bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preface: phys. stat. sol. (c) 7/10
Authors: Bhattacharya Pallab , Mishra Umesh K. , Keller Stacia , Dora Yuvaraj 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe 36th International Symposium on Compound Semiconductors (ISCS 2009) was held from August 30 to September 2, 2009, in Santa Barbara, California. As in previous symposia, ISCS united researchers investigating III–V and II–IV compound semiconductors as well as SiGe, SiC and carbon related materials and devices.The ISCS series looks upon a long history, which begun in 1966 with the first “International Symposium on GaAs and Related Compounds” in Reading, England. Since then, the conference has been held annually, rotating between Asia, Europe and North America. The conference selects eminent scientists for three prestigious awards, namely the Welker Award, the Quantum Device Award and the Young Scientist Award.The 36th symposium in Santa Barbara was attended by 215 scientists from 19 countries, with 28% from Asia, 16% from Europe, 2% from Australia, and 54% from America.The agenda consisted of 4 plenary talks, 16 invited talks, and 96 contributing talks that were presented together with 65 posters. The plenary talks highlighted advances in various areas: Hideo Ohno from Tohoku University spoke on “Ferromagnetism in III–V Semiconductors”, Peidong Yang from the University of California Berkeley on “Semiconductor Nanowires for Photonics and Energy Conversion”, Hari Manoharan from Stanford University discussed “Spin‐Atom Spintronics of Graphene”, and John Bowers from the University of California Santa Barbara “Ge/Si PIN and APD Photodetectors.”The 37th symposium, held from May 31 to June 4, 2010 in Takamatsu, Japan, is organized by Prof. Yoshiro Hirayama from Tohoku University.We would like to thank Yasuhiko Arakawa, Oliver Ambacher and Pallab Bhattacharya, who served as Regional Program Chairs and the Technical Program Committee for reviewing the abstracts and generating the program. In addition we would like to thank Ben Streetman who served as the chair of the Awards Committee, the session chairs, and all those who helped with arrangements (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sulfur isotope analysis of cinnabar from Roman wall paintings by elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry – tracking the origin of archaeological red pigments and their authenticity
Authors: Spangenberg Jorge E. , Lavrič Jošt V. , Meisser Nicolas , Serneels Vincent 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe most valuable pigment of the Roman wall paintings was the red color obtained from powdered cinnabar (Minium Cinnabaris pigment), the red mercury sulfide (HgS), which was brought from mercury (Hg) deposits in the Roman Empire. To address the question of whether sulfur isotope signatures can serve as a rapid method to establish the provenance of the red pigment in Roman frescoes, we have measured the sulfur isotope composition (δ34S value in ‰ VCDT) in samples of wall painting from the Roman city Aventicum (Avenches, Vaud, Switzerland) and compared them with values from cinnabar from European mercury deposits (Almadén in Spain, Idria in Slovenia, Monte Amiata in Italy, Moschellandsberg in Germany, and Genepy in France). Our study shows that the δ34S values of cinnabar from the studied Roman wall paintings fall within or near to the composition of Almadén cinnabar; thus, the provenance of the raw material may be deduced. This approach may provide information on provenance and authenticity in archaeological, restoration and forensic studies of Roman and Greek frescoes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intramolecular stable carbon isotopic analysis of archaeal glycosyl tetraether lipids
Authors: Lin Yu‐Shih , Lipp Julius S. , Yoshinaga Marcos Y. , Lin Shao‐Hsuan , Elvert Marcus , Hinrichs Kai‐Uwe 
Published: September 2010

