bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politique du logement et classes sociales
Authors: Pinçon Michel 
Published: October 2009

The quantitative and qualitative study of consumption reveals profound inequalities between social classes. What is the situation in those sectors of consumption where the state plays an important role? An analysis of the social structure of the population living in ‘moderate rent housing’ (Habitations à loyer modéré) in the urban area of Paris goes some way towards providing the answer.The probability of benefiting from this type of state aid is higher for qualified than for unqualified workers (especíally if the latter are immigrants). Much depends, however, on the political orientations of local authorities: the political dimension of social relations has therefore some bearing on the social outcome of state intervention.The different qualities of use value of HLM housing (comfort and location) are very unevenly distributed among social classes, and that distribution reflects the segregation that is apparent throughout the housing system in the Paris urban area. It state intervention produces an overall improvement in workers' living conditions, the way in which this improvement is achieved is still marked by deep social inequalities.
Current issues in US transportation politics
Authors: Yago Glenn 
Published: October 2009

Les transports en commun deviennent rapidement un exemple critique de la crise générale des politiques de l'état dans la production et la distribution des équipements collectifs. La destruction antérieure des transports en commun aux Etats Unis par les intérêts de l'automobile, ainsi que les contraintes de l'énérgic, de l'utilisation du sol, et du chômage, produisent une situation selon laquelle diverses fractions du capital se regroupent dans une coalition afin de déterminer une politique future des transports. Une telle politique doit tant bien que mal satisfaire les besoins souvent contradictoires du transport, le résultat d'un développement urbain structuré autour de la dominance de l'automobile. Ces besoins sont soulignés ici‐bas.Cet article présente les diverses options considérées actuellement ainsi que les contradictions survenant de chaque direction proposée. Les divisions à l'intérieur de la classe capitaliste sur ces options sont aussi présentés. Finalement, une brève considération est donnée aux mouvements sociaux urbains passés et présents organisés autour des questions de transport, ainsi que les problèmes auxquels ces mouvements doivent faire face dans les luttes futures autour de cet enjeu critique.
A propos de la socialisation du travail domestique: l'analyse d'un village de vacances
Authors: Morville‐Descolonges Michèle 
Published: October 2009

Starting with the claim for 'collective equipment' put forward by certain groups of the women's liberation movement, the author studies the case of a holiday village, in so far as it is a point of socialization of domestic tasks under the ægis of organizations for social tourism, in a situation where it reproduces the particular labour force constituted by holidays with pay.The first part shows the production process of the collective equipment of a holiday village, in a plan for the urbanization of the Languedoc and Roussillon coastline, and the contradictions which arise from the respective strategies of the central state and of organizations of the workers' movement.More precisely, the solution to these contradictions situates the holiday village in a commodity logic. The second part exemplifies cases where domestic work hides the true nature of the man‐woman relation. One must therefore rediscover and reveal it. It will then be possible to question a production process organized around the sexual division and depreciation of women's role.
Cooperatives, women and political practice*
Authors: Whyatt Anna 
Published: October 2009

Cet article essaie d' examiner le rapport socio‐culturel/politique entre l'etat et l'idéologie dominante et les nouvelles initiatives en Grande‐Bretagne en matière de coopération ourvrière, notamment en ce qui concerne les femmes en situation urbaine. Il envisage les méthodes de récupération et d'interdiction d'une participation ouvrière active, et réciproquement, les conditions où la participation ouvrière change à son tour la politique de l'état et apporte des changements aux structures sociales imposées par une idéologie dominate. Il pose aussi des questions théoriques sur le fait de posséder des aptitudes, la connaissance, et l'efficacité de groupes coopératifs urbains travaillant à contre‐courant de la culture dominante. De plus, au sein du cadre théorique qui entoure ces problèmes, il interroge le rapport qui existe actuellement entre la théorie universitaire et la pratique, son rapport avec les besoins de la grande masse de la population urbaine, et propose diverses formes de discussion dialectique entre ceux qui font l'expérience et ceux qui l'étudient‐formes qui englobent et encouragent une pratique socialement transformatrice. Il essaie, particulièrement en ce qui concerne les femmes, de définir la façon dont la pratique coopérative, en ce qu'elle forme de nouvelles catégories et de nouveaux rapports sociaux, met en question le fondement des rôles intrasociaux que la plupart des femmes tiennent et les changements qui doivent suivre si les femmes sont appelées à jouir de la pleine participation au même titre que les hommes.The relationship between theory and practice are far more partial and fragmentary. … The relationship which holds in the application of theory is never one of resemblance. … No theory can develop without eventually encountering a wall and practice is necessary for the piercing of that wall. … A theorizing intellectual, for us, is no longer a subject, a representing or representative consciousness. … Those who act or struggle are no longer represented. Who speaks and who acts? It is always a multiplicity even within the person who speaks and acts … (Deleuze, G. in Foucault, 1977).
The greening of British politics?
Authors: ROOTES C.A. 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe spectacular success of the British Greens in winning 15% of the vote in the 1989 elections for the European parliament contrasts starkly with their previous failures. The turnaround in their fortunes is attributable in part to increasing awareness of environmental issues, both domestic and global, but especially to changes in the state of party competition: the collapse of the Liberal and Social Democratic Alliance, the unpopularity and negative campaign of the Conservative party, and the Labour party's abandonment of unilateral nuclear disarmament, all exacerbated by low turnout in an election for a parliament few Britons knew or cared much about. It is likely, however, that in a general election more usual conditions of political competition will obtain and that, because of the disciplines of the British electroal system, the Greens' success of 1989 will not be repeated in national elections.
Plant chemical genetics
Authors: McCourt Peter , Desveaux Darrell 
Published: October 2009

