bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic placement and population structure of Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) off Zanzibar, Tanzania, based on mtDNA sequences
Authors: Särnblad Anna , Danbolt Magnus , Dalén Love , Amir Omar A. , Berggren Per 
Published: September 2010

AbstractPhylogenetic placement of bottlenose dolphins from Zanzibar, East Africa and putative population differentiation between animals found off southern and northern Zanzibar were examined using variation in mtDNA control region sequences. Samples (n= 45) from animals bycaught in fishing gear and skin biopsies collected during boat surveys were compared to published sequences (n= 173) of Indo‐Pacific bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops aduncus, from southeast Australian waters, Chinese/Indonesian waters, and South African waters (which recently was proposed as a new species) and to published sequences of common bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus. Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses indicated a close relationship between Zanzibar and South African haplotypes, which are differentiated from both Chinese/Indonesian and Australian T. aduncus haplotypes. Our results suggest that the dolphins found off Zanzibar should be classified as T. aduncus alongside the South African animals. Further, analyses of genetic differentiation showed significant separation between the T. aduncus found off northern and southern Zanzibar despite the relatively short distance (approximately 80 km) between these areas. Much less differentiation was found between southern Zanzibar and South Africa, suggesting a more recent common evolutionary history for these populations than for the northern and southern Zanzibar populations.
Results and evaluation of a survey to estimate Pacific walrus population size, 20061
Authors: Speckman Suzann G. , Chernook Vladimir I. , Burn Douglas M. , Udevitz Mark S. , Kochnev Anatoly A. , Vasilev Alexander , Jay Chadwick V. , Lisovsky Alexander , Fischbach Anthony S. , Benter R. Bradley 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn spring 2006, we conducted a collaborative U.S.–Russia survey to estimate abundance of the Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens). The Bering Sea was partitioned into survey blocks, and a systematic random sample of transects within a subset of the blocks was surveyed with airborne thermal scanners using standard strip‐transect methodology. Counts of walruses in photographed groups were used to model the relation between thermal signatures and the number of walruses in groups, which was used to estimate the number of walruses in groups that were detected by the scanner but not photographed. We also modeled the probability of thermally detecting various‐sized walrus groups to estimate the number of walruses in groups undetected by the scanner. We used data from radio‐tagged walruses to adjust on‐ice estimates to account for walruses in the water during the survey. The estimated area of available habitat averaged 668,000 km2 and the area of surveyed blocks was 318,204 km2. The number of Pacific walruses within the surveyed area was estimated at 129,000 with 95% confidence limits of 55,000–507,000 individuals. Poor weather conditions precluded surveying in other areas; therefore, this value represents the number of Pacific walruses within about half of potential walrus habitat.
An Animal Model of Cortical and Callosal Pathology in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Mangiardi Mario , Crawford Daniel K. , Xia Xiaoyu , Du Sienmi , Simon‐Freeman Rebecca , Voskuhl Rhonda R. , Tiwari‐Woodruff Seema K. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe pathological and radiological hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) include multiple demyelinated lesions disseminated throughout the white matter of the central nervous system (CNS). More recently, the cerebral cortex has been shown to be affected in MS, but the elucidation of events causing cortical demyelination has been hampered by the lack of animal models reflecting such human cortical pathology. In this report, we have described the presence of cortical gray matter and callosal white matter demyelinating lesions in the chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS. Similar to the pathological lesions of MS patients, EAE lesions have been classified as type I‐leukocortical, type II‐intracortical and type III‐subpial. All of these lesions had varying degrees of demyelination, inflammatory cells and reactive astrocytes. Similar to MS, cortical layers during EAE showed demyelination, microglia activation, synaptic protein alterations and apoptotic cells. In addition, the callosal white matter during EAE had many inflammatory demyelinating lesions and axon degeneration. Functional electrophysiological conduction analysis showed deficits in both myelinated and unmyelinated callosal axons during early and late EAE. The chronic EAE mouse model has features that mimic cortical and callosal pathology of MS, and can be potentially used to screen agents to prevent these features of disease.
