bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change and ocean acidification effects on seagrasses and marine macroalgae
Authors: Koch Marguerite , Bowes George , Ross Cliff , Zhang Xing‐Hai 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAlthough seagrasses and marine macroalgae (macro‐autotrophs) play critical ecological roles in reef, lagoon, coastal and open‐water ecosystems, their response to ocean acidification (OA) and climate change is not well understood. In this review, we examine marine macro‐autotroph biochemistry and physiology relevant to their response to elevated dissolved inorganic carbon [DIC], carbon dioxide [CO2], and lower carbonate [CO32−] and pH. We also explore the effects of increasing temperature under climate change and the interactions of elevated temperature and [CO2]. Finally, recommendations are made for future research based on this synthesis. A literature review of >100 species revealed that marine macro‐autotroph photosynthesis is overwhelmingly C3 (≥ 85%) with most species capable of utilizing HCO3−; however, most are not saturated at current ocean [DIC]. These results, and the presence of CO2‐only users, lead us to conclude that photosynthetic and growth rates of marine macro‐autotrophs are likely to increase under elevated [CO2] similar to terrestrial C3 species. In the tropics, many species live close to their thermal limits and will have to up‐regulate stress‐response systems to tolerate sublethal temperature exposures with climate change, whereas elevated [CO2] effects on thermal acclimation are unknown. Fundamental linkages between elevated [CO2] and temperature on photorespiration, enzyme systems, carbohydrate production, and calcification dictate the need to consider these two parameters simultaneously. Relevant to calcifiers, elevated [CO2] lowers net calcification and this effect is amplified by high temperature. Although the mechanisms are not clear, OA likely disrupts diffusion and transport systems of H+ and DIC. These fluxes control micro‐environments that promote calcification over dissolution and may be more important than CaCO3 mineralogy in predicting macroalgal responses to OA. Calcareous macroalgae are highly vulnerable to OA, and it is likely that fleshy macroalgae will dominate in a higher CO2 ocean; therefore, it is critical to elucidate the research gaps identified in this review.
Enzymatic interesterification of palm and coconut stearin blends
Authors: Khatoon Sakina , Khan Mohammad I. , Jeyarani Thangaraj 
Published: July 2012

SummaryHard fractions of palm oil and coconut oil, blended in the ratios of 90:10, 85:15, 80:20 and 75:25, were interesterified for 8 h using Lipozyme TL IM. Major fatty acids in the blends were palmitic acid (41.7–48.4%) and oleic acid (26.2–30.8%). Medium‐chain fatty acids accounted for 4.5–13.1% of the blends. After interesterification (IE), slip melting point was found to decrease from 44.8–46.8 °C to 28.5–34.0 °C owing to reduction in solids content at all temperatures. At 37.5 °C, the blends containing 25% coconut stearins had 17.4–19% solids, which reduced to 0.4–1.5% on IE, and the slip melting point (28.6 and 28.8 °C) indicated their suitability as margarine base. The reduction in solid fat index of the interesterified fats is attributed to the decrease in high‐melting triacylglycerols in palm oil (GS3 and GS2U type) and increase in triolein (GU3) content from 1 to 9.2%. Retention of tocopherols and β‐carotene during IE was 76 and 60.1%, respectively, in 75:25 palm stearin and coconut stearin blend.
Kinetics of anthocyanin degradation and polymeric colour formation in black carrot juice concentrates during storage
Authors: Türkyılmaz Meltem , Özkan Mehmet 
Published: July 2012