SummaryThe success of the genomics revolution to construct a genetic architecture of a variety of model organisms has placed functional biologists under pressure to show what each individual gene does in vivo. Traditionally, this task has fallen on geneticists who systematically perturb gene function and study the consequences. With the advent of large, easily accessible, small‐molecule libraries and new methods of chemical synthesis, biologists now have new ways to probe gene function. Often called chemical genetics, this approach involves the screening of compounds that perturb a process of interest. In this scenario, each perturbing chemical is analogous to a specific mutation. Here, we summarize, with specific examples, how chemical genetics is being used in combination with traditional genetics to address problems in plant biology. Because chemical genetics is rooted in genetic analysis, we focus on how chemicals used in combination with genetics can be very powerful in dissecting a process of interest.

Contents

Summary
15

I.
Introduction
15

II.
Lessons from the past: genetics
17

III.
No time like the present (or ‘I want a new drug’): forward chemical genetics
18

IV.
Back to the future: chemical genomics
21

V.
Target identification: biochemistry
22

VI.
Conclusions and perspective
24

References
25
Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor antibody suppresses microglial activity: implications for anti‐inflammatory effects in Alzheimer’s Disease and multiple sclerosis
Authors: Hemachandra Reddy P. , Manczak Maria , Zhao Wei , Nakamura Kazuhiro , Bebbington Christopher , Yarranton Geoffrey , Mao Peizhong 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThe objective of our study was to determine granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) activity in the brain following GM‐CSF induction. We injected recombinant mouse GM‐CSF into the brains of 8‐month‐old C57BL6 mice via intracerebroventricular injections and studied the activities of microglia, astrocytes, and neurons. We also sought to determine whether an anti‐GM‐CSF antibody could suppress endogenous microglial activity in the C57BL6 mice and could also suppress microglial activity induced by the recombinant mouse GM‐CSF in another group of C57BL6 mice. Using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR, we assessed microglial, astrocytic, and neuronal activity by measuring mRNA expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, GFAP, and the neuronal marker NeuN in the cerebral cortex tissues from C57BL6 mice. We performed immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry of activated microglia in different regions of the brains from control (phosphate‐buffered saline‐injected C57BL6 mice) and experimental mice (recombinant GM‐CSF‐injected C57BL6 mice, GM‐CSF antibody‐injected C57BL6 mice, and recombinant mouse GM‐CSF plus anti‐GM‐CSF antibody‐injected C57BL6 mice). We found increased mRNA expression of CD40 (9.75‐fold), tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (2.1‐fold), CD45 (1.73‐fold), and CD11c (1.70‐fold) in the cerebral cortex of C57BL6 mice that were induced with recombinant GM‐CSF, compared with control mice. Further, the anti‐GM‐CSF antibody suppressed microglia in mice that were induced with recombinant GM‐CSF. Our immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry findings of GM‐CSF‐associated cytokines in C57BL6 mice induced with recombinant GM‐CSF, in C57BL6 mice injected with the anti‐GM‐CSF antibody, and in C57BL6 mice injected with recombinant mouse GM‐CSF plus anti‐GM‐CSF antibody concurred with our real‐time RT‐PCR findings. These findings suggest that GM‐CSF is critical for microglial activation and that anti‐GM‐CSF antibody suppresses microglial activity in the CNS. The findings from this study may have implications for anti‐inflammatory effects of Alzheimer’s disease and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice (a multiple sclerosis mouse model).
Public Responses to Health Disparities: How Group Cues Influence Support for Government Intervention*
Authors: Rigby Elizabeth , Soss Joe , Booske Bridget C. , Rohan Angela M. K. , Robert Stephanie A. 
Published: October 2009

