bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What is a Neuronal Map, How Does It Arise, and What is it Good For?
Authors: van Hemmen J. Leo 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses the questions: what is a neuronal map, how does it arise, and what is it good for? It studies three examples, the sand scorpion, the barn owl, and the paddle fish. It presents evidence both for synaptic learning through a learning window, a kind of “map formation” at a single neuron, and for map formation in the true sense of the phrase as a consequence of interaction between different developing synapses at different neurons.
How Does the Hearing System Perform Auditory Scene Analysis?
Authors: Klump Georg M. 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter shows that many of the behavioral observations of perceptual patterns reflecting mechanisms of auditory scene analysis can be explained by bottom-up processes operating on the sequentially or simultaneously presented sounds, although some of the examples may also reflect top-down processing. The chapter then discusses some recent examples of perceptual effects in which both the physiology and the psychophysics of the processes involved in auditory scene analysis have been studied.
What Is Reflected in Sensory Neocortical Activity: External Stimuli or What the Cortex Does with Them?
Authors: Scheich Henning , Ohl Frank W. , Schulze Holger , Hess Andreas , Brechmann André 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes experimental evidence from animal and human auditory cortices in favor of the hypothesis that sensory cortex is not simply the head stage of “passive”stimulus analysis, but is also the locus of “active” processes, which make stimulus features cognitively explicit and available for tasks of variable demand. Several organizational principles are held responsible for this bottom-up/top-down interfacing within the sensory cortex. Top-down cognitive processes create new states within maps that can still be described as spatiotemporal activation patterns but may use coordinates of cognitive similarity rather than similarity at the initial stimulus-descriptive level.
Do Perception and Action Result from Different Brain Circuits? The Three Visual Systems Hypothesis
Authors: Rizzolatti Giacomo , Gallese Vittorio 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter argues that the separation of the cortical visual processing into two streams is insufficient and, in the version where perception and action are kept separated, leads to a misunderstanding of the true nature of perceptual processes. It shows that the processing carried out in the inferior parietal lobule is different from that performed in the inferior parietal lobe, and that the so-called dorsal stream is in fact formed by two streams: the dorsodorsal stream (D-D) and the ventrodorsal stream (V-D). The chapter also discusses the relation between action and perception as it emerges from neurophysiological data on the V-D stream. It proposes that both action perception and space perception derive from a preceding motor knowledge based on self-generated actions.
Synesthesia: What Does It Tell Us about the Emergence of Qualia, Metaphor, Abstract Thought, and Language?
Authors: Ramachandran V. S. , Hubbard Edward M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter proposes an approach to the problem of understanding the mind in a somewhat different way from the traditional ways used in cognitive psychology and neuroscience. Instead of tackling the mind problem head-on, it approaches it by investigating phenomena that are robust and repeatable yet do not fit the big picture of cognitive science as currently understood. This approach is especially likely to be useful in cognitive science since it still is very much in its infancy. It was a commonly used—and immensely successful—strategy in the early days of physics and biology.
Genetic Aspects of Aggressions in Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Maxson Stephen C. , Canastar Andrew 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter explores several contextual issues for developing more fully a comparative genetics of aggression in animals. It begins by describing the types of aggression in animals. It then relates aspects of the evolution and development of aggression to the study of its genetics. This is followed by a consideration of species that are being or could be used to begin a comparative genetics of aggression. A comparative genetics of aggression is most relevant to developing animal models for human aggression.
Human Quantitative Genetics of Aggression
Authors: Blonigen Daniel M. , Krueger Robert F. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of human quantitative genetic studies of aggression and violence, including twin, adoption, and molecular genetic designs from both the child and adult literature. It begins with the behavioral genetic literature on aggression in childhood and early adolescence. It highlights systematic differences across studies based on the method of assessing aggression, as well as presents evidence for both distinct and common etiologies that link aggression with other childhood behavioral problems. It then considers relevant behavioral genetic investigations of aggression in adulthood. The chapter discusses predominant theories and empirical findings from longitudinal studies of aggression during both childhood and adulthood, as well as highlighting various moderating effects on the etiology of these behaviors (i.e., gender differences and gene-environment interactions). Finally, future directions for behavioral genetic research on aggression are discussed and important domains that have received comparatively less attention in this literature are underscored.