Neuronal MCP‐1 Mediates Microglia Recruitment and Neurodegeneration Induced by the Mild Impairment of Oxidative Metabolism
Authors: Yang Guang , Meng Ya , Li Wenxia , Yong Yue , Fan Zhiqin , Ding Hanqing , Wei Youzhen , Luo Jia , Ke Zun‐Ji 
Published: September 2010

AbstractChemokines are implicated in the neuroinflammation of several chronic neurodegenerative disorders. However, the precise role of chemokines in neurodegeneration is unknown. Thiamine deficiency (TD) causes abnormal oxidative metabolism in the brain as well as a well‐defined microglia activation and neurodegeneration in the submedial thalamus nucleus (SmTN), which are common features of neurodegenerative diseases. We evaluated the role of chemokines in neurodegeneration and the underlying mechanism in a TD model. Among the chemokines examined, TD selectively induced neuronal expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1) in the SmTN prior to microglia activation and neurodegeneration. The conditioned medium collected from TD‐induced neurons caused microglia activation. With a neuron/microglia co‐culture system, we showed that MCP‐1‐induced neurotoxicity required the presence of microglia, and exogenous MCP‐1 was able to activate microglia and stimulated microglia to produce cytokines. A MCP‐1 neutralizing antibody inhibited MCP‐1‐induced microglia activation and neuronal death in culture and in the thalamus. MCP‐1 knockout mice were resistant to TD‐induced neuronal death in SmTN. TD selectively induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in neurons, and antioxidants blocked TD‐induced MCP‐1 expression. Together, our results indicated an induction of neuronal MCP‐1 during mild impairment of oxidative metabolism caused by microglia recruitment/activation, which exacerbated neurodegeneration.
Living without psychiatrists in the Andes: Plight and resilience of the Quichua (Inca) People
Authors: Incayawar Mario , Bouchard Lise , Maldonado‐Bouchard Sioui 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThere is an estimated 30 million indigenous peoples in South America. Most of them live in the Andes. Regional states and governments neglect their health care needs and exclude them from the conventional Western health services in general and mental health care in particular. This review first describes this population's current situation of social exclusion, poverty and poor health. The problem of mental health care inequities in the region is illustrated through the case of the Quichua people. Indeed, for the population of over 5 million Quichua people in Ecuador, there are no psychiatric services. There are no culturally sensitive services offered in the Quichua language. The doctor–Quichua patient communication is poor and interactions are loaded with prejudice. The review provides a rationale for the Quichuas' reluctance to seek medical doctors in Ecuador. Finally, traditional healers' contribution to the mental health care of indigenous peoples is stressed, as well as their preference for a form of medical pluralism, mainly combining both traditional Quichua medicine and Western medicine. Woeful inequalities and inaccessibility to psychological and biomedical psychiatric care still widely affect the children of the sun in the Pacific Rim.
Abnormal cerebellum density in victims of rape with post‐traumatic stress disorder: Voxel‐based analysis of magnetic resonance imaging investigation
Authors: Sui Shuang‐Ge , Zhang Yan , Wu Ming‐Xiang , Xu Jian‐Min , Duan Lian , Weng Xu‐Chu , Shan Bao‐Ci , Li Ling‐Jiang 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroduction: Based on early studies of non‐motor function in the cerebellum and dysfunction in the cerebellum of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients, we presumed that the cerebellum was involved in the neuropathology of cognitive and emotional processing of PTSD patients, while the density of some sub‐areas of the cerebellum of PTSD patients was most likely abnormal.Methods: Eleven female victims of rape with PTSD and 12 age‐matched female normal controls received 1.5 T 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. The scans were then analyzed using the voxel‐based morphometry 2 (VBM2) toolbox.Results: Victims of rape with PTSD showed increased cerebellum density on the left side compared with normal controls (P<0.001), especially in the pyramis (x=−9, y=−72, z=−36; k=519; t=4.70), uvula (x=−4, y=−66, z=−35; k=256; t=4.02), declive (x=−6, y=−69, z=−30; k=213; t=3.84) and nodule (x=−4, y=−63, z=−31; k=147; t=3.93). In addition, compared with normal controls, the PTSD group showed significant differences in gray matter density of other brain areas, including the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe (P<0.001), insula, posterior cingulate, amygdala and hippocampus (P<0.005).Discussion: These finding suggest that the cerebellum may be involved in the neuropathology and functional compensation in the neurocircuitry of PTSD.
