bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Higher Criticism and Higher Education at the University of Chicago: William Rainey Harper's Vision of Religion in the Research University
Authors: Lee Michael 
Published: September 2010

On September 18, 1890, an enthusiastic and portly man on a train from Chicago to New Haven scribbled in a notebook. The man was William Rainey Harper, and the contents of his notebook would become the plans for The University of Chicago. Upon arriving in New Haven, he wrote a letter to John D. Rockefeller, who would finance Harper's vision for a university. Harper wrote,On my way from Chicago the whole thing outlined itself in my mind and I have a plan which is at the same time unique and comprehensive, which I am persuaded will revolutionize study in this country…. It is very simple but thoroughgoing.
Do Nutrition and Health Affect Migrant Workers' Incomes? Some Evidence from Beijing, China
Authors: Zheng Shi , Wang Zhigang , Wang Holly , Song Shunfeng 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMigrant workers have become a major element of the labor force in Chinese cities, making important contributions to the economy while forming a socially disadvantaged group. Existing research on the relationship between the level of nutrition and health and income in China mainly focuses on farmers living in rural areas. Based on a Mincer equation and using a survey in Beijing, this paper examines the relationship between migrant workers' nutrition and health levels and their monthly incomes. We find that the nutrition intake and the body mass index have positive effects on income while duration of illness and daily working hours have negative effects. These conclusions imply that the Chinese Government should put more emphasis on improving migrant workers' well‐being, including offering educational programs on nutrition and health, and enhancing medical insurance and the old‐age insurance system.
Diagenesis and Restructuring Mechanism of Oil and Gas Reservoir in the Marine Carbonate Formation, Northeastern Sichuan: A Case Study of the Puguang Gas Reservoir
Authors: Chunguo DU , Jianjun WANG , Huayao ZOU , Yangming ZHU , Cunwu WANG 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Based on the technology of balanced cross‐section and physical simulation experiments associated with natural gas geochemical characteristic analyses, core and thin section observations, it has been proven that the Puguang gas reservoir has experienced two periods of diagenesis and restructuring since the Late Indo‐Chinese epoch. One is the fluid transfer controlled by the tectonic movement and the other is geochemical reconstruction controlled by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR). The middle Yanshan epoch was the main period that the Puguang gas reservoir experienced the geochemical reaction of TSR. TSR can recreate the fluid in the gas reservoir, which makes the gas drying index higher and carbon isotope heavier because C2+ (ethane and heavy hydrocarbon) and 12C (carbon 12 isotope) is first consumed relative to CH4 and 13C (carbon 13 isotope). However, the reciprocity between fluid regarding TSR (hydrocarbon, sulfureted hydrogen (H2S), and water) and reservoir rock results in reservoir rock erosion and anhydrite alteration, which increases porosity in reservoir, thereby improving the petrophysical properties. Superimposed by later tectonic movement, the fluid in Puguang reservoir has twice experienced adjustment, one in the late Yanshan epoch to the early Himalayan epoch and the other time in late Himalayan epoch, after which Puguang gas reservoir is finally developed.
Satellite Thermal Infrared Earthquake Precursor to the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 Earthquake in Sichuan, China, and its Analysis on Geo‐dynamics
Authors: WEI Lejun , GUO Jianfeng , LIU Jianhua , LU Zhenquan , LI Haibing , CAI Hui 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:Based on an interpretation and study of the satellite remote‐sensing images of FY‐2C thermal infrared 1st wave band (10.3–11.3 μm) designed in China, the authors found that there existed obvious and isolated satellite thermal infrared anomalies before the 5.12 Wenchuan Ms8.0 Earthquake. These anomalies had the following characteristics: (1) The precursor appeared rather early: on March 18, 2008, i.e., 55 days before the earthquake, thermal infrared anomalies began to occur; (2) The anomalies experienced quite many and complex evolutionary stages: the satellite thermal infrared anomalies might be divided into five stages, whose manifestations were somewhat different from each other. The existence of so many anomaly stages was probably observed for the first time in numerous cases of satellite thermal infrared research on earthquakes; (3) Each stage lasted quite a long time, with the longest one spanning 13 days; (4) An evident geothermal anomaly gradient was distributed along the Longmen seismic fracture zone, and such a phenomenon might also be discovered for the first time in satellite thermal infrared earthquake research. This discovery is therefore of great guiding and instructive significance in the study of the earthquake occurrence itself and the trend of the post‐earthquake phenomena.
Distribution of δ34S and δ18O in SO2−4 in Groundwater from the Ordos Cretaceous Groundwater Basin and Geological Implications
Authors: YANG Yuncheng , SHEN Zhaoli , WEN Dongguang , HOU Guangcai , SHE Hongquan , ZHAO Zhenhong , WANG Dong , LI Jingwen 
Published: September 2010

