bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distortion of guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare) caused by a mealybug, Heterococcus nigeriensis Williams, in Northern Nigeria.
Authors: Harris Elizabeth 
Published: July 2009

Distortion, a severe stunting and deformation of plants of guineacorn (Sorghum vulgare) in Northern Nigeria, has been shown to be caused by Heterococcus nigeriensis Williams feeding on the plants.The symptoms are striking; affected stems are much shorter and wider than normal and leaves are mis-shapen, with irregularly divergent veins and white tissue between the veins. Symptoms in the field vary from small patches of distortion on other normal plants to whole plants affected. The abnormal leaves of a plant with severe distortion are crumpled and remain rolled together. Growth of the plants virtually ceases if the mealybug infestation continues but, in the absence of mealybugs, affected plants recover and produce normal leaves.Distortion has been found in the field, commonly on Sorghum vulgare, Zea mays and Cynodon dactylon, and once only on Pennisetum typhoides and Chloris pycnothrix, respectively, and has been produced experimentally on Z. mays, C. dactylon, P. typhoides, Triticum aestivum, Oryza sativa and Digitaria exilis by transferring mealybugs from affected guineacorn.
The diurnal feeding activity of Glossina pallidipes Aust. in relation to trypanosome challenge.
Authors: Leggate B. M. , Pilson R. D. 
Published: July 2009

The limitations of the use of apparent density in estimating trypanosomechallenge are discussed, and it is concluded that such estimates should be based on the feeding portion of the tsetse population, its activity in relation to a given host, the total period of feeding activity (or parts thereof) as the unit of time, and the trypanosome infection rate.A method of investigating the diurnal feeding activity of Glossina pallidipes Aust. in the late dry season at Eekomitjie, in the Zambezi Valley in Southern Rhodesia, is described. A black ox was tethered daily under a large tree from before dawn until after dusk. Only flies that engorged on the ox were caught; the time of capture and sex of each fly was recorded, and the fly then marked and released. Catches were made on 15 separate but not consecutive days between 21 October and 30 November, 1959.Diurnal activity extended from 0445 to 1845 hr., there being a small earlymorning peak, reduced activity over the midday period, and a comparatively large evening peak. Climatic factors were recorded but no conclusions could be drawn about their separate effects on activity.
Biological control of the coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Sign., in Principe, Portuguese West Africa.
Authors: Simmonds F. J. 
Published: July 2009

The coconut scale, Aspidiotus destructor Sign., was recorded for the first time from the island of Principe in November 1954, but it is practically certain that it was actually introduced accidentally in 1952.Prior to 1954, normal fluctuations had occurred in the total annual production of copra of the island, probably correlated mainly with rainfall conditions. However, in 1954 there was a steady and very serious decline in production due to damage caused by Aspidiotus. Several species of endemic natural enemies were found attacking the scale, but the control exerted by them was quite inadequate to prevent astronomical increase of Aspidiotus.
Larval movement and infestation in the wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.).
Authors: Long D. B. 
Published: July 2009

In pot experiments, the ability of newly hatched larvae of the wheat bulb fly, Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.), to move through nine in. of soil and infest wheat plants was tested for three different types of soil: sandy loam, clay loam and peaty loam and also clay loams at different levels of acidity. Each soil was inoculated with 200 freshly hatched larvae and the effects associated with soil were measured by the number of larvae subsequently recovered from infested plants.The larval recoveries for different soil types were: sandy loam 28 per cent., clay loam 19 per cent, and peaty loam 2 per cent. The larvae could infest plants grown in clay loam within a pH range of 4·9 to 7·8 and the results suggested a possible optimum at pH 6·2. The relative failure to infest in peaty loam appeared to be due to this soil impeding larval movement rather than interfering with the mechanism of host-plant location.
On the first Instar Larvae of some Species ofOtiorrhynchusfound on Strawberries, with Notes on their Biology
Authors: Fidler J. Havelock 
Published: July 2009

