bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narrating Violence and Negotiating Belonging: The Politics of (Self‐)Representation in an Andean Tinkuy Story
Authors: Van Vleet Krista E. 
Published: April 2010

ResumenTinkuys, o “batallas rituales,” son peleas a puñetazos que ocurren durante fiestas católicas en algunas partes de los Andes de Bolivia y Perú. Aunque sus representaciones no circulan abiertamente, luchadores recuerdan sus peleas en días y, a veces, años después de una batalla. Basándome en la narración de un campeón del tinkuy, sugiero que peleadores pueden producir identidades complejas. En la Bolivia contemporánea pelear tinkuy implica ser “indio,” y además que solamente los indios andinos—nunca los “más civilizados”—lo pelean. Pero los peleadores que narran sus historias también movilizan asociaciones con muchos grupos, que incluyen a los españoles, la nación moderna, el ayllu, y la familia. Este artículo analiza los significados, tanto referenciales como no referenciales, de un relato del tinkuy y por lo tanto clarifica el proceso de la auto construcción del campeón. Indico los mecanismos por los cuales se afirma a la vez raza, género, etnicidad, y ciudadanía. Reflexionar sobre la narración del tinkuy como instrumento para reclamar masculinidad hegemonía y ciudadanía desafía las categorías binarias del indio y blanco; además sugiere caminos nuevos para investigar el tinkuy como práctica vivida. Tinkuys, often termed “ritual battles,” are events of hand‐to‐hand fighting that occur during Catholic feast days in some parts of the Bolivian and Peruvian Andes. Although their representations do not often circulate widely, tinkuy fighters tell stories of their experiences long after the battle is over. Drawing on a narrative told by a self‐described tinkuy champion, the article demonstrates that individuals may make complicated claims to subjectivity that imbricate race, gender, ethnicity, and citizenship in their stories. In contemporary Bolivia tinkuy is closely associated with racialized discourses of indianness and violence, yet fighters who narrate their experiences may mobilize multiple associations—with the Spanish and the nation as well as with the ayllu—and may negotiate belonging to diverse communities. Attention to the nonreferential, as well as to the referential, content of this fighter's narrative illuminates the mechanisms through which an individual may constitute self in interaction. Considering the ways narratives of Andean ritual violence may be used to claim hegemonic masculinity and citizenship challenges the categorical distinctions between indian and white and suggests potential avenues for further research on tinkuy as a living practice.
The association of tobacco marketing with median income and racial/ethnic characteristics of neighbourhoods in Omaha, Nebraska: Table 1
Authors: Siahpush Mohammad , Jones Pamela R , Singh Gopal K , Timsina Lava R , Martin Judy 
Published: April 2010

ObjectiveTo examine the association of point-of-sale tobacco marketing with median income and racial/ethnic composition at the neighbourhood level in Omaha Metropolitan Area, Nebraska.MethodsFieldworkers collected comprehensive tobacco marketing data from all of the stores that were licensed to sell tobacco in 84 randomly selected neighbourhoods in the Omaha Metropolitan Area, Nebraska.ResultsAn increase of $10 000 in median household income was associated with a decrease of 14.3% in the number of tobacco marketing items per square mile in a neighbourhood (p=0.021). There was very little evidence that the percentages of African-American and Hispanic populations in the neighbourhoods were related to tobacco marketing.ConclusionBanning tobacco marketing, as recommended by the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, is likely to reduce tobacco use disparities.
British American Tobacco on Facebook: undermining article 13 of the global World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control
Authors: Freeman Becky , Chapman Simon 
Published: April 2010

