bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in the relationship between in vitro digestibility and voluntary dry-matter intake of different grass varieties
Authors: Walters R. J. K. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe relationship between digestibility (% DOMD in-vitro)and voluntary drymatter intake of a range of grasses conserved as artificially dried grass, has been studied in two experiments with reference to growth stage, percentage of leaf, stem and dead material, number of days to harvest and dry-matter yield.In the first experiment digestibility accounted for 69% of the variation in intake during first growth and differences were established between varieties of the same and of different species in (a) intake at similar levels of digestibility and (6) the rate of change of intake per unit change of digestibility. In the second experiment differences in intake were established between varieties, within and between first growth and regrowth, when compared at a similar level of digestibility.The variation in intake between varieties at a similar level of digestibility was not correlated with stage of growth or percentage leaf, stem and dead material in either first growth or regrowth. However, number of days to harvest and to a lesser extent, dry-matter yield, were associated with this variation, but only in first growth.regrowths of grasses generally resulted in higher intakes than first growths, but the varietal variation in intake was not correlated between growths.
Growth in sheep. II. Efficiency of energy and nitrogen utilization from birth to 2 years
Authors: Graham N. McC. , Searle T. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThirty sheep were pen-fed from age 2 days to nearly 2 years. Fifteen were fed ad libitum and the others were restricted to half that rate, age for age; daily food intakes were recorded. Sequential estimates of body composition were made on each sheep so that protein and energy gains could be obtained for specified age ranges.In the sheep fed ad libitum, food intake increased several fold in the first few months of life but was relatively constant from 4 months despite large increases in body weight. Thus intake per kg¾ declined progressively as the sheep grew.The data for the well fed and restricted groups were combined within each age range and linear regression was used to relate body growth (protein and energy) to food intake, variates being expressed as multiples of body weight (kg¾). Energy gain was zero when intake was 250–590 kJ metabolizable energy/day kg¾, depending on age. Wool growth per unit food intake was constant for each sheep throughout the experiment but was twice as great in some sheep as in others and was higher in the restricted group.Efficiency of energy and protein utilization declined at weaning but otherwise did not vary much with stage of growth. Approximately 40% of energy storage was in protein during milk feeding; after weaning, the fraction declined from 25 to 10% (30 to 20% including wool protein) as the sheep grew.
In vivo measurement of rumen microbial growth using 35S
Authors: Kennedy P. M. , Lindsay J. R. , Milligan L. P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryA method for the measurement of the net rate of synthesis of rumen microbes, entailing separate infusions of 35S-sulphate into the blood and rumen, is described and compared with estimates derived using digesta flow markers. Measurements were made on seven occasions with sheep and on eight occasions with cattle given chopped hay or pelleted hay diets at intervals of 60 or 90 min. Additional measurements were made on two sheep and two cattle given lucerne hay at intervals of 6 or 12 h. Estimates of microbial synthesis using the proposed method for animals fed at intervals of 60 or 90 min were 0·95–1·23 (mean 1·05) that derived using flow markers. For animals fed at intervals of 6 or 12 h the ratio was more variable, 0·91–1·35 (mean 1·17). The agreement between methods tended to be poor in animals with a low rate of irreversible loss of serum sulphate. The proposed method can be accomplished with a low analytical load, and appears to have potential for application in animals fitted with rumen fistulae only, and fed at infrequent intervals.
Growth changes in the distribution of dissectable and intramuscular fat in pigs
Authors: Davies A. S. , Pryor W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThe subcutaneous, intermuscular and cavity fat depots of the half carcasses of 15 Large White × Landrace castrated male pigs, forming a growth series from 8 to 62 kg live weight, were dissected. Seventy individual muscles of these pigs were analysed for intramuscular fat content. The growth rates of each of the four fat depots, relative to total fat, were similar. Subcutaneous fat was the predominant fat depot over the growth range studied. Both intramuscular fat and non-fat dry matter grew faster than the entire muscles containing them. Growth gradients for the intramuscular fat of muscle groups, relative to either total intramuscular fat or to total fat, were similar to those for the entire muscles. The growth gradients for muscle groups were affected by neither the growth of the contained intramuscular fat nor the contained non-fat dry matter. Intramuscular fat density, but not non-fat dry-matter density, varied throughout the carcass. The fat content of muscles was highest in those that could be useful as subcutaneous insulators.
The Control of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis Fabae) Infection of Field Beans (Vicia Faba L.) by the Fungicides Benlate, Bavistin, Cercobin and BAS352F
Authors: Elliott Jennifer E. M. , Whittington W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn a field trial performed within a winter-bean crop (cv. Throws MS) during 1975, Benlate, Bavistin, Cercobin and BAS352F were shown to effect some control over a mild, non-aggressive chocolate spot attack after one foliar application. Following a second foliar application, disease incidence on the leaves was significantly reduced by all except the Cercobin treatment, and reductions in the incidence of aggressive lesions on the leaves and the degree of infection on the pods were effected by all except the BAS352F treatment, indicating this chemical to be non-systemic. A reduced rate of leaf loss was observed for plants treated with Benlate, Bavistin or Cercobin, suggesting that part of the disease control effected by these chemicals might indirectly result from a delay of leaf senescence.
