bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Über Phenothiazone, XV1) Nitrierung von Phenothiazon und Halogen‐phenothiazonen
Authors: Bodea Cornel , Terdic Marius , Broser Edda 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDie Nitrierung von Phenothiazon und von Halogen‐phenothiazonen erfolgt an C‐4. Halogen‐phenothiazone mit 4‐ständigem Brom gehen ein Nitroenthalogenierung ein, während welcher das Br‐Atom durch die NO2‐Gruppe ersetzt wird.
Synthese von [Gly5, Gly10]Gramicidin S1,2)
Authors: Halstrøm John , Klostermeyer Henning 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDas Boc‐Val‐Orn(Tos)‐Leu‐D‐Phe‐Gly‐Val‐Orn(Tos)‐Leu‐D‐Phe‐Gly‐O‐Bz‐Polymer wird nach dem Merrifield‐Verfahren aufgebaut. Das mit HBr in Trifluoressigsäure vom Träger gelöste Decapeptid‐Derivat wird in Pyridin mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid cyclisiert und dann durch Natrium in flüssigem Ammoniak von den Tosyl‐Gruppen befreit. Das so erhaltene [Gly5, Gly10]Gramicidin S ist mit dem auf herkömmliche Weise synthetisierten Präparat identisch.
Reaktionen mit N‐Sulfinylverbindungen, X1) Benzothiadiazin‐Derivate aus N‐Sulfinyl‐sulfonamiden und N‐Aryl‐amidinen2)
Authors: Kresze Günter , Seyfried Christoph , Trede Achim 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDie Umsetzung von N‐Sulfinyl‐sulfonamiden 2 mit N‐Aryl‐Aryl‐amidinen,‐isoharnstoffen, ‐isothioharnstoffen bzw. ‐guanidinen vom Typ 1 führt zu 1‐Sulfonylimino‐2H‐1.2.4‐benzothiadiazinen 3. Der Anwendungsbereich dieser Reaktion, ihr Mechanismus und die Umsetzungen der Reaktionsprodukte werden untersucht.
Development of integrins in the vasculature of germinal matrix, cerebral cortex, and white matter of fetuses and premature infants
Authors: Dummula Krishna , Vinukonda Govindaiah , Xu Hongmin , Hu Furong , Zia Muhammad T. , Braun Alex , Shi Qiuhu , Wolk John , Ballabh Praveen 
Published: December 2009

AbstractGerminal matrix (GM) vasculature is selectively vulnerable to hemorrhage in premature infants during the first 48 hr of life. This is attributed to rapid angiogenesis of this brain region, resulting in formation of nascent vessels that show a paucity of pericytes and immaturity of extracellular matrix. Integrins are key regulators of angiogenesis and contribute to stabilization of cerebral vasculature by providing endothelial– and astrocyte–matrix adhesion. Therefore, we asked whether GM exhibited a distinct regional pattern of integrin expression that was dissimilar from that of the cerebral cortex and white matter in human fetuses and premature infants. To this end, we measured protein and gene expression of integrins in the GM, cortex, and white matter of human fetuses (15–22 weeks), premature infants (23–35 weeks), and mature infants (36–40 weeks). We found that protein levels of α5β1 integrin were greater in the GM than in the cortex or white matter by 1.6‐fold for both fetuses and premature infants. α5β1 integrin mRNA expression was higher in the GM than in the cortex or white matter by 2‐fold for fetuses but not for premature infants. αVβ3, αVβ5, αVβ8, and α4β1 integrin expression were comparable among GM, cortex, and white matter in fetuses and premature infants. Because α5β1 integrin is a central regulator of angiogenesis, its elevation in the GM of fetuses and premature infants indicates that this might be a key activator of endothelial proliferation in this brain region. We speculate that selective α5β1 integrin inhibition might suppress angiogenesis in the GM and thus prevent brain hemorrhage in premature infants. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Participation of cysteine protease cathepsin L in the gel disintegration of red bulleye (Priacanthus macracanthus) surimi gel paste
Authors: Hu Yaqin , Morioka Katsuji , Itoh Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Endogenous proteases, among them cysteine‐type proteases, are reported to contribute to gel disintegration, resulting in kamaboko of poor quality. Severe gel disintegration occurs in red bulleye surimi gel paste. The objective of this study was to clarify the participation of cysteine protease cathepsin L in the gel disintegration of red bulleye surimi. The surimi was made into kamaboko with and without cathepsin L inhibitors. To confirm its hydrolysis action, crude cathepsin L was also extracted and added to the surimi to make kamaboko.RESULTS: The gel strength of kamaboko obtained by both one‐step (50 °C, 2 h) and two‐step (50 °C, 2 h + 80 °C, 20 min) heating was very low in the absence of inhibitors. Protease inhibitors E‐64 and leupeptin were found to enhance the gel strength considerably. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the hydrolysis of kamaboko was promoted by crude cathepsin L and inhibited by E‐64 and leupeptin. The gel strength of two‐step heated kamaboko was increased from 12 to 110 and 130 g cm−2 by E‐64 and leupeptin respectively at a concentration of 0.2 g kg−1 surimi.CONCLUSION: Endogenous cathepsin L of red bulleye surimi participates in gel disintegration during kamaboko processing. It does so by degrading the myosin heavy chain of actomyosin and consequently hindering the gelation of red bulleye surimi. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Development and in‐house validation of the event‐specific qualitative and quantitative PCR detection methods for genetically modified cotton MON15985