BackgroundThe World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) bans all forms of tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship. The comprehensiveness of this ban has yet to be tested by online social networking media such as Facebook. In this paper, the activities of employees of the transnational tobacco company, British American Tobacco, (BAT) on Facebook and the type of content associated with two globally popular BAT brands (Dunhill and Lucky Strike) are mapped.MethodsBAT employees on Facebook were identified and then the term ‘British American Tobacco’ was searched for in the Facebook search engine and results recorded, including titles, descriptions, names and the number of Facebook participants involved for each search result. To further detail any potential promotional activities, a search for two of BAT's global brands, ‘Dunhill’ and ‘Lucky Strike’, was conducted.ResultsEach of the 3 search terms generated more than 500 items across a variety of Facebook subsections.DiscussionSome BAT employees are energetically promoting BAT and BAT brands on Facebook through joining and administrating groups, joining pages as fans and posting photographs of BAT events, products and promotional items. BAT employees undertaking these actions are from countries that have ratified the WHO FCTC, which requires signatories to ban all forms of tobacco advertising, including online and crossborder exposure from countries that are not enforcing advertising restrictions. The results of the present research could be used to test the comprehensiveness of the advertising ban by requesting that governments mandate the removal of this promotional material from Facebook.
Trends in US movie tobacco portrayal since 1950: a historical analysis
Authors: Jamieson Patrick E , Romer Dan 
Published: April 2010

ObjectivePortrayal of tobacco use in films has been causally linked to youth smoking initiation. However, findings regarding trends in portrayal in US films since 1950 are inconsistent, potentially due to differences in sampling densities, intercoder reliabilities and time periods covered. The present study was designed to overcome these inconsistencies with a common sampling frame and methodology.MethodsA half sample of the 30 top-grossing US films per year from 1950 to 2006 (N=855) was coded in 5-min segments for total tobacco-related content and main character tobacco use. Film tobacco trends were identified using linear regression and compared to national per capita cigarette consumption and historically significant tobacco control events.ResultsTobacco content declined considerably since 1950. Total tobacco-related content peaked around 1961, while the decline in portrayal of main character use was already underway in 1950. Cigarette consumption peaked around 1966 with a trend that closely paralleled total tobacco content and that coincided with major tobacco control events.ConclusionsThis study, which had high reliability, dense sampling and covered a long time period, indicates that tobacco content has declined in top-ranked US movies since 1950 with a trend in total tobacco content that closely paralleled the drop in per capita cigarette consumption and the increase in significant tobacco control efforts. Despite the inability to draw causal conclusions, tobacco portrayal in films may serve as barometer of societal support for the habit and thus efforts should continue to limit exposure to such content.
Effect of collision energy on cross sections and product alignments for the C(1D) + H2 (v = 0, j = 0) insertion reactions
Authors: Kang Lihua , Dai Bin 
Published: April 2010

Quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) calculations of total reaction probabilities and vibrationally state-resolved reaction probabilities at total angular momentum J = 0 as a function of collision energy for the C(1D) + H2 (v = 0, j = 0) reactions have been performed on an ab initio potential-energy surface [ J. Chem. Phys. 2001, 115, 10701]. In addition, the integral cross sections as a function of collision energy have been carried out for the same reaction. The product rotational alignments have also been calculated, which are almost invariant with respect to collision energies.
CONTINUOUS-TIME QUANTUM WALKS AND TRAPPING
Authors: AGLIARI ELENA , MÜLKEN OLIVER , BLUMEN ALEXANDER 
Published: April 2010

Recent findings suggest that processes such as the excitonic energy transfer through the photosynthetic antenna display quantal features, aspects known from the dynamics of charge carriers along polymer backbones. Hence, in modeling energy transfer one has to leave the classical, master-equation-type formalism and advance towards an increasingly quantum-mechanical picture, while still retaining a local description of the complex network of molecules involved in the transport, say through a tight-binding approach. Interestingly, the continuous time random walk (CTRW) picture, widely employed in describing transport in random environments, can be mathematically reformulated to yield a quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian of tight-binding type; the procedure uses the mathematical analogies between time-evolution operators in statistical and in quantum mechanics: The result are continuous-time quantum walks (CTQWs). However, beyond these formal analogies, CTRWs and CTQWs display vastly different physical properties. In particular, here we focus on trapping processes on a ring and show, both analytically and numerically, that distinct configurations of traps (ranging from periodical to random) yield strongly different behaviors for the quantal mean survival probability, while classically (under ordered conditions) we always find an exponential decay at long times.
CHARACTERIZING THE SPACE OF INTERATOMIC DISTANCE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS CONSISTENT WITH SOLUTION SCATTERING DATA
Authors: KAVATHEKAR PARITOSH A. , CRAIG BRUCE A. , FRIEDMAN ALAN M. , BAILEY-KELLOGG CHRIS , BALKCOM DEVIN J. 
Published: April 2010

