bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTS IN THE QUANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN DIADEGMA INSULARIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) AND MICROPLITIS PLUTELLAE (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) WITH THEIR HOST PLUTELLA MACULIPENNIS (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)
Authors: Putnam L. G. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn the laboratory, second- and third-instar Plutella maculipennis (Curtis) larvae were about equally susceptible to parasitism by Diadegma insularis (Cresson) or by Microplitis plutellae Muesebeck. The fourth and last instar was less susceptible than the second and third. Larvae of the first instar, although usually within the tissues of the food plant, could be parasitized. Maximum progeny obtained from female parasites during a lifetime, with regularly renewed supplies of hosts, averaged 516 in D. insularis, and 232 in M. plutellae. Effectiveness of D. insularis among a given number of host larvae improved slightly, reaching 85/100 as cage size increased from 50 to 200 sq. in., and declined somewhat, from 124/200 to 94/200, when cage size was further increased from 200 to 1500 sq. in. In field cages of 1, 2, and 4 sq. yd, with 200 host larvae, single female D. insularis parasitized about 35, 20, and 7% of hosts respectively. With 50, 100, 200, and 400 host larvae in 200-sq.-in. cages, and one female per unit, average progeny of D. insularis were respectively 39, 70, 113, and 150; of M. plutellae, approximately the same. In competition, two females, one of each species, operating among the same lot of larval hosts, produced more total progeny than two of the same species. Increasing constant temperatures from 20° to 30° favoured D. insularis slightly, but viability and effectiveness of M. plutellae at 30° was reduced.
A REVIEW OF THE NEW WORLD SPECIES OFPISON: I. THE SUBGENUSKROMBEINIELLUM(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)
Authors: Menke A. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractFive new species ofPison, subgenusKrombeiniellum, are described:stangeifrom Argentina;duckei,plaumanni, andneotropicumfrom Brazil; andkrombeinifrom Central America.Pison duckei,plaumanni, andneotropicumare known by females only. A key is provided for the identification of the New WorldKrombeiniellum; the subgenus is divided into three species groups.
REVISION OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SLATEROCORIS (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNine new species of Slaterocoris Wagner are described from North America: pilosus from British Columbia; alpinus from Colorado; apache from Arizona, Colorado, and Utah; flavipes, solidaginis, and sparsus from California; argenteus, grandis, and simplex from Durango, Mexico. The other species in the genus are: ambrosiae (Kngt.), atratus (Uhl.), atritibialis (Kngt.), breviatus (Kngt.), croceipes (Uhl.), hirtus (Kngt.), longipennis Kngt., mohri (Kngt.), pallidicornis (Kngt.), pallipes (Kngt.). robustus (Uhl.), rubrofemoratus Kngt., sheridani Kngt., stygicus (Say), and utahensis Kngt. Strongylocoris uniformis Van D. is placed in synonymy with Stiphrosoma robusta Uhl. Strongylocoris albibasis Knight does not belong to Slaterocoris and will be dealt with in a subsequent paper. All species are keyed and the male genitalia illustrated.
DEVELOPMENT OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUES AND LIFE TABLES FOR THE FIR ENGRAVER SCOLYTUS VENTRALIS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Berryman Alan A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMethods are presented for sampling and constructing life tables for Scolytus ventralis LeConte with the objective of comparing the histories of populations inhabiting individual trees. A bark area of 72 sq. in. was an effective sample unit. Within-tree variation was minimized by taking two sample units from two vertical strata at each sampling date. Trees were serially sampled several times during development of the insect.Population tables were constructed for each sampling date and life tables were developed from the complete series of population tables. The precision of the life table estimates varied between 10% and 40% of the mean and generally decreased as population density diminished during development. A sampling design is presented for increasing the precision of life tables, and methods are given for determining the number of trees required for estimating the mean density when studying populations occupying large areas.
A FLIGHT TRAP FOR COLLECTING LIVING INSECTS
Authors: Nijholt W. W. , Chapman J. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA window flight trap was altered by replacing a collecting fluid trough with a horizontal cylinder, covered at both ends with clear plastic or screen. Insects falling into the cylinder move toward the light at the ends and are readily-collected. Sample data illustrate the usefulness of the traps for collecting scolytid beetles.
