bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rising temperature and development in dragonfly populations at different latitudes
Authors: FLENNER IDA , RICHTER OTTO , SUHLING FRANK 
Published: August 2009

Summary1. For modelling the future ecological responses to climate change, data on individual species and on variation within and between populations from different latitudes are required.2. We examined life cycle regulation and growth responses to temperature in Mediterranean and temperate populations of a widespread European odonate, Orthetrum cancellatum. In an experiment, offspring from individual females from different parts of the range were kept separately to elucidate differences between families.3. The experiment was run outdoors at 52°N at a natural photoperiod for almost a year. We used four temperature regimes, ambient (i.e. following local air temperature) and ambient temperature increased by 2, 4 and 6 °C, to mimic future temperature rise. A mathematical model was used to categorise the type of seasonal regulation and estimate parameters of the temperature response curve.4. Growth rate varied significantly with temperature sum, survival and geographic origin, as well as with family. Offspring of all females from the temperate part of the range had a life cycle with a 12 h day‐length threshold necessary to induce diapause (i.e. diapause was induced once day length fell below 12 h). By contrast, Mediterranean families had a 10 h threshold or had an unregulated life cycle allowing winter growth. The temperature response did not significantly differ between populations, but varied between families with a greater variation in the optimum temperature for growth in the Mediterranean population.5. The variation in seasonal regulation leads to a diversity in voltinism patterns within species, ranging from bivoltine to semivoltine along a latitudinal gradient. Given that the type of seasonal regulation is genetically fixed, rising temperatures will not allow faster than univoltine development in temperate populations. We discuss the consequences of our results in the light of rising temperature in central Europe.
The European carbon balance. Part 2: croplands
Authors: CIAIS P. , WATTENBACH M. , VUICHARD N. , SMITH P. , PIAO S. L. , DON A. , LUYSSAERT S. , JANSSENS I. A. , BONDEAU A. , DECHOW R. , LEIP A. , SMITH PC. , BEER C. , VAN DER WERF G. R. , GERVOIS S. , VAN OOST K. , TOMELLERI E. , FREIBAUER A. , SCHULZE E. D. ,   CARBOEUROPE SYNTHESIS TEAM
Published: August 2009

AbstractWe estimated the long‐term carbon balance [net biome production (NBP)] of European (EU‐25) croplands and its component fluxes, over the last two decades. Net primary production (NPP) estimates, from different data sources ranged between 490 and 846 gC m−2 yr−1, and mostly reflect uncertainties in allocation, and in cropland area when using yield statistics. Inventories of soil C change over arable lands may be the most reliable source of information on NBP, but inventories lack full and harmonized coverage of EU‐25. From a compilation of inventories we infer a mean loss of soil C amounting to 17 g m−2 yr−1. In addition, three process‐based models, driven by historical climate and evolving agricultural technology, estimate a small sink of 15 g C m−2 yr−1 or a small source of 7.6 g C m−2 yr−1. Neither the soil C inventory data, nor the process model results support the previous European‐scale NBP estimate by Janssens and colleagues of a large soil C loss of 90 ± 50 gC m−2 yr−1. Discrepancy between measured and modeled NBP is caused by erosion which is not inventoried, and the burning of harvest residues which is not modeled. When correcting the inventory NBP for the erosion flux, and the modeled NBP for agricultural fire losses, the discrepancy is reduced, and cropland NBP ranges between −8.3 ± 13 and −13 ± 33 g C m−2 yr−1 from the mean of the models and inventories, respectively. The mean nitrous oxide (N2O) flux estimates ranges between 32 and 37 g C Eq m−2 yr−1, which nearly doubles the CO2 losses. European croplands act as small CH4 sink of 3.3 g C Eq m−2 yr−1. Considering ecosystem CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes provides for the net greenhouse gas balance a net source of 42–47 g C Eq m−2 yr−1. Intensifying agriculture in Eastern Europe to the same level Western Europe amounts is expected to result in a near doubling of the N2O emissions in Eastern Europe. N2O emissions will then become the main source of concern for the impact of European agriculture on climate.
Expression and function of the NALP3 inflammasome in rheumatoid synovium
Authors: Kolly Laeticia , Busso Nathalie , Palmer Gaby , Talabot‐Ayer Dominique , Chobaz Véronique , So Alexander 
Published: August 2009