Comparative studies of meat V. Factors affecting the iodine number of the fat from the fatty and muscular tissues of cattle
Authors: Callow E. H. , Searle S. R. 
Published: March 2009

1. Carcasses of twenty-one fat cattle (from six cows, ten steers and five heifers, aged from 12 months to 12 years and representing seven breeds) have been dissected into nine joints, and the fatty and muscular tissue from each joint dissected and analysed for fat. The iodine number of each sample of fat has been determined.2. The fat in fatty tissues ranged from 28·3 to 96·7%, and in muscular tissues from 1·3 to 14·2%. Iodine numbers of fat from fatty tissues ranged from 34·0 to 69·0 and those of fat from muscular tissues from 45·9 to 73·2.3. By an analysis of covariance it has been possible to reduce these data to two families of regression lines—those for fatty tissue and those for muscular tissue.4. The equations for fatty tissue have the following generalized form:I.N. = AFT + CFT + JFT + b1F/FT,where AFT = 55·6 ± 1·7 and is a general constant,CFT is a series of constants for the various carcasses and ranges from +12·6 to −6·7,JFT is a series of constants for the various joints and ranges from +6·6 to −10·3,b1 is a general constant with the value −0·052(± 0·025),F/FT is the percentage of fat in any given sample of fatty tissue, and I.N. is its iodine number.5. A similar set of equations has been deduced for muscular tissue. Here, however, the relation between iodine number and percentage of fat is a rectangular hyperbola. Consequently, the inverse (Z) of the percentage of fat (in order to get a straight-line relationship) has been used.
Nutrition of the bacon pig. XIX. The requirement of the bacon pig for certain essential amino acids
Authors: Evans R. E. 
Published: March 2009

The addition of essential amino acids to all-vegetable diets, so as to raise the biological value of their proteins to the level of animal-protein concentrates, has often been advocated in the past by animal nutritionists. This aim was frustrated in practice since it was impossible, until recently, to secure the necessary supplies at prices that would make such additions economical. Feeding stuffs with added amino acids are now being sold commercially. This is possible following the manufacture of synthetic DL-methionine and crude L-lysine monochloride.It seemed desirable, therefore, to carry out investigations into the potential value of these amino acids to the pig feeder. This paper deals with the effect on growth, food utilization and retention of nitrogen of adding small amounts of lysine and methionine to the diet. An attempt is made to correlate the amino acid composition of the pig's diet with its rate of growth, the energy supply being adequate.
The value of nitrophosphate fertilizers
Authors: Cooke G. W. , Mattingly G. E. G. , Widdowson F. V. 
Published: March 2009

The phosphorus effects of several nitrophosphates were compared with those of superphosphate and dicalcium phosphate in field experiments in 1954 and 1955. In both years immediate effects were measured on radishes, and in 1954 residual effects were measured on a crop of ryegrass which was cut twice.None of the nitrophosphates tested were more than one-third as efficient as superphosphate for radishes. The residual effects of nitrophosphate (relative to superphosphate) for grass were much larger than their corresponding immediate effects on radish; several materials were as good as superphosphate for increasing the yields of the second cut of grass. The immediate effects of nitrophosphates were much increased by preparing finely ground powders from commercial granulated products.In both years dicalcium phosphate was equivalent to superphosphate and gave significantly higher yields of radish than any of the granulated nitro-phosphates. At the second cutting of grass in the 1954 experiment there were no significant differences between yields given by dicalcium phosphate and the nitrophosphates.The solubilities of the phosphorus of nitrophosphates in solutions of citric acid, neutral ammonium citrate, and alkaline ammonium citrate, were of little value in estimating immediate effects of granulated products. It is suggested that physical properties of the granules affect the rate at which phosphate ions can diffuse and so complicate the interpretation of solubility tests.
Effect of nitrogen and sulphur application and seed inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum on the yield of beans (Vicia faba) in field trials
Authors: Olivares J. , Martin E. , Recalde-Martinez L. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe effect of nitrogen and sulphur application and seed inoculation on the yield of beans (Vicia faba) was studied at two locations in 1979–80 and 1980–1. Nitrogen was applied at flowering, whereas sulphur was applied as foliar applications in elemental form, several times during the growth cycle of plants or only once at four different growth stages. Results showed high and significant increases in yield, particularly when the three treatments were combined. Results additionally suggested that a single application of sulphur at 45 days after emergence was as effective as four separate applications.