NEUQUENAPHIS PAPILLATA, A NEW NOTHOFAGUS-INFESTING APHID FROM CHILE, WITH A REVIEW OF RELATED SPECIES FROM SOUTH AMERICA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractNeuquenaphis papillata is described from material collected on Nothofagus obliqua Blume in Chile. Its affinities with other known South American Nothofagus-infesting aphids are noted and a key to the known species of Neuquenaphis is given. In addition to papillata, species included in the review are: Neuquenaphis edwardsi (Laing), N. michelbacheri Essig, Spicaphis chilensis (Essig), and Spicaphis michelbacheri Essig.
A NEW SPECIES OFIZIPHYAFROM ONTARIO AND QUEBEC, WITH A REVIEW OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIziphya brevipesis described as new from Ontario and Quebec and illustrations and descriptions of the other known Nearctic species are offered. This includes the following species:albipesRichards,americana(Baker),flabella(Sanborn),nigricepsRichards,umbellaRichards,punctatellaRichards,spenceriRichards, andvittataRichards. A key to the Nearctic species is also included.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON BROOD REARING, BUILD-UP, AND HONEY PRODUCTION OF PACKAGE BEE COLONIES
Authors: Pankiw P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn a 5-year study at Beaverlodge, Alta. (lat. 55° N.), 1-kg packages of honey bees hived in mid-April (10–23 April) produced more honey than those hived in early May (5–13 May) in only 2 years. The major nectar flows ranged from 22 June to 22 August.The rate of brood rearing as determined by egg-laying of queens and the build-up as shown by adult bee populations at various periods after hiving increased progressively with delay in hiving dates which ranged from 4 April to 3 May, and were attributed to the more favorable climate of the later hivings. Adult bees in excess of 1 kg per package did not increase egg-laying of queens or the build-up of colonies.Restriction of daylength by 6 hours per day for 8–9 weeks had no effect on colony brood rearing or build-up. Restriction of daylength to 6.5 hours per day for 7 weeks caused a small initial reduction in egg-laying in the first brood cycle (1.5 weeks after hiving) but no differences were noted later, either in egg-laying at 4.5 weeks or adult populations at 9.5 weeks. When colonies were in complete darkness for 3 weeks, egg-laying was reduced 35 to 60%.
REVIEW OF THE TRIBE XYLEBORINI IN AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)
Authors: Bright Donald E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis review of the tribe Xyleborini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) includes two genera,XyleborusEichhoff, with 17 species, andXylosandrusReitter, containing 3 species. All species are described and most are illustrated. Keys for the separation of the genera and species are provided. Distributional and biological data are given. New combinations are:Xyleborus obliquus(Leconte) (=Pityophthorus obliquusLeconte);X.lecontei(Hopkins) (=Ambrosiodmus leconteiHopkins), andX.sayi(Hopkins) (=Anisandrus sayiHopkins). New synonymies are:Xyleborus obliquus(Leconte) (=Ambrosiodmus linderaeHopkins);X.obesusLeconte (=Anisandrus populiSwaine);X.ferrugineus(Fabricius) (=X.retusicollisZimmerman andX.soltauiHopkins);X.xylographus(Say) (=X.inermisEichhoff andX.planicollisZimmerman);X.volvulus(Fabricius) (=X.schwarziHopkins andX.rileyiHopkins), andX.howardiHopkins (=X.fitchiHopkins). A Japanese species,X.rubricollisEichhoff, is reported from the United States for the first time. A neotype is designated forX.xylographus(Say).
NEW CANADIAN CRYPTINAE (ICHNEUMONIDAE: HYMENOPTERA)
Authors: Mason W. R. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree new Cryptinae (Ichneumonidae: Hymenoptera) are described from Canada: Cryptus leechi from Arctic Canada and northern Greenland, Mastrus laplantei attacking Diprionidae and Lepidoptera from coast to coast in the lumbering areas, and Medophron dytiscivorus from a Dytiscidae pupa in Ontario.