SummaryThe NACHT, LRR and PYD domains containing protein (NALP3) inflammasome is a key regulator of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) secretion. As there is strong evidence for a pro‐inflammatory role of IL‐1β in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in murine models of arthritis, we explored the expression of the different components of the NALP3 inflammasome as well as other nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)‐like receptors (NLRs) in synovium obtained from patients with RA. The expression of NLRs was also studied in fibroblast lines derived from joint tissue. By immunohistology, NALP3 and apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a CARD domain (ASC) were expressed in myeloid and endothelial cells and B cells. T cells expressed ASC but lacked NALP3. In synovial fibroblast lines, NALP3 expression was not detected at the RNA and protein levels and stimulation with known NALP3 agonists failed to induce IL‐1β secretion. Interestingly, we were unable to distinguish RA from osteoarthritis synovial samples on the basis of their basal level of RNA expression of known NLR proteins, though RA samples contained higher levels of caspase‐1 assayed by enzyme‐linked immunsorbent assay. These results indicate that myeloid and endothelial cells are the principal sources of inflammasome‐mediated IL‐1β production in the synovium, and that synovial fibroblasts are unable to activate caspase‐1 because they lack NALP3. The NALP3 inflammasome activity does not account for the difference in level of inflammation between RA and osteoarthritis.
Collecting subjective and rating scale data within a single case study design: cognitive behavioural therapy for a person experiencing psychosis
Authors: CARDEN J. , JONES A. 
Published: August 2009

Accessible summary

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) for psychotic symptoms is seen as an increasingly important treatment option for individuals with long‐term mental health problems such as schizophrenia. CBT for psychosis has been evaluated in a number of randomized controlled trials, with evaluation often being determined only by rating scale data.
By using scale data alone within clinical practice it has been argued that this method only provides a narrow view of the effect of the specific intervention being utilized and what benefit this has had for the individual.
This paper reports on a case study whereby scale data alone were inconclusive, yet the subjective viewpoint of the person receiving the therapy identified changes that were not evident within the sale data.
Within current mental health services, collaboration and engaging with service users regarding their own outcomes are viewed as fundamental to a recovery‐orientated approach. The findings from this case study recognize the potential flaws in utilizing a one‐dimensional approach to determining outcome and highlights the value of reporting subjective data, not just within clinical practice, but within the wider literature on CBT for psychosis.

AbstractThis paper reports on a case study for a person with a diagnosis of schizophrenia using cognitive behavioural therapy. A range of scales was used to detect treatment effect and outcome. No significant clinical changes were detected using the scales, which are routinely used with such interventions. Subjective data were also collected in the form of a narrative, with the recipient of therapy identifying outcomes, which are not reflected within the rating scale data. Implications for practice include valuing the subjective experience reported by service users. The paper concludes that rating scale data and subjective accounts should be seen on an equal footing when evaluating specific therapeutic interventions.
Assessment of intraradicular bacterial composition by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis
Authors: Saito D. , Marsh T. L. , De Souza Cannavan F. , Höfling J. F. , Gonçalves R. B. 
Published: August 2009

