bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrence and mortality dynamics for breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy according to estrogen receptor status: Different mortality but similar recurrence
Authors: Demicheli Romano , Biganzoli Elia , Ardoino Ilaria , Boracchi Patrizia , Coradini Danila , Greco Marco , Moliterni Angela , Zambetti Milvia , Valagussa Pinuccia , Gukas Isaac D. , Bonadonna Gianni 
Published: December 2009

(Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 826–830)The purpose was to ascertain whether the recurrence risk patterns for patients with estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive (P) and ER‐negative (N) breast cancer support the ER‐related clinical divergence suggested by the observed different mortality patterns and gene expression profiles. Both recurrence and death were considered in a series of 771 patients undergoing mastectomy. ER status was available for 539 patients. The hazard rates for recurrence and mortality throughout 15 years of follow‐up were assessed. The recurrence dynamics displays a bimodal pattern for both ERP and ERN tumors with comparable peak timings. The two curves cross during the 3rd year. By contrast, the mortality dynamics are definitely different for ERP and ERN tumors: during the early follow‐up period ERN patients have their highest mortality risk, while ERP patients have their lowest mortality risk. The two curves cross during the 5th year. In spite of the different mortality dynamics, the recurrence dynamics do not demonstrate a major distinction in timing between ERP and ERN breast cancers, suggesting that the metastasis development process following mastectomy is apparently similar for both ER categories. The observed differences in the mortality risk are plausibly attributable to ER‐related factors influencing the clinical course from recurrence to death. These clinical findings apparently contradict the occurrence of two different types of breast cancer, notwithstanding the distinct epidemiological, clinical, and molecular features linked to ERP and ERN tumors, although ER levels may concur to establish the event risk levels.
Mandipropamid targets the cellulose synthase‐like PiCesA3 to inhibit cell wall biosynthesis in the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans
Authors: BLUM MATHIAS , BOEHLER MARTINE , RANDALL EVA , YOUNG VANESSA , CSUKAI MICHAEL , KRAUS SABRINA , MOULIN FLORENCE , SCALLIET GABRIEL , AVROVA ANNA O. , WHISSON STEPHEN C. , FONNE‐PFISTER RAYMONDE 
Published: December 2009

SUMMARYOomycete plant pathogens cause a wide variety of economically and environmentally important plant diseases. Mandipropamid (MPD) is a carboxylic acid amide (CAA) effective against downy mildews, such as Plasmopara viticola on grapes and potato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans. Historically, the identification of the mode of action of oomycete‐specific control agents has been problematic. Here, we describe how a combination of biochemical and genetic techniques has been utilized to identify the molecular target of MPD in P. infestans. Phytophthora infestans germinating cysts treated with MPD produced swelling symptoms typical of cell wall synthesis inhibitors, and these effects were reversible after washing with H2O. Uptake studies with 14C‐labelled MPD showed that this oomycete control agent acts on the cell wall and does not enter the cell. Furthermore, 14C glucose incorporation into cellulose was perturbed in the presence of MPD which, taken together, suggests that the inhibition of cellulose synthesis is the primary effect of MPD. Laboratory mutants, insensitive to MPD, were raised by ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis, and gene sequence analysis of cellulose synthase genes in these mutants revealed two point mutations in the PiCesA3 gene, known to be involved in cellulose synthesis. Both mutations in the PiCesA3 gene result in a change to the same amino acid (glycine‐1105) in the protein. The transformation and expression of a mutated PiCesA3 allele was carried out in a sensitive wild‐type isolate to demonstrate that the mutations in PiCesA3 were responsible for the MPD insensitivity phenotype.
Is there a relationship between foetal position and both preferred lying posture after birth and pattern of subsequent postural deformity in non‐ambulant people with cerebral palsy?
Authors: Porter D. , Michael S. , Kirkwood C. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground  A pattern of postural deformity was observed in a previous study that included an association between direction of spinal curvature and direction of windsweeping with more windswept deformities occurring to the right and lateral spinal curvatures occurring convex to the left. The direction of this pattern was found to be associated with preferred lying posture in early life. The aim of this study was to test the association between foetal position and both the preferred lying posture after birth, and the direction of subsequent postural deformity in non‐ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP).Methods  A retrospective cohort study was carried out involving 60 participants at level five on the gross motor function classification for CP. Foetal position during the last month of pregnancy was taken from antenatal records and parents were interviewed to identify preferred lying posture in the first year of life. At the time of the physical assessment ages ranged from 1 year and 1 month to 19 years with a median age of 13 years and 1 month.Results  Foetal presentation was found to be associated with the preferred lying posture with participants carried in a left occipito‐anterior/lateral position more likely to adopt a supine head right lying posture, and vice versa. An association was also observed between the foetal position and asymmetrical postural deformity occurring later in life with participants carried in a left occipito‐anterior/lateral presentation more likely to have a convex left spinal curve, a lower left pelvic obliquity, and a windswept hip pattern to the right.Conclusions  Clinicians should be aware of the association between foetal presentation, asymmetrical lying posture, and the direction of subsequent postural deformity for severely disabled children. A hypothesis is described that might help to explain these findings.