Scattering of neutrons and X-rays from molecules in solution offers alternative approaches to the study of a wide range of macromolecular structures in their solution state without crystallization. We study one part of the problem of elucidating three-dimensional structure from solution scattering data, determining the distribution of interatomic distances, P(r), where r is the distance between two atoms in the protein molecule. This problem is known to be ill-conditioned: for a single observed diffraction pattern, there may be many consistent distance distribution functions, and there is a risk of overfitting the observed scattering data. We propose a new approach to avoiding this problem: accepting the validity of multiple alternative P(r) curves rather than seeking a single "best." We place linear constraints to ensure that a computed P(r) is consistent with the experimental data. The constraints enforce smoothness in the P(r) curve, ensure that the P(r) curve is a probability distribution, and allow for experimental error. We use these constraints to precisely describe the space of all consistent P(r) curves as a polytope of histogram values or Fourier coefficients. We develop a linear programming approach to sampling the space of consistent, realistic P(r) curves. On both experimental and simulated scattering data, our approach efficiently generates ensembles of such curves that display substantial diversity.
Disequilibrium textures versus equilibrium modelling: geochronology at the crossroads
Authors: Villa Igor M. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Submicroscopic microchemical disequilibrium in minerals is extremely widespread. Disequilibrium recrystallization is promoted by water in metamorphic terranes and near granites, contact aureoles, and faults. Recrystallization is energetically less costly at almost any temperature than diffusive re-equilibration.

Radiogenic isotopes (except
4
He) never diffusively re-equilibrate faster than major elements forming the mineral structure. Isotopic inheritance tied to relicts was demonstrated for zircon, monazite, amphibole, K-feldspar, biotite and muscovite.

The mechanism for resetting the isotope record in nature depends more on the availability of recrystallization-enhancing water than on reaching a preset temperature. Laboratory diffusion experiments on hydrous minerals were plagued, to a variable but always large extent, by dissolution–reprecipitation. Mineral geochronometers should be viewed as ‘geohygrometers’ that essentially date the fluid circulation episodes.

Thanks to submicroscopic petrology, isotopic disequilibria can be put into context with petrogenetic disequilibria. Analytical advances allow the successful dating of each mineral generation. This has opened up a much richer wealth of data on the
P
–
T
–
A
–
X
–
d
history of rocks, which in the long run will also improve our ability to develop credible numeric models.
Three-dimensional evaluation of fabric evolution and metamorphic reaction progress in polycyclic and polymetamorphic terrains: a case from the Central Italian Alps
Authors: Salvi Francesca , Spalla Maria Iole , Zucali Michele , Gosso Guido 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
The 3D reconstruction of geological bodies is an excellent tool for the representation of crustal structures and is applied here to understand related heterogeneities in the grain-scale fabrics; the western portion of the Languard–Tonale Alpine tectono-metamorphic unit (Austroalpine domain, Central Alps) allows evaluation of the per cent volume of textural reworking during polyphase pre-Alpine and Alpine deformations. The structural and metamorphic overprinting during the last deformation imprint involved less than 50% of rock volume; this estimate is obtained by discriminating domains that homogeneously recorded structural and metamorphic re-equilibration during crenulation–decrenulation cycles. These domains are reconstructed using a geograhpical information system (GIS) to manipulate field data and interpretative cross-sections as a means to constrain their 3D volumes. The degree of fabric evolution is integrated at the microscale with the estimate of the reactants/products ratio to infer the progress of metamorphic transformation related to advancing degree of mechanical reactivation. The correlation between degree of fabric evolution and progress of synkinematic metamorphic reactions shows that differences between pristine mineral assemblages v. pre-existing fabrics influence the rate of reaction accomplishment. Fabric evolution and degree of metamorphic transformation increase proportionally once above the threshold value of 60% of volume affected by fabric rejuvenation; metamorphic degree also influences the progress of metamorphic reactions.
Brittle
plus
plastic deformation of gypsum aggregates experimentally deformed in torsion to high strains: quantitative microstructural and texture analysis from optical and diffraction data
Authors: Zucali M. , Barberini V. , Chateigner D. , Ouladdiaf B. , Lutterotti L. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

