bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bayesian Methods to Detect Dye-Labelled DNA Oligonucleotides in Multiplexed Raman Spectra
Authors: Zhong Mingjun , Girolami Mark , Faulds Karen , Graham Duncan 
Published: January 2011

SummaryRecent advances in the development of technology based on Raman scattering as a chemical analytical technique have made it possible to detect spectral mixtures of multiple DNA sequences quantitatively. However, to exploit these techniques fully, inferential methodologies are required which can deconvolute the observed mixture and infer the composition of distinct DNA sequences in the overall composite. Inferring the component spectra is posed as a model selection problem for a bilinear statistical model, and the Markov chain Monte Carlo inferential methodology required is developed. In particular a Gibbs sampler and reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo methods are presented along with techniques based on estimation of the marginal likelihood. The results reported are particularly encouraging, highlighting that, for multiplexed Raman spectra, inference of the composition of original sequences in the mixture is possible to acceptable levels of accuracy. This statistical methodology makes the exploitation of multiplexed surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering spectra in disease identification a reality. A Web site containing supplementary material, the spectral data that are used in the paper as well as MATLAB scripts implementing the proposed statistical methods is available at http://www.ucl.ac.uk/stats/research/serrs.
Estimating the Density of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia Superba) from Multi-Beam Echo-Sounder Observations Using Distance Sampling Methods
Authors: Cox Martin J. , Borchers David L. , Demer David A. , Cutter George R. , Brierley Andrew S. 
Published: January 2011

SummaryAntarctic krill is a key species in the Antarctic food web, an important prey item for marine predators and a commercial fishery resource. Although single-beam echo-sounders are commonly used to survey the species, multi-beam echo-sounders may be more efficient because they sample a larger volume of water. However, multi-beam echo-sounders may miss animals because they involve lower energy densities. We adapt distance sampling theory to deal with this and to estimate krill density and biomass from a multi-beam echo-sounder survey. The method provides a general means for estimating density and biomass from multi-beam echo-sounder data.
Neoliberal Experiments with Urban Infrastructure: The Cross City Tunnel, Sydney
Authors: HAUGHTON GRAHAM , MCMANUS PHIL 
Published: January 2011

AbstractIn this article, we explore a particular variant of neoliberal thought by analysing the proposal, design, funding and operation of an element of transport infrastructure in Sydney, Australia that was developed as a public–private partnership (PPP). Although there has been considerable work on the theoretical advantages and disadvantages of PPPs, there has been little empirically informed critical analysis of how PPPs operate in practice, and even less on how environmental arguments are selectively used to justify PPPs. The Cross City Tunnel (CCT) is one of Australia's most controversial examples of urban transport infrastructure. Although an engineering success, the CCT was far from being environmentally sustainable, socially just or economically viable. The CCT reveals the contradictions of neoliberal policy regimes, shallow sustainability rhetoric, the inappropriateness of the PPP model for other urban infrastructure developments in Sydney and internationally, and a capacity on the part of the partners to learn inappropriate lessons.RésuméCet article s'intéresse à une variante particulière de la pensée néolibérale en analysant la proposition, le concept, le financement et le fonctionnement d'un élément de l'infrastructure de transport de Sydney qui a étéélaboré en tant que partenariat public‐privé (PPP). De nombreux travaux ont été consacrés aux avantages et inconvénients théoriques des PPP, mais il existe peu d'analyses critiques à partir de données empiriques sur le fonctionnement pratique de ces partenariats, encore moins sur l'utilisation sélective d'arguments environnementaux pour les justifier. L'un des cas les plus controversés d'infrastructure de transport urbain en Australie est le Cross City Tunnel (CCT). Bien qu'étant une réussite technique, la durabilité environnementale, la justice sociale ou la viabilitééconomique était loin de le caractériser. Le CCT révèle les contradictions des régimes politiques néolibéraux, la rhétorique superficielle de la durabilité environnementale, l'inadéquation du modèle des PPP pour d'autres créations d'infrastructures urbaines, à Sydney comme au niveau international, ainsi qu'une capacité des partenaires à apprendre de mauvaises leçons.
Misfolded superoxide dismutase‐1 in CSF from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients
Authors: Zetterström Per , Andersen Peter M. , Brännström Thomas , Marklund Stefan L. 
Published: January 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 117, 91–99.AbstractSeveral of the superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD1) mutations linked to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) lead to synthesis of structurally defective molecules, suggesting that any cytotoxic conformational species common for all mutations should be misfolded. SOD1 can be secreted and evidence from ALS model systems suggests that extracellular SOD1 may be involved in cytotoxicity. Three ELISAs specifically reacting with different sequence segments in misfolded SOD1 species were used for analysis of CSF from 38 neurological controls and from 96 ALS patients, 57 of whom were sporadic cases and 39 familial, including 22 patients carrying SOD1 mutations. Misfolded SOD1 was found in all samples. There were, however, no significant differences between patients with and without mutations, and between all the ALS patients and the controls. The estimated concentration of misfolded SOD1 in the interstitium of the CNS is a 1000 times lower than that required for appreciable cytotoxicity in model systems. The results argue against a direct cytotoxic role of extracellular misfolded SOD1 in ALS. Misfolded SOD1 in CSF cannot be used as a biomarker of ALS in patients with and without mutations in the enzyme.
Engaging and supporting fathers to promote breastfeeding: a new role for Health Visitors?
Authors: Sherriff Nigel , Hall Valerie 
Published: January 2011