Authors: Jiang Lingxi , Yang Litao , Rao Jun , Guo Jinchao , Wang Shu , Liu Jia , Lee Seonghun , Zhang Dabing 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: To implement genetically modified organism (GMO) labeling regulations, an event‐specific analysis method based on the junction sequence between exogenous integration and host genomic DNA has become the preferential approach for GMO identification and quantification.RESULTS: In this study, specific primers and TaqMan probes based on the revealed 5′‐end junction sequence of GM cotton MON15985 were designed, and qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were established employing the designed primers and probes. In the qualitative PCR assay, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5 g kg−1 in 100 ng total cotton genomic DNA, corresponding to about 17 copies of haploid cotton genomic DNA, and the LOD and limit of quantification (LOQ) for quantitative PCR assay were 10 and 17 copies of haploid cotton genomic DNA, respectively. Furthermore, the developed quantitative PCR assays were validated in‐house by five different researchers. Also, five practical samples with known GM contents were quantified using the developed PCR assay in in‐house validation, and the bias between the true and quantification values ranged from 2.06% to 12.59%.CONCLUSION: This study shows that the developed qualitative and quantitative PCR methods are applicable for the identification and quantification of GM cotton MON15985 and its derivates. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Surgical treatment of pelvic chondrosarcoma involving periacetabulum
Authors: Guo Wei , Li Dasen , Tang Xiaodong , Ji Tao 
Published: December 2009

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSurgical treatment of pelvic chondrosarcoma involving acetabulum is challenging. Primary goals of surgical treatment include local control and prevention of distant metastases. A secondary goal is maintenance of quality of life by avoiding major amputative surgery. The purpose of the study was to review the oncological outcome, functional outcome, and the surgical complications of patients with periacetabular chondrosarcomas in the context of resection and reconstruction treated at one tumor center in the past decade.MethodsForty‐five cases between June 1998 and June 2007 were retrospectively reviewed. There were 26 men and 19 women with an average age of 41.2 (18–63) years. Patients were followed up for a median time of 37 months (18–119 months). There were 32 patients with conventional chondrosarcomas, 9 with dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas, and 4 with mesenchymal chondrosarcomas. According to Enneking's classification there were: Type II‐1, Type I + II‐8, Type II + III‐23, Type I + II + IV‐8, and Type I + II + III‐5. Six patients had an external hemipelvectomy, whereas 39 patients underwent a limb‐salvage procedure. In 27 patients the defect was reconstructed by a modular hemipelvic endoprosthesis and in 4 patients reconstruction by saddle endoprosthesis. Five patients received reconstruction with devitalized tumor bone and three underwent iliofemoral arthrodesis.ResultsThe 5‐year estimated survival was 62.6%. Local recurrence occurred in 10 (22.2%) patients at an average of 18 months after operations. Ten (22.2%) patients had distant metastasis. The average MSTS 93 score was 68.3% (33.3–100). Eighteen complications occurred in 13 patients (28.9%). Wound complication occurred in six (13.3%) patients. Deep infection rate was 11.1%.ConclusionsFavorable oncological and functional outcome can be achieved in selected patients with periacetabular chondrosarcomas. The complication rates were still high; however, facing the goal of limb salvage, a certain number of complications is acceptable. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010;101:160–165. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving models, methods, and measures: Contributions of CITRM to the field of psychological trauma
Authors: Keane Terence M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractIn 2004, the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies' Research Methods Special Interest Group initiated annual updates on contemporary research methods in a 2‐day conference entitled, Conference on Innovations in Trauma Research Methods (CITRM). These meetings, summarized annually in the Journal of Traumatic Stress, affected the field in measurable ways. Collaborations were inspired and integration of new conceptual models, methods, and measures influenced the growing body of knowledge. After 5 years of outstanding presentations, CITRM's contributions are palpable. It is clear that trauma research would benefit immeasurably by continued educational opportunities that focus upon improving models, methods, and measures.
