bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using High-Resolution Satellite Rainfall Products to Simulate a Major Flash Flood Event in Northern Italy
Authors: Nikolopoulos Efthymios I. , Anagnostou Emmanouil N. , Borga Marco 
Published: August 2012

AbstractEffective flash flood warning procedures are usually hampered by observational limitations of precipitation over mountainous basins where flash floods occur. Satellite rainfall estimates are available over complex terrain regions, offering a potentially viable solution to the observational coverage problem. However, satellite estimates of heavy rainfall rates are associated with significant biases and random errors that nonlinearly propagate in hydrologic modeling, imposing severe limitations on the use of these products in flood forecasting. In this study, the use of three quasi-global and near-real-time high-resolution satellite rainfall products for simulating flash floods over complex terrain basins are investigated. The study uses a major flash flood event that occurred during 29 August 2003 on a medium size mountainous basin (623 km2) in the eastern Italian Alps. Comparison of satellite rainfall with rainfall derived from gauge-calibrated weather radar estimates showed that although satellite products suffer from large biases they could represent the temporal variability of basin-averaged precipitation. Propagation of satellite rainfall through a distributed hydrologic model revealed that systematic error in rainfall was severely magnified when transformed to error in runoff under dry initial soil conditions. Simulation hydrographs became meaningful only after recalibrating the model for each satellite rainfall input separately. However, the unrealistic values of model parameters after recalibration show that this approach is erroneous and that model recalibration using satellite rainfall data should be treated with care. Overall, this study highlights the need for improvement of satellite rainfall retrieval algorithms in order to allow a more appropriate use of satellite rainfall products for flash flood applications.
Real-Time Ocean Wind Vector Retrieval from Marine Radar Image Sequences Acquired at Grazing Angle
Authors: Vicen-Bueno Raul , Horstmann Jochen , Terril Eric , de Paolo Tony , Dannenberg Jens 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This paper proposes a novel algorithm for retrieving the ocean wind vector from marine radar image sequences in real time. It is presented as an alternative to mitigate anemometer problems, such as blockage, shadowing, and turbulence. Since wind modifies the sea surface, the proposed algorithm is based on the dependence of the sea surface backscatter on wind direction and speed. This algorithm retrieves the wind vector using radar measurements in the range of 200–1500 m. Wind directions are retrieved from radar images integrated over time and smoothed (averaged) in space by searching for the maximum radar cross section in azimuth as the radar cross section is largest for upwind directions. Wind speeds are retrieved by an empirical third-order polynomial geophysical model function (GMF), which depends on the range distance in the upwind direction to a preselected intensity level and the intensity level. This GMF is approximated from a dataset of collocated in situ wind speed and radar measurements (~31 000 measurements, ~56 h). The algorithm is validated utilizing wind and radar measurements acquired on the Research Platform (R/P) FLIP (for Floating Instrumentation Platform) during the 13-day Office of Naval Research experiment on High-Resolution Air–Sea Interaction (HiRes) in June 2010. Wind speeds ranged from 4 to 22 m s−1. Once the proposed algorithm is tuned, standard deviations and biases of 14° and −1° for wind directions and of 0.8 and −0.1 m s−1 for wind speeds are observed, respectively. Additional studies of uncertainty and error of the retrieved wind speed are also reported.