Background:  The aim of the study was to assess the bacterial community structures associated with endodontic infections using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP), and to investigate the correlation of whole community profiles with the manifestation of particular clinical features.Methods:  Intraradicular samples were collected from 34 subjects and classified into three study groups based on the observed clinical symptoms: acute (n = 16), sub‐acute (n = 8), and asymptomatic (n = 10). Genomic DNA was extracted from each sample, submitted to polymerase chain reaction using a fluorescently labeled 16S ribosomal DNA forward primer, and digested with two tetrameric endonucleases (HhaI and MspI). The terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) were subsequently discriminated in an automated DNA sequencer, and the results were filtered using a statistics‐based criterion.Results:  Totals of 138 (HhaI) and 145 (MspI) unique T‐RFs were detected (means 13.1 and 11.9) and there was high inter‐subject variability in the bacterial assemblages. Odds‐ratio analysis unveiled the existence of higher order groups of positively associated T‐RFs, restating the concept that intricate ecological relationships may take place in the root canal space. A significantly greater T‐RF prevalence was detected in acute cases, suggesting a straight correlation between species richness and spontaneous pain.Conclusion:  Overall, no T‐RFLP profile representing a specific bacterial consortium could be associated with the manifestation of symptoms of endodontic origin.
Regulatory roles of β‐catenin and AP‐1 on osteoprotegerin production in interleukin‐1α‐stimulated periodontal ligament cells
Authors: Suda T. , Nagasawa T. , Wara‐aswapati N. , Kobayashi H. , Iwasaki K. , Yashiro R. , Hormdee D. , Nitta H. , Ishikawa I. , Izumi Y. 
Published: August 2009

Background:  Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the enhanced expression of inflammatory mediators leading to alveolar bone resorption. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) plays a suppressive role in cytokine‐induced osteoclastogenesis. In osteoblasts, OPG expression is upregulated by β‐catenin but downregulated by the transcription factor activator protein‐1 (AP‐1; c‐fos/c‐jun). The purpose of this study was to examine the roles of β‐catenin and AP‐1 in interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) ‐induced OPG production in human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) and periodontal ligament (PDL) cells.Methods:  Expression of c‐fos and c‐jun messenger RNA was measured by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction and OPG production was analysed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The nuclear AP‐1 activity was quantified using an AP‐1 microplate assay. The effect of the Wnt canonical pathway on OPG production was evaluated using small interfering (si) RNA for β‐catenin and the effect of AP‐1 on OPG production was evaluated using the AP‐1 inhibitor curcumin.Results:  Levels of c‐fos messenger RNA and nuclear AP‐1 activity were higher in PDL cells than in hGFs. When stimulated with IL‐1α, PDL cells had significantly higher c‐fos expression and lower OPG production compared with hGFs. The siRNA for β‐catenin suppressed the IL‐1α‐induced OPG production in both PDL cells and hGFs, whereas the AP‐1 inhibitor curcumin augmented the IL‐1α‐induced OPG production in PDL cells, but not in hGFs.Conclusion:  The present study suggests that β‐catenin enhances IL‐1α‐induced OPG production in both PDL cells and hGFs, whereas AP‐1 suppresses IL‐1α‐induced OPG production in PDL cells. Higher expression of c‐fos in PDL cells than in hGFs may implicate a role of PDL cells in alveolar bone resorption in periodontitis.
Interference with Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans: colonization of epithelial cells under hydrodynamic conditions
Authors: Sliepen I. , Van Essche M. , Loozen G. , Van Eldere J. , Quirynen M. , Teughels W. 
Published: August 2009

Introduction:  Microbial interactions are considered to be important for bacterial colonization. Interactions that inhibit colonization of pathogens could possibly be used as a new treatment approach for periodontitis. The aim of this study was to test this hypothesis on soft surfaces in vitro, taking into account the hydrodynamic forces continuously present in vivo.Methods:  Cultured epithelial cells were precolonized with Streptococcus sanguinis KTH‐4, Streptococcus cristatus CC5A, Streptococcus salivarius TOVE and Streptococcus mitis BMS before Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans colonization. Experiments were performed in a modified Robbins‐device‐type flow cell. Bacterial colonization and the number of epithelial cells were evaluated by microbial culturing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results:  The streptococci were able to inhibit A. actinomycetemcomitans colonization on soft tissue surfaces under flow conditions. Statistically significant differences were found between streptococcal pretreatments and the controls, with the most pronounced effect caused by S. sanguinis.Conclusion:  These data confirm the possibility of applying beneficial bacteria in periodontal treatment.
Porphyromonas gingivalis mediates the shedding and proteolysis of complement regulatory protein CD46 expressed by oral epithelial cells
Authors: Mahtout H. , Chandad F. , Rojo J. M. , Grenier D. 
Published: August 2009

