bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue and Its Relationship to End-Use Performance
Authors: Loveless HS , Ingle LR , Gerrard CE 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes two types of fatigue tests, cyclic and static, and their abilities to predict the long-term behavior of glass-fiber reinforced plastics in a marine and an electrical utility application.
Employing a modification of the existing ASTM Test for Flexural Fatigue of Plastics by Constant-Amplitude-of-Force (D671-78), a procedure was devised for differentiating styrene-suppressed polyester orthophthalic resin systems used as secondary bonding media for the encapsulation of wooden stringers to the hull section of marine craft. Using specimens machined from overlapped panels processed with various resin systems, the laboratory test employs a fixed stress at the overlap of 13.8 MPa (2000 psi). The resistance of the overlap to the completely reversed bending load is measured in terms of the number of cycles endured to failure by the overlap. Correlation of these laboratory measurements with actual service tests of pleasure craft in the Gulf of Mexico has been excellent, thus attesting to the validity and usefulness of such data for predicting the fatigue resistance of the bond between the stringers and hull section of the boat under a fatigue environment imposed by choppy waters in end use.
The paper concludes with a discussion of the Prot method for the prediction of the long-term tensile strength of plastics under static (fatigue) loading, together with an analysis of an electrical cable application of reinforced plastics, based upon the Prot test and elastic modulus considerations.
ASTM Committee A-9 and the Steel Industry
Authors: Huhn WP 
Published: March 2009

Since iron metallurgy began, constant effort has been expended to improve the normal product. A major method of improving the metallurgical properties of iron and steel is by alloying with other elements. Committee A-9 of ASTM on Ferroalloys and Alloying Additives is devoted to standardizing these alloying additives so that all within the industry will obtain comparable products.
The concept for A-9 occurred in 1923 when the first standards for ferroalloys were established. The next 50-odd years of operation have seen these standards expanded, deleted, altered, and new additions created to reflect the changes in steel technology. The complexity of this technology has involved A-9 with other ASTM committees and also with other domestic associations, not to mention the interrelationship with comparable foreign associations to establish worldwide standards on ferroalloys.
To prepare for the future of ferroalloys, A-9 will incorporate various facets into their present standards to constantly improve their performance and acceptance by not only domestic steel industry but worldwide as well. The flexibility of the committee's structure and membership permits attaining this goal.
Rare-Earth Additions to Blast Furnace Iron for the Production of Large Castings
Authors: Cornell HH , Loper CR , Pan E-N 
Published: March 2009

Additions have been made to foundry iron for castings to modify the graphite shape from flake to compacted form. This has been done to improve the mechanical properties of the iron to a level desirable for more diverse applications. The graphite modification has been accomplished by treatment with controlled levels of magnesium, magnesium-titanium combinations, and also rare-earth alloys.
Reportedly, compacted graphite iron has also been produced in blast furnace iron modified to near foundry iron composition.
The work reported here was instituted on the premise that compacted graphite iron could be made from blast furnace iron with only modest modification as would be possible and practical in a foundry producing large castings, such as ingot molds.
Preliminary work involved the confirmation of the ability of rare earths to produce compacted graphite in blast furnace irons. Three-hundred-pound laboratory heats were evaluated for a range of major element levels (carbon, sulfur, silicon, manganese, and silicon-manganese ratios), the effect of pouring temperatures, and cooling rates.
The castings were examined for graphite type and amount, as well as possible presence of carbides. The matrix structures were examined for ferrite and pearlite amounts and distributions. Mechanical properties were also determined.
With production of a desirable structure of compacted graphite surrounded by ferrite and containing a minimum of pearlite, it should be possible to produce castings from blast furnace iron with high strength, good thermal conductivity, and acceptable erosion resistance for an application such as ingot molds, with a resultant major improvement in the life of the mold.
Alloys and Metals for the Production of High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels
Authors: Silver J 
Published: March 2009