The fertilizer requirements of sugar beet
Authors: Boyd D. A. , Garner H. V. , Haines W. B. 
Published: March 2009

The paper describes the results of over 300 factorial experiments carried out in each factory area in the years 1934–49 for the Sugar Beet Research and Education Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture as a result of co-operation between Rothamsted workers and the agriculturists and fieldmen attached to the beet factories. All the experiments tested the effects of levels of nitrogen, phosphate and potash, and rather more than half tested the effect of salt also.Except on fen soils, nitrogen gave substantial responses in all factory areas, especially in the presence of high levels of potash or salt. Large variations in response from season to season were closely associated with the rainfall of the preceding winter months, responses being greater after wet winters than dry ones.In spite of some selection of sites in favour of greater responses, the average net returns from phosphate were relatively small.The effect of potash was closely linked with the amount of nitrogen applied; in the presence of nitrogen, dressings well above the level of 1·2 cwt. K2O per acre tested in the experiments are likely to give a useful net return. Soils derived from the Chalky Boulder Clay seem to be exceptional in showing no response. Apart from this, there were only small variations in responses to nitrogen and potash between factory areas. The application of 5 cwt. salt gave substantial responses in almost all parts of the country, whether or not potash was also applied; on the other hand, responses to potash were usually small when salt was also applied.Whilst there was a general relationship between soil analysis for phosphate and potash (citric acid method) and crop response, adjustments to the optimal dressings according to soil analysis were not of sufficient reliability to be of much practical value.
Accumulated temperature and maize development in England
Authors: Bunting E. S. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryInformation is given on dates of sowing and mid-silk for Inra 200 in 40 experiments (two each year at Oxford, 1962–75, and at Cambridge, 1970–5), together with cumulative temperatures between these dates. Two methods of defining effective temperature for maize development have been considered, namely the method advocated by U.K. Meteorological Office with 10 °C as the base temperature (the Ag. Met. method) and that defined in Ontario units. The regression relation between accumulated temperature and dry-matter content of the grain during ripening has also been calculated, from data obtained in the years 1966–74, and assessments made of cumulative totals in Ag. Met. day °C and in Ontario units from the date of silking until the grain D.M. content is 40%, when the crop is considered suitable for ensiling, and from silking until grain D.M. content is 60%, when the crop may be considered ripe.Cumulative temperature totals were significantly more stable over experiments than time expressed in calendar days. Totals of Ontario units were less variable than totals of Ag. Met. day °C. Estimated requirements for Inra 200 were 405 day °C or 1380 Ontario units from sowing to mid-silk, 255 day °C or 800 Ontario units from silking to 40% D.M. in the grain (for silage crops), and 380 day °C or 1235 Ontario units from silking to 60% D.M. in the grain.
Effects of supplementary irrigation on rain-grown sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) in the Sudan
Authors: Farah S. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYEffects of supplementary irrigation at three periods of grain sorghum development (a) from emergence to a time after floral initiation was completed (b) during heading and flowering and (c) from ending of flowering to maturity, during two seasons, were tested. Grain yield and its components and straw yield were significantly affected by the irrigation treatments, which were themselves considerably affected by rainfall.The results suggest that water deficits during the three periods, as were specified in this study, had affected grain yield primarily through effects on number of grains during the first period and size of grains in the second period. Effects in the third period were apparently complementary to those of the first and/or the second periods, being either very substantial or negligible, depending on the rain conditions in these periods. Straw yields were mostly affected by irrigation during the third period, mainly as a result of development of late tillers.High yields of rain-grown sorghum can be obtained if water deficits are avoided by supplementary irrigation during one or more of its growth periods.
Growth responses and serum enzyme activities in growing pigs resultant from supplementing diets based on aged barley with synthetic δ-α-tocopherol
Authors: Lawrence T. L. J. , Boyd J. W. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYIn group and individual feeding experiments of 98 days duration, a total of 96 Large White x Landrace 9-week-old pigs were fed diets (containing 0–09 mg selenium/kg) based on 85% of barley (containing 3 mg δ-α-tocopherol/kg), which had been stored aerobically for 1 year, with 0 (basal), 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160 mg/kg of synthetic δ-α-tocopherol added. In both experiments the tocopherol supplementation significantly improved growth rates over those obtained from the basal diet. Serum creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were not significantly affected.
The effects of oxalate in some tropical grasses on the availability to horses of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium
Authors: Blaney B. J. , Gartner R. J. W. , McKenzie R. A. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHorses fed various species of tropical grass hays containing more than 0·5% total oxalate were in negative calcium balance of up to 41 mg/kg live weight/day in mineral balance experiments. In most cases, a concurrent negative phosphorus balance of up to 22 mg/kg live weight/day was measured. These results were in contrast to those obtained when grass hays low in oxalate were fed. Magnesium balance was little affected by oxalate. The degree of negative calcium balance could not be reconciled with total calcium and total oxalate concentrations, but could be explained if a major fraction of calcium in the grasses was in the form of calcium oxalate crystals and if calcium in this form was unavailable for absorption. It is suggested that soluble oxalates exert a variable but smaller effect on absorption of the remaining calcium fraction of the grasses. In general, nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism may occur in horses grazed solely on pastures in which calcium to oxalate ratios are less than 0·5, such ratios usually being found in grasses containing more than 0·5% total oxalate.
