bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Large Bore Umbilical for Deep Water Dynamic Service
Authors: Dobson Alan , Fellows Peter 
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
The following paper discusses, in detail, the technical development of an umbilical system intended for dynamic service in deep water typical for installations in the Gulf of Mexico and Offshore West Africa. The document includes a review of design of a complex umbilical system containing a three inch central super duplex tube, electrical cables and fiber optics and focuses upon the challenges of the design and manufacture of the structure and in particular the challenges of design for fatigue strength.
Application of the API/ISO 13628-5:2008 standard to the development of the umbilical structure, from design through to manufacture and full scale qualification testing, is discussed together with the significant implications of applying the standard to a typical deep water project. Both the advantages and disadvantages with respect to the scope of engineering, testing and qualification are discussed to provide an insight into the effect of the standard as it is being introduced.
Qualification testing presented includes collapse and buckle propagation testing, component fatigue testing, full scale tensile, and fatigue testing together with component strain measurements and an analysis of the subsequent failure mechanisms. The qualification testing is assessed against the various design criteria outlined within the API/ISO 13628-5 standard from which conclusions are made on the applicability of the various utilization factors specified within the standard.
The paper concludes with design challenges imposed by deep water and dynamic operation and show how the updated API/ISO 13628-5 standard can be applied to maintain a justifiably high degree of quality of design and safety.

INTRODUCTION
An umbilical is defined as an assembly of fluid conduits, electrical and fiber optic cables, either on their own or with combinations of each other, cabled together for flexibility. In any offshore field development, the umbilical is a critical link in the recovery of hydrocarbons using subsea production systems (SPS). It provides electrical and hydraulic power, control and signals to and from the subsea components in the system along with a means of supplying injection chemicals for flow assurance purposes or as a conduit for gas transportation.
SS: Floating Offshore LNG: Offshore LNG Value Chain Optimization
Authors: Scott Edward B. , Lane Mark Kevin 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The paper addresses the major points in the offshore value chain and describes a market maturing as it gains more global acceptance, allowing segments of the industry to transition from typical land-based upstream and downstream services with conventional LNG carriers providing point to point transportation solutions to nontypical offshore based systems providing added value to operational and commercial considerations through increased flexibility, reduced costs and a major shift from the traditional concept of fixed land-based assets. As the number of offshore and dockside regasification facilities continue to grow, the ability to cost effectively open new seasonal and year-round markets utilizing regasification capable LNG vessels as floating terminals in conjunction with ship to ship transfer capabilities to maximize the utilization of these assets, continues to demonstrate a global appeal. Applying the valuable lessons learned in taking LNG transfer and regasification operations offshore will allow offshore LNG participants to " complete' the value chain by developing floating liquefaction solutions to allow the cost effective development of associated and " stranded?? gas reserves that, to date, have not been considered to be worthy conventional for development.
The offshore value chain as discussed herein, consists of a floating natural gas processing, liquefaction, and storage system, a suitably reliable offloading system, and transportation to offshore, dockside, or conventional regasification facilities as market and other considerations dictate, as is based on nearly 5 years of operational expertise in the construction and operation of LNG regasification vessels, ship to ship transfer systems, and the development of numerous offshore and onshore facilities to accommodate these vessels and to open new and under-serviced markets.
Oil Recovery and Surfactant Adsorption during CO2-Foam Flooding
Authors: Yin Guoqiang , Grigg Reid Barlow , Svec Yi 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Three carbon dioxide (CO2) foam flooding parameters are addressed in this paper: optimum gas fractional flow, surfactant adsorption behavior, and oil recovery versus CO2/aqueous phase injection methodologies. Experimental test conditions were selected to simulate some of the reservoirs in west Texas (1540 psig and 110°F). All tests in this study were conducted in fired Berea sandstone cores to minimize core property changes during a series of CO2 foam flooding tests. CO2 and aqueous phase were co-injected during the test. The CO2 foam flow behavior in the absence and presence of oil and the optimum oil recovery methodologies associated with different stages are described in this paper.
This study demonstrates that, with similar residual oil in the core, CO2 foam had higher oil recovery than CO2-brine coinjection. Additional oil was recovered with CO2 foam injection following CO2-brine co-injection. However, no additional oil was recovered if CO2 foam injection was applied first. The surfactant adsorption equilibrium was characterized by the occurrence of foam.

