266 (52%) were men, the median age was 74 years, and 86 (17%) had previously undergone thymectomy. The estimated relative incidence of admission for MG in the primary risk interval compared with the control interval was 0.84 (95% confidence interval 0.65–1.09). We found similar results in stratified analyses according to gender, age, and thymectomy status. Vaccination of patients with MG against influenza was not found to be associated with exacerbations of the disease. Our findings do not support the practice of withholding influenza vaccination in patients with MG. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Transient three‐dimensional domain decomposition problems: Frame‐indifferent mortar constraints and conserving integration
Authors: Hesch Christian , Betsch Peter 
Published: November 2009

AbstractThe present work deals with transient large‐deformation domain decomposition problems. The tying of dissimilar meshed grids is performed by applying the mortar method. In this connection, a reformulation of the original linear mortar constraints is proposed, which retains frame‐indifference for arbitrary discretizations of the interface. Furthermore, a specific coordinate augmentation technique is proposed to make possible the design of an energy–momentum scheme. Numerical examples demonstrate the robustness and enhanced numerical stability of the newly developed energy–momentum scheme for three‐dimensional problems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rejection of persistent‐bounded disturbances in continuous time‐delay systems using observer‐based feedback
Authors: Mahmoud Magdi S. , Saif Abdul‐Wahid 
Published: November 2009

AbstractIn this paper, the problem of persistent‐bounded disturbance rejection of linear continuous‐time systems with time‐varying delays is investigated using the tools of invariant set analysis and Lyapunov‐function methodology. We derive less conservative sufficient conditions on robust attractor for time‐delay systems in terms of strict linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) to guarantee the desired ℒ︁1‐performance. A robust output‐feedback controller is designed and the associated gain is determined using strict LMIs. The developed results are tested on two representative time‐delay examples. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.