This contribution presents a quantitative microstructural analysis of a polycrystalline aggregate of gypsum, deformed in torsion (
T
=70–90 °C) at γ (shear strain) ranging from 0 to 4.82. Quantitative microstructural analysis is used to compare the evolution of microstructures observed by optical microscope with those obtained from analysis of X-ray and neutron diffraction data. This analysis shows that during experimental deformation, gypsum accommodated strain by brittle and plastic deformation mechanisms, developing Riedel-like microfaults with plastic foliations and crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO). The relations of microstructures show that with increasing strain, the Riedel systems start from
R
planes with an angle of ≈30° to the Imposed Shear Plane. This angle decreases (5°–15°) when strain increases, and
Y
planes develop. Quantitative texture analysis (QTA) shows that S-foliations start developing at low γ and maintain their orientation up to high γ, and that the most active slip system is the (010) along normal to (100) and the [001]-axis. Shape preferred orientation (SPO) of gypsum does not coincide with the theoretical orientation as it does not decrease with increasing strain. This discrepancy is explained by the role of the brittle shear planes that impose a back rotation to gypsum. No brittle to plastic transition occurs. But both plastic and brittle structures contemporaneously accommodate and localize strain.
Numerical modelling of spontaneous slab breakoff dynamics during continental collision
Authors: Baumann Cyrill , Gerya Taras V. , Connolly James A. D. 
Published: April 2010

Abstract
Slab detachment or breakoff is directly associated with phenomena like morphological orogenesis, occurrence of earthquakes and magmatism. At depth the detachment process is slow and characterized by viscous rheolgy, whereas closer to the surface the process is relatively fast and plastic. Using a 2D mantle model 1500 km deep and 4000 km wide we investigated, with finite-difference and marker-in-cell numerical techniques, the impact of slab age, convergence rate and phase transitions on the viscous mode of slab detachment. In contrast to previous studies exploring simplified breakoff models in which the blockage responsible for inducing breakoff is kinematically prescribed, we constructed a fully dynamic coupled petrological–thermomechanical model of viscous slab breakoff. In this model, forced subduction of a 700 km-long oceanic plate was followed by collision of two continental plates and spontaneous slab blocking resulting from the buoyancy of the continental crust once it had been subducted to a depth of 100–124 km. Typically, five phases of model development can be distinguished: (a) oceanic slab subduction and bending; (b) continental collision initiation followed by the spontaneous slab blocking, thermal relaxation and unbending – in experiments with old oceanic plates in this phase slab roll-back occurs; (c) slab stretching and necking; (d) slab breakoff and accelerated sinking; and (e) post-breakoff relaxation.
Our experiments confirm a correlation between slab age and the time of spontaneous viscous breakoff as previously identified in simplified breakoff models. The results also demonstrate a non-linear dependence of the duration of the breakoff event on slab age: a positive correlation being characteristic of young (<50 Ma) slabs while for older slabs the correlation is negative. The increasing duration of the breakoff with slab age in young slabs is attributed to the slab thermal thickness, which increases both the slab thermal relaxation time and duration of the necking process. In older slabs this tendency is counteracted by negative slab buoyancy, which generate higher stresses that facilitate slab necking and breakoff. A prediction from our breakoff models is that the olivine–wadsleyite transition plays an important role in localizing viscous slab breakoff at depths of 410–510 km due to the buoyancy effects of the transition.
Present-day vertical isostatic readjustment of the Western Alps revealed by numerical modelling and geodetic and seismotectonic data
Authors: Gardi Annalisa , Baize Stéphane , Scotti Oona 
Published: April 2010