Monoamines, GABA, Glutamate, and Aggression
Authors: Miczek Klaus A. , Fish Eric W. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the evidence describing the roles that monoamines—5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA)—exert in the mediation of aggressive behavior. Aggression is diverse in its behavioral patterns and functions, and endogenous amines, acids, steroids, and peptides may have different effects on each kind of aggression. The importance of escalated forms of aggression is highlighted in an effort to model the harmful acts of aggression and violence in humans. Monoamines have powerful modulatory effects on aggression, and reciprocally, aggression alters monoamines. It is important to delineate the specific conditions and behaviors—when 5-HT appears to be inhibitory, and when NE and DA are aggression stimulating. The effects of monoamines are likely to be due to their interactions with other neurotransmitters, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, and neuropeptides, such as vasopressin and opioids.
Nitric Oxide and Aggression
Authors: Chiavegatto Silvana , Demas Gregory E. , Nelson Randy J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on aggressive behavior. Topics discussed include NO and aggression in Down syndrome and affective disorders, interaction with serotonin, interaction with the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and environmental contributions to NO-mediated aggression.
Contexts and Ethology of Vertebrate Aggression: Implications for the Evolution of Hormone-Behavior Interactions
Authors: Wingfield John C. , Moore Ignacio T. , Goymann Wolfgang , Wacker Douglas W. , Sperry Todd 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins by discussing the types and contexts of vertebrate aggression and how it is controlled by the endocrine system. It then addresses hormone-aggression interactions and their possible evolution. The chapter shows that various types of aggression can be expressed in multiple contexts, both narrow and broad, throughout the life cycle of an individual. In most species the behavioral traits associated with aggression, both defensive and offensive, are similar regardless of stage in the life cycle. This suggests that neural circuits may indeed be conserved, but the mechanisms by which hormones regulate expression of aggression may vary.
Conditioned Defeat
Authors: Huhman Kim L. , Jasnow Aaron M. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews some of the literature pertaining to stress/fear and defense to illustrate how both perspectives are useful in understanding the neurobiological correlates of social defeat or subordination. It shows that that conditioned defeat in Syrian hamsters is elicited in most males following a single or multiple exposures to social defeat. Conditioned defeat is an ecologically relevant example of fear conditioning. Many brain areas (e.g., the amygdale and the BNST) and neurochemical signals (e.g., glutamate, GABA, CRF, and CREB) that have been shown to be important in fear conditioning in artificial, but highly controllable, situations are also involved in a similar fashion in the mediation or modulation of conditioned defeat.
Neurobiology of Aggression in Children
Authors: Blair R. James R. , Peschardt Karina S. , Budhani Salima , Pine Daniel S. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews neurobiological risk factors for aggression in children. It begins by considering two general positions that have received considerable attention with respect to aggression in children: the frontal lobe and fear dysfunction positions. It then considers a fundamental difficulty with these types of general account of aggression in children—that they implicitly assume all aggression is mediated by the same neural architecture. It argues that a distinction must be made between reactive and instrumental aggression. The neurobiological risk factors for reactive and instrumental aggression are discussed.
Psychopharmacology of Human Aggression: Laboratory and Clinical Studies
Authors: Cherek Don R. , Tcheremissine Oleg V. , Lane Scott D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter discusses the association between drugs and human aggression, laboratory studies of human aggression, and effects of drugs on human aggression under laboratory conditions. It argues that methodological difficulties often prevent unequivocal interpretations of the outcomes of pharmacological treatments of aggression. Conducting well-designed placebo-controlled studies in an inpatient setting is difficult, as drug-free washout periods may be unsafe for both patients and staff. Thus, it is clinically difficult to assess whether a reduction in aggression is a specific effect of the pharmacological agent or of nonspecific effects of medications such as neuroleptics and benzodiazepines commonly used for the management of specific Axis I and Axis II disorders. Nonpharmacological factors, such as the therapeutic milieu, can affect treatment outcome and should be considered when evaluating the efficacy of a pharmacotherapeutic intervention for aggression.
The Psychophysiology of Human Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Scarpa Angela , Raine Adrian 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews the major psychophysiological findings and theories regarding antisocial behavior, with a specific focus on skin conductance (SC), heart rate (HR), electroencephalogram (EEG), and startle blink research. Psychophysiological findings in relation to antisocial behavior support the notion that chronic serious antisocial behavior is a disorder that partly arises from a biological dysfunction within the individual. The strongest evidence suggests that antisocial individuals are characterized by fearlessness or emotional detachment, reflected in reduced levels of tonic autonomic (i.e., HR and SC) arousal, increased heart rate variability (HRV), greater slow-wave EEG activity, and reduced startle blink potentiation to unpleasant stimuli. There is also growing evidence of other antisocial behavior characterized more by defensiveness, stress reactivity, and negative emotionality as reflected in decreased HRV, increased SC reactivity, normal or increased affective startle modulation, and left frontotemporal dysfunction.