Introduction
The idea of using foam for mobility control was first proposed and patented by Bond and Holbrook in 1958.1 Fried2 conducted foam drive experiments and reported a sharp pressure drop across the foam bank and reduced gas mobility through porous media. Since then, there have been extensive reviews on foam research such as Heller and Taber,3 Marsden,4 Hirasaki, 5-6 and Chang and Grigg.7 CO2 foam will increase the apparent viscosity of displacing fluid and improve the oil recovery by decreasing mobility. Several researchers have reported that CO2 foam can selectively reduce mobility of CO2 by a greater fraction in higher than in lower permeability regions. 8-10
Gas frictional flow ratio, fg, can be used to predict foam flow behavior. At a constant gas flow rate, qg, Khatib et al.11 showed that foam mobility decreases slightly with increasing fg ranging from 50% to 98%. But for fg &gt; 98%, foam mobility increases with increasing fg. Also, Patton et al,13 Hirasaki and Lawson,14 Marsden and Khan,4 and Chang and Grigg15 found that foam mobility decreases with increasing fg. On the other hand, Lee and Heller9 reported that foam mobility increases with increasing fg. Yaghoobi and Heller10 found that foam mobility increases slightly as fg increases up to about 85%; thereafter, foam mobility increases rapidly. Persoff et al.16 found that, at a constant gas flow rate (qg), foam mobility decreases with increasing liquid flow rate (ql); The results by Lee et al.9 demonstrated that, foam mobility increases with increasing qt. At a constant total flow rate, qt, De Vries and Wit12 reported that, foam mobility decreases as fg increases until the break point (where the pressure gradient reaches the maximum); beyond that point it increases. Chang and Grigg15 also showed that foam mobility increases with increasing qt, the total mobility decreases with increasing qg.
Application and Recycling of Sodium and Potassium Formate Brine Drilling Fluids for Ghawar Field HTHP Gas Wells
Authors: Simpson Michael Antoine , Al-Reda Saeed , Foreman Darrell , Guzman Julio , Al-Fawzy Mahmoud , Vice Philip 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the benefits and lessons learned from drilling 44 deep gas reservoir sections with sodium and potassium formate brine drilling fluids in Saudi Arabia's prolific Ghawar field from 2004 through 2008.
Initially in Saudi Aramco, the formate brine drilling fluids were used primarily to prevent formation damage across the pre-Khuff sandstone reservoirs. As formate use burgeoned, their ancillary benefits such as stuck pipe mitigation, better bit performance, better than expected reservoir performance, lower pump pressures, torque and drag, solids content and enhanced temperature stability; use as a completion fluid and recyclability became evident.
The fluids have been used in a variety of reservoir drill-in fluid applications in the pre-Khuff, Jauf and Unayzah sandstones with bottom hole temperatures (BHT) up to 323°F. The formates have also been used by Saudi Aramco in the Khuff carbonates for single and dual lateral horizontal wells where the drilling fluid overbalance to formation pressure sometimes exceeds 1,400 psi.
In addition to the return permeability testing conducted prior to actually drilling the first wells with formates, the fluids nondamaging properties were proved up in the case of the Tinat-A well, a Unayzah-A re-entry/horizontal sidetrack, that had to be shut in for three years, due to a mechanical obstruction in the completion, with a 90 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) sodium/potassium formate completion fluid left in the hole as kill fluid. After removing the obstruction via a snubbing unit workover the well initially tested at 30 mmscfd with 4,320 psig FWHP, which was much higher than estimated.
In a JFYN Unayzah B/C well, JFYN-A, only 1,214 ft of 5-7/8?? hole was cut across the reservoir using a recycled 92 pcf potassium formate and the well flowed back at 45 mmscfd with 358 bopd oil on a 44/64?? choke, which was also much higher than expected.
Laboratory return permeability to gas test with Khuff-C cores showed 91% return permeability after flowing through the cores with potassium formate drilling fluid with 2% commercial lubricant as compared to 40% return permeability for the KCl Polymer drilling fluids of the same density normally used across the Khuff-C.
The formates have also been used in combination with fine, medium and coarse calcium carbonate functioning as a bridging agent to drill in extreme overbalance situations across the Khuff-C reservoirs. The best example of this practice is UTMN-J, a Khuff-B re-entry sidetrack, where an 81 pcf sodium formate brine served as the base drilling fluid to drill and complete the 3675 ft horizontal section. The well was flowed back at a rate of 35 mmscfd without enzyme treatment or acid stimulation.
SS: Ocean Mining: Developing the World's First Deepwater Metaliferous Hard Rock Mine
Authors: Rogers Stephen , Smith Glen 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Nautilus Minerals', the world's leader in exploration and development of deep ocean seafloor resources, is today focused on the recovery of high-grade copper and gold in seafloor massive-sulphide mineralization. These mineralized belts, analogous to land based volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits, are located near plate boundaries in the back arc basins of the Western Pacific.
