bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-scale 3D-CRU for EEG emotion recognition*
Authors: Dong Hao , Zhou Jian , Fan Cunhang , Zheng Wenming , Tao Liang , Kwan Hon Keung 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a novel multi-scale 3D-CRU model, with the goal of extracting more discriminative emotion feature from EEG signals. By concurrently exploiting the relative electrode locations and different frequency subbands of EEG signals, a three-dimensional feature representation is reconstructed wherein the Delta (δ) frequency pattern is included. We employ a multi-scale approach, termed 3D-CRU, to concurrently extract frequency and spatial features at varying levels of granularity within each time segment. In the proposed 3D-CRU, we introduce a multi-scale 3D Convolutional Neural Network (3D-CNN) to effectively capture discriminative information embedded within the 3D feature representation. To model the temporal dynamics across consecutive time segments, we incorporate a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) module to extract temporal representations from the time series of combined frequency-spatial features. Ultimately, the 3D-CRU model yields a global feature representation, encompassing comprehensive information across time, frequency, and spatial domains. Numerous experimental assessments conducted on publicly available DEAP and SEED databases provide empirical evidence supporting the enhanced performance of our proposed model in the domain of emotion recognition. These findings underscore the efficacy of the features extracted by the proposed multi-scale 3D-GRU model, particularly with the incorporation of the Delta (δ) frequency pattern. Specifically, on the DEAP dataset, the accuracy of Valence and Arousal are 93.12% and 94.31%, respectively, while on the SEED dataset, the accuracy is 92.25%.
A vibrating membrane ejector for direct ink writing of printed electronics
Authors: Liu Shangjian , Hu Shuohao , Lin Song , Wu Jiakang , Shao Feng , Liang Junge , Wan Xi , Gu Xiaofeng 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Direct ink writing (DIW) represents a technical branch of additive manufacturing technology, particularly suitable for prototyping or small-batch printing production of printed electronic components. However, the existing print heads required for near or sub-100 μm line width are quite sophisticated, limiting the accessibility and application of the DIW method. This paper reports the use of the vibrating membrane ejector (VME) as a new option for the print head of DIW. The structure of the VME-based print head was specially designed for this purpose. Finite element modeling and analysis of the VME’s vibration characteristics were performed to provide insights into the ejection conditions and behaviors. The factors influencing the size of printed structures were identified and analyzed through the printing of a metal–organic complex silver (Ag) ink. After optimizing several operational parameters to limit the spreading effects and suppress the satellite droplets, the DIW printed line width has reached about 100 μm. The effectiveness of the VME-based print head was further demonstrated through the DIW fabrication of interdigitated electrodes and microstrip transmission lines. This highlights the versatility of the VME-based print head as a practical tool for device prototyping and ink development in the field of printed electronics.
Inkjet-printed heater on flexible substrates for low voltage applications
Authors: Khan Muhammad Atif , Khan Danial , Massoud Yehia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Flexible heaters (FHs) have applications ranging from defoggers to flexural warmers, food processors, and thermotherapy. Printed FHs are particularly of interest as they offer unique advantages like high resolution, customization, low cost, and ease of fabrication. Here, we report printed FHs on polyethylene terephthalate substrate. The heater design is optimized to operate on a low voltage of five volts and yield high temperatures with a uniform temperature distribution across the surface. The heater has a fast response time of 15 s to reach its maximum temperature and does not show any degradation in performance after three months of operation. The heater maintains its temperature after continuous use for two hours and exhibits a minimum change in temperature upon bending. We have also developed and tested designs for zone heaters and nano heaters, where zone heater is suited for applications requiring heating in specified locations on a surface only. Whereas nano heater has an area of 1 mm2 and can produce high temperatures in this small area. Finally, we developed similar printed heaters on paper and polyimide (PI) substrates as well. Paper-based heater can achieve a temperature of 210 °C and can be used in disposable applications due to its low cost, whereas PI heater can achieve a temperature of 380 °C and is suitable for attaining high temperatures. These results manifest the use of FHs for various practical applications.
In-situ observations of cloud microphysics over Arabian Sea during dust transport events
Authors: Bera Sudarsan , Patade Sachin , Prabhakaran Thara 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The unique in situ measurements of clouds and precipitation within the shallow and deep cumulus over the north-eastern Arabian Sea region during the Indian monsoon are illustrated in this study with a focus on droplet spectral parameters. The observational period showed a significant incursion of Arabian dust and the presence of giant cloud condensation nuclei (GCCN), modifying the cloud and precipitation spectral properties. Warm rain microphysics supported the mixed-phase development in these clouds and exhibited hydrometeors of snow, graupel and large aggregates as part of ice processes. Cloud base droplet number concentration is about 142