1. There are four species ofOtiorrhynchuswhich commonly, in both the larval and the adult stage, cause damage to strawberry plants.2. The morphology of the first larval instar of these species is discussed from the point of view of their determination.3. It is shown that although the larvae in this stage are superficially very similar, there are considerable differences in the chaetotaxy of the head and also in the form of the labrum and the setae situated upon it.4. Similarly there are variations in the position and size of the setae on the dorsum of both the thorax and abdomen.5. A table is drawn up summarising all these characters in each of the four species.6. A brief description of the present knowledge of the biology of these species is also given. It appears that although all of them are usually parthenogenetic, it is at present uncertain whether they can ever reproduce sexually, since the presence of males has as yet not been recorded.7. These species usually have only one generation in the year, ovipositing in mid-summer and over-wintering as well developed larvae. In the case ofO. sulcatusandO. ovatus, however, adults may emerge late in the summer and, having hibernated as adults, lay eggs in the early spring following.
Studies on Soils in Relation to the Biology of Glossina submorsitans and tachinoides in the North of Nigeria
Authors: Buxton P. A. , Mellanby K. 
Published: July 2009

It is known that there is a high mortality in puparia of Glossina submorsitans and tachinoides if they are kept in air which is far from saturation; it seems anomalous that there is no evidence of mortality among puparia in nature at the end of the dry season when the soil in the thickets appears to be quite dry.Experiments are described, showing that the soil of the thickets (unlike the more sandy soil of the open country) will take up large quantities of water; as its colloid content is high, this soil must also possess great power of retaining the water. Moreover even when the soil seems quite dry (water content 4 per cent.) the atmosphere in the soil spaces is very nearly saturated.
State, state-nation, cultural nation
Authors: Glatz Ferenc 
Published: July 2009

The paper examines the background of current national and minority conflicts in Eastern and Central Europe and argues that a deeper-going analysis of these phenomena calls for a reconsideration of the traditional European territorial-administrative institutions. It argues that the European State-structure as shaped in the 17–19th centuries is the greatest obstacle to the prevention of global dangers, then looks at the typical arguments against dismantling the present national-state borders.The conclusion is that European nations are primarily cultural nations and they have to survive in that form for the 21st century.
Biological evidence of past environments and climatic changes
Authors: Pilcher Jon R. 
Published: July 2009

This paper will examine some of the types of biological evidence that allow us an insight into past environments and will consider some of the concepts that affect and limit our interpretations of past environments, and through them climatic changes.Scandinavia was the birthplace of palaeoenvironmental studies; basic to these being the concepts of speciation formulated in Uppsala by Linnaeus nearly 250 years ago. Sernander proposed his bog regeneration theories in 1910 and von Post gave his first two lectures on pollen analysis in 1916. Iversen demonstrated how the impact of human activities could be disentangled from climate change and later discussed the effects of lags in the vegetation at the start of the post glacial. These laid the framework for much that I will describe.At the turn of the century the two botanists Blytt and Sernander proposed a sub-division of the recent past (the post glacial period or Holocene as we now call it) on the basis of biological evidence preserved in bogs. They described wood layers in peat bogs and introduced the terms Boreal and Sub-Boreal for the time spanned by the wood layers, and the Atlantic and Sub-Atlantic for what they interpreted as the intervening wetter periods. These wood layers are as obvious now as they were in 1900 and the terms Boreal and Atlantic have gone in and out of fashion over the intervening years.
New Multiplatform Ocean Surface Wind Product Available
Authors: Ardizzone Joseph , Atlas Robert , Hoffman Ross N. , Jusem Juan Carlos , Leidner S. Mark , Moroni David F. 
Published: July 2009

A new cross‐calibrated, multiplatform (CCMP) ocean surface wind product with wide‐ranging research applications in meteorology and oceanography became available at the Physical Oceanography Distributed Active Archive Center (PO.DACC) in May 2009. Data sets at three different levels of processing may be downloaded from http://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/DATA_CATALOG/ccmpinfo.html. The principal data set, denoted as level 3.0, has global ocean coverage (except for the Arctic Ocean) with 25‐kilometer resolution every 6 hours for more than 20 years, beginning in July 1987.Applying an enhanced variational analysis method (VAM) to multiple input data sources creates the level 3.0 data set. The VAM performs quality control and optimally combines wind observations from several individual satellite microwave radiometer and scatterometer sensors along with available conventional ship and buoy wind observations and European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) analyses.
Comment on “Examining the Scientific Consensus on Climate Change”
Authors: Granqvist Roland 
Published: July 2009