Speech Production in Broca’s Agrammatic Aphasia: Syntactic Tree Pruning
Authors: Friedmann Naama 
Published: May 2009

AbstractAgrammatic aphasia, a deficit that usually occurs following brain lesion in Broca's area and its vicinity in the left hemisphere, causes individuals to lose their ability to produce syntactically well-formed sentences. According to syntactic theories within the generative tradition, when we produce and understand sentences, they are represented as phrase markers or syntactic trees. In these syntactic trees, content and function words are represented in different nodes. Functional nodes include inflectional nodes: an agreement phrase (AgrP), which represents agreement between the subject and the verb in person, gender and number; and a tense phrase (TP), representing tense inflection of the verb. The highest phrasal node in the tree is the complementizer phrase (CP), which hosts complementizers, which are embedding elements like “that,” and Wh morphemes such as “where” and “what.” This chapter presents a set of experiments that systematically explored the status of syntactic structures that relate to these functional nodes in agrammatic production, proceeding from the bottom to the top nodes: AgrP and TP, and then various structures that relate to the CP. It is suggested that what underlies the syntactic deficit in agrammatic production is the inability to project syntactic trees up to their highest nodes.
A Blueprint for a Brain Map of Syntax
Authors: Grodzinsky Yosef 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter begins with a short review of two current methods for the study of brain language relations. It moves on to syntactic deficits in Broca's aphasia, which is argued to be restricted to syntactic movement (aka grammatical transformations). It then reviews the current experimental record in neuroimaging of the healthy brain in Broca's region and seeks convergence with the aphasia results. It considers two recent findings that have located certain intrasentential dependency relations in different portions of the right hemisphere. These results drive the conclusion that a rough brain map for syntax may be within reach. Finally, the chapter proposes dimensions along which the syntacto-topic conjecture (STC) may be explored by examining how visual maps are currently investigated.
Treating Language Deficits in Broca’s Aphasia
Authors: Shapiro Lewis P. , Thompson Cynthia K. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter describes a research program that investigated the treatment of sentence production and comprehension deficits found with individuals who have Broca's aphasia. The program sought to investigate the efficacy of a treatment approach that is based on evidence from a variety of sources, including linguistic, psycholinguistic, and neurolinguistic investigations. The intent also is to use treatment and recovery data to reveal brain-language relations. The chapter describes the empirical origins of the program, the treatment approach, and its experimental products.
The Neural Basis of Sentence Processing: Inferior Frontal and Temporal Contributions
Authors: Friederici Angela D. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a model that proposes a temporofrontal network for sentence processing. The model suggests that temporal areas analyze and identify the elements at each processing phase with respect to their specific characteristics while the inferofrontal areas are responsible for aspects of sequencing and building of dependency relations. The semantic network, more specifically, is assumed to consist of the posterior portion of the superion temporal gyrus (STG) and the middle temporal gyrus (MTG) together with the more ventral portion of the inferior frontal gyri (IFG) (BA 45/47). In contrast, the network subserving online syntactic processes seems to consist of the anterior portion of the STG and the Broca's area (BA 44/45), i.e., pars triangularis/pars opercularis and the frontal operculum. Processes of late integration and reanalyis may partly be supported by the posterior portion of the STG and the basal ganglia (BG), respectively.
Involvement of the Left and Right Frontal Operculum in Speech and Nonspeech Perception and Production
Authors: Meyer Martin E. , Jäncke Lutz 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews sublexical and prelexical modes of speech processing, all types of nonspeech and music processing and speech and nonspeech production. It focuses on clustered domains and attempt to illustrate the commonalities between them. It shows that a multitude of heterogeneous tasks and processes illuminate the role of the frontal operculum in both the left and the right hemisphere with the first primarily involved in phonological processing and the latter preferentially driven by paralinguistic and nonlinguistic domains, i.e., speech complexity, music perception and production, and sound perception. Results for left and right hemisphere are discussed.
A Role for Broca’s Area Beyond Language Processing: Evidence from Neuropsychology and fMRI
Authors: Fink Gereon R. , Manjaly Zina M. , Stephan Klaas E. , Gurd Jennifer M. , Zilles Karl , Amunts Katrin , Marshall John C. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractBroca's area (or, more generally, the left inferior frontal region) is implicated in many language and language-related tasks. This chapter addresses the question of whether it is legitimate to move from this assertion (supported by very large numbers of lesion studies and functional neuroimaging experiments) to the theoretical claim that the exclusive (or even the core) specialization of Broca's area is the mediation of language functions. It shows that particular neuroanatomical regions, including Broca's area, change their functions consequent upon the simultaneous activation of other regions that are effectively connected to a given region.