STUDIES ON THE GARDEN SYMPHYLAN, SCUTIGERELLA IMMACULATA (SYMPHYLA: SCUTIGERELLIDAE)
Authors: Waterhouse J. S. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA study of the first 24 instars of the garden symphylan shows that antennal segmentation increases as each animal molts. A first instar has six antennal segments, whereas 24th instars have a maximum of 59 segments. First instars have maximum weights of 0.009 mg and lengths of 1.0 mm; 24th instars have maximum weights of 1.22 mg and lengths of 6.0 mm. Ninety-five per cent mortality occurred within 3 hours in soil cultures exposed to relative humidities between 58 and 75% if the soil surface of each culture was not covered by a succulent lettuce section. The same mortality occurred within 13 hours in lettuce-covered cultures exposed to similar humidities. At 95% relative humidity, 95% mortality occurred in 313.5 hours; in covered cultures, in 2 months. At 98 and 100% humidities, no symphylan desiccation occurred in uncovered or covered cultures. The results obtained in the humidity tests demonstrate the importance of relative humidity in maintaining large symphylan populations in the root feeding zone of infested soil, and also, the way in which succulent plant materials may aid in creating more favorable microenvironments for garden symphylans.
A NEW SPECIES OFPLEOTRICHOPHORUSFROM BRITISH COLUMBIA (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPleotrichophorus amsinckiidescribed herein is a pale green, weakly pulverulent aphid that was found on a fiddleneck,Amsinckia intermediaFisch. & Mey., in the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia.
THREE NEW CALIFORNIAN SPECIES OF EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) BELONGING TO THE WESTERMANNI GROUP
Authors: Hardwick D. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThree new species of the westermanni group of the genus Euxoa are described: Euxoa cryptica occurs in the southern Sierra Nevada and White Mountains of California, Euxoa juliae occurs in the central Sierra Nevada, and Euxoa austrina is evidently confined to the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California.
THE NATURE OF CYSTS FOUND IN PUPAE AND ADULTS OF NEODIPRION SWAINEI
Authors: Smirnoff W. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe cysts sometimes observed in the intestinal cavity of pupae and in the abdominal cavity of adults of Neodiprion swainei Midd. are not typical tumors. No cell proliferations were observed but rather a precipitation of the cells that accumulated and formed a membrane composed of many layers. The cysts appear to result from encapsulation of incompletely lysed or unlysed cells of the midgut epithelium. They are not necessarily the result of a viral infection.
INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE, AND FOOD ON INITIATION OF DIAPAUSE IN THE APPLE MAGGOT
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe initiation of the pupal diapause of the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), was found to be regulated by photoperiod and temperature. The stages of R. pomonella sensitive to these two regulatory factors were demonstrated to be the larva in the case of photoperiod and the larva and pupa in the case of temperature. Measurements with a highly sensitive photocell revealed that enough light passes through the skin and pulp of an apple to permit the response of the larvae to photoperiod to be direct. Diapause initiation was found to be independent of the effect of photoperiod or temperature on the adults and eggs and independent of the amount or type of larval food (apple or artificial).Where larvae and pupae were reared at 28°C and a photoperiod of 17 or 19 hours of light per 24-hour day, 1% of the pupae completed development in 23 days, 50% in 28 days, 75% in 30 days, and 100% in 64 days. These were the only regimes tested at which there was 100% non-diapause development, a finding which is directly applicable to continuous laboratory rearing of the apple maggot. Irrespective of temperature, diapause was induced in more than 50% of the pupae at a larval photoperiod of 11 hours. Even where larval photoperiod was favorable for 100% non-diapause development (17 or 19 hr), diapause was induced in more than 25% of the pupae if larval and pupal development occurred at 23°C and in a larger percentage if larval and pupal development occurred at 19°C.These findings are helpful in elucidating those conditions in nature under which a second generation of R. pomonella occurs.
PARASITES, PREDATORS, AND OTHER ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH CHORISTOTSEURA HOUSTONANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) ON JUNIPERUS SPECIES IN KANSAS
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Thompson Hugh E. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractOne parasitic dipterous species and 27 parasitic hymenopterous species were collected. Parasites were primarily collected by mass-rearing host larvae on cut host plant foliage in the laboratory or by rearing larvae on artificial diet. The tachinid Nemorilla pyste (Walk.) and five hymenopterous species, Glypta n. sp. (Ichneumonidae), Campoplex sp. (Ichneumonidae), Agathis acrobasidis (Cushman) (Braconidae), Elasmus atratus How. (Eulophidae), and Catolaccus aeneoviridis Girault (Pteromalidae), were definite parasites, and biological notes are given. Collection data are also given for the other 22 species.One reduviid predator, Zelus socius Uhler, and six spiders were observed feeding on C. houstonana.