Scand J Caring Sci; 2011; 25; 467–475

Engaging and supporting fathers to promote breastfeeding: a new role for Health Visitors? Background:  Health visitors have a central role in delivering and leading on the new UK government targets on breastfeeding as part of the strategy to reduce health inequalities. This article explores fathers’ views and proposes that health visitors are best placed to engage with fathers in supporting the initiation and continuance of breastfeeding.Aim:  To conduct initial pilot scoping of fathers’ views on breastfeeding in order to provide insights into possible interventions which could contribute to increasing rates of exclusive breastfeeding.Methods:  Eight individual in‐depth interviews were conducted with fathers (aged 28–47) from different socio‐economic groupings living in Brighton and Hove (UK). Data were collected as part of a larger social marketing project focussing on increasing rates of exclusive breastfeeding in Brighton and Hove. Fathers were recruited through their partners whom had been interviewed previously about breastfeeding. Interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analysed using a ‘framework’ approach.Findings:  Data reveal that fathers are interested in breastfeeding and want to be involved more broadly in preparation for, and supporting of, breastfeeding. Fathers reported requiring more relevant and accessible information about the benefits of breastfeeding as well as details concerning some of the practical issues involved in supporting their partner’s breastfeeding.Discussion and conclusion:  Although in our study fathers reported wanting to be involved in supporting breastfeeding, it is likely that current discourses about men and fathers as well as more practical worries and concerns may prevent some health visitors and other health professionals from involving them in meaningful ways. Whilst our study is limited in its scope and more research is needed, our data indicates that fathers are potentially a missing part of the jigsaw in terms of breastfeeding support.
Switch from calcitriol to paricalcitol in secondary hyperparathyroidism of hemodialysis patients: Responsiveness is related to parathyroid gland size
Authors: VULPIO Carlo , MARESCA Giulia , DISTASIO Enrico , CACACI Silvia , PANOCCHIA Nicola , LUCIANI Giovanna , BOSSOLA Maurizio 
Published: January 2011