In a summary of their survey on the opinion about global warming among Earth scientists (see Eos, 90(3), 20 January 2009), Peter Doran and Maggie Kendall Zimmerman conclude that the debate on the role of human activity is largely nonexistent, and that the challenge is “how to effectively communicate this fact to policy makers” and to the public.However, I argue that neither of these conclusions can be drawn from the survey. For example, one issue that is much discussed in the public debate is the role of greenhouse gas emissions in global warming. Perhaps there is not much debate about this issue among scientists, but this cannot be concluded from the survey, in which nothing is said about such emissions. In the second question of their survey, Doran and Kendall Zimmerman refer only to “human activity.”
Impact Factors Show Increased Use of AGU Journals in 2008
Authors: Ford Barbara Meyers 
Published: July 2009

The latest numbers released from Journal Citation Reports (JCR), published annually by Thomson Reuters, show large increases in the impact factor (IF) for several AGU journals. IFs are one way for publishers to know that readers have found their journals useful and of value in research.A journal's IF is calculated by taking the total number of citations to articles published by a given journal in the past 2 years and dividing it by the total number of papers published by the journal in the same time period. More generally, it can be seen as the frequency with which articles in a journal have been cited over the past year. The numbers speak for themselves (see Table 1).
Diverticular disease hospital admissions are increasing, with poor outcomes in the elderly and emergency admissions
Authors: JEYARAJAH S. , FAIZ O. , BOTTLE A. , AYLIN P. , BJARNASON I. , TEKKIS P. P. , PAPAGRIGORIADIS S. 
Published: July 2009

SummaryBackground  Diverticular disease has a changing disease pattern with limited epidemiological data.Aim  To describe diverticular disease admission rates and associated outcomes through national population study.Methods  Data were obtained from the English ‘Hospital Episode Statistics’ database between 1996 and 2006. Primary outcomes examined were 30‐day overall and 1‐year mortality, 28‐day readmission rates and extended length of stay (LOS) beyond the 75th percentile (median inpatient LOS = 6 days). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine independent predictors of these outcomes.Results  Between the study dates 560 281 admissions with a primary diagnosis of diverticular disease were recorded in England. The national admission rate increased from 0.56 to 1.20 per 1000 population/year. 232 047 (41.4%) were inpatient admissions and, of these, 55 519 (23.9%) were elective and 176 528 (76.1%) emergency. Surgery was undertaken in 37 767 (16.3%). The 30‐day mortality was 5.1% (n = 6735) and 1‐year mortality was 14.5% (n = 11 567). The 28‐day readmission rate was 9.6% (n = 21 160). Increasing age, comorbidity and emergency admission were independent predictors of all primary outcomes.Conclusions  Diverticular disease admissions increased over the course of the study. Patients of increasing age, admitted as emergency and significant comorbidity should be identified, allowing management modification to optimize outcomes.
Expression and localization of augmenter of liver regeneration in human muscle tissue
Authors: Lorenzo Polimeno , Barbara Pesetti , Floriana Giorgio , Biagio Moretti , Leonardo Resta , Roberta Rossi , Emanuele Annoscia , Vittorio Patella , Angela Notarnicola , Rosanna Mallamaci , Antonio Francavilla 
Published: July 2009

SummaryMitochondrial DNA (mt‐DNA) disorders and abnormal regulation of nuclear‐derived proteins devoted to the cross‐talk between the two cellular genomes have recently interested researchers in the field of neuromuscular diseases. We have identified, isolated and sequenced a new gene, augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) that stimulates in vivo hepatocyte proliferation and up‐regulates mt‐DNA expression and ATP production. ALR protein (Alrp) is mainly located, in rat, in the mitochondrial inter‐membrane space and its mRNA is particularly abundant in brain, muscle, testis and liver, tissues whose activity is mostly dependent on mitochondrial metabolism. Studies on rat Alrp sequence revealed the presence of homologous amino‐acid sections into proteins derived from mouse, human, Drosophyla, plants and even DNA viruses. In this article, we evaluated ALR expression in normal human muscular tissues, both as protein and as mRNA. The data, obtained by molecular biology, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, demonstrated that: (i) Alrp and ALR mRNA are present in human muscular tissue; (ii) Alrp is particularly expressed in muscular fibres rich in mitochondria; (iii) Alrp is localized in the mitochondrial inter‐membrane space or associated to mitochondrial cristae; and (iv) in subjects younger then 35 years of age, ALR mRNA expression is different between male and female subjects. In conclusion, the present data set Alrp, as a factor associated with mitochondria also in human tissue, call for future studies aimed at establishing Alrp as an important factor involved in the molecular events that trigger neuromuscular diseases.
European orthopaedic and trauma patients’ perceptions of nursing care: a comparative study
Authors: Suhonen Riitta , Berg Agneta , Idvall Ewa , Kalafati Maria , Katajisto Jouko , Land Lucy , Lemonidou Chryssoula , Schmidt Lee A , Välimäki Maritta , Leino‐Kilpi Helena 
Published: July 2009