AbstractGlycolipids are prominent constituents in the membranes of cells from all domains of life. For example, diglycosyl‐glycerol dibiphytanyl glycerol tetraethers (2Gly‐GDGTs) are associated with methanotrophic ANME‐1 archaea and heterotrophic benthic archaea, two archaeal groups of global biogeochemical importance. The hydrophobic biphytane moieties of 2Gly‐GDGTs from these two uncultivated archaeal groups exhibit distinct carbon isotopic compositions. To explore whether the isotopic compositions of the sugar headgroups provide additional information on the metabolism of their producers, we developed a procedure to analyze the δ13C values of glycosidic headgroups. Successful determination was achieved by (1) monitoring the contamination from free sugars during lipid extraction and preparation, (2) optimizing the hydrolytic conditions for glycolipids, and (3) derivatizing the resulting sugars into aldononitrile acetate derivatives, which are stable enough to withstand a subsequent column purification step. First results of δ13C values of sugars cleaved from 2Gly‐GDGTs in two marine sediment samples, one containing predominantly ANME‐1 archaea and the other benthic archaea, were obtained and compared with the δ13C values of the corresponding biphytanes. In both samples the dominant sugar headgroups were enriched in 13C relative to the corresponding major biphytane. This 13C enrichment was significantly larger in the putative major glycolipids from ANME‐1 archaea (∼15‰) than in those from benthic archaea (<7‰). This method opens a new analytical window for the examination of carbon isotopic relationships between sugars and lipids in uncultivated organisms. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vacuo reduction of silver orthophosphate with graphite for high‐precision oxygen isotope analysis
Authors: Pelc Andrzej , Halas Stanislaw 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe reduction of silver phosphate with graphite under vacuum conditions was studied at final reaction temperatures varying from 430 to 915°C to determine: (i) the CO2 extraction yield, and (ii) the oxygen isotopic composition of CO2. The CO2 yield and oxygen isotopic composition were determined on a calibrated dual inlet and triple collector isotope ratio mass spectrometer. We observed the following three stages of the reduction process. (1) At temperatures below 590°C only CO2 is formed, while silver orthophosphate decays to pyrophosphate. (2) At higher temperatures, 590–830°C, predominantly CO is formed from silver pyrophosphate which decays to metaphosphate; this CO was always converted into CO2 by the glow discharge method. (3) At temperatures above 830°C the noticeable sublimation of silver orthophosphate occurs. This observation was accompanied by the oxygen isotope analysis of the obtained CO2. The measured δ18O value varied from −11.93‰ (at the lowest temperature) to −20.32‰ (at the highest temperature). The optimum reduction temperature range was found to be 780–830°C. In this temperature range the oxygen isotopic composition of CO2 is nearly constant and the reaction efficiency is relatively high. The determined difference between the δ18O value of oxygen in silver phosphate and that in CO2 extracted from this phosphate is +0.70‰. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel software for data analysis of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectra applied to natural organic matter
Authors: Grinhut Tzafrir , Lansky Dedy , Gaspar Andras , Hertkorn Norbert , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe , Hadar Yitzhak , Chen Yona 
Published: September 2010

AbstractNatural organic matter (NOM) occurs as an extremely complex mixture of large, charged molecules that are formed by secondary synthesis reactions. Due to their nature, their full characterization is an important challenge to scientists specializing in NOM as well as analytical chemistry. Ultra‐high‐resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) analysis enables the identification of thousands of masses in a single measurement. A major challenge in the data analysis process of NOM using the FT‐ICR MS technique is the need to sort the entire data set and to present it in an accessible mode. Here we present a simple targeted algorithm called the David Mass Sort (DMS) algorithm which facilitates the detection and counting of consecutive series of masses correlated to any selected mass spacing. This program searches for specific mass differences among all of the masses in a single spectrum against all of the masses in the same spectrum. As a representative case, the current study focuses on the analysis of the well‐characterized Suwannee River humic and fulvic acid (SRHA and SRFA, respectively). By applying this algorithm, we were able to find and assess the amount of singly and doubly charged molecules. In addition we present the capabilities of the program to detect any series of consecutive masses correlated to specific mass spacing, e.g. COO, H2, OCH2 and O2. Under several limitations, these mass spacings may be correlated to both chemical and biochemical changes which occur simultaneously during the formation and/or degradation of large mixtures of compounds. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preliminary matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight approach for the characterization of Italian lentil varieties
Authors: Caprioli Giovanni , Cristalli Gloria , Ragazzi Eugenio , Molin Laura , Ricciutelli Massimo , Sagratini Gianni , Seraglia Roberta , Zuo Yanting , Vittori Sauro 
Published: September 2010

AbstractMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI‐MS) was used in this study to obtain protein fingerprints of seven different lentil varieties, to characterize their differences and similarities. Two different matrices have been tested in order to obtain reproducible and significant mass spectra. Extraction with water containing 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid has been used as preparative step to obtain hydrophilic protein samples of lentil seeds. The obtained MALDI protein profiles identified clear differences between the seven studied lentil varieties. Moreover, considering the high complexity of the obtained MALDI spectra, multivariate techniques of data analysis were employed to find further classification details. These multivariate analyses confirmed the possibility of a clear classification of the seven lentil varieties, indicating that the proposed procedure can be a valid taxonomic tool, and a method to certify the origin of lentils, useful for high added value lentils (Italian lentils). Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Essential methodological improvements in the oxygen isotope ratio analysis of N‐containing organic compounds
Authors: Sieper Hans‐Peter , Kupka Hans‐Joachim , Lange Lutz , Roßmann Andreas , Tanz Nicole , Schmidt Hanns‐Ludwig 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThe quantitative conversion of organically bound oxygen into CO, a prerequisite for the 18O/16O analysis of organic compounds, is generally performed by high‐temperature conversion in the presence of carbon at ∼1450°C. Since this high‐temperature procedure demands complicated and expensive equipment, a lower temperature method that could be utilized on standard elemental analyzers was evaluated. By substituting glassy carbon with carbon black, the conversion temperature could be reduced to 1170°C. However, regardless of the temperature, N‐containing compounds yielded incorrect results, despite quantitative conversion of the bound oxygen into CO. We believe that the problems were partially caused by interfering gases produced by a secondary decomposition of N‐ and C‐containing polymers formed during the decomposition of the analyte. In order to overcome the interference, we replaced the gas chromatographic (GC) separation of CO and N2 by reversible CO adsorption, yielding the possibility of collecting and purifying the CO more efficiently. After CO collection, the interfering gases were vented by means of a specific stream diverter, thus preventing them from entering the trap and the mass spectrometer. Simultaneously, a make‐up He flow was used to purge the gas‐specific trap before the desorption of the CO and its subsequent mass spectrometric analysis. Furthermore, the formation of interfering gases was reduced by the use of polyethylene as an additive for analytes with a N:O ratio greater than 1. These methodological modifications to the thermal conversion of N‐containing analytes, depending on their structure or O:N ratio, led to satisfactory results and showed that it was possible to optimize the conditions for their individual oxygen isotope ratio analysis, even at 1170°C. With these methodological modifications, correct and precise δ18O results were obtained on N‐containing analytes even at 1170°C. Differences from the expected standard values were below ±1‰ with standard deviations of the analysis <0.2‰. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of a peptide family from the skin secretion of the Middle East Tree Frog Hyla savignyi by composition‐based de novo sequencing
Authors: Langsdorf Markus , Ghassempour Alireza , Römpp Andreas , Spengler Bernhard 
Published: September 2010

AbstractA new tryptophyllin‐like peptide family was found in the skin secretion of the tree frog Hyla savignyi. Peptides were characterized by database‐independent sequencing strategies and specific ion fragmentation features were investigated. Skin secretions from specimens of Hyla savignyi were collected by mild electrical stimulation. Peptides were separated by reversed‐phase nano‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (nanoHPLC) and mass spectra were acquired online by electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS). Peptides were characterized by manual de novo sequencing and by composition‐based sequencing (CBS), appearing mostly as C‐terminal free acids and as their acid amide analogs. Amide peptides yielded lower intensities of y‐type ions after collision‐induced dissociation (CID) than their acid analogs. A mechanism of internal b‐ion formation (positive ion mode) and of CO2 elimination (negative ion mode) is proposed. We also exemplified phenomena such as the proline effect and formation of non‐direct sequence ions after sequence rearrangements. The occurrence of rearrangement products, of internal ions and of the proline effect made the CID spectra highly complex. CBS analysis nevertheless resulted in successful and highly reliable sequence analysis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ASTRA model for strategic assessment of transport policies
Authors: Fiorello Davide , Fermi Francesca , Bielanska Dorota 
Published: September 2010

AbstractASTRA is a system dynamics model for the strategic assessment of policy scenarios at the European level. Over recent years, ASTRA has been extensively used in many European research projects, sometimes in linkage with other strategic tools, to provide simulations of scenarios concerning energy scarcity, high oil prices, technological investments in the transport sector and application of measures included in European transport policy. ASTRA is built in Vensim® and consists of nine interlinked modules. With respect to a traditional transport model, ASTRA is less detailed in geographical terms, but simulates the linkages between transport demand, the economy, the vehicle fleet and environmental effects, thus allowing an integrated multidimensional assessment of alternative scenarios. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A history of international climate change policy
Authors: Gupta Joyeeta 
Published: September 2010

AbstractThis article presents an overview of the history of international climate change policy over the last 30 years, divided into five periods. It examines the pre‐1990 period, the period leading up to the adoption of the Climate Change Convention, the period of the Kyoto Protocol until US withdrawal, the period thereafter focusing on the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, and the post‐2008 period that coincides with the financial crisis. For each period, it discusses the relevant science, actors, and coalitions, the agreements emerging in that period, and the key issues and the major trends. In doing so, it examines the evolving articulation of the leadership paradigm, which is the centerpiece of the discussion on how climate change should be addressed. The article shows (1) the increasing complexity of the definition of the climate change issue from an environmental to a development issue; (2) the inability of the developed countries to reduce their own emissions and raise funds commensurate with the nature of the problem and their initial commitments; (3) the increasing engagement of different social actors in the discussion and, in particular, the gradual use of market mechanisms in the regime; (4) the increasing search for alternative solutions within the formal negotiations—such as the identification of nationally appropriate mitigation actions for the developing world, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, and the use of geo‐engineering solutions; and (5) the search for solutions outside the regime—the mobilization of sub‐national policies on climate change, litigation, and markets on biofuels. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > International Policy Framework
Dynamics and kinetics of nucleo‐cytoplasmic mRNA export
Authors: Mor Amir , Shav‐Tal Yaron 
Published: September 2010