Isobaric Height Perturbations Associated with Mountain Waves Measured by Aircraft during the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment
Authors: Parish Thomas R. , Oolman Larry D. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
It has only been in the last few years that accurate measurement of the horizontal pressure gradient has been possible over complex terrain using an airborne platform. To infer forcing mechanisms for the wind, an independent measure of the height of an isobaric surface is required. Differential GPS analyses have enabled determination of the aircraft height with sufficient accuracy to infer isobaric heights. When coupled with an accurate measurement of static pressure, the horizontal pressure field can be determined. To demonstrate this measurement technique, research flight legs by the University of Wyoming King Air (UWKA) conducted in support of the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX) in March and April 2006 are examined. UWKA flights conducted on 14 and 25 March and 16 April 2006 encountered strong mountain waves in response to winds directed primarily normal to the Sierra Nevada ridgeline. Winds at flight level showed pronounced variation that suggested topographic influence. The magnitude of isobaric height perturbations along UWKA flight tracks obtained using differential GPS during case study days of 14 and 25 March and 16 April are shown to exceed 70 m, corresponding to horizontal pressure perturbations greater than 4 hPa. Measurements suggest that changes in wind speed are linked primarily to the perturbation height field and that the flow can be classified as Eulerian, implying that Coriolis accelerations are negligible and flows respond to the horizontal pressure gradient force.
Convective and Rainfall Properties of Tropical Cyclone Inner Cores and Rainbands from 11 Years of TRMM Data
Authors: Jiang Haiyan , Ramirez Ellen M. , Cecil Daniel J. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Convective and rainfall properties of tropical cyclones (TCs) are statistically quantified by using Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data from December 1997 to December 2008. A semimanual method is used to divide the TC raining area into inner core (IC), inner rainband (IB), and outer rainband (OB) regions. Precipitation features (PFs) within these regions are compared for their convective vigor and rainfall characteristics based on passive microwave, infrared, radar, and lightning properties. Strong convective signatures are generally found more often in precipitation features in the IC region, less often in the IB region, and least often in the OB region when examining features with sizes greater than 1000 km2. However, at the very strong end of the convective spectrum, the magnitude of ice scattering signatures in OB features tends to be comparable and even stronger than that in IC features. The flash density when normalized by the raining area is about 2–3 times higher in IC features than that in OB features for all TCs except for category-1–2 hurricanes, in which the flash density is comparable for IC and OB features. The flash count per raining area in IB features is a factor of 2 (4) lower than that in OB (IC) features for all TC intensity categories on average. This confirms the bimodal radial distribution of flash density as suggested by previous studies. However, instead of a weaker maximum in the IC region and a stronger maximum in the OB region, this study finds a stronger maximum in the IC region and a weaker maximum in the OB region.
The “Shukla–Gutzler” Method for Estimating Potential Seasonal Predictability
Authors: DelSole Timothy , Feng Xia 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
This paper reexamines a procedure proposed by Shukla and Gutzler for estimating potential seasonal predictability. Certain subtle and unverified assumptions required for the method to work are clarified, and Monte Carlo experiments are used to demonstrate that these assumptions are adequate even for autocorrelated processes in typical applications, provided the effective time scale T0 of the stochastic process is known. This paper highlights the fact that the time scale T0 is difficult to estimate reliably (as noted in other papers) and can be biased by an order of magnitude. This bias can seriously compromise the reliability of the Shukla–Gutzler method.
Trajectory-Tracking Scheme in Lagrangian Form for Solving Linear Advection Problems: Interface Spatial Discretization
Authors: Dong Li , Wang Bin 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A previous Lagrangian linear advection scheme (trajectory-tracking scheme) is modified to achieve local mass conservation in this paper, which is more favorable to climate modeling. The discretized tracer parcels are volumes with interfaces instead of centroids. In 2D problems, the parcels are polygons and the interfaces are described by polygonal edges with a finite number. Because polygons will deform under the background wind field, a curvature-guard algorithm (CGA) is devised to retain accurate representation of the deformed interfaces among parcels. The tracer mass carried by parcels is mapped onto the regular latitude–longitude mesh by a first-order conservative remapping algorithm that can handle concave polygons. Several standard test cases have been carried out to show the effectiveness of the new scheme.