Higher prevalence of bipolar I disorder among Asian and Latino compared to Caucasian patients receiving treatment
Authors: Hwang Sophia H.J. , Childers Meredith E. , Wang Po W. , Nam Jennifer Y. , Keller Kristine L. , Hill Shelley J. , Ketter Terence A. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIntroduction: There are limited data regarding relationships between race/ethnicity and bipolar disorder. This study assessed such relationships in patients receiving treatment in a university clinic.Methods: Demographic, illness characteristics, symptom severity, treatment, and care utilization data were collected from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP‐BD) Affective Disorders Evaluation, Mini‐International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and the STEP‐BD Clinician Rated Packet. Data were compared among 51 Asian, 35 Latino, and 86 Caucasian patients in treatment at the Stanford University Bipolar Disorders Clinic. χ2 tests and analyses of variance were used to assess between‐group differences.Results: Asian and Latino compared to Caucasian patients had significantly higher prevalence of bipolar I disorder (58.8% and 60.0% versus 37.2%, respectively). Asian and Latino patients also had a higher prevalence of history of psychosis, but this was related to the excess of bipolar I disorder, becoming non‐significant after controlling for bipolar subtype. The racial/ethnic difference in bipolar subtype prevalence did not appear to be secondary to demographic or socioeconomic differences.Discussion: The higher prevalence of bipolar I disorder and thus lower prevalence of bipolar II disorder and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified in Asian and Latino patients may be related to under‐diagnosis, misdiagnosis, or care underutilization of patients with milder forms of bipolar disorders. Additional research and public health efforts are warranted to further understand the effects of race and ethnicity on the management of bipolar disorders and to enhance timely and accurate diagnosis, culturally sensitive treatment, and optimal care utilization.
Saka, an ancestral possession: Malaysia
Authors: Che Ismail Hasanah , Ishak Siti Raihan , Hussein Adil , Mar Salmah Win 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis report illustrates a culture‐bound disorder known as “saka” in the local population of Kelantan, as well as other states in Malaysia. It is a form of possession by the spirit of a deceased ancestor who was once a traditional healer or shaman. While in a dissociative state, the patient introduced a 7 × 3–4 cm wooden stick precisely into his inferior rectus muscle, in an attempt to identify with a blind ancestor who showed his presence momentarily and specifically to the patient. The stick remained hidden to ophthalmologists for 17 days and during this period the patient developed right orbital cellulitis, bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis and sepsis. The stick was identified after the family took the patient home for cultural healing rites to be performed. The patient's altered behavior resolved with the removal of the stick and he returned to his premorbid personality and functioning without psychotropic medication. To date, saka has not been reported in any peer‐reviewed medical journal.