Abstract

The active tectonics of the Western Alps reveals contrasting regimes: ongoing extension at the heart of the chain and transpression–compression at its external sectors. The active processes currently affecting this region are still a matter of debate. The classical models proposed in the literature invoke: Eurasia–Adria plate collision, counterclockwise motion of the Adria microplate, slab retreat of the subducted continental lithosphere and slab-detachment. More recently, several authors prefer the hypothesis of tectonics driven by isostasy–buoyancy forces. To better understand the influence of these processes on the velocity, strain and stress fields at the surface and in the crust, we developed 2D viscoelastic numerical models along a vertical cross-section perpendicular to the Western Alps. We run our models with different driving forces in order to investigate, one by one, the geodynamic processes proposed in the literature. Results are compared with available geodetic, geological and seismotectonic data. In order to bring into coincidence model predictions and observations, an important vertical isostatic readjustment must be included in the modelling, together with a slight horizontal compression (0.5 mm year
−1
), probably due to Africa–Eurasia convergence. We show that the subduction process in this Alpine region is likely to be dead and that buoyancy forces may be dominating the present-day tectonics.
Design exploration and automatic generation of MPSoC platform TLMs from Kahn Process Network applications
Authors: Viskic Ines , Yu Lochi , Gajski Daniel 
Published: April 2010

With increasingly more complex Multi-Processor Systems on Chip (MPSoC) and shortening time-to-market projections, Transaction Level Modeling and Platform Aware Design are seen as promising >approaches to efficient MPSoC design.
In this paper, we present an automatized 3-phase process of Platform Aware Design and apply it to Kahn Process Networks (KPN) applications, a widely used model of computation for data-flow applications. We start with the KPN application and an abstract platform template and automatically generate an executable TLM with estimated timing that accurately reflects the system platform. We support homogeneous and heterogeneous multi-master platform models with shared memory or direct communication paradigm. The communication in heterogeneous platform modules is enabled with the transducer unit (TX) for protocol translation. TX units also act as message routers to support Network on Chip (NoC) communication.
We evaluate our approach with the case study of the H.264 Encoder design process, in which the specification compliant design was reached from the KPN application in less than 2 hours. The example demonstrates that automatic generation of platform aware TLMs enables a fast, efficient and error resilient design process.
Direct Oxidation of Ammonia Borane as an Alternative Fuel at Nanoporous Au
Authors: Nagle Lorraine C. , Rohan J. F. 
Published: April 2010

Ammonia borane (AB) is a chemically stable, non-toxic solid with a high hydrogen content (19.5 wt. %) which is easily transported and is highly soluble in water. It has been shown that hydrogen can be released from AB via catalytic hydrolysis or thermal decomposition. It can thermally decompose in the temperature range 340-410 K to liberate 2.2 mol H2 per mol of ammonia borane which is equivalent to a hydrogen storage density of 14.3 wt. %. The high energy density coupled with the moderate decomposition temperature make ammonia borane an attractive hydrogen source for fuel cells. However, if the direct electrochemical oxidation of ammonia borane occurs in a fuel cell a more negative potential and greater power can be obtained than indirectly using hydrogen as the fuel. A novel direct AB fuel cell (DABFC) can be proposed by combining the anodic oxidation of AB given be Eqn. 1 and cathodic reduction of oxygen (Eqn. 2). NH3BH3 + 6OH- = BO2- + 4NH4++ 4H2O + 6e	E0 = -1.216 V vs SHE	(1) 1.5O2 + 3H2O + 6e = 6OH-	E0 = 0.40V vs SHE	(2) DABFC: NH3BH3 + 1.5O2 = BO2- + NH4+ + H2O	E0 = 1.616 V	(3)