The production of high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steels represents the fastest-growing segment of the flat rolled steel market. Weight reduction programs by automotive producers and other steel consumers have provided the impetus for developing efficient production practices for these grades. Yield strength levels of 276 000 to 966 000 kPa (40 000 to 140 000 psi) are currently available.
The majority of HSLA grades are microalloyed with either columbium, vanadium, titanium, or combinations of these elements. The columbium and vanadium steels are produced either as semikilled or fully killed grades, with and without inclusion shape control. Titanium-alloyed grades are produced fully killed. These three alloy grade series are routinely produced using ferroalloys added to the steel ladle in conjunction with ferrosilicon and aluminum to control deoxidation. Selection of the alloying element depends upon end use, mill processing parameters, and customer specifications and requirements.
Other grades, produced on a less-frequent basis, require the additions of copper, nickel, chromium, and molybdenum. The form of these alloy additions varies, and all but chromium can be added to the furnace during charging.
This paper emphasizes the relative cost of the alloys and the methods used to achieve the desired analysis of each element. Particular attention is devoted to melt shop practices used to maximize alloy recovery, and thereby minimize costs. Included are considerations of ferroalloy sizing, packaging, and sequence of addition to the steel ladle. The importance of consistent quality from the alloy supplier has become rather apparent; the methods employed by Jones and Laughlin's Cleveland Works to monitor the quality of alloying materials is also reviewed.
Alloy Additions for the Production of Fine-Grain Strand-Cast Special-Quality Steel Billets
Authors: Wright PH 
Published: March 2009

The grain refinement of steel has traditionally been achieved by the addition of aluminum to the ingot mold.
In the production of fine-grain strand-cast billets it has been necessary for the steel-maker to develop alternative methods of grain refinement because of the detrimental effect of aluminum on surface quality.
Elements used for this purpose are columbium and vanadium, added in the form of ferroalloys.
This paper discusses the reasons for the development of these practices, the effect of these additions on the finished product, and asks the question, “Why fine grain”?
A Strain-Control Technique for Assessing the Corrosion-Fatigue Sensitivity of Stainless Steels
Authors: Amzallag C , Mayonobe B , Rabbe P 
Published: March 2009

Recent studies have clearly shown the effect of mechanical depassivation on the behavior of stainless steels subject to stress corrosion. When these steels are cyclically deformed, the passive film can be locally perturbed by cyclic modifications of the topography of the underlying metal. Under these conditions the sensitivity of a stainless steel to fatigue in a corrosive medium depends, to a large extent, on the respective kinetics of mechanical depassivation and electrochemical repassivation.
From a study conducted on different stainless steels, a method is proposed for evaluating the sensitivity of stainless steels to corrosion fatigue. Low-cycle fatigue tests under strain control have been carried out in a chloride solution. Evaluation of transient electrochemical parameters recorded during the tests enables us to give a coherent explanation of the behavior of these materials during long-life fatigue tests and of the fatigue crack growth rates. The experimental apparatus and methods used to interpret the mechanical and electrochemical results are discussed.
Electrochemical Investigation of Cavitation-Corrosion Damages of a Pump Casing
Authors: Ishikawa Y , Ozaki T , Sudo S , Hioki S 
Published: March 2009

In order to clarify the roles of cavitation and erosion in the cavitation-corrosion damage of a pump casing used for pumping a corrosive chlorinated fresh water, an electrochemical study has been performed using a one-third scale prototype double-suction volute pump.
Three electrochemical corrosion monitoring electrodes consisting of a medium carbon cast steel test electrode, a stainless-steel counter electrode, and a 0.5 mm diameter stainless-steel capillary, each being separated by epoxy resin, were mounted at different locations of the casing wall. The polarization resistance was determined from the potentiodynamic polarization curves, and the corrosion current density was calculated.
Determination of the corrosion current density as a function of flow quantity revealed that at 10 percent of the normal flow capacity the corrosion current density increased to 50 mA/cm2 for the eye area of the casing throat, compared with 0.03–0.08 mA/cm2 measured at above 20 percent of the normal flow capacity and for the other locations at any flow range.
It may be suggested that this high corrosion current density results from the synergystic effect of cavitation induced from the reversed flow and corrosion enhancement by chlorine in the water.
A Microprocessor-Based Corrosion Measurement System
Authors: Peterson WM , Siegerman H 
Published: March 2009

An instrument for the performance of electrochemical corrosion measurements has been developed, which includes a 16-bit built-in microprocessor. Electrochemical corrosion measurements, by their very nature, benefit by being placed under microprocessor control. These measurements include pretimed equilibration periods, examination of corrosion potentials for stability, initiation of scans at potentials relative to the corrosion potential, and reversal of scans at selected potentials or current densities or both. Similarly, the calculations usually performed on electrochemical corrosion rate data can be performed and even optimized through the use of a built-in microprocessor. The instrument described here utilizes the microprocessor as completely as possible—to define the measurement, perform the experiment, and replay the data in a format that is most meaningful to the operator.
This paper will describe in detail how the microprocessor is utilized to set up an experiment, acquire, validate, and store the experimental data, and then recall all, or selected portions, of that data. Typical applications of the instrument will be described in detail showing how the device can be used for the evaluation of potentiodynamic polarizations, cyclic polarizations, Tafel plots, polarization resistance plots, galvanic corrosion measurements, corrosion behavior diagrams, sensitization tests, and current integration measurements of a number of typical alloys in a variety of corrosive environments. The advantages enjoyed by a microprocessor-based device as compared to an analog instrument will be described.
Effects of Metal Chemistry on Behavior of Titanium in Industrial Applications
Authors: Forrest AL 
Published: March 2009