Data Assimilation in the Low Noise Regime with Application to the Kuroshio
Authors: Vanden-Eijnden Eric , Weare Jonathan 
Published: August 2012

AbstractOnline data assimilation techniques such as ensemble Kalman filters and particle filters lose accuracy dramatically when presented with an unlikely observation. Such an observation may be caused by an unusually large measurement error or reflect a rare fluctuation in the dynamics of the system. Over a long enough span of time it becomes likely that one or several of these events will occur. Often they are signatures of the most interesting features of the underlying system and their prediction becomes the primary focus of the data assimilation procedure. The Kuroshio or Black Current that runs along the eastern coast of Japan is an example of such a system. It undergoes infrequent but dramatic changes of state between a small meander during which the current remains close to the coast of Japan, and a large meander during which it bulges away from the coast. Because of the important role that the Kuroshio plays in distributing heat and salinity in the surrounding region, prediction of these transitions is of acute interest. Here the authors focus on a regime in which both the stochastic forcing on the system and the observational noise are small. In this setting large deviation theory can be used to understand why standard filtering methods fail and guide the design of the more effective data assimilation techniques. Motivated by this analysis the authors propose several data assimilation strategies capable of efficiently handling rare events such as the transitions of the Kuroshio. These techniques are tested on a model of the Kuroshio and are shown to perform much better than standard filtering methods.
Genesis Criteria for Diabatic Rossby Vortices: A Model Study
Authors: Moore Richard W. , Montgomery Michael T. , Davies Huw 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A suite of idealized mesoscale model simulations are conducted to examine the dynamic pathway to the genesis of short-scale, moist baroclinic disturbances. It is shown that in an initially subsaturated environment, two distinct stages of development are necessary before a preexisting surface-concentrated, warm-core vortex can begin to amplify. The first stage, termed environmental preconditioning, involves the moistening of the lower atmosphere via the transport of relatively high equivalent potential temperature air into the immediate environment of the translating vortex.
The second stage results from continuous cloud diabatic processes and it involves the emergence of a low-level positive potential vorticity (PV) anomaly with some evidence of a further, more diffuse, negative PV anomaly at higher elevations. The PV structure is characteristic of a diabatic Rossby vortex (DRV). The disturbance does not begin to amplify until the magnitude and coherence of the low-level PV structure allows for the sufficient production of eddy available potential energy through diabatic processes to overcome frictional dissipation, and this necessitates forced convection for a finite period of time. A comparison of the simulated disturbance structure with observed DRVs lends credence to the idealized model results.
Furthermore, the simulations facilitate the identification of an amplitude threshold for DRV genesis that is defined as a function of both environmental parameters (baroclinicity and moisture content) and the strength of an initial disturbance. In particular, if, given a background environment, the amplitude of an initial disturbance is not sufficiently large, frictional processes will inhibit the genesis of a growing disturbance within a realistic time frame.
Convective Modes for Significant Severe Thunderstorms in the Contiguous United States. Part III: Tropical Cyclone Tornadoes
Authors: Edwards Roger , Dean Andrew R. , Thompson Richard L. , Smith Bryan T. 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
A gridded, hourly, three-dimensional environmental mesoanalysis database at the Storm Prediction Center (SPC), based on objectively analyzed surface observations blended with the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model-analysis fields and described in Parts I and II of this series, is applied to a 2003–11 subset of the SPC tropical cyclone (TC) tornado records. Distributions of environmental convective parameters, derived from SPC hourly mesoanalysis fields that have been related to supercells and tornadoes in the midlatitudes, are evaluated for their pertinence to TC tornado occurrence. The main factor differentiating TC from non-TC tornado environments is much greater deep-tropospheric moisture, associated with reduced lapse rates, lower CAPE, and smaller and more compressed distributions of parameters derived from CAPE and vertical shear. For weak and strong TC tornado categories (EF0–EF1 and EF2–EF3 on the enhanced Fujita scale, respectively), little distinction is evident across most parameters. Radar reflectivity and velocity data also are examined for the same subset of TC tornadoes, in order to determine parent convective modes (e.g., discrete, linear, clustered, supercellular vs nonsupercellular), and the association of those modes with several mesoanalysis parameters. Supercellular TC tornadoes are accompanied by somewhat greater vertical shear than those occurring from other modes. Tornadoes accompanying nonsupercellular radar echoes tend to occur closer to the TC center, where CAPE and shear tend to weaken relative to the outer TC envelope, though there is considerable overlap of their respective radial distributions and environmental parameter spaces.
