bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Autoimmune Response to Odorant Binding Protein 1a Is Associated with Dry Eye in the Aire-Deficient Mouse
Authors: DeVoss Jason J. , LeClair Norbert P. , Hou Yafei , Grewal Navdeep K. , Johannes Kellsey P. , Lu Wen , Yang Ting , Meagher Craig , Fong Lawrence , Strauss Erich C. , Anderson Mark S. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) is a human autoimmune disease characterized by immune-mediated destruction of the lacrimal and salivary glands. In this study, we show that the Aire-deficient mouse represents a new tool to investigate autoimmune dacryoadenitis and keratoconjunctivitis sicca, features of SS. Previous work in the Aire-deficient mouse suggested a role for α-fodrin, a ubiquitous Ag, in the disease process. Using an unbiased biochemical approach, however, we have identified a novel lacrimal gland autoantigen, odorant binding protein 1a, targeted by the autoimmune response. This novel autoantigen is expressed in the thymus in an Aire-dependent manner. The results from our study suggest that defects in central tolerance may contribute to SS and provide a new and clinically relevant model to investigate the pathogenic mechanisms in lacrimal gland autoimmunity and associated ocular surface sequelae.
Adoptive Transfer of Tumor-Specific Tc17 Effector T Cells Controls the Growth of B16 Melanoma in Mice
Authors: Garcia-Hernandez Maria de la Luz , Hamada Hiromasa , Reome Joyce B. , Misra Sara K. , Tighe Michael P. , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In vitro generated OVA-specific IL-17–producing CD8 T effector cells (Tc17) from OT-1 mice, adoptively transferred into B16-OVA tumor-bearing mice, controlled tumor growth in early and late stage melanoma. IL-17, TNF, and IFN-γ from the Tc17 effectors all played a role in an enhanced recruitment of T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages to the tumor. In addition, Tc17 cells and recently recruited, activated neutrophils produced further chemokines, including CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL9, and CXCL10, responsible for the attraction of type 1 lymphocytes (Th1 and Tc1) and additional neutrophils. Neutrophils were rapidly attracted to the tumor site by an IL-17 dependent mechanism, but at later stages the induction of the chemokine CXCL2 by Tc17-derived TNF and IFN-γ contributed to sustain neutrophil recruitment. Approximately 10–50 times as many Tc17 effectors were required compared with Tc1 effectors to exert the same level of control over tumor growth. The recruitment of neutrophils was more prominent when Tc17 rather than Tc1 were used to control tumor and depletion of neutrophils resulted in a diminished capacity to control tumor growth.
Determination of conditional stability constants of cadmium-humic acid complexes in freshwater by use of a competitive ligand equilibration-solvent extraction technique
Authors: Van Ginneken Luc , Blust Ronny 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
A technique for determining organic complexation of cadmium in freshwater using competitive ligand equilibration coupled with solvent extraction was evaluated. The method involves a competitive equilibration of the sample with potassium iodide and pyridine followed by extraction of the mixed cadmium-iodide-pyridine complex into a benzene phase. The final distribution of the metal is measured by gamma ray spectrometry. The method's suitability was verified by performing extractions on the model ligand 8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonic acid (sulfoxine), which forms well-characterized complexes with cadmium. The speciation results so obtained were in excellent agreement with results calculated with a chemical speciation model. The method was applied to study complexation of cadmium with two commercially available humic acids in reconstituted freshwater at relatively high cadmium concentrations to mimic polluted freshwaters. The obtained titration data were fitted to a one-site Langmuir adsorption model, yielding values of 106.59 and 106.52 for the respective conditional stability constants, and 0.57 and 0.90 μM for the respective ligand concentrations.