The first deposit to be developed by the company is located at a depth of 1,600 meters at Solwara 1, in the benign waters of the Bismarck Sea. This location lies within the territorial waters of Papua New Guinea. During 2006 and 2007 the company completed detailed environmental and geological studies, culminating in a number of world firsts, including the world's first NI 43-101 compliant resource statement for a seafloor massive sulphide deposit.
By Q3 2008 Nautilus submitted its application for a mining licence and prepared its environmental impact statement for submission to the relevant authorities. Extensive government and stakeholder liaison and engagement has been undertaken, and is a core feature of Nautilus' desire to " do it right?? in all aspects of this new industry.
Nautilus has relied heavily on proven deepwater technologies from the oil and gas industry in the design of its mining system. Pipeline trenching units, workclass ROVs, deepwater production risers and drill cuttings removal systems will be adapted to initiate this new and exciting industry. Key contractors used by Nautilus on this innovative project have all been selected for their deepwater experience (gained in the oil and gas industry), creativity and determination to launch this new industry successfully.
Innovation is at the forefront of Nautilus' success to date and in 2007 it deployed the world's first ROV mounted drilling tool to measure the extent of the resource at Solwara 1. Secondly it prototyped a ROV mounted electro magnetic device to allow surficial mapping of resources.
This paper summarises the progress to date of this development which will provide a new source of minerals for the world and which will contribute to sustainable growth for the future.

Introduction
In recent years, the boundaries of the existing offshore industries have continued to grow at a rapid pace through offshore technological advancements that have allowed access to new and / or rich resources that 10 - 15 years ago were considered either technically not feasible or commercially unviable. The offshore oil and gas industry provides no better example of this where all facets of the industry have advanced to enable exploration, construction and production in harsh and deepwater environments.
Performance Analysis Of Mooring Hawser Prototypes Manufactured With Different Kinds Of Constituent Materials
Authors: Haach Leandro Francisco 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
This work aims to investigate the performance of double-braided hawsers manufactured with different kinds of raw material in order to achieve experimental results to confirm that hybrid ropes - a polyester jacket and a polyamide (nylon) core - may potentially present a service life time longer than 100% polyamide ropes and improved performance compared to 100% polyester ropes in mooring applications as well. This goal may be achieved by means of a construction which counterbalances the elongation between core and cover, combining the physical and mechanical properties of these two raw materials. Polyamide is a raw material with high mechanical shock absorption due to its quick elastic recovery. On the other hand, polyester has excellent resistance to ultra-violet radiation as well as abrasion and presents no water absorption. Polyester has excellent resistance to fatigue and to traction while exposed to high loads. Therefore, a balanced construction between these two materials may result in a product with distinct quality and performance.

1. Introduction
Based on our experience and preliminary studies, we have always supported the thesis that one of the factors which could extend the service life of mooring hawsers was the use of composite hawsers: a polyester jacket and a polyamide core. Our technical argument advocated the idea of a considerably balanced structure as regards elongation, for while the rope core has long pit length, the jacket has short pit length. This blend was assumed to ensure that the hawser has a better performance towards ultraviolet rays and greater traction resistance when wet, as well as higher abrasion resistance. However, we recommended that this suggestion be tested.
By means of laboratory tests carried out in compliance with the manufacturing, inspection and testing standards from the OCIMF guidelines, our study aims to compare the performance of mooring hawsers of the same double-braided structure (2- in-1) but with different constituent materials and some parameters. For that purpose, polyamide and polyester yarns were purchased especially to be used in this study by means of which the four hawser prototypes were tested, and are specified as follows in Figure 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Risk Mitigation of Chemical Munitions in a Deepwater GeoHazard Assessment
Authors: Herbert John E. 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
The Department of Defense is currently conducting a review of archival information in attempt to verify the types, quantities, and locations of chemical warfare material and conventional munitions disposed of by DoD in waters of the United States, in accordance with Section 314 of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2007 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), and report the results of that review annually in the Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress. Previous to this effort, disposal of military munitions including chemical warfare materials (CWM) and conventional munitions, in the ocean from World War I through 1970 was not well documented In accordance with Section 314, the Department of Defense published updated information on disposals in the 2006 and 2007 " Defense Environmental Programs Annual Report to Congress.?? Two directives implemented in 2006 and 2007, respectively, by the Minerals Management Service (MMS) referenced an increased concern with UXO in deep water (NTLs 2006-G12 and 2007-G01) The Department of Interior regulates off-shore drilling. Navy, as executive agent for the Department of Defense, has a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) with Department of Interior's Mineral Management Service, to provide consultation on decisions to permit Outer Continental Shelf (OCS).