±

79 cm−3 which is one third of the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration at 0.2% supersaturation. A rapid broadening of droplet size distribution (DSD) near to the cloud base was noted in contrast to polluted continental clouds. Relationship between the relative dispersion (

ε
;

the ratio of DSD spectral width (

σ

) to mean radius (

r

m

)) and liquid water adiabatic fraction (AF) indicates that the entrainment effect has increased relative dispersion significantly (2–3 times larger) in these clouds. Effective radius (

r

eff

) is found to be proportional to mean volume radius (

r

v

) with a proportionality constant (

β

) that varies between 1.0–1.6, depending on the spectral dispersion parameter. Drop size distributions for the small cloud droplets with size range 2–50

μ

m and the large drizzle drops (or ice hydrometeors) with size range 100–6400

μ

m are parameterized using the gamma function distributions useful for large-scale cloud models.
Coating solutions for enhancing automotive brake disc durability against corrosion and wear—a review
Authors: S Krishnanunni , Paul Jinu , R S Prakash 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The automotive industry’s relentless pursuit of improved safety, performance, and durability has spurred a continuous search for innovative solutions for crucial components like brake discs. These components endure extreme thermal and mechanical stresses, making them highly susceptible to corrosion and wear. Inadequate corrosion resistance and excessive wear of brake disc material during service remain significant concerns, with the latter resulting in brake emissions in the form of dust and particulate matter that pose health risks to humans. As exhaust emission standards grow more stringent, it becomes imperative to address brake disc wear issues while maintaining material braking performance. This paper extensively examines recent brake disc coating advancements specifically designed to combat corrosion and wear challenges. It explores how these protective coatings interact with the broader automotive ecosystem, highlighting their pivotal role in ensuring safer, more resilient, and environmentally responsible vehicles. This paper also evaluates traditional coating technologies and materials alongside emerging alternatives for brake disc applications.
Plantar pressure distribution using personalised 3D printed lattice insoles with distributed stiffness
Authors: Siegkas Petros , Lane Charlie , Apps Charlotte 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This work presents a proof-of-concept study on the use of additive manufacturing for developing customised lattice topology insoles, with the aim of redistributing plantar pressures. Four cubic lattice structures were applied to five sections of the moulded insole contours, which were based in 3D foot scans using Ansys material designer to predict material properties. The variation of the elastic modulus across the sections was controlled via the lattice cell structure volume ratio. The insole lattice structures were made from elastic photosensitive liquid resin resulting in flexible parts. A commercially available shoe was used to compare pressure distribution between the original and customised insole. Plantar pressure distribution and peak pressures were measured during standing, walking, and running. Pressure redistribution varied between insole conditions. During standing, the customised insole reduced peak pressure at the left heel, while the right foot experienced increased peak pressure compared to the control insole. Substantial peak pressure reduction was observed on the left foot during walking and running whilst the reduction was much less for the right foot. The study highlights the potential of additive manufacturing for cost-effective, accurate, and personalized insole production, offering material control and pressure redistribution benefits for various applications like injury prevention and rehabilitation.
Experimental investigation on fiber laser micro drilling of Titanium grade 5: fabrication, nature-inspired optimization and analysis through image processing
Authors: Kar Tuhin , Goswami Arjyajyoti 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This investigation showed that micro holes were created on Titanium grade 5 substrate surface using a 30 W fiber laser. The impact of the control factors such as scan speed, frequency, number of passes and power were studied on the responses namely heat affected zone (HAZ), hole circularity (HC) and deviation in diameter (DIV). The control factors were optimized using firefly algorithm. Mathematical models were developed for each response having significant R-square value. 3D surface plots were used to examine how the control parameters affected the response. The firefly algorithm identifies the optimal conditions for micro drilling as scan speed of 210 mm s−1, frequency of 40 kHz, power of 8 W and total of 40 passes which improved experimental findings i.e. HC-0.974, DIV-37.02 μm and HAZ-19.53. After comparing the predicted values with the experimental findings, it was observed that the prediction error is lowest for HC (1.23%) followed by DIV (13.9%) and HAZ (16.9%). Image processing technique was used to convert regular images into a digital format to extract useful information.
Material characterization of graphene and boron nitride for composites reinforcement