A test of the community conditioning hypothesis: Persistence of effects in model ecological structures dosed with the jet fuel jp-8
Authors: Landis Wayne G , Markiewicz April J , Matthews Robin A , Matthews Geoffrey B 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The foundation of the community conditioning hypothesis, the persistence of effects, was tested in a series of microcosm experiments. Experiments were conducted with the water-soluble fraction of the turbine fuel JP-8 using the standard protocols for the standardized aquatic microcosm (SAM). A repeat trial was conducted using the SAM protocol but with a 126-d test period, twice the standard duration. The results were examined using a variety of conventional univariate, multivariate, and graphical techniques. The principal conclusions were as follows. Effects are persistent in these model ecological systems long after the degradation of the toxicant. Patterns of impacts are detectable at concentrations 15 times lower than an experimentally derived single-species EC50. The replicate experiments are not replicable in the specific, but the broad pattern of the disruption of algal- herbivore dynamics followed by more subtle effects are consistently repeated. The durability of the indirect effects and therefore the information about historical events appears to be a consistent feature of these microcosm systems. The identity of the treatment groups persists. The critical features of the community conditioning hypothesis—persistence of information within ecologicalsystems and the reappearance of patterns and therefore the nonequilibrium dynamics—are again confirmed. The implications of these findings for environmental toxicology, monitoring, and ecological risk assessment are discussed.
Response of Daphnia magna to pulsed exposures of chlorpyrifos
Authors: Naddy Rami B , Johnson Kevin A , Klaine Stephen J 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Because aquatic organisms can be exposed to contaminants in an episodic manner, it is necessary to determine whether standard toxicity tests adequately simulate the toxicity of short-lived compounds, such as the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). We conducted experiments to evaluate the effect of binary combinations of concentration, duration, and interval of CPF exposures to Daphnia magna. Organisms were monitored for changes in survival and/or reproduction after pulsed exposure to CPF at 0.12, 0.25, 0.5, or 1.0 μg/L. The exposure duration resulting in a 50% response in survival was 6.5 h at 1.0 μg/L, 12.2 h at 0.5 μg/L, and 48 h at 0.25 μg/L. Daphnids exposed to two 12-h pulses of CPF at 0.5 μg/L responded similarly (≥85% mortality) regardless of the pulse interval (0, 3, 7, 14 d). However, daphnids were able to survive a 12-h exposure of CPF at 0.5 μg/L if the exposure regime was separated into two 6-h pulses with a minimum interval of 3 d. Further experiments suggested that the interval studies may have been potentially confounded, because organisms exposed on day 3, 7, or 14 seemed more sensitive than those exposed as neonates. Additionally, no latent effects were measured for daphnids that survived the initial exposure.
Reproduction of cavity-nesting birds in pesticide-sprayed apple orchards in southern Ontario, Canada, 1988–1994
Authors: Bishop Christine A , Collins Brian , Mineau Pierre , Burgess Neil M , Read William F , Risley Chris 
Published: March 2010

AbstractEgg fertility, clutch size andeggandchick survival and pesticideexposureof tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor) and eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) were measured annually using nest boxes in sprayed and nonsprayed apple orchards in southern Ontario, Canada, during 1988–1994. Associations were examined between reproductive rates and historical organochlorine residues in eggs as well as the degree of exposure and toxicity of pesticides applied during the study period. Because many pesticides in current use are not persistent in wildlife tissues, a toxicity score was developed to describe the exposure for each nest. The toxicity score was calculated as the product of the extent of the orchard sprayed and the application rate of the chemicals, divided by an acute reproductive toxicity index of each chemical. Total organochlorine concentrations in tree swallow eggs were 0.74 to 3.47 μg/g, and in eastern bluebird eggs, these values ranged from 0.47 to 106.3 μg/g. More than 90% of the residue in eggs was pp′DDE. There was a significant increase in unhatched eggs in bluebirds as organochlorine levels increased in eggs. There were significant associations between toxicity scores of current-use pesticides and at least one avian reproductive parameter in every year of the study, but the reduction in reproductive rates associated with pesticides did not exceed 14%, for either species, in any year. Reduced reproduction occurred in 6 years in tree swallows but for bluebirds, this occurred in only 4 years.