Abstract:The Ordos Cretaceous Groundwater Basin, located in an arid‐semiarid area in northwestern China, is a large‐style groundwater basin. SO2−4 is one of the major harmful components in groundwater. Dissolved SO2−4 concentrations, and δ34S‐SO2−4 and δ18O‐SO2−4 in groundwater from 14 boreholes and in gypsum from aquifer were analyzed. Results show that SO2−4 in shallow groundwaters originates from precipitation, sulfide oxidation, and dissolution of stratum sulphate, with a big range of δ34S values, from −10.7‰ to 9.2‰, and addition of SO2−4 in deep groundwater results from dissolution of stratum sulphate, with bigger δ34S values, from 7.8‰ to 18.5‰, compared with those in shallow groundwater. This research also indicates that three types of sulphate are present in the strata, and characterized by high δ34S values and high δ18O values‐style, high δ34S values and middle δ18O values‐style, middle δ34S values and low δ18O values‐style, respectively. The δ34S‐SO2−4 and δ18O‐SO2−4 in groundwater have a good perspective for application in distinguishing different groundwater systems and determining groundwater circulation and evolution in this area.
Production and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to poly100S1 Protein of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus
Authors: Hu J. Q. , Li Y. F. , Guo J. Q. , Shen H. G. , Zhang D. Y. , Zhou J. Y. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryFragments within S1 genes (poly100S1) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains ZJ971, M41 and SC021202 (SC) were subcloned into a prokaryotic expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the recombinant poly100S1 proteins were produced, characterized and used to analyse epitopes on the S1 subunit of IBV. Nine mAbs raising from the three poly100S1 proteins recognized five different epitopes of the S1 subunit, designated as S1‐A, B, C, D and E. Epitopes S1‐C and S1‐D are common for the three IBV strains, while S1‐A and S1‐B exist on ZJ971 and M41 strains, and S1‐E was a strain‐specific epitope for SC strain. Immunocytochemistry indicated that all the mAbs to the poly100S1 proteins can react with the homologous S1 glycoprotein expressed in Vero cells. Moreover neutralization test demonstrated that only mAbs 6E2, 4F9 and 6G4 had neutralization activity for the homologous IBV. These mAbs to poly100S1 protein were potential candidates for detecting and distinguishing IBV strains, and also used to examine antigenic variation of the S1 protein.
Serological Survey of Bovine Enterovirus Type 1 in Different Mammalian Species in Turkey
Authors: Gür S. , Yapkiç O. , Yilmaz A. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryThe bovine enterovirus type 1 (BEV‐1) infection has a wide range of host spectrum including humans. In this study, seroprevalence of BEV‐1 was investigated in eight mammalian species. Blood serum samples were collected from 244 humans, 1520 cattle, 272 horse, 126 dog, 281 sheep, 477 goat, 18 camel (Camelus dromedarius) and 82 gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) in different regions of Turkey. Microneutralization tests showed that gazelle and camel did not have any seropositivities, but seropositivities were detected in humans (30.3%), cattle (64.8%), horse (12.8%), dog (3.2%), sheep (32.8%) and goat (27.6%).
Molecular Update on Cystic Echinococcosis in Cattle and Water Buffaloes of Southern Italy
Authors: Rinaldi L. , Maurelli M. P. , Capuano F. , Perugini A. G. , Veneziano V. , Cringoli S. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryCystic echinococcosis (CE) – caused by the larval stage (hydatid cyst) of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus– is one of the most widespread zoonoses of veterinary and medical importance. Molecular techniques have allowed the identification of 10 different genotypes (G1–G10) of the parasite. The present paper is an update regarding the E. granulosus genotypes infecting water buffaloes and cattle bred in the Campania region of southern Italy. The molecular study was performed on 30 hydatid cysts (11 from water buffaloes and 19 from cattle). Two different mitochondrial DNA genes, namely the cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 and the 12S ribosomal DNA (12S rDNA) were used as genetic markers. Three different genotypes of E. granulosus were unequivocally identified, i.e. the G1 (common sheep), G2 (Tasmanian sheep) and G3 (buffalo) genotypes, as well as some G1 and G2 variants. It should be noted that the present study demonstrated for the first time: (i) the presence of the G2 genotype in water buffaloes from a Mediterranean area; and (ii) the fact that the analysed portion of the 12S rDNA gene can not discriminate between the G2 and G3 genotypes of E. granulosus. The finding of the G1, G2 and G3 genotypes in large ruminants from southern Italy is of epidemiological relevance and immediate public health importance because of their recognized infectivity in humans.
Evaluation of the Risks of Shedding Salmonellae and Other Potential Pathogens by Therapy Dogs Fed Raw Diets in Ontario and Alberta
Authors: Lefebvre S. L. , Reid‐Smith R. , Boerlin P. , Weese J. S. 
Published: September 2010