Small amounts of interstitial or alloying elements can have significant effects on the behavior of titanium in chemical process equipment. Within the range of chemistries permitted by the ASTM specifications for commercially pure titanium, significant variations can occur in the physical, mechanical, and corrosion properties of titanium. As an example, Canadian research is cited which illustrates anomalous behavior within the range of “commercially pure titanium” iron levels, with significant effects on the electrical conductivity.
This paper will review the sources and types of additions of commercially pure metal. The mechanism and effects in both the bulk metal and the surface films will be discussed.
General comments will be made related to the economic process and design considerations that result from the presence of elements other than titanium.
Evaluation of the Hartford Crime Control Experiment: Some Lessons for Future Evaluations
Authors: Mock L 
Published: March 2009

The Hartford Residential Neighborhood Crime Control Program was a comprehensive, environmentally oriented research effort aimed at examining the process involved in successful crime prevention programming. This innovative “process approach” to crime control involved three major research activities: (a) the conduct of a detailed crime problem analysis in the target area, using comprehensive data to identify the particular features of the neighborhood which were creating opportunities for crime occurrence; (b) the design of a multi-strategy (environmental, police, and community) crime control program directed specifically toward the improvement of those conditions found to be contributing to neighborhood crime; and (c) the in-depth evaluation of this approach to crime prevention, including extensive monitoring of the implementation process and a detailed assessment of program impact on crime, fear, and the quality of life in the target area.
This paper presents six major evaluation problems confronting most crime control program assessments and describes how each was resolved by Hartford Program evaluators. It is hoped that this discussion of a model program evaluation will be of help to future crime control program researchers in designing their own program evaluations.
Reducing Vandalism in Naval Bachelor Enlisted Quarters
Authors: Brady C , Brill M , Bender L , Raeke C 
Published: March 2009

The Navy knew from observation by its personnel that it had a continuing and seemingly expensive problem with property damage in its Bachelor Enlisted Quarters (BEQs). But what it did not have was any hard information quantifying these incidents, their causes, or their costs. The object of the research by BOSTI (the Buffalo Organization for Social and Technological Innovation), through a contract with the Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, was to describe the scope and costs of vandalism in Naval BEQs, to identify environmental and other factors causing or preventing vandalism, to describe environmental and other changes which could reduce vandalism, and to describe a program to test and evaluate these proposed changes.
The four-volume report which BOSTI prepared for the Navy drew on questionnaires completed by 105 commanding officers, 262 BEQ managers, and 34 public works officers. The data base represented 83 percent of all stateside berthing in Naval BEQs and is thus considered highly representative.
In addition to analyzing the nature, extent, and costs of vandalism in BEQs, BOSTI analyzed the data to determine the most damaged and most costly building elements and found that almost 60 percent of the damage (by cost) occurred in two BEQ spaces: sleeping rooms (38 percent) and hallways (20 percent).
The study revealed that among 99 000 sailors berthed in 130 stateside Naval bases, there were 179 000 incidents of vandalism at a 1976 calculated cost of almost $8 million. Slightly more than half (57 percent) of the Navy-wide costs for BEQ maintenance and operations reported to BOSTI during 1976 had been spent repairing, reporting, and investigating property damage due to vandalism. Vandalism was having a negative impact on the morale of Navy personnel and on the habitability of BEQs. The BOSTI study recommended a series of design and administrative changes which could reduce property damage. Among those were a demonstration program to test design concepts aimed at reducing vandalism to certain building elements, which the Civil Engineering Laboratory contracted out last September, and many administrative steps which several Navy base commands have unofficially reported they were trying or plan to try.
Crime Prevention Through Building Codes
Authors: Atlas R 
Published: March 2009