BIOLOGY AND LEAF-MINING BEHAVIOUR OFPHYTOMYZA LANATI(DIPTERA: AGROMYZIDAE)
Authors: Tauber Maurice J. , Tauber Catherine A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe first signs ofPhytomyza lanatiSpencer activity are the feeding marks of the adult on the lower leaf surface ofHeracleum lanatumMichx. In Alameda County, Calif., the adults were first seen in January and the larvae were present from mid-February to mid-June. Eggs are laid in the spongy mesophyll and the serpentine mine, made by the solitary larva, is mainly confined to the palisade layer. The larva remains within a single mine until just before puparium formation. At this time the mature larva exits from the leaf through a cut in the lower surface and drops to the soil. At 75 ± 1°F the average duration of the three immature stages are 47, 36, and 60 hours. Because the depth of the mine is constant, the surface area of the mine indicates the relative volume of food consumed. A comparison of the instars shows that the amount and rate of tunnelling increases greatly with each succeeding moult. Under constant temperature there is no significant difference between the amount mined during equivalent light and dark periods.Adult activity, such as feeding, mating, and oviposition, occurs on the underside of the leaf. Feeding on the plant exudate appears necessary for sustaining adult life.Three hymenopteran parasites were reared fromP.lanati.Biological characteristics served to differentiateP.lanatifrom otherPhytomyzaspecies.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE ON SURVIVAL OF EGGS OF THE PRAIRIE GRAIN WIREWORM, CTENICERA DESTRUCTOR
Authors: Doane John F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractExtreme differences in survival of eggs of Ctenicera destructor (Brown) were observed when eggs were placed at depths ranging from 1/2 to 4 in. in the soil in the field. These differences were closely related to the soil moisture variations recorded during different seasons. Eggs that had absorbed water before being placed in the field were much more resistant to desiccation than those that had not absorbed water.In the laboratory, eggs absorbed water, developed and hatched in soil dried to a constant moisture level of 8.2% (dry weight basis) at 98% R.H., but were unable to absorb water from soil dried to moisture equilibrium at 96.6% R.H., or from soil wetted to moisture equilibrium at 98% R.H. Some water was absorbed by eggs placed in air at 98% R.H., but this was insufficient for normal development and hatching. The soil moisture tension of soil dried to moisture equilibrium at 98% R.H. was calculated as approximately 31 atmospheres. It is evident that eggs are able to develop remarkably high internal suctions in order to absorb water from such soil.Both the field and laboratory results showed that in drying soil, the lower limit of soil moisture at which eggs could absorb water was about 8%, considerably below the permanent wilting percentage (9.9%) of the soil used in these studies.
LARCH SAWFLY SURVIVAL IN RELATION TO WATER LEVELS AND MICROTOPOGRAPHY IN TAMARACK BOGS
Authors: Ives W. G. H. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe microtopography of a small area of tamarack bog was examined in detail and related to the distribution of cocoons of the larch sawfly Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig). The relief of the ground surface under tree crowns was very similar to the surface not under crowns, although the whole profile was slightly higher. Cocoons were found down to the limnic peat, corresponding to the level of the lowest depressions, with the greatest numbers per unit area in the hummocks.The microtopographies in six tamarack bogs were sampled systematically and related to water levels, and an expression combining these two factors was related to larch sawfly survival. The microtopography in each bog did not change appreciably over a period of several years, but differences between bogs were pronounced and had a marked influence on the degree of flooding caused by equal changes in water tables. Excessive moisture during the period 1955–1966 was the prevalent condition in most of the bogs and extreme drought occurred only in 1961. There appeared to be a linear relationship between sawfly survival and an expression rating the favorableness of the cocoon environment in relation to excess moisture, but four divergent observations occurred among the data for 32 plot-years. It was postulated that these divergences were due to high mortality caused by a factor other than excess moisture.