The Minerals Management Service (MMS) develops 5-year leasing programs for oil and gas lease sales to meet national energy needs consistent with the Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act [43 USC 1341]. MMS follows a formal, rigorous, lengthy, multi-step process of public consultation and analysis before the Secretary of the Interior may approve a new 5-year program. This process includes: initial solicitation of comments; development of a draft proposed program, a proposed program, a proposed final program, and ultimately Secretarial approval.
Pursuant to the OCS Lands Act, MMS also prepares an Environmental Impacts Statement (EIS) that analyzes the alternatives considered for any new 5-year program. Each of the above-referenced program steps, in addition to requisite draft EIS Federal Register Notices of Availability, provides for public review and comment opportunity. This entire 5-yr program development process takes roughly three years to complete and affords amply opportunity for our department, and the public, to provide comments on the process and draft and final program.
During these many comment periods, and as the new 5-year program develops from draft to proposed final plan, pertinent information such as the location of active offshore military range areas and past military munitions disposal and former range activity will be provided by the Navy to MSS as appropriate to the new 5-year program development process to avoid incompatible uses of the OCS.
SS: IMR: Development of flexible risers monitoring methodology using acoustic emission technology
Authors: Soares Sergio Damasceno , Camerini Claudio Soligo , Santos João Marcio Castilho 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
Deep water oil and gas exploitation in Brazil has considerably increased the utilization of flexible pipes in conjunction with floating production systems. Acoustic emission is a nondestructive testing technique that could be used for detection of tensile armour wire rupture, which is a critical failure mode of flexible risers. This paper describes the experimental program implemented including: laboratory results, field experience and the model to define if there is or no armour wire rupture. It was concluded that acoustic emission can be used as a tool to help the integrity assessment of flexible risers using the setup and model developed during this experimental program.

Introduction
Deep water oil and gas exploitation in Brazil has considerably increased the utilization of flexible pipes in conjunction with floating production systems. Periodic inspections have detected considerable occurrence of damage on the top section of flexible risers which may affect their structural integrity. In order to mitigate the progression of these damages monitoring techniques have been studied and implemented for a continuous flexible riser integrity assessment, apart from the inspection program. Acoustic emission is one of these techniques for detection of tensile armour wire rupture. This paper describes experimental program implemented including: laboratory results, field experience, equation to define if there is an armour wire rupture or not. It was concluded that acoustic emission could be used as a tool to help the integrity assessment of flexible risers.
Acoustic emission is a physical phenomenon occurring within materials. The term acoustic emission is used to define the elastic energy released within a material in the form of transient elastic waves. The application of load and/or the presence of a harsh environment produce internal modifications such as crack growth, local plastic deformation and corrosion, and in some cases phase changes. Thus it provides some information about the internal behavior of the materials under consideration. The waves are detected by means of suitable sensors which make it possible to convert the surface movements of the material into an electric signal. These signals are processed by appropriate instrumentation with a view to indicating and locating the acoustic emission sources. Figure 1 shows the schematic principle of the acoustic emission testing. [AFIAP, 2004]
LNG Transfer in Harsh Environments - Introduction of a New Concept
Authors: Hoog Sven , Koch Hartmut , Huhn Roland , Frohne Christian , Homann Joern , Clauss Gunther F. , Sprenger Florian , Testa Daniel 
Published: July 2009

Abstract
One of the most challenging questions with regard to the technical part of the LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) supply chain has not been answered satisfactorily yet: How can LNG be safely and reliably transferred between a floating terminal platform (Floating Production, Storage and Offloading - FPSO or Floating Storage and Re-gasification Units - FSRU or comparable) and a shuttle tanker in harsh environmental conditions?
The problem consists of two main technical issues: The first is the vessel mooring configuration (e.g. side-by-side (SbS), tandem); the second is the type and appropriate handling of the transfer lines for the cryogenic liquid. As both problems are interacting, no convincing solution has been developed until now..
The innovative offshore LNG loading system "Maritime Pipe Loading System 20" (MPLS20) is proposed by the project partners Nexans and Brugg, leading manufacturers of vacuum insulated, flexible cryogenic transfer pipes, IMPaC, an innovative engineering company that has been involved in many projects for the international oil and gas industry for 25 years and the Technical University Berlin, Department of Land- and Sea Transportation Systems, with great expertise in numerical analyses and model tests.
The new concept is based on a unique tandem mooring configuration (see Fig. 1). In comparison to standard operations used in the oil business for about 40 years, the concept introduces a mooring bay for the shuttle tanker. Extensive numerical simulations are conducted to determine the envelope of motions and mooring forces.
As the Nexans/Brugg corrugated metal pipes provide a double containment system all relevant safety issues are well addressed, as required by EN1474-2/-3. Thus, LNG transfer can take place even under severe environmental conditions which makes this new concept superior to other approaches such as side-by-side configurations using composite hoses.