Recently, throughout the crime prevention field, there has been a great deal of discussion concerning the advantages of strategies that prevent crime by reducing the opportunity for criminal occurrence. These discussions encompass Crime Prevention through Environmental Design, Community Crime Prevention Planning, Police Role in Crime Prevention, and, the topic of this paper, Security Code Implementation. This topic encompasses the advantages of establishing minimum security standards, increasing citizen awareness of security, and legitimizing crime prevention as a responsibility of the community.
This paper will discuss the types of building security codes and the processes by which they are implemented and complied with. The evaluation of a code's effectiveness will be elaborated upon, and sources of resistance to code implementation outlined. Finally, recommendations are made for successful adoption of security codes in your community.
Reconciling Fire Safety and Security Requirements for Buildings
Authors: Cohn BM 
Published: March 2009

Conflicts between fire safety and security for buildings arise from the public official's demands that a building incorporate sufficient safeguards to protect the public from fire, while the occupant's primary interest may lie in protecting himself from personal attacks and his property from theft and vandalism. The means used to achieve an adequate level of protection for each hazard often appears contradictory, but there should be no unresolvable conflicts within a framework of reasonable rules for fire safety and security, wherein each is sensitive to the needs of the other. Many similarities exist in terminology, goals, and risk analysis, but while fire protection measures have been well codified over the years, security requirements have not found their way into building codes and standards. One exception is a building code for an international airport complex, which contains a chapter on physical security, prepared by the author. Several reasons are cited for the need to incorporate physical security requirements in building codes.
One of the principal conflicts between fire safety and security is in the locking of exit doors to prevent uncontrolled egress. Several solutions are possible, and examples are offered to minimize the problem. Standardization will permit more equitable treatment of security needs from the authorities having jurisdiction; such standards can be prepared by organizations like ASTM, ASIS or NBS to promote the orderly inclusion of physical security measures in buildings.
Jamb/Stud Wall Security
Authors: Martin A , Patrick C 
Published: March 2009

This paper deals with a single specific building security problem. It is the researchers intent to point out the inherent weakness of “jamb/stud” wall construction adjacent to door jambs, specifically relating to the problem of mechanical “spreading” as a means to gain illegal entry.
Comparative data and comments were compiled as a result of testing based on ASTM Tests for Security of Swinging Door Assemblies (F476 - 76) 2 by 4 wall construction versus a modified 2 by 4 wall condition. The conclusion drawn points to sufficiently increased resistance to illegal entry by minor modification of the common wall structure adjacent to door jambs.
Quantitative Measurement of Trace Impurities in 99.95 Percent Palladium by d-c Plasma Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Worthington MA 
Published: March 2009

A d-c plasma emission spectrometer was used to measure 20 trace metal impurities in palladium grade 99.95 percent or better. The samples were analyzed using matched matrix standards and aqueous standards with and without a lithium buffer.
The use of high-purity matrix standards indicated whether the amounts tested for in the sample were above or below the matrix level, but the contents of the matrix had to be added in order to establish the absolute impurity level. The contents of the matrix were ascertained using a standard additions approach. Because the palladium matrix exerted an ionization enhancement on each of the 20 trace analytes, using aqueous standards gave erroneously high impurity level readings. Adding a lithium buffer to both the palladium sample and the aqueous standards compensated for the enhancement and gave more correct readings.
Corrosion and Corrosivity of Steel in Norwegian Marine Sediments
Authors: Fischer KP , Bue B 
Published: March 2009

Various guidelines are to be found in the literature for evaluation of soil corrosivity based on parameters like resistivity, pH, water content, redox-potential, content of salt, and bacterial activity. Corrosion studies of steel piles and pipes in Norwegian marine clayey sediments show that these parameters are not always applicable. Studies of piles in undisturbed marine clays below the groundwater table indicate a limited correlation between the resistivity and the corrosion rate. The highest corrosion rates found amount to 30 μm/year indicating that pile corrosion is not a severe problem under the aforementioned conditions. The environmental conditions for pipes are generally much more complex than for piles, as the backfill is disturbed and often includes material other than the original sediment. Studies of pipes in a heterogeneous environment indicate differential aeration to be the most common corrosion cause.
Corrosivity evaluations are also performed with electrochemical probes.
On the Estimation of the Corrosion Rates of Metals in Soils by Electrochemical Measurements
Authors: Serra ET , Mannheimer WA 
Published: March 2009

Studies are described to characterize soil aggressivity along electrical transmission lines and substation sites.
Electrochemical methods of corrosion rate measurement were used in laboratory tests. Metallic specimens were exposed to actual soil specimens. Results are used together with soil properties data to furnish indication on corrosion behavior to be expected for the metals, and design possible protection methods. The ultimate goal of this program is to define in situ procedures to rapidly estimate corrosion rates and soil aggressivity.
An attempt has been also made to study the influence of counter electrode position on electrochemical measurements.