Testing posttraumatic stress as a mediator of physical, sexual, and psychological intimate partner violence and substance problems among women
Authors: Sullivan Tami P. , Cavanaugh Courtenay E. , Buckner Julia D. , Edmondson Donald 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis study examined whether posttraumatic stress specifically resulting from intimate partner violence (IPV‐related posttraumatic stress) mediated relationships between types of IPV and drug and alcohol problems among 212 women currently experiencing IPV. Six‐month prevalence was high for drug use (48%) and alcohol use (59%). Structural equation modeling revealed that the frequency of physical, sexual, and psychological IPV were significantly and positively related to greater IPV‐related posttraumatic stress, and IPV‐related posttraumatic stress was significantly and positively related to drug problems. Further, IPV‐related posttraumatic stress mediated the relationships between physical IPV and drug problems and psychological IPV and drug problems. Findings suggest that prevention and intervention efforts targeting posttraumatic stress among IPV‐exposed women may reduce drug problems in this population.
The role of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the development of PTSD in preschool children
Authors: Drury Stacy S. , Theall Katherine P. , Keats Bronya J.B. , Scheeringa Michael 
Published: December 2009

AbstractPopulation‐based association studies have supported the heritability of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study explored the influence of genetic variation in the dopamine transporter (DAT) 3′ untranslated region variable number tandem repeat on the development of PTSD in preschool children exposed to Hurricane Katrina, diagnosed using a developmentally appropriate semistructured interview. A diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition , (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), total symptoms, and specifically Criterion D symptoms were significantly more likely to be found in children with the 9 allele. This study replicates a previous finding in adults with PTSD. The specificity of this finding to the increased arousal symptoms of Criterion D suggests that dopamine and the DAT allele may contribute to one heritable path in a multifinality model of the development of PTSD.
Effects of trauma‐focused psychotherapy upon war refugees
Authors: Kruse Johannes , Joksimovic Ljiljana , Cavka Majda , Wöller Wolfgang , Schmitz Norbert 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThe aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of a trauma‐focused psychotherapy upon war refugees from Bosnia. Seventy refugees who met the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and somatoform disorders were included. The first 35 refugees were offered psychotherapy and the following 35 refugees received usual care. Outcome variables were changes in self‐reported PTSD symptoms, psychological symptoms, and health status. At 12‐month follow‐up, participants in the intervention group reported significantly lower scores on the PTSD scale and the measure of psychological symptoms than the comparison group participants. Our results suggest that psychotherapy reduces symptoms of PTSD and somatoform disorders among war refugees even in the presence of insecure residence status.
The application of mixed methods designs to trauma research
Authors: Creswell John W. , Zhang Wanqing 
Published: December 2009

AbstractDespite the use of quantitative and qualitative data in trauma research and therapy, mixed methods studies in this field have not been analyzed to help researchers designing investigations. This discussion begins by reviewing four core characteristics of mixed methods research in the social and human sciences. Combining these characteristics, the authors focus on four select mixed methods designs that are applicable in trauma research. These designs are defined and their essential elements noted. Applying these designs to trauma research, a search was conducted to locate mixed methods trauma studies. From this search, one sample study was selected, and its characteristics of mixed methods procedures noted. Finally, drawing on other mixed methods designs available, several follow‐up mixed methods studies were described for this sample study, enabling trauma researchers to view design options for applying mixed methods research in trauma investigations.