Introduction:  Human cells express membrane‐bound complement regulatory proteins to prevent complement‐mediated autologous tissue damage. In this study, we hypothesized that Porphyromonas gingivalis, the major etiological agent of chronic periodontitis, causes the shedding or proteolysis of the complement regulatory protein CD46 expressed by oral epithelial cells.Methods:  Oral epithelial cells were treated with a culture of P. gingivalis before measurement of membrane‐bound and shed CD46 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The effect of soluble recombinant CD46 on secretion of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) by epithelial cells was evaluated by ELISA. The susceptibility of soluble recombinant CD46 to proteolytic degradation by cells and purified Lys‐gingipain of P. gingivalis was investigated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/western immunoblotting analysis.Results:  Oral epithelial cells treated with a culture of P. gingivalis showed a lower reactivity with antibodies directed to CD46. ELISA revealed that such a treatment resulted in increased amounts of CD46 in the conditioned media suggesting that P. gingivalis caused the shedding of membrane‐anchored CD46. Stimulation of epithelial cells with soluble recombinant CD46 induced IL‐8 secretion in a dose‐dependent manner. Whole cells and purified Lys‐gingipain of P. gingivalis degraded recombinant CD46 in a dose‐dependent manner.Conclusion:  This study showed the ability of P. gingivalis to induce the shedding/ proteolysis of CD46 from the surface of oral epithelial cells. This may render host cells susceptible to the complement system and contribute to tissue damage and the inflammatory process in periodontitis.
Oral bacteria induce a differential activation of human immunodeficiency virus‐1 promoter in T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells
Authors: Huang C. B. , Emerson K. A. , Gonzalez O. A. , Ebersole J. L. 
Published: August 2009

Introduction:  The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can integrate into T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells resulting in a latent infection. Reports have also demonstrated that various microbial and host cell factors can trigger HIV reactivation leading to HIV recrudescence, potentially undermining highly active antiretroviral therapies.Methods:  This study evaluated the capacity of oral bacteria associated with chronic periodontal infections to stimulate HIV promoter activation in various cell models of HIV latency.Results:  T cells (1G5) challenged with oral bacteria demonstrated a dose–response of HIV promoter activation with a subset of the bacteria, as well as kinetics that were generally similar irrespective of the stimuli. Direct bacterial challenge of the T cells resulted in increased activation of approximately 1.5‐ to 7‐fold over controls. Challenge of macrophages (BF24) indicated different kinetics for individual bacteria and resulted in consistent increases in promoter activation of five fold to six fold over basal levels for all bacteria except Streptococcus mutans. Dendritic cells showed increases in HIV reactivation of 7‐ to 34‐fold specific for individual species of bacteria.Conclusion:  These results suggested that oral bacteria have the capability to reactivate HIV from latently infected cells, showing a relationship of mature dendritic cells > immature dendritic cells > macrophages ≥ T cells. Expression of various pattern recognition receptors on these various cell types may provide insight into the primary receptors/signaling pathways used for reactivation by the bacteria.
The effect of lactoferrin on oral bacterial attachment
Authors: Arslan S. Y. , Leung K. P. , Wu C. D. 
Published: August 2009