SummaryThe changes in anthocyanins (ACNs) and polymeric colour of black carrot juice concentrate (BCJC) samples were monitored during storage at −23, 5 and 20 °C for 319 days and at 30 °C for 53 days. While ACN degradation was fitted to a first‐order reaction model, polymeric colour formation was fitted to a zero‐order reaction model during the storage. Half‐life periods for ACN degradation in BCJCs were 603, 137 and 29 days at 5, 20 and 30 °C, respectively. The reaction rate constants for polymeric colour formation were 0.0207, 0.1435 and 0.5581%/days at 5, 20 and 30 °C, respectively. HPLC‐MS analyses of BCJC showed that cyanidin‐3‐galactoside‐xyloside‐glucoside‐ferulic acid (56%) was the major ACN, followed by cyanidin‐3‐galactoside‐xyloside (19%) and cyanidin‐3‐galactoside‐xyloside‐glucoside‐sinapic acid (10%). Cyanidin‐3‐galactoside‐xyloside‐glucoside‐ferulic acid was the most stable ACN in BCJC at storage temperatures. BCJCs should be kept at sub‐freezing temperatures to minimise ACN degradation.
‘Uninterested in anything except food’: the work of nurses feeding the liberated inmates of Bergen‐Belsen
Authors: Brooks Jane 
Published: July 2012

Aims and objectives. The aim of this article is to explore the work of nurses feeding and helping liberate the inmates of Bergen‐Belsen concentration camp in the spring of 1945.Background. A considerable amount has been published on the relief of Belsen, but the majority of the research has focused on the medical staff and the army in general. The exception to this is an article published by Ellen Ben‐Sefer, but its analysis of the actual work of the nurses is limited.Design. The data are explored through the medium of nurses' work, especially feeding work and its place in the historiography.Methods. This article will offer an analysis of archival material, including official reports and personal testimony and published primary sources.Results. Nurses were very much hidden from the liberation picture, partly through government policy, partly because of gendered ideologies and partly because of the desire of many to hide their memories. However, the data identify the pivotal role of nurses in the saving of lives and rehabilitation of inmates. This article demonstrates this role through the work of feeding.Conclusion. The nurses had to continually negotiate and renegotiate their place in the liberation. As women, their place at Belsen was problematic and often thwarted by the ideologies of the day. Nevertheless, the services of registered nurses during the war had proved indispensible. The Allied governments and Royal Army Medical Corps were ultimately to rely on their professional expertise. The nurses’ work in the feeding of starving inmates demonstrates their value.Relevance to clinical practice. This article demonstrates the importance of nurses’ feeding work and their role in the caring of people’s humanity.
An exploration of undergraduate nursing and physiotherapy students’ views regarding education for patient handling
Authors: Kneafsey Rosie , Ramsay Jill , Edwards Helen , Callaghan Helen 
Published: July 2012

Aims and objectives.  To ascertain the views of undergraduate student nurses and physiotherapists regarding their education in patient handling.Background.  Musculo‐skeletal injuries are an important cause of staff sickness absence and attrition from the nursing profession and are a recognised problem within the physiotherapy profession. Nurses and physiotherapists are at risk of musculo‐skeletal injuries as a result of their role in assisting patients with movement.Methods.  A questionnaire survey was undertaken of undergraduate nursing and physiotherapy students (n = 371) at one university.Results.  Most students agreed that university teaching about moving and handling prepared them for clinical practice (64%). Over a third reported that they had never undertaken a written moving and handling risk assessment in clinical practice (38%). Almost half of the sample (40%) admitted undertaking unsafe moving and handling activities. Half (50%) also stated that they would rather ‘fit’ into the team than challenge unsafe practice. Almost a third (29%) stated that they had begun to experience pain since becoming a student. There were significant differences between nursing and physiotherapy students. Physiotherapy students were more likely to report being supervised when moving and handling and reported being more assertive about adhering to safe practice.Conclusions.  The well‐being of both nursing and physiotherapy undergraduate students is threatened when students undertake work placements in clinical settings. University‐based education in safe patient handling, though important, can be undermined by workplace settings where unsafe practices occur. Collaboration is needed between university educators, managers and practice‐based mentors to support students to maintain safe approaches to moving and handling patients.Relevance to clinical practice.  A third of students reported developing pain since becoming a healthcare student. Students entering their professions already injured may leave the workforce owing to poor physical well‐being. It is vital that the clinical workplace supports safe systems of working.
Factors influencing doctors’ selection of dabigatran in non‐valvular atrial fibrillation
Authors: Huang Cindy , Siu Michele , Vu Lily , Wong Soo , Shin Jaekyu 
Published: July 2012