Estrogen receptor β ligands: Recent advances and biomedical applications
Authors: Minutolo Filippo , Macchia Marco , Katzenellenbogen Benita S. , Katzenellenbogen John A. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractRecent work elucidating the role that the estrogen receptor β (ERβ), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, plays in regulating various physiological functions has highlighted the potential of this receptor subtype as a therapeutic target for several pathologies. In fact, molecules that are able to selectively activate ERβ hold promise for the treatment of certain cancers, as well as endometriosis, inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular and CNS conditions. Nevertheless, ERβ remains a challenging target because its ligand‐binding cavity is very similar to that present in ERα, and this makes it difficult to develop ligands having sufficient levels of ERβ selectivity for therapeutic use. Nevertheless, considerable advances have recently been made in developing both nonsteroidal and steroidal ERβ‐selective agonists. These molecules constitute not only important tools to probe the biological effects of the selective stimulation of ERβ, but some of them appear to be agents with considerable therapeutic potential. This study provides a detailed review of selective ERβ ligands that have been developed recently. After a brief introduction to the structure and nature of the two ERs and the biology of ERβ and its isoforms, the ligands are classified on the basis of their structures and activities. Common pharmacophore elements are highlighted throughout the description of the various chemical classes analyzed, and these elements are presented in a concluding summary overview along with a discussion of potential therapeutic applications of these agents in biomedicine. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 31, No. 3, 364–442, 2011
Characterization of plant food allergens: An overview on physicochemical and immunological techniques
Authors: Harrer Andrea , Egger Matthias , Gadermaier Gabriele , Erler Anja , Hauser Michael , Ferreira Fátima , Himly Martin 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAllergy to plant‐derived foods is a highly complex disorder with clinical manifestations ranging from mild oral, gastrointestinal, and cutaneous symptoms to life‐threatening systemic conditions. This heterogeneity in clinical manifestations has been attributed to different properties of allergenic molecules. Based on this fact, symptom elicitors were grouped into class I and pollinosis‐associated class II food allergens, but clear distinction is rather ambiguous. Moreover, mechanisms underlying food sensitization are not fully understood yet, and food allergy management most often relies on patient's compliance to avoid suspected foods. Therefore, recent efforts aim at the investigation of plant food allergies at the molecular level. This review provides an overview on currently available techniques for allergen characterization and discusses their application for investigation of plant food allergens. Data obtained by an array of physicochemical analyses, such as allergen structure, integrity, aggregation, and stability, need to be linked to results from immunological methods at the level of IgE and T‐cell reactivity. Such knowledge allows the development of computational algorithms to predict allergenicity of novel foods being introduced by biotechnological industry. Furthermore, molecular characterization is an indispensable tool for molecule‐based diagnosis and future development of safer patient‐tailored specific immunotherapy in plant food allergy.
Safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations used as ingredients in food supplements: Testing an European Food Safety Authority‐tiered approach
Authors: Speijers Gerrit , Bottex Bernard , Dusemund Birgit , Lugasi Andrea , Tóth Jaroslav , Amberg‐Müller Judith , Galli Corrado L. , Silano Vittorio , Rietjens Ivonne M. C. M. 
Published: December 2009

AbstractThis article describes results obtained by testing the European Food Safety Authority‐tiered guidance approach for safety assessment of botanicals and botanical preparations intended for use in food supplements. Main conclusions emerging are as follows. (i) Botanical ingredients must be identified by their scientific (binomial) name, in most cases down to the subspecies level or lower. (ii) Adequate characterization and description of the botanical parts and preparation methodology used is needed. Safety of a botanical ingredient cannot be assumed only relying on the long‐term safe use of other preparations of the same botanical. (iii) Because of possible adulterations, misclassifications, replacements or falsifications, and restorations, establishment of adequate quality control is necessary. (iv) The strength of the evidence underlying concerns over a botanical ingredient should be included in the safety assessment. (v) The matrix effect should be taken into account in the safety assessment on a case‐by‐case basis. (vi) Adequate data and methods for appropriate exposure assessment are often missing. (vii) Safety regulations concerning toxic contaminants have to be complied with. The application of the guidance approach can result in the conclusion that safety can be presumed, that the botanical ingredient is of safety concern, or that further data are needed to assess safety.