Authors: A Madhankumar , M Anthony Xavior 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In this research work, the characterization studies and property evaluation of graphene and boron nitride were performed through various devices/techniques like Particle Size Analyzer, Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). This experimental work is focused on validating the suitability of graphene and boron nitride for use as reinforcement materials for fabricating ceramic matrix composites. The parameters influencing the properties of graphene and boron nitride such as phase change, particle size, number of layers, defects, and the presence of oxygen groups were analyzed and presented. This work is also presented through TGA to ascertain the effect of various factors on graphene and boron nitride such as degradation of carbon and nitride region and also maximum mass change rate (Tmax) due to temperature. It also provides an insight into the graphene’s behaviour in a zero-air environment, showing that the breakdown begins at temperatures below 250 °C and peaks at 850 °C. In which a lower quantity of weight loss occurs therefore in a nitrogen atmosphere at 250 °C. Graphene decomposes at a rate of 69.94 wt% in a zero-air environment, but just 8.78 wt% and also In nitrogen, the breakdown weight percentage of boron nitride is 3.54%, while in a zero-air environment, it is 11.99%.
Free-standing arrays of BaTiO3 nanotubes for non-enzymatic glucose sensing & hydrophobic coating applications
Authors: Gousiya Bhanu Ganganapalli , Manmadha Rao B 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
BaTiO3 nanostructures have been considered as a promising candidates in recent past for energy and biomedical sectors owing to their excellent physiochemical properties, such as high dielectric constant, excellent piezoelectric property, good biocompatibility, non-linear optical characteristics etc. Present study reveals on free-standing arrays of BaTiO3 nanostructures, were fabricated by hydrothermal conversion of anodic TiO2 nanotubes. Morphological and structural information of the BaTiO3 nanotubes were done using FESEM and XRD studies. FESEM analysis revealed that the fabricated samples were having tubular morphology of average length and pore diameter of 4.63 μm and 290 nm respectively. Cubical perovskite crystalline phase of BaTiO3 was confirmed through XRD analysis. The BaTiO3 nanotube samples had shown a higher sensitivity of 44.43 μA mM−1 cm−2 and a faster response of 0.1 s for glucose detection. The fabricated BaTiO3 nanotubes film also showed a higher contact angle of 122.70°. Therefore, our present fabrication on Titanium foil study emphasizes on arrays of BaTiO3 nanotubes which will open up a new window in the development of various types of sensing and hydrophobic coating applications.
Fintech Ecosystem—Part Two
Authors: Lu Lerong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter continues to analyse the Fintech ecosystem. It focuses on Fintech corporations, as a key player in the ecosystem, that offer innovative products and services to consumers. Fintech businesses exist in various forms, ranging from smaller start-ups to successful unicorn corporations or FHCs. In addition, BigTech, such as Apple, Amazon, Alibaba, Meta, Alphabet (Google), and Tencent, rely on their technological advantages and enormous customer base to offer financial services like banking, payments, investment, and digital currency. The rise of virtual worlds and digital assets such as Metaverse, Web 3.0, and NFTs further contributes to the development of Fintech. This chapter critically discusses the opportunities, challenges, and risks for each category of Fintech. It also evaluates corporate governance issues relating to Fintech businesses, such as DCSS. It discusses diverse financing options for Fintech corporations like VC, PE, IPO, and SPAC.
Fintech in Online Lending Marketplaces
Authors: Lu Lerong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Fintech case study in this chapter evaluates the alternative financing markets for smaller businesses and individual consumers, especially online P2P lending platforms. P2P lending improves the effectiveness of allocating credit resources and fosters financial equality among businesses of different sizes. The chapter considers the economic importance and financial dilemma of SMEs and illustrates the need for SMEs to have P2P lending as a vital fundraising option. It presents the online P2P lending markets in three countries with the most active loan transactions: the UK, the US, and China. The chapter claims that P2P lending has a number of advantages over bank lending because of the added value that financial disintermediation generates for both investors and borrowers, such as more diverse funding sources, higher investment returns, the expedited process, and increased transparency. Finally, it investigates the industry policies and regulatory frameworks governing online lending marketplaces.
Fintech in Monetary and Payment Systems
Authors: Lu Lerong 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses Fintech application in monetary and payment systems, as a final case study. Money is at the heart of any financial system. Both public and private sectors have proposed to create their own digital currency for the future economy. The chapter discusses the operating mechanisms, benefits, and limitations of three generations of digital money: blockchain-based cryptocurrencies (e.g., BTC and Ethereum) and stablecoins (e.g., Tether and Diem), as well as CBDCs (e.g., Digital Pound, Digital Euro, Digital Yuan, Digital Dollar). It assesses popular mobile payment systems around the world (e.g., Apple Pay, Android Pay, Alipay, WeChat Pay), including those based on NFC technology or QR code. It also analyses the official initiative of building a cashless society proposed by governments and financial authorities. The case study of digital money showcases the breadth and depth of the global Fintech revolution.
Introduction