Comments Regarding the Seat of the Faculty of Spoken Language, Followed by an Observation of Aphemia (Loss of Speech) (1861)
Authors: Broca Paul 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents some work by Paul Broca. Modern neuropsychology is believed to have begun when Paul Broca delivered a short presentation at the Anthropological Society of Paris in 1861. This famous paper presented in this chapter, and the more detailed ones that followed, are often seen as the beginning of modern research on the localization of language in the brain and of investigations into cognitive functioning in general.
On Affections of Speech from Disease of the Brain (1878–1879)
Authors: Hughlings-Jackson John 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper by John Hughlings–Jackson, the British neurologist best known for his description of epileptic convulsions. Hughlings–Jackson wrote a series of papers in which he argued that language is not localizable in any specific area of the cerebral cortex. His writings on aphasia, published from the mid-1870s on, represent the first attack on the localizationist school from an antimodular point of view—one that views cognitive deficits as a domain-general “asymbolia”.
The Phonological Development of Child Language and Aphasia as a Linguistic Problem (1956)
Authors: Jakobson Roman 
Published: May 2009

Abstract
This chapter presents a paper published by Roman Jakobson in 1956. His 1941 seminal monograph Kindersprache, Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze (Child Language, Aphasia, and Phonological Universals) was an attempt to identify universal dimensions to phonological analysis and to show that these un- fold at a fixed order in language development and break down at a reverse order in aphasia (the regression hypothesis). Some of Jakobson's later ideas are presented in an excerpt from Fundamentals of Language (co-authored with Morris Halle).
Grammatical Complexity and Aphasic Speech (1958)
Authors: Goodglass Harold , Hunt J. 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents a paper published by Harold Goodglass in 1958. Goodglass was among the first psychologists to investigate aphasia, and he should most likely be credited with introducing controlled experimental methods into the field. In one of his first studies, he operationalized an idea conveyed to him by Massachusetts Institute of Technology linguist Morris Halle and, with the help of J. Hunt, incorporated the notion of grammatical transformation into an experiment of language production in aphasia.
Why Study Brain Dynamics?
Authors: anityam nityam , Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter addresses a number of general questions regarding the dynamics of the nervous system. The first question is concerned with why we are interested in dynamics at all: in this context, the chapter examines active and passive views of the brain. The chapter also considers some basic questions regarding the quantification of nervous system dynamics, including the importance of shared metrics. Finally, it considers some basic questions relating to the arrow of time in physics and in biology.
Engineering Theories and Nervous System Function
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter presents the major components of engineering theory in the context of the nervous system. The treatment of engineering theories is included because these are essential aids to thinking about brain function, yet it is difficult to find a suitably elementary account of these theories in a condensed form. The chapter attempts to clarify concepts such as information and computation that have become common currency in discussing the nervous system and have influenced the signal processing methods used to analyze neurobiological signals. These concepts are placed in context to help judge proper and improper usage of the associated techniques.
Methodological Considerations
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractPracticing neuroscientists often view philosophical or conceptual considerations with suspicion. The importance of laboratory experiments should not be belittled; to date, neuroscience remains a primarily experimental discipline. However, no amount of empirical or experimental work will undo a conceptual confusion or error in reasoning. This chapter makes some comments about avoiding conceptual pitfalls and also gives some general methodological considerations. Specifically, it discusses conceptual clarity and valid reasoning and the nature of scientific method.
Mathematical Preliminaries
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractThis chapter reviews a broad range of mathematical topics relevant to the rest of the book. It begins with a brief discussion of real and complex numbers and elementary real and complex functions, followed by a summary of linear algebra, paying special attention to matrix decomposition techniques. Fourier analysis is discussed in some detail because this is a topic of central importance to time series analysis. After a brief review of probability theory, the core set of topics for the chapter is considered, dealing with stochastic process theory. This includes a discussion of point as well as continuous processes.
Electro- and Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Mitra Partha P. , Bokil Hemant 
Published: May 2009

AbstractElectroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) provide the most direct noninvasive methods for studying the dynamics of brain function. EEG is also the area of neuroscience that has traditionally had the closest contact with time series analysis techniques. This chapter begins with a brief discussion of early references in the application of time series analysis techniques to the analysis of EEG data. It then discusses the physics of EEG and MEG signals, the measurement techniques, and noise sources. Following this, the analysis of issues connected to denoising of these datasets is discussed. Finally, the discussion of time series analysis methods from Chapter 8 is extended using EEG and MEG data.