Allyl isothiocyanate as a cancer chemopreventive phytochemical
Authors: Zhang Yuesheng 
Published: December 2009

AbstractAllyl isothiocyanate (AITC), which occurs in many common cruciferous vegetables, is widely and often frequently consumed by humans. Besides antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens, it showed anticancer activity in both cultured cancer cells and animal models, although the underlining mechanisms remain largely undefined. Bioavailability of AITC is extremely high, as nearly 90% of orally administered AITC is absorbed. AITC absorbed in vivo is metabolized mainly through the mercapturic acid pathway and excreted in urine. Available data suggest that urinary concentrations of AITC equivalent are at least ten times higher than in the plasma, and tissue levels of AITC equivalent in the urinary bladder were 14–79 times higher than in other organs after oral AITC administration to rats. These findings suggest that AITC may be most effective in the bladder as a cancer chemopreventive compound. AITC at high‐dose levels also exhibit a low degree of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in animal studies, but such adverse effects are unlikely in humans exposed to dietary levels of AITC. Overall, AITC exhibits many desirable attributes of a cancer chemopreventive agent, and further studies are warranted in order to elucidate its mechanism of action and to assess its protective activity in humans.
Elucidation of spermidine interaction with nucleotide ATP by multiple NMR techniques
Authors: Song Zhiyan , Parker Kari J. , Enoh Idorenyin , Zhao Hua , Olubajo Olarongbe 
Published: December 2009

AbstractInteraction of polyamines with nucleotides plays a key role in many biological processes. Here we use multiple NMR techniques to characterize interaction of spermidine with adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP). Two‐dimensional 1H‐15N spectra obtained from gs‐HMBC experiments at varied pH show significant shift of N‐1 peak around pH 2.0–7.0 range, suggesting that spermidine binds to N‐1 site of ATP base. The binding facilitates N‐1 deprotonation, shifting its pKa from 4.3 to 3.4. By correlating 15N and 31P chemical shift data, it is clear that spermidine is capable of concurrently binding to ATP base and phosphate sites around pH 4.0–7.0. The self‐diffusion constants derived from 1H PFG‐diffusion measurements provide evidence that binding of spermidine to ATP is in 1:1 ratio, and pH variations do not induce significant nucleotide self‐association in our samples. 31P spectral analysis suggests that at neutral pH, Mg2+ ion competes with spermidine and shows stronger binding to ATP phosphates. From 31P kinetic measurements of myosin‐catalyzed ATP hydrolysis, it is found that binding of spermidine affects the stability and reactivity of ATP. These NMR results are important for advancing the studies on nucleotide–polyamine interaction and its impact on nucleotide structures and activities under varied conditions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probabilistic models for the Steiner Tree problem
Authors: Paschos Vangelis Th. , Telelis Orestis A. , Zissimopoulos Vassilis 
Published: December 2009

AbstractWe consider a probabilistic model for the Steiner Tree problem. Under this model, the problem is defined in a two‐stage setting over a first‐stage complete weighted graph having its vertices associated with a probability of presence (independently each from another) in the second stage. A first‐stage feasible solution on the input graph might become infeasible in the second stage, when certain vertices of the graph fail. Therefore, a well defined modification strategy is devised for modifying the remainders of a first‐stage solution to render it second‐stage feasible. The objective is to minimize the expected weight of the second‐stage solution over the distribution of all possible second‐stage materializable subgraphs of the input graph. We recognize two complementary computational problems in this setting, one being the a priori computation of first‐stage decisions given a particular modification strategy, and the second being the cost‐efficient modification of a first‐stage feasible solution. We prove that both these problems are NP‐hard for the Steiner Tree problem under this setting. We design and analyze probabilistically an efficient modification strategy and derive tight approximation results for both aforementioned problems. We show that our techniques can be extended to the case of the more general Steiner Forest problem in the same probabilistic setting. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, 2010