Objective. To examine whether public support for government intervention to address health disparities varies when disparities are framed in terms of different social groups.Method. A survey experiment was embedded in a public opinion poll of Wisconsin adults. Respondents were randomly assigned to answer questions about either racial, economic, or education disparities in health. Ordered logit regression analyses examine differences across experimental conditions in support for government intervention to address health disparities.Results. Health disparities between economic groups received the broadest support for government intervention, while racial disparities in health received the least support for government intervention. These differences were explained by variation in how respondents' perceived and evaluated health disparities between different social groups.Conclusion. Efforts to garner public support for policies aimed at eliminating health disparities should attend to the politics of social diversity, including the public's disparate perceptions and evaluations of health disparities defined by different social groups.
Beyond the Epidemiological Paradox: The Health of Mexican‐American Children at Age Five*
Authors: Padilla Yolanda C. , Hamilton Erin R. , Hummer Robert A. 
Published: October 2009

Objective. This study investigates how prenatal demographic, social, and behavioral characteristics of Mexican‐origin immigrant mothers, which are linked to their relatively healthy birth outcomes, influence the subsequent health of their children in comparison to other racial and ethnic groups.Methods. We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study on a cohort of 2,819 children born between 1998 and 2000 to analyze chronic health conditions at age five using logistic regression models.Results. Multivariate analyses revealed no significant differences in chronic health conditions between children of Mexican immigrant mothers and non‐Hispanic white children, controlling for socioeconomic status and access to healthcare. In contrast, children of U.S.‐born Mexican‐American mothers had significantly higher odds of chronic conditions compared to non‐Hispanic white children. Social support and health‐care use were related to child health outcomes but did not explain racial and ethnic differences.Conclusions. Health policy must respond in order to help maintain the healthy outcomes of Mexican‐American children of immigrants and reverse the deteriorating health of children in subsequent generations in light of considerable socioeconomic disadvantage and inadequate access to healthcare.
Stress, Allostatic Load, and Health of Mexican Immigrants*
Authors: Kaestner Robert , Pearson Jay A. , Keene Danya , Geronimus Arline T. 
Published: October 2009

Objective. To assess whether the cumulative impact of exposure to repeated or chronic stressors, as measured by allostatic load, contributes to the “unhealthy assimilation” effects often observed for immigrants with time in the United States.Methods. We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994, to estimate multivariate logistic regression models of the odds of having a high allostatic load score among Mexican immigrants, stratified by adult age group, according to length of residence in United States, controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and health input covariates.Results. Estimates indicate that 45–60‐year‐old Mexican immigrants have lower allostatic load scores upon arrival than U.S.‐born Mexican Americans, non‐Hispanic whites, and non‐Hispanic blacks, and that this health advantage is attenuated with duration of residence in the United States.Conclusions. The findings of our analysis are consistent with the hypothesis that repeated or chronic physiological adaptation to stressors is one contributor to the “unhealthy assimilation” effect observed for Mexican immigrants.
Adult Suicide Mortality in the United States: Marital Status, Family Size, Socioeconomic Status, and Differences by Sex*
Authors: Denney Justin T. , Rogers Richard G. , Krueger Patrick M. , Wadsworth Tim 
Published: October 2009

Objective.This article addresses the relationship between suicide mortality and family structure and socioeconomic status for U.S. adult men and women.Methods.We use Cox proportional hazard models and individual‐level, prospective data from the National Health Interview Survey Linked Mortality File (1986–2002) to examine adult suicide mortality.Results.Larger families and employment are associated with lower risks of suicide for both men and women. Low levels of education or being divorced or separated, widowed, or never married are associated with increased risks of suicide among men, but not among women.Conclusions.We find important sex differences in the relationship between suicide mortality and marital status and education. Future suicide research should use both aggregate and individual‐level data and recognize important sex differences in the relationship between risk factors and suicide mortality—a central cause of preventable death in the United States.
Parental Incarceration and Child Well‐Being: Implications for Urban Families*
Authors: Geller Amanda , Garfinkel Irwin , Cooper Carey E. , Mincy Ronald B. 
Published: October 2009

Objective. Using a population‐based, longitudinal family survey (N=4,898), we identify economic, residential, and developmental risks particular to the children of incarcerated parents.Methods. We use parental reports of incarceration history, demographic background, and a rich set of child and family outcomes, in a series of multivariate regression models.Results. Children of incarcerated parents face more economic and residential instability than their counterparts. Sons of incarcerated fathers display more behavior problems, though other developmental differences are insignificant.Conclusions. We find that incarceration identifies families facing severe hardship that cannot be explained by other observed family characteristics. Given the prevalence of incarceration, our findings suggest that a large population of children suffers unmet material needs, residential instability, and behavior problems. These risks may be best addressed by using the point of incarceration as an opportunity for intervention and the administration of age‐appropriate social services.
Can States Lead the Way to Universal Coverage? The Effect of Health‐Care Reform on the Uninsured*
Authors: Kail Ben Lennox , Quadagno Jill , Dixon Marc 
Published: October 2009