AbstractActivation of the gene expression pathway in eukaryotic cells results in the nuclear transcription of mRNA molecules, many of which are destined for translation into protein by cytoplasmic ribosomes. mRNA transcripts are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via passage through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), ∼125 MDa supramolecular complexes set in the double‐membraned nuclear envelope. Understanding the kinetics of mRNA translocation, from the point of transcription through export, localization, translation, and degradation, is of fundamental interest since gene expression is regulated at all the different levels of this pathway. In this review, we delineate the steps taken by an mRNA molecule in transit to the nuclear envelope and during mRNA export, with specific focus on the dynamic aspects of nucleo‐cytoplasmic mRNA transport as revealed by electron microscopy and live‐cell imaging. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.This article is categorized under:

RNA Export and Localization > Nuclear Export/Import
Management of Penetrating Abdominal Trauma in the Conflict Environment: The Role of Computed Tomography Scanning
Authors: Morrison Jonathan J. , Clasper Jon C. , Gibb Iain , Midwinter Mark 
Published: September 2010

AbstractBackgroundComputed tomography (CT) scanning is a vital imaging technique in selecting patients for nonoperative management of civilian penetrating abdominal trauma. This has reduced the rate of nontherapeutic laparotomies and associated complications. Battlefield abdominal injuries conventionally mandate laparotomy, and with the advent of field deployable CT scanners it is unclear whether some ballistic injuries can be managed conservatively.MethodsA retrospective 12 month cohort of patients admitted to a forward surgical facility in Afghanistan who sustained penetrating abdominal injury severe enough to warrant laparotomy or CT scan were studied. Patient details were retrieved from a prospectively maintained operative log and CT logs. Case notes were then reviewed and data pertaining to injury pattern, operative intervention, and survival were collected.ResultsA total of 133 patients were studied: 73 underwent immediate laparotomy (Lap group) and 60 underwent CT scanning (CT group). Of those undergoing CT scanning 17 underwent laparotomy and 43 were selected for nonoperative management. There were 15 deaths in the Lap group and none in the CT group. The median New Injury Severity and Revised Trauma Score was 29 and 7.55 in the Lap group and 9 and 7.8408 in the CT group, which is statistically significantly different (p < 0.001). Five patients in the CT‐Lap group had nontherapeutic laparotomies and 1 patient failed nonoperative management.ConclusionsComputed tomography scanning can be used in stable patients who have sustained penetrating battlefield abdominal injury to exclude peritoneal breach and identify solid abdominal organ injury that can be safely managed nonoperatively.
Dietary t10,c12‐CLA but not c9,t11 CLA Reduces Adipocyte Size in the Absence of Changes in the Adipose Renin–Angiotensin System in fa/fa Zucker Rats
Authors: DeClercq Vanessa , Zahradka Peter , Taylor Carla G. 
Published: September 2010

AbstractIn obesity, increased activity of the local renin–angiotensin system (RAS) and enlarged adipocytes with altered adipokine production are linked to the development of obesity‐related health problems and cardiovascular disease. Mixtures of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers have been shown to reduce adipocyte size and alter the production of adipokines. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding individual CLA isomers on adipocyte size and adipokines associated with the local adipose RAS. Male fa/fa Zucker rats received either (a) control, (b) cis(c)9,trans(t)11‐CLA, or (c) t10,c12‐CLA diet for 8 weeks. The t10,c12‐CLA isomer reduced adipocyte size and increased cell number in epididymal adipose tissue. RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that neither CLA isomer altered mRNA or protein levels of angiotensinogen or AngII receptors in adipose tissue. Likewise, levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IL‐6 or the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 were unchanged in adipose tissue. Similarly, neither CLA isomer had any effect on phosphorylation nor DNA binding of NF‐κB. Our results suggest that although the t10,c12‐CLA isomer had beneficial effects on reducing adipocyte size in obese rats, this did not translate into changes in the local adipose RAS or associated adipokines.
Idealism and Religion in the Philosophy of T.L.S. Sprigge
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: September 2010

AbstractAlthough T.L.S. Sprigge described idealist philosophy as the stage beyond religion, his pantheistic idealism, while not itself a religion, offers a conception of God that seeks to meet the aspiration of human beings to understand their own place in the universe. While he shared with most mid twentieth century British philosophers a basic assumption of the primacy of experience, Sprigge took this strong empiricist assumption in a Berkeleyian rather than a Humean direction. This enabled him to find a place for the phenomenon of religious consciousness, which he saw as the source of a yearning that can be met by absolute idealism's conception of a ‘Whole’ that encompasses ourselves and all aspects of our world. He describes this recognition as the faltering adumbration of a truth – one that is sometimes encountered in aesthetic experience, and sometimes more directly in the lives of mystics. The metaphysical basis for this form of absolute idealism is provided by a concept of time in which each fleeting ‘now’ has a fixed and permanent place, and by a theory of identity according to which personal individuality is dissolved in a unitary ‘Whole’.