Authors: Oweidat Nadia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Abu Zayd’s writings comprise an exemplar of modernist scholarship and a uniquely nuanced expression of it. This chapter introduces Abu Zayd, his background, and the legal case against him that led to his international recognition and exile from Egypt. The introduction contextualizes Abu Zayd’s school of thought and shows the evolution of modernist ideas from the previous generations of intellectuals, especially the nineteenth-century Arab renaissance (al-nahḍa). The chapter explores the evolution of modernist ideas and many of the shared characteristics that define the movement. In addition to providing an overview of the book, this chapter defines key concepts in Abu Zayd’s work as well as that of his contemporaries, such as “modernity” and the “religious discourse.”
Abu Zayd’s Intellectual Lineage
Authors: Oweidat Nadia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter illuminates three primary influences in Abu Zayd’s intellectual journey: first, the previous generations of reformers, the nahḍa scholars, including professors who held positions in Abu Zayd’s university, who are treated here and in Chapter 2. By the time Abu Zayd assumed his position at Cairo University, his department had fired five professors for conducting research that the religious establishment deemed controversial. The chapter illuminates how their work informed Abu Zayd’s own scholarship. The second influence stems from another period of enlightenment, but this time from a medieval era, namely, the rationalism of the Muʿtazila and the spirituality of Sufism. Both of these Islamic intellectual trends have been marginalized or considered controversial in Muslim societies in modern times. Finally, the chapter addresses how Abu Zayd was profoundly shaped by what he called the “religious discourse.” As Abu Zayd employed it, the religious discourse is a derogatory term. It encompasses all religious opponents to modern humanist values.
Shariʿa and the Status of the Qurʾan
Authors: Oweidat Nadia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Abu Zayd’s theories on the status of the Qur’an and the different interpretive approaches that can be used for understanding the text. It is in this arena that Abu Zayd went further than the majority of his contemporaries in applying modern sciences of linguistics, semantics, and hermeneutics to the Islamic tradition in order to adapt it to the human-rights norms of the twentieth century. More than any other area, reinterpretation of the sacred text most exemplifies the tension that many Muslims experience between their cherished Islamic identities and their modern lives and values. Abu Zayd argued that the traditional interpretation of the sacred texts are outdated for the needs of modern Muslims.
Women’s Rights
Authors: Oweidat Nadia 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Women’s liberation has become in many ways a symbol of the struggle between modernity and tradition. Abu Zayd considered women’s rights to be one of the most important issues in contemporary Arab societies, dedicating a book to the topic. This also marked the sole issue on which Abu Zayd acknowledged the contributions of the nahda reformists, for it was these scholars that broke with the past by introducing co-education for boys and girls and ushering girls and women into the public sphere in unprecedented ways since the birth of Islam. Like the scholars he admired, Abu Zayd blamed patriarchal scholars as well as authoritarian regimes for the plight of women in society. Although his views seemed to contradict Islamic sources and historical precedent, for Abu Zayd, women’s liberation is mandated not only by modernity, but by Islam itself.
Direct Subscarpal Lipectomy Combined With Liposuction in Abdominoplasty: An Analysis of Safety and Efficacy in 200 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Moradian Simon , Termanini Kareem M , Jackson Brandon T , Bricker Jonathan T , Boctor Michael , Ferenz Sarah , Kim John Y 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Abdominoplasty procedures continue to evolve because combining techniques such as suction-assisted lipectomy or direct subscarpal lipectomy have proven to be powerful adjuncts to achieve optimal aesthetic results. However, concern has been expressed about combining techniques simultaneously given the potential to damage the vascularity of the abdominoplasty flap.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of simultaneous direct subscarpal lipectomy combined with liposuction in abdominoplasty patients.

Methods
A 4-year retrospective review of consecutive abdominoplasties (n = 200) performed by a single surgeon was conducted. Liposuction of the abdominal flap and flanks was performed in all patients. After raising the abdominoplasty flap, undermining was performed to just beyond the xyphoid, the lower rib margins superiorly, and the anterior axillary line laterally. Fat deep to Scarpa's fascia was then removed by direct tangential excision in all zones of the abdominal flap.

Results
The patients had a mean age of 42.19 years and BMI of 28.10 kg/m2; the mean follow-up time was 7 months. Seroma occurred in 13 patients (6.5%), superficial wound dehiscence treated with local wound care in 16 patients (8%), hypertrophic scarring in 16 patients (8%), partial umbilical necrosis in 1 patient (0.5%), and partial umbilical epidermolysis in 6 patients (3%). No patients experienced major or minor full-thickness tissue loss. No patients needed reoperation.

Conclusions
Simultaneous direct excision of subscarpal fat with liposuction of the abdomen and flanks does not appear to subject any zone of the abdominoplasty flap to increased risks of vascular compromise. No flap necroses were observed. The technique described is safe and may provide superior abdominoplasty results.

Level of Evidence: 3