Legal dilemmas for clinicians involved in the care and treatment of children and young people with mental disorder
Authors: Bowers M. , Dubicka B. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground  The 2008 revised Mental Health Act Code of Practice describes the legal framework governing the admission to hospital and treatment of children and young people for mental disorders as complex. Clinicians are required to be conversant with common law principles as well as the Mental Health Act (MHA), Children Act, Mental Capacity Act (MCA), Family Law Reform Act, Human Rights Act, and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Professionals working with the MHA and the MCA have a legal duty to have regard to the respective Codes of Practice (MHA Code and MCA Code). In addition there is a need to keep up‐to‐date with developments in case law. The recent guidance from the National Institute for Mental Health in England, ‘The Legal Aspects of the Care and Treatment of Children and Young People with Mental Disorder’ draws all of the legal regimes together and suggests pointers on the most appropriate course of action when the regimes overlap.Discussion  This paper will aim to highlight legal dilemmas relating to the care and treatment of under 18‐year‐olds for mental disorder and to discuss the impact of these on clinical practice. The new legal framework will be discussed with reference to hypothetical cases. Key issues include age and maturity, capacity, deprivation of liberty and the zone of parental control (ZPC).Conclusions  It is essential that clinicians are aware of their responsibilities within the new legal framework in order to avoid becoming a target for litigation. This paper is aimed at meeting the recommendation for clinicians to be aware of their responsibilities and engage in appropriate training.
Environmental controls on water use efficiency during severe drought in an Ozark Forest in Missouri, USA
Authors: YANG BAI , PALLARDY STEPHEN G. , MEYERS TILDEN P. , GU LIAN‐HONG , HANSON PAUL J. , WULLSCHLEGER STAN D. , HEUER MARK , HOSMAN KEVIN P. , RIGGS JEFFERY S. , SLUSS DANIEL W. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractTo accurately predict ecosystem responses induced by climate warming at local‐to‐global scales, models are in need of more precise knowledge of response during periods of environmental stress such as drought. In this paper, we studied environmental control of canopy‐level water use efficiency (WUE) during drought at an eddy flux site in an oak‐hickory forest in central Missouri, USA. Two consecutive severe droughts in the summers of 2006 and 2007 afforded coverage of a broad range of environmental conditions. We stratified data to obtain subranges that minimized cross‐correlations among putative WUE‐controlling factors. Our results showed that WUE was subject to control by atmospheric saturation deficit (ASD), soil water potential (SWP) and the ratio of diffuse to total photosynthetically active radiation (If/It). Generally, WUE was found to scale with 1/(ASD)0.5, consistent with predictions from stomatal optimization theory. In contrast, SWP andIf/Itwere related to WUE in a linear fashion. ASD was better correlated with WUE than either of the other two factors. It was also observed that the relationship between WUE and any single controlling factor was subject to influence of the other two. One such example was an opposite response of WUE to SWP between low and high ASD values, suggesting a breakdown of stomatal optimality under severe environmental stresses and a shift from optimal stomatal regulation to nonstomatal regulation at leaf scale. We have demonstrated that different data handling (stratified vs. nonstratified) or selection (hourly vs. daily) could lead to different conclusions on the relationship between WUE and its controls. For this reason, we recommend modelers to be cautious when applying WUE‐response formulas at environmental conditions or at time scales different from those at which they are derived.
Complex effects of climate change: population fluctuations in a tropical rodent are associated with the southern oscillation index and regional fire extent, but not directly with local rainfall
Authors: MAGNUSSON WILLIAM E. , LAYME VIVIANE M. G. , LIMA ALBERTINA P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe report on the population response of a species of rodent, Necromys lasiurus, to southern oscillation index (SOI) and extent of regional fire in an Amazonian savanna. Information on temporal variation in local abundance of N. lasiurus in a 4.0 ha savanna plot was obtained from 1985 to 1989, from 1997 to 1998 and 2000–2006, giving data on 14 of the 22 years. Throughout this period, rodent density declined by 90%. Densities were positively associated with SOI and the extent of fire in the region. Rainfall was related to SOI and negatively influenced the extent of fire. However, the amount of rain had no measurable direct effect on rat densities. Thus, small changes in temperature, and consequently fire probability and intensity, may have drastic consequences on the biota of Amazonian savannas, especially in El Niño periods.