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThis study was designed to examine the factors that influence doctors’ decision in initiating or switching from warfarin to dabigratran.MethodA survey questionnaire was sent to 181 doctors who were most likely to prescribe dabigatran (e.g. cardiologists and general internists) at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center between November 2011 and February 2012. Survey participants were asked to complete an electronic or a paper version of the questionnaire, which consisted of 17 multiple‐choice questions. Fisher's exact test and Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test were used to compare survey responses between cardiologists and general internists.ResultsA total of 65 survey responses were received (35.9% response rate). There were 13 cardiologists and 51 general internists who participated in the study. Cost (25%), renal function (21%) and CHADS
2 score (18%) were the three factors doctors considered most often to determine a patient's eligibility for dabigatran in warfarin‐naïve patients. On the other hand, histories of unstable international normalized ratio (37%) and missed appointments (17%) along with cost (19%) were most often considered in patients on warfarin. Cardiologists had prescribed dabigatran more often and had a significantly higher level of comfort with prescribing the drug than general internists (P = 0.003; 77% vs. 27%).ConclusionsCost was the most important factor influencing doctors’ decision to prescribe dabigatran. Safety and effectiveness of dabigatran as well as patient preference were additional factors influencing their decision. General internists were less comfortable with prescribing dabigatran than cardiologists.
Brain glutamate levels measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with bipolar disorder: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Gigante Alexandre Duarte , Bond David J , Lafer Beny , Lam Raymond W , Young L Trevor , Yatham Lakshmi N 
Published: July 2012

Gigante AD, Bond DJ, Lafer B, Lam RW, Young LT, Yatham LN. Brain glutamate levels measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with bipolar disorder: a meta‐analysis. Bipolar Disord 2012: 14: 478–487. © 2012 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S.Objectives:  Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common and highly disabling disease characterized by substantial cognitive and functional impairment. The exact neurobiological mechanisms underlying the expression of symptoms in this condition remain unknown but there is growing evidence that glutamate might play an important role. Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS), a number of studies have examined brain glutamate/glutamine levels in patients with bipolar disorder, but they have produced conflicting results. The objective of this paper was to conduct a systematic review and meta‐analysis of the literature on brain glutamate/glutamine in BD as measured by 1H‐MRS.Methods:  A Medline search for the period January 1980–April 2010 was conducted to identify published studies that used 1H‐MRS to measure glutamate + glutamine (Glx), the Glx/creatine (Cr) ratio, glutamate (Glu), or the Glu/Cr ratio in any brain region in adult or child/adolescent patients with BD and healthy subjects. A meta‐analysis of the pooled data was conducted.Results:  BD patients were found to have increased Glx compared to healthy subjects when all brain areas were combined. This finding remained true in medicated and non‐medicated patients, and in frontal brain areas in adults. There was a non‐significant trend (p = 0.09) for an increase in whole‐brain Glx/Cr and Glu in patients compared with healthy subjects. No significant difference was found in Glu/Cr.Conclusions:  The results of this meta‐analysis suggest that brain Glx levels are elevated in BD patients and support the idea that glutamate might play an important role in the pathophysiology of BD.
Pharmacokinetics after a single intravenous dose of the opioid ketobemidone in neonates
Authors: LUNDEBERG S. , STEPHANSON N. , STILLER C.‐O. , EKSBORG S. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundKetobemidone is often used as an alternative to morphine in children in the Scandinavian countries. In an earlier study, we have examined the pharmacokinetic properties in children in different age groups but have not focused on neonates. The aim of this clinical trial was to explore the pharmacokinetics of ketobemidone in neonates.MethodsFifteen full‐term neonates (eight females) from 37 gestational weeks at birth and scheduled for elective surgery were included in the trial. Their median age was 3 days (range 1–18 days). Ketobemidone hydrochloride was administered as a single intravenous bolus dose, and ketobemidone concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry over 10 h. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with standard compartmental methods.ResultsThe median (range) values for ketobemidone clearance, apparent volume of distribution, volume of central compartment, distribution half‐life and elimination half‐life were 0.46 (0.23–0.84) l/h/kg, 4.64 (3.50–7.31) l/kg, 1.71 (0.16–3.47) l/kg, 2.85 (1.04–10.78) min and 7.26 (3.5–11.3) h.ConclusionCompared with our previous study in children older than 1 year of age, the elimination of ketobemidone appeared to be slower in full‐term neonates. Despite a low pharmacokinetic variability of ketobemidone as observed in the present neonatal patient population, we recommend individualizing the dose of ketobemidone based on observations of analgesic efficacy.
Dual guidance improves needle tip placement for peripheral nerve blocks in a porcine model
Authors: VASSILIOU T. , EIDER J. , NIMPHIUS W. , WIESMANN T. , DE ANDRES J. , MÜLLER H.‐H. , WULF H. , STEINFELDT T. 
Published: July 2012