Effects of the mosquito larvicides temephos and methoprene on insect populations in experimental ponds
Authors: Pinkney Alfred E , McGowan Peter C , Murphy Daniel R , Lowe T Peter , Sparling Donald W , Ferrington Leonard C 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
The nontarget effects of Abate® 4E (44.6% temephos) at 0.054 kg of active ingredient (a.i.) per 1 ha and of Altosid® Liquid Larvicide (5% methoprene) at 0.011 kg a.i./ha were investigated in 18 experimental ponds (average area, 202 m2; maximum depth, 0.7 m) at Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, USA. Ponds were sprayed three times at 3-week intervals. Six ponds were sprayed with Abate, six with Altosid, and six with distilled water. Two insect-emergence traps per pond collected for 7 d and were then harvested 1 d before each spray and 13 to 14 days afterward. A repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant reductions in Shannon diversity, equitability, and numbers of individuals, species, and families in the Abate ponds relative to controls. Significant reductions also occurred in Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Diptera, Chironomidae, and Chaoborus sp. Hester-Dendy samplers were installed before spray one and harvested 16 d after spray three. Based on one-way ANOVA, Shannon diversity, equitability, and number of Ephemeroptera and Chironomidae were significantly reduced in the Abate ponds. Emergence data indicate only isolated cases with significant reductions in the Altosid ponds relative to controls, and the Hester-Dendy data indicate no significant differences between the Altosid and control ponds.
Changes in cytochrome P4501A activity during development in common tern chicks fed polychlorinated biphenyls, as measured by the caffeine breath test
Authors: Feyk Lori A , Giesy John P. , Bosveld Albertus T C , van den Berg Martin 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity is often used as a biomarker of exposure of wildlife to polyhalogenated diaromatic hydrocarbons and is usually measured ex vivo in liver tissue. A caffeine breath test (CBT) with radiolabeled substrate (14C-caffeine) was used to measure in vivo CYP1A activity twice during development in 14 common tern (Sterna hirundo) chicks treated with polyhalogenated diaromatic hydrocarbons. Tern hatchlings were fed fish spiked with 3,3′,4,4′,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB 126) and 2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB 153) such that the diet contained an average of 23, 99, or 561 pg of 2,3,7,8-tetra-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin equivalents per gram offish for 21 d. Sixteen additional common tern chicks were similarly dosed with polyhalogenated diaromatic hydrocarbons but were not subjected to the CBT procedure. In weeks 1 and 2, caffeine N-demethylation and ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation activity on day 21 were elevated in birds that received the greatest PCB dose. There was less constitutive and greater induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylation activity than caffeine N-demethylation. The 14C-CBT was less invasive than the ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay. Only one morphological parameter differed significantly between CBT subjects and no-CBT subjects fed the same level of PCBs. Bursa weight was significantly less in control CBT subjects than in control no-CBT subjects, but bursa weights did not differ among CBT and no-CBT birds from the two PCB treatment groups. No alterations of survival or growth occurred in CBT subjects compared with no-CBT subjects.
Effects of storage on the toxicity of sediments spiked with fluoranthene to the amphipod, Rhepoxynius abronius
Authors: Cole Faith A , Boese Bruce L , Swartz Richard C , Lamberson Janet O , DeWitt Theodore H 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
To determine the effect of storage on contaminant bioavailability and toxicity, two sedimenttypes, a fine sand and a silty sand, were spiked with nine concentrations of fluoranthene (0.0–50 mg/dry kg) then stored at 4°C for up to 170 d. Toxicity of the stored sediment was determined eight times during this storage interval using standard 10-d toxicity tests with the marine infaunal amphipod Rhepoxynius abronius. The concentrations of fluoranthene in the sediment and interstitial water were determined on samples taken on each test date. The toxicity of fluoranthene in the silty sand was similar for all storage times with LC50s ranging from 5.3 to 6.6 mg/g organic carbon (OC). The LC50 in the fine sand was 7.4 mg/g OC after 13 d of storage, ranged from 10.2 to 11.8 mg/g OC during 27 to 83 d of storage, and increased to 24.2 and 27.6 mg/g OC after 121 and 170 d of storage, respectively. These data indicate that the toxicity of both the fine and the silty sand remained essentially constant during storage from days 27 to 83. Toxicity tests conducted before or after that period may give misleading results because of disequilibrium or unknown storage effects.