SummaryDogs that participate in animal‐assisted interventions (AAIs), often called ‘therapy dogs’, commonly interact with humans whose immune systems are not functioning optimally. The advisability of feeding raw meat (including poultry) to these animals remains a highly contentious issue, in spite of increasing evidence that raw meat is frequently contaminated with Salmonella. We set out to determine if consuming raw meat influences the risk of therapy dogs shedding Salmonella and other pathogens. Two hundred healthy therapy dogs from Ontario and Alberta were enrolled. Between May 2005 and November 2006, fecal specimens were collected from each dog every 2 months for 1 year, along with a log of places visited, antimicrobial use within the home, dog health status and diet. Specimens were cultured for Salmonella, methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE), extended‐spectrum cephalosporinase (ESC) Escherichia coli and Clostridium difficile. Forty (20%) of the dogs were reported to have been fed raw meat at some point during the year. The incidence rate of Salmonella shedding in the raw meat‐fed dogs was 0.61 cases/dog‐year, compared with 0.08 cases/dog‐year in dogs that were not fed raw meat (P < 0.001). Controlling for therapy dog group, the repeated measures, and pig ear consumption and diarrhoea in the 2 months prior to specimen submission, dogs that consumed raw meat were significantly more likely to test positive for Salmonellaat least once during the year than dogs that did not eat raw meat [odds ratio (OR) 22.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1–58.8; P < 0.001]. Specific Salmonella serovars were more common among dogs that consumed raw meat versus those that did not include S. Typhimurium, S. Heidelberg and S. Kentucky. Raw meat consumption was also significantly associated with shedding ESC E. coli (OR 17.2; 95% CI 9.4–32.3). No associations between C. difficile, MRSA or VRE and consumption of raw meat were detected. We recommend that dogs fed raw meat should be excluded from AAI programmes, particularly when the programmes involve interaction with humans at high risk of infection or adverse sequelae attributable to infection. Furthermore, although AAI dogs may not be representative of the general population of dogs, we also recommend that feeding of raw meat to dogs is to be avoided in homes where immunocompromised people live.
Survey of Owned Feline and Canine Populations in Apartments from a Neighbourhood in Curitiba, Brazil
Authors: Serafini C. A. V. , Rosa G. A. , Guimaraes A. M. S. , De Morais H. A. , Biondo A. W. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAnimal population estimates are essential for public health services to ensure the success of zoonoses control programmes. Canine and feline populations vary among different regions mainly because of local human income status and type of human residence. Accordingly, the present study estimated the pet population size living in apartments of a vertical neighbourhood in Curitiba, Brazil. We chose a neighbourhood with a predominance of apartment buildings. All apartment buildings were visited, and questionnaires were completed by doormen or residents. Data were obtained from 120 of 173 apartment buildings. Survey questions included the number of apartments, residents, dogs and cats. Two thousand nine hundred and sixty six apartments with a total of 7429 residents were surveyed. The number of dogs and cats was 569 and 86 respectively. Thus, the human : dog and human : cat ratios were 13.05 : 1 and 86.38 : 1. These ratios were higher than those observed in other neighbourhoods in Curitiba. The present study indicates that the number of pets from apartments may be different from houses, and different among distinct areas within the same city.
Xenon computed tomography shows hemodynamic change during the progression of chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Ikeda Hiroki , Suzuki Michihiro , Kobayashi Minoru , Takahashi Hideaki , Matsumoto Nobuyuki , Maeyama Shiro , Iino Shiro , Sase Shigeru , Itoh Fumio 
Published: September 2010