Aim.  To compare English, Finnish, Greek and Swedish orthopaedic and trauma patients’ perceptions of nursing care received during hospitalisation.Background.  Patient perceptions are important when evaluating nursing care delivery. Evaluations usually take place sub‐nationally though European citizens may be treated throughout the European Union. International comparative studies are possible because of the universal nature and philosophical roots of quality in nursing care. They are needed to assist in improving care outcomes.Design.  A cross‐sectional, comparative study design was used.Method.  The Schmidt Perception of Nursing Care Survey was used to obtain data from orthopaedic and trauma patients in acute hospitals in four countries: Finland (n = 425, response rate 85%), Greece (n = 315, 86%), Sweden (n = 218, 73%) and UK (n = 135, 85%). Data were first analysed using descriptive statistics, then between‐country comparisons were computed inferentially using a one‐way analysis of variance and a univariate analysis of covariance.Results.  Between‐country differences were found in patients’ perceptions of the nursing care received. Over the whole Schmidt Perception of Nursing Care Survey the Swedish and Finnish patients gave their care the highest assessments and the Greek patients the lowest. The same trend was seen in each of the four sub‐scales: Seeing The Individual Patient, Explaining, Responding and Watching. Responding was given the highest assessments in each participating country and Seeing the Individual Patient the lowest except in Greece.Conclusions.  Further research is needed to consider whether the between‐country differences found are caused by differences between cultures, nursing practices, roles of healthcare personnel or patients in the different countries. The Schmidt Perception of Nursing Care Survey is suitable for the assessment of European orthopaedic and trauma patients’ perceptions of nursing care received during hospitalisation.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results are useful in evaluating and developing nursing care in hospitals from different European countries.
Development and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against Taura syndrome virus
Authors: Côté I , Poulos B T , Redman R M , Lightner D V 
Published: July 2009