Cumulative effects of land use, altered fire regime and climate change on persistence ofCeanothus verrucosus, a rare, fire‐dependent plant species
Authors: LAWSON DAWN M. , REGAN HELEN M. , ZEDLER PAUL H. , FRANKLIN JANET 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMediterranean ecosystems are among the highest in species richness and endemism globally and are also among the most sensitive to climate and land‐use change. Fire is an important driver of ecosystem processes in these systems; however, fire regimes have been substantially changed by human activities. Climate change is predicted to further alter fire regimes and species distributions, leading to habitat loss and threatening biodiversity. It is currently unknown what the population‐level effects of these landscape‐level changes will be. We linked a spatially explicit stochastic population model to dynamic bioclimate envelopes to investigate the effects of climate change, habitat loss and fragm entation and altered fire regime on population abundances of a long‐lived obligate seeding shrub,Ceanothus verrucosus, a rare endemic species of southern California. We tested a range of fire return intervals under the present and two future climate scenarios. We also assessed the impact of potential anthropogenic land‐use change by excluding land identified as developable by local governments. We found that the 35–50 year fire return interval resulted in the highest population abundances. Expected minimum population abundance (EMA) declined gradually as fire return interval increased, but declined dramatically for shorter fire intervals. Simulated future development resulted in a 33% decline in EMA, but relatively stable population trajectories over the time frame modeled. Relative changes in EMA for alternative fire intervals were similar for all climate and habitat loss scenarios, except under the more severe climate scenario which resulted in a change in the relative ranking of the fire scenarios. Our results show climate change to be the most serious threat facing obligate seeding shrubs embedded in urban landscapes, resulting in population decline and increased local extirpation, and that likely interactions with other threats increase risks to these species. Taking account of parameter uncertainty did not alter our conclusions.
Contrasting physiological responsiveness of establishing trees and a C4 grass to rainfall events, intensified summer drought, and warming in oak savanna
Authors: VOLDER ASTRID , TJOELKER MARK G. , BRISKE DAVID D. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractClimate warming and drought may alter tree establishment in savannas through differential responses of tree seedlings and grass to intermittent rainfall events. We investigated leaf gas exchange responses of dominant post oak savanna tree (Quercus stellata and Juniperus virginiana) and grass (Schizachyrium scoparium, C4 grass) species to summer rainfall events under an ambient and intensified summer drought scenario in factorial combination with warming (ambient, +1.5 °C) in both monoculture and tree‐grass mixtures. The three species differed in drought resistance and response of leaf gas exchange to rainfall events throughout the summer. S. scoparium experienced the greatest decrease in Aarea (−56% and −66% under normal and intensified drought, respectively) over the summer, followed by Q. stellata (−44%, −64%), while J. virginiana showed increased Aarea under normal drought (+13%) and a small decrease in Aarea when exposed to intensified summer drought (−10%). Following individual rainfall events, mean increases in Aarea were 90% for S. scoparium, 26% for J. virginiana and 22% for Q. stellata. The responsiveness of Aarea of S. scoparium to rainfall events initially increased with the onset of drought, but decreased dramatically as summer drought progressed. For Q. stellata, Aarea recovery decreased as drought progressed and with warming. In contrast, J. virginiana showed minimal fluctuations in Aarea following rainfall events, in spite of declining water potential, and warming enhanced recovery. J. virginiana will likely gain an advantage over Q. stellata during establishment under future climatic scenarios. Additionally, the competitive advantage of C4 grasses may be reduced relative to trees, because grasses will likely exist below a critical water stress threshold more often in a warmer, drier climate. Recognition of unique species responses to critical global change drivers in the presence of competition will improve predictions of grass–tree interactions and tree establishment in savannas in response to climate change.
Structural complexity of the testis and PKG I / StAR interaction regulate the Leydig cell adaptive response to repeated immobilization stress
Authors: Kostic T. S. , Stojkov N. J. , Janjic M. M. , Andric S. A. 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe role of the structural complexity of the testis and the nitric oxide (NO)‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signalling pathway was analysed in adult male rats exposed to acute and repeated immobilization stress (IMO). In whole testis preparations, exposure to acute and repeated IMO caused an increase in NO production. In contrast, NO production was inhibited in interstitial cell preparations after exposure to all types of stress. In purified Leydig cell preparations, NO production was inhibited only after exposure to prolonged IMO. These findings indicate that biologically active compounds released from various testicular compartments exert both stimulatory and inhibitory effects on NO production. TaqMan Low Density Array of rat phosphodiesterases revealed a decrease in the expression of cGMP‐specific phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) in Leydig cells of animals exposed to repeated IMO. In contrast, the expression of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase type I (PKG I), total and phosphorylated steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), and PKG I/StAR immunoprecipitated complex was increased during repeated exposure to IMO. The increase in both total and phosphorylated StAR formation was effectively blocked by inhibition of PKG I in vitro. Thus, increased expressions of PKG I and StAR complex, accompanied by decreased PDE5 activity, suggest that the NO‐cGMP signalling pathway and consequent activation of the StAR protein regulate the adaptive response of Leydig cells to repeated IMO stress.