AbstractParicalcitol is more effective than calcitriol in hemodialysis patients (HD) with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), but it is not effective in some of them. We have investigated the relationship between paricalcitol responsiveness and parathyroid gland (PTG) size. Thirty HD with SHPT treated previously with calcitriol for at least 6 months were switched to paricalcitol (1:4 conversion ratio). Parathyroid gland number and size (maximum longitudinal diameter [MLD] of largest PTG) was measured by ultrasonography. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group A (MLD ≤9.0 mm [17 HD]); and group B (MLD >9.0 mm [13 HD]). They were defined responder if both the last 2 monthly determinations of inhibit parathyroid hormone (iPTH) were within the target (<300 pg/mL) according to National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative recommendations. Twenty‐six and 20 HD completed 6‐month and 12‐month paricalcitol therapy, respectively. After 6 months of paricalcitol treatment, 23.5% HD of group A and 7.7% of group B were responders. At 12 months, 41.2 % of group A and 7.7% of group B were responders. Throughout paricalcitol therapy, serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations slightly increased in all HD but more significantly in group B. The baseline iPTH and MLD of the largest PTG were significantly correlated with final iPTH levels. Paricalcitol is more effective than calcitriol in SHPT, but the responsiveness to paricalcitol and hypercalcemia are related to PTG size. The measurement of MLD by ultrasonography may be useful for predicting responsiveness to paricalcitol, avoiding an unnecessary and expensive therapy.
Risk factors associated with elevated serum pancreatic amylase levels during hemodialysis
Authors: CHEN Yen‐Hsu , YANG Wu‐Chang , WANG Feng‐Ming , TARNG Der‐Cherng , CHEN Jinn‐Yang , NG Yee‐Yung , WU Tsai‐Hun , LIN Yao‐Ping , LIN Chih‐Ching 
Published: January 2011

AbstractElevated levels of serum pancreatic enzymes are frequently observed in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The complex hemodynamic, biochemical, and physiological alterations in uremia were speculated to cause excessive release of pancreatic enzymes beyond decreased renal clearance. However, hemodynamic factors are seldom explored in this aspect. We performed the study to evaluate the association between intradialytic hemodynamic change and elevated serum pancreatic amylase (SPA). Eighty‐three prevalent HD patients without any clinical evidence of acute pancreatitis underwent pre‐HD and post‐HD blood sampling for serum pancreatic enzyme levels. Demographic, biochemical, and hematological data were collected from patient record review. Hemodialysis information including intradialytic blood pressure changes and ultrafiltration (UF) amount were collected and averaged for 1 month before the blood sampling day. Patients with elevated SPA during the HD session had greater mean systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure reduction, greater UF volume, greater pre‐HD blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine, higher serum phosphorus, lower pre‐HD serum total CO2, and lower left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). Using multivariate linear and logistic regression analysis, the independent predictors of elevated SPA were determined to be mean arterial pressure reduction during HD, mean UF amount, pre‐HD serum total CO2, and LVEF. Greater blood pressure reduction during HD, greater UF volume, lower pre‐HD serum total CO2, and lower LVEF were significantly associated with elevated SPA during HD. This suggests that hemodynamic factors contribute to elevated serum pancreatic enzymes in HD patients.
Clinical Parameters Essential to Methodology and Interpretation of Mucosal Responses
Authors: Anderson Brenna L. , Cu‐Uvin Susan 
Published: January 2011

Citation Anderson BL, Cu‐Uvin S. Clinical parameters essential to methodology and interpretation of mucosal responses. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 352–360Research aimed at putting an end to the HIV pandemic is dynamic given the marked advances in understanding of pathogenesis since its origin. Attention has shifted from systemic management of disease to a focus on the most common site of acquisition, the female genital tract. Research on the female genital tract of humans requires consideration of a number of specific clinical parameters. If such parameters are not considered when enrolling subjects into studies, it could lead to faulty data ascertainment. This article reviews important clinical characteristics to consider when conducting studies of the human female genital tract in regard to mucosal immunity and HIV disease. Important topics to consider include the method and source of sample collection, the individual patient characteristics, and in the case of recruitment of HIV‐infected women, HIV disease characteristics.
Inductive/Effector Mechanisms for Humoral Immunity at Mucosal Sites
Authors: Wright Peter F. 
Published: January 2011