Distribution of degradation products of alkylphenol ethoxylates near sewage treatment plants in the lower Great Lakes, North America
Authors: Bennett Erin R , Metcalfe Chris D 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO) surfactants in the environment leads to the formation of relatively hydrophobic compounds such as nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) that have been shown to have estrogenic activity. Previous studies have shown that sewage treatment plants (STPs) are point sources for these compounds in the aquatic environment. We collected sediment samples at several sites in the vicinity of STPs in Hamilton Harbour and in the Detroit River to determine the spatial distribution of the degradation products of APEOs. In addition, we deployed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and caged freshwater mussels (Elliptio complanata) at these locations to determine the distribution of these compounds in the dissolved phase and their potential to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms. The NP, OP, NP1EO, and NP2EO were found at μg/g (dry wt.) concentrations in sediments and accumulated to ng/g (wet wt.) concentrations in caged mussels near the STPs. However, in the Detroit River, the concentrations of these compounds declined to near background levels in the sediments, water column (i.e., SPMDs), and biota at stations about 1 km downstream from STPs. At stations in Hamilton Harbour, concentrations of APEO degradation products also declined markedly in sediments and SPMDs located a few hundred meters from the STP. These data indicate that degradation products of APEOs can be accumulated by biota near STPs. However, the environmental distribution of these compounds is localized to areas close to the point of discharge.
Effects of acute exposure to fluoranthene-contaminated sediment on the survival and genetic variability of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas)
Authors: Schlueter Mark A , Guttman Sheldon I , Duan Yihao , Oris James T , Huang Xiaodong , Burton G Allen 
Published: March 2010

AbstractOne-month-old fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were exposed to fluoranthene-contaminated sediment (1.24 mg/gm organic carbon) during a 96-h exposure. Of the 909 minnows exposed to fluoranthene, 684 (75%) minnows died during the exposure. Horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis was used to determine genotypes at six variable enzyme loci (β-GAL*, GPI-1*, GPI-2*, IDHP-1*, MDH-2*, and PGM*). Statistical analyses were used to evaluate the relationships between the genetic data and weight, length, and time to death (TTD) offish using an accelerated failure time regression model (LIFEREG). The GPI-1*, MDH-2*, and PGM* loci were found to be significantly related to TTD. Multilocus heterozygosity was also related to TTD. Lower heterozygosity was related to a longer TTD and a greater chance of survival. Fish weight was strongly related to TTD and survival. Larger fish had a longer TTD and a greater chance of survival. Mean fish weight differed significantly among genotypes at each locus. This resulted in large differences between LIFEREG regression models that factored weight out and those models that did not separate weight from the genotypes or multilocus heterozygosity. The results of the study indicated that differential survival to fluoranthene was genetically related. The frequencies of several genotypes were significantly different in the survivors of the fluoranthene exposure compared with those in the initial population.
Ecological research in the office of research and development at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: An overview of new directions
Authors: Linthurst Rick A , Mulkey Lee A , Slimak Michael W , Veith Gilman D , Levinson Barbara M 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
In virtually every major environmental act, Congress has required that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) ensure not only that the air be safe to breathe, the water safe to drink, and the food supply free of contamination, but also that the environment be protected. In response, the U.S. EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) has established research to improve ecosystem risk assessment and management, identifying it as one of the highest priority research areas for investment over the next 10 years. The research is intended to provide environmental managers with new tools and flexible guidance that reflect a holistic environmental management perspective of science and that can be applied both to common and unique problems. In keeping with its responsibility to provide the U.S. EPA with science that supports a dynamic changing regulatory agenda, the ORD has set the goal of its Ecological Research Program to “provide the scientific understanding required to measure, model, maintain and/or restore, at multiple scales, the integrity and sustainability of ecosystems now, and in the future.” In the context of this program, ecological integrity is defined in relative terms as the maintenance of ecosystem structure and function characteristic of a reference condition deemed appropriate for its use by society, and sustainability is defined as the ability of an ecosystem to maintain relative ecological integrity into the future. Therefore, the research program will emphasize relative risk and consider the impact of multiple stressors, at multiple scales and at multiple levels of biological organization. The program will also shift from chemical to biological and physical stressors to a far greater extent than in the past. The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to the U.S. EPA's changing ecological research program.