Oral health‐related quality of life of children with oligodontia
Authors: LOCKER DAVID , JOKOVIC ALEKSANDRA , PRAKASH PREETI , TOMPSON BRYAN 
Published: December 2009

Objectives.  To assess the functional and psychosocial impact of oligodontia in children aged 11–14 years.Methods.  Children aged 11–14 years with oligodontia were recruited from orthodontic clinics when they presented for orthodontic evaluation. All completed a copy of the Child Perceptions Questionnaire for 11‐ to 14‐year olds, a measure of the functional and psychosocial impact of oral disorders. Information on the number and pattern of missing teeth for each child were obtained from charts and radiographs.Results.  Thirty‐six children were included in the study. The number of missing teeth ranged from one to 14 (mean = 6.8). Just over three‐quarters of the subjects reported experiencing one or more functional and psychosocial impacts ‘Often’ or ‘Everyday/almost everyday’. Correlations between scale and sub‐scale scores and the number of missing teeth were weak and nonsignificant.Conclusions.  Children with oligodontia experience substantial functional and psychosocial impacts from the condition. When compared with other clinical groups, children with oligodontia appear to have worse oral health‐related quality of life than children with dental decay and malocclusion, but better oral health‐related quality of life than children with oro‐facial conditions.
Oral mucous membrane pemphigoid in a 6‐year‐old boy: diagnosis, treatment and 4 years follow‐up
Authors: MOSTAFA MOSTAFA I. , HASSIB NEHAL F. , NEMAT AMANY H. 
Published: December 2009

Background.  Childhood oral pemphigoid is extremely rare and usually takes the form of desquamative gingivitis.Case report.  We describe a 6‐year‐old boy who presented with gingival bleeding, pain, eating difficulty, and peeling of the gums. Clinical examination revealed desquamative gingivitis with no extra‐oral involvement. The diagnosis was established as oral pemphigoid based on the clinical, histological, and immunofluorescence findings. Symptoms resolved on treatment with occlusive topical corticosteroids. The patient was a carrier of the HLA‐DQB1*0301 allele.Conclusion.  Mucous membrane pemphigoid should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic desquamative gingivitis in childhood. Occlusive therapy with topical fluocinonide may alleviate the symptoms.
Polarized light and scanning electron microscopic investigation of enamel hypoplasia in primary teeth
Authors: SABEL NINA , KLINGBERG GUNILLA , DIETZ WOLFRAM , NIETZSCHE SANDOR , NORÉN JÖRGEN G. 
Published: December 2009

Background.  Enamel hypoplasia is a developmental disturbance during enamel formation, defined as a macroscopic defect in the enamel, with a reduction of the enamel thickness with rounded, smooth borders. Information on the microstructural level is still limited, therefore further studies are of importance to better understand the mechanisms behind enamel hypoplasia.Aim.  To study enamel hypoplasia in primary teeth by means of polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.Methods.  Nineteen primary teeth with enamel hypoplasia were examined in a polarized light microscope and in a scanning electron microscope.Results.  The cervical and incisal borders of the enamel hypoplasia had a rounded appearance, as the prisms in the rounded cervical area of the hypoplasia were bent. The rounded borders had a normal surface structure whereas the base of the defects appeared rough and porous.Conclusions.  Morphological findings in this study indicate that the aetiological factor has a short duration and affects only certain ameloblasts. The bottom of the enamel hypoplasia is porous and constitutes possible pathways for bacteria into the dentin.
A mutational analysis reveals new functional interactions between domains of the Oxa1 protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mathieu Lise , Bourens Myriam , Marsy Sophie , Hlavacek Otakar , Panozzo Cristina , Dujardin Geneviève 
Published: December 2009

SummaryThe Oxa1/YidC/Alb3 family plays a key role in the biogenesis of the respiratory and photosynthetic complexes in bacteria and organelles. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Oxa1 mediates the co‐translational insertion of mitochondrially encoded subunits of the three respiratory complexes III, IV and V within the inner membrane and also controls a late step in complex V assembly. No crystal structure of YidC or Oxa1 is available and little is known about the respective role of each transmembrane segment (TM) and hydrophilic loop of this polytopic protein on the biogenesis of the three complexes. Here, we have generated a collection of random point mutations located in the hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains of the protein and characterized their effects on the assembly of the three respiratory complexes. Our results show mutant‐dependent differential effects, particularly on complex V. In order to identify tertiary interactions within Oxa1, we have also isolated revertants carrying second‐site compensatory mutations able to restore respiration. This analysis reveals the existence of functional interactions between TM2 and TM5, TM4 and TM5 as well as between TM4 and loop 2, highlighting the key position of TM4 and TM5 in the Oxa1 protein.