Citation Wright PF. Inductive/effector mechanisms for humoral immunity at mucosal sites. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 248–252Problem  Inductive and effector functions in the human mucosal immune system in relationship to protective immunity to HIV are poorly defined.Method of Study  A broader review of vaccine‐induced immunity in mucosal systems was undertaken.Results  A series of questions are posed. The limited answers to the questions indicate our profound lack of knowledge of some of the broader issues of the induction of mucosal immunity. The questions posed include the following: Is there a common mucosal immune system? Is IgA the critical immunoglobulin class in mucosal protection? Will systemic administration of antigen stimulate mucosal immunity? Is there true sterilizing mucosal immunity? What is the duration of mucosal immunity?Conclusion  The focus on mucosal immunity in HIV of this conference highlights recent remarkable advances in our understanding of the early events in HIV pathogenesis at the mucosal surface. This review identifies areas for further research.
Biological Factors that May Contribute to Regional and Racial Disparities in HIV Prevalence
Authors: Kaul Rupert , Cohen Craig R. , Chege Duncan , Yi Tae J. , Tharao Wangari , McKinnon Lyle R. , Remis Robert , Anzala Omu , Kimani Joshua 
Published: January 2011

Citation Kaul R, Cohen CR, Chege D, Yi TJ, Tharao W, McKinnon LR, Remis R, Anzala O, Kimani J. Biological factors that may contribute to regional and racial disparities in HIV prevalence. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 317–324Despite tremendous regional and subregional disparities in HIV prevalence around the world, epidemiology consistently demonstrates that black communities have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic. There are many reasons for this, and a narrow focus on socio‐behavioural causes may be seen as laying blame on affected communities or individuals. HIV sexual transmission is very inefficient, and a number of biological factors are critical in determining whether an unprotected sexual exposure to HIV results in productive infection. This review will focus on ways in which biology, rather than behaviour, may contribute to regional and racial differences in HIV epidemic spread. Specific areas of focus are viral factors, host genetics, and the impact of co‐infections and host immunology. Considering biological causes for these racial disparities may help to destigmatize the issue and lead to new and more effective strategies for prevention.
HIV‐1 Infection in the Female Reproductive Tract: Role of Interactions between HIV‐1 and Genital Epithelial Cells
Authors: Kaushic Charu 
Published: January 2011

Citation Kaushic C. HIV‐1 infection in the female reproductive tract: role of interactions between HIV‐1 and genital epithelial cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 253–260Despite recent progress in understanding the mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1, the immediate events following transmission in the female genital tract are incompletely understood. Recent in vivo studies in primate models indicate that HIV‐1 transmission may occur in the upper or lower genital tract and the initial HIV‐1 replication occurs primarily in the target T cells and in some subsets of DCs localized in the genital tract. However, the principal mechanism(s) that allow the virus to cross the primary barrier of genital epithelial cells (GECs) are still unclear. A number of pathways have been proposed as possible ways that HIV‐1 could use to cross the epithelium. However, little attention has been paid to the response of GECs to HIV‐1. We recently demonstrated that exposure to HIV‐1 rapidly upregulates a wide array of pro‐inflammatory cytokine production by GECs. Among these cytokines, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α impaired the tight junction barrier allowing HIV‐1 and luminal bacteria to translocate across the epithelium. This study illustrated that GECs are dynamically active cells that mount rapid host responses to HIV‐1, independent of viral replication. Cytokine responses of GECs could play a critical role in HIV transmission and replication. Further understanding of GEC responses to HIV‐1 and their regulation could be critical to understanding HIV‐1 transmission dynamics during heterosexual transmission.
SIV‐Specific CD8+ T Cells are Enriched in Female Genital Mucosa of Rhesus Macaques and Express Receptors for Inflammatory Chemokines
Authors: Cromwell Mandy A. , Carville Angela , Mansfield Keith , Klumpp Sherry , Westmoreland Susan V. , Lackner Andrew A. , Johnson R. Paul 
Published: January 2011