BackgroundThe objective of the study was to evaluate whether the use of ultrasound (US) together with nerve stimulation (USNST) provides a better needle tip position for performing peripheral regional anaesthesia than the use of US or nerve stimulation (NST) alone.MethodsNeedle placements were applied at the brachial plexus and sciatic nerves in 32 anaesthetised pigs. Following needle placement near the target nerve, using either the USNST or the US or NST, a volume of 0.3 ml synthetic resin was injected mimicking a ‘test‐dose’ injection. The primary outcome was the incidence of close needle‐to‐nerve placement assessed by injectate localisation in direct contact with the nerve epineurium. Secondary endpoints were the incidences of intraneural injection and haematoma formation in direct contact with the target nerve.ResultsA total of 611 punctures were performed. The evaluation for the criterion ‘close needle placement’ revealed significant differences in favour of the USNST group (98.5%) compared with the NST (90.1%) and the US group (81.6%) (P = 0.001). Significant differences were observed regarding ‘intraneural needle placement’ between the groups as well (USNST, 0.5%; US, 4%; NST, 2.5%; P = 0.034). The incidence of haematoma formation was significantly higher in the NST group (10.8%) than in the US group (2.5%) and in the USNST group (1.5%) (P = 0.001).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the USNST approach combines the benefits of the US and the NST techniques in terms of a higher rate of close needle tip placements and a lower incidence of haematoma formation.
Interleukin‐12 and interleukin‐2 alone or in combination against the infection in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis mouse model
Authors: Zhang Chang‐Ran , Lin Jian‐Cong , Xu Wen‐Ming , Li Ming , Ye Hui‐Shao , Cui Wei‐Ling , Lin Qing 
Published: July 2012

SummaryAspergillus fumigatus is an intracellular opportunistic fungus causing invasive pulmonary mycosis, characterised by hyphal invasion and destruction of pulmonary tissue. Th1 cytokines could enhance fungicidal activity. The effects from the combination of interleukin‐12 (IL‐12) and IL‐2 are rarely known in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis infection. To assess the cleaning of A. fumigatus infection in the pulmonary tissues by IL‐12 and IL‐2, interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) was detected in the sera using ELISA, quantification of IFN‐γ mRNA using real‐time RT‐PCR and lung Colony‐forming unit was assayed by cultivation. Morphology was analysed by histopathological examination. Our results showed that IL‐12 and/or IL‐2 could enhance the IFN‐γ expression in the pulmonary tissue, reduce the colony load in the pulmonary tissue and increase the survival rate of mouse. The combination of IL‐12 and IL‐2 could assist in increasing the IFN‐γ expression in the pulmonary tissue, but neither reduce colony load in the pulmonary tissue nor increase the survival rate of mouse significantly. It was demonstrated that IL‐12 and IL‐2 were strong immunomodulatory cytokines as a prerequisite for protecting the host from infectious agents.
Cell Cycle Synchronization of Skin Fibroblast Cells in Four Species of Family Felidae
Authors: Wittayarat M , Thongphakdee A , Saikhun K , Chatdarong K , Otoi T , Techakumphu M 
Published: July 2012