Determining the Extratropical Transition Onset and Completion Times of Typhoons Mindulle (2004) and Yagi (2006) Using Four Methods
Authors: Wang Qian , Li Qingqing , Fu Gang 
Published: August 2012

Abstract
Four methods for determining the extratropical transition (ET) onset and completion times of Typhoons Mindulle (2004) and Yagi (2006) were compared using four numerically analyzed datasets. The open-wave and scalar frontogenesis parameter methods failed to smoothly and consistently determine the ET completion from the four data sources, because some dependent factors associated with these two methods significantly impacted the results. Although the cyclone phase space technique succeeded in determining the ET onset and completion times, the ET onset and completion times of Yagi identified by this method exhibited a large distinction across the datasets, agreeing with prior studies. The isentropic potential vorticity method was also able to identify the ET onset times of both Mindulle and Yagi using all the datasets, whereas the ET onset time of Yagi determined by such a method differed markedly from that by the cyclone phase space technique, which may create forecast uncertainty.
Andean Translations
Authors: Gómez-Barris Macarena 
Published: August 2012

Since the end of the civil war in the early 1990s, Peru’s tourist industry has been organized around an obsession with the Incan past. One rapidly growing segment of the industry aims to allow tourists to experience the Q’ero mysticism of the highlands in a somewhat “authentic” context. A case study of a center of this spiritual tourism in the Sacred Valley of the Incas that focuses on the transmission of energy healing rites raises questions about the possibility of real cultural exchange under conditions of asymmetry and about the impact on indigenous communities of this appropriation and commodification of their spirituality. Desde el fin de la guerra civil a principios de la década de los noventa, el turismo peruano se ha organizado alrededor de una obsesión con el pasado inca. Un segmento de esta industria que surge rápidamente propone permitir a los turistas una experiencia del misticismo de la sierra Q’ero en un contexto algo “auténtico.” El caso de un centro de turismo espiritual en el Valle Sagrado de los Incas que se enfoca en la transmisión de energías curanderas plantea cuestiones sobre las posibilidades del auténtico intercambio cultural bajo condiciones asimétricas y el impacto en las comunidades indígenas de esta apropiación y materialización de su espiritualidad.
Women Beach and Marina Vendors in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico
Authors: Wilson Tamar Diana , Gámez Vázquez Alba Eritrea , Ivanova Antonina 
Published: August 2012

The tourism sector in developing regions that are highly integrated into international markets has noticeable effects on the growth of the informal economy. For women vendors on the beach and the marina of Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, where the economy revolves around tourism and real estate, hawking souvenirs is an opportunity for empowerment and income, but it can also lead to their exploitation and self-exploitation. While women may suffer discrimination within the tourism sector, ambulant vending contributes to the reduction of poverty and may give women a greater say in their households and their communities. Nonetheless these women are marginalized by their low incomes and lack of social security, their lack of access to the education that might lead to formal-sector employment, their residential segregation, and, for some, the racism directed at indigenous people. El sector de turismo en regiones en vías de desarrollo que se encuentre altamente integrado con los mercados internacionales, tiene efectos en el crecimiento de la economía informal. Para las mujeres vendedoras ambulantes en las playas de Cabo San Lucas, México, en donde la economía se concentra en el turismo y bienes raíces, la venta de recuerdos puede proveer una oportunidad para capacitarse y ganar ingresos, pero también puede llevar a su explotación y auto explotación. Mientras las mujeres pueden sufrir a causa de la discriminación en el sector turístico, la venta ambulante puede reducir la pobreza y darles a las mujeres mayor voz en el hogar y la comunidad. Pese esto, las mujeres se encuentran marginadas por su bajo ingreso y falta de seguro social, su falta de acceso a la educación que puede conducir al empleo en el sector formal, su segregación residencial, y, para algunas, el racismo en contra de los indígenas.