Introduction:  Lactoferrin (Lf), an iron‐binding salivary glycoprotein, plays an important role in human innate defense against local mucosal infection. We hypothesized that Lf interferes with initial oral bacterial attachment to surfaces by iron sequestration, so inhibiting subsequent biofilm formation. The objective was to investigate the effect of Lf on the early stages of single‐species and multi‐species oral biofilm development.Methods:  Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis were used in this study. Glass disks of a two‐track flow cell coated with flowing artificial saliva (0.3 ml/min) with and without Lf (100 μg/ml) were used for studying bacterial attachment (3 h, 37°C). Attachment was also examined by incubating single or multiple species of test bacteria (107 colony‐forming units/ml) with Lf‐coated (20–100 μg/ml) and uncoated glass slides. The effects of β‐lactoglobulin, 2,2′‐dipyridyl (25–100 μg/ml), an iron chelator, and FeCl3 on attachment were also examined.Results:  Lf inhibited the initial attachment of S. gordonii (50.3%, P < 0.05) but not that of F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. However, the attachment of a dual‐species biofilm containing S. gordonii (i.e. S. gordonii/F. nucleatum or S. gordonii/P. gingivalis) was significantly reduced (48.7% or 62.1%, respectively, P < 0.05) in the presence of Lf. β‐Lactoglobulin did not affect the attachment of S. gordonii. In the presence of 100 μm 2,2′‐dipyridyl, attachment of S. gordonii was reduced by 53.87%. No reduction in attachment was noted in S. gordonii pretreated with Lf (100 μg/ml) and FeCl3 (20–200 μm).Conclusion:  Lf suppresses initial attachment of S. gordonii and S. gordonii coaggregates by iron sequestration. This may lead to subsequent inhibition of oral biofilm development.
Elevation of serum aminotransferase activity increases risk of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Wang Chia‐Chi , Lin Shinn‐Kuang , Tseng Yuan‐Fu , Hsu Ching‐Sheng , Tseng Tai‐Chung , Lin Hans Hsienhong , Wang Li‐Yu , Kao Jia‐Horng 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have an increased risk of atherosclerosis and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) is associated with insulin resistance independently of metabolic factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether NAFLD patients with ALT elevation had a higher risk of carotid atherosclerosis.Methods:  A total of 190 individuals were enrolled from the health management center. Among them, 20 subjects were excluded due to the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HbsAg), anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) and cardiovascular disease. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasound examination. Carotid ultrasonography was used to measure maximal intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and IMT (mean) > 1.0 mm was defined as the presence of carotid atherosclerosis.Results:  NAFLD patients with ALT elevation had increased risk of carotid atherosclerosis than those with normal ALT by Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). Multivariate analyses showed that serum ALT levels were positively associated with carotid atherosclerosis after adjustment for age, sex, number of metabolic syndrome components or status of metabolic syndrome (OR, 1.44; 95% CI 1.09–1.89; OR, 1.45; 95% CI 1.11–1.91). In addition, the higher the serum ALT levels with every 10 IU/L increment, the greater the risk of carotid atherosclerosis.Conclusions:  Serum ALT levels are positively associated with the risk of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with NAFLD, suggesting that serum ALT levels could serve as a surrogate marker of cardiovascular risk in this special clinical setting.
Distribution of Helicobacter pylori cagA, cagE, oipA and vacA in different major ethnic groups in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Dabiri Hossein , Maleknejad Parviz , Yamaoka Yoshio , Feizabadi Mohammad M , Jafari Fereshteh , Rezadehbashi Maryam , Nakhjavani Farrokh A , Mirsalehian Akbar , Zali Mohammad R 
Published: August 2009

AbstractBackground and Aim:  There are geographical variations in Helicobacter pylori virulence genes; cagA, cagE, vacA and oipA. The present study compared the distribution of these genotypes in major ethnic groups residing in Tehran, Iran and their association with clinical outcomes.Methods:  A total of 124 H. pylori‐positive patients living in Tehran were enrolled in this study. The ethnic distribution was 74 Persians, 33 Turks and 17 other ethnics including Kurds, Lurs, Afghanis and Arabs. The presence of the cagA, cagE and oipA genes and vacA alleles (signal [s] and middle [m] region) were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from H. pylori DNA.Results:  The cagA‐positive status was predominant in all three ethnic groups (e.g. 65% in Persians and 73% in Turks). In contrast, the cagE‐positive status was less than half in Persians (47%) and Turks (30%), whereas it was 77% in other ethnicities (P = 0.008). The predominant vacA genotypes were s1 and m1 in all three ethnic groups (e.g. 68% in Persians and 70% in Turks were s1). There was no significant association between cagA and cagE status or vacA genotypes and clinical outcomes. The oipA‐positive strains were more common in non‐ulcer dyspepsia (NUD) (63%) than in peptic ulcer patients (15%) (P = 0.001) in Persians, but the association was not observed in other ethnic groups.Conclusion:  There are some differences in the H. pylori genotypes among the ethnic groups in Iran. However, none of these markers seemed to be clinically helpful in predicting the clinical presentation of a H. pylori infection in Iran.