ContentsThis study was examined whether the species of felid affects synchronization accuracy at the G0/G1 stage of the cell cycle and the occurrence of apoptosis by different protocols, such as serum starvation, confluent and roscovitine treatment. Skin fibroblast cells were obtained from the Asian golden cat, marbled cat, leopard and Siamese cat. The cells from each animal were treated with either serum starvation for 1–5 days, cell confluency‐contact inhibition for 5 days or roscovitine at various concentrations (7.5–30 μm). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that serum starvation for 3 days provided the highest cell population arrested at the G0/G1 stage, irrespective of the felid species. In all species, 100% confluency gave a significantly higher percentage of cells arrested at the G0/G1 stage compared with the non‐treated control cells. The effects of roscovitine treatment and the appropriate concentration on the rates of G0/G1 cells differed among the felid species. Serum starvation for more than 4 days in the marbled cat and Siamese cat and roscovitine treatment with 30 μm in the Asian golden cat and leopard increased the rates of apoptosis. In conclusion, different felid species responded to different methods of cell cycle synchronization. Asian golden cat and Siamese cat fibroblast cells were successfully synchronized to G0/G1 stage using the serum starvation and roscovitine treatment, whereas only confluency‐contact inhibition treatment induced cell synchronization in the leopard. Moreover, these three methods did not successfully induce cell synchronization of the marbled cat. These findings may be valuable for preparing their donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer in the future.
Efficacy of cryospray ablation for the treatment of chronic radiation proctitis in a pilot study
Authors: Moawad Fouad J. , Maydonovitch Corinne L. , Horwhat J David 
Published: July 2012

AimRadiation proctitis, a common condition associated with radiotherapy for the treatment of pelvic cancers, is characterized by difficult to manage rectal pain and bleeding. Cryotherapy is a novel technique, previously used in the treatment of vascular ectasias in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of cryospray application in the treatment of radiation proctitis.MethodsThis is a prospective case‐series pilot study. Ten patients with symptomatic chronic radiation proctitis were consecutively enrolled over a 2‐year period. Baseline clinical data were collected and an endoscopic score was calculated based on the density of ectasias and circumferential involvement. Subjects underwent up to four cryospray ablation treatment sessions at approximately 4‐week intervals or until resolution of the proctitis. The endpoints of the study were endoscopic and clinical improvement in radiation proctitis.ResultsTen patients (nine males and one female) with a mean age of 74 ± 7 years underwent cryospray treatment; sessions ranged from one to four (six patients had one session, three patients had two sessions, and one patient underwent four sessions). Endoscopic score significantly decreased from a mean of 10.2 ± 3.0 to 4.0 ± 2.8 (P = 0.016). Rectal pain significantly decreased from a mean of 3.1 ± 3.0 to 1.2 ± 1.7 (P = 0.042) and rectal bleeding improved in 86% (six out of seven) of patients. Nine patients reported improvement in overall well‐being. No major complications were encountered.ConclusionsCryotherapy is an effective method in the management of chronic radiation proctitis with minimal complications.
Urinary symptoms and pelvic floor muscle function during the third trimester of pregnancy in nulliparous women
Authors: Frederice Claudia Pignatti , Amaral Eliana , Ferreira Néville de Oliveira 
Published: July 2012

AbstractAim:  To evaluate pelvic floor muscle (PFM) function and its association with urinary symptoms in the third trimester of pregnancy.Material and Methods:  A cross‐sectional study was conducted among 91 nulliparous women at 30–34 weeks of pregnancy. PFM was evaluated by surface electromyography (sEMG) and manual muscle testing, while urinary symptoms were identified by interview. Chi‐square and Fisher's exact tests were used to analyze proportions and Mann–Whitney test was used to analyze differences in means.Results:  Average sEMG values were 4.8 µV for basic tonus (BT), 19.2 µV for maximum voluntary contraction (MVC), and 12.9 µV for average sustained contraction (ASC), and 48.4% presented muscle strength grade 3. Nocturia was reported by 80.2%, followed by increased daytime frequency (59.3%), stress urinary incontinence (50.5%), and urge urinary incontinence (25.3%). No association was found between urinary symptoms and MVC or ASC or PFM manual tested strength.Conclusion:  No association was observed between PFM function and urinary incontinence, except decreased BT among late third trimester pregnant women with irritative bladder symptoms.