Citation Cromwell MA, Carville A, Mansfield K, Klumpp S, Westmoreland SV, Lackner AA, Johnson RP. SIV‐specific CD8+ T cells are enriched in female genital mucosa of rhesus macaques and express receptors for inflammatory chemokines. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011; 65: 242–247Problem Mucosal T lymphocyte responses in the female reproductive tract, the primary site of HIV transmission in women, may be critical for initial control of virus infection. In addition, characterization of genital immune responses to HIV will be important for the development of a vaccine capable of preventing infection by this route.Method of study  We analyzed lymphocytes isolated from vagina and cervix of chronically SIV‐infected macaques for the frequency of SIV Gag tetramer‐binding cells and expression of chemokine receptors.Results  We found that the frequency of SIV‐specific CD8+ T cell responses was 3‐ to 30‐fold higher in genital tissues than in peripheral blood. SIV‐specific CD8+ T cells in genital tissues expressed high levels of CXCR3 and CCR5, chemokine receptors normally expressed on memory T cells that home to inflamed tissues. Cells expressing CXCR3 colocalized with its chemokine ligand CXCL9 [monokine induced by interferon gamma, MIG] in the vaginal lamina propria.Conclusion  These results indicate that the frequency of SIV‐specific CD8+ T cells in the female genital mucosa is enriched compared with peripheral blood and provide initial information regarding the signals that direct recruitment of T cells to the female reproductive tract.
Salivary gland progenitor cell biology provides a rationale for therapeutic salivary gland regeneration
Authors: Lombaert IMA , Knox SM , Hoffman MP 
Published: January 2011

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 445–449An irreversible loss of salivary gland function often occurs in humans after removal of salivary tumors, after therapeutic radiation of head and neck tumors, as a result of Sjögren’s syndrome and in genetic syndromes affecting gland development. The permanent loss of gland function impairs the oral health of these patients and broadly affects their quality of life. The regeneration of functional salivary gland tissue is thus an important therapeutic goal for the field of regenerative medicine and will likely involve stem/progenitor cell biology and/or tissue engineering approaches. Recent reports demonstrate how both innervation of the salivary gland epithelium and certain growth factors influence progenitor cell growth during mouse salivary gland development. These advances in our understanding suggest that developmental mechanisms of mouse salivary gland development may provide a paradigm for postnatal regeneration of both mice and human salivary glands. Herein, we will discuss the developmental mechanisms that influence progenitor cell biology and the implications for salivary gland regeneration.
Dietary vitamin A intake and serum retinol concentrations of preschool children from different socio‐economical levels in İzmir, Turkey
Authors: Midyat Levent , Zafer Kurugöl N , Akşit Sadık , Tanrıverdi Mahir , Yağcı Raşit Vural 
Published: January 2011

AbstractAim:  Vitamin A deficiency (VAD), especially in its subclinical form, is a world health problem in young children. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of VAD among preschool children in various socio‐economic groups in İzmir, Turkey.Methods:  One hundred and one children aged 24–59 months were selected for the study with cluster sampling method. A questionnaire was completed by the parents, and the dietary pattern was assessed by using a 3‐day dietary record method.Results:  Mean serum retinol concentration of the children was 28.3 ± 10.2 μg/dL. Serum vitamin A concentration of two children (2%) was below 10 μg/dL (VAD), whereas 18 (18%) children had vitamin A concentrations between 10 and 20 μg/dL (subclinical deficiency). We did not find any relationship between mean serum retinol concentrations and the independent variables such as socio‐economical levels, age groups, birth weight and gestational age. However, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between serum retinol concentrations and weight‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height Z scores of the children (p < 0.05).Conclusion:  Because one‐fifth of the children under 5 years have VAD in İzmir, Turkey, nutrition education must be given to the families during well‐child care visits, and routine vitamin supplementation should be considered especially in children with malnutrition.