Objective. This study assesses the impact of state policy reforms on health insurance coverage in the U.S. states considering three approaches to reform: consumer protection policies, policies relaxing regulation on insurance companies, and policies expanding public benefits.Methods. Using data collected from several publicly available sources, we estimate state insurance coverage using fixed‐effects pooled time‐series regression from 1992 to 2005.Results. We find that the only policies that had a positive effect on coverage were those expanding public benefits. None of the other state policy measures were associated with increased coverage and pricing restrictions actually were associated with reduced coverage.Conclusion. We argue that a federal‐state partnership offers an imperfect short‐term strategy but that in the long run, states are incapable of assuming the burden of fully covering the uninsured.
Health Lifestyles in the United States and Canada: Are We Really So Different?*
Authors: Krueger Patrick M. , Bhaloo Tajudaullah , Rosenau Pauline Vaillancourt 
Published: October 2009

Objective.Some research suggests that social, political, and cultural life in the United States and Canada are growing divergent. We use health lifestyle theories to extend prior research and compare the United States and Canada on population health indicators.Methods.The population health indicators include health behaviors, fertility, and cause‐specific mortality for each of the U.S. states (and Washington, DC) and Canadian provinces and territories (N=64).Results.Canada and the United States are significantly different on many health lifestyle variables, but levels of the health lifestyle variables converge at the U.S.‐Canada border, and some U.S. states and Canadian provinces or territories exhibit similar health lifestyle patterns, regardless of whether they share an international border (these are mapped in the article).Conclusions.Although Canada and the United States differ on major population health indicators, some states, provinces, and territories exhibit marked similarities. Our article concludes with a discussion about how our comparative perspective might inform population health policies.
International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for medical student education in emergency medicine
Authors: Hobgood Cherri , Anantharaman Venkataraman , Bandiera Glen , Cameron Peter , Halperin Pinchas , Holliman James , Jouriles Nicholas , Kilroy Darren , Mulligan Terrence , Singer Andrew 
Published: October 2009

AbstractThere is a critical and growing need for emergency physicians and emergency medicine resources worldwide. To meet this need, physicians must be trained to deliver time‐sensitive interventions and life‐saving emergency care. Currently, there is no internationally recognized, standard curriculum that defines the basic minimum standards for emergency medicine education. To address this lack, the International Federation for Emergency Medicine (IFEM) convened a committee of international physicians, health professionals and other experts in emergency medicine and international emergency medicine development, to outline a curriculum for foundation training of medical students in emergency medicine. This curriculum document represents the consensus of recommendations by this committee. The curriculum is designed with a focus on the basic minimum emergency medicine educational content that any medical school should be delivering to its students during their undergraduate years of training. It is designed, not to be prescriptive, but to assist educators and emergency medicine leadership in advancing physician education in basic emergency medicine content. The content would be relevant, not just for communities with mature emergency medicine systems, but also for developing nations or for nations seeking to expand emergency medicine within current educational structures. We anticipate that there will be wide variability in how this curriculum is implemented and taught, reflecting the existing educational milieu, the resources available, and the goals of the institutions' educational leadership.
Challenges associated with electronic ordering in the emergency department: A study of doctors' experiences
Authors: Fernando Sanj , Georgiou Andrew , Holdgate Anna , Westbrook Johanna I 
Published: October 2009

AbstractPurpose:  The objective of the present study was to identify and report on the key challenges confronted by emergency doctors following the introduction of Computerised Provider Order Entry system in a major metropolitan hospital in Sydney.Basic procedures:  A qualitative study was undertaken during the period May 2006 to December 2006. The study included a series of eight interviews with three senior doctors and one focus group involving six registrars. Participants were chosen on the basis of their experience of planning for, or working with the new electronic ordering system. The study also incorporated five observation sessions and document analysis. Data were analysed iteratively, which led to the identification and elaboration of issues relevant to the research question.Findings:  Three major issues emerged from the findings: (i) the implementation of the new system was accompanied by major shifts in ED work responsibilities and tasks; (ii) the appearance of dysfunctional consequences of the new system related to the excess time it took to electronically order and the usability of some features of the new system; and (iii) doctors' concerns that their views and opinions about the design and implementation of the new system had not been adequately addressed.Conclusion:  The implementation of electronic ordering has important implications for ED functioning and the delivery of patient care. The complexity of the ED makes it vulnerable to disruption caused by inadequate system design and ineffective channels of communication across the hospital.