Spontaneous Healing of Traumatic Eardrum Perforation
Authors: Lou Zheng Cai 
Published: August 2012

ObjectiveTo characterize the otoendoscopic features of traumatic tympanic membrane perforations (TMPs) with outward‐migrating epithelium at the perforation edges and to evaluate the spontaneous healing outcome of this type of perforation.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingTertiary university hospital.Materials and MethodsThe clinical records of traumatic TMP patients who met the case selection criteria were retrieved and categorized based on the documented migration pathways of the proliferating epithelial cells at the perforation margins into 2 groups: centripetal migration and outward migration. The demographic data and spontaneous healing outcomes (ie, healing rate and time) of these 2 types of TMP were analyzed using the chi‐square test or t‐test. The otoendoscopic features were characterized.ResultsIn all, 122 cases were analyzed. During the spontaneous healing process, perforations were associated with centripetal epithelial cell migration in 87 (71.3%) cases and with outward epithelial cell migration in 35 (28.7%) cases. The overall perforation closure rates at the end of 6 months were 97% and 94% for the centripetal and outward migration groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The average perforation closure times were 18.4 ± 3.7 and 37.6 ± 9.2 days, respectively (P < 0.05).ConclusionsAlthough the outward epithelial migration did not affect the overall perforation spontaneous healing rate, it alone could not close the perforation. The prerequisite for eardrum healing is that the outward epithelium migration pattern evolves into a centripetal migration pattern. Consequently, outward epithelial migration prolonged substantially the time to traumatic eardrum perforation closure.
Survival of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Graft and the Contralateral ACL at a Minimum of 15 Years
Authors: Bourke Henry E. , Salmon Lucy J. , Waller Alison , Patterson Victoria , Pinczewski Leo A. 
Published: August 2012

Background: The risks for primary anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture have been established. What is less well known is the risk of graft rupture after reconstruction and also the risk of a primary ACL rupture in the contralateral knee. Purpose: To determine the long-term survival of the ACL graft and the contralateral ACL (CACL) after reconstruction and to identify factors that increase the odds of subsequent ACL injury. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: All patients having undergone primary ACL reconstruction in 1993 or 1994 by a single surgeon in a single unit were considered. Patients were contacted to complete a subjective interview by telephone or e-mail questionnaire at a minimum of 15 years after surgery. Results: A total of 755 patients met the inclusion criteria, and ACL reconstruction was performed using a single-incision endoscopic technique with either autologous bone–patellar tendon–bone graft (BPTB; n = 314) or hamstring tendon graft (HT; n = 359) and metal interference screw fixation. Of these patients, 673 (89%) completed the questionnaire; 23% had sustained either a graft rupture or CACL rupture. Expected survival of the ACL graft was 95%, 93%, 91%, and 89% at a respective 2, 5, 10, and 15 years after reconstruction. Expected survival of the CACL was 97%, 93%, 90%, and 87%, respectively. Survival of the ACL graft was less favorable in men than in women ( P = .007); ACL graft survival was not significantly different between the HT (88%) or BPTB (91%) groups ( P = .149). Rupture of the CACL occurred twice as frequently as graft rupture in the BPTB group (graft survival, 84% vs 89%; P = .003). A positive family history of ACL rupture doubled the odds of both ACL graft and CACL rupture. The mean International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score at 15 years was 85. Return to preinjury sport levels was reported in 73% of patients, and 51% were still participating in strenuous or very strenuous activities at 15 years. Conclusion: Fifteen years after ACL reconstruction, expected survival of the ACL graft was 89% and expected survival of the CACL was 86%. Graft choice did not affect ACL graft rupture, but using BPTB increased the risk of CACL rupture compared with HT. Men had a less favorable survival rate of the ACL graft than did women, and a family history of ACL rupture increased the risk of both ACL graft and CACL rupture.