BIOLOGY OF STEREMNIUS CARINATUS (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE), A REFORESTATION PEST IN COASTAL BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Condrashoff S. F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractSteremnius carinatus (Boheman), once considered a scavenger, has become recognized as a pest of coniferous seedlings. The weevils breed in roots of fresh stumps and in buried slash on logged areas, and adults emerge by the end of the second summer after logging. Adults girdle young seedlings from near the root collar to 1 in. above ground level, but seldom attack the second year after planting. Adult weevils are long-lived, and can survive three or more winters, establishing broods each spring. They eat a wide variety of vegetation and fruits and other materials containing sugars and starches. Greenhouse trials demonstrated selective feeding on seedlings and field tests showed that the weevils breed in most coastal coniferous species in British Columbia. Rates of brood development ranged from 2 months at 80°F to 24 months in unheated outdoor conditions. Differences in rates of development, apparently related to temperature, were found between localities. Phloem may be suitable for oviposition 2 years after logging, but often is depleted by the feeding of other bark-mining beetles. Although some weevil damage is caused by emergents from stumps on rights-of-way, damage from larger populations emerging later from newly-cut sites may be reduced by planting immediately after cutting.
A SURVEY OF ECTOPARASITE INFESTATIONS ON POULTRY FLOCKS IN NOVA SCOTIA AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: Thompson Robert P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractA survey of poultry ectoparasites was carried out on 90 flocks of various types in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Eighty-one per cent of the flocks were carrying one or more species of ectoparasite. The chicken mite, Dermanyssus gallinae (DeG.), was present on two out of three flocks and was most frequently located in the joints of the roosts. Chicken lice were parasitizing one out of three flocks. The two most frequently found species were the shaft louse, Menopon gallinae (L.), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitz.). One other species of mite and two other species of lice were also found. About 30% of the flocks were infested with the European chicken flea, Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schr.).Operators were aware of only 42% of all infestations found on their flocks. They were most likely to be aware of the chicken mite and had recognized 54% of these infestations. In most cases operators could not distinguish among the various species of ectoparasites.Control measures had been carried out on 57% of the flocks surveyed. Nicotine sulphate, the most popular compound, had been used on one-half of the flocks for which control measures were reported. Organic insecticides had been used on one-third of the treated flocks.
THE LEAF-MINING WEEVIL OF YELLOW-POPLAR
Authors: Burns Denver P. , Gibson Lester P. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe known distribution, biology, and life cycle of the yellow-poplar leaf-mining weevilOdontopus calceatus(Say) are presented. Illustrations of mature larva, larval head capsule, and pupa, and the damage to the leaves of yellow poplar, are given.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE PINE CONE WILLOW GALL MIDGE, RHABDOPHAGA STROBILOIDES (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN MICHIGAN
Authors: Wilson Louis F. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe pine cone willow gall midge is univoltine in Michigan. Adults emerge from the galls on Salix eriocephala Michx. and other willows on warm days in late April or early May. Eggs are laid singly on the leaves and stems of the host. Head capsule measurements indicate three larval instars. The first-instar larva emerges in early May and penetrates the soft tissues at the base of the developing shoot tip. Shortly thereafter, the gall begins to develop and is about half grown by the time the second-instar larva appears in late May. The last-instar larva appears in July. Before overwintering, the larva constructs a cocoon which may or may not be closed at the top. Pupation occurs in early April. Numerous inquilines and parasites inhabit the developing and mature gall.
A DESCRIPTION OF THE PUPA OF THE PALES WEEVIL,HYLOBIUS PALES, AND A METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING ITS SEX
Authors: Thomas H. A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe pupal stage of the pales weevil,Hylobius pales(Herbst), is described with notes on distinguishing it from the pupa ofPachylobius picivorusGermar, together with a means for sexing pales weevil pupae.
NEW COMBINATION AND REDESCRIPTION OF MONELLIA CALIFORNICA WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MONELLIOPSIS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractMonellia californica Essig is redescribed and transferred to Monelliopsis Richards. A key to the known species of Monelliopsis is offered and a lectotype established for californica.