AbstractWe produced a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) from the fusion of Taura syndrome virus variants from Belize (TSV‐BZ) immunized BALB/cJ mouse spleen cells and non‐immunoglobulin secreting SP2/0 mouse myeloma cells. One antibody, 2C4, showed strong specificity and sensitivity for TSV in dot‐blot immunoassay and immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis. The MAb reacted against native TSV‐BZ, TSV variants from Sinaloa, Mexico (TSV‐SI) and TSV variants from Hawaii (TSV‐HI) in dot‐blot immunoassay. By IHC, the antibody identified the virus in a pattern similar to the digoxigenin‐labelled TSV‐cDNA probe for the TSV‐BZ, TSV‐HI and TSV‐SI variants, but not for the TSV variants from Venezuela (TSV‐VE) and the TSV variants from Thailand (TSV‐TH). MAb 2C4 did not react against other shrimp pathogens or with normal shrimp tissue. Western blot analysis showed a strong reaction against CP2, a region of high antigenic variability amongst TSV variants. This antibody has potential diagnostic application in detection and differentiation of certain TSV biotypes.
Dermatomycosis in a pet inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) caused by a Chrysosporium species related to Nannizziopsis vriesii
Authors: Abarca M. L. , Martorell J. , Castellá G. , Ramis A. , Cabañes F. J. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractA Chrysosporium sp. related to Nannizziopsis vriesii was isolated in pure culture from squames and biopsies of facial lesions in a pet inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) in Spain. The presence in histological sections of morphologically consistent fungal elements strongly incriminates this fungus as the aetiological agent of infection. Lesions regressed following treatment with oral ketoconazole and topical chlorhexidine and terbinafine until the lizard was lost to follow up 1 month later. The ITS‐5.8S rRNA gene of the isolate was sequenced and a search on the GenBank database revealed a high match with the sequences of two Chrysosporium sp. strains recently isolated from green iguanas (Iguana iguana) with dermatomycosis, also in Spain. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences revealed that all these strains are related to N. vriesii. This is the first report of dermatomycoses caused by a Chrysosporium species related to N. vriesii in a bearded dragon outside North America.
Characterization and quantification of ceramides in the nonlesional skin of canine patients with atopic dermatitis compared with controls
Authors: Reiter Lisa V. , Torres Sheila M. F. , Wertz Philip W. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractAs in humans, there is mounting evidence in support of an abnormal skin barrier contributing to the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (AD). Studies in people with AD have associated an abnormal skin barrier with deficiencies in ceramides, which represent important components of the stratum corneum (SC) intercellular lipid lamellae. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if the SC of dogs with AD is deficient in ceramides compared to normal dogs. Samples of SC were obtained from nonlesional skin of the caudal abdomen of 14 patients with AD and 14 age‐, breed‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls using a cyanoacrylate stripping procedure, and the subclass and relative amount of ceramides were assessed blindly by thin layer chromatography. Pairedt‐tests using R statistical computer software revealed the percentage amounts of ceramides 1 and 9 were significantly lower in nonlesional skin of AD dogs compared to controls (P= 0.034 andP= 0.047, respectively), and the cholesterol percentage amount was significantly higher in AD dogs than in controls (P= 0.016). Furthermore, the cholesterol/ceramide ratio was significantly higher in the AD group with respect to controls (P= 0.014). These findings suggest that decreased amounts of ceramides in the skin of dogs with AD may be involved in the impaired barrier function of their skin.
Paecilomyces lilacinuseumycetoma
Authors: Motswaledi Hendrick M. , Mathekga Keneiloe , Sein Pyu Pyu , Nemutavhanani Dick L. 
Published: July 2009

AbstractEumycetoma is a chronic granulomatous infection of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, fascia, and bone caused by true fungi. Most commonly, it affects the foot or hand. Fungi commonly reported to cause eumycetoma areMadurella mycetomatis,Madurella grisea,Phialophora jeanselmei,Cephalosporium recifei, etc. There have been several previous reports of human invasive infections byPaecilomyces lilacinuscausing endophthalmitis, keratitis, chronic sinusitis, skin and soft tissue infections, and catheter‐related infections. We report a case of eumycetoma caused byP. lilacinus. To our knowledge, this is the first report ofP. lilacinuscausing eumycetoma of the foot in the English literature.
External urethral stenosis: a latent effect of sulfur mustard two decades post‐exposure
Authors: Emadi Seyed Naser , Hosseini‐Khalili Alireza , Soroush Mohammadreza , Ardakani Mohammadreza Khodaei , Ghassemi‐Broumand Mohammad , Davoodi Seyed Masoud , Amirani Omolbanin , Haines David 
Published: July 2009

AbstractBackground  Sulfur mustard (SM), a chemical weapon used widely during World War I and against Iranians during the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s, causes massive inflammatory tissue damage in the immediate post‐exposure period, resulting in debilitating chronic disease in years to decades following contact with the agent. These syndromes most often are pathologies of the lungs, eyes, and skin, the primary target organs of SM. Typically, they are characterized by severe and increasingly painful inflammation, often accompanied by fibrosis and constriction of the anatomic channels needed for normal life, such as the small airways of the lungs and, in the present report, the urethra.Methods  The present case study is a 43‐year‐old man with a history of heavy SM exposure to the groin in 1984.Result  Within 1 year after exposure, the patient was found to have developed meatal stricture, occlusion of the external urethral meatus, and difficulty in urination. Two years post‐exposure, he underwent ventral meatotomy and meatoplasty.Conclusion  This case presents a unique example of the latent effects of SM exposure to the groin, and will be of value in the prevention of similar injury and complications to persons at risk of SM exposure in the future.