Cytokines and chemokines in inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies
Authors: Lisak Robert P. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractSchwann cells are the cells that are responsible for the production and maintenance of myelin in the peripheral nervous system, as a modification of their plasma membrane. It has become clear that Schwann cells are the target of immune and inflammatory mediated reactions, and over the past 20 years studies have shown that Schwann cells might be important participants in the immune process. The interaction of Schwann cells with cytokines and chemokines, some produced by inflammatory cells but clearly some produced by the Schwann cells themselves, mediate much of these Schwann cell functions. These studies have been both in vitro and in vivo, with the latter consisting of studies of animal models as well as from patients with diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Thus, Schwann cells contribute to both pro‐inflammatory and downregulation of immune/inflammatory processes. The present review updates our current understanding of the interactions of Schwann cells with cytokines and chemokines. (Clin. Exp. Neuroimmunol. doi: 10.1111/j.1759‐1961.2010.00015.x, September 2010)
Reducing Blood Culture Contamination by a Simple Informational Intervention
Authors: Roth A. , Wiklund A. E. , Pålsson A. S. , Melander E. Z. , Wullt M. , Cronqvist J. , Walder M. , Sturegård E. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT
Compared to truly negative cultures, false-positive blood cultures not only increase laboratory work but also prolong lengths of patient stay and use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, both of which are likely to increase antibiotic resistance and patient morbidity. The increased patient suffering and surplus costs caused by blood culture contamination motivate substantial measures to decrease the rate of contamination, including the use of dedicated phlebotomy teams. The present study evaluated the effect of a simple informational intervention aimed at reducing blood culture contamination at Skåne University Hospital (SUS), Malmö, Sweden, during 3.5 months, focusing on departments collecting many blood cultures. The main examined outcomes of the study were pre- and postintervention contamination rates, analyzed with a multivariate logistic regression model adjusting for relevant determinants of contamination. A total of 51,264 blood culture sets were drawn from 14,826 patients during the study period (January 2006 to December 2009). The blood culture contamination rate preintervention was 2.59% and decreased to 2.23% postintervention (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.98). A similar decrease in relevant bacterial isolates was not found postintervention. Contamination rates at three auxiliary hospitals did not decrease during the same period. The effect of the intervention on phlebotomists' knowledge of blood culture routines was also evaluated, with a clear increase in level of knowledge among interviewed phlebotomists postintervention. The present study shows that a relatively simple informational intervention can have significant effects on the level of contaminated blood cultures, even in a setting with low rates of contamination where nurses and auxiliary nurses conduct phlebotomies.
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
as an Early Colonizer of Oral Tissues: Epithelium as a Reservoir?
Authors: Fine Daniel H. , Markowitz Kenneth , Furgang David , Velliyagounder Kabilan 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

This study examined
in vivo
and
in vitro
colonization by
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
, an organism highly associated with aggressive periodontitis. Thirteen volunteers (5 were
A. actinomycetemcomitans
positive for buccal epithelial cells [BECs] and teeth, 5 were
A. actinomycetemcomitans
positive for teeth only, and 3 were
A. actinomycetemcomitans
-negative controls) had two mandibular stents fabricated. Each stent contained 3 removable hydroxyapatite (HA) tooth surrogates. One HA square was removed from a stent at 5 time points over 7 h to assess the transfer of
A. actinomycetemcomitans
from teeth or BECs to HA.
Streptococcus
,
Actinomyces
,
A. actinomycetemcomitans
, and total anaerobic counts were evaluated on each square over time.
In vitro
experiments evaluated binding, desorption, transfer, and reattachment of
A. actinomycetemcomitans
wild-type and mutant strains to BECs and saliva-coated HA (SHA).
Streptococcus
and
Actinomyces
formed 80% of the cultivable flora on HA in all subjects. Transfer of
A. actinomycetemcomitans
to HA was not seen in subjects with
A. actinomycetemcomitans
on teeth only. All 5 subjects with
A. actinomycetemcomitans
on BECs showed transfer of
A. actinomycetemcomitans
to HA.
In vitro
,
A. actinomycetemcomitans
desorbed from BECs and transferred to SHA.
A. actinomycetemcomitans
binding to SHA was irreversible and did not transfer to BECs. The adhesin Aae showed specificity for BECs. Fimbrial mutants showed the greatest reduction in binding to SHA.
A. actinomycetemcomitans
migrated from BECs to HA
in vivo
and to SHA
in vitro
; however,
A. actinomycetemcomitans
movement from teeth and SHA to BECs did not occur.
In vivo
,
A. actinomycetemcomitans
colonized HA within 6 h and thus can be considered an early colonizer. BECs are a likely reservoir for
A. actinomycetemcomitans
tooth colonization.