Biological activity associated with noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls after microbial dechlorination of aroclor 1242® and aroclor 1254®
Authors: Ganey Patricia E , Quensen John F , Mousa Mahmoud A , Boyd Stephen A , Wagner Margaret A , Fischer Lawrence J 
Published: March 2010

AbstractBioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) byanaerobic microbial dechlorination occurring naturally in the subsurface and in engineered systems results in mixtures of lower-chlorinated, primarily ortho-substituted biphenyls. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this process of bacterial dechlorination results in a mixture that differs in biological activity from that of the parent PCB mixture. Two biological assays sensitive to the action of ortho-substituted PCBs were employed: insulin release by RINm5F cells, and superoxide anion (O2) production by rat neutrophils. The PCB mixtures Aroclor 1242® and Aroclor 1254® were incubated for nine months with microbes from PCB-contaminated sites (Silver Lake, MA, USA, or River Raisin, MI, USA), and the products of dechlorination were then extracted. Exposure of RINm5F cells to dechlorinated Aroclor 1242 or 1254 product mixtures caused an increase in insulin release similar to the hormone release from cells exposed to non-dechlorinated Aroclors. When tested alone, several of the major products identified in the dechlorination mixture (i.e., 2,2′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, 2,2′,4-trichlorobiphenyl [TCB], 2,3′,4-TCB, 2,3′,5-TCB, and 2,2′-dichlorobiphenyl) caused an increase in insulin release. In studies using neutrophils isolated from rat peritoneum, the amount of O2 produced on exposure to product mixtures resulting from dechlorination of Aroclor 1242 was not different from the amount produced in nondechlorinated controls. The product mixture resulting from Aroclor 1254 dechlorination by organisms from River Raisin increased generation of O2− relative to the parent Aroclor. Taken together, these results suggest that anaerobic dechlorination of Aroclor mixtures of PCBs does not reduce the biological activities associated with lightly chlorinated and ortho-substituted PCBs. This observation has implications for the usefulness of PCB bioremediation efforts that involve only anaerobic dechlorination.
Differences in the sensitivity of benthic microalgae to ZN and CD regarding biofilm development and exposure history
Authors: Ivorra Núria , Bremer Simone , Guasch Helena , Kraak Michiel HS , Admiraal Wim 
Published: March 2010

Abstract
Microbenthic biofilms are consortia of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms imbedded in a matrix of polymers and particles. As biofilms develop, internal cycling of materials might predominate, and dependence on external conditions is reduced. The mature biofilm structure may act as a barrier against deleterious effects of metals on microphytobenthos. To validate this hypothesis, biofilms from two lowland streams near the Dutch-Belgian border, the extremely Zn- and Cd-polluted Eindergatloop and the relatively clean Keersop in the River Dommel subsystem, were collected after 2 weeks (young) and 6 weeks (old) of colonization. Young and old biofilms from both sites were subsequently exposed in the laboratory to Zn and Cd concentrations mimicking that of the heavily polluted stream for a period of 2 weeks. Diatom composition, chlorophyll a, total carbohydrates, Zn and Cd concentrations, minimal chlorophyll fluorescence, and photon yield demonstrated more pronounced metal effects on the young than on the old reference biofilms. In contrast, colonization time had less effect on the overall response of the extremely polluted biofilms. Therefore, biofilms in an early colonization stage are more vulnerable than mature biofilms to metal exposure, and exposure history determines the response of biofilms to metals.