Aim:  Xenon computed tomography (Xe‐CT) is a non‐invasive method of quantifying and visualizing tissue blood flow (TBF). Xe‐CT allows separate measurement of hepatic arterial and portal venous flow. The aim of this study was to investigate correlations between the progression of fibrosis and hemodynamic changes in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients using Xe‐CT.Methods:  Separate measurements of portal venous TBF (PVTBF) and hepatic arterial TBF (HATBF) were performed using Xe‐CT, and total hepatic TBF (THTBF) was calculated as the sum of PVTBF and HATBF. A total of 50 patients with CHC underwent Xe‐CT. Liver biopsy was performed on 42 of the 50 patients, and hepatic fibrosis was classified as mild (F1), moderate (F2), severe (F3) or Child–Pugh class A cirrhosis (F4a). In addition, eight patients with Child–Pugh class B cirrhosis (F4b) were evaluated.Results:  Significant negative correlations were identified between PVTBF and progression of stage (rs = –0.622, P < 0.0001) and between THTBF and progression of stage (rs = –0.458, P = 0.0041).Conclusion:  Separate measurement of PVTBF and HATBF using non‐invasive Xe‐CT provided quantitative and visual information regarding hemodynamics of the entire liver in CHC patients. PVTBF decreases with the progression of fibrosis, even in CHC patients.
Protection of hepatic cells from apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury by protein therapeutics
Authors: Nagai Shinya , Asoh Sadamitsu , Kobayashi Yasuhiro , Shidara Yujiro , Mori Takashi , Suzuki Misao , Moriyama Yukichi , Ohta Shigeo 
Published: September 2010

Aim:  Apoptosis is involved in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury. The protein FNK, constructed from an anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL, exhibits the stronger anticell death activity. We evaluated the effect of FNK on apoptosis after hepatic ischemia and reperfusion, using FNK‐overexpressing transgenic mice and the HIV/Tat protein‐transduction‐domain (PTD) that mediates the introduction of FNK into cells when fused with FNK (PTD‐FNK).Methods:  Mice were given hepatic ischemic insult for 90 min followed by reperfusion for 3 h. FNK overexpression was determined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. PTD‐FNK was intraperitoneally injected into wild mice 3 h before the insult. Liver injury was determined by the caspase activation, DNA fragmentation, and hematoxylin–eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐ digoxigenin nick‐end labelling (TUNEL) stainings.Results:  In FNK‐transgenic mice, FNK overexpression inhibited the activation of caspase 3/caspase 3‐like activity and DNA fragmentation caused by the injury. In wild mice preinjected with PTD‐FNK, PTD‐FNK significantly inhibited the caspase activation and DNA fragmentation, reduced the area of liver vacuolization, and protected hepatic cells surrounding blood vessels, irrespective of central or portal veins, from the ischemia/reperfusion damage.Conclusions:  FNK inhibits apoptotic death due to the ischemia/reperfusion injury. Our results provide the reasonable expectation of therapeutic protein PTD‐FNK for clinical applications, such as transplantation, to protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Real-Time Quantitative PCR Detection of Four Human Bocaviruses
Authors: Kantola Kalle , Sadeghi Mohammadreza , Antikainen Jenni , Kirveskari Juha , Delwart Eric , Hedman Klaus , Söderlund-Venermo Maria 
Published: September 2010