Evaluation of Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive-Unit-Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis and Spoligotyping for Genotyping of
Mycobacterium bovis
Isolates and a Comparison with Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Typing
Authors: McLernon Joanne , Costello Eamon , Flynn Orla , Madigan Gillian , Ryan Fergus 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Common strain typing methods for differentiation of
Mycobacterium bovis
isolates include restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, spoligotyping, and, more recently, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing. MIRU-VNTR typing and spoligotyping were evaluated in this study, and these typing methods were compared with RFLP typing. A total of 386
M. bovis
isolates from cattle, badgers, and deer in the Republic of Ireland that had previously been typed by IS
6110
, polymorphic GC-rich sequence (PGRS), and direct-repeat (DR) RFLP were included in the study. Spoligotyping and analysis of six VNTR loci (QUB 11a, QUB 11b, ETR A, 4052, MIRU 26, and 1895) were performed on the samples. RFLP analysis was the method that gave the greatest differentiation of strains, with a Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index (HGDI) of 0.927; the HGDI recorded for MIRU-VNTR typing was marginally lower at 0.918, and spoligotyping was the least discriminatory method, with an HGDI of 0.7. Spoligotype SB0140 represented approximately 50% of the isolates. Within the group of isolates represented by SB0140, there was a much lower level of concordance between RFLP and MIRU-VNTR typing than for groups represented by other spoligotypes. A combination of spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing offered advantages over MIRU-VNTR typing alone. In a combined spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR typing protocol, the number of VNTR loci could be reduced to four (QUB 11a, QUB 11b, ETR A, and 4052) while maintaining a high level of strain differentiation.
Bacteremia Caused by a Novel
Helicobacter
Species in a 28-Year-Old Man with X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
Authors: Schwarze-Zander Carolynne , Becker Sabine , Wenzel Jörg , Rockstroh Jürgen K. , Spengler Ulrich , Yassin Atteyet F. 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

We report on a case of bacteremia caused by a previously unknown urease-negative
Helicobacter
strain, IMMIB HP-28/08, isolated from blood cultures of a 28-year-old man with X-linked agammaglobulinemia. The identification of the isolate was based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In the phylogenetic tree, the isolate fell into a cluster which included
Helicobacter canadensis
,
Helicobacter equorum
, and
Helicobacter pullorum
. This is the first report of bacteremia caused by this fastidious organism. Further investigations are necessary to determine the potential role of this species as a pathogen of bloodstream infections.
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Subgenotypes C2 and B2 Differ in Lamivudine- and Adefovir-Resistance-Associated Mutational Patterns in HBV-Infected Chinese Patients
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Wang Lin , Zhong Yanwei , Wong Vincent Wai-Sun , Xu Zhihui , Liu Yan , Li Qinghong , Xin Shaojie , Zhao Jingmin , Xu Dongping 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

We aimed to study the prevalence and clinical implications of hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes in Chinese patients. A total of 4,300 patients, mainly from northern China, were enrolled, including 182 patients with acute hepatitis B and 4,118 patients with chronic HBV infection who had been exposed to nucleoside or nucleotide analogs. HBV genotypes/subgenotypes were determined by direct sequencing of the HBV S/Pol region. The prevalence rates were 0.40% for HBV/B1, 14.30% for HBV/B2, 0.25% for HBV/B3, 0.35% for HBV/B4, 1.05% for HBV/C1, 81.72% for HBV/C2, 0.93% for HBV/C3, 0.16% for HBV/C4, and 0.84% for HBV/D. In chronic HBV infection, patients with HBV/B2 were younger and had lower ΗBeAg positive rates than patients with HBV/C2. The incidence of lamivudine-resistant mutations was significantly higher in HBV/C2 compared to HBV/B2 (27.9% versus 19.8%;
P
< 0.01), and the significant difference was observed only for rtM204I and not rtM204V. In addition, compensatory mutations were more frequently detected in HBV/C2. The incidence of adefovir-resistant mutations was similar between the two subsets, but HBV/C2 inclined to show rtA181V (3.6% for C2 versus 0.9% for B2;
P
< 0.01), while HBV/B2 inclined to show rtN236T (4.5% for versus 2.5% for C2;
P
< 0.01). The ratios of HBV/B2 to HBV/C2 infection were 1.7 (110/65), 5.7 (2,653/463), 7.5 (520/69), 8.0 (48/6), and 15.3 (183/12) for acute hepatitis B, chronic hepatitis B, liver cirrhosis, acute-on-chronic liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma, respectively. In conclusion, HBV
/
C2 and HBV/B2, two prevalent subgenotypes, differ in lamivudine- and adefovir-resistance-associated mutational patterns. HBV/C2-infected patients are more likely to have disease progression than HBV/B2-infected ones.