Triple test cross analysis in three barley populations under saline-alkali soil conditions
Authors: Tripathi I. D. , Singh M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYOne hundred and eighty triple test cross families arising from three barley crosses (C 164 x EB 1556, BG 25 x NP 21 and BH 15 x RD 103) were grown in two blocks of a randomized-block design in saline-alkali soil prepared in micro-plots. The families were evaluated for number of days from sowing to heading, plant height, number of tillers per plant, ear length, number of grains per ear, 100-grain weight and grain yield per plant. The cross BG 25 x NP 21 showed epistasis only for number of days toheading and number of grains per ear; in contrast, epistasis was present in all traits in BH 15 x RD 103. In cross C 164 x EB 1556, epistasis was detected for plant height, ear length and number of grains per ear. Thus, epistasis appears to be related to specific cross combination. The ‘j and l’ type epistasis was more pronounced than the ‘i’ type. Early generation selection may be used for number of days to heading which Exhibited epistasis marginally with preponderance of additive gene effects, while for the remaining traits selection should be deferred till an advanced generation.
Studies on compatibility of nitrogen fixation by high-temperature-adapted Rhizobium strains and Vigna radiata genotypes at two moisture levels in calcareous soil
Authors: Rai R. , Prasad V. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYRhizobium strains adapted to high temperature, and genotypes of green gram, were used to study the symbiotic N2-fixation in a summer season at two moisture levels in calcareous soil. Different interactions between strains and genotypes were observedatthe two moisture levels. At both moisture levels, strain S4 with the green gram genotype S8 showed the greatest grain yield, nitrogenase activity, leghaemoglobin and ethanolsoluble carbohydrate of nodules.
Assessment of results from wheat trials testing varieties and application of nitrogenous fertilizer
Authors: Holbrook J. R. , Byrne W. R. , Ridgman W. J. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYThe analysis of two experiments involving the response of bread-making wheat to application of nitrogenous fertilizer is discussed. It is shown that a step function is required to determine the amount of applied N which optimizes the profit to be obtained from the crop. Varieties varied in their yield response to N and in the amount of applied N at which the ‘step’ took place and it is argued that trials of varieties at a common rate of N application or the reporting of results which are averaged over a number of rates cannot lead to very precise recommendations for growers.
The availability of calcium in three grasses
Authors: Armstrong R. H. , Thomas Brynmor , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: March 2009

1. The availability of the calcium in three species of grass has been determined by a slaughter technique, using the rat as the experimental animal.2. The calcium in both timothy and perennial rye-grass was found to be more available than that in cocksfoot, the differences between timothy and cocksfoot, and between perennial rye-grass and cocksfoot being of a significant order.3. The grasses as a whole were found to be inferior to both the legumes and herbs in respect of calcium availability.4. The significance of the high faecal calcium values found in rats receiving the cocksfoot diets has been discussed.5. There was shown to be some indication of inverse relationships between fibre content and calcium availability, and between oxalic acid content and calcium availability.No single one of the nine grassland plants so far investigated has proved to have a calcium availability which, when taken in conjunction with total calcium content, would be in the least likely to induce symptoms of deficiency in an animal fed on that species alone.
The reproductive performance of Red Sokoto goats in Nigeria
Authors: Adu I. F. , Buvanendran V. , Lakpini C. A. M. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYAn analysis has been made of the reproductive performance of Red Sokoto goat of Nigeria. Data are based on records of 140 kiddings from 96 does. Age at first kidding was 435 ± 18·9 days. The mean litter size at first kidding was 1·45. Prolificacy increased with parity, the kidding percentages from first to third parities being 141, 186 and 200 respectively. Doe weight was significantly correlated with litter size (r = – 0·27). Repeatabilities of litter size per doe kidding and of litter weight were negative. Heritability of litter size was 0·08 ± 0·02. Birth weights were low, the mean weight of kids during the 3 years ranging from 1·48 to 1·64 kg. Doe weight was related to litter weight in a manner such that litter weight as a proportion of doe weight tended to decline as doe weight increased. The ratio of litter weights of singles to twins at any given weight of the doe was 100:180. Kid mortality by 3 months of age was 30·8 %. Mortality among twins was only slightly higher than singles. However, mortality in kids born in multiple births (triplets and quadruplets) was much higher. Birth weights of surviving kids were significantly higher than of those that died.