ABSTRACT

Human bocavirus (HBoV) was discovered in 2005 and is associated with respiratory tract symptoms in young children. Three additional members of the genus
B
ocavirus
, HBoV2, -3, and -4, were discovered recently from fecal specimens, and early results indicate an association between HBoV2 and gastrointestinal disease. In this study, we present an undifferentiating multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay for the detection of these novel viruses. Differentiation of the individual bocavirus species can be subsequently achieved with corresponding singleplex PCRs or by sequencing. Both multiplex and singleplex assays were consistently able to detect ≤10 copies of HBoV1 to -4 plasmid templates/reaction, with dynamic quantification ranges of 8 logs and 97% to 102% average reaction efficiencies. These new assays were used to screen stool samples from 250 Finnish patients (median age, 40 years) that had been sent for diagnosis of gastrointestinal infection. Four patients (1.6%; median age, 1.1 years) were reproducibly positive for HBoV2, and one patient (0.4%; 18 years of age) was reproducibly positive for HBoV3. The viral DNA loads varied from <10
3
to 10
9
copies/ml of stool extract. None of the stool samples harbored HBoV1 or HBoV4. The highly conserved sequence of the hydrolysis probe used in this assay may provide a flexible future platform for the quantification of additional, hitherto-unknown human bocaviruses that might later be discovered. Our results support earlier findings that HBoV2 is a relatively common pathogen in the stools of diarrheic young children, yet does not often occur in the stools of adults.
Assessing the durability of mudrocks using the modified jar slake index test
Authors: Czerewko M. A. , Cripps J. C. 
Published: September 2010

As exposure to weathering processes or other changes in moisture content can be the cause of troublesome breakdown of many mudrocks, it is essential to have reliable means of predicting this behaviour. Although the ISRM slake durability test is the standard test used to distinguish between durable and non-durable mudrocks, the test does not always identify problematic materials. The dynamic nature of the test and the use of an arbitrary 2 mm drum mesh size are particular short falls. The test is too aggressive to characterize properly the behaviour of low durability mudrocks and slaking of samples to a fragment size greater than 2 mm is not measured.
This paper reviews the various tests that have been used for predicting slaking potential. Comparative durability testing of 49 selected UK mudrocks ranging in age from Cambrian slates to Carboniferous Coal Measures is described. An evaluation of the performance of these materials in the one- and three-cycle ISRM slake durability test confirms the greater value of the latter. The modified jar slake test was found to be a suitably simple and accurate means of determining the durability of these mudrocks. Comparisons with the results of natural slaking trials confirm that the modified jar slake test presents a more detailed evaluation of the slaking potential of samples. In practice it is anticipated that the described test procedure will be used to provide data that would augment sample evaluation based on the ISRM slake durability test.
Coast erosion at a nuclear waste shaft, Dounreay, Scotland
Authors: Hutchinson J. N. , Millar D. L. , Trewin N. H. 
Published: September 2010

The risk from coast erosion to a shaft containing nuclear waste at Dounreay, Caithness is assessed. The physical setting of the shaft, data on the rates of erosion in the Devonian Flagstones and the drift capping of the local cliffs and future influences on erosion rates and flooding are summarized.
A two-layer model of superficials and flagstones is used to address the immediate concern of lateral erosion towards the shaft. Superficials’ erosion is assessed from a comparison of successive cliff surveys. Flagstones’ erosion proceeds chiefly by the deepening of slots in the weaker interbeds, with associated cantilever failures and block removal through wave action. The rate of slot development is estimated from the growth rate of tafoni within them. Whether erosion proceeds by superficials’ or flagstones’ erosion alone or in combination depends on the level of rockhead in the cliffs in relation to tide and wave levels. These threshold rockhead levels vary with the morphology and degree of exposure of the cliffs. They will also rise with time relative to Ordnance Datum in response to the general rise in sea level.
Estimates of the periods remaining before the shaft is exposed by coast erosion are made through the above model, both planimetrically and sectionally. They range from about 160 to over 240 years. Flooding by the sea is likely to commence about 400 years hence. The UKAEA plans to remove the nuclear waste from the shaft within the next two decades, well before the above factors would have an impact.